cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
College Student Financial Stress: Are the Kids Alright?

An analysis of College students’ subjective well-being (SWB) and persistence behavior was conducted with an emphasis on financial stress and individuals’ perceptions of financial situation, controlling for a number of health, financial, and demographic factors. Data were taken from a sample of 324 undergraduate students from a major Midwestern university. Results indicated that students experiencing higher reported financial stress scored lower on a measure of SWB, and were also significantly more likely to report difficulty maintaining enrollment or number of academic hours enrolled. Individuals’ financial self-efficacy was positively associated with SWB and negatively associated with reductions in enrolled hours, though was not significant as a predictor of student persistence attitudes. Implications for student well-being and healthy campus initiatives are discussed.
Periprocedural Antibiotic Prophylaxis for Cardiac Implantable Electrical Device Procedures: Results From a Heart Rhythm Society Survey

Cardiac implantable electrical device (CIED) infections are morbid and costly, with incidence estimates ranging up to 2.0% to 3.0% or more [(1,2)][1]. Use of perioperative antibiotics is the standard of care for CIED implantation [(3)][2], but there are no high-quality data supporting antibiotic
A systems approach to project management pedagogy: Situating competencies and relationships to constellate emerging technical and professional communication practice

This brief article contributes a pedagogical discussion of project management in technical and professional communication. In the article, we argue for using a systems approach to scaffold project management curriculum. The article explains how we, as instructors, use a systems approach to teach students how project management activities constellate a range of workplace practices that technical and professional writers frequently engage in, such as digital governance and content strategy. The article defines systems thinking in the context of project management and further illustrates it in pedagogical practice by using examples from two courses at different universities. The article concludes by arguing that a systems approach can lead to more ethical project management practices through the design of inclusive systems.
BRDF performance of highly polished Al6061T6 and impact on TMA performance

Aluminum telescopes are usually considered only for IR wavelengths, due to the inability of aluminum to be surfaced to the surface quality and roughness needed to minimize scatter at visible wavelengths. Yet Al6061T6, a material routinely specified into IR optical sensors due to its heritage, high yield strength, and fracture toughness, has been economically surfaced to equivalent mid and high spatial frequency error as glass surfaces typically specified into visible wavelength sensors. However, microroughness data can correlate poorly with scatter performance where microdefects dominate scatter. To show the performance of aluminum surfaces for visible wavelength applications, BRDF data is measured for low roughness Al6061T6 surfaces. The impact of the BRDF derived scatter for Al6061T6 is evaluated for a nominal TMA telescope.
Heart failure and the discrepancy between trials of intensive blood pressure management: an analysis of individual patient data.

ACCORD and SPRINT are the best randomized controlled trial data evaluating the effects of blood pressure targets below 140 mmHg. These trials had contradictory results regarding the benefits of intensive antihypertensive therapy. We investigate if this discordance was driven by SPRINT’s inclusion of Heart Failure in its primary outcome, as this is a parameter not included in ACCORD’s original primary outcome. This analysis helps to resolve a significant area of contention. Individual patient data from 4733 participants in ACCORD were analyzed from time of randomization. All participants were diabetic and at increased cardiovascular risk. Participants were assigned to their original intervention, a standard blood pressure target of less than 140 mmHg or an intensive target of less than 120 mmHg. Primary composite outcome was defined as in SPRINT: a composite of first occurrence of myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure, death from cardiovascular causes, and other acute coronary syndromes. Primary outcome was not significantly different between standard and intensive groups [HR: 0.89; 95% CI: (0.76–1.03); p = 0.108]. The primary composite outcome occurred in 370 participants in the standard group (15.6%) and 324 participants in the intensive group (13.7%), with an event rate of 3.38% per year for the standard group and 3.01% per year for the intensive group. Differing results between ACCORD and SPRINT are not attributable to ACCORD’s exclusion of Heart Failure from its original primary outcome measurement. No significant differences in primary outcome were observed between intensive and standard blood pressure groups in the ACCORD patients under the SPRINT primary outcome definition. Caution should be taken in extrapolating the intensive blood pressure control benefits of SPRINT to the diabetic population.
“You Help Them Out and God Gets the Glory:” Social Class and Inequality in a Fundamentalist Christian Church

