cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The four‐day workweek: An assessment of its effects on leisure participation

The 4‐day workweek is emerging as an alternative to the 5‐day schedule. Its effect on leisure participation is examined here. Using a sample of 226 4‐and 5‐day workers, three types of change in leisure participation are examined. Activity change provides a measure of net change in the number of different leisure activities pursued and reflects the degree of diversity in the respondents’ leisure participation. Frequency change provides a measure of change in the amount of time devoted to leisure participation. Perceptual change is the degree of perceived change in the frequency of leisure participation. Findings reveal that 4‐ and 5‐day workers differ significantly only in the number of different leisure activities pursued (activity change). Four‐ and 5‐day workers devote approximately equal amounts of time to leisure participation. Within these equal time frames, however, 4‐day workers pursue a greater number of different leisure activities than do 5‐day workers.
Determination of Drosophila photoreceptors: timing is everything

This review covers recent findings concerning the specification of the photoreceptor subtypes in the Drosophila eye. Particular attention is paid to aspects of retinal patterning and differentiation where relative timing of events seems to be tightly controlled and essential for proper assembly of the compound eye. For example, specification of the founding photoreceptors of each cluster requires sequential positive and negative signaling through the Notch pathway, and reiterated signaling through the epidermal growth factor receptor leads to the pairwise recruitment of the distinct types of photoreceptors in discrete zones across the eye. Results suggest that different signaling environments for these two receptors may exist across the disc, and that receiving cells may constantly shift their predisposition to respond to such signals by adopting given fates. In addition, considerable data exist that the rate of expansion of retinal patterning across the disc is restricted to allow the orderly patterning of retinal precursors, and that one mechanism for controlling this rate may be the co-ordinated expression anterior to the furrow of factors which both inhibit and promote the expansion of retinal patterning. Finally, this review considers the possibility that the morphogenetic furrow serves as a moving source of morphogens which supply spatial information to both anterior and posterior tissue, providing temporal cues that regulate the many events involved in orderly assembly of the precise array of retinal cell types in the compound eye.
The Effect of Noncritical Coronary Artery Disease on Long-Term Survival

ABSTRACT This study was designed to determine the impact of noncritical (less than 70% narrowing of the luminal diameter) coronary stenoses on the long-term survival rate of patients with coronary artery disease. The survival rate of 3,342 patients with normal coronary arteries (Group 1A) was compared with that of 2,184 patients with only noncritical stenoses (Group IB). Similarly, the survival rate of 1,128 patients with one or more critical lesions (Group 2A) was compared with that of 5,944 cases with noncritical plus critical lesions (Group 2B). Patients with noncritical lesions had significantly lower 10-year survival rates (85.8%) than did those with normal coronary arteries (90.1%). However, the difference in survival rate was attributable to older age, male sex, and higher prevalence of cigarette smoking, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension in Group IB than in Group 1A; presence of noncritical stenoses was not a statistically significant independent determinant of survival. Long-term survival rates of the patients with one or more critical lesions (Group 2A) were equivalent to that of patients with critical stenoses plus one or more noncritical lesions (Group 2B). Therefore, 1) patients with only noncritical stenoses have more risk factors for coronary artery disease than do those with normal coronary arteries; 2) these patients have a reduced long-term survival rate that reflects these risk factors rather than the presence of noncritical lesions; and 3) in patients with critical lesions, the presence of additional non-critical stenoses does not affect the long-term survival rate.
Laboratory Experiments on Oil-Jet Cooling of Internal Combustion Engine Pistons: Area-Average Correlation of Oil-Jet Impingement Heat Transfer

AbstractOil-jet cooling of internal combustion engine pistons has risen in prominence with the need to improve fuel economy by increasing the power density of engines. Laboratory tests were performed on a production automotive piston under a range of conditions representative of engine conditions to develop a suitable area-average heat transfer correlation to be employed for numerical evaluation of oil-jet cooling of internal combustion engine pistons. In addition to the Reynolds and Prandtl numbers, the Nusselt number was found to be a function of the dimensionless nozzle diameter and viscosity, and a weak function of the dimensionless nozzle-to-wall spacing.
Fluid geochemistry at the Raft River geothermal field, Idaho, USA: New data and hydrogeological implications

Abstract Following a period of exploration and development in the mid-late 1970's, there was little activity at the Raft River geothermal field for the next ~20 years. U.S. Geothermal Inc. acquired the project in 2002, and began commercial power generation in January 2008. Since 2004, U.S. Geothermal Inc. has collected geochemical data from geothermal and monitoring wells in the field, as well as other shallow wells in the area. An additional sampling program was completed in July 2010 to measure a wider range of minor and trace elements and δ 18 O, δD, and 3 H (Tritium). The data indicate that the geothermal fluids are alkali chloride in composition, and that the fluid geochemistry is spatially variable and complex, with two compositionally-distinct deep geothermal fluids characterized by differences in K, Na, Cl, Ca, Li, and F, an intermediate fluid, and a groundwater fluid. Deep geothermal waters from the southeast part of the borefield have higher K, Na, Cl, Ca, Li, and lower F concentrations than those from the northwest, although both fluids record similar measured and geothermometer temperatures, and are produced from the same Precambrian reservoir rocks at similar depths. The higher salinities of the southeastern fluids are interpreted to result from interactions with evaporite deposits that were not encountered by the northwest fluids along their flow paths. The separation of these deep fluids within the borefield and the lack of mixing between them indicate a compartmentalized reservoir, which is attributed to a northeast-trending shear zone that appears to act as a permeability barrier. This shear zone is represented by a resistivity high as defined by magnetotelluric data.
Divisibility properties of the permanent function

