cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Evidence-Based Systems Engineering (SE) Data Item Description

Abstract Evidence-based SE is an extension of model-based SE that emphasizes not only using SysML or other system models as a basis of program decisions, but also the use of other models to produce evidence that the system models describe a feasible system. Such evidence is generally desired, but often is not produced because it is not identified as a project deliverable in a Data Item Description (DID). Going forward with such unproven solutions frequently leads to large program overruns. Based on experience in developing and using such a DID on a very large project, we summarize the content and form of such a DID, and a rationale for its use. Its basic content is evidence that if a system were produced with the specified Architecture, it would:. • Satisfy the specified Operational Concept and Requirements; • Be developable within the specified Budget and Schedule; • Provide a superior return on investment over alternatives in terms of mission effectiveness; and • Provide satisfactory outcomes for the system's success-critical stakeholders. One key factor of the DID is that the content of the evidence be risk-balanced between having too little evidence (often the case today) and having too much (analysis paralysis). Thus, it is not a one-size-fits-all DID, but one which has ways to be tailored to a project's most critical evidence needs.
POGO: programmer-oriented graphics operation

Wide-scale application of interactive computer graphics (ICG) is currently inhibited by two major difficulties:1. Terminal time costs too much.2. It takes too much effort and expertise to develop and modify ICG programs.
Cross-Cultural and Site-Based Influences on Demographic, Well-being, and Social Network Predictors of Risk Perception in Hazard and Disaster Settings in Ecuador and Mexico

Although virtually all comparative research about risk perception focuses on which hazards are of concern to people in different culture groups, much can be gained by focusing on predictors of levels of risk perception in various countries and places. In this case, we examine standard and novel predictors of risk perception in seven sites among communities affected by a flood in Mexico (one site) and volcanic eruptions in Mexico (one site) and Ecuador (five sites). We conducted more than 450 interviews with questions about how people feel at the time (after the disaster) regarding what happened in the past, their current concerns, and their expectations for the future. We explore how aspects of the context in which people live have an effect on how strongly people perceive natural hazards in relationship with demographic, well-being, and social network factors. Generally, our research indicates that levels of risk perception for past, present, and future aspects of a specific hazard are similar across these two countries and seven sites. However, these contexts produced different predictors of risk perception—in other words, there was little overlap between sites in the variables that predicted the past, present, or future aspects of risk perception in each site. Generally, current stress was related to perception of past danger of an event in the Mexican sites, but not in Ecuador; network variables were mainly important for perception of past danger (rather than future or present danger), although specific network correlates varied from site to site across the countries.
An integrated multihop cellular data network

This paper presents an integrated multihop cellular data networks (IMCDN) architecture, which overlays a special self-organized wireless network on an existing cellular network. The self-organized network is a multiple-layer access network that uses hierarchical-routing for upstream transmissions from mobiles. This architecture seeks to support multiple-hop data services using unused frequency resources in the cellular system. Leveraging on short-distance, line-of-sight transmissions and multiple-layer hierarchical routing and exploit maximal spatial reuse, and load balancing, within the low-power multihop access network. This paper also shows that the system capacity for the multiple-hop data service within a given upstream bandwidth available to the service is many times that of a conventional one-hop cellular system.
The Isoforms of Phospholipase C-γ Are Differentially Used by Distinct Human NK Activating Receptors

The two isoforms of phospholipase C (PLC)-gamma couple immune recognition receptors to important calcium- and protein kinase C-dependent cellular functions. It has been assumed that PLC-gamma1 and PLC-gamma2 have redundant functions and that the receptors can use whichever PLC-gamma isoform is preferentially expressed in a cell of a given hemopoietic lineage. In this study, we demonstrate that ITAM-containing immune recognition receptors can use either PLC-gamma1 or PLC-gamma2, whereas the novel NK cell-activating receptor NKG2D preferentially couples to PLC-gamma2. Experimental models evaluating signals from either endogenous receptors (FcR vs NKG2D-DAP10) or ectopically expressed chimeric receptors (with ITAM-containing cytoplasmic tails vs DAP10-containing cytoplasmic tails) demonstrate that PLC-gamma1 and PLC-gamma2 both regulate the functions of ITAM-containing receptors, whereas only PLC-gamma2 regulates the function of DAP10-coupled receptors. These data suggest that specific immune recognition receptors can differentially couple to the two isoforms of PLC-gamma. More broadly, these observations reveal a basis for selectively targeting the functions initiated by distinct immune recognition receptors.
An Evaluation of Two-Level Seismic Design Procedure

