cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
310 nm Irradiation of Atmospherically Relevant Concentrated Aqueous Nitrate Solutions: Nitrite Production and Quantum Yields

The heterogeneous processing of atmospheric aerosols by reaction with nitrogen oxides results in the formation of particulate and adsorbed nitrates. The water content of these hygroscopic nitrate aerosols and consequently the nitrate ion concentration depend on relative humidity, which can impact the physicochemical properties of these aerosols. This report focuses on the 310 nm photolysis of aqueous sodium and calcium nitrate solutions at pH 4 over a wide concentration range of nitrate ion concentrations representative of atmospheric aerosols. In particular, the quantum yield (ϕ) of nitrite formation was measured and found to significantly decrease at high concentrations of nitrate for Ca(NO3)2. In particular, ϕ for Ca(NO3)2 was found to have a maximum value of (7.8 ± 0.1) × 10−3 for nitrate ion solution concentrations near one molal, with the smallest quantum yield for the highest concentration solution above 14 m nitrate ion, ϕ = (2.3 ± 2.0) × 10−4. The effect of the addition of the radical scavenger, ...
Left atrial thrombus mimicking atrial myxoma on imaging studies in a patient with cardiac transplant

Left atrial thrombus can develop in patients with atrial fibrillation and/or a dilated left atrium such as seen in patients with heart failure. In cardiac transplant patients with bi-atrial anastomosis, the suture line can be a potential nidus for thrombus formation. These thrombi can be either organized or unstable with ulcerated surfaces. We present a unique case of a left atrial mass in a cardiac transplant patient with features of atrial myxoma on imaging studies but found to be an organized thrombus on histopathology. .
Use of Carbohydrate Counting for Meal Planning in Type I Diabetes

Certain questions often arise regarding carbohydrate counting, such as: Why use carbohydrate counting ? Where does one start? How much carbolrydrate is prescribed? How does one balance the diet? How is carbohydrate counting taught to patients? Which patients are the best candidates for carbohydrate counting? This article provides possible answers to these questions based on clinical experience at the Vanderbilt University Medical Center Diabetes Research and Training Center, and the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial.
Environmental Barrier Coatings Having a YSZ Top Coat

Environmental barrier coatings (EBCs) with a Si bond coat, a yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) top coat, and various intermediate coats were investigated. EBCs were processed by atmospheric pressure plasma spraying. The EBC durability was determined by thermal cycling tests in water vapor at 1300 C and 1400 C, and in air at 1400 C and 1500 C. EBCs with a mullite (3Al2O3 (dot) 2SiO2) + BSAS (1 - xBaO (dot) xSrO (dot) Al2O3 (dot) 2SiO2) intermediate coat were more durable than EBCs with a mullite intermediate coat, while EBCs with a mullite/BSAS duplex intermediate coat resulted in inferior durability. The improvement with a mullite + BSAS intermediate coat was attributed to enhanced compliance of the intermediate coat due to the addition of a low modulus BSAS second phase. Mullite + BSAS/YSZ and BSAS/YSZ interfaces produced a low melting (less than 1400 C) reaction product, which is expected to degrade the EBC performance by increasing the thermal conductivity. EBCs with a mullite + BSAS / graded mullite + YSZ intermediate coat showed the best durability among the EBCs investigated in this study. This improvement was attributed to diffused CTE (Coefficient of Thermal Expansion) mismatch stress and improved chemical stability due to the compositionally graded mullite+YSZ layer.
Alterations in Actin-Binding β-Thymosin Expression Accompany Neuronal Differentiation and Migration in Rat Cerebellum

The beta 4- and beta 10-thymosins, recently identified as actin monomer-sequestering proteins, are developmentally regulated in brain. Using specific mRNA and protein probes, we have used in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical techniques to investigate the distribution of the beta-thymosin mRNAs and their proteins in developing rat cerebellum. Early in postnatal development, both beta-thymosin mRNAs were expressed at highest levels in the postmitotic, premigratory granule cells of the external granular layer; expression diminished as granule cells migrated to and differentiated within the developing internal granular layer. In addition, both beta-thymosin proteins were present in bundles of cerebellar afferent fibers in the white matter at this time. Throughout the maturation period, both proteins were present in elongating parallel fibers in the upper portion of the molecular layer. Later in cerebellar development, thymosin beta 4, but not thymosin beta 10, was expressed in Golgi epithelial cells and Bergmann processes. Thymosin beta 4 was expressed in a small population of cells with microglial morphology scattered throughout the gray and white matter. Thymosin beta 10 was detected in an even smaller population of glia. Expression of thymosin beta 4 and thymosin beta 10 in premigratory granule cells and in growing neuronal processes is consistent with the possibility that both beta-thymosins are involved in the dynamics of actin polymerization during migration and process extension of neurons.
The effects of 5-minute ischemia in Mongolian gerbils: II. Changes of spontaneous neuronal activity in cerebral cortex and CA1 sector of hippocampus

