cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Combustion and emissions characteristics of compression-ignition engine using dual ammonia-diesel fuel

Abstract This study investigated the combustion and emissions characteristics of a compression-ignition engine using a dual-fuel approach with ammonia and diesel fuel. Ammonia can be regarded as a hydrogen carrier and used as a fuel, and its combustion does not produce carbon dioxide. In this study, ammonia vapor was introduced into the intake manifold and diesel fuel was injected into the cylinder to initiate combustion. The test engine was a four-cylinder, turbocharged diesel engine with slight modifications to the intake manifold for ammonia induction. An ammonia fueling system was developed, and various combinations of ammonia and diesel fuel were successfully tested. One scheme was to use different combinations of ammonia and diesel fuel to achieve a constant engine power. The other was to use a small quantity of diesel fuel and vary the amount of ammonia to achieve variable engine power. Under the constant engine power operation, in order to achieve favorable fuel efficiency, the preferred operation range was to use 40–60% energy provided by diesel fuel in conjunction with 60–40% energy supplied by ammonia. Exhaust carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions using the dual-fuel approach were generally higher than those of using pure diesel fuel to achieve the same power output, while NOx emissions varied with different fueling combinations. NOx emissions could be reduced if ammonia accounted for less than 40% of the total fuel energy due to the lower combustion temperature resulting in lower thermal NOx. If ammonia accounted for the majority of the fuel energy, NOx emissions increased significantly due to the fuel-bound nitrogen. On the other hand, soot emissions could be reduced significantly if a significant amount of ammonia was used due to the lack of carbon present in the combination of fuels. Despite the overall high ammonia conversion efficiency (nearly 100%), exhaust ammonia emissions ranged from 1000 to 3000 ppmV and further after-treatment will be required due to health concerns. On the other hand, the variable engine power operation resulted in relatively poor fuel efficiency and high exhaust ammonia emissions due to the lack of diesel energy to initiate effective combustion of the lean ammonia-air mixture. The in-cylinder pressure history was also analyzed, and results indicated that ignition delay increased with increasing amounts of ammonia due to its high resistance to autoignition. The peak cylinder pressure also decreased because of the lower combustion temperature of ammonia. It is recommended that further combustion optimization using direct ammonia/diesel injection strategies be performed to increase the combustion efficiency and reduce exhaust ammonia emissions.
Emerging Infections, Transfusion Safety, and Epidemiology

Over the past few decades, our optimism — or perhaps hubris — that infectious disease had been conquered has been overturned so completely that emerging infections are now a new discipline, complete with their own journal. Even in the past year, severe acute respiratory syndrome, an entirely new disease of humans, has emerged, and monkeypox, a zoonosis, has appeared for the first time in the Americas. In 1999, the first cases of West Nile virus disease were recognized in New York, and the epidemic has since expanded, infecting about 400,000 Americans (and countless birds, mammals, and even some reptiles) in . . .
Regulation of Leucocyte Alkaline Phosphatase and the Philadelphia Chromosome

IN recent years there has been a number of reports concerning the relationship in the human cell between Chromosome 21 and leucocyte alkaline phosphatase (LAP)1–3. It has been suggested that, since the LAP was elevated in trisomy 21 and lowered in chronic granulocytic leukaemia (CGL) in which the Philadelphia (Ph1) chromosome was present, the structural gene for LAP was located on the distal one-third of chromosome 21. The changes of LAP in these diseases were in the proper direction and a gene-dose effect seemed plausible.
Psychotherapy : past training and current practice

Our 1988 survey of Texas psychiatrists indicates that hospital work is more common, and long-term psychotherapy less common than it had been in the 1982 APA survey. Almost 85% reported long-term psychotherapy experience as residents. Thirty-nine percent reported multiple patients treated for approximately 2 years. Use of audio techniques by resident and teacher in the post-1970-trained group predicted current long-term therapy activity as did an experience of personal therapy and seeing a patient at least twice weekly in training. Concurrent drug use is widely reported for long-term psychotherapy patients and to a lesser degree in psychoanalysis. Our data suggest a shift to increased hospital work and decreased long-term psychotherapy.
IL-33: a novel danger signal system in atopic dermatitis.

IL-33 is a newly recognized cytokine of the IL-1 cytokine family that has recently been attributed to the epithelial “alarmin” defense system. IL-33 is released by the epithelial cells in various tissues and organs, including keratinocytes, endothelial cells, and immune cells. Recent reports have suggested that IL-33 might be a critical part of the innate immunity, although its precise role is as yet poorly understood. In several organs, IL-33 appears to drive T helper type 2 (Th2) responses, suggesting roles in allergic and atopic diseases, as well as in fibrosis. IL-33 exerts its effects by activating the ST2 (suppression of tumorigenicity 2)/IL-1 aR receptor on different types of cells, including mast cells and Th2 cells. The ST2 receptor is either expressed on the cell surface or shed from these cells (soluble ST2, sST2), thereby functioning as a “decoy” receptor. After binding to its receptor, IL-33 activates NF-κB, suggesting that it regulates the outcome of diseases such as atopic dermatitis. On the other hand, several studies have reported on the inhibitory effects of sST2 in inflammatory and fibrotic diseases, suggesting that IL-33/ST2 is a unique cytokine with potential pro- and anti-inflammatory effects.
Idiopathic giant cell myocarditis and cardiac sarcoidosis

