cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE DETECTION OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN LIQUID SMOKE AND SOME FOODS.

Abstract Samples of liquid smoke, several smoked foods, vegetable oils, and water were examined for the presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The aromatic materials were concentrated by extraction and solvent partition, the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were separated by chromatography and identified and estimated by absorption spectrometry. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were absent from the water and vegetable oils, but were present in bacon, smoked salmon, smoked haddock, and liquid smoke at concentrations of the order of parts per billion. Traces of the carcinogen benzo[ a ]pyrene were present in smoked salmon and smoked haddock, but no carcinogens were detected in bacon or in the two samples of liquid smoke examined.
Survey of physician practice behaviors related to diabetes mellitus in the U.S. Physician adherence to consensus recommendations.

OBJECTIVE To summarize the frequency of physician adherence to consensus recommendations for prevention of diabetic complications. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Survey data from a nationwide stratified probability sample of primary-care physicians were analyzed. Adherence to recommendations were reported by physician specialty, age-group, and type of diabetes treated. RESULTS Adherence was high for eye exams, blood pressure measurements, neurological and circulatory exams, and laboratory procedures using blood. Adherence was low for examination of the teeth and gums, examination of the feet, and laboratory procedures involving the collection of urine. Internists generally had the highest adherence rates and pediatricians the lowest. Reported adherence decreased with physician age. Adherence was higher for the management of individuals with IDDM than for those with NIDDM. CONCLUSIONS Recommendations for the care of diabetic individuals need to be more widely implemented. Recommendations targeted specifically to pediatricians may be necessary.
Placenta previa: the evolving role of ultrasound.

, which had beendiagnosed incorrectly as being located normally by trans-abdominal sonography. While the patient had previouslyhad a second-trimester transabdominal ultrasound exam-ination that showed complete placenta previa, the follow-up transabdominal sonogram at about 32 weeks hadfailed to reveal it, possibly due to engagement of thehead. Thus, she was managed in labor as a patient with-out placenta previa. Fortunately, the outcome was goodfor both mother and fetus. It should be noted that thisevent occurred before transvaginal sonography was beingused widely in the diagnosis of placenta previa. As a resultof the incident, I developed a keen interest in transvaginalsonography in the diagnosis and evaluation of placentaprevia.In 1966, Gottesfeld
Self-assembled, nano-structured octaalkoxy helicenocyanines

A method to prepare a new class of helicene-fused phthalocyanine derivatives is outlined. These derivatives self-assemble into unique rod-like features, with a narrow length distribution of 750-850 nm and a uniform width of 95 ± 10 nm.
Modelling and analysis of DIII-D/DiMES sputtered impurity transport experiments

A comprehensive modelling effort to analyse sputtering erosion and redeposition in the DIII-D/DiMES 70, 71 and 79 experiments using metal films (beryllium, vanadium, molybdenum, tungsten) on a carbon divertor probe has been performed. These materials were exposed at the outer strike point of an attached H mode plasma with peak at Te ~75 eV. The analysis uses coupled impurity transport (REDEP, WBC) and related codes with inputs of measured plasma parameters. The code output was compared with measured erosion and redeposition profiles, and other data. The predicted redeposition profiles for beryllium, carbon, molybdenum and tungsten agree well with the data. Beryllium and carbon exhibit longer transport distances compared with those of high-Z metals - primarily due to longer mean free paths for sputtered atom ionization. Photon emission calculations for beryllium also compare well with the data, thereby tending to validate coupled models for plasma parameters, impurity transport and atomic data. For vanadium the comparison of the code with the data varies from poor to fair depending on the ionization model used. For most metal films, the absolute erosion is less than that predicted for the `pure' metal, a fact we attribute to the effect of a carbon overlay or mixture. For carbon the predicted peak net erosion rate (~4 nm/s) is approximately 5 times less than the gross rate, and this is confirmed by the data. Carbon net erosion and core contamination result primarily from the quiescent (intra-ELM) period oblique incidence deuterium physical sputtering and self-sputtering. ELM period sputtering and chemical erosion appear to play a small role in net erosion in these plasmas.
Project Assignment Rights and Incentives for Eliciting Ideas

In this paper, we study an incentive problem that arises between a principal and two agents because they value a real option differently. The real option in our model is a timing option. The agents have limited capacity to undertake projects, and each agent's capacity can be filled now or later. Because the principal cares about capacity in the aggregate but each agent cares only about his own capacity, the agents assign a higher value to the option to wait. As a result, agents sometimes withhold ideas from the principal. We show that decentralization can be a solution to this problem. Delegating assignment rights to an agent reduces the option value of waiting for the other agent sufficiently that he is willing to reveal his ideas.
ON THE SOLUTION OF NONLINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS WITH CONVOLUTION PRODUCT NONLINEARITIES

Abstract Transform techniques can be used with differential equations containing convolution product nonlinearities to yield an algebraic equation for which the Adomian polynomials are more easily obtained for solution by the decomposition method.
Wormlike chain statistics with twist and fixed ends

