cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Rejectaria niciasalis (Walker) Complex (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Herminiinae) and the Description of Three New Species

Three new species of Neotropical Herminiinae are described: Rejectaria sixola Goldstein new species, R. barbuti Goldstein new species, and R. olivenca Goldstein new species. All exhibit conspicuous white forewing pattern elements including a subterminal line interrupted between M1 and M2 by a visible wedge, and possess male androconia associated with wings, palpi, and legs, including a subcostal fold in the forewing, as well as scute-like cornuti in the vesica of the male genitalia. The new species share most of these characters with R. niciasalis Walker with which they form a species complex.
Humpback Whale Instigates Object Play with a Lion’s Mane Jellyfish

Cetaceans are well-known for their intelligence, charismatic nature, and curiosity. Many species, particularly odontocetes, are known to investigate and manipulate novel objects they encounter. Yet, disentangling the drivers of these behaviors and distinguishing between those that are simply playful and those which serve a specific function remains challenging due to a lack of direct observations and detailed descriptions of behaviors. This is particularly true for mysticetes such as humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae), as records of object use are far less common than in odontocetes. Here, we present evidence of novel object use from a first of its kind encounter between an individual humpback whale and a large lion’s mane jellyfish (Cyanea capillata) in the coastal waters off New England. We detail the interaction and discuss possible drivers for the behavior, with a focus on cetacean innovation, ectoparasite removal, and wound healing.
Writing That Makes Sense

The second edition of Writing That Makes Sense takes students through the fundamentals of the writing process and explores the basic steps of critical thinking. Drawing upon over twenty years of experience teaching college composition and professional writing, David S. Hogsette combines relevant writing pedagogy and practical assignments with the basics of critical thinking to provide students with step-by-step guides for successful academic writing in a variety of rhetorical modes. New in the second edition: • Expanded discussion of how to write effective thesis statements for informative, persuasive, evaluative, and synthesis essays, including helpful thesis statement templates. • Extensive templates introducing students to conventions of academic discourse, including integrating outside sources, interacting with other writers’ ideas, and dialoguing with multiple perspectives. • Examples of academic writing from different disciplines illustrating essay titles, abstracts, thesis statements, introductions, conclusions, and voice. • Expanded discussion of voice in academic writing, including an exploration of active and passive voice constructions in different disciplines and tips on how to edit for clarity. • A new chapter on writing in the disciplines. • Updated sample student papers. • New readings with examples of opposing views and multiple perspectives.
Intrauterine drug exposure as a risk factor for cerebral palsy.

AIM To determine whether infants with intrauterine drug exposure (IUDE) are similarly at risk for cerebral palsy (CP) as other high-risk populations, whether CP classification differs based on IUDE status, and describe the association of CP with specific substances among exposed infants. METHOD This was a retrospective analysis of infants in a high-risk follow-up program (n=5578) between January 2014 and February 2018 with a history of IUDE or who received a CP diagnosis. CP rates were compared using two-sample z-tests. CP classification was assessed using Fisher's exact, Cochran-Armitage, and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests. Models for CP risk were assessed using multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS Among all infants with IUDE (n=1086), 53.8% were male with a mean (SD) birth gestational age of 36.8 (3.6) weeks. Among unexposed infants with CP (n=259), 54.4% were male with a mean (SD) birth gestational age of 29.9 (5.7) weeks. Opioids were the most common exposure (93.7%) of all infants with IUDE. The CP rate in the IUDE (5.2%) and unexposed (5.7%) high-risk populations were not significantly different (p=0.168), nor were there differences in CP typology, topography, or severity between exposed (n=57) and unexposed (n=259) infants (all p>0.05). In patients with IUDE and after controlling for established CP risk factors, the observed odds of CP varied among substances. INTERPRETATION We suggest that IUDE should be considered a 'newborn-detectable risk' in the guidelines for the early detection of CP.
Thermistor Indicating Flowmeter for Low Flow Rates of Nitrogen and Hydrogen Gases

An indicating flowmeter utilizing thermistors in a bridge circuit was constructed and tested with low flow rates of dry nitrogen and hydrogen gases.
Orientalism and Islam: European Views of Islam and Their Correlation with Oriental Despotism

As summarized briefly in the introduction, commentary by Europeans on the nature of Eastern social and political systems was commingled with their conception of the Islamic religion, though their knowledge of it was imperfect. Criticism by Christians of its rival religion was voiced soon after the advent of Islam starting with St. John of Damascus in the late seventh century, who wrote of “the false prophet,” Muhammad. Rivalry, and often enmity, continued between the European Christian world and the Islamic world, whether the latter can be regarded as consisting of Islamic societies or societies only partly molded by Islam. For Christian theologians, the “Other” was the infidel, the Muslim. Despite changing Christian images of Islam it was generally regarded as theologically false and as the basis of a hostile, different, and dangerous civilization. Theological disputes in Baghdad and Damascus, in the eighth to tenth centuries, and in Andalusia up to the fourteenth century led Christian Orthodox and Byzantine theologians and rulers to continue seeing Islam as a threat. In the twelfth century, Peter the Venerable, the Abbot of Cluny, who had the Koran translated into Latin, regarded Islam as a Christian heresy and Muhammad as sexually self-indulgent and a murderer, and as a person who was not the Lord but a messenger. However, he called for the conversion, not the extermination, of Muslims.
How nutrition education can effect adolescents' food choices. 1. With and without 1 years's nutrition instruction. 2. With and without 2 years' nutrition instruction.