Idiopathic giant cell myocarditis (GCM) and cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) are rare disorders that cause cardiomyopathy, often with ventricular arrhythmias or heart block. Infection, autoimmune processes, and genetics have all been implicated in the pathogenesis of these diseases, but the etiology for both diseases is likely a complex multifactorial process. Both GCM and CS are generally progressive despite treatment with standard heart failure and arrhythmia therapies. Making the diagnosis of GCM or CS on initial clinical presentation is possible in only a small percentage of patients, so myocardial tissue diagnosis is required. The use of multiple noninvasive imaging modalities may aid in diagnosis and assessment of response to treatment. Establishing the diagnosis of GCM or CS early is crucial, as tailored immunosuppressive treatment may significantly alter the clinical course of these patients. The prognosis of patients with GCM is poor, while the prognosis for patients with CS varies according to degree of left ventricular dysfunction.
Parents as Partners: Including Mothers and Fathers in the Treatment of Children Who Stutter.

Parents are frequently included in our intervention methods with children who stutter. However, if we examine the research and clinical literature, we find that we do not distinguish between the roles of mothers and fathers in our diagnosis and intervention procedures. Evidence that mothers and fathers may differ in their interactions with children, in general, and children who stutter, in particular, will be presented. Implications of these findings for our clinical practices will be discussed. By doing so, a case will be made for including both mothers and fathers as partners in the treatment of children who stutter.
Social Change and Modernization: the Problem of Open vs. Closed Models

(1968). Social Change and Modernization: the Problem of Open vs. Closed Models. The Sociological Quarterly: Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 158-169.
Changes during gametophyte development in Matteuccia struthiopteris from the cinnamate to the chalcone synthase pathway

Abstract A study was made of changes in phenolic compounds during gametophyte and sporophyte development in Matteuccia struthiopteris . During development, there is a shift from the cinnamate pathway, in which caffeic acid and other cinnamic acids accumulate, to the chalcone pathway, which results in the synthesis of flavanones, flavones, flavonols and procyanidins.
Explorer Satellite Electronics

A discussion is presented of the design restrictions and the philosophy which enabled the Explorer satellites to be first during the IGY to reveal the presence of a belt of intense cosmic radiation encircling the earth's equator. In addition, an indication of the amount and momentum of cosmic dust in the solar system was obtained from the Explorers. Methods used to obtain reliability in the transducing and communications system are described, together with interpretations of space-environment information as deduced from the narrow-band telemetry.
Effects of positive attitude and optimism on employment: Evidence from the US data

Abstract Using samples from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) and following a bivariate probit approach, the current study estimates the worker's employment probability equations in both cross-sectional and panel data frameworks. The study demonstrates that the employment of the worker, which depends on both the worker's labor market participation decision and the employer's hiring decision, is determined partly by the positive and optimistic attitude of the worker. The effects of these attitude variables on both decisions are even larger than the effects of standard human capital variables. The study further demonstrates that the attitude variables affect employment probabilities of men and women differently because their effects on participation and hiring decisions are different.
Aggregation of human and canine platelets: Modulation by purine nucleotides

Abstract This study compared the responses of canine and human platelets to various aggregating agonists in the presence or absence of extracellular ATP and ATP analogues. Canine and human platelets were approximately equally reactive with ADP or collagen while the canine platelets were about 10 fold more sensitive to thrombin. Canine platelets were insensitive to the thromboxane mimetic U46619 but were synergistically aggregated by a mixture of ADP and U46619. Human platelets were very sensitive to U46619. Aggregations of human platelets with all of the above agonists were inhibited by extracellular ATP; β,γ methylene ATP (βγATP) and benzoyl ATP (BzATP) with a rank order suggestive of an interaction with P 2x -like purinoceptors which support our previous findings. The comparable aggregations of canine platelets were likewise inhibited by ATP and its analogues but with a rank order suggestive of an interaction with P 2x -like purinoceptors. ATP inhibited U46619- and ADP-induced aggregation of human platelets and ADP-induced aggregation of canine platelets, presumably, in part, due to competition for the ADP P 2T receptor. However, when U46619 was added to either ATP or ATP analogue-inhibited ADP-treated canine platelets, the inhibition was nullified. Furthermore, we demonstrated, for the first time, that the canine thromboxane receptor becomes reactive to U46619 alone after incubation at room temperature for 3.5 – 5 hrs while human platelets become inactive under similar conditions. The implication of these studies is that there are significant differences in the canine and human platelet thromboxane and purine receptors. The future characterization of these differences and the mechanism by which they function should further our understanding of the impact of extracellular ATP on hemostasis and thrombosis.
Quantitative Determination of Bound Water By NMR

SUMMARY— A Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) instrument was used to measure the amount of liquid water in a complex colloidal system over a broad temperature range. The bound water content, defined as that which remained liquid at 0°F (−18°C), was 0.29±0.01 g water per g dry solid in case of a wheat flour dough. This value was independent of total moisture content for doughs of the same flour with moisture contents greater than 24.6%. NMR signals indicated that most of this water remained liquid at −58°F (−50°C). This method gives a direct reading of bound water and is nondestructive of sample.
Prediction of the Solvent Dependence of Enzymatic Prochiral Selectivity by Means of Structure-Based Thermodynamic Calculations

A new, quantitative model is elaborated to rationalize the solvent dependence of enzymatic selectivity solely on the basis of the thermodynamics of substrate solvation. The model predicts that any ...
Effect of dietary cereal on liver and plasma lipids in laying Japanese quail.

