cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of (±)-14-epiupial by manganese(III) -γ-lactone annulation

Abstract The total synthesis of racemic 14-epiupial (3) is described. The preparation of 3 is achieved in 23 steps starting from 8. In the key step, manganese(III) acetate acts on the monocarboxylic acid derived from 17b to promote concurrent formation of the bicyclic[3,3.1]nonane and lactone rings required for the upial framework. The scope of this reaction was pursued with the epimeric MOM ethers 18b and 26. To a large extent, these processes led to decomposition, although 27 could be isolated in 9% yield. Alternative cyclization strategies were examined and found to be even less feasible.
Asymptotic theory of propagation in curved and nonuniform waveguides

To treat guided wave propagation in curved nonuniform waveguides, such as atmospheric, oceanic, and solid earth ducts, two methods of analysis are presented. The first is the ray method of Keller and Rubinow, which has been applied to waveguides by Maurer and Felsen. This method is illustrated by applying it to a straight uniform guide, for which it yields the exact result. It is also applied to a guide with concentric circular walls, and yields the asymptotic form of the exact result. Then it is applied to a gradually changing guide and yields a result which includes that of Rayleigh for narrow guides. The second method, which involves stretching of the transverse coordinate, has been applied to water waves by Keller to narrow guides by Matkowsky and to various guided wave problems by Rulf. It is applied to gradually changing guides and yields results which are more accurate than the ray method results for such guides.
Significance of widespread low effusion rate eruptions over the past two million years for delivery of magma to the overlapping spreading centers at 9°N East Pacific Rise

Abstract Ever since the discovery that the mid-ocean ridge axis deepens at most axial discontinuities, there has been vigorous debate about whether ridge axis depth and shape reflect magma supply. Here we report evidence, from one of the most thoroughly studied ridge discontinuities on a fast-spreading mid-ocean ridge, that volcanic eruption effusion rates have been low relative to nearby segment centers throughout its two million year history. This pattern of low volcanic effusion rates is inferred from the fields of constructional volcanic mounds on the seafloor which are much more abundant in the off-axis discordant zone of the East Pacific Rise (EPR) 9°N Overlapping Spreading Centers (OSC) than on typical EPR seafloor. Detailed seafloor mapping in 2007 shows that these mound fields consist of concentrations of large pillow mounds that formed within the current OSC basin and ridge tips, rather than off-axis. Pillow lava, erupted at approximately an order of magnitude lower effusion rate than lobate or sheet flows, primarily builds mounds on the seafloor. Crustal thickness, a proxy for long-term magma supply, does not decrease in spite of the decreased lava effusion rates implied by widespread pillow eruptions. To resolve the problem of achieving the same magma emplacement rate with lower effusion rates, without violating our observations by requiring drastically increased eruption frequency or unreasonably long eruption durations, we propose that eruptions occur across the entire OSC basin. The current configuration of mid-crustal melt sills within the OSC as resolved by multichannel seismic reflection surveys have neither the correct location nor appropriate size to deliver magma to these eruptive vents in the OSC basin via vertically propagating dikes. Instead, we propose that magma delivery to eruptions occurs via laterally propagating dikes from robust mid-crustal melt sills outside of the overlap zone.
Visualizing and assessing navigation in hypertext

User navigation has been a central theme in both theoretical and empirical work since the earliest days of hypertext research and development. Studies exploring user navigation have, however, tended to rely on indirect navigational measures and have rarely tried to relate navigation to performance solving problems or locating information. The purpose of this paper is to propose methods that lead to a more direct representation and analysis of user movement in hypertext and to empirically explore the relationship of resulting measures to performance in a hypertext search task. Results of this study support the claim that the proposed graphical and numerical methods have empirical significance and may be useful in applications related to assessing and modeling user navigation.
CXC-chemokines stimulate invasion and chemotaxis in prostate carcinoma cells through the CXCR2 receptor.

BACKGROUND Metastasis of prostate carcinoma requires invasion through the basement membrane, a thin extracellular matrix that underlies the epithelial cells, which must be breached by tumor cells invading into surrounding tissue. The CXC-chemokines, which have been shown to promote the migration of neutrophils and carcinoma cells, are candidates to influence prostate carcinoma-cell invasion. METHODS CXC-chemokines were examined for the ability to stimulate prostate cell line PC3 invasion in vitro through a reconstituted basement membrane and long-term migration and short-term adhesion to laminin, a major component of the basement membrane. RESULTS PC3 cells responded to IL-8 and GROα with a 1.6–2-fold increase in invasion through reconstituted basement membrane. A corresponding 2–3-fold increase in chemotaxis toward IL-8 and GROa was seen on laminin. Anti-CXCR2 antibody inhibited IL-8-stimulated migration. Expression levels of the β1 integrins were not changed by IL-8, and α6β1 integrin was used for both stimulated and baseline migration. In addition to the increases in migration and invasion, 2–6-fold transient increases in adhesion on laminin were seen with both IL-8 and GROα. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the CXC-chemokines stimulate migration and invasion in part by altering the activation state of the β1 integrins. The CXC-chemokines act on prostate carcinoma cells through the CXCR2 receptor to promote behavior important for metastasis, and as such may be important in prostate carcinoma progression and metastasis. Prostate 41:78–88, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Regional Study of Bacteria in Clinically Normal Mouths

