cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Performance Evaluation of a Multilevel Sub-structuring Method for Sparse Eigenvalue Problems

The automated multilevel sub-structuring (AMLS) method [2, 7, 3] is an extension of a simple sub-structuring method called component mode synthesis (CMS) [6, 4] originally developed in the 1960s. The recent work by Bennighof and Lehoucq [3] provides a high level mathematical description of the AMLS method in a continuous variational setting, as well as a framework for describing AMLS in matrix algebra notations. The AMLS approach has been successfully used in vibration and acoustic analysis of very large scale finite element models of automobile bodies [7]. In this paper, we evaluate the performance of AMLS on other types of applications. Similar to the domain decomposition techniques used in solving linear systems, AMLS reduces a large-scale eigenvalue problem to a sequence of smaller problems that are easier to solve. The method is amenable to an efficient parallel implementation. However, a few questions regarding the accuracy and computational efficiency of the method remain to be carefully examined. Our earlier paper [12] addressed some of these questions for a single-level algorithm. We developed a simple criterion for choosing spectral components from each sub-structure, performed algebraic analysis based on this mode selection criterion, and derived error bounds for the approximate eigenpair associated with the smallest eigenvalue. This paper focuses on the performance of the multilevel algorithm.
The Burden of Caregiving on Families of ICU Survivors

As a result of increasingly sophisticated therapies for critically ill patients, family members are caring for individuals with complex medical problems at home as the most financially feasible alternative to institutional care. These individuals include older adults with progressive dementia, children and adults who are technologically dependent, such as on home dialysis or respirators, individuals with stroke, survivors of traumatic brain injuries or spinal cord injuries, and individuals with chronic neurological disorders, such as multiple sclerosis. These patients may have survived life-threatening illnesses requiring ICU care, such as severe sepsis, septic shock, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), stroke, and multi-system organ failure. Patients who, even twenty years ago, most probably would have succumbed to a critical illness are now surviving in increasing numbers [14].
Psychological Applications in Clinical Sports Medicine: Current Status and Future Directions

This article describes the role of psychologists in clinical sports medicine. Following an overview of the specialty's professionals, settings, and modalities, opportunities for psychological intervention in the prevention and rehabilitation of sport injuries are examined. The current status of psychology in clinical sports medicine is discussed and recommendations for the future are provided. It is concluded that although the involvement of psychologists in clinical sports medicine is not currently extensive, there is reason to believe that psychological applications in the sports medicine arena will expand in the future.
Regulation of Overlaps in Technology Development Activities

The innovation design and process engineering, two inevitable interrelated stages in the development of a new technology, are captured in this paper as a non-antagonistic leader-follower target-pursuit system subject to uncertainty in market and technology changes. The innovation design team (leader) is driven by market needs, while the process engineering team (follower) then strives to attain suitable production means with a focus on technological availability and profitability. In face of uncertainty in market changes and technological advances, the proposed strategic regulation of overlaps (SRO) model addresses relevant scheduling issues such as when to start, to overlap, and then to end the development activities. We obtain the optimal timing of the overlaps in these development activities. An algorithm is developed to calculate the optimal overlap schedule which is easy to be implemented for realistic applications.
OTHER RELATED GRADIENTS

There is a gradient in the tendency of segments excised from different parts of the intestine to contract rhythmically when placed in warm oxygenated Locke's solution. This tendency is greatest in the duodenum and least in the terminal ileum. It is easy to see that the irritability of the bowel is graded downward from the duodenum to the ileum. This has been noted by several observers. The threshold for stimulation of the muscular wall by many chemical substances appears to be the same in different regions. In some animals there appears to be a downward gradation in the thickness of the muscle from the duodenum to a point in the ileum a short distance orad to the ileocecal sphincter. In other animals there does not seem to be any such gradient. There is a downward gradation in the blood supply of the small bowel from duodenum to ileum. Chemical gradients of several kinds have been discovered in the mucosa of the bowel.
Development of models estimating the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma after antiviral treatment for hepatitis C.

