cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of “Residents as Teachers” Workshop on Learner Perception of Trainee Teaching Skill

Abstract Background Surgical residencies use variable structures for formal training in education. We hypothesized that a one-day workshop intervention would improve resident teaching ability measured by self-assessment and learner evaluation. Materials and Methods Faculty educators delivered a Residents as Teachers (RAT) workshop to general surgery residents on setting expectations, positive learning environment, difficult feedback and the 1-min preceptor model. For three months before and after the workshop, junior residents and medical students evaluated their supervising residents’ teaching skill monthly using a Likert scale questionnaire. Pre- and postworkshop surveys were administered to resident participants to assess their knowledge of the material and teaching confidence. Results were analyzed using Wilcoxon rank sum tests. This study was conducted at a tertiary academic center with a large surgical residency program. Results Thirty-nine PGY 1-5 residents participated in the Residents as Teachers workshop and were included in the study. Pre- and post- workshop survey results demonstrated significant improvements in participants’ knowledge and teaching confidence. On monthly assessments of seniors by junior residents, significant improvements were noted in three domains. Medical student ratings did not reflect significant improvements in resident teaching skill. Conclusions This is the first study using learner evaluation of a comprehensive surgical RAT program. Despite a significant increase in surgery residents’ self-assessment following participation in an education workshop, no improvement was seen in resident teaching skill as perceived by medical students.
A Calculus Approach to Complex Variables

We present a definition of holomorphic function and an approach to the Cauchy theory that presents complex function theory as a natural outgrowth of multivariable calculus.
Fire performance of functionally-graded-material sheathed load bearing thin-walled structural framing

Abstract This paper presents the fire rating performance of load-bearing thin-walled system sheathed with Functionally Graded Material (FGM) board under standard ISO834 fire through numerical simulation. FGMs are one of the new classes of advanced composite materials that possess continuous variation of material properties within a given direction. The composition of the FGM sheathing is defined by the volume fractions of the constituents’ materials (metal/ceramic) based on the power-law (P-FGM) material function. The general rule of mixtures is then used to predict the thermo-mechanical properties of the FGM sheathing. Fire rating analyses for the Cold-Formed Steel (CFS) wall system were conducted under steady-state conditions where the elastic buckling load from bifurcation analysis under fire conditions was first obtained. Then using the RIKS ON algorithm, collapse analysis was performed in a time frame until failure deformation occurred. The effect of non-uniform temperature on mechanical and thermal properties of the wall stud was included at each time frame in both elastic and collapse analysis. From the FE analysis using ABAQUS, it was observed that the use of FGM as a sheathing material for fire protection increases the failure time for all load ratios compared with the traditional gypsum board. The increase in failure time has a significant implication for improving the safety of occupants during fire scenarios. The study also shows that the novel composite material (FGM board), if properly designed, can lead to an alternative fire protection material in the thin-walled system.
Detection of bacteriuria and pyuria by URISCREEN a rapid enzymatic screening test.

A multicenter study was performed to evaluate the ability of the URISCREEN (Analytab Products, Plainview, N.Y.), a 2-min catalase tube test, to detect bacteriuria and pyuria. This test was compared with the Chemstrip LN (BioDynamics, Division of Boehringer Mannheim Diagnostics, Indianapolis, Ind.), a 2-min enzyme dipstick test; a semiquantitative plate culture method was used as the reference test for bacteriuria, and the Gram stain or a quantitative chamber count method was used as the reference test for pyuria. Each test was evaluated for its ability to detect probable pathogens at greater than or equal to 10(2) CFU/ml and/or greater than or equal to 1 leukocyte per oil immersion field, as determined by the Gram stain method, or greater than 10 leukocytes per microliter, as determined by the quantitative count method. A total of 1,500 urine specimens were included in this evaluation. There were 298 specimens with greater than or equal 10(2) CFU/ml and 451 specimens with pyuria. Of the 298 specimens with probable pathogens isolated at various colony counts, 219 specimens had colony counts of greater than or equal to 10(5) CFU/ml, 51 specimens had between 10(4) and 10(5) CFU/ml, and 28 specimens had between 10(2) and less than 10(4) CFU/ml. Both the URISCREEN and the Chemstrip LN detected 93% (204 of 219) of the specimens with probable pathogens at greater than or equal to 10(5) CFU/ml. For the specimens with probable pathogens at greater than or equal to 10(2) CFU/ml, the sensitivities of the URISCREEN and the Chemstrip LN were 86% (256 of 298) and 81% (241 of 298), respectively. Of the 451 specimens with pyuria, the URISCREEN detected 88% (398 of 451) and Chemstrip LN detected 78% (350 if 451). There were 204 specimens with both greater than or equal to 10(2) CFU/ml and pyuria; the sensitivities of both methods were 95% (193 of 204) for these specimens. Overall, there were 545 specimens with probable pathogens at greater than or equal to 10(2) CFU/ml and/or pyuria. The URISCREEN detected 85% (461 of 545), and the Chemstrip LN detected 73% (398 of 545). A majority (76%) of the false-negative results obtained with either method were for specimens without leukocytes in the urine. There were 955 specimens with no probable pathogens or leukocytes. Of these, 28% (270 of 955) were found positive by the URISCREEN and 13% (122 of 955) were found positive by the Chemstrip LN. A majority of the false-positive results were probably due, in part, to the detection of enzymes present in both bacterial and somatic cells by each of the test systems. Overall, the URISCREEN is rapid, manual, easy-to-perform enzymatic test that yields findings similar to those yielded by the Chemstrip LN for specimens with both greater than or equal to 10(2) CFU/ml and pyuria or for specimens with greater than or equal to 10(5) CFU/ml and with or without pyuria. However, when the data were analyzed for either probable pathogens at less 10(5) CFU/ml or pyuria, the sensitivity of the URISCREEN was higher (P less than 0.05).
The Critical Reception of Alfred Döblin's Major Novels

