cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Formation Conditions, Water‐vapor Permeability, and Solubility of Compression‐molded Whey Protein Films

: Films based on whey protein isolate (WPI) were formed using compression molding. Compression molded films could be formed using 30% to 50% moisture content or glycerol content WPI at 104 °C to 160 °C for 2 min. Films made from water-WPI mixtures were brittle and insoluble and had water-vapor permeability values independent of starting water-WPI mixture moisture content, molding temperature, or molding pressure. Gly-WPI films produced at 104 °C were flexible and partially soluble. Gly-WPI films produced at 140 °C were also flexible but nearly insoluble. Glycerol content and molding temperature and pressure had little effect on water-vapor permeability values of Gly-WPI films over the range of conditions studied.
Maternal Condition and the Quality of Maternal Care in Vervet Monkeys

Seemingly contradictory results on the relationship between maternal condition and the quality of maternal care can be resolved by the hypothesis that maternal rejection is a U-shaped function of maternal condition. Data from 160 vervet monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus) mother-infant dyads living in captive social groups were used to evaluate the influence of maternal reproductive condition on mothcr-infant contact, maternal rejection and infant mortality. Reproductive condition was defined as Marginal, Prime and Average based on age, weight, and dominance rank. Marginal mothers were at the extremes of the reproductive age distribution (3 years old or over 14) or were below a critical body weight (3.9 kg), characteristics that are associated with low rates of fertility in the study population. Prime mothers were in the top third of the female dominance hierarchy and of prime age (5-13), characteristics associated with higher than average fertility. Both marginal mothers and prime mothers had similar high rates of maternal rejection and low rates of ventral contact and proximity with their infants. Compared to mothers in the two extreme groups, mothers in average reproductive condition were significantly less rejecting and played a larger role in maintaining contact with their infants. Rates of maternal rejection, mother-infant contact, responsibility for contact, and the percentage time that infants spent on nonmaternal caretakers were all significantly related to maternal condition in U-shaped or inverted U-shaped functions. The infant mortality due to maternal abandonment or neglect was highest in the marginal group and was related to low body weight of the mother. We conclude that mothers in marginal condition limited maternal care to restore their own health, often at the expense of infant mortality, whereas mothers in prime condition used rejection to shorten the interval to the ncxt conception, without suffering higher rates of infant mortality than average mothers.
Nonnative audiovisual speech perception in noise: dissociable effects of the speaker and listener.

Nonnative speech poses a challenge to speech perception, especially in challenging listening environments. Audiovisual (AV) cues are known to improve native speech perception in noise. The extent to which AV cues benefit nonnative speech perception in noise, however, is much less well-understood. Here, we examined native American English-speaking and native Korean-speaking listeners' perception of English sentences produced by a native American English speaker and a native Korean speaker across a range of signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs;−4 to −20 dB) in audio-only and audiovisual conditions. We employed psychometric function analyses to characterize the pattern of AV benefit across SNRs. For native English speech, the largest AV benefit occurred at intermediate SNR (i.e. −12 dB); but for nonnative English speech, the largest AV benefit occurred at a higher SNR (−4 dB). The psychometric function analyses demonstrated that the AV benefit patterns were different between native and nonnative English speech. The nativeness of the listener exerted negligible effects on the AV benefit across SNRs. However, the nonnative listeners' ability to gain AV benefit in native English speech was related to their proficiency in English. These findings suggest that the native language background of both the speaker and listener clearly modulate the optimal use of AV cues in speech recognition.
DYNAMIC MODELING OF AN ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION SYSTEM USING IONIC LIQUIDS

Ionic liquids are generally non-volatile, non-toxic, and nonflammable with high heat capacity, high density, and high thermal and chemical stability. This paper considers their use as absorbents in an absorption refrigeration cycle. A dynamic model of a single-effect absorption refrigeration cycle using ionic liquids as absorbent is developed. Modeling of the cycle performance requires thermodynamic properties which are obtained from an equation of state for the refrigerant-absorbent mixture (solution). The transient response of the cycle is investigated. Some design and operating parameters that affect the cycle performance are identified.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
A Fault-Driven, Comprehensive Redundancy Algorithm

This article describes a fault-driven algorithm that generates all possible repair solutions for a given bit failure pattern in a redundant RAM. Benefits of this approach include the ability to select repair solutions based on userdefined preferences (for example, fewest total elements invoked or fewest rows invoked). Perhaps the greatest advantage of this algorithm is its ability to generate solutions for any theoretically repairable die that would be deemed unrepairable by existing algorithms.
Orthodontic management of theshort face patient

