cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Foreword: Capital Punishment: Iterating Toward Perfection, When Perfection is Unattainable

I was invited to write this foreword to an issue of the Lincoln Memorial University Law Review that will contain some my students' seminar research papers on capital punishment in America. We look back now with haughty disdain and self-righteous indignation at the law of capital punishment as it existed in America just a very short time ago: regularly executing convicts who were mentally ill or retarded, under the age of eighteen, or found guilty of non-homicide offenses. Not long ago in America, all-White juries and White judges, after hearing racially charged arguments from White prosecutors, took mere minutes to convict minority defendants, who had been represented by patently ineffective counsel. To many, this sounds horrific, and we may ask ourselves, “How could it have been like that in America?” That was the reality just a few short years ago. The broken American capital punishment system of several decades ago began to change only after courageous legal researchers and scholars spoke up and confronted the hidden and tragic realities on America’s death rows. In this volume, a new group of young scholars and researchers pick up the mantle from those who came before, and stand on their shoulders to confront the injustice and inequality played out still in today’s American capital punishment system. Tomorrow’s scholars will stand on the shoulders of those scholars whose vision and creativity today are captured on these pages in the Lincoln Memorial University Law Review.
The Effect of the Cusp on the Rate of Convergence of the Rayleigh-Ritz Method

This paper investigates how smoothing the Hamiltonian and the cusp of the corresponding eigenfunction affects the rate of convergence of the Rayleigh-Ritz method. A simple example from quantum mechanics is used, with a basis of harmonic oscillator functions.
Creative use of a toy in health education.

(1979). Creative Use of a Toy in Health Education. Health Education: Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 34-35.
Studies on Onchocerca cervicalis Railliet and Henry, 1910 microfilariae in the jird, Meriones unguiculatus.

Microfilariae of Onchocerca cervicalis were injected subcutaneously into jirds, Meriones unguiculatus . At 72 hours post-inoculation the microfilariae had redistributed and the distribution pattern remained stable for approximately 100 days. Live active microfilariae were recovered from jird skin 168 days post-inoculation. Fifty nine per cent of the microfilariae recovered at 72 hours were from the skin of the tail and inguinal region. The inguinal region was the preferred site in male hosts and the tail in females, the difference in distribution being attributed to temperature differences in the inguinal region of the hosts. It is suggested that the microfilariae migrate along a thermal gradient rather than at random.
Reply by the Author to M. Lisano

References 1Kasdin, N. J., “New, Guaranteed Positive Time Update for the Two-Step Optimal Estimator,” Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics, Vol. 23, No. 2, 2000, pp. 215–221. 2Garrison, J. L., Axelrad, P., and Kasdin, N. J., “Ill-ConditionedCovariance Matrices in the First-Order Two-Step Estimator,” Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics, Vol. 21, No. 5, 1998, pp. 754–760. 3Kasdin,N. J., andHaupt,G.T., “Second-OrderCorrection andNumerical Considerations for the Two-Step Optimal Estimator,” Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics, Vol. 20, No. 2, 1997, pp. 362–369.
Hysteroscopic Removal of Submucous Leiomyomas

Uterine leiomyomas are benign neoplasms that, when symptomatic, may require surgical treatment. The most symptomatic leiomyomas are of the submucous variety, causing persistent or recurrent uterine bleeding. Fifty-nine women experiencing abnormal uterine bleeding, dysmenorrhea, and/or infertility were diagnosed to have submucous leiomyomas, and of these, 52 were treated by hysteroscopic removal. In all women treated, the symptoms disappeared or markedly decreased. Of 16 patients with associated infertility, 10 conceived and 8 of these delivered a viable infant vaginally. Two women had a spontaneous abortion at 6 weeks and 11 weeks gestation, respectively. Although hysteroscopic removal of submucous leiomyomas is feasible in some patients, specific criteria for patient selection are needed that will allow the hysteroscopist to avoid failures and prevent complications. Hysteroscopy offers the best diagnostic method to detect or confirm submucous leiomyomas and, in selected cases, provides a good surgical alternative for treatment.
Ectopic pregnancy in a cesarean section scar treated with intramuscular methotrexate and bilateral uterine artery embolization.

We report a case of an ectopic pregnancy implanted in the myometrium at the site of a scar from a previous cesarean section that presented with vaginal bleeding and was successfully treated with bilateral uterine artery embolization and intramuscular administration of methotrexate. The combination of minimally invasive interventional techniques and medical therapies can preserve fertility. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2008
High-mobility group and other nonhistone substrates for nuclear histone N-acetyltransferase.

