cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
262 ARGININE VASOTOCIN INHIBITS OVINE FETAL/MATERNAL WATER TRANSFER

Arginine vasotocin (AVT) is found in the mammalian fetal pineal and was previously shown to decrease water flow across guinea pig placental membranes in vitro. To examine this effect in vivo we infused mannitol (Osmitrol 500 ml in a 20% solution) into 6 chronically catheterized ewes (129-144 days gestation). Fetal and maternal blood gases, pH, blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), hematocrit (Hct), and osmolality (Osm) were measured at eight 10 minute intervals before and after the mannitol. One day later an identical amount of mannitol was infused into the ewe during a 2hr infusion of AVT into the fetal circulation,with similar blood sampling. In 4 control ewes 500 ml normal saline (NS) was infused in place of the mannitol. Maternal mannitol infused without fetal AVT evoked a greater rise in mean (±SEM) fetal osm (baseline 291 ± 2.1 mOsm/kg vs post mannitol 313 ± 6.1 mOsm/kg) than did maternal mannitol during fetal AVT infusion (289 ± 1 vs 297 ± 3.1 mOsm/kg; p<.05).During the AVT infusion fetal HR, pH and pO2 remained unchanged; fetal pCO2 increased from 30 ± 2 to 37 ± 4 (p<.05). Fetal BP increased from 64 ± 3 to 75 ± 2 mmHg (p<0.01). NS infusion produced no change in any parameter. Thus: 1)AVT in the fetal circulation diminishes water transfer from fetus to mother in response to a maternal osmolar stimulus; 2)This effect may be mediated by decreased fetal/placental blood flow or by a direct AVT effect on placental water transfer.
Moving past 2.0eV: Engineered ZnSe-GaAs alloys for multijunction solar cells

The heterovalent quaternary ZnSe-GaAs is proposed for use in next generation multijunction solar cells due to its wide range of direct band gaps (1.42 to 2.67eV) and lattice-match with GaAs. A top subcell with band gap around 2eV is needed for optimal 3-junction cells with a fixed GaAs middle cell (one sun efficiency of 44.8% for current matched conditions and 45.8% without current matching). In 4-junction designs, the top cell needs to have a band gap around 2.4eV with fixed GaInP (E G = 1.89eV) and GaAs middle cells (one sun efficiency of 40.1% for current-matched conditions and 49.1% without current matching). We have simulated a “practical” cell with a (ZnSe) x (GaAs) 1−x base layer with a band gap of 2.33eV. Assuming short non-radiative lifetimes and relatively low mobilities, a single cell efficiency of 11.4% with open circuit voltage of 1.94V and short circuit current of 6.5mA/cm2 can be attained, which is >70% of the theoretical max.
Task distribution with a random overlay network

We consider a model where commodity service providers are offering commodity computational services to a set of customers. We provide a solution for the efficient distribution of tasks by forwarding the service requests on an overlay network comprised on random cycles. We introduce algorithms for the creation, maintenance and repair of the overlay network. We discuss two algorithms, random wandering and weighted stochastic forwarding, for the allocation of the tasks to providers. Both approaches are highly scalable because the algorithms use only limited local information. As we are designing our approach for use in a commercial setting, there is a requirement that the tasks, being a source of profits, be allocated fairly to the providers. We investigate the fairness of the algorithms and show that adding a random pre-walk can improve the fairness. Through a simulation study we show that the approach provides efficient task allocation on networks loaded up to 95% of their capacity.
Comparison of ketoconazole- and fluconazole-induced hepatotoxicity in a primary culture system of rat hepatocytes

Ketoconazole (KT) and fluconazole (FLU) are azole antifungal agents with a broad spectrum of activity against both superficial and systemic mycoses. KT is also an anticancer agent in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer. In many clinical and retrospective studies, KT has been reported to cause liver damage, i.e. chemical hepatitis. Histologic analysis of KT induced hepatotoxicity shows massive centrilobular necrosis in which the hepatotoxicity was not thought to be mediated through an immunoallergic mechanism. According to the medical literature, the pattern of hepatic injury appears to be primarily of the hepatocellular type. Because of the documented reports of KT and FLU hepatotoxicity, a cytotoxicity comparison of KT and FLU was implemented. The objective of this comparison was to evaluate the cytotoxicity of these azoles such that future mechanistic investigations of hepatotoxicity could be performed. The relative hepatotoxicity of KT and FLU was evaluated using primary cultures of postnatal rat hepatocytes. Cytotoxicity was evaluated by measuring the leakage of the cytosolic enzyme, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), into the medium; by assessing mitochondrial reduction of 3-(4,5-dimethythiazol-2yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT); by assessing lysosomal uptake of neutral red (NR); and by gross morphology (phase contrast microscopy). The cultures were exposed to various concentrations of KT (56-188 microM) for 0.5-4 h and to various concentrations of FLU (50 microM to 1.0 mM) for 0.5-6 h. There was a significant increase (P < 0.05) in LDH leakage and a large decrease in MTT reduction and lysosomal uptake of NR at 4 h for KT. One millimolar FLU had minimal effects on the LDH leakage and MTT reduction. These results demonstrate that KT is a more potent cytotoxicant than FLU; and its toxicity was expressed in a dose- and time-dependent manner.
The effects of combined versus selective adrenergic blockade on left ventricular and systemic hemodynamics, myocardial substrate preference, and regional perfusion in conscious dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy.

