cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sustained rheumatoid arthritis remission is uncommon in clinical practice

Remission is an important goal of therapy in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but data on duration of remission are lacking. Our objective was to describe the duration of remission in RA, assessed by different criteria. We evaluated patients from the Brigham and Women's Rheumatoid Arthritis Sequential Study (BRASS) not in remission at baseline with at least 2 years of follow-up. Remission was assessed according to the Disease Activity Score 28-C-reactive protein (DAS28-CRP4), Simplified Disease Activity Index (SDAI), and Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI) scores, and the recently proposed American College of Rheumatology (ACR)/European League against Rheumatism (EULAR) criteria for remission. Analyses were performed by using Kaplan-Meier survival curves. We identified 871 subjects with ≥2 years of follow-up. Of these subjects, 394 were in remission at one or more time-points and not in remission at baseline, according to at least one of the following criteria: DAS28-CRP < 2.6 (n = 309), DAS28-CRP < 2.3 (n = 275), SDAI (n = 168), CDAI (n = 170), and 2010 ACR/EULAR (n = 158). The median age for the 394 subjects at entrance to BRASS was 56 years; median disease duration was 8 years; 81% were female patients; and 72% were seropositive. Survival analysis performed separately for each remission criterion demonstrated that < 50% of subjects remained in remission 1 year later. Median remission survival time was 1 year. Kaplan-Meier curves of the various remission criteria did not significantly differ (P = 0.29 according to the log-rank test). This study shows that in clinical practice, a minority of RA patients are in sustained remission.
Anatomy and Phylogenetic Relationships of Boreogomphodon jeffersoni (Cynodontia: Gomphodontia) from the Upper Triassic of Virginia

ABSTRACT We present a detailed account on the skeletal structure of the traversodont cynodont Boreogomphodon jeffersoni on the basis of a considerable quantity of excellently preserved craniodental remains and several referred postcranial bones from the Tomahawk Creek Member of the Vinita Formation (Upper Triassic: Carnian) of the Richmond basin (Newark Supergroup) in eastern Virginia. The small size, proportionately short snout and mandible, low number of molariform postcanine teeth, and presence of up to three sectorial postcanines all indicate that most of the specimens recovered to date represent immature individuals. The superbly preserved dental material permits detailed inferences regarding tooth replacement and dental function during ontogeny. Boreogomphodon differs from other known traversodont cynodonts primarily in the possession of lower molariform postcanine teeth with three rather than two anterior cusps in all but the smallest specimens, zygomatic arches that are bowed laterally at about mi...
Efficient Macro-Micro Scale Coupled Modeling of Batteries

of thermal behavior of Li-ion cells. However, they did not enumerate when their models fail. The two-parameter model introduced in this paper yields results similar to the parabolic profile model described by Wang and co-workers. It is also noted that the approach developed in this paper can be used to increase the accuracy of the model by adding parameters, instead of using empirical terms. The performance of the new model is found to be valid even at short times. In this paper, efficient approximations are developed for the microscale diffusion, which reduce the microscale diffusion 1P DE to two or three differential algebraic equations. These approximations are developed by assuming that the solid-state concentration inside the spherical particle can be expressed as a polynomial in the spatial direction. 5 Subramanian et al. 5 developed approximate solutions for solid-phase diffusion based on polynomial profile approximations for constant pore wall flux at the surface of the particle. However, these models cannot be used for battery modeling directly because the pore wall flux at the surface of the particle changes both as a function of time and distance across the porous electrode. In this paper, approximations are developed for the microscale diffusion for time-dependent pore wall flux. These approximations are then tested with the exact numerical solution of particle diffusion for various defined functions in time for the pore wall flux. Next, these approximations are used with the macroscale model to predict the electrochemical behavior of an Li-ion cell sandwich. The approximations developed reduce the computation time for simulation without compromising accuracy.
State systems of coordination: A primer for student affairs

State coordinating boards address a variety of issues that relate to students and to student affairs operations. In order to participate in shaping and addressing these issues, student affairs staff need to understand how these boards operate and how to work most effectively with them.
The Galilean Satellites of Jupiter: Four Worlds

A broad survey is presented of our current knowledge of the Galilean satellites. Attention is given to the physical properties (size, masses, densities, and rotation) and to the surface properties (albedo, surface markings, composition, and physical state) of the satellites. In particular, Io's atmosphere is considered with emphasis on the sodium, hydrogen and sulfur clouds and the ionosphere. The atmospheres of the other satellites are examined briefly and consideration is given to models of planetary origin, evolution and interior structure.
Crocodilians as Living Fossils

Nile crocodiles and American alligators belong to a group of reptiles called broad-nosed crocodilians. In the warmer parts of the world, broad-nosed crocodilians are the largest predators to walk on land. They are living fossils in the sense that they resemble ancient forms in the shapes and the ruggedness of their heads and bodies.
Bernard Lewis: Scholarship or Sophistry?

