cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Representations of Coxeter Groups and Hecke Algebras.

here l(w) is the length of w. In the case where Wis a Weyl group and q is specialized to a fixed prime power, | ~ can be interpreted as the algebra of intertwining operators of the space of functions on the flag manifold of the corresponding finite Chevalley group G(Fq) (see [loc. cit., Ex. 24]). Therefore, the problem of decomposing this space of functions into irreducible representations of G(Fq) is equivalent to the problem of decomposing the regular representation o f ~ | (12. It is known that, in this case, | is isomorphic to the group algebra of W; however, in general, this isomorphism cannot be defined without introducing a square root of q (see [1]). It is therefore, natural to extend the ground ring of ~ as follows. For any Coxeter group (W, S) we define the Hecke algebra ~ to be J{' | A, where A is the ring of Laurent polynomials with integral coefficients in the indeterminate ql/2. Our purpose is to construct representations oL,Uf endowed with a special basis. They will be defined in terms of certain graphs. We define a W-graph to be a set of vertices X, with a set Y of edges (an edge is a subset of X consisting of two elements) together with two additional data: for each vertex xeX , we are given a subset I x of S and, for each ordered pair of vertices y, x such that {y, x} e Y, we are given an integer p(y, x) +0. These data are subject to the requirements (1.0.a), (1.0.b) below. Let E be
Determination of low-transverse shrinkage in slant fringe gratings of a cationic ring-opening volume hologram recording material

A new photopolymer holographic recording material, ULSH-500, based on cationic ring-opening polymerization, has been further optimized to achieve low transverse shrinkage without sacrificing sensitivity. The extent of transverse (z) and lateral (x) shrinkage was determined explicitly in this study for a range of slant angles, in volume holograms which were recorded to near saturation and in holograms of low diffraction efficiency. (Delta) Kx/Kx and (Delta) Kz/Kz, which represent the physical material shrinkage in the grating vector plane, were ascertained by (1) direct measurement of the differential angle changes in the reference and signal beam angles necessary to achieve Bragg matching and (2) measurement of the average refractive index. The accuracy of this method was primarily limited by the exactness in determining the angle of peak efficiency in the Bragg selectivity curve. It is demonstrated that the peak angle can be established to within a small fraction of a degree. It is shown that the assumption of anchoring and thus uniaxial shrinkage, as embodied in the conventional fringe rotation model, cannot be applied for the photopolymer, ULSH-500, under the recording conditions used herein.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Response of High-Strength Concrete Columns under Design Fire Exposure

The behavior of RC columns, especially those fabricated from high-strength concrete (HSC), under design fire exposure is not well quantified. Results from fire resistance experiments on six RC columns are presented in this paper. The test variables include concrete strength (permeability), fire scenario, load ratio and the presence of polypropylene fibers in concrete mix. Data from these fire tests is used to validate a macroscopic finite element model specifically developed for tracing the fire response of RC columns. Results from fire tests and numerical studies are used to illustrate the comparative performance of HSC and normal-strength concrete (NSC) columns under design fire conditions. Results from fire experiments show that HSC columns exhibit lower fire resistance than that of NSC columns. However both HSC and NSC columns do not experience failure under most design fire scenarios. The addition of polypropylene fibers to concrete mitigates fire-induced spalling and enhances fire resistance of HSC ...
Mitotic reduction in rat liver exposed to ultrasound.

Livers in anesthetized rats were exposed to 1.90 mHz, 60 mW/cm2 (spatial average) continuous wave ultrasound for five minutes. Subsequent mitotic activity was stimulated by partial hepatectomy. About thirty hours following stimulation (the time of peak mitotic activity in control animals), exposed animals had mean mitotic indices ranging from 20 to 80% of control values.
Predictors of intubation and oxygenation complications in neonates

Prevention of complications related to the ventilatory support can have profound lifelong benefits in this population. The predictors for endotracheal intubation and oxygenation complications were prospectively examined in high-risk neonates. Univariate analyses, mixed-model regression analyses (generalized estimating equation approach), and curve-fit multiple regression analyses were used to identify significant predictors, accounting for the dependencies of multiple births. Data were collected for 369 mothers and 415 neonates, (50 mothers having 96 (23%) multiple babies) in the study. Predictors for intubation include pregnancy-induced hypertension, gestational age, 5-minute Apgar score, and resuscitation. Predictors for oxygenation complication include gestational age and congenital defects (P < .05). Copyright 2002, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Polymer-caged nanobins for synergistic cisplatin-doxorubicin combination chemotherapy.

Multicomponent chemotherapy has increasingly become a strategy of great importance in clinical cancer treatments. However, this type of chemotherapy has not been demonstrated in nanoscale delivery vehicles where two cytotoxic agents can be packaged together, potentially leading to synergistic drug activities. Herein, we present the codelivery of doxorubicin and cisplatin via a single polymer-caged nanobin (PCN) and show that copackaging can yield strong synergy in the efficacy of these agents. Such a PCN comprises a doxorubicin-encapsulated liposomal core protected by a pH-responsive cisplatin prodrug-loaded polymer shell with tunable drug ratios and surface charge potentials. This dual-agent Pt-PCNDXR formulation dramatically enhances the overall cytotoxicity of each drug against cancer cells at reduced doses and exhibits higher synergy than combinations of either the free drugs or separately nano-packaged drugs. These results clearly indicate that the polymer-caged nanobin platform can offer new means f...
Comparisons of two different systems of feeding dairy cows for three consecutive lactations.

