cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Fast Algorithm for Approximate Viewshed Computation

Given a terrain model, the viewshed from a viewpoint is computed as the set of X-Y positions of a point target such that the target is visible. We introduce a novel approach to the computation of accurate viewshed approximations. Our algorithm relies on the computation of an approximation to the so-called line-of-sight (LOS) function. This function is defined over target X-Y positions, and is the highest elevation of a target so that it is still occluded from the viewpoint. The LOS function summarizes intervisibility information and permits reuse of previous intervisibility computations, resulting in computational efficiencies. Our algorithm gives results very close to the traditional sightline ray method at a substantially smaller computational cost, and is a generalization of the approach developed by Franklin and Ray for the same problem. We describe in detail the application to gridded terrain models, but the approach is similarly applicable to other elevation models.
Soybean response to iron‐deficiency stress as related to iron supply in the growth medium

Abstract The Fe‐inefficient T203 and the Fe‐efficient A7 and Pioneer 1082 (P1082) soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) were grown hydroponically with no (0 mg Fe L‐1 ; ‐Fe) and a minute level (0.025 mg Fe L‐1 ; +Fe) of Fe to (a) compare their responses to Fe‐deficiency stress and (b) relate Fe‐efficiency in soybeans to their ability to initiate the Fe‐stress‐response mechanism at low levels of Fe. With no Fe in solution, P1082 released similar levels of H+ ions, but released less reductant from their roots and there was less reduction of Fe3+ to Fe2+ by their roots than by A7 roots. These responses were also one day later and occurred after a more severe chlorosis and a lower leaf Fe had developed in P1082 than in A7. With 0.025 mg L‐1 of solution Fe, it was not necessary for the Fe‐stress response mechanism to be fully activated to make Fe available in A7 soybean, whereas a strongly enhanced Fe stress response was observed in P1082. Increased Fe uptake and regreening of leaves immediately succeeded initiati...
Characteristics of Nonresponders in A Community Survey of the Elderly

OBJECTIVE: To identify predictors of nonresponse in a community survey of cognitive status in the elderly. DESIGN: Cross-sectional community survey with two stages of recruitment: an initial, less-intensive method, followed by a more aggressive approach that included face-to-face contact. Characteristics of initial nonresponders and responders were compared. SETTING: A close-knit rural community with higher than usual proportions of elderly, especially the very old. Subjects were interviewed in their homes. Collateral informants were subsequently interviewed by telephone. PARTICIPANTS: Utah heads of household aged 75 and older who resided in a noninstitutionalized setting. MEASUREMENTS: Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Dementia Questionnaire, and an autobiographical risk factor and family history questionnaire provided measures for all independent variables. The dependent variable was status as initial responders or initial nonresponders. RESULTS: An initial participation rate of 63% was achieved, but a final rate of 93% was achieved when initial nonresponders were contacted later face-to-face. MMSE score was significantly related to responder status when analyzed alone (p = -.19, P = 0.02) and remained a significant predictor after adjusting for education and whether born in Cache County (P = -.16, P = 0.041) or current drinking, diabetes, or “other” health problems (P = -.18, P = 0.028). After controlling for the informant report of subject's problems with activities of daily living, MMSE score fell just below statistical significance (P = -.16, P = 0.079). CONCLUSIONS: Nonresponders in community surveys of the elderly appear to be disproportionately cognitively impaired. The increase in participation rates achieved after more persistent recruitment suggests that many initial nonresponders can still be recruited if intensive methods are used.
Processes involved in the wear of cemented carbide tools

Abstract Studies were made of the initial cratering wear and subsequent wear propagation of WC-(Ti, Ta, W)C-Co tools used to cut carbon steel. Using mechanically polished tools and short cutting times (1–11 s), microstructural and chemical changes involved in the initial wear process were identified and used as a basis for evaluating several wear models. Making use of iron-coated and diffusion-annealed tools, the wear propagation process was similarly evaluated in tests of up to 6 min duration. Microscopic examination shows that WC grains fracture intragranularly, consequently generating fine WC wear debris. Analysis of chip material reveals the size of WC wear debris to be an order of magnitude less than the original grain size. The (Ti, Ta, W)C wear debris size was found to be of the order of the original grain size. Adhesion seems to be the most likely mechanism of wear. Abrasive wear seems to be inconsistent with the observed similarity between results for inclusion-containing 52100 steel and 1045 steel relatively free of inclusions. Despite evidence of substantial diffusion, diffusional wear models seem inapplicable owing to the relative wear rates of coated and uncoated tools and to the absence of intergranular failure. Dissolution models seem inconsistent with the observed coexistence of the iron coating and the WC particles.
Electrochemical behavior of natural and biosynthetic polynucleotides at the pyrolytic graphite electrode A new probe for studies of polynucleotide structure and reactions

