cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A multilayer biochemical dry deposition model. 1. Model formulation

[1] A multilayer biochemical dry deposition model has been developed based on the NOAA Multilayer Model (MLM; Meyers et al. [1998]) to study gaseous exchanges between the soil, plants, and the atmosphere. Most of the parameterizations and submodels have been updated or replaced. The numerical integration was improved, and an aerodynamic resistance based on Monin-Obukhov theory was added. An appropriate parameterization for the leaf boundary layer resistance was chosen. A biochemical stomatal resistance model was chosen based on comparisons of four different existing stomatal resistance schemes. It describes photosynthesis and respiration and their coupling with stomatal resistance for sunlit and shaded leaves separately. Various aspects of the photosynthetic process in both C3 and C4 plants are considered in the model. To drive the photosynthesis model, the canopy radiation scheme has been updated. Leaf area index measurements are adjusted to account for stem area index. A normalized soil water stress factor was applied to potential photosynthesis to account for plant response to both drought and water-logging stresses. A new cuticle resistance model was derived based on membrane passive transport theory and Fick's first law. It accounts for the effects of diffusivity and solubility of specific gases in the cuticle membrane, as well as the thickness of the cuticle membrane. The model is designed for use in the nationwide dry deposition networks, for example, the Clean Air Status And Trends Network (CASTNet), and mesoscale models, for example, the Community Multiscale Air Quality model (CMAQ) and even the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF).
Lake Erie Offshore in 1990: Restoration and Resilience in the Central Basin

Abstract The Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement (GLWQA) of 1972 resulted in large expenditures to build and operate treatment plants to remove phosphorus from sewage. Technology is available to remove even more phosphorus than is customary now. Thus, it is important to the eutrophication issue to document and understand the effects of management in order to diagnose the efficacy and appropriateness of present and future controls. The ground-breaking Canada-U.S. “Project Hypo” study of 1970 resulted in phosphorus reduction targets for Lake Erie in the GLWQA. Research cruises in the offshore of the central basin during 1979, 83, 84, and 85 were complemented by a series of cruises in 1990. Chemical and biological water quality variables were measured in the relatively stable months of July and August. Chlorophyll and phosphorus concentrations and secchi disk readings suggest that exemplary surface water quality was already apparent in 1979. Based on scaling arguments, relatively small chemical changes are expected in the offshore and these are consistent with observations. Sediment phosphorus regeneration and dissolved oxygen depletion were similar in 1970 and 1990 despite 20 years of nutrient reductions. The delayed improvement in the hypoUmnion may be consistent with delayed or avoided damage due to mechanisms of system resilience. The GLWQA may have prevented a sediment response that would take many decades to reverse.
Adaptive conjoint analysis versus selfexplicated models: Some empirical results

Abstract Adaptive Conjoint Analysis ( aca ) from Sawtooth Software is a very popular software package for collecting and analyzing conjoint data. This paper compares aca to the more traditional (pencil-and-paper), self-explicated model in terms of internal validity. Internal validity (on holdout profiles) is measured by product moment correlations, first-choice hit incidence, and correct rank position incidence. Surprisingly, we found that the self-explicated model outperformed aca in terms of internal validity.
Language planning in Korea under the Japanese colonial administration, 1910–1945

Abstract This study analyses language planning in Korea under the Japanese colonial administration from 1910 to 1945. In order to show how the oppressed language (Korean) served as an autonomously contested medium for reaction, we examine both the intended language planning of the Japanese colonial administration and reaction of the Korean scholars in the process of language planning. Status and corpus language planning are interpreted as the interplay between the colonial government and the resistance of the Korean linguists. As a result, Korean became a proscribed language, and interference of Japanese expressions in written Korean became more conspicuous. Nevertheless, the participation of Korean linguists in setting rules for Korean orthography was significant. The 1933 unification of the Korean orthography changed inconsistent phonetic orthography to a system of spelling based on morphological syllable division and became the standardised writing principle of contemporary Korean orthography.
The UN and the collective use of force: Whither or whether?

