cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EFFICACY OF THIETHYLPERAZINE AS A RECOVERY ROOM ANTI-EMETIC

SUMMARY Of approximately 3,500 recovery room patients, 5 per cent vomited one or more times. Either thiethylperazine or placebo was then administered in double-blind style, and both agents were approximately 60 per cent successful after one injection. However, 56 per cent of a similar series of (untreated) recovery room patients vomited only once. Of those vomiting twice, 30 per cent were successfully treated, a significantly higher success rate resulting from the use of thiethylperazine. Only 4 per cent of those vomiting three times stopped after drug administration. Since almost two-thirds of the victims vomited once only and one-fourth persisted despite continued therapy, only 15 per cent of all recovery room vomiters (1 per cent of all patients entering the recovery room) demonstrated the superiority of the active agent over saline. It is suggested that active therapy be delayed in recovery room vomiting until the second vomiting incident, and that for those who persist a physiologic aberration be sought and that either this be corrected or a search for a more potent anti-emetic be initiated.
The Dynamic Programming Approach to the Optimal Control of Goursat-Darboux Systems

We extend the dynamic programming method to certain systems parametrized by two-dimensional time. Using dynamic programming arguments, we obtain a maximum principle analogous to the classical principle of Pontryagin.
Radiation testing of mini-orthogonal transfer array CCDs

Orthogonal transfer array CCDs were originally developed by the University of Hawaii and MIT Lincoln Laboratory for use in the focal planes of the ground-based Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response System (Pan-STARRS). These devices have relatively large area (5x5 cm) and a novel, multiple-output readout architecture that makes them attractive for certain applications in spaced-base X-ray astronomy. We have therefore conducted a series of tests to determine their sensitivity to proton radiation encountered on-orbit. We report effects of typical on-orbit proton exposure on charge transfer efficiency, dark current, noise and spectral resolution as a function of device operating temperature and readout parameters.
The dynamics of deterrence

The value of a theory of deterrence lies in its ability to reconstruct and predict strategic behavior accurately and consistently. Contemporary scholarship on deterrence has drawn upon decision models and classical game theory, with some success, to explain how deterrence works. But the field is marked by unconnected and sometimes contradictory hypotheses that may explain one type of situation while being inapplicable to another. "The Dynamics of Deterrence" is the first comprehensive treatment of deterrence theory since the mid-1960s. Frank C. Zagare introduces a new theoretical framework for deterrence that is rigorous, consistent, and illuminating. By placing the deterrence relationship in a "theory of moves" framework, Zagare is able to remedy the defects of other models. His approach is illustrated by and applied to a number of complex deterrence situations: the Berlin crisis of 1948, the Middle East crises of 1967 and 1973, and The Falkland/Malvinas crisis of 1980. He also examines the strategic relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union from 1945 to the present. Zagare studies the dynamics of both mutual and unilateral deterrence games in nuclear and non-nuclear situations, and the impact of credibility, capability, and power asymmetries on deterrence stability. He shows that his theory is applicable for analyzing deterrence situations between allies as well as between hostile states. One of the additional strengths of his model, however, is its general usefulness for other levels and settings, such as deterrence games played by husband and wife, parent and child, employer and employee, and the state and its citizens. With its lucid prose and illustrative examples, "The Dynamics of Deterrence" will be of interest to a wide audience in international relations, peace studies, and political science.
800 x 800 charge-coupled device /CCD/ camera for the Galileo Jupiter Orbiter mission

During January 1982 the NASA space transportation system will launch a Galileo spacecraft composed of an orbiting bus and an atmospheric entry probe to arrive at the planet Jupiter in July 1985. A prime element of the orbiter's scientific instrument payload will be a new generation slow-scan planetary imaging system based on a newly developed 800 x 800 charge-coupled device (CCD) image sensor. Following Jupiter orbit insertion, the single, narrow-angle, CCD camera, designated the Solid State Imaging (SSI) Subsystem, will operate for 20 months as the orbiter makes repeated encounters with Jupiter and its Galilean Satellites. During this period the SSI will acquire 40,000 images of Jupiter's atmosphere and the surfaces of the Galilean Satellites. This paper describes the SSI, its operational modes, and science objectives.
Early Gravity-Wave Detection Experiments, 1960-1975

I discuss the experiments of Joseph Weber (1919-2000) of the University of Maryland between 1960 and 1973 that were aimed at the detection of gravity waves. He used throughout a quadratic detector to demodulate his antenna signal, which I analyze and compare to a linear detector.The latter was used by all of the other groups that entered the field. Of these, Richard Garwin and I at IBM were one of the first groups to publish, and I discuss in detail our experiments between 1973 and 1975. I then discuss the experiments that were carried out at Bell Labs-Rochester, Glasgow, Munich-Frascati,Moscow, and Tokyo. I compare the results, all of which were negative, with Weber’s claimed detection of large numbers of gravity-wave events, as many as seven per day. I conclude that these were not in fact gravity waves, but artifacts of his extremely hands-on data-analysis procedures, which I discuss in detail. Finally, I speculate on how this came about.
Sensitivity loss in odd-symmetric mechanisms and phase anomalies in peripheral vision.

