cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identifying barriers to emergency department-initiated buprenorphine: A spatial analysis of treatment facility access in Michigan

A bstract Study objectives Emergency department (ED)-initiated buprenorphine/naloxone has been shown to improve treatment retention and reduce illicit opioid use; however, its potential may be limited by a lack of accessible community-based facilities. This study compared one state ' s geographic distribution of EDs to outpatient treatment facilities that provide buprenorphine treatment, and identified ED and geographic factors associated with treatment access. Methods Treatment facility data was obtained from the SAMHSA 2018 National Directory of Drug and Alcohol Abuse Treatment Facilities, and ED data was obtained from the Michigan College of Emergency Physician ' s 2018 ED directory. Geospatial analysis compared EDs to buprenorphine treatment facilities using 5-, 10-, and 20-mile network buffers. Results Among 131 non-exclusively pediatric EDs in Michigan, 57 (43.5%) had a buprenorphine treatment facility within 5 miles, and 66 (50.4%) had a facility within 10 miles. EDs within 10 miles of a Medicaid-accepting, outpatient buprenorphine treatment facility had higher average numbers of beds (41 vs. 15; p ' s counties with EDs, those with at least one buprenorphine facility had higher average populations (281,621 vs. 47,958; p = 0.007) than those with none, but were similar in terms of opioid-related hospitalizations, opioid overdose deaths, and socioeconomic distress. Conclusion Only half of Michigan ' s EDs are within 10 miles of an outpatient buprenorphine treatment facility, despite similar rates of opioid-related morbidity statewide. Given these limitations, expanding access to ED-initiated buprenorphine in states similar to Michigan may require developing alternative models of care.
Parables and Conflict in the Hebrew Bible

1. Breaking down parables: introductory issues 2. Devouring parables: Jotham's parabolic curse in Judges 9 3. Over-allegorizing and other Davidic misinterpretations in 2 Samuel 11-12 4. Changing face and saving face: parabolic petitions in 2 Samuel 14 5. Grasping the conflict: Ahab's negotiation of conflicts and parables in 1 Kings 20 6. Intellectual weapons: the parable's function in 2 Kings 14 and 2 Chronicles 25 7. Conclusions and implications for the study of Hebrew Bible parables.
Formulation and Solution for the Direct and Inverse Kinematics Problems for Mechanisms and Mechatronics Systems

The formulation of a kinematic analysis problem often leads to a set of nonlinear equations. There are a variety of both numerical and algebraic techniques available to solve such systems of equations, and to give bounds on the number of solutions. In this chapter, the formulations of the direct and inverse kinematics of the most important mechanisms used today are reviewed, along with a variety of solution techniques. The reviewed solution methods include polynomial continuation, Grobner basis, and resultants. The relative merits of these techniques are discussed, and different problem formulations are compared.
Influence of Shear Moduli and Lattice Parameters on the Equilibrium of a Screw Dislocation

Using the Peierls model of a dislocation, the simultaneous effects of shear moduli and lattice parameters on the equilibrium of a screw dislocation in a material composed of soft and hard phases are examined. The dependence of the mobility of dislocations on the hardness of alloys due to these two forms of inhomogeneities is obtained. The existing literature on the subject of a screw dislocation in a bimetallic medium does not consider the effect of differences in lattice parameters and gives the result that a material with higher shear modulus will always repel a dislocation located in a material of lower shear modulus. In contrast to this, it is found that a material with higher shear modulus will either attract or repel a screw dislocation depending on the com bination of elastic constants and lattice parameters for the medium. The use of continuous distribution of dislocations removes the diffi culties encountered by a singular model when the dislocation approaches the interface.
Immune response to phosphorylcholine. VI. Restricted heterogeneity in inhibition of plaque formation by anti-idiotypic antibody.

Anti-idiotypic antisera against the PC-binding Balb/c myeloma protein H8 were induced in A/He and Balb/c mice and a rabbit anti-H8 antiserum was rendered specific for the H8 idiotype by absorption. These different anti-idiotypic antisera were compared using inhibition of anti-PC plaque formation by immune Balb/c spleen cells. The inhibition profiles of the murine anti-idiotypic antisera resemble the inhibition curve obtained by free hapten PC while the heterologous anti-idiotypic antiserum has a profile similar to one obtained with a heterologous anti-μ serum. This finding indicates restriction in specificity and antibody heterogeneity of homologous and isologous and isologous anti-idiotypic antibodies raised against the H8 idiotype.
Using Standard Tools to Build an Open, Client/Server Prototype

This paper will benefit software developers, MIS managers, and end users because it will help explain some of the practical benefits and implications of the Open Software Foundation (OSF) Distributed Computing Environment (DCE) in the context of a prototype application environment that was developed using the OSF DCE. The environment, a Financial Desktop, consists of a series of OSF Motif and MicrosoftWindows based clients which obtain information and resources transparently from a series of DCE based services, that reside on a range of heterogeneous computing hardware and software, including multivendor operating systems, networks, architectures, and databases. This paper will explain how DCE was used to implement this Financial Desktop in such a way that installed assets were leveraged, new technologies were integrated, and the focus of control for this environment has shifted away from a single hardware or software vendor. The use of the DCE remote procedure call (RPC) is discussed with respect to the role that it plays in this environment.
idDock+: Integrating Machine Learning in Probabilistic Search for Protein-Protein Docking.

