cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Capillary migration of microdisks on curved interfaces

The capillary energy landscape for particles on curved fluid interfaces is strongly influenced by the particle wetting conditions. Contact line pinning has now been widely reported for colloidal particles, but its implications in capillary interactions have not been addressed. Here, we present experiment and analysis for disks with pinned contact lines on curved fluid interfaces. In experiment, we study microdisk migration on a host interface with zero mean curvature; the microdisks have contact lines pinned at their sharp edges and are sufficiently small that gravitational effects are negligible. The disks migrate away from planar regions toward regions of steep curvature with capillary energies inferred from the dissipation along particle trajectories which are linear in the deviatoric curvature. We derive the curvature capillary energy for an interface with arbitrary curvature, and discuss each contribution to the expression. By adsorbing to a curved interface, a particle eliminates a patch of fluid interface and perturbs the surrounding interface shape. Analysis predicts that perfectly smooth, circular disks do not migrate, and that nanometric deviations from a planar circular, contact line, like those around a weakly roughened planar disk, will drive migration with linear dependence on deviatoric curvature, in agreement with experiment.
Subcutaneous pedicle flaps

Summary The transference of skin flaps deriving their nutrition from pedicles of subcutaneous tissues has been explored over a period of fourteen years. The origin of the idea is accredited to early workers in the field of reconstructive surgery and the first reference which appeared was in 1887. Many practical applications have been found for this operation and the advantages and disadvantages, the technique, and complications are set out in this paper, which is based on over fifty cases. A second paper will follow describing its use in repair of cavities which is found to be a special indication for employing the method.
Inhibition of hydrogen uptake in Escherichia coli by expressing the hydrogenase from the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803.

Background Molecular hydrogen is an environmentally-clean fuel and the reversible (bi-directional) hydrogenase of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 as well as the native Escherichia coli hydrogenase 3 hold great promise for hydrogen generation. These enzymes perform the simple reaction 2H+ + 2e- ↔ H2 (g).
Superconducting MgB2 nanohelices grown on various substrates.

Masses of superconducting MgB2 nanohelices and nanowires were grown on various substrates by reaction of Mg metal with diborane (B2H6). The growth occurs via a self-catalyzed vapor−liquid−solid (VLS) mechanism. It is postulated that strain in the wires due to the presence of screw dislocations is responsible for the helical morphology. The several hundred micrometer long helices have a range of diameters and pitch and are made up of wires from 50 to 200 nm in diameter. Magnetic measurements indicate that the helices superconduct below ∼32 K. These nanohelices could be used to manufacture highly flexible superconducting cables or “nanosolenoids.”
Mechanism of axis switching in low aspect-ratio rectangular jets

In this work we systematically study one square jet (AR=1) and four rectangular jets with an aspect ratio of width over height AR=1.5,2,2.5, and 3 respectively using the lattice Boltzmann method for direct numerical simulation. Focuses are on various flow properties on transverse planes downstream to investigate the correlation between the downstream velocity and secondary flow. Three distinct regions of jet development are identified in all the five jets. As the length of the PC (potential core) region maintains about the same, that of the CD (characteristic decay) region strongly depends on the jet aspect-ratio (AR) and Reynolds number (Re). The 45^o and 90^o axis-switching occur in the CD region, with the former followed by the latter at the early and late stages of the CD region respectively. The half-width streamwise velocity contour reveals that 45^o axis-switching is mainly contributed by the corner effect, whereas the aspect-ratio (elliptic) feature affects the shape of the jet when 45^o axis-switching occurs. The close examinations of flow pattern and vorticity contour, as well as the correlation between streamwise velocity and vorticity, indicate that 90^o axis-switching results from the boundary effect. Specific flow patterns for 45^o and 90^o axis-switching are identified to reveal the mechanism of the axis-switchings respectively.
WebSets: extracting sets of entities from the web using unsupervised information extraction

We describe a open-domain information extraction method for extracting concept-instance pairs from an HTML corpus. Most earlier approaches to this problem rely on combining clusters of distributionally similar terms and concept-instance pairs obtained with Hearst patterns. In contrast, our method relies on a novel approach for clustering terms found in HTML tables, and then assigning concept names to these clusters using Hearst patterns. The method can be efficiently applied to a large corpus, and experimental results on several datasets show that our method can accurately extract large numbers of concept-instance pairs.
Low power resonant optical excitation of an optomechanical cavity

We demonstrate the actuation of a double beam optomechanical cavity with a sinusoidally varying optical input power. We observe the driven mechanical motion with only 200 nW coupled to the optical cavity mode.
Anti-Poverty Effectiveness of Taxes and Income Transfers in Welfare States

This study aims to compare the anti-poverty effectiveness of taxes and income transfers among western welfare states. It is shown that a countrys poverty outcome can be decomposed into the level of market-generated poverty, the overall level of welfare efforts, and the poverty reduction efficiency of taxes and transfers. Using the LIS micro data, the decomposition analysis suggests that welfare states differ widely in respect to the anti-poverty effectiveness of taxes and transfers and that cross-national variation in anti-poverty effectiveness is mainly attributed to differences in the level of welfare efforts, rather than to differences in the poverty reduction efficiency.
Real polynomial diffeomorphisms with maximal entropy: II. Small Jacobian

