cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tyrosine Phosphorylation and Enhanced Expression of Paxillin during Neuronal Differentiation in Vitro(

Tyrosine phosphorylation has been implicated as a means by which neurite outgrowth is regulated. Because paxillin is a tyrosine-phosphorylated protein that may play a role in regulating cell morphology, we examined its expression in neuronal cells and how its tyrosine phosphorylation is related to neurite outgrowth. Paxillin was identified in several neuronal cell lines with an increased level upon differentiation. In SH-SY5Y cells, paxillin was localized along with actin filaments where processes extended from the cell body and in neuritic growth cones. Furthermore, paxillin was tyrosine-phosphorylated in SH-SY5Y cells upon adhesion to laminin. Paxillin tyrosine phosphorylation paralleled that of focal adhesion kinase and occurred as cell spreading, and neurite formation was initiated. Colchicine blocked neurite outgrowth but had no effect on cell spreading or on paxillin or focal adhesion kinase tyrosine phosphorylation. In contrast, cytochalasin D eliminated neurite outgrowth, cell spreading, and the tyrosine phosphorylation of paxillin and focal adhesion kinase. These results show that paxillin is tyrosine-phosphorylated upon integrin ligand binding in neuronal cells. Our findings suggest that paxillin tyrosine phosphorylation is linked to a remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton that leads to cell spreading and neurite formation and thus a differentiated neuronal phenotype.
Toward an Understanding of the Link between Work-Family Enrichment and Individual Health

Decades of research have focused on the negative impact multiple roles can have on workplaces and homes. However, little attention has been given to the individual benefits that may result from simultaneous participation in these roles. Fortunately, a recent construct, work-family enrichment, has emerged which considers positive influences that one domain (i.e., work, family) has on another. This study utilized the 18-item Carlson, Kacmar, Wayne, and Grzywacz, (2006) enrichment scale and the Madsen, John, and Miller (2005) adapted individual health scale to study correlations and linkages among health constructs (i.e., mental-emotional and physical) and the various dimensions of work-family enrichment.
Methods of Reducing the Effect of Atmospheric Disturbances

The transmitter sends the dots and dashes on one frequency and the spaces on a slightly different frequency. At the receiver a local frequency is superimposed producing two audio frequencies. The paths of the two audio frequencies are combined differentially so they would oppose if they occurred at the same time; also, they would pull the marking pen in the opposite direction if they occurred at the same time. Since one audio frequency is due to the dots and dashes while the other is due to the spaces, they do not occur at the same time. Since static hasn't a definite frequency it may produce about the same amount of audio-frequency current in each path, thereby more or less neutralizing its own effects. The tape records made with this system and an ordinary system show marked advantage in this system for reducing the effects of static and for increasing speed of recording.
What infants know about syntax but couldn't have learned: experimental evidence for syntactic structure at 18 months

Generative linguistic theory stands on the hypothesis that grammar cannot be acquired solely on the basis of an analysis of the input, but depends, in addition, on innate structure within the learner to guide the process of acquisition. This hypothesis derives from a logical argument, however, and its consequences have never been examined experimentally with infant learners. Challenges to this hypothesis, claiming that an analysis of the input is indeed sufficient to explain grammatical acquisition, have recently gained attention. We demonstrate with novel experimentation the insufficiency of this countervailing view. Focusing on the syntactic structures required to determine the antecedent for the pronoun one, we demonstrate that the input to children does not contain sufficient information to support unaided learning. Nonetheless, we show that 18-month-old infants do have command of the syntax of one. Because this syntactic knowledge could not have been gleaned exclusively from the input, infants' mastery of this aspect of syntax constitutes evidence for the contribution of innate structure within the learner in acquiring a grammar.
Mother-only versus father-only households: Educational outcomes for African American males

Writing about the African American family in the 1930s, noted African American sociologist, E. Franklin Frazier (1939) claimed that the majority of African American households were female-centered, that out-of-wedlock births represented family disorganization, and that such patterns were transmitted normatively from one generation of African Americans to the next. For obvious reasons, this image of African American families as female-headed and dysfunctional gained widespread acceptance and, in 1965, Daniel Patrick Moynihan reinforced this viewpoint with his linking of pathology with African American female-headed families. Moynihan's major thesis was that African American families were matriarchal in structure and that boys in these families were dominated by women and subsequently grew up without adequate role models for healthy adult masculinity. Summarizing the kind of cultural arguments put forth in the works of Frazier and Moynihan, 1 Eitzen (1974, p. 270) presented the following characterization of the Black family literature:
Phase Relations and Crystal Structures of Zn and Cd Tungstates

