cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Martian great dust storms: An update

Abstract Observations by the Viking Orbiters and Landers have made substantial contributions to our understanding of the episodic, planetary-scale dust storms on Mars. These and other observations pertinent to the great dust storms are reviewed in this paper; most of the emphasis is on the atmospheric/climatic aspects of these great storms. Specifically, observations concerning the optical properties of the airborne dust, the frequency of occurrence of great dust storms, and the kinematics of their evolution are summarized. Special attention is given to the various estimates derived from Viking data of atmospheric dust opacity. Within this observational framework, various physical mechanisms underlying the generation, evolution, and decay of the Martian great dust storms are discussed.
The energy metabolism of normal rabbits as influenced by thyrotropic hormone, insulin, thyroxin, and the combination of insulin and thyroxin.

IN PREPARATION for a study of the influence of several hormones on the growth and metastasis of the Brown-Pearce epithelioma of the rabbit, it was considered desirable to ascertain the effects of certain of these hormones singly and in combination, on the respiratory metabolism of normal rabbits. The data recorded in this paper were obtained on New Zealand white males in the years 1940 and 1941. Work on the B-P tumor was interrupted by World War II in 1942 and was resumed by permission of Professor Fenn in 1946 Results on the respiratory metabolism of the tumor bearing rabbit will be reported later. A quite complete review of the energy metabolism of rabbits is contained in the monograph by F. G. Benedict (1938), entitled. “Vital Energetics: A Study of Comparative Basal Metabolism.” Since that year several other papers have appeared contributing observations pertinent to the present discussion.
Paper: A controlled linearized kalman filter for economic forecasting and adaptive modelling

An adaptive controlled forecasting procedure is described, which is specifically tailored to some major restrictions on economic data series and the resulting modelling tasks: (a) the periodically changing content of the economic statistics delivered and changing model structures, are represented by periodically changing transition and measurement equations; (b) jumps in the instrumental variables, decisions and exogenous quantities, are being compensated for by a model-based sensitivity correction; (c) quick model adaptation achieved via recursive estimation (dual Kalman filtering) of an autoregressive relation between all past recent measurements. This forecasting model presents therefore the original feature of being a mixed model-based-and-autoregressive (naive) prediction scheme. Considering a truly non-linear macroeconomic model, and a 20% jump on all instrumental variables, good forecasting performances are demonstrated numerically.
Length/serum creatinine ratio does not predict measured creatinine clearance in critically ill children

Objective Information regarding renal function is important in critically ill children to adjust the dosage of drugs that are eliminated by the kidneys. Methods for estimating glomerular filtration rate (GFR) based on age and serum creatinine level have shown good agreement with measured creatinine clearance (CLCR) in children without critical illness but have not been examined in critically ill children. Methods CLCR (24 hours) was measured (CLCR-measured) in 100 individuals (aged 5.6 years [range, 0.1 to 20.8 years]) admitted to a pediatric intensive care unit. Urine was collected by indwelling bladder catheters. Serum levels were determined. CLCR was calculated (CLCR-measured) according to the standard formula. GFR was estimated (CL-estimated) according to a published method, in which GFR is based on serum creatinine levels, patient length, and a constant that varies with the age and sex of the child. For each patient, the percentage difference between methods was calculated as the difference between the methods divided by the average obtained by the two methods and expressed as a percentage. Bias was calculated as the absolute value of the percentage difference. Results CLCR-measured and CL-estimated were significantly correlated (CLCR-measured = 0.57 · CL-estimated + 16.8; r = 0.68; p < 0.001). However, CL-estimated was greater than CLCR-measured in 84 patients. The difference ranged from −230 to +123 ml/min/1.73 m2 (mean −25.9 ml/min/1.73 m2 [95% confidence interval, −18.1 to 33.7 ml/min/1.73 m2]). The mean percentage difference between the methods was also large (−38.1% [95% confidence interval, −47.1% to 29.2%]) and ranged from −153.2% to 102.1%. The mean bias was 45.2% (95% confidence interval, 37.7% to 52.8%). In 36 of 100 patients the discrepancy between the two methods was greater than 50%. Adjusting for weight percentile, as a proxy for abnormal muscle mass, did not improve the model. Conclusion A method to estimate GFR in children that is based on age and sex, but not critical illness, does not correspond with measured 24-hour CLCR. Use of this method to adjust dosage of drugs eliminated by the kidney might result in significant overdosage in most critically ill children. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (1995) 58, 192–197; doi:
Veterans residing in self-governed recovery homes for substance abuse: sociodemographic and psychiatric characteristics.