Abstract The electrochemical oxidation of natural and biosynthetic polynucleotides at a pyrolytic graphite electrode (PGE) has been studied under differential pulse voltammetric conditions. Denatured DNA, ribosomal and transfer RNA give two voltammetric peaks. The first (more negative peak, peak G) corresponds to electrochemical oxidation of guanine residues where-as the second, more positive peak (peak A) corresponds to electrochemical oxidation of adenine residues. Native DNA gives rise only to a small peak A, peak G being totally absent. Denatured DNA and its voltammetric oxidation product are both strongly adsorbed at the PGE. Differential pulse voltammetric oxidation of natural and biosynthetic polynucleotides may provide a valuable technique for probing A-T and G-C regions during structural and conformational changes of these molecules and for following their interactions with other solution species.
Molecular mechanisms of ion conduction in ClC-type chloride channels: lessons from disease-causing mutations.

Molecular mechanisms of ion conduction in ClC-type chloride channels: Lessons from disease-causing mutations. The muscle Cl ­ channel, ClC-1, is a member of the ClC family of voltage-gated Cl ­ channels. Mutations in CLCN1, the gene encoding this channel, cause two forms of inherited human muscle disorders: recessive generalized myotonia congenita (Becker) and dominant myotonia (Thomsen). The functional characterization of these naturally occurring mutations not only allowed a better understanding of the pathophysiology of myotonia, it also provided important insights into the structure and function of the entire ClC channel family. This review describes recent experiments using a combination of cellular electrophysiology, molecular genetics, and recombinant DNA technology to study the molecular basis of ion permeation and selection in ClC-type chloride channels.
Efficacy of Activated Carbon from Broiler Litter in the Removal of Litter Generated Ammonia

Over the past 10 years, the production of broilers has increased by 29 percent to approximately 9 billion in 2005. Ammonia (NH3) pollution from broiler excreta is a primary concern for industry viability which requires innovative treatment options. This research focused on the use of broiler litter as activated carbon (BAC) to reduce aerial NH3 generated by litter, an opportunity to not only reuse the manure, but also treat the emissions from or within broiler houses. The use of activated carbon in the removal of NH3, specifically in broiler houses, has long been discarded primarily due to the high cost and low efficiency of the carbons. However, the study of BAC is a relatively new field that has focused on the removal of organics and/or metals from water. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of BAC to remove NH3 volatilized from litter samples in a laboratory acid-trap system. The BAC is a much cheaper alternative than commercially produced activated carbons. Preliminary studies using NH3/air mixture indicated that the BAC capacity to adsorb NH3 was approximately double that of Vapure 612, a commercial carbon. In the litter emission study, the BAC and Vapure performance was comparable. The NH3 emission reductions using the activated carbon columns were 25% for BAC and 36% for Vapure relative to the litter only control. The results of the study demonstrate the potential for a cyclical waste utilization strategy in using broiler litter activated carbon to capture NH3 volatilized from litter.
Apical Healing of an Endodontically Treated Tooth with a Temporary Restoration

A 35-yr-old, healthy male presented to the graduate endodontic clinic at Indiana University School of Dentistry for treatment of tooth #26. Two and one-half yr after treatment, the patient returned to the dental school for comprehensive treatment. The canal access opening had been restored with an intact interim restorative material restoration. The tooth was asymptomatic, and radiographic examination showed evidence of apical healing. In this article, a review of the literature concerning crown-down leakage is presented. A case report is given in which healing occurred after the tooth was restored with only an interim restorative material for an extended period of time.
Bone assessment in children: comparison of fan-beam DXA analysis.

Abstract The newest version of whole body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) analysis software from Hologic (Discovery 12.1) is designed to enhance bone detection in smaller subjects. We re-analyzed 1127 pediatric scans (ages 1.8–18.5 yr) previously analyzed using software version 11.2. Regression analysis compared new and original results for bone area (BA), bone mineral content (BMC), bone mineral density (BMD), and DXA-derived body weight. Changes in total and regional bone results were compared with age, weight, and height. New results were highly correlated with original analyses (R 2 ≥ 0.9), but there were large differences at the individual subject level. The BA and BMC values increased in subjects less than 40 kg weight, resulting in a lower BMD. Original and new results were equivalent by about age 14 yr in both genders. Regional bone data showed the greatest changes in the legs. The newest software produces significant changes in bone values in subjects weighing less than 40 kg, compared with earlier versions. This effect increases with decreasing body weight. This will impact interpretation of longitudinal pediatric DXA studies, as well as existing pediatric whole body bone reference databases. Investigators must recognize which DXA software version they are using, and which version produced any reference database they may use for comparison.
Collective modes of a bilayer quasi-two-dimensional spin polarized electron gas

