cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Numerical Study of a Granular Material in Various Gravity Environments

AbstractThis paper presents the material response of a granular material under different gravity fields using the discrete element method (DEM). A bidispersive porous medium is prepared and sheared under various gravity conditions. The medium is composed of two kinds (shape and size) of ellipsoids. Each type of particle occupies 50% of the whole mass. The ellipsoids are randomly generated and deposited in lunar gravity (1/6g), Earth’s gravity (1g), and elevated gravity (10g). Various friction coefficients are used during the deposition stage, which yields samples of different initial densities. Afterward, samples are isotropically consolidated to different initial confining pressures, and the friction coefficient between particles is 0.5. A total of 25 numerical samples have been created. Very large strain is applied to the sample under drained or undrained conditions. The granular material comes into the critical state. Overall, the gravity effect on peak friction angle (shear strength of the material) i...
Free-electron lasers: reliability, performance, and beam delivery

The Vanderbilt free-electron laser (FEL) is a continuously tunable source of pulsed, mid-infrared radiation. FEL applications research has been underway for a decade. Recent experimental advances in FEL ablation of soft tissue indicate the potential for FEL-based protocols in surgery and medicine. In anticipation of these medical applications, the Vanderbilt FEL is being upgraded to meet the reliability and performance standards for a medical laser. Facilities for laser surgery have been constructed and equipped and medical delivery systems are being developed for pre-clinical and clinical research.
Listeriosis in Patients at a Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1955–1997

Listeria monocytogenes infection occurred in 94 patients during 1955–1997 at Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center. The incidence was 0.5 (1955–1966), 0.96 (1970–1979), and 0.14 (1985–1997) cases per 1000 new admissions. Eighty-five patients (90%) were bacteremic, and 34 (36%) had evidence of intracranial infection. In 91 patients with cancer, 70 (77%) received chemotherapy for advanced or relapsed malignancy ( ; n p 51 56%); 64 (68%) received corticosteroids. Breast cancer was the most common solid-organ cancer ( ; n p 14 45%), and 34 (36%) had preexisting advanced liver disease. In 14 (39%) of 37 patients who died of listeriosis, death occurred within 48 h of L. monocytogenes isolation. Four (80%) of 5 patients with extracranial foci of infection died of their infection, compared with 33 (37%) of 89 patients with isolated bacteremia and/or intracranial infection (odds ratio, 2.34; ). Most infections (60%) were due to L. monocytogenes serotype P p .05 1/2, and the remainder (40%) were due to serovar 4b. Listeriosis in these patients with cancer occurred most often in individuals receiving antineoplastic therapy for advanced or relapsed malignancy and systemic corticosteroids. The presence of advanced liver disease may have increased the risk of systemic listeriosis in susceptible patients with underlying cancer.
DFM EDA Technology: A Lithographic Perspective

Design for manufacturability (DFM) is a broadly used term that can be applied to many yield-related activities in the semiconductor industry. However, recent focus in the industry has centered on managing the impact of the increasing complexity of lithography on process and electrical yield. This paper looks at the evolution of DFM tools with a focus on the impact of lithography on design and how electronic design automation (EDA) tools will be used to compensate for the increasing difference between ideal design data and resulting structures on silicon wafers.
A robust control based solution to the sample-profile estimation problem in fast atomic force microscopy

SUMMARY The atomic force microscope (AFM) is a powerful tool for imaging and manipulating matter at the nanoscale. An optimal control problem is proposed for the control of AFMs which includes the design of a sample-profile estimate signal in addition to the set-point regulation and resolution objectives. A new estimate signal for the sample profile is proposed and it is proved that the transfer function between the profile signal and the estimate signal is unity. The main contribution in comparison to existing designs is that there is no bandwidth limitation on estimation of sample profiles! Experimental results are presented to corroborate these results. Copyright # 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preventive Nutrition and Physical Activity: An Exercise in Interviewing for Medical Students

Preventive care guidelines for physicians recommend patient counseling to promote a healthy diet and regular physical activity. Unfortunately, there is a paucity of materials to support training in these skills for medical students. This assignment is intended to help medical students learn to integrate questions about preventive nutrition and physical activity into the standard medical history, and then to synthesize the information they gather into a coherent assessment and plan using evidence-based national guidelines.
Graphene-based optical modulators

The optical loss of graphene can be tuned by shifting its Fermi level. We demonstrated that this tuning can be used for in a high-speed optical modulator at telecommunication wavelength.
A LASER-TRIGGERED, INDUCTIVE OPENING SWITCH USING HIGH-TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTING THIN FILMS