Members of Full Truth Calvary Church (a pseudonym) say that they trust God for their material needs by relying on Him to send jobs, homes, and even occasional windfalls of cash. In doing so, they reject steps that might help them get ahead, such as higher education, credit cards, mortgages, or negotiations for higher pay. Members frame their circumstances—which would typically mark them as working class or poor—as indicators of faith. Using over three years of ethnographic and interview data, I explore how this fundamentalist religious community manages socioeconomic risk and inequality with a discourse of reliance on God. I present three key findings. First, I show how Full Truth teachings connect financial practices to faith, framing how members handle money as an important part of their Christian identity. Next, I show how those teachings mitigate inequality by discouraging educational or economic advancement that would place members outside of church community norms. Finally, I show how members with greater means give to their poorer brethren anonymously in an effort to keep the focus on God as the ultimate provider. Though members remain aware of inequity between families, these gifts ideally ease disparities without creating relationships of debt or resentment. My findings contribute to sociological understandings of how religious communities make meaning out of socioeconomic inequality.
Dynamics of Belt/Pulley Frictional Contact

This study is motivated by the need to develop belt drive models which predict the drive’s dynamic response to harmonic excitation. Particular attention focuses on modeling nonlinear belt response in frictional contact at the belt/pulley interface. To this end, two specific models are proposed. The first model proposed is appropriate for accessory drives with “small convection.” A simple model of a belt in frictional contact with a pulley is studied to determine the belt’s elastodynamic response to a train of incoming harmonic tension waves. Through a non-dimensionalization, a single dimensionless parameter Ω is identified which governs the dynamic response. A numerical solution is developed and exercised over a wide range of values of Ω. An approximate closed form solution is derived assuming the belt stretches quasi-statically, and is shown to yield accurate results for small values of Ω. A second model is described for the case of harmonically excited belt drives characterized by “large convective” effects and for which the quasi-static stretching assumption may be applied (Ω < 1/3). For such drives, the belt tension distribution derived from a classical creep analysis of a steadily rotating belt drive remains the exact tension distribution for the harmonically excited drive.
D-Learning: what learning in dogs tells us about building characters that learn what they ought to learn

A fundamental capability of compelling autonomous animated characters is the ability to learn from experience and to alter their observable behavior accordingly. In this chapter, I highlight important lessons from animal learning and training, from machine learning, and from the incorporation of learning into digital pets. I then briefly present an approach, informed by the lessons above, toward building characters that learn. Finally, I discuss a number of installations we have built that feature characters that learn what they ought to learn.
Transient thermal performance prediction of the Lunar Module environmental control system

Computerized thermal model simulating environment control system, crew and vehicle structure in performance prediction for Apollo lunar module
Understanding Services for Integration Management

With the advent of web services, service-oriented architectures (SOAs), which promise interoperable communication in an application integration, are now primarily web-based. Due to the high degree of encapsulation and heterogeneity among commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) components, their use is limited within these SOAs. This is because the definitions of web-based services do not differentiate between component services and integration functionality nor has this integration functionality been classified specifically for COTS components. Understanding what inhibits COTS components from participating in a SOA is essential to enabling their integration. In this paper, we identify and define common enablement services that facilitate service-oriented integrations in which COTS components participate as integration management services. Software architecture can express integrated system design by identifying needed integration functionality independent of communication mechanisms. Therefore, we describe common web services in architecture terms and, through design patterns, define the integration functionality by which they are distinguished.
Should Business be Moral

Professor Kupper argues cogently for an alternative conception of business ethics. The starting point, he asserts, should not be normative claims, i. e., claims about what business ‘ought’ or ‘ought not’ do, but the analysis of the real moral problems confronting business. As researchers, we should dig into the real-world problems that confront accounting, finance,and marketing, and we should eschew subjective values in favor of more scientific and empirical modes of analysis.
What really happens in the home: a comparison of parent-reported and observed tooth brushing behaviors for young children

Most studies of tooth brushing behaviors rely on self-report or demonstrations of behaviors conducted in clinical settings. This study aimed to determine the feasibility of objective assessment of tooth brushing behaviors in the homes of high-risk children under three years old. We compared parent self-report to observations to determine the accuracy of self-report in this population. Forty-five families were recruited from dental and medical clinics and a community social service agency. Research staff asked questions about oral health behaviors and observed tooth brushing in the homes. Brushing was also video-recorded. Video-recordings were coded for brushing behaviors by staff that did not collect the primary data; these abstracted data were compared to those directly observed in homes. Most families were Hispanic (76%) or Black (16%) race/ethnicity. The majority of parents had a high school education (42%) or less (24%). The mean age of children was 21 months. About half of parents reported brushing their child’s teeth twice a day (58%). All parents tried to have their children brush, but three children refused. For brushing duration, 70% of parents reported differently than was observed. The average duration of brushing was 62.4 s. Parent report of fluoride in toothpaste frequently did not match observations; 39% said they used toothpaste with fluoride while 71% actually did. Sixty-eight percent of parents reported using a smear of toothpaste, while 61% actually did. Brushing occurred in a variety of locations and routines varied. Abstracted data from videos were high in agreement for some behaviors (rinse with water, floss used, brushing location, and parent involvement: Kappa 0.74–1.0). Behaviors related to type of brushing equipment (brushes and toothpaste), equipment storage, and bathroom organization and clutter had poor to no agreement. Observation and video-recording of brushing routines and equipment are feasible and acceptable to families. Observed behaviors are more accurate than self-report for most components of brushing and serve to highlight some of the knowledge issues facing parents, such as the role of fluoride.
Abortion Regulation as Compelled Speech