Abstract In the presence of a weak electromagnetic perturbation, it is shown that a bilayer quasi-two-dimensional spin polarized system exhibits coupled in-phase and out-of-phase charge and spin density resonant excitations. These modes occur when either the self-consistent magnetization or Coulomb interaction effects beyond the random phase approximation are considered. The latter are introduced by means of spin-dependent local field corrections for exchange ( x ) and correlation (c), G σ x(c) ( q → ,w) . We analyze both intra- and inter-subband excitations and provide analytic results for their excitation frequencies in the long wavelength limit.
Comment: Be Careful What You Wish For—You May Get It: Educational Research in the Spotlight

Two matters of deep concern in the Feuer, Towne, and Shavelson article are the focus of this commentary. First, the authors agree that legislative mandates reifying particular methodological approaches would be ill informed and misdirected. Rather, what is legislatively appropriate is a mandate for rigorous peer review of federally funded work combined with funding to support such a review infrastructure within federal agencies. Second, the authors argue that building a professional community poses a substantial challenge that demands action not only by individual researchers but also by institutions of higher education. A thorough reconsideration of researcher training is in order if the desired professional community is to be achieved.
Hydrodynamic Damping on Flexible Cylinders in Sheared Flow

Results are given from flow-induced vibration experiments conducted in sheared flows. The site was an historic 1848 textile mill canal with a width of 58 feet. Variable headgates allowed a controllable horizontal shear to be produced. The paper emphasises the dramatic effect of hydrodynamic modal damping on the response. Means for predicting hydrodynamic damping are presented and results are compared to the observed response.
The Effect of Polyvalent Metal Ion Mordanting on Caries-like Lesion Progression in Enamel

The ability of metal ion mordanting followed by APF application to inhibit the progression of caries-like lesions was compared with APF treatment alone. The progression of the lesion was investigated in vitro using an acidified gel system, and the lesions were compared using polarized light microscopy. Both ferric and zirconyl pre-treatments, but not titanium, were shown to inhibit lesion progression to a greater extent than did APF. This inhibition was thought to be due to the presence of an amorphous-type coating similar to those produced on sound enamel by metal ion mordanting.
A water transport model for the creep response of the intervertebral disc

Time-dependence in the mechanical response of the intervertebral disc has previously been shown to arise from the transport of water out of the disc. A creep model has been devised which describes the water transport in terms of the disc structure. This model assumes that the flow of water is the result of a pressure gradient across the cartilage end-plates, caused by an externally applied stress. The fluid transport properties of the cartilage determine the flow rate. Several cases are studied; those that best fit the experimental results use either a straindependent or a time- and strain-dependent pressure gradient. The permeability of the disc system is in the range (0.20 to 0.85)×10−17 m4N−1 sec−1 and depends on the stress level. These values are lower than those reported in the literature for articular cartilage, but this can be explained in part by the differences in water content of the cartilage types. Permeability is found to decrease with applied stress, and both the strain- and time-dependence parameters increase in magnitude with stress. It can be shown that the analytical models of the creep response of the disc are analogous to three- and four-parameter viscoelastic models that employ springs and dashpots.
Psychology and Public Policy: Tool or Toolmaker?

ABSTRACTPeople's behavior shapes and is shaped by how environmental issues are managed. As a result, there may be a role for psychologists in various environmental issues. This role offers opportunities to increase the influence and sophistication of our science. However, it also poses risks for bot
Anthropology and the fossil fuel era

: Oil is so vital to the growth economy today that we find it almost impossible to imagine a world without it. Given that world oil production is constrained and that our fossil fuel consumption per capita is no longer sustainable, what are the consequences for humanity, especially the world's poor majority? This editorial urges anthropologists to confront this question with the full range and force of our discipline's insights, data and methods.
RIN-suppressed ultralow noise interferometric fiber optic gyroscopes (IFOGs) for improving inertial stabilization of space telescopes

Pointing, acquisition, and tracking (PAT) systems in spaceborne optical communications terminals can exploit inertial sensors and actuators to counter platform vibrations and maintain steady beam pointing. Interferometric fiber optic gyroscopes (IFOGs) can provide sensitive angle rate measurements down to very low (sub-milliHertz) mechanical frequencies, potentially reducing the required beacon power and facilitating acquisition for a spaceborne optical communications terminals. Incoherent broadband light sources are used in IFOGs to alleviate detrimental effects of optical nonlinearities, backscattering, and polarization non-reciprocity. But incoherent broadband sources have excess noise or relative intensity noise (RIN), caused by the beating of different spectral components on the photodetector. Unless RIN noise is suppressed, IFOG performance cannot be improved once the light on the photodetector exceeds one photon per coherence time (~microWatts). We propose a simple method to dramatically suppress the RIN of an incoherent light source and thereby reduce the angle random walk (ARW) of an IFOG using such a source. We demonstrate 20 dB RIN suppression of a broadband EDFA source, which we predict could improve the angle random walk (ARW) of an IFOG using this source by 12 dB.
Cationic Substitutions in the Alunite Group: ABSTRACT