Abstract Comparisons between group-fed Holsteins receiving complete feeds and Holsteins receiving corn silage and concentrates were studied for three consecutive lactations. The cows were randomly allotted to one of four treatment groups. All cows were housed in a free-stall barn, kept on concrete, bunk fed, and parlor milked. Cows in Groups I and IV received high and medium levels of concentrate and ad libitum corn silage. Cows in Groups II and III were fed complete feeds, ad libitum, with 60:40 and 70:30 concentrate: roughage ratios. Total digestible nutrients and dry matter consumptions were computed from daily intakes. Milk yields were based on weekly weights; monthly tests were run on fat, solids-not-fat, and protein. Three lactation averages ranged from 6,601 to 6,967kg milk; 234 to 246kg fat; 3.4 to 3.6% milk fat; 8.3 to 8.5% solids-not-fat and 3.1 to 3.3% protein. Differences between groups for milk, fat, and protein production, dry matter and total digestible nutrient intakes were not statistically significant. Based on these data approximately 0.5kg total digestible nutrient is required to produce 1.0kg milk by high-producing cows for total lactations. Complete rations and concentrate :silage rations are very similar in their abilities to maintain milk, fat, and protein production. Group-feeding and total confinement do not appear to be detrimental to herd life or health of dairy cows.
Urban Marginality and Ethnographic Practice: on the Ethics of Fieldwork

URBAN HOMELESSNESS in the U.S. is a project that involves the political to domesticate social marginality and to institutionalize new exclusions, prohibitions and interdictions. Whether in the streets or in asylums, homelessness denotes a state of captivity and exposure where administrative discipline permeates social and personal practices that are normally exempt from regimentation and policing. This paper seeks to explore the possibilities for an ethical relation between observer and observed in the course of ethnographic practice among homeless and other similarly marginalized urban populations.
New and Improved Synthesis of Montelukast, an Anti‐asthmatic Drug

Abstract A new industrially viable synthesis of Montelukast, an anti‐asthmatic drug, is described.
HOW IMPORTANT IS THE N-3 SUGAR MOIETY IN THE TIGHT-BINDING INTERACTION OF COFORMYCIN WITH ADENOSINE DEAMINASE?

Preliminary findings on the possible important role of the N-3 sugar moiety of coformycin in its tight-binding interaction with adenosine deaminase (ADA) are reported. The compound 3-β-D-Ribofuranosyl-5,6,7,8tetrahydro-4H-imidazo[4,5-d][1,3]diazepin-5-one-8-ol (1), its 3-benzyl analogue (6), and the aglycon (7) served as probes. The first two were both found to be competitive inhibitors of ADA with Ki's in the range of 10−5M,while the last one was inactive.
Anticipating some difficulties during transfusion of unmodified blood

Abstract 1. 1. The lack of appreciation of the technical difficulties which may arise during the procedure of transfusion of unmodified blood is responsible for the majority of failures. 2. 2. These difficulties are outlined under four headings: 2.1. (a) Introduction of needles. 2.2. (b) Clotting in needles and tubing. 2.3. (c) Clotting of blood in conveying intermediary. 2.4. (d) Clotting of blood from unexpected delay. 3. 3. These difficulties are considered and discussed in detail from standpoint of usual cause and means of prevention. 4. 4. The proper performance of the introduction of the needles into the veins of recipient and donor is particularly emphasized and described. 5. 5. Clotting in the needles and tubing is the result of a poor flow of blood from the donor, old or defective rubber tubing, and improper care in previous cleansing and oiling. 6. 6. Clotting in the intermediary is due to insufficient familiarity with the type of instrument used, complicated valve mechanism, defective syringe, stagnation of blood, and improper care of the instrument. 7. 7. Stagnation of blood with predisposition toward clotting may result, due to unexpected delay caused by fainting of donor, disjointing of apparatus, or stoppage of the arterial supply by a too tight constrictor.
Extensions and limits to vertex sparsification

Suppose we are given a graph G = (V, E) and a set of terminals K ⊂ V. We consider the problem of constructing a graph H = (K, EH) that approximately preserves the congestion of every multicommodity flow with endpoints supported in K. We refer to such a graph as a flow sparsifier. We prove that there exist flow sparsifiers that simultaneously preserve the congestion of all multicommodity flows within an O(log k / log log k)-factor where |K| = k. This bound improves to O(1) if G excludes any fixed minor. This is a strengthening of previous results, which consider the problem of finding a graph H = (K, EH) (a cut sparsifier) that approximately preserves the value of minimum cuts separating any partition of the terminals. Indirectly our result also allows us to give a construction for better quality cut sparsifiers (and flow sparsifiers). Thereby, we immediately improve all approximation ratios derived using vertex sparsification in [14].We also prove an Ω(log log k) lower bound for how well a flow sparsifier can simultaneously approximate the congestion of every multicommodity flow in the original graph. The proof of this theorem relies on a technique (which we refer to as oblivious dual certifcates) for proving super-constant congestion lower bounds against many multicommodity flows at once. Our result implies that approximation algorithms for multicommodity flow-type problems designed by a black box reduction to a "uniform" case on k nodes (see [14] for examples) must incur a super-constant cost in the approximation ratio.
Alcohol Outlets and Binge Drinking in Urban Neighborhoods: The Implications of Nonlinearity for Intervention and Policy

