cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inactivation of median preoptic nucleus causes c-Fos expression in hypocretin-and serotonin-containing neurons in anesthetized rat

Abstract The median preoptic nucleus (MnPN) of the hypothalamus contains sleep-active neurons including sleep-active GABAergic neurons and is involved in the regulation of nonREM/REM sleep. The hypocretinergic (HCRT) neurons of the perifornical-lateral hypothalamic area (PF-LHA) and serotonergic (5-HT) neurons of the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) are mostly active during waking and have been implicated in the regulation of arousal. MnPN GABAergic neurons project to the PF-LHA and DRN. It is hypothesized that MnPN promotes sleep by inhibiting multiple arousal systems including HCRT and other wake-active neurons within the PF-LHA and 5-HT neurons in the DRN. We examined the effects of inactivation of MnPN neurons by locally microinjecting 0.2 µl of 1 mM or 10 mM solutions of a GABA A receptor agonist, muscimol, into the MnPN on Fos expression (Fos-IR) in the PF-LHA neurons including HCRT neurons and 5-HT neurons in the DRN in anesthetized rats. Compared to artificial cerebrospinal fluid control, microinjection of muscimol into the MnPN resulted in significantly higher percentages of HCRT and non-HCRT neurons in the PF-LHA and 5-HT neurons in the DRN that exhibited Fos-IR. The percentage of melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH)+/Fos+ neurons in the PF-LHA did not change after muscimol treatments. These results support a hypothesis that the activation of MnPN neurons contributes to the suppression of wake-promoting systems including HCRT and other unidentified neurons in the PF-LHA and 5-HT neurons in the DRN. These results also suggest that MCH neurons may not be under MnPN inhibitory control. These findings are consistent with a hypothesized role of MnPN in sleep regulation.
Determining the drain doping in DMOS transistors using the hump in the leakage current

The hump in the leakage current of double-diffused metal-oxide-semiconductor (DMOS) transistors observed for low drain voltages is explained. This hump is due to surface generation current of the gate-controlled diode formed by the base-drain p-n junction. The drain bias of the DMOS transistor is shown to have the same effect on the charge at the drain surface as the body bias in the conventional MOSFET. The body effect is used to develop a new method for determining the drain doping in DMOS transistors. This method is nondestructive, and does not require special test structures. Instead, electrical measurements are performed on conventional DMOS transistors. The method is ideally suited for determining the doping in the drain region of interest. Specifically, in DMOS transistors in which a surface implant is used to reduce the on-resistance, the method provides the doping concentration in the implanted region. In DMOS transistors which do not have the surface implant, the method yields the doping concentration in the drain epitaxial layer. In this study, the method is illustrated by determining the drain doping for six discrete power MOSFET device types from three different manufacturers. >
Examining the stratospheric response to the solar cycle in a coupled WACCM simulation with an internally generated QBO

Abstract. The response of the stratosphere to the combined interaction of the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) and the solar cycle in ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and the influence of the solar cycle on the QBO, are investigated using the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM). Transient simulations were performed beginning in 1850 that included fully interactive ocean and chemistry model components, observed greenhouse gas concentrations, volcanic eruptions, and an internally generated QBO. Over the full length of the simulations we do not find a solar cycle modulation of either the QBO period or amplitude. We also do not find a persistent wintertime UV response in polar stratospheric geopotential heights when stratifying by the QBO phase. Over individual ~40 year periods of the simulation, a statistically significant correlation is sometimes found between the northern polar geopotential heights in February and UV irradiance during the QBO's westerly phase. However, the sign of the correlation varies over the simulation, and is never significant during the QBO's easterly phase. Complementing this is the analysis of four simulations using a QBO prescribed to match observations over the period 1953–2005. Again, no consistent correlation is evident. In contrast, over the same period, meteorological reanalysis shows a strong positive correlation during the QBO westerly phase, although it weakens as the period is extended. The results raise the possibility that the observed polar solar–QBO correlation may have occurred because of the relatively short data record and the presence of additional external forcings rather than a direct solar–QBO interaction.
Land, Space, and People: Constraints of the Capitalist World-Economy

The coming into existence of the capitalist world-economy created new constraints on utilizingthe land for productive purposes. The single most important change is that it established asystematic legal basis for what is called title to the land. Title to the land is fundamentally apolitical question masked by a legal veneer. The amount of land that is governed by title is, eventoday, not 100% of the global land surface. But it has grown as a percentage of the total globalland surface throughout the history of the modern world-system. Population growth has led totwo forms of expansion. There is extensive growth, the bringing of more and more land areasinto the system of titled land. But there is also intensive growth, the ever greater concentration ofthe population of the world into close-contact areas. We call this urbanization. The world leftfaces a fundamental dilemma. On the one hand, the world left has stood for measures that wouldreduce the enormous real north-south gap. On the other hand, the world left (or at least agrowing portion of it) is standing against further commodification of land rights and furtherecological degradation of the world. The two strategies are contradictory and incompatible onewith the other. Land rights stand as the crucial deciding point.
Functionalized Calcium Phosphate-based Nanoparticles for the Treatment of Osteoporosis