We present the exact solution for the end-to-end statistics of a wormlike chain including twist stiffness and fixed-end orientations. Our results are expressed in Fourier-Laplace space as infinite continued fractions, which are concisely stated and easily employed in a wide range of problems involving semiflexible polymers that oppose twist deformation. We then apply our results to the J-factor or ring-closure probability of DNA. As our results are exact (i.e. non-perturbative), we find a measurable difference between the J-factor calculated from our results and approximate, perturbative theory; the error in the approximate theory stems in part from the absence of non-trivial topoisomers that are accounted for in our exact treatment.
An evaluation of the intensity of mentoring: child outcomes

This study examines the intensity effect of a mentoring intervention for Head Start teachers, the Individualised Learning Intervention (ILI), as it impacts child social emotional outcomes. Pairs of Mentor and Protege teachers across three sites in two states were randomly assigned to intervention and control groups. Mentors in the intervention group participated in a 50-hour mentor seminar and supported the intervention Protege teachers’ professional growth and development across one Head Start school year. Mentors themselves were also supported by a Mentor Coordinator. As part of a quasi-experimental study of implementation fidelity effects, the intensity of mentoring intervention was measured by the Intensity of Intervention Scale and the intervention group was divided into high and moderate intensity levels. Evidence is presented for the effects of high intensity levels of the ILI Mentoring programme, relative to moderate intensity and control conditions, on the children in the Protege teachers’ classr...
The co‐evolution of individual and network

Individuals simultaneously choose and are affected by their web of connections. This paper explores this co‐evolution of individual and network in the context of longitudinal attitudinal and sociometric data collected from a government agency, the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs. Analysis of these data suggests that networks vary in their elasticity ‐ where the internal network of the agency was rigid, but the extra‐organizational network quite fluid. Further, the data suggest that, consistent with theories of socialization, individuals differ in plasticity ‐ how they are affected by the network ‐ where the cross‐sectional analysis of the data suggest that individuals were molded by the organization, but that the attitudes of individuals who left were unaffected by the change in milieu.
The impact of Tarasoff on clinical practice

The clinical impact of Tarasoff (1976) has meant an increased emphasis on violence as a topic in treatment and a concern for therapists. This paper discusses the limits of confidentiality and the management of dangerous patients both before and after the landmark decision of Tarasoff. The existing research surveys on therapists' responses to Tarasoff are reviewed. Some of the clinical implications of recent court cases such as Jablonski are described. Recommendations for the management of threatening patients are made. Language: en
Tractive Force Design for Sanitary Sewer Self-Cleansing

The 2007 edition of the ASCE MOP 60-WEF FD 5 Manual recommends the tractive force (TF) method for self-cleansing design for gravity sanitary sewers. TF design is a major improvement over traditional methods to achieve self-cleansing in gravity sewers. This approach results in a self-cleansing pipe slope value ( Smin ) for the design minimum flowrate ( Qmin ) in each sewer reach. Qmin is the predicted largest 1-h flowrate in the reach during the lowest flow week over the sewer design life. Past design practices seldom included accurate estimation of Qmin values, but good estimates of Qmin are crucial for TF design. Design equations and plots have been developed to assist in obtaining Smin values for given Qmin values. As compared to traditional minimum slopes, Smin slopes via the TF method are flatter for sewers carrying typical to larger Qmin values and steeper for sewers carrying smaller Qmin values.
The Effect of THAM and Sodium Bicarbonate on the Oxygen Dissociation Curve and pH Difference Across the Red Cell

The Effect of THAM and Sodium Bicarbonate on the Oxygen Dissociation Curve and pH Difference Across the Red Cell
Further characterization of the P85gag-mos -associated protein kinase activity.

Abstract The gag-mos hybrid protein encoded by ts110 MoMuSV was shown to have an associated protein kinase activity which phosphorylated both P85 gag-mos and P58 gag when [ γ - 32 P]ATP and a manganese cofactor were added to an immune complex containing P85 gag-mos . Immunoprecipitation and removal of P85 gag-mos from the reaction mixture by either an anti- mos or anti- gag serum resulted in a subsequent elimination of in vitro P85 gag-mos and P58 gag phosphorylation. This kinase activity was shown to be either an intrinsic property of P85 gag-mos or else a tightly bound cellular enzyme activity resistant to elution with 2.0 M NaCl, 0.5% deoxycholate, and 0.1% SDS. A correlation was made between the amount of kinase activity and the concentration of P85 gag-mos . Viral gag antisera were also used to show immune complex phosphorylation of another gag-mos hybrid protein termed P100 gag-mos , derived from a revertant of ts110. In vitro phosphorylation experiments derived from v- mos transformed MuSV 124 cells using viral gag antisera were completely negative which shows that the gag-mos kinase in 6m2 cells is not merely a gag -associated kinase that phosphorylates MuSV coded gag gene products. When shifting 6m2 cells from a permissive temperature to the nonpermissive temperature of 39° for 2–4 hr, a noticeable change toward a more normal morphology occurs. NRK 54-5A4 cells infected with a revertant of ts110 with wild-type phenotype, showed little change in morphology between permissive and nonpermissive temperatures. In addition to the is defect affecting P85 gag-mos production previously reported, a second is defect in ts110 is reported here which is functional in nature; it can be detected within 5 min after shift to 39° by the heat lability of the P85-associated kinase activity. The P100 gag-mos protein kinase from the wild-type revertant cells did not exhibit this heat sensitivity under similar conditions. The thermal inactivation of the P85 kinase was shown to precede events that occur as cells are shifted to the restricted temperature including morphological reversion to the normal phenotype, and the decrease in P85 gag-mos concentration. Based on all of these observations, it is suggested that the P85-associated kinase activity is not merely an adherent cellular kinase, but actually a function of the gag-mos gene product.
Denaturation of β-lactoglobulin by shaking and its subsequent renaturation

