cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Immigrants, Hispanics, and the Evolution of Housing Prices in the US

How has immigration and the associated growth in the Hispanic population affected the evolution of housing prices and rents in the United States? The answer to this question depends on the scale of the local housing demand shock associated with immigration and the growth in the Hispanic population in a city. This chapter reviews the existing literature on the issue and introduces a number of new facts. Cities that received immigrants experienced faster housing price and rent appreciation during the last two decades of the 20th century. Hispanic-dense metropolitan areas have more expensive housing. Part of the price differential is due to the growth in the Hispanic population, and we derive a statistical causal link between Hispanic growth and average housing price growth. However, within metropolitan areas it is precisely those neighborhoods with increasing Hispanic share where relatively slower housing price and rent appreciation took place. The facts are consistent with immigrant and Hispanic population growth generally driving up the demand for living in a city, but with increasing ethnic segregation within the city.
Nuclear Analysis Methods for Problems in Environmental Science.......The Detection and Quantitation of Trace Elements and Substances

Any attempt to evaluate ways and means to abate some of the hazards of environmental pollution finds almost any scientist well qualified to investigate pollution in general. However, choice must be made between the cost of seeking solutions and the cost of further postponing environmental pollution research. We may like to rid all the pollutants from industrial activities but we also want the benefits which are derived from these industrial efforts. For example, we certainly must look at the results brought to agriculture through the use of pesticides and fertilizers. Yet, we must recognize that the pollution of our environment with these agents can result in strange effects. Likewise, we are not going to stop using vaccines with antigenic impurities or ones with nucleic acids, if by stopping we risk letting the diseases for which these vaccines were developed become prevalent again.
Changes in sterol biosynthesis accompanying cessation of glial cell growth in serum-free medium.

C-6 glioma cells, grown in medium supplemented with 5% delipidated foetal calf serum, were induced to enter a quiescent state by removing serum from the medium. Within 24h there was a 75–80% decline in the rate of incorporation of [14C]acetate or 3H2O into digitonin-precipitable sterols. Experiments with [3H]mevalonolactone as a labelled sterol precursor suggested that the decline in sterol synthesis was regulated primarily at a point in the pathway before the formation of mevalonate. The specific activities of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase decreased sharply in conjunction with the decline in sterol synthesis in the serum-free cultures; however, the activity of acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase was altered only slightly. The magnitude of the initial decline in reductase activity was not affected when 50-mm-NaF was included in the preincubation and assay buffers to prevent activation of physiologically inactive enzyme. However, after 6h of serum deprivation the decline in 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase activity was due to a decrease in the amount of latent activity. The sterol concentration in C-6 cells was unchanged after 24h in serum-free medium, although a 20% decrease in the sterol/fatty acid molar ratio occurred as a result of a small increase in the fatty-acid concentration. Incorporation of 3H2O into fatty acids was inhibited in the serum-deprived glial cells; however, this inhibition developed more slowly and was not as pronounced as the diminution in sterol synthesis. The results suggest that in C-6 glia, which resemble the glial stem cells of the developing brain, the decreased demand for membrane sterols in the quiescent state results in a decline in sterol synthesis, mediated primarily through co-ordinate changes in the activities of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase.
Introduction to Pesticide Biotransformation and Disposition

This chapter provides a brief introduction to the relevance of pesticide biotransformation and disposition to human health risk assessment and other aspects of pesticide toxicology. It introduces the key concept of toxic action as a cascade of events rather than a single molecular interaction.
Frequent nut intake and risk of death from coronary heart disease and all causes in postmenopausal women: the Iowa Women's Health Study.

Background and aim Recent epidemiological studies suggest that there is an inverse association between the frequent consumption of nuts and the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD), and clinical investigations suggest that diets high in nuts may reduce serum cholesterol levels. This study assessed whether the risk of death due to CHD and all causes is reduced in postmenopausal women who frequently consume nuts. Methods and results In 1986, 34,111 postmenopausal women with no known cardiovascular disease reported the frequency of their consumption of nuts and other foods, as well as other CHD risk factors. During approximately 12 years of follow-up, 3726 women died, 657 from CHD. After adjustment for multiple risk factors for CHD and dietary variables, there was an inverse but not statistically significant association between frequent nut consumption (two or more 28.5 g servings per week compared with less than one serving per month) and death from CHD (relative risk 0.81; 95% confidence interval: 0.60-1.11). There was also a weak inverse association between frequent nut intake and all-cause mortality (relative risk 0.88; 95% confidence interval: 0.77-0.99, p for trend = 0.047). Conclusions Frequent nut consumption may offer postmenopausal women modest protection against the risk of death from all causes and CHD.
Contrast-induced nephropathy after peripheral vascular intervention: Long-term renal outcome and risk factors for progressive renal dysfunction

