cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THEORY ON TRANSVERSE MIGRATION OF PARTICLES IN A TURBULENT TWO-PHASE SUSPENSION FLOW DUE TO TURBULENT DIFFUSION--I

Abstract A new theoretical model has been developed to explain the behavior of transverse particle transport in turbulent flow of a dilute two-phase suspension due to turbulent diffusion. This model is based on the ability of a particle to respond to surrounding fluid motion and depends on particle size and density relative to the carrier fluid, the fractional variation in particle concentration in the transverse direction as well as the existing turbulence structure of the surrounding fluid. The model developed in this investigation has been formulated by dividing the transverse fluid velocity, as seen by a particular particle, into two superimposed components representing, respectively, the transverse turbulent fluid fluctuations and an apparent transverse local fluid drifting velocity due to the effect on the transverse oscillatory component of fluid motion by the transverse concentration distribution of particles. A subsequent paper will show that the theory (together with other new results on the concentration effects on particle drag and lift and fluid turbulence properties) can help to explain the phenomena measured previously.
The kinetic subsystem of light and its role in optical manipulation

Optical manipulation has allowed for an increase in understanding across scientific fields including biology, chemistry, and atomic physics. Unfortunately, there is still significant debate as to how the dynamics of opticalmatter systems should be modeled. The reason for this is the myriad of formulations for the electromagnetic momentum and force density. While significant advances have been made in recent years to interpret the different formulations of electrodynamics, there remains some confusion. Most formulations include contributions from both matter and field. They may be interpreted as providing the canonical, total, or wave momentum, stress, and force. Examples include the well-known Gordon and Minkowski momenta. Conversely, it is widely accepted that the Abraham momentum of light corresponds to the kinetic subsystem. Changes in the kinetic momentum thus should provide center of mass-energy translations of matter providing a route to deriving equations of motion in optical manipulation experiments. In this paper, the idea of a kinetic formulation of electrodynamics is discussed. Consideration will be given to the three viewpoints which are most commonly argued. First, the kinetic subsystem should be postulated as a fundamental tenant of electrodynamics. Second, the kinetic subsystem of electrodynamics should not be postulated, but rather deduced by experimental and theoretical considerations. Third, a kinetic subsystem of electrodynamics cannot be uniquely defined in matter because the fields inside matter cannot be uniquely measured. Finally, it will be argued that identification of the kinetic subsystem of a particular optical manipulation experiment is not necessary nor preferred in most cases.
Induction of endocardial cushion tissue in the avian heart is regulated, in part, by TGFβ-3-mediated autocrine signaling

Abstract Valvuloseptal morphogenesis of the primitive heart tube into a four-chambered organ requires the formation of endocardial cushion tissue. The latter is the outcome of an inductive interaction in which endocardial (endothelial) cells are induced to transform into mesenchyme by paracrine signals secreted by the adjacent myocardium. In this study, we propose that transforming endothelial/mesenchymal cells themselves secrete a factor—TGFβ-3—that functions in an autocrine mode to promote/sustain mesenchyme formation and possibly in a paracrine manner to amplify the original (myocardial) inductive event. Cushion mesenchyme-conditioned medium, previously demonstrated to be an endogenous source of autocrine, migration-promoting factors, was found in the present study to contain TGFβ-3, as detected by immunoblot analysis. Immunoneutralization of TGFβ-3 in preparations of cushion mesenchyme-conditioned medium resulted in a failure of treated target endocardial cells to migrate as mesenchyme, whereas inclusion of a control antibody did not inhibit the migration-promoting activity of the conditioned medium. Similar to treatment with the conditioned medium, direct addition of TGFβ-3 to target endocardial cells also elicited invasive migration but only in cultures which had been activated in vivo by inductive interaction with the myocardium prior to treatment. Selective inhibition of TGFβ-3-mediated autocrine signaling in continuous cocultures of endocardium plus myocardium resulted in endocardial cells which did not migrate, even though they had expressed early markers associated with endocardial cell activation (e.g., α-smooth muscle actin, ES/130, and TGFβ-3). Collectively, these results suggest that (i) two signaling pathways, myocardial and endocardial, are required to start and complete epithelial–mesenchymal transformation in cushion-forming regions of the heart and (ii) the endocardial pathway signals through iteration of TGFβ-3 and is not functionally redundant to the myocardial pathway.
Multi-projector display with continuous self-calibration

Most existing calibration techniques for multi-projector display system require that the display configuration remain fixed during the display process. We in this paper present a new approach to continuously re-calibrate the projection system to automatically adapt to the display configuration changes, while the multi-projector system is being used without interruption. By rigidly attaching a camera to each projector, we argument the projector with sensing capability and use the camera to provide online close-loop control. In contrast to previous auto or continuous projector calibration solutions, our approach can be used on surfaces of arbitrary geometry and can handle both projector and display surface movement, yielding more flexible system configuration and better scalability. Experimental results show that our approach is both accurate and robust.
Mode engineering for hybrid SOI/III-V optical devices

Optical amplifiers are demonstrated by direct bonding III–V gain layers to SOI waveguides which include 2-D and 3-D adiabatic tapers. The 3-D tapers have a low loss of 0.1 dB per mode conversion, the lowest demonstrated for coupling between SOI waveguides of this type. The 2-D tapers are used to control interaction with the III–V gain region. An integrated amplifier delivered 14 dB intrachip gain using the new adiabatic tapered waveguides.
Myocardial fibrosis quantified by the extracellular extravascular volume fraction is associated with the left ventricular sphericity index and the left atrial volume index.

