cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Urban Hispanic adolescents and young adults: Relationship of acculturation to sexual behavior

As Hispanic persons in the U.S. are exposed to U.S. culture, changes may occur in values, attitudes, and behavior. This process of change has been called acculturation. The objectives of this research were to describe the sexual behavior of low income, urban Hispanic youth in Detroit and to evaluate the relationship of acculturation to sexual behavior. Data were drawn from a household probability sample of 711 low income, urban youth. The relationship of acculturation to sexual activity, types of intercourse, number and ethnicity of partners, condom use, and use of other methods were estimated for never married men and women. Level of acculturation was associated with sexual behavior. Specifically, women with high acculturation were much more likely to have had at least one sexual partner in the last year, to have non‐Hispanic partners, to have oral and anal sex, and to have used condoms. For men, high acculturation was positively associated with oral sex and having non‐Hispanic partners. Use of contracep...
Cell Coat Mediated Cell Migration

Cell migration depends on a sequence of adhesion and detachment events. These events arise during the cyclic migration process, which involves the integrin-dependent adhesion machinery, the acto-myosin system and the signaling pathways between them. Migration appears to rely on a delicate spatio-temporal regulation of cell adhesion to the surrounding substrate. Studies of cell migration in physiological contexts have shown that a pericellular coat, a thickened polymer matrix attached to many cell surfaces, often is required to facilitate cell migration, including that of aggressively spreading cancers. Cell motility in these systems directly depends on the formation of a large, hyaluronan-rich cell coat with an asymmetric distribution around the polarized migrating cell. Removal or alteration of the coat substantially decreases motility - to the point that such treatments have been proposed as therapies for some types of cancer. The hyaluronan biology community often speculates that cell migration requires the ‘insulation’ and/or the mechanical properties provided by the cell coat. However, little has been done to substantiate this claim. A bigger problem yet is that the lubricating effect of hyaluronan has been shown to oppose adhesion, which leads to a conundrum in the present context: How is it possible that inhibition of adhesion can help a cell migrate, when adhesion is absolutely necessary to gain traction and exert the force to move the cell forward? We have developed a microfluidics-based cell migration assay capable of presenting several surface gradients of fibronectin of different slopes to induce cell migration within the same device. We study the ability of these gradients to induce cell migration and their influence on the cell coat phenotype and mechanical properties using a combination of fluorescent labeling, particle exclusion assays, and optical tweezer force probe experiments.
Vortex Motion in a Tropical Cyclone Model.

Abstract The motion of a growing, tropical cyclone model vortex, which is embedded in a 10 m s−1 current on an f-plane, is shown to substantially agree with the theory of vortex motion with friction (Kuo, 1969). The vortex path is trochoidal and the mean vortex motion (exclusive of the trochoidal oscillation) is about 5° to the right of the steering current (mid-troposphere current in this case). The deflection of the path is a consequence of boundary layer frictional drag forces on the vortex. The period of the trochoidal oscillation is about 15 h and the amplitude about 15 km.
Rise of the Lone Star: The Making of Texas

Patriotic Texans have long sung the praises of their "revolutionary heroes," such as Stephen F. Austin and Sam Houston. Some historians have even contributed their own encomiums, while others have cast a less romantic gaze upon Texas' past. But a complete, scholarly analysis of the persons, politics, and events that created the Republic of Texas was not among the material on Texas' so-called revolution that has been published in the last century. Andreas V. Reichstein offers this volume to fill that gap in the literature. From the perspective of a non-native, he has analyzed modern and contemporary writings on Texas' war of independence and explored the role that Freemasonry, land speculation, and the idea of "Manifest Destiny" played in the transformation of Texas from Mexican province to independent republic and to state of the Union in quick succession. From the 1821 declaration of Mexico's independence and that of Texas in 1836, Reichstein describes the historical contexts of the deals made between governments and private citizens, to parcel out the land of Texas. Rather than following the lead of previous historians, he refutes some of their theories about the reasons for the war and the motives of its supporters. Although Reichstein's research might be considered iconoclastic by some, the old image of, for example, Stephen F. Austin as a modest, isolated, and altruistic founding father is less in keeping with the image of the modern Texas hero. Reichstein removes the heavy mantle of myth to reveal Austin as a shrewd, networking entrepreneur. Extensive research into collections of manuscripts and papers brought to light the privately expressed motives of those Protestant Americans who settled in the Catholic, Mexican province of Texas and then made it their own. Assiduously documented, this volume brings the creation of the nation and the state of Texas onto the stage of world history.
Three Principles of Soil Change and Pedogenesis in Time and Space

