cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Improving Safe and Effective Use of Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation: Workshop Summary

In February 2015, given high rates of use of medications by pregnant women and the relative lack of data on safety and efficacy of many drugs utilized in pregnancy, the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine (SMFM), the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), and the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) convened a group of experts to review the “current” state of the clinical care and science regarding medication use during the perinatal period. The expert panel chose select medications to demonstrate what existing safety and efficacy data may be available for clinicians and patients when making decisions about use in pregnancy or lactation. Furthermore, these example medications also provided opportunities to highlight where data are lacking, thus forming a list of research gaps. Last, after reviewing the existing vaccine safety surveillance system as well as the legislative history surrounding the use of drugs for pediatric diseases, the expert panel made specific recommendations concerning policy efforts to stimulate more research and regulatory attention on drugs for pregnant and lactating women.
Prevalence of mutations in a panel of breast cancer susceptibility genes in patients with early onset breast cancer.

1510 Background: Approximately 5-10% of breast cancers are attributable to inherited single gene mutations. Clinical testing for germline variation in multiple cancer susceptibility genes is availa...
Optical evidence for blue shift in topological insulator bismuth selenide in the few-layer limit

Optical bandgap properties of high-quality few-layer topological insulator Bi2Se3 thin films are investigated using broadband absorption spectroscopy. We provide direct optical evidence for blue shift in the bulk bandgap of Bi2Se3 as it approaches the two-dimensional limit. The blue shift is robust and observed in both protected (capped) and exposed (uncapped) thin films. The behavior is strongest below six quintuple layers (QLs), particularly at the 2 and 3 QL level, where finite-size effects are known to be most significant in Bi2Se3. A further bandgap increase is observed in all films that we attribute to the Burstein-Moss effect. Our result provides additional insights into the scaling behavior of topological materials. The bandgap increase has a significant impact on the electronic and optoelectronic applications of topological insulators.
Contingency Management as a Behavioral Approach in Addiction Treatment

Contingency management is a well-documented intervention for initiating abstinence from abused drugs. The technique is rooted in a long tradition of operant psychology and has copious amounts of foundational and applied research supporting its use. This revised chapter describes the background research, reviews the history of using contingency management, and provides basic information on implementation. This revised chapter includes a new section on technology support for contingency management. The reader will hopefully find this chapter to be a useful basic introduction of the topic.
Physical Principles: Electrostatics

The essence of chemical interactions is electrical. Except for nuclear chemistry, all interactions between molecules are electronic in nature. Biophysical chemistry is built on the foundation of the physics of electricity. Electricity results from the separation of charge and is concerned with the behavior of charges—either at rest or in dynamic motion. The study of the behavior of charges at rest is called electrostatics. Electrodynamic phenomena occur when charges are in motion, and these are described by the laws of electromagnetics. The transport and behavior of charge in chemical systems is the basis of electrochemical studies. The type of charge carrier depends on the environment. In metal conductors charge is carried predominantly by electrons, whereas ions carry the majority of the charge in aqueous solutions. The study of interactions of ions with their environment is called ionics; the study of electron behavior in the solid state is electronics; and the study of charge transfer across an interface (an electrode) is the study of electrodics. We focus first on electrostatic behavior.
TriboMotion: A Self-Powered Triboelectric Motion Sensor in Wearable Internet of Things for Human Activity Recognition and Energy Harvesting

Human physical activity recognition is widely used in medical diagnosis, well-being management, and rehabilitation treatment. In spite of various Internet of Things (IoT) designs available in the literature, power resources often limit the lifetime of IoT. Regarding this weakness, this paper develops a new motion sensor system in wearable IoT (WIoT) for human physical activity recognition without any signal conditioning circuits. The triboelectricity-based physical model is explored in designing the motion sensor. It enables to collect motion signals caused by physical activities without any power supply. In addition, the triboelectric structure can be used as an energy harvester for motion harvesting due to its high output voltage in random low-frequency motion and a relatively stable voltage when involving continuous activities. Such a new design lays the foundations for constructing the next generation self-powered WIoT systems. Our new design has been extensively evaluated, where most common activities including sitting and standing, walking, climbing upstairs and downstairs, and running are used. The experimental results demonstrate that our system can achieve similar comparable performance as the state of the art for physical activity recognition at an average successful accuracy of over 80%. At the same time, our system reduces more than 25% energy consumption of the entire sensing hardware system which includes the sensor, microcontroller, and corresponding circuits.
Selenium--glutathione peroxidase: properties and synthesis.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the properties and synthesis of selenium-glutathione peroxidase. Glutathione peroxidase is an intracellular enzyme, which is present in tissues of all animal species. It catalyzes the two-electron reduction of hydroperoxides using glutathione as the reducing equivalent. The active site of this important enzyme contains selenium in the form of selenocysteine. This enzyme accounts for a major portion of the nutritional essentiality of this trace metal. The chapter presents a study that shows that the stability of selenoenzyme glutathione peroxidase to peroxides is about the same as that of catalase, which also binds hydroperoxide during its catalytic cycle. Thus, glutathione peroxidase appears to be well suited to perform its role in peroxide detoxification and protection of cells against oxidative deterioration. The chapter presents another study that suggests that there is a codon for selenocysteine. Although the 64 triplet codons have all been shown to have biological activity, it seems possible that selenocysteyl tRNA could be coded for by an unrecognized codon.
Ciphers, Combinatorics, and Probabilities

