cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Response to Environmental Change: A Further Confirmation:

The response-to-change effect (1, 3 ) is a phenomenon relevant to our current studies of the antecedents of the differential problem-solving ability of Ss reared in free versus restricted environments (7) . If this is a real effect then we have added support for the importance of exploratory behavior in a maze which represents a marked increase in S's environmental complexity (2 ) . Fowler (4 ) has recently replicated Dember's (1) original findings, but on repeated occasions Levine (5, 6) has failed to do so. Hence, another study seemed warranted. Twenty mature experimentally naive Sprague-Dawley Ss from the Hollins College colony were used. The 7 males and 13 females were gentled for several days before the experiment. A Y-maze was employed which was 7 in. deep and 6 in. wide. The stem was 25 in. and the arms were 22 in. forming an angle of 50' with each other. The brightness of the arms could be made either black or white by inserting cardboard liners. As in Dember's experiment ( I ) , four conditions were called for. On Trial 1 the arms were either black-left and white-right or the reverse. Then on Trial 2 they were either both black or both white. Ss were assigned at random to one of the conditions with the exception that sexes were balanced as evenly as possible. On Trial 1 S was placed in the stem to explore for 15 min., but was prevented by hardware cloth partitions from entering either arm. S was then removed, the partitions were taken out, and the arms were changed to the same brightness. S was immediately replaced in the stem, and the arm entered was recorded. The changed arm was selected by 18 of the 20 Ss which is significant ( p = .001, using the sign test). No reasons for Levine's failure to obtain comparable results, except those already offered (4) , can be given.
Precision electron polarimetry

A new generation of precise Parity-Violating experiments will require a sub-percent accuracy of electron beam polarimetry. Compton polarimetry can provide such accuracy at high energies, but at a few hundred MeV the small analyzing power limits the sensitivity. Mo/ller polarimetry provides a high analyzing power independent on the beam energy, but is limited by the properties of the polarized targets commonly used. Options for precision polarimetry at 300 MeV will be discussed, in particular a proposal to use ultra-cold atomic hydrogen traps to provide a 100%-polarized electron target for Mo/ller polarimetry.
Patterns of Pelvic Radiotherapy in Patients with Stage II/III Rectal Cancer.

High-level evidence supports adjuvant radiotherapy for rectal cancer. We examined the influence of sociodemographic factors on patterns of adjuvant radiotherapy for resected Stage II/III rectal cancer. Methods. Patients undergoing surgical resection for stage II/III rectal cancer were identified in SEER registry. Results. A total of 21,683 patients were identified. Majority of patients were male (58.8%), white (83%), and with stage III (54.9%) and received radiotherapy (66%). On univariate analysis, male gender, stage III, younger age, year of diagnosis, and higher socioeconomic status (SES) were associated with radiotherapy. Radiotherapy was delivered in 84.4% of patients 50; however, only 32.8% of those are 80 years. Logistic regression demonstrated a significant increase in the use of radiotherapy in younger patients who are 50 (OR, 10.3), with stage III (OR, 1.21), males (OR, 1.18), and with higher SES. Conclusions. There is a failure to conform to standard adjuvant radiotherapy in one-third of patients, and this is associated with older age, stage II, area-level of socioeconomic deprivation, and female sex.
Toward a Knowledge of Causes

One of my favorite paintings is Raphael’s “The School of Athens.” It is prominently displayed in the Vatican under the caption “Knowledge of Causes.” Raphael depicts Plato with his hand pointing to the heavens and Aristotle, Plato’s prize student, with his hand pointing to the ground. Plato esteems eternal truths; Aristotle esteems the ordinary truths we can live our days by. Maybe we scientists point our hands both up and down. And there is Hypatia, one of the first female and greatest astronomers of all time, recently the focus of the popular film, The Agora. Over 2000 years ago, the Greeks knew that science and philosophy are inseparable, perhaps best exemplified by Aristotle.
Purification and characterization of rhizopuspepsin isozymes from a liquid culture of Rhizopus chinensis.

Abstract 1. 1. Rhizopuspepsin has been purified from liquid cultures of Rhizopus chinensis . 2. 2. Purification by ammonium sulfate precipitation, afffinity chromatography on pepstatin Sepharose and low/high resolution isoelectric focusing produced five isoelectric forms. 3. 3. The two major isozymes pI 5.1 and 5.8 did not differ significantly in amino acid composition. molecular weight and enzyme activity. 4. 4. Three minor isozymes were partially purified as pI 7.35, 7.41 and 7.9.
Comparison of oral carcinomas in smokeless tobacco users and nonusers

Biopsy reports of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and verrucous carcinoma (VC) were retrospectively evaluated to determine the prevalence of smokeless tobacco (ST) use and to ascertain if any clinical or histologie differences existed when comparing ST users with nonusers. Of the 874 SCC cases, 12 patients (1.4%) were ST users as compared with 7.7% (10 of 129) of the VC patients. The carcinomas in ST users, either SCC or VC, were diagnosed at a later age and were more likely to occur in the buccal mucosa/vestibule area. The SCCs in ST users were more often histologically well differentiated. Because of the anatomic site predilection, it appears probable that ST use is a causative factor in the development of some cases of oral carcinoma.
Multi-point wind power injection for mitigation of inter-area oscillation in smart grids

