cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impaired Student Counselors: Ethical and Legal Considerations for the Family

It is not uncommon to hear about a family’s experience with a family counselor who is impaired in some fashion such as being burned out, experiencing stress, or dealing with his or her own personal...
CARBON DEPOSITION AND HYDROCARBON FORMATION ON GROUP VIII METAL CATALYSTS

Carbon formed from CO in CO2 at around 500 °C deposited as nanotubes and encapsulating carbons on a supported Ni catalyst without H2 or as filaments if H2 was present. A thermodynamic model explains how hydrogen in low concentrations controls filament morphology and why equilibrium is shifted from that for graphite during carbon deposition. Carbon deposition reaction rates at low carbon activity in the absence of hydrogen are reported. A new concept of the rate limiting step for metal-catalyzed carbon formation is proposed, where conditions inside the bulk metal are at least as important as the surface chemistry. A mechanism with an unusual type of active site can qualitatively explain carbon formation rates through a broad range of reaction conditions. When hydrogen is present, a series of hydrocarbons are believed to form, as in fuel synthesis (Fischer−Tropsch) chemistry. Surface vinyl species that have been recently shown to be intermediates in Fischer−Tropsch chemistry also may polymerize to form grap...
Determining crack initiation points in polymeric materials

Abstract For fracture toughness measurements, accurate identification of crack initiation is of critical importance. Maximum load point criteria can work well for brittle materials but may be inappropriate for other materials. The 5% compliance intercept criterion stipulated in the ASTM E399 standard for metals gives reproducible data but is not necessarily related to the actual fracture process in polymers. Visual observation techniques are inherently related to the fracture process but may be somewhat subjective. Crack resistance values based on the above criteria are measured for polystyrene, polypropylene, rubber modified polymethylmethacrylate, and a nylon 6/ABS blend. It is found that the method of determining characteristic points can affect the generated fracture characterizing parameters.
Mitteilungen aus dem Laboratorium für Geophysik der Carnegie Institution in Washington. I. Die Rolle des Wassers im Tremolit und gewissen anderen Mineralien

Eine Untersuchung von verschiedenen Proben von naturlichem Tremolit, wovon zwei ausergewohnlich rein waren, bewies, dass alle 1.7–2.5% Wasser enthielten. Dies Wasser wird allmahlich mit steigender Temperatur abgegeben, ohne dass die Homogenitat verloren geht, und unter nur sehr geringer Anderung der optischen Eigenschaften. Das Wasser ist demnach nicht chemisch gebunden, obwohl das Mineral im gepulverten Zustande auch bis 900° nicht vollstandig entwassert wird. Es ist als gelostes Wasser zu betrachten und der Tremolit als eine feste Losung. Ein Diopsid aus umgewandelten Kalkstein enthielt 1% Wasser und verhielt sich praktisch ebenso, obwohl wahrscheinlich der Diopsid aus Eruptivgesteinen wasserfrei ist.
Concordance of Motor Vehicle Crash, Emergency Department, and Inpatient Hospitalization Data Sets in the Identification of Drugs in Injured Drivers

Objective: Prescription drug overdoses, abuse, and sales have increased dramatically in the United States in the last decade. The purpose of the present study was to link crash data with emergency department (ED) and inpatient hospitalization data to assess the concordance between the data sets in the identification of the presence of drugs among injured motor vehicle drivers (passenger cars, passenger trucks, light trucks, and semi-trucks) in Kentucky. Methods: Kentucky CRASH data were probabilistically linked to ED data sets for years 2008–2010 and to inpatient hospitalization data sets for years 2000–2010. Statistical analyses were performed. Results: Of the 72,529 linked crash/ED visits, there were 473 drivers with an associated nondependent abuse of drugs diagnosis in the ED, and 930 drivers had drug involvement recorded in the CRASH data (only 163 cases overlapped with drug involvement both recorded in CRASH data and coded as nondependent abuse of drugs in the ED); 64 drivers had multiple drug types...
Morphological and mechanical property studies of polymer extrudates obtained by the rotational extrusion process

The orientation of the reinforcing fibers in glass fiber filled polypropylene tubular extrudates has been controlled effectively by the superposition of the linear flow in a melt extruder with torsional flow generated by rotating the capillary portion of the extrusion die of the extruder. The so produced extrudates have mechanical properties which can be balanced along the hoop and extrusion direction by adjusting the extrusion rate and the rotational speed of the die for example, the breaking load of 75N along the hoop direction increases by ∼40% when the capillary of the die was rotated at 80 rpm. At the same time the Young's modulus in the extrusion direction decreased from 1100 MPa under conventional extrusion conditions to 800 MPa.
Domains of existence for plurisubharmonic functions

