cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predicting the Solubilities of Complex Chemicals I. Solutes in Different Solvents

A systematic approach is suggested for predicting the solubility of sparingly soluble solid fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals. The procedure uses group contribution methods for computing the difference in solubility at infinite dilution in the solvent of interest from an optimal reference solvent with the aim of (1) minimizing the impact of uncertainties in pure-solute properties, (2) decreasing the number of adjustable parameters to be determined by data reduction, and (3) using appropriate experimental data to fit unknown parameters. Several examples illustrate the method.
The use of absorbance ratios in high-performance liquid chromatography for the identification of drugs of abuse

Absorbance ratios at selected wavelengths and retention times were determined for 28 common drugs of abuse. Based on the values of three ratios, the drugs were placed into five classes. Within each class the individual member could be identified readily by its characteristic absorbance ratio and retention time. It was concluded that absorbance ratios in conjunction with retention times greatly enhance the utility of HPLC for the rapid analysis of drugs of abuse.
Effectiveness of AMSA alone or in combination with radiation on murine fibrosarcoma pulmonary nodules.

The cytotoxic effects in vivo of 4'-(9-acridinylamino) methanesulfon-m-anisidide (AMSA), radiation or both modalities in combination on murine fibrosarcoma (FSa) cells grown as pulmonary tumors were determined. Fourteen days following the i.v. injection of viable FSa cells, recipient mice developed between 100 and 150 visible pulmonary nodules. At that time, tumor-bearing animals were exposed to either single or combined modality treatments, as well as single and fractionated dose regimens. Animals were sacrificed 1 hour after the last treatment. Tumor nodules were excised, made into a single cell suspension and separated on the basis of cell size by centrifugal elutriation. Flow microfluorometry (FMF) was used to determine the cell-cycle parameters and the relative synchrony of the separated populations, as well as the percentage contamination by normal diploid cells in each of the tumor cell populations. Known numbers of viable cells from each elutriator fraction were injected into recipient mice to determine their colony-forming efficiency (CFE). Surviving fractions were determined by comparing the CFEs of treated FSa cells from each of the separated elutriator fractions with those of appropriate untreated controls. Following a single i.v. dose of AMSA (30 mg/kg), populations of cells enriched in S phase were the most sensitive. When a single dose of AMSA was combined with a single dose of radiation (100 rad), there was a marked schedule dependence with the more effective sequence, especially if a 12 hour interval was chosen between doses, being AMSA followed by irradiation. No schedule dependence was observed if both modalities were combined and administered under a fractionated protocol of four fractions of AMSA (5 mg/kg per fraction) and four fractions of radiation (300 rad per fraction). Under these conditions the greatest reduction in CFE was in cell subpopulations most enriched in S and G2 + M phase cells.
Cost-utility analysis of the cochlear implant in children.

ContextBarriers to the use of cochlear implants in children with profound deafness include device costs, difficulty assessing benefit, and lack of data to compare the implant with other medical interventions.ObjectiveTo determine the quality of life and cost consequences for deaf children who receive a cochlear implant.DesignCost-utility analysis using preintervention, postintervention, and cross-sectional surveys conducted from July 1998 to May 2000.SettingHearing clinic at a US academic medical center.ParticipantsParents of 78 profoundly deaf children (average age, 7.5 years) who received cochlear implants.Main Outcome MeasuresDirect and total cost to society per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) using the time-trade-off (TTO), visual analog scale (VAS), and Health Utilities Index—Mark III (HUI), discounting costs and benefits 3% annually. Parents rated their child's health state at the time of the survey and immediately before and 1 year before implantation.ResultsRecipients had an average of 1.9 years of implant use. Mean VAS scores increased by 0.27, from 0.59 before implantation to 0.86 at survey. In a subset of participants, TTO scores increased by 0.22, from 0.75 to 0.97 (n = 40) and HUI scores increased by 0.39, from 0.25 to 0.64 (n = 22). Quality-of-life scores were no different 1 year before and immediately before implantation. Discounted direct costs were $60,228, yielding $9029 per QALY using the TTO, $7500 per QALY using the VAS, and $5197 per QALY using the HUI. Including indirect costs such as reduced educational expenses, the cochlear implant provided a savings of $53,198 per child.ConclusionsCochlear implants in profoundly deaf children have a positive effect on quality of life at reasonable direct costs and appear to result in a net savings to society.
Epidermal Langerhans Cell Density in Patients with Pulmonary Malignancies and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