A variety of nonhistone proteins and polyamines has been studied for their substrate activity for nuclear histoneN-acetyltransferase. Nonhistone chromatin high-mobility group (HMG) proteins are found to be as good a substrate for the enzyme as histones. The enzyme also acetylates spermidine and spermine. However, protamine, bovine serum albumin, and ubiquitin are not substrates. Chymotryptic peptides of histone and HMGs retained about 64% of the substrate activity, but trypsin treatment reduced the substrate activity by more than 85%. BothN-acetyltransferase activities for HMGs and histones are copurified through salt extraction, polyethylene glycol fractionation, and chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, phosphocellulose columns, and a HPLC anionic-exchange column. The highly purified nuclear histone acetyltransferase shows similar optimalpH and ping-pong kinetics for both HMGs and histones. TheKm for HMG is 0.25 mg/ml. HMGs are able to accept the acetyl group from isolated acetyl-enzyme intermediate. Denatured gel analysis shows that HMG 1 and HMG 2 are the major proteins acetylated. High salt concentrations, mononucleotides, and DNA, which inhibit histone substrate activity of the enzyme, also inhibit HMG substrate activity. These observations suggest that there is a major nuclearN-acetyltransferase which is responsible for the acetylation of both histones and HMGs and perhaps also of spermine and spermidine. Thus the regulation of the structure and function of chromatin through postsynthetic acetylation can be achieved by a single nuclearN-acetyltransferase.
Labour market concentration of Asian ethnic groups in US metropolitan areas: a disaggregated study

Ethnic labour market concentration has been attracting increasing attention in recent years. But the Asian ethnic group has been treated as a homogeneous group in most studies on ethnic labour market segmentation. Using the 1% Public Use Microdata Samples (PUMS) from the metropolitan areas in the United States with the largest Asian populations, this study shows that Asian ethnic groups are quite diverse in their labour market concentrations. Asian Indian, Japanese and Filipino workers are more concentrated in professional and management employment sectors, which generally require higher levels of skill, English proficiency and education. By contrast, Vietnamese, Korean and Chinese groups are more concentrated in the labour-intensive, semi- or low-skilled manufacturing and personal service sectors. Their concentration patterns are closely related to their human capital characteristics. However, human capital cannot entirely explain the process of labour market choice. Analysis indicates that working with co-ethnic populations could provide more job opportunities for disadvantaged workers, as a result of social networking. Location factors also impact niche employment choice. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regulation of the pro-opiomelanocortin mRNA levels in rat pituitary by dopaminergic compounds

Dopamine-containing neurons directly innervate the intermediate lobe of the pituitary and dopaminergic compounds exert inhibitory effects on the secretion and the content of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and beta-endorphin in this tissue. In this study, we have investigated the effects of dopamine receptor agonists and antagonists on the level of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) mRNA in rat pituitary. RNAs isolated from neurointermediate pituitary (NIP) or anterior pituitary were spotted on nitrocellulose filters and the levels of POMC mRNA were quantified by hybridization to a POMC-specific complementary DNA probe coupled with autoradiography and densitometry. Administration of a dopamine receptor antagonist, haloperidol (2 mg/kg per day), to adult female rats resulted in a 3- to 5-fold increase in POMC mRNA level in the NIP. Treatment with the dopamine agonist 2-Br-alpha-ergocryptine (1 mg/kg per day) decreased significantly the content of POMC mRNA in the NIP. These drugs had no apparent effect on the POMC mRNA levels in the anterior pituitary. The effect of haloperidol and ergocryptine on POMC mRNA in the NIP is time- and dose-dependent. The elevation of POMC mRNA content in the NIP by haloperidol can be observed as early as 6 hr after treatment. These effects of dopaminergic compounds can also be demonstrated in adult male and ovariectomized female rats. The beta-endorphin content of the NIP, as measured by radioimmunoassay, and the de novo synthesis of POMC, as determined by radioactive amino acid labeling and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis analysis, also show negative regulation by dopaminergic compounds.
Sex differences in ability to recognize family resemblance

Abstract In order to test the different expectations of evolutionary psychologists and "folk" psychologists about whether men or women are better at judging family resemblance, we created a test consisting of pairs of photographs, some of a parent and that parent's child, and some of an unrelated parent and child. Two hundred subjects judged the relatedness of 24 pairs of photos. The results show women and men to be equal in ability to judge family resemblance (mean number correct 14.99 versus 14.53, F = 1.7, p = 0.19). Both sexes were better able to judge resemblance for mothers than fathers ( F = 11.25, p F = 3.99, p F = 4.14, p
The Effect of Mandatory Nurse Ratios on Patient Care in an Emergency Department