A short lower face may accompany various types of malocclusions dependingon the structural etiology. Because most cephalometric analyses focus on the anteroposterior plane of space, they are often insufficient in diagnosing a significant vertical dysplasia. This article describes a cephalometric analysis that examines not only the vertical proportions of the face, but the various anatomical features that contribute to the dysplasia. Diagnosis is further enhanced by evaluating the facial profile with the mandible postured at various amounts of opening, suggesting the degree of vertical discrepancy. Traditional orthodontic therapy corrects the associated malocclusion but is usually ineffective in changing inherent facial proportions. However, several orthopedic methods have shown the ability to increase lower facial height when used in combination with nonextraction orthodontic mechanotherapy. Adults with short faces require a combination of orthodontics and orthognathic surgery. The Class II malocclusion can usually be managed by surgically advancing the mandible with the curve of Spee maintained. In cases of vertical maxillary deficiency, the LeFort I osteotomy with inferior repositioning provides the spatial correction that is needed. Two cases are presented to illustrate the cephalometric and facial analyses used in diagnosis, as well as the common surgical procedures to manage the short face patient.
A new method for modeling the heterogeneity of forest structure

Abstract Despite the critical ecological roles of structural complexity, ecologically relevant quantitative measures of structural complexity that allow comparisons among forest stands are still lacking. The objective of this study was to develop a method that allows comparisons of structural heterogeneity among stands. To encompass a broad range of potential structural complexities, we simulated three spatial point patterns each for tree-size distributions from five inventoried natural stands. Forest structure was modeled and analyzed by simulating point patterns of trees and constructing triangular networks to connect neighboring tree tops to one another. This method is based on the concept of spatial tessellation of tree positions, where point patterns are converted into 2-dimensional nearest neighbor triangles. A structural complexity index (SCI) was defined as the sum of the areas of 3-dimensional triangles (with x , y , and z coordinates) divided by the sum of the areas of 2-dimensional triangles. Vertical gradients were defined as the maximum size difference among the trees forming a triangle, that is, the greater the difference, the greater the structure and the larger the SCI value. Patch-types were defined as classes of structural gradients at different positions within the canopy. More patch-types are also indicative of more structurally heterogeneous stands. Both the SCI and the number of patch-types and patch-size heterogeneity related closely to conventional descriptors of forest structure. While the number of patch-types and patch-type heterogeneity related more to the vertical component of structural complexity, SCI integrated well with both the vertical and horizontal structure. SCI and the concept of patch-types complement one another and can be used to quantitatively compare the structure of different stands. The applicability of this modeling approach in characterizing the structural heterogeneity of forests across spatial scales is discussed.
Optimal Dynamic Hedging Decisions for Grain Producers

The application of an optimal dynamic hedging model was explored for a county in North Carolina. Corn yield, harvest corn basis, and December corn futures prices were forecast. The forecasts were used to calculate optimal dynamic hedge positions. When the hedge position was updated infrequently, commissions were only slightly higher than commissions from a fixed hedge. Gains from updating the hedge position over the corn growing season were not substantial compared to a fixed hedge position.
Sexual orientation disparities in psychiatric and drug use disorders among a nationally representative sample of women with alcohol use disorders.

Abstract Background and aims Sexual minority women (SMW) are at greater risk for alcohol use disorders (AUDs) compared to heterosexual women. However, there is a dearth of research on sexual orientation disparities in co-occurring disorders among women with AUDs. We examined disparities in lifetime co-occurring psychiatric and drug use disorders among a nationally representative sample of women with lifetime AUDs. Methods Data were analyzed from the 2004–2005 (Wave 2) of the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC), which was collected in structured diagnostic face-to-face interviews. Adult women with AUDs ( N = 4342) were included in the analyses and approximately 191 of those women self-identified as SMW. Lifetime alcohol and drug use disorders and psychiatric disorders were assessed using DSM-IV criteria. We conducted multivariate logistic regression analyses to compare SMW and heterosexual women with lifetime AUDs on lifetime psychiatric disorders and drug use disorders, while adjusting for sociodemographic variables. Findings While accounting for several covariates, SMW with lifetime AUDs were more likely than heterosexual women with lifetime AUDs to have lifetime psychiatric disorders (e.g., mood, anxiety, panic disorders) and drug use disorders (e.g., prescription drugs, cannabis use disorders). Conclusions Sexual minority women with lifetime alcohol use disorders are at heightened risk for co-occurring psychiatric and drug use disorders than heterosexual women with lifetime alcohol use disorders. The findings warrant the need for more research and empirically based interventions for the comprehensive treatment and prevention of alcohol use disorders among sexual minority women.
Concentrations of adenosine and its metabolites in the rat retina/choroid during reperfusion after ischemia.

