cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fracture of the Supraglenoid Tubercle Treatment and Results in Five Horses

Five horses with fractures of the supraglenoid tubercle (tuber scapulae) were presented from 6 weeks to 1 year after injury. Clinical signs included lameness characterized by a shortened cranial phase of the stride and shoulder muscle atrophy. Radiographically, the fractures differed in the degree of cranioventral displacement of the fragment as well as the extent of joint involvement. Three horses were treated by resection of the fractured tubercle, including one using a new grid approach to the area of the fracture. Two of these horses have returned to athletic activity and one was euthanized due to postoperative infection. One horse with minimal displacement and joint involvement was treated with rest and raced successfully. One horse seen with a fracture of 1 year duration also was treated with rest and was a pasture sound broodmare.
ON THE INNERVATION OF THE BLOOD VESSELS IN THE HUMAN FOOT.

With the aid of a Zeiss operation microscope, a dissection was made of the nerves to the blood vessels of the dorsum and sides in the two feet of the cadaver of an adult man. No obvious vascular nerve issued from the saphenous nerve. The terminations of the dorsal metatarsal and interdigital arteries and veins over the two medial thirds of the dorsum of the foot were supplied by extremely thin nervelets which originated chiefly from the medial branch of the superficial peroneal nerve. The sural nerve issued conspicuous filaments to the lateral interdigital and metatarsal blood vessels, to the lateral calcaneal arteries and to the talo-calcaneal region. These findings provided a firmer anatomical basis for the interruption of the vascular nerves of the dorsum and sides of the foot by blocking with analgesic agents or by crushing the superficial peroneal, sural and saphenous nerves above the ankle.
Response to Lee et al.

To the Editor: We thank Drs. Lee, Sullivan, Zou, and Wright (LSZW) for their letter, and for this opportunity to further discuss the use of stratification scores to control for confounding. We also take this opportunity to discuss the general question of model selection for stratification scores.
An introductory guide to effective operators in nuclei

In this tutorial-style article we discuss the time-independent perturbation formalism of Brandow for effective interactions and operators in a nonrigorous, intuitive way. The simple example of a 2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2 matrix is used to introduce the basic concepts, for instance the notion of folded diagrams. The same example is used subsequently in a discussion of the branch points arising from "level crossings" and the associated convergence difficulties with the perturbation series. Numerical calculations of the effective interaction and the effective charge are then reviewed, focussing, for the most part, on the ($1s0d$) shell. Whenever possible, simple physical models are used to illustrate the results. A fairly comprehensive summary of the calculations to date is given, and we attempt to synthesize and draw conclusions.
Radon-Nikodym derivatives of a class of weak distributions on Hilbert spaces

The problem of derivatives of weak distributions is studied in the context of likelihood ratios of signals in noise, the ‘independent’ case. We show that the derivative is defined in that case and obtain a formula for it. The main result is in Section 2; the necessary introductory material is in Section 1. The application to the linear case is given in Section 3, and in Section 4, a non-linear example, in which we show for the first time that the correction term in the white noise version of the Girsanov formula is a random variable whose expected value is the mean square estimation error.
An expedient synthesis of high specific activity tritium labelled 4-fluoro-1-[1-(2-thienyl)]cyclohexylpiperidine ([3H]FTCP), a ligand for further characterization of the phencyclidine/NMDA receptor complex

[18F]4-Fluoro-1-[1-(2-thienyl)cyclohexyl)]piperidine is a ligand potentially useful for positron emission tomography of the PCP/NMDA receptor complex in the mammalian brain. The tritium-labelled title compound was synthesized in 5 steps starting with cyclohexanone. Catalytic tritiolysis in the final step afforded the title compound in high radiochemical yield and specific activity. This method represents a more efficient approach than previously published syntheses.
USE OF TOPOLOGICAL INFORMATION IN HYDROGRAPH ESTIMATION

: Discharge hydrographs computed from the theory of linear flow through topologically random channel networks are compared to actual discharge hydrographs for basins in semiarid regions of central Wyoming. The basins drained by the channel networks range in size from 0.69 to 10.8 square miles. Topological information consisting of stream-network magnitude and link -length distribution parameters are used in calibrating celerity values that ensure that the peak discharge and excess rainfall volume of the resulting computed hydrographs match the peak discharge and excess-rainfall volume of the actual hydrographs. Results indicate that, for a given peak discharge and excess-rainfall volume in a basin, the sensitivity of the calibrated celerity values to excess-rainfall duration is small if the ratio of excess-rainfall volume to peak discharge is at least 1.75 times the excess-rainfall duration.
Contamination specification for dimensional metrology SEMs

Electron beam-induced contamination is one of the most bothersome problems encountered in the use of the scanning electron microscope (SEM). Even in "clean-vacuum" instruments it is possible that the image gradually darkens because a polymerized hydrocarbon layer with low secondary electron yield is deposited. This contamination layer can get so thick that it noticeably changes the size and shape of the small structures of current and future state-of-the art integrated circuits (ICs). Contamination greatly disturbs or hinders the measurement process and the erroneous results can lead to wrong process control decisions. NIST has developed cleaning procedures and a contamination specification that offer an effective and viable solution for this problem. By the acceptance, implementation and regular use of these methods it is possible to get rid of electron beam induced contamination.
Enantioselective Synthesis of Cyclopentyltetrahydrofuran (Cp-THF), an Important High-Affinity P2-Ligand for HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors.