Fast, high-current opening switches are required in a number of switching applications, including superconducting magnetic energy storage systems. High-Tc superconducting thin films have been used to construct opening switches using their magnetic properties. A superconducting thin film is used to screen the magnetic flux linkage between the primary and secondary coils of a transformer. Short (150-ps) laser pulses heat the film above its transition temperature allowing the flux, produced by a primary current, to couple to the secondary. This appears as an induced voltage pulse at the load and corresponds to opening the switch. We have demonstrated the switching using high-quality (Jc > 1 MA/cm2 at 77K) YBa2Cu3O7-x films and have achieved switching times of 50 ns.
African American and Anglo-American Gender Identities: An Empirical Study

Although research has shown that the gender identities ofAfricanAmericans are more androgynous than the gender identities ofAnglo-Americans, little effort has been made to determine how representative of the African American population these gender patterns are. A study was designed to determine whether the gender identities of African American male and female middle-class subjects are the same as the gender identities of theirAnglo-American male andfemale counterparts. Usinga modifiedversionoftheBemSex-RoleInventory, AfricanAmerican men and women were found to be more androgynous than Anglo-American men and women. African American males and females have an equal propensity to regard masculine traits as more self-descriptive, whereasAnglo-American males regard masculine traits as more self-descriptive than do Anglo-American females. Females of both races regardfeminine traits as more self-descriptive than do males, but this tendency is slightly stronger for Anglo-Americans than for African Americans. Angl...
Down‐regulation of Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Generation by Two Distinct Suppressor‐Cell Systems

Two distinct suppressor systems have been described that are capable of down-regulating in vivo generation of cytotoxic T cells directed toward haptenaltered self-antigens. One system, induced by hapten, involves three T cells that others have shown to function sequentially to suppress DTH. The initiator of this cascade is a T cell that is readily induced in spleens of mice injected intravenously with syngenic membrane-coupled hapten. This Ts, when triggered by the same syngeneic membrane-coupled hapten that induced it, elaborates a factor. The other two Ts arise in lymph nodes and spleens of mice painted epidermally with hapten. One of the two Ts in this set is readily armed by the factor of the first Ts. The factor confers its specificity and genetic restriction upon the accepting Ts. The latter, when properly triggered, makes a factor that is taken up by its companion Ts, which actually suppresses by way of a nonspecific factor. Whereas this Ts cascade is operative at the efferent limb of DTH, it mediates suppression only at the afferent phase of the CTL response. A distinctly different suppressor system is induced by minor locus (Mls) antigen. When Mlsd lymphoid cells are injected intravenously into Mlsc-possessing mice, an Lyt-1+ T-suppressor cell is generated that can be found in the spleen as well as among peritoneal exudate cells. This Ts interacts with macrophages to accomplish nonspecific suppression of the CTL response that is detectable both in vivo as well as in vitro. A Ts soluble product has been found to be effective to suppress CTL generation in vitro only when macrophages are present in culture. The macrophage that accomplishes suppression is I-A-. Although the afferent limb of the CTL response is down-regulated by this suppressor system, our in vitro culturing system is so structured as to make the helper T cell inactive. Thus, the mechanism of suppression must be oriented to the other early participants in the response, namely, precursor CTL, helper and differentiation factors, and/or the antigen-presenting cell.
Identification of Promoter Variants in Baboon Endothelial Lipase That Regulate High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels

Background— High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) levels are a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Previously we identified a quantitative trait locus on baboon chromosome 18 that regulates HDL. From positional cloning studies and expression studies, we identified the endothelial lipase gene (LIPG) as the primary candidate gene for the quantitative trait locus. The mechanism by which LIPG variation influences HDL levels has not been determined. Methods and Results— We identified 164 LIPG polymorphisms in a panel of sibling baboons discordant for HDL1 and genotyped putative regulatory polymorphisms in a population of 951 pedigreed baboons. With the use of quantitative trait nucleotide analysis we identified 3 polymorphisms in the LIPG promoter associated with variation in serum HDL1 levels. In addition, we demonstrated that these 3 polymorphisms affect LIPG promoter activity in vitro. In silico analysis was used to identify putative transcription factors that differentially bind the function...
Magnus effect in saltation

High-speed motion pictures (2000 frames/s) of saltating spherical glass microbeads (of diameter 350–710 μm and density 2·5 g/cm3) were taken in an environmental wind tunnel to simulate the planetary boundary layer. Analysis of the experimental particle trajectories show the presence of a substantial lifting force in the intermediate stages of the trajectories. Numerical integration of the equations of motion including a Magnus lifting force produced good agreement with experiment. Typical spin rates were of the order of several hundred revolutions per second and some limited experimental proof of this is presented. Average values and frequency distributions for liftoff and impact angles are also presented. The average lift-off and impact angles for the experiments were 50° and 14° respectively. A semi-empirical procedure for determining the average trajectory associated with given conditions is developed.
Planning Self-Healing Ring Capacity under Demand Uncertainty