Abstract Objective Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is a frequently used quality outcome marker after peripheral vascular interventions (PVIs). Whereas the factors associated with CIN development have been well documented, the long-term renal effects of CIN after PVI are unknown. This study was undertaken to investigate the long-term (1-year) renal consequences of CIN after PVI and to identify factors associated with renal function deterioration at 1-year follow-up. Methods From 2008 to 2015, patients who had PVI at our institution (who were part of a statewide Vascular Interventions Collaborative) were queried for those who developed CIN. CIN was defined by the Collaborative as an increase in serum creatinine concentration of at least 0.5 mg/dL within 30 days after intervention. Preprocedural dialysis patients or patients without postprocedural creatinine values were excluded. Preprocedural, postprocedural, and 1-year serum creatinine values were abstracted and used to estimate glomerular filtration rate (GFR). ΔGFR was defined as preprocedural GFR minus 1-year GFR. Univariate and multivariate analyses for ΔGFR were performed to determine factors associated with renal deterioration at 1 year. Results From 2008 to 2015, there were 1323 PVIs performed; 881 patients met the inclusion criteria. Of these, 57 (6.5%) developed CIN; 47% were male, and 51% had baseline chronic kidney disease. CIN resolved by discharge in 30 patients (53%). Using multivariate linear regression, male sex (P = .027) and congestive heart failure (P = .048) were associated with 1-year GFR decline. Periprocedural variables related to 1-year GFR decline included percentage increase in 30-day postprocedural creatinine concentration (P = .025), whereas CIN resolution by discharge (mean, 13.1 days) was protective for renal function at 1 year (P = .02). A post hoc analysis was performed with 50 PVI patients (randomly selected) who did not develop CIN, comparing their late renal function with that of the CIN group stratified by the periprocedural 30-day variables. Patients with CIN resolution at discharge had similar 1-year renal outcomes to non-CIN patients, whereas the CIN-persistent (at discharge) patients had greater renal deterioration at 1 year compared with non-CIN patients (P = .016). Conclusions Male sex and congestive heart failure are risk factors for further renal function decline in patients developing CIN after PVI. The magnitude and duration of increase in creatinine concentration (CIN persistence at discharge) correlated with late progressive renal dysfunction in CIN patients, suggesting that early-resolving CIN is relatively benign.
Evidence-based treatment for opioid use disorders: A national study of methadone dose levels, 2011-2017.

Abstract The nation's methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) programs play a central role in addressing the current opioid epidemic. Considerable evidence documents the treatment effectiveness of MMT and, in turn, the importance of adequate dosing to MMT's effectiveness. Yet, as recently as 2011, 41% of patients received doses below the level of 80 mg/day. Using survey data from a nationally representative sample of MMT programs in 2011 and 2017, we examine (1) the extent to which the nation's MMT programs are meeting evidence-based standards for methadone dose level and (2) characteristics of MMT programs that are associated with variation in performance. Our results show that 43% of MMT patients receive
DFR: An Energy-efficient Analog Delay Feedback Reservoir Computing System for Brain-inspired Computing

Neuromorphic computing, which is built on a brain-inspired silicon chip, is uniquely applied to keep pace with the explosive escalation of algorithms and data density on machine learning. Reservoir computing, an emerging computing paradigm based on the recurrent neural network with proven benefits across multifaceted applications, offers an alternative training mechanism only at the readout stage. In this work, we successfully design and fabricate an energy-efficient analog delayed feedback reservoir (DFR) computing system, which is built upon a temporal encoding scheme, a nonlinear transfer function, and a dynamic delayed feedback loop. Measurement results demonstrate its high energy efficiency with rich dynamic behaviors, making the designed system a candidate for low power embedded applications. The system performance, as well as the robustness, are studied and analyzed through the Monte Carlo simulation. The chaotic time series prediction benchmark, NARMA10, is examined through the proposed DFR computing system, and exhibits a 36%−85% reduction on the error rate compared to state-of-the-art DFR computing system designs. To the best of our knowledge, our work represents the first analog integrated circuit (IC) implementation of the DFR computing system.
Interrelationships between energy intake and endogenous porcine growth hormone administration on the performance, body composition and protein and energy metabolism of growing pigs weighing 25 to 55 kilograms live weight

Thirty-six barrows were used in a 2 X 3 factorial experiment to investigate the effects of porcine growth hormone (pGH) administration (USDA-pGH-B1; 0 and 100 micrograms.kg body weight-1.d-1) and three levels of feeding of a single diet (EI; ad libitum, 1.64 and 1.38 kg/d) on the performance, body composition and rates of protein and fat deposition of pigs growing over the live weight phase 25 to 55 kg. Raising EI resulted in linear increases in growth rate and in protein and fat accretion but had no effect on the feed to gain ratio (F/G). Carcass fat content and carcass fat measurements also increased with EI, whereas carcass protein and water decreased (P less than .01). Growth hormone administration resulted in improvements in growth rate (16 to 26%), F/G (23%), protein deposition (34 to 50%) and increases in carcass protein and water at each level of feeding, but reduced ad libitum feed intake (P less than .01), carcass fat content (P less than .01) and carcass fat measurements (P less than .01). Estimated maintenance energy expenditure was increased by pGH administration (2.02 vs 1.72 Mcal digestible energy/d). Results indicate that the effects of pGH on growth performance and energy and protein metabolism were largely independent of, and additive to, the effects of energy intake.
Reconsidering the Role of Pity in Oscar Wilde’s “The Star-Child”

