cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Observations of Overturning in the Thermocline: The Context of Ocean Mixing

Abstract The time sequence of events that lead to internal wave breaking and ocean turbulence is investigated. Data are obtained from depths 100–400 m with a repeat profiling CTD and a coded-pulse Doppler sonar. The instruments were deployed from R/P FLIP during February–March 1995 while stationed 30 km west of Point Arguello, California, as an aspect of the Marine Boundary Layer Experiment. Although the water depth at the site is 1500 m, both rms shear and diapycnal diffusivity, as inferred from the average rate and size of overturning events, increase with depth below 250 m. A deep source of wave energy is implied. Depth–time series of 6.4-m shear S, 2-m strain (γ ≡ N2/N2, where N is the buoyancy frequency), 6.4-m gradient Richardson number Ri ≡ N2/S2, and 2-m “effective strain rate” (the depth derivative of CTD-inferred vertical velocity ŵ) are obtained at 4 minute intervals over a 9-day, 100–400 m domain. The occurrence of overturns, static instabilities of vertical scale ≥2 m in the observed density ...
Building a whole new mind: an interprofessional experience in patient safety and quality improvement education using the IHI Open School.

Introduction Throughout the last decade, there has been a significant move toward integrating patient safety and quality improvement concepts into health professions education, essentially building a whole new mind in terms of medical knowledge. While existing literature has suggested possible means of implementation, little research has described outcomes and specific examples of integration. The Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI) Open School offers a curriculum that could be incorporated in most health professions training. This project serves to study implementation of Open School courses, garner student feedback and guide the implementation of quality and safety curricula across health disciplines in South Dakota. Methods First-year medical and allied health students at the University of South Dakota completed surveys before and after having one introductory lecture and finishing two of the Open School courses in interprofessional teams within an existing health professions course. Results Medical student means showed significant differences in 16 of 16 (p=0.05) primary teaching points related to Open School course objectives, while allied health students showed significant differences in 13 of 16 (p=0.05) points. Students valued an introductory lecture and thought their educational experience was enhanced by the addition of the Open School courses. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that the Open School courses chosen for this sample of interprofessional students provide a simple, inexpensive and effective method to implement quality and patient safety concepts within existing health professions curricula.
Perioperative Evaluation and Management of Patients With Portopulmonary Hypertension Aiming for Orthotopic Liver Transplantation

Background: Portopulmonary hypertension (POPH) is defined as pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in the context of portal hypertension. Severe POPH has been considered an absolute contraindicatio...
Intermediary Metabolism Of Ergot Xii

AbstractThe present publication represents a ramification of parts IX and of this series to which special reference is made. The objectives of this study remain identical to those stated in previous papers (1, 2) and are not being repeated at this time for the sake of space saving and avoidance of redundancy.
The Noisy Expectation-Maximization Algorithm for Multiplicative Noise Injection

We generalize the noisy expectation-maximization (NEM) algorithm to allow arbitrary modes of noise injection besides just adding noise to the data. The noise must still satisfy a NEM positivity condition. This generalization includes the important special case of multiplicative noise injection. A generalized NEM theorem shows that all measurable modes of injecting noise will speed the average convergence of the EM algorithm if the noise satisfies a generalized NEM positivity condition. This noise-benefit condition has a simple quadratic form for Gaussian and Cauchy mixture models in the case of multiplicative noise injection. Simulations show a multiplicative-noise EM speed-up of more than 27% in a simple Gaussian mixture model. Injecting blind noise only slowed convergence. A related theorem gives a sufficient condition for an average EM noise benefit for arbitrary modes of noise injection if the data model comes from the general exponential family of probability density functions. A final theorem shows that injected noise slows EM convergence on average if the NEM inequalities reverse and the noise satisfies a negativity condition.
Administrative Science and the Role of Value Judgments

Provides a setting for the development of administrative science. Controversy on administration as a science; Role of administration in society; Attributes which characterize administration as a so...
Microbiological leaching of a chalcopyrite concentrate and the influence of hydrostatic pressure on the activity of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans

The effect of hydrostatic pressure on the activity of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans grown on chalcopyrite concentrate has been investigated. It was found that bacterial activity, measured by conventional respirometry, was little affected by subjecting these microorganisms to a pressure of 100 lbs/in2 (690 kPa). The total cooper concentration was as high as 18 g/l in 28 days of leaching at atmospheric pressure.
Local Governments′Pragmatic Response to Internet-based Public Supervision and Its Political Implication

Local governments′response to internet-based public supervision is basically pragmatic. From the perspective of governance transformation,the political implication of pragmatic response is mutual discipline which benefits both the government and the public.However,it is transitional by nature,and whether this sort of practice can survive and work well depends on the reforms of macro institutional supplies,based on which pragmatic response might slip into political opportunism and escapism lingering between institutional indifference and selected response to single cases,or upgrade itself from the stability holding type to the interest-driven type and from pragmatic selected response to systematic institutional response.
Plate Buckling in the Strain-Hardening Range

Problem of buckling of steel plates compressed beyond yield strain; in strain hardening range material is considered to be homogeneous; because of yielding process material cannot be expected to remain isotropic; general expressions for buckling strength derived assuming material to have become orthogonally anisotropic. (20 refs.)
Management of intraoperative and postoperative anesthetic complications in ruminants and swine.

