cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mobile delivery of alcohol treatment: a systematic review of the literature

Background While research supports the effectiveness of continuing care in addiction treatment, the field has historically offered little ongoing support to patients (whether outside of clinic walls during treatment or after patients complete treatment). Mobile technology may make it possible to provide both self-management help and continuing care more widely. This paper seeks to explore the following questions about mobile applications intended for patients recovering from alcohol addiction: 1. What mobile health applications to treat alcoholism exist in the peer-reviewed literature? 2. What features do these applications commonly have?
Concerning qualitative differences between preparations of human serum albumin

The possibility was considered that human serum albumins isolated from various sources are not identical. The tentative conclusions are supported by experimental evidence on optical rotation and viscosity of various albumin preparations. Die Molichkeit, das qualitative Unterschiede zwischen ein und derselben Plasmaproteine in verschiedenen Individuen bestehen, wurde diskutiert. Die Schlusfolgerungen wurden durch experimentelle Belege uber das optische Drehungsvermogen und die Viscositat an verschiedenen Albuminproben gestutzt.
The PLA and National Security Decisionmaking: Insights from China's Behavior in its Territorial Disputes

A central question in the study of China’s foreign policy is the role of the PLA in national security decisionmaking. This paper seeks to illuminate this question by examining one specific issue area, territorial disputes. The role of the PLA in decisionmaking in China’s territorial disputes has been limited to bureaucratic influence within existing policymaking structures and processes. With the partial exception of China’s interpretation of the rights of coastal states under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, the PLA has not played a significant role influencing the initiation of China’s territorial disputes, in the content of these claims or in how China has chosen to defend these claims. Instead, China’s behavior in territorial disputes, including its recent assertiveness in the South China Sea and East China Sea, reflects the consensus of China’s top party leaders to respond to what are seen as challenges and provocations from other states. Little evidence exists to support the view that the PLA has escalated these disputes against the wishes of top leaders.
Self-discrepancy: Long-term test–retest reliability and test–criterion predictive validity.

Long-term test-retest reliability and predictive test-criterion evidence of validity of scores on measures of the real-ideal self-discrepancy and of the real-ought self-discrepancy were tested over periods of 1 year and 3 years. A sample of 184 undergraduates completed at 2 time points 1 year apart 3 instruments that each measure the 2 self-discrepancies: the idiographic Self-Concept Questionnaire-Personal Constructs, the nonidiographic Self-Concept Questionnaire-Conventional Constructs, and the content-free Abstract Measures. A separate sample of 141 undergraduates completed the instruments 3 years apart. Both samples completed 3 depression instruments and 3 anxiety instruments at the second time point. Results of analyses using latent variables modeled with 3 observed variables showed substantial statistically significant test-retest reliabilities and significant test-criterion prediction of anxiety and depression on the real-ideal and real-ought discrepancy measures over both time periods. Results for the observed variables showed significant 1-year and 3-year reliabilities for scores on all self-discrepancy measures, as well as significant 1-year and 3-year predictive validity for scores on all self-discrepancy measures, except the abstract measure of real-ought discrepancy in predicting scores on all depression measures and on at least 1 anxiety measure. The findings support very strong long-term stabilities of the self-discrepancy personality constructs and their long-term associations with anxiety and depression.
State-variable simulation of transients on transmission lines

A time-domain simulation program is developed for use in the analysis of transmission lines in computer and data transmission systems. The program divides a transmission line into L-section segments and, using Kirchoff's voltage and current laws and the computed capacitance and inductance per unit length, simulates the traveling wave on the basis of state variable mode. The coefficients of the system matrix are expanded in this program to include the resistance of the lines and the conductance of the dielectric medium. Also, the sparsity of the system matrix is exploited using the L-U decomposition technique to speed up the computation and reduce memory requirement. >
The changing paradigm: estrogen receptor α recognition on DNA and within the dynamic nature of nucleosomes

Estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) plays a major role in the expression of estrogen-responsive genes. Although its conventional binding characteristics have been considered coincident with & exclusively in the class of steroid hormone receptors, increasing evidence challenges this paradigm. ERα was shown to bind to consensus estrogen response element half-sites (cHERE) in DNA in the presence of the ubiquitous, abundant & conserved architectural protein, high mobility group protein 1 (HMGB1). It also binds to direct repeats with various spacers, in addition to everted repeats. These in vitro binding sites have been shown to be active in vivo, with both the binding affinity and transcriptional activity increased in the presence of HMGB1. Surprisingly, ERα does not bind to the optimally oriented cERE at the dyad in rotationally phased and translationally positioned nucleosomes. However, the presence of HMGB1 restructures the nucleosome to facilitate increased ERα accessibility, resulting in sequence-specific estrogen receptor binding. The finding that HMGB1 interacts with unbound ERα provides a unique avenue for enhanced ERα activity and possibly an increase in the extent of targeting at estrogen-responsive genes. The findings are consistent with ERα 1) targeting a much wider selection of genomic response elements (half-sites and inverted, direct and everted repeats) and 2) exhibiting characteristics of both steroid and non steroid nuclear receptors. Growing evidence already shows a competition occurs at the DNA level between ERα and the non steroid nuclear hormone receptor, thyroid receptor (TR). Collectively, these reports suggest a less restrictive cataloging for estrogen receptor and a broader paradigm for understanding its role in the regulation of estrogen-responsive genes and influence on non steroid hormone receptor activities.
Exponential Sums and Circuits with a Single Threshold Gate and Mod-Gates

