cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influences of the pia mater on the precursors of nerve cells.

In the developing cerebellum of 8-day old rats surgical lesions were made. During regeneration of the cerebellum the pia mater was found to penetrate inside the neural tissue. Partially differentiated Purkinje cells and granule cells, that were in close contact with the pial cells, were found atrophied. When the profilerative cells of external granular layer came into contact with the pial cells, they were reduced to a primitive type of epitheloid cells. In this instance epithelio-mesenchymal interaction was found deleterious to the precursors of neurons. However, when the epithelioid cells were freed from the contact with the pial cells by intervening basement membrane, they differentiated into ependymal cells. Such ependymal cells gave rise to small as well as large new ventriculer structures, and structures resembling chorioid plexus.
Using non-verbal social signals and degree centrality to optimise a covert actor’s detection scheme for a healthy networked community

Passive attacks are of the nature of eavesdropping on, monitoring of, transmissions where the attacker’s goal is to unnoticeably obtain the information in transmission. Passive attacks are difficult to detect and therefore hard to prevent. The main focus for most research in this area has been on preventing the attacks rather than detecting the attacker for example by data encryption. But encryption by itself falls short because passive attack can occur in more ways than just observing exposed data. Encryption is also not always applicable for example in open wireless communication protocols. With these observations, we aim to design a scheme that reduces such attackers’ capability. We introduce the non-verbal social signal deception detection in the investigative module while we optimise the scheme by putting in consideration a participant’s centrality given the topology. The results are an intuitive scalable and optimised scheme that detects, investigates, and expels the guilty suspects.
Parent and Family Outcomes of PEERS: A Social Skills Intervention for Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Raising a child with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is associated with increased family chaos and parent distress. Successful long-term treatment outcomes are dependent on healthy systemic functioning, but the family impact of treatment is rarely evaluated. The Program for the Education and Enrichment of Relational Skills (PEERS) is a social skills intervention designed for adolescents with high-functioning ASD. This study assessed the impact of PEERS on family chaos, parenting stress, and parenting self-efficacy via a randomized, controlled trial. Results suggested beneficial effects for the experimental group in the domain of family chaos compared to the waitlist control, while parents in the PEERS experimental group also demonstrated increased parenting self-efficacy. These findings highlight adjunctive family system benefits of PEERS intervention and suggest the need for overall better understanding of parent and family outcomes of ASD interventions.
Binge-type behavior in rats consuming trans-fat-free shortening

Studies from this and another laboratory involving an animal model of binge-type behavior have used vegetable shortening containing trans-fats. Due to reformulations by vegetable shortening manufacturers to remove trans-fats from their products, only trans-fat-free shortenings are now available. The goal of the present study was to assess binge-type behavior in rats with trans-fat and trans-free vegetable shortening. Trans-fat-free shortening was provided to three different groups of non-food-deprived male Sprague Dawley rats on different schedules of access: continuous access (24 h/day-7 days/week), daily access (1 h every day), and intermittent access (1 h on Mondays, Wednesdays, Fridays). Trans-fat shortening was provided to a fourth group on the intermittent access schedule. A fifth group had no shortening access (chow only). Both intermittent groups (trans-fat-free and trans-fat) consumed significantly more shortening during the 1-h period of availability than did the daily group, and there was no difference in shortening intakes between the intermittent groups. These results are identical to previous reports of binge-type behavior in rats using this model. Thus, binge-type behavior in the present behavioral model depends upon the schedule of access, not the presence of trans-fats in the shortening.
Comparing clock tests for dementia screening: naïve judgments vs formal systems--what is optimal?

Background Clock drawing tests (CDTs) vary in format, scoring, and complexity. Herein, we compared the dementia screening performance of seven CDT scoring systems and the judgements of untrained raters. Methods 80 clock drawings by subjects of known dementia status were selected, 20 from each of four categories (Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's disease [CERAD] defined normal, mild, moderate, and severe abnormality). An expert rater scored all clocks using published criteria for seven systems. Additionally, 20 naive raters judged clocks as either normal or abnormal, without formal instructions. Clocks were then classified by drawers' dementia status for comparison of dementia detection across systems. Results Naive and formal CDT systems showed 90–100% agreement in CERAD normal, moderate and severe categories, but poor agreement (mean = 39%) for mildly impaired clocks. When CDT systems were compared for accurate dementia classification, the Mendez and CERAD systems correctly identified the greatest proportion of subjects (84–85%), and Wolf-Klein the smallest (58%). The better systems correctly identified> 70% of mildly demented individuals (CDR = 1). In contrast, medical records from patients' personal physicians correctly identified only 24% of the mildly demented. Strikingly, naive raters' CDT judgements were as effective as five of the seven CDT systems in dementia identification. Conclusions While the Mendez system was the most accurate overall, it was not significantly better than CERAD, which had simpler scoring rules. Untrained raters discriminated normal from abnormal clocks with acceptable accuracy for community screening purposes. Results suggest that, if used, most CDT systems would improve personal physicians' dementia recognition in difficult to detect mildly demented subjects. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The algorithm for cross-evaluation (ACE) of biologically active compounds.

