cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ancient Roots of Today’s Emerging Renaissance in Psychedelic Medicine

An international ban on psychedelics initiated by the United Nations' Convention on Psychotropic Substances in 1971 restricted the clinical use of these ancient psychoactive substances. Yet, in an era marked by rising mental health concerns and a growing "Deaths of Despair" epidemic (i.e., excess mortality and morbidity from suicide, drug overdose, and alcoholism), the structured psychedelic use that has long been a part of ritual healing experiences for human societies is slowly regaining credibility in Western medicine for its potential to treat various mental health conditions. We use a historical lens to examine the use of psychedelic therapies over time, translate ancient lessons to contemporary clinical and research practice, and interrogate the practical and ethical questions researchers must grapple with before they can enter mainstream medicine. Given the COVID-19 pandemic and its contributions to the global mental health burden, we also reflect on how psychedelic therapy might serve as a tool for medicine in the aftermath of collective trauma. Ultimately, it is argued that a "psychedelic renaissance" anchored in the lessons of antiquity can potentially help shift healthcare systems-and perhaps the broader society-towards practices that are more humane, attentive to underlying causes of distress, and supportive of human flourishing.
Generation of Facets of the Closure of the Convex Hull of Feasible Points

In this Chapter, we examine a procedure for replacing the disjunctive statement in a problem by linear inequalities which represent the facets of the closure of the convex hull of points feasible to the disjunction. In particular, we present necessary and sufficient conditions for an inequality to define a facet of the closure of the convex hull of feasible points. The actual generation of such facets is a hard problem. However, for a special class of problems (called “facial problems” in this chapter) it is possible to obtain the closure of the convex hull of points satisfying disjunctions, in a sequence of q steps, where each step generates the closure of the convex hull of points satisfying one disjunction only.
Sts-107 Debris Characterization Using Re-Entry Imaging

Analysis of amateur video of the early reentry phases of the Columbia accident is discussed. With poor video quality and little theoretical guidance, the analysis team estimated mass and acceleration ranges for the debris shedding events observed in the video. Camera calibration and optical performance issues are also described.
Double-stent method: an alternative technique to treat coronary artery aneurysms.

Coronary artery aneurysm (CAA) is an uncommon and often incidental finding on coronary angiography but can present with symptoms related to myocardial ischemia. The most common etiology is atherosclerosis, accounting for over 50% of cases, but CAAs can also be congenital or secondary to percutaneous coronary artery revascularization procedures, inflammatory arterial diseases, connective tissue disorders, and perhaps drug-eluting-stent (DES) implantation. A current lack of uniform guidelines for their therapeutic management, especially in the setting of DES, leaves their optimum treatment somewhat controversial. Polytetrafluoroethylene-covered stents have gained popularity in recent years for percutaneous treatment of CAAs; however, their failure to endothelialize is associated with increased risk of thromboocclusive events. We describe two symptomatic patients presenting with large CAAs, one forming after DES implantation, that we treated using the double-stent method, in which one stent is placed within another. The intent is to reduce stent permeability across the aneurysm and promote blood stasis within it, thereby encouraging aneurysm thrombosis and meanwhile preserving the stents' ability to endothelialize. The immediate angiographic result revealed markedly reduced filling of the aneurysms and aneurysm thrombosis was later confirmed at follow-up. Both patients have remained asymptomatic during at least 9 months of follow-up. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report describing the use of the double-stent method as an alternative to treat CAAs percutaneously.© 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Histone Demethylases KDM4A and KDM4C Regulate Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells to Endothelial Cells

Understanding epigenetic mechanisms regulating embryonic stem cell (ESC) differentiation to endothelial cells may lead to increased efficiency of generation of vessel wall endothelial cells needed for vascular engineering. Here we demonstrated that the histone demethylases KDM4A and KDM4C played an indispensable but independent role in mediating the expression of fetal liver kinase (Flk)1 and VE-cadherin, respectively, and thereby the transition of mouse ESCs (mESCs) to endothelial cells. KDM4A was shown to bind to histones associated with the Flk1 promoter and KDM4C to bind to histones associated with the VE-cadherin promoter. KDM4A and KDM4C were also both required for capillary tube formation and vasculogenesis in mice. We observed in zebrafish that KDM4A depletion induced more severe vasculogenesis defects than KDM4C depletion, reflecting the early involvement of KDM4A in specifying endothelial cell fate. These findings together demonstrate the essential role of KDM4A and KDM4C in orchestrating mESC differentiation to endothelial cells through the activation of Flk1 and VE-cadherin promoters, respectively.
Conversion of ethanol in aqueous solution over ZSM-5 zeolites: Influence of Reaction Parameters and Catalyst Acidic Properties as Studied by Ammonia TPD Technique

Abstract Asbestos-derived ZSM-5 and steam-treated ZSM-5 zeolites, as well as ZSM-5 zeolites having a Si/Al atomic ratio ranging from 35 to 55, have been found to be very active and selective in the conversion of aqueous ethanol to ethene at about 300°C. This was attributed to a moderate surface acid density of these catalyst which seem to be suitable for the Bioethanol-to-Ethylene process.
In‐vivo Activity of Collagen Matrices Containing PS1, an Antineoplastic Glycan, Against Murine Sarcoma Cells

