cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chromatotrophic hormone, pteridines, and amphibian pigmentation.

Abstract The relationship among the hypophysis, pteridines, and pigmentation has been investigated in a variety of amphibians. 1. 1. The hypophysis is instrumental in regulating integumental pteridines of larval Rana pipiens . Skins of normal larvae contain considerably larger quantities of pteridines than those of hypophysioprivic larvae. Skins of partially hypophysioprivic larvae are intermediate in their pteridine content. MSH preparations stimulate the formation of pteridines in hypophysioprivic larvae. 2. 2. The dark dorsal integuments of several frogs are richer in pteridines than in pale ventral skin, but black areas of salamanders are practically void of such compounds. 3. 3. A lack of association is found between pteridines and melanophores or guanophores. 4. 4. Pteridines are associated specifically with yellow pigmentation, but do not function as pigments. They are present within the xanthophores of larvae, but not in those of adults. 5. 5. Natural albino tadpoles contain about the same amount of integumental pteridines as do normal larvae. 6. 6. The presumed interrelationship among the hypophysis, pteridines, and pigmentation is discussed in the light of certain paradoxical results.
Religiosity as deviance: Negative religious bias in and misuse of the DSM‐III

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd ed., American Psychiatric Association, 1980) and more recently the third edition revised (DSM‐III and DSM‐III‐R, respectively) serve as the “Bible” for the psychiatric community, which includes psychological counselors, marriage counselors, and social workers as well as psychiatrists. These clinical professionals define mental disorders in the general population using DSM‐III categories. This diagnostic tool has been used to “medicalize” participation in certain types of religious groups and experiences, because both versions include negative religious stereotyping and ambivalence toward religion. That observation is apparent in the glossary of technical terms and especially in the application of some diagnostic categories to certain types of religious participation. This article argues that the reliability and validity of the DSM‐III can be improved by eliminating negative religious examples, resulting in a more objective diagnostic instrumen...
A microcosm of the global challenges facing the field: Commentary on HIV/AIDS monitoring and evaluation

The challenges ahead are at least as daunting as those already overcome: demonstrating that monitoring and evaluating findings can make a difference in the lives of people.
Quotients of $C\left[ {0,1} \right]$ with separable dual

A necessary and sufficient condition for an operator fromC(K),K compact metric, into a Banach spaceX to be an isomorphism on a subspace ofC(K) isometric toC0(ωω) is given.
Downstream DNA sequences are required to activate a gene expressed in the root cortex of embryos and seedlings.

We showed previously that a gene, designated AX92, which is expressed at an early stage of cortex differentiation in the root apex of oilseed rape seedlings, is also expressed in embryos. To compare AX92 gene regulation during embryo-genesis and postembryonic growth, we constructed a chimeric gene consisting of AX92 59 and 39 untranslated and flanking regions fused with a beta-glucuronidase protein coding region. We showed that the chimeric gene is active in both developing cortex cells in the root apical meristems of transgenic oilseed rape seedlings and in cortex cells at the root end of embryonic axes. To determine whether the AX92 gene is regulated by a common mechanism in embryos and seedlings, we analyzed the expression of modified chimeric genes. We showed that the AX92 chimeric gene is regulated combinatorially and that DNA sequences located 39 of the protein coding region are necessary for its activation in the root cortex of both embryos and seedlings. Our results suggest that common regulatory sequences are required to activate the gene in the embryonic and postembryonic root cortex.
Creating sustainable urban built environments: An application of hedonic house price models in Wuhan, China

Due to rapid urbanization, automobility, and industrialization, the increasing desire to protect environments and satisfy residents has led to an emphasis on the creation of sustainable urban environments in China. This paper is an empirical study using hedonic price models to examine a comprehensive set of environmental sustainability elements including green space, transit systems, and central business districts (CBDs) and compare their relative importance in Wuhan, China. The results show that among all housing characteristics, environmental sustainability elements had the greatest impacts on house prices. Natural water resources have the most significant positive effects on property values when they are integrated with cultural, tourism, and commercial resources to form natural recreation clusters or areas. Also, home buyers are willing to pay more for housing clusters or subdivisions with proximity to CBDs. In addition, the significant negative effects of light rail on house prices within a 1-mile radius indicate that it has not become an attractive amenity to home buyers, due to combined effects of other neighborhood amenities, little land use diversity, and the fare system. These results have implications for local and regional governments in setting priorities for sustainable development.
A model for the origin of life.

A simple statistical model is constructed, describing the transition from disorder to order in a population of mutually catalytic molecules undergoing random mutations. The consequences of the model are calculated, and its possible relevance to the problem of the origin of life is discussed. The main conclusion of the analysis is that the model allows populations of several thousand molecular units to make the transition from disorder to order with reasonable probability.
(15S)-15-methyl prostaglandin E1-induced neutrophilia in Brown-Norway rats.