Complications that can occur during and following anesthesia in ruminants and swine are discussed., Because many of these complications can be life-threatening, they must be avoided to allow provision of safe general anesthesia. Emphasis is placed on prevention and recognition of these complications and the institution of therapy when they do occur.
Origins of phase separation in thermoelectric (Ti, Zr, Hf)NiSn half-Heusler alloys from first principles

A high thermoelectric performance has been achieved in half-Heusler alloys of composition MNiSn (M = Ti, Zr, Hf). The enhanced properties are attributed to the formation of microscale Ti-rich and Ti-poor grains. The mechanism of phase separation remains unclear, as the composition and microstructure of the grains are highly dependent upon synthesis conditions. This work uses first principles density functional theory, combined with the cluster expansion method, to calculate a thermodynamic phase diagram of the full pseudo-ternary (Hf1−x−yZrxTiy)NiSn system. The results show that ZrNiSn and HfNiSn are fully miscible at all temperatures, and that a miscibility gap between (Zr, Hf)NiSn and TiNiSn exists at temperatures below 850 K. For temperatures above 850 K, a solid solution is found to minimize the free energy. The low critical temperature of 850 K challenges the prevailing interpretation that the microstructure is created by an intrinsic phase separation mechanism, such as spinodal decomposition. Calculated migration barriers for Ti, Zr, and Hf atoms show that Ti-rich and Ti-poor grains may be non-equilibrium states that are kinetically trapped after solidification.
Mindfulness as a mechanism for developing the co-leader relationship

Co-leadership is a widely utilized and effective form of group leadership where the therapeutic nature of the co-leader relationship is vital to the group change process. Although the importance of a highly functional co-leader relationship has been established, a systematic method for the development and maintenance of the relationship has yet to be fully realized. We propose that mindfulness may offer such a method and review the fundamentals of mindfulness and evidence for its relevance to the development of a therapeutic co-leader relationship. Mindfulness applications for enhancing the co-leader relationship across stages of an established group development model are described. Keywords: Co-leadership; mindfulness; reflective practice; co-therapy; group functioning
IN/ING Variable

Since the advent of modern sociolinguistics, researchers have used the (ING) to assess both social variation and language change. (ING) has two variants: The velar nasal [ŋ]; the alveolar nasal [n]. These variants occur predominantly in suffix but may also appear in unstressed monomorphemic forms, like morning. The synchronic variation which makes this variable highly useful for sociolinguists has been active since the Old English period. In Modern English, (ING) variation is present almost everywhere English is spoken, but it is not currently undergoing language change.
Hydrogen Storage Technologies for Transportation Application

The objective of this paper is to provide a brief overview of the possible onboard hydrogen storageoptions available today namely in fuel cell or ICE/electric hybrid vehicles. The issues associatedwith increasing the hydrogen volumetric densities via solid state materials storage and liquid carriersare the main focus with an overview of the current storage technologies. Possible onboard hydrogenproduction is discussed based on water splitting technologies.
Interindividual differences in embodied marginalization: Osteological and stable isotope analyses of antebellum enslaved individuals

Objectives Through pathological and stable isotope analyses, this study probes the stressors, disease ecology, and diets of enslaved individuals from an antebellum plantation cemetery. The study aims to highlight how interindividual isotopic differences reveal that marginalization is not uniformly experienced or embodied. Methods The cemetery population consists of 16 individuals; dental and skeletal pathological indicators were collected for all individuals, and light stable isotope ratios (δ15N, δ13C) were generated from the collagen and hydroxyapatite of nine individuals. Results The analyzed individuals have high frequencies of enamel defects—similar to contemporaneous enslaved cemetery individuals—and particularly high frequencies of carious lesions. Skeletal analysis shows evidence of chronic conditions among several individuals, two of whom likely have tuberculosis. Although the sample size is small, stable isotope values display interesting trends: there is interindividual heterogeneity in δ13C values, and most subadults from the cemetery have lower δ15N and higher δ13C values than the sampled adults. These relationships can be tested with larger datasets and have the potential to reveal important information about slave foodways and the broader experience of enslavement. Conclusions The results of this study suggest that racial discrimination, enslavement, and age do not fully account for the heterogeneity in degree of embodied stressors. There are likely other factors at play, intersecting with the aforementioned, that influenced the lived experience of slavery and the degree of marginalization.
ROBUST MIXED EFFECTS MODEL FOR CLUSTERED FAILURE TIME DATA: APPLICATION TO HUNTINGTON'S DISEASE EVENT MEASURES.

