cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reaction of group 13 sulfido cubanes with dimethylzirconocene

The reaction of Cp2ZrMe2 with the aluminum- and gallium-sulfido cubane compounds [(1Bu)M(μ3-S)]4 (M = Al, Ga), has been followed by NMR spectroscopy. Cleavage of the M4S4 core occurs resulting in abstraction of a monomeric “(1Bu)M(S)” moiety and yielding Cp2Zr(μ-S)(μ-Me)Al(1Bu)Me (1) and [Cp2Zr(/gm-S)]2,[Ga(1Bu)Me2]2 (3), respectively. The remaining “(1Bu)3M3S3” fragment reacts further with Cp2ZrMe2 to give [(Cp2Zr)M3(μ3-S)3 (1Bu)3Me2], M = Al (2), Ga (4). The molecular structure of [(Cp2Zr)Ga3,(μ3-S)3('Bu)3Me2] (4) has been confirmed by X-ray crystallography. All these compounds subsequently decompose to [Cp2Zr(μ-S)]2 and M(1Bu)Me2. The structure of compound 3 is discussed with respect to the decreased propensity of gallium, as compared to aluminum, to form 3-center 2-electron bridging bonds. Crystal data for [(Cp2Zr)Ga3(μ3-S)3(1Bu)3Me2] (4): monoclinic, P21/n,a = 10.585(2),b = 17.970(4),c = 16.418(3) A,β = 101.00(3)°, R = 0.0402, Rw = 0.0402.
Nutrient Intake and Eating Patterns of Elite and World/Olympic Figure Skaters

Abstract The nutritional intakes and eating patterns of elite, world and Olympian figure skaters were evaluated. Three day diet records, weights and heights were collected. Participants included 20 females 17.7 ± 8 years of age and 18 males 19.5 ± 3.6 years of age. Average weight and height for females was 107.5 ± 15.0 pounds, 5.1 ± .2 feet and for males, 146.1 ± 17.7 pounds, 5.6 ± .2 feet. Average daily caloric intakes were 1473 ± 506Kcal for females and 2795 ± 1152Kcal for males. Percentage of calories from carbohydrate, protein and fat for females were 59, 18 and 25 respectively. Percentage of calories from carbohydrate, protein and fat for males were 55, 16 and 30 respectively. Distribution of calories for breakfast, lunch, dinner and snacks for females vs males was 310 ± 196 vs. 477 ± 274, 388 ± 245 vs. 875 ± 529, 503 ± 281 vs. 824 ± 558, and 270 ± 320 vs. 618 ± 784 respectively. For females, caloric intake was below the norm for their age group, however males were within 93% of their age group. Males consumed more calories from snack occasions vs. females. The most frequently consumed snacks for both females and males were water, fruit, nonfat skim milk, diet sodas, powerbars and fruit bars. Females obtained a higher percentage of calories at dinner(34) vs. males(29). The caloric density of fat by meal occasion was higher for males vs. females at lunch(.04 vs. .03), dinner(.04 vs. .03) and snacking(.03 vs. .02), respectively. The low caloric intake of the female skaters may be increased by raising the consumption of their fat intake. Although the skaters as a group were consuming three meals and snacks it's important to evaluate the individual eating patterns and nutrient distribution to develop a program to meet their nutritional and performance needs.
Cyber security concerns of Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems

IEEE HST 2010 Conference Monitoring the distribution of our nation's critical infrastructure services is very complicated. Transportation, chemical, water, natural gas, petroleum, electricity, and energy sectors rely heavily on the ability of Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems to monitor and respond to changes and fluctuations within the system (NIPP, 2009). Changes can be reflected by natural elements such as the weather or based on customer demand. SCADA refers to the computer controlled and interfaced systems that run an industry's operations. SCADA systems at one time were not connected to the outside world and industrial operations were computer controlled within the property boundary that defined the facility. However, with maturity, technology and increased competition comes the advent of monitoring of customer usage. This also increases risk of cyber threat. In this paper, we will discuss SCADA usage and cyber vulnerability.
A review: prostate monoclonal antibodies — the magic bullet

Target-oriented monoclonal antibodies have been promoted as cell-specific anti-cancer agents. However, target specificity and cell-specific toxicity are two problems which have provided difficulty. The production of a hybrid monoclonal antibody, bimolecularly specific for a tumor cell surface antigen and the cell toxin ricin A-chain, has provided a mechanism by which the theoretic cell-kill specific potential of monoclonal antibodies may be exploited.
Extended floating spherical Gaussian basis sets for molecules. Alternative correlating orbitals for molecular energy calculations

Abstract A procedure previously described for representing large basis SCF results in terms of a smaller floating spherical Gaussian orbital (FSGO) basis set is generalized to apply to the virtual orbitals from the SCF calculation. This provides a method for systematically reducing the dimensions of the virtual space or replacing the virtual orbitals with a simpler, compact basis set. The method is illustrated by application to Lill.
INFANTICIDE IN LIMBIC (?) PSYCHOTIC TRIGGER REACTION IN A MAN WITH JACKSONIAN AND PETIT MAL (?) SEIZURES: "KINDLING" BY TRAUMATIC EXPERIENCES '

