cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Damage Identification Using Impedance Methods Coupled With Statistical Classifiers

This paper presents the use of statistically rigorous algorithms combined with active-sensing impedance methods for damage identification in engineering systems. In particular, we propose to use statistical pattern recognition methods to address damage classification and data mining issues associated with the examination of large numbers of impedance signals for health monitoring applications. The impedance-based structural health monitoring technique, which utilizes electromechanical coupling properties of piezoelectric materials, has shown feasibility for use in a variety of damage identification applications. Relying on high frequency local excitations (typically>30 kHz), this technique is very sensitive to minor changes in structural integrity in the near field of piezoelectric sensors. In this study, in order to diagnosis damage with levels of statistical confidence, the impedance-based monitoring is cast in the context of an outlier detection framework. A modified autoregressive model with exogenous inputs (ARX) in the frequency domain is developed. The damage sensitive feature is then computed by differentiating the measured impedance and the output of the ARX model. Furthermore, because of the non-Gaussian nature of the feature distribution tails, extreme value statistics (EVS) are employed to develop a robust damage classifier. By incorporating EVS, we establish a rigorous impedance-based health monitoring algorithm, which is able to provide structural systems with self-contained and selfdiagnostic components. This paper concludes with a numerical example on a 5 degree-of-freedom system and an experimental investigation on a multi-story building model to demonstrate the performance of the proposed concept.
Symbiont Succession during Embryonic Development of the European Medicinal Leech, Hirudo verbana

The European medicinal leech, Hirudo verbana, harbors simple microbial communities in the digestive tract and bladder. The colonization history, infection frequency, and growth dynamics of symbionts through host embryogenesis are described using diagnostic PCR and quantitative PCR. Symbiont species displayed diversity in temporal establishment and proliferation through leech development.
A rat model of post-traumatic stress disorder reproduces the hippocampal deficits seen in the human syndrome.

Despite recent progress, the causes and pathophysiology of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) remain poorly understood, partly because of ethical limitations inherent to human studies. One approach to circumvent this obstacle is to study PTSD in a valid animal model of the human syndrome. In one such model, extreme and long-lasting behavioral manifestations of anxiety develop in a subset of Lewis rats after exposure to an intense predatory threat that mimics the type of life-and-death situation known to precipitate PTSD in humans. This study aimed to assess whether the hippocampus-associated deficits observed in the human syndrome are reproduced in this rodent model. Prior to predatory threat, different groups of rats were each tested on one of three object recognition memory tasks that varied in the types of contextual clues (i.e. that require the hippocampus or not) the rats could use to identify novel items. After task completion, the rats were subjected to predatory threat and, one week later, tested on the elevated plus maze. Based on their exploratory behavior in the plus maze, rats were then classified as resilient or PTSD-like and their performance on the pre-threat object recognition tasks compared. The performance of PTSD-like rats was inferior to that of resilient rats but only when subjects relied on an allocentric frame of reference to identify novel items, a process thought to be critically dependent on the hippocampus. Therefore, these results suggest that even prior to trauma, PTSD-like rats show a deficit in hippocampal-dependent functions, as reported in twin studies of human PTSD.
Hepatitis B prevalence in emergency physicians

The seriousness of hepatitis B (HBV) as an occupational hazard to health care workers is well documented. The prevalence of serologic markers for this disease in the general US population is less than 5%, but in medical and dental workers it is significantly higher: 16% in general dentists, 28% in surgeons, 23% in anesthesia personnel, and 30% in emergency department nurses. This study, done under the auspices of the American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP), focused on the prevalance of HBV markers in emergency physicians. Twenty-five percent of the 1983 ACEP Scientific Assembly attendees participated in the serosurvey. Physicians already vaccinated against hepatitis B were excluded. The majority of participants (58%) were community emergency physicians between 30 and 39 years of age who had six or more years in emergency medicine. A total of 94% of the physicians indicated no prior history of hepatitis, and of these 13.1% had serologic markers for HBV. Including the 10 physicians with both HBV markers and history of hepatitis, the overall prevalence for markers in this study was 15.5%. This prevalence was five times greater than the general population. Emergency physicians should be considered a high-risk group for HBV infection.
Self‐Assessment: A Personalized Approach to Nursing During Pregnancy

A Prenatal Self-Assessment questionnaire was developed to aid in personalizing nursing care in a large medical center prenatal clinic. The questionnaire complements the standard prenatal record, which is intended primarily to document medical findings and treatment. The tool was used with more than 100 mothers who were receptive to this approach. The women's responses to questions about their feelings and thoughts concerning their pregnancies facilitated identification of potential problems and provided a basis for individualized and comprehensive care.
Modulation of Kv1.5 currents by protein kinase A, tyrosine kinase, and protein tyrosine phosphatase requires an intact cytoskeleton.

