cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Benthic foraminifera associated with cold methane seeps on the northern California margin: Ecology and stable isotopic composition

Release of methane from large marine reservoirs has been linked to climate change, as a causal mechanism and a consequence of temperature changes, during the Quaternary and the Paleocene. These inferred linkages are based primarily on variations in benthic foraminiferal stable isotope signatures. Few modern analog data exist, however, to assess the influence of methane flux on the geochemistry or faunal characteristics of benthic foraminiferal assemblages. Here we present analyses of the ecology and stable isotopic compositions of living (Rose Bengal stained) and dead (fossil) foraminifera (>150 mm) from cold methane seeps on the slope off of the Eel River, northern California (500‐525 m), and discuss potential applications for reconstructions of methane release in the past and present. Calcareous foraminiferal assemblages associated with Calyptogena clam bed seeps were comprised of species that are also found in organic-rich environments. Cosmopolitan, paleoceanographically important taxa were abundant; these included Uvigerina, Bolivina, Chilostomella, Globobulimina ,a ndNonionella. We speculate that seep foraminifera are attracted to the availability of food at cold seeps, and require no adaptations beyond those needed for life in organic-rich, reducing environments. Oxygen isotopic values of the tests of living foraminiferal assemblages from seeps had a high range (up to 0.69‰) as did carbon isotopic values (up to 1.02‰). Many living foraminiferal isotope values were within the range exhibited by the same or similar species in non-seep environments. Carbon isotopic values of fossil foraminifera found deeper in the sediments (18‐20 cm), however, were 4.10‰ ( U. peregrina) and 3.60‰ ( B. subargentea) more negative than living d 13 C values. These results suggest that d 13 C values of foraminiferal tests reflect methane seepage and species-specific differences in isotopic composition, and can indicate temporal variations in seep activity. A better understanding of foraminiferal ecology and stable isotopic composition will enhance paleo-seep recognition, and improve interpretations of climatic and paleoceanographic change. © 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Engineering International Expansion: IBM and Remington Rand in European Computer Markets

US computer manufacturers-including IBM and Remington Rand-expanded into Europe after World War II. The companies overcame resistances and adjusted to different market conditions; how they did this, and why IBM succeeded more than others, is examined here. This article argues that IBM adeptly managed-or engineered-relationships with foreign governments and stakeholders through a European-wide manufacturing system and European research laboratories.
New perspective for phage display as an efficient and versatile technology of functional proteomics

Phage display with antibody libraries has been widely used with versatile applications. However, phage display with cDNA libraries is rare and inefficient. Because of uncontrollable reading frames and stop codons in cDNA repertoires, high percentage of phage clones identified from conventional cDNA libraries are non-open reading frames (non-ORFs) encoding unnatural short peptides with minimal implications in protein networks. Consequently, phage display has not been used as a technology of functional proteomics to elucidate protein-protein interactions like yeast two-hybrid system and mass spectrometry-based technologies. Several strategies, including C-terminal display and ORF cDNA libraries, have been explored to circumvent the technical problem. The accumulative endeavors eventually led to the efficient elucidation of a large number of tubby- and phosphatidylserine-binding proteins in recent studies by ORF phage display with minimal reading frame issue. ORF phage display inherits all the versatile applications of antibody phage display, but enables efficient identification of real endogenous proteins with efficiency, sensitivity, and accuracy comparable to other technologies of functional proteomics. Its ELISA-like procedure can be conveniently adapted by individual laboratories or fully automated for high-throughput screening. Thus, ORF phage display is an efficient, sensitive, versatile, and convenient technology of functional proteomics for elucidation of global and pathway-specific protein-protein interactions, disease mechanisms, or therapeutic targets.
Model checking Java programs

Automatic state exploration tools (model checkers) have had some success when applied to protocols and hardware designs, but there are fewer success stories about software. This is unfortunate, since the software problem is worsening even faster than the hardware and protocol problems. Model checking of concurrent programs is especially interesting, because they are notoriously difficult to test, analyze, and debug by other methods.This talk will be a description of our initial efforts to check Java programs using a model checker. The model checker supports dynamic allocation, thread creation, and recursive procedures (features that are not necessary for hardware verification), and has some special optimizations and checks tailored to multi-threaded Java program. I will also discuss some of the challenges for future efforts in this area.
Optical rotation of some α‐1,4‐linked glucopyranosides in the system H2O–DMSO and solution conformation of amylose

The specific rotation of starch components, corrected for refractive index variation, exhibits a discontinuity in the region of the water–dimethyl sulfoxide (H2O–DMSO) system that corresponds to the composition of the complex 2H2O–DMSO. This discontinuity is a property dependent upon the presence of a number of consecutively linked α-1,4 glucose units and, therefore, must reflect a change in symmetry of a segment, of polymer chain. The optical rotation of amylose between 26.5 and 92.5°C. does not change in DMSO and is only slightly lowered in water at the higher temperature. The behavior of amylose in both DMSO and H2O is like that of a random coil, as indicated by viscosity and sedimentation measurements. These results may be interpreted either as being compatible with models of amylose in solution in which the polymer backbone has helical twist, or as indicating removal of strong interactions between polymer chain segments by a good solvent.
The evolutionary ecology of despotism