Since Miller (1) there has been but little study devoted to the strictly morphologic aspects of the oral flora, either in the clinically normal or in the diseased mouth. Smith (2) recently has redirected attention to the important role that spirochetal forms seem to play in the pathogenesis of some oral lesions. Despite the exhaustiveness of his review, a clear concept of their pathogenicity escapes us. In Vincent's infections the fusiform bacilli and spirochetes are reputedly the chief malefactors. Recently (10, 16, 20) doubt has been expressed about their sole responsibility and somewhat more attention has been devoted to the accompanying organisms. Culture methods have been employed in the study of the other bacteria. Time does not permit the practicing dentist-or physician-to use these methods routinely. He must rely on the examination of stained smears. Neither a careful evaluation of smear diagnoses nor a morphologic tabulation of bacteria apparently normal to certain regions of the mouth is available. As a preliminary to a study of Vincent's infection, this was deemed necessary. Since bacteriological methods are employed by the dentist almost exclusively for the diagnosis of Vincent's infections, the organisms supposedly causative of this disease have received the greater attention in our study. The literature on oral bacteria is abundant. Topley and Wilson (3) indicate that the normal flora comprises chiefly micrococci, staphylococci, streptococci, gram positive and gram negative bacilli, and spirochetes. They do not make a more specific listing. Gundel and Linden (4) ascertained that the four pneumococci groups, the influenza
Presettlement forests and fire in southern Alabama

Although the loss of Pinus palustris P. Mill. (longleaf pine) dominated communities and the alteration of the presettlement fire regimes have been documented, there is little information on the ecology of the presettlement lower Coastal Plain forests of the southeastern United States. We used 12 637 witness trees, which were recorded by General Land Office surveyors between 1820 and 1846, to identify presettlement witness tree associations and to explore witness tree – environmental variable relationships. Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) was used to identify three witness tree associations including a Pinus spp. – Quercus marilandica (L.) Muenchh. association, a Quercus spp. – Carya spp. association, and a Persea spp. – Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. association. Canonical correspondence analysis and contingency tables were used to describe and test witness tree relationships with slope, elevation, and soil drainage. Additionally, bearing distances, used as an indicator of forest density, were compared a...
Wireless and Empire: Geopolitics, Radio Industry and Ionosphere in the British Empire, 1918–1939

Aitor Anduaga, Wireless and Empire: Geopolitics, Radio Industry and Ionosphere in the British Empire, 1918–1939. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. xvi + 386 pp. 32 plts. $80.00. ISBN 978-0-19-...
Infrared spectra of H2CO, H213CO, D2CO, and D213CO and anomalous values in vibrational force fields

Abstract The infrared spectra of gaseous formaldehyde- 13 C and - 13 C, D 2 were collected and the harmonic frequencies were determined using Dennison's Rule. Coupled with data from formaldehyde and formaldehyde-D 2 , general harmonic force fields were determined based on H 2 CO and H 2 13 CO, D 2 CO and D 2 13 CO, and all four isotopic species for both observed and harmonized frequencies. It was found that anomalous values of the CH (D) stretch-bend interaction force constants are obtained when data from all four isotopic species are fit.
Token allocation in distributed systems

Allocation and reallocation techniques for resources in a distributed database (DDB) system are discussed. An abstract model of the DDB, which partitions data among a set of nodes in a network, is presented. Initial resource allocation and demand driven borrowing policies are investigated using the model. It is shown that a single token borrowing policy which attempts to correct the greatest waste of resources in the system, achieves a cost within several percent of the unachievable lower bound, and multiple token borrowing polices, which anticipate future need and keep the system balanced with respect to the remaining number of tokens, perform much better than those that only borrow the needed amount. >
Active AC snubber for direct AC/AC power converters

While direct AC/AC converters like matrix converters have been around for a while, their applications are generally limited to low voltages due to complexity and issues in scaling to high voltages, including inadequate fault tolerance, complex switching patterns where errors can lead to device failures, and complex gate drive requirements for voltage sharing among the devices. For these reasons, voltage source inverters (VSI)-based topologies remain the de facto standard in medium to high voltage power conversion applications. This paper will propose an actively-controlled AC snubber concept that addresses the scalability issues with direct AC and AC/AC converters. The paper will use the previously proposed single-phase direct AC topology known as the dynamic capacitor (D-CAP) to demonstrate the operation of the AC snubber. However, the proposed snubber concept is equally valid for any topologies employing series-connected devices to scale up to higher voltages.
Genetic architecture of autosome-mediated hybrid male sterility in Drosophila.