To evaluate the relationship between ELC density and pulmonary malignancies, as reported in previous investigations, we examined the nonsun-exposed epidermis of 18 patients with pulmonary cancer (CA) not receiving immunosuppressive therapy, 20 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD-S), and 10 patients with COPD receiving glucocorticosteroid (GCS) therapy (COPD + S). The ELC density was not significantly different between lung tumor patients (1024 +/- 167) and COPD-S (1072 +/- 200, p less than 0.4) control patients, and we found no significant correlation between ELC density and tumor cell type, presence or absence of metastases, tumor stage, or present smoking status. Although we did detect that systemic GCS therapy significantly reduced the ELC density in COPD + S patients (910 +/- 211, p less than 0.05); use of inhaled or chronic low dose (less than or equal to 20 mg daily) GCS did not appear to significantly alter ELC density. In addition, anergy to epicutaneous dinitrochlorobenzene in CA and COPD + S patients positively correlated with a reduction in ELC density, suggesting a possible functional deficit arising from the numerical change. Further investigation is needed to elucidate whether factor(s) other than a reduction in ELC density are involved in the anergic state.
Filtration Rates of the Zebra Mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) on Natural Seston from Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron

Filtration rates of the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) on natural seston from two different regions in Saginaw Bay were determined on a monthly basis from April to October in 1992 and 1993. The two regions represent contrasting trophic conditions, with the inner bay more eutrophic than the outer bay. Mean filtration rate was 16.2 mUmg/h (range 4.0 to 40.7 mL/mg/h) over the entire 2-year period. Filtration rates on seston from the inner bay were significantly lower than rates on seston from the outer bay in 1992, but no differences were apparent in 1993. Lower rates were attributed to higher concentrations of seston {chlorophyll, paniculate organic carbon, and total suspended solids) found in the inner bay in 1992. In 1992, overall filtration rates were related to seston concentrations as described by a negative exponential function. In 1993, seston concentrations were uniformly low, and a relationship between filtration rates and concentrations was not observed. Further, filtration rates were not related to seston composition, as determined by the ratio of POC’TSS and chl:TSS. Maximum filtration rates were apparently related to temperature, with highest maximum rates occurring at 10–20°C. Based on measured filtration rates and overall standing stocks, the Dreissena population in the inner bay was capable of filtering the volume of the inner bay 1.3 times per day in 1992 and 0.2 times per day in 1993.
Evidence for tandem duplication of a glucosephosphate isomerase locus in Sciaenops ocellatus

Abstract Starch gel electrophoresis of the enzyme glucosephosphate isomerase from samples of tissue of the red drum ( Sciaenops ocellatus ) revealed more isozyme bands than would be expected for a dimeric protein that is coded by two loci, the common condition among teleostean fishes. We conclude that this is the result of a recent tandem duplication of the Gpi-B locus.
Methionine sulfoxide reductase A protects dopaminergic cells from Parkinson's disease-related insults.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurologic disorder characterized by dopaminergic cell death in the substantia nigra. PD pathogenesis involves mitochondrial dysfunction, proteasome impairment, and α-synuclein aggregation, insults that may be especially toxic to oxidatively stressed cells including dopaminergic neurons. The enzyme methionine sulfoxide reductase A (MsrA) plays a critical role in the antioxidant response by repairing methionine-oxidized proteins and by participating in cycles of methionine oxidation and reduction that have the net effect of consuming reactive oxygen species. Here, we show that MsrA suppresses dopaminergic cell death and protein aggregation induced by the complex I inhibitor rotenone or mutant α-synuclein, but not by the proteasome inhibitor MG132. By comparing the effects of MsrA and the small-molecule antioxidants N-acetylcysteine and vitamin E, we provide evidence that MsrA protects against PD-related stresses primarily via methionine sulfoxide repair rather than by scavenging reactive oxygen species. We also demonstrate that MsrA efficiently reduces oxidized methionine residues in recombinant α-synuclein. These findings suggest that enhancing MsrA function may be a reasonable therapeutic strategy in PD.
A Simple Efficient Synthesis of 3-Pyrrolines Using A 1,3-Dipolar Cycloadoition Reaction with An Ylioe Generated by Thermal Desilylation of An α-Silylimminium Salt

Abstract Treatment of N-(benzylidene)trimethylsilylmethylamine with methyl chloroformate at 50[ddot] C produced an ylide that reacted with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate to give dimethyl 1-methoxy-carbcnyl-2-phenyl-3-pyrroline-3,4-dicarboxylate.
Ultrastructure of the germinal epithelium during oogenesis in the rabbit.

