cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
"La raza y la clase en los albores de la campaña por los derechos de las mujeres", en Mujeres, raza y clase , capítulo 3, Akal, Madrid, 2004.

This fragment shows the initial evolution of the movement for women's rights in the United States in the mid-nineteenth century, and its relations with relational variables such as social class and race. In particular, it is narrated in the first place, the historical experience of the organization of the first convention on women's rights in Seneca Falls, New York. The author points out, secondly, the affinities and tensions that existed in this first moment among middle-class white women who participated in the Seneca Falls Convention, and worker women, both whites and blacks, who demanded the abolition of slavery and the recognition of their equal rights with men. The idea behind the text is that the struggle for the rights of class, race and gender, although at first they appear separately, they were gradually intertwined and now it is possible to see that they are building a common and unique movement in favor for equality.
The Practice of Mothering: An Introduction

Abstract This special issue demonstrates the value of close examinations of mothering as actually practiced by particular mothers in particular circumstances. The articles in this issue analyze instances of mothering in Papua New Guinea, Sri Lanka, Ecuador, China, and the United States and are followed by commentary from leaders in the field about what might be learned by attending to such everyday practices. These ethnographic studies extend lines of research within psychological anthropology that have focused on mothers as socializers, by drawing on contemporary developments, including those concerned with schema theory, psychodynamic and intersubjective processes, the interpenetrations of political-economies and domestic relations, feminist perspectives, and questions of agency in the lives of women and children. This examination of projects, processes, and practices of mothering affords insights into a range of related questions concerning human nature, processes of enculturation and socialization, individual agency and lived worlds, cultural patterning and change. [mothering, practice, child socialization, cross-cultural child development, psychological anthropology]
Dynamic optimization based fault accommodation

Abstract Fault diagnosis is an important aspect of process operations. There is an abundance of literature on fault diagnosis for process industries. So far most of the work is focussed on fault detection, isolation, and identification. The use of results from fault diagnosis often performed by the operator through table-looking strategies, are often incomplete, time-consuming, and prone to errors. In this study, a dynamic optimization based control redesign for fault accommodation is proposed. The whole fault accommodation system includes a dynamic process model, fault detection and isolation, fault identification and state estimation, and dynamic optimization block for control redesign. This method simultaneously achieves the economic optimality and operation safety due to its capability to handle both hard equipment constraints and operational constraints.
Evaluation of convergence speed of a modified Nesterov gradient method for CT reconstruction

In solving statistical iterative reconstruction problems, gradient-based algorithms are more amenable to parallel computing hardware such as GPUs and hence, can be made to have lower computation cost per iteration. However, they typically require more iterations to converge to a useful image. Among various acceleration techniques, algorithms proposed by Nesterov have proven to achieve an optimal convergence rate from certain theoretical perspectives. The Nesterov algorithms have shown potential to accelerate convergence speeds in several convex optimization problems such as compressed sensing reconstruction. In this paper, we introduce a modified Nesterov gradient (MNG) algorithm to CT model-based iterative reconstruction (MBIR) with an edge-preserving prior adjusted for clinical applications. MNG leverages an optimization concept similar to Nesterov's original algorithm but employs a surrogate function to simplify the selection of the step size parameters. CT images in this manuscript were produced using both a computer simulation and a real dataset from a GE 64-slice scanner. The convergence rate of MNG is compared with conventional gradient descent (GD) and nonlinear conjugate gradient (NCG) methods. We also investigated combining the proposed algorithm with a ramp-filter-based preconditioner to further accelerate the convergence. Our results suggest that MNG significantly accelerates convergence compared to GD in both non-preconditioned and preconditioned cases.
A double mirror W/C multilayer monochromator for radiation biology applications

A double-mirror multilayer monochromator was developed for the purpose of irradiating live cell cultures at the Synchrotron Radiation Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison. The monochromator is designed for the soft x-ray region with photon energies between 270 and 2400 eV. Multilayer mirrors with 55 bilayers of W/C and a bilayer spacing of d = 3.0 nm are sputter deposited on Si substrates. By proper masking of the sputtering sources, variation in the bilayer spacing over the area of the mirror is minimized. The uniformity of the bilayer spacing was measured to be delta d/d < 1%, over the 75 mm x 25 mm area of the mirrors. The reflectivity was measured as a function of energy to determine the integrated reflectivity and evaluate the contribution of the specular reflection and higher orders to the monochromatic beam. The use of suitable filters with a Si(Li) detector allows determination of the spectral output of the monochromator. The output power of the monochromator between 270 and 2400 eV is measured. The resolution of the monochromator is delta lambda/lambda = 0.04. Applications of the monochromator to radiation biology are discussed.
Thermal chemical synthesis of nanostructured chromium carbide cermets

Nanocrystalline cobalt chromium carbide and nickel chromium carbide cermets are synthesized using the solution spray methodology followed by thermal chemical conversion. This newly developed synthesis approach is compared with traditional methods which have been used in carbide cermet industries. Characterization of as-synthesized materials is conducted by X-ray diffraction. Phase formations vs. processing temperatures are investigated. The structure and morphology of these materials are revealed by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy.
A comment on the validity of fragmentation parameters measured in nuclear emulsions

