cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vitamin D signaling increases nitric oxide and antioxidant defenses of bovine monocytes

Abstract Vitamin D contributes to multiple aspects of bovine immunity and is reported to decrease the effects of mastitis and metritis in dairy cows. We hypothesized that vitamin D signaling in bovine monocytes increases antioxidant responses as part of its immunomodulatory actions. Our objectives were to assess the effects of vitamin D on oxidant and antioxidant responses of bovine monocytes. Monocytes from peripheral blood of nonpregnant, lactating Holstein cows between 90 and 300 d in milk were used for in vitro cell culture experiments. To test the effects of vitamin D on reactive oxygen metabolites (dROM) and antioxidant potential (AOP), monocytes from 14 cows were cultured in replicates for 16 h with 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3, 0 or 75 ng/mL] in a factorial arrangement with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 100 ng/mL) or interferon-γ (IFN-γ, 10 ng/mL) or with no stimulation. Data were analyzed by ANOVA for main effects of 25(OH)D3, stimulant, and interactions between 25(OH)D3 and stimulant. Significant interactions between 25(OH)D3 and stimulant were observed for dROM and AOP of culture supernatants. In unstimulated cultures, 25(OH)D3 tended to increase dROM, but the opposite was observed in stimulated cultures. In contrast, LPS and IFN-γ treatments alone decreased AOP of culture supernatants, but 25(OH)D3 counteracted the decrease in AOP caused by IFN-γ. Abundances of transcripts of genes encoding antioxidant-related proteins were measured by quantitative PCR using RNA from monocytes from 4 cows treated with 25(OH)D3 (0 or 75 ng/mL) in a factorial arrangement with increasing concentrations of LPS (0 to 1,000 ng/mL) or IFN-γ (0 to 10 ng/mL). Treatment with 25(OH)D3 increased transcripts of genes encoding metallothionein 1A and metallothionein 2A in the presence of IFN-γ but not LPS. Furthermore, 25(OH)D3 increased transcripts of genes encoding thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase, but the effect of 25(OH)D3 did not depend on IFN-γ or LPS stimulation. In conclusion, 25(OH)D3 increased antioxidant capacity of IFN-γ–stimulated bovine monocytes, potentially by increasing metallothionein and thioredoxin activities in monocytes.
Real-World Observational Review of Andexanet Alfa Prescribing and Utilization Outcomes at a Community Teaching Hospital.

Objectives Andexanet alfa is the first approved antidote in the management of life-threatening bleeds in patients treated with Xa inhibitors. The ANNEXA-4 study was successful in reducing factor Xa levels during time of administration but lacked correlation to improved patient outcomes. Given its novel mechanism of action, U.S. boxed warning, cost of up to $58,000 per dose, and limited efficacy data compared with standard of care, hospitals are faced with a dilemma with its addition to formulary and process for ensuring optimized use. The objective of this study was to evaluate adherence to institution restriction criteria and the clinical outcomes of treatment for patients for whom andexanet alfa is requested. Design Retrospective cohort study of andexanet alfa requests within a 12-month time period. Setting A 600-bed community teaching hospital. Patients Patients whom pharmacists received request for dispensing andexanet alfa. Interventions None. Measurements and main results Quality outcomes reviewed compliance to restriction criteria. Clinical outcomes evaluated use of adjunctive blood products, ICU length of stay, hospital length of stay, and hospital mortality. Safety outcomes evaluated incidence of thrombotic events.Andexanet alfa was requested for 16 patients from November 2018 to November 2019. It was administered in nine patients, with compliance to restriction criteria of 66.6%, average ICU length of stay 5.6 days, hospital length of stay 8.6 days, hospital mortality in 44.4%, and thrombotic events in 33.3%. Orders were rejected in seven patients with compliance to restriction criteria of 100%, ICU length of stay 3.2 days, hospital length of stay 5.5 days, hospital mortality in 14%, and thrombotic events in 14%. Conclusions A greater rate of adverse effects and mortality was identified with the use of andexanet alfa compared with clinical trials. This is potentially due to its use in a more severely ill patient population and lack of adherence to restriction criteria.
RELIABILITY OF NOVEL ULTRASOUND MEASUREMENT FOR DETERMINING PATELLA POSITION

Background:Patellar dislocations are common among youth athletes. A detailed understanding of patellofemoral anatomy is critical to determine patient prognosis and guide treatment and decision maki...
Is the MSB hypothesis (music as a coevolved system for social bonding) testable in the Popperian sense

"Music As a Coevolved System for Social Bonding" (MSB) is a brilliant synthesis and appealing hypothesis offering insights into the evolution and social bonding of musicality, but is so broad and sweeping it will be challenging to test, prove or falsify in the Popperian sense (Popper, 1959). After general comments, I focus my critique on underlying neurobiological mechanisms, and offer some suggestions for experimental tests of MSB.
Could the Childhood Vaccine Act be bad