Objectives Given that adverse effects of chronic sympathetic activation are mediated by all three adrenergic receptor subtypes (β1, β2, α1), we examined the effects of standard doses of carvedilol and metoprolol succinate (metoprolol controlled release/extended release [CR/XL]) on hemodynamics, myocardial metabolism, and regional organ perfusion. Background Both β1selective and combined adrenergic blockade reduce morbidity and mortality in heart failure. Whether there are advantages of one class over the other remains controversial, even in the wake of the Carvedilol Or Metoprolol European Trial (COMET). Similarly, the mechanistic basis for the relative differences is incompletely understood. Methods Thirty-three conscious, chronically instrumented dogs with pacing-induced (240 min−1for 4 weeks) dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) were randomized to carvedilol (25 mg twice daily, Coreg, Glaxo Smith Kline, Research Triangle, North Carolina) or metoprolol succinate (100 mg qd, Toprol XL, Astra Zeneca, Wilmington, Delaware). Left ventricular and systemic hemodynamics, myocardial substrate uptake, and norepinephrine spillover were measured before and after three days of treatment. Regional (renal, hepatic, skeletal muscle) blood flows were measured using neutron-activated microspheres. Results Both agents had comparable heart rate effects. However, carvedilol-treated dogs showed significantly greater increases in stroke volume and cardiac output and decreases in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and systemic vascular resistance. Carvedilol increased renal, hepatic, and skeletal muscle blood flow. Carvedilol increased myocardial glucose uptake and suppressed norepinephrine and glucagon. Carvedilol antagonized the response to exogenous norepinephrine to a greater extent than metoprolol CR/XL. Conclusions At doses inducing comparable heart rate reductions, short-term treatment with carvedilol had superior hemodynamic and metabolic effects compared with metoprolol CR/XL. These data suggest important advantages of blocking all three adrenergic receptor subtypes in DCM.
Critical species of Odonata in the Neotropics

Abstract This report summarizes progress that has been made during the past five years toward the understanding of Neotropical Odonata. It also presents a list of critical species and sites, threats to Odonata conservation in the region, and priorities for further research. This region, the richest in the world for Odonata, must be a focus of intense research and conservation efforts.
Architecturally diverse nanostructured foldamers reveal insightful photoinduced single-molecule dynamics.

Single molecule fluorescence spectroscopy has been used to probe architecturally diverse and unique model oligomers containing exactly two or four perylene tetracarboxylic diimide (PTDI) units: linear foldamers lin2 and lin4, monocyclic complement cyc2, and concatenated foldable rings cat4. Linear, cyclic, and concatenated foldamers reveal that photoabsorption and excitation induces unfolding and refolding, generating colorful spectral switching from one spectral type to another. Foldamer architectures dictate the unfolding and refolding processes, and hence the spectral dynamics. As a result, linear tetramer exhibits active frame-to-frame spectral switching accompanying dramatic changes in colors, but a concatenated tetramer displays a multicolored composite spectrum with little or no spectral switching. Excited state dynamics causes spectral switching: an electronically decoupled PTDI monomer emits green fluorescence while electronically coupled PTDI π-stacks emit red fluorescence, with longer π-stacks ...
“My Daughter Has a Career; I Just Raised Babies”: The Psychological Consequences of Women's Intergenerational Social Comparisons:

I examine how midlife women, who came of age in the 1950s, compare their career accomplishments with those of their young adult daughters who came of age in the 1970s. Analyses are based on quantitative and qualitative data from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study, which has tracked a sample of adults since their high school graduation in 1957. Nearly two-thirds of the mothers report that they have been less successful than their daughters; yet these unfavorable comparisons are linked only weakly to self-esteem. The open-ended interviews suggest that the mothers who rate themselves as “less successful” than their daughters maintain positive self-evaluations by characterizing their own decision to give family responsibilities priority over career pursuits as “in step” with their cohort peers; by attributing their less successful careers to cohort differences in the freedom to choose one's career; and by focusing on their daughters' difficulties in balancing work and family demands.
Marketed Human Pharmaceuticals Reported to be Tumorigenic in Rodents

The 1994 U.S. Physicians' Desk Reference reports the results of rodent carcinogenicity tests on 241 pharmaceutical agents. Positive results were reported for 101 agents, with a class label implying a carcinogenic hazard also attached to 9 estrogenic, 4 androgenic, and 3 progestogenic agents. Of the positive agents tested in both rats and mice, 39 of 72 were positive in both species, 22 were positive in rats only, and 11 were positive in mice only. There were few (19) unequivocally genotoxic agents, and only one of these was not reported to be tumorigenic to rodents. The liver was a common target organ in rats and mice. In rats, the other most common target organs for tumors were (in decreasing order) the thyroid, testis, mammary, adrenal, and pituitary. In mice, the only other common target organ was the lung.
A primer for workers' compensation.

