cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Epidermoid cyst of the spleen.

the remaining 10%. 1 Patients with true splenic cysts are usually young and present, as our patient did, with an abdominal mass associated with mild symptoms related to cyst enlargement. Often, these cysts are completely asymptomatic and are discovered incidentally during imaging studies or at autopsy. The differential diagnosis may include epidermoid/dermoid cyst, parasitic cyst, splenic infarction, and splenic abscess. A preoperative ultrasound scan or, preferably, abdominal CT scan is helpful in determining both the cyst’s site of origin and its relationship to surrounding structures. Furthermore, these imaging studies can help plan the optimal operative approach, especially if a laparoscopy is being considered. In patients with asymptomatic true splenic cysts, a course of conservative management is reasonable. In a recent collective review of 191 cases of these cysts reported in the literature, only 10 (5.2%) instances of cyst-related complications were reported. 1 Of these 10 complications, 6 involved cyst rupture and 4 involved cyst infection. There were no cases of cyst hemorrhage in this series. When a splenic cyst is symptomatic or if the diagnosis is in question, operative therapy is warranted. Total splenectomy, partial splenectomy, and cystectomy have been reported to be adequate treatments for these cysts. Limited treatments, such as catheter drainage or sclerosis, are associated with high rates of recurrence or infection and have largely been abandoned. After immunization against pneumococci, Haemophilus influenzae B, and meningococci infection, the patient underwent an exploratory laparotomy where a large cystic mass of the spleen was found, displacing the stomach and falciform ligament to the right (Figure 2). A splenectomy was performed without complication. Gross pathologic examination revealed a cystic spleen measuring 21 cm in greatest dimen- sion and weighing 2,100 g. The histologic findings were consistent with an epidermoid cyst. The patient had an uneventful recovery and was discharged home on postoperative day 4. She has remained well for more than 30 months.
Antigenic study of the protein from a defective strain of tobacco mosaic virus.

Soluble protein from the defective strain PM2 of tobacco mosaic virus can be recognized as antigenically distinct from the protein of the wild-type tobacco mosaic virus by Ouchterlony and immunoelectrophoretic analyses at temperatures below 37°C. At these temperatures a polymerized state of protein with a characteristic antigenic structure is present in the wild-type virus; this structure is absent from the PM2 preparations. Above 37°C the precipitin patterns for tobacco mosaic virus and PM2 appear identical.
Paul R. Krugman, Recipient of the 2008 Nobel Prize in Economics: An Appreciation

Paul Krugman has become one of the most influential economists of our time. Here we offer a leading trade economist's appreciation of the academic work that won him his Nobel Prize and that is central to mainstream economics today.
Performance of two dimensional asymmetrically and symmetrically clipping optical OFDM in AWGN

In this paper, we apply the modulation scheme of asymmetrically and symmetrically clipping optical (ASCO)-OFDM into two dimensional (2D) intensity modulation direct detection (IM/DD) optical wireless communications (OWC). The asymmetrically clipping optical (ACO)-OFDM symbols and the symmetrically clipping optical (SCO)-OFDM symbols are mapped into odd columns and even columns of transmitted matrices respectively. Due to an ASCO-OFDM signal consists of an ACO-OFDM signal and a SCO-OFDM signal, the average data rate of ASCO-OFDM is higher than that of ACO-OFDM. We show that the spectral efficiency of 2D ASCO-OFDM is twice as much as that of 2D ACO-OFDM. Moreover, compared with 2D ACO-OFDM with different constellation cases, 2D ASCO-OFDM reduces the Peak-to-Average power ratio (PAPR) by 2dB. The symbol error rate (SER) performance of 2D ASCO-OFDM is simulated under the environment of additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and it exhibits better SER performance than 2D ACO-OFDM in the same bit rate case.
Errors in the Numerical Assessment of the Benefits of Price Stabilization

This paper presents a simple computational procedure for determining a consumer's willingness to pay to have a price stabilization policy implemented. Numerical simulations are then provided which demonstrate that the commonly used expected surplus measures (whether Hicksian or Marshallian) can in fact seriously misstate the true benefits of price stabilization. These simulations also illustrate the extent to which the results may be dependent upon the assumptions made-implicitly or explicitly-regarding the consumer's attitudes toward risk, thereby underscoring the need to conduct sensitivity analyses to determine the robustness of cost-benefit assessments with respect to these assumptions.
Accelerating H.264/HEVC video slice processing using application specific instruction set processor

Video coding standards (e.g. H.264, HEVC) use slice, consisting of a header and payload video data, as an independent coding unit for low latency encode-decode and better transmission error resiliency. In typical video streams, decoding the slice header is quite simple that can be done on standard embedded RISC processor architectures. However, universal decoding scenarios require handling worst case slice header complexity that grows to un-manageable level, well beyond the capacity of most embedded RISC processors. Hardwiring of slice processing control logic is potentially helpful but it reduces flexibility to tune the decoder for error conditions - an important differentiator for the end user. The paper presents a programmable approach to accelerate slice header decoding using an Application Specific Instruction Set Processor (ASIP). Purpose built instructions, built as extensions to a RISC processor (ARP32), accelerate slice processing by 30% for typical cases, reaching up to 70% for slices with worst case decoding complexity. The approach enables real time universal video decode for all slice-complexity-scenarios without sacrificing the flexibility, adaptability to customize, differentiate the codec solution via software programmability.
Effect of polymer differences on fungal penetration of hydrogel lenses