A tenth case (a subtype of complex partial seizures) is proposed as a Limbic (?) Psychotic Trigger Reaction. Upon crying, an infant girl was hit fatally by her devoted father while he was off anticonvulsants prescribed for Jacksonian and petit mal (?) seizures with "porencephalic cyst involving motor cortex and limbic system." Crying revived traumatic memories of frequently repeated ("kindling") experiences of his mother crying when hit by his father, in turn sometimes hit by patient while helping the mother. Hitting also had been helpful (cognitive mismatch between helpful and harmful hitting) during the victim's accidental choking 11 days earlier. This had occurred on the same day his distant mother died. Two days later he attempted suicide with anticonvulsants. Symptoms of the well remembered, unmotivated infanticide included flat affect, olfactory and command hallucinations, and delusions of grandeur (his mother leaving him millions and power). Language: en
Safety of Tenofovir Use During Pregnancy: Early Growth Outcomes in HIV-Exposed Uninfected Infants

Objective To evaluate the association of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) use during pregnancy with early growth parameters in HIV-exposed, uninfected (HEU) infants.
Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 5b (Stat5b) Serine 193 Is a Novel Cytokine-induced Phospho-regulatory Site That Is Constitutively Activated in Primary Hematopoietic Malignancies

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 5b (Stat5b) is a critical node in the signaling network downstream of external (cytokines or growth factors) or internal (oncogenic tyrosine kinases) stimuli. Maximum transcriptional activation of Stat5b requires both tyrosine and serine phosphorylation. Although the mechanisms governing tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of Stat5b have been extensively studied, the role of serine phosphorylation remains to be fully elucidated. Using mass spectrometry and phospho-specific antibodies, we identified Ser-193 as a novel site of cytokine-induced phosphorylation within human Stat5b. Stat5b Ser(P)-193 was detected in activated primary human peripheral blood mononuclear cells or lymphoid cell lines in response to several γ common (γc) cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-2, IL-7, IL-9, and IL-15. Kinetic and spatial analysis indicated that Stat5b Ser-193 phosphorylation was rapid and transient and occurred in the cytoplasmic compartment of the cell prior to Stat5b translocation to the nucleus. Moreover, inducible Stat5b Ser-193 phosphorylation was sensitive to inhibitors of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), whereas inhibition of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) induced phosphorylation of Ser-193. Reconstitution assays in HEK293 cells in conjunction with site-directed mutagenesis, EMSA, and reporter assays indicated that Ser(P)-193 is required for maximal Stat5b transcriptional activity. Indeed, Stat5b Ser-193 was found constitutively phosphorylated in several lymphoid tumor cell lines as well as primary leukemia and lymphoma patient tumor cells. Taken together, IL-2 family cytokines tightly control Stat5b Ser-193 phosphorylation through a rapamycin-sensitive mechanism. Furthermore, constitutive Ser-193 phosphorylation is associated with Stat5b proto-oncogenic activity and therefore may serve as a novel therapeutic target for treating hematopoietic malignancies.
Real-space interpretation of x-ray-excited Auger-electron diffraction from Cu(001).

Angle-resolved Auger-electron diffraction from single-crystal Cu(001) surfaces is reported covering the complete range of emission solid angle between inequivalent mirror planes. Contour maps of the Auger-electron polar and azimuthal angular distribution clearly show the relationship of the measured intensity to low-index real-space crystallographic axes. An experimental approach is described which provides a means for surface-sensitive structure determinations in x-ray-excited electron spectroscopy by comparison to the direct lattice using geometrical constructions.
The Accounting Profession: Substantive Change and/or Image Management

The accounting profession’s image and reputation is built upon the members of the profession acting with the “highest sense of integrity” in “the public interest” (AICPA, 2003, www.aicpa.org/about). The Enron debacle initiated the latest crisis facing the profession regarding its image and reputation. The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) is the largest professional body representing the accounting profession and the one to which regulators have looked in establishing and upholding professional standards relating to the public practice of accounting and auditing. One of the AICPA’s responsibilities is to “promote public awareness and confidence in the integrity, objectivity, competence and professionalism of CPAs ....” (AICPA, 2003, www.aicpa.org/about). We analyze the public statements issued by the AICPA (i.e., press releases, speeches of officers, testimony, published articles) during this ethical and identity crisis beginning with the AICPA’s first public statement on the Enron debâcle (AIPCA 2001) and concluding with the AICPA recognizing the need for a “new accounting culture” (Melancon 2002). In order to better understand the public discourse, we use image restoration theory (Benoit, 1995), because it provides a typology of strategies for dealing with the public face of crises. We identify the three most common strategies the AICPA employs during this period. Proposals for taking corrective action represent the most commonly employed strategy, but the analysis also indicates an attempt to evade responsibility by claiming defeasibility and to reduce the offensiveness of the situation by employing a bolstering strategy. A second analysis using DICTION, a software package useful in revealing latent dimensions in a text, indicates that early statements tend to use language related to accomplishing specific action while the later statements tend more toward general language that relates to peoples’ everyday lives. The findings raise questions as to substantive nature of the changes proposed by the AICPA, and thus, the extent to which the public interest is being served by them.
What We Talk About When We Talk About Journal Club: Scholarly Communication Advocacy and Public Access to Federally Funded Research