The ability to detect, discriminate and identify spatial stimuli is much poorer in the peripheral than in the central visual field. Some deficits are eliminated by scaling stimulus size. For example, grating detectibility is roughly constant across the visual field when spatial frequency and target extent are scaled appropriately1,2. Other deficits persist despite scaling. For instance, some readily detectable patterns are more difficult to identify peripherally than in the fovea3,4. This deficit is caused, at least partially, by a reduced ability to encode spatial phase (or relative position)5–7. To specify the properties of foveal and peripheral phase-encoding mechanisms, we measured discrimination thresholds for compound gratings at several eccentricities. Our observations are consistent with a two-channel model of phase encoding based on even- and odd-symmetric mechanisms8 (see Fig. 1), but the sensitivity of the odd-symmetric mechanisms decreases dramatically with eccentricity. Thus, the loss of sensitivity in one type of mechanism may underlie the reduced ability to encode spatial phase peripherally.
The cyclical behavior of job and worker flows

Job and worker flows in the U.S. and Europe have the following properties: Large and negatively correlated gross job creation and job destruction flows. Procyclical quits and countercyclical flows into and out of unemployment. Mortensen and Pissarides (1991, 1993) present a stochastic dynamic equilibrium model of labor market activity designed to explain these regularities. A parameterized and calibrated generalization of their model is studied here, one which incorporates search by employed workers. A demonstration that a single source of macro disturbance is consistent with the observed magnitudes of the comovements and fluctuations observed is the principal contribution of the paper.
Classical space–times from the S-matrix

Abstract We show that classical space–times can be derived directly from the S-matrix for a theory of massive particles coupled to a massless spin two particle. As an explicit example we derive the Schwarzchild space–time as a series in G N . At no point of the derivation is any use made of the Einstein–Hilbert action or the Einstein equations. The intermediate steps involve only on-shell S-matrix elements which are generated via BCFW recursion relations and unitarity sewing techniques. The notion of a space–time metric is only introduced at the end of the calculation where it is extracted by matching the potential determined by the S-matrix to the geodesic motion of a test particle. Other static space–times such as Kerr follow in a similar manner. Furthermore, given that the procedure is action independent and depends only upon the choice of the representation of the little group, solutions to Yang–Mills (YM) theory can be generated in the same fashion. Moreover, the squaring relation between the YM and gravity three point functions shows that the seeds that generate solutions in the two theories are algebraically related. From a technical standpoint our methodology can also be utilized to calculate quantities relevant for the binary inspiral problem more efficiently then the more traditional Feynman diagram approach.
Deposition and clearance modeling of fibrous dusts in the lungs

In this paper, we present a mathematical model of deposition and long-term clearance of inhaled fibers in the rat lung. To validate the model, the predicted lung burden results are compared with available experimental data from several studies
Relationships between prednisone therapy, disease activity, and the total serum IgE level in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis

Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is an unusual syndrome caused by hypersensitivity to Aspergillus spores growing in the bronchii. Previous investigators have suggested that the IgE levels and precipitating antibodies may vary according to disease activity. We have been able to closely follow 12 out of a group of 40 ABPA patients with IgE and serum precipitating antibody measurements. Our results confirm that both the total serum IgE and the precipitin response vary according to ABPA disease activity. In particular the IgE trend appears to mirror the disease activity in that a rising level may portend a flare, while a stable or declining value implies disease remission.
Graft union formation in Douglas-fir.

A B S T R A C T Greenhouse-grown Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) graft unions were examined between 2 and 84 days after grafting. Room temperature was maintained at 60-70 F throughout the growing season. In most respects grafts of Douglas-fir followed development patterns previously reported for spruce and pine grafts, but specific differences were noted in contributing cell types, time of formation, and nmode of healing. The time interval from first occurrence to occurrence in 80% of the grafts is as follows: contact layers, 2 days; callus bridges, 10-14 days; periderm, 10-17 days; cambia, 17-23 days. Callus bridges were generally of secondary phloem or cortex origini. Callus lignification began along cut edges of the union at 14 days aild was completed across the entire length of the union by 17 days. Lignified tracheids were continuous across union zones at 35 days. When proper grafting techniques were used, all tissue systems necessary for a successful union were present 35 days after grafting. Poor grafting techniques at times retarded cambium formation for 3 months or more. GRAFTING of food-producing plants has been done by man for thousands of years, but grafting of forest tree species is relatively new. Widespread interest in forestry grafting did not occur until the 1930's, and in the United States grafting of Douglas-fir did not begin on a large scale until the mid-1950's. Since that time, loss of many grafts with incompatibility symptoms has promoted great interest in the union healing process. No paper has been published which describes
Effect of ex-situ hydrogen passivation on the structural properties of e-beam evaporated amorphous silicon thin film for solar cell applications

