cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Estudos da dinâmica de fototransformação do agente antibacteriano Nitrofurantoína e da formação das espécies ativas durante sua fototransformação

A fotoquimioterapia (FQT) e uma tecnica de tratamento de doencas graves, inclusive o câncer, que utiliza que utiliza compostos que, sendo introduzidos dentro de um organismo, nao possuem alguma atividade contra ele e quando sao excitados, atraves de luz na regiao espectral de 320 ate 800 nm, produzem especies reativas que induzem a morte celular. Dentre as formas desenvolvidas em FQT, a de maior destaque, e a que vem sendo mais utilizada em clinica, e a Terapia Fotodinâmica (TFD). Apesar das vantagens do uso da TFD, esta tecnica possui limitacoes em sua eficiencia, pois seu mecanismo esta associado com a formacao dos estados excitados do FS e do oxigenio molecular e, por isso, depende dos tempos de vida e rendimentos quânticos destes estados. Outro fator que limita a ampla aplicacao da FQT na clinica e o alto custo dos FS utilizados atualmente. No grupo de fotobiofisica do Departamento de Fisica e Matematica da FFCLRP-USP, tem-se trabalhado na busca de novos FS que possuam especies reativas nao excitados como, por exemplo, os radicais livres (peroxidos, ânion superoxido, radical hidroxila etc.), e que sejam mais viaveis economicamente em relacao a outros FS ja existentes no mercado. Os derivados de nitrofurano sao farmacos ja utilizados na rotina clinica que possuem as caracteristicas promissoras para aplicacao em FQT. Este trabalho da continuidade a busca de novos FS. Escolhemos dentre inumeros derivados de nitrofurano a Nitrofurantoina (NFT), que ja e utilizada em clinica desde 1950, e que possui um custo baixo. Sua atividade fototoxica ja foi documentada como reacoes fotoalergicas em pacientes depois de ser administrada e nos estudos in vitro contra diversas linhagens das celulas neoplasicas. Contudo, os mecanismos e a dinâmica da fotoacao da NFT nao estavam ainda bem estabelecidos. Como objetivos gerais deste trabalho, definimos estudar a dinâmica da fotodecomposicao da NFT e a liberacao de radical NO em solucoes aquosas, em funcao da composicao do ambiente, tendo em vista analisar sua potencialidade para aplicacao em fotoquimioterapia de diversas doencas, inclusive o câncer. Demonstramos que durante a sua fototransformacao, a NFT libera o NO, e o rendimento do processo depende do estado de protonacao da NFT. A liberacao de NO se realiza por duas vias paralelas: liberacao direta pela molecula de NFT e atraves da fotolise do seu fotoproduto. O estado tripleto da NFT apresenta tempo de vida (t) muito curto, provavelmente devido a participacao ativa em formacao de um dos fotoprodutos. Pelo fato de ser muito curto, e pouco provavel que o estado T1 produza efetivamente, o oxigenio singleto. Assim, podemos associar a fotoatividade da NFT com a liberacao de NO. Por fim, propusemos um esquema para a fotoliberacao de NO pela fototransformacao da NFT.
Gender Production Networks: Sustaining Cocoa-Chocolate sourcing from Ghana and India

Transformation of global sourcing over recent decades has significant implications for gender relations of production in the developing world. Analysis of global production networks and value chains (GPN/GVC) provides important insights into the changing dynamics of global sourcing and its embeddedness within diverse societies and countries. However, the gender dimension of this process is often overlooked. Feminist analysis provides important insights into a changing gender division of labour within global production, but rarely links it to the commercial dynamics of GPN/GVCs. This paper develops a gender production network analysis to inform a comparative examination of gender production relations in cocoa. It draws on case studies in Ghana and India. It asks in what ways are GPN/GVCs bearers of gender transformation, and what are the implications for the sustainability of quality cocoa sourcing by chocolate manufacturers? The paper finds that gendered social norms and practices in both countries mean that women’s contribution to cocoa production has long been under-valued, with women largely relegated to the position of unpaid family or casual labour. However, within the gender division of labour women do play an important role in certain activities that are increasingly recognised in the industry as critical to ensuring good yields and quality production. These are of increasing importance to consumer-focused brand name chocolate companies. Recognition and support for women’s role could make an important contribution, both to the empowerment of women cocoa farmers and workers, but also to the future sustainability of quality cocoa sourcing.
Advertising Budget And Sales Paths Under The Dynamics Of The Student Work Control Problem And Regularity Requirements

Consider a firm promoting a product in a fast expanding industry by using advertising as its single promotional tool. The firm’s objective is to minimize the overall cost of advertising necessary for reaching certain target sales of the product by the end of a given planning period. We adopt the Student Work Control problem (SWC) framework for modeling this marketing context, in general, and the advertising-sales response function, in particular. We compare the SWC’s optimal control budgeting principle with the solutions of equally effective, alternative advertising budgeting principles, which require strong regularity conditions on the path of either the advertising outlays or sales. In contrast to the other principles, SWC’s optimal sales path is highly convex to the point that the firm may deliberately accept decreasing sales at the earliest periods. However, its optimal solution requires the firm to advertise in every period and to continue to accelerate its advertising outlays. The resulting Advertising Sales Response function, too, may therefore have a convex section with declining sales, a finding contributing to an optimization-driven explanation of threshold in advertising effect on sales.
Atomic Force Microscopy ‐ AFM