To the Editor.— The commentary1 in the August 1992 issue by Caroline B. Hall and Neal Halsey on the control of hepatitis B answers many of the questions that have been raised regarding the recommendation that all infants receive this vaccine. It is extremely well-done and should reassure those physicians who have encountered doubts regarding the value and justification for such a program. However, there is one issue raised in their very last interrogatory that needs further consideration.
End Effects in Anti-plane Shear for an Inhomogeneous Isotropic Linearly Elastic Semi-infinite Strip

The purpose of this research is to further investigate the effects of material inhomogeneity on the decay of Saint-Venant end effects in linear isotropic elasticity. This is carried out within the context of anti-plane shear deformations of an inhomogeneous isotropic elastic solid. The mathematical issues involve the effects of spatial inhomogeneity on the decay rates of solutions to Dirichlet or Neumann boundary-value problems for a second-order linear elliptic partial differential equation with variable coefficients on a semi-infinite strip. In previous work [1], the elastic coefficients were assumed to be smooth functions of the transverse coordinate so that the material was inhomogeneous in the lateral direction only. Here we develop a new technique, based on a change of variable, to study generally inhomogeneous isotropic materials. The governing partial differential equation is transformed to a Helmholtz equation with a variable coefficient, which facilitates analysis of the influence of material inhomogeneity on the diffusion of end effects. For certain classes of inhomogeneous materials, an explicit optimal decay estimate is established. The results of this paper are applicable to continuously inhomogeneous materials and, in particular, to functionally graded materials.
Factors for the Analysis of Means

The analysis of means (ANOM) is an alternative to the analysis of variance (ANOVA) for examining fixed effects. It was formalized by E.R. Ott and further developed by E.G. Schilling. This paper provides an extended table of factors needed for ANOM for s..
Animal Models of Pneumococcal Colonization

This chapter describes existing animal models of colonization and reviews what these various models have taught us about pneumococcal carriage. The most widely studied model of pneumococcal colonization is the mouse model. Infant rat models of pneumococcal colonization have also been described in several studies. A buccal mucosa model was also developed to evaluate the impact of ambient temperatures on pneumococcal colonization. The major limitation of chinchilla model is the relative lack of chinchilla reagents, as well as the expense. Animal models have provided information about the contribution of specific bacterial components to colonization, the first step in the pathogenesis of all pneumococcal disease. Different laboratories have used different mouse strains, which often vary in susceptibility to pneumococcal colonization and disease. Murine models of pneumococcal colonization have helped enhance the understanding of acquired immunity to pneumococcal colonization. The infant rat model of intralitter spread was used to evaluate the impact of systemic anticapsular antibodies in the prevention of pneumococcal colonization. The administration of bacterial polysaccharide immune globulin (from hyperimmune sera obtained from adults immunized with pneumococcal, Haemophilus influenzae type b, and meningococcal pure-polysaccharide vaccines) to infant rats reduced the likelihood of pneumococcal colonization by about 50%. The development of purified-protein vaccines or whole-cell vaccines, however, faces several challenges, including the inherent difficulty of studying colonization in animals that normally do not carry Streptococcus pneumoniae in their respiratory trees.
HYPERGLYCINEMIA WITH KETOACIDOSIS AND LEUKOPENIA Metabolic Studies on the Nature of the Defect

Metabolic investigations are reported in a patient with the clinical and biochemical features of "idiopathic hyperglycinemia." During ketoacidosis elevated concentrations in serum of numerous amino acids were noted, especially leucine, isoleucine, valine, glycine, and lysine. Hyperammonemia was found in association with ketoacidosis. Clinical and biochemical amelioration was induced by restriction of protein intake to 1 gm/kg or less. Although exacerbation was produced by increasing the protein intake to 1.5 gm/kg, the patient was able to tolerate as much as 3.0 gm/kg of an amino acid mixture in which leucine, isoleucine, valine, methionine, and threonine were absent. It is postulated that this disease, in contrast to hyperglycinemia caused by a specific disorder in glycine metabolism, represents a generalized defect in utilization of amino acids resulting in excessive deamination of certain amino acids in the muscle, with consequent hyperammonemia and ketoacidosis. The nature of the defect in amino acid metabolism is unknown.
Conversion of iodate to iodide in vivo and in vitro.

Abstract Iodate is almost immediately reduced to iodide following its intravenous administration to rats or rabbits. Even when it is given in relatively large doses, reduction is complete within 2 to 3 min. Following oral administration also, radioiodate is so rapidly transformed to radioiodide that 2-hour thyroid 131I uptakes in rats that received radioiodate by stomach tube were not significantly different from those of rats that received radioiodide by the same route. These findings support the view that iodate can substitute for iodide in all instances in which supplementary iodine is required for human or animal nutrition. Whole blood, resuspended washed red cells, and various tissue extracts reduce iodate to iodide very rapidly in vitro. However, plasma is much less effective than whole blood in reducing iodate. Iodate is rapidly reduced by glutathione at pH 7.4, but not by a number of other biological reducing agents. The stoichiometry of the reaction between GSH and iodate indicates that the reaction proceeds as follows. 6 GSH + IO3- → 3 G—S—S—G + I- + 3 H2O Because red cells and most tissues contain a fairly high concentration of GSH, it might appear that GSH is the active agent in blood and tissues responsible for reducing iodate. However, the iodate-reducing capacity of red cells and of tissue extracts far exceeds their potential GSH content, and it is suggested that —SH groups in hemoglobin and in other proteins may also be oxidized by iodate. Results of incubations carried out at 0° suggest that iodate reduction in blood is not enzymatic, at least for iodate levels below 1 x 10-3 m.
The American Rule that Swallows the Exceptions

