cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermodynamic Properties of Mixtures of Nitrogen, Argon, and Oxygen, Including Air

A mixture model explicit in Helmholtz energy has been developed which is capable of predicting the hermodynamic properties of mixtures containing nitrogen, argon, and oxygen, including air. The calculation for air assumes a ternary mixture of these three components and neglects the presence of water vapor, carbon dioxide and trace elements known to be present in atmospheric air. The Helmholtz energy of the mixture is the sum of the ideal gas contribution, the residual contribution, and the contribution from mixing. The contribution from mixing is given by a single generalized equation which is applied to all mixtures used in this work. The independent variables are the reduced density and reduced temperature. The model may be used to calculate thermodynamic properties of mixtures at various compositions including dew and bubble point properties and critical points. It incorporates the most accurate published equation of state for each pure fluid.
Perception of faces in schizophrenia: Subjective (self-report) vs. objective (psychophysics) assessments.

Objectives Face perception impairment in schizophrenia has been demonstrated, mostly through experimental studies. How this laboratory-defined behavioral impairment is associated with patients’ perceptual experience of various faces in everyday life is however unclear. This question is important because a first-person account of face perception has direct consequences on social functioning of patients. In this study, we adapted and administered a self-reported questionnaire on narrative perceptual experience of faces along with psychophysical assessments of face perception in schizophrenia.
Comparison of hemodynamic and stress testing variables in patients undergoing regadenoson stress myocardial perfusion imaging to regadenoson with adjunctive low level exercise myocardial perfusion imaging

1147 Objectives The hemodynamic and stress SPECT variables,aminophylline use and immediate safety when using the new vasodilator regadenoson with adjunctive exercise(REGWALK)compared to REGSPECT has not been well studied and formed the basis of our study. Methods Retrospective evaluation of 887 patients undergoing REGSPECT(Grp 1)compared to 485 patients undergoing REGWALK SPECT using modified Bruce Protocol stage1(Grp 2)between Jan-Nov 2009.Heart rate(HR),blood pressure(BP)differences, EKG,stress perfusion and gated variables were evaluated.Patient symptoms,documented immediate major clinical events(arrythmias,severe hypotension,syncope,pre-syncope)and use of aminophylline were noted.Continuous variables were expressed as mean +/- SD,and univariate differences were tested using Student t test. Results Grp 2 patients were younger,male, with higher BSA with less prevalence of prior MI or COPD(all p value Conclusions This study shows that REGWALK SPECT gives more favorable HR, BP response with less use of aminophylline and no increase in adverse events when compared to REGSPECT and can be safely employed in suitable patients. Research Support Astella
Role of prostanoids in cerebrovascular responses to asphyxia and reventilation in newborn pigs

Cerebral hemodynamics during asphyxia and reventilation were investigated in normothermic, hypothermic (35 degrees C), and indomethacin-pretreated (5 mg/kg iv) anesthetized, newborn pigs. In the normothermic group, total cerebral blood flow (CBF) measured with radioactive microspheres was 57 +/- 12 ml.min-1 x 100 g-1 during baseline, 104 +/- 19 at 1 min of asphyxia, 39 +/- 5 at 5 min of asphyxia, 186 +/- 16 at 8 min of reventilation, and 95 +/- 20 at 16 min of reventilation. During asphyxia and reventilation blood flow to brain stem was better regulated than to cerebrum or cerebellum. Baseline CBF was similar in the indomethacin and hypothermic groups (32 +/- 2 and 41 +/- 5 ml.min-1 x 100 g-1, respectively; n = 5 for each group). However, during asphyxia, blood flow was never less in either one of these groups than in the normothermic group in spite of a lack of arterial hypercapnia at 1 min in the hypothermia group. During reventilation, blood flow was sometimes lower in the hypothermic and indomethacin groups than the normothermic group but never lower when considered on a percentage change from baseline basis. We conclude that inhibition of prostanoid production with indomethacin did not limit vasodilation during these conditions.
International Approaches to the Orphan Works Problem

Regardless of the immediacy of the threat to intellectual progress created by orphan works, several countries have had systems in place for a number of years in order to combat the problem of stagnant works, such as those that have been orphaned. For many more countries, a solution has not yet been implemented, and the orphan works problem is the subject of myriad studies. This paper will look at the systems that are in place, as well as the inquiries into the problem in the United States and in Europe. What seems at first like a minor by-product of modern copyright law in reality threatens the need to rethink our copyright regimes in order to better serve the real functions of the property right.
Seroprevalence of Neutralizing Antibodies Against Dengue Virus in Two Localities in the State of Morelos, Mexico