Background & Aims Most patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection will undergo antiviral treatment with direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) and achieve sustained virologic response (SVR). We aimed to develop models estimating hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) risk after antiviral treatment. Methods We identified 45,810 patients who initiated antiviral treatment in the Veterans Affairs (VA) national healthcare system from 1/1/2009 to 12/31/2015, including 29,309 (64%) DAA-only regimens and 16,501 (36%) interferon ± DAA regimens. We retrospectively followed patients until 6/15/2017 to identify incident cases of HCC. We used Cox proportional hazards regression to develop and internally validate models predicting HCC risk using baseline characteristics at the time of antiviral treatment. Results We identified 1,412 incident cases of HCC diagnosed at least 180 days after initiation of antiviral treatment during a mean follow-up of 2.5 years (range 1.0–7.5 years). Models predicting HCC risk after antiviral treatment were developed and validated separately for four subgroups of patients: cirrhosis/SVR, cirrhosis/no SVR, no cirrhosis/SVR, no cirrhosis/no SVR. Four predictors (age, platelet count, serum aspartate aminotransferase/√alanine aminotransferase ratio and albumin) accounted for most of the models’ predictive value, with smaller contributions from sex, race-ethnicity, HCV genotype, body mass index, hemoglobin and serum alpha-fetoprotein. Fitted models were well-calibrated with very good measures of discrimination. Decision curves demonstrated higher net benefit of using model-based HCC risk estimates to determine whether to recommend screening or not compared to the screen-all or screen-none strategies. Conclusions We developed and internally validated models that estimate HCC risk following antiviral treatment. These models are available as web-based tools that can be used to inform risk-based HCC surveillance strategies in individual patients. Lay summary Most patients with hepatitis C virus have been treated or will be treated with direct-acting antivirals. It is important that we can model the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in these patients, so that we develop the optimum screening strategy that avoids unnecessary screening, while adequately screening those at increased risk. Herein, we have developed and validated models that are available as web-based tools that can be used to guide screening strategies.
Anomaly analysis and visualization for dynamic networks through spatiotemporal graph segmentations

Abstract With recent technology advance in Internet of Things (IoT) that involves human, sensors, and mobile devices, networks are not only growing much larger but more complex and dynamic in nature. The spatiotemporal dynamics of networks are represented by both topological changes and temporal shifts of attribute information associated with network components. Understanding the pattern and trend of dynamic networks is increasingly important. While data mining approaches are generally useful in analyzing the statistical properties of networks, there has been recent trend to consider bringing human into the loop, and to examine how feedback from visualizations of large-scale dynamic networks can further improve data mining and machine learning. Traditional visualization methods based on animation and sequences of snapshot graphs are also limited by human cognitive capability. We present a dynamic network analysis and visualization (DNAV) tool which explores the spatiotemporal dimensions of graph components. In particular, nodes and edges are augmented with spatiotemporal segmentation based on both topological and attribute dynamics (e.g., time and locations of connectivity). To further facilitate analysis of large dynamic networks, DNAV includes statistical dynamic overviews alongside graph views, as well as data filtering modules for scalable analysis. Using case studies on public datasets, we demonstrate the effectiveness of DNAV in understanding and analyzing anomalies in dynamic networks such as computer communication networks.
On the “Neutrality” of Platforms: How the Platform Shapes Pedagogy in MOOCs

“We do software so that you can do education.” This striking formulation is how Ned Batchelder, a lead software engineer in the edX organization, characterized its mission in an interview with open...
A Hardware Realization of Superresolution Combining Random Coding and Blurring

Resolution enhancements are often desired in imaging applications where high-resolution sensor arrays are difficult to obtain. Many computational imaging methods have been proposed to encode high-resolution scene information on low-resolution sensors by cleverly modulating light from the scene before it hits the sensor. These methods often employ movement of some portion of the imaging apparatus, only to acquire images up to the resolution of a modulating element, or require extensive postprocessing to recover the high-resolution image. In this paper, a technique is presented for resolving beyond the resolutions of both a pointwise-modulating mask element and a sensor array through the introduction of a controlled blur into the optical pathway. This proposed “hardware” superresolution method can be applied without machine learning and is shown to outperform standard software-only methods. The analysis contains an intuitive and exact expression for the overall superresolvability of the system, and arguments are presented to explain how the combination of random coding and blurring makes the superresolution problem well-posed. Experimental results demonstrate that resolution enhancements of approximately $\text{4}\times$ and higher are possible in practice using standard optical components, without mechanical motion of the imaging apparatus, and without any a priori assumptions on scene structure.
The Spatial Integration of Immigrants in Europe: A Cross-National Study

Throughout much of Europe, new waves of immigration have raised concerns about cultural fragmentation and disunity, interethnic conflict, and growing antipathy toward immigrants. Our goal is to provide evidence of uneven patterns of immigrant population distribution and residential integration, both within and between countries of the European Union. Our analyses focus on the spatial concentration of the foreign-born population in 27 countries and 1396 sub-regional areal units (called NUTS3), which in turn are nested within larger economic and cultural regions (i.e., NUTS2). Estimates of new forms of multiscale segregation (i.e., using the index of dissimilarity) are calculated from data drawn from Eurostat and a variety of other sources. Descriptive multivariate models of population concentration or macro-segregation center on key economic (i.e., GDP per capita), social (i.e., education), and ecological (i.e., urbanization) predictors of segregation within and between European countries. New forms of spatial segregation are expressed demographically in substantial regional heterogeneity among immigrants throughout Europe. Multivariate analyses indicate that immigrant-native patterns of population concentration and distribution vary widely between and within European countries with very different economies, demographic conditions, and histories of immigration. In almost all European countries, immigrants from outside of Europe are less spatially integrated with the native population than are immigrants from other countries within Europe. Differences in immigrant-native spatial integration are clearly reflected in the large numbers of immigrant regional “hot spots,” which are driven by public policy and idiosyncratic political considerations at the national and regional levels. Our comparative approach provides an overview of country-to-country differences in European immigrant settlement patterns and multiscale patterns of integration and segregation.
Making a College Professor Film: A Case Study:

Investigations on cinematic representations of higher education have sought to provide a deeper understanding of popular culture images and how they intersect with real-life academia. Moreover, suc...
Firewood use on National Forests in the western United States

Responses to a mail survey by USDA Forest Service personnel in 81 of the 87 National Forests in 11 western states indicated that firewood use increased from 1970 to 1982. An apparent decrease in firewood use in 1983 may reflect more accurate records following the introduction of permit fees. Until reliable, accurate data is available, use of this forest resource cannot be fully understood and the ability to predict future trends is limited. However, 93% of forest managers predict that demand for firewood will increase during 1985-1990. 9 references.
Quasi-distributions for arbitrary non-commuting operators

Abstract We present a new approach for obtaining quantum quasi-probability distributions, P ( α , β ) , for two arbitrary operators, a and b, where α and β are the corresponding c-variables. We show that the quantum expectation value of an arbitrary operator can always be expressed as a phase space integral over α and β, where the integrand is a product of two terms: One dependent only on the quantum state, and the other only on the operator. In this formulation, the concepts of quasi-probability and correspondence rule arise naturally in that simultaneously with the derivation of the quasi-distribution, one obtains the generalization of the concept of correspondence rule for arbitrary operators.
A prospective trial of intraoperative tissue oxygenation measurement and its association with anastomotic leak rate after Ivor Lewis esophagectomy

Background Anastomotic leak following Ivor Lewis esophagectomy is associated with increased morbidity/mortality and decreased survival. Tissue oxygenation at the anastomotic site may influence anastomotic leak. Methods for establishing tissue oxygenation at the anastomotic site are lacking. Methods Over a 2-year study period, 185 Ivor Lewis esophagectomies were performed. Study participants underwent measurement of gastric conduit tissue oxygenation at the planned anastomotic site using the wireless pulse oximetry device. Associations between anastomotic leaks or strictures and tissue oxygenation levels were analyzed using Wilcoxon rank sum test or Fisher's exact test. Results Among study participants (n=114), median gastric conduit tissue oxygenation level was 92% (range, 62-100%). There were 8 (7.0%) anastomotic leaks and 3 (2.6%) strictures. Analysis of tissue oxygenation as a continuous variable showed no difference in median tissue oxygenation in patients with and without leaks (98% and 92%; P=0.2) and stricture formation (89% and 92%; P=0.6). Analysis of tissue oxygenation as a dichotomous variable found no difference in anastomotic leak rates [7.5% (n=93) in >80% vs. 0% (n=20) in ≤80%; P=0.3]. There were no significant differences in leak rates in concurrent study nonparticipants. Conclusions No significant association was observed between intraoperative tissue oxygenation at the anastomotic site and subsequent anastomotic leak or stricture formation among patients undergoing Ivor Lewis esophagectomy.
“‘Le miracle et le mirage’: Beauty institutes and the making of modern french women”

This article examines how, as a centerpiece of France’s commercial beauty culture, the early twentieth-century beauty institute provided the strategies, goods, and professional opportunities requir...
Associations between parental incarceration and youth mental health conditions: The mitigating effects of adolescent resilience and positive coping strategies

The effect of parental incarceration history on child health is understudied. This study examined 2016–17 National Survey of Children’s Health data (n = 29,617, age 12–17, 49% female). Logistic regression was used to examine associations between parent incarceration, reports of current youth mental health conditions, youth resilience and positive coping strategies, activity participation, physical activity, sleep, and screen time. Youth exposed to an incarcerated parent were reported to have significantly more mental health conditions, including depression, anxiety, conduct/behavioral problems, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, and substance use disorder. Resilience, activity participation, and sleep reduced the odds of several mental health conditions in youth with parental incarceration. Findings suggest public health implications, including additional programming to enhance coping for these vulnerable youth.
Asymmetric Error Control for Binary Classification in Medical Disease Diagnosis

In binary classification applications, such as medical disease diagnosis, the cost of one type of error could greatly outweigh the other enabling the need of asymmetric error control. Due to this unique nature of the problem, where one error greatly outweighs the other, traditional machine learning techniques, even with much improved accuracy, may not be ideal as they do not provide a way to control the false negatives below a certain threshold. To address this need, a classification algorithm that can control the false negatives to a certain threshold is proposed. The theoretical foundation for this algorithm is based on Neyman-Pearson (NP) Lemma, which is used to construct a novel tree-based classifier that enables asymmetric error control. This classifier is evaluated on the data obtained from the Framingham heart study and it predicts the risk of a ten-year cardiac disease, not only with improved accuracy and F1 score but also with full control over the number of false negatives. With an improved accuracy in predicting cardiac disease, this tree-based classifier with asymmetric error control can reduce the burden of cardiac disease in populations and potentially save a lot of human lives. The methodology used to construct this classifier can be expanded to many more use cases in medical disease diagnosis.
Spatial Bet Hedging in Sand Fly Oviposition: Factors Affecting Skip Oviposition in Phlebotomus papatasi Sand Flies.