Abstract The two‐level design philosophy is recognized by modern seismic codes. When this philosophy is implemented in the code, the intensities of the two design earthquakes, the structural performance criteria, explicit versus implicit design approach, and the effectiveness to achieve the performance criteria vary considerably from one code to the other. For the ultimate limit state, the UBC was compared with seismic codes of Canada, Japan, and Eurocode. It was found that a trend to deviate from the UBC approach of using a single seismic force reduction factor (i.e., Rw) is apparent. Instead, an approach using a compound force reduction factor which considers the contribution of structural ductility and structural overstrength is preferred. For the serviceability limit state, a comparison of the level of design earthquakes and performance criteria of the UBC, Tri‐Services Manual, and the Japanese code indicates that the UBC produces the most flexible structure, and that UBC does not control structural d...
Corrections to Inertial-Range Power Spectra Measured by Csat3 and Solent Sonic Anemometers,1. Path-Averaging Errors

Sonic anemometer path-averaging errors are determined for measurements of inertial-range velocity and temperature power spectra as a function of k1p, where k1 is the streamwise wave number and p is the sonic path length. The attenuation of vertical velocity spectra is found to be quite similar for the CSAT3 and Solent anemometers and to be insensitive to wind direction. The attenuation of the horizontal wind component spectra is noticeably greater for the Solent sonics than for the CSAT3, but those for the CSAT3 have a greater dependence on wind direction. The attenuation of sonic temperature spectra is also found to be quite similar for the CSAT3 and Solent R3 sonics and to be insensitive to wind direction, while that of the Solent R2 is less than that of the other two sonics and has a minor dependence on wind direction.
Effect of sodium hexanitrocobaltate (III) decomposition on its staining of intracellular potassium ions.

The effect was examined of the chemical decomposition of the potassium stain, sodium hexanitrocobaltate (III) (SHC), on its ability to produce stain granules of consistent size that could be used to estimate the K+ contents of stomafal guard cells. Stomata in detached epidermis from leaves of Vicia faba (fava bean) were stimulated to accumulate K+ by treating them with fusicoccin. Stomatal apertures and the fraction of guard cell area covered by K+ precipitate granules (K+ score) were measured by digitizing photographic enlargements, and K* scores were correlated with the age of stain that had been stored either in open or closed containers. The ability of stain aged in open containers to produce consistent fractional cell coverage was compared to 1) the ability of identically treated stain to precipitate K+ from solutions of KCl, and to 2) the kinetics of decomposition of SHC. It was found that the fractional coverage of guard cells of stomata opened to the same apertures decreased with a first order rat...
Energy recovery for the design of high-speed, low-power static RAMs

We present a low-power SRAM design based on the theory of energy recovery that reduces the dissipation associated with write operations while operating at high speed. The energy-recovery SRAM was evaluated through SPICE simulations and compared with a standard design. Simulation results of a 256 × 256 memory configuration indicate that, for successive write operations, energy saving for the different SRAM functions vary from 59% to 76% at 200 MHz operating frequency compared to the conventional design.
Current Trends in Amblyopia Therapy

This report reviews the literature on amblyopia therapy from 1970 through 1976. New techniques of screening for amblyopia have been developed during this period. Modification of therapy which includes the use of penalization, prisms, red filter, and home exercises has been reported in the current literature. A summary of the author's personal experience in the treatment of amblyopia at the Bascom Palmer Eye Institute from 1966 through 1976 is presented with the factors that influenced the outcome of this therapy.
Biomass Yield and Biofuel Quality of Switchgrass Harvested in Fall or Spring

Seasonal time of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) harvest affects yield and biofuel quality and balancing these two components may vary depending on conversion system. A field study compared fall and spring harvest measuring biomass yield, element concentration, carbohydrate characterization, and total synthetic gas production as indicators of biofuel quality for direct combustion, ethanol production, and gasification systems for generation of energy. Switchgrass yields decreased almost 40% (from about 7–4.4 Mg ha 21 ) in winters with above average snowfall when harvest was delayed over winter until spring. The moisture concentration also decreased (from about 350– 70 g kg 21 ) only reaching low enough levels for safe storage by spring. About 10% of the yield reduction during winter resulted from decreases in tiller mass; however, almost 90% of the yield reduction was due to an increase in biomass left behind by the baler. Mineral element concentrations generally decreased with the delay in harvest until spring. Energy yield from gasification did not decrease on a unit biomass basis, whereas ethanol production was variable depending on the assessment method. When expressed on a unit area basis, energy yield decreased. Biofuel conversion systems may determine harvest timing. For direct combustion, the reduced mineral concentrations in spring-harvested biomass are desirable. For ethanol fermentation and gasification systems, however, lignocellulose yield may be more important. On conservations lands, the wildlife cover provided by switchgrass over the winter may increase the desirability of spring harvest along with the higher biofuel quality.
Community Violence, Family Conflict, and Preschoolers' Socioemotional Functioning.

