cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Polarized angular dependence of out-of-plane light-scattering measurements for nanoparticles on wafer

Bidirectional ellipsometry has been developed as a technique for distinguishing among various scattering features near surfaces. The polarized angular dependence of out-of-plane light-scattering by the nanoparticles on wafer is calculated and measured according to Rayleigh limit. These calculations and measurements yield angular dependence of bidirectional ellipsometric parameters for out-of-plane scattering. The experimental data show good agreement with theoretical predictions for different diameter of nanoparticles. The results suggest that improvements for accuracy are possible to perform measurements of scattering features from nanoparticles. The angular dependence and the polarization of light scattered by nanoparticles can be used to determine the size of nanoparticulate contaminants on silicon wafers.
The use of bootstrapping to estimate conditional probability fields for source locations of airborne pollutants

Abstract A receptor model has been developed in which meteorological information in the form of air parcel back trajectories are combined with on the atmospheric constituent concentration data to produce conditional probability fields pointing to areas that are likely to have made significant contributions to samples with higher than average concentrations. This approach, potential source contribution function (PSCF) analysis, has proven quite successful in producing maps that have a good correspondence with areas of known high emissions on a variety of spatial scales from large urban scale problems in the air basin that includes Los Angeles, CA to regional transport of pollutants to southern Ontario to semi-global scale transport to several sites in the high Arctic. However, there are cells having a limited numbers of endpoints because trajectories to that region have low probabilities and there is estimate of the uncertainties in the PSCF values. Thus, we have examined the use of bootstrapping to provide better estimates of the probability values and their uncertainties. This approach has been tested on data from several locations at differing levels of geographical scale for varying numbers of trajectories selected and trials made. The results of the studies for data from the high Arctic at Ny Alesund on Spitsbergen (78°55′ N, 11°57′ E, 5 m above mean sea level) are presented. The results of these studies for the transport of pollutants to the Arctic basin suggest that in many cases the bootstrapped PSCF maps are clearer and more easily interpreted in terms of known sources.
Risk of lymphedema after regional nodal irradiation with breast conservation therapy

Abstract Purpose To evaluate the risk factors for lymphedema in patients receiving breast conservation therapy for early-stage breast cancer. Methods and materials Between 1982 and 1995, 727 Stage I–II breast cancer patients were treated with breast conservation therapy at Massachusetts General Hospital. A retrospective analysis of the development of persistent arm edema was performed. Lymphedema was defined as a >2-cm difference in forearm circumference compared with the untreated side. The median follow-up was 72 months. Breast and regional nodal irradiation (BRNI) was administered in 32% of the cases and breast irradiation alone in 68%. Results Persistent arm lymphedema was documented in 21 patients. The 10-year actuarial incidence was 4.1%. The median time to edema was 39 months. The only significant risk factor for lymphedema was BRNI. The 10-year risk was 1.8% for breast irradiation alone vs. 8.9% for BRNI ( p = 0.001). The extent of axillary dissection did not predict for lymphedema even within the subgroups of patients defined by the extent of irradiation. Most patients underwent Level I or II dissection. In this subgroup, the lymphedema risk at 10 years was 10.7% for BRNI vs. 1.0% for breast irradiation alone ( p = 0.0003). Conclusion Nodal irradiation was the only significant risk factor for arm lymphedema in patients receiving breast conservation therapy for early-stage breast cancer. Our data suggest that this risk is low with Level I/II dissection and breast irradiation. However, even after the addition of radiotherapy to the axilla and supraclavicular fossa, the development of lymphedema was only 1 in 10, lower than generally recognized.
Biopharmaceutical aspects of aspirin‐induced gastrointestinal blood loss in man

The extent of injury of the gastrointestinal mucosa due to contact with aspirin (ASA) particles is likely to be a function of contact area and duration of contact, among other factors. While the duration of contact between ASA particles and mucosa may be shortened by decreasing the particle size of the drug and thereby increasing its rate of dissolution, this results in an increased area of contact between the drug and the mucosa. It is impossible to decrease both duration and area of contact by particle size adjustment. One method by which contact time can be shortened, without simultaneously increasing the area of contact, is the addition of antacids (“buffers”) to ASA tablet formulations. Other formulation variables being the same, these additives should increase the rate of ASA dissolution and thereby decrease the time of contact between the drug particles and the gastrointestinal mucosa. Average daily occult blood loss in the stool was determined in healthy human subjects who received different ASA tablet preparations. Two of these preparations were very similar in their in vivo absorption characteristics, but differed in that one contained relatively small particles of ASA and no antacids, while the other type contained larger ASA particles and antacids. The ASA-antacid tablets produced significantly less bleeding than the ASA tablets which did not contain the additives.
Morphological Differentiation of N1E-115 Neuroblastoma Cells by Dimethyl Sulfoxide Activation of Lipid Second Messengers

