cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An improved interocclusal record of centric relation.

Abstract Some of the commonly used interocclusal recording methods were compared, and their working properties were summarized in relation to their fulfillment of their objectives. A centric interocclusal recording method has been described. The desirable characteristics found in this record and recording method are as follows: (1) The record has dimensional stability at temperatures tolerated in the mouth provided reasonable care in handling is used; (2) it is an accurate record of centric jaw relation that does not materially alter the mouth; (3) the method is easy to manipulate; and (4) the record has complete flexibility for modification, verifying, and reuse as an expanding range of clinical needs dictates. This record has few undesirable qualities except that a wax is involved. An added use of the record is to verify the accuracy of casts.
Decreased fibularis reflex response during inversion perturbations in FAI subjects

Investigate reflex responses in muscles throughout the lower limb and low back during sudden inversion perturbations in individuals with and without Functional Ankle Instability (FAI) while walking. Forty subjects participated in the study. Surface electromyogram recordings were obtained from the fibularis (FIB), gluteus medius (GM), erector spinae (ES), and sternocleidomastoid (SCM) of the injured/matched side as well as the uninjured/matched contralateral side (FIB_CLS, GM_CLS, or ES_CLS). Latency and amplitude data were collected while subjects were walking on a custom-built perturbation walkway. The onset of the short-latency stretch reflex of the FIB was significantly later in the injured side of the FAI individuals when compared to the control group (P = 0.009). Both the short and long latency reflex amplitude was significantly smaller in the FIB muscle in the FAI group than in the control group (P .05). Interpretation of these results indicate that during a dynamic perturbation task individuals with FAI demonstrate longer fibularis muscle latencies on the injured side while no significant changes in the proximal muscle groups. Additionally, short and long latency reflex amplitude was significantly decreased in FAI individuals.
Advantage of Rapamycin Over Mycophenolate Mofetil When Used With Tacrolimus for Simultaneous Pancreas Kidney Transplants: Randomized, Single‐Center Trial at 10 Years

Simultaneous pancreas kidney transplantation (SPKT) is the treatment of choice for patients with type 1 diabetes and end-stage renal disease. Rapamycin and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) have been used for maintenance immunosuppression with tacrolimus in SPKT; however, long-term outcomes are lacking. From September 2000 through December 2009, 170 SPKT recipients were enrolled in a randomized, prospective trial receiving Rapamycin (n = 84) or MMF (n = 86). All patients received dual induction therapy with thymoglobulin and daclizumab, and low-dose maintenance tacrolimus and corticosteroids. Compared to MMF, rates of freedom from first biopsy-proven acute kidney or pancreas rejection were superior for Rapamycin at year 1 (kidney: 100% vs. 88%; P = 0.001; pancreas: 99% vs. 92%; P = 0.04) and at year 10 (kidney: 88% vs. 71%, P = 0.01; pancreas: 99% vs. 89%, P = 0.01). The higher rates of rejection were associated with withholding MMF (vs. Rapamycin, p = 0.009), generally for gastrointestinal or bone marrow toxicity. There was no significant difference in creatinine, proteinuria, c-peptide, viral infections, lymphoproliferative disorders or posttransplant diabetes. HbA1C and lipid levels were normal in both groups, although higher in the Rapamycin arm. There were no significant differences in patient or allograft survival. In this 10-year SPKT study, Rapamycin in combination with tacrolimus was better tolerated and more effective than MMF. Overall, the patient and allograft survival were equivalent.
Evidence of global circulation currents from solar-limb temperature variations

The temperature distribution in a turbulent rotating photosphere is non-spherical. Dimensional arguments for the Sun suggest that such a temperature modulation may have an amplitude ΔT≈ Tv2/Φ≈0.1 K, where T is an average temperature (5,700 K) and v2/Φ is the ratio of the rotational kinetic and potential energy density of the photosphere. Detailed calculations1–3 generally support this expectation. Here we report new observations that should help to understand the solar global dynamics problem. From about 1,400 h of solar-limb data obtained during the summers of 1983–85 we find that the solar-limb temperature variation is not spherically symmetric and is ∼1 K. Our results also indicate that the limb temperature departs from its expected l = 2 spatial harmonic form and has, at most, a weak dependence on solar cycle.
Inukai Tsuyoshi: Some Dilemmas in Party Development in Pre-World War II Japan

