cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fishy Flavor and Odor in Turkey Meat

Abstract THE use of fish liver oils and fish meals has presented a problem to poultry producers on account of fishy flavor imparted to the meat. They are important ingredients in turkey mashes because the fish liver oil is a source of vitamins A and D and fish meal is an excellent source of protein. In an attempt to obtain the benefits accruing from the use of fish oils and fish meals and at the same time avoid undesirable flavors it has been the practice of many growers to discontinue the use of fish meal and fish oil in the ration for sometime prior to marketing. This practice necessitates a greater number of mash mixtures. The elimination of the vitamin D oil also may cause rachitic symptoms in the growing turkeys when they are kept in confinement. Carrick and Hauge (1926) have reported the occurrence of fishy flavors in chicken meat. . . .
Arranged Marriage: A Socially Acceptable Form of Migration? Case Report and Cultural Formulation

Mrs. A is a 30-year-old, married, domiciled, heterosexual, Bangladeshi housewife and mother of four children. She identifies as a practicing, devout Muslim. She has a high school education from Ban...
Expert System for Flexible Palletizing of Mixed Size and Weight Parcels

Stacking ABSTRACT Stacking boxes of mixed size and weight is a tedious task requiring intelligence. It requires the ability to recognize that boxes are available to be stacked, the recognition of different box types, the selection of a grasping point for picking up the box and most importantly, a determination of where to stack the box on a partially loaded pallet. The purpose of this paper is to describe an expert system for determining how to stack a set of mixed size and weight boxes and provide control information to a robot to perform actual palletizing. A prototype system has been developed using an expert programming language and an industrial robot work cell. The system has been tested with actual food parcels weighing up to 50 pounds and performs very well. The formation of flat regions is one of the many rules implemented in the expert system. The system also works at speeds comparable to human speeds. The study demonstrates, in large measure, the feasibility of the use of expert system AI techniques and industrial robots for palletizing mixed size weight parcels in a general workhousing application.
Development of a noninvasive reporter system for gene expression in Porphyromonas gingivalis.

Several reports have supported the association of Porphyromonas gingivalis with periodontal disease. Genetic studies are vital for understanding the relative importance of virulence factors in this organism. Thus, gene reporters may prove useful for the study of gene expression in this organism. We have investigated the use of the green fluorescent protein (GFP), bacterial luciferase, and bifunctional xylosidase/arabinosidase enzyme (XA) as reporters of gene expression in P. gingivalis. Fusion cassettes containing the promoterless tetracycline resistant gene [tetA(A)Q2] and the promoterless gfp, luxAB, or xa gene were placed under the control of the rgpA promoter in P. gingivalis W83 using recombinational allelic exchange. The rgpA gene encodes for an arginine-specific protease in P. gingivalis. No GFP activity was detected in P. gingivalis isogenic mutants carrying the rgpA::gfp-tetA(Q)2 fusion construct. Luciferase activity in P. gingivalis mutants carrying the rgpA::luxAB-tetA(Q)2 fusion was only detected in the presence of exogenous FMNH(2). xa gene expression in P. gingivalis with the rgpA::xa-tetA(Q)2 fusion construct was detected in crude extracts using rho-nitrophenol derivatives as substrate and on agar plates with methylumbelliferyl derivatives under long-wave ultraviolet light. This indicates that both luxAB and xa genes can be used as reporters of gene expression in P. gingivalis. However, only the xa gene can be used as a noninvasive reporter gene.
Neutron capture cross section of /sup 159/Tb from 2. 6 to 700 keV

The $^{159}\mathrm{Tb}(n,\ensuremath{\gamma})$ cross section was measured using a neutron time of flight facility. The average capture cross section was deduced from 2.6 to 700 keV and in combination with recently reported transmission results, was well fitted with energy independent strength functions. Resonance parameters for many of the observed peaks from 2.6 to 3.4 keV were determined by a nonlinear least squares fitting program. The $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray multiplicity for average capture was measured, giving the relatively low value, 2.45 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.01 at 4 keV, implying a high proportion of two-step cascades. The fluctuations in the cross section about that computed from strength functions were analyzed. No significant nonrandom structure in the cross section was indicated.[NUCLEAR REACTIONS $^{159}\mathrm{Tb}(n,\ensuremath{\gamma})$, $E=2.6\ensuremath{-}700$ keV; measured $\ensuremath{\sigma}(E)$, ${\overline{E}}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}(E)$; deduced $^{160}\mathrm{Tb}$ resonance parameters, average $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray multiplicities, average level spacing, ${S}_{1}$, ${S}_{2}$ strength functions, $s$-wave inelastic competition to the ${\frac{5}{2}}^{+}$ 58 keV level of $^{159}\mathrm{Tb}$.]
Lipoteichoic acid is important in innate immune responses to gram-positive bacteria.