In the 15 years since its invention, the atomic force microscope and other scanning probe microscopies derived from it have become an irreplaceable tool for all manner of surface analysis. The first section of this review article explains how the core AFM techniques, contact-, noncontact, and intermittent-mode, work. This section also presents discussions on cantilevers, tip-sample interactions, resolution limiters, and manufacturers. The second section explains several scanning-probe techniques based of the AFM that are used for a variety of surface analyses. The variants discussed in this section are scanning capacitance microscopy, tunneling atomic force microscopy, scanning spreading resistance microscopy, lateral force microscopy, electric and magnetic force microscopy, Kelvin-probe microscopy, force modulation microscopy, and scanning thermal microscopy. The final section demonstrates two applications of AFM-like tools to the field of semiconductor device characterization. In the first example, a tapping-mode AFM is used to study the formation of copper depositions on silicon. In the second example, a tunneling AFM is used to study the quality of gate oxides created with coppers contamination Keywords: atomic force microscopy; scanning probe microscopy; surface analysis
Low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein/alpha 2-macroglobulin receptor mediates the cellular internalization and degradation of thrombospondin. A process facilitated by cell-surface proteoglycans.

Abstract Thrombospondin (TSP) is a cell and matrix glycoprotein that interacts with a variety of molecules. Newly synthesized thrombospondin is either incorporated into the extracellular matrix, or binds to the cell surface where it is rapidly internalized and degraded (McKeown-Longo, P. J., Hanning, R., and Mosher, D. F. (1984) J. Cell Biol. 98, 22-28). In the current investigation we identify the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein/α2-macroglobulin receptor (LRP) as a receptor responsible for mediating the internalization of TSP leading to its degradation. LRP is a large cell surface receptor consisting of a 515-kDa heavy chain and an 85-kDa light chain proteolytically derived from a 600-kDa precursor. A specific and high affinity interaction between purified LRP and TSP was demonstrated by homologous ligand competition experiments, where a Kof 3-20 n M was measured using different preparations of TSP. The binding of TSP to purified LRP was completely inhibited by the 39-kDa receptor-associated protein, a known antagonist of ligand binding by LRP. Cultured fibroblasts rapidly internalize and degrade I-labeled TSP via a receptor-mediated process. This process is inhibited by receptor-associated protein and by antibodies against LRP, indicating that LRP is mediating the cellular internalization of TSP. Our studies also confirm that the efficient catabolism of TSP requires the participation of cell surface proteoglycans, since digestion of cells with heparitinase markedly reduces the extent of LRP-mediated TSP degradation. The ability of LRP to directly bind and mediate the cellular internalization and degradation of TSP indicates that this receptor may play an important role in the catabolism of TSP in vivo.
Test results from a solar boiler for saline water distillation

Abstract In this paper the performance of a low temperature, 50–70 C, solar boiler is presented. The boiler consisted of a double-glazed flat-plate solar collector, a flash chamber, a water cooled surface condenser, a circulating pump, and a temperature-controlled preheater to simulate constant temperature thermal storage. Data were obtained on this boiler from October 1980 to May 1981. During this period, the instantaneous total incident solar radiation at noon, as measured by a pyranometer in the plane of the collector ranged from 0.7 to 1.0 kWm -2 and the diurnal total incident solar radiation ranged from 13 to 29 MJ m -2 day -1 . At these conditions the instantaneous efficiency of the collector ranged from 30 to 55 percent while the diurnal efficiency ranged from 20 to 44 percent. The results show that the performance of the solar collector was the dominant factor in determining the performance of this boiler. They also show that low temperature steam, 50 to 70 C, from such boilers can be produced to drive multieffect distillation systems using high performance evaporators for desalting saline water.
An experimental investigation of the elastic scattering of He and H2 from Ag(111)

Abstract Experimental diffraction probabilities for 63 meV He and 66 meV H2 scattering from Ag(111) along the 〈112〉 direction are reported. Debye-Waller experiments for the He/Ag(111) system yield a mean well depth of 9.3 meV and an effective surface Debye temperature of 253 K.
Effects of trap saturation and species interaction on the capture of Callinectes Spp. crabs in the Guayas Estuary