Theorem. Let 12 C ~" be a domain with C 2 boundary, and let the Levi form of OQ be nondeyenerate on an open dense subset of Og2. Then there is a plurisubharmonic function on £2 that cannot be extended to be plurisubharmonic on a set f2: CO" with f21c~0:# 0. We note that the hypotheses of the theorem are "generic" and are satisfied, for instance, if £2 is bounded and has real analytic boundary. The methods here are local, but the situation where a large portion of ~£2 is Levi flat seems to pose a global problem. Let P(f2) denote the plurisubharmonic functions on O. It is well known that if g2 is pseudo-convex, then there is a plurisubharmonic exhaustion function for f2. However, if u~ Lipl(O)c~P(f2) and if f2 is strongly pseudoconvex with C 2 boundary, then u extends to a plurisubharmonic function in a neighborhood of O. On the other hand, if
On the use of the fully compressible Navier-Stokes equations for the steady-state solution of natural convection problems in closed cavities

The steady-state compressible form of the Navier-Stokes equations, along with no-slip boundary conditions on walls, represents a boundary value problem. In closed heated cavities, these equations are incapable of preserving the initial mass of the cavity and predicting the pressure rise. A simple strategy to adjust the reference pressure in the system is presented and demonstrated. The strategy is similar to solving the transient form of the governing equations, but completely eliminates truncation errors associated with temporal discretization of the transient terms
A simple direct spectrophotometric assay for 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.

Abstract A simple reproducible assay to determine the concentration of 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in blood plasma is described. This technique employs quantitation of the steroid by direct spectrophotometric analysis, rather than competitive protein binding assay after partition and high-pressure liquid chromatographic purification of plasma extracts. The concentration of metabolite observed in normal adult plasma is 2.4 ± 1.1 ng/ml.
Learning optimal wavelets from overcomplete representations

Efficient and robust representation of signals has been the focus of a number of areas of research. Wavelets represent one such representation scheme that enjoys desirable qualitites such as time-frequency localization. Once the Mother wavelet has been selected, other wavelets can be generated as translated and dilated versions of the Mother wavelet in the 1D case. In the 2D case tensor product of two 1D wavelets is the most often used transform. Over complete representation of wavelets has proved to be of great advantage, both in sparse coding of complex scenes and multi-media data compression. On the other hand over completeness raises a number of technical difficulties for robust computation and systematic generalization of constructions beyond their original application domains.
High frequency gas discharge breakdown in hydrogen

Electrical breakdown of hydrogen at high frequencies has been treated theoretically on the basis of the Boltzmann transport equation. Inelastic collisions are taken into account as a loss term in the Boltzmann equation and measured values of the ionization efficiency are used in the integral determining the ionization rate. The energy distribution function for electrons may be expressed in terms of the confluent hypergeometric function and simple exponentials. The ionization rate and diffusion coefficient are calculated using these distribution functions and kinetic theory and are combined with the diffusion equation to predict breakdown electric fields. These predicted electric fields are compared with experimental values measured at 3000 mc/sec. They are also compared with older measurements by other workers at frequencies ranging from 3 mc/sec. to 100 mc/sec. The breakdown equation calculated from kinetic theory and using no gas discharge data other than the collision cross-section measurements and involving no adjustable constants predicts breakdown electric fields well within the limits of accuracy determined by these cross sections over a large range of pressure, container size and frequency of applied field.
Classification of twisted free tensor products

We would like to monitor the homotopy type of the loop space of mapping cones ω(Y ∪tf CX) for X and Y fixed and varying f. The effect of f on the homotopy type is reflected by the cooperation of the loop space of the mapping cone induced by the usual cooperation of the mapping cone Y ∪tfCX → Y ∪tfCX∨∑X. Using the singular complex functor we move to the category of differential graded algebras. Motivated by the cooperation of the loop space of the mapping cone we define a free co-module. We find universal objects in this category and two classification theorems.
Automatic Detection of Emotion Valence on Faces Using Consumer Depth Cameras

Detection of positive and negative emotions can provide an insight into the person's level of satisfaction, social responsiveness and clues like the need for help. Therefore, automatic perception of affect valence is a key for novel human-computer interaction applications. However, robust recognition with conventional 2D cameras is still not possible in realistic conditions, in the presence of high illumination and pose variations. While the recent progress in 3D data expression recognition has alleviated some of these challenges, however, the high complexity and cost of these 3D systems renders them impractical. In this paper, we present the first practical 3D expression recognition using cheap consumer depth cameras. Despite the low fidelity facial depth data, we show that with appropriate preprocessing and feature extraction recognition is possible. Our method for emotion detection uses novel surface approximation and curvature estimation based descriptors on point cloud data, is robust to noise and computationally efficient. Experiments show that using only low fidelity 3D data of consumer cameras, we get 77.4 accuracy in emotion valence detection. Fusing mean curvature features with luminance data, boosts the accuracy to 89.4%.
Regulation of host and symbiont population size in Paramecium bursaria.

