cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pressure is nothing without control: Evolution of control valve design

ABSTRACT Delphi Diesel Systems has developed a range of Ultra High Pressure Common Rail fuel systems, with up to 3000 bar capability to enable Medium and Heavy Duty Vehicles to meet the requirements of Euro VI, US13 and future emissions legislation. The key component to meeting these requirements is achieving precise and consistent control of injection events. The latest concept of nozzle needle control is built upon existing class-leading 3-way valve technology featured in E3 (Electronic unit injector) and E3P (Electronic Unit pump) systems achieving minimal pressure drop whilst maintaining excellent minimum quantity control at all rail pressures. This technology provides major advantages over more traditional 2-way and statically leakless valves. To meet and exceed the Euro VI requirements whilst improving the efficiency of the injector, difficulties were encountered with durability early in the development process. This necessitated the evolution in concept, as detailed in this paper. Through the development of solenoid valve control, the current design provides significant improvements to durability and consistency of manufacture whilst meeting the performance expectations of current and future markets. The Delphi Euro VI injector concept has been designed for application across two key platforms: Distributed Pump Common Rail System (DPCRS) and Remote Pump Common Rail System (RPCRS). The technology delivers precise and repeatable control of injection events combined with ultra high pressures across all engine operating conditions, therefore reducing the burden upon complex and expensive exhaust after-treatment systems.
A face-area-weighted ‘centroid’ formula for finite-volume method that improves skewness and convergence on triangular grids

Abstract This paper proposes a face-area-weighted ‘centroid’ as a superior alternative to the geometric centroid for defining a local origin in a cell-centered finite-volume method on triangular grids. It is demonstrated theoretically and numerically that the face-area-weighted ‘centroid’ can reduce grid skewness and improve iterative convergence for triangular grids. It is also shown that source terms do not have to be integrated over a cell and can be evaluated simply at the local origin without losing the design order of accuracy. Numerical results demonstrate that the face-area-weighted ‘centroid’ improves iterative convergence of an implicit defect-correction second-order finite-volume solver for inviscid and viscous flow problems on regular and irregular triangular grids.
Estimation of Eddy Current Winding Losses in Soft-Switching Solid-State Transformer

The high frequency (HF) transformer is a critical component of any solid state transformer. In the case of soft-switching solid-state transformer (S4T), the HF transformer is similar to a flyback transformer with the addition of transition stages, resulting in some atypical operating modes. Only one winding is active during the active energy transfer time. However, there is significant proximity effect induced eddy current losses in the inactive winding. During the transition times, both the windings are carrying very HF currents (10-20 times switching frequency) resulting in significant AC copper loss even though the transition period is small (5-10% of switching period). This paper explains the nature of these eddy currents in the open winding and during transitions stages, which are unique to S4T, and presents analysis to evaluate these losses. Mathematical derivations to calculate these unique AC losses are presented. FEM analysis to verify the analytical method is presented.
Effects of Substrate (Protection and Type) on Ribbed Mussel (Geukensia demissa) Recruitment for Living Shoreline Applications

Moody, J.A.; Gentry, M.J.; Bouboulis, S.A., and Kreeger, D.A., 2020. Effects of substrate (protection and type) on ribbed mussel (Geukensia demissa) recruitment for living shoreline applications. Journal of Coastal Research, 36(3), 619–627. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.Ribbed mussels are the functional dominant species in eastern U.S. salt marshes, providing particulate nutrient filtration and enhanced vegetative growth services. Wetland loss in the Delaware Estuary has resulted in ribbed mussel population declines and increased interest in ecological restoration practices, such as living shorelines. Incorporation of ribbed mussels into restoration applications represents an opportunity to enhance ecological structure and function in shoreline stabilization projects. Since 2008, the Partnership for the Delaware Estuary has implemented 14 living shorelines, with ribbed mussel recruitment exhibiting temporal and spatial variability. To better understand sources of this variability, a three-tiered study was employed to evaluate differences in ribbed mussel recruitment: (1) on previously deployed substrates (2009–10); (2) on exposed vs. protected surfaces; and (3) across a variety of substrates. Results showed that on aged living shorelines, ribbed mussel density was greater on oyster shell bags than on coir fiber logs and the unaltered marsh edge. On newly deployed experimental materials, recruitment was higher on the surface of shell bags when protected by mesh but was only <8% of total bag recruitment and did not differ between protected and unprotected shell bags. Mussel recruitment was greater on oyster shell and Oyster Castle® than on coir fiber recruitment tiles, and also on those protected by shell bag mesh than by coir fiber or without protection. Therefore, living shorelines that incorporate ribbed mussel refuge in the form of protected surfaces and interstitial space can facilitate recruitment and persistence, enhancing populations and their associated water quality services.
Endobronchial valve treatment of persistent alveolopleural fistulae in a patient with cystic fibrosis and empyema.