A stable analogue of prostaglandin E1, (15S)-15-methyl prostaglandin E1 (M-PGE1), induces a marked relative and absolute neutrophilia after subcutaneous injection at a pharmacologic dose of 1 mg/kg in Brown-Norway rats. The neutrophilia reached a peak at 6 hours after injection at which time the absolute neutrophil count was 13,457 ± 6,038/mm3 versus 2,451 ± 1,298/mm3 before injection (p<0.001). The absolute white blood cell count/mm3 did not change significantly at 6 hours after injection, but a significant eosinopenia was noted, as has been described by previous investigators, after the administration of prostaglandins. A possible physiologic in vivo role for prostaglandin in the causation of neutrophilia remains to be elucidated.
Formation of corn fiber gum–milk protein conjugates and their molecular characterization

Abstract Corn fiber arabinoxylan is hemicellulose B isolated from the fibrous portions (pericarp, tip cap, and endosperm cell wall fractions) of corn kernels and is commonly referred to as corn fiber gum (CFG). Our previous studies showed that CFG isolated from corn bran (a byproduct of corn dry milling) contains very little protein and is an inferior emulsifier for oil-in-water emulsion systems as compared to corn fiber gum isolated from corn fiber derived from the corn wet-milling process. The protein deficient CFG isolated from corn bran was covalently conjugated with byproducts of cheese processing, β-lactoglobulin (β-LG) and whey protein isolate (WPI) using an economical food-grade Maillard-type heating reaction for the purpose of increasing their commercialization potential as a food emulsifier and soluble nutritional additive in beverages. The formation of the CFG–protein conjugates has been confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). It has also been demonstrated that CFG–protein conjugates are capable of producing fine emulsions with better stability than either CFG or protein alone. The molecular characterization of CFG–protein conjugates was performed by high-performance size-exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) coupled to on-line multi-angle laser light scattering and viscometric detection. The analysis by HPSEC revealed that CFG–protein conjugates had higher weight-average molar mass (M w , 340–359 kDa) and polydispersity (M w /M n , 1.74) than the corresponding unconjugated CFG (M w , 290 kDa and M w /M n , 1.35). The z-average root-mean-square radius of gyration (R gz ) of CFG–protein conjugates was slightly higher (30.5–33.5 nm) in comparison to CFG (29.5 nm) but their weight-average-intrinsic viscosity (η) remained unchanged (about 1.32 dL g −1 ). The Mark–Houwink exponent “a” of conjugates (0.40) was lower than the unconjugated CFG (0.53) indicating the formation of a more compact structure after conjugation with protein. These findings should benefit the beverage industry, which can use this information to produce a high quality emulsifier from the low-value byproducts of corn dry milling and cheese processing.
Far infrared spectra of palladium compounds—II Pyridine and 2,2′-bipyridyl complexes of palladium (II) and platinum (II)

Abstract The infrared spectra of several square planar cis and trans palladium (II) and platinum (II) pyridine complexes of the type MPy 2 X 2 (where X = Cl, Br and I) have been recorded from 2000 to 50 cm −1 . Comparison of the spectra of complexed pyridine to that of the free base shows nine normal vibrations have shifted to higher frequencies on the order of fifteen to eighty wavenumbers. The shifts are attributed to changes in the electron density over the pyridine ring. Only insignificant shifts in a few of the normal modes of the complexed pyridine were observed between the corresponding cis and trans isomers. The assigmnent of the MX stretching and bending vibrations as well as possible assignments for the MN stretching vibrations are given and discussed. The infrared spectra of palladium (II) 2,2-Bipyridyl complexes of the type Pd(Bipy) 2 X 2 (where X = Cl, Br and I) have also recorded from 2000 to 50 cm −1 . Comparison of the spectra to those of the pyridine complexes and the free bipyridine is made.
Inhibition of histamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase from guinea pig fundic gastric mucosa by arachidonic acid and by an analog of prostaglandin endoperoxide PGH2.

The effects of prostaglandin precursors, namely an analog of prostaglandin endoperoxide PGH2 [(15S)-hydroxy-9α,11α-(epoxymethano)prosta-5, 13-dienoic acid] and arachidonic acid, were assessed on gastric adenylate cyclase activity from cell-free preparations of guinea pig fundic mucosa. The two precursors were tested against basal adenylate cyclase activity and that stimulated by histamine (10−4M), by PGE2(10−4M), by 5′-guanylylimidodiphosphate [Gpp(NH)p] (10−4M) and by NaF(10−2M). PGH2 analog (10−4M) and arachidonic acid (10−4M) both inhibited to a similar extent adenylate cyclase stimulated by histamine or by NaF, but not that stimulated by PGE2 or by Gpp(NH)p. Neither agent significantly affected basal adenylate cyclase levels. In the presence of indomethacin (10−4M), basal adenylate cyclase activity remained unchanged but the inhibitory effect of arachidonic acid was almost entirely abolished, suggesting that such inhibitory effect may be caused by prostaglandin endoperoxides generated from arachidonic acid in the course of assay. Moreover, indomethacin did not attenuate PGH2 inhibition of histamine action. Unlike arachidonic acid, which is a natural metabolic precursor of PGE2, arachidic acid did not significantly influence histamine-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity. These results suggest that the prostaglandin endoperoxides may have an inhibitory effect on histamine-sensitive ciclic AMP generation in gastric mucosa.
'Renal tubular acidosis--a case report'.