This paper reviews Bernard Lewis' book, What Went Wrong? It critiques his essentialist thesis about the backwardness of the Islamic world, viz., that the Islamic world fell behind the West because Islam is incompatible with democracy, denies rights to religious minorities and limits the rights of women; that Muslims lacked curiosity and made no attempts to catch-up up with the West. Instead, this paper seeks to place the phenomenon of Islamic decline in the context of world history and world economy. Starting in the early nineteenth century, Western Europe used its growing military and economic power, both derived from the Industrial Revolution, to control and penetrate the economies of the rest of the world. Consequently, over the period 1800-1950, China, India, Southeast Asia, Eastern Europe, Latin America, and the Islamic world went into relative or absolute decline. Contrary to Lewis's position, this decline was a general phenomenon; it was not specific to the Islamic world.
Visual stimulus complexity and food vs. food alone as rewards for rats

In three experiments, normally reared hooded rats were exposed to a T maze with the same black-white pattern in each arm and were later tested with the pattern in one arm changed. Half the Ss received food for entering the unchanged arm and half for entering the changed arm. In all three experiments there was a significant difference between the groups in terms of number of food rewarded responses.
Gender Biases in Adult Ratings of Pediatric Pain

Accurate assessment is critical in pediatric pain, and often adults gauge pain via children’s behavior. To measure adults’ gender biases in regard to children’s pain, 183 adults completed measures and rated the pain of a videotaped child receiving a finger stick blood test. Half of the participants were told the child was male and half female. Participants rated the “male” patient as having greater pain. Similarly, participants’ indicated beliefs that girls are more sensitive and reactive to pain than boys. Results suggest adults hold explicit and implicit biases that girls are more sensitive and reactive to pain than boys.
The calcium and magnesium metabolism of the dog during inanition

During starvation for sixty days a well-nourished female dog was reduced in body weight from 12 to 5.8 kg. At the end of the first seven days the daily urinary calcium had dropped to one-eleventh of the original excretion, that is from 43 to 4 mgm. CaO per day, a level from which there was hardly any deviation during the remaining days.The urinary magnesium excretion dropped very gradually, so that on the last day of the fast it was about half of the initial value. It diminished with the decrease in the dog's weight and in proportion to the nitrogen eliminated. Presumably the dog's magnesium excretion was correlated with the catabolism of the muscular tissue.The fecal excretion of lime during the starvation was greater than the urinary, while the magnesium in the feces, for the period, was less than that of the urine.Studies on realimentation with diets low in calcium are in progress.
Sliding Basket: An adaptive ECC scheme for runtime write failure suppression of STT-RAM cache

Write reliability is one of the major challenges in design of spin-transfer torque random access memory (STT-RAM) caches. To ensure design quality, error correction code (ECC) scheme is usually adopted in STT-RAM caches. However, it incurs significant hardware overhead. In observance of the dynamic error correcting requirements, in this work, we propose Sliding Basket - an adaptive ECC scheme to suppress the runtime write failures of STT-RAM cache with minimized hardware cost. Our simulation results show that compared to the STT-RAM caches with conventional ECC scheme, applying Sliding Basket can achieve up to 80.2% saving in ECC bit overhead, comparable write reliability and even better system performance.
Analysis on Measles Popular characteristic in Longyan City in 2007

Objective To analyze the measles popular status at Longyan City and discuss the measures to control measles. Methods Analyzed the data of measles reported by surveillance system in 2007 through description epidemiology. Result There were 49 cases of measles at longyan City in 2007. The reported incidence rate was 1.70/100 000. 25 case was floating population,accounted for 51.02%. Two times of epidemic situation of measles broke out and 19 measles cases were reported. The outbreak cases accounted for the case total 38.78%.In the diagnosis case 10～14 year old was most,accounted for 32.65%. The group of 10～14 years old was the most,accounted for 32.65%. Then was the group of kids smaller than 8 months old and that of adults. 16 cases had immunity history,which accounted 32.65%. Conclusion The incidence rate of measles was keeped in a low level at Longyan city in 2007. It was necessary to enhance the coverage of measles vaccination of children in the right age in floating population in eliminating measles.
Study on pyrolysis reactions of Daqing naphtha

The effects of reaction temperature,residence time and mass ratio of steam to oil on the product distribution of pyrolysis are studied using Daqing naphtha as feedstock in self-designed cracking experiment device.The results show that the effects of these factors differ from each other,while reaction temperature is the most important one.It is found experimentally that ethylene yield increases with reaction temperatures enhance,whereas the yields of propylene,butadiene and three-alkene pass through maxima in the different decomposition depth.On the other hand,it is found that the effects of residence time and mass ratio of steam to oil are small.Three-alkene yields slightly decrease with residence time enhances whereas the tar yield increases; but three-alkene yields slightly increase with mass ratio of steam to oil enhances whereas the tar yield decreases.Under optimized operating conditions,the weight yield of three-alkene can reach 51%,and ethylene weight yield is 31%.
The 1050 cases of opening cardiac operation under cardiopulmulnary bypass (CPB) in infant with cold self-blood cardioplegia