A convenient optically active synthesis of (3aS,5R,6aR)-5-hydroxy-hexahydrocyclopenta[b]furan, a high-affinity nonpeptidyl ligand for HIV-1 protease inhibitor 2, is described. The synthesis utilizes commercially available (1R,5S)-(+)-2-oxabicyclo[3.3.0]oct-6-en-3-one as the starting material and oxymercuration or bromohydrin reaction as the key step. Enantiopure ligand was converted to protease inhibitor 2.
Temperature Dependent Fracture Toughness of a Single Crystal Nickel Superalloy

An important application of nickel base superalloys is in the industrial gas turbine (IGT) industry, where the high temperature capabilities of these alloys are exploited. Extensive testing has focused on the tensile and fatigue properties of single crystal versions of these alloys. The single crystals are utilized in the hottest parts of the turbine, where a detailed knowledge of material behavior is critical to design and life assessment. However, studies on the effects of temperature on fracture toughness have largely been absent in both past and present literature. Therefore, the goal of this research is to characterize the fracture toughness properties of a second-generation single crystal nickel superalloy at elevated temperatures. The experimental methods follow ASTM guidelines, as does the analysis for the elastic (K) and plastic (J integral) deformation. The toughness values were invalid for plain strain fracture toughness, but this should be expected from a structural material. In spite of this fact, both the K- and J-based analyses reveal consistent trends. Increased plasticity at elevated temperatures results in an overall increase in toughness as temperature increases. Unusual cases with inclined pre-cracks and microstructural defects did not technically yield valid results, although they were consistent with the nominal cases. Overall, the results indicate that the toughness of single crystal nickel alloys is actually quite high. Thus, the lack of work in this subject is understandable. However, it would seem that any design and lifting work would benefit from an understanding of such a fundamental property.
THE EVOLUTION OF ELONGATE SHAPE IN DIATOMS1

Diatoms have been classified historically as either centric or pennate based on a number of features, cell outline foremost among them. The consensus among nearly every estimate of the diatom phylogeny is that the traditional pennate diatoms (Pennales) constitute a well-supported clade, whereas centric diatoms do not. The problem with the centric‐pennate classification was highlighted by some recent analyses concerning the phylogenetic position of Toxarium, whereby it was concluded that this ‘‘centric’’ diatom independently evolved several pennate-like characters including an elongate, pennate-like cell outline. We performed several phylogenetic analyses to test the hypothesis that Toxarium evolved its elongate shape independently from Pennales. First, we reanalyzed the original data set used to infer the phylogenetic position of Toxarium and found that a more thorough heuristic search was necessary to find the optimal tree. Second, we aligned 181 diatom and eight outgroup SSU rDNA sequences to maximize the juxtapositioning of similar primary and secondary structure of the 18S rRNA molecule over a much broader sampling of diatoms. We then performed a number of phylogenetic analyses purposely based on disparate sets of assumptions and found that none of these analyses supported the conclusion that Toxarium acquired its pennate-like outline independently from Pennales. Our results suggest that elongate outline is congruent with SSU rDNA data and may be synapomorphic for a larger, more inclusive clade than the traditional Pennales.
Relationship between Self-Perceived Postural Limits and Falls among Hospitalized Stroke Patients

[Purpose] To investigate the relationship between errors in perceiving postural limits and falls in hospitalized hemiplegic patients. [Subjects] Sixty hemiplegic inpatients were included in this study. [Methods] Error in perceiving postural limits was defined as the difference between the estimated maximum reach and actual reach distances, and its relationship to falls during three months of hospitalization was investigated. The other measurements included Functional Ambulation Category, Brunnstrom's recovery stage, sensory disturbance, fear of falling, and the Japanese version of the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS-J). [Results] For the multiple fall group, the error in estimated distance (EED) was significantly greater than that for the zero/single fall group (p<0.01). Logistic regression analysis showed that EED and MADRS-J scores were correlated with multiple falls. According to the receiver operating characteristic curve for EED, the cut-off value for the multiple fall group was 6.3 cm (sensitivity: 80%, specificity: 77.8%). Using this value, the likelihood ratio and risk ratio for multiple falls was 3.6 and 6.9 (95% confidence interval: 2.2-21.8), respectively. [Conclusion] These results suggest that assessing error in perceiving postural limits by EED of hemiplegic patients is one method for identifying individuals at high risk of fall.
The role of electric charge in microdroplets impacting on conducting surfaces

A rich phenomenology is revealed by temporally resolved image sequences of electrically charged ethanol microdroplets impacting on a conductive surface at temperatures bracketing the liquid boiling point. Notable phenomena include the flattening of the sessile droplets with reduced contact angle, increased evaporation rates for substrate temperatures below the fluid boiling point, and the hindrance of droplet rebound at the Leidenfrost temperature. Scaling considerations are presented to rationalize the observed behavior and to generalize conclusions to a broader droplet size range.
A Card Trick and the Mathematics Behind It