The end of the Cold War created new possibilities for UN peace operations, but they were not nearly so unlimited or unproblematic as the early post‐Cold War euphoria believed. After Somalia and Bosnia, many observers question whether any opportunity at all remains, but now the sense of limits is exaggerated. Indeed, some of the same muddled thinking that was responsible for the UN's undiscriminating military interventions in ‘grey area’ conflicts ‐ the terrain between peacekeeping and warfighting ‐ is now in play, pushing the UN back towards its traditional peacekeeping role. No precise formulation of the specific strategic requirements of ‘robust’ peace operations has ever been devised. This article argues the need for, and outlines, a more systematic doctrinal approach towards such operations, and also suggests changes in the organization of command functions at UN headquarters and the field level.
Depolarization bandwidth of fiber-optic passive depolarizers

Several single-mode fiber optic applications benefit from the use of depolarized light. Examples are suppression of polarization hole burning (PHB) in erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFA),1–3 reduction of polarization-dependent loss arising from fiber components (e.g., couplers and wave-division multiplexers),4 reduction of the signal fading in fiber optic sensors,5–7 and coherent detection systems.8,9 Depolarizers are also used for fiber optic component testing.
Inverse magnetoresistance in magnetic tunnel junction with an Fe/sub 3/O/sub 4/ electrode

Magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJ) with a plasma-oxidized Fe electrode have been fabricated on oxidized silicon wafers with standard photolithography. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and diffraction patterns show that a thin Fe layer can be oxidized by a controlled oxygen plasma into pure Fe/sub 3/O/sub 4/ without other crystallographic phases such as FeO and Fe/sub 2/O/sub 3/. To grow Fe/sub 3/O/sub 4/ directly in contact with an AlOx barrier, we began with Fe layers that varied from 1.8 to 5 nm. It was found that complete oxidation only occurred for the 1.8-nm thickness. Magnetic and electrical transport properties on the MTJs were measured at room temperature and low temperature (110 K). When the layer adjacent to the AlOx barrier was Fe/sub 3/O/sub 4/, inverse magnetoresistance (MR) behavior was observed, which is what is expected from the band structure of Fe/sub 3/O/sub 4/. However, when free Fe exists due to incomplete oxidation, positive MR behavior is observed.
Possible cellular and molecular mechanisms for asbestos carcinogenicity

Asbestos fibers may exert their carcinogenic effects on mesothelial cells and bronchial epithelial cells by direct and indirect mechanisms. Direct effects can occur following the physical interaction of fibers with target cells or by the generation of free radicals from the fiber surface; indirect effects, following the interaction of fibers with inflammatory cells can result in the production of cellular mediators such as cytokines and various reactive oxygen species. As a result, target cells may be induced to proliferate and/or sustain genetic alterations, which lead to tumor development.
Path analysis and causal analysis: Variations on a multivariate technique of measuring student politics

This paper is an attempt to test a multivariate theory of family status, socialization, and student politics employing two different methodological techniques: 1) the popular path analysis method as compared with 2) a modified causal analysis approach. The student sample consists of 1,246 college youth representing both flanks of the campus political ideological spectrum surveyed in 1966–67. Results reveal that both techniques appear to be a reliable check on one another. Path analysis is able to measure the cumulative effect of the variables in the model deductively and pick up the interrelationships between the endogenous variables. The modified causal analysis approach enables one to construct models inductively in an attempt to discover competing models of best fit. Other statistical and substantive results in addition to the advantages and disadvantages of both methodological techniques are discussed.
Curing stigma--the limits of antiretroviral access.

Dr. Oni Blackstock explains that for many patients in sub-Saharan Africa, the devastating physical effects of HIV infection or AIDS have been replaced by debilitating psychological conditions: social isolation and the condemnation of their family, friends, and society.
Edge flipping in graphs

In this paper we investigate certain random processes on graphs which are related to the so-called Tsetlin library random walk as well as to some variants of a classical voter model. A specific example of what we study is the following. Suppose we begin with some finite graph G in which each vertex of G is initially arbitrarily colored red or blue. At each step in our process, we select a random edge of G and (re-)color both its endpoints blue with probability p, or red with probability q=1-p. This ''edge flipping'' process generates a random walk on the set of all possible color patterns on G. We show that the eigenvalues for this random walk can be naturally indexed by subsets of the vertices of G. For example, in the uniform case (where p=12), for each subset T of vertices of G there is an eigenvalue @l"T (with multiplicity 1) which is equal to the number of edges in the subgraph induced by T divided by the number of edges of G. We also carry out a fairly detailed analysis of the stationary distribution of this process for several simple classes graphs, such as paths and cycles. Even for these graphs, the asymptotic behavior can be rather complex.
A Review of Tension Test Methods for Thin Films

Test methods for mechanical property measurement of the thin films used in MEMS have been developed and refined over the last decade. This brief review considers only tensile testing since that is the preferred method for measuring Young’s modulus, strength, etc. for macroscale structural materials. There are basically two kinds of tensile specimens – framed specimens whose support strips are cut after mounting and semidetached specimens fastened to the substrate at one end. The loading and force measurement systems are similar and use commercial transducers. Strain is measured either by overall grip displacement or by digital imaging in most cases. Initial works are described and followed by descriptions of some recent applications. The paper concludes with a suggested test method that could be amenable to standardization.
Synergistic extraction of trivalent actinides and lanthanides using HTTA and an AZA-crown ether