Evidence is reexamined which has been cited as suggesting serious errors in the use of fragmentation parameters appropriate to an airlike medium deduced from measurements made in nuclear emulsions to evaluate corrections for certain effects in balloon-borne observations of cosmic-ray nuclei. Fragmentation parameters for hydrogenlike interactions are calculated and shown to be in overall good agreement with those obtained previously for air. Experimentally measured fragmentation parameters in emulsion are compared with values computed semiempirically, and reasonable agreement is indicated.
E pluribus unum: towards a universal mechanism for spindle assembly

Recent data have revealed that the mitotic spindle might form by centrosome-independent mechanisms, even in centrosome-containing cells. This suggests that spindle assembly might proceed by a generally conserved acentrosomal mechanism in all higher eukaryotes, regardless of the presence of centrosomes. Thus, what is the role of centrosomes in mitosis? We propose that these organelles are needed to generate radial arrays of microtubules that integrate preassembled (by centrosome-independent mechanisms) spindle components into a common spindle and orientate the spindle within malleable animal cells.
Hylan versus corticosteroid versus placebo for treatment of basal joint arthritis: a prospective, randomized, double-blinded clinical trial.

Purpose Conservative, nonsurgical therapies for basal joint osteoarthritis, such as thumb spica splinting and intra-articular corticosteroid injections, remain the mainstays for symptomatic treatment. This study compares intra-articular hylan, corticosteroid, and placebo injections with regard to pain relief, strength, symptom improvement, and metrics of manual function in a randomized, controlled, double-blinded study. Methods Sixty patients with basal joint arthritis were randomized to receive 2 intra-articular hylan injections 1 week apart, 1 placebo injection followed by 1 corticosteroid injection 1 week later, or 2 placebo injections 1 week apart. Patients were evaluated at 2, 4, 12, and 26 weeks and assessed with Visual Analog Scale pain scores, strength measures, difference scores, Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) scores, and range of motion measurements. Results All groups reported pain relief at 2 weeks. The steroid and placebo groups had significantly less pain at week 4 compared with baseline, but this effect disappeared by week 12. Only hylan injections continued to provide pain relief at 12 and 26 weeks compared with baseline. There were no significant differences in pain between groups at any time. At 12 and 26 weeks, the hylan group had improved grip strength compared with baseline, whereas the steroid and placebo groups were weaker. At 4 weeks, the steroid group reported in the difference score a greater improvement in symptoms (68%) compared with the hylan (44%) and placebo (50%) groups. Whereas at 26 weeks the hylan group reported the largest improvement in symptoms (68%), this was not statistically different from the placebo (47%) and steroid (58%) groups. There were no significant differences in Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand scores or range of motion among the groups. There were no complications from any injection. Conclusions There were no statistically significant differences among hylan, steroid, and placebo injections for most of the outcome measures at any of the follow-up time points. However, based on the durable relief of pain, improved grip strength, and the long-term improvement in symptoms compared with preinjection values, hylan injections should be considered in the management of basal joint arthritis of the thumb. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic I.
A Conceptual Framework for Developing a Hospitality Educators' Code of Ethics

While it does not always claim center stage, the subject of ethics has been one of the oldest issues of discourse. Its prominence as a topic of discussion arises usually when there is confusion or lack of clarity about the appropriate behavior of individuals in a given setting. As a new discipline or profession develops, the need arises fora set of prescriptions that define conduct within the context of the discipline. Being a relatively new discipline, hospitality education suffers from a lack of clarity concerning appropriate behavior for those engaged in education, service, and research at colleges and universities. It is the purpose of this paper to provide a conceptual framework upon which a hospitality educators' code of ethics can be built.Key Words:ethics, morality, code of ethics, hospitality, education, ethical principles.
A Logic for the Magic of Mindful Negotiation

In this article, the author identifies similarities between the theories of mindfulness meditation (and its Buddhist foundations) and interest-based negotiation. She argues that incorporating such facets of mindfulness as purpose, presence, acceptance, and connectedness can improve negotiator effectiveness as well as make the experience more satisfying and uplifting for the negotiator.
Physical Partner Violence and Medicaid Utilization and Expenditures

OBJECTIVES: Little research has addressed differences in health care expenditures among women who are currently experiencing intimate partner violence (IPV) compared with those who are not. The purpose of this work is to provide estimates of direct medical expenditure for physician, drug, and hospital utilization among Medicaid-eligible women who screened as currently experiencing IPV compared with those who are not currently experiencing IPV. METHODS: In this family practice-based cross-sectional study, women were screened for current IPV using a 15-item Index of Spouse Abuse-Physical (ISA-P) between 1997 and 1998. Consents were obtained from study subjects to review Medicaid expenditure and utilization data for the same time period. RESULTS: Mean physician, hospital, and total expenditures were higher for those women with higher IPV scores compared with those who scored as not currently experiencing IPV, after adjusting for confounders. Higher IPV scores were associated with a three-fold increased risk of having a total expenditure over $5,000 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.3, 8.4). The mean total expenditure difference between the high IPV and no IPV groups was $1,064 (95% CI $623, $1506). The adjusted risk ratio for high IPV score and the log of total Medicaid expenditures was 2.3 (95% CI 1.2, 4.4). CONCLUSIONS: Women screened as experiencing higher IPV scores had higher Medicaid expenditures compared with women not currently experiencing IPV. Early IPV assessment partnered with effective clinic or community-based interventions may help to identify IPV earlier and reduce the health impact and cost of IPV.
Some asymptotic boundary behavior of solutions of non-linear parabolic initial-boundary value problems