Skip oviposition is considered as an example of spatial bet hedging and involves a tradeoff between the benefit of reducing the risk of complete reproductive failure due to stochastic loss of a bre...
SketchEdit: Mask-Free Local Image Manipulation with Partial Sketches.

Sketch-based image manipulation is an interactive image editing task to modify an image based on input sketches from users. Existing methods typically formulate this task as a conditional inpainting problem, which requires users to draw an extra mask indicating the region to modify in addition to sketches. The masked regions are regarded as holes and filled by an inpainting model conditioned on the sketch. With this formulation, paired training data can be easily obtained by randomly creating masks and extracting edges or contours. Although this setup simplifies data preparation and model design, it complicates user interaction and discards useful information in masked regions. To this end, we investigate a new paradigm of sketch-based image manipulation: mask-free local image manipulation, which only requires sketch inputs from users and utilizes the entire original image. Given an image and sketch, our model automatically predicts the target modification region and encodes it into a structure agnostic style vector. A generator then synthesizes the new image content based on the style vector and sketch. The manipulated image is finally produced by blending the generator output into the modification region of the original image. Our model can be trained in a self-supervised fashion by learning the reconstruction of an image region from the style vector and sketch. The proposed method offers simpler and more intuitive user workflows for sketch-based image manipulation and provides better results than previous approaches. More results, code and interactive demo will be available at \url{https://zengxianyu.github.io/sketchedit}.
Kan extensions of functors on dense categories

In deriving cohomology algebras of arbitrary compact groups from the cohomology algebras of Lie groups where they are reasonably well understood one has to pass through limit operations. However, these limit operations need to be controlled to such an extent that one can see how morphisms are lifted to the limits In other words one has to pass to the limit functorially. In order to do this efficiently, we develop a theory which connects our situation with the more general concept of Kan extensions of functors. Indeed we derive a quite general existence and uniqueness theorem for Kan extensions—one which covers much more ground than we actually need for our current applications. Among other things we will be able to show as an application that the Cech cohomology of a compact group space is the Kan extension of any of the standard cohomologies on manifolds applied to Lie group spaces, and that the cohomology of a classifying space of a compact totally disconnected group is the Kan extension of the algebraic cohomology of a finite group.
Improved second-order hyperbolic residual-distribution scheme and its extension to third-order on arbitrary triangular grids

In this paper, we construct second- and third-order hyperbolic residual-distribution schemes for general advection-diffusion problems on arbitrary triangular grids. We demonstrate that the accuracy of the second-order hyperbolic schemes in J. Comput. Phys. 227 (2007) 315-352 and J. Comput. Phys. 229 (2010) 3989-4016 can be greatly improved by requiring the scheme to preserve exact quadratic solutions. The improved second-order scheme can be easily extended to a third-order scheme by further requiring the exactness for cubic solutions. These schemes are constructed based on the SUPG methodology formulated in the framework of the residual-distribution method, and thus can be considered as economical and powerful alternatives to high-order finite-element methods. For both second- and third-order schemes, we construct a fully implicit solver by the exact residual Jacobian of the proposed second-order scheme, and demonstrate rapid convergence, typically with no more than 10-15 Newton iterations (and about 200-800 linear relaxations per Newton iteration), to reduce the residuals by ten orders of magnitude. We also demonstrate that these schemes can be constructed based on a separate treatment of the advective and diffusive terms, which paves the way for the construction of hyperbolic residual-distribution schemes for the compressible Navier-Stokes equations. Numerical results show that these schemes produce exceptionally accurate and smooth solution gradients on highly skewed and anisotropic triangular grids even for a curved boundary problem, without introducing curved elements. A quadratic reconstruction of the curved boundary normals and a high-order integration technique on curved boundaries are also provided in details.
Remix in 3D Printing: What your Sources say About You

Concurrently with the recent, rapid adoption of 3D printing technologies, online sharing of 3D-printable designs is growing equally rapidly, even though it has received far less attention. We study remix relationships on Thingiverse, the dominant online repository and social network for 3D printing. We collected data of designs published over five years, and we find that remix ties exhibit both homophily and inverse-homophily across numerous key metrics, which is stronger compared to other kinds of social and content links. This may have implications on graph prediction tasks, as well as on the design of 3D-printable content repositories.
Design of a 1D infrared leaky-wave antenna

A planar leaky-wave antenna at infrared is modeled and simulated. The antenna is based on a microstrip patch array design of a leaky-wave impedance surface and is made up of gold microstrip patches on a grounded zinc sulphide substrate. Simulated results are presented and the leaky-wave characteristics are observed.
Lysis of lysis-inhibited bacteriophage T4-infected cells.

