cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Granulosis Virus Deoxyribonucleic Acid: a Closed, Double-Stranded Molecule

Studies on deoxyribonucleic acid purified from the granulosis virus of Trichoplusia ni have revealed the presence of a closed, double-stranded superhelix which sediments at 95S relative to relaxed circles (74S) and linear (60S) forms. Molecular weight estimates show that this insect virus deoxyribonucleic acid has a size of 100 x 10(6) daltons.
Comment on "Expansion of effector memory regulatory T cells represents a novel prognostic factor in lower risk myelodysplastic syndrome".

The article by Mailloux et al. ([1][1]) is informative in defining the immune microenvironment and illustrating the independent prognostic value of effector memory regulatory T cells’ (TregEM) expansion in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). However, we wonder: 1) because functional Tregs primarily
Maximal smoothness for solutions to equilibrium equations in 2D nonlinear elasticity

For a class of variational integrals from 2D nonlinear elasticity, we prove that any W 2,2 ∩ C 1 weak solution for the equilibrium equations is smooth. Moreover, we present an example showing that the assumption u ∈ W 2,2 is optimal.
The mechanism of magnetization in materials Sm0.167Co0.833-xAlx

Magnetization measurements are reported for homogeneous materials Sm0.167Co0.833-xAlx both in bulk and 'oriented powder' form over a temperature range of 1.6-280K with fields up to 45 kOe. At cryogenic temperatures (4.2K) outstanding magnetic hardness is found in both the Al rich powder and the bulk specimen, with coercive forces, Hc, of order 40-50 kOe. This magnetic hardness decays with temperature according to a Curie type law. It is inferred from these findings that the domain wall energy increases strongly on Al substitution. Moreover, when Al is substituted for Co, the predominant mode of domain reversal changes at cryogenic temperatures from a mechanism involving domain wall nucleation to one of domain wall pinning. The mechanism of magnetization in highly energetic domain wall materials is shown to reflect in a delicate way details of structure on an atomic scale. Some preliminary results are presented for alloys Sm2Co17 and Sm2Co7 with Al substitution for Co. An exploratory effort at coating SmCo5 powders with its Al substituted derivatives has been carried out via sintering with either Al or Sm-Al compounds. The potential for applications of Al derivatives of SmCo5 in the fabrication process of permanent magnets is discussed.
Effects of Vitamin B-12 Deprivation on Phospholipid Fatty Acid Patterns in Liver and Brain of Rats Fed High and Low Levels of Linoleate in Low Methionine Diets

Experiments were conducted to determine how 20 weeks of deprivation of vitamin B-12 (B-12) would influence polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) patterns in cerebral and liver phospholipids of female rats. All experimental diets included 24% soybean protein and either 3.5 of 0.35% of linoleate (18:2). Deprivation of B-12 and restricted intakes of 18:2 significantly inhibited growth of the rats. Rats depleted of B-12 had 6.7 times more methylmalonic acid in their liver, and significantly more odd-numbered acids (15:0 + 17:0) were present in phosphatidyl choline (PC) of their liver and cerebrum. Deprivation of B-12 promoted 63.3 to 97.3% increases of 18:2 in PC and phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE) of the liver. Rats deprived of B-12 had significantly less arachidonate (20:4 omega 6) and 22:5 omega 6 in their liver PC, as well as smaller amounts of 20:4 omega 6 and 22:6 omega 3 in their cerebral PC. Some of the observed changes appear to be due to a significant interaction between the effects of B-12 and linoleate. Changes in PUFA patterns of cerebral and hepatic PC suggest that B-12 deprivation may interfere with the conversion of 18:2 omega 6 leads to 20:4 omega 6 leads to 22:5 omega 6. Some of the observed changes may also be related to an inhibited ability to convert PE to PC.
Mimetismo colonial e reprodução animal: carneiros caracul no Sudoeste angolano

Este texto explora a relacao entre reproducao de colonos portugueses e reproducao de carneiros caracul no Sul de Angola. Segue-se a pista dos caraculos, desde o Sudoeste Africano sob ocupacao alema ate ao deserto de Mocâmedes, usando-se o conceito de mimese para dar conta de praticas coloniais do Terceiro Imperio. O Posto Experimental do Caracul (PEC), fundado em 1948, serve como local de prova de tais praticas, combinando num mesmo espaco experiencias de inseminacao artificial de carneiros com outras mais inesperadas de sociabilidade colonial, como a organizacao de um “bairro indigena”, a reproduzir por toda a regiao, que imitava uma onganda de kuvales, bem como uma casa-modelo de colono. A apropriacao por Gilberto Freyre do caracul como corporizacao do luso-tropicalismo contribui para fazer deste carneiro um objeto de investigacao privilegiado para pensar a natureza do colonialismo portugues.
The topology of pen-2, a γ-secretase subunit, revisited: Evidence for a reentrant loop and a single pass transmembrane domain

