cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intramuscular Administration of Alfaxalone Alone and in Combination for Sedation and Anesthesia of Rabbits ( Oryctolagus cuniculus)

This study compared alfaxalone, alone and in combination with other medications, for sedative and anesthetic properties after intramuscular administration in New Zealand white rabbits. In the main portion of the study, 6 female rabbits were assigned to 5 treatment regimens in a blinded crossover design. Alfaxalone (6 mg/kg IM) was administered alone and in combination with each of the following: 0.3 mg/kg butorphanol; 1 mg/kg midazolam; 0.2 mg/kg dexmedetomidine; and both 0.3 mg/kg butorphanol and 0.2 mg/kg dexmedetomidine. An additional 6 rabbits received 0.2 mg/kg dexmedetomidine for comparison. The median time to onset of recumbency ranged from 2.0 to 5.5 min, with times significantly shorter for animals that received alfaxalone with either midazolam or dexmedetomidine than for those given dexmedetomidine only. Duration of sedation (mean ± 1 SD) was: alfaxalone only, 40 ± 7.3 min; alfaxalone with butorphanol, 47.8 ± 9.9 min; alfaxalone with midazolam, 65.2 ± 6.5 min; alfaxalone with dexmedetomidine, 157.5 ± 22.4 min; alfaxalone with butorphanol and dexmedetomidine, 157.7 ± 22.3 min, and dexmedetomidine only, 93.7 ± 11.9 min. Response to noxious stimuli was absent in 2 of the rabbits given dexmedetomidine only, 4 of those given alfaxalone with dexmedetomidine, and all 6 of the animals dosed with alfaxalone, butorphanol, and dexmedetomidine; this last group displayed the longest absence of a toe-pinch response (57 ± 3 min).
Acoustic and camera surveys inform models of current and future vertebrate distributions in a changing desert ecosystem

Author(s): Rich, LN; Furnas, BJ; Newton, DS; Brashares, JS | Abstract: Aim: Maintaining biodiversity in the face of land use and climate change is a paramount challenge, particularly when distributions of many species remain incompletely known. Emerging technologies help address this data deficiency by facilitating the collection of spatially explicit data for multiple species from multiple taxa. In this study, we combine acoustic and visual sensor surveys to inform conservation and land use planning in an area experiencing rapid climate and land use change. Location: Mojave Desert, California, United States. Methods: We deployed camera traps and acoustic detectors at 210 sites between March and July 2016. We identified photographic detections of mammals and acoustic recordings of songbirds to the species level and used multispecies occupancy models to estimate and evaluate species' occupancy probabilities. We then extrapolated model results to the region and forecasted how projected climate and land use changes might affect species' occupancy probabilities in 50nyears. Lastly, we identified areas with high conservation value (i.e., high relative species richness) now and in 50nyears, and related the distributions of these areas to land use designations. Results: We detected 15 mammal and 68 songbird species. At the community level, occupancy decreased with increasing temperatures and distances to woodlands. We forecasted that occupancy probabilities and areas with high conservation value would decline in 50nyears due to projected increases in maximum temperatures and identified that up to 43%, 24% and 27% of land designated for renewable energy development, recreation and military activities, respectively, encompassed these high value areas. Main conclusions: Cooler areas close to woodlands and water are of high conservation value to mammals and songbirds in the Mojave. These areas will become increasingly limited with changing climate, however, making their protection from human disturbance imperative. We encourage continued use of visual and acoustic sensors across large spatial, temporal and taxonomic scales as tools to inform land use and wildlife conservation.
Performance of Chip Seal Treatments in Two Different Climatic Regions

Over time, new pavements deteriorate because of the effect of traffic loads and the environment. Pavement preservation treatments, such as chip seals, are a cost-effective alternative for extending...
Charlotte Delbo: Writing the Afterlife

This chapter comprises a selection of poetry, prose, and theater by Charlotte Delbo, who was active in the French Resistance prior to her internment at the Auschwitz and Ravensbruck concentration camps. This chapter offers insights into the intellectual and political engagements that Delbo had with prominent people who influenced her before and after the war. It also considers ways in which these engagements reflect her poetic writings, depictions of women’s experiences in relation to the atrocities of the Holocaust, as well as interactions among her protagonists. Delbo “writes resistance” beyond the unidimensional realism of carceral atrocities by bringing the dead as well as the living into a common forum of memories extensively informed by her own traumatic experiences.
Culturally Relevant Leadership in Gifted Education: A Systematic Literature Review:

Researchers have consistently pointed to teacher deficit views, inequitable identification of policies and practices, and differential access to resources to explain the dearth of traditionally und...
Predictors of Self-Esteem Among Mexican Immigrant Adolescents: An Examination of Well-Being Through a Biopsychosocial Perspective