Several estimators have been developed for assesing the number of sterility factors in a chromosome based on the sizes of fertile and sterile introgressed fragments. Assuming that two factors are required for producing sterility, simulations show that one of these, twice the inverse of the relative size of the largest fertile fragment, provides good average approximations when as few as five fertile fragments are analyzed. The estimators have been used for deducing the number of factors from previous data on several pairs of species. A particular result contrasts with the authors9 interpretations: instead of the high number of sterility factors suggested, only a few per autosome are estimated in both reciprocal crosses involving Drosophila buzzatii and D. koepferae. It has been possible to map these factors, between three and six per chromosome, in the autosomes 3 and 4 of these species. Out of 203 introgressions of different fragments or combinations of fragments, the outcome of at least 192 is explained by the mapped zones. These results suggest that autosome-mediated sterility in the male hybrids of these species is mediated by a few epistatic factors, similarly to X -mediated sterility in the hybrids of other Drosophila species.
Pantothenate and Coenzyme A in Bacterial Growth

Toennies, G. (Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa.), D. N. Das, and F. Feng. Pantothenate and coenzyme A in bacterial growth. J. Bacteriol. 92:707-713. 1966.-The effect of environmental pantothenate levels on the growth of Streptococcus faecalis 9790 was studied in terms of growth rate, depletion phenomena, cellular coenzyme A (CoA) content, and differential rates of wall and membrane synthesis. Low concentrations of pantothenate yielded normal exponential growth curves up to peak turbidities which are a function of pantothenate concentration. Attainment of these peaks was followed by lysis. Under such conditions, bacterial CoA increased initially in proportion with cell substance, but attained a peak level much earlier than cell substance, and then gradually decreased down to vanishing amounts. With higher pantothenate concentrations, cellular CoA levels increased to a maximum, and, under these conditions, the CoA content remained constant during exponential growth. Four-fifths of the pantothenate requirement of growing cells was eliminated by environmental oleate and palmitate. When CoA disappeared during growth on low pantothenate levels, cell wall synthesis seemed to continue at nearly normal rates, but membrane synthesis was severely curtailed. The data suggest that in fermentative organisms pantothenate action might be confined to wall and membrane synthesis, that these two processes differ in their quantitative dependence on pantothenate, and that pantothenate might occur in the form of acyl carrier protein as well as CoA.
The Use of Neural Networks in High-Energy Physics

In the past few years a wide variety of applications of neural networks to pattern recognition in experimental high-energy physics has appeared. The neural network solutions are in general of high quality, and, in a number of cases, are superior to those obtained using "traditional'' methods. But neural networks are of particular interest in high-energy physics for another reason as well: much of the pattern recognition must be performed online, that is, in a few microseconds or less. The inherent parallelism of neural network algorithms, and the ability to implement them as very fast hardware devices, may make them an ideal technology for this application.
Δ5-3²-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Activity in Rat Embryos on Days 1 Through 7 of Pregnancy

The combined results of the presentand a previous study (2) showed that, there was noA5-3/3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) activityin unfertilized rat eggs and in Day-1, -2, and -3embryos. HSD activity was first observed on Day 4(08.00 hr), it peaked on Day 5, sharply declined onDay 6, and was again absent on Day 7. If it isassumed that quantitative changes in HSD activityreflect changes in synthesis of steroid hormones, itcan be postulated that steroid hormones producedby the embryo play a key role in the phenomena ofmorula to blastocyst transformation and implantationof the blastocyst. (Endocrinology 95:321, 1974)
Probing the Standard Model via rare pion and muon decays

The PIBETA collaboration has used a non-magnetic pure CsI calorimeter operating at the Paul Scherrer Institute to collect the world's largest sample of rare pion and muon decays. We have extracted the absolute pi+ -> pi0 e+ nu decay branching ratio with the 0.55 % total uncertainty. The pi+ -> e + nu gamma data set was used to extract weak axial and vector form factors F_A and F_V, yielding a significant improvement in the precision of F_A and F_V. The mu+ -> e+ nu nu gamma distributions were well described with the two-parameter (rho_SM,eta_bar=0) solution. These results bring major improvements in accuracy over the current Particle Data Group listings and agree well with the predictions of the Standard Model.
CFI-Stream: mining closed frequent itemsets in data streams

