cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Increasing the instruction fetch rate via block-structured instruction set architectures

To exploit larger amounts of instruction level parallelism, processors are being built with wider issue widths and larger numbers of functional units. Instruction fetch rate must also be increased in order to effectively exploit the performance potential of such processors. Block-structured ISAs provide an effective means of increasing the instruction fetch rare. We define an optimization, called block enlargement, that can be applied to a block-structured ISA to increase the instruction fetch rate of a processor that implements that ISA. We have constructed a compiler that generates block-structured ISA code, and a simulator that models the execution of that code on a block-structured ISA processor. We show that for the SPECint95 benchmarks, the block-structured ISA processor executing enlarged atomic blocks outperforms a conventional ISA processor by 12% while using simpler microarchitectural mechanisms to support wide-issue and dynamic scheduling.
Second Price Auctions with Two-Dimensional Private Information on Values and Participation Costs

This paper studies equilibria of second price auctions when values and participation costs are both privation information and are drawn from general distribution functions. We consider the existence and uniqueness of equilibrium. It is shown that there always exists an equilibrium for this general economy, and further there exists a unique symmetric equilibrium when all bidders are ex ante homogenous. Moreover, we identify a sucient condition under which we have a unique equilibrium in a heterogenous economy with two bidders. Our general framework covers many relevant models in the literature as special cases. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Number: C62, C72, D44, D61, D82.
Assessing Health Issues in States with Large Minority Populations

Health care spending is often addressed in discussions of budgeting and deficits in the United States. It is important to many Americans that funds allocated for health care spending be allocated and spent in the most efficient and effective manner, leading to improved health outcomes, particularly for underserved populations. Many studies address health care spending, but few address the issue of spending as it relates to societal well-being, or certain health outcomes that adversely impact communities. This study seeks to expand the available literature by analyzing data from national sources at the state level.
Tissue Specificity of the Acrosomal Protein SP-10: A Contraceptive Vaccine Candidate Molecule'

The tissue specificity of the intra-acrosomal protein SP-10 was examined by Northern blot and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. Messenger RNA from 36 tissues in the female baboon (Papio papio) was isolated separated on agarose gels transferred to nylon and probed with either SP-10 beta-actin or cyclophilin cDNA. Northern blots which were processed at both low and high stringency showed SP-10 to be expressed exclusively in the testis. The mRNA from each tissue was also reverse transcribed and both SP-10 and beta-actin were amplified by PCR from the resulting cDNA. Ethidium bromide-stained agarose gels of the SP-10 PCR products showed three clear bands from the testis but no co-migrating bands from the other tissues. Southern blots of the PCR products showed that only the three bands in the testis were related to SP-10. The data demonstrate that the SP-10 gene products are testis specific a characteristic essential for a contraceptive vaccine candidate molecule. (authors)
Past, current and future on nonlinear dynamics and noise origins of non-smooth gear transmission dynamic systems

In this paper, the past, current and future of the modeling of non-smooth gear transmission dynamic systems are reviewed. The general concepts for the modeling of non-smooth gear transmission dynamical systems are presented. In this mechanical model, the impact and sliding friction with oil lubrication are considered in gear transmission dynamical systems. The local singularity caused by the discontinuities of the gear transmission dynamical systems is discussed. The mapping technique is adopted to analytically determine periodic motions with impacts and frictions. The fragmentation of strange attractors in such a gear transmission dynamical system is briefly discussed due to grazing and sliding.
Magnetic nanoparticle/polymer composites for medical implant infection control.

New potential medical applications for magnetic nanoparticle/polymer composite coatings, including deactivation of bacterial biofilms, require much higher power densities than can be supplied by previously developed polymer composites. These coatings in turn require much higher nanoparticle concentrations, where particle–particle and particle–polymer interactions play a significant role in the material's performance. This paper investigates the effect of several key design parameters on the resulting specific absorption rate of magnetite nanoparticle composites. Hydrophobic (poly(styrene), (PS)) and hydrophilic (poly(vinyl alcohol), (PVA)) polymer composite coatings were compared in both aqueous and non-aqueous solvents at multiple nanoparticle loadings and film thicknesses. Heating rates up to 717 W g−1 Fe were observed in a typical (2.32 kA m−1, 302 kHz) alternating magnetic field (AMF), achieving heating power densities up to 7.5 W cm−2. To estimate in vivo power requirements, electrical resistance heating beneath a tissue mimic heat sink indicated a peak power requirement of only 4.5 W cm−2 to achieve an 80 °C surface temperature in 15 s, demonstrating that these composites can exceed the power densities needed for applications such as treating bacterial infections on medical implants in situ. Polymer identity, solvent identity, and especially orientation within the magnetic field were shown to strongly affect the power density with effects that are interrelated.
Leveraging Legal Research

