cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Applied Trust Leadership

Trust is a foundational element of all types of relationships. The concept of trust is woven through the fabric of leadership, which requires a relationship between leader and followers. Trust leadership is the crucial aspect to obtaining voluntary followership and to coordinate all collective efforts toward organizational success. Accordingly, this chapter reviews and discusses trust leadership and how it can be actualized by a leader, including behaviors that engender trust.
Warm-Route versus Cold-Route Interbasin Exchange in the Meridional Overturning Circulation

AbstractThe interbasin exchange of the meridional overturning circulation (MOC) is studied in an idealized domain with two basins connected by a circumpolar channel in the southernmost region. Gnanadesikan’s conceptual model for the upper branch of the MOC is extended to include two basins of different widths connected by a reentrant channel at the southern edge and separated by two continents of different meridional extents. Its analysis illustrates the basic processes of interbasin flow exchange either through the connection at the southern tip of the long continent (cold route) or through the connection at the southern tip of the short continent (warm route). A cold-route exchange occurs when the short continent is poleward of the latitude separating the subpolar and subtropical gyre in the Southern Hemisphere (the zero Ekman pumping line); otherwise, there is warm-route exchange. The predictions of the conceptual model are compared to primitive equation computations in a domain with the same idealized...
21st-Century Urban Renewal: Mathematical Understanding of Real-World Graphical Data Using Geospatial Technologies:

The introduction of real-world, meaningful tasks in mathematics classrooms promises to create opportunities for enhancing students’ learning through active engagement with mathematical ideas; however, researchers have given little consideration to the contexts in which urban high- school students live. The case study of three students reported in this article drew on data from a larger, two-year study of the Students for Social Justice (SjTEM) program in a secondary urban school that examined understanding of graphical data through grasping the trade-offs of urban planning in the students’ neighborhoods. The findings indicated that geospatial modeling supported students in understanding graphical interpretations of data, the importance of ecological impacts, and the nature of urban planning.
Comparative transcriptomics indicate changes in cell wall organization and stress response in seedlings during spaceflight.

Premise of the study Plants will play an important role in the future of space exploration as part of bioregenerative life support. Thus, it is important to understand the effects of microgravity and spaceflight on gene expression in plant development. Methods We analyzed the transcriptome of Arabidopsis thaliana using the Biological Research in Canisters (BRIC) hardware during Space Shuttle mission STS-131. The bioinformatics methods used included RMA (robust multi-array average), MAS5 (Microarray Suite 5.0), and PLIER (probe logarithmic intensity error estimation). Glycome profiling was used to analyze cell wall composition in the samples. In addition, our results were compared to those of two other groups using the same hardware on the same mission (BRIC-16). Key results In our BRIC-16 experiments, we noted expression changes in genes involved in hypoxia and heat shock responses, DNA repair, and cell wall structure between spaceflight samples compared to the ground controls. In addition, glycome profiling supported our expression analyses in that there was a difference in cell wall components between ground control and spaceflight-grown plants. Comparing our studies to those of the other BRIC-16 experiments demonstrated that, even with the same hardware and similar biological materials, differences in results in gene expression were found among these spaceflight experiments. Conclusions A common theme from our BRIC-16 space experiments and those of the other two groups was the downregulation of water stress response genes in spaceflight. In addition, all three studies found differential regulation of genes associated with cell wall remodeling and stress responses between spaceflight-grown and ground control plants.
Cultural multi-level selection and biological market theory explain the coupled dynamics of labor exchange cooperation and social support

Smallholders rely on labor exchange and social support networks; however, little is known about the cooperative dynamics of these interlinked systems. Whereas cultural multi-level selection (CLMS) predicts group membership and changes in the dominant level of selection modulates cooperation, biological market theory (BMT) posits market size fluctuations affect cooperation. We assess these predictions by examining two dimensions of labor exchange, competitive helping and labor reciprocity, and their downstream impacts on social support in a Dominican community between 2007 and 2010. First, we analyze within-community labor organization. Next, we analyze how international regulatory change and the 2008–2009 World Trade Collapse affected local labor organization and its impacts on competitive helping and labor reciprocity. Finally, we show how labor dynamics affected social support. Analyses reveal that (1) village labor initially involved two levels (labor contracting and labor exchange) and the presence of a structured group who maintained higher rates of reciprocal labor relative to non-group members; (2) changes in the international commodities market reduced labor contracting, the size of the labor exchange market, and the dominant level of selection, resulting in less competitive helping, lower rates of reciprocity for group members, and more cliquish social support; and (3) as the global market for bay oil ameliorated, labor organization shifted back to a pre-recession structure, resulting in a larger labor market with more competitive helping and higher rates of reciprocity amongst group members. We highlight the utility of an integrated CMLS and BMT framework for analyzing cooperative dynamics and socio-economic systems sustainability.
Predicting graft survival among kidney transplant recipients: A Bayesian decision support model