Abstract Quantitative changes in the lipid second messenger diacylglycerol (DAG) were studied in the rat neuroblastoma N1E-115 following exposure to the differentiating agent dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). Relatively high basal levels of DAG are present in these cells, and addition of 2% DMSO elicited a biphasic increase in DAG levels, dependent on the presence of extracellular Ca2+. Exposure to DMSO also elicited a rapid increase in inositol phosphate and a slight increase in phosphatidic acid (PA), trailing that of DAG. The molecular species (MS) of DAG were analyzed. Within 60 s of DMSO application there were transient increases of DAG representative of phosphatidylinositol (PI) hydrolysis. At longer intervals, more DAG originated from phosphatidylcholine. The MS composition of newly formed PA resembled that of PI and native DAG. Inhibition studies indicated that DAG is formed in the DMSO-treated cells by phospholipases C and that PA formed later is a result of DAG phosphorylation and not activity of phospholipase D (PLD). Undifferentiated cells exhibited an active PLD pathway. In contrast, PLD in DMSO-differentiated cells was not active. In examining the involvement of the sphingomyelin pathway, DMSO exposure was found to increase ceramide levels with a concomitant decrease in sphingomyelin. Addition of the exogenous, soluble analog C6-ceramide to undifferentiated cells resulted in dramatic reductions in DAG and PA levels and PLD activity. These results indicate that DMSO treatment inactivates PLD while activating phospholipases C and the sphingomyelin pathway, suggesting a “switch” between signal transduction pathways in the undifferentiated and differentiated states of N1E-115.
Clinical and geographic characteristics of Lyme disease in New York.

Summary The clinical and geographic characteristics of 679 patients who met the clinical definition of Lyme disease and who had antibody titers of ⩾ 1 : 128 to Borrelia burgdorferi for a two year period, 1983–1984, are described. Males outnumbered females 60% to 40% for the two year period and nearly half of all cases were children and young adults nineteen years old or younger. Forty percent of the patients reported single or multiple tick bites prior to the onset of illness and tick bites were clustered in the summer months. Skin lesions (ECM) were reported in 63% of all the patients. Joint involvment as the only manifestation of Lyme disease was reported in 21% and 22% of all the patients in 1983 and 1984 respectively. A 2 : 1 ratio of males to females was noted on this subgroup and 63% of these were 19 years old or less. Onset of joint manifestations were most frequent in the last three months of the year. Neurological manifestations were noted in 20% of the patients with facial palsy being the most frequent. Twenty nine patients had neurological disorders as the only manifestation of Lyme disease. Cardiovascular symptoms were reported in 26 patients (4%). The secondary manifestations of Lyme disease were of summer and early fall onset. Lyme disease in New York is restricted to suburbs north of New York City in Westchester County, and in suburbs to the east of New York City in Suffolk County, Long Island. Incidence for the two year period can range from 0.01 cases per 1000 in some communities to 28 cases per 1000 in highly endemic areas.
Effects of differentiation on the phospholipid and phospholipid fatty acid composition of N1E-115 neuroblastoma cells

The effects of differentiation on the phospholipid and phospholipid fatty acid composition of N1E-115 neuroblastoma cells were determined. The cellular lipids were extracted on days 0, 3 and 7, following the addition of 1.2% dimethylsulfoxide to induce cellular differentiation. Proportions of ethanolamine glycerophospholipids (EtnGpl), phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) and sphingomyelin (CerPCho) were significantly elevated following differentiation. The mole percentage of choline glycerophospholipids (ChoGpl) decreased with differentiation. The plasmalogens, both choline and ethanolamine, increased by 1.3- and 2.3-fold, respectively, during differentiation. The fatty acid composition of the phospholipid classes was also altered. PtdIns and ChoGpl had decreased proportions of polyenoic fatty acids, while these proportions were increased in EtnGpl. Both ChoGpl and EtnGpl had increased n-3/n-6 series fatty acid ratios, but this ratio was decreased in PtdIns. The mole percentage of arachidonic acid was significantly decreased in both PtdIns and ChoGpl, but elevated in EtnGpl and may be a result of the increase in ethanolamine plasmalogen. Thus, differentiation did not increase the overall mole percentage of polyenoic FA in the cells nor increase the n-6 series fatty acid proportions. We speculate plasmalogens may have a role in the differentiation process or in maintaining the cell in the differentiated state.
An experimental and theoretical study of the dynamic behavior of double-helical gear sets

Abstract In this study, dynamic behavior of a double-helical gear pair is investigated both experimentally and theoretically. In the experimental side, a new double-helical test set-up consisting of a test machine and test specimens is developed for operating a double-helical gear pair under realistic torque and speed ranges. A test gear pair formed by novel three-piece double-helical gears is developed to allow adjustable right-to-left stagger angles. A measurement system to capture three-dimensional vibratory motions and dynamic motion transmission error under high-speed conditions is implemented. A test matrix that included various combinations of key system parameters is executed under realistic torque values within a wide speed range to establish a database. In view of this experimental data, a linear, time-invariant dynamic model of double-helical gear pair systems including shafts and bearing supports is proposed, also allowing for any stagger angle between the right and left sides of a double-helical gear pair through proper definition of phasing between the two gear mesh excitations. Direct comparisons to measurements are presented to demonstrate the accuracy of the proposed model in predicting three-dimensional gear vibrations. The right-to-left stagger angle is shown to be the most critical parameter impacting dynamic response.
Kinetics of tar sand pyrolysis using a distribution of activation energy model