Electron microscopic examination of newborn New Zealand white rabbit ovaries revealed numerous germ cells within the germinal epithelium during the early stages of oogenesis. The germ cells were found at all levels of the germinal epithelium, as well as in bridges connecting with the underlying sex cords. Germ cell nuclei were large and round with smooth, regular double membranes, reticular nucleoli and evenly distributed chromatin. Mitochondria were characteristically spherical with slightly eccentric cristae. The number of germ cells within the germinal epithelium gradually diminished until they were completely absent by the time oogenesis was complete. The germinal epithelial cells were characterized by irregular, elongated nuclei with eccentric nucleoli and peripherally marginated chromatin. Cytoplasm was rich in ribosomes, rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and elongated mitochondria. Junctional complexes, cytoplasmic projections and occasional cilia were present on the cell surfaces. At the junctions of germ cells and germinal epithelial cells, cell membranes were closely apposed and small interdigitating cytoplasmic projections were present. During the early stages of oogenesis, the germinal epithelium was multilayered and connected to the cortical sex cords in many places. Bridges joining the germinal epithelium to the sex cords contained both germ cells and germinal epithelial cells. Occasionally, germinal epithelial cells could be seen extending partially into the sex cords. With increase in the thickness and extent of the tunica albuginea, contact between the germinal epithelium and the sex cords was gradually diminished. As oogenesis reached completion, the germinal epithelium was reduced to a single layer of epithelial cells separated from the developing follicles below by a dense band of fibroblasts, collagen and capillaries.
Online processing of subject pronouns in monolingual and heritage bilingual speakers of Mexican Spanish

In this self-paced reading study, we first tested the cross-linguistic validity of the position of antecedent strategy proposed for anaphora resolution in Italian (Carminati, 2002) in a Latin American variety of Spanish. We then examined the application of this strategy by Spanish heritage speakers of the same dialect who were largely English dominant. Forty-five monolingual speakers of Mexican Spanish and 28 Spanish heritage speakers of Mexican descent read sentences in which null and overt subject pronouns were biased for and against expected antecedent biases. Our results suggest that Mexican monolinguals display distinct antecedent biases for null and overt pronouns. Furthermore, the Spanish heritage speakers, though not monolingual-like, did not violate discourse constraints on the resolution of overt pronouns, contra the findings of offline research (see Keating, VanPatten & Jegerski, 2011). We discuss the findings in terms of a processing-based account.
A note on the distribution of the determinant of a random matrix

Abstract An analysis of a probability density function of the determinant of a random matrix is presented, and an oversight in an earlier paper on this subject is noted.
Comprehensive identification and analysis of human accelerated regulatory DNA

It has long been hypothesized that changes in gene regulation have played an important role in human evolution, but regulatory DNA has been much more difficult to study compared with protein-coding regions. Recent large-scale studies have created genome-scale catalogs of DNase I hypersensitive sites (DHSs), which demark potentially functional regulatory DNA. To better define regulatory DNA that has been subject to human-specific adaptive evolution, we performed comprehensive evolutionary and population genetics analyses on over 18 million DHSs discovered in 130 cell types. We identified 524 DHSs that are conserved in nonhuman primates but accelerated in the human lineage (haDHS), and estimate that 70% of substitutions in haDHSs are attributable to positive selection. Through extensive computational and experimental analyses, we demonstrate that haDHSs are often active in brain or neuronal cell types; play an important role in regulating the expression of developmentally important genes, including many transcription factors such as SOX6, POU3F2, and HOX genes; and identify striking examples of adaptive regulatory evolution that may have contributed to human-specific phenotypes. More generally, our results reveal new insights into conserved and adaptive regulatory DNA in humans and refine the set of genomic substrates that distinguish humans from their closest living primate relatives.
IMMUNOLOGICAL TOLERANCE DISSOCIATION BETWEEN IN VIVO AND IN VITRO REACTIVITY IN PARABIOSED MICE

Although most mouse strain combinations succumb to a lethal wasting disease when parabiosed across a strong histocompatibility (H-2) barrier, a high proportion of DBA mice parabiosed to DBA/C3H F1 hybrids survive and appear healthy. DBA mice accept C3H skin grafts following parabiosis, and may therefore be considered operationally tolerant of C3H antigens. Nonetheless, spleen cells from long-term DBA and F1 parabionts give normal and enhanced responses, respectively, to C3H antigens in mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC). This indicates that the tolerance mechanism can distinguish between MLC recognition reactivity and in vivo effector reactivity, and that the former can therefore exist in the absence of the latter.
A GIS-Coupled Hydrological Model System for the Watershed Assessment of Agricultural Nonpoint and Point Sources of Pollution

This paper introduces AVSWAT, a GIS based hydrological system linking the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) water quality model and ArcView  Geographic Information System software. The main purpose of AVSWAT is the combined assessment of nonpoint and point pollution loading at the watershed scale. The GIS component of the system, in addition to the traditional functions of data acquisition, storage, organization and display, implements advanced analytical methods with enhanced flexibility to improve the hydrological characterization of a study watershed. Intuitive user friendly graphic interfaces, also part of the GIS component, have been developed to provide an efficient interaction with the model and the associated parameter databases, and ultimately to simplify water quality assessments, while maintaining and increasing their reliability. This is also supported by SWAT, the core of the system, a complex, conceptual, hydrologic, continuous model with spatially explicit parameterization, building upon the United State Department of Agriculture (USDA) modeling experience. A step-by-step example application for a watershed in Central Texas is also included to verify the capability and illustrate some of the characteristics of the system which has been adopted by many users around the world.
A Pen-Based Database Interface for Mobile Computers