PURPOSE. Little is known about the nature of biochemical disturbances during reperfusion after retinal ischemia. Previous studies have suggested that adenosine is responsible for regulation of retinal blood flow soon after ischemia has ended. Therefore, in this study we measured concentrations of adenosine and its metabolites in the rat retina/choroid after brief (10 min) or prolonged (60 min) periods of ischemia, and the functional consequences of inhibiting adenosine metabolism. METHODS. Ischemia was produced in anesthetized rats by ligation of the central retinal artery. The eyes were frozen in situ and purine nucleoside concentration was determined by high performance liquid chromatography. The functional effects of pre-ischemic inhibition of xanthine dehydrogenase/xanthine oxidase were assessed by measurement of the electroretinogram before, during, and up to 7 days following 60 min ischemia. RESULTS. Changes in the concentrations of adenosine and its metabolites were significant early in the reperfu...
Evidence for geometric effects in neopentane conversion on PdAu catalysts

Silica-supported Pd and shell/core PdAu nanoparticles of a similar size were evaluated for neopentane conversion. Monometallic Pd exhibited poor neopentane isomerization selectivity in favor of high selectivity to primary and secondary hydrogenolysis products. Similarly sized PdAu catalysts of increasing Pd weight loading were synthesized to evaluate the effect of increasing Pd monolayers on neopentane conversion. All PdAu catalysts had neopentane conversion selectivity within the range of monometallic Pd catalysts from previous work (~5–30%). However, there was an inverse relationship between Pd weight loading and neopentane isomerization selectivity. The increase in isomerization selectivity did not correlate to a decrease in heats of adsorption as seen with monometallic Pd catalysts, but was correlated with the catalyst surface structure which suggests a geometric effect as the cause for changes in catalytic performance rather than an electronic effect.
Magnitude of the cosmological baryon asymmetry

We have examined the magnitude of the cosmological baryon asymmetry arising in several of the standard models of CP violation. Agreement with the experimental baryon to photon number ratio n/sub B//n/sub ..gamma../ approx. = 10/sup -8/ is obtained in models where superheavy Higgs mesons decay with complex amplitude into other Higgs mesons. By contrast, in the Kobayashi-Maskawa model n/sub B//n/sub ..gamma../ approx. = O (10/sup -20/).
The GUIde Consortium: Government, Universities, and Industry Working Together to Develop New Technologies

The GUIde Consortium, a joint government, university, and industrial program to fund research in turbomachinery bladed disk forced response, is described. The development of the Consortium was prompted by the fact that excessive vibration of bladed disks in fans, compressors, and turbines is an industry-wide problem that impacts turbine engine development and reliability. This paper describes the forces behind the development of the Consortium, its structure, including the costs and benefits to each of the participating organizations, and a reflection of the lessons learned from the open interaction between the GUIde members. Finally, the future of the organization is discussed with a look at the evolution of the program to face the changes in technical and financial priorities within the industry.Copyright © 1995 by ASME
Unsteady sedimentation in nonuniform rills

Abstract Runoff and sediment were measured from agricultural land exposed to controlled simulated rainfall. We extended the kinematic unsteady overland sedimentation theory of prismatic channels to the experiments by considering both hydraulics and sediment dynamics of rill flow for changing flow geometries of nonuniform and unsteady rill development. The characteristic unimodal concentration peak observed in the experiments and the changing channel geometry were interpreted in theoretical terms. Overland sedimentation in unsteady nonprismatic rills under uniform rainfall can be described with kinematic models of flow, entrainment and deposition applied to developing flow geometries; this is not possible with sheet-flow models. Other interpretations are considered and experimental needs are identified.
Panel Discussion: How Should Computing Educators Respond to Changes in Higher Education?

What should computing educators do in response to changes in higher education, society, and technology? In this paper, we describe the topics and speakers of the panel session of the 2015 NSF Workshop on Curricular Development for Computing in Context. The goal of this panel session is to help participants to identify meaningful directions and actions that computing educators should take to react to the challenges and changes.
Serial prostate-specific antigen measurements in men with clinically benign prostatic hyperplasia during a 12-month placebo-controlled study with terazosin

Abstract Objectives To prospectively analyze whether the treatment of men with clinically benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) with alpha blocking agents affects the serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels, and to determine the magnitude of such effect. Methods Serial PSA measurements were performed using the Abbott IMx assay over 1 year in 134 men over the age of 55 years participating in the Hytrin Community Assessment Trial (HYCAT). HYCAT is a 1 -year, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded study of the alpha 1 -adrenergic antagonist terazosin. All men had lower urinary tract symptoms and a clinical diagnosis of BPH with an American Urological Association (AUA) symptom index of 13 points or more, an AUA bother score of 8 points or more, and a peak urinary flow rate of less than 15 mL/s. PSA was measured at baseline and at 8, 26, 39, and 52 (end of study) weeks. Results Baseline serum PSA levels weakly correlated with patients' age at study entry, and modestly with residual urine (positive correlation) and peak flow rate (negative correlation), although none of the levels were statistically significant. Changes of serum PSA during the course of the study did not correlate with either one of the symptom severity or bother assessment tools, residual urine, or peak flow rate. Mean PSA increased from a baseline of 2.5 ± 0.22 ng/mL (mean ± SE) by 0.5 ± 0.11 ng/mL in the placebo- and from 2.7 ± 0.23 ng/mL by 0.3 ± 0.11 ng/mL in the terazosin-treated patients ( P = 0.36 by ANOVA). There were no differences in the changes in serum PSA when patients were stratified by decade of life according to the age-specific PSA reference ranges, or by the final dose of terazosin (2, 5, or 10 mg daily). Conclusions The treatment of men with lower urinary tract symptoms and clinical BPH with the alpha 1 -adrenergic antagonist terazosin does not affect serum PSA concentration, and thus does not confound longitudinal monitoring of serum PSA levels in patients at risk for prostate carcinoma.
The Type-Token Ratio and Vocabulary Performance:

Summary.-The Type-Token Ratio (?TR), a measure of lexical diversity, was correlated with four measures of vocabulary performance: the Peabody Piaure Vocabulary Test-Revised, the Oral and Picture subtests of the Test of Language Development, and the Test of Written Language. The vocabulary tests were administered to 21 6-, 7-, and 8-yr.-old children from whom language samples were obtained for the application of three Type Token Ratio measures: the TTR-Total for the whole language sample, the TTR-100 for language samples of 100 words, and the CTTR, a procedure intended to be independent of language sample size. One correlation of .45 (between the CTTR and the Oral-TOLD) was significant. More research on validity is necessary to clarify the measurement domain of the TTR, if it is to be useful clinically. Miller (1981) presented numerous experimental procedures for assessing language production by children. He stated that an analysis of semantics must be included as part of a language assessment. He pointed out that the literature on language development provides numerous semantic taxonomies, but few are applied as diagnostic tools in the assessment of clinical populations. One procedure chat Miller (1981, p. 22) recommended for experimental use "as a semantic analysis of referential meaning, a ratio which indexes diversity" (p. 41), was the type-token ratio. Johnson (1944) named the ratio of different words (types) to total words (tokens) the type-token ratio. He introduced it as an experimental measure to be investigated and described it as "a measure of vocabulary 'flexibility' or variability, designed to indicate certain aspects of language adequacy" (p. 1). The type-token ratio has also been described as a measure of "vocabulary diversity" (Cramblit & Siegel, 1977, p. 476), a measure of "vocabulary richness" ( Andolina, 1980, p. 373), and "a relatively simple, straight-forward measure of language deviance" (Manschreck, Maher, & Ader, 1981, p. 7). The type-token ratio has been utilized in various ways in research. It has been used as a measure of lexical diversity to determine developmental trends in the vocabulary performance of children (Templin, 1957; Bowerman, 1973; Andolina, 1980). Gibson, Gruner, Kibler, and Kelly (1966) utilized the 2TR to compare the vocabulary diversity of oral and written language samples. Siegel (1967) compared the TTRs of the language of adults speak
Sets of neurons in somatic cerebral cortex of the cat and their ontogeny.

Abstract The process of set formation is briefly reviewed and five monothetic schemes for classification of neurons in the somatic cerebral cortex are described. Criteria for evaluation of neuronal sets are presented and applied to the five different monothetic classification schemes. Classification by size and distribution of peripheral receptive fields orders existing data on cortical neurons better than classification by possession of an axon in the pyramidal tract, by modality, by lability of receptive field, or by ‘lemniscal properties’; however, no monothetic scheme orders all the data. A useful polythetic scheme, using s and m terminology is suggested. The ontogeny of the cerebral cortex is reviewed in detail. It is suggested that sa. neurons are Golgi type II neurons while m neurons are Golgi type I neurons. The hypothesis is presented that wide-field or m neurons develop and are recognizable before small-field or sa. neurons in ontogeny. Evidence regarding this hypothesis is indirect, often conflicting, but suggestive that the hypothesis may be correct. The idea that m neurons may also be phylogenetically older than sa neurons is presented and shown to be consistent with ontogenetic data and interpretations.
MBE deserves a place in the history books.

Molecular beam epitaxy is widely used in research and industry to make semiconductor devices and structures. However, despite its ability to control matter with near-atomic precision, the technique is overlooked in most histories of nanoscience and nanotechnology.
Inhibitory Effect of Chlorothiazide on Glucose Utilization by Aorta

SummaryThe rate of utilization of glucose in vitro by normal dog aorta has been determined with various concentrations of chlorothiazide in the incubating Krebs'bicarbonate solution. Pieces of dog aorta totaling approximately 300 mg were incubated for 2 hr at 37° in 5.0 ml medium containing 200 mg glucose per 100 ml. Chlorothiazide added to the incubating solution caused a reduction in the rate of utilization of glucose by the aorta. As the chlorothiazide concentration in the incubating medium was increased there was a decrease in the glucose disappearance rate from the medium. At a chlorothiazide concentration of 1.0 mM, the mean rate of decrease of glucose from the medium was approximately one-half of the rate found when chlorothiazide was not present. This direct inhibitory effect of chlorothiazide on the utilization of glucose by dog aorta was evident even when the concentration of this drug was as low as 0.01 mM.
Maximizing output power of a low-gain laser system and the effects of a non-homogeneous gain saturation law