In this investigation nutrition education caused significant changes in food choices of young adolescent students, improvements were reported after one year of nutritional instruction, based on appraised needs and planned with the students and their parents, Two years of nutrition education resulted in considerably higher dietary scores than only one year's instruction, although results were not consistently better.
Expression of a single ICAM‐1 isoform on T cells is sufficient for development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) plays an important role in leukocyte trafficking, induction of cellular immune responses, and immunological synapse formation. As a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily of adhesion proteins, ICAM-1 is composed of repeating Ig-like domains, a transmembrane domain, and short cytoplasmic tail that participates in intracellular signaling events. At least seven ICAM-1 protein isoforms are generated by alternative splicing, however little is known regarding their immunobiology. We have previously shown using different lines of ICAM-1 mutant mice (Icam1tm1Jcgr and Icam1tm1Bay) that expression of alternatively spliced ICAM-1 isoforms can significantly influence the disease course during the development of EAE. In this study, we show using a newly developed transgenic mouse (CD2-Icam1D4del/Icam1null) that T-cell-specific expression of a single ICAM-1 isoform composed of Ig domains 1, 2, 3, and 5 can mediate the initiation and progression of EAE. Our results indicate that the ICAM-1 isoform lacking Ig domain 4 can drive pathogenesis in demyelinating disease and may be a novel therapeutic target for treating multiple sclerosis.
Hemin does not cause commitment of murine erythroleukemia (MEL) cells to terminal differentiation

The effect of hemin on the differentiation program of murine erythroleukemia (MEL) cells has been investigated. While hemin treatment does induce increased levels of globin mRNA and hemoglobin, it fails to lead to other biochemical changes associated with MEL cell differentiation induced by DMSO and thioguanine. These include increased levels of the nuclear protein IP25 and of the enzyme cytidine deaminase. Clonal analysis of hemin-treated cells revealed that unlike other inducers, hemin does not cause a reprogramming of MEL cells to a specific limitation of proliferative capacity. These observations suggest that hemin differs from DMSO and thioguanine in that it exerts specific effects on globin expression in MEL cells without triggering commitment to the terminal differentiation program.
Research Challenges in Planning and Scheduling for Enterprise-Wide Optimization of Process Industries

Abstract Enterprise-wide optimization (EWO) is a new emerging area that lies at the interface of chemical engineering and operations research, and has become a major goal in the process industries due to the increasing pressures for remaining competitive in the global marketplace. EWO involves optimizing the operations of supply, production and distribution activities of a company to reduce costs and inventories. A major focus in EWO is the optimization of manufacturing plants, which often requires the use of nonlinear process models. Major operational items include production planning, scheduling, and control. This paper provides an overview of major challenges in the development of deterministic and stochastic linear/nonlinear optimization models for planning and scheduling for the optimization of entire supply chains that are involved in EWO problems.
Fluid flow characteristics of single inclined circular jet impingement for ultra-fast cooling

The fluid flow characteristics of the single bunch inclined jet impingement were investigated with different jet flow velocities, nozzle diameters, jet angles and jet-to-target distances for ultra-fast cooling technology. The results show that the peak pressure varying significantly from nearly 0.5 to above 13.4 kPa locates at the stagnation point with different jet diameters, and the radius of impact pressure affected zone is small promoted from 46 to 81 mm in transverse direction, and 50 to 91 mm in longitude direction when the jet flow velocity changes from 5 to 20 m/s. However, the fluid flow velocity is relatively smaller near the stagnation point, and increases gradually along the radius outwards, then declines. There is an obvious anisotropic characteristic that the flow velocity component along the jet direction is about twice of the contrary one where the jet anlge is 60°, jet diameter is 5 mm, jet length is 8 mm and jet height is 50 mm.
Hybrid active/passive interaction control for robot manipulators

Motion control of robot manipulators is typically accomplished by sensing and regulating the positions of the joint actuators to cause the end-effector to follow a programmed trajectory. Unfortunately, position control schemes usually fail for tasks that require significant physical interaction between the robot and a workpiece. This restriction severely limits the scope of work that robots are able to do. A solution to this problem is to incorporate some form of compliance into the manipulator to compensate for positioning errors. Researchers have been focused on two principal methods of achieving manipulator compliance - passive mechanism synthesis and active force control - both of which have advantages and disadvantages. In this paper, the authors present recent advances in passive mechanism synthesis algorithms, and investigate the utility of combining a simple, passive mechanism with an active force control scheme to obtain a compliant manipulator with desirable characteristics for interaction control.
Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies: What Headache Specialists Need to Know

