cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structuring the Past: Thinking about the History Curriculum

It is familiar territory. When newly hired history faculty members arrive on campus for their first semester, they can usually be sure that they already know the curricular landscape. They can safely assume that they will teach courses that trace the expected life cycle of the history under graduate. Their students will start with large surveys taught in a lecture format, move to slightly smaller, more specialized classes on particular topics or periods taught through a mix of lecture and discussion, and possibly conclude with seminars taught mainly to honors students, senior history majors, or graduate students. In short, it will be the same curriculum they experienced as undergraduates. Although the exact numbers involved and the internal architecture of the courses may vary, the overall trajectory of history edu cation remains remarkably constant in departments across the country.l That relative uniformity is surprising given the extent of change in the college class room in the past decade. Since the 1960s, many pedagogical theories have encouraged opening and de-centering the classroom, so that students take a more active role in setting the intellectual agenda. More recently, wired campuses have provided a wealth of tech nological tools, which present another opportunity to rethink the relationship between teachers and students. The availability of primary texts online, the access to video and audio material, and the ease of sharing information have produced new ideas about the boundaries of the classroom experience. Many institutions have recognized the possibili ties unlocked by those changes and offer classroom observation and consultation, peda gogical workshops, and instruction on how to integrate technology into the classroom.
Application of a time-dependent density-matrix formalism

An extended time-dependent Hartree-Fock theory which includes the effects of nucleon-nucleon collisions is presented and applied to the small-amplitude quadrupole motions of16O and40Ca. The collision term of the theory includes not only the Born term but also higher-order terms. It is found that the higher-order terms are essential to the damping of the motions.
An Efficient Greedy LLL Algorithm for MIMO Detection

Lenstra-Lenstra-Lovasz (LLL) algorithm has been adopted as a lattice reduction (LR) technique for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) detection to improve error performance without exponential complexity. However, implementing the LLL algorithm is still challenging. During the execution of each LLL iteration, the column swap operations may not happen in some cases, which is not efficient in terms of convergence speed. To address this issue, some greedy LLL variants have recently been proposed, which only select the iterations with column swap each time so that the number of LLL iterations can be reduced compared to the original LLL algorithm. In this paper, we propose an efficient greedy LLL algorithm, based on the relaxed Lovasz condition to search the candidate set of LLL iterations and the relaxed decrease of LLL potential to select an LLL iteration each time. Besides, we also present an efficient implementation of the proposed algorithm. Compared to the existing greedy LLL algorithms, simulations show that the proposed greedy LLL not only converges faster but also exhibits much lower complexity (save over 55% and 62% complexity in average for 4 × 4 and 8 × 8 MIMO systems) while maintaining similar error performance in LR-aided MIMO detectors.
Diagnosis and Treatment of C4 Radiculopathy.

Study design: Clinical case series. Objective: This study sought to clarify symptoms, diagnostic criteria, and treatment of C4 radiculopathy, and the role of diagnostic C4 root block in this entity. Summary of background data: Although well understood cervical dermatomal/myotomal syndromes have been described for symptoms originating from impingement on the C2, C3, C5, C6, C7, and C8 roots, less has been written about the syndrome(s) associated with the C4 root. Methods: The senior author reviewed surgical records and describes his personal experience with the diagnosis and treatment of C4 radiculopathy. Results: A total of 712 procedures for cervical radiculopathy without myelopathy were reviewed. Among that cohort, 13 procedures involved the C4 root only and five procedures involved two level procedures including the C4 root. Patients described pain as involving the axial cervical region, paraspinal muscles, trapezius muscle, and interscapular region. No patient described pain over the anterior chest wall or radiating distal to the shoulder, one described pain over the medial clavicle. All patients who were offered surgery had a positive response to a diagnostic C4 transforaminal single nerve root block. Thirteen patients underwent posterior foraminotomy (five at two levels) and five patients underwent an anterior discectomy and fusion at C3-4. Mean Oswestry Disability Index score significantly declined; preoperative score 24.3 (range 14-29), postoperative score 9.7 (range 2-18; P = 0.003) at ≥3 months. Mean Short Form-36v2 score significantly increased; preoperative score 34.2 (range 20-40.2), postoperative score 73.7 (range 40.5-88.3, P = 0.001) at ≥3 months. Conclusion: C4 root symptoms overlap those of the C3 and C5 roots and are very similar to facet mediated pain. Asymptomatic C4 foraminal stenosis may be a common imaging finding, it can be difficult to diagnose C4 radiculopathy clinically. Diagnostic C4 root block can make an accurate diagnosis and lead to successful surgical outcomes. Level of evidence: 4.
The nature of the antirheumatic action of salicylates.

