cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Resistance of Elms of the Ulmus davidiana Complex to Defoliation by the Adult Elm Leaf Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Selected elms of the Ulmus davidiana complex and their hybrids growing at The Morton Arboretum, Lisle, IL, were evaluated in laboratory bioassays for feeding preference and suitability for the adult elm leaf beetle, Pyrrhalta luteola (Muller). No-choice feeding studies revealed that U. davidiana, U. japonica, U. propinqua, and the hybrid U. davidiana × U. propinqua were the least suitable for feeding and reproduction by the elm leaf beetle. The hybrid U. davidiana × U. japonica, U. wilsoniana, and U. pumila were more suitable for feeding and reproduction. The preovipositional period was not a function of suitability because adults feeding on the least suitable species/hybrids oviposited at approximately the same time as females feeding on the more suitable elms such as U. davidiana × U. japonica, U. pumila, and U. wilsoniana. Suitability had no significant effect on male and female longevity nor did male/female longevity affect suitability of elm species/hybrids evaluated in this study. Beetles feeding on caged elms exhibited a similar suitability ranking as in the no-choice laboratory feeding study. Fully and partially unsuitable species/hybrids of U. davidiana, U. japonica, U. propinqua, and U. davidiana × U. propinqua, show promise for future elm breeding programs.
Higgs boson interactions in supersymmetric theories with large tanβ

Abstract We show that radiative corrections to the Higgs potential in supersymmetric theories with large tan β generically lead to large differences in the light Higgs boson decay branching fractions compared to those of the standard model Higgs boson. In contrast, the light Higgs boson production rates are largely unaffected. We identify Wh associated production followed by Higgs boson decays to photons or to leptons via WW ∗ as potential experimental probes of these theories.
Effects of L-dopa in autism.

A study was designed to determine if blood serotonin concentrations could be lowered in autistic children by the administration of L-dopa and, if so, to observe possible clinical or physiological changes. Following a 17-day placebo period, four hospitalized autistic boys (3, 4, 9, and 13 years of age) received L-dopa for 6 months. Results indicated a significant decrease of blood serotonin concentrations in the three youngest patients, a significant increase in platelet counts in the youngest patient, and a similar trend in others. Urinary excretion of 5HIAA decreased significantly in the 4-year-old patient and a similar trend was noted in others. No changes were observed in the clinical course of the disorder, the amount of motility disturbances (hand-flapping), percent of REM sleep time, or in measures of endocrine function (FSH and LH). Possible mechanisms by which L-dopa lowered blood serotonin concentrations, increased platelet counts, and yet failed to produce other changes are discussed.
Sequence at both termini of the 10 genes of reovirus serotype 3 (strain Dearing)

Abstract We have sequenced 60–90 residues at the 5′- and 3′-termini of the 10 genes of the Dearing strain of reovirus serotype 3. All 10 genes share a common tetranucleotide GCUA at the 5′-terminus and a pentanucleotide UCAUC at the 3′-terminus of their plus strands. All genes contain a translation initiation codon within 13–33 residues of the 5′-terminus; an initiation codon starting at position 6 in one of the genes is inoperative as its reading frame leads quickly to a termination codon. Several genes possess additional initiation codons, either in phase or out of phase, further downstream. All genes possess multiple termination codons in positions ranging from 80 to less than 10 residues from the 3′-terminus. Computer searches were carried out to discover homologies, symmetries, dyad symmetries, dinucleotide frequencies, Shine-Dalgarno sequences and other features relating to questions concerning the presence of possible protein binding sites (such as for encapsidation or for transcriptase recognition), RNA molecule assembly during the initial stages of reovirus morphogenesis, and control of frequency of translation. It was found that plus-stranded transcripts of reovirus genes, that is, the messenger RNA molecules in infected cells, show little or no tendency for stable hairpin loop formation. The feature that correlates best with high frequency of translation is possession of AG-rich regions upstream from and around the initiation codon. No dyad symmetries (ability to associate by base pairing) with sufficient specificity to account for specific gene assembly could be detected. The genes contain about 20 regions 20 to 30 residues long that exhibit highly significant homology or symmetry (that is, similarity in the same or opposite sense) with sequences in some other gene. Remarkably, some of these sequences, which are present in all genes except gene S1, are very similar to not only one other sequence, but to two or even three others; and some exhibit similarity to both same and opposite sense segences. However, apart from the terminal tetra- and pentanucleotide, the ends of the 10 genes possess no common sequences sufficiently similar for them to be interpreted as representing common protein-binding sites. If such sites exist, they must share features other than similarity of base sequence.
Entering Deleuze's Political Vision

How can Deleuzians make his philosophy as accessible as possible to political theorists and democratic publics? This essay provides principles to enter Deleuze's political vision, namely, to research the etymology of words, to discover the image beneath concepts, to diagram schemata using rigid lines, supple lines and lines of flight, and to construct rules that balance experimentation and caution. The essay then employs this method to explicate a fecund sentence about politics in A Thousand Plateaus and presents a case why Deleuze deserves greater visibility in the political theory canon.
Cognitive behavioral treatment of anxiety in later life