Background Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are now an important part of the treatment armamentarium for a wide range of conditions including cancer, autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases of the joint and bowel, transplant rejection, and multiple sclerosis. Significant progress over the last 30 years in the development of therapeutic mAbs has resulted in improved efficacy and safety. Monoclonal antibodies approved for the treatment of neurological illnesses so far are limited to use in multiple sclerosis. Several therapeutic mAbs have completed phase 2 clinical trials for migraine prevention, and there are phase 3 trials underway for migraine prophylaxis and for cluster headache at the time of this writing. Aim The purpose of this review is to discuss the characteristics of mAbs, including their mechanism of action and safety profile, and briefly describe the mAbs being evaluated for the prevention of migraine and cluster headaches. Summary Monoclonal antibodies have several features that distinguish them from small molecules, including very high selectivity, relatively long half-life that generally allows for once or twice monthly dosing, and significantly reduced potential for drug–drug interactions or other nontarget related toxicities. The clinical development of mAbs that target calcitonin gene-related peptide and its receptor is underway and will evaluate this promising new drug class for the prevention of migraine and cluster headache.
Reenvisioning Language Anxiety in the Globalized Classroom through a Social Imaginary Lens.

The last three decades have witnessed a notable growth in research on affect. Among the various affective variables, foreign language anxiety has been heavily studied. This interest in foreign language anxiety is consistent with increased attention to emotions in the neurosciences, cognitive psychology, and the social sciences. Instead of attempting to establish a grand unified theory on affect, this article focuses on and reenvisions the affective variable of language anxiety while recognizing that second language acquisition has benefited much from earlier research insights. In taking an interdisciplinary approach and drawing on the notion of the social imaginary, this study also seeks to expand the field's current theoretical horizon and respond to calls for epistemological diversity in the field of second language acquisition.
The influence of early extirpation of the otocysts on development of behavior of the chick

Previous investigations have shown that through day 15 of incubation behavior of the chick was not influenced by sensory input. Behavior of chick embryos after this period has been reported to be controlled by integration of stimuli at centers located in different regions of the central nervous system. In this investigation experiments were designed to determine when sensory input of the vestibular system demonstrates an overt influence on the development of behavior and to determine how integration of stimuli at different levels of the CNS was affected by early extirpation of the otocysts. Unilateral and bilateral extirpations of the chick otocysts were made on day 3 or 4 of the incubation period. Embryonic motility was qualitatively and quantitatively monitored through 15 weeks post-hatching. (Behavior of embryos was compared with unoperated controls and the ablated regions of the nervous system of experimentals were histologically compared with each other as well as with controls.) Primary losses of peripheral vestibular (inner ear) receptors and ganglia with little secondary degeneration of vestibular motor nuclei showed no influence on embryonic behavior until hatching. However, gross secondary degenerative changes of vestibular nuclei due to removal of the otocysts influenced behavior of the chick embryos around day 17. Presumably, the early acquisition of sensory capacity by the vestibular system does not influence the development of behavior until the end of the incubation period, but loss of interrelations between vestibular motor centers and other centers of the CNS influences behavior around day 17.
Cleft bicuspid aortic valve: the Achilles' heel of echocardiography?

In 2002, Thiene and co-workers reported the possibility that echocardiography might not be able to correctly differentiate a bicuspid valve with a median cleft (simulating a rudimentary commissure) from a true tricuspid valve. This is the only published report on this subject so far. In this brief report, we describe a similar case where transthoracic …
Factors in the Post‐Stalin Emergence of Soviet Sociology*

This paper attempts to analyze the social, economic, and political sources for the emergence of modern Soviet sociology in the 1950s. While it does not address extensively the characteristics of current Soviet sociology, it is suggested that those characteristics of a methodologically sophisticated and economically oriented sociology are largely the result of a compact between Soviet leaders and sociologists which allowed and required its post-Stalin emergence. Four sets of factors are evaluated in terms of their effect on the emergence of Soviet sociology. These are 1) the Marxist-Leninist vision (that is, the Utopian elements of ideology), 2) the Soviet ideology (that is, the elements of ideology oriented toward system maintenance), 3) the diffusion of ideas, and 4) the mandate of Soviet economic development. A brief evaluation of these sets of factors as they affect the emergence of Chinese sociology in the early 1980s is also provided. It is concluded that the future shape of sociology in the USSR and China is dependent upon the evolution of ideology in the two countries, an evolution that is intimately tied to the succession of political leadership.
An in Vitro Fluorescence Assay for the Detection of Drug-Induced Cytoplasmic Lamellar Bodies

