cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A differential variational approach for handling fluid–solid interaction problems via smoothed particle hydrodynamics

Abstract The fluid–solid interaction (FSI) problem is customarily solved by starting with the fluid dynamics component. One chooses an established computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method and subsequently embeds the solid phase dynamics within the CFD solution leading to either a monolithic or a staggered/co-simulated solution. The approach discussed here takes the opposite tack. We start with a differential variational framework to handle the solid phase; i.e., the multi-body dynamics problem in the presence of contact, friction, and bilateral kinematic constraints. The dynamics of the fluid phase, which is captured via smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH), is subsequently embedded into this framework in which the incompressibility attribute of the flow is enforced via kinematic constraint equations that involve SPH particles. The resulting monolithic FSI solution methodology relies on a half-implicit symplectic time integration method that uses a matrix-free iterative approach to solve a cone constrained quadratic optimization problem at each time step. This problem yields the contact forces, friction forces, boundary condition Lagrange multipliers, fluid–solid coupling terms, and bilateral constraint Lagrange multipliers. The solution of the optimization problem represents the computationally taxing component of the method. Large integration time steps, tight enforcement of incompressibility, a unified approach for handling the fluid and solid phases, and linear scaling are listed as the attractive attributes of the proposed method. The numerical experiments reported include three validation studies (incompressibility, dam break, and sloshing), a scaling analysis, and a tracked vehicle fording simulation.
Test Analysis: Item Selection and Weighting

This chapter discusses the problem of selecting items for inclusion in a test or of differential weighting of items in a test, which can be handled by the techniques of multiple and composite regression. Theoretically, these problems are not different from those of selecting tests for inclusion in a battery or of differentially weighting tests in a battery. Practically, however, it is necessary to adopt quite different procedures in many cases. The reason stems from the problem of shrinkage and from the fact that although the number of tests in a battery seldom approaches the size of the sample, the number of items in a test, particularly at the time of construction, frequently approaches or even may exceed the size of the sample. At least the items become so numerous that it is impractical, if not impossible, to obtain an intercorrelation or an inter- L matrix even with a fairly sizable computer. Test analysis is usually carried out to improve either the reliability or the validity of a test. These two problems are not completely independent. Two coefficients have been extensively used in the pursuit of increased test reliability: (1) the so-called item difficulty p , the proportion of people passing an item, and (2) the correlation of the item with the total test score r it .
Axioms for Plane Geometry

The axioms systems of Euclid and Hilbert were intended to provide everything needed for plane geometry without any prior development. The axioms of Hilbert include information about the lines in the plane that implies that each line can be identified with the structure commonly called the “real numbers” and denoted by ℝ. Euclid’s axioms also include information of that kind but the meaning of the “real numbers” may not have been the same in that era as it is now. In both cases, geometry was taken as more fundamental than the real number system. Instead we are going to use ℝ as an ingredient in laying the foundations of hyperbolic plane geometry. (See the Appendix to this chapter for a discussion of the real number system, its properties, its consistency and its uniqueness.) Our axiom system is equivalent to that of Hilbert for the hyperbolic plane, and following the laying of the foundations in this chapter we proceed rigorously with the development of its properties, its consistency and its uniqueness, in later chapters.
A novel approach to the classification of ultrasonic NDE signals

Ultrasonic inspection methods are widely used for detecting flaws in materials. The signal analysis step plays a crucial part in the data interpretation process. A number of signal processing methods have been proposed to classify ultrasonic flaw signals. One of the more popular methods involves the extraction of an appropriate set of features followed by the use of a neural network for the classification of the signals in the feature space. This thesis describes an alternative approach which uses the least mean square (LMS) method to determine the coordinates of the ultrasonic probe followed by the use of a synthetic aperture focusing technique (SAFT). The method is employed for classifying nondestructive evaluation (NDE) signals from steam generator tubes in a nuclear power plant. The movement of the probe inside the tube is modelled using spherical and cylindrical coordinate systems. The mean square error (MSE) between the model prediction and the experimentally measured distance between the probe and the tube wall is minimized using the steepest descent algorithm to obtain estimates of the probe canting angle and its location. The information is used in conjunction with the synthetic aperture focusing technique to estimate the location of the ultrasonic reflector. An alternate approach employing a model based deconvolution has been described to facilitate comparison of results. The method uses the space alternating generalized expectation maximization (SAGE) algorithm in conjunction with the Newton-Raphson method to estimate the time of flight. Results using these schemes for the classification of ultrasonic signals from cracks and deposits within steam generator tubes are presented.
La France Disease of Agaricus Bisporus: Characterization of a Virion-Associated Rna Polymerase Activity in a 35 NM Spherical Virus