We describe an approach to planning the capacity for self-healing rings in a survivable network when there is uncertainty about the demands that will be served. When detailed, reliable forecast data is not available, network plans based on stochastic methods that consider multiple demand scenarios are usually superior to those based on single point-estimates. However, a large number of potential realizations usually have to be considered before a reasonable plan can be developed. In addition, information regarding the distribution of the point-to-point demands may be elusive. In this paper, we show that when survivable components, like self-healing rings, are placed into the network some robustness to demand uncertainty is naturally provided, so the planning process can be simplified. We present an approach to sizing these components that uses the information available, like the total demand in a geographic area or the total demand terminating at each location. These data are often more reliable and easier to obtain than individual point-to-point demand values. We describe the differences between sizing unidirectional and bidirectional rings in the presence of demand uncertainty. Unlike unidirectional rings, where the capacity depends only on the total demand, the capacity requirement for bidirectional rings varies with the values of the individual demands and their locations. However, bidirectional rings are often more economical and more robust to demand uncertainty. In our approach, we employ a fast routing heuristic that find the capacity of bidirectional rings under a variety of demand scenarios. The scheme allows for a more accurate comparison between ring alternatives and the risks inherent to each. We describe how this approach to sizing can be incorporated into existing decision support for survivable network planning.
A Cloud and In-Memory Based Two-Tier Architecture of a Database Protection System from Insider Attacks

As a response of emerging insider attacks targeting on database, we are proposing architecture of database protection system from insider attacks. Existing pattern matching approach to detect insider attacks cannot provide perfect solution because of false positive and true negative ratios. Accordingly, we still need reasoning by a human at the last decision to declare that the insider is malicious or not using analysis on history of transaction logs performed by the insider. To construct a system with the consideration above, the system needs to satisfy following requirements: (1) effective monitoring and analysis on large amount of log data (2) scalable system depending on increase or decrease of the log data, and (3) prompt analysis even though the amount of the log data is large enough. We propose a two-tier, distributed, cloud, and in-memory computing based architecture. The proposed architecture brings several benefits such as managing a large amount of log data, distributing analysis workload over multiple nodes, being scalable on big log data, and supporting real-time analysis of big log data.
Ratiometric mechanosensitive fluorescent dyes: design and applications

Fluorescent molecules, with their almost instantaneous response to external influences and relatively low-cost measurement instrumentation, have been attractive analytical tools and biosensors for centuries. More recently, advanced chemical synthesis and targeted design have accelerated the development of fluorescent probes. This article focuses on dyes with segmental mobility (known as fluorescent molecular rotors) that act as mechanosensors, which are known for their relationship of emission quantum yield with microviscosity. Fluorescence lifetime is directly related to quantum yield, but steady-state emission intensity is not. To remove confounding factors with steady-state instrumentation, dual-band emission dyes can be used, and molecular rotors have been developed that either have intrinsic dual emission or that have a non-sensitive reference unit to provide a calibration emission band. We report on theory, chemical structure, applications and targeted design of several classes of dual-emission molecular rotors.
Ethics and Mba Recruiting - Some Vignettes

This note consists of vignettes that highlight a number of ethical issues for MBA students as they begin the process of finding a job. They serve as a practical springboard for a discussion of a wide array of topics, inlcuding sexual harassment and obligation to classmates.
Directed Evolution of RebH for Catalyst-Controlled Halogenation of Indole C–H Bonds

RebH variants capable of chlorinating substituted indoles ortho-, meta-, and para- to the indole nitrogen were evolved by directly screening for altered selectivity on deuterium-substituted probe substrates using mass spectrometry. This systematic approach allowed for rapid accumulation of beneficial mutations using simple adaptive walks and should prove generally useful for altering and optimizing the selectivity of C–H functionalization catalysts. Analysis of the beneficial mutations showed that structure-guided selection of active site residues for targeted mutagenesis can be complicated either by activity/selectivity tradeoffs that reduce the possibility of detecting such mutations or by epistatic effects that actually eliminate the benefits of a mutation in certain contexts. As a corollary to this finding, the precise manner in which the beneficial mutations identified led to the observed changes in RebH selectivity is not clear. Docking simulations suggest that tryptamine binds to these variants as tryptophan does to native halogenases, but structural studies will be required to confirm these models and shed light on how particular mutations impact tryptamine binding. Similar directed evolution efforts on other enzymes or artificial metalloenzymes could enable a wide range of C–H functionalization reactions.
Quantitative Dynamic Contrast-enhanced MR Imaging in Posttreatment Glioblastoma: Possible Limitations of Short Acquisition Time.