Alfred Doblin (1878-1957) is one of the major German writers of the twentieth century. His experimental, ever-changing, avant-garde style kept both readers and critics off guard, and although he won the acclaim of critics and had a clear impact on German writers after the Second World War (Gunter Grass called him 'my teacher'), he is still largely unknown to the reading public, and under-researched by literary scholars. He was a prolific writer, with thirteen novels alongside a great many other shorter fiction works and non-fiction writings to his credit, and yet, paradoxically, he is known to a larger public as the author of only one book, the 1929 novel 'Berlin Alexanderplatz', which sold more copies in the first weeks of publication than all his previous novels combined. 'Alexanderplatz' is known for its depiction of the criminal underground of Berlin and a montage and stream-of-consciousness technique comparable to James Joyce's 'Ulysses'; it became one of the best-known big-city novels of the century and has remained Doblin's one enduring popular success. Doblin was forced into exile in 1933, and the works he wrote in exile were neglected by critics for decades. Now epic works like 'Amazonas, November 1918', and 'Hamlet' Oder die lange Nacht nimmt ein Ende' are finding a fairer critical evaluation. Wulf Koepke tackles the paradox of Doblin the leading but neglected avant-gardist by analysis of contemporary and later criticism, both journalistic and academic, always taking into account the historical context in which it appeared. Wulf Koepke is Professor Emeritus at Texas A&M University.
Fast and efficient charge breeding of the Californium rare isotope breeder upgrade electron beam ion source

The Electron Beam Ion Source (EBIS), developed to breed Californium Rare Isotope Breeder Upgrade (CARIBU) radioactive beams at Argonne Tandem Linac Accelerator System (ATLAS), is being tested off-line. A unique property of the EBIS is a combination of short breeding times, high repetition rates, and a large acceptance. Overall, we have implemented many innovative features during the design and construction of the CARIBU EBIS as compared to the existing EBIS breeders. The off-line charge breeding tests are being performed using a surface ionization source that produces singly charged cesium ions. The main goal of the off-line commissioning is to demonstrate stable operation of the EBIS at a 10 Hz repetition rate and a breeding efficiency into single charge state higher than 15%. These goals have been successfully achieved and exceeded. We have measured (20% ± 0.7%) breeding efficiency into the single charge state of 28+ cesium ions with the breeding time of 28 ms. In general, the current CARIBU EBIS operational parameters can provide charge breeding of any ions in the full mass range of periodic table with high efficiency, short breeding times, and sufficiently low charge-to-mass ratio, 1/6.3 for the heaviest masses, for further acceleration in ATLAS. In this paper, we discuss the parameters of the EBIS and the charge breeding results in a pulsed injection mode with repetition rates up to 10 Hz.
Light‐Emitting Diodes, Devices

The sections in this article are 1 Recombination and Emission Line Shape 2 Efficiency and Brightness of LEDs 3 Human Eye Sensitivity 4 Light-Escape Problem 5 Led Structures and Fabrication 6 Novel Device Concepts
Low-power driven state assignment of finite state machines

We present a new state assignment model for minimizing power dissipation in Finite State Machines (FSMs). Our model takes into account power dissipation in terms of transition densities during state assignment process such that the number of transitions of the state encoding bits is minimized. Given the set of input signal probabilities, we compute not only the transition probabilities but also the exact state probabilities, the fractions of time for FSMs being in certain states, to be used in an objective weight function depending on encodings of states in FSMs. For every benchmark example circuits, our model always generates the least number of transitions among several state assignment models that confirms the effectiveness of our model.
A Surgical Approach to Chordomas at the Base of the Skull

Chordoma of the skull base has a poor prognosis because of the proximity of vital structures as well as the difficulty encountered in attempting complete surgical excision. This paper presents a case of massive recurrent chordoma involving the intracranial cavity, nasal cavity, and maxillary antrum. The tumor was debulked and decompressed via a transantral approach to the pterygomaxillary fossa and the base of the skull. This technique is recommended because it achieves immediate decompression and provides a space into which the inevitable regrowth of the tumor may extend.
Variation in the glycosylation of the murine sex-limited protein: comparison with the fourth component of murine complement.