Romaine, C. P., Sriskantha, A., Wach, M. P., and Schlagnhaufer, B. 1986. La France Disease of Agaricus bisporus: Characterization of a Virion-Associated RNA Polymerase Activity in a 35 nm Spherical Virus. Partially-purified virus preparations from sporophores of Agaricus bisporus affected with La France disease had up to a 15-fold higher RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity than did comparable preparations from healthy sporophores. Enzyme activity was dependent upon the presence of Mg2+ and the four nucleoside triphosphates, and was insensitive to actinomycin D, a-amanitin, and rifampin. The 3H-labeled enzyme reaction products were double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) as judged by their behavior upon cellulose column chromatography and ionic strength-dependent sensitivity to hydrolysis by ribonuclease A. The principal dsRNA products had estimated molecular weights of 4. 3 and 1. 4 × 106; they corresponded in size and hybridized to the major dsRNAs detected in the virus preparation by ethidium bromide staining. Cs2S04 equilibrium centrifugation of the virus preparation resolved a single peak of RNA polymerase activity that banded with a 35 nm spherical virus particle containing 4. 3 and 1. 4 × 106MW dsRNAs. The evidence indicates that the RNA polymerase associated with the virions of a 35 nm spherical virus is a replicase which catalyzes the synthesis of the genomic dsRNAs.
Pulmonary function tests.

SUMMARY The clinical significance of pulmonary function tests (including blood gas analysis) lies in their sensitivity for detecting PCP. PCP has most consistently been found to cause abnormalities in the DLCO and the exercise arterial blood gas; both are highly sensitive for the presence of Pneumocystis infection. These tests are more sensitive for the detection of PCP than are the resting arterial blood gas and chest x-ray. Therefore, measuring these values can be especially helpful in evaluating HIV-infected individuals who have pulmonary symptoms but whose resting arterial blood gas and/or chest radiograph are normal. The advantage of performing the exercise test over measuring the DLCO is that the exercise test is simple. It can be done without pulmonary function equipment and without a technologist. Furthermore, since many AIDS patients with non-PCP pulmonary disorders maintain “normal” exercise tests despite abnormal DLCO, it can be useful in evaluating patients for PCP who have known underlying lung disease with progressive symptoms. Measurement of lung volumes and spirometry lacks both sensitivity and specificity for detecting pulmonary disease in general and PCP in particular. Spirometry is helpful in detecting airways obstruction, which is not an uncommon finding in AIDS patients. The etiology, clinical significance, and treatment of obstructive ventilatory defects in the AIDS population remains unclear.
Catalyst-controlled stereoselective cationic polymerization of vinyl ethers

The tacticity of vinyl polymers has a profound effect on their physical properties. Despite the well-developed stereoselective methods for the polymerization of propylene and other nonpolar α-olefins, stereoselective polymerization of polar vinyl monomers has proven more challenging. We have designed chiral counterions that systematically bias the reactivity and chain-end stereochemical environment during cationic polymerization. This approach overrides conventional chain-end stereochemical bias to achieve catalyst-controlled stereoselective polymerization. We demonstrate that this method is general to vinyl ether substrates, providing access to a range of isotactic poly(vinyl ether)s with high degrees of isotacticity. The obtained materials display the tensile properties of commercial polyolefins but adhere more strongly to polar substrates by an order of magnitude, indicating their promise for next-generation engineering applications.
Phosphate modified graphene oxide: Long–term biodegradation and cytocompatibility

Abstract The application of functional graphenic materials (FGMs) in medicine has been limited due to insufficient knowledge of long–term degradation and cytocompatibility. Degradation studies that match the timeframe of clinical treatments are difficult to perform due to the limited timeframe in which in vitro studies can be conducted and the short lifespan of in vivo animal models. Here, we have designed an ex vivo experimental approach, where the degradation of FGMs can be monitored indefinitely and sampled at any point during the degradation process. We used this approach to study the aqueous and enzymatic degradation of phosphate graphenes (PGs), which are promising materials for biodegradable bone implants. We found that PGs chemically degrade through cation elution and basal plane scission of polyphosphates, and degradation timeframes are dependent on cation identity. Further, PGs also undergo physical degradation indicated by reduction of particle size. The pathways and timeframes of physical degradation of PGs are different for aqueous and enzymatic conditions. PG degradation was related to structure, which according to kinetic studies of the synthesis, could be manipulated to tune degradation. Nevertheless, all PGs and the resulting degradation byproducts are cytocompatible, opening the door for long–term biomedical applications, such as synthetic bone graft implants.
Comparison of the Reactor Performance of Alkaline-Pretreated Corn Stover Co-digested with Dairy Manure Under Solid-State

Solid-state anaerobic digestion is a promising path to optimize green energy generation from waste management. This mesophilic study investigated the performance of sodium hydroxide (4%NaOH), ammonium hydroxide (2%NH4OH, and 4%NH4OH), and calcium hydroxide (8%Ca(OH)2) pretreated corn stover (Cs) co-digested with dairy manure (Dm) to achieve 4%NaCsDm, 2%AqCsDm, 4%AqCsDm, and 8%CaCsDm treatments. Results showed that 8%CaCsDm had shortened detention time (79 days) and increased methane yield (178 L/kg VS) in comparison with other treatments. In addition, propionic acid concentration in treatment 4%NaCsDm was elevated beyond a safe threshold (> 0.9 g/L) for methanogens, which is unlike the significant bioconversion that occurred for other treatments. Though, free ammonia concentration for 2%AqCsDm and 4%AqCsDm pre-digestates were within the safe limit (< 53 mg/L) relative to other treatments, 8%CaCsDm sufficiently reduced the initial inhibitory concentration to a safe threshold at the cessation of the experiment. Additionally, 8%CaCsDm treatment had the highest VFA bioconversion rate (80%). Therefore, this study demonstrated that 8%CaCsDm treatment could effectively improve reactor performance in solid-state anaerobic co-digestion.
Multifactorial Characteristics of Pediatric Dizziness and Imbalance.