Background The γ-secretase complex, composed of transmembrane proteins termed presenilin (PS), anterior pharynx defective (APH), nicastrin (NCT), and presenilin enhancer-2 (Pen-2) catalyzes intramembranous hydrolysis of a variety of Type I membrane protein substrates. In order to understand aspects of subunit assembly, interactions, dynamics and catalysis, it is essential to clarify the membrane topology of each polypeptide. Hydophathicity plots predict that the 101 amino acid Pen-2 molecule has two hydrophobic domains (HP1 and HP2) that may serve as transmembrane spanning domains. Earlier reports indicated that transiently overexpressed Pen-2 uses these two hydrophobic domains as transmembrane helices that generates a “U-shaped” hairpin topology with both amino- (N-) and carboxyl-(C-) termini facing the lumen. In this report, we have reexamined the topology of endogenous Pen-2 and Pen-2 chimeras that are stably expressed in mammalian cells, and have assessed the function of these molecules in rescuing γ-secretase activity in Pen-2-deficient fibroblasts.
(Bio)transformation of 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN) in soils

Recent studies have begun to assess the environmental fate and toxicity of 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN), an insensitive munition compound of interest to defense agencies. Aerobic and anaerobic DNAN biotransformation in soils was evaluated in this study. Under aerobic conditions, there was little evidence of transformation; most observed removal was attributed to adsorption and subsequent slow chemical reactions. Under anaerobic conditions, DNAN was reductively (bio)transformed and the rate of the transformation was positively correlated with soil organic carbon (OC) up to a threshold of 2.07% OC. H2 addition enhanced the nitroreduction rate compared to endogenous treatments lacking H2. Heat-killed treatments provided rates similar to the endogenous treatment, suggesting that abiotic factors play a role in DNAN reduction. Ten (bio)transformation products were detected by high-resolution mass spectrometry. The proposed transformation pathway involves reduction of DNAN to aromatic amines, with putative reactive nitroso-intermediates coupling with the amines to form azo dimers. Secondary reactions include N-alkyl substitution, O-demethylation (sometimes followed by dehydroxylation), and removal of an N-containing group. Globally, our results suggest that the main reaction DNAN undergoes in anaerobic soils is nitroreduction to 2-methoxy-5-nitroaniline (MENA) and 2,4-diaminoanisole (DAAN), followed by anaerobic coupling reactions yielding azo-dimers. The dimers were subsequently subject to further (bio)transformations.
A Practical Guide to Entity Resolution with OYSTER

This chapter discusses the concepts and methods of entity resolution (ER) and how they can be applied in practice to eliminate redundant data records and support master data management programs. The chapter is organized into two main parts. The first part discusses the components of ER with particular emphasis approximate matching algorithms and the activities that comprise identity information management. The second part provides a step-by-step guide to build an ER process including data profiling, data preparation, identity attribute selection, rule development, ER algorithm considerations, deciding on an identity management strategy, results analysis, and rule refinement. Each step in the process is illustrated with an actual example using the OYSTER open-source, entity resolution system.
Ultrastable MSU-G molecular sieve catalysts with a lamellar framework structure and a vesicle-like particle texture

Abstract A mesoporous MSU-G molecular sieve silica, prepared through a H bonding assembly mechanism in the presence of a C 12 H 25 NH(CH 2 ) 2 NH 2 gemini surfactant as the structure director, is shown on the basis of N 2 and XRD measurements to be substantially more stable to calcination at 1000°C and to hydrothermal treatment at 100°C than electrostatically assembled MCM-41, KIT-1 and SBA-3 silicas. Also, 2%Al-MSU-G derivatives as prepared through grafting reactions with aluminum nitrate, aluminum iso-butoxide or sodium aluminate, are far more efficient acid catalysts than 2%Al-MCM-41 for the conversion of 2,4-di- tert -butylphenol and cinnamyl alcohol to a bulky flavan as the primary alkylation product. The exceptional stability of MSU-G mesostructures is consistent with the very high degree of framework cross-linking ( Q 4 / Q 3 =6.2) and thick framework walls (∼25 A). The improved catalytic activity of MSU-G mesostructures is attributable to the vesicular particle morphology, which facilitates reagent access to catalytic centers in the lamellar framework.
Maturation and aging of the human cochlea: a view through the DPOAE looking glass.

Cochlear function changes throughout the human lifespan. Distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) were recorded in 156 ears to examine these changes and speculate as to their mechanistic underpinnings. DPOAEs were analyzed within the context of current OAE generation theory, which recognizes distinct emission mechanisms. Seven age groups including premature newborns through senescent adults were tested with a swept-tone DPOAE protocol to examine magnitude and phase features of both the mixed DPOAE and individual distortion and reflection components. Results indicate (1) 6–8-month-old infants have the most robust DPOAE and component levels for frequencies >1.5 kHz; (2) older adults show a substantial reduction in DPOAE and distortion-component levels combined with a smaller drop in reflection-component levels; (3) all age groups manifest a violation of distortion phase invariance at frequencies below 1.5 kHz consistent with a secular break in cochlear scaling; the apical phase delay is markedly longer in newborns; and (4) phase slope of reflection emissions is most shallow in the older adults. Combined findings suggest that basilar membrane motion in the apical half of the cochlea is immature at birth and that the cochlea of senescent adults shows reduced nonlinearity and relatively shallow reflection-component phase slope, which can be interpreted to suggest degraded tuning.
Adaptation of influenza B virus to mice by use of certain adjuvants.