A case of primary distal type of renal tubular acidosis (RTA) diagnosed at the age of 14 days in a neonatal nursery is reported. The course of illness and management upto the age of four years is described.
Dietary Vitamin K in Oral Anticoagulation Patients: Clinician Practices and Knowledge in Outpatient Settings:

Background:Dietary vitamin K is a recognized variable associated with oral anticoagulant therapy. However, current practices of dietary education and instruction regarding vitamin K, as well as fac...
Is Poverty Geographic or Area-Based?

A recent article1 appears to have introduced a new term into the public health lexicon. Poverty, it now appears, is a feature of geography. This is a rather interesting development from a linguistic standpoint. Because the English language describes many types of poverty, I took the liberty of conducting a Google search using the phrase “types of poverty.” The first Web site returned by the search describes two types of poverty: income poverty and nonincome poverty.2 The term “poverty” has also been applied to mental or spiritual health, as in poverty of mind or poverty of the spirit. In his book, Jensen identifies several other types of poverty—situational, generational, absolute, relative, urban, and rural.3 However, the broader frames of income and nonincome poverty form the context for each of these terms. In the parlance of Niccolai et al.,1 the term “geographic poverty” seems to imply that there is something about the social landscape directly connected to the construct of poverty. Poverty in itself is not geographic, but perhaps our operational measures are. In their otherwise admirable analysis, these authors seem to indicate that area-based measures of household poverty are associated with racial/ethnic disparities. Curiously, except in the title and the Methods section, the authors do not use the phrase “geographic poverty.” The term has never been used conventionally in public health research nor used generally in the social sciences. A better choice of a term might have been “area-based poverty measure.” It is unfortunate that the editors did not require the authors to change the title; now an unnecessary term has been introduced into PubMed and elsewhere and will likely be replicated as it metastasizes across the Internet, in popular media, and in the minds of health researchers.
Brownian diffusion of charged fine particles surrounding a conducting cylinder in the presence of an external electric field

Abstract The mass transport phenomenon of charged fine particles surrounding a conducting cylinder in the presence of a uniform, external electric field is examined using a technique of potential and stream function analysis recently developed by the author in a previous paper. This paper serves as an illustrative example for the application of this technique. The same method can be applied to the case where the external forces involved are irrotational and nondivergent.
Conditions of formation and magnetic properties of tetragonal Fe14La2B

Abstract Tetragonal Fe14La2B (a = 0.883 nm, c = 1.236 nm)is stable below 860°C. At 25°C it has a magnetization approaching 1.1 T in a field of 2000 kA/m. Its anisotropy field is considerably lower than that of related Fe14Nd2B or Fe14Pr2B.
Using high-level synthesis and formal analysis to predict and preempt attacks on industrial control systems

Industrial control systems (ICSes) have the conflicting requirements of security and network access. In the event of large-scale hostilities, factories and infrastructure would more likely be targeted by computer viruses than the bomber squadrons used in WWII. ICS zero-day exploits are now a commodity sold on brokerages to interested parties including nations. We mitigate these threats not by bolstering perimeter security, but rather by assuming that potentially all layers of ICS software have already been compromised and are capable of launching a latent attack while reporting normal system status to human operators. In our approach, application-specific configurable hardware is the final authority for scrutinizing controller commands and process sensors, and can monitor and override operations at the lowest (I/O pin) level of a configurable system-on-chip platform. The process specifications, stability-preserving backup controller, and switchover logic are specified and formally verified as C code, and synthesized into hardware to resist software reconfiguration attacks. To provide greater assurance that the backup controller can be invoked before the physical process becomes unstable, copies of the production controller task and plant model are accelerated to preview the controller's behavior in the near future.
An integrated circuit/behavioral simulation framework for continuous-time sigma-delta ADCs

Predicting the performance of the EΔEΔ analog to digital converters (ADCs) is a computationally expensive task that can take several days for estimating the performance. In this paper, we propose a new circuit/behavioral simulation framework for accurately estimating the performance of CT-EΔ-ADCs. Our framework is based on newly developed simulation-directed macro-models and associated mapping techniques for accurately modeling and simulating the CT-EΔ-ADCs in the presence of the various non-idealities. We validate our circuit/behavioral framework by the simulation of a 2nd order low pass and a 4th order band pass ADCs. Our newly developed framework predicts the performance degradation within an error less than 4% while achieving three orders of magnitude simulation speedup.
Fusion of ICA Spatial, Temporal and Localized Features for Face Recognition

Independent component analysis (ICA) has found its application in face recognition successfully. In practice several ICA representations can be derived. Particularly they include spatial ICA, spatiotemporal ICA, and localized spatiotemporal ICA, which respectively extract features of face images in terms of space domain, time-space domain, and local region. Our work has shown that while spatiotemporal ICA outperforms other ICA representations, further improvement can be made by a fusion of variety of ICA features. However, simply combining all features will not work as well as expected. For this reason an optimization method for feature selection and combination is proposed in this paper. We present here an optimizing process of feature selection about which features and how many features from each individual ICA feature set are selected. The experimental results show that feature fusion method can improve face recognition rate up to 94.62% compared with that of 86.43% by using spatiotemporal ICA alone.
Endotoxemia reduces skeletal muscle protein synthesis in neonates.

