cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Planetary astronomy in the 21st century—The study of planetary systems

A new scientific discipline has emerged in recent years, stimulated partly by advances in instrumental capability and partly by scientific discoveries. It is the study of systems of planets—their origins, existence, and properties—and of the interactive processes which link the planets with their central star. Two broad foci exist in this field—the first is the study of ‘‘other planetary systems.’’ For evolved systems, this means the detection and characterization of planets around the nearby stars, while for systems still in their natal phase it means the investigation of processes in regions where stars and planets may be forming. The second focus is the study of ‘‘our planetary system’’—the paradigm whose origin and evolution (both past and future) we wish to understand, and which affects us most directly. It is the thesis of this paper that the study of planetary systems will be a key discipline of the 21st century, and that it requires several observatories on the moon for its ultimate development.
Proportionate flow shop: New complexity results and models with due date assignment

It is known that the proportionate flow shop minimum makespan F m / p r p t / C max problem is solved optimally by any permutation job sequence. We show that the F m / p r p t / C max problem is at least ordinary NP-hard when missing operations are allowed and present some solvable cases. We then consider the standard proportionate flow shop problem (with no missing operations) and show that the solution algorithms for a class of single-machine due date assignment problems can be extended/generalized to the corresponding proportionate flow shop problems. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 62: 98–106, 2015
V-shaped scaffold: a new architectural motif identified in an A x (G x G x G x G) pentad-containing dimeric DNA quadruplex involving stacked G(anti) x G(anti) x G(anti) x G(syn) tetrads.

Abstract We report the results of an NMR study of unlabeled and uniformly 13 C, 15 N-labeled d(G 3 AG 2 T 3 G 3 AT) in 100 mM NaCl, conditions under which it forms a dimeric quadruplex containing several new topological features. The DNA oligomer chain in each symmetry-related monomer subunit undergoes three sharp turns to form a compact domain, with all the purine bases involved in pairing alignments. The first turn is of the double chain reversal type, the second is of the edgewise type, and the third represents a new alignment, the V-shaped type. Each monomer of the dimeric quadruplex contains two stacked G( anti )·G( anti )·G( anti )·G( syn ) tetrads, one of which forms a newly identified A·(G·G·G·G) pentad, through sheared G·A mismatch formation. There is a break in one of the four G-G columns that link adjacent G·G·G·G tetrads within each monomer. This architectural interruption is compensated by a new topological feature of quadruplex architecture, the V-shaped scaffold. The missing G-G column results in an opening that could facilitate insertion of planar ligands into the quadruplex. The dimeric interface contains stacked A·(G·G·G·G) pentads, with each pentad containing four bases from one monomer and a syn G1 from the partner monomer. Several potential ligand-binding pockets, positioned towards either end of the folded architecture, were identifiable in a surface view of the solution structure of the dimeric d(G 3 AG 2 T 3 G 3 AT) quadruplex.
EUS-guided transesophageal, transgastric, and transcolonic drainage of intra-abdominal fluid collections and abscesses

Background The therapeutic role of EUS is evolving. We report our experience with EUS-guided transesophageal, transgastric, and transcolonic drainage of various intra-abdominal fluid collections. Objective To determine the technical feasibility and clinical outcomes of EUS-guided drainage. Design Prospective case series. Setting Academic tertiary referral center. Patients Patients referred for endoscopic drainage of intra-abdominal fluid collections; pancreatic pseudocysts amenable to conventional transgastric or transduodenal drainage were excluded. Interventions Single-step EUS-guided drainage of fluid collections by using a therapeutic linear-array echoendoscope with fluoroscopic guidance. Main Outcome Measurements Technical success, relief of symptoms, and procedural complications. Results Nine consecutive patients deemed appropriate for EUS-guided drainage of intra-abdominal fluid collections included transesophageal drainage of pseudocysts (n = 2), transgastric drainage of biloma (n = 2) and upper intra-abdominal abscesses (n = 2), transcolonic drainage of diverticular abscess (n = 1), Crohn's abscess (n = 1), and postoperative hematoma (n = 1). Endoscopic drainage was successful in all patients. Confirmation of complete resolution of the target fluid collection and symptom relief was achieved in 8 (89%) of 9 patients. Pneumothorax and mediastinitis developed in 1 patient after transesophageal drainage, which resolved with chest tube and medical therapy. During multiple stent placement, one of the stents was fully deployed into the abscess cavity in 2 patients; both were successfully retrieved either endoscopically (Crohn's abscess) or at the time of primary colonic resection (diverticular abscess). Limitation Limited number of patients. Conclusions EUS-guided transenteric drainage of bilomas, hematomas, abscesses, and inflammatory fluid collections is technically feasible and generally results in complete drainage and symptom relief. Procedural complications may be minimized with more experience.
Structure-Based Design of a Dimeric Zinc Finger Protein†