This work investigates inter-area oscillation in large-scale wind-integrated power grids when wind power is injected from multiple wind farms located at different locations. Previous results in the literature have shown that the location of wind power injection is detrimental to the frequency response of interconnected generators. In this work, we seek to find an optimal wind-power injection location leading to the most desirable power spectrum. However, owing to meteorological, weather and economic conditions, it is not always possible to site a wind farm or grid connection point at the desired location. We then present a controller design method so that a power system with wind farms at other locations can obtain a frequency response matching the response of a system having farms at the desired location. Numerical examples with multiple wind farms are simulated and it is shown that injecting power from multiple wind farms significantly improves the desired frequency response matching.
Phonon spectra of amorphous superconductors

Abstract The techniques electron tunneling were applied to the study of the amorphous superconductors Ga, Bi(+Pb impurity), and Pb(+Bi impurity). The phonon spectra were computed using McMillan's inversion program. The characteristics of this kind of superconductor are the large Coulomb pseudopotentials and electron-phonon coupling constant. Calculated values of the T c for a disordered superconductor using the theory of Garland et al. were in good agreement with the measured values.
"Trying to Find a Heartbeat": Narrative Music in the Pop Performer Biopic

Since 2004, there has been a remarkable resurgence of the musical biopic genre. This analysis focuses on transitions between narratives and numbers in three contemporary musical biopics—Ray (2004), Walk the Line (2005), and Beyond the Sea (2004)—and contends that these films have deeper structural affinities with the musical than earlier pop performer biopics.
Electrostatic energies in an ionic micellar solution in the mean spherical approximation

Abstract We present a method for calculating electrostatic energies of an ionic micellar solution under the conditions of quasi-spherical micelles and point-like counterions. It is based on a multi-component mean spherical approximation (MMSA) theory with non-additive diameters. The partial structure factors can be evaluated analytically according to a method due to Khan and Ronis, and used to calculate the electrostatic energies. As an example, a micellar solution formed by Cesium Dodecyl Sulfate in water has been studied with small angle neutron scattering. The micellar size and effective charge are extracted from analysis of small angle neutron scattering data, and used to evaluate the internal energy and Gibbs free energy of the micellar solution.
Adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic-monophosphate and outflow facility in monkey eyes with intact and retrodisplaced ciliary muscle*

Bolus intracameral infusion of 100 μg cAMP, corresponding to an initial intracameral concentration of 3 mM, significantly increased total outflow facility in cynomolgus monkey eyes with intact or disinserted-retrodisplaced ciliary muscles by 41% and 37% respectively. Lower cAMP doses had little or no effect in both types of eyes, as did dibutyryl cAMP doses of 1–100 μg (20 μM-2 mM). In eyes with intact ciliary muscles, intracameral infusion (1 and 10 μg) of the cAMP analog 8-methlythio cAMP (0·25 mM and 2·5 mM) significantly increased facility by 55% and 69% respectively, while 100 μg of the inactive cAMP metabolite 5′ AMP (3 mM) did not alter facility. The facility increases produced by cAMP and 8-methlythio cAMP represented a constant percentage of starting facility independent of the absolute value of starting facility. These findings indicate that the facility increase produced by cAMP and appropriate analogs is not mediated by ciliary-muscle contraction and that the disinsertion procedure itself does not compromise the ability of the outflow pathways to respond to cAMP. The facility increase probably represents a cAMP effect directly on the endothelial cells of the trabecular meshwork-Schlemm's canal inner wall.
The territorial trap: The geographical assumptions of international relations theory

Abstract Even when political rule is territorial, territoriality does not necessarily entail the practices of total mutual exclusion which dominant understandings of the modern territorial state attribute to it. However, when the territoriality of the state is debated by international relations theorists the discussion is overwhelmingly in terms of the persistence or obsolescence of the territorial state as an unchanging entity rather than in terms of its significance and meaning in different historical‐geographical circumstances. Contemporary events call this approach into question. The end of the Cold War, the increased velocity and volatility of the world economy, and the emergence of political movements outside the framework of territorial states, suggest the need to consider the territoriality of states in historical context. Conventional thinking relies on three geographical assumptions ‐ states as fixed units of sovereign space, the domestic/foreign polarity, and states as ‘containers’ of societies...
Considering complex training images with search tree partitioning

Using a complex training image (TI) for the single normal equation simulation (SNESIM) algorithm results in poor simulated realizations since that image contains trends and location specific patterns. By pooling all the TI patterns in a single search tree and not recording the relative locations of those patterns, some critical features of these complex TIs are lost. The search tree partitioning approach subdivides a large TI into imbricated, homogeneous, smaller images, called partition classes. Each of these partition classes has a corresponding search tree that can be utilized by the SNESIM algorithm. These partition classes are obtained by processing the TIs with spatial filters that are pattern sensitive. The resulting filter scores are then clustered into partition classes. All patterns within a partition class are recorded by a search tree; there is one tree per partition class. At each pixel along the simulation path, the partition class is retrieved first and used to select the appropriate search tree. That search tree contains the patterns relevant to that partition class. In practice, the partitioning approach adds flexibility in choosing a TI. TIs that were easier to obtain but traditionally too complex for simulation can now be considered as input to SNESIM. In many cases, it also significantly increases the simulation speed by searching a vector of smaller trees instead of a single large one. A plugin for the SGeMS software is provided.
DFT study of structure and binding energies of Fe-corannulene complex.