This study examined the relations among family conflict, community violence, and young children's socioemotional functioning and explored how children's social cognition and mothers' psychological functioning may mediate the outcomes associated with this exposure. Mothers of 431 Head Start preschoolers completed questionnaires about their family demography, exposure to community violence, family conflict, and children's distress symptoms. Children were administered a social cognition assessment, and teachers rated their behavior. Results showed that mothers' reports of children's co-witnessing of community violence were positively associated with police department crime rates, children's distress symptoms, and teachers' ratings of aggression. A path analysis revealed that children's social awareness and mothers' depressive symptoms partially mediated the effects of community violence and family conflict on outcomes for children.
Intravenous Adenosine for the Treatment of Maternal Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia

Intravenous adenosine is being used for the treatment of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia and paroxysmal junctional tachyarrhythmia in nonpregnant patients. In the cases presented here, intravenous adenosine rapidly terminated maternal paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia in pregnant patients without maternal or fetal complications. Its potential advantages over other antiarrhythmics are discussed.
Crystalline structure of developing cotton fibers

The crystalline structure of dried cotton fibers at varying development stages has been investigated using wide angle x-ray diffraction (WAXS) techniques. The cellulose I crystalline structure has been confirmed on dried SJ-2 Acala cotton fibers collected at varying developmental stages and at maturity. The cellulose I crystalline structure is clearly evident at the early developmental stage of 21 days postanthesis (dpa). The crystal system remains unchanged during the cotton fiber biosynthesis and at maturity. The degree of crystallinity and crystallite dimensions in the cotton fibers increase with cell development. The most significant increments are observed between 21 and 34 dpa (i.e., during the first half of the secondary wall thickening process). The unit cell sizes slightly decrease and thus the crystal density increases with fiber development. The alignment of the glucosidic rings in respect to the 002 planes improves with fiber cell development. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Leader tracking for a walking logistics robot

A key challenge of developing robots that work closely with people is creating a user interface that allows a user to communicate complex instructions to a robot quickly and easily. We consider a walking logistics support robot, which is designed to carry heavy loads to locations that are too difficult to reach with a wheeled or tracked vehicle. In this application the robot is carrying equipment and supplies for a group of pedestrians, and the primary task for the user interface is to keep the robot traveling with the overall group in the right formation. This paper presents a marker tracking system that uses near infrared cameras, retro-reflective markers, and LIDAR to allow a particular user to designate himself as the robot's leader, and guide the robot along a desired path. We provide an extensive quantitative evaluation to show that the proposed system is able to detect and track a leader through unconstrained and cluttered off-road environments under a wide variety of illumination and motion conditions.
New Studies on Fluctuations of Accommodation

It is a curious thing to find a laboratory working on physiological optics in the Museum of Natural history! This Museum is about 350 years old and was founded under King Louis XIII for the cultivation of pharmacological plants, so that the poor people in Paris might cure themselves without paying money. Ten years after its foundation, there were already more than 3,000 different species of plants in this garden, which is still named the “Jardin des Plantes”, which means the Botanical Garden. During the French Revolution, at the end at the 19th century, some animals came from the royal gardens of Versailles and the “Jardin des Plantes” began to be also a zoological garden. Since its foundation, this garden was also a place for scientific research: zoology, botany, geology, chemistry. Now 35 laboratories are around the “Jardin des Plantes”; all deal with Natural History, and constitute the Museum.
Design and Experimental Analysis of a Biomedical Prosthetic Knee With Magnetorheological Fluid

Current prosthetic legs rely on technology that is inefficient. Electric motors used today require high amounts of current to operate. Prostheses utilizing smart materials, including magnetorheological fluid (MRF), require less power to operate effectively. In this study, the MR fluid knee was designed for above the knee amputees. The design was in the family of MR fluid brake/clutch as it provides simple design and good MR fluid uniformity. However, this MR knee design is different from any existing MR brake, featuring a novel non-circular rotor. Three fourths of the rotor, considered circular, has the same radius, and the remaining quarter has a varying radius to provide a variable gap size between the rotor and stator. This feature allows the MR fluid to experience a stronger magnetic field as the knee rotates, resulting in a variable braking torque. At this stage of research, the first working prototype of the proposed MR fluid knee was built and tested to determine the braking torque profile. Corresponding theoretical models were also created. The calculated torque was used to predict the performance of the MRF knee. The experiments has been conducted to examine the MRF knee performance and to compare with the theoretical model. The knee was expected to use less power to operate and provided the necessary braking torque required by an average male human body. An improved design was planned for weight reduction and optimization to allow the commercialization of the MRF knee.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Managing Neuropsychiatric Symptoms of Neurodegenerative Diseases

Neuropsychiatric symptoms are commonly seen in neurodegenerative conditions. These range from subtle mood disturbances to fulminant psychosis. Expression of these symptoms represents a complex interplay between anatomic, physiologic, and psychosocial factors. Despite an expanding evidence-base, management of neuropsychiatric symptoms in neurologic disease remains challenging. This chapter explores the neurobiology of the common neuropsychiatric symptoms encountered in clinical practice, and outlines current approaches toward their pharmacological and behavioral management.
Picosecond photoluminescence study of tunneling in InGaP/ InAlP asymmetric double quantum wells