Spontaneous neuronal activity was recorded in the cerebral cortex and the CA1 sector of the hippocampus in gerbils during and after 5-min ischemia, produced by bilateral clamping of the common carotid arteries. It was found that spontaneous activity in both cortical and CA1 neurons ceased within 60 s after the onset of ischemia and that it began to reappear 10–20 min after the recirculation. During the next 24 h most CA1 neurons which were recorded showed hyperactivity. This was evident primarily by an increase in spike discharges, whereas recordings from the cerebral cortex were within the preocclusion ranges. On the 2nd day after ischemia, functioning CA1 neurons could not be found, as if they were in a state of functional death, although histological sections showed a general preservation of their cellular structure at that time.
A general characteristic fluorescence correction for the quantitative electron microbeam analysis of thick specimens, thin films and particles

A rigorous, general characteristic fluorescence correction for the electron microprobe analysis of samples of given geometry is developed, and specific versions of this equation are presented for the calculation of the fluorescence produced (a) within a homogeneous thin film, (b) in a thin film by x-ray emission from substrate layers of arbitrary thickness and (c) in a spherical particle. Results of the use of these equations are compared with those obtained using empirical expressions for thin films and show that the empirical expressions are accurate only for films less than 1 μm in thickness. A simplified empirical correction is proposed for particles that is in good agreement with the rigorous correction. The results of calculations using these expressions show that a 2000 A thick film or a 1 μm diameter particle typically has about 10% of the relative contribution from characteristic fluorescence as occurs in an infinitely thick polished specimen (TPS), a 1 μm thick film has about 30–40% of the contribution in a TPS and a 10 μm diameter particle has more than 50% of the contribution in a TPS. Thus, in particular matrices, certain elements in a 2000 A thin film or a 1 μm particle can have characteristic fluorescence corrections as high as 5%.
Understanding the Plan: A Studio Experience

The plan is a powerful tool in the design process that requires both intellectual and creative rigor. The focus of this article is the methodology of how the plan is presented, developed, and understood in sophomore interior design studio. The studio's goal is to give students a foundation of understanding by broadening their knowledge of spatial design through the study of the plan and plan language. The plan is what architects and interior and landscape designers use to move people through space, to organize space, and to place objects in space. The article outlines how this material is presented through readings, lectures, and design projects. The lessons require students to be creative and analytical in developing a plan, to gain visual literacy in understanding a plan and its spaces, and to use plan language in their explanations in studio. Students should learn to think and speak in terms of entry, path, and goal. Plan language includes such terms as axis, centering and re-centering, symmetry, focal points, gesturing, reinforcement, in-line, articulation, and hierarchy. Students are required to take a letterform and develop an orchestrated spatial walk through the form using plan language, and then they must complete a series of diagrams. Past and present plan types are analyzed and important architects who have contributed to the plan and plan language are discussed (Mackintosh, Wright, Le Corbusier, and Scarpa). The plan is the element which most interior designers use to develop space. Therefore, students and educators should have a greater understanding and vocabulary for such an important tool.
Model-based brain shift compensation in image-guided neurosurgery

Intraoperative brain shift compensation is important for improving the accuracy of neuronavigational systems and ultimately, the accuracy of brain tumor resection as well as patient quality of life. Biomechanical models are practical methods for brain shift compensation in the operating room (OR). These methods assimilate incomplete deformation data on the brain acquired from intraoperative imaging techniques (e.g., ultrasound and stereovision), and simulate whole-brain deformation under loading and boundary conditions in the OR. Preoperative images of the patient's head (e.g., preoperative magnetic resonance images (pMR)) are then deformed accordingly based on the computed displacement field to generate updated visualizations for subsequent surgical guidance. Apparently, the clinical feasibility of the technique depends on the efficiency as well as the accuracy of the computational scheme. In this paper, we identify the major steps involved in biomechanical simulation of whole-brain deformation and demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy of each step. We show that a combined computational cost of 5 minutes with an accuracy of 1-2 millimeter can be achieved which suggests that the technique is feasible for routine application in the OR.
Ischemia/reperfusion: a new hypothesis for the developmental toxicity of cocaine.

It has been shown that multiple exposures of gravid rats to cocaine during late gestation result in significant incidences of severe malformations. Hind limb reduction defects were frequent findings in this study. Other studies have shown that comparable abnormalities can be induced in experimental animals by various procedures including vascular clamping, direct fetal exposure to epinephrine, uterine handling following laparotomy, as well as by exposure to hyperbaric oxygen. This paper reviews these and other studies, and presents a novel mechanistic hypothesis that explains their common findings. It is proposed that in each instance, conceptual hypoxia results from hypoperfusion caused by transient vasoconstriction. Following the resumption of normal perfusion, reactive oxygen species are generated by the ischemia/reperfusion mechanisms thought to underlie many pathobiologic lesions. It is proposed that the conceptus is particularly vulnerable to the toxicity of oxygen radicals because of its low antioxidant activities and the highly reduced state of its undifferentiated cells. Sensitivity to cocaine and uterine handling appears to be enhanced during late gestation and it is hypothesized that this results from changes in oxygenation and iron content that increase both the substrate and catalyst for generation of reactive oxygen species. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Predictors of Marijuana Relapse in the Human Laboratory: Robust Impact of Tobacco Cigarette Smoking Status

