cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gender and Academic Motivation

Recent research on the motivation and achievement patterns of girls and boys has called attention to several significant trends. Notable developments, such as the favoring of girls on many reading-focused assessments and a plethora of new studies on boys, appear both in the United States and internationally. This article covers several prominent gender-related trends in motivation research on both national and international levels. Specifically, the article discusses (1) the increased focus on boys' motivation and achievement, (2) differences in motivation and achievement within gender, (3) cross-national trends in gender-related motivation and achievement patterns, and (4) the expanding of existing theoretical motivation frameworks.
Heavy chalcogenide-transition metal clusters as coordination polymer nodes

While metal–oxygen clusters are widely used as secondary building units in the construction of coordination polymers or metal–organic frameworks, multimetallic nodes with heavier chalcogenide atoms (S, Se, and Te) are comparatively untapped. The lower electronegativity of heavy chalcogenides means that transition metal clusters of these elements generally exhibit enhanced coupling, delocalization, and redox-flexibility. Leveraging these features in coordination polymers provides these materials with extraordinary properties in catalysis, conductivity, magnetism, and photoactivity. In this perspective, we summarize common transition metal heavy chalcogenide building blocks including polynuclear metal nodes with organothiolate/selenolate or anionic heavy chalcogenide atoms. Based on recent discoveries, we also outline potential challenges and opportunities for applications in this field.
Die klinische Translation von hiPS-Zellen in Deutschland

Dieser Artikel analysiert die klinische Translation von humanen induzierten pluripotenten Stammzellen (hiPS-Zellen) in Deutschland, um zu mehr Transparenz und Rechtssicherheit beizutragen. Zu diesem Zweck werden das Arzneimittel-, Transplantations-, Gentechnik-, Stammzellen- und Embryonenschutzrecht eingehend analysiert. HiPS-Zell-basierte Therapeutika sind Arzneimittel fur neuartige Therapien (ATMPs). Hingegen sind kunstliche funktional aquivalente hiPS-Zell-basierte Keimzellen zu Fortpflanzungszwecken keine Arzneimittel i. S. d. Arzneimittelgesetzes (AMG); sie sind allerdings Gewebe i. S. d. Transplantationsgesetzes (TPG). Da als Ausgangsmaterial fur hiPS-Zell-Therapien menschliche Zellen oder Gewebe verwendet werden, ist das TPG in der Regel ebenfalls anwendbar. In bestimmten Fallen – abhangig von der Herstellungsmethode – konnen hiPS-Zellen zudem als gentechnisch veranderte Organismen einzustufen sein und den Vorschriften des Gentechnikgesetzes (GenTG) unterliegen. Das Stammzellgesetz (StZG) findet auf hiPS-Zellen keine Anwendung. Das Embryonenschutzgesetz (ESchG) weist erhebliche Lucken auf, die vom Gesetzgeber behoben werden sollten. So durfen grundsatzlich hiPS-Zell-basierte Keimzellen hergestellt und zur Befruchtung verwendet werden, und das selbst dann, wenn sie von einer Person stammen.
INVITED: Computational Methods of Biological Exploration

Our technical ability to collect data about biological systems far outpaces our ability to understand them. Historically, for example, we have had complete and explicit genomes for almost two decades, but we still have no idea what many genes do. More recently a similar situation has arisen, where we can reconstruct huge neural circuits, and/or watch them operate in the brain, but still don’t know how they work. This talk covers this second and newer problem, understanding neural circuits. We introduce a variety of computational tools currently being used to attack this data-rich, understanding-poor problems. Examples include dimensionality reduction for nonlinear systems, looking for known and proposed circuits, and using machine learning for parameter estimation. One general theme is the use of biological priors, to help fill in unknowns, see if proposed solutions are feasible, and more generally aid understanding.
Uniaxial tension of Kevlar-filled EPDM rubber sheet: effect of fiber orientation and distribution

Uniaxial tension tests were performed on the Kevlar-filled EPDM rubber sheet. The short Kevlar fibers are found to align approximately in a single direction. Tensile specimens are thus cut along two different directions, one along the fiber alignment direction (designated as the H specimens) and the other perpendicular to the general fiber direction (the V specimens). The non-contact, optical technique of digital image correlation (DIC) is used to map out the displacement field over the sample surface and the stretches in the loading and the lateral directions are determined from the local displacement measurement. We find that the mechanical response of the Kevlar-filled EPDM rubber sheet along the Kevlar fiber direction is markedly different from that perpendicular to the fiber direction. The Kevlar-filled EPDM rubber sheet has a much higher tensile strength in the Kevlar fiber direction but with less ductility, while the tensile strength is lower in the direction perpendicular to the Kevlar fiber but the ductility is much larger. Failure mechanisms are proposed based on the observation of features of the teared surfaces, and the mechanical parameters that may be related to the mechanical failure are speculated on as well. A non-uniform deformation field develops within the gage section of the specimen and the pattern of the non-uniform deformation is found to correlate with the Kevlar fiber orientation and distribution. In addition, tensile specimens subject to cyclic loadings are tested in the two fiber orientations and the so-called Mullins effect is observed and recorded.
The Role of the New Zealand Police in International Peacekeeping and in Providing Post-Conflict Assistance