Disclosures of Conflicts of Interest: E.K. Activities related to the present article: disclosed no relevant relationships. Activities not related to the present article: receives personal fees from Bayer Healthcare, Bracco Diagnostics, and Guerbet; received a grant from Bracco Diagnostics. Other relationships: disclosed no relevant relationships. M.T. Activities related to the present article: disclosed no relevant relationships. Activities not related to the present article: disclosed no relevant relationships. Other relationships: has a patent pending.
Images in Conflict: The Case of Ronald Reagan and El Salvador

International conflict has long been of intrigue to scholars, and numerous explanations have been forwarded in an attempt to understand the causes of conflict. This article seeks to build upon explanations of conflict by focusing upon the psychology of decision-making with regard to the impact cognitive images have upon policymakers as imperfect information-processors. While various studies concerning other aspects of the belief system have provided examples of cognitive techniques for managing information, little attention has been given to systematically analyzing the specific mechanisms. Employing thematic content analysis, this study engages in such an inquiry so as to achieve further understanding of the actual methods by which actors manage information contradictory to their image. Focusing specifically on Ronald Reagan and his image of El Salvador between the years 1980 and 1984, the findings of this study indicate that specific cognitive procedures for managing discordant information do indeed exist, and that information processing may be influenced by multiple images. International conflict has long been of intrigue to scholars, and numerous explanations have been forwarded in an attempt to understand the causes of conflict. This article seeks to build upon explanations of conflict by focusing upon the psychology of decision-making with regard to the impact cognitive images have upon policymakers as imperfect information-processors. By examining the procedures used by Ronald Reagan to manage information challenging his image of El Salvador, this study adds to our understanding of the cognitive dynamics involved in individual decision-making and reveals yet another avenue through which conflict may be defused or intensified. A number of studies examine how images relate to political perceptions, decision-making and behavior (Holsti, 1967; R. Cottam, 1977; M. Cottam, 1989, 1992a; Herrmann, 1984, 1985; Shimko, 1993). However, as of yet, little attention has been given to the cognitive mechanisms whereby actors maintain these images. It has been argued that decision makers are captives of their own beliefs and expectations, and that information concerning other actors is likely to be perceived in a manner consistent with one's image of that actor (Finlay, 1967). Concentrating on how a policymaker organizes, simplifies, and orders his political world view and examining the cognitive techniques through which he manages information about others may lead to an understanding of how information is processed and political Author's note: I would like to thank Harvey Starr, Rober-t Blanton, Char-les W. Kegley, Jr., and the editors and referees
High Performance Low Power Pulse-Clocked TMR Circuits for Soft-Error Hardness

The use of pulse-clocked latches has become ubiquitous in commercial unhardened integrated circuits (ICs) both for their performance and power benefits. In this paper, their use in soft-error hardened triple modular redundant (TMR) circuits is presented. The proposed multi-bit, self-correcting, TMR pulse-clocked latch macro provides a low power, high-speed design with high soft-error immunity. The macro includes test modes for delay testing of both individual and TMR copies with minimal area overhead, as well as a non-redundant operating mode. A physical design flow provides spatial separation of redundant logic copies to avoid upsets due to collection in multiple domains. A TMR, 128-bit data, 256-bit key, advanced encryption standard (AES) is fabricated on a 90-nm foundry low-standby power (LSP) process and its hardness verified using error injection simulations and proton beam testing.
Reinforcement of silica aerogels using silane-end-capped polyurethanes.

Proper selection of silane precursors and polymer reinforcements yields more durable and stronger silica aerogels. This paper focuses on the use of silane-end-capped urethane prepolymer and chain-extended polyurethane for reinforcement of silica aerogels. The silane end groups were expected to participate in silica network formation and uniquely determine the amounts of urethanes incorporated into the aerogel network as reinforcement. The aerogels were prepared by one-step sol–gel process from mixed silane precursors tetraethoxysilane, aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES), and APTES-end-capped polyurethanes. The morphology and mechanical and surface properties of the resultant aerogels were investigated in addition to elucidation of chemical structures by solid-state 13C and 29Si nuclear magnetic resonance. Modification by 10 wt % APTES-end-capped chain-extended polyurethane yielded a 5-fold increase in compressive modulus and 60% increase in density. APTES-end-capped chain-extended polyurethane was found t...
Ratio Relationships between π, the Fine Structure Constant and the Frequency Equivalents of an Electron, the Bohr Radius, the Ionization Energy of Hydrogen, and the Classical Electron Radius

This paper demonstrates and analyzes the multiple and complicated ratio inter-relationships among pi, π; the fine structure constant, α; the frequency equivalents of an electron, ve; the Bohr radius, va0; the ionization energy of hydrogen or the Rydberg constant, R; vR; and the classical electron radius, vre. These relationships are partially known, but many are not yet fully recognized. This paper presents all of them as a unified system, demonstrating an unexpected inter-relationship among the quantum properties of hydrogen that can be used to calculate and understand relationships between fundamental constants. These ratios are of logical origin, but are quite complicated and not intuitive. These relationships stem from geometry and the nature of the components of hydrogen: for example, they relate a transition of a mass/energy to a circumference distance. α is related to six different frequency equivalent ratios: the product of 4π and vR, divided by va0; the square root of 2 times vR divided by ve; va0 divided by the product of 2π times ve; the product of 2π and ve divided by vre; the square root of the ratio of va0 divided by vre; and the cube root of 4π times vR divided by vre. π is also related to multiple ratios of α and the hydrogen frequency equivalents from the previous relationships. 8π2 is equal to the ratio of va0 squared divided by the product of vR and ve. The combination products of α, 2, and 2π are the scaling ratios of the transformations between a mass/energy and a distance for all of the four hydrogen constants. If any three of the six constants are known, then the other three can be derived, demonstrating the intricate relationship of these constants. These relationships also must hold for effective α (running α) as well. In part, they explain its origin and why α must change in certain settings. Therefore these relationships extend to high energy physics, as well as adding new insights to effective α.
Hydroxyurea for Treatment of Nephrotic Syndrome Associated With Polycythemia Vera