Two chemically distinct types of hydrogel lenses, vifilcon A and bufilcon A, each with a water content of 55%, were challenged in a balanced salts solution withAspergillus fumigatus, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Curvularia lunata andFusarium solani. The lenses were cleaned, disinfected and stained after varying periods of incubation and examined with light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. For three of the four fungi, the bufilcon A lens was more susceptible to fungal attack than the vifilcon A lens.Curv. lunata produced the greatest number of penetration pegs within 72 h for both lens types. Etching of lens surfaces was observed withC. cladosporioides. In general, the susceptibility of a hydrogel lens to penetration with a fungus appeared to vary with the species of fungus and the chemical composition of the lens.
Differential Gender Performance on the Major Field Test–Business

The Major Field Test in Business (MFT-B), a standardized assessment test of business knowledge among undergraduate business seniors, is widely used to measure student achievement. Many previous studies analyzing scores on the MFT-B report gender differences on the exam even after controlling for student's aptitude, general intellectual ability, and motivation. The authors’ results point to two reasons behind this phenomenon. First, it is important to control for critical thinking abilities while explaining variation in MFT-B scores. Second, motivation to perform well on the test varies between genders and high- and low-performing students.
Codex committee on veterinary drug residues.

Abstract There has been widespread international concern over residues of veterinary drugs in food. However, until recently, there was little international cooperation in trying to find solutions to the problem. Many nations have taken steps to control the increased use of veterinary drugs, but the rules governing their use vary widely from country to country. Sharing of scientific expertise and other resources between countries would markedly improve this situation. With the need for international cooperation mounting, concerned drug regulators from 20 countries met in 1982 and again in 1984 to discuss international use of veterinary drugs. The group repeatedly called for a Codex committee on veterinary drug residues. At its 1983 meeting in Rome the Codex Alimentarius Commission convened an Expert Consultation to consider the need for a new committee. That international group of experts strongly agreed that a standing committee under the sponsorship of the commission should be established. In July of 1985, the commission unanimously voted to establish a new Committee on Residues of Veterinary Drugs in Food. The United States was chosen as host country. The committee will work closely with several existing Codex committees, but it has a clear mandate of its own. Its responsibilities will include establishing a list of priority drugs for review, recommending maximum residue levels, developing codes of practice, and reviewing analytical methods used to control veterinary drug residues. This fall, a new Codex committee has met for the first time—the Codex Committee on Residues of Veterinary Drugs in Food. This is an important addition to the Codex Alimentarius Commission, helping it meet the dual challenges of keeping food safe worldwide and promoting international trade. Government regulators around the world have become increasingly concerned about residues of veterinary drugs in food. In addition, consumers in many countries have, through various means, expressed their sincere desire for a chemical-free meat supply. American consumers have been forthright in letting their regulators know how they feel about drug residues in meat. There also continues to be general public concern over the potential for developing antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria because of antibiotic use in animals.
The effect of diclofop-methyl and its antagonist, vitamin E, on membrane lipids in oat (Avena sativa L.) and leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.)

Abstract Diclofop-methyl (DM) increased the total and unsaturated free fatty acid content (FFA) in leaves of oat (Avena sativa L.), a DM-susceptible monocotyledon, and in mature leaves of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.), a dicotyledonous perennial weed whose mature leaves are killed by DM. In oat the total and unsaturated FFAs increased 9.0- and 17.4-fold over control levels, respectively. In leafy spurge these fractions increased 5.7- and 7.2-fold over control levels, respectively. Linolenic acid, the major component of the free polyunsaturated fatty acid fraction, increased dramatically in both oat and leafy spurge. The DM-induced increase in the FFA fraction was accompanied by decreases in both the total and unsaturated polar lipid fatty acid (PL-FA) fractions to approximately 25 and 60% of control in oat and leafy spurge, respectively. The PL fraction contains phospholipids and glycolipids and is likely the source of the the FFAs. DM treatment increased the total and unsaturated neutral lipid fatty acid fraction 1.9- and 2.2-fold over controls, respectively, in oat. The effect on leafy spurge was negligible. A protective effect of vitamin E, a free radical scavenger, against membrane deterioration (as indicated by changes in lipid profiles) caused by DM was apparent in both oat and leafy spurge. The total and unsaturated FFA levels of oat leaves treated with a vitamin E+DM combination increased 4.5- and 8.4-fold over those of controls, respectively. In leafy spurge these fractions increased 4.2- and 5.1-fold over those of controls. These increases were significantly lower than the levels reported for DM alone. The total and unsaturated PL-FA fraction of oat increased from approximately 25% with DM alone to 47% with the vitamin E+DM combination. The constitutive enzyme phospholipase D (PLD), involved with membrane disassembly, and lipoxygenase (LOX), involved in the generation of reactive oxygen species, were assayed. The activity of PLD was high in both controls and DM-treated oat at pH 6.0, with little activity above pH 7.0. Lipoxygenase activity was unaffected by either DM or vitamin E. However, 2,4-D (shown by others to protect against DM treatment in the field) decreased LOX activity approximately 50% in etiolated oat leaves in vitro. Taken collectively, the lipid analysis and enzymatic data support the hypothesis that the primary lethal mechanism of DM is accelerated senescence via membrane disassembly, membrane lipid catabolism, and oxidative stress that is mediated by metabolically induced active oxygen species.
Picoliter droplet microfluidic immunosorbent platform for point-of-care diagnostics of tetanus