Abstract Predicting the graft survival for kidney transplantation is a high stakes undertaking considering the shortage of available organs and the utilization of healthcare resources. The strength of any predictive model depends on the selection of proper predictors. However, despite improvements in acute rejection management and short-term graft survival, the accurate prediction of kidney transplant outcomes remains suboptimal. Among other approaches, machine-learning techniques have the potential to offer solutions to this prediction problem in kidney transplantation. This study offers a novel methodological solution to this prediction problem by: (a) analyzing the retrospective database including > 31,000 U.S. patients; (b) introducing a comprehensive feature selection framework that accounts for medical literature, data analytics methods and elastic net (EN) regression (c) using sensitivity analyses and information fusion to evaluate and combine features from several machine learning approaches (i.e., support vector machines (SVM), artificial neural networks (ANN), and Bootstrap Forest (BF)); (d) constructing several different scenarios by merging different sets of features that are optioned through these fused data mining models and statistical models in addition to expert knowledge; and (e) using best performing sets in Bayesian belief network (BBN) algorithm to identify non-linear relationships and the interactions between explanatory factors and risk levels for kidney graft survival. The results showed that the predictor set obtained through fused data mining model and literature review outperformed the all other alternative predictors sets with the scores of 0.602, 0.684, 0.495 for F-Measure, Average Accuracy, and G-Mean, respectively. Overall, our findings provide novel insights about risk prediction that could potentially help in improving the outcome of kidney transplants. This methodology can also be applied to other similar transplant data sets.
Miscellaneous Uses of Biologic and Systemic Agents in Other Dermatologic Conditions

Biologic agents are a relatively new class of medication that typically target specific parts of the immune system. These medications were originally developed for use in a variety of autoimmune and inflammatory conditions, for which they have had great success in treatment. In recent years, biologics have been tested as off-label treatments for a number of dermatologic diseases. More research, including larger scale clinical trials, will likely be necessary to confirm their efficacy in these conditions, as most of the data to date has come from case reports and small case series. However, they have shown promise in the treatment of many of these diseases, which often are refractory to currently available conventional therapies. We will review to date information of off-label uses of biologic and related systemic agents for the treatment of a number of dermatologic conditions in this chapter.
Minimum Wage and Income Distribution

To the extent that the minimum wage can reduce income inequality through its wage contour effects and it affects the broader middle class, it may challenge some of the fundamental assumptions of the median voter theorem. Based on Anthony Downs’ (1957) model of political competition, the median voter theorem holds that as income distributions are skewed to the right, the preferred amount of redistribution is a function of the relative position of the median voter on the income scale. The greater the distance between the median voter’s income and society’s average income, the greater is society’s preferred amount of redistribution. The fundamental assumption being that redistribution will take place through taxation. Data from the Current Population Survey, however, shows that the minimum wage’s welfare effects potentially mitigate the need for redistribution because the distance between the median voter’s income and the average of society is effectively narrowed.
Abstract 20068: Enhanced Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Activity Improves Myocardial Hemodynamics and Return to Spontaneous Circulation in a Murine Model of Cardiac Arrest

Rationale: Post-ischemic changes in cellular metabolism alter myocardial and neurological function. Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), the limiting step in mitochondrial glucose oxidation, is inhibited ...
Laparoscopic correction of vesicoureteral reflux

Major advances have been made in the area of laparoscopic surgery. The advantages of this approach include smaller incisions, shorter hospitalizations, a more rapid convalescence and decreased postoperative discomfort. To explore the technical feasibility of performing antireflux surgery laparoscopically, we conducted a pilot study in 4 mini-pigs in which bilateral vesicoureteral reflux had been created surgically. We applied a modification of the Lich extravesical ureteral approach to perform laparoscopic antireflux surgery. All mini-pigs underwent successful unilateral mobilization, creation of a bladder wall trough and creation of a new ureteral tunnel laparoscopically. Examinations were performed postoperatively, and then serially at 1, 2, 3 and 5 months after repair. Fluoroscopic cystograms demonstrated the resolution of reflux in the corrected ureters and persistence of reflux in the uncorrected control ureters in all animals. Excretory urography showed no evidence of obstruction. Laparoscopic correction of vesicoureteral reflux appears to be technically feasible in the animal model. Long-term followup is necessary to determine the possible applicability of this technique in humans.
Arterial tortuosity and change with age in young patients with aortopathy.

