cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 33 Firm size and wages

Abstract Jobs differ along many dimensions including firm size. The wage gap due to firm size of 35% is comparable to the gender wage gap of 36% for men over women and greater than the wage gap of 14% for whites over black employees. The size-wage premium is larger for men and varies across industries. It is larger in the US than in other industrialized countries. Large firms demand a higher quality of labor defined by such observable characteristics as education, job tenure, and a higher fraction of full-time workers. Part 3 examines three behavioral explanations. (1) Productive employees are matched with able entrepreneurs to minimize the sum of wages and monitoring costs. (2) Big firms pay efficiency wages to deter shirking. (3) Big firms adopt a discretionary wage policy to share rents, or in Slichter's words, “Wages over a considerable range reflect managerial discretion. When management can easily afford to pay high wages, they tend to do so.” We advance a productivity hypothesis. A large organization sets a higher performance standard that raises labor productivity but has to be supported by a compensating wage difference. In the service industries, the pace of work depends on the customer arrival rate. The economies of massed reserves generates a positive wage-size profile. The capital/labor ratio is higher in bigger firms which also are early in adopting new technologies. Both forces raise the demand for skilled labor where skill and productivity are often unobservable traits. Production organized around teams calls for conformance to common work rules which result in paying rents to infra-marginal team members. The odds of survival are higher for big firms which enable them to “produce” more durable employees who are more productive because they get more training. Firm size is a function of external market forces, technology, managerial decisions, and luck. The surplus of revenues over labor costs per employee is positively related to firm size for three reasons, lower prices for non-labor inputs, possibly greater market power, or larger overhead costs to amortize the sunk costs for capital and firm -specific work force. Rent sharing cannot be dismissed as an explanation for the wage-size premium. Taxation and regulation can also affect the size distribution of firms. The organization of work and the selection of employees (whose productive traits are not always observable) are responsible for the positive relation between wages and employer size.
Research on the application of LTE communication network in the power system

To resolve the problems of electric power wireless communication and to serve the smart grids better, LTE broadband trunking communication network of 1.8G is set up. The research of the text network mainly involves electric power communication, product development, and product test of electric power wireless communication. The paper analyzed the services of video, voice and data, proposed a networking architecture of wireless multi-service and launched a complete solution of LTE power wireless private network. The new scheme improved the reliability of the service. Therefore, the establishment of the LTE network provides a technical support for the construction and operation management of electric power communication access network. It also lays the foundations for popularization and application of LTE power wireless private network.
Strassen's algorithm reloaded

We dispel with "street wisdom" regarding the practical implementation of Strassen's algorithm for matrix-matrix multiplication (DGEMM). Conventional wisdom: it is only practical for very large matrices. Our implementation is practical for small matrices. Conventional wisdom: the matrices being multiplied should be relatively square. Our implementation is practical for rank-k updates, where k is relatively small (a shape of importance for libraries like LAPACK). Conventional wisdom: it inherently requires substantial workspace. Our implementation requires no workspace beyond buffers already incorporated into conventional high-performance DGEMM implementations. Conventional wisdom: a Strassen DGEMM interface must pass in workspace. Our implementation requires no such workspace and can be plug-compatible with the standard DGEMM interface. Conventional wisdom: it is hard to demonstrate speedup on multi-core architectures. Our implementation demonstrates speedup over conventional DGEMM even on an Intel® Xeon Phi™ coprocessor1 utilizing 240 threads. We show how a distributed memory matrix-matrix multiplication also benefits from these advances.
Single-Loop Robust Multidimensional Feedback Structures

Abstract This article focusses attention on the problems encountered in the robust design of multidimensional feedback control systems subject to the constraints of robust stability as well as robust performance. Vertex results, edge results, as well as a transform domain approach to the evaluation of H2 performance measure over an uncertainty set are considered in relation to other developments in the last five years and some open problems are delineated.
Evaluating how static analysis tools can reduce code review effort

Peer code reviews are important for giving and receiving peer feedback, but the code review process is time consuming. Static analysis tools can help reduce reviewer effort by catching common mistakes prior to peer code review. Ideally, contributors would use static analysis tools prior to pull request submission so common mistakes could be addressed first, before invoking the reviewer. To explore the potential efficiency gains for peer reviewers, we explore the overlap between reviewer comments on pull requests and warnings from the PMD static analysis tool. In an empirical study of 274 comments from 92 pull requests on GitHub, we observed that PMD overlapped with nearly 16% of the reviewer comments, indicating a time benefit to the reviewer if static analyzers would have been used prior to pull request submission. Using the non-overlapping set of comments, we identify four additional rules that, if implemented, could further reduce reviewer effort.
Leukemic presentation of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: an unusual pattern associated with splenic involvement