Background Few marijuana smokers in treatment achieve sustained abstinence, yet factors contributing to high relapse rates are unknown. Methods Study 1: data from five inpatient laboratory studies assessing marijuana intoxication, withdrawal, and relapse were combined to assess factors predicting the likelihood and severity of relapse. Daily, nontreatment-seeking marijuana smokers ( n = 51; 10 ± 5 marijuana cigarettes/day) were enrolled. Study 2: to isolate the effects of cigarette smoking, marijuana intoxication, withdrawal, and relapse were assessed in daily marijuana and cigarette smokers ( n = 15) under two within-subject, counter-balanced conditions: while smoking tobacco cigarettes as usual (SAU), and after at least 5 days without cigarettes (Quit). Results Study 1: 49% of participants relapsed the first day active marijuana became available. Tobacco cigarette smokers (75%), who were not abstaining from cigarettes, were far more likely to relapse than non-cigarette smokers (odds ratio: 19, p .01). Individuals experiencing more positive subjective effects (i.e., feeling "high") after marijuana administration and those with more negative affect and sleep disruption during marijuana withdrawal were more likely to have severe relapse episodes ( p 87%) relapsed to marijuana whether in the SAU or Quit phase. Tobacco cigarette smoking did not significantly influence relapse, nor did it affect marijuana intoxication or most symptoms of withdrawal relative to tobacco cessation. Conclusions Daily marijuana smokers who also smoke cigarettes have high rates of marijuana relapse, and cigarette smoking versus recent abstinence does not directly influence this association. These data indicate that current cigarette smoking is a clinically important marker for increased risk of marijuana relapse.
Monitoring of mass distribution interventions for trachoma in Plateau State, Nigeria.

Mass drug administration (MDA) with antibiotics is a key component of the SAFE strategy for trachoma control. Guidelines recommend that where MDA is warranted the whole population be targeted with 80% considered the minimum acceptable coverage. In other countries, MDA is usually conducted by salaried Ministry of Health personnel (MOH). In Plateau State, Nigeria, the existing network of volunteer Community Directed Distributors (CDD) was used for the first trachoma MDA. We conducted a population-based cluster random survey (CRS) of MDA participation to determine the true coverage and compared this to coverage reported from CDD registers. We surveyed 1,791 people from 352 randomly selected households in 24 clusters in three districts in Plateau State in January 2011, following the implementation of MDA. Households were enumerated and all individuals present were asked about MDA participation. Household heads were questioned about household-level characteristics and predictors of participation. Individual responses were compared with the CDD registers. MDA coverage was estimated as 60.3% (95% CI 47.9–73.8%) by the survey compared with 75.8% from administrative program reports. CDD registration books for comparison with responses were available in 19 of the 24 clusters; there was a match for 658/682 (96%) of verifiable responses. CDD registers did not list 481 (41.3%) of the individuals surveyed. Gender and age were not associated with individual participation. Overall MDA coverage was lower than the minimum 80% target. The observed discrepancy between the administrative coverage estimate from program reports and the CRS was largely due to identification of communities missed by the MDA and not reported in the registers. CRS for evaluation of MDA provides a useful additional monitoring tool to CDD registers. These data support modification of distributor training and MDA delivery to increase coverage in subsequent rounds of MDA.
Endovascular repair of a thoracic aortic aneurysm in pregnancy at 22 weeks of gestation

Thoracic aortic aneurysm is a rare condition that carries a critical risk of rupture and mortality. These risks are increased during pregnancy because of a progressively hyperdynamic pattern of circulation. Simultaneously, pregnancy-imposed limitations on the use of ionized radiation and intravenous contrast agents may render conventional techniques for imaging and repair confirmation less acceptable. We describe a novel approach to intraoperative management of an endovascular repair for symptomatic thoracic saccular aneurysm in a pregnant patient, based on intravascular ultrasound and transesophageal echocardiography, with maintenance of uterine perfusion. The patient recovered well and proceeded to a normal delivery. Despite a favorable outcome in this case, further studies of perioperative management of aortic disease in pregnancy are needed.
Effect of maraviroc on the pharmacokinetics of midazolam, lamivudine/zidovudine, and ethinyloestradiol/levonorgestrel in healthy volunteers

Aims To assess the effect of maraviroc on the pharmacokinetics of midazolam, a sensitive probe CYP3A4 substrate; lamivudine/zidovudine, a combination of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs); and ethinyloestradiol/levonorgestrel, a combination oral contraceptive.
Sex Differences in the Relationship between Military Service Status and Functional Limitations and Disabilities

