cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Response of Arctic 1000 hPa circulation to changes in horizontal resolution and sea ice forcing in the Community Atmospheric Model

[1] Arctic winter surface atmospheric circulation biases inherent to the Community Atmospheric Model version 3 (CAM3) are examined with emphasis on the influence of horizontal resolution (T42, ∼2.8° versus T85, ∼1.4°). Using geopotential height at 1000 hPa (Z1000) to represent surface circulation, the self-organizing map technique is used to better understand these biases from a synoptic climatology perspective. The previously documented low sea level pressure (SLP) bias over the Beaufort Sea, Canadian Archipelago, Greenland Sea, Norwegian Sea, and northern Europe and high SLP bias over the northern Pacific and Atlantic oceans are shown to result from an underprediction of weak Aleutian and Icelandic low patterns and an overprediction of strong Arctic low patterns, strong Icelandic low patterns, and patterns with pronounced ridges spanning the Arctic Ocean. Resolution-caused differences are shown to be the result of CAM3 at T85 resolution predicting fewer strong Icelandic lows, North Atlantic lows, and strong high-pressure ridges across the Arctic relative to CAM3 at T42 resolution. In addition, CAM3 at T85 resolution predicts more strong Arctic low patterns relative to CAM3 at T42 resolution. The ability of CAM3 at both resolutions to resolve mesoscale features such as polar lows near the sea ice edge is also explored. Despite these biases, CAM3 can still be used experimentally to examine atmospheric response to changing climatic conditions, particularly if results are viewed in the framework of a sensitivity study. With this in mind, the impact of future projections of sea ice on winter Arctic circulation is examined at both model resolutions. It is found that weak Arctic low patterns and strong Icelandic low patterns increase in frequency in the winter, while Aleutian/Icelandic low patterns and North Atlantic low/Pacific high patterns decrease in frequency in the winter with future projections of sea ice.
An Efficient Approach towards Robust Routing in MANET

Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) are characterize by time-varying nature of the links and network topology. There are transmission impediments like fading, path loss, blockage and interference that add to the inclined behavior of wireless channels. In such an environment, the network must accommodate the changes, providing end-end packet delivery while at the same time incurring low control overhead. This paper proposes an improvement over the existing routing algorithm for MANETs with the primary goal of maximize connectivity while limiting operating cost by finding those routes which can stay intact for a period of time.
Information-theoretic CAD system in mammography: improved mass detection by incorporating a Gaussian saliency map

ABSTRACT We are presenting continuing development of an information-theoretic (IT) CADe system for location-specificinterrogation of screening mammograms to detect masses. IT-CADe relies on a knowledge library of mammographiccases with known ground truth and an evidence-based approach to make a decision regarding a query case. If the queryis more similar to abnormal cases stored in the library, then the query is deemed also abnormal. Case similarity ismeasured using mutual information (MI). MI takes into account only the probabilities of the underlying image pixels butnot their relative significance in the image. To address this limitation, we investigated a novel modification of the MIsimilarity measure by incorporating the saliency of image pixels. Specifically, a Gaussian saliency map was appliedwhere central image pixels were given a higher weight and pixels importance degraded progressively towards the imageperiphery. This map makes intuitively sense. If a mass is suspected at a particular location, then image pixelssurrounding this location should be given higher importance in the MI calculation than pixels further away from thisspecific location. The new MI measure was tested with a leave-one-out scheme on a database of 1,820 mammographicregions (901 with masses and 919 normal). Further validation was performed on additional datasets of mammographicregions deemed as suspicious by a computer algorithm and by expert mammographers. Incorporation of the Gaussiansaliency map resulted in consistent and often significant improvement of IT-CADe performance across all but onedatasets.Keywords: computer-aided diagnosis, classification and classifier design, mammography, detection
The thermal properties of sample addenda used in T<1 K specific heat measurements: 1 — Specific heat and thermal conductivity of General Electric 7031 varnish

The specific heat and thermal conductivity of GE 7031 varnish were measured at 0.2 and 0.07/sup 0/K respectively. Results of specific heat measurements are presented in a plot and compared with results of other similar measurements. Results of thermal conductivity measurements are tabulated and discussed. (JRD)
Anisotropic Coarsening of Two-Dimensional Surface Domains in Copolymer Thin Films

We have investigated by scanning force microscopy the growth of surface relief structures on thin diblock copolymer films for a ∞ × ∞ geometry (homogeneous substrate) and a L × ∞ geometry (heterogeneous substrate). We characterize the growth by a length scale obtained from the correlation function describing the fluctuations. Two-dimensional viscous flow within a continuous layer dominates the process. On the homogeneous substrate we find a power law growth with an exponent of α = 2/3, while the growth on the stripe pattern in a direction parallel to the stripes is characterized by an exponent that is much lower.
Belief, information and semantic content: A naturalist's lament