The contribution of the New Zealand Government and the role that the New Zealand Police have performed in providing international peacekeeping and assistance in post-conflict nations cannot be understated. However, there have been a number of problems and challenges that have been encountered by the New Zealand Police when deploying personnel on international missions. For more thorough insight, the first two peacekeeping missions that were undertaken by New Zealand Police officers in Cyprus (1964–1967) and Namibia (1989–1990) will be outlined and evaluated.
Group decision support systems: towards a conceptual foundation

Abstract Group decision support systems (GDSS) have been the focus of extensive research studies over the last decade. These, however, have largerly been experimental in nature and dealt mainly with students in laboratory settings. Although the significance of these studies are not questioned, the findings have sometimes been conflicting. Further, the study of GDSS is currently lacking a real conceptual foundation. This paper is an attempt to contribute to the building of a foundation for the study, design, and implementation of GDSS. An integrated framework is presented; it is sufficiently comprehensive to embody the fundamental elements of the GDSS' complex environment. Within this framework, particular emphasis is given to the social and interpersonal variables and their impact on communication requirements. The implication for the design and implementation of the GDSS is discussed.
Thromboelastography predictive of death in trauma patients.

Objectives To determine if thromboelastography (TEG) is predictive of patient outcomes following traumatic injury. Methods A retrospective review of 131 patients with pelvic trauma admitted to a Level II trauma center was conducted over four years from 1 January 2009 to 31 December 2012. Patients were identified retrospectively from a prospectively collected database of acute pelvic trauma (n = 372). Eligible patients were identified from billing/coding data as having fractures of the acetabulum, iliac wing or sacral alae. Patients with incomplete TEG data were excluded (n = 241), as were patients with pathological fractures. TEG clotting variables and traditional clotting variables were recorded. Results Evaluation of TEG data revealed 41 patients with abnormal clotting times (TEG R). TEG R > 6 was an independent risk factor for death (OR, 16; 95%CI 5.4–53; P = 0.0001). The death rate was 52% in patients with TEG R values ≥6 (n = 13/25). There was no significant association between traditional clotting markers and death rate. Conclusions TEG reaction time value, representing the time of initial clot formation, was the only hematologic marker predictive of mortality in patients with pelvic trauma. Delay in reaction time was associated with a significantly increased death rate, independent of injury severity. The death rate association was not observed with traditional markers of clotting. Future prospective studies may be warranted to determine the presentation and significance of TEG abnormalities when resuscitating patients with orthopaedic trauma.
Vaccine Approaches To Protect against Group A Streptococcal Pharyngitis

Streptococcal pharyngitis (or strep throat) is a common childhood disease affecting millions of children each year, but it is one of the only childhood diseases for which a vaccine does not exist. While for decades the development of a vaccine has been the center of attention in many laboratories worldwide, with some successes, no corporate development has yet to be initiated. The reason for this probably lies in our inability to conclusively identify the streptococcal molecule or molecules responsible for the heart cross-reactive antibodies observed in the serum of rheumatic fever patients. Without this specific knowledge, any streptococcal vaccine antigen is suspect and thus not the target for a billion-dollar investment, despite the fact that the exact role of cross-reactive antibodies in rheumatic fever is still questionable. This article will describe the development of several approaches to protect against Streptococcus pyogenes infections over the past several decades.
Modeling of the Space Shuttle Main Engine Using Feed-forward Neural Networks

This paper presents the modeling of the Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME) using a feed-forward neural network. The input and output data for modeling are obtained from a non-linear performance simulation developed by Rockwell International. The SSME is modeled as a system with two inputs and four outputs. The back-propagation algorithm is used to train the neural network by minimizing the squares of the residuals. The inputs to the network are the delayed values of the selected inputs and outputs of the non-linear simulation. The results obtained from the neural network model are compared with the results obtained from the non-linear simulation. It is shown that a single neural network can be used to model the dynamics of the space shuttle main engine. This neural network model can be used for control design purposes as well as for model-based fault detection studies.
The role of within-species differentiation in macroevolution of Chesapeake Group bivalves