Abstract The denaturation of β-lactoglobulin by shaking resembles the inactivation of cellulase under similar conditions. The denaturation is greatly affected by rate of agitation, and by pH; but temperature (30–50°C) has little effect. The rate of denaturation can be reduced to very low levels by the addition of small amounts of surfactants, or of large polymers like polyethylene glycol or methyl cellulose. A high percentage of the shake-denatured β-lactoglobulin can be renatured by dissolving it in dilute acid. Heat denaturation, on the other hand, is not affected by surfactants; and the product formed could not be renatured.
MO‐E‐332‐07: Instrumentation Noise Equivalent Exposure (INEE) for Routine Quality Assurance: INEE Measurements On a Clinical Flat Panel Detector

Purpose: To measure the instrumentation‐noise equivalent exposure (INEE) of a clinical digital imagingsystem under various modes of operation. Method and Materials: The INEE is defined as the exposure at which the quantum‐noise equals the instrumentation‐noise and is measured from the plot of pixel gray‐level‐value variance versus detector entrance exposure. The intercept of such a plot represents the instrumentation‐noise in gray‐level values and the slope provides the conversion factor from these arbitrary units to equivalent exposure. Sequences of 90 flat‐field images in DA and DSA modes were acquired at 1 frame‐per‐second using a Varian PaxScan 2020 flat panel detector, both with image processing enabled and disabled. Image receptor input exposure was measured using an ionization chamber and effects of uncertainties in exposure calibration on the resulting INEE were investigated. Results: The INEE was observed to vary depending on the mode used and was measured to be 0.9±0.2 and 44±6 μR in DA and DSA modes, respectively, with image processing disabled. Exposure calibration error will result in additional proportionate INEE error. With image processing enabled the variance was highly nonlinear with exposure in DA mode indicating a need to have access to linear, unprocessed data. The difference in integration capacitance between DA and DSA modes, 0.5 and 4 pF respectively, helps explain the change in the INEE between these modes. Conclusion: INEE measurements were done on a clinical digital image receptor and were found to be dependent on the operational mode used. The importance of disabling image processing during INEE measurement was demonstrated. Due to the ease in gathering and analyzing the necessary data, we found the INEE to be a useful quality assurance tool for assessing a system's instrumentation‐noise in terms of a clinically relevant measure of exposure. (Support: NIH Grants R01‐ NS43924, R01‐EB002873, Toshiba Medical Systems Corporation).
Relationship of Pulmonary Artery to Left Ventricular Diastolic Pressures in Acute Myocardial Infarction

We have measured pulmonary artery (PA) and left ventricular diastolic pressures (LVDP) in patients with acute myocardial infarction to establish the relationships of PA pressure to LVDP. Paired determinations for the various parameters showed (mean difference in mm Hg): left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP)-LVDP pre-a + 7.9, P 0.2; PA end-diastolic pressure (PAEDP)-mean PA wedge (in all patients) +3.3, P < 0.001; PAEDP-mean PA wedge (patients with pulmonary vascular resistance ≦2 units) +1.3, P < 0.1; LVEDP-PAEDP +4.7, P < 0.001; and LVEDP-mean PA –2.0, P < 0.02. The relationship of LVEDP to mean PA wedge was: LVEDP (y) = 1.12 mean PA wedge (x) +4.69; Sy.x = 3.42; r = 0.92. After acute myocardial infarction, PA pressures did not accurately reflect LVEDP because atrial contraction made a large contribution to ventricular filling pressure. In addition, PAEDPs were not the same as mean PA wedge pressures because of ...
Severe Adverse Events after Cataract Surgery Among Medicare Beneficiaries

