cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On HNN-extensions in the class of groups of large odd exponent

A sufficient condition for the existence of HNN-extensions in the class of groups of odd exponent n ≫ 1 is given in the following form. Let Q be a group of odd exponent n > 248 and G be an HNN-extension of Q. If A ∈ G then let F(A) denote the maximal subgroup of Q which is normalized by A. By τ A denote the automorphism of F(A) which is induced by conjugation by A. Suppose that for every A ∈ G which is not conjugate to an element of Q the group 〈τ A , F(A)〉 has exponent n and, in addition, equalities A -κ q0A κ = qκ, where q κ ∈ Q and κ = 0, 1,…, [2-16n] ([2-16n] is the integer part of 2-16n), imply that q0 ∈ F(A). Then the group Q naturally embeds in the quotient G/G n, that is, there exists an analogue of the HNN-extension G of Q in the class of groups of exponent n.
Healing touch as a supportive intervention for adult acute leukemia patients: a pilot investigation of effects on distress and symptoms.

Background Goals were to determine the feasibility of conducting a study of Healing Touch (HT) for acute leukemia patients and to obtain preliminary data on its effectiveness.
Engineering Semantic Evaluation of Decision Rules

This paper proposes an engineering semantic evaluation method of a collection of decision rules, acquired automatically or manually. The method is intended to complement the available decision rule evaluation methods which are based on the use of various empirical error rates. These methods are often criticized as evaluating only the “predictive power” of decision rules without any indication of how appropriate these rules are in the context of a given domain. The proposed method directly addresses the issue of the domain relevance of decision rules, and it measures their “semantic power.”In the proposed method, the evaluation is conducted using Background Knowledge in the form of a Concept library containing both primary and complex concepts which are acquired from/or provided by the domain experts. Primary Concepts represent the basic notions from a given domain which are directly related to the problem described by the collection of decision rules to be evaluated. Complex Concepts are those defined by a combination of at least two primary concepts and they are classified into several categories considering their complexity measured by the number of primary concepts used for their definition.All basic assumptions and the procedure of the method are provided. Also, a concept of an evaluation system based on the method is described. The method was used to evaluate two collections of decision rules which are equivalent in terms of their “predictive power.” Surprisingly, a significant difference in their “semantic power” was discovered, as shown by the numerical results and by the semantic learning curves constructed.The performed experiments demonstrated feasibility of the proposed method and that it can produce results which may provide an additional, yet unknown, understanding of decision rules and eventually of the symbolic learning systems which produced those rules.
The Human Right to Health

Is there a human right to health? If so, what are its grounds? Can a legal or moral human right to health provide any practical guidance when it comes to making decisions about, for instance, the allocation of scarce health resources? There are many possible answers to these questions in the literature. This article surveys some of these replies. First, however, it examines the distinctions between legal and moral human rights and rights to health vs. health care. It then surveys the literature on potential grounds for a moral (and possibly legal) human right to health. It concludes by considering replies to several common objections to the existence of a human right to health.
Enhanced Vadose Zone Nitrogen Removal by Poplar During Dormancy

A pilot-scale, engineered poplar tree vadose zone system was utilized to determine effluent nitrate (NO3−) and ammonium concentrations resulting from intermittent dosing of a synthetic wastewater onto sandy soils at 4.5°C. The synthetic wastewater replicated that of an industrial food processor that irrigates onto sandy soils even during dormancy which can leave groundwater vulnerable to NO3− contamination. Data from a 21-day experiment was used to assess various Hydrus model parameterizations that simulated the impact of dormant roots. Bromide tracer data indicated that roots impacted the hydraulic properties of the packed sand by increasing effective dispersion, water content and residence time. The simulated effluent NO3− concentration on day 21 was 1.2 mg-N L−1 in the rooted treatments compared to a measured value of 1.0 ± 0.72 mg-N L−1. For the non-rooted treatment, the simulated NO3− concentration was 4.7 mg-N L−1 compared to 5.1 ± 3.5 mg-N L−1 measured on day 21. The model predicted a substantial “...
Participation in college laboratory research apprenticeships among students considering careers in medicine