Fred Dretske has recently developed what can be called an in formation-based theory of belief contents.1 We can distinguish three distinct components of this view. First, there is his naturalistic account of the information that p. Next, there is his account of the causal properties of the information that p. Finally, there is his argument that for at least simple de re perceptual beliefs what makes the belief that p the belief that p is that it is a structure which is developed to carry the information that p. In this essay, I attack the third component of this theory. In particular, I argue that Dretske's account of semantic content of simple de re perceptual beliefs can be shown to be in adequate.2 For it provides an inadequate explanation, I shall argue, of the possibility of false de re perceptual beliefs. I begin with a brief exposition of Dretske's account of informational content and his account of the causal properties of information. I point out several problems with these notions, but the objections raised at this stage concern matters of detail more than matters of principle. I then give a brief exposition of his account of the semantic content of de re perceptual beliefs and argue that it is inadequate. My argument proceeds as follows. I distinguish two sorts of links that can obtain between two concepts or between a concept and the states of a sensory receptor evidential links and semantic links and argue that any adequate theory of semantic content must provide a principled way of marking this distinction, on pain of providing an inadequate explanation or the possibility of false beliefs. I show that Dretske's theory provides us no principled way of making such a distinction. And I conclude that therefore Dretske's theory cannot adequately explain the possibility of false de re beliefs.
The implementation of retention in a coroutine environment

An efficient storage management scheme for languages supporting both coroutines and procedures is discussed. This scheme requires identifying those program components whose run time instances might need retention. These components could include both procedures and coroutines. A compile-time marking technique for determining these components in a block structured coroutine environment is presented. The impact that variations in the form of the coroutine control structures have on the technique is also addressed. Using the compile time marking as a guide, the storage management scheme can contract gracefully into a stack when programs use only a procedure call/return control discipline.
Novel synovial fluid recovery method allows for quantification of a marker of arthritis in mice

Summary Objective We evaluated three methodologies – a calcium sodium alginate compound (CSAC), polyacrylate beads (PABs), and Whatman paper recovery (WPR) – for the ability to recover synovial fluid (SF) from mouse knees in a manner that facilitated biochemical marker analysis. Methods Pilot testing of each of these recovery vehicles was conducted using small volumes of waste human SF. CSAC emerged as the method of choice, and was used to recover and quantify SF from the knees of C57BL/6 mice (n = 12), six of which were given left knee articular fractures. SF concentrations of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results The mean concentration ratio [(COMPleft knee)/(COMPright knee)] was higher in the mice subjected to articular fracture when compared to the non-fracture mice (P = 0.026). The mean total COMP ratio (taking into account the quantitative recovery of SF) best discriminated between fracture and non-fracture knees (P = 0.004). Conclusions Our results provide the first direct evidence of accelerated joint tissue turnover in a mouse model responding to acute joint injury. These data strongly suggest that mouse SF recovery is feasible and that biomarker analysis of collected SF samples can augment traditional histological analyses in mouse models of arthritis.
Measuring the dynamic surface accessibility of RNA with the small paramagnetic molecule TEMPOL

The surface accessibility of macromolecules plays a key role in modulating molecular recognition events. RNA is a complex and dynamic molecule involved in many aspects of gene expression. However, there are few experimental methods available to measure the accessible surface of RNA. Here, we investigate the accessible surface of RNA using NMR and the small paramagnetic molecule TEMPOL. We investigated two RNAs with known structures, one that is extremely stable and one that is dynamic. For helical regions, the TEMPOL probing data correlate well with the predicted RNA surface, and the method is able to distinguish subtle variations in atom depths, such as the relative accessibility of pyrimidine versus purine aromatic carbon atoms. Dynamic motions are also detected by TEMPOL probing, and the method accurately reports a previously characterized pH-dependent conformational transition involving formation of a protonated C–A pair and base flipping. Some loop regions are observed to exhibit anomalously high accessibility, reflective of motions that are not evident within the ensemble of NMR structures. We conclude that TEMPOL probing can provide valuable insights into the surface accessibility and dynamics of RNA, and can also be used as an independent means of validating RNA structure and dynamics in solution.
Conceptual model for complex river responses using an expanded Lane's relation

Abstract In 1955, Lane introduced the qualitative expression QwS α QsDs to relate water discharge (Qw), channel slope (S), sediment discharge or load (Qs), and a representative bed sediment size (Ds) for a river reach under dynamic equilibrium conditions. For over 50 years, Lane's relation has provided a unique conceptual model useful to engineers, geomorphologists, and educators for visualizing and describing the concept of dynamic equilibrium in rivers. However, the ability of Lane's relation to describe river adjustments is inherently limited because the expression cannot account for the changes in cross-sectional, planform and bedform geometry that are typically associated with complex channel adjustments. By demonstrating that Qs is inversely proportional to the width-to-depth ratio (W/d), we expand Lane's relation to include the width-to-depth ratio as a cross-sectional geometry term: QwS α QsDs (W/d). We further demonstrate that the slope term (S) is proportional to the total change in elevation along a channel (∆z) and inversely proportional to sinuosity (P) and bedform amplitude ( H ¯ a ): S α ∆z/(P H ¯ a ). The introduction of the width-to-depth ratio and expressing channel slope in terms of channel geometry expands the original Lane's relation to explicitly include measures of cross-sectional, planform and bedform geometry as additional degrees of freedom. This significantly broadens the usefulness of Lane's original relation as a conceptual model and allows the visualization of complex river responses that commonly involve adjustments to cross-sectional, planform, and/or bedform geometry.
The response of the serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase to open-heart operation.