In this paper, I investigate the relevance of recent work in reproductive skew theory to explanations of the evolution of social stratification in human societies. I briefly review human social evolution and corresponding increases in stratification, as well as recent developments in skew theory. I then attempt to integrate basic factors that have been a focus of interest by skew theorists to previous work on human social stratification from an evolutionary ecological perspective. I also discuss factors peculiar to human social systems that could profitably be incorporated into future models of reproductive skew.
Diffraction-Limited Scalar Image Formation with Holograms of Arbitrary Shape

A theory of image formation is presented for a large-angle, point reference hologram, whose recording arrangement consists of a surface of arbitrary shape, a point reference source, and the object. The hologram is illuminated by a spherical wave during reconstruction. The resulting image field is similar to that of a Fourier-transform hologram. An exact, integral formulation of monochromatic, scalar diffraction theory is used to find the image field. The hologram is modeled by surface sources determined from the irradiance of the recorded field. The image field produced by the holographic system approximates the field produced by the ideal system, which forms the image of a point object by launching a converging, spherical wave.
Nonesterified fatty acids and risk of sudden cardiac death in older adults.

Background— Although nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) have been positively associated with coronary heart disease risk factors, limited and inconsistent data are available on the relation between NEFA and sudden cardiac death. Methods and Results— Using a prospective design, we studied 4657 older men and women (mean age, 75 years) from the Cardiovascular Health Study (1992–2006) to evaluate the association between plasma NEFA and the risk of sudden cardiac death in older adults. Plasma concentrations of NEFA were measured using established enzymatic methods, and sudden death was adjudicated using medical records, death certificates, proxy interview, and autopsy reports. We used Cox proportional hazard models to estimate multivariable-adjusted relative risks. During a median follow-up of 10.0 years, 221 new cases of sudden cardiac death occurred. In a multivariable model adjusting for age, sex, race, clinic site, alcohol intake, smoking, prevalent coronary heart disease and heart failure, and self-reported health status, relative risks (95% confidence interval) for sudden cardiac death were 1.0 (ref), 1.15 (0.81–1.64), 1.06 (0.72–1.55), and 0.91 (0.60–1.38) across consecutive quartiles of NEFA concentration. In secondary analyses restricted to the first 5 years of follow-up, we also did not observe a statistically significant association between plasma NEFA and sudden cardiac death. Conclusions— Our data do not provide evidence for an association between plasma NEFA measured late in life and the risk of sudden cardiac death in older adults.
Distribution system operation and planning in the presence of distributed generation technology

Distributed generation (DG) is becoming an increasingly attractive multi-faceted paradigm in the field of power distribution as economic and environmental factors drive new technologies to be more efficient and less polluting than their earlier counterparts. An attempt is made to examine and compare three types of DG: diesel generators, microturbines, and small wind turbines within the structure of a distribution system. The DG types are compared in both steady-state and transient operation to determine which type is suitable for a particular application. Steady-state operation is examined under heavy loading conditions and each DG type is compared on the basis of the voltage profile improvement and power loss reduction. Transient operation is examined during islanding conditions. The results indicate improvement in the steady-state conditions of a system from DG, but also indicate some significant problems during relatively minor transient events.
Characterization of familial Waldenström's macroglobulinemia

B-cell disorder including non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (n = 9, 3.5%), myeloma (n = 8, 3.1%), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (n = 7, 2.7%), monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance (n = 5, 1.9%), acute lymphocytic leukemia (n = 3, 1.2%) and Hodgkin’s disease (n = 3, 1.2%). Patients with a familial history of WM or a plasma cell disorder (PCD) were diagnosed at a younger age and with greater bone marrow involvement. Results: Deletions in 6q represented the only recurrent structural chromosomal abnormality and were found in 13% of patients, all non-familial cases. Interphase FISH analysis demonstrated deletions in 6q21-22.1 in nearly half of patients, irrespective of familial background. Conclusions: The above results suggest a high degree of clustering for B-cell disorders among first-degree relatives of patients with WM, along with distinct clinical features at presentation based on familial disease cluster patterns.
Differential expression of the two distinct replication protein A subunits from Cryptosporidium parvum