Tunneling phenomena in semiconductors are being actively investigated both for fundamental reasons and for possible device applications,1,2 Herein we report the first tunneling measurements, to our knowledge, in InGaP/InAlP asymmetric double quantum wells (ADQW’s), which are suitable for the design of modulators that operate in the visible region of the spectrum. Steady-state and time-resolved photoluminescence (PL) measurements were conducted on ADQW’s with different barrier thicknesses as a function of carrier density and temperature.
Mechanism of pyocyanin- and 1-hydroxyphenazine-induced lung neutrophilia in sheep airways

Pyocyanin (Pyo) and 1-hydroxyphenazine (1-HP) are extracellular products ofPseudomonas aeruginosa. To test whether these products were capable of producing an inflammatory response in the airways, ...
Elevated Steady State WBC and Platelet Counts Are Associated with Frequent Emergency Room Use in Adults with Sickle Cell Anemia.

Introduction Sickle cell anemia has many sequelae that result in emergency department (ED) use, but a minority of patients with sickle cell disease are frequent utilizers and make up the majority of ED visits. If patients who are likely to be frequent ED can be identified in steady state, they can be treated with disease modifying agents in an attempt to reduce ED use frequency. We sought to identify steady state markers for frequent ED use. Methods We identified all patients with SS/Sβ0 seen at our facilities in 2012. Health care utilization over the entire year was calculated and ED visit numbers categorized as either 0–1, 2–5, or 6 or more visits a year. Steady state and acutely active laboratory parameters were collected and analyzed using analysis of variance models and odds ratios. Results 432 adult sickle cell patients were identified, ages 18–87, 54% female, and 38% had been prescribed hydroxyurea. Of the 432 patients,192 had 0–1 visits in the year, 144 had 2–5 visits in the year, and 96 had >6 visits for a total of 2259 visits. Those who had >6 visits accounted for 1750 (77%) of the total visits for the year. When steady state laboratory markers were examined, each additional 50x109/L platelets was associated with 22% greater risk (p 6 ED visits/year. We did not observe a relationship between baseline HbF, LDH or reticulocyte count with >6 ED visits. Conclusion Patients with elevated white blood cell counts, elevated platelet counts, and low hemoglobin levels exhibited higher risk for frequent ED utilization and could be candidates for early and aggressive therapy with disease modifying agents.
Mental Health of Transgender Children Who Are Supported in Their Identities.

OBJECTIVE: Transgender children who have socially transitioned, that is, who identify as the gender “opposite” their natal sex and are supported to live openly as that gender, are increasingly visible in society, yet we know nothing about their mental health. Previous work with children with gender identity disorder (GID; now termed gender dysphoria) has found remarkably high rates of anxiety and depression in these children. Here we examine, for the first time, mental health in a sample of socially transitioned transgender children. METHODS: A community-based national sample of transgender, prepubescent children ( n = 73, aged 3–12 years), along with control groups of nontransgender children in the same age range ( n = 73 age- and gender-matched community controls; n = 49 sibling of transgender participants), were recruited as part of the TransYouth Project. Parents completed anxiety and depression measures. RESULTS: Transgender children showed no elevations in depression and slightly elevated anxiety relative to population averages. They did not differ from the control groups on depression symptoms and had only marginally higher anxiety symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Socially transitioned transgender children who are supported in their gender identity have developmentally normative levels of depression and only minimal elevations in anxiety, suggesting that psychopathology is not inevitable within this group. Especially striking is the comparison with reports of children with GID; socially transitioned transgender children have notably lower rates of internalizing psychopathology than previously reported among children with GID living as their natal sex.
Optical Flow Switching with Physical Layer Impairments: Modeling, Algorithm, and Control

Switching-induced physical layer impairments in EDFA-amplified optical links pose significant challenges to the applicability of optical flow switching (OFS). Based on measured data we have developed a model to predict lightpath quality and a scheduling algorithm that guarantees quality of lightpaths. Our algorithm greatly reduces control complexity and control traffic and can set up new lightpaths within ~5ms plus round-trip time and eliminate the need for an iterative turn-on process.
Adolescence and eating disorder: the obsessive-compulsive syndrome.

Eating disorders characteristically begin in adolescence. Nosology and etiology of anorexia nervosa and bulimia have been issues of controversy, but the centrality of obsessive rumination on food and dietary matters and of compulsive elimination and self-starvation rituals has not been fully considered. The author suggests that these conditions are manifestations of a modern obsessive-compulsive disorder reflecting the impact of social influences on developmental difficulties and symptomatology during adolescence. Differential diagnostic studies of eating disorders indicate that the obsessive-compulsive syndrome is quite frequent. Also, 12 hospitalized eating disorder patients are compared with a randomly selected control group over a median period of 20.5 months. Significantly associated with the eating disorder group were the following obsessive-compulsive patterns: ruminations, rituals, excessive cleanliness, excessive orderliness, rigidity, miserliness, perfectionism, and scrupulousness.
An Unexpected Appearance of the Golden Ratio

(1988). An Unexpected Appearance of the Golden Ratio. The College Mathematics Journal: Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 168-170.
Inhibition of triglyceride synthesis in everted intestinal sacs.