Purpose To determine rates and risk factors associated with severe postoperative complications after cataract surgery and whether they have been changing over the past decade. Design Retrospective longitudinal cohort study. Participants A total of 221 594 Medicare beneficiaries who underwent cataract surgery during 1994–2006. Methods Beneficiaries were stratified into 3 cohorts: those who underwent initial cataract surgery during 1994–1995, 1999–2000, or 2005–2006. One-year rates of postoperative severe adverse events (endophthalmitis, suprachoroidal hemorrhage, retinal detachment) were determined for each cohort. Cox regression analyses determined the hazard of developing severe adverse events for each cohort with adjustment for demographic factors, ocular and medical conditions, and surgeon case-mix. Main Outcome Measures Time period rates of development of severe postoperative adverse events. Results Among the 221 594 individuals who underwent cataract surgery, 0.5% (1086) had at least 1 severe postoperative complication. After adjustment for confounders, individuals who underwent cataract surgery during 1994–1995 had a 21% increased hazard of being diagnosed with a severe postoperative complication (hazard ratio [HR] 1.21; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05–1.41) relative to individuals who underwent cataract surgery during 2005–2006. Those who underwent cataract surgery during 1999–2000 had a 20% increased hazard of experiencing a severe complication (HR 1.20; 95% CI, 1.04–1.39) relative to the 2005–2006 cohort. Risk factors associated with severe adverse events include a prior diagnosis of proliferative diabetic retinopathy (HR 1.62; 95% CI, 1.07–2.45) and cataract surgery combined with another intraocular surgical procedure on the same day (HR 2.51; 95% CI, 2.07–3.04). Individuals receiving surgery by surgeons with the case-mix least prone to developing a severe adverse event (HR 0.52; 95% CI, 0.44–0.62) had a 48% reduced hazard of a severe adverse event relative to recipients of cataract surgery performed by surgeons with the case-mix most prone to developing such outcomes. Conclusions Rates of sight-threatening adverse events after cataract surgery declined during 1994–2006. Future efforts should be directed to identifying ways to reduce severe adverse events in high-risk groups. Financial Disclosure(s) The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
Do declines in residential segregation mean stable neighborhood racial integration in metropolitan America? A research note

Abstract Between 1980 and 2000, residential segregation between non-Hispanic whites and blacks, as measured by the index of dissimilarity, declined by 8.7 percentage points. How this decline reflects stable racial integration at the neighborhood level remains to be seen. Using the Neighborhood Change Database, which provides 1980, 1990, and 2000 census-tract level data in 2000 boundaries, the descriptive analyses conducted here reveal three findings. First, the declines found in white–black segregation are due to increases in multiethnic neighborhoods rather than mixed white-and-black neighborhoods. Second, the decline in segregation appears not to be due to the fact that multiethnic neighborhoods are forming and remaining stable over time. Instead it is due to the increase in the number of these neighborhoods at one point in time. Finally, when focusing explicitly on the stability of mixed-race neighborhoods, such neighborhoods are less stable when examined over two decades as compared to one decade.
Making History Field Trips Meaningful: Teachers' and Site Educators' Perspectives on Teaching Materials

Abstract There is a very limited body of research on how teachers use materials from local history sites in their teaching. This paper reports on a descriptive study that progressed in two phases. In phase one, we surveyed all fourth grade teachers in one county's public schools regarding their use of curriculum materials provided by local history sites, which they visited as part of a field trip. In phase two, we interviewed site educators of all major local history sites in the county, and completed a materials inventory for each site. Data from phase one reveal that teachers desired short, hard-copy materials that could be used to prepare children for a field trip. The phase two site educator interviews and materials surveys show a large variation in the amount and types of materials that sites provide. Site educators agreed that materials were most useful before a field trip. However, even if materials were provided, sites had no evaluation procedures in place for determining the usefulness of those m...
Optical properties of soda lime silica glasses

Abstract A comprehensive set of optical constants and a partial set of bulk optical properties are listed for clear, absorbing, and low-iron glasses used for windows. The measurements extend from the near ultraviolet to the far infrared, covering the range of interest for calculating solar and thermal radiative transfer through windows. This information is also needed to calculate the properties of thin-film coatings on glass substrates. Large variations in solar absorption are observed among these glasses, whereas the far-infrared properties are almost constant for all glass types. An important quantity, the hemispherical total emissivity, is 0.837 at 20°C, as determined from reflectance data measured with an IBM Fourier-transform spectrometer. Solar properties are determined from conventional transmission and reflection measurements.
Periodic DNA accumulation during the cell cycle of a thermophilic strain of Chlorella pyrenoidosa

Abstract In highly synchronous cultures of Chlorella pyrenoidosa thermophilic strain 7-11-05, DNA accumulates as a single, periodic step during the last one-third of the cell cycle, not in the continuous fashion previously reported. After minimizing contributions by interfering substances and optimizing the extraction of DNA, the indole and diphenylamine analytical procedures gave identical DNA levels at all times in the cell cycle. Protein accumulation ceased for a 1.5 hr interval during nuclear division in these highly synchronous cultures of Chlorella .
RAMVIB: a new flexible normal mode analysis software package for biological spectroscopists