Protein synthesis in skeletal muscle is reduced by as much as 50% as early as 4 h after a septic challenge in adults. However, the effect of sepsis on muscle protein synthesis has not been determin...
Structural Relations among Negative Affect, Mate Value, and Mating Effort

We compared the ability of models based on evolutionary economic theory and Life History (LH) Theory to explain relations among self-reported negative affect, mate value, and mating effort. Method: Two hundred thirty-eight undergraduates provided multiple measures of these latent constructs, permitting us to test a priori predictions based on Kirsner, Figueredo, and Jacobs (2003). We compared the fit of the initial model to the fit of five alternative theory-driven models using nested model comparisons of Structural Equations Models. Rejecting less parsimonious and explanatory models eliminated the original model. Two equally parsimonious models explained the data pattern well. The first, based on evolutionary economic theory, specified that Negative Affect increases both Personal Mate Value and Mating Effort via the direct effects specified in the original model. The second, based on LH Theory, specified that Negative Affect, Personal Mate Value, and Mating Effort relate spuriously through a common latent construct, the LH Factor. The primary limitation of the present study is generalizability. We used self-reports taken from a young, university-based sample that included a spectrum of affective states. We cannot know how well these models generalize to an older population or to actual behavior. Both models predict the presence of a rich pattern of mate acquisition and retention behaviors, including an alarming set of behavioral tactics often not considered or targeted during treatment. Moreover, each model suggests a unique set of problems may arise after an effective intervention. We describe several ways to distinguish these models empirically.
Statin Therapy, Cardiovascular Events, and Total Mortality in the Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study (HERS)

Background— Although effects of statins on cardiovascular outcomes are well established in men, fewer data exist for women. Furthermore, the effects of statins plus hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on cardiovascular outcomes are uncertain. Methods and Results— We examined statin use, cardiovascular events, and total mortality in the Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study (HERS), a randomized clinical trial of estrogen plus progestin versus placebo in postmenopausal women with heart disease (n=2763). A nonrandomized comparison of statin users and nonusers revealed lower rates of the primary outcome, nonfatal myocardial infarction or coronary heart disease death (relative hazard [RH]=0.79, 95% confidence intervals [CI] 0.63 to 0.99, P=0.04), and total mortality (RH=0.67, 95% CI 0.51 to 0.87, P=0.003). Rates of venous thromboembolic events were also lower among statin users (RH=0.45, 95% CI 0.23 to 0.88, P=0.02). HRT resulted in a significant increase in early risk for primary events in women who di...
A Design-Specific and Thermally-Aware Methodology for Trading-Off Power and Performance in Leakage-Dominant CMOS Technologies

As CMOS technology scales deeper into the nanometer regime, factors such as leakage power and chip temperature emerge as critically important concerns for high-performance VLSI design. Consequently, enhancing processing performance is no longer the most important factor that dominates future circuit design considerations. This paper, for the first time, proposes a systematic methodology to determine a generalized design optimization metric for simultaneously trading-off power and performance in nanometer scale integrated circuits to achieve design-specific targets. The methodology incorporates interconnect effects as well as electrothermal couplings between substrate temperature, power, and performance for nanometer scale design optimization. Implications of choosing a specific design optimization metric on power, performance, and operating temperature are illustrated and discussed. The proposed methodology is shown to provide a more meaningful optimization metric (for power-performance tradeoff analysis) and basis, with considerations of chip-level thermal management including maximum allowable operating temperature and packaging/cooling solutions. Furthermore, implications of CMOS technology scaling and parameter variations on the proposed methodology are discussed.
Decision fusion with censored sensors

Motivated by the sensor censoring idea, we consider a canonical decentralized detection problem with each sensor employing an on/off signaling scheme. Novel to the current work is the integration of fading transmission channels in the fusion algorithm design. The on/off signaling, in addition to its low communication overhead which is crucial to bandwidth limited applications, also enables the decision fusion to be carried out without the knowledge of channel phase. Resorting to incoherent detection schemes, we develop optimal fusion rules for the following two scenarios: 1) when the fading channel envelopes are available at the fusion center; 2) when only the fading statistic is available. Under the low signal-to-noise ratio regime, we further reduce the optimal fusion rule into simple nonlinearities that are both easy to implement and are not subject to prior knowledge constraints.
Maximum Field Capability of Energy Saver Superconducting Magnets