Minerals of the Alunite group are designated as AB3(SO4)2(OH)6 with A = Na, K, Pb, NH4, Ag or H3O and B = Al (alunite) or Fe+++ (jarosite). Synthesis studies of Na-K and Al-Fe substitutions produce a series of solid solutions for which natural counterparts have been found. Synthesis has been successful at temperatures ranging from 78°C. to 180°C. with pressures up to 6 atmospheres. At the lower temperatures, analyses show a univalent cation deficiency and an excess of +H2O, indicating the presence of H3O+. DTA curves of hydronium-bearing jarosites show three endothermic reactions at approximately 350°C., 400°C., and 800°C. The 350°C. eaction is broad and represents a loss of hydronium ion. Similar results have been noted for natural, low-temperature jarosites. Synthesis of alunites and jarosites with variable K-Na ratios shows a marked preference for K+. The Na-K substitution produces little change on the a0 dimension, but a pronounced effect upon c0 is recorded. The opposite effect obtains upon substitution of Fe+++ for Al. The preference for Fe+++ in the structure is lowered with increased temperature and reduced acidity. Currently the parameters controlling the incorporation of Ag and Te in the alunite structure are being investigated. End_of_Article - Last_Page 519------------
Derivation, selection, evaluation and use of asymptotes

Asymptotes are known to be useful, but their potential in interpreting and correlating chemical and physical behaviour is seldom exploited fully. The derivation and selection of asymptotes for particular as well as limiting cases is described. The evaluation of the range of validity and applicability, if any, of asymptotes is also considered. Asymptotes are shown to be uniquely useful in the identification of groupings of variables which minimize parameteric variations, as upper and lower bounds, as trial functions in the method of weighted residuals, and most especially as components of correlating equations.
A-Optimal and MV-Optimal Incomplete Block Designs for Comparing Successive Treatments

Consider an incomplete block experiment in which observations are taken from t treatments using an incomplete block design with b blocks of size k < t. Suppose the interest is in estimating the differences of effects of successive treatments. This may occur, for example, if the treatments are different dosages or concentrations of a compound. This article presents A-optimal and MV-optimal incomplete block designs for estimating the the differences of successive treatment effects. Tables of optimal designs are given for k < t ≤ 5 with b ≤ 40.
Strategies for Hospital-Wide Dissemination of Psychiatric Rehabilitation Interventions

Abstract An ultimate goal in the development of effective rehabilitation interventions within clinical-research contexts is the dissemination of these techniques to the “typical” treatment setting. Often however, hospital administrators at such settings either see this goal as unattainable, or do not implement a carefully integrated process of staff training and administrative support. In this paper, we describe the steps in an ongoing effort to implement psychiatric rehabilitation practices hospital-wide in a state psychiatric facility. This process has involved a number of critical components including time-limited use of outside experts, focused administrative support and quality assurance, continuing education opportunities, and the establishment of both a unit specializing in rehabilitation interventions that serves as an ongoing training environment for hospital staff, and a core group of practitioners from this program who provide regular external consultation to other hospital programs. These and ...
Integrating Technology Tools for Students Struggling With Written Language

AbstractThis exploratory study was designed to assess the experience of preservice teachers when integrating written language technology and their likelihood of applying that technology in their future classrooms. Results suggest that after experiencing technology integration, preservice teachers are more likely to use it in their future teaching.
Hobbes's contempt for opinions: Manipulation and the challenge for mass democracies

Abstract Thomas Hobbes denied both that opinion provides access to truth and that it ought to be protected from political manipulation. Hobbes knew that his contempt for opinion put him at odds with the classical tradition of political philosophy. What he could not have known was that it also would put him at odds with modern, liberal democracy, which protects opinions—the opinions of the public—that it cannot invest with truth value.
From programs to systems: implications for program evaluation illustrated by the Community Mental Health Centers Program experience.

Abstract Many approaches can be used to develop understanding of service programs. These approaches vary in how much they rely on technical vs. political procedures, who controls them, purpose, scope of content, and generality of results. Only some of these approaches are usually considered program evaluation. This diversity is illustrated by a description of the history of 10 program evaluation-like approaches to understanding as they operated during the 18-year life of the federal Community Mental Health Centers (CMHC) Program. When services were funded in federal categorical programs, information-gathering approaches focused narrowly on the program and its activities. It now appears that more widely useful information would result by shifting from the evaluation of “programs” to comparative analysis and evaluation of service systems.
Effect of environment capacitance on the charging energy of a single tunnel junction

We investigate the effect of a capacitor in the electromagnetic environment on the charging energy of a single tunnel junction, and find that whether the capacitor contributes to the charging energy is determined by the resistance between the tunnel junction and the capacitor. The charging energy is reduced and given by the total capacitance of the junction and the capacitor if the resistance is small, and is unchanged in the opposite limit. This result is relevant to some recent experiments on single tunnel junction. It can also be experimentally tested on parallel connected tunnel junctions.
Body weight, body image, and perception of fad diets in adolescent girls