Discriminant function analysis is used to examine the role of within-species differentiation in macroevolution of four Miocene bivalve genera. According to the punctuational model, macroevolution is decoupled from microevolution; within-species trends may be unrelated to between-species differences. The reductionist alternative suggests that intraspecific (primarily geographic) differentiation is the basis of macroevolution. If macroevolution depends on within-species differentiation, discriminant function analysis should separate interspecific and intraspecific populations of a genus using the same set of characters. Chesapecten macroevolution apparently involved within-species differentiation. Shell length, height, and posterior auricle length differentiate geographic populations within species as well as interspecific populations. Results for Astarte, Anadara, and Eucrassatella are more consistent with the punctuational model. Characters which readily separate species of a genus are much less successful at differentiating intraspecific populations. Rank correlation techniques indicate that, for all three genera, the order of importance of characters in interspecific discrimination is not significantly related to their order in intra- specific discrimination. Decoupling of macroevolution from microevolution is implied for these taxa.
Immunocytochemistry in plants with colloidal gold conjugates

The chitin-binding lectin wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) is found at the periphery of wheat embryos, and a similar lectin is present at the root tips of older plants (Mishkind et al. 1982). Although a ferritin-conjugated secondary antibody is adequate for localizing WGA in embryos, native electron-opaque particles make the electron microscope identification of added label equivocal in other wheat tissues. As reported here, however, unambiguous ultrastructural localization of WGA-like lectin in adult wheat roots can be obtained with rabbit anti-WGA followed by colloidal gold-labeled goat anti-rabbit (GAR) IgG. Colloidal gold (CG) was prepared by the reduction of gold chloride with citrate, ascorbate or phosphorous. GAR IgG, prepared from serum by antigen affinity chromatograhy, was adsorbed to the gold particles to produce a stabilized suspension of GAR-CG. Localization was performed on 8–12 μM frozen sections of tissue fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, 0.3% glutaraldehyde, and 0.75% acrolein in phosphate-buffered saline containing 1M sucrose. Localization with GAR-CG was first compared to that ascertained in embryos using other probes and was then extended to the roots of adult plants. An advantage of the GARCG method is that it permits the visualization of antigen at both the light and electron microscope levels in the same section. At the light level, the anti-WGA-GAR-CG complex appears as a red stain that is localized in specific tissues of embryos and in the caps and outer layers of adult roots. Sections in which lectin was detected at the light microscope level were embedded in plastic and sectioned for subcellular examination. Electron dense gold particles indicative of WGA are found at the periphery of protein bodies in wheat embryos and in vacuoles of the roots of adult plants. Sections incubated with control IgG lack reaction product.
ARTICULATING A POLITICS OF (MULTIPLE) IDENTITIES

This work examines the strategies Black lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people use in Black environments to proclaim a gay identity that is simultaneous with a Black identity. It identifies three distinctive features of LGBT protest in Black communities. Black gay2 protest takes on a particular form when individuals are also trying to maintain solidarity with the racial group despite the threat of distancing that occurs as a result of their sexual minority status. Black sexual minorities who see their self-interests as linked to those of other Blacks use cultural references to connect their struggles to historical efforts for Black equality and draw from nationalist symbols and language to frame their political work. They believe that increasing their visibility in Black spaces will promote a greater understanding of gay sexuality as an identity status that can exist alongside, rather than in competition with, race. The findings of this research have implications for larger discussions of identity, protest, and gay sexuality in intraracial contexts.
Determination of intracellular pH in the in vitro hippocampal slice preparation by transillumination spectrophotometry of Neutral red

A method is presented for measuring intracellular pH (pHi) spectrophotometrically in hippocampal slices using the pH dye indicator, Neutral red (NR). Measurements of pHi by NR were compared directly with the creatine kinase (CK) equilibrium method. Slices were bathed in artificial cerebrospinal fluid buffered with bicarbonate/CO2. Intracellular pH in hippocampal slices was found to be more alkaline (approximately 0.3 pH units) than buffer pH and far more alkaline (0.5 pH units) than extracellular pH. Resting intracellular alkalinity was observed by using both the NR and the CK equilibrium methods. The method may be useful for studies of pH regulation in intact functioning tissues in vitro where rapid and repeated measurements are necessary or where cell size precludes measurements with pH-sensitive microelectrodes.
Sources of sampling bias in enclosure fish trapping: Effects on estimates of density and diversity

Abstract Enclosure traps have been increasingly used to sample fish populations in shallow aquatic habitats because they have proven to be practical, effective and sufficiently precise. However, they are somewhat biased, usually underestimating fish densities. Large fish are under-sampled, due either to escape or scarcity, consequently affecting biomass estimates. Using computer simulations and an extensive enclosure-trap data base, we found that the most consistent explanation for the reduced densities observed was a reduced effective sampling area, rather than an inappropriate sampling model. Corrections for density bias could be made by considering that a 1-m2 trap effectively samples a 0.81-m2 area of marsh. Using an index of species diversity, we confirmed that, despite the bias in density estimates, the composition of the fish community could be accurately described using data obtained from enclosure trapping. Enclosure trapping could effectively be argued to be either with- or without-replacement sampling. Thus, under field conditions, fish may be either removed or replaced without violating the sampling model.
Physical Properties of Pyridinium Fluorohydrogenate, [pyridine · H+][H2F3]−