Abstract Background context A physician's role within a workers' compensation injury extends far beyond just evaluation and treatment with several socioeconomic and psychological factors at play compared with similar injuries occurring outside of the workplace. Although workers' compensation statutes vary among states, all have several basic features with the overall goal of returning the injured worker to maximal function in the shortest time period, with the least residual disability and shortest time away from work. Purpose To help physicians unfamiliar with the workers' compensation process accomplish these goals. Study design Review. Methods Educational review. Results The streamlined review addresses the topics of why is workers' compensation necessary; what does workers' compensation cover; progression after work injury; impairment and maximum medical improvement, including how to use the sixth edition of American Medical Association's (AMA) Guides to the evaluation of permanent impairment ( Guides ); completion of work injury claim after impairment rating; independent medical evaluation; and causation. Conclusions In the "no-fault" workers' compensation system, physicians play a key role in progressing the claim along and, more importantly, getting the injured worker back to work as soon as safely possible. Physicians should remain familiar with the workers' compensation process, along with how to properly use the AMA Guides .
Bactericidal Properties of Acidified (pH 2.0), Concen‐trated (27%) NaCl (ACS), a Potentially Useful Agent for Locking Hemodialysis Catheters

Between dialyses, the catheter lumens are commonly locked with heparin (H), which does not prevent bacterial growth. Trisodium citrate (TSC) has been used as a locking agent because of its anticoagulant effects and suggested bactericidal properties. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the bactericidal properties of ACS as a potential locking agent in the air-bubble locking method (Twardowski ZJ et al. Air-bubble method of locking central-vein catheter: A pilot study. Hemodial Int. Abstracts, 2003; 7: this issue). ACS does not induce formation of resistant strains, and is harmless if a small amount (0.5–1.5 ml) is incidentally injected. Other bactericidal agents, such as Chlorhexidine (Ch), povidone iodine (PI), TSC, and sodium hypochlorite (SH) are harmful if incidentally injected. Bactericidal properties of ACS were compared to 27% NaCl, normal saline (NS) bacteriostatic NS (BNS), 1% SH, 0.057% SH, 46% TSC, 23% TSC, H 5000 units/ml, H 10,000 units/ml diluted with BNS to 5000 units/ml, 4% Ch, and 10% PI. Effects on 8 organisms were studied: S. aureus, penicillin and methicillin resistant S. aureus, S. epidermidis, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, E. coli, and C. albicans. The organisms were prepared following the manufacturers’ protocols with a final concentration of 107–108 cfu/ml for bacteria and 104–105 cfu/ml for yeast. Following standard microbiological technique, a 10-μl loop of preparation was added to 1 ml of each of the solutions. A sample of each solution was removed and plated at 0, 1, 3, 6, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hrs. All plates were subsequently counted 24 hrs after plating. Eight to eleven samples of each organism were tested on each solution. ACS, PI, 0.057% SH, and Ch, killed bacteria in 90%, 69%, 68%, and 61%, of samples immediately (at 0 hr); 100% of samples from these solutions showed no growth at 24 hrs. Only 1–5% of samples from other solutions showed no growth at 0 hr. All samples from BNS and 1% SH showed no growth at 24 hrs; samples taken from other solutions showed growth in 17–68% samples at 24 hrs. The percent of sterile samples taken from the latter solutions gradually increased with time, probably due to lack of nutrients. We conclude that ACS may be useful as a bactericidal agent for the air-bubble method of central-vein catheter locking. Bactericidal properties of 46% and 23% TSC were not confirmed in this study.
Medical management of disasters and mass casualties from terrorist bombings: how can we cope?

Since the terrorist suicide truck bombing of the U.S. Marine barracks in Beirut in 1983, the “imagination” of Americans has continued to be taxed with devastating consistency. Explosions and bombings remain the most common deliberate cause of disasters involving large numbers of casualties, especially as instruments of terrorism, yet we still have not learned how to anticipate and manage the tragic carnage they cause with any degree of effectiveness. These attacks virtually always are directed against the untrained and unsuspecting civilian population. Unlike the military, civilians are poorly equipped or prepared to handle the severe emotional, logistical, and medical burdens of a sudden large casualty load, and thus are completely vulnerable to terrorist aims.
Glucocorticoid Receptors in LHRH Neurons

Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH)-producing neurons constitute the final pathway for regulation of reproductive endocrine function by the central nervous system. Chronically elevated levels of glucocorticoids exert an inhibitory effect on reproductive function. Although this is thought to be mediated in part via modulation of classical transmitters and peptides which regulate LHRH synthesis and release, it is also possible that glucocorticoids may regulate LHRH neurons directly. We localized glucocorticoid receptors (GR) in LHRH neurons in the rat central nervous system using immunocytochemistry. In males and randomly cycling females 10-24% of LHRH neurons in the medial septum-diagonal bands of Broca, and preoptic regions colocalized nuclear GR. Ovariectomy increased the percentage of GR/LHRH neurons at the level of the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis to 34%, half of which showed both nuclear and cytoplasmic GR. Treatment with estradiol reversed this effect. We suggest that the actions of glucocorticoids on reproductive endocrine function are mediated partly through direct modulation of LHRH gene expression and/or release by activated GR. Moreover, GR in LHRH neurons may provide a mechanism by which the gonadal steroid progesterone can affect LHRH neurons directly, despite a lack of progesterone receptors in these neurons.
How to train residents to identify and treat dual diagnosis patients.