PS1, a water-soluble extract derived from Mycobacterium bovis (Bacillus Calmette-Guerin, BCG vaccine) with in-vivo antitumour activity, has been formulated into collagen implants. Dissolution experiments in the presence of collagenase revealed release behaviour characterized by diffusion from the swollen hydrophilic system and, depending on the extent of additional cross-linking with glutaraldehyde, the enzymatic degradation of the matrix. Significant activity against S180 murine sarcoma cells after subcutaneous insertion of the implants in mice was sustained for 32 h. The histology of drug-free devices and surrounding tissue after 14 days demonstrated slight inflammatory reaction and tissue repair with degradation slower than expected from in-vitro data. For systems loaded with the immunostimulant PS1, activation of pronounced cellular response caused the granulomatous inflammation associated with administration of BCG vaccine and almost complete resorption of the carrier system after 14 days. The results show that systems with sustained in-vivo antineoplastic activity can be prepared by formulating PS1 into matrix devices based on insoluble collagen, but that the influence of the active ingredient on the body reaction must be taken into account when utilizing the enzymatically degradable carrier material collagen.
Solution of H/sub /spl infin// control problem for hybrid periodic infinite dimensional systems and general quadratic forms II

For pt.I, see ibid., vol.1, no.03CH37475, p.833-8 (2003). This paper contains the second part of the whole investigation on the subject outlined in the paper name. Further we'll use notation and results introduced and presented in the first part. The system under consideration has feedback. So, it is necessary to define exactly main concepts and to prove basic results about the stability of closed-loop systems. This was done in section 7. The H/sub /spl infin// control problem is explicitly stated in section 8. The important preliminary result is stated in section 9. In section 10 the problem is solved for the full-information case (i.e. if y=col(x, w)). The necessary system transformations are justified in section 11. The results on parametrization of the entire set of admissible controllers which solve the problem in special case are collected in section 12. Finally, the main result is stated in section 13. We omit all proofs due to the lack of space.
Patterns of change in implementation of state alcohol control policies in the United States, 1999-2011.

AIMS: To examine state alcohol control policy implementation by policy efficacy and intent. DESIGN: A descriptive longitudinal analysis of policy implementation. SETTING: The United States, 1999-2011. PARTICIPANTS: 50 states and the District of Columbia. MEASUREMENTS: 29 state-level policies were rated based on an implementation rating (IR; range = 0.0-1.0) gathered from the Alcohol Policy Information System, government and industry reports, and other sources; and expert judgment about policy efficacy for addressing binge drinking and alcohol-impaired driving among the general population and youth, respectively. FINDINGS: On average, implementation of the most effective general population policies did not change (mean IR 0.366 in 1999; 0.375 in 2011; slope for annual change = 0.001; 95% confidence interval for the slope -0.001, 0.002). In contrast, implementation increased over time for less effective policies (mean IR 0.287 in 1999; 0.427 in 2011; slope for annual change compared with most effective policies = 0.009; slope 95% CI 0.002-0.007), youth-oriented policies (mean IR 0.424 in 1999; 0.511 in 2011; slope for annual change compared with most effective policies = 0.007; slope 95% CI 0.005-0.009), and impaired driving policies (mean IR 0.493 in 1999; 0.608 in 2011; slope for annual change compared with most effective policies = 0.0105; slope 95% CI 0.007-0.014). CONCLUSIONS: Implementation of politically palatable state alcohol policies, such as those targeting youth and alcohol-impaired driving, and less effective policies increased during 1999-2011 in the US, while the most effective policies that may maximally protect public health remained underused. Language: en
Antimicrobial Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics.

Abstract Background: Antimicrobial medications are beneficial when used appropriately, but adverse effects and resistance sometimes limit therapy. These effects may be more problematic with inappropriate antimicrobial use. Consideration of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of these medications can help optimize drug use. Methods: Review of the pertinent English-language literature. Results: The pharmacokinetic principles of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination determine whether an appropriate dose of medication reaches the intended pathogen. The pharmacodynamic properties of antimicrobial medications define the relation between the drug concentration and its observed effect on the target pathogen. Improvements in clinical outcomes have been observed when antimicrobial agents are dosed optimally according to these properties. In surgical patients, substantial changes in the volume of distribution and elimination necessitate a clear understanding of these principles. Additi...
Refugee economic adaptation: Theory, evidence, and implications for policy and practice

ABSTRACT A theoretical model of predictors of refugee economic adaptation was tested using data from a telephone survey of a random sample of Hmong, Somali, and Russian refugees resettled in Minneapolis-St. Paul. The study examined the relative influence of demographic characteristics, flight-related characteristics, host-related characteristics, residency characteristics, acculturation characteristics, and adaptation stresses upon refugees' employment status and estimated earnings. Although previous studies have extensively examined demographic and residency characteristics, the relative influence of the other factors has not been comprehensively investigated. Multivariate analyses indicated that across the different refugee groups, the model explained 34–44% of the variance in employment status and 12–26% of the variance in estimated earnings. Consistent with previous findings, demographic characteristics, in particular, education, gender, and household composition, had the largest effects on the indica...
Activation of locus coeruleus from nucleus paragigantocellularis: A new excitatory amino acid pathway in brain