The systems ZnO-WO3 and CdO-WO3 show similar phase relations, each having a 1:1 phase. Invariant points established are 1182°C and 56 mol% ZnO, 1090° and 34 mol% ZnO, and 1105° and 31.5 mol% CdO. The crystal structure of CdWO4, determined by the single-crystal method, was isostructural with ZnWO4, a wolframite type. Cell dimensions are a=0.5013, b= 0.5090, and c= 0.5866 nm and γ= 91.46° with a space group P2/b and Z = 2. The measured and calculated densities are 7.83 and 7.79 g/cm3, respectively. ZnWO4 and CdWO4 formed a complete series of solid solutions at 900° to 1160°C, above which melting occurred.
Coherent polarimeter modules for the QUIET experiment

The Q/U Imaging Experiment (QUIET) is an experimental program to make very sensitive measurements of the Cosmic Background Radiation (CMB) polarization from the ground. A key component of this project is the ability to produce large numbers of detectors in order to achieve the required sensitivity. Using a breakthrough in mm-wave packaging at JPL, a polarimeter-on-a-chip has been developed which lends itself to the mass-production techniques used in the semiconductor industry. We describe the design, implementation and performance of these polarimeter modules for QUIET Phase I and briefly discuss the plans for further module development.
New South African Flat Rock Scorpions (Liochelidae: Hadogenes)

Abstract Two new flat rock scorpions, both endemic to South Africa, are described in the bicolor group of Hadogenes Kraepelin, 1894: H. polytrichobothrius n.sp.; H. soutpansbergensis n.sp. Both occupy discrete distributional ranges, allopatric with the other three species in the bicolor group: H. bicolor Purcell, 1899; H. longimanus Prendini, 2001; H. newlandsi Prendini, 2001. The distributions of the five species in the group are mapped, and a key provided for their identification.
Adaptation of respiratory muscle perfusion during exercise to chronically elevated ventilatory work.

Pneumonectomy (PNX) leads to chronic asymmetric ventilatory loading of respiratory muscles (RM). We measured RM energy requirements during exercise from RM blood flow (Q˙) using a fluorescent micro...
Agile Traffic Merging for DCNs

Data center networks (DCNs) have been growing in size and their power consumption is becoming a matter of concern. Many recent papers, including ElasticTree and CARPO, propose new near-energy-proportional DCNs, aiming at reducing the power consumption by dynamically powering off idle network switches and links. In this paper, we examine the power optimization model for DCNs, and present a scalable heuristic algorithm that finds a near-optimal subset of network switches and links that satisfies a given traffic load and consumes minimal power. Furthermore, we apply merge networks to each switch in order to power off the idle interfaces of the active switches, thus further reducing the energy consumption of active switches and achieving greater energy savings than ElasticTree. We finish by simulating large-scale fat-tree DCNs and comparing the energy cost of our techniques versus the ElasticTree method. The results demonstrate that our solution is more energy efficient.
An Investigation of the Usability and Desirability of Health and Fitness-Tracking Devices

This study investigated the usability and functionality of 6 different fitness tracking wristbands that have been suggested to improve and encourage healthy behaviors. While many previous studies assess the accuracy and behavioral effects of fitness tracking devices, limited research has been done to analyze the usability and desirability of these products. Participants were asked to rate their impressions of six fitness tracking devices - the Garmin Vivofit, Jawbone Up24, Fitbit One, Basis B1 Band, Misfit Shine, and the Tom Tom Multisport – before and after usage. Participants were also asked to describe the main factors contributing to their overall preference and likelihood to purchase and/or use each device. Results indicate that participants are initially more likely to favor, small, lightweight devices that have a display. After wearing the devices, the most valued features were attractiveness, long battery life, waterproof, and a heart rate monitor. The study suggest that a “one size fits all approach” to the design of fitness tracking devices may not be the most effective method to promote the actual use of the technology.
Dual Directors and the Governance of Corporate Spinoffs

This paper investigates how “dual directors” enable firms that undertake corporate spinoffs to manage their post-spinoff relationships with the firms they divest, as well as the performance implica...
Safety and tolerability of pomalidomide-based regimens (pomalidomide-carfilzomib-dexamethasone with or without cyclophosphamide) in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma and severe renal dysfunction: a case series.

Renal dysfunction negatively impacts outcomes in patients with multiple myeloma (MM). Few treatment options are currently available for patients with MM and comorbid renal dysfunction, and as they are generally excluded from clinical trials, data on the use of immunomodulatory drugs in this population are scarce. In this paper, we describe a case series of five women with MM and severe renal dysfunction or dialysis dependency who were refractory to both bortezomib and either lenalidomide or thalidomide and were treated with full-dose (4 mg) pomalidomide. As part of their treatment regimen, these patients also received carfilzomib and dexamethasone with or without cyclophosphamide. All five patients achieved at least a partial response to pomalidomide-based therapy, which was relatively well tolerated. Our findings suggest that pomalidomide may represent a valuable and tolerable treatment option for MM patients with severe renal impairment. The fact that pomalidomide is extensively metabolized prior to urinary excretion may explain the improved tolerability of pomalidomide versus lenalidomide in such patients. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Muslim Attributes and the Christian Trinity