Objective : We sought to determine the prevalence of college laboratory research apprenticeship (CLRA) participation among students considering medical careers and to examine the relationship between CLRA participation and medical-school acceptance among students who applied to medical school. Methods : We used multivariate logistic regression to identify predictors of: 1) CLRA participation in a national cohort of 2001–2006 Pre-Medical College Admission Test (MCAT) Questionnaire (PMQ) respondents and 2) among those PMQ respondents who subsequently applied to medical school, medical-school acceptance by June 2013, reporting adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Results : Of 213,497 PMQ respondents in the study sample (81.2% of all 262,813 PMQ respondents in 2001–2006), 72,797 (34.1%) reported CLRA participation. Each of under-represented minorities in medicine (URM) race/ethnicity (vs. white, aOR: 1.04; 95% CI: 1.01–1.06), Asian/Pacific Islander race/ethnicity (vs. white, aOR: 1.20; 95% CI: 1.17–1.22), and high school summer laboratory research apprenticeship (HSLRA) participation (aOR: 3.95; 95% CI: 3.84–4.07) predicted a greater likelihood of CLRA participation. Of the 213,497 PMQ respondents in the study sample, 144,473 (67.7%) had applied to medical school and 87,368 (60.5% of 144,473 medical-school applicants) had been accepted to medical school. Each of female gender (vs. male, aOR: 1.19; 95% CI: 1.16–1.22), URM race/ethnicity (vs. white, aOR: 3.91; 95% CI: 3.75–4.08), HSLRA participation (aOR: 1.11; 95% CI: 1.03–1.19), CLRA participation (aOR: 1.12; 95% CI: 1.09–1.15), college summer academic enrichment program participation (aOR: 1.26; 95% CI: 1.21–1.31), and higher MCAT score (per point increase, aOR: 1.31; 95% CI: 1.30–1.31) predicted a greater likelihood of medical-school acceptance. Conclusions : About one-third of all PMQ respondents had participated in CLRAs prior to taking the MCAT, and such participation was one of the several variables identified that were independently associated with medical-school acceptance. Keywords: student research apprenticeships; medical-school admissions; medical-student diversity; pre-medical education; medical-student selection criteria (Published: 23 June 2015) Citation: Med Educ Online 2015, 20: 27231 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/meo.v20.27231
An evolutionary perspective on selecting high-lipid-content diatoms (Bacillariophyta)

Diatoms (Bacillariophyta) characteristically accumulate valuable storage lipids throughout their entire life cycle and therefore are an appealing choice to be used as a feedstock for commercial products, like biodiesel. However, the incredible diversity of diatoms poses a substantial challenge when attempting to select the best species for commercial development. The present study compiled previously published data regarding diatom lipid content under nutrient-replete and nutrient(s)-deplete conditions as well as generating novel lipid and growth data from ten species of diatoms within lineages that have been historically under-examined. In this study, lipids were extracted via chloroform-methanol and quantified as percent dry weight and then analyzed for a phylogenetic signal by comparing the variability between lineages to the variability within lineages in an attempt to identify the lineages with the greatest lipid content. A nested ANOVA revealed that there was greater variability between lineages than within lineages when cultures were grown in a silica-deplete medium; the Biddulphiophycidae lineage accumulated a significantly lower amount of lipids than other lineages. The taxa examined in the present study were then paired with the data gathered from the literature and examined for a phylogenetic signal using previously described methods. In this analysis, a statistically significant phylogenetic signal was detected for nutrient(s)-deplete growth experiments (P = 0.013). These results suggest that under nutrient(s)-deplete conditions, lipid content is, in part, a heritable, evolutionary trait, and therefore, an evolutionary-based approach may be used to facilitate species selection by identifying the differences in lipid content between lineages.
Multi-parameterized Schwarz alternating methods for elliptic boundary value problems

Abstract The convergence rate of a numerical procedure based on Schwarz Alternating Method (SAM) for solving elliptic boundary value problems (BVPs) depends on the selection of the so-called interface conditions applied on the interior boundaries of the overlapping subdomains. It has been observed that the weighted mixed interface conditions ( g(u) = ωu + (1 − ω)ϖu ϖn ), controlled by the parameter ω, can optimize SAMs convergence rate. In this paper, we present a matrix formulation of this method based on finite difference approximation of the BVP, review its known computational behavior in terms of the parameter α = /gf(ω, h), where h is the discretization parameter and /gf is a derivable relation, and obtain analytically explicit and implicit expressions for the optimum α. Moreover, we consider a parameterized SAM where the parameter ω or α is assumed to be different in each overlapping area. For this SAM and the one-dimensional (1-D) elliptic model BVPs, we determine analytically the optimal values of αi. Furthermore, we extend some of these results to two-dimensional (2-D) elliptic problems.
Enantiomers of beta-agonists exhibit differential effects in combination with dexamethasone on GM-CSF production in human airway smooth muscle cells

Abstract Rationale We have observed previously that (R)-enantiomers of beta-agonists decrease production of granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), while (S)-enantiomers increase production of GM-CSF, in cultured human airway smooth muscle cells (HASMC). Given that corticosteroids are known to have anti-inflammatory effects and suppress cytokine production, we performed experiments to determine whether treatment with enantiomers of beta-agonists would alter these effects. Methods HASMC were stimulated with cytomix (in U/ml: IL-1beta 100, TNF-alpha 500, IFN-gamma 100) + LPS (0.1 ng/ml), and treated with either (R)-albuterol, (R,R)-formoterol, (S)-albuterol, or (S,S)-formoterol (10 μM), with and without dexamethasone (Dex; 0.1 nM); GM-CSF was assessed by ELISA. Results Dex reduced GM-CSF production by 25-30%; addition of (R)-albuterol further reduced it by 12%, while (R,R)-formoterol further reduced it by 21%. In contrast, (S)-albuterol increased GM-CSF by 16% over the reduction induced by Dex. Conclusions Addition of (R)-enantiomers amplified the suppressive effect of Dex on GM-CSF production, whereas (S)-albuterol diminished this effect. These findings suggest that, with regard to GM-CSF production by HASM cells, the anti-inflammatory effects of (R)-enantiomers and corticosteroids can be additive, whereas (S)-albuterol can reverse this effect, which would not be predicted if the (S)-enantiomer was inert.
CORRELATES OF PRISON DRUG USE An Evaluation of Two Conceptual Models