Abstract For parabolic initial boundary value problems various results such as lim t ↓ 0 { ( ∂u t6x )(0, t) ( ∂u α ∂x )(0, t)} = 1 , where u satisfies ∂u ∂t = a(u)( ∂ 2 u ∂x 2 ), 0 1 (t), 0 2 (t), 0 α satisfies ( ∂u α ∂t ) = α( ∂ 2 u α ∂x 2 ), 0 α (x, 0) = 0, u α (0, t) = | 1 (t), 0 α (1, t) = | 2 (t), 0 and α = a(0) , are demonstrated via the maximum principle and potential theoretic estimates.
Identification of Complexes between the COOH-terminal Domains of Sterol Regulatory Element-binding Proteins (SREBPs) and SREBP Cleavage-Activating Protein

SREBP cleavage-activating protein (SCAP) stimulates the proteolytic cleavage of membrane-bound SREBPs, thereby initiating the release of NH2-terminal fragments from cell membranes. The liberated fragments enter the nucleus and stimulate transcription of genes involved in synthesis and uptake of cholesterol and fatty acids. Sterols repress cleavage of SREBPs, apparently by interacting with the membrane attachment domain of SCAP. In the present studies we show that SCAP, like the SREBPs, is located in membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope. The COOH-terminal domain of SCAP, like that of the SREBPs, is located on the cytosolic face of the membranes. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments show that SCAP and SREBP-2 form a complex that can be precipitated with antibodies to either component. Complex formation occurs when cells express only the COOH-terminal domain of either SREBP-2 or SCAP, indicating that the complex forms between the two COOH-terminal domains. Truncation of SREBP-2 at its COOH terminus prevents the formation of complexes with SCAP and simultaneously reduces proteolytic cleavage. We conclude that proteolytic cleavage of SREBPs requires the formation of a complex with the COOH-terminal domain of SCAP and that SCAP is therefore a required element in the regulation of sterol and fatty acid metabolism in animal cells.
Monolithic Two-Dimensional Diode Laser Arrays

Two-dimensional diode laser arrays are being developed for near-term application as efficient incoherent high-power pump sources for solid-state lasers and for uses in the long term as coherent primary sources. A technique for fabricating such arrays was demonstrated that makes use of small deflecting mirrors integrated with diode laser elements formed on a semiconductor wafer surface by lithographic techniques. Monolithic arrays of over 100 elements were fabricated with good uniformity and a power density over 40 w/sq.cm of wafer area.
Cables links Robo-bound Abl kinase to N-cadherin-bound β-catenin to mediate Slit-induced modulation of adhesion and transcription

Cables links Robo-bound Abl kinase to N-cadherin-bound β-catenin to mediate Slit-induced modulation of adhesion and transcription
Palladium alloys for biomedical devices.

In the biomedical field, palladium has primarily been used as a component of alloys for dental prostheses. However, recent research has shown the utility of palladium alloys for devices such as vascular stents that do not distort magnetic resonance images. Dental palladium alloys may contain minor or major percentages of palladium. As a minor constituent, palladium hardens, strengthens and increases the melting range of alloys. Alloys that contain palladium as the major component also contain copper, gallium and sometimes tin to produce strong alloys with high stiffness and relatively low corrosion rates. All current evidence suggests that palladium alloys are safe, despite fears about harmful effects of low-level corrosion products during biomedical use. Recent evidence suggests that palladium poses fewer biological risks than other elements, such as nickel or silver. Hypersensitivity to palladium alone is rare, but accompanies nickel hypersensitivity 90–100% of the time. The unstable price of palladium ...
Ion-exchange chromatography of egg yolk. 1. Separation methods.