Relatively few studies have examined the construct of self-esteem among Mexican immigrant adolescents in the United States, and most studies have focused on the independent influence of variables as opposed to adopting an ecological perspective. The present study examined individual, familial, and societal predictors associated with the self-esteem of Mexican immigrant youth. This study also examined the moderator effects of bilingualism, family cohesion, and parent-adolescent conflict on the relationship between perceived societal discrimination and Mexican immigrant adolescents’ self-esteem. Hierarchical linear regression analyses were conducted drawing data from Wave 2 of the Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Study (CILS). The sample consisted of 575 Mexican immigrant adolescents. The results indicated that academic achievement, bilingualism, and family cohesion were positively associated with self-esteem, while parent-adolescent conflict and societal discrimination were negatively associated with self-esteem. Additionally, both bilingualism and parent-adolescent conflict moderated the relationship between perceived societal discrimination and self-esteem. The findings of this study suggest that in order to protect the self-esteem of Mexican immigrant adolescents, social work practitioners need to target individual, familial, and societal context factors associated with self-esteem. Specifically, family cohesion appears to be most salient to the self-esteem of Latino adolescents. Bilingualism also protects Mexican immigrant youth from the harmful effects of societal discrimination. It is also crucial to identify sources of parent-adolescent conflict among Mexican immigrant families and work to resolve them.
The Effectiveness of a Brief Sexuality Education Intervention for Parents of Children with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities.

Parents are often responsible for educating their child about sexuality and relationships, yet many parents may not be aware of the sexuality-related topics to teach. Sexuality education is critica...
Ultrasound Based Computational Fluid Dynamics Assessment of Brachial Artery Wall Shear Stress in Preeclamptic Pregnancy.

Preeclampsia (PE) is a pregnancy complication of abnormally elevated blood pressure and organ damage where endothelial function is impaired. Wall shear stress (WSS) strongly effects endothelial cell morphology and function but in PE the WSS values are unknown. WSS calculations from ultrasound inaccurately assume cylindrical arteries and patient specific computational fluid dynamics (CFD) typically require time-consuming 3D imaging such as CT or MRI. Two-dimensional (2D) B-mode ultrasound images were lofted together to create simplified three-dimensional (3D) geometries of the brachial artery (BA) that incorporate artery curvature and non-circular cross sections. This process was efficient and on average took 120 ± 10 s. Patient specific CFD was then performed to quantify BA WSS for a small cohort of PE (n = 5) and normotensive pregnant patients (n = 5) and compared against WSS calculations assuming a cylindrical artery. For several WSS metrics (time averaged WSS (TAWSS), peak systolic WSS, oscillatory shear index (OSI), OSI/TAWSS and relative residence time) CFD on the simplified arterial geometries calculated large spatial differences in WSS that assuming a cylindrical artery cannot calculate. Bland–Altman and intra-class correlation (ICC) analyses found assuming a cylindrical artery both underestimated (p < 0.05) and had poor agreement (ICC < 0.5) with the maximum WSS values from CFD. WSS values that were abnormal compared to the normotensive patients (OSI = 0.014 ± 0.026) appear related to the pregnancy complications fetal growth restriction (n = 2, OSI = 0.14, 0.25) and gestational diabetes (n = 1, OSI = 0.23). Creating 3D artery geometries from 2D ultrasound images can be used for CFD simulations to calculate WSS from ultrasound without assuming cylindrical arteries. This approach requires minimal time for both medical imaging and CFD analysis.
Pediatric Resident Education in Pulmonary (PREP): A Subspecialty Preparatory Boot Camp Curriculum for Pediatric Residents

Introduction Medical errors can occur any time resident physicians transition between rotations, especially to unfamiliar areas such as subspecialty pediatrics. To combat this, we created and imple...
Classification of Comprehensive Neuro-Ophthalmologic Measures of Postacute Concussion.

Importance Symptom-based methods of concussion diagnosis in contact sports result in underdiagnosis and repeated head injury exposure, increasing the risk of long-term disability. Measures of neuro-ophthalmologic (NO) function have the potential to serve as objective aids, but their diagnostic utility is unknown. Objective To identify NO measures that accurately differentiate athletes with and without concussion. Design, setting, and participants This cohort study was conducted among athletes with and without concussion who were aged 17 to 22 years between 2016 and 2017. Eye movements and cognitive function were measured a median of 19 days after injury among patients who had an injury meeting the study definition of concussion while playing a sport (retrospectively selected from a concussion clinic), then compared with a control group of participants without concussion (enrolled from 104 noncontact collegiate athlete volunteers without prior head injury). Data analysis was conducted from November 2019 through May 2020. Exposure Concussion. Main outcomes and measures Classification accuracy of clinically important discriminator eye-tracking (ET) metrics. Participants' eye movements were evaluated with a 12-minute ET procedure, yielding 42 metrics related to smooth pursuit eye movement (SPEM), saccades, dynamic visual acuity, and reaction time. Clinically important discriminator metrics were defined as those with significantly different group differences and area under the receiver operator characteristic curves (AUROCs) of at least 0.70. Results A total of 34 participants with concussions (mean [SD] age, 19.7 [2.4] years; 20 [63%] men) and 54 participants without concussions (mean [SD] age, 20.8 [2.2] years; 31 [57%] men) completed the study. Six ET metrics (ie, simple reaction time, discriminate reaction time, discriminate visual reaction speed, choice visual reaction speed, and reaction time on 2 measures of dynamic visual acuity 2) were found to be clinically important; all were measures of reaction time, and none were related to SPEM. Combined, these 6 metrics had an AUROC of 0.90 (95% CI, 0.80-0.99), a sensitivity of 77.8%, and a specificity of 92.6%. The 6 metrics remained significant on sensitivity testing. Conclusions and relevance In this study, ET measures of slowed visual reaction time had high classification accuracy for concussion. Accurate, objective measures of NO function have the potential to improve concussion recognition and reduce the disability associated with underdiagnosis.
Activation of hypothalamic oxytocin neurons reduces binge-like alcohol drinking through signaling at central oxytocin receptors.