THE transference of parties (I refer here to nonrevolutionary parties) from the West to Japan produced mixed results before the Pacific War: spectacular success in one period and miserable failure in another. From their inception as weak and inchoate bodies in the i88o's they grew in the next forty years into veritable machines of power and corruption. Then, in the 1930's, they abruptly declined as effective political organizations and appeared to have lost their identity after nearly half a century of sustained growth. The explanations for this pattern of development are many, and it would be difficult indeed to single out a comprehensive causal factor. But it seems to me that a critical dimension was the growing separation between organized political activity and other fields of action, notably ethical (and aesthetic), which, as Abbott Payson Usher has suggested in his work on mechanical inventions,1 had different "systems of events" with disparate historical sequences. Nowhere is this phenomenon of separations between fields of action more clearly evident than in the transference of institutions to a soil that had none of the nutritive roots present in the parent field. And it is doubly evident when these institutions, such as a political party, are able to influence the distribution of power. The history of political parties in Japan before the Pacific War might fruitfully be viewed from this general perspective, as I shall attempt to illustrate through the career of Inukai Tsuyoshi (I853-1932), perhaps the most widely known and respected figure in the party movement in the prewar period. Parties in Japan were utterly without historical precedents. And they confronted a separate universe of ethical assumptions: sincerity between men, unselfish dedication to serve all of society, a spiritual consensus based on personal loyalties. Nourished by tradition, these assumptions had become idealized and ingrained in conventional behavior and constituted
A protein growth factor of bacterial origin required by the cellular slime molds.

Abstract A previously reported bacterial fraction, necessary to the growth of the amoeboid slime molds, has been purified and identified as protein. It makes up approximately 6 % of the dry weight of three gram-negative bacteria studied. No such fraction could be obtained from two gram-positive bacteria, nor from yeast or a variety of animal and plant tissues. The properties and state of homogeneity of the fraction are described. Its possible functions are discussed.
The need to do more: promoting multiple perspectives in preservice teacher education through children's literature

Abstract Many preservice teachers come into teacher preparation programs with culturally insular perspectives and do not experience the cognitive dissonance necessary to reexamine their cultural beliefs. This study describes how we created a context within which 115 undergraduate students participated in literature studies, drama, and reflective writing in order to view critical textual incidents and contexts from multiple perspectives. This study (a) describes in-role simulations used in a literature study to encourage preservice teachers to reexamine cultural beliefs, and (b) analyzes the themes of the internal reflections preservice teachers have made as a result of this experience.
The esophageal "jet" phenomenon revisited.

The esophageal “jet” phenomenon describes the formation of a rapidly flowing stream or a jet of barium as it passes through a severely narrowed area in the esophagus (Fig. 1). This jet effect has been described before, exclusively in association with a cervical esophageal web [1]. This phenomenon presumably occurred only in the proximal esophagus because of the relatively high pressures generated by the skeletal muscles of the pharynx and the upper esophagus [1 ]. We report four cases of the jet phenomenon of different causes that occurred in different regions of the esophagus. The jet phenomenon is a useful radiologic sign to indicate the presence of a constricting ringlike esophageal lesion.
Variations: an interactive musical sculpture

Variations is an ongoing exploration of multi-channel and interactive music experienced through a sculptural interface. The interface functions as a means by which participants can create their own mix of the music by interacting with elements of a sculpture that consists of individual modules composed of a cube that contains a speaker, a tube and a removable ball that controls which channel of music they hear. Since one or more individuals may interact with the sculpture at any given time, there is an infinite variety of music that can be heard. This paper will discuss the evolution of the sculptural interface and the creative approach used in composing multi-channel and interactive music.
Highly inelastic scattering of α-particles from 208Pb

Abstract Excitation of single particle (neutron)-hole states in the continuum is investigated as a possible explanation of an enhancement in the cross section observed in inelastic α-particle scattering. Both quasi-bound states of the excited neutron with the nucleus and with the scattered α-particle, i.e. 5 He formation, are taken into account. It is found that the large energy loss part of the observed broad plateau in the inelastic α-spectrum can be accounted for by 5 He formation. However, it appears difficult to explain the lower energy peak by a pseudobound state of the neutron and nucleus.
On methods to align and access data arrays in parallel computers

Abstract We present methods to store and access templates of data arrays in parallel processors with shuffle-exchange-type interconnection networks. For this purpose, we define the class of composite linear permutations. In our method, each element of the data array is stored in the memory module determined by applying a suitable composite linear permutation on its indices. Simple necessary and sufficient criteria to avoid memory conflicts in the access of important templates such as row, column, main diagonal, and square block are given based on the composite linear permutation involved. The criteria so derived also specify the set of permutations to be realized by an interconnection network to avoid network conflicts. In particular, we give the criteria to be satisfied by a scheme of the proposed class to avoid network conflicts during the access of templates, when shuffle-exchange-type networks are used. Almost all the previously known scrambled storage methods are special cases in the class of storage methods presented in this paper.
Woman Suffrage in Parliament: A Test for Cabinet Autocracy

The woman suffrage movement in Great Britain has rendered a service for political science of which even its adherents are often unaware. It has brought to a most searching test the prevailing constitutional theory.In these days of psycho-analysis of the individual there should be also some psycho-analysis of political institutions. Political theory, like the pious formulas with which we drape the nudity of our real desires and aspirations, is often at bottom what might be called a highly intellectualized excuse. Political theory is an afterthought: a justification or explanation of the desires and aspirations of the dominant economic and social group. The “divine right of kings” is now a hollow pretension to us. But it was as much a reality to the aristocracy, whose power is explained and excused, as are our own instinctive personal excuses. The “natural rights of man” have proven hardly more substantial,—the great excuse in which the rising commercial classes have ever covered their designs against the aristocracy. And now, at last, in the theory that “labor creates all wealth,” we find the embryo excuse for a growing threat of the working class.
Glancing Incidence Vs. Multilayer Coated Normal Incidence Mirrors For Euv Telescopes