Abstract Background: In 2004, California enacted mandatory nurse-to-patient ratios in an effort to improve patient care. Objectives: The aim of the study was to look at the association between nursing ratios and quality of care in an urban teaching Emergency Department (ED). Methods: This was an observational study, looking at indicators of quality care before and after the introduction of nursing ratios in an urban California ED serving a mainly indigent population. Indicators examined included wait times; patients who left without being seen (LWBS); medication errors; acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients receiving aspirin; and time to antibiotics in pneumonia patients. Means and proportions were analyzed using t -tests and chi-squared, as appropriate. Results: All measured wait times increased significantly in 2004 compared to 2003, including room time (from 79 to 123 min, p = 0.0001), throughput time (from 365 to 397 min, p = 0.001), and admission time (from 447 to 552 min, p = 0.0001). Patients who LWBS decreased (from 11.9 % to 11.2%, p = 0.0002). Time to antibiotics in pneumonia patients decreased (from 103 to 62 min, p = 0.002). There were no statistically significant differences in medication errors or administration of aspirin in ACS patients. Conclusions: All wait times increased after implementation of mandatory nursing ratios. Some indicators of quality care improved, whereas others showed no measurable differences. Further research is needed to further define the effect of nursing ratios on quality of patient care.
Cyber-Enabled Scientific Discovery

It is often said that numerical simulation is third in the group of three ways to explore modern science: theory, experiment and simulation. Carefully executed modern numerical simulations can, however, be considered at least as relevant as experiment and theory. In comparison to physical experimentation, with numerical simulation one has the numerically simulated values of every field variable at every grid point in space and time. In comparison to theory, with numerical simulation one can explore sets of very complex non-linear equations such as the Einstein equations that are very difficult to investigate theoretically. Cyber-enabled scientific discovery is not just about numerical simulation but about every possible issue related to scientific discovery by utilizing cyberinfrastructure such as the analysis and storage of large data sets, the creation of tools that can be used by broad classes of researchers and, above all, the education and training of a cyber-literate workforce.
Evaluating the incidence and likelihood ratios for chromosomal abnormalities in fetuses with common central nervous system malformations.

Objective To determine the incidence and likelihood ratios for chromosomal abnormalities in fetuses with common central nervous system malformations on ultrasound. Study Design A database derived retrospective cohort study of all patients referred for ultrasound and genetic evaluation from 1990-2006. Fetal karyotypes were delineated by prenatal diagnosis or postnatal examination. The incidence and likelihood ratios were calculated for the association of each central nervous system abnormality with trisomy 13, 18, and 21. Results Of 62,111 women included, 587 (0.9%) had major fetal central nervous system abnormalities. The only central nervous system anomalies associated with trisomy 21 were ventriculomegaly and choroid plexus cysts. When isolated, only spina bifida, holoprosencephaly, and agenesis of the corpus callosum were significantly associated with trisomy 13, anencephaly with trisomy 18, and ventriculomegaly with trisomy 21. Likelihood ratios positive range from 2-20 depending on the central nervous system malformation and aneuploidy type. Conclusion Central nervous system malformations detected on ultrasound are strongly associated with and predictive of chromosomal abnormalities, especially trisomy 13 and 18.
Environmental information resources and electronic research systems (ERSs): Eco-Link as an example of future tools

As the amount of information on environmental issues expands rapidly, librarians and researchers require innovative techniques to keep abreast of it and manage it effectively. While numerous periodical and annual environmental publications are now available to help in this task, perhaps the most efficient means of gaining access to and managing timely information on the environment now lies in deploying various forms of electronic technology. After mentioning some of the major printed works with current environmental information, this article explores some of the most useful electronic sources for environmental research and describes an Electronic Research System (ERS), called Eco‐Link, that the author devised to conduct global environmental research at the Rockefeller Foundation where he was a Warren Weaver Fellow during 1989–90.
The Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Various CMOS Integrated Circuit Structures

Additional process controls which have been implemented by semiconductor manufacturers in order to produce low threshold voltage CMOS integrated circuits are shown to significantly improve the radiation hardness of such devices. In particular, this improvement is directly correlated with reduced concentrations of the sodium impurity which results in smaller threshold voltage shifts for the p-channel (negatively biased) transistors. Further, it has been shown that n-channel devices can be hardened by the technique of ion implantation on production line integrated circuits. Thus, digital CMOS devices hard to greater than a Mrad(Si) have been realized.
3D scene modeling using pose-free reconstruction

We present and illustrate the benefits of a fundamental change to the traditional 3D modeling pipeline. In sharp contrast with any previous method, including hardware trackers and self-calibration, we completely eliminate camera position and camera orientation parameters from the modeling process. This significantly simplifies the procedure for creating a 3D model of a real-world environment by omitting all concerns about providing camera pose information or assuming it can be accurately recovered from image features, landmarks, or hardware.
Impression management in computer-based interviews: The effects of input modality, output modality, and distance.

