cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preliminary investigation on the relationship between the central nervous system and the oral cavity

Abstract The purpose of the present investigation was to determine the effect on the oral cavity of chronic visceral stimulation of the brain stem. Experiments were performed on seventeen dogs in which the stimulus was applied to two different procedures. Seven animals received traumatic irritation by means of a blunt probe. Ten animals were stimulated with glass beads located in the sella turcica which produced a mild continuous stimulation on the tuber cinereum, infundibulum, and mammillary bodies. Six animals served as controls and were operated upon in the same manner as the experimental animals but received no cerebral stimulation. All animals in the first group died by the eleventh postoperative day, showing severe hemorrhage of the gastric and intestinal mucosa and superficial erosion of the intestinal tract. No oral lesions were encountered. Six animals of the second group showed changes in the oral cavity. These changes were bleeding, ulcerous stomatitis, and periodontal disturbances. This latter group also exhibited gastric bleeding, focal lesions, and ulcers in the duodenum and jejunum. Control animals kept in the same environment showed no changes in either the oral cavity or the intestinal tract.
Developmental Changes in the Perception of Inverted Triangular Forms: Closure and Order Effects.

Summary.-90 preschool and school age children were required to judge the orientation of simple triangular forms of varying completeness presented in one of three orders: increasing completeness, decreasing completeness, and random. Results indicated that number of correct responses varied as a function of age, degree of closure, and presentation order. A reliable interaction between age and presentation order indicated that the random presentation order was more difficult for the younger children. These results were taken as substantial support for the percepmal development viewpoint rypified by Gibson, Hebb, and Piaget.
Behavior-Setting Interactions of Autistic Children: A Behavioral Mapping Approach to Assessing Classroom Behaviors.

Abstract This investigation was designed to: 1) systematically observe the behaviors of autistic children as they vary in different settings in the classroom, 2) develop a methodology for such observation, and 3) assess which environments were associated with the occurrence of certain behaviors. A behavioral mapping observation procedure was employed in three classrooms. Eight behaviors were observed in five typical classroom settings. The results indicated thatwwithin a classroom environment, particular settings were associated with or “wedded to” high rates of particular behaviors and low rates of others. The utility of behavioral mapping procedures as well as implications for classroom design are discussed.
Solution structure of a Na cation stabilized DNA quadruplex containing G.G.G.G and G.C.G.C tetrads formed by G-G-G-C repeats observed in adeno-associated viral DNA.

Abstract We have applied NMR and molecular dynamics computations including intensity based refinement to define the structure of the d(G-G-G-C-T4-G-G-G-C) dodecanucleotide in 100 mM NaCl solution. The G-G-G-C sequence is of interest since it has been found as tandem repeats in the DNA sequence of human chromosome 19. The same G-G-G-C sequence is also seen as islands in adeno-associated virus, a human parvovirus, which is unique amongst eukaryotic DNA viruses in its ability to integrate site-specifically into a defined region of human chromosome 19. The d(G-G-G-C-T4-G-G-G-C) sequence forms a quadruplex in Na cation containing solution through head-to-tail dimerization of two symmetry-related stem-hairpin loops with adjacent strands antiparallel to each other around the quadruplex. The connecting T4 loops are of the lateral type, resulting in a quadruplex structure containing two internal G·G·G·G tetrads flanked by G·C·G·C tetrads. The G(anti)·G(syn)·G(anti)·G(syn) tetrads are formed through dimerization associated hydrogen bonding alignments of a pair of Hoogsteen G(anti)·G(syn) mismatch pairs, while the G(anti)·C(anti)·G(anti)·C(anti) tetrads are formed through dimerization associated bifurcated hydrogen bonding alignments involving the major groove edges of a pair of Watson-Crick G·C base-pairs. The quadruplex contains two distinct narrow and two symmetric wide grooves with extensive stacking between adjacent tetrad planes. The structure of the quadruplex contains internal cavities that can potentially accommodate Na cations positioned between adjacent tetrad planes. Three such Na cations have been modeled into the structure of the d(G-G-G-C-T4-G-G-G-C) quadruplex. Finally, we speculate on the potential role of quadruplex formation involving G·G·G·G and G·C·G·C tetrads during the integration of the adeno-associated parvovirus into its target on human chromosome 19, both of which involve stretches of G-G-G-C sequence elements.
3D Cell Shape and Cell Fate are Regulated by the Dynamic Micro-Mechanical Properties of the Cell-ECM Interface

Mechanobiology is an interdisciplinary field that focuses on predicting and understanding cellular responses to mechanical loads. The extracellular matrix (ECM) represents a macromolecular framework that naturally imparts structural support and spatial organization for resident cells. The ECM also participates in the communication and transfer of mechanical loads to cells, in part, via integrin attachment to the cytoskeleton (CSK). Recently, using a tissue model in which cells are embedded in a 3D collagen ECM, we have shown that fundamental cell behaviors, including morphology, proliferation, contractility, and ECM remodeling properties, can be modulated by varying 3D microstructural organization and mechanical properties of the surrounding collagen fibrils[1]. While these and other results demonstrate the critical role played by the ECM in regulating cell behavior, the mechanical-based mechanisms underlying these critical cell-ECM interactions have yet to be fully elucidated [2].Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Minority carrier exclusion