Apicomplexan parasites differ from their host by possessing at least two distinct types (long and short) of replication protein A large subunits (RPA1). Different roles for the long and short types of RPA1 proteins have been implied in early biochemical studies, but certain details remained to be elucidated. In the present study, we have found that the Cryptosporidium parvum short-type RPA1 (CpRPA1A) was highly expressed at S-phase in parasites during the early stage of merogony (a cell multiplication process unique to this group of parasites), but otherwise present in the cytosol at a much lower level in other cell-cycle stages. This observation indicates that CpRPA1A is probably responsible for the general DNA replication of the parasite. On the other hand, the long-type CpRPA1B protein was present in a much lower level in the early life cycle stages, but elevated at later stages involved in sexual development, indicating that CpRPA1B may play a role in DNA recombination. Additionally, CpRPA1B could be up-regulated by UV exposure, indicating that this long-type RPA1 is probably involved in DNA repair. Collectively, our data implies that the two RPA1 proteins in C. parvum are performing different roles during DNA replication, repair and recombination in this parasite. J. Cell. Biochem. 104: 2207–2216, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Childhood non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: A review of treatment results in 53 children

Fifty-three patients, 2 to 18 years old with histologically proven non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) were treated with combined chemotherapy and involved or extended field irradiation between 1975 and 1982. The disease was classified as undifferentiated Burkitt's type (24), large cell (histiocytic) type (12), lymphoblastic type (13), and undifferentiated non-Burkitt's type (4). Doses of radiation ranged from 1500 to 4000 cGy with an average of 3000 cGy. Disease-free survival at 2 years was: large cell type 9 out of 12 (75%), lymphoblastic 6/13 (46%), undifferentiated non-Burkitt's 1/4 (25%), and Burkitt's lymphoma 12/24 (50%). Bone marrow and/or cerebrospinal fluid relapses continue to be major roadblocks to the successful treatment of childhood non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Improved success in treatment will depend upon the development of better strategies designed to prevent the occurrence or recurrence of central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma and of more effective systemic therapy. The potential role of radiation...
Rapid Large Scale Purification of Myofilament Proteins using a cleavable His6-tag

Large-scale production of high-quality myofilament proteins is a standard method for experiments exploring cardiac mechanics. Current approaches to produce and purify proteins are costly and labor ...
Mechanism of suppressed neutrophil mobilization in a mouse model for binge drinking: role of glucocorticoids

The goals of this study were to determine if suppression of neutrophil accumulation and TNF-α production in the peritoneal cavity occurs in mice exposed to a chemical stressor [ethanol (EtOH)], to ...
Internet Fragmentation: Highlighting the Major Technical, Governance and Diplomatic Challenges for U.S. Policy Makers

The Internet is at a crossroads. Today it is generally open, interoperable and unified. Tomorrow, however, we may see an entirely different Internet, one not characterized by openness and global reach, but by restrictions, blockages and cleavages. In order to help ensure that the Internet continues to serve as a source of global integration, democratization, and economic growth, American policymakers must be aware of the most significant technical, political and legal challenges to a unified Internet.Drawing on a series of interviews with academics, government officials, and industry leaders, this report provides an account of the forces and actors that are threatening the global nature of the Net, and offers a brief sketch of the six distinct areas of greatest concern.
Regulatory Policy for Mutagens and Teratogens

Many geneticists perceive mutation to be the most serious health risk associated with exposure to chemicals. In addition, we are becoming increasingly aware of possible causal relationships between chemical agents and birth defects. Whatever the magnitude of the risk of chemically induced damage to the reproductive system and to the fetus, we have not as yet established an adequate regulatory policy to deal with the problems.
Preferential expression of plasmalemmal K-dependent Na+/Ca2+ exchangers in neurons versus astrocytes.

Numerous isoforms of plasmalemmal K-dependent (NCKX) and K-independent (NCX) Na+/Ca2+ exchangers are expressed in the brain. The physiological functions of each isoform are presently unknown. Therefore, in this study, we compared expression of NCKX and NCX transcripts between primary cultures of cerebellar granule cells, and astrocytes. Northern blot analysis showed that granule cells expressed NCKX2, NCKX3, NCKX4 and NCX3, whereas astrocytes expressed primarily NCX1. Consistent with this molecular characterization, a significant fraction of 45Ca2+ accumulation in Na-loaded granule cells, but not in astrocytes, depended on external K+. This is the first demonstration of native NCKX activity in neurons derived from the central nervous system. Our data suggest that NCKX isoform expression may correspond to the unique Ca2+ homeostasis requirements of neurons.
The Ethnic Logic of Campaign Strategy in Diverse Societies: Theory and Evidence From Kenya

Much of the existing ethnic politics literature suggests that in settings where ethnicity is politically salient, electoral competition encourages rival parties to focus narrowly on mobilizing thei...
Biphasic alteration of renin release by calcium.