Preclinical and clinical evidence suggests that exogenous administration of oxytocin (OT) may hold promise as a therapeutic strategy for reducing heavy alcohol drinking. However, it remains unknown whether these effects are mediated by stimulation of endogenous sources of OT and signaling at oxytocin receptors (OTR) in brain or in the periphery. To address this question, we employed a targeted chemogenetic approach to examine whether selective activation of OT-containing neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) alters alcohol consumption in a binge-like drinking (“Drinking-in-the-Dark”; DID) model. Adult male Oxt-IRES-Cre mice received bilateral infusion of a Cre-dependent virus containing an excitatory DREADD (AAV8-hSyn-DIO-hM3Dq-mCherry) or control virus (AAV8-hSyn-DIO-mCherry) into the PVN. Chemogenetic activation of PVNOT+ neurons following clozapine-N-oxide injection reduced binge-like alcohol drinking in a similar manner as systemic administration of the neuropeptide. Pretreatment with a brain-penetrant OTR antagonist (L-368,899) reversed this effect while systemic administration of a peripherally restricted OTR antagonist (Atosiban) did not alter reduced alcohol drinking following chemogenetic activation of PVNOT+ neurons. Altogether, these data are the first to demonstrate that targeted activation of hypothalamic (endogenous) OT reduces alcohol consumption, providing further evidence that this neuropeptide plays a role in regulation of alcohol self-administration behavior. Further, results indicate that the ability OT to reduce alcohol drinking is mediated by signaling at OTR in the brain.
Biomechanical Comparison of Tape Versus Suture in Simulated Achilles Tendon Midsubstance Rupture

ABSTRACT As sutures have progressed in strength, increasing evidence supports the suture tendon interface as the site where most tendon repairs fail. We hypothesized that suture tape would have a higher load to failure versus polyblend suture due to its larger surface area. Eleven matched pairs of cadaveric Achilles tendons were sutured with 2 mm wide braided ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene tape (Tape) or 2 mm wide braided ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene suture (Suture) using a Krackow repair method. All Achilles repair constructs were cyclically loaded, after which they were loaded to failure. Change in suture footprint height, clinical and ultimate load to failure, and location of failure was recorded. Clinical loads to failure for Tape and Suture were 290.4 ± 74.8 and 231.7 ± 70.4 Newtons, respectively (p= .01). Ultimate loads to failure for Tape and Suture were 352.9 ± 108.1 and 289.8 ± 53.7 Newtons, respectively (p = .11). Cyclic testing resulted in significant changes in footprint height for both Tape and Suture, but the 2 sutures did not differ in terms of the magnitude of change in footprint height (p = .52). The suture tendon interface was the most common site of failure for both Tape and Suture. Our results suggest that Tape may provide added repair strength in vivo for Achilles midsubstance rupture.
Understanding State Liability for Damages Caused by Negligent Investigations and Lawsuits – An Analysis of the Brazilian Case in the Light of British and French Experiences

General investigations and lawsuits held under Brazilian jurisdiction are considered public records and negligent actions triggered by misuse of power can lead to right violations and cause losses to individuals and companies. In the last decade, the country has been experiencing changes when it comes to corruption. For the first time in history powerful politicians and big companies are being investigated, prosecuted, and sentenced for taking part in schemes for the embezzlement of public funds. This crusade against corruption transformed prosecutors and judges into national heroes and strengthened Judiciary Branch. Although the results tend to develop national public institutions, the means used to achieve it could suggest an unbalance in Brazil’s checks and balances system and misuse of power during investigations and lawsuits. The Brazilian Federal Constitution is clear when saying that the State shall be liable for injuries that any of their agents, acting as such, cause to third parties. Notwithstanding, there is no general precedent in Brazil regarding the attempt to establish state liability on cases in which individuals and companies suffered damages during groundless investigations and negligent lawsuits. By assessing the historical and legal development in the United Kingdom and France, it is possible to understand the evolution of the idea of state liability, shed light on the Brazilian case, and help to analyse whether the existing legal framework in Brazil will be able to present a satisfactory answer for the challenges that shall arise in the next years.
Clinical implications of retinal oximetry in retinal vein occlusion: a review.