This Article outlines a novel First Amendment compelled speech claim against a growing body of abortion restrictions, including fetal demise and fetal burial laws, premised on a state interest in expressing respect for potential life. It weaves limitations imposed by the Supreme Court’s abortion jurisprudence together with developments set out in NIFLA v. Becerra to demonstrate that the Court’s expanding First Amendment jurisprudence has made such laws uniquely vulnerable to a compelled expressive conduct challenge. This vulnerability results from the fact that the Court’s Fourteenth Amendment abortion jurisprudence requires all previability fetal-protective abortion regulations to be expressive, whether or not they require abortion providers to speak. Due in large part to these Fourteenth Amendment limitations, where life-protective abortion regulations compel conduct, they compel expressive conduct under the First Amendment. These laws are thus subject to heightened scrutiny under the newly rigorous compelled speech framework set out in NIFLA. Laws intended to communicate respect for potential life to people not seeking abortions receive strict scrutiny. Laws targeting women actively seeking abortions, as part of informed consent, are subject to intermediate scrutiny. Many new fetal-protective laws diverge from traditional mediums of informed consent and therefore fail First Amendment scrutiny.
The Effects of Normalization, Transformation, and Rarefaction on Clustering of OTU Abundance

Three common methods, normalization, log transformation, and rarefaction, for handling outliers and erroneous abundances in Operational Taxonomic Unit (OTU) tables are tested for effects in K-means and PCA clustering as well as effects in NMF. We find that of the three methods, log transformation is closest to the unmodified OTUs data, also indicating that when doing specific types of clustering analysis on OTU data, if outliers are to be adjusted within a clustering analysis, a log transformation may be applied.
Divergent host plant utilization by adults and offspring is related to intra-plant variation in chemical defences.

Adult and juvenile herbivores of the same species can use divergent feeding strategies, and thus may inhabit and consume different parts of the plant. Because the expression of chemical defences often differs between host plant tissues, this variation may result in disparate performance outcomes for adult and juvenile conspecifics that feed on distinct dietary substrates. The goal of this study was to evaluate how host range may differ between adults and juveniles in a generalist herbivore. We addressed the impacts of among- and within-plant defence variation using the wood-feeding Asian longhorned beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis) and three host plants having a range of putative resistance. Impacts of host plants on adult and offspring performance were assessed using a series of controlled bioassays. We evaluated adult-feeding and egg-laying behaviours in choice and no-choice experiments using the different hosts, and subsequent offspring establishment. We then evaluated host plant chemical composition related to nutrition and defence. Different plants had strong impacts on adult performance, but these patterns did not extend to effects on offspring. Females were capable of developing eggs when provided Acer rubrum, but not Populus deltoides or Populus tomentosa. Females that produced eggs by feeding on A. rubrum, however, deposited eggs into all three plant species. Larvae hatched and consumed tissues in all three hosts. The differences between adult and juvenile utilization of Populus spp. were reflected in markedly higher salicinoid phenolic concentrations in bark (>2% dw), while wood had trace quantities. Our results demonstrate that plant resistance mechanisms can differentially act upon adult and juvenile life stages of a polyphagous herbivore when there is differential expression of chemical defences among plant tissue types. Anoplophora glabripennis has been a globally successful invader due in part to its broad host range, and our results suggest a mechanism that permits the beetle to exploit marginally resistant plants. This study has implications for how host range differs between insect feeding stages, which is particularly important for invasive, polyphagous species encountering novel food sources.
Maximization of Robustness of Interdependent Networks Under Budget Constraints

We consider the problem of interlink optimization in multilayer interdependent networks under cost constraints, with the objective of maximizing the robustness of the network against component (node) failures. Diverting from the popular approaches of branching process based analysis of the failure cascades or using a supra-adjacency matrix representation of the multilayer network and employing classical metrics, in this work, we present a surrogate metric based framework for constructing interlinks to maximize the network robustness. In particular, we focus on three representative mechanisms of failure propagation, namely, connected component based cascading failure, load distribution in interdependent networks, and connectivity in demand-supply networks, and propose metrics to track the network robustness for each of these mechanisms. Owing to their mathematical tractability, these metrics allow us to optimize the interlink structure to enhance robustness. Furthermore, we are able to introduce the cost of construction into the interlink design problem, a practical feature largely ignored in relevant literature. We simulate the failure cascades on real world networks to compare the performance of our interlinking strategies with the state of the art heuristics and demonstrate their effectiveness.
Management of blackspot on three rose cultivars using antitranspirants in combination with chlorothalonil.