In an effort to decrease the number of problems associated with osteoporosis, the long-term goal of the present study is to design calcium phosphate-based nanoparticles that specifically attach to areas of low bone density and once attached, allow for the targeted release of bioactive agents that can quickly increase bone formation. Efforts are focused on nanoparticles of calcium phosphate-based materials since they are similar in size and chemistry to the major inorganic components of bone. As a first step in this research, the objective of the present study was to synthesize nanoparticles of crystalline hydroxyapatite (or HA) and amorphous calcium phosphate. Crystalline HA is stable under physiological fluids and, thus, will release embedded bioactive agents slowly. Alternatively, amorphous calcium phosphate is highly biodegradable and will, thus, release embedded bioactive agents quickly. A further objective of the present study was to functionalize such inorganic biodegradable materials with amino groups which would allow for the subsequent attachment of entities to direct such nanoparticles to osteoporotic bone and increased bone formation once attached. One promising approach to direct the nanoparticles to osteoporotic bone is to attach antibodies to pentosidine on the nanoparticles since pentosidine is present in higher amounts in osteoporotic compared to healthy bone. A promising approach to increase bone growth once nanoparticles attach to osteoporotic bone, is to embed nanoparticles with regions of the bone growth factor: bone morphogenic protein-2 (or BMP-2). Results of this study demonstrated the successful synthesis of both crystalline HA and amorphous calcium phosphate nanoparticles. Furthermore, results showed that these nanoparticles can be functionalized with versatile amino groups. In this manner, this study takes the first steps toward utilizing calcium phosphate based nanoparticles to reverse bone loss associated with osteoporosis.
Biogenesis of mitochondrial membranes: biochemical and morphological evidence of 2 protein-synthesizing systems.

SummaryThe in vivo incorporation of 3H-leucine into inner and outer mitochondrial membrane has been investigated in rats during enhanced liver mitochondriogenesis.Administration of cycloheximide for 3 days (1.5 mg/kg body weight, intraperitoneally) caused a 34% inhibitin of incorporation into outer membrane, as compared to controls, but was without effect on the incorporation into inner membrane. Chloramphenicol administered orally for 3 days (2.5%) inhibited incorporation into inner membrane and to a lesser degree into outer membrane.The results reported support the conclusion that biosynthesis of outer mitochondrial membrane is dependent on protein synthesis localized in the endoplasmic reticulum, whereas the system associated with synthesis of the inner membrane appears to be localized within the mitochondrion.
Heterogeneity of mycoplasmal lipids.

The physical and chemical structures of mycoplasmal lipids are significant in that some are antigenic determinants, they determine the physical structure and permeability of the limiting membrane, and they may provide insight into the origins of mycoplasmas. Those lipids that impart specificity to antigens are haptenic in character and may be components of immunizing antigens. The most likely candidates for this phenomenon are the glycolipids, since variations in the type of monosaccharide, the type of linkage between the sugars, and the number of sugar units provide for a wide range of antigenic types. A parallel can be seen with the O antigens of enteric bacteria. Certain lipids appear specific for certain genera of microorganisms that fit well into taxonomic groups defined by classical methods [1]. Other lipids have components or complete structures found in biopolymers, suggesting a possible role as biosynthetic precursors. The structure of some or all of the lipids have been determined for seven species of Mycoplasma that represent different physiologic and pathogenic types. Table 1 lists the known lipids for these species. Certain aspects need to be singled out and enlarged upon. All species examined contain phosphatidyl glycerol or some derivative of it. In many this is the predominant lipid, while in others it is a minor component. This type of lipid is ubiquitous among all living organisms. Those mycoplasmas that possess a nutritional requirement for sterol contain sterol of identical structure to that supplied exogenously. At this point the similarities cease.
Distributionally Robust Stochastic Optimization with Wasserstein Distance

