cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Standardizing Nonmetallic Composite Materials for Cryogenic Applications

The technology of composite materials is presently at the state that metals technology was before being systematized by the establishment of industry standards. It is difficult to imagine working in metals technology in the United States without the ability to associate performance with designations such as 304L for stainless steel or 2024-T4 for aluminium. It would be equally difficult for individuals in other countries to perform effectively without similar national metal and alloy coding systems that transcend proprietary designations, but this is the situation presently confronting those working in the composite materials area, in the United States and elsewhere.
Heavy Snowstorms at Blue Hill (Boston), Mass. (Concluded from May Bulletin, p. 167)

The local precipitation indexes, w/L (namely, the ratio of the specific humidity to the lift required to initiate condensation), at Washington, D. C., and Buffalo, N. Y., from which directions the ...
Employee Psychoactive Substance Involvement: Historical Context, Key Findings, and Future Directions

Humans have consumed psychoactive substances for millennia, and these substances have played an important role in human culture and human labor. This article investigates our current understanding ...
Automatic Detection of Front-Line Clinician Hospital Shifts: A Novel Use of Electronic Health Record Timestamp Data.

Objective Excess physician work hours contribute to burnout and medical errors. Self-report of work hours is burdensome and often inaccurate. We aimed to validate a method that automatically determines provider shift duration based on electronic health record (EHR) timestamps across multiple inpatient settings within a single institution. Methods We developed an algorithm to calculate shift start and end times for inpatient providers based on EHR timestamps. We validated the algorithm based on overlap between calculated shifts and scheduled shifts. We then demonstrated a use case by calculating shifts for pediatric residents on inpatient rotations from July 1, 2015 through June 30, 2016, comparing hours worked and number of shifts by rotation and role. Results We collected 6.3 × 107 EHR timestamps for 144 residents on 771 inpatient rotations, yielding 14,678 EHR-calculated shifts. Validation on a subset of shifts demonstrated 100% shift match and 87.9 ± 0.3% overlap (mean ± standard error [SE]) with scheduled shifts. Senior residents functioning as front-line clinicians worked more hours per 4-week block (mean ± SE: 273.5 ± 1.7) than senior residents in supervisory roles (253 ± 2.3) and junior residents (241 ± 2.5). Junior residents worked more shifts per block (21 ± 0.1) than senior residents (18 ± 0.1). Conclusion Automatic calculation of inpatient provider work hours is feasible using EHR timestamps. An algorithm to assess provider work hours demonstrated criterion validity via comparison with scheduled shifts. Differences between junior and senior residents in calculated mean hours worked and number of shifts per 4-week block were also consistent with differences in scheduled shifts and duty-hour restrictions.
Nutrient Composition Comparison between a Modified Paleolithic Diet for Multiple Sclerosis and the Recommended Healthy U.S.-Style Eating Pattern.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease that attacks the central nervous system. Evidence-based dietary guidelines do not exist for MS; the default advice is to follow the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA). A modified Paleolithic Wahls Elimination (WahlsElim) diet promoted for MS excludes grains and dairy and encourages 9+ cups fruits and vegetables (F/V) and saturated fat for cooking. This study evaluated the nutritional adequacy of seven-day menus and modeled them with varying amounts of F/V for comparison with the DGA Healthy US-Style Eating Pattern (HEP) for ages 31–50 years. WahlsElim menus had low added sugar and glycemic index. Nutritional adequacy of the menus and modeled versions were similar to HEP for 17 vitamins and minerals (mean adequacy ratio ≥92%). Nutrient shortfalls for the modeled diet with 60% F/V were identical to HEP for vitamin D, iron (females), magnesium (marginally males), choline and potassium; this modeled diet was also low in dietary fiber and calcium but met vitamin E requirements while HEP did not. WahlsElim-prescribed supplements corrected vitamin D and magnesium shortfalls; careful selection of foods are needed to meet requirements of other shortfall nutrients and reduce saturated fat and sodium. Doctors should monitor nutritional status, supplement doses, and possible contraindications to high vitamin K intake in individuals following the WahlsElim diet.
The United States as an Isolationist in Global Biomedical Ethics and Human Rights.

Mark Kuczewski’s target article “Clinical Ethicists Awakened: Addressing Two Generations of Clinical Ethics Issues Involving Undocumented Patients” (2019) illustrates the issues related to medical ...
Inhibition of Phospholipase A2 Activation in P388D1 Macrophage-Like Cells