Humoral immune response against dengue virus (DENV) is an important component in dengue-endemic transmission. We conducted a cross-sectional nested cohort study to determine the seroprevalence and frequency of neutralizing antibodies against DENV serotypes in two endemic localities in the state of Morelos, Mexico. The cohort participants (N = 1,196) were screened to determine previous exposure to DENV. Overall seroprevalence was 76.6% (95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 73.6-79.2), and prevalence of neutralizing antibodies in the 5- to 9-year-old group was 82.5% (95% CI = 67.2-92.7), 45% (95% CI = 29.3-61.5), and 65% (95% CI = 48.3-79.4) for DENV-1, DENV-2, and DENV-3, respectively. For participants older than 10 years, the observed seroprevalence was above 60% for each serotype, except DENV-4 in the 10- to 25-year-old group (42.9%); 81% of humoral responses were multitypic. The outcomes of our study contribute to understanding the immune component of dengue transmission and provide focal information for the evaluation of vaccine candidates under development.
Educational Background and Academic Rank of Faculty Members within US Schools of Pharmacy

Objective. To characterize the educational background and academic rank of faculty members in US schools of pharmacy, estimate the extent to which they are employed by institutions where they received previous training, and determine whether differences in degree origin and rank exist between faculty members in established (≤1995) vs newer programs. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted using the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (AACP) faculty database and demographic information from the public domain. Results. Among 5516 faculty members, 50.3% held two or more types of degrees. Established schools had a higher median number of faculty members and a higher mean faculty rank than did newer schools. Conclusion. The difference in mean faculty rank highlights the shortage of experienced faculty members in newer schools. Future research efforts should investigate educational attainment in correlation to other faculty and school characteristics and prospectively track and report trends related to pharmacy faculty members composition.
Using Competencies to Assess Entry-Level Knowledge of Students Graduating from Parks and Recreation Academic Programs.

To address the Council on Accreditation of Parks, Recreation, Tourism, and Related Professions accreditation standard 7.01.01, the Entry Level Competency Assessment was developed to measure 46 comp...
Elizabeth Gaskell and Literary Tourism

Eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Britain saw a rapid growth of international print culture. Women writers were increasingly defined as literary celebrities, and their homes became popular destinations for a rising number of British and American visitors. Earnest readers knocked on the Bronte Parsonage door in Haworth, peeked into Harriet Martineau’s Ambleside window at teatime, and retraced Elizabeth Gaskell’s steps in Knutsford, her girlhood home and last resting place. In the expanding consumer culture of Victorian Britain, successful female authors became marketable literary personalities. The popular presses eagerly supplied a growing number of memoirs, guidebooks, periodicals, and maps focusing on Britain’s literary heritage. Then, as now, the national heritage industry, particularly literary tourism, augmented the popular and critical reputations of British writers such as Charlotte Bronte and Elizabeth Gaskell. As the author of The Life of Charlotte Bronte (1857), Gaskell in particular legitimated literary tourism as a cultural practice and created some of the central myths surrounding the British Woman of Letters. Throughout her 25-year publishing career (from 1840 to her death in 1865), Elizabeth Gaskell was a promoter, participant, and subject of literary tourism.
Race, Class, Ethnicity, and Disaster Vulnerability

Hurricane Katrina and the disaster that unfolded in its wake provided a stark example of the pervasiveness and perniciousness of race and class inequalities in the United States. The media images constructed an unambiguous story: tens of thousands of mostly low-income African Americans were left to fend for themselves as the city of New Orleans flooded from breached levees on Lake Pontchartrain. Their only refuge was a large sports arena unequipped to serve as an “evacuee center” and devoid of any resources to support the thousands of people who gathered, many arriving only after wading through the toxic flood waters gathering in the city. In a city with a poverty rate of more than 30%, where one in three persons does not own a car, no significant effort was made by government at any level to assist the most vulnerable people to escape the disaster (Alterman, 2005). While Hurricane Katrina momentarily and unavoidably called attention to issues of race and class vulnerabilities, hazards and disaster research has clearly shown that social inequalities are core conditions that shape both disasters and environmental inequalities on a global scale. My goal in this chapter is to discuss what five decades of hazards and disaster research have revealed about race, class, and ethnic inequalities.
Fundamentals of Polymer-Clay Nanocomposites

Written for graduate students, researchers, and practitioners, this book provides a complete introduction to the science, engineering, and commercial applications of polymer-clay nanocomposites. Starting with a discussion of general concepts, the authors define specific terms used in the field, providing newcomers with a strong foundation to the area. The physical and mechanical properties of polymer-clay nanocomposites are then described, with chapters on thermodynamics and kinetics, engineering properties, barrier properties, and flame retardancy. Mechanisms underpinning observed effects, such as UV resistance, solvent resistance, and hardness, are also explained. In-depth discussions of clay and clay surface treatment, fabrication, and characterization of nanocomposites are provided, and particular emphasis is placed on the proper use and interpretation of analytical techniques, helping readers to avoid artifacts in their own work. With commercial applications discussed throughout, and experimental results connected with theory, this is an ideal reference for those working in polymer science.
Artifact: Cassandra Source Code, Feature Descriptions across 27 Versions, with Starting and Ending Version Trace Matrices

To facilitate research into trace link evolution we present 27 versions of Cassandra source code, feature descriptions for each version, deltas between versions, structured descriptions of each version, and trace links between a subset of 48 features and source code for the starting and ending versions.
Long-Term Care and Alcohol Use

