cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Real-time 3-dimensional color Doppler flow of mitral and tricuspid regurgitation: feasibility and initial quantitative comparison with 2-dimensional methods.

Background Visualization of valvular regurgitation using 3-dimensional (3D) echocardiography has been attempted but not routinely performed to date because of technical limitations. With the recent development of a fully sampled matrix-array probe, real-time color flow imaging allows display and analysis of regurgitant jets. Accordingly, the aim of this study was 2-fold. We: (1) investigated the feasibility of transthoracic, real-time visualization of 3D color flow jets; and (2) compared conventional 2-dimensional (2D) Doppler/color flow methods of quantitation (ie, 2D jet/left atrial [LA] area, flow convergence, and vena contracta [VC]) to 3D-derived measurements (3D jet/LA volume, flow convergence, and VC). Method In all, 56 patients with good acoustic windows and varying degrees of mitral regurgitation (MR) (n = 32) and tricuspid regurgitation (TR) (n = 24) scheduled for a routine echocardiogram were studied. Using a broadband transducer, 2D color Doppler imaging of TR and MR jets was performed to obtain jet/atrial area ratio, effective regurgitant orifice area, and VC measurements. Subsequently, real-time 3D echocardiography imaging of these jets was performed and analyzed offline using software, resulting in jet/atrial volume ratio, effective regurgitant orifice area, and VC (major and minor axes). Results Of the 56 patients recruited into the study, 86% had sufficient data quality for analysis (87.5% in patients with MR and 83% in patients with TR). Both LA and right atrium were adequately visualized in all patients. Manually traced 3D MR and TR volumes had good agreement when compared with proximal isovelocity surface area–derived volumes ( r = 0.7, y=0.4x + 6.4; and r = 0.8, y=1.1x + 5.1; respectively) with minimal underestimation and overestimation of volumes for MR and TR (8 and 7 mL, respectively), but with relatively wide limits of agreement for MR (28 mL) versus TR (12 mL). When comparing 3D MR jet/LA volume ratios and TR jet/right atrial volume ratios to 2D MR jet/LA area and 2D TR jet/right atrial area ratios, the former were significantly smaller. The 3D minimum and maximum VC diameter for MR were significantly different compared with those measured with 2D (minimum diameter=0.7 ± 0.1 cm, P P P Conclusion Three-dimensional echocardiography of color flow Doppler of MR and TR jets was feasible. Quantitative methods using 3D echocardiography such as MR and TR volumes correlated well with 2D flow convergence methods. TR VC has more of an elliptic shape, whereas MR is more circular or oval when visualized in 3D. Regurgitant/atrial volume ratios provide a new method of assessing the severity of regurgitant lesions; however, 3D volume-derived ratios were comparatively smaller than those measured with 2D echocardiography.
Fast algorithms for routing around faults in multibutterflies and randomly-wired splitter networks

Simple deterministic O(log N)-step algorithms for routing permutations of packets in multibutterflies and randomly wired splitter networks are described. The algorithms are robust against faults (even in the worst case), and are efficient from a practical point of view. As a consequence, it is found that the multibutterfly is an excellent candidate for a high-bandwidth low-diameter switching network underlying a shared-memory machine. >
Query optimization in object-oriented databases

The use of data abstraction in object-oriented databases places a burden on the ability of the system to perform query optimization. A framework for query specification and optimization is discussed that is applicable to object-oriented database systems that take a strict view of data abstraction. Techniques that preserve much of the optimization potential of relational languages by limiting the query language are examined. Techniques are given for query optimization that involve type-specific rewrite rules. >
Information, Commitment, and Intra-War Bargaining: The Effect of Governmental Constraints on Civil War Duration

Thyne, Clayton L. (2012) Information, Commitment, and Intra-War Bargaining: The Effect of Governmental Constraints on Civil War Duration. International Studies Quarterly, doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2478.2012.00719.x © 2012 International Studies Association This article considers how governmental variations affect the duration of civil conflicts. Recent work suggests that war termination is likely when competing actors gain information about the power balance and are able to credibly commit to war-ending agreements. I focus on how the strength and stability of executives impact these factors. Regarding information, power consolidation within the government reduces the number of people who must agree on a settlement, which should shorten civil conflicts. Stable leadership should likewise shorten conflicts by making it harder for potential spoilers to derail war-ending agreements, helping minimize credibility problems. This argument is tested by examining how variations in institutional design (executive constitutional and legislative power), political strength (ideological fragmentation and polarization), and stability (leadership tenure) affect the duration of civil conflicts from 1946 to 2004. The results suggest that powerful and stable executives are indeed well equipped to end civil conflicts.
Psoriatic arthritis in a child

Presented is a case of psoriatic arthritis in a child. A detailed report of this entity has not previously been published. The similarity between this patient's disease and psoriatic arthritis in adults is discussed.
Measurement and prediction of lateral diffusion within human sclera.

