cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of dopamine, norepinephrine or phenylephrine on the prevention of hypotension in isoflurane-anesthetized cats administered vatinoxan or vatinoxan and dexmedetomidine

Abstract Objective To determine the dose of phenylephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine necessary to maintain mean arterial pressure (MAP) within 70–80 mmHg during administration of isoflurane, isoflurane and vatinoxan and isoflurane, vatinoxan and dexmedetomidine at three plasma concentrations. Study design Randomized crossover experimental study. Animals A group of five adult healthy neutered male cats. Methods Instrumentation occurred during anesthesia with isoflurane in oxygen. Isoflurane end-tidal concentration was set to 1.25 × minimum alveolar concentration (MAC). Phenylephrine, norepinephrine or dopamine was administered to maintain MAP 70–80 mmHg. A target-controlled infusion system was used to administer vatinoxan at a target plasma concentration of 1 μg mL−1 and three dexmedetomidine concentrations (5, 10 and 20 ng mL−1). Isoflurane concentration was altered to maintain an equivalent 1.25 MAC. Heart rate, arterial blood pressure, central venous pressure, pulmonary artery pressure, pulmonary artery occlusion pressure, body temperature, arterial and mixed-venous blood gas, cardiac output and drug concentrations were measured at baseline (isoflurane alone), during vatinoxan administration, and during administration of vatinoxan and dexmedetomidine at the three target concentrations. Results MAP 70 mmHg at the 20 ng mL−1 target dexmedetomidine concentration in most cats. Conclusion and Clinical Relevance Norepinephrine and phenylephrine, but not dopamine, are effective to prevent hypotension in isoflurane-anesthetized cats administered dexmedetomidine and vatinoxan.
Pregnancy Outcomes in Infertile Couples

The use of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) is increasing worldwide. Though most ART pregnancies are uncomplicated and result in the birth of healthy children, it should be noted that some ART pregnancies are at higher risk for adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes as compared to spontaneously conceived pregnancies. For many of these outcomes, it is not clear whether and to what extent observed complications are related to ART procedures themselves vs. the underlying condition(s) impairing fertility. Additional research is needed, keeping in mind specific methodological challenges.
Immunofluorescence studies on cartilage matrix synthesis: the synthesis of link protein, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan monomer and type II collagen

Abstract A comparison of the synthesis and deposition of fibrous type II collagen and the constituents of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) aggregates, CSPG monomer and link protein, was made for chicken sternal chondrocytes in culture, using simultaneous double immunofluorescence and lectin localization. Chondrocytes deposited only CSPG constituents—and not type II collagen—into the extracellular matrix (ECM). Intracellular precursors of CSPG monomer were localized primarily in perinuclear regions, but were observed in other cytoplasmic vesicles as well. Link protein antibodies stained the same intracellular structures, but stained the perinuclear cytoplasm less intensely. In contrast, type II procollagen was distributed in vesicles throughout the cytoplasm and was clearly absent from the distinctive, CSPG precursor-containing vesicles. Fluorescence-labelled lectins were used to further identify intracellular membrane compartments. Wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) and Ricinus lectins (which recognize carbohydrates added in the Golgi) stained the perinuclear cytoplasm, while concanavalin A (conA) (which recognizes mannose-rich oligosaccharides added co-translationally) stained vesicles throughout the rest of the cytoplasm and not the perinuclear cytoplasm. The distinctive CSPG-containing vesicles were not stained with WGA or Ricinus agglutinins. Data presented elsewhere demonstrate that the vesicles do not react with monoclonal antibodies which recognize chondroitin sulfate (CS) or keratan sulfate (KS) determinants [1, 2]. Thus, we conclude that the vesicles accumulate CSPG precursors which have not been modified by Golgi-mediated processes. The data indicate that matrix molecules may be segregated selectively prior to transit through the Golgi complex. The co-distribution of link protein and CSPG monomer precursors in vesicles prior to further, Golgi-mediated modification may reflect an as yet undetermined function of these vesicles in the processing or assembly of CSPG.
Hacking as Politically Motivated Digital Civil Disobedience: Is Hacktivism Morally Justified?