This paper concerns the Henon family of diffeomorphisms of the plane for which the absolute value of the jacobian parameter is bounded by .08. We describe the parameter locus for which the mapping is a horseshoe.
What's Advertising Content Worth? Evidence from a Consumer Credit Marketing Field Experiment

This brief summarizes what's advertising content worth? Evidence from a consumer credit marketing field experiment in South Africa. The bank offered loans with repayment periods ranging from 4 to 18 months. Deadlines for response were randomly allocated from 2 weeks to 6 weeks. Firms spend billions of dollars developing advertising content, yet there is little field evidence on how much or how it affects demand. The author analyze a direct mail field experiment in South Africa implemented by a consumer lender that randomized advertising content, loan price, and loan offer deadlines simultaneously. The author fined that advertising content significantly affects demand. Although it was difficult to predict ex ante which specific advertising features will matter most in this context, the features that do matter have large effects. Showing fewer example loans, not suggesting a particular use for the loan, or including a photo of an attractive woman increases loan demand by about as much as a 25 percent reduction in the interest rate. The evidence also suggests that advertising content persuades by appealing 'peripherally' to intuition rather than reason. Although the advertising content effects point to an important role for persuasion and related psychology, our deadline results do not support the psychological prediction that shorter deadlines may help overcome time-management problems; instead, demand strongly increases with longer deadlines.
New tripodal N-heterocyclic carbene chelators for small molecule activation

A review. In an effort to develop new tripodal N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands for small mol. activation, two new classes of tripodal NHC ligands TIMER and TIMENR were synthesized. The C-anchored tris(carbene) ligand system TIMER (R = Me, t-Bu) forms bi- or polynuclear metal complexes. While the Me deriv. exclusively forms trinuclear 3:2 [(TIMEMe)2M3]3+ with Group 11 metal ions, the tert-Bu deriv. yields a dinuclear 2:2 [(TIMEt-Bu)2Cu2]2+ with Cu(I). The latter complex shows both normal and abnormal carbene binding modes and accordingly, is best formulated as a bis(carbene)alkenyl complex. The N-anchored tris(carbene) ligands TIMENR (R = alkyl, aryl) bind to a variety of 1st-row transition metal ions in 1:1 stoichiometry, affording monomeric complexes with a protected reactivity cavity at the coordinated metal center. Complexes of TIMENR with Cu(I)/(II), Ni(0)/(I), and Co(I)/(II)/(III) were synthesized. The Co(I) complexes with the aryl-substituted TIMENR (R = mesityl, xylyl) ligands show great potential for small mol. activation. These complexes activate, e.g., dioxygen to form Co(III) peroxo complexes that, upon reaction with electrophilic org. substrates, transfer an O atom. The Co(I) complexes are also precursors for terminal Co(III) imido complexes. These imido complexes undergo unprecedented intramol. imido insertion reactions to form Co(II) imine species. The mol. and electronic structures of some representative metal NHC complexes as well as the nature of the metal-carbene bond of these metal NHC complexes was elucidated by x-ray and DFT computational methods and are discussed briefly. In contrast to the common assumption that NHCs are pure sigma-donors, the authors' studies revealed non-negligible and even significant pi-backbonding in electron-rich metal NHC complexes. [on SciFinder (R)]
Large-scale Gadolinium-doped Water Cerenkov Detector for Non-Proliferation

Abstract Fission events from Special Nuclear Material (SNM), such as highly enriched uranium or plutonium, can produce simultaneous emission of multiple neutrons and high-energy gamma-rays. The observation of time correlations between any of these particles is a significant indicator of the presence of fissionable material. Cosmogenic processes can also mimic these types of correlated signals. However, if the background is sufficiently low and fully characterized, significant changes in the correlated event rate in the presence of a target of interest constitutes a robust signature of the presence of SNM. Since fission emissions are isotropic, adequate sensitivity to these multiplicities requires a high efficiency detector with a large solid angle with respect to the target. Water Cherenkov detectors are a cost-effective choice when large solid angle coverage is required. In order to characterize the neutron detection performance of large-scale water Cherenkov detectors, we have designed and built a 3.5 kL water Cherenkov-based gamma-ray and neutron detector, and modeled the detector response in Geant4 [1] . We report the position-dependent neutron detection efficiency and energy response of the detector, as well as the basic characteristics of the simulation.
Photochemistry of acetylene at 1849 Å

It is pointed out that the photochemistry of acetylene in the 1500-2000 A region at low pressure, particularly the quantum yield of C2H production and the reactions of C2H with H2 and hydrocarbons, is important in understanding the photochemistry of Jovian and Titan atmospheres. The present investigation was initiated to obtain information on these issues. The 1849 A light source used in the study was a sealed quartz tube containing a drop of Hg and 2 torr of Ar excited by a microwave generator. The lamp was attached to a Pyrex reaction cell. The amount of diacetylene produced was measured on the basis of absorption near 1650 A. Reaction mixtures of acetylene with N2, He, C2H6, or C3H8 were prepared. Attention is given to the absorption cross section, the photolysis of acetylene, and the photolysis of acetylene in the presence of other gases. It is found that the photochemical process of acetylene at 1849 A may represent that of acetylene in the Titan atmosphere.
Radio-Wave Propagation in the Non-Gaussian Interstellar Medium