Abstract A new package of computer programs called ramvib and designed to perform normal mode calculations is described. In our experience, ramvib has been proven useful in theoretical interpretation of resonance Raman spectra of metalloprotein active sites and their model complexes. It differs from existing programs in many aspects. The new and powerful vibrational force field optimization technique used in ramvib is free of singularity and regularization error problems. An arbitrary subset of force constants can be refined simultaneously for any collection of related molecules. A set of diagnostic programs tests quality and condition of input matrices. A thorough force constant selection can be performed based on several independent criteria. Coordinate redundancies are automatically removed by our new algorithm. Similarly, normal modes for different isotopomers are sorted and matched automatically. The flexibility of ramvib coming from its modular character makes it easily adjustable to solve a number of other problems related to normal mode analysis, e.g. calculation of scaling factors of ab initio derived harmonic force fields.
Using count data models to determine the factors affecting farmers' quantity decisions of precision farming technology adoption

The following study investigates the adoption of various precision farming technologies in terms of both the probability and the use intensity of technology components implemented. Zero-inflated Poisson and Negative Binomial count data model regressions were used to determine factors influencing farmers' decision to adopt greater number of precision technologies. Results from the count data analysis of a random sample of Ohio farm operators demonstrate that several factors were significantly associated with the adoption intensity and probability of precision farming technologies, including farm size, farmer demographics, soil quality, urban influences, farmer status of indebtedness, and location of the farm within the state.
Effects of High-LET Particles (40A) on the Brain of Drosophila Melanogaster

To investigate the effects of galactic heavy particles on nervous tissue, Drosophila melanogaster flies were exposed to A-40 from the Super-HILAC accelerator at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. The energy of the particles reaching the Drosophila neurons was 4.8 MeV/nucleon, and the fluence ranged from 60,000 to 80 million particles/sq cm. Thirty-five days after irradiation at the higher fluences, extensive tissue fragmentation and cysts were found. At fluences as low as one hit/two cell bodies (about 5 million) and one hit/90 cell bodies (about 90,000 particles/sq cm or 21 rad average dose) swelling of neuronal cytoplasm and focally fragmented membranes were noted; at fluences ranging from one hit/six to one hit/135 cell bodies, there was frequently a marked increase in glial lamellae around nerve-cell processes, which often had degenerative features. These findings support the view that single hits by heavy particles may injure nervous tissue.
Tree nut allergy: risk factors for development, mitigation of reaction risk and current efforts in desensitization

Allergy to tree nuts has grown widespread among patients, specifically in the pediatric population, in recent years. In this review, we evaluate and summarize the literature specific to development and treatment of tree nut allergy. The cause of tree nut allergy, such as most food allergies, is unknown; there are theories regarding maternal dietary factors as well as sensitization related to cross-reactivity to peanut allergens. The gold standard for the diagnosis of tree nut allergy is the double-blind, placebo-controlled, oral food challenge; however, simpler and more cost-effective diagnostic methods, such as the skin prick test and serum-specific IgE are often used as a supplement for diagnosis. Management of tree nut allergy consists of dietary avoidance and using epinephrine to manage serious allergic reactions. Alternative therapeutic methods, such as oral and sublingual immunotherapy and modification of allergenic proteins are being explored to develop safer, more effective and long-lasting management of tree nut allergy. We comment on the current studies involving risk factors for sensitization, diagnosis and management of tree nut allergy.
Chinese parents’ goals and practices in early childhood

Abstract We review the literature on Chinese parents’ views and practices through the lens of Confucianism. Confucianism advances seven developmental goals for children – knowledge, social norms, modesty, shame, self-restraint, filial piety, and harmonious relationships – and unique beliefs about parents’ role in children's development (Guan). We examine how these goals and beliefs are reflected in parents’ socialization of their young children, and how they play out in associations between parenting and children's development. We close with a contextualized, dynamic approach to the study of parenting goals and practices by describing historical shifts in China's economy, policies, and the global context that have led to marked changes in Chinese parenting.
Compound 84/F 1983 compared with D-amphetamine and placebo in regard to effects on human performance.

1. This study establishes that ingestion of either 30 mg or 60 mg of 84/F 1983 by moderately fatigued normal humans will significantly arrest the decrement in performance over time on a simple mental task shown by placebo subjects. 2. While the mean scores of subjects ingesting either 30 mg or 60 mg of 84/F 1983 were generally higher than the mean scores of subjects ingesting 10 mg of d-amphetamine, no statistically significant difference was found between these 3 drug groups with the exception that the 60 mg 84/F 1983 group showed a significantly higher mean performance than the 30 mg 84/F 1983 group by the end of 1 hour postdrug. 3. Under the conditions of this study, 84/F 1983 appears to be a highly effective psychostimulant which resembles d-amphetamine in its enhancing effect on human performance. 4. The replication of this method for discriminating between the effects of stimulants and a placebo on human performance of a simple mental task shows the method to be highly reliable.
Non-human Primate Studies Inform the Foundations of Fair and Just Human Institutions