An in vitro fluorescence approach to assessing lamellar body formation was investigated. Human foreskin fibroblasts (HFFs) were incubated with a fluorescent phosphatidylcholine analog, 1-acyl-2-(12...
Gender Differences in the Long-Term Outcomes of Infrainguinal Arterial Revascularization: Retrospective Multicenter Analysis

as initial indication for treatment who received BM stent were less likely to develop critical limb ischemia after stent occlusion (OR, 0.25; P 1⁄4 .016). Conclusions: Compared to BM stent use of CS in the treatment of advanced SFA and popliteal lesions is associated with higher primary patency rates. Patients are more likely to advance from claudication to critical limb ischemia after failure of a covered stent.
Expedited batch processing and analysis of transposon insertions

Background With advances in sequencing technology, greater and greater amounts of eukaryotic genome data are becoming available. Often, large portions of these genomes consist of transposable elements, frequently accounting for 50% or more in vertebrates. Each transposable element family may have thousands or tens of thousands of individual copies within a given genome, and therefore it can take an exorbitant amount of time and effort to process data in a meaningful fashion.
Intimate partner violence moderates the association between mother-infant adrenocortical activity across an emotional challenge

This study examined the relationship between mother and infant adrenocortical levels and reactivity to an emotion eliciting task. The impact of intimate partner violence (IPV) on these relationships was assessed as a moderator. The sample (n = 702 mother-infant dyads) was racially diverse and from predominantly low-income, rural communities. During a home visit, the dyad's saliva was sampled before, 20 min, and 40 min after standardized tasks designed to elicit the infant's emotional arousal and later assayed for cortisol. Mothers completed self-report measures of their partner's violence, and parenting behaviors were assessed via structured interview and mother-child interactions. In response to the task, infants had positive, and mothers had negative, cortisol slopes. Contrary to expectations, there were no IPV-related differences in mean pretask cortisol levels or reactivity in the mothers or infants. Mother-infant dyads from households characterized by either (1) violence or (2) restrictive and punitive parenting behaviors exhibited correlated cortisol reactivity measured in response to the infant challenge task. The findings suggest that social contextual features of the early caregiving environment may influence individual differences in the coordination between maternal and infant adrenocortical reactivity. Language: en
Endophytic lesions: a predictor of failure in laparoscopic renal cryoablation.

Background and Purpose: Laparoscopic renal cryoablation is an emerging minimally invasive management option for T1 renal lesions. In an analysis of patients treated with laparoscopic cryoablation for renal lesions, our objective was to compare the treatment outcomes in patients with exophytic/partially exophytic and endophytic (peripheral but completely intrarenal) lesions. Patients and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed medical records of 32 consecutive patients with anterior renal lesions who were treated with laparoscopic renal cryoablation between 2003 and 2005. Biopsy samples were obtained from the majority of lesions intraoperatively. The lesions were managed with 17 gauge needles and two freeze/thaw cycles. Follow-up was performed with CT scans at 3, 6, and 12 months, and then yearly. Treatment failures were defined as continued enhancement on CT or growth of the lesion. Statistical analysis was performed using t-test, correlative, and multiple regression analysis. Results: A total of 35 lesions ...
Multiple mechanisms by which glutamine synthetase levels are controlled in murine tissue culture cells

Abstract We report the isolation of a complimentary DNA (cDNA) clone encoding glutamine synthetase, derived from a population of methionine sulfoxime-resistant mouse GF1 fibroblasts. When GF1 cells are incubated for 48 h in the presence of the glucocorticoid hormone dexamethasone, the specific activity of glutamine synthetase (GS), assayed as glutamyltransferase activity, increases by threefold. Based on dot hybridization analysis, hormonal treatment also produces a similar increase in the level of GS mRNA. When GF1 cells or mouse Neuro 2A neuroblastoma cells are transferred from medium containing 4 m m glutamine to glutamine-free medium, glutamyltransferase activity increases by at least fivefold. However, the presence or absence or glutamine in the medium does not affect the relative level of glutamine synthetase mRNA in either cell line. With both GF1 and Neuro 2A cells, the half-time for the decline in glutamine synthetase enzyme activity on addition of glutamine to the medium is approximately 1.5 h. This rapid decline, coupled with the lack of effect of glutamine on the level of GS messenger RNA in Neuro 2A cells, renders it unlikely that neural cells alter glutamine synthetase levels in response to glutamine by a biosynthetic mechanism, as suggested by previous authors [ L. Lacoste, K. D. Chaudhary, and J. Lapointe (1982) J. Neurochem. 39, 78–85 ].
Effects of chemical disinfectants on the surface characteristics and color of denture resins.