AbstractThe effects of calcium reintroduction on renin release were examined. Calcium reintroduction to calcium-deprived rat renal cortical slices caused an initial stimulation of renin release (30-40 min) followed by a period of suppression of release (4.5 hr). With ouabain present the initial stimulation was enhanced but the subsequent fall in release was more pronounced. Our results suggest that although renin release from juxtaglomerular cells can be both stimulated and inhibited by raising intracellular calcium, it is the inhibition of release that is the more persistent effect.
Presidential approval and macroeconomic conditions: evidence from a nonlinear model

ABSTRACTContrary to previous empirical studies that find a linear link between economic conditions and presidential approval, this study argues for and finds a nonlinear relationship. A threshold regression is used to assess potential nonlinear relationships between macroeconomic variables and presidential popularity. A quarterly data analysis for the 1960Q1–2012Q2 time period reveals that domestic factors prevail in shaping presidential approval. Most compelling is evidence of a threshold relationship involving economic conditions: When unemployment is slightly over 7%, its decline impacts significantly and favourably on presidential approval, an effect that virtually disappears below the threshold value. Change in consumer sentiment affects presidential approval in a limited way, while inflation shows no association at all. These results combine to encourage further investigation of nonlinear processes in the nexus of economics and politics.
An Experimental Examination of an Artificial Dispersal Sink

Studies of artificial dispersal sinks (removal experiments) assume that they measure the dispersal pattern that would occur in an unmanipulated population. i conducted a removal experiment on the California ground squirrel, Spermophilus beecheyi , to test this assumption. The sex ratio of young immigrants removed from the artificial dispersal sink (0.72 males/female) was lower than that of young immigrants to an adjacent reference area (1.64 males/female), young immigrants to reference areas 1 km away (4.13 males/female), and young emigrants in an earlier study of the species (2.55 males/female). Similar results occurred in a study of the Arctic ground squirrel, S. parryii , conducted by J. E. Green. I conclude that removal data cannot be assumed to represent an accurate measure of the dispersal, or the characteristics of dispersers, occurring in unmanipulated populations of ground squirrels.
Acidification and glucocorticoids independently regulate branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase subunit genes

Acidification or glucocorticoids increase the maximal activity and subunit mRNA levels of branched chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase (BCKAD) in various cell types. We examined whether these stimuli in...
Magnetic Polarity Reversals in the Core

Paleomagnetic observations have provided much information about the nature of geomagnetic dipole reversals and three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic computer models are beginning to provide insight into the reversal mechanism. Reversals typically take 2000–12 000 years to occur – one to two orders of magnitude shorter than the dipole-dominated, stable polarity epochs between reversals. However, the durations of both the polarity transitions and epochs vary greatly, as do the complexity and intensity of the field during these times. More paleomagnetic observations and more realistic computer simulations are needed to improve our understanding of geomagnetic dipole reversals.
Tectonic processes in Papua New Guinea and past productivity in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean

Phytoplankton growth in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean today accounts for about half of the ‘new’ production—the fraction of primary production fuelled by externally supplied nutrients—in the global ocean. The recent demonstration that an inadequate supply of iron limits primary production in this region1 supports earlier speculation that, in the past, fluctuations in the atmospheric deposition of iron-bearing dust may have driven large changes in productivity2. But we argue here that only small (∼2 nM) increases in the iron concentration in source waters of the upwelling Equatorial Undercurrent are needed to fuel intense diatom production across the entire eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean. Episodic increases in iron concentrations of this magnitude or larger were probably frequent in the past because a large component of the undercurrent originates in the convergent island-arc region of Papua New Guinea, which has experienced intensive volcanic, erosional and seismic activity over the past 16 million years. Cycles of plankton productivity recorded in eastern equatorial Pacific sediments may therefore reflect the influence of tectonic processes in the Papua New Guinea region superimposed on the effects of global climate forcing.
The Embedding of Encounters

The first human societies were built around small bands of hunter-gatherers organized into nucleated kinship units (composed of mother, father, children). These first societies were obviously not macro in the contemporary sense, but the history of human societies has involved episodic movements toward ever-larger societal and inter-societal formations. This evolution has not been linear, of course; periods of growth and increased complexity have been followed by societal disintegration, only to be reintegrated as new sociocultural formations have been built up. Beginning around 10,000 years ago, however, these episodic cycles became shorter and the scale of societies and inter-societal began to increase across an ever greater proportion of the human population; and today, the evolution of a complex macro level of social reality clearly constrains what individual and corporate actors in a society can do.
Adding information assurance to the curriculum

Computer security/information assurance is becoming more and more important in practice and needs to be integrated into the CS curriculum. There are two ways to do that: specialized courses and modules that can be integrated with existing courses at different levels. This tutorial/workshop will focus on the latter approach, including ideas and resources for doing this at the level of CS0, CS1 and CS2, as well as higher level courses in architecture, networks, operating systems, and software engineering. By CS0, I mean a special topics course for non-majors. This tutorial will provide a list of resources: bibliographic references and software. The topics that I have used to create modules include:
SpaceCubeX: A framework for evaluating hybrid multi-core CPU/FPGA/DSP architectures

