cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Changes in the Spatial Distribution of Fishes in Lakes Along a Residential Development Gradient

As the human demand for freshwater natural resources such as fish and drinking water increases, we may rely more heavily on models to predict the response of aquatic ecosystems to natural and anthropogenic disturbance. Theses models in turn implicitly depend on the underlying spatial distribution of organisms. In terrestrial ecosystems, increased natural resource utilization has transformed habitat and changed the spatial distribution of organisms, with subsequent negative effects on biota. Recent studies in lakes demonstrate that human development of lakeshores alters the physical habitat and nutrient cycles. The impact of such disturbance by humans on the spatial distribution of aquatic organisms, however, remains unknown. Here we quantify the effect of lakeshore development on the spatial distribution of fishes in 23 lakes in the US Pacific Northwest. We found a significant decrease in the spatial aggregation of fishes with increased shoreline development by humans, reflecting a loss of refugia and resource heterogeneity that favors aggregation among fishes. We also found that lakes with a high perimeter–surface-area ratio and a relatively shallow littoral zone had much higher levels of fish aggregation, suggesting the importance of terrestrial inputs to lakes. Finally, we found a marginally significant decrease in fish spatial aggregation with increased total phosphorus concentration, but no effect of chlorophyll concentration, water transparency, the predator–prey ratio, or number of species on fish spatial distributions. These results suggest that anthropogenic modification of shorelines is significantly altering the spatial distribution of important aquatic organisms, and that these changes may have important implications for predictive modeling of ecosystem dynamics.
Phosphorylation-dependent control of ZIPK nuclear import is species specific

ZIPK (zipper-interacting protein kinase) is a Ca(2+)-independent protein kinase that promotes myosin phosphorylation in both smooth muscle and non-muscle cells. A recent report attempted to clarify a debate over the subcellular localization of ZIPK in non-muscle cells (Shoval et. al. (2007) Plos Genetics. 3: 1884-1883). A species-specific loss of a key phosphorylation site (T299) in murine (mouse and rat) ZIPK seems to direct it to the nucleus, while the presence of the T299 site in human ZIPK correlates with cytoplasmic localization. T299 is immediately adjacent to a putative nuclear localization sequence (NLS) and may mask its function when phosphorylated, therefore explaining the species-specific dichotomy of intracellular localization. However, despite the murine ZIPK (mZIPK) lacking the T299 residue that is critical for controlling human ZIPK (hZIPK) subcellular localization, mutational analysis showed that this NLS control locus is nonfunctional in the murine context. A constitutively active Rho promoted the cytoplasmic retention of a human ZIPK mutant that would otherwise localize to the nucleus. Endogenous hZIPK showed sensitivity to the nuclear export inhibitor leptomycin B, suggesting a continuous shuttling between cytoplasm and nucleus that is dependent upon T299 dephosphorylation. Thus, the C-terminal domain of human and murine ZIPK demonstrated quite divergent nuclear import and export functionality. We conclude that in the case of ZIPK, studies between the species may not be directly comparable to each other given the gross differences in intracellular localization and movement.
Classifying Regions: A Conceptual Approach

USING A MODEL BASED ON THE FUNCTIONS OF LANGUAGE, THIS ARTICLE EXPLORES THE MAJOR DIMENSIONS OF THE CONCEPT OF REGION. THE CONCEPT IS SHOWN TO INVOLVE AN ELEMENT OF SOCIAL EVALUATION, OF PRACTICAL SOCIAL ACTION, AND OF VISIONARY REFORM AS WELL AS AN ELEMENT OF SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY. CORRESPONDING TO THESE ELEMENTS FOUR MODES OF REGIONALIZATION AND OF REGIONAL CLASSIFICATION ARE IDENTIFIED. BY NAMING THESE MODES THE VOCABULARY OF REGIONAL STUDIES IS BOTH EXPANDED AND REFINED. EXAMPLES OF THE TYPES OF REGION PRODUCED BY EACH REGIONALIZATION MODE ARE PRESENTED AND DISCUSSED.
Electron scattering by highly polar molecules

We have measured effective cross sections for the scattering of electrons by CsBr, RbBr, CsCl, RbCl, and KI, using the molecular-recoil technique, in the 1--22.5-eV energy range. We show that these can be expressed as an integral of the differential cross section folded with an apparatus form factor, which has the effect of suppressing the very large small-angle contribution to scattering. The apparatus form factor is calculated explicitly, and a precise prescription for comparison with theory is given. The data are compared with calculations using the rotating-dipole first Born approximation and semiclassical perturbation theory (A. S. Dickinson, J. Phys. B 10, 967 (1977)) differential cross sections.
Disrupted small world topology and modular organisation of functional networks in late-life depression with and without amnestic mild cognitive impairment.