The "American" rule of employment at-will cripples the effectiveness of the two most important exceptions to that doctrine, the National Labor Relations Act and Title VII. Scholars often cite at-will as an area in which exceptions swallow the rule but ignore the opposite effect the rule has in undermining rights widely viewed as fundamental. This article goes beyond the standard critiques of the NLRA and Title VII and uses two other areas of law to make this case. The impact of at-will on private sector labor rights under the NLRA is shown by comparing public sector employment. Public sector labor law has all the flaws scholars have identified in the NLRA, yet public employees are organizing much more successfully. The crucial difference is that most public workers are not employees-at-will. For employment discrimination, the article compares rules governing claims of discrimination in juror selection under the Supreme Court's decision in Batson v. Kentucky. Batson rules are identical to Title VII rules, and have been so ineffective that scholars and a Supreme Court Justice have suggested that all juror strikes should be done for cause, the equivalent of requiring cause for discharge from employment. The article then balances the at-will rule against the exceptions it undermines. From the inception of the rule, there have been many attempts to create exceptions to it. Today, numerous, small, and often unclear inroads have been made. This makes the rule less useful to both sides, offering uncertainty to employers yet scant protection to employees. At the same time, the cost of at-will is the lack of effective labor and anti-discrimination regimes. Scholars and policy-makers should understand this cost when debating labor law, antidiscrimination law, and the future of the at-will doctrine.
Immunoglobulin G antibodies from an individual rabbit in which several heavy chain variants are paired with one light chain sequence.

Abstract CNBr cleavage of rabbit heavy chain leads to the formation of a fragment, C1, which consists of the NH2-terminal half of the heavy chain. Fragment C1 is cleaved at methionyl residues but held together by intrachain S—S bonds to that total reduction and alkylation liberates new fragments. In the case of the C1 fragment from an anti-p-azobenzoate antibody of restricted heterogeneity, total reduction, and alkylation liberated six fragments which were isolated in good yield. Small amounts of other fragments were apparent. The six fragments were identified on the basis of molecular weights, amino acid compositions, and NH2-terminal sequences and represent residues 1 to 253, 1 to 34, 1 to 55, 56 to 140, 141 to 253, and 85 to 253. There was no evidence of acid splits, incomplete CNBr cleavage, or incomplete reduction. From the known positions of half-cystine residues and the fact that some of these fragments represent overlapping regions, it appears that heavy chains having different distributions of methionine are present. Therefore this heavy chain is not homogeneous. In contrast, the light chain from this antibody preparation appears to be homogeneous. This indicates that a limited set of different heavy chains may be paired with a single light chain to generate related antibody molecules.
Tubes in space - Very much alive

Some advantages of TWTs over SSDs are discussed. Wideband TWTs have been developed which can produce 20 W of RF power at 20 GHz with 40 percent efficiency, a figure three or four times that available from SSDs such as FETs. The basic performance of TWTs exceeds that of SSDs for any given bandwidth and frequency. SSDs are transit time limited, and their performance deteriorates fundamentally as the reciprocal of the square of the operating frequency. Power limits for SSDs have been reached or are quickly being approached. Free electron devices such as tubes have an efficiency advantage because electrons in the vacuum travel faster than bulk charges in SSDs. Combined SSD devices are prone to burnout and incur penalties due to the need to dissipate heat. TWTs have a 6.7:1 advantage in radiator area ratio. Recent progress in TWT technology has produced a tenfold increase in CW output power, doubled to quadrupled the efficiency, and pushed frequency ranges into the terahertz region, orders of magnitude beyond the SSD cutoff.
Use of Restrictive Transfusion in Abdominal Surgery: Should Evidence-Based Medicine Replace Art of Medicine?

Ejaz et al1 elegantly demonstrated in a single-institution study that significant monetary savings may be realized if surgeons were to adhere to a restrictive transfusion policy based on concrete intraoperative and postoperative hemoglobin values. There is little doubt that blood transfusion exposes patients to potential risks of bloodborne pathogens.2 Studies have also demonstrated worse short-term outcomes attributable to blood transfusion itself in critically ill patients.3 Recently, a multicenter, prospective, randomized clinical trial demonstrated no long-term mortality difference between liberal and restrictive transfusion strategies.4 In light of the current controversy and changing climate of health care reform, Ejaz and colleagues are to be commended for spearheading this timely and provocative study. However, many such studies are retrospective in nature, using administrative databases, and have thus suffered from selection bias and lack of clinical granularity.While the transfusion trigger usinghemoglobin levelsmayguide theneed for transfusion, these guidelines should be takenwith some caution and surgeons must use all clinical data to make the final determination on the need for transfusion. At the same time, liberal transfusion strategies based solely on relatively lowhemoglobin levels in completely asymptomatic healthy patients may expose them to unnecessary risks and possibly worse outcomes. Because it is nearly impossible to design a prospective randomizedclinical trial of blood transfusion triggers incorporating all possible clinical scenarios owing to ethical concerns, surgeons should carefullyweighall the risks and benefits of blood transfusionguidedbyevidenceanduse their best clinical judgment. Ultimately, evidence-basedmedicine should complement, not replace, the art of medicine.
Network Route-Choice Evolution in a Real-World Experiment: Necessary Shift from Network- to Driver-Oriented Modeling