Objective:To observe the protective effect of cold self-blood cardioplegia on immature myocardium in infant underwent opening cardiac operation by CPB. Methods:1 380 infantile patients underwent repairing of VSD by CPB were randomized into three groups. The 1 050 cases in group A were given cold self-blood cardioplegia. The 280 cases in group B were given cold blood cardioplegia. The 50 cases in group B were given HTK solution. Tei-index of left ventricular,car-diac index and LVEF examined after 1,12,24,48 h of cardiac operation. The clinic parameters including the auto-beating rate and time and the requirement of inotropics were documented during operation. Results:The auto-beating time and the requirement of inotropics in group A was significantly less than those groups(P0.05) . The CI and LVEF in group A were higher than those groups after operation(P0.05) . The Tei of left ventricular in group A were less than those groups(P0.05) . Conclusion:The cold self-blood cardioplegia is useful to the recovery of cardiac function underwent opening cardiac operation by CPB in infant.The cold self-blood cardioplegia is value for immature myocardial protection during cardiac operation by CPB.
Have we reached the therapeutic ceiling in acute myocardial infarction

Despite the recent introduction of several new agents into the fibrinolytic market, none have proven more efficacious than earlier agents. However, new routes of administration may provide some benefit in terms of time to treatment and ease of administration. The best possibility for breaking the therapeutic ceiling is in finding new ways to use fibrinolytic agents, such as combination therapy with GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors and low-molecular-weight heparin. Use with PCI may decrease mortality rates in some patient groups. Prehospital administration of fibrinolytics is also an option for expediting care and improving outcomes.
Efficient Contracting or Rent Seeking for Long-Tenured CEOs

Uncertainty about a CEO’s ability is related to his/her length of service to a firm. Accordingly, monitoring systems should vary depending upon CEOs’ tenure. Long-tenured CEOs require less monitoring because their ability has been revealed over time. However, as CEOs advance in their careers, they are more likely to acquire power to influence board decisions. To analyze this implication, I examine whether the competing rent-seeking or efficient contracting hypotheses can explain long-tenured executives’ disposal decisions. I use the previously reported differential sensitivity of CEO cash compensation to income-increasing and -decreasing discontinued operations. Contrary to prior findings, I find that cash compensation for long-tenured CEOs is positively associated with both income-decreasing and -increasing discontinued operations. These results suggest that compensation committees provide opportunities for them to demonstrate their abilities, and these executives are willing to swallow the one-time negative effect to improve future operating performance. Therefore, my results for long-tenured CEOs support the efficient contracting hypothesis. I also analyze whether market participants scrutinize CEOs’ disposal decisions, and find that they react favorably to managerial decisions on both income-increasing and -decreasing DCs, consistent with the notion that they view these DCs as value-enhancing activities. Lastly, the post-period analysis shows that income-decreasing DCs improve future firm performance, and there is no evidence that income-increasing DCs cause long-term detrimental effects. These findings are consistent with the notion that boards implement systems that force long-tenured CEOs to continue to demonstrate their ability to make value-enhancing decisions.
Non-Fouling Surfaces

Many different surface compositions appear to be non-fouling. It appears that the major factor favoring resistance to protein adsorption will be the retention of bound water by the surface molecules. Enhanced understanding of how to optimize the surface density and composition of NFSs will lead to improvements in quality and fewer micro-defects. Applying NFSs must take into account the specific application, the biological environment, and the intended service life.
A low-cost receiver design for DSSS location system

In a location system using direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) technology, high chip rates are desired to increase location accuracy. High chip rates with high over-sampling rates usually require specialized hardware for real-time demodulation of DSSS signals, which increases the cost and complexity of the receiver design. However, for location applications such as "panic button" emergency location services, a low-cost solution is essential. The paper presents a two-stage receiver for a DSSS based location system. The first stage is real-time signal detection with fewer quantizing bits per sample and fewer sampling points per chip; the second stage is signal collection and processing with full information. The receiver system can be implemented in software on a low-cost DSP or other suitable processor and controller. The result is a low-cost receiver design for "burst" DSSS location systems.
The Roles of Specific Isoforms of Protein Kinase C (PKC) in Signal Transduction, Growth Control and Diacylglycerol Metabolism

The conversion of normal cells to tumor cells is a highly complex process since it involves multiple steps, multiple factors (both exogenous and endogenous) and multiple genes. In the field of chemical carcinogenesis this process can often be divided into three major stages: initiation, which is generally triggered by DNA damage; promotion, which is induced by agents that do not directly damage DNA but enhance cell growth and alter gene expression; and progression, the conversion of benign tumors to malignant lesions. The latter stage is also enhanced by genotoxic agents and involves multiple genetic changes (Weinstein, 1988; Weinstein et al, 1991; Weinstein, 1991).
A Systems Biology Approach Identifies FUT8 as a Driver of Melanoma Metastasis