Abstract Catchability of Callinectes spp. crabs was examined from June through August 1987 in the Guayas Estuary, Ecuador, concentrating on aspects of saturation and interaction effects in traps. Actual versus potential catch due to saturation effects was examined using an experimental design of traps with the catch removed (fished) versus traps with the catch counted but not removed (not-fished). A significant decrease in catch in the not-fished traps was observed after 3 h in the lower estuary and after 21 h in the upper estuary. Experiments to examine intraspecific or interspecific effects on the catchability of the two Callinectes species in traps were conducted in the lower Guayas Estuary using a combination of stocked treatments. Significant differences were observed in the catch of C. toxotes in the treatments with high densities of stocked C. toxotes . The catch of C. arcuatus was not affected by stocking the traps with either species in densities tested.
Development and verification of experimental databases for pancake structures in atmospheric flows

The performance of Airborne Lasers is sensitive to the 3D, nonstationary, intermittent, anisotropic structure of atmospheric turbulence. The upper (stratospheric) layers are dominated by the background stable stratification, as a result of which the turbulence tend to be characterized by thin layers of high refractive index variations known as `pancakes'. In this paper we survey theoretical results and experimental measurements of turbulence spectra and correlations for pancakes in rotating stratified environments. Anisotropic turbulence models developed are benchmarked against both laboratory experimental data bases as well as field data to be gathered in the balloon and the EGRETT campaign of measurements.
Infective Endocarditis Complicating Permanent Pacemaker and Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Infection

OBJECTIVE To describe management of patients with permanent pacemaker (PPM)- and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD)-related endocarditis. PATIENTS AND METHODS We retrospectively reviewed all cases of infection involving PPMs and ICDs among patients presenting to Mayo Clinic's site in Rochester, MN, between January 1, 1991, and December 31, 2003. Cardiac device-related infective endocarditis (CDIE) was defined as the presence of both vegetation on a device lead or valve and clinical or microbiological evidence of CDIE. Of 189 patients with PPM or ICD infection who were admitted during the study period, 44 met the case definition for CDIE (33 PPM, 11 ICD). RESULTS The mean ± SD age of patients was 67±14 years. Staphylococci (36 [82%]) were the most commonly isolated pathogens. Nearly all patients (43 [98%]) were treated with a combined approach of complete hardware removal and parenteral antibiotics. The median duration of antibiotic treatment after infected device explantation was 28 days (interquartile range, 19-42 days). Device leads were removed percutaneously in 34 cases (77%); only 7 cases (16%) required surgical lead extraction. Percutaneous extraction was uncomplicated in 15 patients with lead vegetation greater than 10 mm in diameter. Six patients (14%) died during hospitalization. Twenty-seven (96%) of 28 patients remained infection free at their last visit (median follow-up, 183 days; intraquartile range, 36-628 days). CONCLUSION Prompt hardware removal and prolonged parenteral antibiotic administration decrease mortality among patients with CDIE. The presence of a large (>10 mm in diameter) vegetation on a lead is not a contraindication for percutaneous lead extraction. This study found that prompt hardware removal and prolonged parenteral antibiotic administration decrease mortality among patients with cardiac device-related infective endocarditis.
A Chip-Scale Cooling Scheme With Integrated Heat Sink and Thermal-Fluidic I/O Interconnects

We demonstrate a prototype chip-scale microfluidic cooling scheme. CMOS compatible processes allow the monolithic integration of the microchannel heat sink into the backside of a Si chip at low temperature (≤260°C). At the front side of a chip, fine pitch area-array solder bumps are fabricated by electroplating for high-density electrical I/O interconnection, while a peripheral array of micro polymer pipes are fabricated as thermal-fluidic I/O interconnects. The resulting “microfluidic flip chip” can be bonded onto a liquid-cooled board substrate using conventional flip-chip assembly processes. The cooling liquid can, therefore, be transferred into a Si chip directly from the board-level manifolds to alleviate the thermal interface issues. This paper was also originally published as part of the Proceedings of the ASME 2005 Heat Transfer Summer Conference.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
A model of the ignition of cylindrically-confined explosive gas mixtures

Current research on the nature and behavior of gaseous detonation is directed toward three fundamental problems: the development or initiation of a detonation wave, the stability of the wave, and the structure of the wave. Studies of unconfined (cylindrical and spherical) detonations should be of particular interest since the basic propagation mechanisms of detonation waves may be isolated from wall effects. This paper reports on a model for describing the ignition of explosive mixtures which are cylindrically confined. The model accounts for the effect of the ignition energy and the coupling of the reaction kinetics with the shock front. The effects of combustion are represented by an induction zone followed by heat release in the form of an inverse exponential function. The length of the induction zone is dependent on local conditions. Because of the complexity of the model, a numerical solution, by the method of characteristics at fixed time intervals and in Lagrangian coordinates, was necessary. Initial conditions for the solution were obtained from a refinement of the cylindrical blast wave solution by the method of matched asymptotic expansions. Numerical results showed that the model could qualitatively describe the three types of ignition phenomena (supercritical, subcritical, and critical) and give a reasonable prediction of the critical energy. Since critical flow has been shown to be multidimensional, the model which contains the assumption of cylindrical symmetry could not describe the details of critical flow.
Magnetic Breakdown Effects in Helicon Propagation in White Tin