The appearance on the market of pen-based computers with wireless communication capabilities has led to the ability to access geographically distributed information bases. Moreover, such computing devices require database interfaces that are easy-to-use, avoid large-scale data input via keyboard use, and are suited for smaller display screens. We establish the need for newer interfaces to deal with problems specific to mobile computing devices that use the pen as a primary input device. We describe an implementation of a pen-based graphical database interface on a pen computer (using the PenPoint operating system) with a built-in cellular phone. Using the cellular phone capability, the interface connects to remote databases and displays the schema information of the database chosen by the user. In response to gestures made by the user using the pen, the interface automatically generates queries and retrieves results. We use the 'universal relation' concept to aid in automatically generating queries based on the attributes chosen by the user. We provide a summary of the status of this interface, some implementation details and suggest some future directions.
Vancomycin MICs for Staphylococcus aureus Vary by Detection Method and Have Subtly Increased in a Pediatric Population Since 2005

Vancomycin MICs for Staphylococcus aureus isolates in a pediatric hospital with a high rate of staphylococcal infections were examined for any increase over a 7-year period. A broth microdilution scheme allowed direct comparison of the MICs generated by this method to MICs generated by Etest. MICs generated by both methods were determined with the same inoculum suspension. One hundred sixty-five S. aureus isolates were selected on the basis of the patients having been bacteremic or having received vancomycin as the definitive therapy for their infections. Of the 165 isolates, 117 were methicillin-resistant S. aureus and 48 were methicillin-susceptible S. aureus. Forty-seven were acquired in the hospital (nosocomial), 56 were community acquired, and 62 were community onset-health care associated. All but one isolate tested by broth microdilution had MICs of 5 days (P = 0.3) was not different. We conclude that MICs for pediatric isolates have increased slightly since 2005 and therapeutic decisions based on vancomycin MICs need to be made by considering the methodology used.
Finding the Right Match: Mindfulness Training May Potentiate the Therapeutic Effect of Nonjudgment of Inner Experience on Smoking Cessation

Mindfulness training (MT) is an emerging therapeutic modality for addictive disorders. Nonjudgment of inner experience, a component of mindfulness, may influence addiction treatment response. To test whether this component influences smoking cessation, tobacco smokers (n = 85) in a randomized control trial of MT vs. Freedom from Smoking (FFS), a standard cognitive-behaviorally-oriented treatment, were divided into split-half subgroups based on baseline Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire nonjudgment subscale. Smokers who rarely judge inner experience (nonjudgment > 30.5) smoked less during follow-up when randomized to MT (3.9 cigs/d) vs. FFS (11.1 cigs/d), p < .01. Measuring trait nonjudgment may help personalize treatment assignments, improving outcomes.
CROWN - Converged Optical and Wireless Networks: Network Architecture and Routing Algorithms

A converged optical and wireless network (CROWN) is proposed for broadband, ubiquitous access service. The network consists of an optical backhaul and a wireless mesh. The broadband optical backhaul combines multiple TDM/WDM passive optical networks (PONs) with a WDM ring. The TDM/WDM PONs are logically reconfigurable using tunable transceivers for better adaptation to changes in bandwidth demands. Wireless mesh networks (WMNs) are deployed in CROWN to penetrate into user premises for flexible and ubiquitous services, and wireless gateways are connected to PON branches, providing broadband access for wireless mesh networks. An integrated routing algorithm is developed for CROWN to improve network performance using highly efficient load balancing. Our simulation results show significant performance enhancement compared to hybrid networks with fixed optical backhaul or conventional wireless mesh networks.
Genetic structure of the Caribbean giant barrel sponge Xestospongia muta using the I3-M11 partition of COI