The murine sex-limited protein (Slp) is a hemolytically nonfunctional homologue of the fourth component of complement (C4). Two congenic mouse strains, B10.BUA1 (H-2w16) and B10.KPB128 (H-2w19), which have been previously shown to share a variant form of C4 (Karp et al., J. Biol. Chem., 257: 7330-7335), were examined and found to also produce a variant form of Slp. Slp molecules isolated from the plasma or peritoneal macrophage cultures from these strains have an alpha-chain approximately 2,000 daltons smaller than the alpha-chain of Slp from H-2d or H-2w7 mice as judged by sodium dodecyl sulfate (NaDodSO4)/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Expression of this Slp was constitutive, i.e., not regulated by androgen, and is cis-dominant in F1 hybrid mice. Autolysis of the different relative molecular mass (Mr) alpha-chains at the internal thiolester produced similar Mr amino-terminal fragments and different Mr carboxy-terminal fragments. Deglycosylation of the alpha-chains with trifluoromethanesulfonic acid eliminated most, if not all, the Mr difference. The Mr difference was also manifested by the intracellular precursors of Slp and could be eliminated by endoglycosidase H (endo H) treatment. The number of oligosaccharides on the Slp alpha-chain was deduced by limited endo H treatment of Slp synthesized in the presence of swainsonine, a plant alkaloid that prevents maturation of complex-type oligosaccharides. This method is a simple way to enumerate the complex-type, N-linked oligosaccharides on glycoproteins. The genetic variation in the glycosylation of Slp was compared with the known variation in glycosylation of C4, and a scheme depicting some of the structural differences among these molecules was developed.
Prognostic value of exercise thallium-201 imaging in patients presenting for evaluation of chest pain

Accurate prognostic information is important in determining optimal management of patients presenting for evaluation of chest pain. In this study, the ability of exercise thallium-201 myocardial imaging to predict future cardiac events (cardiovascular death or nonfatal myocardial infarction) was correlated with clinical, coronary and left ventricular angiographic and exercise electrocardiographic data in 139 consecutive, nonsurgically managed patients followed-up over a 3 to 5 year period (mean follow-up, 3.7 +/- 0.9), using a logistic regression analysis. Among patients without prior myocardial infarction (100 of 139), the number of myocardial segments with transient thallium-201 defects was the only statistically significant predictor of future cardiac events when all patient variables were evaluated. Among patients with myocardial infarction before evaluation (39 of 139), angiographic ejection fraction was the only significant predictor of future cardiac events when all variables were considered. This study suggests an approach to evaluate the risk of future cardiac events in patients with possible ischemic heart disease.
A channelopathy contributes to cerebellar dysfunction in a model of multiple sclerosis

Objective: Cerebellar dysfunction in multiple sclerosis (MS) contributes significantly to disability, is relatively refractory to symptomatic therapy, and often progresses despite treatment with disease-modifying agents. We previously observed that sodium channel Nav1.8, whose expression is normally restricted to the peripheral nervous system, is present in cerebellar Purkinje neurons in a mouse model of MS (experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis [EAE]) and in humans with MS. Here, we tested the hypothesis that upregulation of Nav1.8 in cerebellum in MS and EAE has functional consequences contributing to symptom burden. Methods: Electrophysiology and behavioral assessment were performed in a new transgenic mouse model overexpressing Nav1.8 in Purkinje neurons. We also measured EAE symptom progression in mice lacking Nav1.8 compared to wild-type littermates. Finally, we administered the Nav1.8-selective blocker A803467 in the context of previously established EAE to determine reversibility of MS-like deficits. Results: We report that, in the context of an otherwise healthy nervous system, ectopic expression of Nav1.8 in Purkinje neurons alters their electrophysiological properties, and disrupts coordinated motor behaviors. Additionally, we show that Nav1.8 expression contributes to symptom development in EAE. Finally, we demonstrate that abnormal patterns of Purkinje neuron firing and MS-like deficits in EAE can be partially reversed by pharmacotherapy using a Nav1.8-selective blocker. Interpretation: Our results add to the evidence that a channelopathy contributes to cerebellar dysfunction in MS. Our data suggest that Nav1.8-specific blockers, when available for humans, merit study in MS. Ann Neurol 2012;71:186–194
The effects of selection for gain in mice on the direct-maternal genetic correlation.

Components of genetic variation for postweaning growth traits were estimated for both control and growth stocks of mice. The effect of phenotypic selection for gain, which genetically combines selection for additive direct and maternal effects, on additive genetic variance components, heritability, and additive genetic correlationsis discussed. Quantitative genetic theory predicts that simultaneous selection for two metric traits in the same direction will cause the genetic correlation between the two traits to become more negative. The results presented in this paper conflict with this theory. The direct-maternal additive genetic correlation was more negative in the control line (with 356 mice) than in the growth-selected line (with 320 mice) for the three traits analyzed (0.310 vs 0.999 for 21-day weight, 0.316 vs 1.000 for 42-day weight, and 0.506 vs 1.000 for gain from 21–42 days). Estimates were obtained by restricted maximum likelihood (REML) computed under a derivative free algorithm (DFREML).
Parallelization of a molecular dynamics non-bonded force algorithm for MIMD architecture