Distributionally robust stochastic optimization (DRSO) is an approach to optimization under uncertainty in which, instead of assuming that there is an underlying probability distribution that is known exactly, one hedges against a chosen set of distributions. In this paper, we consider sets of distributions that are within a chosen Wasserstein distance from a nominal distribution. We argue that such a choice of sets has two advantages: (1) The resulting distributions hedged against are more reasonable than those resulting from other popular choices of sets, such as {\Phi}-divergence ambiguity set. (2) The problem of determining the worst-case expectation has desirable tractability properties. We derive a dual reformulation of the corresponding DRSO problem and construct approximate worst-case distributions (or an exact worst-case distribution if it exists) explicitly via the first-order optimality conditions of the dual problem. Our contributions are five-fold. (i) We identify necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a worst-case distribution, which is naturally related to the growth rate of the objective function. (ii) We show that the worst-case distributions resulting from an appropriate Wasserstein distance have a concise structure and a clear interpretation. (iii) Using this structure, we show that data-driven DRSO problems can be approximated to any accuracy by robust optimization problems, and thereby many DRSO problems become tractable by using tools from robust optimization. (iv) To the best of our knowledge, our proof of strong duality is the first constructive proof for DRSO problems, and we show that the constructive proof technique is also useful in other contexts. (v) Our strong duality result holds in a very general setting, and we show that it can be applied to infinite dimensional process control problems and worst-case value-at-risk analysis.
Advance of the clinical administration and new dosage forms of amphotericin B

Amphotericin B is a kind of multi-vinyl antifungal drug which has a long history of application.It is an excellent deep anti-fungal drug because of its definite curative effect and broad anti-fungal spectrum.However,the use of amphotericin B is limited clinically due to the severe side effects.There have been a lot of researches in recent years using new dosage forms to enhance the therapeutic index and decrease the side effects,and some products have been successfully used clinically.In this paper,the mechanisms of action,clinical administration and new dosage forms of amphotericin B have been summarized.
A zero power harmonic transponder sensor for ubiquitous wireless μL liquid-volume monitoring

Autonomous liquid-volume monitoring is crucial in ubiquitous healthcare. However, conventional approach is based on either human visual observation or expensive detectors, which are costly for future pervasive monitoring. Here we introduce a novel approach based on passive harmonic transponder antenna sensor and frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) pattern analysis, to provide a very low cost wireless μL-resolution liquid-volume monitoring without battery or digital circuits. In our conceptual demonstration, the harmonic transponder comprises of a passive nonlinear frequency multiplier connected to a metamaterial-inspired 3-D antenna designed to be highly sensitive to the liquid-volume within a confined region. The transponder first receives some FHSS signal from an interrogator, then converts such signal to its harmonic band and re-radiates through the antenna sensor. The harmonic signal is picked up by a sniffer receiver and decoded through pattern analysis of the high dimensional FHSS signal strength data. A robust, zero power, absolute accuracy wireless liquid-volume monitoring is realized in the presence of strong direct coupling, background scatters, distance variance as well as near-field human-body interference. The concepts of passive harmonic transponder sensor, metamaterial-inspired antenna sensor and FHSS pattern analysis based sensor decoding may help establishing cost-effective, energy-efficient and intelligent wireless pervasive healthcare monitoring platforms.
Multifaceted Interfaces of Bacterial Competition

ABSTRACT Microbial communities span many orders of magnitude, ranging in scale from hundreds of cells on a single particle of soil to billions of cells within the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract. Bacterial cells in all habitats are members of densely populated local environments that facilitate competition between neighboring cells. Accordingly, bacteria require dynamic systems to respond to the competitive challenges and the fluctuations in environmental circumstances that tax their fitness. The assemblage of bacteria into communities provides an environment where competitive mechanisms are developed into new strategies for survival. In this minireview, we highlight a number of mechanisms used by bacteria to compete between species. We focus on recent discoveries that illustrate the dynamic and multifaceted functions used in bacterial competition and discuss how specific mechanisms provide a foundation for understanding bacterial community development and function.
Symposium: Genetics in Entomology: Transposon-mediated Mutagenesis of Baculoviruses: Transposon Shuttling and Implications for Speciation

FP mutants of nuclear polyhedrosis viruses (family Baculoviridae) frequently result from insertion of host cell sequences, some of which are transposons. Data that verify transposon-mediated mutagenesis in baculoviruses are discussed. The protocols used to identify and select these mutants provide an attractive experimental system for studying transposon-mediated mutagenesis in eucaryotes. Experimental evidence is discussed that suggests that these viruses could act as shuttles for transposons between species. The possible role of transposon in speciation of insects is discussed.
A Resource-Based View of Social Entrepreneurship: How Stewardship Culture Benefits Scale of Social Impact

Despite efforts to address societal ills, social enterprises face challenges in increasing their impact. Drawing from the RBV, we argue that a social enterprise’s scale of social impact depends on its capabilities to engage stakeholders, attract government support, and generate earned-income. We test our hypotheses on a sample of 171 US-based social enterprises and find support for the hypothesized relationships between these organizational capabilities and scale of social impact. Further, we find that these relationships are contingent upon stewardship culture. Specifically, we show that an entrepreneur-centered stewardship culture increases the effects of the capabilities to attract government support and to generate earned-income, while an employee-centered stewardship culture compensates for low abilities to attract government support and to generate earned-income.
Women's health 2016: An update for internists.