L'A. rappelle que l'informatisation des procedures d'enquete ameliore la collecte des donnees. Il se demande si le mode de passation des questionnaires affecte les reponses. Il presente une etude qui permet de comparer, d'une part, l'impact de l'enonce des questions sous forme de texte et la formulation des questions grâce a un enregistrement vocal, et, d'autre part, l'influence du mode de collecte des reponses - en l'occurrence les reponses obtenues par manipulation informatique et celles obtenues par saisie de reponse vocale.
X-ray spectroscopy of liquid water microjets

We present the first results from studies of liquid water microjets by soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Near the oxygen K-edge (∼530 eV) a fine-structure pattern very similar to that found for gaseous water monomers is observed when the surface-selective total ion yield (TIY) is measured, but a broadened and blue-shifted spectrum emerges when detecting the bulk-sensitive total electron yield (TEY). TIY EXAFS measurements produce a nearest neighbor O−O distance for surface molecules (3.00 A) slightly longer than that of the isolated water dimer (2.98 A), whereas the O−O distance extracted from TEY EXAFS corresponds to that accepted for bulk water (2.85 A). Together, these results evidence an equilibrium liquid water surface dominated by water molecules interacting weakly at longer distances than in the bulk, thus supporting predictions from computer simulations.
A randomized comparison of the methods of sperm preparation for intrauterine insemination

Abstract Objective: To compare the effectiveness of three methods of sperm preparation for IUI during superovulation of infertile women. Design: Randomized assignment of one of three sperm preparation methods. Setting: University infertility practice. Patient(s): Infertile couples undergoing superovulation and IUI. Intervention(s): The method of preparation of sperm for IUI during superovulation was assigned randomly to double centrifugation, multiple-tube swim-up, or Percoll density gradient. Main Outcome Measure(s): Total number and percent recovery of motile sperm, percent of recovered sperm with normal morphology, and cycle fecundity. Result(s): No method of sperm preparation provided better cycle fecundity than the others despite differences in sperm recovery. Conclusion(s): Double centrifugation, multiple-tube swim-up, and Percoll density gradient sperm preparation for IUI yield similar cycle fecundity rates.
Computational Analysis of Ignition in Heterogeneous Energetic Materials

This paper focuses on the ignition of polymer-bonded explosives (PBXs) under conditions of non-shock loading. The analysis uses a recently developed ignition criterion [ which is based on the quantification of the distributions of the sizes and temperatures of hotspots in loading events. This quantification is achieved by using a cohesive finite element method (CFEM) developed recently and the characterization by Tarver et al. [ of the critical size-temperature threshold of hotspots required for chemical ignition of solid explosives. Calculations are performed on PBXs having monomodal grain size distributions with grain volume fractions varying between 0.72 and 0.90. The impact velocities considered vary between 100 and 200 ms-1. Results show that the average distance between the hotspots is dependent on the grain volume fraction. As the grain volume fraction increases, the time to criticality (tc) decreases, signifying increases in the ignition sensitivity of PBX to impact loading. The microstructure-performance relations obtained can be used to design PBXs with tailored performance characteristics and safety envelopes.
Economic determinants of family development processes

Economic activities of families have important influences on processes of family development and family change over time. Knowledge of these special relations has expanded in recent years, as has the literature on the economics of family life as a general field. As a result, scholars and professionals in consumer studies and home economics need conceptual frameworks that organize areas of specific findings and identify specific issues for research. A conceptual framework which identifies four economic activities performed by families and six fundamental family development and family change processes is proposed. Then, a matrix of testable hypotheses is formulated, emphasizing economic activities as independent variables in family development and change. The matrix portrays the central roles economic influences play in contemporary family life, and suggests a complete, holistic understanding of these influences. The matrix also provides a conceptual guide to the design of empirical research and synthesis of findings on the economics–family development interface.
SERMs: how do they work?

characterisation of distinct ER subtypes. Most notable is the identification of the ER-alpha and ER-beta subtypes, but additional ER species, as well as receptor mechanisms via non-classical pathways, have been suggested by recent work. Dimerisation of the ER, an essential element of the ‘classical’ ER action pathway, has recently been shown to occur not only with ERalpha and ER-beta homodimers, but also with heterodimers involving both receptor subtypes. The distribution through various body tissues of ER subtypes adds an additional layer of complexity to the situation. A level of complexity that is just beginning to emerge involves ER regulatory proteins. Classical ER action involves a number of cellular regulatory proteins, many of which bind to ER complexes. Alterations of ER conformation lead to alterations of such interactions. This pathway clearly contributes to alterations in ER mechanistic pathways, in ways that have thus far been characterised in only a few instances.
A wide-band dual-polarization patch antenna for mobile applications

A broadband dual-polarization patch antenna fed by L-shaped probes at the patch corners is presented. A coupled line directional coupler mounted at the back of the ground plane is used to enhance the isolation between the L-probes to a large extent. Through using the coupler to feed the L-probes, the isolation between the input ports is 34 dB over the GSM900 operating bandwidth, which is enhanced by 14 dB. By using two plastic spacers to support the patch in the air, an impedance bandwidth of 18%, and an average gain of 7 dBi can be obtained for both ports. The far field patterns are stable across the passband. This antenna can potentially be used as a GSM900 base station antenna.
The Political Adaptation Process of Cubans and Other Ethnic Minorities in the United States: A Preliminary Analysis.