T4 bacteriophage (phage)-infected cells show a marked increase in latent-period length, called lysis inhibition, upon adsorption of additional T4 phages (secondary adsorption). Lysis inhibition is a complex phenotype requiring the activity of at least six T4 genes. Two basic mysteries surround our understanding of the expression of lysis inhibition: (i) the mechanism of initiation (i.e., how secondary adsorption leads to the expression of lysis inhibition) and (ii) the mechanism of lysis (i.e., how this signal not to lyse is reversed). This study first covers the basic biology of the expression of lysis inhibition and lysis of T4-infected cells at high culture densities. Then evidence is presented which implies that, as with the initiation of lysis inhibition, sudden, lysis-associated clearing of these cultures is likely caused by T4 secondary adsorption. For example, such clearing is often observed for lysis-inhibited T4-infected cells grown in batch culture during T4 stock preparation. The significance of this secondary adsorption-induced lysis to wild T4 populations is discussed. The study concludes with a logical argument suggesting that the lytic nature of the T4 phage particle evolved as a novel mechanism of phage-induced lysis.
Whiteness in Latina Immigrants: A Venezuelan Perspective

This article examines the construct of Whiteness in Venezuela, which requires a framework that differs from the fixed racial categories commonly used in the United States. In Venezuela, where most citizens are of mixed race and where the concept of race is fluid, race and racism take on more complex forms that include dimensions such as social class, eye color, family, education, and even manners. This means that Whiteness and privilege do not always go hand in hand. I discuss ways in which this culturally defined notion of race can be incorporated into psychotherapy with Latina immigrants to the United States.
The Role of Affect in Student Learning. A Multi-Dimensional Approach to Considering the Interaction of Affect, Motivation, and Engagement.

Publisher Summary This chapter highlights the theoretical models of affect in students' learning. Circumplex models of affect differ from other current perspectives on affect in education. For instance, the control-value theory of emotions in education focuses specifically on emotions and does not consider more general mood states. In addition, rather than differentiating emotional states based on valence and activation, it categorizes emotions based on appraisal processes and highlights the dimensions of object focus and valence. Other research on students' affect in educational settings focuses on specific affective states, such as test anxiety, interest as an affective state, and shame rather than general models of affect. In contrast to these other approaches, the circumplex model presents a more comprehensive model that can be used to integrate a variety of affective states, including moods and emotions, in educational settings. Using a circumplex model of affect integrates research on achievement goal theory, affective states, and school engagement.
Construction of Directed Strongly Regular Graphs Using Block Matrices

The concept of directed strongly regular graphs was introduced by Duval in \A Directed Graph Version of Strongly Regular Graphs" [Journal of Combinatorial Theory, Series A 47 (1988) 71 { 100]. Duval also provided several construction methods for directed strongly regular graphs. We construct several new classes of directed strongly regular graphs with parameters = = t 1 or +1 = = t. The directed strongly regular graphs reported in this paper are obtained using a block construction of adjacency matrices of regular tournaments and circulant matrices. We then give some algebraic and combinatorial interpretation of these graphs in connection with known directed strongly regular graphs and related combinatorial structures.
Nonmonotonicity, User Interfaces, and Risk Assessment in Certificate Revocation

We consider certificate revocation from three high-level perspectives: temporaln onmonotonicity, user interfaces, and risk management. We argue that flawed understanding of these three aspects of revocation schemes has caused these schemes to be unnecessarily costly, complex, and confusing. We also comment briefly on some previous works, including those of Rivest [16], Fox and LaMacchia [5], and McDaniel and Rubin [11].
Internal Communication Systems in American Business Structures: A Framework to Aid Appraisal

This article applies current research in the history of internal communication in business to archival appraisal of business documents. It examines the communication systems typical of three American business structures: (1) the traditional, owner-managed small firm that was the major form of American business before 1880 and still exists today; (2) the larger, functionally departmentalized firm that first developed in the latter half of the nineteenth century; and (3) the multidivisional firm, with autonomous divisions based on products or geographical regions, that first developed in the 1920s. The author discusses the implication of this view of business documents for appraisal of business collections, describes problems with some common approaches to appraisal, and suggests alternative approaches.
Peptide nanofiber-CaCO3 composite microparticles as adjuvant-free oral vaccine delivery vehicles