The problem of the mode of antirheumatic action of salicylates is approached through a consideration of structure-activity relationships. Experimental properties of salicylates and structurally related compounds which parallel antirheumatic properties include the ability to produce elevated circulating corticoid levels, acidic strength (dissociability), chelating potential, and the ability to suppress experimental arthritis. Effects which do not parallel antirheumatic properties include uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation, stimulation of oxygen consumption, effects on carbohydrate metabolism, and inhibitory effects on immunologic processes. The possible interrelationships of the various experimental effects and the application of studies on structure-activity relationships to the problem of the mode of acton of salicylates are discussed.
Conflict about Climate Change at the American Meteorological Society: Meteorologists’ Views on a Scientific and Organizational Controversy

AbstractThis article analyzes open-ended survey responses to understand how members of the American Meteorological Society (AMS) perceive conflict within the AMS over global warming. Of all survey respondents, 53% agreed that there was conflict within the AMS; of these individuals who perceived conflict, 62% saw it as having at least some productive aspects, and 53% saw at least some unproductive aspects. Among members who saw a productive side to the conflict, most agreed as to why it was productive: debate and diverse perspectives enhance science. However, among members who saw an unproductive side, there was considerable disagreement as to why. Members who are convinced of largely human-caused climate change expressed that debate over global warming sends an unclear message to the public. Conversely, members who are unconvinced of human-caused climate change often felt that their peers were closed-minded and suppressing unpopular views. These two groups converged, however, on one point: politics was se...
Domestic Policies in Developing Countries and their Effects on Employment, Income Inequality and Poverty

The world of the 1990s is very different from the world of the 1950s when issues of employment, income inequality and poverty in developing countries first attracted the attention of policy makers. The world at mid-century was not closely integrated. Western Europe was still recovering from the effects of the Second World War and many of the wartime controls were still in place. The socialist bloc had entered a period of consolidation and was largely isolated from the capitalist economies. Latin America, having suffered the economic consequences of the deep depression of the 1930s and the disruption of international commerce during the 1940s, had turned inward and adopted an import substituting strategy of industrialization. Asia was in the early stages of decolonization and the construction of national economies in newly independent countries. Africa still had a decade to wait before the European empires that dominated the continent collapsed and at last allowed Africans to regain some control over their destiny. Japan, like Western Europe, was slowly recovering from the Second World War and its period of explosive growth and massive penetration of world markets was still over the horizon just out of sight. The United States, by far the strongest economy, was the champion of free trade and the free movement of capital.
Student Changes, Program Influences, and Adult Development in One Program of Counselor Training: An Exploratory Inductive Inquiry

This qualitative study explored how students in 1 program changed as a result of their professional preparation experience. We interviewed 15 counseling students via one-to-one interviews and a focus group. Students were asked how they had changed and what had influenced those changes in their educational experience. Responses were clustered with the assistance of a text analysis computer program. Three broad change themes were named (1) increased reflexivity, (2) increased autonomy, and (3) capacity for dialogue. Four program influences were also identified. They are providing students with (1) experiences in social construction of knowledge, (2) experiential learning, (3) opportunities for independent thinking, and (4) a supportive environment. Connections to adult-development themes and specific instructional strategies that are suggested by the data are named.
Effects of dilute acid and flowthrough pretreatments and BSA supplementation on enzymatic deconstruction of poplar by cellulase and xylanase.

Abstract To help understand factors controlling the recalcitrance of lignocellulosic biomass to deconstruction to sugars, poplar was pretreated with liquid hot water (LHW) and extremely dilute acid (EDA) at 140 °C and 180 °C in batch and flowthrough reactors. The resulting solids were then subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis by eight combinations of cellulase, xylanase, and bovine serum albumin (BSA). Co-addition of xylanase to cellulase resulted in up to 11 percentage points higher overall sugar yield than their sequential addition. In general, supplementation of BSA to enzymes had a larger impact on flowthrough solids with reduced lignin content than batch solids with high lignin content. BSA did not affect xylan yields and while it had low impact on LHW solids, it caused large increases in sugar yields from EDA solids. Flowthrough pretreatment produced less recalcitrant solids than did batch operation, but using very dilute acid reduced recalcitrance even more.
Association of State Recreational Marijuana Laws With Adolescent Marijuana Use