Abstract Predicting the three-dimensional native structures of protein dimers, a problem known as protein–protein docking, is key to understanding molecular interactions. Docking is a computationally challenging problem due to the diversity of interactions and the high dimensionality of the configuration space. Existing methods draw configurations systematically or at random from the configuration space. The inaccuracy of scoring functions used to evaluate drawn configurations presents additional challenges. Evidence is growing that optimization of a scoring function is an effective technique only once the drawn configuration is sufficiently similar to the native structure. Therefore, in this article we present a method that employs optimization of a sophisticated energy function, FoldX, only to locally improve a promising configuration. The main question of how promising configurations are identified is addressed through a machine learning method trained a priori on an extensive dataset of functionally d...
The Challenge of Student Assessment in the Online Classroom.

With the proliferation of online instruction, questions have arisen regarding the challenges of meaningful student assessment in the online classroom. This paper examines that concern using the literature and the observations of a panel of faculty experts who exhibit various levels of concern about cheating and plagiarism in the online classroom. Suggestions are offered as to how to overcome these challenges. The authors conclude with recommendations including the strategic use of unique frequent opportunities for assessment.
THE URBAN IMAGINATION OF SOCIOLOGISTS:. The Centrality of Place

(1998). The Urban Imagination of Sociologists: The Centrality of Place. The Sociological Quarterly: Vol. 39, No. 1, pp. 1-10.
Hegemony and Difference in Political Movements: Articulating Networks of Equivalence

This article argues that in the context of the tension between Old Left reductionism and the political fragmentation associated with many postmodern and post-structuralist alternatives, one fruitful way to conceive of contemporary political movements is to imagine them as counter-hegemonic articulations of differentiated but equivalent popular struggles, a formation I call “networks of equivalence.” The article also explores the related dilemma between centralization and decentralization in debates about how those networks should be organized. In order to flesh out how such counter-hegemonic movements might look, and to suggest something of their potential, the article sketches a brief case study of a political movement in Seattle that has had some success building networks of equivalence.
Patient characteristics that are associated with continued pessary use versus surgery after 1 year.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to identify patient characteristics in women with symptomatic pelvic organ prolapse that is associated with continued pessary use versus surgery after 1 year. Study design: Fifty-nine women with symptomatic pelvic organ prolapse who were satisfied with their pessary at 2 months were evaluated prospectively at 1 year. Characteristics of women who continued to use a pessary were compared with women who underwent pelvic reconstructive surgery to identify predictors for continued pessary use versus surgery. Results: Forty-three women (73%) continued pessary use, and 16 women (27%) underwent surgery. Characteristics that were associated with continued pessary use were older age (76 vs 61 years; p ! .001) and poor surgical risk (26% vs 0%; P Z .03). Characteristics that were associated with surgery were sexual activity (81% vs 26%; P ! .001), stress incontinence (44% vs 16%; P Z .03), stage III-IV posterior vaginal wall prolapse (44% vs 16%; P Z .03), and desire for surgery at the first visit (63% vs 12%; P ! .001). Age R65 years was the best cut-off value for continued pessary use, with sensitivity of 95% (95% CI, 84%, 99%) and a positive predictive value of 87% (95% CI, 74%, 94%). Logistic regression demonstrated that age R65 years (P ! .001), stage III-IV posterior vaginal wall prolapse (P Z .007), and desire for surgery (P Z .04) were independent predictors. Conclusion: Age R65 years was associated highly with continued pessary use. Desire for surgery and stage III-IV posterior vaginal wall prolapse were associated with discontinued pessary use and pelvic reconstructive surgery.
Methods for perfusing the giant axon of Loligo pealii.

It was possible to perfuse the interior of the giant axon of Loligo pealii or forbesi, [C. S. Spyropoulos, I. Tasaki and T. Teorell, National Institutes of Health Annual Report, NINDB, 1959; Baker, P. F., A. L. Hodgkin and T. D. Shaw, Preprint of Proc. Physiol. SOC. (1961); also cited in preprint, Baker, P. F. and T. D. Shaw (1961), Plymouth Marine Biological Laboratory report for 1960-1961 (in press)] with an artificial solution and maintain the resting potential and the ability of the axon to produce normal action potentials. The technique employed (Diagram A) in the first series of experiments was as follows: Using an axon of Loligo pealii about 25-35 mm in length, a column of axoplasm was removed by introducing a capillary (300 p in diameter). Subsequently each end of the axon was cannulated using glass pipettes (approx. 200-300 ,/A in diameter) and fine nylon thread. The perfusing fluid was introduced through one cannula and drained through the other. The rate of perfusion varied; in most experiments it was of the order of 0.01 ml/sec. The perfusion rate was usually but not always controlled with the Phipps and Bird Syringe-Driver. This rapid rate effected a rapid equilibration of the diffusible components of the intracellular space. A pair of silver wires was introduced through the cannula for stimulation and recording (under space clamp conditions). This electrode assembly facilitated drainage by guiding the perfusate from the ejecting to the withdrawing cannula. In another series of experiments, this was accomplished by means of a calomel micropipette which was also used as a potential recording electrode. In later experiments, simpler methods were used and longer axons (35-50 mm). In the method illustrated by diagram B a long glass capillary ( 3 5 0 , ~ in diameter) with a long slit (20 mm long and 100 p in width) on one side was employed.
Kinetics of true mean-field Ising models and the Langevin equation: A comparison.