To combat mucosal pathogens that cause gastrointestinal (GI) infections, local mucosal immunity is required which is best achieved through oral vaccination. Oral delivery of vaccines is also a safe and convenient alternative to injected vaccines due to its non-invasive nature and high compliance rate for all ages. However, the lack of effective and safe mucosal adjuvants, the selective permeability of the mucus barrier, and the harsh GI environment continue to pose a significant challenge for oral vaccine development. Microparticle-based strategies are attractive for oral vaccination due to their ability to efficiently penetrate the mucus barrier and have the added advantage of protecting the antigen in the harsh gastric environment. In this work, self-adjuvanting peptide nanofiber–CaCO3 composite microparticles were prepared and investigated for oral vaccine delivery. Compared to polymeric microparticles, inorganic CaCO3 microparticles have unique advantages due to the biocompatibility of CaCO3 as a natural mineral, mild preparation conditions, and its porous structure that is suitable for loading other materials. Particle size distribution, nanofiber loading efficiency, morphology, and degradation in simulated gastric fluid were characterized. The composite microparticles were efficient at penetrating the mucus barrier and were localized to immune inductive sites and elicited the production of mucosal antibody responses, particularly the protective IgA isotype following oral administration. The magnitude of the mucosal immune response was comparable to the gold-standard adjuvant cholera toxin B (CTB). Our results indicate that OVA-KFE8/CaCO3 composite microparticles are efficient self-adjuvanting oral vaccine delivery vehicles for induction of mucosal antibody responses.
Acoustic facilitation of the Hoffmann reflex

The facilitative effect of a pure tone on the amplitude of the Hoffmann reflex was tested in 11 subjects under four conditions: (i) trying not to respond to the tone, (ii) voluntary abduction of the right index finger in response to the tone, (iii) voluntary plantarflexion of the left leg, and (iv) right plantarflexion in response to the tone. The acoustic stimulus was a 1000-Hz pure tone (80 dB, re 0.0002 dyne/cm2), presented on a random set of trials. Tone onset occurred 100 ms prior to the electrical stimulus that evoked the Hoffmann reflex. The Hoffmann reflex was larger for "tone" trials than for "silent" trials. The facilitative effect was equal in four cases: (i) making no response (NR), (ii) finger abduction (FA), (iii) noninvolved muscle (NIM), and (iv) involved muscle during treadle pressing (IM). The effect of the first tone presented was larger than that of subsequent tones, indicating some habituation of the acoustic effect on the H-reflex. Tests for spontaneous recovery and stimulus generalization were not significant. The results supported the existence of a purely auditory facilitation of spinal excitability.
A study of the conversion efficiency limit of p + -i-n + silicon solar cells in concentrated sunlight

The conversion efficiency limit of p+-i-n+silicon solar cells in concentrated sunlight is explored with numerical simulations of an idealized p+-i-n+cell having field-induced junctions. Conversion efficiencies greater than 30 percent are calculated for this cell operating in sunlight concentrated 1000 times. The relative importance of bulk and surface recombination in limiting the cell conversion efficiency is illustrated for operation in 1 to 1000 suns. For surface recombination velocities below 100 cm/s, it is shown that bulk recombination losses limit the cell performance rather than recombination losses occurring in the p+or n+regions. The results show that Auger recombination in the bulk region will limit ultimately the cell conversion efficiency.
Dating violence experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth.

Media attention and the literature on lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth overwhelmingly focus on violence involving hate crimes and bullying, while ignoring the fact that vulnerable youth also may be at increased risk of violence in their dating relationships. In this study, we examine physical, psychological, sexual, and cyber dating violence experiences among lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth—as compared to those of heterosexual youth, and we explore variations in the likelihood of help-seeking behavior and the presence of particular risk factors among both types of dating violence victims. A total of 5,647 youth (51 % female, 74 % White) from 10 schools participated in a cross-sectional anonymous survey, of which 3,745 reported currently being in a dating relationship or having been in one during the prior year. Results indicated that lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth are at higher risk for all types of dating violence victimization (and nearly all types of dating violence perpetration), compared to heterosexual youth. Further, when looking at gender identity, transgender and female youth are at highest risk of most types of victimization, and are the most likely perpetrators of all forms of dating violence but sexual coercion, which begs further exploration. The findings support the development of dating violence prevention programs that specifically target the needs and vulnerabilities of lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth, in addition to those of female and transgender youth.
Krypton Fluoride: Preparation by the Matrix Isolation Technique.