Rigrod theory was used to model outcoupled power from a low-gain laser with good accuracy. For a low-gain overtone CW HF chemical laser, Rigrod theory shows that a higher medium saturation yields a higher overall overtone efficiency, but does not necessarily yield a higher measureable power (power in the bucket). For low absorption/scattering loss overtone mirrors and a 5 percent penalty in outcoupled power, the intracavity flux and hence the mirror loading may be reduced by more than a factor of two when the gain length is long enough to well saturate the medium. For the UIUC overtone laser which has an extensive data base with well characterized mirrors for which the Rigrod parameters g(0) and I(sat) were firmly established, the accuracy to which the reflectivities of high reflectivity overtone mirrors can be deduced using measured mirror transmissivities, measured outcoupled power and Rigrod theory is approximately +/- 0.07 percent. This method of accurately deducing mirror reflectivities may be applicable to other low-gain laser systems which use high reflectivity mirrors at different wavelengths. The use of a non-homogeneous gain saturation law indicated that a gain saturation law parameter of m = 1.2 models UIUC SSL fundamental data more accurately. A completely inhomogeneous saturation law (m = 2) models UIUC SSL overtone data more accurately than a completely homogeneous gain saturation law.
Analysis of two-phase flow in cryogenic damper seals. Part I : Theoretical model

Cryogenic fluid damper seals operating close to the liquid-vapor region (near the critical point or slightly sub-cooled) are likely to develop a two-phase flow region which affects the seal performance and reliability. An all-liquid, liquid-vapor, and all-vapor, i.e., a continuous vaporization bulk flow model is presented for prediction of the seal dynamic forced response. Continuity, momentum, and energy (enthalpy) transport equations govern the two-phase flow of a homogeneous saturated mixture in thermodynamic equilibrium. Static and dynamic force performance characteristics for the seal are obtained from a perturbation analysis of the governing equations. Theoretical predictions and comparisons to experimental measurements in a liquid and gaseous nitrogen seal are presented in Part II. The effects of two-phase flow regimes on the dynamic force coefficients and stability of an oxygen damper seal are also discussed.
Numerical modeling of pore-scale phenomena during CO2 sequestration in oceanic sediments

Direct disposal of liquid CO2 on the ocean floor is one of the approaches considered for sequestering CO2 in order to reduce its concentration in the atmosphere. At oceanic depths deeper than approximately 3000 m, liquid CO2 density is higher than the density of seawater and CO2 is expected to sink and form a pool at the ocean floor. In addition to chemical reactions between CO2 and seawater to form hydrate, fluid displacement is also expected to occur within the ocean floor sediments. In this work, we consider two different numerical models for hydrate formation at the pore scale. The first model consists of the Lattice Boltzmann (LB) method applied to a single-phase supersaturated solution in a constructed porous medium. The second model is based on the Invasion Percolation (IP) in pore networks, applied to two-phase immiscible displacement of seawater by liquid CO2. The pore-scale results are upscaled to obtain constitutive relations for porosity, both transverse and for the entire domain, and for permeability. We examine deposition and displacement patterns, and changes in porosity and permeability due to hydrate formation, and how these properties depend on various parameters including a parametric study of the effect of hydrate formation kinetics. According to the simulations, the depth of CO2 invasion in the sediments is controlled by changes in the pore-scale porosity close to the hydrate formation front. D 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Extracellular pH distribution in human tumours

Extracellular pH (pHc) was determined by needle microelectrodes in 67 tumour nodules in 58 patients. The objective was to evaluate the relationship between pHe, tumour histology and tumour volume. The mean age of the patients was 62 years, mean depth of the lesions was 2.7 +/- 0.2 cm, and mean tumour volume was 187 +/- 60 cm3. Lesions were located in readily accessible areas such as on the limbs, neck or chest wall. Tumour histologies included: 48% adenocarcinoma; 34% squamous cell carcinoma; 8% soft tissue sarcoma; and 10% malignant melanoma. The mean tumour pHe for the entire group of tumours was 7.06 +/- 0.05 (range 5.66-7.78). Variation in pHe measurements between tumours was greater than the variation in measurements within tumour (F = 7.11, p < 0.01). In adenocarcinomas pHe was 6.93 +/- 0.08 (range 5.66-7.78), in soft tissue sarcomas 7.01 +/- 0.21 (6.25-7.45), in squamous cell carcinomas 7.16 +/- 0.08 (6.2-7.6), and in malignant melanomas 7.36 +/- 0.1 (6.98-7.77). Tumour pHe was significantly different between the four histological groups (p < 0.001). When adenocarcinoma and soft tissue sarcoma lesions were grouped together, pHe was 6.94 +/- 0.08 compared with 7.20 +/- 0.07 in squamous cell carcinomas and malignant melanomas lesions (p < 0.01). Tumour pHe increased as a function of the logarithm of tumour volume at 0.07 +/- 0.02 pH unit/ln cm3 (p = 0.006, r = 0.34). In conclusion, tumour histology and tumour volume were the most important factors determining the range of pHe's.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Out of Cuba: overwater dispersal and speciation among lizards in the Anolis carolinensis subgroup

