cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Epidemiology of RSV in Japan: A nationwide claims database analysis.

BACKGROUND Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of hospitalization for bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infancy. In Japan, limited data are publicly available on RSV epidemiology and clinical characteristics among infants. METHODS This retrospective study described RSV incidence, seasonality, patient characteristics, resource use, and clinical outcomes among Japanese children <2 years from January 2017 through December 2018. RSV cases were identified using the Japanese Medical Data Center database. RESULTS In the database, 9,711 and 8,509 RSV patients <2 years were identified in 2017 and 2018. Of these, 25% required hospitalization. Ninety percent of hospitalized patients did not have a known RSV risk factor. Nineteen percent of hospitalized patients experienced dehydration, and 12% had acute respiratory failure. Hospitalization lasted one week on average and 7% required some type of mechanical ventilation. The peak of hospitalizations occurred at 2 months. The incidence of RSV hospitalization in children <2 years was 23.2 per 1000 person-years, which increased to 35.4 per 1000 for infants <6 months. This age group accounted for 40% of all RSV-associated hospitalizations among children <2 years. CONCLUSIONS Roughly one-fourth of all RSV patients <2 years were hospitalized. Ninety percent of these did not have an underlying risk condition. This underscores that RSV can cause serious disease among all young children. Three to four out of every 100 Japanese children <6 months were hospitalized for RSV, and this age group accounted for ~40% of all RSV-associated hospitalizations. Novel and broad-based RSV prevention strategies, especially those targeting young infants, are needed.
A Bayesian hierarchically structured prior for rare-variant association testing

Although genome-wide association studies have been widely used to identify associations between complex diseases and genetic variants, standard single-variant analyses often have limited power when applied to rare variants. To overcome this problem, set-based methods have been developed with the aim of boosting power by borrowing strength from multiple rare variants. We propose the adaptive hierarchically structured variable selection (HSVS-A) before test for association of rare variants in a set with continuous or dichotomous phenotypes and to estimate the effect of individual rare variants simultaneously. HSVS-A has the flexibility to integrate a pairwise weighting scheme, which adaptively induces desirable correlations among variants of similar significance such that we can borrow information from potentially causal and noncausal rare variants to boost power. Simulation studies show that for both continuous and dichotomous phenotypes, HSVS-A is powerful when there are multiple causal rare variants, either in the same or opposite direction of effect, with the presence of a large number of noncausal variants. We also apply HSVS-A to the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium Crohn's disease data for testing the association of Crohn's disease with rare variants in pathways. HSVS-A identifies two pathways harboring novel protective rare variants for Crohn's disease.
Evaluation of a DNA demethylating agent in combination with all-trans retinoic acid for IDH1-mutant gliomas.

Background Isocitrate Dehydrogenase 1/2 (IDH1/2) mutations are diagnostic for Astrocytoma or Oligodendroglioma, IDH-mutant. In these IDH-mutant gliomas, retinoic acid-related gene expression is commonly silenced by DNA hypermethylation. DNA demethylating agents can epigenetically reprogram IDH-mutant cells and reduce proliferation, likely by re-expression of silenced tumor suppressor pathways. We hypothesized that DNA demethylation might restore the retinoic acid pathway and slow tumor growth. This was the rationale for a preclinical evaluation combining the DNA demethylating agent, 5-Azacytidine (5-Aza), and retinoic acid pathway activation with all-trans retinoic acid (atRA) in IDH-mutant glioma. Methods In this study, we evaluated the effect of 5-Aza and atRA combination on cell proliferation, apoptosis and gene expression in human glioma cells. In addition, the efficacy of combination was tested in patient-derived xenograft (PDX) bearing the IDH1R132H mutation, utilizing subcutaneous and orthotopic models. Results 5-Aza reduced the DNA methylation profile and increased the gene expression of retinoic acid-related genes. Combination of 5-Aza and atRA reduced cell growth, increased differentiation marker expression, and apoptosis in IDH1R132H glioma cells. Mechanistically, 5-Aza sensitized IDHIR132H glioma cells to atRA via upregulation of the retinoic acid pathway. Importantly, the drug combination reduced significantly the growth rate of subcutaneous tumors, but in an orthotopic mouse model the combination did not improve survival and 5-Aza alone provided the best survival benefit. Conclusion Use of DNA demethylating agent in combination with retinoids shows promise, but further optimization and preclinical studies are required for treatment of intracranial IDH-mutant gliomas.
Theory and performance analysis of a new heat engine for concentrating solar power