Pyrolytic study of Whiterocks (Utah) tar sands. A distinct bimodal distribution was observed in experimental weight loss profiles. The experimental data were modeled, using a modified Anthony-Howard model where the various heating rates used and the bimodal nature of the experimental data were effectively incorporated.
In vitro response of rat and human kidney lysosomes to aminoglycosides

Abstract To study aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity, renal cortical lysosomes were prepared from rat kidneys and from healthy portions of five human kidneys removed for tumor. The renal cortex was homogenized in 1 mM EDTA with 0.3M sucrose, and the lysosomes were separated by differential centrifugation. Lysosomes were incubated in isotonic sucrose solution with various drug concentrations for 1 hr at 37°. They were resedimented adn the N -acetyl- β -glucosaminidase (NAG) activity was measured in the supernatant fraction and in the disrupted pellet. Incucation with four aminoglycosides at therapeutic plasma concentrations lowered the percentage of NAG released into the supernatant fraction in a dose-related fashion. Incubation with the polyamines spermine and spermidine also produced this effect, with spermine and gentamicin being additive. This apparent lysosomal stabilization at clinically achieved plasma concentrations was also observed after substituting isotonic glycine for sucrose in the incubation mixture. High concentrations of aminoglycoside consistent with those accumulated in the renal cortex of patients and rats produced a dose-dependent release of lysosomal NAG with a rank order of potency paralleling their clinically observed potential for producing nephrotoxicity. Rats were treated with 20 mg/kg gentamicin twice a day for 28 days producing kidneys resistant to aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity. Lysosomes prepared from these animals compared to saline-treated controls showed decreased response to gentamicin at 2 and 4μg/ml and to apermine. Human renal cortical lysososomes also exhibited aminoglycoside- and polyamine-induced changes in NAG release. We conclude taht the lysosome is a site of action for aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity. We propose that aminoglycoside stabilization of this lysosomal membrane may lead to eventual disruption of the proximal tubular lysosomal system and cell injury.
Children Show Selective Trust in Technological Informants

Although children are often exposed to technological devices early in life, little is known about how they evaluate these novel sources of information. In two experiments, children aged 3, 4, and 5 years old (n = 92) were presented with accurate and inaccurate computer informants, and they subsequently relied on information provided by the previously accurate computer to identify novel objects and answer questions about unfamiliar facts. In a third experiment, 4- and 5-year-olds also expressed a preference for using the accurate computer to find answers on their own and for explaining the inaccurate computer's errors as a function of problems with the device, rather than errors on the part of the human user. These results suggest that young children use prior history of accuracy as a domain-general means of evaluating informants and that children can apply this understanding outside of interactions with other people.
The metabolism of nickel carbonyl-14C

Abstract The metabolic fate of the carbonyl moiety of nickel carbonyl was investigated in rats after intravenous injection of 1 LD50 of Ni( 14 CO) 4 or 63 Ni(CO) 4 . It was found that 36% of the administered nickel carbonyl was exhaled without metabolic alteration within 6 hours after injection. Most of the remaining Ni(CO) 4 underwent intracellular decomposition and oxidation to Ni 2+ and CO. The carbon monoxide, which was gradually released from Ni(CO) 4 , became bound to hemoglobin, reaching a maximum saturation of 35% 2 hours after injection. Within 6 hours after injection, 49% of administered 14 C radioactivity was exhaled as 14 CO. Only 1.1% of the administered 14 C radioactivity was exhaled as 14 CO 2 . Less than 1% of the administered 14 C radioactivity was excreted in urine during 24 hours after injection of Ni( 14 CO) 4 .
Basal forebrain glutamatergic modulation of cortical acetylcholine release

The mediation of cortical ACh release by basal forebrain glutamate receptors was studied in awake rats fitted with microdialysis probes in medial prefrontal cortex and ipsilateral basal forebrain. Repeated presentation of a stimulus consisting of exposure to darkness with the opportunity to consume a sweetened cereal resulted in a transient increase in cortical ACh efflux. This stimulated release was dependent on basal forebrain glutamate receptor activity as intrabasalis perfusion with the ionotropic glutamate receptor antagonist kynurenate (1.0 mM) markedly attenuated darkness/cereal-induced ACh release. Activation of AMPA/kainate receptors by intrabasalis perfusion of kainate (100 microM) was sufficient to increase cortical ACh efflux even under basal (nonstimulated) conditions. This effect of kainate was blocked by coperfusion with the antagonist DNQX (0.1-5.0 mM). Stimulation of NMDA receptors with intrabasalis perfusion of NMDA (50 or 200 microM) did not increase basal cortical ACh efflux. However, perfusion of NMDA in rats following exposure to the darkness/cereal stimulus resulted in a potentiation of both the magnitude and duration of stimulated cortical ACh efflux. Moreover, intrabasalis perfusion of the higher dose of NMDA resulted in a rapid increase in cortical ACh efflux even before presentation of the darkness/cereal stimulus, suggesting an anticipatory change in the excitability of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons. These data demonstrate that basal forebrain glutamate receptors contribute to the stimulation of cortical ACh efflux in response to behavioral stimuli. The specific roles of basal forebrain glutamate receptor subtypes in mediating cortical ACh release differ and depend on the level of activity of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons.
The Na/K ratio of fluid inclusions in pegmatitic quartz and its genetic implications. A study by neutron activation analysis