In recent years, reports of sponge bleaching, disease, and subsequent mortality have increased alarmingly. Population recovery may depend strongly on colonization capabilities of the affected species. The giant barrel sponge Xestospongia muta is a dominant reef constituent in the Caribbean. However, little is known about its population structure and gene flow. The 5′-end fragment of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase subunit I is often used to address these kinds of questions, but it presents very low intraspecific nucleotide variability in sponges. In this study, the usefulness of the I3-M11 partition of COI to determine the genetic structure of X. muta was tested for seven populations from Florida, the Bahamas and Belize. A total of 116 sequences of 544 bp were obtained for the I3-M11 partition corresponding to four haplotypes. In order to make a comparison with the 5′-end partition, 10 sequences per haplotype were analyzed for this fragment. The 40 resulting sequences were of 569 bp and corresponded to two haplotypes. The nucleotide diversity of the I3-M11 partition (π = 0.00386) was higher than that of the 5′-end partition (π = 0.00058), indicating better resolution at the intraspecific level. Sponges with the most divergent external morphologies (smooth vs. digitate surface) had different haplotypes, while those with the most common external morphology (rough surface) presented a mixture of haplotypes. Pairwise tests for genetic differentiation among geographic locations based on F ST values showed significant genetic divergence between most populations, but this genetic differentiation was not due to isolation by distance. While limited larval dispersal may have led to differentiation among some of the populations, the patterns of genetic structure appear to be most strongly related to patterns of ocean currents. Therefore, hydrological features may play a major role in sponge colonization and need to be considered in future plans for management and conservation of these important components of coral reef ecosystems.
Vortex Generation and Pixel Calibration Using a Spatial Light Modulator for Maskless Lithography

We present aerial images demonstrating the generation of an isolated optical vortex via and its through-focus characteristics using a SLM (spatial light modulator) for optical maskless lithography. Aerial images show that a 4 phase step vortex can be formed by a group of 2 x 2 pixels. The vortex showed that there is minimal through-focus drift in the intensity profile whereas an isolated feature generated without a phase singularity showed noticeable drift of the profile. We also present experimental results in utilizing a method to improve the sensitivity in pixel calibration for an optical maskless lithography system. Using an optimized configuration of the surrounding mirrors, the calibration sensitivity of the pixel under test can be increased and even maximized at a certain defocus. The calibration sensitivity is improved by ~1.8x for our surrounding mirror configuration without defocus.
Conversation-based assessment of social cognition in adults with traumatic brain injury.

Primary objective: The purpose of this study was to characterize performance of individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI) on a novel video-based test, the Video Social Inference Test (VSIT). The VSIT was designed to capture social inference processes that would be engaged in daily conversations. The test required both initial social inferences and also predictions or explanations of subsequent behaviours.Research design: Between-groups comparison.Methods: Adults with TBI (n= 19) and typical controls matched for age and sex (n= 19) completed the VSIT, as well as a working memory test and the Eyes Test, a widely-used picture-based test of social cognition.Results: VSIT scores were lower in the TBI group and higher than on the Eyes Test. Participants in both groups had lower scores when required to predict or explain future behaviours based on an initial social inference.Conclusions and implications: The results suggest that conversation-based stimuli may yield unique and useful information about social ...
Human Cerebrovascular Response to Combined Hypoxia and Hypercapnia

Cerebral blood flow and metabolism during combined hypoxia and hypercapnia, noting cerebral vasodilatation effect
Improved Word Alignment with Statistics and Linguistic Heuristics

We present a method to align words in a bitext that combines elements of a traditional statistical approach with linguistic knowledge. We demonstrate this approach for Arabic-English, using an alignment lexicon produced by a statistical word aligner, as well as linguistic resources ranging from an English parser to heuristic alignment rules for function words. These linguistic heuristics have been generalized from a development corpus of 100 parallel sentences. Our aligner, Ualign, outperforms both the commonly used GIZA++ aligner and the state-of-the-art LEAF aligner on F-measure and produces superior scores in end-to-end statistical machine translation, +1.3 Bleu points over GIZA++, and +0.7 over LEAF.
Behavioral Integrity: The Perceived Alignment Between Managers' Words and Deeds as a Research Focus

This paper focuses on the perceived pattern of alignment between a manager's words and deeds, with special attention to promise keeping, and espoused and enacted values. It terms this perceived pattern of alignment"Behavioral Integrity." The literatures on trust, psychological contracts, and credibility combine to suggest important consequences for this perception, and literatures on hypocrisy, social accounts, social cognition, organizational change, and management fashions suggest key antecedents to it. The resulting conceptual model highlights an issue that is problematic in today's managerial environment, has important organizational outcomes, and is relatively unstudied.
Analysis of a chalcone synthase mutant in Ipomoea purpurea reveals a novel function for flavonoids: amelioration of heat stress

Flavonoids are thought to function in the plant stress response and male fertility in some, but not all, species. We examined the effects of a self-fertile chalcone synthase null allele, a, for the effects of heat and light stress on fertilization success and flower production in Ipomoea purpurea. Pollen recipients and pollen donors of both homozygous genotypes exhibit reduced fertilization success at high temperatures, indicating that high temperature acts as a stress-lowering fertilization success. Homozygous aa individuals exhibit reduced male and female fertilization success, compared to AA individuals, at high temperatures but not at low temperatures. In addition, aa individuals produce fewer flowers than AA individuals at low temperatures, but not at high temperatures. These results suggest that flavonoids alleviate heat stress on fertilization success. They also suggest that pleiotropic effects at the A locus may explain the low frequency of the a allele in natural populations.
A forest growth and biomass module for a landscape simulation model, LANDIS: design, validation, and application