Traditional legal education neglects vulnerable populations by creating an environment in which those communities are rendered invisible. Traditional legal education also marginalizes legal research, often submerging it into first year legal writing courses. Perhaps paradoxically, combining these two oft-neglected aspects of legal education has the potential to reignite the social justice aspirations of those students who come to law school in order to practice public interest law. When legal research is restructured within a social justice context, it becomes a first year course that links practice to doctrine and learning the law to underserved client populations. Such a class allows students to recognize and reflect on the pervasiveness of legal control over clients' lives and allows the instructor to become a provocateur for justice. This chapter introduces three criteria for restructuring a first year legal research course within a public interest framework: building a connection to doctrinal courses, highlighting administrative research, and developing information literacy. The first section describes methods for integrating materials from doctrinal courses. The second section discusses the importance of administrative law to public interest lawyering and suggests techniques for connecting administrative legal research with underserved and marginalized populations. The final section discusses information literacy in the context of social justice lawyering, resource scarcity, and collaboration with community groups.
Contraception with gel alone.

259 women who were instructed in the use of a gel (Lanesta-Gel) were followed up after a total of 3250 months of continued use. Among them there were 21 unplanned pregnancies or 7.7 pregnancies per 100 years of sexual exposure. 199 of the women were satisfied with the use of the gel alone and were still using it at the time of their last contact with the program; 178 used it for 13-24 months. These women considered the gel to be a simple and convenient method of contraception.
Gastric perforations associated with the use of crack cocaine.

Gastric perforation is a rare but serious complication of crack cocaine use, accounting for up to 36% of all acute gastroduodenal perforations.1 Gastroduodenal ulcer perforations that are temporally associated with crack cocaine have been increasingly recognized,2 likely because of the rising use of this substance.3,4 Uzzaman and colleagues report a case of a 19-year-old female who presented with acute gastric perforation without any apparent risk factors for peptic ulcer disease.5 Upon further investigation, the patient reported recent inhalation of crack cocaine. This case illustrates the need for a heightened awareness of this complication and the challenge of making an accurate and prompt diagnosis.
Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles as a Protein Source for the Chick

Abstract Five trials were conducted to evaluate the protein quality of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) for growing chickens. The DDGS was found to contain 28.6% crude protein (CP) and .72% lysine. When fed as the sole source of dietary protein, tryptophan and arginine were the second- and third-limiting amino acids, respectively, after lysine, which was first-limiting. Arginine, however, was almost as limiting as tryptophan in the protein of DDGS. The protein quality of DDGS was compared to dehulled soybean meal (SBM) in two chick bioassays. When fed as the sole source of dietary protein (6% CP), chicks gained faster and more efficiently when fed SBM than when fed DDGS. However, when DDGS was supplemented with lysine, weight gains, protein efficiency ratios, and net protein ratios were similar to those obtained with SBM. In a corn-SBM diet (24% CP), at least 20% of the SBM could be replaced by DDGS without affecting growth rate. With lysine supplementation, up to 40% of the SBM could be replaced by DDGS with little depression in growth rate. Two additional trials evaluated the availability of lysine in DDGS using both the chick growth assay procedure and the total fecal collection method. The growth assay produced a value of .476% bioavailable lysine, which yielded an availability estimate of 66.1% when expressed as a percent of the total lysine content of DDGS. The total fecal collection assay using adult roosters yielded a true digestibility estimate of 82.4% for the lysine in DDGS.
Sexual sterilization of insects by aerosol administration of alkylating agents.

An aerosol-generating apparatus is described for treating screw-worm flies, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel) en masse with chemosterilants. Sexual sterility was induced after 6 min when both sexes were treated with tretamine or thiotepa (tris(1-aziridinyl) phosphine sulfide). When each sex was treated separately with tretaine and mated with untreated flies, male fertility was impaired to a greater extent than female fertility at a given exposure period.
Reflections on Students’ A Priori Expectations of an Introductory Marketing Course and its Development

An exploratory study has been made on an attempt to meet students’ a priori expectations in an introductory marketing course. Student expectations and preferences were incorporated into course emphasis and conduct. Preliminary findings suggest that if expectations are met, both student satisfaction and performance may be improved.
On the World-history Significance of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics

In the world-history age,one nation’s transition has world-history significance at higher levels. As a great practical campaign which has produced extensive effect,Socialism with Chinese Characteristics not only belongs to china,but also belongs to whole world. It is promoting revival of Chinese people,having pushed the advancement of human civilization;it is actively exploring the social development law of human being,having provided useful experiences for developing countries;it is inaugurating a new situation of socialist development,having exhibited the revival of world socialism;it is forming the theoretical system of socialism with Chinese characteristics,having advanced the development state of Marxism.
Study on Engineering Application of Electronic Current Transformer