The SpaceCubeX project is motivated by the need for high performance, modular, and scalable on-board processing to help scientists answer critical 21st century questions about global climate change, air quality, ocean health, and ecosystem dynamics, while adding new capabilities such as low-latency data products for extreme event warnings. These goals translate into on-board processing throughput requirements that are on the order of 100–1,000x more than those of previous Earth Science missions for standard processing, compression, storage, and downhnk operations. To study possible future architectures to achieve these performance requirements, the SpaceCubeX project provides an evolvable testbed and framework that enables a focused design space exploration of candidate hybrid CPU/FPGA/DSP processing architectures. The framework includes ArchGen, an architecture generator tool populated with candidate architecture components, performance models, and IP cores, that allows an end user to specify the type, number, and connectivity of a hybrid architecture. The framework requires minimal extensions to integrate new processors, such as the anticipated High Performance Spaceflight Computer (HPSC), reducing time to initiate benchmarking by months. To evaluate the framework, we leverage a wide suite of high performance embedded computing benchmarks and Earth science scenarios to ensure robust architecture characterization. We report on our projects Year 1 efforts and demonstrate the capabihties across four simulation testbed models, a baseline SpaceCube 2.0 system, a dual ARM A9 processor system, a hybrid quad ARM A53 and FPGA system, and a hybrid quad ARM A53 and DSP system.
Gaussian Sampling over the Integers: Efficient, Generic, Constant-Time

Sampling integers with Gaussian distribution is a fundamental problem that arises in almost every application of lattice cryptography, and it can be both time consuming and challenging to implement. Most previous work has focused on the optimization and implementation of integer Gaussian sampling in the context of specific applications, with fixed sets of parameters. We present new algorithms for discrete Gaussian sampling that are both generic (application independent), efficient, and more easily implemented in constant time without incurring a substantial slow-down, making them more resilient to side-channel (e.g., timing) attacks. As an additional contribution, we present new analytical techniques that can be used to simplify the precision/security evaluation of floating point cryptographic algorithms, and an experimental comparison of our algorithms with previous algorithms from the literature.
A case of crizotinib-induced esophageal ulcers

We report a case of crizotinib-induced esophageal ulcers in a 45-year-old woman with metastatic anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive non-small-cell lung cancer after 10 weeks of therapy. Endoscopic and pathologic findings were consistent with active inflammation with mid-esophageal ulceration and consistent with drug-induced esophagitis. Crizotinib was held and had a complete clinical and radiographic resolution of her symptoms. Patient was started on treatment with another anaplastic lymphoma kinase-targeted agent alectinib and has been tolerating it well without evidence of recurrence of esophagitis.
Class advantages and disadvantages are not so Black and White: intersectionality impacts rank and selves

At the intersection of race and class the consequences of being working-class or middle-class are not so Black and White. Rather, established and emerging research suggests that race/ethnicity and social class intersect to differentially afford benefits and burdens. For instance, racial/ethnic minorities often do not reap the social, psychological or economic benefits of higher social class; yet, in some key life domains (e.g. health and mortality) racial/ethnic minorities in the U.S. seem to be buffered from some burdens of lower social class. We integrate empirical evidence to suggest that such differential advantages and disadvantages along racial lines reflect that social class exists alongside, rather than separate from, race/ethnicity as two distinct yet intersecting sources of rank and in turn selves.
Global geographical variation in patient characteristics in percutaneous coronary intervention clinical trials: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background We sought to determine whether there are differences in enrolled patients' risk factors in published percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) trials between various continents. Methods We systematically identified clinical trials evaluating PCI interventions through PubMed. We reviewed 701 studies between 1990 and 2014 from North America (N = 135), Europe (N = 403), and Asia (N = 163), examining the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors—hypertension (HTN), diabetes mellitus (DM), hyperlipidemia (HL), smoking, sex, and body mass index. We performed meta-regression with random- and mixed-effects models to compare patient baseline characteristics between continents and linear meta-regression analysis to test trends over time. Results In meta-regression with random-effects model, North American trials recruited the lowest proportion of male participants (71.32%), followed by Asian (74.41%) and European trials (76.47%; P Conclusions There are major continental differences in risk factors among patients enrolled in PCI trials from various continents. Clinical trial results may not be applicable to patient populations from another region.
Using Technology to Facilitate Technical Services Workflows

Managing workflows in a complex and evolving environment is a challenge for technical services librarians. By taking advantage of technology, technical services librarians at the University of Houston Libraries currently develop and revise workflows using tools such as Google Docs, Microsoft Outlook Tasks, and Drupal-based forms. By embracing technology and harnessing the power of these tools, the UH librarians are able to successfully pair effective communication with a high-level of transparency. The Assistant Head of Acquisitions and the Electronic Resources Coordinator will talk about their experiences in creating workflows using a variety of products, as well as share their analysis of the limitations of each tool. Additionally, they will also share their experiences training technology-shy staff and workflow-resistant public services librarians on the newly developed workflows. Highlighted projects to be discussed will include a project to move print titles to online, a project to set up the online portion of print + online titles, and a project to run three serials reviews in 2012. The UH librarians will lastly touch on how these programs have helped to improve communication and to create a better sense of appreciation between technical services departments as well as improving communication between technical services and public services.
Crystal structure of LuRuB2