Recent anatomic and physiologic experiments revealed that a major afferent to the nucleus locus coeruleus (LC) is the nucleus paragigantocellularis (PGi) in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (Aston-Jones et al., 1986). In the present studies, responses of LC neurons to electrical activation of PGi were characterized in anesthetized rats. Low-intensity stimulation of PGi synaptically activated 73% of LC neurons at short latencies (mean onset, 11.3 msec), while a smaller population (16%) of LC neurons exhibited purely inhibitory responses. The excitatory transmission from PGi to LC was pharmacologically analyzed, revealing it to be resistant to cholinergic receptor antagonism, but completely abolished by the excitatory amino acid (EAA) antagonists kynurenic acid and gamma-D-glutamylglycine. The specific N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist 2--amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid (AP7) and the preferential quisqualate receptor antagonist glutamate diethyl ester (GDEE) did not block LC responses to PGi stimulation, leading us to the tentative conclusion that EAAs may operate primarily at a kainate-type receptor on LC neurons to effect excitation from PGi. In addition to their blockade of PGi-evoked activity, kynurenic acid and DGG exerted a similar, simultaneous blockade of the characteristic excitation of LC neurons evoked by electrical stimulation of the hindpaw. These and other results indicate that the proposed EAA pathway from PGi may serve as a final link in a variety of sensory inputs to LC.
Photochemotherapy in cutaneous T cell lymphoma and parapsoriasis en plaques: Long-term follow-up in forty-three patients

Forty-three patients with clinical plaque- and tumor-stage mycosis fungoides, the erythrodermic/Sezary syndrome variant of mycosis fungoides, and parapsoriasis en plaques were treated with oral psoralens and ultraviolet A (PUVA). Pretreatment skin biopsies, evaluated by light microscopy, revealed seventeen diagnostic, seventeen suggestive, and nine nonspecific specimens. Clinical and histologic parameters were followed for an average of 38.4 months (range, 4–67 months). Twenty-five patients had complete clearing, and fourteen did not respond. Most patients in the complete-response group had either plaque lesions of mycosis fungoides or parapsoriasis en plaques prior to PUVA. Most patients in the no-response group had either tumor lesions or the erythrodermic/Sezary mycosis fungoides at the start of PUVA. In the no-response group the treatment modalities used prior to PUVA were twice the number used in the complete-response group. Patients in the complete-response group had clearing of their lesions after an average PUVA dose of 117 joules/cm 2 . Relapse occurred in seventeen patients after an average remission time of 6.3 months and responded to additional PUVA. Patients whose skin remained clear after the first course of PUVA continued to have clear skin for up to 58 months, with an average complete remission of 29.5 months by the end of the study period. Histologic evaluation before PUVA and at clearing revealed a definite trend toward a normal microscopic picture, but at least a mild inflammatory infiltrate usually persisted. At the end of the study period, the lesions of ten patients had entirely cleared for an average of 44 months, the lesions of five had cleared during a second course of PUVA, five had stable limited-plaque disease while receiving maintenance PUVA, eleven were undergoing electron beam radiation therapy or chemotherapy for progressive disease, ten had died, and two patients were lost to follow-up. Therefore, in the early stage of mycosis fungoides, PUVA may induce significant disease-free intervals. Prior-treatment with a variety of modalities, the patient's age, and/or the duration of disease may affect response to PUVA.
Lymphocyte Cytotoxicity in vitro : Activation and Release of a Cytotoxic Factor

WE have reported that cell contact per se is not sufficient to explain the rapid and dramatic in vitro destruction of target L cells observed when they are treated with immune lymphocytes or non-immune phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated lymphocytes derived from various inbred mice1. Instead, cell contact is apparently involved in the induction of additional steps, which result in the release of a soluble toxic factor(s). The presence of the factor(s) is related to the ability of the aggressor cell to promote the destruction of target L cells. Once released, the factor has a non-specific toxic effect when tested on mammalian cells of many genotypes2. Lymphocyte-induced destruction of target cells seems to be related to the capacity of the aggressor lymphocyte to undergo enlargement and form blast cells. With these observations in mind we decided to treat lymphocytes in vitro by various techniques known to induce blast cells, and to test the culture medium for the presence of cytotoxic material.
Expandable Metal Stents: Physical Properties and Tissue Responses

Self-expanding metal stents (SEMS) have revolutionized the endoscopicpalliation of malignant obstruction throughout the gastrointestinal tract. The endoscopist is faced with an often bewildering array of different stent designs from which to choose. Because there are few prospective studies comparing different SEMS designs, stent selection is often guided by knowledge of their physical properties, and then matched to the specific anatomic challenge presented by each patient. As further experience with stent placement accumulates, there is also a greater appreciation of the complex interaction between the stents and the tissue response of the human body to these implanted devices. This article summarizes current knowledge on these aspects of stent technology.
The anterior cruciate ligament tear rate varies by race in professional Women's basketball.