Anxiety can be a significant problem in later life (i.e., after age 65). To cope, a substantial proportion of elderly individuals take benzodiazepine medication, as prescribed by their primary-care physician. Unfortunately, the use of benzodiazepines for the long-term management of anxiety in the elderly carries certain risks, including cognitive impairment, motor impairment, respiratory depression, and addiction. Cognitive behavior therapy, a proven treatment for anxiety in younger individuals, might offer a safe and effective alternative to medication in the older population. We describe the rationale and implementation of a 13-session cognitive-behavioral treatment protocol, currently in use at Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center. The protocol is designed to address several aspects of anxiety that we have encountered in elderly patients: excessive worry (especially about aging and related health matters); reduced structure of daily life; anxiety over symptoms of autonomic arousal; benzodiazepine dependence; realistic fears; and insomnia.
Selective accumulation of α-tocopherol in Drosophila is associated with cytochrome P450 tocopherol-ω-hydroxylase activity but not α-tocopherol transfer protein

Humans and other mammals actively discriminate among the various forms of vitamin E to selectively retain alpha-tocopherol, but the phylogenetic breadth of this trait is unknown. We sought to determine if the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, similarly discriminates and if so by what mechanism. Larvae and adult flies fed diets containing predominantly gamma- and delta-tocopherols were enriched in alpha-tocopherol. Inclusion in the diet of piperonyl butoxide (PBO), an insect cytochrome P450 inhibitor and inhibitor of tocopherol-omega-hydroxylase activity, greatly elevated tissue levels of delta-tocopherol but not alpha-tocopherol. Drosophila microsomes exhibited tocopherol-omega-hydroxylase activity in the order of delta-T > gamma-T >> alpha-T, a pattern consistent with the effect of PBO in vivo. To determine if selectivity involved alpha-tocopherol transfer protein (alpha-TTP), adult flies were fed an equimolar mixture of d3-RRR- and d6-all-racemic alpha-tocopherol. Flies exhibited a d3/d6 ratio of 1.03, demonstrating an inability to discriminate on the basis of phytyl tail stereochemistry, a hallmark of alpha-TTP activity. We conclude that Drosophila preferentially accumulates alpha-tocopherol via a mechanism involving cytochrome P450 tocopherol-omega-hydroxylase-mediated catabolism of other tocopherols, but not a mammalian-like alpha-TTP. The selective pressure favoring this trait and its remarkable conservation from insects to humans requires elucidation.
Calculating the Field Emission Current from a Carbon Nanotube

The purpose of this work is to present elements of a design tool for field emission displays using carbon nanotubes as emitters. We use a continuum model to describe the carbon nanotubes and we use a locally one-dimensional approximation to calculate the emission current. We investigate the emission current to voltage characteristic, screening effects and the lateral spread of the emission current as a function of the height and radius of the nanotube. We also present a set of results pertaining to the electrostatic properties of a carbon nanotube immersed in a uniform electric field. We show that the field enhancement factor at the apex of the nanotube increases linearly with the aspect ratio in the parameter region of interest to field emission applications. We have also found that the relative variation of the field enhancement factor along the cap of the nanotube only depends on the radius and not on the height of the nanotube.
An algorithm for the simulation of density-programmed supercritical fluid chromatography

Abstract An analysis and an algorithm are provided for simulating molecular resolution in multicomponent separations using density programmed supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC). Numerical results are compared to recently published results for a seven component separation, and are shown to provide an accurate representation of the system behavior. Various density program strategies are simulated to illustrate the potential of this technology for optimizing separations.
Floor plate and motor neuron induction by different concentrations of the amino-terminal cleavage product of sonic hedgehog autoproteolysis

Abstract The differentiation of floor plate cells and motor neurons can be induced by Sonic hedgehog (SHH), a secreted signaling protein that undergoes autoproteolytic cleavage to generate amino- and carboxy-terminal products. We have found that both floor plate cells and motor neurons are induced by the aminoterminal cleavage product of SHH (SHH-N). The threshold concentration of SHH-N required for motor neuron induction is about 5-fold lower than that required for floor plate induction. Higher concentrations of SHH-N can induce floor plate cells at the expense of motor neuron differentiation. Our results suggest that the induction of floor plate cells and motor neurons by the notochord in vivo is mediated by exposure of neural plate cells to different concentrations of the amino-terminal product of SHH autoproteolytic cleavage.
Analysis of electrical relaxation in ionically conducting glasses and melts

Abstract The Havriliak-Negami (HN) relaxation function was used to analyze electric field relaxation data for a model Li2OAl2O32SiO2 glass. The HN function gave an excellent description of the frequency dependence of the imaginary part of the electric modulus M″ in the intermediate frequency range (10−2 ≤ ω〈τ〉 ≤ 102). However, at low frequencies the HN function predicted unphysical behavior, i.e., it failed to predict the levelling off of the real parts of the complex conductivity, σ′, and of the complex permittivity, e′, at static low frequency values. It appears that, for fits using a minimal number of adjustable parameters, the distribution of relaxation times associated with the KWW or stretched exponential relaxation function, ƒ(t) = exp (− t/τ KWW ) β , continues to give the best description of electrical relaxation in materials containing large concentrations of mobile ions.
Observations on the Decay of a Thermocline in a Rock Bed With No Net Fluid Flow

