cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Unsupervised construction of large paraphrase corpora: exploiting massively parallel news sources

We investigate unsupervised techniques for acquiring monolingual sentence-level paraphrases from a corpus of temporally and topically clustered news articles collected from thousands of web-based news sources. Two techniques are employed: (1) simple string edit distance, and (2) a heuristic strategy that pairs initial (presumably summary) sentences from different news stories in the same cluster. We evaluate both datasets using a word alignment algorithm and a metric borrowed from machine translation. Results show that edit distance data is cleaner and more easily-aligned than the heuristic data, with an overall alignment error rate (AER) of 11.58% on a similarly-extracted test set. On test data extracted by the heuristic strategy, however, performance of the two training sets is similar, with AERs of 13.2% and 14.7% respectively. Analysis of 100 pairs of sentences from each set reveals that the edit distance data lacks many of the complex lexical and syntactic alternations that characterize monolingual paraphrase. The summary sentences, while less readily alignable, retain more of the non-trivial alternations that are of greatest interest learning paraphrase relationships.
Formation of Strongly Coupled Plasmas from MultiComponent Ions in a Penning Trap

This report reviews the production of strongly-coupled, multi-component, non-neutral, highly-charged ion plasmas in a cryogenic Penning trap. A unique ion source–Penning trap system has been developed and used an Electron Beam Ion Trap-Source (EBIT-S), able to produce ions up to U92+, has been combined with a cold-bore Penning ion trap. The developed experimental techniques such as the ion production, extraction, bunching, multi-ion species trapping and storage (ions up to Th80+), detection, cooling, and imaging are presented. The produced mixed plasmas, consisting of several ion species [e.g. Be+, Xeq+ (charge q = 34 ... 44)], are cooled to a temperature of about 1 degree Kelvin and below. These low temperatures were obtained by applying a sypathetic cooling scheme, using laser cooled Be+ ions. The determination of the temperature and the density from the laser resonance width and the fluorescence imaging of the Be+ clouds respectively, yield a Coulomb coupling parameter for the xenon ion plasma of over 1000, large enough for crystallization. Crystallization can be achieved at these relatively high temperatures since the Coulomb coupling parameter scales with q2. Ion species with different mass to charge ratios centrifugally separate at low temperatures in the trap, and the plasma consists of concentric spheroidal shells of single component plasmas. But even in this case excellent thermal coupling between ion species takes place due to the long range Coulomb interactions. This is demonstrated by molecular dynamics simulations of the ion mixtures, which show ordered structures, indicating evidence for crystallization of the highly charged xenon ions. During the investigation of highly charged ion Coulomb crystallization in mixed strongly coupled plasmas, several enabling techniques were developed that are applicable to various areas of physics research Analogous thermodynamics (Coulomb matter) of white dwarf astrophysical plasmas can experimentally be investigated, high precision laser spectroscopy is made possible due to reduced Doppler broadening effects, cold ion sources can be developed and coherent quantum control experiments can be further explored.
The effects of random directional distributed flow in nuclear magnetic resonance imaging.

Capillary flow or microscopic random directional coherent flow as a model of perfusion is investigated both theoretically and experimentally. In the model, we assumed that molecular motion within a finite resolvable volume element (voxel) is a superposition of flow of randomly oriented small capillaries. In such a case, the observed signal from the capillary flow within a voxel will be attenuated in signal amplitude without any change in phase. Although this attenuation effect is similar to the diffusion phenomenon, it differs basically in the following aspects: since the motion in each capillary segment is coherent, phase cancellation occurs at even echoes due to spin rephasing, while the diffusion phenomenon is a purely random Brownian motion of the thermally agitated molecules, changing both in direction and speed during the measurement period. Because of the random character of diffusion, even-echo rephasing cannot be observed. Thus capillary flow or perfusionlike microscopic flow can be measured based on the above distinct flow characteristics, i.e., signal restoration at even echoes versus signal amplitude attenuation at odd echoes. By applying a suitable mathematical algorithm, information on the capillary flow alone can be extracted from the two separate distinct measurements, i.e., one with a single echo and the other with a double echo. Both a theoretical calculation of the capillary flow, as well as the experimental results with a human volunteer by a 0.6-T nuclear magnetic resonance imager, are presented.
The proportion of mitochondrial isoenzyme of aspartate aminotransferase is not elevated in Reye's syndrome.