Abstract Persistent air leak (PAL) is a common problem after secondary pneumothorax due to cystic fibrosis (CF). These leaks, caused by either bronchopleural or alveolopleural fistula, are associated with higher morbidity and mortality [1] . Air leaks are traditionally treated with chronic chest tube drainage, chemical pleurodesis, or autologous blood patching in non-surgical candidates [1] . However, these strategies can increase infectious risk or pleural scarring, which are associated with poorer lung transplant surgical outcomes. Endobronchial valve (EBV) placement, while FDA-approved for use in both some surgical PALs and bronchoscopic volume reduction therapy, is one alternative option, but it could theoretically increase the risk of infection, especially in CF patients. Here, we report the case of a CF patient under evaluation for lung transplant who received EBVs for PAL after bilateral secondary spontaneous pneumothoraces.
Highly-excited state properties of cumulenone chlorides in the vacuum-ultraviolet

Recent observations of chloromethane in interstellar environments suggest that other organohalogens, which are known to be critically important in Earth's atmosphere, may also be of significance beyond our own terrestrial veil. This raises the question of how such molecules behave under extreme conditions such as when exposed to vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) radiation. VUV photons promote molecules to highly excited states that fragment in non-statistical patterns controlled by the initial femtosecond dynamics. A detailed understanding of VUV-driven photochemistry in complex organic molecules that consist of more than one functional group is a particularly challenging task. This quantum chemical analysis reports the electronic states and ionization potentials up to the VUV range (6–11 eV) of the chlorine-substituted cumulenone series molecules. The valence and Rydberg properties of lone-pair terminated, π-conjugated systems are explored for their potential resonance with lone pairs from elsewhere in the system. The carbon chain elongation within the family ClHCnO, where n = 1–4, influences the electronic excitations, associated wavefunctions, and ionization potentials of the molecules. The predicted geometries and ionization potentials are in good agreement with the available experimental photoelectron spectra for formyl chloride and chloroketene, n = 1–2. Furthermore, comparison between the regular cumulenone species and the corresponding chlorinated derivatives exhibit similar behaviors especially for n = 3, where the allene backbone in propadienone chloride is severely bent. Most notably for the excited states is that the Rydberg character becomes more dominant as the energy increases, with some retaining valence characters.
Effect of etching on the oxidation of zinc selenide surfaces characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

Abstract The surface chemistry of zinc selenide (ZnSe) was studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) as a function of various surface treatments, including etching in solutions of hydrochloric acid (HCl), potassium permanganate:sulfuric acid (KMnO4:H2SO4), and ammonium hydroxide:ethanol (NH4OH:C2H6O). Samples were also treated in a UV-ozone (UV-O3) chamber, which removes organic contamination, but increases oxidation. All spectra were referenced to that of a clean ZnSe surface, obtained by cleaving a sample in vacuum. By applying consistent peak fitting to all samples, and correlating the trends for each component, we are able to distinguish between various oxide and hydroxide contributions. All etches preferentially remove Zn, leaving a Se-rich surface with Zn/Se ~ 0.8, and virtually all ZnO and SeO2 is removed, although oxygen and carbon is detected due reabsorption from the etch solution and air exposure. After UV-O3-treatment, the signals for ZnO and SeO2 are significantly increased for the HCl and KMnO4:H2SO4-etched samples. However, on the NH4OH:C2H6O-etched sample, hydrogen-containing species are likely trapped in the amorphous Se top layer, which after UV-O3 treatment contribute to the formation of SeOH and ZnOH, rather than SeO2 and ZnO, as well as desorption of surplus Se though H2Se, resulting in a close to stoichiometric ZnSe.
Toward Brief Dual Antiplatelet Therapy and P2Y12 Inhibitors for Monotherapy After PCI

The optimal duration of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) after percutaneous coronary intervention remains a controversial topic. The European Society of Cardiology and the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association recommend at least 6 and 12 months of DAPT after PCI in patients with stable coronary artery disease or acute coronary syndrome, respectively. Although prolonging DAPT duration reduces ischemic events, it is associated with higher rates of bleeding and possible fatal outcomes. The DAPT score can be an important tool to identify patients who may still benefit from prolonged therapy. Nevertheless, several recent randomized controlled trials showed that shortening DAPT duration from 12 to 1–3 months reduces bleeding rates without significantly increasing ischemic event rates. These trials also suggested replacing acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) with P2Y12 inhibitors after short-term DAPT. We review and compare past and present studies regarding DAPT and analyze the evidence favoring a short DAPT duration and the long-term single antiplatelet agent of choice.
Growth and characterization of low-temperature Si1-xSnx on Si using plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition

Silicon-tin (Si1-xSnx) films have been grown using plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition on Si (001) substrate. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy characterization of the thin films show successful substitutional incorporation of Sn in Si lattice up to 3.2%. The X-ray diffraction characterizations show epitaxial growth of Si1-xSnx films (001) direction. The Sn incorporation has been measured using X-ray photoelectron spectrometry and the film uniformity was confirmed using energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry.
India in the United States Press: Framing US South Asia policy:

This article employs qualitative research to examine the media depiction of India in The Washington Post after the Cold War. The published literature has laid out that India and the USA became alli...
Eponyms in clinical chemistry.