Already in the first part of the eighth century, as one may judge from the reports of teachings to which Wāṣil (d. 748) was opposed, there arose in Islam the belief that certain terms which are attributed to God in the Koran stand for real incorporeal beings which exist in God from eternity. There is nothing in the Koran to warrant such a belief. Nor is there any warrant that at that early stage in the history of Islam the belief originated spontaneously by that kind of reasoning by which later Muslim theologians tried to defend it against opposition. The appearance of that belief at that time can be explained only on the ground of some external influence. Such an external influence could be either Greek philosophy or Judaism or Christianity. Greek philosophy is to be eliminated, for we have the testimony of Shahrastānī that it was not until later, among the followers of Wāṣil, that the problem of attributes came under the influence of Greek philosophy. And so also must Judaism be eliminated, for the kind of Judaism with which Islam was in direct contact at that time contained nothing in its teachings which could have inspired that new belief. By a process of elimination it is to be assumed that Christianity was that external influence.
Delegating Pricing Authority to the Sales Force: The Effects on Sales and Profit Performance:

A long-standing marketing question is whether sales personnel should be given authority to set prices. The marketing literature contains theoretical support for the practice. This article, however,...
Plexiform tumorlet of the uterus: report of two cases.

Two additional cases of a morphologically distinct minute tumor of the uterus are presented. These are added to 18 previously published cases, with which they share many characteristics, including their incidental finding and apparently nonaggressive behavior. The derivation of and terminology for these tumorlets is discussed.
Caregiver burden and perceived health competence when caring for family members diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease and related dementia.

Purpose To identify if there is a relationship between perceived health competence and burden of care of informal caregivers of family members with Alzheimer's disease and related dementia (ADRD). Data sources Informal caregivers 18 years and older who received services from the Alzheimer's Resource of Alaska were invited to complete a survey. Conclusions Findings indicate that there was a negative correlation between perceived health competence and burden of care (N = 64, r = −.54, p < .001). Additionally, there was a negative correlation within the three subscales of the Modified Montgomery-Borgatta Caregiver Burden Scale: objective burden (r = −.65, p = < .001), stress burden (r = −.41, p = .001), and relationship burden (r = −.29, p = .021, p = .001). Implications for practice Based on the findings of an association between increased caregiver burden and the perception of decreased health competence, nurse practitioners (NPs) can play an important role in assessing caregiver burden. The results of this study enlighten NPs about informal caregiver burden and will help guide discussions and assessments during routine healthcare visits with the goal of achieving optimal health for informal caregivers.
Quantum Monte Carlo Study of the Reactions of CH with Acrolein: Major and Minor Channels

Acrolein is an important unsaturated hydrocarbon, containing both C═O and C═C bonds, and responsible for atmospheric pollution. A recent study of major reactions of CH with acrolein has been supplemented with computations of other reactions of the system. Similar to the previous approach, the quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) method in the accurate diffusion Monte Carlo (DMC) method was implemented. Single determinant wave functions were used as trial functions for the random walks. Rate coefficients and product branching ratios were computed by solving master equations using the MultiWell software suite. At room temperature, the dominant product channels are 2-methylvinyl + CO (P6), 1,3-butadienal + H (P2), and furan + H (P1). At elevated temperatures, 2,3-butadienal + H (P10) is also a major product. The chain decomposition pathway to form C3H4 + HCO was not competitive with the cyclization pathway at any of the temperatures studied. The DMC branching fractions of the products formed in the subject reaction are in reasonable accord with previous experimental and theoretical values. The computed rate coefficients were found to be independent of pressure at temperatures relevant to combustion (1500-2500 K).
Learning semantic hierarchy with distributed representations for unsupervised spoken language understanding.

We study the problem of unsupervised ontology learning for semantic understanding in spoken dialogue systems, in particular, learning the hierarchical semantic structure from the data. Given unlabelled conversations, we augment a frame-semantic based unsupervised slot induction approach with hierarchical agglomerative clustering to merge topically-related slots (e.g., both slots “direction” and “locale” convey location-related information) for building a coherent semantic hierarchy, and then estimate the slot importance at different levels. The high-level semantic estimation involves not only within-slot but also crossslot relations. The experiments show that high-level semantic information can accurately estimate the prominence of slots, significantly improving the slot induction performance; furthermore, a semantic decoder trained on the data with automatically extracted slots achieves about 68% F-measure, which is close to the one from hand-crafted grammars.
Provision of Recommended Chronic Pain Assessment and Management in Primary Care: Does Patient-Centered Medical Home (PCMH) Recognition Make a Difference?