Abstract Medical training has failed to address the needs of patients with comorbid substance use and psychiatric disorders. Addiction teaching is limited and often fails to change the negative attitudes of many physicians. In many psychiatry residencies, addiction training occurs on inpatient or detoxification units and the focus is on screening, detoxification, and referral. Most residents do not gain adequate experience in the long-term management of dual-diagnosis patients. Successful clinical care is based on three critical elements (the “clinician’s triad”): an adequate knowledge base, a positive attitude toward the patient and the benefits of treatment, and a sense of responsibility for the clinical problem. The Boston University Psychiatry Residency has designed an addiction training program to address these three issues. In addition to a comprehensive addiction seminar series, there are several unique features. The required clinical rotation occurs in an outpatient dual-diagnosis clinic and permits residents to follow a caseload of patients for 12 months. Extensive experience is gained in motivational interviewing, cognitive behavioral therapy, and pharmacotherapy. Self-directed learning approaches are used to maximize the educational experience on services that lack addiction faculty. Guidelines are provided for establishing a similar program and for more effective approaches to resident teaching.
The ranking of letter pairs and single letters to match digram and single-letter frequency counts

Summary The present study asked if Ss can correctly rank the frequency with which digrams and single letters occur in the language and do this as a function of word length and letter-position variables. The results indicated that Ss can do so successfully. It was suggested that such digram and single-letter frequencies are “stored” by Ss as a frequency-response hierarchy.
A Perspective on Diet and Gout

The epidemiology of gout has changed dramatically over the past century. Once thought of as a disease of the nobility, it is now an egalitarian disease that affects patients across the socioeconomic spectrum. The incidence of gout has also risen in recent years, to the point that we are now seeing what is regarded by some as a "second epidemic" of gout. This change coincides with a significant dietary shift for many Americans - in particular, the advent of high-fructose corn syrup as the most prominent sweetener in the modern American diet and what may be a related rise in obesity. Fructose is a powerful driver of ATP catabolism that, in turn, leads to the production of uric acid. The new epidemic of gout is likely secondary in significant part to the rise in fructose consumption, as well as to the increase in obesity, the endurance of other dietary and non-dietary gout risk factors such as consumption of meat and alcohol, the continued use of culprit medications and potentially to the under-recognition of the benefits of certain foods and drinks (such as dairy products and coffee). Though the exact reasons for the rise in gout are yet unproven, this reopens the opportunity for dietary control of hyperuricemia through restraints that curtail not only exogenous but also endogenous pathways of purine production.
Endorectal ultrasound does not reliably identify patients with uT3 rectal cancer who can avoid neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy

Purpose Neoadjuvant chemoradiation (NCRT) may be avoided in some patients with T3-staged rectal cancer undergoing radical resection. We aimed to evaluate the accuracy of endorectal ultrasound (ERUS) in the nodal staging of uT3 tumors and hence the decision for administration of NCRT.
Release and reaction of fuel-nitrogen in a high-pressure entrained-coal gasifier

Abstract Effects of pressure, flame type and coal feed rate on fuel-nitrogen release and nitrogen pollutant formation were examined in a laboratory scale, entrained-coal gasifier. A Utah, high-volatile bituminous coal was used. With a water-quenched probe, gas-particulate samples were collected for oxygen-coal mass ratios from 0.6 to 1.1, pressures of 1, 4.9 and 10.4 atm and coal feed rates of 25 and 35 kg h −1 . Two injector types were utilized; one produced a diffusion flame, the other a premixed flame. Fuel-nitrogen release from the coal showed little dependence on oxygen-coal ratio, pressure or coal feed rate. Values at the gasifier exit averaged 83% for the diffusion flame and 92% for the premixed flame. Fuel-nitrogen release, mostly during devolatilization, exceeded fuel-carbon release by ≈ 10% for the premixed flame and ≈ 30% for the diffusion flame, depending on oxygen-coal mass ratio. Over 50% of the released fuel-nitrogen formed N 2 , with significant amounts of NH 3 and HCN, and smaller amounts of NO. Increased pressure at constant mass feed rates caused sharp decreases in effluent NO concentrations (to near zero) for both flame types which was explained by a combination of increased residence time and increased homogeneous NO decay rate. Elevated pressure also increased the effluent NH 3 and decreased HCN concentrations for the diffusion flame whereas the more complete mixing of the premixed flame resulted in lower NH 3 and HCN levels, and higher N 2 levels. In general, nitrogen species concentrations were not largely affected by coal feed rate, though increased coal feed rate decreased NH 3 levels somewhat.
Semaphorins and their receptors in lamprey CNS: Cloning, phylogenetic analysis, and developmental changes during metamorphosis