Es hat sich gezeigt, dass eine nahe Wechselbeziehung zwischen der Vermehrungsgeschwindigkeit der symbiotischenChloralla-Bevolkerung imParamecium bursaria und der Vermehrungsgeschwindigkeit des Wirts besteht, wenn man diese Kultur der Lichteinwirkung aussetzt. Die durchschnittliche (mittlere) Anzahl von Algenzellen pro Protozoenzelle ist in Massenkulturen von Lichtstarke und Einwirkungszeit unabhangig.
Central angiotensin II AT1 receptors mediate fetal swallowing and pressor responses in the near-term ovine fetus

Swallowed volumes in the fetus are greater than adult values (per body weight) and serve to regulate amniotic fluid volume. Central ANG II stimulates swallowing, and nonspecific ANG II receptor ant...
Estimation of unperturbed polymer dimensions from viscosity measurements in non-ideal solvents

Abstract A critical examination of several graphical methods for obtaining unperturbed polymer dimensions from viscosity measurements has been made. The relative merits of each are discussed and a modified form of an equation proposed by Bohdanecky is presented. It is suggested that three of the equations be used in a complementary fashion to obtain accurate estimates of ( R 2 0 ) 1 2 from data in non-ideal solvents.
Morphological, immunocytochemical, and functional characterization of esophageal enteric neurons in primary culture.

The enteric nervous system of the esophagus plays an important role in its sensory and motor functions. Although the esophagus contains enteric neurons, they have never been isolated and characteri...
Appalachian Cold-Air Damming

Abstract Appalachian cold-air damming is investigated by means of 1) a 50-yr monthly climatology, 2) a synoptic case study of the event of 21–23 March 1985 and 3) an investigation of the flow structure and force balance within the cold dome. The climatology reveals cold-air damming is a year-round phenomenon in the southern Appalachians with the most frequent, prolonged and intense events occurring in winter (particularly December and March) when three-five events per month can be expected. Cold-air damming is least frequent and intense in July. The synoptic case study reveals that cold-air damming is critically dependent upon the configuration of the synoptic-scale flow. The cold dome can be identified by a “U” shaped ridge (trough) in the sea level isobar (thermal) patterns and the 930-mb height (temperature) fields representative of conditions at the base of the inversion overlying the cold dome. Differential horizontal and vertical thermal advection, as well as adiabatic and evaporative cooling, are r...
Gravitational collapse, chaos in CFT correlators and the information paradox

Abstract We consider gravitational collapse of a massless scalar field in asymptotically anti-de Sitter spacetime. Following the AdS/CFT dictionary we further study correlations in the field theory side by way of the Klein–Gordon equation of a probe scalar field in the collapsing background. We present evidence that in a certain regime the probe scalar field behaves chaotically, thus supporting Hawking's argument in the black hole information paradox proposing that although the information can be retrieved in principle, deterministic chaos impairs, in practice, the process of unitary extraction of information from a black hole. We emphasize that quantum chaos will change this picture.
UV resonance Raman studies of cis-to-trans isomerization of glycyglycine derivatives

We report kinetic UV resonance Raman measurements of the pH dependence of the activation barrier for the trans−cis isomerization of glycylglycine (Gly-Gly). We determined the charge-state dependence of the trans−cis ground-state energy difference, ΔG, and the trans−cis isomerization activation barrier, Ea. ΔG for zwitterionic Gly-Gly at pH 5.7 (3.0 ± 0.5 kcal/mol) is below that of pH 10.5 anionic Gly-Gly (4.4 ± 0.7 kcal/mol). The measured value of ΔG for cationic Gly-Gly at pH 3.0 (3.6 ± 0.4 kcal/mol) lies between the zwitterion and anion values. The measured trans-to-cis activation barriers of 13.3 ± 1.0, 12.6 ± 0.9, and 13.9 ± 1.1 kcal/mol for the cation, the zwitterion, and the anion, respectively, are identical within experimental error. However, the larger zwitterionic Gly-Gly (13 ± 1.9 s-1) cis-to-trans isomerization rate constant over those of the cation (3 ± 0.4 s-1) and anion (2 ± 0.3 s-1) suggests a ∼1 kcal/mol decreased activation barrier. The small differences in energy and activation barriers...
Mesosiderites and howardites: igneous formation and possible genetic relationships

Neutron activation data are presented for major, minor, and trace elements in whole rock howardites and silicates from mesosiderites. Compositions of howardites and mesosiderites are similar and intermediate between those of eucrites and diogenites. It is indicated that mesosiderites have a higher normative silica component than howardites. It appears that this results partly from a higher content of a highly evolved igneous component and partly from in situ reduction of FeO to Fe followed by magnetic separation of metal prior to analysis. It is shown that light rare earth elements are enriched in some mesosiderites.
Detour problem-solving behavior in rats with neocortical and hippocampal lesions: A study of response flexibility

Young rats previously subjected to discrete neocortical ablations or hippocampal electrolytic lesions received five trials on each of three “climbing” detour problems. Performance on Trial 1 (a measure of response flexibility) of each problem was significantly impaired in those groups with frontal, parietal, or hippocampal lesions; the group with occipital lesions was impaired on only one problem. Performance on Trials 2–5 (a measure of detour habit formation) of each problem was significantly impaired only in the hippocampal group; the neocortical groups showed either no impairment or a mild impairment on these trials. These results suggest that the solution of detour problems on the first trial may require a cognitive process that is qualitatively different from that required on subsequent trials.
An Unexpected Finding of a Bronchogenic Cyst Presenting as a Thyroid Mass