Summary and conclusionsThe addition of a variety of bacterial cell suspensions, cell extracts, or non-bacterial substances to influenza virus, strain IB45, preparations at each passage in mice apparently aided the initially non-virulent virus in such a manner that it could establish itself in the mouse lung and propagate through repeated mouse passage. This addition of adjuvant had to be repeated at each passage for 4 to 8 passages, after which extensive lesions and regular deaths occurred in mice. At this time the adjuvant could be omitted and the virus would continue to propagate. Single addition of adjuvant at the first passage was not sufficient for the virus to establish itself in the mouse, since the virus disappeared after 3 passages. Virus alone was never present after the third passage in mice. There is no evidence that any one of the preparations possessed greater action than the others, although the addition of killed bacterial cells seemed to give somewhat more rapid adaptation of the virus in...
Two by two: bringing animals into American history.

On October 12, 1730, three hundred people from Mount Holly, New Jersey, gathered together to perform experiments on four of their neighbors. Two of the four, a married couple, stood accused of witchcraft. The other pair, also married, was among the loudest of the accusers. They agreed to serve as the day's ringers, to undergo the same trials as the prisoners in the hopes that the contrasting results would damn the witch and warlock. The indicted couple had not hexed anyone, flown on broomsticks, or consorted with the devil. They were charged with "making their Neighbours Sheep dance in an uncommon Manner, and with causing Hogs to speak, and sing Psalms, &cs."' For these crimes, they would be weighed against the Bible and thrown hands and feet bound into a mill pond. If the Bible proved heavier than the accused or the trussed necromancers managed to stay afloat, then they might die for causing rams to jig and sows to croon. I first met the singing, speaking, and dancing livestock of Mount Holly in the question and answer period following a job talk-my own job talk. No one erected a scaffold for me, but like the drenched and weighed New Jerseyans I could thank that herd of uncommonly expressive and agile
A visual investigation of the separation and subsequent transition near the leading edge of airfoils

Subsonic (5 to 30 m/sec) wind tunnels were used to measure pressure distributions at the leading edge and upper surface of airfoil models and to obtain high-speed movie photographs of smoke-visualized separation, transition, and reattachment phenomena. Points of turbulent shear layer reattachment could be determined by using an oil-mixture coating on the surface. Plots of the static pressure coefficient along the chord of several models are presented, and the measured separation, transition, and reattachment points are plotted against the chord Reynolds number.
Penny Wise and Effect Size Foolish

Although much developmental research is focused on basic science, some applied studies aspire to concrete policy recommendations. We suggest several steps that these studies might take to increase their chances of success. Scaling policy-relevant variables in useful ways is a simple example. Most important is providing even rough estimates of the costs and benefits of recommended policy changes. Cost2013benefit calculations are particularly useful because they indicate whether a policy or a program is likely to be an effective investment of public funds.
What Every Bond Investor Should Know

The authors review the performance of corporate and government bonds. Their analysis incorporates the impact that inflation has had on bond returns and compares the real returns with those achieved by the S&P 500 Index. The authors find that inflation has been the primary determinant of long-term bond yields and that it has severely diminished historical bond returns. The authors also examine the change in correlations between stocks and bonds. They determine that no large portfolio should ever have a 100 percent allocation to bonds because allocating up to 20 percent to stocks does not significantly increase return volatility but does improve overall returns.
Esophageal varices caused by metastasis of carcinoma to the liver.

Four cases have been reported in which esophageal varices followed extensive invasion of the liver by metastatic carcinoma. Portal obstruction in these cases is due to neoplastic invasion of the two intra-hepatic venous systems and to compression and thrombosis of their branches.
Numerical simulation of incompressible flow driven by density variations during phase change