Importance Historical shifts are occurring in marijuana policy. The effect of legalizing marijuana for recreational use on rates of adolescent marijuana use is a topic of considerable debate. Objective To examine the association between the legalization of recreational marijuana use in Washington and Colorado in 2012 and the subsequent perceived harmfulness and use of marijuana by adolescents. Design, Setting, and Participants We used data of 253 902 students in eighth, 10th, and 12th grades from 2010 to 2015 from Monitoring the Future, a national, annual, cross-sectional survey of students in secondary schools in the contiguous United States. Difference-in-difference estimates compared changes in perceived harmfulness of marijuana use and in past-month marijuana use in Washington and Colorado prior to recreational marijuana legalization (2010-2012) with postlegalization (2013-2015) vs the contemporaneous trends in other states that did not legalize recreational marijuana use in this period. Main Outcomes and Measures Perceived harmfulness of marijuana use (great or moderate risk to health from smoking marijuana occasionally) and marijuana use (past 30 days). Results Of the 253 902 participants, 120 590 of 245 065(49.2%) were male, and the mean (SD) age was 15.6 (1.7) years. In Washington, perceived harmfulness declined 14.2% and 16.1% among eighth and 10th graders, respectively, while marijuana use increased 2.0% and 4.1% from 2010-2012 to 2013-2015. In contrast, among states that did not legalize recreational marijuana use, perceived harmfulness decreased by 4.9% and 7.2% among eighth and 10th graders, respectively, and marijuana use decreased by 1.3% and 0.9% over the same period. Difference-in-difference estimates comparing Washington vs states that did not legalize recreational drug use indicated that these differences were significant for perceived harmfulness (eighth graders: % [SD], −9.3 [3.5]; P = .01; 10th graders: % [SD], −9.0 [3.8]; P = .02) and marijuana use (eighth graders: % [SD], 5.0 [1.9]; P = .03; 10th graders: % [SD], 3.2 [1.5]; P = .007). No significant differences were found in perceived harmfulness or marijuana use among 12th graders in Washington or for any of the 3 grades in Colorado. Conclusions and Relevance Among eighth and 10th graders in Washington, perceived harmfulness of marijuana use decreased and marijuana use increased following legalization of recreational marijuana use. In contrast, Colorado did not exhibit any differential change in perceived harmfulness or past-month adolescent marijuana use following legalization. A cautious interpretation of the findings suggests investment in evidence-based adolescent substance use prevention programs in any additional states that may legalize recreational marijuana use.
Pornography Consumption, Sexual Liberalism, and Support for Abortion in the United States: Aggregate Results from Two National Panel Studies

Elements of the sexual script acquisition, activation, application model (3AM) of sexual media socialization have been tested in many recent studies. Two core suppositions of the model are in need ...
State Variation in the Receipt of a Contralateral Prophylactic Mastectomy Among Women Who Received a Diagnosis of Invasive Unilateral Early-Stage Breast Cancer in the United States, 2004-2012.

Importance The use of contralateral prophylactic mastectomies (CPMs) among patients with invasive unilateral breast cancer has increased substantially during the past decade in the United States despite the lack of evidence for survival benefit. However, whether this trend varies by state or whether it is correlated with changes in proportions of reconstructive surgery among these patients is unclear. Objective To determine state variation in the temporal trend and in the proportion of CPMs among women with early-stage unilateral breast cancer treated with surgery. Design, Setting, and Participants A retrospective cohort study of 1.2 million women 20 years of age or older diagnosed with invasive unilateral early-stage breast cancer and treated with surgery from January 1, 2004, through December 31, 2012, in 45 states and the District of Columbia as compiled by the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries. Data analysis was performed from August 1, 2015, to August 31, 2016. Exposure Contralateral prophylactic mastectomy. Main Outcomes and Measures Temporal changes in the proportion of CPMs among women with early-stage unilateral breast cancer treated with surgery by age and state, overall and in relation to changes in the proportions of those who underwent reconstructive surgery. Results Among the 1 224 947 women with early-stage breast cancer treated with surgery, the proportion who underwent a CPM nationally increased between 2004 and 2012 from 3.6% (4013 of 113 001) to 10.4% (12 890 of 124 231) for those 45 years or older and from 10.5% (1879 of 17 862) to 33.3% (5237 of 15 745) for those aged 20 to 44 years. The increase was evident in all states, although the magnitude of the increase varied substantially across states. For example, among women 20 to 44 years of age, the proportion who underwent a CPM from 2004-2006 to 2010-2012 increased from 14.9% (317 of 2121) to 24.8% (436 of 1755) (prevalence ratio [PR], 1.66; 95% CI, 1.46-1.89) in New Jersey compared with an increase from 9.8% (162 of 1657) to 32.2% (495 of 1538) (PR, 3.29; 95% CI, 2.80-3.88) in Virginia. In this age group, CPM proportions for the period from 2010 to 2012 were over 42% in the contiguous states of Nebraska, Missouri, Colorado, Iowa, and South Dakota. From 2004 to 2012, the proportion of reconstructive surgical procedures among women aged 20 to 44 years who were diagnosed with early-stage breast cancer and received a CPM increased in many states; however, it did not correlate with the proportion of women who received a CPM. Conclusions and Relevance The increase in the proportion of CPMs among women with early-stage unilateral breast cancer treated with surgery varied substantially across states. Notably, in 5 contiguous Midwest states, nearly half of young women with invasive early-stage breast cancer underwent a CPM from 2010 to 2012. Future studies should examine the reasons for the geographic variation and increasing trend in the use of CPMs.
From a Small Liberal Arts College to the World: Our Blended Courses, SPOC, and MOOCs in Italian Studies

In this contribution I focus on the structure and contents of an online course in the Italian language and culture offered through different venues and formats, i.e. as a summer SPOC (Small Private Online Course); as a blended course on our campus and at MIT, and as a MOOC on the edX platform. I present and analyze some data on students’ perception of the effectiveness of different online learning tools from a survey sent to all learners (MOOC and campus). Finally, I propose some concrete steps to advance our Italian language academic programs: these include the creation of a platform to share our best practices, evaluate our programs and assess learning outcomes.
Twice Continuously Differentiable NLP Problems