Electronic current transformers are vital in digital substations and smart substations.The article comparatively analyzes Rogowski coil type electronic current transformers with pure fiber optic type electronic current transformers,two leading products,in terms of theory and practical engineering application.The analysis result shows that in conditions where accuracy and stability are not quite strictly required,pure fiber optic electronic current transformers are obviously more advantageous,while the technology and process still need to be improved.
The value of difference.

n the United States, institutional review boards, the bodies responsible for protecting human subjects in research, are required to have a member "not otherwise affiliated with the institution." It is the responsibility of this member to represent the interests of research participants and, as much as possible, to reflect the community. While other members of the committee share in review responsibility, the federal government reasoned that a person who is independent of the research and of the institution can bring a particularly valuable perspective to review.
The Ideological Framework of Early Post-Soviet Russia’s Relationship with Turkey: The Case of Alexander Dugin’s Eurasianism

AbstractEvery historical phenomenon can be approached from different perspectives, and its particular attributes can be as important as being related to other structurally similar phenomena. The collapse of the USSR did not lead to absolute predominance of the USA even in the early post-Cold War era. This provided an opportunity for Russia and Turkey, together of course with other players, to engage in geopolitical flirtations on the grounds of common historical and cultural traits. ‘Eurasianism’, as professed by Alexander Dugin and similar minded intellectuals, was the ideological framework for this attempt by Turkey and Russia or at least by some segments of their elites to move closer to each other.
Elliptical Sun-synchronous orbits with line of apsides lying in or near the equatorial plane

This paper explores the characteristics of retrograde, Sun-synchronous elliptic orbits with line of apsides lying in or near the equatorial plane. Coverage plots for a five-satellite ring showing the number of satellites in view and elevation angle data versus latitude and local time are presented. Stability of the orbit is discussed. Also analyzed is the effect of the trapped radiation field environment (Van Allen belts) on these orbits, as well as the exposure to damage by natural and man-made debris. A major advantage seen for these orbits is that they can be used to provide augmented Earth coverage for a selected latitudinal zone and a selected time of day (for all longitudes). This feature should prove useful for non-geostationary satellite communications systems where increased capacity is needed during daytime peak-traffic hours in heavily populated latitude bands.
Farm-Specific Risk Analysis in Dairy Farming: A Case Study from Turkey

The purposes of this study were to determine the socio-economic characteristics of dairy farmers in Antalya, in Turkey, calculate the gross income, variable costs and gross margin of dairy farms, determine the probability distributions of consequences for alternative decisions to enable dairy farmers as decision makers to make a good and well-informed choice, to determine cross effects of milk prices variations on the productive strategy of dairy farms. The data were gathered via face to face interviews in Korkuteli, Dosemealti, Elmali, Manavgat and Serik counties of Antalya province in Turkey. The survey study was conducted with 80 farmers, who were member of Dairy Cow Breaders Union, in the 2011 production period. In this study, on the basis of previous experience, dairy farmers assigned minimum, maximum and most likely values of milk price and yield over the next period of 5 years. Then, triangular and cumulative distributions were defined by using these values. Moreover, Monte Carlo Stochastic Simulation model was developed to obtain distribution of expected gross margin per cow. The model and triangular and cumulative distributions were built in Excel with @Risk add-in software. The relationship of mean risk aversion coefficient, calculated by using negative exponential function, with both average gross margin and gross margin standard deviation values determined for each farm was examined. The results show that the relation between average gross margin and mean risk aversion coefficient was negative and significant at 5% level. But, although the relation between gross margin standard deviation and mean risk aversion coefficient was found to be negative, it was not significant at 5% level.
Lyophilized chitosan sponges

Through the process of lyophilization, porous chitosan structures with sponge-like properties are formed. Controlling processing steps, freezing temperature, chitosan content, and post-processing steps can be used to create degradable drug delivery devices and biomaterial scaffolds. Drugs like antibiotics or growth factors can be easily loaded into pores of chitosan sponges for release into the local microenvironment. Drugs are typically released in a burst response. Compared to nonporous biomaterials, increased surface area and topographical features of lyophilized chitosan sponges allow for cellular attachment, ingrowth, and tissue repair in tissue engineering applications. The physicochemical properties of chitosan also allow for composite blends, conjugation of molecules, and strategies to control degradation rate for specific biomedical applications of lyophilized biomaterials.
Atomic layer deposition ultrathin film origami using focused ion beams