Using a new representation of the permanent function it is shown that the permanent of the incidence matrix of a v−k−λ configuration is divisible by a high power of 2 if k, λ are even.
THE INFLUENCE OF RUMEN FLUID SOURCE UPON VIABLE BACTERIA COUNTS AND THE CULTIVATION OF OLIGOTRICH AND HOLOTRICH RUMEN PROTOZOA.

Abstract In the course of series of experiments in this laboratory, concerned with the cultivation of rumen protozoa “in vitro” (1, 2), it was indicated that the source of rumen fluid included in the media may have influenced the results obtained. For this reason, the experiments reported here were carried out to determine if such an effect existed, and if so, to obtain some indication of the mode of action of such a possible effect.
Transformation and polarization: The 2008 presidential election and the new American electorate

Along with the unpopularity of President Bush and the dire condition of the U.S. economy, changes in the composition of the American electorate played a major role in Barack Obama’s decisive victory in the 2008 presidential election. The doubling of the nonwhite share of the electorate between 1992 and 2008 was critical to Obama’s election as African-American and other nonwhite voters provided him with a large enough margin to overcome a substantial deficit among white voters. In addition, voters under the age of 30 preferred Obama by a better than 2–1 margin, accounting for more than 80 percent of his popular vote margin. Despite the overall Democratic trend, the results revealed an increasingly polarized electorate. Over the past three decades the coalitions supporting the two major parties have become much more distinctive geographically, racially, and ideologically. The growth of the nonwhite electorate along with the increasing liberalism and Democratic identification of younger voters suggest that a successful Obama presidency could put the Democratic Party in a position to dominate American politics for many years. However, these trends appear to be provoking an intense reaction from some opponents of the President. The frustration and anger displayed at “tea party” demonstrations and town hall meetings may reflect not just discomfort with Barack Obama’s race but the perceived threat that Obama and his supporters represent to the social status and power of those on the opposing side.
Combined use of covered stent and flow diversion to seal iatrogenic carotid injury with vessel preservation during transsphenoidal endoscopic resection of clival tumor.

Background Transsphenoidal tumor resection can lead to internal carotid artery (ICA) injury. Vascular disruption is often treated with emergent vessel deconstruction, incurring complications in a subset of patients with poor collateral circulation and resulting in minor and major ischemic strokes. Methods We attempted a novel approach combining a covered stent graft (Jostent) and two flow diverter stents [Pipeline embolization devices (PEDs)] to treat active extravasation from a disrupted right ICA that was the result of a transsphenoidal surgery complication. This disruption occurred during clival tumor surgery and required immediate sphenoidal sinus packing. Emergent angiography revealed continued petrous carotid artery extravasation, warranting emergent vessel repair or deconstruction for treatment. To preserve the vessel, we utilized a covered Jostent. Due to tortuosity and lack of optimal wall apposition, there was reduced, yet persistent extravasation from an endoleak after Jostent deployment that failed to resolve despite multiple angioplasties. Therefore, we used PEDs to divert the flow. Results Flow diversion relieved the extravasation. The patient remained neurologically intact post-procedure. Conclusions This case demonstrates successful combined use of a covered stent and flow diverters to treat acute vascular injury resulting from transsphenoidal surgery. However, concerns remain, including the requirement of dual antiplatelet agents increasing postoperative bleeding risks, stent-related thromboembolic events, and delayed in-stent restenosis rates.
Michel Foucault, Lust, Women, and Sin in Louis XIV's Paris