SUMMARY The objectives of this paper are to introduce a new heat engine and evaluate its performance. The new heat engine uses a gas, such as air, nitrogen, or argon, as the working fluid and extracts thermal energy from a heat source as the energy input. The new heat engine may find extensive applications in renewable energy industries, such as concentrating solar power (CSP). Additionally, the heat engine may be employed to recover energy from exhaust streams of internal combustion engines, gas turbine engines, and various industrial processes. It may also work as a thermal-to-mechanical conversion system in a nuclear power plant and function as an external combustion engine in which the heat source is the combustion gas from an external combustion chamber. The heat engine is to mimic the performance of an air-standard Otto cycle. This is achieved by drastically increasing the time duration of heat acquisition from the heat source in conjunction with the timing of the heat acquisition and a large heat transfer surface area. Performance simulations show that the new heat engine can potentially attain a thermal efficiency above 50% and a power output above 100 kW under open-cycle operation. Additionally, the heat engine could significantly reduce CSP costs and operate in open cycles, effectively removing the difficulties of dry cooling requirement for CSP applications. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Free Speech and Democracy in Ancient Athens: The Legacy of Free Speech

Today the challenges of practicing and protecting freedom of speech seldom fade from the headlines of our newspapers or the controversies in our courts. This was not always the case. Though in the series of amendments that constitute the Bill of Rights in the U.S. Constitution freedom of speech takes pride of place as part of the First Amendment, its inclusion at that point is the result more of chance than of its perceived importance when the amendments were adopted. Over time the interest in free speech has varied greatly as have the justificatory arguments about its place in political regimes. On occasion, Athens and its democratic regime surface as part of a justificatory argument as writers connect free speech with the Athenian experience of self-rule. The more contemporary recourse to the language of freedom of speech underscores for the most part, however, the differences in the ways in which this practice becomes part of the life of a regime. The brief story of the inclusion of freedom of speech among the “first” protections in the Bill of Rights will serve as preface to a synopsis of some of the many ways that freedom of speech enters our discourse as we reflect on the goals of political life. GOVERNMENT AS OGRE Sitting in the first session of the U.S. Congress in 1789, Representative James Madison, one of the architects of the Constitution, acknowledged that document's inadequacies.
Incident management with advanced traveller information systems

Advanced Traveller Information Systems (ATIS) can be used to collect and disseminate dynamic information about travel times on highway links. One of the potential uses of these systems is to manage incidents. The objective of this research is to show under what incident conditions is it relevant to provide real time traffic information to travellers. A model that uses graphical queueing techniques is utilized to define cases when ATIS is beneficial and cases when it is not, and to evaluate its benefits as measured by travel time savings. The model is applied to a simple road network with two parallel bottlenecks. We analyze an off-peak incident scenario where a user optimal strategy is implemented to disseminate information only to vehicles equipped with ATIS. The different cases of queue evolution that can result are described, benefits to guided and unguided travellers and the sensitivity of benefits to relevant parameters are also analyzed. It is found that once equilibrium is reached between alternate routes, the rate of diversion from one to the other has to be decreased to maintain it. The implication is that during equilibrium some guided travellers will be diverted to the alternate route while others will be asked to stay on the route where the incident has occurred. It is also found that as long as the fraction of vehicles equipped with ATIS is below a critical value, p c , then the benefits to a guided traveller are maximum and are not affected by the amount of guided traffic. However, benefits to a guided traveller decline when the fraction of guided traffic becomes larger than p c . The critical value, p c , does not depend on incident parameters but it is a function of capacity of the alternate route and corridor demand. System benefits also increase to a maximum as the fraction of guided traffic approaches p c and become constant when this fraction is larger than p c . Therefore, under user optimal strategy, if the fraction of vehicles equipped with ATIS is equal to p c benefits to guided traffic and to the system are maximized simultaneously. The research need is to develop a methodology which can find practical estimates of p c to be used in large scale simulations of real life networks.
Five‐Coordinated Structures

Revue des structures de ces composes, complexes ou autres. Les flexibilites stereochimiques, pentacoordination dans les mecanismes de reaction, principes et deformations de structure sont etudies
Scattering matrix based compact MOSFET model

This work introduces a compact MOSFET model including quasi-ballistic effects. The proposed model is based on a combination of the one-flux scattering matrix approach with an advanced surface-potential-based model. The ballistic limit and traditional charge-sheet models are recovered as special cases. Circuit simulations demonstrate the practicality of the new approach to compact modeling.
PVMe: an enhanced implementation of PVM for the IBM 9076 SP2

We present PVMe, IBM's AIX implementation of the widely used PVM message passing programming model. The focus is on the version for the IBM 9076 SP2. The basic PVMe design is described along with the results obtained running some significant applications on this platform.
I Am My Language: Discourses of Women and Children in the Borderlands.

. Am My Language: Discourses of Women and Children in the Borderlands. Norma Gonzalez. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2001. 240 pp.
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and Accounting Conservatism

We examine the impact of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (the Act) on financial reporting conservatism. We analyze market-value-based, accrual-based, and earnings/returns relation measures of conservatism in the pre-Act period and post-Act period. Our results indicate that the impact of the Act on measures of financial reporting conservatism is insignificant. Results do not support the claim that the Act induced more conservative financial reporting as determined by our three measures of accounting conservatism.
Challenges for the older academic in balancing work and wellness.