Improved understanding of complex soil system's change over time and space can advance our forecasts and plans for changes related to critical societal needs. Taking a holistic and evolutionary view, this paper synthesizes three general principles of soil change and pedogenesis in time and space (especially time). First, the principle of conservation plus evolution provides the reconciliation of fast and slow changes in multiphase soil systems. Incomplete closure and partial irreversibility of many cyclic processes of soil functioning produce a range of residual solid products that are accumulated over time, giving rise to structured and informative soil profiles. Second, the principle of dissipation plus organization explains the simultaneous occurrence of soil matrix and soil structure during pedogenesis. Soil entropy changes provide potential indices for the degree of soil weathering (residuals) and soil structural development (fluxes) once appropriate quantification is made. Third, the principle of space plus time highlights the fundamental differences and intimate links between time and space. While space is reversible, conservative, and structured, time is irreversible, evolutionary, and nonstructured. Both time and space, however, share the common characteristics of preferentiality and threshold that govern soil functions and soil evolution. Many unknowns, however, remain regarding how complex soil systems work. The three principles offer useful perspectives for modeling and predicting soil change and pedogenesis. Considerable efforts are needed to reach a more quantitative treatment of the complex interaction between soil systems and their environment across time and space. This is an important direction for future soil science and its sustained contributions to societal needs.
Growth of the extreme thermophile Sulfolobus acidocaldarius in a hyperbaric helium bioreactor

The relationship between pressure and temperature as it affects microbial growth and metabolism has been examined only for a limited number of bacterial species. Because many newly-discovered, extremely thermophilic bacteria have been isolated from pressurized environments, this relationship merits closer scrutiny. In this study, the extremely thermophilic bacterium, Sulfolobus acidocaldarius, was cultured successfully in a hyperbaric chamber containing helium and air enriched with 5% carbon dioxide. Over a pressure range of approximately 1-120 bar and a temperature range of 67-80/sup 0/C, growth was achieved in a heterotrophic medium with the air mixture at partial pressures up to 3.5 bar. Helium was used to obtain the final, desired incubation pressure. No significant growth was noted above 80/sup 0/C over the same range of hyperbaric pressures, or at 70/sup 0/C when pressure was applied hydrostatically. Growth experiments conducted under hyperbaric conditions may provide a means to study these bacteria under simulated in situ conditions and simultaneously avoid the complications associated with hydrostatic experiments. Results indicate that hyperbaric helium bioreactors will be important in the study of extremely thermophilic bacteria that are isolated from pressurized environments.
Self-Perceived Skills Confidence: An Investigative Study of Chiropractic Students in the Early Phases of a College's Clinic Program

Abstract Objective This pilot study surveyed students at early stages of a chiropractic college's clinical curriculum, at the time when integration of patient evaluation and management begins to occur, for collecting data regarding perceived levels of confidence in their spinal analysis and adjusting (manipulation) skills. Methods An online, cross-sectional survey based on students' perceptions of their skills was conducted in a basic technique review class for 3 consecutive terms. Questions primarily focused on full-spine radiography (Gonstead-type) analysis, radiographic descriptive analysis, motion palpation analysis, and manual full-spine and diversified spinal manipulation. Results Of 226 eligible students, 108 participated. The respondents were overall more confident with their analysis skills in full-spine radiographs and descriptive listings than they were with their motion palpation analysis. Self-confidence with spinal manipulation skills followed a general pattern from confident to unconfident to unsure. Students were most confident with prone thoracic spinal manipulation and least confident with seated cervical spinal manipulation. With lumbar and pelvic manipulation, confidence levels varied between side posture pushes, side posture pulls, and prone setups. Conclusions Considerably more than half of the respondents were confident enough with their skills to feel comfortable beginning the clinical experience.
Tissue Culture of Digitalis mertonensis I: Effect of Certain Steroids on the Callus Growth and Formation of Baljet Positive Substances in D. mertonensis

Static culture conditions for the growth of Digitalis mertonensis callus tissue are described. Effects of different steroidal “precursors” on the growth of this callus tissue and the production of total constituents, positive to the Baljet reagent, in the callus and media are estimated.
State of the art: Atherosclerosis in a limited edition

Two new mouse models closely mimic human atherosclerosis, providing exciting opportunities for elucidating the molecular mechanisms of this disease and for evaluating novel therapeutics (pages 934–938).
Isolated noncompaction of the ventricular myocardium

Isolated noncompaction of the ventricular myocardium is a recently described anomaly. We report the first case of this anomaly presenting as a restrictive cardiomyopathy, and the first association of this entity with endocardial fibrosis.
Rotatory subluxation of the scaphoid.