Ionic liquids (ILs), also referred to as molten salts, have found application as electrolytes for batteries and super-capacitors, in electroplating baths, as designer solvents, and as reaction media. A few of the desired properties of a super-capacitor electrolyte are nonflammability, thermal stability, and electrochemical stability. ILs containing aromatic cations have been shown to have low viscosity which results in a high electrochemical conductivity. There is a delicate balance between increasing the thermal stability, or decreasing the melting point, and increasing the electrochemical conductivity of the IL. This study focuses on pyridinium fluorohydrogenate, [pyridine · H+][H2F3]−. Pyridinium fluorohydrogenate has been synthesized by the reaction of pyridine and anhydrous hydrofluoric acid. This IL has a relatively high electrical conductivity (~98 mS · cm−1 at 23 °C), a wide electrochemical window, and a boiling point of 186 °C. A stable gel can also be formed by combining [pyridine · H+][H2F3]− and a super absorbent polymer such as polyacrylic acid. The gel adds mechanical stability to the matrix while not greatly affecting the conductivity of the IL.
Automatic signature verification based on the wavelet descriptor

To extract relevant features hidden in signatures is an important step in signature verification system. A `good' feature makes it easier and more efficient to discriminate forgery signatures from genuine ones. In this research, a new technique employing the wavelet feature for automatic signature verification is proposed. Signatures can be characterized by their position information either in the time domain with a graphic tablet or in the space domain with the off-line tracing algorithm. An efficient tracing and representation algorithm for off-line signatures is considered here. First, the dynamic position function of static signatures can be recovered by a new tracing algorithm. Then, we develop a hierarchical feature extraction method to represent signatures by using the planar wavelet descriptor. The wavelet descriptor has many nice properties such as multiresolution, invariance, uniqueness, stability, and spatial localization. With the wavelet descriptor, stable, efficient and representative features are extracted from signatures. It has been demonstrated with experimental results that features described by the wavelet descriptor have a better performance than Fourier descriptors in the signature verification application. Finally, we perform extensive system evaluation, and show that the wavelet descriptor technique provides significant advantages in feature extraction and information reduction for signature verification.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Novel Wireless Devices for Cardiac Monitoring

The digital revolution and the rapid development of smartphones, mobile connectivity, and social networking have changed the way we live. The average American is constantly connected via high bandwidth to a vast network of data and sophisticated digital platforms, with >90% of American adults owning a cell phone and 55% having a smartphone.1 The digital revolution has transformed virtually every industry and every facet of our personal lives but has been conspicuously absent from the world of medicine. Physicians and healthcare networks have been slow to adopt electronic medical records and to integrate medical data with the ubiquitous mobile device. Recently, however, novel devices for wireless monitoring have emerged and begun to be integrated with the care of the cardiac patient. We believe that the evolution of these wireless cardiac monitoring devices will mark a new era in medicine and a transition from population-level health care to individualized medicine in which suitable patients are equipped with advanced biosensors that, in turn, have their data processed through sophisticated algorithms to predict events before they occur. This review is meant to be a comprehensive overview of the novel wireless cardiac monitoring devices that are available, as well as the technologies that are currently under development and poised to revolutionize the way we practice cardiology. A comprehensive list of a number of devices that are currently available or under development is given in the Table for reference. View this table: Table. Comprehensive Overview of Existing Wireless Cardiac Monitoring Devices Cardiac arrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation are common and can be associated with adverse outcomes such as embolic stroke. Less common but more malignant rhythm disorders such as ventricular tachycardia can herald sudden cardiac death.2 The identification and management of arrhythmias in the patient with palpitations, syncope, a history of arrhythmia, or high risk for sudden …
Secretion of Alpha Subunit of Glycoprotein Hormones by Pituitary Adenomas

Abstract. In 60 patients with pituitary adenomas, the serum concentration of the alpha subunit of the glycoprotein hormones (serum alpha) was measured by a sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay. Five patients had markedly elevated serum alpha prior to therapy (range 14.5–23.0 ng/ml). These 5 patients included 2 hyperthyroid men with inappropriately high serum thyrotropin, one of whom also had acromegaly, a man with hyperprolactinemia and elevated cerebrospinal fluid alpha, a postmenopausal woman with low serum gonadotropins and hyperprolactinemia, and a man with central hypothyroidism and hypogonadism. Three of the 5 were restudied after therapy; serum alpha in these three decreased from 19.5 to 10.6, 23.0 to 2.0, and 17.0 to 12.0 ng/ml. Alpha in these 3 patients' serum eluted similarly to normal pituitary alpha by gel chromatography. The other 55 patients, including twenty with acromegaly, fifteen with galactorrhea, and two with Nelson's syndrome, had serum alpha <0.5–5.0 ng/ml. In addition, 22 patient...
Edible cottonseed flour by air classification of glanded seed: Cost analysis