Myeloproliferative disorders are a rare cause of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), although the mechanism is unclear. Hydroxyurea is commonly used in these disorders for its cytoreductive properties; however, the effect of this treatment on proteinuria or kidney function remains unclear in cases of myeloproliferative disorder–associated FSGS. We describe the clinical course of a patient with polycythemia vera and nephrotic-range proteinuria, demonstrated to have FSGS on biopsy. The patient had a distant history of granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's), for which he routinely had his kidney function and proteinuria measured, allowing for early detection of nephrotic syndrome soon after being diagnosed with polycythemia vera. Treatment with hydroxyurea resulted in rapid improvement in proteinuria that correlated with a decrease in hematocrit. This response was replicated 2 additional times when the patient was taken off and then restarted on hydroxyurea therapy. He now maintains a steady dose of hydroxyurea with favorable kidney measures (proteinuria with 2 ]). This case suggests that early screening and treatment for myeloproliferative disorder–associated FSGS may lead to improved long-standing kidney function.
The Next Needed Thing: The Impact of the Jeanes Fund on Black Schooling in the South, 1900–1930

I estimate the impact of two large-scale interventions aimed at improving the quality of black schooling in the South between 1900 and 1930. The first, The Julius Rosenwald Fund, focused on physical infrastructure by building nearly 5,000 schoolhouses. The second, The Anna T. Jeanes Fund, built a corps of trained supervisors whose contributions ranged from teacher training to fundraising, hence their motto: "The next needed thing." Variation in the timing and placement of these programs allows me to evaluate impacts of each, and to compare per-dollar effects of investments in human resources (Jeanes) versus physical capital (Rosenwald) on educational inequality.
Correlation of AIDS and Prostitutes in High-Class Entertainment Centers

Objective To investigate the rate of knowledge about AIDS-associated behavior and AIDS of prostitutes in high-class entertainment centers in Panyu District.According to these results,we can provide consultation and VCT examination service to them and give them reasonable intervention measures to avoid AIDS.Method Based on health information model theory,we use cluster sampling and questionnaire to investigate 355 anonymous prostitutes.The questionnaires were filled by themselves.Result 90.42% of them had sexual behavior before marriage.7.32% had diagnosed venereal disease.12.39% used condoms in the last 5 sexual activities.23.1% used condoms in sexual activities with their stable sex companion.27.32% the had oral sexual intercourse.3.66% had anus sexual intercourse.2.25% had both oral and anus sexual intercourse.52.39% had junior high school education level.43% knew the 3 routes of transmission of AIDS,some of them had many sex companions.Conclusion Women who serve in high-class entertainment centers are at high risk of having AIDS.Propaganda,public education of AIDS,free consultation and VCT examination service should be provided for these workers.
Monitoring results of iodized salt among residents in Heping District of Tianjin from 2007-2013

[Objective]To understand the condition of residents using iodized salt,dynamic master the implementation of iodized salt and existing problems. [Methods]The iodine content of iodized salt used by residents in Heping District of Tianjin were detected every year from 2007-2013.[Results]A total of 2 100 edible salt were detected,1 925 iodized salts were qualified,82 iodized salts were unqualified,93 salts were not iodized salt,the coverage rate of iodized salt was 95. 57%,the qualified rate of iodized salt was 95. 91%,the average of iodine content of edible salt was 26. 72 mg. [Conclusion]The coverage rate of iodized salt,qualified rate of iodized salt and average of iodine content are all within the qualified range,which laid the foundation for establish a long-term mechanism of eliminating iodine deficiency disorders. But the every years' coverage rate of iodized salt and qualified rate are not stable,the rate of non-iodized salt is higher. In the future,the long-term mechanism of continuous eliminating iodine deficiency disorders should be established,strengthen the supervision of iodized salt and monitoring of iodine content,carry out the investigation and evaluation of iodine nutrition level,promote the health education and health promotion.
A theoretical analysis of the reaction of H with C2H5