Cryptography encompasses all encryption methods to transform plain text into messages that appear unintelligible, and decryption methods to transform seemingly unintelligible messages back into plain text. Among such methods, codes substitute words or strings of characters for entire words, phrases, or sentences [55, p. xiv]. In contrast, ciphers scramble (permute) the order of an alphabet, substituting single characters for single letters [55, p. xv]. Yet history shows that simple ciphers and codes can simply be deciphered or “broken” by adversaries. Therefore, more secure methods of cryptography require more theory, to design codes and ciphers, and to assess the level of difficulty encountered by foes trying to break the codes. For example, the design of the German ENIGMA machine shown in Fig. 6.1 and the Allies’ methods to break the German ciphers relied on the mathematical theory of permutations [93], [105, Ch. 4, p. 59–83]. Secure cryptography must also mask easily identifiable features of a language, because allowing foes to identify such features can enable them to break the code. For example, in English the character “e” occurs more frequently than any other character does [2, p. 270]. A permutation of the alphabet would replace “e” by some other character “x” that would then occur most frequently. Merely by counting repetitions of characters, the foes would then recognize that “x” might stand for “e” and thus start breaking the code. To thwart such attempts, cryptography can also rely on selections — also called combinations — of only some of all possible characters in an alphabet. Such concepts as permutations and combinations form a part of the mathematical field of combinatorics, which leads to the concepts of frequency and probability.
Multicultural Counseling Competencies in a Pluralistic Society

Weinrach and Thomas (2002) have articulated a number of concerns raised by the proposed standards of multicultural counseling competencies (Arredondo et al., 1996). This response to their critique concludes that they have raised many legitimate ideas that need to be incorporated into the competencies, and that there is a great need for professionals to accept a common set of standards to guide best counseling practices in a pluralistic society.
Retinol-Binding Protein Interferes with Transthyretin-Mediated β-Amyloid Aggregation Inhibition

β-Amyloid (Aβ) aggregation is causally linked to Alzheimer's disease. On the basis of in vitro and transgenic animal studies, transthyretin (TTR) is hypothesized to provide neuroprotection against Aβ toxicity by binding to Aβ and inhibiting its aggregation. TTR is a homotetrameric protein that circulates in blood and cerebrospinal fluid; its normal physiological role is as a carrier for thyroxine and retinol-binding protein (RBP). RBP forms a complex with retinol, and the holoprotein (hRBP) binds with high affinity to TTR. In this study, the role of TTR ligands in TTR-mediated inhibition of Aβ aggregation was investigated. hRBP strongly reduced the ability of TTR to inhibit Aβ aggregation. The effect was not due to competition between Aβ and hRBP for binding to TTR, as Aβ bound equally well to TTR-hRBP complexes and TTR. hRBP is known to stabilize the TTR tetrameric structure. We show that Aβ partially destabilizes TTR and that hRBP counteracts this destabilization. Taken together, our results support a mechanism wherein TTR-mediated inhibition of Aβ aggregation requires not only TTR-Aβ binding but also destabilization of TTR quaternary structure.
Oocyte donation: lessons from the past, directions for the future.

Oocyte donation has its origins in the clandestine use of donated sperm more than 140 years ago. Since first described in 1983, oocyte donation has resulted in more than 50,000 births in the United States alone and today now accounts for more than 10% of all IVF cycles performed yearly in the United States. The use of donated oocytes has changed the human reproductive landscape, challenging the traditional norms of conception and parenthood. Oocyte donation has also provided a unique scientific model that separates the egg from the uterus, allowing the independent study of each in normal physiologic and pathological conditions and providing insights into the fundamental aspects of reproduction, cell biology, and genetics. This Views and Reviews takes us through the historical development of oocyte donation, its scientific insights, and its application to daily practice and management, as well as insights into what the future may hold for this field.
Characterization of surface layers formed on DU10Mo ingots after processing steps and high humidity exposure