Abstract A non-linear algorithm, ACE (Algorithm for Cross-Evaluation), was developed to correlate the activity of anti-cancer drugs against human cell lines. ACE evaluates the relationships among compounds and cell lines and displays the resulting clusters on a 3-D surface plot This plot along with a frequency plot and rank graph provides clear information regarding the sensitivity of groups of cell lines to particular compounds. The program was tested on published anti-cancer data sets and found associations useful in the selection and design of chemotherapy drugs for pre-clinical trials. ACE may be applied to other situations where details of groupings and relationships need to be extracted from large sets of data.
Design and characterization of a carbon-nanotube-based micro-focus x-ray tube for small animal imaging

We report the progress in development of carbon nanotube (CNT) field emission micro-focus x-ray tubes for dynamic small animal imaging with high spatial and temporal resolution. Extensive electron optics simulations were performed to study the focusing structure and optimize the tube design. 3D finite element analysis was used for modeling and simulating electron beam optics. A simple and intuitive model is developed to model the field emission properties of CNT cathodes. The dependence of focus spot size and the anode current on the gate extracting voltage, the focusing voltages, the gate mesh geometry, and other geometric parameters were studied. Several tubes were built according to the optimal design. The experimentally measured focus spot size and its dependence on the focus voltages were found to be in quantitative agreement with simulations.
Role of surgery in the treatment of brain metastases in patients with breast cancer

Background: Patients whose brain metastases from breast cancer are treated nonsurgically have a median length of survival ranging from 2.5 to 7.5 months, and a median time to recurrence ranging from 2 to 5 months. Patients treated with radiotherapy have a median length of survival ranging from 3 to 4 months. Those treated with chemotherapy have a median length of survival ranging from 5.5 to 7.5 months. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis on 63 patients treated over a 10-year period. Only patients who underwent surgery for nonrecurrent brain metastases were studied. Sixty-one patients (97%) underwent surgery within 2 weeks of diagnosis of the brain metastases. Results: The median length of survival was 16 months (95% confidence interval [CI] 11 to 22 months), and the 5-year survival rate was 17% (CI 9% to 29%). Brain metastases recurred in 27 patients at a median interval of 15 months (CI 12 to 24 months). Eleven patients had local recurrence, 10 had distal recurrence, and seven developed leptomeningeal disease. Significant prognosticators of length of survival were age (p=0.011), menopause status (p=0.10), postoperative radiotherapy (p=0.054), preoperative neurologic status (p=0.011), and preoperative systemic disease status (p=0.0003). Systemic disease status had a significant effect on the length of survival but not on the time to recurrence.
Lipopolysaccharide improves cardiomyocyte survival and function after serum deprivation.

Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) and its signaling molecule interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK-1) play an important role in host defense and tissue inflammation. Intriguingly, systemic administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the agonist for TLR4, confers a cardio-protective effect against ischemic injury. However, the mechanisms leading to the cardiac protection remain largely unknown. The present study was designed to investigate the role of TLR4 activation by LPS in protecting cardiomyocytes (CM) against apoptosis in an in vitro model of ischemia and to explore the downstream mechanisms leading to the protective effect. Incubation with LPS led to activation of IRAK-1 and protected CMs against serum deprivation (SD)-induced apoptosis as demonstrated by DNA laddering, histone-DNA fragment enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and activation of caspase-3. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, and IκB kinase β appear to contribute to the anti-apoptotic effect of LPS since the specific inhibitors, wortmannin, PD98059, and dominant negative IKKβ transgene expression reversed the LPS effect. To assess whether LPS improves CM function, we examined intracellular Ca2+ transients and cell shortening in single adult rat CMs. SD for 6 h dramatically inhibited Ca2+ transients and CM contractility. LPS at 500 ng/ml significantly improved the [Ca2+]i transients and enhanced contractility in control CMs as well as in CMs subjected to SD. Importantly, transient ischemia led to rapid activation of IRAK-1 in cultured CMs and in adult rat myocardium. Adenovirus-mediated transgene expression of IRAK-1 but not its kinase-deficient mutant IRAK-1(K239S) protected CMs against SD-induced apoptosis. Taken together, these data suggest an important role of TLR4 signaling via IRAK-1 in protecting against SD-induced apoptosis.
Parathyroidectomy in secondary hyperparathyroidism: Is there an optimal operative management?