Since 1984, the year of his death, a veritable cottage industry of criticism has appeared to decipher, decode, and demolish Michel Foucault. Despite the polemics, ambiguities, and, at times, the impenetrability of his prose, Foucault and his critics do agree that one of the central concerns of his work, particularly his early work, was an analysis of power and how such institutions as police, prisons, and churches reflect the power structures of society. Two of Michel Foucault's major studies, Folie et deraison; histoire de la folie a l'age classique (1961) and Surveiller et punir: Naissance de la prison (1977), examine the theme of power and the connections among Bourbon France's absolutism, religious ethos, and the growth of prisons, particularly in Paris. Surveiller et punir, although the more mature work, is focused almost exclusively on the eighteenth century. The second and third chapters of Folie et deraison, titled "The Great Confinement" and "The Correctional World," however, do examine the power structures of Louis XIV's Paris. In these chapters Foucault seeks to show how Louis XIV's chartering of the sprawling Parisian Hopital-General in 1656 exemplified the "Great Confinement" of "sturdy beggars"-the mad, the sinful, and the marginal-not only in Paris but in urban centers throughout France and western Europe. In explaining the spirit and rationale of the Hopital-General's two key penal asylums-the men's prison of the Bicetre and the women's prison of the Salpetriere-Foucault suggests three reasons for this "Great Confinement." First, he points to an economic reason which he sees as the government's reaction to the "general crisis of the seventeenth-century," aimed expressly at locking up the footloose "sturdy beggars" who had inundated Paris in the 1640s and 1650s. Second, he identifies a political reason whereby confinement in the H6pital-General was a prophylactic measure intended to cleanse Paris of criminals and deviants who had boldly challenged the power of Louis XIV's political elites. Third, Foucault allows for a religious motive for confinement, inspired by what he labels the deadly sin of the seventeenth
Interconnection aspects of spin torque devices: Delay, energy-per-bit, and circuit size modeling

Information processing utilizing the spin degree of freedom of the electron may pave the way for the next generation computer. In this paper we have analyzed a nonlocal spin torque device to obtain its performance and energy dissipation as a function of the length of the interconnection between the transmitter and the receiver nanomagnet. Impact of the spin relaxation in the interconnect material on the overall performance and energy dissipation is analyzed. It is shown that spin relaxation lengths of several microns (∼8 (xm) are highly desirable in order to reduce the energy dissipation substantially and to increase the performance of the circuit. Nanomagnets with dimensions on the order of 15nm × 20nm × 20nm are critical for logic application since the reduction in the volume of the nanomagnet reduces the amount of electrical injection current needed to rotate the magnetization from parallel to anti-parallel orientation or vice-versa. It is shown that for a Cobalt nanomagnet of volume 6000 nm3 the switching time due to spin-torque can be ∼1–2 ns with an energy dissipation of 107 k B T for electrical injection current of 25μA and spin relaxation length of 8μm. Using stochastic wire length distribution models, the upper bound on the circuit size of the spin-based logic is also obtained for a fixed percentage of gates being dedicated as spin boosters. It is shown that for a spin relaxation length of 8μm and Rent's exponent p = 2/3, the maximum number of gates in the spin based logic block can be ∼2000 if the maximum number of spin boosters is limited to 200. Some possible approaches are quantified to reduce the delay of the circuit while maintaining low energy operation.
HELMINTH COMMUNITIES IN FIVE SPECIES OF SYMPATRIC AMPHIBIANS FROM THREE ADJACENT EPHEMERAL PONDS IN SOUTHEASTERN WISCONSIN

Representatives of 5 amphibian species (313 individuals), including eastern American toads (Bufo americanus), wood frogs (Rana sylvatica), spring peepers (Pseudacris crucifer), blue-spotted salamanders (Ambystoma laterale), and central newts (Notophthalmus viridescens louisianensis), were collected from 3 ephemeral ponds during spring 1994, and they were inspected for helminth parasites. The component communities of anurans were more diverse than those of caudates. Infracommunities of all host species were isolationist and depauperate, due mostly to host ectothermy and low vagility. Toad infracommunities were dominated by skin-penetrating nematodes, and they had the highest values of mean total parasite abundance, mean species richness, and overall prevalence. This was likely due to their greater vagility compared with other host species. Infracommunities of wood frogs and blue-spotted salamanders had intermediate values for these measures of parasitism, whereas spring peeper and newt infracommunities had the lowest values. In addition to relative vagility, feeding habits and habitat preference were likely important in helminth community structure. Body size also seemed to play a role because mean wet weight of host species followed the same general trend as values of parasitism. However, effects of size were variable within host species and difficult to separate from other aspects of host ecology.
The Bw4 public epitope of HLA-B molecules confers reactivity with natural killer cell clones that express NKB1, a putative HLA receptor

Although inhibition of natural killer (NK) cell-mediated lysis by the class I HLA molecules of target cells is an established phenomenon, knowledge of the features of class I molecules which induce this effect remains rudimentary. Using class I alleles HLA-B*1502 and B*1513 which differ only at residues 77-83 which define the Bw4 and Bw6 serological epitopes, we tested the hypothesis that the presence of the Bw4 epitope on class I molecules determines recognition by NKB1+ NK cells. HLA-B*1513 possesses the Bw4 epitope, whereas B*1502 has the Bw6 epitope. Lysis by NKB1+ NK cell clones of transfected target cells expressing B*1513 as the only HLA-A, -B, or -C molecule was inhibited, whereas killing of transfectants expressing B*1502 was not. Addition of an an anti-NKB1 monoclonal antibody reconstituted lysis of the targets expressing B*1513, but did not affect killing of targets bearing B*1502. The inhibitory effect of B*1513 could be similarly prevented by the addition of an anti-class I monoclonal antibody. These results show that the presence of the Bw4 epitope influences recognition of HLA-B molecules by NK cells that express NKB1, and suggest that the NKB1 molecule may act as a receptor for Bw4+ HLA-B alleles. Sequences outside of the Bw4 region must also affect recognition by NKB1+ NK cells, because lysis of transfectants expressing HLA-A*2403 or A*2501, which possess the Bw4 epitope but are in other ways substantially different from HLA-B molecules, was not increased by addition of the anti-NKB1 antibody. Asparagine 86, the single site of N-linked glycosylation on class I molecules, is in close proximity to the Bw4/Bw6 region. The glycosylation site of the Bw4-positive molecule B*5801 was mutated, and the mutant molecules tested for inhibition of NKB1+ NK cells. Inhibition that could be reversed by addition of the anti-NKB1 monoclonal antibody was observed, showing the presence of the carbohydrate moiety is not essential for class I recognition by NKB1+ NK cell clones.
Algebraic dimension of twistor spaces