We compare the exact kinetics of the Langevin equation and two kinetic Ising models for the case of true mean-field interactions. Kinetic Ising model I is the traditional Monte Carlo approach\char21{}spins are picked at random and flipped according to a heat-bath probabiilty function. In analogy to diffusive mechanisms in crystals, model II incorporates a large energy barrier to motion and the spin-flip rate is exponentially activated. The behaviors of these two spin-flip models are in general fundamentally different. The model-I kinetics saturate with increasing driving enthalpy while the model-II kinetics do not. If the Langevin kinetic coefficient \ensuremath{\Gamma} is taken to be constant, agreement between the Langevin and spin-flip kinetics is limited to the linear-response regime. However, if \ensuremath{\Gamma} is allowed to vary with the instantaneous magnetization, good agreement extends to the intermediate-driving-force regime scrF\ensuremath{\sim}0.5${\mathit{k}}_{\mathit{B}}$T. For large driving forces scrF\ensuremath{\gtrsim}${\mathit{k}}_{\mathit{B}}$T, the Langevin kinetics is intrinsically different from that of either spin model.
Direct hybridization and amplification applications for the diagnosis of infectious diseases

We are entering an exciting new era of molecular diagnostics in the clinical microbiology laboratory. A number of perspectives are presented in this review. First presented was a discussion of molecular diagnostics for detection of the bacterium, Chlamydia trachomatis. This is especially relevant since the tests available for this organism represent the forefront of commercial systems. Also, these tests exemplify the difficulties and advantages inherent to future molecular diagnostics for all types of disease processes. Next, a discussion of the techniques thus far employed in the field of clinical microbiology is presented. Obvious overlap exists with other areas of molecular pathology. However, the emphasis is on which techniques have proven most useful in identifying infectious agents. Finally, the features of a successful clinical microbiology diagnostics laboratory are presented, including test component requirements, laboratory personnel, quality assurance techniques, and physical laboratory setting. It is hoped that helpful advice and references are provided that will assist individual clinical laboratories as they enter the field of molecular diagnostics of infectious diseases.
CULTIVATION OF A FILAMENTOUS ALGA IN QUANTITY ON AGAR PLATES1,2

SUMMARY A method for the cultivation of Zygnema in quantity on agar plates is described. Axenic filaments were chopped with razor blades, and 4 ml of the suspension of short filaments in nutrient medium were transferred with a syringe to 1% agarized nutrient medium plates. Filamentous growth uniformly covered agar plates in 10 days or less.
Systems possibilities for an early GARP experiment

COSPAR Working Group 6 (Application of Space Experiments to Meteorology; Morris Tepper, Chairman) completed a special report on ‘Systems Possibilities for an Early GARP Experiment.’ The report was requested by the ICSUWMO Joint Organizing Committee for GARP (JOC) and presented to the committee at their recent meeting in Princeton, New Jersey. Twenty-four technical experts from seven countries (France, USA, USSR Federal Republic of Germany, German Democratic Republic, Japan, United Kingdom), WMO and JOC met in London in October 1968 to review the development status and applicability to GARP of various observing techniques and to decide what techniques could be combined in the mid-1970's to provide observational capability for a large-scale but not necessarily complete GARP experiment.
Thermodynamic modeling of algal cell–solid substrate interactions

Abstract The process of microalgal cell attachment to solid-carrier surfaces was simulated through a thermodynamic model. The modeling results showed that, for most microbes, when the polar surface energy of the cell is smaller than that of water, cellular attachment would be more favorable on materials with higher dispersive surface energy but lower polar surface energy. If the polar surface energy of the cell is greater than that of water, more cell attachment would be expected on materials that are higher in both dispersive and polar surface energies. Modeling results qualitatively matched experimental data in the attachment of a freshwater alga, Scenedesmus dimorphus, and a marine alga, Nannochloropsis oculata, on five materials (nylon, stainless steel, polycarbonate, polypropylene, and glass). The model was also validated by published literature data on a wider variety of microbes and materials, indicating that the model developed can be applicable in designing, selecting, and matching algal strains and solid carrier materials to enhance cell attachment.
Temperature Effect on Inactivation Kinetics of Escherichia coli O157:H7 by Electron Beam in Ground Beef, Chicken Breast Meat, and Trout Fillets