Density functional theory (DFT) based theoretical calculations are performed to identify the ground-state geometries, the spin multiplicities, and the relevant energetics of neutral and positively charged Fe−corannulene complexes. Our calculations show that the on-top site of the six-membered ring (η6) of corannulene molecule is the most preferred binding site for both Fe atom and Fe+ ion. The electrostatic potential (ESP) surface picture is employed to explain the preference of the η6- over the η5-binding site (on-top site of central pentagon) of corannulene. Though in both neutral and cationic species the η6-site is the most preferred binding site, the ground-state geometries of these complexes are different. The Fe+ cation prefers to bind to the convex face of the corannulene, whereas the neutral Fe atom prefers slightly the concave to the convex face. The ionization-induced structural changes are reflected in the large energy difference between the vertical and adiabatic ionization potential values. W...
Inhibition of cytokine release by cocaine

Abstract The influence of cocaine on cytokine release by mouse peritoneal macrophages has been investigated in vitro. LPS-stimulated TNF and IL-1 secretion were suppressed by cocaine in higher dosages. This suppression was shown to be dose-related. The synthesis of cAMP, however, was stimulated by cocaine. Though cAMP is generally considered a mediator for cytokine release, further studies are required to demonstrate wether cocaine directly affects cytokine release by macrophages or indirectly influences cytokine release through stimulating cAMP synthesis.
Effects of Yeast Oligosaccharide Diet Supplements on Growth and Disease Resistance in Juvenile Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus

Commercially available yeast and yeast subcomponents consisting mainly of β-glucan or oligosaccharide feed additives were added to diets of juvenile (12–18g) Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) at rates recommended by suppliers. Three experiments were conducted following a basic protocol with varied rates of supplementation, duration of feeding, and stocking densities. Experimental diets were fed twice daily to apparent satiation for a period of two or four weeks, at the end of which feed consumption and weight gain were measured. Following the experimental feeding period, serum components, including protein and immunoglobulin concentrations, as well as lysozyme and complement activities, were measured. A disease challenge was conducted with pathogenic isolates of Streptococcus iniae or Edwardsiella tarda. Weight gains were not significantly different in fish fed the supplemented diets when compared to the control diet. There were significant differences in fed intake within individual experiments; howev...
Organogenesis in normal and lobeless embryos of the marine prosobranch gastropod Ilyanassa obsoleta

The histogenetic and organogenetic capabilities of normal and lobeless embryos of Ilyanassa obsoleta are analyzed. Larvae developed from eggs in which the polar lobe was removed at the trefoil stage of first cleavage were studied in wholemount and section. None showed any evidence of eyes, statocysts, operculum, external shell, heart, or intestine. Sixty per cent of the wholemount larvae observed under polarized light exhibited internal masses of birefringent material resembling shell material. Of eight- to nine-day lobeless larvae studied as stained, sectioned material 100% possessed muscle tissue; 97.5% possessed velar tissue, digestive gland tissue, and style sac tissue; 52.5% possessed two or more style sac areas; 71% exhibited esophagus; 63% possessed stomach tissue; 37% exhibited stomodeal-like invaginations of the ectoderm; 31% exhibited a lightly staining ciliated area at the tip of the prevelar ectoderm; and 21% possessed glandular ectoderm resembling pedal or mantle gland tissue. The evidence presented suggests that the material of the polar lobe has an important role not only in cellular differentiation but also in the organization of tissue types into organs or organ primordia.
Distribution of myocardial injury and its relation to epicardial ST-segment changes after coronary artery occlusion in the dog.

From 1969 to 1970 I was a fortunate Fogarty research fellow in Professor Eugene Braunwalds Department at UCSD on the Pacific brim in sunny San Diego. While John Glenn stepped down on the moon we discussed MJRU-projects. My particular undertaking was to develop methods to assess infarct size in order to examine the effect of interventions designed to prevent development of myocardial injury following an acute coronary occlusion. Together with Professor Burton Sobel, a large number of candidates for marker of myocardial injury was tested in order to determine the evolving infarct size. Of all enzymes and cellular constituents tested, creatinekinase (CK) was best in show [1]. Myocardial depletion …
Stability of Motor Programs During a State of Meditation: Electrocortical Activity in a Pianist Playing ‘Vexations’ by Erik Satie Continuously for 28 Hours

Electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings of an expert pianist playing Erik Satie’s ‘Vexations’ for a continuous period of 28 hours were used to explore the changes in electrocortical activity during a state of trance and the subsequent influence on executive motor function. According to the event protocol, the pianist experienced different states of consciousness throughout the performance ranging from alertness to trance and drowsiness. We then compared the stability of motor performance for those three states by measuring the length of one played sequence as well as the power of the spectrum of the pianist’s cerebral activity recorded over posterior regions of the brain. The results revealed no significant difference between the mean duration of a played sequence in the alert as compared to the trance state. A Fast Fourier Transformation of cerebral activity showed a significant increase in power of the alpha 1 spectrum (8.0-10.0 Hz) for the trance state of mind only. This effect occurred more markedly ove...
Gender and Police Officers’ Perceptions of Their Job Performance: An Analysis of the Relationship between Gender and Perceptions of Job Performance:

Using self-report survey methodology, this article examines the relationship between gender and police officers’perceptions of their job performance. Based on surveys of 217 male and female officers, results show that male and female officers perceive themselves equally qualified to carry out tasks required in law enforcement, including administration and supervision. This research suggests that male and female police officers work equally well on their jobs and there are no significant differences in their job performance, capabilities, and administration skills even when level of education and years of experience are controlled.
Recurrence of rectal prolapse following rectopexy: a pooled analysis of 532 patients.

Aim The study was designed to address the unanswered question of the influence of the extent of rectal mobilization, the type of rectal fixation and the surgical access (open vs laparoscopic) on recurrence rates following abdominal surgery for full-thickness rectal prolapse (FTRP). Method Individual patient data were pooled and data merging was performed following comparison of variable definitions to ensure similarity in definitions. Recurrence after rectopexy was defined as the presence of FTRP on physical examination. The impact of categorical factors on recurrence was assessed using Fisher's exact and the chi-squared tests. Recurrence-free survival curves were generated for patients and differences in time to recurrence were compared using the log rank test. Factors passing univariate screening with a P value < 0.1 were included in a multivariate model. Results After data matching and merging, 532 patients were included. The duration of follow-up ranged from 12 to 235 months. There were 46 (8.6%) recurrences at a median follow-up of 60 months. Mean age was 53.6 ± 17 years, 359 (67.5%) were female, the mean length of external prolapse was 6.3 ± 4 cm, and previous abdominal surgery had taken place in 33.7%. Four variables were identified on initial univariate screening as being related to recurrence. They included a history of incontinence (P = 0.09), constipation (P = 0.018), the extent of rectal mobilization (P = 0.004) and the role of sigmoid resection (P = 0.057). Using multivariate analysis, only the degree of mobilization was independently associated with recurrence (P = 0.026). Conclusion Circumferential rectal mobilization during rectopexy was associated with a decreased long-term recurrence rate. The type of rectal fixation and the type of surgical access did not influence recurrence.
Cultural Tourism as Regional Destinations

Among the dilemmas facing tourism planners and developers is attempting to balance the various economic and social benefits of development with the potential costs or risks. And efforts to create sustainable tourism development based on cultural or ethnic attractions presents planners and developers with a second dilemma, how to grow the enterprise without destroying the cultural resources to which the tourists were initially attracted. An attraction lifecycle model is proposed as a tool to determine the viability of tourism attractions and to analyze eight cultural, historical or ethnic tourism attractions for illustrative purposes.
Psychopathology and competence to stand trial

This study incorporated multiple indices of competence as well as diagnostic and symptom ratings to determine the symptoms and diagnostic categories associated with incompetence to stand trial and whether these correlates differ as a function of the defendant's diagnosis. One hundred thirty-eight pretrial criminal defendants evaluated for competence were rated by at least one of eight clinicians for (a) overall degree of competence (on a 0-10 rating scale), (b) whether they were able to understand the charges against them and/or assist in their defense, (c) the severity of several psychiatric symptoms, and (d) clinical diagnosis. Interrater reliability estimates for competence and most symptom ratings were quite high, whereas reliability of diagnostic classification, ratings of depression, and estimated overall intelligence were modest. A stepwise discriminant analysis predicting competence for defendants with a psychotic disorder diagnosis generated a model that contained only two variables—thought disor...
Evaluation of the effect of interleukin-6 and human extracellullar matrix on embryonic development

Extracellular matrices and their associated growth factors can modulate the in-vitro growth of cells. In this study, the effects of culture substrata and the cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) on embryonic development were investigated. In-vitro fertilized mouse oocytes were pooled and randomly distributed amongst treatment groups. The test treatments were: (i) IL-6, at either 500 or 1000 pg/ml; (ii) human extracellular matrix (HECM) applied to organ culture dishes at either 5.0 or 10.0 microg/ml; and (iii) HECM and IL-6 combined. A total of 1285 embryos was evaluated. The effect of IL-6 on embryos was dose dependent. Treated embryos exhibited higher blastulation and hatching rates than untreated control embryos. Culture of embryos on human matrix proteins versus standard culture surfaces significantly improved in-vitro hatching. The combination of both of these treatments was superior to the medium alone control, and the mean cell count per blastocyst was higher (131.7 +/- 29.7 versus 82. 5 +/- 14.3 in control embryos; P < 0.0001). In a pilot study with human triploid embryos, the HECM/IL-6 culture system appeared to support embryonic compaction, blastulation and hatching. This work suggests that extracellular matrix components in combination with growth factors/cytokines may be another avenue for formulating more physiological culture systems.
On Kusuoka Representation of Law Invariant Risk Measures