PURPOSE. Drug delivery via the sclera is a promising approach to retinal disorder treatments that require access to the posterior segment of the eye. To complement existing studies of transverse diffusion across the sclera, this study examined lateral diffusion within the sclera parallel to the scleral surface. METHODS. Using sulforhodamine as a model hydrophilic drug, rates of diffusion were measured in strips of human cadaveric sclera for up to 1 week. Data were analyzed with a mathematical model based on theoretical expressions for one-dimensional diffusion. RESULTS. Measurable amounts of sulforhodamine were detected at distances of 5 and 10 mm from the sulforhodamine donor reservoir at 4 hours and 3 days, respectively. The effective lateral diffusivity of sulforhodamine was determined to be 3.82 X 10 -6 cm 2 /s, which is similar in magnitude to the transverse diffusivity. The theoretical model agreed with experimental values with an average error of 39%. CONCLUSIONS. This study shows that the lateral diffusion of sulforhodamine in human sclera is slow and localizes to the site of administration.
Application of the electron temperature model to low temperature non-ohmic transport in GaAs

Abstract The electron temperature model and a theory involving a direct solution of the Boltzmann equation are compared with experiment. The experimental data are the field dependence of the conductivity and Hall constant at 4.23°K in GaAs. Only the theory involving a direct calculation of the distribution function appears to explain the experimental observations. This result is surprising since the electron density is about 4 orders of magnitude above that required to justify the electron temperature model.
What Twitter Will and Will Not Do: Theorizing About Teachers’ Online Professional Communities

A growing hope is that Twitter and similar technologies will enhance teachers’ professional growth by allowing them to collaborate and support each other online. In this conceptual paper, we evaluate the potential of such claims, theorizing about the relationships among technologies, practice, and communities of practice. Specifically, we demonstrate how the concepts of materiality and sociomateriality can be applied toward understanding and researching teachers’ professional communities on Twitter. Materiality refers to the physical or digital components of a technology. Sociomateriality refers the social practices and contexts shaping one’s sense of a technology.
Transformative Bureaucracy: Reagan's Lawyers and the Dynamics of Political Investment

Previous work in law and political development has emphasized the role that a “support structure” in civil society plays in translating electoral success into legal outcomes. In this paper, I claim that legal change can also work in the other direction—political appointees in government can use their power to assist their allies in civil society. Drawing on in-depth interviews and archival materials, I show how—especially under Attorney General Meese—the Reagan Department of Justice invested in the ideas (through its support of originalism), organizations (especially the Federalist Society), and personnel of the conservative legal movement and reorganized itself to give these longer-term objectives more importance in the department. These investments add up to a case of “transformative bureaucracy”: the use of bureaucratic power to transform the conditions of future political conflict.
A method to characterize and exploit actuation redundancy in mobility and manipulation

Actuation redundancy is common in cooperative mobility and cooperative manipulation systems. In this paper we present an extension to a previously developed method in order to characterize and exploit redundancy. Our idea is based on the introduction of a virtual linkage in the system to be able to determine the null hyperplane in the actuation force space. We then exploit the null directions to optimize critical design limits. We first demonstrate the development of this approach with a 3-robot cooperative mobility system and then we apply the approach to analyze actuation redundancy in a manipulation system.
Rail Cars Passing in the Desert at Sunset Toward a Port of Entry

This poem explores the relationship among globalization, temporality in late capitalism, the desert Southwest, and nostalgia.
Hot-carrier effects in type II heterostructures

Hot-carrier solar cells have high theoretical limiting efficiency however, absorber materials with slow carrier thermalization remain a development barrier for these devices. In previous studies, charge separation in core-shell colloidal quantum dots has been shown to result in slow carrier relaxation. Charge separation also occurs in III–V heterostructures with type-II band alignments. We characterize hot-carrier effects in InAlAs/InP and InAlAs/InGaAsP quantum well structures, with type-II and quasi-type-II band alignments respectively. InGaAsP is identified as a promising hot-carrier absorber candidate, with thermalization coefficient 1.77±0.12 W.K−1.cm−2, corresponding to limiting solar conversion efficiency >42%, under 2000X.
Building Networks from the Outside In: International Movements, Japanese Ngos, and the Kyoto Climate Change Conference

Since the late 1980s, there has been a sudden rise in the number of advocacy NGOs in Japan involved in global and transnational environmental issues. This is a surprising development considering the difficult domestic conditions faced by social activists in Japan trying to organize at the national level. To explain these recent changes, this article looks to three international processes: (1) international opportunities, (2) transnational diffusion, and (3) international socialization of state actors. Using the case of Kiko Forum, a Japanese network organization created in 1996 to mobilize support for ambitious greenhouse gas reductions, this article traces how these three processes provided new external resources for activists and altered domestic structures themselves.
Crippling Violence: Conflict and Incident Polio in Afghanistan.