To define the role of lipoteichoic acid (LTA) in innate immunity to gram-positive bacteria, we investigated the production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) by macrophages stimulated with gram-positive bacterial culture supernatants (GPCSs) after their LTA was removed or inactivated. GPCSs were obtained from three gram-positive species (pneumococci, staphylococci, and group B streptococci) during the exponential growth phase (designated early GPCSs) or at the senescent stage (designated late GPCSs). LTA was removed using an anti-LTA antibody or was inactivated by alkaline hydrolysis or platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH) treatment. Both early and late GPCSs from the three gram-positive bacteria stimulated macrophages to produce TNF-α primarily via Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), although late pneumococcal supernatant could stimulate macrophages via TLR4 as well. Following LTA inactivation by both methods, early GPCS lost about 85 to 100% of its activity and late GPCS lost about 50 to 90%. Both early and late culture supernatants from Escherichia coli could be inactivated by alkali hydrolysis but not by PAF-AH. In addition, removal of LTA from an early staphylococcal culture supernatant with a monoclonal antibody reduced about 70 to 85% of its potency. Reconstitution of inactivated early GPCS with a highly purified LTA restored its inflammatory activity, but the restored GPCS had higher activity than the pure LTA alone. These findings indicate that LTA is the primary TLR2 ligand in the early phase of gram-positive bacterial infection and remains a major ligand in the late phase when another TLR2 and TLR4 ligand(s) appears. In addition, our findings suggest that another gram-positive bacterial factor(s) synergizes with LTA in inducing inflammatory responses.
Discussion and empirical comparisons of linear relaxations and alternate techniques in validated deterministic global optimization

Both theory and implementations in deterministic global optimization have advanced significantly in the past decade. Two schools of thought have developed: the first employs various bounding techniques without validation, while the second employs different techniques, in a way that always rigorously takes account of roundoff error (i.e. with validation). However, convex relaxations, until very recently used without validation, can be implemented efficiently in a validated context. Here, we empirically compare a validated implementation of a variant of convex relaxations (linear relaxations applied to each intermediate operation) with traditional techniques from validated global optimization (interval constraint propagation and interval Newton methods). Experimental results show that linear relaxations are of significant value in validated global optimization, although further exploration will probably lead to more effective inclusion of the technology.
Chronic infusion of angiotensin-(1-7) into the lateral ventricle of the brain attenuates hypertension in DOCA-salt rats

Angiotensin-(ANG)-(1-7) is known by its central and peripheral actions, which mainly oppose the deleterious effects induced by accumulation of ANG II during pathophysiological conditions. In the present study we evaluated whether a chronic increase in ANG-(1-7) levels in the brain would modify the progression of hypertension. After DOCA-salt hypertension was induced for seven days, Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to 14 days of intracerebroventricular (ICV) infusion of ANG-(1-7) (200 ng/h, DOCA-A7) or 0.9% sterile saline. As expected, on the 21st day, DOCA rats presented increased mean arterial pressure (MAP) (≈40%), and impaired baroreflex control of heart rate (HR) and baroreflex renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) in comparison with that in normotensive control rats (CTL). These changes were followed by an overactivity of the cardiac sympathetic tone and reduction of the cardiac parasympathetic tone, and exaggerated mRNA expression of collagen type I (≈9-fold) in the left ventricle. In contrast, DOCA rats treated with ANG-(1-7) ICV had an improvement of baroreflex control of HR, which was even higher than that in CTL, and a restoration of the baroreflex control of RSNA, the balance of cardiac autonomic tone, and normalized mRNA expression of collagen type I in the left ventricle. Furthermore, DOCA-A7 had MAP lowered significantly. These effects were not accompanied by significant circulating or cardiac changes in angiotensin levels. Taken together, our data show that chronic increase in ANG-(1-7) in the brain attenuates the development of DOCA-salt hypertension, highlighting the importance of this peptide in the brain for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
A Retrospective Analysis of Background Lesions and Tissue Accountability for Male Accessory Sex Organs in Fischer-344 Rats

Because the paired lobes (ventral, dorsal, lateral, and anterior) of the rat prostate have not been consistently sampled in many carcinogenicity and toxicity studies, comparison among different investigations has been compromised. The lack of specific site identification for prostatic lesions further lessens the value of incidences reported. We present here the lobe-specific incidences and degree of severity of background prostatic, seminal vesicular, and ampullary glandular lesions in 1768 control Fischer-344 rats from 35 recent National Toxicology Program 2-year carcinogenicity and toxicity studies conducted in 4 laboratories. The dorsal and lateral lobes were combined and considered the dorsolateral lobe where inflammation, epithelial degeneration, mucinous cysts, and edema were observed. Inflammation in the dorsolateral lobes was significantly associated with pituitary gland adenoma whose prolactin was suggested to play an important role in pathogenesis of prostatic inflammation. Epithelial degeneration, epithelial hyperplasia, inflammation, edema, and adenoma were conspicuous in the ventral lobes. Inflammation and edema occurred in the anterior lobes (coagulating glands). Inflammation, dilatation, epithelial hyperplasia, edema, and adenoma were observed in the seminal vesicles. Inflammation was also present in the ampullary glands. We suggest an optimal embedment and trimming method in rat prostate and seminal vesicle to ensure adequate, consistent sampling.
The Trouble with SMT Consistency