At an energy of 1 TeV the superconducting cable in the Energy Saver dipole magnets will be operating at ca. 96% of its nominal short sample limit; the corresponding number in the quadrupole magnets will be 81%. All magnets for the Saver are individually tested for maximum current capability under two modes of operation; some 900 dipoles and 275 quadrupoles have now been measured. The dipole winding is composed of four individually wound coils which in general come from four different reels of cable. As part of the magnet fabrication quality control a short piece of cable from both ends of each reel has its critical current measured at 5T and 4.3K. In this paper the authors describe and present the statistical results of the maximum field tests (including quench and cycle) on Saver dipole and quadrupole magnets and explore the correlation of these tests with cable critical current.
Compact Virtual-Source Current–Voltage Model for Top- and Back-Gated Graphene Field-Effect Transistors

This paper presents a compact model for the current-voltage characteristics of graphene field-effect transistors (GFETs), which is based on an extension of the “virtual-source” model previously proposed for Si MOSFETs and is valid for both saturation and nonsaturation regions of device operation. This GFET virtual-source model provides a simple and intuitive understanding of carrier transport in GFETs, allowing extraction of the virtual-source injection velocity vVS, which is a physical parameter with great technological significance for short-channel graphene transistors. The derived I-V characteristics account for the combined effects of the drain-source voltage VDS, the top-gate voltage VTGS, and the back-gate voltage VBGS. With only a small set of fitting parameters, the model shows excellent agreement with experimental data. It is also shown that the extracted virtual-source carrier injection velocity for graphene devices is much higher than in Si MOSFETs and state-of-the-art III-V heterostructure FETs with similar gate length, demonstrating the great potential of GFETs for high-frequency applications. Comparison with experimental data for chemical-vapor-deposited GFETs from our group and epitaxial GFETs in the literature confirms the validity and flexibility of the model for a wide range of existing GFET devices.
Stimulated rotational Raman scattering in H/sub 2/ in the presence of Stokes seeding

Summary form only given. One expects the gain in stimulated rotational Raman scattering (SRRS) to be strongly influenced by the ellipticity of the polarization of the pump radiation. Indeed, the first observation of SRRS involved a circularly polarized pump beam, with a linearly polarized pump producing no observable rotational scattering. Subsequent work elucidated the dependence of the intensity of the scattered radiation on the polarization of a pump beam of arbitrary ellipticity. In all of these experiments, the frequency-shifted beams originate from a stochastic process. The random nature of the initiation process manifests itself in large intrinsic uncertainties associated with the data. The size of these uncertainties cannot be reduced by increasing the number of experimental realizations ("laser shots") per data point; rather, they can be significantly reduced only by seeding the cell with a Stokes beam of known intensity and polarization.
Sparse Regularization for Precipitation Downscaling

[1] Downscaling of remotely sensed precipitation images and outputs of general circulation models has been a subject of intense interest in hydrometeorology. The problem of downscaling is basically one of resolution enhancement, that is, appropriately adding details or high frequency features onto a low-resolution observation or simulated rainfall field. Invoking the property of rainfall self similarity, this mathematically ill-posed problem has been approached in the past within a stochastic framework resulting in ensemble of possible high-resolution realizations. In this work, we recast the rainfall downscaling into an ill-posed inverse problem and introduce a class of nonlinear estimators to properly regularize it and obtain the best high-resolution estimate in an optimal sense. This regularization capitalizes on two main observations: (1) precipitation fields are sparse when transformed into an appropriately chosen domain (e.g., wavelet), and (2) small-scale organized precipitation features tend to recur within and across different storm environments. We demonstrate the promise of the proposed methodology through downscaling and error analysis of level III precipitation reflectivity snapshots provided by the ground-based next generation Doppler weather radars in a ground validation sites of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission.
Yawning: An evolutionary perspective

Yawning is a ubiquitous activity among humans, nonhuman primates, mammals, birds and other vertebrates. Comparative analysis suggests that yawning has two major features: (1) communication — whereby the behavior of other individuals is affected, and (2) direct physiological benefit — whereby the organism is receiving some direct physiological benefit from yawning. Various functional hypotheses used to explain yawning in an evolutionary context are reviewed. The contagious nature in humans and the manifest lack of contagion in other species suggests that yawning in humans has a different and as yet poorly understood evolutionary history.
Modeling the impacts of wildfire on runoff and pollutant transport from coastal watersheds to the nearshore environment

Wildfire is a common disturbance that can significantly alter vegetation in watersheds and affect the rate of sediment and nutrient transport to adjacent nearshore oceanic environments. Changes in runoff resulting from heterogeneous wildfire effects are not well-understood due to both limitations in the field measurement of runoff and temporally-limited spatial data available to parameterize runoff models. We apply replicable, scalable methods for modeling wildfire impacts on sediment and nonpoint source pollutant export into the nearshore environment, and assess relationships between wildfire severity and runoff. Nonpoint source pollutants were modeled using a GIS-based empirical deterministic model parameterized with multi-year land cover data to quantify fire-induced increases in transport to the nearshore environment. Results indicate post-fire concentration increases in phosphorus by 161 percent, sediments by 350 percent and total suspended solids (TSS) by 53 percent above pre-fire years. Higher wildfire severity was associated with the greater increase in exports of pollutants and sediment to the nearshore environment, primarily resulting from the conversion of forest and shrubland to grassland. This suggests that increasing wildfire severity with climate change will increase potential negative impacts to adjacent marine ecosystems. The approach used is replicable and can be utilized to assess the effects of other types of land cover change at landscape scales. It also provides a planning and prioritization framework for management activities associated with wildfire, including suppression, thinning, and post-fire rehabilitation, allowing for quantification of potential negative impacts to the nearshore environment in coastal basins.
Hydrothermal Synthesis of Quartz Nanocrystals