Consider circuits consisting of a threshold gate at the top, Modm gates at the next level (for a fixed m ), and polylog fan-in AND gates at the lowest level. It is a difficult and important open problem to obtain exponential lower bounds for such circuits. Here we prove exponential lower bounds for restricted versions of this model, in which each Modm -of-AND subcircuit is a symmetric function of the inputs to that subcircuit. We show that if q is a prime not dividing m , the Modq function requires exponential-size circuits of this type. This generalizes recent results and techniques of Cai et al. [CGT] (which held only for q=2 ) and Goldmann (which held only for depth two threshold over Modm circuits). As a further generalization of the [CGT] result, the symmetry condition on the Modm subcircuits can be relaxed somewhat, still resulting in an exponential lower bound. The basis of the proof is to reduce the problem to estimating an exponential sum, which generalizes the notion of ``correlation" studied by [CGT]. This identifies the type of exponential sum that will be instrumental in proving the general case. Along the way we substantially simplify previous proofs.
Characterization Of The Induction Effect At Mid-Ultraviolet Exposure: Application To AZ2400 At 313 Nm

This paper describes the use of computer profile simulation and scanning electron microscopic analyses in a study of the combined performance of the mid UV Perkin Elmer exposure tool and AZ2400 resist. New generations of UV resists, including AZ2400, demonstrate a development phenomenon termed the "induction effect" which tends to impart improved performance. The induction effect has been characterized by a new development model that imparts a depth dependence to the rate function. Computer simulated resist profiles generated by SAMPLE, modified to include the induction phenomenon, have been compared with SEM studies of experimental data. The extent of agreement between simulation and experiment over the variables of dose, developer strength, aperture and linewidth is good and is shown to provide a predictive capability which allows rapid and convenient establishment of the effect of process variables on performance.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Note on the variation of the coupling constant in quantum field theory

The differential equations with respect to the coupling constant are established for theS-matrix, the « out » states, the free-field « out » operators and for the interpolating field operators. For interpolating Bose fields the microcausality condition is derived. The differential equation for theS-matrix is formulated in terms of seminormal products of free-field operators, whereτ functions appear. Theτ functions are discussed on one particular model of interaction and the connection to the equation for Heisenberg field operators and to connected Feynman diagrams is found.
Tests of learning and memory with Cylert.

The effect of Cylert (pemoline with magnesium hydroxide) on learning and memory was tested by means of three different experimental procedures. Twenty-four student volunteers served as Ss on repeated occasions, receiving orally either a 25 mgm dose of this drug or a lactose placebo, at the beginning of the experimental session and the alternate treatment two hours later, or placebo on both occasions.
Evolution of the lunar crust: SIMS study of plagioclase from ferroan anorthosites

Abstract The lunar crust, down to a depth of ∼65 km, is composed of older (>4.5 Ga) ferroan anorthosites and younger (4.43-4.17 Ga) Mg-suite lithologies which include dunites, troctolites, and norites. The anorthosites are generally inferred to represent floating cumulates in a lunar magma ocean (possible depth 800 km, moon's radius ∼ 1,738 km). The cumulates that are inferred to be located near the base of the magma ocean are dominantly olivine and pyroxene. The last dregs of the magma ocean are enriched in incompatible elements and have been named KREEP (K, rare earth elements, P). KREEP, formed in this manner, is probably concentrated near the crust/mantle boundary at ∼70 km depth. We are attempting to characterize melts parental to ferroan anorthosites and Mg-suite norites by analyzing REEs (La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Dy, Er, Yb) and Ba, Sr, and Y in their cumulus plagioclase. If the cumulus grains have not been compromised by postcrystallization effects and if we know the relevant mineral/melt partition coefficients (Ds) we can invert the trace element data for plagioclase to parental melt compositions. Melts parental to ferroan anorthosites are estimated to contain REE at concentrations ten to fifty times chondrites. Melts parental to the earlier crystallizing anorthosites (lower REE) have virtually no Eu anomaly, while melts parental to later crystallizing anorthosites (higher REE) have small negative Eu anomalies. This is qualitatively consistent with the fractionation of Eu relative to other REE by crystallization of plagioclase with large positive Eu anomalies. Melts parental to the Mg-suite have much higher total REE and very large negative Eu anomalies. The characteristics of Mg-suite norite parental magmas may have been derived by the assimilation of KREEP (near the crust/mantle boundary) by Mg-rich basaltic melts formed deeper in the cumulate pile or near the contact between the lower cumulate horizons of the magma ocean and primitive, unprocessed lunar mantle (∼800 km).
Optimal continuation power flow