BACKGROUND: Designing effective public health campaigns in areas of armed conflict requires a nuanced understanding of how violence impacts the epidemiology of the disease in question. METHODS: We examine the geographical relationship between violence (represented by the location of detonated Improvised Explosive Devices) and polio incidence by generating maps of IEDs and polio incidence during 2010, and by comparing the mean number of IED detonations in polio high-risk districts with non polio high-risk districts during 2004-2009. RESULTS: We demonstrate a geographic relationship between IED violence and incident polio. Districts that have high-risk for polio have highly statistically significantly greater mean numbers of IEDs than non polio high-risk districts (p-values 0.0010-0.0404). CONCLUSIONS: The geographic relationship between armed conflict and polio incidence provides valuable insights as to how to plan a vaccination campaign in violent contexts, and allows us to anticipate incident polio in the regions of armed conflict. Such information permits vaccination planners to engage interested armed combatants to co-develop strategies to mitigate the effects of violence on polio. Language: en
Effect of autonomic blocking agents on depot fat mobilization in normal and adrenalectomized animals.

SummaryErgotamine tartrate significantly inhibited movement of fat out of the epididymal fat body in adrenalectomized animals during a 12 hour fast. This effect was not observed in intact animals under similar circumstances. Neither hexamethonium chloride nor Dibenzyline affected fat mobilization in either intact or adrenalectomized animals. It is suggested that the adrenal steroids and the epinephrines may act together to regulate fat cell metabolism.
Validation of Discriminant Analysis in Marketing Research

The validation problems inherent in small-sample discriminant analysis are examined. Two recently developed alternatives to the more traditional methods are explained and illustrated in the context...
Imaging of the Postoperative Skull Base and Cerebellopontine Angle

Anterior cranial (craniofacial) resection is the treatment of choice for aggressive tumors, such as sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma (SNUC) and esthesioneuroblastoma that are adjacent to or extend into the anterior cranial fossa. This approach is also sometimes used for resection of suprasellar tumors. The procedure consists of extensive removal of the anterior skull base and nasal cavity and paranasal sinus structures along with tumor resection.
Transmission of Murine Typhus Rickettsiae by Leptopsylla segnis (Siphonaptera: Leptopsyllidae)

Leptopsylla segnis fleas were found to be somewhat more effective in transmitting murine typhus infection to rats in the laboratory than had been the putative vector, Xenopsylla cheopis , as previously reported. The etiological agent, Rickettsia typhi (=R. mooseri) , appeared earlier in the feces of L. segnis than it had in X. cheopis , and the course of infection within the two species was essentially similar, although apparently proceeding at a somewhat accelerated rate in L. segnis . Because rickettsiae appeared in the foregut and proventriculus of L. segnis , it seems probable that this species can transmit the infection by bite, as has been recently shown for X. cheopis . Rickettsial development was appreciably more rapid under ambient conditions of 24°C than at 18°C. The role of L. segnis as a potential vector of murine typhus, at least among murid hosts, should be reconsidered.
Counterpoint: Biliary Manifestations in Autoimmune Pancreatitis

IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis (IgG4-SC) and autoimmune pancreatitis (type 1 AIP) are the biliary and pancreatic manifestations, respectively, of IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD). IgG4-SC, like primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), is characterized by biliary strictures that can mimic those seen in pancreatic cancer (solitary distal CBD stricture), cholangiocarcinoma (hilar or proximal extrahepatic bile duct bile duct strictures), or PSC (diffuse extra- and/or intrahepatic strictures). The distinction between IgG4-SC and the diseases it mimics is not always easy. Despite its association with IgG4, IgG4-SC cannot be distinguished from PSC based on serum IgG4 elevation (10–15 % of PSC and cholangiocarcinoma also have elevated serum IgG4) or tissue infiltration with IgG4+ plasma cells (20–30 % of PSC and cholangiocarcinoma also show this feature). The presence of concomitant AIP is the best predictor of IgG4-SC. Inflammation in IgG4-SC is exquisitely sensitive to steroids; however a scarred biliary tree may never return to normal despite resolution of inflammation. Since IgG4-SC has a higher predilection for relapse, maintenance therapy is often needed. The options for maintenance therapy include low-dose steroids, steroid sparing immunomodulators such as azathioprine or B-cell depletion therapy with rituximab. Rituximab has shown promise as a single agent that can induce and maintain remission.
When patients customize nursing home ratings, choices and rankings differ from the government's version

Report cards currently published by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) offer composite (summary) quality measures based on a five-star ratings system, such as the one featured on the Nursing Home Compare website. These ratings are “one size fits all patients” measures. Nursing Home Compare Plus is an alternative that allows patients and their families to create their own composite scores based on their own preferences and medical needs. We present data from 146 patients who were discharged from the hospital to nursing homes who used Nursing Home Compare Plus. We found that the individual patient-constructed composites differed from CMS’s five-star ratings composite. Patients differed from each other and from CMS in the number of performance measures they chose to include in their composite and in their weighting of each performance measure. When comparing Nursing Home Compare Plus to Medicare’s five-star ratings, we found only minimal agreement on ranking of nursing homes. We conclude th...
Influence of EVA Assessment on Management of Power Grid Enterprises