Radio waves propagating from distant pulsars in the interstellar medium (ISM) are refracted by electron density inhomogeneities, so the intensity of observed pulses fluctuates with time. The observed pulse shapes are used to diagnose electron density distribution in the ISM. The theory relating the observed pulse time shapes to the electron density correlation function has developed for 30 years; however, two puzzles have remained. First, observational scaling of pulse broadening with the pulsar distance is anomalously strong; it is consistent with the standard model only when nonuniform statistics of electron fluctuations along the line of sight are assumed. Second, the observed pulse shapes are consistent with the standard model only when the scattering material is concentrated in a narrow slab between the pulsar and the Earth. We propose that both paradoxes are resolved at once if one assumes stationary and uniform but non-Gaussian statistics of the electron density distribution in the ISM. Such statistics must be of Levy type, and the propagating ray should exhibit a Levy flight rather than the Gaussian random walk implied by the standard model. We propose that a natural realization of such statistics may be provided by the ISM with random electron density discontinuities. A Levy distribution has a divergent second moment; therefore, the standard approach based on the electron density correlation function does not apply. We develop a theory of wave propagation in such a non-Gaussian random medium and demonstrate its good agreement with observations. The qualitative introduction of the approach and the resolution of the anomalous-scaling paradox was presented earlier.
Validating the Flash Code: Vortex-Dominated Flows

As a component of the Flash Center’s validation program, we compare FLASH simulation results with experimental results from Los Alamos National Laboratory. The flow of interest involves the lateral interaction between a planar Ma = 1.2 shock wave with a cylinder of gaseous sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) in air, and in particular the development of primary and secondary instabilities after the passage of the shock. While the overall evolution of the flow is comparable in the simulations and experiments, small-scale features are difficult to match. We focus on the sensitivity of numerical results to simulation parameters.
Phase diagram of a geometrically frustrated triangular-lattice antiferromagnet in a magnetic field.

The magnetic phase diagram of a geometrically frustrated triangular-lattice antiferromagnet is evaluated as a function of magnetic field and anisotropy using a trial spin state built from harmonics of a fundamental ordering wave vector. A noncollinear incommensurate state, observed to be chiral and ferroelectric in ${\mathrm{CuFeO}}_{2}$, appears above a collinear state with 4 sublattices (SLs). The apparent absence of multiferroic behavior for predicted chiral, noncollinear 5-SL states poses a challenge to theories of the ferroelectric coupling in ${\mathrm{CuFeO}}_{2}$.
Deconfinement from action restriction

Abstract The effect of restricting the plaquette to be greater than a certain cutoff value is studied. The action considered is the standard Wilson action with the addition of a plaquette restriction, which should not affect the continuum limit of the theory. In this investigation, the strong coupling limit is also taken. It is found that a deconfining phase transition occurs as the cutoff is increased, on all lattices studied (up to 204). The critical cutoff on the infinite lattice appears to be around 0.55. For cutoffs above this, a fixed point behavior is observed in the normalized fourth cumulant of the Polyakov loop, suggesting the existence of a line of critical points corresponding to a massless gluon phase, not unlike the situation in compact U(1). The Polyakov loop susceptibility also appears to be diverging with lattice size at these cutoffs. A strong finite volume behavior is observed in the pseudo-specific heat. It is discussed whether these results could still be consistent with the standard crossover picture which precludes the existence of a deconfining phase transition on an infinite symmetric lattice.
Bilateral ovarian neoplasms and the risk of malignancy.

Bilateral ovarian neoplasms are believed more likely to be malignant than are unilateral neoplasms. To our knowledge, this clinical tenet has not been evaluated or quantified. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a 10-year review of ovarian neoplasms found at the time of celiotomy at the Women's Hospital, Los Angeles County-University of Southern California Medical Center. Overall, women with bilateral neoplasms had a 2.6-fold increased risk of malignancy when compared with women who had unilateral neoplasms (95% confidence interval, 2.0 to 3.4; p
Threshold energy surface and frenkel pair resistivity for Cu

Abstract In-situ electrical resistivity damage-rate measurements in the high voltage electron microscope have been used to study electron irradiation induced defect production in copper single crystals at T . Analysis of the directional and energy dependence yields a threshold energy surface that is significantly different from those of previous investigations: two pockets of low threshold energy centered at 〈100〉 and 〈110〉 surrounded by regions of much higher threshold energy. The corresponding damage function exhibits a plateau at 0.6 Frenkel pairs. The present results imply a Frenkel pair resistivity for Cu of (2.75 +0.6−0.2) × 10−4 Ω cm.
On punctured trellis-coded modulation