The objective of this paper is to develop an algorithm for tracing the optima of equality and inequality constrained optimal power flow as a function of the load parameter. Although available optimization techniques can determine an optimal power flow solution for a fixed load, often the effects of change in load parameter on the optima for a wide range are required. The optimal continuation power flow approach provides a systematic way to trace the optima for a continuous increase in load in the given direction via continuation techniques. This approach also reveals the voltage stability limited power transfer. Results of the tests on up to 1500-bus networks are given to illustrate the performance of the proposed algorithm.
Biology and Medicine of the Ferret

There is still much more to be learned about ferret behavior, nutrition, and physiologic responses associated with aging, disease, and environmental stimuli. The many similarities in the clinical disorders of ferrets and other small companion animals should emphasize the importance of using the same diagnostic methods developed for common companion animals in examinations of ferrets. There is still very little known of the efficacy of a wide spectrum of drugs in ferrets, and judicious use of pharmacodynamic agents that are safe for cats would be a reasonable approach to drug therapy.
Mevalonate incorporation into alfalfa sterols

Abstract Light stimulated the uptake of mevalonate and its incorporation into the Δ 7 -sterols of alfalfa. The increased incorporation of mevalonate into sterols in the presence of light was apparently due to a stimulation in 4,4-dimethyl sterol demethylation. Although spinasterol was the major sterol of alfalfa, 22-dihydrospinasterol had the higher specific radioactivity. Light, however, had a greater effect on spinasterol biosynthesis.
An unusual reoccurrence of Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia as pleural effusions that had a discordant response with treatment

Summary A 77-year-old female with a past medical history of Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia presented with progressive shortness of breath and a newly diagnosed left pleural effusion. Numerous diagnostic studies were performed on the patient and finally a pleural biopsy confirmed pulmonary involvement of Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia. As past studies have shown, Waldenstrom's involvement as a pulmonary process is uncommon. Unexpectedly, treatment with rituximab and fludarabine did decrease the patient's serum immunoglobulin M levels, but her pleural effusions never improved.
Nucleation and growth kinetics of different recrystallization texture components

Abstract Use of the conventional analysis of nucleation and growth reactions for special components showing both oriented nucleation and growth indicates that, as found experimently, the annealing texture components will grow linearly with the fraction recrystallized. Comparison with detailed experimental data, which shows direct evidence for both oriented nucleation and growth, does not fit quantitatively with the model. The discrepancy may be due to a non random distribution of the various recrystallization components.
Privacy Preserving GWAS Data Sharing

Traditional statistical methods for the confidentiality protection for statistical databases do not scale well to deal with GWAS (genome-wide association studies) databases and external information on them. The more recent concept of differential privacy, introduced by the cryptographic community, is an approach which provides a rigorous definition of privacy with meaningful privacy guarantees in the presence of arbitrary external information. Building on such notions, we propose new methods to release aggregate GWAS data without compromising an individual's privacy. We present methods for releasing differentially private minor allele frequencies, chi-square statistics and p-values. We compare these approaches on simulated data and on a GWAS study of canine hair length involving 685 dogs. We also propose a privacy-preserving method for finding genome-wide associations based on a differentially private approach to penalized logistic regression.
Regularity with interior point control of Schrödinger equations

Abstract We study the regularity of Schrodinger equations defined on an open bounded domain Ω, N = dim Ω = 1, 2, 3 , and subject to the action of point control (through the Dirac mass δ) at an interior point of Ω. The results of this paper are “e” sharper in space regularity, measured in Sobolev space order, over those that can be obtained by simply using that, by Sobolev embedding, gd ϵ [H β (Ω)]′, β = 3 2 + e for N = 3, β = 1 + e for N = 2, β = 1 2 + e for N = 1 . The approach used here is very general.
Na+ transport across the rabbit corneal endothelium.

It has been reported so far that the Na transport across the cornea], endothelium is synnetrical and therefore, that there is no net transport. We now report that there is a net Na transport across the rabbit corneal endothelium. Instead of measuring the conventional steady-state fluxes, pre-steady state fluxes were measured as a function of time (readings were taken at two minute intervals). This technique is based on a theory, proposed very recently, that the flux ratio (efflux/ influx) is independent of time. Both the efflux and influx reached their steady state values about fifteen minutes after the addition of the isotope to one side of the chamber. The net sodium flux was obtained from the difference between the steady state efflux and influx values. The direction of the net Na flux was from the stromal to the aqueous side, with a magnitude of 2.3 + 0.4 μEq/h.cm2 (n=11, S.E.M.). The net Na transport was inhibited by the presence of ouabain (10 M).
1536 NEONATAL HYPERTENSION: A NATIONAL SURVEY