This study, essentially an extension of the recent work of Akers et al., represents an attempt to evaluate the utility of two theoretical paradigms in accounting for illicit drug use in a prison setting. Based on self-report data obtained from a sample of 273 adult felons who were confined in a medium security penitentiary, the analysis presented demonstrates that virtually all of those inmates who reported drug use within the prison had also used drugs prior to their confident. Thus, contrary to the implications of the “deprivation model,” but fully consistent with those of the “importation model” this particular pattern of prison behavior is clearly not a direct function of the conditions of confinement. Instead, while the structure of the prison may well influence the probability that those who have used drugs prod to con/unmet will continue to do so while in prison, drug use appears to be an example of a type of behavior within the prison which is best predicted by preprison socialization and experience.
On the Role of Imperfections in The Failure of a Thermal Barrier Coating Made by Electron Beam Deposition

Abstract An impression test has been used to explore the remnant toughness and the delamination characteristics of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) after extended thermal exposure. The delamination trajectory is found to change as the thermally grown oxide (TGO) thickens. At small thicknesses, delamination occurs predominantly within the TGO and TBC. With a thicker TGO, developed after 100 h exposure at 1100°C, the delamination extends predominantly along the TGO/bond coat interface, but with small oxide domains remaining embedded in the bond coat. The changes in the interface adhesion and the mechanics responsible for this transition are addressed, along with a discussion of the role of morphological imperfections in the TGO in failure nucleation. A method for determining the effective in-plane modulus of the TBC from the curvature of decohered TGO/TBC bilayers is also presented.
An Injury-Responsive Gata4 Program Shapes the Zebrafish Cardiac Ventricle

Summary A common principle of tissue regeneration is the reactivation of previously employed developmental programs [1–3]. During zebrafish heart regeneration, cardiomyocytes in the cortical layer of the ventricle induce the transcription factor gene gata4 and proliferate to restore lost muscle [4–6]. A dynamic cellular mechanism initially creates this cortical muscle in juvenile zebrafish, where a small number of internal cardiomyocytes breach the ventricular wall and expand upon its surface [7]. Here, we find that emergent juvenile cortical cardiomyocytes induce expression of gata4 in a manner similar to during regeneration. Clonal analysis indicates that these cardiomyocytes make biased contributions to build the ventricular wall, whereas gata4 + cardiomyocytes have little or no proliferation hierarchy during regeneration. Experimental microinjuries or conditions of rapid organismal growth stimulate production of ectopic gata4 + cortical muscle, implicating biomechanical stress in morphogenesis of this tissue and revealing clonal plasticity. Induced transgenic inhibition defined an essential role for Gata4 activity in morphogenesis of the cortical layer and the preservation of normal cardiac function in growing juveniles, and again in adults during heart regeneration. Our experiments uncover an injury-responsive program that prevents heart failure in juveniles by fortifying the ventricular wall, one that is reiterated in adults to promote regeneration after cardiac damage.
Automatic analysis of firewall and network intrusion detection system configurations

Given a network that deploys multiple firewalls and network intrusion detection systems (NIDSs), ensuring that these security components are correctly configured is a challenging problem. Although models have been developed to reason independently about the effectiveness of firewalls and NIDSs, there is no common framework to analyze their interaction. This paper presents an integrated, constraint-based approach for modeling and reasoning about these configurations. Our approach considers the dependencies among the two types of components, and can reason automatically about their combined behavior. We have developed a tool for the specification and verification of networks that include multiple firewalls and NIDSs, based on this approach. This tool can also be used to automatically generate NIDS configurations that are optimal relative to a given cost function.
A trophic cascade triggers collapse of a salt-marsh ecosystem with intensive recreational fishing

Overexploitation of predators has been linked to the collapse of a growing number of shallow-water marine ecosystems. However, salt-marsh ecosystems are often viewed and managed as systems controlled by physical processes, despite recent evidence for herbivore-driven die-off of marsh vegetation. Here we use field observations, experiments, and historical records at 14 sites to examine whether the recently reported die-off of northwestern Atlantic salt marshes is associated with the cascading effects of predator dynamics and intensive recreational fishing activity. We found that the localized depletion of top predators at sites accessible to recreational anglers has triggered the proliferation of herbivorous crabs, which in turn results in runaway consumption of marsh vegetation. This suggests that overfishing may be a general mechanism underlying the consumer-driven die-off of salt marshes spreading throughout the western Atlantic. Our findings support the emerging realization that consumers play a dominant role in regulating marine plant communities and can lead to ecosystem collapse when their impacts are amplified by human activities, including recreational fishing.
Two-dimensional simulations of single-frequency and beat-wave laser-plasma heating.