Objectives. Alcohol outlet density has long been associated with alcohol-related harms, and policymakers have endorsed alcohol outlet restriction to reduce these harms. However, potential nonlinearity in the relation between outlet density and alcohol consumption has not been rigorously examined.Methods. We used data from the New York Social Environment Study (n = 4000) to examine the shape of the relation between neighborhood alcohol outlet density and binge drinking by using a generalized additive model with locally weighted scatterplot smoothing, and applied an imputation-based marginal modeling approach.Results. We found a nonlinear relation between alcohol outlet density and binge drinking; the association was stronger at densities of more than 80 outlets per square mile. Binge drinking prevalence was estimated to be 13% at 130 outlets, 8% at 80 outlets, and 8% at 20 outlets per square mile.Conclusions. This nonlinearity suggests that reductions in alcohol outlet density where density is highest and ...
Estramustine: a novel radiation enhancer in human carcinoma cells.

Abstract Purpose: Estramustine (EM), an antimicrotubule agent, binds microtubule-associated proteins, causes spindle dis-assembly, and arrests cells at the late G 2 /M phase of the cell cycle. Since cells in the G 2 /M phase are the most radiosensitive and some human cancer cells contain high level of EM-binding protein, experiments were carried out to determine whether radiation sensitization could be obtained in human carcinoma cells. Methods and Materials: Cells containing a high level of EM-binding protein such as prostate carcinoma (DU-145), breast carcinoma (MCF-7), and malignant glioma (U-251) were used to demonstrate radiosensitization. Cervical carcinoma (HeLa-S 3 ) and colon carcinoma (HT-29) cells which are not known to contain EM-binding protein were also employed. Cell survival was assayed by the colony forming ability of single plated cells in culture to obtain dose-survival curves. Results: Pretreatment of DU-145, MCF-7, and U-251 cells to a nontoxic concentration (5 μM) of EM for more than one cell cycle time, substantially enhanced the radiation-induced cytotoxicity. The sensitizer enhancement ratio of these cells ranged from 1.35–1.52. The magnitude of the enhancement was dependent on the drug concentration and exposure time. The rate of cell accumulation in G 2 /M phase, as determined by flow cytometry, increased with longer treatment time in the cell lines which showed radiosensitization. Other antimicrotubule agents such as taxol and vinblastine caused minimal or no radiosensitization at nontoxic concentrations. Conclusion: The data provide a radiobiological basis for using EM as a novel radiation enhancer, with the property of tissue selectivity.
The theoretical basis of ACE, an Age Calculation Engine for cosmogenic nuclides

Abstract We present the theory behind ACE, an ‘Age Calculation Engine’ for cosmogenic nuclides. ACE is a theoretical development environment for cosmogenic nuclide dating, and contains novel features such as the ability to work with any cosmogenic nuclide, calibrate production rates from user-supplied calibration databases, and examine the sensitivity of computed sample ages to theoretical uncertainties. The default algorithms for calibration and dating in ACE are described so that users can interpret results within a scientific context. Sensitivities of the dating algorithms to assumptions regarding geomagnetic and atmospheric scaling, independently dated calibration databases, and secular variability are shown to identify key sources of uncertainty in the cosmogenic nuclide dating method.
Testosterone and territorial behaviour in sedentary and migratory sparrows

Abstract Abstract. Free-living male song sparrows, Melospiza melodia morphna, showed marked aggressive behaviour in response to simulated territorial intrusions throughout most of the year. Only during the prebasic moult, and during inclement winter weather, was territorial aggression suppressed. In contrast, free-living male white-crowned sparrows, Zonotrichia leucophrys pugetensis , showed the highest behavioural responses to simulated territorial intrusions in spring when territories were established. Responses then declined as the breeding season progressed, reaching a minimum during the prebasic moult. The latter species migrates to wintering grounds and does not show territorial aggression until the following spring. Plasma levels of testosterone paralleled changes in territorial aggression in white-crowned sparrows, but not song sparrows. The resurgence of autumnal territoriality was independent of any increase in circulating testosterone levels. Males of both species showed increases in testosterone levels in response to simulated territorial intrusions, but this was only significant in white-crowned sparrows. However, male song sparrows had higher levels of testosterone in spring in areas with a high density of territories than males in areas with a low density of territories. These data suggest that although territorial behaviour in the non-breeding season was independent of testosterone in song sparrows, such behaviour in the breeding season may be influenced by this steroid hormone. Finally, it appears that young, first summer, song sparrows were also able to establish a territory in early autumn with no changes in testosterone or luteinizing hormone.
The effect of bonding agents on the interfacial bond strength of repaired composites