Route choice models are a cornerstone in many transportation engineering applications. Two main types of route choice models can be found in the literature: first, mathematical network-oriented models such as stochastic user equilibrium and, second, behavioral driver-oriented models such as random utility models. Although the former models are much more widely used in the transportation engineering realm, evidence of their inadequacy is growing continuously. The degree of their inadequacy, however, remains debatable. Two major criticisms of the theory are the unrealistic assumptions of human perceptions and the inability to incorporate driver heterogeneity. However, attempts to incorporate driver heterogeneity into the behavioral driver-oriented route choice models, too, are still inadequate. Another major limitation in the literature is that because of cost and past technological limitations, only a few studies are based on real-world experiments. Most studies are based on either stated preference survey...
A state-space multistage life cycle model to evaluate population impacts in the presence of density dependence: illustrated with application to delta smelt (Hyposmesus transpacificus)

Multiple factors acting on different life stages influence population dynamics and complicate the assessment and management of populations. To provide appropriate management advice, the data should...
Use of electronic medical records differs by specialty and office settings.

Objective To assess differences in the use of electronic medical records (EMRs) among medical specialties and practice settings. Methods A cross-sectional retrospective study using nationally representative data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey for the period 2003–2010 was performed. Bivariate and multivariate analyzes compared EMR use among physicians of 14 specialties and assessed variation by practice setting. Differences in EMR use by geographic region, patient characteristics, and physician office settings were also assessed. Results Bivariate and multivariate analysis demonstrated increased EMR use from 2003 to 2010, with 16% reporting at least partial use in 2003, rising to 52% in 2010 (p 0.05). Conclusions Uptake of EMR is increasing, although it is significantly slower in dermatology, ophthalmology, and psychiatry. Solo practitioners and owners of a practice have low frequencies of EMR use compared with non-solo practitioners and those who do not own their practice. Despite incentives for EMR adoption, physicians should carefully weigh which, if any, EMR to adopt in their practices.
Environmental sustainability and interaction

By its nature, the discipline of human computer interaction must take into consideration the issues that are most pertinent to humans. We believe that the CHI community faces an unanswered challenge in the creation of interactive systems: sustainability. For example, climate scientists argue that the most serious consequences of climate change can be averted, but only if fundamental changes are made. The goal of this SIG is to raise awareness of these issues in the CHI community and to start a conversation about the possibilities and responsibilities we have to address issues of sustainability.
Thinking about the future: A psychological analysis

In this paper, the relationships between three endogenous variables – thinking about, worrying about, and imagining the future – and the relationships between these variables and a rich set of exogenous variables were explored. Data were collected via a web-based survey using a sample of convenience; 572 individuals from 24 different countries completed the survey. The results suggest that respondents think about the near-term future frequently and about the long-term future not at all frequently. Additionally, individuals who are better able to imagine the future think about the future more than those who cannot imagine the future well. Those who worry more about the future tend to think more about the future than those who do not. Older individuals think about the future less than younger individuals even though age is not correlated with worrying about or imagining the future. Christians think more about the future than others although they also tend to worry less about the future. Secularists are less able to imagine the future. Individuals who are worried about major issues like global warming tend to think more about the future. The results suggest that training individuals to better imagine potential futures could give them more confidence to think more and worry less about their futures.
Resistance to Chlorpyrifos-Methyl, Pirimiphos-Methyl, and Malathion in Brazilian and U.S. Populations of Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleopera: Bostrichidae)

Resistance to chlorpyriphos-methyl, pirimiphos-methyl, and malathion was detected in lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), collected from 8 sites in the sates of Minas Gerais and Sao Paulo in Brazil and from 7 sites in northeast Kansas. These populations were screened for resistance by a discriminating concentration technique, which used vials impregnated with dried insecticide residues. Concentration-mortality regression lines were estimated to compare the resistance ratios for each insecticide and population. Malathion resistance ratios ranged from 2.1- to 12.2-fold at LC 50 ; pirimiphos-methyl resistance ratios ranged from 2.4- to 9.2-fold ; and chlorpyrifos-methyl resistance ratios ranged from 5.6- to 167.9-fold. Such high resistance levels to chlorpyrifos-methyl in lesser grain borer have never been reported before either in the United States or in Brazil. Because chlorpyrifos-methyl is not used against stored grain pests in Brazil, we conclude that chlorpyrifos resistance has evolved as a result of selection to other organophosphorus insecticides in Brazil.
Method for privacy-protecting display and exchange of emergency information on Mobile devices