PURPOSE To review retinal vein occlusion (RVO) and its relationship with retinal oxygen saturation via automated retinal oximetry in eyes with RVO. METHODS A literature review was performed in PubMed and Medline until October 2021 utilizing specific keywords and cross-matched reference lists. RESULTS This review found RVO to be associated with risk factors including age, hypertension, cardiovascular and metabolic conditions, male gender, and glaucoma. These may be attributed to a breakdown of regulatory processes in the retina. Retinal venous oxygen saturation (SvO2 ) and arteriovenous difference in eyes with central RVO have been found to be reduced and elevated, respectively. The literature indicates variable and contradictory findings in regard to branch RVO and retinal oxygenation. Additionally, ischaemic eyes have been found to have elevated retinal arterial oxygen saturation; however, the literature reports variable results regarding SvO2 levels. Medications have been suggested to increase SvO2 in RVO eyes, which may represent an important mechanism for disease management. Ranibizumab is currently the most studied drug for retinal oxygenation in RVO and has been suggested to increase SvO2 in RVO eyes. In comparison, dexamethasone was found to decrease SvO2 . CONCLUSION The current literature on retinal oxygenation in ischaemic subtypes of RVO and in drug therapies is minimal, and further work is required to expand upon our understanding of how ischaemia and drugs influence retinal oxygenation and clinical outcomes.
Stem Cell Bioprocessing and Biomanufacturing

The ability to manufacture products from stem cells is required to deliver on the many envisioned potential applications of these cells and will ultimately dictate the translational success of stem cells. The technologies and processes for bioprocessing are dependent on insights gained from the physical science principles, screening technologies, and computational analysis approaches described in each of the previous chapters. Ultimately insights from each of these different approaches will contribute significantly to the different elements of biomanufacturing schemes including culture platforms, monitoring techniques, and quality control/assurance. The development and implementation of bioprocessing technologies will require collaborations between academic institutions and a rapidly growing global industry seeking to commercialize stem cell products, as well as interactions with regulatory agencies providing oversight of these processes. This chapter will highlight the most common current approaches and remaining challenges facing the development of bioprocessing technologies necessary for the scalable and robust manufacturing of stem cells and stem cell-derived products.
Long-Term Trends in Public Concerns in Two Societies

Trends in public concerns from the early 19 0's to the mid-1970's are compared for Israel and the United States, relating changes in concerns to historical and social change which occurred during the decade in both societies. The analysis is based on open-ended questions regarding views of either personal or nation's future -hopes and fears for that future -and a Self-Anchoring Rating Scale, by which the respondent evaluated personal and nation's situation in various time perspectives. The Israeli's future perspective became centered around peace and war, removing other issues to a secondary plane of concern. In contrast, the American became more concerned about social issues. The most striking difference in the evaluations of self and society was that the Israelis revealed in the seventies a personal depressive mood, while the Americans were at that time more pessimistic about their society's situation and future. The purpose of this paper is to compare public concerns in two societies, Israel and the United States, at two time periods, the early 1960's and the mid-1970's. The basic question asked is: How do different populations react, as evinced in their concerns, to what happened in their lives and country over the course of more than a decade? The idea of subjective concerns as monitors of social change has received ample attention (Land, 1971; Barnes and Inglehart, 1974; Parke and Seidman, 1978). A general assumption has been that objective change leads to change in subjective indicators (Turner, 1971; Rokeach, 1973; Campbell, 1976); or, following Weberian tradition, a mutual relationship is postulated (Lipset, 1963). As several authors have noted, comparative studies combining a long-term and cross-cultural perspective are less in evidence (Pierce and Pride, 1972; Rokeach, 1973; Campbell, 1976; Andrews and Inglehart, 1973). This lack is due to, besides limitations of resources, the difficulties involved in capturing macro-social change -its complexity, extent, and duration, and its relation to the change in individual attitudes (Kats, 1982). In addition, a cross-sectional,
Electrical transport in two dimensional heterostructures

Emerging two dimensional materials including transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are of interest due to their electronic and optoelectronic applications including tunnel field effect transistors (TFETs) and photodetectors.1 TMDs are of interest due to their bandgap range between 1.5 and 2.1 eV2 and vertical stacking of these various layered TMDs allow for the possibility of multi-layered heterostructures and bandgap tuning. These layers are often stacked using exfoliation, which allow for initial investigations but do not ultimately lead to pristine interfaces, that are key to unlocking the true electronic potential of these materials. Synthesis routes including powder vaporization and metal organic chemical vapor deposition can be used to achieve direct growth of TMDs that achieve high quality interfaces. The vertical transport of TMDs on epitaxial graphene and multiple stacking of various TMDs including molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 )/tungsten diselenide (WSe 2 ) and epitaxial graphene via direct synthesis techniques was studied and is shown to lead to unique transport properties. The ability to synthesize these pristine interfaces yields vertical transport properties that include negative differential resistance (NDR). RF measurements of these heterojunctions will also be discussed.
De Souza Lessa, F. (2010) Mulheres de Atenas. Mélissa do Gineceo a Agorá