Abstract The design of monolithic U Mo fuel elements fabricated from low-enriched uranium for use in high-power research reactors requires bonding of the fuel foil to either Al cladding or a Zr barrier layer. Processing of the U Mo ingot to final foil form has the potential to generate surface layers on the foil that differ from the bulk, metallic U Mo. The interfacial properties between the U Mo and Zr or Al cladding layers will then be determined by these surface layers. We use x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, cross-sectional scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy to characterize the composition, oxidation state, and morphology of the surface layers that form after hot rolling and cold rolling depleted U–10 wt% Mo alloy (DU10Mo). A thick uranium nitride layer is observed after hot rolling, although its origin is likely from a previous processing step. The efficacy of acid etching in HNO3 is compared to that of electropolishing in H2SO4 to remove surface nitride and oxide layers, and both methods are found to be similarly effective. Both laboratory (low humidity) air exposure and longer rinse times in water are shown to promote the formation of surface oxide layers. Exposure of both acid-etched and electropolished DU10Mo foils to humid air (97% relative humidity) for six weeks results in formation of a thick oxide layer due to corrosion. The oxide layer on the acid-etched foil is thicker and more highly oxidized than the oxide layer that forms on the electropolished foil, and these differences in oxidation behavior are attributed to higher surface roughness on the acid-etched foil. In general, Mo is found to play a role as a sacrificial element, typically exhibiting a larger ratio of Mo6+/Mo4+ than U6+/U4+. This is unexpected, given the greater thermodynamic driving force to form U oxides than Mo oxides.
A Simple Control to Reduce Device Over-Voltage Caused by Non-Active Switch Loop in Three-Level ANPC Converters

With the development of wide band-gap (WBG) technology, the switching speed of power semiconductor devices increases, which makes circuits more sensitive to parasitics. For three-level active neutral point clamped (3L-ANPC) converters, the over-voltage caused by additional non-active switch loop can be an issue. This paper analyzes the multiple commutation loops in 3L-ANPC converter and summarizes the impact factors of the device over-voltage. The nonlinearity of the output capacitance of the device can significantly influence the over-voltage. A simple control without introducing additional hardware circuit or complex software algorithm is proposed to attenuate the effect of the nonlinear output capacitance. Multi-pulse test is conducted for a 3L-ANPC converter built with silicon carbide (SiC) MOSFETs. With the proposed control, the testing results show that the peak drain-source voltage of both active and non-active switches is reduced by more than 20% compared to the conventional control.
Adolescent Homelessness and Associated Features: Prevalence and Risk Across Eight States

This study utilizes data from the Youth Risk Behavior Survey to estimate the prevalence of adolescent homelessness and relations to five indicators of poor functioning among students attending public high school in eight states. About 3.27% of students experienced homelessness, and nearly 7% of teens who identified as lesbian, gay, or bisexual (LGB) experienced homelessness. Homelessness was related to higher rates of sexual/dating violence as well as having been bullied and feeling unsafe at school. Homelessness and LGB identification predicted higher rates of more-severe problems with alcohol, hard drug use, poor grades, suicidality, and risky sexual behavior, controlling for other factors. There was no interaction effect between homelessness and LGB status, suggesting that these risks are additive.
Advanced Package Design: Inter-Domain Design Methodologies

Abstract Just as we transitioned from simplistic lead frames to large ball grid arrays decades ago, we find ourselves again at another inflection point in design. Originally a derivative of PCB des...
Acute Mental Stress Measurement using Brain-IoT System

Every individual experience stress of varied intensity while performing daily tasks. Excessive stress can be harmful to human health. Hence, stress assessment is essential in preventing detrimental long-term effects. In this study, we investigate the feasibility of EEG for the measurement of acute mental stress. Also, the post-stress analysis with four distinct cases on stress-induced subjects is carried out. The experiments accomplished were conducted using an EEG headset, ThingSpeak database, and a mobile application. The subject is required to play a mobile game, which induces stress as the game level progresses. This raw EEG data is pre-processed and analyzed in MATLAB and sent over to the ThingSpeak database. When the acute level of stress is detected, the individual gets notified by the mobile application to prompt soothing music and closing eyes. Overall, the experiment concluded with reduced stress levels of the subject after closing eyes with and without music.
Nutrition and bone disease

Summary Osteoporosis increases the risk of fractures, which are associated with increased mortality and impaired quality of life. Patients with prevalent fracture are at high risk of sustaining another one. Optimal protein and calcium intakes, and vitamin D supply, together with regular weight bearing physical exercise, are the corner stones of fragility fracture prevention. Adherence to a Mediterranean diet or to a prudent diet pattern is associated with lower hip fracture risk. Inadequate dietary protein intakes may be a much more severe problem than protein excess in the oldest old population.
Addressing the Rapidly Increasing Need for Telemedicine Education for Future Physicians

Introduction As the COVID-19 pandemic affected the ability to conduct in-person sessions to teach clinical skills, our medical school developed a curriculum to introduce first-year medical students to telemedicine visits, while also reinforcing their history-taking and clinical reasoning skills. Methods All first-year medical students at Florida Atlantic University went through three sessions on telemedicine that began with a lecture, followed by a standardized patient interaction, then a small group meeting with clinical faculty. We assessed the sessions using survey questions on a 5-point Likert scale and additional narrative feedback. We also assessed students on a telemedicine objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) at the end of the semester and compared results to the previous year's same case done in person. Results Students overall found the sessions helpful for refining their history-taking skills and that the knowledge gained would be helpful in their future practices. They felt the online platform was a useful way to interact with patients, but had frustrations with technical difficulties. They also expressed a greater appreciation for the ability to perform an in-person physical examination. Students performed similarly on the OSCE station in person compared to virtual visits (mean score 93% vs 93.75%). Conclusion Introducing telemedicine during a first-year medical school clinical skills course provides students with opportunities to refine their clinical skills while introducing a skill that will be commonplace in the postpandemic environment. This curriculum could be adopted not only during a time of necessary distance learning, but also continued as in-person education resumes.
Secondary Science Teachers' Use of Discourse Moves to Work with Student Ideas in Classroom Discussions.