I consider the issue of whether and when electronic civil disobedience (or hacktivism) is morally impermissible. First, I argue that, in an otherwise legitimate state, civil disobedience is morally justified or excusable only in narrowly defined circumstances. Second, I attempt to identify a reliable framework for evaluating civil disobedience that weighs the social and moral values against the social and moral disvalues. Third, I apply this framework to acts of hacktivism. I argue that hacktivism is impermissible insofar as such acts result in significant harms to innocent third-parties or insofar the persons responsible for such acts conceal their identities to avoid the potential legal consequences.
A conserved ring of charge in mammalian Na+ channels: a molecular regulator of the outer pore conformation during slow inactivation

The molecular mechanisms underlying slow inactivation in sodium channels are elusive. Our results suggest that EEDD, a highly conserved ring of charge in the external vestibule of mammalian voltage-gated sodium channels, undermines slow inactivation. By employing site-directed mutagenesis, we found that charge alterations in this asymmetric yet strong local electrostatic field of the EEDD ring significantly altered the kinetics of slow inactivation gating. Using a non-linear Poisson–Boltzmann equation, quantitative computations of the electrostatic field in a sodium channel structural model suggested a significant electrostatic repulsion between residues E403 and E758 at close proximity. Interestingly, when this electrostatic interaction was eliminated by the double mutation E403C + E758C, the kinetics of recovery from slow inactivation of the double-mutant channel was retarded by 2500% compared to control. These data suggest that the EEDD ring, located within the asymmetric electric field, is a molecular motif that critically modulates slow inactivation in sodium channels.
Quantification of Residential Energy Consumption Reduction Using Glass-Modified Asphalt Shingle

AbstractThe urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon is defined as the differences in temperatures between urban and rural areas caused by the thermal properties of urban materials, urban geometry, and air pollution. Rooftops are playing a vital role in urban sustainability efforts and mitigating the UHI effect. Continuing these efforts, a study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of using recycled broken and waste glass cullet in the production of asphalt shingles to mitigate heat island effects and reduce building energy consumption by increasing the reflectivity of the roof asphalt shingles. To achieve this objective, shingle samples were prepared with and without glass cullet and the Solar Reflectance Index (SRI) of the specimens was measured based on ASTM E1980-11. The SRI of the asphalt shingles prepared with glass cullet and a white pigment powder was found to be 30, whereas it was 0 for the asphalt shingles without glass cullet. A three-dimensional transient finite-element (FE) model was formula...
Changes in Insulin Sensitivity Associated with Puberty † 461

This study examined insulin sensitivity at each Tanner (T) stage of puberty in normal children to determine the natural history of insulin resistance in this age group. Participants were randomly selected from a cohort of 12,024 5th-8th grade public school students. Data represent cross-sectional evaluation of the first 318 participants (172 boys, 146 girls). Insulin sensitivity (M, mg/kg/min) was determined by the euglycemic insulin clamp method in which insulin was infused at a rate of 1mU/kg/min for 3h. A variable infusion of 20% dextrose maintained the serum glucose level at 100 mg/dl. At all T stages, M was lower in girls than boys. Insulin sensitivity decreased through the early stages of puberty in both sexes and improved after T3 in girls while remaining relatively constant after T3 in boys. BMI was inversely proportional to M, and was the strongest predictor of M at all T stages in both sexes. For a given BMI, however, M was greater in T5 than T1 in both girls and boys, probably reflecting increased muscle mass with maturity.
Automated optimisation of reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography separations

Abstract In previous publications it has been shown that the sequential simplex procedure can be used to direct the optimisation of a wide variety of separations in liquid chromatography. It is now shown that the performance of simplex optimisation in reversed-phase chromatography can be improved by restricting the area over which it searches for the optimum mobile phase composition. The restricted area is determined from an initial gradient elution separation of the mixture under study.
Mentoring and social skills training: Ensuring better outcomes for youth in foster care

Youth in foster care face significant life challenges that make it more likely that they will face negative outcomes (i.e., school failure, homelessness, and incarceration). While the reason(s) for out-of-home placement (i.e., family violence, abuse, neglect and/or abandonment) provide some context for negative outcomes, such negative outcomes need not be a foregone conclusion. In fact, interventions created to serve at-risk youth could ostensibly address the needs of youth in foster care as well, given that they often face similar social, emotional, and other challenges. Specifically, the author posits that supporting foster care youth through the use ofmentoring and social skills training could reduce the negative outcomes far too common for many of these youth.
Conundrum: A negative crossmatch in a patient with high level donor specific antibody