Abstract Purpose. Because dentures are disinfected repeatedly and for various amounts of time, it was of clinical interest to determine whether chemical disinfectants altered the surface texture or inherent color. Material and Methods. Five chemical disinfectants (Clorox, Banicide, Cidex-7, Biocide, and Multicide) in combination with five denture resins (Dentsply reline material, Hygenic HyFlo, Hygenic Perm, Lucitone 199, and Triad VLC reline resin) were evaluated at four different times of immersion (10 minutes, 30 minutes, 24 hours, and 7 days). Changes from baseline for surface roughness and color were recorded. Surface roughness data were recorded with a surface analyzer. Color data in CIE L*a*b* color space were measured with a colorimeter. Data were analyzed with repeated-measures analysis of variance and single-factor analysis of variance. Results. Although statistical differences were demonstrated among disinfectants and resins for both measured parameters, the magnitudes of change in color and roughness was most often clinically insignificant. Conclusions. One disinfectant (Multicide) cannot be used on all five resins, and the remaining four disinfectants can be used on any of the five resins for up to a period of 30 minutes. All resins tested can be immersed in the four remaining disinfectants for up to 30 minutes without appreciable alteration to surface texture or color. Lucitone 199 resin can be immersed in any of the four disinfectants for up to 7 days without perceivable color change. (J Prosthet Dent 1997;77:197-204.)
Chemical weathering of layer silicate clays in loess-derived Tama silt loam of southwestern Wisconsin.

ABSTRACT Chemical weathering of layer silicate clay minerals in the major horizons of the Tama silt loam Prairie soil profile was followed down to 10 ft, where the calcareous parent loess was encountered, and on down to a depth of 13 ft. The predominant constituents of the clay fraction (— 2 μ) at all depths in the soil profile were montmorillonite (42 percent) and illite (20 percent), although vermiculite (12 percent), kaolinite (5 percent) and amorphous material (15 percent) were also in fair abundance. Deposition of secondary inter-layer alumina was appreciable in the uppermost soil horizons but became less in amount in the deeper soil horizons. Quartz was not found in the clay fractions of less than 0.2 μ in diameter at any depth in the soil profile, although both quartz and feldspars occurred in the coarse clay. Vermiculite decreased from about 18 percent in the coarse clay and 5 percent in the fine clay of the deeper calcareous horizons to small amounts toward the soil surface, disappearing altogether in the fine clay (— 0.08 μ). Little variation was found in the montmorillonite percentage of the clay in the subsoil and lower horizons (64 to 75 percent of the fine clay), but a decrease in the 18a diffraction intensity of montmorillonite concurrent with an increase in amorphous silica and alumina (15 to 27 percent of the fine clay) was observed in the upper, acid, soil horizons, suggesting that montmorillonite is not a stable weathering product in the latter. Elemental analyses of the fine clays showed about 1.1 out of 4 octahedral positions to be Fe, 2.5 to be A1, and 0.4 to be Mg. A slight decrease in Fe and increase in A1 in the montmorillonite octahedral structure occurred progressively in approaching the more intensely weathered zones near the soil surface. The results suggest that dioctahedral montmorillonite has formed to considerable extent in both the calcareous and noncalcareous horizons by chemical weathering of trioctahedral ferromagnesian mica, through a vermiculite intermediate stage. The decrease in amount of the silt fractions of density greater than 2.66 g/cm3 (found to be composed mainly of biotite, chlorite, and amphiboles) in going from the calcareous horizons toward the soil surface approximately equalled the increase in montmorillonite percentage of the soil, suggesting that montmorillonite of the loess originated by chemical weathering of the ferromagnesian minerals of the silt. The genesis of the loessial montmorillonite begins long before the free CaCO3 has been leached out (6 percent montmorillonite in the loess at 13ft) and continues to a maximum (14 percent) in the B horizon. Some eluviation of montmorillonite from the A horizon into the B horizon was evident.
Anesthesia for Patients on Buprenorphine

Opioid abuse is a devastating, costly, and growing problem in the United States, and one for which treatment can be complicated by barriers such as access to care and legal issues. Only 12% to 15% of the opioid-dependent population is enrolled in methadone maintenance programs. A significant breakthrough occurred with passage of the Drug Addiction Treatment Act of 2000 (DATA 2000). For the first time in approximately 80 years, physicians could legally prescribe opioid medications for the treatment of opioid addiction. The opiate, so designated, was buprenorphine (Subutex).
Mechanism of cell-cell adhesion complex assembly.

Abstract Cell–cell adhesion complexes play an important role in the organization and behavior of cells in tissues. An important step in the formation of such complexes is the clustering of the adhesion receptors; this is critical for proper adhesion, for anchorage of the cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane, and for generation of different intracellular signals. Recent advances reveal that several interconnected mechanisms are responsible for clustering of the different adhesion receptors.
Cochlear microphonics recorded from fetal and newborn sheep