Summary The objective of this study is to test the hypothesis that quantitative measures of myocardial fibrosis such as the myocardial extravascular extracellular volume fraction (Ve) are associated with markers of adverse cardiac remodeling such as the left atrial volume index (LAVi) and left ventricular sphericity index (Si). Background LAVi and Si are intermediate phenotypes that precede adverse outcomes. Myocardial fibrosis is quantifiable with contemporary CMR techniques, is treatable, and may represent a therapeutic target when these intermediate phenotypes are present. Methods We measured myocardial Ve in 267 individuals referred for CMR without confounders such as myocardial infarction, where Ve= [ lr (1-Hct) - Vp]; the specific density of myocardial tissue, r=1.05; the myocardial plasma volume fraction, Vp=0.045, and l=ΔR1myocardium/ ΔR1blood. T1 was measured with an ECG-gated MOLLI sequence acquired before and 20 minutes after a gadolinium contrast bolus (0.2 mmol/kg). LAVi and Si were measured from standard SSFP cine images: LAVi = [8/3π [(A1)(A2)/L] where A1 and A2 are LA areas from end-systolic 2-chamber and 4-chamber views, L represents the shortest anteroposterior LA dimension from either view, and Si =EDV/[LAX^3 π /6), where EDV is the end-diastolic volume measured from short axis stacks and LAX^3 is the cube of the long axis diastolic dimension from a 4 chamber view. Multivariable linear regression models quantified the association of Ve with LAVi and Si, adjusting for key characteristics identified by stepwise selection. Results Ve was associated with LAVi (t value 4.5, p<0.001), and this association remained after adjusting for age, ejection fraction, EDV index, and left ventricular mass index (t value 2.8, p=0.005). Ve was also associated with Si (t value 5.6, p<0.001), and this association remained after adjusting for age, gender, EDV index, body mass index, and left ventricular mass index (t value 2.18, p=0.036). Conclusions Ve is associated with key intermediate phenotypes that indicate adverse cardiac remodeling such as LAVi and Si.
Sequential Analysis of Deterrence Games with a Declining Status Quo

The model developed in this paper provides a formal prospect theory account of Challenger's behavior in the traditional deterrence game played under sequential decision analysis. The model is used ...
A hedonic analysis of marriage transactions in India: estimating determinants of dowries and demand for groom characteristics in marriage

This paper uses data from a retrospective sample survey to develop and test a framework capable of explaining dowry exchange and groom selection in India. It adapts Rosen's implicit market model and finds support for the hypothesized, equalizing differences, role of marital arrangements for uneducated brides in India. The measurable groom characteristics on which price differentials arise empirically include groom's age at marriage, education and height. Consistent with ethnographic evidence, results indicate that dowries are higher in regions more to the north. Most importantly, contrary to popular belief, it is found that holding groom characteristics constant, real dowries have decreased over time. Furthermore, results reveal that the most important determinants of demand for various groom attributes are price of the attribute, bride's traits, and the socio-economic status of the bride's household.
Central Products of Subgroups and Block Theory of Finite Groups

Let \({\mathfrak{A}}\) be a set of subgroups of the finite group G that form a central product M and such that G permutes the subgroups in \({\mathfrak{A}}\) by conjugation so that \({M\trianglelefteq G}\). (For example, \({\mathfrak{A}}\) could be the set of components of G). We show that the conjugation action of G on M can be “lifted” to an action of G on the direct product of the subgroups in \({\mathfrak{A}}\). Then we apply this procedure to obtain a Clifford theoretic reduction for an arbitrary p-block of G. Also we show that, in some cases, additional reductions can be applied.
Cooling of Entrained Parcels in a Large-Eddy Simulation

AbstractThe relative importance, for cloud-top entrainment, of the cooling rates due to longwave radiation, evaporation, and mixing was assessed through analysis of the results produced by a Lagrangian parcel-tracking model (LPTM) incorporated into a large-eddy simulation model. The LPTM predicts each parcel’s trajectory over time, using the resolved velocity simulated by the host model. An LPTM makes it possible to identify entrained parcels; this is almost impossible to do in an observational study.A nocturnal stratocumulus cloud was simulated over 4h using a 5-m horizontal grid spacing and a 2.5-m vertical grid spacing. At the start of the last hour of the simulation, over 40 million parcels were placed near the top of the inversion layer and then tracked. Parcel histories were analyzed to identify entrained parcels.Entrainment occurs in cloud holes, which occur in dry regions of sinking air. Entrainment into the mixed layer is regulated by buoyancy, which requires parcels to be precooled in the invers...
The effect of different context representations on word sense discrimination in biomedical texts