Rotatory subluxation of the scaphoid is an uncommon abnormality which is not widely understood. It can be difficult to diagnose and, if incorrectly managed, can lead to a severe and disabling radio-carpal arthritis. While complicating many forms of wrist trauma, its place in the lunate-perilunate dislocation spectrum being especially important, the abnormality may occur in the absence of trauma, such as with rheumatoid arthritis; its association with Kienbock's disease is documented in this paper. The mechanisms underlying the subluxation are discussed and the importance of early diagnosis is stressed. Eight cases of rotatory subluxation of the scaphoid are reported to illustrate the presentations, symptomatology and complexities of diagnosis.
Markets with random lifetimes and private values: mean reversion and option to trade

We consider a market in which traders arrive at random times, with random private values for the single-traded asset. A trader’s optimal trading decision is formulated in terms of exercising the option to trade one unit of the asset at the optimal stopping time. We solve the optimal stopping problem under the assumption that the market price follows a mean-reverting diffusion process. The model is calibrated to experimental data taken from Alton and Plott (Principles of continuous price determination in an experimental environment with flows of random arrivals and departures. Working paper, Caltech, 2010), resulting in a very good fit. In particular, the estimated long-term mean of the traded prices is close to the theoretical long-term mean at which the expected number of buys is equal to the expected number of sells. We call that value long-term competitive equilibrium, extending the concept of flow competitive equilibrium of Alton and Plott (Principles of continuous price determination in an experimental environment with flows of random arrivals and departures. Working paper, Caltech, 2010).
Effect of Initial Length on the Work of the Cardiac Atrium.

SummaryStrips of left atrial muscle from the dog heart were subjected to varying degrees of stretch, and the work performed during contraction was calculated. Maximum work occurred at approximately 30% stretch. A theoretical analysis of these data indicates that maximum left atrial systolic work occurs at an intra-atrial pressure of 150 mm of water.
The prelude to the philosophy of the future: The art of reading and the genealogical method in Nietzsche

As Nietzsche worked it out in Zur Genealogie der Morals (1887), genealogy is more than a critical and parodic strategy as many now understand it; for genealogy is also a ‘prelude to a philosophy of the future’ and an introduction to Also Sprach Zarathustru (Pts I-III, 1883-4).’ The genealogical method itself gave Nietzsche the opportunity of announcing in his prose writings certain central ideas that he had already expressed poetically inzarathustra. This is particularly true of the concept of the Will to Power, the philosophic status of which can only be ascertained through an understanding of the genealogical method. It is, then, both a destructive and critical method, directed to the past as well as the present, and it is a means of projecting and empowering a specific future. As such, genealogy becomes the method, not simply of reversing values, but of transvaluating them. Yet in both the ways in which the genealogical method works in these texts and the way in which it points to Nietzsche’s other writings, this method becomes more puzzling the more it is understood.2 Nietzsche opens the Genealogie with a discussion of interpretative methods. In the preface, he declares his intentions in writing this work. It is at once an attack upon the ‘English genealogists’ and ‘a polemic’ (eine Streitschrzj?) against Christian values; but it is also intended to be an introduction to a general theory of textual exegesis, to ‘reading as an art’ (das Lesen als Kunst). The preface introduces this theme, not perhaps without irony, as an attempt at re-educating his friend, Professor Paul Rte. RCe’s positivistic, utilitarian and Darwinian approach to the history of morals, recently published under the title of Der Ursprung der moralischen Empfindungen (1877), is, as is well known, the target of Nietzsche’s most vicious attack in the first essay of the Genealogie.3 In the preface Nietzsche reports that ‘I have never read anything which I would have said to myself, “No”, proposition by proposition, conclusion by conclusion, to the extent that I did to this book’.4 In addition to this criticism, Nietzsche is even more annoyed by Rite’s methods of research and analysis. The Genealogie, Nietzsche announces, is intended to lead Rte ‘to adopt a better method for reaching answers.. . My desire at any rate, was to point out to so sharp and disinterested an eye as his a better direction in which to look, in the direction of an actual history of morality, (wirkliche Historie) and to warn him in time against gazing haphazardly in the blue after the English fashion’ (Nietzsche’s italics).5 Beyond the fact that Nietzsche is ironic in this preface and that his opening
5. Acute brain injury in children

Abstract This self-directed learning module highlights new advances in this topic area. It is part of the chapter on brain injury rehabilitation in the Self-Directed Physiatric Education Program for practitioners and trainees in physical medicine and rehabilitation. This article contains an overview of epidemiology and prevention of pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI) and highlights issues of assessment and management that differ in the child as compared with the adult with TBI. Prediction and description of outcome after pediatric TBI across the spectrum of injury severity are discussed. Special categories of common pediatric brain injury, including shaking-impact syndrome and near drowning, are also briefly reviewed. New advances covered in this article include new information on pediatric TBI outcomes and recent availability of functional neuroimaging as a tool to explore developmental differences in brain function and plasticity and mechanisms of neurologic and functional recovery after pediatric TBI. More research is needed to evaluate the effectiveness of rehabilitation interventions in improving outcomes after TBI in children.
Same-sex partner preference in adult male zebra finch offspring raised in the absence of maternal care