Background In pilot studies, increased vascular tortuosity is associated with adverse outcomes in children and young adults withheritable thoracic aortic disease, specifically Marfan syndrome (MFS) and Loeys Dietz syndrome (LDS). It is known that vertebral artery tortuosity is highly prevalent in older adults who do not have heritable thoracic aortic disease. We hypothesized that tortuosity increases with age in patients with aortic disease <50 years old.
YMCA exercise intervention to augment smoking cessation treatment in adults with high anxiety sensitivity: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

Abstract Extant evidence suggests that exercise can reduce anxiety related vulnerability factors, such as anxiety sensitivity (AS), or fear of bodily sensations related to anxiety, that negatively impact smoking cessation outcomes. Building upon emerging evidence supporting the efficacy of exercise as an aid for smoking cessation in adults with high AS, we are conducting a trial to examine the efficacy and feasibility of this clinical application when implemented in a community setting. Partnering with the YMCA, this study aims to enroll 150 adults in a standard smoking cessation protocol (i.e. counseling and nicotine replacement therapy) and randomly assign them to either 15 weeks of programmed vigorous-intensity or low-intensity exercise. Smoking abstinence data will be collected up to 6 months following the quit attempt.
S. I. Strong, Katia Fach Gómez, and Laura Carballo Piñeiro. Comparative Law for Spanish-English Speaking Lawyers: Legal Cultures, Legal Terms and Legal Practices / Derecho comparado para abogados anglo- e hispanoparlantes: culturas jurídicas, términos jurídicos y prácticas jurídicas

This article reviews Comparative Law for Spanish-English Speaking Lawyers: Legal Cultures, Legal Terms and Legal Practices / Derecho comparado para abogados anglo- e hispanoparlantes: culturas juridicas, terminos juridicos y practicas juridicas
The Political Ecology of Land Grabs in Ethiopia

The intersection of the 2008 financial crisis with ongoing food and energy crises unleashed a tidal wave of large-scale land acquisitions. By enclosing the village commons and evicting farmers from their land, the land grabs are accelerating global trends toward the consolidation of chemical-intensive industrial farming that facilitates biocultural homogenization. This article examines this dynamic in relation to contemporary Ethiopia and a specific context of state formation. By critically analyzing the designation of common lands as empty or underutilized spaces awaiting redemptive development, it highlights the ways in which the deployment of terra nullius narratives serves to efface the distinctive ecologies and socio-spatial dynamics of the zones designated for enclosures.
Recent advances on the analysis of polychrome works of art: SERS of synthetic colorants and their mixtures with natural dyes

The development and application of proper sample pretreatments is often a key step toward the successful analysis of dyes used as artists’ materials by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Complexation of the organic colorants with metal ions to dye fabrics and produce lake pigments, as well as undesired interactions with other matrix components such as substrate, binding media, fillers, and extenders, are just some of the issues that typically complicate dye identification in minute samples from invaluable artworks and museum objects. These concerns may be addressed by using, prior to SERS analysis, ad-hoc sample pretreatments that, in addition to increasing the technique’s sensitivity, favorably affect its selectivity toward certain molecules or molecular classes. The present work describes a newly developed sample pretreatment based on the use of nitric acid that has proven crucial for the successful detection of aniline and xanthene dyes - the first synthetic organic colorants to be used in printing and painting, among other art forms - in microscopic samples from works of art such as a 19th-century silk fabric, paper cut-outs by Henri Matisse, Vincent Van Gogh’s Irises, and Japanese woodblock prints. This treatment promotes the hydrolysis of the dye-metal bond in mordant dyes or lake pigments, resulting in a more efficient adsorption of the dye molecules on the SERS-active substrate and, hence, enabling the acquisition of high-quality spectra. In the case of synthetic colorants, this method shows advantages over hydrolysis with hydrofluoric acid - a procedure previously established for the analysis of red lakes prepared from natural dyes. The nitric acid treatment presented here may be integrated into a multi-step methodology that, by exploiting differences in solubility of various dyes and lake pigments, has enabled for the first time to successfully characterize intentional mixtures of natural and synthetic colorants of the xanthene and anthraquinone molecular classes, i.e. eosin Y and carmine, in a selection of Japanese prints of the Meiji era. The present study paves the way for the systematic identification of synthetic dyes in objects of artistic and archeological interest, even when they are present in mixtures with natural organic colorants.
Causes, Consequences, and Control of High Cancer Drug Prices

We have seen a sharp increase in cancer drug prices in recent years, far exceeding the rates of inflation. This increasing cost of cancer drugs has many adverse consequences not only for the economy of the country but also in clinical outcomes of cancer patients, a phenomenon referred to as “financial toxicity.” Indeed, the increasing cost of cancer drugs is no longer just a policy issue; it is also a clinical issue with clinical consequences such as increased risk of mortality, poor quality of life, and lack of adherence to medications among others. In this chapter, I explore the causes and consequences of high cancer drug prices in detail and will also walk the readers through different strategies that have been proposed to control these costs. Indeed, each solution strategy has its own challenges, but not doing anything is no longer a sustainable strategy. We owe it to our patients that they are able to take the cancer drugs that help them live longer or live better without having to worry about being bankrupt during the course of treatment.
Subclinical hypothyroidism in pregnancy