Alcohol use and misuse for seniors living in long-term care (LTC) settings (i.e., assisted living facilities, nursing homes, senior high-rise communities) are examined. LTC residents with alcohol misuse are more likely to suffer from illness and may also have a higher mortality rate along with significantly greater use of health services. Alcohol misuse often goes undetected in these LTC populations, therefore detection is discussed. The opportunity to implement appropriate policies and procedures for prevention and screening, and effective treatment programs for seniors with alcohol misuse are also discussed. Moreover, seniors with alcohol misuse also present more challenges for LTC staff, thus caregiving options are also addressed.
Microglial-derived microparticles mediate neuroinflammation after traumatic brain injury

Local and systemic inflammatory responses are initiated early after traumatic brain injury (TBI), and may play a key role in the secondary injury processes resulting in neuronal loss and neurological deficits. However, the mechanisms responsible for the rapid expansion of neuroinflammation and its long-term progression have yet to be elucidated. Here, we investigate the role of microparticles (MP), a member of the extracellular vesicle family, in the exchange of pro-inflammatory molecules between brain immune cells, as well as their transfer to the systemic circulation, as key pathways of inflammation propagation following brain trauma. Adult male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to controlled cortical impact TBI for 24 h, and enriched MP were isolated in the blood, while neuroinflammation was assessed in the TBI cortex. MP were characterized by flow cytometry, and MP content was assayed using gene and protein markers for pro-inflammatory mediators. Enriched MP co-cultured with BV2 or primary microglial cells were used for immune propagation assays. Enriched MP from BV2 microglia or CD11b-positive microglia from the TBI brain were stereotactically injected into the cortex of uninjured mice to evaluate MP-related seeding of neuroinflammation in vivo. As the neuroinflammatory response is developing in the brain after TBI, microglial-derived MP are released into the circulation. Circulating enriched MP from the TBI animals can activate microglia in vitro. Lipopolysaccharide stimulation increases MP release from microglia in vitro and enhances their content of pro-inflammatory mediators, interleukin-1β and microRNA-155. Enriched MP from activated microglia in vitro or CD11b-isolated microglia/macrophage from the TBI brain ex vivo are sufficient to initiate neuroinflammation following their injection into the cortex of naive (uninjured) animals. These data provide further insights into the mechanisms underlying the development and dissemination of neuroinflammation after TBI. MP loaded with pro-inflammatory molecules initially released by microglia following trauma can activate additional microglia that may contribute to progressive neuroinflammatory response in the injured brain, as well as stimulate systemic immune responses. Due to their ability to independently initiate inflammatory responses, MP derived from activated microglia may provide a potential therapeutic target for other neurological disorders in which neuroinflammation may be a contributing factor.
Research on Causes and Treatment of Pathological Gambling

This chapter discusses research on causes and treatment of pathological gambling. The chapter focuses on the findings that are most salient for the practicing clinician. It covers population research, comorbidity, family issues, and legal issues. This chapter addresses two main topics. The first addresses Rachlin's oft-quoted question, which explores why people gamble and keep gambling despite incurring losses. The second major topic that is relevant to clinicians, of course, is the treatment literature. Under this, it takes a look at the literature on age, gender, ethnicity, and family background factors as risk factors for pathological gambling. It also examines negative mood states in relationship as motivation to gamble. Research on cognitive errors and their relationship to gambling also has special importance for field of pathological gambling. Research also suggests that impulsivity plays a key role in understanding pathological gamblers. Future research needs to replicate the greater degree of impulsivity in pathological gamblers compared to other addictive disorders and to understand its development through developmental, motivational, affective, and cognitive antecedents.
The Microvascular Endothelium Revisited

The starting premise of a review written nine years ago (Palade et al.56) was that the vascular endothelium is a simple squamous, highly attenuated epithelium differentiated to permit large-scale exchanges of micro- and macromolecules between the blood plasma and the interstitial fluid of higher, multicellular organisms. In general terms, this differentiation is expressed by (1) a remarkable attenuation of the constituent cells (to 100 nm) fenestrae without diaphragms in a restricted but physiologically important capillary bed, that of renal glomerular capillaries, and finally the existence of larger, aperture-free, relatively irregular discontinuities or lacunae, in the endothelium lining the sinusoids of the liver and bone marrow.78
Dating Application Use and Sexual Risk Behavior Among Young Adults

Cell phone-based dating applications (apps) are increasingly popular in the USA. However, there is a paucity of research regarding dating app use among young heterosexual adults. This study examined the prevalence of dating application use and its connections with sexual behavior among young heterosexual adults. Five hundred nine heterosexual cisgender undergraduate students aged 18–25 completed an online survey assessing trait impulsivity, dating app use and motivations for using dating apps, sexual behavior, and demographics. 39.5% of the participants reported using dating apps. Individuals who used dating apps had higher rates of sexual risk behaviors in the past 3 months, including sex after using drugs or alcohol, and unprotected sex (anal or vaginal), and more lifetime sexual partners. When controlling for demographics and impulsivity, individuals who used dating applications were twice as likely to have had unprotected sex in the past 3 months, but were not significantly more likely to have had multiple partners within the past 3 months. In an exploratory analysis controlling for demographics and impulsivity, dating app use predicted the number of lifetime sexual partners. This study documented an association between dating app use and sexual risk behaviors among young heterosexual adults. Results suggest potential targets for intervention, including interventions that address sexual health information, and the dissemination of sexual health information through dating apps themselves.
Social Studies Teacher Education