Experiments with human participants have inspired new theories to capture human social, economic, and justice preferences, and shed new light on the foundation of institutions that promote and support large-scale exchange. Another source of valuable data for informing this agenda derives from studies with non-human primates. Here, we argue that primate studies of social preferences provide behavioral evidence supporting the role of the brain as an evolved social record-keeping device. Our argument follows Dickhaut et al. (Accounting Horizons 24:221–255, 2010), who pointed to record-keeping as critical in enabling large-scale trade. Here, we note that record-keeping also underlies justice judgments in both personal exchange and large-scale trade. The reason is that evaluating whether an allocation is just requires tracking not only benefits that accrue locally, but also benefits for distant others. Further, if record-keeping is an evolved trait (as Dickhaut et al. in Accounting Horizons 24:221–255, 2010 suggest), then it seems reasonable to expect it to be evidenced not only in humans, but also in non-human primates. Indeed, we argue that evidence from non-human primate research supports the Dickhaut hypothesis, thus supporting the role of justice in the emergence of fair and efficient economic exchange.
Information content of spontaneous symmetry breaking

We propose a measure of order in the context of nonequilibrium field theory and argue that this measure, which we call relative configurational entropy (RCE), may be used to quantify the emergence of coherent low-entropy configurations, such as time-dependent or time-independent topological and nontopological spatially-extended structures. As an illustration, we investigate the nonequilibrium dynamics of spontaneous symmetry-breaking in three spatial dimensions. In particular, we focus on a model where a real scalar field, prepared initially in a symmetric thermal state, is quenched to a broken-symmetric state. For a certain range of initial temperatures, spatially-localized, long-lived structures known as oscillons emerge in synchrony and remain until the field reaches equilibrium again. We show that the RCE correlates with the number-density of oscillons, thus offering a quantitative measure of the emergence of nonperturbative spatiotemporal patterns that can be generalized to a variety of physical systems.
Characterization of a Schwann cell neurite‐promoting activity that directs motoneuron axon outgrowth

Schwann cells support and facilitate axonal growth during development and successful regeneration in the peripheral nerve. In the regenerating rat sciatic nerve, Schwann cells provide a trophic milieu for primary sensory, sympathetic, and motoneurons. We have characterized a neurotrophic activity produced by adult rat sciatic nerve Schwann cells and a spontaneously immortal Schwann cell clone (iSC). This activity elicits neurite outgrowth from chick embryo explants of both CNS and PNS. The iSC activity has been concentrated by cation-exchange chromatography and compared to known neurotrophins in bioassay. Pooled bound fractions elicit neurite outgrowth from sympathetic, ciliary and motoneurons. In collagen matrix cocultures of iSC and E4 ventral horn (before motor axon extension to muscle targets), the iSC activity can direct the initial axonal extension from motoneurons. The data presented suggest that Schwann cell-produced activity may mediate motoneuron axonal extension before contact with their peripheral source of neurotrophin.
Targeting the Process of Farynesylation for Therapy of Hematologic Malignancies

In sum, the FTIs are signal transduction inhibitors that display promising clinical activity against a broad spectrum of malignancies. We are just beginning to explore and elucidate the mechanisms by which transformed cells respond to FTIs and the optimal settings in which they do so. The clinical trials that are currently in progress and under development will provide the critical foundations for defining the optimal roles of FTIs in patients with AML and other hematologic disorders. The correlative laboratory studies to define the mechanisms by which FTIs alter cellular metabolism and modulate the activities of specific signaling pathways in both normal and malignant marrow precursors are a pivotal part of this effort. What we learn about FTIs in the clinic and the laboratory will apply broadly to the effective and safe application of all signal transduction inhibitors.
Higher valency ion substitution into the manganese oxide framework.

A new route for higher valency ion substitution into the manganese oxide (OMS-2) framework is reported. Isomorphously substituted vanadium and niobium OMS-2 were hydrothermally synthesized at 200 °C for a period of 2 days. Characterization by XRD, elemental analysis, Raman spectroscopy, and resistivity studies proved that vanadium was incorporated into the manganese oxide structure. The presence of vanadium in the framework changes the electrical properties, making the material very attractive for water sensing applications.
Role of dopamine D1 receptors in the striatal and cortical fos expression induced by the muscarinic agonist pilocarpine.

Abstract Injections of the muscarinic cholinergic receptor agonist pilocarpine (50 mg/kg) induced pronounced expression of the immediate early gene (IEG) product Fos in the striatum and cortex of rats. Pretreatment with the dopamine D1 receptor antagonist 7-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-H-3-benzazepine hydrochloride (SCH-23390; 0.2–2.0 mg/kg) drastically attenuated the pilocarpine response in the striatum, but had no effect in the cortex. In contrast, the muscarinic receptor antagonist scopolamine (0.75–3.00 mg/kg) virtually abolished the Fos response at both sites. These results suggest that stimulation of dopamine D1 receptors may mediate the effects of muscarinic agonists on Fos expression in the striatum, but not the cortex.
Sentinel lymph node mapping and molecular staging in nonsmall cell lung carcinoma.