Abstract The paper deals with a current-controlled non-equilibrium process, whereby the influx of minority carriers into a semiconducting material is smaller than the rate required for normal conduction in the undisturbed, homogeneous bulk. It is shown, within the framework of a “small signal theory”, how the corresponding concentration and field contours depend on the carrier lifetime, the mobility ratio and the current composition contact characteristics (via the exclusion ratio). The departures from electronic equilibrium can lead to a total resistance increase or a decrease, depending on the detailed combination of parameters.
Public policy and childhood in the united states

(1976). Public policy and childhood in the united states. Theory Into Practice: Vol. 15, Democracy In Education, pp. 70-76.
Central distribution of the cervical vagus nerve in Old and New World primates.

Abstract The central distribution of the cervical vagus nerve was examined in Old and New World primates using anterograde transganglionic and retrograde horeseradish peroxide (HRP) histochemistry. Crystals of HRP were applied to the cut central end of the cervical vagus nerve in two Old World (one bonnet, one cynomolgus) and two New World (squirrel) monkeys. Bright- and darkfield examination of coronal sections from the pons, medulla, and upper cervical spinal cord revealed two major concentrations of retrogradely labeled cells in the ipsilateral dorsal motor nucleus (DMX) and nucleus ambiguus (NA). DMX was heavily labeled. containing about 5 times as many labeled cells as NA. The anterograde distribution of reaction product did not extend as far in the rostrocaudal plane as did the retrograde distribution. Labeled afferent fibers entered the medulla at the level of the caudal dorsal cochlear nucleus, joined the solitary tract, and descended to the obex. Ipsilateral terminal label first appeared at the level where the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) abuts the IVth ventricle. The terminal field grew in extent and density, until at the level of the area postrema (AP), the distribution extended throughout the medial NST, ventrolateral NST, and AP. Contralateral terminal label was sparse and restricted to the medial NST. In the commissural division of the solitary nucleus, sparse reaction product was present bilaterally, with the denser concentration ipsilateral to the treated nerve. Examination of peripheral ganglia revealed labeled somata in the nodose, jugular, and superior cervical ganglia.
Steric and electronic effects in metallophilic double salts

This Perspective highlights our efforts to assemble infinite chains of metal atoms in double salts of the form [M]+[M]− under the complementary influences of metallophilic interactions and electrostatic attraction. Our design strategy necessarily incorporates the significant steric constraints of one-dimensional assemblies as well as the more subtle and challenging electronic tuning of weak dispersion forces.
Carbon-14 Content of 18th- and 19th-Century Wood: Variations Correlated with Sunspot Activity

A series of carbon-14 measurements of 18th- and 19-century wood revealed an excellent correlation between the variations in carbon-14 content and average sunspot activity. It seems probable, therefore, that the predominant cause of the short-term fluctuations in carbon-14 activity is the variability of solar activity.
Israel's War in Gaza: A Paradigm of Effective Military Learning and Adaptation

For more than two decades, the pursuit of “lessons learned” from major combat encounters has been an area of sustained activity within the defense establishments of the United States and its principal allies around the world. Yet as often as not, such efforts have, at best, yielded lessons merely indicated and identified, since they cannot be said to have been truly learned until their prescriptions have been accepted and assimilated into an armed service's doctrine, force development, and operating procedures. In one notable instance in late December 2008 and early January 2009, however, an exemplar of lessons learned and incorporated was offered by the twenty-three-day campaign conducted by the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) against the radical Islamist organization Hamas in the Gaza Strip. That performance came on the heels of the IDF's less impressive showing more than two years before against the Iranian-sponsored terrorist movement Hezbollah during Israel's 2006 war in Lebanon. By any measure, Israel's...
Liquid–crystalline solutions of polyhydrazides and poly(amide- hydrazides) in sulfuric acids

Para-linked aromatic polyhydrazides and poly(amide-hydrazides) can be dissolved in sulfuric acid of about 100% concentration to form liquid–crystalline solutions, and if the solutions are not heated excessively, they are reasonably stable and can be spun into strong fibers. Similar results can be obtained in fluorosulfonic acid and its admixtures with sulfuric acid. Polyhydrazides and copolyhydrazides based on oxalyl, terephthaloyl, chloroterephthaloyl, and 2,5-pyridinedioyl units and poly(amide–hydrazides) based in part on such intermediates as 4-aminobenzhydrazide and terephthalic dihydrazide were examined for formation of optically anisotropic solutions. Polymers with high proportions of meta- and ortho-linked ring units were highly soluble but did not yield liquid–crystalline solutions.
Heterogeneous input neuration for network-based object recognition architectures