This paper examines the relationship between military service status (active duty, veteran, never served), sex, and six functional limitations/disabilities using data from the 5% sample of the 2000 U.S. Census. We estimate multivariate logistic regression models separately for men and women, and evaluate sex differences by comparing coefficients across models using a Wald chi-square test and computing predicted probabilities. For both men and women, the highest rates of functional limitation/disability are observed among veterans, while the lowest rates are recorded among active duty personnel. The increased odds of functional limitations/disabilities associated with veteran status is higher among women than men, whereas the decreased odds of functional limitations/disabilities associated with active duty status is lower among women than men. The predicted probabilities, which are based on a subgroup of 40–49 year olds with select sociodemographic characteristics, indicate that veteran women’s probabilities of many types of functional limitations/disabilities equal or exceed those of veteran men. Overall, the findings suggest women experience a more detrimental effect of past military service and a less beneficial effect of current military service. More life course analysis with longitudinal data that accounts for factors that influence sex-differentiation with respect to selection into military service, experiences in the military, and the short- and long-term consequences of military service is needed to fully understand sex differences in the relationship between military service and functional limitations/disabilities.
Analysis of spectra with nonlinear superposition

Abstract A numerical method is described that analyses spectra with nonlinear superposition. Examples of the superposition of up to five species with up to five pair-interference spectra are presented. The effect of noise on the accuracy of the determination of species concentrations is discussed. The numerical method is based on optimization (nonlinear least squares fit). A FORTRAN listing is appended.
The in vivo and in vitro glomerular deposition of isolated anti-double-stranded-DNA antibodies in NZB/W mice.

Abstract Employing a hydroxyapatite double-stranded (ds) DNA column for affinity chromatography, anti-ds-DNA antibodies were isolated from the sera of aging NZB W mice. These antibodies were radiolabeled and injected intravenously into NZB W mice at various ages. Significant deposition of radiolabeled antibodies were shown to occur in NZB W mice 4 months of age and older. While the injected antibodies displayed heterogeneity in their isoelectric points (p I 's), those antibodies which bound to the kidney were restricted to a more alkaline p I range. Glomerular cultures were prepared from NZB W mice at various ages and incubated with radiolabeled anti-ds-DNA antibodies with restricted p I 's. Antibodies having p I 's between 7 and 9 bound in vitro to glomeruli obtained from 9-month-old NZB W mice but not to glomeruli obtained from 2-monthold mice. In contrast, antibodies with p I 's between 5 and 7 were unable to bind to glomeruli obtained from either age group. An exchange between free antibodies and antibodies bound to glomeruli was also demonstrated to occur in vitro . These findings suggest the presence of subpopulations of anti-ds-DNA antibodies which preferentially bind to glomeruli containing immune complexes.
Human Capital, Producer Education Programs, and the Adoption of Forward-Pricing Methods

Using a sample of 509 Kansas producers, we evaluate factors affecting adoption of forward pricing methods. We focus on producers' human capital accumulation and its effect on adoption of forward-pricing techniques. Probit models are employed to evaluate producers' participation in educational programs and their forward-pricing adoption decisions. Tobit models are employed to evaluate individual levels of adoption of these techniques in the marketing of wheat, corn, grain sorghum, soybeans, and cattle.
An approach for categorizing end user programmers to guide software engineering research

Over 64 million Americans used computers at work in 1997, and we estimate this number will grow to 90 million in 2012, including over 55 million spreadsheet and database users and 13 million self-reported programmers. Existing characterizations of this end user population based on software usage provide minimal guidance on how to help end user programmers practice better software engineering. We describe an enhanced method of characterizing the end user population, based on categorizing end users according to the ways they represent abstractions. Since the use of abstraction can facilitate or impede achieving key software engineering goals (such as improving reusability and maintainability), this categorization promises an improved ability to highlight niches of end users with special software engineering capabilities or struggles. We have incorporated this approach into an in-progress survey of end user programming practices.
Computers, policymaking, and reality

Dr. Bobrow's paper is a contribution to a body of literature distinguished by its paucity. As a contribution to current attempts to resurrect, rediscover, or spawn a new body of knowledge called the policy sciences, it is a useful foundation that should be built on through intensive, rigorous research into the likely role of the computer in improving the public policymaking processes. The paper raises indirectly a number of questions that could be researched profitably. These questions relate to: The ball seems to be at the feet of the public policymaker and the educator to expand on Bobrow's theme.
Perspectives for research in wet chemistry and unintentional cloud modification from the discipline of purposeful cloud modification

Fundamental goals and scientific problems facing researchers in purposeful cloud modification and applicable to air quality pertaining to unintentional cloud modification are defined. These encompass experimental design and verification, transport and dispersion, aerosol and hydrometeor evolution and removal, and the interactive nature of chemical, microphysical, dynamical and other cloud processes on micro- to mesoscales. Some recent advances in purposeful weather modification are reviewed and parallels are drawn to wet chemistry and unintentional cloud modification. Gains to be made in further cross-fertilization of the disciplines are suggested.
Pheochromocytoma, factors in the accurate pharmacologic diagnosis.