Unsupervised word sense discrimination relies on the idea that words that occur in similar contexts will have similar meanings. These techniques cluster multiple contexts in which an ambiguous word occurs, and the number of clusters discovered indicates the number of senses in which the ambiguous word is used. One important distinction among these methods is the underlying means of representing the contexts to be clustered. This paper compares the efficacy of first-order methods that directly represent the features that occur in a context with several second-order methods that use a more indirect representation. The experiments in this paper show that second order methods that use word by word co-occurrence matrices result in the highest accuracy and most robust word sense discrimination. These experiments were conducted on MedLine abstracts that contained pseudo--words created by conflating together pairs of MeSH preferred terms to create new ambiguous words. The experiments were carried out with SenseClusters, a freely available open source software package.
Declining Rural Populations and the Future of Biodiversity: Missing the Forest for the Trees?

In the 1980s and 1990s, a large influx of funding from development agencies swelled the budgets of traditional conservation groups. In response, international organizations rushed to put conservation into a development context. The projects were labeled with a variety of ever-changing acronyms but were all essentially similar in philosophy. Undergirding all of these efforts were two crucial but largely unsupported assertions. One was that conservation and development need not be antagonistic, and could even be synergistic. The other was that, unless it satisfied local rural economic interests, biodiversity conservation was doomed to failure. There were some early warnings that this philosophy was poorly conceived and in the last few years this approach to conservation has been subjected to critical reappraisal, both at the conceptual level and in terms
Synthesis and characterization of dithiocarbamate surfactants

Abstract New dithiocarbamate surfactants 2 (potassium N-2-[2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethyl-N-dodecyldithiocarbamate), 3 (potassium N-2-(2-alkoxyethoxy)ethyl-N-dodecyldithiocarbamate; a, alkoxy = C6H13O; b, alkoxy = C8H17O), and 4 (potassium N-2-decoxyethyl-N-dodecyldithiocarbamate), as well as 5 (potassium N,N-didodecyldithiocarbamate) were prepared. The synthetic route to 2–4 is a useful, general alternative to that reported for related surfactants. The molecular compositions of 2–5 were confirmed by combustion analyses and electrospray mass spectrometry, and their structures were established by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Surfactants 2–5 in water were characterized by Krafft temperature, solubility, and critical aggregation concentration measurements, and aggregated surfactants were characterized by dynamic laser light scattering. Surfactant 2 forms micelles in water, in contrast to 3–5, which form vesicles.
Systematic approach for validating the ubiquitinated proteome.

Protein ubiquitination plays an essential regulatory role within all eukaryotes. Large-scale analyses of ubiquitinated proteins are usually performed by combining affinity purification strategies with mass spectrometry. However, there is no reliable method to systematically differentiate ubiquitinated species from copurified unmodified components. Here we report a simple strategy for the large-scale validation of ubiquitination by reconstructing virtual Western blots for proteins analyzed by gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Because protein ubiquitination, especially polyubiquitination, causes a dramatic shift of molecular weight, the difference between experimental and expected molecular weight was used to confirm the status of ubiquitination. Experimental molecular weight of putative yeast ubiquitin-conjugates was computed from the value and distribution of spectral counts in the gel using a Gaussian curve fitting approach. Unmodified proteins in yeast cell lysate were also analyzed as a contro...
A Cutaneous Red Pigmented Tumor (Erythrophoroma) with Metastases in a Flatfish (Pseudopleuronectes Americanus)

Particular interest is attached to cutaneous tumors of fishes because of the variety of pigment cells from which such growths may have their origin. The pigmented cells of the corium of fishes are usually grouped as melanophores, xanthophores, erythrophores, and guanophores or iridocytes. The normal morphology of these cells has been extensively studied by many investigators, including Ballowitz (1), Becher (2), Schnackenbeck (3), Jost (4), Panu (5), Graupner and Fischer (6). Pigmented tumors of fishes are not uncommon. Of these, the variety most frequently seen is the melanotic type studied by Takahashi (7), Thomas (8), Johnstone (9), Haddow and Blake (10), and others. In this connection it is noteworthy that Haussler (11), Kosswig (12), and Gordon and Reed (13) have encountered melanotic invasive growths experimentally in hybrids of the Mexican killifish. A tumor containing yellow green pigment together with crystals (allophor sarcoma) is described by Takahashi (7). The same author found another iridescent tumor called guanophoroma in a specimen of Hexogramm otakii. Through his studies information regarding the physical characteristics of crystals in fish tumors has been gained. To date only a few red pigmented fish tumors have been studied. Thomas (8) has described three specimens designated by him as erythrophoroma, all in fishes inhabiting European waters. The first of these, in a tunny, was a subperitoneal tumor near the esophagus, of a mandarin color, with a metastatic nodule in the liver. The other two were in specimens of trout, metastasis occurring in one of these.
Biosynthesis and structure of stable branched RNA covalently linked to the 5′ end of multicopy single-stranded DNA of Stigmatella aurantiaca