This article examines the patterns of naturalization, voting registration, turnout, and political orientation of this minority and compares them with those of other groups. This exercise is signifi...
Brief physician and nurse practitioner-delivered counseling for high-risk drinking. Results at 12-month follow-up.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to determine the effects of a brief primary care provider-delivered counseling intervention on the reduction of alcohol consumption by high-risk drinkers. The intervention was implemented as part of routine primary care medical practice.
Role of prostaglandins in alveolar hypoxic vasoconstriction

Abstract The role of prostaglandins as mediators of alveolar hypoxic vasoconstriction was investigated in dogs with the use of the prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors, aspirin and indomethacin. Alveolar hypoxia was induced by inserting a double-lumened endotracheal tube into the carina and ventilating one lung with nitrogen while maintaining normal systemic oxygenation with 100% O 2 ventilation to the other lung. Relative perfusion to each lung was determined with 133 Xenon and external counters. Infusions up to 25 mg/kg of indomethacin and up to 250 mg/kg of aspirin did not block the shift in perfusion from the alveolar hypoxic lung. In fact, the shift in perfusion from the alveolar hypoxic lung was slightly augmented by aspirin ( P = 0.03). Thus, no positive role was demonstrated in the dog for prostaglandins in producing the vasoconstriction of alveolar hypoxia.
Reducing supply chain costs and carbon footprint during product design

Manufacturing companies continue to struggle with simultaneously assessing and reducing supply chain costs and carbon footprint early in the design process as consumers demand more sustainable products. An integrated product design-supply chain design approach is explored and applied to bicycle design. It is shown that the approach can successfully inform decision-makers on the consequences of their choices even when component alternatives are similar.
What to do with actionable intelligence: E2Coach as an intervention engine

In this paper, we describe a new, analytics driven approach to supporting students in large introductory physics courses. For this project, we have assembled data for more than 49,000 physics students at the University of Michigan. For each, we combine an extensive portrait of background and preparation with details of progress through the course and final outcome. This information allows us to construct models predicting student performance with a dispersion of half a letter grade. We explore residuals to this model, conducting structured interviews with students who did better (and worse) than expected, identifying strategies which lead to student success (and failure) at all levels of preparation. This work was done in preparation for the launch of E2Coach: a computer tailored educational coaching project which provides a model for an intervention engine, capable of dealing with actionable information for thousands of students.
Growth and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Colonization of Two Prairie Grasses Grown in Soil from Restorations of Three Ages

I compared growth and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) colonization of two prairie grasses (Wild rye [Elymus canadensis] and Little bluestem [Schizachyrium scoparium]), an early- and a late-dominating species in prairie restorations, respectively, grown in soil from restored prairies of differing age, soil characteristics, and site history. There were no consistent patterns between restoration age and soil inorganic nutrients or organic matter. The oldest restoration site had higher soil mycorrhizal inoculum potential (MIP) than 2- and 12-year-old restorations. However, MIP did not translate into actual colonization for two species grown in soils from the three restorations, nor did MIP relate to phosphorus availability. There were significant differences in root mass and colonization among Wild rye plants but not among Little bluestem plants grown in soils from the three restorations. Wild rye grown in 2-year-old restoration soil had significantly higher AMF colonization than when it was grown in soils from the 12- and 17-year-old restorations. Wild rye grown in 2-year-old restoration soil also had higher colonization than Little bluestem grown in 2- and 12-year-old restoration soils. Little bluestem had no significant correlations between shoot biomass, root biomass or colonization, and concentrations of soil P, total N, or N:P. However, for Wild rye, total soil N was positively correlated with root mass and negatively correlated with colonization, suggesting that in this species, mycorrhizae may affect N availability. Collectively, these results suggest that soil properties unrelated to restoration age were important in determining differences in growth and AMF colonization of two species of prairie grasses.
The Challenges, Opportunities, and Imperative of Structured Reporting in Medical Imaging

Despite dramatic innovation in medical imaging and information system technologies, the radiology report has remained stagnant for more than a century. Structured reporting was created in the hopes of addressing well-documented deficiencies in report content and organization but has largely failed in its adoption due to concerns over workflow and productivity. A number of political, economical, and clinical quality-centric initiatives are currently taking place within medicine which will dramatically change the medical landscape including Pay for Performance, Evidence-Based Medicine, and the Physician Quality Reporting Initiative. These will collectively enhance efforts to improve quality in reporting, stimulate new technology development, and counteract the impending threat of commoditization within radiology. Structured reporting offers a number of unique opportunities and advantages over traditional free text reporting and will provide a means for the radiology community to add value to its most important service deliverable the radiology report.
Management of Infected Tibial Nonunions With Sequestration in the Dog