Objective: The objective of this study was to describe the risks for the development of MSDs in older academics. Method: Four older academics needed modification of their offices to reduce symptoms of MSDs. In order to improve their occupational performance, data were gathered through interviews and observations, facilitating selection of interventions responsive to their unique client factors, physical contexts, and the organizational environment. Results: Older academics did not perceive risks for the development of MSDs in work that was sedentary. Their routines included few health and wellness behaviors in a culture rewarding excessive work, facilitating commitment to the organization, and understating the importance of health and wellness to the academic community. Conclusions: Occupational therapists must reframe sedentary work as physically demanding and potentially risky for the development of MSDs, and must recognize the organizational influences on the work of academics. Prolonging work life might likely result from modifications in the physical context and from the academic adopting healthy lifestyle routines within multiple environments.
A free energy model for thin-film shape memory alloys

Thin-film shape memory alloys (SMAs) have become excellent candidates for microactuator fabrication in MEMS. We develop a material model based on free energy principles combined with stochastic homogenization techniqies. In the first step of the development, we construct free energies and develop phase fraction and thermal evolution laws for homogeneous, single-crystal SMAs. Second, we extend the single-crystal model to accomodate material inhomogeneities and polycrystalline compounds. The combined model predicts rate-dependent, uniaxial SMA deformations due to applied stress and temperature. Moreover, the model admits a low-order formulation that is suitable for subsequent control design. We illustrate aspects of the model through comparison with thin-film NiTi superelastic hysteresis data.
Computational promise of simultaneous recurrent network with a stochastic search mechanism

This paper explores the computational promise of enhancing Simultaneous Recurrent Neural networks with a stochastic search mechanism as static optimizers. Successful application of Simultaneous Recurrent Neural networks to static optimization problems, where the training had been achieved through one of a number of deterministic gradient descent algorithms including Recurrent Backpropagation, Backpropagation and Resilient Propagation, was recently reported in the literature. Accordingly at the present time, it became highly desirable to assess if enhancing the neural optimization algorithm with a stochastic search mechanism would be of substantial utility and value, which is the focus of the study reported in this paper. Two techniques are employed to assess the added value of a potential enhancement through a stochastic search mechanism: one method entails comparison of SRN performance with a stochastic search algorithm, the Genetic Algorithm, and the second method leverages estimation for the quality of optimal solutions through Held-Karp bounds. The Traveling Salesman Problem is employed as the benchmark for the simulation study reported herein. Simulation results suggest that there is likely to be significant improvement possible in the quality of solutions for the Traveling Salesman problem, and potentially other static optimization problems, if the Simultaneous Recurrent Neural network is augmented with a stochastic search mechanism.
HTC superconducting planar antennas design using the TTL method in the Fourier transform domain

An analysis and design for HTC superconducting planar antenna, particularly microstrip patch antenna, is presented in this work. The rigorous Transverse Transmission Line (TTL) method in the Fourier Transform Domain (FTD) along with the Transmission Line Model are applied. However, the analysis can be extended to others planar structures using materials with losses, as semiconductor, or lossless dielectric substrate. Since the TTL is a concise full wave method and very much suitable on microwave and millimeter-wave components study, it gives accurate effective dielectric constant which contributes definitively to obtain all others antenna parameters with higher precision such as length, efficiency, bandwidth, quality factor, radiation patterns.
Inhibition of Host Cell Ribosomal Ribonucleic Acid Methylation by Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus

A study of protein and ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis in cells infected by foot-and-mouth disease virus has indicated possible mechanisms of viral control over host cell metabolism. Foot-and-mouth disease virus infection of baby hamster kidney cells resulted in 50% inhibition of host cell protein synthesis at 180 min postinfection. A viral-induced interference with host cell RNA methylation was observed to be more rapidly inhibited than protein synthesis. To determine the nature of methylation inhibition, the kinetics of several host cell methylated RNA species were examined subsequent to virus infection. Data from sucrose zonal centrifugation and methylated albumin kieselguhr chromatography showed that methylation of nuclear RNA was inhibited 50% at 60 min postinfection. Inhibition of nuclear ribosomal RNA precursors and formation of nascent ribosomes correlated with inhibition kinetics of nuclear RNA methylation. It is suggested that the viral interference with the host nuclear RNA methylation is directly responsible for the observed loss of nascent ribosome formation. Moreover, early in the infectious cycle, methylation inhibition of host cell RNA could, in part, account for the cessation of host protein synthesis.
cis-Regulatory control of the initial neurogenic pattern of onecut gene expression in the sea urchin embryo.