Background Subtotal parathyroidectomy (SPTX) and total PTX with autotransplantation (TPTX + AT) are both accepted operations for secondary hyperparathyroidism (2HPT). Studies have shown the 2 procedures to have similar rates of recurrent or persistent HPT (0% to 10%). The majority of these reports are small case series and despite apparently similar outcomes; the optimal operative management for 2HPT remains controversial. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there were any clinical outcome differences between these apparently comparable operations. Methods A meta-analysis of 53 publications on reoperative operation for 2HPT from 1983 to 2004 identified 501 patients who had undergone an operation for recurrent or persistent 2HPT. The data evaluated included the type of initial operation, the need for reoperative operation as it related to the type of initial operation, and the intraoperative findings. Results The initial operation had been a SPTX in 36% and a TPTX + AT in 64% of patients. Reoperative operation was for persistent 2HPT in 82 of 485 (17%) and for recurrent 2HPT in 403 of 485 (83%) patients. Findings at reoperation included: autograft hyperplasia (49%), supernumerary glands (20%), remnant hyperplasia (17%), a missed in situ gland (7%), and a negative exploration (5%). Supernumerary glands, missed in situ glands, and negative explorations occurred at equal rates for both operations. Reoperation determined that inadequate cervical explorations occurred in 42% of patients who had undergone a SPTX and in 34% of patients who had undergone a TPTX + AT. Conclusions Operative failures occur because of the limitations in preoperative localization, inadequate exploration, and the natural history of hyperplastic parathyroid tissue. The initial operation should include an attempt to localize supernumerary glands both pre- and intra-operatively.
Thio-phene-2-carbaldehyde azine.

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C10H8N2S2, is composed of two independent half-mol­ecules, each residing on a center of symmetry. In the crystal, weak C—H⋯π inter­actions join the two symmetry-independent molecules together into interlinked chains parallel to [011]. The crystal structure was refined as a two-component pseudo-merohedral twin using the twin law 001 0-10 100. The refined domain fractions are 0.516 (3) and 0.484 (3).
Plants versus animals in the dining hall: A problem‐based learning problem

This five-stage problem explores amino acid metabolism in the context of a story about a college student who chooses to become a vegetarian against the best wishes of her mother. It requires students to analyze isotopic data from classic experiments in nutritional biochemistry and explain the results in terms of now known metabolic pathways. It provides an evolutionary perspective on the meaning of essential and nonessential amino acids and on the production of secondary metabolites from amino acids by plants. Groups of students working in a problem-based learning environment integrate these ideas into concept map to complete the problem.
Spinocerebellar mossy fiber terminal topography in the NR2C/PKCγ double mutant cerebellum

Abstract The spatiotemporal expression patterns of the NR2C subunit of the NMDA receptor and PKCγ isoform during cerebellar development suggests that both proteins are involved in the molecular mechanisms of synaptogenesis. However, the topographic distribution of WGA-HRP labeled spinocerebellar mossy fiber terminals in NR2C/PKCγ double mutants (n = 4) appears similar to controls (n = 3). While the results do not rule out a role for NR2C receptor subunits and the PKCγ isoform in cerebellar synaptogenesis, they indicate that neither is necessary for the formation or maintenance of normal spinocerebellar mossy fiber afferent maps.
Mechanical Properties of Ag/Cr Multilayered Epitaxial thin Films

Metallic multilayer thin film structures exhibit very high hardnesses. The epitaxial Ag/Cr system was chosen to investigate the mechanisms responsible for these high hardnesses. The interfaces of this multilayer structure are expected to be chemically abrupt since silver and chromium are nearly immiscible and do not form intermetallic compounds. The crystallographic structure formed by epitaxial growth isolates the slip systems of each layer. The samples were deposited on (001) MgO substrates by sputter deposition at room temperature. The bilayer spacing of the samples ranges from 1 nm to 20 nm. X-ray diffraction results indicate that the multilayer films exhibit the rotated (001) crystal structure. Hardness and indentation modulus were measured by depth-sensing indentation experiments using a Nanoindenter. The maximum hardness is roughly four times the weighted average of the single component films. The indentation modulus at small bilayer periods varies by ±15% from the value at large bilayer periods, but all of the values fall between the moduli measured for the single component films. Decreasing the bilayer period increases the hardness. At bilayer spacings smaller than 4 nm, the hardness remains constant. Decreasing the thickness of the Cr layer while keeping the thickness of the Ag layer at 5 nm, increases the strength of the multilayered film. At Cr thicknesses smaller than 5 nm, the hardness decreases as the Cr thickness decreases. The effect of the volume fraction of Cr on film strength was also studied. The results are discussed in the context of a deformation model in which the dislocations responsible for deformation are constrained to move in the individual layers. From this model, a lower bound on the strength of the multilayered film can be calculated if plastic deformation occurs in only one layer. An upper bound can be calculated if plastic deformation occurs in both layers. The data fall between the upper and lower bounds and lie closer to the lower bound.
The Home Economics of E-Money: Velocity, Cash Management, and Discount Rates of M-Pesa Users.