The biosynthesis of eicosanoids is limited by the availability of free arachidonic acid as substrate for the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes. The level of free arachidonic acid in a resting cells is maintained very low (Kunze and Vogt. 1971) and upon stimulation, many cells are capable of releasing arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipids where it is found predominantly esterified in the sn-2 position of the phospholipids. A likely phospholipase candidate for the release of arachidonic acid would be a membrane-associated phospholipase A2 which could directly cleave arachidonic acid from the sn-2 position of membrane phospholipids (Dennis, 1987). However, recently it has become apparent that there are other possible pathways for the release of arachidonic acid in the whole cell. Activation of either phospholipase A1 or phospholipase C coupled with secondary enzymes, lysophospholipase or diacyl glycerol lipase, respectively, would also result in the release of arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipids (Dennis. 1987). Due to the complexity of the possible mechanisms for the release of arachidonic acid, the elucidation of the relevant enzyme(s) involved in the release mechanism depends upon (a) the isolation and characterization of the relevant enzymes. (b) evaluation of specific inhibitors of the relevant enzymes in vitro. (c) correlation of the effects of these inhibitors on the enzymes in vitro with their effects on eicosanoid biosynthesis in the whole cell and (d) demonstration that these inhibitors have little or no effect on the activities of the other enzymes which may be involved in arachidonic acid release (Dennis. 1987).
Teleology and teleonomy in behavior analysis.

Teleological descriptions and explanations refer to purpose as consequent to a phenomenon. They become nonteleological if purpose is represented as antecedent to the phenomenon. Such nonteleological statements are called teleonomic, especially when they refer to antecedent genetic “programs.” In behavior analysis, purpose is attributed to the organism’s history of consequences. Such a history may leave a trace—physiological (mechanism) or mental (cognitivism)—or the issue of traces may be irrelevant (contextualism). The history or trace is antecedent to current responding, and thus is not a teleological concept in the classical sense. It could be called a teleonomic concept, but this designation is undesirable if it implies exclusively genetic programming, because the history or trace is genetically programmed in evolutionary selection but not in ontogenetic selection. Therefore, the concepts of teleology and teleonomy are not useful for behavior analysis, and invoking them can be misleading. The concept of purpose can be useful if it is not reified.
From Metaphors to Metaphysics: Exploring Anglo-Saxon Materialisms

In 2010, Exemplaria highlighted the reevaluation of new materialisms in the study of the Middle Ages with a special issue on “Premodern Culture and the Material Object” (Ingham 2010). In those page...
Anaphylaxis Associated with Administration of Repeated Courses of Rasburicase: A Research On Adverse Drug Events and Reports (RADAR) Project

Abstract Abstract 1351 Purpose Rasburicase (recombinant urate oxidase) is used to rapidly metabolize uric acid in patients with hyperuricemia. Rasburicase is considered immunogenic given that it is produced by a genetically modified Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Rasburicase labeling indicates that anaphylaxis rarely occurs ( Methods Electronic medical records were used to identify patients with hematological malignancies who were treated with rasburicase for separate episodes of hyperuricemia. All evaluable patients received subsequent identical low doses of rasburicase (3mg or 6mg) for separate hyperuricemia episodes with at least 21 day intervals. Anaphylaxis included diagnostic coding and documentation in the record of angioedema and airway compromise. Results Ninety-seven patients met criteria for inclusion in the study. No patients experienced anaphylaxis during the first treatment course of rasburicase, however six patients (6.2%) experienced anaphylaxis after a subsequent course (p=0.03), three of which required intubation, and two resulted in cardiac arrest with one death (see Table 1 ). The subsequent course of rasburicase associated with anaphylaxis was administered an average of 8.5 months after the first course and anaphylaxis occurred, on average, 93 minutes after rasburicase was administered. Notably, two of the six patients met laboratory criteria for tumor lysis syndrome at the time of the anaphylactic reaction. There was no evidence of hemolysis in the six patients, and they were not tested for G6PD deficiency or methemoglobinemia. The calculated number needed to harm after administration of a subsequent course of rasburicase is 17 (95% CI 9.1 – 71.9). Conclusion This study indicates that, in our population, the incidence of anaphylaxis after the administration of subsequent treatment courses of rasburicase for hyperuricemic episodes may be greater than that described in the FDA-approved package insert for initial treatment courses. Caution is advised given the serious nature of the events (i.e. anaphylaxis, cardiac arrest, death) when administering repeated courses of rasburicase, and as with other agents that may predispose to immediate hypersensitivity reactions, premedication with antihistamines and corticosteroids should be considered. Table 1 . Anaphylaxis (n=6) associated with administration of repeated courses of rasburicase (n=97) Pt # Number of courses Total rasburicase exposure (mg) Time between courses (days) Time between dose and reaction (min) Diagnosed as Anaphylaxis Laboratory Tumor Lysis Syndrome ICU admit Intubation Cardiac Arrest Death 1 2 6 22 112 Y Y Y Y Y N 2 2 6 21 337 Y N Y Y Y Y 3 2 9 695 40 Y Y N N N N 4 2 12 319 10 Y N N N N N 5 2 6 150 Y N N N N N 6 4 18 335 59 Y N Y N N N Disclosures: Off Label Use: Rasburicase is not approved for the administration of repeated courses of therapy.
The effect of Montelukast on the airway smooth muscle isolated from asthmatic guinea pigs