Abstract Samples of quartz and its fluid inclusions (f.i.) from Black Hills pegmatites and from graphic granites were analyzed for Na, K, Rb and Cs by neutron activation analysis. The Na/K ratios of the whole quartz and its f.i. seem unrelated. The spatial locations for six samples from the Helen Beryl pegmatite were known. The Na/K ratios of their f.i. are mainly a function of their vertical positions in the pegmatite. The ratios of the central-core quartz f.i. seemingly indicate a much higher temperature than those closer to the upper wall. This is consistent with the theory of pegmatite genesis by Jahns & Burnham. The f.i. of quartz from two graphic granites give very different Na/K ratios, seemingly related to differences in their formation history.
Kips off to Myc: Implications for TGFβ signaling

Loss of sensitivity to the negative growth regulator transforming growth factor beta (TGF beta) is a feature of many different tumor types and is likely involved in tumor progression. In some cases this loss of sensitivity to TGF beta has been shown to be manifest in the absence of membrane-associated TGF beta receptor complexes, thus preventing initiation of antiproliferative signals from the cell surface. In others, loss of sensitivity to TGF beta-induced inhibitory signals has been attributed to loss of function of intracellular effectors of TGF beta-induced inhibitory signals due to mutation or allelic loss of effector genes and their products. The intracellular effectors of TGF beta inhibitory signals have been shown to be involved in the normal regulation of progression through the cell cycle, specifically during G1 phase. In this manner, elucidation of the mechanisms by which TGF beta inhibits cell growth not only helps us identify steps involved in tumor progression, but also allows us to better understand how cells regulate progression through the cell cycle.
Multiplication of toxoplasmas in enucleate fibroblasts.

SummaryEnucleation of fibroblasts was accomplished by centrifligation of glass adherent cells in media containing cytochalasin B. Toxoplasma gondii entered the enucleate cells and multiplied in them in a manner identical to that seen in normal fibroblasts. The results establish that the cellular factor required for multiplication of toxoplasmas is not derived from the nucleus.
Expression of angiotensinogen in proximal tubule as a function of glomerular filtration rate

Expression of angiotensinogen in proximal tubule as a function of glomerular filtration rate. Background Proximal tubule (PT) angiotensinogen (AGT) is part of a tubular renin-angiotensin system (RAS) that participates in the regulation of sodium reabsorption along the entire nephron. Physiologic maneuvers affecting AGT expression in PT also affect systemic RAS. Here, we tested the hypothesis that PT AGT is regulated by increased glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Methods Complete unilateral nephrectomy (UNX) in mice was used to induce a sustained increase in GFR in the remaining kidney. AGT expression was monitored by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). AGT protein in PT was investigated by semiquantitative histology. We also measured AGT concentration in plasma and in 24-hour urine by a specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results Seven weeks after nephrectomy, UNX animals exhibited a 2-fold increase in tubular AGT mRNA ( P P P P Conclusion These observations suggest that AGT expression in PT adapts in the long-term to changes in GFR. In the UNX model, urinary AGT excretion is also elevated as a consequence of increase in net tubular flow.
Very Large Array and SOHO Observations of Type I Noise Storms, Large-Scale Loops and Magnetic Restructuring in the Corona

Very Large Array (VLA) observations at 91-cm wavelength are combined with data from the SOHO EIT, MDI and LASCO and used to study the evolving coronal magnetic environment in which Type I noise storms and large-scale coronal loops occur. On one day, we have shown the early evolution of a coronal mass ejection (CME) in projection in the disk by tracing its decimetric continuum emission. The passage of the CME and an associated EUV ejection event coincided with an increase in the 91-cm brightness temperature of an extended coronal loop located a significant distance away and with the displacement of the 91-cm source during the early stage of the CME. We suggest that the energy deposited into the corona by the CME may have caused a local increase in the thermal or nonthermal electron density or in the electron temperature in the middle corona resulting in a transient increase in the brightness of the 91-cm loop. On a second observing day, we have consolidated the known association between magnetic changes in the photosphere and low corona with noise storm enhancements in an overlying radio source well in advance of a flare event in the same region. We find anti-correlated changes in the brightness of a bipolar 91-cm Type I noise storm that appear to be associated with the cancellation and emergence of magnetic flux in the underlying photosphere. In this case, the evolving fields may have led to magnetic instabilities and reconnection in the corona and the acceleration of nonthermal particles that initiated and sustained the Type I noise storm.
A COMPARISON OF PRODUCTION IN TEMPERATE SEAS AND THE UPWELLING AREAS