Summary: We reexamined a previously reported, highly specific increase in the relative proportion of the mitochondrial isoenzyme of asparate aminotransferase (AST) in the serum of patients with Reye's Syndrome. Using ion exchange chromatography, we measured mitochondrial, cytosolic, and total AST in serum samples from (1) 10 patients early in the course of Reye's Syndrome; (2) nine controls with normal serum AST; and (3) seven controls with other diseases causing an increase in serum AST. The mitochondrial percentage (2.8 ± 2.0%) in Reye's Syndrome was significantly lower (P < 0.05) than that of both the normal control group (6.1 ± 7.1%) and the group with increased AST (5.6 ± 4.0%). We thus failed to confirm the previous report of a specific increase in the % of mitochondrial isoenzyme in Reye's Syndrome, and conclude that the % of mitochondrial isoenzyme is not likely to be a useful marker of (or predictor for progression to) Reye's Syndrome.
Computer architecture course database: implementation and status report

A database of course materials in computer architecture is being developed on the World-Wide Web. Its goal is to allow instructors at different institutions to share materials and develop them jointly. This database comprises problems downloaded from the Web sites of courses in computer architecture at universities around the world. The site is searchable by classification or fulltext string for problems on particular topics in computer architecture. At this writing, the database contains 240 problems, and new problems are being added at a rapid pace. In the future, lecture notes and laboratory exercises will also be included. The software is adaptable to other academic fields as well.
Behavior of alfalfa weevil larvae affecting the establishment of Tetrastichus incertus in Colorado.

Behavioral differences between the eastern and western strains of the alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gyllenhal), in response to parasitization by Tetrastichus incertus (Ratzeburg) were observed and described. Behavior was found to influence the length of time parasites remained on larvae of the host and success of parasitization. Larvae of the eastern strain generally were found to be docile in respect to parasitization. The majority of eastern larvae were parasitized successfully and judged to be more favorable hosts for T. incertus . Larvae of the western strain generally responded to parasitization with a prompt, vigorous evasive behavior and were not parasitized. This reaction to parasitism was determined to be a contributing factor inhibiting the establishment of T. incertus in Colorado.
A path algorithm for localizing anomalous activity in graphs

The localization of anomalous activity in graphs is a statistical problem that arises in many applications, such as network surveillance, disease outbreak detection, and activity monitoring in social networks. We will address the localization of a cluster of activity in Gaussian noise in directed, weighted graphs. We develop a penalized likelihood estimator (we call the relaxed graph scan) as a relaxation of the NP-hard graph scan statistic. We review how the relaxed graph scan (RGS) can be solved using graph cuts, and outline the max-flow min-cut duality. We use this combinatorial duality to derive a path algorithm for the RGS by solving successive max flows. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the RGS on two simulations, over an undirected and directed graph.
Robust Multivariable PI Control: Applications to Process Control

Abstract We consider the application of a recently developed “conditional integrator” technique for the output regulation of a class of nonlinear systems to process control systems. For a special choice of the controller parameters, our controller reduces to a finely tuned saturated PI/PID type controller with an anti-windup structure. This is of particular significance because while the application of nonlinear control strategies such as feedback linearization, adaptive/neural control and nonlinear model predictive control has reached considerable maturity for process systems, industrial practice has traditionally relied on PI/PID controllers. With our design, we provide both global regulation results (under state-feedback and when the control is not required to be constrained), and regional/semi-global results with saturated control and under output feedback. When applied to different process control problems, our simulation results show that good tracking performance is achieved, in spite of partial knowledge of the plant parameters.
Oxides of nitrogen emissions from turbulent jet flames: Part I—Fuel effects and flame radiation

Measurements of oxides of nitrogen emission indices, flame radiant fractions, and visible flame dimensions were made for turbulent jet diffusion flames covering a wide range of flow conditions. Objectives of the study were to explain the observed scaling of NOx emissions with flow variables and to understand the interrelationships among NOx, flow conditions, and flame radiation. The flames were vertical and stabilized with hydrogen pilot flames on straight tube burners. Flow conditions were varied by changing the initial jet velocity and/or the burner tube diameter. Four burner sizes were used, with diameters ranging from 2.18 to 6.17 mm; and four fuel types, having a wide range of sooting tendencies, were employed: methane, ethylene, propane, and a 57%CO43%H2 (by volume) mixture. The ranges of Reynolds numbers and Froude numbers explored were 3,130–88,500 and 218 to 2.8 × 106, respectively. The effects of flow parameters and fuel type on radiant losses are shown to be important in determining the NOx emissions from simple jet flames. For high-temperature flames (T > 2050 K), overall NOx production rates for all four fuels were found to scale with characteristic flame temperatures deduced from the measured radiant fractions in a manner consistent with Zeldovich kinetics. This successful scaling of NOx production rates with global flame temperatures and residence times is consistent with, but does not prove, the view that much of the NOx emitted by jet flames is formed in large-scale eddies at the flame tip. NOx production rates higher than expected from the thermal mechanism alone are observed for the hydrocarbon fuels at lower flame temperatures (<2050 K), with the NOx production rates ranking in the same order as sooting tendencies. This suggests that gas-molecular radiation is more relevant than broadband radiation from soot for determining temperatures in NO formation zones. Prompt NO and/or other soot-NO interactions may also be important for the hydrocarbon fuels in this temperature regime. Previously reported Reynolds and Froude number dependencies for NOx production rates are examined and found to be consistent with flame heat loss characteristics.
Pattern of lionfish envenomations reported to Texas poison control centers, 1998–2006