Focused ion beam (FIB) micromachining is a powerful tool for maskless lithography and in recent years FIB has been explored as a tool for strain engineering. Ion beam induced deformation can be utilized as a means for folding freestanding thin films into complex 3D structures. FIB of high energy gallium (Ga+) ions induces stress by generation of dislocations and ion implantation within material layers, which create creases or folds upon mechanical relaxation enabled by motion of the material layers. One limitation on such processing is the ability to fabricate flat freestanding thin film structures. This capability is limited by the residual stresses formed during processing and fabrication of the films, which can result in initial curvature and deformation of films upon release from a sacrificial fabrication layer. This paper demonstrates folding in freestanding ultrathin films ( 1:1000) by ion-induced stress relaxation. The ultrathin flat structures are fabricated using atomic layer deposition on sacrificial polyimide. We have demonstrated vertical folding with 30 keV Ga+ ions in structures with lateral dimensions varying from 10 to 50 μm.
An Exploratory Study of Engineering and Science Students' Perceptions of nanoHUB.org Simulations*

This study examined how science and engineering students with different academic level perceived and experienced computationalsimulation tools for nanotechnology in terms of learning outcomes, evidence of learning, pedagogical approaches, and ease of use.The simulation tools used in this study are part of the research and learning resources in nanoHUB.org. Data were collected byanonymous and optional online survey questionnaire given to 312 science and engineering students with access to nanoHUB.org.The quantitative and qualitative analyses showed that overall, graduate and undergraduate students reported positive experiencesof nanoHUB.org simulation tools and their uses. However, differences were observed in the way undergraduate students reacted tothe computational simulations as compared with graduate students. Possible explanations for these differences and suggestions toclose this differential gap were also discussed. Potential explanations for these differences are that undergraduate students may havenot fully developed graphical literacy skills, may lack the prior knowledge required at the time they interact with the tools, or toolsmay be too complex. Suggestions to overcome some of these difficulties include the development of well integrated curricularmaterials, the application of frameworks for technology-enhanced support for inquiry learning, and the use of just-in-timeinstructional supports together with the simulation tools.
Risk for Overall Infection with Anti-TNF and Anti-integrin Agents Used in IBD: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Background:The overall risk for infection with contemporary biological agents in treating Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) has not been systematically assessed.Methods:We performed a PubMed and Cochrane database literature search to evaluate randomized, placebo-controlled trials of b
Ignorance as a Legal Excuse

In this chapter, I examine the forms of ignorance that defeat and sometimes create legal liability. Although my focus is primarily on the treatment of ignorance in the criminal law, I mention in passing the role of ignorance in torts, breaches of contract, and other civil lawsuits. Moreover, although my principal focus is on ignorance as a defeater of liability, I discuss as well how ignorance can operate to incriminate.
Only Bad for Believers? Religion, Pornography Use, and Sexual Satisfaction Among American Men

Research has often demonstrated a negative association between pornography use and various intrapersonal and relationship outcomes, particularly for men. Several recent studies, however, have sugge...
Pope John Paul II's Teaching on Human Dignity and its Implications for Bioethics

The first and larger part of this paper is expository: it aims to bring together the various elements comprising Pope John Paul II’s papal teaching on human dignity. In doing so it seeks to remain close to the textual evidence, principally in the papal encyclicals. The second part of the paper discusses in a selective fashion some of the intellectual challenges the papal teaching on human dignity poses for those seeking to develop an adequate bioethic. Pope John Paul’s understanding of human dignity is unambiguously theological in character; it is, in other words, based on divine revelation. Philosophy plays an ancillary role in the exposition of this understanding: it serves to make explicit what is implicit in revelation and also serves to articulate and defend the presuppositions of revealed truth. In giving an account of the Pope’s teaching it will help to bear in mind three distinct senses of the term ‘dignity’ identified in the course of Christian theological development. “Dignity”, Aquinas wrote, “signifies something’s goodness on account of itself (propter seipsum)”. Human beings may be said to possess dignity either (1) in virtue of their nature and destiny, or (2) in virtue of the manner in which they live, or (3) in virtue of their achievement of complete fulfilment in heavenly glory. The first we could call connatural dignity – the sort that comes with being the kind of creatures we are; the second we could call existential (or acquired) dignity; and the third we could call definitive dignity. It is important to bear in mind that the term ‘connatural’ as used here should not be taken to refer simply to the ontological constitution of human beings, but includes reference to the fact that we are made for a particular fulfilment or perfection. For “we know fully what something is only when we know what it is in its final perfection”, a perfection to which we come through the grace of God’s friendship.
Maturation of dense core granules in wild type and mutant Tetrahymena thermophila.