Abstract A method for parallelizing the non-bonded pair list generation and non-bonded force calculation algorithm for molecular dynamics is presented. Using the parallelism inherent to existing algorithms, it is possible, with minor modifications, to adapt the non-bonded routines to multiple-instruction, multiple-data (MIMD) computer architectures. This methodology has been applied to the molecular dynamics program GROMOS for the Stellar GS1000 Graphics Supercomputer. Aspects of the Stellar GS1000 architecture and programming environment are presented with attention to the performance of the molecular dynamics program. A speed enhancement factor of about 3 has been obtained relative to the serial execution of the program, which is close to the theoretical maximum factor of 4 for this machine. The overall speed enhancement factor increases to about 6 with the additional use of vectorization for a version that has been extensively rewritten to be more highly vectorizable than the standard code where gains from vectorization are slight. In the former case, the program executes at about 35% of the speed obtained on a single-processor Cray X-MP.
Squamous cell carcinoma of the floor of mouth: A 20-year review

Background This study retrospectively examines our treatment choices and outcomes with patients diagnosed with squamous cell cancer of the floor of mouth. Because of our division's past strong surgical bias in the treatment of this disease, we have assessed the results of a patient population treated largely by surgical extirpation. This clinical information has been used to draw conclusions and formulate treatment paradigms for patients with floor of mouth cancer. Methods. Four hundred fifty patients with the diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity received their primary treatment at Roswell Park Cancer Center (RPCI) from 1971 to 1991. Ninety-nine had disease originating in the floor of mouth and are the basis of this retrospective review. Results. Forty-three percent of the patients had early-stage disease (stage I or II). Five-year survival for stages I through IV was 95%, 86%, 82%, and 52%, respectively. The incidence of occult cervical metastases for clinical stage I patients was 21%. For clinical stage II patients, the incidence was 62%. Local control of patients treated with surgery alone was 81%. The regional control rate for these patients was 71%. In patients where negative margins were achieved (≥5 mm), the local recurrence rate was 13%, regardless of T stage. Eleven percent of the patients underwent a course of postoperative radiotherapy; all had stage IV disease. When compared with advanced-stage patients undergoing surgery alone, there was a significantly improved regional control rate and a trend toward enhanced survival in the patients receiving adjuvant radiotherapy. Conclusions. There is a significantly high incidence of occult metastatic disease (21%) for T1 lesions or greater in floor of mouth cancer to warrant elective treatment of regional lymphatics. In patients treated with surgery alone with negative margins, the local control rate was 90% versus 62% when the margins were close or positive. Adjunctive radiotherapy showed a statistically significant (p =.005) increased regional control in patients with stage IV disease. Adjunctive radiotherapy is warranted for increased regional control of disease; good local control can be achieved in floor of mouth cancer with surgery alone when negative margins are obtained.
Hemagglutination of Rabbit Erythrocytes by Pus from Gases of Cat Scratch Fever

SummaryHemagglutination of rabbit red cells with pus obtained from lymph nodes of 10 cases of cat scratch fever was demonstrated. Specificity of hemagglutinin was indicated by inhibition by serum from a known case of the disease and by rabbit antiserum to the pus.
Carnival Unmasked: Transformations of Performance in Venice

No city in the world prides itself more on its unchanging character than Venice. It is a place both larger and smaller than civilized life, and the stories it tells serve to bind citizen and visitor alike to a myth of fairytale serenity. This paper will describe the performance of Venetian carnival as observed in 1987. It will illustrate how decreasing popular participation in the festival is due to an increasing manipulation of carnival through an alliance of political and touristic interests.
The role of preclinical models in radiopharmaceutical therapy.

Radiopharmaceutical therapy (RPT) is a treatment modality that involves the use of radioactively labeled targeting agents to deliver a cytotoxic dose of radiation to tumor while sparing normal tiss...
An Alternative Hydrodynamic Force Model for Finite Bearings

A method for determining a closed-form expression for the hydrodynamic forces in finite plain journal bearings is introduced. The method is based on applying correction functions to the force models of the infinitely-long (IL) or infinitely-short (IS) bearing approximation. The correction functions are derived by modeling the ratio between the forces from the numerical integration of the two-dimensional Reynolds equation and the forces from either the IL or IS bearing approximation. Low-order polynomial models, dependent on the eccentricity ratio and aspect ratio, are used for the correction functions. The models are shown to outperform the standard limiting approximations in the steady-state analysis of the bearing system under static loading.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
The Spiritual Dimensions of Psychopolitical Validity: The Case of the Clergy Sexual Abuse Crisis.

In this article, the authors explore the spiritual dimensions of psychopolitical validity and use it as a lens to analyze clergy sexual abuse. The psychopolitical approach suggests a comprehensive human science methodology that invites exploration of phenomena such as spirituality and religious experience and the use of methods from a wide variety of disciplines, including philosophy and theology. They report an analysis showing the clergy sexual abuse crisis to be a system with interrelated personal, relational, and social/collective aspects, many of which are in the spiritual domain. The analysis shows how the abuse of power permeates the clergy sexual abuse system and suggests that two interrelated levels of reform must occur: (a) the church must transformatively change its structures to liberate its members to develop spiritually as mature persons—a political task, and (b) consciousness raising is required to help empower people to assume their rightful role in church decision making—a psychological task. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Factors other than environmental issues influence resource allocation decisions of school foodservice directors.