OBJECTIVES To examine the relative prevalence of individual diagnoses in children and adolescents presenting with dizziness and/or imbalance, and to assess the proportion of patients assigned multiple contributing diagnoses. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed our internal database of all patients seen at our pediatric vestibular program between January 2012 and March 2019 to determine the incidence of common diagnoses and groups of diagnoses for patients ages 21 or younger. RESULTS One thousand twenty-one patients were included with a mean age of 12.5 ± 4.9 years (range: 9 months-21 years). Of this total, 624 patients were female and 397 were male. Common diagnoses included vestibular migraine (VM; 35.0%), benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV; 21.6%), primary dysautonomia (15.7%), anxiety disorder (13.5%), and persistent postural perceptual dizziness (PPPD; 11.2%). A high proportion of patients (44.4%) received multiple contributing diagnoses. VM was frequently diagnosed with BPPV or PPPD, and 22 patients were diagnosed with all three concurrently. CONCLUSION The causes of dizziness and imbalance in the pediatric population are diverse, and many patients have multiple diagnoses that are often interrelated. It is important that providers recognize that the causes of vestibular symptoms in children and adolescents may be multifactorial and may span across multiple specialties. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4 Laryngoscope, 131:E1308-E1314, 2021.
Second-Harmonic Generation from Plasmon-Plasmon Coupling in a Semiconductor-Metal Heterostructure

A heterostructure comprising CuS and Au nanoparticle films separated by insulating ligands yields enhanced second harmonic generation from coupling of localized surface plasmon resonance modes of CuS and Au at 1050 nm and 525 nm, respectively
A Uniform Analysis of the Lyα Forest at z = 0-5. II. Measuring the Mean Intensity of the Extragalactic Ionizing Background Using the Proximity Effect

Moderate-resolution data for 40 quasi-stellar objects (QSOs) at z ≈ 2 were combined with spectra of comparable resolution of 59 QSOs with redshifts greater than 1.7 found in the literature to form a large, homogeneous sample of moderate-resolution (~1 A) QSO spectra. These spectra were presented and the statistics of the Lyα forest were discussed in Paper I. In this analysis, we demonstrate that a proximity effect is present in the data; i.e., there exists a significant (5.5 σ) deficit of lines at zabs ≈ zem. Within 1.5 h-1 Mpc of the QSO emission redshift, the significance does depend on QSO luminosity, in accordance with the theory that this effect is caused by enhanced ionization of hydrogen in the vicinity of the QSO from UV photons from the QSO itself. The photoionization model of Bajtlik, Duncan, & Ostriker permits an estimate of the mean intensity of the extragalactic background radiation at the Lyman limit. We compare the results of this standard analysis with those obtained using a maximum likelihood technique. If the spectrum of the background is assumed to be identical to that of each individual QSO, and if this background is assumed to be constant over the redshift range 1.7 < z < 3.8, then the best-fit value for J(ν0) is found to be 1.4 × 10-21 ergs s-1 cm-2 Hz-1 sr-1, using QSO redshifts based on the Lyα emission line. Systemic QSO redshifts based on the [O III] λ5007 emission line for 19 objects in our sample show an average redshift of ~400 km s-1 with respect to Lyα emission. Using redshifts based on [O III] or Mg II for the 35 objects for which they are measured and adding 400 km s-1 to the remaining QSO Lyα redshifts gives a lower value of J(ν0), 7.0 × 10-22 ergs s-1 cm-2 Hz-1 sr-1. This value is in reasonable agreement with the predictions of various models of the ionizing background based on the integrated quasar luminosity function. Allowing for the fact that individual QSOs have different spectral indices that may also be different from that of the background, we use the standard methods to solve for the H I photoionization rate, Γ, and the parameters describing its evolution with redshift. The best-fit value for the H I ionization rate we derive is 1.9 × 10-12 s-1, in good agreement with models of the background that incorporate QSOs only. Finally, we use simulated Lyα forest spectra including the proximity effect to investigate curve-of-growth effects in the photoionization model used in the analysis. We find that the presence of lines on the saturated part of the curve of growth could cause our estimates of the background intensity to be overestimated by a factor of 2-3. This large absorption-line sample and these techniques for measuring the background and understanding the systematics involved allow us to place what we believe are the firmest limits on the background at these redshifts.
Linearizations for Interpolatory Bases - a Comparison: New Families of Linearizations