SUMMARY A change in density during the solidification of alloys can be an important driving force for convection, especially at reduced levels of gravity. A model is presented that accounts for shrinkage during the directional solidification of dendritic binary alloys under the assumption that the densities of the liquid and solid phases are different but constant. This leads to a non-homogeneous mass conservation equation, which is numerically treated in a finite element formulation with a variable penalty coefficient that can resolve the velocity field correctly in the all-liquid region and in the mushy zone. The stability of the flow when shrinkage interacts with buoyancy flows at low gravity is examined. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The densities of materials in their solid and liquid states are normally different. The change in volume associated with the change in density is usually referred to as shrinkage and may be positive if the solid has a higher density or negative if the solid is less dense than the liquid. During solidification, the difference between densities requires the melt to move toward the solidifying front when the shrinkage is positive or to move away from it when negative; either way, flow is induced in the melt. Even though the magnitude of the velocities produced by the shrinkage is small, especially in the dendritic or mushy zone, this flow may have a strong impact on the solidified composition and contribute to macrosegregation in the cast alloy. Numerical studies of shrinkage-induced flows in the mushy zone of directionally solidified binary alloys were first performed in the 1970s and early 1980s [1‐3]. These simulations considered flow in the mushy zone only and solved the local solute redistribution equation [4] coupled with Darcy’s Law for flow in the porous mushy zone. More recently, models based on mixture theory [5] or volume-averaged equations [6‐9] have been used to calculate thermosolutal convection in solidifying binary alloys. These models include the all-solid and all-liquid regions, as well as the mushy zone, and were the first ones capable of predicting some severe
Access right assignment mechanisms for secure home networks

The proliferation of advanced technologies has been altering our lifestyle and social interactions-the next frontier is the digital home. Although the future of smart homes is promising, many technical challenges must be addressed to achieve convenience and security. In this paper, we delineate the unique combination of security challenges specifically for access control and consider the challenges of how to simply and securely assign access control policies to visitors for home devices and resources. We present a set of intuitive access control policies and suggest four access control settings based on our in-person interview results. Furthermore, we propose the automated Clairvoyant access right assignment (CARA) mechanism that utilizes home owners' social relationship to automatically deduce to which class a visitor belongs. The combination of CARA and the suggested mapping provides a promising first step for home policy assignment such that non-expert home owners can let visitors use their home network with confidence. We anticipate that future research can build on our proposed mechanisms to provide confidence to non-expert home owners for letting visitors use their home network.
Market Stress Tests

(1984). Market Stress Tests. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy: Vol. 10, No. 8-9, pp. 1497-1503.
Abstraction in Algorithmic Logic

We develop a functional abstraction principle for the type-free algorithmic logic introduced in our earlier work. Our approach is based on the standard combinators but is supplemented by the novel use of evaluation trees. Then we show that the abstraction principle leads to a Curry fixed point, a statement C that asserts C ⇒ A where A is any given statement. When A is false, such a C yields a paradoxical situation. As discussed in our earlier work, this situation leaves one no choice but to restrict the use of a certain class of implicational rules including modus ponens.
Use of SEC-ICP-MS with a collision cell for determining the interaction of chromium with DNA extracted from metal-contaminated soils.

The potential of chromium to bind to DNA isolated directly from soil microbial communities was investigated in this study. An analytical scheme was developed to distinguish between chromium bound to DNA and its fragments or chromium contained elsewhere in an environmental DNA extract. DNA was extracted from chromium-contaminated soils and purified using DNA clean-up resins. Size-exclusion chromatography was employed due to its advantages in the separation and molecular weight approximation of large biomolecules. It was coupled with two on-line detection systems (spectrophotometric and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric) to study the binding of chromium to DNA or other components in a DNA extract. A collision cell was pressurized with helium to remove diatomic and polyatomic interferents resulting from the chosen mobile phase. Chromium peaks were observed in both the large and small molecular weight regions of the chromatogram; to further confirm that the environmentally extracted DNA contained Cr, the subsequently purified DNA was examined for total Cr using flow injection ICP–MS to accommodate small sample volumes. DNA samples isolated from the two soils examined contained 0.5–0.7 ppb Cr, indicating that DNA isolated directly from a chromium-contaminated soil has chromium bound to the nucleic acids.
CFD Simulation of Confined Non-Premixed Flames

Material processing furnaces are the key component of the manufacturing industries. The burners used in these furnaces require precise control over the flame structure such as flame shape, height, and width. This study mainly focused on the simulation of the flame structure with Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) approach. ANSYS Fluent 13.0 was used to predict the flame characteristics in an enclosed cylinder. Non-premixed combustion model was applied to this combustion phenomenon. To control the flame structure, a micro jet at the centre of the burner is introduced. The effect on flame parameters with varying flow rates of micro jet, fuel jet and co-flow jet is examined. This study confirms the experimental study by Sinha et al. [1], which concluded that an air micro jet at the center of a non-premixed flame can control the flame height and luminosity. Moreover, this paper visualizes the thermo chemistry and transport phenomenon of non-premixed combustion process. Emissions from the combustion are monitored for different boundary conditions. This study shows that innovative strategies can be developed for the precise control over the different types of flames with the help of numerical modeling.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Correlation of extrudate infusibility with bulk properties using image analysis

Corn meal extrudates were produced using process conditions designed to obtain various product structures. Extrudates were infused with a particle-containing, high melting point lipid suspension, a process used to produce calorically dense components for military rations. Image analysis was used to estimate the degree of particle penetration into the extruded matrices and determine cell size distributions. Infusion uniformity was correlated with structural attributes, such as density, expansion, and average cell size.
Rheology of foaming aluminum melts