The introduction of the Economic Value Added(EVA) assessment standards marks the transfer of the performance assessment of the central SOEs from the comprehensive budget management to the EVA-based value management.Taking into account the current conditions of operation and management in power grid companies,this paper examines the possible influences of the EVA-based assessment on the power grid companies in terms of the value system,the management system,the incentive mechanism,assets investment,assets management,research and development and service behavior.
Symmetry in Processes, Conservation, and Cosmic Considerations

In this chapter we discuss and formalize the symmetry of evolution and the symmetry of initial and final states in the analysis of the natural evolution of quasi-isolated systems into initial state and evolution. Symmetry of evolution is also known as symmetry of the laws of nature, and the discussion includes time-reversal symmetry. The considerations of symmetry of initial and final states lead to the equivalence principle and the symmetry principle for natural processes in quasi-isolated systems and to the general and special symmetry evolution principles for such systems. The latter two principles are both concerned with the nondecrease of the degree of symmetry during the evolution of quasi-isolated systems. We obtain an explanation for the empirical observation that macrostates of stable equilibrium of physical systems are often especially symmetric. Symmetry and entropy are shown to be related to each other. Then we discuss conservation and its relation to symmetry of the laws of nature. And finally we indulge in cosmic considerations about it all.
On space-time codes and constellation labelling

General algebraic space-time code constructions are presented for Gray-mapped 2/sup K/-PSK, 2/sup K/-PAM, and 4/sup K/-QAM constellations. The space-time codes achieve the rate-diversity tradeoff - i.e., they allow the transmission of information at the maximum rate possible for the given signaling constellation and the achieved transmit diversity level.
Evaluation of the Petrifilm SM and VRB Dry Media Culture Plates for Determining Microbial Quality of Poultry.

A self-contained sample-ready system, Petrifilm, which has been developed as an alternative method to the standard aerobic plate count (SPC) and coliform counts as determined by violet red bile (VRB) pour plates, was evaluated for the first time with poultry samples. Swab samples were taken of 109 broiler carcasses at various degrees of freshness, and SPC and VRB pour plates were compared to Petrifilm counts. The correlation coefficient of log10 SPC and log10 Petrifilm SM count was 0.926 with a regression line slope of 1.009 and an intercept of -0.106. A correlation was not determined with coliform counts because when the total number of colonies on a plate is greater than 300 and the coliforms make up less than 10% of the total population of microorganisms capable of growing on the VRB nutrients it is difficult to count the gas producing colonies. The frequency of countable isolates producing gas from brilliant green lactose bile broth was 44% from standard VRB and 86% from Petrifilm gas producers. This study suggests that for poultry products, the Petrifilm SM provides an adequate alternative to the SPC, and that the Petrifilm VRB gives a higher predictive value for the number of coliforms present, but would not be suitable under all conditions.
State-of-the-art ESD protection devices and techniques for digital and analog technologies

This paper is a review of the latest advances in ESD protection for analog and digital technologies. The paper will introduce the latest ESD protection devices for FinFET and FDSOI technologies such as Field effect diode, Field effect resistor. We will introduce an example of innovation for analog ESD protection focusing on system level automotive applications namely Mutual ballasting layout technique.
An Analysis of Data Quality: Professional Panels, Student Subject Pools, and Amazon's Mechanical Turk

Data collection using Internet-based samples has become increasingly popular in many social science disciplines, including advertising. This research examines whether one popular Internet data sour...
Removal of selected risk elements from wastewater in a horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland

Removal of Pb, Cd, Cr, Mo, V, Be and Ba from municipal wastewater using a horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland was studied. The removal efficiencies attained for these elements were 50, 86, 71, 59, −53, 37 and 40%, respectively. The average inflow and outflow Pb concentrations were 1.5 and 0.7 µg/L. Similarly, the inflow and outflow concentrations of 0.14 and 0.02 µg/L were obtained for Cd. Cr inflow and outflow concentrations were 3.7 and 1.1 µg/L, respectively. Concentrations of 0.78 and 0.32 µg/L were measured for Mo. V was washed out from the system. Its average inflow and outflow concentrations were 4.8 and 7.4 µg/L, respectively. Be inflow and outflow concentrations were rather low (1.03 and 0.65 µg/L), however, the concentrations of Ba were significantly higher (189 and 113 µg/L). The main perspective of the constructed wetland is the removal of toxic elements forming insoluble compounds (e.g. CdS) depositing in the wetland bed.
Statin Discontinuation, Reinitiation, and Persistence Patterns Among Medicare Beneficiaries After Myocardial Infarction: A Cohort Study.