One strategy to solve a nonlinear eigenvalue problem $T(\lambda)x=0$ is to solve a polynomial eigenvalue problem (PEP) $P(\lambda)x=0$ that approximates the original problem through interpolation. Then, this PEP is usually solved by linearization. Because of the polynomial approximation techniques, in this context, $P(\lambda)$ is expressed in a non-monomial basis. The bases used with most frequency are the Chebyshev basis, the Newton basis and the Lagrange basis. Although, there exist already a number of linearizations available in the literature for matrix polynomials expressed in these bases, new families of linearizations are introduced because they present the following advantages: 1) they are easy to construct from the matrix coefficients of $P(\lambda)$ when this polynomial is expressed in any of those three bases; 2) their block-structure is given explicitly; 3) it is possible to provide equivalent formulations for all three bases which allows a natural framework for comparison. Also, recovery formulas of eigenvectors (when $P(\lambda)$ is regular) and recovery formulas of minimal bases and minimal indices (when $P(\lambda)$ is singular) are provided. The ultimate goal is to use these families to compare the numerical behavior of the linearizations associated to the same basis (to select the best one) and with the linearizations associated to the other two bases, to provide recommendations on what basis to use in each context. This comparison will appear in a subsequent paper.
Caspase3-deficient cells require fibronectin for protection against autophagy-dependent death

Caspases are required for execution of apoptosis. However, in their absence, signals that typically induce apoptosis can still result in cell death. Our laboratory previously demonstrated that Casp3-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) have increased fibronectin (FN) secretion, and an adhesion-dependent survival advantage compared to wild type (WT) MEFs. Here, we show that FN is required for survival of Casp3-deficient MEFs following serum withdrawal. Furthermore, when FN is silenced, serum withdrawal-induced death is caspase-independent. However, procaspase-7 is cleaved, suggesting that MOMP is taking place. Indeed, in the absence of FN, cytochrome c release is increased following serum withdrawal in Casp3-deficient MEFs. Yet death does not correspond to cytochrome c release in Casp3-deficient MEFs. This is true both in the presence and absence of FN. Additionally, caspase-independent death is inhibited by Bcl-XL overexpression. These findings suggest that Bcl-XL is not inhibiting death through regulation of Bax/Bak insertion into the mitochondria, but through a different mechanism. One such possibility is autophagy and induction of autophagy is associated with caspase-independent death in Casp3-deficient cells. Importantly, when ATG5 is ablated in Casp3-deficient cells, autophagy is blocked and death is largely inhibited. Taken together, our data indicate that Casp3-deficient cells incapable of undergoing canonical serum withdrawal-induced apoptosis, are protected from autophagy-dependent death by FN-mediated adhesion.
Perioperative and postoperative nursing care

Abstract Nursing care of the patient undergoing pituitary surgery is found in a comprehensive understanding of pituitary physiology and pathophysiology; however, surgical approach, underlying pathology, and institutional policies provide the framework for care rendered at the bedside. It is important to be knowledgeable of hospital-specific protocols regarding the routine care of patients undergoing routine pituitary surgery, as this may vary from institution to institution. Regardless of institutional variations, nursing considerations are inclusive of providing direct patient care, monitoring for potential complications, and providing patient education.
Abstract LB091: Long-term statin use and risk of colorectal cancer: A prospective cohort study

Importance Statin use has been examined as a potential chemopreventive strategy against colorectal cancer (CRC), with conflicting findings reported. Prior studies have not been able to investigate this topic with adequate follow-up time. Objective To examine prospectively the association between long-term statin use and CRC risk. Design setting and participants The Nurses9 Health Study (NHS) and Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (HPFS) are large prospective cohorts of US women and men. Participants who were alive and free of cancer at the time when information on their statin use was first assessed were eligible for inclusion (100,300 women and 47,991 men), and were followed for up to 26 years (NHS: 1994-2016; HPFS: 1990-2016). Exposures Overall status and duration of statin use. Main outcome and measures Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for exposures and CRC risk. Results We documented 2,924 incident CRC cases during follow-up. In fully-adjusted analyses, compared to participants who never used statins, longer duration of statin use was associated with higher risk of overall CRC (HR, 95%CI was 1.09, 0.98-1.20 for ever use; 1.06, 0.94-1.19 for 1 to 5 years; 1.10, 0.96-1.27 for 6 to 10 years; 1.10, 0.86-1.41 for 11 to 15 years; 1.56, 1.13-2.16 for >15 years; vs. never users, P=.02 for trend). The risk elevation was driven by proximal colon cancer (1.22, 1.05-1.41 for ever use; 1.17, 0.99-1.39 for 1 to 5 years; 1.21, 0.99-1.48 for 6 to 10 years; 1.27, 0.91-1.78 for 11 to 15 years; 2.22, 1.49-3.30 for >15 years; vs. never users, P Citation Format: Yin Zhang, Andrew T. Chan, Jeffrey A. Meyerhardt, Edward L. Giovannucci. Long-term statin use and risk of colorectal cancer: A prospective cohort study [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr LB091.
Behavioral performance requirements for division of labor influence adaptive brain mosaicism in a socially complex ant