Aluminum foam with a closed cellular structure was prepared by a direct foaming method. In the foaming process, the aluminum melt was mechanically agitated, and when a suitable viscosity was achieved, a granular blowing agent was injected. Foam expansion ensued rapidly, and control of the melt viscosity was critical to achieve stable foam without slumping. The rheology of molten aluminum foam was studied as a function of position within the mold cavity and correlated with changes in cell geometry. The deformation pattern of the cell shapes during foam expansion was considered macroscopically and microscopically. Simple mechanical models were introduced to describe the expansion process.
Abstract 1384: Estrogen receptor beta inhibits migration and invasion of breast cancer cells by regulating E-cadherin levels

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) mediates the effects of estrogens in a variety of human tissues including the mammary gland and regulates biological processes involved in initiation, progression and metastasis of breast cancer such as cell proliferation and migration. Although induction in cell-cell adhesion has been shown to be involved in the ERβ-mediated inhibition of cell migration, the molecular mechanism has not been fully elucidated. Here we show that induction in the expression of ERβ alters the morphology of the metastatic MDA-MB-231breast cancer cells by inducing cell-cell contact and inhibits migration and invasion. This correlates with an ERβ-mediated induction in the expression of the epithelial marker E-cadherin and downregulation of mesenchymal markers vimentin and N-cadherin. We found that the ERβ-mediated increase in the expression of E-cadherin involves an induction in the levels of miR-200 and a concomitant downregulation of its target component and transcriptional repressor of E-cadherin, ZEB1. These data suggest that ERβ through inhibiting migration and invasion in breast cancer cells may have a role in the clinical intervention of metastatic breast cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1384. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1384
Voice-over-IP Security: Research and Practice

Consumers and enterprises alike are rapidly adopting voice-over-IP (VoIP) technologies, which offer higher flexibility and more features than traditional telephony infrastructures. They can also potentially lower costs through equipment consolidation and, for the consumer market, new business models. However, VoIP systems also represent high complexity in terms of architecture, protocols, and implementation, with a corresponding increase in the potential for misuse. The author conducted survey of published vulnerabilities in the Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) database and in two IETF RFC Internet drafts. These issues ranged from relatively straightforward problems that can lead to server or equipment crashes (denial of service [DoS]) to more serious problems that let adversaries eavesdrop on communications, remotely take over servers or handsets, impersonate users, avoid billing or charge another user (toll fraud), and so on.
Shock propagation and blast attenuation through aqueous foams

Abstract Experiments cited in this paper reveal that aqueous foams are good attenuators of blast waves and the resulting noise. A model is presented which describes the behavior of an explosively produced blast wave propagating through aqueous foam. The equation of state for an air/water mixture is developed with specific attention to details of liquid water compressibility. Solutions of the conservation equations in a spherically one-dimensional form were performed using a finite-difference wave propagation code. Results are presented that indicate the effect of the foam expansion ratio as well as the dimensionless foam depth on the blast attenuation. The (limited) comparison of decibel level attenuation between the model and the experiments shows good agreement.
Gauge field back reaction on a black hole.

The order-$\ensuremath{\hbar}$ fluctuations of gauge fields in the vicinity of a black hole can create a repulsive antigravity region extending out beyond the renormalized Schwarzschild horizon. If the strength of this repulsive force increases as higher orders in the back reaction are included, the formation of a wormholelike object could occur.
Quantitation of Compositional Changes in the Non-Erythroid Membrane Skeleton due to External Forces

The spectrin based membrane skeleton plays important roles in the mechanical and biological functions of living cells. Unlike the membrane skeleton of red blood cells, its non-erythroid counterpart has seen very little attention. Yet, it is assumed that also in non-erythrocytes the membrane skeleton is mostly composed of heterotetramers of α-II and β-II spectrin. Because of α-spectrins’ potential role as mechanotransducers, we investigate the effect of mechanical stimulation on the spectrin-ankyrin B membrane skeleton of NIH 3T3 fibroblasts and murine C3H 10T½ cells. Using quantitative fluorescence microscopy and biochemical techniques, the absolute changes in cellular spectrin and ankyrin B content were determined. Before stimulation the spectrins and ankyrin B make up more than 10% of cytosolic and membrane proteins. Thus, they constitute a much more significant part of the non-erythroid cytoskeleton in these cells than previously assumed. Interestingly, both cell types contain all four major isoforms of spectrin. However, while α-II spectrin is the dominant α spectrin in 3T3, in 10T½ cells it is the ‘erythroid’ α-I spectrin. Also, at least half of the α spectrins do not have β-spectrin counterparts and thus cannot be part of the classical heterotetramere structure. Mechanical stimulation decreases the overall spectrin amount by up to 60% with α-spectrins exhibiting the largest loss. In contrast, the number of ankyrin B copies increases by almost 30%. Furthermore, the fraction of polyubiquitinated spectrin actually increases, which in part could account for the reduction in α-spectrins and is in line with their proposed mechanically enhanced self-ubiquitination activity.
Development of Adjoint Solvers for Engineering Gradient-Based Turbomachinery Design Applications