An important goal in clinical and statistical research is properly modeling the distribution for clustered failure times which have a natural intra-class dependency and are subject to censoring. We handle these challenges with a novel approach that does not impose restrictive modeling or distributional assumptions. Using a logit transformation, we relate the distribution for clustered failure times to covariates and a random, subject-specific effect. The covariates are modeled with unknown functional forms, and the random effect may depend on the covariates and have an unknown and unspecified distribution. We introduce pseudovalues to handle censoring and splines for functional covariate effects, and frame the problem into fitting an additive logistic mixed effects model. Unlike existing approaches for fitting such models, we develop semiparametric techniques that estimate the functional model parameters without specifying or estimating the random effect distribution. We show both theoretically and empirically that the resulting estimators are consistent for any choice of random effect distribution and any dependency structure between the random effect and covariates. Last, we illustrate the method’s utility in an application to a Huntington’s disease study where our method provides new insights into differences between motor and cognitive impairment event times in at-risk subjects.
From a cosmopolitan to a fascist land: Adriatic irredentism in motion

This article explores Adriatic irredentism, a complex political, cultural, and social movement, by specifically analyzing the unique role it played in the legitimization of Italian territorial claims over “language frontiers” such as Trieste and its hinterland. Through a close reading of first-hand sources, it examines how Italian irredentist intellectuals, public press, and associations purposefully utilized anti-Slav and anti-German arguments to shape public perception of both the Italian nation as well as Trieste’s Italian identity or “Italianita.” Although recent historiographical interpretations have emphasized continuities in local understandings of “Italianita,” this article examines the discontinuities in the debate over its identity. It suggests that although Italian identity was first conceived as an expression of cultural and linguistic autonomy within the broader intellectual framework of Adriatic multi-nationalism, this idea gradually vanished amidst the structural crisis triggered by the Aus...
Greedy algorithm with gaps

Abstract We generalize the well-known greedy approximation algorithm, by allowing gaps in the approximating sequence. We give examples of bases which are “quasi-greedy with gaps,” in spite of failing to be quasi-greedy in the usual sense. However, we also show that for some classical bases (such as the normalized Haar basis in L 1 , and the trigonometric basis in L p for p ≠ 2 ), the greedy algorithm may diverge, even if gaps are introduced into the approximating sequence.
A switched-winding transformer with low quiescent loss to meet the level VI efficiency standard at high power density

Many control and monitoring applications including thermostats, doorbells, and security systems utilize 60 Hz transformers with grid-voltage inputs and 16 V to 24 V ac outputs. The new DOE Level VI efficiency standard places stringent requirements on the no-load quiescent loss of grid-interface power supplies, including these low-voltage transformers. This paper explores a low-cost but highly effective approach to reduce the quiescent loss and improve the power density of these transformers while meeting the Level VI efficiency standard. By reconfiguring windings based on the operating power level, one can achieve higher average efficiency, lower quiescent loss, and higher power density. It is experimentally demonstrated that compared to a conventional transformer design that meets the new Level VI standard, the proposed switched-winding transformer approach can more than double the achievable transformer power rating at the same size, weight and core, while requiring only a modest increase in complexity.
A nutty model for teaching macroeconomic models

This pedagogical paper draws attention to Basil Moore's peanut multiplier theory of income determination and argues that it is a useful tool for teaching macroeconomic models and for critical understanding them. The peanut multiplier theory can be used to teach the essential elements of any macro model, the manner in which the internal logic of a model can be explored, and the manner in which external critiques of a model can be formulated, all within an ideologically neutral yet still memorable context. A critical understanding of the peanut multiplier theory also lays the foundation for a critical understanding of standard macro models like the simple Keynesian theory of income determination, quantity theory of money, and money multiplier theory. Student feedback provides evidence of the effectiveness of using the peanut multiplier theory to teach macro models.
The microwave temperature and humidity profiler instrument airborne shakeout performance

The Jet Propulsion Laboratory has developed a new airborne sensor, the Microwave Temperature and Humidity Profiler (MTHP), by adding a 183 GHz receiver to the current Microwave Temperature Profiler (MTP). The instrument scans ahead of the aircraft flight path sampling at multiple angles, allowing for atmospheric retrievals above and below the aircraft, to generate vertical profiles. Liquid water path and precipitable water vapor can also be retrieved above the aircraft in the absence of scattering. The instrument has had shakeout flights on the GII and C130 in 2016. In March 2017, the MTHP will be modified to be installed in a standard PMS canister to fly on the GV.
An automated design process for short pulse laser driven opacity experiments