Predicting the long-term dynamics of forest systems depends on understanding multiple processes that often operate at vastly different scales. Disturbance and seed dispersal are landscape-scale phenomena and are spatially linked across the landscape. Ecosystem processes (e.g., growth and decomposition) have high annual and inter-specific variation and are generally quantified at the scale of a forest stand. To link these widely scaled processes, we used biomass (living and dead) as an integrating variable that provides feedbacks between disturbance and ecosystem processes and feedbacks among multiple disturbances. We integrated a simple model of biomass growth, mortality, and decay into LANDIS, a spatially dynamic landscape simulation model. The new biomass module was statically linked to PnET-II, a generalized ecosystem process model. The combined model simulates disturbances (fire, wind, harvesting), dispersal, forest biomass growth and mortality, and inter- and intra-specific competition. We used the model to quantify how fire and windthrow alter forest succession, living biomass and dead biomass across an artificial landscape representative of northern Wisconsin, USA. In addition, model validation and a sensitivity analysis were conducted.
Integrating Theory and Research: The Development of a Research-Based Treatment Program for Juvenile Male Sex Offenders

A research-based treatment model designed to effectively address identified factors related to juvenile sexual offending behaviors is presented. Current research, theory, and national standards related to juvenile sexual offending are each explored with the treatment model reflecting an integration of these 3 components. The use of counseling skills is included throughout the model to further illustrate the application of theory and the role of the counselor in the treatment of this special population
Borrowed Words: problems of vocabulary in eighteenth-century geology

Every science has its technical vocabulary, consisting in part of terms coined for explicit purposes and in part of words borrowed from ordinary discourse and used with greater or lesser degrees of precision. Words of the latter sort pose curious problems, some of them familiar to those historians of science concerned with, for example, what Galileo meant by forza and Newton by attraction. Indeed, analogous problems face any historian seeking to understand the older meanings of terms still in use today.
Cost savings associated with the use of fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) for the diagnosis of palpable masses in a community hospital-based FNAB clinic

BACKGROUND. Generally, it is assumed that fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) for the diagnosis of superficial, palpable masses is a less expensive alternative to diagnostic open surgical biopsy; however, to the authors' knowledge few studies to date have sought to quantify the number of diagnostic surgical procedures avoided and cost savings involved. In this article, the authors report their experience with 664 FNAB procedures that were performed by a cytopathologist/cytotechnologist team practicing in a community setting. METHODS. Records from a total of 664 consecutive FNAB cases from 607 patients who underwent FNAB in a community hospital-based FNAB clinic between 2003 and 2005 were reviewed retrospectively, and follow-up data were obtained. RESULTS. Surgery was averted entirely as a result of the FNAB in 83% or 505 of 609 cases with follow-up available. The FNAB procedure was highly accurate and considerably less expensive than surgical biopsy. CONCLUSION. For patients who presented with palpable masses, FNAB was a reliable, cost-effective initial method for obtaining a tissue diagnosis. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Three-Dimensional Numerical Modeling of Convection Produced by Interacting Thunderstorm Outflows. Part II: Variations in Vertical Wind Shear

Abstract In this second paper in a series on outflow interactions, we use the three-dimensional model described in Part I to examine the effects of vertical wind shear variations on cloud development along intersecting thunderstorm outflow boundaries. Three wind shear profiles are used in this study: shear only above cloud base, shear only below cloud base, and shear both above and below cloud base. As in Part I, the shear is unidirectional and is oriented perpendicular to the line containing the two initial outflow-producing clouds (which are spaced 16 km apart). Using the environmental thermodynamic structure from the control simulation in Part I, we vary the shear magnitude in each profile and examine the properties of cloud development in the region where the two outflows collide (the outflow collision line or CL). The model results show that the intensity and the time interval between successive cell updraft maxima of the first two clouds along the CL (both of which are triggered by the outflow colli...
Tissue Plasminogen Activator Prescription and Administration Errors within a Regional Stroke System.

Background Intravenous (IV) tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) utilization in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) requires weight-based dosing and a standardized infusion rate. In our regional network, we have tried to minimize tPA dosing errors. We describe the frequency and types of tPA administration errors made in our comprehensive stroke center (CSC) and at community hospitals (CHs) prior to transfer. Methods Using our stroke quality database, we extracted clinical and pharmacy information on all patients who received IV tPA from 2010-11 at the CSC or CH prior to transfer. All records were analyzed for the presence of inclusion/exclusion criteria deviations or tPA errors in prescription, reconstitution, dispensing, or administration, and for association with outcomes. Results We identified 131 AIS cases treated with IV tPA: 51% female; mean age 68; 32% treated at the CSC, and 68% at CHs (including 26% by telestroke) from 22 CHs. tPA prescription and administration errors were present in 64% of all patients (41% CSC, 75% CH, P P Conclusion Despite focus on minimization of tPA administration errors in AIS patients, such errors were very common in our regional stroke system. Although an association between tPA errors and stroke outcomes was not demonstrated, quality assurance mechanisms are still necessary to reduce potentially dangerous, avoidable errors.
Medication adherence may be more important than other behaviours for optimizing glycaemic control among low-income adults.