First responders and emergency care providers make life or death decisions with little to no information about patient's medical problems. Access to a person's medical record could greatly improve the medical care they receive. Challenges to proving this information include finding the correct platform and protecting the patient's privacy. Current solutions are lacking in both these areas. Here we propose leveraging smartphone sensor and matrix barcode technology to allow users to securely encode sensitive information using the widely accepted Quick Response code standard. Placing this code on the phone's lock-screen removes the need to unlock the phone and search for it. Our solution lets users decode information, automatically notify authorized contacts of the nature of the emergency, and location where the patient is being cared for. Future research work will explore utilizing near field communication interfaces to augment the app's features for ease of use.
Plastic Deformation-Induced Nanocrystalline Aluminum in Al-Based Amorphous Alloys

We report the first direct observation of crystallization induced in the slipped planes of aluminum based amorphous alloys by bending the amorphous ribbons. Nanometer-sized crystalline precipitates are found exclusively within a thin layer (shear band) in the slipped planes extending across the deformed amorphous alloy ribbons. It is also found that the nanocrystalline aluminum can be produced by ball-milling. It is likely that local atomic rearrangements within the shear bands create the nanocrystals which appear after plastic deformation.
Science and Policy: Their Separation and Integration in Risk Analysis

The Committee on Risk and Decision Making (CORADM) was commissioned by the Division of Technology Assessment and Risk Analysis (TARA) of the US National Science Foundation to give advice on their research program in risk analysis. CORADM is an ad hoc committee in the Assembly of Behavioral and Social Sciences (ABASS) of NAS/NRC, and our report will be submitted to ABASS and TARA at the end of 1980.
Identification of differentially expressed ovarian genes during primary and early secondary oocyte growth in coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch.

The aim of this study was to identify differentially expressed ovarian genes during primary and early secondary oocyte growth in coho salmon, a semelparous teleost that exhibits synchronous follicle development. Reciprocal suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) libraries were generated from ovaries with perinucleolus (P) or cortical alveolus (CA) stage follicles and selected genes were assessed with quantitative PCR (qPCR). An assessment of changes in RNA composition during oocyte growth and its relationship to transcript levels was also conducted. SSH revealed several differentially expressed genes during early oogenesis, some which will not likely be utilized until 1–3 years later in salmon. Zona pellucida glycoprotein (zp) genes, vitellogenin receptor (vldlr) isoforms, cathepsin B (ctsba), cyclin E (ccne), a DnaJ transcript (dnaja2), and a ferritin subunit (fth3) were significantly elevated at the P stage, while a C-type lectin, retinol dehydrogenase (rdh1), and a coatomer protein subunit (cope) were upregulated at the CA stage. Putative follicle cell transcripts such as anti-Mullerian hormone (amh), lipoprotein lipase (lpl), apolipoprotein E (apoe), gonadal soma-derived growth factor (gsdf) and follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (fshr) also increased significantly at the CA stage. The analysis of RNA composition during oocyte growth showed that the total RNA yield and proportion of messenger RNA relative to non-polyadenylated RNAs declined as oogenesis progressed. This influenced apparent transcript levels depending on the type of RNA template used and normalization method. In coho salmon, which exhibit a dramatic change in oocyte size and RNA composition during oogenesis, use of messenger RNA as template and normalization of qPCR data to a housekeeping gene, ef1a, yielded results that best reflected transcript abundance within the ovarian follicle. Synthesis of zp transcripts and proteins involved in yolk incorporation and processing occurred during primary growth, while increased expression of a CA component and genes related to lipid incorporation occurred concomitant with the appearance of CA, but prior to lipid accumulation. Significant increases in transcripts for fshr, gsdf, and amh at the CA stage suggest a role of FSH and TGFβ peptides in previtellogenic oocyte growth and puberty onset in female salmon.
Asset price bubbles from heterogeneous beliefs about mean reversion rates

Harrison and Kreps showed in 1978 how the heterogeneity of investor beliefs can drive speculation, leading the price of an asset to exceed its intrinsic value. By focusing on an extremely simple market model—a finite-state Markov chain—the analysis of Harrison and Kreps achieved great clarity but limited realism. Here we achieve similar clarity with greater realism, by considering an asset whose dividend rate is a mean-reverting stochastic process. Our investors agree on the volatility, but have different beliefs about the mean reversion rate. We determine the minimum equilibrium price explicitly; in addition, we characterize it as the unique classical solution of a certain linear differential equation. Our example shows, in a simple and transparent manner, how heterogeneous beliefs about the mean reversion rate can lead to everlasting speculation and a permanent “price bubble.”
Pilot neuropsychological findings from a treatment regimen consisting of intensive chemotherapy and bone marrow rescue for young children with newly diagnosed malignant brain tumors