We have developed a sensitive, specific, rapid and low cost picoliter microsphere-based platform for bioanalyte detection and quantification. In this method, a biological sample, biosensing microspheres, and fluorescently labeled detection (secondary) antibodies are co-encapsulated to capture the analyte (here: human anti-tetanus immunoglobulin G) on the surface of the microsphere in microfluidic pL-sized droplets. The absorption of the analyte and detecting antibodies on the microsphere concentrate the fluorescent signal in correlation with analyte concentration. Using our platform and commercially available antibodies, we were able to quantify anti-tetanus antibodies in human serum. In comparison to standard bulk immunosorbent assays, the microfluidic droplet platform presented here reduces the reagent volume by four orders of magnitude, while fast reagent mixing reduces the detection time from hours to minutes. We consider this platform to be a major leap forward in the miniaturization of immunosorbent assays and to provide a rapid and low cost tool for global point-of-care.
Simulation Models for Evaluation of Terminal Operations and Traffic Flow on Adjacent Road Network

Abstract The goods movement via terminals at ports is a complex operation as it involves use of different modes of transport that includes surface and marine. In this paper, we present three simulation models which can be used to understand and evaluate these operations. The macroscopic simulation model simulates the flows in and out of terminals and ports and it is integrated with a microscopic simulation model of the adjacent road network. A terminal cost model receives inputs from these two models to evaluate the cost associated with the processing of containers inside the terminal. The use of the three models is demonstrated by evaluating the impact of terrorist attack scenarios on a container terminal in LA/LB Port complex.
Determination of acid leachable and total plutonium in large soil samples

Global fallout plutonium, most of which was produced by large thermonuclear tests injecting submicron particles into the stratosphere, can be readily extracted from soil by strong acid leaching. Some nuclear tests conducted at the Nevada Test Site (NTS) produced fallout in offsite regions that does not yield its total plutonium content to an acid leach. We theorize that those detonations occurred near the desert surface and incorporated fused silicate soil particles, many >1 μm, into the mushroom cloud and stem. We have assembled a radiochemical procedure to insure the complete dissolution of plutonium in 50g of acid leached soil residue. The results of a complete analysis of the leachate and leached residue from soil collected near NTS and the eastern United States illustrate the impact of these particles on the plutonium values obtained by the two methods.
Composing "Kid-Friendly" Multimodal Text: When Conversations, Instruction, and Signs Come Together.

This interpretive case study investigated how a fifth-grade teacher’s social practices with visual and linguistic signs positioned her students (10- and 11-year-olds) to take up particular modes as...
Inclusion, Analysis, and Reporting of Sex and Race/Ethnicity in Clinical Trials: Have We Made Progress?

Abstract Background: The National Institutes of Health (NIH) Revitalization Act of 1993 requires that NIH-funded clinical trials include women and minorities as participants; other federal agencies have adopted similar guidelines. The objective of this study is to determine the current level of compliance with these guidelines for the inclusion, analysis, and reporting of sex and race/ethnicity in federally funded randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and to compare the current level of compliance with that from 2004, which was reported previously. Methods: RCTs published in nine prominent medical journals in 2009 were identified by PubMed search. Studies where individuals were not the unit of analysis, those begun before 1994, and those not receiving federal funding were excluded. PubMed search located 512 published articles. After exclusion of ineligible articles, 86 (17%) remained for analysis. Results: Thirty studies were sex specific. The median enrollment of women in the 56 studies that included both ...
1638 PERIPHERAL AIRWAYS DISEASE (PAD) IN ASYMPTOMATIC CHILDREN WITH ASTHMA