Si l'espace twisteur d'une variete compacte autoduale est Moishezon, la classe conforme autoduale contient une metrique de courbure scalaire positive
Maternal Socio-Economic and Race/Ethnic Characteristics Associated with Early Intervention Participation

Objectives To evaluate whether Massachusetts Early Intervention (EI) serves children at risk of developmental delay due to social factors, we identified socio-demographic characteristics associated with program enrollment and examined predictors of participation at each stage from referral to enrollment. Methods The Pregnancy to Early Life Longitudinal (PELL) data system linked birth certificate, hospital discharge, and EI data for all Massachusetts births, 1998–2000. We identified predictors of enrollment among births and predictors of referral, eligibility evaluation among those referred, and enrollment among eligible children using multivariate modified Poisson models to adjust for medical risks. Results Overall, 29,950 children (13.7% of births) enrolled in EI. Most social risk indicators predicted enrollment, including maternal government insurance (RR = 1.32, 95% CI 1.29–1.36) and maternal education ≤10 years (RR = 1.36, 95% CI 1.30–1.42). Having a foreign-born (RR = 0.77, 95% CI 0.74–0.80), non-English speaking (RR = 0.93, 95% CI 0.89–0.97) or Asian (RR = 0.88, 95% CI 0.82–0.94) mother was negatively associated with enrollment. Of births, 18.6% were referred to EI. Similar socio-demographic variables predicted referral as predicted enrollment. Among referrals, 87.7% received an evaluation. Evaluation was negatively associated with young maternal age, black maternal race, and high poverty level. Of eligible children, 93.0% enrolled. Enrollment among eligible children was negatively associated with young maternal age and high poverty level. Conclusion In Massachusetts, children born with social risk factors have high EI participation. Nevertheless, children in immigrant communities may face barriers to initial contact with EI, while children from low socioeconomic environments may be at risk for not enrolling after EI referral.
Fault tolerant arbiters for synchronous multiple bus systems

An arbitration circuit for a multiple bus system was designed using M number of N-to-1 arbiters and one M-user B-server (M-to-B) arbiter, where M, N and B are the number of memory modules, processors and buses, respectively. A new design of an M-to-B arbiter was presented by S.M. Mahmud and M. Showkat-Ul-Alam (1990), but this arbiter does not work properly when one or more buses become faulty, and does not have the reconfigurable feature. The authors present the design of a reconfigurable M-to-B arbiter. The performance of the arbiter has been evaluated using simulation. The results show that the arbiters work as they are supposed to under different bus fault conditions. >
Advanced Active Filtering in a Single Phase High Frequency AC Microgrid

In this paper a single phase high frequency AC (HFAC) microgrid is presented as an exciting step towards integrating renewable energy sources in a distributed generation system. A very important task in the microgrid is to control the power flow between the microgrid and the local grid, which can be accomplished by using an active filtering solution called universal active power line conditioner (UPLC). Besides, for optimum HFAC bus utilization, it is extremely important to compensate for reactive power, load current harmonics resulted from non-linear loads, and voltage distortions resulting from the source and/or converter non-linearity. A unified power quality conditioner (UPQC), which integrates shunt and series active filters, is a power electronic solution to accomplish all these functions. The controllers for both the UPQC and UPLC are based on the instantaneous single phase p-q theory and the results obtained show that the successful implementation of HFAC microgrid with adequate power flow and power quality control ensuring the improved system utilization
Pericardial Space Exploration for Ventricular Tachycardia Mapping: Should the Countdown Begin?

