cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Astrocyte–Neuron Communications

When astrocytes were first visualized by Virchow in 1846, he characterized them as a type of “glue” filling in the interstitial space. The term “astrocyte” first appeared in 1893 when improvements in histological techniques made it possible to distinguish individual cell morphology within this cerebral “glue” [1]. The importance of these cells, though not well understood, was appreciated by the fact that astrocytes occupy a substantial amount of space in the brain, representing up to 50% of cerebral volume [2]. Interestingly, the ratio of astrocytes to neurons varies among species and according to the relative complexity of the brain [3], increasing proportionally with the complexity of the neural network. This is perhaps one of the first pieces of evidence hinting at a role for astrocytes in the integration of neuronal activity. With the advancement of staining techniques came a greater appreciation for the unique structure of these cells which subsequently provided great insight into their diverse functions. Astrocytes have multiple primary processes and fine branching processes which are able to expand and contract, allowing them to dynamically contact both synapses and microvasculature. In addition, by forming independent microdomains, with little or no overlap with neighboring astrocytes, astrocytes are able to effectively modulate communication between neuronal networks and glial–vascular coupling. For example, the end feet of astrocytes contact blood vessels and modulate blood flow via Ca2+-dependent release of vasoactive agents, effectively regulating neuronal access to nutrients required to sustain metabolic demand. Similarly, astrocyte morphology can change in response to their environment. Hormonally responsive astrocytes in the arcuate nucleus of the adult female rat respond to estradiol with dramatic changes in their morphology, including an increased coverage of neuronal perikarya, impacting synaptic communication [4]. These changes in morphology have been recently correlated with changes in glutamate–glutamine cycling, indicating functional plasticity of neuronal–glial communication in the normal adult brain [5]. Another important function of astrocytes is their role in the “tripartite synapse,” or the communication between the astrocytic process and the pre- and postsynaptic terminals [6]. Despite the complex morphology and numerous ramifications of astrocytes, it is still rather surprising to consider that a single astrocyte residing in area CA1 of the rat hippocampus can contact up to 140,000 synapses [7].
Nick Howgrave-Graham and Antoine Joux: Attacking the Knapsack Problem

This chapter describes a new algorithm for the Knapsack problem that was presented at the 2010 EUROCRYPT conference. In like manner to Bjorklund’s paper, randomization is used to bring down the exponent of an exponential-time but possibly practical algorithm.
Lethal poisoning with Gelsemium elegans in Guizhou, China

The active components of gelsemium are the alkaloids, which are present in a concentration of about 0.5%. These consist primarily of gelsemine (a highly toxic compound related to strychnine), with lesser amounts of related compounds (gelsemicine, gelsedine, etc). The mode of poisoning is found in both homicide and suicide, and the death rate from the poisoning was high. Poisoning by toxic plants in rural areas is a problem that is worth paying attention to. The survey and analysis of this case of poisoning are conducive to provide guidance for similar events. Language: en
On the Reduction of the General Quartic to Binomial Form

(1930). On the Reduction of the General Quartic to Binomial Form. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 37, No. 5, pp. 245-248.
Fundamental Considerations Relating to the Insertion of Hydrogen Isotopes into Mixed Conductors at High Activities

Some features of the electrochemical insertion of hydrogen isotopes into mixed conductors under dynamic electrolytic conditions are discussed. Unusual magnitudes of thermodynamic parameters in both the surface region and the bulk can be obtained under some conditions. These can vary greatly, depending upon the surface composition, as well as experimental conditions. It is thus possible to obtain species distributions and related phenomena inside solids during electrolysis at atmospheric pressure that are equivalent to those that would be present if there were a very high external pressure of one of the components. The transport of hydrogen isotope interstitial species is very microstructure ‐ dependent. Readily visible microstructural changes occur upon insertion and deletion of these species. This leads to the very sporadic nature of structure ‐ dependent phenomena often observed. These considerations may play an important role in the apparent irreproducibility of experimental observations of the “cold fusion” phenomenon.
Study on Novel Robust PID Control Strategy Based on Non-linear Filtering

Combining non-linear filter link and traditional PID control algorithm,a novel robust PID control strategy based on non-linear filtering was proposed.The mechanism of improving the robustness of process control system by employing such control strategy was analyzed from the prospective of frequency-domain characteristics.Simulation experiments were conducted on response characteristics of process control system under step and square wave disturbance,and the control strategy was adopted to optimize the regulation system for superheated steam temperature in a power plant.Results show that the novel PID control strategy can improve both the response speed and stability of the system,further enhance the robustness of traditional PID control strategy,so as to obtain better control quality.
A Research Basis for Large Non-anchoring Crude Oil Storage Tank Foundation Optional and Stress Distribution