Abstract Purpose: Sounds present within the uterus stimulate the fetal inner ear and central auditory pathway. This study was undertaken to determine the efficiency of transmission of exogenous airborne stimuli to the fetal inner ear. In this way, we may quantify the extent to which the fetal auditory system is isolated from sounds produced outside the mother. Materials and Methods: Cochlear microphonics were recorded from fetal and newborn sheep to evaluate the extent to which the fetus is isolated from sounds exogenous to the ewe. Electrodes were surgically placed in contact with the round window membrane in nine near-term fetal sheep. Cochlear microphonics were recorded in response to 1 3 octave-band noises (0.125 to 2.0 kHz) delivered through a loudspeaker 1.8 m from one side of the pregnant ewe. Sound pressure levels generated by the noises were simultaneously recorded ex utero with a microphone and in utero with a hydrophone previously sutured to the fetal neck. After cochlear microphonic amplitudes were recorded, the fetus was delivered through an abdominal incision. Recordings were repeated from the newborn lamb. Fetal sound isolation was calculated as the difference between the sound pressure levels that were necessary to evoke equal cochlear microphonic amplitudes from the fetus and from the newborn lamb. Results: The sound attenuation observed was variable for all frequencies. The fetus was isolated from external sounds by 11.1 dB for 0.125 kHz, 19.8 dB for 0.25 kHz, 35.3 dB for 0.5 kHz, 38.2 dB for 1.0 kHz, and 45.0 dB for 2.0 kHz. Conclusions: Other investigators have demonstrated that the immature auditory system is more susceptible to damage produced by noise exposure than is the mature auditory system. Low-frequency noise produces damaged cells that later in life code higher frequencies. A possibility of fetal hearing loss produced by intense noise exposure needs more careful evaluation.
Decomposition of Aluminum Hydride Under Solid Rocket Motor Conditions

The decomposition rate of aluminum hydride powder was measured at slightly elevated temperatures (400-500 K) using the pressure rise due to the released hydrogen. This information is important for understanding the combustion behavior of aluminum hydride when used in propellants and explosives. The thermolysis measurements fit well to an Arrhenius-type exponential fit, with a preexponential of 3.29e9 1/s and an activation energy of 97.6 kJ/mol. Two-dimensional simulations of aluminum particles in a propellant mixture were also performed to determine the temperature and velocity history of the particles in a burning propellant. Using this information and extrapolating the measured dehydrogenation rates, It was determined that alane will decompose before being ejected off of the propellant surface. This prediction suggests that the hydrogen will be available to react in the primary flame zone of the rocket motor, and will thus impact the stoichiometry in this region. The decomposition process could also affect the surface characteristics of the burning propellant.
The Effect of Triage Diagnostic Standing Orders on Emergency Department Treatment Time

Study objective Triage standing orders are used in emergency departments (EDs) to initiate evaluation when there is no bed available. This study evaluates the effect of diagnostic triage standing orders on ED treatment time of adult patients who presented with a chief complaint for which triage standing orders had been developed. Methods We conducted a retrospective nested cohort study of patients treated in one academic ED between January 2007 and August 2009. In this ED, triage nurses can initiate full or partial triage standing orders for patients with chest pain, shortness of breath, abdominal pain, or genitourinary complaints. We matched patients who received triage standing orders to those who received room orders with respect to clinical and temporal factors, using a propensity score. We compared the median treatment time of patients with triage standing orders (partial or full) to those with room orders, using multivariate linear regression. Results Of the 15,188 eligible patients, 25% received full triage standing orders, 56% partial triage standing orders, and 19% room orders. The unadjusted median ED treatment time for patients who did not receive triage standing orders was 282 minutes versus 230 minutes for those who received a partial triage standing order or full triage standing orders (18% decrease). Controlling for other factors, triage standing orders were associated with a 16% reduction (95% confidence interval −18% to −13%) in the median treatment time, regardless of chief complaint. Conclusion Diagnostic testing at triage was associated with a substantial reduction in ED treatment time for 4 common chief complaints. This intervention warrants further evaluation in other EDs and with different clinical conditions and tests.
Family history of alcoholism in the United States: prevalence and demographic characteristics.

The Data Notes Series is edited by Dr Bridget Grant, Chief of Biometry of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Abstract National estimates of the prevalence of family history for alcoholism in the USA were investigated using a general population sample of 43809 respondents 18 years of age and older. Approximately 38% of the total sample reported a positive history for alcoholism. Positive reports were highest for Native Americans and lowest for Asian Americans.
Domestic Pigs Are Susceptible to Infection with Influenza B Viruses