We have frequently detected maldistribution of ventilation in asymptomatic children with asthma by using the single breath oxygen test (SBO2). We hypothesized that this results from chronic PAD since there is histologic evidence that PAD occurs in asthma. To test this we compared the slope of the alveolar plateau of the SBO2 to two indices of PAD: 1) density dependence (DD) of maximum expiratory flow (ΔVmax50VC after breathing He-O2) and 2) ratio of residual volume to total lung capacity (RV/TLC) by plethysmograph in 28 asthmatic children aged 6-18 years. We found that all children with slopes in our normal range had normal DD and there was no correlation between slope and flow obstruction (MMEF range 42-121% predicted). The children with steep slopes (>2SD) had markedly reduced DD and elevated RV/TLC confirming the presence of PAD; MMEF was very low and they were hospitalized five times more frequently during the previous year (H/YR). Table shows means±SD. Although tests of expiratory flow obstruction are traditionally used to assess chronicity of asthma, we show that a test of distribution, the SBO2, will help identify a more severe group with PAD. This group may have a worse long-term prognosis and therefore requires a different therapeutic approach.
Cognitive-behavioral therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder: applications to injured trauma survivors.

This article discusses the applicability of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) to the treatment of injured trauma survivors, with special consideration of treatment delivery within the trauma care system. The theoretical underpinnings and major treatment components of CBT for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are presented, followed by a review of the treatment outcome research to date. As few studies have evaluated CBT for injured trauma survivors, specifically, circumstances and comorbidities of this population, that might impact treatment delivery and outcome are discussed within a cognitive-behavioral framework. The article concludes with recommendations for research and treatment of PTSD among injured trauma survivors that draw from cognitive-behavioral theory and empirically supported principles of change.
Some biological characteristics of lipid conjugates of protein antigen that selectively induce delayed-type hypersensitivity in mice

Abstract Covalent coupling of lipid to protein antigen, BSA, modifies the immunogenicity leading to selective induction of delayed type hypersensitivity in mice with no or very little concomitant antibody production. The mode of linkage of lipid to protein, however, controls its tissue distribution and retention in the body and cell uptake in vitro . Whereas D-BSA accumulates in the draining lymph node after foot pad inoculation, DA-BSA stays at the site. Further, DA-BSA is eliminated much more slowly and D-BSA more quickly from the body than the native antigen. Although both lipid-conjugates are taken up by lymphoid cells in vitro more than the native antigen, DA-BSA binds significantly more than D-BSA. On the basis of in vitro blastogenic response and enumeration of antigen sensitive cells and in vivo tests of delayed type hypersensitivity, DA-BSA appears superior to D-BSA but neither was as potent as BSA in CFA.
15-Hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase activity in human fetal kidney tissue.

Abstract Human fetal kidney tissue was found to be rich in NAD + -dependent 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (PGDH) activity. The enzyme activity was localized primarily in the medullary portion of fetal kidney. Separated cortical and medullary tissue fragments were maintained in organ culture for up to 9 days. The specific activity of PGDH in cortical tissue was low at the commencement of organ culture and remained low throughout the culture period. The specific activity of PGDH in medullary tissue fell precipitously during the first 48 h in organ culture; thereafter, the specific activity of the enzyme increased steadily during the culture period and reached values of up to ten times that in starting tissue by 6–7 days in organ culture. The decline in specific activity of PGDH in medullary tissue during the first 48 h in culture could be prevented by including inhibitors of lysosomal enzyme activity, i.e., chloroquine or ammonium chloride, in the culture medium. We suggest that human fetal kidney tissue explants in organ culture may be an appropriate model for the study of the regulation of PGDH activity. Such an evaluation of the regulation of PGDH is believed to be of importance since PGDH serves to regulate the levels of and, thence, the action of the biologically active prostaglandins.
Pediatric defibrillation doses often fail to terminate prolonged out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation in children

Background: The recommended dose for pediatric defibrillation is 2 J/kg, based on animal studies of brief duration ventricular fibrillation (VF) and a single pediatric study of short duration in-hospital VF. In a piglet model of out-of-hospital (prolonged) cardiac arrest, this recommended dose was usually ineffective at terminating VF. We, therefore, hypothesized that pediatric dose defibrillation may be less effective for prolonged out-of-hospital pediatric VF. Methods: We evaluated retrospectively all cardiac arrests in children less than 13 years old in Tucson from November 1998 to April 2003, with special attention to all children in ventricular fibrillation. We determined the rate of ventricular fibrillation termination after pediatric dose shocks in this cohort, and compared this rate with a published historical pediatric in-hospital defibrillation control group. A pediatric dose shock was defined as 2 J/kg ( ±10 J). All shocks in both groups were provided as monophasic damped sinusoidal waveforms. Results: Thirteen of 151 (9%) children with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest had documented VF. Eleven children received a total of 14 pediatric dose shocks. The median minimum untreated dispatch-to-shock time in unwitnessed arrest or collapse-to-shock in witnessed arrest for those 11 children was 11 min (interquartile range 25–75%; 9–15.5 min). Seven of the 14 pediatric dose shocks terminated the VF (six to asystole, one to pulseless electrical activity). Nine children (68%) died in the emergency department and four (31%) in the pediatric intensive care unit; none survived to hospital discharge. Failure to terminate VF after a pediatric dose shock in this study group with prolonged out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation was substantially more common than the previously reported in-hospital data (7/14 versus 5/57; OR 10.4; 95% CI 2.6–42; P = 0.001). Conclusions: Termination of VF after a pediatric defibrillation dose is substantially worse for prolonged pediatric out-of-hospital VF cardiac arrest compared with in-hospital (short duration) ventricular fibrillation. The optimal pediatric defibrillation dose for prolonged VF is not known.
The pre-Fermi natural reactor