Overwater dispersal and subsequent allopatric speciation contribute importantly to the species diversity of West Indian Anolis lizards and many other island radiations. Here we use molecular phylogenetic analyses to assess the contribution of overwater dispersal to diversification of the Anolis carolinensis subgroup, a clade comprising nine canopy-dwelling species distributed across the northern Caribbean. Although this clade includes some of the most successful dispersers and colonists in the anole radiation, the taxonomic status and origin of many endemic populations have been ambiguous. New mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences from four species occurring on small islands or island banks ( Anolis brunneus , Anolis longiceps , Anolis maynardi , Anolis smaragdinus ) and one species from the continental United States ( A. carolinensis ) are presented and analysed with homologous sequences sampled from related species on Cuba ( Anolis allisoni and Anolis porcatus ). Our analyses confirm that all five non-Cuban species included in our study represent distinct, independently evolving lineages that warrant continued species recognition. Moreover, our results support Ernest Williams’s hypothesis that all of these species originated by overseas colonization from Cuban source populations. However, contrary to Williams’s hypothesis of Pleistocene dispersal, most colonization events leading to speciation apparently occurred earlier, in the late Miocene–Pliocene. These patterns suggest that overwater dispersal among geologically distinct islands and island banks is relatively infrequent in anoles and has contributed to allopatric speciation. Finally, our results suggest that large Greater Antillean islands serve as centres of origin for regional species diversity.
Primary body cavity-based large B-cell lymphoma in an HIV and HHV-8 negative, HCV positive patient: a case report and literature review.

Patient: 54-year-old Caucasian male. Chief Complaint: Respiratory difficulties, fever, and lower extremity edema. History of Present Illness: The patient was diagnosed with chronic hepatitis during routine screening in 1999 due to hepatitis C (HCV) infection and alcohol abuse. Previous risk factors for HCV exposure included a blood transfusion (1977), tattoo, body piercing, and multiple sexual partners in the past. He was treated with interferon for a brief period of time, but the medication had to be stopped due to severe thrombocytopenia. He developed mild bilateral lower extremity edema and accumulated peritoneal fluid in 2008; these symptoms were controlled by diuretics. In 2012 the patient presented with a large volume of ascites and respiratory difficulties. A therapeutic paracentesis was performed. Cytological studies on the ascitic fluid showed atypical lymphoid cells with irregular nuclear contours, but immunohistochemical stains were inconclusive. A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis did not show any mass or lymphadenopathy. Three weeks later, the patient developed fever, acute renal failure, right pleural effusion, and peritoneal fluid re-accumulation, and was admitted to the hospital. Past Medical History: Same as above, otherwise non-contributory. Social History: Alcohol abuse. Family History: Non-contributory. Physical Exam: Temperature 100.2°F, pulse rate 85 beats/minute, blood pressure 112/62 mm Hg, respiratory rate 22/minute. No significant cervical, submandibular, and supraclavicular lymphadenopathy identified. Abdomen was distended. Principle Laboratory Findings: See [Table 1][1]. Additional Testing: Morphological studies of the peritoneal fluid revealed atypical lymphoid cells ([Image 1][2]). Results of immunohistochemical and flow cytometry studies are shown in [Table 2][3]. * HCV : hepatitis C virus HHV-8 : human herpes virus-8 HIV : human immunodeficiency virus PEL : primary effusion lymphoma EBV : Epstein-Barr virus EBER : Epstein-Barr virus-encoded RNA DLBCL : diffuse large B-cell lymphoma MRI : magnetic resonance imaging [1]: #T1 [2]: #F1 [3]: #T2
REGULATION OF SURVIVAL PATHWAYS BY IL-3 AND INDUCTION OF APOPTOSIS FOLLOWING IL-3 WITHDRAWAL

The production of hematopoietic cells is regulated by the availability of key cytokines such as interleukin-3 (IL-3). IL-3 promotes the survival and proliferation of bone marrow-derived hematopoietic cells. Recent studies using IL-3-dependent cell lines have begun to shed light on the regulation of apoptosis in cytokine-dependent cells. These studies indicate that IL-3 inhibits apoptosis by stimulating the activation of cellular kinases, including phophatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase and Akt kinase. On the other hand, withdrawal of IL-3 leads to the activation of caspase proteases and a commitment to cell death. This review will discuss the current state of knowledge regarding the molecular mechanisms of: a) suppression of apoptosis by IL-3, and b) activation of apoptosis following IL-3 withdrawal.
Making a good thing better: the regionalization of neonatal intensive care units.

Since neonatal intensive care units have reduced infant mortality and morbidity, various methods of staffing and administering the units have been implemented. To make such units as economically efficient as possible, a deliberate framework is imperative in order to avoid service duplication and enhance accessibility for high-risk neonates.
Association Between Red and Processed Meat Intake and Mortality Among Colorectal Cancer Survivors

Purpose Red and processed meat intake is convincingly associated with colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence, but its impact on prognosis after CRC diagnosis is unknown. We examined associations of red and processed meat consumption, self-reported before and after cancer diagnosis, with all-cause and cause-specific mortality among men and women with invasive, nonmetastatic CRC. Patients and Methods Participants in the Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort reported information on diet and other factors at baseline in 1992-1993, 1999, and 2003. Participants with a verified CRC diagnosis after baseline and up to June 30, 2009, were observed for mortality through December 31, 2010. Results Among 2,315 participants diagnosed with CRC, 966 died during follow-up (413 from CRC and 176 from cardiovascular disease [CVD]). In multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression models, red and processed meat intake before CRC diagnosis was associated with higher risks of death as a result of all causes (top v...
History of the medical use of silver.