1. In three experiments the effect of diets containing maize or wheat on hepatic and plasma lipids in laying Japanese quail were studied. In two of these diets of equal energy, nitrogen and fat contents were used. 2. Liver weight, relative to body weight, liver lipid content and plasma lipid concentration were greater in birds fed on maize‐containing diets. 3. The maize‐containing diet also produced more (14 : 0, 16 : 0, 16 : 1 and 18 : 1) and less (18 : 0, 18 : 2 and 20 : 4) fatty acids in the liver lipid. 4. Egg production was not affected by the treatments. 5. The effect of dietary cereal on hepatic and plasma lipids may be due to altered lipogenesis and the quail may be a useful model for the laying hen with respect to hepatic lipid accumulation.
A causal model of consumer involvement

Abstract Several concepts related to involvement are integrated in a causal network of forms, sources, and effects. Specifically, the network distinguishes between product involvement and brand-decision involvement. For these two ‘forms’ of involvement, three parallel sets of consumer goals are construed as ‘sources’, namely, utilitarian, sign, and hedonic values. Then, six important consumer behaviors are modeled as ‘effects’ and are shown to be explained by various forms and sources of involvement: extensiveness of decision making, interest in advertising, social observations, shopping enjoyment, brand commitment, and product usage. Measures of all involvement-related constructs entailed in our network are developed, and empirical tests of the proposed causal model are presented. The unifying role of the proposed framework in future research is outlined.
Temper mixture models and assessing ceramic complexity in the emerging Tarascan state

Abstract This study presents compositional data from ceramics drawn from surface survey and controlled excavations from three prehispanic sites within the relatively small Lake Patzcuaro Basin, representing a ceramic sequence stretching nearly 1500 years, from the Preclassic to Late Postclassic Tarascan state (ca. 50 B.C.–1525 A.D.). Using neutron activation analysis, we identify compositional groups and model the importance of volcanic materials as temper in the construction of prehispanic ceramics by matching mathematical simulations of clay–ash mixes to the compositional groups. Rather than discreet clay resources and spatially circumscribed production, we argue for a broadly dispersed and highly varied organization of pre-Tarascan and Tarascan state ceramic production in which the potters' distribution and use of specific volcanic ashy additives, not clays, structured the organization of production.
Suffering in an Age of Personal Responsibility

Drawing on more than five years of research with women who inhabit a circuit of suffering made up of prison, homeless shelters, drug programs and the streets, sociologist Susan Sered argues that pu...
An Analytical Model for a Clamped Isotropic Beam Under Thermal Effects

Structures and industrial equipment often operate in environments where temperature variations take place. Although thermal effects may be negligible in some cases, they have caused the unexpected failure of mechanical systems many times. Whether or not temperature has significant effects on the dynamical behavior of such machines and structures depends upon several aspects, amongst which are geometry, material properties and boundary conditions. In this paper we investigate the dynamical behavior of a clamped beam under the influence of a uniform, quasi-statically varying temperature field. An analytical model was used, based on Euler-Bernoulli’s beam theory with the introduction of the proper boundary conditions. Temperature effects are included in terms of an axial force that shows up when the beam tends to thermally expand, but this expansion is restrained by the clamping. Preliminary results do not agree with experimental data, since perfect clamping is difficult to achieve in practice. Finally the model is updated with the inclusion of axial and torsional springs connecting the beam to the support. The spring constants were calculated through optimization procedure to minimize the differences between the natural frequencies obtained from the analytical model and the corresponding experimental ones. Agreement with experimental results is reasonable up to the 4th mode of the beam. In the future, this analytical model is to be used for design and simulation of an active controller that accounts for temperature changes in the structure.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
An in vitro study of inhibitory activity of gossypol, a cottonseed extract, in human carcinoma cell lines

Gossypol, a cottonseed extract, has been shown to have antiproliferative activity in a variety of cancer cell lines. The objective of this study was to determine the inhibitory effects of gossypol on cell proliferation. Five human carcinoma cell lines were evaluated including endometrial (RL95-2), ovarian (SKOV-3), medullary thyroid (TT), and adrenocortical (NCI-H295R and SW-13). Gossypol and the metabolite, apogossypol hexaacetate, were examined at concentrations up to 500 microg ml(-1) and the IC(50) was determined using the MTT assay. Gossypol and apogossypol hexaacetate produced a dose-dependent growth inhibition in all cellular lines examined. The IC(50) for gossypol ranged from 1.3 to 18.9 microM while the IC(50) for apogossypol hexaacetate ranged from 5.2 to 9.0 microM. The results indicate that gossypol possesses antiproliferative action toward human carcinoma cells in vitro. These investigations suggest that gossypol may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of cancer.
Finite element model updating of a space frame bridge with mobile sensing data