The transient thermal response of a rock bed with no net fluid flow is examined following all-day charging under clear sky conditions. The experimental system consists of 1.86 m/sup 2/ (20 ft/sup 2/) of flat-plate solar collectors using air as the working fluid, a flow control system, and a 0.357 m/sup 3/ (12.6 ft/sup 3/) rock bed for thermal energy storage. A thermocline is established in the bed during charging due to the timevarying nature of the collector outlet temperature. Experimental measurements of the temperature distribution in the bed for a 13-hour stagnation period allow a preliminary estimate of the loss of available energy in the storage medium. The net loss in thermodynamic availability is 30 percent. Since the temperatures in the upper regions of the bed are lower than those in the central regions at the end of charging under clear sky conditions, the possibility of natural convection motion of the fluid in the bed exists. An ''apparent'' local thermal diffusivity is calculated and from comparison with stagnant bed values indicates that natural convection motion may occur in the upper regions of the bed.
Extension of a noninteractive reliability model for ceramic matrix composites

Developments in the processing of high temperature ceramic composites demand innovative and progressive design protocols that adequately predict the thermal and mechanical behavior of these materials. The focus here is the extension of a reliability model for orthotropic ceramic composites. The approach chosen to describe failures leads to a noninteractive formulation of reliability that is phenomenological. This particular criterion, which was constructed using tensorial invariant theory, allows six potential failure modes to emerge.
Late Complications Following Surgical Repair of Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return below the Diaphragm

Abstract Between May, 1975, and June, 1977, we surgically repaired an infracardiac total anomalous pulmonary venous return in 4 infants under deep hypothermic cardiac arrest. All patients had pulmonary hypertension and a patent ductus arteriosus. All survived operation and required positive end-expiratory pressure with mechanical ventilation. Late complications included patent ductus arteriosus not visualized at initial catheterization, breakdown of an oversewn atrial septal defect repair, and pulmonary venous obstruction despite an anastomosis diameter of 1.5 to 2.5 cm. At reoperation, there was scarring and contraction at the junction of the pulmonary veins and left atrium. One infant with these complications died post-operatively. In another patient, there was kinking of the left lower pulmonary vein at its juncture with the left atrium. In view of these complications we currently recommend the following: ligation of the ductus arteriosus regardless of catheterization findings; a right-sided approach to avoid pulmonary vein kinking; prosthetic patch closure of the atrial septal defect to avoid excessive tension on suture lines and to maintain maximum left atrial size; stellate anastomosis to provide the largest possible drainage channel, awareness that an unusually high positive end-expiratory pressure may be required postoperatively; and early recatheterization.
Thermal Misfit and Thermal Fatigue Induced Damage in Brittle Composites

We examine the conditions under which differences in thermal expansion between a particle and the matrix leads to crack growth within the matrix. Using linear elastic fracture mechanics, we obtain closed-form, analytical results for the case of a penny shaped crack present in the matrix interacting with a spherical inclusion which is misfitting with respect to the matrix. A simple and direct relationship is established between the strain energy release rate, the crack size, the crack orientation with respect to the inclusion, the crack/inclusion separation, the degree of thermal expansion mismatch and the elastic properties of the medium. We also analyze the size to which these cracks can grow and find that for a given misfit strain and material properties, crack growth is inhibited beyond a certain critical crack size. Finally, the preferred orientation of these cracks as a function of misfit strain is predicted. The implication of these results for thermal cycling are analyzed.
In vitro and in vivo validation tests for total artificial heart.

: Properly planned in vitro and in vivo studies are mandatory to validate blood pump performance. However, standard procedures for in vitro and in vivo tests of total artificial heart (TAH) performance still do not exist. At Baylor College of Medicine, standard tests procedures for performance validation of the totally implantable TAH have been established. In this paper, these in vitro tests protocols (performance mapping tests, accelerated endurance test, hemolysis test, flow visualization tests, etc.) are described as well as in vivo test procedures (TAH implantation procedure, including surgical technique, postoperative management and tests, etc.). In addition, pathological protocols are presented. In our experience, these procedures are very simple, easy to perform, and inexpensive. These protocols are proposed as standard in vitro and in vivo tests for a TAH.
Sodium Flux in the Smooth Muscle of Frog Stomach