Abstract An aza-crown ether, 4,13-didecyl-1,7,10,16-tetraoxa-4,13-diazacyclooctadecane (K22DD) has been shown to have a synergistic effect on the extraction of trivalent lanthanides and actinides by thenoyltrifluoroacetone (HTTA). The extraction of Am(III), Cm(III), Am(III), Eu(III), Ce(III), and Pm(III) from an aqueous acetate buffer system (pH=4.8) into HTTA/K22DD/chloroform phase was studied at 25[ddot]C. Distribution coefficients were measured as a function of HTTA concentration, K22DD concentration, and pH user radiotracer techniques. The synergistic species was determined from these studies to be M(TTA)3.K22DD. The results show that the presence of K22DD synergizes the extraction of each of the metals studied by factors of approximately lO4-1O5. Slightly larger organic phase stability constants were measured for the trivalent actinides relative to the trivalent lanthanides.
The Information in Option Volume for Future Stock Prices

We present strong evidence that option trading volume contains information about future stock prices. Taking advantage of a unique data set, we construct put-call ratios from option volume initiated by buyers to open new positions. Stocks with low put-call ratios outperform stocks with high put-call ratios by more than 40 basis points on the next day and more than 1% over the next week. Partitioning our option signals into components that are publicly and nonpublicly observable, we find that the economic source of this predictability is nonpublic information possessed by option traders rather than market inefficiency. We also find greater predictability for stocks with higher concentrations of informed traders and from option contracts with greater leverage. Copyright 2006, Oxford University Press.
Parental Psychological Control, Psychological Autonomy, and Acceptance as Predictors of Self-Esteem in Latino Adolescents

This study examines several key parenting variables (psychological control, psychological autonomy, and acceptance) in predicting self-esteem among Latino adolescents using structural equation modeling analyses. Nested models are tested and parental acceptance variables are omitted from the model and group gender comparisons are examined. Two variables, maternal psychological autonomy and paternal psychological control, are found to be significant predictors of Latino boys’ self-esteem, whereas psychological autonomy and control (paternal and maternal) are all significantly related to self-esteem among Latino girls. Cultural factors that may have influenced these results are discussed.
PROTEIN STUDY OF T AND B ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA CELL LINES

Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-D PAGE) was used to identify cellular proteins in T and B acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cell lines. Five lines, REH and BALL-1 of B-cell lineage, CCRF-CEM and HPB-ALL of T-cell lineage, and a normal Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed line of B-origin (SKLN1) were studied. The lines were immunophenotyped using flow cytometry and lineage associated monoclonal antibodies. Whole cell lysates of the cell lines were subjected to 2-D PAGE analyses. 2-D gels were analyzed with an image scanning computer and the qualitative as well as quantitative differences of the protein patterns were studied. Despite the great similarities in the patterns of the B- and T-gels, three proteins were unique to B-cell lines, while eight were unique to T-cell lines. Using cell lines is the first step toward identifying potential markers in ALL and can provide important information regarding the human ALL databases. Whether these proteins are definite markers for B- or T-ALL or are unique to the cell lines studied needs further exploration.
Ranking of Four Chemical and Mechanical Stabilization Methods to Treat Low-Volume Road Subgrades in Texas

Expansive soils encountered in North Texas exhibit low strength properties, as well as high swell and shrinkage characteristics. These soil properties often result in the poor performance of pavement infrastructures, particularly those built for low-volume traffic conditions. Pavement distress caused by differential heaving leads to pavement cracking and ponding problems. This causes riding discomfort for commuters and induces traffic delays due to the continual repair of the pavements. Hence, it is necessary to explore and develop new and alternate stabilization methods to improve stabilization of expansive soils. Laboratory investigations were designed and conducted on four local expansive soils stabilized with low-calcium Class F fly ash, Type V sulfate-resistant cement, ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS), and lime mixed with fibers. Test results were analyzed and ranked by well-established scales to select the top-performing stabilizers. Results showed that the sulfate-resistant cement, followed by the lime with fibers and the GGBFS stabilization methods, provided effective stabilization of soft and expansive soils. Ranking assessments were performed, and a few important conclusions on stabilization mechanisms were drawn.
Effects of information and machine learning algorithms on word sense disambiguation with small datasets