(1971). A COMPARISON OF PRODUCTION IN TEMPERATE SEAS AND THE UPWELLING AREAS. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa: Vol. 40, No. 1, pp. 17-33.
Meteorological applications of space shuttle photography

Abstract The meteorological applications of photography by astronauts is demonstrated fay both synoptic and mesoscale studies. Shuttle photographs of Hurricane Elena and an extratropical cyclone illustrate the value of high resolution and oblique perspective in describing the circulation of these storms and their associated cloud patterns. Studies of barrier effects, a persistent dry slot pattern and a horizontal roll cloud utilize these photographs to interpret and document mesoscale features.
John T. Edsall: His key role in the determination of the structure of proteins

A letter, written in 1947 by John Edsall, outlined a declared intent to set up an X-ray crystallographic laboratory devoted to the study of crystalline heavy atom derivatives of proteins in an attempt to learn more about their structure. The fundamental idea, to the recipient (B.W.L.) totally new, revolutionary, and wholly contrary to all learned certainties, led to a correspondence, presented here in excerpt. Detailed plans were made for the laboratory to be built in the Department of Physical Chemistry at the Harvard Medical School. The proteins to be studied were reviewed and debated. The work of the laboratory is briefly described. Lack of success, the fatal consequence of a then unknown feature of the protein first chosen for study, is now only recently understood. The history of the Edsall idea and initiative is explored, from its beginnings to its acceptance and exploitation. John Edsall is here recognized as prime proponent and developer of the fundamental idea behind the most powerful and, for more than three decades, the only successful approach to the determination of protein structure.
Computer simulation of temperature regulation and feedback control as undergratuate physiology exercises

Two exercises illustrating the application of the quantitative techniques of physics to the understanding of biological processes have been developed and tested with undergraduate physiology classes. The first exercise emphasises the utility of mathematical simulations which represent graphically the responses exhibited by physiological systems and the second exercise provides an example of the use of physical theory (in this case, the first law of thermodynamics) to model some aspect of the behavior of a complex physiological system.
Design of Continuous Backbone, Cable-Driven Robots

Continuous backbone robots driven by cables have many potential applications in dexterous manipulation for manufacturing and space environments. Design of these robots requires specification of a stiff yet bendable backbone, selection of cable support heights and spacings, and development of a cable drive system. The robot arm divides into sections that are subdivided into segments bounded by cable supports. Cable pairs attach to the end of each section and provide two axis bending. Thus, with many sections, the arm can be bent into complex shapes to allow redundant positioning of the end effector payload. The kinematics of the entire arm are determined from the segment kinematics. This paper derives and numerically solves the nonlinear kinematics for a single segment of a continuous backbone robot. Optimal spacing of the cable supports maximizes displacement, load capacity, and simplicity of the robot kinematics. An experimental system verifies the theoretically predicted performance.
The Efficacy of Acupressure for Symptom Management: A Systematic Review

Abstract Context Acupressure is a noninvasive strategy used to manage various symptoms. Objectives The purpose of this article was to review randomized controlled trials that investigated the efficacy of acupressure for the management of symptoms. Methods A literature search was conducted in the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Medline, and PubMed using the key words acupressure, clinical trial, human, and/or randomized. Randomized clinical trials published between January 1, 2000 and January 31, 2010, which used acupressure as the sole intervention for one group, were included when they were written in English and when there were four or more studies of the efficacy of acupressure for that particular symptom. Results Forty-three studies were included in this review. Investigators in 16 of 23 studies concluded acupressure was effective, primarily for the management of nausea and vomiting in patients during pregnancy and during chemotherapy. Investigators in nine of 10 studies concluded that acupressure was effective for pain in patients with dysmenorrhea, during labor and after trauma. Investigators of four studies concluded that acupressure was effective in the management of dyspnea and investigators in six studies concluded that acupressure was effective in improving fatigue and reducing insomnia in a variety of populations. However, evaluation of the randomized controlled trial reports indicated a significant likelihood of bias. Conclusion Acupressure may be a useful strategy for the management of multiple symptoms in a variety of patient populations, but rigorous trials are needed. Inclusion of acupressure as an intervention may improve patient outcomes.
The Uptake and Metabolism of [2-14C]-ABA by Excised Wild Type and Viviparous-1 Embryos of Zea mays L.