Social studies teacher education is in a position of both challenge and promise. There is considerable discussion and often disagreement about the field, much of it stemming from the problems facing social studies education in general. For example, in the United States, one challenge has been the decreasing time devoted to social studies in the school day. Accountability pressures have largely targeted mathematics and reading, not social studies. Another challenge concerns rapidly changing student populations with the concomitant shifts in language, social background, and national/cultural/ethnic origins, all of which pose challenges to preparing future generations of citizens. Despite these contemporary challenges, social studies teacher education continues as an important element of teacher education programs, and research shows that good social studies teachers have a positive influence on children's learning. This article describes the current challenges in social studies teacher education and offers suggestions for educators and researchers working in the field in order to reshape and strengthen it. It also highlights current trends in social studies education, which suggest ways the field may evolve in the future. Examples from an international perspective are provided throughout, although social studies teacher education has principally been a concern of greater interest to the US educators.
Bioaugmentation for the In situ Aerobic Cometabolism of Chlorinated Solvents

In situ aerobic cometabolism is a method for remediating groundwater contaminated with chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons (CAHs) that relies on the fortuitous transformation of the CAHs by nonspecific oxygenase enzymes. The process most commonly applied in the field is to stimulate indigenous microorganisms through additions of an appropriate cometabolic growth substrate and oxygen. This biostimulation strategy faces several challenges, including substrate inhibition, transformation product toxicity and energy limitations. Thus, there has been interest in the potential for bioaugmentation to improve process performance. Four bioaugmentation approaches have been developed, ranging from the complicated (growing strains in aboveground reactors and injecting them into the subsurface for their biocatalytic potential) to the simple (adding microbes from one aquifer or section of an aquifer to another to seed an indigenous strain). The intermediate approaches involve injecting selected strains that have specific advantages over the indigenous strains, or that will permit adding a noninhibitory growth substrate. This chapter reviews the rationale behind each approach, and the supporting laboratory and field studies. To date, bioaugmentation to improve cometabolic transformation is still experimental in nature, although some benefits have been demonstrated. However, the performance enhancements often cannot be maintained over longer time periods.
Purification and proliferation of human myoblasts isolated with fluorescence activated cell sorting.

Myoblast therapy, or the transfer of normal myoblasts into dystrophic muscle, requires both a large number and high purity of human myoblasts. Solutions to both of these problems are presented below.
Histone H2A.Z Suppression of Interferon-Stimulated Transcription and Antiviral Immunity Is Modulated by GCN5 and BRD2

Type I interferon (IFN)-stimulated gene (ISG) expression requires interaction between a transcription factor complex, ISGF3, and target gene promoters to initiate transcription and protection against infection. To uncover chromatin regulatory features of this antiviral immune response, IFN-induced nucleosome and histone dynamics of human ISG loci were examined. ISGF3 recruitment after IFN stimulation was accompanied by nucleosome reorganization at promoters and gene bodies. IFN stimulation induced loss of core histones H2B, H3, and H4, as well as H2A.Z at ISG promoters. A strong correlation was found between H2A.Z occupancy and ISGF3 target sites, and IFN-stimulated H2A.Z removal requires STAT1, STAT2, and IRF9. Neither INO80 nor SWI/SNF participate in IFN-driven H2A.Z eviction, but GCN5 and BRD2 are required. Interference with H2A.Z expression enhanced ISGF3 recruitment to ISG promoters, ISG mRNA expression, and IFN-stimulated antiviral immunity. This indicates that H2A.Z nucleosomes at ISG promoters restrict optimal ISGF3 engagement and modulate the biological response to IFN.
Are the Features of Emerging Adulthood Developmentally Distinctive? A Comparison of Ages 18–60 in the United States:

A large national sample of adults ages 18–60 was surveyed on features proposed in the theory of emerging adulthood, including identity explorations, self-focus, feeling in-between, instability, and...
Interfrontal Bone Among Inbred Strains of Mice and QTL Mapping.