SMT typically models translation at the sentence level, ignoring wider document context. Does this hurt the consistency of translated documents? Using a phrase-based SMT system in various data conditions, we show that SMT translates documents remarkably consistently, even without document knowledge. Nevertheless, translation inconsistencies often indicate translation errors. However, unlike in human translation, these errors are rarely due to terminology inconsistency. They are more often symptoms of deeper issues with SMT models instead.
Calmodulin Binding to Peptides Derived from the i3 Loop of Muscarinic Receptors

This study was conducted to identify and characterize the structural requirements of a calmodulin-binding motif identified in the third intracellular (i3) loop of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (M1–M5), a region important for G protein coupling. GST fusion proteins and synthetic peptides derived from the hM1 i3 loop were tested for binding to CaM using a cross-linking gel shift assay and a dansyl-CaM fluorescence assay. Mutagenesis studies further characterized the structural requirements for the interaction and identified critical residues. 28-Mer peptides from the C terminus of i3, representing the putative calmodulin domains of M1, M2, and M3, were found capable of interacting with CaM. In addition, smaller peptides defined a 5-amino-acid sequence essential for calmodulin binding. Studies performed with M1 peptides derived from GST fusion proteins, representing larger portions of the i3 C terminus, suggested the presence of a second adjacent CaM binding site. Mutagenesis studies identified two mutants that are unable to bind CaM: a point mutation, E360A, and a deletion mutant, Δ232–358. Calmodulin can bind to an M1 region implicated in G protein coupling. This indicates an important role for CaM in the regulation of muscarinic signal transduction.
Metal Coordination Polymers: Eight-Coordinate Cerium(IV) and Zirconium(IV) Polymers with Varied Flexibility, Conjugation, and Stability Through Ligand Variation

Tractable (soluble) linear transition metal coordination polymers in which the metal ions are a necessary part of the backbone (and without which the polymer will stay intact) have proven difficult to synthesize.1-6 Bis(tetradentate) Schiff-base ligands coupled with zirconium(IV) ions large enough for eight- coordination can be used to overcome this insolubility,7-8 and recently an analogous soluble cerium(IV) Schiff-base polymer has been prepared.9 Although a number of reports had appeared regarding polymeric systems in which lanthanide metal ions are attached to a branch of a polymer chain10-14 or solid state species that either remain insoluble in all solvents or fall apart into small molecules when dissolved,15-17 soluble linear polymers with lanthanide ions in their backbone had been lacking prior to our study of catena-poly [cerium(IV)-µ-N,N′,N″,N‴-tetrasalicylidene(3,3′-diaminobenzidinato)-O,-N,N′,O′:O″,N″,N‴ ,O‴], [Ce(tsdb)]n.9
Integrity, Stability, and Beauty: Aldo Leopold's Evolving View of Nonnative Species

AbstractAldo Leopold's distaste for introduced species was initially largely utilitarian, focused on his belief that they were usually less productive than natives. Catalyzed by a meeting with Char...
ParaTimer: a progress indicator for MapReduce DAGs

Time-oriented progress estimation for parallel queries is a challenging problem that has received only limited attention. In this paper, we present ParaTimer, a new type of time-remaining indicator for parallel queries. Several parallel data processing systems exist. ParaTimer targets environments where declarative queries are translated into ensembles of MapReduce jobs. ParaTimer builds on previous techniques and makes two key contributions. First, it estimates the progress of queries that translate into directed acyclic graphs of MapReduce jobs, where jobs on different paths can execute concurrently (unlike prior work that looked at sequences only). For such queries, we use a new type of critical-path-based progress-estimation approach. Second, ParaTimer handles a variety of real systems challenges such as failures and data skew. To handle unexpected changes in query execution times due to runtime condition changes, ParaTimer provides users with not only one but with a set of time-remaining estimates, each one corresponding to a different carefully selected scenario. We implement our estimator in the Pig system and demonstrate its performance on experiments running on a real, small-scale cluster.
Researcher Interaction Biases and Business Ethics Research: Respondent Reactions to Researcher Characteristics

The potential for biased responses that occur when researchers interact with their study participants has long been of interest to both academicians and practitioners. Given the sensitive nature of the field, researcher interaction biases are of particular concern for business ethics researchers regardless of their preference for survey, experimental, or qualitative methodology. Whereas some ethics researchers may inadvertently bias data by misrecording or misinterpreting responses, other biases may occur when study participants’ responses are systematically influenced by the mere introduction of researchers into the participants’ environment. Although substantial empirical research has been conducted on the general topic of researcher interaction biases, none has focused specifically on business ethics research. In order to remedy this lack of empirical substantiation in the field, we review the related literature on researcher interaction biases, present an empirical example of how such biases can influence research results in an experiment assessing reactions to insurance fraud, and discuss the implications for business ethics research.
ACTION IN HOME ECONOMICS