Summary Immature embryos of viviparous-1( vp 1 ) and wild type Z. mays were incubated in vitro in the presence of [2- 14 C]-abscisic acid (ABA). Uptake and metabolism of the growth regulator were examined in short- and long-term experiments. Levels of 14 C were similar for both mutant and wild type embryos at all incubation times. The label was rapidly concentrated from the medium, reaching a maximal concentration by 8 h, after which time 14 C levels declined gradually, falling below the external concentration by day 5. The patterns of [2- 14 C]-ABA loss and metabolite accumulation were similar for the two genotypes, with ABA comprising approx. 25 % of total counts by 24 h and 10 % by 5 d. Since vp 1 and normal embryos take up [2- 14 C]-ABA at a similar rate and metabolize it in a similar fashion, the resistance to ABA conferred by the vp 1 mutation cannot be the consequence of lesions in ABA uptake or metabolism.
Performing oral history: Storytelling and pedagogy

This essay addresses the potential of oral history performance to explore human communication across cultures. The study describes a class project in collecting and performing oral history interviews. By engaging students as field researchers to gather oral texts, and through the use of performance as a mode of historical, cultural, and interpersonal inquiry, students meet their interview subjects in a dialogic encounter designed to enhance their understanding of another person's experience.
Flooding in the Indus River basin — A spatiotemporal analysis of precipitation records

Abstract Station and gridded precipitation data from all over the Indus basin were analyzed for the periods 1951 to 2010 and 1986 to 2010. The non-parametric Mann–Kendall trend test was applied to determine whether statistically significant changes in precipitation amounts occurred over time, in due consideration of autocorrelation in the data. In addition, linear regression trend lines were fitted to the precipitation series by the method of least squares. We also investigated whether the precipitation in 2010, the year of a devastating flood, was the highest, second highest or third highest recorded annual and monsoonal total in the periods under observation. The use of gridded precipitation data unveiled a spatial pattern of precipitation trends in the Indus River basin. For the shorter time period, we found stronger evidence of positive trends in monsoonal precipitation time series compared to annual precipitation. Significant positive precipitation trends were primarily detected in the mountains: in the northwest (Hindu Kush and Sulaiman Mountains) and in the east (Himalayas) of the Upper Reaches of the Indus River. Negative precipitation trends, most of which are not significant, were detected in the northeast of the Upper Reaches (Karakorum and Transhimalaya) and in the lowlands. Compared to previous years, annual and especially monsoonal precipitation totals in 2010 were extremely high in the Himalayas, the Hindu Kush, the Sulaiman Mountains, and in the central lowlands. Strong monsoon precipitation in the arid high mountainous regions, not used to these amounts of precipitation, played a major role in the 2010 floods in Pakistan.
1-methyl-4-phenylpyridine (MPP+) induces oxidative stress in the rodent

MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) produces an irreversible parkinsonism in primates. Recent evidence suggests metabolism of MPTP to 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridine (MPP+) is required for toxicity. We have proposed that MPP+ may play a central role in the toxicity of MPTP, but direct assessment of the effects of MPP+ in brain is difficult. Therefore, we have sought to define the mechanism of peripheral MPP+ toxicity in the rat and mouse. Systemically administered MPP+ produced its major pathology in the lung and was typified by perivascular edema. An increase in plasma glutathione disulfide concentrations also resulted, suggesting that MPP+ in analogy to paraquat produces oxidative stress. In addition, the lethality of MPP+ in the mouse was increased by dietary selenium deficiency. These results define in both pathological and chemical terms the potent systemic toxicity of MPP+ and suggest that MPP+, because of its high concentration in primate brain, has the potential to play an important role in the CNS toxicity of MPTP.
Selecting the signals for a brain–machine interface

Brain–machine interfaces are being developed to assist paralyzed patients by enabling them to operate machines with recordings of their own neural activity. Recent studies show that motor parameters, such as hand trajectory, and cognitive parameters, such as the goal and predicted value of an action, can be decoded from the recorded activity to provide control signals. Neural prosthetics that use simultaneously a variety of cognitive and motor signals can maximize the ability of patients to communicate and interact with the outside world. Although most studies have recorded electroencephalograms or spike activity, recent research shows that local field potentials (LFPs) offer a promising additional signal. The decode performances of LFPs and spike signals are comparable and, because LFP recordings are more long lasting, they might help to increase the lifetime of the prosthetics.
Relationships and Connectedness: Weak Ties that Help Social Inclusion Through Public Access Computing

Of all the benefits public access to computers PAC offer users, the most valued by users are having more information for stronger relationships, better learning, and effective transactions. This article analyzes the most salient benefit, more information for stronger relationships with friends and family. Results of a qualitative study among users of libraries, telecenters, and cybercafes in Colombia, South America, show that social media and personal relationships can also have an important community and sociopolitical dimension. By fostering a sense of belonging and connectedness to community and to a larger world, PAC usage often leads to feelings of empowerment and development of social capital, two intangible factors that are critical for community development. This study used a mixed-methods approach, combining surveys and interviews in five regions of the country, to uncover the benefits of PAC for underserved communities. Its findings contribute new insight about the impact of information and communication technologies on community development and social inclusion.
Educating RNs regarding palliative care in long-term care generates positive outcomes for patients with end-stage chronic illness