The past decade has seen attempts by librarians and their allies to respond to inefficiencies in the market for scholarly journals and introduce infrastructure to support open solutions. Recently these efforts have contributed to success at the national level, first with the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy's 2013 policy memorandum on Expanding Public Access to the Results of Federally Funded Research and in 2014 with the Consolidated Appropriations Act, which incorporates the substance of the memorandum into law. This column provides a review of efforts by librarians to advocate for open scholarship, describes the federal actions that will expand public access to research, and concludes with a discussion of next steps in this evolving effort.
Short-Term Selection for Four-Week Body Weight in Japanese Quail

Japanese quail have been utilized as a research animal to establish genetic relationships that may be present in other poultry species. In this presentation, short-term selection experiments were reviewed. Selection intensity appeared to be the most effective in improving BW when selection experiments were compared on a response per generation basis; however, when generation interval was reduced, the response per year was superior despite lower selection intensities for lines selected the same number of generations. Correlated responses over 30 generations of divergent selection for 4-wk BW indicated that selection had a negative effect on fitness traits, including egg number and fertility. Traits such as follicle and egg weight and BW at the beginning of and after a 120-d laying period were positively correlated with BW during the growth period. The early response of quail lines selected for increased BW at 10, 17, 28, and 40 d of age indicate that the later selection is applied the greater the selection response at maturity. In fact, lines selected at young ages were competitive with late-selected lines only to the point at which selection occurred.
Preparation of 4-aryl-2-trifluoromethylbenzonitrile derivatives as androgen receptor antagonists for topical suppression of sebum production.

Abstract A series of substituted 4-aryl-2-trifluoromethylbenzonitrile analogs were evaluated in the human androgen receptor binding and cellular functional assays. Analogs with sufficient in vitro binding and cellular potency (IC50
How Russians will see the status of their country by the end of the century

The collapse of the Soviet Union has prompted widespread debates inside Russia about that country's identity, role and destiny. Three paincipal tendencies can be identified in the arguments, which have been stimulated by two particular events: the war in Chechnya and the question of reunification with Belarus. Liberals and Western‐oriented clans wish to see Russia as a key player in Western civilization, which they see as inspired by universal values, and they play down the need for a strong Russian state. Moderate nationalists attack the Western‐oriented liberal media and wish over the longer term to rebuild Russia as a great power, while conceding that this requires temporary accommodation with the West. Radical nationalists, including the Communists and the Liberal Democratic Party, seek a reassertion of Russian nationhood and statehood based on Russia's own natural, human and cultural resources. Moreover, there are divisions in the different groups between ‘optimists’ and ‘pessimists’, who are also di...
Nontraumatic Disruption of the Fibrocartilaginous Trachea: Causes and Clinical Outcomes

Background Nontraumatic disruption of the fibrocartilaginous trachea is rare, and the appropriate management of this condition is not well-characterized. Methods Retrospective analysis of the clinical features, causes, and outcomes with surgical and nonsurgical management in nine adult patients with nontraumatic fibrocartilaginous tracheal disruption identified by bronchoscopy from January 1, 1975, to December 31, 2004, at a single institution. Results The most common cause was external beam radiotherapy (RT) in five patients. Other causes included postoperative complications of cervical and superior mediastinal operations in three patients and Aspergillus fumigatus-induced ulcerative tracheobronchitis in one patient post-lung transplantation. Four patients were treated surgically; three because of significant pneumomediastinum and one because the size of the tracheal defect made spontaneous healing seem unlikely. A silicone stent was placed in one patient for concomitant tracheal narrowing, and one patient was treated medically with antifungal agents. The remaining three patients were followed up serially without any intervention. With these treatments, only one patient died as a consequence of tracheal disruption. Repeat bronchoscopies were performed in seven of the remaining eight patients and confirmed healing of the necrotic defect in all. Conclusion Nontraumatic disruption of the fibrocartilaginous trachea occurs most commonly as a consequence of external beam RT. It can also occur as a complication of cervical and superior mediastinal operations or from A fumigatus-induced ulcerative tracheobronchitis post-lung transplantation. Although surgical treatment has been generally recommended for patients with this condition, patients with contained disruptions without evidence of pneumomediastinum may be managed nonoperatively.
S100A1: a physiological modulator of RYR1, Ca2+ release, and contractility in skeletal muscle. Focus on "S100A1 promotes action potential-initiated calcium release flux and force production in skeletal muscle".