Association of aberrant glycosylation with melanoma progression is based mainly on analyses of cell lines. Here we present a systems-based study of glycomic changes and corresponding enzymes associated with melanoma metastasis in patient samples. Upregulation of core fucosylation (FUT8) and downregulation of α-1,2 fucosylation (FUT1, FUT2) were identified as features of metastatic melanoma. Using both in vitro and in vivo studies, we demonstrate FUT8 is a driver of melanoma metastasis which, when silenced, suppresses invasion and tumor dissemination. Glycoprotein targets of FUT8 were enriched in cell migration proteins including the adhesion molecule L1CAM. Core fucosylation impacted L1CAM cleavage and the ability of L1CAM to support melanoma invasion. FUT8 and its targets represent therapeutic targets in melanoma metastasis.
Assessing the California Fuel Tax Swap of 2010

In 2010, California replaced its state sales tax on gasoline with an annually adjusted per gallon excise tax designed to produce as much revenue each year as the sales tax did previously. This gas tax swap was intended to (a) relieve the state’s general fund during a period of fiscal emergency by circumventing the narrowly defined transportation purposes for which gasoline sales tax revenues could be legally spent and (b) protect the existing revenue streams for transportation purposes. Experience to date reveals that this experiment has not met its objectives because of unanticipated volatility in the revenue stream resulting from dramatic fuel price fluctuations. Although the new revenues are protected from diversion to nontransportation uses, the unpredictability of such revenue presents many challenges for state transportation planning and programming. Other states considering similar shifts to price-based transportation taxes to address the continuing decline in purchasing power from fixed-rate fuel ...
Dietary Intake Contributions of Food and Beverages by Source and Food Security Status in US Adults.

Abstract Objective To compare the consumption patterns and diet quality of foods and beverages obtained from various sources by food security status. Design Cross-sectional analysis of 2011–2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data. Participants A total of 4,789 adults (aged >19 years) with dietary intake and food security data. Main Outcome Measures The contribution of foods and beverages to energy, nutrients, and diet quality by locations where food was obtained was compared across food security status. Analysis Descriptive analysis and logistic regression. Results Almost all US adults consumed food and beverages obtained from grocery stores, regardless of food security status (about 95%), which accounted for one half to two thirds of total macronutrient intakes. The diet quality of foods from grocery stores was better in highly food-secure adults. Convenience stores are used most by very low food-secure adults; those foods had the poorest diet quality profile. Dietary patterns of marginally food-secure adults more closely resembled sources and intakes of low and very low food-secure adults. Conclusions and Implications Food-insecure adults use food sources differently, resulting in diet quality differences of foods and beverages obtained. Place-based interventions in the food environment may have differential effects by food security status.
Are you Legal

You will not find them easily in the hallway, the union, or the dorms. Despite your diligent screening some will slip through the cracks and infiltrate…or rather infest the classroom with tongues that are unruly, bodies that are nonconforming, and minds that only Hollywood claims are beautiful. The rejection letters missed some that flew under the radar. The ones struggling after hours to pass as normal.
Modeling the effects of vegetation on fluid flow through an acid mine drainage passive remediation system.

Abstract The fluid dynamics of acid mine drainage (AMD) flow through Wingfield Pines passive remediation system is captured using a lattice Boltzmann model of shallow water flow. The retention time of fluid through the system is critical to the efficient treatment of these polluted waters and, therefore, the retention times in all five settling ponds and the wetlands are elucidated for both the system as it was built, and for when vegetation is present. The effects of vegetation growth is predicted to initially cause channeling, potentially decreasing retention times, but over longer times to increasingly spread the fluid flow throughout the system and increase retention times.
Mapping the Structural Determinants Required for AAVrh.10 Transport across the Blood-Brain Barrier

Effective gene delivery to the CNS by intravenously administered adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors requires crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB). To achieve therapeutic CNS transgene expression, high systemic vector doses are often required, which poses challenges such as scale-up costs and dose-dependent hepatotoxicity. To improve the specificity and efficiency of CNS gene transfer, a better understanding of the structural features that enable AAV transit across the BBB is needed. We generated a combinatorial domain swap library using AAV1, a serotype that does not traverse the vasculature, and AAVrh.10, which crosses the BBB in mice. We then screened individual variants by phylogenetic and structural analyses and subsequently conducted systemic characterization in mice. Using this approach, we identified key clusters of residues on the AAVrh.10 capsid that enabled transport across the brain vasculature and widespread neuronal transduction in mice. Through rational design, we mapped a minimal footprint from AAVrh.10, which, when grafted onto AAV1, confers the aforementioned CNS phenotype while diminishing vascular and hepatic transduction through an unknown mechanism. Functional mapping of this capsid surface footprint provides a roadmap for engineering synthetic AAV capsids for efficient CNS gene transfer with an improved safety profile.
Validating upstream regulators of Yorkie activity in Hippo signaling through scalloped-based genetic epistasis.