Background: Female basketball players are more likely to tear their anterior cruciate ligament than are their male counterparts. Many causes are postulated for the difference observed in the rate of anterior cruciate ligament tears between genders. However, little is known about the differences in tears within gender.Hypothesis: The rate of anterior cruciate ligament tears is different in White European American female basketball players and non-White European American players.Study Design: Cohort study (Prevalence); Level of evidence, 2.Methods: The authors investigated the differences in anterior cruciate ligament tears by risk exposure in women of different racial or ethnic backgrounds playing in the Women's National Basketball Association for the 1999 through 2003 seasons. Using the injury surveillance data from the Women's National Basketball Association, the authors compared anterior cruciate ligament injuries in White European American and non-White European American players to determine difference...
PDT of rat mammary adenocarcinoma in vitro and in a rat dorsal-skin-flap window chamber using Photofrin and chloroaluminum-sulfonated phthalocyanine

Photodynamic therapy has been shown to directly kill cancer cells in vitro. PDT can also kill cancer tumors in vivo, although in such a case the tumorcidal effect may be a result of several mechanisms rather than direct cancer cell kill alone. For example, PDT usually causes an inhibition in blood flow in the treatment volume and it is conceivable that such an effect might compromise the tumor. In investigating the behavior and mechanisms of PDT in vitro and in vivo, we performed PDT on a rat mammary adenocarcinoma (MTF7) both in tissue culture and in an animal model. The animal experiments were done using a rat dorsal skin flap window chamber in which a solid tumor was grown. The window chamber model allowed us to observe, over a period of weeks, the growth of the tumor and the effect of PDT on the tumor and vasculature. We utilized two different photosensitizing dyes in this study- Photofrin and chloroaluminum sulfonated phthalocyanine. In order to compare the tumorcidal efficacy of the photosensitizers in vivo and in vitro, we quantitated the photosensitizer present in the cancer cells by measuring their fluorescence.
Variations in Perceived Emotional Intensity by Levels of Anthropomorphism in 3D Modeling

The purpose of this study was to examine various levels of anthropomorphism on perceived intensities of emotion with 3D computer images. Previous research has indicated that less attention to detail in virtual environments and lower levels of anthropomorphism in images result in greater levels of presence and social presence respectively. Images were designed to be happy, sad, or neutral in both high and low anthropomorphic conditions. Participants observed the images and rated the intensity of the expressed emotion on a 7-point Likert Scale. The intensity of expressed emotion for happy and sad conditions was averaged for each participant. Using this average, the low anthropomorphic condition reported significantly greater intensities of emotion than the high anthropomorphic condition. There were no significant differences between high and low anthropomorphic conditions of the neutral face.
Lomefloxacin (SC 47111 or NY-198), a new difluorinated quinolone: Comparison of the in vitro activity with other broad spectrum antimicrobials against Enterobacteriaceae, Acinetobacter spp, Aeromonas spp, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Abstract Using a broth microdilution method, we compared the in vitro activity of lomefloxacin to other broad spectrum antimicrobials against clinical strains of Enterobacteriaceae, Acinetobacter spp , Aeromonas spp, and P. aeruginosa. Against the Enterobacteriaceae and A. hydrophila, lomefloxacin showed excellent activity with MIC 50 values ranging from 0.12–0.5 μg/ml and MIC 90 values ranging from 0.12–1.0 μg/ml. By comparison, lomefloxacin had superior activity to nalidixic acid and difloxacin, comparable activity to norfloxacin and fleroxacin, and slightly less activity than ciprofloxacin. Lomefloxacin was also more active than imipenem, ceftazidime, aztreonam, ticarcillin/clavulanic acid (T-CA), and gentamicin . Lomefloxacin was less active (MIC 90 , 4 μg/ml) against Acinetobacter strains than Enterobacteriaceae strains. Against these same Acinetobacter strains, lomefloxacin was 8- to 64-fold more active than ceftazidime, aztreonam, T-CA, and gentamicin but slightly less active than imipenem . Lomefloxacin was 2- to 8-fold more active than fleroxacin, difloxacin, and nalidixic acid against strains of P. aeruginosa. However, lomefloxacin was less active than ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin. Lomefloxacin had comparable activity to imipenem but was 2- to 16-fold more active than ceftazidime, aztreonam, T-CA, and gentamicin. Thus, lomefloxacin demonstrated comparable activity to other fluorinated quinolones in that it possesses high active against clinical strains of Enterobacteriaceae and had good-to-moderate activity against most strains of Acinetobacter and P. aeruginosa.
Prenatal Diagnosis and Neonatal Surgical Management of a Giant Proximal Right Coronary Artery to Right Ventricular Fistula

We report a case of prenatal diagnosis and early neonatal surgical repair of a large proximal right coronary artery to right ventricular fistula. The surgical findings and technical details of the reparative operation are discussed in the context of the differential diagnosis, which, in addition to coronary-cameral fistula, also includes aortoventricular tunnel and ruptured sinus of Valsalva aneurysm. Timely and appropriate diagnosis and surgical management resulted in preserved patency of the right coronary artery and restoration of normal right ventricular function.
A survey of broiler litter composition and potential value as a nutrient resource