The origin of the concept of a large-scale nuclear chain reaction occurring in nature can be traced back to the ideas expressed byAston in 1922 and byJoliot in 1935. Geochemical investigations on hot springs, which have been carried out at the University of Tokyo since the 1930s, played a key role in the early development of the theory of natural reactor. Results obtained from the studies, which have been carried out in various countries since the 1972 discovery of the Oklo phenomenon, reveal the fact that the natural reactors at Oklo may have indeed operated in a manner quite similar to the geysers or intermittent hot springs. A careful examination of the isotopic compositions of the so-called anomalous xenon from the Oklo reactor suggests that the natural reactors were operating at temperatures between the boiling point of iodine (183°C) and the melting point of tellurium (452°C), periodically being turned on and off.
An Assessment of Introductory Restoration Courses in the United States and Canada

A considerable number of institutions offer courses in restoration ecology and its application, ecological restoration. We quantified the scope and structure of introductory restoration courses at 67 post-secondary institutions by reviewing institutional course catalogs and course syllabi. Most courses were available at Research-level institutions. More than half of the courses were offered within departments that focused on natural resource management, and were required or optional in a degree program. Most courses were taught in classroom settings during the academic year and were geared toward advanced students. Course titles suggested an emphasis on the science of restoration ecology over the practice of ecological restoration, and learning objectives focused primarily on concepts and less on skills and attitudes. Assessment was largely via conventional methods, notably exams. Many courses assigned readings from the primary literature; there was little consensus in terms of text selection. We conclude that restoration is being presented to students as an advanced undertaking and in largely theoretical terms. Although we were unable to consider other important elements such as thematic content, class size, or pedagogical method, our study provides a baseline assessment of introductory restoration courses that can be used to evaluate changes in restoration education or opportunities for restoration education in other countries. These results can inform the development of new introductory restoration courses, and raise important considerations in light of the development of a Practitioners' Certification Program by the Society for Ecological Restoration.
Imaging depth and multiple scattering in laser speckle contrast imaging

Laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI) is a powerful and simple method for full field imaging of blood flow. However, the depth dependence and the degree of multiple scattering have not been thoroughly investigated. We employ three-dimensional Monte Carlo simulations of photon propagation combined with high resolution vascular anatomy to investigate these two issues. We found that 95% of the detected signal comes from the top 700 μm of tissue. Additionally, we observed that single-intravascular scattering is an accurate description of photon sampling dynamics, but that regions of interest (ROIs) in areas free of obvious surface vessels had fewer intravascular scattering events than ROI over resolved surface vessels. Furthermore, we observed that the local vascular anatomy can strongly affect the depth dependence of LSCI. We performed simulations over a wide range of intravascular and extravascular scattering properties to confirm the applicability of these results to LSCI imaging over a wide range of visible and near-infrared wavelengths.
Linear invariants under Jukes' and Cantor's one-parameter model.

Abstract Linear invariants are random variables with zero expectations under certain assumptions. In this paper, linear invariants under Jukes’ and Cantor’s one-parameter model, both with and without the assumption that nucleotide frequencies are at equilibrium, are studied using the method developed in a previous paper. Phylogenetic linear invariants (random variables that are linear invariants of some but not all trees of the same number of species) for trees with up to seven species are derived and bases of phylogenetic linear invariant spaces for unrooted trees with four, five and six species are presented. All these bases consist of invariants of simple form. The constraints that specify non-phylogenetic linear invariants (invariants shared by all trees of the same number of species) are determined. Under the assumption that nucleotide frequencies are at equilibrium, it is found that (i) each five-species tree has 17 independent phylogenetic linear invariants, and for two different trees with five species, there are at least three phylogenetic linear invariants of one tree that are not invariants of the other tree; (ii) each six-species tree has 98 independent phylogenetic linear invariants, and for two different trees of six species there are at least nine independent phylogenetic linear invariants that are not invariants of the other tree; and (iii) each seven-species tree has 482 independent phylogenetic linear invariants. It is also found that the number of independent phylogenetic linear invariants is much larger without the assumption of equilibrium than with it, but the reverse is true for the number of non-phylogenetic linear invariants. A class of random variables that are phylogenetic linear invariants with or without the equilibrium assumption is also identified.
LIPOPROTEIN RESPONSE TO 5DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE(DHT) AND TESTOSTERONE(T) IN MACACA FASCICULARIS