M-Pesa, a service operated by the mobile phone network Safaricom in Kenya, allows users to deposit money onto their telephone handsets, transfer e-money to another user with a simple text message, and withdraw cash at one of thousands of outlets throughout the country. The system is safer, cheaper, and far faster than the money transfer systems that it replaced. Although only five years old, M-Pesa has achieved remarkable penetration into the Kenyan economy. As of September, 2011, there were 32,000 M-Pesa outlets at which individuals could exchange cash for e-float or vice-versa, in a country that as of 2009 had 491 bank branches, 500 postbank branches, and 352 ATMs (Mas and Ng’weno, 2009). In the six month period April-September, 2011, the volume of transfers was Ksh. 314 billion, compared to nominal GDP of Ksh. 2.99 trillion that year. (For the period from which our data are drawn, the market exchange rate was approximately 75 Ksh/dollar and the PPP exchange rate was approximately 35 Ksh./dollar). At present, M-Pesa is primarily a money transfer system. However, it has the potential to evolve in two exciting directions: first as a gateway via which unbanked households can access financial services, and second, as a transaction medium, with e-money partially replacing cash.1 Even in its current form, however, M-Pesa represents a dramatic change in the economic environment of Kenyan households. Further, data on how households use M-Pesa allows for insight into the objectives of and constraints on their money management choices, and consumption more generally.
The occupational and quality of life consequences of chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis in young people.

Introduction:Chronic fatigue syndrome, termed myalgic encephalomyelitis in the United Kingdom (CFS/ME), is a debilitating condition involving severe exhaustion, cognitive difficulties, educational and vocational losses, and disruption of social activities and relationships. CFS/ME may affect volition (that is, value, interest and sense of competence).Purpose:To test Model of Human Occupation (MOHO) concepts by comparing young people with and without CFS/ME in terms of occupational participation, volition and health-related quality of life during infection and over time.Method:Three hundred and one people (12–18 years old) diagnosed with glandular fever were evaluated at the time of acute infection (baseline). Six months following diagnosis, 39 of them met the criteria for CFS/ME. A further 39 who recovered were randomly selected and matched to CFS/ME participants. Both groups were re-evaluated at 12 months and 24 months. The Occupational Self Assessment and the Child General Health Questionnaire were used...
A MODEL OF THE POTASSIUM EFFECT.

The protoplasm of certain cells is able to distinguish electrically between K(+) and Na(+). This has been called the potassium effect. This is illustrated by experiments with Nitella. When 0.01 M KCl which has stood in contact with Nitella is replaced by 0.01 M NaCl the P.D. changes in a positive direction by an amount which varies between 30 and 95 mv. This ability to distinguish between K(+) and Na(+) disappears with the removal of an organic substance from the cell. The amount of this substance is doubtless too small to make it possible to obtain enough for analysis. An attempt has therefore been made to find an organic compound which can produce similar effects. It is found that when M/1 KCl in contact with nitrobenzene (previously shaken with M/1 KCl) is replaced by M/1 NaCl the potential changes in a positive direction to the extent of 67 mv. which compares favorably with the values found in Nitella. This is not due to a greater mobility in nitrobenzene of K(+) as compared with Na(+): this is evident from measurements of concentration effects with nitrobenzene (M/1 KCl vs. M/10 KCl and M/1 NaCl vs. M/10 NaCl). It might be brought about if KCl produced in nitrobenzene a sufficient preponderance of ions (simple or complex) as compared with NaCl. Whether this occurs could not be determined but it was found that nitrobenzene shaken with M/1 KCl has a higher conductivity than when shaken with M/1 NaCl. Measurements with salicylates showed that K-salicylate has a partition coefficient about 11.7 times as great as that of Na-salicylate. It was also found that when M/1 K-salicylate in contact with nitrobenzene (previously shaken with M/1 K-salicylate) is replaced by M/1 Na-salicylate there is a change of potential in a positive direction amounting to 56 mv. To what extent phase boundary potentials may enter into the observed values cannot be determined at present. The model resembles the Nitella cell in that RbCl and KCl are negative to NH(4)Cl which in turn is negative to NaCl and still more so to LiCl (in the model CsCl is negative to KCl but in Nitella it is positive). It likewise resembles Nitella in that the potassium effect is lessened by the addition of guaiacol.
86 VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA IN CHILDHOOD USE OF APRINDINE HYDROCHLORIDE

Six cases of ventricular tachycardia seen at Children's Hospital since 1970 are presented. Diagnosis was made by classical electrocardiographic criteria and/or pacing studies. Three patients, aged 3/12-4 years, had paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia with signs and symptoms of heart failure. Two patients had probable associated myocarditis. Ventricular rates were 220-280/min. One case responded to quinidine, one converted to sinus rhythm during pacing studies. A third patient, age 16 months, was unresponsive to digoxin, procainamide, propranolol and d/c cardioversions. Aprindine HCL administered IV, with cardioversion, converted the patient to sinus rhythm. Three cases of nonparoxysmal ventricular tachycardia presented with rates of less than 130/min. Two were asymptomatic, one had dizziness. Ventricular tachycardia was suppressed by exercise in all. We recommend no treatment for nonparoxysmal ventricular tachycardia in absence of symptoms. One patient with paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia is in sinus rhythm on no drugs, one is on propranolol and the third is maintained on Aprindine. Aprindine HCL is useful in treatment of life threatening ventricular arrhythmias.
Significance of first-degree atrioventricular block in acute endocarditis.