Deployment to war and witnessing/participating in combat has historically been associated with mental health problems in returning veterans. Although the need for rehabilitative care is of major national concern, no research has evaluated veterans’ outcomes after living in self-governed substance abuse recovery homes. Many issues that veterans encounter are more salient than for non-veterans; particularly substance abuse. Compared to the general population, veterans experience a higher rate of alcoholism (Bridevaux et al., 2004), as well as a lifetime of alcohol misuse and other substance-related problems (Dietz, 2007). Among veterans, substance abuse is often associated with higher rates of premature mortality and psychiatric problems (Rosen, Kuhn, Greenbaum & Drescher, 2008). Additionally, substance abuse relapse is associated with traumatic combat experiences and PTSD symptoms. Recent studies suggested the current wars have led to significantly higher rates of PTSD than in previous wars (Fontana & Rosenheck, 2008). The return from war has also led to a large number of homeless veterans. Homeless veterans often experience both substance abuse and depressive symptomatology (Dietz, 2007). The homeless population is disproportionately represented by veterans, who constitute approximately one third of homeless individuals (Burt et al., 1999). As a network of community-based recovery homes developed for maintaining abstinence from substance abuse, Oxford Houses (OHs) offer a democratic mutual-help setting without professional staff or time limits on duration of residence (Jason, Davis, Ferrari, & Anderson, 2007). Presently, there are over 1,300 OHs in the United States, and initial evaluations suggest that over 20% of residents are veterans (Oxford House Inc., 2007). When compared to traditional (staffed) recovery environments, OH residents have shown significantly better outcomes for substance use, employment, and incarceration (Jason, Olson, Ferrari, & Lo Sasso, 2006). Given past successes for individuals in OHs, a sample of veterans was examined in order to evaluate their experience.
Regulation of calcium in salivary gland secretion

Neurotransmitter-regulation of fluid secretion in the salivary glands is achieved by a coordinated sequence of intracellular signaling events, including the activation of membrane receptors, generation of the intracellular second messenger, inositol 1,4,5, trisphosphate, internal Ca2+ release, and Ca2+ influx. The resulting increase in cytosolic [Ca2+] ([Ca2+]i) regulates a number of ion transporters, e.g., Ca2+-activated K+ channel, Na+/K+/2Cl- co-transporter in the basolateral membrane, and the Ca2+-activated Cl- channel in the luminal membrane, which are intricately involved in fluid secretion. Thus, regulation of [Ca2+]i is central to the regulation of salivary acinar cell function and is achieved by the concerted activities of several ion channels and Ca2+-pumps localized in various cellular membranes. Ca2+ pumps, present in the endoplasmic reticulum and the plasma membrane, serve to remove Ca2+ from the cytosol. Ca2+ channels present in the endoplasmic reticulum and the plasma membrane facilitate rapid influx of Ca2+ into the cytosol from the internal Ca2+ stores and from the external medium, respectively. It is well-established that prolonged fluid secretion is regulated via a sustained elevation in [Ca2+]i that is primarily achieved by the influx of Ca2+ into the cell from the external medium. This Ca2+ influx occurs via a putative plasma-membrane-store-operated Ca2+ channel which has not yet been identified in any non-excitable cell type. Understanding the molecular nature of this Ca2+ influx mechanism is critical to our understanding of Ca2+ signaling in salivary gland cells. This review focuses on the various active and passive Ca2+ transport mechanisms in salivary gland cells--their localization, regulation, and role in neurotransmitter-regulation of fluid secretion. In addition to a historical perspective of Ca2+ signaling, recent findings and challenging problems facing this field are highlighted.
The Asymptotic Distribution of Self-Normalized Triangular Arrays

We develop a general approach to the asymptotic distribution of self-normalized triangular arrays of independent infinitesimal random variables
Isolation, identification and quantitation of testosterone in the urine of normal adults and in patients with endocrine disorders.

A procedure for the isolation of testosterone from human urine is presented. Following β-glucuronidase hydrolysis, urine was extracted with ether. The extract was chromatographed on a florisil column prior to gradient elution alumina chromatography and paper chromatography in 2 systems (Bush 1 and Bush 3). The isolated steroid has a mobility in both paper chromatographic systems similar to that of authentic testosterone. This material yielded a bright yellow fluorescent spot when subjected to the alkali-fluorescence test and a blue color with the Zimmermann reagent. Eluates from paper exhibited a UV absorption maximum at 240 mμ. The sulfuric acid and infrared absorption spectra were similar to those of authentic testosterone. The product resulting from chromic acid oxidation of the isolated steroid ran in the Bush 3 system at the same rate as authentic androstenedione. Testosterone has been isolated from the urine of normal adults, patients with untreated congenital adrenal hyperplasia, one of whom was bi...
Next-generation polymer membranes produce hydrogen efficiently

In the US, a team of scientists have developed a polymer membrane material which, they say, brings an energy-efficient, low-cost hydrogen purification process a step closer to reality. Here, we provide details of the technology that could help to make hydrogen a viable energy alternative.
Education for Leadership in Anaesthesiology The Sixteenth Husfeldt Lecture, Copenhagen, 11 May, 1984

A description of the genesis of the Anaesthesiology Centre in Copenhagen after World War II is presented. The major contribution of Professor Husfeldt in organizing is described. The need for leadership in anaesthesiology is discussed in detail. The characteristics of leadership and leaders are presented, and their importance in the future development of anaesthesiology is pointed out.
Traumatic (amputation) neuroma