The utilization of artificial neural networks (ANN) in the area of signal and image processing applications is showing great promise. The simplification of the classical object recognition methodology is illustrated by the network based algorithm development of a simple 2-D character recognition system. The hardware implementation of such a system is also discussed. An example of a network-based solution to a target recognition problem utilizing single sensor acoustic data is also addressed. The term heterogenous input neuration is introduced.
Mixture analysis using factor analysis. II: Self‐modeling curve resolution

One of the major applications of factor analysis in the chemical literature, self-modeling curve resolution (SMCR), is covered in this review, including a historical account of the methods derived from Lawton and Sylvestre's original method. Papers treating the theory or applications of SMCR are included. Qualitative and quantitative applications are described where appropriate.
Analysis of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of trophic action of a misspliced form of the type B cholecystokinin receptor present in colon and pancreatic cancer

Gastrin and cholecystokinin (CCK) have trophic action on cells expressing wild type A or B CCK receptors. Potential relevance to pancreatic and colonic cancers was raised by the demonstration of a misspliced type B CCK receptor that, when expressed in Balb3T3 cells, had constitutive activity to stimulate intracellular calcium. We attempted to confirm and extend this observation in CHO cells by establishing lines expressing similar densities of variant or wild type B CCK receptor. While both were capable of normal binding and agonist-induced signaling, neither expressed constitutive signaling and both had similar basal growth. Agonist stimulation of cells expressing misspliced receptor had greater increases in calcium and greater growth rates than control cells despite similar MAP kinase phosphorylation responses. Thus, this variant receptor can potentate peptide-stimulated signaling and trophic action and may contribute to the proliferation of neoplasms expressing it.
The total synthesis and metabolism of 4-decenoate, dodeca-3,6-dienoate, tetradeca-5,8-dienoate and hexadeca-7,10-dienoate in the fat-deficient rat.

Methyl 4-decenoate (10∶1ω6), methyl dodeca-3,6-dienoate (12∶2ω6), methyl tetradeca-5,8-dienoate (14∶2ω6) and methyl hexadeca-7,10-dienoate (16∶2ω6) were prepared by total synthesis. Rats raised on a fat-deficient diet for 2 1/2 months received 100 mg per day of one of the experimental acids or methyl linoleate for a period of 16 days. The liver lipids were extracted, converted to methyl esters and analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography. Neither 10∶1ω6 nor 12∶2ω6 served as biosynthetic precursors for linoleate. Small amounts of 14∶2ω6 were convered to linoleate while 16∶2ω6 served as an efficient precursor for linoleate and longer chain ω6 acids. None of the short chain ω6 acids were incorporated directly into liver lipids.
Treatment of a middle cerebral artery bifurcation aneurysm using a double neuroform stent "Y" configuration and coil embolization: technical case report.

Objective and importance Wide-necked cerebral aneurysms have been particularly difficult to treat using coil embolization. The introduction of the first intracranial flexible stent (Neuroform stent; Boston Scientific/Target, Fremont, CA) has provided a great advantage to this dilemma by forming a bridge across the aneurysm neck and allowing the packing of coils. Despite this advancement, some parent vessel bifurcation aneurysms can still remain elusive to single stent and coiling technique. Clinical presentation A 55-year-old woman presented for a routine follow-up angiogram. Her past history was significant for a subarachnoid hemorrhage and clipping of an anterior communicating aneurysm with full recovery. An incidental new right middle cerebral artery aneurysm was found on the angiogram. We report here a case of an unruptured asymptomatic wide-neck middle cerebral artery bifurcation aneurysm that was treated with a novel endovascular repair. Intervention The aneurysm was successfully treated using a double stent "Y" configuration and coil embolization technique using the Neuroform stent. Technical aspects are discussed. Perioperative management issues and potential pitfalls are also considered. Conclusion Double stenting in "Y" configuration and coiling is feasible. This technique should increase the ability to endovascularly treat wide-necked aneurysms.
A high frequency kriging approach for non-stationary environmental processes

Emission reductions were mandated in the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 with the expectation that they would result in major reductions in the concentrations of atmospherically transported pollutants. The emission reductions are intended to reduce public health risks and to protect sensitive ecosystems. To determine whether the emission reductions are having the intended effect on atmospheric concentrations, monitoring data must be analyzed taking into consideration the spatial structure shown by the data. Maps of pollutant concentrations and fluxes are useful over different geopolitical boundaries, to discover when, where, and to what extent the U.S. Nation's air quality is improving or declining. Since the spatial covariance structure shown by the data changes with location, the standard kriging methodology for spatial interpolation cannot be used because it assumes stationarity of the process. We present a new methodology for spatial interpolation of non-stationary processes. In this method the field is represented locally as a stationary isotropic random field, but the parameters of the stationary random field are allowed to vary across space. A procedure for interpolation is presented that uses an expression for the spectral density at high frequencies. New fitting algorithms are developed using spectral approaches. In cases where the data are distributed exactly or approximately on a lattice, it is argued that spectral approaches have potentially enormous computational benefits compared with maximum likelihood. The methods are extended to interpolation questions using approximate Bayesian approaches to account for parameter uncertainty. We develop applications to obtain the total loading of pollutant concentrations and fluxes over different geo-political boundaries. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lessons from Morality-Based Social Identity: The Power of Outgroup ''Hate,'' Not Just Ingroup ''Love''