Herein we present a case of a bronchogenic cyst masquerading as a thyroid mass. Bronchogenic cysts are rare congenital malformations that result from an abnormal development of the ventral foregut during organogenesis. They are commonly asymptomatic lesions rarely found in the neck. In our case, a young male presented with complaints of neck discomfort over a long period presumed to be secondary to a thyroid mass based on imaging studies. Fine needle aspiration was inconclusive. Post-operative pathological sectioning revealed evidence of a bronchogenic cyst. These lesions have a low incidence of malignancy, and complete surgical excision has been recommended.
Torque Characteristics of a 122-Centimeter Butterfly Valve With a Hydro/Pneumatic Actuator

Actuating torque data from field testing of a 122-centimeter (48 in.) butterfly valve with a hydro/pneumatic actuator is presented. The hydraulic cylinder functions as either a forward or a reverse brake. Its resistance torque increases when the valve speeds up and decreases when the valve slows down. A reduction of flow resistance in the hydraulic flow path from one end of the hydraulic cylinder to the other will effectively reduce the hydraulic resistance torque and hence increase the actuating torque. The sum of hydrodynamic and friction torques (combined resistance torque) of a butterfly valve is a function of valve opening time. An increase in the pneumatic actuating pressure will result in a decrease in both the combined resistance torque and the actuator opening torque; however, it does shorten the valve opening time. As the pneumatic pressure increases, the valve opening time for a given configuration approaches an asymptotical value.
Intestinal absorption of Cd in vitro.

Abstract Everted gut sacs from the rat were utilized to characterize the movement of Cd across the intestinal tract. Total uptake of Cd (tissue content plus serosal fluid content) after incubation for 30 min as a function of the Cd concentration in mucosal fluid (range 5 μ m to 3.4 m m ) exhibited first-order kinetics. However, tissue Cd concentrations approached a steady state (1–5 μ m Cd/g tissue) within 30-min incubation with mucosal concentrations greater than 1.2 × 10−4 m . Serosal fluid demonstrated an increased rate of accumulation of Cd at the higher mucosal fluid concentrations. This increased rate preceded the attainment of a steady state in tissue Cd by approximately 10 min. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that Cd diffuses into the intestinal tissue where part is bound and the remainder passes into the serosal fluid. As the tissue concentration of Cd approaches a steady state, increasing amounts of Cd move into the serosal fluid.
Presidential Scandal and Leadership: A Natural Laboratory Test of the Resiliency of President Clinton's Transformational Leadership During the Impeachment Crisis1

This study examined transformational and charismatic leadership assessments of President Clinton over 4 time periods beginning with his second term, continuing through the scandal of the Monica Lewinsky case and impeachment trial, and ending after he was acquitted. Our findings indicate that as the scandal unfolded, in general his leadership ratings declined among Democrats, Republicans, and “Others” (including Independents). However, his ratings did not decline at the same rate among all groups. They appeared to decline much more steeply with Republicans than with the other 2 groups. We discuss the differences in rates of decline among different factors of transformational leadership and the implications of the study for future research.
Separation and Characterization of Two Carnosine-Splitting Cytosolic Dipeptidases from Hog Kidney (Carnosinase and Non-Specific Dipeptidase)

High performance anion-exchange chromatography was used to separate two carnosine-hydrolysing dipeptidases from hog kidney. Both enzymes (peaks I and II) were cytosolic and were activated and stabilized by Mn2+ and dithiothreitol. Peak I had a narrow specificity when assayed without added metal ions, but a broad specificity in the presence of Mn2+ or Co2+. Peak II was inactive unless both Mn2+ and dithiothreitol were present. Bestatin and leucine inhibited peak II, but not peak I. Peak I had a Km of 0.4 mM carnosine, a pI of 5.5 and a Mr of 57,000. Peak II had a Km of 5 mM carnosine, a pI of 5.0 and a Mr of 70,000. Hog and rat brain and liver carnosinase activity was completely inhibited by bestatin, indicating that these organs contained peak II, with little or no peak I enzyme. Hog kidney peak I contained the classical carnosinase of Hanson and Smith, who first described this enzyme. It also contained activity against homocarnosine ("homocarnosinase") and showed "manganese-independent carnosinase" activity. These three activities could not be separated using 8 different chromatographic procedures; it was concluded that they are attributable to one enzyme. It is recommended that the name carnosinase be retained for this enzyme and the names "homocarnosinase" and "manganese-independent carnosinase" be withdrawn. The properties of hog kidney peak II closely resembled those of human tissue carnosinase (also known as prolinase, a non-specific dipeptidase), mouse "manganese-dependent carnosinase" and a rat brain enzyme termed "beta-Ala-Arg hydrolase". Since these terms appear to represent closely related enzymes with broad specificity, the recommended name for each is "non-specific cytosolic dipeptidase".
The chemostress effect