Broiler litter can serve as a source of nutrients for plants and ruminant animals. Analyses of litter samples collected from 106 sources in Alabama showed that the nutrient content of litter varies widely. Litter nitrogen averaged 4·0% (24·9% crude protein (CP)), but ranged from 2·3% (14·4% CP) to 6·0% (37·5% CP). Phosphorus averaged 1·56% and potassium 2·32% of dry matter. The average N:P:K ratio of the litter was 3:3:2. Ash was extremely variable, ranging from 8·9% to 64·3%, and averaging 24·7%. Ash content was higher p<0·05) in samples taken after the litter was removed from the broiler house (28·6%) than in samples taken directly from the broiler house (20·2%). Nitrogen and acid detergent soluble nitrogen were negatively correlated (p<0·01) with ash, while acid detergent fiber and most minerals were positively correlated with ash. At current prices, average quality broiler litter in Alabama is valued at US$113.67 Mg−1 (US$104.95 Imperial ton−1) as a potential low-cost feed ingredient for lactating beef cattle and US$31.23 Mg−1 (US$27.59 Imperial ton−1) as a fertilizer.
Catalytic Ring Opening of β-Propiothiolactones by Dirhenium and Dimanganese Carbonyl Complexes

The catalytic ring opening of β-propiothiolactone, 1, and 3,3-dimethyl-β-propiothiolactone, 2, by Re2(CO)9(NCMe), Mn2(CO)9(NCMe), and Mn2(CO)10 has been investigated. Compound 1 was transformed into polymer (SCH2CH2CO)n (55% yield) and a mixture of new The major macrocyclic product 1,5,9,13-tetrathiacyclohexadecane-2,6,10,14-tetrone isolated in 22% yield. A second macrocycle identified as 1,5,9,13,17,21-hexathiacyclotetracosane-2,6,10,14,18,22-hexone (4, was isolated in only 2% yield. Compound 2 was converted into polymer (SCH2CMe2CO)n only; however, when applied to silica gel TLC plates, small quantities of macrocycles 3,3,7,711,11,15,15-octamethyl-1,5,9,13-tetrathiacyclohexadecane-2,6,10,14-tetrone, 5, and 3,3,7,711,11,15,15,19,19,23,23-dodecamethyl-1,5,9,13,17,21-hexathiacyclotetracosane-2,6,10,14,18,22-hexone, 6, were eluted. Macrocycles 3−6 have been characterized crystallographically. The structure of 3 is unusual for a sulfur macrocycle because the sulfur atoms are turned toward the inside of the r...
Racial disparity in stage at diagnosis and survival among adults with oral cancer in the US.

Objectives: To explore distribution of stage at diagnosis and relative survival rates among US adults with oral cavity cancer in relation to race, and over time. Methods: We obtained 1973–2002 oral cancer incidence data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program, and computed proportions for each oral cavity site by stage at diagnosis, tumor size, and 5-year relative survival rates among Whites and Blacks. Results: A total of 46 855 cases of oral cavity cancer were reported to the SEER registry among adults ≥20 years between 1973 and 2002. African–Americans had a significantly higher proportion of cancer, mainly in the tongue, that had spread to a regional node or to a distant site at diagnosis than Whites: 67% versus 49% of tongue cancers reported from 1973 to 1987 (P 4 cm in diameter at time of diagnosis (59% versus 44%; P < 0.001), and black men in particular experienced lower 5-year relative survival rates than white men, in particular, for tongue cancer (25% versus 43% from 1973 to 1987, and 31% versus 53% from 1988 to 2002). Conclusion: There are significant racial disparities with respect to stage at diagnosis and survival among adults with oral cancer reported to the SEER registry from 1973 to 2002. One possible explanation for the lower survival among Blacks may be a difference in access to, and utilization of, healthcare services.
Design of a Wind Tunnel Apparatus to Assist Flow and Aeroelastic Conrtol via Zero Net Mass Flow Actuators

A plunging-pitching aeroelastic apparatus has been developed to experimentally test new devices for flow and aeroelastic control. The purpose of the experiment is twofold: i) the first phase investigates the aeroelastic behavior of a two-dimensional wing section in post- flutter region, structurally and aerodynamically characterizing the aeroelastic model; ii) the subsequent experiment will be instrumental to test active flow control devices in both the pre- and post-flutter regimes. The design of the testing apparatus utilizes a linear and non- linear cam spring system that allows testing at selected aeroelastic and flowfield conditions. The wing section is mounted to the aeroelastic test apparatus and tests have been conducted in the low speed Clarkson University Wind Tunnel Facility. Plunging and pitching accelerations of the wing during aeroelastic response have been recorded to study and compare the experimental results with the proposed mathematical models. Active flow control devices are bench tested and will be installed in a composite NACA 0018 airfoil at specified locations along the wing span. Zero Net Mass Flux (ZNMF) devices, such as synthetic jets actuators (SJA) and frequency driven voice coils, are under investigation to demonstrate their ability to actively change the flowfield for improved aeroelastic wing performances. Numerical simulations have already demonstrated improved performance regarding flow and aeroelastic characteristics due to active flow control. Experimental investigation, numerical studies, and corresponding analytical models are provided and pertinent conclusions are discussed.
The Changing History of Robustness

This essay, a reflection upon the changing views of robust statistics from the euphoria of the 1960s to the present day, was given as a keynote address at the International Conference on Robust Statistics (ICORS) in Prague on June 28, 2010.
Global burden of influenza: what we know and what we need to know