Abstract Stellar-relevant conditions can be reached by heating a buried layer target with a short pulse laser. Previous design studies of iron buried layer targets found that plasma conditions are dominantly controlled by the laser energy while the accuracy of the inferred opacity is limited by tamper emission and optical depth effects. We developed a process to simultaneously optimize laser and target parameters to meet a variety of design goals. We explored two sets of design cases: a set focused on conditions relevant to the upper radiative zone of the sun (electron temperatures of 200 to 400 eV and densities greater than 1/10 of solid density) and a set focused on reaching temperatures consistent with deep within the radiative zone of the sun (500 to 1000 eV) at a fixed density. We found optimized designs for iron targets and determined that the appropriate dopant, for inferring plasma conditions, depends on the goal temperature: magnesium for up to 300 eV, aluminum for 300 to 500 eV, and sulfur for 500 to 1000 eV. The optimal laser energy and buried layer thickness increase with goal temperature. The accuracy of the inferred opacity is limited to between 11% and 31%, depending on the design. Overall, short pulse laser heated iron experiments reaching stellar-relevant conditions have been designed with consideration of minimizing tamper emission and optical depth effects while meeting plasma condition and x-ray emission goals.
Evidence-Based Practices and Cultural Responsiveness

This chapter will provide a review of the guidelines for evidence-based practices (EBP) and some of the strengths and challenges associated with the EBP project. EBPs have become a part of the research and clinical landscape for couple and family therapists. Developing evidence-based practices is seen as a natural progression of our field, a maturing of sorts from anecdotal clinical reports to conceptual and methodological sophistication of couple and family therapy research and clinical practices. The challenges associated with integrating science into the practice of therapy through EBPs have always been controversial, resulting in frequent, passionate, and at times divisive debates in the field. While the EBP guidelines established by Division 43 of the American Psychological Association reference “contextual efficacy” at the third and most advanced level for determining an EBP, little is known about how this translates to cultural responsiveness. This chapter will first clarify what the current guidelines are and explore how the fields of couple and family research have explored culture.
Ambient PM2.5 air pollution exposure and hepatocellular carcinoma incidence in the United States

To conduct the first epidemiologic study prospectively examining the association between particulate matter air pollution < 2.5 µm in diameter (PM2.5) exposure and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) risk in the U.S. Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) provided information on HCC cases diagnosed between 2000 and 2014 from 16 population-based cancer registries across the U.S. Ambient PM2.5 exposure was estimated by linking the SEER county with a spatial PM2.5 model using a geographic information system. Poisson regression with robust variance estimation was used to calculate incidence rate ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between ambient PM2.5 exposure per 10 µg/m3 increase and HCC risk adjusting for individual-level age at diagnosis, sex, race, year of diagnosis, SEER registry, and county-level information on health conditions, lifestyle, demographic, socioeconomic, and environmental factors. Higher levels of ambient PM2.5 exposure were associated with a statistically significant increased risk for HCC (n = 56,245 cases; adjusted IRR per 10 µg/m3 increase = 1.26, 95% CI 1.08, 1.47; p < 0.01). If confirmed in studies with individual-level PM2.5 exposure and risk factor information, these results suggest that ambient PM2.5 exposure may be a risk factor for HCC in the U.S.
Neoplastic effects of oral contraceptives.

Since hormones relate to the etiology of breast cancer >40 studies have looked at the possible association of oral contraceptives (OCs) with breast cancer. Most research conducted through 1986 and including the largest related case control study and several after 1986 found no association between ever use of OCs and breast cancer. On the other hand some studies conducted after 1986 with women <45 years old who had breast cancer and had taken OCs have suggested a dose response relationship 2 fold increased risk of breast cancer or increased risk with duration of OC use. These results motivated several organizations to review the literature and to issue guidelines. The US Food and Drug Administration the UK Committee on the Safety of Medicines and IPPF did not find a reason to change practices. The Committee on the Safety of Medicines did suggest however that health providers mention the possible increase in risk. At least 8 studies have revealed an increased risk of cervical cancer with duration of OC use especially after 5 years of use. Yet experience has disclosed an obstacle to understanding the relationship between cervical cancer and OC use--cervical cancer may be caused by the human papilloma virus transmitted by sexual intercourse. Unlike results of breast and cervical cancer research research results have clearly established that OC use lowers the risk of endometrial cancer by about 50% and the risk of ovarian cancer by about 40%. In fact the US Cancer and Steroid Hormone [CASH] study showed a protective effect of OCs for endometrial and ovarian cancers at least 15 years after discontinuation. Even though some studies found a dose response effect with duration of use a large international study did not find any relationship between OC us and liver cancer. Moreover studies did not reveal an association between OC use and malignant melanoma or pituitary adenoma.
The Influence of Heat Treatment on the Creep Behaviour of a Low Alloyed Ferritic CrMoV Steel