Abstract The interfacial bond strengths of repaired samples of 2 macrofilled and 2 microfilled composites were measured using a transverse strength test. Specimens matured for 7 days in 37°C water were ground with 600 grit silicon carbide paper and coated with either an enamel, dentin, porcelain, or acrylic veneer bonding agent or a solvent, chloroform or ethyl acetate, before the fresh composite was added. In general, the repair strengths were less than the cohesive strengths of the unrepaired composites. The dentin bonding agent, Scotchbond, gave the highest repair strengths. The repaired microfilled composites had higher interfacial strengths, as a percentage of cohesive strength, than the macrofilled materials.
An Upper Limit to Circularly Polarized Radiation from the Crab Nebula

RECENTLY a small intense source of low frequency radio emission has been detected in the Crab Nebula1,2. Subsequent investigations have revealed that this source has a flux spectral index of a α ∼ 1.2 (refs. 2 and 3), an angular diameter of ∼ 0.2 sec arc (refs. 3 and 4), and a brightness temperature of ∼ 1014 °K (ref. 4). Neither the thermal nor the synchrotron emission mechanisms can satisfactorily account for these characteristics3–5. Accordingly, a plasma mechanism, possibly similar to that of a solar flare, has been proposed4,5. It seems likely that such a mechanism would be associated with the stellar remnant of the supposed supernova which gave rise to the Crab Nebula, and a recent measurement of the position of the compact source indicates that it does indeed coincide with the position of the stellar remnant6.
Improved Characterization of Optical Surfaces from Scattered Light Measurements

A generalized surface scatter theory results in an improved solution to the inverse scattering problem. This new solution eliminates undesirable artifacts in the surface PSD function predicted from the classical Rayleigh-Rice theory.
Réalité ou fiction? L'histoire à l'epreuve du postmodernisme

Quel(s) effet(s) le Postmodernisme a-t-il eu sur l'Histoire ? Cet essai tente de dresser un bilan sur le courant et son application dans l'Histoire en appuyant son argumentation sur une plethore d'exemples et de debats. Selon la condition postmoderne de Lyotard, la realite comme construction d'un discours permet aux groupes minoritaires de recouvrer une voix. La deconstruction, courant sous-jacent, a substitue faits objectifs avec la pensee subjective, revolutionnant l'historiographie. Cet article presente des exemples precis d'historiographie postmoderne qui ont discredite le mouvement: de l'interpretation feministe de Zemon Davis a la lecture des ecrits de Paul de Man. Le « nouvel Historicisme » a permis de defier l'hegemonie occidentale en frayant une place au Feminisme, aux minorites et aux subalternes. Finalement cet article met en garde contre les abus du mouvement qui peuvent travestir l'Histoire en propagande toxique, un danger qui menace de transformer realite en fiction et de faire de l'Histoire...
To the thousandth generation: timelessness, Jeffersonian republicanism and environmentalism

Conceptions of developmental change and stability, and their spatial implications, are investigated in Jeffersonian republicanism and Thoreauvian environmentalism. Both Jefferson and Thoreau associated capitalist development with corruption and sought a stable, virtuous, materially frugal society in the face of modernisation. The Jeffersonian programme of agrarian, republican virtue rested on westward expansion and wilderness conquest. This approach was self-defeating: it exhausted the land base for agrarianism and promoted a commercial ethos inimical to republican virtue. Thoreau tried to address this contradiction by seeking stability and virtue through wilderness preservation. Yet both Jefferson and Thoreau problematically tried to displace developmental change away from a privileged locale and create an ahistorical, timeless preserve for virtue, whether agrarian republic or protected wilderness. A green republicanism drawing on aspects of Jefferson and Thoreau can offer an important critical standpoin...
Resistance of Trichophyton Rubrum and Microsporum Audouini to Two-Hydroxy-Stilbamidine Induced In Vitro1

In a previous communication the writer reported on the in vitro effects of stilbamidine and 2-hydroxystilbamidine on fungi causing superficial mycoses (1). That particular study was motivated by the need for a systemic treatment for infections resistant to topical medication, such as tinea capitis due to Micro-sporum audouini and tinea caused by Trichophyton rubrum.
The CAPRA-S score: a straightforward tool for improved prediction of outcomes after radical prostatectomy

BACKGROUND: The authors previously developed and validated the Cancer of the Prostate Risk Assessment (CAPRA) score to predict prostate cancer recurrence based on pretreatment clinical data. They aimed to develop a similar postsurgical score with improved accuracy via incorporation of pathologic data. METHODS: A total of 3837 prostatectomy patients in the Cancer of the Prostate Strategic Urologic Research Endeavor (CaPSURE™) national disease registry were analyzed. Cox regression was used to determine the predictive power of preoperative prostate-specific antigen (PSA), pathologic Gleason score (pGS), surgical margins (SM), extracapsular extension (ECE), seminal vesicle invasion (SVI), and lymph node invasion (LNI). Points were assigned based on the relative weights of these variables in predicting recurrence. The new postsurgical score (CAPRA-S) was tested and compared with a commonly cited nomogram with proportional hazards analysis, concordance (c) index, calibration plots, and decision-curve analysis. RESULTS: Recurrence appeared in 16.8% of the men; actuarial progression-free probability at 5 years was 78.0%. The CAPRA-S was determined by adding up to 3 points for PSA, up to 3 points for pGS, 1 point each for ECE and LNI, and 2 points each for SM and SVI. The hazard ratio for each point increase in CAPRA-S score was 1.54 (95% confidence interval, 1.49-1.59), indicating a 2.4-fold increase in risk for each 2-point increase in score. The CAPRA-S c-index was 0.77, substantially higher than 0.66 for the pretreatment CAPRA score and comparable to 0.76 for the nomogram. The CAPRA-S score performed better in both calibration and decision curve analyses. CONCLUSIONS: The CAPRA-S offers good discriminatory accuracy, calibration, and ease of calculation for clinical and research settings. Cancer 2011;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Tracking station positioning from artificial satellite observations