SummaryOptimal conditions for synthesis of triglyceride from oleic acid-1-14C in everted intestinal sacs were determined. Using several experimental conditions, it was found that 2-ethyl-n-caproate inhibited oleic acid incorporation into triglyceride by 25-50%. When inhibition of triglyceride synthesis occurred, there was a concomitant increase in mucosal unesterified fatty acids but no increase in the phospholipid, mono- or diglyceride fractions. The inhibition of glyceride synthesis in the intestinal mucosa by 2-ethyl-n-caproate appears to be at the level of long-chain fatty acid activation.
Controller-Managed Spacing - A Human-In-The-Loop Simulation of Terminal-Area Operations

A human-in-the-loop simulation investigated how well terminal-area air traffic controllers could manage arrival traffic flying optimized profile descents on RNAV/RNP routes, while maintaining high throughput under varying environmental conditions. Scenarios were investigated with and without advisory tools and improved displays, and also examined how well controllers could cope with off-nominal situations such as ties at merge points. The role of an arrival management planner responsible for issuing path changes to aircraft upon entry to the terminal area was also investigated. The results show that in the tools condition, controllers kept aircraft on their routes while maintaining similar throughput levels to the no-tools condition. Route deviations occurred in the no-tools condition. While the absence of advanced tools resulted in slightly higher workload, the average controller workload ratings were low for both the no-tools and tools conditions. With the currently implemented advisory tools and displays, participant controllers in both conditions were able to absorb approximately one minute of delay with speed adjustments alone. This work is part of ongoing research on operations in super-density terminal airspace.
Study of forecasting the incidence of typhoid and paratyphoid in Jiangsu province by time series model

Objective To research the application of three representative methods of time series model in forecasting infectious disease, and explore the relative merits and applicability of the three models. Methods Models were fitted by the historical data of typhoid and paratyphoid of Jiangsu Province. Using the established models to predict the morbidity and then to analyze the forecasting results, discuss the problems we need to pay attention and the way to improve the veracity and practicability of forecasting. Results The trends of incidence of typhoid and paratyphoid would continue to decline steadily in the near future, and at the same time, the product season model was thought to be the most appropriate of the three, the exponential smoothing model was not quite suitable, the state space method had its certain applicability. Conclusions The time series model is practical for predicting typhoid and paratyphoid in Jiangsu Province, especially the product season model, for it can provide exceptive information and ideas to prevent and cure the infectious disease like typhoid and paratyphoid.
Globalización y transculturalidad

Resumen: La Introduccion explica algunos de los problemas de la comunicacion y de la comprensionmutua entre los seres humanos de distintas culturas en este mundo globalizando. El §1 esboza losproblemas filosoficos del lenguaje y la comprension mutua que estan en el centro de estos problemastransculturales. Los §§2-3 presentan la contribucion que la fenomenologia del lenguaje puede contribuirpara la resolucion de estos problemas en las relaciones comunicativas entre hombres, sentidos, conceptos,culturas y lenguas distintas. El §4, finalmente, se describe el rol del filosofo en el mundo globalizado. Palabras clave : fenomenologia, lenguaje, cultura, sentido, conceptos, comunicacion transcultural,globalizacion, yo/ego, Husserl, Habermas.
Contrasting habitat selection amongst cephalopods in the Mediterranean Sea: When the environment makes the difference.

Conservation of fish habitat requires a deeper knowledge of how species distribution patterns are related to environmental factors. Habitat suitability modelling is an essential tool to quantify species’ realised niches and understand species-environment relationships. Cephalopods are important players in the marine food web and a significant resource for fisheries; they are also very sensitive to environmental changes. Here a time series of fishery-independent data (1998–2011) was used to construct habitat suitability models and investigate the influence of environmental variables on four commercial cephalopods: Todaropsis eblanae, Illex coindetii, Eledone moschata and Eledone cirrhosa, in the central Mediterranean Sea. The main environmental predictors of cephalopod habitat suitability were depth, seafloor morphology, chlorophyll-a concentration, sea surface temperature and surface salinity. Predictive maps highlighted contrasting habitat selection amongst species. This study identifies areas where the important commercial species of cephalopods are concentrated and provides significant information for a future spatial based approach to fisheries management in the Mediterranean Sea.
Intelligence, Personality, and Game Play: a Pilot Study