We investigated 10 secondary science teachers’ facilitation of classroom discussions to examine how they went beyond eliciting student ideas to working with student ideas to support sensemaking. We...
Obesity-induced TRB3 negatively regulates Brown adipose tissue function in mice.

Abstract Brown adipose tissue (BAT) and stimulating adaptive thermogenesis have been implicated as anti-obese and anti-diabetic tissues due to their ability to dissipate energy as heat by the expression of UCP1. We have recently demonstrated that TRB3 impairs differentiation of brown preadipocytes via inhibiting insulin signaling. However, the roles of the protein in BAT function and thermogenesis in vivo have not yet been established. For this study we tested the hypothesis that TRB3 mediates obesity- and diabetes-induced impairments in BAT differentiation and function, and that inhibition of TRB3 improves BAT function. TRB3 expression was increased in BAT from high-fat fed mice and ob/ob mice, which was associated with decreased UCP1 expression. Incubation of brown adipocytes with palmitate increased TRB3 expression and decreased UCP1. Knockout of TRB3 in mice displayed higher UCP1 expression in BAT and cold resistance. Incubation of brown adipocytes with ER stressors increased TRB3 but decreased UCP1 and ER stress markers were elevated in BAT from high-fat fed mice and ob/ob mice. Finally, high-fat feeding in TRB3KO mice were protected from obesity-induced glucose intolerance and displayed cold resistance and higher expression of BAT-specific markers. These data demonstrate that high-fat feeding and obesity increase TRB3 in BAT, resulting in impaired tissue function.
Influence of Different Parameter on the Spread of COVID-19 Based on NetLogo

According to a model based on NetLogo, which simulates the activities of human being as a clear evidence, it is shown that it is necessary to wear a mask. At the same time, the effect brought by different population density is also deserved to be considered. Under most circumstances, the more people gathering together, the higher the rate of infected is; but a 75-people gathering is also acceptable and its rate of infected is even lower than 50-people gathering. Although 75-people seems a good choice, the gathering with less than 50-people gathering will actually be much safer and it is always a good choice to keep a low population density. However, the policies should also consider a reasonable gathering to make sure that the basic facilities, social services and economy system are still working.
J M Keynes’s Logical Theory of Probability in the A Treatise on Probability (1921) Is Based on the Interval Valued Approach of Boole and Not on the Principle of Indifference, Which Was of Minor Concern to Keynes, or Ordinal Probability or Rank Ordering

It was George Boole who published the first systematic exposition of a logical theory of probability in 1854 in The Laws of Thought. J M Keynes was the second scholar to publish a systematic, technical exposition of logical probability. This was all carefully presented by the American mathematician,Theodore Hailperin, in 1986. J M Keynes built on Boole using an improved version of Boole’s approach that he probably developed while working with Willian Ernest Johnson, who had also developed an unpublished, systematic approach to logical probability before Keynes. Keynes made very significant improvements to the written materials that made up the subject matter of probability and statistics in the nineteenth century. One of these areas involved Laplace’s earlier Principle of Non-Sufficient Reason. Keynes did systematically improve the nature and range of application of the Principle of Non Sufficient Reason with his Principle of Indifference (POI), which was Keynes’s name for his improved version of Laplace’s Principle of Non Sufficient Reason. However, Keynes NEVER attempted to build a systematic approach operationalizing probability on his POI. Keynes built his own approach on George Boole’s original interval valued approach that used upper and lower probabilities. Keynes called this Approximation or Inexact measurement. The major reason for the failure of economists and philosophers to correctly grasp Keynes’s Inexact, approximation approach to measurement is their failure to comprehend the role played by Boole in Keynes’s A Treatise on Probability. This lacuna is being remedied by Professor R. Arthmar.
Intelligent PSO-Fuzzy MPPT approach for Stand Alone PV System under Real Outdoor Weather Conditions

This paper presents a performance analysis of Solar PV System under Real Outdoor Weather Conditions based on PSO fuzzy optimization approach. The PV system consists of a PV array of 6 kWp, DC-DC boost converter, PSO fuzzy MPPT control and resistive Load. In this paper, an efficient maximum power point tracking method based on combining the strengths of fuzzy maximum approach and Particle Swarm Optimization to optimize fuzzy gain. The photovoltaic PV system has been simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK to validate the effectiveness of the proposed MPPT. It can be concluded that the proposed method can quickly convergence to the MPP, higher efficiency and low oscillation during different situations of climatic conditions.
Aprender HaciendO: Undergraduate Curriculum Development for a Latinx Mental Health Service-Learning Course:

Service-learning provides an experientially-based pedagogical approach that can increase student engagement in the learning environment and promote the development of cultural competency when worki...
The New Proposal for a European Union Directive on Market Abuse

"The securities laws exist because of the unique informational needs of investors."' This is the opening sentence of one of the great American books on securities regulation,2 expressing the insight of Francis Bacon that knowledge is power.3 Every civilized country will try to protect its citizens from the abuse of power, and consequently, it should be no surprise that the regulation of information becomes ever more expanded and, regrettably, complicated. Within the European Union ("EU"), a flurry of new initiatives has been launched to unite its segregated financial markets and emulate that coveted object of desire: the U.S. financial market of the National Market System with its awe-inspiring size and liquidity. One of these new initiatives is the proposal for a EU directive on market abuse, which is the chosen patois of British securities regulation for insider dealing and market manipulation, that was put forward on May 30, 2001.4
Centripetal versus centrifugal bias in visual line bisection: focusing attention on two hypotheses.

A variety of stimulus factors have been shown to influence the degree of leftward displacement of perceived line midpoint (i.e., pseudoneglect), which typifies the performance of normal subjects in line bisection tasks [M.E. McCourt & G. Jewell: Neuropsychologia 37, 843-855 (1999); G. Jewell & M.E. McCourt: Neuropsychologia 38, 93-110 (2000)]. One such factor is the position of lines within the visual field, where two conflicting patterns of bisection error have been reported. Some authors report a centrifugal pattern of error, where perceived line midpoint shifts away from the vertical midline, regardless of line position, i.e., relatively leftward for leftward displaced lines and vice versa. Others have reported a centripetal pattern of bisection error, where perceived line midpoint is always displaced centrally, toward the vertical midline, regardless of line position. There is no satisfactory explanation for these discrepant findings. An experiment using a tachistoscopic forced-choice line bisection protocol is described which discloses that neurologically normal right-handed subjects (N=82) typically display a centrifugal pattern of bisection error when lines are azimuthally displaced over a relatively small range, whereas a centripetal pattern is observed when lines are displaced over a wider range. Results from ancillary control experiments, in which eye position was measured during testing, confirm that systematic differences in gaze direction do not occur as a function of line position, and thus cannot account for the different patterns of bisection error. We conclude that stimulus context significantly modulates the strategy with which observers deploy spatial attention. When line position is constant, or varies over a narrow range, observers hold attention steady and widen its aperture to accommodate the relevant range of spatial location. Centrifugal bisection error is thus produced by the asymmetric cueing effect of laterally displaced lines, according to the activation-orientation theory [M. Kinsbourne: Acta Psychologica 33, 193-201 (1970)]. When the range of line position exceeds the aperture of focal attention, we hypothesize that observers adopt a strategy in which attention is dynamically scanned in the direction of azimuthally displaced lines. The effects of attentional scanning on line bisection performance are quite robust. The centripetal scanning proposed to occur for widely displaced lines is consistent with the centripetal pattern of bisection error in this condition.
An Introduction to Data Protection Today

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Traditional Backup and Recovery Hierarchical Storage Migration (HSM) Disaster Recovery Vaulting Encryption Management and Reporting Summary
Palæolithic River Gravels

YOUR correspondent, Mr. C. Evans, raises the question, in your issue of November 2, whether the peculiarly-chipped flint found in the Palaeolithic gravels, and accepted as the work of man, may not be the result of natural causes.
Constituents of gaillardia species—III : The structure of gaillardilin, a new pseudoguaianolide

Abstract The structure of gaillardilin, a new sesquiterpene lactone from Gaillardia pinnatifida torr. and Gaillardia arizonica Gray, has been shown to be I.
Protein Modifications as Potential Biomarkers in Breast Cancer

A variety of post-translational protein modifications (PTMs) are known to be altered as a result of cancer development. Thus, these PTMs are potentially useful biomarkers for breast cancer. Mass spectrometry, antibody microarrays and immunohistochemistry techniques have shown promise for identifying changes in PTMs. In this review, we summarize the current literature on PTMs identified in the plasma and tumor tissue of breast-cancer patients or in breast cell lines. We also discuss some of the analytical techniques currently being used to evaluate PTMs.
A tribute to sidney w. Bijou, pioneer in behavior analysis and child development: key works that have transformed behavior analysis in practice.