Designing DNA-binding proteins with novel sequence specificities may provide valuable tools for biological research and gene therapy. Computer modeling was used to design a dimeric zinc finger protein, ZFGD1, containing zinc fingers 1 and 2 from Zif268 and a portion of the dimerization domain of GAL4. ZFGD1 binds with high affinity and specificity to the predicted binding site, which contains two 6 base-pair symmetry-related zinc finger subsites separated by a 13 base-pair spacer. The DNA-binding specificity of this fusion protein is determined primarily by the zinc fingers and can be systematically altered through the substitution of the zinc fingers with variants selected by phage display. This zinc finger−GAL4 fusion may serve as a prototype for designed DNA-binding proteins that could exploit advantages of homo- and heterodimer formation, and the adaptability of the Cys2His2 zinc finger motif, to target virtually any site in the genome.
Development of a Missing Post Repair Guideline for Longitudinal Barrier Crash Safety

AbstractCrash test procedures for modified steel strong-post w-beam guardrail are described in various U.S. Government reports. However, these tests are always performed on new guardrail installations. The performance of guardrail with posts removed because of damage or deterioration has never been quantitatively evaluated, leading to inconsistent U.S. repair guidelines. The effect of missing posts was quantitatively evaluated using crash tests and validated finite-element models of a guardrail and a 2,000 kg (4,409 lb) pickup truck. Simulations in which one, two, or three posts were removed from the guardrail were conducted with varying impact points to evaluate the effect of missing posts. The removal of a single post compromised vehicle safety because of snagging and airborne pitching and rolling. The risk of rail rupture increased as the impact load was shifted from the posts to the rails. A single missing post in a guardrail negatively affects the crash safety and should have a high repair priority.
Intrinsic Plasticity in Acquired Epilepsy: Too Much of a Good Thing?

Mechanisms of plasticity are important to the astounding capacity of the brain to adapt and learn. Ion channels are significant contributors to neuronal plasticity, but their dysfunction has been implicated in several nervous system diseases from movement disorders to epilepsy. Although many inherited ion channel mutations have been associated with these disorders, it has been recently recognized that channelopathies can also include aberrant ion channel function that is acquired after an insult or injury to the brain. These acquired alterations are being investigated in animal models of temporal lobe epilepsy, where studies have shown functional changes in voltage-gated ion channels that lead to increases in excitability. Studies of these hyperexcitable neurons have included recordings in the hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, and thalamus and support the existence of an extended seizure network with several nodes of altered activity that are established during epileptogenesis. A better understanding of the...
The bar of soap: a grasp recognition system implemented in a multi-functional handheld device

We propose a vision of a grasp-based interaction system where users' intentions are inferred by the way they hold and interact with a device. In this paper we specifically discuss the Bar of Soap, a multi-function handheld prototype that uses grasp-based interactions to switch between modes. This prototype relies on the hypothesis that users share a set of stereotyped grasps associated with common multi-function modes. We show that using common machine learning techniques our device can reliably distinguish five separate classes based on the users' grasps. While this interaction is currently implemented in a multi-function handheld, we anticipate the existence of many scenarios where grasp recognition could provide a more intuitive or useful interface.
Asymptotic enumeration of full graphs

A full graph on n vertices, as defined by Fulkerson, is a representation of the intersection and containment relations among a system of n sets. It has an undirected edge between vertices representing intersecting sets, and a directed edge from a to b if the corresponding set A contaisn B. We give a unified argument to show that asymptotically, almost all full graphs can be obtained by taking an arbitrary undirected graph in the n vertices, distinguishing a clique in this graph that need not be maximal, and then adding directed edges going out from each vertex in the clique to all vertices to which there is not already an existing undirected edge. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Radio Jet Interactions with Massive Clouds

Three-dimensional simulations of hydrodynamic jets are computed at rather high resolution using the ZEUS-3D code. The parameters we employ are suitable for moderate-to-high-power radio jets emerging through a galactic atmosphere or halo and eventually crossing a tilted pressure-matched interface with a hotter intracluster medium. Before they cross this interface, these simulations aim the jets so that they hit massive clouds within the galactic halo, with densities 10 or more times higher than the ambient atmospheric density and hundreds to thousands times the jet density. Such clouds are set up with radii several times that of the jet and could correspond to giant molecular cloud complexes or small cannibalized galaxies. We find that while powerful jets eventually disperse the clouds, for off-center collisions, nonaxisymmetric instabilities are induced in those jets. Those instabilities grow faster for lower Mach number jets and can disrupt the jets substantially sooner than occurs for similar simulations of jets not hitting clouds. Such interactions could be related to some compact steep-spectrum source morphologies. Weak jets can be effectively halted or destroyed by reasonably massive clouds, and this type of interaction may have relevance for the paucity of extended radio jets in spiral galaxies. Slow, dense jets may be bent yet remain stable for fairly extended times, and such interactions can be responsible for some of the wide-angle tail and most of the "dogleg" radio source morphologies.
Finite element simulation of combined buoyancy and thermocapillary driven convection in open cavities