Currently there are few published results on the relationship between intelligence and personality and the choices made by participants in decision-making experiments (“game play”). The aim of this study is to provide insight into any relationships between personality, intelligence, and game play. Our hope is that results can provide direction for further research on a larger scale. The sample includes 42 university students divided into five sessions who played a series of games (ultimatum game [UG] and a minimal contributing set game [MCS]). Game data were collected using paper forms that allowed subjects to select a whole dollar quantity between $0 and $10 to offer or contribute. In our UG, subjects were told there were $10 and to make a proposal of how to allocate the $10 between them and another player (the responder). If the responder accepted the proposal, the allocation would occur as proposed and if the responder rejected the proposal then both players would receive $0. In our version of MCS, subjects were told they had $10 and that they were playing with two other people. They could decide how much of their $10 to contribute, but a collective total of at least $4 had to be contributed to receive a payoff. If the $4 was achieved, a subject’s payoff was $10 minus his contribution. If the $4 minimum was not achieved, the payoff was $0. (Full instructions and copies of experimental materials are available from the researchers). As an incentive, subjects received a $25 Amazon.com gift card at the conclusion of their session, as well as a cash payoff between $0 and $10 as determined by a randomly chosen round of either the UG or MCS. After completing multiple rounds of game play, the participants took an intelligence test based on Howard Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences (Gardner, Intelligence reframed: Multiple intelligences for the twenty-first century, 1999) and a personality test based on the Big Five OCEAN Factors (Goldberg, Psychological Atl Econ J (2016) 44:409–410 DOI 10.1007/s11293-016-9502-x
Pharmaceutical Testing: Company View

(1969). Pharmaceutical Testing: Company View. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists: Vol. 25, No. 6, pp. 12-19.
Understanding Police Use of Force: Introduction: The Context of Police Use of Force

we live in a world that increasingly displays distaste for the use of physical force to direct or control the behavior of others. Democracy as a form of governmental decision making is winning out over totalitarianism, and war is less tolerated as a solution to conflict. On a nongovernmental level, there are severe penalties for fighting and bullying in schools and spanking is increasingly viewed as inappropriate parenting. Similarly, the movement to end violence against intimates is growing ever stronger with increasingly severe penalties for spouse abuse. There is one profession in Western society, however, that has not only retained the right to use physical force against its citizens, but has its members trained and encouraged to do so. The police are prepared to use force on a daily basis and while there may be considerable pressure to limit and restrict the use of force by the police against citizens, no one is calling for them to abandon its use. Indeed, it would be unconscionable to make such a demand. Despite the fact that the police represent the last bastion of civilian government-sanctioned violence against citizens, research on police use of force is surprisingly scarce. David Bayley (1994) drew attention to the discrepancy between the significance of the police role in modern society and the amount of attention given to it by researchers.
Massive Transfusion Protocol: Communication Ordering Practice Survey (MTP COPS).

Objectives: We sought to assess ordering practices and quality of communication during massive transfusion at US level I trauma centers. Methods: An anonymous, web-based survey was distributed to blood banks supporting US level I trauma centers. Information gathered in the survey included demographics, utilization of and perceived level of support for computerized physician order entry (CPOE), frequency of order confusion, and nonprotocol ordering. Responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: Responses were received from 43 of 121 centers (35.5% response rate), with the majority completed by blood bank physicians (67.4%) and blood bank supervisors (25.6%). Allowable pathways for massive transfusion protocol (MTP) ordering included CPOE (48.8%), verbal/telephone (86.1%), and written (44.2%). The preferred method of MTP activation was verbal/telephone (86.1%). Initial activation of MTP was well communicated (97.6% agreement), but confusion associated with ongoing needs was reported to occur at least sometimes by 32.6%. Conclusions: Although CPOE-based MTP ordering is offered by nearly half of US level I trauma centers, verbal/telephone ordering is by far the preferred mechanism. Our survey identifies confusion surrounding blood component needs during MTP resuscitation as an opportunity for practice improvement.
Some Thoughts on the Problems of Microwave Heating and Food Processing

AbstractA discussion of the development of applications of microwave processing in the food industry in terms of current limitations is presented.
Recognizing the Diversity of Contributions: A Case Study for Framing Attribution and Acknowledgement for Scientific Data

As scientific data volumes, format types, and sources increase rapidly with the invention and improvement of scientific capabilities, the resulting datasets are becoming more complex to manage as well. One of the significant management challenges is pulling apart the individual contributions of specific people and organizations within large, complex projects. This is important for two aspects: 1) assigning responsibility and accountability for scientific work, and 2) giving professional credit to individuals (e.g. hiring, promotion, and tenure) who work within such large projects. This paper aims to review the extant practice of data attribution and how it may be improved. Through a case study of creating a detailed attribution record for a climate model dataset, the paper evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of the current data attribution method and proposes an alternative attribution framework accordingly. The paper concludes by demonstrating that, analogous to acknowledging the different roles and responsibilities shown in movie credits, the methodology developed in the study could be used in general to identify and map out the relationships among the organizations and individuals who had contributed to a dataset. As a result, the framework could be applied to create data attribution for other dataset types beyond climate model datasets.
Using Objective Structured Clinical Examinations to Assess Intern Orthopaedic Physical Examination Skills: A Multimodal Didactic Comparison