Ten children (6 girls and 4 boys) who completed a protocol in which their localized brain tumors were successfully treated without cranial irradiation were referred for neuropsychological assessment. At the time of testing, they were disease free without any neuroaxis dissemination or leptomeningeal disease. Tumor types included pineoblastoma, glioblastoma, ependymoma, PNET and medulloblastoma. They had a mean age of 5 years and 8 months (SD = 1.86; range = 2.1–8.9 years) and were an average of 37.8 months post bone marrow transplant (SD = 16.42; range = 14–58 months). Neuropsychological data from this study reveal that the mean scores for this nonradiated group of children were within the average range for the following domains: academic achievement tests of reading, spelling and mathematics, verbal and visual memory, visual-motor integration, social-emotional and behavioral functioning. Furthermore, this group of children were performing within the low average range of overall Intelligence, as well as both verbal IQ/verbal reasoning and performance IQ/abstract visual reasoning. On tasks of fine motor dexterity, this group was within the low average range when using their dominant hand; however, they performed within the borderline range when using their non-dominant hand. Of note, this group of children demonstrated significant deficits within the borderline to impaired ranges on language tasks of expressive picture naming and receptive picture vocabulary.
Education, Personal Control, Lifestyle and Health: A Human Capital Hypothesis

The concept of human capital implies that education improves health because it increases effective agency. We propose that education's positive effects extend beyond jobs and earnings. Through educ...
Response characteristics of DOC flushing in an alpine catchment

The spatial distribution of source areas and associated residence times of water in the catchment are significant factors controlling the annual cycles of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration in Deer Creek (Summit County, Colorado). During spring snowmelt (April–August 1992), stream DOC concentrations increased with the rising limb of the hydrograph, peaked before maximum discharge, then declined rapidly as melting continued. We investigated catchment sources of DOC to streamflow, measuring DOC in tension lysimeters, groundwater wells, snow and streamflow. Lysimeter data indicate that near-surface soil horizons are a primary contributor of DOC to streamflow during spring snowmelt. Concentrations of DOC in the lysimeters decrease rapidly during the melt period, supporting the hypothesis that hydrological flushing of catchment soils is the primary mechanism affecting the temporal variation of DOC in Deer Creek. Time constants of DOC flushing, characterizing the exponential decay of DOC concentration in the upper soil horizon, ranged from 10 to 30 days for the 10 lysimeter sites. Differences in the rate of flushing are influenced by topographical position, with near-stream riparian soils flushed more quickly than soils located further upslope. Variation in the amount of distribution of accumulated snow, and asynchronous melting of the snowpack across the landscape, staggered the onset of the spring flush throughout the catchment, prolonging the period of increased concentrations of DOC in the stream. Streamflow integrates the catchment-scale flushing responses, yielding a time constant associated with the recession of DOC in the stream channel (84 days) that is significantly longer than the time constants observed for particular locations in the upper soil. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On Content-Independent Reasons:It’s Not in the Name

Content-independence of commands lies in the fact that a commander may issue many different commands to the same or to different people and the actions commanded may have nothing in common, yet in the case of all of them the commander intends his expressions of intention to be taken as a reason for doing them. It is therefore intended to function as a reason independently of the nature or character of the actions to be done. In this case of course it differs strikingly from the standard paradigmatic cases of reasons for action where between the reason and the action there is a connection of content: there the reason may be some valued or desired consequence to which the action is a means, (my reason for shutting the window was to keep out the cold) or it may be some circumstance given which the action functions as a means to such a desired consequence (my reason for shutting the window was that I felt cold.)
Seeking "truth," finding despair: Some unhappy consequences of a negative self-concept.

'Td never join a club that would have me as a member." Groucho Marx may have authored this quip, but I have a friend who lives it. My friend, whom I will call Kathy, is a healthy, articulate, attractive young woman who has everything going for her except for one thing?she cannot sustain satisfying relation ships with men. The problem is not that she is hard to like; most men find her quite charming. The prob lem is that as soon as she becomes convinced that a man likes her, she leaves him. The result is that she
Use of multiresolution analysis to detect chemical vapors in passive Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy

Detection and identification of chemical vapors using Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR) sensors is an area of interest in many communities and is an active area of research. The use of multi-resolution analysis to detect and identify chemicals of interest in open path applications has seen limited application. In this study, we examine the use of multi-resolution analysis to detect chemicals of interest in both the laboratory and under real world conditions. Real world data was collected using a stationary FTIR sensor located at standoff ranges from the point of dissemination. The experimental results show promising detection and identification capabilities of this analysis technique.
Sequential bioluminescence resonance energy transfer–fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based ratiometric protease assays with fusion proteins of firefly luciferase and red fluorescent protein

We report here the preparation of ratiometric luminescent probes that contain two well-separated emission peaks produced by a sequential bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET)-fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) process. The probes are single soluble fusion proteins consisting of a thermostable firefly luciferase variant that catalyze yellow-green (560nm maximum) bioluminescence and a red fluorescent protein covalently labeled with a near-infrared fluorescent dye. The two proteins are connected by a decapeptide containing a protease recognition site specific for factor Xa, thrombin, or caspase 3. The rates of protease cleavage of the fusion protein substrates were monitored by recording emission spectra and plotting the change in peak ratios over time. Detection limits of 0.41nM for caspase 3, 1.0nM for thrombin, and 58nM for factor Xa were realized with a scanning fluorometer. Our results demonstrate for the first time that an efficient sequential BRET-FRET energy transfer process based on firefly luciferase bioluminescence can be employed to assay physiologically important protease activities.
Can susceptibility to carcinoid tumors be inherited