Background The topological architecture of the whole-brain functional networks in those with and without late-life depression (LLD) and amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) are unknown. Aims To investigate the differences in the small-world measures and the modular community structure of the functional networks between patients with LLD and aMCI when occurring alone or in combination and cognitively healthy non-depressed controls. Methods 79 elderly participants (LLD (n=23), aMCI (n=18), comorbid LLD and aMCI (n=13), and controls (n=25)) completed neuropsychiatric assessments. Graph theoretical methods were employed on resting-state functional connectivity MRI data. Results LLD and aMCI comorbidity was associated with the greatest disruptions in functional integration measures (decreased global efficiency and increased path length); both LLD groups showed abnormal functional segregation (reduced local efficiency). The modular network organisation was most variable in the comorbid group, followed by patients with LLD-only. Decreased mean global, local and nodal efficiency metrics were associated with greater depressive symptom severity but not memory performance. Conclusions Considering the whole brain as a complex network may provide unique insights on the neurobiological underpinnings of LLD with and without cognitive impairment.
Infectious, Malignant, and Autoimmune Complications in Pediatric Heart Transplant Recipients

Objective To review clinical courses of pediatric heart transplant survivors after 5 years from transplantation for infections, lymphoproliferative, and autoimmune diseases. Study design A total of 71 patients were examined in 2 groups, infant recipients (underwent transplant 1 year, n = 33). All patients received comparable immunosuppression. Calculated occurrence rates were reported as means per 10 years of follow-up with SEs. Differences were examined by using Poisson regression. Results Infant recipients had significantly higher ( P Conclusions Infant heart transplant recipients who survive in the long term have higher occurrence rates of infections compared with older recipients. Autoimmune disorders are a previously unrecognized morbidity in pediatric heart transplantation.
An entity tagger for recognizing acquired genomic variations in cancer literature

Summary: VTag is an application for identifying the type, genomic location and genomic state-change of acquired genomic aberrations described in text. The application uses a machine learning technique called conditional random fields. VTag was tested with 345 training and 200 evaluation documents pertaining to cancer genetics. Our experiments resulted in 0.8541 precision, 0.7870 recall and 0.8192 F-measure on the evaluation set. Availability: The software is available at http://www.cis.upenn.edu/group/datamining/software_dist/biosfier/.
Comparing the Diagnostic Accuracy of Six Potential Screening Instruments for Bipolar Disorder in Youths Aged 5 to 17 Years.

ABSTRACT Objective To compare the diagnostic efficiency of six index tests as predictors of juvenile bipolar disorder in two large outpatient samples, aged 5 to 10 and 11 to 17 years, gathered from 1997 to 2002. Method DSM-IV diagnosis was based on a semistructured diagnostic interview (Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children) with the parent and youth sequentially, blind to scores on the index tests. Participants were 318 youths aged 5 to 10 (50% with bipolar diagnoses) and 324 youths aged 11 to 17 (41% with bipolar diagnoses). Areas under the curve (AUCs) from receiver operating characteristic analyses and multilevel likelihood ratios quantified test performance. Results Parent report (AUCs from 0.78 to 0.84 in both age groups) outperformed teacher (AUCs 0.57 in the younger sample and 0.70 in the older sample) or adolescent measures (AUCs 0.67 [General Behavior Inventory] and 0.71 [Youth Self-Report]) at identifying bipolar disorders. Combining tests did not produce clinically meaningful classification improvement. Conclusions Parent report was more useful than teacher report or adolescent self-report on the index tests studied. Results generally replicated across both age groups. Parent report on these instruments could facilitate differential diagnosis of bipolar disorder in youths aged 5 to 17 years, especially by decreasing the rate of false-positive diagnoses.
Streptomycin and the thoracoplasty patient.

Streptomycin has been shown to be a valuable drug in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis; but it is not a definitive form of therapy and should be considered mainly as an adj uvant to such modalities as bed rest, collapse therapy and resection surgery. The major problems confronting both the phthisiologist and the surgeon are the type of pulmonary disease most likely to benefit from streptomycin, its most effective dose and duration, and the final results accomplished by the integration of the drug with associated therapeutic procedures. In the initial stage of tuberculous infection, the viable exudate is predominantly polymorphonuclear neutrophils. At this stage of the lesion, streptomycin may help to completely absorb the disease process. Within the exudative lesion there may be small areas of necrosis, which do not lIquify, cannot be evacuated, have no blood supply4 and upon which streptomycin has little effect. Medlar1 has shown that tuberculosis endobronchitis is always associated with peripheral necrotic pulmonary lesions and that the type of bronchial lesion depends upon the nature of the continued bacterial contamination and the local reaction to this noxious material. Since the bronchial lesions are primarily exudative, and the drainage of necrotic material adequate, streptomycin should be and is of value in healing the mucosal lesions, although it cannot reverse destructive changes in the bronchial wall. The value of streptomycin in arresting the disease process will, therefore, depend upon the type of parenchymal and bronchial lesions. In the past three years, 50 patients were treated at Sunmount Veterans Administration Hospital with streptomycin and thoracoplasty. At the beginning, prior to protocols allowing adjuvant treatment, all patients were treated for 120 days without surgery, but later when resistance was found to occur in approximately 50 per cent of cases after 42 days and 70 to 90 per cent In 120 days of streptomycin therapy, an attempt was made to integrate the use of the agent with the surgical procedures. These cases, on analysis, are found to fall into three main groups: *Reviewed In the Veterans Administration and published with the ap-, proval of the Chief Medical Director. The statements and conclusions published by the author is the result of his own study and does not necessarily reflect the opinion or policy of the Veterans Administration. tFormerly Chief of Surgery, Veterans Administration Hospital, Sunmount, New York.
Plasmonic Nanotweezers for Applications in Life Sciences