Abstract Stigmatella aurantiaca, a gram-negative bacterium, contains approximately 500 copies per cell of a short single-stranded linear DNA (multicopy single-stranded DNA: msDNA). This DNA is attached to a branched RNA (msdRNA) by its 5′ end. The entire sequence of msdRNA was determined and found to consist of 76 bases. The msDNA is linked at the 19th G residue of msdRNA by a 2′, 5′ phosphodiester linkage. The coding region for msdRNA ( msr ) is located downstream of the coding region for msDNA ( msd ). These coding regions exist in opposite orientation with respect to each other and overlap by 8 bases at their 3′ ends. Biosynthesis of RNA-linked msDNA was characterized and mechanisms of synthesis are proposed.
Effect of 24-hour mandatory vs on-demand critical care specialist presence on long-term survival and quality of life of critically ill patients in the intensive care unit of a teaching hospital

Abstract Background Mandatory compared with on-demand intensivist presence improves processes of care and decreases intensive care unit (ICU) complication rate and hospital length of stay. The effect of continuous mandatory intensivist coverage on long-term patient mortality and quality of life (QOL) is not known. Methods We compared the long-term survival before (year 2005) and after (year 2006) the intervention when the staffing model changed from on-demand presence to mandatory 24-hour staff-critical care specialist presence in the medical ICU. Baseline and 6-month QOL surveys (SF-36 [short form 36 health survey]) were compared in subgroups of patients admitted before and after the staffing change. Cox proportional hazard and paired statistical analyses were used for survival and QOL comparisons. Results The baseline characteristics did not differ significantly between the 2 groups except for race and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation III score (median, 30 vs 37; P P = .3. In a subset of ICU survivors, SF-36 physical component score improved significantly at 6 months compared with baseline after the staffing model change—Δ mean (SD) 8 (14) vs 2 (11), P = .03. However, there was no difference in the Δ mean mental component score of the SF-36 between the 2 groups ( P = .77). Conclusions Introduction of an additional night shift to provide mandatory as opposed to on-demand 24-hour staff critical care specialist coverage did not affect long-term survival of medical ICU patients.
Formation and Disassembly of Adherens and Tight Junctions in the Corneal Endothelium: Regulation by Actomyosin Contraction

Purpose. To determine the role of actin cytoskeleton in the disassembly and reformation of adherens junctions (AJs) and tight junctions (TJs) in bovine corneal endothelial monolayers. Methods. Disassembly and reformation of AJs and TJs were induced by extracellular Ca(2+) depletion and subsequent add-back of Ca(2+), respectively. Resultant changes in the transendothelial electrical resistance (TER), an indicator of integrity of TJs, were measured based on electrical cell-substrate impedance. Phosphorylated myosin light chain (ppMLC), a biochemical measure of actomyosin contraction, and activation of its upstream regulatory molecule RhoA-GTP were assessed by Western blot analysis. Results. Extracellular Ca(2+) depletion led to activation of RhoA, increase in ppMLC, decrease in TER, contraction of the perijunctional actomyosin ring (PAMR), and redistribution of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and cadherins. These effects were reversed on Ca(2+) add-back. Pretreatment with Y-27632 and blebbistatin (as inhibitors of actomyosin contraction) reduced the rate of decline in TER, opposed the contraction of the PAMR, and blocked the redistribution of ZO-1 and cadherins. Both drugs reduced the recovery in TER and opposed the normal redistribution of ZO-1 and cadherins on Ca(2+) add-back. Cytochalasin D, which led to dissolution of the PAMR, also reduced the recovery of TER on Ca(2+) add-back. Conclusions. The (Ca(2+) depletion)-induced disassembly of AJs accelerates the breakdown of TJs through a concomitant increase in the actomyosin contraction of the PAMR. However, these data on reassembly show that a contractile tone of the PAMR is essential for assembly of the apical junctional complex.
Evidence for alternative candidate genes near RB1 involved in clonal expansion of in situ urothelial neoplasia

In this paper, we present whole-organ histologic and genetic mapping studies using hypervariable DNA markers on chromosome 13 and then integrate the recombination- and single-nucleotide polymorphic sites (SNPs)-based deletion maps with the annotated genome sequence. Using bladders resected from patients with invasive urothelial carcinoma, we studied allelic patterns of 40 microsatellite markers mapping to all regions of chromosome 13 and 79 SNPs located within the 13q14 region containing the RB1 gene. A whole-organ histologic and genetic mapping strategy was used to identify the evolution of allelic losses on chromosome 13 during the progression of bladder neoplasia. Markers mapping to chromosomal regions involved in clonal expansion of preneoplastic intraurothelial lesions were subsequently tested in 25 tumors and 21 voided urine samples of patients with bladder cancer. Four clusters of allelic losses mapping to distinct regions of chromosome 13 were identified. Markers mapping to the 13q14 region that is flanked by D13S263 and D13S276, which contains the RB1 gene, showed allelic losses associated with early clonal expansion of intraurothelial neoplasia. Such losses could be identified in approximately 32% bladder tumor tissue samples and 38% of voided urines from patients with bladder cancer. The integration of distribution patterns of clonal allelic losses revealed by the microsatellite markers with those obtained by genotyping of SNPs disclosed that the loss within an approximately 4-Mb segment centered around RB1 may represent an incipient event in bladder neoplasia. However, the inactivation of RB1 occurred later and was associated with the onset of severe dysplasia/carcinoma in situ. Our studies provide evidence for the presence of critical alternative candidate genes mapping to the 13q14 region that are involved in clonal expansion of neoplasia within the bladder antecedent to the inactivation of the RB1 gene.
The Cytoplasmic Domain of the Platelet Glycoprotein Ibα Is Phosphorylated at Serine 609