The paper first reviews the various methods of tracking station positioning from artificial Earth satellite observations, namely the general and partial dynamic solutions, the methods of short arc, point positioning, translocation, and the purely geometric constructions. The description of recent results from both global and local networks is followed by a comparison of the various solutions and examples of geodetic and geodynamic applications.
Two-dimensional analysis of murine leukemia virus gag-gene polyproteins☆

Abstract The processing of gag translational products in a Gross Murine Leukemia virus (MuLV)-induced leukemia (E λ G2) was studied with two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, combining separation based upon charge in the first dimension and separation based upon size in the second dimension. In most experiments, the gag species were compared to the env species; gag species were precipitated from labeled cells or virus with antisera to the virion gag proteins p30 or p10, whereas env species were precipitated from labeled cells or virus with anti-gp70 serum. Three viral proteins were detected on the surface of E λ G2 cells with [125I] lactoperoxidase labelings: these included gp70 and two glycosylated gag gene species (gpP95gag and gpP85gag). Neuraminidase treatment of [125I] lactoperoxidase-labeled cells did not affect the antigenicity of gp70, gpP95gag, or gpP85gag. However, the neuraminidase treatment caused gp70, gpP95gag, and gpP85gag to migrate as more basic species, indicating that all three glycoproteins contain terminal sialic acid. The cytoplasmic gag-gene products were studied with [35S]methionine labelings of E λ G2 cells; seven relatively stable gag species were identified. In general, none of the gag intermediates were single proteins; rather, each of the species exhibited multiple, specific modifications that resulted in complex yet reproducible patterns in the two-dimensional gel system. The core polyproteins Pr75gag and Pr65gag were formed rapidly after pulse-labelings, with Pr65gag being processed into Pr55gag involving cleavage of p10. The smaller gag species (Pr45gag and p30) also appeared to result from processing of Pr65gag. In contrast, Pr75gag was directly processed to form gpP95gag. A protein of approximately 58,000 daltons, designated P58gag, qualified as a gag species since it was specifically precipitated by anti-p30 serum. However, P58gag did not appear to be a precursor of p30 since it was long-lived in the cytoplasm. Multiple forms of p30 were precipitated from the cytoplasm and from the virion, with unique forms of p30 present in both the cytoplasm and the virion. Comparisons of the gag species from several AKR leukemias indicated that similar, but not identical gag gene products were present in the various leukemias.
G203(P) Status dystonicus presenting in an acute setting in association with viral illnesses

Aims We report 2 cases of status dystonicus seen in our hospital in 2014. Status dystonicus is a rare condition with a potentially life-threatening outcome. The patients’ background, clinical features, management, likely triggers, differential diagnosis and outcome is discussed. Methods Review of charts. Review of existing literature. Description Case1:A 9-year-old female with dystonic quadriparesis GMFCS class IV, intellectual disability and gastrostomy feeds was admitted with a febrile illness (pneumonia) and treated with intravenous antibiotics, oxygen and fluid support. Her dystonic movements had not required treatment before this. During the admission, she developed severe abnormal movements and unusual posturing with sustained hyperpyrexia, sweating and rising creatinine kinase (CK) > 23,000. Blood and urine cultures were negative. She was intubated and ventilated, transferred to PICU, and received chloral hydrate, clonidine, and oseltamivir. She was subsequently confirmed as having Influenza A, H3N2 strain. During recovery, sedation was gradually weaned; however, dystonic movements recurred, requiring institution of a slower weaning regimen. She went home on trihexyphenidyl and remains well. Case2: A 5-year-old male with microcephaly, spastic quadriparesis GMFCS class V (intra-thecal baclofen pump), visual impairment, profound intellectual disability, recurrent urinary tract infections (UTI), nephcalcinosis, gastrostomy feeds was admitted with Pseudomonas UTI and treated with ciprofloxacin. His recovery was complicated by norovirus gastro-enteritis with dehydration, pre-renal failure and increasingly severe dystonic posturing (tongue protrusion, sustained muscle contractions, ophisthotonus) with fever, sweating and rising CK (> 23000). He was treated with: transfer to HDU, close management of fluid and electrolyte balance, sedation with chloral hydrate, clonidine and midazolam. Resolution of the movement disorder and fever and normalisation of CK followed. He re-presented a month later with similar symptomatology; however, early treatment with hydration, clonidine and chloral hydrate appeared to halt progression to status dystonicus. He went home on low-dose clonidine and remains well. Conclusion Status dystonicus is a rare condition with a high morbidity and mortality. A rising CK, severe dystonic movements and metabolic derangements suggest the diagnosis. Maintaining a high index of suspicion can identify such cases early and halt further progression. CK is simple test to monitor response to treatment.
Efficient space-time block codes designed by a genetic algorithm