DE SOUZA LESSA, F. (2010) Mulheres de Atenas. Melissa -do Gineceo a Agora . Rio de Janeiro: Editora Mauad, 124 pp. ISBN: 978-85-7478-333-8.
Libraries and Digital Property Rights

The realization of the digital library — a computer system to enable anyone with a workstation to have access to any of the published works of mankind — has stayed out of reach because of a presumed technical problem. Once a written work is digitized, it becomes so easy to make and distribute copyright infringing copies that publishers would go out of business. A technical solution to thi problem based on trusted systems and digital property rights is now becoming available. The big issues for libraries — social and institutional policy challenges — are still ahead.
Terahertz radiation enhancement in large-area photoconductive sources by using plasmonic nanoantennas

We demonstrate that incorporating plasmonic nanoantennas in large-area photoconductive sources enables record-high terahertz radiation powers as high as 3.8 mW over 0.1–5 THz and an order-of-magnitude higher optical-to-terahertz conversion efficiencies compared to conventional designs.
Systematic Change of Data Representation: Program Manipulations and a Case Study

We present a set of semantics-based program manipulation techniques to assist in restructuring software encapsulation boundaries and making systematic changes to data representations. These techniques adapt abstraction structure and data representations without altering program functionality. The techniques are intended to be embodied in source-level analysis and manipulation tools used interactively by programmers, rather than in fully automatic tools and compilers.
Perceived fatigue interference and depressed mood: comparison of chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis patients with fatigued breast cancer survivors

Objective: Persistent fatigue and depressive symptoms are both highly prevalent among patients with chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME) as well as breast cancer survivors. This study aimed to assess and directly compare perceptions of fatigue as highly interfering in one's daily functioning in both patient populations to better understand their relationships with depressed mood. Methods: Participants were 95 female CFS/ME patients and 67 females who were approximately five years post-treatment for stage 0–III breast cancer presenting with clinically elevated fatigue severity. Self-report measures were obtained on participants' fatigue-related interference in daily functioning and fatigue severity as well as depressed mood. Hierarchical regression was used to test effects controlling for relevant demographic, psychosocial, and medical covariates. Results: CFS/ME patients endorsed greater depressed mood and fatigue interference than did fatigued breast cancer survivors, p < .001. The...
Design and application of genetic algorithms for the multiple traveling salesperson assignment problem

The multiple traveling salesmen problem (MTSP) is an extension of the traveling salesman problem with many production and scheduling applications. The TSP has been well studied including methods of solving the problem with genetic algorithms. The MTSP has also been studied and solved with GAs in the form of the vehicle-scheduling problem. This work presents a new modeling methodology for setting up the MTSP to be solved using a GA. The advantages of the new model are compared to existing models both mathematically and experimentally. The model is also used to model and solve a multi line production problem in a spreadsheet environment. The new model proves itself to be an effective method to model the MTSP for solving with GAs. The concept of the MTSP is then used to model and solve with a GA the use of one salesman make many tours to visit all the cities instead of using one continuous trip to visit all the cities. While this problem uses only one salesman, it can be modeled as a MTSP and has many applications for people who must visit many cities on a number of short trips. The method used effectively creates a schedule while considering all required constraints.
Heterodimer formation between Escherichia coli Rep and UvrD proteins

DNA helicases catalyze the essential process of unwinding duplex DNA to form the single-stranded DNA intermediates required for DNA metabolic processes including replication, recombination, and repair. Most cells, possibly all, encode multiple helicases that function selectively in different processes, although some helicases can complement each other in vivo. Thus, although Escherichia coli can survive mutations or deletions of either the uvrD gene (encoding Helicase II) or the rep gene (encoding Rep helicase) separately, deletion of both rep and uvrD genes is lethal (Washburn, B. K., and Kushner, S. R. (1991) J. Bacteriol. 173,2569-2575). The Rep and UvrD polypeptides share approximately 40% sequence homology, and we have previously shown that both form homodimeric species and that the Rep homodimer appears to be the functionally active helicase. We report here that these two proteins can also interact in vitro to form a heterodimer. The heterodimer appears to be energetically more stable than the Rep homodimer but less stable than the UvrD homodimer under our conditions. The observation of Rep/UvrD heterodimer formation in vitro opens up the intriguing possibility that the heterodimer may play a physiologically important role that is distinct from the role of the Rep or UvrD homodimers. Therefore, considerations of the role of either protein in DNA metabolic processes, such as replication and repair, must include a potential role for a Rep/UvrD heterodimer.
A Critical Perspective on Habeas Corpus History