The purpose of this study was to describe a large number of lionfish envenomations reported to poison control centers. Cases were lionfish envenomations reported to Texas poison control centers during 1998–2006. The distribution of cases was determined for selected parameters. A total of 188 cases were identified. Of the cases with a known location of envenomation, 94% involved the finger or hand. The patient was male in 72% of the cases, and the mean age was 32 years (range 4–65 years). The most frequently reported adverse clinical effects were dermal pain (89%) and a puncture or wound (66%). The most commonly reported treatments were immersion in hot water (84%) and tetanus antitoxin/status (48%). Patients with lionfish envenomations reported to Texas poison control centers were most often adults and males. The reported adverse clinical effects were typical of lionfish envenomations, and the treatments were generally consistent with the recommended guidelines.
THE EFFECTS OF ENDORSEMENTS ON PRODUCT EVALUATION

This paper examines the effect of product endorsement claims on a consumer's decision making processes. A simulated endorsement claim was made for a product after which a consumer was presented with the product. Endorsements tested were the three most common types in use: celebrity, expert, and typical consumer, with two control groups for experimental design. Three scales of measurement were used to assess the effect of the endorsement: a consumer's intent to purchase, his overall attitude towards the product, and his expected price of the product. The results show the strength of celebrity and typical consumer endorsers. They also show that the endorser effect is dramatically weaker than hypothesized. The Lavidge-Steiner hierarchy of advertising effects model is introduced in an attempt to explain this phenomenon. Guidelines for further research are provided.
DICHOTOMOSIPHON IN FLORIDA SPRINGS1

SUMMARY Dichotomosiphon tuberosus occurs abundantly in the outflows, pools, and streams of at least 5 hard, freshwater springs of north central Florida. This tubular alga produces extensive bright green mats which harbor epiphytes, unicellular algae, ciliates, and amphipods. Within the spring, most tubes remain in the vegetative condition. After 12–15 days under certain laboratory conditions, the tubes produce highly characteristic, sex organs and akinetes.
Elevated Factor VIII Is Common in the Acute Phase of Ischemic Stroke and Is Associated with African American Race and Poor Outcomes (S43.007)

Objective: We sought to characterize the relationship between factor VIII, patient characteristics, stroke severity, etiology, and early clinical outcomes in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Background Factor VIII drives the formation of fibrin rich clot. Elevation of factor VIII has been associated with higher risk of large vessel arterial occlusions. The relationship of factor VIII with etiology and outcomes in the acute phase of ischemic stroke is poorly understood. Design/Methods: We reviewed factor VIII levels in patients with acute ischemic stroke treated at our stroke center between July 2008 and April 2011. Factor VIII levels were considered elevated if exceeding the laboratory reference range: normal 0-150%. Baseline demographics, laboratory data, clinical course and outcome were compared in patients with normal or elevated levels. Spearman9s correlations were used to assess associations between factor VIII levels and collected variables. Results: Factor VIII level was elevated in 62% of the 73 patients. Significant correlations were found between factor VIII levels and African American race (0.37, p=0.001), hematocrit (-0.340, p=0.003), and platelet count (0.241, p=0.04), treatment with IV tPA (r=-0.24, p=0.041), length of stay (r=.307, p=0.009), discharge NIHSS (r=.338, p=0.004), discharge mRS (r=0.388, p=0.001), and poor discharge disposition (r=0.245, p=0.037). No relationship was found between factor VIII and baseline stroke severity or etiology. After adjusting for IV tPA use, new stroke on MRI, and race, factor VIII was a significant independent predictor of higher discharge NIHSS (p=0.016), higher mRS (p=0.025), and poor disposition (p=0.045). Conclusions: High factor VIII level, found in the majority of patients with acute ischemic stroke, was associated with poor early outcomes. Additional studies are required to determine if factor VIII is causal or a marker of poor outcome in patients with acute ischemic stroke and whether factor VIII contributes to the increased risk of stroke in African American patients. Disclosure: Dr. Chang has nothing to disclose. Dr. Albright has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kruse-Jarres has nothing to disclose. Dr. Leissinger has nothing to disclose. Dr. Martin-Schild has nothing to disclose.
Modeling and inference of animal movement using artificial neural networks

Movement of animals in relation to objects in their environment is important in many areas of ecology and wildlife conservation. Tools for analysis of movement data, however, still remain rather limited. In previous work, we developed nonlinear regression models for movement in relation to a single landscape feature. Here we greatly expand these previous models by using artificial neural networks. The new models add substantial flexibility and capabilities, including the ability to incorporate multiple factors and covariates. We devise a likelihood-based model fitting procedure that utilizes genetic algorithms and demonstrate the approach with movement data for red diamond rattlesnakes. The proposed methodology can be useful for global positioning system tracking data that are becoming more common in studies of animal movement behavior.
Nonequilibrium transport in quantum impurity models: the Bethe ansatz for open systems.