Ablation of ventricular tachycardia using radiofrequency energy is frequently successful. This includes ablation of right ventricular outflow tract tacbycardia, idiopatbic left ventricular tacbycardia, ventricular tacbycardia due to macroreentry involving tbe bundle brancbes, and ventricular tacbycardia in tbe setting of iscbemic and noniscbemic cardiomyopatbies .' Mapping of ventricular tacbycardia requires tbe use of one or more of tbe following tecbniques: pace mapping, "P potentials" for some left ventricular tacbycardias, early ventricular activation, concealed entrainment, localization of isolated mid-diastolic potentials, and continuous electrical activity.'•^ Results from surgery suggest tbat ventricular tacbycardia circuits may involve tbe epicardial surface, and tbis involvement may be responsible for unsuccessful localization and cure in some patients.^ Tbese data imply tbat failed attempts at catbeter ablation of ventricular tacbycardia may sometimes be due to inadequate mapping, inadequate lesion size, or to an epicardial circuit and tbe inability of endocardial application of radiofrequenc y energy to create an epicardial lesion. Perbaps tecbniques are needed to map tbe epicardium to guide radiofrequency ablation of ventricular tacbycardia. In tbis issue of tbe Joumal of Cardiovascula r Electrophysioiogy, Sosa et al.'' describe a new tecbnique for mapping tbe epicardium. Sosa et al.'' describe a tecbnique of epicardial mapping of ventricular tacbycardia witb standard electropbysiologic catbeters performed utilizing a pericardial puncture in tbree patients witb Cbagas' disease. Tbis tecbnique is novel and may provide an approacb not only to epicardial mapping, but
Imaging of congenital toxoplasmosis macular scars with optical coherence tomography.

Purpose:The purpose of this study is to document the appearance of macular toxoplasmosis scars with the high-resolution cross-sectional retinal imaging technique of optical coherence tomography (OCT) and investigate whether a correlation exists between the morphology of the toxoplasmosis scars, the
Rift Valley Fever Virus Lacking the NSs and NSm Genes Is Highly Attenuated, Confers Protective Immunity from Virulent Virus Challenge, and Allows for Differential Identification of Infected and Vaccinated Animals

Rift Valley fever (RVF) virus is a mosquito-borne human and veterinary pathogen associated with large outbreaks of severe disease throughout Africa and more recently the Arabian peninsula. Infection of livestock can result in sweeping "abortion storms" and high mortality among young animals. Human infection results in self-limiting febrile disease that in approximately 1 to 2% of patients progresses to more serious complications including hepatitis, encephalitis, and retinitis or a hemorrhagic syndrome with high fatality. The virus S segment-encoded NSs and the M segment-encoded NSm proteins are important virulence factors. The development of safe, effective vaccines and tools to screen and evaluate antiviral compounds is critical for future control strategies. Here, we report the successful reverse genetics generation of multiple recombinant enhanced green fluorescent protein-tagged RVF viruses containing either the full-length, complete virus genome or precise deletions of the NSs gene alone or the NSs/NSm genes in combination, thus creating attenuating deletions on multiple virus genome segments. These viruses were highly attenuated, with no detectable viremia or clinical illness observed with high challenge dosages (1.0 x 10(4) PFU) in the rat lethal disease model. A single-dose immunization regimen induced robust anti-RVF virus immunoglobulin G antibodies (titer, approximately 1:6,400) by day 26 postvaccination. All vaccinated animals that were subsequently challenged with a high dose of virulent RVF virus survived infection and could be serologically differentiated from naive, experimentally infected animals by the lack of NSs antibodies. These rationally designed marker RVF vaccine viruses will be useful tools for in vitro screening of therapeutic compounds and will provide a basis for further development of RVF virus marker vaccines for use in endemic regions or following the natural or intentional introduction of the virus into previously unaffected areas.
The Influence of Personality on Workplace Bullying and Discrimination

This study explored the similarity of underlying personality traits of workplace bullying and discrimination. University students self-reported the frequency of bullying others in the workplace and discriminating against African Americans, homosexuals, and the obese. They completed questionnaires measuring prejudice and personality traits. The major findings were that social dominance orientation, low social desirability scores, and being male affected bullying and discrimination. Perspective taking affected bullying; and right-wing authoritarianism, anxiety, and being White affected discrimination. Prejudice influenced relations between personality and discrimination, but not bullying. It was concluded that despite strong behavioral similarities, bullying and discrimination have somewhat different underlying determinants. Certain traits make them distinct, increasing the likelihood of one choosing either a prejudice-based target or a non-prejudice-based target.
Milk production, fluid balance and temperature regulation in lactating camels (Camelus dromedarius)

The aims of this thesis were to identify good milking and watering routines for camels, and to better understand the physiological mechanisms that enable camels to produce milk during long periods of water deprivation. Milk production was increased by changing the number of milkings from one to four times per day in an on-farm study. Camels that calved in the long dry season had a higher lactation yield than those that calved in the wet season. Seven camels were subjected to four watering regimes, each 16 days long with 5 days of daily watering in between. The regimes were: water offered once every day (W1); offered on days 4, 8, 12 and 16 (W4); on days 8 and 16 (W8) or on day 16 (W16). Milk yield decreased after about 8 days of water deprivation, and changes in milk fat, lactose and protein concentrations remained small during W16. Contrary to widespread belief, dehydrated camels did not dilute their milk, instead milk and blood plasma osmolality increased in parallel. Camels saved water by storing heat during daytime allowing body temperature to increase, and dissipating the heat during the cool night. Afternoon body temperature was around 39.0°C in all treatments but fell by 3 to 6°C at night, with the lowest recorded values in severely hydrated camels. Despite low morning body temperatures, camels sought shade to avoid evaporative water loss but after drinking, they spent more time in the sun. Water deprived camels are known to compensate the number of kilograms of body weight lost by drinking equivalent number of liters of water, and this has been assumed to indicate a full recovery. However, diminished food and salt intake, and sodium loss via urine and feces, are seldom considered. During dehydration, W16 camels increased plasma vasopressin levels, which decreased upon drinking, but aldosterone concentration increased to retain sodium and camels took more than two weeks to recover. Camels maintained milk production during 8 days of water deprivation, to improve milk production, more frequent watering is recommended in the dry season.
A model of carbon evasion and sedimentation in temperate lakes