In this paper we discuss representations of law invariant coherent risk measures in a form of integrals of the average value-at-risk measures. We show that such an integral representation exists iff the dual set of the considered risk measure is generated by one of its elements, and this representation is uniquely defined. On the other hand, representation of risk measures as a maximum of such integral forms is not unique. The suggested approach gives a constructive way for writing such representations.
Identification of Gene Products Involved in Biofilm Production by Moraxella catarrhalis ETSU-9 In Vitro

Moraxella catarrhalis ETSU-9 was subjected to random transposon insertion mutagenesis to identify genes encoding products involved in the ability of the organism to form biofilms in vitro. Screening of approximately 3,000 transposon insertion mutants in the crystal violet-based biofilm assay system yielded six mutants that exhibited greatly reduced abilities to form biofilms. Three of these mutants had transposon insertions in the uspA2H gene, which encodes a surface protein previously shown to be involved in the ability of M. catarrhalis to both attach to human cell lines in vitro and resist killing by normal human serum. Random insertion mutagenesis of the uspA2H gene, involving the introduction of a 15-nucleotide fragment encoding 5 amino acids, was used to attempt to identify the domain(s) necessary for biofilm formation. Most of these insertions adversely affected biofilm formation, whereas the abilities of these same mutants to attach to Chang conjunctival epithelial cells in vitro were usually not reduced. Gain-of-function experiments showed that introduction of the M. catarrhalis ETSU-9 uspA2H gene into Escherichia coli conferred biofilm formation ability on this recombinant strain. Two of the other three M. catarrhalis ETSU-9 transposon insertion mutants that had greatly reduced abilities to form biofilms were shown to have insertions in genes encoding products predicted to be directly or indirectly involved in cell wall metabolism.
Role of Src Family Kinase in Extracellular Renal Cyclic Guanosine 3′,5′-Monophosphate- and Pressure-Induced Natriuresis

cGMP functions as an extracellular (paracrine) messenger acting at the renal proximal tubule and is an important modulator of pressure-natriuresis (P-N). The signaling pathway activated by cGMP in the tubule cell basolateral membrane remains unknown. We hypothesized that renal interstitial microinfusion of cGMP (50 nmol/kg per minute) or P-N would be accompanied by increased renal protein levels of phospho-Src (Tyr 416) and that the natriuresis would be decreased by Src inhibition. Renal interstitial cGMP-induced natriuresis was blocked by Src inhibitor PP2 (2.0±0.4 versus 0.5±0.01 μEq/g per minute; P P P + and lithium. Both extracellular cGMP and increased renal perfusion pressure increased renal phospho-Src protein levels and induced natriuresis in an Src-dependent manner, demonstrating that Src is an important downstream signaling molecule for extracellular cGMP-induced natriuresis.
Hybrid MPC: Open-Minded but Not Easily Swayed

The robustness of asymptotic stability with respect to measurement noise for discrete-time feedback control systems is discussed. It is observed that, when attempting to achieve obstacle avoidance or regulation to a disconnected set of points for a continuous-time system using sample and hold state feedback, the noise robustness margin necessarily vanishes with the sampling period. With this in mind, we propose two modifications to standard model predictive control (MPC) to enhance robustness to measurement noise. The modifications involve the addition of dynamical states that make large jumps. Thus, they have a hybrid flavor. The proposed algorithms are well suited for the situation where one wants to use a control algorithm that responds quickly to large changes in operating conditions and is not easily confused by moderately large measurement noise and similar disturbances.
Thermal energy savings in pilot-scale plate heat exchanger system during product processing using modified surfaces

Abstract A pilot-scale plate heat exchanger (PHE) system having modified surfaces was tested for possible thermal energy savings while pasteurizing milk and tomato juice. The surfaces tested were stainless steel 316 (control), and SS-316 coated with three different commercially available food-grade materials; Lectrofluor-641 TM , graded Ni-P-PTFE, and AMC148-18. The PHE system was operated continuously for 6 h at a flow rate of 0.162 m 3 h −1 channel −1 . Of the three coatings, Lectrofluor-641 TM had the most promising results. Calculation for total thermal energy consumption indicate that using the Lectrofluor-641 TM coated plates results in about 7.68% and 15.86% less energy, respectively, for processing tomato juice and skim milk than when traditional SS-316 plates were used. Overall, results indicate that modifying food processing equipment surface could result in substantial energy savings and need to be explored further.
Early Hits and Long-Term Consequences: Tracking the Lasting Impact of Prenatal Smoke Exposure on Telomere Length in Children

We examined the association between telomere length and prenatal tobacco exposure (PTE) in 104 children aged 4 to 14 years. Salivary telomere length (STL) was determined from salivary DNA using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Of the children, 18% had maternal reported PTE. Mean STL was significantly lower among children with PTE (6.4 vs 7.5, P < .05). Findings extend the literature demonstrating the negative long-term effects of PTE to include a cellular marker of aging linked to multiple negative health outcomes.
Black Power, White Resistance, and Public Policy: Political Power and Poverty Program Grants in Mississippi