Abstract A case is presented of an amputation neuroma of the mental nerve, that had caused reflex neuralgia. The pathology of the neuroma is discussed. The possibility of unsuspected neuromas following dental surgical procedures, which may be the cause of obscure pain, is considered. A technique is suggested for preventing the recurrence of a neuroma by blocking the foramen with a sterile plug of inert material.
BACTERIOLOGY OF ASPIRATION PNEUMONIA IN CHILDREN

The bacteriology of aspiration pneumonia in institutionalized children and adults was determined by transtracheal aspiration. Forty-three patients were studied, including 10 adults and 33 children ranging from 2 months to 18 years in age (average 8.5 years). Ignoring Staphylococcus epldermldis, the 43 aspirates yielded 85 aerobic and 86 anaerobic isolates, demonstrating the polybacterial etiology of the infection. Anaerobic bacteria were isolated from 30 children (91%) and from 9 of 10 adults. The predominant anaerobes were Bacteroides melaninogenicus (18 isolates), Fusobacterium sp. (10), and anaerobic and microaerophilic gram-positive cocci (21); there were 8 isolates of B. fragills. These organisms were proportionately distributed between children and adults except for relatively more B. melaninogenicus in children and more B. fragilis in adults. Pneumococci (10 isolates), group A streptococci (8) and Haemophilus influenzae (2) were recovered only from children and among 11 Eacherichis coli isolates, 10 were from children (mostly under 6 years of age). The Klebsiella-Enterobacter-Serratia group, Proteus, Pseudomonas and alpha-hemolytic streptococci were proportionately more common in adults than in children. All subjects recovered with appropriate therapy. Anaerobic bacteria clearly play a role in aspiration pneumonia in children as well as in adults. The differences in aerobic bacteriology cited require different therapeutic approaches.
Statistical characterization of the forces on spheres in an upflow of air

The dynamics of a sphere fluidized in a nearly levitating upflow of air were previously found to be identical to those of a Brownian particle in a two-dimensional harmonic trap, consistent with a Langevin equation [Ojha et al., Nature (London) 427, 521 (2004)]. The random forcing, the drag, and the trapping potential represent different aspects of the interaction of the sphere with the air flow. In this paper we vary the experimental conditions for a single sphere, and report on how the force terms in the Langevin equation scale with air flow speed, sphere radius, sphere density, and system size. We also report on the effective interaction potential between two spheres in an upflow of air.
Security risk analysis and evaluation

Security and cyber-terrorism have become increasingly important issues for organizations and the society. We propose a risk management framework from a bottom-up perspective, i.e. modeling the different types of attacks (or risk types) that an organization could experience. A quantitative model is presented to measure the economic impact of security risk. In addition to risk management, a further goal of this research is to apply data mining techniques to predict and prevent security attacks in an effective manner.
Erosion of upland hillslope soil organic carbon: Coupling field measurements with a sediment transport model

slopes were 1.4–2.7 g C m � 2 yr � 1 at TV and 5–8 g C m � 2 yr � 1 at BD, values that are <10% of above ground net primary productivity (ANPP) at both sites. The eroded soil accumulates on depositional slopes. The long term SOC accumulation (or C sink) rates are � 1.9 g C m � 2 yr � 1 in the TV hollow and 1.7–2.8 g C m � 2 yr � 1 in the BD footslope. We found that the hillslope C sink is driven primarily by the burial of in situ plant production rather than preservation of eroded SOC, a finding that differs from existing hypotheses. At TV, the net sequestration of atmospheric C by long-term hollow evacuation and refilling depends on the fate of the C exported from the zero order watershed. This study suggests that erosion and deposition are coupled processes that create a previously unrecognized C sink in undisturbed upland watersheds, with a potential to substantially affect the global C balance presently, and over geological timescales.
Channel planning and fault recovery in hierarchical hybrid cellular networks with mobile routers

Hierarchical cellular networks with mobile routers were proposed in our previous work to migrate the hierarchical feature from stationary cellular networks into totally mobile wireless networks (see Cui, W. and Bassiouni, M.A., Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Third Generation Wireless Communications, 2000). We briefly cover the basic idea of the proposed architecture and its channel planning issues. Then we introduce a fault recovery protocol using backup routers. Simulation results are presented for evaluation purposes. In addition, the steady-state performance of the recovery protocol is analyzed with stochastic models.
Cost-effective analysis of topical chlorhexidine in hematologic patients at risk for oral mucositis

The aim of this study was to explore whether management of mucositis with Chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash could be a cost-effective method to decrease the risk of mortality and economic burden in hemato-oncologic or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) patients. A cost-effectiveness analysis model of prophylactic CHX mouthwash use versus no-CHX mouthwash use for the prevention of oral mucositis was developed for patients undergoing cytotoxic therapy or HSCT. The outcome variable was survival. The primary variables were CHX mouthwash use, probability of mucositis, probability of increased hospital stay, and length of hospital stay. Probability and cost data were obtained from the literature. Our analysis selected CHX mouthwash use during anticancer treatment as the preferred strategy for the base-case analysis as compared to no CHX mouthwash (marginal value 0.032). There was a $14,391 cost difference per patient between the two strategies. The results of this study suggest that CHX mouthwash use during anticancer treatment results in an increased survival and decreased cost for the population studied. Using our base-case data, an additional 32 of every 1,000 hemato-oncologic or HSCT patients will survive when employing the preferred strategy of prophylactic CHX mouthwash. CHX mouthwash should be offered for hematologic patients undergoing HSCT or administered with chemotherapy.
Diagnosis of Proximal Femoral Insufficiency Fractures in Patients Receiving Bisphosphonate Therapy