With the advent of sensitive luminex single antigen bead (SAB) antibody testing, virtual crossmatches have become reliable ways to predict and eliminate incompatible donor-recipient pairs. In our laboratory, luminex SAB testing (One Lambda) has repeatedly shown that patient serum containing antibody levels with normalized median fluorescence intensity (MFI) values greater than 5000 will yield a positive flow crossmatch almost 95% of the time. We present a patient (EP) with high level Donor Specific Antibody (DSA) to DQ7 who had a negative crossmatch with her DQ7 positive donor. EP and her living donor (AH) did not match for any HLA antigens. Most of the crossmatching in our lab is performed prior to HLA typing, so the initial negative crossmatch between this pair was not noteworthy. However, following low resolution SSP typing by RT-PCR (Linkage Biosciences), donor AH typed phenotypically for DQ7. Since EP was known to have DQ7 antibodies by both luminex ID and SAB (MFI = 8241) assays, it was predicted that this crossmatch would be positive. The flow crossmatch between EP and AH, however, was B and T cell negative, with a B cell delta channel shift (DCS) of only 13. Higher resolution typing by SSP and SSO (One Lambda) was then performed to confirm and elucidate the class II, specifically DQB, typing. Interestingly, AH was shown to be DQB1∗03:03, DQB1∗03:19 which is phenotypically DQ9, DQ7 or DQ9, – (presumably no serological equivalent or weakly expressed antigen). The SAB assay has five DQ7 beads, all of which contain antigens isolated from DQB1∗03:01 cells, but with different DQA associations. With this information, it was not surprising that this pair’s crossmatch was negative. Additional surrogate crossmatches were then performed with EP sera against known DQB1∗03:01 and DQB1∗03:19 typed cells. Two cells expressing DQB1∗03:01 had positive B cell crossmatches with DCS of 106 and 120, while two cells which typed as DQB1∗03:19 had negative B cell crossmatches (DCS = 44 and 9). This particular donor-recipient pair emphasizes that virtual crossmatches, while valuable, cannot be considered accurate for every donor and recipient. Further studies need to be performed to determine the clinical significance of a negative crossmatch in the presence of DSA to closely related, at the allelic level, HLA antigens.
Is Fecal Leukocyte Test a good predictor of Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea

Fecal leukocyte test (FLT) is widely used to screen for invasive diarrheas including C. difficile associated diarrhea (CDAD), which account for more than 25 % of all antibiotic associated diarrhea. 263 stool samples from patients with suspected CDAD were studied simultaneously for fecal leukocyte test (FLT) and Clostridium difficile toxin assay (CDTA). FLT was performed by the Giemsa technique and CDTA was performed by enzyme immuno assay (EIA). Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of FLT as compared to CDTA were 30%, 74.9%, 13.2% and 89.3% respectively. Considering the poor sensitivity of FLT, and the comparable cost and time of obtaining a CDTA at our institution, we conclude that FLT is not a good screening test for CDAD. Possible reasons for FLT being a poor predictor of CDTA are discussed.
The use of a dry combustion infrared instrumental technique to determine total and organic carbon in California soils

Abstract A simple, reliable, method for determining both total and organic carbon in California soils using a dry combustion technique has been developed. Five soils of widely varying carbon contents were selected from locations in California and their total carbon and organic carbon content determined using a modified Dohrmann Carbon Analyzer (Model No. DC‐85A).The carbon analyzer was modified by the inclusion of an expansion chamber, which allowed for the determination of > 160 μg total carbon. A temperature differential method was developed to identify both the organic and, by difference, carbonate‐carbon components of each soil sample. Data obtained by this method compared favorably with determinations of organic carbon derived from a rapid dichromate oxidationlltralion technique.
Lidar telescope overlap function and effects of misalignment for unstable resonator transmitter and coherent receiver

Effects of lidar telescope overlap function modeling on the accuracy of aerosol backscatter measurements are discussed. The treatment pertains primarily to a lidar arrangement which combines high sensitivity and a large degree of geometrical signal compression but places stringent requirements on the accuracy of the overlap function modeling - coherent IR lidar with noncoaxial (side-by-side) transmit and receive telescopes. A model is presented which includes an unstable resonator transmitter and accommodates both coaxial and noncoaxial arrangements, and comparison is made to experimental results including effects of misalignment.
Polydrug use and implications for longitudinal research: ten-year trajectories for heroin, cocaine, and methamphetamine users.

A typical approach to categorizing substance users for epidemiologic purposes or to identify substance use problems at treatment admission is by indicating the primary substance used and/or for which treatment is sought. But does such singular focus on the primary drug limit the validity of conclusions from longitudinal analysis of drug use patterns over time? This analysis combined data from five longitudinal studies conducted in California and examined 10-year patterns of heroin, cocaine, methamphetamine (meth), marijuana, and alcohol use for primary users of heroin (n = 629), cocaine (n = 694), and meth (n = 474). Results suggest relatively low levels of use of non-primary heroin, cocaine, and meth, but moderate levels of alcohol and marijuana use. Growth models showed declining primary drug levels for heroin and meth users and relatively consistent levels over 10 years for cocaine users, while levels of non-primary drugs remained at consistently low levels or declined in tandem with the primary drug. Results indicate that group descriptions of primary heroin, cocaine, or meth use trajectories over time may present valid information about drug use patterns in general.
Shiga toxin-1 regulation of cytokine production by human proximal tubule cells