Umbilical arterial catheter(UAC) placement has been implicated in the etiology of neonatal hypertension(HBP). 119/163(73%) of NICUs responded to a survey regarding UAC care and placement and the incidence and outcome of HBP. Respondents identified 581 HBP among 70,186 admissions, defined as BP 95/63(mean 71 mmHg) for infants >1500gms, and 82/51(mean 60) for those <1500gms who accounted for 25% of HBP. 94% of HBP had UAC prior to or during HBP which complicated 0.82% of admissions(range 0 to 8%). HBP incidence was calculated according to UAC site and whether maintained with constant infusion(CI) or intermittent flushes(IF). A comparable number of units preferred high UACs (T6-T10) to low UACs (L3-L5). Thromboembolism of the renal artery was stated as the most common etiology of HBP(63%), with heart failure the most common manifestation(44%), followed then by renal failure, respiratory distress, encephalopathy and retinopathy. 68% of centers initiated treatment for HBP alone, the rest required evidence of systemic symptoms. A favorable long term outcome was reported for 90% of HBP. These data suggest that both UAC position and its specific care influence the incidence of HBP, the greatest risk occurring with high UAC and intermittent heparin flushes.
Summary of the preceding program

I am glad to have the opportunity, upon Chairman Heck's invitation, to comment on the subject of this symposium, although I feel that time does not permit an adequate summary. The first thought that occurs to me is one of gratification that there exists, in the American Geophysical Union, a medium for exchange of thought on a broad subject such as this. Those who recall the early days of the American Geophysical Union, in which it existed as a small committee of the National Research Council and in which the annual meetings were devoted mainly to a formal report from the chairmen of the various sections, will note with especial pleasure the development of the Union into an active and alert society. Probably there exists no other organization, at least in this country, where all the great problems presented this afternoon can receive the interest and appreciative hearing that are now afforded.
Associations of acculturation on peak bone mass and correlates of bone health in Latino women

This research aimed to determine the effect of acculturation on bone mass and osteoporosis risk factors in Latino women. Sixty-one women were tested for bone mineral density (BMD), physical activity, physical fitness, body composition, acculturation, and nutritional history. Three groups (low, medium, high acculturation) were compared by analysis of variance. Multiple linear regression determined predictors of BMD (p < 0.05) The high acculturation group was significantly more aerobically fit (41.8 ± 5.9 vs. 36.5 ± 6.5 and 34.6 ± 4.2 ml/kg/min) and more recreationally physically active (1882 ± 327 vs. 627 ± 179 vs. 708 ± 231 MET-min/week) than medium and low, respectively. Bone mineral density trended lower with increasing acculturation. Lean body mass was the most significant predictor of spine (r = 0.36, p < 0.05) and hip (r = 0.54, p < 0.05) BMD. Physical activity contributed significantly to the prediction of hip BMD (R = 0.59, p < 0.05). Acculturation may negatively influence BMD, and does alter determinants of BMD, including aerobic fitness, physical activity and body composition, in Latino women. These data suggest that acculturation in Latino women may increase lifetime risk of osteoporosis for reasons that remain unclear.
An ab Initio Theory and Density Functional Theory (DFT) Study of Conformers of Tetrahydro-2H-pyran

Ab initio theory with the 3-21G, 6-31G(d), 6-31G(d,p), 6-311G(d,p), 6-31+G(d), and 6-311+G(d,p) basis sets and density functional theory (SVWN, pBP, BLYP), including the hybrid density functional m...
A support vector machine to identify irrigated crop types using time-series Landsat NDVI data

Abstract Site-specific information of crop types is required for many agro-environmental assessments. The study investigated the potential of support vector machines (SVMs) in discriminating various crop types in a complex cropping system in the Phoenix Active Management Area. We applied SVMs to Landsat time-series Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data using training datasets selected by two different approaches: stratified random approach and intelligent selection approach using local knowledge. The SVM models effectively classified nine major crop types with overall accuracies of >86% for both training datasets. Our results showed that the intelligent selection approach was able to reduce the training set size and achieved higher overall classification accuracy than the stratified random approach. The intelligent selection approach is particularly useful when the availability of reference data is limited and unbalanced among different classes. The study demonstrated the potential of utilizing multi-temporal Landsat imagery to systematically monitor crop types and cropping patterns over time in arid and semi-arid regions.
Combinatorial techniques for mixed-size placement