A large-scale non-anchoring crude oil storage tank three-dimensional nonlinear finite element model is established.Theory used cans and foundation material at the end of contact element method to replace the tank and the foundation material at the end of an elastic rod unit method for simulating tank and foundation material at the end of the contact force.To a new 15×104 m3 tank,for example,the authors analyzed the siding,perforated edge and big seam stress distribution if the tank foundation used different materials and different materials of different distribution of the foundation,which provides a theoretical basis for large crude oil storage tank stress distribution optimization,foundation materials and optional arrangement.
Application of RFID Technology in Military Logistics Field

This paper introduces the principle of RFID technology,the construction and key device for military logistics visualized management system.It briefly describes the application of RFID in US Military Logistics.Meanwhile it prospects the development of domestic military logistics visualized management system.
The Use of Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy in Patients with Aortic Aneurysms

AbstractExtracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL**Dornier Medical Systems, Inc., Marietta, Georgia.) has revolutionized management of most patients with urolithiasis. The effect of ESWL on patients with an aortic aneurysm is unknown and its safety is questioned by the absence of any case reports in the urological literature.A 68-year-old man with an abdominal aortic aneurysm underwent successful ESWL using the Medstone STS 1050 lithotriptor for right renal calculi. Continuous monitoring of the aneurysm was done using real-time ultrasound during the ESWL treatment. Careful preoperative evaluation in conjunction with appropriate intraoperative and postoperative monitoring makes ESWL management of patients with associated aortic aneurysm possible.
MEMBRANE SEPARATIONS | Ultrafiltration

Ultrafiltration (UF) uses a semipermeable membrane to fractionate molecules in liquids of about 1000 daltons in molecular weight to 500 000 daltons. The membrane is made of either polymeric or inorganic materials and contains pores of a defined size distribution. UF is a simple process involving only the pumping of fluids.
Synthesis of adaptive controllers for spacecraft rendezvous maneuvers using nonlinear models of relative motion

This work is concerned with the design of adaptive learning controllers for rendezvous maneuvers of two spacecraft. Unlike earlier efforts using linearized dynamics, the current work considers the nonlinear equations of relative motion. The main idea behind the Lyapunov-based controller design is to allow a flexibility in the time-varying gains to adapt in proportion to the relative distance of the two spacecraft. By augmenting an adaptive controller, one opts to improve controller performance. The adaptation schemes of the controller gains are derived via Lyapunov redesign methods. In order to gain some insights on the choice of the optimal gains, a scheme that penalizes a combination of the relative position error and of the relative velocity error is considered. Extensive numerical studies are provided to further support the theoretical predictions on the choice of controller gains.
My Librarian Knows My Next Good Book, Does Yours?

Many of our library patrons’ needs (account information, computer help, you know the deal ...) are easy to recognize, but what happens if we take a look beyond the obvious? What if we offered an unexpected experience? Libraries have rolled out myriad options varying from unique collection lending, makerspaces, and other innovative and inventive ideas. In that spirit, Multnomah County Library pursued a new approach to readers’ advisory: My Librarian. My Librarian is made possible by My Librarian Knows My Next Good Book, Does Yours? a grant from the Paul G. Allen Family Foundation to The Library Foundation, a local nonprofit dedicated to our library’s leadership, innovation, and reach through private support. Multnomah County Library’s new and interactive readers’ advisory service, My Librarian, began in 2014. It is designed to meet patrons where they are, in the channel where they prefer to interact. Its goal is to bring the warmth and connection of personal service into an online environment utilizing staff curating expertise. Curious patrons select from a menu of 17 librarians based on a shared passion for books, movies, or just intrigue. These characteristics are reflected in the My Librarian’s self-created profiles highlighting personal interests and genre knowledge.
Trace Indoleamines in the Central Nervous System

Tryptamine has been widely accepted as a trace amine in brain, and several reviews of its metabolism, regional localization in brain, and possible neuroregulatory functions have been published (Jones, 1982; Juorio and Durden, 1984). Other endogenously synthesized indoleamines have received only minimal attention in several review monographs and symposium volumes devoted to the trace amines (Baldessarini and Fischer, 1978; Mosnaim and Wolf, 1978, 1980; Boulton et al., 1984). Among these indoleamines are melatonin, N-acetyl serotonin, 5-methoxytryptamine and 6-methoxytryptoline. While these latter substances have been regarded as principally pineal hormones with peripheral actions, recent evidence has suggested that they may also act directly in the brain. Other indoleamines which also have been infrequently discussed in the trace amine literature include the hallucinogenic tryptamines such as N, N dimethyltryptamine(DMT), 5-methoxy DMT and N-methyl DMT.
Low-Budget Techniques for Road Network Mapping and Road Condition Assessment That Are Accessible to Transport Agencies in Developing Countries