Lakes process terrigenous carbon. The carbon load processed by lakes may partially offset estimates made for terrestrial net ecosystem exchange (NEE). The balance within lakes between carbon burial and evasion to the atmosphere determines whether lakes are net sinks or net sources of atmospheric carbon. Here we develop a model to study processing of both autochthonous and allochthonous carbon sources in lakes. We run the model over gradients of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations found in the Northern Highlands Lake District of Wisconsin. In our model, lakes processed between 5 and 28gCm � 2 (watershed) yr � 1 derived from the watershed, which approximates one-tenth of NEE for similar terrestrial systems without lakes. Most lakes were net heterotrophic and had carbon evasion in excess of carbon burial, making them net sources of carbon to the atmosphere. Only lakes low in DOC and moderate to high in TP were net autotrophic and net sinks of carbon from the atmosphere.
Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Fractures of the Radial Head

Background: The purpose of this retrospective study was to analyze the functional results following open reduction and internal fixation of fractures of the radial head and to determine which fracture patterns are most amenable to this treatment. Methods: Fifty-six patients in whom an intra-articular fracture of the radial head had been treated with open reduction and internal fixation were evaluated at an average of forty-eight months after injury. Thirty patients had a Mason Type-2 (partial articular) fracture, and twenty-six had a Mason Type-3 (complete articular) fracture. Twenty-seven of the fifty-six fractures were associated with a fracture-dislocation of the forearm or elbow or an injury of the medial collateral ligament. Fifteen of the thirty Type-2 fractures were comminuted. Fourteen of the twenty-six Type-3 fractures consisted of more than three fragments, and twelve consisted of two or three fragments. The result at the final evaluation was judged to be unsatisfactory when there was early failure of fixation or nonunion requiring a second operation to excise the radial head, <100° of forearm rotation, or a fair or poor rating according to the system of Broberg and Morrey. Results: The result was unsatisfactory for four of the fifteen patients with a comminuted Mason Type-2 fracture of the radial head; all four fractures had been associated with a fracture-dislocation of the forearm or elbow, and all four patients recovered <100° of forearm rotation. Thirteen of the fourteen patients with a Mason Type-3 comminuted fracture with more than three articular fragments had an unsatisfactory result. In contrast, all fifteen patients with an isolated, noncomminuted Type-2 fracture had a satisfactory result. Of the twelve patients with a Type-3 fracture that split the radial head into two or three simple fragments, none had early failure, one had nonunion, and all had an arc of forearm rotation of ≥100°. Conclusions: Although current implants and techniques for internal fixation of small articular fractures have made it possible to repair most fractures of the radial head, our data suggest that open reduction and internal fixation is best reserved for minimally comminuted fractures with three or fewer articular fragments. Associated fracture-dislocation of the elbow or forearm may also compromise the long-term result of radial head repair, especially with regard to restoration of forearm rotation.
Analogy, Semantics, and Hermeneutics: The “Concept versus Judgment” Critique of Cajetan's De Nominum Analogia

Cajetan's treatment of analogy in De Nominum Analogia is well known as the most influential and sophisticated theory of a central issue in Thomistic philosophy. The late twentieth century saw that theory subject to a family of criticisms. If the critics are correct, Cajetan's analogy theory is also significant historically for exposing weaknesses latent in medieval semantic assumptions. According to the critics, the Aristotelian assumptions that words signify by means of discrete “concepts,” and that the meaning of propositions depends on the significations of its component terms, cannot do justice to the complexity, variety, and flexibility of actual human discourse; in De Nominum Analogia they see the elegant structure of classical semantics collapsing under the pressure of analogical language. In this article, I examine these criticisms of Cajetan's analogy theory, and argue that, in light of both Cajetan's semantic principles and his hermeneutic practice, they fall short. The conclusion not only implies a defense of Cajetan's project, but clarifies the general philosophical alternatives available within the traditional Aristotelian semantic framework.
A temperature-sensitive NUP116 null mutant forms a nuclear envelope seal over the yeast nuclear pore complex thereby blocking nucleocytoplasmic traffic