EUV telescopes are typically Wolter Type telescopes. Made with glancing incidence mirrors. Recent developments in miltilayer caotings have opened up the possiblitity of using normal incidence mirrors in a Cassegrain configuration for EUV telescopes. Each of these approaches has advantages and disadvantages. Glancing incidence mirrors have a higher reflectivity with a braod bandwidth, but the sufaces are dificult to make. Normal incidence mirrors are easier to fabricate to the necessary sufcae requirments, but require caotings with acceptable reflectivity only in a narrow bandpass. In this paper we will discuss the technical tradeoffs of using glancing incidence and normal incidence mirrors for EUV telescopes.
GUCY2C: at the intersection of obesity and cancer

Guanylyl cyclase C (GUCY2C) has canonical centrality in defense of key intestinal homeostatic mechanisms, encompassing fluid and electrolyte balance, epithelial dynamics, antitumorigenesis, and intestinal barrier function. Recent discoveries expand the homeostatic role of GUCY2C to reveal a novel gut–brain endocrine axis regulating appetite, anchored by hypothalamic GUCY2C which is responsive to intestine-derived uroguanylin. Thus, GUCY2C may represent a new target for anti-obesity pharmacotherapy. Moreover, the coincident regulation of energy balance and tumor suppression by a single hormone receptor system suggests that the GUCY2C axis might contribute to the established relationship between obesity and colorectal cancer. This confluence suggests that hormone supplementation to reconstitute GUCY2C signaling may be an elegant strategy to reverse both pathophysiologic processes.
Responsive Government and Duties of Conscience

(2014). Responsive Government and Duties of Conscience. Jurisprudence: Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 244-264.
A curriculum to teach medical students to care for people with disabilities: development and initial implementation

Lack of knowledge and skills, and negative attitudes towards patients with disabilities, may adversely affect the services available to this group and negatively affect their health outcomes. The objective of this paper is to describe the development and initial implementation of a curriculum for teaching medical students to care for patients with disabilities. We followed the six-step approach for developing curricula for medical education: general needs assessment, specific needs assessment, defining goals and objectives, determining the educational strategies, planning the implementation, and developing an evaluation plan. The curriculum has well defined goals and objectives covering knowledge, attitudes and skills. It employs both traditional and non-traditional teaching strategies. The implementation is planned over the four-year medical school curriculum in collaboration with a number of academic departments and specialized community-based agencies. The curriculum evaluation includes an attitudinal survey which is administered using a controlled design (pre- and post- exposure to the curriculum). The initial implementation of the curriculum has been very successful. We have developed a longitudinal curriculum to teach medical students to care for people with disabilities. A rigorous evaluation of the impact of the curriculum is needed.
Vesiculoviral matrix (M) protein occupies nucleic acid binding site at nucleoporin pair (Rae1•Nup98)

mRNA export factor 1 (Rae1) and nucleoporin 98 (Nup98) are host cell targets for the matrix (M) protein of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). How Rae1 functions in mRNA export and how M protein targets both Rae1 and Nup98 are not understood at the molecular level. To obtain structural insights, we assembled a 1:1:1 complex of M•Rae1•Nup98 and established a crystal structure at 3.15-A resolution. We found that the M protein contacts the Rae1•Nup98 heterodimer principally by two protrusions projecting from the globular domain of M like a finger and thumb. Both projections clamp to the side of the β-propeller of Rae1, with the finger also contacting Nup98. The most prominent feature of the finger is highly conserved Methionine 51 (Met51) with upstream and downstream acidic residues. The complementary surface on Rae1 displays a deep hydrophobic pocket, into which Met51 fastens like a bolt, and a groove of basic residues on either side, which bond to the acidic residues of the finger. Notably, the M protein competed for in vitro binding of various oligonucleotides to Rae1•Nup98. We localized this competing activity of M to its finger using a synthetic peptide. Collectively, our data suggest that Rae1 serves as a binding protein for the phosphate backbone of any nucleic acid and that the finger of M mimics this ligand. In the context of mRNA export, we propose that a given mRNA segment, after having been deproteinated by helicase, is transiently reproteinated by Nup98-tethered Rae1. We suggest that such repetitive cycles provide cytoplasmic stopover sites required for ratcheting mRNA across the nuclear pore.
Cres2 and Cres3: New members of the cystatin-related epididymal spermatogenic subgroup of family 2 cystatins