The α chain of the platelet von Willebrand factor receptor, glycoprotein (GP) Ib, is not known to be phosphorylated. Here, we report that the cytoplasmic domain of GPIbα is phosphorylated at Ser609; this was detected by immunoblotting with an anti-phosphopeptide antibody, anti-pS609, that specifically recognizes the GPIbα C-terminal sequence S606GHSL610 only when Ser609 is phosphorylated. Immunoabsorption with anti-pS609 removed almost all of the GPIbα from platelet lysates, indicating a high proportion of GPIbα phosphorylation. Anti-pS609 inhibited GPIb-IX binding to the intracellular signaling molecule, 14-3-3ζ. Dephosphorylation of GPIb-IX with potato acid phosphatase inhibited anti-pS609 binding and also 14-3-3ζ binding. A synthetic phosphopeptide corresponding to the GPIbα C-terminal sequence (SIRYSGHpSL), but not a nonphosphorylated identical peptide, abolished GPIb-IX binding to 14-3-3ζ. Thus, phosphorylation at Ser609 of GPIbα is important for 14-3-3ζ binding to GPIb-IX. In certain regions of spreading platelets, particularly at the periphery, there was a reduction in GPIbα staining by anti-pS609 as observed under a confocal microscope, indicating that a subpopulation of GPIbα molecules in these regions is dephosphorylated. These data suggest that phosphorylation and dephosphorylation at Ser609 of GPIbα regulates GPIb-IX interaction with 14-3-3 and may play important roles in the process of platelet adhesion and spreading.
Photocrosslinking of 4-thio uracil-containing RNAs supports a side-by-side arrangement of domains 5 and 6 of a group II intron.

Previous studies suggested that domains 5 and 6 (D5 and D6) of group II introns act together in splicing and that the two helical structures probably do not interact by helix stacking. Here, we characterized the major Mg2+ ion- and salt-dependent, long-wave UV light-induced, intramolecular crosslinks formed in 4-thiouridine-containing D56 RNA from intron 5gamma (aI5gamma) of the COXI gene of yeast mtDNA. Four major crosslinks were mapped and found to result from covalent bonds between nucleotides separating D5 from D6 [called J(56)] and residues of D6 near and including the branch nucleotide. These findings are extended by results of similar experiments using 4-thioU containing D56 RNAs from a mutant allele of aI5gamma and from the group IIA intron, aI1. Trans-splicing experiments show that the crosslinked wild-type aI5gamma D56 RNAs are active for both splicing reactions, including some first-step branching. An RNA containing the 3-nt J(56) sequence and D6 of aI5gamma yields one main crosslink that is identical to the most minor of the crosslinks obtained with D56 RNA, but in this case in a cation-independent fashion. We conclude that the interaction between J(56) and D6 is influenced by charge repulsion between the D5 and D6 helix backbones and that high concentrations of cations allow the helices to approach closely under self-splicing conditions. The interaction between J(56) and D6 appears to be a significant factor establishing a side-by-side (i.e., not stacked) orientation of the helices of the two domains.
Melting of a Horizontal Substrate Placed Under a Heavier and Miscible Pool

The melting of a horizontal substrate under a heavier miscible pool is studied. This phenomenon has applications in nuclear reactor safety where, in the event of a hypothetical core disruptive accident, molten UO2 may come in contact with and melt the core structural material. Knowing that the growth and geometry of the melt layer is governed by Taylor instability, a model based on the hydrodynamics and heat transfer of the melt layer is used to obtain a relation for the melting rate and heat flux. The analysis includes the radial flow of the melt, is not restricted to uniform melt layers, and considers the uneven shape of the melting solid. A heat flux correlation that depends on the relevant melt properties and reveals the dependence of the heat flux on the pool-to-melt density ratio and the temperature difference across the melt layer is obtained. The results are compared with the available experimental data.
Novel magnetic state in d 4 Mott insulators

We show that the interplay of strong Hubbard interaction $U$ and spin-orbit coupling $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ in systems with ${d}^{4}$ electronic configuration leads to several unusual magnetic phases. Most notably, we find that competition between superexchange and spin-orbit coupling leads to a phase transition from a nonmagnetic state predicted by atomic physics to a novel magnetic state in the large-$U$ limit. We show that the local moment changes dramatically across this phase transition, challenging the conventional wisdom that local moments are robust against small perturbations in a Mott insulator. The Hund's coupling plays an important role in determining the nature of the magnetism. We identify candidate materials and present predictions for resonant x-ray scattering signatures of the unusual magnetism in ${d}^{4}$ Mott insulators.
Scaling Glossosoma (Trichoptera) density by abiotic variables in mountain streams