Internists are called upon on a daily basis to address a range of women’s health issues. Staying up to date with the evidence in this wide field can be challenging. This article reviews important studies published in 2015 and early 2016 pertinent to urinary tract infection, osteoporosis, ovarian cancer screening, and contraception.
Theorem of Not Independence of Any Technological Innovation - Philosophical and Theoretical Foundations of the Evolution of Technology

The theorem of not independence of any technological innovation states that in the long run, the behavior and evolution of any technological innovation is not independent from the behavior and evolution of the other technological innovations. The philosophical foundations of this theory are concepts from systems science and architecture of complexity. The theoretical implications of this theorem is that technological innovations form systems of inter-related technologies with fundamental interactions of physical and social factors. In particular, any technological innovation does not function as an independent system per se, but each innovation depends on the other technological innovations to form a complex system of parts that interact and coevolve in a non-simple way. The theorem of not independence of any technological innovation can explain and generalize, whenever possible, one of the characteristics of the evolution of technology that generates technological and economic change in human society.
A discriminative spatio-temporal mapping of face for liveness detection

The proposed system aims to boost the performance of a face anti-spoofing system by fusing pulse based features with other spatial and temporal information that markedly define liveness. Most face recognition systems do not have an effective spoof detection module and hence are vulnerable to spoofing attacks. We address the above problem by developing a spatio-temporal mapping of face and then using a deep Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to learn discriminative features for liveness detection. CNNs can act directly on the raw inputs, thus automating the process of feature construction. Instead of only relying on the deep CNN to learn features by skimming through all the frames of a sequence, a compact representation of face that captures only the selective features is given as an input. Features are extracted from both spatial and temporal dimensions through spectral analysis, thereby capturing the motion and physiological information encoded in multiple adjacent frames. The developed model generates multiple channels of information from the input frames, and the final feature representation is obtained by combining information from all channels. Our model differs from other models in this aspect. Our system is evaluated on two challenging databases, CASIA [27] and Replay-Attack [7], and the achieved results are presented in this paper. This work shows that the proposed model outperforms state-of-the-art methods on CASIA, achieves comparable result on REPLAY-ATTACK and reduces model complexity by exploiting few key features of liveness.
End-of-Life Discussions in Patients With Heart Failure.

Abstract Background Although guidelines call on clinicians to conduct regular conversations about advance care planning and end-of-life (EOL) preferences with patients with heart failure (HF), research suggests that physicians often avoid these discussions. Methods and Results From January 20, 2014, to January 18, 2016, Southeastern Minnesota residents hospitalized with acute decompensated HF (ADHF) at Mayo Clinic hospitals were enrolled into an observational cohort study that included the administration of face-to-face questionnaires. Risk of death (prognosis) was estimated using the Meta-analysis Global Group in Chronic Heart Failure score. Among 400 patients (mean age 77.7 years, 46% female, 48% preserved ejection fraction), only 69 (17%) reported previously discussing EOL wishes with their physician. Patients reporting EOL discussions more often had an advance directive (81% vs 66%; P = .009), recognized the term “hospice” (96% vs 87%; P = .027), and had more favorable attitudes of dying and hospice ( P = .030). Resuscitation preferences and rates of completion of advance directives varied with prognosis, although patient-clinician EOL discussions did not. Conclusions The majority of patients hospitalized with ADHF did not recall discussing their preferences for EOL care with their physician. This represents an important modifiable gap in the optimal longitudinal care of HF patients.
A Commentary on Attitudes Towards Deep Brain Stimulation for Addiction.

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has proven to be an effective treatment for neurologic disorders such as Parkinson’s disease, and is currently being investigated as a therapy for psychiatric diseases such as addiction, major depressive disorder, and obsessive compulsive disorder. In this commentary, we review and discuss the findings presented in the Letter to the Editor entitled “Attitudes towards treating addiction with deep brain stimulation,” written by Ali et al1. The survey presented in this Letter reported general approval for examining the effects of DBS on addictive disorders in a clinical trial, but highlighted critical areas of concern including informed consent, patient autonomy, appropriate medical practice, passing of clinical trial milestones, and implications on law enforcement.
Safety of dermatologic medications in pregnancy and lactation: Part I. Pregnancy

Dermatologists are frequently faced with questions about the safety of commonly prescribed topical and systemic medications during pregnancy and lactation from women of childbearing age who are pregnant, considering pregnancy, or breastfeeding. Safety data, particularly regarding medications that are unique to dermatology, can be difficult to locate and are not consolidated in a single reference guide for clinicians. Parts I and II of this continuing medical education article provide a capsule summary of key points for the most commonly prescribed dermatologic medications to facilitate patient medication risk counseling in pregnancy. A summary table details safety classification data for 3 primary international classification systems: the US Food and Drug Administration, the Swedish Catalogue of Approved Drugs, and the Australian Drug Evaluation Committee. In addition, this table includes an alternative pregnancy classification system developed by a consortium of active members of teratology societies in the US and Europe detailed in Drugs during Pregnancy and Lactation: Treatment Options and Risk Assessment and a safety classification system developed for breastfeeding mothers detailed in Medications and Mother's Milk.
Early implant placement for a patient with ectodermal dysplasia: Thirteen years of clinical care