Sidney W. Bijou's contributions to the practice of behavior analysis spanned nearly 7 decades, and they continue to influence what is considered “best practice” in our field today. By extending basic behavioral phenomena conducted with nonhuman animals to children in laboratory and naturalistic settings, Bijou's early research sparked a watershed of similar extensions. More importantly, Bijou's approach has led to a greater understanding of child development and behavior. This tribute will highlight what may be three of Bijou's most significant contributions to practice, namely his studies on (a) programmed instruction for children with developmental disabilities (Bijou, Birnbrauer, Kidder, & Tague, 1966), (b) children's responding under schedules of reinforcement and extinction (Bijou, 1957), and (c) the use of descriptive analysis to identify functional relations (Bijou, Peterson, & Ault, 1968).
Does mild mean minor?: Recovery after closed head injury

Abstract The sequelae of severe closed head injury received much attention in the literature, but the effects of mild closed head injury are less well established. The course of an 18-year-old who sustained a mild closed head injury is presented. Substantial gains in intellectual function were observed over the year postinjury, with the most dramatic improvement coming in the first 6 months after the accident. Psychologic adjustment did not mirror the cognitive recovery. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Usage Patterns of a Personal Health Record by Elderly and Disabled Users

Personal Health Records (PHRs) are increasingly recognized as a strategy to improve patient-provider communication, availability of health information, and quality of care, by making the delivery of care more patient-centered. However, not much is known about the effects of self-managing personal health information (PeHI), patients’ perception of PeHI and patient workflow around PeHI management. We studied PHR use in a low-income, elderly and/or disabled population for 18 months, and describe how the PHR was used through an analysis of database access server log data. Some patients may not keep their PHR up-to-date because they don’t value, can’t access, or don’t understand certain categories of their health information. Understanding of usage patterns can guide the development and maintenance of more usable and pragmatic PHR systems.
Differential phosphorylation of T-bet in the presence and absence of mTORC1 signaling (IRM6P.722)

Previously we have demonstrated that T cells lacking the mTORC1 activator Rheb fail to differentiate in Th1 cells upon appropriate skewing conditions. T-box transcription factor T-bet plays a critical role in Th1 differentiation. We wondered whether mTORC1 regulates either T-bet expression or activity. Interestingly, T-bet contains several motifs of sites typically phosphorylated by AGC kinases. This raised the possibility that mTORC1 activation might play a role in the phosphorylation and control of T-bet function. To test this hypothesis we employed targeted mass-spectrometry proteomic analysis (MRM-MS) to identify novel T-bet phosphorylation sites that might be controlled by mTORC1. By analyzing activated WT and Rheb-/- T cells as well as T cells stimulated in the presence of rapamycin we were able to detect 6 T-bet phosphorylation sites. Specifically S52, T54, S224 are novel and Y77, Y118, S508 are previously published phosphorylations. T54, Y77 and S508 were either absent or downregulated in Rheb deficient T-cells and T-cells treated with Rapamycin suggesting that they are controlled by mTORC1 signaling. Studies are underway to determine the precise functional importance of these sites. Thus using MRM-MS we have identified a potentially novel mechanism by which mTORC1 signaling controls T-bet.
Conservative 3+1 general relativistic variable Eddington tensor radiation transport equations

We present conservative $3+1$ general relativistic variable Eddington tensor radiation transport equations, including greater elaboration of the momentum space divergence (that is, the energy derivative term) than in previous work. These equations are intended for use in simulations involving numerical relativity, particularly in the absence of spherical symmetry. The independent variables are the lab frame coordinate basis spacetime position coordinates and the particle energy measured in the comoving frame. With an eye towards astrophysical applications---such as core-collapse supernovae and compact object mergers---in which the fluid includes nuclei and/or nuclear matter at finite temperature, and in which the transported particles are neutrinos, we pay special attention to the consistency of four-momentum and lepton number exchange between neutrinos and the fluid, showing the term-by-term cancellations that must occur for this consistency to be achieved.
On hilbert, Fourier, and Wavelet transforms

Several new families of wavelets, which are derived from earlier work by the author on Teichmuller theory, are introduced and studied. These wavelets are associated with the modular group rather than the affine group of the real line as for classical wavelets. In further contrast to the usual setting, there are explicit and essentially algebraic formulas relating wavelet and Fourier expansions. Furthermore, rather than relying on equally spaced multiscale sampling methods, the wavelet expansions introduced here rely instead on an explicit, nonuniformly spaced, multiscale sampling method that depends upon the Farey sequence of classical number theory. These ingredients combine to give novel methods for calculating wavelet, Fourier, and Hilbert transforms with potential applications to myriad problems in electrical engineering. By employing a new characteristic length associated to 2 × 2 matrices, finiteness and convergence properties of the wavelet expansions are derived. For functions with more than 5/2 derivatives in L2, one of our wavelet families forms a frame and the Hilbert transform is calculable in hyperbolic coordinates. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Spurious correlation in ecological modelling

Abstract Ecology, although by definition a science of relationships, evolved from an intuitive rather than a statistical foundation. Some basic ecological concepts have not been examined statistically, so many ecological models contain ambiguities as a result of imprecise interpretation of the data. Spurious correlation is one example. Spurious correlation can obscure genuine interactions between two populations, and suggest erroneous causal relationships. Statistical devices, such as partial correlations, can be used in both simple models and time series analyses to filter spurious distortions from the data. Ecologists can apply these statistical tools to help interpret associations between interacting populations.
The ubiquitin system: functions and mechanisms

Abstract Ubiquitin is a protein found in eukaryotic cells either free or covalently joined to a variety of cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins. Recent biochemical and genetic evidence indicated that conjugation of ubiquitin to short-lived proteins is essential for their selective degradation ( in vivo ). Also discussed here are recent mechanistic studies of ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis, the unusual organization of the ubiquitin gene, and putative roles of the ubiquitin system in chromosome function and the stress response.
Evaluation of markers for CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) in colorectal cancer by a large population-based sample.

The CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP or CIMP-high) with extensive promoter methylation is a distinct phenotype in colorectal cancer. However, a choice of markers for CIMP has been controversial. A recent extensive investigation has selected five methylation markers (CACNA1G, IGF2, NEUROG1, RUNX3, and SOCS1) as surrogate markers for epigenomic aberrations in tumor. The use of these markers as a CIMP-specific panel needs to be validated by an independent, large dataset. Using MethyLight assays on 920 colorectal cancers from two large prospective cohort studies, we quantified DNA methylation in eight CIMP-specific markers [the above five plus CDKN2A (p16), CRABP1, and MLH1]. A CIMP-high cutoff was set at ≥6/8 or ≥5/8 methylated promoters, based on tumor distribution and BRAF/KRAS mutation frequencies. All but two very specific markers [MLH1 (98% specific) and SOCS1 (93% specific)] demonstrated ≥85% sensitivity and ≥80% specificity, indicating overall good concordance in methylation patterns and good performance of these markers. Based on sensitivity, specificity, and false positives and negatives, the eight markers were ranked in order as: RUNX3, CACNA1G, IGF2, MLH1, NEUROG1, CRABP1, SOCS1, and CDKN2A. In conclusion, a panel of markers including at least RUNX3, CACNA1G, IGF2, and MLH1 can serve as a sensitive and specific marker panel for CIMP-high.
The evolution of virulence and emerging diseases

Insights into the evolution of virulence may aid efforts to control or even prevent emerging diseases. Specifically, dangerous pathogens can be distinguished from those that pose relatively little threat by identifying characteristics that favor intense exploitation of hosts by pathogens, hence causing high virulence. Studies to date have implicated several such characteristics, including transmission by vectors, attendants, water, and durable propagules. These insights may improve the return on investments in disease control by directing effort and resources to the most-dangerous emerging pathogens. The approach also should help us to identify those control measures that will guard against the future emergence of dangerous pathogens, even those that have not yet been identified.
Structures, bonding, infrared spectroscopy, and two-electron reduction potentials of the coordinated metallopnictanes Fe3(CO)9(μ3-EMLn)2 (E = P, As, Sb; MLn = Cr(CO)5, MnCp(CO)2)

The triiron clusters Fe3(CO)9(μ3-EMLn)2 (1-E, MLn = MnCp(CO)2, E = P, As, Sb; 2-E, MLn = Cr(CO)5, E = P, As, Sb) can be considered cluster analogues of organopnictane (ER3) ligands, in which the triply bridging E ligands are coordinated to 16-electron capping metal groups, MLn. Structural parameters, infrared CO stretching frequencies, and reduction potentials for this metallopnictane series are reported. Analysis of structural, spectroscopic, and electrochemical data reveal systematic variations as a function of the capping heteroatom and the metal fragment coordinated to the heteroatom. The covalent radius of the capping heteroatom dictates the structure of the Fe3(CO)9(μ3-E)2 bonding framework, and both Fe−E and Fe−Fe distances increase linearly with increasing heteroatom covalent radius. The electronegativity of the capping heteroatom (E) influences the frequencies of the Fe3-core carbonyl stretching modes (νCO(Sb) < νCO(As) < νCO(P)), while the two-electron reduction potentials for the series 1 and s...
Effects of lidocaine injection in the interpositus nucleus and red nucleus on conditioned behavioral and neuronal responses

The role of the cerebellum and the red nucleus in the conditioned eyeblink response was assessed, using a combination of reversible lesions and multiple-unit extracellular recording in the awake, behaving rabbit. Lesion, recording, and stimulation experiments have indicated that both of these structures are involved in the performance of learned skeletal muscle responses. The present study sought to distinguish the relative contributions of the interpositus nucleus and the red nucleus to the expression of the learned response by recording behavior-related multiple unit activity in one structure while reversibly inactivating the other via injections of local anesthetic. Results indicate that inactivating either the interpositus or the red nucleus temporarily abolishes the learned eyeblink response. Injection of lidocaine into the interpositus also abolishes the neuronal unit model of the conditioned response in the red nucleus, while injection into the red nucleus does not affect the model in the interpositus. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the red nucleus acts as a relay for motor commands from the cerebellum, and that the plasticity that generates conditioned responses occurs in the cerebellum or an afferent structure.
Surface Charge and Piezoelectric Fields Control Auger Recombination in Semiconductor Nanocrystals