Plasmonic nanotweezers using a femtosecond source are demonstrated. Trap stiffness up to 2x that of continuous-wave nanotweezers are measured. We also show simultaneous trapping and two-photon fluorescence of a 1.2-μm diameter microsphere.
Autoimmunity in viral myocarditis

Purpose of reviewTo review how autoimmunity is induced in viral myocarditis.Recent findingsClinical and experimental myocarditis follows microbial infections, but autoimmunity to cardiac antigens leads to heart failure since infected myocytes are sparse and virus clearance is rapid. In mice, CD4+ T
A new pyridine synthesis from conjugated acetylenes and substituted methylamines

Abstract Conjugated acetylenes RCCCCR react with substituted methylamines R′CH2NH2 at 145–180° to produce corresponding pyridines and/or the corresponding pyridine N-oxides when the reaction is carried out in the presence of air or dimethylsulfoxide. For R = Ph and R′ = cyclo C6H11, n C8H17 and PhCH2, 2,5-diphenylpyridine was also formed, in the last case as the dominant product. For R = PhOCH2 and R′ = Ph, equivalent amounts of 2-phenyl-3-methyl-6-phenoxymethylpyridine and 2-phenyl-3-phenoxymethyl-6-methylpyridine were formed together with phenol. These results indicate formation of dihydropyridines and their oxidation via radical intermediates.
Connective tissue growth factor expression is increased in biliary epithelial cells in biliary atresia.

Abstract Background/Purpose Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of hepatic fibrosis and is elevated in the serum of children with biliary atresia (BA). The objective of this study was to evaluate hepatic CTGF messenger RNA (mRNA) expression and its relationship to hepatic histology in children with BA. Methods Connective tissue growth factor mRNA expression was evaluated by in situ hybridization in 26 liver biopsies from 11 patients with BA, 11 with other diseases, and 4 autopsy controls. Serial sections were immunostained with cell-specific markers to characterize the cells expressing CTGF. Biopsies were scored for CTGF expression (0-4) and inflammation and fibrosis (1-4). Results High levels of CTGF expression were observed in 9 of 11 BA with localization to biliary epithelial cells and vascular endothelial cells. Connective tissue growth factor mRNA expression was correlated with fibrosis in BA and all livers. In the 11 patients with other liver diseases, 7 had CTGF expression limited to hepatic stellate cells and vascular endothelial cells. None of the 4 livers in children without liver disease had significant levels of CTGF. Conclusions In BA livers, novel biliary epithelia CTGF mRNA expression is high and correlates with severity of fibrosis. These data support a role for biliary epithelial cell signaling in fibrogenesis.
IL-5 pathway inhibition in the treatment of asthma and Churg-Strauss syndrome.

Recent studies have highlighted an increased recognition that inhibition of IL-5 and potentially the IL-5 receptor might be important therapeutic options that could alter the course of asthma, especially the subphenotype of asthma with eosinophilia, as well as other associated asthmatic conditions with prominent eosinophilia, namely Churg-Strauss syndrome (CSS). After some initial questions about the efficacy of IL-5 and IL-5 pathway inhibition in asthmatic subjects, recent studies have highlighted that by better characterizing asthma phenotypes, better management of subsets of asthma can be achieved. Notably, within the last year, 2 independent studies with a humanized neutralizing antibody against IL-5 (mepolizumab) remarkably demonstrated that mepolizumab in selected patients with either sputum or airway eosinophilia is an effective steroidsparing agent, as well as an agent that alters the frequency of exacerbations of refractory eosinophilic asthma. In addition, 2 recent reports, including a report in this month’s Journal, identified the role of IL-5 inhibition by mepolizumab in patients with refractory CSS. A case report published in the Journal at the end of last year demonstrated a sustained control of eosinophilia with the addition of mepolizumab for significant CSS. The study identified the pivotal role of IL-5 in driving eosinophilia in patients with CSS, and it clearly pointed to IL-5 inhibition as a reasonable alternative to some of the other powerful but less specific medications, including cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, IFN-a, intravenous immunoglobulins, and azathioprine, which are necessary to control the symptoms of CSS in conjunction with other treatments for asthma and vasculitis. Recently, attempts have been made to examine the inhibition of IL-5–related pathways through the use of antibodies specific for IL-5 receptor a (IL-5Ra). MEDI-563 is a complement-fixing cytotoxic antibody directed at the IL-5Ra chain; as such, it depletes
On Waring's problem for cubic forms