The article aims at a critical reconsideration of pity through a close reading of Oscar Wilde’s fairy tale “The Star-Child,” exploring how it seems both to replicate stereotypically pejorative assu...
Fast and accurate yearly time series forecasting with forecast combinations

Abstract It has long been known that combination forecasting strategies produce superior out-of-sample forecasting performances. In the M4 forecasting competition, a very simple forecast combination strategy achieved third place on yearly time series. An analysis of the ensemble model and its component models suggests that the competitive accuracy comes from avoiding poor forecasts, rather than from beating the best individual models. Moreover, the simple ensemble model can be fitted very quickly, can easily scale horizontally with additional CPU cores or a cluster of computers, and can be implemented by users very quickly and easily. This approach might be of particular interest to users who need accurate yearly forecasts without being able to spend significant time, resources, or expertise on tuning models. Users of the R statistical programming language can access this modeling approach using the “forecastHybrid” package.
Influence of Al_2O_3 in Blast Furnace Smelting and Discussions on Proper w(MgO)/w(Al_2O_3) Ratio

With the increase of the amount of high Al 2 O 3 iron ore used in the blast furnace,Al 2 O 3 content in the blast furnace slag inevitably increased. The discussions on the relevant measures for the blast furnace smelting of iron ore with high Al 2 O 3 content,status of high Al 2 O 3 operation in China,and especially proper w( MgO) / w( Al 2 O 3) ratio were conducted deeply based on a complete review of the minus effects of Al 2 O 3 on sinter process,metallurgy properties of sinter,and blast furnace smelting.
Understanding the Terminology for Snack Foods and Their Texture by Consumers in Four Languages: A Qualitative Study.

The choice of food products is affected by the combination of food properties, consumer motives, emotions, and context, especially in cross-cultural studies. The designs of cross-cultural studies involve several limitations such as conceptual perception and linguistic and cultural differences in response style. These factors confine the validity and generalizability of such study models. In this study, we have combined linguistic and contextual perception together to generate consumer texture terminologies. Four focus groups discussions were conducted with consumers from nine different countries in English, Hindi, Mandarin, and Spanish. Vocabularies for sixteen texture terms were generated. Consumers provided a single consensus term that they typically use to describe contextual sensory perception. The results show that consumers use several terms to describe texture, and terms are very specific to product and related perception. The English translation of words like “snack”, “texture”, and other sensory texture terms are meaningless for non-English speaking cultures. Researchers are encouraged to validate (test) the structure of cross-cultural study models before application. Practical application: The findings of this study present a model which can be utilized to conduct cross-cultural research studies. The results can contribute to generate accurate consumer responses, acceptance, preference, and addressing consumers concerns. Food industries could leverage these by using our methodology in product development, finding consumer insights, effective communication, and products testing in international settings.
Development and Evaluation of Paclitaxel-Loaded Aerosol Nanocomposite Microparticles and Their Efficacy Against Air-Grown Lung Cancer Tumor Spheroids

Paclitaxel (as intravenous Taxol) is one of the most applied chemotherapeutics used for the treatment of lung cancer. This project involves the development of a dry powder nanocomposite micropartic...
Muon polarization normal to the K/sub L//sup 0/. --> pi mu nu. decay plane due to electromagnetic final-state interactions

Electromagnetic final-state interactions mimic CP violation in producing a nonzero muon polarization normal to the decay plane in K/sub L//sup 0/..--> pi mu nu... In this note I describe a calculation of this effect, and compare my result with the results of previously published calculations, which are in disagreement among themselves.
Clinical outcomes of 203 adult patients receiving highly (H) and moderately (M) emetogenic (E) chemotherapy (C) following an institutional antiemetic guideline update incorporating aprepitant (A) and palonosetron (P)

19506 Background: A quality improvement project targeted at chemotherapy induced nausea (N) and vomiting (V) was initiated in 2004. The project included an antiemetic guideline update consisting of...
Optimal Cell Removal to Enhance Operation of Aged Grid-Tied Battery Storage Systems

The proper operation of aged batteries is essential to improve the reliability and performance of grid-connected battery energy storage systems (BESS). In this letter, we investigate on the phenomenon that removing certain battery cells within an aged battery pack, may lead to increasing the effective capacity of the BESS, because those cells with reduced capacity become the limiting factor for the overall BESS operation, while the remaining capacity of some other cells is not used. We optimize the process of identifying which battery cells from a grid-tied BESS should be removed in order to improve the overall BESS performance for smart grid applications. The experimental hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) testing of a grid-integrated BESS with aged cells is used to validate the developed models and show the increase in the effective capacity once the identified cells are removed. We also perform case studies to assess the impact of cell removal on the operation of an aged BESS in a peak demand shaving smart grid application.
Excavating childhoods’ layers: an ethnographic dig into inequities of race, class, and literacies