The dynamics of biexcitons in CdSe nanoparticles are examined as a function of the magnitudes of internal electric fields. We show that the presence of strong internal fields results in rapid Auger recombination. The strengths of the electric fields and hence the Auger recombination rates are controlled in several different ways: specifically, by varying the dielectric constant of the surrounding solvent, by changing the particle surface stoichiometry and hence the magnitude of surface charges, and by inducing a piezoelectric field through the deposition of a lattice-mismatched shell material. Auger recombination is a momentum forbidden process. Fourier transformation of calculated spatial wave functions shows that higher conduction band states have large momentum components that relax the momentum conservation constraints. Relative Auger recombination times depend upon the extent to which the internal electric fields mix conduction band levels, which is easily calculated. Comparison with calculations of ...
Gelation of amylose

Abstract A range of physical techniques, including light-scattering, turbidity measurements, viscometry, dilatometry, rheological measurements, and X-ray diffraction, has been used to study the gelation of amylose. Gels form on cooling entangled amylose solutions and occur as a result of a phase separation which produces a three-dimensional polymer network. Crystallisation, as detected by X-ray diffraction, was observed to be a slower process originating in the polymer-rich phase.
An interactive toolset for characterizing complex neural systems

Abstract A set of two computer programs is described which enable the following functions: 1. (1) High-speed data acquisition from up to eight recording channels with presentation of uniform or quasi-random stimulus trains on one or two stimulus channels. 2. (2) On-line computation and display of averaged responses on all recording channels evoked by both stimulus channels. 3. (3) Computation and display of averaged evoked potentials and functional power series (FPS) through third order for characterization of system nonlinearities. 4. (4) Computation and display of stimulated responses to arbitrarily selected stimulus trains using a previously computed FPS. Both programs are implemented in FORTRAN, include on-line help, interactive and batch processing facilities and produce extensive graphics output according to the Tektronix 4010 protocol. Their initial implementation was on an LSI-II microcomputer using TSX + extensions to RT11. Additional capabilities and speed have been gained by porting the analysis routine to the Apollo workstation environment. To date these programs have been used to study the following: 1. (1) The somatosensory system in the human using dual random trains presented to the median and ulnar nerves. 2. (2) Cognitive processing in the human (normals and first-break schizophrenics) using both uniform (P300 paradigm) and dual random trains of tone bursts with the subject either counting or pressing a lever in response to tones with a specific pitch. 3. (3) The network properties of the rabbit hippocampus (both in vivo and in vitro preparations) using random train simulation of the intrinsic pathways.
An exact analysis of low peclet number thermal entry region heat transfer in transversely nonuniform velocity fields

A theoretical method is described for obtaining the exact solution to the problem of thermal entry region heat transfer which takes into account both transverse non-uniformity in the velocity field and axial conduction. To allow for the effect of upstream conduction, the fluid temperature was taken to be uniform at × = – ∞, and the first 20 eigenvalues and the corresponding eigenfunctions were determined separately for the heated and adiabatic regions. Both the temperatures and temperature gradients were then matched at × = 0 by constructing a pair of orthonormal functions from the nonorthogonal eigenfunctions. Nusselt numbers calculated for pipe flow subject to the boundary condition of uniform wall heat flux show virtually perfect agreement with those reported recently by Hennecke, who solved the governing partial differential equation numerically. To illustrate its general applicability, the present method was further employed to analyze the corresponding problem in parallel-plate channel flow, for which no solution has hitherto been reported.
A nucleator arms race: cellular control of actin assembly

For more than a decade the Arp2/3 complex, a handful of nucleation-promoting factors, and formins were the only molecules known to directly nucleate actin filament formation de novo. However, the past several years have brought a surge in the discovery of mammalian proteins with roles in actin nucleation and dynamics. Newly recognized nucleation-promoting factors, such as WASH, WHAMM, and JMY stimulate Arp2/3 complex activity at distinct cellular locations. Formin nucleators with additional biochemical and cellular activities have also been uncovered. Finally, the Spire, Cordon-bleu, and Leiomodin nucleators have revealed new ways of overcoming the kinetic barriers to actin polymerization.
Spectroelectrochemical observations at transparent graphite electrodes coated with poly(4-vinylpyridine) and RuIII (EDTA)⋆

The coordination and kinetics of dissociation of RuIII(EDTA) from coatings of poly(4-vinylpyridine) (PVP) applied to surfaces of transparent, thin-film graphite electrodes have been monitored spectrally. Comparison between simultaneously measured spectral and electrochemical responses from the bound complexes showed that not all of the Ru(III) within the PVP coating was reduced to Ru(II) during reductive voltammetric scans, but it was totally reduced if the electrode potential was maintained at potentials negative of the peak potential for periods of several minutes. With sufficiently heavy coatings of the PVP-RuIII (EDTA) complex on the tranparent electrode it took on a golden color upon electroreduction of the Ru(III) to Ru(II) and the color was discharged upon reoxidation.