Background— Although the benefits of statins accrue over time, treatment discontinuation is common. Examining the patterns of statin discontinuation, reinitiation, and persistence after reinitiation among Medicare beneficiaries after hospital discharge for a myocardial infarction may help increase statin use in high-risk patients. Methods and Results— Medicare beneficiaries with a statin fill claim within 30 days after hospital discharge for myocardial infarction in 2007 to 2012 (n=158 795) were followed for 182 days post-discharge to identify discontinuation, defined as 60 continuous days without statins available. Reinitiation, defined by a statin fill, was identified in the 365 days post-discontinuation. High persistence was defined as proportion of days covered ≥80% with ≥1 day of statin supply 182 days after reinitiation. Follow-up ended on December 31, 2014. In the 182 days after myocardial infarction hospital discharge, 15.4% of beneficiaries discontinued statins. Of this group, 53.7% reinitiated statins. On reinitiation, 27.1% changed statin type, 6.9% up-titrated intensity, 14.4% down-titrated intensity, and 66.0% had the same statin and intensity. In the 182 days after reinitiation, 45.8% had high persistence. Moderate- and high- versus low-intensity statins were associated with a lower risk for statin discontinuation (moderate intensity: relative risk [RR], 0.93; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.89–0.96; high-intensity: RR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.91–0.99). High persistence was less common after reinitiating high- versus low-intensity statins (RR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.75–0.86), but no association was present for those reinitiating a moderate- versus low-intensity statin (RR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.90–1.01). Down-titrating versus reinitiating the same statin intensity (RR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.05–1.16) and reinitiating a different versus the same statin (RR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.06–1.14) were associated with high persistence after treatment reinitiation. Conclusions— Although many people who discontinue a statin reinitiate treatment, statin persistence after reinitiation was low. Reinitiating therapy with moderate-intensity statins, down-titration, and using a different statin may promote persistence.
MacGyver virtual agents: using ontologies and hierarchies for resourceful virtual human decision-making

Virtual Humans are becoming an ever more important asset in games, movies, and training simulations. The ability for virtual humans to select appropriate actions and objects for plausible behaviors is vital to creating believable and resourceful agents. For this purpose, a decision making methodology using hierarchies of ontologies for both actions and objects is presented. Objects are given semantic information such as affordances and physical properties. Affordance theory is applied to determine viable candidate objects for behaviors, and agents learn which objects are better choices than others.
Viral Malignancies in HIV-Associated Immune Deficiency

There has been a large volume of experimental evidence that supports the idea that immune system is capable of suppressing the growth of tumors. In fact, this concept of immune surveillance mechanism against cancer was proposed a long time ago by Paul Ehrlich. Clinical data that supports the importance of immune surveillance as a mechanism for tumor prevention has been generated largely by two sets of epidemiologic studies. First, studies that reported that long-term usage of immunosuppressive drugs following organ transplant is associated with higher risk for developing malignant tumors. Second, with the advent of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic in the early 1980s, it was reported that HIV-positive patients had an increased risk for developing certain malignancies. As early as 1982, the US Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) included Kaposi Sarcoma (KS) and primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) as AIDS defining malignancies (CDC 1982; Anonymous 1992). Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and invasive cervical carcinoma were subsequently added as AIDS-defining conditions in 1987 (CDC 1987) and 1992 respectively (Anonymous 1992). The development of these AIDS defining malignancies was considered sufficient to signify the progression of HIV-infected patients to AIDS.
Rational Diverse Beliefs and Market Volatility

Publisher Summary This chapter explores the role of rational diverse beliefs in explaining market dynamics and volatility. Rational expectations and irrational behavior are extreme hypotheses; with rational expectations equilibria one cannot explain the observed data on market dynamics and with irrational behavior one can prove anything. All they learn are the empirical frequencies from which emerges a common knowledge of a stationary probability reflecting the long-term dynamics. Belief rationality requires agents to hold only beliefs that are not contradicted by the empirical evidence. But since it is irrational to believe in a fixed deviation from the stationary probability, such belief rationality implies belief dynamics. Individual beliefs must be time varying, and correlation across agents generates a new aggregate force in market dynamics, which is the dynamics of market belief. A rational market makes forecasting mistakes, and rational investors are not infallible. They may use wrong forecasting models. One can recognize that being rational and being wrong are not incompatible and that no psychological impulses are needed for this proposition. This paradigm provides a coherent explanation to most dynamical phenomena of interest.
Enabling next generation small cells through femtorelays