Specification of the ciliated band (CB) of echinoid embryos executes three spatial functions essential for postgastrular organization. These are establishment of a band about 5 cells wide which delimits and bounds other embryonic territories; definition of a neurogenic domain within this band; and generation within it of arrays of ciliary cells that bear the special long cilia from which the structure derives its name. In Strongylocentrotus purpuratus the spatial coordinates of the future ciliated band are initially and exactly determined by the disposition of a ring of cells that transcriptionally activate the onecut homeodomain regulatory gene, beginning in blastula stage, long before the appearance of the CB per se. Thus the cis-regulatory apparatus that governs onecut expression in the blastula directly reveals the genomic sequence code by which these aspects of the spatial organization of the embryo are initially determined. We screened the entire onecut locus and its flanking region for transcriptionally active cis-regulatory elements, and by means of BAC recombineered deletions identified three separated and required cis-regulatory modules that execute different functions. The operating logic of the crucial spatial control module accounting for the spectacularly precise and beautiful early onecut expression domain depends on spatial repression. Previously predicted oral ectoderm and aboral ectoderm repressors were identified by cis-regulatory mutation as the products of goosecoid and irxa genes respectively, while the pan-ectodermal activator SoxB1 supplies a transcriptional driver function.
Effects of 4-aminopyrazolopyrimidine on rabbit plasma cholesterol, platelet 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme a reductase and platelet aggregation

Abstract Administration of 4-aminopyrazolopyrimidine (4-APP) to rabbits resulted in a 63 per cent decrease in plasma cholesterol concentration and a 9-fold increase in platelet hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase activity. In individual rabbits, the degree of stimulation of HMG-CoA reductase activity was strongly correlated with the extent of reduction of plasma cholesterol (r 0.987). Reduction of plasma and platelet cholesterol concentrations by 4-APP treatment was associated with reduced sensitivity of platelets to aggregation by adenosine diphosphate and collagen.
Hydrothermal synthesis, structure, Raman spectroscopy, and self-irradiation studies of 248Cm(IO3)3

Abstract The study of curium iodate, Cm(IO3)3, was undertaken as part of a systematic investigation of the 4f- and 5f-elements’ iodates. The reaction of 248CmCl3 with aqueous H5IO6 under mild hydrothermal conditions results in the reduction of IO65− to IO3− anions, and the subsequent formation of Cm(IO3)3 single crystals. Crystallographic data are: (193 K, MoKα, λ = 0.71073 A ): monoclinic, space group P21/c, a = 7.2014 ( 7 ) A , b = 8.5062 ( 9 ) A , c = 13.4622 ( 14 ) A , β = 100.142 ( 2 ) ° , V = 811.76 ( 14 ) , Z = 4 , R ( F ) = 2.11 % , R w ( F o 2 ) = 4.43 % for 119 parameters with 1917 reflections with I>2σ(I). The structure consists of Cm3+ cations bound by iodate anions to form [Cm(IO3)8] units, where the local coordination environment around the curium centers can be described as a distorted dodecahedron. There are three crystallographically unique iodate anions within the structure; two iodates bridge between three Cm centers, and one iodate bridges between two Cm centers and has a terminal oxygen atom. The bridging of the curium centers by the iodate anions creates a three-dimensional structure. Three strong Raman bands with comparable intensities were observed at 846, 804, and 760 cm−1 and correspond to the I–O symmetric stretching of the three crystallographically distinct iodate ions. The Raman profile suggests a lack of inter-ionic vibrational coupling of the I–O stretching, while intra-ionic coupling provides symmetric and asymmetric components that correspond to each iodate site. Repeated collection of X-ray diffraction data for a crystal of Cm(IO3)3 over a period of time revealed a gradual expansion of the unit cell from self-irradiation. After 71 days, the new parameters were: a = 7.2132 ( 7 ) A , b = 8.5310 ( 8 ) A , c = 13.505 ( 1 ) A , β = 100.021 ( 2 ) ° , V = 818.3 ( 2 ) .
Effect of Corrosion on Crack Development and Fatigue Life

Fatigue and fracture as well as loss of section caused by corrosion are time-dependent performance characteristics that have the potential to jeopardize the integrity of bridge structures. During the past 25 years these conditions have developed in a number of bridges, resulting in loss of service, costly repairs, and concern about the safety of these structures. A review of the experience with such time-dependent damage since 1970 is presented. The experience is grouped into three categories: fatigue cracking resulting from changes in structural behavior as a result of corrosion, fatigue cracking resulting from development of corrosion notches in members, and stress corrosion of high-strength steel and weld metal. The examples cited illustrate the role of corrosion phenomena in bridge service and the need to control the corrosion conditions on bridge structures.
Decoding syntax during reading in aphasia.

Abstract Aphasic subjects' syntactic-based comprehension strategies during reading were investigated. Syntactic distinctions involving tense, word order, and relativization were tested. The results were compared to those previously obtained in the auditory modality (Pierce, 1981; in press). The results indicate that aphasics apply a strategy based on a subject-verb object present tense construction during both reading and listening. Their comprehension improves when additional surface-structure markers are available to indicate the exceptions to this strategy. This is evident for tense judgements during reading and listening but only during listening for word-order judgements.
Trends in anemia at initiation of dialysis in the United States