NUP116 encodes a 116-kD yeast nuclear pore complex (NPC) protein that is not essential but its deletion (nup116 delta) slows cell growth at 23 degrees C and is lethal at 37 degrees C (Wente, S. R., M. P. Rout, and G. Blobel. 1992. J. Cell Biol. 119:705-723). Electron microscopic analysis of nup116 delta cells shifted to growth at 37 degrees C revealed striking perturbations of the nuclear envelope: a double membrane seal that was continuous with the inner and outer nuclear membranes had formed over the cytoplasmic face of the NPCs. Electron-dense material was observed accumulating between the cytoplasmic face of these NPCs and the membrane seal, resulting in "herniations" of the nuclear envelope around individual NPCs. In situ hybridization with poly(dT) probes showed the accumulation of polyadenylated RNA in the nuclei of arrested nup116 delta cells, sometimes in the form of punctate patches at the nuclear periphery. This is consistent with the electron microscopically observed accumulation of electron-dense material within the nuclear envelope herniations. We propose that nup116 delta NPCs remain competent for export, but that the formation of the membrane seals over the NPCs blocks nucleocytoplasmic traffic.
Personality types and theoretical orientation to reading: An exploratory study

Abstract The authors investigated the relationships among teachers’ stated theoretical orientation to reading and several psychological measures. The purpose of the study was to determine if certain personality factors would cluster around each of three theoretical orientations to teaching reading: phonics (decoding/ mastery learning), skills (traditional/basal readers), and whole language.
Nanoscopic cell-wall architecture of an immunogenic ligand in Candida albicans during antifungal drug treatment

The cell wall of Candida albicans is composed largely of polysaccharides. Here we focus on β-glucan, an immunogenic cell-wall polysaccharide whose surface exposure is often restricted, or "masked," from immune recognition by Dectin-1 on dendritic cells (DCs) and other innate immune cells. Previous research suggested that the physical presentation geometry of β-glucan might determine whether it can be recognized by Dectin-1. We used direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy to explore the fine structure of β-glucan exposed on C. albicans cell walls before and after treatment with the antimycotic drug caspofungin, which alters glucan exposure. Most surface-accessible glucan on C. albicans yeast and hyphae is limited to isolated Dectin-1-binding sites. Caspofungin-induced unmasking caused approximately fourfold to sevenfold increase in total glucan exposure, accompanied by increased phagocytosis efficiency of DCs for unmasked yeasts. Nanoscopic imaging of caspofungin-unmasked C. albicans cell walls revealed that the increase in glucan exposure is due to increased density of glucan exposures and increased multiglucan exposure sizes. These findings reveal that glucan exhibits significant nanostructure, which is a previously unknown physical component of the host-Candida interaction that might change during antifungal chemotherapy and affect innate immune activation.
Abstract 13762: Sedentary Behavior and Physical Activity Are Differentially Associated with Fat Deposition in Older Adults

Background: Physical activity is robustly cardioprotective. Recent studies, however, suggest that sedentary behavior, specifically time spent sitting, predicts greater cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and does so independently of physical activity levels. This association is only partially explained by BMI and body composition, suggesting mechanisms other than general increased adiposity, such as location of fat deposition, may be involved. Objective: To explore the independent associations of physical activity and sedentary behavior with fat deposition among older community-dwelling adults in the Rancho Bernardo study. Methods: Participants were 504 adults (26% Caucasian men, 32% Caucasian women, 23% African American women, and 19% Filipino women) with a mean age of 65 years. Weekly physical activity hours and daily sitting hours were measured by self-report. Areas of pericardial, intra-thoracic, visceral, and intermuscular fat were measured using computed tomography (CT) scans of abdominal and chest regions. Reported physical activity and sitting hours were entered simultaneously into multivariate regression models to determine independent associations with each area of fat deposition. Results: After adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, BMI, and cardiovascular risk factors, each additional hour of weekly physical activity predicted 2.54 cm2 less visceral fat and 0.34 cm2 less intermuscular fat (for both p Conclusions: Sitting time and physical activity have distinct, independent associations with the location of fat deposition in older adults. Common inflammatory markers did not mediate these associations. The positive association between sitting and pericardial fat could partially explain the link between sitting and coronary heart disease.
Theory of Adaptive Optimization for Umbrella Sampling

We present a theory of adaptive optimization for umbrella sampling. With the analytical bias force constant obtained from the constrained thermodynamic length along the reaction coordinate, the windows are distributed to optimize the overlap between neighbors. Combining with the replica exchange method, we propose a method of adaptive window exchange umbrella sampling. The efficiency gain in sampling by the present method originates from the optimal window distribution, in which windows are concentrated to the region where the free energy is steep, as well as consequently improved random walk.
Tensile Testing of Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Composites

A novel approach in tensile testing of cementitious composites using the ASCERA® hydraulic tensile tester is described. The test specimens are cylindrical bars. Steel pistons are adhesively bonded on either end of the specimens and inserted in a pressure chamber. The pressure is increased until the specimen is pulled apart by the hydraulic pressure exerted on the pistons. Advantages of this method are: large volume under load, self-alignment to minimize externally applied bending moments, and determination of the rupture stress exactly at the fracture initiation point. Glass reinforced cementitious composites were tested. Results are discussed with respect to curing time and fiber volume fraction. The tensile strength values obtained by hydraulic testing are compared to values obtained by traditional uniaxial tensile strength tests. A biaxial model is adopted to verify the results.
Research Progress on Rice Varietal Mixture Planting