Let w be a cubic form in n variables over the complex field, and r be the smallest integer such that w can be expressed as a sum of cubes of r linear forms. Some theorems are proved that connect r with the ranks of certain matrices associated with w for arbitrary n and for n = 5. Based on these theorems, an algorithm to express a cubic form in five variables as a sum of cubes of linear forms is proposed. The paper is concluded with two examples of indecomposable cubic forms: for the first form it is shown that r = 7 and that there exists a one-parameter set of representations of the form as a sum of cubes of seven linear forms, while for the second form it is shown that r ⩾ 8.
Observation of Quantum Periodicity in the Transition Temperature of a Superconducting Cylinder

Deaver and Fairbank1 and Doll and Nabauer2 have shown experimentally that the flax which is trapped in a superconducting cylinder is an integral multiple of the unit hc/2e. It has been pointed out3’4 that this result follows because the free energy of the superconducting state is periodic in this unit of the flux if the electrons are paired in the manner described by the Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) theory.5 The free energy of the normal state, on the other hand, is virtually independent of the flux. Consequently, the transition temperature T c , which is the temperature at which the free energy of the normal and superconducting states are equal, must also be a periodic function of the enclosed flux Φ. The magnitude of the change in T c was calculated for a thin cylindrical sample using the BCS model in which the possible pairing of particles with net momentum was included.
Plasmacytoid dendritic cell interferon-α production to R-848 stimulation is decreased in male infants

Sex differences in response to microbial infections, especially viral ones, may be associated with Toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated responses by plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). In this study, we identified sex differences in human infant pDC interferon-α production following challenge with the TLR7/8 agonist R-848. Male pDC responses were significantly lower than those of females during early infancy. This difference may be attributed to the androgen surge experienced by males during the early infancy period. Pretreatment of human pDCs with dihydrotestosterone produced a significant reduction in interferon-α production following R-848 challenge. Androgen-mediated regulation of pDC TLR7-driven innate immune responses may contribute to the observed sex differences in response to infections during early infancy.
Pre-test and post-test in a medicine clerkship.

Summary Offered the opportunity to take the previous quarter's post-test as a pre-test at the beginning of their 3-month medicine clerkship with the understanding it would have no effect on their final grades, 132 of 148 students (89%) took this opportunity. Post-test means for each quarter's group were significantly greater than pre-test means (P= 0.0001). Pre-test means did not increase over the four quarters of the year of this study despite increasing student experience in other clinical disciplines. For this entire year correlations were as follows: Pre-test vs post-test r=0.591 (P=0.0001), pre-test vs clinical r=0.306 (P=0.0004), and post-test vs clinical r=0.329 (P=0.0001). By quarter these correlations were generally consistent. An interesting and unexpected finding was that students in the autumn quarter had significantly lower pre-test and clinical scores than students in the winter quarter. This may indicate that students highly motivated to medicine take this as their first clinical clerkship and those least motivated as their last first clinical-year clerkship.
Top Picks [Guest editors' introduction]

This special issue is the eighth in an important tradition in the computer architecture community: IEEE Micro's Top Picks from the Computer Architecture Conferences. This tradition provides a means for sharing a sample of the best papers published in computer architecture during the past year with the IEEE Micro readership and researchers in the computer architecture community.
A method for assessing the fit of a constitutive material model to experimental stress-strain data.

Higher-order polynomial functions can be used as a constitutive model to represent the mechanical behaviour of biological materials. The goal of this study was to present a method for assessing the fit of a given constitutive three-dimensional material model. Goodness of fit was assessed using multiple parameters including the root mean square error and Hotelling's T 2-test. Specifically, a polynomial model was used to characterise the stress–strain data, varying the number of model terms used (45 combinations of between 3 and 11 terms) and the manner of optimisation used to establish model coefficients (i.e. determining coefficients either by parameterisation of all data simultaneously or averaging coefficients obtained by parameterising individual data trials). This framework for model fitting helps to ensure that a given constitutive formulation provides the best characterisation of biological material mechanics.
Dietary soy isoflavones inhibit activation of rat platelets.

Isoflavones (isoflavonoids) have been proposed to be the active compounds that contribute to decreased mortality from chronic diseases in populations that consume large amounts of soy products. Diets containing soy protein with and without isoflavones were fed to rats to determine if these compounds could exert in vivo effects on physiologic markers of platelet activation. Three methods were employed to monitor platelet activation: measurement of electronic mean platelet volume, which is an indicator of shape change; monitoring of collagen-induced production of reactive oxygen signals (hydrogen peroxide); and determination of increases in phosphorylation of protein tyrosine residues after collagen stimulation. Apparent volumes were significantly smaller for platelets from rats fed isoflavones, suggesting that these platelets were in a more disc-like, quiescent state compared with platelets from rats fed the isoflavone-reduced diet (means ± SEM, 5.37 ± 0.08 vs. 5.70 ± 0.06 fL, n = 6/group, P < 0.008). Results from the other functional tests were consistent with this finding. Platelet production of hydrogen peroxide was found be significantly lower 1, 3, and 5 minutes after addition of collagen for rats fed isoflavones versus rats fed the isoflavone-reduced diet (n = 6/group, P < 0.004). Phosphorylated tyrosine residues in platelet proteins after stimulation also were shown to be significantly lower in the platelets exposed to dietary isoflavones (n = 5/group, P < 0.047). These combined results indicate that soy isoflavones can alter early-event signaling networks that result in less activated platelets and may partially explain the beneficial effects of dietary soy against human heart disease.
Comprehension‐Based Skill Acquisition