Twice continuously differentiable NLPs represent a very broad class of problems with diverse applications in the fields of engineering, science, finance and economics. Specific problems include phase equilibrium characterization, minimum potential energy conformation of clusters and molecules, distillation sequencing, reactor network design, batch process design, VLSI chip design, protein folding, and portfolio optimization.
Novalis, Nature, and the Absolute

“Novalis, Nature and the Absolute” examines the ways in which the early German romantics understood nature as a world both independent from and constitutive of the human sphere. Drawing upon the works of Friedrich von Hardenberg (Novalis), the essay shows that this period of post-Kantian German philosophy (for which Novalis is taken to be paradigmatic) offers a neglected but much needed antidote to instrumental views of nature. The essay examines the role of the “Absolute” or noumenal nature in early German romanticism, as well as the notions of “inner” and “outer” nature as the early German romantics understood them. Inner nature, i.e. individual human subjectivity, is fundamentally determined by the individual’s relationship to nature outside the subject. This outer nature includes both the non-human and the human environment, and the reunification of the individual with that environment is what the early German romantics came to see as the Absolute. In this regard, their ontological commitments are far different from those of the German idealists after Kant.
Mathematical Writing Errors in Expository Writings of College Mathematics Students

Despite the efforts to confirm the effectiveness of writing in learning mathematics, analysis on common errors in mathematical writings has not received sufficient attention. This study aimed to provide an account of the students’ procedural explanations in terms of their commonly committed errors in mathematical writing. Nine errors in mathematical writing were pre-defined namely, misuse of mathematical terms, misuse of mathematical symbols, incorrect notation, incorrect grammar, incorrect capitalization, no or incorrect punctuation, vague term, incorrect term, and lack of term or phrase. This study used qualitative method of research to keep a record of errors in mathematical writing. Conducted in the College of Education Arts and Sciences of De La Salle Lipa, the study involved twelve BS Mathematics students enrolled in Advanced Calculus 1 class as respondents. Results revealed that the most committed errors done in mathematical writing are incorrect grammar and misuse of mathematical symbols. Certainly, intervention programs on mathematics writing will bring favorable outcomes. Language courses in the students’ curriculum which tackle proper grammar usage may be integrated with writing about mathematics as part of the student activities. Such will provide the students with writing experiences fitted to their discipline.
Seizure Severity Is Correlated With Severity of Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury in Abusive Head Trauma.

Abstract Background The objective of this study was to characterize hypoxic-ischemic injury and seizures in abusive head trauma. Methods We studied 58 children with moderate or severe traumatic brain injury due to abusive head trauma. Continuous electroencephalograms and magnetic resonance images were scored. Results Electrographic seizures (51.2%) and hypoxic-ischemic injury (77.4%) were common in our cohort. Younger age was associated with electrographic seizures (no seizures: median age 13.5 months, interquartile range five to 25 months, versus seizures: 4.5 months, interquartile range 3 to 9.5 months; P = 0.001). Severity of hypoxic-ischemic injury was also associated with seizures (no seizures: median injury score 1.0, interquartile range 0 to 3, versus seizures: 4.5, interquartile range 3 to 8; P = 0.01), but traumatic injury severity was not associated with seizures (no seizures: mean injury score 3.78 ± 1.68 versus seizures: mean injury score 3.83 ± 0.95, P = 0.89). There was a correlation between hypoxic-ischemic injury severity and seizure burden when controlling for patient age ( r s =0.61, P P = 0.03). Conclusions Electrographic seizures are common in children with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury from abusive head trauma, and therefore children with suspected abusive head trauma should be monitored with continuous electroencephalogram. Severity of hypoxic-ischemic brain injury is correlated with severity of seizures, and evidence of hypoxic-ischemic injury on magnetic resonance imaging may evolve over time. Therefore children with a high seizure burden should be reimaged to evaluate for evolving hypoxic-ischemic injury.
Esterase-Catalyzed Siderophore Hydrolysis Activates an Enterobactin-Ciprofloxacin Conjugate and Confers Targeted Antibacterial Activity.

Enteric Gram-negative bacteria, including Escherichia coli, biosynthesize and deploy the triscatecholate siderophore enterobactin (Ent) in the vertebrate host to acquire iron, an essential nutrient. We report that Ent–Cipro, a synthetic siderophore–antibiotic conjugate based on the native Ent platform that harbors an alkyl linker at one of the catechols with a ciprofloxacin cargo attached, affords targeted antibacterial activity against E. coli strains that express the pathogen-associated iroA gene cluster. Attachment of the siderophore to ciprofloxacin, a DNA gyrase inhibitor and broad-spectrum antibiotic that is used to treat infections caused by E. coli, generates an inactive prodrug and guides the antibiotic into the cytoplasm of bacteria that express the Ent uptake machinery (FepABCDG). Intracellular hydrolysis of the siderophore restores the activity of the antibiotic. Remarkably, Fes, the cytoplasmic Ent hydrolase expressed by all E. coli, does not contribute to Ent–Cipro activation. Instead, this ...
Cardiovascular Manifestations in Duchenne/Becker Muscular Dystrophy and Other Primary Myopathies