Finite-beam, two-dimensional particle simulations of single- and double-frequency laser-plasma heating are presented. In the single-frequency case, Raman backscatter and side scatter initially heat the plasma. Even in the absence of strong forward Raman scattering, strong subsequent electron heating is observed. When two collinear laser beams with $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\omega}={\ensuremath{\omega}}_{p}$ are used, a coherent plasma wave heats the electrons to many megaelectronvolts. In the latter case, ion dynamics eventually disrupts the heating process.
Behavioral insights on big data: using social media for predicting biomedical outcomes.

Social media ‘big data’ can provide valuable insights about people's behaviors, such as their likelihood of engaging in risk behaviors or contracting a disease. Although in its infancy, advancing this research provides the promise of predicting health-related behaviors to promptly prepare for and respond to public health emergencies and epidemics.
Improved wafer charge neutralization system in varian high current implanters

Abstract Control of wafer charging during high current implantation plays a key role in achieving higher device yields. As certain device dimensions shrink with a corresponding reduction in gate oxide thicknesses, their sensitivity to charging increases. This characteristic of devices, compounded with the increasing beam currents available in commercial high current implanters (up to 25 mA or more), poses critical challenges to techniques used for wafer charge control during implantation. In this paper, we will present the key features of an auto emission flood control system which holds the disc current constant at a desired setting, and minimizes any charge fluctuations on the wafer in real time. The features of this system were compared to those of “no electron flood” and “constant emission flood system” using a variety of wafers (e.g., bare, poly-Si, poly-Si-on-oxide and photoresists, etc.). In all cases, the charging characteristics of each wafer were monitored in real time using a capacitive charge collecting device. Correlations between disc current, flood emission current and the charge collectors response were used to demonstrate the merits of the auto emission flood control system. In addition, the flood gun options available on the XP series of high current implanters, including the features of the charge collecting device, will be presented.
Use of the polymerase chain reaction to specifically amplify integrated HPV-16 DNA by virtue of its linkage to interspersed repetitive DNA.

A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based technique that combines a virus specific primer and a human interspersed repetitive sequence (IRS) specific primer in order to detect integration of human papilloma virus type 16 (HPV-16) is described. Amplification of viral-host DNA junctions occurs when viral integration results in placement of the virus specific primer binding site near (less that 3–4 kb) the primer binding site within a repetitive sequence element. The method relies on enzyme labeled oligonucleotide probes to achieve rapid, specific, and nonradioisotopic detection of viral integration related PCR products since episomal forms of the viral DNA do not lead to exponential accumulation of hybridizable PCR products. The technique is demonstrated for human genomic DNA derived from clinical cervical swab specimens and archival paraffin embedded blocks. Viral integration was detected in 41% of the HPV-16 positive samples (n=34). In this positive subset, 64% were classified as invasive neoplasias, 29% CIN III and 7% CIN II. Analyzing the positive invasive neoplasias, 6 of 9 (66%) of the fingerprint results were obtained when an HPV primer was paired with anAluprimer. Interestingly, 100% ofAluprimed fingerprint results obtained were derived from samples presenting invasive neoplasia (P<0·025 by chi square).
State Writing Assessment: Inclusion of Motivational Factors in Writing Tasks.

This study evaluated large-scale state writing assessments for the inclusion of motivational characteristics in the writing task and written prompt. We identified 6 motivational variables from the authentic activity literature: time allocation, audience specification, audience intimacy, definition of task, allowance for multiple perspectives, and real-world relevance and purpose. We analyzed 222 prompts from 44 states. We present descriptive results for each variable. Chi-square analyses indicated whether there were education-level (e.g., elementary school, middle school, high school) differences for inclusion of each motivational variable with writing tasks and prompts. We discuss suggestions for future research.
Single coronary artery: right coronary artery originating from distal left circumflex

This report describes a patient with single coronary artery, in whom the right coronary artery originated from the distal left circumflex. However, this anomaly was not of clinical significance based on atypical nature of chest pain, negative thallium exercise test and absence of coronary obstruction.
Polarized crystal spectra of tris(0,0'-diethyldithiophosphato)iron(III)

Abstract The polarized spectra of Fe(dtp) 3 (dtp − = O,O'-diethyldithiophosphate anion) in pure single crystals and in doped single crystals of In(dtp) 3 have been measured in the region between 5 and 25 kK at 5, 80 and 300°K. Weak bands observed at 7.2, 14.0 and 19.2 kK have been assigned to d-d transitions with 4 T 1 g ( G ), 4 A 1 g + 4 E g (G) and 4 T 1 g ( P ) excited state parentage, respectively, based on polarizations, band shape considerations and the results of a crystal field calculation. Intense charge transfer bands are observed at 16.7 and 20.1 kK. The best fit of the d-d bands gives Dq = 0.835 kK, r = 0.425 kK and G = 1.95 kK.
Comparative cost-effectiveness of voriconazole and amphotericin B in treatment of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis.