ABSTRACT The experimentally observed scatter band in time to rupture tests of low alloyed ferritic CrMoV-steels can be explained by different microstructures produced by variations in heat treatment. Results on creep tests run up to 140 000 hours show clearly the strong effect of austenizing temperature on creep strength. The tempering treatment produces a decrease in creep strength at high stresses which will be compensated at lower stresses and long testing times. This leads to different stress exponents in the power law creep region which can be explained by changes in microstructure. Microstructural investigations give useful information about time-dependent changes in structure and about the kind of creep damage occurring during long term exposure.
Electronic Transitions in Metals and Insulator-Metal Transitions

In this chapter we take up transitions which change the electrical properties of metals or compounds by establishing a new ground state for the system. Changes in physical rather than chemical properties are involved in these transitions, in contrast to the events discussed in later chapters.
When and if to stop low-dose aspirin before spine surgery?

Background Prior to spine surgery (SS), we ask whether and when to stop low-dose aspirin (LD-ASA), particularly in patients with significant cardiovascular disease (CAD). Although platelets typically regenerate in 10 days, it can take longer in older patients. Methods Here we reviewed several studies regarding the perioperative risks/complications [e.g. hemorrhagic complications, estimated blood loss (EBL), continued postoperative drainage] for continuing vs. stopping LD-ASA at various intervals prior to lumbar SS. Results Multiple studies confirmed the increased perioperative risks for continuing LD-ASA throughout SS, or when stopping it for just 3-7 preoperative days; however, there were no increased risks if stopped between 7 to 10 days postoperatively. Other studies documented no increased perioperative risk for continuing LD-ASA throughout SS, although some indicated increased morbidity (e.g., one patient developed a postoperative hematoma resulting in irreversible paralysis). Conclusions Several studies demonstrated more hemorrhagic complications if LD-ASA was continued throughout or stopped just 3 to up to 7 days prior to SS. However, there were no adverse bleeding events if stopped from 7-10 days preoperatively. As a spine surgeon who wishes to avoid a postoperative epidural hematoma/paralysis, I would recommend stopping LD-ASA 10 days or longer prior to SS. Nevertheless, each spine surgeon must determine what is in the "best interest" of their individual patient. Certainly, we need future randomized controlled trials to better answer: when and if to stop LD-ASA before spine surgery.
Hestia: simple least privilege network policies for smart homes

The long-awaited smart home revolution has arrived, and with it comes the challenge of managing dozens of potentially vulnerable network devices by average users. While research has developed techniques to fingerprint these devices, and even provide for sophisticated network access control models, such techniques are too complex for end users to manage, require sophisticated systems or unavailable public device descriptions, and proposed network policies have not been tested against real device behaviors. As a result, none of these solutions are available to users today. In this paper, we present Hestia, a mechanism to enforce simple-but-effective network isolation policies. Hestia segments the network into just two device categories: controllers (e.g., Smart Hubs) and non-controllers (e.g., motion sensors and smart lightbulbs). The key insight (validated with a large IoT dataset) is that noncontrollers only connect to cloud endpoints and controller devices, and practically never to each other over IP networks. This means that non-controllers can be isolated from each other without preventing functionality. Perhaps more importantly, smart home owners need only specify which devices are controllers. We develop a prototype and show negligible performance overhead resulting from the increased isolation. Hestia drastically improves smart home security without complex, unwieldy policies or lengthy learning of device behaviors.
Annals On Call - Protecting Health Care Workers From COVID-19.

In this episode of Annals On Call, Dr. Centor discusses strategies to protect health care workers from COVID-19 with Dr. Jeanne Marrazzo.
Material Suitability Testing for Nonmedical Grade Community Face Masks to Decrease Viral Transmission During a Pandemic.

Objectives Cloth face covering has been recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to decrease community viral transmission. This study aims to determine the filtration efficiency and airflow resistance of common household materials available for homemade mask production by comparing numbers of fabrics, various layers, and manipulation. Methods Common household woven, knitted, and nonwoven fabrics were tested for filtration efficiency using a fit testing setup and airflow resistance with pressure gauge setup. Three different levels of layering (1, 2, and 4) were tested. Some fabric material was further tested after washing and drying. Filtration performance, the area under the fitted curve comparing airflow resistance and filtration efficiency, was calculated for each fabric material and compared. Results Layering increased filtration efficiency and airflow resistance (P 0.05). Conclusions A filtration performance of common household fabrics were compared. Homemade mask designers and producers will have improved data to better balance effectiveness, availability, and comfort with the goal of decreasing community viral transmission.
Let’s get fiscal: The social relations of finance and technological change in Aztec and Colonial Mexico