Scholars have demonstrated that three types of black power tactics--electoral, protest, and violent--influence public policy. However, they have ignored both the relative efficacy of various black power tactics and the influence of the countermovement. This study examines the distribution of poverty program grants to Mississippi counties in 1968 and 1972 in order to shed light on three alternative explanations: (1) various black power tactics influence the distribution; (2) various white countermovement tactics influence the distribution; and (3) economic need influences the distribution. The regression equations indicate that electoral tactics are successful in influencing programs that are controllable by the elite. It, moreover, is apparent that a movement using electoral tactics needs a programmatic elite that is favorable to its cause.
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides: revised kinetic mechanism and kinetics of ATP inhibition

The kinetic mechanisms of the NAD- and NADP-linked reactions catalyzed by glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides were examined using product inhibition, dead-end inhibition and alternate substrate experiments. The results are consistent with a steady-state random mechanism for the NAD-linked and an ordered, sequential mechanism with NADP+ binding first for the NADP-linked reaction. Thus, the enzyme can bind NADP+, NAD+, and glucose 6-phosphate, but the enzyme-glucose 6-phosphate complex can react only with NAD+, not with NADP+. This affects the rate equation for the NADP-linked reaction by introducing a term for a dead-end enzyme-glucose 6-phosphate complex. The kinetic mechanisms represent revisions of those proposed previously (C. Olive, M.E. Geroch, and H.R. Levy, 1971, J. Biol. Chem. 246, 2047-2057) and provide a kinetic basis for the regulation of coenzyme utilization of the enzyme by glucose 6-phosphate concentration (H.R. Levy, and G.H. Daouk, 1979, J. Biol. Chem. 254, 4843-4847) and NADPH/NADP+ concentration ratios (H.R. Levy, G.H. Daouk, and M.A. Katopes, 1979, Arch, Biochem. Biophys. 198, 406-413). The kinetic mechanisms were found to be the same at pH 6.2 and pH 7.8. The kinetics of ATP inhibition of the NAD- and NADP-linked reactions were examined at pH 6.2 and pH 7.8. The results are interpreted in terms of ATP addition to binary enzyme-coenzyme and enzyme-glucose 6-phosphate complexes.
Delivery of intravenous treprostinil at low infusion rates using a miniaturized infusion pump in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension

Purpose Treprostinil is approved for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) via continuous intravenous (IV) infusion. Treprostinil's anti-platelet aggregation characteristics and stability at room temperature may allow for low infusion rates (0.1-0.2 mL/hr) using a miniaturized infusion pump. Methods A 12-week, multi-center, open-label study in 12 adult PAH patients, evaluated the feasibility and safety of low-flow IV treprostinil administration via the 407C miniaturized pump. Patients receiving IV treprostinil at a stable dose were transitioned from their current CADD-Legacy pump to the 407C and were assessed for adverse events including catheter occlusions, pump alarms, and efficacy (six minute walk distance (6MWD), Borg Dyspnea Score (BDS), NYHA functional class, and PAH signs/symptoms). All patients were also maintained on therapeutic doses of warfarin, heparin or low molecular weight heparin throughout the study. Results Baseline mean (+/-SD) 6MWD was 477 +/- 76 m (n = 9) with mean BDS of 2.1 +/- 1.2 (n = 9). Week 12 mean 6MWD and BDS were 500 +/- 92 m and 2.3 +/- 1.7, respectively (n = 9). Four patients discontinued the study prematurely (3 AEs and 1 consent withdrawn). Adverse events included headache, flushing, and nausea. Pump complications occurred in 5 of 12 patients, and although no catheter occlusions occurred in any patient during the 12-week study, further study is needed regarding pump complications. Conclusion This study demonstrates that treprostinil can be administered intravenously at infusion rates as low as 0.1 mL/hr for 12 weeks without catheter occlusions. Further studies are warranted because the potential for adverse events is of some concern.
Personality in multiple sclerosis (MS): impact on health, psychological well-being, coping, and overall quality of life

AbstractPersonality has long been considered a factor that can account for differences in health, well-being, and overall quality of life (QOL). A ‘Distressed or Type D Personality’ has been studied in medical populations as a predictor of several outcomes. The purpose of the present investigation was to determine the presence of Type D Personality in multiple sclerosis (MS) and its role on disease symptoms, disease management, health-related behaviors, coping, psychological well-being, and overall QOL and functioning. Two hundred and thirty (230) individuals with MS completed a survey assessing personality, disease symptoms, disease management, coping, self-efficacy, locus of control (LOC), psychological well-being, and QOL. Thirty-seven (16%) individuals were found to be ‘Type D+.’ Such individuals reported greater fatigue, pain, depression, and anxiety and worse disease management and adherence. They also reported engaging in maladaptive means of coping. Compared to ‘Type D−’ they reported lower self-e...
Molecular and crystal structure of Cp2Mo(mto), mto=monothiooxalate