![Figure][1] A 61-year-old man without significant medical history presented with a several-week history of drenching night sweats, 30-pound weight loss, diarrhea, and increasing fatigue. His evaluation in the emergency room revealed hepatosplenomegaly with elevated lactate dehydrogenase (
CRISPR-Cas9 genome engineering: Treating inherited retinal degeneration

Gene correction is a valuable strategy for treating inherited retinal degenerative diseases, a major cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Single gene defects cause the majority of these retinal dystrophies. Gene augmentation holds great promise if delivered early in the course of the disease, however, many patients carry mutations in genes too large to be packaged into adeno-associated viral vectors and some, when overexpressed via heterologous promoters, induce retinal toxicity. In addition to the aforementioned challenges, some patients have sustained significant photoreceptor cell loss at the time of diagnosis, rendering gene replacement therapy insufficient to treat the disease. These patients will require cell replacement to restore useful vision. Fortunately, the advent of induced pluripotent stem cell and CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing technologies affords researchers and clinicians a powerful means by which to develop strategies to treat patients with inherited retinal dystrophies. In this review we will discuss the current developments in CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing in vivo in animal models and in vitro in patient-derived cells to study and treat inherited retinal degenerative diseases.
The Implicit Ad Hominem Fallacy: Nonverbal Displays of Status in Argumentative Discourse

Nonverbal displays of status are often employed in argumentative interactions to secure an advantage. This essay conceptualizes such actions as an “implicit ad hominem fallacy.” It is used to shift...
Developing information systems for schools of the future

This article explores the lack of interface between educators and information systems and highlights the inclusion of teaching and learning variables as key to developing information systems which touch core needs of educators and inform teaching and learning processes. The assumption that more and better training will close the gap between educational need and information system adoption is questioned. The authors argue that information systems will be more readily adopted by educators if systems make teaching and learning variables more central. A model for developing this new generation of information systems is presented.
Combinatorics and complexity in geometric visibility problems

Geometric visibility is fundamental to computational geometry and its applications in areas such as robotics, sensor networks, CAD, and motion planning. We explore combinatorial and computational complexity problems arising in a collection of settings that depend on various notions of visibility. We first consider a generalized version of the classical art gallery problem in which the input specifies the number of reflex vertices r and convex vertices c of the simple polygon ( n = r + c). This additional information better characterizes the shape of the polygon. Through a lower bound construction, tight combinatorial bounds for coverage are achieved for all r ≥ 0 and c ≥ 3. The combinatorics of guarding polyominoes and other polyforms are studied in terms of m, the number of cells, as opposed to the traditional parameter n. Various visibility models and guard types are considered. We establish that finding a minimum cardinality guard set for covering a polyomino is NP-hard. We introduce an algorithm for constructing a spiral serpentine polygonization of a set of n ≥ 3 points in the plane. The algorithm's behavior can be viewed as incrementally appending a visible triangle to the triangulation constructed so far. We consider beacon-based point-to-point routing and coverage problems. A beacon b is a point that can be activated to effect a gravitational pull toward itself in a polygonal domain. Algorithms are given for computing the attraction region of b and finding a minimum size set of beacons to route from a source s to a destination t given a finite set of candidate beacon locations. We show that finding a minimum cardinality set of beacons to cover a simple polygon or conduct certain types of routing in a simple polygon is NP-hard.
Real-Time Nondestructive Characterization of Membrane Compaction and Fouling

In practice, the single most critical problem limiting the application of membrane processes for liquid separation is fouling [1]. The flux decline which accompanies fouling affects the operational reliability and economics in microfiltration, ultrafiltration, and reverse osmosis [1]. Fouling occurs predominately on the membrane surface due to the deposition of one or more system constituents including organics, sparingly soluble inorganic salts dissolved in the feed stream, and colloidal and/or paniculate matter. In addition, a gel layer can be formed from organic molecules in the system due to concentration effects adjacent to the membrane surface and compaction can occur when the operating pressure causes a decrease in membrane thickness. Although the occurrence of fouling is often inferred from a time-dependent decline in flux, the interpretation of results in such studies is complicated by the fact that during operation gel formation and compaction as well as fouling may all occur simultaneously [2]. Since each of these processes can produce a flux decrease [3], it is often impossible to distinguish the particular combination of phenomena associated with an observed overall flux decline [1, 4].
Housing Provision Reform and the Real Estate Sector

This chapter combs through details of the housing provision reform in China that started in the early 1990s. Doing so enables us to dissect the interlocking relationship between the housing provision reform and the real estate sector of the economy, which has since been one of the strongest pillars to boost the GDP growth not only of the country as a whole but also of municipalities and provinces. The housing reform has generated huge improvements in the living standards of citizens within the last two decades; the real estate sector was a huge impetus to the economy. In this sense, both have been very successful; yet, both have undoubtedly also left behind a trail of unintended consequences from their rapid change.
Characterizations of asymptotic distributions of continuous-time Pólya processes