Sodium efflux from rings of frog stomach muscle was measured at 5 degrees and 15 degrees C in three different steady states. After incubation in normal, K-free, or ouabain (10(-4)M) solutions, intracellular cations stabilized at markedly differing levels. At 5 degrees C, inhibition of Na extrusion was shown in the rate coefficients for (22)Na efflux, which were slightly smaller in K-free than in normal solutions, and much smaller in ouabain. Due to the intracellular Na concentration differences, total Na efflux was similar in K-free and ouabain solutions, and only (1/5) as large in normal solution. At 15 degrees C, normal total Na flux was only 1/7;-1/10 inhibitors, and may be underestimated. The total flux differences may involve dependence of the Na pump and Na permeation on internal Na concentration. The Q(10) of the steady-state fluxes was 3.7 in ouabain, 2.8 in K-free solution, and 1.9 in normal solution. The high temperature dependence of influx as well as efflux suggests transport mechanisms other than simple diffusion. Sodium turnover in the cell water was 46-66 mM/hr in inhibitors at 15 degrees C, and a high rate of Na extrusion in normal muscle is suggested. However, cell volume:surface ratio is only 1.6 micro and all estimates of Na flux were under 3 pmoles/cm(2) per sec, indicating low Na permeability.
Convergence properties of adaptive observers

Convergence characteristics of the adaptive observer, to be acceptable, must be insensitive to initial conditions. In this paper the problem of optimization with respect to the set of adaptive gains is considered. It is found that sensitivity of an optimal solution is highly dependent upon the definition of the cost function. The adaptive observer is shown, to be characterized as a linear autonomous system with (periodic) time-variable parameters. A cost function is defined in terms of the elements of a transition matrix so as to yield a suboptimal solution insensitive to initial conditions. Other factors affecting the convergence properties are discussed. Particular attention is given to the case of periodic signals for which the eigenvalues of a constant matrix can be used as design criteria.
PET imaging of cochlear-implant and normal-hearing subjects listening to speech and nonspeech.

Functional neuroimaging with positron emission tomography (PET) was used to compare the brain activation patterns of normal-hearing (NH) with postlingually deaf, cochlear-implant (CI) subjects listening to speech and nonspeech signals. The speech stimuli were derived from test batteries for assessing speech-perception performance of hearing-impaired subjects with different sensory aids. Subjects were scanned while passively listening to monaural (right ear) stimuli in five conditions: Silent Baseline, Word, Sentence, Time-reversed Sentence, and Multitalker Babble. Both groups showed bilateral activation in superior and middle temporal gyri to speech and backward speech. However, group differences were observed in the Sentence compared to Silence condition. CI subjects showed more activated foci in right temporal regions, where lateralized mechanisms for prosodic (pitch) processing have been well established; NH subjects showed a focus in the left inferior frontal gyrus (Brodmann’s area 47), where semantic processing has been implicated. Multitalker Babble activated auditory temporal regions in the CI group only. Whereas NH listeners probably habituated to this multitalker babble, the CI listeners may be using a perceptual strategy that emphasizes ‘coarse’ coding to perceive this stimulus globally as speechlike. The group differences provide the first neuroimaging evidence suggesting that postlingually deaf CI and NH subjects may engage differing perceptual processing strategies under certain speech conditions.
Differential Potencies of Naturally Occurring Regioisomers of Nitrolinoleic Acid in PPARγ Activation

Previous studies demonstrated that the naturally occurring electrophile and PPARγ ligand, nitrolinoleic acid (NO2-LA), exists as a mixture of four regioisomers [Alexander, R. L., et al. (2006) Bioc...
Asymmetric flaccid paralysis: A neuromuscular presentation of West Nile virus infection

The neuromuscular aspects of West Nile virus (WNV) infection have not been characterized in detail. We have studied a group of six patients with proven WNV infection. All cases presented with acute, severe, asymmetric, or monolimb weakness, with minimal or no sensory disturbance after a mild flu-like prodrome. Four cases also had facial weakness. Three of our cases had no encephalitic signs or symptoms despite cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis. Electrophysiological studies showed severe denervation in paralyzed limb muscles, suggesting either motor neuron or multiple ventral nerve root damage. This localization is supported further by the finding of abnormal signal intensity confined to the anterior horns on a lumbar spine magnetic resonance imaging. Muscle biopsies from three patients showed scattered necrotic fibers, implicating mild direct or indirect muscle damage from the WNV infection. In summary, we describe a group of patients with acute segmental flaccid paralysis with minimal or no encephalitic or sensory signs. We have localized the abnormality to either the spinal motor neurons or their ventral nerve roots. It will be important for physicians to consider WNV infection in patients with acute asymmetric paralysis with or without encephalitic symptoms.
Comparison of isothermal and cyclic oxidation behavior of twenty-five commercial sheet alloys at 1150°C