A decrease in high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc), one of the major risk factors for coronary artery disease, occurs during puberty in males. Previous studies have shown this effect with T therapy for adolescent males at puberty (Kirkland, RT, et al;JAMA, in press). The mechanism of action is unknown. Two adult male monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were studied to determine simultaneous changes in plasma androgens and HDLc during 5 phases- Precastration(Ci); Postcastration(Cx); Cx & T therapy; Cx & DHT; Cx, T & 5αreductase inhibitor (4-MA, Merck, 2-5mg/kg). Normal ranges for T, DHT, HDLc for this species were established. After Cx, androgens decreased and HDLc increased significantly. Therapy with T and a nonaromatizeable androgen(DHT) after Cx both produced a significant decrease in HDLc. Simultaneous therapy with T and 4-MA did not increase HDLc from Cx+ T levels.* This primate model shows hormone responsive lipoprotein changes similar to humans. 5αreductase and aromatase (estrogen) activity do not appear to be necessary for this response. This model will allow further study of the mechanism of action and benefits or side effects of therapeutic intervention with antiandrogens.
Secondary user scheduling in cognitive radio networks with transmit beamforming for interference mitigation

Reducing interference to primary users while achieving high throughput for secondary user transmissions is a critical issue in an underlay cognitive radio network. In this paper, we explore the use of beamforming at secondary user transmitters. Two power allocation schemes, fixed transmit power allocation (FTPA) and adaptive transmit power allocation (ATPA) are investigated considering scenarios with/without beamforming. The use of beamforming is shown to significantly improve the throughput for secondary transmissions while maintaining satisfactory interference protection levels for primary users.
Primary Divisions of Personality and their Scientific Contributions: From the Trilogy‐of‐Mind to the Systems Set

Personality theories often identify sets of primary parts. These are sets of a few personality parts expansive enough to collectively describe the total personality. Examples of such sets include the trilogy of mind (motivation, emotion, and cognition), Freud’s structural set (id, ego, superego), and the recently-introduced systems set (energy lattice, knowledge works, role player, and executive con-sciousness). These groups may be of unrecognized importance in understanding human personality. The defining characteristics of such sets are identified, their history is reviewed, their theoretical contributions considered, and then, criteria for distinguishing good from bad sets of primary parts are proposed. Finally, the potential contribution of primary parts sets to personality psychology is revisited.
Technological innovations in grocery retailing: retrospect and prospect

Abstract In most developed and developing countries, the grocery industry plays a crucial role as it is the main source of food and household products for the society at large. In order to serve consumers better, grocery retailers have spent vast resources on developing and implementing various technologies over the years. This paper reviews two major forms of technological innovations—operating and information technologies—that have taken place in the industry, with particular emphasis on the period from the 1970s until the present day. I also evaluate the implications of technology on grocery retailing and discuss future prospects.
An artificial stock market

The Santa Fe Artificial Stock Market consists of a central computational market and a number of artificially intelligent agents. The agents choose between investing in a stock and leaving their money in the bank, which pays a fixed interest rate. The stock pays a stochastic dividend and has a price which fluctuates according to agent demand. The agents make their investment decisions by attempting to forecast the future return on the stock, using genetic algorithms to generate, test, and evolve predictive rules. The artificial market shows two distinct regimes of behavior, depending on parameter settings and initial conditions. One regime corresponds to the theoretically predicted rational expectations behavior, with low overall trading volume, uncorrelated price series, and no possibility of technical trading. The other regime is more complex, and corresponds to realistic market behavior, with high trading volume, high intermittent volatility (including GARCH behavior), bubbles and crashes, and the presence of technical trading. One parameter that can be used to control the regime is the exploration rate, which governs how rapidly the agents explore new hypotheses with their genetic algorithms. At a low exploration rate the market settles into the rational expectations equilibrium. At a high exploration rate it falls into the more realistic complex regime. The transition is fairly sharp, but close to the boundary the outcome depends on the agents’ initial “beliefs”—if they believe in rational expectations they occur and are a local attractor; otherwise the market evolves into the complex regime.
Genetic heterogeneity of Myc-induced mammary tumors reflecting diverse phenotypes including metastatic potential

Human cancers result from a complex series of genetic alterations, resulting in heterogeneous disease states. Dissecting this heterogeneity is critical for understanding underlying mechanisms and providing opportunities for therapeutics matching the complexity. Mouse models of cancer have generally been used to reduce this complexity and focus on the role of single genes. Nevertheless, our analysis of tumors arising in the MMTV-Myc model of mammary carcinogenesis reveals substantial heterogeneity, seen in both histological and expression phenotypes. One contribution to this heterogeneity is the substantial frequency of activating Ras mutations. Additionally, we show that these Myc-induced mammary tumors exhibit even greater heterogeneity, revealed by distinct histological subtypes as well as distinct patterns of gene expression, than many other mouse models of tumorigenesis. Two of the major histological subtypes are characterized by differential patterns of cellular signaling pathways, including β-catenin and Stat3 activities. We also demonstrate that one of the MMTV-Myc mammary tumor subgroups exhibits metastatic capacity and that the signature derived from the subgroup can predict metastatic potential of human breast cancer. Together, these data reveal that a combination of histological and genomic analyses can uncover substantial heterogeneity in mammary tumor formation and therefore highlight aspects of tumor phenotype not evident in the population as a whole.
Induction of down-regulation of the kinase activities of Mek, p42Erk, p90RSK, and p63SAMK in chicken embryo fibroblast at the late stage of src-induced cellular transformation.