Gabriela R. Sanchis (sanchisgr@etown.edu), a native of Buenos Aires, Argentina, received her Bachelor's degree from Syracuse University and her Ph.D. from the University of Rochester in the area of probability. Prior to obtaining her doctorate, she worked for four years as an actuary, during which time she passed several actuarial exams, and she is now an Associate of the Society of Actuaries. In 1992 she was awarded a grant by the National Science Foundation that enabled the department of Mathematical Sciences at Elizabethtown College to set up a computer laboratory and incorporate the use of technology into many of its mathematics courses. She is an Associate Professor at Elizabethtown College (Elizabethtown, PA 17022), and her current interests lie in the history of mathematics and its use in teaching.
Instanton effects in bound-state dynamics

A systematic method is developed for computing the effects of instanton configurations on binding energies of threshold bound states. Weak coupling and the relevance of the dilute-gas approximation are assumed. The bound-state mass is extracted by studying the asymptotic behavior of the Euclidean two-point function of a current with the quantum numbers of the bound state in question. The formalism is illustrated both for the binding of scalar particles in a (1 + 1)-dimensional Higgs-Abelian model and for quark-antiquark binding in a (3 + 1)-dimensional non-Abelian gauge theory. In the latter case, interactions of exchanged quantum gluons with the background instanton fields are found to induce binding-energy shifts of the same order in the coupling $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ as direct interaction of quarks with the background fields. The static limit of the leading kernel arising from gluon-instanton interactions is found to depend linearly on the quark-antiquark separation.
Animals' Choices Over Uncertain Outcomes: Further Experimental Results

The betweenness axiom of expected utility theory, which is not required under several nonexpected utility formulations, is examined. Choices are checked for independence axiom violations in the Allais direction and for fanning out in little explored areas of the unit probability triangle, as predicted by Machina's hypothesis II. The data show Allais-type violations of the independence axiom, systematic failure of the fanning out hypothesis in the northwest portion of the unit probability triangle, and consistent violations of the betweenness axiom in favor of folded orderings. Results are related to findings from human choice experiments exploring similar phenomena. Copyright 1991 by Royal Economic Society.
A New Paradigm for DNA Polymerase Specificity

We show that T7 DNA polymerase exists in three distinct structural states, as reported by a conformationally sensitive fluorophore attached to the recognition (fingers) domain. The conformational change induced by a correct nucleotide commits the substrate to the forward reaction, and the slow reversal of the conformational change eliminates the rate of the chemistry step from any contribution toward enzyme specificity. Discrimination against mismatches is enhanced by the rapid release of mismatched nucleotides from the ternary E·DNA·deoxynucleoside triphosphate complex and by the use of substrate-binding energy to actively misalign catalytic residues to reduce the rate of misincorporation. Our refined model for enzyme selectivity extends traditional thermodynamic formalism by including substrate-induced structural alignment or misalignment of catalytic residues as a third dimension on the free-energy profile and by including the rate of substrate dissociation as a key kinetic parameter.
Effect of diltiazem on calcium transport and development of tension in heart muscle

Diltiazem relaxes vascular smooth muscle at concentrations as low as 10 −8 M . These concentrations do not affect either the action potential or the contractile activity of cardiac muscle. In this study the effect of diltiazem on excitation-contraction coupling processes in frog ventricular muscle was investigated. Diltiazem had little effect on the cardiac action potential or tension at concentrations less than 10 −7 M . At higher concentrations (10 −5 M ), the action potential shortened, the overshoot potential decreased, twitch tension was reduced, and the resting potential was unaffected. Potassium-chloride induced contractures were reduced by about 60 percent, suggesting that the effect of diltiazem was not due to the alteration in the action potential duration. In chemically skinned myocardium, the sensitivity of the myofilaments to calcium (Ca 2+ ) was not altered by diltiazem. The effects of diltiazem could be reversed in part either by increasing extracellular calcium or by adding epinephrine. Diltiazem (2 × 10 −6 M ) suppressed the tension-voltage relation under voltage clamp conditions. However, at even higher concentrations, significant tension could still be generated. Diltiazem reduced the slow inward current somewhat, but no direct relation could be found between suppression of the calcium-dependent inward current (I si ) and inhibition of tension. Diltiazem increased the late outward current but had no effect on the inwardly rectifying potassium (K + ) channel. In sodium (Na + )-depleted ventricular preparations, the tension-voltage relation, which reflects the voltage dependence of I si , is completely suppressed by diltiazem (2 × 10 −5 M ). These results suggest that diltiazem in large doses suppresses tension either by inhibition of a slowly inactivating Ca 2+ current or by modifying an undescribed step in excitation-contraction coupling processes.
Accurate treatment of lubrication forces between rigid spheres in viscous fluids using a traction-corrected boundary element method