Abstract Thin-film photovoltaics greatly reduce the semiconductor material content in the finished product, using 150–200 times less material as compared with conventional Si wafer based cells. Electron beam evaporation (e-beam), a non-ultra-high vacuum technique has the potential for being inexpensive, and simpler process for a-Si deposition. It offers specific advantages such as high Si deposition rate (up to 1 μm/min), excellent Si source material usage, avoidance of toxic gases, and simple sample preparation conditions. In this work, we report the growth of a-Si films using e-beam at a growth rate exceeding 30 A/s (1–5 A/s for conventional PECVD process). We report the effect of hydrogen passivation on amorphous silicon network and on silicon-bonded hydrogen configuration under ex-situ hydrogenation in hydrogen plasma. The hydrogen concentration and silicon-hydrogen bonding configuration was evaluated using nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Hydrogen plasma treatment shows an increase in the monohydride bond concentration with substrate temperature, and is corroborated by our FTIR investigation, in addition to reducing clustered monohydride bonds or polyhydride bonds in a-Si:H film. Raman analysis indicates reduction in silicon bond angle as well as the bond distance, both leading to significant structural improvement in short-range and medium range order in the amorphous phase. Thus, ex-situ hydrogenation clearly demonstrates the possibility of comparable hydrogen passivation in e‐beam evaporated a-Si films with high growth rate. One can easily extrapolate this result to microcrystalline film growth, assuming the structural improvement of the silicon network preceding the microcrystalline nucleation, where ex-situ passivation is most effective. Thus ex-situ hydrogenation opens up new possibilities in minutely tailoring the a:Si film properties especially for solar cell applications.
Overview of Sensorimotor Dysfunction in Cerebral Palsy

Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most common physical disability of childhood. Children with CP have multiple sensorimotor deficits that impact development and daily function. These deficits can be identified and measured as well as modified with new neural rehabilitation techniques and therapies. This article reviews the primary and secondary deficits of this motor disorder utilizing definitions from the National Institutes of Health Taskforce on Childhood Motor Disorders. In addition, a combination of co-morbidities may alter or affect the ultimate outcome for the child with CP including cognition, epilepsy, behavioral, and sensory deficits. Strengthening, decreasing spasticity, and improving range of motion can be accomplished with robotic training and are core therapeutic goals in the management of children with CP. The use of technology provides a motivating, stimulating play environment that captures the child’s interest and enhances motor learning through repetitive practice.
On the black hole lens and its foci

Methods developed for radio occultation studies of planetary atmospheres are used to predict the electromagnetic focusing properties of a refracting lens representation of a Schwarzschild black hole. The infinity of foci are of three distinct types: a principal forward axial focus which is by far the strongest; higher-order forward axial foci; and backward conical foci with axial nulls.
Real-time neuromorphic algorithms for inverse kinematics of redundant manipulators

The paper presents an efficient neuromorphic formulation to accurately solve the inverse kinematics problem for redundant manipulators. The approach involves a dynamical learning procedure based on a novel formalism in neural network theory: the concept of 'terminal' attractors. Topographically mapped terminal attractors are used to define a neural network whose synaptic elements can rapidly encapture the inverse kinematics transformations, and, subsequently generalize to compute joint-space coordinates required to achieve arbitrary end-effector configurations. Unlike prior neuromorphic implementations, this technique can also systematically exploit redundancy to optimize kinematic criteria, e.g., torque optimization. Simulations on 3-DOF and 7-DOF redundant manipulators, are used to validate the theoretical framework and illustrate its computational efficacy.
Extended formulations for the A-cut problem

LetG=(V, E) be an undirected graph andA⊆V. We consider the problem of finding a minimum cost set of edges whose deletion separates every pair of nodes inA. We consider two extended formulations using both node and edge variables. An edge variable formulation has previously been considered for this problem (Chopra and Rao (1991), Cunningham (1991)). We show that the LP-relaxations of the extended formulations are stronger than the LP-relaxation of the edge variable formulation (even with an extra class of valid inequalities added). This is interesting because, while the LP-relaxations of the extended formulations can be solved in polynomial time, the LP-relaxation of the edge variable formulation cannot. We also give a class of valid inequalities for one of the extended formulations. Computational results using the extended formulations are performed.
Potential Biological Functions of Cytochrome P450 Reductase-dependent Enzymes in Small Intestine NOVEL LINK TO EXPRESSION OF MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX CLASS II GENES

NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (POR) is essential for the functioning of microsomal cytochrome P450 (P450) monooxygenases and heme oxygenases. The biological roles of the POR-dependent enzymes in the intestine have not been defined, despite the wealth of knowledge on the biochemical properties of the various oxygenases. In this study, cDNA microarray analysis revealed significant changes in gene expression in enterocytes isolated from the small intestine of intestinal epithelium-specific Por knock-out (named IE-Cpr-null) mice compared with that observed in wild-type (WT) littermates. Gene ontology analyses revealed significant changes in terms related to P450s, transporters, cholesterol biosynthesis, and, unexpectedly, antigen presentation/processing. The genomic changes were confirmed at either mRNA or protein level for selected genes, including those of the major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II). Cholesterol biosynthetic activity was greatly reduced in the enterocytes of the IE-Cpr-null mice, as evidenced by the accumulation of the lanosterol metabolite, 24-dihydrolanosterol. However, no differences in either circulating or enterocyte cholesterol levels were observed between IE-Cpr-null and WT mice. Interestingly, the levels of the cholesterol precursor farnesyl pyrophosphate and its derivative geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate were also increased in the enterocytes of the IE-Cpr-null mice. Furthermore, the expression of STAT1 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 1), a downstream target of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate signaling, was enhanced. STAT1 is an activator of CIITA, the class II transactivator for MHC II expression; CIITA expression was concomitantly increased in IE-Cpr-null mice. Overall, these findings provide a novel and mechanistic link between POR-dependent enzymes and the expression of MHC II genes in the small intestine.
Elasticity of semiflexible biopolymer networks.

We develop a model for cross-linked gels and sterically entangled solutions of semiflexible biopolymers such as F-actin. Such networks play a crucial structural role in the cytoskeleton of cells. We show that the rheologic properties of these networks can result from nonclassical rubber elasticity. This model can explain a number of elastic properties of such networks in vitro, including the concentration dependence of the storage modulus and yield strain.
Designing for Healthy Lifestyles: Design Considerations for Mobile Technologies to Encourage Consumer Health and Wellness

As the rates of lifestyle diseases such as obesity, diabetes, and heart disease continue to rise, the development of effective tools that can help people adopt and sustain healthier habits is becoming ever more important. Mobile computing holds great promise for providing effective support for helping people manage their health in everyday life. Yet, for this promise to be realized, mobile wellness systems need to be well designed, not only in terms of how they implement specific behavior-change techniques but also, among other factors, in terms of how much burden they put on the user, how well they integrate into the user's daily life, and how they address the user's privacy concerns. Designing for all of these constraints is difficult, and it is often not clear what tradeoffs particular design decisions have on how a wellness application is experienced and used. In this monograph, we provide an account of different design approaches to common features of mobile wellness applications and we discuss the tradeoffs inherent in those approaches. We also outline the key challenges that HCI researchers and designers will need to address to move the state of the art for mobile wellness technologies forward.
Charters as weapons. On the role played by early medieval dispute records in the disputes they record

This paper seeks to shed more light on how written records were used during the Carolingian period by examining the role played by records of property disputes in the disputes they record. In it I argue that dispute records were important tools that clerical scribes could use to further their church’s interests, to undermine the interests of their opponents, and to help their church take advantage of changes in the regional political landscape. My examples come from the Bavarian cathedral church at Freising in the first decades of the ninth century. These charters indicate that Freising’s scribes crafted their dispute records to enhance the image of their church and bishop, to undermine the image and reputation of their opponents, and to help the Freising community realise what it saw as its property rights. They also sought to take advantage of Charlemagne’s recent conquest of Bavaria by appealing as much as possible to the sympathies of Carolingian judicial authorities. In addition, the scribes used the...
MRI in treatment of adult gliomas

Diffuse astrocytomas of the adult cerebral hemispheres are unique among tumours in human beings in the extent to which their imaging features are related to histopathological characteristics and clinical behaviour. However, understanding is still restricted about the value of imaging features in the measurement of response and of progression in these tumours. The present approach used in clinical trials, which consists of an anatomical measurement of the enhancing tumour on MRI, has many problems, and might not be acceptable as a surrogate endpoint for survival in patients with glioblastoma who are enrolled in clinical trials. Dynamic imaging techniques, such as capillary permeability mapping, are being used in studies of new drugs that target specific molecular features of gliomas; however, the validity of these techniques has not been elucidated. Diffusion imaging can be valuable for fibre-tract mapping to assist surgical planning and might become useful in measuring early response to treatment in densely cellular tumours. Functional imaging techniques can be used to localise motor, sensory, and language-control areas before surgery. Intraoperative MRI has produced improvements in the extent of tumour resection, and molecular imaging is another technique on the horizon, which could come to have a role in clinical trials in the near future. Thus, as a rapidly expanding sphere of investigation, brain-tumour imaging is producing great excitement. The aim of these new techniques is to aid the identification of more effective treatments.
Effects of deposition conditions of Al and Ti underlayer on electromigration reliability for deep-submicron interconnect metallization