Abstract Tetrahymena thermophila, a ciliated protozoan, has a well-developed pathway of regulated secretion from dense core granules called mucocysts. Since exocytosis-defective mutants are available, steps in the biogenesis of dense core granules and their fusion with the plasma membrane may be resolved genetically. To describe the steps in biochemical terms, we have generated antisera against mucocyst content proteins. One antiserum is directed against a calcium binding protein, p40, that is released on stimulation of exocytosis. p40 is shown to associate with an insoluble matrix in mature mucocysts. In addition, the antiserum recognizes a larger protein, p60, that is soluble, is not found in mature mucocysts and is not released on stimulation. Pulse-chase experiments support a precursor-product relationship between p60 and p40. Using these proteins as markers, two mutant Tetrahymena strains defective in exocytosis have been shown to accumulate the putative precursor p60 in organelles that can be distinguished from one another and from wild type mucocysts on the basis of density. The kinetics of appearance of insoluble p40 and the mutant phenotypes suggest a model of mucocyst maturation in which sorting precedes matrix condensation.
Dysregulation of the Wnt Pathway in Solid Tumors

Activation of the WNT signaling pathway has long been implicated in driving cancer pathogenesis from compelling evidence derived from complementary in vitro and animal studies. Moreover, there are extensive data supporting the nuclear localization of β-catenin, a surrogate marker frequently used as a read-out of WNT pathway activation, in addition to the overexpression of pathway activators and loss of pathway inhibitors in human cancers. Despite being most often linked with colorectal cancer, WNT pathway activation has now been associated with virtually every type of solid cancer that occurs in humans, although the frequency can vary dramatically among tumor subtypes and specific pathway components. These findings have significant implications regarding the mechanisms by which pathway activation might drive tumor development in specific tumor subtypes as well as the potential utility and impact of targeting this pathway therapeutically. In this chapter, we will summarize, both by tumor type and pathway components, the expansive evidence suggesting that the pathway is dysregulated in nearly half of all the most common types of human malignancies.
Pharmacological interventions for acute spinal cord injury.

Background Acute spinal cord injury is a devastating condition typically affecting young people with a preponderance of males. Pharmacological treatment in the early hours of the injury is aimed at reducing the extent of permanent paralysis during the rest of the patient's life. Objectives To review randomized trials of pharmacological therapies for acute spinal cord injury. Search strategy The review draws on the search strategy developed by the Cochrane Injuries Group. In addition, files of the National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Study have been reviewed. Selection criteria All published or unpublished randomized controlled trials of pharmacological treatment for acute spinal cord injury in any language. Data collection and analysis Data have been abstracted from original trial reports. For the NASCIS, Japanese and French trials, additional data (e.g. SDs) have been obtained from the original authors. Main results There are few trials in this area of medical care. Only one therapy has been extensively studied, methylprednisolone sodium succinate, which has been shown to improve neurologic outcome up to one year post injury if administered within 8 hours of injury and in a dose regimen of: bolus 30mg/kg administered over 15 minutes with a maintenance infusion of 5.4 mg/kg per hour infused for 23 hours. The initial North American trial was replicated in a Japanese trial but not in the one from France. Data has been obtained from the latter study to permit appropriate meta-analysis of all three trials. This analysis indicates significant recovery in motor function after methylprednisolone therapy. A more recent trial indicates that if methylprednisolone therapy is given for an additional 24 hours (for a total of 48 hours), additional improvement in motor neurologic function and functional status is observed. This is particularly observed if treatment cannot be started until between 3 to 8 hours after injury. The same methylprednisolone therapy has been found effective in whiplash injuries and a modified regimen found to improve recovery after surgery for lumbar disc disease. Reviewer's conclusions High dose methylprednisolone steroid therapy is the only pharmacological therapy shown to have efficacy in a Phase Three randomized trial when it can be administered within 8 hours of injury. High dose methylprednisolone has been accepted as standard therapy in many countries. A recent trial indicates additional benefit by extending the maintenance dose from 24 to 48 hours if start of treatment must be delayed to between 3 and 8 hours after injury. There is an urgent need for more randomized trials of pharmacological therapy for acute spinal cord injury.
M-Estimation-Based Subspace Learning for Brain Computer Interfaces

Many problems in signal processing, statistical learning, and data science can be posed as the problem of learning lower dimensional representation of the data. Particularly, we consider the brain computer interface (BCI) application where electroencephalography (EEG) data are used to determine user's intent to type letters through stimulation with rapid serial visual presentations (RSVP). Such a typing system requires dimensionality reduction and classification abilities. The former is achieved through principal component analysis (PCA), whereas the latter involves regularized discriminant analysis (RDA). Remarkably, EEG recordings are prone to contain user-produced artifacts, such as eye blinks, jaw contractions, or scalp movements. In this article, we present a methodology to fully robustify the aforementioned BCI application, enhancing its suitability in challenging recording scenarios. We consider a solution for robust PCA (RPCA) of fully observed data with outlying samples based on M-estimation theory, as well as a similar methodology for robust RDA (RRDA). Our proposed algorithm iteratively yields robust mean vector and covariance matrix estimates, and then applies eigenanalysis on the estimated robust covariance matrix. The result is a principled way of dealing with outliers in the data that is simple, yet effective in delivering remarkable classification performance. The methodology is validated with real EEG data and compared to the state-of-the-art RSVP Keyboard, with a thorough experimental setup being recorded and described.
Pharmacology of Oxytocic Drugs