Abstract Background: Silver has been used extensively throughout recorded history for a variety of medical purposes. Methods: A review of the literature in English was undertaken, primarily using P...
Epidemic Modeling of Military Networks Using Group and Entity Mobility Models

Current work in the area of disruption-tolerant networks (DTN) focuses on various forms of epidemic routing, similar to mathematical epidemiology. In as much as this research has pioneered the field, it has left a large amount of open areas of research. Particularly, the assumptions made and subsequent results fall short of real-world scenarios where DTN would be deployed. In this preliminary work, we investigate the fundamental performance differences and limitations of DTN employing entity and group mobility models. Specifically, we compare the performance of the random waypoint entity mobility model with the nomadic group mobility model.
The Link between Educational Expectations and Effort in the College-for-all Era:

From the Wisconsin status attainment model to rational choice, classical sociological, social-psychological, and economic theories of student educational transitions have assumed that students’ exp...
On the use of conical reflectors in laser displacement interferometry

A laser interferometer with 90/spl deg/ conical reflectors was tested. Reflectors with a conic section of 90/spl deg/ in the meridional plane are of interest in a number of applications, including laser displacement interferometry, especially for measurements in submicrometre range, laser spectroscopy, and multi-pass optical cells.
The Relative Biological Effectiveness of Attenuated Protons

The 250 MeV Synchrotron at Loma Linda University Medical Center has been in operation since October 1990. In this paper we will report the data collected for survival of V79 cells suspended in gelatin exposed to 100 MeV protons that are attenuated with varying thicknesses of polycarbonate plastic. The measured RBE for single-cell killing ranges from 1.05 to 1.20 as the protons are reduced in energy from 64 MeV. Survival profiles show that this RBE effect will result in a 2.5 fold difference in cell survival between high and low energy protons at a dose of 1000 cGy. Correspondingly, the microdosimetric spectra measured in the same beam offer a quantitative explanation for the observed variation in RBE. Both the biological and the microdosimetric results suggest that the number of intermediate lineal energy events increase as the protons are attenuated. These results suggest that while shielding will reduce the total absorbed dose due to a solar proton event, it might not be equally effective in reducing the radiobiological effect of the exposure.
Performance Of Production Control Methods Based On Flow Control Approach

We report on the performance of a distributed production control method for part release, routing, and machine scheduling in manufacturing systems. The distributed control decisions are “guided” by the solution of a continuous flow (fluid) approximation of the production system. The method is applied to two production system examples. The first system is a highly utilized medium size system with relatively small cycle times. The second example is a semiconductor fabrication plant, a highly re-entrant line with very long cycle times. Simulation experiments show that the first system can be operated near full capacity with near-zero work-in-process. For the second system, the actual production lags somewhat behind the target production. However, the work-an-process and the average queuing time remain extremely low.
Loss Considerations for Microstrip Resonators (Short Papers)

The influence of radiation losses on the Q of microstrip resonators is shown for a variety of frequencies, characteristic impedances, substrate materials, and thicknesses. Radiation becomes a dominant factor at higher frequencies, especially for low-impedance lines and thick substrates with a low dielectric constant.
Immunologic specificity of lymphocyte cell lines from dogs exposed to beryllium oxide.

AbstractWe have reported that dogs exposed twice to aerosols of beryllium oxide (BeO) developed Be-specific immune responses within the lung, along with granulomatous and fibrotic lung lesions. To evaluate the specificity of the immune response, lymphocytes from lungs and blood of BeO-exposed dogs were co-cultured over an irradiated blood monocyte layer, alternately with interleukin 2 and BeSO4. Resultant cell lines were then tested for their response to different metal cations, common canine recall antigens, and BeSO4 in an in vitro cell proliferation assay. The cell lines responded to BeSO4 in a dose-dependent fashion, with mean stimulation indices of 7, 58, 119, and 112 at concentrations of 0.01, 1.0, 10, and 100 μM BeSO4 respectively. Cells not proliferate when incubated with ZnSO4 or NiSO4, or with canine distemper, leptospira, adenovirus 2, parvovirus, or parainfluenza antigens. Lymphocytes from normal vaccinated dogs proliferated markedly when cultured with these antigens. Cells from the cultured c...
On the perceptual organization of texture and shading flows: from a geometrical model to coherence computation