ABSTRACT Genetic studies in Drosophila have been instrumental in characterizing the Hippo pathway, which converges on the co-activator Yorkie to regulate target gene transcription. A routinely used strategy to interrogate upstream regulators of Yorkie involves the examination of selected Hippo target genes upon loss or gain of function of a suspected pathway regulator. A caveat with this strategy is that aberrant expression of a given Hippo target per se does not distinguish whether it is caused by changes in Yorkie or Yorkie-independent inputs converging on the same target gene. Building on previous findings that the DNA-binding transcription factor Scalloped mediates both Yorkie overexpression and loss-of-function phenotypes yet is itself dispensable for normal eye development, we describe a simple strategy to distinguish these possibilities by analyzing double-mutant clones of scalloped and a suspected Yorkie regulator. We provide proof of principle that this strategy can be used effectively to validate canonical Yorkie regulators and to exclude proteins that impact target expression independent of Yorkie. The described methodology and reagents should facilitate efforts to assess the expanding repertoire of proteins implicated in regulation of Yorkie activity.
Liquid Chromatography Element-specific Detection Systems for Analysis of Molecular Species

Systems for the separation of inorganic compounds of environmental interest are described. They consist of a high-pressure liquid chromatograph linked to a graphite furnace atomic absorption or inductively coupled plasma spectrometer as the element-specific detector. The possibility of correlating the elution rates of compounds from columns with their biological activity is discussed.
Critical Views of Leadership and the Academic Library

Critical leadership studies (CLS) is a recent branch of leadership studies that examines assumptions and issues with mainstream approaches to leadership development and research. This paper reviews three areas of criticism from CLS. First, leadership is a poorly defined and ambiguous concept. Second, mainstream approaches to leadership can be harmful to followers. And third, there is little evidence demonstrating that leadership development is effective. Next, a recent attempt at library leadership development, the Nexus Project, is examined against the three CLS leadership criticisms. And finally, suggestions from the CLS literature are offered on how to pursue organizational improvements outside the context and shadow of leadership.
COMPARISON OF NITROGENASE REGULATION IN A. BRASILENSE, A. LIPOFERUM, AND A. AMAZONENSE

The influence of amino acids, ammonium chloride and oxygen on the nitrogenase activities of Azospirillum spp. was examined. In the presence of glutamate, aspartate, histidine or proline nitrogen fixation in A. brasilense strains was only slightly reduced, whereas in A. lipoferum and A. amazonense strains these amino acids almost completely abolished nitrogen fixation. Differences in the levels of ammonium assimilatory enzymes were found. After the addition of ammonium chloride, nitrogenase activity was completely inhibited in A. brasilense and A. lipoferum, but only partially inhibited in A. amazonense. In A. brasilense and A. lipoferum a covalent modification of the Fe protein of nitrogenase was involved in the “MATHTYPE switch off” as in R. rubrum. In A. amazonense no modified subunit of the Fe protein was found. Oxygen inhibited the nitrogenase activity of A. brasilense most effectively, whereas in A. amazonense the nitrogenase activity was remarkably oxygen tolerant. After the cells were exposed to inhibitory oxygen concentrations, the nitrogenase activity of all three species was recovered at a low pO2 No dification of the Fe protein occurred during the “oxygen-switch off”. However, under anaerobic conditions, the Fe protein of A. brasilense and A. lipoferum was modified.
A Few Other Things

The relationships between the bones of the feet and ankles are affected, naturally, when two or more usually separate bones are fused (whether the fusion is bony, cartilaginous, or fibrous). Symptoms are most likely to begin in the second decade, as ossification fills in the cartilaginous models of bone toward the definitive adult shape. Common symptoms of ankle bone coalitions are repeated sprains and strains, and, for some coalitions, painful pes planus (flat foot).
How does glomerular epithelial cell injury contribute to progressive glomerular damage

Glomerular visceral epithelial cells, unlike epithelial cells in other organs or in the more distal segments of the nephron, are highly differentiated, terminal cells that do not undergo cell division under physiological conditions in the postnatal period or during conditions that result in renal hypertrophy. Adjacent cells are connected to each other at the level of complex interdigitations or foot processes by filtration slit diaphragms. This particular arrangement contributes to the extremely high hydraulic conductivity of the normal glomerular capillary. Toxic and metabolic damage to the visceral epithelial cells or conditions of extreme glomerular hypertrophy result, in the short term, in diffuse or focal simplification and flattening of the foot processes. The areas of the capillary wall covered by such a simplified epithelium are likely to have a greatly reduced hydraulic conductivity which results from the greatly diminished surface area available for filtration. The rearrangement of foot processes also leads to focal areas of denudation of the basement membrane. Such denuded areas, however, are likely to result in an increase in local hydraulic flux, especially under conditions of capillary hypertension. Such defects have been shown to be the pathway of increased permeability to macromolecular markers and proteinuria. Large plasma proteins are retained in the subendothelium by the size-restrictive water-filled channels of the lamina densa and accumulate upstream in the form of hyaline which eventually occludes individual loops. More severe epithelial cell injury and denudation may also result in collapse of entire tuft segments.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Bioavailability of feed-grade copper sources (oxide, sulfate, or lysine) in growing cattle.