Brain evolution is hypothesized to be driven by neuroarchitectural requirements for behavioral performance. Assessments of such needs should be informed by the nature of sensory and motor processes underpinning behavior. We developed a novel metric to estimate the relative neuroanatomical investments required to perform tasks varying in sensorimotor and processing demands across polymorphic and polyethic workers of the leafcutter ant Atta cephalotes and quantified brain size and structure to examine their correspondence with our computational approximations. Investment in multi-sensory integration and motor requirements for task performance was estimated to be greatest for media workers whose leaf-harvesting repertoire involves the most diverse and demanding sensory and motor processes, including plant discrimination, leaf cutting, and fragment transportation. Volumetric analysis of confocal brain images revealed that absolute brain size increased with worker size and compartmental scaling allometries among functionally specialized brain compartments differed among polymorphic workers. The mushroom bodies, centers of sensory integration and learning, and the antennal lobes, which process olfactory inputs, were significantly larger in medias than in minim workers (fungal gardeners) and major workers ("soldiers"), which had lower estimated task-related neural demands. Minims had a proportionally larger central complex, perhaps to control navigation in subterranean fungal garden chambers. These results indicate that variation in task performance requirements has selected for adaptive variation in brain size and mosaic scaling.
Comparison of Aspiration Thrombectomy to other endovascular therapies for Proximal Upper Extremity Deep Venous Thrombosis.

ABSTRACT Objective Catheter-directed thrombolysis (CDT) provides an effective method for clearing deep venous thrombosis (DVT). Unfortunately, CDT is associated with hemorrhagic complications. This study evaluated the technical success of the various endovascular therapies including a new mechanical aspiration thrombectomy (AT) device for the treatment of acute upper extremity deep venous thrombosis (UEDVT). Methods This was a single-center retrospective review of patients with acute symptomatic proximal UEDVT secondary to venous thoracic outlet syndrome. Undergoing endovascular therapy from December 2013 to June 2019. Patients were treated with a variety of methods including CDT, ultrasound assisted thrombolysis (USAT), rheolytic thrombectomy (RT) and aspiration thrombectomy (AT). We evaluated outcomes for patients undergoing AT compared to non-aspiration thrombectomy (NAT) techniques. The primary outcome was technical success, defined as resolution of >70% of thrombus. The secondary endpoint was the ability to complete the therapy in a single session. Results There were 22 patients who had endovascular management of their symptomatic proximal UEDVT. All 22 (100%) patients were successfully treated with greater than 70% thrombus resolution. 10 patients underwent AT, of which 50% (5/10) had single session therapies. 12 patients underwent NAT (3 had CDT or USAT alone; 3 had USAT with RT; and 6 had CDT followed by RT), with single session therapy occurring in only 8.3% (1/12) of the NAT group. The average total dose of thrombolytics was 12.6mg (SD= 9.65) in the AT group compared to 19.0mg (SD= 5.78) in the NAT group (mean difference -6.4; 95% CI -1.1, 13.9). All but one of the patients in the AT group went on to have successful first rib resections. All NAT patients had successful first rib resections. Venogram was not performed at the time of decompression. All patients except one underwent resection via the infraclavicular approach, with rib removal posterior to the brachial plexus, a median of 8.0 [IQR 6.0, 12.0] days following DVT therapy. Conclusions In this study, technical success of 100% was achieved for acute symptomatic proximal UEDVT therapies. AT technology allows for higher rates of treatment in a single session thereby minimizing a patient’s risks of bleeding complications. Further research is needed to further define the role of this new technology in the treatment paradigm of UEDVT management.
WikiNetworks: translating manually created biological pathways for topological analysis.

Summary WikiPathways is a database of 2979 biological pathways across 31 species created using the drawing software PathVisio. Many of these pathways are not directly usable for network-based topological analyses due to differences in curation styles and drawings. We developed the WikiNetworks package to standardize and construct directed networks by combining geometric information and manual annotations from WikiPathways. WikiNetworks performs significantly better than existing tools. This enables the use of high-quality WikiPathways resource for network-based topological analysis of high-throughput data. Availability WikiNetworks is written in Python3 and is available on github.com/Thakar-Lab/wikinetworks and on PyPI. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Pricing Path-Dependent Payoff Using Quadrature on Wiener Space

Solution to stochastic differential equation that defines the dynamics of asset prices is interpreted as a function of underlying Brownian motion when permissible, and the expectation values of various functionals of the solution – therefore functionals of Brownian motion (Wiener functionals) – are estimated from numerical approximations to high-dimensional Gaussian integrals using quadrature. The simple method is exemplified for a few standard asset price dynamics used in practice for structured and contingent claim pricing, such as local volatility, Heston stochastic volatility, SABR, and LIBOR market model (LMM/BGM). The quadrature in these concrete implementations is performed in m-dimensional space where m is between 10 and 30 depending on the specific model or a payoff structure. The methodology appears to be a broadly viable alternative to Monte Carlo for short- to medium-dated financial products, with potential uses outside those examined in this paper.
Exploiting spatial code proximity and order for improved source code retrieval for bug localization

Practically all information retrieval based approaches developed to date for automatic bug localization are based on the bag-of-words assumption that ignores any positional and ordering relationships between the terms in a query. In this paper, we argue that bug reports are ill-served by this assumption because such reports frequently contain various types of structural information whose terms must obey certain positional and ordering constraints. It therefore stands to reason that the quality of retrieval for bug localization would improve if these constraints could be taken into account when searching for the most relevant files. In this paper, we demonstrate that such is indeed the case. We show how the well-known Markov Random Field based retrieval framework can be used for taking into account the term-term proximity and ordering relationships in a query vis-a-vis the same relationships in the files of a source-code library to greatly improve the quality of retrieval of the most relevant source files. We have carried out our experimental evaluations on popular large software projects using over 4000 bug reports. The results we present demonstrate unequivocally that the new proposed approach is far superior to the widely used bag-of-words based approaches. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Education Level and Ethical Attitude Toward Tax Evasion: A Six-Country Study