In rural areas of developing countries, the poor quality of road location and condition data—which in most cases are outdated or nonexistent—is a barrier to transport decision making and investment. Without good information about the transport infrastructure, the local administrations, national agencies, and international donors have difficulty prioritizing investments that will produce higher economic and social returns. Most local and national transport agencies in developing countries lack the specific technology, expensive equipment, and professionally trained staff to survey and collect data on rural roads. Lessons are shared from a pilot project that used an inexpensive technique to survey and assess the condition of road infrastructure in rural areas of Mozambique. Local transport engineers were provided with a smartphone app called RoadLab Pro to increase their awareness of new approaches, tools, and technologies. This pilot project aimed to build technical capacity in applying and replicating pra...
Age of the Pineo Ridge System: Implications for behavior of the Laurentide Ice Sheet in eastern Maine, U.S.A., during the last deglaciation

Abstract The Laurentide Ice Sheet was a major driver of global sea-level change during the last deglaciation and may have impacted both atmospheric and oceanic circulation. An understanding of past changes in the ice sheet is important for constraining its interaction with other components of the climate system. Here, we present the geologic context and chronology for ice-sheet fluctuations in eastern Maine, adjacent to the North Atlantic Ocean, thought to be a key player in the termination of the last ice age. Retreat of the Laurentide Ice Sheet through coastal Maine first produced a series of lobate grounding-line moraines, followed by deposition of the prominent Pineo Ridge System, which crosscut the earlier moraine set and which is characterized by extensive ice-contact deltas, closely spaced parallel moraines, and association with eskers. Our new 10 Be surface exposure ages indicate that the Pineo Ridge System, which extends for more than 100 km in eastern Maine and Atlantic Canada, dates to ∼15.3 ka, ∼800 years older than recent estimates. Our data are in accord with inboard minimum-limiting radiocarbon ages of terrestrial materials, which indicate deglaciation as early as 15.3 ka, as well as of marine shells that are as old as 15.0 ka. Both the deglaciation that produced the lobate moraines and the short-lived readvance that led to the Pineo Ridge System occurred during Heinrich Stadial 1. Given that faunal and isotopic evidence indicates that the ocean remained cold during deglaciation of coastal Maine, we infer that ice recession was due to rising summer air temperatures that gave way briefly to cooling to allow minor readvance. Glacial deposits north of the Pineo Ridge System display evidence of ice stagnation and downwasting, suggesting rapid ice retreat following deposition of the delta-moraine complex, coincident with the onset of the Bolling.
Managing Library Software Development: A Case Study in Developing an Inventory Management System for Off-Site Storage Using an Outside Contractor

Hesburgh Libraries of Notre Dame established an off-site storage facility in 2015, with only one year to transfer 450,000 items. This necessitated the implementation of an inventory management system (IMS) to track the location of and efficiently retrieve individual items. After conducting an environmental scan of other institutions, the library decided to develop an open source IMS and to contract a developer for the purposes of implementing a working prototype. Working with a contractor required a well-planned development process and a close working relationship. This article describes the project management challenges, development workflow, and lessons learned.
Effect of sitagliptin on glucose control in type 2 diabetes mellitus after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery.

The present study was a 4-week randomized trial to assess the efficacy and safety of sitagliptin, a dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 inhibitor, in persistent or recurring type 2 diabetes after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery (RYGB). Participants (n = 32) completed a mixed meal test (MMT) and self-monitoring of plasma glucose (SMPG) before and 4 weeks after randomization to either sitagliptin 100 mg daily or placebo daily. Questionnaires were administered to assess gastrointestinal discomfort. Outcome variables were glucose, active glucagon-like peptide-1 and β-cell function during the MMT, and glucose levels during SMPG. Age (56.3 ± 8.2 years), body mass index (34.4 ± 6.7 kg/m2 ), glycated haemoglobin (7.21 ± 0.77%), diabetes duration (12.9 ± 10.0 years), years since RYGB (5.6 ± 3.3 years) and β-cell function did not differ between the placebo and sitagliptin groups at pre-intervention. Sitagliptin was well tolerated, decreased postprandial glucose levels during the MMT (from 8.31 ± 1.92 mmol/L to 7.67 ± 1.59 mmol/L, P = 0.03) and mean SMPG levels, but had no effect on β-cell function. In patients with diabetes and mild hyperglycemia after RYGB, a short course of sitagliptin provided a small but significant glucose-lowering effect, with no identified improvement in β-cell function.
Helping Grieving Children and Adolescents

Parents often feel confused by conflicting advice about how best to support their grieving child, and providers may feel uncertain about how best to guide them. This chapter provides a brief overview of different forms of grief and then reviews evidence for the efficacy of bereavement treatments overall. Three treatment approaches and their demonstrated effects are described in some detail: the Family Bereavement Program (FBP), Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavior Therapy (TF-CBT) with traumatic grief components, and Trauma and Grief Component Therapy for Adolescents (TGCT-A). Peer-based grief support groups are discussed and questions that parents might ask before enrolling a child in a group are suggested. Treatment indications and recommendations are summarized, to aid in tailoring treatment to an individual child’s needs. Finally, practical advice is offered about how parents and providers can support bereaved children with empathy and skill.
Molecular Cloning of Plant Protein Kinases

Many cellular proteins are subject to post-translational modifications which alter their activity. One of the most widespread and extensively studied modifications is that of reversible phosphorylation. First demonstrated in the control of glycogen metabolism, reversible phosphorylation is now recognized as a major mechanism for regulating the activities of enzymes and proteins.
Hydromorphone-induced chorea as an atypical presentation of opioid neurotoxicity: A case report and review of the literature.