Purpose. The comparative cost-effectiveness of voriconazole and amphotericin B in the treatment of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) was examined. Methods. A decision-tree model was constructed comparing 12-week treatment outcomes in a subset of patients enrolled in a clinical trial comparing initial treatment of IPA with amphotericin B versus voriconazole. Patients included those with IPA who underwent a thoracic computed tomographic (CT) scan at baseline. Cost and survival were estimated for those with and without a halo sign at baseline. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios comparing voriconazole with amphotericin B were calculated for both patient subgroups. Results. Patients with a halo sign had similar costs and better survival rates than those without the sign. Within the subgroup of patients with the sign, total costs were lower and survival rates higher for those treated with voriconazole than for those treated with amphotericin B. For patients without a halo sign, total costs and survival rates were higher for those treated with voriconazole versus amphotericin B. Conclusion. Among patients treated for IPA, those with a baseline CT halo sign, an early indicator of the condition, appeared to have better survival rates and lower health care costs compared with patients without the sign. In patients with the halo sign, survival rates were higher and costs were lower when voriconazole rather than amphotericin B was used as first-line treatment; survival was better with voriconazole than with amphotericin B when the halo sign was not present. Voriconazole was cost-effective compared with amphotericin B when the halo sign was present, but voriconazole’s cost-effectiveness when the sign was not present depended on the cost per life saved.
The non-antibiotic properties of tetracyclines: clinical potential in ophthalmic disease.

Abstract Introduction Beyond their decades of long use as broad-spectrum antibiotics, tetracyclines and their derivatives have been shown to exhibit non-antimicrobial properties including their ability to interact with matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), tissue inhibitors of MMPs, growth factors and cytokines. As such, they are capable of affecting inflammation, immunomodulation, cell proliferation, and angiogenesis. Although they have been used to treat a variety of conditions including acne, cutaneous sarcoid, and rheumatoid arthritis, amongst others, their use in treating ophthalmologic disease is in its infancy. Materials and methods A literature review on the role of non-antimicrobial properties of tetracyclines, semisynthetic tetracyclines, and chemically modified non-antibacterial tetracyclines (CMTs) and their clinical properties was performed. The effects of these compounds in relation to ophthalmic disease are presented. Results Due to their non-antimicrobial properties, tetracyclines and their derivatives are capable of influencing a wide variety of ocular diseases in animal models. By affecting expression of MMP-9 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, these compounds decrease corneal permeability, improve corneal smoothness, and reduce meibomian gland dysfunction; this improves the tear film which in turn restores the optical quality of the tear film and cornea. Sterile corneal ulceration may be inhibited via anticollagenase activity; this has been demonstrated in both animal models and case reports. CMTs suppress cataractogenesis in a diabetic rat model, possibly by affecting MMPs. With respect to retinal disease, tetracyclines can inhibit both microglial-mediated cell death and retinal cell apoptosis as well as prevent retinal capillary damage via caspase inhibition thus preventing retinal neovascularization. Experimental choroidal neovascularization is reduced by inhibition of MMP-2 and MMP-9, elevation of pigment epithelial derived growth factor (PEDF), and reduction of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression via Fas ligand. Discussion Due to their non-antimicrobial properties, tetracyclines and their derivatives are capable of influencing a wide variety of ocular disease in animal models. Research suggests that they are able to reduce inflammation in the eyelid meibomian glands, improve optical clarity of the cornea, retard cataract formation, and limit ocular angiogenesis. They may have a role in treating the leading causes of vision loss: cataract, age-related macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy, all of which are anticipated to increase in incidence due to the aging population. Conclusions Tetracyclines, semisynthetic tetracyclines, and CMTs may have a role in the treatment of several important ophthalmologic diseases; however, further research is required, including prospective multicenter clinical trials.
Simulations of Impulsive Dynamics in RF MEMS Capacitive Switches

Radio Frequency Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (RF MEMS) have emerged as a promising enabling technology for low-cost and low-power switches, actuators, and sensors. However, the reliability of these devices, especially those involving repeated contacting events, remains a major stumbling block for their widespread adaptation. In this work we present dynamic simulations of RF MEMS switch response due to electrostatic actuation in the presence of gas damping and residual stress. The dynamics emerging from the interaction between the beam structure and gas environment shows generation of stress waves induced by contact. It has been observed that these impulsive effects could lead to transient stresses that are significantly greater than the steady state bending stress. S-N curves for LIGA Nickel are used to make predictions for the lifetime at various voltages and operating gas pressures that show pressure dependence consistent with earlier experimental observations.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
A cascade-cataract charge flow model for power draft of tumbling mills