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this article is to describe the imaging features of proximal femoral insufficiency fractures in patients on long-term bisphosphonate therapy.CONCLUSION. The imaging findings of bisphosphonate-related femoral insufficiency fractures, which include a typical proximal diaphyseal location and transverse liner radiolucency through localized thickening of the lateral cortex, allow a specific diagnosis.
Clinical course of children with immune thrombocytopenic purpura treated with intravenous immunoglobulin G or megadose methylprednisolone or observed without therapy.

The authors compared the prognosis in 50 children with acute immune thrombocytopenicpurpura (ITP) who received intravenous immunoglobulin G (IVIG), megadose methylprednisolone (MDMP), or no therapy. Twenty-six children were observed with no therapy, 12 children received IVIG, and 12 children received MDMP. The percentage of the patients whose platelet counts increased at a level of > 20 x 10(9)/L and > 50 x 10(9)/L at 3 days after starting therapy was significantly higher in both IVIG and MDMP groups than in the no therapy group (p .05 in each comparison). This result suggested that therapy does not increase the rate of recovery but shortens the duration of thrombocytopenia in the first days. Management derision in ITP is made on clinical condition rather than on platelet count and no treatment options is to be preferred even in the face of mucosal bleeding. If the patient has extensive bleeding and the decision is to treat, both IVIG and MDMP are equally effective in providing a safe platelet level early on.
Molecular cloning, nucleotide sequence, and marker exchange mutagenesis of the exo-poly-alpha-D-galacturonosidase-encoding pehX gene of Erwinia chrysanthemi EC16.

Abstract The pehX gene encoding extracellular exo-poly-alpha-D-galacturonosidase (exoPG; EC 3.2.1.82) was isolated from a genomic library of the pectate lyase-deficient Erwinia chrysanthemi mutant UM1005 (a Nalr Kanr delta pelABCE derivative of EC16) by immunoscreening 2,800 Escherichia coli HB101 transformants with an antibody against exoPG protein. The cloned pehX gene was expressed highly from its own promoter in E. coli, and most of the enzyme was localized in the periplasm. The nucleotide sequence of pehX revealed the presence of an amino-terminal signal peptide and an open reading frame encoding a preprotein of 64,608 daltons. The cloned pehX gene was insertionally inactivated with TnphoA and used to mutate the chromosomal pehX gene of E. chrysanthemi AC4150 (Nalr) and CUCPB5006 (Nalr Kans delta pelABCE) by marker exchange mutagenesis. Analysis of the resulting mutants, CUCPB5008 (Pel+ Peh-) and CUCPB5009 (Pel- Peh-), indicated that exoPG can contribute significantly to bacterial utilization of polygalacturonate and the induction of pectate lyase in the presence of extracellular pectic polymers. CUCPB5009 retained a slight ability to pit polygalacturonate semisolid agar and macerated chrysanthemum pith tissues when large numbers of bacteria were inoculated.
On the use of a pilot sample for sample size determination

To compute the sample size needed to achieve the planned power for a t-test, one needs an estimate of the population standard deviation sigma. If one uses the sample standard deviation from a small pilot study as an estimate of sigma, it is quite likely that the actual power for the planned study will be less than the planned power. Monte Carlo simulations indicate that using a 100(1-gamma) per cent upper one-sided confidence limit on sigma will provide a sample size sufficient to achieve the planned power in at least 100(1-gamma) per cent of such trials.
The permanent income hypothesis in underdeveloped economies:: Additional evidence

Abstract Laumas and Laumas find no support for the permanent income hypothesis in recent work on a consumption function for India. However, permanent income has been used not only in consumption but also in demand for money functions. Estimates of demand for money in 10 Asian LDCs indicate that substitution of permanent for current income is warranted. In particular, the estimate for India is improved substantially by the use of permanent instead of current income. Furthermore, the weights obtained from a polynomial lag distribution are almost identical to the Laumas' exponential weights with which they construct permanent income.
Indications for Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators Based on Evidence and Judgment

Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) are generally reliable medical devices that have the potential to add quality years of life for appropriate candidates. Indications for ICDs have emerged from a series of randomized clinical trials, observational data from cohorts of high-risk patients with less common diseases, and expert opinion based on limited data in uncommon disorders. The randomized trials are limited by inadequate stratification designs that resulted from insufficient funding availability. The result was outcomes that led to uneven applications, based in part on post-implant experience of device utilization. In this document, we explore the basis for the features of the evidence available to support ICD use, the role of clinical judgment in circumstances in which data are limited or lacking, and the need for additional research to improve the specificity of indications. Directions for new research initiatives are considered. In addition, a general overview of a clinical research paradigm is presented, in which the research and health care delivery arms of the health care enterprise combine in research design and funding, as the latter bears the impact of the outcomes of the former. Impact estimates during the design of trials, considering reasonable contingencies for outcomes, are suggested as a means of justifying the size, scope, and appropriate costs of studies. If we who are involved in clinical research and health care delivery do not resolve this problem, for both ICDs and other new therapies that appear in the future, society will do it for us.
Solvation of montmorillonite