Objective To observe the effect of Montelukast (MTL) on the airway smooth muscle(ASM) isolated from asthmatic guinea pigs. Methods The bronchus of asthmatic guinea pigs were made into trachea spiral.These bronchus were divided into 6 groups: MTL group, MTL+ Nifedipine group, MTL+ Glibenclamide, MTL+ Propranolol group, MTL+ Atropine group and control group.The effect of different concentrations of MTL on the ASM in the resting tension was observed and the ASM relaxation pigs were compared among the groups. Results MTL in 10-7.5-10-3.0 mol/L had diastolic effect on the asthmatic guinea pigs ASM[(0.31±0.12)%-(99.61±0.40)%], and compared with the control group, there were significant differences[0-(12.77±0.33)%, all P 0.05). Conclusions It has diastolic function for MTL on the isolated asthmatic guinea pigs ASM in the resting tension.The effect may be related with inhibitor of Ca2+ internal flow and the competitive exciting β2 receptor. Key words: Montelukast; Guinea pig; Asthma; Airway smooth muscle
CEO Power and Luck: Impact of Stock Markets on Building Powerful CEOs

The optimal view of managerial power theory suggests that corporate boards reward CEOs with power for good firm performance as the boards' assessment of their ability is higher. In evaluating the CEO's quality, economic theory predicts that boards filter out luck from performance. Luck represents exogenous shocks to performance, such as market-wide conditions, that are outside the CEO's control. Contrary to the prediction, we find that CEOs are rewarded with power for luck. In the baseline specification, a one standard deviation increase in firm performance due to luck leads to a 3% increase in CEO power relative to the median. This finding is mainly driven by firms with weaker governance in terms of board structure and institutional ownership. We also find some evidence suggesting that CEOs who manage weakly governed firms are rewarded with power for good luck, but are not punished equally for bad luck. These results may suggest, given the opportunity, CEOs strategically time their entrenchment following good firm and market performance.
Insomnia severity and depressive symptoms in people living with HIV and chronic pain: associations with opioid use

Chronic pain commonly occurs in people living with HIV (PLWH). Many PLWH in the United States obtain opioids for chronic pain management. Whether insomnia severity and depressive symptoms are exace...
Use of a circular fixator construct to facilitate closed reduction and percutaneous stabilization of a distal femoral physeal fracture in a dog

Background Fractures of the distal femoral physis are the most common physeal fracture sustained by skeletally immature dogs. Reduction and stabilization of these fractures can sometimes be achieved through closed reduction, primarily in fractures that are nominally displaced. Circular external fixator constructs have been used to assist in indirect, closed reduction of fractures at other anatomic locations in dogs and this report describes application of this method to reduce a displaced Salter-Harris type II fracture of the distal femur in a 1-year-old dog. Case description A 1-year-old female spayed Akita was referred for treatment of a Salter-Harris type II fracture of the right distal femur. The epiphyseal segment was laterally and slightly caudally displaced. Multiple attempts to manually reduce the fracture during surgery were unsuccessful, so a two-ring circular external fixator construct was applied to facilitate distraction and reduction. The construct was applied by placing a medial-to-lateral Kirschner wire in both the mid-femoral diaphysis and in the distal femoral epiphysis. Distraction of the construct provided sufficient separation of the fracture segments to facilitate near anatomic reduction. The fracture was stabilized with two percutaneously placed Steinmann pins placed in Rush fashion. Radiographic union was confirmed 5 weeks after surgery. The dog was not lame and was bearing more weight on the right pelvic limb, as assessed using force plate analysis, 9 months following surgery. Goniometric measurements of stifle range of motion and thigh muscle circumference were similar between the pelvic limbs. Conclusion Application of a two-ring circular construct would appear to be useful to facilitate closed reduction and percutaneous stabilization of distal femoral physeal fractures.
Digital development in a remote paradise

International exposure impacts your views on technology, design, consumption, and adoption, and sometimes technology is not even the direct solution. Building a digital ecosystem entails the right policy mix to support the expansion of mobile broadband coupled with complementary policies to boost affordability and digital skills for underserved groups.
Peptide targeting of lysophosphatidylinositol-sensing GPR55 for osteoclastogenesis tuning.