This research investigates the field performance of a mobile sensor network designed for structural health monitoring. Each mobile sensing node (MSN) is a small magnet-wheeled tetherless robot that carries sensors and autonomously navigates on a steel structure. A four-node mobile sensor network is deployed for navigating on the top plane of a space frame bridge. With little human effort, the MSNs navigate to different sections of the steel bridge, attach accelerometers, and measure structural vibrations at high spatial resolution. Using high-resolution data collected by a small number of MSNs, detailed modal characteristics of the bridge are identified. A finite element model for the bridge is constructed according to structural drawings, and updated using modal characteristics extracted from mobile sensing data.
Modified Hund's Rule for j j Coupling

New Hund's rules are proposed for atoms for $\mathrm{jj}$ coupling. It is found that two distinct rules are needed depending on the relative values of ${j}_{i}$ and ${l}_{i}$ for interacting electrons.
Theological Humanism as Living Praxis: Reading Surfaces and Depth in Margaret Edson's Wit

This essay outlines and illustrates ways that ‘theological humanism’ provides methodological possibilities for scholars working in religion and literary studies. I suggest there is a need to investigate more humanistic methods of interpreting literature by exploring approaches that engage questions of sacred depth. After stressing the necessary paradoxes of theological humanism as an interpretive and lived stance in the world, I offer a reading of Margaret Edson's Wit that is shaped by these principles.
Network vulnerability assessment using Bayesian networks

While computer vulnerabilities have been continually reported in laundry-list format by most commercial scanners, a comprehensive network vulnerability assessment has been an increasing challenge to security analysts. Researchers have proposed a variety of methods to build attack trees with chains of exploits, based on which post-graph vulnerability analysis can be performed. The most recent approaches attempt to build attack trees by enumerating all potential attack paths, which are space consuming and result in poor scalability. This paper presents an approach to use Bayesian network to model potential attack paths. We call such graph as "Bayesian attack graph". It provides a more compact representation of attack paths than conventional methods. Bayesian inference methods can be conveniently used for probabilistic analysis. In particular, we use the Bucket Elimination algorithm for belief updating, and we use Maximum Probability Explanation algorithm to compute an optimal subset of attack paths relative to prior knowledge on attackers and attack mechanisms. We tested our model on an experimental network. Test results demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach.
Adherence to Federal Guidelines for Reporting of Sex and Race/Ethnicity in Clinical Trials

Background: The National Institutes of Health Revitalization Act of 1993 requires that NIHfunded clinical trials include women and minorities as subjects; other federal agencies have adopted similar guidelines. The objective of this study was to determine the current level of compliance with these guidelines in federally funded randomized controlled trials. Methods: Randomized controlled trials published in nine influential medical journals in 2004 were identified by PubMed search. Studies where individuals were not the unit of analysis, those begun before 1994, and those not receiving federal funding were excluded. Included studies were examined to determine sample characteristics and presence of subgroup reporting. Results: PubMed located 589 published papers. After exclusion of ineligible papers, 69 remained for analysis. Among 46 clinical studies enrolling both men and women, women were generally underrepresented, comprising on average 37% of the sample and only 24% of the sample when analysis was res...
Design of control software for a high-speed coherent Doppler lidar system for CO2 measurement

The design of the software for a 2-micron coherent high-speed Doppler lidar system for CO2 measurement at NASA Langley Research Center is discussed in this paper. The specific strategy and design topology to meet the requirements of the system are reviewed. In order to attain the high-speed digitization of the different types of signals to be sampled on multiple channels, a carefully planned design of the control software is imperative. Samples of digitized data from each channel and their roles in data analysis post processing are also presented. Several challenges of extremely-fast, high volume data acquisition are discussed. The software must check the validity of each lidar return as well as other monitoring channel data in real-time. For such high-speed data acquisition systems, the software is a key component that enables the entire scope of CO2 measurement studies using commercially available system components.
1246 EVALUATION OF BRONCHOPULMONARY DYSPLASIA BY CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION

Six infants, 10 mos.-2½yrs., were evaluated for bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) by concurrent cardiac catheterization and echocardiography. Mean estimated gestational age=30wks; mean birth weight=1350gms. All infants required oxygen and diuretic therapy (mean FIO2 28%). Measurements in room air included oxygen consumption (VO2); oxygen capacity; oxygen saturations; pulmonary artery (PA) and wedge pressures; right ventricular dp/dt (RVdp/dt) and right sided systolic time intervals from a Millar catheter tracing; and derived pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR). Measurements were repeated in 40% and 88% oxygen. Ventricular function and systolic time intervals were measured concurrently by echocardiography. Pulmonary wedge angiograms were performed at the conclusion of study. Mean values in room air were mean PA pressure 32mmHg; RVdp/dt 515mmHg·sec−1; RPEP/RVET 0.271; VO2 132 m1 O2·M2−1 ·min−1; pulmonary flow index 3.4 L·min−1 ·M2−1; PVR 6.7 units; PO255 torr, PCO241 torr, pH 7.37. 2 of 6 children responded to O2 with a significant fall in PA pressure and PVR. The two children who responded had the highest mean PA pressures, PCO2's and PVR's of the group (means 46mmHg, 48 torr and 9.6 units). Echo measurements of RPEP/RVET correlated well with values from the Millar catheter, but neither measurement reflected PVR accurately. LV function studies and pulmonary wedge angiograms were normal. These studies suggest invasive studies may aid in management of children with BPD.
Spatial distribution of H2O+ in comet P/Halley