Osteomyelitis with sequestration of large fragments of cortical bone accompanied delayed union-nonunion in the tibia of three dogs. All fracture sites were grossly unstable at initial presentation, with the sequestration creating large bony deficits that required bone grafting. All three fractures were treated by the application of external fixation, seques-trectomy, debridement, cancellous bone grafting, and dependent wound drainage. One animal refractured the tibia causing an exacerbation of the osteomyelitis. Reapplication of an external fixation frame and direct current electrical stimulation resulted in bony union. There were no recurrences of infection on long-term follow-up in any of the three tibias.
Programming divide and conquer for a mimd machine

This paper discusses our efforts in implementing a divide and conquer algorithm (adaptive quadrature) on the HEP computer system. The one PEM HEP system performs in a MIMD fashion by pipelining execution of instructions from different processes. Unlike most divide and conquer approaches, our strategy ensures that the program will never deadlock due to memory expansion or spawning too many processes. Within this constraint we develop and analyse two different implementations: one using a static number of processes and the other a dynamic number of processes. Our results examine the relative performance of these two schemes. In addition we briefly discuss some of our impressions concerning some ‘myths of parallel programming’.
Device-quality epitaxial AlAs by metalorganic-chemical vapor deposition

The growth and characterization of high‐quality AlAs expitaxial layers on GaAs subtrates by metalorganic‐chemical vapor deposition are described. The epitaxial layers described here are grown at intermediate temperatures (750 °C) and require no unusual reactor modifications. Comparison is made between single thick epitaxial layers and an 80‐layer quantum‐well heterostructure. Low‐threshold photopumped laser data are presented, which indicate that the presence of AlAs in the active region of a laser (containing 80 AlAs‐GaAs interfaces) does not interfere with cw room‐temperature operation.
Recurrent carbon monoxide poisoning from cigarette smoking

Carbon monoxide intoxication remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States with an estimate of 50,000 cases annually in emergency departments nationwide (Weaver, N Engl J Med. 2009;360:1217-25). Sources of carbon monoxide most often include car exhaust, malfunctioning heating systems and inhaled smoke. It has been well established that there is a dose-dependent increase in carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) concentration with tobacco use. It is generally accepted that heavy smokers have COHb levels <10% to 15% (Ernst and Zibrak, N Engl J Med. 1998;339:1603-8). The authors report a 48-year-old woman with significant tobacco abuse who presented with COHb levels as high as 24.2% in the face of tobacco use.
Maxillofacial metastases: a retrospective review of one institution's 15-year experience.

Purpose Metastasis to the maxillofacial region is a rare occurrence. In our retrospective study of patients with metastasis to the maxillofacial region, the subjects were evaluated to define the clinical behavior patterns in response to the treatment given. Materials and Methods A retrospective record review during a 15-year period (1990 to 2005) was conducted. The patients were selected for inclusion in the present study if they had histologically confirmed maxillofacial metastases. Results In our retrospective study, during the 15-year period, 1,221 new patients with maxillofacial/oral cancer were seen and evaluated. Of these 1,221 patients, 26 (16 men and 10 women) were identified as having a histologically confirmed metastasis to the maxillofacial region, for an incidence of 2.1%. Conclusions Patients with metastasis to the maxillofacial region are often deemed to not be surgical candidates because of the extensive nature of the metastatic disease. We believe that surgical intervention plays a beneficial role in improving quality of life in a properly selected group of patients with metastasis to the maxillofacial region. In our case series, surgery was performed in about 50% of the patients, and palliation and radiotherapy were the most commonly used modalities.
Learning from software maintenance

Abstract Data processing managers have seen expenditure on software maintenance increase in recent years. Analysis of the software life cycle, as it actually exists, indicates that this trend should be neither unexpected nor alarming, provided that the life cycle is truly understood. Software maintenance costs are determined by the way software is developed and the way it is used. Proper care can eventually reduce the life cycle costs of software for an organization.
On the Transition from “Student's” z to “Student's” t

Abstract The change from the z of “Student's” 1908 paper to the t of present day statistical theory and practice is traced and documented. It is shown that the change was brought about by the extension of “Student's” approach, by R.A. Fisher, to a broader class of problems, in response to a direct appeal from “Student” for a solution to one of these problems.
Protective Effects of the Alcohol Dehydrogenase-ADH1B Allele in Children Exposed to Alcohol During Pregnancy

Objectives To examine alcohol use for mothers with and without an ADH1B ∗ 3 allele and the moderating effects of the maternal and child ADH1B ∗ 3 allele on a broad range of infant and 7.5-year outcomes. Study design Blood samples from 263 black mother/child pairs (217 mothers and 239 children) were analyzed to determine incidence of the ADH1B allele and the relation of the maternal allele to pregnancy drinking assessed at every prenatal clinic visit. Moderating effects of ADH1B were examined by dichotomizing the moderator variable and performing regression analyses on the 2 groups. Results Pregnancy drinking at conception was less frequent in the presence of the ADH1B ∗ 3 allele, and virtually no adverse effects were found in children whose mothers had at least one ADH1B ∗ 3 allele. By contrast to the maternal allele, we found no consistent pattern of greater vulnerability in children lacking the ADH1B ∗ 3 allele. Conclusions These data are consistent with the hypothesis that the maternal ADH1B ∗ 3 allele provides some protection to the fetus from prenatal alcohol exposure.
Trace reconstruction with constant deletion probability and related results