We present a comprehension-based computational model of UNIX user skill acquisition and performance in a training context (UNICOM). The work extends a comprehension-based theory of planning to account for skill acquisition and learning. Individual models of 22 UNIX users were constructed and used to simulate user performance on successive command production problems in a training context. Comparisons of model and the human empirical data result in a high degree of agreement, validating the ability of UNICOM to predict user response to training.
Razabrasion: An alternative approach to perioral rhytides.

Persistence of perioral rhytides is a frequent source of patient concern following standard rhytidectomy. Dissatisfaction with the limited results and occasional complications that result from mechanical, manual, and chemical abrasive methods of management prompted application of the steel blade dermal shave technique to this problem. Manual oscillation of a sterile commercial razor blade with depth and width controlled by digital pressure eradicates all but the deepest perioral wrinkles. Eleven patients have undergone “razabrasion” within the past 19 months without complication. Local anesthesia is sufficient. Topographically distant but synchronous facial operations may be performed safely, but undermining of the shaved facial skin should be avoided for 6 months after “razabrasion”. Later results will be studied to define the longevity of the effect, but we are encouraged that the method offers the most gentle, most rapid, and best controlled (as to level of dermal shave) current method of tangential dermal splitting. The paper describes the technique of “razabrasion” of perioral rhytides and reports our early results.
Role of PD-1 in HIV Pathogenesis and as Target for Therapy

Major advances in Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) have resulted in a dramatic decline in HIV-related deaths. However, no current treatment regimen leads to viral eradication or restoration of HIV-specific immune responses capable of durable viral control after cessation of ART. Thus, there is a need for novel interventions that could complement ART in order to eliminate virus or reach a state of “functional cure.” It has been shown in murine models and humans that the negative co-signaling molecule programmed-death 1 (PD-1) plays an active and reversible role in mediating T-cell exhaustion in chronic infections. This review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of the PD-1 pathway in HIV infection, and the lessons learned from studies in the SIV model and cancer. We discuss the potential of immunotherapeutic interventions targeting PD-1 in order to augment immune responses or facilitate viral eradication. We also present the challenges to therapies targeting immunoregulatory networks.
Automatic seizure onset detection in drug-resistant epilepsy: A Bayesian optimal solution

Automatic seizure onset detection (ASOD) from intracranial EEG recordings (iEEG) in drug-resistant epilepsy has recently gained large interest. Effective ASOD can shorten the time for offline review of the iEEG recordings, help with the development of unsupervised online monitoring systems, and contribute to responsive neurostimulation. Depending on the application, the performance goals may vary and a tradeoff between detection delay and probability of false positives must be solved. We recently developed a cost-based framework for ASOD. Applied to iEEG recordings, this framework (i) constructs a statistic to distinguish seizure and non-seizure states; (ii) models the dynamics of this statistic in each state and the state transitions; and (iii) develops a Bayesian “quickest detection” strategy to estimate online the transition into seizure from sequential iEEG measurements. A cost function of the detection delay and probability of false positives is explicitly minimized, and the solution is a threshold which decreases over time non-monotonically to avoid responding to rare events that would normally trigger false positives. Applied to iEEG data from two drug-resistant epileptic subjects (202h, 11 seizures), our framework achieved low false positive rates (0.07 false positives/h) and decreased the average detection delay by 30% when compared with existing detection policies.
Age-related differences in clinical outcomes for acute asthma in the United States, 2006-2008.

Background Little is known about the effect of age on acute asthma outcomes. Objective We sought to investigate age-related differences in the emergency department (ED) presentation and clinical outcomes for patients with acute asthma. Methods We analyzed the 2006-2008 Nationwide Emergency Department Sample, the largest, all-payer, US ED and inpatient database. ED visits for acute asthma were identified with a principal diagnosis of International Classification of Disease, ninth revision, Clinical Modification code 493.xx. Patients were divided into 3 age groups: children ( Results There were an estimated 1,813,000 visits annually for acute asthma from approximately 4,700 EDs. The estimated overall annual number of in-hospital asthma-related deaths was 1,144 (0.06%); 101 died in the ED, and 1,043 died as inpatients. By age group, there were 37 asthma-related deaths per year in children, 204 in younger adults, and 903 in older adults. Compared with younger adults, older adults had higher mortality, had higher rates of near-fatal asthma-related events, had higher hospital charges, were more likely to be hospitalized, and had a longer hospital length of stay ( P Conclusions Older adults with acute asthma have a substantial burden of morbidity and mortality. With the US population aging, there is an urgent need for targeted interventions for this high-risk population.
An experimental study of some factors in the recognition of slogans.