AbstractWe propose an elementary but effective approach to studying a general class of Poissonized tenable and balanced urns on two colors. We characterize the asymptotic behavior of the process vi...
The OCLC/AMIGOS collection analysis CD: a unique tool for collection evaluation and development

The OCLC/AMIGOS Collection Analysis CD (CACD) is a microcomputer-based tool for the evaluation and development of library collections. Based on a ten-year subset of library monographic holdings reported to OCLC, the CACD produces many different statistical reports comparing the evaluating library's collection with peer groups of libraries. These include reports on collection count, gap, overlap, and uniqueness. The CACD also produces bibliographic lists based on these measures. This article describes the OCLC/AMIGOS Collection Analysis CD and gives examples of how this tool may be used.
Chronological Way to Represent Humanoid Robot

This paper has been designed in a chronological way to represent humanoid robot, which is categorized in three parts, which are the present, previous and upcoming time. This paper represents the potentiality of the beginning of the early humanoid robots till the newest ones and it's near future. Additionally, this paper demonstrates the future of humanoid robot and its particular application in the eyes of human being. The paper contains three portions as mentioned above. The essential early portion contains the current or present status about humanoid robots under the segment of duplicating the versatile nature of the development of our as in human hand, biomechanics and other human limits, for example, strolling and swimming. In this portion additionally includes about the sensing procedure of a humanoid robot. This diary likewise demonstrates the advancement of humanoid robots in the field of cerebral function loss, extreme autism Spectrum and neurodevelopment disorders. The second section incorporates the former or past manifestation of humanoid robots; the gazing thoughts that provoke the likelihood of humanoid robot, in actuality, close by the advancement in bipedal kinesis and in regular perception. The third part contains the imminent future changes in the field of humanoid robots. The difficulties in the present techniques for the development of humanoid robots and the further possible development of humanoid robots is clarified in the this portion. Here, human to humanoid control is prompted together with other development like getting necessary force to hold things. It additionally exhibits the example towards the investigation of mechanical self-governance while in transit to progress the humanoid robots using the scrutinizing structure by utilizing artificial intelligence (AI). The last part, the rundown of humanoid robot's improvements as to appreciate the significance of advancement in this field and the uniqueness of humanoid robots in the present and inescapable time.
An EEG-Based Multi-Modal Emotion Database with Both Posed and Authentic Facial Actions for Emotion Analysis

Emotion is an experience associated with a particular pattern of physiological activity along with different physiological, behavioral and cognitive changes. One behavioral change is facial expression, which has been studied extensively over the past few decades. Facial behavior varies with a person’s emotion according to differences in terms of culture, personality, age, context, and environment. In recent years, physiological activities have been used to study emotional responses. A typical signal is the electroencephalogram (EEG), which measures brain activity. Most of existing EEG-based emotion analysis has overlooked the role of facial expression changes. There exits little research on the relationship between facial behavior and brain signals due to the lack of dataset measuring both EEG and facial action signals simultaneously. To address this problem, we propose to develop a new database by collecting facial expressions, action units, and EEGs simultaneously. We recorded the EEGs and face videos of both posed facial actions and spontaneous expressions from 29 participants with different ages, genders, ethnic backgrounds. Differing from existing approaches, we designed a protocol to capture the EEG signals by evoking participants’ individual action units explicitly. We also investigated the relation between the EEG signals and facial action units. As a baseline, the database has been evaluated through the experiments on both posed and spontaneous emotion recognition with images alone, EEG alone, and EEG fused with images, respectively. The database will be released to the research community to advance the state of the art for automatic emotion recognition.
Ground penetrating radar data reconstruction via matrix completion

Missing information in ground-penetrating radar (GPR) data is a commonly encountered phenomenon during field measurements and it highly affects the subsequent processing steps of the GPR data, such...
Why Had Russell Not Written Any Books on Aesthetics

Bertrand Russell, the great philosopher, was extremely prolific in various fields of philosophy, such as metaphysics, mathematical logic and mathematical philosophy, linguistic philosophy, ethics, ...
Perceived monoracism and psychological adjustment of multiracial adults: The roles of racially diverse contexts and creating third space.