High-fidelity computational fluid dynamics (CFD) are common practice in turbomachinery design. Typically, several cases are run with manually modified parameters based on designer expertise to fine-tune a machine. Although successful, a more efficient process is desired. Choosing a gradient-based optimization approach, the gradients of the functions of interest need to be estimated. When the number of variables greatly exceeds the number of functions, the adjoint method is the best-suited approach to efficiently estimate gradients. Until recently, the development of CFD adjoint solvers was regarded as complex and difficult, which limited their use mostly to academia. This paper focuses on the problem of developing adjoint solvers for legacy industrial CFD solvers. A discrete adjoint solver is derived with the aid of an automatic differentiation tool that is selectively applied to the CFD code that handles the residual and function evaluations. The adjoint-based gradients are validated against finite-difference and complex-step derivative approximations.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Entry barriers, release behavior, and multi-product firms in the music recording industry

This article models the product release behavior of multi-product oligopolistic firms in the music recording industry. The model predicts that increasing industry concentration may result in an apportionment of the market among the existing firms, and fewer new product releases. Even though the minimum efficient scale of production in the industry is modest, the apportionment outcome is stabilized by the existence of industry entry barriers that raise the costs of potential competitors or entrants.
Purification of synexin by pH step elution from chromatofocusing media in the absence of ampholytes

Synexin can be purified to virtual homogeneity by a modification of the conventional chromatofocusing technique. Ampholytes are omitted from the procedure altogether and the protein is eluted by a specific pH step chosen on the basis of the pI of the protein. This modification of the conventional method eliminates the separation of ampholytes from the purified protein, an insurmountable problem in our case, and reduces the cost of purification profoundly.
Characterization of a wideband, low‐Q, electrically small antenna

Using numerical and experimental techniques, a wideband, low-Q, electrically small antenna design is characterized as a function of frequency and the relative phasing between antenna elements. The antenna demonstrates wideband operation, with a radiation Q approximately a factor of 20 below the Q-limit established by Chu for electrically small, omnidirectional antennas. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 27: 53–58, 2000.
Roasted Peanut Flavor and Related Compositional Characteristics of Peanut Kernels of Spring and Fall Crops Grown in Taiwan

Spring and Fall crops of peanut are grown each year in Taiwan. A general consumer concept indicating that the roasted peanut flavor of the kernels of the former is inferior to the latter deserves further investigation. Tainan 11 and Tainan 12 (Spanish cultivars) were consecutively grown for two crops in an experimental field with green pea for rotation and harvested 70 days after flowering. In compositional analyses of the sound and mature kernels, the ratio of the contents of typical and atypical flavor precursors of free amino acids (T:AT) was higher while the sucrose content was lower in the kernels of Fall crops than those of Spring crops. In headspace analysis, the total volatile content varied insignificantly while the sulfur volatile content was higher in the kernels of Spring crops. When the kernels were roasted and subjected to peanut oil and flavor extraction and GC-MS analysis of the pyrazine compounds, the contents of the total pyrazines and most of the peanut flavor-related pyrazines were higher in the kernels of Fall crops than those of Spring crops.
A production system model for terrain analysis knowledge representation

A production system model has been developed for terrain analysis problem solving. The working memory of the production system is used to store specific domain knowledge about landforms. This involved the description of landforms in terms of their pattern elements, including their likelihood of occurrence. The production memory was used to store the rules of inferencing. These rules were general rules and were applicable to all landforms. Thus, the domain knowledge about terrain analysis was separated into two components: one component consisting of specific knowledge about landforms, stored as facts in the working memory; and the other component consisting of the general methodology for inferencing, stored as rules in the production memory. Such a separation of knowledge enables additions to the knowledge base fairly easily. The knowledge base can be extended to encompass more landforms simply by creating more working-memory elements. The present version of the prototype expert system has been implemented using OPSS, a production system language. Uncertainty calculations were performed by invoking LISP functions from OPS5. The results indicated that the production system model was appropriate for designing the prototype expert system for terrain analysis.
Embedding content from Syrian citizen journalists: The rise of the collaborative news clip

The ways the New York Times has incorporated citizen videos from the Syrian conflict into its live blog, The Lede, is explored in this article. The analysis reveals the creation of a new journalist...
Orthostatic abnormal penile erections : a consequence of retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy with vena caval resection