Abstract THE proteins and lipoproteins of egg yolk can be fractionated by several techniques. Many of these methods alter the native condition of the proteins. The object of this study was to develop a procedure for the separation of egg yolk proteins and lipoproteins which would maintain them in as near a native state as possible. Subsequently, these fractions were characterized. The effects of various physical treatments on these chromatographic patterns are reported in another paper. The early methods for egg yolk separation employed organic solvents (Osborne and Campbell, 1900; Mecham and Olcott, 1949; and Young and Phinney, 1951). The latter authors reported that changes occurred. This alteration of the proteins and lipoproteins by the organic solvents was verified by others, including Vandegaer et al. (1956) and Evans and Bandemer (1957). Changes in the lipoproteins by organic solvents was reported by Weinman (1956) who reported that most lipids in egg yolk…
Transition between graphene-film and carbon-nanotube growth on Nickel alloys in open-atmosphere flame synthesis

Abstract Using open-atmosphere flame synthesis, graphene films and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are grown directly on nickel and nickel-alloy substrates. The gas-flow input CH 4 to H 2 ratio (1:10) is held constant. For nickel, copper–nickel, and Inconel, few-layer graphene (FLG) grows at 850 °C. Transitional growth from FLG to CNTs is observed on nickel, copper–nickel, and Inconel, as the substrate temperature is decreased to 500 °C. CNT growth is found for nitinol at 500 °C; however, graphene growth is not observed for nitinol at elevated temperatures for the examined experimental conditions.
Merely two mutations switch a DNA-hydrolyzing deoxyribozyme from heterobimetallic (Zn2+/Mn2+) to monometallic (Zn2+-only) behavior

A deoxyribozyme that hydrolyzes DNA phosphodiester linkages with a requirement for both Zn2+ and Mn2+ is switched by only two nucleotide mutations to require Zn2+ alone, demonstrating that DNA-catalyzed DNA hydrolysis can be achieved using only one metal ion cofactor.
Exploring sudden gains in behavioral activation therapy for Major Depressive Disorder.

Understanding the onset and course of sudden gains in treatment provides clinical information to the patient and clinician, and encourages clinicians to strive for these sudden clinical gains with their patients. This study characterizes the occurrence of sudden gains with Behavioral Activation (BA; Martell, Addis, & Jacobson, 2001), and the extent to which pre-treatment dysfunctional depressive thinking predicts sudden gains during treatment. We enrolled a sample of adults (n = 42) between ages 18–65 diagnosed with primary Major Depressive Disorder. All participants completed a 16-week course of BA, with clinical and self-report assessments at pre-, mid- and post-treatment. Results indicated that sudden gain and non-sudden gain participants showed differential improvement across treatment. No significant effects emerged for the dysfunctional cognitive style as a predictor of sudden gain status. Sudden gains may result from interaction of non-specific factors with the BA techniques implemented during early phases of therapy.
Trends in outpatient transthoracic echocardiography: impact of appropriateness criteria publication.

Abstract Background The impact of the 2007 American College of Cardiology Foundation Transthoracic Echocardiography Appropriateness Criteria on trends in appropriateness is unknown. Therefore, we sought to identify the appropriateness of outpatient transthoracic echocardiography pre- and postpublication of this document. Methods The 2007 Appropriateness Criteria were used to classify outpatient echocardiographic studies at an academic medical center during October 2000 and October 2008. The patient's electronic medical record was used to identify echocardiographic indication and appropriateness. Results From October 2000 to October 2008, there was an 85% increase in outpatient echocardiographic volume. Using the Appropriateness Criteria, there was no significant change in inappropriate referrals (13% and 15%, P =.58). Sixty-five studies (12%) were referred for indications "not addressed" by the document, with an increase (7% to 15%, P =.012) from 2000 to 2008. In a second analysis, incorporating the 2008 Valve Guidelines, an increase was demonstrated in the total number of studies that could be classified, but there was no significant change in the proportion of inappropriate referrals ( P =.50). There remained a significant increase (3% to 10%, P =.009) in the proportion of indications "not addressed" by either guideline. Conclusion From October 2000 to October 2008, we experienced a near doubling of outpatient echocardiographic volume, with no significant change in the percent of inappropriate referrals despite interim publication of the Appropriateness Criteria document. In addition, there was an increase in echocardiographic referrals for "not addressed" indications. Future efforts are needed both to refine the Appropriateness Criteria to include unaddressed indications and to promote its effective implementation.
Difference between single and double Tl-O layers for generating holes in Tl-based copper-oxide superconductors

Abstract Electronic structures of Tl-based copper-oxide superconductors were examined by performing tight-binding band calculations on the Tl 2 O 4 double layers of Tl 2 Ba 2 Ca n−1 Cu n O 2n+4 and on the TlO 3 single layers of TlBa 2 Ca n−1 Cu n O 2n+3 . When the distortion of their Tl-O sheets is taken into consideration, the Tl 2 O 4 double layers are found to have the bottom of the Tl 6s-block bands significantly below the Fermi level so that they have a large electron pocket to remove electrons from the x 2 - y 2 bands of the CuO 2 layers. In sharp contrast, however, the Tl 6s-block bands of the TlO 3 single layers are found to lie well above the Fermi level, regardless of whether or not the distortions in their Tl-O sheets are taken into consideration. Unlike the Tl 2 O 4 double layers, therefore, the TlO 3 single layers do not remove electrons from the x 2 − y 2 bands of the CuO 2 layers. This is consistent with the observation that stoichiometric TlBa 2 Ca n−1 Cu n O 2n+3 already has a high formal oxidation state (2n+1)/n for (e.g., + 3.00, + 2.50, and + 2.33 for n =1,2, and 3, respectively), and hence further hole generation to produce superconductivity does not seem necessary.
Antibody regulation of Tcell immunity: implications for vaccine strategies against intracellular pathogens.