The precautions which are necessary to procure a successful pharmacologic test for pheochromocytoma have been discussed. These tests with the proper precautions can be carried out quickly and without hazard. A preoperative diagnosis of pheochromocytoma in any patient with hypertension and a tumor located paravertebrally in the chest can be made by these pharmacologic tests. Thus, fatalities or untoward reactions may be avoided during operation because of an unexpected pheochromocytoma.
Philosophy of Hardening

A significant portion of aerospace support facilities and equipment are being incorporated into hardened installations. This paper attempts to acquaint aerospace support designers with the various nuclear weapons effects and means of protecting against them. This is done in general avoiding technical complexities and using illustrations. It is the author's opinion that hardening requirements introduced at the onset of design would result in final products having significant superiority over standard items.
Development of 170 GHz electro-optic phase LiNbO 3 modulator for millimeter-wave imaging

A LiNbO 3 electro-optic phase modulator for millimeter-wave passive imaging is demonstrated at 170 GHz. Optical sidebands representing the upconversion of the RF energy into optical energy are reported in the 110–170 GHz bandwidth.
Configuring Health Care for Systematic Behavioral Screening and Intervention

Abstract The United States Preventive Services Task Force recommends universal screening and intervention for tobacco use, excessive drinking, and depression. These services improve health outcomes, decrease health care costs, enhance public safety, and generate substantial return on investment. Given the prevalence rates of these behavioral conditions and the time necessary for evidence-based interventions, it will be challenging to integrate behavioral screening and intervention (BSI) into busy health care settings. Therefore, consistent with the principles of the medical home and the chronic care model, the health care team must be expanded to systematically provide BSI. A 2-tiered, stepped-care model is proposed. The first tier of services—consisting of assessment, intervention, and follow-up services—would address most mild-to-moderate behavioral risks or conditions. The second tier would include various specialty-based resources, which would be conserved for patients with greatest need and potential...
Seismic retrofit of a reinforced concrete flat-slab structure: Part I — seismic performance evaluation

An evaluation of seismic performance was conducted for a reinforced concrete (RC) frame structure representative of 1980s construction in the Central United States. The case study building is a five-story RC flat-slab office building designed for the code requirements used in this region. The structural response was predicted using nonlinear static analysis and nonlinear dynamic analysis with synthetic ground motion records. The FEMA 356 criteria were used to evaluate the seismic performance of the case study structure. Because the case study building does not meet the FEMA 356 basic safety objectives for the Memphis motions, three seismic retrofit techniques were applied to enhance the seismic performance including the addition of shear walls, the addition of RC column jackets, and confinement of the column plastic hinge regions using externally bonded steel plates. Finally, the predicted seismic performance for the three retrofitted structures was compared to that for the unretrofitted structure. Varying levels of improvement in the seismic performance were demonstrated through the use of the selected seismic retrofits. Based on the seismic evaluation with the FEMA 356 criteria, the addition of shear walls provided the greatest improvement in the seismic performance of the case study building.
Genetic diseases associated with heterotrimeric G proteins.

Heterotrimeric G proteins couple receptors for diverse extracellular signals to effector enzymes or ion channels. Each G protein comprises a specific α-subunit and a tightly bound βγ dimer. Several human disorders that result from genetic G-protein abnormalities involve the imprinted GNAS gene, which encodes G s α, the ubiquitously expressed α-subunit that couples receptors to adenylyl cyclase and cAMP generation. Loss-of-function and gain-of-function mutations, in addition to imprinting defects, of this gene lead to diverse clinical phenotypes. Mutations of GNAT1 and GNAT2 , which encode the retinal G proteins (transducins), are rare causes of specific congenital visual defects. Common polymorphisms of the GNAS and GNB3 (which encodes Gβ 3 ) genes have been associated with multigenic disorders (e.g. hypertension and metabolic syndrome). To date, no other G proteins have been implicated directly in human disease.
Block matrix Sinc-Galerkin solution of the wind-driven current problem

A block matrix formulation is presented for the Sinc-Galerkin technique applied to the wind-driven current problem from oceanography. The block matrix form is used to determine an approximate solution for the coupled system of differential equations describing the wind-driven current problem. The approximate solution determined by this new Sinc-Galerkin scheme is compared to the approximate solution for the original complex-valued Sinc-Galerkin approach to ocean current models. The approximate solution is also compared to exact solutions to illustrate the exponential convergence rate of the method.
College Students' Ageist Behavior: The Role of Aging Knowledge and Perceived Vulnerability to Disease