Two distinct stages in regulation of protein kinases are detectable upon cellular transformation of CEF induced by pp60v-src. Upon cellular transformation induced by ts v-src mutants, the kinase activities of Mek and p42Erk are rapidly induced at the early stage and significantly decreased at the late stage of cellular transformation. In contrast, a novel p63SAMK is partially activated at the early stage and is fully activated at the late stage of cellular transformation. However, p90RSK is activated through the entire course of cellular transformation. In this study, I detect a transient down-regulation of p90RSK activity that is inducible in cultures at the late stage of the src-induced cellular transformation by an increase of extracellular pH value from 7 to 8 and unidentified components in DMEM, but not in cultures which are at the early stage. Concomitant with down-regulation of p90RSK activity, the kinase activities of Mek, p42Erk, and p63SAMK are also down-regulated. Blockage of down-regulation of p90RSK activity by pretreatment of cells with different phosphatase inhibitors correlates with blockage of the down-regulation of either p42Erk or p63SAMK activity. Multiple pathways appear to involve in regulation of p90RSK activity. The discrepancy in regulation of protein kinase activity between the early and late stages of cellular transformation induced by pp60src may indicate a change in signaling cascades during the progress of cellular transformation. The induction of the down-regulation event in this study may provide a new approach to investigate the regulation not only of protein kinases but also phosphatases in transformed cells. © 1996 Wiley Liss, Inc.
Design and synthesis of novel pinacolylboronate containing combretastatin 'antimitotic agent' analogues

We developed a procedure to synthesize pinacolyl boronate containing stilbene derivatives and used this procedure to synthesize boron-containing combretastatin analogues. The key step involves the Wittig reaction of the ylide 4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaboratophenyl)-methyl triphenylphosphonium bromide 11 with 3,4,5-trimethoxy benzaldehyde in the presence of tBuONa in DMF, providing 88% yield. We are now in a position to evaluate the biological activity of these derivatives as modulators of TGF-beta signaling pathways.
Linear systems driven by martingale noise

A method is developed for calculating second moment properties and moments of order three and higher of the state X of a linear filter driven by martingale noise. The martingale noise is interpreted as the formal derivative of a square integrable martingale with continuous samples. The Gaussian white noise is an example of a martingale noise. It is shown that the differential equations of the mean and correlation functions of the state X developed in the paper resemble the corresponding equations of the classical linear random vibration and coincide with these equations if the input is a Gaussian white noise. The moment equations are derived by (1) the Ito formula for semimartingales and (2) the classical Ito formula applied to a diffusion process whose coordinates include X. An advantage of the second method is use of more familiar concepts. However, this method requires to calculate unnecessary moments and can be applied only for a class of martingale noise processes. Examples are presented to illustrate and evaluate the two methods for calculating moments of X and demonstrate the use of these methods in linear random vibration.
Nonlinear Thomson scattering: A tutorial

Recent advances in table-top, ultrahigh intensity lasers have led to significant renewed interest in the classic problem of Thomson scattering. An important current application of these scattering processes is the generation of ultrashort-pulse-duration x rays. In this tutorial, the classical theory of nonlinear Thomson scattering of an electron in an intense laser field is presented. It is found that the orbit, and therefore its nonlinear scattering spectra, depends on the amplitude and on the phase at which the electron sees the laser electric field. Novel, simple asymptotic expansions are obtained for the spectrum of radiation that is backscattered from a laser by a counter-propagating (or co-propagating) electron. The solutions are presented in such a way that they explicitly show—at least in the single particle regime—the relative merit of using an intense laser and of an energetic electron beam in x-ray production. The close analogy with free electron laser/synchrotron source is indicated.
Origin of the hypoblast in Salmo. II. Outward movement of deep central cells

Vital dye carriers implanted under the blastodisc and chalk markers injected among the blastomeres provide a new interpretation of the origin of the hypoblast in teleost embryos. This first inner layer of cells is formed along the sides of the embryonic area and around the germ ring, not by invagination from the surface, or by wheeling in of deeper cells, or by delamination at the blastodisc rim, but by the migration outward of deep central cells. The layering is interpreted as the effect of a shear between superficial cells in pure epibolic motion and deeper cells which are at the same time undergoing convergent movement toward the axis. The whole blastodisc could be stained to controllable depths by suitable exposure to vital dye solutions. Subsequent location of the colored cells indicates that at the late “pregastrula” stage the prospective CNS cells overlap those which will become the first 10 pairs of somites, and all the prospective somite material overlaps prospective notochord and endoderm. A teleost pregastrular fate map thus cannot be a surface map as in amphibia. The rim of the teleost blastodisc and the amphibian blastopore carry out totally different functions.
An indirect role for the oncomir-519b in the expression of truncated neurokinin-1 in breast cancer cells