SKELETAL MUSCLES adjust their contractile output over an exceptionally wide dynamic range, as needed to produce movements ranging from sitting and standing, to athletics and dance. At the single fiber level, the force generated by skeletal muscles is determined, ultimately, by the formation of cycling cross bridges between actin and myosin. This interaction requires Ca 2 and is governed by the simple relationship: force is proportional to intracellular ionized Ca 2 . Cross-bridge formation is inhibited in resting muscle when Ca 2 is sequestered within the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR); it is activated when stored Ca 2 is released into the cytosol, allowing actin-myosin interactions to proceed. Contraction stops as Ca 2 is actively resequestered by the Ca 2 -ATPase of the SR (SERCA1). Thus Ca 2 is the central messenger in muscle activation, and the amplitude and time course of the intracellular Ca 2 change is the major determinant of contractile output. The key mechanisms that activate Ca 2 release from the SR are now well defined. This sequence, termed excitation-contraction coupling, begins when an excitatory input from the motor nerve triggers a propagating action potential on the muscle membrane. The action potential rapidly depolarizes the entire sarcolemma, including transverse tubules, which invaginate from the surface membrane and form specialized junctions (triads) with the SR along much of their length. The triad junction serves as a platform for assembling sarcolemmal calcium
Apoptosis: rekindling the mitochondrial fire.

An explosion of information has recently emerged highlighting the role of mitochondria in the life and death of cells. The function of mitochondria as the arbiters of a complex signaling cascade urging the cell to its own orchestrated demise is one of a number of new findings fueling a renewed interest in this essential organelle. Perhaps in no other tissue is it more important to maintain mitochondrial function and prevent cell dropout than in cardiac muscle. Pump function quickly fails when the constant high-energy demand of contraction is not met by the efficient generation of ATP through mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, and if cell death is triggered in the adult heart, regardless of whether it is through necrotic or apoptotic pathways, there is no way to regenerate lost myocytes. It is perhaps not surprising then to learn that the genetic program during the later stages of development tips the balance of proteins in favor of preventing apoptosis. In this issue of Circulation Research , Cook et al1 examine the distribution of Bcl-2 family proteins in the rat heart and probe the mechanism of apoptotic cell death by studying H2O2-induced cell death in cultured neonatal myocytes. Interestingly, expression of the antiapoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL was maintained at high levels throughout development to adulthood whereas the proapoptotic proteins Bad and Bax dropped to undetectable levels in the adult heart. In a similar vein, it has been previously shown that Bcl-2 mRNA is high in fetal rat, drops significantly postnatally, and then increases through day 21 whereas the rate of programmed cell death is inversely related to Bcl-2 expression.2 This suggests that a postnatal apoptotic window is opened to allow for a critical period of cardiac remodeling during maturation of the heart (reviewed in Reference 33 …
Litigation risk and IPO underpricing

Abstract We examine the relation between risk and IPO underpricing and test two aspects of the litigation-risk hypothesis: (1) firms with higher litigation risk underprice their IPOs by a greater amount as a form of insurance (insurance effect) and (2) higher underpricing lowers expected litigation costs (deterrence effect). To adjust for the endogeneity bias in previous studies, we use a simultaneous equation framework. Evidence provides support for both aspects of the litigation-risk hypothesis.
Performance Evaluation of Reliability Improvement Techniques for Single-Loop Communications Systems

One of the basic terminal-attachment configurations is the loop. As such, it is receiving substantial attention. But it has been pointed out that loop communication networks are relatively vulnerable and unreliable. This paper considers the single-loop reliability problem. Three loop reliability (availability) improvement techniques are investigated in detail. All three techniques are based on using an auxilliary transmission path parallel to the main loop. A comparative study shows the best techniques.
Patterns of Intraspecific DNA Variation in the Daphnia Nuclear Genome

Understanding nucleotide variation in natural populations has been a subject of great interest for decades. However, many taxonomic groups, especially those with atypical life history attributes remain unstudied, and Drosophila is the only arthropod genus for which DNA polymorphism data are presently abundant. As a result of the recent release of the complete genome sequence and a wide variety of new genomic resources, the Daphnia system is quickly becoming a promising new avenue for expanding our knowledge of nucleotide variation in natural populations. Here, we examine nucleotide variation in six protein-coding loci for Daphnia pulex and its congeners with particular emphasis on D. pulicaria, the closest extant relative of D. pulex. Levels of synonymous intraspecific variation, πs, averaged 0.0136 for species in the Daphnia genus, and are slightly lower than most prior estimates in invertebrates. Tests of neutrality indicated that segregating variation conforms to neutral model expectations for the loci that we examined in most species, while Ka/Ks ratios revealed strong purifying selection. Using a full maximum-likelihood coalescent-based method, the ratio of the recombination rate to the mutation rate (c/u), averaged 0.5255 for species of the Daphnia genus. Lastly, a divergence population-genetics approach was used to investigate gene flow and divergence between D. pulex and D. pulicaria.
Global warming and the species richness of bats in Texas