The propagation of helicon waves through white tin has been studied at low temperatures and related to topological properties of the Fermi surface. The large-amplitude quantum oscillations observed at 1.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K as the field was varied arise from magnetic breakdown. They provide a sensitive means of investigating some features of the Fermi surface. Comparisons are made with the results of a recent band-structure calculation by Weisz.
Implementation of high-contrast novolak resist process for sub-0.5-um e-beam lithography

The use of interrupt develop has been reported to enhance the contrast and resolution of novolak resist systems for e-beam lithography. Experience with interrupt develop has demonstrated the ability to control sensitivity and contrast independent from the exposure dose. High contrast and flexible sensitivity are primarily due to the interaction of induction effects of the novolak resist and the length of the develop step. The induction effect is primarily dependent on absorbed energy in the resist. Understanding the distribution of absorbed energy in the resist allows use of the induction effect to control resist profile and image size. A sidewall passivation phenomena results from interrupting the develop process. The passivation enhances the directionality of develop, yielding additional resist profile control. Three diazonapthoquinone novolak resists have been implemented for the fabrication of x-ray masks. During implementation of the resists, the molecular weight of the base resin was found to have a major influence on contrast and image quality. The results show the resolution and image size control achieved using systematic interrupt develop processing.
The elastic properties of hard tissues and apatites.

The pressure dependence of the elastic constants of various halides, hard tissues and synthetic apatites have been examined in the 0- to 50-kilobar range using a solid media, pressure apparatus coupled with an ultrasonic interferometer. The samples includ: hydroxy-, fluor-, and chlor-apatite, NaCl, CaF2, mollusc shell (aragonite), ivory, dentin and enamel, and fish, bovine, and human bones. High pressures were used in order to assess the effects of porosity in aggregate samples and to make measurements on specimens of ideal density. Computer analysis of the measured longitudinal and shear ultrasonic velocities yields the pressure dependence of the bulk, shear, and Young's moduli and Poisson's ratio. Atmospheric pressure values at ideal density are obtained by back extrapolation from the high pressure measurements.
Knowledge and use of antimicrobial stewardship resources by spinal cord injury providers.

Objective To assess the knowledge and the use of antimicrobial stewardship resources, such as hospital antibiograms and infectious disease consultants, by spinal cord injury or disorder (SCI/D) providers. Design and Setting Anonymous Internet-based, cross-sectional survey. Participants A total of 314 SCI/D physicians, nurse practitioners, and physician assistants who prescribe antibiotics were invited to complete a survey. Main Outcome Measurements Knowledge of and behaviors related to antibiograms and infectious disease (ID) consults. Results A total of 118 providers (80 physicians, 20 nurse practitioners, 18 physician assistants) completed the survey (37.6% response rate). Approximately one-third of respondents indicated that they did not have access to (11.0%) or were unsure of (28.0%) the existence of facility antibiograms. Half of the providers indicated that they never used antibiograms to determine treatment for their SCI/D patients. Respondent factors associated with viewing facility antibiograms were older age, employment at SCI/D specialty centers, a longer duration since completion of training, and years of SCI/D patient care. Nearly all respondents (95%) indicated that they believed that improving access to antibiotic prescribing data or antibiograms would reduce antibiotic resistance. More than one-third reported that they never or seldom used ID consults. Conclusions A significant portion of SCI/D providers who prescribe antibiotics do not have access to facility antibiograms or are unaware of their existence and thus could not use them for determining antibiotic treatment. Interventions could include formal education of providers on how to access antibiograms and the use of ID physicians as a resource, as well as providing technologic support, such as electronic facility-level antibiograms as part of the medical record system, which can be easily identified if a provider is making a decision on an antibiotic.
Effect of Teaching Setting and Self-Evaluation on Teacher Intensity Behaviors

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of teaching setting [peer versus practicum] and self-evaluation tools [Continuous Response Digital Interface (general) versus behavioral checklist (specific)] on the development of teacher intensity behaviors among preservice elementary education majors enrolled in a music methods course. Subjects were divided into four treatment groups and completed a pretest and posttest and four treatment lessons. Analyses indicated that teaching setting and self-evaluation did not have a differential effect on teacher intensity. All subjects made significant gains from pretest to posttest, with differences among lessons. Comparative analyses indicated subjects rated themselves higher than did experts. An attitude survey indicated that subjects who taught children rated the course higher than subjects who taught their peers, whereas subjects who completed general self-evaluations rated the course higher than did subjects who completed specific self-evaluations.
Intraocular pressure changes during sexual activity

We report the results of repeated ambulatory continuous 24-h IOP monitoring with a contact lens sensor in a female glaucoma patient who engaged in sexual activity during each of three monitoring sessions. Our findings show that IOP patterns seemed to decrease during the period of sexual activity.
A versatile system-independent echo-repeater system

To support a host of underwater acoustic measurements, a low-cost, system-independent echo-repeater system has been developed at the Naval Research Laboratory. This system (i.e. echo-repeater software, computer, data acquisition (DAQ) hardware, signal conditioning, etc.) was required to be: (1) capable of handling a wide frequency range ( up to 10+ kHz ); (2) capable of being plugged into a variety of power amplifiers and "wet-end" systems ("wet-end" being defined as the transducer and/or hydrophone combinations that are deployed into the ocean); (3) flexible both in signal capture and signal transmission; (4) capable of transmitting complex waveform schedules; (5) low cost; and (6) easy to maintain and upgrade. Scientific research areas this echo-repeater system supports include, but are not limited to, target classification/simulation, time reversal, transmission loss and time spread, and waveguide characterization. This paper describes this modular system and how it has been used to support these diverse research applications
An organ culture model for the study of pemphigus acantholysis.