We have studied the effects of Ti underlayer (collimated Ti vs. standard Ti) and Al deposition power (12 KW vs. 6 KW) on the electromigration (EM) lifetime of bottom-Ti/Al-0.5wt.%Cu/Ti/TiN-top stack. The (002) texture of standard Ti (s-Ti) was stronger than that of collimated Ti (c-Ti). The Al stack prepared with s-Ti underlayer, which had the stronger Al (111) texture and more uniform grain size distribution, showed better EM lifetime than the same with c-Ti underlayer, independent of the Al deposition power. The Al stack prepared with an Al deposition power of 6 KW was also found to show better EM lifetime than the same with a 12 KW deposition power, independent of the type of Ti underlayer. Longer deposition time for low power sputtering resulted in the stronger Al (111) texture, larger median grain size, and more uniform Ti−Al reaction layer. Finally, the effects of Ti underlayer and Al deposition power on the EM lifetime of Al-0.5%Cu films could be well explained by the grain size distribution and Al (111) texture, which is closely related to the underlying-Ti (002) texture.
International policy coordination with a dominant player—the cases of the United States, Japan, Taiwan, and Korea

Abstract Using a simple asymmetric Mundell-Fleming-Dornbusch static model, this paper shows that, when the United States (or Japan) acts as the dominant player (the Stackelberg leader) by anticipating Taiwan's (or Korea's) reaction functions, the gain from policy coordination is the same as that of the Nash equilibrium. The small countries lose slightly by cooperating with the large countries, and the large countries are almost indifferent about cooperation or non-cooperation with the small countries. The result seems to suggest that we return to a neoclassical world of free competition, as cooperation is a type of interference of market mechanism. This probably explain why the active policy coordination has only a limited success among the developed countries, and to our knowledge, has not yet taken place among the developed and developing countries.
Effects of Prolonged Formalin Fixation on Diagnostic Immunohistochemistry in Domestic Animals

SUMMARY Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is routinely used in diagnostic pathology to detect infectious agents, to immunophenotype neoplastic cells, and to prognosticate neoplastic diseases. Formalin fixation is considered a limiting factor for IHC because formalin can cross-link antigens and mask epitopes. Prolonged formalin fixation is presumed to result in decreased antigen detection; however, this effect has only been evaluated with a few antibodies. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of prolonged formalin fixation on the immunohistochemical detection of 61 different antigens. Approximately 5-mm-thick tissue slices were fixed in 10% neutral-buffered formalin. Tissue slices were removed from formalin, processed, and paraffin-embedded at 1-day, 3-day, and then at ?1-week intervals. IHC was performed on all sections in tandem after all tissues were processed. Immunoreactions were evaluated by three pathologists according to a four-tier grading system. Immunoreactivity of cytokeratin 7, high-molecular-weight cytokeratin, and laminin was diminished by prolonged formalin fixation. However, immunohistochemical reactivity remained moderate to strong with up to 7 weeks of fixation for all other antibodies. These results suggest that prolonged formalin fixation has minimal effects on antigen detection for most commonly used antibodies. These results further validate the use of IHC in diagnostic pathology. (J Histochem Cytochem 57:753–761, 2009)
The relationship between dose heterogeneity ("hot" spots) and complications following high-dose rate brachytherapy.

Abstract Purpose: It is generally believed that “hot” spots should be avoided in radiotherapy because they lead to complications. Dose homogeneity within the target volume is much more difficult to achieve during brachytherapy than during external beam irradiation, and implants are rarely geometrically perfect. To not underdose some parts of the target volume, therefore, it may be necessary to accept hot spots in other parts of the target volumes, but it is not at all clear from the literature how much dose heterogeneity should be considered excessive. We undertook this study in an effort to determine just how high a dose to a hot spot is associated with clinically significant complications. Methods and Materials: We studied 40 patients treated by high-dose rate brachytherapy with or without external irradiation. For each patient, we calculated the minimum dose to the “hottest” 1 cubic centimeter (cc) volume (Dmax1) and, for 18 patients, the minimum dose to the hottest 10 cc volume (Dmax10) as well. Results: Considerable dose heterogeneity existed within the target volume. The Dmax1 ranged from 150–2000% (median 320%) of the minimum target dose (MTD). The median MTD/fraction was 2.50 Gy (range 1.50–25.00), and the median Dmax1/fraction was 10.00 Gy (range 3.75–150.00). The median Dmax1 from the entire course of brachytherapy was 75.00 Gy (range 25.00–550.00). Adding the doses from planned external irradiation, plus any prior irradiation to the same area, the median total Dmax1 was 112.50 Gy (range 30.00–580.00), yet the incidence of complications, even among those in the highest quartile of this dose range, was not greater than the lowest quartile. The total median Dmax10 was 85.00 Gy (range 32.00–130.00), but the incidence of complications was, again, similar whether the dose was in the lower or the upper half of this range (32.00–85.00 Gy, or 86.00–130.00 Gy, respectively). Conclusions: We had expected to find that the patients with the highest Dmax1 and/or Dmax10 would be the ones most likely to suffer complications, but the results did not support this hypothesis. Thus, dose heterogeneity, within the scope of our study, turned out to be rather unimportant with regard to complications. This finding contradicts the conventional wisdom and suggests that concerns about hot spots need not preclude optimization to ensure adequate dosage to all parts of the target volume.
Sex-Related Differences on Fine-Motor Tasks at Grade One