The cystatin-related epididymal spermatogenic (CRES) and recently identified testatin and cystatin T proteins define a new subgroup within the family 2 cystatins of cysteine protease inhibitors. Members of the CRES subgroup are predominantly expressed in reproductive tissues and lack critical cystatin active-site sequences implying divergent functions. To determine whether there are additional members of the subgroup, we searched nucleotide databases and identified two novel genes that we designated Cres2 and Cres3. These genes, like other subgroup members, encode proteins with four conserved cysteine residues and predicted molecular weights characteristic of family 2 cystatins but have divergent cystatin inhibitory sequences. Furthermore, the genes exhibited reproductive-specific expression with Cres2 exclusively expressed in the epithelial cells of the proximal and midcaput epididymal regions and Cres3 expressed in the proximal caput epididymal epithelium, Sertoli cells of the testis, and early follicles and corpora lutea in the ovary. Additional studies showed that, like Cres, both Cres2 and Cres3 genes are dependent on testicular factors for epididymal expression. Taken together, CRES2 and CRES3 represent new members of a subgroup of cystatin family 2 proteins that likely carry out tissue-specific functions distinct from that of typical cystatins.
Role of endothelium in ischemic coronary syndromes

Abstract The recent discovery that the endothelium synthesizes several powerful vasodilators, including prostacyclin and endothelium-derived relaxing factor, has substantially changed our view of the importance of the vascular endothelium and the perspective from which we consider the mechanisms of vascular control. It Is now known that the vascular endothelium plays a key role in circulatory homeostasls through its ability to sense the local vascular milieu and respond to it by the synthesis and release of a variety of biologically active substances. The endothelium influences not only vascular tone, but also vascular remodeling via the production of growth-promoting and growth-inhibiting substances; hemostasis and thrombosis through antiplatelet, anticoagulant, and fibrinolytic effects; and inflammation through the expression of chemotactic and adhesion molecules on the cell membrane. In diseases such as atherosclerosis, however, these functions of the endothelium are impaired and may even become counterproductive and disease-promoting. The “activated” or injured endothelial cells paradoxically become prothrombotic, growth-promoting, and leukocyte-adhesive. The endothelium also loses its vasodilating ability, rendering the underlying vascular smooth muscle susceptible to a preponderance of vasoconstrictive forces. It is now recognized that these disturbances in endothelial function are principal players in the ischemic manifestations of coronary artery disease. Endeavors to modify or reverse endothelial dysfunction may therefore be of significant therapeutic benefit in the treatment of myocardial ischemia. This review outlines several important insights into the biology of the arterial wall that are currently being applied to the study of coronary artery disease in humans.
Searching for Peace in Central and South Asia: An Overview of Conflict Prevention and Peacebuilding Activities . Edited by Monique Mekenkamp, Paul von Tongeren, and Hans van de Veen. Boulder, Colo. and London: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2002. xiv, 665 pp . $65.00 (cloth); $24.95 (paper).

Introduction. Reflections. Contemporary Conflict Resolution in Asia. Reflections on September 11. Positive Stories of Peacebuilding. Lessons Learned in Conflict Resolution and Peacebuilding. Central Asia. Regional Introduction. Policy Options for Conflict Prevention and Resolution. Conflicts over Resources. Religion and Conflict in Central Asia. Conflict Surveys: Afghanistan Ferghana Valley Tajikistan Uzbekistan. South Asia. Nonofficial Dialogues and Conflict Management Activities. Confidence-building Measures. Border Conflicts and Territorial Disputes. The Influence of the Demographic Picture and Migration Flows on Regional Conflicts. Water-related Conflicts. Religion and Conflict in South Asia. Multiculturalism in India. Secularism and Communalism in India. The Caste System and Caste Violence. Rising Demands for Autonomy in India. Conflict Surveys: Bangladesh (the Chittagong Hills Tracts) India (the Naxalites the Senas conflicts in the northeast) Jammu and Kashmir Nepal (the Maoists) Pakistan (the Sindhi-Mohajir Conflict Sunnis and Shi'ites) Sri Lanka. Directory. Profiles of approximately 150 central and south Asian NGOs involved in conflict prevention and peacebuilding, organized by country, as well as information on government agencies and international networks and organizations.
Honeydew : an arrestant stimulus for coccinellids

. 1. The presence and quantity of honeydew, produced by the, cereal aphid, Sitobion aveme (Fab.), on the time Coccinella seprempunctara L. larvae spent searching ears of wheat and on the number of aphids eaten, was investigated. 2. In the presence of honeydew larvae spent longer searching the ears, resulting in a greater exploitation of prey than in the absence of honeydew. 3. Larvae did not respond to differences in the amount of honeydew, so that the arrestment response would not result in aggregation in areas of high prey density.
Use of cognitive maps to determine perceived tourism regions.