I write as an ethnographer of childhoods and literacies toshare a critical methodological lesson I have learned: simply observing children in educational settings will not yield rich understandings...
Engineering Viral Vectors for Acoustically Targeted Gene Delivery

ABSTRACT Targeted gene delivery to the brain is a critical tool for neuroscience research and has significant potential to treat human disease. However, the site-specific delivery of common gene vectors such as adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) is typically performed via invasive injections, limiting their scope of research and clinical applications. Alternatively, focused ultrasound blood-brain-barrier opening (FUS-BBBO), performed noninvasively, enables the site-specific entry of AAVs into the brain from systemic circulation. However, when used in conjunction with natural AAV serotypes, this approach has limited transduction efficiency, requires ultrasound parameters close to tissue damage limits, and results in undesirable transduction of peripheral organs. Here, we use high throughput in vivo selection to engineer new AAV vectors specifically designed for local neuronal transduction at the site of FUS-BBBO. The resulting vectors substantially enhance ultrasound-targeted gene delivery and neuronal tropism while reducing peripheral transduction, providing a more than ten-fold improvement in targeting specificity. In addition to enhancing the only known approach to noninvasively target gene delivery to specific brain regions, these results establish the ability of AAV vectors to be evolved for specific physical delivery mechanisms.
Leveraging outside readings and low-stakes writing assignments to promote student engagement in an economic development course

The author of this article describes an intermediate economics course structured around outside readings, which include academic journal papers, policy briefs, and news articles. Students complete ...
Wheat and Grain Sorghum in Four-Year Rotations

Research on 4-year crop rotations with wheat and grain sorghum was initiated in 1996 at the Southwest Research-Extension Center near Tribune, Kansas. Rotations were wheat-wheat-sorghum-fallow (WWSF), wheat-sorghum-sorghum-fallow (WSSF), and continuous wheat (WW). Soil water at wheat planting averaged about 9 inches following sorghum, which is about 3 inches more than the average for the second wheat crop in a WWSF rotation. Soil water at sorghum planting was only about 1 inch less for the second sorghum crop compared with sorghum following wheat. Grain yield of recrop wheat averaged about 80% of the yield of wheat following sorghum. Grain yield of continuous wheat averaged about 65% of the yield of wheat grown in a 4-year rotation following sorghum. Wheat yields were similar following one or two sorghum crops. Similarly, average sorghum yields were the same following one or two wheat crops. Yield of the second sorghum crop in a WSSF rotation was only about 10% of the yield of the first sorghum crop in 2014, although the long-term average is about 65% of the yield of the first sorghum crop.
Significance of Strontium90 in Milk. II: A Review of Recent Data and Analysis of Areas Needing More Elaboration to Define the Role of Milk in the Diet

Summary Recent data are summarized in this second review article on the significance of Strontium 90 (Sr 90 ) and other radioactive fallout in milk and other foods. This is followed by an analysis of areas needing more definition in the Sr 90 problem. For a simplified review, the reader is referred to the Our Industry Today section in this issue of the Journal. The evidence now accumulating indicates that peoples in the primary milk-consuming areas are acquiring relatively lower levels of Sr 90 in their bones than peoples in the primary plant-consuming areas. This is attributed to the high calcium level present in milk, protecting against the high levels of Sr 90 accumulating in the foods of plant origin present in the human diet. Calculations show that for minimum deposition of Sr 90 in human bones it may be just as wise to increase milk consumption as to try to remove the Sr 90 from milk. The role of milk in the diet is discussed, and areas that need more clarification are delineated.
The informational efficiency of finite price mechanisms

This paper obtains finite counterparts of previous results that showed the informational efficiency of the Walrasian mechanism among all mechanisms yielding Pareto-optimal individually rational trades in exchange economies while using a continuum of possible messages. Such “continuum” mechanisms lack realism, even when the space of environments (characteristics) is a continuum, since it is not possible to transmit or announce all elements of a message continuum, and it generally takes infinite time to find an exact equilibrium message among all messages in such a continuum. Accordingly the paper studies finite approximations (having a finite number of messages) of the continuum Walrasian mechanism and of other continuum allocation mechanisms. An approximation’s overall error for a class of exchange economies, is the largest distance, over all economies in the class, between the continuum mechanism’s final allocation and the approximation’s final allocation. In particular, we develop finite counterpart s of the superiority, with respect to message-space dimension, of the Walrasian mechanism over Direct Revelation (DR). We measure a finite mechanism’s cost by the number of its (equilibrium) messages.
Coupled-State Treatment of Charge Transfer