Patients with muscular dystrophy face a lifetime of physical challenges due to their neuromuscular disease. Physical challenges are faced on a daily basis, and as such this is the initial focus from a clinical perspective. Over the past decades, improvements in physical and respiratory therapy, coupled with advances in technology, have substantially improved quality of life for this patient group. Improvements in computer technology such as voice recognition have increased access to education and allowed greater independence for muscular dystrophy patients. Use of assisted cough techniques and ventilatory support, particularly non-invasive support, has significantly prolonged the lifespan of patients with neuromuscular disease, particularly Duchenne muscular dystrophy. As a result, cardiac disease is now thought to be the leading cause of death among those with Duchenne muscular dystrophy, and represents a new medical challenge for the current generation of patients.
Design of self-biased coplanar circulator with ferromagnetic nanowires

A triangular Y-j unction coplanar circulator based on Co nanowire array is designed and simulated in HFSS. Co nanowire array is modelled as ferrite with properties extracted from vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) measurement. The circulator consists of printed circuit on Duroid board and nanowire array placed on top of the Y-junction. The simulation results show that with proper estimation of magnetic properties, a circulator can be achieved with 30.9 dB isolation, 2.1 dB insertion loss and 15 dB bandwidth of 1.7 GHz at 28.7 GHz.
Very Naive Set Theory, Functions, and Proofs

One of the goals of this text is to get you proving mathematical statements in real analysis. Set theory provides a safe environment in which to learn about math statements, “if ... then,” “if and only if,” etc., and to learn the logic behind proofs. Since this is an introductory book on analysis, our treatment of sets is “very naive,” in the sense that we actually don’t define sets rigorously, only informally; we are mostly interested in how “they work,” not really what they are.
The Ecotoxicology of Perchlorate in the Environment

Perchlorate is an oxidizing anion found as a contaminant in ground and surface waters as a result of the dissolution of perchlorate salts (ammonium, potassium, magnesium, and sodium). Perchlorate salts are highly watersoluble and, in aqueous solution, perchlorate is quite unreactive within the range of temperatures and pHs normally encountered in the environment.' Once in water, perchlorate can persist for many years, and water serves as a carrier. Because it is an anion, perchlorate does not adsorb to soils and its adsorption to minerals is weak and re~ers ib le .~
Voice Changes in Transgender Care

The voice is a unique marker of identity, and may easily betray a transgender individual’s desired gender and contribute to feelings of inadequacy and potential bias and ridicule from listeners. Transfeminine and transmasculine individuals have distinct needs in voice training to ensure that their voice safely conforms to their desired gender. Changing speaking fundamental frequency (SFF) is one of the goals in voice change for the transgender population. Transmasculine individuals typically achieve a lower SFF through surgery, while transfeminine individuals make changes through behavioral voice therapy. Changing SFF is but one way to change the gender presentation of the voice, and perceptions and satisfaction with the new voice are variable. There are also barriers to making change. Self-treatment can lead to vocal damage, and transgender individuals may be reluctant to visit a speech-language pathologist. They may lack knowledge of voice treatment, and it may be difficult to locate an unbiased, knowledgeable provider.
The Fostering Resilience Through Art in Medical Education (FRAME) Workshop: A Partnership With the Philadelphia Museum of Art

Background: Provider burnout remains a serious problem facing medical training programs and has been shown to affect more than half of internal medicine residents. In addition to broader efforts to revamp a health care system that contributes to this epidemic, exposure to the medical humanities offers potential to promote engagement, resilience, and restoration of meaning in residents' daily lives. Objective: We aim to create a reproducible, evidence-based workshop utilizing artful thinking routines to prepare trainees to combat burnout with reflection, perspective-taking, and community-building. Methods: A single, 4-hour workshop for senior internal medicine residents, centered on visual artistic analysis, was offered in June 2017 at the Philadelphia Museum of Art. Pre- and post-workshop burnout metrics and survey evaluation data were analyzed using a mixed-methods approach. Results: Workshop participation was offered to 29 internal medicine residents, of whom 17 (59%) participated. All survey respondents (n=13) rated the workshop as excellent and would recommend it to colleagues. Moderate decreases in the observed frequencies of both high emotional exhaustion scores (64.7% before the workshop to 55.5% following the workshop) and high depersonalization scores (70.6% before the workshop to 55.5% following the workshop) were observed. Conclusions: While results are preliminary in nature, the workshop was received favorably and demonstrated modest decreases in emotional exhaustion and depersonalization. We are encouraged to explore and repeat this workshop with modifications to identify its optimal position in the broader landscape of emerging wellness curricula.
Dhb Microcystins Discovered in USA Using an Online Concentration LC–MS/MS Platform