Trends in anemia at initiation of dialysis in the United States. Background Anemia almost invariably develops in patients with chronic renal insufficiency (CRI) and is associated with a wide range of complications. The anemia of CRI can be effectively treated with recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO). Recent studies suggest that the management of anemia of CRI is suboptimal in the United States. Methods We examined the trends in hematocrit and rHuEPO use among all patients who started chronic dialysis therapy between April 1, 1995, and December 31, 1999, from the End-stage Renal Disease Medical Evidence Form 2728 submitted to the Health Care Financing Administration of the United States. Follow-up data containing hematocrit levels after initiation were obtained from the Medicare Part A institutional outpatient dialysis provider claims for 1990 to 1998 prevalent patients. Results From June 1995 to June 1999, the mean hematocrit at initiation of dialysis increased from 28.1 to 29.3%. Likewise, the annual percentage of patients receiving pre-dialysis rHuEPO increased from 21.8 to 28.1%. Patients receiving predialysis rHuEPO had a higher mean hematocrit than patients without predialysis rHuEPO. The annual percentage of patients with hematocrit Conclusion There has been a slight improvement in the management of anemia of CRI in the United States. However, a considerable fraction of patients still have hematocrit levels that are significantly lower than the currently recommended target. Furthermore, improvement in the management of anemia could result in improved clinical outcomes among patients with CRI.
Socioscientific Issues: Theory and Practice

Drawing upon recent research, this article reviews the theory underlying the use of socioscientific issues (SSI) in science education. We begin with a definition and rationale for SSI and note the importance of SSI for advancing functional scientific literacy. We then examine the various roles of context, teachers, and students in SSI lessons as well as the importance of classroom discourse, including sociomoral discourse, argumentation, discussion, and debate. Finally, we discuss how SSI units, which encourage evidence-based decisionmaking and compromise, can improve critical thinking, contribute to character education, and provide an interesting context for teaching required science content.
Monolithic GaAs travelling-wave amplifier

A monolithic GaAs travelling-wave amplifier with distributed input and output lines is described, and its experimental performance in the 0.5-14 GHz range is reported.
Alienation, Aggression, and Sensation Seeking as Predictors of Adolescent Use of Violent Film, Computer, and Website Content

Use of violent media content by adolescents has long been a matter of public concern and debate, a concern that was heightened by the reported use of violent computer games and websites by the killers at Columbine High School in 1999. This study examined predictors of various types of self-reported use of violent media content by 8th graders (N = 3,127) from 20 schools around the U.S. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that gender, sensation seeking, aggression, and frequency of Internet use had relatively strong contributions to explaining the use of violent media content composite and the measure of violent website content use. Alienation variables contributed significantly, though modestly, to variance explained in the use of violence-oriented websites, but not to the composite measure. Alienation from school and family also appeared to partially mediate effects of sensation seeking and aggression on use of violent Internet content. A negative feedback loop model for linking uses and gratifications approaches to the study of effects of violent media content on adolescents is suggested.
On indexing mobile objects

We show how to index mobile objects in one and two dimensions using efficient dynamic external memory data structures. The problem is motivated by real life applications in traffic monitoring, intelligent navigation and mobile communications domains. For the l-dimensional case, we give (i) a dynamic, external memory algorithm with guaranteed worst case performance and linear space and (ii) a practical approximation algorithm also in the dynamic, external memory setting, which has linear space and expected logarithmic query time. We also give an algorithm with guaranteed logarithmic query time for a restricted version of the problem. We present extensions of our techniques to two dimensions. In addition we give a lower bound on the number of I/O’s needed to answer the d-dimensional problem. Initial experimental results and comparisons to traditional indexing approaches are also included.
Status of cochlear Na,K-ATPase in the aged SHR rat and its possible role in hearing loss

The relationship between levels of Na,K-AT-Pase isoforms was studied in the lateral walls of the cochlea in aged spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. Dense staining for the enzyme's α1 subunit was found especially in the basal turns of the cochlea, while external sulcal cells were more intensely stained in the more apical turns in both SHR and WKY rats. In contrast, staining for β1 Na, K-ATPase was demonstrable in significant levels in the stria vascularis and suprastrial regions of the SHR rat, with involvement of the basilar suprastrial region pronounced in both strains of animals. Findings suggest a spatially defined, age-induced alteration in cochlear homeostasis with a possible consequent effect on sound perception.
A simple method for simultaneous determination of benzoic and hippuric acids in biological fluids

Abstract A simple and sensitive gel filtration-spectrophotometric technique for simultaneous determination of benzoic acid and hippuric acid in urine is described. The standard deviations in a series of assays using standard solutions are less than 2.7% and the recovery of added known amounts of benzoic and hippuric acids from urine is satisfactory.
High-Energy Deuteron Cross Sections