Ternary metal borides of the formula MTB/sub 2/ have been synthesized in a new structure for M=Sc,Y,Tb,Dy,Ho,Er,Tm,Lu, and T=Ru,Os. Single crystal x-ray diffraction data on LuRuB/sub 2/ were refined on an orthorhombic unit cell, space group Pnma, Z=4, and yielded an R factor equal to 0.085. All metal atoms are coplanar with short bond distances of 3.10A between rare earth atoms which are arranged in zig-zag chains. 1 figure, 4 tables.
Horizontal side-channel vulnerabilities of post-quantum key exchange protocols

Key exchange protocols establish a secret key to confidentially communicate digital information over public channels. Lattice-based key exchange protocols are a promising alternative for next-generation applications due to their quantum-cryptanalysis resistance and implementation efficiency. While these constructions rely on the theory of quantum-resistant lattice problems, their practical implementations have shown vulnerability against side-channel attacks in the context of public-key encryption or digital signatures. Applying such attacks on key exchange protocols is, however, much more challenging because the secret key changes after each execution of the protocol, limiting the side-channel adversary to a single measurement. In this paper, we demonstrate the first successful power side-channel attack on lattice-based key exchange protocols. The attack targets the hardware implementation of matrix and polynomial multiplication used in these protocols. The crux of our idea is to apply a horizontal attack that makes hypothesis on several intermediate values within a single execution all relating to the same secret and to combine their correlations for accurately estimating the secret key. We illustrate that the design of key exchange protocols combined with the nature of lattice arithmetic enables our attack. Since a straightforward attack suffers from false positives, we demonstrate a novel procedure to recover the key by following the sequence of intermediate updates during multiplication. We analyzed two key exchange protocols, NewHope (USENIX'16) and Frodo (CCS'16), and show that their implementations can be vulnerable to our attack. We test the effectiveness of the proposed attack using concrete parameters of these protocols on a physical platform with real measurements. On a SAKURA-G FPGA Board, we show that the proposed attack can estimate the entire secret key from a single power measurement with over 99% success rate.
Mammography in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients.

It is now generally accepted that screening mammography at 1- to 3-year intervals can decrease mortality from breast cancer. Three randomized trials, involving a total of 238,000 women, have reported mortality results. In two trials (HIP and S2C), there was a significant reduction in breast cancer mortality (22 per cent at 18 years and 27 per cent at 8 years). One trial (Malmo) showed a nonsignificant reduction in mortality at year 9 (5 per cent) and nonsignificant increases in mortality at earlier years. There are little data from randomized trials to support a benefit of mammographic screening in women under 50 years old. The two Swedish studies at last follow-up had 26 and 29 per cent more breast cancer deaths in young women in the group randomized to screening. The HIP study had 25 per cent fewer breast cancer deaths at 18 years in women under age 50 at the start of the trial, but because only 12 patients under age 50 had mammographically detectable tumors (out of 89 cancers diagnosed in the screened group), most of the benefit must be due to physical examinations or increased awareness of breast cancer symptoms. The as yet unpublished results of the Canadian trial in women under age 50 should elucidate the benefit of mammography in this age group. American centers report a malignant biopsy rate of 20 to 30 per cent for clinically occult lesions. This rate should increase as the proportion of women who have had prior mammography increases. High-quality mammography, including magnification technique for evaluation of suspicious lesions, proper localization and excisional biopsy techniques with pathologic correlation, and potentially, fine-needle aspiration, may improve the yield of screening mammography-induced open-biopsy procedures. Magnification technique can improve mammographic assessment of the extent of the tumor and guide re-excision for patients being considered for breast-conserving therapy. In the irradiated breast, in our experience, mammography alone detected 35 per cent of recurrent cancers in the irradiated breast. We recommend routine mammographic follow-up of the irradiated breast, including magnification of the local excision site, at 6 months, 1 year, and annually thereafter.
Can interspecies affairs in the dark lead to evolutionary innovation