Abstract While influenza morbidity and mortality are now recognized as a major concern in temperate climates, this has not been the case until recently in the tropics and subtropics. Pandemics represent a special situation. Historically, the United States and Western Europe have been following influenza mortality systematically since the influenza pandemic starting in 1889. High mortality in the 1918 pandemic was well documented in these countries, but also in much of the developing world. This was also true during the 1957 pandemic, though with lower mortality. A problem for tropical countries in quantifying interpandemic influenza is the differing seasonality of outbreaks in these areas. Seasonality has been a necessary tool in such quantification. Recently, following better definition of seasonal occurrence, data have been developing on the burden of influenza in many parts of the tropics and subtropics, indicating that mortality and morbidity are likely to be similar to that identified elsewhere. Further confirmation of the impact of influenza, often underestimated in the past globally, is still needed. Selected studies need to be carried out to define health burden where this has not been done in the past. Data from these studies can be used to determine economic impact in different health care systems.
Normal variation of P300 from auditory stimuli

The P300 (P3) event-related potential was obtained from 100 undergraduates with a 2-tone auditory discrimination task (20% targets) and replicated trial block procedure. Normal variation for P3 amplitude and latency was assessed with frequency distributions and descriptive statistics for the midline electrode placements. P3 latency and amplitude were negatively correlated, most strongly at the Pz electrode site. No significant effects between trial block replications, subject gender, or reported alcohol consumption on either amplitude or latency were found.
Some observations on the concept of ‘socialism’ in contemporary economic theory

(1973). Some observations on the concept of ‘socialism’ in contemporary economic theory. Soviet Studies: Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 229-243.
Phototransection of Vitreal Membranes with the Carbon Dioxide Laser in Rabbits

An intravitreal CO2 laser probe phototransected vitreal membranes in rabbits with short pulses of infrared energy delivered through either an optical fiber or an articulated arm. The potential use of the CO2 laser probe appears to be as an adjunct to the mechanical vitrectors.
Visualization: Picturing science

Katy Borner weighs up a lavish, lab-friendly guide to transforming dry data into insightful images.
Temporal interrelationships between plasma LH, ovarian secretion rates and peripheral plasma progestin concentrations in the rat: effects of Nembutal and exogenous gonadotropins.

The patterns in the ovarian secretion rates of progesterone and 20α-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one (20α-OHP) have been studied at various time periods during the 4-day rat estrous cycle. These patterns have been compared to the changes which occur in peripheral plasma concentrations of LH and the progestins in the same animal. At proestrus, peak plasma LH concentrations were observed between 1400 and 1600 hr and had decreased to base line values of 10 μg/ml by approximately 1800 hr. No significant increase in ovarian secretion rates of progesterone occurred prior to LH release, although the 20α-OHP was significantly elevated by 1400 hr. Following adenohypophyseal LH release, progesterone secretion rates increased significantly and reached the highest values obtained in this study at 2400 hr. The 20α-OHP did not show a comparable increase at 1700 hr, but thereafter it was elevated above the earlier time periods (1000, 1400, 1700 hr). While similar changes in peripheral plasma progesterone concentrations occurred ...
Simulated defect growth avalanches during deformation of nanocrystalline copper

In this work we introduce a method to capture the proliferation of material defects that carry inelastic deformation, in microstructures simulated through isobaric–isothermal molecular dynamics. Based on the premise that inelastic dissipation is accompanied by a local temperature rise, our method involves analyzing the response of a chain of Nose–Hoover thermostats that are coupled to the atomic velocities, while the microstructure deforms under the influence of a ramped external stress. We report results obtained from the uniaxial deformation of two nanocrystalline copper microstructures and show that our analysis allows the dissipative signal of a variety of inelastic events to be effectively unified via an ‘avalanche’ of dissipation. Based on this avalanche, we quantitatively compare dissipation for inelastic deformation under tension vs. compression, observing a significant tension–compression asymmetry in this regard. It is concluded that the present method is useful for discerning critical points th...
Time-resolved EELS study of CO2 desorption from Ag (011)

Abstract We present time-resolved electron-energy-loss-spectroscopy results for the isothermal desorption of CO 2 from Ag (011). At all coverages below saturation of the first monolayer, the desorption is characterized by pseudo-zero-order kinetics resulting from the formation of two-dimensional CO 2 islands on the surface. Deviation from precisely zero-order behavior is attributed to a slightly larger sticking coefficient on the adsorbate-covered portions of the surface than on the clean surface. The energetics of the desorption process are analyzed in terms of the interaction of the molecules with the surface and with themselves.
Trapping the mouse genome to hunt human alterations.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) are the most common and aggressive adult primary brain tumors. Genetic alterations and their consequences in these malignant astrocytomas have been studied extensively and include (i) overexpression of growth factors and their corresponding receptors (fibroblast growth factor, epidermal growth factor, and platelet-derived growth factors), (ii) abnormalities of transduction signaling pathways (activation of PI3 kinase/AKT, RAS/MAP kinase, and protein kinase C), or (iii) disruption of cell cycle arrest (loss of p16INK4A and p14ARF, mutations in p53 protein, and PTEN) (1). Whether these modifications are causative or participate in tumor progression is a pivotal question that can best be answered by modeling glioma formation in mice. In this issue of PNAS, Kamnasaran et al. (2) combine genetically engineered murine (GEM) models of gliomas with a retroviral gene-trapping approach to identify new molecular alterations in human gliomas.
Multiresolution molecular mechanics: Convergence and error structure analysis