Abstract A study of 203 adolescent girls tested interrelationships among body weight, body image, and perceived desirability of fad diets. Subjects were students in home economics classes of four high schools in rural and suburban areas near Philadelphia. We treated the desired amount of weight loss as an independent variable and divided the 169 subjects who wanted to lose weight into two groups: one wanting a weight loss of more than 10% of actual body weight and the other wanting less loss. Of all subjects, 88% received scores that reflected less than high articulation of body concept with no significant difference between the two groups wanting weight loss. In selecting actual and ideal body sizes from a series of five outline drawings of female figures that ranged from 20% underweight to 20% overweight, most selected average or 10% underweight drawings as actual size, though 27 subjects were at least 20% above average weight; most selected underweight representations as ideal. The group desiring more than 10% weight loss exhibited a significantly greater discrepancy in their selections than did the group desiring less loss. All subjects used more negative than positive adjectives in describing their appearance, with no significant difference between the groups wanting to lose weight. All subjects rated more healthful methods of weight reduction higher than fad diets, but the group desiring more than 10% weight loss rated fad diets significantly more desirable than did the other group.
Organometallic acetylenes of phosphorus, arsenic and antimony. Synthesis and spectral data of tris(3,3-dimethyl-1-butynyl) derivatives

Trialkynylphosphines, arsines and stibines have been synthesized and investigated during the past five years ‘s2 Phosphorus derivatives have been studied _ in detai13. In an earlier publication, we reported that tert-butyl groups stabilize the organometallic acetylenes4. Since the trialkynyl derivatives of the fifth main group are not very stable (the triethynyl compounds are explosive), we prepared the corresponding tris(3,3dimethyl-l-butynyl) derivatives to establish the possibility of a similar stabilizing effect in these compounds_ Synthesis and reactions of these compounds may be represented by the following equations where M = P, Sb or As :
Using the Mass Ratio to Induce Band Gaps in a 1D Array of Nonlinearly Coupled Oscillators

A one dimensional system of nonlinearly coupled magnetic oscillators has been studied. After deriving the equations of motion for each oscillator, the system is linearized about a stable equilibrium and studied using an assumed solution form for a traveling wave. Wave propagation and attenuation regions are predicted by reducing the system of equations to a standard eigenvalue problem. Through evaluating these equations across the entire irreducible Brillouin zone, it is determined that when the masses of each oscillator are identical, the entire frequency range of the system is a propagation zone. By varying the masses comprising a unit cell, band gaps are observed. It is shown that the mass ratio can be used to guide both the size and location of these band gaps. Numerical simulations are performed to support our analytical findings.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Discussion related to Watson and Evans: ``Resonant frequencies of a fluid in containers with internal bodies''

Some recent authors have studied sloshing frequencies of fluid in a container, but have ignored the well-established literature on the asymptotic structure of the modes of linear oscillations. The present discussion draws attention to the more efficient solution methods thus suggested and relates the results to known asymptotic forms.
Mother-infant bonding: Weighing the evidence

Questions have been raised ( B. J. Myers, 1984, Developmental Review, 4, 240–274 ) about the methodology and interpretation of some of the studies that have investigated the effects of early and extended postnatal contact on later mother-to-infant attachment or bonding. Additional information about the first study that was published in 1972 ( M. H. Klaus, R. Jerauld, N. Kreger, W. MeAlpine, M. Steffa, & J. H. Kennell, 1972, New England Journal of Medicine, 286, 460–463 ) and about the author's current concepts is provided in this report. Other studies that replicate and extend our understanding of the significance of events during the perinatal period are noted. Slight but possibly important alterations in routine practices at different hospitals may account for some of the apparent inconsistencies in outcome across studies. The many complex factors involved in the bonding process cannot be considered in isolation. It seems unlikely that such a life-sustaining relationship would be dependent on a single process. There are many fail-safe routes to attachment.
Effects of Drug‐testing Programme on Employee Attitudes, Productivity and Attendance Behaviours

Presents a longitudinal field study which compares changes in perceptions of productivity and attendance behaviours for participants in a drug‐testing programme in a manufacturing firm in the mid‐western USA. Employee efficiency, productivity and absenteeism changes related to the implementation of the drug‐testing programme were measured by collecting and analysing actual organizational data. Data for each of the measures were collected for a 42‐month period, ranging from 18‐months prior to the implementation of the programme to 24‐months after the programme began. The attitudinal results provide, at best, circumspect support for the claims of drug‐testing proponents that the programme reduces drug abuse in the workplace and improves overall productivity. The performance results, however, document a positive and substantial impact of drug testing initiative on employee productivity and absenteeism rates.
Structure Factor and Radial Distribution Function for Liquid Argon at 85 °K