The regulation of cardiac delayed rectifier potassium (Kv) currents by cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) contributes to the control of blood pressure and heart rate. We investigated the modulation by PKA and protein phosphatases of cloned Kv1.5 channels expressed inXenopus laevis oocytes. Exposure of oocytes to activators of PKA (100 nM forskolin, 1 mM 8-bromo-cAMP, or 1 mM 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine) had no effect on the amplitude of Kv1.5 currents. Inhibition of PKA by injection of protein kinase A inhibitor peptide or exposure to myristoylated protein kinase A inhibitor peptide (M-PKI; 100 nM) reduced currents mediated by Kv1.5. M-PKI also reduced the amplitude of currents mediated by mutated Kv1.5 channels in which the COOH terminal PKA phosphorylation sites and PSD-95, Disc-large, and ZO-1–binding domain were removed. The reduction of Kv1.5 currents by M-PKI was attenuated by inhibition of actin polymerization by 1 μM cytochalasins B and D, but was not affected by 10 μM phalloidin (stabilizes actin filaments) or 50 μM colchicine (disrupts microtubules). Treatment of oocytes with antisense oligonucleotides against α-actinin-2 abolished the reduction in Kv1.5 current by M-PKI. These observations suggest that Kv1.5 currents are activated by endogenous PKA in “resting” oocytes and that inhibition of PKA activity reveals the action of endogenous phosphatases. Indeed, injection of alkaline phosphatase reduced currents mediated by Kv1.5. Further preincubation of oocytes with 1 mM sodium orthovanadate (a protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor) abolished the reduction in Kv1.5 currents by M-PKI. We conclude that currents encoded by Kv1.5 are regulated by PKA and protein tyrosine phosphatase and that this regulation requires an intact actin cytoskeleton and α-actinin-2.
Controlling failure using structural fuses for predictable progressive failure of composite laminates

Structural fuses have been used to bias and control failures in structural applications where predictability of the progressive failure or collapse response is important. Tailoring structural fuses by trial and error in large structures that have numerous possible load and failure paths is not possible because the optimum failure sequence is not known a priori. Using nondeterministic methods to tailor structural fuses is computationally expensive. A procedure for developing deterministic measures to optimize structural fuses is presented here. The progressive failure of composite laminates is used for demonstration. Structural fuses are optimized using a reliability optimization. The failure response characteristics of the laminate with optimum structural fuses are used to identify deterministic measures that correlate with high progressive failure predictability. The deterministic measures are validated by using them as surrogate design criteria in a deterministic optimization to optimize structural fuses that control failure and improve progressive failure predictability. The improvement in predictability of the deterministic optimum design achieved by using optimized structural fuses is better than that obtained by optimizing the ply angles of the laminate explicitly for predictability.
Ankyrin-G coordinates assembly of the spectrin-based membrane skeleton, voltage-gated sodium channels, and L1 CAMs at Purkinje neuron initial segments

The axon initial segment is an excitable membrane highly enriched in voltage-gated sodium channels that integrates neuronal inputs and initiates action potentials. This study identifies Nav1.6 as the voltage-gated sodium channel isoform at mature Purkinje neuron initial segments and reports an essential role for ankyrin-G in coordinating the physiological assembly of Nav1.6, βIV spectrin, and the L1 cell adhesion molecules (L1 CAMs) neurofascin and NrCAM at initial segments of cerebellar Purkinje neurons. Ankyrin-G and βIV spectrin appear at axon initial segments by postnatal day 2, whereas L1 CAMs and Nav1.6 are not fully assembled at continuous high density along axon initial segments until postnatal day 9. L1 CAMs and Nav1.6 therefore do not initiate protein assembly at initial segments. βIV spectrin, Nav1.6, and L1 CAMs are not clustered in adult Purkinje neuron initial segments of mice lacking cerebellar ankyrin-G. These results support the conclusion that ankyrin-G coordinates the physiological assembly of a protein complex containing transmembrane adhesion molecules, voltage-gated sodium channels, and the spectrin membrane skeleton at axon initial segments.
Transfer of learning in the development of peer tutor competence

Many universities run Writing Centers to provide support for students wishing to improve their academic literacy. These centers are ideal venues for peer tutoring, which may benefit both student-tutors (through tutoring skills development), and those tutored (through opportunities to discuss writing with a supportive peer). In the context of a university in the GCC region, peer tutors, prior to working, must complete required Communication courses. The syllabuses reflect student-centered and collaborative post-process writing approaches, where scaffolding is emphasized over direction, and word-by-word instructor correction of student writing is de-emphasized. Peer tutors also undergo preparation aimed at equipping them with an understanding of the rationale for these approaches and the skills needed to adapt them to tutoring. Given these experiences, the researchers set out to determine whether tutors are able to articulate such understandings and apply them to tutoring. Interconnected interpretative methods were deployed, including tutoring observation, consultation-conversation analysis and semi-structured interviews with tutors. Results indicate that tutors have significant recent experience of non-directive writing classes and may be aware of the rationale and benefits of such approaches. However, in their tutoring, content appears to be transferred from their most recent experiences but their style relies on instruction predominated by telling, explaining, demonstrating and directing, reflecting formative experience at school. The relationship between tutors’ experience, preparation, articulation and practice is explored, and recommendations are made to enhance Writing Center practices, in line with the concept of a constructively-aligned instruction system where all components address the same agenda and support each other.
The Disposition to Secede An Analysis of the Soviet Case