Involvement of the inferior vena cava is reported in 7 to 12% of patients with bulky metastatic germ cell tumor. Resection of the vena cava is not uncommonly required during post-chemotherapy retroperitoneal lymph node dissection to ensure complete tumor clearance or resect a nonfunctional vena cava occluded by scar or tumor thrombus.1.2 Despite the less favorable prognosis in such cases of advanced bulky germ cell tumors, satisfactory results are reported with the combination of intensive chemotherapy and radical resection of residual masses.' After interruption of the vena cava preexisting collateral venous channels consisting mainly of the ascending lumbar, gonadal and ureteral veins, and the vertebral venous system establish an effective alternate system that circumvents the interrupted segment and enables ample venous return to the heart.3.4 Specific complications of vena caval resection include leg edema, ascites, chylothorax, deep venous thrombosis and renal insufkiency.1.' Despite the enormity of procedures that involve post-chemotherapy retroperitoneal lymph node dissection with en bloc vena caval resection, associated specific morbidity is slight and usually transitory due to the immediate opening of effective venous collaterals.1.2 We report an additional unique consequence of vena caval resection during post-chemotherapy retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for retroperitoneal bulky metastatic germ cell tumor with inferior vena caval encroachment.
Translational frame shifting in the Escherichia coli dnaX gene in vitro

Production of the gamma subunit of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase III holoenzyme is dependent on a very efficient translational frameshif in the dnaX gene. I used an E. coli in vitro translation system to analyze the mechanism of this frameshifting event. In this system, gamma was produced almost to the same extent as the inframe translation product, tau, suggesting that efficient frameshifting was reproduced in vitro. Coupling with transcription was not necessary for frameshifting. Addition of purified tau or gamma had no effect on the frameshifting process suggesting the absence of direct feedback regulation. By use of mutant genes, a strong pausing site was identified at or very close to the frameshift site. This pausing was apparently caused by a potential stem-loop structure which was previously shown to enhance frameshifting. Thus, enhancement of frameshifting by this putative stem-loop seems to be mediated by the translation pausing at the frameshift site. Despite the apparent structural similarity of the dnaX frameshift site to that of the eukaryotic retroviral genes, dnaX mRNA synthesized in vitro failed to direct the production of gamma in eukaryotic translation systems. This suggests that frameshifting in the dnaX gene depends on components specific to the E. coli translation system.
Exogenous glucocorticoids decrease subgenual cingulate activity evoked by sadness

The glucocorticoid hormone cortisol is known to have wide-ranging effects on a variety of physiological systems, including the morphology and physiology of the amygdala and hippocampus. Disruptions of cortisol regulation and signaling are also linked with psychiatric disorders involving emotional disturbances. Although there is much evidence to suggest a relationship between cortisol signaling and the brain physiology underlying emotion, few studies have attempted to test for direct effects of cortisol on the neurophysiology of emotion. We administered exogenous synthetic cortisol (hydrocortisone, HCT) using two different dosing regimens (25 mg/day over 4 days, 100 mg single dose), in a double-blind placebo-controlled functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study. During fMRI scanning, healthy subjects viewed images designed to induce happy, sad, and neutral emotional states. Subjective emotional reactions were collected for each experimental stimulus after fMRI scanning. Mood ratings were also collected throughout the 4 days of the study. Both dose regimens of HCT resulted in decreased subgenual cingulate activation during sadness conditions. The 25 mg/day regimen also resulted in higher arousal ratings of sad stimuli. No effects of HCT were observed on any mood ratings. Few reliable effects of HCT were observed on brain activity patterns or subjective emotional responses to stimuli that were not sad. The inhibitory effects of cortisol on sadness-induced subgenual cingulate activity may have critical relevance to the pathophysiology of major depression, as both subgenual hyperactivity and decreased sensitivity to cortisol signaling have been documented in patients with depression.
Pituitary Growth Hormone “Synthesizing Factor” in Hypophysial Portal Blood

Immunoreactive growth hormone (GH) released into an incubation medium and (14)C-leucine incorporation into GH by the anterior pituitary were determined after incubation for 15 min and one hr with hypophysial portal plasma and with peripheral plasma from the same animals as a control substance. Twenty-three hemipituitaries in which (14)C-leucine incorporation was measured at IS min showed a mean difference of 2,980 +/- 1,030 SEM cpm/mg of GH (t = 2.89, p < .01). After one hr of incubation no significant difference could be determined. After one hr of incubation the amount of GH released into the medium containing the portal plasma was significantly greater than the amount released into the medium containing peripheral plasma. The mean difference was 409 +/- 179 SEM ng/mg pituitary (* = 2.87, p < .05). After 15 min of incubation no differences in GH released into the medium could be detected. Differences in GH content of the pituitary could not be detected at either time period. The study supports the hypothesis that hypophysial portal plasma contains a factor which stimulates GH synthesis by the pituitary. In addition, the earlier finding of Wilber and Porter that the hypophysial portal plasma contains a factor which will release GH from the pituitary is confirmed.
Highly Efficient Palladium-Catalyzed Coupling of Acetylene Gas with Aryl Iodides in Aqueous Medium

A mixture of acetonitrile and water was found to be a highly efficient medium for the palladium-catalyzed bis-coupling of acetylene gas with aryl iodides. Both water-soluble and -insoluble catalysts are effective. All couplings proceed in excellent yields at room temperature.
SU‐E‐J‐128: Setup Variation in Deep Inspiration Breath‐Hold for Radiotherapy of Breast Cancer Tumor Bed Assessed with RPM‐Guided CBCT