What is known Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are required to perform multiple self-care behaviours to achieve and maintain optimal glycaemic control (HbA1c), which prevents complications and premature mortality. Patients with T2DM and low socioeconomic status (SES) are more likely to have suboptimal HbA1c, often due to being less adherent to recommended self-care activities than their higher-SES counterparts.
Victim Reporting Behaviors Following Identity Theft Victimization: Results From the National Crime Victimization Survey:

The current study investigates the decision by victims to report the crime to the police following identity theft victimization. Potential influences on the reporting decision are framed around two criminal justice theories—focal concerns theory and Gottfredson and Gottfredson’s theory of criminal justice decision making. The data used to examine this decision were collected from a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults as a supplement to the 2012 National Crime Victimization Survey. Results suggest that the decision to contact law enforcement is based on the seriousness of the offense, the victim’s knowledge of who committed the crime and how it was perpetrated, as well as practical considerations. These findings parallel other research into victim decision making generally, while also highlighting factors that may be unique to identity theft, notably the effects of income. The results also support the use of criminal justice theory to study and understand victim decision making.
Contrasting effects of winter snowpack and soil frost on growing season microbial biomass and enzyme activity in two mixed-hardwood forests

Winter is recognized as an important time for microbial activity that influences biogeochemical cycles. The onset of the winter snowpack in temperate hardwood ecosystems has been and will continue to be delayed over the next century. The decline in snowpack results in more soil freeze–thaw events and lower winter soil temperatures. Understanding microbial responses to varying snowpack conditions is important to understanding the effect of climate change on forest ecosystems. To this end, we removed snow to simulate a thinner, more ephemeral snowpack at two sites in the northeastern US, Harvard Forest (MA) and Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (NH). We then measured microbial and exoenzyme activity in soils following snowmelt and three additional time points across the growing season. We found that microbial and exoenzyme activity were both positively correlated with the depth and duration of the snowpack at each site. The depth and duration of soil frost were negatively correlated with microbial biomass, exoenzyme activity and respiration, but only at Harvard Forest and not at Hubbard Brook. At both sites the changes in microbial and exoenzyme activity were transient and did not persist into the growing season past tree leaf-out. While it is possible that reductions in the snowpack and changes to microbial activity in the early spring may lead to asynchrony in the phenology of microbial relative to plant activity, it is at present uncertain whether and over what time scale this asynchrony may affect other forest ecosystem processes.
Probabilistic Contaminant Source Identification in Water Distribution Systems with Incomplete Mixing at Pipe Junctions

It is important to be able to mount a fast and effective response if contamination enters a drinking water distribution system. A significant part of any response is identifying the source of contamination. In previous work adjoint methods have been successfully employed for this task. Adjoint methods use system sensor data as inputs into adjoints of forward transport equations to backtrack information through a water distribution system to probabilistically determine the source of contamination. Previous work has assumed complete mixing at pipe junctions. This is not the case in a real-world distribution system leading to discrepancies between the modeled system and the true system. A bulk advective mixing algorithm (EPANET-BAM) has been developed to introduce more realistic mixing at pipe junctions. We develop adjoint theory incorporating incomplete mixing at the pipe junctions and test it using EPANET-BAM.
Efficient Control of Separation Using Microjets

Flow separation in engine inlets and ducts can significantly compromise the performance of aircraft propulsion systems. The study presented herein describes an experimental investigation carried out to study the feasibility of using microjets to control this boundary layer separation in an adverse pressure gradient. The geometry used for this study is a diverging "Stratford ramp" equipped with arrays of 400µm microjets. Detailed PIV investigations and Unsteady Pressure Measurements have been carried out to study the flow control over a wide parametric space. The results indicate that by activating these microjets, the flow becomes attached to the surface with minimal mass flux, less than 0.2% of the primary flow based on 30% Boundary Layer Ingesting duct.
EBSD characterization of shear band formation in aluminum armor alloys

The shear-compression behavior of four commercial aluminum armor alloys, 2139, 2519, 5083, and 7039, that exhibit enhanced resistance to high-strain-rate deformation, were evaluated using a Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar. Each of the alloys was found to exhibit a characteristic critical equivalent strain beyond which plastic collapse of the material occurred. Microstructural changes were systematically quantified as a function of equivalent strain using electron backscatter diffraction along with the effects of crystallographic orientation, secondary particles, and solid solution strengthening on the accumulation of localized strain within the microstructure. The onset of the plastic collapse was determined to correlate with an equivalent strain where nominally all of the grains within the microstructure exhibited characteristics associated with adiabatic shear band formation. The rapid decline of the flow stress during plastic collapse was found to be enhanced by grain fragmentation and refinement in regions of high stress concentrations. Results from this study suggest that improvements in the performance of these Al armor alloys may potentially be achieved through careful control of their processing, in particular with respect to their texturing and the dispersion of secondary particles in the microstructure.
Coarctation of the aorta in infants.