Abstract In 48 patients who underwent cardiac and cardiovascular operations, the levels of SGOT were studied in the postoperative period. There was a significant difference between a group of 27 patients who underwent intracardiac procedures with the aid of circulatory bypass and 16 patients who underwent procedures without circulatory bypass. Within the first group—subdivided into three classes, namely, tetralogy of Fallot, ventriculotomy alone, auriculotomy alone—no significant differences were found. Patients who did not survive the immediate postoperative period showed significantly higher values than did the survivors. The length of the period of extracorporeal circulation correlated with the rise in the levels of SGOT, as well as with the death rate. From these results it is concluded that the levels of SGOT-and probably levels of enzymes in general—cannot be considered as an index of tissue damage alone in patients who have undergone cardiac operation, but rather as part of a complex response of the whole organism.
Approach and management of venomous snake bites: a guide for the primary care physician

Approximately 10,000 snake bites occur each year in the United States. Although rarely fatal, 70% of envenomations require antivenom therapy. The rattlesnake, a member of the Crotalinae family, causes the most bites and fatalities each year. First aid techniques such as arterial tourniquet, mechanical venom removal, and icing the wound—which are ineffective and actually cause more harm—have been replaced with immobilization of the affected extremity at a gravity-neutral position and aggressive antivenom therapy. Patients with snake bite injuries should be seen in the emergency department and antivenom therapy should be initiated if indicated. Fasciotomies are reserved for rare cases, although prevention and education of snake bites should be the goal of all physicians.
LAND ACQUISITION AS A RESTORATION ALTERNATIVE: AN EXAMPLE FROM THE BARGE BERMAN OIL SPILL IN PUERTO RICO

ABSTRACT The Morris J Berman oil spill was a large and significant spill occurring at the height of the tourist season in San Juan, Puerto Rico in January 1994. Two major categories of injury were compensated through a single land acquisition project. Restoration for lost recreational beach use was wholly compensated with the land acquisition project. The eolianite reef injury was mostly satisfied by the same land acquisition restoration project, but with the addition of two other restoration projects. Creating new recreational beach use opportunities by acquiring privately owned coastal habitat was a natural choice for restoration. Demonstrating the resource service link between a variety of coastal habitats and eolianite habitat was more challenging. The Trustee Council undertook a Habitat Suitability Analysis to demonstrate this service linkage. The Habitat Suitability Analysis (HSA) showed that habitats different from eolianite reef, including seagrass, mangroves and shallow hard-bottom, could provide...
Embedded figures, learning, and recall: a note on Long's paper.

Long ( 1962) has found relationships between performance in an embedded figures test (EFT) and original learning (OL) and retention on a RI task. The common factor in these performances is asserted to be Field-Articulation (FA) which is defined as the "capacity to articulate, or differentiate, complex stimulus fields" (Long, 1962). Except for the positive relationship between OL and EFT, Long's findings confirm the results of an earlier investigation by Gollin and Baron (1954). The relationship between EFT scores and retention scores in the two investigations is similar despite differences in training and testing methods, in materials, and in sex of Ss. The difference in the relationship between EFT and OL is likely to be a function of the nature of the OL list: Long's list consisted of highly similar words, while Gollin and Baron used a list of low associacion nonsense syllables. From the very outset of training the word lisc may be assumed to tap FA since the meaningfulness of the words is likely to impart some field character to the list. The low-association nonsense syllables on the other hand constitute an aggregate of disconnected stimuli with little intra-list relatedness. As the nonsense list is learned, it is likely that the list increasingly assumes field properties and thus serves as a good test of FA when it is again presented in the retention tasks. The failure to observe an association between FA and OL seems to strengthen the value of FA as an inferred abiliry. If FA were related to everything, its utility as a selective predictor would diminish.
System characterization of RiceWrist-S: A forearm-wrist exoskeleton for upper extremity rehabilitation

Rehabilitation of the distal joints of the upper extremities is crucial to restore the ability to perform activities of daily living to patients with neurological lesions resulting from stroke or spinal cord injury. Robotic rehabilitation has been identified as a promising new solution, however, much of the existing technology in this field is focused on the more proximal joints of the upper arm. A recently presented device, the RiceWrist-S, focuses on the rehabilitation of the forearm and wrist, and has undergone a few important design changes. This paper first addresses the design improvements achieved in the recent design iteration, and then presents the system characterization of the new device. We show that the RiceWrist-S has capabilities beyond other existing devices, and exhibits favorable system characteristics as a rehabilitation device, in particular torque output, range of motion, closed loop position performance, and high spatial resolution.
Pore architecture of the ORAI1 store-operated calcium channel.