Background:While opioid-induced myoclonus is well described, there are limited reports of opioid-induced chorea. Here we present the first case of chorea as a manifestation of opioid neurotoxicity ...
Cancer genetic counselors' experiences with transgender patients: A qualitative study

It is becoming increasingly common for people to openly identify as transgender, yet there is little research in the field of genetic counseling regarding this community's unique medical needs. Transgender patients are likely to present with issues that cross genetics and gender-related care in a cancer genetic counseling session, and empiric data about these differences is needed to provide adequate care. In order to investigate what specific health topics and concerns are addressed in cancer genetic counseling sessions with transgender patients, 21 cancer genetic counselors who have seen transgender patients were interviewed. Through inductive analysis, six themes emerged: (1) documentation systems are not inclusive or clear; (2) genetic counselors feel unprepared for these sessions; (3) gender affirming hormones impact risk assessment; (4) genetic testing affects gender affirming surgical decisions; (5) transgender patients present at younger ages to clinic; and (6) pathogenic variants allow for insurance coverage for gender affirming surgeries. This study's findings point to opportunities for the field of genetic counseling to enhance services for transgender patients by reporting distinctive situations that may arise in clinic with these patients and providing training recommendations for genetic counselors.
Mutagenicity of Helicobacter hepaticus infection in the lower bowel mucosa of 129/SvEv Rag2−/‐Il10−/− gpt delta mice is influenced by sex

Inflammatory bowel disease and colonic tumors induced by Helicobacter hepaticus (Hh) infection in susceptible mouse strains are utilized to dissect the mechanisms underlying similar human diseases. In our study, infection with genotoxic cytolethal distending toxin-producing Hh in 129/SvEv Rag2-/- Il10-/- gpt delta (RagIl10gpt) mice of both sexes for 21 weeks induced significantly more severe cecal and colonic pathology compared to uninfected controls. The mutation frequencies in the infected RagIl10gpt males were 2.1-fold higher for the cecum and 1.7-fold higher for the colon than male RagIl10gpt controls. In addition, there was a 12.5-fold increase of G:C-to-T:A transversions in the colon of Hh-infected males compared to controls. In contrast, there was no statistical significance in mutation frequencies between infected female Rag2Il10gpt mice and controls. Moreover, Hh infection in RagIl10gpt males significantly up-regulated transcription of Tnfα and iNos, and decreased mRNA levels of cecal Atm compared to the infected females; there was no significant difference in mRNA levels of Il-22, Il-17A, Ifnγ and Atr between the infected males and females. Significantly higher levels of cecal and colonic iNos expression and γH2AX-positive epithelial cells (a biomarker for double-strand DNA breaks [DSB]) in Hh-infected Rag2Il10gpt males vs. Hh-infected females were noted. Finally, Hh infection and associated inflammation increased levels of intestinal mucosa-associated genotoxic colibactin-producing pks+ Escherichia coli. Elevated Tnfα and iNos responses and bacterial genotoxins, in concert with suppression of the DSB repair responses, may have promoted mutagenesis in the lower bowel mucosa of Hh-infected male RagIl10gpt mice.
Low-Cost Extended-Gate Field Effect Transistor Sensing System Based on A Channel Structured Reference Electrode

This paper reports a low-cost extended-gate field effect transistor based nitrate sensor using a microfluidic channel based Reference Electrode (µcRE). The µcRE is integrated with a MOSFET to increase potential stability for long-term measurement. The sensor also includes a readout circuit to save or remotely transmit data to a smartphone. The µcRE exhibits a 0.5 mV/hour drift rate and the sensor offers a 0.997 R-Squared value to the linear fitting for potentiometric measurement of nitrate in water.
A chorus of dissent: exploring the aims and audiences of online dissent

In this study, we examined online dissent as expressed by members and former members of a U.S. based megachurch. Our interpretive analysis of the data illuminated three audiences of dissent (i.e., ...
Statistical Method to Extract Radiation-Induced Multiple-Cell Upsets in SRAM-Based FPGAs

Radiation-induced multiple-cell upsets (MCUs) are a concern because they can overcome the protection of error correction code and triplicated designs. Extracting MCU data from radiation tests is helpful to perform more accurate fault injection tests, where MCUs could be simulated with the injection of bits based on the MCUs shapes, sizes, and frequencies. This article presents a statistical method to extract MCU shapes and frequencies from components with no information regarding their physical layout. The proposed method can be used to extract MCU information from BRAM and CRAM alike. The results show the MCU data for three families of Xilinx field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs).
Prognostic Value of the Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index (SII) After Neoadjuvant Therapy for Patients with Resected Pancreatic Cancer.

The systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), calculated using absolute platelet, neutrophil, and lymphocyte counts, has recently emerged as a predictor of survival for patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) when assessed at diagnosis. Neoadjuvant therapy (NAT) is increasingly used in the treatment of PDAC. However, biomarkers of response are lacking. This study aimed to determine the prognostic significance of SII before and after NAT and its association with the pancreatic tumor biomarker carbohydrate-antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9). This study retrospectively analyzed all PDAC patients treated with NAT before pancreatic resection at a single institution between 2007 and 2017. Pre- and post-NAT lab values were collected to calculate SII. Absolute pre-NAT, post-NAT, and change in SII after NAT were evaluated for their association with clinical outcomes. The study analyzed 419 patients and found no significant correlation between pre-NAT SII and clinical outcomes. Elevated post-NAT SII was an independent, negative predictor of overall survival (OS) when assessed as a continuous variable (hazard ratio [HR], 1.0001; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.00003–1.00014; p = 0.006). Patients with a post-NAT SII greater than 900 had a shorter median OS (31.9 vs 26.1 months; p = 0.050), and a post-NAT SII greater than 900 also was an independent negative predictor of OS (HR, 1.369; 95% CI 1.019–1.838; p = 0.037). An 80% reduction in SII independently predicted a CA 19-9 response after NAT (HR, 4.22; 95% CI 1.209–14.750; p = 0.024). Post-treatment SII may be a useful prognostic marker in PDAC patients receiving NAT.
Online Patient Resources for Breast Implant-Associated Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma: A Readability Analysis

INTRODUCTION Breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL) is an emerging issue facing the medical community. Government organizations such as the US Food and Drug Administration and specialty groups including the American Society of Plastic Surgeons have published online resources about BIA-ALCL for patients. Given the complexity of the diagnosis, it is important that patients can easily read these resources. In this study, we examined the readability levels of online BIA-ALCL patient resources using multiple verified reading scores. METHODS "BIA-ALCL" and "breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma" were entered into 3 Internet search engines. The top 20 results for each were filtered by resource type and intended audience (physician vs patient). Published scientific articles, online database physician resources, and Web sites requiring subscriptions or fees were excluded. We then examined the readability of each with multiple verified reading scores, including the Flesch-Kincaid, Gunning-Fog, Coleman-Liau, Simplified Measure of Gobbledygook, and Automated Readability Index indices. Obtained data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and t test for independent samples. RESULTS Fifteen Web sites qualified for further analysis. For all texts, the average readability level was measured between 12 and 13 years of education on each readability index or approximately 18 to 19 years old. The Flesch-Kincaid Reading Ease average was 43.16 ±10.9 on a scale of 1 to 100, corresponding to a "difficult" designation. When compared by search criteria (spelled-out vs abbreviated), the results for the abbreviation "BIA-ALCL" had higher education requirements than those with the condition spelled out. However, these differences were not statistically significant. There was also great variation in word and sentence measurements. Twelve of the 15 Web sites contained more than 15% complex words, having more than 3 syllables, with breastcancer.org having the lowest (11%) and plasticsurgery.org the highest (20%). DISCUSSION Since the initial announcement in 2014 by the National Cancer Comprehensive Network, the medical community has begun educating ourselves and our patients about BIA-ALCL. Unfortunately, this study suggests that online patient resources on BIA-ALCL may be too complex for most readers, exceeding that of the average US resident (eighth grade) and Medicare beneficiary (fifth grade). Although the goal of learning more about BIA-ALCL and counseling patients appropriately remains paramount, we should continue to improve patient education materials given their vital role in healthcare decision-making.
The onset and offset of noxious stimuli robustly modulate perceived pain intensity

Reported pain intensity depends not only on stimulus intensity but also on previously experienced pain. A painfully hot temperature applied to the skin evokes a lower subjective pain intensity if immediately preceded by a higher temperature, a phenomenon called offset analgesia. This is typically evoked using a three-step noxious heat stimulus. In other clinical and laboratory settings, prior pain experience may increase pain intensity as well. Therefore, we hypothesized that even small increases in stimulus intensity within the noxious range would be accompanied by enhanced reported pain intensity. To test this possibility, we inverted the intensity order of the three-step stimulus, so that the same hot temperature is immediately preceded by an increase from a transiently lowered temperature. Using healthy volunteer subjects, we observed a disproportionate increase in pain intensity during the novel, inverted, three-step stimulus. This disproportionate increase is similar in magnitude to that of offset analgesia. Control stimuli demonstrate that these changes in pain intensity are distinct from habituation. The magnitudes of offset analgesia and the disproportionate increase in pain intensity correlate with each other but not with the absolute noxious stimulus temperature. These observations suggest that the disproportionate increase in pain intensity represents an “onset hyperalgesia.” Finally, the magnitude of both offset analgesia and onset hyperalgesia depends on preceding temperature changes. Overall, this study finds that perceptual enhancement of noxious stimulus change occurs bidirectionally and that this depends on the intensity and direction of change of the immediately preceding stimulus.
The numerical approximation of solutions