This paper describes for the first time a chemical method for the preparation for nanocrystalline quartz. Submicron quartz powders are initially produced in hydrothermal reactions where soluble silica precursors precipitate as pure crystalline silica. To yield nanocrystalline material these particles can be purified and size selected by dialysis, filtration, and centrifugation. Transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction illustrate that the product is pure phase α-quartz, consisting of isolated (i.e., nonaggregated) nanocrystals. Depending on the size selection method, crystallites with average sizes of 10 to 100 nanometers can be recovered.
Competitive adsorption of Ag (I) and Cu (II) by tripolyphosphate crosslinked chitosan beads

In this study, alkalization of chitosan before crosslinking was applied in to enhance the adsorption capacity of the modified chitosan. Competitive adsorption of Ag (I) and Cu (II) from bimetallic solutions was studied using the newly synthesized tripolyphosphate crosslinked chitosan beads. Results indicated that alkalization before crosslinking helps to protect free-amine groups from crosslinking and hence increases the uptake capacity and selectively of the synthesized beads towards Ag (I). The maximum uptakes of Ag (I) and Cu (II) were 82.9 and 15.5 mg/g respectively at room temperature with an initial concentration of each metal being 2.0 mmol/L and the sorbent dosage of 1.0 g L⁻¹. Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second order kinetic model provide better descriptions of adsorption isotherm and kinetics of metal ions on sorbent surfaces. Analyses from FT-IR and XPS confirmed that free amine, hydroxyl and P₃O₁₀⁵⁻ groups are involved in metal binding with amine and hydroxyl groups more selective to Ag (I). Then, continuous adsorption with the newly synthesized chitosan beads was simulated using the lumped kinetic model. According to the parameters obtained in the batch adsorption, the overall mass-transfer coefficient (Kf), and axial dispersion coefficient (DL) were determined using the empirical correlations. The value of Kf for Ag (I) is in the range of 5.028×10⁻⁵ s⁻1 to 8.389×10⁻⁵ s⁻¹, the value of Kf for Cu (II) was in the range of 8.000×10⁻⁵ s⁻¹ to 1.283×10⁻⁴ s⁻¹; The range of axial dispersion coefficient for Ag (I) and Cu (II) were both varying from 1.806×10⁻⁴ cm²/s to 1.778×10⁻⁴ cm²/s. Results from the breakthrough and elution profiles indicated that decreasing the flow rate, sample concentration and injection time, or increasing the bed length could enhance the separation of the two metal ions. Besides, it was found that concentration overload by increasing the sample concentration is more effective to improve the separation of two metal ions in fixed-bed column than volume overload by increasing the injection time. In conclusion, the newly synthesized chitosan-based biosorbents showed great selective adsorption for Ag (I) in bimetallic solutions, and the simulation studies provided good potential in industrial applications to recover precious metal ions from water or wastewater.
Subdural Empyema Complicating Bacterial Meningitis: A Challenging Diagnosis in a Patient with Polysubstance Abuse.

Subdural empyema (SDE) and cerebrovascular accident (CVA) are uncommon life-threatening complications of bacterial meningitis, which require urgent neurosurgical intervention to prevent adverse outcomes. Clinicians must be vigilant of the onset of focal neurologic deficits or seizure activity to establish the diagnosis of SDE. Streptococcus pneumoniae accounts for <1% of pyogenic brain abscesses. This case describes a presentation of community acquired pneumococcal pneumonia in which the diagnosis of SDE with vasculitis induced CVA was confounded by concomitant substance abuse and sedation.
Looking Toward the Future of Bullying Research: Recommendations for Research and Funding Priorities

Significant gaps in the bullying research literature remain, calling for an urgent need for empirical studies across a number of areas. These include the need for studies to address conceptual, definitional, and measurement issues; the social and psychological processes related to the development and persistence of bullying; and the intersection of bullying perpetration and bullying victimization with mental health issues. This article provides a brief overview of some critical contemporary research issues and identifies some research gaps requiring further investigation. It is concluded that additional research is needed to address emerging policy and funding priorities related to bullying.
Thermal‐Electrochemical Modeling of Battery Systems