BACKGROUND Lymph node (LN) involvement predicts recurrence in patients who have undergone resection of apparently localized nonsmall cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). Standard detection methods for LN disease have a low sensitivity, and many patients with apparent N0 disease status develop recurrent disease. Molecular techniques can improve the detection of micrometastases, whereas sentinel lymph node (SLN) mapping can indicate which LN may contain micrometastases. These methods, although potentially complementary, have not, to the authors' knowledge, been used together previously. METHODS The authors used SLN mapping and molecular staging to improve the detection of LN micrometastases in patients with NSCLC. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis for cytokeratin-7 (CK7), expressed both in normal lung and in malignant lung, was used to identify tumor-derived material in LN. RESULTS SLN mapping was performed in 13 patients, with 1–3 SLNs identified in each patient, and sufficient RNA for RT-PCR was obtained in 12 of these 13 patients. Eleven of 12 tumors expressed CK7. Overall, 32 LNs were positive for CK7, including 13 of 21 SLNs. Ten of 11 patients with evaluable SLNs had at least 1 CK7-positive SLN. Routine pathology showed Stage I disease in eight patients, T3N0 disease in one patient, and LN-positive disease in two patients. Of the nine patients with N0 disease according to routine pathology that was evaluable by RT-PCR, eight patients were upstaged by this technique. All patients with positive LN status by routine pathology who were evaluable by RT-PCR analysis had positive RT-PCR results. CONCLUSIONS LN micrometastases were common in resected NSCLC, including patients with N0 disease according to routine pathology. SLN mapping was useful for identifying disease-containing LNs. This approach may be useful for stratifying histologically N0 patients into higher risk and lower risk groups. Cancer 2005. Published 2005 by the American Cancer Society.
Perturbations of the luminescence spectra of europium-edta salts caused by selected monovalent counterions

Abstract High resolution emission studies of europium-EDTA salts of the form M(I)Eu(EDTA), where M≡Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Ag and Tl, have been carried out. Each europium-EDTA salt produced a distinct luminescence spectrum recorded over the spectral range which included the transitions in the europium(III) ion from the 6 D 0 level to the 7 F 0–4 levels. Spectral changes included slight shifts in peak position and varying line splitting patterns. Evaluations of the splitting patterns suggest that the site symmetries of the europium(III) ion in all compounds are low. Tentative site symmetry assignments have been made to fit best the observed luminescence spectra.
Victimization and Perpetration among Perinatal Substance Abusers

This study examined associations between demographic, psychiatric, substance abuse, and childhood abuse variables and past 30-day victimization and perpetration among 77 perinatal substance abusers. Victimization rates were 70% emotional, 34% physical, 29% sexual, and 42% personal freedom violations. For perpetration, incidence was 71% emotional, 25% physical, 5% sexual, and 9% personal freedom violations. Through univariate regression, Addiction Severity Index (ASI) psychiatric and drug composite scores, childhood physical abuse, borderline personality disorder (BPD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were found to significantly predict victimization. In contrast, ASI psychiatric and drug composite scores, BPD, PTSD, and aggressive-sadistic and antisocial personality disorders were found to significantly predict perpetration. In multiple regression models, ASI drug and psychiatric composite scores accounted for the majority of the variance for both victimization and perpetration, suggesting that women with high ASI scores should be queried about their involvement in abusive acts at time of admission to drug treatment.
Wrenching and Oil Migration, Mervine Field, Kay County, Oklahoma: ABSTRACT

Since 1913, Mervine field (T27N, R3E) has produced oil from 11 Mississippian and Pennsylvanian zones, and gas from 2 Permian zones. The field exhibits an impressive asymmetric surface anticline, with the steeper flank dipping 30°E maximum. A nearly vertical, basement-involved fault develops immediately beneath the steeper flank of the surface anticline. Three periods of left-lateral wrench faulting account for 93% of all structural growth: 24% in post-Mississippian-pre-Desmoinesian time, 21% in Virgilian time, and 48% in post-Wolfcampian time. In Mesozoic through early Cenozoic times, the Devonian Woodford Shale (and possibly the Desmoinesian Cherokee shales) locally generated oil, which should have been structurally trapped in the Ordovician Bromide sandstone. This oil may have joined oil already trapped in the Bromide, which had migrated to the Mervine area in the Early Pennsylvanian from a distant source. Intense post-Wolfcampian movement(s) fractured the competent pre-Pennsylvanian rocks, allowing Bromide brine and entrained oil to migrate vertically up the master fault, finally accumulating in younger reservoirs. Pressure, temperature, and salinity anomalies attest to vertical fluid migration continuing at the present time at Mervine field. Consequently, pressure, temperature, and salinity mapping should be considered as valuable supplements to structural and lithologic mapping when prospecting for structural hydrocarbon accumulations in epicratonic provinces. End_of_Article - Last_Page 248------------
Low-Speed Friction Torque on Balls Undergoing Rolling Motion