Based on the unique features of morality, we suggest that group memberships rooted in moral convictions are a special classification of inherently threatening social groups in which outgroup “hate” naturally occurs with ingroup “love.” Three studies explored emotional reactions to ingroups and outgroups by individuals whose group memberships were either morality-based or non-morality-based. Results of each study indicated that individuals in morality-based groups reported less positive ingroup emotions and more negative outgroup emotions and threat than did those in non-morality-based groups. Additionally, strength of morality-based identification was predicted by attitudes about both the ingroup and the outgroup, but only attitudes about the ingroup predicted identification for non-morality-based groups. Together, these studies suggest a necessary interdependence of ingroup positivity and outgroup negativity for social groups based in morality. We conclude that negative outgroup-related emotions may be just as important as positive ingroup-related emotions for social identification based on moral convictions.
Activated Cdc42 kinase regulates Dock localization in male germ cells during Drosophila spermatogenesis

Deregulation of the non-receptor tyrosine kinase ACK1 (Activated Cdc42-associated kinase) correlates with poor prognosis in cancers and has been implicated in promoting metastasis. To further understand its in vivo function, we have characterized the developmental defects of a null mutation in Drosophila Ack, which bears a high degree of sequence similarity to mammalian ACK1 but lacks a CRIB domain. We show that Ack, while not essential for viability, is critical for sperm formation. This function depends on Ack tyrosine kinase activity and is required cell autonomously in differentiating male germ cells at or after the spermatocyte stage. Ack associates predominantly with endocytic clathrin sites in spermatocytes, but disruption of Ack function has no apparent effect on clathrin localization and receptor-mediated internalization of Boss (Bride of sevenless) protein in eye discs. Instead, Ack is required for the subcellular distribution of Dock (dreadlocks), the Drosophila homolog of the SH2- and SH3-containing adaptor protein Nck. Moreover, Dock forms a complex with Ack, and the localization of Dock in male germ cells depends on its SH2 domain. Together, our results suggest that Ack-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation recruits Dock to promote sperm differentiation.
Buried Secrets: Truth and Human Rights in Guatemala

Buried Secrets: Truth and Human Rights in Guatemala. Victoria Sanford. New York: Palgrave, 2003. 313 pp.
The Influence of Dosimetry on Earlier Damage Equivalence Ratios

Since it was first noted that the experimental damage equivalence ratios for different neutron spectra obtained from change in transistor parameter behavior did not agree with the calculated ratios based on damage to silicon, an explanation has been sought for this apparent discrepancy. Investigations have included device processing techniques device geometry, and finally dosimetry. Careful dosimetry is of the utmost importance to these ratio measurements. Recently extensive studies of the White Sands Fast Burst Reactor (FBR), which is identical to the Sandia Pulsed Reactor (SPR-II), yielded information which suggested that a significant error was possible in the SPR-II dosimetry utilized in earlier studies. A test group at SAl726 (2N4251) transistors were used to make a comparison of the spectrum from the FBR and the SPR-II. The results of the device study showed a difference of 25-30 percent in fluence measured by Sandia dosimetry and by White Sands dosimetry for a given FBR exposure. This difference was for a 10 KeV energy threshold. These findings prompted an investigation of the Sandia dosimetry techniques used at SPR-II. This investigation showed, on the basis of dosimetry measurements excluding fission foils, that the 10 KeV/3 MeV ratio for SPR-II was 7.5 instead of 10 as presently used. The correction in dosimetry from SPR-II when applied to earlier damage equivalence ratios changes the 14 MeV-to-SPR-II damage ratio from 4.2 to approximately 2.9. This value (2.9) is in good agreement with other experimenters and calculations based on displacement damage in silicon.
tip genes act in parallel pathways of early Dictyostelium development

Analysis of Dictyostelium strains carrying null mutations in tipA showed a primary defect in cell sorting and the formation of tips on the developing mound. To study the process affected in tipA- mutants further, other mutants with a similar phenotype were isolated and characterized. These studies showed three new Dictyostelium genes: tipB, tipC, and tipD. All the tip mutants aggregate into larger than average mounds, which split up and form many lips on their surfaces. Furthermore, each mutant exhibits reduced or aberrant cell-sorting behavior, never makes migrating slugs, and has severely reduced fruiting body and spore production. The mRNA of each tip gene is present in vegetative cells and does not vary significantly with development. Prespore and prestalk gene expression is reduced or delayed in the tip mutants indicating cell type differentiation is dependent on the function of these genes. Developing mutant cells in chimeric mixtures with wildtype cells demonstrated that the defects in each tip mutant behave cell autonomously. The overexpression of TipA in a tipB- background and the overexpression of TipB in a tipA- background significantly improved the morphogenesis of these mutants. These were the only situations in which the expression of one tip gene could compensate for the lack of a different tip gene. Except for the tipA-/tipB- strain, double mutations in the tip genes have additive effects, causing a more severe mutant phenotype with defects earlier in development than single mutants. The tipA-/tipB- double mutant does not show additive effects and is very similar to the tipA-single mutant. Analysis of the effects of double mutations and overexpression indicates that members of this class of genes appear to act through parallel pathways of differentiation and tip formation in early Dictyostelium development. Furthermore, TipA and TipB appear to have some overlapping functions or are involved in the same pathway. The multitipped phenotype observed in all the mutants may be a general result of perturbing early developmental events such as cell type differentiation and cell type proportioning.
Influence of Spotted Knapweed on Diversity and Abundance of Small Mammals in Grand Sable Dunes, Michigan, USA