Across two studies, we examined whether racially diverse contexts in combination with creating a third (multiracial) space played a protective role in the association between perceived monoracism and psychological adjustment for multiracial adults. Study 1 participants (N = 263; 77.8% female, Mage = 32.16 years) were recruited from national multiracial organizations and completed an online cross-sectional survey in 2009. Study 2 participants (N = 1478; 56.2% female, Mage = 48.89 years) were recruited by the Pew Research Center and completed a nationally representative survey in 2015. Results indicated significant three-way interaction effects on psychological adjustment, with differential effects depending on the types of perceived monoracism. Specifically, when subjective racial diversity was high, creating a third space buffered against the deleterious effects of multiracial discrimination on distress, negative affect, and life satisfaction; while it exacerbated the link between perceived racial ambiguity and negative affect. This study provides empirical evidence for the importance of using an ecological framework when examining multiracial identity and experiences. Results also highlight the need to move beyond conceptualizing and measuring multiracial experiences as dichotomous risks or resiliencies. Rather, we should aim to understand multiracial experiences as either promoting or inhibiting across contexts, time, and individual characteristics.
The newer venereal diseases

Abstract 1. 1. Too often benignant neoplasia of venereal origin has taken precedence, in the thoughts of the physician, over malignant neoplastic disease with dire consequences to the patient. 2. 2. It must be stressed that an unusual genital lesion should cause the physician to be mindful that malignancy may exist either as a primary process, as a sequel to one of the venereal diseases, or concomitantly with one of them. 3. 3. The importance of the biopsy and its interpretation in the differentiation of the venereal diseases by pathologists trained in this work cannot be overestimated. The biopsy must be placed side by side with such procedures as the blood Wassermann and Kahn reactions, the Frei and chancroid skin tests, if progress in diagnosis is to keep abreast with the great program for the public good by the sentinels of the public health.
Chemotaxis in the archaebacterium Methanococcus voltae.

Abstract The archaebacterium Methanococcus voltae, was shown to be chemotactic. Acetate, isoleucine, and leucine were identified as attractants; whereas histidine was not an attractant. A motile, generally nonchemotactic mutant was isolated.
GENETIC DIVERSITY AND TEMPORAL VARIATION IN THE E. COLI POPULATION OF A HUMAN HOST

Electrophoretic techniques were employed to study variation in chromosomal genes encoding enzymes and in the distribution of cryptic plasmids in the E. coli population of a human host over an 11-month period. Thirteen of the 15 enzymes studied were polymorphic, and mean genetic diversity per locus was 0.39. Among 550 clones isolated from fecal samples, protein electrophoresis revealed 53 distinct electrophoretic types (ETs). Most ETs appeared on only one or a few days and were considered transients, but two (ET-12 and ET-13) were observed many times over extended periods and represented residents. Complete turnover in the transient ETs in the population occurred in periods of from two weeks to a month. ETs appearing in one month showed no particular genetic similarity to those of the previous month. — All but 4 of the 53 ETs carried one or more "cryptic" plasmids with molecular weights ranging from 1 to 80 megadaltons. With few exceptions, the plasmid composition of each ET was unique. In the course of the 11-month sampling period, there were changes in the plasmid profiles of the resident strains ET-12 and ET-13, and also in the profile of a recurrent strain, ET-2, which was isolated on four days. Modification of the plasmid profile of ET-12 involved the sequential addition of relatively high molecular weight bands. For ET-2 and ET-13, the changes in the plasmid profiles were radical, suggesting invasions of new cell types rather than merely the addition and deletion of plasmids. — The results of this study provide three lines of evidence that recombination plays a minor role in the generation of genetic diversity in the E. coli population of a single host. (1) Several pairs of loci were in strong linkage disequilibrium; compared to a randomly generated array of genotypes, the sample of ETs contained an excess of pairs differing at one or two loci and too many pairs with highly distinctive combinations of electromorphs. (2) In most cases where pairs of ETs differed at a single locus and, therefore, could reasonably have been generated by phage- or plasmid-mobilized gene transfer, the plasmid profiles of the pair members were radically different and/or the potentially transmitted alleles were not present in other ETs in the population. (3) Although ET-12 was abundant, being represented by 252 of the 550 clones sampled, the electrophoretic type most similar to ET-12 different from it at six loci, and ET-12 carried two unique alleles. We conclude that most of the genetic diversity observed in this human host is a consequence of successive invasions of E. coli genotypes.
The future of infant categorization research: a process-oriented approach.

We call for a shift from a content-oriented approach to a process-oriented approach to the study of categorization in infancy. Although gains have been made in our understanding of infant categorization by evaluating the categories to which infants respond, further understanding of infant categorization, and how categorization changes with development, requires that we more directly assess infants' category formation. We argue that two directions for future research will continue to enhance our understanding of categorization in infancy (and beyond). First, contextual variations (e.g., the effects of task, stimuli, and other factors) on infants' categorization must be better understood. Second, we must more directly evaluate the kinds of information infants use when forming categories, as well as how their use of such information changes with age, task, and so forth. We argue that these two foci will provide clearer understanding of the origins and early development of categorization.
A Rebuttal to The “Reply”