Plasma Cu concentrations and ceruloplasmin (a Cu metalloenzyme) activity were used to assess relative Cu bioavailability from different Cu sources for growing cattle. In Exp. 1, 18 calves (average BW 207 +/- 7.7 kg) that had been fed Cu-deficient diets since birth were randomly assigned to treatment. Treatments consisted of control (n = 3) or 30 mg/d of supplemental Cu (n = 5/treatment) from Cu oxide (CuO), Cu sulfate (CuSO4), or Cu lysine. Blood samples were obtained for plasma Cu and ceruloplasmin activity on d 0, 7, 14, and 21. Plasma Cu and ceruloplasmin activity were greater (P < .05) on d 7, 14, and 21 for calves supplemented with CuSO4 than for controls. Copper status of calves fed Cu lysine did not differ from that of calves fed CuSO4. Compared with d-0 values, plasma Cu concentrations by d 21 had increased by 95 and 98% in calves supplemented with CuSO4 and Cu lysine, respectively. Copper oxide supplementation did not increase Cu status above that observed in control calves. In Exp. 2, 36 calves (average BW 211 +/- 4.4 kg) were used to compare the relative bioavailability of Cu from CuO and CuSO4 when supplemented to corn silage-based diets high in the Cu antagonists iron (Fe) or molybdenum (Mo). Treatments consisted of no supplemental Cu or 8 mg of supplemental Cu/kg diet from either CuSO4 or CuO. Within each Cu treatment, diets were supplemented with 600 mg of Fe or 5 mg of Mo/kg diet. In calves fed 5 mg of Mo/kg, plasma Cu was lower (P < .05) in those fed no supplemental Cu or CuO compared with calves fed CuSO4 by d 91 and at subsequent sampling dates throughout the 154-d study. Plasma ceruloplasmin activity was decreased (P < .01) by Mo and was increased (P < .05) by CuSO4 compared with CuO. Based on plasma Cu and ceruloplasmin activity, CuSO4 and Cu lysine were similar in bioavailability, but CuO was essentially unavailable.
Fault tolerant functional reactive programming (functional pearl)

Highly critical application domains, like medicine and aerospace, require the use of strict design, implementation and validation techniques. Functional languages have been used in these domains to develop synchronous dataflow programming languages for reactive systems. Causal stream functions and Functional Reactive Programming capture the essence of those languages in a way that is both elegant and robust. To guarantee that critical systems can operate under high stress over long periods of time, these applications require clear specifications of possible faults and hazards, and how they are being handled. Modeling failure is straightforward in functional languages, and many Functional Reactive abstractions incorporate support for failure or termination. However, handling unknown types of faults, and incorporating fault tolerance into Functional Reactive Programming, requires a different construction and remains an open problem. This work presents extensions to an existing functional reactive abstraction to facilitate tagging reactive transformations with hazard tags or confidence levels. We present a prototype framework to quantify the reliability of a reactive construction, by means of numeric factors or probability distributions, and demonstrate how to aid the design of fault-tolerant systems, by constraining the allowed reliability to required boundaries. By applying type-level programming, we show that it is possible to improve static analysis and have compile-time guarantees of key aspects of fault tolerance. Our approach is powerful enough to be used in systems with realistic complexity, and flexible enough to be used to guide their analysis and design, to test system properties, to verify fault tolerance properties, to perform runtime monitoring, to implement fault tolerance during execution and to address faults during runtime. We present implementations in Haskell and in Idris.
Abstract 2085: Exploring mutation signatures in pediatric cancers

Background: Mutation signatures have been catalogued across most common cancers, providing insights into their underlying mutational processes and suggesting strategies for categorization and subphenotyping. However, these analyses have been limited to mostly adult cancers, likely due to the relative rarity of pediatric analogs and a corresponding lower mutation burden of these tumors. Here we attempted to compare mutation signatures across several pediatric cancers, given these constraints, with their corresponding adult versions. Data and Methods: From the ICGC data portal, we downloaded clinical and mutation data for pediatric brain (medulloblastoma, glioblastoma, neuroblastoma) and blood-based (acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia) cancers. We also obtained data for related adult cancers, including glioblastoma and acute myeloid leukemia. For each cancer, we characterized mutation patterns using trinucleotides centered at somatic SNVs and then estimated the composition of underlying putative COSMIC mutation signatures. For cancers with low mutation rates (impeding estimates of mutation signatures), we grouped mutations from similar samples based on clinical and molecular statuses to infer mutation signatures. Results: Each of the pediatric cancer types strongly exhibited the common cancer mutation Signature 1 (spontaneous deamination of 5-methylcytosine), as might be expected since it has been described across all adult cancer types. Further, pediatric acute myeloid leukemia and glioblastoma both harbored mutation signatures seen in their adult counterparts in addition to unexpected patterns of defective DNA mismatch repair and DNA double-strand break repair. Interestingly, for pediatric glioblastoma we identified Signatures 3, 8, 15 and 16, which were previously unidentified in adult glioblastoma and have been recently implicated in pediatric medulloblastoma. Conclusion: Our findings may be influenced by the sparsity of mutations in pediatric cancers, highlighting the need for quantifying precision in measures of mutation signatures. This notwithstanding, from our initial observations, pediatric cancers appear to exhibit a more diverse set of mutation signatures than their adult counterparts. Further, pediatric cancers of different histologies, particularly those of brain cancers, may share molecular mechanisms more than currently believed. Citation Format: Francis A. San Lucas, Philip Lupo, Austin Brown, Michael Scheurer, Paul Scheet. Exploring mutation signatures in pediatric cancers [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2085.
BPIFA1 regulates lung neutrophil recruitment and interferon signaling during acute inflammation.