A 64-YEAR-OLD MAN WITH A HISTORY OF CONgenital bicuspid aortic valve and bioprosthetic valve replacement presented with fever, chills, and dysuria. He was treated with ciprofloxacin as an outpatient for presumed urinary tract infection by his primary care physician. In the emergency center, his urinalysis result was positive. He was given intravenous ceftriaxone sodium and admitted for observation. The patient was alert and oriented to person, place, and time. He was in no acute distress. His blood pressure was 116/72 mm Hg, his heart rate was 82 beats/ min, and his axillary temperature was 39.1 C. His pupils were equal, round, and reactive, and his neck was supple without jugular venous distension. Cardiovascular examination revealed a regular rate and rhythm. A harsh grade III/VI systolic murmur, best heard in the left second intercostal space, was detected. A grade II/VI protodiastolic murmur was also noted. The point of maximal impulse was diffuse and minimally displaced toward the axilla. No rubs or gallops were noted. His lungs were clear to auscultation, and his abdomen was soft, nontender, and without hepatosplenomegaly. Cranial nerves II to XII were grossly intact. Extremities were free of any clubbing, cyanosis, or edema. Skin examination revealed no ecchymoses, purpura, or petechiae. Laboratory data revealed a leukocyte count of 7500/ L (to convert to 10 per liter, multiply by 0.001); a hemoglobin level of 12.2 g/dL (to convert to grams per liter, multiply by 10), a hematocrit level of 35.2%, and a platelet count of 105 10/ L. Findings from urinalysis were significant for 1 bacteria (negative/high-power field), 0 to 5 white blood cells (0-5 leukocytes/highpower field), and positive results for leukocyte esterase and nitrite. His troponin I level was normal ( 0.03 ng/ mL) (to convert to micrograms per liter, multiply by 1). Of 2 blood cultures obtained at 15-minute intervals, 2 were positive for gram-positive cocci in chains. Findings from 2-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography were suggestive of a possible aortic valve vegetation. The initial electrocardiogram demonstrated normal sinus rhythm with a ventricular rate of 78 beats/min, a PR interval of 194 milliseconds (ms), and a QRS duration of 168 ms, with a QTc of 526 ms. A subsequent electrocardiogram was obtained within 24 hours. Questions: What is the significant electrocardiographic change from Figure 1 to Figure 2, and how does it impact this patient’s management?
A Combinatorial Problem Related to Multimodule Memory Organizations

This paper deals with a combinatorial minimization problem arising from studies on multimodule memory organizations. Instead of searching for an optimum solution, a particular solution is proposed and it is demonstrated that it is close to optimum. Lower bounds for the objective functions are obtained and compared with the corresponding values of the particular solution. The maximum percentage deviation of this solution from optimum is also established.
Trajectories and risk profiles of pain in persons with radiographic, symptomatic knee osteoarthritis: data from the osteoarthritis initiative.

Summary Background Little is known about the temporal evolution of pain severity in persons with knee osteoarthritis (OA). We sought to describe the pain trajectory over 6 years in a cohort of subjects with radiographic, symptomatic knee OA. Methods We used data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI), a multi-center, longitudinal study of subjects with diagnosed radiographic evidence of knee OA. Pain was assessed at baseline and annually for 6 years. Our analysis cohort included subjects with symptomatic knee OA at baseline, defined as baseline Kellgren–Lawrence (KL) score ≥2 with Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) pain score >0. We used group-based trajectory modeling to identify distinct patterns of pain progression over a 6-year follow-up. Factors examined included sex, race, education, comorbidities, age, body mass index (BMI), alignment, KL grade, and depression. Results We used data from 1753 OAI participants with symptomatic knee OA. Mean baseline WOMAC pain score was 26.5 (0–100, 100=worst) with standard deviation (SD) 19. Group-based trajectory modeling identified five distinct pain trajectories; baseline pain scores for each ranged from 15 to 62. None of the trajectories exhibited substantial worsening. One fifth of subjects in the two trajectories with the greatest pain underwent total knee replacement (TKR) over follow-up. Higher KL grade, obesity, depression, medical comorbidities, female sex, non-white race, lower education, and younger age were associated with trajectories characterized by greater pain. Conclusion We found that knee pain changes little, on average, over 6 years in most subjects. These observations suggest knee OA is characterized by persistent rather than inexorably worsening symptoms.
The phase transformation of calcium phosphate dihydrate into octacalcium phosphate in aqueous suspensions