Purpose of reviewSubclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) is a common diagnosis among women of reproductive age. The importance of sufficient maternal thyroid supply during pregnancy is well known. Nevertheless, the effects of SCH during pregnancy and the efficacy of its treatment on maternofetal outcomes a
Real-time, in situ probing of gamma radiation damage with packaged integrated photonic chips

Integrated photonics is poised to become a mainstream solution for high-speed data communications and sensing in harsh radiation environments, such as outer space, high-energy physics facilities, nuclear power plants, and test fusion reactors. Understanding the impact of radiation damage in optical materials and devices is thus a prerequisite to building radiation-hard photonic systems for these applications. In this paper, we report real-time, in situ analysis of radiation damage in integrated photonic devices. The devices, integrated with an optical fiber array package and a baseline-correction temperature sensor, can be remotely interrogated while exposed to ionizing radiation over a long period without compromising their structural and optical integrity. We also introduce a method to deconvolve the radiation damage responses from different constituent materials in a device. The approach was implemented to quantify gamma radiation damage and post-radiation relaxation behavior of SiO2-cladded SiC photonic devices. Our findings suggest that densification induced by Compton scattering displacement defects is the primary mechanism for the observed index change in SiC. Additionally, post-radiation relaxation in amorphous SiC does not restore the original pre-irradiated structural state of the material. Our results further point to the potential of realizing radiation-hard photonic device designs taking advantage of the opposite signs of radiation-induced index changes in SiC and SiO2.
Prostaglandin E2 as a therapeutic target in bladder cancer: From basic science to clinical trials

Bladder cancer (BCa) is a common solid tumor marked by high rates of recurrence, especially in non-muscle invasive disease. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a ubiquitously present lipid mediator responsible for numerous physiological actions. Inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes by the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID) class of drugs results in reduced PGE2 levels. NSAID usage has been associated with reductions in cancers such as BCa. Clinical trials using NSAIDs to prevent recurrence have had mixed results, but largely converge on issues with cardiotoxicity. The purpose of this review is to understand the basic science behind how and why inhibitors of PGE2 may be effective against BCa, and to explore alternate therapeutic modalities for addressing the role of PGE2 without the associated cardiotoxicity. We will address the role of PGE2 in a diverse array of cancer-related functions including stemness, immunosuppression, proliferation, cellular signaling and more.
Minority stress among LGB people: Investigating relations among distal and proximal stressors

Research among lesbian, gay, or bisexual (LGB) individuals often distinguishes between distal (e.g., discrimination) and proximal (e.g., expectations of rejection, internalized homophobia, and concealment) stressors. There are few longitudinal studies, however, testing the causal distal-proximal link. The present study examined these proposed associations among a sample of 192 LGB adults. Cross-lagged structural equation modeling revealed that each stressor was stable over 1 month. Also, Time 1 discrimination negatively predicted Time 2 concealment, but Time 1 expectations of rejection positively predicted Time 2 discrimination and concealment. Time 1 concealment positively predicted Time 2 internalized homophobia. Our results suggest the need for further evaluation of the distal-proximal distinction. Practical implications and directions for future research are discussed.
The role of hospital ethics committees in emergency medicine practice

Emergency physicians face real-time ethical dilemmas that may occur at any hour of the day or night. Hospital ethics committees and ethics consultation services are not always able to provide immediate responses to emergency physicians' consultation requests. When faced with an emergent dilemma, emergency physicians sometimes rely on risk management or hospital counsel to answer legal questions, but may be better served by real-time ethics consultation. When other resources are not immediately available, emergency physicians should feel confident in making timely decisions, guided by basic principles of medical ethics. We make the following recommendations: (1) availability of a member of the hospital ethics committee to provide in-person or telephonic consultation concurrent with patient care; (2) appointment to the hospital ethics committee of an emergency physician who is familiar with bioethical principles and is available for consultation when other ethics consultants are not; and (3) development of educational tools by professional societies or similar organizations to assist emergency physicians in making reasoned and defensible clinical ethics decisions.
Mechanical property-microstructure relationships of an X70 pipeline steel at elevated temperatures

Abstract Mechanical property-microstructure relationships of an X70 pipeline steel were evaluated at temperatures up to 400 °C using tensile testing, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and synchrotron wide-angle X-ray scattering characterization techniques. The X70 steel had a bainitic microstructure consisting of quasi-polygonal ferrite, retained austenite, martensite-austenite islands, and carbide/nitride microconstituents. Results are compared to an X52 steel with a ferrite-pearlite microstructure. Both steels exhibited dynamic strain aging (DSA) as evidenced by serrated yielding, reductions in strain rate sensitivity, increased strengths, and reduced dutilities in the approximate temperature ranges of 100–250 °C. For temperatures above the DSA range, the X70 steel exhibited unique properties of an increase in strength simultaneously with an increase in uniform strain, both features interpreted due to microstructural changes during testing due to dynamic tempering, indicated by decomposition of the retained austenite and associated cementite and transition carbide nucleation and coarsening, i.e. microstructural changes normally associated with static tempering at temperatures above 400 °C. However, if the X70 steel was tempered at the test temperature prior to testing, dynamic microstructural changes were absent and the steel exhibited behavior similar to that observed for the X52 steel, i.e. a decrease in strength and increase in ductility at temperatures above the DSA range. New alloying strategies are suggested to improve microstructure stability during isothermal holds at elevated temperature, while maintaining the strength benefits from strain assisted bainitic tempering during plastic deformation.
Migration, Depressed Regions, and Place-Based Policy