Repair of coarctation of the aorta in the first year of life by resection and end-to-end anastomosis has been reported to have a high rate of recurrence, and recent studies favor angioplasty techniques. Forty-seven consecutive infants less than 1 year of age who were operated upon over a 20 year period were analyzed. The hospital mortality was analyzed in three groups: Group I—two of 11 patients (18%) with coarctation; Group II—one of nine patients (11%) with coarctation and ventricular septal defect; Group III—12 of 27 patients (44%) with coarctation and major intracardiac anomalies. There was no difference in age or body surface area between survivors and nonsurvivors. Repair was performed by a resection and end-to-end anastomosis to the distal aortic arch in 43 and by patch angioplasty in four. Anastomosis was performed with 5-0 silk suture prior to 1972. Since then, 7-0 polypropylene suture has generally been used. Arm/leg pressure gradient was assessed at rest by the Doppler technique in 31 long-term survivors of the end-to-end anastomosis technique; 24 of them had polypropylene suture used and seven had silk suture. Recurrence of coarctation was defined as arm/leg gradient ≥20 mm Hg. Actuarial freedom from recurrence at 5 and 10 years was 91% in the polypropylene group versus 57% and 44% in the silk group. Good long-term results with low incidence of recurrent coarctation achieved by end-to-end anastomosis with fine polypropylene suture justify continued use of this technique in preference to angioplasty techniques, which sacrifice the left subclavian artery or introduce prosthetic materials. Techniques chosen for coarctation repair should be compared with current operative techniques and not older studies.
Formation of continental fragments: The Tamayo Bank, Gulf of California, Mexico

We present a model for microcontinent formation that is based on the structure of the Tamayo trough in the Gulf of California, Mexico. Potential field modeling of a transect through the Tamayo trough and Tamayo Bank suggests that the crust of the Tamayo trough is oceanic, and that the Tamayo Bank is a detached continental fragment. The oceanic crust that separates the Tamayo Bank from the mainland of Mexico is thin (5 km), so oceanic spreading was probably magma starved before it ceased. Such a thin crust has also been described on the Aegir Ridge in the North Atlantic, which became extinct after the Jan Mayen microcontinent separated from Greenland. In our model for the origin of microcontinents, the locus of plate spreading jumps to the weakened continental margin when the spreading ridge becomes amagmatic and the force required for continued extension at the ridge increases. A microcontinent is formed when the ridge jumps into a continental margin, and an asymmetric ocean basin or microplate is formed when the ridge jumps within oceanic crust.
Neoclassical Inflation: Aggregate Demand

The derivation of the aggregate demand curve in the price-output/income space is more problematical than doing the same for aggregate supply. In order that the aggregate demand curve be stable, it is necessary that at each point of the curve all variables affecting aggregate demand other than price be at stable, unchanging values. Perhaps the most important of these other variables is the interest rate. The interest rate will be stable only if the commodity market and the money market are in equilibrium. In other words, the aggregate demand curve in the price/real output space must connect points of intersection of the IS and LM schedules. It is to be recalled that the IS curve traces points of equilibrium between saving and investment, and the LM curve traces points of equality between the demand and supply of money. Thus, the aggregate demand curve is a ‘reduced form’ equation with a vengeance — a super-equilibrium locus constructed on the assumption that two markets are continuously and simultaneously in equilibrium.
Chapter 7 – Marketing and Advertising on the Web

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses various advertising and marketing tools on the Web including banner ads, discussion lists, and e-mail. A banner ad is usually a graphic image that displays the name or identity of a site or is an advertising image. Advertisers sometimes count banner views, or the number of times a banner graphic image is downloaded over a period of time. A banner can be clickable, which transfer surfers to another site, or just static, which shows some relevant information about a site, product, or service offered by the e-commerce site. A banner ad is the equivalent of TV advertising with much less cost. Discussion lists provide a strong advertising medium. An e-business can subscribe to one or several discussion lists and post relevant information regarding its products or services. However, the organizations must first conduct careful analysis and find the most suitable list that might be interested in the offerings of the e-commerce site. E-mail is used for product announcements, shipment confirmations, order confirmations, and general correspondence with customers. Successful e-businesses register the customer's e-mail and other relevant information using online forms. Capturing this information could be essential for repeat sales.