Thermocapillary-induced and buoyancy-driven convective flows that commonly occur in crystal growth are numerically simulated using Galerkin finite element method. The physical domain comprises of a open cavity with aspect ratio one and differentially heated vertical walls. The top gas–melt interface is free to deform subject to 90° contact angle boundary conditions at the two vertical walls. The unsteady two-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations are discretized in time using Chorin-type splitting scheme and pressure is determined from the Poisson's equation. The free surface is taken to be resting on vertical spines and its evolution in time is determined from the kinematic free surface equation. The governing equations for heat and momentum are solved in the Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian frame of reference to handle the moving boundary. The influence of Grashof number, Marangoni number, Bond number, Ohnesorge number and Prandtl number on the flow field and heat transfer is investigated.
Thermal stability and hydrogen absorption characteristics of palladium-yttrium nanoalloys

Nanostructured alloys consisting of 10, 20 and 30 at.% Y in Pd were synthesized by high-energy ball-milling to determine the thermal stability and hydriding behavior of different alloy compositions. Adding 10 at.% Y to the Pd resulted in a nanoalloy that was stable against grain growth to above 400 C, as compared to 200 C for ball-milled pure Pd. Adding 20 and 30 at.% Y resulted in a supersaturated solution of Y in Pd and in the Pd{sub 3}Y intermetallic phase, respectively. Both the supersaturated solution and the intermetallic phase exhibited stability against grain growth to above 400 C and interesting phase segregation behavior in heat treatment. In addition to stabilizing against grain growth, doping the Pd with Y also suppressed the {alpha}{yields}{beta} phase transition.
Charge Simulation and Interactive Computer Graphics in a First Course in Applied Electromagnetics

A personal computer program for analysis of electrostatic boundary value problems, based upon charge simulation, is described. The program provides students in the Electrical Engineering curriculum at Carnegie-Mellon University with color graphics representations of potential field structures for arbitrary boundary geometries, specified with a graphics tablet or input data file. Charge simulation is an attractive numerical analysis tool in an educational context because it is based upon the natural relationships between boundary charge distribution and resultant field structure. A number of examples of specific applications of the program are shown.
Analysis of Charges Associated with Definitive Nonsurgical Therapy for Early-Stage Lateralized Tonsil Cancer

The cost of treatment as it affects comparative effectiveness is becoming increasingly more important. Because cost data are not readily available, we evaluated the charges associated with definitive nonsurgical therapy for early-stage lateralized tonsil cancers. Patients treated with unilateral radiation therapy (RT) for T1 or T2 tonsil cancer between 1995 and 2007 were retrospectively reviewed. Total and radiation-specific charges, from 3 months before to 4 months after radiation, were adjusted for inflation. All facets of treatment were evaluated for significant associations with total billing. Eighty-four patients were identified. Three-year overall survival, disease-specific survival, and recurrence-free survival were 97 % [95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.88–0.99], 98 % (95 % CI 0.89–1), and 96 % (95 % CI 0.88–0.99), respectively. The median for radiation-specific charges was $60,412 (range $16,811–$84,792). The median for total charges associated with treatment was $109,917 (range $36,680–$231,895). Total billing for treatment was significantly associated with the year of diagnosis (p = 0.008), intensity-modulated radiation therapy versus wedge pair RT (p = 0.005), preradiation direct laryngoscopy (p < 0.0001), chemotherapy (p < 0.0001), gastrostomy tube placement (p = 0.004), and postradiation neck dissection (p = 0.005). Although cost data for treatment are not readily available, historically, the recovery rate is approximately 30 %. The charges associated with definitive nonsurgical therapy for early-stage lateralized tonsil cancer have a wide range likely due to treatment-related procedures, the use of chemotherapy, and evolving RT technologies. These benchmark data are important given renewed interested in primary surgery for tonsil cancer. Cost of care, disease control, and functional outcomes will be critical for comparisons of effectiveness when selecting treatment modalities.
Optimal System's Complexity, An Architecture Perspective

Abstract Systems Complexity is driven by more connectivity among constituents and increased environmental uncertainties. Modularity is a system's mechanism to manage complexity in the presence of environmental heterogeneities. Here, a general design decision framework for modularity and fractionation in complex systems is presented. This framework incorporates spatial and temporal heterogeneity of the environment, adaptability of the system and costs associated with modularity. It is argued that as the space-time heterogeneity of the environment increases, higher levels of modularity are needed. To determine the optimal level of complexity in a modular design, a four-level modularity pyramid is introduced. This pyramid takes into account functional and physical dimensions of modularity and allows for resource sharing to enables dynamic modularity. Moving up from each level is quantified by an M+ operation that calculates the net value of increased modularity for each sub-system.
Somatic mutations of the ATP1A1 gene and aldosterone-producing adenomas