Twenty-five commercial nickel-, iron-, and cobalt-base sheet alloys incorporating chromium or chromium and aluminum additions for oxidation resistance were tested at 1150°C in air for 100 hr in both isothermal and 1-hr cyclic furnace exposures. The alloys were evaluated by sample specific weight change, by type of scale formed, by amount and type of spall, and by sample thickness change and microstructure. In isothermal steady-state oxidation, four types of controlling oxides were observed depending on alloy composition: NiO, Cr2O3-chromite spinel, ThO2-blocked Cr2O3, and αAl2O3-aluminate spinel. The latter three types are considered protective. In the Cr2O3-forming alloys, however, scale vaporization is a critical factor in determining the parabolic scaling rate based on paralinear oxidation. In cyclic oxidation the alloys which form Cr2O3-chromite spinel scales were degraded severely when sufficient chromite spinel developed to trigger spalling. The cyclic behavior of the other three types of alloys does not differ greatly from their isothermal behavior. If chromite spinel formation is minimal, the thinner the oxide formed, the less the tendency to spall. Factors contributing to a thin scale are low isothermal scaling rates; reactive element additions, such as thorium, lanthanum, and silicon; and scale vaporization. Scale vaporization may, however, lead to catastrophic oxidation at high gas velocities or low pressures or both. A tentative mass-balance approach to scale buildup, scale vaporization, and scale spalling was used to calculate the critical oxidation parameter—the effective metal thickness change. In general, this calculated thickness change agrees with the measured change to within a factor of 3 if a correction is made for grain boundary oxidation. The calculated thickness change parameter was used to rate the oxidation resistance of the various alloys under isothermal or cyclic conditions. The best alloys in cyclic furnace oxidation tests were either αAl2O3-aluminate spinel formers or Cr2O3 formers with ThO2 blockage.
Using Research-Based Practices to Support Students with Diverse Needs in General Education Settings.

The purposes of this article are to underscore the importance of using research-based practices to support the needs of all learners in general education settings and to provide teachers with strategies for obtaining research-based practices. Students with diverse learning needs require that teachers utilize more effective and efficient practices in their teaching given that many are already behind academically, socially, or both. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 42: 761–763, 2005.
An algorithm for the numerical evaluation of the reversible Randles-Sevcik function

Abstract A computer algorithm is given for the accurate computation of the reversible Randles-Sevcik function. The algorithm uses numerical integration to approximate an improper integral that represents the Randles-Sevcik function for all values of the independent variable.
On non-stationarity of ENSO

Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2003. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geophysical Research Letters 30 (2003): 1910, doi:10.1029/2003GL018225.
The cause of azimuthal variations in directional reflectance of vegetative canopies

Abstract The variation of the directional reflectance of a vegetative canopy with azimuthal view angle becomes prominent when the canopy is illuminated by the sun at large angles from zenith. An extension of a previous directional reflectance model of vegetative canopies is presented to quantify this effect. The results indicate that the cause of the azimuthal variation can be traced to solar flux illumination of the vertically oriented canopy components and that the extreme variations of reflectance with azimuth of view are moderated by the azimuthally isotropic sources of flux from skylight and canopy.
Diverticular abscess of colon: Irritative bladder symptoms

Diverticular disease can affect the bladder in subtle ways. Presented herein is a case of a chronic abscess secondary to diverticulitis presenting as irritable vesical symptoms overlooked for several years. The value of pelvic computerized tomography in the diagnosis is stressed.
Synthesis of satellite DNA in Rhynchosciara hollaenderi.

Abstract During the latter part of the fourth instar development of Rhynchosciara larvae, DNA synthesis occurs in both germ cells and somatic cells, even though these cells do not undergo mitosis. CsCl density gradient analysis has revealed the synthesis of d(AT) satellite DNAs in the testis and in somatic tissues such as salivary gland, fat body, and gastric cecum. In these studies it has been shown that there is a tissue-specific variation in the relative proportions of synthesis of d(AT) satellite and main-band DNA in the testis during the fourth instar. The initiation of synthesis of the d(AT) satellite in the testis corresponds with the appearance and formation of the highly characteristic mitochondria which develop during the maturation of the spermatocytes. This satellite DNA has been shown to be circular and has a density of 1.681 gm/cm 3 in CsCl. Synthesis of a similar circular DNA cannot be detected in somatic tissues, although these tissues do synthesize a d(AT) satellite of similar density. We conclude from these studies that the specific synthesis of a unique circular DNA may be an essential part of the morphogenetic development of the highly specialized mitochondria formed during spermatocyte maturation.
Catalytic soot oxidation in microscale experiments: Simulation of interactions between co-deposited graphitic nanoparticle agglomerates and platinum nanoparticles

Continuously regenerating catalytic soot traps are under development to reduce particulate emissions from diesel exhaust. A good understanding of the processes that take place during soot oxidation is needed to optimize diesel soot trap performance. To gain insight into these processes from the perspective of nanoparticle technology, the effects of catalyst particle size and the interparticle distance between soot and catalyst particles were measured. A model catalyst was prepared by depositing Pt nanoparticles on a SiO/SiO2-coated transmission electron microscope (TEM) grid. A soot surrogate composed of graphitic nanoparticle agglomerates generated by laser ablation was deposited on the same surface. This system simulates, morphologically, catalytic soot traps used in practice. The reaction was carried out in a tubular flow reactor in which the gas phase simulated diesel exhaust gas, composed of a mixture of 10% O2 and 1000 ppm NO with the remainder N2. The progress of the carbon nanoparticle oxidation was monitored off-line by analysis of electron microscopy images of the agglomerates before and after reaction. This experimental method permitted the correlation of reaction rate with particle sizes and separation distances as well as catalyst surface area in the direct environs of the soot particles. The experimental results revealed no effect of Pt catalyst particle size in the range 7–31 nm on the rate of reaction. Also observed were a decrease in the rate of reaction with increasing distance between carbon agglomerates and catalyst particles and a linear dependence of the reaction rate on the fractional catalyst surface area coverage.
Two different IFN-γ nonresponsive variants derived from the B-cell lymphoma 70Z/3