Place-based policies in large and persistently lagging regions face many challenges. Persistently lagging regions may require such large investments to reverse a downward trend as to be politically infeasible. In regions that have become economically obsolete, place-based policies cannot be justified by appealing to economic efficiency, unless problems are due to market failures. It may, however, be possible to justify policies on social or political grounds, as is the case with the EU’s cohesion policies. Migration as an economic adjustment mechanism has an ambiguous effect on lagging regions. Because the young and skilled are most likely to find success elsewhere, it often results in the loss of emerging economic, civic, and political leadership. The disproportionate loss of young people also causes demographic disequilibria that reduce prospects for recovery. The long-term stagnation of four West Virginia counties in a region that benefits from place-based federal policies, illustrate the challenges.
Face the music: Children’s facial affect in musical imitation and improvisation tasks:

The purpose of this study was to examine facial affect of young children who completed a singing task that included imitation and improvisation. Eighty-nine children (4–6 years: 45 male and 44 fema...
Random Walks in Dirichlet Random Environments on $\mathbb{Z}$ with Bounded Jumps

We examine a class of random walks in random environments on $\mathbb{Z}$ with bounded jumps, a generalization of the classic one-dimensional model. The environments we study have i.i.d. transition probability vectors drawn from Dirichlet distributions. For this model, we characterize recurrence and transience, and in the transient case we characterize ballisticity. For ballisticity, we give two parameters, $\kappa_0$ and $\kappa_1$. The parameter $\kappa_0$ governs finite trapping effects, and $\kappa_1$ governs repeated traversals of arbitrarily large regions of the graph. We show that the walk is right-transient if and only if $\kappa_1>0$, and in that case it is ballistic if and only if $\min(\kappa_0,\kappa_1)>1$.
Preservation of oil slick samples on adsorbent Teflon fabric: Potential for deployment aboard autonomous surface vessels.

Abstract In this communication, we report results of an experiment in which crude oil adsorbed on Teflon fabric is exposed to conditions expected in natural ocean-surface collection vehicle containers over a period of 3 months. Samples were recovered at designated time points and analyzed to determine degree of preservation of molecular signatures. Ratios of saturate hydrocarbons were preferentially preserved compared to those of aromatic compounds. Unsubstituted aromatic compounds such as naphthalene and dibenzothiophene were removed at higher rates relative to methyl-substituted homologues owing to differences in biodegradability and solubility. Ratios of important marker compounds persist over several months with sufficient fidelity for accurate determination of source-rock facies and thermal maturity. Collection and storage of oil samples on small pieces of adsorbent Teflon mesh broadens the opportunity space for collection of organic geochemistry data. Deployment of automated samplers equipped with such Teflon meshes aboard autonomous surface vehicles and human-operated vessels promises cheaper, better coverage of geochemical data in seep, slick, and spill surveys conducted for research, exploration, monitoring, and emergency response efforts.
Pairing Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling and catalyst transfer polymerization

Suzuki–Miyaura catalyst transfer polymerization (SM CTP) is a versatile method to prepare conjugated polymers with control over molecular weight, sequence, and dispersity. This perspective aims to highlight some of the progress in using Suzuki–Miyaura coupling to prepare well-defined conjugated polymers via a chain-growth mechanism. We detail some of the advantages and challenges of this coupling to make aromatic polymers from monomers bearing two functional groups. The advances in arene borylation over the last twenty years are briefly highlighted, as these strategies should serve to diversify monomer scope in the future. The proposed mechanism for transmetalation in Suzuki–Miyaura polymerization is discussed, as it is different from the more typical Kumada coupling. We describe the versatility of the organoboron group used for this reaction and how it can be used tune polymerization behavior. Finally, some of the advances in catalyst design to prepare conjugated polymers using SM CTP are noted.
More than meets the eye: Organizational capacity of nonprofits in the poor, rural South