We provide several new results for the trace reconstruction problem. In this setting, a binary string yields a collection of traces, where each trace is independently obtained by independently deleting each bit with a fixed probability Δ. Each trace therefore consists of a random subsequence of the original sequence. Given the traces, we wish to reconstruct the original string with high probability. The questions are how many traces are necessary for reconstruction, and how efficiently can the reconstruction be performed. Our primary result is that for some universal constant γ and uniformly chosen strings of length n, for any Δ n) traces in poly(n) time with high probability. We also obtain algorithms that require a number of traces exponential in O (√n) for any Δ
Substitutions of a cysteine conserved among DNA cytosine methylases result in a variety of phenotypes

The proposed mechanism for DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferases envisions a key role for a cysteine residue. It is expected to form a covalent link with carbon 6 of the target cytosine, activating the normally inactive carbon 5 for methyl transfer. There is a single conserved cysteine among all DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferases making it the candidate nucleophile. We have changed this cysteine to other amino acids for the EcoRII methylase; which methylates the second cytosine in the sequence 5'-CCWGG-3'. Mutants were tested for their methyl transferring ability and for their ability to form covalent complexes with DNA. The latter property was tested indirectly with the use of a genetic assay involving sensitivity of cells to 5-azacytidine. Replacement of the conserved cysteine with glycine, valine, tryptophan or serine led to an apparent loss of methyl transferring ability. Interestingly, cells carrying the mutant with serine did show sensitivity to 5-azacytidine, suggesting the ability to link to DNA. Unexpectedly, substitution of the cysteine with glycine results in the inhibition of cell growth and the mutant allele can be maintained in the cells only when it is poorly expressed. These results suggest that the conserved cysteine in the EcoRII methylase is essential for methylase action and it may play more than one role in it.
Catalytic Investigations using Galvanostatic Techniques

Catalytic activity and electronic constitution in hydrogen chemisorption on palladium-gold alloys, using galvanostatic methods
Software Engineering Practicum Course Experience

The CMU Silicon Valley Software Engineering Practicum course is a curriculum capstone which provides the practicum student the opportunity to interact with an actual client. The client has a real problem and is in need of a software developed solution. Concurrently, it provides the opportunity for the student to demonstrate the acquired skills and knowledge derived from the software engineering curriculum. Student feedback has been very positive for this course because the students have a voice in their project selection, and they work on a real problem (not just a class assignment) with a real owner appreciating the student's efforts. A client benefits from working directly with a software engineering team (instead of a group of interns) in developing a meaningful solution to their specific problem within a one semester time window. Another success measure is the repetition of clients wishing to engage additional teams for more or continued projects.
Video-based descriptors for object recognition

We describe a visual recognition system operating on a hand-held device, based on a video-based feature descriptor, and characterize its invariance and discriminative properties. Feature selection and tracking are performed in real-time, and used to train a template-based classifier during a capture phase prompted by the user. During normal operation, the system recognizes objects in the field of view based on their ranking. Severe resource constraints have prompted a re-evaluation of existing algorithms improving their performance (accuracy and robustness) as well as computational efficiency. We motivate the design choices in the implementation with a characterization of the stability properties of local invariant detectors, and of the conditions under which a template-based descriptor is optimal. The analysis also highlights the role of time as ''weak supervisor'' during training, which we exploit in our implementation.
Unsteady diffusion of fluids through a non-linearly elastic cylindrical annulus

Abstract The unsteady radial diffusion motions of an incompressible fluid through an isotropic and transversely isotropic non-linearly elastic cylindrical annulus are studied by using the recent theory developed by Tao et al. [Mathematical Models and Methods in Applied Sciences 1 (1991)]. As the fluid diffuses through the solid, ahead of it there is a pure solid while behind the diffusing front there is a mixture of a fluid and a solid. Governing equations for both the constituents, within the content of the theory of mixture, are used in the mixture region. On the diffusing front, the evolution equations are used based on the previous work of Tao et al. [Mathematical Models and Methods in Applied Sciences 1 (1991)]. The problems are solved numerically using a finite difference method.
Absolute versus relative class conceptual behavior in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus)