The structure factor $S(Q)$ for liquid argon at 85 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K has been determined in a neutron scattering experiment to an accuracy of \ensuremath{\sim}0.01. The problem of obtaining $S(Q)$ from the results of neutron scattering measurements, made as a function of scattering angle using a detector with an energy-dependent efficiency, is considered in detail. Smooth curves for $S(Q)$ and its Fourier transform, the radial distribution function $g(r)$, were obtained from the experimental data by an iterative procedure suggested by Verlet and carried out by Schiff, and are tabulated for convenience. The experimental results are in excellent agreement with the predictions of computer simulations based on either the Lennard-Jones two-body interaction, or on the Barker, Fisher, and Watts potential with corrections for three-body and quantum effects included.
The absence of residual memory consolidation following transcranial current

Abstract Both transcranial current and flurothyl (a chemo-convulsant) can cause retrograde amnesia (RA) in chicks, and have been assumed to interfere with memory consolidation. However, current is effective only when administered within seconds after training, whereas flurothyl at high doses can be effective when given hours afterward. This study examines the hypothesis that current functions as a low dose of flurothyl and only partially blocks consolidation, thus allowing some consolidation to continue after its application, resulting in apparently short RA gradients. Chicks in the control group received only one training trial, while chicks in the experimental group had, in addition, a prior trial followed by immediate current. The procedure was designed to optimize detection of latent retention of the experimental group from its first training trial. Similar performance by the two groups on a later test trial demonstrates that little latent retention survives immediate current, and that the current does not act like a low dose of flurothyl. An alternative interpretation that the two agents act on different stages of the consolidation process is adopted.
Synthesis of graphene films by rapid heating and quenching at ambient pressures and their electrochemical characterization

We study the process of graphene growth on Cu and Ni substrates subjected to rapid heating (approximately 8 °C/s) and cooling cycles (approximately 10 °C/s) in a modified atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition furnace. Electron microscopy followed by Raman spectroscopy demonstrated successful synthesis of large-area few-layer graphene (FLG) films on both Cu and Ni substrates. The overall synthesis time was less than 30 min. Further, the as-synthesized films were directly utilized as anode material and their electrochemical behavior was studied in a lithium half-cell configuration. FLG on Cu (Cu-G) showed reduced lithium-intercalation capacity when compared with SLG, BLG and Bare-Cu suggesting its substrate protective nature (barrier to Li-ions). Although graphene films on Ni (Ni-G) showed better Li-cycling ability similar to that of other carbons suggesting that the presence of graphene edge planes (typical of Ni-G) is important in effective uptake and release of Li-ions in these materials.
A study of a monetary system with a pegged discount rate under different market structures

Abstract This paper analyzes a monetary system typical of many European countries, in which the Central Bank carries out monetary policy by pegging the discount rate and then allowing unlimited advances at that rate. The differential effects of monopoly and competition in the banking system are explored, and the responsiveness of the system to policy tools and exogenous shocks is analyzed. The standard ‘money multiplier’ approach is shown to be inappropriate for this kind of system.
Measurement of the Volume Growth Rate of Single Budding Yeast

We report on measurements of the growth rate of single budding yeasts with two microfluidic devices. One device is a MOSFET-based microfluidic Coulter-type sensor, which amplifies nonlinearly the resistance modulation from the translocation of budding yeast through the sensing microchannel. By moving a budding yeast cell back and forth through the sensing channel and measuring the induced resistance pulse from the translocation of the budding yeast, the volume growth rate of a budding yeast cell can be measured over its whole cell cycle. The other microfluidic device is based on comparing the resistance of the sensing microchannel with that of a reference microchannel, which eliminates the signal drift from the electrical conductivity change of the culture media. The reference channel-based sensing scheme enables real-time measurements of the volume growth rate of a budding yeast cell sitting in the sensing microchannel over a whole cell cycle. Measurement results from both devices show that the volume growth of single budding yeast is of sigmoid shape with a slow growth rate both before the bud emergence and at the end of the cell cycle. The device could be used for other important applications such as sensing the response of kidney cells to their micro-environments.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Coital and contraceptive behavior of female adolescents.

Structured interviews conducted with 532 female clients of a teen contraceptive clinic revealed a moderate level of coital activity (in terms of both frequency of intercourse and number of partners) which typically began at age 15. Prior use of contraception was sporadic and almost exclusively confined to nonprescription methods. Primary reasons for nonuse of birth control included fear of lessening the pleasure of intercourse and lack of access to contraception. The data indicate that a combination of comprehensive sex education and ready access to birth control is necessary to prevent unintended adolescent pregnancy.
Investigating the skill gap between graduating students and industry expectations

Graduating computer science and software engineering students do not always possess the necessary skills, abilities, or knowledge when beginning their careers in the software industry. The lack of these skills and abilities can limit the productivity of newly hired, recent graduates, or even prevent them from gaining employment. This paper presents the results of an empirical study where twenty-three managers and hiring personnel from various software companies in the United States and Europe were interviewed. Participants were asked about areas where recent graduates frequently struggled when beginning employment at their companies and which skill deficiencies might prevent a recent graduate from being hired. The results of this study indicate that recent graduates struggle with using configuration management systems (and other software tools), effectively communicating with co-workers and customers, producing unit tests for their code, and other skills or abilities. The results also indicate that a lack of project experience and problem solving abilities are the most commonly cited issues preventing students from gaining employment. This research is intended to assist educators in identifying areas where students may not measure up the expectations of industry companies and in improving the curriculum at their universities to better prepare them for their future careers.
Humanin and age-related diseases: a new link?