Abstract It is shown that the chemical potential of an adatom interacting with a solid substrate can change significantly when external stresses are applied to the solid. An explicit expression is derived for this chemostress coefficient in terms of experimentally measurable quantities starting with the canonical partition function and using the Jarman rule of polarizability for alkali halides and the Bardeen potential for metals. The analysis indicates the need to perform a number of specific experiments and to develop further the theory of dispersion forces at high pressures applied to the solid substrate. The importance of including this chemostress effect in hydrogen embrittlement of iron and oxidation of metals under high stresses is shown.
Multipath-aided location estimation using angles of arrival

Angles of arrival (AOAs) of a signal transmitted by a mobile station (MS) are estimated at two or more base stations (BSs) by employing directive antennas or antenna arrays. In traditional location algorithms, the MS position is determined by solving for the intersecting points of at least two lines of position given by these angles and the known positions of the BSs or using a Taylor series (TS) based algorithm to get a least squares (LS) solution. Obstruction of the direct path leading to non-line-of-sight (NLOS) propagation and the presence of multipaths due to scattering objects near and around the MS and BSs lead to errors in the measured AOAs that cause these algorithms to perform poorly. In this paper, we propose an algorithm that makes use of AOA measurements at only 3 BSs including the serving BS. The algorithm mitigates the angular error by computing normalized scale factors or weights that adjust the corrupted angle measurements to near their true values. Utilizing the constraints imposed by the geometry of the cell layout and bounds obtained using the multipath angles, the scale factor estimation is formulated as a constrained optimization problem. Bounds on the scale factors are obtained by making use of the known maximum angular spread at the NLOS BSs and the objective function to be minimized is the angle error norm at the serving BS. Our proposed algorithm has the advantage of not being limited to any particular network and can be adopted universally. Simulations show that the proposed algorithm performs significantly better than the traditional algorithms especially when multipath information is incorporated.
Beginning at the end with SUMO.

The crystal structure of a four-protein complex comprising a SUMO ligase (E3), a SUMOylated protein substrate, and the cognate SUMO-conjugating enzyme sheds new light on catalysis, specificity and SUMO-protein interactions.
On the scaling laws of dense wireless sensor networks: the data gathering channel

We consider dense wireless sensor networks deployed to observe arbitrary random fields. The requirement is to reconstruct an estimate of the random field at a certain collector node. This creates a many-to-one data gathering wireless channel. In this note, we first characterize the transport capacity of many-to-one dense wireless networks subject to a constraint on the total average power. In particular, we show that the transport capacity scales as Theta(log(N)) when the number of sensors N grows to infinity and the total average power remains fixed. We then use this result along with some information-theoretic tools to derive sufficient and necessary conditions that characterize the set of observable random fields by dense sensor networks. In particular, for random fields that can be modeled as discrete random sequences, we derive a certain form of source/channel coding separation theorem. We further show that one can achieve any desired nonzero mean-square estimation error for continuous, Gaussian, and spatially bandlimited fields through a scheme composed of single-dimensional quantization, distributed Slepian-Wolf source coding, and the proposed antenna sharing strategy. Based on our results, we revisit earlier conclusions about the feasibility of data gathering applications using dense sensor networks.
Role of oxygen in limiting respiration in the in situ myocardium.

Abstract 1 H NMR has now detected the proximal histidyl N δ H myoglobin (Mb) signal from the myocardium in situ . Upon ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery in the rat myocardium, the deoxy Mb signal appears at 78 ppm During dopamine infusion at up to 80 μg/kg/min, the heart rate pressure product (RPP) increases by a factor of 2, the phosphocreatine (PCr) decreases by 17%, and the ratio of the change in inorganic phosphate over PCr (ΔP i /PCr) increases by 0.2. However, no deoxy myoglobin signal is detected. Oxygen availability does not appear to limit oxygen consumption nor oxidative phosphorylation under dopamine enhanced work state in myocardium.
Water Restriction and Fluid Temperature Alter Preference for Water and Sucrose Solutions

The role of diet temperature in ingestive behavior is poorly understood. We examined the importance of stimulus temperature and water-restriction state on the preference for and intake of water and sucrose. Using custom-designed equipment that allows us to monitor and maintain solution temperatures during testing (� 0.1 � C), we conducted a series of 2-bottle preference tests (10 � C water vs. sucrose 10–40 � C) and brief access tests (10–40 � C water and sucrose). Water-restricted rats preferred cold water over any sucrose concentration (0.0–1.0 M) if the sucrose was 30 or 40 � C, whereas the same rats preferred sucrose at all concentrations and temperatures when unrestricted suggesting that the water-restriction state interacts with temperature preference. In a series of brief-access tests using a Davis Rig (MS-180), rats reduced licking to cold sucrose compared with 20 � C sucrose, suggesting that unlike water, cold temperature reduced the palatability of sucrose.
Subsurface Sensing of Near Surface Object Using Cavity Backed Slot (CBS) Antenna