AbstractThe stream-dwelling larvae of the caddisfly Glossosoma spp. are dominant grazers in lotic food webs and are capable of suppressing stream periphyton. We explored a method for developing a scaling relationship between macroinvertebrate density and local hydraulic variables. As an example of this method, we quantified habitat for larval stone-cased caddisflies, Glossosoma califica and Glossosoma penitum, in 3 coastal mountain streams in northern California over 2 y. We applied dimensional analysis to develop a functional relationship from a power law based on dimensionless local hydraulic and larval density variables that was applicable to areas where Glossosoma are present. Glossosoma densities were negatively correlated with streambed relative roughness and positively correlated with the ratio of inertial to gravitational forces in the stream. The proposed functional relationship described 41% of the variance in the spatial distribution of glossosomatid larvae. This expression could predict how de...
Chickens, Eggs, and Causality, or Which Came First?

Granger's seminal paper entitled "Investigating Causal Relations" has spawned a vast and influential literature. In macroeconomics, for example, the causal relationship between money and income has been investigated time (Sims) and again '(Barth and Bennett; Williams, Goodhart, and Gowland; Ciccolo; Feige and Pearce; Hsiao). Some authors have taken exception to Granger's definition of causality qua causality (Zellner; Jacobs, Learner, and Ward; Conway et al.), and even Granger has suggested "a better term might be temporally related" (Granger and Newbold, p. 225). We find ourselves in agreement with the temporal ordering interpretation of Granger causality. In fact, we believe that the most natural application of tests for Granger causality (temporal ordering) has until now been overlooked. We refer, of course, to: "Which came first, the chicken or the egg?" Our purpose in this study is to provide an empirical answer to this venerable question, which theory alone has not resolved.
Trends in sampling designs

Sampling designs should be theoretically based, once the investigators have decided on the purpose of their study and the comparisons needed. Designs have included traditional ‘descending’ designs such as probability sampling, as well as ‘ascending’ designs, such as snowball sampling. No longer are treatment-based samples the norm in psychiatric epidemiologic studies. Sampling designs have a profound effect on the rates of disorder as well as risk factors analyses; thus, these designs need careful consideration. This chapter introduces diverse options which have been used in epidemiologic studies and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each of these designs.
Lamination Frequencies as a Diagnostic for Horizontal Mixing in a 3D Transport Model

Abstract Ozone simulations are performed in an attempt to simulate laminar events with the frequency observed in balloon ozone sondes. The winds are taken from the Goddard Earth Observing System Data Assimilation System (GEOS DAS); the importance of horizontal and vertical resolution to production of lamina are investigated. A simulation with a high horizontal reolution (grid spacing 1° latitude by 1.25° longitude) and high vertical resolution (∼300 m grid spacing) isentropic model produces lamination frequencies close to the balloon sonde climatology near the polar vortex edge but exhibits too much lamination in the subtropics. This indicates that the GEOS DAS winds contain the information to produce laminar events, although such small-scale features are not manifest in the more commonly used 2° latitude by 2.5° longitude transport model, which uses the hybrid sigma-pressure vertical coordinate. The zonal average ozone tendencies due to horizontal mixing in the lamina-producing models are similar to the ...
Conservative initial treatment for liver abscesses in children

A total of 124 children aged less than 14 years with a liver abscess were seen in a 16-year period (1974-1990) and treated by non-operative initial management. Of the abscesses 98 occurred in the right liver and 26 in the left. The abscesses were solitary in 93 patients. Overall, 77 of the solitary and 21 of the multiple abscesses were confined to the right liver. In 78 of the right-sided and 20 of the left-sided abscesses the infection was primarily pyogenic in nature with Staphylococcus aureus being the usual organism cultured. The remainder were of amoebic origin. Clinical features were similar in patients with amoebic and pyogenic abscesses. Clinical and ultrasonographic follow-up demonstrated successful non-operative management and healing in 37 per cent of all patients submitted to an initial protocol of medical supportive care and antibiotic therapy. Of the multiple abscesses 60 per cent responded to non-operative management. Fourteen of the 16 solitary left-sided liver abscesses required drainage and three left-sided abscesses ruptured before drainage. Patients with a solitary left-sided abscess warrant early operative intervention.
The Effect of Vocal Modeling on Pitch-Matching Accuracy of Elementary Schoolchildren

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of adult female, adult male, and child vocal modeling on the pitch-matching accuracy of children in Grades 1 through 6. The researcher teste...
Exploring the determinants of unsafe abortion: improving the evidence base in Mexico