Mining frequent closed itemsets provides complete and condensed information for non-redundant association rules generation. Extensive studies have been done on mining frequent closed itemsets, but they are mainly intended for traditional transaction databases and thus do not take data stream characteristics into consideration. In this paper, we propose a novel approach for mining closed frequent itemsets over data streams. It computes and maintains closed itemsets online and incrementally, and can output the current closed frequent itemsets in real time based on users' specified thresholds. Experimental results show that our proposed method is both time and space efficient, has good scalability as the number of transactions processed increases and adapts very rapidly to the change in data streams.
REPORTED STRENGTH OF HUMAN-ANIMAL BONDING AND METHOD OF ACQUIRING A DOG

Summary.-Strength of the human-animal bond among dog owners was investigated as a Function of who chose to adopt a particular dog. Undergraduate students (129 women, 59 men) were presented an animal-bonding scale and questions relating to the acquisition of their dogs. Analysis indicated participants who had chosen dogs themselves or in conjunction with another scored higher on bonding with their animals than owners who reported that someone else had chosen their dogs. The findings underscore the potential problems in giving animals as gifts and the salutary consequences of personal involvement in pet selection. Questions concerning characteristics and benefits of pets are as old as pet ownershp itself, but only recently has the topic been addressed by social scientists. Areas investigated include relationships between pets and children (8, 10, 12, 15, 18, 23), pets and elderly persons (6, 11, 14, 17, 20), and beneficial effects of companion animals on human physiological processes. For example, companion animals have been shown to lower blood pressure and stress (1, 3). Clearly, though, not all human-animal relationships thrive. Bonds fail,
Exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia

Exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia (EIAH) at or near sea level is now recognized to occur in a significant number of fit, healthy subjects of both genders and of varying ages. Our review aims to d...
A Sociocognitive Network Approach to Organizational Analysis

Following the lead of other contributors to cognitive organizational theory, this paper offers a sociocognitive network methodology that represents a sharp departure from traditional approaches to organizational analysis. After outlining the contours of a sociocognitive perspective of organizational dynamics, we present a highly flexible, but reproducible methodology that allows us to uncover and quantify differences in the content of organizational reference frames. We then demonstrate how the resulting indices of cognitive content may be merged with standard sociometric data, creating a network matrix that measures the sociocognitive connectedness of an organization's participants and enables us to identify and monitor barriers to organizational innovation and change.
A Chronicle of Serologic Response in Commercial Layer Chickens to Vaccination with Commercial F Strain Mycoplasma gallisepticum Vaccine

Abstract Vaccination of multi-age layer operations, wherein one million plus commercial layer chickens are housed, has been spurious until the development of a self-propelled, constant-speed spray vaccinator. Still, even with its use, live Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) vaccinations have been questionable in terms of seroconversion. Using the vaccinator as a research tool over the past 5 yr, factors have been elucidated which impact seroconversion to one live MG vaccine in particular, the F strain of MG (FMG). These factors include the type of nozzle used to spray the vaccine, the temperature of the water used to rehydrate and administer the vaccine, and the pH and osmolarity of the fluid used to apply the vaccine. In the present study, one farm was monitored for its seroconversion rates over 4½ yr, during which time the FMG vaccination protocol was amended as factors were identified that enhanced seroconversion rates. The results of this study showed that implementation and inclusion of the optimized fact...
Leukocytosis and ischemic vascular disease morbidity and mortality: is it time to intervene?

The association between leukocytosis and increased morbidity and mortality of ischemic vascular disease has been observed for more than half a century, and recent studies in >350 000 patients confirm the robustness of the association and the dramatically higher relative and absolute acute and chronic mortality rates in patients with high versus low leukocyte counts. Although there is reason to believe that the association is not causal (that is, that leukocytosis is simply a marker of inflammation), there is also reason to believe that the leukocytosis directly enhances acute thrombosis and chronic atherosclerosis. Leukocytosis also is associated with poor prognosis and vaso-occlusive events in patients with sickle cell disease, and experimental data suggest a direct role for leukocytes in microvascular obstruction. The only way to test whether leukocytes contribute directly to poor outcome in ischemic cardiovascular disease is to assess the effect of modifying leukocyte function or number. Because selective blockade of leukocyte integrin αMβ2 and P-selectin have thus far been disappointing as therapeutic strategies in human cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease, I discuss the potential risks and benefits of short-term treatment with hydroxyurea to decrease the leukocyte count in select populations of patients at the highest risk of short-term death.
Preliminary Evaluation of Ultra-High Pitch Computed Tomography Enterography:

BACKGROUND CT enterography (CTE) is a valuable tool in the management of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Reducing imaging time, reduced motion artifacts, and decreased radiation exposure are important goals for optimizing CTE examinations. PURPOSE To assess the potential impact of new CT technology (ultra-high pitch CTE) for the ability to reduce scan time and also potentially reduce radiation exposure while maintaining image quality. MATERIAL AND METHODS This retrospective study compared 13 patients who underwent ultra-high pitch CTE with 25 patients who underwent routine CTE on the same CT scanner with identical radiation emission settings. Total scan time and radiation exposure were recorded for each patient. Image quality was assessed by measurement of image noise and also qualitatively by two independent observers. RESULTS Total scan time was significantly lower for patients who underwent ultra-high pitch CTE (2.1 s ± 0.2) than by routine CTE (18.6 s ± 0.9) (P 0.74). There was also no significant difference in image quality noted by either of the two readers. CONCLUSION Ultra-high pitch CTE can be performed more rapidly than standard CTE and offers the potential for radiation exposure reduction while maintaining image quality.
The Structure of Shock Wave-Boundary Layer Interactions in Transonic Flow

The structure of transonic shock wave-boundary layer interactions is studied using asymptotic analyses, for an oblique shock impinging on a flat plate boundary layer. Solutions for unseparated laminar and turbulent boundary layers are reviewed, and incipient separation of a turbulent boundary layer is considered.
Wrestling with MUDs to Pin Down the Truth About Special Districts

Federal, state, and local governments encourage and empower special districts - board-run, special purpose local government units that are administratively and fiscally independent from general purpose local governments. Special districts receive incentives, grants, and freedom from limitations (such as limitations on tax and debt) imposed on general purpose local governments. Special districts are treated favorably because they are small in size, which theoretically means they foster democratic participation; are limited in purpose, meaning that states can tailor the special districts' powers to serve specific problems; and are viewed as efficient solutions to specific problems. Though special districts have tripled in number over the last fifty years, the rationale justifying their favorable treatment has not been thoroughly scrutinized. One obstacle to such scrutiny is the difficulty in determining a metric of assessment: Too many different kinds of special districts exist, and the scope of districts changes constantly. An imperfect, but no less revealing method is a close investigation of one type of special district. This Article provides one of the few in-depth reviews of special districts in the academic literature, focusing on the Texas municipal utility district (MUD), originally designed to supply water to unincorporated areas. MUDs - the most common type of special district in the state with the third largest number of special districts - embody both the strengths and weaknesses of special districts. Texas's failure to address MUDs' negative effects reflects our nationwide failure to analyze and correct problematic special districts. This Article discusses MUDs' formation, powers, and scope, and analyzes how MUDs operate without real democratic checks, have too much power, and ineffectively work toward their goals. Throughout, it attempts to engage the central question in modern local government law: the optimality of certain units of government.
Placing Greater Faith in Religion

In almost every part the country, meetinghouses, churches, mosques, synagogues, temples, and other faith-based properties are regarded as important for connecting people who share beliefs. Open spaces and landscapes can also have sacred meaning. Centers of religious thought and practices are possible almost everywhere as they continually redefine who is leading the faith, and where the adherents reside. If one also considers linkages between faith-based facilities—colleges, universities, seminaries, monasteries, health care facilities, senior citizens’ centers, cemeteries, and more—the importance of understanding the role of religion in this country cannot be ignored.
Si 28 (p, p'γ) Angular Correlations

Angular correlations have been measured between protons scattered inelastically from a ${\mathrm{Si}}^{28}$ target and the decay gamma rays from the 1.78-Mev first excited state of the target nuclei. The incident proton bombarding energy was varied between 5.8 Mev and 7.0 Mev. The angular correlation experiments were performed for proton detector angles of 37\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, 60\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, and 120\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. The measured angular correlation functions are all of the form $A+B{sin}^{2}[2(\ensuremath{\theta}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\theta}}_{0})]$, where ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{0}$ is the axis of symmetry. When the incident proton beam energy was 7.0 Mev, the symmetry direction was found to be 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} (center of mass) independent of the proton detector angle. These results agree with the prediction of a compound-nucleus theory. This suggests the existence of a strong compound nucleus resonance in ${\mathrm{P}}^{29}$ at an excitation energy of 9.6 Mev. For lower proton beam energies, the symmetry direction ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{0}$ shifts with a change in the proton detector angle or a change in the proton beam energy. These results are consistent with a direct-reaction mechanism.
Thin-film optical notch filter spectacle coatings for the treatment of migraine and photophobia