The interfrontal bone (IF) is a minor skeletal trait residing between the frontal bones. IF is considered a quasi-continuous trait. Geenetic and environmental factors play roles in its development. The mechanism(s) underlying IF bone development are poorly understood and may involve de novo secondary ossification centers, induction by the interfrontal suture or underlying dura. We sought to survey inbred strains of mice for the prevalence of IF and to perform QTL mapping studies. Archived mouse skulls from a Mouse Phenome Project (MPP) were available for this study. 27 inbred strains were investigated (129S1/SvImJ, A/J, AKR/J, BALB/cByJ, C3H/HeJ, C57BL/10J, C57BL/6J, C57/LJ, C58/J, CAST/Ei, CBA/J, DBA/1J, DBA/2J, DBA/LacJ, FVB/NJ, LP/J, MOLF/EiJ, NOD/LtJ, NZB/B1NJ, NZW/LacJ, PERA/EiJ, PL/J, SJL/J, SM/J, SPRET/Ei, SWR/J, WSB/Ei) with 6-20 mice examined for each strain. Skulls were viewed dorsally and the IF measured using a zoom stereomicroscope equipped with a calibrated reticle. A two generation cross between C3H/HeJ and C57BL/6J mice was performed to generate a panel of 468 F2 mice. F2 mice were phenotyped for presence or absence of IF bone and among mice with the IF bone maximum widths and lengths were measured. F2 mice were genotyped for 573 SNP markers were informative between the two strains and subjected to linkage map construction and interval QTL mapping. Results: Strain dependent differences in the prevalence of IF bones were observed. Overall, 77.8% or 21/27, of the inbred strains examined had IF bones. Six strains of mice (C3H/HeJ, MOLF/EiJ, NZW/LacJ, SPRET/EiJ, SWR/J, and WSB/EiJ) lack IF bones. Among the strains with IF bones, the prevalence ranged from 100% for strains such as C57BL/6J, C57/LJ, CBA/J, NZB/B1NJ down to 5% for strains such as CAST/Ei. Six of the 27 inbred strains lacked IF. QTL mapping for IF bone length and widths identifies for each trait one strong QTL detected on chromosome 14 along with several other significant QTLs on chromosomes 3, 4, 7 and 11. Strain dependent differences in IF will facilitate investigation of genetic and environmental factors contributing to IF development. IF bone formation may be a model to understand wormian bone formation.
Stellar Spectroscopy at 1.1μ

This is a progress report on the program of stellar spectroscopy at 1.1 μ reported on by Vaughan and Zirin (1968) and by Zirin (1971). About 450 plates of about 200 stars have been obtained, using a magnetically focused RCA image converter with the 144’ and 72’ Palomar coude cameras, giving dispersion of 8 and 17 A mm-1 respectively. Most of the plates were taken at the latter dispersion and cover about 300 A. In good seeing a star with J = 3 is obtained in about 90 min. A tube with a fibre optic back-plate is now in use. Cooling such a tube is difficult because the cathode is held at high voltage. By completely insulating the cold box, we may use dry ice cooling, and 2 h exposures, reaching J = 5, may be made with this ITT tube.
Genetic and biologic characterization of a porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus isolate attenuated by cell culture passage

The genome of a cell culture-attenuated strain was analyzed and compared it to its highly virulent parent strain, VR-2385. The overall genome sequence difTered by less than 1%, despite a significant change in virulence between the two strains. The vast majority of the nucleotide changes resulted in amino acid changes, with a 3:1 ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous changes in the structural genes. Many of the amino acid changes in VR- 2385 p85 resulted in the high passage virus acquiring an amino acid that is the same as the other U. S. PRRSV isolates at that position. The sequence of VR-2385 p7 has many amino acid positions that are unique to that isolate, which may contribute to the high virulence of this isolate relative to other PRRSV isolates and should be considered as potential virulence determinants. Introduction Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) was first recognized in the United States in 1987 and has since been reported throughout much of Western Europe and Asia [Hill, 1990 #5; Kefifaber, 1989 #10; Done, 1996 #24]. The disease syndrome caused
THE LONG-RUN IMPACT OF ENERGY USE, INCOME AND TRADE ON CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS IN MERCOSUR MEMBER STATES

Using a heterogeneous panel cointegration analysis, this study examines the long-run impacts of income, trade, and energy use on carbon dioxide emissions (CO2), in Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay between 1970 ? 2008. Results show that the long-run impact of those factors on CO2 emissions; particularly trade, changed following the establishment of the Mercosur regional free trade agreement in 1991. The results also suggest that increasing the level of openness, after removing barriers to trade and encouraging investments in transportation infrastructure, created positive effects in the reduction of CO2 emissions post-Mercosur. Our findings indicate that the enhancement and increase in utilization of the region’s inland waterway system could shift the Mercosur’s transport matrix towards more economical transportation modes that generates positive effects on the environment.
Chapter 4 – Error Analysis

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses error analysis. In laboratory practice, exact error analysis is usually omitted. The following are the reasons for this: (1) it is difficult or impossible to carry out, (2) many of the mathematical theorems are irrelevant to machine computation, (3) the estimates are too pessimistic, and (4) it is replaced by an automatic or approximate sort of analysis. Error analysis is the tithe that intelligence demands of action but it is rarely paid. The chapter discusses roundoff errors. Roundoff errors in function values can cause serious difficulties in certain automatic integration routines. A number of methods can be employed to reduce roundoff error when the number of summands is very large. The methods are based upon the fact that when a small number is added to a large number a part of the accuracy inhering in the former will be lost. Successive summands in the integration rules are of the same order of magnitude and, hence, should be combined one with the other. In addition to problems of roundoff error, one must be aware of additional computational pitfalls in the numerical evaluation of integrals and related computations. These include overflow, underflow, and loss of significance.
Larval Coregonus spp. diets and zooplankton community patterns in the Apostle Islands, Lake Superior