Abstract Automobile travelers stopping at Travel Information Centers in Michigan were surveyed. In a cognitive mapping task, respondents indicated which parts of Michigan they perceived to be recreation and tourism regions. Data from the mapping task were integrated into a Tourism Location Score which was used to compare tourism locations and counties. The maps of respondents who were familiar and unfamiliar with the state were compared. Nine regions were identified, in coastal counties. In eight of the 9 regions, a single county was identified as the “center”; of the tourism region. Familiar respondents differentiated more regions along the coast; less familiar respondents perceived more regions to be present in the southeastern urban portion of the state. Implications for planning and tourism promotion and development in the coastal zone are discussed.
Application designed to promote a new way to ensure security

Fingerprint based applications hold a promising future in terms of resolving numerous security hazards. In order to offer efficient security systems for households, I investigate prototypes, technologies, and frameworks that will transcend the current state of practice in household security application systems. In this paper, I first discuss the current practices and trends in regular door-locks. Then, I investigate a number of research issues and future directions in fingerprint based development for door-locks.
Analyses of WOX4 transgenics provide further evidence for the evolution of the WOX gene family during the regulation of diverse stem cell functions

The WOX (WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX) gene family of Arabidopsis comprises fifteen plant-specific transcriptional factors that play important development roles. Genetic, phylogenetic and genomic analyses suggest that WOX genes generally act non-autonomously to organize stem-cell and initial-cell populations within plant meristems and organ anlagen. Previous cross-complementation analyses indicate that the functional diversification of distinct WOX paralogs may be explained largely by promoter evolution, although paralog-specific protein::protein interactions are also implicated. A recent report described WOX4 function during development of the procambium, which comprises the meristematic tissues of the plant vasculature. Here we show that WOX4 fails to complement PRS1/WOX3 function, when driven from the PRS1/WOX3 native promoter. These data suggest that WOX4 identifies different DNA targets and/or interacting proteins during development of the vasculature procambium than does PRS1/WOX3 during the specification of lateral organ initial cells. The identification of super-compound leaf phenotypes induced by overexpression of the SlWOX4 ortholog in tomato suggests a functional link between vascular patterning and leaf complexity.
Isolation and identification of two isomeric naringenin rhamnodiglucosides from grapefruit

Abstract Two isomeric rhamnodiglucosides of naringenin have been isolated from the segments of Texas Ruby Red grapefruit and identified as 4tβ- D -glucosyl-7β-neohesperidosylnaringenin and 4′β- D -glucosyl-7β-rutinosylnaringenin.
WORKING 9 TO 5: THE USE OF FILM/VIDEO ANALYSIS AS AN ADAPTATION OF THE CASE STUDY METHOD IN TEACHING ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR

This paper provides a rationale for the use of case studies in organization‐related/business courses. An argument is developed proposing the value of adapting the traditional written format of case studies into a visual format in which a case study is created from an organizationally‐relevant film or video. Further, the paper delineates a specific project designed to use the case study method to its fullest potential as an instructional strategy in teaching the organization‐related/business courses.
Time-varying filters for ISAR motion compensation

An approach is presented for the design of time-varying filters that separate selected ISAR target signatures with a constant false alarm rate. Here, the time-frequency representation of each signature is utilized to define a binary filter which is enhanced and labeled using computer vision techniques. Upon filtering, the signatures of the targets are synthesized from their Short Time Fourier Transform representations. In order to obtain a focused radar image for each target, its filtered signature must be motion compensated in the frequency domain. Therefore, radar images can be generated for scenarios in which multiple moving targets can not be imaged otherwise. As an instance, the response of a stepped frequency radar system is simulated to demonstrate that combined signatures of aircraft are effectively separated, compensated and processed into individual images.
Detectors For High Energy Nuclear Collisions: Problems, Progress and Promise

Some perspective of the main issues in high energy nuclear collision physics is offered. How to identify and measure a quark-gluon plasma is considered to still be an open question. The types of detector configurations to be used in high-energy nucleus-nucleus experiments are discussed. Particular issues covered are measurements of lepton pair spectra, tracking systems and multitrack resolution, event-rate capabilities, backgrounds and other problems close to the beam, and calorimetry. 2 refs. (LEW)
Race and the new epigenetic biopolitics of environmental health

Xenobiotic chemicals (for example, PCBs, BPA and methylmercury) play a central role in the new field of ‘environmental epigenetics’, which identifies factors that regulate the expression of genes, thereby suggesting the fundamental plasticity of biology. This article examines the role of race in the emerging ‘epigenetic biopolitics’ of environmental chemicals. Analysis of the paradigmatic case of methylmercury contamination in fish reveals a new racial formation in which race is important precisely because biology is plastic. Because methylmercury affects fetal neurodevelopment, US regulatory agencies aim to control fetal exposures by issuing fish consumption advisories to women of childbearing age. Owing to racial disparities in fish consumption, not only do the advisories have greater impact on women of color, but they change the problem from contamination itself to the abnormal diets of these women. Then, to the extent that these women fail to make the right choice, this leads to bodily differences between people of purportedly different races. In this epigenetic biopolitics, in which the aim is to affect cellular processes of the developing fetus, it is the reproductive woman who is racialized and who, through her actions, produces embodied race.
Observations of fungal growth in soil using a capillary pedoscope

Abstract A simple technique for constructing glass pedoscopes from standard glass slide and cover slip material is described. When inserted into soil, the rectangular glass capillaries are colonized by soil microorganisms and can be removed for microscopic examination. The pedoscopes were used to observe fungal growth in soil incubated in the laboratory. Rate of growth and pattern of development were influenced by organic amendments. A very dense mycelium colonized a capillary containing straw, whereas mycelial density was intermediate and sparse when dextran and glucose were used respectively. Morphological differences associated with age and substrate were noted. Fungal growth was observed periodically as it penetrated the length of a dextran treated capillary. The average growth rate was 40 μm h−1. Photomicrographs taken at intervals of 24 h showed a combined mycelial length of 820 μm arising from elongation and branching from a single hyphal tip.
Competitive displacement of Panonychus ulmi (Acarina: Tetranychidae) by Aculus schlechtendali (Acarina: Eriophyidae) in apple orchards.