Traditional boundary element methods cannot accurately resolve lubrication forces in the interstitial regions between nearly touching particles in viscous flows. In many cases, the interstitial tractions are underestimated and the relative particle velocities are overestimated resulting in significant errors in predicting particle trajectories. In order to accurately treat the lubrication forces between nearly touching particles, a traction-corrected boundary element method (TC-BEM) for multiple particles is developed by combining the analytical asymptotic solution for the tractions in the interstitial regions with the boundary element method. An adaptive meshing algorithm is developed to provide appropriate meshes on surfaces of particles with close interactions. The numerical method also employs an efficient parallelization scheme to make possible prediction of long-time behavior of particles suspended in viscous flow fields. The results of the TC-BEM are benchmarked by comparisons to analytical results for two particles in a linear shear flow and by considering the reversibility of three particles in a circular Couette flow. It is shown that the TC-BEM is able to correctly resolve the lubrication forces between nearly touching particles, thus enabling the accurate analysis of particles suspended in nonlinear shear flows.
A Numerical Investigation of Several Factors Contributing to the Observed Variable Intensity of Deep Convection over South Florida

Abstract This study employs a revised version of the Colorado State University three-dimensional numerical cloud scale model to investigate the observed behavior of deep convection over South Florida on 17 July 1973. A brief description of recent model improvements is made. A combined balance and dynamics initialization procedure designed to introduce variable magnitudes and distributions of low-level wind convergence to the initial fields is described. Using radiosonde and PIBAL data collected by the NOAA/ERL Florida Area Cumulus Experiment (FACE) and the National Weather Service at Miami on 17 July 1973, composite wind, temperature, pressure and moisture profiles were constructed to depict the state of the atmosphere at the time of deep convection. Mesoscale convergence was estimated from results of a mesoscale model simulation of low-level sea breeze convergence made by Pielke (personal communication) for the same case study day. Several numerical simulations were performed using the sounding data as a...
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) turnover in adult female Ascaris suum tissue

Abstract 1. 1. The 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin) turnover was examined in the tissues of adult female Ascaris suum . The 5-HT turnover was highest in the intestine at 34.7 ng 5-HT produced/mg protein/hr and 13.8 ng 5-HT produced/mg protein/hr in muscle tissue. 2. 2. The levels of 5-HT metabolites namely tryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid and 5-hydroxytryptophol were measured in muscle and intestinal tissue of adult A. suum . 3. 3. Parachlorophenylalanine inhibited 5-HT production in muscle and intestinal tissue providing in situ evidence for the presence of tryptophan hydroxylase in this tissue. 4. 4. Pargyline increased 5-HT production in muscle and intestinal tissue providing in situ evidence for the presence of monoamine oxidase in this tissue.
An Approach to Specifying and Estimating Nonreversible Functions

search. Commonly suggested applications involve shortor long-run supply curves that, because of asset fixity or other rigidities, are more output responsive for price increases than for price decreases. The theoretical reasoning behind such functions is not at issue here, only the empirical testing of the nonreversibility hypothesis. In 1971, Wolffram proposed an ingenious method of dealing with nonreversibilities through partitioning (or segmenting) the variables involved. Tweeten and Quance further discussed the idea but generally endorsed the Wolffram method. Interested readers are referred to those papers, since their essentials are not repeated. In what follows, a rather simple alternative approach for specifying linear nonreversibilities is suggested. This method is consistent with the Wolffram technique but is operationally clearer. In addition, some results applying this technique in two empirical supply studies are discussed briefly to provide insight into some of the issues likely to arise.
N-retinylidene-1-amino-2-propanol: a Schiff base analog for rhodopsin.

Abstract The A λ max of protonated Schiff bases derived from retinal, a visual pigment chromophore, experience large bathochromic shifts in a non-polar solvent. The extent of these shifts is dependent on the degree of association between the hydrogen-bonded ion pair formed in the non-polar solvent. The absorptive properties of rhodopsins can be explained in terms of these observations. In addition to bands at ca. 500 and 350 nm, the absorption spectrum for the 11- cis protonated Schiff base exhibits a minor band at 280 nm. The possible relevance of this band in explaining reported photochemical data of rhodopsins is discussed.
Pharmacokinetics and hepatic extraction of recombinant human parathyroid hormone, hPTH (1-34), in rat, dog, and monkey

Abstract The pharmacokinetics (PK) and hepatic extraction ( E H ) of human PTH (1–34), hPTH (1–34), were characterized in rat, dog, and monkey, following intraportal (IPO) and intravenous (IV) bolus administration. hPTH (1–34) was administered to Sprague–Dawley rats (2, 10, 100 µg/kg), beagle dogs (3, 6 µg/kg), and rhesus monkeys (6, 30 µg/kg). Serum concentrations of immunoreactive hPTH (1–34) were used to derive PK parameters. IPO bioavailability (F IPO ) was determined by comparing dose-normalized serum exposure (i.e., AUC IPO /AUC IV ). E H was estimated as 1−F IPO . In all species, greater than dose-proportional increases in exposure (i.e., C max and AUC) were observed for both routes. Dose-dependent disposition (i.e., time-average clearance (CL) and half-life ( t ½ ) were observed in all three species. In rats, E H values of 71% (2 µg/kg), 35% (10 µg/kg), and E H values of 90% (3 µg/kg) and 66% (6 µg/kg) were obtained. In monkeys, E H values of 25% (6 µg/kg) and
Gene expression profiles of low- and high-grade papillary serous ovarian carcinomas using cDNA microarray analysis

Gene expression profiles of low- and high-grade papillary serous ovarian carcinomas using cDNA microarray analysis
An experimental test of parenting practices as a mediator of early childhood physical aggression.