Locally parallel dense patterns - sometimes called texture flows define a perceptually coherent structure which is important to image segmentation, edge classification, shading analysis, and shape interpretation. This paper develops the notion of texture flow from a geometrical point of view to argue that local measurements of such structures must incorporate two curvatures. We show how basic theoretical considerations lead to a unique model for the local behavior of the flow and allow for the specification of consistency constraints between nearby measurements. The computation of globally coherent structure via neighborhood relationships is demonstrated on synthetic and natural images, and is compared to orientation diffusion.
The Tryptophan Requirement of Young Chickens as Influenced by Niacin

Abstract ALMQUIST and Mecchi (1941) reported that the l -tryptophan requirement for optimum growth of chicks was 0.5 percent of the diet. Results obtained by Grau and Almquist (1944) indicated that the l -tryptophan requirement was 0.25 percent of the ration, and that d -tryptophan was not utilized by the chick. Wilkening and associates (1947) fed purified diets to chicks in which the major sources of protein were 12 percent of oxidized casein and 10 percent of gelatin supplemented with cystine and methionine. Using this ration with graded levels of tryptophan, the l -tryptophan requirement was reported to be 0.18 percent of the diet. Wilkening and Schweigert (1947) observed 17 to 40 percent utilization of d -tryptophan by the chick. The tryptophan requirement for poults was reported by Bird (1950) to be 0.28 percent of the diet for optimum growth and feed efficiency to three weeks of age. It was concluded that the poults were able . . .
Varying roles of ENSO and SAM on the Antarctic Peninsula climate in austral spring

[1] Recent studies have identified a significant warming trend across West Antarctica and the Antarctic Peninsula, which is likely linked to tropical forcing. Here we investigate temporal variations in El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO)–related tropical forcing and Southern Annular Mode (SAM)–related forcing on the Amundsen-Bellingshausen Seas Low and the regional climate during austral spring. We find a spatial dependency regarding the impacts each of these climate modes have on the Antarctic Peninsula: relationships with ENSO and Antarctic Peninsula climate are persistent and significant across the western Peninsula, while relationships with the SAM are persistent and significant across the northeastern Peninsula. Other ENSO/SAM–Peninsula temperature correlations appear weak since 1957 as they vary temporally, fluctuating in response to changing correlations between the SAM index and the Southern Oscillation Index in austral spring. Changes in the ENSO-SAM correlations are due primarily to the 1988 La Nina/SAM negative event, which significantly altered the location of the ENSO teleconnection in the South Pacific Ocean and, therefore, its influence on the regional climate. Whether or not there is decadal variability in the ENSO-SAM relationship remains unclear; however, it is evident that the influence across the Peninsula varies in both space and time, related to the strength and spatial extent of the response in the Amundsen-Bellingshausen Seas. This suggests that in order to accurately attribute the warming to ENSO-related tropical forcing, it is necessary to consider the role of the regional circulation manifested by the phase of each climate mode together.
Nurses' Judgment as They Care for Persons Who Exhibit Impaired Judgment: A Phenomenonological Study

The purpose of this phenomenological study was to discover the process by which psychiatric nurses make judgments as they care for persons who exhibit impaired judgment. Data were collected from six experienced psychiatric nurses in a private room and were audiotaped. These data were analyzed using Spiegelberg's (1976) phenomenological method. The data yielded an overarching theme: all the nurses presented judgment as a personal responsibility. Within this overarching theme, were four major themes: (1) closeness to the clinical data; (2) critical reflection; (3) respect for one's knowledge and ignorance; and (4) existential nature of judgment. Categories within theme (1) closeness to the clinical data were nurse as knower and focus on the patient; within theme (2), critical reflection were experience and understanding; within theme (3), respect for one's knowledge and ignorance were self-consciousness and expectation of self; and within theme (4), existential nature of judgment were alone facing the unknown and "Eureka! I've got it!" Essentially, judgment occurred privately within the mind of the nurse, making it both the creation and responsibility of the nurse. For these nurses judgment was the pivotal event in nursing inquiry beginning in the desire to know, proceeding through understanding and presentation of a nursing problem and then determining the question, "What is it?" in a "Eureka!" moment. With this experience of "I've got it!" the nurse crossed from the unknown to the known. Judgment which began in the desire to know began again with a new question.
Coaching Climates and the Destructive Effects of Mastery-Avoidance Achievement Goals on Situational Motivation

The present research tested a model of social-cognitive influences on situational motivation (i.e., youths? reasons for participating in sport at a given moment in time) via youths? 2 x 2 achievement goals. Boys and girls (N = 165) participating in a summer swim league completed measures of their achievement goals and situational motivation on multiple occasions during a 6-week period; they also rated the coaching climate at the end of the season. All Situational Motivation Scale responses exhibited acceptable levels of longitudinal factorial invariance. Latent growth curve analyses revealed that intrinsic motivation and identified regulation did not appear to change over the course of the season; however, external regulation and amotivation increased significantly during that period. Youths? perceptions of an avoidance-oriented coaching climate predicted corresponding residualized change in their own achievement goals over the season. Additionally, residualized change in youths? mastery-avoidance goals (i.e., focus on avoiding self-referenced incompetence) was positively linked to the rate at which external regulation and amotivation scores changed.