Ground beef, boneless skinless chicken breast meat, and boneless skinless trout fillets were inoculated with Escherichia coli O157:H7 and incubated to approximately 109 colony forming units per gram (CFU/g). Following incubation, temperature of the meat samples was equilibrated to −20, 4, and 22 °C. The meat samples at different temperatures were subjected to one-sided electron beam (e-beam) with fixed energy at 10 million electron volts (MeV) and doses at 0 (control), 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0 kGy. The survivors were enumerated using a standard spread-plating method. The survivor curves were plotted on logarithmic scale as a function of e-beam dose for each meat sample subjected to e-beam at different temperatures. The D-values were calculated as a negative reciprocal of the slope of the survivor curves. The D-values for E. coli ranged from 0.22 to 0.35 kGy in trout at 4 °C and chicken at −20 °C, respectively. The D-values were different between meat types. Regardless of temperature, E. coli in chicken had highest D-value followed by beef and trout. The D-values for E. coli in frozen samples were higher than D-values in samples irradiated at 4 and 22 °C regardless of species. Although there were numerical differences between D-values for samples subjected to e-beam while chilled (4 °C) or frozen (−20 °C), they were statistically insignificant. Water radiolysis is considered as an indirect mechanism for microbial inactivation. Therefore, while the physical state of water (frozen or unfrozen) in foods seems the major contributor to microbial inactivation by e-beam due to water radiolysis, product temperature most likely plays a minor role.
Fourier inversion of LEED data

Abstract Low-energy electron diffraction intensity profiles are Fourier inverted. The optical transform is more suitable for LEED than the usual cosine transform and yields a quantity related to the autocorrelation function. Transforms of individual LEED profiles taken at different diffraction geometry are not the same, but transforms of averaged, kinematic data give expected autocorrelation functions.
Dynamic reactive astrocytes after focal ischemia

Astrocytes are specialized and most numerous glial cell type in the central nervous system and play important roles in physiology. Astrocytes are also critically involved in many neural disorders including focal ischemic stroke, a leading cause of brain injury and human death. One of the prominent pathological features of focal ischemic stroke is reactive astrogliosis and glial scar formation associated with morphological changes and proliferation. This review paper discusses the recent advances in spatial and temporal dynamics of morphology and proliferation of reactive astrocytes after ischemic stroke based on results from experimental animal studies. As reactive astrocytes exhibit stem cell-like properties, knowledge of dynamics of reactive astrocytes and glial scar formation will provide important insights for astrocyte-based cell therapy in stroke.
Non-context-free grammars generating context-free languages

If G is a grammar such that in each non-context-free rule of G, the right side contains a string of terminals longer than any terminal string appearing between two nonterminals in the left side, then the language generated by G is context free. Six previous results follow as corollaries of this theorem.
Car exhaust dispersion in a street canyon. Numerical critique of a wind tunnel experiment

Abstract Due to increasing car traffic in cities, problems related to car induced air pollution in street canyons have become important. Physical modeling in wind tunnels or numerical codes may be used for dispersion simulation when investigating air quality. Rafailidis [in: Annalen der Meteorologie] carried out an extensive set of test runs recently in the BLASIUS wind tunnel at the Meteorological Institute of the University of Hamburg, Germany. In the present study the wind tunnel experiments were simulated numerically using the CFD-code Fluent®. In a first approach, the idealized two-dimensional case was calculated. Several test runs have been carried out to study the effect of emission rate and source design on flow structures and dispersion in the street canyon. It could be shown that alternative emission conditions and the source design might affect the concentration field within a modeled street canyon. A second set of calculations for a simplified three-dimensional simulation of the street canyon setup was performed to investigate the presence of secondary flow patterns found during wind tunnel tests. The lateral flow structure within the street canyon observed during wind tunnel measurements was simulated, and the effect of changing boundary conditions on the secondary flow structure was studied. In the paper the advantages of CFD simulations for planning wind tunnel dispersion tests are discussed.
Lyn is a redox sensor that mediates leukocyte wound attraction in vivo

Tissue wounding induces the rapid recruitment of leukocytes. Wounds and tumours--a type of 'unhealed wound'--generate hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) through an NADPH oxidase (NOX). This extracellular H(2)O(2) mediates recruitment of leukocytes, particularly the first responders of innate immunity, neutrophils, to injured tissue. However, the sensor that neutrophils use to detect the redox state at wounds is unknown. Here we identify the Src family kinase (SFK) Lyn as a redox sensor that mediates initial neutrophil recruitment to wounds in zebrafish larvae. Lyn activation in neutrophils is dependent on wound-derived H(2)O(2) after tissue injury, and inhibition of Lyn attenuates neutrophil wound recruitment. Inhibition of SFKs also disrupted H(2)O(2)-mediated chemotaxis of primary human neutrophils. In vitro analysis identified a single cysteine residue, C466, as being responsible for direct oxidation-mediated activation of Lyn. Furthermore, transgenic-tissue-specific reconstitution with wild-type Lyn and a cysteine mutant revealed that Lyn C466 is important for the neutrophil wound response and downstream signalling in vivo. This is the first identification, to our knowledge, of a physiological redox sensor that mediates leukocyte wound attraction in multicellular organisms.
Analysis and optimization of CCHP systems based on energy, economical, and environmental considerations