While recent literature on circuit layout addresses large-scale standard-cell placement, the authors typically assume that all macros are fixed. Floorplanning techniques are very good at handling macros, but do not scale to hundreds of thousands of placeable objects. Therefore we combine floorplanning techniques with placement techniques to solve the more general placement problem. Our work shows how to place macros consistently with large numbers of small standard cells. Proposed techniques can also be used to guide circuit designers who prefer to place macros by hand.We address the computational difficulty of layout problems involving large macros and numerous small logic cells at the same time. Proposed algorithms are evaluated in the context of wirelength minimization because a computational method that is not scalable in optimizing wirelength is unlikely to be successful for more complex objectives (congestion, delay, power, etc.)We propose several different design flows to place mixed-size placement instances. The first flow relies on an arbitrary black-box standard-cell placer to obtain an initial placement and then removes possible overlaps using a fixed-outline floorplanner. This results in valid placements for macros, which are considered fixed. Remaining standard cells are then placed by another call to the standard-cell placer. In the second flow a standard-cell placer generates an initial placement and a force-directed placer is used in the engineering change order (ECO) mode to generate an overlap-free placement. Empirical evaluation on ibm benchmarks shows that in most cases our proposed flows compare favorably with previously published mixed-size placers, Kraftwerk, and the mixed-size floor-placer proposed at the 2003 Conference on Design, Automation, and Test in Europe (DATE 2003), and are competitive with mPG-MS.
A Novel NOD2/CARD15 Haplotype Conferring Risk for Crohn Disease in Ashkenazi Jews

Crohn disease (CD) exhibits a 2–4-fold increased frequency in Jews as compared with other ethnic/racial groups. Three coding variants of the NOD2/CARD15 have been reported as independent disease-predisposing mutations (DPMs), but these were found in only 30%–40% of patients with CD and could not account for all the linkage between CD and the IBD1 locus. The aim of the present study was to explore whether additional DPMs at the IBD1 locus exist in the high-risk Jewish group. Sixty-four Ashkenazi Jewish and 147 non-Jewish white families were studied. Six microsatellite markers spanning IBD1 were genotyped for linkage analysis in subgroups stratified on NOD2/CARD15 DPM status. SNPs in NOD2/CARD15 (R702W, G908R, 1007fs, and S268P) were then genotyped in family and independent case-control samples. On the basis of initial results, sequencing was done on NOD2/CARD15-translated regions in 12 Jewish individuals. Subsequently, a new NOD2/CARD15 variant was genotyped and analyzed. After excluding the influence of the three DPMs, significant linkage of IBD1 to CD in Jews remained with two peaks at D16S403 (mean allele sharing [MAS] = 0.70] and D16S411 (MAS = 0.59). Further, we observed an increased frequency of a haplotype carrying only the 268S variant in Jewish patients (OR = 3.13, P=.0023) but not in non-Jews, suggesting the existence of a Jewish-specific additional disease-predisposing factor on this haplotype. Sequencing of this haplotype revealed a new variant (IVS8+158; JW1). The 268S-JW1 combination exhibited a further increased risk (OR = 5.75, P=.0005) and the highest population-attributable risk (15.1%) for CD among reported DPMs in Jews. In Ashkenazi Jews, unrecognized population-specific predisposing factor(s) exist on the 268S-JW1 haplotype at the IBD1 locus. This factor may contribute to the higher risk for CD in Ashkenazi Jews as compared with non-Jews.
Toward a human epigenome

Sequencing of genomes, including that of humans, has revolutionized our understanding of genome organization and accelerated the hunt for disease-causing mutations. New studies by the Human Epigenome Project (HEP) now highlight the importance and complexity of cytosine DNA methylation in tissue-specific regulation of gene expression.
Microwave magnetic resonance in amorphous GdAl films

The microwave absorption spectrum of amorphous sputtered ${\mathrm{Gd}}_{x}{\mathrm{Al}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$ films at 9.13 GHz exhibits a single broad line which is studied as a function of temperature and composition $x$. In the paramagnetic regime, the $g$ factor has a composition-independent positive shift of 0.006\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.004 above 1.992 of the free ${\mathrm{Gd}}^{3+}$ ion, in contrast to negative shifts previously reported for crystalline GdAl. The shift is interpreted as arising from an exchange interaction ${J}_{\mathrm{df}}$ of the Gd $f$ shell with electrons of $d$ character. The $g$-shift contribution of the exchange interaction ${J}_{\mathrm{sf}}$ with $s$ electrons is presumed to be hidden because of a "thermal bottleneck." This latter exchange interaction has a minimum value of 0.1 eV, as deduced from paramagnetic Curie temperatures. Using the observed temperature dependence of the resonance linewidth plus approximate band parameters from analogous dilute crystalline systems, the spin-lattice relaxation rate of amorphous ${\mathrm{Gd}}_{x}{\mathrm{Al}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$ is estimated to be ${10}^{13}x$ Hz, in order-of-magnitude agreement with dilute crystalline systems. At lower temperature the field for resonance shifts down, strongly for $x=0.37$ but less strongly for higher Gd concentration. This shift is interpreted as an effective anisotropy field arising from local demagnetizing fields of an inhomogeneous (spin-glass) system. The composition dependence of the shift indicates that with increasing Gd concentration, the alloy becomes more magnetically homogeneous, gradually approaching simple ferromagnetism.
Validation of diet composition for the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension trial