The purpose of this study is twofold – to review and summarize the findings of more than 30 prior studies that surveyed student opinions on the ethics of tax evasion, and to expand on that literature by examining the relationship between level of education and views on the ethics of tax evasion using a larger, more heterogeneous demographic. A number of surveys of student opinion have been conducted, both in the United States and elsewhere, soliciting the opinions of various student groups on the ethics of tax evasion. Students in various disciplines and students at various levels of education (graduate and undergraduate) were asked their opinions regarding when tax evasion could be justified on ethical grounds. The present study summarizes and analyzes those findings for the first time. The second part of the paper uses the Human Values data that was gathered by social scientists in Brazil, Russia, India, China, the USA and Germany and examines the relationship between level of education and attitude toward tax evasion, using a 10-point Likert Scale. An analysis of the data found that education level does make a difference in attitude toward tax evasion, as do gender and age, in some cases. A bibliography of further reading is also included, along with links to more than 80 other tax evasion studies.
Production of J/Ψ on the nucleon and on deuteron targets

A coupled-channel model with $\ensuremath{\pi}N$, $\ensuremath{\rho}N$, and $J/\ensuremath{\Psi}N$ channels is developed to predict the $\ensuremath{\pi}+N\ensuremath{\rightarrow}J/\ensuremath{\Psi}+N$ cross sections. The $J/\ensuremath{\Psi}$-$N$ interaction is parameterized in a form related to what has been predicted by the effective field theory approach and lattice QCD. The other interactions within the model are constrained by the decay width of $J/\ensuremath{\Psi}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\rho}+\ensuremath{\pi}$ and the total cross-sectional data of $\ensuremath{\pi}N$ reactions. The calculated meson-baryon amplitudes are then used to predict the cross sections of the $J/\ensuremath{\Psi}$ production on the deuteron target by including the contributions from the impulse term and the one-loop calculations of the final $NN$ and $J/\ensuremath{\Psi}N$ rescattering effects. Predictions of the dependence of the cross sections of ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}+p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}J/\ensuremath{\Psi}+n$, $\ensuremath{\gamma}+d\ensuremath{\rightarrow}J/\ensuremath{\Psi}+n+p$, and ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}d\ensuremath{\rightarrow}J/\ensuremath{\Psi}+p+p$ on the $J/\ensuremath{\Psi}$-$N$ potentials are presented to examine the feasibility of experimental determinations of the $J/\ensuremath{\Psi}$-$N$ interaction. Within the vector meson dominance model, we have also applied the constructed coupled-channel model to predict the $\ensuremath{\gamma}+p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}J/\ensuremath{\Psi}+p$ cross sections near the $J/\ensuremath{\Psi}$ production threshold.
Brain, Mind and Media Neuroscience Meets Media Psychology

Media Psychology is emerging as a transdisciplinary research field. Scholars from psychology, communication, pedagogy, computer science, and other disciplines aim for a deeper understanding of why and how people use media and of how today’s media landscape influences the human mind and our social lives. While scholars in other sub-fields of psychology have made serious inroads in integrating neuroscientific reasoning in studying the human mind, it is only recently that cognitive neuroscience has entered the field of media psychology. There are many reasons for this observation, but one possible explanation stands out and warrants a more detailed discussion in this
Mutational Analysis of the Fusion Peptide of Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus Transmembrane Protein p15E

Fusion peptides are hydrophobic sequences located at the N terminus of the transmembrane (TM) envelope proteins of the orthomyxoviruses and paramyxoviruses and several retroviruses. The Moloney murine leukemia virus TM envelope protein, p15E, contains a hydrophobic stretch of amino acids at its N terminus followed by a region rich in glycine and threonine residues. A series of single amino acid substitutions were introduced into this region, and the resulting proteins were examined for their abilities to be properly processed and transported to the cell surface and to induce syncytia in cells expressing the ecotropic receptor. One substitution in the hydrophobic core and several substitutions in the glycine/threonine-rich region that prevented both cell-cell fusion and the transduction of NIH 3T3 cells when incorporated into retroviral vector particles were identified. In addition, one mutation that enhanced the fusogenicity of the resulting envelope protein was identified. The fusion-defective mutants trans dominantly interfered with the ability of the wild-type envelope protein to cause syncytium formation in a cell-cell fusion assay, although no trans -dominant inhibition of transduction was observed. Certain substitutions in the hydrophobic core that prevented envelope protein processing were also found. These data indicate that the N-terminal region of p15E is important both for viral fusion and for the correct processing and cell surface expression of the viral envelope protein.
Ethylene glycol to acetaldehyde-dehydration or a concerted mechanism