An important component of mate choice is the sex of the potential partner, yet little is known about the factors that cause an individual to pair with the opposite sex. In the current study, we addressed the role of exposure to adult females during development in adult mate choice using a socially monogamous and biparental avian species, the zebra finch, Taeniopygia guttata. In our experimental set-up, zebra finch offspring were either raised in the presence of adult males and females in their aviaries (control) or in the absence of all adult females including their mothers (female-deprived). The female-deprived subjects were raised successfully by the male parents and showed no growth deficits compared to controls. When we tested partner preference of control and female-deprived subjects as adults, 57% of males that had been raised without females paired with each other. In contrast, 76% of male offspring that were raised with adults of both sexes paired with females. The most likely interpretation of this dramatic effect on pairing outcome is imprinting on adult males in the aviary in the absence of all adult females. These results thus suggest that sexual imprinting or some other form of social learning is a key developmental process for sexual partner preference in addition to preference for species and individual characteristics.
Teacher-Child Relationships from Kindergarten to Sixth Grade: Early childhood predictors of teacher-perceived conflict and closeness

This article examines general trends in teacher-reported conflict and closeness among 878 children from kindergarten through sixth grade, and examines early childhood characteristics that predict differences in initial levels and growth of conflict and closeness over time. Results indicated modest stability of teacher-perceived conflict and closeness through sixth grade, with relatively greater stability in perceptions of conflict. Levels of conflict at kindergarten were higher for children who were male, Black, had greater mean hours of childcare, had lower academic achievement scores, and had greater externalizing behavior. Children identified as Black and those with less sensitive mothers were at greater risk for increased conflict with teachers over time. Levels of teacher-reported closeness were lower when children were male, had lower quality home environments, and had lower academic achievement scores. The gap in closeness ratings between males and females increased in the middle-elementary school years. Additional analyses were conduced to explore differences in teacher-ratings of conflict between Black and White students.
Cirriped assemblage zones of the eocene claibornian and jacksonian stages, southeastern Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains

Abstract Two Eocene cirriped assemblage zones are recognized in the Gulf Coastal Plain of Alabama and Mississippi. The Arcoscalpellum subquadratum Zone is characterized by A. subquadratum (Meyer and Aldrich), Aporolepas americana (Withers), Euscalpellum eocenense (Meyer), and Solidobalanus antiquus (Meyer), and ranges through the upper Claibornian Stage. The Arcoscalpellum jacksonense Zone is characterized by A. jacksonense Withers, A. choctawensis Weisbord, Aporolepas howei Cheetham, and Solidobalanus sp. aff. S. antiquus (Meyer), and ranges through the Jacksonian Stage. Representative species of one or both of these cirriped zones are found also in Texas, Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina, and afford an additional means for correlating Claibornian and Jacksonian marine units between the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains. The Arcoscalpellum subquadratum Zone is represented in the Cook Mountain Formation of Texas and Mississippi, the upper Lisbon Formation and overlying Gosport Sand of Alabama, the McBean Formation of Georgia, and the Cubitostrea sellaeformis beds of the restricted Santee Limestone of South Carolina. The A. jacksonense Zone is represented in the Moodys Branch Formation of Mississippi and Alabama, the Cocoa Sand of Alabama, the Pachuta Marl of either Mississippi or Alabama, the Shubuta Clay equivalents in Alabama, the Clinchfield Sand and Dry Branch Formation of Georgia, the Cross Formation of South Carolina, and the biosparrudite and biomicrudite members of the Castle Hayne Limestone in North Carolina. Some cirriped species found in these zones in the southeastern Atlantic Coastal Plain are not represented in the Gulf Coastal Plain. Solidobalanus n. sp. 1, a species unrelated to the S. antiquus group, occurs in the McBean Formation of Georgia ( Arcoscalpellum subquadratum Zone). Kathpalmeria georgiana Ross is found in the Griffins Landing Member of the Dry Branch Formation of Georgia and has tentatively been identified from the Inglis Formation of northern Florida ( Arcoscalpellum jacksonense Zone). Euscalpellum carolinensis Zullo and Baum and Solidobalanus n. sp. 2 (related to Solidobalanus n. sp. 1) are found in the Cross Formation of South Carolina and the Castle Hayne Limestone of North Carolina ( Arcoscalpellum jacksonense Zone). Recognition of the A. jacksonense Zone in the Cross Formation and the Castle Hayne Limestone supports recent conclusions based on calcareous nannofossil zonation and radiometric determinations that these units are Jacksonian rather than Claibornian in age.
An industrial ecology of the US glass industry

Abstract The US glass industry produces a wide variety of products for industrial and end use purposes. Towards that end, large amounts of raw materials are extracted and used, energy is degraded and pollutants are generated and released into the environment. The industry has long recognized its influence on material cycles and energy flows through the economy-environment system. It is now in the process of adopting a systems perspective to tackle the problems associated with its material and energy use. To operationalize that systems perspective a dynamic computer model of the container, flat and fiberglass sectors of the industry is developed on the basis of time series data, engineering information and insights from industry experts. The model includes the extraction stage of the main raw materials, transportation of raw materials and discarded products — both back to producers and to ladfills — and the various manufacturing processes of the desired products. On the basis of the model, material and energy use and CO2 emissions profiles for the years 1988–2028 are quantified under a variety of scenarios on production rates, technology change and recycling.
Is There a Role for Autologous/Placental Red Blood Cell Transfusions in the Anemia of Prematurity?