Evidence for competitive deplacement of Panonychus ulmi (ERM) from apple trees via Aculus schlechtendali (ARM) by what is thought to be a foliage conditioning mechanism is presented. Previous feeding of ARMs at high and moderate density levels near or below the economic threshold for this phytophagous mite on apple reduced the build-up of the ERM in 3 years of field experiments on Red Delicious trees and during a single season on McIntosh apple foliage. Comparative tests measuring oviposition rates of the ERM on excised apple leaves which had sustained high and low levels of previous rust mite feeding gave results similar to field experiments. The applied aspect of how this interspecific relationship can be managed in the context of an integrated mite management program for apples is discussed.
Regulation of sodium pump endocytosis by cardiotonic steroids: Molecular mechanisms and physiological implications

We have previously shown that ouabain and other cardiotonic steroids interact with the plasmalemmal Na/K-ATPase and cause a time and dose dependent endocytosis of the Na/K-ATPase. This endocytosis is demonstrable using fluorescence imaging as well as conventional biochemical and biophysical cell separation methods. In proximal tubule cells, this process appears to regulate the density of basolateral Na/K-ATPase expression directly as well as indirectly modulate transepithelial sodium transport. Work with genetic manipulations, as well as pharmacological agents with cell culture models, have demonstrated that the cardiotonic steroid stimulated endocytosis of the plasmalemmal Na/K-ATPase requires caveolin and clathrin as well as the activation of c-Src, transactivation of the EGFR and activation of PI3K. Interestingly c-Src, EGFR and ERK1/2 all appear to be endocytosed along with the plasmalemmal Na/K-ATPase. These observations suggest a close analogy between a subset of plasmalemmal Na/K-ATPase and signaling companions with conventional receptor tyrosine kinases. While further studies are necessary to delineate the role of this endocytosis in the generation as well as the limit of signal transduction through the Na/K-ATPase signal cascade, we propose that it has an important role in the regulation of renal sodium handling as well as other important processes.
Transformations and confluence for rewrite systems

Abstract Many important applications of rewrite systems, e.g., automated reasoning, algebraic specifications of abstract data types, and functional/equational programming, rely either wholly or in part on rewrite systems that are constructor-based. In this paper, we study general transformations of rewrite systems that preserve confluence and normal forms. In 1985, Thatte showed that an orthogonal system can be transformed into an orthogonal constructor-based system that preserves normal forms up to a certain simple homomorphism. In 1988, Thatte claimed that this transformation works for all semiregular (confluent + nonoverlapping) systems. We show that Thatte's transformation fails to preserve confluence and normal forms for semiregular systems. We then introduce the concept of weak persistence and show that Thatte's transformation is correct for all weakly persistent confluent systems. We also give some general conditions that imply weak persistence and show that this class includes as subclasses the following: left-linear, nonoverlapping systems with confluent root overlaps (generalization of orthogonal systems), nonoverlapping noetherian systems with confluent root overlaps, and the nonlinear systems with no overlaps proved confluent by Klop. We show that our transformation scheme for convergent systems can also be applied to systems in which the innermost rewriting relation is confluent. Our results indicate that persistence plays a role in arbitrary confluent systems that in analogous to the role of the no-overlap restriction in left-linear systems; and similarly weak persistence plays a role that is analogous to that of the nonoverlapping restriction for left-linear systems.
SELFABS: A PC computer code for the determination of the self-absorption fractions of gamma-rays for neutron activation analysis

Abstract A versatile PC computer code has been developed to be used in neutron activation analysis to determine the self-absorption fractions of gamma-rays in highZ materials. The interactive code can be employed for different geometrical configurations for radioactive counting. The input data only requires the sample geometry, length and diameter of the sample, mass of the sample, the number of major constituents, the associated Z values and weight fraction of each element.
Introduction: Structural Barriers to Change in the Workplace:

This article introduces the second series of articles in the Special Section on work organization and health. Empirical research has indicated that increased control–at both an individual and collective level–is a fundamental component of preventive psychosocial interventions aimed at ameliorating the impact of occupational stress-related disorders. However, practical intervention activities oriented toward enhancing levels of worker control have met structural obstacles at the level of the state, the occupational sector, and the workplace. The articles in this issue address these obstacles and suggest strategies for overcoming them from historical sociological, occupational health policy, and action research orientations.
Mitochondrial membranes and mutagenesis by ethidium bromide