We develop an exact nonperturbative framework to compute steady-state properties of quantum impurities subject to a finite bias. We show that the steady-state physics of these systems is captured by nonequilibrium scattering eigenstates which satisfy an appropriate Lippman-Schwinger equation. Introducing a generalization of the equilibrium Bethe ansatz---the nonequilibrium Bethe ansatz---we explicitly construct the scattering eigenstates for the interacting resonance level model and derive exact, nonperturbative results for the steady-state properties of the system.
On the hydrodynamic theory of central peak in displacive structural phase transitions

Abstract A model involving nonlinear coupling between the overdamped phonon mode and temperature fluctuations is studied using the dynamic renormalization group method. It is shown that the behavior of the central peak in the dynamic form factor depends on the specific heat exponent α. For α T → T c the central peak is found to merge with the over-damped phonon mode and the coupling goes to zero at T c as ( T − T c ) −α . An argument on the intensity of the central peak in the critical region in presented and it is concluded that the hydrodynamic coupling may not be the dominant mechanism of the central peak in SrTiO 3 .
Disentangling nonabelian discrete quantum hair

Last year, Krauss and Wilczek studied a theory in which a U(1) gauge group broke down to a discrete Z N subgroup. They argued that despite the classical no-hair theorems, the Z N charge carried by a black hole was an observable quantity, “discrete quantum hair”. In this note we extend their analysis to the case in which a general continuous gauge group G breaks down to a discrete nonabehan subgroup H. We find that the H-transformation properties of a black hole are (with one minor exception) as observable as those of any other particle. Just as in the Z N case, the observations are made by gedanken experiments involving the interactions of black holes and cosmic strings. To complete the argument we have to investigate the quantum theory of nonabelian cosmic strings. We find (somewhat surprisingly) that one should not expect to find cosmic strings in states that correspond to irreducible representations of H.
Functional requirements for inhibitory signal transmission by the immunomodulatory receptor CD300a

Activation signals can be negatively regulated by cell surface receptors bearing immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIMs). CD300a, an ITIM bearing type I transmembrane protein, is expressed on many hematopoietic cells, including subsets of lymphocytes. We have taken two approaches to further define the mechanism by which CD300a acts as an inhibitor of immune cell receptor signaling. First, we have expressed in Jurkat T cells a chimeric receptor consisting of the extracellular domains of killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR)2DL2 fused to the transmembrane and cytoplasmic segments of CD300a (KIR-CD300a) to explore surrogate ligand-stimulated inhibition of superantigen stimulated T cell receptor (TCR) mediated cell signaling. We found that intact CD300a ITIMs were essential for inhibition and that the tyrosine phosphorylation of these ITIMs required the src tyrosine kinase Lck. Tyrosine phosphorylation of the CD300a ITIMs created docking sites for both src homology 2 domain containing protein tyrosine phosphatase (SHP)-1 and SHP-2. Suppression of SHP-1 and SHP-2 expression in KIR-CD300a Jurkat T cells with siRNA and the use of DT40 chicken B cell lines expressing CD300a and deficient in several phosphatases revealed that SHP-1, but not SHP-2 or the src homology 2 domain containing inositol 5’ phosphatase SHIP, was utilized by CD300a for its inhibitory activity. These studies provide new insights into the function of CD300a in tuning T and B cell responses.
Tolane oligomers: Model thermotropic liquid crystals

Abstract The liquid crystalline phases of several rigid-rod, non-polar tolane oligomers are characterized by differential scanning calorimetry and transmitted polarized light microscopy. We determine that a stable nematic phase can be formed at ambient pressure if the molecular axial ratio (length-to-width ratio) is greater than 4.5. A smectic phase forms in addition to the nematic phase if the axial ratio exceeds 6.1. Symmetrical fluorination of the terminal phenyl groups reveals that the liquid crystalline phase behaviour of these rigid rods is highly sensitive to perturbations of the charge distribution along the molecules. Nematic tolane oligomers can exhibit high stregth disclinations (s = ±3/2 and ±2) in their schlieren textures, and we discuss conditions that promote the stability of these defects.
Do the write thing: Writing the clinically focused article

Abstract Writing is both passion and pain. However, the pain can be easily modified with a better understanding of the writing process. With structure, a little know-how, and a lot of desire, eager nurse practitioners can soon write their first manuscript. The purpose of this article is to encourage pediatric nurse practitioners to write articles that pertain to their areas of clinical expertise. Examples are used to detail the writing process from idea formation to publication.
Determining readiness for child protective services practice: Development of a testing program

Abstract This article describes the process of developing a testing program for use in competency-based training for public child welfare employees. The Readiness for Practice in Child Protective Services Model was developed by the authors to assure the job-relatedness of the tests. Readiness for practice includes both the situation type (child protective services) and the employee's background resources (e.g., personal characteristics, professional education, experience, competency-based training, etc.). In the case example illustrating the process, the tests were used to determine whether local agency staff would be exempt from any of three required training courses based on knowledge necessary at the entry-level. Three separate 50-item multiplechoice tests were developed to assess knowledge of intake and investigation in child abuse and neglect situations, child sexual abuse, and sexual abuse investigations. The Readiness for Practice Model and the procedures used for test development including content validity, item writing, test administration and standard setting are detailed.
Pre- and postcapillary resistances in cat mesentery.