Abstract The efficacy of reducing fungicide use, by combining chlorothalonil with film-forming antitranspirant products and lengthening intervals between applications, was evaluated for control of ...
Lymph node yield, depth of invasion, and survival in node-negative oral cavity cancer.

Abstract Objective To determine the effects of nodal yield on survival in early stage oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OCSCC) in the context of primary tumor depth of invasion (DOI). Materials and methods Patients with early-stage clinically node-negative OCSCC who underwent upfront surgery at the primary site were identified using the National Cancer Database between 2004 and 2015. Results There were 3384 patients with Conclusions END with 18 or more nodes is associated with improved survival outcomes in patients with early stage OCSCC regardless of DOI. END with less than 18 nodes, however, does not appear significantly different than observation of the neck alone. Achieving a lymph node yield of 18 or more is multifactorial and includes both patient and provider factors.
Role-emerging fieldwork at community agencies: an exploration of self-efficacy, personal transformation, and professional growth

Date Presented 04/06/19 OT students are faced with a variety of challenges in today’s diverse healthcare system. Educators need to ensure there are placements that best prepare them for these demands. Role-emerging fieldwork offers a distinct opportunity to both meet curricular requirements and afford students the chance to develop skills unique to this type of placement. The purpose of this mixed-methods study is to examine the experiences of OT students who engaged in a role-emerging fieldwork. Primary Author and Speaker: Amy Mattila
Ophelia's Space: Characterizing Shakespeare's Women in Popular Film

Abstract:Responding to audience expectations about female characters' scarcity, the filmmakers of four popular adaptations of Hamlet—Laurence Olivier (1948), Franco Zeffirelli (1990), Kenneth Brana...
C-THAN: A new research center for the development of point-of-care technology for HIV/AIDS.

The Center for Innovation in Point-of-Care Technologies for HIV/AIDS at Northwestern University (C-THAN) is a partner in the Point-of-Care Technologies Research Network (POCTRN) of the National Institutes of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering. POCTRN’s mission is to drive the development of appropriate point-of-care (POC) diagnostic technologies through collaboration that merges scientific and technological capabilities with clinical need. C-THAN develops POC technologies for improved management of HIV/AIDS in low- and middle-income countries with a focus on sub-Saharan Africa. C-THAN incorporates clinical and user needs with technology expertise and resources to address commercialization and implementation barriers through: 1) assessment of unmet clinical needs in POC testing for HIV/AIDS and its comorbidities; 2) collaborations with physicians, researchers and engineers; 3) development of technical, clinical, industrial and regulatory partnerships; 4) clinical testing of prototype devices; and 5) creation of training opportunities for technology developers, evaluators, and other stakeholders. Technologies supported include tests for detection and monitoring of HIV/AIDS and its common comorbidities including tuberculosis, non-tuberculous mycobacteria, viral hepatitis and HIV-related malignancies. CTHAN relies on collaborations established by Northwestern University in Nigeria, South Africa, Mali and Tanzania, to have impact on the prevention and clinical management of HIV/AIDS.
Coalition for medical education-A call to action: A proposition to adapt clinical medical education to meet the needs of students and other healthcare learners during COVID-19.

With the ongoing coronavirus, journals and the media have extensively covered the impacts on doctors, nurses, physician assistants, and other healthcare workers. However, one group that has rarely been mentioned despite being significantly impacted is medical students and medical education overall. This piece, prepared by both a medical student and a cardiothoracic surgeon with a long career in academic medicine, discusses the recent history of medical education and how it has led to issues now with distance-based learning due to COVID-19. It concludes with a call to action for the medical education system to adapt so it can meet the needs of healthcare learners during COVID-19 and even beyond.
Career Development Impacts of COVID-19: Practice and Policy Recommendations

The advent of the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in drastic changes to employment around the globe. In the present article, we identify four emerging impacts of the pandemic and how career developm...
Optimizing Communication with Consultants.

1. Theresa A. Bingemann, MD*,† 2. Lynn C. Garfunkel, MD*,† 1. *University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 2. †Rochester Regional Health, Rochester, NY In medicine, as in life, clear communication is the cornerstone of successful relationships and best patient outcomes. This is particularly important among primary care providers (PCPs) and specialists when working together in consultation for the benefit of patients. Effective communication between health-care providers is necessary to provide optimal coordinated care and to prevent discontinuity and fragmented care. It is helpful to know what PCPs most want from this interaction and what information they should share with their consultants to best achieve that goal. For specialists, it is likewise important to provide information in a manner that is clear and consistent with PCPs’ goals and concerns. Ideally, the consultation occurs in a timely manner and information is relayed promptly. PCPs may want assistance with diagnosis and evaluation, or they may ask for help with the treatment/management of a patient. They may want more education for the patient or reinforcement of the information already provided. It is key for the specialist to know the reason for the consult or to be asked a specific clinical question to be able to address the issue efficiently. The PCP should succinctly summarize the question and problems specifically for the consultant. Challenges arise when a patient is sent to the specialist without the appropriate information: the specialist needs to be told what evaluation(s) and treatment(s) have been tried and any important historical background. The consultant should not have to wade through the medical record. Even with shared medical records, it may be difficult to discern the reason for the consult and impossible to know whether the PCP prefers that the specialist take over this aspect of care, …
Seizures in the Operating Room