ABSTRACT: Spotted knapweed (Centaurea stoebe L. ssp. micranthos [Gugler] Hayek) is an exotic plant that displaces native vegetation leading to altered plant and animal communities. We compared small mammal abundance and diversity in areas with, and without, spotted knapweed in Grand Sable Dunes, Michigan, to determine whether presence of this plant affected the small mammal community. We live trapped small mammals in June and August 2003 in six plots in native dune vegetation and in six plots in areas with spotted knapweed and native dune vegetation. Mean number of captures per trap of mice in spotted knapweed plots ( = 0.50 ± 0.31) was nearly double that in native plot ( = 0.27 ± 0.19; F1,20 = 18.251, P < 0.001). Amount of total vegetative cover in spotted knapweed plots ( = 71 ± 12% SD) was almost twice that in native plots ( = 37 ± 11%). Mean number of captures per trap was positively related to percent cover (F1,20 = 5.239, P = 0.033). Mice are seed and insect predators, seed and spore dispersers, and...
Maturation of precursor 10Sa RNA in Escherichia coli is a two-step process : the first reaction is catalyzed by RNase III in presence of Mn2+

A precursor to 10Sa RNA accumulates in an rne mutant. However, the present studies indicate that RNase III is the enzyme that processes this RNA. Cell extracts prepared from an rnc mutant failed to cleave p10Sa RNA, whereas E coli wild type, rne and rnp cell extracts processed p10Sa RNA under specific assay conditions that require the presence of Mn2+ but not under the customary conditions used for assaying RNase III. That the p10Sa cleaving activity is solely RNase III was confirmed by comparing the increase in p10Sa and poly(A)·poly(U) cleaving activities in a strain harboring a plasmid carrying an RNase III gene as compared to a normal E coli strain. It is of interest that these 2 substrates are cleaved by RNase III efficiently, but under 2 different assay condidtions. In all strains tested, with normal or elevated levels of RNase III, RNase III fractionates predominantly with themembrane. Further characterization of the maturation of 10Sa RNA revealed that the processing of 10Sa RNA is a 2 step reaction involving 2 separate activities, both sensitive to heat and proteinase K treatment. The first step is catalyzed by RNase III, and results in the formation of a molecule, p10Sa′, which is larger than the mature 10Sa RNA. The second activity catalyzes the conversion of p10S′ to 10Sa RNA, and this step does not require a divalent cation. The second activity is not any of the known processing endoribonucleases, RNase III, E or P, but could be a new enzyme having no obligate requirement for a divalent cation.
Performance Measures for Compressed and Coded Space Telemetry Systems

The considerations involved in the combination of data compression and error-control coding in space telemetry are analyzed through the use of two performance measures, D and R, which are similar to those used by Shannon for his rate distortion function. The average distortion D is a function of the source probability distribution, the overall system transitional probability matrix, and a cost matrix that signifies the relative importance of different types of data errors. The rate ratio R is the reciprocal of the overall system compression ratio and includes the data expansion effect of additional timing and identification data as well as coding redundancy. The effects of the following system parameters and properties on the overall distortion and rate ratio are analyzed: the error-control usefulness of natural data redundancy; the effect of errors in time information; the use of the strict monotonicity of the time information for error control; the probability distribution of the source; the biterror probability of a binary-symmetric channel; and the word-compression ratio. A rationale for comparing and choosing among three systems? uncompressed-uncoded, compressed-uncoded, and compressed-coded ?is given in terms of the performance measures D and R.
Analysis of course type, gender, and personal incentives to exercise.