The research on which this paper is based was aimed at examining the knowledge base for home economics practitioners. Here Jurgen Habermas’ theory relating to knowledge and systems of action is reviewed briefly and the rationale for using his theory to try to understand the family is outlined. A description of how the theory was used in a research project follows and, finally, some implications for home economics in Australia are identified.
Family resources and parenting quality: Links to children's cognitive development across the first 3 years.

Reciprocal associations among measures of family resources, parenting quality, and child cognitive performance were investigated in an ethnically diverse, low-income sample of 2,089 children and families. Family resources and parenting quality uniquely contributed to children’s cognitive performance at 14, 24, and 36 months, and parenting quality mediated the effects of family resources on children’s performance at all ages. Parenting quality continued to relate to children’s cognitive performance at 24 and 36 months after controlling for earlier measures of parenting quality, family resources, and child performance. Similarly, children’s early cognitive performance related to later parenting quality above other measures in the model. Findings merge economic and developmental theories by highlighting reciprocal influences among children’s performance, parenting, and family resources over time.
HTLV-I p30 inhibits multiple S phase entry checkpoints, decreases cyclin E-CDK2 interactions and delays cell cycle progression

Human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) has efficiently adapted to its host and establishes a persistent infection characterized by low levels of viral gene expression and slow proliferation of HTLV-I infected cells over decades. We have previously found that HTLV-I p30 is a negative regulator of virus expression. In this study we show that p30 targets multiple cell cycle checkpoints resulting in a delayed entry into S phase. We found that p30 binds to cyclin E and CDK2 and prevents the formation of active cyclin E-CDK2 complexes. In turn, this decreases the phosphorylation levels of Rb and prevents the release of E2F and its transcriptional activation of genes required for G1/S transition. Our studies also show that HTLV-II p28 does not bind cyclin E and does not affect cell cycle progression. In contrast to HTLV-I, the HTLV-II-related retrovirus is not oncogenic in humans. Here we report that the HTLV-I p30 delays cell cycle progression while its homologue, HTLV-II p28, does not, providing evidence for important differences between these two related retrovirus proteins.
The role of terrestrially derived organic carbon in the coastal ocean: A changing paradigm and the priming effect

One of the major conundrums in oceanography for the past 20 y has been that, although the total flux of dissolved organic carbon (OC; DOC) discharged annually to the global ocean can account for the turnover time of all oceanic DOC (ca. 4,000–6,000 y), chemical biomarker and stable isotopic data indicate that there is very little terrestrially derived OC (TerrOC) in the global ocean. Similarly, it has been estimated that only 30% of the TerrOC buried in marine sediments is of terrestrial origin in muddy deltaic regions with high sedimentation rates. If vascular plant material—assumed to be highly resistant to decay—makes up much of the DOC and particulate OC of riverine OC (along with soil OC), why do we not see more TerrOC in coastal and oceanic waters and sediments? An explanation for this “missing” TerrOC in the ocean is critical in our understanding of the global carbon cycle. Here, I consider the origin of vascular plants, the major component of TerrOC, and how their appearance affected the overall cycling of OC on land. I also examine the role vascular plant material plays in soil OC, inland aquatic ecosystems, and the ocean, and how our understanding of TerrOC and “priming” processes in these natural systems has gained considerable interests in the terrestrial literature, but has largely been ignored in the aquatic sciences. Finally, I close by postulating that priming is in fact an important process that needs to be incorporated into global carbon models in the context of climate change.
Role of race in the seasonality of deliveries with preeclampsia.

Preeclampsia is a disorder of pregnancy characterized by hypertension with proteinuria after twenty weeks gestation. The condition is an important cause of both maternal and infant mortality worldwide. One potential risk factor for preeclampsia that has been studied in a variety of countries and climates is time of the year of delivery. Several studies have reported a significant seasonality to preeclampsia, but their specific findings are contradictory. Interestingly, the places where much of this research occurred were comprised of populations whose race was fairly homogeneous. Further, a recent large scale study of preeclampsia in the United States separated out the women by race and reported a seasonality for white women, but not for black women. We performed a retrospective review of three years of hospital records for a medical center in Tulsa, Oklahoma, in order to search for evidence of a possible correlation between incidence of preeclamptic deliveries and month of the year. Our population was comprised of various ethnicities, but race was not included in the charts and could not be taken into consideration. Although the study was sufficiently powered, neither analysis of variance nor contingency table analysis revealed a significant seasonality of preeclamptic deliveries, (P = 0.9489 and 0.9549, respectively). Given the reported contradictory findings for various homogeneous populations, the finding of differences of seasonality of preeclampsia between blacks and whites in a large US study, and the lack of evidence for seasonality of preeclampsia in our diverse sample study, we conclude that the seasonality of preeclampsia deliveries may be influenced by genetic differences related to race. Future research should focus on separating out study participants by racial and ethnic backgrounds. If another identifiable risk factor for this dangerous condition exists, even for only a particular subset of a population, its identification can help physicians to more quickly recognize and respond to the disorder.
CREATING A SYNTHETIC HOUSEHOLD TRAVEL AND ACTIVITY SURVEY: RATIONALE AND FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS

Proposed is a new approach for developing the travel survey data required for use in local travel-demand models. Using readily available local sociodemographic information in conjunction with a freely available national travel survey, a simulation procedure is described to create, in effect, a synthetic household travel survey. The reasons for interest in such a procedure are outlined, including the costs and difficulties associated with gathering high-quality travel data. Consideration is then given to alternatives for local model development, such as the use of national data averages and borrowed models. The simulation procedure is then described and tested in a region that has recently completed a travel survey; this provides a direct source of comparison of the merit of the approach. Trip production models are then built using the synthetic data set. The case study results show that the synthetic data (a) offer significant improvements over the use of borrowed models and (b) estimate new models that a...
Conversion From Incontinent Conduit to Continent Cutaneous Reservoir After Renal Transplant

Objective To describe the technique and outcomes of conversion of incontinent stoma to continent colonic reservoir after renal transplantation (RT). Methods From 2004 to 2009, 2 patients who underwent kidney transplants and incontinent stomas underwent takedown of their urostomy with construction of a right colon continent cutaneous pouch with an appendiceal catheterizable stoma. The conduit was used as an afferent limb and anastomosed to the distal ileal portion of the reservoir with ileocecal valve serving as the antireflux mechanism. Thus no ureteral anastomosis was necessary. Results Both patients had an uneventful postoperative course and are now completely continent. There have been no interval infections or renal graft deterioration with short term follow-up. Conclusion Continent cutaneous urinary diversion after RT is feasible and can lead to a significant improvement in the quality of life. Further follow-up is necessary to ascertain the long-term results of this form of diversion.
PARASITE PREVALENCE AND THE WORLDWIDE DISTRIBUTION OF COGNITIVE ABILITY

In this study, we hypothesize that the worldwide distribution of cognitive ability is determined in part by variation in the intensity of infectious diseases. From an energetics standpoint, a developing human will have difficulty building a brain and fighting off infectious diseases at the same time, as both are very metabolically costly tasks. Using three measures of average national intelligence quotient (IQ), we found that the zero-order correlation between average IQ and parasite stress ranges from r ¼ 20.76 to r ¼ 20.82 (p , 0.0001). These correlations are robust worldwide, as well as within five of six world regions. Infectious disease remains the most powerful predictor of average national IQ when temperature, distance from Africa, gross domestic product per capita and several measures of education are controlled for. These findings suggest that the Flynn effect may be caused in part by the decrease in the intensity of infectious diseases as nations develop.
CHRONIC ORGANOCHLORINE CONTAMINANTS, ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABILITY, AND THE DEMOGRAPHICS OF A BURROWING OWL POPULATION

We studied a population of Burrowing Owls whose eggs contained the or- ganochlorine compound p,p9DDE and traces of other organochlorine contaminants to de- termine if the levels of contamination were associated with survival or reproduction when nonanthropogenic environmental and biological variables were also considered. Demo- graphic data were collected in conjunction with sampling eggs for contaminants and an- alyzing pellets for dietary information. Levels of p,p9DDE in eggs varied over four orders of magnitude during the study but were not by themselves associated with reproductive failure. However, contaminant concentrations in combination with low rodent abundance in the diet were related to reduced productivity. The variation within and among years in egg contaminants suggests that patterns of egg contaminants are the result of immigrating owls from more contaminated sites, and to a lesser extent, to annual patterns in prey availability. Even low levels of chronic pesticide exposure may be detrimental when com- bined with other stressors, and documentation of the existence of a persistent pesticide in a biotic system is not enough to either infer the origin of the contamination or its potential
Frequency and predictors of seasonal influenza vaccination and reasons for refusal among patients at a large tertiary referral hospital.