Abstract This paper argues that finance should matter to archaeologists and shows how archaeological research enhances our understanding of the history of finance. It presents archaeological and ethnohistoric evidence of saltmaking, finance, and technological change in the Basin of Mexico during the Aztec and Spanish empires. Studies of past technological change often leave unasked how people finance their adoption of innovations. The means of finance—surplus production, saving, debt, cost sharing, etc.—are applied in culturally and historically specific ways that have systemic and long-term consequences for adopters. Saltmakers’ widespread adoption of new technologies in the Late Postclassic (CE 1350–1521) was enabled by finance at the household scale. In the sixteenth century, Indigenous saltmakers adapted existing tools to manufacture new products, like saltpeter, for Spanish consumers without new financial arrangements. Eighteenth-century innovations in the production of saltpeter required equipment that was beyond the financial means of most Indigenous saltmakers. Nevertheless, I suggest that some saltmakers solved the problem and continued to produce salt and saltpeter by expanding their social relations of finance beyond their households. These findings show how finance operated in a non-Western, preindustrial context and in an economic sphere that was relatively independent of the political economies of states and empires.
Firm operations and financing: Evidence based on the relation between working-capital and financial leverage

We document the effect on leverage of a company's working-capital. Working-capital significantly affects a firm's credit ratings and security issuances, as well as influencing its leverage. Payables crowd out debt. Higher receivables and inventories are associated with higher leverage, reflecting their ability to reduce a firm's asset risk or increase its financial flexibility. These effects are sizeable: a one standard-deviation increase in payables crowds out 0.42 standard deviations of leverage while a one standard-deviation increase in receivables raises leverage by 0.66 standard deviations. Difference-in-difference tests based on two regulatory shocks to working-capital payment policies indicate that these relationships are causal.
Biomechanical evaluation of a novel barbed suture pattern with epitendinous suture augmentation in a canine flexor tendon model.

OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of a novel barbed suture pattern (NBSP) compared to a three-loop-pulley (3LP) with and without epitendinous suture (ES) augmentation on the biomechanical strength and gap formation of repaired canine tendons. STUDY DESIGN Ex vivo, cadaveric, randomized, experimental study. SAMPLE POPULATION Forty, adult superficial digital flexor tendons (SDFT). METHODS SDFT were randomly assigned to one of four groups (n = 10/group). Sharp tenotomy was performed and repaired with 3LP, NBSP, 3LP + ES, and NBSP + ES. Constructs were tested to failure while evaluating yield, peak, and failure loads, loads at 1 and 3 mm gap formation, and failure mode. RESULTS Constructs augmented with ES sustained 80% greater yield (p < .001), peak (p < .001), and failure (p < .001) loads, with no difference between 3LP + ES and NBSP + ES constructs regarding peak (p = .614), and failure forces (p = .865). Loads resulting in 1 and 3 mm gap formation were greater when constructs were augmented with an ES (p ≤ .003). Failure mode differed between groups (p < .001), occurring predominantly due to suture pull-through in 3LP and NBSP groups compared to tissue failure distant to the repair site in ES augmented constructs. CONCLUSION Tendons repaired with the NBSP used in this study resisted similar forces as those repaired with 3LP. Augmentation with an ES improved the biomechanical properties of repaired constructs, including resistance to gap formation. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The NBSP repair tested here may be advantageous over monofilament suture repair as it uses a similar-sized barbed core suture but eliminates the requirement for knot tying.
Preoperative PROMIS Physical Function Scores Predict Postoperative Outcomes Following Total Ankle Replacement

Background:Despite good evidence that supports significant improvements in pain and physical function following a total ankle replacement (TAR) for end-stage ankle arthritis, there is a subset of p...
Diffusion MRI Automated Region of Interest Analysis in Standard Atlas Space versus the Individual's Native Space.

White matter microstructures have been studied most commonly using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) that models diffusivity in each voxel of diffusion MRI images as a tensor. Classic DTI parameters (e.g., mean diffusivity or MD, fractional anisotropy or FA) derived from the eigenvalues of tensors have been widely used to describe white matter properties. More recently, novel metrics like neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI) have broadened the spectrum over which we can both characterize healthy connectivity and investigate pathology. When looking at specific brain regions, previous works combining DTI and NODDI have focused on regions of interest (ROI) analysis where regional masks were generated by mapping known atlas to standard spaces and applied to skeletonized FA maps from tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS). Recent advancement in probabilistic tractography, e.g., the FSL XTRACT toolbox, provides an alternative method of ROI analysis by estimating tract regions in an individual native diffusion space, but the exact advantages and disadvantages compared to using a standard space have not been well documented. In the present study, we perform ROI analysis on DTI and NODDI parameters from diffusion MRI (dMRI) of 39 healthy adults collected from two time points, using both standard-space method (“TBSS ROI analysis”) and native-space method (“XTRACT ROI analysis”). We compare the test-retest reliability of these two methods by evaluating the coefficient of variation (\(C_{V}\)) at each time point, the Pearson’s correlation (R) between the two time points, and the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) between the two time points. With these statistics, we aim to determine the precision of the TBSS ROI analysis and the XTRACT ROI analysis quantitatively in the practice of analyzing a particular dataset. The prospective results will provide a new and general reference for choosing analysis methods in future dMRI studies.
Prisoners of War Camps in Rochester - Were they humane?