Based on current structural and statistical calculations, thousands of microcystins (MCs) can exist; yet, to date, only 246 MCs have been identified and only 12 commercial MC standards are available. Standard mass spectrometry workflows for known and unknown MCs need to be developed and validated for basic and applied harmful algal bloom research to advance. Our investigation focuses on samples taken in the spring of 2018 from an impoundment fed by Oser and Bischoff Reservoirs, Indiana, United States of America (USA). The dominant cyanobacterium found during sampling was Planktothrix agardhii. The goal of our study was to identify and quantify the MCs in the impoundment sample using chemical derivatization and mass spectrometry. Modifying these techniques to use online concentration liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS), two untargeted MCs have been identified, [d-Asp3, Dhb7]-MC-LR and tentative [Dhb7]-MC-YR. [Dhb7]-MC-YR is not yet reported in the literature to date, and this was the first reported incidence of Dhb MCs in the United States. Furthermore, it was discovered that the commercially available [d-Asp3]-MC-RR standard was [d-Asp3, Dhb7]-MC-RR. This study highlights a workflow utilizing online concentration LC–MS/MS, high-resolution MS (HRMS), and chemical derivatization to identify isobaric MCs.
Abstract B58: A phase I/II study of durvalumab and stereotactic radiotherapy in locally advanced pancreatic cancer

Purpose/Objective: Blockade of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway with radiotherapy (RT) can enhance both local and systemic control in varying tumor types. Yet, no significant responses have been seen in pancreatic cancer (PC). We have previously shown that RT induces PD-1 and PD-L1 in PC following upregulation of interferon-gamma. This mechanism of adaptive immune resistance by PC may serve as an ideal therapeutic target for combined RT and PD-L1 blockade. We report interim results of an ongoing phase 1/2 clinical trial in locally advanced (LA) and borderline resectable (BR) PC (NCT03245541). Materials/Methods: Patients with LA or BR PC treated with standard-of-care gemcitabine and nab-paclitaxel for 3 to 6 cycles were enrolled. Treatment consisted of durvalumab (750 mg Q14 days) on D1. Stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR; 6.6 Gy/fraction) was delivered every other day x 5 fractions beginning D8. Durvalumab continued as maintenance Q14 days until resection or progression. The run-in phase I utilized a standard 3+3 design prior to phase 2 expansion. Dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs), adverse events (AEs), and serious adverse events (SAEs) were assessed during the first 10 weeks of study treatment. CT scans were obtained every 2 months for response assessment. Endoscopic research biopsies were obtained pre- and 6-8 weeks post-SABR, and weekly blood samples were obtained on D1, weekly for 10 weeks, and then every 2 months until resection or progression to assess for immune correlates of response. Results: From 8/2017-5/2019, 18 of 30 planned patients were enrolled of whom 13 (72%) were LA and 5 (28%) were BR. Median age was 70 and 44% were female. No DLTs were identified in the phase 1 run in, and enrollment in the phase 2 study continues. Median follow-up from diagnosis is 14 months (range 6-26 months). Median cycles of chemotherapy received prior to enrollment were 4. Grade 3 toxicities have been identified in 2 patients (nausea, anorexia). No patients experienced dose-limiting toxicities. Median PFS was 14 months with median OS not reached. 9 of 18 patients have undergone resection and all were margin negative. BOR: PR (54%); CR (6%), SD (34%), PD (6%). Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first report of a PD-L1 inhibitor-RT combination in LA PC. The regimen was safe, well tolerated and appears to be clinically active with high rates of margin-negative resection. Citation Format: Richard Tuli, Nicholas Nissen, Simon Lo, Mourad Tighiouart, Veronica Placencio, Andrew Hendifar. A phase I/II study of durvalumab and stereotactic radiotherapy in locally advanced pancreatic cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Pancreatic Cancer: Advances in Science and Clinical Care; 2019 Sept 6-9; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(24 Suppl):Abstract nr B58.
Dislocation dynamics in polycrystalline materials

An extension of the dislocation dynamics method to polycrystalline materials is presented with emphasis on handling interactions between dislocations and grain boundaries. The key new features of the method include: (1) a grain boundary detection algorithm, (2) new dislocation emission criteria based on power dissipation and area growth, (3) mobility of dislocations at grain boundaries, and (4) extension of topological operations e.g. mesh adaption, collision, and dissociation to handle dislocations interacting with grain boundaries. Verification and validation examples are executed to compare our calculations with existing analytic methods, molecular dynamics simulations, and experimental observations.
Abstract WP481: Regional Differences in Hospital Setting and Insurance Coverage in Patients Included in the National Inpatient Sample Database 2006-2014 With Vascular Dementia

Introduction: Evaluation of healthcare utilization in patients hospitalized with vascular dementia (VD) in the United States (US) and regionally have not recently been reported. Patients with VD ha...
6 – Evolutionary Biogeography

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses a species' ecological requirements, including both biotic and abiotic factors. The chapter also explores the distribution of species, the impact of geologic events on the distribution, and the reason for some species' being confined to a region while others are widely separated and even found on opposite sides of the world. Understanding the geographic distribution of a species involves knowledge of both their ecology and their evolutionary biology. The ecological requirements of a species limit where it can live, but past events can have a dramatic influence on where a species is actually found. Ocean temperature patterns and the distribution of primary productivity influence marine mammals' past and present distributions. Two major patterns of present-day marine-mammal distribution can be identified: widespread or cosmopolitan distributions and disjunct or antitropical distributions. If geographic distributions are determined mainly by vicariant events, then the area cladograms of a taxon should match the geologic history of an area.
Removing methylene blue contained in dye wastewater using a novel liquid-phase plasma discharge process

In this study, a newly developed liquid-phase plasma discharge (LPPD) process was evaluated for removing methylene blue (MB) in water. Three independent variables, i.e., liquid flow rate (LF), air ...
Randomized controlled trial comparing the Franseen needle with the Fork-tip needle for EUS-guided fine-needle biopsy.