Abstract Analysis of combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) systems is frequently based on reduction of operating cost without measuring the actual energy use and emissions reduction. CCHP systems can be optimized based on different optimization criterion such as: energy savings, operation cost reduction or minimum environmental impact. In this study, CCHP systems operated following the electric load (FEL) and the thermal load (FTL) strategies are evaluated and optimized based on: primary energy consumption (PEC), operation cost, and carbon dioxide emissions (CDE). This study also includes the analysis and evaluation of an optimized operational strategy in which a CCHP system follows a hybrid electric–thermal load (HETS) during its operation. Results show that CCHP systems operating using any of the optimization criteria have better performance than CCHP systems operating without any optimization criteria. For the evaluated city, the optimum PEC and cost reduction are 7.5% and 4.4%, respectively, for CCHP-FTL, while the optimum CDE reduction is 14.8% for CCHP-FEL. Results also show that the HETS is a good alternative for CCHP systems operation since it gives good reduction of PEC, cost, and CDE. This optimized operation strategy provides a good balance among all the variables considered in this paper.
Random Lattice Field Theory: General Formulation

A new type of lattice field theory is formulated in which the sites are chosen randomly in space. An algorithm is given for linking nearby sites; these links form the edges of non-overlapping simplices which fill the entire volume. All physical quantities averaged over such a lattice can therefore be translationally and rotationally symmetric.
Gender-Inclusive Housing Preferences: A Survey of College-Aged Transgender Students

Traditional on-campus housing assignments at colleges and universities are made on the basis of legal sex, where students are housed only with other students of the same legal sex. This method is problematic for transgender and gender-nonconforming students, who may not identify with the gender assigned to them at birth. Recently, some institutions have begun to offer gender-inclusive housing to better serve the needs of transgender and gender-nonconforming students. Colleges and universities take a variety of approaches in incorporating this housing option, with varying results. The present research asked traditionally college-aged transgender and gender-nonconforming people which types of housing they would most prefer when considering living on a college campus. In all, 103 college-aged adults participated in the survey and revealed that apartment-style housing and self-contained singles were the most preferred among five housing options currently in use at various colleges and universities across the ...
Glucose Synthesis in Tritiated Water

Isolated rat or hamster liver parenchymal cells or kidney cortex segments were incubated in a medium containing 3HHO and the incorporation and partial distribution of tritium in the glucose formed was determined. Gluconeogenesis from lactate or pyruvate caused about 80 to 90% of the possible amount (7 μatoms per glucose molecule) of fixation of tritium from 3HHO in glucose, with a high percentage labelling on C-6. Glucose formation from glycogen breakdown under anaerobiosis caused less than 20% of the possible fixation of tritium, with most of the labelling on C-2. This technique may be of eventual use in determining rates and sources of glucose formation.
Gaussian wave packets as probes of the destabilization of phase-space structure in the quantum standard map.

We explore the onset of delocalization as a function of coupling strength for time-dependent wave packets started on specific phase-space structures in the quantum standard map. Coherent-state wave packets, initially placed on fixed points of the classical map, are propagated for a long time and the delocalization is quantitatively measured. In most cases the delocalization occurs rather abruptly as a function of the kicking strength. The relative quantum stability of various phase-space structures is determined.
Attachment, temperament, and ego development in young adulthood

Attachment and temperament have each been thought to contribute to personality development; however, few empirical studies have examined the relations between the two. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate, in young adulthood, the relations among attachment, temperament, and two aspects of ego development, namely,overall ego development and ego development with respect tointimacy. One hundred and seven college students served as participants. Sixty one percent classified themselves as securely attached and 39% as insecurely attached. A factor analysis of the Emotionality-Activity-Sociability (EAS) Temperament Survey for Adults yielded a primary factor (labeled negative emotionality) that accounted for 41% of the variance. A regression analysis then revealed that both attachment status and temperament predicted overall ego development; however, only attachment status predicted ego development with respect to intimacy. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.
Levy's Tahitians: A Model for Ethnopsychology

Robert I. Levyapos;s 1973 book Tahitians: Mind and Experience in the Society Islands was a landmark study in the ethnopsychology of a non-Western culture, explicating not only the terms in which Tahitians experience mental phenomena but also the historical and contemporaneous contexts of social action and interaction that give those terms their cultural meanings and psychological salience. This article briefly reviews the features that distinguished the study at the time and in terms of which it remains an unsurpassed model for future research. Placing Tahitians in the history of ethnopsychology, the article suggests that ethnopsychological studies carried out by insiders trained in anthropology and/or clinical psychiatry provide a needed complement to the daunting achievement represented by Levy's masterwork.
Slope streaks on Mars: A new “wet” mechanism