Background: Chronic pain (CP) care in the patient-centered medical home (PCMH) model has not been well studied. We assessed whether PCMH recognition is associated with increased provision of key practice recommendations for CP assessment and management. Methods: Chart reviews were completed for 12 primary care practices affiliated with one health system in the Cincinnati Area Research and Improvement Group (CARInG). Recommendations were abstracted and compared based on PCMH status: 3 practices had received prior PCMH level 3 recognition, 5 were in an ongoing process of applying, and 4 had no recognition and were not applying. Results: A total of 485 charts were reviewed from 65 PCPs. Eight of 10 key recommendations were documented more often in the prior and ongoing PCMH cohorts, including assessing pain severity, function, psychosocial distress, and substance abuse, and using structured instruments for these assessments. There were fewer differences between the cohorts in the management of chronic opioids, with only the ongoing PCMH cohort having higher documentation for 5 of the 7 recommendations, including performing urine drug screens and using a structured instrument to assess for misuse. Conclusions: These findings support the usefulness of the PCMH model in managing patients with CP, but patient outcomes need to be addressed in future studies.
Understanding the Context of Abuse and Neglect in the Lives of Children with Disabilities

What contexts – backgrounds, environments, or situations characterize the settings that set the stage for the abuse and neglect of children with disabilities (ANCD)? If we anticipate the context variables that indicate the potential risk of abuse and neglect in the lives of children with disabilities, can we potentially anticipate and interrupt its occurrence. In this chapter, we will analyze the data from the large national database and take a brief look at our history. We will then analyze the data in the professional literature and conclude the chapter by analyzing the data from the newspaper coverage in the Chicago Tribune. We will illustrate the findings with excerpts from cases of ANCD which were published in this newspaper in the 10-year span between January, 2004 and December, 2013. We will provide exercises that promote reflection, analysis, and dialogue throughout the chapter. We will conclude this chapter with implications for research and practice.
Product phase composition during the massive transformation

A massive transformation is a solid-solid phase transformation whose product has a different crystal structure from the matrix but the same composition, and whose growth kinetics are controlled by the diffusional jumping of atoms across the massive:matrix boundaries. The question of whether or not a massive transformation can take place within a two-phase region of both phases are the same when both are stress-free) remains in dispute. In this the composition of critical nuclei for a massive transformation in a one-phase field is deduced. This result is used to trace the composition path followed during the early stages of growth. These considerations are then applied to the massive transformation within a two-phase field. Conclusions reached generalize earlier findings obtained through different approaches by Karlyn, Cahn and Cohen (KCC) and by Hillert. For simplicity, the following assumptions will be utilized: the alloys are binary, both phases are disordered substitutional solid solutions, their free energy-composition curves are contave upwards and the partial molar volumes of both species in the product phase are identical.
Compactly supported Wannier functions and algebraic K -theory

In a tight-binding lattice model with $n$ orbitals (single-particle states) per site, Wannier functions are $n$-component vector functions of position that fall off rapidly away from some location, and such that a set of them in some sense span all states in a given energy band or set of bands; compactly supported Wannier functions are such functions that vanish outside a bounded region. They arise not only in band theory, but also in connection with tensor-network states for noninteracting fermion systems, and for flat-band Hamiltonians with strictly short-range hopping matrix elements. In earlier work, it was proved that for general complex band structures (vector bundles) or general complex Hamiltonians---that is, class A in the tenfold classification of Hamiltonians and band structures---a set of compactly supported Wannier functions can span the vector bundle only if the bundle is topologically trivial, in any dimension $d$ of space, even when use of an overcomplete set of such functions is permitted. This implied that, for a free-fermion tensor network state with a nontrivial bundle in class A, any strictly short-range parent Hamiltonian must be gapless. Here, this result is extended to all ten symmetry classes of band structures without additional crystallographic symmetries, with the result that in general the nontrivial bundles that can arise from compactly supported Wannier-type functions are those that may possess, in each of $d$ directions, the nontrivial winding that can occur in the same symmetry class in one dimension, but nothing else. The results are obtained from a very natural usage of algebraic $K$-theory, based on a ring of polynomials in ${e}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}i{k}_{x}},\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{e}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}i{k}_{y}},...,$ which occur as entries in the Fourier-transformed Wannier functions.
Humanized Mouse Xenograft Models: Narrowing the Tumor–Microenvironment Gap

Cancer research has long been hampered by the limitations of the current model systems. Both cultured cells and mouse xenografts grow in an environment highly dissimilar to that of their originating tumor, frequently resulting in promising treatments that are ultimately clinically ineffective. The development of highly immunodeficient mouse strains into which human immune systems can be engrafted can help bridge this gap. Humanized mice (HM) allow researchers to examine xenograft growth in the context of a human immune system and resultant tumor microenvironment, and recent studies have highlighted the increased similarities in attendant tumor structure, metastasis, and signaling to those features in cancer patients. This setting also facilitates the examination of investigational cancer therapies, including new immunotherapies. This review discusses recent advancements in the generation and application of HM models, their promise in cancer research, and their potential in generating clinically relevant treatments. This review also focuses on current efforts to improve HM models by engineering mouse strains expressing human cytokines or HLA proteins and implanting human bone, liver, and thymus tissue to facilitate immune cell maturation and trafficking. Finally, we discuss how these improvements may help direct future HM model cancer studies. Cancer Res; 76(21); 6153-8. ©2016 AACR.
Sequential parametric optimization for connected cruise control with application to fuel economy optimization