Previously, all carcinoid tumors were considered to occur sporadically. We present an extremely rare series of three first-degree relatives in two generations with proximal duodenal carcinoid tumors and other family-associated neoplasms. This unusual circumstance, which has never been described previously, represents the sixth case of familial clustering of carcinoid tumors reported in the world's literature.
Noninvasive Quantitative Imaging of Lymph Function in Mice

Background: Whereas functional lymph imaging in rodents is imperative for drug discovery of lymph therapeutics, noninvasive imaging of propulsive lymph function in rodents has not been reported previously. Herein, we present a noninvasive and rapid approach to measure lymphatic function in a rodent model using a near-infrared (NIR) dye to minimize background autofluorescence and maximize tissue penetration. Methods and Results: Mice were dynamically imaged following intradermal (i.d.) injection of 2 to 10 μL of 1.3 mM of indocyanine green (IC-Green) into the tail and the limb. Our results demonstrate the ability to image the IC-Green trafficking from the lymph plexus, through lymph vessels and lymphangions, to the ischial nodes in the tail, and to the axillary nodes in the limb. Our results show that lymph flow velocity from the propelled IC-Green “packet” in the lymph vessels in the tail ranged from 1.3 to 3.9 mm/s and the fluorescence intensity peaks repeated on an average of every 51.3 ± 17.4 seconds i...
Detection of free radicals as a consequence of dog tracheal epithelial cellular xenobiotic metabolism.

1. Spin-trapping techniques have been used to examine the metabolism of three xenobiotics known to produce free radicals during their metabolism. Reaction with oxygen generated superoxide, the location of which was dependent upon the xenobiotic.2. Paraquat was metabolized by dog trachea epithelial cells under anaerobiosis to the paraquat free radical, some of which diffused into the extracellular milieu. With the addition of oxygen, superoxide was spin-trapped both intra- and extracellularly.3. When menadione was metabolized by epithelial cells, superoxide was spin-trapped within the cell and in the surrounding media. However, in this case, extracellular superoxide arose as the result of the disproportionation reaction of menadione and menadiol, resulting from DT-diaphorase reduction of menadione followed by diffusion into extracellular space, to give the menadione semiquinone. Reduction of oxygen resulted in formation of superoxide.4. For nitrazepam, only intracellular superoxide was generated, resulting...
Simple(r) algebraic equation for transition moments of fundamental transitions in vibrational second-order perturbation theory

Rayleigh–Schrodinger perturbation theory is applied in second order to obtain an expression for the transition moment of vibrational fundamentals. The reported equation is considerably simpler than previous ones. Applications for H2O and HFCO are reported using force fields and dipole functions calculated at the CCSD(T) level of theory with different basis sets.
Oxidative modifications of apoB-100 by exposure of low density lipoproteins to HOCL in vitro.

Abstract Although the products of oxidation of the lipid components of LDL have been studied extensively, much less is known about the specific products of oxidative modification of the apoprotein. We reacted native LDL and LDL that had been treated with HOCl with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH), delipidated and trypsinized the protein, and analyzed the products by HPLC. Although tryptic digests of native LDL and LDL oxidized by limited quantities of HOCl showed similar patterns by HPLC with detection at 220 nm, oxidized LDL showed several discrete peaks at 365 nm, which is characteristic of hydrazones formed with aldehydes and ketones, commonly termed protein carbonyls. Native LDL showed no peaks in the chromatograms at 365 nm. Peptides absorbing at 365 nm were isolated by HPLC and characterized. In most cases, the probable sites of modification on the peptides could be implied by failure of an anticipated amino acid to appear in the expected sequence. Of the 14 peptides isolated and characterized to date, eight peptides contained Cys residues. In other peptides, Lys, Trp, and Met were identified as amino acid residues apparently modified by HOCl treatment of LDL. Thirteen of the peptides identified are from trypsin-releasable peptides located on the surface of unoxidized native LDL. Our studies suggest a selective process of modification of apoB-100 by HOCl and the approaches used in the present studies should be useful for the characterization of the mechanisms of oxidation of this and other proteins. © 1997 Elsevier Science Inc.
Epistemic Authority of Women in the Medieval Middle East

The article is formed of two parts. In the first part, it addresses a methodological concern related to the usage of Muslim religious texts as sources for analyzing the history of women in the Middle East. In the second part, the article engages the epistemic authority of women in the medieval Middle East through the analysis of the way such authority was constructed in bibliographical dictionaries and necrologies. The article argues that women enjoyed circumstantial epistemic authority and that the legitimization of this authority usually involved a complicated socio-cultural process involving the presence of qualifying reasons and corroborating empirical evidence.
Peroxidase activity in platyhelminth cuticular mitochondria.

Using diaminobenzidine and hydrogen peroxide, peroxidase activity was demonstrated in the cuticular mitochondria of the cestode Hymenolepis citelli and the trematode Haematoloechus medioplexus. This is believed to be the first electron microscopic demonstration of peroxidase activity in animal mitochondria.
Nutritional insult and recovery in the neonatal rat cerebellum: insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and their binding proteins (IGFBPs).