Background The G-protein-coupled receptor GPR55 has been implicated in multiple biological activities, which has fuelled interest in its functional targeting. Its controversial pharmacology and often species-dependent regulation have impacted upon the potential translation of preclinical data involving GPR55. Results With the aim to identify novel GPR55 regulators, we have investigated lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI)-induced GPR55-mediated signal transduction. The expression system for wild-type and mutated GPR55 was HeLa cells silenced for their endogenous receptor by stable expression of a short-hairpin RNA specific for GPR55 5'-UTR, which allowed definition of the requirement of GPR55 Lys80 for LPI-induced MAPK activation and receptor internalisation. In RAW264.7 macrophages, GPR55 pathways were investigated by Gpr55 silencing using small-interfering RNAs, which demonstrated that LPI increased intracellular Ca2+ levels and induced actin filopodium formation through GPR55 activation. Furthermore, the LPI/GPR55 axis was shown to have an active role in osteoclastogenesis of precursor RAW264.7 cells induced by 'receptor-activator of nuclear factor kappa-β ligand' (RANKL). Indeed, this differentiation into mature osteoclasts was associated with a 14-fold increase in Gpr55 mRNA levels. Moreover, GPR55 silencing and antagonism impaired RANKL-induced transcription of the osteoclastogenesis markers: 'nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 1', matrix metalloproteinase-9, cathepsin-K, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, and the calcitonin receptor, as evaluated by real-time PCR. Phage display was previously used to identify peptides that bind to GPR55. Here, the GPR55-specific peptide-P1 strongly inhibited osteoclast maturation of RAW264.7 macrophages, confirming its activity as a blocker of GPR55-mediated functions. Although osteoclast syncytium formation was not affected by pharmacological regulation of GPR55, osteoclast activity was dependent on GPR55 signalling, as shown with resorption assays on bone slices, where LPI stimulated and GPR55 antagonists inhibited bone erosion. Conclusions Our data indicate that GPR55 represents a target for development of novel therapeutic approaches for treatment of pathological conditions caused by osteoclast-exacerbated bone degradation, such as in osteoporosis or during establishment of bone metastases. Video abstract.
Digital Games for Environmental Sustainability Education: Implications for Educators

Creating awareness about environmental sustainability issues alone is not the goal of Environmental Sustainability Education (ESE). ESE should change environment related attitudes and encourage lifelong pro-environmental behaviors, that is focus on attitudinal learning. However, behavioral changes do not manifest easily because they are curtailed by constraints and negative perceptions. Hence, in ESE a persuasive pedagogical tool is needed. One such effective tool in attitudinal learning is Digital game-based learning (DGBL). DGBL environments provide cognitive knowledge and emotionally engage learners by enabling them to test new behaviors and learn from the immediate consequences they see. This paper explains the insights gathered while conducting three research studies that used DGBL in ESE. All studies found that DGBL was effective in attitudinal learning.
Shape from fluorescence

Beyond day glow highlighters and psychedelic black light posters, it has been estimated that fluorescence is a property exhibited by 20% of objects. When a fluorescent material is illuminated with a short wavelength light, it re-emits light at a longer wavelength isotropically in a similar manner as a Lambertian surface reflects light. This hitherto neglected property opens the doors to using fluorescence to reconstruct 3D shape with some of the same techniques as for Lambertian surfaces – even when the surface's reflectance is highly non-Lambertian. Thus, performing reconstruction using fluorescence has advantages over purely Lambertian surfaces. Single image shape-from-shading and calibrated Lambertian photometric stereo can be applied to fluorescence images to reveal 3D shape. When performing uncalibrated photometric stereo, both fluorescence and reflectance can be used to recover Euclidean shape and resolve the generalized bas relief ambiguity. Finally for objects that fluoresce in wavelengths distinct from their reflectance (such as plants and vegetables), reconstructions do not suffer from problems due to inter-reflections. We validate these claims through experiments.
Wind Power Development in the United States: Current Progress, Future Trends

Wind Power Development in the United States: Current Progress, Future Trends Ryan H. Wiser 1 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Tel: 510-486-5474 Email: rhwiser@lbl.gov 1 Cyclotron Road, MS 90-4000, Berkeley, California 94720 Abstract: The U.S. wind power industry is in an era of substantial growth, with the U.S. and China likely to vie for largest-market status for years to come. With the market evolving at such a rapid pace, keeping up with current trends in the marketplace has become increasingly difficult. At the same time, limits to future growth are uncertain. This paper summarizes major trends in the U.S. wind market, and explores the technical and economic feasibility of achieving much greater levels of wind penetration. China would be well served to conduct similar analyses of the feasibility, benefits, challenges, and policy needs associated with much higher levels of wind power generation than currently expressed in national targets. Keywords: Wind energy, renewable energy, cost trends, deployment 1. Introduction Global wind power capacity is growing at a rapid pace. Although European countries have led the charge over most of the past decade, the U.S. has led the world in annual capacity growth for three years running (2005-2007), followed by European stalwarts Germany and Spain, as well as the up-and-coming Asian markets of China and India. The technology has matured and, in good wind resource regimes, costs are comparable to fossil-fuel generation. Governments the world over are supporting continued growth through aggressive policy actions. This paper begins with an overview of the U.S. wind power market. Drawing on the results of a recent report by the U.S. Department of Energy (Wiser and Bolinger 2008), this section emphasizes the growth and maturity of the U.S. wind market, as well as Berkeley Lab’s work on this paper was funded by the Wind & Hydropower Technologies Program, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231.
HIV vaccine development