It is known that polar solvents penetrate the montmorillonite lattice and that multiple layers of solvent can exist between the silicate layers. It is shown here that the number of layers in the interlaminar spacing is different when the clay is equilibrated with liquid than when it is equilibrated with vapor. A method for calculating the number is presented, and a generally usable experimental approach is suggested, Acetonitrile, ethanol, and methanol form 11, 5, and 7 layers, respectively, when equilibrated with montmorillonite as liquids but form only 3, 2, and 2 layers, respectively, when equilibrated with vapors.
Remote access and networked appliance control using biometrics features

With the advent of home networks and the proliferation of broadband connectivity to homes, there is an increasing demand for a secure end-to-end mechanism to remotely access home networks and control home appliance from remote sites on the other side of the Internet. We propose an architecture for secure access to home or an organization's networks and control of networked appliances inside a home or within an organization from a remote location. We use biometrics features and a one-time password mechanism on top of secure socket layer (SSL) for authentication. We also provide three layers of security levels for network communication, and also a mechanism for secure file accesses based on the security privileges assigned to various users is proposed The files to be accessed from the server are categorized depending on their access privileges and encrypted using a key assigned to each category.
A Non-Intrusive Approach to Enhance Legacy Embedded Control Systems with Cyber Protection Features

Unlike general purpose systems, distributed and embedded control systems, such as power grid control systems and water treatment systems, etc., generally have a 24x7 availability requirement. Hence, upgrading or adding new cyber protection features into these systems in order to sustain them when faults caused by cyber attacks occur, is often difficult to achieve and inhibits the evolution of these systems into a cyber environment. In this paper, we present a solution for extending the capabilities of existing systems while simultaneously maintaining the stability of the current systems. An externalized survivability management scheme based on the observe-reason-modify paradigm is applied, which decomposes the cyber attack protection process into three orthogonal subtasks: observation, evaluation and protection. This architecture provides greater flexibility and has an evolvability attribute - it can utilize emerging techniques; yet requires either minimal modifications or even no modifications whatsoever to the controlled infrastructures. The approach itself is general and can be applied to a broad class of observable systems.
Aging and degradation of polyolefins. III. Polyethylene and ethylene–propylene copolymers

Rates of oxygen absorption and formation of oxidation products were determined in gamma -initiated oxidations of thin films of highand low-density polyethylene, atactic and isotactic polypropylene, and of three ethylene-- propylene copolymers. Radiation yie1ds G for O/sub 2/ absorbed and formation of hydroperoxides depend on dose rates and decrease sharply with increasing ethylene content of the copolymers and moderately with increasing crystallinity of any base polymer. G values for dialkyl peroxide and carbonyl formation, and therefore for chain initiation and termination, do not change much with polymer composition and crystallInity and not at all with dose rates. A few experiments with atactic polypropylene and an amorphous ethylene--propylene copolymer, initiated by ditert-butylperoxy oxalate, indicate that 37 mole% of ethylene in the polymer increases the efficiency of initiation and the tendency toward crosslinking. (auth)
Guidelines and Strategies for Cross‐Cultural Counseling With Korean American Clients

The 3 major topics discussed begin with a recommendation of family counseling as the primary therapeutic modality for Korean Americans. Second, the article recommends various culturally congruent joining strategies, presented in 5 general groups. The 3rd major section of the article offers the cross-cultural counselor strategies for therapeutic changes, discussed under 7 categories. Los 3 temas mayores discutidos empiezan con una recomendacion de aconsejos de familia que aconseja como la modalidad terapeutica primaria para Americanos Coreanos. Segundo, el articulo recomienda varias estrategias culturalmente congruentes de la union, presentado en 5 grupos generales. La seccion mayor tercera del articulo ofrece las estrategias transculturales de consejero para cambios terapeuticos discutidos bajo 7 categorias.
A Nonhydrostatic Version of the Penn State–NCAR Mesoscale Model: Validation Tests and Simulation of an Atlantic Cyclone and Cold Front

Abstract A nonhydrostatic extension to the Pennsylvania State University-NCAR Mesoscale Model is presented. This new version employs reference pressure as the basis for a terrain-following vertical coordinate and the fully compressible system of equations. In combination with the existing initialization techniques and physics of the current hydrostatic model, this provides a model capable of real-data simulations on any scale, limited only by data resolution and quality and by computer resources. The model uses pressure perturbation and temperature as prognostic variables as well as a B-grid staggering in contrast to most current nonhydrostatic models. The compressible equations are solved with a split-time- step approach where sound waves are treated semi-implicitly on the shorter step. Numerical techniques and finite differencing are described. Two-dimensional tests of flow over a bell-shaped hill on a range of scales were carded out with the hydrostatic and nonhydrostatic models to contrast the two and...
Networking children's emergency care.