This study attempted qualitatively and quantitatively to assess sex-related differences on fine motor tasks performed by 132 first-grade students, 56.8% boys and 43.2% girls. The results of two criterion-referenced probes, involving accuracy and rate, were analyzed with the SPSS programs oneway and anova. Both sexes performed equally well on a task involving dotting a circle but boys performed significantly worse on a task involving symbol copying. It was hypothesized that the difference might reflect a difference in information processing of symbols.
Physiological Responses to Low-Intensity Cardiac Rehabilitation Exercises

This study determined the oxygen consumption, heart rate, and blood pressure responses in healthy subjects to calisthenic exercises designed for convalescing patients with cardiac problems. Comparisons of the different exercises showed intersubject variability in oxygen consumption per unit of body weight and in cardiovascular responses. The exercises showing the greatest variability in oxygen consumption, however, were not always the exercises with the greatest variability in heart rate and blood pressure. Upper extremity exercises tended to evoke a greater demand on the cardiovascular system, especially if the isometric component was large. These data suggest the necessity of carefully monitoring cardiovascular response when using a variety of calisthenic exercises in the rehabilitation of patients such as those with cardiac limitations and should provide useful information for prescribing exercise.
Extracellular-Regulated Kinase Activation and Cas/Crk Coupling Regulate Cell Migration and Suppress Apoptosis during Invasion of the Extracellular Matrix

Regulation of cell migration/invasion is important for embryonic development, immune function, and angiogenesis. However, migratory cells must also coordinately activate survival mechanisms to invade the extracellular matrix and colonize foreign sites in the body. Although invasive cells activate protective programs to survive under diverse and sometimes hostile conditions, the molecular signals that regulate these processes are poorly understood. Evidence is provided that signals that induce cell invasion also promote cell survival by suppressing apoptosis of migratory cells. Extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK) activation and molecular coupling of the adaptor proteins p130 Crk-associated substrate (CAS) and c-CrkII (Crk) represent two distinct pathways that induce cell invasion and protect cells from apoptosis in a three-dimensional collagen matrix. CAS/Crk-mediated cell invasion and survival requires activation of the small GTPase Rac, whereas ERK-induced cell invasion, but not survival requires myosin light chain kinase activation and myosin light chain phosphorylation. Uncoupling CAS from Crk or inhibition of ERK activity prevents migration and induces apoptosis of invasive cells. These findings provide molecular evidence that during invasion of the extracellular matrix, cells coordinately regulate migration and survival mechanisms through ERK activation and CAS/Crk coupling.
Cartilage-selective genes identified in genome-scale analysis of non-cartilage and cartilage gene expression

Cartilage plays a fundamental role in the development of the human skeleton. Early in embryogenesis, mesenchymal cells condense and differentiate into chondrocytes to shape the early skeleton. Subsequently, the cartilage anlagen differentiate to form the growth plates, which are responsible for linear bone growth, and the articular chondrocytes, which facilitate joint function. However, despite the multiplicity of roles of cartilage during human fetal life, surprisingly little is known about its transcriptome. To address this, a whole genome microarray expression profile was generated using RNA isolated from 18–22 week human distal femur fetal cartilage and compared with a database of control normal human tissues aggregated at UCLA, termed Celsius. 161 cartilage-selective genes were identified, defined as genes significantly expressed in cartilage with low expression and little variation across a panel of 34 non-cartilage tissues. Among these 161 genes were cartilage-specific genes such as cartilage collagen genes and 25 genes which have been associated with skeletal phenotypes in humans and/or mice. Many of the other cartilage-selective genes do not have established roles in cartilage or are novel, unannotated genes. Quantitative RT-PCR confirmed the unique pattern of gene expression observed by microarray analysis. Defining the gene expression pattern for cartilage has identified new genes that may contribute to human skeletogenesis as well as provided further candidate genes for skeletal dysplasias. The data suggest that fetal cartilage is a complex and transcriptionally active tissue and demonstrate that the set of genes selectively expressed in the tissue has been greatly underestimated.
Genetic and Genomic Analysis of the AT-Rich Centromere DNA Element II of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Centromere DNA element II (CDEII) of budding yeast centromeres is an AT-rich sequence essential for centromere (CEN) function. Sequence analysis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae CDEIIs revealed that A5–7/T5–7 tracts are statistically overrepresented at the expense of AA/TT and alternating AT. To test the hypothesis that this nonrandom sequence organization is functionally important, a CEN library in which the CDEII sequences were randomized was generated. The library was screened for functional and nonfunctional members following centromere replacement in vivo. Functional CENs contained CDEIIs with the highly biased An/Tn run distribution of native centromeres, while nonfunctional CDEIIs resembled those picked from the library at random. Run content, defined as the fraction of residues present in runs of four or more nucleotides, of the functional and nonfunctional CDEII populations differed significantly (P < 0.001). Computer searches of the genome for regions with an A + T content comparable to CDEIIs revealed that such loci are not unique to centromeres, but for 14 of the 16 chromosomes the AT-rich locus with the highest An≥4 + Tn≥4 run content was the centromere. Thus, the distinctive and nonrandom sequence organization of CDEII is important for centromere function and possesses informational content that could contribute to the determination of centromere identity.
Thyroidectomy for Selected Patients With Thyrotoxicosis