Seizures may occur in the unique setting of the operating room (OR). The prevention, recognition, and treatment of intraoperative seizures are important functions aided by the neurologist skilled in the interpretation of electrocorticographic signals as recorded typically by subdural electrodes arranged in a variety of arrays. Intraoperative seizures carry specific morbidities unique to the OR environment and type of procedure performed. The greatest risk for the occurrence of intraoperative seizures occurs during functional electrical stimulation mapping (ESM). Electrocorticography (ECoG) has an established role real-time identification of seizure precursors (afterdischarges). It also facilitates recording electrographic seizures that can assist in early methods of intervention to prevent their propagation to fully evolved electroclinical seizures during ESM. Intraoperative ECoG also has an important role in identifying interictal epileptiform abnormalities that may guide the extent of surgical resection in lesional neurosurgeries as well as epilepsy surgeries and may contribute to long-term seizure freedom postoperatively.
Nonpharmacological interventions to reduce respiratory viral transmission: an evidence-based review with recommendations.

BACKGROUND Viral respiratory infections are a leading cause of worldwide mortality and exert the potential to cause global socioeconomic crises. However, inexpensive, efficacious, and rapidly deployable strategies to reduce viral transmission are increasingly important in the setting of an ongoing pandemic, though not entirely understood. This article provides a comprehensive review of commonly employed nonpharmacological interventions to interrupt viral spread and provides evidence-based recommendations for their use. METHODOLOGY A systematic review of three databases was performed. Studies with defined endpoints of subjects receiving one of five interventions (nasal washing, gargling, personal protective equipment (PPE), social distancing, and hand hygiene) were included. An evidence-based review of the highest level of evidence, with recommendations, was created in accordance with a previously described, rigorous, iterative process. RESULTS Fifty-four primary studies were included. The most commonly studied intervention was hand hygiene, followed by PPE, gargling, saline nasal washing, and social distancing. CONCLUSIONS Mask use and hand hygiene are strong recommendations for prevention of viral transmission. Donning gloves, gowns, and eye protection are a recommendation in healthcare settings. Saline nasal washing and gargling are options in selected populations. Although an aggregate level of evidence is not provided, the authors recommend social distancing.
The physiology and evolution of microbial selenium metabolism.

Selenium is an essential trace element whose compounds are widely metabolized by organisms from all three domains of life. Moreover, phylogenetic evidence indicates that selenium species, along with iron, molybdenum, tungsten, and nickel, were metabolized by the last universal common ancestor (LUCA) of all cellular lineages, primarily for the synthesis of the 21st amino acid selenocysteine. Thus, selenium metabolism is both environmentally ubiquitous and a physiological adaptation of primordial life. Selenium metabolic reactions comprise reductive transformations both for assimilation into macromolecules and dissimilatory reduction of selenium oxyanions and elemental selenium during anaerobic respiration. This review offers a comprehensive overview of the physiology and evolution of both assimilatory and dissimilatory selenium metabolism in bacteria and archaea, highlighting mechanisms of selenium respiration. This includes a thorough discussion of our current knowledge of the physiology of selenocysteine synthesis and incorporation into proteins in bacteria obtained from structural biology. Additionally, this is the first comprehensive discussion in a review of the incorporation of selenium into the tRNA nucleoside 5-methylaminomethyl-2-selenouridine and as an inorganic cofactor in certain molybdenum hydroxylase enzymes. Throughout, conserved mechanisms and derived features of selenium metabolism in both domains are emphasized and discussed within the context of the global selenium biogeochemical cycle.
Disparities in utilization of outpatient surgical care among children

Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to quantify disparities in the utilization of outpatient pediatric surgical care and to examine the extent to which neighborhood-level socioeconomic disadvantage is associated with access to care among children. Methods Clinic “no-shows” were examined among children scheduled from 2017 to 2019 at seven pediatric surgery clinics associated with a tertiary care children’s hospital. The association between Area Deprivation Index, a neighborhood-level measure of socioeconomic disadvantage, and other patient factors with clinic no-shows was examined using multivariable logistic regression models. Difficulties in accessing postoperative care in particular were explored in a subgroup analysis of postoperative (within 90 days) clinic visits after appendectomy or inguinal/umbilical hernia repairs. Results Among 10,162 patients, 16% had at least 1 no-show for a clinic appointment. Area Deprivation Index (most deprived decile adjusted odds ratio 3.17, 95% confidence interval 2.20–4.58, P Conclusion Race, insurance type, and neighborhood-level socioeconomic disadvantage are associated with disparities in utilization of outpatient pediatric surgical care. Challenges accessing routine outpatient care among disadvantaged children may be one mechanism through which disparate outcomes result among children requiring surgical care.
General Approach to Surgical Pathology Specimens

The key to safety in the surgical pathology laboratory is to recognize that this area is a dangerous place. A variety of noxious chemicals are routinely used in the surgical pathology laboratory, and tissues infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis viruses, mycobacteria, and other agents enter through its doors on a daily basis. Not only are these infectious agents present in the laboratory, but their transmission is also facilitated by the frequent handling of bloody tissues and the routine use of surgical blades, knives, saws, and other sharp instruments. Clearly, the surgical pathology laboratory is no place to “let down one’s guard” by becoming careless or distracted. Rather, safety in the work area should become an ingrained habit, and universal precautions should be exercised with all specimens.
Chapter 3.2 The medial temporal lobe: visual perception and recognition memory

Abstract The hippocampus and adjacent medial temporal lobe structures support declarative memory. This chapter addresses two issues of recent interest concerning the function of medial temporal lobe structures. The first issue concerns the proposal that the structures of the medial temporal lobe support visual perception in addition to memory, which challenges the long-standing idea that the ability to acquire new memories is separable from other cognitive and perceptual functions. We describe a series of rigorous visual-perceptual experiments involving patients with damage to the medial temporal lobe that revealed no evidence of visual-perceptual deficits. We conclude that the medial temporal lobe is not necessary for visual perception. The second issue concerns the idea that the hippocampus might support recollection, whereas the adjacent medial temporal lobe structures support familiarity. We describe a study involving patients with hippocampal lesions that found memory impairment in both recollection and familiarity, with no special impairment in recollection. We also describe a study with epileptic patients from a different laboratory that found neuronal responses associated with familiarity, even in the absence of recollection. We conclude that the hippocampus mediates both recollection and familiarity.
Analysis And Design Of Stream Ciphers

1. Introduction.- 2. Stream Ciphers.- 2.1. Theoretical versus Practical Security.- 2.2. The Key Stream Generator.- 2.3. The Synchronization (Problem) of Stream Ciphers.- 3. Algebraic Tools.- 3.1. Finite Fields and Polynomials.- 3.2. Linear Feedback Shift Registers (LFSRs) and Sequences.- 3.3. Minimal Polynomial and Traces.- 4. Random Sequences and Linear Complexity.- 5. Nonlinear Theory of Periodic Sequences.- 5.1. Nonlinear Operations on Phases of a Sequence with Irreducible Minimal Polynomial.- 5.2. Nonlinear Operations on Sequences with Distinct Minimal Polynomials.- 5.3. Correlation-Immunity of Memoryless Combining Functions.- 5.4. Summary and Conclusions.- 6. Multiple Speed: An Additional Parameter in Secure Sequence Generation.- 6.1. The Simulated Linear Feedback Shift Register.- 6.2. A Random Number Generator Suggested by a Linear Cipher Problem.- 6.2.1. The Random Sequence Generator.- 6.2.2. Analysis of the Random Sequence Generator.- 6.2.3. Extensions and Comments.- 7. The Knapsack as a Nonlinear Function.- 7.1. The Significance of the Knapsack for Secrecy Systems.- 7.2. Addition is a Cryptographically Useful Function.- 7.3. The Knapsack in GF(2)-Arithmetic.- 8. The Hard Knapsack Stream Cipher.- 8.1. System Description.- 8.2. Analysis of the Knapsack Stream Cipher.- 8.3. Conclusions and Design Considerations.- 8.4. Simulation Results of Small Scale Knapsack Stream Ciphers.- 9. Nonlinear Combining Functions with Memory.- 9.1. Correlation Immunity.- 9.2. The Summation Principle.- 9.3. Summary and Conclusions.- Literature References.
The Grieving Process in Children: Strategies for Understanding, Educating, and Reconciling Children's Perceptions of Death.