206 women and 88 men enrolled in classes requiring different amounts of physical activity were administered the Personal Incentives for Exercise Questionnaire A two-way multivariate analysis of variance, with course type and gender as the categorical independent variables and 10 subscale scores representing incentives to exercise as the multivariate dependent variables, was completed. Canonical discriminant analysis was used to identify which of the incentives is most useful in discriminating among participants in active and less active classes or between men and women. For main effects, analysis indicated an over-all significant difference for both course type and gender. Men scored higher than women on activity and on competition, for example, while women scored higher on appearance and weight management.
Tropical forests as sinks of atmospheric carbon

Changes in land use and rates of carbon accumulation by land use including mature, logged, and fallow tropical forests, and degraded tropical lands are used to estimate the role that the tropical landscape serves as sinks of atmospheric carbon. Results indicate that in 1980 tropical lands may remove between 1.5 and 3.2 Pg C from the atmosphere. We excluded from the analysis some 900 million ha of open tropical forests that could also be removing carbon from the atmosphere and an additional 0.5–0.6 Pg C year−1 sink associated with carbon export by rivers and in wood products. Our analysis challenges assumptions about the steady-state condition of the carbon budget of mature tropical forests and suggests that large areas of the tropical landscape are recovering from disturbance and act as atmospheric carbon sinks. We focus attention on sinks of atmospheric carbon only. In 1980, the estimated accumulation of carbon in the recovering landscape was equal to the net carbon flux due to tropical deforestation.
Worldwide Variations in Colorectal Cancer

Previous studies have documented significant international variations in colorectal cancer rates. However, these studies were limited because they were based on old data or examined only incidence or mortality data. In this article, the colorectal cancer burden and patterns worldwide are described using the most recently updated cancer incidence and mortality data available from the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). The authors provide 5-year (1998-2002), age-standardized colorectal cancer incidence rates for select cancer registries in IARC's Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, and trends in age-standardized death rates by single calendar year for select countries in the World Health Organization mortality database. In addition, available information regarding worldwide colorectal cancer screening initiatives are presented. The highest colorectal cancer incidence rates in 1998-2002 were observed in registries from North America, Oceania, and Europe, including Eastern European countries. These high rates are most likely the result of increases in risk factors associated with "Westernization," such as obesity and physical inactivity. In contrast, the lowest colorectal cancer incidence rates were observed from registries in Asia, Africa, and South America. Colorectal cancer mortality rates have declined in many longstanding as well as newly economically developed countries; however, they continue to increase in some low-resource countries of South America and Eastern Europe. Various screening options for colorectal cancer are available and further international consideration of targeted screening programs and/or recommendations could help alleviate the burden of colorectal cancer worldwide.
626 GROWTH AND BONE MINERAL STATUS OF TERM INFANTS FED 2 DIFFERENT SOY FORMULAS

Soy based formulas (SBF) have been known to cause rickets in preterm infants. Its effects on term infants have not been published. We studied 40 term healthy infants who received either a SBF containing either a single carbohydrate (S) (glucose polymer) or dual carbohydrate (D) source (glucose polymer + sucrose). An additional 10 term breast fed (BF) infants were also followed. Subjects were studied at 2 wks, 2, 4, 6, 9, and 12 months of age for anthropometry, biochemical indices and bone density (bone mineral content/bone width, photon absorptiometry). There were no differences among the 3 groups in weight, length or head circumference gains during the study. Serum calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, zinc, copper, 25-OH vitamin D, and alkaline phosphatase were also similar among the 3 groups during the study. At 2 wks, 2 months, and 4 months of age, the BF group had a greater bone density than the two SBF groups. (2 wks: BF = 0.185±0.036 vs 0.169±0.039(S), 0.169±0.017(D); 2 months: BF = 0.179±0.040 vs 0.133±0.045(S), 0.15210.034(D); 4 months: BF = 0.183±0.048, 0.125±0.038(S), 0.144±0.038(D), Kruskall Wallis, p<.001). After 4 months of age, there were no differences among the 3 groups in bone density. In conclusion, we have found the soy based formulas with either a single or dual carbohydrate source may cause bone demineralization during the first 4 months of life in term infants.
Genetic analysis of tolerance to maize streak virus in maize

Maize streak, incited by maize streak geminivirus (MSV), is a major disease limiting maize (Zea mays L.) production over widespread areas of Africa. To understand the genetic basis of tolerance to ...
Beyond Fear Appeals: Negative and Positive Persuasive Appeals to Health and Self‐Esteem

The present research was designed to extend our knowledge of fear appeals and attitude change in two directions. The first purpose was to compare a traditional negative, or fear, appeal to its counterpart, an appeal emphasizing the positive consequences of accepting a communicator's recommendation. The second purpose was to test the assumption of the theory of protection motivation that people are motivated to protect themselves from psychological and social, as well as physical, threats. The results disclosed that, compared to a no-message control condition, the traditional negative appeal to health was more persuasive than the positive appeal. A positive appeal to self-esteem, however, was superior to a negative appeal to self-esteem. Several implications for health psychology were discussed. First, the traditional negative appeals to health may be more persuasive than positive appeals. Second, people may be persuaded to adopt healthy lifestyles for reasons other than health per se (i.e., to enhance self-esteem). The following tentative conclusions were based on unexpected findings and should be interpreted with caution. The decision to use a positive or negative appeal should consider the number of available adaptive responses. Finally, the data suggested that mass media health campaigns should use both negative and positive appeals.
Poultry Science—1976