Clinical nurse consultant Ella Scott is the coordinator of a project to streamline the paediatric emergency care within the Greater Eastern and Southern Child Health Network (GESCHN), based at Sydney Children's Hospital in NSW. She spoke to the ANJ about her work. (editor abstract)
Grutter V. Bollinger, Clarence Thomas, Affirmative Action and the Treachery of Originalism: "The Sun Don't Shine Here in this Part of Town"

Careful examination of Justice Clarence Thomas's dissenting opinion in the landmark affirmative action case Grutter v. Bollinger is important for a number of reasons: First, as one of the youngest members of the U.S. Supreme Court, Thomas stands a reasonable chance of still being a member of the court in 25 years, the self imposed implosion date (sunset provision) established by Justice O'Connor's majority opinion. No doubt, Thomas relishes the idea of writing the majority opinion that kills affirmative action and racial preferences for good. Second, much as Justice Harlan's dissenting opinion in Plessy v. Ferguson was used as a guide for the majority opinion in Brown v. Board of Education, Thomas's dissenting opinion in Grutter may eventually be looked to when the majority opinion is written that ends affirmative action programs once and for all. Third, in Grutter, Thomas was presented with yet another opportunity to return to the compassion he championed during his Senate confirmation hearings. Thomas refused this opportunity. Finally, evaluating Thomas's Grutter dissent will serve to cement his race jurisprudence, as Grutter likely represents one of the most important race case that will come before the Supreme Court during Thomas's tenure. The attached article carefully reviews Thomas's dissent in Grutter v. Bollinger and examines the originalist rationale that he seemingly abandons in writing his saucy and sarcastic dissent.
Electing Revocation of Acceptance as a Remedy: Pitfalls for Buyers that Preclude Return of Defective Goods

While the flexibility of the remedy arguably undermines uniformity, which ultimately underscores the policy of the Code, it also provides courts and parties greater means to resolve any dispute over the defective goods without recourse to litigation. This Article argues that while the flexible guideposts for exercise of the revocation remedy might present pitfalls for aggrieved buyers, in most cases the proper course of action to preserve and pursue revocation is not necessarily unobvious to an aggrieved buyer. After all, for instance, a buyer should not expect that it can wait indefinitely to return defective goods or that be surprised it needs to give the seller notice of the return. Buyers should guard against any mistaken overreliance on the buyers’ right to return defective goods under section 2-608 by believing that it is a more expansive right than the letter of the Code permits. That is, an aggrieved byer is simply not always entitled to return defective goods. This Article concludes that in most cases, an assessment by the buyer of the availability of the revocation remedy can be made through evaluation of three broad categories that frequently require evaluation: (1) the substantial character of the defects in the goods, (2) the time elapsed after purchase or the end of seller attempts to cure the defects, and (3) the timing and character of notice given to the seller regarding the defects. Each of these categories represents a potential pitfall to a buyer with non-conforming goods that seeks to revoke acceptance. While such evaluations must necessarily take place in the particular factual context of the sales transaction, it is nevertheless helpful for the buyers to take ownership of the management of the transaction, even though the defects typically were not caused by the buyer. A buyer who does not actively manage a transaction gone awry may find itself with defective goods and no option to return them.
A surface-modified chylomicron remnant-like emulsion for percutaneous computed tomography lymphography: Synthesis and preliminary imaging findings

Wisner ER, Weichert JP, Longino MA, et al. A surface-modified chylomicron remnant-like emulsion for percutaneous computed tomography lymphography: synthesis and preliminary imaging findings. Invest Radiol 2002;37:232-239.Rationale and objectives. To assess a surface-modified emulsion as a percutaneo
Data Requirements for Model-Based Cancer Prognosis Prediction

Cancer prognosis prediction is typically carried out without integrating scientific knowledge available on genomic pathways, the effect of drugs on cell dynamics, or modeling mutations in the population. Recent work addresses some of these problems by formulating an uncertainty class of Boolean regulatory models for abnormal gene regulation, assigning prognosis scores to each network based on intervention outcomes, and partitioning networks in the uncertainty class into prognosis classes based on these scores. For a new patient, the probability distribution of the prognosis class was evaluated using optimal Bayesian classification, given patient data. It was assumed that (1) disease is the result of several mutations of a known healthy network and that these mutations and their probability distribution in the population are known and (2) only a single snapshot of the patient's gene activity profile is observed. It was shown that, even in ideal settings where cancer in the population and the effect of a drug are fully modeled, a single static measurement is typically not sufficient. Here, we study what measurements are sufficient to predict prognosis. In particular, we relax assumption (1) by addressing how population data may be used to estimate network probabilities, and extend assumption (2) to include static and time-series measurements of both population and patient data. Furthermore, we extend the prediction of prognosis classes to optimal Bayesian regression of prognosis metrics. Even when time-series data is preferable to infer a stochastic dynamical network, we show that static data can be superior for prognosis prediction when constrained to small samples. Furthermore, although population data is helpful, performance is not sensitive to inaccuracies in the estimated network probabilities.
Hidden Obesity in Dialysis Patients: Clinical Implications.