Abstract Today’s society is driven by ever-growing information needs, which cause increased demand for ubiquitous and very high speed wireless communications. In search for the urgent need of improved coverage and capacity, cellular networks are currently undergoing a major transformation from an architecture comprised of thoroughly planned macrocell base stations (MBSs) to a much more heterogeneous architecture where the macrocell network is underlaid by one or several tiers of unevenly deployed small cells. However, this new set of technologies is not exempt of several challenges. Backhaul is still an unresolved issue, i.e. which is the best technology for the small cell to reach the core network. In the case of uncoordinated co-channel deployments where the macrocell and small cell tier share the spectrum (e.g. femtocells or metrocells), the interference is also a major problem. In this paper, a new concept and architecture called femtorelays is introduced as a novel solution for next generation small cell problems. A femtorelay is a small cell access point that enables improved cellular coverage within indoor environments while increasing the overall system capacity through spatial frequency reuse. Working as an open-access small cell, it provides dual-backhaul connectivity to the core network for registered and unregistered users. One of the backhaul connections is the internet-based, and the second one is the relay-based operating on the spectrum owned by the wireless carrier. The radio interference between the macrocell and the small cell is overcome by servicing the macrocell interfering users at the femtorelay. Unlike the traffic from subscribers, this traffic will be forwarded to the network through the relay-based backhaul. The internal architecture, the approach employed to make the technology fit in existing networks, and future evolution of the basic femtorelays for larger scenarios are also presented. Finally, performance results show the potential of this technology to outperform other existing solutions.
Viscoelastic parameters as discriminators of breast masses: Initial human study results

Shear wave elastography is emerging as a clinically valuable diagnostic tool to differentiate between benign and malignant breast masses. Elastography techniques assume that soft tissue can be modelled as a purely elastic medium. However, this assumption is often violated as soft tissue exhibits viscoelastic properties. In order to explore the role of viscoelastic parameters in suspicious breast masses, a study was conducted on a group of patients using shear wave dispersion ultrasound vibrometry in the frequency range of 50–400 Hz. A total of 43 female patients with suspicious breast masses were recruited before their scheduled biopsy. Of those, 15 patients did not meet the data selection criteria. Voigt model based shear elasticity showed a significantly (p = 7.88x10-6) higher median value for the 13 malignant masses (16.76±13.10 kPa) compared to 15 benign masses (1.40±1.12 kPa). Voigt model based shear viscosity was significantly different (p = 4.13x10-5) between malignant (8.22±3.36 Pa-s) and benign masses (2.83±1.47 Pa-s). Moreover, the estimated time constant from the Voigt model, which is dependent on both shear elasticity and viscosity, differed significantly (p = 6.13x10-5) between malignant (0.68±0.33 ms) and benign masses (3.05±1.95 ms). Results suggest that besides elasticity, viscosity based parameters like shear viscosity and time constant can also be used to differentiate between malignant and benign breast masses.
Debussy's Lasting Impact on Flute Composition

In 1913, French composer Claude Debussy penned a work for solo flute that to this day has remained popular in the flute repertoire. Syrinx, written to accompany a scene in the play Psyche, tells the story of Pan and Syrinx from Greek mythology. This poster project seeks to explain the impact that Debussy’s Syrinx has made on 20th and 21st Century flute composition. This impact included descriptive music, use of whole tone scales, freedom from strict meter, and a poetic performance style for the unaccompanied flute genre. Some elements of Debussy’s style come from his first encounter with Asian music at the World’s Fair. In the Baroque period, it was not unusual for composers to write for unaccompanied instruments. Scholars estimate that J. S. Bach’s Partita in A Minor was written sometime in the 1720s, while Telemann composed Twelve Fantasias for Solo Flute in 1732-33. After the Baroque period, the solo flute genre was absent from the repertoire until Debussy’s Syrinx. Nearly 200 years later, he gave the solo flute a new sound, which, in turn, inspired more composers to write for unaccompanied flute. The 20th Century surge of works written for solo flute is no doubt partially due to the further development of the instrument into its modern day form. However, the increase originates with Debussy’s Syrinx. Upon examination of the solo flute repertoire, it appears that Debussy is the composer most responsible for encouraging the composition of contemporary works for the flute. The research includes primary sources such as the score, the script to the play Psyche, and the abundance of subsequent solo flute compositions. Different online music resources were consulted for background information and musical interpretation.
Clinical Cancer Advances 2006: Major Research Advances in Cancer Treatment, Prevention, and Screening—A Report From the American Society of Clinical Oncology

A MESSAGE FROM ASCO's PRESIDENT For the second consecutive year, the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) is publishing Clinical Cancer Advances: Major Research Advances in Cancer Treatment, Prevention, and Screening, an annual review of the most significant cancer research presented or published over the past year. ASCO developed this report to demonstrate the enormous progress being made on the front lines of cancer research today. The report is intended to give all those with an interest in cancer care-the general public, cancer patients and physicians, policymakers, oncologists, and other medical professionals-an accessible summary of the year's most important cancer research advances. These pages report on new targeted therapies that are improving survival and response rates in hard-to-treat cancers such as kidney cancer, HER-2-positive breast cancer, head and neck cancer, and chronic myelogenous leukemia; the FDA's approval of the world's first preventive vaccine for human papillomavirus (HPV), which has the potential to dramatically reduce the global burden of cervical cancer; and advances in the fast-growing field of personalized medicine, including a new lung cancer test that could help physicians better target treatments and predict prognosis. These advances are only part of the landscape. Survival rates are on the rise, the number of cancer deaths in the United States began declining for the first time since 1930, and new research is showing that the rates of certain common cancers, such as those of the breast and colon, have stabilized, and may have even begun to decline. However, cancer research still faces a number of major obstacles. At a time of extraordinary scientific potential, declining federal funding of cancer research threatens to stall or even reverse recent progress. Such funding cuts have already led to fewer clinical trials, fewer talented young physicians entering the field, and a growing bottleneck of basic science discoveries waiting to be "translated" into useful therapies and diagnostics. In addition to highlighting the major research advances over the past year, this report also identifies key barriers to accelerating the pace of cancer research and outlines ASCO's recommendations for overcoming them. Despite these and other challenges, there is much good news on the front lines of cancer research. This report demonstrates the essential role of clinical cancer research in finding new and better ways to treat, diagnose, and prevent a group of diseases that strike half of men and one-third of women in the United States.
Interlude: A Tale of Two Toms: Dallam and Coryate Speaking in Oriental Tongues