Evolutionary adaptation is the adjustment of species to a new or changing environment. Engaging in mutualistic microbial symbioses has been put forward as a key trait that promotes the differential, evolutionary success of many animal and plant lineages (McFall-Ngai, 2008). Microbial mutualists allow these organisms to occupy new ecological niches where they could not have persisted on their own or would have been constrained by competitors. Vertical transmission of beneficial microbial symbionts from parents to the offspring is expected to link the adaptive association between a given host and microbe, and it can lead to coevolution and sometimes even cospeciation (Fisher, Henry, Cornwallis, Kiers, & West, 2017). Vertical transmission also causes bottlenecks that strongly reduce the effective population size and genetic diversity of the symbiont population. Moreover, vertically transmitted symbionts are assumed to have fewer opportunities to exchange genes with relatives in the environment. In a "From the Cover" article in this issue of Molecular Ecology, Breusing, Johnson, Vrijenhoek, and Young (2019) investigated whether hybridization among different host species could lead to interspecies exchange of otherwise strictly vertically transmitted symbionts. Hybridization of divergent lineages can potentially cause intrinsic and extrinsic incompatibilities, swamp rare alleles, and lead to population extinctions. In some cases, however, it might also create novel trait combinations that lead to evolutionary innovation (Marques, Meier, & Seehausen, 2019). Breusing et al. (2019) linked the concept of hybridization to symbiont transmission, and their findings have significant implications for the study of evolution of vertically transmitted symbionts and their hosts.
ħ-Deformed Schubert Calculus in Equivariant Cohomology, K-Theory, and Elliptic Cohomology

In this survey paper we review recent advances in the calculus of Chern-Schwartz-MacPherson, motivic Chern, and elliptic classes of classical Schubert varieties. These three theories are one-parameter (ħ) deformations of the notion of fundamental class in their respective extraordinary cohomology theories. Examining these three classes in conjunction is justified by their relation to Okounkov’s stable envelope notion. We review formulas for the ħ-deformed classes originating from Tarasov–Varchenko weight functions, as well as their orthogonality relations. As a consequence, explicit formulas are obtained for the Littlewood-Richardson type structure constants.
Single-photon laser-induced fluorescence detection of nitric oxide at sub-parts-per-trillion mixing ratios

Abstract. We describe a newly developed single-photon laser-induced fluorescence sensor for measurements of nitric oxide (NO) in the atmosphere. Rapid tuning of a narrow-band laser on and off of a rotationally resolved NO spectral feature near 215 nm and detection of the red-shifted fluorescence provides for interference-free direct measurements of NO with a detection limit of 1 part per trillion by volume (pptv) for 1 s of integration, or 0.3 pptv for 10 s of integration. Uncertainty in the sensitivity of the instrument is typically ±6 –9 %, with no known interferences. Uncertainty in the zero of the detector is shown to be pptv. The instrument was deployed on the NASA DC-8 aircraft during the NASA/NOAA FIREX-AQ experiment (Fire Influence on Regional to Global Environments Experiment – Air Quality) during July–September 2019 and provided more than 140 h of NO measurements over 22 flights, demonstrating the ability of this instrument to operate routinely and autonomously. Comparisons with a seasoned chemiluminescence sensor during FIREX-AQ in a variety of chemical environments provides validation and confidence in the accuracy of this technique.
Health Care Resource Utilization for Children Requiring Prolonged Mechanical Ventilation via Tracheostomy

BACKGROUND: More children are discharged from ICUs on prolonged mechanical ventilation (PMV) via tracheostomy than ever before. These patients have long hospitalizations with high resource expenditure. Our objective was to describe the characteristics of these resource-intensive patients and to evaluate their costs of care. We hypothesized that subjects requiring PMV for neurologic diagnoses would have higher costs, longer hospital length of stay (LOS), and worse outcomes than those with primarily respiratory diagnoses. METHODS: We identified 50 pediatric subjects between January 2015 and December 2017 at our institution who had a new tracheostomy placement and were enrolled in a home mechanical ventilation program. Collected data included demographics, indication for tracheostomy, LOS, hospital costs, readmissions, and outcomes. We also compared subjects who required PMV for respiratory diagnoses versus neurologic diagnoses. RESULTS: Of 50 subjects, 41 were CONCLUSIONS: This descriptive study evaluated the social and medical characteristics of subjects being discharged from the pediatric ICU with PMV via tracheostomy, as well as quantified the financial impact of their care. Those requiring PMV for neurologic diagnoses had shorter hospital LOS and lower hospital costs than those with respiratory diagnoses. No definitive differences in outcomes were found.
The application of energy-filtered electron microscopy to tomography of thick, selectively stained biological samples.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the use of energy-filtered electron microscopy (EM) to enhance contrast and reduce the chromatic aberration in the imaging of thick, selectively stained specimens. For thick specimens, the resolution of electron microscopy is severely limited by chromatic aberration that results from the inability of current electron lenses to deal uniformly with beam electrons that have a distribution of energies as a result of inelastic scattering in the samples. The chapter describes a technique of automated, most-probable loss (MPL) tomography. It shows that for thick, selectively stained biological specimens, this method produces a dramatic increase in the resolution of the projected images. These improvements are particularly evident at the large tilt angles required to improve tomographic resolution in the z-direction. In addition, MPL tomography effectively increases the usable thickness of selectively stained samples that can be imaged at a given accelerating voltage by improving resolution relative to unfiltered transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
Comparative study on the impact of laparoscopy and abdominal laparotomy to maternal-fetal at gestation period