Despite the realized importance of unsafe abortion as a global health problem reliable data are difficult to obtain especially in countries where abortion is illegal. Estimates for most developing countries are based on limited and incomplete sources of data. In Mexico studies have been undertaken to improve estimates of induced abortion but the determinants of unsafe abortion have not been explored. We analysed data from the 2006 Mexican National Demographic Survey. The sample comprises 14 859 reported pregnancies in women between 15 and 55 years old of which 966 report having had an abortion in the 5 years preceding the survey. We use logistic regression to explore the relationship between unsafe abortion and various socio-economic and demographic characteristics. We estimate that 44% of abortions have been induced and 16.5% of those were unsafe. We find three variables to be positively and significantly associated with the probability of having an induced abortion: (1) whether the woman reported that the pregnancy was mistimed (OR = 4.5 95% CI = 1.95-10.95); (2) whether the woman reported that the pregnancy was unwanted (OR = 2.86 95% CI = -1.40-5.88); and (3) if the woman had three or more children at the time of the abortion (OR = 3.73 95% CI = 1.20-11.65). There is a steep socioeconomic gradient in the probability of having an unsafe abortion: poorer women are more likely to have an unsafe abortion than richer women (OR = 2.48 95% CI = 1.09-5.63); women with 6-9 years of education (OR = 0.30 95% CI = 0.11-0.81) and with more than 13 years of education are less likely to have an unsafe abortion (OR = 0.065 95% CI = 0.01-0.43) and women with indigenous origin are more likely to have an unsafe abortion (OR = 5.44 95% CI = 1.91-15.51). Thus the probability for poor women with less than 5 years of education and indigenous origin is nine times higher compared with rich educated and not indigenous women. We also find marked geographical inequities as women living in the poorest states have a higher risk of having an unsafe abortion. This analysis has explored the determinants of unsafe abortion and has demonstrated that there are large socio-economic and geographical inequities in unsafe abortions in Mexico. Further efforts are required to improve the measurement and monitoring of trends in unsafe abortions in developing countries.
Searching for an Academic Librarian Job Techniques to Maximize Success

Job-hunting can be a confusing process for new librarians searching for their first professional position. Much of the literature available to potential job seekers focuses on general interview etiquette. This article provides advice to expedite the job hunt for academic library positions. The author draws upon personal experience to provide tips for an effective job hunt. These include how to prepare for a job search, locate job announcements, prepare application materials, typical interview procedures, and how to interact with a hiring committee. Additionally, the article provides guidance on how to make the best use of time spent on the job hunt and not get discouraged during the process.
Building Farmsteads in the Desert: Capitalism, Colonialism, and the Transformation of Rural Landscapes in Late Ottoman Period Transjordan

During the nineteenth century, the Ottoman Empire initiated economic and political reforms to address its faltering economy, civil unrest, and military losses. In its rural provinces, the state initiated a series of reforms that encouraged both capital investment and an attempt at Ottoman colonialism based on European models. In the Balqa’ region of Transjordan, this resulted in the transformation of the rural countryside, the creation of large rural farmsteads, and an increase in agricultural production. This also resulted in the settlement of Bedu, as many pastoralists were turned into agricultural workers. A postcolonial archaeology of this transformation provides a voice to people who lived under the Ottoman state and challenged the imposition of capitalism and colonial models. At Qasr Hisban, Bedu used both the hidden spaces of local caves, and the architecture of the expanding farmstead, to create their own challenges to the structures of state, capitalism and Ottoman colonialism.
Regulation of Rabbit Cytochrome P450 2E1 Expression in HepG2 Cells by Insulin and Thyroid Hormone

The regulation of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2E1, the ethanol-inducible isoform, is particularly complex. The level is affected by a variety of other foreign compounds, by insulin (as studied in several laboratories), and by triiodothyronine (T3), which has not been previously examined at the molecular level. In the present investigation, a stably transfected HepG2 cell line harboring a rabbit CYP2E1 minigene containing the coding sequence together with 1.6 kilobases of the 5′ flanking region and the untranslated region (UTR), as well as 0.5 kilobases of the 3′ UTR, was established. Western blot analysis showed that 1 μm insulin decreased the CYP2E1 protein level in a dose- and time-dependent manner, whereas 1 μm T3 increased the level 2-fold in 1 day and 8-fold in 5 days. Similarly, steady state CYP2E1 mRNA levels were decreased by insulin but were increased by T3. Neither hormone affected the transcription rate of the CYP2E1 5′ flanking region with an UTR/luciferase fusion gene, indicating that the regulation is post-transcriptional in this system under our experimental conditions. When the CYP2E1 3′ UTR was removed from the minigene, CYP2E1 mRNA and protein were up-regulated by insulin but were not affected by T3. These findings, including mRNA half-life determinations, indicate that the effects of insulin and T3 are a result of altered mRNA stability and that the 3′ UTR of CYP2E1 contains regulatory information for these hormone-mediated effects.
Principles of Public Involvement

A meaningful planning process will include an ongoing program of public involvement integrated throughout the planning process. One apparent problem for planners is the lack of ready guidance in forming such programs of public involvement (PI). This paper suggests eight general principles: (1)Diverse objectives may be sought through the use of a PI program; (2)PI should contribute to formulation of alternatives and completion of the plan; (3)PI must be an integral part of all stages of the planning process; (4)PI programs have important limits; (5)the PI program must be part of the overall process of planning; (6)a PI program must be completely honest; (7)media selection is an important consideration; and (8)planners must empathize with the various interested publics.
Buckling of a Prestressed Circular Ring