Abstract Two possible mechanisms have been proposed to account for the rearrangement of ethylene glycol to acetaldehyde. The first is a rearrangement with a hydride shift occurring in concert with the loss of a water molecule. The second is an acid catalyzed dehydration reaction proceeding through the enol to yield acetaldehyde. DFT calculations are presented which show the first postulation to be the lower energy pathway by a considerable margin.
Neurobehavioral Features and Natural History of Juvenile Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis (Batten Disease)

Juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis is a childhood-onset neurodegenerative disease with prominent symptoms comprising a pediatric dementia syndrome: intellectual decline, mood and behavioral impairments, and loss of adaptive skills. We review the history of neurobehavioral features in juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis and the work of the University of Rochester Batten Center to characterize the extent and progression of neurobehavioral symptoms over the disease course, and discuss the relevance of neurobehavioral studies as an aid to understanding the clinical phenotype of juvenile Batten disease and potential targets for intervention.
Unique Push−Pull Mechanism of Dealkylation in Soman-Inhibited Cholinesterases†

The pH-dependence and solvent isotope effects of dealkylation in diastereomeric adducts of Electric eel (Ee) and fetal bovine serum (FBS) acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inactivated with P(−)C(+) and P(−)C(−) 2-(3,3-dimethylbutyl) methylphosphonofluoridate (soman) were studied at 4.0 ± 0.2 °C. The rate constant versus pH profiles were fit to a bell-shaped curve for all adducts. Best fit parameters are pK1 4.4−4.6 and pK2 6.3−6.5 for Ee AChE and pK1 4.8−5.0 and pK2 5.8 for FBS AChE. The pKs are consistent with catalytic participation of the Glu199 anion and HisH+440. Maximal rate constants (kmax) are 13−16 × 10-3 s-1 for Ee AChE and 8 × 10-3 s-1 for FBS AChE. The solvent isotope effects at the pH maxima are 1.1−1.3, indicating unlikely proton transfer at the enzymic transition states for the dealkylation reaction. Slopes of log rate constant versus pH plots are near 1 at 25.0 ± 0.2 °C between pH 7.0 and 10.0. In stark contrast, the corresponding adducts of trypsin are very stable even at 37.0 ± 0.2 °C. The rat...
Sol–gel processing of Sr0.5Sm0.5CoO3 film

Abstract Strontium-doped samarium cobaltite (Sm0.5Sr0.5CoO3, SSC) has attracted increasing attention as cathode material for intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells (IT-SOFCs) due to its mixed-conduction characteristics and relatively high ionic conductivity. In this paper, sol–gel-derived SSC films were deposited on yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) substrates from an alkoxide solution of strontium isopropoxide, samarium isopropoxide and cobalt isopropoxide. The alkoxide solution was chelated with 2-ethylacetoacetate (CH3COCH2COOC2H5), and the effect of polyethylene glycol (PEG) addition on the crystallization behavior and microstructure evolution of SSC films was investigated. XRD, TGA and SEM measurements indicated that single-perovskite phase SSC films were formed when the films were heated at 700 °C, and PEG could significantly refine the crystalline size of the SSC film from around 100–50 nm.
Finescale Vertical Structure and Evolution of a Preconvective Dryline on 19 June 2002

Abstract High-resolution airborne cloud radar data and other International H2O Project datasets are used to describe the vertical structure of an unusual prefrontal dryline. This dryline, observed in northwestern Kansas on 19 June 2002, first progressed eastward and tilted toward the west, and later became more stationary and reversed its tilt, toward the moist side. The convective boundary layer (CBL) depth difference also reversed: only in the later phase did the dry-side CBL become deeper than on the moist side. Echo and single/dual-Doppler velocity data in a vertical transect across the dryline suggest a solenoidal circulation dynamically consistent with the observed horizontal buoyancy gradient. Both this gradient and the solenoidal circulation reversed in the later phase. Simultaneously, confluence toward the dryline increased, resulting in an increasing moisture gradient as well as a deepening CBL in the dryline convergence zone. It is speculated that the baroclinically generated horizontal vortici...
Supply-chain dynamics of tellurium, indium and gallium within the context of PV module manufacturing costs

Given the need for humankind to implement more sustainable energy choices, it is crucial for energy systems such as PV to demonstrate success both soon and over the long-term quest for meaningful deployment. To that end, both the crystalline silicon and thin-film technologies have made, and continue to make, remarkable strides toward providing solutions that are quickly becoming more competitive against the traditional sources for power generation. But, within the thin-film segment of this industry, the highest demonstrated sunlight power conversion efficiencies have thus far come from technologies containing relatively rare constituent elements. These include tellurium in cadmium telluride, and indium and/or gallium in the CIS/ CIGS and III–V families of technologies. In this paper we show that the current global supply base for these three energy-critical elements is not sufficient for enabling energy-significant levels of deployment, but also show that every one of the thin-film PV technologies that we describe has the ability to absorb an increase in the price for each constituent element(s). This ability then leads to the possibility that the supply base for each element can be augmented.
Apoptosis of Allospecifically Activated Human Helper T Cells Is Blocked by Calcineurin Inhibition