A theoretical scheme was suggested which distinguished between absolute and relative class concepts and differentiated class from relational concepts. Four monkeys were trained to respond differentially to green and nongreen objects (absolute class) and four responded differentially to odd and nonodd objects (relative class). All monkeys met stringent criteria of performance on their respective tasks, the green-nongreen group in a median of 600 trials and the odd-nonodd group in a median of 1,600 trials (p = .014). Possible explanations for the performance differences and some implications of the theory for comparative, nonhuman conceptual research were discussed.
Branching ratios in reactive molecular collisions

Abstract Procedures are presented for calculating branching ratios into different products. Measurements of the products' energy disposal for one branch can suffice to set an upper limit on the surprisal of the branching ratio (its deviation from phase space expectation). Applications are made to the reactions of H (or D) atoms with the interhalogens and with hydrogen halides.
Ionization Detection Of Stimulated Raman Spectra

Ionization-detected stimulated-Raman spectroscopy(IDSRS)1 is a new technique for high-sensitivity, high-resolution Raman studies. The technique is based on resonant laser ionization detection of vibrationally-excited molecules produced via stimulated Raman pumping. In this paper we illustrate the sensitivity of IDSRS relative to stimulated Raman gain spectroscopy by comparing spectra taken of the diatomic molecule NO using each technique. We then present more recent results on the application of IDSRS to a considerably larger molecule, benzene. These spectra, taken near 1600 cm-1, cover the region where the v16 fundamental and v2+v18 combination band of benzene overlap to produce a particularly complex appearing spectrum. By taking advantage of the double-resonance capabilities of IDSRS, we are able to cleanly separate the contributions of each vibrational band and thereby greatly simplify their spectra.
Socialism in the French Countryside: A Continuing Debate

The publication of two recent articles by Tony Judt constitute a significant contribution to the continuing debate over the origins of French rural socialism.' Rejecting simplistic explanations, Judt concludes that the sources of socialism were complex, that the role of radicalism in paving the way for socialism has been overstated, and that, at least in the department of the Var, socialism took up the protest of a backward, declining society in the name of a post-capitalist collectivism.2 Although Judt's argument is generally persuasive, there are some problems with his analysis. Primarily, he seems to underestimate the contribution of radicalism to the eventual rise of socialism in that agrarian department. Moreover, he places perhaps too much emphasis on the Guesdist, or revolutionary, socialists and too little emphasis on the independent, or evolutionary, socialists. He also discounts the importance of socialist appeals to local interests and neglects to mention socialist modifications of their demands for the collectivization of property. Such omissions tend to oversimplify the complex character of socialism in that rural department. Judt has argued that 'socialist support was "party-specific"' , that the success of socialism was not 'a sort of political Rake's Progress, with the population leaning first Radical, then Socialist, finally Communist, moving on to each, more extreme, group, as the previous one becomes absorbed in the system'.' He rejects this as 'an old notion'5 and suggests that Radical support persisted in certain sections of the department while 'the socialists were strong in areas where the Radicals had never penetrated '.6 He concludes that:
EEG and Cerebral Blood Flow Velocity Abnormalities in Chronic Cocaine Users

EEG and cerebral blood flow abnormalities have been documented in chronic cocaine abusers. To identify possible relationships between EEG and blood flow changes and their relationship to the intensity of cocaine use, we recorded the resting eyes-closed EEG and anterior (ACA) and middle (MCA) cerebral artery blood flow velocity during systole (V(S)) and diastole (V(D)) by transcranial Doppler (TCD) sonography of 99 (76 male, 23 female; mean [SD] age 34.3 [5.2] years, 8.6 [5.5] years of cocaine use, 17.8 [7.7] days of cocaine use in month prior to screening) cocaine users within 5 days of admission to a closed research unit. Forty-two non-drug-using, age-matched control subjects (22 male, 20 female) were tested as outpatients. A 3-minute period of resting EEG was recorded from 16 standard scalp electrodes. Artifact-free EEG was converted to six frequency bands (delta, theta, alpha1, alpha2, beta1 and beta2) using a Fast Fourier Transform. Pulsatility index (PI) was calculated as a measure of small vessel resistance. Cocaine users had decreased VD and increased PI in the MCA, with no difference in V(S), and reduced EEG theta, beta1 and beta2 absolute power in posterior brain regions. Recent cocaine use was positively associated with MCA PI (r = 0.27, p < 0.001) and negatively associated with low frequency EEG power (delta power: r = -0.25, p < 0.002; theta power: r = -0.29, p < 0.001). EEG beta1 (r = -0.211, p < 0.05) and beta2 (r = -0.176, p < 0.05) power measures were correlated with PI. These observations suggest that EEG and TCD changes reflect related physiological processes during early cocaine abstinence.
Managing the Internship Application Experience Advice from an Exhausted but Content Survivor

Applying for internship always takes a great deal of time and is often emotionally draining as well. It seems reasonable to prepare for and organize this "transition experience " as much as possible. Students can usefully begin preparations in the first year of graduate school. A time line of activities for preparing internship applications is suggested and a decision grid for ranking sites is described.