Just like adults, children of all ages need time and understanding in order to process the concept of death and dying. This process is much different for children than it is for adults. There are 4 components relative to children's understanding of death: (a) the irreversibility factor, (b) finality, (c) inevitability, and (d) causality. These 4 components relate directly to the developmental level of the child at the time the death occurs. Knowing how children's concept of death is constructed provides parents and caregivers important information and helps them respond more sensitively to what children might feel and experience. This article provides an overview of how children understand death, concrete strategies for talking to children about death, and suggestions for teachers about how to help children through grief and mourning.
Deep Brain Stimulation for Highly Refractory Depression

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the application of deep brain stimulation (DBS) for treating highly refractory depression. Development of DBS for refractory depression has been supported by data from a number of related areas of research. The potential for dramatic effects on mood, affect and other dimensions of affective illness has been observed throughout the evolution of DBS treatment for neurologic conditions, suggesting that stimulation sites related to those used in movement disorders may find application in psychiatry. The other key impetus for application of DBS to depression has been functional neuroimaging. Development of specific structural targets for DBS for psychiatric illness has derived, in part, from clinical outcomes observed following lesion procedures. The clinical effects seen with DBS reflect the complex combination of inhibition and activation of cell bodies and axons, and depend on the orientation of the electrode, the cytoarchitecture of the structure being stimulated, and the quality of stimulation. The complications of DBS can be separated into those related to the surgical procedure, to active stimulation, and to the device. The major risks of device implantation include seizure, intracerebral hemorrhage, and infection. The device-related complications include fracture of leads, disconnection, lead movement, and malfunction, although these are becoming less common with increasing surgical expertise and evolution of device technology. Adverse effects due to the actual stimulation are the most common type observed, but these are fully reversible with changes in stimulation parameters. Stimulation-induced sensorimotor effects can include paresthesiae, muscle contraction, dysarthria, and diplopia.
Long-term patency, pancreatic function, and pain relief after lateral pancreaticojejunostomy for chronic pancreatitis.

Abstract Ten patients, all with intractable pain due to chronic pancreatitis, were selected for treatment by lateral pancreaticojejunostomy (modified Puestow procedure) after preoperative endoscopic pancreatography in each had revealed dilatation of the main pancreatic duct. Follow-up endoscopic pancreatograms performed 1 yr after surgery show a patent anastomosis in all 10 patients. Eight of these 10 are largely or completely pain-free, but 2 continue to have pain without improvement after the operation. Surgical success in relieving pain was accompanied neither by improvement of pancreatic function, nor by protection against its further deterioration: Whereas 2 patients had malabsorption and 3 were diabetic preoperatively, 6 had malabsorption and 5 had diabetes postoperatively. This progression of exocrine or endocrine pancreatic insufficiency indicates that decompression of the dilated pancreatic duct, although an effective means for relief of pain in chronic pancreatitis, does not prevent continuing destruction of pancreatic glandular tissue.
Evaluation of Irradiated Mandibles Using Emission Tomography, Bone Scans, and Radiography:

This study compared radiographs, bone scans, and computed emission tomograms with histologic findings in irradiated mandibles of adult Rhesus monkeys. Although osteocytes were lost in the path of the beam, many vessels were partially or totally occluded, the periosteum degenerated, the marrow became fibrotic, and cancellous bone proliferated abundantly, no changes were noted with radiography, conventional bone scanning, or computed emission tomograms. These clinical methods of examination may misrepresent the true condition of irradiated bone because of inadequate sensitivity or balance among factors that control radioactive tracer uptake in bone.
Energy transfer distributions for classical, collinear atom-diatom collisions

Abstract Collinear collisions of an atom with a highly vibrationally excited diatomic molecule were simulated by classical trajectories. Probability distributions for the transfer of vibrational energy were derived from the results. Effects of temperature, interaction potential, mass ratio and initial vibrational energy were investigated. Increases in temperature and in hardness of the repulsive interaction tend to broaden the distribution. There is a complex interplay between effects of mass ratio and effects of the interaction. The distributions were compared with distributions for the single encounter impulsive collision model and with distributions generated from three-dimensional trajectories. A number of trends in the collinear trajectory generated distributions are also present in distributions generated from three-dimensional trajectories.
Optimizing Copper Sulfate Treatments for Fungus Control on Channel Catfish Eggs

Abstract This range-finding study determined the optimum concentration of copper sulfate (CuSO4) for fungus control on eggs of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. The study consisted of five CuSO4 concentrations (2.5, 5, 10, 20, and 40 mg/L) and an untreated control in a flow-through system. A single spawn was used for each replication (N = 4). Eggs were treated daily until the embryos reached the eyed stage. When hatching was complete for all viable eggs, fry were counted to determine the percent survival in each treatment. Fungal growth was severe in the untreated controls; survival of hatched fry in the control group was approximately 2%. The optimum CuSO4 treatment, as determined by percent survival of hatched fry, was 10 mg/L daily (69% survival); survival for this treatment group was significantly different from that for the controls. Very little fungus was present in treatments receiving 10-mg/L CuSO4 or higher except in one replication that had approximately 40% unfertilized eggs. The average sur...
An engulfment assay: a protocol to assess interactions between CNS phagocytes and neurons.