General circulation models provide predictions for global climate under scenarios of increased at- mospheric CO2. Climate change is expected to lead directly to changes in distributions of vegetation associa- tions. Distribution of animals will also change to the extent that animals rely on vegetation for food or shel- ter. Bat species in Texas appear to be restricted, in part, by the availability of roosts. We used geographic information systems and the Holdridge vegetation-climate association scheme to model the effect of climate change on bat distributions and species richness in Texas. Habitat characteristics for each species were identi- fied from the literature and included vegetation, topography, and availability of caves. We assumed caves and topography to be fixed relative to climate. Vegetation changes were predicted from the Holdridge vegeta- tion-climate association scheme. The redistribution of bats following climate change was predicted based on the new locations of suitable habitat characteristics. Under conditions of global warming tropicalforests were predicted to expand into Texas; tree-roosting bats were sensitive to this change in vegetation. Cavity-roosting bats were less affected by changes in vegetation, but, where response was predicted, ranges decline.
Ablation of PLB exacerbates ischemic injury to a lesser extent in female than male mice: protective role of NO.

Recent studies suggest a role for phospholamban phosphorylation during ischemia and reperfusion. The role of phospholamban in ischemia was studied by subjecting hearts from male and female wild-typ...
Immunochemical characterization of polysaccharide antigens from six clinical strains of Enterococci.

Background Enterococci have become major nosocomial pathogens due to their intrinsic and acquired resistance to a broad spectrum of antibiotics. Their increasing drug resistance prompts us to search for prominent antigens to develop vaccines against enterococci. Given the success of polysaccharide-based vaccines against various bacterial pathogens, we isolated and characterized the immunochemical properties of polysaccharide antigens from five strains of Enterococcus faecalis and one strain of vancomycin-resistant E. faecium.
Crush absorbing energy of white spot lesions measured by indentation tests

White spot lesions are clinically detectable areas of demineralized enamel that often form during orthodontic treatment. Fluoride has been shown to prevent demineralization from occurring. Mechanical properties of white spot lesions are not well characterized. Bovine enamel slabs, with and without fluoride treatment, were placed under demineralization conditions. Through a series of microindentations at incremental loads, mechanical strength was measured using a novel method, specific volume absorbing energy (SVAE). SVAE is equal to work energy divided by the indentation volume. The supra-surface area (outermost 5 μm) of enamel slabs with fluoride demonstrated decreased mechanical strength compared to enamel slabs without fluoride. Fluoride may not impart protection over long periods of demineralization.
SEXUAL DIFFERENCES IN THE POST-BREEDING MOVEMENTS AND HABITATS SELECTED BY WESTERN TOADS (BUFO BOREAS) IN SOUTHEASTERN IDAHO

We used radio-telemetry to study the movements and habitat use of Western toads (Bufo boreas) in the Targhee National Forest in southeastern Idaho. Eighteen toads (10 male and 8 female) that bred in a seasonally flooded pond, were fitted with radio-transmitters, tracked, and their movements mapped and analyzed with global positioning and geographic information systems. We also analyzed their patterns of habitat selection at micro- and macro-scales by comparing sites used by toads with randomly selected sites. After breeding, two male and six female toads left the breeding pond and used terrestrial habitats extensively. Male and female toads showed different patterns of movement and habitat use, although all toads seemed to behave in ways that reduced loss of body water (e.g., such as traveling on nights of high humidity). Male toads traveled shorter distances from the pond than females (581 ± 98 m and 1105 ± 272 m, respectively). Female toads used terrestrial habitats extensively and were selective of cov...
Trophically Transmitted Parasites and the Conservation of Small Populations: Raccoon Roundworm and the Imperiled Allegheny Woodrat

Disease threats to endangered species are most commonly caused by exotic microparasites acciden- tally introduced into naive populations by humans. The case of raccoon roundworm ( Baylisascaris procyonis ) and the Allegheny woodrat ( Neotoma magister ) is an exception to this general rule and, as such, may be use- ful in the identification of other macroparasite disease threats in the future. B. procyonis is an intestinal nem- atode of raccoons ( Procyon lotor ) that is highly pathogenic in intermediate hosts. It is hypothesized to have caused or contributed to the extirpation of the Allegheny woodrat from the northern parts of its range. I tested this hypothesis by reintroducing Allegheny woodrats into four historically occupied sites with varying natural levels of environmental contamination with B. procyonis eggs. Populations were monitored via ra- diotelemetry and trapping for 22 months. Woodrat populations in less contaminated release sites survived significantly longer than populations in highly contaminated sites, and there was a strong negative correla- tion between the number of raccoon latrines and woodrat population persistence. This case demonstrates sev- eral points relevant to the conservation of small populations: trophically transmitted parasites ( in which prey species serve as intermediate hosts to the parasites of their predators) can be significant sources of mor- tality in intermediate host populations; native parasites should not be ignored as potential disease threats; and parasites of human-adapted wild animals are likely to threaten rare and endangered species. This case also illustrates a previously unrecognized route through which host density can be decoupled from disease dynamics and provides evidence of apparent competition in nature.
On the evolution of thermally driven shallow cavity flows