Abstract The hemodynamic behavior of the isolated autoperfused intestinal loop (including mesenteric segment) of the cat was studied in terms of inflow and outflow pressures (BP and VP), arteriolar and venular pressures (Pa and Pv), and blood flow (Q). The regional vascular resistance [ RR = (BP − VP) Q ] was subdivided into a precapillary resistance [ P r R = (BP − P a ) Q ], capillary resistance [ CR = (P a − P v ) Q ], and postcapillary resistance [ P s R = (P v − VP) Q ]. With normal perfusion pressure it was found that: PrR = 68%, PsR = 20.5% and CR = 11.5%. Two different responses were noted when perfusion pressure was lowered to 20mm Hg. In the first group, precapillary resistance fell significantly, whereas postcapillary resistance did not change. In the second group, the regional resistance increased due to the increase in precapillary resistance and a significantly greater increase in postcapillary resistance. The regulatory mechanism in the first group is based on local readjustment of the precapillary vasculature with no participation of postcapillary vessels. The second group of responses appears to be related to completely dilated vessels, where regulation is achieved by increasing postcapillary resistance in an attempt to maintain the capillary pressure and homeostatic balance.
Spectra and photolysis of the 1-oxides of the pyridinecarboxylic acids and pyridinecarboxamides

The ultraviolet absorption spectra of aqueous and alcoholic solutions of the pyridinemono-carboxylic acids and amides, of the vicinal pyridinedicarboxylic acids, and of the 1-oxides of these compounds, were measured and qualitatively interpreted. The photolysis of the 1-oxides in aqueous solution resulted principally in their deoxygenation. Photolysis of picolinamide 1-oxide also gave a rearrangement product, 1-formyl-2-pyrrolecarboxamide. The photolyses of the 2- and 4-monosubstituted 1-oxides were somewhat faster than those of the 3-substituted 1-oxides. The experimental results are discussed in terms of possible hydrogen-bonding effects.
Multiscale spectral-spatial classification for hyperspectral imagery

In this paper, we explore hyperspectral classification using multiscale features. To reduce data dimensionality, principal component analysis (PCA) is applied to the original image. Then a multiscale transform technique (e.g., wavelet transform, contourlet transform, etc.) is applied to each of principal components (PCs). The resulting transform coefficients can be used as spatial features. In particular, local spatial neighbors are considered to generate smoother coefficients. Combining such spatial features with spectral features (e.g., PCs), improved performance can be achieved for hyperspectral classification. In this paper, several multiscale spatial features are also evaluated.
Current Family Dynamics, Trait Anxiety, and Academic Adjustment: Test of a Family-Based Model of Vocational Identity.

Abstract This study proposed and tested a model for predicting vocational identity that sequentially considered information on students' current family dynamics, trait anxiety, and academic adjustment. The model assumed that problems in vocational identity development are best viewed as the outcome of student anxiety and academic difficulties occurring within an existing family context which is unable to provide appropriate support and influence due to its current level of emotional reactivity. A large sample of college students completed relevant measures, and separate hierarchical regressions of vocational identity scores were conducted for male and female groups. In both cases, results confirmed expectations that the model would predict significant variance in vocational identity and that each component would contribute importantly to that prediction. Variations in the prediction of vocational identity among men and women were also discussed.
Programming Routing Policies for Video Traffic

Making the network programmable simplifies network management and enables network innovations. The Recursive Inter Network Architecture (RINA) is our solution to enable network programmability. ProtoRINA is a user-space prototype of RINA and provides users with a framework with common mechanisms so a user can program recursive-networking policies without implementing mechanisms from scratch. In this paper, we focus on how routing policies, which is an important aspect of network management, can be programmed using ProtoRINA, and demonstrate how ProtoRINA can be used to achieve better performance for a video streaming application by instantiating different routing policies over the GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) test bed, which provides a large-scale experimental facility for networking research.
A New Technique for Treatment of Surface Boundary Conditions Arising from Particulate Plume Dispersion

Abstract The Gaussian plume dispersion model has gained wide acceptance for use as a predictor of average ambient air quality over a given airshed. An explicit assumption of this model is that the dispersing substance under investigation has neutral buoyancy with respect to the atmosphere. Since the modeler is often interested in the dispersion of particulate matter which has a nonzero sink rate, this assumption must be violated. Such a violation leads to mathematical difficulty when treating the surface boundary condition. In this paper, a new formulation has been developed which deals with surface deposition and reflection in a proper way. It is shown that several widely used gaseous models are subsets of this more general formulation, and that the new model reduces to these models for special cases of interest. A few numerical calculations are given to verify the development, and to compare results for existing models and the new technique.
L-shell Coulomb ionization by heavy charged particles