SUMMARY An in vitro model for the study of pemphigus acantholysis has been developed. The histological changes of pemphigus vulgaris were reproduced in vitro in organ culture by growing normal human skin in the presence of pemphigus vulgaris or pemphigus foliaceus sera. At 24 h a suprabasilar split was noted and at 72 h extensive suprabasilar acantholysis developed. Direct immunofluorescent tests demonstrated that pemphigus antibody became bound to the epidermal intercellular space antigen(s) during the first 6–12 h. As acantholysis increased the presence of tissue-fixed antibody decreased. The fixation of the pemphigus antibody to the skin prior to the development of acantholysis provides strong evidence for the pathogenetic role of this antibody in the production of acantholysis. The data suggest that complement is not required in this model for the production of the acantholytic changes of pemphigus since heating the serum for 30 min at 56 C did not destroy the acantholytic activity and no complement (C3) could be detected by DIF of organ culture explants.
Analysis of circular plate-elastic half-space interaction using an energy approach

Abstract An analytical formulation is developed, based on an energy approach, to predict the flexural behavior of uniformly loaded thin flexible circular plates resting in smooth and continuous contact with an isotropic elastic half-space. In this development, the deflected shape of the plate is approximated by an even power series expansion in terms of the radial coordinate. Any number of terms in the series can be considered. The coefficients associated with the series are evaluated by making use of the principle of minimum potential energy. Analytical expressions are derived for the contact stress distribution, the plate deflection, and the plate radial moment. The results obtained from the proposed procedure compare very well with the existing solutions of similar problems.
552 ALTERATION OF LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL BY CHANGES IN DIETARY CHOLESTEROL, TOTAL FAT, AND P/S IN NORMAL AND HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIC CHILDREN

Dietary cholesterol(DC), P/S ratios, and total fat (TF, as a % of calories) were altered during two 3 month diet(D) periods to assess effects of D on plasma low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC) in 11 normal(N) children(CH), and in 12 CH heterozygous for familial hypercholesterolemia(FH). The baseline ad lib D( 450 mg DC, TF 40%, P/S 0.6). Adherence to D and nutrient intakes (NI) were assessed monthly using a 7 day D diary. General food patterns were retained; targeted NI levels were reached by substitutions with commercially available fat-altered foods. The number(n) of N and FH CH by age-,race, and sex-specific LDLC percentile distributions during the D periods were as follows: The TD shifted LDLC in N CH downward from levels on ad lib D, moving the LDLC mode to the 50th percentile, while DC rich D elevated LDLC, with all 11 N CH at or above the 75th percentile. In FH CH, LDLC generally remained >the 95th percentile irrespective of D. TD have major utility in N CH, many of whom acquire elevated LDLC on ad lib and DC rich, low P/S D.
Current status of screening mammography

Owing to their experience with Papanicolaou smear screening for carcinoma of the cervix, obstetricians/gynecologists can appreciate more than any other medical specialty the effect of early detection on the natural history of malignant disease. 11, 52 Indeed, throughout the entirety of medicine, earlier diagnosis and treatment usually result in a more favorable outcome. Carcinoma of the breast is no exception. Studies conducted over the past 25 years provide compelling, well-documented evidence that screening mammography can substantially reduce breast cancer deaths among women aged 40 years and older. Early detection also allows a better choice of treatment options. 3, 4 Mammography can not detect all breast cancers and may result in some unnecessary diagnostic imaging work-up and biopsies; however, it is the best available screening test for breast cancer and will remain so for the foreseeable future. RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIALS PROVE BENEFIT FOR SCREENING WOMEN AGED 40 TO 74 YEARS Proof of benefit from screening women aged 40 to 74 years has been obtained by means of randomized clinical trials (RCTs). 25 An RCT is a prospective comparison of breast cancer death rates among study group women offered screening and control group women not offered screening. These two groups should have no other significant differences. Seven randomized trials of populations have been each performed, including several age decades. Screening was performed by mammography alone or in combination with physical examination. Three of these RCTs, the Health Insurance Plan of Greater New York (HIP) trial, the Swedish Two-County trial, and the Edinburgh, Scotland, trial have
Update on Strategies to Improve Thrombolysis for Acute Myocardial Infarction