Presentations at the 2011 Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections reflected the resurging interest in antibody responses against HIV given the encouraging results of the Thai vaccine trial. A plenary talk and an entire symposium were devoted to HIV-specific antibody responses describing newly isolated, potent neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. These antibodies undergo extensive somatic mutation to achieve their remarkable neutralizing properties. Inducing these types of antibodies by vaccination, however, still represents a challenge. New data were presented suggesting that neutralizing antibodies, but not binding antibodies, can provide protection against infection in the nonhuman primate (NHP) model. Several interesting discoveries were also reported showing that cellular immune responses recognizing HLA-C and HLA class II molecules might also be important in control of viral replication. Finally, new vaccine studies in the NHP model showed that electroporated DNA, along with the adjuvant interleukin 12 may be an efficacious vaccine regimen.
The Sliding-Window Computation Model and Results

We present some results related to small space computation over sliding windows in the data-stream model. Most research in the data-stream model, including results presented in some of the other chapters, assume that all data elements seen so far in the stream are equally important and synopses, statistics or models that are built should reflect the entire data set. However, for many applications this assumption is not true, particularly those that ascribe more importance to recent data items. One way to discount old data items and only consider recent ones for analysis is the sliding-window model: Data elements arrive at every instant; each data element expires after exactly N time steps; and, the portion of data that is relevant to gathering statistics or answering queries is the set of last N elements to arrive. The sliding window refers to the window of active data elements at a given time instant and window size refers to N. This chapter presents a general technique, called the Exponential Histogram (EH) technique, that can be used to solve a wide variety of problems in the sliding-window model; typically problems that require us to maintain statistics. We will showcase this technique through solutions to basic counting problems, as well as other applications.
An Approach to Enabling Spatial OLAP by Aggregating on Spatial Hierarchy

Investigation shows that a huge number of spatial data exists in current business databases. Traditional data warehousing and OLAP, however, could not exploit the spatial information to get deep insight into the business data in decision making. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to enabling spatial OLAP by aggregating on the spatial hierarchy. A spatial index mechanism is employed to derive the spatial hierarchy for pre-aggregation and materialization, which in turn are leveraged by the OLAP system to efficiently answer spatial OLAP queries. Our prototype system shows that the proposed approach could be integrated easily into the existing data warehouse and OLAP systems to support spatial analysis. Preliminary experiment results are also presented.
EXPERT SYSTEMS TECHNIQUES IN A COMPUTER-BASED CONTROL SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN ENVIRONMENT

Abstract We explore the fusion of expert control system analysis and design tools into a prototype computer environment. The use of expert systems technology allows the transfer of recent developments in control system design to users who may not be experts in either theoretical developments or computer technology, in a vehicle which provides considerable design flexibility. The technology does not provide as general a framework as, for example, a command language based environment; however, in specific applications, such as system modeling and linear control systems, it is useful and appropriate. Criteria for such applications is that they have a mature theoretical basis, and that the user interaction influence the sequence of the design process.
Generating Inner Ear Organoids from Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells

This protocol describes a three-dimensional culture method for generating inner ear sensory epithelia, which comprises sensory hair cells and a concurrently arising neuronal population. Mouse embryonic stem cells are initially plated in 96-well plates with differentiation media; following aggregation, Matrigel is added in order to promote epithelialization. A series of small molecule applications is then used over the first 14 days of culture to guide differentiation towards an otic lineage. After 16-20 days, vesicles containing inner ear sensory hair cells and supporting cells arise from the cultured aggregates. Aggregates may be analyzed using immunohistochemistry and electrophysiology techniques. This system serves as a simple and relatively inexpensive in vitro model of inner ear development.
Ubiquity of Kelvin–Helmholtz waves at Earth’s magnetopause

Magnetic reconnection is believed to be the dominant process by which solar wind plasma enters the magnetosphere. However, for periods of northward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) reconnection is less likely at the dayside magnetopause, and Kelvin-Helmholtz waves (KHWs) may be important agents for plasma entry and for the excitation of ultra-low-frequency (ULF) waves. The relative importance of KHWs is controversial because no statistical data on their occurrence frequency exist. Here we survey 7 years of in situ data from the NASA THEMIS (Time History of Events and Macro scale Interactions during Substorms) mission and find that KHWs occur at the magnetopause ∼19% of the time. The rate increases with solar wind speed, Alfven Mach number and number density, but is mostly independent of IMF magnitude. KHWs may thus be more important for plasma transport across the magnetopause than previously thought, and frequently drive magnetospheric ULF waves.
Risk perceptions, sexual attitudes, and sexual behavior after HPV vaccination in 11-12 year-old girls.