Abstract This chapter treats the numerical approximation of solutions of first-order differential equations, including stiff differential equations. The methods discussed and analyzed are the Euler method, the backward Euler method, the improved Euler method, and various fourth- and fifth-order Runge–Kutta algorithms. The concepts of local or cumulative truncation errors and propagated errors are discussed throughout.
National Culture and Activity-Based Costing System: A Note

This research uses Geert Hofstede's taxonomy of work-related cultural values to examine the relationship between national culture and Activity-Based Costing (ABC) systems. Hofstede's work is used to formulate six predictions about how international cultural diversity could affect an ABC implementation. Two of these six predictions are then applied to the case of Harris Semiconductor (HS), which has implemented an ABC system at plants located in Malaysia and the United States. The findings indicate that HS's "top-down" implementation approach coupled with ABC's inherent emphasis on cross-functional team-based work arrangements may have contributed to a higher level of ABC success at HS's plant in Malaysia relative to its U.S. plants.
The Unfairness of the Marriage Tax Penalty

In this essay Professor Cain identifies several instances in which the Internal Revenue Code imposes a penalty on married couples. This penalty occurs for married couples both at the low end and the high end of income levels. She is especially critical of the $10,000 limitation on the deductibility of state and local income taxes. While the deduction for property taxes may be harder to justify, the deduction for state income taxes serves the purpose of horizontal equity by adjusting the tax burden on individual taxpayers in high income tax states as compared with individuals in low or no income tax states. If the limitation is justified at all it should be applied per taxpayer rather than per married couple.
Factors Associated with First-Time Telehealth Utilization for Marshallese Living in the United States.

Background: Mitigation efforts to prevent the spread of COVID-19 included the robust utilization of telehealth. However, racial/ethnic minority populations have demonstrated low telehealth utilization in the past. The aim of this study was to examine the first-time use of telehealth by Marshallese adults during the COVID-19 pandemic, using online survey data collected from 109 Marshallese respondents between July and November of 2020. Methods: To evaluate the relationships between sociodemographic characteristics, health care access, physical/mental health, and COVID-19-specific measures and the decision to use telehealth, we use bivariate analyses, including t-tests and chi-square analysis. Results: Eighteen respondents (16.5%) indicated they utilized telehealth for the first time during the pandemic. The number of chronic conditions reported was positively associated with the first-time use of telehealth (p = 0.013). Although not statistically significant, a higher proportion of Marshallese first-time telehealth users reported limited English proficiency, changes in health status, and changes in health insurance. Discussion: Although telehealth has been shown to reduce the absolute gaps in health disparities for minority populations, there is limited utilization by Marshallese communities. Conclusions: Significant research remains on the utilization of telehealth by Marshallese during the COVID-19 pandemic and to increase utilization in the future.
Budget the Planned Marketing Strategy

This paper suggests that dollars be allocated to strategic objectives in proportion to the importance of each,,and then to related levels of specialized effort, rather than to organizational units. The advantage of this procedure is that the underlying strategy remains visible to managers at all levels who then can concentrate on performance as well as on dollar controls.
Law and order in the age of Theoderic the Great (c.493–526)

Theoderic the Great has long been considered a supremely able ruler whose reign ushered in a period of unprecedented peace and prosperity to the Italian peninsula. A common explanation for this was his ability to provide justice swiftly and equitably by means of a highly Romanized judiciary. But as in the later empire, corruption and venality posed serious challenges, as did problems associated with the limitations of a pre-modern government. While Theoderic attempted to remedy these structural weaknesses through the creation of new offices, the available evidence challenges long-held assumptions as to just how successful he was in this regard.
Cascaded Volterra fusion of processing strings for automated sea mine classification in shallow water