Background and Aims EUS-guided FNA primarily provides cytologic samples. EUS-guided fine-needle biopsy (FNB) with needles that provide histologic specimens may enhance diagnostic yield and facilitate accessory tissue staining. Several different needle designs are currently available and design superiority is unknown. We designed a randomized controlled trial to compare 2 commonly used EUS-FNB needles in their ability to provide histologic tissue samples (primary endpoint) and to reach an accurate diagnosis (secondary endpoint). Methods A total of 150 lesions from 134 patients (November 2018 to June 2019) were randomized 1:1 between biopsy with a Franseen needle and a Fork-tip needle. The groups were compared regarding the quality of the tissue samples and diagnostic accuracy. Results Of 150 lesions, 75 were pancreatic and 75 were other solid lesions in and around the GI tract. There was no statistically significant difference between the Franseen needle and the Fork-tip needle in the yield of adequate histologic samples, 71 of 75 (94.7%) versus 72 of 75 (96%), (P = 1.00), an absolute difference of −1.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], −8.1% to 5.4%). The 2 groups were similar in the diagnostic accuracy of histologic analysis, 64 of 75 (85.3%) versus 68 of 75 (90.7%) (P = .45), absolute difference −5.4% (95% CI, −15.7% to 5%); and in the diagnostic accuracy of combined cytologic and histologic analysis, 65 of 75 (86.7%) versus 69 of 75 (92%) (P = .43), absolute difference −5.3% (95% CI, −15.2% to 4.5%). Conclusions There was no significant difference in the performance of the Franseen needle versus the Fork-tip needle. Both needles achieved a high yield of histologic tissue samples and high diagnostic accuracy. (Clinical trial registration number: NCT03672032 .)
3D printed optical concentrators for LED arrays.

Additive manufacturing methods based on photopolymerization offer a promising potential for fabrication of high quality, highly transparent optical components. One use of these technologies involves fabrication of parts for very specific and narrow applications. In this work, we first performed optical raytracing simulations to model an optimized freeform nonimaging concentrator for a custom-built 12-LED array and then fabricated several waveguide concentrators using 3D printing and characterized their optical characteristics. Our results demonstrate that realizing an irradiance of 17 kW/m2 or more with an irradiance nonuniformity of better than 2% over an area approaching 1 cm2 is realistic and that such an approach can rival intensities achieved with powerful lasers over a similar area. We also discuss an application where eight different types of LEDs were coupled into the waveguides to construct a solar simulator.
Clinical experience with the use of CRT in women

Abstract While several large, randomized clinical trials have shown a clinical benefit with the use of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) in patients with left ventricular dysfunction, mild to advanced heart failure, and a wide QRS duration, sex-specific differences in CRT outcomes need special attention. However, reporting sex-specific outcomes in prior CRT studies has been limited by the small number of women enrolled in these trials. In this chapter, we will review currently available data on clinical experience with the use of CRT in women, focusing on outcome data from clinical trials, registries, and metaanalyses. We will additionally discuss pathophysiological differences between men and women and how these could explain sex differences in CRT outcomes.
Engineering Efficient Acoustic Power Transfer in HBARs and Other Composite Resonators

We present analytic and experimental evidence highlighting the importance of acoustic impedance matching for efficient power transfer in RF-MEMS composite resonators such as high-overtone bulk acoustic mode resonators (HBARs) and thin-film piezoelectric on substrate (TPoS) resonators. We show that materials used for the piezoelectric film and the bottom metal electrode in a composite resonator can be chosen or tailored for specific low-loss substrates, resulting in efficient acoustic power transmission across the interfaces of the acoustic source (piezoelectric transducer), intermediate layers including the bottom electrode, and into the acoustic cavity (substrate). We find that a composite resonator with good interfacial acoustic matching exhibits characteristic free spectral range (FSR) variations that are not well modeled in the literature, clearly differentiating it from resonators with poor acoustic matching. We verify this model by comparing the FSR spectra of the first experimentally demonstrated epitaxially grown Sc0.18Al0.82N/AlN/TaN/SiC HBARs (with a mismatched TaN bottom electrode) with epitaxial GaN/AlN/NbN/SiC HBARs where all constituent layers are acoustically matched to the substrate. Historically, the choice and quality of materials used for composite resonators has been limited by process constraints, but advances in epitaxial growth and heterogeneous integration techniques allow us to integrate multiple high quality, acoustically matched layers to form multi-functional composite resonators. [2020-0247]
The Euler–Maxwell System for Electrons: Global Solutions in 2 D