Patients with ectodermal dysplasia have abnormalities of 2 or more structures that originate from the ectoderm. The oral manifestations often include the congenital absence of teeth and malformed teeth. This clinical report describes the interdisciplinary care from childhood through the definitive dental rehabilitation completed at skeletal maturation to replace the missing teeth in a patient with ectodermal dysplasia. Treatment began at 9 years of age with an implant-assisted mandibular overdenture to improve function and replace the missing mandibular teeth. Orthodontic treatment for the consolidation of space, composite resin restorations, and interim removable dental prostheses were provided to improve esthetics and replace the missing maxillary teeth. Skeletal growth was monitored, and orthognathic surgery was performed at the cessation of growth. The definitive rehabilitation consisted of a mandibular fixed dental prosthesis supported by dental implants and a maxillary removable dental prosthesis to restore the patient to esthetics and function.
Shear Strength and Stiffness Characterization of Lunar Simulant GRC-3

AbstractPhysical modeling experiments related to lunar in situ resource utilization activities use suitable soil simulants such as GRC-3. Only the index properties (e.g., specific gravity, particle...
Molar functional relations and clinical behavior analysis: Implications for assessment and treatment

The experimental analysis of behavior has identified several molar functional relations that are highly relevant to clinical behavior analysis. These include matching, discounting, momentum, and variability. Matching provides a broader analysis of how multiple sources of reinforcement influence how individuals choose to allocate their time and offers an empirical rationale for reducing problem behavior by increasing adaptive behavior. Discounting highlights the functional relations that affect self-control. Momentum specifies the variables responsible for persistence in challenging situations. Variability characterizes a functional dimension of behavior that is essential for learning and problem solving. These concepts have important implications for clinical practice and research. A selective review of these concepts is presented, and their implications for assessment and treatment are discussed with two goals: to inform basic scientists about the relevance of their work and to invite clinical behavior analysts to broaden the conceptual basis for their work.
The Micro-Structure of School Desegregation

Studies of the effects of desegregation have produced a confusing array of inconsistent results. It is the general theme of this volume that this inconsistency derives from the actual wide variety of disparate situations too sweepingly subsumed under the vague rubric of desegregation. In retrospect, this should not be surprising. The literature on intergroup relations is replete with studies showing that highly specific details of a situation rather than global attitudes toward other groups mainly determine behavior. Easy commingling in the workplace coexists with unyielding residential segregation; written request for reservations from identified ethnic groups or mixed parties are frequently refused by establishments that accept such patrons readily when they appear in person (Pettigrew, 1971).
Stress and Fabric in Granular Masses

Abstract Recent results on the description of a macroscopic stress measure and measures of the fabric of granular masses which support external loads through frictional contact are briefly reviewed. Relations between the overall stress and fabric measures are developed.
Effects of separation methods on yield and quality of biocrude after thermochemical liquefaction of marine microalgae

Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is a promising process for conversion of microalgae to biocrude that is upgradable to liquid transportation fuel. However, there is yet to be established standard separation method for product recovery. In this paper, the effects of separation methods on yields and quality of biocrude were investigated. HTL studies were conducted at operating conditions of 350 o C and 5min with solids loading of 16wt%. The results shows that multistep extraction of product mixture led to ~65wt% biocrude yield compared to ~48wt% for single step. Multistep extraction led to increase in biocrude yield, with lower yields in solid residue and aqueous phases. However with the trade-offs of nitrogenous and oxygenated compounds in biocrude. Quality of biocrude was improved after vacuum evaporation of biocrude phase at 100 o C when compared to evaporation at 40 o C. The separation methods had little impact on biocrude energy density, which varies between 34MJ/kg and 38MJ/kg, 1.5 and 1.7 for hydrogen-to-carbon atomic ratios. Keywords : Biocrude; Energy; Hydrothermal liquefaction; Microalgae; Separation methods
First Call with Your First Emergent Case as an Attending

Your first emergency case as an attending surgeon will be a very exciting and stressful experience no matter how many years of training that you have under your belt between residency and fellowship. Your first goal is to stay calm and composed, remembering that you have been trained well and are capable of handling the situation. Make sure that YOU explain all of the risk and benefits of the surgery with the patient and family. Reviewing any labs and radiology studies and having a plan before you walk into the operating room will be very helpful. There is no fault in calling a mentor for questions or asking one of your partners to come into the operating room to help.
Simulation in Surgical Oncology and Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery

Surgical oncology encompasses the surgical treatment of malignancies of the skin, soft tissue, breast, gastrointestinal tract, head and neck, and thorax. Many of these anatomic locations are covered in other chapters of this book and will not be discussed further here. The focus of this chapter is on the role of simulation in acquiring and maintaining technical skills around liver, biliary, and pancreas surgery. The discussion points will include contexts in which simulation plays a role in hepato-pancreato-biliary (HPB) surgery, the modalities used for simulation-based training, curricula that have been described, and research priorities to further the meaningful application of simulation to improve the quality of training and patient outcomes in HPB surgery.
Geographic disparities in liver supply/demand ratio within fixed-distance and fixed-population circles.