A theoretical analysis of the collisions of particles with deuterons is carried out in the high-energy approximation. This approximation, which corresponds to a generalized form of diffraction theory, takes explicit account of double collision processes as well as single ones. It is used to express the amplitudes for elastic and inelastic scattering by deuterons in terms of the elastic-scattering amplitudes of the neutron and proton and the deuteron wave functions. The resulting expressions are used to evaluate the differential cross section for elastic scattering, and the angular distribution of inelastic scattering (i.e., the differential cross section for deuteron breakup integrated over final energies of the incident particle). The contributions to these cross sections of the various single and double scattering processes and the terms which represent their interference are exhibited individually. Expressions are derived for the total cross section of the deuteron and for its elastic and inelastic total scattering and absorption cross sections. The difference between the various types of deuteron cross sections and the sum of the corresponding cross sections for the free neutron and proton is explained in some detail. Spin-dependent interactions are treated, and for incident particles of spin \textonehalf{} an expression is given for the deuteron total cross section in terms of the general spin-dependent scattering amplitudes of the neutron and proton. The theory is applied to antiproton-deuteron collisions in the energy range from 0.13 to 17.1 BeV. The results for the total and absorption cross sections which are calculated for a variety of models of the deuteron wave function are found to be in good agreement with the measurements. The magnitudes of such effects as double scattering and the interference of single-and double-scattering amplitudes are seen to be appreciable.
Regulation of the activation of C1 in serum

C1 has been partially purified from serum and its ability to activate has been studied. The activation status of C1 was measured using a sensitive hemolytic assay which allowed the activation status of C1 in serum to be monitored. C1 did not activate in serum but would spontaneously activate when separated from certain other serum proteins, in particular, the C1-inhibitor protein. The activation of C1 was time and concn dependent, but addition of fully activated C1 did not affect either the rate or extent of activation. The activation of C1 could be inhibited reversibly by C1-inhibitor. This action of the C1-inhibitor was over and above its ability to regulate fully activated C1 by covalent bond formation with either the serine esterase of C1s or C1r. The results presented suggest that the C1-inhibitor plays a dual role in the regulation of C1 activation. The regulatory actions of C1-inhibitor would account for the presence of C1 in a zymogen form and for the episodic nature of complement consumption observed in individuals with genetic deficiencies of the C1-inhibitor protein.
Generalized Darcy's Law by Control Volume Analysis Including Capillary and Orifice Effects

The equation of motion for single-phase fluid flow through porous media is derived by rigorous analysis of forces acting upon fluid based on a control volume momentum balance approach. Resistive forces associated with pore surface and pore throat are characterized by the capillary-orifice model of porous media. This analysis reveals deficiencies of previous efforts in deriving the generalized momentum equation. The present approach provides resolution to several issues, including porous media averaging of the pressure and shear-stress terms, effect of porous media heterogeneity and anisotropy, and threshold pressure gradient that must be overcome for fluid to flow through porous media.
Interrelationship of primed B cells with the potential for IgE and/or IgA expression.

Abstract The relationship between the pathways of B cell differentiation leading to IgE or IgA expression was analyzed by assessing the isotype potential of primed B cells as revealed over many generations of clonal outgrowth in splenic fragment cultures. Cells from (CBA/N × BALB/c) F 1 male and female mice primed with phosphocholine (PC)-hemocyanin (Hy) and given a secondary stimulus with PC-Hy or PC-determinants via an Ascaris infection gave rise to a large proportion (25–48%) of clones which expressed anti-PC IgE along with any one or mixture of other isotypes, especially IgG and/or IgA. Accompanying the appearance of these cells in the Peyer's patches following Ascaris infection was the steady rise in IgA committed cells over a 12 week period. The potential to express IgE seems to be a normal feature of the development of secondary or memory cells. The coexpression of IgE randomly with all other isotypes supports a linear rather than a branched pathway of B cell differentiation. Ascaris or PC-determinants given to F 1 mice were not unique in their ability to prime cells with the potential for IgE expression. Stimulation of BALB/c mice with two low doses of N -acetylglucosamine-conjugated hemocyanin (GlcNAc-Hy) primed cells in vivo generated a high proportion (63%) of clones in vitro that expressed IgE and most of these exclusively coexpressed IgA (16/26) suggesting a progressive restriction in isotype potential. Cells which gave rise to IgE producing clones specific for the priming hapten did not support the expression of IgE by clones of other specificities costimulated in vitro (anti-inulin, anti-β-galactosyl). Thus the potential to express IgE seems to be both an inherent property of the B cells and under hapten-specific or hapten-linked regulation.
Observing the motion of a single adsorbed atom with picosecond and subnanometer resolution.

A new method is described for recording the motion of a single adsorbed atom or molecule in real time, with an ultimate achievable resolution of ${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}14}$ s. The time dependence of electron field emission through an atom adsorbed on a metal tip is measured by focusing the electrons into a beam, which is swept across a detector screen. Similtaneous temporal and one-dimensional spatial resolution of the dynamics is possible. The motion of single Cs atoms between sites on atomically characterized W(111) tips is observed at 2 ps resolution.
Dietary Caffeine Intake Is Not Correlated with Adolescent Bone Gain