The existing models of mill power draft are in general not flexible and versatile enough to incorporate the effects of high mill speed and charge loading, liner design and slurry rheology etc., in a phenomenologically consistent manner. A multi-torque model is derived in which the complex and varied patterns of tumbling charge movement are represented by coupled cascading-cataracting flows, with or without the superimposition of centrifuging and layering of the charge components. The torque equations are cast in a dimensionless form in order to demonstrate a parameter estimation scheme and to present simulation results in a generalized format. The model has been tested extensively with published torque data over a wide range of mill speeds, charge fillings and under conditions of layering of mill liners by thick slurries. Examples are given where by simple adjustment of a charge split parameter the model is able to track accurately the highly time-dependent torque profiles encountered in the ball mill grinding of concentrated slurries. The model could be useful for design, operation and control of tumbling mills, including rod and autogenous mills.
OPTIMAL PLACEMENT OF ACTUATORS IN ACTIVELY CONTROLLED STRUCTURES

The paper deals with the influence of actuator/sensor locations and feedback gains on the optimum design of actively controlled structures. Two related problems are addressed. The first is a parametric study dealing with the effect of number and location of actuators on the minimum weight structural design, while satisfying constraints on the closed loop eigenvalues and damping ratios. The second problem addresses the optimal placement of actuators with the damping augmentation provided by the control action being used as the performance criterion. A solution methodology which allows for an integrated determination of feedback gains and actuator/sensor locations while maximizing the energy dissipated by the controller is presented. Since the actuator locations are spatially discrete whereas the feedback gains are continuous, the resulting optimization problem has mixed discrete-continuous design variables. This problem is solved using a hybrid optimization method which is a synergistic blend of artificial...
I/O Containers: Managing the Data Analytics and Visualization Pipelines of High End Codes

Lack of I/O scalability is known to cause measurable slowdowns for large-scale scientific applications running on high end machines. This is prompting researchers to devise 'I/O staging' methods in which outputs are processed via online analysis and visualization methods to support desired science outcomes. Organized as online workflows and carried out in I/O pipelines, these analysis components run concurrently with science simulations, often using a smaller set of nodes on the high end machine termed 'staging areas'. This paper presents a new approach to dealing with several challenges arising for such online analytics, including: how to efficiently run multiple analytics components on staging area resources providing them with the levels of end-to-end performance they need and how to manage staging resources when analytics actions change due to user or data-dependent behavior. Our approach designs and implements middleware constructs that delineate and manage I/O pipeline resources called 'I/O Containers'. Experimental evaluations of containers with realistic scientific applications demonstrate the feasibility and utility of the approach.
Interacting effects of uniform flow, plane shear, and near-wall proximity on the heat and mass transfer of respiratory aerosols

Abstract Individual and interacting effects of uniform flow, plane shear, and near-wall proximity on spherical droplet heat and mass transfer have been assessed for low Reynolds number conditions beyond the creeping flow regime. Validated resolved volume simulations were used to compute heat and mass transfer surface gradients of two-dimensional axisymmetric droplets and three-dimensional spherical droplets near planar wall boundaries for conditions consistent with inhalable aerosols (5 ⩽ d ⩽ 300 μm) in the upper respiratory tract. Results indicate that planar shear significantly impacts droplet heat and mass transfer for shear-based Reynolds numbers greater than 1, which occur for near-wall respiratory aerosols with diameters in excess of 50 μm. Wall proximity is shown to significantly enhance heat and mass transfer due to conduction and diffusion at separation distances less than five particle diameters and for small Reynolds numbers. For the Reynolds number conditions of interest, significant non-linear effects arise due to the concurrent interaction of uniform flow and shear such that linear superposition of Sherwood or Nusselt number terms is not allowable. Based on the validated numeric simulations, multivariable Sherwood and Nusselt number correlations are provided to account for individual flow characteristics and concurrent non-linear interactions of uniform flow, planar shear, and near-wall proximity. These heat and mass transfer correlations can be applied to effectively compute condensation and evaporation rates of potentially toxic or therapeutic aerosols in the upper respiratory tract, where non-uniform flow and wall proximity are expected to significantly affect droplet transport, deposition, and vapor formation.
Deep brain stimulation for psychiatric disorders

Surgery for psychiatric disorders first began in the early part of the last century when the therapeutic options for these patients were limited. The introduction of deep brain stimulation (DBS) has caused a new interest in the surgical treatment of these disorders. DBS may have some advantage over lesioning procedures used in the past. A critical review of the major DBS targets under investigation for Tourette’s syndrome, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and major depression is presented. Current and future challenges for the use of DBS in psychiatric disorders are discussed, as well as a rationale for referring to this subspecialty as limbic disorders surgery based on the parallels with movement disorders surgery.
Experimental parameterization procedure for a wound- rotor induction generator

This paper sets forth an experimental parameterization procedure for a novel qd equivalent circuit model of a wound-rotor induction generator. The model incorporates magnetic saturation of the main flux path, and high-frequency effects using standstill frequency response testing. Notably, the procedure also yields the machine's turns ratio.
The chemistry of sulfur and arsenic in airborne copper smelter particulates.