Current approaches to word sense disambiguation use (and often combine) various machine learning techniques. Most refer to characteristics of the ambiguity and its surrounding words and are based on thousands of examples. Unfortunately, developing large training sets is burdensome, and in response to this challenge, we investigate the use of symbolic knowledge for small datasets. A naive Bayes classifier was trained for 15 words with 100 examples for each. Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) semantic types assigned to concepts found in the sentence and relationships between these semantic types form the knowledge base. The most frequent sense of a word served as the baseline. The effect of increasingly accurate symbolic knowledge was evaluated in nine experimental conditions. Performance was measured by accuracy based on 10-fold cross-validation. The best condition used only the semantic types of the words in the sentence. Accuracy was then on average 10% higher than the baseline; however, it varied from 8% deterioration to 29% improvement. To investigate this large variance, we performed several follow-up evaluations, testing additional algorithms (decision tree and neural network), and gold standards (per expert), but the results did not significantly differ. However, we noted a trend that the best disambiguation was found for words that were the least troublesome to the human evaluators. We conclude that neither algorithm nor individual human behavior cause these large differences, but that the structure of the UMLS Metathesaurus (used to represent senses of ambiguous words) contributes to inaccuracies in the gold standard, leading to varied performance of word sense disambiguation techniques.
On the Synthesis of Compensators for Nonovershooting Step Response

A problem of practical and theoretical interest in control is the synthesis of a compensator such that the closed-loop system step response does not overshoot. In this paper we present an approach for synthesizing such compensators for SISO, minimum phase plants. The essential idea of the technique is to appropriately locate the closed loop poles with respect to fixed and added zeros. Admissible pole-zero locations are characterized by two sufficiency theorems.
Targeting Public Spending in a New Democracy: Evidence from South Korea

Empirical studies of electoral competition and public policy in new democracies have been relatively underdeveloped. This article investigates the election-policy outcome link in a ‘hard case’ setting: South Korea in 1988–97. Contrary to expectations derived from the bureaucratic insulation or fiscal co-ordination argument, this study suggests a systematic impact of electoral competition on levels and distributive patterns of public spending. The analysis finds that levels of government expenditure increased according to the electoral calendar. Also, national subsidies tended to be allocated to ‘swing’ provinces in which electoral contests are competitive. The results of the analysis clearly show that fiscal policies in democratizing Korea are to a significant extent determined by electoral politics.
Trade and Trade‐Offs: Using Resources, Making Choices, and Taking Risks

Trade and Trade-Offs: Using Resources, Making Choices, and Taking Risks. M. Estellie Smith. Prospect Heights, 1L: Waveland Press, 2000.250 pp.
Coherence of neutrino flavor mixing in quantum field theory

In the simplistic quantum mechanical picture of flavor mixing, conditions on the maximum size and minimum coherence time of the source and detector regions for the observation of interference--as well as the very viability of the approach--can only be argued in an ad hoc way from principles external to the formalism itself. To examine these conditions in a more fundamental way, the quantum field theoretical S-matrix approach is employed in this paper, without the unrealistic assumption of microscopic stationarity. The fully normalized, time-dependent neutrino flavor mixing event rates presented here automatically reveal the coherence conditions in a natural, self-contained, and physically unambiguous way, while quantitatively describing the transition to their failure. (c) 2000 The American Physical Society.
Outgrowth of CD4low/negCD25+ T Cells with Suppressor Function in CD4+CD25+ T Cell Cultures upon Polyclonal Stimulation Ex Vivo

CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) play an essential role in controlling autoimmunity and allograft rejection. Several ex vivo activation and expansion protocols have been developed to amplify cell numbers and suppressor function of murine and human Tregs. We demonstrate in this study that ex vivo activation and expansion of murine Tregs resulted in an enrichment of a CD4low/negCD25+ T cell population that was more than 20-fold more potent than expanded conventional Tregs in suppressing an in vitro CD4+CD25− T cell response to allo-Ag. The generation of CD4low/negCD25+ T cells was independent of the presence of Tregs in the culture, and suppressor function was acquired only after activation and expansion. CD4low/negCD25+ T cells expressed either an αβ or γδ TCR, had an activated phenotype, and did not express the transcription factor FoxP3. Despite expressing the cell surface Ags lymphocyte activation gene-3 (CD223) and CD103, neither was essential for suppressor cell function. Suppression by CD4low/negCD25+ T cells was prevented by a semipermeable membrane and was independent of IL-10 and TGF-β. In summary, we describe in this study CD4low/negCD25+ FoxP3neg T cells with highly potent suppressor cell function derived from cultures of an enriched population of CD4+CD25+ T cells that may contribute to the suppressor activity of ex vivo expanded bone fide Tregs.
Design and optimization of propulsion systems employing scarfed nozzles