Intracellular microbial pathogens cause a plethora of diseases that pose a huge public health challenge. Efficacious prophylactic vaccines are needed to protect the population from this myriad of infectious diseases. Contemporary approaches to vaccine design are guided by the immunobiological paradigm that extracellular pathogens are controlled principally by humoral immunity, involving specific antibodies, whereas host protection against intracellular pathogens requires effectors of cell-mediated immunity. However, this distinct T-helper (Th) type 1 and 2 paradigm of host defense has encountered a major challenge due to the reality that most antigens or vaccines induce mixed immune responses comprising of both humoral and CMI effectors. Besides, the true functional independence of antibodies and T-cells under in vivo physiologic conditions is uncertain. Recent findings have revealed that antibodies exert a significant immunoregulatory effect on T-cell immunity. Thus, a robust and protective T-cell memory...
Postnatal development of gustatory recipient zones within the nucleus of the solitary tract

Abstract Previous studies have examined pre- and postsynaptic development of the first-order central gustatory relay, located in the rostral nucleus of the solitary tract (NST). This region of the NST is innervated by primary gustatory axons arising from the facial-intermediate nerve. However, a large portion of the gustatory NST is innervated by axons arising from the glossopharyngeal nerve and although the time course for development of N.VII recipient zones has been defined development of glossopharyngeal afferent terminal fields has not been examined. Moreover, the time course for development of projection neurons located postsynaptic to gustatory afferent axons has not been examined in any portion of the NST. The objectives of the present study were to 1. 1) define the time course for development of N.VII and N.IX terminal fields and 2. 2) examine temporal relationships between development of afferent terminal fields and development of projection neurons located postsynaptic to gustatory afferent axons. To this end, triple fluorescent labeling procedures were used to simultaneously visualize developing axons and projection neurons. Results show that afferent terminal fields develop along the rostrocaudal axis of the NST. Axons of the N.VII terminal field are present in the rostral NST at P1 and develop to approximately P25. Axons and terminal endings of N.IX do not enter the NST until approximately P9-P10 and these terminal fields develop within the intermediate NST until approximately P45. Many NST neurons destined to project axons to the second-order central gustatory relay, located in the caudal parabrachial nucleus (PBN), do not possess axonal connections with the PBN during the first 2–3 weeks of postnatal life. As afferent terminal fields develop, these neurons establish connections with the PBN between the ages of approximately P7 and P45–P60. The delay between afferent terminal field development and development of PBN projection neurons in the N.VII terminal field is approximately 3 weeks. The delay between pre- and postsynaptic development in the N.IX terminal field is approximately 1 week. Potential relationships between pre- and postsynaptic development are discussed, in addition to relationships between anatomical development in the NST and the emergence of taste-guided behaviors.
Acetylation phenotype and cytochrome P450IA2 phenotype are unlikely to be associated with peripheral arterial disease

The hypothesis that cytochrome P450IA2 (CYPIA2) and/or N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) may be involved in the pathogenesis of peripheral arterial disease was investigated in 90 Australian patients with significant disease and 81 matched control subjects. CYPIA2 and NAT2 phenotypes were determined from urinary metabolite patterns after an oral dose of caffeine. NAT2 phenotype was similar (chi 2 = 0.01; p = 0.98) in both atherosclerotic patients (43.3% rapid) and control subjects (42.0% rapid). CYPIA2 metabolism as measured by the median ratio of (1,7-dimethylxanthine + 1,7-dimethyluric acid)/caffeine was significantly induced by smoking in both patients with atherosclerosis (ratio of 6.5 in nonsmokers and 12.4 in smokers; p < 0.05) and control subjects (ratio of 8.2 in nonsmokers and 14.8 in smokers; p < 0.05), but values in atherosclerotic and control nonsmokers and smokers were similar. Probit transformation of the data revealed a trimodal distribution of ratios in control subjects who were nonsmokers, with 5% classified as poor metabolizers (homozygous rapid) and 95% as extensive metabolizers. The distribution of ratios in control subjects who were smokers was unimodal, whereas among the patients with arterial disease, both smokers and nonsmokers exhibited a bimodal pattern with 8.2% to 16% poor metabolizer and 84% to 91.8% extensive metabolizer phenotypes. When data from both nonsmokers and smokers were combined, the overall proportion of subjects who were poor metabolizers was not significantly different (chi 2 = 1.82; p = 0.18) between control subjects (3.8%) and patients with atherosclerosis (10.6%). Thus biotransformation of environmental or dietary aromatic or heterocyclic amines by NAT2 or CYPIA2 is unlikely to have a significant role in the cause or pathogenesis of peripheral arterial disease.
New modulation scheme for optical fiber point temperature sensor

A fiberoptic interferometric sensor illuminated by a laser source requires a minimum path imbalance in order to implement one of the standard signal-processing techniques. In this work, a modulation technique is described in conjunction with a fiber interferometric sensor with a typical size of 2-3 mm. This is a passive technique which makes use of modal properties of highly birefringent fiber to generate quadrature-output components. The quadrature outputs are then used to generate a fixed-frequency carrier where the phase information is affected by the temperature change.
Toxicologic principles do not support the banning of chlorine. A society of toxicology position paper.