Influenza B virus (IBV) causes seasonal epidemics in humans. Although IBV has been isolated from seals, humans are considered the primary host and reservoir of this important pathogen. It is unclear whether other animal species can support the replication of IBV and serve as a reservoir. Swine are naturally infected with both influenza A and C viruses. To determine the susceptibility of pigs to IBV infection, we conducted a serological survey for U.S. Midwest domestic swine herds from 2010 to 2012. Results of this study showed that antibodies to IBVs were detected in 38.5% (20/52) of sampled farms, and 7.3% (41/560) of tested swine serum samples were positive for IBV antibodies. Furthermore, swine herds infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) showed a higher prevalence of IBV antibodies in our 2014 survey. In addition, IBV was detected in 3 nasal swabs collected from PRRSV-seropositive pigs by real-time RT-PCR and sequencing. Finally, an experimental infection in pigs, via intranasal and intratracheal routes, was performed using one representative virus from each of the two genetically and antigenically distinct lineages of IBVs: B/Brisbane/60/2008 (Victoria lineage) and B/Yamagata/16/1988 (Yamagata lineage). Pigs developed influenza-like symptoms and lung lesions, and they seroconverted after virus inoculation. Pigs infected with B/Brisbane/60/2008 virus successfully transmitted the virus to sentinel animals. Taken together, our data demonstrate that pigs are susceptible to IBV infection; therefore, they warrant further surveillance and investigation of swine as a potential host for human IBV. IMPORTANCE IBV is an important human pathogen, but its ability to infect other species, for example, pigs, is not well understood. We showed serological evidence that antibodies to two genetically and antigenically distinct lineages of IBVs were present among domestic pigs, especially in swine herds previously infected with PRRSV, an immunosuppressive virus. IBV was detected in 3 nasal swabs from PRRSV-seropositive pigs by real-time reverse transcription-PCR and sequencing. Moreover, both lineages of IBV were able to infect pigs under experimental conditions, with transmissibility of influenza B/Victoria lineage virus among pigs being observed. Our results demonstrate that pigs are susceptible to IBV infections, indicating that IBV is a swine pathogen, and swine may serve as a natural reservoir of IBVs. In addition, pigs may serve as a model to study the mechanisms of transmission and pathogenesis of IBVs.
The Sesquicentennial of the 1856 Leaves of Grass: A Daguerreotype of a Woman Reader

Discusses a daguerreotype of an unidentified young woman holding a copy of the 1856 Leaves of Grass; the daguerreotype is reproduced on the back cover of this issue of WWQR.
The influence of nutritional and hormonal factors on egg development in the blowfly Phormia regina (Meig.)

Abstract The blowfly, Phormia regina , reared under the conditions described here, will not develop eggs if fed only an aqueous sugar solution. A complex medium of known gross chemical composition and capable of supporting egg development is described. The minimal amount of the complex medium required for egg development is defined. Allatectomy results in fat body hypertrophy in both male and female blowflies but ovariectomy of the female does not. In addition, the presence of the corpus allatum, for a specific period of time, is necessary for egg development. Allatectomy of flies before a critical amount of the complex medium has been fed results in fat body hypertrophy and no vitellogenesis; if more than this amount is fed, egg development occurs even after allatectomy. This critical amount of the complex medium approximates the minimal amount required for egg development. Several lines of evidence indicate that the activation of the corpus allatum is brought about by the ingestion of a specific amount of dietary protein; but the influence of other substances is not ruled out. The corpus allatum of Phormia has one invariant effect; it controls the fat body. None of the present results require an action of the corpus allatum on the ovary.
Hemorrhagic transformation during thrombolytic therapy and reperfusion: effects of age, blood pressure, and matrix metalloproteinases.

Background Despite the increasing use of thrombolytic therapy for acute ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic transformation remains a significant complication. Transformation appears to occur more frequently with age, diabetes, and hypertension, but clinical data are mixed. In addition to risk factors, matrix metalloproteinase expression mediates hemorrhage. We sought to test the effects of age, hypertension, and matrix metalloproteinases during recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) treatment in a standard model of filament occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. Methods We compared young and aged rats who were genetically predisposed to hypertension to similar and dissimilar strains to separate the effect of hypertension and age. Results Hemorrhagic transformation occurred significantly more frequently in chronically hypertensive animals—23 of 53 (44%) compared to 2 of 23 (9%) normotensive, genetically similar rats (Chi-square; P P P Conclusions Our data suggest for the first time an effect of chronic hypertension separate from age on the risk of hemorrhagic transformation. In addition, inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases may protect the neurovascular unit directly, even without reducing hemorrhage risk. These findings will require additional research.
Cytosinine:Pyridoxal Phosphate Tautomerase, a New Enzyme in the Blasticidin S Biosynthetic Pathway

Cytosinine--the nucleoside portion of blasticidin S--and pyridoxal phosphate were incubated with cell-free extracts of Streptomyces griseochromogenes prepared in D2O. 2H NMR analysis of recovered cytosinine showed it to contain deuterium enrichments at H-4' and H-2'. No exchange was observed with either boiled extract or from cytosinine and pyridoxal phosphate alone. These results reveal the presence of a tautomerase activity that contributes to the net transamination at C-4' in the conversion of cytosylglucuronic acid to blasticidin S, and its discovery supports the role of cytosinine as a biosynthetic intermediate.
Physicians do not have a responsibility to provide futile or unreasonable care if a patient or family insists.