This chapter discusses the various oxytocic drugs utilized during obstetric anesthesia. It discusses the indications and contraindications for each medication, as well as their side effects.
Why Desegregation Still Matters

This chapter explains how the 2014 death of Michael Brown at the hands of a white police officer led to questions about school desegregation policy in St. Louis. It explores the need to revisit desegregation policies and to identify how those policies excluded predominately black, suburban schools like the one that Brown attended. The main argument presented in this chapter is that because some schools in St. Louis have never desegregated, school desegregation is a contemporary issue. This chapter also describes the methods used for this research project and discusses the questions and goals of this research. The main goal of this research is to explore how racism in Missouri affected desegregation school policy and how citizens responded to that policy. Archival letters, newspaper articles, and political speeches are used to reclaim lost voices of people who were involved in the desegregation battle.
From NASH to diabetes and from diabetes to NASH: Mechanisms and treatment options

The worldwide prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is estimated to have reached 25% or more in adults. NAFLD is prevalent in obese individuals, but may also affect non-obese insulin-resistant individuals. NAFLD is associated with a 2- to 3-fold increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes (T2D), which may be higher in patients with more severe liver disease - fibrosis increases this risk. In NAFLD, not only the close association with obesity, but also the impairment of many metabolic pathways, including decreased hepatic insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion, increase the risk of developing T2D and related comorbidities. Conversely, patients with diabetes have a higher prevalence of steatohepatitis, liver fibrosis and end-stage liver disease. Genetics and mechanisms involving dysfunctional adipose tissue, lipotoxicity and glucotoxicity appear to play a role. In this review, we discuss the altered pathophysiological mechanisms that underlie the development of T2D in NAFLD and vice versa. Although there is no approved therapy for the treatment of NASH, we discuss pharmacological agents currently available to treat T2D that could potentially be useful for the management of NASH.
Category accounts: Identity and normativity in sequences of action

This study investigates the sequentially occasioned provision of what I term category accounts in interaction. Category accounts tap into and make use of normative assumptions about identities and membership categories in order to explain away moments of what the participants view as category deviance. To introduce this concept, I focus on sequences in which speakers’ initiations of repair (e.g. Huh?) are oriented to as indicative of a problem of understanding. In the cases examined here, recipients of such initiations of repair treat divergence from some gender/sexuality norm as the source of the misunderstanding, which is revealed through their attempt to resolve the trouble by providing a category account, thereby closing the repair sequence and providing for the resumption of progressivity. These and similar accounting sequences are thus a means through which participants collaboratively normalize momentary departures from normativity, while at the same time reconstituting what exactly constitutes ‘normativity’ and ‘departures therefrom’, and for whom. (Gender, sexuality, identity, membership categorization, Conversation Analysis, Ethnomethodology, repair, social interaction, normativity, deviance)*
Investigating the histopathological findings and immunolocalization of rickettsialpox infection in skin biopsies: A case series and review of the literature.

Background Recognition of rickettsialpox infection on skin biopsy can be challenging. The histopathology is non-specific and inconsistently described. We assess classic histopathologic features in confirmed cases and review the literature. Methods We searched for cases of "rickettsialpox" diagnosed between 2006 and 2018 with positive immunostaining for Spotted Fever Group Rickettsia species. Original slides were evaluated for vacuolar alterations, granulomatous inflammation, vasculitis, necrosis, fibrin thrombi, microvesiculation, papillary dermal edema, and extravasated red blood cells. All biopsies were stained for CD3, CD20, CD68, and myeloperoxidase. Results Six biopsy specimens were compiled, three of which were sampled from vesiculopapules, one from a maculopapule, and two from eschars. Vacuolar alterations and vasculitis were present in all specimens (6/6; 100%). Granulomatous inflammation was present in five specimens (5/6; 83.3%). Fibrin thrombi and red blood cells were seen in 3/6 (50%) of specimens. The eschars showed necrosis of the epidermis and superficial dermis (2/6, 33.3%). Only one specimen showed intraepidermal vesiculation and papillary dermal edema (1/6; 16.7%). All six specimens showed perivascular infiltration with CD3+ T-cells, and low amounts of CD20+ B-cells and neutrophils. Five of the six specimens (83.3%) showed significant levels of CD68+ histiocytes. Conclusion The histopathology of rickettsialpox infection is septic lymphocytic and granulomatous vasculitis.
I choose you! Interest group endorsements in the 2018 US House midterm elections