A new, edible, 65%-protein cottonseed flour having the characteristics of flour produced from glandless cottonseed has been prepared from milled, hexane-extracted glanded cottonseed flakes by a simple, practical, economical air classification process. The product has physical and functional characteristics that make it attractive for use in food formulation and it meets the free gossypol standards of both the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the Protein Advisory Group of the United Nations System. A process flowsheet and a material balance are given: capital costs, manufacturing costs, general expenses, profitability and selling prices are indicated for annual productions of up to 17.5 and 35 million lb of flour in hypothetical industrial-scale satellite plants having daily capacities of 25 and 50 tons of flour, respectively. It is estimated that fixed capital investment for a 25-ton/day plant would be $4.0 million, and for a 50-ton/day plant, $5.5 million. Production of edible flour from prime-quality cottonseed kernels would cost as little as 15.8 cents/lb and the selling price of flour, allowing for the value of coproducts, would be as low as 23.6, 18.9, and 16.5 cents/lb for payout periods of 2, 3 and 4 years, respectively. Selling price would be competitive with the price of soy protein concentrate over most of the production range studied.
Evaluation of total artificial heart performance in man

Abstract This report describes the method whereby total artificial heart (TAH) performance was evaluated in the first human implantation, the operating characteristics of the TAH and the accompanying circulatory response. The patient survived for 112 days. Weekly averages (± standard deviation) for left-heart drive pressure ranged from 146 ± 5 to 171± 10 mm Hg, right-heart drive pressure from 46 ± 4 to 79 ± 17 mm Hg, heart rate from 77 ± 8 to 98 ± 3 beats/min, diastolic vacuum from 0 to 7 ± 0.5 mm Hg and percent systole 40 ± 1 to 44 ± 0. Left-sided cardiac output ranged from 3.0 ± 0.4 to 3.9 ± 0.2 liters/min/m 2 , and was consistently greater than right-sided cardiac output, which ranged from 2.6 ± 0.4 to 3.6 ±0.1 liters/min/m 2 . Drive line air pressure and flow signals and cineradiography of the TAH demonstrated complete filling and ejection for the left ventricle and complete filling but partial ejection for the right ventricle. There was no significant change in cardiac index during variation in right atrial pressure between 4 and 14 mm Hg. During 21 days of invasive hemodynamic monitoring, daily average of mean systemic arterial pressure ranged from 81 ±5 to 107 ±11 mm Hg, pulmonary artery pressure from 22 ± 2 to 28 ± 8 mm Hg and left atrial pressure from 8 ± 2 to 22 ± 4 mm Hg. Prominent V waves on the left atrial pressure tracing suggested mitral regurgitation as a cause of the difference between the outputs of the 2 ventricles. Thus, TAH can provide satisfactory support for the resting circulation for extended periods. Further experience is necessary to determine if the TAH has sufficient diastolic reserve to allow for increased filling and subsequently increased cardiac output during exercise.
Frequency-resolved communication maps for proteins and other nanoscale materials

Proteins exhibit highly anisotropic flow of energy. There is presently much interest in locating channels that enable signaling between distant sites, possibly playing a role in protein function such as allostery. We present an approach for computing frequency-resolved local energy diffusivities, which provide a map of communication between protein residues as a function of the vibrational frequencies of the modes that carry energy between them. A network of vibrational energy transport channels can then be identified at select frequencies. Over most frequency ranges the communication maps vary widely with vibrational frequency, as we illustrate for the protein myoglobin. We expect the approach presented here to be useful in mapping frequency-sensitive signaling in a variety of materials on the nanoscale.
Exome sequencing and diffusion tensor imaging in developmental disabilities

We had previously shown that arcuate fasciculus is poorly developed in patients with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). In the present study, we used exome sequencing to identify the candidate variants in IDD patients with and without DTI abnormalities. Eighteen children with IDD (age: 67 ± 36 mo, 9 females) were included in the present study. The DTI was used to determine the integrity of arcuate fasciculus. The next-generation sequencing was performed on the Solid 4 platform. A novel, analytical strategy was developed to identify a set of candidate genes of interest. We then searched for novel, nonsynonymous variants in the patients within this subset of genes and in known IDD genes. Seven novel, nonsynonymous (all of them were heterozygous, missense) variants belonged to ultraconserved genes that are known to cause abnormal brain morphology in mutant mice. Similarly, three novel, nonsynonymous (all of them were heterozygous, missense) variants belonged to known IDD genes. Two patients with underdeveloped arcuate fasciculus had novel, nonsynonymous variants in genes (MID1 and EN2) regulating axon guidance pathway. Exome sequencing identified several new genetic causes of IDD.
Surgical management of Crohn's disease. Influence of disease at margin of resection