Abstract With the exception of lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis), relatively little is known about the early life history of larval coregonines in the Laurentian Great Lakes. For example, our knowledge of the feeding ecology of larval coregonines (excluding lake whitefish) is based on only 900 stomachs reported in the literature. Here, we describe the diets and demographics of larval coregonines from ice-out to late July, and the contemporaneous zooplankton community, in the Apostle Islands region of Lake Superior in 2018. Exogenous feeding was evident among the smallest larvae (down to 6 mm). Percent of larvae with food in their stomachs increased and yolk reserves decreased as larvae grew from 10 to 13 mm. A majority of the diet (58%) was copepod nauplii, with generally positive selection for adult copepods and Holopedium. The patterns in exogenous feeding and yolk sac absorption were similar to observations in Lake Superior in the 1970s. Diets were also generally similar, although Limnocalanus, Holopedium, and zooplankton eggs were more prevalent in 2018 than the 1970s. Demographic data suggested at least two distinct cohorts and/or coregonine species in 2018. Post-hoc genetic testing of larvae in a parallel study suggested our samples comprised a mix of predominantly cisco (C. artedi), kiyi (C. kiyi), and bloater (C. hoyi). Early life history studies, when coupled with emerging genetic techniques that can identify larval coregonines to species, will provide a powerful combination to better understand population dynamics of coregonines at a time of ongoing restoration and rehabilitation efforts throughout the Great Lakes.
Potential for transmission of Elizabethkingia anophelis by Aedes albopictus and the role of microbial interactions in Zika virus competence

Elizabethkingia anophelis has been the cause of four outbreaks with significant morbidity and mortality. Its transmission routes remain unknown and no point source of infection has been identified. Here we show that E. anophelis can be found in the saliva of Aedes mosquitoes, suggesting the novel possibility of vector-borne transmission of this bacterium. We additionally characterized diverse microbial communities in Aedes midguts, salivary glands and saliva. To the best of our knowledge, this represents the first description of the microbiome of Aedes saliva. Further, we demonstrate that increased abundance of E. anophelis is associated with decreased susceptibility and replication of Zika virus (ZIKV) in the midgut of Aedes mosquitoes, suggesting a novel transmission barrier for arboviruses transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. Together, these results demonstrate the complex relationships between the mosquito, the midgut microbial community and arboviruses and offer insights into the epidemiology and control of emerging bacterial and viral pathogens.
Reporting on quality of reduction and fixation of intertrochanteric fractures-A systematic review.

Abstract Background Patient outcomes after intertrochanteric fracture fixation is the subject of a large body of published and ongoing clinical research. Fracture reduction and stable fixation are a pre-requisite for achieving optimal results. However, reporting on the quality of postoperative reduction and fixation, has been inconsistent in the literature on intertrochanteric fractures. The purpose of this study was to examine the quality and consistency of reporting of immediate postoperative reduction and fixation in clinical outcome studies of intertrochanteric fracture fixation. Methods Outcome studies of intertrochanteric fractures, published between 2001 and 2019, were identified using a PubMed. Six journals were identified as having a high impact on intertrochanteric fracture research by either having an impact factor greater than 3.0 or more than 30 published studies fulfilling inclusion criteria. Two independent reviewers reviewed each article for its reporting on immediate post-operative radiographic findings and whether an attempt was made to correlate these findings to outcomes. Quality and consistency of reduction reporting were assessed by recording the type and number of uniquely reported reduction metrics in all of the included studies. Results The reviewers identified 134 papers for the study, of which 110 (82%) reported on immediate postoperative radiographic findings. Of the papers reporting these findings, 84 (76%) reported quantitative measurements. Quantitative reporting changed from 79% in papers published between 2001-2014 to 86% in papers published between 2015-2019. Sixty-one (46%) papers reported Tip-Apex Distance, 56 (42%) reported degree of varus (compared to non-injured side), 42 (31%) reported Neck-Shaft Angle restoration, 31(23%) reported leg-length discrepancy, 18 (13%) reported rotation, 15(11%) reported on the status of the lateral wall, and 6 (4%) reported on calcar (medial buttress) reduction. Sixty-eight (51%) papers that measured reduction found an association between better immediate post-operative reduction and improved outcomes. Conclusions Despite its recognized influence on outcomes of intertrochanteric fractures, leading peer-reviewed journals do not uniformly report on the immediate postoperative assessment of the quality of reduction and fixation. However, reporting has improved over the past five years. Standardized quantitative metrics will need to be reported in the future to allow meaningful comparisons between studies and accurate assessment of intertrochanteric fracture outcome.
Underground carbohydrate stores and storage organs in fire-maintained longleaf pine savannas in Florida, USA.