The temporal evolution of thermally driven flow in a shallow laterally heated cavity is studied for the nonlinear regime where the Rayleigh number R based on cavity height is of the same order of magnitude as the aspect ratio L (length/height). The horizontal surfaces of the cavity are assumed to be thermally insulating. For a certain class of initial conditions the evolution is found to occur over two non-dimensional timescales, of order one and of order L(exp 2). Analytical solutions for the motion throughout most of the cavity are found for each of these timescales and numerical solutions are obtained for the nonlinear time-dependent motion in end regions near each lateral wall. This provides a complete picture of the evolution of the steady-state flow in the cavity for cases where instability in the form of multicellular convection does not occur. The final steady state evolves on a dimensional timescale proportional to iota(exp 2)/kappa, where iota is the length of the cavity, kappa is the thermal diffusivity of the fluid and the constant of proportionality depends on the ratio R/L. 20 refs.
The effectiveness of the structured clinical instruction module

Abstract Background: The Structured Clinical Instruction Module (SCIM) provides students with a structured educational experience related to clinical skills on a single clinical topic. This study examined the effect of the SCIM on students’ performances on breast stations in an objective structured clinical examination (OSCE). Methods: Three student groups each experienced a different type of instruction about breast care and treatment (condition A = lecture; condition B = nine-station SCIM, lecture, and manual; and condition C = five-station SCIM). All students subsequently participated in a surgery OSCE that included standardized patient stations on taking a breast history and performing breast examinations. Results: One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests consistently found that the mean scores of students in conditions B and C were significantly (P Conclusions: These results suggest that the SCIM is an effective patient-based standardized instructional program that enhances the instruction of clinical skills to students.
The importance of color in mate choice of the blue crab Callinectes sapidus

Visual displays often play a large role in animal communication, particularly in sexual interactions. The blue crab Callinectes sapidus is both colorful and highly visually responsive, yet almost all studies of their courtship have focused on chemical cues. In the blue crab's underwater environment, however, visual cues may function more rapidly and over a longer distance than chemical cues. Given that blue crabs are aggressive and cannibalistic, visual cues may therefore allow blue crabs to quickly evaluate potential mates from safer distances. In the present study we show that courtship and mate choice behavior in C. sapidus can be stimulated by visual cues alone. Further, we show that males have a preference for females with red claw dactyls. In binary choice experiments, males displayed more often to photographs of females with red claws than to those with white claws or to those with black claws that were isoluminant to the red ones. This strongly suggests that male blue crabs made their choices based on the hue of the red claws, further suggesting that blue crabs are capable of color vision and use color in mate choice.
Behavior Patterns of the Adult Alfalfa Weevil in Cache County, Utah

In northern Utah, few alfalfa weevils, Hypera postica (Gyllenhal), become adults until after 1st-crop alfalfa iscut about the middle of June. They do not aestivate, butmove around in the fields until 2nd-crop harvest duringlate July or August when some individuals fly to overwinteringsites. Many weevils remain in alfalfa fieldsduring winter. No mating or oviposition occurs duringlate summer or fall. During summer months new-generationadults, and to a lesser degree overwintered adults,are most active on alfalfa during darkness. In springwhenonly overwintered adults are present, light intensityseems to have little effect on adult activity; temperatureis the main factor governing activity.
Maintaining the Balance of Power: Taxation and Democracy in England and France, 1340–1688

The endurance of democracy in England from the late medieval period to the Glorious Revolution (1688) remains a puzzle. Many analysts agree that an important factor in maintaining constitutionalism in England during this pivotal period was the reliance of the English Crown on indirect taxation and suggest that this reliance occurred because taxation on trade was easy and lucrative in a commercialized economy. I show how this explanation is inadequate. The English Crown tried to institute an additional system of permanent direct taxation in England in this period but failed. In contrast, the French Crown was successful in implementing a system of regular direct taxation in the early fifteenth century, which in turn facilitated the emergence of an autocratic state in the early modern period. I discuss reasons for the national difference, with particular attention to the role of regional factors and the response of local society to state impositions in shaping outcomes in both countries.
Alternative ways for formulation of hybrid stress elements

An element stiffness matrix can be derived by the conventional potential energy principle and, indirectly, also by generalized variational principles, such as the Hu-Washizu principle and the Hellinger-Reissner principle. The present investigation has the objective to show an approach which is concerned with the formulation of incompatible elements for solid continuum and for plate bending problems by the Hellinger-Reissner principle. It is found that the resulting scheme is equivalent to that considered by Tong (1982) for the construction of hybrid stress elements. In Tong's scheme the inversion of a large flexibility matrix can be avoided. It is concluded that the introduction of additional internal displacement modes in mixed finite element formulations by the Hellinger-Reissner principle and the Hu-Washizu principle can lead to element stiffness matrices which are equivalent to the assumed stress hybrid method.
Jump resonance: a feedback viewpoint and adaptive circuit solution for low-power active analog filters