Comet Halley spectroscopic and imaging data near the time of the Vega 1 encounter in March 1986 have been analyzed for H2O(+) distribution and near-nucleus ion physics, using a data-reduction procedure encompassing flat fielding, sky removal, continuum subtraction, contamination correction, absolute flux calibration, and conversion to ion-column densities. A 25,000 km-radius collision zone within which collisions dominate the solar wind's sweeping effect is verified. A production rate of H2O(+) ions is calculated on the basis of the average velocity and column density integral across the tail. An analysis of the tailward ion flow indicates constant acceleration beyond 130,000 km from the nucleus.
A time integration algorithm for elasto‐viscoplastic cubic crystals applied to modelling polycrystalline deformation

An algorithm for integrating the constitutive equations for an elasto-viscoplastic cubic crystal is presented which is shown to be easily employed in a polycrystalline analysis. Anisotropic elastic behaviour is incorporated into the standard constitutive equations for ductile single crystals. The algorithm is shown to be efficient, robust and general. The primary advantage of this algorithm is that is provides an implicit integration of the plastic deformation gradient while including the elastic response. This permits taking large time steps while maintaining accuracy and stability. Several polycrystalline examples are presented to demonstrate the effect of the time step on the solution. Examples also are presented which compare the algorithm described herein to an algorithm which neglects the elastic part of the deformation. In addition, the effect of the anisotropic component of the elasticity is investigated by comparing the results with those obtained assuming isotropic elasticity.
On the Ekeland–Ghoussoub–Preiss and Stuart criteria for locating Cerami sequences

A classical result of Ekeland, based on an idea of Ghoussoub and Preiss, asserts that under technical conditions, Cerami sequences for a real valued functional \({\Phi}\) on a Banach space X can be found in the vicinity of suitable closed subsets W of X. In this statement, “vicinity” is defined by means of an associated geodesic distance on X. Recently, under virtually the same hypotheses, Stuart discovered a similar property with a much clearer content since it can very simply be expressed in terms of the norm of X and the corresponding standard distance. In this paper, we prove that the Ekeland–Ghoussoub–Preiss and Stuart criteria are in fact equivalent. We also show that this equivalence need not be true when Cerami sequences are replaced by more general, yet admissible sequences, but that the equivalence is preserved, in part or in totality, under simple additional conditions. These results are also applicable to more general linking geometries than considered by Ekeland–Ghoussoub–Preiss or Stuart and to nonsmooth functionals.
Immune cells from pleural fluids of patients with inflammatory breast cancer are immunocompetent.

CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2008 Abstracts Abstract #5044 Background: Malignant pleural effusion is a debilitating complication of metastatic breast cancer (MBC), including inflammatory breast cancer (IBC). The cellular components in pleural effusion are important indicators of pathologic process. Although pleural fluids from patients with IBC contain tumor cells and immune cells, little is known about the phenotype and function of the immune cell infiltrate. The objective of the study was to determine the immunophenotype and function of the cellular immune cells in pleural effusion of patients with pleural metastases. Methods and Patients: Pleural effusions from 9 women with MBC, 6 with IBC, median age 56 years (range 44-75 yrs), were submitted for pathological review. Mononuclear cells (MNC) were reacted with a cocktail of monoclonal antibodies to detect surface antigens by 8-parameter flow cytometry. In addition, MNC were activated through the T-cell receptor (TCR) with immobilized anti-CD3 and soluble anti-CD28 to assess intracytoplasmic syntheses of pro-inflammatory [interleukin (IL)-2, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)] and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines by TCR-activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Data are presented as the mean (±SEM) of TCR-activated CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells that synthesized inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Results: Upon pathological review, the mean (±SEM) number of tumor cells, MNC, and neutrophils were 20.2% ± 7.4% (range, 2%-72%), 62.4% ± 7.7% (range, 25%-96%), and 17.3% ± 5.9% (range, 0%-50.0%), respectively. The MNC consisted of 83.1% ± 8.2% CD3+ pan-T, 58.2% ± 7.0% CD4+ T, 24.2% ± 5.2% CD8+ T, 2.8% ± 0.9% CD19+ B, 4.0% ± 0.7% natural killer (NK), 3.4% ± 1.8% NKT, and 0.9% ± 0.2% dendritic cells, respectively. The CD4/CD8 T-cell ratio was 3.62 ± 0.78. The percentages of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells that synthesized inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines following activation through the TCR-activated are listed in Table 1. ![][1] Conclusion: There were no statistically significant differences between pleural fluids of IBC and non-IBC subjects with respect to tumor cell involvement, MNC phenotype, or T-cell function. Moreover, the function of pleural fluid T cells of MBC patients were similar to that of normal peripheral blood T cells (historical data, not shown). These data suggest that T-cells in the pleural fluids of patients with MBC are immune competent and can be activated through the TCR to synthesize pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(2 Suppl):Abstract nr 5044. [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
Moxifloxacin in the treatment of skin and skin structure infections.