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the concept of coupled-state treatment of charge transfer. Charge transfer in ion–atom collisions is a basic atomic collision process, also called charge exchange, electron capture, and electron transfer. The focus is on the bare nuclear projectile incident on a one-electron atom or ion. At projectile speeds on the order of the orbital speed of the target electron, charge transfer is typically significant, and competes with ionization and direct excitation as a mechanism for depleting the elastic channel. For proton–hydrogen collisions, “velocity” matching occurs for 25 keV projectiles; and at somewhat lower and higher energies, many intermediate states are potentially important during the collision, so coupled-state approaches are generally most appropriate. Such approaches have been extensively developed and applied in this so-called intermediate-energy range. Further, it is generally believed that at energies of at least about 100 eV/u the nuclear motion can be assumed to be classical; there the nuclear deBroglie wavelength is significantly smaller than the size of the atomic target. At such energies an impact-parameter approach is appropriate, and the projectile follows a definite trajectory, the position vector of the projectile nucleus relative to the assumed stationary target nucleus at a time, taken to be zero at the point of closest approach. At still higher energies the trajectory can be assumed to be rectilinear; this additional assumption, which is not essential is also discussed in the chapter.
Experimental Evidence that Retaliation Claims Are Unlike Other Employment Discrimination Claims

The type of discrimination claim that strikes fear in the hearts of all employers is the dreaded retaliation claim. While employers contend, and plaintiffs admit, that retaliation is different from other discrimination complaints, employee advocates have put forth legislation that would equalize retaliation with the other types of discrimination. This bill, Protecting Older Workers against Discrimination Act (POWADA), would expand the so-called mixed-motive jury instruction to age, and disability, as well as retaliation. Moreover, it would allow plaintiffs, not judges, to decide which types of instruction the jury would receive. In this article, the authors argue that retaliation claims should not receive the same treatment as other discrimination claims (including age and disability), because it’s easy for juries to believe that retaliation is a factor, regardless of other facts. Once a fact-finding jury checks the box to indicate that an employer’s motive might include retaliation, the employer will likely have to pay fees and costs, at minimum, regardless of the claim’s final resolution.
It is Life or Death

As the time drew near for the elections, journalistic propaganda became more polarized than ever. The Left could speak of little else but the “responsibility” of the voters to stand firmly against the threatened coup, while ministerial spokesmen hurled abuse at the “221” and denied their eligibility for reelection.
HWP1 functions in the morphological development of Candida albicans downstream of EFG1, TUP1, and RBF1.

The morphological plasticity of Candida albicans is an important determinant of pathogenicity, and nonfilamentous mutants are avirulent. HWP1, a hypha-specific gene, was identified in a genetic screen for developmentally regulated genes and encodes a cell surface protein of unknown function. Heterozygous and homozygous deletions of HWP1 resulted in a medium-conditional defect in hyphal development. HWP1 expression was blocked in a Δefg1 mutant, reduced in an Δrbf1 mutant, and derepressed in a Δtup1 mutant. Therefore, HWP1 functions downstream of the developmental regulators EFG1, TUP1, and RBF1. Mutation of CPH1 had no effect on HWP1 expression, suggesting that the positive regulators of hyphal development, CPH1 and EFG1, are components of separate pathways with different target genes. The expression of a second developmentally regulated gene, ECE1, was similarly regulated by EFG1. Since ECE1 is not required for hyphal development, the regulatory role of EFG1 apparently extends beyond the control of cell shape determinants. However, expression of ECE1 was not influenced by TUP1, suggesting that there may be some specificity in the regulation of morphogenic elements during hyphal development.
Depicting Estimates Using the Intercept in Meta-Regression Models: The Moving Constant Technique

In any scientific discipline, the ability to portray research patterns graphically often aids greatly in interpreting a phenomenon. In part to depict phenomena, the statistics and capabilities of meta-analytic models have grown increasingly sophisticated. Accordingly, this article details how to move the constant in weighted meta-analysis regression models (viz. "meta-regression") to illuminate the patterns in such models across a range of complexities. Although it is commonly ignored in practice, the constant (or intercept) in such models can be indispensible when it is not relegated to its usual static role. The moving constant technique makes possible estimates and confidence intervals at moderator levels of interest as well as continuous confidence bands around the meta-regression line itself. Such estimates, in turn, can be highly informative to interpret the nature of the phenomenon being studied in the meta-analysis, especially when a comparison with an absolute or a practical criterion is the goal. Knowing the point at which effect size estimates reach statistical significance or other practical criteria of effect size magnitude can be quite important. Examples ranging from simple to complex models illustrate these principles. Limitations and extensions of the strategy are discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CHORUS – A solution for public access