Recent OPTN proposals to address geographic disparity in liver allocation have involved circular boundaries: the policy selected 12/17 allocated to 150-mile circles in addition to DSAs/regions, and the policy selected 12/18 allocated to 150-mile circles eliminating DSA/region boundaries. However, methods to reduce geographic disparity remain controversial, within the OPTN and the transplant community. To inform ongoing discussions, we studied center-level supply/demand ratios using SRTR data (07/2013-06/2017) for 27 334 transplanted deceased donor livers and 44 652 incident waitlist candidates. Supply was the number of donors from an allocation unit (DSA or circle), allocated proportionally (by waitlist size) to the centers drawing on these donors. We measured geographic disparity as variance in log-transformed supply/demand ratio, comparing allocation based on DSAs, fixed-distance circles (150- or 400-mile radius), and fixed-population (12- or 50-million) circles. The recently proposed 150-mile radius circles (variance = 0.11, P = .9) or 12-million-population circles (variance = 0.08, P = .1) did not reduce the geographic disparity compared to DSA-based allocation (variance = 0.11). However, geographic disparity decreased substantially to 0.02 in both larger fixed-distance (400-mile, P < .001) and larger fixed-population (50-million, P < .001) circles (P = .9 comparing fixed distance and fixed population). For allocation circles to reduce geographic disparities, they must be larger than a 150-mile radius; additionally, fixed-population circles are not superior to fixed-distance circles.
Inhibition of IRF5 hyperactivation protects from lupus onset and severity

The transcription factor IFN regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) is a central mediator of innate and adaptive immunity. Genetic variations within IRF5 are associated with a risk of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and mice lacking Irf5 are protected from lupus onset and severity, but how IRF5 functions in the context of SLE disease progression remains unclear. Using the NZB/W F1 model of murine lupus, we show that murine IRF5 becomes hyperactivated before clinical onset. In patients with SLE, IRF5 hyperactivation correlated with dsDNA titers. To test whether IRF5 hyperactivation is a targetable function, we developed inhibitors that are cell permeable, nontoxic, and selectively bind to the inactive IRF5 monomer. Preclinical treatment of NZB/W F1 mice with an inhibitor attenuated lupus pathology by reducing serum antinuclear autoantibodies, dsDNA titers, and the number of circulating plasma cells, which alleviated kidney pathology and improved survival. Clinical treatment of MRL/lpr and pristane-induced lupus mice with an inhibitor led to significant reductions in dsDNA levels and improved survival. In ex vivo human studies, the inhibitor blocked SLE serum-induced IRF5 activation and reversed basal IRF5 hyperactivation in SLE immune cells. We believe this study provides the first in vivo clinical support for treating patients with SLE with an IRF5 inhibitor.
Integrated spatial genomics in tissues reveals invariant and cell type dependent nuclear architecture

Abstract Nuclear architecture in tissues can arise from cell-type specific organization of nuclear bodies, chromatin states and chromosome structures. However, the lack of genome-wide measurements to interrelate such modalities within single cells limits our overall understanding of nuclear architecture. Here, we demonstrate integrated spatial genomics in the mouse brain cortex, imaging thousands of genomic loci along with RNAs and subnuclear markers simultaneously in individual cells. We revealed chromatin fixed points, combined with cell-type specific organization of nuclear bodies, arrange the interchromosomal organization and radial positioning of chromosomes in diverse cell types. At the sub-megabase level, we uncovered a collection of single-cell chromosome domain structures, including those for the active and inactive X chromosomes. These results advance our understanding of single-cell nuclear architecture in complex tissues.
High-Potency Polypeptide-based Inhibition of Enveloped-virus Glycoproteins

Specific manipulation of proteins post-translationally remains difficult. Here we report results of a general approach that uses a partial sequence of a protein to efficiently modulate the expression level of the native protein. When applied to coronavirus, human immunodeficiency virus, Ebolavirus, respiratory syncytial virus and influenza virus, polypeptides containing highly conserved regions of the viral glycoproteins potently diminished expression of the respective native proteins. In the cases of coronavirus and influenza virus where multiple strains were tested, the polypeptides were equally effective against glycoproteins of other coronavirus and influenza strains with sequence identity as low as 27%, underscoring their high insensitivity to mutations. Thus, this method provides a platform for developing high-efficacy broad-spectrum anti-viral inhibitors, as well as a new way to alter expression of essentially any systems post-translationally.
Thirty-Day Readmission After Bariatric Surgery: Causes, Effects on Outcomes, and Predictors.