A method is described for the preparation of KrF/sub 2/ by the photolysis of fluorine suspended in a solid mixture of argon and krypton at 20 deg K. This experimental method is called the matrix isolation technique. (C.H.)
Variable-Pipeline-Stage Router

On-chip interconnection networks are fast becoming significant power consumers in high-performance chip multiprocessors. Increased power consumption leads to more heat, degrades system reliability, and may increase the cost of cooling integrated circuit packages. This situation is becoming worse as bulk CMOS technology scales further into the nanometer regime because of the excessive leakage power caused by short-channel effects. In this paper, we explore the use of FinFETs, which are promising substitutes for bulk CMOS at the 22-nm node and beyond, to design on-chip network routers. We present a detailed design of a variable-pipeline-stage router (VPSR) targeted at FinFET technology. We employ a dynamic power management scheme, which we call adaptive back-gate biasing, for FinFET implementations. We propose enhanced token flow control (ETFC), a flow control mechanism that improves upon the energy/delay/throughput of the previous state-of-the-art token flow control mechanism. We evaluate VPSR and ETFC on a simulation platform specifically designed for power/performance simulations of FinFET-based interconnection networks. The results show that VPSR is able to successfully adapt its power consumption to incoming traffic, with a resultant 21.5% reduction in power with almost no impact on latency.
“There Is an Istanbul That Belongs to Me”: Citizenship, Space, and Identity in the City

Abstract The citizenship ideal of the Turkish republic has taken shape through the logics of alterity, defined by and through both a paradoxical understanding of Turkishness and the rise of Kurdish identity politics. Citizenship in Turkey represents an uneasy marriage between ethnic and civic conceptions of national identity and belonging. This article develops an analysis of citizenship and everyday spatial practice in Istanbul through the narratives produced in focus group discussions with Kurdish-identified, migrant women. Their stories explore how citizenship, as a hegemonic process that assembles identities, fixes power relations, and disciplines space, is encountered and contested through the spatial practices of everyday life, through what Michel de Certeau calls the tactics of “making do.” Viewing dominant discourses and practices of citizenship as techniques of spatial organization (“strategies,” in de Certeau's terms), this study focuses on how participants narrate their own spatial stories of r...
Enhanced colloidal stabilization via adsorption of diblock copolymer from a nonselective Θ solvent

Experimental measurements, interpreted with mean field theories, provide quantitative understanding of the stability of colloidal particles coated with a highly asymmetric diblock copolymer. Adsorption of poly((dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate)/poly(n-butyl methacrylate) onto colloidal silica particles from 2-propanol, which is nonselective and a Θ solvent for poly(n-butyl methacrylate), yields a very high surface coverage and a highly stretched brush. With increasing temperature, the adsorbed chains swell more than those in the bulk. Upon cooling, the dispersions exhibit thermodynamic stability well below the Θ temperature of the nonadsorbed block, Asimple mean-field theory rationalizes the stability as a consequence of the high surface coverage, which is attributed in turn to strong segmental adsorption of the short anchor block and negligible excluded volume interactions among the stabilizing chains.
Urinary excretion of metabolites following a single dermal dose of [14C]methyl parathion in pregnant rats.

Abstract The identification and kinetics of urinary excretion of metabolites of uniformly phenyl-labeled O,O-dimethyl O-4-nitrophenyl phosphorothioate ([14C]methyl parathion) were carried out following a single dermal dose of 10.0 mg (10 μCi)/kg in pregnant Sprague–Dawley rats at 14–18 days of gestation. Urine was collected at each time interval of 1, 2, 4, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h after dosing. Total p-nitrophenol in the conjugated and non-conjugated metabolites was measured as a marker of methyl parathion exposure. Elimination of radioactivity in the urine was rapid. Of the total 14C urinary excretion, 30% of the dose was excreted within 4 h, while 50 and 90% of the dose were recovered in the urine by 24 and 96 h, respectively. Excretion rate of total radioactivity was 60 μg methyl parathion equivalent/h (1.4 mg/day). By the end of the 96-h experiment, conjugated and non-conjugated metabolites accounted for 78.1 and 21.9%, respectively. Of the non-conjugated metabolites, p-nitrophenol and O,O-dimethyl O-4-nitrophenyl phosphate (methyl paraoxon) were identified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) that accounted for 20%, and 1.9% of total urinary excretion, respectively. Appearance and disappearance rate constants of p-nitrophenol in urine were 0.12 and 0.048 μg/h, respectively. Conjugated metabolites were classified as: glucuronides 12% of urinary excretion, sulfates 3%, hot sulfuric acid hydrolysable residues 47% and 16.1% remained as unidentified water soluble metabolites. Direct hot acid hydrolysis of urine yielded 49% of extractable 14C-radioactivity compared to 62% when hot acid hydrolysis followed the enzymatic hydrolysis. The presence of the conjugated metabolites as the major class of metabolites of the total excretion indicates that determining only unbound p-nitrophenol as a biological marker for methyl parathion exposure underestimates total urinary excretion of p-nitrophenol. Sequential enzymatic and acid hydrolyses of urine prior solvent extraction are necessary for complete recovery of p-nitrophenol. The results indicate that the present method would show that the pregnant field worker or a housewife being at a greater risk than previously thought.
EXAMINATION FOR SEXUAL ABUSE IN PREPUBERTAL CHILDREN : AN UPDATE