Background: Parenting practices predict early childhood physical aggression. Preventive interventions that alter parenting practices and aggression during early childhood provide the opportunity to test causal models of early childhood psychopathology. Although there have been several informative preventive intervention studies that test mediation models in older children, no such studies have been conducted with younger children at high risk for psychopathology. Method: Within the context of a randomized controlled trial, we examined whether changes in parenting practices mediate the effects of a family intervention on observed physical aggression among African American and Latino younger siblings of adjudicated youths. Results: Improved parenting practices partially mediated the intervention effect on physical aggression. Improvements in harsh parenting, responsive parenting, and stimulating parenting explained a significant amount of the intervention effect on child physical aggression observed in the context of parent–child interactions. Parenting practices accounted for 38% of the intervention effect on physical aggression. Conclusions: There was support for the hypothesized model of the prevention of physical aggression during early childhood. Intervention benefits on parenting practices partially accounted for intervention effects on physical aggression in young high-risk children.
M&M's “the method,” and other ideas about teaching elementary statistics

ABSTRACT The article consists of a collection of observations which the author has made, over the years, about the teaching of the first course in elementary probability and statistics offered by many colleges and universities. A highlight of the article is the so-called Goldberg Method for solving problems in probability and statistics. The goal of the article is that of simplifying, clarifying, and unifying, for instructors as well as students, the concepts of probability and statistics.
Diuretic use and bone mineral density in older USA men: the osteoporotic fractures in men (MrOS) study

SIR—It is estimated that 25–40% of adults aged 65 years and over use diuretics [1]. The three major classes of diuretics have different effects on renal calcium balance. Loop diuretics increase renal calcium excretion [2], while thiazide and potassium-sparing diuretics exert a hypocalciuric effect. Thiazides facilitate the reabsorption of calcium in the early segment of the convoluted distal tubule, and potassium-sparing diuretics promote reabsorption of calcium in the late segment of the distal tubule [3–5]. Epidemiological data [6–14] and results from randomised controlled trials [15–17] suggest that thiazide diuretic use is associated with a small increase in bone mineral density (BMD) or a decreased rate of bone loss. However, these associations were observed primarily among women. There are few data regarding the effects of loop diuretics on BMD and findings are not consistent across studies [18, 19]. Although some studies have shown that loop diuretic use may be associated with an increased risk of hip and osteoporotic fractures [20–22], it is uncertain whether this possibly elevated fracture risk was mediated by the effect of loop diuretics on bone or rather on fall-related mechanisms, such as dizziness and orthostasis. To our knowledge, no studies have specifically examined whether potassium-sparing diuretics have an independent effect on BMD. Therefore, we conducted a cross-sectional study among participants in the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) study, an ongoing prospective study of community-dwelling men, to investigate the association between current diuretic use and BMD at multiple skeletal sites. We hypothesised that compared with diuretic non-users, loop diuretic users would have a lower mean BMD, while thiazide and potassium-sparing diuretic users would have a higher mean BMD.
A hybrid energy scavenging sensor for long-term mechanical strain monitoring

We had previously reported a self-powered floating-gate level-crossing sensor/processor where the energy for sensing, computation and storage was extracted directly from the input strain variations. However, self-powering was found insufficient for wireless interrogation and configuration of the sensor. In this paper, we present a hybrid energy scavenging sensor where self-powering is employed for long-term ambient mechanical strain monitoring, whereas data digitization, framing, telemetry and high-voltage floating-gate configuration/programming are performed remotely using RF powering. As a hybrid energy scavenger, the sensor can seamlessly harvest working energy from both vibrations and RF signals under different working conditions. Therefore, the sensor does not experience any downtime and can continuously operate by recording key statistics of the ambient strain signals. Sensor prototypes with an integrated 13.56MHz RF interface have been fabricated in a 0.5-µm standard CMOS process and the measured results verify the long-term autonomous monitoring capability of the sensor.
Quantified pathologic response assessed as residual tumor burden is a predictor of recurrence-free survival in patients with rectal cancer who undergo resection after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy.