Jump resonance is a phenomenon where smooth changes in the input of a nonlinear filter lead to abrupt changes in its output. For over 50 years, research has defined the region of operation where jump resonance can occur so that this region may be avoided by limiting the signal amplitude of operation. This paper provides an intuitive understanding of jump resonance and predicts the behavior of the system in the jump resonance regime. This allows for further tradeoffs between system behavior and power consumption for highly power-efficient filtering systems. Our technique is verified against experimental data. Then we present a system that gracefully adapts its quality factor, avoiding jump resonance in a way qualitatively similar to biology. Finally, we demonstrate an integrated circuit realization
Propagation measurements in a shallow water environment

In a 1968 study was made of the characteristics of sound propagation in Dabob Bay. A propagation loss model for use in predicting the source level was developed. With the advancement of computer technology and in the interest of improving accuracy, the authors have conducted a series of measurements to determine whether a more robust approximation could be used to predict the source level. A model was developed which uses inputs such as sound velocity, frequency and position, that is based on an iterative integration method. Transmission loss estimation methods are contrasted and compared in the light of experimental losses determined from signals received by an omni-directional hydrophone. The data acquired and the model developed illustrate the propagation characteristics of a shallow bounded body of water and may be extended to other similar environments. >
Muscle contributions to fore-aft and vertical body mass center accelerations over a range of running speeds.

Running is a bouncing gait in which the body mass center slows and lowers during the first half of the stance phase; the mass center is then accelerated forward and upward into flight during the second half of the stance phase. Muscle-driven simulations can be analyzed to determine how muscle forces accelerate the body mass center. However, muscle-driven simulations of running at different speeds have not been previously developed, and it remains unclear how muscle forces modulate mass center accelerations at different running speeds. Thus, to examine how muscles generate accelerations of the body mass center, we created three-dimensional muscle-driven simulations of ten subjects running at 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, and 5.0 m/s. An induced acceleration analysis determined the contribution of each muscle to mass center accelerations. Our simulations included arms, allowing us to investigate the contributions of arm motion to running dynamics. Analysis of the simulations revealed that soleus provides the greatest upward mass center acceleration at all running speeds; soleus generates a peak upward acceleration of 19.8 m/s2 (i.e., the equivalent of approximately 2.0 bodyweights of ground reaction force) at 5.0 m/s. Soleus also provided the greatest contribution to forward mass center acceleration, which increased from 2.5 m/s2 at 2.0 m/s to 4.0 m/s2 at 5.0 m/s. At faster running speeds, greater velocity of the legs produced larger angular momentum about the vertical axis passing through the body mass center; angular momentum about this vertical axis from arm swing simultaneously increased to counterbalance the legs. We provide open-access to data and simulations from this study for further analysis in OpenSim at simtk.org/home/nmbl_running, enabling muscle actions during running to be studied in unprecedented detail.
Determination of grain size distributions in magnetic recording media by grazing incidence X-ray diffraction

The grain size distribution of magnetic recording media has been measured with in-plane grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD), without using synchrotron radiation, via the Bertaut-Warren-Averbach (BWA) technique. Lognormal-like grain size distributions are observed in all recording media. The obtained distributions are consistent with the TEM observations. In addition, the relevant measurement issues are also discussed.
On the accuracy of unwarping techniques for the correction of susceptibility-induced geometric distortion in magnetic resonance Echo-planar images

Rapid and efficient imaging of the brain to monitor brain activity and neural connectivity is performed through functional MRI and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) using the Echo-planar imaging (EPI) sequence. An entire volume of the brain is imaged by EPI in a few seconds through the measurement of all k-space lines within one repetition time. However, this makes the sequence extremely sensitive to imperfections of magnetic field. In particular, the error caused by susceptibility induced magnetic field inhomogeneity accumulates over the duration of phase encoding, which in turn results in severe geometric distortion (warping) in EPI scans. EPI distortion correction through unwarping can be performed by field map based or image based techniques. However, due to the lack of ground truth it has been difficult to compare and validate different approaches. In this paper we propose a hybrid field map guided constrained deformable registration approach and compare it to field map based and image based unwarping approaches through a novel in-vivo validation framework which is based on the acquisition and alignment of EPI scans with different phase encoding directions. The quantitative evaluation results show that our hybrid approach of field map guided deformable registration to an undistorted T2-weighted image outperforms the other approaches.
Subunit interactions specify the allosteric regulatory properties of the potato tuber ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase

ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) catalyzes the first committed step of starch synthesis in plants. The potato tuber enzyme contains a pair of catalytic small subunits (SSs) and a pair of non-catalytic large subunits (LSs). We have previously identified a LS mutant containing a P52L replacement, which rendered the enzyme with down-regulatory properties. To investigate the structure-function relationships between the two subunits with regard to allosteric regulation, putative SS mutants that could reverse the down-regulatory condition of LS(P52L) were identified by their ability to restore glycogen accumulation in an AGPase-deficient Escherichia coli glgC-strain. Two distinct LS-dependent classes, bona fide SS suppressors dependent on LS(P52L) but not LS(WT) and SS up-regulating allosteric mutants, were evident by kinetic analysis. These results indicate that both LS and SS have a regulatory function in controlling allosteric properties through enhancing cooperative subunit interactions.
The Stress-Responsive dgk Gene from Streptococcus mutans Encodes a Putative Undecaprenol Kinase Activity