The theory of Coulomb ionization of $L$ shells by low-velocity heavy charged particles whose atomic number is small compared to the atomic number of the target atom is extended to projectiles with velocities comparable to or larger than the $L$-shell orbital velocities. At large impact parameters projectiles polarize the shell, and at small impact parameters they increase the binding energies of the electrons to be excited. The polarization effect is incorporated in accordance with the perturbed stationary-state (PSS) approximation. The effect of the repulsion between the projectile and the target nucleus is accounted for by a Coulomb-deflection factor (C). This CPSS theory is developed further to include relativistic effects (R) of the target wave function through a procedure that reproduces the results of numerical calculations for heavy target atoms. With electron capture by the projectiles as an additional channel of ionization, the CPSSR theory is compared with experiment.
Quantitative Neuroscience: From Chalk Board to Bedside

Quantitative neuroscience, an interdisciplinary approach that brings together the mathematical, modeling, engineering and neuroscience communities, is rapidly bringing tangible hope of a better life to the tens of millions of people afflicted with diseases of the nervous system. The driving force is an increased understanding of how the nervous system exerts control and processes information. In less than 15 years, quantitative neuroscience is seemingly doing the impossible [12, 17]. Brain–computer interfaces now make it possible to translate thought into action [6, 7, 8, 15], replace lost limbs with robotic ones [9], prevent epileptic seizures [11, 16] and even to alleviate the symptoms of neuro–degenerative diseases, such as Parkinson’s [14]. Is it possible to do even better? The first theme of this issue explores two lines of mathematical research that have been particularly fruitful: 1) neural synchronization [19, 21], the fundamental process by which spatially distributed neural centers bind a sensory stimulus and coordinate their activities to respond to it, and 2) multistability [2, 10, 12], the concept that treatments may be possible by applying jolts of electricity to the right location in the brain at the right time [11, 16]. Attention is drawn to the effects of time delays and random perturbations (“noise”) on neural control and information processing. Since axonal conduction velocities are finite, time delays are an intrinsic component of all neural feedback loops. Stochastic effects arise from fluctuations in ion channels and quantal release and from the convergence of multiple independent synaptic inputs. Obviously the most promising mechanisms for neural processing are those which are robust in the presence of noise and delay. In other words, it is not only necessary to develop analytical expressions that describe neural synchronization regardless of the number of neurons [5], it is also necessary to understand the effects of noise of the dynamics of synchronizing neural populations [2]. Similarly the widespread occurrence of time–delayed feedback in neural pathways raises questions as to the role of time delays in information processing [10] and whether new effects arise from the interplay between noise
The influence of solid ankle-foot-orthoses on forward propulsion and dynamic balance in healthy adults during walking

Background In post-stroke hemiparetic subjects, solid polypropylene ankle-foot-orthoses are commonly prescribed to assist in foot clearance during swing while bracing the ankle during stance. Mobility demands, such as changing walking speed and direction, are accomplished by accelerating or decelerating the body and maintaining dynamic balance. Previous studies have shown that the ankle plantarflexors are primary contributors to these essential biomechanical functions. Thus, with ankle-foot-orthoses limiting ankle motion and plantarflexor output during stance, execution of these walking subtasks may be compromised. This study examined the influence of a solid polypropylene ankle-foot-orthosis on forward propulsion and dynamic balance in healthy adults.
Preparation of actinide targets by molecular plating for coulomb excitation studies at ATLAS

Molecular plating is now routinely used to prepare sources and targets of actinide elements. Although the technique is simple and fairly reproducible, because of the radioactive nature of the target it is very useful to record various parameters in the preparation of such targets. At Argonne, {approximately}200 {micro}g/cm{sup 2} thick targets of Pu and Cm were required for Coulomb Excitation (COULEX) Studies with the Argonne-Notre Dame BGO gamma ray facility and later with the GAMMASPHERE. These targets were plated on 50 mg/cm{sup 2} Au backing and were covered with 150 {micro}g/cm{sup 2} Au foil. Targets of {sup 239}Pu, {sup 240}Pu, {sup 242}Pu, {sup 244}Pu and {sup 248}Cm were prepared by dissolving the material in isopropyl alcohol and electroplating the actinide ions by applying 600 volts. The amount of these materials on the target was determined by alpha particle counting and gamma ray counting. Details of the molecular plating and counting will be discussed.
Toward a 60-GHz wireless, low-power, high-throughput memory access system

We propose a network of bidirectional, wireless data channels, operating in the frequency band of 55–65 GHz, as an efficient means to transfer data between processors and memory nodes distributed on separate boards within the computer box. We address channel throughput, power dissipation, form factor, and crosstalk abatement. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 51: 2969–2973, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24779
Generalized coherent states and quantum-classical correspondence