In this paper, we present a framework for connected cruise control (CCC) design utilizing wireless vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication. We propose a sequential optimization approach to select the control parameters for the available communication links that allows graceful degradation of performance when certain links become unavailable. We apply the theoretical results to improve the fuel economy of a heavy duty vehicle while requiring head-to-tail string stability of the vehicle string. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed controller in improving fuel economy.
Structural characterization of two tetra­chlorido­zincate salts of 4-carb­oxy-1H-imidazol-3-ium: a salt hydrate and a co-crystal salt hydrate

Imidazole-containing compounds exhibit a myriad of pharmacological activities. Two tetra­chlorido­zincate salts of 4-carb­oxy-1H-imidazol-3-ium, ImHCO2H+, are reported. Bis(4-carb­oxy-1H-imidazol-3-ium) tetra­chlorido­zincate monohydrate, (C4H5N2O2)2[ZnCl4]·H2O, (I), crystallizes as a monohydrate salt, while bis­(4-carb­oxy-1H-imidazol-3-ium) tetra­chlorido­zincate bis­(1H-imidazol-3-ium-4-carboxyl­ato) monohydrate, (C4H5N2O2)2[ZnCl4]·2C4H4N2O2·H2O, (II), is a co-crystal salt with six residues: two ImHCO2H+ cations, two formula units of the zwitterionic 1H-imidazol-3-ium-4-carboxyl­ate, ImHCO2, one tetra­chlorido­zincate anion and one water mol­ecule disordered over two sites in a 0.60 (4):0.40 (4) ratio. The geometric parameters of the ImHCO2H+ and the ImHCO2 moieties are the same within the standard uncertainties of the measurements. Both compounds exhibit extensive hydrogen bonding, including involvement of the tetra­chlorido­zincate anion, resulting in inter­connected chains of anions joined by water mol­ecules.
Frequency of occult findings in contralateral prophylactic mastectomy as it relates to preoperative MRI or BRCA testing.

1520 Background: Contralateral prophylactic mastectomy (CPM) rates in patients with unilateral breast cancer are increasing in the U.S. Preoperative MRI screening and genetic testing may influence surgical planning for patients undergoing CPM. The aim of our study was to determine the impact of breast MRI and BRCA mutation status on the rate of finding an occult high risk lesion (HRL) or occult malignancy (OM) in a CPM. Methods: We identified 740 women with unilateral breast cancer undergoing concurrent therapeutic mastectomy and CPM from 10/2008 to 6/2013 with no history of cancer in the CPM breast. We reviewed medical records for use of preoperative bilateral breast MRI and genetic testing for a BRCA 1 or 2 mutation. Likelihood ratio chi-square tests and multivariate logistic regression were used to assess potential impact of MRI and genetic testing on the likelihood of occult findings in the CPM breast. Results: Of 740 patients, 494 (67%) had a preoperative breast MRI and 244 (33%) had BRCA testing [19...
Whispering on Social Media

Using Twitter as the primary social media platform, we study the predictive relationship of social media buzz in quiet periods and the IPO’s first-day return, liquidity, and volatility. We compare social media buzz with conventional press news coverage and show that social media buzz is stronger at predicting the first-day returns than conventional press news.
Language Minority Students in Community Colleges: An SEM Model Exploring Socio-Academic Variables Related to Persistence Pertaining to Re-Enrollment

ABSTRACTCommunity colleges are increasingly important places for language minority students to access higher education. Unfortunately, this group of students is the least likely to persist in terms of re-enrollment, degree completion, or transfer to four-year institutions. In this study, we used structured equation modeling with a sample of 10,637 language minority students’ responses from the Community College Survey of Student Engagement to build a persistence model based on theoretical and empirically based variables. We found students’ perceived relationships with others on the community college campus to be critical to their intent to re-enroll in the community college (i.e., persistence pertaining to re-enrollment). Moreover, students’ involvement in learning communities had a direct, significant, and positive effect on language minority students’ persistence as well as on their perceived relationships. ESL and developmental English courses, on the other hand, did not have a significant effect on la...
Effects of electrolyte, loading rate and location of indentation on mechanical integrity of li-ion pouch cells

Abstract The safety of lithium-ion batteries under mechanical abuse conditions is an essential feature where these cells are used in mobile applications such as electric vehicles. In recent publications, punch testing has been used as a benchmark to study the mechanical abuse tolerance of the cells. What has not been studied in depth is how various test conditions such as the loading rate or the location of indentation affect the response of the cell. This paper quantifies the effects of four important test variables on the results of mechanical indentation tests. The first factor studied was to what degree tests on dry dummy cells without electrolyte can predict the response of a production cell. Then the effects of loading location, center versus on the edge, was evaluated. The speed of the test, at quasi-static rates, was the third variable. The last test characteristic studied was the repeatability of punch loading experiments. After completing the test program, a finite element model was developed to simulate the response of all studied cases. The model showed good predictability of load-displacement response and the onset of short circuit under all loading scenarios studied in this research.
Ageing dust fades away