Punctured convolutional codes result in some savings in the complexity of Viterbi decoders, compared to other codes of the same rate. However, in general use of the punctured structure in the decoder results in a performance loss for trellis codes, due to difficulties in assigning metrics, We provide constructions for punctured rate-2/3 codes based on decomposition of the metric into orthogonal components. These show no loss in performance for trellis coded QAM and PSK. We also provide 180/spl deg/ and 90/spl deg/ rotationally invariant punctured TCM for QAM signaling.
Horizontal gene transfer and the evolution of bacterial and archaeal population structure

Many bacterial and archaeal lineages have a history of extensive and ongoing horizontal gene transfer and loss, as evidenced by the large differences in genome content even among otherwise closely related isolates. How ecologically cohesive populations might evolve and be maintained under such conditions of rapid gene turnover has remained controversial. Here we synthesize recent literature demonstrating the importance of habitat and niche in structuring horizontal gene transfer. This leads to a model of ecological speciation via gradual genetic isolation triggered by differential habitat-association of nascent populations. Further, we hypothesize that subpopulations can evolve through local gene-exchange networks by tapping into a gene pool that is adaptive towards local, continuously changing organismic interactions and is, to a large degree, responsible for the observed rapid gene turnover. Overall, these insights help to explain how bacteria and archaea form populations that display both ecological cohesion and high genomic diversity.
A high-performance integrated single-photon detector for telecom wavelengths

Abstract A commercial avalanche photodiode (APD) and the circuitry needed to operate it as a single-photon detector (SPD) have been integrated onto a single PC board (PCB). At temperatures accessible with Peltier coolers (∼200–240 K), the PCB-SPD achieves high detection efficiency (DE) at 1308 and 1545 nm with low dark-count probability (e.g. ∼10−6/bias pulse at DE = 20%, 220 K), making it useful for quantum key distribution (QKD). The board generates fast bias pulses, cancels noise transients, amplifies the signals, and sends them to an on-board discriminator. A digital blanking circuit suppresses afterpulsing.
Driving forces and boundary conditions in continuum dislocation mechanics

As a guide to constitutive specification, driving forces for dislocation velocity and nucleation rates are derived for a field theory of dislocation mechanics and crystal plasticity proposed in Acharya (2001, J. Mech. Phys. Solids 49, 761–785). A condition of closure for the theory in the form of a boundary condition for dislocation density evolution is also derived. The closure condition is generated from a uniqueness analysis in the linear setting for partial differential equations controlling the evolution of dislocation density. The boundary condition has a simple physical meaning as an inward flux over the dislocation inflow part of the boundary. Kinematical features of dislocation evolution, such as the initiation of bowing of a pinned screw segment and the initiation of cross–slip of a single screw segment, are discussed. An exact solution representing the expansion of a polygonal dislocation loop is derived for a quasilinear system of governing partial differential equations. The representation within the theory of features such as local (dislocation level) Schmid and non–Schmid behaviour as well as (unloaded) stress–free and steady microstructures are also discussed.
Development of new targeted therapies for breast cancer.

Clinical application of truly targeted therapy relies on identification of a specific molecular feature (the target) that is biologically relevant, reproducibly measurable and definably correlated with clinical benefit. Ideally the target should be crucial to the tumor’s malignant phenotype. The target must be easily measurable in readily obtained clinical samples. Interruption, interference or inhibition of the target should yield a clinical response in a significant proportion of patients whose tumors express the target but in few patients whose tumors do not express the target. As such, targeted therapy offers the twin hopes of maximizing efficacy while minimizing toxicity. A critical review of the hallmarks of malignancy provides a framework for considering potential targets and novel therapeutic interventions. The hallmarks of malignancy include uncontrolled proliferation, insensitivity to negative growth regulation, evasion of apoptosis, lack of senescence, invasion and metastasis, angiogenesis, and genomic elasticity. Existing therapies predominantly target proliferation either with cytotoxic agents, ionizing radiation or inhibition of estrogen receptor and HER2 growth factor signaling pathways. Further improvements in therapy must attack the other hallmarks of malignancy and will undoubtedly be accompanied by better means of individual patient selection for such therapies. Indeed, each of these hallmarks presents a therapeutic opportunity. To believe otherwise would be to assume that a feature is both biologically crucial yet therapeutically unimportant, an unlikely paradox.
Metformin intake is associated with better survival in ovarian cancer: a case-control study.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this case-control study was to identify any association of metformin intake with the survival of patients with ovarian cancer. METHODS: In this retrospective case-control study, women with ovarian cancer who received metformin (cases) were compared with women with ovarian cancer who did not receive metformin (controls). A 2-layered analysis was conducted. In preliminary analysis, all cases (the OC cohort) were compared with controls at a 1:2 ratio. Subsequently, in definitive analysis, only patients who had epithelial ovarian cancer (the EOC cohort) were compared with controls at a 1:3 ratio. In the EOC cohort, cases were matched with controls for age (±5 years), International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage, and residual disease. Prognostic variables and disease specific survival were compared using chi-square tests, the Kaplan-Meier (log-rank) method, and Cox proportional hazards analysis. RESULTS: In a preliminary analysis of the OC cohort (72 cases and 143 controls), cases had better survival (5-year disease-specific survival for cases vs controls, 73% vs 44%; P = .0002). In the definitive analysis of the EOC cohort (61 cases and 178 controls), the distribution of age, disease stage, optimal cytoreduction, serous histology, and platinum chemotherapy remained similar between cases and controls (P > .05). Despite these similarities, cases had significantly better survival (5-year disease-specific survival for cases vs controls, 67% vs 47%; P = .007). On multivariate analysis, metformin remained an independent predictor of survival (hazard ratio, 2.2; 95% confidence interval, 1.2-3.8; P = .007) after controlling for disease stage, grade, histology, chemotherapy, body mass index, and surgical cytoreduction. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study indicated an association of metformin intake with survival in patients with ovarian cancer. The receipt of metformin was associated with better survival, and the authors concluded that metformin is worthy of clinical trials in ovarian cancer. Cancer 2013. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
Characterization of social video