As a follow-up of previous work, 1,2 the present work is intended to develop a thermal and electrochemical coupled model capable of predicting the spatial distribution and temporal evolution of temperature inside a battery. It is known that temperature variations inside a battery may greatly affect its performance, life, and reliability. Battery physicochemical properties are generally strong functions of temperature. For example, the equilibrium pressure of hydrogen absorption-desorption, which significantly affects the open-circuit potential of the metal hydride electrode and hence the performance of nickel‐metal hydride batteries, is strongly dependent on temperature. 3 Capacity losses occur at low temperatures due to high internal resistances and at high temperatures due to rapid self-discharge. 4 Therefore, a proper operating temperature range is essential for a battery to achieve optimal performance. In order to prolong the battery cycle life, balanced utilization of active materials is desired, which requires a highly uniform temperature profile inside the battery to avoid localized degradation. More important, the battery temperature may increase significantly due to the self-accelerating characteristics of exothermic side reactions such as oxygen reactions in aqueous batteries, eventually causing thermal runaway. 5-8 An optimal operating range and a high uniformity in the internal temperature distribution constitute two thermal requirements for a battery to operate safely. These two are particularly important for advanced electric-vehicle batteries because of their high energy and power densities, large size, and high charge and discharge rates. Although experimental testing and microcalorimetric measurement 9-11 are necessary to obtain battery thermal data for design and optimization, a mathematical model based on first principles is capable of providing valuable internal information to help optimize the battery system in a cost-effective manner. In general, a battery thermal model is formulated based on the thermal energy balance over a representative elementary volume (REV) in a battery. The differential equation that describes the temperature distribution in the battery takes the following conservation form 12,13
Status, reproductive success, and marrying polygynously

Abstract A study of female reproductive histories from nineteenth-century Utah shows that although women who married polygynously had fewer children, their number of grandchildren was equal to that of women who married monogamously. Women who chose to marry high-status men polygynously traded decreased fertility for enhanced reproductive performance of offspring. High status can be associated with low fertility and yet still be consistent with fitness optimization. These results suggest how female reproductive decisions influence social structure and challenge previous assumptions concerning proximate measures of fitness.
Fresh frozen plasma quality: relation to age and gender of blood donors.

Background In view of demographic changes, it is becoming increasingly necessary to make allowance for the fact that older individuals in good health are generally more willing to donate blood and hence they should be allowed to do so irrespective of an upper age limit. In this respect, evidence has to be produced that there is neither an age-related increase in risks to the donor nor any influence on the safety and efficacy of the blood components. It was therefore of interest to examine the quality of therapeutic plasma in relation to a donor’s age and also a donor’s gender in view of the preferred use of male donor plasma for reducing the risk of transfusion related acute lung injury. Study Design and Methods Citrate-phosphate-dextrose (CPD) units of whole blood taken in each case from 50 blood donors (30 men and 20 women) of three age groups (cohort 1 = 69–71 years, cohort 2 = 66–68 years and cohort 3 = 50–52 years) were filtered, centrifuged and then separated into the relevant blood components. The plasma samples were assessed for international normalized ratio (INR), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), fibrinogen, factor V (FV), factor VIII (FVIII), antithrombin (AT), protein S and plasminogen. Results While aPTT showed only slight age-related differences of no significance, the INR levels of cohort 1 were significantly higher than those of cohorts 2 and 3. However, in terms of gender, this applied to male donors only. The differences in INR are demonstrated by lower FV levels of male cohort 1 donors, although this is not statistically significant in comparison with the other two age groups and with female donors. Female donors of all cohorts, however, exhibited noticeably lower aPTT levels than male donors. Lower INR and aPTT values in women could be a sign of a lower dilution affected by CPD anticoagulant as compared to male plasma. An increase in FVIII levels was also apparent with increasing age (P < 0·05), particularly in male donor plasma. The fibrinogen levels suggest a slight, though insignificant, age-related increase and no significant gender-dependent effect. The plasma levels of AT and plasminogen were unremarkable. The plasma of female cohort 3 donors exhibited a protein S concentration that was slightly lower by comparison. Compared with the other two cohorts, cohort 1 plasma levels were similarly above or below the normal range derived from cohort 3 (central 95% range) for all parameters tested. Conclusion International Normalized Ratio, aPTT, FVIII, FV, fibrinogen and protein S, as quality indicators for the efficacy of therapeutic plasma, revealed a moderate correlation with age and gender. Compared with the usual reference ranges, the differences were not significant enough to identify any relevant imbalance between procoagulating, anticoagulating and fibrinolytic factors that might influence product quality where the increasing age of the donors or the preference of male donor plasma was concerned.
FAMILY STRUCTURE AND ORGANIZATIONAL POWER: A Multiracial/Ethnic Analysis of Women and Men

This study examines how dimensions of family structure, specifically marriage and parenthood, influence authority attainment among men and women of different racial and ethnic identities. Using survey data from the Multi-City Survey of Urban Inequality, we reach several empirical conclusions. First, the link between family structure and authority attainment is much stronger for women than men, and it revolves more strongly around marriage than parenthood. Second, while marriage decreases White women's odds of holding positions of higher authority, it increases these odds for Black women and Latinas. Third, this “marital bonus” for Black women is most pronounced in predominantly White work settings, allowing them to “play against” stereotypes of group members as single mothers. Fourth, and by contrast, the “marital bonus” for Latinas is strongest in predominantly Latina workplaces, suggesting that Latinas must conform to strong cultural expectations for marriage if they are to gain authority in ingroup work settings. These findings help to illuminate how race, ethnicity, and gender intersect to produce unique linkages between family structure and individual opportunities for organizational power.
Therapeutic targeting of NOTCH signaling ameliorates immune-mediated bone marrow failure of aplastic anemia.