The kappa immunoglobulin (Igk) light chain locus is transcriptionally silent in the mouse B-cell lymphoma 70Z/3. However, exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or interferon-γ (IFN) causes a marked increase in Igk transcription. By immunoselection, we isolated two variants that are nonresponsive to IFN. One variant, AT7.2, has retained its response to LPS (IFN-LPS+), whereas the other, AT3.3, is also nonresponsive to LPS (IFN-LPS−). Stable transfection of an intact Igk gene does not rescue the phenotype of either variant. Both variants have intact Igk genes and neither is deficient in the binding or uptake of IFN. Nuclear extracts from LPS-treated wild-type 70Z/3 cells show strong increases in three transcription factors: OTF-2, NF-κB, and kBF-A. Remarkably, when the IFN-LPS− variant is treated with LPS, all three transcription factors are still observed in the nuclear extracts. Treatment of wild-type cells with either LPS or IFN also causes a decrease in nuclear complexes that bind to two other regions of the Igk intron enhancer, the octenh and the EκMHCIC regions. Both of these changes are also observed after LPS or IFN treatment of the IFN-LPS− variant. Thus, this variant transduces the IFN and LPS signals at least into the nuclear compartment, but still fails to activate Igk transcription. In contrast, the IFN-LPS+ variant decreases neither the octenh nor the EκMHCIC binding complexes in response to IFN. This variant may be defective in transducing the IFN signal to the nucleus. These variants will be useful in studying the activation of Igk transcription and the IFN signaling pathway in B cells.
Experimental Investigation of Fuel Distribution in a Transverse Stream

The results of an experimental investigation of fuel distribution downstream of a plain orifice injector in a transverse air stream are presented. The fuel concentration distribution at the survey plane downstream of the injector was determined with an iso-kinetic sampling technique and the pattern of fuel distribution was described. The empirical expressions for the centreline of a fuel spray (which was defined as the maximum fuel concentration line or penetration distance of the fuel jet) and for the peak value of the fuel concentration were obtained. An empirical method is proposed to predict the liquid fuel concentration distribution in the plane downstream of the injector and the fuel despersion contour line.Copyright © 1983 by ASME
Genomic impacts of chromosomal inversions in parapatric Drosophila species

Chromosomal inversions impact genetic variation and facilitate speciation in part by reducing recombination in heterokaryotypes. We generated multiple whole-genome shotgun sequences of the parapatric species pair Drosophila pseudoobscura and Drosophila persimilis and their sympatric outgroup ( Drosophila miranda ) and compared the average pairwise differences for neutral sites within, just outside and far outside of the three large inversions. Divergence between D. pseudoobscura and D. persimilis is high inside the inversions and in the suppressed recombination regions extending 2.5 Mb outside of inversions, but significantly lower in collinear regions further from the inversions. We observe little evidence of decreased divergence predicted to exist in the centre of inversions, suggesting that gene flow through double crossovers or gene conversion is limited within the inversion, or selection is acting within the inversion to maintain divergence in the face of gene flow. In combination with past studies, we provide evidence that inversions in this system maintain areas of high divergence in the face of hybridization, and have done so for a substantial period of time. The left arm of the X chromosome and chromosome 2 inversions appear to have arisen in the lineage leading to D. persimilis approximately 2 Ma, near the time of the split of D. persimilis–D. pseudoobscura–D. miranda , but likely fixed within D. persimilis much more recently, as diversity within D. persimilis is substantially reduced inside and near these two inversions. We also hypothesize that the inversions in D. persimilis may provide an empirical example of the ‘mixed geographical mode’ theory of inversion origin and fixation, whereby allopatry and secondary contact both play a role.
Besnoitia neotomofelis n. sp. (Protozoa: Apicomplexa) from the southern plains woodrat (Neotoma micropus).

Certain species of the protozoan genus Besnoitia cause clinical disease in livestock and wildlife. In the present paper a new species, Besnoitia neotomofelis is described from the southern planes woodrat (Neotoma micropus). The parasite was detected by bioassay of woodrat tissues in outbred Swiss Webster mice in an attempt to isolate Toxoplasma gondii. Initially, the organism was misdiagnosed as T. gondii because it was highly pathogenic for mice and its tachyzoites resembled T. gondii tachyzoites. Further studies revealed that it differed structurally and biologically from T. gondii. Tachyzoites were successfully cultivated and maintained in vitro in bovine monocytes and African green monkey kidney cells, and in vivo in mice. Non-dividing, uninucleate tachyzoites were approximately 1 x 5 μm in size. Longitudinally-cut bradyzoites in tissue sections measured 1.5-1.6 x 7.7-9.3 μm. Tissue cysts were microscopic, up to 210 μm long, and were infective orally to mice. Cats fed tissue cysts shed unsporulated 13 x 14 μm sized oocysts. All mice inoculated with B. neotomofelis died of acute besnoitiosis, irrespective of the dose, and Norwegian rats became infected but remained asymptomatic. Entero-epithelial stages (schizonts, gamonts) were found in cats fed tissue cysts. Large (up to 40 x 50 μm) first-generation schizonts developed in the lamina propria of the small intestine of cats. A second generation of small sized (8 μm) schizonts containing 4-8 merozoites was detected in enterocytes of the small intestine. Gamonts and oocysts were seen in goblet cells of the small intestinal epithelium. Tachyzoites were present in mesenteric lymph nodes of cats. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that B. neotomofelis was related to other Besnoitia species from rodents, rabbits, and opossums. Besnoitia neotomofelis is distinct from the 3 other species of Besnoitia, B. wallacei, B. darlingi and B. oryctofelisi that utilize cats as a definitive host.
Symbiotic crabs maintain coral health by clearing sediments