A basic model for describing plasma dynamics is given by the Euler–Maxwell system, in which compressible ion and electron fluids interact with their own self-consistent electromagnetic field. In this paper we consider the “one-fluid” Euler–Maxwell model for electrons, in 2 spatial dimensions, and prove global stability of a constant neutral background. In 2 dimensions our global solutions have relatively slow (strictly less than 1/t) pointwise decay and the system has a large (codimension 1) set of quadratic time resonances. The issue in such a situation is to solve the “division problem”. To control the solutions we use a combination of improved energy estimates in the Fourier space, an L 2 bound on an oscillatory integral operator, and Fourier analysis of the Duhamel formula.
On-shell representations of two-body transition amplitudes: Single external current

This work explores scattering amplitudes that couple two-particle systems via a single external current insertion, $2+\mathcal{J}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}2$. Such amplitudes can provide structural information about the excited QCD spectrum. We derive an exact analytic representation for these reactions. From these amplitudes, we show how to rigorously define resonance and bound-state form factors. Furthermore, we explore the consequences of the narrow-width limit of the amplitudes as well as the role of the Ward-Takahashi identity for conserved vector currents. These results hold for any number of two-body channels with no intrinsic spin, and a current with arbitrary Lorentz structure and quantum numbers. This work and the existing finite-volume formalism provide a complete framework for determining this class of amplitudes from lattice QCD.
An International Survey on Temporomandibular Joint Surgeon's Implementation and Management of Discectomy in Treating Temporomandibular Joint Internal Derangement.

Purpose To survey temporomandibular joint (TMJ) surgeons to determine current practice trends and perceptions regarding the role of discectomy for the treatment of TMJ internal derangements. Methods An anonymous 5-part web-based survey was sent to TMJ surgeons. The survey was created and distributed, and the data were collected with the University of Michigan Qualtrics platform. Responses were compared based on operative volume, tendency to replace the disc, and likelihood of requiring temporomandibular joint replacement (TJR) after discectomy. Spearman correlations were used to test statistically significant differences. Domain-level analyses were also performed by summarizing items into 3 domain scores. Analyses were performed in SAS V9.4 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). Results Fifty-nine surgeons (33.9%) completed the survey. Discectomy was not considered to be a useful procedure by 85% of respondents, and 74% would not consider discectomy as a first surgical option. Most would consider discectomy (64%) before alloplastic total joint replacement. Discectomy was preferred over discopexy for the management of anterior disc displacement with reduction by high volume surgeons (89%), but most (72%) did not feel that discectomy was beneficial over arthroscopy in the treatment of anterior disc displacement without reduction and concomitant degenerative bony changes. In managing symptomatic disc perforation, 66% agreed that discectomy is the procedure of choice and 49% felt that interpositional tissue is indicated in most cases after discectomy. Respondents who reported fewer re-operations requiring alloplastic TJR after discectomy had, on average, more positive perceptions of discectomy on the benefits domain (P = .03), better than alternatives domain (P = .03), and fewer concerns on the perceived adverse effects domain (P = .03). Conclusions TMJ surgeons do not employ TMJ discectomy in most cases of TMJ internal derangement. However, discectomy is considered useful in cases of disc perforation or for persistent symptomatic disc displacement without reduction, in an attempt to avoid alloplastic TJR. Common adverse effects included joint noises and osteoarthrosis, and the use of interpositional disc replacement tissue did not alter the incidence of adverse effects or complications reported.
Climate and land cover change impacts on stormwater runoff in large-scale coastal-urban environments.

Abstract This study aims to evaluate the individual and synergistic controls of climatic and land cover changes on stormwater runoff regimes, and perform a comparative synthesis of the historical and future runoffs for complex coastal-urban environments. A large-scale (7117 km2) mechanistic hydrologic model was developed for Florida Southeast Coasts Basin as the study area using U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)'s Storm Water Management Model 5.1. The model was calibrated and validated with daily streamflow observations (Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency = 0.74 to 0.92) during 2004–2013 (termed 2010s), computing the corresponding runoff volume as a historical reference. Runoffs for 2050s (2044–2053) and 2080s (2076–2085) were quantified by incorporating climatic projections from 20 General Circulation Models and land cover projections from EPA under the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios. We found a predominant climatic control on the potential runoff changes and a high vulnerability in the coastal-urban environments. The concurrent changes in climate and land cover led to synergistic (stronger than the sum of individual effects) nonlinear responses of runoff. The projected changes in climate and land cover together would increase the annual basin runoff volume by 118%, 106%, 86%, and 80% under the 2080s-RCP 4.5, 2050s-RCP 4.5, 2050s-RCP 8.5, and 2080s-RCP 8.5 scenarios, respectively. Greater increases in runoff were noted at and around the urban centers than that at the non-urban areas across the basin. The relative increases in runoff were higher during the dry season and transitional months (October–May) than the wet season (June–September). Our findings would guide stormwater management and ecosystem protection for southeast Florida and coastal built environments across the world.