(1961). An Experimental Study of Some Factors in the Recognition of Slogans. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 65, No. 2, pp. 339-351.
Light scattering lineshape in opaque materials

Abstract The wavevector distribution excited by light scattering in opaque materials is calculated and compared to recently observed asymmetrical Brillouin lineshapes.
A two time scale approach for coordinated multi-point transmission and reception over practical backhaul

We consider the problem of maximizing a given utility over heterogeneous wireless networks (HetNets) that have a practical (non ideal) backhaul. Such a backhaul is characterized by high latency and possibly limited capacity, which necessitates the use of semi-static schemes for resource management. The management in these semi-static schemes is done at two time scale s over a coordination unit within the HetNet, that comprises of a set of transmission points (TPs) and a set of users. In this paper we consider one such promising semi-static resource management scheme in which the group of beam vectors that each TP in the coordination unit should employ and the set of users that it should serve is decided at a coarse time scale in a centralized manner, while the fine time scale per-slot scheduling is done in a distributed fashion with each TP using its assigned beam group (precoder) to serve its associated set of users. We propose an optimal two time scale policy for this scheme that guarantees a long-term optimality with respect to the given utility. However, this policy involves repeatedly solving a joint precoder set assignment and user association problem, which we prove is strongly NP-hard. Consequently, we develop an approximation algorithm for the latter optimization problem and also prove that the two time scale policy that employs this approximation algorithm also yields an approximate long-term optimality with respect to the given utility. Finally, we also incorporate another practically relevant constraint which demands that the per-slot scheduling policy of each TP remain unaltered.
Preemptive analgesia in elective surgery in patients with complex regional pain syndrome: a case report.

Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) can be a complication of injury or surgery or have an obscure etiology. Special precautions are indicated (i.e., preemptive analgesia) when surgery is required with a patient who has been diagnosed with CRPS. The complex case of a 44-year-old female diagnosed with reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) is discussed, including current treatment options. A brief review of the literature as well as the features of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS I/RSD and CRPS II/causalgia) are presented.
Geometry of sorbed arsenate on ferrihydrite and crystalline FeOOH: Re-evaluation of EXAFS results and topological factors in predicting sorbate geometry, and evidence for monodentate complexes

Manceau's (1995) reinterpretation of some of our EXAFS results (Waychunas et al., 1993) has been analyzed using both old and newly collected data in an attempt to clarify the nature of proposed monodentate and edge-sharing bidentate arsenate complexes on the ferrihydrite surface. It is shown that EXAFS analysis utilizing data with sufficient k-range does indicate the presence of relatively short AsFe bonds, suggestive of an edge-sharing complex as indicated by Manceau (1995). However, a variety of data analysis factors and crystal chemical considerations create doubt in this assignment. Most significantly, X-ray scattering data collected on a sample of ferrihydrite with a large density of sorbed arsenate, which should show a substantial fraction of the edge-sharing complex, does not show any such correlation within fitting uncertainty. We also suggest that it is unnecessary to invoke the presence of edge-sharing bidentate arsenate to explain the surface growth poisoning of ferrihydrite with increasing sorbed arsenate, as Manceau (1995) claims. Further, we show that a model based on the topology of close packed oxygen ions offers a clear explanation why monodentate arsenate should appear on some surfaces and not on others, and why differing AsFe distances might be observed on a single surface with a single type of complex. This model also explains why bidentate sorbed arsenate can occupy positions with consistent “tilt” angles. Without such consistency, the sorbed arsenate would be highly positionally disordered, and difficult to detect accurately via EXAFS methods.
Application of an Ecological Risk Assessment for Evaluation of Alternatives Considered for Restoration of Oysters in Chesapeake Bay: Background and Approach

ABSTRACT Oyster populations in Chesapeake Bay, USA, declined precipitously over the past three decades, and on-going efforts to restore the native oysters to former abundance were considered to be ineffective. Maryland and Virginia natural resource agencies proposed the introduction of a non-native Asian oyster (Crassostrea ariakensis) that is resistant to diseases affecting the native oyster and well adapted to the Chesapeake Bay environment. Numerous stakeholders raised concerns about potential adverse consequences of an introduction of a non-native species into a new environment. In response, state and federal agencies determined that an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) should be prepared to address the environmental consequences of such an introduction as well as of seven other oyster restoration alternatives, including several involving only the native oyster. Preparation of an Ecological Risk Assessment (ERA) of the proposed action as well as all alternatives was an integral element of EIS prepa...
Identification of Phosphoserine and Phosphothreonine as Cysteic Acid and β-Methylcysteic Acid Residues in Peptides by Tandem Mass Spectrometric Sequencing