Severe aplastic anemia (AA) is a bone marrow (BM) failure (BMF) disease frequently caused by aberrant immune destruction of blood progenitors. Although a Th1-mediated pathology is well described for AA, molecular mechanisms driving disease progression remain ill defined. The NOTCH signaling pathway mediates Th1 cell differentiation in the presence of polarizing cytokines, an action requiring enzymatic processing of NOTCH receptors by γ-secretase. Using a mouse model of AA, we demonstrate that expression of both intracellular NOTCH1IC and T-BET, a key transcription factor regulating Th1 cell differentiation, was increased in spleen and BM-infiltrating T cells during active disease. Conditionally deleting Notch1 or administering γ-secretase inhibitors (GSIs) in vivo attenuated disease and rescued mice from lethal BMF. In peripheral T cells from patients with untreated AA, NOTCH1IC was significantly elevated and bound to the TBX21 promoter, showing NOTCH1 directly regulates the gene encoding T-BET. Treating patient cells with GSIs in vitro lowered NOTCH1IC levels, decreased NOTCH1 detectable at the TBX21 promoter, and decreased T-BET expression, indicating that NOTCH1 signaling is responsive to GSIs during active disease. Collectively, these results identify NOTCH signaling as a primary driver of Th1-mediated pathogenesis in AA and may represent a novel target for therapeutic intervention.
Does health-related fitness influence health status?

The health-related fitness model (HRFM) was created to integrate five components of physical fitness (cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, and body composition) known to support positive health. Research has evaluated individual health-related fitness markers relative to various biometric and perception measures; however, the HRFM has not been used to establish an overall fitness score. The purpose of this research was to create and examine an overall fitness score relative to individual healthrelated fitness markers, self-reported quality of life (QOL), biometric markers, and disease risk factors. Health risk appraisals (HRA) were performed at three midwest manufacturing and processing companies. The HRA collected participant demographic and medical information, biometric measures, physical fitness, and QOL. The physical fitness assessments consisted of easy to administer protocols for the five markers of health-related fitness. Individual healthrelated fitness markers were used to create an overall fitness score (0-5 points) with a pass/fail system based on normative categorization tables. Descriptive statistics, Spearman correlations, and non-parametric tests were used to examine individual fitness markers, overall pass/fail fitness and QOL. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with Tukey’s post hoc was used to detect differences in biometric measures by overall pass/fail fitness score and individual fitness markers. Likelihood modeling explored the predictive significance of overall/pass fail fitness score and individual fitness marker categorizations relative to coronary heart disease (CHD) and metabolic syndrome risk factors.
Stimulated Synchrotron Radiation: The Free-Electron Laser

The free-electron laser is one of the most recent sources of coherent radiation. Its operation was first demonstrated at Stanford, by Madey and co-workers [1], using an electron beam from the Stanford linear superconducting accelerator; the laser wavelength in this experiment was 3.4 μm. Since then, free-electron lasers have been operated at Orsay (using a storage ring, at a laser wavelength tunable between 6350 and 6600 A)[2], Los Alamos (using a linear accelerator, at wavelengths between 9 and 11 μm) [3a], and the University of California at Santa Barbara (using a Van der Graaf electrostatic accelerator, at a wavelength of 380 μm) [3b]. (A list of proposed experiments may be found in [4]).
Analysis of Isoflavone Derivatives in Kuzu (Puerariae lobata OHWI) Starch by Thin Layer Chromatography-Densitometry

古くから民間薬として使用されてきた葛澱粉の有効性を成分の面から解明すべく, TLC-デンシトメトリーによる葛澱粉中のイソフラボン類の定量を行った. まず,測定条件を検討したところ試料側波長を300nm,対照側波長を400nm,ジグザグ幅を±8mmに設定したときもっとも高感度が得られた.また, HPLCとの比較では, TLC-デンシトメトリーの方がすべての試料で高い値を示したものの良好つ相関性が得られ,しかもTLC-デンシトメトリーでは分析対象としたイソフラボン類以外にも数個のスポットが確認できた. 次に,市販葛澱粉製品5検体を含む9検体についてイソフラボン類の定量を行ったところ,すべての検体からダイゼインが最高270ppm,プエラリンが4検体から最高52.6ppm検出されたが,ダイズインはいずれからも検出されなかった. 葛澱粉の有効性については,まず糊化された澱粉の消化と吸収のされ易さがあげられるが,今回ダイゼインを中心とした葛根中の成分が葛澱粉から検出されたことから,成分の面にも葛澱粉の有効性のあることが示唆された.