Abstract Objective To identify resource allocation decisions and policies and procedures used by school foodservice directors that were based on the concepts of pollution prevention, product stewardship, and sustainable development. Design A questionnaire about operational characteristics (including equipment and production systems, menu selection and service style) and environmental issues was mailed to school foodservice directors. Subjects/setting Subjects were school foodservice directors in major cities who were members of the American School Food Service Association. Of the 389 questionnaires mailed, 168 (45.5%) were returned and used for data analysis. Statistical analysis performed Descriptive statistics, analysis of variance, and correlation were used to analyze data. Results Cost factors were rated more important ( P ≤.05) than environmental factors when operational decisions were made. Labor was ranked as the most important future issue by 45.0% of respondents, but it was not the most important factor when current operational decisions were made. Less than 20.0% of the respondents indicated that their districts had specific water (3.3%), energy (14.2%), or solid waste management policies (16.0%). However, 62.6% of respondents stated that their district had a recycling program. Applications/conclusions With the exception of recycling programs, school foodservice departments have not adopted a framework of pollution prevention, product stewardship, and sustainable development practices. Recycling and energy conservation programs and use of locally grown food products would minimize the environmental impact of school foodservice operations while reducing operational costs. J Am Diet Assoc. 1999;99:944–949,
Presence of haptoglobin in synovial fluid.

ELECTROPHORETICALLY classified α- and β-glycoproteins have been shown to be normal constituents of synovial fluid1. Evidence based on immunoelectrophoresis and Cohn fractionation of human traumatic effusions also suggests the presence of most of the serum proteins in synovial fluid2,3. Individual biologically active serum proteins have also been found, namely, some enzymes4, siderophilin3, caerulo-plasmin3, and the thyroxine-binding protein5. The accepted blood-coagulating factors, however, were found to be absent from normal bovine fluid6.
Nonequilibrium Photodissociation Regions with Advancing Ionization Fronts

We have modeled the thermal and chemical structure of photodissociation regions (PDRs) where the interface between the H II region and the neutral cloud (the ionization front IF) is moving with a velocity vIF into the PDR. This situation applies, for example, to PDRs associated with photoevaporating clumps, blister H II regions, and expanding H II regions. Although the chemical and temperature structure of the PDR achieves a steady state value in the frame of the IF, the chemical and thermal structure of these nonequilibrium models differ from static equilibrium values because of the advection of molecular gas through the PDR toward the IF. We have studied PDRs with hydrogen nucleus densities n ranging from 104 to 106 cm-3 and FUV fluxes χ = 104-105 times the local average FUV flux, such as is appropriate for many PDRs associated with dense H II regions near O stars. The velocity of the ionization front vIF is varied between 0 and 1 km s-1, the range predicted for the advance of a D-type ionization front into a photoevaporating PDR. We predict intensities of the [O I] 63 μm and the [C II] 158 μm fine-structure lines, the pure rotational H2 0-0 S(0) 28.22 μm, S(1) 17.03 μm, S(2) 12.28 μm, S(3) 9.67 μm, S(4) 8.03 μm, and S(5) 6.91 μm lines; the H2 v = 1-0 S(1) and H2 v = 2-1 S(1) vibrational lines; and the CO 1-0 and 2-1 rotational lines. We find that there is no H/H2 photodissociation front for models with χ/n ≤ 0.2vIF, where n is in cm-3 and vIF is in km s-1. The H2 is rapidly advected to the IF before it can photodissociate. For χ/n > 0.2vIF an H/H2 photodissociation front exists, but the front moves progressively nearer to the cloud surface as χ/n declines. We also find that the nonequilibrium models always have a well-defined C+/CO transition layer, because the CO does not self-shield as effectively as H2 and the CO photodissociation timescale is shorter than the flow time across the PDR. This layer is, however, shifted slightly nearer to the cloud surface compared to the equilibrium models. The [C II] and [O I] fine-structure line intensities are relatively insensitive to vIF in the range studied, because of the relative rapid photodissociation of CO and photoionization of C I. We conclude that nonequilibrium effects have a relatively minor effect on previous analysis of the physical conditions of PDRs based on [O I], [C II], and IR continuum intensities. The CO low-J lines can be a factor of 2 stronger compared to the static equilibrium models. The H2 rotational and vibrational lines can be enhanced by a factor of 3. We consider the Orion Bar PDR and conclude that nonequilibrium effects are probably minor.
Justification of the Shallow-Water Limit for a Rigid-Lid Flow with Bottom Topography

The so-called lake equations arise as the shallow-water limit of the rigid-lid equations—three-dimensional Euler equations with a rigid-lid upper boundary condition—in a horizontally periodic basin with bottom topography. We prove an a priori estimate in the Sobolev space Hm for m≥ 3 which shows that a solution to the rigid-lid equations can be approximated by a solution of the lake equations for an interval of time which can be estimated in terms of the initial deviation from a columnar configuration and the magnitude of the initial data in Hm, the gradient of the bottom topography in Hm+1, and the aspect ratio of the basin. In particular, any solution to the lake equations remains close to some solution of the rigid-lid equations for an interval of time that can be made arbitrarily large by choosing the aspect ratio of the basin small.
Integrins and other cell adhesion molecules in cardiac development

Cardiac morphogenesis is dependent on the coordinated and programmed expression of cell surface receptors that can mediate cell-cell associations or promote adhesion of the cell to its extracellular environment. This article briefly reviews the unique adhesive characteristics and expression profiles of the integrins and other families of adhesion molecules that have been implicated in critical events of early heart development. Understanding the developmental repertoire of receptor expression, which in most cases cannot be predicted from that seen in the mature heart, is an important component in unraveling the molecular events of normal cardiac development, congenital heart disease, and certain pathologic conditions seen in the adult heart.
Transfer of Brightness discrimination training by normal and striate lesioned rats.