Premise Many perennial herbaceous plants develop underground storage organs (USOs) that store carbohydrates, water, and minerals. The resprouting ability of plants is influenced by the availability of these materials and by the type of underground organ and number of viable buds. In this study, we illustrate the diversity of longleaf pine savanna species and their nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) pools and concentrations. We also determined whether NSC concentrations by USO are good predictors of NSC pools in species with different types of underground structures. Methods We excavated in their entirety 1-4 individuals of each of 100 ground-layer pine savanna species, classified their USO types, and measured their NSC concentrations and NSC pools. Results The NSC concentrations in underground organs varied widely among the 100 species sampled. Surprisingly, the fibrous roots of Pityopsis graminifolia stored higher concentrations of NSCs than many species with USOs. The relationship between NSC concentrations and NSC pools was strong after controlling for underground biomass. Conclusions Our results revealed the high diversity of underground organs in pine savannas. It also showed that NSC concentrations in species with USOs reach high levels. Predictions of NSC pool sizes from NSC concentrations are interpretable, when corrections for underground biomass are considered. Research on underground organs would benefit from inclusion of morphological-anatomical analyses and phylogenetic controls to promote use of the data in broad-scale analyses.
Lobbying as a potent political marketing tool for product diversification: an examination of firm-government interaction

Government agencies can shape and impact organizations’ opportunity sets and corresponding competitive environments. Therefore, firms realize that maintaining a close relationship with government a...
Routine testing for herpes simplex virus in bronchoalveolar lavage specimens is unwarranted.

ABSTRACT Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections of the lung are rare, but HSV is occasionally detected in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) specimens. We assessed whether routinely performing HSV PCR tests in BAL specimens is warranted. HSV was detected in 7% (52/722) of BALs. In 47% of HSV-positive patients a typical respiratory virus or pathologic microorganism was identified. Oral HSV reactivation was identified in 27%; however, anti-HSV therapy was initiated in just three patients following the positive HSV test. Patients undergoing BAL for transplant surveillance received anti-HSV prophylaxis more often than those with acute respiratory failure, but both groups did not differ significantly in terms of patient outcome or co-infections. No patient was diagnosed with HSV pneumonia. These findings suggest that positive HSV PCR results in BAL specimens most commonly represents contamination from oral HSV reactivation, and that HSV PCR should be ordered selectively, rather than routinely, as part of a test panel.
Evaluation of hip arthroscopy in patients with previous history of femoral head osteonecrosis

Background: Femoral head osteonecrosis (FHO) is a debilitating condition. Free vascularized fibular grafting (FVFG) has good survivorship, however patients are at risk for reoperation. AIM and Objectives: This study compares patient characteristics, hip pathology, and surgical intervention in patients with FHO. We hypothesized that patients with FHO who underwent FVFG would demonstrate less severe degeneration of hip chondral surfaces compared to patients who did not. Materials and Methods: A database of 1,481 hip arthroscopies performed by a single surgeon was queried. Inclusion criteria included history of FHO. Patients with a previous hip surgery were excluded. Non-FVFG patients served as a control. Demographics, presentation, physical examination, imaging, intraoperative pathology, and procedures performed were compared. Cartilage degeneration was quantified with chondromalacia severity index (CMI). The Hip Outcome Score- Activity of Daily Living (HOS-ADL), -Sports Subscale (HOS-SS), and modified Hip Harris Score (mHHS) were calculated. Results: Sixteen patients had a history of FHO. Six (37.5%) previously underwent FVFG. Both groups had similar demographics, clinical presentation, preoperative range of motion, and radiographic findings (P>0.05). Arthroscopy identified similar chondral lesion Outerbridge grade and size for the acetabulum and femoral head (P>0.05). Compared with controls, FVFG patients had greater CMI of the acetabulum (844.7±501.3 vs. 345.8±433.3; P=0.018) and similar CMI of the femoral head (408. ±187.7 vs. 1461.0±1493.6; P=0.289). Microfracture of the acetabulum and ligamentum teres debridement were performed preferentially in patients with a history of FVFG compared with controls. Of the six previous FVFG patients, two converted to total hip arthroplasty, two completed patient reported outcomes, and two were lost to follow-up. Conclusion: Patients with previous FVFG for FHO are at an increased risk of chondral damage to the acetabulum and demonstrated more advanced chondral degeneration compared with controls. Level of Evidence: III; Retrospective cohort study
Operational Limits of Measuring while Drilling in Florida Limestone for Geotechnical Site Characterization

AbstractRock coring is an essential method of geotechnical site characterization for foundations supported by rock, in which three possible phases of operation exist: inefficient, optimized, and de...
Streamlined Whole Genome Sequencing of Mumps for High Resolution Outbreak Analysis.