Because most extremely preterm infants with birth weight less than 1000 g need red blood cell transfusions, many attempts have been made to collect, process, and store placental blood (ie, umbilical cord blood) for autologous transfusions. Although it is feasible to do this, multiple problems in doing so including insufficient volumes collected, clotting, hemolysis, bacterial contamination, failure to significantly supplant need for allogeneic transfusions, and high costs have led many to question whether, on balance, autologous/placental red blood cell transfusion offers clinically significant benefits.
Understanding stochastic biological macromolecular complexes by estimating a mechanical model via statistical mechanics from cryo electron microscopy images

Cryo electron microscopy imaging experiments can lead to stochastic models for biological macromolecular complexes. However, interpreting the statistical variability is difficult. In some situations, the variability in the original complexes is due to primarily thermal fluctuations which are snap frozen in place by the preparation of the specimen. In this case the images are images of samples of the equilibrium statistical mechanics ensemble of the complex. Based on representing the complex by a lattice spring-mass mechanical model, an estimation problem for determining the masses and spring constants is described and demonstrated on synthetic data.
Nitric oxide synthase is concentrated at the skeletal muscle endplate

NO performs a wide array of cell signaling functions. Neuronal NO synthase (nNOS) immunoreactivity and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NDP) activity, a marker of nNOS, were concentrated at adult rat neuromuscular junctions and persisted in denervated muscle indicating the localization of the enzyme to the postsynaptic surface. The concentration of nNOS at the muscle endplate suggests NO could serve as a messenger pre- and postsynapticly.
Hydrogel polymer coating for capillary electrophoretic separation of proteins

Three hydrogel polymers, poly(2-hydroxypropylmethacrylate), poly(2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate), and hydroxypropylcellulose, were coated and immobilized on fused silica capillary surfaces using three different methods, all involving modification of the surfaces before polymeriszation and/or cross-linking. Since the hydrogel polymers swelled in aqueous solution and allowed permeation of low-molecular-weight compounds, an equilibrated state was attained between the hydrogel polymer layers and the buffer solution, which eliminated the interactions between proteins and the capillary surface, and allowed highly efficient and reproducible capillary electrophoretic separations of both basic and acidic proteins. The experimental results indicated that silanol groups on the capillary surface were covered and phosphate anions were trapped in the coating layers, which produced defined, but reduced, electroosmotic flows when compared to uncoated capillaries. High resolution separations of ribonuclease B variants and cytochrome c proteins from different sources were obtained.
Late Amazonian aeolian features, gradation, wind regimes, and Sediment State in the Vicinity of the Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity, Meridiani Planum, Mars

Abstract The 2° × 2° region surrounding the landing site and traverse of Mars Exploration Rover (MER) Opportunity is richly blanketed with several generations and classes of aeolian features, including coarse-grained ripples, large dark dunes (LDDs), transverse aeolian ridges (TARs), erosional scars, depositional wind streaks of two types, and a new class of wind streak comprised entirely of coarse-grained ripples. The extensive observation campaigns from orbiting spacecraft in support of the MER and 2016 ExoMars missions, as well as in situ data from Opportunity, have provided unprecedented coverage of the region, permitting further interpretation of the local aeolian history than is typically possible on Mars. We present an analysis of bedform construction, sediment-transporting wind patterns, crater gradation and resulting erosion rate, sand provenance, and sediment state resulting from surficial mapping and geomorphic backstripping of aeolian features. Coarse-grained ripples on the intercrater plains formed from local sediments, with induration and low wind speeds preventing them from migrating more than roughly one bedform wavelength from their source region. Limited migration and a likely local, planar sand source of plains bedforms suggests their provenance is previously-eroded layers within the underlying Burns Formation. Although the bedform stabilization process is different from that of Earth, these ripples appear to be analogous to coarse-grained ripples that form and quickly stabilize on the Argentinean Puna. Some small craters ( 15 km) responds differently to a regionally-uniform wind than that in smaller craters ( The preserved surface record from the Late Amazonian consists of four periods of bedform construction. (1) The oldest wind corresponds to putative east–west oriented bedforms on the plains, from which little information may be recovered. (2) Prior to ∼200 ka, an easterly wind created TARs, plains ripples, plains-like ripples on crater floors, and ripple streaks. (3) At some point between ∼50 and ∼200 ka, smaller bedforms with northeast-southwest oriented crestlines partially reworked both plains ripples and TARs, and small similarly-oriented bedforms accumulated in the floors of craters. (4) Finally, the present-day crestline orientations of LDDs and dark sand streaks are inconsistent with each of the older bedforms. Excluding the first wind regime, the remaining bedforms can be represented by an easterly wind gradually giving way to a relative strengthening of northwesterly and southeasterly winds. Based on observations, one possible scenario describing the sediment state of the plains alternated between transport-limited contemporaneous and lagged sediment influx (CLI TL ), during which bedforms are constructed, and relatively long periods (including the present-day) of availability-limited contemporaneous sediment influx (CI AL ).
Teaching social skills to emotionally disturbed adolescent inpatients