Abstract Normal and striate lesioned hooded rats were compared on the transfer of brightness discrimination acquired via avoidance training. Significant impairment occurred when the brain-damaged animals were transferred from an easy to a difficult brightness ratio, but not when the transfer was from difficult to easy. Since the severity of the transfer impairment was predictable from the operated animals' relative deficit on original learning, it was suggested that the present transfer tests provide little support for a strict amnesia interpretation of brightness discrimination deficits.
Policy functions for capital accumulation paths

Abstract It has recently been shown that in neoclassical optimal growth models the set of policy function contains all twice differentiable functions. The question has been raised as to whether this restriction to twice differentiable functions is essential. In this paper we show that all C 1 functions with derivative satisfying a Lipschitz condition can serve as policy functions and we also show by examples that differentiability is not a required property of a policy function.
Sulfide as an environmental factor and toxicant: tolerance and adaptations in aquatic organisms

This review brings together a large number of independent and seemingly unrelated studies in various disciplines under four major topics: (1) sulfide as an environmental factor in aquatic habitats; (2) sulfide as a toxicant; (3) sulfide tolerance of aquatic organisms; and (4) adaptations limiting sulfide toxicity. Sulfide is widely distributed in the aquatic environment, but has been largely overlooked as an environmental factor for aquatic organisms. Sulfide at nanomolar to millimolar concentrations adversely affects cytochrome c oxidase, various other enzymes, oxygen transport proteins, cellular structures, and consequently the physiological functions of organisms. These toxic effects are well documented in the biomedical literature, and also occur in the aquatic organisms that have been studied. Sulfide tolerance varies widely among protozoans, sediment meiofauna, polychaetes, bivalves, crustaceans, marine and freshwater fishes, and aquatic plants, often in correlation with the relative sulfide levels in the respective habitats. Aquatic organisms have evolved various adaptations against sulfide toxicity, possibly several acting in concert. Most animals are able to avoid and escape from sulfide, but cannot exclude sulfide from the body. No sulfide-resistant cytochrome c oxidase has been demonstrated, and most animals are capable of some degree of anaerobic metabolism. Various invertebrates have entered into symbiotic associations with sulfide-oxidizing bacteria. Some of these invertebrates immobilize and transport sulfide by means of sulfide-binding proteins or persulfides in the blood. Detoxication of sulfide occurs by methylation, non-specific oxidation, and enzymatic oxidation by mitochondria. Oxidative detoxication of sulfide to thiosulfate by mitochondria is common to several major taxa (protozoan, mollusk, teleosts, mammal), and is effective at low micromolar sulfide concentrations. Among organisms lacking sulfide-oxidizing bacterial symbionts, the mitochondria may thus provide the chief defense against environmental sulfide, and may allow the whole organism to tolerate sulfide concentrations 2-3 orders of magnitude greater than would inhibit cytochrome c oxidase.
Resolvin D1 and Its Aspirin-triggered 17R Epimer STEREOCHEMICAL ASSIGNMENTS, ANTI-INFLAMMATORY PROPERTIES, AND ENZYMATIC INACTIVATION

We recently uncovered two new families of potent docosahexaenoic acid-derived mediators, termed D series resolvins (Rv; resolution phase interaction products) and protectins. Here, we assign the stereochemistry of the conjugated double bonds and chirality of alcohols present in resolvin D1 (RvD1) and its aspirin-triggered 17R epimer (AT-RvD1) with compounds prepared by total organic synthesis. In addition, docosahexaenoic acid was converted by a single lipoxygenase in a "one-pot" reaction to RvD1 in vitro. The synthetic compounds matched the physical and biological properties of those enzymatically generated. RvD1 proved to be 7S,8R,17S-trihydroxy-4Z,9E,11E,13Z,15E,19Z-docosahexaenoic acid, AT-RvD1 matched 7S,8R,17R-trihydroxy-4Z,9E,11E,13Z,15E,19Z-docosahexaenoic acid, and they both stopped transendothelial migration of human neutrophils (EC(50) approximately 30 nM). In murine peritonitis in vivo, RvD1 and AT-RvD1 proved equipotent (at nanogram dosages), limiting polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration in a dose-dependent fashion. RvD1 was converted by eicosanoid oxidoreductase to novel 8-oxo- and 17-oxo-RvD1 that gave dramatically reduced bioactivity, whereas enzymatic conversion of AT-RvD1 was sharply reduced. These results establish the complete stereochemistry and actions of RvD1 and AT-RvD1 as well as demonstrate the stereoselective basis for their enzymatic inactivation. RvD1 regulates human polymorphonuclear leukocyte transendothelial migration and is anti-inflammatory. When its carbon 17S alcohol is enzymatically converted to 17-oxo-RvD1, it is essentially inactive, whereas the 17R alcohol configuration in its aspirin-triggered form (AT-RvD1) resists rapid inactivation. These results may contribute to the beneficial actions of aspirin and omega-3 fish oils in humans.
Increased blood pressure and neural tone in the silent ischemia of hypertension: Disparate effects of immediate release nifedipine