Abstract Background Eponyms are commonly used in medicine, but there are no specific studies of the use of eponyms in clinical chemistry. Methods Clinical chemistry eponyms were manually collected from books, review articles and journal articles from 1847 through 2020. Eponym usage was examined by searching titles and abstracts in PubMed. Custom Python scripts were used to first permute eponyms into multiple forms, and then to search PubMed using Biopython. The eponyms identified in PubMed were further focused on 2 clinical chemistry journals Clinica Chimica Acta [CCA] and Clinical Chemistry [CCJ]. Results The manual collection identified >300 eponyms in clinical chemistry. The Biopython search of PubMed identified a subset of 97 unique eponyms in 33,232 articles. PubMed identified 26 eponyms used in 130 CCA articles; whereas a full-text search identified 1187 articles. In comparison, PubMed identified 36 eponyms used in 158 CCJ articles; whereas a full-text CCJ search identified 708 articles. PubMed shows that the journals CCA and CCJ had a peak number of eponym citations in 1977 followed by a steady decline. Conclusions Eponyms have been frequently used in clinical chemistry with 97 eponyms in common use in PubMed. Overall, the use of clinical chemistry eponyms appears to be declining.
COVID-19 Educational Innovation: Hybrid In-Person and Virtual Simulation for Emergency Medicine Trainees.

The COVID-19 pandemic has dramatically affected medical education. Emergency medicine (EM) requires excellence in multiple core competencies, including leadership, teamwork and communication skills, as well as procedural experience. To meet these objectives, we developed a hybrid simulation model that accommodated a reduced number of learners in our simulation center to allow for physical distancing, seamlessly integrated with an on-line integrated experience for remote learners. All learners participated or watched one adult and one pediatric simulation case. Fourteen residents participated in live simulation, while six residents and six medical students comprised the remote group. At the end of each case, the live-feed was ended, and separate debriefings were conducted by different EM faculty, in-person and on-line (via Zoom). An electronic survey was then sent to participants to rate the effectiveness of the intervention; 23 survey responses were collected: 52.2% (12) from the live session and 47.2% (11) from the virtual session. Survey results demonstrated that the on-line simulation observation and debriefing had the same, if not better, satisfaction than in-person simulation sessions and debriefings. Due to its success, this new method of hybrid simulation will be our plan for the foreseeable future, at least until COVID-19 abates.
The Impact of Surface Temperature Heterogeneity on Near-Surface Heat Transport

Experimental closure of the surface energy balance during convective periods is a long-standing problem. With experimental data from the Idealized horizontal Planar Array experiment for Quantifying Surface heterogeneity, the terms of the temperature-tendency equation are computed, with an emphasis on the total derivative. The experiment occurred at the Surface Layer Turbulence and Environmental Science Test facility at the U.S. Army Dugway Proving Ground during the summer of 2019. The experimental layout contained an array of 21 flux stations over a 1 km $$^2$$ grid. Sensible heat fluxes show high spatial variability, with maximum variability occurring during convective periods. Maximum variability in the vertical heat flux is 50–80 W m $$^{-2}$$ (median variability of 40%), while in the horizontal flux, it is 200–500 W m $$^{-2}$$ (median variability of 48% for the streamwise and 40% for the spanwise fluxes). Ensemble averages computed during convective afternoon periods show large magnitudes of horizontal advection (48 W m $$^{-3}$$ or 172 K h $$^{-1}$$ ) and vertical flux divergence (13 W m $$^{-3}$$ or 47 K h $$^{-1}$$ ). Probability density functions of the total derivative from convective cases show mean volumetric heating rates of 43 W m $$^{-3}$$ (154 K h $$^{-1}$$ ) compared to 13 W m $$^{-3}$$ (47 K h $$^{-1}$$ ) on non-convective days. A conceptual model based on persistent mean flow structures from local-surface-temperature heterogeneities may explain the observed advection. The model describes the difference between locally-driven advection and advection driven by larger-scale forcings. Of the cases examined, 83% with streamwise and 81% with spanwise advection during unstable periods are classified as locally driven by nearby surface thermal heterogeneities.
Legal and Ethical Challenges for HR in Machine Learning

The technology of machine learning, a type of artificial intelligence, will enable organizations to analyze their use and deployment of human resources (HR) in new ways that ultimately will allow them to manage more effectively, but it will also present challenges for HR managers who are unprepared. In this paper we discuss some of the legal and ethical concerns in the HR context that accompany machine learning. Legal concerns include possible violations of both US employment discrimination laws and the provisions of the European General Data Protection Regulation, while ethical concerns for HR revolve around employee desires for privacy and justice. We assess that some data analysis activities that are legal nonetheless might not be appropriate in some cases and might be demotivating to employees, resulting in lowered performance or even counterproductive behaviors if HR mishandles the context. We conclude by offering guidelines for HR managers to assess the appropriateness of machine learning projects.
Salivary Gland Ultrasonography for Primary Sjögren’s Syndrome and Juvenile Sjögren’s Syndrome