Gaussian Klauder coherent states are constructed for the harmonic oscillator, the planar rotor, and the particle in a box. The standard harmonic oscillator coherent states are given by expansions in the eigenstates of the Hamiltonian in terms of a complex parameter \ensuremath{\alpha}. When the complex modulus of \ensuremath{\alpha} is large, these states are identical in behavior with a particular choice of Gaussian Klauder coherent state. When the angular momentum of a planar rotor is large compared with Planck's constant, the angle distribution associated with a Gaussian Klauder coherent state for this case remains sharply localized for many rotations. Similarly, for the particle in a box, it is possible to choose parameters in the Gaussian Klauder coherent state so that a localized particle bounces back and forth at constant velocity between the walls of the box for many periods without significant delocalization. Buried in this behavior is the Fourier series for a triangle wave. These examples show how Gaussian Klauder coherent states are of utility in understanding quantum-classical correspondence.
In search of protective processes for children exposed to interparental violence

SUMMARY Although clinicians have been called upon to develop empirically based interventions for children, the field of family violence has only just begun to answer the call. The purpose of the present paper is to integrate theory, research, and clinical work in order to create an intervention model that is empirically informed and empirically testable. To this aim, literature is reviewed that sheds light on risk and resilience in children exposed to interparental violence. Attention is given to the risk outcomes associated with exposure to violence, the mechanisms by which those negative effects come about, the protective processes that can buffer children from risk, and the methods available for studying those processes.
Item Profile Analysis for Tests Developed According to a Table of Specifications

The approach to analyzing items described in the present paper explicitly considers the table of specifications. The major component is a profile of correlations between scores on an item and observed scores on each category of the table of specifications. The profile of correlations for an item from a particular category is compared to a similar profile of expected correlations for items from that same category. The approach focuses on a comparison of profile shapes rather than on the magnitude of any given correlation. The comparison of profile shapes is used to judge how typical or atypical a particular item is in comparison to other items from the same category. This paper emphasizes the use of item profiles to study the functioning of individual test items in relation to the table of specifications. The profiles are used to generate hypotheses about items with atypical profiles, and the hypotheses are then evaluated by inspecting the content of the items. In this
Molecular Mechanism of Mucin Secretion: I. The Role of Intragranular Charge Shielding

Mucus is an ubiquitous polymer hydrogel that functions as a protective coat on the surface of integument and mucosa of species ranging from simple animals (such as coelenterates) to mammals. The polymer matrix of mucus is made out of long-chain glycoproteins called mucins that are tangled together, forming a randomly woven, highly polyionic network (Lee et al., 1977; Verdugo et al., 1983). Mucin-containing granules, produced by mammalian goblet cells in vitro, undergo massive post-exocytotic swelling. Their swelling kinetics is similar to the swelling of condensed artificial polymer gels (Verdugo, 1984; Tanaka and Fillmore, 1979). We had proposed that mucins must be condensed in the secretory granule and expand by hydration during or after exocytosis (Verdugo, 1984; Tam and Verdugo, 1981). However, the polyionic charges of mucins prevents condensation unless they (the mucins) are appropriately shielded. The present experiments were designed to assert the presence of an intragranular shielding cation and its role in secretion. Giant mucin granules of the slug (Ariolimax columbianus) are released intact from mucus-secreting cells of the slug's skin. They burst spontaneously outside the cell, forming, upon hydration, the typical slug mucus (Deyrup-Olsen et al., 1983). We report here that these granules contain from 2.5 to 3.6 moles calcium/kg dry material, and that calcium is released from the granules immediately before the burst that discharges their secretory product. Therefore, we propose that calcium functions as a shielding cation of polyionic mucins, and that the bursting discharge of mucins from secretory granules must result from the release of calcium from the intragranular compartment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Cholangitis in a child due to biliary tract anomalies

A 29-month-old child with persistent cholangitis and steatorrhea complicating congenital hepatic fibrosis underwent radiographic evaluation of the biliary tree. Communicating intrahepatic cavernous ectasias were demonstrated by percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography, a procedure deemed safe in children of this age group. Unlike most patients with cholangitis, he had documented steatorrhea and growth failure which resolved following successful treatment with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Bacteriologic diagnosis was made by direct culture of liver tissue combined with duodenal intubation.
Licensure and international medical graduates.

Since 1988, at least 12 bills directed toward prohibiting discrimination against graduates of foreign medical schools have been introduced in Congress. Earlier bills were primarily concerned with the endorsement of licenses to practice medicine. More recent bills have dealt with discrimination in residency appointment and in employment. The legislative proposals have led to lively debate over the actual extent of discrimination against international medical graduates (IMGs), particularly by licensing boards. The debate includes the extent to which the perceived problem results from differences in legislation and rules among licensing boards and from the board's local focus. Certainly, the perception of discrimination exists and is taken seriously by IMGs. An unpublished survey undertaken by the American Medical Association (AMA) Advisory Committee on International Medical Graduates in June 1990 indicates that 83% of IMGs consider antidiscrimination legislation to be the most important goal for IMG organizations. At the outset, it should be
Comparative study of mitotic stages of cells derived from human peripheral blood.