The complete physical examination of prepubertal children should always include a genital examination. Most children, even those who have been sexually abused, will have a normal genital examination. A child's acceptance and tolerance for this aspect of the examination will be enhanced by use of the techniques described. Sexually abused children may be identified through routine review of systems and history, including behavioral and psychosocial, and open-ended questions regarding sexual abuse. Regular genital examinations will also help to identify sexually abused children. Although the diagnosis of sexual abuse can never rely solely on physical findings, abnormal findings suspicious for sexual abuse are significantly more useful if there have been prior documented normal examinations. When sexually abused children initially present to their medical practitioner, the practitioner should obtain a complete medical and psychosocial history and perform a thorough examination. The practitioner need not be an expert in the interpretation of the possible legal significance of specific genital findings but should recognize normal, abnormal, and suspicious findings. Reassurance from a trusted practitioner relating to a normal body can be the most valuable treatment for a child's emotional healing. Practitioners need to be aware of the resources in their community for medical evaluations for sexual abuse, legal investigations, and mental health referrals. If there is a local center for child abuse evaluations, such as a Child Advocacy Center or Center of Excellence for child protection, practitioners should consider referrals to and consultations with these resources. Language: en
Sharing attention and activities among toddlers: the spatial dimension of the setting and the educator's role

The study proposes an analysis of the processes through which the material and symbolic features of the setting and the activities of the educators interact to determine the children's experience in an early educational centre. This analysis is of particular interest with regard to both educational practice and understanding developmental processes during children's second year of life. During this period, important changes occur in children's interaction with the environment in its physical and social components, on the basis of their cognitive development as well as of their acquired capacity to independent locomotion. Two examples will be presented that illustrate how the educators' activities and the spatial arrangement of the setting combine and interact with toddlers' recently acquired independent locomotion in sustaining their cognitive engagement and social encounters during their daily routine in an educational centre. The discussion of the examples opens new perspectives for understanding early ...
The Effect of Vapor Polarity and Boiling Point on Breakthrough for Binary Mixtures on Respirator Carbon

This research evaluated the effect of the polarity of a second vapor on the adsorption of a polar and a nonpolar vapor using the Wheeler model. To examine the effect of polarity, it was also necessary to observe the effect of component boiling point. The 1% breakthrough time (1% tb), kinetic adsorption capacity (W(e)), and rate constant (kv) of the Wheeler model were determined for vapor challenges on carbon beds for both p-xylene and pyrrole (referred to as test vapors) individually, and in equimolar binary mixtures with the polar and nonpolar vapors toluene, p-fluorotoluene, o-dichlorobenzene, and p-dichlorobenzene (referred to as probe vapors). Probe vapor polarity (0 to 2.5 Debye) did not systematically alter the 1% tb, W(e), or kv of the test vapors. The 1% tb and W(e) for test vapors in binary mixtures can be estimated reasonably well, using the Wheeler model, from single-vapor data (1% tb +/- 30%, W(e) +/- 20%). The test vapor 1% tb depended mainly on total vapor concentration in both single and binary systems. W(e) was proportional to test vapor fractional molar concentration (mole fraction) in mixtures. The kv for p-xylene was significantly different (p < or = 0.001) when compared according to probe boiling point; however, these differences were apparently of limited importance in estimating 1% tb for the range of boiling points tested (111 to 180 degrees C). Although the polarity and boiling point of chemicals in the range tested are not practically important in predicting 1% tb with the Wheeler model, an effect due to probe boiling point is suggested, and tests with chemicals of more widely ranging boiling point are warranted. Since the 1% tb, and thus, respirator service life, depends mainly on total vapor concentration, these data underscore the importance of taking into account the presence of other vapors when estimating respirator service life for a vapor in a mixture.
Evaluation of cryopreservation techniques for bovine embryos.

A total of 228 embryos was nonsurgically collected from superovulated cows and dehydrated in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or glycerol by a three-step procedure or a (T.I.T.) timed interval titration procedure. Embryos were loaded in straws, frozen by cooling to -6.0 degrees C at 1.0 degrees C/min, and seeded, followed by cooling to -30 degrees C at 0.3 degrees C/min and to -38 degrees C at 0.1 degrees C/min. At this time the straws were plunged into liquid nitrogen at -195 degrees C. Embryos were thawed in a 27 degrees C or 37 degrees C water bath and rehydrated by a six-step, three-step (sucrose) or one-step (sucrose) procedure. This yielded a 2 x 2 x 2 x 3 factorial treatment structure. Survival was based on development after 12 h in in vitro culture. The only significant single factor affecting survival was the initial quality grade of the embryo. Grades 1 and 2 embryos survived more often than Grade 3 embryos (P < 0.05). Using DMSO as the cryoprotectant resulted in better scores for the post dehydration to post thawing interval (P = 0.02). For both intervals, post dehydration to post thawing and post thawing to post rehydration, the previous quality grade was significant in determining the subsequent quality grade (P < 0.01). At each step of the freeze-thaw process, the embryos became progressively less morphologically intact.