Tandem mass spectrometry has long been an intrinsic tool to determine phosphorylation sites in proteins. However, loss of the phosphate moiety from both phosphoserine and phosphothreonine residues in low-energy collision-induced dissociation is a common phenomenon, which makes identification of P-Ser and P-Thr residues complicated. A method for direct sequencing of the Ser and Thr phosphorylation sites by ESI tandem mass spectrometry following beta-elimination/sulfite addition to convert -HPO4 to -SO3 has been studied. Five model phosphopeptides, including three synthetic P-Ser-, P-Thr-, or P-Ser- and P-Thr-containing peptides; a protein kinases C-phosphorylated peptide; and a phosphopeptide derived from beta-casein trypsin digests were modified and then sequenced using an ESI-quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer. Following incubation of P-Ser- or P-Thr-containing peptides with Na2SO3/NaOH, 90% P-Ser and 80% P-Thr was converted to cysteic acid and beta-methylcysteic acid, respectively, as revealed by amino acid analysis. The conversion can be carried out at 1 microM concentration of the peptide. Both cysteic acid and beta-methylcysteic acid residues in the sequence were shown to be stable and easily identifiable under general conditions for tandem mass spectrometric sequencing applicable to common peptides.
Human defensive behaviors to threat scenarios show parallels to fear- and anxiety-related defense patterns of non-human mammals

Abstract Defense patterns of rats and mice have been characterized in terms of the relationships between the type of defensive behavior (e.g. flight, freezing, hiding, defensive threat/attack, and risk assessment) and particular features of the eliciting (threat) stimulus and the situation in which it is encountered. Because the defense systems of rodents serve as major models for investigating and understanding both the physiology and the behavioral expression of emotional response to aversive stimuli, it is essential to evaluate whether these systems show strong parallels in human responsivity to threat. One hundred and sixty male and female undergraduate students read a set of 12 scenarios involving a present or potential threatening conspecific, and chose a primary defensive response to each. These scenarios were designed to vary features known to influence defensive responding in rodents: magnitude of threat; escapability of the situation; ambiguity of the threat stimulus; distance between the threat and the subject; presence of a hiding place. Male and female responses to the various scenarios were highly correlated, except for yell, scream, or call for help which was frequent for females, rare for males. However, a combination of this response category with ‘attack’ showed a highly positive (+0.96) male–female correlation, across scenarios. Correlations between manipulated (and rated) features of the threat stimulus and situation, and type of defensive behavior chosen, strongly supported a view that the patterning of defensive behavior is similar for humans and non-human mammals. Significant correlations were obtained relevant to eight specific hypotheses derived from the animal literature, with some support for two additional hypotheses (non-significant correlations averaging 0.4 or more in expected direction). While three predicted correlations were not supported in these findings, only a single significant correlation was obtained that had not been predicted on the basis of the animal literature. Although the scenario approach, and this application, have specific limitations, these results provide substantial suggestion of congruence between human and non-human mammal defense systems.
Intracellular Modification of 125I-Labeled Epidermal Growth Factor by Normal Human Foreskin Fibroblasts*

Intracellular processing of 125I-labeled epidermal growth factor (EGF) in normal human foreskin fibroblasts was examined after incubation with saturating concentrations of [125I]EGF. This report describes the column chromatographic separation of multiple processed forms of EGF generated by human foreskin fibroblasts and their structural characterization. More than 95% of the cell-bound [125I]EGF was converted into multiple forms, which were separated into four distinct peaks of radioactivity using columns of Bio-Gel P-150 equilibrated with 0.2% sodium dodecyl sulfate. These were designated peaks 1–4. Cellular generation of these four peaks was dependent on culture conditions. Differences in absolute and relative amounts of peaks 1–4 were observed as a function of time of incubation at 37 C. In addition, chromatographic profiles of cell-associated 125I varied in relation to cell density. The radioactivity in peak 1 comigrated with 125I-labeled native EGF on nondenaturing polyacrylamide gels (pH 9.5), where...
Transcription Factor Repertoire of Homeostatic Eosinophilopoiesis

The production of mature eosinophils (Eos) is a tightly orchestrated process with the aim to sustain normal Eos levels in tissues while also maintaining low numbers of these complex and sensitive cells in the blood. To identify regulators of homeostatic eosinophilopoiesis in mice, we took a global approach to identify genome-wide transcriptome and epigenome changes that occur during homeostasis at critical developmental stages, including Eos-lineage commitment and lineage maturation. Our analyses revealed a markedly greater number of transcriptome alterations associated with Eos maturation (1199 genes) than with Eos-lineage commitment (490 genes), highlighting the greater transcriptional investment necessary for differentiation. Eos-lineage-committed progenitors (EoPs) were noted to express high levels of granule proteins and contain granules with an ultrastructure distinct from that of mature resting Eos. Our analyses also delineated a 976-gene Eos-lineage transcriptome that included a repertoire of 56 transcription factors, many of which have never previously been associated with Eos. EoPs and Eos, but not granulocyte-monocyte progenitors or neutrophils, expressed Helios and Aiolos, members of the Ikaros family of transcription factors, which regulate gene expression via modulation of chromatin structure and DNA accessibility. Epigenetic studies revealed a distinct distribution of active chromatin marks between genes induced with lineage commitment and genes induced with cell maturation during Eos development. In addition, Aiolos and Helios binding sites were significantly enriched in genes expressed by EoPs and Eos with active chromatin, highlighting a potential novel role for Helios and Aiolos in regulating gene expression during Eos development.
What is this thing called pain