To determine the influence of microscopic disease at an anastomosis following intestinal resection for Crohn's disease, 97 patients undergoing 103 resections were reviewed. Most resections (85/103) involved both small and large bowel and were followed by an ileocolic anastomosis. All resection margins were available and were reviewed. In 52 instances there was no evidence of Crohn's disease at the margins. In 51 instances histologic evidence of Crohn's disease varying from chronic inflammation to tissue destruction was present in one or both margins. The incidence of immediate postoperative anastomotic complications (leak with fistula or abscess, or obstruction) was identical in patients with microscopically normal margins (3/52; 6%) and in patients with microscopic Crohn's disease at the margins (3/51; 6%). The patients were followed for a mean of 5.4 +/- 4.2 years. A clinical recurrence developed during the follow-up period in 50% (26/52) of those patients with normal margins, and in 61% (31/51) of those patients with involved margins. A suture line recurrence developed in 35% (18/52) and required reoperation in 17% (9/52) of those patients with microscopically normal margins. A suture line recurrence developed in 41% of the patients (21/51) and required reoperation in 24% (12/51) of those with microscopically involved margins. None of these differences are statistically significant. The presence or absence of microscopic disease at the anastomosis did not appear to influence immediate anastomotic wound healing or long-term recurrence rates. We therefore recommend conservative resections for Crohn's disease to achieve grossly uninvolved margins rather than the sacrifice of normal bowel to achieve histologically normal margins.
Diffusion Model for a Convective Layer. Part I: Numerical Simulation of Convective Boundary Layer

Abstract A simple turbulence model is used to study the moist convective boundary layer, in which a prognostic equation is applied to calculate the turbulent kinetic energy E. An observational length scale of the vertical velocity component, l, is used in the mixed layer, while a length scale associated with gravity waves is applied in the stable layer. The eddy coefficient is proportional to El. This model simulates well the temperature, mixing ratio and mean wind observed in the Wangara experiments. The turbulent kinetic energy and eddy fluxes generated are also in good agreement with those observed, as well as with those obtained from other more complicated models. Furthermore, the parameterization and results generated are used in a pollution model, which will be presented in Part II of this study.
Effects of cooperative versus individual learning and orienting activities during computer-based instruction

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of implementing cooperative versus individual learning and orienting activities during computer-based instruction (CBI). Cooperative dyads and individuals worked through a CBI earth science program that contained either instructional objectives, advance organizers, or no orienting activities. Results indicated that students who received instructional objectives performed significantly better on intentional posttest items than students who received either advance organizers or no orienting activities. Results also revealed that dyads that received objectives exhibited significantly more on-task group behaviors, more helping behaviors, and fewer off-task behaviors than dyads in the other orienting activity conditions. Furthermore, learning strategy influenced time on task; individuals spent significantly more time on instruction and practice than cooperative dyads. Implications for CBI developers are explored.
Bribing voters without verification

Abstract This article distinguishes between two types of vote buying mechanisms. If vote choices can be monitored, vote buyers will not discriminate amongst prospective voters, regardless of how they are expected to vote. If voting is secret, a vote buyer will pay opposition voters not to vote which forces the opposition to pay its own voters to ensure they do vote. This implies the secret ballot may be less effective in curbing bribery than originally thought.
Beta-adrenergic modulation of NNK-induced lung carcinogenesis in hamsters.

Objective: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in industrialized countries. Pulmonary adenocarcinoma (PAC) is the most common histologic type of lung cancer, and it is reproducibly induced by the tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) in laboratory rodents. We have recently shown that the growth of cell lines derived from human PACs is controlled by β-adrenergic receptors, and that NNK is a high affinity agonist for this receptor family. Design: In the current study, we have tested the relevance of these in in vitro findings for in vivo NNK-induced lung tumorigenesis, using a well-established hamster model of NNK-induced PAC. Results: Our experiments demonstrate a significant increase in NNK-induced PAC multiplicity in animals chronically exposed to the β-adrenergic agonist epinephrine or theophylline which causes intracellular accumulation of the β-adrenergic second messenger cAMP. On the other hand, our data show that administration of the β-adrenergic antagonist propranolol prior to each NNK injection significantly inhibited the development of PACs. Discussion: Our findings support the hypothesis that the development of tobacco-associated PAC may be modulated by β-adrenergic agents, and that the interaction of NNK with β-adrenergic receptors contributes to the genesis of this histologic lung cancer type.
Polymorphisms in Toll-like receptor genes influence antibody responses to cytomegalovirus glycoprotein B vaccine