Space-time block codes with orthogonal structures typically provide full-diversity reception and simple receiver processing. However, rate-1 orthogonal codes for complex constellations have not been found for more than two transmit antennas. By using a genetic algorithm, rate-1 space-time block codes that accommodate very simple receiver processing at the cost of reduced diversity are designed. Simulation results show that when the spectral efficiency is specified and an efficient outer code is used, the evolved codes provide better performance over the Rayleigh fading channel than minimum-decoding-complexity quasi-orthogonal space-time block codes at typical operating signal-to-noise ratios. When the fading is more severe than Rayleigh fading, evolved codes outperform orthogonal space-time block codes.
Impacts of behavioral intentions social support and accessibility on contraception: a cross-cultural study.

Multivariate analysis of survey data from women at risk of pregnancy in three cultures (Venezuela, Kenya, and Philippines) are used to examine the relative impacts of socio-demographic and personal psychological determinants on contraceptive intentions and actions. The analyses show that the impacts of behavioral intentions on contraceptive actions vary significantly by cultures and socio-demographic strata. The consistency between contraceptive intentions and actionalso varied significantly by several social psychological factors which are discussed. The analyses revealed that within a given cultural and sociodemographic setting, contraceptive action is a function of the additive effects of these factors: specific behavioral intentions, social support, accessibility of services, and the action situation. The paper discusses implications for research and policy.
Cardiac pathologic effects of azidothymidine (AZT) in Mg-deficient mice.

Treatment of HIV with AZT (zidovudine) may have toxic side effects as a result of multiple mechanisms. It is known that patients with AIDS may suffer from magnesium deficiency (MgD). We studied selected biochemical and histopathologic consequences of AZT administration (0.7 mg/mL in drinking water) with concurrent Mg-deficient (20% of normal) diet in male C57BI/6N mice for 3 wk. Significant decreases in red blood cell glutathione (GSH) were evident in the Mg-deficient mice with or without AZT treatment, suggesting compromised antioxidant capacity in the blood. Although MgD alone led to a 1.9-fold increase in plasma thromboxane B2 (TXB2, derived from the highly vasoconstrictive TXA2), AZT+MgD increased the TXB2 level 3.5-fold. AZT (±MgD) provoked prominent hepatic damage expressed by distortion of lobular architecture, nuclear and cellular swelling, and inflammatory lesions and loss of hepatocytes. AZT alone caused mild cardiac lesions, resulting in partial cardiac fibrosis, especially in the atrium. AZT+MgD caused only scattered small-size cardiac lesions consisting of microscopic foci of inflammatory infiltrates in the ventricles but led to more prominent lesions, fibrosis, and scars in the atrium. MgD or AZT alone caused varying degrees of skeletal muscle degeneration; in combination, more intense degeneration and regeneration of muscle cells were evident. In conclusion, it is suggested that both the decreased blood GSH and elevated plasma TXA2 might contribute, at least in part, to the aggravated pathological damages observed in the atrium and skeletal muscle of the AZT-treated Mg-deficient mice.
Thermodynamic Analysis of the Chemical Vapor Deposition of Composite 〈Si3N4〉‐〈BN〉 Coatings

A thermodynamic analysis of the chemical vapor deposition of the composite ceramic (Si3N4(BN)⋆ was performed using a general computer program for the calculation of heterogeneous equilibria. Reactants assumed were (H2SiCl2), (BCI3), and (NH3). The equilibrium conditions for the deposition of condensed phases in the B-Si-N system wire determined as a function of the variables temperature, total system pressure, and gram-atomic reactant gas fractions B/(Si + B) and N/(CI + N). The phase assemblage (Si3N4)-〈BN〉 was found to be stable over a large region. Predominant gaseous species at equilibrium were (HCI), (N2), (H2), and the silicon chlorides. Deposition efficiencies at equilibrium for (Si3N4) and (BN) were high, particularly in the presence of excess (NH3) and at temperatures below 1600 K.
Voltage pulse-modulated electrochemical removal of copper surface layers using citric acid as a complexing agent

Abstract Voltage induced removal of surface layers from wiring lines is an essential component of the electrochemical mechanical planarization (ECMP) technique used for low-pressure processing of copper interconnects. Our present work examines citric acid as a complexing agent for controlling such electro-dissolution of Cu (disc samples) in the absence of mechanical polishing by using voltage pulse modulation. It is shown that the electrochemical rate of Cu removal in low-pH H 2 O 2 based citric acid solutions can be maintained at a substantial level without using mechanical abrasion and by applying relatively low activation voltages. These specific features of the citric acid electrolyte may help to avoid strong diffusion limited effects and voltage induced decomposition of ions in ECMP of Cu. Possible contributions of faradaic and nonfaradaic reactions to Cu removal in this system are discussed.
Piezoresistive in-line integrated force sensors for on-chip measurement and control