O ur focus is on pain in language, and I will begin with working ideas about pain and language. Though gaining a fully reliable and inclusive definition of pain has been difficult, the one that is currently most widely used is "an unpleasant sensory and emot ional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage." It is clear that the definition of pain is a conceptual one in which central importance is given to mainly cortical brain events that mayor may not be associated with periphera l events related to tissue damage. This definition itself, as well as the added notes," clearly include the possibility of all attributes of time (present , past , and future) that are totally dependent on the cerebral cortex and its functions, collectively referred to as mind. Yes, a stimulus (information) comes to the brain or is supplied by the brain itself, and we become aware of the common and idiosyncratic unpleasantnesses that we call pain. Language includes the expression or communication of thoughts and feelings by means of vocal sounds, and combinations of such sounds or the written symbols for them, to which meaning is attributed. The particular form or manner of selecting and combining words is characteristic of a person, group, or professlon. " These definitions for language are universally held and less subject to individual interpretation than that of pain. They do include the possibility that different meanings may be attributed to any such communication. Different cultures will use their languages to yield different meanings for what may have been thought of as universal concepts. Sullivan has written of language and pain after the views of the highly regarded 20th century western European philosopher, LudWig Wittgenstein. Pain as a topic appears prominently in his philosophical treatises,
Kinetic Energy Conserving Discontinuous Galerkin Scheme

In this document, we present a proof that generalizes Jameson’s Kinetic Energy Preserving Finite Volume scheme to higher order Discontinuous Garlerkin method. We then present some results and discuss the method derived.
Rate and driving force for protonation of aryl radical anions in ethanol.

Aryl radical anions created in liquid alcohols decay on the microsecond time scale by transfer of protons from the solvent.1,2 This paper reports a 4.5 decade range of rate constants for proton transfer from a single weak acid, ethanol, to a series of unsubstituted aryl radical anions, Ar-•. The rate constants correlate with free energy change, ΔG°, despite wide variations in the two factors that contribute to ΔG°: (a) the reduction potentials of the aryls and (b) the Ar−H• bond strengths in the product radicals. For aryl radical anions containing CH2OH substituents, such as 2,2‘-biphenyldimethanol•- which is protonated with a rate constant of 3 × 109 s-1, the faster rates do not fit well in the free energy correlation, suggesting a change in mechanism.
Perturbation analysis for optimal update intervals of data sets

Update intervals for data renewal in a 3-server distributed database are optimized to provide maximum system availability. A semi-Markov model of the database unit is defined. Given probability distributions, analytical expressions are derived for the expected availability of the database. Under the case of unknown failure rates and renewal intervals, estimates for the gradients of the sample performance functions are derived using infinitesimal perturbation analysis. Optimal values of the update interval are found using a stochastic approximation algorithm.
Diversity analysis of distributed space-time codes in relay networks with multiple transmit/receive antennas

The idea of space-time coding devised for multiple-antenna systems is applied to the problem of communication over a wireless relay network, a strategy called distributed space-time coding, to achieve the cooperative diversity provided by antennas of the relay nodes. In this paper, we extend the idea of distributed space-time coding to wireless relay networks with multiple-antenna nodes and fading channels. We show that for a wireless relay network with M antennas at the transmit node, N antennas at the receive node, and a total of R antennas at all the relay nodes, provided that the coherence interval is long enough, the high SNR pairwise error probability (PEP) behaves as (1/P)min {M,N}R if M ≠ N and (log 1/M P/P) MR if M = N, where P is the total power consumed by the network. Therefore, for the case of M ≠ N, distributed space-time coding achieves the maximal diversity. For the case of M = N, the penalty is a factor of log 1/M P which, compared to P, becomes negligible when P is very high.
Multilayer PDMS microfluidic chamber for controlling brain slice microenvironment

A novel three-layer microfluidic polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) device was constructed with two fluid chambers that holds a brain slice in place with microposts while maintaining laminar perfusate flow above and below the slice. Our fabrication technique permits rapid production of PDMS layers that can be applied to brain slices of different shapes and sizes. In this study, the device was designed to fit the shape and thickness (530–700 µm) of a medullary brain slice taken from P0–P4 neonatal rats. Medullary slices in this chamber spontaneously produced rhythmic, respiratory-related motor output for up to 3 h, thereby demonstrating that brain slice viability was maintained for prolonged periods. This design is unique in that it achieves independent control of fluids through multiple channels in two separate fluid chambers. The laminar flow exhibited by the microfluidic chamber allows controlled solutions to target specific areas of the brain slice based on the input flow rates. To demonstrate this capability, a stream of Na+-free solution was focused on one half of a medullary slice to abolish spontaneous neural activity in only that half of the brain slice, while the other half remained active. We also demonstrated that flow of different solutions can be focused over the midline of the brain slice. The multilayer brain slice chamber design can integrate several traditional types of electrophysiology tools that are commonly used to measure neurophysiological properties of brain slices. Thus, this new microfluidic chamber is advantageous for experiments that involve controlled drug or solution delivery at high spatiotemporal resolution.