Humanin (HN) is 24-amino acid mitochondria-associated peptide. Since its initial discovery over a decade ago, a role for HN has been reported in many biological processes such as apoptosis, cell survival, substrate metabolism, inflammatory response and response to stressors such as oxidative stress, ischemia and starvation. HN and its potent analogs have been shown to have beneficial effects in many age-related diseases including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), stroke, diabetes, myocardial ischemia and reperfusion (MI-R), atherosclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and certain types of cancer both in vitro and in vivo. More recently, an association between HN levels, growth hormone/ insulin-like growth factor-1 (GH/IGF axis) and life span was demonstrated using various mouse models with mutations in the GH/IGF axis. The goal of this review is to summarize the current understanding of the role of HN in aging and age-related diseases.
Is Crystal Reflection of X-Rays entirely a Classical Phenomenon?

ACCORDING to recent papers by Waller (Phil. Mag., 4, 1228) and Wentzel (Zeit. f. Phys., 43, 1, and 43, 779), the regular reflection of X-rays can be treated as a purely classical phenomenon and the modified scattering of the Compton effect can be disregarded. If this is so, then the values of the atomic structure factor for a given atom (or F values) at various angles of reflection have the property that
Tel, a frequent target of leukemic translocations, induces cellular aggregation and influences expression of extracellular matrix components

Tel (ETV6) is an ETS transcription factor that is found fused to a variety of tyrosine kinases and transcription factors in lymphoid and myeloid leukemias and in fibrosarcoma and mesoblastic nephroma. It contains two functional domains, a pointed (PNT) protein interaction domain and a DNA binding domain (DBD).
Bond-length fluctuations in transition-metal oxoperovskites

Abstract Bond-length fluctuations in transition-metal oxoperovskites may give rise to two-phase fluctuations in what appears to be a single phase to a diffraction experiment. Orbital disorder at Jahn–Teller ions results in bond-length fluctuations that give 3D-ferromagnetic, vibronic Mn(III)–O–Mn(III) superexchange interactions and allow disproportionation into Mn(IV) and Mn(II) in LaMnO 3 ; where orbitally ordered and disordered phases coexist, an external magnetic field stabilizes the orbitally disordered, ferromagnetic phase relative to the orbitally ordered, antiferromagnetic phase. Spin–lattice interactions in the paramagnetic phase of charge-transfer compounds give bond-length fluctuations arising from the semicovalent component of the superexchange interactions. At the crossover from localized to itinerant electronic behavior, the coexistence of two-phase fluctuations has been demonstrated in both the single-valent R NiO 3 family ( R =rare-earth, A =alkaline-earth) and the mixed-valent R 0.5 A 0.5 MnO 3 perovskites. “Bad-metal” behavior is found to be associated with bond-length fluctuations.
Evacuee Route Choice Decisions in a Dynamic Hurricane Evacuation Context

Very high traffic volumes may lead to extensive congestion during hurricane evacuations. Evacuation planners reduce this congestion by careful planning for multiple hurricane scenarios and assignment of evacuation routes and timing. This planning may be for naught if obstructions block key roadways. An advanced traveler information system (ATIS) may be used to guide evacuees to alternate routes, but how effective will that guidance be? Should the use of alternate routes be encouraged? How are drivers likely to respond to delays and information? Will information shorten or improve the reliability of travel times in emergency conditions? Integration of a dynamic evacuation simulation and a decision-making model (representative of the decisions made by potential hurricane evacuees when provided with information on downstream traffic congestion and alternate routes) can help emergency planners prepare for the unexpected. Advance modeling of likely accident locations and the severity can forecast the effects o...
A Numerical Study of the Interaction between Stratocumulus and the Air Overlying It

Abstract The structure and evolution of stratocumulus cloud decks have long been recognized to depend upon a balance of numerous processes including the downward entrainment of the overlying free tropospheric air into the cloud deck. While the cloud is understood to have an impact on the overlying air as it subsides toward the inversion, the nature of the interaction between the stratocumulus and the overlying air has not been studied in detail. We have developed a simple, one-dimensional model of the air in the lower free troposphere as it subsides to the stratocumulus cloud deck. First, we fixed the mixed layer in order to determine how the thermodynamic structure of the overlying air impacts the cloud. Our model shows that this overlying air can have a large impact on the net longwave flux across the cloud top and thus the longwave cloud-top cooling. The overlying air, which may require days to subside through a couple of kilometers, undergoes cooling at a rate that depends on its vapor content. The to...
Family adjustment and interventions in neurodevelopmental disorders.