Primary aldosteronism is the most common form of secondary hypertension. It affects approximately 10% of patients with hypertension and causes greater cardiovascular morbidity and mortality compared to essential hypertension of similar severity and duration. The cause of primary aldosteronism in about half of these patients is an aldosterone-producing adenoma; over half of these adenomas have mutations in one of several ion channels and pumps, including the potassium channel KCNJ5, calcium channel Cav1.3, α1 subunit of the sodium potassium ATPase, and membrane calcium ATPase 3. This review concentrates on the molecular and physiological mechanisms by which mutations of the ATP1A1 gene increase aldosterone production.
Charge exchange between H(2s) and fully stripped carbon and nitrogen ions at low-keV impact energies

Approximate cross sections for charge transfer between H(2s) and fully stripped carbon and nitrogen ions have been obtained in the velocity range 6 x 10$sup 6$--7 x 10$sup 7$ cm/sec. In these systems, transfer takes place into high-lying orbitals of the final-state ion. The Landau-Zener theory modified for application to a multistate system is used to calculate the cross sections. The coupling-matrix elements are determined both from a study of the pseudocrossings observed in the relevant system of the adiabatic potential curves and by direct calculation using the appropriate asymptotic parabolic wave functions. The resulting cross sections. are large, in the 10$sup -14$-cm$sup 2$ range for both C$sup +6$ and N$sup +7$, and show the relatively flat energy dependence characteristic of systems with a number of contributing curve crossings. (AIP)
Evaluation of treatment of inflammatory papillary hyperplasia of the palate

Summary The results of this study indicated that the making of new dentures alone was not effective in eliminating inflammatory papillary hyperplasia. However, surgical removal of the lesion and the making of new dentures was effective in the eradication of the lesion.
Professional characteristics and job satisfaction among SGIM members: a comparison of part-time and full-time physician members.

BACKGROUND As more physicians work part-time (PT), the faculty, institutions, and organizations that represent them should understand the factors that motivate and satisfy these physicians.
Isolation and characterization of a novel ligand-dependent thyroid hormone receptor-coactivating protein

The thyroid hormone receptor (TR) regulates the expression of target genes upon binding to triiodothyronine (T3) response elements. In the presence of T3, the TR recruits coactivating proteins that both modulate and integrate the ligand response. We report here the cloning of a novel protein using the TR ligand-binding domain as bait in the yeast two-hybrid system. Analysis of a putative full-length clone demonstrates a cDNA sequence that encodes a protein of 920 amino acids with a size of 120 kDa (p120). Alignment with known sequences shows homology to a previously identified protein of unknown function, termed skeletal muscle abundant protein. Interaction studies demonstrate that p120 interacts with the TR AF-2 domain in the presence of ligand through a 111-amino acid region. Northern analysis demonstrates widespread expression in human tissues. Cotransfection assays in CV-1 cells demonstrate that p120 enhances TR-mediated transactivation on multiple T3 response elements in the presence of T3. In addition, CREB-binding protein synergizes with p120 to enhance this effect. When linked to the GAL4 DNA-binding domain, p120 is an activator of transcription alone. Thus, p120 satisfies a number of important criteria as a nuclear receptor coactivator.
Preventing a nuclear nightmare

Avoiding Nuclear Anarchy: Containing the Threat of Loose Russian Nuclear Weapons and Fissile Material by Graham T. Allison, Owen R. Cote Jr, Richard A. Falkenrath and Steven E. Miller. CSIA Studies in International Security No. 12. Cambridge, MA: The Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, May 1996. 104pp. £13.50.
The morphology of machining chips formed during low speed quasi-orthogonal machining of CA 360 brass and a model for their formation

In a previous study of orthogonal machining of CA 360 brass, periodic load fluctuations were related to geometric features observed on the machining chip. In this study, the metallography of these machining chips was examined using both optical and scanning electron microscopy with the goal of better understanding the cutting mechanism and the origin of the load fluctuations. It was determined that the load variations were associated with periodic variations in chip thickness, implying a periodic variation in shear angle. It is difficult to detect such a variation in shear angle using an etch to identify deformation patterns, but shear angle variations could be inferred from the chip morphology and from the distortion of the lead particles in the machining chip. A simple model is presented which exhibits periodic shear angle variations if deformation is assumed to occur in a shear zone of finite thickness and if the material’s workhardening capacity is exhausted at strains comparable with those developed during machining. Computations incorporating the features of this model are shown to accurately reproduce the pattern of the experimental observations.
An interactive system for graduation verification

Abstract A graduation verification system, developed at the University of South Carolina, Columbia. SC is reported. The paper is divided into two parts. The first part discusses a general system design, with emphasis on the system's table-driven feature. The table-driven feature facilitates the elimination of the necessity of reprogramming the verification part of the system when graduation requirements change. Only the “requirements table” that drives the verification part of the system needs to be changed. In the second part, we describe in detail the implementation of a graduation verification system at the University of South Carolina, based on the general design found in the first part.
The effects of age and behavioral development on honey bee (Apis mellifera) flight performance