A methodology for the design and optimization of tactical solid propellant propulsion systems employing scarfed nozzles is presented. A performance prediction computer code based on an axisymmetric flowfield model and utilizing the method-of-characteristics solution technique is employed as the primary analysis tool. This performance code is used through a series of parametric studies to obtain a performance map for lengthconstrained scarfed nozzles. The results of these parametric studies are curve-fitted to relationships that express scarf-nozzle performance as a function of nozzle geometric parameters. The relationships are differentiated to obtain the set of geometric parameters for a given nozzle projected length, which maximizes the motor axial performance. The set of optimum geometric parameters for each given nozzle projected length is employed in additional curve fits. These curve fits are used to express the optimum values of the geometric parameters and the corresponding optimum performance as a function of nozzle projected length. The curve fits for the optimum quantities are used to develop a series of relationships that expresses the length of a tactical propulsion system as a function of projected nozzle length. These system relationships are employed to obtain the nozzle geometry, which minimizes the propulsion system length for a specific delivered impulse requirement. The results of this study provide the propulsion system designer with a methodology for selecting the optimum nozzle design for length-constrained applications.
A Study on the Performance of OFDM Transmission Scheme for QAM Data Symbol

Due to the interference signal and fading in the environment of wireless communication channel for the multi-user, the robust multiple access scheme such as OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) is needed for the wireless communication system. OFDM has already been applied in the wireless LAN and it is also used with the MIMO technique to improve the transmission performance in the multi-fading channel. In order to understand more about OFDM technique which is considered to play the main role for the coming of the next generation of wireless network known as 4G, in this paper we study about the process of sending the data information with QAM-OFDM. Through out the result of the simulation we can see that QAM symbol constellation is full recovered.
It’s Not Your Grandmother’s Genetics Anymore!

Genetics is perhaps the most rapidly growing field of science today. Recent findings such as those of the Human Genome Project have led to new understandings of basic genetic phenomena and even to increased confusion about some basic genetic ideas, such as the nature of the gene. These developments directly influence how we should teach genetics. This article considers eight claims typically made by introductory biology teachers and considers how they differ from current understandings.
Subthalamic nuclear tissue contrast in inversion recovery MRI decreases with age in medically refractory Parkinson's disease.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE MRI appearance of subthalamic nucleus (STN) boundaries in Parkinson's patients is often unreliable and not well understood. An objective comparison between FSE T2 and inversion recovery (FSTIR) sequences for stereotactic placement of deep brain stimulators is presented to advance current understanding of STN tissue contrast for refractory Parkinson's disease (PD). METHODS We imaged 12 PD (age 53-82) and 12 control patients (age 48-77) using T2 and FSTIR sequences at 1.5T. To avoid MR contrast variation from hardware and patient dependent sources we used an internal thalamic tissue standard to normalize STN signal intensity and correlated it with patient age for these two groups. RESULTS Normalized FSTIR-weighted STN contrast decreased with increasing age for PD patients (Spearman Rank correlation = −.5) while remained virtually unchanged for controls with age (Spearman Rank coefficient ≈0). T2-weighted STN contrast did not show appreciable changes with age for both the groups (Spearman correlation ≈ −.1). CONCLUSIONS STN, a common stimulation target, shows an age dependent trend for normalized FSTIR MRI contrast. Although larger patient pools are needed, our work points to tissue relaxation-based changes in STN that may provide insight in early stages of brain pathology involving DBS targets in medically refractory Parkinson's disease.
Chemical processes induced radiolytically in well defined aqueous systems.

The radiation chemistry of dilute aqueous systems is discussed in terms of the simple primary radicals and ions produced, and also in terms of reactions of secondary radicals produced via attack of the primary species on organic solutes. These simple systems are extended to 3 more complex systems: (a) solutions of polymers, (b) micelles and vesicles, and (c) inverted micelles containing water bubbles. These latter systems all contain new and interesting features not exhibited by dilute solutions of simple molecules, and are of particular importance with respect to bio-systems.
Synthesis of a tetrasaccharide building block of the O-specific polysaccharide of Shigella dysenteriae type 1

Abstract A glycosyl trichloroacetimidate derivative ( 1 ) of the tetrasaccharide α- d -Gal p -(1→3)-α- d -Glc p NAc-(1→3)-α-L-Rha p -(1→3)-α-L-Rha p was synthesized in a highly stereoselective, stepwise manner, using methyl 1-thioglycosides of L-rhamnose, 2-azido-2-deoxy-D-glucose and D-galactose, as major intermediates. The protecting group scenario in compound 1 permits regioselective deblocking at its “non-reducing end” unit. Therefore 1 is a suitable intermediate for the preparation of extended fragments of the title polysaccharide.
Conceptual Models of Nursing: International in Scope and Substance? The Case of the Roy Adaptation Model:

This column focuses on exploration of the international applicability of conceptual models of nursing developed by nurse theorists from the United States. Viewpoints put forward by Marilyn E. Parker and William K. Cody are presented. Then, nurse scholars from Colombia and Japan discuss their experiences with use of the Roy adaptation model in their countries.
EFFECT OF SEQUENCE AND METHOD OF ADDITION OF HUMECTANTS AND WATER ON aw LOWERING ABILITY IN AN IMF SYSTEM

The sequence and method of addition of multiple humectants and water to a food system has been reported to have an effect on the resultant water activity (aw). These effects using three major classes of water-binding agents were investigated in a model intermediate moisture dog food system. Both the sequence of addition of each humectant and water and the method of addition by either adding directly to the food or initially dissolving the humectants in the water were varied. Water activity was measured by the vapor pressure manometric technique. This study has shown that neither the sequence or the method of addition of multiple humectants to an IMF food system has an effect on the final aw. The Ross equation can be used to predict the final aw in multi-humectant systems with a high degree of accuracy.
Auction-based Congestion Pricing for Wireless Data Services

Due to the surprising growth of mobile subscribers, GSM networks have been experiencing congestion, especially in their data services. Pricing of network resources could help resolve congestion. However, due to the absence of an accurate user demand estimation, determining suitable congestion prices for the mobile networks can be problematic. In this paper, we propose an auction-based pricing approach for resource allocation in mobile data networks, specifically GPRS networks. In addition, the impact of the reserve prices of the auction mechanism on the mean system delay of the networks is investigated. The numerical results show that, by increasing the auction reserve price, the level of network congestion is significantly reduced, as indicated by the reduction of the mean system delay of the network. The tradeoff between performance improvement, due to the proposed model, and revenue optimization is also investigated.
Common Oral Manifestations of Systemic Disease

Oral manifestations of systemic diseases are potential indicators of an array of conditions. Truly the oral cavity is a mirror that reflects and unravels many of the human body's internal secrets. Some of these manifestations are disease specific and help raise a high degree of suspicion for the alert clinician. Because oral manifestations may accompany many systemic diseases, it is essential that these are appropriately recognized to provide correct diagnosis and referral for treatment and patient care. Multiple entities involving the various areas of the oral cavity like the soft palate, hard palate, tongue, gingiva, oral mucosa, the dentition, periodontium, and the salivary gland tissue have been enlisted. Although this article is not all-inclusive, the authors highlight lesions or conditions that are directly related to or are caused by some of the more common systemic diseases, and hope to provide ample insight for physicians, dentists, and clinicians in otolaryngologic practice.
Why Poverty Matters Most: Towards a Humanitarian Theory of Social Justice

Sufficientarians claim that what matters most is that people have enough. I develop and defend a revised sufficientarian conception of justice. I claim that it furnishes the best specification of a general humanitarian ideal of social justice: our main moral concern should be helping those who are badly off in absolute terms. Rival humanitarian views such as egalitarianism, prioritarianism and the difference principle face serious objections from which sufficientarianism is exempt. Moreover, a revised conception of sufficientarianism can meet the most prominent undefeated challenges to the view. I contend that prevailing versions of sufficientarianism have not satisfactorily defined the sufficiency threshold, and so I offer an original specification of the threshold. I also address perhaps the most common objection to sufficientarianism, namely that sufficientarian regimes will channel all of society's resources towards elevating people to the sufficiency threshold regardless of the gains foregone by those above the threshold.
Abstract W P416: Outcomes following Microsurgical Resection of Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations previously treated with Stereotactic Radiosurgery

INTRODUCTION: Large and complex intracranial AVMs can be challenging to treat and may require a multimodality strategy. The success rates of stereotactic radiosurgery alone for large and deep intracranial AVMs is only 25-50%. Many of these previously irradiated AVMs, with or without embolization may require additional treatment. This study hypothesizes that prior remote radiation therapy can aid microsurgical resection of lesions to achieve cure. METHODOLOGY: This retrospective study utilized the Stanford AVM database, to identify 92 patients treated with microsurgery after prior radiation between 1990-2014. A total of 84 patients with complete data were used for this study. RESULTS: Patients were 7 to 64 years old (mean 33), and underwent microsurgical resection 6 mos-11 yrs after radiosurgery. Sixty-nine patients (82%) underwent endovascular embolization prior to surgery. Initial AVM volumes were 0.6-117 cm3 (mean 21). Radiation doses were 4.6-45 GyE (mean 21.5). Seventy-three AVMs (87%) were located in eloquent or critical areas. Venous drainage was deep in 28, superficial in 32 or both in 20 lesions. Spetzler-Martin grades were I (4%), II (12%), III (31%), IV (39%) and V (14%). Prior to surgery, twenty-one patients (25%) experienced hemorrhage in a delayed fashion following radiation or embolization, while 14 (17%) developed radiation necrosis. At surgery AVMs were partially thrombosed, markedly less vascular, and more easily resected than if the patient had not received radiosurgery. Blood loss was minimal and the radiosurgery transformed difficult AVMs into easily resectable ones. Despite persistent angiographic AVM filling, much of the small-vessel component was obliterated by the radiosurgery. Complete AVM resection was achieved in 71 (85%) of cases. Five patients (6%) died of delayed re-bleeding from residual AVM following deliberate subtotal surgical resection. Over a mean follow-up of 24 months, clinical outcome was excellent in 33%, good in 48% and poor in 11%. CONCLUSIONS: Stereotactic radiosurgery several years prior to microsurgical resection is a useful adjunct for treating large and complex intracranial AVMs. Excellent or good clinical outcome can be achieved in most patients using this multimodal therapy.
Effective piezoceramic actuator placement for an experimental flexible wing