The purpose of this article is to identify the conditions that set the stage for the secessionist movements within the Soviet Union. Using the statistical procedures of discriminant and regression analysis, the following thesis is tested: Secessionist movements are undertaken for the reason of emancipation from economic exploitation, for the purpose of maintaining or preserving an endangered culture, or for the purpose of achieving redress from some form of political grievance. An evaluation of the parameters produced by estimating linear regression models indicates that high levels of social and economic development together with concentrated populations are the structural factors that provide the contextual environments most conducive to early demands for sovereignty. Other factors that are related to separatism are pervasive international ties, Christian traditions, and relatively small populations and territory. The analysis serves to challenge widely held assumptions that a reaction against Russian s...
Status of the Center for Advanced Microstructures and Devices (CAMD)—2010

Abstract The J. Bennett Johnston, Sr., Center for Advanced Microstructures and Devices (CAMD) is a 1.3 GeV synchrotron-radiation facility owned and operated by the State of Louisiana. Fifteen beamlines provide radiation for CAMD users and cover the spectral range from the far IR to X-rays of ca. 40 keV. Eleven of them receive radiation from bending magnets and four from a 7 T wavelength shifter. A wide range of basic and applied scientific experiments as well as microfabrication are performed at these beamlines. The nanomaterial synthesis and characterization laboratory at CAMD continues to add new instruments such as SQUID magnetometer (Quantum Deign MPMS XL5) and high precision microfluidic-based nanomaterials synthesis equipment complementing already available facilities. We have recently received NSF MRI funding for a multipole 7.5 T wiggler that will become operational in 2012. Generous equipment donations from the University of California at Riverside (Professor Jory Yarmoff) and the University of Bonn (ELSA facility) will provide users with two additional VUV beamlines in the near future.
Pronunciation modeling for dialectal arabic speech recognition

Short vowels in Arabic are normally omitted in written text which leads to ambiguity in the pronunciation. This is even more pronounced for dialectal Arabic where a single word can be pronounced quite differently based on the speaker's nationality, level of education, social class and religion. In this paper we focus on pronunciation modeling for Iraqi-Arabic speech. We introduce multiple pronunciations into the Iraqi speech recognition lexicon, and compare the performance, when weights computed via forced alignment are assigned to the different pronunciations of a word. Incorporating multiple pronunciations improved recognition accuracy compared to a single pronunciation baseline and introducing pronunciation weights further improved performance. Using these techniques an absolute reduction in word-error-rate of 2.4% was obtained compared to the baseline system.
Introduction of hydrophilicity of polyacetylene film surfaces

Polyacetylene films have been rendered hydrophilic by treatment with aqueous KMnO4. The treated films were characterized by contact angle measurement, infrared spectroscopy, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. We found that it is possible to lower the contact angle of H2O on polyacetylene from 72° to ca. 10° without significantly affecting the electrical conductivity afforded after I2 doping compared with similar doping of untreated films. The treated, hydrophilic films were found to be more permeable to aqueous ionic solutions than pristine polyacetylene.
Bladder Filling and Storage: “Capacity”

The goal of measuring bladder capacity is to estimate the volume of urine a patient typically stores before experiencing a desire to void. This measure gives the clinician an idea of whether urinary symptoms are due to diminished bladder capacity, increased fluid intake, or other causes. This information assists the clinician with selecting treatment and management strategies for the patient. Bladder capacity can be assessed in several different ways. Reliability of these measures depends on sound urodynamics technique and consistent patient instruction during testing. Interpreting measures of bladder capacity obtained during urodynamic testing is an important skill that involves understanding the limitations of these measures as well as common artifacts of the study. Several examples of interpretation for a variety of bladder conditions that impact cystometric capacity, cystometrogram tracings, and videofluoroscopic imaging of the bladder are discussed in this chapter.
Spatio-Temporal Settlement Patterns of the Non-Native Titan Acorn Barnacle, Megabalanus coccopoma, in Northeastern Florida