Shiga toxin-1 regulation of cytokine production by human proximal tubule cells. Background Interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) levels are elevated in kidneys of patients with post-diarrheal hemolytic uremic syndrome (D+HUS) and may contribute to renal dysfunction. The renal cellular sources of these inflammatory cytokines in D+HUS are largely unknown, however, the proximal tubule has emerged as a potentially important candidate. Since Shiga toxin-1 (Stx-1) has been implicated in the genesis of D+HUS, we examined the effect of Stx-1 on cytokine production by human proximal tubule cells. Methods Stx-1 cytotoxicity, protein synthesis inhibition, and effect on IL-1, IL-6, and TNF protein release and mRNA levels were determined. The effect of another protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide (CHX), on these parameters was also evaluated. Results Stx-1 greatly increased TNF release and mRNA levels while CHX, at concentrations that produced similar inhibition of protein synthesis, had no effect on TNF production. In contrast, Stx-1 and CHX caused comparable elevations in IL-1 release and mRNA accumulation. Stx-1 and CHX also stimulated IL-6 mRNA accumulation, but only at concentrations that either were cytotoxic or substantially blocked protein synthesis. Finally, lipopolysaccharide, which is likely to be elevated in the circulation of patients with D+HUS, had no effect alone, but synergized with Stx-1 to increase IL-1 production. Conclusions These results indicate that Stx-1 stimulates proximal tubule inflammatory cytokine production and that this effect is due partially to nonspecific induction of mRNA levels as well as activation of Stx-1-specific mechanisms.
Abrupt deglaciation events and Holocene palaeoceanography from high‐resolution cores, Cartwright Saddle, Labrador Shelf, Canada

The uppermost Quaternary sediments in Cartwright Saddle, Labrador Shelf, are acoustically laminated, with reflectors that can be traced over long distances. Two piston cores from the saddle record changes in sediment and meltwater delivery from the northeast margin of the Laurentide Ice Sheet (LIS) during deglaciation. Variations in sediment properties indicate a similar history of sediment accumulation over the last 12 kyr. The temporal sampling interval reaches decadal resolution in the last deglacial period 7–9 ka. Analyses of total carbonate content, sediment magnetic variables, foraminiferal species and stable isotope measurements on planktic foraminifers show that abrupt changes occurred ca. 10.9, 9.2, 8.8, 7.9 and 7 ka (with 450 yr correction). There was no distinct change in sediment character during much of the Younger Dryas chronozone. In the δ18O record, the 8.8 ka event is a dramatic 1‰ shift toward lower values, which we associate with the Noble Inlet glacial event within Hudson Strait. We do not see the pronounced low δ18O event at 7.1 ka reported off Nova Scotia, but surprisingly, neither the Nova Scotia records nor other records in the Labrador Sea capture the impressive 8.8 ka change. Serious consideration must be given to the final collapse of the LIS as the cause of the 8.2 cal. ka cold event recorded in Greenland and northwest Europe. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influencing customer’s purchase intentions through firm participation in online consumer communities

Today, many firms are striving to enhance customers’ purchase intentions by leveraging online consumer communities but a better understanding of the underlying phenomena is needed to guide their efforts most effectively. In this study we analyse how three hotel firms engage potential customers through FlyerTalk, an online consumer community of frequent travellers (FlyerTalk.com). Our results suggest that for some firms, the frequency and perceived value of their participation are two important factors that can potentially be managed toward positive purchasing intention effects.
Behavioural developmental studies on four genera and several strains of mice.

Abstract The present study deals with the development and behaviour of the young of several genera and strains of mice. The animals studied were Microtus ochrogaster, Peromyscus maniculatus Bairdii, Onychomys leucogaster and three strains of Mus, Mus musculus ‘Mo.’ (a wild type), Mus musculus CF-I, and Mus musculus C57BL 6J . The first 20 days of life were investigated in regard to changes in maternal defence, weight gain, the appearance of fur and teeth, the ability to walk and right themselves, the behaviour of the neonate on a balancing wheel apparatus, and the maternal interest shown by the mother when the litter was returned to her. The results are discussed with particular attention to the emerging behavioural profiles of the adults. The order of occurrence of various traits was relatively constant across the genera with a few exceptions. The differences between the herbivorous genera and Onychomys and the importance of a longer period of interaction within the nest for the carnivorous and omnivorous commensals were noted with regard to the behavioural profiles of the adults.
Haematological effects of the C282Y HFE mutation in homozygous and heterozygous states among subjects of northern and southern European ancestry.