Abstract The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension trial involved 4 clinical sites at which 459 participants (in 5 cohorts) were fed 3 dietary patterns over 11 weeks per cohort. The 3 patterns were a control diet, a fruits and vegetables diet, and a combination diet. Before the intervention, key nutrient levels in each diet were validated at 2 energy levels (2,100 and 3,100 kcal) by chemical analysis of the prepared menus. During intervention, diets were sampled across all cohorts, sites, and energy levels, and 7-day menu cycle composites were assayed. In general, sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium in the validated menus for each diet/energy level met the nutrient targets, though moderate variability was evident among individual menus, particularly for potassium, calcium, and magnesium. However, as intended, there was clear separation and no overlap in mineral levels in individual menus of diets that were designed to differ. During intervention, macronutrient contents met nutrient goals. Sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium in the diets generally met target levels, though potassium in the fruits and vegetables diet was 11% to 23% below target. There were no consistent differences in nutrient levels between sites. The mean nutrient levels in the validated menus and diets sampled during intervention were in excellent agreement with each other, though sodium was somewhat higher (∼6%) in the diets from intervention vs validation. These results indicate the success of the quality control measures implemented and suggested consistent overall diet composition throughout the 28 months during which the study was conducted. J Am Diet Assoc. 1999;99(suppl): S60–S68 .
Sexual chemistry: Theoretical elaboration and clinical implications.

Abstract Sexual chemistry is a readily recognized construct but one which has received little scientific or empirical attention. The present manuscript defines sexual chemistry as a nonspecific, subjective description of a mysterious, physical, emotional and sexual state that feels driven and mostly pleasurable existing in the context of an interpersonal relationship, a state that is synergistic in being a surprising product of the combination of the individual partners. Its constituent parts are defined in this article and its implications for clinical practice and couple counseling are reviewed. Suggestions for handling the clinical dilemmas that occur when sexual chemistry is missing, lost, or experienced by only one partner are offered.
The challenge of advocacy: The different voices of Helen Keller and Burton Blatt.

The writer talks about how the voices of Helen Keller and Burton Blatt can challenge educators of mental retardation to hold firm to a belief in the miracle of unconditional and sustained commitments and to a legacy of hopefulness.
Diet SODA: a power-efficient processor for digital cameras

Power has become the most critical design constraint for embedded handheld devices. This paper proposes a power-efficient SIMD architecture, referred to as Diet SODA, for DSP applications. The key design idea is to apply near-threshold operation on a single instruction and multiple data (SIMD) architecture to significantly lower the power consumption. The major features of Diet SODA are very wide SIMD width, scatter/gather data prefetcher, and dual mode operation. A case study was performed on digital still camera (DSC) applications; the results show that Diet SODA achieves ∼130x better performance and ∼340x better energy efficiency than a DSP solution.
Self-starvation in a diabetic adolescent

The case of a 14-year-old girl who began food refusal shortly after the development of diabetes mellitus is presented. Her dieting eliminated the need for insulin and urine testing and, as a result, allowed the patient to deny that she had diabetes. Although her course resembled that seen in primary anorexia nervosa, this patient was felt to have atypical anorexia nervosa, in this case an extreme form of illness denial probably associated with psychosis.
Sampling Design for Network Model Calibration Using Genetic Algorithms

Today, most municipal water utilities use computerized numerical models of their distribution networks. These models must be calibrated to the physical system if they are to provide accurate results. Calibration entails adjusting certain model parameters, usually the pipe roughness coefficients, until the model accurately predicts the results of a series of flow tests. The choice of flow test locations, the sampling design, is currently done on an ad hoc basis. If the flow test locations are less than optimal, the data collected may yield insufficient information for an accurate calibration, leaving the modeler a choice between collecting more data, at additional expense, or using a less accurate model. This paper describes the use of a genetic algorithm to optimize the sampling design. The genetic algorithm was applied to a network model for a small town in Ohio and shown to perform extremely well, matching the optimal solutions produced by complete enumeration in a series of validation tests.
Associations between catecholaminergic, GABAergic, and serotonergic genes and self-reported attentional function in oncology patients and their family caregivers.

Abstract Purpose of the research Evaluate for associations between variations in genes involved in catecholaminergic, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic, and serotonergic mechanisms of neurotransmission and attentional function latent classes. Patients and methods This descriptive, longitudinal study was conducted at two radiation therapy departments. The sample included three latent classes of individuals with distinct trajectories of self-reported attentional function during radiation therapy, who were previously identified using growth mixture modeling among 167 oncology patients and 85 of their family caregivers. Multivariable models were used to evaluate for genotypic associations of neurotransmission genes with attentional function latent class membership, after controlling for covariates. Results Variations in catecholaminergic (i.e., ADRA1D rs4815675, SLC6A3 rs37022), GABAergic (i.e., SLC6A1 rs2697138), and serotonergic (i.e., HTR2A rs2296972, rs9534496) neurotransmission genes were significant predictors of latent class membership in multivariable models. Conclusions Findings suggest that variations in genes that encode for three distinct but related neurotransmission systems are involved in alterations in attentional function. Knowledge of both phenotypic and genetic markers associated with alterations in attentional function can be used by clinicians to identify patients and family caregivers who are at higher risk for this symptom. Increased understanding of the genetic markers associated with alterations in attentional function may provide insights into the underlying mechanisms for this significant clinical problem.
Pancreatic elastase induces liver injury by activating cytokine production within Kupffer cells via nuclear factor-kappa B