Purpose: Deep inspiration breath hold (DIBH) can reduce irradiated cardiac volume during tangential left breast radiotherapy. Commonly the setup position for DIBH is verified using gated on‐board orthogonal kV imaging (OBI) of the rib cage. This study assessed positional variation of the tumor bed in the boost treatment with gated orthogonal kV image‐guided setup and CBCT. Methods: 8 patients with median age of 66 (57–85), received a boost dose to the tumor bed in the left breast. After setup positions were aligned using gated orthogonal kV imaging, RPM system‐guided, voluntary DIBH, CBCTs were acquired in 2 DIBH of 30 sec or 3 DIBH of 20 sec. Positional difference of the tumor bed between the planning CT and CBCT were assessed. Results: Left breast volume range was 611–2184 cm3 among 8 patients. Positional change in tumor bed was 0–1.5 cm lateral, 0–2.5 cm vertical, and 0–0.7 cm longitudinal, resulting in 0.4−3.0 cm 3D positional change. The magnitude of 3D positional change was associated with breast volume (r=0.83). The magnitude increased as breast volume increased, with a change of ∼ 1.5 cm for a breast volume of ∼ 1500 cm3. Conclusion: Feedback‐guided, DIBH CBCT can be used to verify tumor bed position for boost treatment. DIBH setup using gated orthogonal kV imaging may be adequate for patients with small breasts. More data are needed for this ongoing study to establish the minimum breast volume for which by DIBH CBCT guided setup becomes necessary.
Tangetial force and water migration in unsaturated disperse material

Abstract Water migration in unsaturated disperse materials such as sand with an asymmetric content of surfactant depends on the action of two pressures: the capillary pressure and a pressure that is additional to it and caused by the tangential force of the migrating surfactant.
Tubal Physiology and Microsurgery

PIP: Until the advent of gynecologic microsurgery, tubal infertility surgery was at best viewed by surgeons as a speculative procedure to be performed only on highly motivated women. There was general lack of knowledge of or application for tubal physiology. The practitioner of gynecologic microsurgery however views the oviduct as an anatomically and physiologically complex structure and seeks to preserve or restore functional anatomy. He has evolved a number of ancillary techniques to prevent or minimize trauma of the oviduct and its adnexa, such as: 1) constant irrigation with isotonic balanced salt solutions; 2) precise hemostasis with unipolar or bipolar microcautery; 3) gentle and meticulous handling of tissues; 4) and reperitonization of denuded structures. The oviduct, which averages 10 to 12 cm. in length, is a seromuscular organ consisting of: 1) an outer serous coat, the serosa; 2) a middle smooth muscle coat, the myosalpinx, with outer longitudinal and inner circular layers; and 3) an internal mucus coat, the endosalpinx, composed of ciliated and secretory cells. The oviduct is divided into 4 segments based on characteristic morphologic differences: intramural segment; isthmus; ampulla; and infundibrilum. Patients may be grouped into those suffering from primary or secondary infertility due to a congenitally abnormal or pathologically damaged tubes, and those seeking reversal of prior elective tubal sterilization. Absence of the fimbriae is considered by many clinicians as a contraindication to surgery. The tubal fimbriae function is believed to be a highly specialized and indispensable component of the ovum pick-up mechanism. Fimbriectomy is known to be a very reliable sterilization method, but spontaneous failures are not uncommon primarily due to the formation of tuboperitoneal fistulas that reestablish distal tubal patency. The ampullaryisthmic junction appears to have little functional significance on fertility, as is the uterotubal junction. The shortened tube syndrome or the importance of a minimum length of oviduct necessary for fertility is gaining increasing acceptance. The critical length of tube appears to be approximately 3 cm., but pregnancy has been reported in women with less than 1 cm. of tube remaining. Further research should be done on reproductive function.
The vitamin K dependent reaction

Abstract The vitamin K's are 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinones. The vitamin is required for the post-translational γ-carboxylation of glutamyl residues in precursors polypeptides. The vitamin K step in this carboxylation, however, requires not the quione but the hydroquinone plus oxygen. Thus, the vitamin K-dependent step is a “mixed function” oxidation requiring a reducing compound plus molecular oxygen to provide a form of oxidant (e.g., a free radical, a hydroperoxide) capable of abstracting a particular, slightly labile hydrogen from a glutamyl residue, leaving this position free to accept a carbon dioxide molecule. This oxidation appears similar to that of other mixed function oxidants such as cythochrome P450 plus oxygen, ascorbic acid (with traces of ferrous iron) plus oxygen, ferrous iron plus oxygen, and a number of other systems which function in a wide variety of oxidation. Inhibition by spin-trapping agents suggests a free radical step in the vitamin K hydroquinone-dependent reaction, similar to other mixed function oxidations.