“Interlude: A Tale of Two Toms: Dallam and Coryate Speaking in Oriental Tongues” counterpoints Thomas Dallam’s and Thomas Coryate’s linguistic abilities to demonstrate that sounds of otherness both change, and are changed by, sounding bodies and objects. Dallam and Coryate, both Englishmen, proudly record their ability to sound the otherness of foreign languages throughout their travels in the East. While Coryate embraces the transformations his body undergoes through sounding the otherness of a foreign language, delivering a Farsi oration before the Mughal Emperor (and replicating a copy of this speech for his readers), Dallam and his travelling companions fail to interpret uncanny sounds of their native English language heard out of context in a foreign land.
L-Leucine Inhibits Nitric Oxide Synthesis in Endothelial Cells

Concentrations of L-leucine (physiological isomer) are elevated in the plasma of obese humans as well as both diet-induced and spontaneously obese rats in association with vascular insulin resistan...
Understanding the multimodal evacuation behavior for a near-field tsunami

This paper presents an agent-based tsunami evacuation modeling (ABTEM) framework in Netlogo to analyze the impact of various multimodal evacuation behaviors on life safety for a near-field tsunami....
Price Increases of Protected-Class Drugs in Medicare Part D, Relative to Inflation, 2012-2017

This study characterizes price increases exceeding inflation between 2012 and 2017 for protected-class drugs (antineoplastics, antiretrovirals, antidepressants, antipsychotics, anticonvulsants, and immunosuppressants for transplant patients) that would lead to their exclusion from Medicare Part D coverage based on excessive cost under a 2018 CMS rule intended to facilitate more effective price negotiations.
A Patient with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia with Pancreatic Involvement.

A 78-year-old female with a past medical history of hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia was hospitalized for poor appetite, weight loss, and night sweats. On physical exam, there was no palpable lymphadenopathy, and her abdomen was soft and nondistended. Laboratory results showed a hemoglobin count of 13.3 g/dl, hematocrit 41.3%, white blood cell 68.4 × 103 μL with lymphocytes 92.0%, total bilirubin 0.4 mg/dL, aspartate transaminase 14 U/L, and alanine transaminase 15 U/L. CT of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis showed hypodense lesions within the pancreatic body (1.4 × 1.4 cm) and medial aspect of the pancreatic head (1.2 cm) as well as mild splenomegaly (13 cm craniocaudally). She subsequently underwent endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) with fine needle aspiration (FNA) of the pancreatic mass. Flow cytometry revealed expression of CD5 and CD23, consistent with chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
Dietary Differences and Ways to Impact Choices

Successful dietary counseling requires a perspective and knowledge of current eating practices. This chapter looks closely at population trends related to the African American diet and make specific suggestions regarding alternative foods or preparation approaches that can make an impact on overall health. Knowing current population dietary trends and possible cooking practices can help form the nidus of a productive conversation that delves into actual individual cooking habits. The dangers of frying foods with a particular discussion of advanced glycation end-products (AGE’s), which are linked to a number of serious health issues, is discussed in detail. The importance of breakfast and the impact and origin of lactose intolerance in African Americans is also reviewed. Finally, sugar-sweetened beverages, their impact on obesity, and approaches to counseling is discussed.
One size does not fit all: preventing tuberculosis among child contacts

### Summary box The United Nations General Assembly high-level meeting (HLM) on Ending TB in 2018 brought government leaders and other stakeholders together to highlight the urgent need to address tuberculosis (TB), the leading infectious disease killer worldwide.1 In advance of the HLM, the WHO and other organisations, released updated guidance on preventing and treating childhood TB.2 The HLM outcome was encouraging with>100 countries agreeing to provide 30 million people with TB preventive treatment (TPT), including 4 million young children (<5 years), by the end of 2022. Tuberculosis is particularly deadly for children. In 2018, an estimated 1.1 million children developed TB and >2 00 000 children died.3 7.5 million are exposed to TB at the household level and are in need of TB evaluation and TPT to avert TB disease.3 4 Young children are particularly vulnerable, and are at risk for disseminated and severe forms of TB.5 In 2016, in recognition of the importance of preventing TB among young children, the WHO added TPT initiation for eligible child contacts as …
Histone dynamics within the nucleosome play a critical role in SNF2h-mediated nucleosome sliding