Abstract The transformation of dicalcium phosphate dihydrate into octacalcium phosphate (OCP) under carefully controlled conditions in calcium phosphate solutions of pH 6.4–7.0 has been investigated using a pH-stat technique. During the initial dissolution of DCPD, with roughening of the crystal surface, the nucleation of OCP takes place and transformation continues with an appreciable consumption of alkali, to maintain the pH, during the growth of these OCP nuclei. In solutions undersaturated with respect to DCPD, the transformation reactions are facilitated due to the increased DCPD surface roughness produced by the more extensive initial dissolution. An increase in the amount of DCPD seed crystals also increases the rate of OCP formation. The transformation is markedly inhibited by the presence of magnesium ions which have been shown in previous constant composition experiments to have a greater influence in reducing the rate of OCP crystal growth as compared with that of DCPD.
Japanese death rituals in transit: From household ancestors to beloved antecedents

Abstract The recent trend in contemporary Japanese funerals reflects changing family relationships, religious affiliation and individual values. Increasingly, Japanese people are conducting a living‐funeral or a non‐religious funeral (as opposed to a common Buddhist funeral), and dispersing ashes after cremation. Such funeral ceremonies and mortuary rites demonstrate the isolation of the elderly during the process of dying, the asymmetrical relationship between the deceased and the bereaved, and the attenuating ties between people and Buddhist temples. The fundamental change that underlies these transformation of funerary practices, I argue, is the shift from the ancestor worship that values the deceased for the purpose of household perpetuation, to the memorialism of individuals that celebrates the deceased's personal life based on the bereaved's love toward the deceased.
Minimizers near the first critical field for the nonself-dual Chern–Simons–Higgs energy

The Chern–Simons–Higgs energy serves as a model for high temperature superconductivity. We show the existence of weak solutions to the CSH equations that are minimizers of the CSH energy. The solutions are vortexless for an applied magnetic field h ex below the critical field strength, whereas vortices appear when h ex exceeds the critical field strength.
Free space optical coupling of reflection-based fiber Bragg grating sensors

In this paper, a robust free space optical coupling of reflection-based fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors is presented. Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors have shown great utility for integrity management and environmental sensing of composite structures. However, they suffer from cumbersome and fragile techniques for bringing the sensing light into and out of the structure since the optical fiber must be routed through the surface of the composite (i.e. pigtailing). In our approach, 45-degree-angled mirrors integrated into fibers were used as an input and output coupling technique. With the difficulty of directly free space coupling to the tiny single mode fiber (SMF), a novel method of coupling to the sensor via splicing and fusing a multimode fiber (MMF) to the single mode FBG (SMFBG) was explored. Using this method, we have previously demonstrated free space optical coupling to transmission-based FBG sensors embedded inside a composite panel. In this paper, we are able to interrogate un-embedded sensors with reflected light using 45-degree-angled mirrors. We have also performed preliminary investigation on FBG sensors embedded in a composite panel. We conclude that this novel space coupling method can be used to effectively couple the transmitted and reflected light for FBG sensors.
Equilibrium beam distribution and quantum lifetime in the presence of a single nonlinear resonance

In the proximity of a nonlinear resonance {nu} {approx} m/n, n , the beam distribution in a storage ring is distorted depending on how close by is the resonance and how strong is the resonance strength. In the 1-dimensional case, it is well known that the particle motion near the resonance can be described in a smooth approximation by a Hamiltonian of the form ({nu} - m/n) J + D{sub {nu}}(J) + f{sub 1}({phi}, J), where ({phi}, J) are the phase space angle and action variables, D{sub {nu}} is the detuning function, and f{sub 1} is an oscillating resonance term. In a proton storage ring, the equilibrium beam distribution is readily solved to be any function exclusively of the Hamiltonian. For an electron beam, this is not true and the equilibrium distribution is more complicated. This paper solves the Fokker-Planck equation near a single resonance for an electron beam in a storage ring. The result is then applied to obtain the quantum lifetime of an electron beam in the presence of this resonance. Resonances due to multipole fields and due to the beam-beam force are considered as examples.
Exploring Deep Subjectivity in Sociology and Organizational Studies : The Contributions of William Catton and Riley Dunlap on Paradigm Change

When William Catton and Riley Dunlap began publishing their groundbreaking work on paradigms in the late 1970s, sociologists had been grappling with fundamental questions about the discipline for at least two decades. According to Catton and Dunlap, however, significant blind spots still remained, the most important falling in the shadow cast by strong anthropocentrism and a worldview that was decidedly nonecological. This anthropocentric bias also dominated the field of organizational studies until the mid-1990s. Both sociology and organizational studies benefited from scholarly analyses conducted by Catton and Dunlap (and others) that uncovered underlying paradigmatic assumptions and that proposed ecologically grounded alternatives. But both fields still tend to be limited by anthropocentrism and need more research aimed at developing theories and models centered on ecological processes and radical organizing. Revisiting Catton and Dunlap's paradigms framework is suggested as a valuable step for both so...
Roberto Franco-Saenz, MD: Teacher, Physician, Scientist

Roberto Franco-Saenz was a member of a dying breed of triple-threat academicians—outstanding teacher, physician, and scientist. I first met Roberto in 1975 when I came to the Medical College of Ohio (MCO) as the Chairman of Medicine. Roberto was the sole endocrinologist running the Endocrine Division at this new school. It soon became clear to me that he was extremely bright and well trained as a physician and scientist. He was born and raised in Colombia and graduated with …
An Analysis of REIT CEO Stock‐Based Compensation