Compoundl, Cp2Mo(mto) is obtained by the reaction of Cp2MoCl2 with methanol solutions of potassium dithiooxalate in air. Red platelike crystals of Cp2Mo(mto) were grown by the slow diffusion of pentane into a CH2Cl2 solution ofl and have been studied by X-ray crystallography: space group, P21/n,a=7.578(1),b=10.551(2),c=14.090(3) A, β=94.38(2)°,V=1123.1(4) A3,Z=4. The mto ligand chelates to the Mo atom through one oxygen atom and the sulfur atom. The two Cp rings form dihedral angles of 24° with the least-squares plane of the mto ligand. The Mo−O and Mo−S bond distances are 2.193(5) and 2.449(2) A, respectively.
Chemical shifts of theμ

The determination ofμ molecule formation by measurement of theμ+ precession frequency shifts in a magnetic field (due to chemical shifts) is proposed. The differences in chemical shifts between a muon and a proton in simple halide molecules are calculated and shown to be about 2 ppm. A formula, based on the shift of theμ+ precession frequency, is presented for determining reaction rates forμ molecule formation.
Influence of matrix properties in steel-wire-net reinforced concrete

To increase the reinforcing effect of fiber in the steel-wire-net reinforced concretes,through theoretical analysis of fracture mechanics,the approach to ameliorate the bond strength of interface between matrix and reinforcement was shown.The tests of such static mechanical characteristics as the compressive strength,bending strength and tensile strength of the reinforced concretes were carried out.The compressive strength,bending strength and tensile strength of the composite reinforced in the same mode were 87.5,88 and 150 percent of that of the matrix respectively.It is the higher grade of the concrete that improves the bond capability of interface,make the bridge action of fiber perform better,and utilize the mechanical characteristics of steel-wire-net.
Research Status of Community Safety Promotion

Considering the epidemiology of injuries all over the world, and main injury problems in communities, the prioritized target populations and strategies for community safety promotion was proposed in this article, in order to furthest protect safety and health of people in communities.
Antigenicity and Immunogenicity of Cell-Associated Glucans from Streptococcus Mutans

Immunization with whole cell vaccines composed of Streptococcus mutans has been shown to exert protective effects against S. mutans induced dental caries in the rat (see review ref. 1) and in Macaca fascicularis monkeys (2). We have recently shown that monkeys immunized with whole cell vaccines of S. mutans strain 6715 produce salivary and serum antibodies to the immunizing organism. These animals are also protected from dental infection with the immunizing S. mutans strain (3,4). There is considerable in vitro evidence that antibodies directed to S. mutans are capable of inhibiting adherence of these organisms to smooth surfaces (5–9). Initial adherence to the tooth surface in vivo appears to be a necessary step in the colonization and subsequent carious attack of the tooth by S. mutans. It may follow therefore that antibodies which reduce adherence are of considerable importance in both natural and induced protection against dental caries.
PDP1, a novel Drosophila PAR domain bZIP transcription factor expressed in developing mesoderm, endoderm and ectoderm, is a transcriptional regulator of somatic muscle genes

In vertebrates, transcriptional control of skeletal muscle genes during differentiation is regulated by enhancers that direct the combinatorial binding and/or interaction of MEF2 and the bHLH MyoD family of myogenic factors. We have shown that Drosophila MEF2 plays a role similar to its vertebrate counterpart in the regulation of the Tropomyosin I gene in the development of Drosophila somatic muscles, however, unlike vertebrates, Drosophila MEF2 interacts with a muscle activator region that does not have binding sites for myogenic bHLH-like factors or any other known Drosophila transcription factors. We describe here the isolation and characterization of a component of the muscle activator region that we have named PDP1 (PAR domain protein 1). PDP1 is a novel transcription factor that is highly homologous to the PAR subfamily of mammalian bZIP transcription factors HLF, DBP and VBP/TEF. This is the first member of the PAR subfamily of bZIP transcription factors to be identified in Drosophila. We show that PDP1 is involved in regulating expression of the Tropomyosin I gene in somatic body-wall and pharyngeal muscles by binding to DNA sequences within the muscle activator that are required for activator function. Mutations that eliminate PDP1 binding eliminate muscle activator function and severely reduce expression of a muscle activator plus MEF2 mini-enhancer. These and previous results suggest that PDP1 may function as part of a larger protein/DNA complex that interacts with MEF2 to regulate transcription of Drosophila muscle genes. Furthermore, in addition to being expressed in the mesoderm that gives rise to the somatic muscles, PDP1 is also expressed in the mesodermal fat body, the developing midgut endoderm, the hindgut and Malpighian tubules, and the epidermis and central nervous system, suggesting that PDP1 is also involved in the terminal differentiation of these tissues.
Reduction of Linear ODEs to a First Order System

This chapter discusses the reduction of linear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) to a first-order system. By introducing variables to represent the derivatives in an n th order linear ordinary differential equation, a first-order system of differential equations may be obtained. The chapter discusses the procedure for reduction of linear ODEs to first-order system and also analyzes an example. It highlights that many packaged computer programs require the input to be in the form of a first-order vector system. The method of elimination is the opposite of the method presented in the chapter. In the method of elimination, a system of simultaneous equations is converted into a single equation of higher order.
Constructive controversy and decision making