Abstract Individuals of the non-native titan acorn barnacle, Megabalanus coccopoma, have been documented at several locations in the southeastern United States in the past eight years, but little work has been done on the basic biology of M. coccopoma in U.S. waters, nor has anyone documented active settlement in local areas. We collected recently-settled M. coccopoma spat at sites within the main channel and some of the adjacent feeder creeks of the Intracoastal Waterway of northeastern Florida to compare spat abundance over time, between channel and creek environments, and among sites. Spat were present almost exclusively between April and July with most settlement occurring relatively close to either St. Augustine Inlet or Matanzas Inlet. No spat were observed at any of the feeder creek collection sites; the lower salinity there may be intolerable to M. coccopoma larvae.
The fountain of mental youth: Search for homeostatic and adaptational hormonal processes

Successful mental aging may be defined as maintenance of youthful attitudes, cognitive and adaptational processes despite advanced age. Maintenance of homeostasis and efficient adaptational processes are of utmost importance. It is suggested that multiple hormonal systems and processes are involved in the multidimensional, interdependent, interrelated successful aging process. Changes in their interactions over time probably occur. A complex integrated regulatory homeostatic and normalcy system is proposed. Disruption on this regulating normalization process may cause disorders, as well as accelerated mental aging. Currently not much is known about maintenance of mental normalcy, as well as homeostatic and adaptational underlying mechanisms. Their elucidation would substantially contribute to understanding of well-being, disorders, and successful as well as unsuccessful aging.
Transcriptional regulation of FoxO3 gene by glucocorticoids in murine myotubes

Glucocorticoids and FoxO3 exert similar metabolic effects in skeletal muscle. FoxO3 gene expression was increased by dexamethasone (Dex), a synthetic glucocorticoid, both in vitro and in vivo. In C2C12 myotubes the increased expression is due to, at least in part, the elevated rate of FoxO3 gene transcription. In the mouse FoxO3 gene, we identified three glucocorticoid receptor (GR) binding regions (GBRs): one being upstream of the transcription start site, -17kbGBR; and two in introns, +45kbGBR and +71kbGBR. Together, these three GBRs contain four 15-bp glucocorticoid response elements (GREs). Micrococcal nuclease (MNase) assay revealed that Dex treatment increased the sensitivity to MNase in the GRE of +45kbGBR and +71kbGBR upon 30- and 60-min Dex treatment, respectively. Conversely, Dex treatment did not affect the chromatin structure near the -17kbGBR, in which the GRE is located in the linker region. Dex treatment also increased histone H3 and/or H4 acetylation in genomic regions near all three GBRs. Moreover, using chromatin conformation capture (3C) assay, we showed that Dex treatment increased the interaction between the -17kbGBR and two genomic regions: one located around +500 bp and the other around +73 kb. Finally, the transcriptional coregulator p300 was recruited to all three GBRs upon Dex treatment. The reduction of p300 expression decreased FoxO3 gene expression and Dex-stimulated interaction between distinct genomic regions of FoxO3 gene identified by 3C. Overall, our results demonstrate that glucocorticoids activated FoxO3 gene transcription through multiple GREs by chromatin structural change and DNA looping.
Gallstone and Severe Hypertriglyceride-Induced Pancreatitis in Pregnancy.

Importance Patients with biliary disease or underlying dyslipidemias are at risk for pancreatitis in pregnancy. Appropriate treatment can decrease the risk of recurrence and perinatal complications. Prevention of severe lipid elevations can prevent the development of pancreatitis in pregnancy. Objective To review the pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of gallstone and severe hypertriglyceride-induced pancreatitis in pregnancy. Evidence acquisition We performed a literature search regarding pancreatitis, gallstones, hyperlipidemia, and the treatment of both severe hypertriglyceride-induced pancreatitis and gallstone pancreatitis in pregnancy. Results In the setting of acute pancreatitis, removal of the offending agent, either gallstones or serum lipids, can lead to improved status and decrease recurrence risk. Conclusions and relevance Patients with acute pancreatitis should be treated with analgesia and fluid resuscitation and maintain a nothing-per-os status. In cases of gallstone pancreatitis, removal of the offending stone through endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography or cholecystectomy can decrease recurrence risk. Severe hypertriglyceride-induced pancreatitis includes similar management. Lipopheresis may be considered in refractory cases. Patients with severe hypercholesterolemia should maintain a low-fat diet and can continue lipid-lowering agents outside the statin class of medications. Preventing severe dyslipidemia in gestation can decrease the risk of pancreatitis and improve maternal and neonatal outcomes.
Sans Measurement of Deuterium-Dislocation Correlation in Palladium

Small angle neutron scattering (SANS) measurements have been made on deformed polycrystal palladium samples with and without deuterium dissolved in the solution phase (a) at room temperature. Concentrations were held constant during SANS experiments by an equilibrium gas pressure cell. The difference scattering cross section for the same sample with and without deuterium loading has a 1/Q behavior (Q=4Φ/λsinθ/2) at intermediate values of Q. At very low values of Q the dependence is much stronger than 1/Q. The 1/Q behavior is attributed to deuterium trapping close to long dislocation cores forming rod-like scattering structures.
Computational and Experimental Laser Differential Interferometry for Supersonic Turbulent Boundary-Layer Flow