Previous evidence suggests optical treatments hold promise for treating migraine and photophobia. We designed an optical notch filter, centered at 480 nm to reduce direct stimulation of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells. We used thin-film technology to integrate the filter into spectacle lenses. Our objective was to determine if an optical notch filter, designed to attenuate activity of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells, could reduce headache impact in chronic migraine subjects. For this randomized, double-masked study, our primary endpoint was the Headache Impact Test (HIT-6; GlaxoSmithKline, Brentford, Middlesex, UK). We developed two filters: the therapeutic filter blocked visible light at 480 nm; a 620 nm filter was designed as a sham. Participants were asked to wear lenses with one of the filters for 2 weeks; after 2 weeks when no lenses were worn, they wore lenses with the other filter for 2 weeks. Of 48 subjects, 37 completed the study. Wearing either the 480 or 620 nm lenses resulted in clinically and statistically significant HIT-6 reductions. However, there was no significant difference when comparing overall effect of the 480 and 620 nm lenses. Although the 620 nm filter was designed as a sham intervention, research published following the trial indicated that melanopsin, the photopigment in intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells, is bi-stable. This molecular property may explain the unexpected efficacy of the 620 nm filter. These preliminary findings indicate that lenses outfitted with a thin-film optical notch filter may be useful in treating chronic migraine.
Kinematic Characteristics of Speaking Rate in Individuals with Cerebral Palsy: A Preliminary Study

Many individuals with cerebral palsy (CP) have a slower speaking rate compared with their typically developing peers. Previous studies examining age-related changes in speaking rate in typical development suggest that (1) cognitive and linguistic processing increases account for most of these changes, and (2) changes to linguistic task demands affect the articulatory strategies used to produce the target stimuli (e.g., truncating movements for tasks with fewer linguistic demands). The purpose of this study was to determine the relations between linguistic and physiologic factors in individuals with CP to better understand how the pathophysiology of CP affects speech production in these individuals. Four participants with CP and 38 age-matched peers were asked to complete a diadochokinetic (DDK) task, a vowel-consonant-vowel syllable repetition task, and a sentence repetition task. Speaking rate for the tasks and lower lip maximum movement speed, range of movement, and duration of the closing and opening gestures common to each task were measured. In general, participants with CP have reduced speaking rates compared with their typically developing peers despite increased movement speeds. In both groups, linguistic task effects were observed; higher linguistic demands resulted in slower speaking rates and higher movement speeds. Range of movement was greater for participants with CP than their typically developing peers and may have contributed to the observed decreased speaking rates in individuals with CP.
Implications for the Colleges of the New School Programs

(1962). Implications for the Colleges of the New School Programs. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 69, No. 4, pp. 255-259.
A comparison of 20 beta-hydroxy-pregn-4-ene-3-one and progesterone on mammary gland growth of the rat.

SummaryA comparison is presented of the biological activity of progesterone and 20β-hydroxy-pregn-4-ene-3-one with estradiol benzoate upon mammary gland growth of the ovariectomized rat. When 1 μg of estradiol benzoate (EB) plus 3 mg of progesterone (P) was injected, the mean DNA was 5.83 mg/100 g of body wt. When 1 μg of EB was combined with 3, 6, and 9 mg of 20β-ol, the mean DNA was 43, 34, and 32%, respectively, less. At the 9-mg level of 20β-ol only 68% as much mammary gland was stimulated as by 3 mg of P.
Mechanisms of erythropoietin signal transduction: involvement of calcium channels.

AbstractErythropoietin (Epo) induces a dose-dependent increase in intracellular free calcium concentration ([Ca1]) in single human BFU-E derived erythroblasts, which is specific for stage of differentiation and mediated through a voltage-independent ion channel permeable to calcium. This minireview examines the regulation of calcium channels by Epo during normal erythroid differentiation, as a model to delineate the immediate signaling events which follow interaction of Epo with its receptor.
A Transonic Laminar-Flow Wing Glove Flight Experiment: Overview and Design Optimization

The Subsonic Aircraft Roughness Glove Experiment (SARGE) is a hybrid natural laminar flow and passive laminar flow control flight test that will be carried out under the auspices of the NASA Environmentally Responsible Aviation initiative. The primary goals of the SARGE experiment are to 1) achieve natural laminar flow to 0.60 chord on the suction side at up to 22 million chord Reynolds number and 2) at conditions of at least 22 million chord Reynolds number, demonstrate the effectiveness of a passive array of discrete roughness elements in extending laminar flow beyond the natural transition location. The test will be conducted on a test article having 35° leading-edge sweep at 0.75 Mach and lift coefficient of at least 0.5. In cooperation with NASA Dryden Flight Research Center, Texas A&M has completed the optimized aerodynamic design of the wing glove, as well as flight test and instrumentation planning.
Serum and Blister Fluid Anticomplementary Activity in Pemphigus and Bullous Pemphigoid. Sucrose Density Gradient Studies

SummaryBy sucrose density gradient ul-tracentrifugation and standard hemolytic complement assays, complement fixing activity of about 19 S and greater was found in blister fluids of one patient with pemphigus and three of five patients with bullous pem-phigoid. Control blister fluids, including experimentally induced blisters, lacked such activity. Complement fixing activity was apparent, however, in 6 of 10 pemphigus sera and in two of five bullous pemphigoid sera tested. The material present in both pemphigus and bullous pemphigoid appears to activate the classical complement pathway.
Fast-Scan Deposition-Stripping Voltammetry at Carbon-Fiber Microelectrodes: Real-Time, Subsecond, Mercury Free Measurements of Copper