Bpifa1 (BPI fold-containing group A member 1) is an airway host-protective protein with immunomodulatory properties that binds to LPS and is regulated by infectious and inflammatory signals. Differ...
Native Grass Species for Forage and Turf

North America has an abundance of native grass species including both cool-season and warm-season grasses. These grasses serve a multitude of purposes including use as forage, turf, erosion control, riparian buffer, wildlife habitat, ornamental, and biofuel. Although their importance in agriculture has been somewhat overshadowed by the use of non-native grasses in both forage and turf breeding programs, their value has not been overlooked. As the demand and interest in native grasses have risen in recent decades, germplasm exploration and collection of native grasses have likewise increased. The need to conserve North American native germplasm has become more and more evident as modern agricultural practices, urbanization, and changing climates threaten native populations and highlight the need for preserving high-quality, representative germplasm. Current plant genetic resources, both in situ and ex situ, provide valuable plant germplasm to researchers and plant breeders, but there is a need to better represent the genetic diversity and fill genetic gaps of these important species.
Investigation of Fourth-leg for Common-mode Noise Reduction in Three-level Neutral Point Clamped Inverter Fed Motor Drive

The four-leg topology has been applied to two-level inverters for common-mode (CM) noise elimination. To achieve zero common-mode voltage (CMV), the zero vector typically used in the two-level inverter is not allowed. As a result, the reference cannot be synthesized by nearest three vectors, which introduces a penalty in dc voltage utilization and current THD. This paper applies the fourth-leg to three-level neutral point clamped (NPC) inverter fed motor drives. Unlike the case in the two-level inverter, the reference can be synthesized by the nearest three vectors while zero CMV can be achieved at the same time in a three-level inverter with the fourth-leg. The topology and modulation are presented. The fourth-leg filter structures are investigated, and a fourth-leg filter structure which decouples the fourth-leg from the main circuit power level is proposed for high power applications. The experiment results on a three-level NPC inverter show that with the fourth-leg and presented modulation applied, the CM noise has been significantly reduced, and around 25 dB attenuation can be observed at the first noise peak in the electromagnetic interference (EMI) frequency range.
EGFR mutant locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer is at increased risk of brain metastasis

Abstract Background and purpose Small studies of primarily metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have suggested an association between EGFR mutation (EGFR+) and likelihood of brain metastasis. However, these studies are confounded by follow-up time bias. We performed a competing risk analysis of brain metastasis in a more uniform locally advanced NSCLC (LA-NSCLC) cohort with known tumor genotype. Materials and methods Between 2002 and 2014, 255 patients with LA-NSCLC underwent tumor genotyping for EGFR, ALK and/or KRAS (180 patients had follow-up brain imaging). Cumulative incidence and Fine-Gray regression were performed on clinical variables including genotype and risk of brain metastasis, with death as a competing event. Results The proportion of tumors with aberrations in EGFR, ALK and KRAS were 17%, 4% and 28%, respectively. The median follow-up was 68 months. On multivariate analysis, EGFR+ was significantly associated with risk of brain metastasis in the full patient cohort (HR 2.04, 95% CI 1.22–3.39, p = 0.006) as well as in the subset of patients with brain follow-up imaging (HR 1.91. 95% CI 1.17–3.13, p = 0.01). This translated to a higher cumulative incidence of brain metastasis in EGFR+ patients at 3 and 5 years (33.3% vs. 23.2 and 43.8% vs. 24.2%, p = 0.006). Conclusion Patients with EGFR+ LA-NSCLC have a significantly higher likelihood of developing brain metastasis after standard combined modality therapy, independent of their longer overall survival. This high-risk genotypic subgroup may benefit from routine surveillance with brain MRI to allow early salvage with targeted systemic- and/or radiation-therapies.
Is “me-search” necessarily less rigorous research? Social and personality psychologists’ stereotypes of the psychology of religion

Although I study many forms of social identity, my research on religious identity has perhaps sparked the most interesting reactions. I first describe these reactions, as well as how I became inter...
Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Larvae of Pyrrhalta Viburni, a New Pest of Viburnums