Moxifloxacin is a recent addition to the fluoroquinolone class, differing from ciprofloxacin and other older agents in having much better in vitro activity against Gram-positive aerobes while retaining potent activity against Gram-negative aerobes. It is also active against the pathogens of human and animal bite wounds and those species of atypical mycobacteria associated with dermatologic infections. Its activity against anaerobes is quite variable. Moxifloxacin penetrates well into inflammatory blister fluid and muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissues. Moxifloxacin should thus be a reasonable option for the treatment of skin and skin structure infections (SSSIs). In 3 randomized controlled trials (RCTs), oral moxifloxacin was as effective as cephalexin in the treatment of uncomplicated SSSIs in adults while in 2 RCTs, intravenous/oral moxifloxacin was as effective as intravenous/oral β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor therapy in the treatment of complicated SSSIs in adults. Moxifloxacin does not inhibit cytochrome P450 enzymes and thus interact with warfarin or methylxanthines. However, multivalent cations can reduce its oral bioavailability substantially. Dosage adjustment is not required in the presence of renal or hepatic impairment. The clinical relevance of its electrophysiologic effects (QTc prolongation) remains unresolved.
Organic analysis of the headspace of hanford waste tank 241-C-103

Organic species from the headspace of one Hanford radioactive waste tank are described. Samples were collected either using a sorbent trap or a SUMMATM canister and were analyzed by gas chromatograph and mass spectrometry. The headspace contained several organic components, including alkanes, alkenes, ketones, aldehydes, organic nitriles, and chlorinated hydrocarbons. Sorbent trap samples were designed to collect only normal paraffin hydrocarbons (NPHs). A comparison of NPH data from sorbent traps and SUMMATM cans revealed results of 693 and 1320 mg/m3, NPH respectively. Significant differences were observed in NPH values when samples were collected at different times, or at different locations in the tank. These data suggest either the time of collection, or the position of the sampling device are important variables in the analysis of organic species from Hanford tanks.
Low-dimensional neural features predict muscle EMG signals

Understanding the relationship between neural activity in motor cortex and muscle activity during movements is important both for basic science and for the design of neural prostheses. While there has been significant work in decoding muscle EMG from neural data, decoders often require many parameters which make the analysis susceptible to overfitting, which reduces generalizability and makes the results difficult to interpret. To address this issue, we recorded simultaneous neural activity from the motor cortices (M1/PMd) of rhesus monkeys performing an arm-reaching task while recording EMG from arm muscles. In this work, we focused on relating the mean neural activity (averaged across reach trials to one target) to the corresponding mean EMG. We reduced the dimensionality of the neural data and found that the curvature of the low-dimensional (low-D) neural activity could be used as a signature of muscle activity. Using this signature, and without directly fitting EMG data to the neural activity, we derived neural axes based on reaches to only one reach target (<5% of the data) that could explain EMG for reaches across multiple targets (average R2 = 0.65). Our results suggest that cortical population activity is tightly related to muscle EMG measurements, predicting a lag between cortical activity and movement generation of 47.5 ms. Furthermore, our ability to predict EMG features across different movements suggests that there are fundamental axes or directions in the low-D neural space along which the neural population activity moves to activate particular muscles.
The Alpe Arami story: Triumph of data over prejudice

The Alpe Arami garnet peridotite of the Southern Swiss Alps is associated with eclogites and included within quartzofeldspathic gneisses. Controversy has swirled around the depth of origin of this massif since the 1970s when application of the newly-developed technique of thermobarometry suggested a depth of last equilibration of greater than 120 km. Such controversy accelerated in 1996 when we reported microstructural evidence of extensive precipitation of ilmenite and spinel from oli- vine and proposed a much greater depth of origin. Subsequent experiments showed that it was possible to dissolve the observed amount of TiO2 in olivine, but only at depths in excess of 300 km, agreeing with the earlier proposal. In 1999 we added new, independent, evidence concerning exsolution of high-pressure clinoenstatite from diopside that in-and-of-itself required a depth of origin in excess of 250 km. Subsequently, we also added evidence from the surrounding eclogites of very high pressures and experimental evidence that the pyroxenes included in the amoeboid garnets of this rock had ex- solved from a majoritic parent at perhaps even greater pressures. In refutation of the first two of these observations, suggestions were made that (i) we had made a serious error in our estimate of how much ilmenite was present in olivine (and therefore how much TiO2 had been dissolved in olivine); (ii) the il- menite had not been exsolved from olivine but former titanian clinohumite had been present and broke down to yield the ilmenite; (iii) the pyroxene exsolved from diopside had been high-temperature cli- noenstatite. In all three of these cases, the alternatives offered were claimed to be accommodated at low pressures. Here we review the essence of this controversy and show that the only scenario that can ex- plain all of the data is the one that we originally proposed; indeed, the more recent data have strongly supported that interpretation and pushed the minimum origin of the massif to depths approaching 400 km.
On thermomechanics of elastic stability