Abstract Background The physical, social, economic, and political contexts in which organizations operate influence their mission and organizational capacity – the available resources nonprofits use to carry out their purpose. The current study examines organizational capacity by uncovering strengthes and challenges of rural human service organizations (HSOs) in rural, persistently poor counties in the South. Also considered is the impact of the environmental context. Methods Through a qualitative, multiple case study approach, nine HSOs in Georgia, Kentucky, and Mississippi were studied using semi-structured interviews with high-level administrators and thematic analysis. Results HSOs were skilled at enduring change in their communities, problem-solving, worker retention, fundraising, financial accountability processes, and partnership-building. Challenges included formal assessment and evaluation, quantity of communications, staff and volunteer recruitment, and minimal formal planning. The communities involved presented contextual barriers such as racism, limited workers, and transportation. Conclusions The present study establishes connections between environmental context and organizational capacity that have been minimally explored. The identification of barriers, strengths, and challenges allows for future research and informs policy and practice that is critical to addressing the systemic problem of underinvestment in rural areas.
Alzheimer’s Disease, Sleep Disordered Breathing, and Microglia: Puzzling out a Common Link

Sleep Disordered Breathing (SDB) and Alzheimer's Disease (AD) are strongly associated clinically, but it is unknown if they are mechanistically associated. Here, we review data covering both the cellular and molecular responses in SDB and AD with an emphasis on the overlapping neuroimmune responses in both diseases. We extensively discuss the use of animal models of both diseases and their relative utilities in modeling human disease. Data presented here from mice exposed to intermittent hypoxia indicate that microglia become more activated following exposure to hypoxia. This also supports the idea that intermittent hypoxia can activate the neuroimmune system in a manner like that seen in AD. Finally, we highlight similarities in the cellular and neuroimmune responses between SDB and AD and propose that these similarities may lead to a pathological synergy between SDB and AD.
"I might not fit that doctor image": Ideal Worker Norms and Women Medical Students.

Despite the increasing numbers of women students in medical schools, focused attention on their perceptions about medical school and the medical profession remain under-examined. These perceptions are important to understand, particularly since women students are likely burdened with a host of gender norms related to work, family, and their future roles as physicians. Early experiences in medical school offer important insights into the larger student experience and are tied to academic outcomes and feelings of belonging. To examine early experiences of women medical students, this qualitative study used sensemaking theory to describe the current context and "story" of ideal worker norms. Critical qualitative interviews of 38 women students were performed during their first two months of medical school and explored both how the students perceived and experienced ideal worker norms, and how they made sense of the "story" of ideal worker norms. The participants described ways they encountered gendering and ideal worker norms through displays of nurturing behavior, expectations to balance a future family, and whether they looked or acted the part of a doctor. This article highlights the challenges women medical students are already aware they will face, the opportunities they look forward to, and the strengths they anticipate leaning on to navigate their profession. Results from this study have implications for women medical students' learning experiences and transitions into medical school and for faculty, staff, and scholars concerned with challenging gendering norms that shape medical education.
Initial Excess Pore Pressure in Soils

The purpose of this note is to present a Newmark type of influence chart to estimate the instantaneous excess pore pressure in deep, homogeneous soils due to surface vertical loads of any arbitrary but finite shape. It is concluded that assumption of Boussinesq type distribution for instantaneous excess pore pressure could result in gross overestimation of consolidation settlement. The analysis has particular reference to flexible loaded finite areas, such as liquid storage steel tanks. A chart is developed to assess the instantaneous excess pore pressure below flexible loaded areas of arbitrary shape.
Why the Media's Role in Issues of Race and Ethnicity Should be in the Spotlight

In everything from the policies that regulate media industries to the practices of the organizations that produce the messages to the usage patterns of the consumers that choose them, mass media are implicated in real-world interracial/ethnic dynamics. Yet, despite the obvious associations between media and issues of race and ethnicity, a comprehensive effort aimed at documenting and addressing these links has not been undertaken. The current issue, Media Representations of Race and Ethnicity: Implications for Identity, Intergroup Relations, and Public Policy, endeavors to do just that. The merits of such an effort are articulated in this introduction to the volume alongside a review of the current state of the research in this domain.
Ethnic and Gender Trends for Cardiovascular Risk Behaviors in Anglo and Mexican American Children, Ages Four to Seven

Abstract Gender and ethnic trends were examined in 351 Mexican American and Anglo American children between the ages of four and seven. Four physiologic variables, seven observed and reported variables related to diet, and eight observed and reported variables related to physical activity were periodically assessed. Children were observed at home at meal times and at school (or a day care center) at lunch and recess. A linear regression model was used. Of the four physiologic variables, two variables (height and total skinfolds) showed significant ethnic differences, with Mexican American children showing greater skinfolds over time and the tendency to be shorter than Anglo American children. Of the variables related to diet, five of the seven variables showed gender or ethnic differences; percent of calories from fat and food preparation behaviors tended to place Mexican American children at greater risk. When examining physical activity, four of the eight variables showed gender and/or ethnic difference...
Characterization of Relict Communities for Monitoring Park Ecosystems in Glen Canyon National Recreration Area