Salivary gland ultrasonography (SGUS) is an ideal imaging tool for salivary gland diseases. SGUS is a safe, painless, inexpensive, noninvasive, nonirradiating, and widely available imaging modality. SGUS has potentially advanced the diagnosis and management of salivary gland diseases, especially in adult patients with primary Sjogren’s syndrome (pSS) and pediatric patients with juvenile Sjogren’s syndrome (jSS). Anechoic/hypoechoic areas and inhomogeneity are the most reliable SGUS findings for pSS and possibly for jSS. New definitions of normal parenchyma and standardized scanning procedure leading to a universal interpretation and a consensus scoring of lesions detected by SGUS have recently developed. This chapter reviews the sonographic anatomy, SGUS scanning technique, normal and abnormal SGUS findings, SGUS scoring system and its usefulness, SGUS findings mimicking SS, and other imaging modalities in SS.
Patient administrative burden in the US health care system.

OBJECTIVE To assess the prevalence of patient administrative tasks and whether they are associated with delayed and/or foregone care. DATA SOURCE March 2019 Health Reform Monitoring Survey. STUDY DESIGN We assess the prevalence of five common patient administrative tasks-scheduling, obtaining information, prior authorizations, resolving billing issues, and resolving premium problems-and associated administrative burden, defined as delayed and/or foregone care. Using multivariate logistic models, we examined the association of demographic characteristics with odds of doing tasks and experiencing burdens. Our outcome variables were five common types of administrative tasks as well as composite measures of any task, any delayed care, any foregone care, and any burden (combined delayed/foregone), respectively. DATA COLLECTION We developed and administered survey questions to a nationally representative sample of insured, nonelderly adults (n = 4155). PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The survey completion rate was 62%. Seventy-three percent of respondents reported performing at least one administrative task in the past year. About one in three task-doers, or 24.4% of respondents overall, reported delayed or foregone care due to an administrative task: Adjusted for demographics, disability status had the strongest association with administrative tasks (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 2.91, p < 0.001) and burden (adjusted OR 1.66, p < 0.001). Being a woman was associated with doing administrative tasks (adjusted OR 2.19, p < 0.001). Being a college graduate was associated with performing an administrative task (adjusted OR 2.79, p < 0.001), while higher income was associated with fewer subsequent burdens (adjusted OR 0.55, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Patients frequently do administrative tasks that can create burdens resulting in delayed/foregone care. The prevalence of delayed/foregone care due to administrative tasks is comparable to similar estimates of cost-related barriers to care. Demographic disparities in burden warrant further attention. Enhancing measurement of patient administrative work and associated burdens may identify opportunities for assessing quality, value, and patient experience.
Improving NGSS focused model-based learning curriculum through the examination of students’ experiences and iterated models

It is crucial to support students in better understanding water and sustainability issues because water plays a vital role in maintaining global ecosystems, including human life. A wide range of cu...
The Majorization Minimization Principle and Some Applications in Convex Optimization

The majorization-minimization (MM) principle is an important tool for developing algorithms to solve optimization problems. This thesis is devoted to the study of the MM principle and applications to convex optimization. Based on some recent research articles, we present a survey on the principle that includes the geometric ideas behind the principle as well as its convergence results. Then we demonstrate some applications of the MM principle in solving the feasible point, closest point, support vector machine, and smallest intersecting ball problems, along with sample MATLAB code to implement each solution. The thesis also contains new results on effective algorithms for solving the smallest intersecting ball problem.
Building Fractional Factorials: a Methodology for Symmetric and Asymmetric Designs

Statisticians have introduced a new class of designs called fractional factorials in which all experimental combinations are neither required nor constructed (e.g. Cox and Enis 1969; Box and Hunter 1961; Banks 1965; Cochran and Cox 1950; Kempthorne 1952; Hicks 1982; Cox 1958). Using fractional factorials, the researcher chooses to trade off information about higher order interactions so as to minimize the costs of research and effectively analyze the remaining fewer combinations (Green 1974; Green and Rao 1971).
Olfactory sensory system develops from coordinated movements within the neural plate.

Background: The peripheral olfactory sensory system arises from morphologically identifiable structures called placodes. Placodes are relatively late developing structures, evident only well after the initiation of somitogenesis. Placodes are generally described as being induced from the ectoderm suggesting that their development is separate from the coordinated cell movements generating the central nervous system. Results: With the advent of modern techniques it is possible to follow the development of the neurectoderm giving rise to the anterior neural tube, including the olfactory placodes. The cell movements giving rise to the optic cup are coordinated with those generating the olfactory placodes and adjacent telencephalon. The formation of the basal lamina separating the placode from the neural tube is coincident with the anterior migration of cranial neural crest. Conclusions: Olfactory placodes are transient morphological structures arising from a continuous sheet of neurectoderm that gives rise to the peripheral and central nervous system. This field of cells is specified at the end of gastrulation and not secondarily induced from ectoderm. The separation of olfactory placodes and telencephalon occurs through complex cell movements within the developing neural plate similar to that observed for the developing optic cup. Developmental Dynamics 243:1619–1631, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Autism and tuberous sclerosis.