The large, conserved semaphorin gene family encodes axon guidance molecules in both invertebrates and vertebrates. The primitive vertebrate lamprey diverged near the time of vertebrate origins and is useful for understanding the gene duplication events that led to the increased complexity of the vertebrate genome. We characterized the sequence and expression pattern of semaphorins and their receptors genes in the sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus. We uncovered two members of the semaphorin family in sea lamprey. The first encodes a diffusible class 3 type semaphorin protein that is most similar to the human and mouse Sema3F (71% amino acid identity). The second encodes a transmembrane class 4 type semaphorin that is most similar to mouse Sema4D and human Sema4G, with 38% amino acid identity within the Sema domain. We also identified in lamprey two members of the semaphorin receptor family, lamprey Plexin A1 and Plexin A2. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that lamprey Sema3 and Sema4 represent precursor genes existing prior to the origin of the vertebrate Sema3A-G and Sema4A-G subfamilies. Therefore, the gene duplication event that gave rise to those subfamilies must have occurred after the divergence of jawed vertebrates from jawless fish. These semaphorins and plexins are expressed in unique and dynamic patterns in lamprey spinal cord and brain during development.
APL-generated teaching and testing items to enhance a student's ability to discover functional relationships

Ideas and designs for programs to generate teaching examples are introduced. Some of these ideas are tested and demonstrated by a prototype APL program. Descriptions of the internal structure and requirements of the example generators are presented. The examples produced by the program are designed to motivate students to discover rules or relationships capable of mapping the in-domain inputs to correct outputs. Experimental examples used for demonstrating typical concepts and mathematical processes include the functions ρ, , x, +, ÷, | and with their intrinsic APL definitions. Initially, the types of arguments for these examples will be kept simple at first to promote learning such mathematical functions by permitting only single scalar arguments. Later, for discovery learning, the functions may be selected to permit or require arguments that are vector or array objects. An important component in the design of this system is parameter specification. Parameters determine the number of examples and their perspicuity. A student using the system may request additional examples that are easy to comprehend before the function is discovered from the program generated examples provided. The example-generating program also facilitates checking that establishes that a student's response is operationally equivalent to a correct one.
Evidence for escape from adaptive conflict

Arising from: D. L. Des Marais & M. D. Rausher , 762–765 (2008)10.1038/nature07092 ; Des Marais & Rausher reply Gene duplication is the primary source of new genes1, but the molecular evolutionary mechanisms underlying functional divergence of duplicate genes are not well understood2. Des Marais and Rausher3 argued that data from plant dihydroflavonol-4-reductase (DFR) genes support the model that gene duplication allows the escape from adaptive conflict (EAC) among several functions of a single-copy progenitor gene4. As the authors indicated, the key predictions of EAC, in comparison to other models1,5,6, are that (i) adaptive changes occur in both daughter genes after duplication, and (ii) these adaptive changes must improve ancestral functions. Furthermore, EAC indicates that (iii) the improvement of several ancestral functions is constrained before duplication, although this last point was not explicitly stated. Here we show that contrary to the predictions of EAC, only one of the duplicated DFR lineages exhibited adaptive sequence changes. Owing to the lack of information on enzyme concentrations3 we question the accuracy of enzyme activity comparisons, and it is thus not clear that any ancestral function has been improved in either lineage.
A New Doppler-Tolerant Polyphase Pulse Compression Codes Based on Hyperbolic Frequency Modulation

The conventional polyphase pulse compression codes including Frank code, P1, P2, P3 and P4 code suffer severe signal loss in performance under Doppler environment. This paper proposed a new polyphase pulse compression codes which are conceptually derived from the step approximation of the phase curve of the hyperbolic frequency modulated chirp signal. Comparing with the above conventional codes and the sidelobe-optimized polyphase P(n,k) code, the peak value of this new polyphase codes degrades much slower and the range solution as well as maximum sidelobe level are almost constant when Doppler frequency increases. The main disadvantage of this polyphase code is the relatively high sidelobe level without Doppler effect, which can be addressed by applying the proper window function. The desired Doppler-tolerant property of this new polyphase codes is very attractive for radars employing digital signal processing.
Metabolic response to oxygen limitation in Arenicola marina as determined with the 1H NMR signals of myoglobin

Abstract During hypoxic stress many intertidal animals preserve their functional integrity by down regulating their energy utilization and by compensating the aerobic energy loss with anaerobic ATP production. Arenicola marina is a well established invertebrate model in which aerobic metabolism starts to decline well above the critical oxygen point. Even though the A. marina oxygen consumption profile versus ambient O 2 is well characterized, the underlying biochemical mechanism regulating intracellular oxygen metabolism in vivo remains unclear. Recently, 1 H NMR has opened an approach to observe tissue oxygenation with the signals of myoglobin (Mb). The deoxy Mb proximal histidyl N δ H and the oxy Mb valine E11 γ CH 3 signals are detectable in tissue and along with the Mb p (O 2 ) 50 , can yield a quantitative measurement of the intracellular oxygen level. The A. marina Mb proximal histidly N δ H signals appear at 93.4 and 92.5 ppm (25°C), respectively, while the corresponding valine E11 γ CH 3 signals appear at −2.83 and −2.74 ppm. As the p (O 2 ) declines, MbO 2 saturation and MVO 2 decrease. However, phosphotaurocyamine concentration remains unaltered until the MbO 2 saturation falls below 33%. The data suggest that the critical intracellular p (O 2 ) value is below 0.1 kPa (1 torr). The study establishes the 1 H NMR technique as an approach to measure the intracellular p (O 2 ) with an oxygenated state marker and presents the interrelationship between oxygen and the metabolic adaptation during hypoxic stress.
On the Development and Cause of the Weddell Polynya in a Sea Ice Simulation