Therapy for acute myocardial infarction involves rapid restoration of blood flow through a coronary artery that has been occluded by a ruptured atherosclerotic plaque. Thrombolytic therapy, the pharmacologic standard to achieve this outcome, significantly improves survival; however, current regimens have limitations: they can fail to achieve complete reperfusion, they can cause significant bleeding events, and they can result in reocclusion. In addition, complex regimens of some agents can cause dosing errors. Accordingly, newer compounds were developed to address some of these issues, and alternative strategies are being implemented. The combination of platelet glycoprotein IIb-IIIa receptor inhibitors plus thrombolytic agents produced promising results in clinical trials, including faster clot lysis and greater flow rates than either therapy alone. The addition of unfractionated heparin or low-molecular-weight heparin to thrombolytic-antiplatelet therapy is being evaluated, as is administration of thrombolytic-antiplatelet before percutaneous coronary intervention.
Intraperitoneal sensitization and the transplanted mouse heart.

Intradermal or skin-graft sensitization always results in accelerated rejection of subsequent MHC-disparate mouse heart transplants; intravenous or intrasplenic sensitization almost always results in prolonged survival. The survival time after intraperitoneal sensitization is unpredictable: hyperacute or accelerated rejection, as well as normal or prolonged survival, occurs suggestive of a delicate balance between suppressive and rejecting immune responses. We have observed a positive correlation between transplant survival and the distribution of 51Cr-labeled antigenic cells early after i.v., i.d., i.p., and intrasplenic injection. Label recovery from the viscera was already high 2 hr after i.v. injection, while after i.d. injection virtually all label was still confined to the carcass, even at the end of a 24-hr period. After i.p. injection label recovery varied significantly from mouse to mouse, from very low to a level approximating that seen after i.v. injection. This close correlation suggests that the fate of a subsequent transplant is decided within a few hours after antigen deposition, well before placement of the transplant itself.
Allele Workbench: Transcriptome Pipeline and Interactive Graphics for Allele-Specific Expression

Sequencing the transcriptome can answer various questions such as determining the transcripts expressed in a given species for a specific tissue or condition, evaluating differential expression, discovering variants, and evaluating allele-specific expression. Differential expression evaluates the expression differences between different strains, tissues, and conditions. Allele-specific expression evaluates expression differences between parental alleles. Both differential expression and allele-specific expression have been studied for heterosis (hybrid vigor), where the hybrid has improved performance over the parents for one or more traits. The Allele Workbench software was developed for a heterosis study that evaluated allele-specific expression for a mouse F1 hybrid using libraries from multiple tissues with biological replicates. This software has been made into a distributable package, which includes a pipeline, a Java interface to build the database, and a Java interface for query and display of the results. The required input is a reference genome, annotation file, and one or more RNA-Seq libraries with optional replicates. It evaluates allelic imbalance at the SNP and transcript level and flags transcripts with significant opposite directional allele-specific expression. The Java interface allows the user to view data from libraries, replicates, genes, transcripts, exons, and variants, including queries on allele imbalance for selected libraries. To determine the impact of allele-specific SNPs on protein folding, variants are annotated with their effect (e.g., missense), and the parental protein sequences may be exported for protein folding analysis. The Allele Workbench processing results in transcript files and read counts that can be used as input to the previously published Transcriptome Computational Workbench, which has a new algorithm for determining a trimmed set of gene ontology terms. The software with demo files is available from https://code.google.com/p/allele-workbench. Additionally, all software is ready for immediate use from an Atmosphere Virtual Machine Image available from the iPlant Collaborative (www.iplantcollaborative.org).
The Anterior Olfactory Nucleus: Quantitative Study of Dendritic Morphology

The anterior olfactory nucleus (AON) occupies a crucial position within the olfactory circuit, as it is able to influence function in nearly every major synaptic processing stage of both the ipsilateral and the contralateral pathways. Nevertheless, very little is known about the region's internal organization and circuitry. The present study provides basic quantitative and qualitative data on the morphology of several cell types within the two major regions of the AON, pars externa and pars principalis. In pars externa two types of cells are analyzed, the "classical" cell (type I), containing only apically directed dendrites with large spines, and a previously unreported cell with basilar dendrites and complex, spiny apical processes (type II). In pars principalis the characteristic pyramidal cell is described both on the basis of the depth of the cell bodies in the cell layer comprising the structure and on the basis of their radial location. Several other nonpyramidal neurons are also described. The findings provide useful basic information necessary for understanding and modeling the circuitry of the AON.
A More Comprehensive Description of Bacterium Salmonicida

Abstract The purpose of this study was to establish a set of descriptive data which could be used as a reference or a standard in the identification of Bacterium salmonicida, the cause of furunculosis in fish. Since a complete description of B. salmonicida was not available, bacteriologists were not in a position to identify this microorganism in a manner which would meet the rigorous requirements of present-day bacteriology. Ten strains of B. salmonicida were employed in these studies. A detailed description is presented which includes the morphological, cultural, and physiological characteristics of B. salmonicida. In addition, various factors such as oxygen, pH, temperature, and composition of media are discussed in terms of their influence on the formation of the melanin-like pigment which is characteristically produced by this microorganism.
Evidence that multiple residues on both the α-helices of the class I MHC molecule are simultaneously recognized by the T cell receptor