The Clearinghouse for the Open Research of the United States (CHORUS) is a not-for-profit publicprivate partnership to provide public access to the peer-reviewed publications that report on federally funded research. CHORUS also provides enhanced search capabilities and links the public to articles directly on publisher platforms, where the articles can be read and preserved in their scholarly context. CrossRef provides the infrastructure for linking to the article or other document and collecting and retrieving the funding information, and CHORUS takes care of the rest. The CHORUS pilot program was launched in Fall 2013. It quickly garnered the support of the scholarly communications community, gaining endorsements from more than 100 publishers and organizations in less than six months. This is a report on the presentation that I gave on CHORUS at the APE conference in January 2014. Since that time, the CHORUS pilot concluded and moved into full production on July 31, 2014. (See: http://chorusaccess.org/.) Let me briefly reiterate the chronology of public access policy in the United States, which is expected to culminate as the year progresses in a federal open access policy for all large research funders. Next, I sketch three solutions for providing open access – as proposed by stakeholders. I then clarify the goals of CHORUS, the solution proposed by the publishing community. Subsequently, I turn in more detail to how CHORUS works. Finally, I look at the road ahead.
Separation of Quadruplex Polymorphism in DNA Sequences by Reversed-Phase Chromatography

This unit describes a method for the separation of a mixture of quadruplex conformations formed from the same parent sequence via reversed-phase chromatography (RPC). Polymorphism is inherent to quadruplex formation and even relatively simple quadruplex-forming sequences can fold into a cornucopia of possible conformations and topologies. Isolation of a specific conformation for study can be problematic. This is especially true for conformations of the human telomere sequence d(GGG(TTAGGG)3). High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), especially reversed-phase chromatography, has been a mainstay of nucleic acid research and purification for many decades. We have successfully applied this method to the problem of separating individual quadruplex species in the ensemble from the same parent sequence.
Coping with medical illness: The impact of personality types

Abstract The authors examine the relationship of underlying personality type as previously classified by others (oral, compulsive, hysterical, masochistic, narcissistic, schizoid, and paranoid) to the overall meaning ascribed by patients with such personalities to illness. In the light of equivalent DSM-III diagnoses, specific psychological conflicts that may arise are delineated as an aid to clinical management, effects of character type on coping ability are assessed, and particular strategies to maximize coping are proposed.
Biological activity of chlorinated phenols in the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis (Acari: Ixodidae)

Abstract We report attraction to a mixture of chlorophenols by the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis (Say). The mixture was prepared by reacting phenol with sulfuryl chloride, SO2Cl2, in the presence of amines. Analysis by GC/MS indicated that the product mixture obtained by this method contained 2,6-dichlorophenol (89.4%), 2,4-dichlorophenol (7.6%), 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2.4%), and 2-chlorophenol (0.6%). Attraction to this mixture was stronger than to the naturally occurring sex pheromone 2,6-dichlorophenol. This research identifies a synthesis for the production of a potent tick-attractant, shows the importance of a blend of components and narrow concentration range for proper pheromone functioning, and suggests that fed males of D. variabilis have receptors for the recognition of 2,4-dichlorophenol.
PREPARATIVE SEPARATON OF PLASMID AND BACTERIAL ARTIFICIAL CHROMOSOME DNA BY DENSITY GRADIENT ELECTROPHORESIS IN THE PRESENCE OF LINEAR POLYMERS

A density gradient apparatus was used to examine the separation of different physical forms and sizes of DNA. A gradient of sucrose was used to stabilize thermal convection during electrophoresis in the column (2.2 cm in diameter). Linear polymers were added to the density gradient and screened for their ability to separate the supercoiled, nicked circular, and linear forms of the plasmid pBR 322. The influence of different concentrations and molecular weights of the polymers was examined on the separation. Polyethylene oxide with a molecular weight of 5,000,000 and a concentration of 0.2% w/v achieved the best separation results for the different physical forms of the plasmid. The order of separation of the different physical forms of the plasmid were linear (fastest), supercoiled, and nicked circular (slowest). These conditions were also used to separate a preparation of bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) DNA. A rapidly moving form, presumably the supercoiled form, was resolved from a large amount of E. coli genomic DNA and from sheared forms of the BAC DNA.
Nitric oxide changes in the rat brain after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion

Using a porphyritic microsensor, we measured the cortical NO concentration within ischemic tissue during 2 h of middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion and 1 h of reperfusion in the rat (n = 36). Local cerebral blood flow was simultaneously measured by laser Doppler flowmetry to verify MCA occlusion and reperfusion. Baseline concentration of NO was < 10(-8) M. The maximum concentrations of NO during MCA occlusion and reperfusion were, respectively, 1.47 +/- 0.45 microM and 0.54 +/- 0.24 microM. Administration of N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), an inhibitor of NO synthase, prior to ischemia, significantly (p < 0.05) reduced NO release to 0.04 +/- 0.02 microM during MCA occlusion and completely inhibited NO release during 1 h of reperfusion. Administration of L-arginine 30 min after administration of L-NAME restored NO release (3.45 +/- 1.14 microM) during MCA occlusion; however, administration of L-arginine did not overcome the effect of L-NAME on mean arterial blood pressure. Our data indicate that NO is released in the brain after the onset of ischemia and NO levels can be modulated by administration of NO substrate and NO antagonists.
Determinants of bone mineral density in older men.