Summary. High frequencies of the C282Y and H63D mutations of the HFE gene occur in European populations, even though homozygous and compound heterozygous states are associated with hereditary haemochromatosis, which is a disease that decreases fitness. This suggests that heterozygotes may possess a selective advantage. HFE mutations increase iron absorption in patients with haemochromatosis, and the mean transferrin saturations and ferritin levels are mildly increased in heterozygotes, suggesting that HFE mutations may protect against iron depletion and iron deficiency anaemia. In this study of 23 681 Caucasian adults, mean transferrin saturation, serum ferritin and haemoglobin levels were significantly higher in subjects carrying HFE mutations compared with wild types. Analysed by ethnicity, mean haemoglobin and mean erythrocyte volume (MCV) were significantly lower in those with a southern versus northern European ancestry. C282Y mutation carriers had an increased mean haemoglobin level in both ethnic groups. Prevalence of non-anaemic iron deficiency was significantly lower among female carriers of the C282Y mutation compared with HFE wild types. However, prevalence of frank iron deficiency anaemia did not differ significantly among genotypes. Quantile:quantile plots showed a small but significant upward shift in the mid-range of the haemoglobin distribution among C282Y mutation carriers that was consistent with an increased mean haemoglobin level without significant changes in the anaemic range.
SNARE proteins regulate H(+)-ATPase redistribution to the apical membrane in rat renal inner medullary collecting duct cells.

The interaction of soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) proteins provides the necessary steps for vesicle docking fusion. In inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD) cells, acid secretion is regulated in part by exocytotic insertion and endocytotic retrieval of an H+-ATPase to and from the apical membrane. We previously suggested a role for SNARE proteins in exocytotic insertion of proton pumps in IMCD cells. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether SNARE proteins are associated with the 31-kDa subunit of H+-ATPase in IMCD cells during exocytosis and to determine the effects of clostridial toxins on SNARE-mediated trafficking of H+-ATPase. Cell acidification induced a marked increment of H+-ATPase in the apical membrane. However, pretreating cells with clostridial toxins blocked the cellular translocation of the 31-kDa subunit. Immunoprecipitation of IMCD cell homogenate, using antibodies against either the 31-kDa subunit of H+-ATPase or vesicle-associated membrane protein-2, co-immunoprecipitated N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor, α-soluble NSF attachment protein (α-SNAP), synaptosome-associated protein-23, syntaxin, and vesicle-associated membrane protein-2. Pretreatment with clostridial toxin resulted in reduced co-immunoprecipitation of H+-ATPase and syntaxin. These experiments document, for the first time, a putative docking fusion complex in IMCD cells and a physical association of the H+-ATPase with the complex. The sensitivity to the action of clostridial toxin indicates the docking-fusion complex is a part of the exocytotic mechanism of the proton pump.
Reflections on Gender and Hillary Clinton's Presidential Campaign: The Good, the Bad, and the Misogynic

I began the 2008 campaign season without much academic interest in Hillary Clinton’s campaign. As a political scientist whose work focuses on gender and U.S. politics, and as a senior scholar at the Center for American Women and Politics (CAWP), I knew I would spend considerable time talking to the press about Hillary Clinton. And I certainly understood the historic nature of Clinton’s candidacy — that she was taking the next big step toward putting a woman in the White House by actually entering and running through the primaries, something no woman had done since Shirley Chisholm entered some primaries and had her name placed in nomination at the Democratic convention back in 1972. On a personal level, I was certainly supportive of Hillary Clinton’s candidacy. In fact, I always expected that the first woman candidate to make a sustained and serious run at the White House might well look a lot like Margaret Thatcher — that is, that she would be a Republican, ideologically conservative, and an opponent of much of the agenda of organized feminism. Perhaps it is all a matter of expectations, but since I was expecting Margaret Thatcher to show up,
JOHN WESLEY COULTER, 1893–1967

(1970). JOHN WESLEY COULTER, 1893–1967. Annals of the Association of American Geographers: Vol. 60, No. 1, pp. 185-188.
Search strategy switching: cost model and an analysis of backtracking

Test generation algorithms contain search strategies which are used to control decision making when the algorithm encounters a choice of signal value, or what action to perform next. Our study of traditional search strategies used in automatic test pattern generation has led us to the observation that no single strategy is superior for all faults in a circuit and all circuits. Further experimentation led to the conclusion that a combination of search strategies provides better fault coverage and/or faster ATPG for a given backtrack limit. Instead of using just one strategy up to the backtrack limit, a primary strategy is used for the first half of the backtrack limit, then a secondary strategy is used for the second half of the backtrack limit. This article presents a qualitative ATPG cost model based on the number of test generation events, uses this model to explain why search strategy switching is faster, and shows experimental evidence to verify both the cost model and search strategy switching theory. The experiments were performed with the ISCAS circuits and our implementation of the FAN algorithm.
Physicochemical factors in maternal-fetal distribution of drugs.