The co-occurrence of autism spectrum disorder and tuberous sclerosis complex has been recognized for decades. The prevalence of tuberous sclerosis complex in the autism spectrum disorder population is 1 to 4%, whereas features of autism spectrum disorder are present in 25 to 50% of individuals with tuberous sclerosis complex. The underlying reason for this association might be a nonspecific disruption of brain function owing to tuberous sclerosis complex, including tuber location, seizures and their effect on brain development, cognitive impairment, a disturbance in brain development in regions associated with autism spectrum disorder, or, less likely, a linkage between a TSC gene and an autism susceptibility gene. Awareness of the relationship between autism spectrum disorder and tuberous sclerosis complex is important during the evaluation of individuals with either disorder. Better delineation of the association and its causative factors is needed for the development of possible interventions. (J Child...
Interactions between fibronectin and chondroitin sulfate are modulated by molecular context.

Interactions between fibronectin (FN) and glycosaminoglycans are essential for extracellular matrix morphology and cell adhesion. One of the most abundant glycosaminoglycans is chondroitin sulfate, and here we show that recombinant FNs (deminectins (DN)) containing the carboxyl-terminal cell, heparin, and fibrin domains bind specifically to chondroitin sulfate in affinity chromatography assays. Using a panel of mutant DNs, important determinants for chondroitin sulfate binding have been localized to repeats III13 and III14 within the heparin domain. In particular, mutation of an arginine pair in repeat III13 to neutral residues ablated binding to chondroitin sulfate as we previously reported for heparin (Barkalow, F.J.B., and Schwarzbauer, J.E. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 7812-7818). These results, in combination with the ability of heparin and chondroitin sulfate to compete for binding to DNs, demonstrate that these two glycosaminoglycans interact with similar or overlapping sites in FN. One important difference between FN interactions with heparin and chondroitin sulfate is that, while FN and DNs bound equally to heparin, FN bound less efficiently than DNs to chondroitin sulfate. Reduced binding to chondroitin sulfate was also observed with a larger recombinant FN lacking internal repeats III1-7 indicating that the amino-terminal region acts to limit binding to the carboxyl-terminal domain. Our results demonstrate that interactions between FN and chondroitin sulfate are modulated by molecular context.
Studies on cyclic AMP levels and phosphodiesterase activity in developing sea urchin eggs: Effects of puromycin, 6-dimethylamino purine and aminophylline

Abstract Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (CAMP) was measured in sea urchin eggs by the binding assay method of Gilman and with a radioimmune assay procedure. Intracellular concentrations of the nucleotide in unfertilized eggs were about 1.5 × 10−7 M and rose to about 3 times this value at first cleavage. Aminophylline, a known inhibitor of phosphodiesterase was shown to cause an increase in intracellular levels of CAMP by first cleavage and to inhibit phosphodiesterase activity in homogenates of both unfertilized and fertilized eggs. Puromycin and its purine component, 6-dimethylaminopurine (DMAP), did not cause an increase in intracellular CAMP levels and did not inhibit phosphodiesterase activity at concentrations an order of magnitude higher than those at which they inhibit cell division.
Ethanol consumption decreases alanine uptake by rat basolateral liver plasma membrane vesicles

Abstract Alterations of amino acid metabolism may play an important role in the pathogenesis of ethanol-induced liver disease. Previous studies indicate that ethanol added in vitro inhibits amino acid uptake by cultured hepatocytes and liver plasma membrane vesicles; however, the effect of chronic ethanol consumption on amino acid uptake by the liver remains unknown. Therefore, the present studies were performed to determine if chronic ethanol consumption impairs alanine uptake by rat basolateral liver plasma membrane vesicles. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were pair-fed for 6 weeks a diet containing 36% of calories as ethanol or a control diet in which ethanol was isocalorically replaced with carbohydrate. Chronic ethanol consumption reduced basolateral liver plasma membrane sodium-dependent alanine transport activity by 36.3% ± 15.9% (p
Childrens initial sentiments about kindergarten: Is school liking an antecedent of early classroom participation and achievement?