Abstract Neurokinin 1 (NK1) encodes full-length (NK1-FL) and truncated (NK1-Tr) receptors, with distinct 3′ UTR. NK1-Tr exerts oncogenic functions and is increased in breast cancer (BC). Enhanced transcription of NK1 resulted in higher level of NK1-Tr. The 3′ UTR of these two transcripts are distinct with NK1-Tr terminating at a premature stop codon. NK1-Tr mRNA gained an advantage over NK1-FL with regards to translation. This is due to the ability of miR519B to interact with sequences within the 3′ UTR of NK1-FL, but not NK1-Tr since the corresponding region is omitted. MiR519b suppressed the translation of NK1-FL in T47D and MDA-MB-231 resulting in increased NK1-Tr protein. Cytokines can induce the transcription of NK1. However, our studies indicated that translation appeared to be independent of cytokine production by the BC cells (BCCs). This suggested that transcription and translation of NK1 might be independent. The findings were validated in vivo. MiR-519b suppressed the growth of MDA-MB-231 in 7/10 nude BALB/c. In total, increased NK1-Tr in BCCs is due to enhanced transcription and suppressed translation of NK1-FL by miR-519b to reduced tumor growth. In summary, we report on miRNA as a method to further regulate the expression of a spiced variant to promote oncogenesis. In addition, the findings have implications for therapy with NK1 antagonists. The oncogenic effect of NK1-Tr must be considered to improve the efficacy of current drugs to NK1.
The ability of subordinate follicles of the second follicular wave to become dominant is lost by day 15 of the estrous cycle in cattle

Generally, unilateral ovariectomy before a critical period in the latter part of the estrous cycle induces a transitory increase in plasma FSH, which causes subordinate follicles to develop and maintain ovulation rates characteristic of the species. A limiting period for subordinate follicles to assume dominance and from which ovulation occurs has not been shown for cattle. Growth and/or regression of subordinate follicles were characterized following removal of the dominant follicle at different days of the luteal phase of the estrous cycle in cattle in this study. In the mid-luteal phase (Day 13 or 15), the ovary with the dominant follicle of the second wave was ablated via unilateral ovariectomy; the corpus luteum also was removed. In the late luteal phase (Day 17 or 19), the dominant follicle was ablated with an ultrasonically guided 20 gauge needle. When the dominant follicle was removed on Day 13, the largest subordinate follicle of the second wave of follicular development became dominant and ovulation occurred from this follicle in 4 of 4 animals. However, when the dominant follicle was removed on Day 15, 17 or 19, a new wave of follicular development was induced in 14 of 15 animals. Moreover, the recovered subordinate follicle of the second wave of follicular development had similar growth characteristics to naturally occurring dominant follicles. In conclusion, the subordinate follicle in the second follicular wave in cattle retained the ability to become dominant, but this ability was lost by Day 15 of the estrous cycle. However, cattle then were able to maintain ovulation by developing a new wave of follicular growth.
Student Observations of Outstanding Teaching: Implications for Marketing Educators

In this article, the authors heed the call to explore the attributes of an outstanding professor “by conducting in-depth interviews with students.” The study reveals five predominant themes (rappor...
Effect of ethanol on receptor-stimulated phosphatidic acid and polyphosphoinositide metabolism in mouse brain.

Abstract The effects of chronic ethanol consumption as well as the effects of ethanol added in vitro on phosphoinositide metabolism were determined in mouse forebrain. [32P] incorporation into synaptosomal phosphatidic acid (PhA) was stimulated through both M1 muscarinic cholinergic and alpha1 adrenergic receptor activation. Similarly, [3H] inositol 1 - PO4 accumulation in brain slices was stimulated through these same receptors, but could also be stimulated by histamine1 receptor activation. In mice made physically dependent to ethanol, the magnitude of receptor-mediated [32P] incorporation in PhA did not differ from that of control animals. However, ethanol (100mM) added in vitro to synaptosomes from control mice significantly inhibited the carbamylcholine stimulated PhA response, but had no effect on the response to norepinephrine. Carbamylcholine stimulated [32P] incorporation into PhA, however, was no longer significantly inhibited by the addition of 100mM ethanol to synaptosomes from physically dependent-tolerant animals indicating that a cellular tolerance had developed. In contrast, receptor mediated [3H] inositol 1 - PO4 accumulation in brain slices was not significantly affected by either chronic ethanol treatment or the in vitro addition of ethanol as high as 200mM. It is concluded that the muscarinic cholinergic stimulation of [32P] incorporation into PhA, but not [3H] inositol 1 - PO4 accumulation is relatively more sensitive to the direct effects of ethanol than are the other receptor mediated phospholipid responses examined in the present investigation and that this sensitivity is lost in animals made behaviorally tolerant and physically dependent to ethanol.