Es wird die Thermomechanik des Stabilitatsphenomens elastischer Korper unter ausseren Belastungen betrachtet, welche auf beliebige Weise von der Deformation und der Bewegung benachbarter Materialbereiche, an denen sie angreifen, abhangen konnen; diese Krafte werden bewegungsabhangige Belastungen genannt. Eine allgemeine Ungleichung, welche fur alle Materialien unter bewegungsabhangigen Belastungen gilt, wird mittels der Erhaltungssatze und der Entropiebilanz hergeleitet; diese Ungleichung wird auf elastische Korper, welche jedoch noch Energie auf allgemeine Weise dissipieren konnen, spezialisiert. Mittels einer Energienorm werden hinreichende Bedingungen fur die ortliche Stabilitat endlich deformierter Gleichgewichtskonfigurationen solcher Korper und gewisse notwendige Bedingungen hergeleitet. Schliesslich wird das allgemeine (nicht notwendig lokale) Problem der Stabilitat eines Gleichgewichtszustandes kurz untersucht und gewisse in diesem Zusammenhang notwendige und hinreichende Bedingungen werden diskutiert.
Inhibition of phosphoinositide 3 kinase‐Akt (protein kinase B)–nuclear factor‐κB pathway by lovastatin limits endothelial–monocyte cell interaction

Integrity of the blood–brain barrier is essential for the normal functioning of CNS. Its disruption contributes to the pathobiology of various inflammatory neurodegenerative disorders. We have shown that the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor (lovastatin) attenuated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE, an inflammatory disease of CNS) in rodents by inhibiting the infiltration of mononuclear cells into the CNS. Here, using an in vitro system, we report that lovastatin inhibits endothelial–monocyte cell interaction by down-regulating the expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and E-selectin by inhibiting the phosphoinositide 3 kinase (PI3-kinase)/protein kinase B (Akt)/nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway in endothelial cells. It inhibits tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα)-induced PI3-kinase, Akt and NF-κB activation in these cells. Co-transfection of constitutively active forms of PI3-kinase and Akt reversed the lovastatin-mediated inhibition of TNFα-induced adhesion, as well as activation of NF-κB, indicating the involvement of the PI3-kinase/Akt pathway in the interaction of adhesion molecules and the process of adhesion. This study reports that lovastatin down-regulates the pathway affecting the expression and interaction of adhesion molecules on endothelial cells, which in turn restricts the migration and infiltration of mononuclear cells thereby attenuating the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases.
Preparation of highly purified 3α- and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases from Pseudomonas sp

Abstract A method is described for preparing highly purified 3α- and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (EC 1.1.1.50 and EC 1.1.1.145, respectively), essentially uncontaminated with one another, from extracts of a steroid-induced Pseudomonas species. These enzymes are suitable for the microanalysis of 3α-hydroxy-, 3β-hydroxy-, and 3-ketosteroids.
Concanavalin A inhibits mating type recognition in Tetrahymena

The lectin concanavalin A (Con A) inhibits adhesion of cells of complementary mating types into pairs during conjugation in the ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila. Distinct changes in protein synthesis occur in conjugating Tetrahymena, starting before cells have paired, as a result of a preliminary interaction, costimulation, involving nonadhesive, contact-mediated, specific cell-cell recognition. We report here that ConA inhibits costimulation-induced protein synthesis changes. We interpret this result as evidence that Con A inhibits cellular recognition, independent of cell-cell adhesion, in Tetrahymena.
Quadrature phase-shifted, extrinsic Fabry-Perot optical fiber sensors

We demonstrate the operation of a quadrature phase-shifted extrinsic Fabry–Perot fiber-optic sensor for the detection of the amplitude and the relative polarity of dynamically varying strain. Two laterally displaced single-mode fibers inserted within a hollow silica tube form the 90° phase-shifted sensing system. A multimode fiber, placed in the tube facing the two fibers, acts as a reflector, thereby creating an air gap that acts as a Fabry–Perot cavity. A theoretical description of the sensor is given, and its operation as a dynamically varying strain sensor is described. Strain sensitivities of 5.54° phase shift/microstrain cm−1 are obtained.
Affinity chromatography of 3-oxosteroid Δ4-Δ5-isomerase of Pseudomonas testosteroni

Abstract Affinity chromatography of 3-oxosteroid Δ4-Δ5-isomerase (EC 5.3.3.1) of Pseudomonas testosteroni on 19-nortestosterone-17-O-succinyl diaminodipropylamino-agarose constitues a powerful and highly effective step in the purification of the enzyme in preparation for crystallization.
Prebiotic formation of 'energy-rich' thioesters from glyceraldehyde and N-acetylcysteine.