As children enter kindergarten, the degree to which they like school may be an important determinant of their classroom participation, which in turn may impact their achievement. To explore this premise, data were gathered on school liking, classroom participation, and achievement with a sample of 200 children (M age = 5.58) as they entered and completed kindergarten. Greater support was found for the premise that school liking fosters classroom participation and achievement than for the contention that early participation and achievement increases school liking or identification. Also supported was the premise that children's early academic progress stems from affective processes (e.g., liking school) that are distinct from many other entry factors (e.g., family backgrounds, formative experiences, child's readiness, etc.).
Adjoints of a class of composition operators

Adjoints of certain operators of composition type are calculated. Specifically, on the classical Hardy space H 2 (D) of the open unit disk D operators of the form C B (f) = f o B are considered, where B is a finite Blaschke product. C* B is obtained as a finite linear combination of operators of the form T g A B T h , where g and h are rational functions, T g , T h are associated Toeplitz operators and A B is defined by A B (f)(z) = Σ f(ξ).
Assessment of maximum weight change and duration of therapeutic effect for non-surgical treatment of obesity using an exponential model

Efficacy of weight loss and maintenance therapies in obesity is difficult to quantify due to continuous weight changes over time. We assessed a single exponential model of weight changes during selected non-surgical therapies of non-diabetic obese subjects. We analyzed published mean weight data from 6 studies of ≥12 weeks duration, with comparable treatment groups, and ≥4 weight measurements during very low carbohydrate or fat diets, or treatment with Lorcaserin, Sibutramine or Orlistat. We fit data to a single exponential model to estimate maximum predicted weight loss or regain and duration of weight loss or regain for each therapy. A single exponential is the appropriate model as determined by Kolmogorov-Smirnov, constant variance, and Durbin-Watson tests. Validity of parameter estimates was indicated by coefficients of variation <25%. Sensitivity analysis showed that weight regain at the end of the weight loss phase affected parameter estimates in some instances, with variations of weight loss of 0.2–0.7% of basal. Estimated weight loss and regain were similar to observed weight changes in all studies. The model could also be used to assess dose-response relationships. Estimates from the model were used to compare concurrent obesity regimens using 95% confidence intervals, taking into account pre-determined minimal clinically important differences. This exponential model may provide accurate estimates of maximum achievable weight loss or regain and optimal duration of efficacy for a variety of non-surgical weight loss and maintenance regimens from published mean weight data and may be useful to more accurately evaluate weight loss and maintenance regimens.
Recent Advances in Theoretical Descriptions of Turbulent Diffusion Flames

The theoretical analysis of the structure of a laminar diffusion flame in a shear flow is reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the “flame stretch” or critical Damkohler number required for extinction, in order to delineate the regime in which a turbulent diffusion flame can correctly be described as an ensemble of laminar diffusion flames. It is concluded that under many conditions of practical interest such a description is applicable. Potential benefits of exploiting this fact are then reviewed.
A V-grooved GaAs solar cell

A GaAs homojunction cell was fabricated by etching a V-groove pattern into an n-epilayer (2.1*10/sup 17/ cm/sup -3/) grown by MOCVD (metal-organic chemical vapor deposition) on an n/sup +/ substrate (2.8*10/sup 18/ cm/sup -3/) and then depositing on MOCVD p-epilayer (4.2*10/sup 18/ cm/sup -3/). Reflectivity measurements on cells with and without an antireflective coating confirm the expected decrease in reflectance of the microgrooved cell compared to the planar structure. Examination of the dark current-voltage characteristics of the test diodes has revealed that a reverse saturation current density of about 1*10/sup -18/ A/cm/sup 2/ (total area) is readily achievable with these solar cells, assuming a diode ideality factor of one. The short-circuit current of the V-grooved solar cell was 13% higher than that of the planar control. >
Cellular network coverage with inter-cell interference coordination and intra-cell diversity

Modeling cellular base stations (BSs) as a homogeneous Poisson point process (PPP), this paper provides exact expressions, in terms of a finite integral, for the coverage probability with inter-cell interference coordination (ICIC) and intra-cell diversity (ICD). Despite the fact that both ICIC and ICD can significantly improve the coverage probability, they improve coverage in drastically different ways in the highreliability regime, where the user outage probability goes to zero. In particular, we show that ICD can provide order gain while ICIC only offers linear gain. This finding contrasts the recent result showing the absence of diversity gain in retransmission in ad hoc networks.
Clinical Course and Interstage Monitoring After the Norwood and Hybrid Procedures for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome

Infants with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) are at risk for interstage morbidity and mortality, especially between the first and second surgical stages after the Norwood and hybrid procedures. This study compared the morbidity and mortality of patients treated by either the Norwood or the hybrid procedure for HLHS between the first and second stages who were undergoing interstage monitoring. Between October 2008 and December 2011, 26 infants (14 boys) with HLHS (n = 16) and other univentricular heart malformations with aortic arch anomaly (n = 10) were scheduled for interstage monitoring after Norwood I (n = 12) and hybrid (n = 14) procedures. Three infants (11.5 %) died after first-stage palliation (one hybrid patient and two Norwood patients), and three infants (11.5 %) died after second-stage palliation (two hybrid patients and one Norwood patient) (p = 0.83), all after early second-stage surgery (<90 days). The Norwood I and hybrid procedures did not differ in terms of overall mortality (23 %) (three hybrid and three Norwood patients; p = 1.00). Seven infants (26.9 %) could not be discharged from the hospital due to hemodynamic instability and were referred for early second-stage surgery (<90 days). After the first stage, the invasive reevaluation rate before discharge was high (53.8 %), with cardiac catheterizations for 8 of 14 patients after the hybrid procedure and for 6 of 12 patients after the Norwood procedure (p = 0.69). A total of 11 reinterventions were performed (eight by catheter and three by surgery). Of the eight catheter reinterventions, five were performed for hybrid patients (p = 0.22). For 14 infants, 89 days (range 10–177 days) of interstage monitoring were scheduled. One infant (3.9 %) died during the interstage monitoring. The findings showed a breach of the physiologic criteria for interstage monitoring in seven infants (50 %) after 10 days (range 4–68 days) (five hybrid and two Norwood patients), leading to rehospitalization and catheterization for six patients (four hybrid and two Norwood patients), requiring interventions for two patients (patent arterial duct stent dilation, and atrial septal defect stenting, all for hybrid patients). Overall, three of the seven patients with red flag events of interstage monitoring were candidates for early second-stage surgery. In conclusion, morbidity among infants treated for HLHS remains high, either before or after hospital discharge, emphasizing the need of interstage monitoring programs. Despite retrograde aortic flow in infants with HLHS after the hybrid procedure, the mortality rate was comparable between the two groups. Mortality occurs after early second-stage surgery (<90 days).
Retrotransposition and Structural Variation in the Human Genome

New assays are revealing that the diploid human genome contains extensive amounts of structural variation. Genome-wide approaches described in three papers in this issue (Beck et al., 2010; Huang et al., 2010; Iskow et al., 2010) paint a dynamic portrait of our genome, revealing a prominent role for repetitive sequences in shaping its structural variation.
Analytical and numerical study of the Schwinger-Dyson equation with four-fermion coupling.

The dressed ladder Schwinger-Dyson equation for the fermion self-energy $\ensuremath{\Sigma}({p}^{2})$ with an additional four-fermion coupling term is studied both analytically and numerically. We limit our analysis to asymptotically free theories with a large hierarchy between the confinement scale ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{c}$ and the ultraviolet cutoff $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$. The dependence of the dynamical mass ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{0}\ensuremath{\equiv}\ensuremath{\Sigma}(0)$ and the fermion condensate $〈\overline{\ensuremath{\Psi}}\ensuremath{\Psi}〉$ on the four-fermion coupling strength $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ is derived. It is found that there exists a critical four-fermion coupling strength ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{2}$, such that in the region $\ensuremath{\lambda}l{\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{2}$ the dynamical mass ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{0}$ is of the order of the confinement scale ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{c}$, while in the region $\ensuremath{\lambda}g{\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{2}$ the dynamical mass ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{0}$ is of the order of the cutoff $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$. In the region $\ensuremath{\lambda}l{\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{2}$, the condensate $〈\overline{\ensuremath{\Psi}}\ensuremath{\Psi}〉$ picks up an enhancement factor $\frac{{\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{2}}{({\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{2}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\lambda})}$, and in the limit $\ensuremath{\lambda}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{2}$, reaches the order of ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}^{2}{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{c}$. In the region $\ensuremath{\lambda}g{\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{2}$, the condensate $〈\overline{\ensuremath{\Psi}}\ensuremath{\Psi}〉$ is of the order of ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}^{3}$. The application of the equation to technicolor theories is also discussed.
ULTRASTRUCTURAL LOCALIZATION OF PANCREATIC POLYPEPTIDE IN HUMAN PANCREAS

Human pancreatic polypeptide (HPP) was localized in surgically obtained human pancreas by immunocytochemical electron microscopy. HPP was localized to the secretory granules of cells distinct from the alpha, beta, or delta cells of endocrine islets. The PP cells in 10 patients surveyed were most frequently located in the periphery of the islets. Immunolocalization distinguishes a fifth endocrine cell type in human islets which is distinct ultrastructurally by its smaller granule diameter and lack of PP immunoreactivity.
Performance standards and the Type A behavior pattern.

The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that Type A subjects set higher performance standards than Type B subjects. In the context of a course in introductory psychology, subjects set a performance standard (percentile rank) prior to the midterm examination. Performance feedback in terms of percentile rank was offered and satisfaction ratings were obtained. Five weeks later, subjects once again set standards for the final examination. The major hypothesis was supported in that A's set significantly higher performance standards than B's for both examinations, despite the fact that actual performance among the groups was similar. Further, Type B subjects based subsequent standards on prior behavioral outcomes, while Type A subjects evidenced a traitlike style of establishing high standards independent of prior outcomes. No sex effects were noted. The present findings replicate and extend previous research, and the implications for a model of self-regulation are discussed.
Few ACOs Pursue Innovative Models That Integrate Care For Mental Illness And Substance Abuse With Primary Care