A critical but seldom-studied component of life history theory is how behavior and age affect whole-organism performance. To address this issue we compared the flight performance of honey bees (whose behavioral development and age can be assessed independently via simple manipulations of colony demographics) between distinct behavioral castes (in-hive nurse bees vs out-of-hive foragers) and across lifespan. Variable-density gases and high-speed video were used to determine the maximum hovering flight capacity and wing kinematics of age-matched nurse bees and foragers sampled from a single-cohort colony over a period of 34 days. The transition from hive work to foraging was accompanied by a 42% decrease in body mass and a proportional increase in flight capacity (defined as the minimum gas density allowing hovering flight). The lower flight capacity of hive bees was primarily due to the fact that in air they were functioning at a near-maximal wing angular velocity due to their high body masses. Foragers were lighter and when hovering in air required a much lower wing angular velocity, which they were able to increase by 32% during maximal flight performance. Flight performance of hive bees was independent of age, but in foragers the maximal wingbeat frequency and maximal average angular velocity were lowest in precocious (7-14 day old) foragers, highest in normal-aged (15-28 day old) foragers and intermediate in foragers older than 29 days. This pattern coincides with previously described age-dependent biochemical and metabolic properties of honey bee flight muscle.
The boundary value problem of magnetotail equilibrium

The earth magnetotail equilibrium problem is examined by expressing it as a 2D boundary value problem for a prescribed tail boundary, which may be considered as an idealized magnetopause. A general solution of this problem is derived for the 2D case, where the dependence on the y coordinate and the presence of By are neglected. These solutions are further generalized by including the y dependence and an open magnetosphere. Then, a general solution of a 3D boundary problem is derived.
TH-D-304A-04: Correction for Intensity Inhomogeneity in MRI

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to correct intensity inhomogeneity in MRI. A novel retrospective approach, based on a parametric surface‐fitting model, to correct for the smoothly varying inhomogeneity gradient field is described. This method has been evaluated on multiple MR images and has shown promising results. Method and Materials: The major improvement in this study is the calculation of the gradient partial derivatives. Consider the following model of acquired MRI:v(x, y) = g(x, y)u(x, y) + n(x, y), (1) where v(x,y), g(x,y), u(x,y), and n(x,y) are the measured signal, gradient field, uncorrupted signal, and noise, respectively. h+1 samples along the y direction are used to calculate the sum of differences xv in x at a fixed x: ∑ j=−h/2 h/2 Δ x v(x, y + j) ≅ Δ x g(x, y) ∑ j=−h/2 h/2 u(x, y + j) . (2) Similarly, the sum of h+1 adjacent pixel sums Σ xv is: ∑ j=−h/2 h/2 Σ x v(x, y + j) ≅ Σ x g(x, y) ∑ j=−h/2 h/2 u(x, y + j) . (3) The estimated partial derivative in respect to x is obtained by dividing Eq.(2) by Eq.(3): ∂ ln g(x, y) ∂x ≅ 2 ∑ j=−h/2 h/2 Δ x v(x, y + j) ∑ j=−h/2 h/2 Σ x v(x, y + j) . (4) Partial derivatives are calculated along both x and y directions. The estimated gradient is obtained by integrating the partial derivatives with energy minimization and scale optimization. Finally the estimated gradient is fit to a second order polynomial.Results: The method was tested on checkerboard images with known gradient, as well as MR images of rat brain and spinal cord. For the checkerboard images, restored images were comparable to the uncorrupted images. For MR images, the restored images showed qualitative visual improvement. Conclusions: A novel surface‐fitting method was developed to calculate the smooth varying gradient field. The proposed method did not require any a priori knowledge about the gradient nor the anatomy. The corrected results were visually more similar to their uncorrupted forms. Combined, these corrections can improve segmentation and registration quality.
The UK geochemical environment and cardiovascular diseases: magnesium in food and water

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) contribute approximately one-third to noncommunicable diseases in the UK. The central role of magnesium in CVDs (enzyme activity, cardiac signalling, etc.) is well established. Mortality and morbidity rates for CVDs may be inversely related to water hardness, suggesting a role for environmental magnesium. Published official and quasi-official data sources were evaluated to establish a model magnesium intake for a representative adult: standardised reference individual (SRI), standardised reference male (SRM) or standardised reference female (SRF). For typical dietary constituents, only tap water is probably locally derived and bottled water may not be. Fruits and vegetables are imported from many countries, while meat, dairy and cereal products represent a composite of UK source areas. Alcoholic beverages provide magnesium, there is doubt about its absorptive efficiency, and they are not locally derived. A simple model was devised to examine the effect of varying dietary contributions to total daily intake of magnesium. Omitting tap or bottled water, the combined intake, solid food plus alcoholic beverages, is 10.57 mmol Mg (84.5 % RNI) for the SRM and for the SRF, 8.10 mmol Mg (71.7 % RNI). Consumers drinking water derived from reservoirs or rivers, or supplementing it with the purest bottled water, improve their magnesium intake only slightly compared with water containing no magnesium. Choosing bottled water with high magnesium content when the public supply derives from rivers or reservoirs partially satisfies magnesium needs. Real improvement in SRI magnesium nutrition is seen only where water is hard. However, this conclusion cannot be validated until new measurement technologies for body magnesium become available.
Interest of Racially and Ethnically Diverse Social Work Students in Gerontological Social Work