Abstract THE Poultry Science Association is pleased to be a guest of Kansas State University for our 65th Annual Meeting. The arrangements for the meeting have been excellent, the dormitory rooms are comfortable, the cafeteria is starting off with excellent food, and the meeting rooms are in close proximity. All of the arrangements certainly point toward an excellent meeting. I would like to also express my appreciation to the Officers, Directors, and especially to the Executive Secretary and Editor, of our Association for their excellent cooperation during this past year. Your Board of Directors has been an active and a working Board during the year. We have had a number of meetings with either the entire Executive Committee or with one or more of the Officers who have been attending other poultry industry meetings. This has given us an opportunity to discuss the affairs of the Association and other matters that . . .
A near-infrared fluorescence assay method to detect patulin in food

Patulin (PAT) is a toxic secondary metabolite (mycotoxin) of different fungal species belonging to the genera Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Byssochlamys. They can grow on a large variety of food, including fruits, grains, and cheese. The amount of PAT in apple derivative products is a crucial issue because it is the measure of the quality of both the used raw products and the performed production process. Actually, all current methodologies used for the quantification of PAT are time-consuming and require skilled personnel beyond the sample pretreatment methods (e.g., high-performance liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, and electrophoresis techniques). In this work, we present a novel fluorescence polarization approach based on the use of emergent near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence probes. The use of these fluorophores coupled to anti-PAT antibodies makes possible the detection of PAT directly in apple juice without any sample pretreatment. This methodology is based on the increase of fluorescence polarization emission of a fluorescence-labeled PAT derivative on binding to specific antibodies. A competition between PAT and the fluorescence-labeled PAT derivative allowed detecting PAT. The limit of detection of the method is 0.06 μg/L, a value that is lower than maximum residue limit of PAT fixed at 50 μg/L from European Union regulation.
Mesh model 2D reconstruction operator for SPECT

In this paper we extend our previous evaluation of 2D tomographic image reconstruction using a content-adaptive mesh model (CAMM) for emission tomography (EM). First we present a model for the projection operator calculation using a ray-tracing algorithm based on mesh modeling for image representation. The proposed calculation allows us to incorporate a non-uniform attenuation and distance-dependent spatial resolution of the imaging system. Next the proposed approach was tested using realistic simulations with the NCAT phantom and SIMIND Monte Carlo simulation of a SPECT system in which the mesh model is calculated using images from pre reconstruction by filtered-back projection. Thereby this paper establishes a necessary step for the future development of 3D reconstruction images and spatio-temporal processing using deformable mesh modeling.
Availability and utility of body mass index for population-based cancer surveillance

To evaluate the availability of body height and weight data in the hospital medical record of cancer patients and discuss the utility of the findings to population-based cancer research and the surveillance of overweight and obesity in the United States. Medical records were reviewed for up to three measures of height and weight for a random sample of 1,739 patients diagnosed (2001-2003) with one of the 12 types of cancer and reported to the population-based Greater Bay Area Cancer Registry of Northern California. About 84% of cancer patients had at least one value of height, 91% had at least one value of weight, and 83% had both values recorded in the medical record such that body mass index (BMI) could be computed. About 60% of height and weight values were recorded within 2 months of cancer diagnosis, with most values (71%) recorded after cancer diagnosis. The availability of BMI varied somewhat by race/ethnicity, cancer site, initial treatment, and hospital characteristics. BMI may be sufficiently available to be included routinely in the population-based cancer registries, and, if so, would be useful for studies of cancer diagnoses and outcomes and permit nationwide surveillance of BMI in a large population-representative cohort of cancer patients.
The Expert Witness. Neither Frey nor Daubert Solved the Problem. What Can Be Done

Expert testimony flawed by intent or ignorance, has compromised truth finding in American litigation, including in medical malpractice and in product liability cases, where scientific evidence is at issue. The Federal Rules of Evidence and the Supreme Court in Daubert and its progeny have established standards for testimony that include reliability and relevance, and established judges as gatekeepers. However, because of lack of understanding of scientific issues, judges have problems with this role, and juries have even more problems in sorting out scientific evidence. Professionals and the judiciary have made some advances in solving some of these problems, but a better system involving the court's use of neutral experts and a mechanism to hold experts accountable for improprieties is needed.
CO2 and naloxone modify sleep/wake state and activate breathing in the acute fetal lamb preparation.