This paper presents a novel cavity backed slot (CBS) antenna for subsurface sensing applications. The CBS antenna is designed to be "matched" in the two-half-space configuration (one half space air; and the other ground) over a relatively wide frequency band. As a result, when attached onto ground surface, it is able to efficiently couple microwave power into and out of the ground. In this study, CBS antennas with operating frequency range [8.5 GHz, 13.6 GHz] are designed to detect objects buried in sand. Data acquisition is carried out using a sandpit with size (125 cm times 100 cm times 80 cm) as the test bed. One transmitting CBS antenna is fixed at the center of the sandpit and one receiving antenna is physically moved along a rectangular grid (i.e., multi-static measurement). An inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) algorithm is adopted for inverse processing. A 4-inch-diameter metallic sphere is used as calibration target; and three targets are tested, including a 3-inch-diameter metallic sphere, a T-shaped copper target, and a landmine simulant. Imaging results are presented and compared with those obtained using horn antennas (which are not "matched" to the air-ground interface). Better signal-to-clutter ratios are demonstrated by the proposed CBS antennas.
Two distinct binding modes of a protein cofactor with its target RNA

Like most cellular RNA enzymes, the bI5 group I intron requires binding by a protein cofactor to fold correctly. Here, we use single-molecule approaches to monitor the structural dynamics of the bI5 RNA in real time as it assembles with its CBP2 protein cofactor. These experiments show that CBP2 binds to the target RNA in two distinct modes with apparently opposite effects: a “non-specific” mode that forms rapidly and induces large conformational fluctuations in the RNA, and a “specific” mode that forms slowly and stabilizes the native RNA structure. The bI5 RNA folds though multiple pathways toward the native state, typically traversing dynamic intermediate states induced by non-specific binding of CBP2. These results suggest that the protein cofactor-assisted RNA folding involves sequential non-specific and specific protein–RNA interactions. The non-specific interaction potentially increases the local concentration of CBP2 and the number of conformational states accessible to the RNA, which may promote the formation of specific RNA–protein interactions.
Control problems in a quantum mechanics

The mathematical structure basic to a number of problems in quantum control is presented and contrasted with more conventional control problems, both in formulation and solution technique. After a lengthy background some areas that seem promising for further development are discussed.
Scattering by a lossy dielectric circular cylindrical multilayer numerical values

The theoretical scattering solution for a plane wave incident normally on a lossy dielectric multilayer circular cylinder of infinite length is outlined. Numerical values of the modal scattering coefficient for TE and TM modes are given for several single and multilayer cylinders. Verifications of the results are described. The values may serve as reference data.
Towards stealthy behaviors

This paper describes a behavior-based approach to stealth. The specific problem we consider is that of making stealthy traverses, i.e., transiting from one point to another while remaining hidden from an observer. Since we assume that the robot has no a priori model of the environment, our stealthy traverse behavior makes opportunistic use of terrain features to hide from the observer. This behavior has been evaluated in both real and simulated experiments, comparing it against a regular goal-seeking/obstacle-avoidance behavior. These experiments show a clear improvement in the stealthiness of the robot.
Dilated, Restrictive/Infiltrative, and Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathies

Cardiomyopathies represent a heterogeneous group of heart muscle diseases that are a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Classification schemes for cardiomyopathy have been complex, and efforts have been made to classify the disease states based on myocardial characteristics and etiologies. The etiology, diagnosis, and management of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), restrictive/infiltrative cardiomyopathy, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) are the subject of this chapter and several features of each form of cardiomyopathy are highlighted in Table 17-1.
Lectura de la mano: la muerte en las manos de Fazal Sheikh

La presente lectura enfocara una serie de obras del fotografo pakistani, nacido en Nueva York, Fazal Sheikh, tomando en cuenta lo que podria significar leer una imagen historicamente, a saber, lo que quiere decir leer una imagen a traves de las meditaciones de Walter Benjamin sobre la relacion entre fotografia e historia. Fazal Sheikh paso el invierno de 1997 en la frontera entre Afganistan y Pakistan tomando fotografias de refugiados afganos, en secretos, en medio de la noche y bajo la luz de una pequena lampara. Tomo innumerables imagenes de los refugiados, de los paises devastados, de los cuerpos heridos, etc. En particular me interesa una serie de imagenes de manos, solo manos que sostienen pequenas fotos de hijos, hermanos y padres muertos. Quisiera leer estas imagenes en terminos de lo que pueden decirnos acerca de la relacion entre vida y muerte, movimiento y detencion, la borradura y la preservacion de huellas humanas, y entre memoria y olvido, todos estos aspectos pertenecientes a los motivos y asuntos que asociamos muy a menudo con la fotografia en general. En otras palabras, quisiera leer estas imagenes con el fin de pensar en torno a lo que podria significar, en terminos benjaminianos, leer una fotografia, ya que se trata, entre otras cosas, de fotografias de fotografias.
Risk assessment of LNG importation terminals using the Bayesian–LOPA methodology