Abstract We present a convergence and error structure analysis of the newly proposed energy-based concurrent atomistic/continuum method multiresolution molecular statics (MMS) (Yang et al., 2013). The ability to perform this study lies in the property that MMS is fully consistent with full atomistics. This work investigates the effects of (1) energy sampling schemes, (2) linearity of interatomic interaction, and (3) smoothness of the solution on the convergence characteristics and error structure of MMS. For this purpose, the nonlocal harmonic and Lennard–Jones (LJ) potentials together with quadratic-deformation, uniformly distributed, and random force loadings are employed to test the convergence for a one-dimensional tensile loading model and a two-dimensional cantilever beam bending model. The key finding is that, under certain conditions, MMS shows monotonic convergence and convergence rates that are similar to those in finite element method (FEM). Also, the condition under which either discretization or sampling error dominates is determined for each specific sampling scheme. Based on the convergence and error structure analysis, suggestions on how to effectively choose an MMS model are given.
Differential distribution of hyperpolarization-activated and cyclic nucleotide-gated channels in cone bipolar cells of the rat retina

The hyperpolarization-activated and cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channel isoforms HCN1, HCN2, and HCN4 were localized by immunofluorescence in the rat retina. Double labeling with the vesicular glutamate transporter (VGLUT1) was used to identify bipolar cell axon terminals in the inner retina. The HCN1 channel was localized to two cell types with differing intracellular distributions, insofar as staining was seen in the dendrites of a putative OFF-type cone bipolar cell and in the axon terminals of an ON-type bipolar that ramifies in stratum 3 (s3) of the inner plexiform layer (IPL). Staining for HCN4 was seen in two sets of bipolar axon terminals located in s2 and s3 and positioned between the two bands of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) staining. The cells that ramify in s2 were identified as type 3 cone bipolar cells and the cells that ramify in s3 cells as a subclass of type 5 cone bipolars. The latter group, designated here as type 5b, exhibit diffuse axon terminals and can be distinguished from the narrowly stratifying type 5a cells. Double labeling showed that type 5b cone bipolar cells express both HCN1 and HCN4 as well as HCN2. Superposition of HCN channel labeling with VGLUT1 staining confirmed the presence of a cone bipolar cell whose terminals ramify in the same stratum of the IPL as type 5b cells but that do not express these HCN channels.
American Sociology Rewrites Its History

Sociology textbooks written over the course of the twentieth century provide surprisingly different portraits of the field's origins. Spencer once held a stellar position but is now treated negatively. Marx was once treated negatively but now holds a stellar position. In the 1990s, Harriet Martineau, a prominent nineteenth-century publicist, was announced as a founder. Alexis de Tocqueville received little attention at any time. Some important contemporary sociologists receive very little attention. Questions are raised about the adequacy of this performance.
PERCEIVED HELPFULNESS OF PHYSICIANS COMMUNICATION BEHAVIOR AND BREAST CANCER PATIENTS LEVEL OF TRUST OVER TIME

OBJECTIVE We evaluated the association between physicians’ communication behavior and breast cancer patients’ trust in their physicians.
Schizophrenia in Pre-school Children: Two Case Reports With Longitudinal Follow-up for 6 and 8 Years

Although schizophrenia is often thought of as an adolescent- or adult-onset disorder, there has been an increasing awareness over 90 years that schizophrenia can present in 6-12 year olds. There has been less focus on schizophrenia in children under the age of 6. We report here on two children diagnosed, at 4.25 and 5.92 years, with schizophrenia. Retrospectively, both children had psychotic symptoms documented during mental health evaluations prior to their fourth birthday. Both children had at least partial symptom reduction on antipsychotic medication, but both children were also highly sensitive to the side effects of treatment. Discussion focuses primarily on diagnostic issues, and provides some observations about treatment responsiveness.
Synthesis, Structure, and Molecular Orbital Studies of Yttrium, Erbium, and Lutetium Complexes Bearing eta(2)-Pyrazolato Ligands: Development of a New Class of Precursors for Doping Semiconductors.

Treatment of yttrium metal with bis(pentafluorophenyl)mercury (1.5 equiv), 3,5-di-tert-butylpyrazole (3 equiv), and pyridine (2 equiv) in toluene at ambient temperature for 120 h afforded tris(3,5-di-tert-butylpyrazolato)bis(pyridine)yttrium(III) (33%). In an analogous procedure, the reaction of erbium metal with 3,5-dialkylpyrazole (alkyl = methyl or tert-butyl), bis(pentafluorophenyl)mercury, and a neutral nitrogen donor (4-tert-butylpyridine, pyridine, n-butylimidazole, or 3,5-di-tert-butylpyrazole) yielded tris(3,5-di-tert-butylpyrazolato)bis(4-tert-butylpyridine)erbium(III) (63%), tris(3,5-di-tert-butylpyrazolato)bis(pyridine)erbium(III) (88%), tris(3,5-di-tert-butylpyrazolato)bis(n-butylimidazole)erbium(III) (48%), tris(3,5-dimethylpyrazolato)bis(4-tert-butylpyridine)erbium(III) (50%), and tris(3,5-di-tert-butylpyrazolato)(3,5-di-tert-butylpyrazole)erbium(III) (59%), respectively. Treatment of tris(cyclopentadienyl)lutetium(III) or tris(cyclopentadienyl)erbium(III) with 3,5-di-tert-butylpyrazole (3 ...
Miscellanea. Properties of spending function boundaries