Patient care is 1 of the 6 core competencies defined by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME). The physical examination (PE) is a fundamental skill to evaluate patients and make an accurate diagnosis. The purpose of this study was to investigate 3 different methods to teach PE skills and to assess the ability to do a complete PE in a simulated patient encounter. Design Prospective, uncontrolled, observational. Setting Northeastern academic medical center. Participants A total of 32 orthopedic surgery residents participated and were divided into 3 didactic groups: Group 1 ( n = 12) live interactive lectures, demonstration on standardized patients, and textbook reading; Group 2 ( n = 11) video recordings of the lectures given to Group 1 and textbook reading alone; Group 3 ( n = 9): 90-minute modules taught by residents to interns in near-peer format and textbook reading. Results The overall score for objective structured clinical examinations from the combined groups was 66%. There was a trend toward more complete PEs in Group 1 taught via live lectures and demonstrations compared to Group 2 that relied on video recording. Near-peer taught residents from Group 3 significantly outperformed Group 2 residents overall (p = 0.02), and trended toward significantly outperforming Group 1 residents as well, with significantly higher scores in the ankle (p = 0.02) and shoulder (p = 0.02) PE cases. Conclusions This study found that orthopedic interns taught musculoskeletal PE skills by near-peers outperformed other groups overall. An overall score of 66% for the combined didactic groups suggests a baseline deficit in first-year resident musculoskeletal PE skills. The PE should continue to be taught and objectively assessed throughout residency to confirm that budding surgeons have mastered these fundamental skills before going into practice.
Noradrenaline Increases High-Frequency Firing at the Calyx of Held Synapse During Development by Inhibiting Glutamate Release

The mammalian auditory brain stem receives profuse adrenergic innervation, whose function is poorly understood. Here we investigate, during postnatal development, the effect of noradrenaline (NA) a...
Interdisciplinary medical rounds improved patient care efficiency and the care process and decreased costs

Source Citation Curley C, McEachern JE, Speroff T. A firm trial of interdisciplinary rounds on the inpatient medical wards. An intervention designed using continuous quality improvement. Med Care. ...
Exchanging New Hats for Old: A Response to Françoys Gagné's “My Convictions about the Nature of Abilities, Gifts, and Talents”:

Professor Francoys Gagne's convictions are interesting and useful indeed, in a field characterized by long-term confusion. Within his powerful framework, I suggest that he incorporate modifications...
Hierarchies and Voluntary Third-Party Intervention: The Case of Authorship Conflicts in Biology Labs

Third parties play a vital role in resolving a wide range of conflicts effectively and peacefully. However, little is known about when or why mere observers of conflicts take on the role of a third party intervener. Integrating research on the approach theory of power, and the functional perspective of hierarchies, we conducted three studies to investigate how role-based power influences third parties’ propensity to voluntarily intervene in others’ conflicts. Consistent with our expectations, in our main field study, we found that biology lab researchers who held high- power roles relative to the disputants, were more likely to intervene authorship conflicts compared to researchers who held low-power roles compared to disputants. In Studies 2 and 3, we expanded our investigation to organizational conflicts outside of research labs, and again found that upward voluntary intervention was more prevalent than downward voluntary intervention. We further found that this effect was in part mediated by the third ...
Exploiting T cell co-inhibition to delay autoimmune disease recurrence

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) results from T cell-mediated destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic β cells. Individuals with long-term disease are at risk of developing life-threatening complications. β cell replacement is a therapy for T1D but is limited by recurrent autoreactive T cell targeted β cell death. Thus, β cells better equipped to inhibit local T cell responses may survive longer in autoimmune recipients. Programmed-death 1 (PD-1) signaling through its ligand PD-L1 inhibits T cells, and may serve as a prominent defense in T1D. Using flow cytometric analysis, in the absence of T cells in NOD.RAG −/− mice we do not detect β cell PD-L1 expression. However, with T cells, we observed an increased proportion of β cells expressing PD-L1 in female non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice which had not developed diabetes. In addition, the majority of remaining live β cells at diabetes onset in NOD mice continue to express high levels of PD-L1. These three situations suggest that islet β cells may increase PD-L1 expression as a last line of defense to limit infiltrating T cell mediated destruction. To manipulate β cell PD-L1 expression prior to transplantation, we screened a panel of diabetes-related cytokines and found that IFN-γ enhances β cell PD-L1 expression. Unfortunately, islet transplant survival was not prolonged, which we hypothesized was due to enhanced MHC class I expression, facilitating CD8 + T cell-mediated killing. We therefore de-coupled PD-L1 from enhanced MHC I expression. Using this approach, enforced β cell PD-L1 expression delays disease recurrence. These data support our hypothesis that β cells expressing T cell co-inhibitory molecules, like PD-L1, can locally inhibit autoreactive T cells which may prevent transplant destruction.
Principles of Total Quality