Infrared observations of nearby stars reveal that disks of dust around certain stars disappear 300-400 million years after they formed. This is similar to what is believed to have happened to the disk of dust in our Solar System following the formation of planets.
Estuarine epifauna recruit despite periodic hypoxia stress

In some estuaries, the recruitment of epifaunal benthic invertebrates coincides with a significant environmental stress, low water-column dissolved oxygen, termed hypoxia (≥2 mg O2 l–1). Recruitment of epifaunal species was measured in the lower York River, a subestuary of the Chesapeake Bay, USA, which experiences predictable, periodic hypoxia associated with neap/spring tidal cycling during summer. Recruitment substrata were exposed during 48-h deployments in two areas with differing levels of hypoxia, and epifauna were allowed to recruit during periods of low oxygen (neap tides) and high oxygen (spring tides) in 1996 and 1997. Recruitment was often high during neap tides, even when severe oxygen depletion (<0.5 mg O2 l–1, <0.71 ml O2 l–1) occurred during deployments; indeed, peak recruitment episodes of several dominant epifaunal taxa, and of total epifauna, coincided with hypoxic events during both summers. Increased recruitment during neap tides suggests that factors besides hypoxia influenced recruitment in the York River; these factors may have included changes in larval availability and lower current speeds. This study illustrates how the relationship between recruitment and large-scale stresses, such as hypoxia, may be difficult to predict, since large-scale stresses are often correlated with numerous other factors. Short-term hypoxia appears to have little effect on recruitment in the field for many epifaunal species in this ecosystem, which may explain, in part, why substrata exposed for longer durations (1 month) in this system showed few effects of hypoxia on community composition or diversity. High larval tolerance of hypoxic stress may allow communities to persist even though the summer hypoxia season coincides with the recruitment of many epifaunal species. Electronic Supplementary Material is available if you access this article at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-002-0930-6. On that page (frame on the left side), a link takes you directly to the supplementary material.
Handling Difficult-to-Treat Cases of Specific Phobias in Childhood and Adolescence

Although cognitive-behavioral treatment (CBT) interventions have enjoyed considerable success in the treatment of specific phobias and other anxiety disorders, a significant minority of youth do not respond favorably to these treatments (Davis and Ollendick, Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice 12:144–160, 2005; Ollendick and King, Journal of Clinical Child Psychology 27:156–167, 1998; Zlomke and Davis, Behavior Therapy 39:207–223, 2008). In this chapter we will briefly examine studies that examine predictors of response to treatment outcome, present an algorithm for dealing with youth and their families who show a suboptimal response to treatment, and illustrate our approach to handling these cases via a case study of a child with a severe phobia of thunderstorms.
Dual wavelength micro-oximeter of hamster whole blood in vitro.

Difficulties of measuring oxygen saturation of circulating whole blood in microvessels have greatly limited past efforts to obtain such data. These difficulties are related to the small diameters of the vessels, the small, continuously changing volume of blood flowing in them, variations in the state of red cell orientation and suspension during flow, and numerous optical problems. In order to define some of the problems, establish specific relationships that may exist among the variables, and determine the sensitivity and reliability of our equipment and approach, we first studied certain important variables governing the measurement of oxygen saturation by transmitted light in small samples of whole blood in vitro where conditions can be more readily and completely controlled than in vivo. The studies were first done with static blood in thin layer cuvettes and then with blood in flow in small diameter polyethylene tubes.
The Conflict between Philosophy, Rhetoric and Theology

The struggle between philosophy and rhetoric has a long past. It is rooted in the earliest Greek writings. For the Grees, rhetoric and philosophy cannot be separated from cultural and political reality. Indeed this conflict provides the arena for the definition of Greek life. In the Homeric Age, emphasis was on physical competition. But the eristics of the Sophists in the fifth century B.C. brought a new kind of competition or agon — a rhetorical contest. According to Diogenes Laertias, Protagoras was the first to introduce “contests in arguments” (logon agonas).36 The Sophists did not educate the masses, instead they provided the training for an elite core who wanted to rule or for those who in turn wanted to teach oratory.37 The need for oratory and its value in a participatory democracy is self-evident. If you are able to sway the opinions of others, you have power. Indeed the success of the sophistically trained politician inevitably engendered hostility and praise, depending upon whose cause was favored. Those opposed to the extended power exercised by the people criticized the materialistic motives of Sophists. This power struggle is at the heart of the debate between philosophers and rhetoricians. Both groups asked fundamental questions such as: What is the nature of truth? What is the nature of knowledge? Can knowledge be transmitted? What are the ethical dimensions of any question? Philosophers, Sophists, rhetoricians — whatever they may have called themselves and each other — all claimed to address such questions and at the same time staked their claim by denying other groups the same rights. Both Sophists and philosophers pose important questions, which will be the focus of my examination of a number of important debates in the struggle between philosophy and rhetoric. I do not intend to present a full account of the history of philosophy and rhetoric. Instead, I will concentrate on the following works which serve as focal points for these questions: 1) Plato’s Gorgias and Gorgias’s Encomium of Helen 2) St Augustine’s De doctrina Christiana 3) Leonardo Bruni’s Dialogi 4) Lorenzo Valla’s De voluptate and 5) the correspondence between Pico della Mirandola and Ermolao Barbara and Melanchthon’s Reply to Pico. All of these controversies shift the emphasis between rhetoric, philosophy and theology and thus provide important points of orientation for our understanding of Lessing’s polemics.
The Role of Inorganic Redox Systems in Controlling Reduction in Paddy Soils