We assessed frequency and predictors of seasonal influenza vaccination acceptance among inpatients at a large tertiary referral hospital, as well as reasons for vaccination refusal. Over 5 seasons, >60% of patients unvaccinated on admission refused influenza vaccination while hospitalized; “believes not at risk” was the reason most commonly given. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2015;36(7):841–843
Macrocyclic Diimines: 1,10‐Diazacycloöctadecane

Macrocyclic diimines: 1,10-Diazacyclooctadecane intermediate: 1,10-diazacyclooctadecane-2,9-dione product: 1,10-diazacyclooctadecane Keywords: annulation, heterocyclic-[>6]; condensation, miscellaneous; cyclization, condensation; reduction, CO CH2; replacement reactions, halogen by amino; benzene; tetrahydrofuran; addition funnels, with needle valve adaptors; extractors, of solutions; Gooch tube
Phenotypic variability in trisomy 13 mosaicism: Two new patients and literature review

Trisomy 13 mosaicism occurs when two cell lines, one with a normal complement of chromosomes and the other with an additional chromosome 13, are present in the same individual. We present two children with trisomy 13 mosaicism and summarize the literature in 47 published cases. Our first patient is a 4-year-old male with normal development and dysmorphic features that include right microtia, tall forehead, bulbous nose, and high arched palate. The second patient died at 1 day of life secondary to laryngeal stenosis, a previously undocumented finding in trisomy 13. His other dysmorphic features included micrognathia, cleft soft palate, and an axillary pterygium. Several published case reports of patients with trisomy 13 mosaicism have had the typical phenotype of complete trisomy 13 with death in the neonatal period, while others have had few dysmorphic features and prolonged survival. The most common malformations in all 49 cases included ear anomalies, cleft lip and palate, and various congenital heart defects. Intelligence varied from normal in six patients to significant delays and mental retardation in the remainder of cases. There is no clear correlation between the percentage of trisomic cells and the level of intellectual function. The dysmorphic features seen vary considerably from one patient to the next, often making the clinical diagnosis of trisomy 13 mosaicism difficult. In counseling families, medical professionals should state that trisomy 13 mosaicism may lead to physical abnormalities and poor intellectual outcomes, but that the condition does not do so universally with normal development occurring in some individuals.
Net fluxes of CO2 in Amazonia derived from aircraft observations

[1] A conceptual framework is developed using atmospheric measurements from aircraft to determine fluxes of CO2 from a continental land area. The concepts are applied to measurements of CO2 ,O 3, and CO concentrations from the Amazon Boundary Layer Experiment (ABLE-2B, April–May 1987) to estimate fluxes of CO2 for central and eastern Amazonia late in the wet season of 1987. We observed that column amounts of CO2 from 0 to 3 km decreased during the day over Amazonia at the average rate of � 6.3 ± 1 mmol m � 2 s � 1 , corresponding to an uptake flux modestly smaller than the daytime uptake (� 10.2 mmol m � 2 s � 1 ) at a flux tower in the study area. The estimated net flux of CO2, integrated over 24 hours, was � 0.03 ± 0.2 mmol m � 2 s � 1 , indicating that the carbon budget of a substantial area of central Amazonia was close to balance in April 1987. We argue that net CO2 fluxes on the continental scale of Amazonia, with its heterogeneous landscape and large areas of inundation, are strongly modified by the influence of seasonal hydrological factors that enhance respiration and decomposition in forests and wetlands, offsetting growth of forest trees in the wet season. INDEX TERMS: 0315 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Biosphere/atmosphere interactions; 0322 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Constituent sources and sinks; 1610 Global Change: Atmosphere (0315, 0325);
A Survey of Telesensation and Teleoperation Technology With Virtual Reality and Force Reflection Capabilities

AbstractA telesensation system implies the ultimate goal of teleoperation. Such a system provides the operator with the sensational feelings of the remote site as if he/she were working in the actual environment. Thus, the performance of the system is greatly improved. This paper mainly reviews some of the existing units of the three most important elements in a telesensation system. These units are force-reflecting manual controllers, virtual reality units, and an advanced operator interface. The feel of touch is provided by the force-reflecting manual controller, while the virtual reality unit gives the operator the 3-D view of the working environment. The telesensation system, also implemented with the advanced operator interface, allows the operator to easily control, model, plan, and simulate remote systems. These features have proven to be the most significant feedback of telesensation systems.
Audit Research after Sarbanes‐Oxley

The scrutiny auditing received following Enron's failure and the accounting scandals at Worldcom and other companies provides compelling evidence that auditing matters and is important. What is unclear, however, is whether auditing was sufficiently “broken” in the first place to warrant the radical reforms and changes effected by the Sarbanes‐Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX). While there have been some high profile corporate failures and accounting scandals, the number of demonstrated audit failures as evidenced by successful litigation or U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) sanctions is quite small and approaches an annual failure rate of close to zero. In addition, our interpretation of the academic research suggests that many of the “solutions” embodied in SOX are not only unlikely to solve the profession's alleged problems; they may well have serious unintended negative consequences. So the disconnect is large between the scientific evidence on audit quality and institutional changes premised on the ...
Code Compliance Enforcement in the Mortgage Crisis