Bariatric surgery (BSx) is one of the most common surgical procedures in North America. Readmissions may be associated with a high burden to the healthcare system. Retrospective study of the 2016 National Readmission Database of adult patients readmitted within 30 days after an index admission for BSx. Outcomes were: 30-day readmission rate, mortality, healthcare-related utilization resources, and independent predictors of readmission. Comparison groups were index admission, readmitted, and non-readmitted patients. A total of 161,141 patients underwent BSx. The 30-day readmission rate was 3.3%. Main causes for readmission were dehydration, acute kidney injury, venous thromboembolism events, and sepsis. Readmitted patients were more likely to develop shock (0.5% vs. 0.1%; P < 0.01) with no differences in mechanical ventilation (1.9% vs. 2.0%; P = 0.83) during index admission compared to non-readmitted patients. Readmission was associated with higher in-hospital mortality rate (1.5% vs. 0.1%; P < 0.01) and prolonged length of stay (4.6 vs. 2.4 days; P < 0.01). The total in-hospital economic burden of readmission was $234 million in total charges and $58.7 million in total costs. Independent predictors of readmission were: Charlson comorbidity index of ≥ 3, longer length of stay, admission to larger bed size hospitals, discharge to nursing home, and acute kidney injury. Medicaid, private insurance, BMI of 30–39 kg/m2, and 40–44 kg/m2 were associated with lower odds for readmission. Readmissions after BSx are associated with higher in-hospital mortality rate and pose a high healthcare burden. We identified risk factors that can be targeted to decrease readmissions after BSx, healthcare burden, and patient morbidity and mortality.
Ultracompact Optics-Free Chip-Scale Spectrometer with Integrated LEDs

We report the design of an optics-free, ultra-thin chip-scale optical spectrometer with monolithically integrated GaN light-emitting diodes that are suitable for reflectance or fluorescence spectroscopy.
Investigating the Potential of Inoculation Messages and Self-Affirmation in Reducing the Effects of Health Misinformation:

We investigated the effectiveness of inoculation and self-affirmation interventions in neutralizing effects of health misinformation. Women (N=854) recruited via Prolific were randomly assigned to ...
Impact of the built environment on climate change risk perception and psychological distancing: Empirical evidence from Islamabad, Pakistan

Abstract Rapid urbanization coupled with increasing climate change has instigated thermal stresses and reduced the quality of life in the built environment. For climate change adaptation, it is essential to quantify the public’s perceptions of climate change. This study employs the concept of risk perception and psychological distance to understand the role of the built environment in shaping public perception. An index-based approach was used to quantify climate change risk perception and psychological distance using indicators from disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation literature. Risk perception was constructed using three dimensions, i.e., fear, attitude, and trust, while for psychological distancing, four dimensions were used, i.e., geographic, social, temporal, and uncertainty. Local climate zone (LCZ) using WUDAPT procedure was used to identify five different built environments of Islamabad, Pakistan. Statistical tests were performed to find differences between the selected indicators and dimensions. Pearson’s correlation was used to establish the link between risk perception and psychological distancing. Results showed that there was a significant difference in risk perception and psychological distancing indicators among the LCZs. A strong negative correlation was found between risk perception and psychological distancing to climate change indexes. This study advocates the importance of the built environment in shaping public perceptions of climate change risks. This pivotal study can help in integrating the philosophies of disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation.
Reframing the Welfare Debate: Advocating for the Poor in the 1990s