Abstract Objectives Among 11–12 year-old girls who received the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, we explored, over the subsequent 30 months: (1) trajectories of knowledge about HPV/HPV vaccines and vaccine-related risk perceptions; (2) whether knowledge and risk perceptions impacted sexual attitudes and sexual experience; (3) whether mothers, clinicians, and media influenced girls’ risk perceptions, attitudes, and behavior. Methods Girls and mothers ( n = 25 dyads) completed separate, semi-structured interviews within 2 days of, and 6, 18, and 30 months after, their first HPV vaccine dose. Knowledge, risk perceptions related to HPV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and attitudes about sexual behaviors were assessed. Sexual experience was assessed at girls’ 30 month interviews. Clinicians completed interviews at baseline. Transcribed interviews were analyzed using framework analysis. Results Girls’ baseline knowledge was poor but often improved with time. Most girls ( n = 18) developed accurate risk perceptions about HPV but only half ( n = 12) developed accurate risk perceptions about other STIs by 30 months. The vast majority of girls thought that safer sex was still important, regardless of knowledge, risk perceptions, or sexual experience. Girls whose HPV knowledge was high at baseline or increased over time tended to articulate accurate risk perceptions; those who were able to articulate accurate risk perceptions tended to report not having initiated sexual activity. Girls whose mothers demonstrated higher knowledge and/or communication about HPV vaccination tended to articulate accurate risk perceptions, whereas clinicians and media exposure did not appear to influence risk perceptions. Conclusions Higher knowledge about HPV vaccines among mothers and girls was linked with more accurate risk perceptions among girls. Clinicians may play an important role in providing education about HPV vaccines to mothers and girls.
Dosage delivery of sensitive reagents enables glove-box-free synthesis

Contemporary organic chemists employ a broad range of catalytic and stoichiometric methods to construct molecules for applications in the material sciences, and as pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and sensors. The utility of a synthetic method may be greatly reduced if it relies on a glove box to enable the use of air- and moisture-sensitive reagents or catalysts. Furthermore, many synthetic chemistry laboratories have numerous containers of partially used reagents that have been spoiled by exposure to the ambient atmosphere. This is exceptionally wasteful from both an environmental and a cost perspective. Here we report an encapsulation method for stabilizing and storing air- and moisture-sensitive compounds. We demonstrate this approach in three contexts, by describing single-use capsules that contain all of the reagents (catalysts, ligands, and bases) necessary for the glove-box-free palladium-catalysed carbon-fluorine, carbon-nitrogen, and carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions. This strategy should reduce the number of error-prone, tedious and time-consuming weighing procedures required for such syntheses and should be applicable to a wide range of reagents, catalysts, and substrate combinations.
Unveiling hidden ferrimagnetism and giant magnetoelectricity in polar magnet Fe2Mo3O8.

Magnetoelectric (ME) effect is recognized for its utility for low-power electronic devices. Largest ME coefficients are often associated with phase transitions in which ferroelectricity is induced by magnetic order. Unfortunately, in these systems, large ME response is revealed only upon elaborate poling procedures. These procedures may become unnecessary in single-polar-domain crystals of polar magnets. Here we report giant ME effects in a polar magnet Fe2Mo3O8 at temperatures as high as 60 K. Polarization jumps of 0.3 μC/cm2 and repeated mutual control of ferroelectric and magnetic moments with differential ME coefficients on the order of 104 ps/m are achieved. Importantly, no electric or magnetic poling is needed, as necessary for applications. The sign of the ME coefficients can be switched by changing the applied “bias” magnetic field. The observed effects are associated with a hidden ferrimagnetic order unveiled by application of a magnetic field.
Typhoid Fever, Water Quality, and Human Capital Formation

New water purification technologies led to large mortality declines by helping eliminate typhoid fever and other waterborne diseases. We examine how this affected human capital formation using early-life typhoid fatality rates to proxy for water quality. We merge city-level data to individuals linked between the 1900 and 1940 Censuses. Eliminating early-life exposure to typhoid fever increased later-life earnings by one percent and educational attainment by one month. Instrumenting for typhoid fever using typhoid rates from cities that lie upstream produces results nine times larger. The increase in earnings from eliminating typhoid fever more than offset the cost of elimination.
A Multivariable Self-Tuning Controller for Injection Molding Machines

The stochastic dynamic characteristics of an injection molding machine are discussed and the mainly controlled parameters of the process are determined. A multivariable self-tuning controller with explicit method for this dynamic system is then proposed. The effectiveness of the controller is proved by the corresponding computer simulation. On the basis of on-line adjusting function for the weighting matrices of the cost functions found in the simulation, an artificially intelligent self-learning level is recommended as an updated addition to the controller for supervision and coordination.
QCD phase diagram: an overview

The aim of this review is to summarize the contemporary understanding of the QCD phase diagram as a function of temperature and baryo-chemical potential. The focus is on recent theoretical developments due to lattice simulations of the phase diagram.
Computing Special Values of Partial Zeta Functions

We discuss computation of the special values of partial zeta functions associated to totally real number fields. The main tool is the Eisenstein cocycleΨ, a group cocycle for GL n (ℤ); the special values are computed as periods of Ψ, and are expressed in terms of generalized Dedekind sums. We conclude with some numerical examples for cubic and quartic fields of small discriminant.
D0 silicon microstrip tracker