We analyzed a previously constructed stress-sensitive Streptococcus mutans mutant Tn-1 strain resulting from disruption by transposon Tn916 of a gene encoding a protein exhibiting amino acid sequence similarity to the Escherichia coli diacylglycerol kinase. It was confirmed that the mutation led to significantly reduced lipid kinase activity, while expression of the intact gene on a plasmid restored both kinase activity and the wild-type phenotype. Further analysis revealed that the product of the dgk gene in S. mutans predominantly recognizes a lipid substrate other than diacylglycerol, most likely undecaprenol, as demonstrated by its efficient phosphorylation and the resistance of the product of the reaction to saponification. The physiological role of the product of the dgk gene as a putative undecaprenol kinase was further supported by a significantly higher sensitivity of the mutant to bacitracin compared with that of the parental strain.
SELF-FULFILLING PROPHECIES AND THE BUSINESS CYCLE

We demonstrate that multiple stationary rational-expectations equilibria exist in a version of Lucas’s island economy. The existence of these equilibria follows from the fact that there is an indeterminate set of monetary equilibria in the two-period overlappinggenerations model. We show how to construct stationary rational-expectations equilibria by randomizing over the set of nonstationary monetary equilibria. In some of our equilibria, a positively sloped Phillips curve exists even though our economy contains no signal-extraction problem as in the original Lucas paper. Our equilibria are indexed by beliefs and are examples of the existence of sunspot equilibria in which allocations may differ across states of nature for which preferences, technology, and endowments are identical. Our technique for constructing stationary sunspot equilibria should prove useful in a wide class of models in which an indeterminate stationary equilibrium exists.
Determination of multicomponent sorption equilibria using perturbation gas chromatography

Perturbation chromatography previously has been used experimentally as an efficient method for obtaining sorption equilibria for systems with up to two vapor phase components at finite concentration. The objective of this work was to obtain a theoretical result that could be used for experimental determinations of sorption of multiple interfering species at finite concentration. Results obtained are applicable for both non-stoichiometric and stoichiometric situations for systems that may have flowing phase velocity and volume changes associated with interphase transport and also may have interactions among the sorbed components. The dependence of each effluent peak characteristic velocity upon all of the component equilibrium isotherms requires that the equilibria be considered as a whole by simultaneously fitting a set of composition grid perturbation response data to appropriate isotherm surface equations.
Properties of recA441 protein-catalyzed DNA strand exchange can be attributed to an enhanced ability to compete with SSB protein.

We have investigated the recombinase activity of recA441 protein by comparing its in vitro DNA strand exchange activity to that of wild-type recA protein. Consistent with its proficiency in recombination in vivo, recA441 protein is able to catalyze the in vitro exchange of a circular single-stranded DNA molecule for a homologous strand in a linear double-stranded DNA molecule. Under conditions optimal for wild-type recA protein, the rates of joint molecule formation are the same for the two recA proteins, but the wild-type protein converts these intermediate species to gapped circular heteroduplex DNA product molecules more rapidly than recA441 protein. In the recA441 protein reaction, joint molecules are instead converted to extensive homology-dependent DNA networks via presumed reinitiation reactions. Under some conditions, the DNA strand exchange activity of recA441 protein is enhanced relative to the wild-type. These conditions include when single-stranded DNA.SSB protein (where SSB is Escherichia coli single-stranded DNA-binding protein) complexes are formed prior to the addition of recA protein, at low magnesium ion concentration in the presence of spermidine, and at low ATP concentrations. Under the conditions examined, recA441 protein competes more effectively with SSB protein for DNA-binding sites; thus, the differences between the strand exchange activities of the wild-type and recA441 proteins can be attributed to this enhanced ability in SSB protein competition.
Testing and Modeling of Prestressed Isolators

Isolation bearings experience tensile forces or uplift under certain conditions during seismic excitation. In general, this phenomenon is undesirable. This paper discusses an uplift prevention mechanism that uses prestress to develop sufficient compressive force on the isolator. A simplified theory of prestressed isolators is presented for three types of isolators, namely flat sliders, spherically shaped sliding bearings friction pendulum system (FPS), and elastomeric bearings. The behavior of prestressed isolators has been experimentally studied and presented. It has been observed that, consistent with the theory, the prestress has significant effects on the behavior of the prestressed isolators. The primary effect of prestress to increase the axial load on the isolators and prevent the uplift phenomenon was clearly observed in all three types of bearings tested in the study. The secondary effect of prestress to introduce additional lateral stiffness was also observed. While the additional axial load affects the behavior of elastomeric bearings, the effects were observed to be minor for the tested elastomeric bearings. In all cases of tested bearings, the experimental response could be predicted with sufficient accuracy by analytical means.