Abstract Objectives. The aims of this study were 1) to evaluate the role of blood pressure and associated neural tonicity in ambient ischemia of a group of hypertensive patients with stable angina, and 2) to determine the efficacy of immediate release nifedipine therapy in controlling the total ischemic burden in both office-measured and ambulatory blood pressure. Background. Low heart rate ischemia, as detected by Holter ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring, suggests that reduced coronary flow is the major factor leading to ischemia. We previously found that 91% of the ischemic episodes in our hypertensive patients with stable angina were silent. Methods. We measured plasma norepinephrine content during ischemic events from blood obtained from automatic pump withdrawal with the assistance of a real-time ST segment depression monitor. We then related the norepinephrine content to ischemic episodes assessed by 48-h Holter recording, blood pressure reading by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and patients' diaries. Measurements were taken during the placebo period and immediate-release nifedipine therapy in 30 hypertensive patients (20 with and 10 without stable angina). Results. More than half of the patients had ischemic episodes; 95% of these were silent. Ischemic episodes peaked in the early morning, and 55% occurred during routine sedentary activities. There was a 10% to 15% increase in heart rate at the onset of ischemia associated with a 30% higher plasma norepinephrine level. Seventy-five percent of patients had increased norepinephrine after nifedipine therapy. Nifedipine therapy controlled measured blood pressure but not 24-h ambulatory blood pressure. Ischemic episodes were reduced only in patients whose ambulatory blood pressure was controlled. Conclusions. The results suggest that increased neural tone at the time of the ischemic event may play a role in reducing coronary perfusion leading to silent ischemia. Nifedipine therapy (immediate release) was effective in control of ischemia only when both ambulatory and office-measured blood pressure were controlled.
A particulate form of alkaline phosphatase in the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Abstract A new form of alkaline phosphatase (orthophosphoric-monoester phosphohydrolase (alkaline optimum), EC 3.1.3.1) has been identified in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae . Utilizing either synthetic or natural substrates, the enzyme exhibited a broad pH activity curve with maximum activity between 8.5 and 9.0. The enzyme was nonspecific with respect to substrate, attacking a variety of compounds containing phosphomonoester linkages, but has no detectable activity against polyphosphate, pyrophosphate or phosphodiester linkages. The enzyme exhibited an apparent K m of 0.25 mM with respect to p -nitrophenyl phosphate, 0.38 mM with respect to α-naphthyl phosphate, and 1.0 mM with respect to 5′ AMP. The enzyme is regulated in a constitutive manner and its activity does not increase during phosphate starvation or sporulation, as does the repressible alkaline phosphatase. The enzyme is tightly bound to a particulate fraction of the cell, tentatively identified as the tonoplast membrane. It is not solubilized by treatment with high concentrations of NaCl, KH 2 PO 4 or chaotropic agents. Triton X-100 (0.1%) solubilizes 12% of the particulate activity. This enzyme is differentiated from the other alkaline phosphatases found in yeast by its chromatographic elution from DEAE-cellulose, kinetic parameters, heat stability and pH stability, as well as its particulate nature. This particulate alkaline phosphatase was found in every strain examined. It has a significantly lower specific activity in the phoH mutant and a higher activity in the acid phosphatase constitutive mutant A137.
Noise through quantum pumps

We study the current noise through an unbiased quantum electron pump and its mesoscopic fluctuations for arbitrary temperatures and beyond the bilinear response. In the bilinear regime, we find the full distributions of the noise power and the current-to-noise ratio for chaotic quantum dots with single-channel and many-channel ballistic point contacts. For a dot with many-channel point contacts we also calculate the ensemble-averaged noise at arbitrary temperature and pumping strength. In the limit of strong pumping, a new temperature scale appears that corresponds to the broadening of the electron distribution function in the dot as a result of the time-dependent perturbations.
The role of nickel in acetyl-CoA synthesis by the bifunctional enzyme CO dehydrogenase/acetyl-CoA synthase: enzymology and model chemistry

CO dehydrogenase/acetyl-CoA synthase (CODH/ACS) is one of the four known nickel enzymes. It is a bifunctional protein that catalyzes the oxidation of CO to CO2 at a nickel iron-sulfur cluster (Cluster C) and a remarkable condensation reaction between a methyl group (donated from a methylated corrinoid iron-sulfur protein), carbon monoxide, and coenzyme A to form acetyl-CoA at a separate nickel iron-sulfur cluster (Cluster A). This review focuses on the current understanding of the structure and function of Cluster A and on related model chemistry. It describes studies that uncovered the first example of a biological organometallic reaction sequence. The mechanism of acetyl-CoA synthesis includes enzymebound methylnickel, iron-carbonyl, and acylmetal intermediates. Discovery of the methylnickel species constituted the first example of an alkylnickel species in biology and unveiled a new biological role for nickel.
Utilization of Pasture by Lactating Cows