The popularity of social media has grown dramatically over the World Wide Web. In this paper, we analyze the video popularity distribution of well-known social video websites (YouTube, Google Video, and the AOL Truveo Video Search engine) and characterize their workload. We identify trends in the categories, lengths, and formats of those videos, as well as characterize the evolution of those videos over time. We further provide an extensive analysis and comparison of video content amongst the main regions of the world.
Double-trace deformations, holography and the c -conjecture

A double-trace deformation is the simplest perturbation of a conformal field theory that has a gravity dual. In this paper we review the existing results for the case in which the deformation is composed from a scalar operator, and extend them to the case of a spinor operator. In particular we check the validity of the c-conjecture along the RG flow induced by the deformation, using both Cardy’s c-function and the recent proposal by Myers and Sinha of a c-function from entanglement entropy.
Definable closure in randomizations

Abstract The randomization of a complete first order theory T is the complete continuous theory T R with two sorts, a sort for random elements of models of T , and a sort for events in an underlying probability space. We give necessary and sufficient conditions for an element to be definable over a set of parameters in a model of T R .
A simple approach to counterterms in N=8 supergravity

We present a simple systematic method to study candidate counterterms in $ \mathcal{N} = 8 $ supergravity. Complicated details of the counterterm operators are avoided because we work with the on-shell matrix elements they produce. All n-point matrix elements of an independent SUSY invariant operator of the form D 2k R n+... must be local and satisfy SUSY Ward identities. These are strong constraints, and we test directly whether or not matrix elements with these properties can be constructed. If not, then the operator does not have a supersymmetrization, and it is excluded as a potential counterterm. For n> 4, we find that R n, D 2 R n, D 4 R n, and D 6 R n are excluded as counterterms of MHV amplitudes, while only R n and D 2 R n are excluded at the NMHV level. As a consequence, for loop order L<7, there are no independent D 2k R n counterterms with n>4. If an operator is not ruled out, our method constructs an explicit superamplitude for its matrix elements. This is done for the 7-loop D 4 R 6 operator at the NMHV level and in other cases. We also initiate the study of counterterms without leading pure-graviton matrix elements, which can occur beyond the MHV level. The landscape of excluded/ allowed candidate counterterms is summarized in a colorful chart.
Inflation Targeting as a Means of Achieving Disinflation

In this paper, we take an analytical approach to examine possible adverse effects of the use of inflation targeting as a disinflation regime. The idea is that a strict interpretation of an inflation target may preserve inflationary distortions after price stability is attained. We show that such a policy not only creates a slump in output but may increase macroeconomic volatility substantially in a model in which wages are subject to a Taylor staggering structure.
Modeling the Near-Surface Shear Layer: Diffusion Schemes Studied With CSS

As we approach solar convection simulations that seek to model the interaction of small-scale granulation and supergranulation and even larger scales of convection within the near-surface shear layer (NSSL), the treatment of the boundary conditions and minimization of sub-grid scale diffusive processes become increasingly crucial. We here assess changes in the dynamics and the energy flux balance of the flows established in rotating spherical shell segments that capture much of the NSSL with the Curved Spherical Segment (CSS) code using two different diffusion schemes. The CSS code is a new massively parallel modeling tool capable of simulating 3-D compressible MHD convection with a realistic solar stratification in rotating spherical shell segments.
Interrelationship Between Alcohol Intake and Endogenous Sex-Steroid Hormones on Diabetes Risk in Postmenopausal Women

Objective: We examined whether circulating concentrations of sex hormones, including estradiol, testosterone, sex hormone–binding globulin (SHBG), and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), were associated with alcohol intake or mediated the alcohol–type 2 diabetes (T2D) association.Methods: Among women not using hormone replacement therapy and free of baseline cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes in the Women's Health Study, 359 incident cases of T2D and 359 matched controls were chosen during 10 years of follow-up.Results: Frequent alcohol intake (≥1 drink/day) was positively and significantly associated with higher plasma estradiol concentrations in an age-adjusted model (β = 0.14, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.03, 0.26), compared to rarely/never alcohol intake. After adjusting for additional known covariates, this alcohol–estradiol association remained significant (β = 0.19, 95% CI, 0.07, 0.30). Testosterone (β = 0.13, 95% CI, −0.05, 0.31), SHBG (β = 0.07, 95% CI, −0.07, 0.20), and DHEAS (β...
Doping the golden cage Au16(-) with Si, Ge, and Sn.