An improved sea mine computer-aided-detection/computer-aided-classification (CAD/CAC) processing string has been developed. The overall CAD/CAC processing string consists of pre-processing, adaptive clutter filtering (ACF), normalization, detection, feature extraction, optimal subset feature selection, feature orthogonalization, classification, and fusion processing blocks. The range-dimension ACF is matched both to average highlight and shadow information, while also adaptively suppressing background clutter. For each detected object, features are extracted and processed through an orthogonalization transformation, enabling an efficient application of the optimal log-likelihood-ratio-test (LLRT) classification rule, in the orthogonal feature space domain. The classified objects of 4 distinct processing strings are fused using the classification confidence values as features and either "M-out-of-N" or LLRT-based fusion rules. The utility of the overall processing strings and their fusion was demonstrated with new shallow water high-resolution sonar imagery data. The processing string detection and classification parameters were tuned and the string classification performance was optimized, by appropriately selecting a subset of the original feature set. Two significant fusion algorithm improvements were made. First, a new nonlinear (Volterra) feature LLRT fusion algorithm was developed. Second, a repeated application of the subset feature selection/feature orthogonalization/Volterra feature LLRT fusion block was utilized. It was shown that this cascaded Volterra feature LLRT fusion of the CAD/CAC processing strings outperforms the "M-out-of-N" and baseline LLRT algorithms, yielding significant improvements over the best single CAD/CAC processing string results, and providing the capability to correctly call all mine targets while maintaining a very low false alarm rate
Comparative biochemistry and pharmacology of salivary gland secretions : II. Chromatographic separation of the basic proteins from some North American rattlesnake venoms

Abstract The highly basic proteins from three North American rattlesnake venoms have been isolated by a simple combination of Bio-Gel P-2 recycling adsorption chromatography and ion exchange on carboxymethyl-cellulose. These basic proteins constitute less than 10% of the total protein in the crude venoms and are characterized by having small molecular weights, isoelectric points above ≈ pH 10.8 and pharmacological activities ( in vivo and in vitro ) resembling those of crotamine, the neurotoxin from Crotalus durrisus terrificus, the South American tropical rattlesnake.
Formationkeeping of spacecraft via differential drag

Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1986.
Logical Aspects of Set Constraints

Set constraints are inclusion relations between sets of ground terms over a ranked alphabet. They have been used extensively in program analysis and type inference. Here we present an equational axiomatization of the algebra of set constraints. Models of these axioms are called termset algebras. They are related to the Boolean algebras with operators of Jonsson and Tarski. We also define a family of combinatorial models called topological term automata, which are essentially the term automata studied by Kozen, Palsberg, and Schwartzbach endowed with a topology such that all relevant operations are continuous. These models are similar to Kripke frames for modal or dynamic logic. We establish a Stone duality between termset algebras and topological term automata, and use this to derive a completeness theorem for a related multidimensional modal logic. Finally, we prove a small model property by filtration, and argue that this result contains the essence of several algorithms appearing in the literature on set constraints.
The uneven march toward social justice

Purpose – This paper aims to provide a framework for the development and implementation of educational administration programs that encourage practitioners and educational administration faculty to push application and preparation beyond reproducing tendencies of the status quo as well as to open education to the potential of embracing silenced or marginalized learners.Design/methodology/approach – Two programs developed and implemented by the Department of Educational Management and Development (EMD) at New Mexico State University are described and discussed. The programs are reviewed to show the gradual but significant transformation to a social justice content beginning with the more traditionally‐aligned program in educational administration, the Community College Leadership Doctoral Program (CCLDP), and concluding with a detailed description of the Educational Leadership Doctoral Program (ELDP), a leadership program that unites traditional educational administration curriculum with social justice inq...
Crisis, What Crisis? Perception and Reality in Civil Justice

‘‘Excessive litigation has created a crisis in America,’’ according to an article on the Alexandria, Virginia-based Center for Individual Freedom’s website (Marcus, 2004). This article was the first of 63,100 links retrieved in a February 16, 2007 Google.com search for the words ‘‘litigation crisis,’’ and a search for the word ‘‘tort reform’’ on the same day returned over a million results. Not every linked article was as bold about the current ‘‘litigation crisis’’ in the United States, and not every linked article promoted a need for tort reform, but the search demonstrates the current salience of these issues in the United States. There is clearly a perception that the civil justice system is, if not broken, in a serious state of disrepair (for reviews, see Greene & Bornstein, 2003; Hans, 2006; Litan, 1993; Litan & Winston, 1988; Vidmar & Hans, in press); and although the jury is not painted as the sole culprit, it is portrayed as a leading one. The purpose of this introductory chapter is to provide an overview of some of the rhetoric about the civil jury system. As this chapter and the remainder of this book make clear, some of the rhetoric has a kernel of truth, but some of it is based on unvalidated assumptions and sensationalized sound-bytes that lack empirical justification.
Medical Homes for Children With Special Health Care Needs: Primary Care or Subspecialty Service?