BACKGROUND The current study was conducted to determine whether quantified pathologic response assessed as a percentage of residual tumor cells is predictive of recurrence-free survival (RFS) in patients with rectal cancer. METHODS The authors studied 251 patients with rectal adenocarcinoma who were treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiation and radical resection. Quantified pathologic response was defined as an estimated percentage of residual cancer cells in relation to the tumor bed: complete, no residual cancer cells; near-complete, ≤ 5% residual cancer cells; major, > 5%, and < 50% residual cancer cells; and minor, ≥ 50% residual cancer cells. The reproducibility of quantified pathologic response between 2 pathologists was assessed using tumors from 55 randomly selected patients who did not demonstrate a complete response. RESULTS Pathologic response was complete in 21% of patients, near-complete in 20% of patients, major in 37% of patients, and minor in 22% of patients. Nineteen percent of patients had ypT0N0 disease, 27% had ypT1-2N0 disease, 21% had ypT3-4N0 disease, and 33% had N+ disease. The 5-year RFS rates by category of quantified pathologic response were as follows: complete, 95%; near-complete, 88%; major, 69%; and minor, 61% (P < .001). Major and minor response, high histologic grade, and perineural invasion were found to be significant predictors of decreased RFS on multivariate analysis. The 5-year RFS rates for patients with ypT3-4 or N+ disease were better for those with a near-complete response (94%) compared with those with a major (64%) or minor (61%) response (P < .02). Moderate to substantial agreement was observed between the 2 pathologists (κ = 0.72). CONCLUSIONS Quantified pathologic response is a predictor of RFS in patients with rectal adenocarcinoma and stratifies patients with high pathologic stage disease. Cancer 2013;119:4231–4241. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Native Chromatin Preparation and Illumina/Solexa Library Construction

High-throughput whole-genome analysis has become a practical and important technique to understand nuclear processes such as transcription, replication and genome structure. Though microarrays have been the preferred genome-scale analysis method for over a decade, new technologies, referred to as next-generation sequencing offer distinct advantage over microarrays in sensitivity and scale (Schones and Zhao, 2008). Currently, several next-generation sequencing platforms are available, including the Genome Analyzer (Solexa/Illumina), 454 (Roche) and ABI-SOLiD (Applied Biosystems). These platforms can be used for a variety of studies such as sequencing of chromatin immunoprecipitated DNA (ChIP-Seq) (Barski et al., 2007; Johnson et al., 2007; Mikkelsen et al., 2007; Robertson et al., 2007), nucleosome position profiling (Schones et al., 2008), DNA methylation studies (Cokus et al., 2008), transcriptome profiling (RNASeq) (Mortazavi et al., 2008; Nagalakshmi et al., 2008) and SNP genotyping. The following protocol describes sample preparation for ChIP-Seq to analyze histone modification patterns using native chromatin and the Genome Analyzer (Solexa/Illumina) (Barski et al., 2007; Wang et al., 2008). One advantage of using native chromatin as compared to cross-linked chromatin is that it provides single nucleosome level resolution and avoids non-specific modification signals from different nucleosomes carried over through protein-protein interactions. The protocol includes purification of human CD4+ T cells from lymphocytes and chromatin fragmentation using microccocal nuclease (MNase) digestion, followed by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and construction of a library for sequencing.
Ajuba family proteins link JNK to hippo signaling

Wounding, apoptosis, or infection can trigger a proliferative response in neighboring cells to replace damaged tissue. Studies in Drosophila have implicated c-Jun amino-terminal kinase (JNK)-dependent activation of Yorkie (Yki) as essential to regeneration-associated growth, as well as growth associated with neoplastic tumors. Yki is a transcriptional coactivator that is inhibited by Hippo signaling, a conserved pathway that regulates growth. We identified a conserved mechanism by which JNK regulated Hippo signaling. Genetic studies in Drosophila identified Jub (also known as Ajuba LIM protein) as required for JNK-mediated activation of Yki and showed that Jub contributed to wing regeneration after wounding and to tumor growth. Biochemical studies revealed that JNK promoted the phosphorylation of Ajuba family proteins in both Drosophila and mammalian cells. Binding studies in mammalian cells indicated that JNK increased binding between the Ajuba family proteins LIMD1 or WTIP and LATS1, a kinase within the Hippo pathway that inhibits the Yki homolog YAP. Moreover, JNK promoted binding of LIMD1 and LATS1 through direct phosphorylation of LIMD1. These results identify Ajuba family proteins as a conserved link between JNK and Hippo signaling, and imply that JNK increases Yki and YAP activity by promoting the binding of Ajuba family proteins to Warts and LATS.
DNA-decorated carbon-nanotube-based chemical sensors on complementary metal oxide semiconductor circuitry.

We present integration of single-stranded DNA (ss-DNA)-decorated single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) onto complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) circuitry as nanoscale chemical sensors. SWNTs were assembled onto CMOS circuitry via a low voltage dielectrophoretic (DEP) process. Besides, bare SWNTs are reported to be sensitive to various chemicals, and functionalization of SWNTs with biomolecular complexes further enhances the sensing specificity and sensitivity. After decorating ss-DNA on SWNTs, we have found that the sensing response of the gas sensor was enhanced (up to ~ 300% and ~ 250% for methanol vapor and isopropanol alcohol vapor, respectively) compared with bare SWNTs. The SWNTs coupled with ss-DNA and their integration on CMOS circuitry demonstrates a step towards realizing ultra-sensitive electronic nose applications.
Eksarva: a framework for enabling agent-based collaboration