Objective To examine the indications for operation and the frequency, efficacy, and outcome of surgical therapy for thyrotoxicosis. Methods The medical records of all patients who underwent thyroidectomy between 1990 and 1998 were reviewed. Operative indications, laboratory evaluations, extent of thyroidectomy, pathologic findings, and morbidity and mortality were determined for patients with thyrotoxicosis. Results Of the 347 patients who underwent thyroidectomy, 54 (16%) had thyrotoxicosis, secondary to Graves' disease (32 patients), toxic multinodular goiter (18 patients), thyroiditis (2 patients), or amiodarone (2 patients). The indications for operation were compressive symptoms or substernal extension or both (35 patients), patient preference (12 patients), thyrotoxicosis (4 patients), or a dominant nodule (3 patients). Most patients received pharmacological preparation, followed by total (32 patients), near-total (13 patients), subtotal (8 patients), or unilateral (1 patient) thyroidectomy. The initial 8 patients with Graves' disease underwent subtotal thyroidectomy, and after a mean 28-month follow-up, 1 was euthyroid; 2, hyperthyroid; and 5, hypothyroid. Associated carcinoma was present in 4 (7%) of the 54 patients. Symptomatic hypocalcemia occurred in 10 patients (19%), with a mean free thyroxine level of 60.49 ± 16.09 pmol/L vs 40.41 ± 19.56 pmol/L (4.70 ± 1.25 ng/dL vs 3.14 ± 1.52 ng/dL) in 25 patients (46%) with asymptomatic hypocalcemia ( P Conclusions Massive thyroid enlargement with compressive symptoms, a dominant nodule, and patient preference are indications for surgical treatment of thyrotoxicosis. Near-total or total thyroidectomy is safe and more effective than subtotal thyroidectomy in preventing recurrence and should be considered in most patients referred for surgical treatment of thyrotoxicosis. Transient postoperative hypocalcemia is common and is related to the severity of thyrotoxicosis.
Maximum power point tracking feasibility in photovoltaic energy-conversion systems

Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms control power-electronic circuits employed in photovoltaic (PV) — energy systems to maximize the energy harvested over all ambient conditions. Irrespective of algorithm utilized, there are likely to be operating conditions under which MPPT can not be realized. This phenomenon is explored in the context of a boost converter and a generalized dc load. Experimental and simulation results demonstrate the infeasibility of MPPT when loads violate limits that are derived from the operational constraints of the boost converter.
Myelodysplastic syndromes standardized response criteria: further definition.

We read with interest Dr Raza's letter[1][1] in response to the International Working Group's (IWG's) proposal to provide standardized response criteria in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs).[2][2] Developing consistent guidelines for MDSs presents a challenge since the clinical course of the disease
Covariates of Cervical Cytokine mRNA Expression by Real-Time PCR in Adolescents and Young Women: Effects of Chlamydia trachomatis Infection, Hormonal Contraception, and Smoking

Measurements of mucosal immune parameters in the uterine cervix are potentially influenced by numerous factors, including infections, endogenous and exogenous hormones, semen, and nicotine and its metabolites in cervical mucus. The objective of this study was to examine correlates of immunoregulatory cytokine mRNA expression in cervical cytology samples in a cross-sectional design. Samples, collected at study entry by cervical cytology brush from 368 women aged 13-21 enrolled in a longitudinal study of the natural history of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, were tested by quantitative RT-PCR for expression of IFN-gamma, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-12. In a multivariate analysis, elevated levels of IFN-gamma, IL-10, and IL-12 were significantly (p < 0.05) associated with several variables, including current C. trachomatis infection, recent intercourse, and current oral contraceptive pill use. Suppressed IL-4 and IL-10 levels were associated with cigarette smoking within the last 24 h. Time since last menstrual period did not affect any of the cytokines; in a substudy of weekly cytokine variability, however, IL-10 showed a non-significant trend toward higher levels around the time of menstruation.
A case of relapsing polychondritis involving the tragal and the conchal bowl areas with sparing of the helix and the antihelix.