In 2018, the interest group EMILY’s List endorsed over fifty women running for the US Congress, a list that is far from inclusive of the almost three-hundred women running in the November mid-term election. Extant work leads us to believe that incumbency status is the primary motivation behind whether an interest group will endorse a candidate for public office. However, scholarship has yet to systematically consider why interest groups endorse non-incumbent candidates and how these groups come to choose one incumbent over another. By studying the symbolic and substantive endorsements of two interest groups—EMILY’s List and the National Rifle Association—we show that interest groups place varying value on incumbent legislators and also take other factors (like district partisanship and seat competitiveness) into account when endorsing candidates. Further, we find that district-level characteristics, not candidate characteristics, are most important for interest groups in their endorsement decisions of candidates in open-seat races. Our findings have important implications for understanding how interest groups come to select candidates to endorse and also call into question the power of incumbency in these decisions.
Racial modernity in Republican China, 1927-1937

This article locates the moment in Chinese history when ethnicity became a subject of scientific concern and an object of social engineering. Specifically, it examines how Han Chinese academicians ...
Surgeon-Related Complications

The periocular region has a robust, highly anastomotic vascular supply that allows for a reduced infection rate compared to other surgical sites. The National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance system reported a postoperative infection rate of approximately 2% for all types of surgery. In contrast, studies of common periocular procedures place the infection rate between 0.02% and 0.4%. Despite these favorable statistics, serious infections can occur involving atypical mycobacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, and group A β-hemolytic Streptococcus necrotizing fasciitis.
Th2O-, Th2Au-, and Th2AuO1,2- Anions: Photoelectron Spectroscopic and Computational Characterization of Energetics and Bonding.

The observation and characterization of the anions: Th2O-, Th2Au-, and Th2AuO1,2- is reported. These species were studied through a synergetic combination of anion photoelectron spectroscopy and ab initio correlated molecular orbital theory calculations at the CCSD(T) level with large correlation-consistent basis sets. To better understand the energetics and bonding in these anions and their corresponding neutrals, a range of smaller diatomic to tetratomic species were studied computationally. Correlated molecular orbital theory calculations at the CCSD(T) level showed that in most of these cases, there are close-lying anions and neutral clusters with different geometries and spin states and are consistent with the experimentally observed spectra. Thus, comparison of experimentally determined and computationally predicted vertical detachment energies and electron affinities for different optimized geometries and spin states shows excellent agreement to within 0.1 eV. The structures for both the neutrals and anions have a significant ionic component to the bonding because of the large electron affinity of the Au atom and modest ionization potentials for Th2, Th2O, and Th2O2. The analysis of the bonding for the Th-Th bonds from the molecular orbitals is consistent with this ionic model. The results show that there is a wide variation in the bond distance from 2.7 to 3.5 A for the Th-Th bonds all of which are less than twice the atomic radius of Th of 3.6 A. The bond distances encompass bond orders from 4 to 0. There can be different bond orders for the same bond distance depending on the nature of the ionic bonding suggesting that one may not be able to correlate the bond order with the bond distance in these types of clusters. In addition, the presence of an Au atom may provide a unique probe of the bonding in such clusters because of its ability to accept an electron from clusters with modest ionization potentials.
Smoking Negatively Effects Patient-Reported Outcomes Following Arthroscopic Partial Meniscectomy.

Purpose To determine whether active smokers have different patient-reported outcomes relative to nonsmokers for pain, function, and overall health at baseline and 1 or 2 years after an arthroscopic partial meniscectomy. Methods Patients who underwent arthroscopic partial meniscectomy were identified. Demographic data, including smoking status and patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs), were prospectively collected preoperatively and 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years postoperatively. Statistical analysis was performed using the mixed-effects model to compare PROMs preoperatively and 1 or 2 years postoperatively between nonsmokers and active smokers. Results 509 knees undergoing arthroscopic partial meniscectomy were divided into 2 cohorts: group I, nonsmokers (n = 470) and group II, active smokers (n = 39). There were statistically significant baseline differences in PROMs for nonsmokers versus smokers: visual analog scale (VAS), 5.0 ± 0.4 versus 6.3 ± 0.7, respectively (P = .001); Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) Pain scale, 50.3 ± 3.2 versus 42.5± 5.5 (P = .005); KOOS Symptoms scale, 50.0 ± 3.2 versus 43.6 ± 5.4 (P = .019); and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC) Pain scale, 57.5 ± 3.4 versus 48.2 ± 6.1 (P = .003). There were also statistically significant differences in nonsmokers versus smokers regarding knee function at baseline shown by the KOOS Activites of Daily Living (ADL) scale: (61.1 ± 3.3 versus 53.5 ± 6.1; P = .015). Baseline mental health, as assessed by the Veterans Rand 12-Item Health Survey (VR-12) Mental Health questionnaire, was also statistically different between nonsmokers (55.4 ± 0.8) and smokers (51.5 ± 3.3; P = .020). Importantly, PROMs for pain and function were lower at all time points for smokers. Conclusion Patients who were active smokers at the time of partial meniscectomy had significantly worse baseline and postoperative PROMs compared with nonsmokers. Changes from baseline for smokers and nonsmokers were relatively consistent between groups 1 and 2 years postoperatively. Smokers will improve a relatively similar amount as nonsmokers after partial meniscectomy, but their overall PROM scores are lower. Level of Evidence III, retrospective comparative study.
Comparative history of Campylobacter contamination on chicken meat and campylobacteriosis cases in the United States: 1994-2018