moral admonishments in the face of the current political and economic reality. This Symposium went beyond this traditional and tragic division, and began to offer glimpses of the possibilities of combining efforts to create welfare policy with efforts to build community-based organizations among poor populations, and the indispensable link between both tasks. In one way or another, all of the presenters at this Symposium argued against the current movement to redistribute resources away from the poor. Three different approaches were suggested as outlined below. Some presenters advocated recasting the current moral context of the welfare debate by replacing aid to mothers as the justification for the programs with aid to children, or by assisting the poor through· universal entitlement programs such as social security and unemployment insurance and negative income tax reform.3 Others suggested recasting the debate not through policy arguments but through political empowerment of the poor.4 And one presenter advocated blunting the generalized attack oil all welfare recipients as "undeserving" by recasting· the issue of the deserving and undeserving poor.5 This would be done by more rigorously differentiating between those who need relief because of temporary, and structurally rooted problems such as spousal abandonment and joblessness, and those who need 3. See generally Joanna Weinberg, Caregiving in the American WeI/are State: Marginalizing the Work of Women, (on file with Hastings Women's Law Jornal); see generally Jill Duerr Berrick, From Mother's Duty to Personal Responsibility: The Evolution of AFDC, 7 HASTINGS WOMEN'S L.J. 257. 4. See generally Mark A. Aaronson, Scapegoating the Poor: WeI/are Reform All Over Again and the Undermining of Democratic Citizenship, 7 HASTINGS WOMEN'S LJ. 213; see generally Tanya Broder & Clara Luz Navarro, A Street Without an Exit: Excerpts From the Lives of Latinas in Post-I87 California, 7 HASTINGS WOMEN'S L.J. 275. 5. See generally Neil Gilbert, WeI/are Reform: Implications and Alternatives, 7 HASTINGS WOMEN'S L.J. 323. Summer 1996] REFRAMING THE WELF ARE DEBATE 207 relief because they are never-employed, young single mothers. As the stimulating papers in this issue demonstrate, all of these approaches can be justified if assumptions about poverty, the state and society are accepted. For this reason, it is useful to situate welfare reform . proposals in the political and economic conditions in which the current debate is taking place. For it is this larger context that informs us of the possibilities and limits of advocacy for the poor in this period. THE POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC CONTEXT FOR THE ATTACK ON
A neutronic benchmark specification and COMET solution for the Advanced Burner Test Reactor

Abstract This work describes a stylized three dimensional benchmark problem based on Argonne National Laboratory’s conceptual Advanced Burner Test Reactor design. This reactor is a sodium cooled fast reactor designed to burn recycled fuel to generate power while transmuting transuranic waste. The specification includes heterogeneity at both the assembly and core levels while the geometry and material compositions are both fully described. Material nuclear data is provided in the form of a set of 15 group macroscopic cross sections which were developed so that the benchmark specification could be used for transport code method verification. Using this benchmark and 15 group cross sections, the Coarse Mesh Transport Method (COMET) code was verified against the Monte Carlo code MCNP. Results were generated for three separate core cases: control rods out, near critical, and control rods in. Eigenvalue comparison results between COMET and MCNP are within 50 pcm for all three cases, well within two standard deviations of the stochastic uncertainty of the solution methods. The fission density results are highly accurate with a pin fission density average discrepancy between COMET and MCNP of less than 0.5% for each model.
Immunologic functions of isolated human lymphocyte subpopulations. IV. Stimulation of MLC and CML by human T cells.

Abstract Surface immunoglobulin positive and immunoglobulin negative human lymphocyte populations were obtained by immunoabsorbent column chromatography. Both cell populations were effective as stimulating and target cells in allogeneic MLC and CML reactions. The immunoglobulin negative population was further depleted of both EAC rosette forming cells and nylon wool adherent cells. The resulting highly purified T cell population was also able to stimulate allogeneic cells in MLC, and induce the generation of specifically cytotoxic killer cells in CML.
Next Generation NASA GA Advanced Concept

Not only is the common dream of frequent personal flight travel going unfulfilled, the current generation of General Aviation (GA) is facing tremendous challenges that threaten to relegate the Single Engine Piston (SEP) aircraft market to a footnote in the history of U.S. aviation. A case is made that this crisis stems from a generally low utility coupled to a high cost that makes the SEP aircraft of relatively low transportation value and beyond the means of many. The roots of this low value are examined in a broad sense, and a Next Generation NASA Advanced GA Concept is presented that attacks those elements addressable by synergistic aircraft design.
1977 National survey of support in space and dollars for departments of obstetrics and gynecology from their medical schools

A questionnaire was sent to all chairpersons in obstetrics and gynecology departments in United States Medical Schools in the fall of 1977 seeking information on the school's support of that department for the year 1977 in terms of space and dollar commitments. A total of 113 schools were contacted; 106 responded (93.8%) and the data were tabulated. There were no significant differences between the private and state school resources. The average space commitment was 9,277 +/- SEM 709 square feet and the average school budget was 441,023 +/- SEM 24,265 dollars/year. These data were adjusted for class size and provide the first data base for assessing the adequacy of a medical school's commitment to a department of obstetrics and gynecology.
The Wiener transform on the Besicovitch spaces

In his fundamental research on generalized harmonic analysis, Wiener proved that the integrated Fourier transform defined by Wf(y) = f f(t) (e-22i-yt [-l,l] (t))/(-27rit) dt is an isometry from a nonlinear space of functions of bounded average quadratic power into a nonlinear space of functions of bounded quadratic variation. We consider this Wiener transform on the larger, linear, Besicovitch spaces L3p,q(R) defined by the norm llf/1p1, q = (f(0 fF1 rT I)P dt)q/P dT) . We prove that W maps 3p,q(R) continuously into the homogeneous Besov space B 1/p (R) for 1 < p < 2 and 1 < q < oo, and is a topological isomorphism when p = 2.