AbstractAt the outset a brief background from a pharmaceutics perspective is presented here. Pharmaceutical industry is one of the most tightly regulated industries. Statistics naturally plays an important role in the implementation of the compendial, regulatory and in-house requirements. The minimal requirement consists of a set of basic statistics, such as mean and standard deviation (SD), associated with each group of sample experimental data intended for submission. However, not only each statistic is individually subjected to a set of compendial, regulatory and in-house specifications, but also the individual observation is required to be within specific range for compliance (e.g. content uniformity). Hence these basic statistics are often referred to as the stand-alone sample (SAS) statistics, meaning that each statistic has to meet its own requirements. In this context, the geometric mean is indeed a SAS statistic. It is meaningful and interpretable directly from its face value. The geometric stand...
Electron density in the magnetosphere

[1] Observations of the electron density ne based on measurement of the upper hybrid resonance frequency by the Polar spacecraft Plasma Wave Instrument (PWI) are available for March 1996 to September 1997, during which time the Polar orbit sampled all MLT values three times. In a previous study, we modeled the electron density dependence along field lines as ne = ne0(Rmax/R)α, where ne0 is the equatorial electron density, Rmax ≈ LRE is the maximum geocentric radius R to any point on the field line, and α = αmodel = 8.0 − 3.0 log10ne0 + 0.28(log10ne0)2 − 0.43(Rmax/RE), for all categories of plasma (plasmasphere and plasmatrough). (In the formula for αmodel, ne0 is expressed in cm−3.) Here, we illustrate the field line dependence using several example events. We show that the plasmapause is much more evident on the large radius portion of the orbit and that at R ∼ 2 RE the electron density tends to level out at large Rmax to a constant value ∼100 cm−3. We also present an example of plasmaspheric plasma extending out to at least L ∼ 9 on the dawnside during particularly calm geomagnetic conditions (as indicated by low Kp). Then we present the average equatorial profiles of ne0 versus Rmax for plasmasphere and plasmatrough. Our average plasmasphere profile is found to have values intermediate between those based on the models of Carpenter and Anderson and Sheeley et al. The plasmatrough equatorial density ne0 scales with respect to Rmax like Rmax−3.4, but in the region for which our plasmatrough data is most reliable (L ≤ 6), it is well fit by the Rmax−4.0 scaling of Sheeley et al. or the Rmax−4.5 scaling of Carpenter and Anderson. We present a simple interpretation for the field line dependence of the density. For large ne0, such as occurs in the plasmasphere, α is close to zero on average (implying that ne is roughly constant along field lines). When ne0 decreases, so does ne at R = 2 RE, but the value there does not decrease much below 100 cm−3. (It is unclear if this value is an absolute lower density limit because most often the upper hybrid resonance emission disappears at R ∼ 2 RE because fp/fce < 1, where fp is the plasma frequency and fce is the electron cyclotron frequency.) Finally, we examined the dependence of α and the density at the equator and at R ∼ 2 RE on the average 〈Kp〉 (Kp averaged with a 3-day timescale). There is no clear dependence of the average α − αmodel on 〈Kp〉 or on MLT. In the plasmasphere, ne0 decreases with respect to increasing 〈Kp〉.
Point and Shoot: Extending Your Reach with QR Codes

In the past few years, two-dimensional barcodes, including QR codes, have become commonplace. Businesses have embraced them as an easy way to provide information, including links to websites, videos, and contact information, to customers. Users can easily capture QR codes with a camera-equipped smartphone and a low-cost or free code-reader app. There are many easy and free resources for creating QR codes. Librarians are experimenting with creative ways to use QR codes to reach out to patrons.
Enhanced recovery of doubled haploid lines from parthenogenetic plants of melon ( Cucumis melo L.)

Recovery of doubled haploid (DH) progeny from haploid melon plants for use in breeding programs requires efficient chromosome doubling procedures. We describe improved procedures for recovery of fruits and viable seeds from parthenogenetic melon plants. Plant regeneration from nodal explants treated with 500 mg/L colchicine for 12 h was increased from 40 to 88% by transferring the treated explants to medium supplemented with a combination of growth regulators [5 μM IAA; 5 μM BA; 1 μM ABA; 30 μM AgNO3). Prolonged exposure (2–7 days) to colchicine inhibited regeneration from nodal explants but had less effect on shoot tip explants. Many colchicine-treated plantlets flowered in vitro, allowing early assessment of their male fertility. Production of stained pollen in plants from nodal explants was highest after 0.5–2 days of colchicine treatment and on plants from shoot tips after 1–2 days. In vitro pollen counts correlated well with counts from greenhouse grown plants and with fruit set. The fruit set rate for colchicine-treated plants with a high pollen number was 47%. Appropriate colchicine treatment and culture of nodal explants as well as tip explants can substantially increase the number of fertile plants and DH lines recovered from parthenogenetic melons.
Japan, Korea, the Philippines, China: four syndromes of corruption