ORAI1 is the pore-forming subunit of the calcium release-activated calcium (CRAC) channel, a store-operated channel that is central to Ca2+ signaling in mammalian cells. Electrophysiological data have shown that the acidic residues E106 in transmembrane helix 1 (TM1) and E190 in TM3 contribute to the high selectivity of ORAI1 channels for Ca2+. We have examined the pore architecture of the ORAI1 channel using ORAI1 proteins engineered to contain either one or two cysteine residues. Disulfide cross-linking shows that ORAI1 assembles as a tetramer or a higher oligomer with TM1 centrally located. Cysteine side chains projecting from TM1 at position 88, 95, 102, or 106 cross-link efficiently to the corresponding side chain in a second ORAI1 monomer. Cysteine residues at position 190 or at surrounding positions in TM3 do not cross-link. We conclude that E106 residues in wild-type ORAI1 are positioned to form a Ca2+ binding site in the channel pore and that E190 interacts less directly with ions traversing the pore. The cross-linking data further identify a relatively rigid segment of TM1 adjacent to E106 that is likely to contribute to the selectivity filter.
Naloxone-reversible analgesia produced by microstimulation in the rat medulla

Using microstimulation of the rostral medulla in the barbiturate-anesthetized rat, a map was constructed of loci for inhibition of the tail-flick response to noxious heat. Low threshold sites (less than or equal to 10 microA) were found in both the nucleus raphe magnus and the nucleus reticularis paragigantocellularis. Chronaxie determinations indicate that analgesia was not produced by activation of large myelinated axons of passage. Systemic naloxone only antagonized the inhibition generated from stimulation at low threshold sites. Inhibition from higher threshold sites, for example from the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis, was not naloxone reversible. Depending on the area stimulated, either an opioid-or a non-opioid-mediated inhibition results from microstimulation within the rat medulla.
Symmetry in stochasticity: Random walk models of large-scale structure

This paper describes the insights gained from the excursion set approach, in which various questions about the phenomenology of large-scale structure formation can be mapped to problems associated with the first crossing distribution of appropriately defined barriers by random walks. Much of this is summarized in R K Sheth, AIP Conf. Proc.1132, 158 (2009). So only a summary is given here, and instead a few new excursion set related ideas and results which are not published elsewhere are presented. One is a generalization of the formation time distribution to the case in which formation corresponds to the time when half the mass was first assembled in pieces, each of which was at least 1/n times the final mass, and where n ≥ 2; another is an analysis of the first crossing distribution of the Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process. The first derives from the mirror-image symmetry argument for random walks which Chandrasekhar described so elegantly in 1943; the second corrects a misuse of this argument. Finally, some discussion of the correlated steps and correlated walks assumptions associated with the excursion set approach, and the relation between these and peaks theory are also included. These are problems in which Chandra’s mirror-image symmetry is broken.
Abstract B104: Medical mistrust and cancer screening in an underserved population

Racial/ethnic minorities and those of lower socioeconomic status suffer disproportionate rates of cancer incidence and mortality. They are also less likely to engage in preventive screening practices. The potential impact for improved screening rates is great. Screening for breast and colon cancer, two of the top five cancer sites, has been shown to reduce mortality. Results are more controversial for the effect on prostate cancer mortality, another of the top five cancer sites in men. Among reported reasons for lower screening practices are mistrust of the healthcare system, fear of the procedures or results, lack of or inadequate insurance coverage, and fatalistic beliefs. Racial/ethnic minorities are typically thought to exhibit higher levels of medical mistrust than their Caucasian counterparts. The purpose of this analysis was to examine associations between medical mistrust and specific cancer screening behaviors – breast, colon, and prostate cancer screening – in a low-income urban and predominately racial minority adult population. As part of a longitudinal survey study to assess colon cancer screening practices, participants were recruited from federally qualified health centers in an urban Midwest city. Eligibility included age ≥40 and being a patient at a federally qualified health center. Interviewer-administered surveys were used to collect baseline data on self-reported cancer screening practices, health history, insurance status, and demographics. Medical mistrust was assessed using the Group Based Medical Mistrust Scale. The study population included 144 individuals and was 61% male, with an average age of 51 years (±6.73 SD). Participants were predominately African American (87.5%), uninsured (52%), and low income, with 42.4% earning a monthly income Preliminary results indicate that there were no significant differences in medical mistrust by gender, having a healthcare home (defined as one particular doctor9s office individuals visit when sick), or by ever having been screened for colon, breast, or prostate cancer. Bivariate analysis found that having a healthcare home was significantly associated with having had a mammography (p=0.02), CRC screening (p=0.012), and prostate cancer screening (p Medical mistrust may be a less important determinant in nonadherence of low-income, racial/ethnic minority adults to screening guidelines than previously thought. As medical mistrust levels did not differ by gender or healthcare home status, it may be that focusing efforts on connecting low-income individuals with regular sources of care in which they will experience a greater continuity in care has the potential to increase cancer screening and preventive behaviors. This may provide avenues for interventions focused on eliminating disparities in cancer screening rates among minorities and those of lower socioeconomic status. Citation Information: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011;20(10 Suppl):B104.
Ultrasound biomicroscopy of the anterior segment after congenital cataract surgery.