Elucidating the mechanisms by which ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling enzymes disrupt nucleosome structure is essential to understanding how chromatin states are established and maintained. A key finding informing remodeler mechanism is the observation that the dynamics of protein residues buried within the histone core of the nucleosome are used by specific remodelers to mobilize the nucleosome. Recently, a study obtaining cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of ISWI-family remodeler- nucleosome complexes failed to observe stable conformational rearrangements in the histone octamer. The authors of this study also failed to replicate the earlier finding that site-specifically restraining histone dynamics inhibits nucleosome sliding by ISWI-family remodelers1,2. In contrast, a recent cryo-EM structure detected asymmetric histone dynamics in an ISWI-nucleosome complex. Here, using two different protocols, we replicate the original finding in Sinha et al. that dynamics within the histone core are important for nucleosome sliding by the human ISWI remodeler, SNF2h. These results firmly establish histone dynamics as an essential feature of ISWI-mediated nucleosome sliding and highlight the care required in designing and performing biochemical experiments investigating nucleosome dynamics using disulfide linkages.
Chapter 6 – Management Information Systems

Publisher Summary Historically, health care management information systems (MISs) focused primarily on finance and the transactions related to revenue cycle and supply management. Automating processes improved transaction time and accuracy, required fewer employees, and yielded a favorable “return on investment” (ROI). This functionality was available by “outsourcing” contracts, often to financial services companies or service bureaus using mainframe computers. The cost of onsite computer hardware, software, and the personnel to run them was, therefore, minimal. Eventually, as the cost of hardware dropped, as powerful minicomputers and microcomputers arrived, and as software became more “expert,” many of these transactional tasks were brought in house. Functionality was added incrementally to automate such processes as patient registration, scheduling, admission, transfer, and discharge. Other “islands” and “best-of-breed” automation existed in areas such as laboratory services, radiology, and critical care units, but rarely did these systems talk to each other. Powerful environmental forces continue to forge tighter linkages between the financing and delivery of health care and accountability for outcomes. Refinements of MIS to realize even greater productivity gains in business operations and drive operating margin is imperative. Central to most MIS planning is a movement away from a paper-based medical record to a “computerized patient record” (CPR) or “electronic medical record” (EMR). The potential advantages of such a record are numerous. In most modem health care facilities, organization of MIS is moving to a more centralized model, away from smaller shops dedicated to data processing, computer services, medical records, and desktop support.
Viewshed simulation and optimization for digital terrain modelling with terrestrial laser scanning

The main objective of this study is the development of a simulation and optimization method for wide-area terrain mapping with terrestrial laser scanning (TLS). The problem can be stated as follows...
Thermodynamics of Corrosion for Geothermal Systems

Potential-pH diagrams, which summarize the thermodynamic properties of a system, are extensively used for interpreting the corrosion behavior of metals in condensed media. In this paper, E-pH diagrams are presented for iron and nickel in sulfide-containing high-salinity geothermal brine at 25/sup 0/C and 250/sup 0/C. The diagrams have been constructed on the assumption of a constant total sulfide constraint which leads to nonlinearity of the equilibrium relationships in potential-pH space. The application of these diagrams in the interpretation of chemical and corrosion processes in geothermal systems is briefly discussed. 19 refs.
Adeno-associated virus-mediated gene therapy in central nervous system genetic disorders

Abstract Gene therapy has become a promising strategy to treat the genetic disorders of central nervous system (CNS). In the last five decades the development and characterization of recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) as a safe and effective vector for gene delivery has revolutionized this field. Development of rAAV with better efficacy and selectivity for the CNS has resulted in increasingly successful preclinical and clinical applications. This chapter provides an overview of AAV-mediated CNS gene therapy, including discovery and engineering of novel AAV capsids, advances in preclinical models of genetic disorders, and clinical translation of AAV technology.
Despoblación y repoblación en la España Moderna: cuestiones para un debate

espanolSe estudia el debate del siglo XVIII en torno de la repoblacion de los despoblados con el fin de repensar los criterios barajados en la epoca. Nos preguntamos como se identificaban los despoblados, por que se los queria reformar y cual era el papel de la memoria en estos procesos. Igualmente se indaga como se entendia la utilidad publica y que relevancia tienen estos debates en la actualidad. EnglishThis text studies 18th century debates regarding the repopulation of depopulated enclaves, with the aim of clarifying the criteria contemporaries used. It asks how contemporaries identified depopulation, why and how they wished to reform depopulated enclaves, whether at stake was the reformation of territory or people, what was the role of memory in these processes, and how public utility was defined. The text ends with questions regarding the relevance of these debates in the present.