Slope steaks are one of the most intriguing modern phenomena observed on Mars. They have been mostly interpreted as some specific type of granular flow. We propose another mechanism for slope streak formation on Mars. It involves natural seasonal formation of a modest amount of highly concentrated chloride brines within a seasonal thermal skin, and runaway propagation of percolation fronts. Given the current state of knowledge of temperature regimes and the composition and structure of the surface layer in the slope streak regions, this mechanism is consistent with the observational constraints; it requires an assumption that a significant part of the observed chlorine to be in form of calcium and ferric chloride, and a small part of the observed hydrogen to be in form of water ice. This “wet” mechanism has a number of appealing advantages in comparison to the widely accepted “dry” granular flow mechanism. Potential tests for the “wet” mechanism include better modeling of the temperature regime and observations of the seasonality of streak formation.
The growth and annealing of stacking fault tetrahedra

Abstract Migrating steps of atomistic height on the faces of stacking fault tetrahedra can cause tetrahedra growth as well as shrinkage. The geometry and the free energy of the two basic types of such steps (or “ledges”) are considered and the point defect supersaturations required for their generation and migration are calculated. The observed annealing behavior of stacking fault tetrahedra in gold can be accounted for on the basis of two different mechanisms, both requiring that the line energy of the ledges is much lower than has been believed in the past. Since the thus inferred low values of the ledge energies are consistent with new theoretical estimates, they are tentatively assumed to be correct. As a consequence, intersection jogs on extended dislocations should themselves be extended. Three previously unknown modes of the collapse of tetrahedra, all of them leading to a 1 2 〈110〉 prismatic dislocation loop, are described. By their inversion, tetrahedra can be formed from 1 2 〈110〉 loops.
Directional Bimodality in Nearshore, Surface Water Wave Energy Spectra, Georgia, USA

Surface water wave measurements in coastal Georgia, USA are considered. The dataset includes non-directional wave energy spectra measured via pressure transducers at two locations; non-directional, wave buoy-derived observations at a third; and directional wave buoy observations at a fourth, closest to shore. Mean depths at the observation sites range from 14 to 44 m. Measurements of non-directional surface wave energy spectra and the resulting bulk wave parameters (height, period) are compared at the four locations to reveal spatial and temporal variations. Directional characteristics of the waves are investigated at the nearshore site. A new, simple definition for directionally bimodal spectra is proposed and applied. The importance of directional bimodality when considering problems that are sensitive to wave direction, such as longshore sediment transport, is demonstrated. Neglect of directional bimodality via the use of a single mean wave direction can lead to significant errors in computation of lon...
Fluctuation Phenomena in Layered Superconductors

Although there has been a great deal of interest in the properties of high temperature superconductors, many, if not most of these properties have previously been observed in other layered superconductors[1]. One such property is the role of Gaussian fluctuations above the transition temperature T c, a principal topic of this meeting. Gaussian fluctuations above T c were studied in a number of low-T c layered superconductors back in the 1970’s. The second principal topic of this meeting, the role of vortex fluctuations, has also been seen in similar low-T c materials, but only recently, since the novel behaviors were not as evident. With regard to both topics, the low-T c compounds most similar to the high-T c, cuprates are the transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) and their intercalates. As for the high-T c cuprates, those materials are layered, and TMDs contain examples which are strikingly similar to high-T c materials in just about every way except for the value of T c.
An RFLP adjacent to the maize waxy gene has the structure of a transposable element

Two maize inbred lines harbor non-mutant waxy (Wx) genes that display restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) upstream from the start of Wx transcription. Sequencing of this region in the two strains revealed a DNA insertion with the structural features of a transposable element. The insertion is 316 bp in length, has 15 bp imperfect inverted repeats and is flanked by a 5 bp direct repeat generated upon insertion. Sequences homologous to this insertion are present in multiple copies in maize and its relatives teosinte and Tripsacum but not in the more distantly related dicot tobacco. Finally, this element is not homologous with any previously described maize DNA insertion.
13C NMR measurement of flux through alanine aminotransferase by inversion- and saturation-transfer methods