We report a joint experimental/theoretical study of a series of group IV atom-doped gold anion clusters MAu16- (M = Si, Ge, Sn). We find that their global minima possess exohedral structures, which are dominated by the strong M−Au local interactions reminiscent of the MAu4 clusters. In particular, a dangling Au atom is observed in the low-lying isomers of SiAu16- which confirms the Au/H analogy reported earlier in Si−Au mixed clusters. The nature of the dopant−Au local interactions is a critical factor in determining whether an impurity atom can be used to dope the golden cages.
Compositional analysis of electrosynthesized semiconductor thin films by electrochemical quartz crystal microgravimetry: Application to the Cd + Se system

Group II-VI compound semiconductors such as CdSe are important in a wide spectrum of optoelectronic applications [l]. As reviewed elsewhere [l], electrodeposition is a simple and versatile method for preparing thin films of these materials. However, contamination of the target material with side-products (e.g. CdSe with Se) is often a problem with the electrodeposition technique. The defect chemistry of II-VI compound semiconductors (i.e. whether they are nor p-type) is also critically dependent on their non-stoichiometry, e.g. the Cd: Se ratio. Thus there clearly is a need to identify and evaluate new techniques for the in situ compositional analysis of semiconductor thin films. In this report, we wish to describe the use of electrochemical quartz-crystal microgravimetry (EQCM) for this purpose. The use of EQCM has rapidly grown in recent years with reviews available [2,3]. An earlier paper from this laboratory described a study of aqueous Te electrochemistry using combined voltammetry, coulometry and microgravimetry [41. The new experiments described below on the model Cd + Se system demonstrate, we believe for the first time, that it is possible to establish in situ compositional profiles for electrosynthesized thin films using a combination of stripping with the EQCM technique.
Synthesis of pyridine alkaloids via Pd-catalyzed coupling of 3-iodopyridine, 1,ω-dienes and nitrogen nucleophiles

The palladium-catalyzed cross coupling of 3-iodopyridine, long chain 1,ω-dienes, and benzylic amines or tosylamides provides a novel route to key intermediates for the synthesis of the naturally occurring, biologically active pyridine alkaloids theonelladins C and D, niphatesine C and xestamine D.
On the Integration of Layered Manufacturing and Material Removal Processes

In this paper, we develop methodologies for the integration of layered manufacturing and traditional material removal processes into an integrated manufacturing setup, The scenarios under which this integration would be beneficial are identified and algorithms for the integration developed. As examples, we consider two current layered manufacturing technologies that use material removal operations as a part of their process. The benefits of our procedure are demonstrated by examples.
NOTE ON A POSITRONIUM MODEL FROM FLOW EQUATIONS IN FRONT-FORM DYNAMICS

In this note we address the problem of solving for the positronium mass spectrum. We use front-form dynamics together with the method of flow equations. For a special choice of the similarity function, the calculations can be simplified by analytically integrating over the azimuthal angle. One obtains an effective Hamiltonian and we solve numerically for its spectrum. Comparing our results with different approaches we find encouraging properties concerning the cutoff dependence of the results.
Enantioselective synthesis of substituted piperidines by addition of aryl Grignard reagents to pyridine N-oxides

The synthesis of optically active piperidines by enantioselective addition of aryl Grignard reagents to pyridine N-oxides and lithium binolate followed by reduction is reported for the first time. The reaction results in high yields (51-94%) in combination with good ee (54-80%). Some of these products were subsequently recrystallized, affording enhanced optical purities (>99% ee).
Subfactors associated to compact Kac algebras

We construct inclusions of the form (B0⊗P) G ⊂(B1⊗P) G , whereG is a compact quantum group of Kac type acting on an inclusion of finite dimensional C*-algebrasB0⊂B1 and on aII1 factorP. Under suitable assumptions on the actions ofG, this is a subfactor, whose Jones tower and standard invariant can be computed by using techniques of A. Wassermann. The subfactors associated to subgroups of compact groups, to projective representations of compact groups, to finite quantum groups, to finitely generated discrete groups, to vertex models and to spin models are of this form.
Total Chemical Synthesis of Crambin

Crambin is a small (46 amino acids) protein isolated from the seeds of the plant Crambe abyssinica. Crambin has been extensively used as a model protein for the development of advanced crystallography and NMR techniques and for computational folding studies. We set out to establish synthetic access to crambin. Initially, we synthesized the 46 amino acid polypeptide by native chemical ligation of two distinct sets of peptide segments (15 + 31 and 31 + 15 residues). The synthetic polypeptide chain folded in good yield to give native crambin containing three disulfide bonds. The chemically synthesized crambin was characterized by LC-MS and by 2D-NMR. However, the 31-residue peptide segments were difficult to purify, and this caused an overall low yield for the synthesis. To overcome this problem, we synthesized crambin by the native chemical ligation of three segments (15 + 16 + 15 residues). Total synthesis using the ligation of three segments gave more than a 10-fold increase in yield and a protein product of exceptionally high purity. This work demonstrates the efficacy of chemical protein synthesis by the native chemical ligation of three segments and establishes efficient synthetic access to the important model protein crambin for experimental studies of protein folding and stability.
Constraints on the Acceleration of the Solar System from High-Precision Timing