A social skills training program was evaluated with emotionally disturbed adolescent inpatients. The targeted social skills required an action or reaction within six skill areas. The program was adapted from a commercially available social skills training game that features the use of response specific feedback, self-monitoring, individualized reinforcers, and individualized performance criteria. A peer conducted the baseline and posttraining sessions while the training was conducted by an adult who had no previous interactive history with the subjects. A multiple baseline design across groups demonstrated that the program increased appropriate responding in all skill areas and that these effects generalized during the posttraining peer conducted sessions. A generalization test indicated that the subjects used their newly learned skills with a novel adult outside the training setting. The program appears quite applicable to emotionally disturbed adolescents since it targets skills in a variety of areas and employs standardized procedures to enhance replicability.
Hypoparathyroidism after I-131 therapy with subsequent return of parathyroid function.

A 22-year-old woman developed hypoparathyroidism in 1970, 10 months after treatment of hyperthyroidism with I-131. The hypocalcemia was corrected with Vitamin D2 and oral calcium and she remained normocalcemic for 8 yr. In 1979 hypercalcemia was found and Vitamin D2/calcium was discontinued. Because she remained normocalcemic without therapy for 3 yr, we measured the levels of immunoreactive and bioactive PTH in plasma stored since 1970 and in plasma obtained in 1982 to determine whether there had been restoration of parathyroid function. Indeed, PTH levels in 1970 while the patient was hypocalcemic were low. The bioactive PTH was 0.26 pg/ml (normal 1.5–30), whereas —COOH terminal immunoreactive PTH was 620 pg/ml (normal 600–1500) and midmolecule immunoreactive PTH was 433 pg/ml (normal 300– 900). In 1982 while normocalcemic the bioactive PTH and immunoreactive PTH were normal (5.18 pg/ml; —COOH, 970 pg/ml; midmolecule, 789 pg/ml, respectively). Thus, an unusual case of hypoparathyroidism after I-131 ther...
Robust Stochastic Design of Linear Controlled Systems for Performance Optimization

This study discusses a robust controller synthesis methodology for linear, time invariant systems, under probabilistic parameter uncertainty. Optimization of probabilistic performance robustness for [script H]_2 and multi-objective [script H]_2 measures is investigated, as well as for performance measures based on first-passage system reliability. The control optimization approaches proposed here exploit recent advances in stochastic simulation techniques. The approach is illustrated for vibration response suppression of a civil structure. The results illustrate that, for problems with probabilistic uncertainty, the explicit optimization of probabilistic performance robustness can result in markedly different optimal feedback laws, as well as enhanced performance robustness, when compared to traditional “worst-case” notions of robust optimal control.
Cellular responses of two rapid-cycling Brassica species, B. napus and B. carinata^ to seawater salinity

Cellular responses of two rapid-cycling Brassica species. B. napus and B. carinata, to seawater salinity were characterized to determine whether callus showed a tolerance similar to that of whole plants. Callus was initiated from the leaves of 7-day-old seedlings of B. napus and B. carinata and then subcultured with two different levels of seawater salinity (2.3 and 5.2 g l−1 Instant Ocean. Aquarium Systems, Inc. Mentor. OH, USA) for 14 days. Callus growth of both species was reduced by seawater salinity. Based on the percentage of the reduction in the relative fresh weight gain. B. napus was more salt-tolerant than B. carinata. consistent with the response of whole plants of the same species to seawater salinity. Seawater salinity caused changes in the concentrations of Na, K. Ca, Mg and Cl in both B. napus and B. carinata. The growth expressed as the percentage of control was significantly (P = 0.05) positively correlated with the concentration of Ca. and K/Na and Ca/Na ratios. It was also negatively correlated (P= 0.01) with the concentrations of Na. Cl and Mg. In comparison with B. carinala. the salt-tolerant species, B. napus, showed a small reduction in the concentrations of Ca and K in the salt-stressed plants relative to the control.
Ground-State Recovery Following UV Excitation is Much Slower in G·C−DNA Duplexes and Hairpins Than in Mononucleotides