Abstract Pyrrhalta viburni (Paykull), a newly introduced pest of viburnums in the United States, causes extensive defoliation, and eventually death, of a number of species of Viburnum commonly used...
Behavioral Health Service Delivery Among Persons with Disabilities

Disability is a term often viewed negatively and with inaccurate assumptions. Many of these perceptions, while typically unfounded and incorrect, have been an embedded part of our society for many years. Compounding this phenomenon is the reality that many clinicians, including behavioral health professionals, receive minimum information and training about persons with disabilities, the importance of proper language, issues they encounter, adjustment to disability concerns, or therapeutic strategies (i.e., forgiveness, self-compassion, resilience) that may be of value—all of which are considered an essential part of the therapeutic relationship. In an effort to help clinicians better understand disability and the needs of persons with disabilities, many of these areas are explored as a part of this chapter. Furthermore, information is provided regarding suggested resources and interventions that are available to help clinicians learn more about forgiveness, self-compassion, and resilience as these relate to persons with disabilities.
Surgical Management of a Chronic Sleeve Gastrocolic Fistula with Near Total Gastrectomy and Roux-en-Y Reconstruction

Management of the leak is determined by the duration of the leak from the initial surgery. Acute leaks occurring less than 72 hours after surgery are best managed with reoperation and primary repair. Intermediate leaks, greater than 72 hours but less than 12 weeks, can be managed with non-operative management in non-septic patients. When non-operative management fails beyond 12 weeks the leak is considered a chronic fistula which are best treated with definitive operative management. Sub-total gastrectomy with Roux-En-Y reconstruction with gastrojejunostomy, has been reported with resolution of the fistula in over 90% of cases. To demonstrate the operative management of chronic sleeve gastrectomy leaks. A 37-year-old male with a history of a sleeve gastrectomy, developed a chronic fistula between the distal gastric staple line and the transverse colon. After non-operative management failed the patient was taken to the operating room for a diagnostic laparoscopy with plans to perform a revision. A fistula between the distal sleeve staple line and the transverse colon was identified. The gastroesophageal junction was dissected and inspected, there was no fistula at the angle of His. A near total gastrectomy was then performed leaving a small gastric pouch. The colonic side of the fistula was oversewn. Roux-En-Y reconstruction was then performed. No leak identified at four-month follow-up. Leak after sleeve gastrectomy can be difficult to manage. Chronic leaks do not respond well to non-operative management. Partial gastrectomy with Roux-En-Y reconstruction is a technically challenging option with good results.
Testosterone Therapy in Adult Men with Androgen Deficiency Syndromes: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline

Objective: The objective was to provide guidelines for the evaluation and treatment of androgen deficiency syndromes in adult men. Participants: The Task Force was composed of a chair, selected by the Clinical Guidelines Subcommittee of The Endocrine Society, five additional experts, a methodologist, and a professional writer. The Task Force received no corporate funding or remuneration. Evidence: The Task Force used systematic reviews of available evidence to inform its key recommendations. The Task Force used consistent language and graphical descriptions of both the strength of recommendation and the quality of evidence, using the recommendations of the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation group. Consensus Process: Consensus was guided by systematic reviews of evidence and discussions during three group meetings, several conference calls, and e-mail communications. The drafts prepared by the panelists with the help of a professional writer were reviewed successively by Th...
53. PRACTICE MAKES PERFECT: USING REPETITIVE, SMALL-CHANGE SIMULATION FOR EMERGENT PEDIATRIC SCENARIOS

Background Simulation is a cornerstone of residency training across disciplines. Studies show repeated exposure to the same case scenario may improve medical decision making, but little is known about how this affects the learning experience. Methods All pediatric residents participate in simulation exercises both in situ and at our state-of-the-art simulation center. Each scenario includes a nurse and parent who are simulated actors, as well as a child mannequin. Residents at all phases of training work in groups of 3-4. Two categories of simulation scenarios were created. The first reviewed management of status epilepticus - one patient with known epilepsy and the second a hypoglycemic child with an insulin overdose. The second category was management of tachycardia - one patient with sepsis and the second with supraventricular tachycardia. The patient's age, weight, overall appearance, and vital signs were identical in each category. Subtle differences in history and physical exam were present, which residents had to elucidate without prompting. Each group performed two different cases with the same chief complaint. Groups were assessed using the Simulation Team Assessment Tool (STAT), a validated tool published in Resuscitation. Results Seven groups of residents participated from July to December 2019 for 14 total cases. The average STAT score for resident teams participating in the first tachycardia case was 13.75/16 (0.86), while the average in the second scenario was 18/18 (1.00). The average STAT score for teams participating in the first seizure case was 12.3/16 (0.77), while the average in the second case was 15.66/18 (0.87). Average resident satisfaction scores were equal across first and second scenarios at 4.85/5. Conclusions Repetitive simulation using subtle differences in history and physical exam allows for an opportunity to practice important life-saving skills for pediatric residents, while also allowing for some variation and avoidance of repetition bias. This format can easily be modified and applied towards other emergent pediatric situations based on learner needs.