When rotated from rest, the frictional resistance in slowly rolling balls increases to an asymptotic value. This value, known as the free-rolling friction torque, plays a significant role in low-speed positioning accuracy of precision systems. An experimental apparatus was designed to determine Ts, the steady-state friction torque that occurs in rolling balls. A theoretical expression was derived to predict Ts, following similar work performed by Todd and Johnson (1). The steady-rolling torque was assumed to contain rolling and spinning components which are functions of ball geometry, normal load, and friction coefficient. Theoretical and experimental torque values were determined for two oil lubricants, for various speeds and normal loads. Excellent correlation was found between the experimental and theoretical results obtained for both lubricants. Several results are also presented for the low-speed friction torque values of unlubricated surfaces.
An Analysis of ISO Intracutaneous Reactivity Test Results to Justify a Reduction in Animal Requirements

The ISO intracutaneous reactivity test is the standard protocol for determining a medical device's potential for causing irritation. The authors present data indicating that the number of animals required per test can be reduced from three rabbits to two.
Polymorphic variants in α‐methylacyl‐CoA racemase and prostate cancer

BACKGROUND Alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR), which prepares branched chain fatty acids to be metabolized for energy and is implicated in the activation of the COX-inhibiting form of ibuprofen, is overexpressed in prostate cancer and its precursor lesions. Significant differences in AMACR allele frequencies have been reported for hereditary prostate cancer (HPC), but the relevance of AMACR in the context of its substrates have not been studied. METHODS We conducted a nested case-control study of 1,318 prostate cancer cases and 1,842 controls from the screening arm of the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial. Five non-synonymous (nsSNP) and two intronic AMACR polymorphisms were genotyped. Conditional logistic regression models were used to evaluate the associations between the genetic variants and prostate cancer. RESULTS Overall, prostate cancer was not related to AMACR gene variants; however, risks for prostate cancer were significantly reduced among regular ibuprofen users who carried allele variants at four nsSNP loci (M9V, D175G, S201L, and K277E; all Ptrend 0.33). CONCLUSION AMACR gene variants were unrelated to prostate cancer overall in this study. The protective associations observed among ibuprofen users suggest that AMACR gene variants may enhance the chemopreventive effects of ibuprofen on prostate cancer risk. Prostate 67: 1487–1497, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Extrinsic electroabsorption of amorphous As2SeTe2

Abstract We report here the first known electroabsorption measurements on an amorphous material for photon energies much less than the absorption edge. Detailed structure is found, which can be interpreted in a consistent way with independent photoconductivity measurements.
Signal Conflict in Spider Webs Driven by Predators and Prey

Variation in the sensory physiologies of organisms can bias the receptions of signals, driving the direction of signal evolution. Sensory drive in the evolution of signals may be particularly important for organisms that confront trade–offs in signal design between the need for conspicuousness to allow effective transfer of information and the need for crypsis of the signal to unintended receivers. Several genera of orb–weaving spiders include conspicuous silk designs, stabilimenta, in the centre of their webs. Stabilimenta can be highly visible signals to predators, warning them of the presence of a noxious, sticky silk web. However, stabilimenta can also be used by prey as a signal in avoidance of webs, creating a trade–off in signal visibility. I argue that the derived spectral properties of stabilimentum silk have resulted in part from this conflict. The innate colour preferences of insects, their ability to learn colours, and the spectral properties of flowers all suggest that the reflectance spectra of stabilimenta renders them relatively cryptic to many insect prey, while maintaining their visibility to vertebrate predators.
Microhabitat influences on stream insect emergence

Understanding the factors controlling insect emergence from streams has applications to ecological theory regarding cross-boundary flux, along with practical value for monitoring stream function after restoration projects. We hypothesized that stream microhabitat would have effects on emergence that were independent of those mediated by the local stock of benthic macroinvertebrates. We set 50 emergence traps in a third-order stream in northern Minnesota, USA, during two study periods and used structural equation modeling to examine direct and indirect effects of benthic stock and microhabitat features on emergence. Emergence by biomass showed direct positive relationships to substrates of fines and detritus in the first sampling period, and to shallow depth and wood area in the second period. Emergence by abundance had direct positive relationships with benthic stock, CPOM, and fewer macrophytes in the first period, and with benthic stock and periphyton in the second period. Fine substrates may act to concentrate burrowing larvae, whereas CPOM and particularly wood may intercept drifting pre-emergent insects and provide exiting surfaces. Shallow depths may reduce the extent to which resident insects drift downstream (and leave the sample area) while emerging. Periphyton may be an indicator for patches with greater illumination, which itself attracts emergers. Our results suggest emergence is sensitive to environmental conditions at the microhabitat scale, and that stream restoration activities should consider habitat for emerging insects when designing projects.