Size-classified particulate samples were collected on glass fiber filters in a series of air samples taken in a large copper smelter near Salt Lake City, Utah. Sulfur and arsenic analyses were carried out for various particulate sizes.
Gas separation by silicon based inorganic membrane at high temperature

Abstract The permeabilities of several gases (H 2 , N 2 , O 2 , Ar, He, H 2 S, CO 2 and C 3 H 6 ) through a silicon based inorganic membrane have been measured in the pressure range of 10 to 50 psig and in the temperature range of 25 to 700°C. The data can be interpreted adequately based on a modified activated diffusion equation. For a given membrane, the activated diffusion (or adsorbate flow) increases with increase in pressure. This phenomenon can be quantitatively represented by a parameter which is the intensity of adsorption in the Freundlich isotherm. The relative energy difference between the minimum potential energy and the activation energy of activated diffusion for an adsorbed molecule plays an important role in the temperature dependency of the adsorbate flow. The total permeability and separation factor for a binary gas mixture consisting of nitrogen and propene have been measured at different operating temperatures (30–205°C) and pressures (10–35 psig). Propene enrichment is favored if both pressure and temperature are decreased. The experimental data and the calculated separation factors show similar trends.
A simple algorithm for computing the inverse of a matrix

This paper describes an effective technique of finding the inverse of an n x n nonsingular matrix and a solution to a particular system of linear equations simultaneously. The algorithm described in this paper is a simple, direct process one which can be readily used on digital computers.
The decomposition of aspirin in aspirin, phenacetin, and caffeine tablets

Abstract Through tests on tablets made in our own laboratories and on market samples, it was noted that many formulations of aspirin, phenacetin, and caffeine showed decomposition of aspirin. The decomposition was found to be accelerated by heat. Discussion with experienced tablet formulators revealed divergent opinions as to causes of aspirin decomposition. A series of preliminary experiments indicated that type of lubricant was the main cause of decomposition, although it seemed inconceivable that moisture, pressure, and type of aspirin were not factors. Therefore, a factorial experiment was set up testing all combinations of lubricants at two levels, pressure at two levels, moisture at two levels, and two types of aspirin (10 per cent starch granulation and 40‐mesh crystal), the entire series being repeated for each of seven different lubricants. A total of 112 batches of tablets were prepared. The tablets were aged at 45° for four weeks and analyzed for salicylic acid content.
The Risk of Overweight and Obesity Among Latter-Day Saints

Despite evidence of the salutary effects of religion on physical health, relatively little attention has been paid to the influence of religiosity on the risk of overweight and obesity. Our study examines this relationship with specific attention to the influence of Latter-day Saint (LDS, Mormon) affiliation and attendance on bodyweight status. Latter-day Saints make an excellent test case because LDS proscriptions against the consumption of alcohol, coffee, tea, and tobacco could lead to either a reduced risk of overweight and obesity by reinforcing a broader constellation of healthy habits or a greater risk of overweight and obesity by contributing to unhealthy behaviors (e.g., overeating) that are substituted for religiously proscribed substance use. Given the salience of gender in the LDS context and gender-specific differences in bodyweight status, our analyses are run separately for men and women. While LDS men exhibit a somewhat greater obesity risk, LDS women are especially likely to face overweight and obesity risks. These findings demonstrate that religiosity can, in some circumstances, undermine physical health and that conservative religions can compromise bodyweight in gender-specific ways.
CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL INDICATORS OF COMPROMISED MELT INCLUSIONS

Abstract The utility of the geochemistry of basaltic suites as probes of mantle processes is encumbered by the processing those magmas undergo during transport from the field of melting to the ocean floor. Melt inclusions provide us with an opportunity to obtain information on intermediate stages in the evolution of a magma system. Such data can be an extra constraint for our modeling of petrologic processes. However, melt inclusions have generally undergone some degree of post-entrapment crystallization. Therefore, to quantify the details of geochemical trends represented by melt inclusion suites, we must construct a set of criteria to evaluate the degree to which any inclusion or set of inclusions represents the original trapped liquid composition. The problems encountered in evaluating the degree to which inclusion compositions depart from that standard fall into three categories: (1) Errors caused by the selection of the temperature or time of heating; (2) Loss or gain of volatiles caused by inclusion rupture; (3) Contamination from alteration products such as manganese oxides or salts in the host crystal. The criteria that may be used to evaluate the veracity of rehomogenized inclusion compositions include examination of the relationship of the inclusion composition to the host lava suite, the morphology of the inclusion, the Fe and S content relative to the host suite, and the MnO content relative to the inclusion suite and the host lavas.
Synthesis and sintering of nanocrystalline titanium nitride