Background Classical transplantation immunosuppression relies heavily upon the interruption of interleukin-2 (IL-2) signaling by calcineurin inhibition. However, recent evidence in murine models suggests that IL-2 is necessary for activation-induced cell death (AICD) of allograft-specific lymphocytes. Methods We examined the apoptotic effects of the calcineurin inhibitor cyclosporine A and mTOR inhibitor rapamycin on the apoptotic alterations that occur in allospecifically activated human lymphocytes in a one-way mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC). Results Cyclosporine increased caspase-3 activation in MLC, which corresponded with a decrease in lymphocyte apoptosis in MLC. Cyclosporine also reduced apoptosis in the CD4+ helper T cell subset, while CD8+ cells had similar or increased apoptosis when compared to controls. In contrast, rapamycin-treated cultures had normal levels of CD4+ T cell apoptosis when compared to control MLC, with decreases seen in CD8+ T lymphocytes. Conclusions In humans, blockade of IL-2 receptor signal with rapamycin allows apoptosis of allospecifically activated CD4+ lymphocytes to occur, while blockade of IL-2 production with cyclosporine results in decreased apoptosis in this T cell subset. As helper T cells are integral to the immune response, these results may explain the tolerogenic effects of rapamycin.
The (Non‐) Equivalence of Quantitative Restrictions

Research on country‐specific import quotas (CSQs), whereby an aggregate quota quantity is allocated to specific exporting nations, has been overlooked despite the fact that they are empirically relevant. This article demonstrates that the economic effects of CSQs may differ markedly from those of voluntary export restraints (VERs) and aggregate import quotas (AQs). For example, CSQs may result in higher domestic prices and lower import quantities than AQs. Moreover, profits of foreign exporters under CSQs may actually increase relative to free trade. Recognition of these differences by policy makers is of particular importance in the light of the fact that these particular quantitative restrictions are viewed as policy substitutes.
Techniques of Performing Left Carinal Pneumonectomy

Carinal pneumonectomy and reconstruction remains one of the most technically demanding of all thoracic surgery procedures. Bronchoplastic techniques refined from tracheal surgery and sleeve lobectomy have made carinal pneumonectomy possible, but successful outcome of this procedure depends on multiple factors such as patient selection, thorough preoperative evaluation, anesthetic management, meticulous surgical technique, and focused postoperative care. The first comprehensive approach to carinal resection and reconstruction was presented by Grillo and coworkers in 1963 and by Grillo in 1982. 1-3 Most carinal resections are done for right-sided tumors because of the anatomy of the right upper lobe and shorter length of the right main stem bronchus. The proximity of right upper lobeorificetothecarinacanresultinextensionofrightupper lobe tumors to the carina, whereas left-sided bronchogenic tumors rarely extend to the carina without simultaneous extension to other unresectable structures. Right carinal resection is performed through a right posterolateral thoracotomy that gives a perfect exposure to carina, the right main stem bronchus, and the proximal left main stem bronchus. Left carinal pneumonectomy is performed much less commonly andisalsotechnicallyamorechallengingproceduresincethe exposure of the lower trachea and right main stem bronchus are covered by the aortic arch. However, the procedure can be performed via different approaches depending on the extension of the tumor.
Acute Severe Symptomatic Hyponatremia Following Coronary Angiography

Hyponatremia is a relatively common electrolyte disorder. Although severe acute hyponatremia following coronary angiography is rare, potentially lethal neurologic manifestations may result. We describe a patient with severe, symptomatic hyponatremia, an unusual complication of coronary angiography. Lack of familiarity with contrast media-related hyponatremia caused a delay in diagnosis and therapy in our case. The diagnosis of acute hyponatremia should be considered in any patient who develops behavioral or neurologic manifestations following coronary angiography. Prompt diagnosis and treatment is essential to avoid permanent neurologic damage or death.
On γ -Vectors Satisfying the Kruskal–Katona Inequalities

We present examples of flag homology spheres whose γ-vectors satisfy the Kruskal–Katona inequalities. This includes several families of well-studied simplicial complexes, including Coxeter complexes and the simplicial complexes dual to the associahedron and to the cyclohedron. In these cases, we construct explicit flag simplicial complexes whose f-vectors are the γ-vectors in question, and so a result of Frohmader shows that the γ-vectors satisfy not only the Kruskal–Katona inequalities but also the stronger Frankl–Furedi–Kalai inequalities. In another direction, we show that if a flag (d−1)-sphere has at most 2d+3 vertices its γ-vector satisfies the Frankl–Furedi–Kalai inequalities. We conjecture that if Δ is a flag homology sphere then γ(Δ) satisfies the Kruskal–Katona, and further, the Frankl–Furedi–Kalai inequalities. This conjecture is a significant refinement of Gal’s conjecture, which asserts that such γ-vectors are nonnegative.
Function generation in real-time simulation

The calculation of multivariable functions from data tables often constitutes a major portion of the overall computational requirements associated with the simulation of dynamic systems. This paper discusses a new approach that uses off-line computation to prepare modified data tables which then execute more rapidly during the on-line, real-time computation, Two practical examples, a six-degree-of-fteedom missile simulation program and a six-degree-of- freedom aircraft simulation program, are used to demonstrate the new approach, in which the frame times are reduced by 19% and 11%, respectively.