Congenital Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is an important medical problem that has yet no current solution. A clinical trial of CMV glycoprotein B (gB) vaccine in young women showed promising efficacy. Improved understanding of the basis for prevention of CMV infection is essential for developing improved vaccines. We genotyped 142 women previously vaccinated with three doses of CMV gB for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in TLR 1-4, 6, 7, 9, and 10, and their associated intracellular signaling genes. SNPs in the platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFRA) and integrins were also selected based on their role in binding gB. Specific SNPs in TLR7 and IKBKE (inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit epsilon) were associated with antibody responses to gB vaccine. Homozygous carriers of the minor allele at four SNPs in TLR7 showed higher vaccination-induced antibody responses to gB compared to heterozygotes or homozygotes for the common allele. SNP rs1953090 in IKBKE was associated with changes in antibody level from second to third dose of vaccine; homozygotes for the minor allele exhibited lower antibody responses while homozygotes for the major allele showed increased responses over time. These data contribute to our understanding of the immunogenetic mechanisms underlying variations in the immune response to CMV vaccine.
Abstract 3736: IL6 feedback loop regulates breast cancer stem cells which mediate trastuzumab resistance.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC The development of HER2 targeting agents such as trastuzumab and lapatinib represents one of the greatest achievements in clinical oncology demonstrating the effectiveness of molecularly targeted therapeutics (2). Despite the clinical benefits of trastuzumab in improving progression free and overall survival, majority of patients demonstrate “intrinsic” resistance or develop “acquired” resistance within one-to-two years. Although inactivation of the PTEN gene has been implicated in the development of resistance to the HER2 targeting antibody trastuzumab, the mechanisms mediating this resistance remain to be investigated. We generated trastuzumab resistant cells by knocking down PTEN expression in HER2 overexpressing breast cancer cell lines and demonstrated that development of trastuzumab resistance in these cells is mediated by activation of an IL6 inflammatory feedback loop leading to expansion of breast cancer stem cell (CSC) population. We and others previously demonstrated that cytokines including IL6 and IL8 regulates breast cancer stem cell self-renewal. Furthermore, elevated serum levels of these cytokines in breast cancer patients strongly correlated with metastatic disease and therapeutic resistance. We therefore hypothesized that activation of IL6 feedback loop may mediate trastuzumab resistance. Utilizing these models, we demonstrated that long term trastuzumab treatment generates highly enriched CSCs which display an EMT phenotype secreting over 100-fold more IL6 than parental cells. Recombinant IL6 or conditioned medium from high-IL6 secreting cells resulted in trastuzumab resistance in parental PTEN wild type cells expanding CSCs with EMT phenotype characterized by the CD44+/CD24- expression and EMT gene signature. An IL6 receptor antibody interrupted this inflammatory feedback loop reducing the cancer stem cell population resulting in decreased tumor growth and metastasis in mouse xenographs. These studies have important clinical implications demonstrating that trastuzumab resistance may be mediated by an IL-6 inflammatory loop and suggest that blocking this loop represents a novel strategy to overcome trastuzumab resistance. . Citation Format: April L. Davis, Hasan Korkaya, Maria Ouzounova, Fayaz Malik, Gwangil Kim, Ahmed A. Quraishi, Suling Liu, Shawn G. Clouthier, Max S. Wicha. IL6 feedback loop regulates breast cancer stem cells which mediate trastuzumab resistance. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3736. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-3736
The Effect of Seasonal Changes on Nezara viridula (L.) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) and Trissolcus basalis (Wollaston) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) in Hawaii

Abstract The effect of seasonal changes in temperature and photoperiod on the interaction of Nezara viridula (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) and its egg parasitoid Trissolcus basalis (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) was investigated in the laboratory. We found no evidence of reproductive diapause in N. viridula under simulated Hawaiian summer and winter conditions. Further, although “diapause” coloration was obtained in the laboratory, it was not correlated with reproductive status. Studies of the survival of T. basalis provided with honey under the same simulated conditions showed that under summer conditions, only 2.1% of the female and 13.5% of the male population were still alive by 60 days. When provided with N. viridula egg masses at 30 days, 79.4% of the eggs were parasitized in a 3-h period. Under winter conditions, 54.3, 28.3, and 14.5% of the females were alive at 30, 60, and 90 days after adult emergence. When provided with N. viridula egg masses at 30, 60, and 90 days for 3 h, 57.6, 32.8, and 47.1% of the eggs were successfully parasitized. These studies suggest the limiting factor in the interaction of T. basalis and N. viridula is not reproductive diapause, but instead the ability of T. basalis to survive summer conditions.
STUDENTS TEND TO OVERESTIMATE THEIR COURSE PERFORMANCE

Students in 84 courses estimated their grades as part of a confidential evaluation at the end of the course. Class average predictions were compared with average grades for those classes. A high portion of classes overestimate their actual performance.
Heat Transfer Considerations for Designing FSW Cryogenic Thermal Structures for Aerospace Applications