All of the field work for the project was completed during the 1991 field season. All of the vegetation data from both field seasons have been entered into the USD mainframe computer in preparation for detailed analysis. The first objective of the 1991 field season was to identify suitable relict and lightly grazed pinyon-juniper sites that could be used as reference points in evaluating the effects of livestock grazing on the pinyon-juniper communities of the Orange Cliffs. Two sites in western Canyonlands National Park were considered in 1990, but they proved to have been either disturbed by livestock in the past or located on a significantly different substrate. Two areas, the North Block and the South Block, were selected during the 1991 field season as potential relict sites.
Recurrent Intra-Luminal Aortic Thrombus And Ischemic Stroke In A Patient With Essential Thrombocythemia (P6.262)

OBJECTIVE: To describe a case of ischemic stroke in a patient with multiple mural aortic thrombi with essential thrombocythemia and primary myelofibrosis. BACKGROUND: Essential thrombocythemia is a chronic myelodysplastic syndrome that represents an uncommon cause of stroke, TIA and headache. DESIGN/METHODS: Case report RESULTS: 64-year-old man with medical history of hypertension, dyslipidemia and thoracic aortic aneurysm presented with chest pain, left hand numbness and headache. He was admitted for possible acute coronary syndrome and then developed sudden onset of speech difficulties and left hand weakness. Neurological exam was remarkable for mild dysarthria and minor right central facial paralysis, (NIH Stroke Scale: 2). Platelet count was 1150x10³/μl, troponin was 2.71 ng/ml and then peaked at 10.82 ng/ml diagnosed as NSTEMI. Brain MRI revealed small foci of restricted diffusion in the right occipital and parietal lobe. CT angiogram demonstrated multiple mural thrombi projecting into the lumen of the ascending and descending aorta. He was started on aspirin, heparin drip and hydroxyurea. Transesophageal echocardiogram confirmed thrombus in the descending aorta. Bone marrow biopsy showed primary myelofibrosis. Mutations of JAK-2 V617F were not detected; analysis of JAK-2 exon 12 and 13 was negative. Review of a CT angiogram done one year earlier revealed previously unrecognized intra-luminal thrombus in descending aorta which resolved spontaneously. Platelet count at that time was 875x10³/μl. The patient was placed on aspirin and clopidogrel and seen in follow-up several times over a year; platelet count had normalized and neurologic deficits resolved. CONCLUSIONS: This case highlights the importance of recognizing essential thrombocythemia as an entity that can lead to devastating complications, including acute coronary syndrome and either arterial and venous thrombosis. Early recognition and effective cytoreductive therapy are cornerstones to the prevention of recurrent embolism. This case demonstrates that Intra-luminal thrombus may resolve and reappear, and can vary greatly in its clinical consequences. Disclosure: Dr. Vela-Duarte has nothing to disclose. Dr. Flaster has nothing to disclose.
4-[4-(1-Hydroxyethyl)-2-methoxy-5-nitrophenoxy]butanoic Acid

[175281-76-2] C13H17NO7 (MW 299.28) InChI = 1S/C13H17NO7/c1-8(15)9-6-11(20-2)12(7-10(9)14(18)19)21-5-3-4-13(16)17/h6-8,15H,3-5H2,1-2H3,(H,16,17) InChIKey = DUIJUTBRRZCWRD-UHFFFAOYSA-N (reagent is used as a photolabile linker for solid phase synthesis) Physical Data: mp 164–168 °C. Solubility: soluble in water at pH 7, very soluble at pH 8 and above, sparingly soluble at pH 4 and below. Soluble in organic solvents, including methylene chloride. Form Supplied in: pale yellow solid; commercially available from Bachem California Inc., Torrance, CA; Chem-Impex International, Inc., Wood Dale, IL; and Fluka Chemical Corp., Milwaukee, WI. Purification: recrystallization from ethyl acetate/hexane mixture. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: light sensitive, storage at 2–8 °C.
Quantitative Measurement of the Ability of Different Mutagens to Induce an Inherited Change in Phenotype to Allow Maltose Utilization in Suspension Cultures of the Soybean, GLYCINE MAX (L.) Merr.

Using a newly developed plating system, we have measured cell survival and the frequencies of variation in an inherited trait after treatment of soybean cell suspensions with different mutagens: ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), methyl methanesulfonate (MMS), N-Methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitroso-guanidine (MNNG), hycanthone (1-{[2-(diethylamino) ethyl] amino}-4-(hydroxymethyl)-9H-thioxanthen-9-one and ultraviolet light (UV).—The heritable variation selected for displays a phenotype of rapid growth on maltose as carbon source. The marker is stable in the absence of maltose, and prolonged growth of variant cells on sucrose has not shown reversions to slow growth. Doubling time in suspension cultures is decreased from 100 hr to ca. 30 hr by the mutation. Both wild-type and variant cells grow on sucrose with a 24-hr doubling time. Thus, lethality after mutagen treatment can be estimated rapidly by growth on sucrose, whereas variants are scored on maltose medium. The spontaneous frequency of variants was 1.2 x 10-7; induced frequencies ranged from a low of 3.6 x 10-5 for EMS to a high of 10-3 for hycanthone. The high frequency of variants induced by hycanthone, a frame-shift mutagen, and the observation that UV induces variants in haploid cells with much higher frequency than in diploid cells suggests a recessive mutation.
Effects of Soft Phosphate and Dicalcium Phosphate on Reproductive Performance and Egg Quality