Objective: This article was written to argue that physicians are not ethically obligated to provide care which they consider futile, unreasonable, or both, either voluntarily or in response to patient or surrogate demands. Data Sources: Data used to prepare this article were drawn from published articles, including original investigations, position papers, and editorials in the author's personal files. Study Selection: Articles were selected for their relevance to the subjects of medical ethics, the concepts of futility and medical reasonableness, case law, and healthcare reform. Data Extraction: The author extracted all applicable data. Data Synthesis: Physicians may feel obligated to provide care in all clinical circumstances due to the single master view of medicine and the ethical principle of autonomy. However, care may be considered futile according to several definitions of that word, including that which describes futile treatment as something that does not benefit the patient as a whole. Furthermore, care may be considered unreasonable if it is excessive and not generally agreed upon. Physician refusal to provide futile or unreasonable care is supported by the ethical principles of nonmaleficence, beneficence, and distributive justice. The last principle is particularly relevant in the current climate of healthcare reform. Conclusions: Although the issue of physician refusal of requested care has not been resolved by case law or legal statute, it is supported by compelling ethical principles. Physicians are not ethically required to provide futile or unreasonable care, especially to patients who are brain dead, vegetative, critically or terminally ill with little chance of recovery, and unlikely to benefit from cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Understanding Customer Bargaining in Retail Stores: A Customer Perspective

Customers today feel more empowered than ever due in part to greater information availability via the Internet, such as price, quality information, and the options available. They are exhibiting their power by increasingly asking for deals or discounts in typically nonbargaining settings, such as traditional retail stores. Furthermore, retailers are more accommodating relative to price matching and price reduction requests. We investigate this growing and important phenomenon by surveying retail store customers about their negotiating behaviors and attitudes. We uncover several factors that drive customer bargaining, their successfulness, and the resulting outcomes. Implications for theory and managers are discussed.
Hydroperiod changes as clues to impacts on Cache River Riparian wetlands

A hydrologic analysis of historic stream gage data collected on the Cache River at Patterson, Arkansas is presented as a basis for impact analysis of riverine wetlands. Subtle, long-term changes in hydroperiod that could collectively have major impacts on wetland functions are quantified. Harmonic analysis, time-scale analysis, and conventional methods of hydrologic analysis of gage data at decade intervals are employed. These various techniques indicate a steady decline in the magnitude and predictability of the base flow during low flow periods, beginning with the 1920s and becoming increasingly more pronounced into the 1980s. Complementary information suggests that hydroperiod alterations can be associated with increased ground-water pumping and associated land use changes in the Cache River basin. Hydrologic indices wer developed that range from intuitively simple but generally insensitive indices based on means, medians, ranges, and discharge-duration curves to indices that are based on methods sensitive to subtle changes in hydrologic patterns. One set of sensitive indices generated by harmonic analysis is relatively simple to obtain and useful to explore changes in the pattern of discharges or stages in wetlands. The timescale analysis can be employed to provide a relatively high resolution quantification of changes in hydrology that can be related to long-term changes in land- or water-use patterns. The hydrologic methods presented in these analyses are simple enough for routine application (when adequate data are available) but sufficiently sophisticated to identify subtle changes in hydroperiod associated with impacts and passage of time. Changes in hydroperiod identified by these methods may have the potential to explain changes in biotic communities or wetland structure as part of comprehensive wetland studies.
A real-time misalignment correction algorithm for stereoscopic 3D cameras

Camera calibration is an important problem for stereo 3-D cameras since the misalignment between the two views can lead to vertical disparities that significantly degrade 3-D viewing quality. Offline calibration during manufacturing is not always an option especially for mass produced cameras due to cost. In addition, even if one-time calibration is performed during manufacturing, its accuracy cannot be maintained indefinitely because environmental factors can lead to changes in camera hardware. In this paper, we propose a real-time stereo calibration solution that runs inside a consumer camera and continuously estimates and corrects for the misalignment between the stereo cameras. Our algorithm works by processing images of natural scenes and does not require the use of special calibration charts. The algorithm first estimates the disparity in horizontal and vertical directions between the corresponding blocks from stereo images. Then, this initial estimate is refined with two dimensional search using smaller sub-blocks. The displacement data and block coordinates are fed to a modified affine transformation model and outliers are discarded to keep the modeling error low. Finally, the estimated affine parameters are split by half and misalignment correction is applied to each view accordingly. The proposed algorithm significantly reduces the misalignment between stereo frames and enables a more comfortable 3-D viewing experience.
Effect of assay conditions and field exposure on urease activity associated with cereal residues

Abstract Urea fertilisers are often applied to soil with cereal residues on the surface. Although the urease properties of soils have been investigated, the urease activities associated with cereal residues have not been thoroughly studied. Two experiments were performed to develop an acceptable urease assay for cereal residues, and to determine the effect of field exposure and concomitant saprophytic colonization on urease levels. Two acceptable assays were found: 1) incubation in the presence of THAM‐H2SO4 buffer (pH 8), toluene, and urea, and 2) incubation only in the presence of urea. In both assays substrate concentration was 0.05 M, incubation temperature was 37°C, incubation length was 2 hours, and urea hydrolysis was determined by ammonium production. Although both assays were highly correlated (r2 = 0.992), the buffer method gave higher values. Subsequent investigations illustrated that urease activity associated with cereal residues is dramatically increased by saprophytic colonization after har...