The D0 Run II silicon microstrip tracker (SMT) has 3 square meters of Si area. There are 792,576 channels read out by 6192 SVXIIe chips on 912 read out modules. The SMT provides track and vertex reconstruction capabilities over the full pseudorapidity coverage of the D0 detector. The full detector has been running successfully since April 2002. This presentation covers the experience in commissioning and operating the recent electronics upgrade which improved stability of the SMT and estimates of the radiation damage.
Mass Spectrometry of Organozinc Compounds

1 Introduction 2 Mass Spectrometry of Organozinc Compounds 2.1 Dialkylzinc and Dihaloalkylzinc Compounds 2.2 Other Organozinc Compounds with the General Formula ZnR2 2.3 Miscellaneous Complexes Containing a ZnC Bond 3 Organozinc Ion Structure and Energetics 3.1 Energetics and Photodissociation Studies 3.2 Gas Phase Ion/Molecule Reactions 3.3 In silico Studies of Organozinc Ion Structures 4 Other Studies Involving Mass Spectrometry 4.1 Mass Spectrometric Investigation of Pyrolysis of Zinc-Containing Species 4.2 Monitoring of Organometallic Vapor Phase Epitaxy by Mass Spectrometry 5 Conclusions Keywords: mass spectrometry of organozinc compounds; dialkylzinc and dihaloalkylzinc compounds; cubane-like zinc-containing clusters; organozinc ion structure and energetics; gas phase ion/molecule reactions; organometallic vapor phase epitaxy monitoring and mass spectrometry; mass spectrometry (MS); organozinc ion structure and energetics
An Empirical Analysis of Assessment Errors for Weights and Andness in LSP Criteria

We investigate the accuracy of parameters in the Logic Scoring of Preference (LSP) criterion functions for system evaluation. Main parameters are weights and conjunction/disjunction degrees (andness/orness). Weights reflect the level of relative importance of various decision variables. Andness/orness describes a desired level of simultaneity/replaceability in satisfying component criteria. These parameters are assessed by one or more professional evaluators and their values differ from (usually unknown) optimum values. In this paper we identify all potential sources of errors in LSP criterion functions. Our goal is to investigate the distribution of errors, their average values, and the quality of individual evaluators and their teams.
Multivariate distributions with fixed marginals and correlations

Consider the problem of drawing random variates ( X 1, . . ., X n ) from a distribution where the marginal of each X i is specified, as well as the correlation between every pair X i and X j . For given marginals, the Frechet-Hoeffding bounds put a lower and upper bound on the correlation between X i and X j . Any achievable correlation between X i and X j is a convex combination of these bounds. We call the value λ( X i , X j ) ∈ [0, 1] of this convex combination the convexity parameter of ( X i , X j ) with λ( X i , X j ) = 1 corresponding to the upper bound and maximal correlation. For given marginal distributions functions F 1, . . ., F n of ( X 1, . . ., X n ), we show that λ( X i , X j ) = λ ij if and only if there exist symmetric Bernoulli random variables ( B 1, . . ., B n ) (that is {0, 1} random variables with mean ½) such that λ( B i , B j ) = λ ij . In addition, we characterize completely the set of convexity parameters for symmetric Bernoulli marginals in two, three, and four dimensions.
Primal-dual schema based approximation algorithms

The primal-dual schema, a general algorithm design method, has yielded approximation algorithms for a diverse collection of NP-hard problems. Perhaps its most remarkable feature is that despite its generality, it has yielded algorithms with good approximation guarantees as well as good running times, This survey provides some insights into how this comes about as well as a discussion on future work.
The 'Test Model-Checking' Approach to the Verification of Formal Memory Models of Multiprocessors

We offer a solution to the problem of verifying formal memory models of processors by combining the strengths of model-checking and a formal testing procedure for parallel machines. We characterize the formal basis for abstracting the tests into test automata and associated memory rule safety properties whose violations pinpoint the ordering rule being violated. Our experimental results on Verilog models of a commercial split transaction bus demonstrates the ability of our method to effectively debug design models during early stages of their development.
Comparing Exact and Approximate Spatial Auto-regression Model Solutions for Spatial Data Analysis

The spatial auto-regression (SAR) model is a popular spatial data analysis technique, which has been used in many applications with geo-spatial datasets. However, exact solutions for estimating SAR parameters are computationally expensive due to the need to compute all the eigenvalues of a very large matrix. Recently we developed a dense-exact parallel formulation of the SAR parameter estimation procedure using data parallelism and a hybrid programming technique. Though this parallel implementation showed scalability up to eight processors, the exact solution still suffers from high computational complexity and memory requirements. These limitations have led us to investigate approximate solutions for SAR model parameter estimation with the main objective of scaling the SAR model for large spatial data analysis problems. In this paper we present two candidate approximate-semi-sparse solutions of the SAR model based on Taylor series expansion and Chebyshev polynomials. Our initial experiments showed that these new techniques scale well for very large data sets, such as remote sensing images having millions of pixels. The results also show that the differences between exact and approximate SAR parameter estimates are within 0.7% and 8.2% for Chebyshev polynomials and Taylor series expansion, respectively, and have no significant effect on the prediction accuracy.
On which Graphs are All Random Walks in Random Environments Transient