Abstract Mitotic stages of six lymphocyte cell lines derived from the buffy coat from normal human subjects and from patients with malignant diseases were studied. Population doubling times ranged from 26 to 67 h. The G2 stages of the various cell lines were of almost the same duration. Two cell lines with longer doubling times had longer durations for the mitotic and S stages, but the length of the GI stage was the primary determinant of the length of the cell cycle.
Transition-state stabilization as a measure of the efficiency of antibody catalysis

THERE are now about 60 examples of reactions that have been successfully catalysed by monoclonal antibodies1–3. Not surprisingly, many of the early examples involved reactions that were already favoured kinetically (such as carbonate and ester hydrolysis). But it has since been shown that antibodies can also accelerate reaction pathways that are normally disfavoured kinetically (by at least a few kcal mol–1)4–7. Here we use transition-state theory to provide a quantitative analysis of the scope and limitations of antibody catalysis. We show that the observed rate accelerations can be predicted from the ratio of equilibrium binding constants of the reaction substrate and the transition-state analogue used to raise the antibody. This scheme allows us to rationalize the product selectivity displayed in antibody catalysis of disfavoured reactions, to predict the degree of rate acceleration that catalytic antibodies may ultimately afford, and to highlight some differences between the way that they and enzymes catalyse reactions.
Length‐tension and histochemical properties of select shoulder muscles of the savannah monitor lizard (Varanus exanthematicus): Implications for function and evolution

We explored the mechanical properties of four shoulder muscles of the Savannah Monitor Lizard (Varanus exanthematicus) and related these to locomotion. We studied the biceps brachii, supracoracoideus, two parts of the latissimus dorsi, and two parts of the pectoralis muscles by measuring twitch contraction time, peak tetanic tension, and contractile fatigue resistance to repetitive stimulation. In addition, we generated length-passive and length-active tension curves at those muscle lengths used during slow and moderate speed walking. Finally, we used conventional histochemistry to identify anatomical compartments within these muscles. Major findings include (1) the length-active tension of the biceps brachii, supracoracoideus, both parts of the latissimus dorsi, and the pectoralis remains near peak value over a range of muscle lengths associated with normal limb movement, (2) all muscles possess a mean twitch contraction time of between 65 and 70 msec (24°C), (3) all muscles are relatively fatiguable, and (4) evidence for anatomical compartments exists for the latissimus dorsi, pectoralis, and supracoracoideus. We compared the data for the pectoralis of V. exanthematicus to that for the domestic pigeon (Columba livia) in an effort to identify features of musculoskeletal design which may have accompanied the evolution of flight. We conclude that at least two factors were important: (1) the development of a capacity for sustained, aerobic contraction, and (2) a rearrangement of some of the anterior pectoralis fascicles so that they arise from the furcula. The latter provides for a distinct protractive component to the humerus, which is important during downstroke in some forms of flapping flight.
A universal nucleic acid sequence biosensor with nanomolar detection limits.

A quantitative universal biosensor was developed on the basis of olignucleotide sandwich hybridization for the rapid (30 min total assay time) and highly sensitive (1 nM) detection of specific nucl...
Ultraviolet Complex Refractive Index of Martian Dust: Laboratory Measurements of Terrestrial Analogs

The optical complex index of refraction of four candidate Martian surface materials has been determined between 0.185 and 0.4 microns using a modified Kubelka-Munk scattering theory. The cadidate materials were limonite, andesite, montmorillonite, and basalt. The effect of scattering has been removed from the results. Also presented are diffuse reflection and transmission data on these samples.
Recent Progress in Understanding the Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry of Calcium Phosphate Solubilization by Gram Negative Bacteria

ABSTRACT For most of this century agricultural microbiologists and microbial ecologists have been interested in the ability of some bacteria to efficiently dissolve “insoluble” calcium phosphates. This phenotype has been termed mineral phosphate solubilizing (Mps). This minireview discusses recent work suggesting that the direct oxidation pathway for glucose dissimilation forms the metabolic basis for the strongly Mps+ phenotype observed in many species of gram negative bacteria. In the past, the physiological significance of the direct oxidation pathway for a given species was often considered obscure, giving rise to the term “dissimilatory bypass” to describe the apparent inefficient utilization of reducing power. The Mps function may provide a reason for the expression of this pathway in many bacteria whose bioenergetic needs are satisfied by the Embden-Meyerhof, Entner-Doudoroff or pentose phosphate pathways. The direct oxidation of glucose results in the production of gluconic acid and (often) 2-keto...