(2005). Principles of Total Quality. Quality Management Journal: Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 59-60.
Accelerated diversification is related to life history and locomotion in a hyperdiverse lineage of microbial eukaryotes (Diatoms, Bacillariophyta)

Patterns of species richness are commonly linked to life history strategies. In diatoms, an exceptionally diverse lineage of photosynthetic heterokonts important for global photosynthesis and burial of atmospheric carbon, lineages with different locomotory and reproductive traits differ dramatically in species richness, but any potential association between life history strategy and diversification has not been tested in a phylogenetic framework. We constructed a time-calibrated, 11-gene, 1151-taxon phylogeny of diatoms - the most inclusive diatom species tree to date. We used this phylogeny, together with a comprehensive inventory of first-last occurrences of Cenozoic fossil diatoms, to estimate ranges of expected species richness, diversification and its variation through time and across lineages. Diversification rates varied with life history traits. Although anisogamous lineages diversified faster than oogamous ones, this increase was restricted to a nested clade with active motility in the vegetative cells. We propose that the evolution of motility in vegetative cells, following an earlier transition from oogamy to anisogamy, facilitated outcrossing and improved utilization of habitat complexity, ultimately leading to enhanced opportunity for adaptive divergence across a variety of novel habitats. Together, these contributed to a species radiation that gave rise to the majority of present-day diatom diversity.
Invasive trichosporonosis treated with voriconazole.

Trichosporon is a genus of yeast-like fungi. It is perhaps most widely known as the cause of white piedra, a benign superficial mycosis seen in immunocompetent individuals in tropical and subtropical regions. However, the incidence of invasive trichosporonosis has increased in immunocompromised patients, most notably those with hematologic malignancies. The following case illustrates characteristic features of trichosporonosis fungemia.
Genotype Calling and Haplotype Phasing from Next Generation Sequencing Data

In this chapter, we will review current statistical and computational approaches for genotype calling and haplotype phasing from next generation data. We will focus on statistical ideas and ignore many practical bioinformatics issues such as image processing for base calling, read mapping, sequencing error rate recalibration, etc, each of which is a topic in its own right. We will give derivations of commonly used approaches, emphasize their assumptions, and aim to unify them in an all-encompassing Bayesian framework. We will point out limitations of single-site genotype likelihood methods that dominate current practice and discuss strategies to use haplotype informative reads.
Role of serotonin in the hypothalamic regulation of pituitary function.

One function of serotonin neurons in brain appears to be control of pituitary hormone secretion. The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland secretes adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), prolactin, growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH); the secretion of these hormones is governed by releasing factors and in some cases by release-inhibiting factors from the hypothalamus. Regulation of the secretion of these factors apparently involves complex neural circuitry, but serotonin neurons seem to represent one link in the control mechanisms for most if not all of these pituitary hormones. We will review briefly some of the more recent pharmacologic evidence supporting such a role of serotonin neurons, focusing primarily on ACTH and prolactin, the two hormones of major interest in our laboratories.
Emerging Practice and Research in Blended Learning

BACKGROUND AND DEFINITION OF BLENDED LEARNING Discussion of blending learning (BL) is appearing with increased frequency in both the scholarly literature and the popular press. A 2011 literature search by the author found close to 200 dissertations and hundreds of journal articles on the topic (Halverson, Graham, Spring, & Drysdale, 2012). It has also been identifi ed by the American Society for Training and Development as a top trend in the knowledge delivery industry (Rooney, 2003). Historically, blended learning was predominantly found in corporate and higher education contexts, but its use is now increasingly found in K-12 education (Picciano, Seaman, Shea, & Shaw 2012; Staker et al., 2011). Its use in higher education has grown rapidly and is predicted to become the “new traditional model” (Ross & Gage, 2006, p. 167) or the “new normal” in course delivery (Norberg, Dziuban, & Moskal, 2011, p. 207). A 2008 report sponsored by the North American Council for Online Learning (NACOL) stated, “Blended learning is likely to emerge as the predominant model of the future” (Watson, 2008, p. 3).
Folklore, myth, and legend, caves in

Caves have been well-represented in human folklore since earliest times. Caves appear prominently in Greek and Roman legends, particularly in the concept of Hades as the abode of the spirits of the dead. Caves have been the abodes of gods and prophets. Caves are mentioned in many parts of the Bible. Such legends continue down to the present time with haunted caves as part of contemporary folklore.
Jumps in Mordell-Weil Rank and Arithmetic Surjectivity

We ask the question: If a pencil of curves of genus one defined over Q admits no section, can we find a number field L/Q and a member of that pencil defined over L having no L-rational points?