Determining the appropriate role of habeas corpus in the American criminal justice system has taken on new import because of uncertainty over the proper means to prosecute and punish accused terrorists. Unfortunately, the existing histories of the Great Writ fail to explain the repeated expansions and contractions of habeas doctrine throughout the last century. Without an understanding of where habeas has been, the courts are ill-equipped to chart its future. This article criticizes prior habeas histories for their inability to explain the evolution of the doctrine. It then shows that greater understanding can be gained by discarding the myth that habeas is a guardian of individual liberty in favor of interpreting the writ as a device that the U.S. Supreme Court uses to enforce its right to proclaim the law. This interpretation of the writ explains each expansion and contraction of the doctrine more effectively than prior histories. Although liberty interests have likely played little role in the courts use of the writ as a remedy in specific cases, the ideology associated with habeas corpus has done much to further liberty interests. The final section of this article shows that, like prior histories of the writ, the one presented here essentially interprets doctrinal change as a response to external factors. That interpretation is true, but incomplete. To fully understand the development of habeas doctrine, one must also internalize the extent to which that doctrine, and the ideology surrounding it, helped create change. With respect to habeas, a powerful liberty-supporting ideology has long helped to enable reformers to conceive of, and opponents to accept, new possibilities for expanding the rights of the accused. Less obviously, a counter ideology that sees habeas as a dangerous get-out-of-jail-free card has, ironically, also advanced liberty interests. This ideology has focused the attacks of reformers who would narrow criminal procedure rights on the writ itself rather than the substance of those rights.
Radiative instabilities in astrophysical masers

We have previously found that the solutions to the equations of radiative transfer for astrophysical masers are unstable. Here, we provide additional information on the behavior of the interior of the masing region during the variations that result from the instability. It is plausible that the relevant parameters for the interstellar, OH 1665 MHz masers are within the regime for which instability occurs.
Cold agglutinin disease

Cold agglutinin disease is a rare and poorly understood disorder affecting 15% of patients with autoimmune hemolytic anemia. We reviewed the clinical and pathologic features, prognosis, and management in the literature and describe our institutional experience to improve strategies for accurate diagnosis and treatment. Retrospective analysis identified 89 patients from our institution with cold agglutinin disease from 1970 through 2012. Median age at symptom onset was 65 years (range, 41 to 83 years), whereas the median age at diagnosis was 72 years (range, 43 to 91 years). Median survival of all patients was 10.6 years, and 68 patients (76%) were alive 5 years after the diagnosis. The most common symptom was acrocyanosis (n = 39 [44%]), and many had symptoms triggered by cold (n = 35 [39%]) or other factors (n = 20 [22%]). An underlying hematologic disorder was detected in 69 patients (78%). Thirty-six patients (40%) received transfusions during their disease course, and 82% received drug therapy. Rituximab was associated with the longest response duration (median, 24 months) and the lowest proportion of patients needing further treatment (55%). Our institution's experience and review of the literature confirms that early diagnostic evaluation and treatment improves outcomes in cold agglutinin disease.
Comment on Bornschier

In the September 1981 issue of the Journal of Conflict Resolution, Volker Bornschier published another in a series of articles on the effects of the stock and flow of foreign capital in the less developed countries on their rate of economic growth.' Here, as elsewhere, Bornschier maintains that what others have found to be an apparent postitive relation between stock of foreign investment (PEN) and growth rates is actually spurious. In fact, he g~oes so far as to deny even a zero order correlation between stock of investment and economic growth. Bornschier claims that his methods of coming to his conclusions are "sophisticated" (deceptive) methods. The facile use of "control variwith him are "simplistic." However, in reality, Bornschier demonstrates nothing more than how easy it is to produce just about any conceivable results with multivariate computer analysis-if one is willing to throw in enough "control variables" and to utilize enough different sets of countries. But, in fact, there is no getting around the absolute necessity for careful theoretical justification of the models employed, as well as for an examination of the concrete countries affected. The question, then, in this as well as in most other cases of disagreement about important research questions (such as the effect of foreign capital on growth), is primarily theoretical-and not who is using the more "sophisticated" (deceptive) methods. The facile use of "control variables" and arbitrary sets of countries cannot be substituted for analysis. Contrary to Bornschier, among the less developed countries that are integrated into the world market, those with the highest levels of foreign investment generally have higher rates of overall economic growth than
Imperfect Choice or Imperfect Attention? Understanding Strategic Thinking in Private Information Games

To understand the thinking process in private information games, we use “Mousetracking” to record which payoffs subjects attend to. The games have three information states and vary in strategic complexity. Subjects consistently deviate from Nash equilibrium choices and often fail to look at payoffs which they need to in order to compute an equilibrium response. Choices and lookups are similar when stakes are higher. When cluster analysis is used to group subjects according to lookup patterns and choices, three clusters appear to correspond approximately to level-3, level-2, and level-1 thinking in level-k models, and a fourth cluster is consistent with inferential mistakes (as, for example, in QRE or Cursed Equilibrium theories). Deviations from Nash play are associated with failure to look at the necessary payoffs. The time durations of looking at key payoffs can predict choices, to some extent, at the individual level and at the trial-by-trial level.
Bunch length control in the NSLS VUV ring