This article presents the results of research to identify factors contributing to the development of interest in employment in gerontological social work by undergraduate social work students who are diverse in age, ethnicity, immigration history, race, and life experiences. Recruitment and support of interest in gerontological social work of students who are bilingual and/or bicultural is essential to meet the needs of the increasingly larger and more diverse older adult population in the United States. The findings indicate that experiential learning and service opportunities including fieldwork and employment are especially important influences.
A high capacity re-entrant groove heat pipe for cryogenic and room temperature space applications

Abstract A high capacity heat pipe has been developed for use in both the cryogenic and room temperature range. The configuration consists of 24 re-entrant axial grooves extruded in a 1-in. (25.4 mm) diameter 6063-T6 aluminium pipe. Using methane, the pipe demonstrated transport capacities as high as 6500 W in. (165 W m) in a level orientation at 115 K. This is an order of magnitude higher than state-of-the-art cryogenic heat pipe technology. Being a derivative of conventional rectangular axial groove heat pipes that have had extensive flight experience, the re-entrant design offers the same high reliability and ease of fabrication. Other benefits include: low fluid charge resulting in reduced internal pressure at ambient temperature, tolerance to the presence of non-condensible gas, and the capability to be bent to fit within tight spacecraft envelopes. The extrusion can also be used at other temperatures with appropriate working fluids, having been tested with ammonia to yield a transport capacity of 29 000 W in. at 283 K. The design lends itself to optimization for specific loads and temperatures, within the constraints of the extrusion process.
The influence of RNA integrity on the detection of honey bee viruses: molecular assessment of different sample storage methods

SummaryRNA quality has been considered to be one of the most critical components for the overall success of RNA-based assays. To ensure accuracy of virus diagnosis by the RT-PCR method, it is important to identify an optimal sample storage method that stabilizes RNA and protects RNA from the activities of RNase in intact samples. We conducted studies to evaluate the effects of seven different storage conditions on the integrity of RNA and the influence of RNA integrity on the detection of virus infections in honey bees. RNA was isolated from samples processed under one of six storage conditions: 1) bees stored at 4°C; 2) bees stored at–20°C; 3) bees stored at–80°C; 4) sliced bees immersed in RNAlater at 4°C; 5) crushed bee immersed in RNAlater at 4°C; 6) intact bees immersed in RNAlater at 4°C, or 7) bees immersed in 70% ethanol at room temperature. The results indicated that bee samples stored at–80°C,–20°C, cut in slices and then immersed in RNAlater at 4°C, and crushed into a paste and then immersed in...
Total pressure and CO2 solubility at high temperature in aqueous amines

Abstract Total pressure was measured in CO 2 loaded aqueous monoethanolamine, piperazine, 1-methyl-piperazine, 2-methyl-piperazine, and diglycolamine ® at 82 to 191 °C from 115 to 2819 kPa. CO 2 solubility is estimated from these data. Empirical models have been developed to predict the CO 2 partial pressure of these amine solutions from 40 to 160 °C. The heat of CO 2 absorption derived from these models varies from 66 kJ/mol for piperazine and its derivatives to 71 and 73 kJ/mol for monoethanolamine and diglycolamine and does not vary significantly with temperature.
Context and culture in the socialization and development of personal achievement values: Comparing Latino immigrant families, European American families, and elementary school teachers

We documented cross-cultural similarities and differences in values concerning personal achievement between Latino immigrant parents, a group of multiethnic teachers, and European American parents. We also explored intergenerational similarities and differences between parents and their fifth-grade children. The theoretical premise was that sociodemographic factors, such as education, drive cultural values, with more formal education associated with individualistic values and less formal education associated with collectivistic/familistic values. Responding to open-ended social dilemmas relevant to family life, Latino immigrant parents, averaging a fifth-grade education, responded more familistically than the more highly educated multiethnic teachers or European American parents. In contrast, no group differences in values showed up in situations where school practices do not directly impact family life. Intergenerational differences were few; but, in family-centered scenarios, European American fifth graders were significantly more collectivistic than European American parents, a finding that suggested the possibility that, in an individualistic culture, individualism is socialized with age.
Drug abuse and acquired immune deficiency syndrome.

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a modern plague. The first sign of the disease was the appearance of Pneumocystis carinii and Kaposi's sarcoma among young homosexual patients. The virus transmission is from an infected individual to a susceptible host through blood-related, sexual, and perinatal routes. Exchange of body fluid occurs when sharing syringes, drugs, and drug paraphernalia. Although the largest number of people infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is in sub Saharan Africa, the most rapid growth of HIV infection during the 1990s was seen in South-East Asia. Asia showed a steep increase from 1992. Given the experiences in Thailand, India and China, a similar spread of AIDS in other parts of Asia is possible. The risk behaviors that enable the spread of HIV are present in all Pacific Asian countries. Risk behaviors are considered to be the injection of illicit drugs, male patronage of prostitutes, high rates of sexually transmitted diseases, and low condom use.
Intestinal acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 overexpression enhances postprandial triglyceridemic response and exacerbates high fat diet-induced hepatic triacylglycerol storage.