Phagocytosis is a process in which a cell engulfs material (entire cell, parts of a cell, debris, etc.) in its surrounding extracellular environment and subsequently digests this material, commonly through lysosomal degradation. Microglia are the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS) whose phagocytic function has been described in a broad range of conditions from neurodegenerative disease (e.g., beta-amyloid clearance in Alzheimer’s disease) to development of the healthy brain (e.g., synaptic pruning)1-6. The following protocol is an engulfment assay developed to visualize and quantify microglia-mediated engulfment of presynaptic inputs in the developing mouse retinogeniculate system7. While this assay was used to assess microglia function in this particular context, a similar approach may be used to assess other phagocytes throughout the brain (e.g., astrocytes) and the rest of the body (e.g., peripheral macrophages) as well as other contexts in which synaptic remodeling occurs (e.g. ,brain injury/disease).
Modeling lead isotopic heterogeneity in mid-ocean ridge basalts

Abstract We have investigated the evolution of the U–Th–Pb system in a 4-reservoir model with an isolated mantle of bulk silicate Earth composition, a depleted mantle, and a two-layered continental crust. These models not only quantify the mean composition of the reservoirs, but also explicitly track the creation, evolution and destruction of heterogeneities (sub-reservoirs) within the reservoirs. The heterogeneities are sampled statistically during melting that produces basalts, and the model results are directly compared with observed Pb-isotope arrays. The resolution of the Pb paradox and a satisfactory fit to the MORB 207Pb–206Pb pseudo-isochron require the removal of a large fraction (∼ 50%) of lead from subducted oceanic crust. The pseudo-isochron slope represents a mixing line between the “background matrix” (average of small length scale sub-reservoirs which appear in roughly the same relative proportion in all samples) in the MORB source and the larger-scale sub-reservoirs (which appear in varying proportion in different samples). The background matrix is similar in isotopic composition to the apparent components FOZO and C, and hence these components need not be in the lower mantle. The kappa conundrum only presents a problem if the mantle is treated as a closed system.
An Evaluation of Multi‐Component Exposure Treatment of Needle Phobia in an Adult with Autism and Intellectual Disability

Background Fear of medical procedures in general and needles in particular can be a difficult clinical challenge to providing effective health care for individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Methods A changing criterion design was used to examine graduated exposure treatment for blood-injury-injection phobia in an adult male with autism and intellectual disability and a history of medical noncompliance. The additional contributions of differential reinforcement and a safety signal were also evaluated during treatment. Results Compliance with needle-to-skin contact was achieved by the final criterion phase, and the behavior was maintained on follow-up. Differential reinforcement and a safety signal added to the quality of treatment but were successfully faded as treatment progressed. Conclusions An exposure approach was effective in reducing phobic behavior and may be flexible enough to accommodate component changes and leaner reinforcement schedules applicable to real-world settings.
Metallurgical investigations at Godin Tepe, Iran, Part I: the metal finds

Abstract Godin Tepe, a large tell situated in western Iran along the Silk Road (High Road) and excavated from 1965 to 1973 by T. Cuyler Young, Jr. ( Young, 1974 , Young, 1972 , Young, 1969 , Young, 1968 , Young and Levine, 1974 ), yielded over 200 metal artifacts dating to the Early Bronze through Iron Ages. Sixty-nine of these were investigated for this project using traditional metallography and electron probe microanalysis. It was found that the metal objects at Godin Tepe reflect a range of manufacturing techniques and represent multiple producers. In addition, a high degree of variability in production methods is seen for typologically similar aesthetic items like bracelets and pins, but there is uniformity in production of utilitarian items like chisels. The metals from Godin Tepe have provided great insight into the diverse manufacturing methods present on the Iranian Plateau in antiquity, especially during the Bronze Age.
Summertime Influence of SST on Surface Wind Stress off the U.S. West Coast from the U.S. Navy COAMPS Model

Abstract High-resolution mesoscale model sea surface temperature (SST) analyses and surface wind stress forecasts off the U.S. West Coast are analyzed on monthly time scales for robust signatures of air–sea interaction as the surface winds encounter ocean surface features such as SST fronts, filaments, and eddies. This interaction is manifest by the linear relationship, or coupling coefficient, between the downwind SST gradient and wind stress divergence and between the crosswind SST gradient and wind stress curl evident from analysis of fields averaged over 29 days. This study examines fields from the Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS) model, spanning the summer months, June–September, for four consecutive years, 2002–05. Relative to several models evaluated previously, coupling coefficients are much closer to those calculated from Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT) satellite measurements. In addition, the summertime correlation between the wind stress derivative field and its corr...