Academic research findings on the determinants of executive compensation are mixed. Some researchers attribute this to the inclusion of stock-based compensation in the more recent studies. We study the determinants of stock-based compensation schemes in the REIT industry for the period 1997–2000. While previous research analyzes REIT CEOs' cash-based compensation, we concentrate on option compensation structures. Using the Tobit method, we study both the level of option awards and the mix of option awards to total compensation. We find that REIT CEOs receive larger option awards when they increase growth opportunities, funds from operation, earnings per share and when there is greater variability of returns. Thus, our results validate most of the theories on stock-based compensation.
Effects of hydrological forcing on the structure of a tropical estuarine food web

River fl ow can impact which sources of particulate organic matter (POM) fuel estuarine food webs. Here, we used stable carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) isotope analyses to compare how contributions of diff erent POM sources (terrestrial, estuarine, and marine) to the diets of zooplankton and juvenile fi shes diff ered between low and high river fl ow conditions, as well as spatially across a tropical estuary, Hilo Bay, Hawaii, USA. Diets of zooplankton and juvenile fi shes were aff ected by river fl ow conditions, but the magnitude and the change in the basal resources depended on the location of the station in the estuary relative to the ocean and the river mouths. Consumers from the station most isolated from the ocean and with groundwater and overland fl ow inputs, utilized a combination of estuarine and terrestrial POM during both low and high river fl ow conditions and exhibited less variability in their basal resources than stations with direct ocean exchange. Consumers from stations in the Bay most aff ected by ocean exchange and river inputs utilized a combination of estuarine, terrestrial, and marine POM during low fl ow conditions, but shifted to marine and terrestrial POM during high river fl ow conditions. Th is shift to using terrestrial POM during high river fl ow conditions was substantial and up to 40% higher than values measured in other estuaries. Factors suspected to be aff ecting which POM source(s) consumers use in Hilo Bay are gross primary production, biological availability of exported terrestrial OM, and estuarine bacteria biomass, all of which are aff ected by river fl ow. Overall, our results suggest that Hilo Bay ’ s food web and possibly those from other tropical estuaries are vulnerable to changes in hydrology, which may be further enhanced by global climate change.
Residency Training: Teaching communication Residency is not too late

Resident Dr. A is called to speak with the family of a patient in the neurointensive care unit who has malignant left middle cerebral artery syndrome and is close to brain death. Resident Dr. A has many competing obligations that day, but realizes how important the discussion will be. As he stands outside the family conference room where anxious loved ones wait, he contemplates what he is going to say and how. Having done this before, he feels confident that he can do it well. What he does not realize is that on the other side of the door are 20 frightened family members who speak a different language, have many different beliefs, and have no idea that their family member is dying. Resident Dr. A's confidence is based on sufficient knowledge of the patient's illness and prognosis, but despite decades of formal education, he was never taught how to effectively communicate with patients and their families in this situation.
Active microscope stabilization in three dimensions using image correlation

Super-resolution microscopy techniques are often extremely susceptible to sample drift due to their high spatial resolution and the long time needed for data acquisition. While several techniques for stabilizing against drift exist, many require complicated additional hardware or intrusive sample preparations. We introduce a method that requires no additional sample preparation, is simple to implement and simultaneously corrects for x, y and z drift. We use bright-field images of the specimen itself to calculate drift in all three dimensions: x, y and z. Bright-field images are acquired on an inexpensive CCD. By correlating each acquired bright-field image with an in-focus and two out-of-focus reference images we determine and actively correct for drift at rates of a few Hertz. This method can maintain stability to within 10 nm for x and y and 20 nm for z over several minutes. Our active drift stabilization system is capable of simultaneously compensating x, y and z drift through an image-based correlation method that requires no special sample treatment or extensive microscope modifications. While other techniques may provide better stability, especially for higher frequency drift, our method is easy to implement and widely applicable in terms of both sample type and microscopy technique.
Near-monochromatic water waves on the sphere

Abstract We study analytically and numerically a class of traveling and standing waves in a model of weakly non-linear gravity water waves on the sphere. These waves are ‘near-monochromatic’ in space, i.e. their amplitude consists of one spherical harmonic plus small corrections, and we see numerically that they retain this property for long time. A main feature of the model we consider is that it possesses a Hamiltonian structure. This structure is preserved by our numerical implementation, and we use formal and rigorous arguments from classical perturbation theory to understand the numerical observations.
The Consultation Process: Research and Practice

This paper considers the consultation process applied to consulting with individuals working with youngsters classified as handicapped. Research related to various stages of the consultation process is reviewed in an effort to identify reactive variables that school consultants should consider in case problem solving, in establishing and maintaining effective consultant-consultee relationships, and in evaluating consultation outcomes. Research on this topic, while limited, has revealed some important findings. Among these are studies pertaining to interpersonal variables, relationship building, managing consultee resistance, and use of feedback to consultees. These results are discussed and framed in relation to recommendations for future research.
Endothelial membrane remodeling is obligate for anti-angiogenic radiosensitization during tumor radiosurgery