Accountable care organizations (ACOs) may be well positioned to increase the focus on managing behavioral health conditions (mental health and substance abuse) through the integration of behavioral health treatment and primary care. We used a mixed-methods research design to examine the extent to which ACOs are clinically, organizationally, and financially integrating behavioral health care and primary care. We used data from 257 respondents to the National Survey of Accountable Care Organizations, a nationally representative survey of ACOs. The data were supplemented with semistructured, in-depth interviews with clinical leaders at sixteen ACOs purposively sampled to represent the spectrum of behavioral health integration. We found that most ACOs hold responsibility for some behavioral health care costs, and 42 percent include behavioral health specialists among their providers. However, integration of behavioral health care and primary care remains low, with most ACOs pursuing traditional fragmented app...
Natural language symbol string storage

Natural language applications often require the storage of various symbol strings. Both unidirectional trees and lattices may be used to hold a symbolic data base consisting of lexes, lemes, or other symbol strings. This paper empirically compares placing symbolic information into trees and lattices. (A lattice may be thought of as a unidirec tional network with single, initiating, and terminating nodes.) The use of lattices in this way is an extension of the commonly used tree structure. The empirical study presented is the first on this topic known to the author.
Apparent Clustering of Galaxies

A CONSIDERABLE amount of material on the distribution of external galaxies has become available through the publication of the Harvard and Mount Wilson surveys. Shapley and Hubble have both discussed the observed irregularities in the distribution of these galaxies. Shapley emphasises the non-uniformity of the distribution of matter in the metagalaxy. Hubble finds that “statistically uniform distribution of nebulae appears to be a general characteristic of the observable region as a whole”, and hesitates to admit the reality of clusters or groups of galaxies with the exception of the few that are readily recognised as such. Statistical analysis of the available material is now possible; and as the comparison between the observed distribution curves, corrected for the effect of dispersion in the limiting magnitudes, and the theoretical frequency curves, computed on the assumption of random distribution, has yielded some rather definite results, it seems worth while to communicate them in advance of publication in more detail.
On the Dynamics of Coupled Parametrically Forced Oscillators

It is well known that an autonomous dynamical system can have a stable periodic orbit, arising for example through a Hopf bifurcation. When a collection of such oscillators is coupled together, the system can display a number of phase-locked solutions which can be understood in the weak coupling limit by using a phase model. It is also well known that a stable periodic orbit can be found for a parametrically forced dynamical system, with the phase of the periodic orbit being locked to the forcing. Here we discuss the periodic solutions which occur for a collection of such parametrically forced oscillators that are weakly coupled together.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Improved hot-carrier reliability of MOSFET analog performance with NO-Nitrided SiO 2 gate dielectrics

This paper studies the hot-carrier immunity on the MOSFET analog performance with NO-nitrided SiO 2 gate dielectrics. Degradation due to hot-carrier stress was investigated in terms of several key analog parameters, including drain output resistance (R o ), voltage swing (V swing ), voltage gain (G m (DOT)R o ), and differential offset voltage (V offset ). Results indicate that, as compared to conventional SiO 2 , NO-nitrided SiO 2 significantly suppresses the hot-carrier degradation in analog device performance for both n- and p- MOSFETs. It is concluded that NO nitridation, which improves interface endurance and electron trapping characteristics of SiO 2 gate oxides, is a promising technique for analog CMOS applications.
Haunted by history: Working with trauma

Haydee Faimberg conceptualizes the relative absence of her patient Mario as transgenerational trauma. While her treatment of Mario illuminates aspects of his difficulties in relation to his history, it also affords glimpses of aspects of Mario's dilemmas in relation to his analyst and his analysis that have yet to be uncovered. Her theory-building seems to invite the analyst to discover the “real” story in ways that threaten to obscure the subject, who has become lost in his own story.
MeCP2-dependent transcriptional repression regulates excitatory neurotransmission.

Summary Mutations in the transcriptional repressor, methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2), result in a neurodevelopmental disorder called Rett Syndrome (RTT) [1–5]. Based on the neurological phenotypes observed in Rett patients, we examined the potential role of MeCP2 in synaptic function. We compared elementary properties of synaptic transmission between cultured hippocampal neurons from MeCP2 knockout and wild-type littermate control mice and found a decrease in the frequency of spontaneous excitatory synaptic transmission (mEPSCs) in neurons lacking MeCP2. We also detected a significant increase in the rate of short-term synaptic depression. To explore whether these functional effects can be attributed to MeCP2's role as a transcriptional silencer, we treated cultures with a drug that impairs histone deacetylation and examined spontaneous synaptic transmission. Treatment with this compound induced a similar decrease in mEPSC frequency in wild-type control cultures, but this decrease was occluded in MeCP2-deficient neurons. Interestingly, neither the loss of MeCP2 nor the drug treatment resulted in changes in mIPSC properties. Finally, by means of a lentivirus expressing Cre recombinase, we show that loss of MeCP2 function after neurodevelopment and synaptogenesis was sufficient to mimic the decrease in mEPSC frequency seen in constitutive MeCP2 KO neurons. Taken together, these results suggest a role for MeCP2 in control of excitatory presynaptic function through regulation of gene expression.