Objective: This study was conducted to determine whether dietary caffeine consumed by American white females between ages 12 to 18 affects total body bone mineral gain during ages 12 to 18 or affects hip bone density measured at age 18.Methods: The Penn State Young Women’s Health Study is a longitudinal investigation of bone, endocrine and cardiovascular health in non-Hispanic, white, teenage women. Nutrient and food group intakes were obtained by averaging over 6 years of prospective diet records. The cohort, as of age 18, (n = 81) was separated into three subgroups according to mean daily caffeine intake averaged across ages 12 to 18. Group I (n = 37) consumed less than 25 mg caffeine per day; Group II (n = 33) consumed 25 to 50 mg caffeine per day; and Group III (n = 11) consumed greater than 50 mg caffeine per day. The group mean daily caffeine intakes (SD) were Group I = 14 (6) mg/day; Group II = 35 (7) mg/day; Group III = 77 (27) mg/day. Total body bone gain and hip bone density were determined by d...
Interganglionic axonal transport of neural peptides within the nervous system of Aplysia

Neurons of the circumesophageal ganglia of Aplysia synthesize 1--2000 dalton peptides and subject them to axonal transport in large quantities in the pleuro-visceral connective and pedal nerves. Most of the protein transported in the connective nerves accumulates in the abdominal ganglion, although some passes out its peripheral nerves. Autoradiography revealed no evidence for terminations of the transporting axons in possible neurohemal areas of this ganglion. It is suggested that these data reflect the existence of a pathway mediating the "directed delivery" of neural peptides in this nervous system.
Use of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in patients with malignancy and bone marrow failure.

Recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) was administered to 10 patients with refractory malignancies, 2 patients who had myelodysplastic syndromes with severe neutropenia and to a patient who had delayed marrow recovery after 3 cycles of therapy for acute leukemia. A marked neutropenia and monocytopenia was observed within 5 min after an i.v. injection of GM-CSF. This persisted for 1-2 h and seemed related to activation of an adhesive glycoprotein (MO1) on the surface of these cells. With continued daily i.v. administration of GM-CSF, all patients with refractory malignancies developed a striking leukocytosis. Total leukocyte counts reached 75,000/microliters within 2 weeks of treatment. This was due to an increase in band and segmented neutrophils, eosinophils and monocytes. Accelerated myelopoiesis required the continuous presence of GM-CSF; with pump failure for 24 h or discontinuation after 14 days, leukocyte counts returned to normal levels in 24-48 h. GM-CSF also increased myelopoiesis in the patients with myelodysplastic syndromes or following anti-leukemic treatment. These observations suggest that this growth factor should prove a useful adjunct in the treatment of patients with malignancies and bone marrow failure.
Over-the-counter fish oil use in a county hospital: Medication use evaluation and efficacy analysis

Background Little is known about the use and effectiveness of over-the-counter (OTC) fish oil supplements for triglyceride (TG) lowering. Objectives To (1) perform a medication-use evaluation (MUE) and (2) assess the efficacy of OTC fish oil. Methods Retrospective, observational cohort study using electronic medical records and the pharmacy database from Parkland Health and Hospital System in Dallas, Texas. Parkland is a tax-supported county institution that provides patients with single-brand OTC fish oil. Two separate analyses were conducted. Six hundred seventeen patients (prescribed fish oil between July 1, 2012, and August 31, 2012) were included in the MUE analysis and 235 patients (109 fish oil, 72 fenofibrate, and 54 gemfibrozil, prescribed between January 1, 2012, and July 31, 2013) were included in the efficacy analysis. The main outcome measure for the MUE was fish oil prescribing habits including dosages and patient adherence, as defined by medication possession ratio. The main outcome measure for the efficacy analysis was change in lipids measured using the last value before fish oil treatment and the first value after fish oil treatment. Results MUE: 617 patients received prescriptions for OTC fish oil. Sixty-four percent were prescribed a total daily dose of 2000 mg. Only 25% of patients were adherent. Efficacy analysis: despite being prescribed suboptimal doses, fish oil reduced TGs by 29% (95% confidence interval, 34.3–22.7). Compared with fish oil therapy, fibrate therapy resulted in a greater TG reduction: 48.5% (55.1–41.0) with fenofibrate and 49.8% (57.6–40.5) with gemfibrozil ( P Conclusions Health care providers prescribe suboptimal doses of fish oil, and adherence is poor. Even at low doses (2 g/d), though, fish oil lowers TGs by 29%.
The power of persistence in shaping gerontological thought and practice

(2007). The Power of Persistence in Shaping Gerontological Thought and Practice. Journal of Aging & Social Policy: Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 133-142.
Rapid Code Acquisition Schemes For Spread Spectrum Packet Signals

ABSTRACTTwo -level schemes use two decision stages toascertain coarse code acquisition of spread spectrumsignals. The first stage employs passive correlatorswhich are capable of real time search but with lim-ited reliability. The second stage employs active correlators which allow longer integration times andmore reliable decisions but which cannot search inreal time. By using these stages in tandem theadvantages of real time rapid search and reliable decisions can be obtained. We have developed several such schemes along with analytical modelsto characterize their performance in severe environ- ments that include fading and noise jamming.1. INTRODUCTIONTwo common forms of spread spectrum signal-ing employ either direct sequence or frequency hop- ping modulation. Either can be demodulated usingmatched filter structures without requiring code acquisition. Examples are RADA (random accessdiscrete address) and PAMA (pulse address multipleaccess) schemes which employ short codes assignedto receivers. However, in low SNR applications, orfor security in LPI (low probability of
Unhealthy ageing: functional and socioeconomic impact.