Abstract The time course of physiological disposition of a variety of drugs has been examined in pregnant rats using radiolabeled compounds and highly specific methods. The results indicate that the placental barrier in rats behaves as a lipoidal barrier towards positively charged and neutral drugs, while negatively charged drugs pass the placental barrier with comparative ease. Localization in fetal tissues is less pronounced that in corresponding maternal tissues for all drugs. Fetal and maternal plasma half-lives are similar for most of the compounds tested.
Ophthalmology Residency Match Outcomes for 2011

Purpose To determine the match rate and predictors of matching into an ophthalmology residency. Design Population-based, cross-sectional study. Participants All 746 candidates who submitted an application for the 2011 ophthalmology residency match. Methods The Ophthalmology Residency Matching Program applicant database was reviewed to determine applicant characteristics and match outcomes. For US seniors, multivariate regression analysis was performed to determine predictors of matching. Main Outcome Measures Match rate and predictors of US seniors matching. Results Rank lists were submitted by 622 applicants, among whom 458 (74%) matched. The match rate was higher for US seniors (83%) than for independent applicants (41%; P P P = 0.163). Conclusions Ophthalmology ranks among the most competitive specialties in medicine. Those most likely to match were US seniors who maintained academic excellence beginning in their preclinical years. A finite relationship exists between ranking a greater number of programs and having a greater chance of matching. Financial Disclosure(s) The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
The emotions of racialization: examining the intersection of emotion, race, and landscape through public housing in the United States

This paper analyzes racialization—the social construction of ‘race’ as a normative dimension of everyday life—and shows that emotion plays a central role in this process. My focus is the representation of post-World War II public housing, a key site of white-black racialization in the United States. Representations of filth, decay, and danger separate African-Americans from mainstream, white society as disturbingly different. I argue that this particular representation carries heavy emotional value, specifically that of disgust and fear. It is disgust and fear that racializes this landscape, giving meaning and force to an ideology that views African–Americans as inherently inferior to whites. Policy is framed by these emotions, impacting decisions made about public housing. I explore these ideas through contemporary representations of public housing by federal officials in Washington, DC and by newspapers in Charlotte, North Carolina as well as the federal program HOPE VI.
Towards the development of tamper-resistant, ground-based mobile sensor nodes

Mobile sensor nodes hold great potential for collecting field data using fewer resources than human operators would require and potentially requiring fewer sensors than a fixed-position sensor array. It would be very beneficial to allow these mobile sensor nodes to operate unattended with a minimum of human intervention. In order to allow mobile sensor nodes to operate unattended in a field environment, it is imperative that they be capable of identifying and responding to external agents that may attempt to tamper with, damage or steal the mobile sensor nodes, while still performing their data collection mission. Potentially hostile external agents could include animals, other mobile sensor nodes, or humans. This work will focus on developing control policies to help enable a mobile sensor node to identify and avoid capture by a hostile un-mounted human. The work is developed in a simulation environment, and demonstrated using a non-holonomic, ground-based mobile sensor node. This work will be a preliminary step toward ensuring the cyber-physical security of ground-based mobile sensor nodes that operate unattended in potentially unfriendly environments.
Neutral atom precipitation—a review

Abstract The production of energetic neutral atoms by charge exchange of ring current ions with neutral hydrogen in the geocorona was predicted many years ago, and there are now a number of measurements of the effect of the impact of these energetic atoms on the thermosphere. Theoretical models of the process have been developed. The latitude variation of the precipitating flux depends very much on the pitch angle distribution of the ions in the ring current, and on the L shell on which they are located. The production of a belt of trapped particles at low altitude near the magnetic equator may occur when neutral atoms re-ionize and become trapped on impacting the thermosphere, and this belt has been found in particle measurements near the equator and is enhanced during periods of magnetic activity. A region of enhanced optical emission due to precipitating neutrals is found in the thermosphere near the magnetic equator in both disturbed and quiet times, implying a low L value and/or pancake pitch angle distribution for the ring current particles that give rise to these neutrals. An isotropic pitch angle distribution is present in parts of the ring current at time during magnetic storms. This gives rise to neutral atom precipitation at all latitudes, and particularly of particles near 90° pitch angle in the region of SAR arc occurrence, about 10° in dip latitude equatorward of the isotropic region. The rate of energy deposition and the rate of production of ionization in the thermosphere depend on the ion species present in the ring current; their energy spectra, and on the distributions of the ions with L value and pitch angle. The rate of energy deposition may at times reach 10 −2 to 10 −1 mWm −2 , sufficient for significant heating and wind generation. The rate of production of ionization in the thermosphere at night may be much greater than that of other low latitude night-time ionization sources.
Metastatic carcinoma of the breast. An unusual presentation mimicking cutaneous vasculitis.