Abstract Occurrence of the Weddell polynya, a large open-water area in the midst of the wintertime pack ice of the southern ocean, is examined through a sequence of numerical simulations of the sea ice cover. Using mean climatological input data, the numerical model realistically simulates the emergence of the polynya through the encircling of an open water region by ice. In addition, with only the wind fields altered, the model successfully simulates winter seasons totally lacking a Weddell polynya. Since the vertical ocean heat flux inserted into the model is spatially-invariant, these results call into question—without actually refuting—those explanations of the polynya based exclusively on oceanographic factors. On the other hand, the failure of the modeled polynya to survive the winter season without significant weakening, as the observed polynya did in each of the years 1974–76, suggests that the oceanography and/or the ocean/atmosphere feedbacks are essential to the polynya maintenance, even if not...
The passage of exogenous peroxidase from blood capillaries into the intestinal epithelium

Horseradish peroxidase was injected into the spleens of mice and the animals were sacrificed ten minutes after injection. The tissues were reacted with 3-3′ diaminobenzidine hydrochloride and the distribution of the reaction product was studied with both the light and electron microscope. The peroxidase was localized between epithelial cells up to the region of the tight junction and within vacuoles in the absorptive cells Granules ranging in size from ca. 40A to 600A were observed in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells in numbers far in excess of that found in control specimens. It appeared that the diffuse light brown staining observed in epithelial cells with the light microscope could be attributed to large numbers of granules of reaction product free in the cytoplasm. When corn oil was given by stomach tube and an intravascular injection of perioxidase was given ten minutes later, absorbed lipid was found to pass from interepithelial cell spaces to lamina propria at the same time that peroxidase was traversing the same compartments in the reverse direction. Hence, it was shown that exogenous peroxidase and probably other substances of vascular origin required for the metabolism of epithelial cells are exposed to both the basal and lateral epithelial cell membranes, even when absorbed lipid is traversing the same spaces in the opposite direction.
Modeling microsphere axial displacement in optical projection tomographic microscopy to analyze effects on filtered backprojection reconstruction

A computationally efficient method of simulating illumination in Optical Projection Tomographic Microscopy (OPTM) is presented to analyze the effect of microsphere axial displacement on image reconstruction using the filtered backprojection. OPTM reconstructs three-dimensional images of single cells from two-dimensional projection images in a fashion similar to Computed Tomography (CT). Projection images are acquired from circumferential positions around the cell by scanning the objective focal plane through the cell, while the condenser focal plane remains stationary. Unlike CT, the cell rotates between the source and detector in a microcapillary where it is not necessarily positioned at the optical axis. As the cell rotates, its axial position changes relative to the condenser focal plane for every projection. These differences in illumination have an impact on the overall reconstruction that cannot be understood experimentally. The computational model presented in this work relies on an alternative method of calculating illumination using a matrix formalism with near-field Mie theory. This method provides the ability to calculate the response of a microsphere illuminated with plane waves propagating from different directions. The response from each plane wave is subsequently summed to determine the total response. The power of this method is provided by the ability to arbitrarily choose the microsphere position after calculating the plane wave response, meaning illumination for all axial displacements can be computed in approximately the same time as a single position. Projection images are computed for microspheres at intervals away from the optical axis to understand how the axial displacement degrades the reconstructed image.
A primer of geographic search using artificial intelligence

Abstract The methods of searching in large databases and large knowledge bases is crucial to all AI applications. This paper presents an overview of a number of the elementary methods of search, starting from depth-first search and going through some simple heuristic search. A brief discussion of geoscience applications of these search techniques is included, and two program listings are appended. The first program implements all search strategies discussed in the paper, with respect to a hypothetical search space, and the second shows an application of search by employing two of the strategies discussed previously to locate routes through a street network.
Analysis of isotope-transfer kinetics during sulfate reduction by dextrose under hydrothermal conditions

Abstract Sulfur isotopes are fractionated during the reduction of sulfate by dextrose under hydrothermal conditions. The changes in the isotopic composition of sulfate during the reaction have been previously interpreted to reflect the kinetic isotope effect associated with the initial reduction reaction involving sulfate. By a separate pathway, isotope exchange between sulfate and newly formed sulfide may also affect the isotopic composition of sulfate. Computer simulations of the isotopic evolution of the experiments were pursued in this study to determine whether sulfate-sulfide isotopic exchange influenced the isotopic composition of sulfate and whether the reported kinetic isotope effects represent the kinetic isotope effects due solely to sulfate reduction. Numerical solutions of the rate laws governing the isotopic species show that a sufficiently fast isotope-exchange reaction influences the isotopic composition of sulfate. Comparison of the observed rates of sulfate reduction with the expected rates of sulfate-sulfide isotope exchange under the experimental conditions suggests that the exchange reaction largely determines the isotopic composition of sulfate in the experiments. Therefore, the kinetic isotope effects calculated previously are different from, and probably larger than, the true kinetic isotope effects associated with the reduction of sulfate by dextrose.
Figurativeness as an independent variable in communication research