This cross-sectional study examined the associations among perceived vulnerability to disease, aging knowledge, and ageism (positive and negative) in a sample of undergraduate students enrolled in a human development course (N = 649; M age = 19.94 years, SD = 2.84 years). Perceived vulnerability to disease and aging knowledge were associated with self-reported ageist behaviors. Undergraduates who viewed themselves as more susceptible to disease and knew less about the aging process tended to report more negative ageist behavior. Sex moderated the association between aging knowledge and ageist behavior, indicating the association was stronger for males. Discussion focuses on implications for gerontology educators.
Lanthanide-stimulated glucose and proline transport across rabbit intestinal brush-border membranes

Abstract Trivalent cations of the lanthanide series (La 3+ → Yb 3+ ) stimulated uptake of proline or glucose in rabbit small intestinal brush-border membrane vesicles. The lanthanides stimulated uptake to an extent greater than Al 3+ , choline, and in many cases, Na + . A time-course of er 3+ -stimulated glucose uptake gave initial rates and overshoots greater than Na + stimulation. The best activators were Sm 3+ , Eu 3+ and Tm 3+ , which stimulated proline initial uptakes by 400–600%, and stimulated glucose uptake by 120–150%, compared to Na + . The best lanthanide cotransports activators possessed high third ionization potentials.
Calculation of solvation free energy from quantum mechanical charge density and continuum dielectric theory.

We have combined ultrasoft pseudopotential density functional theory utilizing plane wave basis with a Poisson−Boltzmann/solvent-accessible surface area (PB/SA) model to calculate the solvation free energy of small neutral organic compounds in water. The solute charge density obtained from density functional theory was directly used in solving the Poisson−Boltzmann equation to obtain the reaction field. The polarized electronic wave function of the solute in the solvent was solved by including the reaction field in the density functional Hamiltonian. The quantum mechanical and Poisson−Boltzmann equations were solved self-consistently until the charge density and reaction field converged. Using the solute charge density directly instead of a point-charge representation permitted asymmetric distortion and spreading out of the electron cloud. Because the electron density could leave the van der Waals surface to penetrate into the high-dielectric solvent, the reaction field generated by this density was gener...
Computer-Based Neuroanatomy Laboratory for Medical Students

Background To present the laboratory portion of our first-semester Human Neuroanatomy course at Temple University Medical School more effectively and efficiently and to replace the glass slide/microscope-based laboratory component of the course, we developed a computer-based substitute. Methods For this computer-based neuroanatomy laboratory program, we photographed the (a) gross brain sliced and dissected specimens and (b) all the glass slides, from the sacral cord through the head of the caudate nucleus. We digitized the photographed images and, using Multimedia ToolBook (Asymetrix), created a computerized atlas, laboratory guide, and a clinical problem-solving section. To assess the effectiveness of the computerized laboratory, we compared student performances between those classes that previously had the traditional laboratory with two succeeding classes that used the computer-based laboratory. Results Test score results of the laboratory portion of the course suggested that performance on laboratory material was virtually unchanged by the substitution of the computer program. By a survey taken at the end of the course, the students were very satisfied with the computerized program as a teaching method. Conclusions The students and faculty enthusiastically agreed that the computer program was an effective substitute method for the traditional glass-slide laboratory and that it was a beneficial self-educational tool that fostered independent learning. The program encouraged student interaction and group learning and fostered independence. It was a more efficient method for faculty and students without sacrificing performance. Anat. Rec. 249:422–428, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Highly conducting polyacetylene

Abstract “New”-(CH) x and “ARA” (i.e. A dditional R educing A gent)-(CH)x have been synthesized at room temperature. “New”-(CH)x is formed by polymerizing acetylene on flat polymeric or glass substrates using an AlEt3/Ti (n-BuO)4 catalyst in silicone oil which has previously been heat-treated. Additional reducing agents may be added to the catalyst after its thermal treatment to produce “ARA”-(CH)x. The stretch-oriented “New”-(CH)x polymerized on glass and “ARA”-(CH)x polymerized on polyethylene can be p-doped with I2/CCl4 to give conductivities of ∼50,000 and ∼75,000 S/cm respectively. Optical absorption, photoinduced infrared absorption, magnetic susceptibility and conductivity studies on selected forms of the above doped and undoped types of (CH)x are discussed. The electronic structure of highly conducting “New”-and “ARA”-(CH)x is observed to be essentially identical to that of conventional Shirakawa-(CH)x.
Effect of a round airfoil nose on leading-edge suction

Kulfan (1979) assumed that the angle of attack for initial vortex separation on a slender wing with rounded leading edges could be obtained by equating the leading-edge suction (LES) and nose drag coefficients. In the present study, this assumption is examined and is shown to predict reasonably well the initial angle of attack at which laminar separation occurs near the airfoil nose. However, the assumption is shown to be slightly less accurate for thick or cambered airfoils. Attainable LES estimated by Kulfan's method seemed to agree well with that obtained from an airfoil aerodynamics code and experimental data on a NACA 64A009 airfoil at M = 0.4 and Re = 0.86 x 10 to the 6th.
Fatigue alters lower extremity kinematics during a single-leg stop-jump task