Stony corals are the foundation of coral reef ecosystems and form associations with other reef species. Many of these associations may be ecologically important and play a role in maintaining the health and diversity of reef systems, rendering it critical to understand the influence of symbiotic organisms in mediating responses to perturbation. This study demonstrates the importance of an association with trapeziid crabs in reducing adverse effects of sediments deposited on corals. In a field experiment, mortality rates of two species of branching corals were significantly lowered by the presence of crabs. All outplanted corals with crabs survived whereas 45–80% of corals without crabs died within a month. For surviving corals that lacked crabs, growth was slower and tissue bleaching and sediment load were higher. Laboratory experiments revealed that corals with crabs shed substantially more of the sediments deposited on coral surfaces, but also that crabs were most effective at removing grain sizes that were most damaging to coral tissues. The mechanism underlying this symbiotic relationship has not been recognized previously, and its role in maintaining coral health is likely to become even more critical as reefs worldwide experience increasing sedimentation.
SPACE USE, MIGRATORY CONNECTIVITY, AND POPULATION SEGREGATION AMONG WILLETS BREEDING IN THE WESTERN GREAT BASIN

Abstract Western Willets (Catoptrophorus semipalmatus inornatus) were banded (n = 146 breeding adults and chicks) and radio-marked (n = 68 adults) at three western Great Basin wetland complexes to determine inter- and intraseasonal space use and movement patterns (primarily in 1998 and 1999). Birds were then tracked to overwintering sites where migratory connectivity and local movements were documented. Willets arrived synchronously at breeding sites during mid-April and spent less than 12 weeks in the Great Basin. There were no movements to other sites in the Great Basin during the breeding or postbreeding season. However, most breeding birds moved locally on a daily basis from upland nest sites to wetland foraging sites. The mean distance breeding birds were detected from nests did not differ between sexes or between members of a pair, although these distances were greater among postbreeding than breeding birds. Home-range estimates did not differ significantly between paired males and females during br...
Congenital radioulnar synostosis

Congenital radioulnar synostosis can be severely disabling, especially if it is bilateral or if severe hyperpronation exists. Functionally, patients with severe deformity have trouble getting a cup to the mouth, using eating utensils, or accepting objects in an open palm. Of 33 patients (17 bilateral and 7 unilateral) underwent derotational osteotomy, with the majority being performed through the synostosis held with, an intramedullary wire and secondary transfixing device. There were eight complications, four involving neurovascular compromise. In bilateral cases, the best end position appears to be 10% to 15% of pronation in the dominant extremity and neutral in the other. Eighty-two percent of the patients had good or excellent results.
Quantitative analysis of the synaptogenic period in the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus.

The morphogenesis of chemical synapses in the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus of the hamster was examined in the electron microscope. The relatively small complement of synapses and the simple geometry of these neurons facilitates quantitative analyses of synaptic development. Emphasis focused on the chronology of synaptic maturation and the length of the synaptogenic period in this nucleus. Synaptic endings first appear on the soma at three or four days after birth. These early terminals form desmosome-like junctions without any synaptic vesicles. The surface density of terminals (synapses/100 μm of perimeter) increases rapidly from 5 to 15 days when it is approximately equivalent to the adult. However, calculations that also take into account the expansion in cell surface area suggest that the actual number of terminals continues to increase as the cells grow. This indicates that these neurons may retain their synaptic capacity and continue to add new synaptic sites for a longer period than proposed for other systems. Structural characteristics of these synapses in the adult suggest they may be inhibitory in nature and thus regulate the interaction of electronically coupled clusters of neurons.
A Trade-off Oriented Placement Tool

High quality placement results are always produced at the cost of significant runtimes. In this paper, we study the trade-off between the overall quality and the runtime for standard-cell placement problems. We implemented and studied a class of schemes to achieve the runtime vs. quality trade-off. We developed a new trade-off oriented placement tool (TOOP) which is controlled by decision trees. TOOP can adjust itself based on user's requests and netlist properties. Compared to Cadence QPlace, even the fastest mode of TOOP (lowest quality) can produce placements with similar or better layout. TOOP also shows much stronger ability to produce routable placement when compared to Capo.
Nexus 2002 Round Table Discussion: Mathematics in the Architecture Curriculum

The round table discussion on mathematics in the architecture curriculum took place at the Nexus 2002 conference, 17 June 2002. Moderated by Judith Flagg Moran, panel members discussed issues pertinent to teaching mathematics to architecture students. This paper is the transcription of the audio tapes made of the discussion.
Drug inhibition of Gly-Sar uptake and hPepT1 localization using hPepT1-GFP fusion protein.