High-fidelity computational laser differential interferometry analysis was performed on flow in a supersonic isolator which had a turbulent equilibrium boundary-layer present on all four walls. A high-order implicit large-eddy simulation was used to generate the numerical flow-field. The beam projection simulations were performed by solving the high-fidelity paraxial beam equation. Several lower-order virtual laser beam models were also solved and compared with the high-fidelity simulations. The high-fidelity computations were performed in parallel with experimental laser differential interferometry measurements for a similar flow. This included replicating the post-measurement signal processing technique to minimize procedural differences between the computations and the experiment. The goals of this work are to better understand and validate the experimental technique for this flow while obtaining validation-quality measurements for the high-order high-fidelity implicit large-eddy simulations. Several parameters about the virtual beam and the accompanying virtual photosensor were varied to better understand their sensitivity to the resultant spectrum. One conclusion from the parametric study showed that the radius of the virtual laser beam can act to filter the flow’s spectral content, especially as the beam’s diameter approaches the size of the boundary-layer thickness. The results from the highfidelity beam study also found that a long wavelength beam can not respond to fine-scale structures in the boundary-layer when the wavelength is much greater then the feature size. This observation was not predicted in the low-order virtual beam models since they do not have a mechanism to account for the beam’s wavelength only its diameter. Overall, laser differential interferometry was seen to represent the spectrum of turbulent density fluctuations fairly accurately, despite averaging the fluctuations over the entire optical path that is inherent in the technique.
2-adic and 3-adic part of class numbers and properties of central values of L-functions

Let d be prime or the product of two primes. In this paper we study the connection between 2-parts and 3-parts of the class numbers h(-d) and h(-3d) and ray class groups of Q(sqrt(d)) unramified outside 2 (and 3). We obtain certain "reflection" theorems, and we reproduce the result of Williams on divisibility of h(-d) by 16 when d is prime (and we get a similar result when d is the product of two primes). The main ingredients of the proofs are congruences between L2(1 ; d) (and L3(1 ; d)) and h(-d)(and h(-3d)) modulo powers of 2 (and 3) which we prove using modular forms. We also obtain similar congruences for the central values of L-functions associated to Ramanujan Delta-function, and we relate them to the structure of 2-adic and 3-adic Galois representation attached to the Delta-function.Let d be prime or the product of two primes.
Synthesis of CO2-Derived Poly(indene carbonate) from Indene Oxide Utilizing Bifunctional Cobalt(III) Catalysts

The copolymerization of carbon dioxide and indene oxide to yield poly(indene carbonate) has been achieved through the use of bifunctional cobalt(III) catalysts. When compared to our earlier studies...
Cutting planes from extended LP formulations

Given a mixed-integer set defined by linear inequalities and integrality requirements on some of the variables, we consider extended formulations of its continuous (LP) relaxation and study the effect of adding cutting planes in the extended space. In terms of optimization, extended LP formulations do not lead to better bounds as their projection onto the original space is precisely the original LP relaxation. However, adding cutting planes in the extended space can lead to stronger bounds. In this paper we show that for every 0---1 mixed-integer set with n integer and k continuous variables, there is an extended LP formulation with $$2n+k-1$$2n+k-1 variables whose elementary split closure is integral. The proof is constructive but it requires an inner description of the LP relaxation. We then extend this idea to general mixed-integer sets and construct the best extended LP formulation for such sets with respect to lattice-free cuts. We also present computational results on the two-row continuous group relaxation showing the strength of cutting planes derived from extended LP formulations.
SUPRACONDYLAR FRACTURE OF THE HUMERUS IN CHILDREN.

The problems in managing significantly displaced supracondylar fracture of the humerus in children are discussed, with particular attention to extension-type fractures. The results of treatment in 84 cases are reviewed. The safest and most effective method of treatment was found to be closed reduction done under general anesthesia and application of a shoulder spica cast.
Quantitative Pharmacology in a Translational Research Environment

Translational research is generally described as the application of basic science discoveries to the treatment or prevention of disease or injury. Its value is usually determined based on the likelihood that exploratory or developmental research can yield effective therapies. While the pharmaceutical industry has evolved into a highly specialized sector engaged in translational research, the academic medical research community has similarly embraced this paradigm largely through the motivation of the National Institute of Health (NIH) via its Roadmap initiative. The Clinical and Translational Science Award (CTSA) has created opportunities for institutions which can provide the multidisciplinary environment required to engage such research. A key component of the CTSA and an element of both the NIH Roadmap and the FDA Critical Path is the bridging of bench and bedside science via quantitative pharmacologic relationships. The infrastructure of the University of Pennsylvania (Penn)/Children's Hospital of Philadelphia CTSA is highlighted relative to both research and educational objectives reliant upon quantitative pharmacology. A case study, NIH-sponsored research program exploring NK1r antagonism for the treatment NeuroAIDS is used to illustrate the application of quantitative pharmacology in a translational research paradigm.
Flying Without Instruments