INTRODUCTION Theory may inform, but practice convinces. George Bain (1881–1968), Scottish artist A large pharmaceutical company faced the decision of whether to buy or build a chemical plant ( The Wall Street Journal , October 22, 1975). To maximize the likelihood that the best decision was made, the president established two advocacy teams to ensure that both the “buy” and the “build” alternatives received a fair and complete hearing. An advocacy team is a subgroup that prepares and presents a particular policy alternative to the decision-making group. The “buy” team was instructed to prepare and present the best case for purchasing a chemical plant, and the “build” team was told to prepare and present the best case for constructing a new chemical plant near the company's national headquarters. The “buy” team identified over 100 existing plants that would meet the company's needs, narrowed the field down to 20, further narrowed the field down to 3, and then selected 1 plant as the ideal plant to buy. The “build” team contacted dozens of engineering firms and, after four months of consideration, selected a design for the ideal plant to build. Nine months after they were established, the two teams, armed with all the details about cost, (a) presented their best case and (b) challenged each other's information, reasoning, and conclusions. From the spirited discussion, it became apparent that the two options would cost about the same amount of money. The group, therefore, chose the “build” option because it allowed the plant to be conveniently located near company headquarters. This procedure represents the structured use of constructive controversy to ensure high-quality decision making. In this chapter the application of constructive controversy in decision-making situations is explored. Decision making will first be defined, the constructive controversy procedure for decision making is then described, and the relevance of constructive controversy for thoughtful and considered decision making will then be described.
Great Lakes Creoles: A French-Indian Community on the Northern Borderlands, Prairie du Chien, 1750–1860

Great Lakes Creoles: A French-Indian Community on the Northern Borderlands, Prairie du Chien, 1750–1860 is an ambitious history of the community of fur trading families at Prairie du Chien (in what...
Ethnically-Based Theme House Residency and Expected Discrimination Predict Downstream Markers of Inflammation Among College Students

We examined participation in an ethnically based residential program or “theme house” during the first year of college as a predictor of downstream immune system inflammation among undergraduates. Using a 4-year prospective design, we compared markers of inflammation among Latino/Latina students in a residential theme program with a matched sample of nonresidents. Students provided oral mucosal transudate samples for the assessment of circulating Interleukin 6 (IL-6), an inflammatory cytokine linked to health vulnerabilities. Findings suggest a protective benefit of theme house residency especially among students with anxious expectations of discrimination. Such expectations predicted higher levels of IL-6 after the first year of college among nonresidents only. In years 2–3, following exit from the theme house, the relationship between expected discrimination and IL-6 levels remained positive among nonresidents and was attenuated among residents, controlling for past IL-6 levels. Culturally based spaces ...
The Utility of the Weight and Lifestyle Inventory (WALI) in Predicting 2-Year Weight Loss After Bariatric Surgery

Background Emotional eating (EE) has been implicated as an important variable in bariatric surgery and is frequently assessed during preoperative evaluations. Little is known about the association between preoperative EE and postoperative outcomes. This study examined associations between preoperative EE, as measured by the Weight and Lifestyle Inventory, and 2-year postoperative percent weight loss.
Can I Get Directions to My Kidneys Please

This dialog occurred during a classmate interview between two pre-service science teachers talking about the internal anatomy of humans and pigs. Isabel was interviewing Mary about her drawing of the human body to determine which system she drew first and why. Mary clearly knew about the gastrointestinal system [digestive] and many of its organs. She identified the gastrointestinal system as the easiest to draw and identify because she thought “everyone knows about it”.
Th1- and Th17-polarized immune infiltrates in eosinophilic fasciitis—A potential marker for histopathologic distinction from morphea

Background Morphea (localized scleroderma) and eosinophilic fasciitis (EF) are rare fibrosing disorders which may present a diagnostic challenge. While histopathologic features are often distinct, in some cases there may be overlap. T-cells contribute to etiopathogenesis of both autoimmune conditions. We sought to determine whether T-cell immune polarization enables histopathologic distinction. Materials & Methods We retrospectively examined clinicopathologically confirmed cases of morphea (n = 12) and EF (n = 8) using immunohistochemistry for CD3, CD8, and dual staining for CD4 with T-bet, GATA-3, STAT-3 or BNC-2 (transcription factors reported to be specific and mutually exclusive for Th1, Th2, Th17 and Th22 cells, respectively) to characterize the T-cell infiltrate. Results No significant difference in CD3+ cells was identified (P = .195), however, the CD4/CD8+ T-cell ratio was significantly greater in morphea compared to EF (1.2 and 0.6, respectively; P = .034). Th1/Th2 was significantly lower in morphea compared to EF (1.7 and 2.7, respectively; P = .027). The percent of Th17+ cells was significantly higher in EF (P = 0.041). No significant difference in percent of Th22+ cells was identified. Conclusion Morphea and EF may be histopathologically distinguished based on helper T-cell subtype polarization. These findings offer novel insight into our understanding of disease pathogenesis and support a role for Th1/Th2 immune regulation and Th17 inhibition in anti-fibrotic therapeutic strategy.