Excited states in double-stranded oligonucleotides containing G·C base pairs were studied by femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. Relaxation to the electronic ground state occurs about 10 times more slowly in the duplexes and hairpins studied on average than in the individual mononucleotides of G and C. Detection of long-lived excited states in G·C oligonucleotides complements the earlier observation of slow ground-state recovery in A·T DNA, showing that excited states with picosecond lifetimes are formed in DNAs containing either kind of base pair. The results show further that Watson−Crick G·C base pairs in these base-paired and base-stacked duplexes do not enable subpicosecond relaxation to the electronic ground state. A model is proposed in which fluorescent exciton states decay rapidly and irreversibly to dark exciplex states. This model explains the seemingly contradictory observations of femtosecond fluorescence and slower, picosecond recovery of the ground-state population.
Inter-effector influences in operant autonomic conditioning

Ss received visual reinforcement for emitted GSRs or vasoconstrictions (VMR). Control groups were matched to each of these in reinforcements/min, given at times of nonresponding. The effect of reinforcement depended upon which response determined its occurrence. All experimental groups responded more than their controls except when GSR determined reinforcement and VMR was measured. In this case, the controls responded more. When VMR determined reinforcement, GSR did not show this reversal. Respiration was not a significant factor. The reversal resulted primarily from the initially higher base rate of GSR over VMR. Because of this, GSR received fortuitous partial reinforcement when VMR was reinforced. VMR failed to benefit similarly when GSR was reinforced and suffered from frequent reinforcement for nonresponding.
The development of the first LSI GaAs integrated circuits and the path to the commercial market

The history of the development of the first LSI GaAs integrated circuits is outlined, with the focus on the technological context, people, motivations, key ideas, funding, etc. This development is claimed to have galvanized an enormous upsurge in interest in GaAs ICs both at an R&D level, and in commercializing the technology. The author's experience is followed from the GaAs planar localized implantation effort at Rockwell International to his part in the founding of GigaBit Logic with the goal of the commercial manufacture of LSI GaAs ICs for the merchant market. >
Professional and consumer concerns about the environment, lifestyle, and cancer.

Abstract Although it cannot be said that “everything causes cancer,” our environment will never be carcinogen-free. As a result, there are many substances we come in contact with daily that could be potentially harmful to our health. Even with the growing knowledge of the mechanisms of carcinogenesis, it is difficult to single out the exact cancer-causing or -promoting effects of single substances. The confusion that exists about the environment, lifestyle, and cancer can be overwhelming for everyone. Garfinkel 94 offered the following suggestions for health care providers to use in putting this issue into better perspective for consumers: (1) no single study of cancer risk factors should be used as a basis for writing or changing public health policy; (2) animal studies should be supportive of findings in epidemiological studies; (3) any environmental factor-cancer effect relationship should be demonstrated biologically; (4) regulatory agencies such as the EPA tend to be conservative in their interpretation of study results, and may suggest caution even when the risk of developing cancer is low; (5) regulatory agencies have been known to extrapolate future effects of carcinogen exposure from current incomplete or limited information about the carcinogen in question. With the knowledge that we do have, we must strive to take personal control over life-style factors that may cause cancer. 95
A Physical-Layer Technique to Enhance Authentication for Mobile Terminals

We propose an enhanced physical-layer authentication scheme for multi-carrier wireless systems, where transmission bursts consist of multiple frames. More specifically, it is based on the spatial variability characteristic of wireless channels, and able to work with moderate terminal mobility. For the authentication of the first frame in each data burst, the legal transmitter uses the saved channel response from the previous burst as the key for authentication of the first frame in the next burst. The key is obtained either via feedback from the receiver, or using the symmetric channel property of a TDD system. Then the authentication of the following frames in the burst is performed either by a Neyman-Pearson hypothesis test, or a least-squares adaptive channel estimator. Simulations in a typical indoor building show that the scheme based on the Neyman-Pearson test is more robust against terminal mobility, and is able to detect spoofing attacks efficiently with small system overhead when the terminal moves with a typical pedestrian speed.
Oxidative Stability of Conjugated Linoleic Acid Rich Soy Oil Obtained by Heterogeneous Catalysis

A CLA rich-soy oil (CLARSO) has been produced by heterogenous catalysis. This oil may provide significant health benefits. The objectives of this study were: to determine the oxidative stability of the CLARSO and CLARSO after adsorption treatment [1], relative to conventional soy oil, in terms of primary and secondary oxidation products and to determine CLA and other unsaturated fatty acids oxidation kinetics in the CLARSO [2]. Primary and secondary oxidation products were measured in CLARSO and soy oil samples kept at 50 °C in the dark. The CLARSO was less stable than soy oil but bleaching improved its oxidative stability. The induction times were dependent on the analytical method used. Fatty acid oxidation kinetics was determined by measuring each fatty acid and hydroperoxides in CLARSO at 52, 61 and 69 °C in the dark. Unsaturated fatty acids oxidation rate constants, activation energies and frequency factors were obtained by the Arrhenius equation. Kinetics studies showed that CLA isomers had higher rate constants, higher activation energies and higher frequency factors than linoleic acid which showed that the CLA isomers had more molecular collisions with oxygen than linoleic acid.
Employing People With Disabilities: A Preliminary Assessment of a Start-Up Initiative