This paper describes a generic collaboration framework capable of embedding process intelligence into collaborative sessions leading to increased opportunities for process automation. We claim that currently available collaboration tools lack the flexibility to accommodate a variety of collaborative behaviors. This, we believe is due to the tight coupling that exists between the tool features and the group functionalities. We describe a generic framework that facilitates the modeling of the operations of a collaborative session as a set of workflow rules. These workflow rules are embedded into collaborative sessions and drive the enactment of the collaboration. Agents with the combination of this work flow rules and domain-specific ontology can automate processes relieving humans of mundane tasks and increasing their productivity.
An X-band high-power amplifier using SiGe/Si HBT and lumped passive components

We report the design and fabrication of a compact microwave monolithic integrated circuit (MMIC) amplifier, which demonstrates high output power at X-Band. A single-stage power amplifier is demonstrated, with a double-mesa type SiGe/Si HBT as the active device and spiral inductors and MIM capacitors as lumped passive components. At 8.4 GHz, a linear gain of 8.7 dB, an output power at peak efficiency of 23 dBm, and a saturated output power P/sub sat/ of 25 dBm, are measured. To our knowledge, this is the first MMIC X-Band power amplifier using SiGe/Si HBTs.
A mathematical model for mastery learning

Prior research on mastery learning has examined relationships between achievement and time on task, motivation variables, as well as the effects of prior learning. One can show that the results of prior research lead to certain requirements on a model for mastery learning. This article uses those requirements to develop a mathematical model for mastery learning. This model includes measures of a motivational factor and of the specific ability of a learner with respect to the content being learned. The model also contains a variable to reflect prior learning. The model has been developed to include a computer program which accepts student data and from which predictions can be made and tested. Assumptions and limitations of the model are discussed, and some research questions are raised. In most respects the model proposed in this article is susceptible to the same tests and refinements as an empirical law in the physical or life sciences.
An efficient exhaustive low-weight codeword search for structured LDPC codes

In this paper, we present an algorithm to find all low-weight codewords in a given quasi-cyclic (QC) low-density parity-check (LDPC) code with a fixed column-weight and girth. The main idea is to view a low-weight codeword as an (a, 0) trapping sets, and then show that each topologically different (a, 0) trapping set can be dissected into smaller trapping sets. The proposed search method relies on the knowledge of possible topologies of such smaller trapping sets present in a code ensemble, which enables an efficient search. Combined with the high-rate QC LDPC code construction which successively adds blocks of permutation matrices, the algorithm ensures that in the code construction procedure all codewords up to a certain weight are avoided, which leads to a code with the desired minimum distance. The algorithm can be also used to determine the multiplicity of the low-weight codewords with different trapping set structure.
Acute infections, vaccination and prevention of cardiovascular disease

Extensive research in recent decades has established a critical role for cellular and humoral inflammation in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis and its acute clinical presentations.[1][1] Although atherosclerotic disease has a slow progression over many years, several intrinsic and
ON INTEGERS NONREPRESENTABLE BY A GENERALIZED ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION

We consider those positive integers that are not representable as linear combinations of terms of a generalized arithmetic progression with nonnegative integer coefficients. To do this, we make use of the numerical semigroup generated by a generalized arithmetic progression. The number of integers nonrepresentable by such a numerical semigroup is determined as well as that of its dual. In addition, we find the number and the sum of those integers representable by the dual of the semigroup that are not representable by the semigroup itself.
Vascular reconstruction plays an important role in the treatment of pancreatic adenocarcinoma

Objective Previous studies have proved the feasibility of performing a pancreaticoduodenectomy (Whipple operation) in patients with portal vein–superior mesenteric vein and hepatic artery invasion. We report our institutional experience with the use of a variety of vascular reconstructive methods during pancreatic resections for adenocarcinoma. Methods A retrospective review was performed identifying all patients undergoing a Whipple operation or total pancreatectomy procedure from January 2003 to December 2013. All venous (portal vein–superior mesenteric vein) and arterial (superior mesenteric artery–hepatic artery) reconstructions were extracted and reviewed to determine survival and perioperative complications. Results During the 10-year study period, 270 Whipple and total pancreatectomy procedures were performed, of which 183 were for adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. Of the 183 operations, a total of 60 (32.8%) vascular reconstructions were found, 49 venous and 11 arterial. Venous reconstruction included 37 (61.7%) primary repairs, four (6.7%) reconstructions with CryoVein (CryoLife, Inc, Kennesaw, Ga), three (5.0%) repairs with autologous vein patch, three (5.0%) autologous saphenous reconstructions, and two (3.33%) portacaval shunts. In addition, there were 11 (18.3%) arterial reconstructions (seven hepatic artery and four superior mesenteric artery). The 1-year survival for all reconstructions was 71.1%, which is equivalent to T3 lesions that did not receive vascular reconstruction (70.11%), with a median survival time of 575.28 days and 12 patients still alive. Survival time was comparable with each type of venous reconstruction, averaging 528 days (11 of 49 patients still alive). There was a total thrombosis rate of seven of 60 (11.6%), all of which were portal vein thrombosis: three in the primary repair group and four delayed thromboses seen in primary repair, CryoVein repair, and vein patch repair. There was no thrombosis in any patients after arterial reconstruction. Conclusions An aggressive approach for stage II pancreatic cancers with venous or arterial invasion can be performed with comparable results when it is executed by an experienced institution with skilled oncologic and vascular surgeons.
A computational methodology and results for quasistatic multilayered magnetic shielding