The effectiveness of individual or subsets of piezoceramic actuators are investigated in terms of their contributions to the joint controllability and observability for a fixed set of sensors. The method used is based on an earlier result which allows the decomposition of the Hankel singular values in terms of individual sensor and actuator combinations for general multivariable flexible structures. The degree of participation of the individual structural modes in the flutter control problem is used to weigh the actuator placement metric in the feedback loop. Simulation results based on HI and H^ control law designs indicate that closed loop performance can be improved significantly and the performance improvement is independent of the particular type of control law.
Adaptive Dynamic Programming and Adaptive Optimal Output Regulation of Linear Systems

This note studies the adaptive optimal output regulation problem for continuous-time linear systems, which aims to achieve asymptotic tracking and disturbance rejection by minimizing some predefined costs. Reinforcement learning and adaptive dynamic programming techniques are employed to compute an approximated optimal controller using input/partial-state data despite unknown system dynamics and unmeasurable disturbance. Rigorous stability analysis shows that the proposed controller exponentially stabilizes the closed-loop system and the output of the plant asymptotically tracks the given reference signal. Simulation results on a LCL coupled inverter-based distributed generation system demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Treatment and Prophylaxis of Disseminated Infection Due to Candida albicans in Mice with Liposome-Encapsulated Amphotericin B

The toxicology of liposome-encapsulated amphotericin B in mice and its efficacy in the treatment and prophylaxis of systemic candidiasis in these animals were studied. The toxicology studies indicated that the maximal tolerated dose of free amphotericin B was 0.8 mg/kg of body weight and the 50% lethal dose (LD50) was reached at 1.2 mg/kg, while neither the maximal tolerated dose nor the LD50 for the liposomal amphotericin B was reached at a dose of 12 mg/kg. No abnormalities in blood chemistry or histology were observed in the animals injected with encapsulated amphotericin B, while the administration of free amphotericin B was associated with nephrocalcinosis and renal parenchymal edema. The encapsulated drug was as effective as the free drug when used in similar concentrations, while the animals treated with higher concentrations of liposomal amphotericin B (4 mg/kg) had a longer survival time. Thus, an improved therapeutic index resulted by encapsulating amphotericin B in liposomes.
ClueConnect: a word array game to promote student comprehension of key terminology in an introductory anatomy and physiology course

The sheer amount of terminology and conceptual knowledge required for anatomy and physiology can be overwhelming for students. Educational games are one approach to reinforce such knowledge. In this activity, students worked collaboratively to review anatomy and physiology concepts by creating arrays of descriptive tiles to define a term. Once guessed, students located the structure or process within diagrams of the body. The game challenged students to think about course vocabulary in novel ways and to use their collective knowledge to get their classmates to guess the terms. Comparison of pretest/posttest/delayed posttest data revealed that students achieved statistically significant learning gains for each unit after playing the game, and a survey of student perceptions demonstrated that the game was helpful for learning vocabulary as well as fun to play. The game is easily adaptable for a variety of lower- and upper-division courses.
Development of the Strategy on Measles Control and lts Practice

The measles had been well controlled because the strategy with catch-up immunization for 1-14 years old and/or periodical follow-up immunization for 1-4 years old based on high coverage of two doses routine immunization,even eliminated in developed countries.However,it is difficult for China to get enough funding to implement this strategy for huge population of target children aged 1-14 years in one month.Identify the high-risk counties and immunize children of 8 months to 14 years old annually based on the historical surveillance data can both afford implementation need and control measles outbreak as well.The cost of this uncertained deposit immunization strategy by identification and mass campaign of the hight-risk counties in the Province is low and is effective for measles control and elimination in developing areas,especially those less developed and mountainous areas.
Research and Construction of Disaster Recovery System Based on Virtualization Technology

With the continuous development of electric power enterprise information system,the amount of data in business system has been growing rapidly.How high-speed and high-efficiency protection of massive data for key business can be achieved becomes an important issue.Illustrated with the example of the construction of virtual disaster recovery system(DRS) in Zhejiang Electric Power Test and Research Institute,this paper introduces the upgrading of a backup system from a traditional physical tape library level to virtual level based on the existing software,hardware and data volume in order to achieve fast,efficient backup and recovery of information system,optimize data backup architecture of information system,improve the efficiency of data protection.
Animal models for evaluation of arthritis drugs.