Intestinal acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2) is important in the cellular and physiological responses to dietary fat. To determine the effect of increased intestinal DGAT2 on cellular and physiological responses to acute and chronic dietary fat challenges, we generated mice with intestine-specific overexpression of DGAT2 and compared them with intestine-specific overexpression of DGAT1 and wild-type (WT) mice. We found that when intestinal DGAT2 is present in excess, triacylglycerol (TG) secretion from enterocytes is enhanced compared to WT mice; however, TG storage within enterocytes is similar compared to WT mice. We found that when intestinal DGAT2 is present in excess, mRNA levels of genes involved in fatty acid oxidation were reduced. This result suggests that reduced fatty acid oxidation may contribute to increased TG secretion by overexpression of DGAT2 in intestine. Furthermore, this enhanced supply of TG for secretion in Dgat2Int mice may be a significant contributing factor to the elevated fasting plasma TG and exacerbated hepatic TG storage in response to a chronic HFD. These results highlight that altering fatty acid and TG metabolism within enterocytes has the capacity to alter systemic delivery of dietary fat and may serve as an effective target for preventing and treating metabolic diseases such as hepatic steatosis.
A deterministic analytic model of a multiprogrammed interactive system

The analytic models used to evaluate the performance of multi-access computer systems are generally queueing models. Their ability to represent, often adequately, these systems is due both to the congestion situation created by the processes competing for a system's resources and to the variability of the workload, whose parameters can be much more concisely characterized as stochastic variables than by some deterministic representation. Thus, deterministic models have been only applied in extremely simple, first-approximation studies (see, for example, Hellerman and Smith and Fenichel and Grossman), or in the analysis of some resource management algorithms (e.g., the problem of optimal schedules discussed in Chapter 3 of Coffman and Denning). This paper presents a non-queueing model of a multiprogrammed interactive system. The model is substantially more sophisticated and more accurate than the deterministic models previously proposed, but retains the characteristics, common to all deterministic models, of greater mathematical simplicity and better understandability with respect to queueing models of comparable accuracy. Even though the equations of the model derived in the paper for an XDS 940 installation cannot probably be applied to other systems, the authors feel that the approach can be used for most systems to obtain quick and reasonably accurate estimates of some performance indices.
Design of Fluidic Diode for a High-Temperature DRACS Test Facility

The Direct Reactor Auxiliary Cooling System (DRACS) is a passive heat removal system proposed for the Advanced High-Temperature Reactor (AHTR) that combines the coated particle fuel and graphite moderator with a liquid fluoride salt as the coolant. The DRACS features three coupled natural circulation/convection loops relying completely on buoyancy as the driving force. A fluidic diode has been proposed in the DRACS primary loop to maintain the passive feature. Fluidic diodes are passive flow control devices with low flow resistance in one direction and high flow resistance in the opposite direction. The fluidic diode is orientated such that during reactor normal operation the primary salt flow in the DRACS is restricted, thus preventing excessive heat loss from the reactor to the DRACS. However, when the DRACS is functioning during reactor accidents, the primary salt flow is in the forward flow direction of the diode that features low flow resistance.To investigate the reliability and thermal performance of the DRACS, a high-temperature DRACS test facility (HTDF) is being designed and constructed at The Ohio State University (OSU). In this HTDF, a conventional vortex diode has been proposed. In this paper, a detailed design process of the vortex diode for the HTDF is presented. Design parameters, such as the desired flow rates in and pressure drops across the fluidic diode, were first determined for both the forward and reverse flow directions, following which was the parametric CFD study of multiple vortex diodes with variant nozzle size, chamber size, and inlet flow rates. Flow structures inside the diode, and the effects of the nozzle size, chamber size, and Reynolds number on the Euler number were examined for both flow directions. Correlations of the forward and reverse Euler numbers and the diodicity were developed and used to develop a vortex diode design that would be applicable to the HTDF.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Effect of Branched Chain Volatile Fatty Acids, Trypticase, ® Urea, and Starch on In Vitro Dry Matter Disappearance of Soybean Stover

Abstract We measured in vitro effects of branched chain fatty acids, Trypticase ® (a pancreatic digest of casein, a bacteriological peptone), 2 urea, starch, and their interactions on dry matter disappearance of soybean stover. Quantities of nutrients added to fermentation media were equal to amounts of nutrients contributed by one part alfalfa added to two parts soybean stover. Maximum digestibilities were between 48 and 56h except when branched chain fatty acids and Trypticase ® were added to the medium together. In this case, a linear increase in digestion occurred even at 72h. There was a negative effect of starch and a positive effect of branched chain fatty acids on in vitro dry matter disappearance of soybean stover. Neither Trypticase ® nor urea had any effect on digestion of soybean stover. Among the interactions, only the interaction between branched chain fatty acids and starch was significant, indicating either the negative effect of starch on utilization of branched chain fatty acids or utilization of branched chain fatty acids and starch by rumen microorganisms at the expense of fiber. Branched chain fatty acids and Trypticase ® together appeared to provide a balanced medium for bacterial growth.
VIABILITIES OF FROZEN MAMMALIAN CELLS FOLLOWING SLOW THAWING.