While body-mass index (BMI) is used to diagnose obesity in the general population, its application in the end-stage renal disease (ESRD) population is fraught with difficulty. A major limitation is its inability to distinguish muscle mass from fat mass, thereby leading to misclassification of individuals with poor muscle mass but excess adipose tissue as non-obese (i.e. BMI <30 kg/m(2) ). As muscle wasting is common among ESRD patients, this is an important problem. A substantial proportion of ESRD patients have levels of BMI in the normal range, yet excess adiposity based on other measures. The importance of this "hidden" obesity remains to be determined, but it must be recognized in order for obesity interventions to be appropriately targeted and tested in the ESRD population.
Analysis on Lead and Cadmium Contamination in Vegetables in Taizhou during 2005-2012

Objective This study was to investigate the status of heavy metal contamination in Taizhou. Methods 72 samples were collected during 2009 to 2012. The level of lead and cadmium in vegetables were measured, and the obtained results were compared with the national health standards for vegetables. Results Lead and cadmium contamination in vegetables were not very serious. However, lead and cadmium were detected in all kinds of vegetables.The average lead content of 0.062mg/kg was higher than that of cadmium, 0.017mg/kg. Dynamic monitor results showed no evident variation in the level of lead and cadmium in vegetables. The capacity of vegetables to absorb heavy metals was leaf vegetables root vegetables beans. Conclusion Although presently in Taizhou vegetables were not severely contaminated by heavy metals, we should strenghthen the effort of preventing heavy metal contamination.
New Trends & Technologies of Internet and Influences on Telecom

With Internet high-speed developing, its industry scales are rapidly enlarging. At the same time, it presents some new development trends and new technologies. The trends of social networking, network video, intelligent search, mobile Internet and the technologies of mashup technology, artificial intelligence, grid computing, open platform will greatly influence the Internet industry. The rapid development of Internet, the convergence of Telecom-Internet and Mobile Internet are making a great impact on Telecom. These will break the monopoly of telecom, make telecom service more and more important, and improve the terminal manufacturers' position .
Korean American Adolescents’ Depression and Religiousness/Spirituality: Are There Gender Differences?

The purpose of this study was to examine depression and religiousness/spirituality (R/S) in Korean American adolescents with an interest in exploring gender differences. The sample consisted of 182 adolescents attending ethnic Catholic churches in the NY and NJ metropolitan area. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale, and R/S was measured by the Brief Multidimensional Measure of Religiousness/Spirituality. Results suggest no gender difference in depression, but a high rate of depression in both genders. Additionally, girls showed higher levels of Forgiveness and boys showed higher levels of Negative Religious Coping. Further, we found four R/S variables are associated with depression in each gender: Daily Spiritual Experiences, Forgiveness, Positive Religious Coping, and Negative Religious Coping for girls; and Forgiveness, Negative Religious Coping, Congregational Support, and Overall Self-Ranking for boys. Lastly, the four R/S variables together explained 20 % and 23 % of the variance in depression for boys and girls, respectively, with Forgiveness and Negative Religious Coping remaining significant for girls, and Negative Religious Coping staying significant for boys. The current findings are discussed along with limitations and directions for future research, and clinical implications.
Osteogenesis Imperfecta and the Eye

While the many skeletal, auditory, dental and other anomalies in osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) have been well documented in the medical literature, the eye and the visual system are also commonly affected in patients with OI. As type I collagen fibers are also found in ocular structures including the cornea and sclera, eyes in OI patients may have corneal thinning and blue sclerae to different degrees related to the severity of altered type I collagen synthesis as a result of OI. More severe ocular and visual system problems may also be related to OI and lead to significant visual impairment. Ocular and visual pathway problems reported in OI patients include corneal disorders, glaucoma, retinal detachment, optic neuropathy and others. This chapter provides an overview of the range of eye and vision-related pathologies found in patients with OI. This chapter (1) reviews the basic anatomy of the eye and visual system for background, (2) provides a literature review of case reports, case series and clinical studies that relate to the eye and visual pathways in OI, (3) shares results from an eye survey of OI patients from the Kennedy Krieger Institute and (4) makes general recommendations regarding eye care for OI patients.
Networked Life: Is it fair that my neighbor's iPad downloads faster?

We have come to the last chapter, on a sensitive subject that we touched upon many times in the previous chapters and forms an essential part of both social choice theory and technology network design: quantifying fairness of resource allocation. This may sound obvious, but it does not hurt to highlight: the scope of our discussion will be only on performance metrics, not on liberty and rights. A Short Answer Thinking about fairness The naive view of “equality is fairness” is problematic in examining performance metrics of a group of users stemming from some allocation of resources. If you have to choose from an allocation of (1, 1) Mbps between two iPad users, and an allocation of (100, 101) Mbps, many people would choose (100, 101) Mbps even though it deviates from an equal allocation. Magnitude matters. Part of Rawls' theory of justice is the difference principle that we will discuss in the Advanced Material, which prefers a less equal allocation if that means everyone gets more. Of course, a more challenging choice would have been between (1, 1) Mbps and (1, 2) Mbps. Another objection to marking equal allocations as the most fair stems from the differences in the contributions by, and the needs of, different users. If a user in a social network glues the entire network together, her contribution is higher than that of a “leaf node” user. If one works twice as hard or twice as effectively as another, these two people should not receive identical salaries.
Reactive Retinal Astrocytic Tumor (Focal Nodular Gliosis): A Case Report.