Three microeconomic data sets are used to explore the consistent estimation of a simultaneous linear equation without recourse to instrumental variables. A maximum-likelihood procedure is introduced, and its results are compared to ordinary least squares and two-stage least squares. This paper is motivated by the well-known practical problem that valid instruments are frequently unavailable.
A Comparison of Some Physical and Chemical Properties of Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Factors from Different Sources

In the present study we have compared some molecular characteristics of factors stimulating erythropoiesis found in the serum from patients with (a) aplastic anemia and (b) with erythremia due to anoxia, and in cyst fluid from patients with erythremia secondary to (c) a renal cyst and (d) a cerebellar hemangioblastoma. The biological activity of each of the four materials was found to migrate as an α2-globulin on zonal electrophoresis and was destroyed by treatment with sialidase and trypsin; this implies that these materials are mucoproteins with similar electrophoretic mobility. The erythropoietin activity was also completely neutralized by an antiserum made in rabbits to an extract of urine of anemic patients. This implies that these materials share common antigenic determinants. Thus, the erythropoiesisstimulating factors in human anemic and anoxic serum, cerebellar hemangioblastoma cyst fluid, and renal cyst fluid appear to be similar, if not identical. Therefore, the pathogenesis of the erythrocytosis seen in association with renal cysts and cerebellar hemangioblastomas appears to be due to the secretion of erythropoietin by these lesions.
Experimental Production Of Chorioretinal Lesions: II. Pulsed Ultrasound

A series of experiments have been performed to determine the nature of lesions that can be produced in the retina, choroid, and sclera by pulsed ultrasound of high average intensity. This investigation is carried out in conjunction with the continuous-wave experiments described in a separate abstract. The study employs insonification of anesthetized, albino rabbits with 9.8 MHz, focused ultrasound. Observational techniques include cine- and still-fundus photography, fluorescein angiography, and histological techniques.
A numerical method for generating rapidly rotating bipolytropic structures in equilibrium

We demonstrate that rapidly rotating bipolytropic (composite polytropic) stars and toroidal disks can be obtained using Hachisu's self consistent field technique. The core and the envelope in such a structure can have different polytropic indices and also different average molecular weights. The models converge for high $T/|W|$ cases, where T is the kinetic energy and W is the gravitational energy of the system. The agreement between our numerical solutions with known analytical as well as previously calculated numerical results is excellent. We show that the uniform rotation lowers the maximum core mass fraction or the Sch$\ddot{\rm{o}}$nberg-Chandrasekhar limit for a bipolytropic sequence. We also discuss the applications of this method to magnetic braking in low mass stars with convective envelopes.
Radiosensitization of Nonhypoxic Cells by Halogenated Pyrimidines

Halogenated pyrimidine analogs such as iododeoxyuridine (IdUrd) have been recognized as potential clinical radiosensitizers for over two decades (Djordjevic and Szybalski 1960; Erik- son and Szybalski 1963; Kaplan and Tomlin 1960; Kinsella et al. 1984a). More recently, in vitro studies suggest these analogs may sensitize certain chemotherapy agents such as bleomycin and cisplatinum (Russo et al. 1986; Ackland et al. 1988), although the mechanism(s) of chemosensitization, like those of radiosensitization, are not clearly understood. However, incorporation into DNA is felt to be necessary for both types of sensitization (Ackland et al. 1988; Kinsella et al. 1987). IdUrd has been shown to be as effective a clinical radiosensitizer as bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd), with less systemic skin toxicity (Kinsella et al. 1985; Kinsella et al. 1984b). This skin toxicity is felt to result from photosensitization with fluorescent light and sunlight (Mitchell et al. 1984). Several clinical trials of IdUrd as a radiosensitizer show encouraging results and will be summarized later. Clinical testing of IdUrd as a chemosensitizer with bleomycin is underway as a phase I study sponsored by NCl (R. Schilsky, personal communication, 1990).
Lightning and Surge Voltage Protection in Mobile Phone Stations-Practical Experiences with a German Operator