The Housing and Mortgage Crisis at the turn of the 21st Century has overwhelmed traditional housing and neighborhood code enforcement policing in many neighborhoods in cities across the nation. This short paper suggests what needs to be done to make code enforcement more effective in both preventing and recovering from the damage done in hard hit communities. It lists 10 policies and practices that are being used to good effect.
Bio-Inspired Design of Flapping-Wing Micro Air Vehicles - An Engineer's Perspective (Invited)

In this paper the decade of numerical and experimental investigations leading up to the development of the authors’ unique flapping-wing micro air vehicle is summarized. Early investigations included the study of boundary layer energization by means of a small flapping foil embedded in a flat-plate boundary layer, the reduction of the recirculatory flow region behind a backward-facing step by means of a small flapping foil, and the reduction or suppression of flow separation behind blunt or cusped airfoil trailing edges by flapping a small foil located in the wake flow region. These studies were followed by systematic investigations of the aerodynamic characteristics of single flapping airfoils and airfoil combinations. These unsteady flows were described using flow visualization, laser-Doppler velocimetry and panel and Navier-Stokes computations. It is then shown how this flapping-wing database was used to conceive, design and develop a micro air vehicle which has a fixed wing for lift and two flapping wings for thrust generation. While the design appears to separate lift and thrust, in fact, the performance of one surface is closely coupled to the other surfaces.
An Exploration of Elementary Teachers’ Views of Informal Reading Inventories in Dual Language Bilingual Programs

ABSTRACTThis study examines how elementary teachers (grades three through five) in dual-language, bilingual programs (Spanish/English) view informal reading inventories (IRIs) to support their students’ reading growth. The research, conducted in an urban district in the Northeastern United States, draws on interviews with 20 teachers in these programs. One significant finding is that although teachers in the sample collected IRIs in the two languages of instruction, they did not examine English and Spanish reading assessment data side by side in order to construct a unified portrait of their students as bilingual readers. This study highlights the finding that IRIs are currently viewed as monolingual assessments rather than as a lens into students’ biliteracy, thus bypassing a powerful way to assist teachers in making instructional decisions in support of students’ bilingual reading development.
The effect of moving target on range-doppler map and backprojection algorithm for focusing

Range migration is unavoidable and cannot be neglected in pulse Doppler radar when target velocity is high and/or wideband transmit signals are used. In this paper, we investigate the range and Doppler degradation due to target motion in wideband pulse Doppler radar. To correct range cell migration, an alternative focusing method is introduced by using the backprojection algorithm. The success of the method is shown by simulations.
Treatment of Urinary Incontinence with an Artificial Sphincter: Further Experience with the AS791/792 Device

AbstractArtificial sphincter models AS791 and AS792 were used to treat 36 male and 7 female patients with urinary incontinence. Satisfactory results were obtained in 72 per cent of the patients. Of 100 surgical procedures performed to achieve these results 61 were planned procedures (initial implantation and delayed activation) and 39 were revisions required to improve continence, change mechanically failing devices or remove eroded sphincters.From our study 3 major problems with the artificial sphincter are apparent: 1) stress incontinence, which was present in 55 per cent of the patients with bulbous urethral sphincter compared to 21 per cent with sphincters located at the bladder neck, 2) erosions, which appear to be related to balloon pressure used and location of the artificial sphincter (there seems to be a higher incidence of erosions when the bulbous urethral site is used with balloon pressure greater than 80cm. water) and 3) mechanical failures of the device, which accounted for 41 per cent of th...
Daily Laboratory Monitoring is of Poor Health Care Value in Adolescents Acutely Hospitalized for Eating Disorders.

Abstract Purpose This study investigates how the clinical practice guideline–recommended laboratory monitoring for refeeding syndrome impacts management and outcomes of adolescents with eating disorders hospitalized for acute medical stabilization and examines the value of laboratory monitoring (defined as the patient health outcomes achieved per dollar spent). Methods A retrospective chart review of medical admissions in a children's hospital between October 2010 and February 2014 was performed. Encounters were identified using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes of eating disorders as primary or secondary diagnoses. Exclusion criteria included systemic diseases associated with significant electrolyte abnormalities. Chart abstraction was performed using a predetermined form. Costs were estimated by converting hospital-fixed Medicaid charges using a statewide cost-to-charge ratio. Results Of the 196 patient encounters, there were no cases of refeeding syndrome. A total of 3,960 key recommended laboratories were obtained; 1.9% were below normal range and .05% were critical values. Of these, .28% resulted in supplementation; none were associated with a change in inpatient management. Total laboratory costs were $269,250.85; the calculated health care value of this monitoring is 1.04 × 10 −8 differential outcomes per dollar spent. Conclusions This study provides evidence to suggest that daily laboratory monitoring for refeeding syndrome is a poor health care value in the management of adolescents hospitalized for acute medical stabilization with eating disorders. This initial analysis suggests that starting at a relatively low caloric level and advancing nutrition slowly may negate the need for daily laboratory assessment, which may have important implications for current guidelines.
Evaluating HIV/AIDS programs in the USand developing countries