v There are multiple gaps in providing palliative care to older adults with advanced chronic illness symptoms who never get connected to hospice or palliative care programs. Using a preand posttest design via a retrospective chart review, this study found the symptoms, interventions, and responses to interventions that older patients with end-stage chronic illness experienced. Findings revealed symptoms similar to those listed by End-of-Life Nursing Education Consortium, including fatigue/ weakness, anorexia/cachexia, sadness/ depression, dyspnea, nausea and vomiting, anxiety/fear, confusion/delirium, diarrhea, constipation, and pain. A significant difference (t = 5.538, P G .0001) in long-term care nurses’ preand posttest mean scores also was determined. The results indicated that in this convenience sample, older adults have several burdensome symptoms that palliative care programs could potentially improve. Being aware of frequently observed symptoms in long-term care agencies can assist in anticipating what other long-term care older adults may experience. Results can help to prevent or lessen symptoms and promote best practices for older adult symptom management. K E Y W O R D S
Remaking Our Teacher Education History Through Self-study

I am becoming more hurried… and more hurrying… over time. In my desire to prepare my students for student teaching, I run the risk of pushing them beyond a point where learning can take place. (R. ...
Phase error correction for synthetic-aperture phased-array imaging systems

If one replaces the ordinary single receiver of a synthetic- aperture radar (SAR) with a linear array of receivers underneath the wings of an aircraft, one obtains a 3D signal history (to spatial dimensions plus the frequency dimension) that allows the computation of a 3D image (angle-angle- range) of a scene. Because of the limited extent of the wingspan, the cross-track resolution is limited, driving one to use high frequencies, such as 94 GHz, having a wavelength of 3.2 mm. At such short wavelengths, the motion of the wings during the synthetic-aperture integration time will cause large phase errors that will severely blur the image. This paper describes an approach to measuring and correcting these and other phase errors. The approach involves having three transmitters, each at a slightly different monotone frequency. Relative to the first receiver, the second is displaced along the direction of the array of receivers and the third is displaced perpendicular to that direction. The array of receivers can separate the three corresponding signals reflected form the ground from one another. We will show mathematical analysis that allows us to determine the phase errors at each receiver form these three signals. It is required either that the three transmitters experience the same phase errors (so they should be rigidly mounted together) or that the phase errors at the three transmitters are measured. No measurement of phase errors on the receivers is required.
Leveraging social media content to support engagement in positive interventions

A key challenge for positive psychology interventions is promoting sustained engagement to improve long-term outcomes. One way to increase engagement is to introduce variety to reduce hedonic adaptation. Here, we propose supplementing intervention prompts with items from a person’s social media archive to add variety. Through a one-week pilot study of six positive psychology activities via a Facebook application, we explore whether Facebook content is useful to keep people engaged in activities and what attributes of content make it most useful. A total of 260 participants used our application, and analysis of usage showed that displaying content is engaging. By looking at which content was marked as useful by participants, we find that useful content is in itself meaningful and engaging (photos, longer texts, and content about close friends). We also find that certain intervention activities are more engaging and better suited for making use of Facebook content than others.
A systematic procedure to build a relaxed dense-phase atomistic representation of a complex amorphous polymer using a coarse-grained modeling approach.

Abstract A systematic procedure has been developed to construct a relaxed dense-phase atomistic structure of a complex amorphous polymer. The numerical procedure consists of (1) coarse graining the atomistic model of the polymer into a mesoscopic model based on an iterative algorithm for potential inversion from distribution functions of the atomistic model, (2) relaxation of the coarse-grained chain using a molecular dynamics scheme, and (3) recovery of the atomistic structure by reverse mapping based on the superposition of atomistic counterparts on the corresponding coarse-grained coordinates. These methods are demonstrated by their application to construct a relaxed, dense-phase model of poly(DTB succinate), which is an amorphous tyrosine-derived biodegradable polymer that is being developed for biomedical applications. Both static and dynamic properties from the coarse-grained and atomistic simulations are analyzed and compared. The coarse-grained model, which contains the essential features of the DTB succinate structure, successfully described both local and global structural properties of the atomistic chain. The effective speedup compared to the corresponding atomistic simulation is substantially above 102, thus enabling simulation times to reach well into the characteristic experimental regime. The computational approach for reversibly bridging between coarse-grained and atomistic models provides an efficient method to produce relaxed dense-phase all-atom molecular models of complex amorphous polymers that can subsequently be used to study and predict the atomistic-level behavior of the polymer under different environmental conditions in order to optimally design polymers for targeted applications.
Soil Attributes, Soybean Mineral Nutrition, and Yield in Diverse Crop Rotations under No-Till Conditions