Abstract In order to meet the fast growing LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) demand, many LNG importation terminals are now in operation. Therefore, it is important to estimate potential risks of LNG terminals using LOPA (Layer of Protection Analysis), which can provide quantified results with less time and effort than other methods. For LOPA applications, failure data are essential to compute risk frequencies. However, available failure data from the LNG industry are sparse and often statistically unreliable. Therefore, Bayesian estimation, which can update generic failure data with plant-specific failure data, was used to compensate for insufficient LNG system failure data. This paper shows the need for the Bayesian–LOPA methodology, how to develop the method, and a case study to demonstrate application of the method. Finally, this paper proposes that the Bayesian–LOPA method is a powerful tool for risk assessment of not only the LNG industry but also in other industries, such as petrochemical, nuclear, and aerospace.
Resolving a dilemma of signaling bankrupt-firm emergence: A dynamic integrative view

Research summary: Predicting the emergence of bankrupt firms relying on firm signals involves a stigma-related dilemma. On the one hand, bankrupt firms tend to send positive signals through restructuring to decouple themselves from the stigma of bankruptcy. On the other hand, the preexistence of the bankruptcy stigma may reduce the signaling effectiveness of firms' restructuring efforts, making the outcome prediction difficult. We address this dilemma by developing a dynamic integrative view to extend signaling theory, arguing that subsequent signals from key external stakeholders can effectively help evaluate bankrupt firms' quality and reduce the ambiguity in interpreting firms' restructuring signals. Using a sample of U.S. public bankrupt firms under Chapter 11 reorganization, we find evidence supporting the argument. Managerial summary: Applications of signaling theory to predict reorganization outcomes are in their infancy. The dynamic integrative framework developed in this study is useful in identifying different types of signals and predicting outcomes of firms in crisis. The results of this study can be useful for various decision makers to predict the turnaround potential of bankrupt firms. Our results show that an increase in alliance partners, institutional investors, and securities analysts following a bankrupt firm predicts the firm's reorganization outcome. Moreover, firms that are able to gain positive attention from key stakeholders will also gain positive interpretations of their strategic efforts. Signals from alliance partners and institutional investors amplify the signaling effect of a firm's de-diversification effort in predicting its reorganization outcome. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Employee demand for health insurance and employer health plan choices

Although most private health insurance in US is employment-based, little is known about how employers choose health plans for their employees. In this paper, I examine the relationship between employee preferences for health insurance and the health plans offered by employers. I find evidence that employee characteristics affect the generosity of the health plans offered by employers and the likelihood that employers offer a choice of plans. Although the results suggest that employers do respond to employee preferences in choosing health benefits, the effects of worker characteristics on plan offerings are quantitatively small.
Variation in the use of intracranial-pressure monitoring and mortality in critically ill children with meningitis in the United States.

OBJECTIVE. Our goal was to describe patient and hospital characteristics associated with the use of intracranial pressure monitors and outcomes in critically ill children with meningitis. METHODS. This was a retrospective cohort study of children 0 to 17 years of age hospitalized with meningitis and requiring mechanical ventilation using the 1997 and 2000 Kids9 Inpatient Database. We generated national estimates of rates of intracranial pressure monitoring and in-hospital mortality by patient and hospital characteristics, and compared in-hospital mortality, hospital length of stay, and total charges for children who received an intracranial pressure monitor with those who did not. RESULTS. There were an estimated 1067 and 1170 hospitalizations nationally for childhood meningitis requiring mechanical ventilation in 1997 and 2000, respectively. Most (79%) of the hospitalizations involved infants. Overall, intracranial-pressure monitors were used in 7% of hospitalizations for meningitis, with the highest rates in children aged 5 to 17 years and lowest rates in children CONCLUSION. Intracranial pressure monitoring for the treatment of critically ill children with meningitis varies by census region, the number of cases treated, and patient age. The use of intracranial pressure monitoring was not statistically associated with mortality in this national sample.
The Discourse of Medical Science in the Construction of Consensus Between Corporation and Community

Concern surfaced in the late seventies about the effects of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on the health of employees and residents in the area of the General Electric plant in Pittsfield, Massachusetts. A review of corporate steps taken during the preceding decade to suppress criticism as well as of attempts to halt production and use of PCBs indicates an awareness on the part of corporate leaders of the hazards involved in their use. An epidemiological study begun in 1979 was delayed in reaching the public, and the conclusions were presented in such a way that they denied a scientific basis for making a correlation between exposure and cancer rates. The intervention of employees in the ensuing discourse among corporate spokespeople, community officials, and the epidemiologist provides an insight into the power relations that structure and channel information in our society.
Lipid requirements of the Angoumois grain moth, Sitotroga cerealella

Abstract The Angoumois grain moth, Sitotroga cerealella , grew well in an artificial pellet containing about 11 per cent whole wheat germ as its only crude adjuvant. A study of the insect's lipid requirements showed that while dietary wheat germ oil slightly enhanced the larval growth rate it was not required to complete metamorphosis. Normal development without dietary methyl linoleate further confirmed the insect's capacity to mature into an aerial adult without ingesting polyunsaturated fatty acids. A study of the insect's sterol requirements revealed that while a dietary sterol was essential, all free sterols (6) and sterol esters (3) tested permitted equivalent growth and development. Results also showed that larvae did not utilize the sterol relatives, squalene, lanosterol, and cholestane. It was concluded that Sitotroga had a non-specific sterol requirement. Factors in the lipid-free portion of wheat germ, which probably include vitamins, minerals, and amino acids, proved to be essential for normal growth and development, but their exact nature has yet to be determined. The significance of the results in relation to other similar investigations on grain- and plant-feeding insects is discussed.
INHERITANCE OF DECREASED THYROXINE-BINDING BY THE THYROXINE-BINDING GLOBULIN.