Pasture was evaluated for eight seasons in Holstein cows for milk production and milk composition. For 3 yr, cows received either continuous pasture plus 7.3 kg/d of corn-mineral mixture, a continuous corn silage complete diet (no pasture), or alternately greater than 2 wk one of the two treatments. Milk production did not differ for the combined 3 yr. Fat and solids-not-fat content of milk were less for pasture. Milk production was affected little by abrupt changes of diet. For 2 yr, ground corn-mineral mixture was fed at either 3.6, 5.4, or 7.3 kg/d to cows grazing a common pasture. Milk production increased only modestly with corn feeding. Milk fat content decreased and milk protein content was affected little by increased corn. In subsequent seasons, a supplement to pasture of 22.7 kg of total mixed ration based on corn silage supported milk production as well as 7.3 kg of corn-mineral mixture. Corn silage was not as effective in maintaining milk production but enhanced fat test. Limited hay (1.4 kg) or hay available in paddocks did not increase milk production or milk fat concentration. Application of the results to forage management systems are discussed.
Curved shadow generation by ray tracing in the plane

We present a method for generating shadows in a static environment represented by polygonal or parametric surfaces, and illuminated by one or more movable point light sources. Concepts of ray tracing are modified and utilized in shadow determination. Ray-patch intersection are determined by using contour integration rather than purely numerical or subdivision techniques and thus the expense of long computation is somewhat lessened. Preprocessing steps are used to ascertain that the number of such calculations are limited. Shadow pairs are detected and pairs that cannot interact to produce shadows are also detected and discarded. Coherence properties are used to limit the number of rays processed. The approach combines elements of the shadow z-buffer in the generation process and to a lesser extent, that of projected polygons in scanline rendering as a preprocessing step. The algorithm is easily integrated with scanline a z-buffer algorithm and thus retains the benefits of a z- buffer. Distributed light sources are modelled as arrays of point light sources and the method allows the computation of umbra-penumbra effects.
On the embedding‐dimension analysis of AE and AL time series

Several authors have employed the embedding-dimension method to analyze time series of geomagnetic indices, with differing results for the value of the correlation dimension nu. It is argued that these differences may arise from corresponding differences in the length and construction of the various data sets used. Practical application of the method to sets of discretized data requires use of a delay time scale set by the autocorrelation time of the data set. It is found that a particular data set containing 35 days of AE exhibits an autocorrelation time tau(c) longer by an order of magnitude than that of a short-duration (less than 5 days) set, raising the possibility that extant analyses of long-duration sets may have employed delay times shorter than tau(c). In addition, the power spectrum of AE reveals modulation at a period of 24 hr. A numerical experiment on the logistic map shows that such modulation introduces an extra degree of freedom in the data, resulting in an augmented correlation dimension.
Recent Research on Latinos in the USA and Canada, Part 2: Spanish Varieties1

This article examines recent sociolinguistic research on the varieties of Spanish spoken in the USA and Canada, with emphasis on work in the variationist tradition.2 First, the increasing diversity of the North American Latino population is outlined. Representative studies of structural variation are then examined, with an emphasis on studies that examine lateral contact among Spanish dialects as well as contact between Spanish and English. The article then reviews recent studies that focus on the complexities of social identity in Latino communities, complexities that extend well beyond national origin or social class. Finally, we offer suggestions for future research.
PASSIVE SPLITTERS FOR FAST PULSE PROCESSING.

Abstract A resistive impedance matching circuit for splitting fast pulses with unequal attenuations e,η can be constructed with 1− e = 2 η (1− η ). With uneven splitting an additional resistor is required shunting the weaker signal to ground in order to maintain constant impedance throughout.
Active Dead or Alive: Some Kenyan Views About the Agency of Luo and Luyia Women Pre- and Post-Mortem

Paying attention to burial disputes can help us to understand better matters relating to gender, kinship, community, agency, and power. Since Luo and Luyia believe that life after death is a significant part of a person's life, paying attention to 'the hold death has' upon people is important, as are the writing of 'life-and-death histories.' The paper presents three cases, one involving a Luyia woman and two involving Luo women in which the women involved have, in the views of community members, shown the ability to manipulate kinship structures and strictures pre- and post-mortem. The paper seeks to challenge views that have depicted women in western Kenya as passive pawns of a particularly patriarchal form of patriliny. The paper discusses the effect religion has on views about death and burial, and examines the influence of indigenous religion, Roman Catholicism, Anglicanism, and Legio Maria on these cases.
Towards convenient bi-directional grammar formalisms

This paper discusses the advantages for practical bi-directional grammars of combining a lexical focus with the GPSG-originated principle of immediate-dominance/linear-precedence (ID/LP) rule partitioning. It also outlines an implementation approach following these guidelines. The approach is inspired by Slot Grammar, with additions including more explicit mappings between surface and internal representations, and preferential constituent ordering rules.