Abstract Toxicologic Principles Do Not Support the Banning of Chlorine: A Society of Toxicology Position Paper. Karol, M. H. (1995). Fundam. Appl. Toxicol.24, 1-2.
Presentation of RGDS epitopes on self-assembled nanofibers of branched peptide amphiphiles

Branched peptide amphiphile (PA) molecules bearing biological epitopes were designed and synthesized using orthogonal protecting group chemistry on amine groups at lysine residues. These molecules self-assemble into high-aspect-ratio cylindrical nanofibers, and their branched architecture enhances accessibility of epitopes for protein binding and also allows the presentation of more than one epitope in a single molecule. The RGDS cell adhesion epitope was used as a model bioactive signal on PA molecules for potential biomedical applications. Aggregation of the branched PA molecules into nanofibers was demonstrated by TEM and through shifts in the protonation profiles of peripheral amines. These systems also formed self-supporting gels in the presence of physiological fluids and other biologically relevant macromolecules such as synovial fluid and DNA, an important property for their potential use in medicine. Fluorescence anisotropy measurements on the PAs with tryptophan residues were performed to examine the effect of branching on packing and mobility of the peptides in the self-assembled nanofibers. The mobility of tryptophan residues was observed to be restricted upon packing of PA molecules into nanofibers. However, relative to linear analogues, branched molecules retain more mobility in the supramolecular aggregates.
A New Species of Tetrapolipus from Hippodamia convergens from South Dakota (Acarina: Podopolipidae)

A new species of mite, Tetrapolipus hippodamiae belonging to the family Podopolipidae, is described and notes are included on the life history and parasitic nature of the life stages. The genus now has a distribution which extends to the Neartic region of the Western Hemisphere.
Increased Survival of Type I Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor (P55) Deficient Mice in Hyperoxia • 1964

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a) is induced in the lung by hyperoxia. It is unclear whether the induction of TNF- contributes to or protects from oxygen toxicity. Administration of anti-TNF-a antibodies improved survival in rats exposed to hyperoxia however single intravenous doses of TNF-a prior to or early in oxygen exposure also improved survival. Cellular effects of TNF- are mediated by two receptors, TNF receptor type I (TNFRI, p55kD) and type II(TNFRII, p75kD). In order to test the hypothesis that TNFRI contributes to pulmonary oxygen toxicity, survival and pulmonary histopathology of C57B1/6J and syngeneic type I TNF receptor gene ablated mice (TNFRI -/-) were compared following 72 hour exposure to humidified 100% O2. TNFRI -/- mice survived significantly longer in hyperoxia than did age and sex matched wild-type controls (LD50 = 112 hrs vs 96 hrs, n=10 for each genotype, p <.005 by Mantel-Cox Logrank test). Attenuation of toxicity in TNFRI -/- mice was apparent by histology. No significant differences were detected by light microscopy between TNFRI -/- and wild-type non-oxygen exposed mice. Small airways of oxygen exposed TNFRI -/- mice were noted to have less thickening of the epithelium and less peribronchiolar and periarteriolar edema than the C57B1/6J oxygen exposed controls. Thickening of the alveolar septa, as well as swelling and vacuolization of type II alveolar cells were also less severe in the TNFRI ablated mice. The overall toxicity score utilized to evalute alveolitis, bronchiolitis, bronchitis, fibrosis and diffuseness of disease was performed by a blinded, independent investigator (RB). Lungs of oxygen exposed TNFRI -/- mice received consistently lower toxicity scores than the wild-type controls. Despite improved survival and histologic evidence of toxicity, comparable induction of mRNA for cytokine IL-6 and chemokines MIP-1a, MIP-2, IP-10 and MCP was detected by ribonuclease protection assay in total lung RNA isolated from both TNFRI -/- and +/+ mice. In summary, pulmonary oxygen toxicity is, at least in part, mediated by the type I TNF receptor. However, cytokine and chemokine induction by 72 hour exposure to hyperoxia are not TNFRI dependent.
Thermal conductivity of an untwinned YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 − δ single crystal and a new interpretation of the superconducting state thermal transport

We have measured the anisotropic thermal conductivity of an untwinned single crystal of ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}$ in the most conducting a-b plane from 14 to 200 K. Unlike previous analyses, ours attributes the observed rapid rise in thermal conductivity in the superconducting state to the electronic contribution of the Cu-O plane. We propose that strong suppression of the quasiparticle scattering rate with decreasing temperature is responsible for the large enhancement of the superconducting-state thermal conductivity.
Diagnosis of Congenital and Acquired Hyperdeviation: What are the Rules?