In lieu of an abstract, below is the first paragraph of the paper. After the American involvement in the Second World War, labor issues became more prevalent because so many workers from Rochester either enlisted or were drafted into the ranks of the US Army. Also, many farmers realized they could make more money off of high wage paying industrial jobs in the cities. In order to provide a sufficient amount of produce and other harvested good, prisoners of war were used for the first time as laborers to help the war effort. It was a bitter irony, being a captured soldier and forced to help the enemy win the war by supplying them with enough food to be well fed. The captured soldiers staying in Rochester Prisoner of War camps were some of the first to be used as innovative laborers and were treated more humanely and therefore, better than American Prisoners of War were treated. Also, Rochester treated their Prisoners of War much better than most of America did. This article is available in The Review: A Journal of Undergraduate Student Research: http://fisherpub.sjfc.edu/ur/vol12/iss1/7 Prisoners of War in Camps in Rochester—Were
SU-F-BRB-13: Correlation of Improved Target and Organ-At-Risk Dosimetric Quantities and Clinical Outcomes for Helical Tomotherapy Treated Mesothelioma

Purpose: We have observed improved local control probability (LCP) for adjuvant mesothelioma radiotherapy following pleurectomy/decortication using Tomotherapy compared to the conventional 3D technique (p<0.05). This work assesses the correlation between the improved clinical outcomes against dosimetry quantities. Methods: Thirty-eight mesothelioma cases consecutively treated at our clinic were retrospectively analyzed. Sixteen patients were treated using 3D technique planned on the Eclipse for c-arm accelerators prior to 7/2012; the other 22 cases were treated on Tomotherapy using helical IMRT after 7/2012. Typical 3D plans consisting of 15 MV AP/PA photon fields prescribed to 10 cm depth followed by matching electron fields with energy ranging from 8–16 MeV. Tomotherapy plans were designed using 2.5cm jaw, 0.287 pitch with directional blocking of the contralateral lung. The same prescription of 45 Gy (1.8GyX25) was used for both techniques. The dosimetry metrics for the critical structures: ipsilateral-/contralateral-lung, heart, cord, esophagus, etc were compared between two techniques. Results: Superior LCP is closely associated with improved target coverage. Tomotherapy plans yielded dramatically better target coverage and less dose heterogeneity despite of more advanced/larger disease. The averaged PTV volumes were 2287.3±569.9 (Tomotherapy) vs. 1904.8±312.3cc (3D); V100s were: 91.1±4.0 (%) vs. 47.8±12.7 (%) with heterogeneity indices of 1.20±0.1 vs.1.37±0.38 and for the Tomotherapy and 3D plans, respectively. Compared to the 3D technique, we observed significant lower maximum cord doses (p<0.001), lower mean esophagus doses (p<0.002), and lower heart mean doses when tumor was left-sided (p=0.002). For ipsilateral-/contralateral-lungs, however, the mean doses and V20, V5 of Tomotherapy plans were significantly higher than the 3D plans (p<0.01) regardless which sides of lung were treated. However, rates of radiation pneumonitis were no different. Conclusion: Tomotherapy achieved great improvement of plan quality including target coverage, resulting in significantly better local control over the traditional 3D technique for adjuvant radiotherapy for mesothelioma.
An Empathetic Beginning in Education: Exploring the Prospects of Self-Regulation Skills on Pro-Social Behaviour in the Early Childhood Environment.

One avenue substantially researched and supported in early childhood research is the importance and the cultivation of self-regulation skills in the classroom. Most educational research on self-regulation skills has illustrated the importance between the enhancement of these skills and long-term academic success. Notwithstanding, there is little empirical research in early childhood that links the advancement of self-regulation skills to other contributing educational components, such as the cultivation of children's pro-social skills. This review seeks to establish a link between children's self-regulation and pro-social skills and discusses implications for future research and practice.
Programming in OBJ and Maude

This is a introduction to the gentle art of programming in OBJ and Maude. The features of OBJ that are highlighted are its logic— ordersorted equational logic— connections of this logic with unsorted first-order equational logic, newer features of the language, and parameterized programming. The language Maude— which contains OBJ as its functional sublanguage and extends OBJ to include object-oriented programming and concurrent systems programming— is briefly introduced with a focus on its logic and some simple examples.
Globalization's Impact on State-Local Economic Development Policy