Abstract PURPOSE: To evaluate the structure of the anterior segment after congenital cataract surgery with ultrasound biomicroscopy. METHODS: Ultrasound biomicroscopy was performed on 28 eyes of 15 patients after congenital cataract surgery (age range, 8–27 years; mean, 13.1 ± 1.1 years), of which 26 eyes had pars plana lensectomy and two eyes had phacoemulsification and aspiration, and on 21 eyes of 11 phakic control subjects who were healthy (age range, 6–17 years; mean, 11.5 ± 1.1 years). The angle-opening distance at 500 μm was measured on a line perpendicular to the trabecular meshwork 500 μm from the scleral spur, and the trabecular-iris angle was measured. RESULTS: Angle-opening distance at 500 μm in the congenital cataract group ranged from 174 to 920 μm (mean, 424 ± 28 μm), and in the control group it ranged from 260 to 1,119 μm (mean, 643 ± 57 μm), a difference that was significantly different ( P = .0004, Student t test). The trabecular-iris angle in the congenital cataract group ranged from 30.4 to 66.9 degrees (mean, 41.9 ± 1.6 degrees) and in the control group ranged from 32.1 to 69.8 degrees (mean, 44.9 ± 2.5 degrees), a difference that was not significantly different ( P = .28, Student t test). This means that there is a tendency for high insertion of the iris in the congenital cataract group, and intraocular pressure was elevated after surgery (including glaucoma and ocular hypertension) in 10 (47.6%) of 21 eyes with high insertion. The pars plicata after congenital cataract surgery was significantly flatter than that of control subjects ( P = .0057, Student t test). CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasound biomicroscopy is a useful method for evaluating the anterior segment of eyes with congenital cataract, and complications after cataract surgery can be caused by disorganization of the anterior segment. Patients with abnormalities of the anterior segment should be followed up closely for the development of glaucoma.
Oxygen dependence of damage by 435 nm light in cultured retinal epithelium

Light damages the cultured bovine retinal epithelium at about the same intensities as those effective in the primate retina, in vivo. Also as in vivo, blue light (457.9 nm) is substantially more damaging than longer wavelengths of the visible spectrum. Experiments were performed to test whether this damage by light is mediated by a photodynamic reaction. Primary confluent monolayer cultures of the bovine retinal epithelium were exposed to 435 nm light for 120 minutes, during which time the oxygen content in the gas phase of the exposure chamber was maintained at a predetermined value. Prior to and after light exposure the cultures were aerated by 20% oxygen. The normal growth medium (Eagle's MEM + 10% fetal calf serum) was used during exposure. Light microscopic and EM examination 24 hours after exposure showed that changes indicating cell death were enhanced by a factor of 10 when exposures were conducted in an atmosphere of 95% oxygen instead of 20% oxygen. No damage at intensities up to 50 mw/sq.cm. was observed with a 0% oxygen atmosphere. These effects were the same when a saline, bicarbonate buffered medium was used during exposure. It is concluded that short wavelength light damage to the retinal epithelium is caused by a photodynamic reaction, i.e. a photosensitized aerobic oxidation. This is the first time that the mechanism of blue light damage on a retinal tissue has been established.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Effect of injury and orthotic support on the stability of the spine

The effect of injury to the thoracolumbar spinal segment and the influence of orthotic support on the stability of the spine was studied using a finite-element model of the spine. The stability of an injured spine with and without orthotic support was evaluated in terms of the progression of translational and angular deformity at the injured segment when the spine was subjected to gravitational loads and flexion moment in the upright posture. Results indicate that a hyperextension orthosis improves the stability of the model spine whose ability to withstand gravitational and flexion loads was severely compromised due to injury at T12-L2 segment. >
9:15-9:30. A Clinical Evaluation of Segmented Attenuation Correction.