Liver injury is a manifestation of the systemic inflammatory response during acute pancreatitis. We have demonstrated that elastase induces macrophage tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production in distant organs, thus mimicking pancreatitis-associated organ injury. The aim of this study was to determine the mechanism by which elastase induces hepatic cytokine production. Rat livers (n = 40) were perfused with elastase +/- gadolinium (Gd) to inhibit Kupffer cells. Liver parenchymal enzymes and TNF were measured in the effluent. In vitro, rat hepatocytes or Kupffer cells were treated with elastase (1 U/ml) +/- Gd (0.5 mg/ml) or pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC; 0.5 mg/ml). TNF protein, TNF messenger RNA, and NF-kappa B activation were determined. In vivo, Gd blunted the elastase-induced TNF production and decreased AST, ALT, LDH, and nonviable cells (propidium iodide) (P < or= 0.03 vs. elastase). In vitro, elastase induced TNF production from Kupffer cells (P < 0.001 vs. control) but not from hepatocytes. Gd or PDTC significantly attenuated the elastase-induced TNF production (P < 0.001). Elastase-induced overexpression of TNF messengerRNA and activation of NF-kappa B was attenuated by Gd. Pancreatic elastase induces a pattern of liver injury similar to that seen during acute pancreatitis by activating cytokine production and gene expression within Kupffer cells via NF-kappa B. Gd exhibits a protective effect against elastase-induced liver injury by inhibiting activation of NF-kappa B.
Howdoes dew affect L-band backscatter? analysis of pals data at the Iowa validation site and implications for smap

NASA's Soil Moisture Active Passive satellite mission will use both an L-band radiometer and radar to produce global-scale measurements of soil moisture. L-band backscatter is also sensitive to the water content of vegetation. We found that a moderate dew increased the L-band backscatter of a soybean canopy by 1 dB. Dew thus has the potential to add error to satellite observations of soil moisture.
Amphetamine, cocaine, and dizocilpine enhance performance on a lever-release, conditioned avoidance response task in rats

A lever-release version of the conditioned avoidance response (CAR) task was used to assess the behavioral effects of several psychomotor stimulants in rats. The indirect dopamine agonists,d-amphetamine (0.1 and 0.25 mg/kg) and cocaine (7.5 and 15 mg/kg), enhanced performance on this task. Both drugs incre ased percent avoidance responses and decreased avoidance latency. A higher dose of amphetamine (0.5 mg/kg) also decreased avoidance latency but failed to improve percent avoidance. Similar effects were seen at low (0.01 and 0.025 mg/kg) and high (0.05 mg/kg) doses of dizocilpine (MK-801), a stimulant that acts as a noncompetitive antagonist ofN-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptors. When combined with haloperidol (0.1 mg/kg), a dopamine antagonist, amphetamine (0.25 mg/kg) and dizocilpine (0.025 mg/kg) had differential effects on the lever-release CAR task. Thus, amphetamine-haloperidol was significantly better than haloperidol alone on percent avoidance but not on avoidance latency, whereas dizocilpine-haloperidol had the opposite effect: significantly better than haloperidol alone on avoidance latency but not on percent avoidance. Taken together, these results provide further support for dopaminergic mechanisms in CAR performance but suggest an opposing glutamatergic influence.
Families and Health: An Empirical Resource Guide for Researchers and Practitioners

As evidence mounts indicating that the quality of family relationships affects family member health and that the health of family members influences the quality of family relationships and family functioning, it becomes crucial for family scientists to determine and understand the mechanisms underlying these associations. An empirical resource guide for researchers and practitioners focusing on the complex relationships between family relationships, context, health, intervention, and treatment is presented.
Implicit theories of creativity in schoolchildren. An exploratory study.

Abstract A sample of 119 children attending primary (second and fourth grades) and secondary (last grade) schools were administered a brief story about the realization of a single drawing by two different authors (one creative and the other not) and a semantic differential scale of adjectives to describe a creative person. Results showed that children were able to catch differences between creative and non creative drawings. The semantic differential scale confirmed that children were able to outline a profile of the creative person. Some age-related differences emerged: younger children overestimated the aesthetic value of the drawings and were more focused on personality traits linked to social desirability.
Fiducial inference on the largest mean of a multivariate normal distribution

Inference on the largest mean of a multivariate normal distribution is a surprisingly difficult and unexplored topic. Difficulties arise when two or more of the means are simultaneously the largest mean. Our proposed solution is based on an extension of R.A. Fisher's fiducial inference methods termed generalized fiducial inference. We use a model selection technique along with the generalized fiducial distribution to allow for equal largest means and alleviate the overestimation that commonly occurs. Our proposed confidence intervals for the largest mean have asymptotically correct frequentist coverage and simulation results suggest that they possess promising small sample empirical properties. In addition to the theoretical calculations and simulations we also applied this approach to the air quality index of the four largest cities in the northeastern United States (Baltimore, Boston, New York, and Philadelphia).
Viviparity superimposed upon ovo-viviparity in the goodeidae, a family of cyprinodont teleost fishes of the Mexican Plateau