The mixture planting of different rice varieties is a new planting model in rice production. Based on the advantages of yield increase and better disease resistance of the traditional rice interplanting,the mixed sowing and planting model in a certain ratio among different varieties or the full mixture planting is suitable for large-scale mechanized production and easy to expand commercially without any additional increase in labor force and production cost. The research and application was reviewed on the mixed planting models of different rice varieties. The models of interplanting and full mixture planting were compared in their strength and weakness. The interactive effects were analyzed on the disease resistance and grain yield in the mixed planting of different rice varieties. The key techniques,including variety selection,number of mixed varieties,mixed ratio of different varieties and mixed planting methods,were discussed and the future research emphasis and orientation was suggested,for the rice varietal mixture planting.
Alternate Trajectories: Women Moving into Mathematics Education.

While only about one-third of each year's doctoral graduates in mathematics are women, about two-thirds of the doctoral graduates in mathematics education are women. This article reports on the results of a qualitative investigation into the nature of the graduate school-related experiences of women in collegiate mathematics education doctoral programs (Toney, 2008). Eight women with advanced mathematics degrees were interviewed. Each woman chose to move into a collegiate mathematics education doctoral program in a mathematics department. The two-interview protocol explored and extended a framework about women doctoral mathematics students' experiences suggested by the research of Herzig (2002, 2004a, 2004b), Hollenshead, Younce, and Wenzel (1994), and Stage and Maple (1996). Results support an addition of three new categories to this framework: self as scholar, "my teaching," and future possible self. Concluding remarks include suggestions for future research and new directions for practice, graduate program development, and faculty recruitment.
Anisotropy of the Lower Critical Field in YBa2Cu3O7-δ

The crystal structure1 of YBa2Cu3O7-δ is composed of chains and planes of Cu-O bonds which are arranged in layers perpendicular to the c direction. The one-dimensional chains are oriented along the b direction and are located at the top and bottom of the unit cell shown in Fig. 1. The planes are composed of a corrugated two-dimensional network of Cu-O bonds oriented along the a and b directions and located near the center of the unit cell just above and below the Y site. The metallic character of YBa2Cu3O7-δ is provided by strong overlap between neighboring Cu and O ions in the chains and planes. There is almost no metallic character along the c direction because there are no oxygen atoms along the cell edges between the Cu2 sites. Thus the Cu-O plane just above the Y site does not overlap the plane just below the Y site. In the layer of chains there is virtually no metallic character in the a direction because there are no oxygen atoms between the Cul sites along a. The layer of chains and the layer of planes are connected by the bridging O4 site which overlaps both the neighboring Cul and Cu2 sites. However, this O4 is displaced considerably toward the Cul site so that it is bound much more strongly to the chains than to the planes. Thus, the coupling between the chains and planes is relatively weak, and the system may be thought of as composed of two nearly independent subsystems showing one- and two-dimensional character.2
Moving beyond traditional electronic design automation: Data-driven design of analog circuits

Understanding the relation between the characteristics of the referenced ideas (as expressed by the cited papers) and the expected impact of a new design (as measured by the received citation count) is important in maximizing the outcomes of the spent design effort, time, and resources. This paper presents a new methodology and the related metrics and procedures to analyze this connection. The approach was utilized to study the distinguishing features of highly-cited papers on switched capacitor filter design. A set of pattern specific to these papers are discussed in the paper.
Emerging SiGeSn integrated-photonics technology

The 1.5 to 5.0 μm wavelength region is a “new band” for sensing, communications, night vision and other significant applications enabled by emerging SiGeSn integrated-photonics technology. This paper gives an overview of potential mid-infrared applications and device capabilities. After R&D, it is likely that all photonic components including on-chip laser diodes, photodetectors, electro-modulators and switches can be constructed as SiGeSn-A/SiGeSn-B heterostructures, such as quantum-well devices. Particularly in the 1.9 to 2.5 μm wavelength range where 300K operation of an all-group-IV photonic integrated circuit (PIC) can be engineered, this silicon-based PIC is a prime candidate for insertion into a high-volume CMOS or BiCMOS foundry manufacturing process, thereby yielding low-cost OEICs.
Beyond Nation. Beyond Methodism

Like Rob Nixon’s work, James Campbell’s Songs of Zion contributes to the new impulse in comparative history of uncovering the connections between societies under comparison. Campbell describes the conduit between two societies acting as a ‘looking glass in which Africans and African Americans examined one another, and, in the process, reexamined themselves’.2 Campbell’s focus is the connection between the African Methodist Episcopal Church in the United States and the Ethiopian Church in South Africa. Aware that historians have ‘paid insufficient attention to Africa’s pervasiveness in African American intellectual and imaginative life’, he undertakes ‘a study of transplantation, showing how a creed devised by and for African Americans was appropriated and transformed in a variety of South African contexts’.