Clinical trials are monitored periodically for safety and efficacy, resulting in several 'looks' at interim data. If no account is taken of this, the type I error rate may be substantially higher than planned. One of the most popular methods of generating interim boundaries that result in an overall type I error rate of α is the spending function approach. This paper proves several properties of these boundaries, including a continuity-like property for looks occurring close to each other and a monotonicity property when additional looks are taken. How past monitoring affects future boundaries is also studied.
Thermal dependence of isotonic contractile properties of skeletal muscle and sprint performance of the lizard Dipsosaurus dorsalis.

1. Contractile properties of the fasttwitch glycolytic (FG) portion of the iliofibularis muslce and sprint running performance were studied at approximately 5°C intervals from 15–44°C in the lizardDipsosaurus dorsalis. 2. Maximal running velocity (VR) and stride frequency (f) were both greatest when body temperature (Tb) was 40°C, the field-active,Tb inDipsosaurus. At 40°C VR was 4.3±0.2 m/s and f was 13.5±0.5 s−1. 3. Between 25 and 40°C, the thermal dependencies of VR and f were approximately constant (Q10's of 1.31 and 1.36 for VR and f, respectively). Below 25°C performance declined more markedly with decreasing temperature. At 20°C strides were qualitatively normal, but VR was only half of the value at 25°C. At 15°C the lizards were substantially incapacitated, and VR was 10% of the value at 20°C. Stride length was approximately 0.33m and changed very little withTb from 20–44°C. 4. The time dependent contractile properties of FG muscle were affected more by temperature than was sprint performance. The maximal velocity of shortening at zero load (Vo) was 18.7 l0/s at 40°C and had a Q10 of 1.7 from 25–40°C. Maximal power output (\(\dot W_{max} \)) determined from the forcevelocity curve was 464 W/kg at 40°C. Below 40°C\(\dot W_{max} \) varied with temperature with a Q10 of 2–3. The shape of the force-velocity curve changed little with temperature (\(\dot W_{max} \)/POVO=0.11). 5. Between 25 and 40°C a relatively temperature-independent process must modulate the effects of temperature on the contractile properties of the muscles that supply the power for burst locomotion. Storage and recovery of elastic energy appears to be a likely candidate for such a process. 6. Below 25°C, however, the contraction time is prolonged to such an extent that the f attainable is limited by the minimum time taken to contract and relax the muscles.
A model for treatment strategy in the chemotherapy of aids

Mathematical models are developed for the chemotherapy of AIDS. The models are systems of differential equations describing the interaction of the HIV infected immune system with AZT chemotherapy. The models produce the three types of qualitative clinical behavior: an uninfected steady state, an infected steady state (latency) and a progression to AIDS state. The effect of treatment is to perturb the system from progression to AIDS back to latency. Simulation of treatment schedules is provided for the consideration of treatment regimes. The following issues of chemotherapy are addressed: (i) daily frequency of treatment, (ii) early versus late initiation of treatment and (iii) intermittent treatment with intervals of no treatment. The simulations suggest the following properties of AZT chemotherapy: (i) the daily period of treatment does not affect the outcome of the treatment, (ii) treatment should not begin until after the final decline of T cells begins (not until the T cell population falls below approximately 300 mm-3) and then, it should be administered immediately and (iii) a possible strategy for treatment which may cope with side effects and/or resistance, is to treat intermittently with chemotherapy followed by interruptions in the treatment during which either a different drug or no treatment is administered. These properties are revealed in the simulations, as the model equations incorporate AZT chemotherapy as a weakly effective treatment process. We incorporate into the model the fact that AZT treatment does not eliminate HIV, but only restrains its progress. The mathematical model, although greatly simplified as a description of an extremely complex process, offers a means to pose hypotheses concerning treatment protocols, simulate alternative strategies and guide the qualitative understanding of AIDS chemotherapy.
Ross Sea NH4+ flux experiment

From January 16 to 24, 1982, 12 ocean scientists from Texas A&M University, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of Texas, University of California at Santa Barbara, and the University of Maryland will carry out an interdisciplinary physical, chemical, and biological study of the southwest Ross Sea, Antarctica. The research, to be fielded aboard USCGC Glacier, will focus on defining austral summertime fine scales of temporal and spatial variability in water column ammonium and their role in promoting and regulating summertime nitrogen-based primary production. Indirect evidence from previous studies has suggested that the Ice Shelf Water (T < −1.8°C) formed as the net result of melting, cooling, and freezing under the Ross Ice Shelf might locally represent a major source of NH4+ to the photic zone of the Ross Sea, particularly in the southwest part of this region where the northward flowing ISW, emerging at the basal edge of the Ross Ice Shelf, is injected near-surface by wind-driven upwelling and/or by overriding the denser High Salinity Shelf Water, which comprises most of the deep water column there.