Both generalizations about "Asian corruption", and claims about greater or lesser amounts of corruption, tend to overlook the many variations existing among and within Asian societies, and among the corruption problems they experience. I suggest that deeper influences in social, political and economic development, and contrasting institutional settings, create four distinctive syndromes of corruption, each with its own set of implications for relationships between wealth and power. Japan is an example of "influence markets" in which private interests buy or rent influence over relatively specific policy outcomes within a strong state. Korea is a case of "elite cartels", in which collusion and corrupt incentives enable several kinds of elites to cooperate in governing, enriching themselves, and resisting rising political competition. The Philippines is marked by "oligarchs and clans", with powerful families and their entourages plundering a weak state in a climate of uncertainty and insecurity. China experiences "official mogul" corruption, in which officials abuse state power with impunity, although that process is becoming increasingly fragmented. The four syndromes may help us understand why corruption and rapid growth have coexisted in some, but not all, Asian states for long periods of time, and may also help us understand why some of those states will adapt to new global realities only with some difficulty. They also show how "consensus"-driven reforms emanating from the west may not only be ineffective, but may actually make matters worse.
Airway Management of Neurologic Emergencies

Reprint no. 74/l/9841 6 Introduction Regardless of etiology, neurologic emergencies provide flight crews with significant management challenges. Although traumatic brain injury (TBI), subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), and intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) each represent distinct clinical entities, they share common pathogenic mechanisms, such as local ischemia, cell death, and disruption of the blood/brain barrier (BBB). Although each clinical entity may occur in isolation, circumstances arise in which varying mechanisms of injury may coexist, as is the case with TBI and SAH. At one time, such brain injuries and other neurologic emergencies were approached with a sense of fatalism. Today, multiple secondary factors, including hypoxia, uncontrolled hypertension, and hypotension, have been identified as profoundly affecting further brain injury and subsequent neurologic outcome. Recognition of the importance of these secondary factors has created an avenue through which medical personnel potentially can make a tremendous impact on the care and outcome of brain-injured patients.
Ultrastructural hepatotoxicity induced by an organotin ester

Adult mice and rats were intubated with daily one-fourth LD50 amounts of the organotin dibutyltin diacetate. Histopathology by light microscopy, and cellular ultrastructural changes by electron microscopy to hepatic tissue was determined at 24-hr, intervals to elucidate the mode of hepatotpxic action of the compound. It was found that early mitochondrial damage with cristae swelling and subsequent hydropic degeneration occurred. Swelling of granular and agranular endoplasmic reticulum followed soon after mitochondrial changes were seen, and progressed to hydropic vesicular formation. There was a progressive congestion of bile canaliculi due to cellular and microvilli swelling. The proposed mechanism of action of the organotin was dithiol inhibition of ATP production in the mitochondria, with consequent interference of ATP-dependent membrane activity in other parts of the cell. Rats maintained greater cellular integrity possibly due to early inhibition of phagocytosis or phagolysosomal activity.
Crystallization from an amorphous matrix—I. Morphological studies

Abstract Detailed morphological studies of tridymite crystals have been carried out by crystallizing Aventurine glass under isothermal conditions. Tridymite crystals with hexagonal and trigonal morphologies were observed. Both types of crystals formed a faceted platelike morphology when the undercooling was small. However, with an increase in undercooling, dendritic morphologies developed. A further increase in undercooling gave rise to spherical crystals. The transitions from faceted platelike to the nonfaceted dendritic to the spherical structures with an increase in undercooling are discussed.
Homogeneous Anisotropic Model for Natural Convection in Nonuniform Layered Porous Cavities

Steady-state heat transfer by natural convection in a layered porous cavity is examined using a homogeneous anisotropic model. The geometry considered is a two-dimensional square enclosure comprising three or four vertical sublayers with nonuniform thickness and distinct permeability. The cavity is subjected to differential heating from the vertical walls. The results obtained are compared with those reported from a detailed numerical analysis for a wide range of permeability contrast and sublayer thickness ratio. Additionally, the results are compared with the lumped system model that was recently proposed. It has been found that predictions by the homogeneous anisotropic model are reasonably good at a lower Rayleigh number (Ra y < 200). In addition, the predictions improve when the number of sublayers increases, as well as when the sublayer thickness becomes more uniform. Although the homogeneous anisotropic model requires less computational efforts than the full layered model, its predictions only apply to the given effective anisotropy.
Natural frequencies of circular plates with partially free, partially clamped edges