Many astronomers have speculated that the solar system contains undiscovered massive planets or a distant stellar companion. The acceleration of the solar system barycenter can constrain the mass and position of the putative companion. In this paper we use the most recent timing data on accurate astronomical clocks (millisecond pulsars, pulsars in binary systems, and pulsating white dwarfs) to constrain this acceleration. No evidence for nonzero acceleration has been found; the typical sensitivity achieved by our method is a⊙/c ~ a few × 10-19 s-1, comparable to the acceleration due to a Jupiter-mass planet at 200 AU. The acceleration method is limited by the uncertainties in the distances and by the timing precision for pulsars in binary systems, and by the intrinsic distribution of the period derivatives for millisecond pulsars. Timing data provide stronger constraints than residuals in the motions of comets or planets if the distance to the companion exceeds a few hundred AU. The acceleration method is also more sensitive to the presence of a distant companion (300–400 AU) than existing optical and infrared surveys. We outline the differences between the effects of the peculiar acceleration of the solar system and the background of gravitational waves on high-precision timing.
AUTOMATIC TRANSLATION OF LANGUAGES

This chapter focuses on automatic translation of languages. Most machine translation research projects show an obvious division into a linguistic section and a programming section. This reflects not only a certain natural division of skills between linguists and programmers but also the division between information about languages that ought to be valid without reference to any machine and techniques of giving the information to a particular machine for a particular purpose. Assuming the output language to be English, the synthesis involves the rearrangement of the items of the sentence into an English order, the inflection of English stems that were originally brought from the dictionary, the insertion and suppression of articles, the choice of English equivalents for polysemie words, especially prepositions, and the choice of English expressions for what the input language expresses by inflectional elements.
Geology of the New Orleans Area and the Canal Levee Failures

The geologic history of the New Orleans area significantly influences the engineering properties of the foundation soils beneath the levees. Geologic and engineering data gathered from the levee breaches identify a spatially complex geomorphic landscape, caused by Holocene sea level rise, lateral changes in depositional environments, development of Mississippi River delta lobes, and the distributary channels associated with delta development. Overlying the Pleistocene surface beneath New Orleans are predominantly fine-grained, shallow water sediments associated with bay sound (or estuarine), nearshore-gulf, sandy beach, lacustrine, interdistributary, and paludal (marsh and swamp) environments. These environments define the New Orleans area history during the Holocene and comprise the levee foundation beneath the failure areas. A barrier beach ridge is present in the subsurface along the southern shore of Lake Ponchartrain, which blocked the filling of the lake with fluvial-deltaic sediments. This buried beach impacted the supply and texture of sediment being deposited by advancing distributary channels and influenced the engineering properties of these soils. Marsh and swamp soils beneath the failure area at the 17th Street Canal are much thicker in comparison to those beneath the London Avenue Canal failures because of the influence of the beach complex, and are thickest in the Industrial Canal area. Additionally, human activities in the New Orleans area during historic time contributed to the spatial complexity and affected the engineering properties of the foundation soils. These activities include construction of drainage and navigation canals, groundwater pumping, hydraulic filling of the Lake Ponchartrain lake front, and construction of levees to prevent river flooding. Human activities, combined with the geologic setting and subsidence in this region, are responsible for the unique landscape that was impacted by Hurricane Katrina.
Use of 1,3-dipolar reactions for the preparation of SF5-substituted five-membered ring heterocycles. Pyrroles and thiophenes

Abstract In situ -generated unsubstituted, “parent” azomethine and thiocarbonyl ylides are used to prepare a large variety of 3-aryl- and alkyl-substituted, 4-pentafluorosulfanylpyrroles and 3-aryl-substituted, 4-pentafluorosulfanylthiophenes, the latter of which are to our knowledge the first reported SF 5 -substituted thiophenes. The 1,3-cycloadditions of these ylides with aryl and alkyl, SF 5 -alkynes produce dihydro-pyrroles and thiophenes, which without isolation can then be oxidatively aromatized to the respective pentafluorosulfanylpyrroles and thiophenes in good yield.
Surface symmetry energy

Abstract Binding energy of symmetric nuclear matter can be accessed straightforwardly with the textbook mass-formula and a sample of nuclear masses. We show that, with a minimally modified formula (along the lines of the droplet model), the symmetry energy of nuclear matter can be accessed nearly as easily. Elementary considerations for a macroscopic nucleus show that the surface tension needs to depend on asymmetry. That dependence modifies the surface energy and implies the emergence of asymmetry skin. In the mass formula, the volume and surface and (a)symmetry energies combine as energies of two connected capacitors, with the volume and surface capacitances proportional to the volume and area, respectively. The net asymmetry partitions itself into volume and surface contributions in proportion to the capacitances. A combination of data on skin sizes and masses constrains the volume symmetry parameter to 27 MeV≲ α ≲31 MeV and the volume-to-surface symmetry-parameter ratio to 2.0≲ α / β ≲2.8. In Thomas–Fermi theory, the surface asymmetry-capacitance stems from a drop of the symmetry energy per nucleon S with density. We establish limits on the drop at half of normal density, to 0.57≲ S ( ρ 0 /2)/ S ( ρ 0 )≲0.83. In considering the feeding of surface by an asymmetry flux from interior, we obtain a universal condition for the collective asymmetry oscillations, in terms of the asymmetry-capacitance ratio.
Convenient Synthesis and Isolation of Conformationally Rigid Glutamic Acid Analogues