Single amino acid substitutions at nine different positions on the H-2Kb molecules from in vitro-mutagenized, immunologically altered, somatic cell variants were correlated with their patterns of recognition by monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) and allogeneic cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) clones. While MAbs were found to detect spatially discrete, domain-specific sites, CTLs interacted simultaneously with multiple residues on the alpha 1 and alpha 2 domains of the Kb molecule. The computer graphic three-dimensional Kb model structure showed that, of the seven CTL-specific residues analyzed, six residues were located on the alpha-helical regions of the two domains. Every CTL clone was found to interact with a distinct pattern of residues composed of a specific subset of the CTL-specific residues.
Bilayer heterojunction polymer solar cells using unsubstituted polythiophene via oxidative chemical vapor deposition

Abstract We demonstrate the use of a vacuum-based, vapor phase technique for the deposition of a donor polymer for use in polymer solar cells. Unsubstituted polythiophene (PT), which is insoluble and infusible and thus typically difficult to process, is easily prepared by oxidative chemical vapor deposition (oCVD). The oCVD process results in a conductive PT film that is heavily doped with FeCl 3 , which is used as the oxidizing agent. A post-deposition methanol rinse sufficiently dedopes the film and removes spent oxidant, leaving semiconducting PT with an optical bandgap close to 2 eV. Drastic changes in the film color, absorption spectra, and film composition confirm the dedoping process. The resulting semiconducting PT is then applied as an electron donor in bilayer heterojunction solar cells with a thermally evaporated C 60 electron acceptor layer, resulting in power conversion efficiencies up to 0.8%. The absorption edge of the PT at ∼620 nm closely matches the edge present in the external quantum efficiency spectra, indicating that the oCVD PT contributes to the photocurrent of the devices. This demonstrates that the oCVD technique can be used in the processing and design of polymer active layers for polymer solar cells and hybrid small molecular organic solar cells without solubility, temperature, or substrate considerations.
Should we report cervical smears lacking endocervical component as unsatisfactory

The purpose of the study is to correlate the accuracy of diagnosis of cervical smears with the presence/absence of an endocervical component. The referral smears and the smears obtained during colposcopic examination of 84 patients with biopsy-proven squamous lesions were evaluated for the presence of an endocervical component, and the cytologic interpretations were compared with the histologic findings. Of the 136 smears containing an endocervical component, 111 (81.6 percent) had good correlation with histology and 25 (18.4%) showed a discrepancy. Of the 30 smears lacking an endocervical component, 24 (80%) had good histologic correlation and 6 (20%) were discrepant. Our data showed no significant difference in the detection of squamous lesions in those smears with an endocervical component from those without. We conclude that, although the presence or absence of an endocervical component should be documented in the cytology report, its absence should not be an indication to report the cervical smears as unsatisfactory. Diagn Cylopathol 1992;8:567-570. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Pentium processor thermal design guidelines

Abstract This application note provides thermal performance information for the Pentium processor and recommendations for meeting the thermal requirements imposed on systems. It attempts to provide an understanding of the thermal characteristics of the Pentium processor and some examples of how the thermal requirements can be met.
Identity Imperative: Ottoman Jews in Wartime and Interwar Britain

By the onset of World War I, thousands of Ottoman immigrants, including a significant proportion of Jews, were living and trading in Britain. During wartime and through much of the interwar period, these multi-ethnic Ottomans were automatically classified as enemy aliens, subject at times to internment and deportation, stripped of their freedom of movement, and uniformly barred from British citizenship. Drawing on nearly sixty recently declassified naturalization applications of Ottoman Jews, this article discusses the demographic profile of Middle Eastern newcomers, xenophobia, and the role of the state in shaping national and ethnic identities, focusing on the British government's invention of an ‘Ottoman (Spanish Jew)’ designation that legally Hispanified Ottoman Jewish applicants, allowing them to be considered for citizenship.
Imaging challenges of carotid artery in-stent restenosis

Internal carotid artery stenosis is an established risk factor for stroke. Therefore, carotid artery revascularization has an important role in the prevention and treatment of stroke. For the treatment of carotid artery stenosis, carotid artery stenting (CAS) has currently gained acceptance as a safe alternative to carotid endarterectomy (CEA), particularly in patients at high surgical risk. Duplex ultrasonography (DUS) is a non-invasive technique with standardized criteria used for the diagnosis of carotid atheromatous disease as well as for the detection of restenosis after carotid revascularization. Restenosis rates vary widely in the literature. Different studies indicated that restenosis following CAS was higher than following CEA, although the Carotid Revascularization Endarterectomy Versus Stenting Trial (CREST) reported similar restenosis frequency after 2 years of follow-up. Given these results, DUS may have a significant role in the follow-up of CAS patients. Conventional carotid artery DUS velocity criteria are thought to be less accurate in patients who have undergone CAS and many authors proposed different criteria for grading in-stent restenosis (ISR). This review presents the advantages of CAS, the current practice of carotid revascularization, CAS complications and risks, and DUS criteria for carotid artery ISR. After analyzing multiple relevant studies that proposed sonographic criteria for grading at least 70% ISR, we can conclude that a peak systolic velocity value of 300-350 cm/s could be used as a relatively good and sensitive predictor of high grade ISR.
A 78mW 11.1Gb/s 5-tap DFE receiver with digitally calibrated current-integrating summers in 65nm CMOS