Abstract The finite element method has been used to predict numerically the natural frequencies and mode shapes of a vibrating circular plate with a partially free, partially clamped edge. A laser holography method has been used to obtain experimentally the natural frequencies and mode shapes of the acoustically excited circular plate with mixed boundary conditions. The variation of frequency and mode shape with the free arc portion of the circular boundary are compared numerically and experimentally and are in excellent agreement. The mixed boundary conditions cause some of the higher modes to split into two branches with increasing arc length of the free boundary.
Sensitivity and specificity of standardized neurocognitive testing immediately following sports concussion

Neuropsychology, with its emphasis on standardized and empirically based methods, has made a number of scientific contributions to address growing concerns about concussions resulting from sports injuries. This study employs a test-retest paradigm to determine the immediate effects of concussion in high-school and college athletes. The Standardized Assessment of Concussion (SAC) was administered to 1,313 male athletes prior to the beginning of the competitive season. Reliable change indices and multiple regression models were computed on retest scores obtained from 68 noninjured athletes who were readministered the SAC at either 60 or 120 days following baseline testing. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses were used to test these models with data obtained on 50 athletes tested immediately following concussion. The results indicate that a decline of I point on the SAC at retesting classified injured and noninjured participants with a level of 94% sensitivity and 76% specificity. The RCI and multiple regression models provided comparable levels of group classification, but provided cut-offs that are conservative for use with this population. The results support and extend previous research findings indicating that the SAC is a valid instrument for detecting the immediate effects of mild traumatic brain injury.
Insight into the Molecular Basis of Coagulation Proteinase Specificity by Mutagenesis of the Serpin Antithrombin

Specific cleavage of factor V at several P1Arg sites is critical for maintenance of hemostasis. While cleavage by procoagulant proteinases fXa and thrombin activates the cofactor, its cleavage by the anticoagulant proteinase activated protein C (APC) inactivates it. Antithrombin (AT), a specific serpin inhibitor of both thrombin and factor Xa, but not APC, was used as a model system to investigate molecular determinants of APC specificity in the inactivation reaction. Two mutants were prepared in which the P2 or the P3-P3' residues of the reactive site loop of the serpin were replaced with the corresponding residues of the APC cleavage site in factor V spanning residues 504-509 (Asp(504)-Arg-Arg-Gly-Ile-Gln(509)). Kinetic analysis showed that the reactivities of mutants were impaired by approximately 2-3 orders of magnitude with both factor Xa and thrombin, but improved by approximately 2 orders of magnitude with APC. The saturable dependence of the observed first-order rate constants on the concentrations of AT in complex with approximately 70-saccharide high-affinity heparin revealed that changes in the reactivity of the 504-509 mutant with proteinases are primarily due to an effect in the second reaction step in which a noncovalent serpin-proteinase encounter complex is converted to a stable, covalent complex. These results suggest that the P3-P3' residues of the APC cleavage site in factor Va, particularly P2Arg, confer specificity for the anticoagulant proteinase by improving the reactivity of the catalytic pocket with the transition state of the substrate in the second step of the reaction.
An octopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase in the central nervous system of Limulus polyphemus.

Abstract 1. 1. Adenylate cyclase (E.C. 4.6.1.1) was assayed and shown to be present in the protocerebrum and circumesophageal ring of Limulus polyphemus . 2. 2. The enzyme activity from both tissues is stimulated by fluoride and guanylnucleotides. 3. 3. The circumesophageal ring, but not the protocerebrum, is responsive to octopamine. 4. 4. Octopamine stimulation of the adenylate cyclase is reversed by phentolamine and dopamine.
Wavelet-based image registration

Image registration is a fundamental enabling technology in computer vision. Developing an accurate image registration algorithm will significantly improve the techniques for computer vision problems such as tracking, fusion, change detection, autonomous navigation. In this paper, our goal is to develop an algorithm that is robust, automatic, can perform multi-modality registration, reduces the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) below 4, increases the Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) above 34, and uses the wavelet transformation. The preliminary results show that the algorithm is able to achieve a PSNR of approximately 36.7 and RMSE of approximately 3.7. This paper provides a comprehensive discussion of wavelet-based registration algorithm for Remote Sensing applications.
Recognition of Postoperative Acute Myocardial Infarction Application of Isoenzyme Techniques

Routine enzymatic and electrocardiographic diagnosis of postoperative acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is frequently inconclusive. The detection and quantitation of isoenzymes of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine phosphokinase (CPK), especially the cardiac-specific CPK-MB isoenzyme, have allowed earlier recognition of AMI in nonsurgical patients. Serial monitoring with these methods has been utilized during the postoperative period in 20 noncardiac surgical patients and 100 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). In the noncardiac surgery group, both isoenzymes were accurate in diagnosing AMI in the early postoperative period. Of the 100 patients in the CABG group, CPK-MB appearance in 21 correlated with AMI by electrocardiogram. The absence of CPK-MB postoperatively in 49 patients permitted a 73% incidence of new ECG abnormalities to be effectively resolved. Autopsy confirmation of AMI was obtained in two patients with nondiagnostic ECG, but with elevated CPK-MB. The elevated ...
Coordinated regulation of protein synthesis and degradation by mTORC1