INTRODUCTION Acquired or congenttal hyperdeviation (HD) is caused by dysfu netic n of one or more vertical rectus or oblique muscles or tendons, (e.g. Graves' ophthalmopathy, orbital myosttis) or the nerve supply to these stnuctures. Neural impairment may occur from involvement of nuclear or supranuclear pathways (e.g. nuclear third or fourth nerve palsy, "skew" deviation) or of the peripheral nerve itself (e.g. third or fourth nerve palsy). Myoneural junction involvement (e.g. ocular myasthenia) should be sought in any painless, pupil sparing ophthalmoplegia, especially when variable. The purpose of this monograph is to clearly outline the steps in evaluation of congenital or acquired HD. Motility examination techniques will be described in detail. Anatomic localization of the lesion based on clinical data alone is possible in most cases ("The nules"). Neuro-radiologic studies, in conjunction, will allow an orderly differential diagnosis of HD to be developed.
Finite Temperature Behavior of H+(H2O)6 and H+(H2O)8†

The finite temperature behavior of H+(H2O)6 and H+(H2O)8 is investigated by means of parallel tempering Monte Carlo simulations in conjunction with the multistate empirical valence-bond method for describing the interactions. The temperature dependence of the constant volume configurational heat capacity, CV(T), of H+(H2O)8 reveals two sharp transitions, whereas that of H+(H2O)6 is devoid of sharp structure.
Image reconstruction for three-dimensional transmitted-light DIC microscopy

ABSTRACT The derivation of an iterative method for phase reconstruction from Differential-Interference-Contrast (DIC) images is presented here. Because DIC imaging is direction sensitive, in our approach we estimate a specimen's phase function using multiple DIC images obtained by rotating the specimen. Results obtained from testing the methodvia two-dimensional simulations demonstrate that the use of multiple DIG images at different specimen rotationsyield phase reconstructions that more closely resemble the phase function of phantoms than the unprocessed DIC images. Improvement in resolution was also achieved: two points separated by half the Rayleigh resolution limit for coherent illumination not resolved in the unprocessed DIC image, were successfully resolved in the reconstructedphase images. Our results show that phase reconstructions are quantitatively better and resolution is improvedwhen two or more DIC images are used in the reconstruction.Keywords: Computational Nomarski DIC microscopy, image reconstruction, 3D microscopy
Radiation Effects on Oxynitride Gate Dtelectrics

Radiation effects on oxynitrides, SiOxNy, formed by a nitridation anneal of the thermally grown SiO2 layers in an ammonia-nitrogen ambient at lOOO°C are presented. An initial high positive charge trap density of 3 to 6x1011 charges/cm2 and low interface state density 2 to 4×1010 states/eV/cm2 are characteristics of the oxynitride films. The chemical composition using Auger Spectroscopy indicates nitrogen distribution throughout the oxynitride film with higher concentration near the surface and the interface. No mobile-ion contamination or charge injection under high field conditions have been observed. Under radiation, improvement in radiation sensitivity by a factor of 2 to 3 over thermal oxides and no increase in interface state density are shown up to a dose of 1×106 Rad (Si). A model for nitrogen incorporation near the interface satisfying positive charge traps is discussed.
Evaluation-Time Bias in Asynchronous Evolutionary Algorithms

Parallelization of fitness evaluation is an established practice in evolutionary computation, and is a necessity in applications where fitness functions are computationally expensive. Traditional master-slave EAs based on a synchronous, generational model incur idle time when there is variance in the time it takes for individuals to have their fitness evaluated. Asynchronous evolutionary algorithms based on a steady-state model can make more efficient use of parallelization by eliminating idle time and reclaiming CPU resources. It is believed, however, that asynchronous EAs are biased toward regions of the search space where solutions take less time to evaluate, and away from regions where fitnesses evaluation is expensive. We show experimentally that asynchronous EAs do indeed exhibit an evaluation-time bias. This bias can either cause or prevent premature convergence. We also show, however, that on a flat fitness landscape, the asynchronous EA is attracted to both fast and slow regions of the search space, and away from medium-speed solutions. This indicates that further work is needed to understand the implications that asynchrony has for EA applications.
Identification and characterization of a 315-base pair enhancer, located more than 55 kilobases 5' of the apolipoprotein B gene, that confers expression in the intestine.

We recently reported that an 8-kilobase (kb) region, spanning from −54 to −62 kb 5′ of the human apolipoprotein B (apoB) gene, contains intestine-specific regulatory elements that control apoB expression in the intestines of transgenic mice. In this study, we further localized the apoB intestinal control region to a 3-kb segment (−54 to −57 kb). DNaseI hypersensitivity studies uncovered a prominent DNaseI hypersensitivity site, located within a 315-base pair (bp) fragment at the 5′-end of the 3-kb segment, in transcriptionally active CaCo-2 cells but not in transcriptionally inactive HeLa cells. Transient transfection experiments with CaCo-2 and HepG2 cells indicated that the 315-bp fragment contained an intestine-specific enhancer, and analysis of the DNA sequence revealed putative binding sites for the tissue-specific transcription factors hepatocyte nuclear factor 3β, hepatocyte nuclear factor 4, and CAAT enhancer-binding protein β. Binding of these factors to the 315-bp enhancer was demonstrated in gel retardation experiments. Transfection of deletion mutants of the 315-bp enhancer revealed the relative contributions of these transcription factors in the activity of the apoB intestinal enhancer. The corresponding segment of the mouse apoB gene (located −40 to −83 kb 5′ of the structural gene) exhibited a high degree of sequence conservation in the binding sites for the key transcriptional activators and also exhibited enhancer activity in transient transfection assays with CaCo-2 cells. In transgenic mouse expression studies, the 315-bp enhancer conferred intestinal expression to human apoB transgenes.
The ontogeny of interstitial cells in Pennaria tiarella.