In order to pay off the high investments in licenses and technology for mobile communication networks (GSM, GSM-R, UMTS/3G, TETRA, CDMA) in time as short as possible, a fast and safe network system is necessary. Especially in the field of mobile communications, highest demand are made on the continuous availability of sending and receiving systems. The network based on the GSM 1800 standard is known for its excellent language quality. To achieve a network covering of more than 99% of the German population numerous base stations (BTS) are necessary. Good radio prerequisites are necessary for the construction on exposed sites, like for example on elevations, tower buildings and on towers or poles. With increased expansion and due to the high danger potential lightning protection and thus over voltage protection is becoming more relevant for cost-intensive engineering and the demand for permanent availability of the network operation are making a protection concept indispensable. In close cooperation a protection concept has been developed that corresponds to the technical specification of the operator. This paper describes how to realise an efficient concept to protect a radio base station against the influences of lightning discharge
Listening to the sound of breaking glass

The last time that you heard something break, you might have wondered whether the sound emitted is important to the fracture process. On reflection, you probably concluded that it is insignificant, since the sound emitted in the fracture of a brittle material is not very loud. Indeed, the energy contained in the sound wave makes up only a small percentage of the energy released during fracture (about 5% in glass).
Cost-effectiveness of prophylactic appendectomy: a Markov model

Background Appendectomy is the most common emergency surgery performed in the USA. Removal of a non-inflamed appendix during unrelated abdominal surgery (prophylactic or incidental appendectomy) can prevent the downstream risks and costs of appendicitis. It is unknown whether such a strategy could be cost saving for the health system.
Gender and number polarity in Modern Standard Arabic numeral phrases

Numeral phrases in Standard Arabic are known for gender and number mismatches between the numeral and the enumerated noun. This article reduces these mismatches to two morphological deletion rules. The first deletes the feminine morpheme of the numeral when the enumerated noun is feminine, and the second deletes the plural morpheme of the enumerated noun when the numeral carries a plural morpheme. The first rule is further restricted to deleting only feminine morphemes that are underlyingly part of the numeral, and not inherited via agreement with a feminine enumerated noun via a syntactic agreement process. The analysis in this article is consistent with Sadiqi’s (2006) claim that the feminine form in Arabic is the basic one from which the masculine was derived historically by reducing the feminine form. The deletion analysis here also finds support from Chomsky’s approach of deriving the masculine from the feminine as theoretically less costly and more explanatorily adequate. Resume: Il est bien connu que les syntagmes numeraux en arabe standard peuvent attester l’absence de l’accord en genre et en nombre entre le numeral et la tete nominale. Cet article reduit ce non-accord a deux regles morphologiques de suppression. La premiere supprime le morpheme du feminin du numeral quand le nom est feminin. La seconde supprime le morpheme du pluriel du nom quand le numeral porte un morpheme du pluriel. La premiere regle s’applique seulement aux morphemes qui font partie du numeral en une forme sous-jacente; elle ne s’applique pas a des morphemes qui resultent de l’accord syntaxique avec un nom. L’analyse soutenue dans cet article est compatible avec la proposition de Sadiqi (2006), qui voudrait que la forme feminine en arabe soit la forme de base et que la forme masculine soit derivee diachroniquement par la reduction de la forme feminine. L’analyse presentee ici est egalement appuyee par l’approche de Chomsky, selon laquelle la forme masculine est derivee de la forme feminine, dans la mesure ou cette analyse est plus simple de point de vue theorique et qu’elle atteint un niveau superieur d’adequation explicative.
Polarimetric SAR Images Classification and Texture Features

Polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar (PolSAR) imagery classification is widely investigated, and there are a lot of proposed classifiers. The main issue in the classification of PolSAR images is the extraction of effective features that allow the preservation of the scattering mechanisms in order to give good results. In this paper we investigate the effectiveness of the textures features for polarimetric SAR images. We used for this analysis two classifiers, Feed Forward Neural Network (FNN) and the Maximum Likelihood (ML) Wishart. The textures extracted are the Gabor filters. The results show that textures add information to the polarimetric features, thus, allowing good classification results. In order to validate our experiment we used two PolSAR images RADARSAT-2, and AIRSAR C-band images of San Francisco.
Directions in Migration Research

Large and sudden migrations occurred at many stages in human history, but the combination of increased longevity, declining fertility rates, and aging of populations have no counterpart. Although much longer in the making—modern urbanization began in the late eighteenth century in England—the degree of global urbanization, which passed the 50% mark only around 2010, is also without historical precedent and has not yet run its course. Because of these changes, today migration is a major driver of demographic change in developed as well as in developing economies. The most dramatic new migrations are responses to changes in economic, social, political, and environmental conditions and are continuously evolving and often rapidly changing. In this chapter, we argue that this type of migration should be a research priority for the next half century.
Response of Fish Population Dynamics to Mitigation Activities in a Large Regulated River

AbstractExtensive water development in large rivers has precipitated many negative ecological effects on native fish populations. Mitigation for such development often focuses on restoring biological integrity through remediation of the physical and chemical properties of regulated rivers. However, evaluating and defining the success of those programs can be difficult. We modeled the influence of mitigation-related environmental factors on growth and recruitment of two ecologically important native fish species (Largescale Sucker Catostomus macrocheilus and Mountain Whitefish Prosopium williamsoni) in the Kootenai River, Idaho. Artificial nutrient (phosphorus) addition best predicted the variability in annual growth of both species. Nutrient addition was positively related to Largescale Sucker growth but negatively related to Mountain Whitefish growth. The best model explained 82% of the annual variability in incremental growth for Largescale Suckers and 61% of the annual variability for Mountain Whitefis...
Lupus nephritis: pathogenesis, course and management.