Abstract We studied locally anesthetized lamb fetuses (140–144 days' gestation) in utero on the day of surgical preparation (the acute preparation) to correlate sleep/wake (S/W) states with fetal breathing movements (FBM) activated by CO 2 with and without endorphin displacement by naloxone. We placed electrodes for definition of S/W states, a carotoid arterial catheter for injections and measurements of pressure, pHa, Pa CO 2 and Pa CO 2 , and intratracheal and intraesophageal catheters for measurement of FBM and esophageal motility. We recorded the onset, pattern and cessation of breathing and estimated fetal respiratory responsitivity to CO 2 rebreathing by the ewe using our fetal CO 2 test (Moss, I.R. and Scarpelli, E.M., 1979, J. Appl. Physiol. 47: 527–531). Activation of breathing by CO 2 either accompanied or followed wakefulness (W)/ FBM and W were sustained throughout CO 2 stimulation. Cessation of breathing after the CO 2 test was temporally associated with the resumption of sleep. When the test was started in active sleep (AS) and W, breathing threshold to CO 2 was lower than when it was started in quiet sleep (QS). Naloxone treatment (1) resulted in activation of FBM in association with W, (2) lowered CO 2 threshold as compared to that of CO 2 entered in QS without naloxone, and (3) caused greater FBM responses to CO 2 than without naloxone. These results extend previous reports from our laboratory in that they demonstrate the importance of W to normal respiratory responsivity to CO 2 in the acute fetal preparation and the possible role of endorphins in respiratory control.
Catalysis over molybdenum carbides and nitrides: II. Studies of CO hydrogenation and C2H6 hydrogenolysis

Abstract The hydrogenation of CO and the hydrogenolysis of C2H6 were studied over the hcp and fcc phases of MO2C, and the fcc phase of Mo2N. The CO hydrogenation activity and selectivity of the fcc phases of Mo2C and Mo2N are identical. The activity of the hcp phase of Mo2C is half that of the other two catalysts but the olefin selectivity is higher. Elemental analysis reveals that the catalysts contain a substantial amount of oxygen following extended use for CO hydrogenation. The hydrogenolysis activity of both Mo2C phases increases markedly with decreasing content of oxygen in the catalyst. Consistent with the known structure sensitivity of C2H6 hydrogenolysis, the activity of the hcp phase of Mo2C is 200-fold higher than that of the fcc phase. This difference in activity is attributed to differences in the structure of the principal planes exposed by each phase of the carbide.
The Separation of Gaseous Isotopes by Diffusion.

An apparatus has been constructed, similar to that of G. Hertz[3], making use of the difference in the thermal velocities of molecules of different weight to separate the isotopes of a gas. The problems of design and their solution are discussed in detail. Data are given to show the separation and equilibrium time of apparatus of several types, when used to separate mixtures of various initial concentrations of hydrogen and nitrogen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen, and carbon dioxide and argon. Mass spectrometer measurements on the end-products of a separation process performed on the neon isotopes, with an apparatus containing fourteen mercury diffusion pumps, show the separation to be the same as for mixtures of carbon dioxide and argon, for which the mass ratio, 44:40, is the same as the 22:20 ratio of the neon isotopes. Separation processes performed with an apparatus of twenty-four pumps on carbon dioxide-argon mixtures reveal that the separation factor--i. e., the ratio of the relative abundance of the heavy gas at one end of the system to its relative abundance at the other end, when equilibrium has been reached--and the equilibrium time are practically independent of the initial mixing ratio of the components. Hertz' approximate theory of the diffusion apparatus is extended to permit the calculation of the "enrichment factor"--i. e., the ratio of the relative abundance of the heavy gas at the "heavy" end of the system, after equilibrium is reached, to its relative abundance in the gas initially admitted to the system. The effects of impurities, viscosity, pressure gradients in the system, and insufficient pumping speed are discussed quantitatively. Work done on methane, to concentrate C13, and on nitrogen, to concentrate N15, is described. Photographs of the band spectra of C2, CN, and N2 are given which show isotope bends of sufficient intensity to make possible quantitative mass measurements on the rare isotopes C13 and N15. Methane has been produced containing 16% of C13, and nitrogen gas has been produced containing 3.3% of N15, instead of the 1% and 0.3% in the respective normal gases.
Satisfaction with the actual experience: Croatian lay judges on their experience in mixed tribunals

Lay judges, a part of the criminal justice system of many European countries, participate in legal decision making jointly with professional judges. In this paper I examine the lay judges’ level of satisfaction with their everyday experience in Croatian courtrooms by studying answers provided by 229 surveyed lay judges. I analyze the impact of the perceived frequency and importance of lay judges’ contributions toward the work of mixed tribunals, the characteristics of the courts the lay judges serve, and the lay judges’ demographic factors (e.g., gender, age, education, length of service) on the expressed level of satisfaction with their overall experience and their perceptions about the treatment they receive from professional judges.
Minority adolescent women with sexually transmitted diseases and a history of sexual or physical abuse.

Life history methods were used to obtain a more in-depth understanding of the configuration of psychosocial and situational factors that are associated with high-risk sexual behavior among minority adolescent women with a history of sexual or physical abuse and sexually transmitted disease (STD), to facilitate development of behavioral risk-reduction interventions. Study participants ranged in age from 14 to 18 years; 19 were Mexican American and 11 were African American. Women were recruited from clinics in a metropolitan health district. Various constitutive patterns unfolded during interview analysis including “fearing,” “trusting,” and “being a woman.” The study revealed the perceptions of an extremely high-risk population of adolescent women regarding their STD risk, the context of their sexual relationships, sexual risk behaviors, contraception, and STD prevention, screening, and treatment practices. Intervention strategies based upon these findings are described.