Data derived from a sorting task and multidimensional scaling analysis support the hypothesis that decoders do perceive a figurative/literal dimension in language. Likewise the data support the hypothesis that multidimensional scaling will yield information concerning the semantic intensity of terms relative to their distance from the subject of the metaphor.
In Situ Kinetics and Mechanism of Furan Decomposition and Desorption with CO Formation on Pd(111)

The work presented here uses kinetic studies under conditions of varying temperature, coverage, and isotopic substitution to elucidate the energetics and mechanism of furan decomposition and desorption on Pd(111). Laser-induced thermal desorption with Fourier transform mass spectrometry detection is used as a sensitive tool for measuring the in situ kinetics of furan decomposition simultaneously with the formation of CO. The kinetics of both furan loss and CO formation have been studied for 0.17 and 0.32 Langmuir exposures of furan on Pd(111) at 100 K. This corresponds to about 2 and 4% of a monolayer and approximately 15 and 30% of a saturation monolayer, respectively. Total observed furan loss follows two processes involving a competition between desorption and decomposition. The kinetic factors for each process are extracted yielding an activation barrier of approximately 60 kJ/mol and preexponential factor of 107 s-1 for decomposition, and an activation barrier of approximately 95 kJ/mol and preexpone...
Topographical analysis of nucleus accumbens sites at which cholecystokinin potentiates dopamine-induced hyperlocomotion in the rat

Sulfated cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK) potentiates dopamine-induced hyperlocomotion in the nucleus accumbens of the rat. Immunocytochemical evidence has shown a topographical distribution of terminals containing both CCK and dopamine (DA), within the medial posterior nucleus accumbens. Seven sites within the nucleus accumbens were cannulated and tested for the ability of CCK to enhance the behavioral effects of DA. Close agreement was found between the anatomical sites of CCK-DA coexistence, and the anatomical sites at which CCK potentiated DA-induced hyperlocomotion. Behaviorally inactive sites were found primarily in the anterior nucleus accumbens, where DA-containing terminals do not contain CCK.
Simulations of InAs/InGaSb type-II heterostructures for Mid-IR lasers

This paper mainly focuses on simulations of type-II Mid-IR lasers with 8-band k○p and thermal conduction models. The lasing wavelength as a function of temperature has been calculated and a rate of 2 nm/K to 3 nm/K is found which closes to the experimental data. The threshold pump power density due to spontaneous radiation is calculated and is compared with the experimental data. We find that at low temperature threshold is mainly due to spontaneous radiation and at high temperature is mainly due to Auger effect. We have also developed a model to calculate tunneling lifetime and find out that the threshold of interband cascade laser is mainly due to leakage current.
Parathyroid hormone therapy for hypoparathyroidism

Hypoparathyroidism is a disease characterized by hypocalcemia and insufficient parathyroid hormone (PTH). It is a rare disorder that has been given an orphan disease designation in the United States and European Union. Hypoparathyroidism is the only endocrine deficiency disease for which the missing hormone, PTH, is not yet an approved therapy. Conventional therapy includes calcium and active vitamin D supplementation, often in large doses. Although serum calcium can be controlled with conventional therapy, it can be a challenge and, moreover, does not address other aspects of the disease, such as abnormal skeletal features and reduced quality of life. This review focuses on PTH replacement therapy in hypoparathyroidism, utilizing the full-length molecule PTH(1-84) as well as the fully active but truncated form PTH(1-34). PTH therapy addresses some aspects of the disease not ameliorated with conventional therapy.
Evaluation of Marigolds and Entomopathogenic Nematodes for Control of the Cabbage Maggot Delia radicum

The susceptibility of Delia radicum, cabbage maggot (CM), first instar larvae to fresh tissue extracts of two marigolds (Tagetes erecta and T. patula), the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae, and a combination of them, was evaluated under laboratory and glasshouse conditions. In the laboratory, CM larvae were susceptible to marigold fresh tissue extracts; the root extracts were the most effective. Fresh root tissue extracts of non-flowering and flowering T. erecta caused 28% and 84% CM mortality, and T. patula caused 65% and 100% CM mortality, respectively. The nematodes caused up to 46% CM mortality at a concentration of 300 IJs/larva. In the glasshouse, up to 95% reduction of CM was achieved when cabbage plants, infected with CM eggs, were treated with fresh root extracts from either Tagetes species. Combination treatments with Tagetes and S. feltiae were also effective. Fresh tissue extracts of Tagetes spp. and S. feltiae show potential as control agents of D. radicum.
A high-density, non-volatile mass-memory and data formatting solution for space applications