A method is presented for determining the critical state of stress, in a prestressed circular ring, at which the ring will buckle. Such rings are used as stiffening rings at the edges of shell domes and as thrust rings at the outer boundaries of ribbed or vaulted domes. The method presented allows prediction of the magnitude of the hoop force in the ring and the magnitude of the tension in the band of prestressing cables that would cause the ring to buckle. A comprehensive mode of buckling is contemplated, such that the cross sections may move radially, tangentially, and normal to the plane of the ring, and may rotate or twist about tangential axes. The case in which the cables are bonded to the ring and the case in which the cables are free to slip in the tangential direction are both treated, and provision is made, in the pertinent formulas, for handling either case. The effect of the attachment to the shell is included through the use of appropriate influence coefficients.
Exploration of a Solar System Mobility Network via a System-of-Systems Engineering Framework

The development and application of a system-of-systems engineering framework for architecting of a future space exploration and infr astructure concept of operations, Solar System Mobility Network, is presented in this paper. The framework and application problem are motivated by the unique challenges involved in synthesizing successful and enduring architectures for space exploration. Speci fically, the Solar System Mobility Network operational concept represents a distributed set of capabilities involving human and robotic transportation and infrastructure asset s, their organization, interoperability and evolution; i.e., a system-of-systems. Results from architectural trade studies performed show how system-of-systems simulation and analysis can provide novel decision support for architecting in space exploration. While the result s indicate a potentially significant payoff for establishing a distributed solar system infrast ructure over the long term, the up-front investment for this concept may significantly inhib it probability of its pursuit.
Christians and Jews-Some Positive Images

The dean of contemporary Jewish historians, S. W. Baron, has shown that many modern conceptions of Jewish experience in medieval Christian Europe suffer from a fundamental distortion. Writing history was not a natural vocation for medieval Jews; most Jewish historiography was inspired by calamities that generated the impulse to record and, if possible, to explain. Therefore, most medieval Jewish chronicles are little more than accounts of the massacres and attacks suffered by various communities at different times. The tendency to assume that these historiographical sources present a full picture of reality resulted in what Baron called the “lachrymose conception of Jewish history,” viewing medieval Jewish experience as essentially a succession of tragedies in a vale of tears.
Leotiales, a Name to Replace Helotiales (Ascomycotina)

(1988). Leotiales, a Name to Replace Helotiales (Ascomycotina) Mycologia: Vol. 80, No. 1, pp. 127-130.
Management of Brachial Plexus Injuries

The results of early neurosurgical treatment of 58 infants with various types of brachial plexus birth injury have been compared with non-surgical intervention in 91 patients followed by a multidisciplinary team at the Brachial Plexus Program, Miami Children’s Hospital, FL.
A Clinical Syndrome-Based Antibiotic Drug Use Evaluation: Impact on Antibiotic Use in a Large Teaching Hospital

The traditional drug use evaluation (DUE) process fails to integrate well with the way patients are treated by physicians. In order to address the shortcomings of the traditional DUE process, a clinical syndrome-based antibiotic drug use evaluation was developed. The steps involved in the development and implementation of this process are described, with an emphasis on physician involvement in each step of the development process. Feedback loops to Medical Staff Quality Management Committees are an integral part of this program. Results of this program have been encouraging, with final physician compliance with the established guidelines occurring for 91% to 96% of the antibiotic orders written. This program has also resulted in a 10% decline in per day antibiotic expenditures, and has been instrumental in enabling the institution to tightly restrict antibiotic usage in response to outbreaks of multidrug-resistant organisms.
A BASIC program for computing Cronbach’s accuracy components

Accuracy is a measure of the extent of agreement between a rater’s ratings and the ratings of experts or the responses of ratees. Cronbach (1955) argued that accuracy research should focus on components of accuracy rather than on an overall measure. However, complex calculations are required to compute Cronbach’s accuracy components. A program is presented that provides a convenient way of computing all four components of accuracy (elevation, differential elevation, stereotype accuracy, and differential accuracy), as well as the associated correlation components, on an Apple Macintosh computer. The standard Macintosh interface is used to obtain all necessary information. The program will read data in a standard text file and will run faster on computers with math coprocessors.
Methods to Measure Small-Bowel and Colonic Transit

Radiopaque markers provide a robust, inexpensive, and practical measurement of colonic transit. Scintigraphy has been simplified and provides information about transit throughout the gut.
Scalability of Carbon Nanotube FET-based Circuits

In this paper, we studied the scalability of CNT-based devices and circuits. We focused mainly on SB CNFETs and determined 1-1,5 nm to be an optimum tube diameter to achieve the best performance-power trade-off We established that CNTs have a potential in logic applications. We introduced FOA metric and showed improvement over Si-based MOSFETs and we extended our discussion toward scalability of CNFETs. CNTs are potentially a promising novel material to be integrated into future technology generations if research communities can collectively address some of the barriers and fabrication challenges this material system is facing.