Eukaryotic cells coordinately control anabolic and catabolic processes to maintain cell and tissue homeostasis. Mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) promotes nutrient-consuming anabolic processes, such as protein synthesis. Here we show that as well as increasing protein synthesis, mTORC1 activation in mouse and human cells also promotes an increased capacity for protein degradation. Cells with activated mTORC1 exhibited elevated levels of intact and active proteasomes through a global increase in the expression of genes encoding proteasome subunits. The increase in proteasome gene expression, cellular proteasome content, and rates of protein turnover downstream of mTORC1 were all dependent on induction of the transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-related factor 1 (NRF1; also known as NFE2L1). Genetic activation of mTORC1 through loss of the tuberous sclerosis complex tumour suppressors, TSC1 or TSC2, or physiological activation of mTORC1 in response to growth factors or feeding resulted in increased NRF1 expression in cells and tissues. We find that this NRF1-dependent elevation in proteasome levels serves to increase the intracellular pool of amino acids, which thereby influences rates of new protein synthesis. Therefore, mTORC1 signalling increases the efficiency of proteasome-mediated protein degradation for both quality control and as a mechanism to supply substrate for sustained protein synthesis.
The association between extremes in North American snow cover extent and United States temperatures

Abstract The association between satellite-derived North American snow cover extent and United States winter (December, January, February) temperature is examined. The results indicate that winter months evidencing extreme positive (negative) values of North American snow cover extent are associated with below- (above) normal temperatures across the majority of the United States. The area evidencing the largest temperature departures during both positive and negative North American snow cover extremes is located across the central United States, roughly from the Dakotas south through the southern plains, and from the Rocky Mountains east to the Mississippi Valley. This area is collocated with the largest variations in snow cover frequency. No consistently strong association is indicated east of the Appalachians or west of the Rocky Mountains. During December, strong 500-mb height anomalies are collocated with the area of maximum snow cover frequency deviations and the largest temperature departures. This ...
Low-dose dobutamine cardiac magnetic resonance imaging with myocardial strain analysis predicts myocardial recoverability after coronary artery bypass grafting.

Objectives Accurate prediction of recovery of dysfunctional myocardium would optimize risk/benefit analysis among patients with coronary artery disease and decreased ventricular function. Tissue-tagged magnetic resonance imaging permits quantitative assessment of changes in ventricular function and may improve the prediction of myocardial recovery after coronary artery bypass grafting. Methods Thirteen patients underwent preoperative and postoperative stress magnetic resonance imaging with strain analysis at rest with 5 and 10 μg · kg −1 . min −1 dobutamine. Two-dimensional strain analysis was performed on a single midventricular short-axis image divided into 6 regions for each patient (n = 78). Regional minimum principal, circumferential, and radial strain values were calculated at each stress level. Regional changes in postoperative strain were correlated with changes in preoperative dobutamine stress by means of logistic regression. Receiver operating characteristic curves were created to determine the accuracy of preoperative dobutamine stress for the prediction of postoperative myocardial recoverability. Results Minimum principal, circumferential, and radial strain values at 5 and 10 μg of dobutamine differed significantly from baseline strains ( P Conclusions Dobutamine-stressed tissue-tagged magnetic resonance imaging with strain analysis is feasible to quantitatively predict myocardial recoverability after coronary artery bypass grafting. Further study is required to determine the optimal strain parameter for predicting myocardial recoverability after surgical revascularization.
Application of saturation spectroscopy to the measurement of C 2 , 3 Π u concentrations in oxy-acetylene flames

The technique of saturation spectroscopy is applied to measure the concentration of C2 in the 3Πu state in oxyacetylene flames. The two level model is further developed and extended for use in intensity regions slightly lower than that required to saturate the resonances completely. As a result, it has proved feasible to measure both the C2 number density in the 3Πu state of ~1016/cm3 and an excited electronic state lifetime of ~10−12 sec, both of which depend only on the Einstein A coefficient. The experimental setup is described in detail, and possible extensions of the technique to other atomic and molecular systems are discussed.
Presentation of opsoclonus myoclonus ataxia syndrome with glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies

In this rare case, the patient presented with opsoclonus, myoclonus and ataxia. Serological and imaging studies revealed high glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody (GAD-Ab) levels. High-dose corticosteroids were of no benefit and subsequent intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) administration proved resolution of the condition. Levetiracetam proved useful in symptomatically controlling the myoclonus. Follow-up GAD-Ab levels were within normal limits.