Elevated concentrations of hazardous metals in aquatic systems are known to threaten human health. Mobility, bioavailability, and toxicity of metals are controlled by chemical speciation, a dynamic process. Understanding metal behavior is limited by the lack of analytical methods that can provide rapid, sensitive, in situ measurements. While electrochemistry shows promise, it is limited by its temporal resolution and the necessity for Hg modified electrodes. In this letter, we apply fast-scan deposition-stripping voltammetry at carbon-fiber microelectrodes for in situ measurements of Cu(II). We present a novel, Hg-free technique that can measure Cu(II) with ppb sensitivity at 100 ms temporal resolution.
Influence of gravity in large-scale throwblasting

By the mechanism analysis of the funnel pit formation in throwblasting,the influence of gravity and geotechnical media adhesion was determined respectively.Based on the similarity theory,the dimensionless relationship of throwblasting was proposed when the gravity played a decisive role.In addition,the simulation experiment was also conducted.Besides,the determining factor of gravity on the formation of funnel pit,especially in the soft rock,was also declared by comparing the results of the simulation test,the prototypical large TNT test and the nuclear throwblasting test.On this basis,a correction formula for the Боресков formula and its application were introduced when the blasting was a large-scale one.
The analysis of Bluetooth System in LPO low power mode

This paper does analysis on the Bluetooth system when in LPO low power mode, gives the system timing requirement in this mode and gives the current analysis for reference based on Sniff mode. This paper has guidance on Bluetooth system design especially on portable Bluetooth system design.
Feedback on Bounce Backs: Real-Time Notification of Readmissions and the Impact on Readmission Rates and Physician Perceptions.

OBJECTIVES: Readmissions are an increasing area of focus for quality improvement initiatives. Widely variable estimates exist on preventability and impact of multipronged readmission interventions. Given the rotating nature of attending physicians in academic centers, physicians often are unaware of readmissions. We present a before-and-after (uncontrolled) trial evaluating timely feedback of readmissions to hospitalist physicians. METHODS: A daily list of patients (inpatient, observation, procedure, or emergency department) who are registered as receiving care within University of North Carolina hospitals was filtered to include only inpatients within the last 30 days and cared for by a faculty member from the hospital medicine program, and readmissions were tracked. A hospitalist physician performed an in-depth review of readmissions using a readmission diagnostic worksheet developed by the Institute for Healthcare Improvement STate Action on Avoidable Rehospitalizations Initiative. Physicians were surveyed on their perception of readmissions in general and their preventability. Outcomes of interest were 30-day readmission rates, physician perspectives and estimates of preventability, patient factors from the STate Action on Avoidable Rehospitalizations tool, and length of stay. RESULTS: Compared with the previous 18 months, the readmission rate was reduced modestly during the 6 months of our intervention (12% to 10%, t test + 0.071). The average length of stay increased from 4.73 days during the prior 18 months to 5.01 for the 4 months since the intervention (t test 0.1). Based on the attending physician survey, 13% of attending physicians believed that fewer than 10% of readmissions were preventable; this increased to 30% after 6 months of timely notification and chart reviews. At baseline, the top three contributors to readmissions were believed to be patient understanding, medication nonadherence, and substance abuse/addiction. After 6 months of the intervention, the top three contributors were believed to be substance abuse/addiction, medication nonadherence, and lack of primary care. CONCLUSIONS: Our intervention of real-time feedback regarding readmissions and enforced chart review led to a modest reduction in readmission rates without significant changes in length of stay. Physicians continued to believe that a readmission event was multifactorial and largely not preventable. Real-time notification did increase physician involvement in prevention initiatives, in particular with high-use patients.
Assessing Fraud Risk, Trustworthiness, Reliability, and Truthfulness: Integrating Audit Evidence from Multiple Sources