The 'energy-rich' thioester, N-acetyl-S-lactoylcysteine, is formed from low concentrations of glyceraldehyde and N-acetylcysteine under anaerobic conditions at ambient temperature in aqueous solutions of sodium phosphate (pH 7.0). Reactions with 2mM glyceraldehyde, 2mM N-acetylcysteine, and 500 mM sodium phosphate (pH 7.0) convert about 0.3 percent/day of the glyceraldehyde to lactoyl thioester. The formation of lactoyl thioester in similar reactions with 500 mM imidazole hydrochloride (pH 7.0) is supported by the thiol-dependence of lactate formation, which is 3-fold greater in the presence of thiol (0.11 percent/day) than in the absence of thiol (0.04 percent/day). The formation of lactoly thioester is thought to proceed by the phosphate (or imidazole)-catalyzed dehydration of glyceraldehyde, which adds to the thiol to form a hemithioacetal that rearranges to the thioester. A limited amount of a second thioester, N-acetyl-S-glyceroyl-cysteine, is also formed at the beginning of these reactions. The significance of these reactions to the origin of life is discussed.
Impact of Alkyl Esters of Caffeic and Ferulic Acids on Tumor Cell Proliferation, Cyclooxygenase Enzyme, and Lipid Peroxidation

The antioxidant ferulic and caffeic acid phenolics are ubiquitous in plants and abundant in fruits and vegetables. We have synthesized a series of ferulic and caffeic acid esters and tested for tum...
Fast, Automated, Photo realistic, 3D Modeling of Building Interiors

We develop an architecture and associated algorithms for fast, automatic, photo-realistic 3D models of building interiors using a human operated backpack system made of a suite of sensors such as laser scanners, gyros and cameras.
Performance and reliability of ultrathin reoxidized nitrided oxides fabricated by rapid thermal processing

In this paper we report a systematic and comprehensive study of the chemical and electrical properties of rapid thermally nitrided (RTN) and reoxidized nitrided (RTO) thin oxides and reliability of MOSFETs with these materials as gate dielectrics. The chemical properties of the RTN oxides are studied using AES and VFIR techniques. The nitridation mechanism is discussed and a model is proposed to explain the widely reported nitrogen and oxygen distribution in RTN oxides. Electrical properties of RTN oxides such as dielectric constant conduction mechanism fixed charge and interface state density charge trapping and hot electron and radiation hardness are investigated and are correlated with their chemical characteristics. Post nitridation anneals were performed on the nitrided oxides in 02 d N2 ambients. Charge trapping and hot electron and radiation hardness of the resulting films are studied and compared. Finally the MOSFETs with reoxidized nitrided oxides as gate dielectrics are fabricated and their performance and reliability are studied. 1.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Factors Limiting the Growth of Stuckenia pectinata (Sago Pondweed) in Heron Lake, Minnesota

ABSTRACT Point intercept surveys were conducted in Heron Lake, Minnesota to identify environmental factors limiting the growth of Stuckenia pectinata (L.) Borner (sago pondweed), formerly Potamogeton pectinatus L. Stuckenia pectinata was found at 50.2% of the sample sites. Mean tuber weight was 73 mg; tuber density was 31.8 N m−2 (2.32 g m−2). The distribution of S. pectinata was limited by water depth and wave action close to shore and light attenuation in deeper water. There was a negative correlation (r= −0.88) between the amount of sand in the sediment and the presence of S. pectinata shoots. There was a positive correlation (r= 0.89) between the amount of silt in the sediment and the presence of S. pectinata shoots.
Semantic Interaction for Visual Analytics: Toward Coupling Cognition and Computation

Alex Endert's dissertation "Semantic Interaction for Visual Analytics: Inferring Analytical Reasoning for Model Steering" described semantic interaction, a user interaction methodology for visual analytics (VA). It showed that user interaction embodies users' analytic process and can thus be mapped to model-steering functionality for "human-in-the-loop" system design. The dissertation contributed a framework (or pipeline) that describes such a process, a prototype VA system to test semantic interaction, and a user evaluation to demonstrate semantic interaction's impact on the analytic process. This research is influencing current VA research and has implications for future VA research.
Dynamic reduction of voltage margins by leveraging on-chip ECC in Itanium II processors

Lowering supply voltage is one of the most effective approaches for improving the energy efficiency of microprocessors. Unfortunately, technology limitations, such as process variability and circuit aging, are forcing microprocessor designers to add larger voltage guardbands to their chips. This makes supply voltage increasingly difficult to scale with technology. This paper presents a new mechanism for dynamically reducing voltage margins while maintaining the chip operating frequency constant. Unlike previous approaches that rely on special hardware to detect and recover from timing violations caused by low-voltage execution, our solution is firmware-based and does not require additional hardware. Instead, it relies on error correction mechanisms already built into modern processors. The system dynamically reduces voltage margins and uses correctable error reports raised by the hardware to identify the lowest, safe operating voltage. The solution adapts to core-to-core variability by tailoring supply voltage to each core's safe operating level. In addition, it exploits variability in workload vulnerability to low voltage execution. The system was prototyped on an HP Integrity Server that uses Intel's Itanium 9560 processors. Evaluation using SPECjbb2005 and SPEC CPU2000 workloads shows core power savings ranging from 18% to 23%, with minimal performance impact.