Cutaneous metastatic disease which clinically mimics a cutaneous vasculitis developed in a 53-year-old postmenopausal woman with Stage II adenocarcinoma of the breast. This unusual presentation is contrasted with the more common variants of cutaneous metastatic breast carcinoma. Cancer 59:1184-1186, 1987.
Diffraction of light from phase gratings at large modulation depths: transient-grating experiments in liquids at high laser powers.

Generation of transient gratings in weakly absorbing liquids with a high-power laser gives rise to changes in the fluid's index of refraction that are sufficiently large to produce both multiple diffraction of a probe laser beam and a time response anomaly. The coupled-wave approach to the solution of the volume diffraction problem is shown to predict the existence of high-order diffraction of the probe beam and the time dependence of the diffraction intensity of each order. In addition, criteria for the Raman–Nath and Bragg diffraction regimes are derived from the first-order, coupled-wave equations.
The Aberrant Salience Inventory: A new measure of psychosis proneness.

Aberrant salience is the unusual or incorrect assignment of salience, significance, or importance to otherwise innocuous stimuli and has been hypothesized to be important for psychosis and psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia. Despite the importance of this concept in psychosis research, no questionnaire measures are available to assess aberrant salience. The current research describes 4 studies designed to develop and validate the Aberrant Salience Inventory (ASI) as a measure of aberrant salience. In Study 1, an overinclusive item pool was subjected to an exploratory factor analysis, and items were kept or discarded based on factor loadings. In Study 2, the 5-factor structure of the ASI was confirmed with a confirmatory factor analysis, and a 2nd-order factor analysis found evidence consistent with a single higher order factor. Study 2 also provided support for the scale score's convergent validity as the ASI was strongly associated with psychosis-proneness measures and dissociation measures and moderately correlated with measures associated with levels of dopamine. This study also provided support for its discriminant validity as the ASI was only weakly associated with social anhedonia. Study 3 found that participants with elevated psychosis proneness had increased ASI scores, but in contrast, participants with elevated social anhedonia had similar scores to comparison participants. Finally, Study 4 found that participants with a history of psychosis had elevated ASI scores compared to a psychiatric comparison group. Overall, the ASI demonstrated sound psychometric properties and may be useful for measuring aberrant salience and psychosis proneness in clinical and nonclinical samples.
Bird energetics: effects of artificial radiation.

Radiant energy reduces oxygen consumption in birds; this reduction is correlated with feather color, being greater in dark birds (26 percent reduction) than in white ones (6 percent reduction). With radiant energy (basking), the cow-bird effectively increased its insulation, thus shifting the lower end of the zone of thermal neutrality down by as much as 10°C (35° to 25°C).
The role of C5a in hypersensitivity reactions in the lung

What role the complement system in general, and C5a in particular play in hypersensitivity reactions in the lung is unknown. A review of the available studies indicates that C5a can mimic hypersensitivity reactions in the lung by virtue of its ability to cause cell infiltration and edema in the lung, cause a short lived airway hyperreactivity and cause bronchoconstriction. Its ability to cause contraction of isolated airways and in vivo bronchoconstriction in the guinea-pig is due to the release of histamine and arachidonate metabolites, mediator systems similar to those evoked by antigen-antibody reactions in the guinea-pig lung. To begin to determine if C5a generation with complement system activation was an important contributor to antigen-induced bronchoconstriction, the response to antigen was assessed in animals depleted of complement by cobra venom factor and unresponsive to C5a. Unexpectedly, these animals responded to antigen with a much greater bronchoconstriction than did animals with an intact complement system. This suggested that an intact complement system was somehow important in limiting allergic bronchoconstriction or conversely that allergic bronchoconstriction might be heightened when preceded by complement system activation. Thus, the data implicates C5a and/or complement system activation as a modulator of antigen-induced bronchoconstriction rather than directly contributing to the bronchoconstrictor component of hypersensitivity reactions in the lung.
The sub-Coulomb 12C + 12C resonances in a microscopic 12C+12C,α+20Ne, 8Be+16O cluster basis