The interaction of H with C2H5 is analyzed at the CAS+1+2 level using a correlation-consistent polarized valence double zeta basis set. These ab initio calculations show three barrierless pathways two leading to association and one for abstraction. The association channels are substantially more attractive than the abstraction one and thus dominate the kinetics. An analytic representation of the ab initio data is implemented in a variable reaction coordinate transition state theory study of the temperature dependence of the association kinetics. These theoretical estimates for the high pressure association rate constant are directly compared with related experimental measurements in an effort to resolve the discrepancy between recent and earlier results.
Über die Bedeutung der Leber für die Hyperlactatämie im Schock

Gewebshypoxie fuhrt zur Bildung von Milchsaure, die aus den betroffenen Zellen heraus permeiert und sich im gesamten Wasserraum des Korpers verteilt. Bis auf mehr als das Zehnfache kann die Milchsaurekonzentration im arteriellen Blut bei Schockzustanden unterschiedlicher Genese ansteigen. Die grose Kapazitat der Leber, Milchsaure aufzunehmen — sie ubertrifft bei weitem die Kapazitat anderer Organe, Milchsaure zu bilden — last vermuten, das diese Funktion der Leber gestort sein mus, bevor es zu einer anhaltenden Hyperlactatamie kommen kann.
Breakthrough Inventions and the Growth of Innovation Clusters

In a now classic study, AnnaLee Saxenian (1994) brought the migration of innovation clusters into focus for academics and practitioners. Intellectual heavyweights like Alfred Marshall (1920) and Jane Jacobs (1970) had long studied and debated the sources of clusters, how they worked, and even their decline. And much of the recent academic work continues in this vein. For example, Ellison, Glaeser, and Kerr (2010) quantify the relative importance of reasons why clusters form.
FXR1: Linking cellular quiescence, immune genes and cancer.

Cellular quiescence has been considered a homogeneous passive state wherein cells, in response to certain physiological stimuli, remain dormant until they are signaled to re-enter the cell cycle. H...
Applications of X-ray Topography to Process Control

(1991). Applications of X-ray Topography to Process Control. Materials and Processing Report: Vol. 6, No. 7, pp. 6-7.
Incentive and Screening under Uncertainty: A Model of Cooperation with Randomly Distributed Payoffs

Most of the existing theories of international cooperation implicitly adopted the assumption that defection or cheating are easily detectable, either because the behavior of other actors is directly observable, or the payoffs received by the relevant actors are perfect indicators of past behavior. These assumptions are not tenable in many contexts of international cooperation where the observability of behavior is low and payoffs are volatile. This paper is a theoretical examination of how such “objective uncertainty” interacts with the strategic incentives of actors in international cooperation. The model developed in the paper shows the randomness of payoffs have a major impact on the cooperative behavior of actors. Actors adopt very different strategies given different structures of payoff uncertainty. In particular, the presence of observable behavior and payoff uncertainty induce a bifurcation in cooperation objectives and hence strategies. In such a context, the objectives of inducing cooperative behavior from the opponent, which begets moderate strategies of selection, is now incompatible with the objectives of screening different types of the opponent which begets a more unusual and counter-intuitive strategies.
Performance at 585 GHz of a slot-ring antenna coupled niobium HEB mixer element for imaging applications

585 GHz diffusion-cooled Nb HEB (d-HEB) mixers utilizing slot-ring antennas have been designed and fabricated on silicon wafers. To optimize power coupling from the antennas to the mixing elements, two impedance matching schemes are proposed. Performance at 585 GHz of the mixers including I-V curves, conversion gain and noise temperature are presented.
KDM5 lysine demethylases are involved in maintenance of 3′UTR length

The complexity by which cells regulate gene and protein expression is multifaceted and intricate. Regulation of 3' untranslated region (UTR) processing of mRNA has been shown to play a critical role in development and disease. However, the process by which cells select alternative mRNA forms is not well understood. We discovered that the Saccharomyces cerevisiae lysine demethylase, Jhd2 (also known as KDM5), recruits 3'UTR processing machinery and promotes alteration of 3'UTR length for some genes in a demethylase-dependent manner. Interaction of Jhd2 with both chromatin and RNA suggests that Jhd2 affects selection of polyadenylation sites through a transcription-coupled mechanism. Furthermore, its mammalian homolog KDM5B (also known as JARID1B or PLU1), but not KDM5A (also known as JARID1A or RBP2), promotes shortening of CCND1 transcript in breast cancer cells. Consistent with these results, KDM5B expression correlates with shortened CCND1 in human breast tumor tissues. In contrast, both KDM5A and KDM5B are involved in the lengthening of DICER1. Our findings suggest both a novel role for this family of demethylases and a novel targetable mechanism for 3'UTR processing.
Are Perivascular Adipocyte Progenitors Mural Cells or Adventitial Fibroblasts

In their reply, Sylvia Evans and colleagues argue that their lineage-labeling approach gives more precise tracing of the lineage contribution of mural cells in vivo than previous versions.
Principles of Stem Cell Biology Applied to the Kidney