An hPepT1-GFP fusion construct was made to study drug inhibition of dipeptide uptake and apical, basolateral, or subcellular hPepT1 localization. The hPepT1 stop codon was mutated by polymerase chain reaction and was subsequently cloned into the pEGFP-N1 vector. The hPepT1-GFP fusion construct was then transfected into Caco-2 and HeLa cells, and drug inhibition was studied by inhibiting 3H-Gly-Sar uptake. Western blot analysis was used to determine hPepT1-GFP expression levels and confocal microscopy was used to examine the localization. Both anti-hPepT1 antibody and anti-GFP antibody recognized a 120kd hPepT1-GFP fusion protein in the transfected cells. The 3H-Gly-Sar uptake in transfected HeLa cells was enhanced more than 20 times compared with the control. Valacyclovir (5 mmol/L) was able to completely inhibit 3H-Gly-Sar uptake in these transfected cells. Confocal microscopy showed that the hPepT1-GFP mainly localized in the Caco-2 cell apical membrane, but was present throughout the entire HeLa cell membranes. The hPepT1-GFP fusion protein was not found in either early endosome or lysosome of Caco-2 cells under normal conditions; however, it was detected in some subsets of lysosomes and early endosomes in phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-treated Caco-2 cells.
Observing responses maintained by stimuli associated with cocaine or remifentanil reinforcement in rhesus monkeys

Abstract Rationale. The stimuli associated with drug reinforcement may be particularly relevant to drug abuse and relapse. Objectives. The study measured behavior maintained by conditioned reinforcing stimuli in an observing response procedure. Methods. The experiment was conducted with rhesus monkeys in three stages: 1) discriminative control was established by reinforcing responding on one lever with either intravenous cocaine or remifentanil in the presence of one stimulus and extinguishing the response in the presence of another stimulus, 2) discriminative control was suspended by not presenting the stimuli, and 3) a final stage was implemented wherein the stimuli from the first stage were presented only when one or more responses were made on a second (observing) lever. Results. Under FR1 conditions, observing responses were maintained at low rates, but increased markedly when the response requirement was increased. Conclusions. The procedure maintained observing responses quite well and may be useful to an analysis of conditioned reinforcement based on drug reinforcement.
Social-Psychological Principles of Community-Based Conservation and Conservancy Motivation: Attaining Goals within an Autonomy-Supportive Environment

Community-based natural resource conservation programs in developing nations face many implementation challenges underpinned by social-psychological mechanisms. One challenge is garnering local support in an economically and socially sustainable fashion despite economic hardship and historical alienation from local resources. Unfortunately, conservationists' limited understanding of the social-psychological mechanisms underlying participatory conservation impedes the search for appropriate solutions. We address this issue by revealing key underlying social-psychological mechanisms of participatory conservation. Different administrative designs create social atmospheres that differentially affect endorsement of conservation goals. Certain forms of endorsement may be less effective motivators and less economically and socially sustainable than others. From a literature review we found that conservation initiatives endorsed primarily for nonautonomous instrumental reasons, such as to avoid economic fines or to secure economic rewards, are less motivating than those endorsed for autonomous reasons, such as for the opportunity for personal expression and growth. We suggest that successful participatory programs promote autonomous endorsement of conservation through an administrative framework of autonomy support-free and open democratic participation in management, substantive recognition and inclusion of local stakeholder identity, and respectful, noncoercive social interaction. This framework of the autonomy-supportive environment (self-determination theory) has important implications for future research into program design and incentive-based conservation and identifies a testable social-psychological theory of conservancy motivation.
Significance of the enzyme complex that synthesizes UMP in ehrlich ascites cells

Abstract The de novo biosynthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides is completed by two sequential enzyme activities that convert orotate plus 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate to orotidine-5′-monophosphate (OMP) and PP i and then decarboxylate OMP to produce 5′-uridylic acid. In mammalian cells the two enzyme activities, orotate phosphoribosyltransferase and orotidine-5′-phosphate decarboxylase, form a normally inseparable enzyme complex. It was previously reported that this complex is able to channel the intermediate product, OMP (Traut, T. W., and Jones, M. E., 1977, J. Biol. Chem. 252 , 8374–8381). The studies reported here indicate that one advantage of this channeling of OMP is to spare OMP from being degraded to orotidine by a potentially competitive nucleotidase activity. Yeast cells have two separate enzymes instead of an enzyme complex, and lack the ability to channel OMP. The OMP formed in yeast cells is not degraded because these cells lack significant nucleotidase activity. These results suggest that the capability for channeling OMP may have been important in evolving the enzyme complex found in mammalian cells.
Untangling context : Understanding a university laboratory in the commercial world

The past twenty years have been an incredibly productive period in science studies. Still, because recent work in science studies puts a spotlight on agency and enabling situa tions, many practitio...