Lupus nephritis contributes notably to the morbidity and mortality of systemic lupus erythematosus. Improved medical therapies have increased the median survival of patients with lupus to more than 15 years over the past several decades. Uremia was a rare cause of death in the era before steroids, anti-hypertensives and antibiotics. As longevity of patients with lupus improved in the second half of the twentieth century, renal disease became a key factor in the clinical expression and management of this disease. Today, renal involvement is expected in the majority of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.
Stable Direct Adaptive Control of a Class of Discrete Time Nonlinear Systems

Abstract A direct adaptive control scheme is presented for a class of discrete-time nonlinear systems. We show that if the plant has exponentially stable zero-dynamics and appropriate basis functions can be specified, then the internal signals of the controller are bounded and the error between the plant output and a reference model output will converge to a neighborhood of zero. We do not impose sector restrictions upon the nonlinear functions that describe the plant dynamics or any kind of initialization restrictions. Finally, we show how fuzzy systems fit the proper form to be used as the tunable controller and illustrate the results in simulation for a magnetic levitation system.
Criminal responsibility: Meta-analysis and study space.

While some correlates of criminal responsibility (CR) outcomes are consistent, others are not. Study-level characteristics, such as sample selection, variability in the operational definition of insanity, or other unknown influences may explain discrepant findings. It is critical to systematically consolidate and assess the literature in order to guide future work. We conducted the first meta-analysis and study space analysis (see Malpass et al., ) in this area. 15 studies met inclusion criteria for the meta-analysis, which encompassed 19,500 cases. Summary effects for psycholegal cases indicated that older age, female sex, educational attainment, and unemployment were associated with insanity. Those classified insane more often had psychiatric histories and psychotic disorders. Finally, individuals opined or found insane were less likely to have criminal histories but more likely to have been opined incompetent to stand trial in the past. Importantly, virtually all summary effects were impacted by study design. Study space analyses (N = 7) revealed a dearth of literature that thoroughly addressed theoretically important variables. Taken together, the project provides a comprehensive, empirical analysis of CR correlates and a systematic call for future research.
The Social Dynamics of Entrepreneurship

We present a framework describing the interdependence between entrepreneurial decisions at the individual level and the local amount of entrepreneurial activity. We view the entrepreneur as someone...
Amygdala and ventral striatum population codes implement multiple learning rates for reinforcement learning

Standard models of reinforcement learning in the brain assume that dopamine codes reward prediction errors, and these reward prediction errors are integrated by the striatum to generate state and action value estimates. Recent research suggests that the amygdala also plays a key role in this process, and that the amygdala and striatum learn on different time scales. Here we show that the amygdala, which learns with a faster learning rate, is most effective in lower noise environments where the underlying reward function may be changing on relatively fast time scales. The striatum, on the other hand, has a slower learning rate and therefore is most effective in higher noise environments that change on relatively slow time scales. Having multiple neural systems that learn on different time scales gives the brain an advantage across diverse environments where levels of noise and reward function dynamics may differ.
Recent stimulant use and leukocyte gene expression in methamphetamine users with treated HIV infection.

Stimulant use may accelerate HIV disease progression through biological and behavioral pathways. However, scant research with treated HIV-positive persons has examined stimulant-associated alterations in pathophysiologic processes relevant to HIV pathogenesis. In a sample of 55 HIV-positive, methamphetamine-using sexual minority men with a viral load less than 200 copies/mL, we conducted RNA sequencing to examine patterns of leukocyte gene expression in participants who had a urine sample that was reactive for stimulants (n = 27) as compared to those who tested non-reactive (n = 28). Results indicated differential expression of 32 genes and perturbation of 168 pathways in recent stimulant users. We observed statistically significant differential expression of single genes previously associated with HIV latency, cell cycle regulation, and immune activation in recent stimulant users (false discovery rate p < 0.10). Pathway analyses indicated enrichment for genes associated with inflammation, innate immune activation, neuroendocrine hormone regulation, and neurotransmitter synthesis. Recent stimulant users displayed concurrent elevations in plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor - alpha (TNF-α) but not interleukin 6 (IL-6). Further research is needed to examine the bio-behavioral mechanisms whereby stimulant use may contribute to HIV persistence and disease progression.