Abstract The design and operation of a novel forced flow reactor for synthesizing nanocrystalline, high surface area (210 – 250 m 2 /g) TiN powders is described. A key in tailoring the characteristics of the powder produced in the reactor is the use of a microwave-generated plasma. Sintering results demonstrate the tremendous potential for pressureless sintering of monodisperse, high surface area nitride powders, as well as highlight the need for processing which would address the proclivity for oxidation of these materials.
Monitoring the dynamic mechanical behavior of polymers and composites using mechanical impedance analysis (MIA)

The techniques of mechanical impedance analysis (MIA) have been evaluated in terms of its potential for use as a reliable dynamic mechanical methodology. The method involves measuring the relation between a force input (excitation) and a motion output (response) between various points on the structure. In its most common and simple form, the force input and velocity output are measured at a single point of the structure and the values of the mechanical admittance (velocity/force) are plotted as a function of frequency. Rapid measurements and analysis of the dynamic mechanical properties of polymers and composites can be obtained by using a dual-channel FFT spectrum analyzer interfaced with a personal computer. It is demonstrated that the technique can be used to analyze polymer viscoelasticity, to study phase transformation of thermosetting resins, and to monitor cure of integrated composite structures. Also discussed are the potential advantages and limitations of the MIA technique when applied in the fields of polymer science and engineering.
Chromatin remodelers Isw1 and Chd1 maintain chromatin structure during transcription by preventing histone exchange

Set2-mediated methylation of histone H3 Lys36 (H3K36) is a mark associated with the coding sequences of actively transcribed genes, yet plays a negative role during transcription elongation. It prevents trans-histone exchange over coding regions and signals for histone deacetylation in the wake of RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) passage. We have found that in Saccharomyces cerevisiae the Isw1b chromatin-remodeling complex is specifically recruited to open reading frames (ORFs) by H3K36 methylation through the PWWP domain of its Ioc4 subunit in vivo and in vitro. Isw1b acts in conjunction with Chd1 to regulate chromatin structure by preventing trans-histone exchange from taking place over coding regions and thus maintains chromatin integrity during transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II.
Reactions of cytosine and 5-methylcytosine with osmium(VIII) reagents: Synthesis and deamination to uracil and thymine derivatives

Abstract Cytosine and 5-methylcytosine react with osmium tetraoxide in the presence of 2,2′-bipyridyl or N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine to form oxoosmium (IV) esters by addition to the 5,6-double bond. These esters react with water to form the corresponding uracil and thymine derivatives by displacement of the exocyclic amino group.
An internal ribosome entry site promotes translation of a novel SIV Pr55Gag isoform

Abstract In complex retroviruses including simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), the major structural proteins are encoded by the gag gene and translated as a precursor polyprotein, Pr55Gag. An internal ribosome entry site (IRES) within the coding region of HIV-1 and HIV type 2 (HIV-2) gag RNA mediates expression of N-terminally truncated isoforms of the precursor polyprotein. In this study, we identify an N-terminally truncated SIV Pr55Gag isoform expressed from the SIV gag gene SIV p43. We demonstrate that translation of p43 occurs independently of Pr55Gag translation and initiates at an in-frame AUG within the gag transcript. We test several mechanisms that could mediate translation of p43 and report that translation of SIV p43 is driven by an IRES located entirely within the coding region of gag mRNA. Additionally, we present data that suggest SIV p43 affects viral replication in cell culture.
False transmitters as presynaptic probes for cholinergic mechanisms and function

Abstract The use of false transmitters as pharmacological probes has provided evidence for different structural specificities at each of the steps involved in acetylcholine turnover. Michael Newton and Donald Jenden describe the differences in specificity between species, and among cholinergic synapses within an organism; this variation may provide a means for selectivity in effects caused by administration of a false precursor.
Direct Electrochemistry of Myoglobin and Cytochrome P450cam in Alternate Layer-by-Layer Films with DNA and Other Polyions

Alternate layer-by-layer polyion adsorption onto gold electrodes coated with chemisorbed mercaptopropanesulfonic acid gave stable, electroactive multilayer films containing the proteins myoglobin and cytochrome P450cam. Direct, reversible, electron exchange between gold electrodes and proteins involved heme FeIII/FeII redox couples. With oxygen in solution, electrons were also transferred to the FeII−O2 complexes of these proteins, a key step for oxidative enzyme catalysis. Film assembly for Mb was done by sequential adsorption with poly(styrenesulfonate) (PSS), DNA, or poly(dimethyl diallyl) ammonium chloride (PDDA). Cyt P450cam was assembled with layers of PSS or PDDA. Quartz crystal microbalance and voltammetric studies on the same films allowed quantitation of electroactive and nonelectroactive protein. At pH 5.5, the first protein monolayer in all films was fully electroactive. A second monolayer added 30−40% redox activity, but additional protein layers did not communicate with the electrode. Using ...