Abstract The lifetime in the NSLS VUV ring is limited by intra-bunch scattering (Touschek scattering). A second RF cavity was added to lengthen the electron bunch, thereby reducing the Touschek loss rate. Initially, the cavity was operated in a “passive” mode. This provided significant lifetime enhancement at higher currents, but also created larger than normal bunch length variations over the range of operating currents. In October 1993, a generator was added to the system to provide greater bunch length control and added lifetime at all operating currents. Recent studies have also been done on bunch shortening with encouraging results. This paper provides a summary of the system, including results from studies and operations.
The Female Smoker: From Addiction to Recovery

Millions of American girls and women have been drawn to smoking by an industry that has been clearly and systematically targeting women of all ages and life circumstances. Big tobacco's well-timed marketing strategies skillfully link cigarette use to typical female values: independence, self-reliance, weight control, stress management, social progress and popularity, personal attractiveness, autonomy, self-fulfillment, youth, happiness, personal success, health, and active, vigorous, and strenuous lifestyles. Biologically speaking, women are especially vulnerable to the legion of health problems of tobacco use. Smoking is a critical hazard for women in their reproductive years, particularly when they are pregnant. The US Public Health Service 2000 Clinical Practice Guideline provides helpful guidance and sound general recommendations for the treatment of women of all ages for tobacco use and dependence. Women and girls who smoke represent diverse subgroups of the population with unique issues and needs. The 2001 Surgeon General's Report on Women and Smoking stresses the importance of multistrategy programs for treating female smokers. This approach includes antitobacco media campaigns, increases in tobacco prices, promotion of nonsmoking in public places, curbs on tobacco advertising and promotion, enforcement of legislation to reduce youth access to tobacco products, and effective tobacco use treatment programs.
Improving arm function in chronic stroke: a pilot study of sensory amplitude electrical stimulation via glove electrode during task-specific training.

AbstractObjective:To investigate the effects of sensory amplitude electrical stimulation (SES) delivered by glove electrode during task-specific exercise on arm movement, function, and sensation in chronic stroke.Methods:The design was an intervention pilot study, pre-test, post-test, follow-up design. The settings used were a university research laboratory and home-based intervention. Participants comprised of 11 individuals with chronic stroke (7.2 ± 4.1 years post onset) and moderate arm paresis, 10.82/20 ± 2.27 on the Stroke Rehabilitation Assessment of Movement (STREAM) — Arm Subscale. Participants were seven males and four females (mean age: 59 years). Participants were recruited from university-based database. Intervention- Participants engaged in task-specific training at home for 30 min, twice daily, for 5 weeks, while receiving SES via glove electrode. Participants received supervised task practice at least twice during intervention period for 1 hour. Main outcome measures- Jebsen–Taylor Hand Fu...
Synthesis and evaluation of 82Br and 77Br labeled (17α, 20E)-21-bromo-19-norpregna-1,3,5(10),20-tetraene-3,17β -diol

17α -E-Bromovinylestradiol and its radiobrominated analogs were prepared by halodestannylation. The synthesis was achieved by bromination of the tri-n-butylstannylvinyl intermediate to give a 90% isolated yield. The reaction of the intermediate with ammonium [82Br] bromide or sodium [17Br] bromide in the presence of an oxidant give the corresponding radiolabeled bromovinylestradiol in 80–90% yields after isolation by HPLC. The radiochemical purity was greater than 98% and no other UV-active compounds could be detected by HPLC. An in vivo comparison of this compound with the previously prepared 17α -E-[125I]iodovinyl estradiol indicated that the two compounds had similar uterine uptake and specific receptor binding properties. The results suggest that radiobromodestannylation may be the method of choice for the preparation of this and other structurally similar compounds.
Molecular Correlates of Laminar Differences in the Macaque Dorsal Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

In anthropoid primates, cells in the magnocellular and parvocellular layers of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) are distinguished by unique retinal inputs, receptive field properties, and laminar terminations of their axons in visual cortex. To identify genes underlying these phenotypic differences, we screened RNA from magnocellular and parvocellular layers of adult macaque dLGN for layer-specific differences in gene expression. Real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR and in situ hybridization were used to confirm gene expression in adult and fetal macaque. Cellular localization of gene expression revealed 11 new layer-specific markers, of which 10 were enriched in magnocellular layers (BRD4, CAV1, EEF1A2, FAM108A1, INalpha, KCNA1, NEFH, NEFL, PPP2R2C, and SFRP2) and one was enriched in parvocellular and koniocellular layers (TCF7L2). These markers relate to functions involved in development, transcription, and cell signaling, with Wnt/beta-catenin and neurofilament pathways figuring prominently. A subset of markers was differentially expressed in the fetal dLGN during a developmental epoch critical for magnocellular and parvocellular pathway formation. These results provide new evidence for the molecular differentiation of magnocellular and parvocellular streams through the primate dLGN.
Screening for Torture: A Narrative Checklist Comparing Legal Definitions in a Torture Treatment Clinic.