Alterations in growth caused by neonatal malnutrition may be mediated in part by changes in insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and IGF binding protein (IGFBP) expression. Since the neonatal rat cerebellum undergoes a transient, proliferative growth phase in the first two weeks of life, this structure was used to determine whether alterations in circulating and tissue IGFs and IGFBPs may mediate effects of impaired nutrition on the developing central nervous system. Gravid rats were placed on a 4% (protein-calorie deprived, D) or 20% (control, C) protein diets one day prior to delivery and allowed to nurse their pups postpartum. Pups nursing from D mothers received a limited volume of milk and were calorically deprived. Some litters of D pups were foster fed by C mothers from day 8 to day 13 to constitute a recovery group (R). Cerebellar weight, protein, and DNA content in D pups were less than C, p<0.001. In R pups, DNA and protein returned to C levels by day 13. Between days 6 and 13, serum IGF-I levels rose from 158±18 to 210±18 ng/ml in C but remained low in D (47±6 ng/ml and 25±3 ng/ml), respectively. In R pups, serum IGF-I partially recovered during this time, and increased from 49±5 to 110±7 ng/ml. In cerebellar extracts, IGF-I levels in both C and D were lower at 13 days than at 6 days, p<0.05 and p<0.005, respectively. IGF-I levels in C were similar at day 9 and day 11 and were consistently higher than D (11.84±0.83 vs 8.56±0.92 ng/g, p<0.02 C vs D). In R, IGF-I was reduced on day 11, but was similar to C on day 13. Serum IGF-II in D was lower than C, p<0.01, and did not increase in the R group. Cerebellar IGF-II was virtually undetectable in either group. Immunoprecipitation and ligand blotting studies of serum demonstrated that circulating levels of 32–34 K IGFBPs were increased 3–4 fold in D vs C, reflecting high levels of IGFBP-1 and/or-2, while levels of 24 K IGFBP-4 were lower in D vs C. By contrast, immunoprecipitation and ligand blotting of cerebellar extracts detected IGFBP-2 and-4, but did not detect IGFBP-1. Further, tissue levels of IGFBP-2 were not increased in D vs C, and levels of IGFBP-4 also were not markedly affected by nutritional deprivation. These results suggest that alterations in tissue content and the availability of IGF-I only modestly contributed to the effects of impaired nutrition in the developing central nervous system.
Thermodynamics of hydrogen in fcc Pd-Au alloys.

Hydrogen isotherms have been measured for a series of solid solution Pd−Au alloys in the temperature range from 393 to 523 K. Standard partial thermodynamic parameters at infinite dilution of H, ΔHH°, and ΔSH°, have been determined from these equilibrium data; both standard values for H2 absorption become more negative with increase of atom fraction Au, XAu. An interesting result is that the dilute phase isotherms at 423 and 523 K are all very similar for alloys with XAu = 0.15 to about 0.30 although their ΔHH° and ΔSH° values differ. This is due to a compensating effect of the two thermodynamic parameters leading to (∂ΔGH/∂r) = RT(∂ ln p1/2/∂r) ≈ constant for the alloys from XAu ≈ 0.15 to 0.30 at low r where r = H-to-metal atom ratio. Calorimetric enthalpies and isotherms at 303 K have been determined for a series of Pd−Au alloys over a range of H contents including, for some of the low Au content alloys, the plateau regions. These calorimetric data are the most complete reported for the Pd−Au−H system.
NMR Studies of Drugs. Application of a Chiral Lanthanide Shift Reagent for Potential Direct Determination of Enantiomeric Excess of Methsuximide

Abstract The 200 MHz 1H NMR Spectra of methsuximide, 1,3-dimethy1-3-ogebt1-2,5-otrrikudubeduibem 1, havebeen studied in CDC13 solution with the chiral reagent, tris[3-(heptafluoropropy1-hydroxymethylene)-d-camphorato] europium (III), 2, Eu(HFC)3. Substantial lanthanide-induced shifts are seen. In addition, significant enantiomeric shift differences are observed for several of the nuclei of 1. With a 2:1 molar ratio near 1.0, the CCH3 and NCH3 signals show nearly baseline resolution between the peaks from each enantiomer, providing excellent potential for direct determinations of enantiomeric excess of samples of 1. As little as 2% of a minor enatiomer should be readily detectable.
Microsatellite DNA markers for the rainbow darter, Etheostoma caeruleum (Percidae), and their potential utility for other darter species

The rainbow darter Etheostoma caeruleum is a small fish in the perch family (Percidae) that is adapted to fast-flowing streams in eastern North America. It is relatively sensitive to habitat degradation and is widely used as a sentinel of stream condition. To provide a complementary tool for assessing the integrity of stream ecosystems, 16 highly polymorphic tetranucleotide microsatellite markers were identified for these darters. Between four and 16 loci were found to be useful in five congeneric species. These markers will be useful for characterizing population genetic structure and diversity of rainbow darters and related fishes.