The Instrument Storage Module was designed to provide a single-board path from a satellite's instruments to its transmitter. It is equipped with custom interfaces to the instrument, CCSDS formatting algorithms implemented in an FPGA, mass-memory storage, and a direct X-Band or Ku-Band transmitter output interface. In order to pinpoint and eliminate any bottlenecks in maintaining a continuous 150 Mbps downlink rate, we have studied the bandwidth of individual component blocks in the data flow and present the results in this article. Our analysis consists of FPGA simulation, FPGA timing design, and board layout timing analysis. The results indicate that the output to the transmitter is capable of continuous downlink of up to 168 Mbps (Section 3), providing 12% margin over the downlink requirement (limited primarily by the serializing algorithms in the FPGA).1,2
Twelve month follow-up of hospitalized alcoholics given self-confrontation experiences by videotape

A 12-month posthospitalization follow-up of alcoholics who, while sober, had viewed their own drunken comportment by videotape replay found no difference in social functioning or drinking behavior as compared with a control group equivalent in every respect except for exposure to the self-confrontation experience.
Estimating the Influence of Evaporation and Moisture-Flux Convergence upon Seasonal Precipitation Rates. Part II: An Analysis for North America Based upon the NCEP–DOE Reanalysis II Model

Abstract In this paper, a diagnostic metric—termed the local-convergence ratio—is used to analyze the contribution of evaporation and atmospheric moisture-flux convergence to model-based estimates of climatological precipitation over the North American continent. Generally, the fractional evaporative contribution is largest during spring and summer when evaporation is largest and decreases as evaporation decreases. However, there appears to be at least three regions with distinct spatiotemporal seasonal evolutions of this ratio. Over both the northern and western portions of the continent, the fractional evaporative contribution peaks in spring and early summer and decreases during fall and into winter. Over the northern portion, this fall decrease is related to an increase in atmospheric moisture-flux convergence associated with enhanced meridional moisture fluxes into the region; over the western coastal regions, the fall decrease in evaporative contribution is associated with a decrease in evaporation ...
Early American Chemistry Books For Children

A surprising number of early American chemistry books were written for children. While most were at an intermediate level, this paper reviews three that were written for the early grades. These books provide a quaint insight into the society as well as the science of the nineteenth century. Since they were small and cheaply made, only a few copies have survived. Figure 1 contains black and write reproductions of the title pages as well as a color photograph of the three books. To illustrate their style, several pages of each are available in the supporting files: la11.pdf (178 Kbytes), davy.pdf (974 Kbytes), and green.pdf (318 Kbytes).
IL-7 receptor deficient SCID with a unique intronic mutation and post-transplant autoimmunity due to chronic GVHD.

Abstract Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) may result from a variety of genetic defects that impair the development of T cells. Signaling mediated by the cytokine interleukin-7 is essential for the differentiation of T cells from lymphoid progenitors, and mutations of either the interleukin-7 receptor α chain (IL-7Rα) or its associated cytokine receptor chain, the common γ chain (γc), result in SCID. Here we report a case of SCID due to heterozygous mutations of the IL7R gene encoding IL-7Rα. A previously unrecognized mutation found within intron 3 created a new exon between exons 3 and 4 in the mRNA transcribed from this allele, producing a truncated, unstable mRNA. This mutation illustrates the necessity of evaluating both coding and non-coding regions of genes when searching for pathogenic mutations. Following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation of our patient, immune reconstitution was accompanied by two unusual complications, immune-mediated myositis and myasthenia gravis.
Temporal Effects in Aircraft Inspection: What Price Vigilance Research?

This paper examines issues of fatigue in inspection by using an established function analysis of inspection to show its characteristics, and then proposing a four-level classification of temporal effects to help future applications. This classification divides the temporal effects into four components: weekly, daily, hourly, and minute time scales. The analysis presented here will form the basis for the design of future experimental studies of temporal factors in aircraft inspection.
In vitro proliferation of a canine granulocytic Ehrlichia

Abstract Canine granulocytic Ehrlichia sp., an agent which parasitizes the neutrophilic leukocytes in dogs, was transiently propagated in vitro. Dogs were experimentally inoculated with blood containing canine granulocytic Ehrlichia . Bacteremias in experimentally infected dogs varied from 1.2 to 9.3% granulocytes infected. Granulocytes from experimentally infected dogs were harvested and cultured in the presence of RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with fetal bovine serum, conditioned medium, and HEPES buffer. The percentages of granulocytes containing ehrlichial morulae increased significantly with time for 2 to 4 days, with at least one culture from each dog achieving 20% of granulocytes infected. Granulocytes taken from infected dogs early in bacteremia yielded cultures with the greatest percentage of infected cells. By 5 days post-infection the percentage of infected granulocytes decreased as did leukocyte viability. Attempts to maintain the in vitro cultures for prolonged periods by addition of uninfected granulocytes failed to increase the number of infected host cells, suggesting that no new infections were initiated and that observed increases in the percentage of infected cells in vitro cultures were due to growth of the organism in granulocytes that were infected in vivo.