Development of sustainable crop rotations depends on understanding complex relationships among soils, crops, and yield. Our objectives were to measure how soil chemical and physical attributes as well as soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] stover dry weight and mineral concentrations, seed yield, and seed composition (protein, oil, and minerals) responded to a soybean–maize (Zea mays L.) 2-yr rotation (S-C), soybean–spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–maize 3-yr rotation (S-W-C), soybean–oat/pea (Hordeum vulgare L./Pisum sativum L.) hay–maize 3-yr rotation (S-H-C), and soybean–oat/pea hay underseeded with alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)–alfalfa–alfalfa–maize 5-yr rotation (S-H/A-A-A-C). Rotation treatments under no-till soil management were established in 1997 and soybean measurements were made during the 2009 and 2010 growing seasons. Soils under the 5-yr rotation had 129 kg ha–¹ preseason residual NO₃–N concentration, while the other rotations averaged about 65 kg ha–¹. The 5-yr rotation also had lower bulk density (1.35 g cm–³) than S-H-C (1.46 g cm–³), with S-W-C (1.38 g cm–³) and S-C (1.38 g cm–³) intermediate. Soybean seed yield was about 10% greater in the 5-yr rotation than in the other treatments. Kernel protein was 3% greater and kernel Zn was 11% greater under the 5-yr rotation than under the S-C rotation, while the others were intermediate. Changes in soil physical and chemical properties under extended rotations that include perennial forages may play an important role in increasing soybean seed yield and enhancing seed protein but may, because of high preseason soil NO₃–N levels, also be susceptible to potential NO₃–N leaching beyond the root zone.
Enhanced endothelial cytopathogenicity induced by a cytomegalovirus strain propagated in endothelial cells.

Endothelial involvement has been implicated in cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, a source of major complications in immunosuppressed individuals (e.g., those with acquired immune deficiency syndrome [AIDS] and organ transplants). Traditionally, CMV has been grown in fibroblasts; however, propagation in these cells may alter characteristics of the virus. In developing an in vitro model system of CMV/endothelial cell interaction, we have addressed this issue by propagating a clinical isolate, CMV VHL 1, in human umbilical vein endothelial (HUVE) cells by serial cocultivation of heavily infected cultures with fresh HUVE monolayers and have compared its infectious properties with those of the fibroblast-raised strain, CMV AD169. In situ hybridization using a biotinylated DNA probe, as well as immunofluorescent staining for CMV-specific antigen, has confirmed infection of HUVE cells inoculated with either strain of the virus. Infection of HUVE by VHL was accompanied by dramatic cytopathology not observed in AD169-infected cells. Plaque assay of culture supernatants revealed greater virus production in VHL-infected HUVE as compared with equivalently inoculated fibroblasts. In contrast, AD169 production in inoculated fibroblasts exceeded that in HUVE. These studies demonstrate the suitability of cultured endothelial cells as a substrate for CMV propagation and suggest that a strain of virus thus propagated may offer an accurate model of CMV/endothelial cell interaction in human disease.
Intramolecular cyclizations of orgamometallic compounds IV. Heteroatom influence on cyclizations of organolithium compounds

Abstract Alkoxyl groups in alkenyllithiums can influence the stereochemistry of cyclization. The presence of n-butyllithium increases the stereoselectivity such that only one stereochemistry results; the presence of TMEDA negates the heteroatom's influence so that only the other stereochemistry results. Yields are 33% to 44%.
Petroleum-Based Hydraulic Fluids and Flammability

Hydraulic fluids for the most part are considered to be much less flammable than middle distillate fuels. Petroleum-based hydraulic fluids have high flash points, while water-based hydraulic fluids (because of their high water content) are definitely nonflammable. The major problem with water-based hydraulic fluids is corrosion. Petroleum-based fluids are much less corrosive and thus equipment lifetime is considerably increased. However, some petroleum-based hydraulic fluids have been observed to be a fire safety hazard in situations where high-pressure leaks can result in aerosol formation. These fire hazards cannot be adequately explained based solely on flash point considerations of the hydraulic fluids alone.
Stochastic Simulation of the Electron Radiolysis of Water and Aqueous Solutions

Stochastic modeling of the radiolysis of water and of aqueous solutions employing simulated track structures and the independent reaction times methodology is used to investigate the physical and chemical processes underlying observed radiation chemical kinetics. The calculations accurately reproduce both the time dependent yields of eaq- and the scavenging capacity dependence of the (scavenged) yields of eaq-, OH, H2, and H2O2 measured experimentally. The local spatial distribution of eaq- is described by a Gaussian of standard deviation 4.0 nm. This distribution reflects the “thermalization” of the subexcitation electron. The value matches recent experimental estimates but is somewhat wider than predicted in earlier (deterministic) studies. The Gaussian distribution used for H3O+, OH, H, and O has a standard deviation of 0.75 nm, which is of the same order obtained previously using deterministic methods. This distribution is due to the distance traveled between electronic collisions of low-energy (<25 e...
Ethnicity and Bender Visual Motor Gestalt Test Performance.

Abstract This study compared differences in the Bender-Gestalt mean error scores of the 1,938 black, Hispanic, and white children in the System of Multicultural Pluralistic Assessment (SOMPA) standardization sample. A two-way between groups unweighted means ANOVA was performed on the error scores for the seven age groups and for the three ethnic groups. Significant differences were found for both main effects. Black children performed lower than (a) white children at every age level and (b) Hispanic children at all except one age level. Hispanic children performed similarly to white children at all except two age levels. Results support those reported by other investigations, but do not offer any clues to account for the findings.