Abstract Segmented attenuation correction (SAC) has been introduced as a method of reducing transmission scan times without degrading the quality of PET images. Presented are the results of a clinical evaluation of a SAC algorithm implemented on the GE Advance PET system. FDG whole body patient emission scans of eight minute duration were acquired. Dynamic transmission (Tx) scans of 5 frames and 6 minute total duration were acquired and rebinned into Tx scans of 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 minute duration. Images (I) were generated using iterative reconstruction with measured attenuation correction (MAC) or SAC for all Tx scans—denoted as I(Tx6MAC), I(Tx6SAC), etc. Anthropomorphic phantom data was also acquired and reconstructed using the same methodology. Images were evaluated quantitatively using the normalized mean square error (NMSE) of different regions and the variance and bias of liver activity. I(Tx6MAC) served as the reference. A blinded observer ranked image quality. The NMSE increased as the Tx duration decreased; for patient images the NMSE was typically 20% and 40% greater for I(Tx3SAC) and I(Tx2SAC) than I(Tx6SAC) respectively. The NMSE of the MAC images increased much more rapidly as the Tx duration decreased. Similar trends were found for the variance in the liver. Bias in liver activity of the SAC images was approximately −8% for large patients. The observer consistently preferred SAC images over MAC images. SAC images demonstrated improved boundary delineation and reduced noise in areas of homogeneous high activity background. Areas of discordance were projected into areas of large difference between Tx and segmented Tx sinograms. This study has validated the use of SAC with short Tx scans. Images reconstructed with Tx scans of 3 minutes were not compromised with noise or severe artifacts.
Investigation of the Einstein-de Haas Effect for Cobalt and for the Co-Ni Alloys

Magnetomechanical measurements on cobalt gave a ${g}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ value of 1.838\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.003. This value for cobalt appears to be unaffected by changing from the hexagonal to the cubic phase, and is nearly the same as the value for nickel. Magnetomechnical measurements were also made on seven different alloys of the Co-Ni series. All of these alloys have ${g}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ values greater than that which characterize the constituent metals.
Thermophilic aerobic biological wastewater treatment

Abstract The following review article will serve to elucidate the existing state-of-the-art and breadth of technical understanding related to thermophilic aerobic biological wastewater treatment. The advantages of this technology include rapid biodegradation rates, low sludge yields, and excellent process stability. Substrate utilization rates reported in the technical literature are 3–10 times greater than that observed with analogous mesophilic processes, and sludge production rates are generally similar to anaerobic treatment processes. As such, thermophilic aerobic treatment has been used to biodegrade wastewaters from the pulp and paper industry, livestock production, and many other miscellaneous waste streams. Thermophilic aerobic processes are particularly advantageous for the treatment of high-strength wastewaters that can fully benefit from the rapid biodegradation rates and low sludge yields. High-strength wastewaters also contain the necessary energy content to facilitate autothermal operation such that exogenous heat input is not required. A theoretical energy balance is presented which predicts that COD removals of 20,000–40,000 mg l−1 coupled with an oxygen transfer efficiency of 10–20% are necessary for autoheating to thermophilic temperatures. Of the bacteria likely to proliferate in thermophilic aerobic bioreactors, relatively unique and specific nutritional requirements are common. In particular, thermophilic Bacillus spp. commonly exhibit a growth requirement for methionine. Most researchers have reported that thermophilic bacteria fail to aggregate, making biomass separation from the treated effluent a key design criterion. Further work on thermophilic aerobic treatment processes is also needed to identify optimum operating conditions, and determine the best method to accommodate the oxygen uptake rates of these systems.
Phosphorylation of muscle phosphofructokinase by the catalytic subunit of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase

Abstract The catalytic subunit of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase catalyzes the phosphorylation of rabbit skeletal muscle phosphofructokinase. The reaction is inhibited by the specific inhibitor of protein kinase and proceeds at about 2% the rate observed with phosphorylase kinase but more rapidly than with rat liver fructose bisphosphatase as substrate. Maximum extent of incorporation (0.43 to 0.85 moles per mole of protomer) plus the covalently-bound phosphate present in the isolated enzyme (0.20 to 0.34 moles per mole) approaches one mole per mole.
Urban temporary out-migration under economic reforms: Who moves and for what reasons?

Studies of temporary migration in developing countries often focus on rural outmigration and are preoccupied with problems it may bring to cities. Using a unique data set from two surveys conducted in Zhejiang province, China, this paper examines the other side of the coin — temporary migration from urban places — and thereby provides an important complement to studies focusing on rural-urban migration. The analysis identifies three types of temporary migrations: on-business, economic, and family-related. Using multinomial logit model, the analysis suggests that the three types of temporary migration differ significantly from each other in both their causes and migrants' socioeconomic characteristics; so does urban-urban migration from urban-rural migration. The considerable urban-rural temporary migration attests to the fact that temporary migration is not a one-way process; its positive selectivity further indicates that a considerable human capital flows from urban to rural areas through urban-rural temporary migration, which provides rural areas much needed science and technology and becomes an important facilitating factor of rural socioeconomic development.
Effect of beam initial curvature on the dynamics of deformable multibody systems