Although osteoporosis in men is increasingly recognized as an important health issue and bone mass appears to be a major determinant of fracture, there remain few data concerning the determinants of bone mass in men. To determine the correlates of bone density in men, we studied a large group of older subjects recruited from three rural communities in the northwestern United States. Three hundred and fifty-five men over the age of 60 years (mean 71.5 ± 7.4 years) without known disorders of mineral metabolism were recruited by community advertising. Bone mineral density was measured at the lumbar spine, proximal femur and radius by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and factors potentially related to skeletal status were assessed by direct measurements or questionnaire. In univariate analyses weight (positively) and age (negatively) were associated with bone density. After adjustment for these two factors, alcohol intake, osteoarthritis and thiazide use were associated with higher bone density, while previous fractures, gastrectomy, peptic ulcer disease, rheumatoid arthritis, glucocorticoid use, hypertension, previous hyperthyroidism, height loss since age 20 years, chronic lung disease and smoking were related to lower density. In multivariate models, only weight and a history of cancer were related to higher bone mass, and age, previous fracture, rheumatoid arthritis, gastrectomy and hypertension were associated with lower density. These data contribute to the emerging field of osteoporosis in men, and may help in the clinical identification of men at higher risk of osteopenia.
NUCLEAR CHARGE RADII FROM H TO Pb

The application of a new model on the charge radii for the most abundant isotopes of all elements from H to Pb is presented. The model (presented in detail elsewhere) constitutes a successful extension of the independent particle shell-model to incorporate ground state properties. The majority of radii so derived are almost within the experimental errors.
Transport characteristics of dehydrogenated ammonia borane and sodium borohydride spent fuels

Abstract Ammonia borane (AB) and sodium borohydride (SBH) are candidate materials for on-board hydrogen storage that can be dehydrogenated upon demand. The rheological properties of the dehydrogenated by-products are important to quantify their removal and transportability from the hydrogen storage system. This paper presents visco-elastic property (elastic stiffness and viscous damping) measurements of the spent fuels obtained from AB hydrolysis, hydrothermolysis and thermolysis; and SBH hydrolysis. Smaller stiffness and larger mobility (or smaller viscous damping) indicate better transportability of the spent fuel. In addition, flow property (dynamic angle of repose and avalanching time) measurements for the hydrolysis spent fuels of AB and SBH are also presented. Comparing with the SBH hydrolysis spent fuel, the AB hydrolysis spent fuel had a lower stiffness and larger mobility, as well as lower angles of dynamic repose and avalanche power peaks, indicating that it is more transportable. Among all the investigated AB spent fuels in the present study, those obtained from its neat thermolysis (at 120 °C) and hydrothermolysis (40–70 wt%) were found to be the most transportable, followed by-products of its hydrolysis and ionic solvent-aided thermolysis, respectively.
Nucleotide sequence of the trpD and trpC genes of salmonella typhimurium

We have completed the nucleotide sequence determination of trpD and trpC, the second and third genes of the trp operon of Salmonella typhimurium. These genes encode two bifunctional proteins thought to have arisen by gene fusions: the trpD polypeptide contains the glutamine amido transferase and the phosphoribosyl anthranilate transferase activities, and the trpC protein possesses the N-(5'-phosphoribosyl)-anthranilic acid isomerase and the indole-3-glycerol phosphate synthetase activities. The trpD gene consists of 1593 nucleotides encoding 531 amino acids, and possesses an internal promoter (p2) located within a region from about 1400 to 1441 of the nucleotide sequence. The trpC gene contains 1356 nucleotides encoding 452 amino acids. In this paper we compare the trpD and trpC genes of S. typhimurium to those of Escherichia coli with respect to codon usage, nucleotide and amino acid conservation, p2 promoter characteristics and intercistronic regions. The sequence of the two genes we present here completes the sequence determination of the trp operon of S. typhimurium and should prove useful in comparisons with the E. coli trp operon and in future studies of operon structure in S. typhimurium.
Beta endorphin levels during heroin, methadone, buprenorphine, and naloxone challenges: preliminary findings.

Abstract Beta endorphin (BE) is a polypeptide agonist for the brain's endogenous opioid system. Levels of BE are elevated by opioid antagonists such as naloxone and depressed by short-acting agonists such as heroin and morphine; they become normalized during steady-state methadone. Buprenorphine (BUP) is a partial opioid agonist whose effects on BE levels were examined in six former heroin addicts and 14 methadone-maintained patients before and after being switched to sublingual BUP 2 mg daily for 1 month. In six former methadone-treated subjects BE levels also were measured after stopping BUP and after naloxone challenge. Levels of BE were not significantly lower in subjects started on BUP after stopping heroin (n = 6) (8.0 versus 8.1 ng/ml) or in subjects started on BUP after stopping methadone (n = 14) (11.6 vs 15.6 ng/ml). However, BE levels were lower on BUP than after naloxone challenge (n = 6) (7.0 versus 34.9 ng/ml). Levels of BE did not significantly change between the first 2 weeks (“early”) and “later,” although BE levels on methadone significantly correlated with BE levels on BUP in the “early” but not the “later” phase. The BE levels on BUP also did not differ from BE levels of unmedicated normals.
Edge Detection For Tactile Sensing

An edge detection algorithm for use with tactile sensors is presented in this paper. The algorithm is based on the physical properties of the tactile sensor and tactile data. In addition, the algorithm is computationally efficient, and is thus suitable for real-time data processing. Experimental results from the application of this algorithm to a Lord LTS-210 tactile array sensor are presented. Further, observations about the use of a tactile sensor in a system are discussed. The proposed algorithm is a part of a real-time controller, implemented on CMU DD Arm II, that uses a tactile sensor in the feedback loop.
Focus on molecules: tear lipocalin.