Abstract COMPARISONS of the relative value of phosphorus from soft phosphate with colloidal clay with that from other phosphorus supplements have been largely carried out with chicks (Gillis et al., 1948, 1954; Grau and Zweigart, 1953; Johnson et al., 1953; and Motzok et al., 1956). Using growth and/or “percent bone ash” as a measure of the relative availability of this element, the above workers concluded that the phosphorus in soft phosphate was less available than that in bone meal or in mono-, di-, and tri-calcium phosphate. Pepper et al. (1958) were unable to show any differences in rate of egg production, shell weight, or interior egg quality when an all-vegetable protein diet was supplemented with either 0.1 percent phosphorus from soft phosphate or dicalcium phosphate. The work reported in this paper was undertaken to study the utilization of soft phosphate by laying hens, especially during periods of high environmental temperature. EXPERIMENTAL
The Curious Behavior of the Milky Way's Central Black Hole

Over the past two decades, astronomers have assembled an incontrovertible body of evidence supporting the claim that a supermassive black hole resides at the center of our Milky Way galaxy ( 1 ). Thanks to its relative proximity, this black hole, named Sgr A* (Sagittarius A-star), provides an ideal laboratory for testing many of our theories about general relativity and extreme gravity. Because black holes are indeed black, we must infer their properties by observing the light emitted by hot gas immediately surrounding them. On page 981 of this issue, Wang et al. ( 2 ) present x-ray observations of Sgr A* that allow us to do exactly that, and help constrain some of the leading theoretical models for the behavior of material accreting onto the giant black hole.
Perspectives on human-animal communication: internatural communication

Perspectives on Human-Animal Communication edited by Emily Plec introduces Internatural Communication as a subdiscipline under the umbrella of the Environmental Communication (EC) field. She define...
Reactivity and fate of benzene and formaldehyde in culture medium with and without fetal calf serum; relevance to in vitro mutagenicity testing.

Abstract Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analyses were performed to determine the reactivity and fate of benzene (BEN) and formaldehyde (FA) in culture medium. BEN (solubility in water: ∼ 500 ppm) does not react with culture medium, either with or without fetal calf serum, but its volatility, even in closed vials, is so great that 90% of a 250-ppm solution is lost to the head space after 1 h at 24°C. FA, as a 37% aqueous solution, is a complex mixture that changes composition after 15-min incubation at 38°C. FA is extremely reactive in culture medium containing fetal calf serum, and is much less reactive with medium components in the absence of serum. There is a dramatic increase in the number of daughter products in FA-treated medium over time, such that those seen immediately after FA is added to medium have been replaced after 60-min incubation (38°C in closed vials) by many other interaction products. Methods ensuring maximum solubilization and minimal volatilization of BEN during exposure are essential for obtaining reproducible data on the mutagenic potential of BEN. The volatilization of FA from stock formalin solutions, and, more importantly, the interaction product(s) formed by this highly reactive compound with medium components, especially those in serum, are probably the critical aspects of an effective testing protocol for FA.
An examination of errors in characteristic curve measurements of radiographic screen/film systems

The precision and accuracy achieved in the measurement of characteristic curves for radiographic screen/film systems is quantitatively investigated for three techniques: inverse square, kVp bootstrap, and step‐wedge bootstrap. Precision of all techniques is generally better than ±1.5% while the agreement among all intensity‐scale techniques is better than 2% over the useful exposure latitude. However, the accuracy of the sensitometry will depend on several factors, including linearity and energy dependence of the calibration instrument, that may introduce larger errors. Comparisons of time‐scale and intensity‐scale methods are made and a means of measuring reciprocity law failure is demonstrated.
The March of Folly

Societies, from time to time throughout history, have marched toward disaster with the acquiescence of otherwise sensible people. The current increase in the use of incarceration represents such a “march of folly.” Prison expansion is being driven by the notion that criminals are morally inferior and that they respond only to the threat of serious punishment. These assumptions are simplistic and socially divisive. Furthermore, incarceration is very expensive and fails to deal effectively with the reality that most criminals are returned to society. Criminal laws need to be reformed so that incarceration is reserved for the most serious violent offenders.
The beneficial outcomes of the arthritis self-management course are not adequately explained by behavior change

Evaluation of the Arthritis Self-Management Course revealed significant positive changes in the practice of behaviors that were taught and in health outcomes. However, utilizing a variety of statistical techniques, we were able to demonstrate only weak associations between changes in behavior and changes in health status. This suggests the need to examine the mechanisms by which health education affects health status.