Abstract In this paper the effect of member initial curvature on the dynamic response of mechanisms consisting of interconnected rigid and deformable links is investigated. In Euler-Bernoulli theory for straight beams it is assumed that there is no coupling between the longitudinal and transverse displacements. This is not, however, the case when initially curved beams are considered. Mode shapes obtained for curved beams contain both axial and bending effects. Furthermore, coupling between the longitudinal and transverse displacements do exist in both straight and curved beams that undergo large angular rotational displacements. In this study a Lagrangian formulation is developed for initially curved beams that undergo large translational and rotational displacements. The configuration of the curved beam is identified using a coupled set of reference and elastic coordinates. The kinetic and strain energies of the initially curved beams are developed and the beam mass and stiffness matrices are identified. Even though the obtained mass matrix of the curved beam is a highly nonlinear function of the system coordinates because of the large rotational displacements, it was shown that this mass matrix can be written in terms of a set of invariants that depend on the assumed displacement field as well as the initial curvature of the beam. These invariants also appear in the nonlinear terms that represent the inertia coupling between the reference motion and the elastic deformation of the curved beam.
Treatment of recurrent condyloma acuminatum

Abstract Treatment of a recurrence of oral condyloma acuminatum is presented as a follow-up of the case originally reported by Knapp and Uohara. 8 The need for aggressive surgical intervention to ensure complete removal of the papillomatous tumor and a border of normal tissues in treating this unusual type of epithelial lesion is stressed.
Diagnostic Options for Assessment of Postmenopausal Bleeding

Postmenopausal women should undergo endometrial assessment when bleeding occurs in the absence of replacement hormone therapy, after a 1-year regimen of continuous-combined hormone replacement therapy, or at an unexpected time during cyclic replacement therapy. Endometrial assessment can be accomplished by endometrial biopsy, transvaginal ultrasonography, or hysteroscopy. Dilation and curettage should be reserved for those rare cases when the other methods are infeasible. Each method of assessment has advantages and disadvantages, and the choice of method should be made accordingly.
Effect of procaine in crystalloid and blood potassium cardioplegia solutions

Abstract This study was undertaken to examine the effects of procaine (P) (2 g/liter) in multidose crystalloid (KCP) and blood (BCP) potassium (25 meq/liter) cardioplegia solutions during 2 hr of hypothermic (22°C) aortic occlusion. Four groups were studied: Group I KCP, P(−) n = 8, Group II KCP, P(+) ( n = 8), Group III BCP, P(−) n = 6, Group IV BCP P(+) n = 8. Change in left ventricular (LV) function was defined as percentage change in center of mass between pre- and postarrest function curves. Regional myocardial flow was measured with microspheres and myocardial metabolism monitored by lactate and oxygen utilization. Ventricular biopsies were serially obtained for myocardial ATP, creatine phosphate, calcium, water content, and ultrastructure study. LV function percentage recovery was 62 ± 4% in Group I, 79 ± 5% in Group II, 81 ± 4% in Group III and 72 ± 4% in Group IV. Myocardial regional flow did not show significant differences between groups P(−) and P(+) though KCP and BCP groups showed different patterns of reperfusion. Lactate and oxygen utilization did not show significant differences between groups. In all groups ATP and calcium were well preserved and mild edema formation was observed at reperfusion. Ultrastructural preservation was good except in Group I where myofilament breakdown was present. Procaine was effective in obtaining spontaneous recovery of normal electrical activity. In conclusion, BCP without procaine significantly improved myocardial protection over similar KCP. Procaine had a significant additive effect in KCP and no additive effect in BCP.
Accessing maternal health services in eastern Burma.

Burma is a country that has endured decades of war and civil conflict. The State Peace and Development Council, the current military regime that has governed the country for decades, has had ongoing conflicts with ethnic minority groups. Specific policies of the State Peace and Development Council have resulted in forced labor, forced relocation, torture, killings, and deliberate destruction of food supplies [1–3], largely targeted at ethnic minorities within the country [4]. Over one million Burmese are estimated to have been displaced since 1996 [5], and about half have been unable to resettle or return to their homes. The eastern border of the country bears the largest burden of internally displaced persons in the country [5]. Accurate measures of health are critical to address the high morbidity and mortality in this vulnerable population. However, there is a wide variation in reported estimates of health indicators. For example, the World Health Organization reports a maternal mortality ratio of 360 per 100,000 live births [6]; in 2006 UNICEF reported an under-five mortality rate of 104 per 1,000 live births and an infant mortality rate of 74 per 1,000 live births [7]. In contrast, surveys conducted by the Back Pack Health Worker Team—a community-based organization providing health care to internally displaced persons in active conflict zones (“black zones”)—give very different results. The team's surveys estimate maternal mortality as 1,000–1,200 per 100,000 live births [4] and infant mortality and under-five mortality as 91 per 1,000 live births and 221 per 1,000 live births, respectively [4]. Linked Research Article This Perspective discusses the following new study published in PLoS Medicine: Mullany LC, Lee CI, Yone L, Paw P, Oo EKS, et al. (2008) Access to essential maternal health interventions and human rights violations among vulnerable communities in eastern Burma. PLoS Med 5(12): e242. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0050242 Luke Mullany and colleagues examine access to essential maternal health interventions and human rights violations within vulnerable communities in eastern Burma.
Construct validity of the Relationship Profile Test: links with attachment, identity, relatedness, and affect.