Abstract The low-J resonances in the Coulomb barrier region of the 12 C+12C system are investigated in the framework of a microscopic cluster model basis including 12C+12C, α+ 20Ne, and su8 Be+ 16O fragment decompositions. Calculations are carried out in an orthogonality condition model approximation in which Pauli-forbidden components are properly excluded from the basis but in which the interaction among cluster fragments is approximated by a local potential, obtained from a gaussian NN interaction by a folding procedure leading to both spherical and Q · Q terms. Only minor adjustments of overall strength and fall-off parameters are introduced to gain a consistent picture of the low-energy spectrum in the separate rearrangement channels. The basis includes cluster relative motion excitations with oscillator quanta from 12 to 20 and is not quite rich enough to give a detailed quantitative comparison between theory and experiment. Predicted excitation energies are too high by ~ 3 MeV and predicted 12C partial widths are too small to indicate a well-developed surface-peaked molecular character; but it does appear possible to identify a 5 MeV region as the potential seat of the 0+, 2+, 4+ resonances. The number and approximate spacing of the resonance fine structure components are in agreement with experiment.
Regulatory T-cell compartmentalization and trafficking

CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (CD4+ Treg cells) are thought to differentiate in the thymus and immigrate from the thymus to the periphery. Treg cells can regulate both acquired and innate immunity through multiple modes of suppression. The cross-talk between Treg cells and targeted cells, such as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and T cells, is crucial for ensuring suppression by Treg cells in the appropriate microenvironment. Emerging evidence suggests that Treg compartmentalization and trafficking may be tissue or/and organ specific and that distinct chemokine receptor and integrin expression may contribute to selective retention and trafficking of Treg cells at sites where regulation is required. In this review, the cellular and molecular signals that control specialized migration and retention of Treg cells are discussed.
Novel colorimetric method overcoming phosphorus interference during trace arsenic analysis in soil solution.

A sensitive (method detection limit, 2.0 µg As L−1) colorimetric determination of trace As(V) and As(III) concentrations in the presence of soluble phosphorus (P) concentrations in soil/water extracts is presented. The proposed method modifies the malachite green method (MG) originally developed for P in soil and water. Our method relies upon the finding that As(III) and As(V) do not develop the green color during P analysis using the MG method. When an optimum concentration of ascorbic acid (AA) is added to a sample containing up to 15 times P > As (µM) concentrations, the final sample absorbance due to P will be equal to that of As(V) molecules. The soluble As concentration can then be quantified by the concentration difference between the mixed oxyanion (As + P) absorbance (proposed method) and the MG method absorbance that measures only P. Our method is miniaturized using a 96-well microplate UV-VIS reader that utilizes minute reagent and sample volumes (120 and 200 µL sample−1, respectively), thus, minimizing waste and offering flexibility in the field. Our method was tested in a suite of As-contaminated soils that successfully measured both As and P in soil water extracts and total digests. Mean% As recoveries ranged between 84 and 117%, corroborating data obtained with high-resolution inductively-coupled plasma mass-spectrometry. The performance of the proposed colorimetric As method was unaffected by the presence of Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni, Fe, Al, Si, and Cr in both neutral and highly-acidic (ca. pH 2) soil extracts. Data from this study provide the proof of concept towards creating a field-deployable, portable As kit.
Distributed collaborative camera actuation for redundant data elimination in wireless multimedia sensor networks

Given the high cost of processing and communicating the multimedia data in wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs), it is important to reduce possible data redundancy. Therefore, camera sensors should only be actuated when an event is detected within their vicinity. In the meantime, the coverage of the event should not be compromised. In this paper, we propose a low-cost distributed actuation scheme which strives to turn on the least number of cameras to avoid possible redundancy in the multimedia data while still providing the necessary event coverage. The basic idea of this scheme is the collaboration of camera sensors that have heard from scalar sensors about an occurring event to minimize the possible coverage overlaps. This is done by either counting the number of scalar sensors or determining the event boundaries with scalar sensors. Through simulation, we show how the distributed scheme performs in terms of coverage under several centralized and random deployment schemes. We also compare the performance with the case when all the cameras in the vicinity are actuated and when blockages in the region exist.
Mental sets in conduct problem youth with psychopathic features: entity versus incremental theories of intelligence.

The purpose of the current study was to examine the effect of a motivational intervention on conduct problem youth with psychopathic features. Specifically, the current study examined conduct problem youths’ mental set (or theory) regarding intelligence (entity vs. incremental) upon task performance. We assessed 36 juvenile offenders with psychopathic features and tested whether providing them with two different messages regarding intelligence would affect their functioning on a task related to academic performance. The study employed a MANOVA design with two motivational conditions and three outcomes including fluency, flexibility, and originality. Results showed that youth with psychopathic features who were given a message that intelligence grows over time, were more fluent and flexible than youth who were informed that intelligence is static. There were no significant differences between the groups in terms of originality. The implications of these findings are discussed including the possible benefits of interventions for adolescent offenders with conduct problems and psychopathic features.
The Global Institutionalization of Health as a Social Concern: Organizational and Discursive Trends

Drawing from sociological neoinstitutionalism, this article considers the emergence and evolution of the global health system. Tracing the dates of the founding of health-related international orga...