The long-term impacts of disease on functional status and on cost loom larger in the elderly than in any other age group. In older patients, the chronic sequelae of myocardial infarction and stroke often account for greater functional disability and resource utilization than does the initial acute presentation. In order to study this, quantitative measures from clinical and functional status assessments must be related to lifelong resource use. Rigorous measurement of such outcomes can render it possible to measure the impact on the health care system of specific cardiovascular and cerebrovascular consequences of ‘unhealthy ageing’. If performed in the context of a randomized clinical trial studying the effect of preventive measures, this approach can also lay the groundwork for assessment of the clinical and economic benefits of measures taken to reduce such morbidity.
Spectral analysis of traveling planetary scale waves: Vertical structure in middle latitudes of Northern Hemisphere

Results of analysis of about three years of Northern Hemisphere geopotential data, from 850 to 10 mb, using a technique of discrete spectral analysis of traveling waves are presented. The vertical structure of the traveling planetary scale waves (zonal wave-numbers 1 and 2) in middle latitudes is described. The implications of the results in regard to vertical energy propagation are discussed. The waves are approximately barotropic, with relatively small variation of phase with height, for frequencies from 1/2 to about 8 cycles per month. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1973.tb00619.x
EXPLORATION OF ROUTE CHOICE BEHAVIOR WITH ADVANCED TRAVELER INFORMATION USING NEURAL NETWORK CONCEPTS

A model of driver's route choice behavior under advanced traveler information system (ATIS) is developed based on data collected from learning experiments using interactive computer simulation. The experiment subjected drivers to 32 simulated days in which they were to choose between the freeway or a side road. A neural network model is used as a convenient modeling technique in this initial phase of the analysis. The results indicated that most subjects made route choices based mainly on their recent experiences. It was also demonstrated that route choice behaviors are related to the personal characteristics as well as the characteristics of the respective routes. Travel experiences have less effect on the choice of the side road compared to the freeway and the results indicate that the prediction accuracy of the model, the acceptance rate of advice, and the quality of advice are closely correlated. The model developed here was for advice consistently provided at a level of 75 percent accuracy. The paper concludes with a discussion of experimental limitations and suggestions for future research.
Drivers of life-work conflict: A pilot study of PRSA members

Abstract Based on a national random sample ( N = 820) of PRSA members, we studied three types of family responsibilities and salaries of professionals as stressors of their life-work conflict experiences. Results found the three types of life-work conflict subject to varied impact of family responsibilities while levels of behavior-based life-work conflict dependent on practitioners’ salary level. The story of life-work conflict is not as simple as a choice between “career vs. life.”
Factors Affecting Mechanical Transmission of Tomato spotted wilt virus to Peanut (Arachis hypogaea)

Evaluation of peanut germ plasm for Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) resistance has been slowed by the difficulty in achieving a high rate of mechanical transmission of the virus to peanut. In this study, improvements were made and a highly efficient mechanical transmission protocol was developed. Several factors that affect the transmission efficiency were identified. Use of two antioxidants (sodium sulfite and mercaptoethanol) and two abrasives (Celite and Carborundum) and application of the inoculum by rubbing with a cotton swab dipped in the inoculum as well as pricking with an inoculation needle resulted in a significantly higher transmission rate. The most susceptible growth stage of peanut to TSWV inoculation was 2 to 3 days after germination (6 to 7 days after planting). The inoculation protocol consistently resulted in a higher percentage of infected plants from different sources of inoculum such as infected peanut, tobacco, and tomato.
Rat cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (P-450scc): use of a cDNA probe to study the hormonal regulation of P-450scc mRNA levels in ovarian granulosa cells

A rat ovarian cDNA library was constructed and screened by differential colony hybridization to detect cDNA clones specific for mRNA induced by follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). The cDNA clone which demonstrated the greatest degree of induction contained a 766-bp insert which was characterized and sequenced. We conclude that this cDNA is specific for the rat gene coding for cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (P-450scc) by virtue of nucleotide sequence homology to the bovine and human P-450scc cDNA sequences. Southern blotting of rat genomic DNA suggests the presence of a single P-450scc gene. Northern blot analysis indicates that P-450scc mRNA is present in steroidogenic tissues (ovary, adrenal, testis), but not in brain, kidney, liver, lung, or heart. The rat P-450scc mRNA is induced by FSH or pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin in ovaries of estrogen-treated immature rats in vivo. In cultured granulosa cells, estradiol treatment alone did not increase P-450scc mRNA levels, but in combination with FSH or 8-Br-cAMP resulted in three- to four-fold increase in this mRNA.