A major city in Pennsylvania initiated the Career Transition Liaison Project, the first of its kind in the region. Based on a mixed method evaluation design, the pilot study findings show that employing youth with disabilities requires certain accommodations and an initial investment in training, but these investments pay off for the employer.
Synthesis of nickel sulfide by homogeneous precipitation from acidic solutions of thioacetamide

Nickel sulflde powders were precipitated by utilizing the thermal decomposition of thioacetamide in acidic aqueous solutions. Precipitation was induced by a direct reaction between thioacetamide and nickel at 70° and 80°C with thioacetamide concentrations of 0.80M. Precipitation was induced by reaction of sulfide ions with nickel at 90°C and at low pH. Direct reaction products were amorphous and contained significant amounts of carbon, excess sulfur, and hydrogen. Hydrolysis-controlled precipitation yielded faceted crystalline particles 2 to 4 μm in size. Crystalline, spherical particles with compositions near stoichiometric NiS were precipitated with high yields.
A statistical syntactic disambiguation program and what it learns

We describe a program that uses statistical information on word-usage to perform syntactic disambiguation, and show that the use of this information significantly improves performance. The bulk of the paper, however, attempts to answer the question: what did the program learn that would account for this improvement? We show that the program has learned many linguistically recognized forms of lexical information, particularly verb case frames and prepositional preferences for nouns and adjectives. We also show that viewed simply as a learner of lexical information the program is also a success, performing slightly better than hand-crafted learning programs for the same tasks.
Animal Ethics and Public Expectations: The North American Outlook

Recent social science research on the American public's attitudes toward the welfare of food animals tracks closely with a difficult-to-resolve philosophical issue. One side interprets welfare in terms of the way that a given animal is faring in a production setting. This view emphasizes the animal's medical condition and cognitive well-being. The other view derives norms for welfare from a conception of what is natural for an animal of a given species. This view presumes that an animal does well when it is living according to its nature. Both of these approaches reflect traditions of ethical thinking that have long histories of application to human and non-human animals, and each appears to have a significant constituency among the public. Each view implies a different approach and different standards for livestock welfare. The fact that this philosophical debate has a history dating back to ancient times suggests that it will not be resolved easily.
Anomalous temperature behavior in LDMOS current sensing

A peculiar temperature mismatch between a power LDMOS and its sense FET develops over time resulting in yield losses. The anomaly is traced to trapped charge in the power LDMOS that arises from a seemingly unrelated change in the hydrogen anneal temperature in the back end. The physical mechanism leading to the anomaly and the interaction between temperature mismatch and metal layout are presented.
Evaluating the locality benefits of active messages

A major challenge in fine-grained computing is achieving locality without excessive scheduling overhead. We built two J-Machine implementations of a fine-grained programming model, the Berkeley Threaded Abstract Machine. One implementation takes an Active Messages approach, maintaining a scheduling hierarchy in software in order to improve data cache performance. Another approach relies on the J-Machine's message queues and fast task switch, lowering the control costs at the expense of data locality. Our analysis measures the costs and benefits of each approach, for a variety of programs and cache configurations. The Active Messages implementation is strongest when miss penalties are high and for the finest-grained programs. The hardware-buffered implementation is strongest in direct-mapped caches, where it achieves substantially better instruction cache performance.
A comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) study using semiempirical, density functional, ab initio methods and pharmacophore derivation using DISCOtech on sigma 1 ligands.

The Comparative Molecular Field Analysis (CoMFA) was developed to investigate a three-dimensional quantitative structure activity relationship (3D-QSAR) model of ligands for the sigma 1 receptor. The starting geometry of sigma-1 receptor ligands was obtained from the Tripos force field minimizations and conformations were decided from DISCOtech using the SYBYL 6.8. program. The structures of 48 molecules were fully optimized at the ab initio HF/3-21G* and semiempirical AM1 calculations using GAUSSIAN 98. The electrostatic charges were calculated using several methods such as semiempirical AM1, density functional B3LYP/3-21G*, and ab initio HF/3-21G*, MP2/3-21G* calculations within GAUSSIAN 98. Using the optimized geometries, the CoMFA results derived from the HF/3-21G method were better than those from AM1. The best CoMFA was obtained from HF/3-21G* optimized geometry and charges (R2 = 0.977). Using the optimized geometries, the CoMFA results derived from the HF/3-21G methods were better than those from AM1 calculations. The training set of 43 molecules gave higher R2 (0.989–0.977) from HF/3-21G* optimized geometries than R2 (0.966–0.911) values from AM1 optimized geometries. The test set of five molecules also suggested that HF/3-21G* optimized geometries produced good CoMFA models to predict bioactivity of sigma 1 receptor ligands but AM1 optimized geometries failed to predict reasonable bioactivity of sigma 1 receptor ligands using different calculations for atomic charges. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 25: 1385–1399, 2004