Abstract Rate constants for the reaction catalyzed by alanine aminotransferase were measured by 13C saturation transfer and inversion transfer between the enriched methyl groups of pyruvate and alanine. At a high enzyme concentration four techniques provided a reasonable estimate of parameters. (1) saturation transfer, (2) nonlinear least-squares fitting of inversion-transfer data, (3) linear least-squares fitting of the initial slopes of inversion-transfer data, and (4) a combination of initial slope and saturation-transfer data. At a lower concentration of enzyme, the saturation-transfer method provided the most accurate determination of rate constants. An inversion-transfer experiment produces a series of measurements of magnetization at various delays after inversion from which the parameters of interest may be determined by nonlinear least-squares fitting. Error in the determined parameters is influenced by the delays at which data are acquired, the number of data points acquired, and error in the measurement of magnetization. In the presence of significant noise in the data, the complete inversion-transfer experiment (inversion of both sites, sequentially) must be analyzed for an accurate determination of the parameters. If the inversion-transfer experiment is performed, an experimental protocol that minimizes error in the parameters may be designed to efficiently acquire inversion-transfer data if an estimate of the parameters and error in measurement of magnetization is available. The most efficient approach is the combination of initial slope data from the inversion-transfer experiment with measurement of equilibrium magnetization during saturation.
The Temperature of Sliding Contacts: Application to the Anisotropic Half-Space

The heat conduction equations and sliding contact temperatures of an anisotropic half-space have been investigated. Equations for beth the two-dimensional (band heat source) and three-dimensional (rectangular patch heat source) cases are developed from the basic equations of anisotropic solid heat conduction and subsequently examined using thermophysical properties from typical polymer matrix composite materials of varying continuous fiber orientation and thermal conductivities. The results indicate a significant variation in the interfacial contact temperatures, depending on the orientation of the thermal conductivities. In general, the basic form of the temperature distribution in the plane of contact does not vary with thermal conductivity orientation, however, the magnitude of the relative temperature rise in the contact region does depend on this orientation. When the highest relative thermal conductivity direction is in the plane of contact and parallel to the sliding direction, the relative tempera...
Protection of astrocytes by fructose 1,6-bisphosphate and citrate ameliorates neuronal injury under hypoxic conditions

Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (FBP) protects astrocytes from hypoxic injury in vitro. To determine whether FBP and citrate (inhibitors of phosphofructokinase) ameliorate hypoxia-induced injury to neurons and, if they do, whether the protective effects are a direct result of their actions on neurons or a consequence of their actions on astrocytes, we added FBP or citrate to the media of normoxic and hypoxic 'pure', mixed and co-culture systems. FBP (3.5 mM) and citrate (10 microM-2 mM) decreased release of LDH from astrocytes following 24 h of hypoxia. Eight hours of hypoxia killed pure neuronal cultures and neither FBP nor citrate prevented this death. However, in mixed and co-culture systems, FBP and citrate increased neuronal viability (as determined by the ratio of live-to-total cells), even after 47 h of hypoxia. In co-culture, following 24 h of hypoxia, both FBP and citrate reduced neuronal release of LDH and neuronal death. Fluorocitrate, a suicidal-inhibitor of aconitase, also protected astrocytes, but not neurons, from hypoxia in 'pure' culture, presumably by increasing intracellular citrate concentrations through inhibition of the catalysis of citrate to isocitrate We conclude that FBP and citrate attenuate hypoxic neuronal injury through their effects on astrocytes.
Quantitation of Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransport splice variants in human tissues using kinetic polymerase chain reaction.

Abstract A kinetic reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)-based assay is described that can discriminate and quantitate differentially spliced mRNAs. This assay should be generally applicable for high-throughput quantitation of differentially spliced transcripts. The utility of this method was assessed for spliced transcripts encoded by the human Na+-K+-2Cl− cotransporter gene hNKCC1. Evidence is presented that the NKCC1 isoform of the human Na+-K+-2Cl− cotransporter is differentially spliced analogous to that recently described for the mouse Na+-K+-2Cl− cotransporter gene BSC2. The nucleotide sequences of the two human splice variants predict Na+-K+-2Cl− cotransporter proteins differing only in length. Stable transfectants expressing these human splice variants, designated NKCC1a or NKCC1b, were constructed. Both splice variants produce functional Na+-K+-2Cl− cotransporters in vivo. The abundance of NKCC1 mRNA and patterns of differential splicing in 10 different tissue types and three cell lines were quantitated using the kRT-PCR assay. The results showed that the total amount of NKCC1 mRNA varied by more than 30-fold in the human tissues and cell lines examined. The ratio of NKCC1a/NKCC1b varied nearly 70-fold among these same tissues and cell lines suggesting that differential splicing of the NKCC1 transcript may play a regulatory role in human tissues.
Recovery of components of fluorescence spectra of mixtures by intensity- and anisotropy decay-associated analysis: The bacterial luciferase intermediates