Summary1. Under the conditions described, good viability of frozen mammalian cell cultures was often obtained following slow thawing in the presence of added di-methylsulfoxide. 2. Variation of pH of the freeze medium had no effect on viabilities of frozen HeLa, SJ. cells following slow or rapid thawing. 3. Dimethylsulfoxide is superior to glycerol in preventing damage of the cells tested during freezing. This is particularly evident when slow thawing is employed.
An introduction to the DREAM software design system

We describe the underlying philosophy, the system organization and the design language of the Design Realization Evaluation And Modelling system, a prototype of a system being developed to aid software system designers.
Intermediate technology for development: Small-scale chemical fertilizer plants in China

Abstract The paper examines Chinese experience in developing small-scale chemical fertilizer plants. These plants seem in many ways to be the perfect embodiment of “appropriate” technology: minuscule by world standards, they employ domestic equipment and the older. water-gas method to produce low-analysis fertilizers for local use. Built during the “Maoist” period of the 1960s and 1970s, these plants were extremely uneconomical. Interestingly, just as political concerns are giving way to “economic rationality” in the post-Mao period, relative prices and resource availabilities have shifted in the 1980s to make these plants economically viable for the first time, though problems detract from their transferability to other countries.
The effect of hydrogen in the mechanism of aluminum-induced crystallization of sputtered amorphous silicon using scanning Auger microanalysis

The metal-induced crystallization (MIC) of hydrogenated sputtered amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) using aluminum has been investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning Auger microanalysis (SAM). Hydrogenated, as well as non-hydrogenated, amorphous silicon (a-Si) films were sputtered on glass substrates, then capped with a thin layer of Al. Following the depositions, the samples were annealed in the temperature range 200 °C to 400 °C for varying periods of time. Crystallization of the samples was confirmed by XRD. Non-hydrogenated films started to crystallize at 350 °C. On the other hand, crystallization of the samples with the highest hydrogen (H2) content initiated at 225 °C. Thus, the crystallization temperature is affected by the H2 content of the a-Si. Material structure following annealing was confirmed by SAM. In this paper, a comprehensive model for MIC of a-Si is developed based on these experimental results.
Incidence of sperm aneuploidy in relation to semen characteristics and assisted reproductive outcome.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the incidence of sperm aneuploidy in men screened for infertility and identify any eventual relation with assisted reproductive outcome. Design: Controlled prospective study. Setting: University hospital–based IVF program. Patient(s): Infertile couples who were screened for sperm aneuploidy and evaluated for IVF treatment. Intervention(s): Fluorescence in situ hybridization was used to identify chromosomes 18, 21, X, and Y. The assisted reproductive techniques of IVF and intracytoplasmic sperm injection were used for infertility treatment. Main Outcome Measure(s): The incidence of sperm aneuploidy, semen parameters, fertilization rate, pregnancy characteristics, and rate of neonatal malformations were determined. Result(s): Oligozoospermic and teratozoospermic men had a significantly higher incidence of chromosomal abnormalities than men with normal semen parameters (2.7% vs. 1.8%). The increased frequency of sperm aneuploidy did not appear to affect pregnancy losses or the occurrence of neonatal malformations. Conclusion(s): Suboptimal semen samples had a higher incidence of aneuploidy. In this study, the increased frequency of chromosomal abnormalities did not have a direct effect on the fertilization rate, pregnancy characteristics, or neonatal outcome.
Rigorous design of multipass exchangers when overall heat transfer coefficient is a parabolic function of temperature

The “thermal effectiveness-transfer unit” charts developed by the authors, for multipass exchangers, assume that the overall heat transfer coefficient varies as a parabolic function of temperature; their use can lead to greater accuracy in calculating heat transfer areas. Les auteurs ont construit des chartes ďefficacite thermique pour des echangeurs a passe multiple. Ils ont suppose que le coefficient global de transfert de chaleur varie ďune facon parabolique avec la temperature. Ľemploi de ses chartes peut conduire a une plus grande precision pour le calcul des surfaces ďechange de chaleur.
On the cartan subalgebra of a Lie algebra

Abstract The task of actually constructing a Cartan subalgebra H of a finite dimensional Lie algebra L over a field F (which is assumed to be p -restricted in case F has characteristic p ) leads to a new theorem implying the method of construction, viz.: If X is a nilpotent subalgebra of L of dimension n over F , then any Cartan subalgebra of L 0 (X) = {u∥u ϵ L & ∀χ(χ ϵ X ⇒ ( ad L χ) n u = 0)} is also a Cartan subalgebra of L .