1. Structure Tear lipocalin, or von Ebner’s gland protein, tear specific prealbumin, (GenBank Accession Number: BC074925; Ref Seq ID: NM_002297; PDB ID: 3EYC, 1XKI) is a 17.45 kDa member of a superfamily christened lipocalins because lipophiles are enclosed within their cup shaped cavity or calyx. Tear lipocalin is the predominant lipid carrier in human tears and is critical to functions involving lipids in protection of the ocular surface. The protein exploits a number of structural elements to bind an extremely broad range of ligands that includes a variety of lipids with long alkyl chains, charged moieties, and even polycyclic structures. At ~75 μM, tear lipocalin is second only to lysozyme as the most concentrated protein in human tears. Lipocalin-1 (LCN-1), the name of the gene that encodes tear lipocalin, resides in a lipocalin gene cluster on chromosome 9q34. Two other genes LCN1b and LCN1c are not translated. Three isoforms have been consistently identified in protein sequence data and mass spectrometry in human tears. Genetic polymorphism is unlikely to be the source of these isoforms; at least three laboratories have found only one identical cDNA sequence in several tissues. Mass spectrometry and protein sequencing data combined with the inter-study variability of other isoforms suggest proteolytic action on the major isoform may account for the other forms. In one study tear lipocalin was proffered as the predominant phosphoprotein in tears although phosphorylation of the major isoforms was not evident by mass spectrometry in another study.
The Book of the Year

The Book of the Year. Munroe S. Edmonson. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1988. + 313 pp., figures, maps, bibliography, $40.00 (cloth). ISBN 0-87480-288-1.
Mechanism of peptide hydrolysis by co-catalytic metal centers containing leucine aminopeptidase enzyme: a DFT approach

In this density functional theory study, reaction mechanisms of a co-catalytic binuclear metal center (Zn1–Zn2) containing enzyme leucine aminopeptidase for two different metal bridging nucleophiles (H2O and –OH) have been investigated. In addition, the effects of the substrate (l-leucine-p-nitroanilide → l-leucyl-p-anisidine) and metal (Zn1 → Mg and Zn2 → Co, i.e., Mg1–Zn2 and Mg1–Co2 variants) substitutions on the energetics of the mechanism have been investigated. The general acid/base mechanism utilizing a bicarbonate ion followed by this enzyme is divided into two steps: (1) the formation of the gem-diolate intermediate, and (2) the cleavage of the peptide bond. With the computed barrier of 17.8 kcal/mol, the mechanism utilizing a hydroxyl nucleophile was found to be in excellent agreement with the experimentally measured barrier of 18.7 kcal/mol. The rate-limiting step for reaction with l-leucine-p-nitroanilide is the cleavage of the peptide bond with a barrier of 17.8 kcal/mol. However, for l-leucyl-p-anisidine all steps of the mechanism were found to occur with similar barriers (18.0–19.0 kcal/mol). For the metallovariants, cleavage of the peptide bond occurs in the rate-limiting step with barriers of 17.8, 18.0, and 24.2 kcal/mol for the Zn1–Zn2, Mg1–Zn2, and Mg1–Co2 enzymes, respectively. The nature of the metal ion was found to affect only the creation of the gem-diolate intermediate, and after that all three enzymes follow essentially the same energetics. The results reported in this study have elucidated specific roles of both metal centers, the nucleophile, indirect ligands, and substrates in the catalytic functioning of this important class of binuclear metallopeptidases.
Prior knowledge does not facilitate the perceptual organization of dynamic random-dot patterns

Three classes of models for the origins of perceptual organization—linear independence, cognitive facilitation, and self-organization—were tested by evaluating the effects of stimulus unccrtainty and pattern coherence on the detection of coherent motion in dynamic random-dot patterns. Stimulus patterns consisted of two successive frames of randomly positioned dots in which motion was perceived when the dot positions in successive frames were correlated and displaced. The number of alternative directions axed locations of motion and the degree of coherences correlation) between the two successive frames were manipulated. The effects of stimulus uncertainty were less than predicted by cognitive facilitation models and were less than predicted by one linear independence model Ichoice theory), although similar to the predictions of another linear model (the Peterson, Birdsall, & Fox, 1954, approximation of the optimum Gaussian model). Small, but significant, tendencies toward self-organization rather than linear independence of perceived motion in neighboring locations were indicated by a nonlinear effect of coherence on detection accuracy and by the superior detectability of the direction as compared with the location of motion.