To examine the kinematic characteristics of the hip and knee during a single-leg stop-jump task before and after exercise-to-fatigue, and to determine if the fatigue response is gender-dependent. Lower extremity kinematic measurements were taken of male and female subjects while they performed a sports functional task before and after fatigue developed from exhaustive running. Thirty healthy, physically active subjects (15 males and 15 females) Knee and hip joint kinematics were calculated utilizing three-dimensional video analysis. Each subject performed five single-leg stop-jumps before and after an exercise-to-fatigue bout. All subjects underwent a fatigue protocol using the modified Astrand protocol. Fatigue was verified using the Rating of Perceived Exertion along with the subject's heart rate. All data were analyzed using two factor (test · gender) repeated measures ANOVA (P \ 0.05). Both males and females demonstrated signifi- cantly less maximal knee valgus (P = 0.038) and decreased knee flexion at initial contact (P = 0.009) post-fatigue. No significant differences were identified in hip joint angles between sessions or between sexes. The results show that fatigue developed from exhaustive running alters lower extremity kinematics during a single-leg stop-jump task. The more neutral position in the frontal plane might be an effort to protect the knee. The decrease in knee flexion at initial contact may be an attempt to increase knee stability following fatigue. Our results did not reveal any gender differences in this specific task.
Multi-objective layout optimization for Multi-Chip Power Modules considering electrical parasitics and thermal performance

Multi-Chip Power Modules (MCPMs) allow for integration of high power semiconductor devices and control circuitry into one compact package which yields improved reliability and reduced size, cost, and complexity. The layout design process of an MCPM is time consuming and very multidisciplinary, spanning thermal, electrical, and mechanical issues. A software tool is introduced in this paper which allows for a user to draw a `stick figure' of a desired MCPM layout which is transformed into a multi-objective optimization problem by the tool. After optimization, a user can browse a set of results which form a trade-off curve of approximately Pareto optimal thermal and electrical parasitic layout performance.
Cell sleeping for energy efficiency in cellular networks: Is it viable?

An approach advocated in the recent literature for reducing energy consumption in cellular networks is to put base stations to sleep when traffic loads are low. However, several practical considerations are ignored in these studies. In this paper, we aim to raise questions on the feasibility and benefits of base station sleeping. Specifically we analyze the interference and capacity of a coverage-based energy reduction system in CDMA based cellular networks using a simple analytical model and show that sleeping may not be a feasible solution to reduce energy consumption in many scenarios.
Biochemical Evolution of DNA Polymerase η: Properties of Plant, Human, and Yeast Proteins†

To assess how evolution might have biochemically shaped DNA polymerase η (Polη) in plants, we expressed in Escherichia coli proteins from Arabidopsis thaliana (At), humans (Hs), and the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Sc), purified them to near homogeneity, and compared their properties. Consistent with the multiple divergent amino acids within mostly conserved polymerase domains, the polymerases showed modest, appreciable, and marked differences, respectively, in salt and temperature optima for activity and thermostability. We compared abilities to extend synthetic primers past template cyclobutane thymine dimers (T[CPD]T) or undamaged T-T under physiological conditions (80–110 mM salt). Specific activities for “standing-start” extension of synthetic primers ending opposite the second template nucleotide 3′ to T-T were roughly similar. During subsequent “running-start” insertions past T-T and the next 5′ (N + 1) nucleotide, AtPolη and HsPolη appeared more processive, but DNA sequence contexts strongly af...
Individual differences in autonomic responses: illustration of a possible solution.

A factor analysis methodology for the study of individual differences in response functions developed by Tucker (1958, 1966) was illustrated by analysis of conditional cardiac responses. Three cardiac (factor) responses were found: one acceleratory-deceleratory, a second monophasic, and a third deceleratory-acceleratory, over the CS–UCS interval. Individual conditional responses were composed of the acceleratory-deceleratory component plus either positive or negative parts of the second and third components. Individual differences in conditional cardiac response forms were substantial. The factor model provided a better fit of observed responses than the average response model provided. The advantages of determining psychophysiological functions (laws) having explicit parameters for individuals were discussed.
A spectrum of TCP-friendly window-based congestion control algorithms

The increasing diversity of Internet application requirements has spurred recent interest in transport protocols with flexible transmission controls. In window-based congestion control schemes, increase rules determine how to probe available bandwidth, whereas decrease rules determine how to back off when losses due to congestion are detected. The control rules are parameterized so as to ensure that the resulting protocol is TCP-friendly in terms of the relationship between throughput and loss rate. This paper presents a comprehensive study of a new spectrum of window-based congestion controls, which are TCP-friendly as well as TCP-compatible under RED. Our controls utilize history information in their control rules. By doing so, they improve the transient behavior, compared to recently proposed slowly responsive congestion controls such as general additive-increase and multiplicative-decrease (AIMD) and binomial controls. Our controls can achieve better tradeoffs among smoothness, aggressiveness, and responsiveness, and they can achieve faster convergence. We demonstrate analytically and through extensive ns simulations the steady-state and transient behavior of several instances of this new spectrum.
Low prevalence of valvular heart disease in 226 phentermine-fenfluramine protocol subjects prospectively followed for up to 30 months.