Near absence of the thyroxinebinding by serum thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) was found in 6 members of a family who displayed no clinical manifestations of thyroid disease. This protein-binding defect appears to be transmitted as a mendelian autosomal dominant. The decreased binding by TBG was associated with a decreased concentration of PBI (1.9–3.3 μg/100 ml). A compensatory increase in the fractional rate of disappearance of thyroxine from the plasma resulted in a normal rate of daily hormonal turnover in the propositus. Although predictable elevations in TBG-binding capacity are found in normal pregnancy, extrapolations of the present data suggest that disparate thyroxine-binding capacities between mother and fetus do not affect gestation. This trait is thus an isolated, benign defect of a serum protein.
Fatal Plesiomonas shigelloides septicaemia in a splenectomised patient

Summary A case of fatal Plesiomonas shigelloides septicaemia is reported in a splenectomised patient. One week prior to his illness the patient was exposed to river water that was potentially contaminated with plesiomonads. Autopsy findings indicated that the plesiomonad may have invaded the blood stream through the terminal ileum.
Literature and religious culture in seventeenth-century England

Introduction: spirit and circumstances in Caroline Protestantism 1. The church heroic: Charles, Laud, and Little Gidding 2. Great Tew and the skeptical hero 3. Between liturgy and dreams: the church fanciful 4. Respecting persons 5. Decorum and redemption in the theater of the person 6. Nature (I): Post-Baconian Mysteries 7. Nature (II): Church and Cosmos Conclusion: Rome, Massachusetts, and the Caroline Protestant imagination.
Scaling laws for lightweight optics

Scaling laws for light-weight optical systems are examined. A cubic relationship between mirror diameter and weight has been suggested and used by many designers of optical systems as the best description for all light-weight mirrors. A survey of existing light- weight systems in the open literature has been made to clarify this issue. Fifty existing optical systems were surveyed with all varieties of light-weight mirrors including glass and beryllium structured mirrors, contoured mirrors, and very thin solid mirrors. These mirrors were then categorized and weight to diameter ratio was plotted to find a best fit curve for each case. A best fitting curve program tests nineteen different equations and ranks a "goodness of fit" for each of these equations. The resulting relationship found for each light-weight mirror category helps to quantify light-weight optical systems and methods of fabrication and provides comparisons between mirror types.
Orientation‐Specific Attachment of Polymeric Microtubes on Cell Surfaces

Tubular particles presenting heterogeneous regions of chemistry on the tube-ends versus the side are fabricated and are shown to control the particle orientation on the surface of live lymphocytes. Controlling the orientation of anisotropic microparticles on cell surfaces is of interest for biomedical applications and drug delivery in particular, since it can be used to promote or resist particle internalization.
Tropical Storm Driven Hydrologic Regimes Support Spartina spartinae Dominated Prairies in Texas

We measured daily precipitation, duration of ponding and soil redox potential for 2 years in three coastal prairie sites near the mouth of the Rio Grande in south Texas. The area historically was dominated by gulf cordgrass, Spar- tina spartinae. Much of the area was plowed for agriculture and Spartina has not recolonized disturbed sites. Regulation of the Rio Grande has eliminated flooding and disconnected the study area from the river. The goal of this project was to use continuous measures of water levels and soil redox potential to determine whether the study areas have a wet- land hydrologic regime. Anoxic soils formed and persisted for at least 2 weeks only following hurricanes or large tropical storms that produced at least 15 cm of precipitation over 1-3 days and created ponding. Over the past century storms of this magnitude occurred only 1 out of 4 years. This study determined that the study sites do not support wetland hydrologic regimes due to river regulation, however reestablishment of the dominant wet prairie species is possi- ble through planting.
When Talk Trumps Text: The Democratizing Effects of Deliberation during Constitution-Making, 1974–2011

Under what circumstances do new constitutions promote democracy? Between 1974 and 2011, the level of democracy increased in 62 countries following the adoption of a new constitution, but decreased or stayed the same in 70 others. Using data covering all 138 new constitutions in 118 countries during that period, we explain this divergence through empirical tests showing that overall increased participation during the process of making the constitution positively impacts postpromulgation levels of democracy. Then, after disaggregating constitution-making into three stages (drafting, debating, and ratification) we find compelling evidence through robust statistical tests that the degree of citizen participation in the drafting stage has a much greater impact on the resulting regime. This lends support to some core principles of “deliberative” theories of democracy. We conclude that constitutional reformers should focus more on generating public “buy in” at the front end of the constitution-making process, rather than concentrating on ratification and referendums at the “back end” that are unlikely to correct for an “original sin” of limited citizen deliberation during drafting.