Purpose of review Developmental disabilities are increasingly recognized, and remarkable progress is being made on the genetic and neurobiological underpinnings of many disorders. Yet, only a tiny percentage of the disability literature addresses families of children with disabilities. A review of recently published family studies reveals salient trends and gaps. Recent findings Consistent with previous work, high levels of parent stress, illness, anxiety, and depression are apparent. Studies in the USA focused on parents of children with autism; in contrast, studies on parents of children with intellectual disabilities were almost always conduced abroad. Compared to other disabilities, families of children with psychiatric disorders and genetic syndromes are understudied. The majority of family studies are descriptive, with very few trials or interventions aimed at reducing parental stress. Of these, mindfulness practices and a peer-mentor model of treatment delivery hold much promise for effective stress reduction. Psychoeducational programs and respite care are differentially beneficial. Summary A new era of family intervention research is in order. This work can take advantage of many advances in telemedicine, peer-mentor models, smart technology, and biomarkers as indices of change. Benefit could also stem from group interventions with parents who share similar concerns, regardless of their child's diagnostic label.
From Singing Girl to Revolutionary Artist: Female Entertainers Remembering China's Socialist Past (1949–The Present)

This article explores a unique aspect of gendered socialism by examining the competing narratives of the state and individuals’ oral accounts, particularly the stories of former singing girls and Chinese Communist Party (CCP) cadres. During the socialist transformation of the 1950s, singing girls-turned-revolutionary artists, as popular performers and new socialist women, found mutual interests with the CCP: political propaganda for the Party, making profit for the troupe, and self-transformation for the girls. This article argues that the Party and former singing girls enacted a uniquely gendered socialism by continuously deploying the singing girls’ cultural and financial influence colored with their erotic image. In addition, this essay treats oral history as a process of identity and history construction rather than as “fact.”
Health-seeking resources in depressed outpatients.

The recent shift in the delivery of mental health services from traditional inpatient care to community-based treatment has amplified the need for psychiatric-mental health nurses to develop effective strategies for depressed clients in community settings. This study examined characteristics of 126 depressed outpatients with and without prior hospitalization and compared the two groups on variables related to depression using Schlotfeldt's health-seeking model. Results for both groups showed that absence of depressive symptoms and learned resourcefulness were significant predictors of adaptive functioning. Social interest was significant only for those without prior hospitalization. These findings support the use of interventions that minimize depressive symptoms, teach resourcefulness and encourage social interest in depressed outpatients.
Differential Salmonella survival against communities of intestinal amoebae

Predation from intestinal amoebae may provide selective pressure for the maintenance of high genetic diversity at the Salmonella enterica rfb locus, whereby serovars better escape predators in particular environments depending on the O-antigens they express. Here, the hypothesis that amoebae from a particular intestinal environment collectively prefer one serovar over another is tested. Collections of Acanthamoeba, Tetramitus, Naegleria and Hartmannella were isolated from the intestinal tracts of several vertebrate hosts, including bullfrog tadpoles, goldfish, turtles and bearded dragons, and their feeding preferences were determined. Congeneric amoebae from the same environment had significantly similar feeding preferences. Strikingly, even unrelated amoebae – such as Naegleria and Tetramitus from goldfish – also had significantly similar feeding preferences. Yet amoebae isolated from different environments showed no similarity in prey choice. Thus, feeding preferences of amoebae appear to reflect their environment, not their taxonomic relationships. A mechanism mediating this phenotypic convergence is discussed.
La protein and the trafficking of nascent RNA polymerase iii transcripts.

Several small nuclear and cytoplasmic RNAs are synthesized by RNA polymerase (Pol) III as nascent transcripts that must then migrate through RNA processing, modification, and transport machinery on their trek to becoming mature, functional molecules. The first factor to interact with newly
Human placental Δ5-3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, Δ4,5isomerase: in vitro effect of dehydroepiandrosterone and allylestrenol

The in vitro effects of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA) and allylestrenol on human placental delta 5- 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, delta 4,5 isomerase activity (delta 5-3 beta-HSDH) was investigated by incubation of subcellular fractions with [4-14C] pregnenolone. It has been found that DHA inhibits the delta 5-3 beta-HSDH activity up to -81% at 5 X 10-5 M concentration while allylestrenol seems to be able to lightly stimulate the delt a 5-3 beta-HSDH activity with a maximum effect (+15-26%) at 5 X 10-7 M concentration. The data concerning allylestrenol, seem of particular interest as this compound is used as a progestative drug during pregnancy, if one consider the inhibitory effect exerted by several natural and synthetic steroids on the delta 5-3 beta-HSDH activity.