Studies suggest that overdependence and detachment have negative effects on psychological adjustment, health, and therapy process and outcome. In contrast, healthy dependency (i.e., flexible, situation-appropriate help and support seeking) has beneficial effects in each of these areas. In this investigation, 90 college students (50 women and 40 men) completed a battery of personality scales including the Relationship Profile Test (RPT), a 30-item measure of destructive overdependence, dysfunctional detachment, and healthy dependency. RPT scores showed the expected patterns of subscale intercorrelations, gender differences, and links with measures of attachment style, identity, relatedness, and affect. Implications of these results for the construct validity of the RPT are discussed in the context of theoretical models of dependency-detachment.
Cognitive Behaviour Therapy and Its Application With Adolescents

Cognitive Behaviour Therapy is traditionally seen as a treatment for emotional disorders in adults. The paper argues that the technique can also be used with emotionally disturbed adolescents and younger children provided there is an awareness of cognitive and moral developmental processes and that these are taken into consideration. The paper discusses some of the advantages and excitement of using this technique with adolescents.
Reliability and economic based analysis to determine an opportune rehabilitation and modernization schedule for hydroelectric facilities

Twenty-four synchronous generators and associated equipment are selected to represent hydroelectric equipment reliability and system availability. Fault data for the 24 generators are collected and filtered for only forced outage data, from which equipment reliabilities are determined. The eight major equipments in a hydropower plant are divided into two groups based on their reliability for calculation of rehabilitation and modernization timing. Considering reliability and economics, it appears that 20 to 23 years is a favorable time to rehabilitate equipment of group 2, which includes the switchyard circuit breaker (CB), excitation system, governor and main CB, and 40 to 45 years is an opportune time to modernize group 1 equipment, comprised of the rotor, stator, turbine and main transformer.
Scalability of the coevolutionary automated software correction system

The Coevolutionary Automated Software Correction system addresses in an integral and fully automated manner the complete cycle of software artifact testing, error location, and correction phases. It employs a coevolutionary approach where software artifacts and test cases are evolved in tandem. The test cases evolve to better find flaws in the software artifacts and the software artifacts evolve to better behave to specification when exposed to the test cases, thus causing an evolutionary arms race. Experimental results are presented which demonstrate the scalability of the Coevolutionary Automated Software Correction system by establishing correlations between program size and both success rate and estimated convergence rate that are at most linear.
“Dear PPO5”: Interpersonal Communication and the Computer: Entering a Brave New World

Electronic mail (EMS) is a new and increasingly common mechanism for communication. How computer‐mediated communication affects human behavior has become the focus of research and of commentary in the popular press. An etiquette or rules of conduct when using EMS appears to be needed. Suggestions are offered based on experience utilizing an electronic mail system for intra‐organizational communication in the Carnegie‐Mellon University Libraries.
Adapting the Internet: Comments from a Women-Only Electronic Forum

This study examines the culture of electronic communication from the standpoint of a women-only electronic forum of computer scientists called Systers. Surveys completed electronically by 491 members of the forum are analyzed, and extensive quotes from their responses are presented. The respondents’ reactions to the culture of the Internet, and their comments on the segregated forum they have created in response, provide a detailed description of the complexities of EC and the social worlds it allows us to create. Their comments suggest that electronic communication can give undue influence to extreme opinions and can make it easier for sexual harassment to occur. It can also make it easy for women who are unwilling to involve themselves in mixed-sex forums to interact with each other in a climate they find more congenial. Thus, the technology may increase the reach both of those who make the Internet a difficult place and of those who wish to make it a safer place. One conclusion we draw is that basic patterns of gender based communication are at least replicated, if not magnified, in electronic communication.
On existence, uniqueness and numerical approximation for neutral equations with state-dependent delays

Abstract We consider a class of neutral functional differential equations with state-dependent delays, and discuss existence, uniqueness, and numerical approximation of solutions of corresponding initial value problems.
A family of ferrocene-rich Mn7, Mn8 and Mn13 clusters

Abstract The use of ferrocene-1,1′-dicarboxylic acid (fdcH2) in Mn cluster chemistry has led to a family of ferrocene-rich Mn7, Mn8 and Mn13 clusters. The complexes are all mixed-valence. Solid-state DC and AC magnetic susceptibility studies have established the Mn7, Mn8 and Mn13 complexes to possess S = 2, 5 and 9/2 ground states, respectively.