This article was republished on September 29, 2010 because of illegible figures. Please download this article again to view the figures.
Computer graphics classification based on Markov process model and boosting feature selection technique

In this paper, a novel technique is proposed to identify computer graphics by employing second-order statistics to capture the significant statistical difference between computer graphics and photographic images. Due to the wide availability of JPEG images, a JPEG 2-D array formed from the magnitudes of quantized block DCT coefficients is deemed a feasible input; however, a difference JPEG 2-D array tells a better story about image statistics with less influence from image content. Characterized by transition probability matrix (TPM), Markov process, widely used in digital image processing, is applied to model the difference JPEG 2-D arrays along horizontal and vertical directions. We resort to a thresholding technique to reduce the dimensionality of feature vectors formed from TPM. YCbCr color system is selected because of its demonstrated better performance in computer graphics classification than RGB color system. Furthermore, only Y and Cb components are utilized for feature generation because of the high correlation found in the features derived from Cb and Cr components. Finally, boosting feature selection technique is used to greatly reduce the dimensionality of features without sacrificing the machine learning based classification performance.
Anti-Collusion Position Estimation in Wireless Sensor Networks

Sensor networks are highly susceptible to errors and malicious attacks. A host of nefarious attacks are targeted at preventing nodes from discovering their correct positions. In this work, we present a novel framework for position estimation in presence of malicious attacks on distance measurements of sensor networks. Additionally, we propose a practical randomized algorithm in the framework, which efficiently detects and rejects the corrupted measurements. The algorithm searches for an agreeable solution starting from randomly sampled minimal subsets of data; it subsequently enhances its estimate by augmenting consistent data points to the best random sample. The performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated and compared to state-of-the-art robust positioning algorithms, both for independent and colluding attackers. While our method performs the same or better compared with the other algorithms on independent attacks, it is significantly more robust against collusion attacks, in terms of both the position estimation error and attack diagnosis and isolation. Moreover, the algorithm has a shorter runtime due to its randomized nature.
SSRI Treatment suppresses dream recall frequency but increases subjective dream intensity in normal subjects

SUMMARY Clinical lore and a small number of published studies report that the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) intensify dreaming. This study examines the dream eAects of paroxetine and fluvoxamine in order to both increase clinical knowledge of these agents and to test an important potential method for probing the relationship between REM sleep neurobiology and dreaming in humans. Fourteen normal, paid volunteers (4 males, 10 females; mean age 27.4 year, range 22‐39) free of medical or neuropsychiatric symptoms as well as of psychotropic or sleep aAecting drugs completed a 31-day home-based study consisting of: 7 days drug-free baseline; 19 days on either 100 mg fluvoxamine (7 Ss) or 20 mg paroxetine (7 Ss) in divided morning and evening doses; and 5 days acute discontinuation. Upon awakening, subjects wrote dream reports, self-scored specific emotions in their reports and rated seven general dream characteristics using 5-point Likert scales. Dream reports were independently scored for bizarreness, movement and number of visual nouns by three judges. REM sleep-related measures were obtained using the Nightcap ambulatory sleep monitor. Mean dream recall frequency decreased during treatment compared with baseline. Dream report length and judge-rated bizarreness were greater during acute discontinuation compared with both baseline and treatment and this eAect was a result of the fluvoxamine-treated subjects. The subjective intensity of dreaming increased during both treatment and acute discontinuation compared with baseline. Propensity to enter REM sleep was decreased during treatment compared with baseline and acute discontinuation and the intensity of REM sleep increased during acute discontinuation compared with baseline and treatment. The decrease in dream frequency during SSRI treatment may reflect serotonergic REM suppression while the augmented report length and bizarreness during acute SSRI discontinuation may reflect cholinergic rebound from serotonergic
(E)‐1‐Benzyl‐3‐(1‐Iodoethylidene)Piperidine: Nucleophile‐Promoted Alkyne‐Iminium Ion Cyclizations

(E)-1-benzyl-3-(1-iodoethylidene)piperidine: nucleophile-promoted alkyne-iminium ion cyclizations reactant: 5.0 g (51 mmol) of 4-hexyn-1-ol intermediate: 4-hexyn-1-yl methanesulfonate intermediate: N-Benzyl-4-hexyn-1-amine product: (E)-1-Benzyl-3-(1-iodoethylidene)piperidine Keywords: addition, to CC; alkylation, N-alkylation; annulation, heterocyclic-[6]; cyclization, miscellaneous; replacement reactions, sulfonate by amino; sulfonation, O-sulfonation; camphorsulfonic acid monohydrate; dichloromethane (methylene chloride); methanesulfonyl chloride, highly toxic, corrosive; methyl iodide