A methodology for accurate calculations of shielding factors for quasistatic multilayered magnetic shields is described. "Transfer relations" for individual layers with specified magnetic permeabilities and electrical conductivities are spliced together. Specific transfer relations for four layer geometries (planar, cylindrical with transverse fields, cylindrical with axial fields, and spherical) and constraints at source and shielded surfaces for six source-shield configurations involving both externally applied fields and enclosed sources are developed. Limiting cases are extracted for magnetically permeable, nonconducting layers, and for thin, magnetically nonpermeable, conducting layers. Reciprocity conditions are identified for interchanged source and shielded regions in planar, transverse field cylindrical, and spherical geometries. Variations of magnetic field and flux density with position are shown for a specific planar example involving alternating layers of aluminum and steel, with the same total shield thickness occupied by either one or five layer pairs. Simulations with alternating layers of aluminum and steel for the four layer geometries are used to study the effects of material composition, number of layer pairs, and air gaps. An optimal number of layer pairs for a given total shield thickness is identified. Results from simulations where induced currents in the steel layers are neglected are compared with those for simulations with a realistic conductivity value for steel to assess the relative effects of flux shunting and induced current shielding.
Cysteine Protease Inhibitors Cure an Experimental Trypanosoma cruzi Infection

Trypanosoma cruzi is the causative agent of Chagas' disease. The major protease, cruzain, is a target for the development of new chemotherapy. We report the first successful treatment of an animal model of Chagas' disease with inhibitors designed to inactivate cruzain. Treatment with fluoromethyl ketone-derivatized pseudopeptides rescued mice from lethal infection. The optimal pseudopeptide scaffold was phenylalanine-homophenylalanine. To achieve cure of infection, this pseudopeptide scaffold was incorporated in a less toxic vinyl sulfone derivative. N-methyl piperazine-Phe-homoPhe-vinyl sulfone phenyl also rescued mice from a lethal infection. Six of the treated mice survived over nine months, three without further treatment. Three mice that had entered the chronic stage of infection were retreated with a 20-d regimen. At the conclusion of the experiments, five of the six mice had repeated negative hemacultures, indicative of parasitological cure. Studies of the effect of inhibitors on the intracellular amastigote form suggest that the life cycle is interrupted because of inhibitor arrest of normal autoproteolytic cruzain processing at the level of the Golgi complex. Parasites recovered from the hearts of treated mice showed the same abnormalities as those treated in vitro. No abnormalities were noted in the Golgi complex of host cells. This study provides proof of concept that cysteine protease inhibitors can be given at therapeutic doses to animals to selectively arrest a parasitic infection.
Decomposing regional patenting rates: how the composition factor confounds the rate factor

Patents per capita is a widely used innovation indicator. Rural areas generally perform very poorly using this metric, suggesting that inventive activity that leads to patents is an urban phenomenon. However, newly available inventor-disambiguated patenting data demonstrate that inventions per inventor are roughly equal across urban and rural areas. A critical assessment of the patents-per-capita measure questions its construct validity. An alternative measure is constructed that empirically identifies a plausible ‘inventive class’ and does not confound the patenting rate with irrelevant information. This allows the decomposition of overall patenting rates into a compositional factor and a rate factor which leads to a more meaningful regional comparison of patenting productivity.
Fluidized-Bed Fluorination of UO2-PuO2-Fission Product Pellets with Brf5 and Fluorine. Part I: The Fluorination of Uranium, Neptunium, and Plutonium

Fluorination of simulated thermal reactor fuel containing UO2, PuO2, and oxides of elements formed in fission has been studied in a 2-in.-diam reactor containing a fluidized bed of alumina. After o...
Lower Extremity Focused Neurologic Examination

A focused lower extremity neurologic evaluation aids in the diagnosis of lower extremity nerve pathology. Injuries to the peripheral neural infrastructure can result in chronic neuropathic pain and discomfort. The most common etiologies of chronic neuropathic pain are from peripheral distal pathologies. A complete lower extremity neurologic evaluation includes sensory, motor, and deep tendon reflexes. Additional specific attention to the geographic anatomic testing of peripheral sensory and motor nerves is essential in eliciting a correct etiologic diagnosis for peripheral neural pain and dysfunction.
The epithelial tissues in experimental Xerophthalmia.

ConclusionsDeprivation of the anti-xerophthalmic vitamine (fat soluble A) affects specifically epithelial tissues. This effect is manifested in cells having presumably widely different chemical (secretory) functions, and terminates in the complete loss of specific function and the transformation into a common type of chemically inactive (noln-secretory) epithelium.