The growing exposure of the U.S. economy to international competition, popularly termed globalization, over the past two decades has brought some momentous changes affecting the American economy, society, and life styles. Not surprisingly, these changes have been reflected in growing political turbulence and shifts in policy paradigms as well. This symposium explores the effects that globalization has had on economic development policy and practice by state and local governments in the United States. Part I charts and seeks to explain“The Expanding Global Linkages” of state and local governments over the last several decades. Part II on the” Potential for Transformation “then argues that the economic transformations set off by globalization are pushing state and local development policy toward strategies that should overcome some of the problems associated with the previous strategy dubbed “smokestack chasing.” Yet, caution is certainly necessary before accepting such optimistic interpretations. Part III, therefore, presents several analyses suggesting that smokestack chasing “struck back” and that blind reliance on free markets and entrepreneurs hip can be dangerous to a community's social and economic health, indicting the existence of “Pitfalls in a Changing Universe.”
Hepatic Synthesis and Urinary Excretion of α2u-Globulin by Male Rats: Diurnal Rhythm and Response to Fasting and Refeeding

The urine of sexually mature male rats contains a protein of hepatic origin, alpha2u-globulin, not found in the urine of immature or female rats; output of this protein is greatly reduced by fasting. We have examined the effects of feeding and of fasting for various lengths of time on urinary output and hepatic synthesis of alpha2u-globulin. Rats eating ad libitum showed diurnal rhythms of urinary alpha2u-globulin excretion reaching maxima between 2000 and 0800 hours, thus coinciding with the daily feeding period of the rat. Fasting for 12 hours extinguished this diurnal rhythm. When fasting was prolonged up to 36 hours, urinary excretion of alpha2u-globulin was reduced to very low levels. Hepatic synthesis of alpha2u-globulin under these nutritional conditions was investigated by incubating liver polyribosomes with [3H]leucine and a preparation of soluble enzymes for protein synthesis and separating the labeled alpha2u-globulin peptides by immunoprecipitation followed by electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. By this technique, it was shown that only membrane-bound ribosomes in the livers of mature male rats make this protein. Semi-quantitative measurement suggested that the proportion of liver polyribosomes synthesizing alpha2u-globulin was unchanged after 12 hours of fasting, but was reduced after 24 and 36 hours of fasting. It is proposed that the diurnal rhythm in alpha2u-globulin output in the urine represents translational control of its synthesis in the liver, whereas the more extensive reduction with prolonged fasting is partly due to a selective reduction in transcription of the messenger RNA for this protein.
Operational support systems for the future

The information services market, emerging from the convergence of telecommunications, information technology, entertainment and other industries, poses serious challenges for operational support systems. Historical ways of understanding and delivering operational support functions will no longer work. Business management functions will increasingly be a major commercial differentiator in the new market. This paper argues that these functions need to be re-defined as business services so that a market can develop in them. It explains a technical approach to defining and building these business services, which is being researched at BT Laboratories, and which uses configurable business objects and intelligent agents. This approach offers the possibility of managing the complexity that the explosion of new information services will bring, and also of opening up exciting new business possibilities.
Understanding Corporate Law

The book is designed to assist students and faculty by offering a clear and comprehensive treatment of key concepts in corporate law. Significant business, economic and policy issues are highlighted in connection with a thorough analysis of the important cases and statutory provisions used in the study of corporations. It includes the major theoretical approaches used in current corporate law literature. In each chapter, the authors identify important policies and discuss the relationship of the law's development to those policies. Statutory issues are covered under both the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware and the Model Business Corporation Act. The second edition also reflects the current corporate governance issues raised by the recent corporate scandals and the passage of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. A section of Chapter 5 deals generally with that Act, but its impact is also covered in relevant sections throughout the book. This book is designed to be used with all of the major corporate law casebooks.
On dynamically adapting registration areas to user mobility patterns in PCS networks

Location management is an essential service in mobile networks. It provides mechanisms for recording and querying location of mobile units in the network. This is needed for establishing calls to mobile units. In PCS networks, location management protocols such as IS-41 and GSM use statically defined Registration Areas (RAs) with two-level hierarchy of location databases. In this paper we propose an extension to PCS location management protocol by introducing the concept of dynamically overlapping registration areas. We show through simulation that by dynamically adapting the registration areas to aggregate mobility pattern of the mobile units, we can greatly reduce the number of location updates by mobiles. Further, the cost of adapting the registration areas is shown to be low in terms of memory and communication requirements.
Binocular spatial phase tuning characteristics of neurons in the macaque striate cortex.

Smith, Earl L., III, Yuzo M. Chino, Jinren Ni, William H. Ridder III, and M.L.J. Crawford. Binocular spatial phase tuning characteristics of neurons in the macaque striate cortex. J. Neurophysiol. ...
Efficiency of human skeletal muscle in vivo: comparison of isometric, concentric, and eccentric muscle action

Ryschon, T. W., Fowler, R. E. Wysong, A.-R. Anthony, and R. S. Balaban. Efficiency of human skeletal muscle in vivo: comparison of isometric, concentric, and eccentric muscle action.J. Appl. Physio...