The unique water regime of paddy soils affects the reactivity of inorganic redox systems which usually remains inactive in drained soils. Oxygen, the inorganic nitrogen compounds, and sometimes manganese compounds, can undergo oxidation-reduction reactions in typically well drained soils, but other redox systems that are more difficult to reduce than these ordinarily are not involved in redox reactions. Thus inorganic ferric oxyhydroxide compounds, and especially sulfate and carbon dioxide do not normally undergo microbial reduction in well drained soils. Under excess water conditions in paddy soils, however, the supply of oxygen into the soil is curtailed and facultative anaerobic microorganisms and strict anaerobic microorganisms use these oxidized systems as electron acceptors and convert them to reduced forms. These reduc?ions are prevented as long as the soil is porous enough to allow entry of oxygen from the atmosphere since the reduction of ferric iron, sulfate and carbon dioxide cannot take place in the presence of oxygen. The major effect of flooding on reduction processes is to saturate the pore space of the soil with water, thereby stopping gaseous diffusion of oxygen into the soil.
Assessment and Treatment of Nonadherence in Transplant Recipients

Stable intake of an immunosuppressant medication regimen is essential for posttransplant survival in the vast majority of cases. And yet, many patients are nonadherent (do not take their medications as prescribed), and suffer consequences ranging from rejection to morbidity and mortality. We review the evidence related to monitoring of adherence to medications, and intervention strategies. Our aim is to provide a baseline from which readers may approach behavioral aspects of posttransplant care. This review may also help readers in designing clinical programs for routine monitoring of adherence, and inform the choice of intervention when adherence falls below a certain threshold.
Performance guaranteed human-robot collaboration with POMDP supervisory control

Abstract Human-Robot Collaboration (HRC) studies how to achieve effective collaborations between human and robots to take advantage of the flexibility from human and the autonomy from robots. Many applications involving HRC, such as joint assembly manufacturing systems and advanced driver assistance systems, need to achieve high-level tasks in a provably correct manner. These applications motivate the requirements of HRC to have the performance guarantee to assure the task completion and safety of both human and robots. In this paper, a correct-by-design HRC framework is built to enable a performance guaranteed HRC. To model the uncertainties from human, robots and the environment, partially observable Markov decision process (POMDP) is used as the model. Based on the POMDP modeling, a supervisory control framework is applied and designed to be adaptive to modeling uncertainties. To reduce the model checking complexity involved in the supervisor synthesis process, an abstraction method for POMDP is integrated to find a quotient system with a smaller size of state space. Based on the abstraction method, a verification adaptation technique is developed with simulation relation checking algorithms to deal with possible online model changing. If the verification adaptation indicates the necessity to update the supervisor, supervisor adjustment methods are given. Altogether, it leads to a semi-online adaptation approach for system model changing. Examples are given to illustrate this framework.
Lost Opportunity: How Institutional Corruption Hampered Efforts to Protect Worker Health in America

After a fitful but ultimately promising start in the 1970s, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration has been severely limited in its ability to regulate toxic chemicals in the workplace. Restrained by court rulings and bullied by powerful corporate interests, OSHA issues health standards at a glacial pace at a time when more than 80,000 chemicals are on the market in the United States. The agency and employers must find creative ways to control or eliminate the worst of these substances to reduce the human and economic burdens of work-related disease, which takes an estimated 50,000 American lives each year.
Family Engagement and Tiered Approaches for Middle and Secondary Students

Tiered instruction and social/emotional supports (such as Response to Intervention or Positive Behavior Intervention Supports) are not only for elementary students. Middle and high school educators...
The story of Alabama in fourteen foods: by Emily Blejwas, Tuscaloosa, University of Alabama Press, 2019, 325 pp., ISBN 978-0-8173-2019-5

Full disclosure: I approached this book and this review as an academic, but also as a personal investigation into the state where I grew up. Much like the author, I found myself transplanted (me as...
On Chemical Natural Kinds