Purpose: To report the clinical and histopathological findings of a reactive retinal astrocytic tumor (RRAT) that progressed to massive retinal gliosis. Observations: The patient presented with an elevated, white-yellow retinal mass and extensive retinal exudation in the left eye. Progressive enlargement of the mass and proliferative vitreoretinopathy eventually led to phthisis bulbi and enucleation. Histologically, the mass showed a predominant astrocytic component with intense glial fibrillary acidic protein staining, hyperplasia, fibrous metaplasia, and osseous metaplasia of the retinal pigment epithelium. The Ki-67 proliferative index was Conclusions and Importance: These findings show that this tumor is the result of a reactive glial process rather than of neoplastic vascular proliferation. Massive retinal gliosis probably represents the advanced stage of RRAT.
Fathering attitudes and behaviors among low-income fathers

This study evaluated the effectiveness of a fatherhood intervention designed to improve the fathering attitudes and behaviors of fathers who are low income from metropolitan and rural communities in Louisiana. The study was successful in recruiting a sample of predominantly African American fathers (N = 57) and retaining the participants over time. An adequate number of fathers achieved the intervention goals to obtain employment, increase their earnings, and complete educational (i.e., Graduate Equivalency Diploma [GED]) training. In addition, after having completed the program, there was a statistically significant improvement in fathers’ relationship with the mothers of their children. Additionally, there were increases in fathers’ positive attitudes about being a father, perceived closeness with their children, amount of contact with their children, and satisfaction with the amount of time spent with their children; however, none of these differences were statistically significant. Most of the fathers gave favorable reports regarding the fatherhood program’s goals and delivery.
Abstract 484: Augmented Myogenic Responses in Cerebral Arteries Following Interference with Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ (PPARγ) in Smooth Muscle via a Rho Kinase (ROCK)-Dependent Mechanism

Myogenic responses by resistance vessels in brain play a crucial role in regulating cerebral blood flow and protecting the brain parenchyma and blood-brain barrier against potentially detrimental elevations in blood pressure. PPARγ is a transcription factor that may protect the vasculature by suppressing increases in vascular tone. Using transgenic mice expressing a dominant negative mutation of human PPARγ only in smooth muscle cells (S-P467L; TG), we have shown that augmented myogenic responses in mesenteric arteries are mediated by a mechanism that involved protein kinase C, but not ROCK. As ROCK is thought to play a major role in cerebrovascular disease, we hypothesized that interference with PPARγ in smooth muscle would augment myogenic responses in cerebral arteries via a ROCK dependent mechanism. We studied S-P467L TG mice and non-transgenic littermates (NT). Middle cerebral arteries (MCA) from TG mice generated more myogenic tone compared with NT (75 mmHg: 32±2% vs. 13±2% of max diameter). Myogenic reactivity was similarly augmented in MCA from TG mice from 15-150 mmHg whereas vessel diameter in Ca2+ free conditions was similar between groups. We used two approaches to evaluate the impact of ROCK in this model. First, the ROCK inhibitor, Y27632 (3 μM), abolished the augmented myogenic tone in MCA from TG mice (34±5% vs. 9±4% of max diameter). Second, treatment with a cell permeable molecule that modifies RhoA to make it constitutively active (CN-03) elevated myogenic tone to ~60% in both groups, which was reduced to ~10% by Y27632. The large conductance potassium (BK) channel modulates myogenic tone. The BK channel inhibitor, iberiotoxin, caused greater constriction in MCA from NT compared with TG (100 nM: NT, 14±2% vs. TG, 8±1% Δ tone at 75 mmHg). Although angiotensin II can activate ROCK, the AT1 receptor antagonist (losartan) did not affect myogenic tone in MCA from TG mice. Gene expression analysis revealed no change in mRNA for RhoA or ROCK1/2 expression in cerebral arteries from TG mice. These findings support the concept that in cerebral arteries, activity of ROCK has substantial effects on myogenic tone. The data also suggest that under normal conditions, PPARγ in smooth muscle inhibits ROCK, influencing myogenic tone in resistance arteries in brain.
The Architectural Setting of “Empire”: The English Experience of Ottoman Spectacle in the Late Seventeenth Century and Its Consequences

During a diplomatic mission to Adrianople (today’s Erdine) in 1675, members of the Levant Company recorded their observations of two festivals as well as an audience with sultan Mehmed IV. Using the lens of their own culture, the English both condemned and admired the activities and their architectural settings. Architects back home shared this “imperial envy” and used the Ottoman and other living empires as models for the idea of a new British nation with its own national style.