In many countries campylobacteriosis ranks as one of the most frequently reported foodborne illnesses and poultry is the commodity that is most often associated with these illnesses. Nevertheless, efforts to reduce the occurrence of pathogen contamination on poultry are often more focused on Salmonella. While some control measures are pathogen specific, such as pre-harvest vaccination for Salmonella, improvements in sanitary dressing and interventions applied during the slaughter process can be effective against all forms of microbial contamination. To investigate the potential effectiveness of these non-specific pathogen reduction strategies in the United States, it is helpful to assess if, and by how much, Campylobacter contamination of chicken meat has changed across time. This study assesses change considering data collected in both slaughter and retail establishments and comparing observed trends in contamination with trends in human surveillance data. The results support the assertion that substantial reductions in Campylobacter contamination of chicken meat in the late 1990s and early 2000s contributed to a reduction in the human case rate of campylobacteriosis. Further reductions in chicken meat contamination between 2013 and 2018 are more difficult to associate with trends in human illnesses, with one contributing factor being the inclusion of culture independent diagnostic test results in the official case counts during that time. Other contributing factors are discussed.
Superior Oblique Tuck

Superior oblique tuck is a strengthening procedure that is often the first line procedure to correct a fourth nerve palsy. A full-tendon tuck works by enhancing the superior oblique’s actions—intorsion, depression, and abduction. Overcorrection can cause post-operative upgaze limitation—an iatrogenic Brown syndrome. A full-tendon tuck should be compared to a Harada-Ito, which is used to strengthen just the anterior fibers to correct extorsion.
Case Report: The Development of Delusional Jealousy Following Metal-on-metal Bilateral Hip Implant with Chronic Cobalt Toxicity

Introduction More than 1 million arthroplasties are conducted annually worldwide, with 65% of patients aged 65 years and older. Complications include infection, dislocation, hypersensitivity reactions to metal implants, often requiring surgical re-intervention causing significant distress. Neuropsychiatric symptoms including dementia and depression secondary to chromium and cobalt toxicity with metal-on-metal implants have also been reported. These symptoms may persist even after removal of defective metal prostheses. Here we present a 51-year-old woman with delusional jealousy. She underwent bilateral hip arthroplasty following avascular necrosis X-12 years ago, with nine follow-up surgeries for complications. After getting lost in the orthopedist's office, and reporting memory lapses ultimately leading to a car accident in year X-2, she was diagnosed with neurocognitive disorder secondary to cobalt toxicity and depression by her orthopedist. Documented perioperative cobalt levels ranged from 5.6 to 14.9 µg/L (>1.0). She was treated with bilateral removal of the metal-on-metal implants. Ten months post-intervention, she attempted suicide by overdose on a lethal amount of pentazocine and naloxone. She claimed the overdose was secondary to stress caused by her husband's multiple romantic affairs. In the past 1-2 years, the patient had installed cameras in the house, accused her husband of hiding a girl under the table while washing dishes, repeatedly filed for divorce, and destroyed a motorcycle based on this claim. The patient was admitted to the psychiatric ward after medical clearance. Methods Case report. Results No significant focal deficits on her neurological examination. No major findings on her brain imaging. Her Montreal Cognitive Assessment was positive for mild neurocognitive deficits. Patient was started on lurasidone 20mg by mouth at bedtime. She refused any psychotropic medication treatment at discharge. Conclusions The final DSM-5 diagnosis was Delusional Disorder, Jealous type. Patient had metal-on-metal implant for 10 years with multiple complications prior to onset of neuropsychiatric symptoms. She had no prior psychiatric history other than mentioned above. The pathophysiology of delusional disorder may be associated to both organic and psychological stressors. Most commonly linked neurologic diseases are those affecting the basal ganglia and limbic systems. PET imaging studies in arthroprosthetic cobaltism have shown significant brain hypometabolism in these areas. Chronic, static damage by metallosis and multiple complications may have contributed to the delusional disorder. The dangerousness of delusional jealousy is also noteworthy. More research is necessary to understand the link between arthroplasty complications and delusional disorder. Funding None.