This paper presents the design, fabrication, and testing of a force sensor for integrated use with thermomechanical in-plane microactuators. The force sensor is designed to be integrated with the actuator and fabricated in the same batch fabrication process. This sensor uses the piezoresistive property of silicon as a sensing signal by directing the actuation force through two thin legs, producing a tensile stress. This tensile load produces a resistance change in the thin legs by the piezoresistive effect. The resistance change is linearly correlated with the applied force. The device presented was designed by considering both its piezoresistive sensitivity and out-of- plane torsional stability. A design trade-off exists between these two objectives in that longer legs are more sensitive yet less stable. Fabrication of the sensor design was done using the MUMPs process. This paper presents experimental results from this device and a basic model for comparison with previously attained piezoresistive data. The results validate the concept of integral sensing using the piezoresistive property of silicon.
The cortical response in Xenopus laevis ova.

A dependence on extracellular calcium has been demonstrated for fertilization and the cortical response to pricking in Xenopus ova. Neither event occurred in calcium-free solutions or in the presence of divalent cation chelating agents. The calcium-sensitive phase of the cortical response to pricking in dejellied eggs was restricted to the 5–10 sec immediately following the activation stimulus; the initial phase of activation was not calcium dependent. In contrast, the cortical response in dejellied Xenopus ova exposed to the chemical activating agents, urethan or methyl urethan, was independent of extracellular calcium. Experimental evidence was presented for the involvement of a direct, nonpropagated cortical reaction in response to urethan stimulation as opposed to a propagated reaction in response to pricking. A cortical response in dejellied eggs was not induced spontaneously by high concentrations of potassium, and the prick response was unaffected by inhibitors of energy transfer processes. Molecular mechanisms operative in the initiation and propagation of the cortical response in animal eggs have been discussed.
Events and explicative definitions

Events might be said to occupy a very special position in the scheme of things. It is possible to imagine worlds enduring any length of time even if they are devoid of all solid objects, liquids, gases, fields of forces or radiation of any sort, indeed worlds in which no particulars except events, like flashes of light, existed. However, remove all events from an universe and time will stop. Thus no possible worlds could last for any amount of time in the complete absence of events. There is good reason therefore to look upon events as the fundamental elements of the universe. Because of the crucial importance of events it should be specially useful if we could say something informative about their nature. A number of philosophers have attempted lately to offer a rigorous definition of events, and if not, at least a precise description of the circumstances under which two terms must be denoting one and the same event. As will be recalled there is an often cited dictum expressing Frege's fundamental principle:
First-principles density functional theory study of generalized stacking faults in TiN and MgO

In this paper, the generalized stacking fault (GSF) energies in different slip planes of TiN and MgO are calculated using highly reliable first-principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations. During DFT calculations, the issue of different ways to calculate the GSF energetics in ceramic materials containing more than one element was addressed and applied. For 〈110〉/{1 1 1} slip, a splitting of saddle point in TiN was observed. For 〈112 〉/{1 1 1} slip, a stable stacking fault at a0/3〈 112 〉 displacement was formed in TiN. For synchroshear mechanism where the slip was accompanied by a cooperative motion of the interfacial nitrogen atoms within the slip plane, a second stable stacking fault was formed at a0/6〈112〉 displacement. The energy barrier for the shuffling of nitrogen atoms from one state to another is calculated to be 0.70 eV per atom. In contrast, such features are absent in MgO. These differences highlight the influence of complex bonding nature (mixed covalent, ionic, and metallic bondings) of TiN, which is substantially different than that in MgO (simple ionic bonding) on GSF shapes.
Synthesis and Evaluation of [123I]-Iodo-PK11195 for Mapping Peripheral-Type Benzodiazepine Receptors (ω3) in Heart

Abstract An iodinated analog of PK11195, 1-(2-chlorophenyl)- N -methyl- N -(1-methylpropyl)isoquinoline-3-carboxamide, a specific antagonist of the peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor (ω 3 ), has been synthesized in three steps with an overall chemical yield of 40%. Both [ 123 I]- and [ 125 I]-Iodo-PK11195 have been synthesized by solid-state isotopic exchange in >60% isolated radiochemical yield and specific activity of 233–348 mCi/mmol. Tissue distribution studies in rats indicate a high uptake of radioactivity in adrenal glands, heart, lung and kidneys, which was blocked 63–87% by preadministration of cold PK11195. Single photon emission computer tomography (SPECT) imaging of the canine heart has been accomplished with [ 123 I]PK11195. These results suggest that [ 123 I]PK11195 has potential as a SPECT radiotracer for studying the ω 3 receptor in humans.
Microwave Induced Transparency in Ruby

We report experimental observations of field-induced transparency in a solid medium. Absorption reduction of 20% was observed in ruby using a magnetic field for the creation of closely spaced lower levels and a microwave field for the coupling of these states.
Lexical and focal preferences in Rousseau's Profession de foi du Vicaire Savoyard (Book IV of Emile )

Based on the ARTFL version of theProfession and excerpts fromEmile, high frequency function and content words, as defined by Brunet, are analyzed via Pearson chi square tests. Next, four measures of narrative voice from the same populations are compared using Markovian chains and further chi square tests. In a third analysis the two orders of evidence are juxtaposed. The lexical and narratological preferences of theVicaire and theGouverneur, while not resolving the problematic of chronological composition (Burgelin, 1969), highlight the distinctiveness of each character.
Vibrational relaxation measurements in CO sub 2 using an induced-fluorescence technique.