Torture has been defined most precisely in legal contexts. Practitioners who work with torture survivors and researchers who study torture have frequently cited legal definitions, particularly those in the United States’ Torture Victims Relief Act, the United Nations Convention against Torture, or the World Medical Association’s Declaration of Tokyo. Few practitioners have operationalized these definitions and applied them in their practice. We describe how a New York City torture treatment clinic used a coding checklist that operationalizes the definitions, and present results. We found that in practice these definitions were nested; that using guidelines for applying the definitions in practice altered the number of cases meeting criteria for these definitions; and that the severity of psychological symptoms did not differ between those who were tortured and those who were not under any definition. We propose theoretical and practical implications of these findings.
Imaging time reduction through multiple receiver coil data acquisition and image reconstruction

A technique is described for the simultaneous acquisition of MRI data using two independent receiver coils surrounding the same region of tissue, which enables the collection of data necessary for image reconstruction in a reduced number of phase-encoded acquisitions. This results in a 50% reduction in minimum scan time and may be useful in time-critical procedures. The algorithm and imaging procedures are described, and example images are shown that illustrate the reconstruction. Signal to noise is decreased by the square root of the time savings, making this technique applicable to cases in which the need to decrease minimum scan time outweighs the signal to noise penalty.
A test structure to inform the effects of dielectric charging on CMOS MEMS inertial sensors

Reducing drift in MEMS devices (e.g. resonators, inertial sensors) is a crucial component of performance. As electrostatic modes of sense and actuation are frequently employed in these devices, charging in dielectric materials is an important consideration. In CMOS MEMS technologies where electrostatic spring softening effects are present, drift due to charging can be significant, effectively overwhelming the device's ability to sense or be actuated. In this paper, we characterize the response of a test structure to various bias conditions to aid in modeling of device charging in inertial sensors. A preliminary model is presented to predict the bias state of the device due to dielectric charging.
Will presently available system design approaches and electrical interconnect rules fulfill the performance requirements of high clock rate ‘digital signal processors based on gaas?

Will presently available system design approaches and electrical interconnectrules fulfill the performance requirements of high clock ratedigital signal processors based on GaAs?B. K. Gilbert and D. J. SchwabSpecial- Purpose Processor Development Group, Mayo Foundation200 First Street Southwest, Rochester, Minnesota 55905AbstractThe emerging application of Gallium Arsenide digital integrated circuits to signalprocessing problems will require the development of architectures quite different fromthose used for highly parallel silicon VLSI and VHSIC components. Much higher systemclock rates will be employed in GaAs based systems than will be common in silicon VLSI,placing much more stress on interchip signal protocols, and on the design of first andsecond level packaging, i.e., at the chip carrier and logic board levels.IntroductionAdvances in the development of digital Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) integrated circuitshave progressed to the point that designers of signal and data processors and of analogconversion modules can begin to discern the systems applications for which it is bestsuited. It has been commented that Gallium Arsenide may be forced to compete, to itsdisadvantage, directly with Silicon VLSI or VHSI (greater than 10,000 gates /chip) in amajority of instances. Purely architectural solutions to large signal and data processingproblems can often be implemented in VLSI- complexity Silicon integrated circuits, providedthat the economic constraints of design costs, unit costs, and schedule can be resolved.More detailed examination indicates that the system implementation tasks fulfilled byGallium Arsenide integrated circuits will be quite different from and complementary tothat of Silicon VLSI and VHSIC. The higher electron mobilities of GaAs transistors resultin faster electron transit times across their active regions and hence shorter gate propa-gation delays for comparable dimensions and power dissipation in silicon devices. GaAstransistor technology may be further subdivided into first and second generationstructures; first generation transistors include depletion -mode MESFETs, J -FETs, etc., thesecond generation transistors are heterojunction structures including two dimensionalelectron gas FETs (TEGFETs) and the true bipolar transistor structures discussed recently
Are quantum dots useful for quantum computation

Abstract Quantum dots (QDs) have unique features that render them potentially useful in quantum information processing. It is widely accepted that spin of an electron forms an almost ideal elementary unit of quantum information (qubit): QDs can be used to localize and address single spins using either electrical or optical methods. A QD embedded in a photonic nano-structure can also be an ideal deterministic source of single photons: recent theoretical results show that single photon pulses generated by a single QD, in combination with photodetectors and linear optical elements, may allow for efficient quantum computation.
INCOME INEQUALITY, ECONOMIC GROWTH, AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME GAINS: EVIDENCE FROM THE U.S. STATES ∗

This paper first investigates a relationship between economic growth and income in- equality using U.S. states data, a state cost-of-living deflator, and nonlinearity. It then explores the distribution of income gains among different income groups. We find that the impact of inequality on growth is nonlinear. Lowering inequality or increasing it substantially reduces growth; thus stable inequality may be good for growth. Economic growth affects incomes of the poor, the middle-income group, and the rich similarly with the elasticity of one. Education and labor market policies become important in promoting growth and improving income gains of the poor.