Objective To compare and analyze the impact on maternal-fetal of laparoscopy and abdominal laparotomy and evaluate the safety of laparoscopy during pregnancy.Methods In this prospective controlled study,20 pregnant patients underwent a laparoscopy,and the other 20 pregnant patients underwent an exploratory laparotomy during the same period of time.The parameters including anesthesia time,operative time,blood loss,arterial blood gas analysis in the fifteen minute after surgery,uterine artery blood flow,postoperative pain,postoperative recovery and pregnancy outcomes were collected.Results The anesthesia time and the operative time in laparoscopic group were significantly shorter than those in laparotomy group [(18.91 ± 8.76) min vs (35.28 ± 14.67) min,t=4.28,P ＜ 0.05,(17.85 ± 6.32) min vs (30.27 ± 10.41) min,t=4.56,P ＜ 0.05].The blood loss was significantly different during laparoscopic group and laparotomy group [(15.48 ± 10.24) ml vs (25.48 ± 15.56) ml,t=2.40,P ＜ 0.05].The stubbs catheter time,postoperative ambulation time,postoperative discharge time in the laparoscopic group were (6.58 ± 0.92) h,(6.98 ± 1.69) h and (18.52 ± 3.45) h respectively,while those were (24.63 ± 3.85) h,(25.37 ± 5.34) h,(23.67 ± 7.81) h in the laparotomy group (t=2.70,14.68,20.39; all P ＜ 0.05).The postoperative pain by laparoscopy was significantly lighter than that by laparotomy (P ＜ 0.05).There was no statistical significant difference between arterial blood gas analysis and uterine artery blood flow in two groups (P ＞ 0.05),and we didn't see any difference from abortion rate,premature birth rate,term delivery rate,the rate of birth defects,neonatal Apgar score and full-term birth weight.Conclusion Compared with laparotomy,laparoscopy has relatively less impact on maternal-fetal,and it won't increase the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Key words: Laparoscopy; Laparotomy; Pregnancy; Safety; Uterine artery blood flow
Palladium-Catalyzed Cross-Couplings by C-O Bond Activation.

Although palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of aryl halides and reactive pseudohalides has revolutionized the way organic molecules are constructed today across various fields of chemistry, comparatively less progress has been made in the palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of less reactive C–O electrophiles. This is despite the fact that the use of phenols and phenol derivatives as bench-stable cross-coupling partners has been well-recognized to bring about major advantages over aryl halides, such as natural abundance of phenols, (2) avoidance of toxic halides, (3) orthogonal cross-coupling conditions, (4) prefunctionalization of phenolic substrates by electrophilic substitution or C–H functionalization, (5) ready availability of phenols from a different pool of precursors than aryl halides. In this review, we present an overview of recent advances made in the field of palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of C–O electrophiles with a focus on catalytic systems, (2) reaction type, and (3) class of C–O coupling partners. Although the field has been historically dominated by nickel catalysis, it is now evident that the use of more versatile, more functional group tolerant and highly active palladium catalysts supported by appropriately designed ancillary ligands enables the cross-coupling with improved substrate scope and generality, and likely represents a practical solution to the broadly applicable cross-coupling of various C–O bonds across diverse chemical disciplines. The review covers the period through June 2020.
Integrated-omics endotyping of infants with rhinovirus bronchiolitis and risk of childhood asthma

Background Young children with rhinovirus (RV) infection—particularly bronchiolitis—are at high risk for developing childhood asthma. Emerging evidence suggests clinical heterogeneity within RV bronchiolitis. However, little is known about these biologically distinct subgroups (endotypes) and their relations with asthma risk. Objective We aimed to identify RV bronchiolitis endotypes and examine their longitudinal relations with asthma risk. Methods As part of a multicenter prospective cohort study of infants (age Results Of 122 infants hospitalized for RV bronchiolitis (median age, 4 months), we identified 4 distinct endotypes—mainly characterized by RV species, microbiome, and type 2 cytokine (T2) response: endotype A, virusRV-CmicrobiomemixedT2low; endotype B, virusRV-AmicrobiomeHaemophilusT2low; endotype C, virusRSV/RVmicrobiomeStreptococcusT2low; and endotype D, virusRV-CmicrobiomeMoraxellaT2high. Compared with endotype A infants, endotype D infants had a significantly higher rate of recurrent wheeze (33% vs 64%; hazard ratio, 2.23; 95% CI, 1.00-4.96; P = .049) and a higher risk for developing asthma (28% vs 59%; odds ratio, 3.74: 95% CI, 1.21-12.6; P = .03). Conclusions Integrated-omics analysis identified biologically meaningful RV bronchiolitis endotypes in infants, such as one characterized by RV-C infection, Moraxella-dominant microbiota, and high T2 cytokine response, at higher risk for developing recurrent wheeze and asthma. This study should facilitate further research toward validating our inferences.