An infinite graph G has the property that a random walk in random environment on G defined by i.i.d. resistances with any common distribution is almost surely transient, if and only if for some p < 1, simple random walk is transient on a percolation cluster of G under bond percolation with parameter p.
A Methodology for Information Flow Experiments

Information flow analysis has largely focused on methods that require access to the program in question or total control over an analyzed system. We consider the case where the analyst has neither control over nor a white-box model of the analyzed system. We formalize such limited information flow analyses and study an instance of it: detecting the usage of data by websites. We reduce these problems to ones of causal inference by proving a connection between non-interference and causation. Leveraging this connection, we provide a systematic black-box methodology based on experimental science and statistical analysis. Our systematic study leads to practical advice for detecting web data usage, a previously normalized area. We illustrate these concepts with a series of experiments collecting data on the use of information by websites.
Adaptive time stepping for vesicle suspensions

We present an adaptive high-order accurate time-stepping numerical scheme for the flow of vesicles suspended in Stokesian fluids. Our scheme can be summarized as an approximate implicit spectral deferred correction (SDC) method. Applying a fully-implicit SDC scheme to vesicle flows is prohibitively expensive. For this reason we introduce several approximations. Our scheme is based on a semi-implicit linearized low-order time stepping method. (Our discretization is spectrally accurate in space.) We expect that the accuracy can be arbitrary-order, but our examples suffer from order reduction which limits the observed accuracy to third-order. We also use invariant properties of vesicle flows, constant area and boundary length in two dimensions, to reduce the computational cost of error estimation for adaptive time stepping. We present results in two dimensions for single-vesicle flows, constricted geometry flows, converging flows, and flows in a Couette apparatus. We experimentally demonstrate that the proposed scheme enables automatic selection of the time step size and high-order accuracy.
Information Aggregation in Dynamic Markets With Strategic Traders

This paper studies information aggregation in dynamic markets with a finite number of partially informed strategic traders. It shows that, for a broad class of securities, information in such markets always gets aggregated. Trading takes place in a bounded time interval, and in every equilibrium, as time approaches the end of the interval, the market price of a “separable” security converges in probability to its expected value conditional on the traders' pooled information. If the security is “non-separable,” then there exists a common prior over the states of the world and an equilibrium such that information does not get aggregated. The class of separable securities includes, among others, Arrow–Debreu securities, whose value is 1 in one state of the world and 0 in all others, and “additive” securities, whose value can be interpreted as the sum of traders' signals.
Probabilities and Quantum Reality: Are There Correlata?

Any attempt to introduce probabilities into quantum mechanics faces difficulties due to the mathematical structure of Hilbert space, as reflected in Birkhoff and von Neumann's proposal for a quantum logic. The (consistent or decoherent) histories solution is provided by its single framework rule, an approach that includes conventional (Copenhagen) quantum theory as a special case. Mermin's Ithaca interpretation addresses the same problem by defining probabilities which make no reference to a sample space or event algebra (“correlations without correlata”). But this leads to severe conceptual difficulties, which almost inevitably couple quantum theory to unresolved problems of human consciousness. Using histories allows a sharper quantum description than is possible with a density matrix, suggesting that the latter provides an ensemble rather than an irreducible single-system description as claimed by Mermin. The histories approach satisfies the first five of Mermin's desiderata for a good interpretation of quantum mechanics, including Einstein locality, but the Ithaca interpretation seems to have difficulty with the first (independence of observers) and the third (describing individual systems).
Predicting the Competitive Effects of Mergers by Listening to Customers

This article explores the role of customers in informing competition authorities and courts about the likely effects of proposed mergers. It discusses when, and about what, customers are most likely to be valuable sources of information. It also discusses the potential limitations of customer testimony. Customer views can certainly be informative. However, they are best employed as a complement to, rather than a substitute for, economic analysis that employs more objective evidence. Although the welfare of consumers appears increasingly to have been accepted by competition authorities as the appropriate goal for merger policy, customers will not necessarily have available the information required to predict the economic consequences of a proposed merger. And even when they do, customers may be reluctant reliably and accurately to provide that information, or to express their true opinions, to investigators and before courts. Worse yet, customers may themselves stand to benefit from mergers that are anticompetitive, or may be harmed by mergers that are welfare-enhancing. Appreciating both the strengths and the limitations of customer input is critical to the cause of sound merger enforcement, not only in the U.S., but overseas as well. A growing number of countries, many of whom have less experience or expertise than do competition authorities in the U.S., have begun to adopt merger control policies themselves, and are in the process of developing and implementing investigative best practices. They, at least as much as we, can benefit from better understanding the advantages, as well as the potential pitfalls, of using the views of customers to help ensure the welfare of consumers.