As directed by SAS 99 (AICPA, 2002), fraud risk assessment is an iterative process that begins with the recognition of initial fraud risk factors and then involves interviewing senior financial personnel (e.g., CFO) to explain the financial results and nonfinancial operating personnel to corroborate information obtained from the financial personnel. Prior research has not examined if auditors can combine evidence from workpaper documentation with interviews with multiple entity personnel to appropriately update their truthfulness and fraud risk assessments in a situation where management seeks to conceal fraud. In this study, 67 auditors, across professional ranks, completed a case based on an actual fraud. The presence or absence of fraud was manipulated. Auditors received and evaluated audit evidence in three stages -- after receiving client background information, client inquiry evidence from senior financial personnel, and inquiry evidence from operating personnel. The results show that auditors were not able to appropriately differentiate between the fraud and no fraud conditions after the initial review of financial statements and fraud risk factors and after the review of the information provided by the senior financial personnel, even when the financial personnel were being deceptive. However, when auditors received inconsistent (consistent) audit evidence from operating personnel, they appropriately increased (decreased) their fraud risk assessments and decreased (increased) their trustworthiness, reliability, and truthfulness judgments of financial personnel. Further analysis indicates that auditors with prior experience with fraud had heightened awareness of fraud early in the process based only on fraud risk factors and client deception. We extend research on deception detection by demonstrating auditors’ ability to appropriately detect fraud and assess client truthfulness when presented with evidence from a corroborating source. These findings also provide evidence on SAS 99’s recommendation for the use of client inquiry, but only when integrated with other audit evidence.
An oral exam for measuring a dialog system's capabilities

This paper suggests a model and methodology for measuring the breadth and flexibility of a dialog system's capabilities. The approach relies on having human evaluators administer a targeted oral exam to a system and provide their subjective views of that system's performance on each test problem. We present results from one instantiation of this test being performed on two publicly-accessible dialog systems and a human, and show that the suggested metrics do provide useful insights into the relative strengths and weaknesses of these systems. Results suggest that this approach can be performed with reasonable reliability and with reasonable amounts of effort. We hope that authors will augment their reporting with this approach to improve clarity and make more direct progress toward broadly-capable dialog systems.
Complicity, Conspiracy, and Shareholder Liability

INTRODUCTION Participation means implication. It is the basis of individual accountability for what others do. But participatory accountability is inclusive, attaching to individuals as members of groups, and so differs from exclusive attributions of accountability. In Chapter 5 I showed how the moral responses to participatory wrongdoing by victims, onlookers, and participants properly reflect the difference between inclusive and exclusive accountability. However, because the diffuse domain of moral accountability finds its substance in the prior and particular web of moral and social relationships, few generalizations about moral accountability are both true and informative. As H.L.A. Hart and Lon Fuller have argued, the domain of legal accountability is necessarily more determinate, especially in liberal regimes.1 Committed to fostering the autonomy of its citizens, a liberal state must narrowly tailor its punitive and reparative responses. Unless citizens can reasonably predict and control the imposition of legal sanctions, they cannot lead good and meaningful lives within the law's constraints. So, in order to lend determinacy to my discussion of participatory accountability, I turn now to the domain of law. I will focus on criminal liability for complicity and conspiracy, and on shareholders' civil liability for the torts of the companies in which they invest. These are all examples of the law's treatment of indirect liability. I will argue that the law's treatment of participatory accountability is dogged by the same problem as individualistic consequentialism and Kantianism. The law too fails to understand the nature of the normative and logical relations between groups and their members.
Achieving the Inside–Outside Coupling During Network Simulation of Isothermal Drying of a Porous Medium in a Turbulent Flow

The problem of isothermal (slow) drying of a porous medium in the form of a square bluff body resting on a flat surface while being exposed to turbulent air flow is investigated in this paper. The porous medium is represented by a pore-network model consisting of a network of volume-less nodes connected to each other via narrow throats. As the air flows past the water-saturated network, the water evaporates in the network and the evaporated water vapors diffuse through the air inside the network to advect away in the outside domain. In the history of such simulations coupling the ‘outside–inside’ processes during drying, this paper investigates, for the first time, the effect of turbulent flow on drying of a porous medium after coupling the outside-the-network flow and transport with the inside-the-network drying and liquid redistribution. Also, a commercial software package is used for the first time to obtain the outside flow. The water redistribution inside the network is predicted by the invasion-percolation algorithm after assuming the dominance of capillary forces over viscous and gravity forces. The outside velocity field is first obtained using the $$k\hbox {-}\varepsilon $$ model in ANSYS Fluent package. Then, the velocity field is used in a finite-volume-based code in order to solve for mass transfer outside the network using the regular convective-diffusive species transport equation. The drying mechanism and vapor transport inside the pore network is coupled with the outside mass-transfer simulation by considering a flux-balancing condition at the top surface of the network. After achieving grid independence and demonstrating the suitability of the no-slip boundary condition for the network top, the effects of the outside-flow Reynolds number and different turbulent flow models on several global drying parameters such as evaporation or drying rate, cumulative drying time, and top-surface saturation were studied. The resistance to vapor transport within the network was observed to dominate the enhanced vapor transport outside the network through the use of turbulent flow. Though the effect of variations in the network throat-size distribution upon saturation distribution within the network was found to be significant, its effect on the drying rate evolution was minimal. The concentration boundary layer thickness, which is employed to set the mass-transfer boundary condition in pore-network simulations and has been hitherto taken as constant in the literature, was found to change not only with position on the network top, but was also found to decline with time due to the drying of the network top.