The principles of stem cell biology have provided valuable frameworks through which to better understand the mechanisms of development, tissue homeostasis, regeneration, and disease in living systems. In this light, knowledge about how stem cells drive kidney formation is an important aspect of elucidating how renal lineages emerge to construct the adult organ. Discovering how intrinsic genetic factors and external environmental cues impact kidney cell differentiation is relevant for congenital disease studies, as well as for determining strategies to enhance manipulation of renal precursors during reprogramming. Appreciating kidney stem cell behavior during ontogeny also has strong ramifications for deciphering the response to postnatal conditions ranging from acute kidney injury to chronic kidney disease. Foremost among these, the application of stem cell principles is being used today to help solve the puzzle of how renal regeneration transpires through the activities of scattered kidney stem cells and/or the dedifferentiation and proliferation of mature cells. This chapter illustrates the fundamental principles of stem cells beginning with the historical origins and central dogma of cell biology, discusses how converging pursuits to understand development and tissue repair led to the experimental discovery of embryonic and adult stem cell types and delineation of their respective properties, and explores how the synthesis of stem cell tenets from these works have been invaluable in guiding several areas of nephrology research.
Structural Insights into Thioether Bond Formation in the Biosynthesis of Sactipeptides

Sactipeptides are ribosomally synthesized peptides that contain a characteristic thioether bridge (sactionine bond) that is installed posttranslationally and is absolutely required for their antibiotic activity. Sactipeptide biosynthesis requires a unique family of radical SAM enzymes, which contain multiple [4Fe-4S] clusters, to form the requisite thioether bridge between a cysteine and the α-carbon of an opposing amino acid through radical-based chemistry. Here we present the structure of the sactionine bond-forming enzyme CteB, from Clostridium thermocellum ATCC 27405, with both SAM and an N-terminal fragment of its peptidyl-substrate at 2.04 A resolution. CteB has the (β/α)6-TIM barrel fold that is characteristic of radical SAM enzymes, as well as a C-terminal SPASM domain that contains two auxiliary [4Fe-4S] clusters. Importantly, one [4Fe-4S] cluster in the SPASM domain exhibits an open coordination site in absence of peptide substrate, which is coordinated by a peptidyl-cysteine residue in the boun...
Implantable cardioverter defibrillator in non-ischemic cardiomyopathy: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Background: Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is a significant cause of mortality in patients with non-ischemic cardiomyopathy (NICM). Implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) are currently indicated for the primary prevention of SCD in these patients. Conflicting results from published randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have recently questioned the protective role of ICD in NICM patients to perform an updated meta-analysis of the effect of ICDs on outcomes of NICM patients. Methods: We performed a search of PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases for RCTs comparing ICD to medical therapy in patients with NICM. Outcomes were all-cause mortality, SCD, and cardiac mortality. Mantel-Haenszel (MH) risk ratios (RR) were calculated using random-effects meta-analysis for the outcomes mentioned. Heterogeneity was assessed using I 2 statistics and Q-statistic. Results: A total of five RCTs met the inclusion criteria, with a total of 1,503 patients in the ICD group and 1,364 patients in the medical therapy. Compared to medical therapy, ICD use resulted in a 24% relative risk reduction (RRR) of all-cause mortality (RR 0.76, 95% CI 0.64–0.91, P=0.002), and 60% RRR of SCD (RR 0.40, 95% CI 0.18–0.90, P=0.03), but was not associated with a statistically significant benefit in the prevention of cardiac mortality (RR 0.75, 95% CI 0.39–1.44, P=0.39). Limiting the analysis to patients who received an ICD only without cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) pacemakers (4 trials, 1,825 patients) showed similar all-cause mortality results with 24% RRR in ICD group (RR 0.76, 95% CI 0.61–0.94, P=0.01). Conclusions: ICD therapy reduces all-cause mortality and SCD in patients with NICM.
A research on unified storage management and access technology applied in power network dispatch and control big data

With large scale construction of UHV AC / DC hybrid power grid and the "Big Run" system, the service area of the power network dispatch control system is expanding rapidly. The system is facing new challenges as the data source increased, data type diverted, data size and workload increased dramatically. There is a great demand on storing and retrieving of multi-source massive data. The existing system is inadequate on unified storage and rapid retrieve of massive data, thence the research on unified storage management and retrieve of massive big data for grid dispatch control system is on urgent demand.
Negative reactions to monitoring: Do they undermine the ability of monitoring to protect adolescents?