Research was conducted to investigate potential structural design configurations for aerospace cryogenic tank wall applications. The primary design considerations included the vibration damping characteristics under various flight loading conditions and the panel wall thermal resistance under different heat loads. The discussion herein is with regards to the thermal issue, specifically the heat transfer rates across two different panel wall designs that have attractive vibration damping characteristics. The heat transfer rates were evaluated analytically and verified with experimental data. One panel is a corrugated, serpentine-layered design fabricated using friction stir welding. The other panel is an “egg-carton” design fabricated using friction stir spot welding. An important thermal consideration for the cryogenic tank wall design is the minimum outer wall temperature attained during ambient storage or prior to launch. Of the two designs considered herein, neither wall provided sufficient thermal resistance to maintain outer wall temperatures above freezing under ambient conditions. One of the wall designs, however, performed somewhat better. It is shown that when configured with an outer layer of thermal plastic coating both designs could maintain an outer wall temperature within design constraints.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Eclipse and Re-emergence of a Critical Discourse on Hemingway in Cuban Literature and Film

This article reviews Hemingway's reception in Cuban literature and film, establishing a periodization that includes the rise, disappearance, and return of a critical discourse on the North American writer. The changes in the way Hemingway is perceived and presented are discussed in terms of Cuba's own political and economic situation.
Cytology of brain stem neurons projecting to the caudal neurosecretory complex: An HRP-electron microscopic study

Brain stem projections to the neurons in the caudal neurosecretory complex (CNC) of Poecilia sphenops (molly) have been studied with HRP retrograde tracing. Using light microscopic procedures, HRP-labelled neurons were located in the reticular nucleus of the medulla (RMN) and in the vicinity of the nucleus of the medial longitudinal fascicle (NMLF). The present study was undertaken to examine the cytology of the brain stem neurons that project to the caudal neurosecretory complex using combined HRP-electron microscopic methods. Cells in the midbrain NMLF containing HRP-filled profiles were located bilaterally close to the midline and just beneath the ependyma. HRP reaction product was found additionally in the neurosecretory cells of the midbrain dorsal tegmental magnocellular nucleus (DTMN) located dorsal to the NMLF. Cells containing HRP-labelled profiles were also seen in the RMN and in neurons dorsal-lateral to the RMN. This latter group of neurons contained small dense core vesicles in addition to HRP labelled dense bodies.
The Battle over Privileges and Pension Reform: Evidence from Legislative Roll Call Analysis in Poland

Abstract Pension reform is among the most economically pressing and politically controversial issues worldwide. Numerous countries have achieved noteworthy results, but for others overcoming opposition to reform remains an elusive task. This article argues that opposition does not necessarily come from the left, but also from parties connected with privileged occupational groups. Focusing on a distinction between the diffuse and concentrated costs of reform, the article analyses the formation of pro-reform and anti-reform coalitions in a two-dimensional space and discusses how particular configurations of the party system relate to reform outcomes and sustainability. The argument is tested using legislative roll call data from Poland.
The Cultural Construction of Emotion in Rural Chinese Social Life

The human capacity to experience emotion can be made to serve a wide range of social purposes. Cultural definitions of the appropriate relationship between the emotions of the individual and the social order may vary greatly. The familiar cultural context that provides a frame of reference for anthropologists who are at home in the United States is unusual for its extreme emphasis on the importance of emotions as the legitimizing basis that establishes a relationship between a person and a social context. The significance of emotions in Chinese social life is quite different, and Chinese culture does not recognize itself as utilizing the emotional life of individuals in the service of the social order. As a result, the meaning of the person and the relationship between the person and society take on particular Chinese forms quite unlike our own. In order to understand these Chinese forms without ethnocentrism, some familiar shared assumptions about the meaning of emotion, and the influence of these assumptions on anthropology, must be made explicit.
Pattern recognition based on orientation and linestops using an orientation sensor and multilayered neural network

A method for optical pattern recognition which is based on the human visual system and is suitable for hardware implementation is presented. The system is composed of two stages. The first stage detects local features such as line orientation, linestops, corners, and intersections to create a feature map, which represents the number of these features and hence is invariant to position, size, and slight deformation of an input pattern. The next stage is a multilayered neural network that classifies an input pattern to one of predefined categories using the feature map. We have found a method of detecting these features in analog hardware which would considerably speed up the process of pattern recognition. The decomposition of an input pattern into lines with different orientations is done by an array of two-dimensional orientation sensors. We have built an orientation sensor which is invariant to the position, size, and contrast of an input pattern. The generation of the feature map is currently being done in software which receives its inputs from the line orientation sensor. Linestops, corners and intersections are detected after a series of convolution and thresholding operations for each orientation. The convolution operation can be mapped into hardware using a resistive grid technique. The simulation with an example of character recognition showed that the proper selection of convolution kernels and thresholds can detect local features described above and demonstrated the feasibility of a full hardware implementation of a feature detector.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.