A critique of LaPorte's views on chemical kinds, like jade and ruby, is presented. More positively, a new slant is provided on the question of whether elements are natural kinds. This is carried out by appeal to the dual nature of elements, a topic that has been debated in the philosophy of chemistry but not in the natural kinds literature. It is claimed that the abstract notion of elements, as opposed to their being simple substances, is relevant to the Kripke–Putnam approach to natural kinds and to some criticisms that have been raised against it, although I do not support the K–P account. The proposed view avoids the traditional microstructuralist approach to natural kinds. The article also addresses the question of whether natural kinds concern metaphysical or epistemological considerations. Recent attempts by chemists to modify the periodic table are brought to bear on the question of classification and consequently on whether the identification of elements is interest dependent.
Charge Transport in an Incompressible Fluid: New Devices in Computational Electronics

A model for electro-diffusion is discussed, characterized by the Navier- Stokes/Poisson-Nernst-Planck system. In particular, we emphasize: (i) significant applications; (ii) existence for the initial/boundary-value problem; (iii) aspects of the steady problem.
White Paper: Perspective on Creeping Bentgrass, Agrostis stolonifera L.

Overview of biology and ecology of Agrostis stolonifera, a Eurasian species now nearly cosmopolitan; some emphasis on Agrostis and Polypogon species in United States and Canada. Information on dispersal, and on hybridization, e.g., with Agrostis canina, Agrostis capillaris, Agrostis castellana, Agrostis gigantea, and Polypogon monspeliensis. Creeping bentgrass is widely utilized as a turf grass (mainly for temperate golf courses), and as well for forage; it is extensively naturalized, and in some places considered a weed or invasive. Agrostis stolonifera is being developed by genetic engineering, as are most of the above Agrostis relatives.
Section 13(b) of the FTC Act at the Supreme Court: The Middle Ground

In 1981, while in the FTC's Bureau of Consumer Protection, two of the authors were instrumental in initiating the FTC's fraud program, relying on Section 13(b)'s authority to obtain a permanent injunction to seek equitable relief, including asset freezes and consumer redress. The fraud program has become a mainstay of the Commission's consumer protection program, and the agency now coordinates local, state, national, and international agencies to fight the many faces of fraud. When the Obama Administration claimed that 13(b) could be used beyond fraud cases, an authority that all previous Commissions believed they lacked, we warned that this overreach could threaten the heretofore uncontroversial fraud program. A case currently before the Supreme Court challenges the FTC' s ability to obtain monetary relief under 13(b) in any circumstances, which we call the Never position. The Commission takes the opposite extreme, arguing that monetary relief is available in any case it chooses, which we term the Always position. We argue that both positions are wrong. Among other problems, the Never position would terminate the fraud program, ending 40 years of successful use of an important, practical solution to one of the major problems that consumers face, with no clear evidence that the Commission has exceeded its authority. The Always position ignores both the text of Section 13(b), which limits permanent injunctions to "proper cases," and the statutory structure, which itself limits the FTC's ability to obtain monetary relief. Congress originally considered Section 13(b) as part of a comprehensive set of changes to enhance the Commission's authority, which also included what became Section 19 two years later. That section limits the FTC's ability to obtain monetary relief to conduct that a reasonable person would know was dishonest or fraudulent. We argue instead for a middle ground. Because Section 19 requires separate administrative proceedings before the Commission can seek monetary relief, the money would be gone without the ability to obtain extraordinary relief, especially an ex parte asset freeze. It therefore cannot be used to attack fraud successfully. The middle ground would allow 13(b) to be used against fraudsters. Another advantage of the middle ground is that it respects the original vision of the FTC that there are some law violations for which monetary relief is inappropriate, a view codified in both 1914 and again in Section 19 in 1975. For example, complex issues of advertising substantiation, as well as issues about the adequacy of disclosures to consumers, about which reasonable experts often disagree, should normally be resolved through the administrative process. To subject all violations of the FTC Act routinely to potential monetary relief risks chilling the provision of truthful and useful information, as well as other conduct beneficial to consumers.
Learnings from the Field Implementation of a Novel Ultra-High Performance Concrete Beam End Repair on a Corroded Steel Girder Bridge in Connecticut:

Corrosion at steel beam ends is one of the most pressing challenges in the maintenance of aging bridges. To tackle this challenge, the Connecticut Department of Transportation (DOT) has partnered w...
The Endocannabinoid System and Endocannabinoidome

The “Endocannabinoid System” (ECS) was not discovered until early in the 1990s, as a result of research to understand the actions of Δ9-THC (THC) on the nervous system. Some of this work determined that THC works by binding to two endogenous membrane receptors that had not been identified prior. These endogenous membrane receptors were identified as G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) and named Cannabinoid Receptor 1 (CB1) and Cannabinoid Receptor 2 (CB2). After the discovery of these receptors, it was a short path to find the endogenous ligands that pair with these receptors (Panagis et al. 2014).