Abstract This study focused on adolescents' negative reactions to parental monitoring to determine whether parents should avoid excessive monitoring because adolescents find monitoring behaviors to be over-controlling and privacy invasive. Adolescents (n = 242, M age = 15.4 years; 51% female) reported monitoring, negative reactions, warmth, antisocial behavior, depressive symptoms, and disclosure. Adolescents additionally reported antisocial behavior, depressive symptoms, and disclosure one to two years later. In cross-sectional analyses, less monitoring but more negative reactions were linked with less disclosure, suggesting that negative reactions can undermine parents' ability to obtain information. Although monitoring behaviors were not related to depressive symptoms, more negative reactions were linked with more depressive symptoms, suggesting that negative reactions also may increase depressive symptoms as a side effect of monitoring behavior. Negative reactions were not linked to antisocial behavior. There were no longitudinal links between negative reactions and changes in disclosure, antisocial behavior, or depressive symptoms.
An extensible protocol architecture for application-specific networking

Plexus is a networking architecture that allows applications to achieve high performance with customized protocols. Application-specific protocols are written in a typesafe language and installed dynamically into the operating system kernel. Because these protocols execute within the kernel, they can access the network interface and other operating system services with low overhead. Protocols implemented with Plexus outperform equivalent protocols implemented on conventional monolithic systems. Plexus runs in the context of the SPIN extensible operating system.
Speaking only to ourselves? Citation analysis of Journal of Leisure research and Leisure sciences.

Journal Citation Reports and Social Science Citation Index were used to determine the extent to which articles in Journal of Leisure Research and Leisure Sciences cite or are cited by articles publ...
Sterically Modified Poisson-BoltzmannEquation

Steric effects in charged soft-matter play important roles in numerous settings such as colloidal suspensions and greatly influence the behavior of macromolecular ions in solution.
Predicting Disease Outbreaks Using Social Media: Finding Trustworthy Users

The use of Internet data sources, in particular social media, for biosurveillance has gained attention and credibility in recent years. Finding related and reliable posts on social media is key to performing successful biosurveillance utilizing social media data. While researchers have implemented various approaches to filter and rank social media posts, the fact that these posts are inherently related by the credibility of the poster (i.e., social media user) remains overlooked. We propose six trust filters to filter and rank trustworthy social media users, as opposed to concentrating on isolated posts. We present a novel biosurveillance application that gathers social media data related to a bio-event, processes the data to find the most trustworthy users and hence their trustworthy posts, and feeds these posts to other biosurveillance applications, including our own. We further present preliminary experiments to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed filters and discuss future improvements. Our work paves the way for collecting more reliable social media data to improve biosurveillance applications.
Author Correction: Predicting the clinical impact of human mutation with deep neural networks

In the version of this article originally published, the name of author Serafim Batzoglou was misspelled. The error has been corrected in the HTML and PDF versions of the article.
Negative Capacitance Transistors

In recent years, the negative capacitance effect in ferroelectric (FE) materials has attracted significant attention from many researchers around the world. The negative capacitance effect promises to reduce the voltage requirement in conventional complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor transistors below what is otherwise believed to be the Boltzmann limit. In this paper, our objective is to discuss the fundamental underpinning of the negative capacitance effect and describe how it can be utilized for transistors. We shall start with a thermodynamic perspective to understand where the reduction in energy dissipation comes from. We then proceed to derive the S curve in an FE material from fundamental principles. The central result of this paper is to associate the negative slope region in the S curve to a physically definable configuration of dipoles in the crystal structure. The design of a negative capacitance transistor is essentially an exercise of stabilizing the FE in the negative slope region of the S curve using the semiconductor capacitance as a series capacitor.
Techno-economic optimization of shale gas to dimethyl ether production processes via direct and indirect synthesis routes

Abstract The shale gas to dimethyl ether process via direct synthesis route with a syngas H2/CO = 1 has a higher dimethyl ether yield than that via indirect synthesis route. However, the direct synthesis route involves various energy and capital-intensive processes, such as the complicated dimethyl ether separation process, and the CO2 recycle and compression process. In this study, a techno-economic analysis of the shale gas to dimethyl ether process via direct and indirect synthesis routes is performed using Aspen Process Economic Analyzer based on the rigorous process model developed in Aspen Plus®. Effects of different CO2 removal technologies and dimethyl ether synthesis technologies from syngas are evaluated. Both, direct and indirect plants are optimized in Aspen Plus equation oriented environment using the rigorous process models. The effects of key design parameters (i.e. H2/CO in the syngas) as well as investment parameters (i.e. prices of raw materials, products, and utilities, plant scale) on the process economics have been evaluated. The direct dimethyl ether synthesis route processing a syngas with H2/CO = 1 and using the Rectisol process for CO2 capture has the highest overall thermal efficiency on the lower heat value basis of all combinations studied in this work. The equivalent diesel price of the direct dimethyl ether synthesis process is found to be much lower than the current U.S. market diesel price indicating the feasibility of the process.
Can growth in the availability of STEM technical education improve equality in participation?: evidence from Massachusetts

In the United States, high school career and technical education (CTE) is the primary source of vocational training at the secondary level, and is similar in goal if not form to vocational educatio...