The conversion of wild type (ρ+) to cytoplasmic petites (ρ−) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a mutation in mitochondrial DNA, can be brought about with high efficiency by low concentrations of ethidium bromide (EB). The rate and extent of mutagenesis and its expression can be influenced, and even reversed, by a number of genetic lesions, agents or treatments affecting mitochondrial structure and metabolism. Among them are incubation at 45°, exposure to Antimycin A, growth on different carbon sources and the presence or absence of 2 different gene products previously implicated in the repair of UV induced lesions in mitochondrial DNA. Based on these observations a model for EB mutagenesis is advanced which postulates a complex between mitochondrial DNA and the inner membrane as the target susceptible to modification by EB. This model predicts that altered membranes should lead to changes in the susceptibility of cells to the mutagenic action of EB. This prediction has been verified by comparing cells that contain one of 2 structurally quite distinct monounsaturated C18 fatty acids in their mitochondrial phospholipids: greater resistance to mutagenesis and ease of thermal protection is exhibited when cells – and mitochondria – contain oleic (Δ9cis, m.p. < 5°) rather than petroselinic (Δ6cis, m.p. 28°) acid in their phospholipids. As a corollary, studies on EB mutagenesis and mitochondrial DNA may be used as probes for the mitochondrial inner membrane to reveal some perhaps novel functions.
Dual antiplatelet therapy (clopidogrel and aspirin) is associated with increased all-cause mortality after carotid revascularization for asymptomatic carotid disease

Objective Despite the established guidelines, there is not a clear consensus about how to manage antiplatelet therapy after carotid surgery. It is a common practice in vascular surgery to use the combination of aspirin and clopidogrel in the treatment of such patients. In this work, we analyzed the impact on long-term survival of antiplatelet therapy in patients treated for carotid stenosis at a single institution over a 10-year period. Methods Outcomes of 471 patients who underwent carotid intervention (1999-2008) were analyzed. Discharge prescription summaries were retrieved, and patients were divided into two groups according to their antiplatelet regimen: aspirin-only group and aspirin plus clopidogrel group. Only patients with a minimum of 30 days of confirmed antiplatelet therapy were included. All-cause mortality during follow-up represented the primary outcome, whereas stroke and bleeding at 30 days and during follow-up represented secondary end points. When local records were sparse, the Social Security Death Index was queried to confirm mortality. The International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision (ICD-9 codes), was reviewed for treatment related to a bleeding condition. Results When divided by indication, there was an increased mortality rate in patients with asymptomatic carotid disease receiving dual antiplatelet therapy as compared with aspirin alone (47% vs 40%; P = .05). Patients with symptomatic carotid disease had a nonsignificant decrease in all-cause mortality if they received dual antiplatelet therapy (38% vs 39%; P = .53). In a subgroup analysis, there was a significant increase in the rate of all-cause mortality among patients older than 75 years receiving dual antiplatelet therapy for asymptomatic carotid disease (82% vs 56%; P = .001), whereas there was a nonsignificant decrease in mortality in patients older than 75 years receiving dual antiplatelet therapy for symptomatic carotid disease (47% vs 63%; P = .50). There was no difference in secondary outcomes (stroke and bleeding) regardless of the indication or the antiplatelet therapy. Conclusions In this retrospective, single-institution study, the use of dual antiplatelet therapy (aspirin plus clopidogrel) in patients intervened for asymptomatic carotid disease was related to increased all-cause mortality, whereas it did not significantly influence the outcome in patients with symptomatic carotid disease.
A supergravity explanation of the CDF eeγγ event

We present a unified no-scale supergravity model with a light gravitino that can naturally explain the observed eeγγ event at CDF via right-handed selectron pair-production. The full spectrum of our model can be described in terms of a single parameter and can be distinguished from alternative proposals in the literature. Ongoing and future runs at LEP 2 should be able to probe the full allowed parameter space via acoplanar diphoton events from $e^ + e^- \to x_1^0 x_1^0$ production.
The Plasmatron, A Continuously Controllable Gas-Discharge Developmental Tube

The "plasmatron," a new type of continuously controllable gas tube, is described and its operation analyzed. This tube utilizes an independently generated gas-discharge' plasma as a conductor between a hot cathode and an anode. Continuous modulation of the anode current can be effected either by variation of the conductivity or the effective cross section of the plasma. The first of these is accomplished by the modulation of the electron ionizing beam which controls the plasma density and hence its conductivity. The second method makes use of the gating action of positive-ion sheaths which surround the wires of a grid located between the anode and cathode. The plasmatron appears to have considerable promise for such applications as motor drive, direct loudspeaker drive, high-efficiency rectification and inversion, and the many other uses which require the high-current and low-voltage operation that the high-impedance vacuum tube cannot supply.
Surprising metal binding properties of phytochelatin-like peptides prepared by protease-catalysis