The Goodeidae are a family of cyprinodonts containing about nine genera and twenty-six species. They are confined exclusively to the Mexican Plateau and to streams in the immediate vicinity. All are viviparous. Fertilization is internal. The eggs are extremely small and contain very little yolk. The embryos are retained in the ovarian follicles until the yolk is practically absorbed, in the meantime developing unique absorptive organs in the form of extensive ribbon-shaped proctodaeal processes. The embryos are evacuated into the intra-ovarian cavity where they are retained for several weeks, during which time the proctodaeal processes become extended. The ovary becomes a nutritive organ and produces secretions which are discharged into the intra-ovarian cavity and absorbed by the embryo through their unique processes. The processes differ in form, number, and histological structure, but are specific in their peculiarities for each species. These specific differences, together with marked differences in the ovary, will furnish a basis for a re-classification of the genera and species of the family. A comparison in made between this family and the other ovo-viviparous and viviparous cyprinodonts, on the basis of which it is concluded that the Goodeidae have arisen separately from an ovo-viviparous ancestor, which in turn was derived from an ovo-viviparous type. A comparison is also made between the peculiarities of reproduction in this family and those of other viviparous teleosts.
Relationship between a toll-like receptor-4 gene polymorphism, bacterial vaginosis-related flora and vaginal cytokine responses in pregnant women

Abstract Objective: The relationship between a single nucleotide polymorphism (TLR4 896 A>G) in the toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) gene, qualitative and quantitative changes in vaginal micro-flora and vaginal interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) concentrations in pregnant women were evaluated. Study design: Qualitative and quantitative microbial methods were used to characterize vaginal micro-flora of 238 women at 18–22 weeks gestation. Polymerase chain reaction was used to determine TLR4 genotype. IL-1β and IL-1ra concentrations in vaginal lavage samples were measured by ELISA. Results: The TLR4 variant was identified in 10.3% of women. Carriage of this variant was associated with a median increase in vaginal pH ( P =0.05), a greater than 10-fold increase in vaginal Gardnerella vaginalis levels ( P Prevotella , Bacteroides , and Porphyromonas ( P =0.08). Colonization with G. vaginalis and/or the anaerobic Gram-negative rods resulted in elevated vaginal IL-1 ( P =0.01) and IL-1ra ( P Conclusion: The TLR4 896 A>G polymorphism contributes to inter-individual differences in the vaginal immune defense against G. vaginalis and anaerobic Gram-negative rods.
Precise estimates for the subelliptic heat kernel on H-type groups

Abstract We establish precise upper and lower bounds for the subelliptic heat kernel on nilpotent Lie groups G of H-type. Specifically, we show that there exist positive constants C 1 , C 2 and a polynomial correction function Q t on G such that C 1 Q t e − d 2 4 t ⩽ p t ⩽ C 2 Q t e − d 2 4 t , where p t is the heat kernel, and d the Carnot–Caratheodory distance on G. We also obtain similar bounds on the norm of its subelliptic gradient | ∇ p t | . Along the way, we record explicit formulas for the distance function d and the subriemannian geodesics of H-type groups.
Effectiveness of four different clinical fMRI paradigms for preoperative regional determination of language lateralization in patients with brain tumors.

Blood oxygen level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has demonstrated its capability to provide comparable results to gold standard intracarotid sodium amobarbital (Wada) testing for preoperative determination of language hemispheric dominance. However, thus far, no consensus has been established regarding which fMRI paradigms are the most effective for the determination of hemispheric language lateralization in specific categories of patients and specific regions of interest (ROIs). Forty-one brain tumor patients who performed four different language tasks—rhyming (R), silent word generation (SWG) sentence completion, and sentence listening comprehension (LC)—for presurgical language mapping by fMRI were included in this study. A statistical threshold-independent lateralization index (LI) was calculated and compared among the paradigms in four different ROIs for language activation: functional Broca’s (BA) and Wernicke’s areas (WA) as well as larger anatomically defined expressive (EA) and receptive (RA) areas. The two expressive paradigms evaluated in this study are very good lateralizing tasks in expressive language areas; specifically, a significantly higher mean LI value was noted for SWG (0.36 ± 0.25) compared to LC (0.16 ± 0.24, p = 0.009) and for R (0.40 ± 0.22) compared to LC (0.16 ± 0.24, p = 0.001) in BA. SWG LI (0.28 ± 0.19) was higher than LC LI (0.12 ± 0.16, p = 0.01) also in EA. No significant differences in LI were found among these paradigms in WA or RA. SWG and R are sufficient for the determination of lateralization in expressive language areas, whereas new semantic or receptive paradigms need to be designed for an improved assessment of lateralization in receptive language areas.