Abstract Objective To examine primary care pediatricians' (PCPs) beliefs about whether the family-centered medical home (FCMH) should be in primary or subspecialty care for children with different degrees of complexity; and to examine practice characteristics associated with these beliefs. Methods Data from the American Academy of Pediatrics Periodic Survey (PS 79) conducted in 2012 were analyzed. Outcomes were agreement/strong agreement that 1) primary care should be the FCMH locus for most children with special health care needs (CSHCN) and 2) subspecialty care is the best FCMH locus for children with rare or complex conditions. In multivariate models, we tested associations between outcomes and practice barriers (eg, work culture, time, cost) and facilitators (eg, having a care coordinator) to FCMH implementation. Results Among 572 PCPs, 65% agreed/strongly agreed primary care is the best FCMH setting for most CSHCN, and 43% agreed/strongly agreed subspecialty care is the best setting for children with complexity. Cost and time as barriers to FCMH implementation were oppositely associated with the belief that primary care was best for most CSHCN (cost: adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 2.31, 1.36–3.90; time: AOR 0.48, 0.29–0.81). Lack of skills to communicate and coordinate care was associated with the belief that specialty care was the best FCMH for children with complexity (AOR 1.99, 1.05–3.79). Conclusions A substantial minority endorsed specialty care as the best FCMH locus for children with medical complexity. Several barriers were associated with believing primary care to be the best FCMH for most CSHCN. Addressing medical complexity in FCMH implementation may enhance perceived value by pediatricians.
Photodissociation of chloroaromatic compounds: Cl*/Cl ratios

Abstract Several aryl and arylalkyl chlorides were photodissociated into Cl atoms and radicals. Evidence is presented that dissociation takes place from excited electronic states. The Cl*(2P 1 2 /Cl(2P 3 2 ) ratio was measured by VUV laser-induced fluorescence. All the ratios were of the order of 0.1 except for benzyl chloride whose ratio was 0.6. This is explained by a long-range electronic energy transfer from the right π system to the C–Cl bond.
The Feminization of Control: Female Militia and Social Order in Iran

Abstract The purpose of this article is to analyze the evolution of the Women’s Basij Organization and its role in maintaining social order in Iran. This paper examines how and why the Islamic republic of Iran (IRI) uses female Basij members as agents of social control. During the past three decades, the IRI has recruited and indoctrinated a group of Iranian women through the Women’s Basij Organization, and has used these women to guard Islamic values and manners in Iranian society. In this way, female Basijis have been crucial to the Islamic Republic’s strategy to penetrate Iranian families and institutionalize social and political order in post-revolutionary Iran.
Logic operations are properties of computer-simulated interactions between excitable dendritic spines

Abstract Neurons in the central nervous system of mammals and many other species receive most of their synaptic inputs in their dendritic branches and spines, but the precise manner in which this information is processed in the dendrites is not understood. In order to gain insight into these mechanisms, simulations of interactions between distal dendritic spines with an excitable membrane have been carried out, using an electrical circuit analysis program for the compartmental representation of a dendrite and several spines. Interactions between responses to single and paired excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs have been analyzed. Basic logic operations, including AND gates, OR gates and AND-NOT gates, arise from these interactions. The results suggest the computational power and precision of excitable spines in distal branches of neuronal dendrites, especially those of pyramidal neurons in the cerebral cortex. The applicability to information processing in distal dendrites is discussed.
Kinetic analyses of photosensitized reactions involving energy transfer from two distinct excited states

Abstract This paper presents general equations for treating sensitized reactions when two different excited states of the sensitizer both contribute to sensitization. Specific equations are presented for common limiting conditions, including cases where the two excited states are and are not interconvertible.
Using direct mail to recruit hispanic adults into a dietary intervention: An experimental study, ,

Identifying strategies for successful recruitment of ethnic minorities into scientific studies is critical. Without effective methods, investigators may fail to recruit the desired sample size, take longer to recruit than planned, and delay progress for research in minority health. Direct mail is an appealing recruitment method because of the potential for reaching large target populations and producing a high volume of inquiries about a study with relatively little staff effort. To determine which of three direct mail strategies yielded higher recruitment, 561 Hispanic employees were randomly assigned to receive either: (a) a flyer about a worksite dietary intervention; (b) the same flyer plus a personalized hand-signed letter containing heart disease risk statistics for the general American population; or (c) the flyer plus a personalized hand-signed letter containing statistics for Hispanics. Two orthogonal chi-square comparisons were examined. The personalized letters plus flyer yielded a significantly higher response rate (7.8%) than the flyer alone (2.1%), X2(1, N=561)=7.5, p=.006. However, the personalized letter with Hispanic heart disease risk statistics did not yield a statistically significant higher response rate (9.1%) than the letter with the general population risk statistics (6.5%), X2(1, N=370)=0.9, p>.34. These findings suggest that personalized approaches can increase the effectiveness of direct mail efforts for recruiting ethnic minorities into interventions and may be particularly helpful for large-scale interventions.
Normothermic orthotopic canine heart homotransplantation

Abstract A technique for normothermic orthotopic heart transplantation in the adult dog is described in detail. A brief review of the results of the first twenty transplantations performed during the development of the technique is presented. Only once did the transplanted heart fail to perfuse the recipient. One animal survived for 11 days. The known causes of death in hearts transplanted by this technique are discussed. Sudden death due to unknown causes occurred in several animals after twelve hours to 2 1 2 days of excellent homograft heart function. The determination of the exact cause of death of this group of animals will most likely have to await the development of new knowledge of the biochemical behavior of homografted hearts.