Abstract We describe a 65-year-old white man with a 21-year history of recurrent, afebrile episodes of painful, tragal, conchal bowl and eyelid swelling accompanied by occasional conjunctivitis. The remainder of the auricle was not involved. Episodes were both self-remitting and responsive to intramuscular steroid injections. Cutaneous and cartilaginous tissues were examined histologically following a therapeutic debulking procedure. The histologic features included dermal edema, vascular dilatation, and small vessel inflammation with a dense polymorphous inflammatory infiltrate rich in eosinophils. Perichondrial inflammation and cartilage degeneration with fibrosis were characteristically observed. Bacterial cultures demonstrated normal flora. This case fulfills the revised diagnostic criteria of relapsing polychondritis. It demonstrates an unusual presentation within the disease spectrum of relapsing polychondritis with tragal and conchal bowl involvement and sparing of the helix and the antihelix. (J Am Acad Dermatol 1999;41:299-302.)
Stability of Helical Nucleic Acids

One intensive application of the statistical mechanics of order-disorder transitions has been to the formation or denaturation of helical structure in nucleic acids. The existence of extremely long double-stranded helices in DNA and certain species of RNA leads to a natural replacement of the base-pairs by sites on a one-dimensional lattice capable of interacting with neighboring sites, reducing the statistical mechanical problem to a class related to the one-dimensional Ising model (1). Given a reasonable physical description of the helix nucleation and zippering processes then, it has proven possible to estimate the energetics of helix formation by comparing predicted theoretical transition profiles with experimentally measured curves (2, 3, 4). The denaturation of high molecular weight synthetic or natural helices can be monitored, for example, by the increase in absorbance of a solution of the molecules upon raising the temperature. Typically, abrupt cooperative transitions are observed, which are only slowly or partially reversible in the case of natural DNA’s but fully so in the case of synthetic species (Fig. 1).
An experimental 5-Gb/s 16*16 Si-bipolar crosspoint switch

An experimental 16*16, nonblocking, asynchronous crosspoint switch with a data rate of 5-Gb/s per channel is presented. Implemented in a 0.8- mu m, double-poly, self-aligned Si-bipolar ECL technology, the 3-mm*3-mm chip, featuring a multiplexer-type architecture with a three-device crosspoint cell, demonstrates a nominal data path delay of 420 ps with 12.5-ps RMS jitter and a setup time of 1 ns and dissipates about 4.6 W. >
Development of the Intimate Partner Violence Attitude Scales (IPVAS) With a Predominantly Mexican American College Sample

Although instruments that estimate the prevalence of intimate partner violence (IPV) are available, few include potential predictors of violent behaviors such as beliefs and attitudes. The main pur...
Digital Technology and the Market for Political Surveillance

Many new media technologies, such as the internet, serve both as a tool for organizing public commons and as a tool for surveilling private lives. This paper addresses the manner in which such technological innovations have enabled a dramatically expanded market for public policy opinion data, and explores the potential role of that market in facilitating panoptic regimes of both private and state surveillance. Whereas information about public policy opinion used to be highly reductive, expensive to collect, and restricted to a limited number of powerful political actors, today it is much less expensive, highly nuanced, and widely available. Pollsters now also have the ability to extrapolate political information from our commercial and noncommercial activities. We investigate the work of two organizations, a public policy polling firm named Grapevine Polling, and an advocacy consulting firm named United Campaigns. We find that both the increased sophistication of these firms' methods and the reduced cost of increasingly personalized data together have the potential to undermine the very public sphere that digital media were hoped to reinvigorate. Moreover, overlapping state and private demand for the products of such pollsters reflects the extent to which politics and the marketplace are increasingly intertwined and inseparable under the current articulation of democracy in the US.
Steroid receptor expression in the developing copulatory system of the green anole lizard (Anolis carolinensis).

In adulthood, the copulatory system in male green anole lizards is characterized by the presence of two hemipenes, each controlled by ipsilateral muscles. These structures are present in both sexes early in development, but prior to hatching regress completely in females. Embryonic treatment with steroid hormones alters the morphology of the copulatory system, suggesting active roles for both androgens and estrogens in sexual differentiation. To elucidate the timing and sites of steroid hormone action in the embryonic copulatory system, the distributions of androgen receptor (AR) and estrogen receptor-alpha (ERα) mRNA expression were examined. In situ hybridization was conducted on the rostral tail of anoles at three stages spanning differentiation of the copulatory structures: embryonic days (E) 13, 18, and 24 (hatching occurs at approximately E34). At E13, males expressed significantly higher levels of AR mRNA in both hemipenes and muscles than did females, while females at the same age tended to express higher levels of ERα mRNA in these structures. By E18, hemipenes and copulatory muscles were regressed in most females, and were not present in any females at E24. In males, no effect of age was detected on the expression of either AR or ERα. These data suggest that peripheral copulatory structures in the embryonic anole are direct targets for the actions of both androgens and estrogens in sexual differentiation, consistent with the idea that estradiol facilitates regression in females and androgen promotes survival in males. However, the issue of whether or not a critical period exists remains open.
An Undergraduate Success Story: A Computer Science and Electrical Engineering Integrative Experience

The CS students must first success fully design, build, and test software and electronic systems or subsystems for small, well-defined problems; EE students explore this process cycle on several increasingly larger problems. In parallel with their "toy" problems, we also assign students from both sets of courses to a unique team project, with a goal of satisfying the needs of a client, who is either a faculty member with a specific research product need or an actual client with a product requirement. This client-oriented, team-based experience gives undergraduate students their first hands-on research and development experience in a carefully monitored and guided environment that translates theory into product