Extending data rates to meet the I/O needs of future computing and network systems is complicated by limited channel bandwidth. While a DFE [1] can be used to compensate channel distortion, its power dissipation reduces link energy efficiency, which is vitally important in complex systems. One way of reducing DFE power consumption is to use current-integrating summers [2–5]. Previously published current-integrating DFEs operating above 5Gb/s [3, 5] were demonstrated on simple test chips lacking support circuitry for CDR and DFE adaptation functions. The architecture presented here includes additional data paths based on current-integrating summers to realize a fully integrated RX with CDR and continuous DFE adaptation. The design also features a digital calibration loop for setting the summer bias currents so that high performance is achieved over process variations and different data rates.
Robust position control of robotic manipulator in Cartesian coordinates

The authors propose a nonlinear robust control scheme for robotic motion control in Cartesian coordinates. The control input of this scheme consists of nonlinear and linear parts. The nonlinear part decouples and stabilizes robot dynamics in Cartesian coordinates. The linear part utilizes the robust servomechanism theory to suppress effects of modeling error or unknown external disturbance. This scheme was used in the control of a two-joint SCARA-type robot, and simulation results demonstrate that it can achieve fast and precise tracking control in Cartesian coordinates, even in the presence of severe modeling errors. >
Moving past cultural homogeneity: Suggestions for comparisons of students' educational outcomes in the United States and China

Based on observations of the Chinese educational system in the summer of 2002, I argue that comparisons of the performance of students in the United States and China, and by implication, of students in the United States and other East Asian countries, have been too homogeneous. I discuss four variables that could be included in future research between the United States and China (and by implication, in all U.S./East Asian research): urban versus rural education (SES), public versus private schools, China's ethnic minorities, and the education of boys and girls. Recommendations for future research are provided. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 42: 241–249, 2005.
Shakespeare: The Jacobean Plays

The death of Queen Elizabeth I on 24 March 1603 and the accession of King James I were changes of enormous impact in an England already experiencing massive change — political, religious, economic, demographic, technological, cultural — as the late middle ages gave way to the early modern era, and as societal structures and practices as well as systems of personal relationships associated with feudalism gave way to those of nascent capitalism. At her death, Elizabeth had ruled for forty-five years, longer than most of her subjects had been alive. Her dying marked the end of one dynasty, the Tudors, whose rule had lasted for more than a century, and the coming to power of a new dynasty, the Stuarts. With her death the English crown was not simply passing from one monarch to another and one dynasty to another. It was passing to a foreign prince. When Elizabeth Tudor died, James Stuart was already king of Scotland, and in 1603 England and Scotland were distinct nations — and remained so, despite his strenuous efforts to unite them, until 1707. Before travelling from Edinburgh to London after Elizabeth’s death, James had never been to England, and about their new king his English subjects knew little beyond the facts that he had a reputation as an intellectual and was the son of Mary, Queen of Scots, whom Elizabeth had kept under house arrest for nearly two decades before authorising her execution in 1587 for plotting to seize the crown.
Mercuric chloride inhibition of vasopressin release from the isolated neurointermediate lobe of the rat pituitary

Abstract The effects of HgCl 2 and ouabain on vasopressin release and Ca +2 uptake and distribution was examined in the neurointermediate lobe of the rat pituitary. HgCl 2 (0.5 mM) inhibited vasopressin release by approx. 90% in both basal and potassium depolarized states. With 0.1 mM HgCl 2 vasopressin release was inhibited by 50% in the depolarized state, but release was not effected in basal state. On the other hand, ouabain (0.5 mM) caused a 3-fold stimulation of vasopressin release in the depolarized state. Both HgCl 2 (0.5 mM) and ouabain (0.5 mM) increased net 45 Ca +2 uptake by about 80% in groups of neurointermediate lobes. Following 45 Ca +2 uptake, HgCl 2 (0.5 mM), which is absorbed by the neurointermediate lobe, produced an increase in cytosolic 45 Ca +2 content and a decrease in mitochondrial 45 Ca +2 content compared to control. In comparison, ouabain (0.5 mM), which does not penetrate the neurointermediate lobe, gave no change in cytosolic 45 Ca +2 , but an increase in mitochondrial 45 Ca +2 . These results suggest that HgCl 2 inhibits vasopressin release from the neurointermediate lobe of the rat pituitary at a point distal to Ca +2 uptake by the gland.