The interstitial cells of Pennaria tiarella differentiate exclusively from the central endoderm of the planula. Shortly after their appearance, most of the interstitial cells become cnidoblasts. Subsequently, as the larva transforms into a polyp, both cnidoblasts and interstitial cells migrate from the endoderm, through endoblast and mesoglea, into the ectoderm. It is suggested that some interstitial cells remain in the endoderm and differentiate into the gland and mucous cells of the polyp gastroderm.
On-mote compressive sampling to reduce power consumption for wireless sensors

In this article, we introduce a novel on-mote compressive sampling method called the Randomized Timing Vector algorithm (RTV). In addition to describing this new lightweight algorithm, we provide experimental results that compare RTV to the two existing on-mote compressive sampling algorithms that we are aware: Additive Random Sampling (ARS) and Sparse Binary Sampling (SBS). Experimentation involved three different steps. First, we tested and validated the three on-mote compressive sampling algorithms using a simplistic sinusoid produced by a signal generator. Second, we analyzed the power consumption of the three algorithms and compared them to full sampling. Lastly, we simulated the three algorithms on a real-world passive seismic dataset containing avalanche events collected in the mountains of Switzerland. Results from our experiments indicate that our novel and lightweight RTV algorithm outperforms ARS and SBS in at least two ways. First, unlike ARS and SBS, RTV does not falter at moderate to high sampling rates (e.g., 500 Hz or above). Second, RTV showed the greatest power savings since it eliminates costly floating point calculations and reduces ADC conversions.
Conferring Meaning onto Alcohol-Related Violence: An Analysis of Alcohol Use and Gender in a Sample of College Youth

Alcohol-related violence among youth remains a significant social problem. This study examines the meanings students attach to alcohol-related violence. Seventy-eight, in-depth and face-to-face interviews were conducted with college students at a mid-sized, mid-Atlantic university. The perceptions of these college students are analyzed for social meaning of alcohol-related violence. As to their experiences with alcohol-related violence, respondents overwhelmingly believed alcohol to be causally related to violence, especially for young males whose behavior was viewed as demonstrative of "macho" behavior. The gendered nature of alcohol-related violence on campus, its expectation among students, and its tie to socio-cultural constructs of masculinity are discussed in reference to future research and social policy.
Effects of dietary methionine supplementation on preferences for NaCl solutions.

Preferences for eight concentrations of sodium chloride were measured in 10 control rats, 10 rats fed a diet supplemented with 2.5% methionine, and 10 rats fed a diet supplemented with 2.5% methionine and 2% zinc sulfate. All rats received the applicable diet for 21 days before testing was initiated with a 48-hr, two-bottle preference paradigm. Results of the study indicated that rats supplemented with methionine alone had significantly greater preferences for the salt solutions than rats from either of the remaining groups. Dietary treatment did not affect total volume intake (milliliters per gram body weight). Further analysis of the separate water and sodium chloride solution volume intakes demonstrated that while all groups consumed essentially equivalent amounts of water, the rats supplemented with methionine alone consumed significantly increased amounts of the salt solutions, thus manifesting an increased percentage preference. The results indicate that methionine, a thiol-containing amino acid, can alter preferences for sodium chloride solutions and that this effect can be reversed by zinc supplementation. The etiology of this change in preference behavior may be related to either decreased gustatory sensitivity (mediated by zinc depletion and/or thiol supplementation) or to salt craving (mediated by kidney and/or adrenal dysfunction).
Application of a Digital Head-Posture Measuring System in Children

Purpose To report the repeatability of a digital head-posture measuring system when used to record anomalous head postures in children. Design Prospective study and clinical laboratory investigation. Methods Using a digital head-posture measuring system, we measured 36 different anomalous head postures in 27 children with infantile nystagmus syndrome. Repeatability values and 95% limits of repeatability of measurements were generated for anomalous head postures. Results Among the 27 children, 3 had 2 head postures (right and left head turns) in 2 different directions; 6 had 2-dimensional head postures that were considered 2 different head postures; and 18 had a 1-dimensional head posture. There were 5 chin-up or chin-down postures, 23 head-turn postures, and 8 head-tilt postures in a total of 36 anomalous head postures. The repeatability value for all anomalous head postures was less than 10 degrees. Ninety-five percent limits of repeatability yielded ranges of less than 10 degrees for all anomalous head postures. Conclusions The digital head-posture measuring system is a valid and reliable device for measuring 3-dimensional head postures in children with nystagmus.