Phytochelatins (PCs) consist of alternating glutamic acid and cysteine residues ([γGlu–Cys]–Xaa) and are responsible for binding to heavy metals for cellular metal homeostasis and detoxification. This paper describes the papain-catalyzed synthesis of cysteine-rich peptides as potential PC mimics. By adjusting the feed ratio of L-cysteine ethyl ester (L-Et-Cys) and L-glutamic acid diethyl ester (L-(Et)2-Glu) followed by de-esterification, α-linked oligo(L-Glu-co-47%L-Cys) was prepared that closely matches the 1:1 L-Glu-to-L-Cys molar ratio of PC peptides. Plots of absorbance difference as a function of total metal-to-peptide ([M]total–[P]total) molar ratio were constructed for titrations with Zn(II), Cd(II), Co(II) and Ni(II). A series of equations were generated to evaluate dissociation constants and the number of metal ions per peptide molecule in metal–peptide complexes. All of the four complexes have on average two oligo(L-Glu-co-47%L-Cys) molecules per divalent cation. The binding of metals to oligo(L-Glu-co-47%L-Cys) weakens in the order of Cd(II) > Zn(II) > Ni(II) > Co(II), the same trend observed for [(γGlu–Cys)4]–Gly. The peptide quantity required to sequester a given amount of Zn(II) and Cd(II) when using oligo(L-Glu-co-47%L-Cys) is only about twice as much as the quantity for perfect sequence peptide (γGlu–Cys)2–Gly. Furthermore, when [M]total is low, random oligo(L-Glu-co-47%L-Cys) sequesters much higher fractions of Co(II) and Ni(II) than does (γGlu–Cys)2–Gly. Results from this work provide the first evidence that, in some cases, uniform peptides synthesized by tedious solid or liquid phase peptide synthetic methods, can be replaced with peptide mixtures prepared by facile protease-catalyzed peptide synthetic methods without substantial loss in product performance.
Chlamydial Infection in Aborted and Stillborn Lambs

Chlamydia psittaci is a major cause of ovine abortion in the fourth to fifth months of gestation. During the lambing seasons of 1986, 1987, and 1988, fetuses from 52 cases of ovine abortion, stillbirth, or perinatal death were submitted to the laboratory for necropsy examination. Placenta or fetal tissues from 34 cases were cultured on mouse L cells for C. psittaci. Chlamydia psittaci was identified by immunofluorescence on cultures in 20 of these cases. The major gross lesion consistently associated with chlamydial abortion was placentitis with multifocal cotyledonary necrosis and accumulation of red-brown exudate in the intercotyledonary placenta. Chlamydiae appeared as spherical organisms, less than 1 micron in diameter, in the cytoplasm of trophoblasts in impression smears of cotyledons. Histologically, placentitis was sometimes accompanied by pneumonia or encephalitis in the fetus. Chlamydia psittaci was considered the cause for fetal death when chlamydial isolation was associated with placentitis or inflammation of other fetal tissues and when other abortifacient agents were not detected.
Procid: Bridging Consensus Building Theory with the Practice of Distributed Design Discussions

Consensus is a desired but elusive goal in many distributed discussions. A critical problem is that discussion platforms lack mechanisms for realizing consensus strategies and realizing these strategies without tool support can be hard. This paper introduces Procid, a novel browser plugin that provides interaction and visualization features for bringing consensus strategies to distributed design discussions. Key features include the ability to organize discussions around ideas, to register and visualize support for or against ideas, and to define criteria for evaluating ideas. It also applies interaction constraints fostering best practices of consensus building. Procid extends the discussion platform of one open source software community. Two evaluations were conducted. The first collected perceptions of the tool from members of the community for their own discussions. The second compared how Procid affects a distributed design discussion relative to the current discussion platform in the community. Results of both studies showed that users found the features of our tool beneficial and perceived it as more effective for consensus building than the existing platform.
Evaluation of Potential Modifiers of the Palatal Phenotype in the 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome

Abstract Objective: To evaluate potential modifiers of the palatal phenotype in individuals with the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Design: Data from 356 subjects enrolled in a study of the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome were used to evaluate potential modifiers of the palatal phenotype. Specifically, subjects with and without velopharyngeal inadequacy and/or structural malformations of the palate were compared with respect to gender, race, and genotype for variants of seven genes that may influence palatal development. Methods: The chi-square test or Fisher exact test was used to evaluate the association between palatal phenotype and each potential modifier. Odds ratios and their associated 95% confidence intervals were used to measure the magnitude of the association between palatal phenotype, subject gender and race, and each of the bi-allelic variants. Results: The palatal phenotype observed in individuals with the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome was significantly associated with both gender and race. In addition, t...
Role of the adolescent preparticipation physical examination

With the exception of Rhode Island, all states require high school athletes to undergo a preparticipation examination. These examinations may vary from state to state, however. This article covers the basics of the history, physical examination, special tests, and issues surrounding clearance for various diagnoses.
Design of Industrial Jobs a Worker Can and Will Do

Ergonomists working in the military area need to modify some of their assumptions about operator (or worker) behavior when they transfer to work in the industrial area. The goal of the ergonomist i...