Vibrational relaxation measurements in carbon dioxide using induced infrared fluorescence technique
Influence of glycemic variables on hemoglobin A1c.

ABSTRACT Objective To assess the influences of a wide variety of glucose variables on hemoglobin A1c (A1C). Methods The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial database, restricted to volunteers whose 7-point-daily capillary glucose profiles were complete in ≥ 80% of quarterly collections and who were in the study for ≥ 4 years, was used for analysis. Regression analyses were done to develop an equation for estimating A1C based on concurrent and prior mean blood glucose (MBG) values. The multivariate coefficient of determination (R2) was calculated for MBG, mean postprandial blood glucose, mean preprandial blood glucose, digestive glycemia, interdigestive glycemia, individual time points of the 7-point glucose profile, range of blood glucose, SD of blood glucose, M-value, and mean amplitude of glycemic excursions in relationship to A1C. By using regression analysis, the correlation between A1C and MBG within each study subject was determined. Results The most accurate prediction of A1C was obtained from the concurrent MBG. With use of univariate analysis, all glucose variables correlated significantly with concurrent A1C, the strongest correlation occurring with MBG. In multivariate analysis, the primary predictor of A1C was MBG; all other glucose variables added nothing to the models. Within-subject correlations between MBG and A1C showed considerable variation. Conclusion A1C correlates best with MBG derived from 7-point-daily capillary glucose profiles. The influences of glucose measured at specific time points during the day or various measures of glucose variability on A1C are less than that of MBG. Within the limitations of the intermittent glucose determinations, wide variations in the relationship of MBG to A1C among and within patients with type 1 diabetes remain unexplained. (Endocr Pract. 2007;13:350-354)
Successful treatment of chronic urticaria with leukotriene antagonists

Aspirin sensitivity manifested by onset of severe acute urticaria and erythema developed in a 33-year-old man within 1 hour of ingesting aspirin. He had no evidence of sinusitis or nasal polyps. One year after becoming aspirin sensitive, chronic urticaria and angioedema developed that has lasted for the past 10 years. The urticaria was of sufficient severity to require 2 emergency department visits and epinephrine injections to reverse upper airway obstruction. Before his initial office visit, he had 6 weeks of daily
Microcirculation: its significance in clinical and molecular medicine

Microcirculation represents the smallest functional unit of the cardiovascular system, where the interaction between blood and tissue creates the environment necessary for cell function. Analysis of physiology and pathophysiology of this system gives a unique perspective to the disease process, and provides the link between clinical and molecular medicine. The present status and future directions of this medical and scientific frontier were assessed and projected by experts in the field at a meeting in Italy in 1995, and the conclusions are presented in this article.
Taking leisure seriously: new and older considerations about leisure education

The subject of leisure education has ancient intellectual roots similar to those of leisure itself; and the attention to the subject within the World Leisure establishment dates back to the beginning of that organisation as well. But while the rationale for leisure education (education in, through, and about leisure) has been well developed and its approaches well documented, its purposes have not been critically examined. This paper examines flow and serious leisure as important objectives for educational interventions in the context of leisure, but it cautions against an overvaluing of these purposes to the exclusion of others. It asserts the need to educate about other leisure qualities, including relaxation, exploration, appreciation, and sociability that are at least as important to subjective wellbeing and to personal and community development. While discrimination of interest and focus of attention are appropriately addressed in leisure education, resisting an excessive narrowing of leisure reperto...
Analytical Framework for Geosynthetic Reinforced Earth Structures: Part II — Practical Approach

The design objective of geosynthetic reinforced earth structures is to determine safe and economical layout and strength of reinforcement. The two companion papers (Leshchinsky and Han, 2007a,b) outline two complementary approaches that satisfy this objective. The approaches are based on limit equilibrium analysis. The analysis considers the interaction of soil-geosynthetic and the interaction among reinforcement layers. The end result ensures sufficient length and strength of reinforcement. It also considers the required strength at its front end at the connection to the facing units. The first companion paper shows an approach that produces the required tensile resistance of the geosynthetics so as to render the same factor of safety everywhere. This approach yields the “demand” aspect in design and therefore is considered fundamental in the context of soil reinforcement. It is an ideal approach that is providing a baseline solution. The second approach, presented in this paper, considers the “supply” or the existing strength of reinforcement and renders the resulting safety factor everywhere. This approach is the practical one as it matches the supply with the demand via safety factors. While the second approach is not strictly novel, it demonstrates how it can be used effectively and objectively utilizing color-coded safety maps to optimize the reinforcement length and strength.
Congenital Ingrown Toenails Clinical Significance

The great toenails of 302 newborn infants were evaluated to identify a specific conformation which might predispose these children to chronic paronychia. Forty-one infants who appeared to have great toenails impeded by tissue distally were followed for 12 months. All had essentially normal appearing nails by six months of age. None developed chronic paronychia. The results suggest that the changes originally noted were variations in the normal development of the great toenail.