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of the issues related to evaluating HIV/AIDS programs. It compares the approaches and tools used to evaluate programs in the United States and developing countries. Further, it outlines the major challenges to evaluating programs. Three primary types of evaluation are formative, process and summative. Formative evaluation relates to assessment conducted prior to the intervention that is used in guiding the design of the evaluation in terms of content, audiences, messages, logistics, and related factors. Process evaluation describes several different types of activities that track the implementation of a given intervention. Both quantitative and qualitative methods are in widespread use among evaluators to answer questions about HIV/AIDS programs. Qualitative methods are particularly useful in formative and process evaluation to examine the question “why?”. Qualitative methods also have a role in summative evaluation, primarily to explain why a given program did or did not achieve the expected results. Quantitative methods have a role to play in all three types of evaluation: formative; process; and especially summative research, because it yields a measure of the extent of change. Also, quantitative methods lend themselves to the use of statistical techniques to tease out causal inferences. The challenges to evaluating HIV/AIDS programs include issues common to the evaluation of social programs in general, as well as some specific to HIV/AIDS programs.
Comparative age and growth of the Aleutian skate, Bathyraja aleutica , from the eastern Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska

The Aleutian skate (Bathyraja aleutica) is a large deep-water species that commonly occurs in bycatch of Alaskan trawl and longline fisheries. Although prominent in the skate biomass of the eastern Bering Sea (EBS) and Gulf of Alaska (GOA) ecosystems, minimal biological information exists. To increase our understanding of this potentially vulnerable species, and address the possibility of two separate populations in Alaskan waters, the age and growth of B. aleutica was studied. Vertebral centra were examined for age determination, and multiple growth models were evaluated to determine growth characteristics. Skates from the EBS attained maximum ages of 17 and 16 years for females and males, respectively, and the two-parameter von Bertalanffy growth functions generated estimates of k = 0.13 yr.-1 and L∞ = 162.1 cm for females, with similar results for males. Skates from the GOA reached 19 years in females and 18 years in males. Growth parameters of female skates from the GOA were estimated as k = 0.11 yr.-1 and L∞ = 160.0 cm, whereas males grew faster, with estimates of k = 0.15 yr.-1 and L∞ = 138.2 cm. The results of this study may indicate the presence of distinct populations of B. aleutica in the eastern North Pacific.
Knowledge-Aided, Physics-Based Signal Processing For Next-Generation Radar

In this paper we describe knowledge-aided signal processing to improve the performance of radar systems operating in complex clutter environments. The paper describes two paradigms based on either direct or indirect application of prior knowledge. A physics-based, knowledge- aided, parametric approach to clutter estimation is discussed. We provide numerical analysis demonstrating the performance enhancements offered by the proposed methods relative to baseline techniques when operating in the presence of heterogeneous clutter.
AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD PRODUCTS CONTROL AND ITS EFFECTS ON COMPETITIVENESS

In economic developed countries, like European Union (EU), food safety is one of the topics that deserve special attention. It is well known fact that international trade is growing and that inter-connection of national economies is rising, so food safety and quality of products adjustment is becoming more significant for participants in international trade. This is especially important for Serbia, which is in the begging of accession process to European Union and World Trade Organization. In the course of Serbian efforts to join WTO and EU, Serbian must compile given action and activities in the area of quality and food safety, to enable economy and society to take part in competitiveness race based on “quality2. This paper emphasis the link between food safety and competitiveness of agricultural and food products, and its influence on specific part of food safety system in Serbia regarding to competitiveness.
The Devil that Never Dies, The Rise and Threat of Global Antisemitism by Daniel Jonah Goldhagen (review)

Goldhagen, Daniel Jonah. The Devil That Never Dies: The Rise and Threat of Global Antisemitism . New York: Little, Brown, and Co., 2013. Review by A. J. Abraham.
Elder Abuse in Long Term Care and Assisted Living Settings

A description of long term care settings and the history of their development are provided. Federal and state legislation pertinent to nursing homes and assisted living facilities is described with emphasis on the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987. Prevalence of abuse, neglect, and exploitation in long term care settings is explored through research with employees, family members, and other relatives, reports from adult protective services programs, Medicaid Fraud Control Unit reports, the National Ombudsman Reporting System, the On-line Survey and Certification and Reporting System, agencies responsible for Licensure and Re-certification, and the Long Term Care Minimum Data Set. Research on resident-to-resident aggression, resident-to-staff aggression, sexual abuse/resident-to-resident sexual aggression, exploitation/nursing home theft, education to prevent abuse, and pressure ulcers is summarized.
Jerzy Neyman Memorial Lecture Some Thoughts on Empirical Bayes Estimation

Examples are given to illustrate the “linear” and “general” empirical Bayes approaches to estimation. A final example concerns testing the null hypothesis that a treatment has had no effect.