Abstract OBJECTIVES This investigation sought to determine the effect of phentermine-fenfluramine (phen-fen) on the prevalence of valvular heart disease in 226 obese subjects enrolled in a prospective, strict weight loss, research protocol. BACKGROUND Early reports have suggested that the use of phen-fen for weight loss may be associated with increased valvular heart disease. Such reports were based on small numbers of patients, limited data on dose and duration of phen-fen therapy, and no correlation with matched controls. METHODS All subjects underwent transthoracic echocardiography for significant valvular lesions within a mean of 97 days from the manufacturer’s announcement of the voluntary withdrawal of fenfluramine and dexfenfluramine. All echocardiograms were interpreted by two independent readers. RESULTS The study population included 183 women and 43 men with a mean age of 46.9 ± 8.9 years and mean starting body mass index of 39.8 ± 7.7 kg/m2. Using the Food and Drug Administration criteria, significant aortic regurgitation was detected in 15 subjects (6.6%) and mitral regurgitation in 3 subjects (1.3%). Only one patient had significant regurgitation of both aortic and mitral valves. No valves had severe regurgitation. Significant valvular disease did not correlate with the dose or duration of phen-fen therapy. Furthermore, the prevalence of valvular regurgitation is comparable to the normal offspring in the Framingham Heart Study, who are similar in age, gender, and geographical location. CONCLUSIONS Phen-fen therapy is associated with a low prevalence of significant valvular regurgitation. Valvular regurgitation in our subjects may reflect age-related degenerative changes.
Oncolytic HSV-1 infection of tumors induces angiogenesis and upregulates CYR61.

Oncolytic viral therapy is under evaluation for toxicity and efficacy in clinical trials relating to several different tumors. We report a significant increase in the angiogenic index of oncolytic virus (OV)-treated glioma-matrigel implants (2.83-fold, P < 0.02). In a rat intracranial glioma model, large tumors from OV-treated animals were significantly more angiogenic than the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated control tumors (OV: 101 ± 21.6; PBS: 19.8 ± 10; P = 0.0037). Transcript profiling of OV-treated tumors revealed dysregulation of several transcripts involved in glioma angiogenesis. OV-mediated induction of CYR61 gene expression (8.94-fold, P = 0.001) correlated significantly with the presence of OV in tumor tissue in vivo (R = 0.7, P < 0.001). Further, induction of CYR61 mRNA and protein were confirmed in multiple human cancer cell lines and primary human tumor-derived cells in vitro, and in tumor lysate and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in vivo. Finally, we show that treatment of glioma cells with Cilengitide, known to counter CYR61-induced integrin activation, significantly suppressed the proangiogenic effect of OV treatment of gliomas (P < 0.05).
The Effect of Inequality and Social Identity on Party Strategies

How do parties decide which issues to emphasize during electoral competition? We argue that the answer to this question depends on how parties of the left and of the right respond to economic inequality. Increasing inequality shifts the proportion of the population falling into lower socioeconomic categories, thereby increasing the size of the electoral constituency that is receptive toward leftist parties' redistributive economic appeals. In the face of rising inequality, then, leftist parties will emphasize economic issues in their manifestos. By contrast, the nonredistributive economic policies often espoused by rightist parties will not appeal to this burgeoning constituency. Rather, we argue, rightist parties will opt to emphasize values-based issues, especially in those cases where “social demand” in the electorate for values-based representation is high. We find support for these relationships with hierarchical regression models that draw from data across hundreds of parties in a diverse set of the world's democracies
Modeling the Evolution of Incised Streams: I. Model Formulation and Validation of Flow and Streambed Evolution Components

A robust computational model for simulating the long-term evolution of incised and restored or rehabilitated stream corridors is presented. The physically based model simulates the three main processes that shape incised streams: hydraulics, sediment transport, and streambed and bank adjustments. A generalized implicit Preissmann scheme is used for the spatial and temporal discretization of the flow governing equations to accommodate large time steps and cross sections spaced at irregular intervals. The solution method introduces several enhancements that increase its robustness, specifically to simulate flashy flows. Transport of cohesive or cohesionless graded bed material is based on a total-load concept, and suspended and bed load transport modes are accounted for through nonequilibrium effects. The model simulates channel width adjustment by hydraulic erosion and gravitational mass failure of heterogeneous bank material. The present paper focuses mainly on the treatment of streamflow hydraulics and evolution of graded streambeds, and reports simulations of published experiments on degrading and aggrading channels with graded bed material. Description and validation of the model's stream- bank erosion component and the application of the model to incised stream systems are presented elsewhere.