Since 2015, the United States has experienced a resurgence in the number of mumps cases and outbreaks in fully vaccinated populations. These outbreaks have occurred predominantly in close quarter settings such as camps, colleges and detention centers. Phylogenetic analysis of 758 mumps positive samples from outbreaks across the United States, identified 743 (98%) as genotype G based on sequence analysis of the mumps small hydrophobic (SH) gene. Additionally, SH sequences in the genotype G samples showed almost no sequence diversity, with 675 (91%) of them having identical sequences or only one nucleotide difference. This uniformity of circulating genotype and strain created complications for epidemiologic investigations and necessitated the development of a system for rapidly generating mumps whole genome sequences for more detailed analysis. In this study, we report a novel and streamlined assay for whole genome sequencing (WGS) of mumps virus genotype G. The WGS procedure successfully generated 318 high-quality WGS sequences on nucleic acid from genotype G-positive respiratory samples collected during several mumps outbreaks in the United States between 2016-2019. Sequencing was performed by a rapid and highly sensitive custom Ion AmpliSeq mumps genotype G panel, with sample preparation performed on an Ion Chef and sequencing on an Ion S5. The WGS data generated by the AmpliSeq panel provided enhanced genomic resolution for epidemiological outbreak investigations. Translation and protein sequence analysis also identified several potentially important epitope changes in the circulating mumps genotype G strains compared to the Jeryl-Lynn strain (JL5) used in vaccines in the United States which could explain the current level of vaccine escapes.
Image Segmentation Based on the Integration of Markov Random Fields and Deformable Models

This paper proposes a new methodology for image segmentation based on the integration of deformable and Markov Random Field models. Our method makes use of Markov Random Field theory to build a Gibbs Prior model of medical images with arbitrary initial parameters to estimate the boundary of organs with low signal to noise ratio (SNR). Then we use a deformable model to fit the estimated boundary. The result of the deformable model fit is used to update the Gibbs prior model parameters, such as the gradient threshold of a boundary. Based on the updated parameters we restart the Gibbs prior models. By iteratively integrating these processes we achieve an automated segmentation of the initial images. By careful choice of the method used for the Gibbs prior models, and based on the above method of integration with deformable model our segmentation solution runs in close to real time. Results of the method are presented for several examples, including some MRI images with significant amount of noise.
Automotive Magnesium: Impacts and Opportunities

Structural magnesium alloys are simultaneously among the most promising and most challenging options as materials for next-generation, lightweight vehicles. Compared to conventional automotive materials, magnesium alloys can reduce the weight of structural components and systems by more than 50%. Vehicle fuel economy improves by 6–8% for every 10% reduction in weight [1], thus the significant potential for weight savings makes magnesium alloys an attractive technology to support improved efficiency in our cars and trucks. However, magnesium alloys for use in commercial and passenger vehicles face a variety of technical challenges [2] [3]. The maturity of magnesium alloys will be discussed in three main categories: (1) properties and manufacturability of alloys that meet automotive performance and cost requirements on a part-by-part basis, (2) joining and multi-material enabling technologies that support integration of magnesium components into structural systems, and (3) modeling and simulation of magnesium alloys and processes that allow rapid development and compatibility with existing, computationally-intensive vehicle design techniques.
Improved points approximation algorithms based on simplicial thickness data structures

Given a real e > 0, an integer g ≥ 0 and a set of points in the plane, we study the problem of computing a piecewise linear functional curve with minimum number of line segments to approximate all points after removing g outliers such that the approximation error is at most e. We give an improved algorithm over the previous work. The algorithm is based on two dynamic data structures developed in this paper for the simplicial thickness queries, which are of independent interest. For a set S of simplices in the d-D space Ed (d ≥ 2 is a constant), the simplicial thickness of a point p is defined as the number of simplices in S that contain p. Given a set P of n points in Ed, we develop two linear-space dynamic data structures to support the following operations. (1) Simplex insertion: Insert a simplex into S. (2) Simplex deletion: Delete a simplex from S. (3) Simplicial thickness query: Given a query simplex σ, compute the minimum simplicial thickness among all points in σ ∩ P. The first data structure supports each operation in O(n1-1/d) time with O(n1+δ) time preprocessing, for any constant δ > 0; the second one supports each operation in O(n1-1/d(log n)O(1)) time with O(n log n) time preprocessing. These data structures may also find other applications.
The Diversity of Asian Immigrants' Participation in Religious Institutions in the United States

Social scientific studies of new immigrants’ religious practices over the last 30 years have been based largely on ethnographic research on immigrant religious institutions. Two major themes emerging from these studies are that (1) non-Christian religious institutions have been transformed in the U.S. context, following the Protestant congregational model, and (2) immigrant religious institutions mainly serve ethnicity and social-service functions for their members. Since Asian immigrants mainly represent nonChristian religious groups, a major survey study of their religious participation sheds new light on these two themes. This study fills a gap in research on Asian immigrants’ institutional religious practices by providing comprehensive statistics using survey data. As expected, our analysis produces important findings that supplement previous and mostly ethnographic studies related to the two major themes. Our major findings also indicate that Asian Protestant and Catholic immigrant groups significantly differ from their American counterparts in institutional religious practices.