Abstract Reaction of FMNH 2 and O 2 with bacterial luciferase followed by blue light irradiation results in a product previously claimed to have the same fluorescence spectral distribution as the bioluminescence. Preparations of this “high fluorescence” intermediate, however, contain two fluorescent components, one from the intermediate and the other its breakdown product, FMN. Since the intermediate has a fluorescence lifetime of around 10 ns and a rotational correlation time in the range of 100 ns, compared to 5.0 and 0.15 ns, respectively, for the FMN, the two components can be successfully resolved from the total fluorescence by an anisotropy decay- and fluorescence decay-associated analysis employing simultaneous global computational methods. The fluorescence spectra of the intermediates from two types of luciferase were analyzed in this way; one luciferase was from Vibrio harveyi and the other was from an unusual type of V. fischeri that had an in vivo bioluminescence maximum at 505 nm, a wavelength almost 20 nm longer than that of the V. harveyi bioluminescence. For V. harveyi the true fluorescence of the intermediate is distinct from the bioluminescence, being found at a wavelength about 10 nm longer. For the type of V. fischeri examined, any difference in the two spectra is less certain. A control experiment with the dye 8-amino-1-naphthalenesulfonate bound to BSA and mixed with FMN recovered the original spectrum of the bound dye accurately.
Comments from Direct Photon Round Table Discussion

Much beautiful experimental and theoretical work was presented, which led me to the following observations.
Reviewer’s Comment concerning “Multiaxial high modularity spinopelvis (HSMP) fixation device in neuromuscular scoliosis—a comparative study” (ESJO-D-13-00331R1 by Jin-Ho Hwang, Hitesh N. Modi, Seung-Woo Suh, Jae-Hyuk Yang, Jae-Young Hong)

The authors publish on a new technique of pelvic fixation called “Multiaxial high modularity spinopelvis (HSMP) fixation device in neuromuscular scoliosis”. They report on 27 patients using such pelvic fixation and compare it to a historic control when they were using a classic pelvic fixation. Both groups are identical. Similar clinical and radiological results were obtained using conventional and “HSMP”-based pelvic fixation in patients with paralytic neuromuscular scoliosis.
Functional Performance of Preterm Children at Age 4

Functional performance, a child's ability to perform the tasks of daily living and to fulfill expected social roles, is now recommended in follow-up of preterm children. This study examined neonatal, preschool health, and motor effects on functional performance at age 4. The sample of 155 infants, classified by perinatal morbidity and birth weight, was assessed during a home visit. Neonatal illness, socioeconomic status, preschool health, and motor predictors explained 44% of the variance in functional performance. Functional performance is a useful clinical measure to understand how well preterm children perform age-expected daily activities as well as the family burden of preterm sequelae.
Functional Significance of Ipsilesional Motor Deficits After Unilateral Stroke

Abstract Chestnut C, Haaland KY. Functional significance of ipsilesional motor deficits after unilateral stroke. Objective To determine whether ipsilesional motor skills, which have been related to independent functioning, are present chronically after unilateral stroke and are more common in people with apraxia than in those without apraxia. Design Observational cohort comparing the performance of an able-bodied control group, stroke patients with left- or right-hemisphere damage matched for lesion volume, and left-hemisphere stroke patients with and without ideomotor limb apraxia. Setting Primary care Veterans Affairs and private medical center. Participants Volunteer right-handed sample; stroke patients with left- or right-hemisphere damage about 4 years poststroke; a control group of demographically matched, able-bodied adults. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Total time to perform the (1) Williams doors test and the (2) timed manual performance test (TMPT), which includes parts of the Jebsen-Taylor Hand Function Test. Results Ipsilesional motor deficits were present after left- or right-hemisphere stroke when using both measures, but deficits were consistently more common in patients with limb apraxia only for the TMPT. Conclusions These findings add to a growing literature that suggests that ipsilesional motor deficits may have a functional impact in unilateral stroke patients, especially in patients with ideomotor limb apraxia.
Confidence Intervals for the Mean of Lognormal Data with Excess Zeros

In this paper, we consider an approach based on the adjusted signed log-likelihood ratio statistic for constructing a confidence interval for the mean of lognormal data with excess zeros. An extensive simulation study suggests that the proposed approach outperforms all the existing methods in terms of coverage probabilities and symmetry of upper and lower tail error probabilities. Finally, we analyzed two real-life datasets using the proposed approach.
AAEM minimonograph #46: neurogenic muscle hypertrophy.

Muscle hypertrophy occurs uncommonly in several neurogenic disorders including neuropathies, radiculopathies, spinal muscular atrophy, and post-polio syndrome. Its pathogenesis varies in different circumstances. In the presence of generalized myokymia and neuromyotonia (Isaacs' syndrome), symmetrical hypertrophy appears to be the result of continuous spontaneous electrical stimulation of myofibers and, in some cases, results in type 1 myofiber preponderance. Focal hypertrophy occurring with radiculopathies and mononeuropathies was associated with complex repetitive discharges (CRDs) in approximately half the cases. CRDs may play a role in the pathogenesis of myofiber hypertrophy by continuous myofiber stimulation, but in some cases, with and without CRDs, myofiber hypertrophy may be related to mechanical events. Muscle enlargement seen in old polio appears to involve a significant degree of pseudohypertrophy, although some myofiber hypertrophy occurs. The symmetrical occurrence of hypertrophy in genetically determined disorders, such as spinal muscular atrophy, and hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy types 1 and 2 may have both a genetic and a mechanical basis in addition to pseudohypertrophy in some cases. © 1996 American Association of Electrodiagnostic Medicine. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.