In this review, I will highlight the major models used for study of the rheumatic diseases: chronic inflammatory polyarthritis, i.e., models of rheumatoid arthritis; chronic degenerative arthritis, i.e. osteoarthritis; the connective tissue diseases, e.g., lupus and scleroderma; and a few miscellaneous disease states. Each section is accompanied by a brief description of the matching human disease(s)
Crime Concentration and Hot Spot Dynamics in Latin America

Latin America and the Caribbean is the most violent region in the world, with an annual homicide rate of more than 20 per 100,000 population and with an increasing trend. Yet most evidence of crime concentration, geo-temporal patterns, and event dependence comes from cities in high-income countries. Understanding crime patterns in the region and how they compare to those in high-income countries is of first-order importance to formulate crime reduction policies. This paper is the first to analyze crime patterns of cities in five Latin American countries. Using micro-geographic units of analysis, the paper finds, first, that crime in Latin America is highly concentrated in a small proportion of blocks: 50 percent of crimes are concentrated in 3 to 7.5 percent of street segments, and 25 percent of crimes are concentrated in 0.5 to 2.9 percent of street segments. This validates Weisburd's "law of crime concentration at place" (Weisburd, 2105). These figures are fairly constant over time but sensitive to major police reforms. The second finding is that hot spots of crime are not always persistent. Crime is constantly prevalent in certain areas, but in other areas hot spots either appear or disappear, suggesting a possible rational adaptation from criminals to police actions that cause crime displacement in the medium run to other areas. Finally, the paper finds a significant pattern of repeated crime victimization in location and time for property crimes. There are striking similarities with the developed world in crime concentration, although crime levels are much higher and usually increasing. There are also some differences in terms of the persistence of hot spots that pose interesting policy implications and avenues for future research.
Data and syntax centric anomaly detection for relational databases

Recent studies show that insider attacks that aim at exfiltrating data are very common and that these attacks are performed according to specific patterns. Protecting against such threats requires complementing existing security techniques, such as access control and encryption, with tools able to detect anomalies in data accesses. In this paper, we present a technique specifically tailored for detecting anomalous database accesses. Our technique extracts users' access patterns based on both the syntax of the input queries and the amount of data in their output results. Our technique is based on mining SQL queries in database audit logs in order to form profiles of the normal users' access patterns. New queries are checked upon these profiles, and deviations from these profiles are considered anomalous and thus indicative of possible attempts to exfiltrate or misuse the data. Our technique works under two application scenarios. The first is when the database has role-based access control RBAC in place. Under an RBAC system, users belong to roles and privileges are associated with roles rather than individual users. For this scenario, we form profiles of roles which make our approach usable for database management systems DBMSs that have a large user population; in this scenario, we apply the naive Bayesian classifier which shows accurate results in practice. We also employ multilabeling classification to enhance accuracy when the access patterns are common to multiple roles. The second application scenario is when the DBMS does not apply RBAC. In this scenario, we apply the COBWEB clustering method. Experimental results indicate that our techniques are very effective. WIREs Data Mining Knowl Discov 2016, 6:231-239. doi: 10.1002/widm.1195
Strong Exponential Integrability of Martingales with Increments Bounded by a Sequence of Numbers

A strong exponential bound for the probability tail of a martingale whose increments are uniformly bounded by a sequence of numbers is established. The exponent, which grows to infinity faster than a quadratic polynomial, is a Young function determined by that sequence. The related Orlicz norm of a martingale is estimated, some examples are discussed, and the optimality of the exponent is proven.
Diverse morphologies in thin-film bijels by varying film thickness and composition

Thin-film bijels have many potential energy and environmental applications. In this work, the metastable bijel morphology space in thin-film confinement is explored with a Cahn–Hilliard/Brownian-Dynamics computational model. The key parameters varied are the bijel liquid phase blend ratio and the bijel film thickness. Simulations reveal a broad spectrum of structurally unique morphologies that have yet to be observed in experiments and which could have interesting applications in membrane science and other domains. Extensive analyses of surface-to-volume ratios, interfacial particle attachment statistics, and topological interfacial curvatures within the bijels are presented for a complete characterization of the morphological structure.