Abstract A convenient synthetic methodology for the synthesis of highly conformationally restricted tricyclic aminodicarboxylic acids bridged analogues of glutamic acid, is presented. The process can be used for preparation of the novel glutamate analogues.
Compressible Oscillating Boundary Layers

The response of the compressible boundary layer to small fluctuations of the outer flow is investigated. The governing equations and the appropriate boundary conditions are formulated for the first time in considerable generality. It appears that the outer flow properties do not oscillate in phase with each other. Such phase differences are augmented as one proceeds across the boundary layer. Solutions are presented for small amplitudes in the form of asymptotic expansions in powers of a frequency parameter. Ordinary but coupled nonlinear differential equations are derived for self-similar flows. Results are presented for a steady part of the solution that corresponds to flat plate and stagnation flows and oscillations of the outer flow in magnitude or direction.
An Imaging and Spectroscopic Survey of Galaxies within Prominent Nearby Voids. I. The Sample and Luminosity Distribution

We study the optical properties of a large sample of galaxies in low-density regions of the nearby universe. We make a 5 h-1 Mpc smoothed map of the galaxy density throughout the Center for Astrophysics Redshift Survey (CfA2) to identify galaxies within three prominent nearby "voids" with diameter 30 h-1 Mpc. We augment the CfA2 void galaxy sample with fainter galaxies found in the same regions from the more recent and deeper Century and Redshift surveys . We obtain B and R CCD images and high signal-to-noise long-slit spectra for the resulting sample of 149 void galaxies, as well as for an additional 131 galaxies on the periphery of these voids. Here we describe the photometry for the sample, including B isophotal magnitudes and B-R colors. For the 149 galaxies that lie in regions below the mean survey density, the luminosity functions in B and R are well fit by Schechter functions with respective parameters (αB = -0.5 ± 0.3, B* = -18.9 ± 0.2) and (αR = -0.9 ± 0.3, R* = -20.4 ± 0.3). The B luminosity function (LF) is consistent with typical survey LFs (e.g., the Southern Sky Redshift Survey), and the R LF is consistent with the Century Survey. The B and R LFs of 131 galaxies in the "void periphery"—regions between the mean density and twice the mean—have similar Schechter parameters. The CfA2 LF is inconsistent with both samples at the 3.5 σ level. When we narrow our analysis to the 46 galaxies in regions below half the mean density, the LF is significantly steeper: α ~ -1.4 ± 0.5. The typical survey LFs are inconsistent with this subsample at the ~2 σ level. The B-R color distribution of galaxies in the lowest density regions is also shifted significantly (~3 σ) blueward of the higher density samples. The most luminous red galaxies (R -21) are absent from the lowest density regions at the 2.5 σ level.
Construction of novel spiroisoxazolines via intramolecular cyclization/methylation

Improved yields for the syntheses of a variety of spiroisoxazolines were achieved through intramolecular cyclization/methylation reactions of functionalized 5,5-disubstituted isoxazolines in one reaction vessel. Aromatic ring containing nitrile oxides and disubstituted geminal alkenes reacted in a 1,3-dipolar fashion to afford the corresponding 5,5-isoxazoline. A comparison of the relative location of the nucleophile and electrophile on the isoxazoline and two different ester functional groups was performed in order to determine the best isoxazoline system for the intramolecular cyclization/methylation reaction.
Dibenz[a,c]anthracene: Electrophilic substitution and synthesis of phenol isomers

Abstract Efficient syntheses of the 3-, 9-, 10-, and 11-phenol isomers of dibenz[a,c]anthracene (DBa,cA) and 2,3-dihydroxy-DBa,cA are described. Bromination of DBa,cA with bromine in CH2Cl2 gave 10-bromo-DBa,cA and not 9-bromo-DBa,cA predicted theoretically. On the other hand, bromination of DBa,cA with NBS and FeCl3 furnished 9-bromo-DBa,cA.
Assessment of an analytical density matrix derived from a modified Colle-Salvetti approach to the electron gas.

The Ragot–Cortona model of local correlation energy [S. Ragot and P. Cortona, J. Chem. Phys. 121, 7671 (2004)] revisits the initial approach of Colle and Salvetti [Theor. Chim. Acta 37, 329 (1975)] in order to reinstate the kinetic contribution Tc to the total correlation energy Ec. In this work, the one-electron reduced density matrix underlying the amended model is fully derived in closed form. By construction, the said density matrix is parameter-free but not N-representable, owing to approximations used in the Ragot–Cortona approach. However, the resulting density matrix is shown to have formally correct short- and long-range expansions. Furthermore, its momentum-space counterpart qualitatively agrees with known parametrized momentum distributions except at small momenta, where the disagreement reflects the nonrepresentability of the model and restricts to a small fraction of the slowest electrons only.