cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Critical Functions of Rpa3/Ssb3 in S-Phase DNA Damage Responses in Fission Yeast

Replication Protein A (RPA) is a heterotrimeric, single-stranded DNA (ssDNA)–binding complex required for DNA replication and repair, homologous recombination, DNA damage checkpoint signaling, and telomere maintenance. Whilst the larger RPA subunits, Rpa1 and Rpa2, have essential interactions with ssDNA, the molecular functions of the smallest subunit Rpa3 are unknown. Here, we investigate the Rpa3 ortholog Ssb3 in Schizosaccharomyces pombe and find that it is dispensable for cell viability, checkpoint signaling, RPA foci formation, and meiosis. However, increased spontaneous Rad11Rpa1 and Rad22Rad52 nuclear foci in ssb3Δ cells indicate genome maintenance defects. Moreover, Ssb3 is required for resistance to genotoxins that disrupt DNA replication. Genetic interaction studies indicate that Ssb3 has a close functional relationship with the Mms1-Mms22 protein complex, which is required for survival after DNA damage in S-phase, and with the mitotic functions of Mus81-Eme1 Holliday junction resolvase that is required for recovery from replication fork collapse. From these studies we propose that Ssb3 plays a critical role in mediating RPA functions that are required for repair or tolerance of DNA lesions in S-phase. Rpa3 orthologs in humans and other species may have a similar function.
Barrett's esophagus: a molecular perspective.

Carcinogenesis in Barrett’s esophagus involves the accumulation of DNA abnormalities that enable cells to 1) provide their own growth signals; 2) ignore growthinhibitory signals; 3) avoid apoptosis; 4) replicate without limit; 5) sustain angiogenesis; and 6) invade and proliferate in unnatural locations. This report reviews recent publications describing molecular abnormalities in Barrett’s esophagus that could lead to the acquisition of these key physiologic hallmarks of malignancy. Some recent reports suggest that the gastroesophageal reflux of acid and bile can activate molecular pathways that promote proliferation and interfere with apoptosis in Barrett’s metaplastic cells. Inactivation of the p16 and p53 tumor suppressor genes through promoter methylation, gene mutation, or loss of heterozygosity appears to be important for carcinogenesis in Barrett’s esophagus. Finally, this report discusses recent data regarding the role of the Cdx2 gene in the development of esophageal intestinal metaplasia.
Mapping of HIV-1 Determinants of Apoptosis in Infected T Cells

*Division of Basic Sciences, Department of Pediatrics and †Division of Biostatistics, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Medical & Research Center, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, Colorado 80206 ; ‡Department of Microbiology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712; §Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Box 3944 University Station, Laramie, Wyoming 82071; and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, \Department of Immunology, and **Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 4200 East 9th Avenue, Denver, Colorado 80262
Consumer satisfaction: Concept and measurement

In marketing management, consumer satisfaction may be clustered with such key goals as profitability and social responsibility. However undisputed its importance, its conceptualization and measurement have remained largely backward, severely limiting its value in determining marketing strategy. This article has raised issues and suggested guidelines for research and management thinking.
Three-dimensional optical micro-angiography maps directional blood perfusion deep within microcirculation tissue beds in vivo

Optical micro-angiography (OMAG) is a recently developed method of imaging localized blood perfusion at capillary level resolution within microcirculatory beds. This paper reports that the OMAG is capable of directional blood perfusion mapping in vivo. This is achieved simply by translating the mirror located in the reference arm back and forth while 3D imaging is performed. The mirror which moves toward the incident beam gives the blood perfusion that flows away from the beam direction and vice versa. The approach is experimentally demonstrated by imaging of a flow phantom and then cerebro-vascular perfusion of a live mouse with cranium intact.
Ethical challenges with the left ventricular assist device as a destination therapy

The left ventricular assist device was originally designed to be surgically implanted as a bridge to transplantation for patients with chronic end-stage heart failure. On the basis of the REMATCH trial, the US Food and Drug Administration and the US Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services approved permanent implantation of the left ventricular assist device as a destination therapy in Medicare beneficiaries who are not candidates for heart transplantation. The use of the left ventricular assist device as a destination therapy raises certain ethical challenges. Left ventricular assist devices can prolong the survival of average recipients compared with optimal medical management of chronic end-stage heart failure. However, the overall quality of life can be adversely affected in some recipients because of serious infections, neurologic complications, and device malfunction. Left ventricular assist devices alter end-of-life trajectories. The caregivers of recipients may experience significant burden (e.g., poor physical health, depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder) from destination therapy with left ventricular assist devices. There are also social and financial ramifications for recipients and their families. We advocate early utilization of a palliative care approach and outline prerequisite conditions so that consenting for the use of a left ventricular assist device as a destination therapy is a well informed process. These conditions include: (1) direct participation of a multidisciplinary care team, including palliative care specialists, (2) a concise plan of care for anticipated device-related complications, (3) careful surveillance and counseling for caregiver burden, (4) advance-care planning for anticipated end-of-life trajectories and timing of device deactivation, and (5) a plan to address the long-term financial burden on patients, families, and caregivers. Short-term mechanical circulatory devices (e.g. percutaneous cardiopulmonary bypass, percutaneous ventricular assist devices, etc.) can be initiated in emergency situations as a bridge to permanent implantation of ventricular assist devices in chronic end-stage heart failure. In the absence of first-person (patient) consent, presumed consent or surrogate consent should be used cautiously for the initiation of short-term mechanical circulatory devices in emergency situations as a bridge to permanent implantation of left ventricular assist devices. Future clinical studies of destination therapy with left ventricular assist devices should include measures of recipients' quality of end-of-life care and caregivers' burden.
The Effect of Impurity Migrations on Thermionic Emission from Oxide Cathodes

A comparison of thermionic emission from oxide cathodes with different base alloys showed the dependence of the work function on migrating impurities from tube parts other than the cathode. The effect of the base metal alone could be evaluated properly only by the use of a special diode structure which did not contribute any impurities toward the reduction of the oxide-coating. In the test method used, saturated emission was measured but the anode voltage was kept below the decomposition energies of most of the compounds apt to be found on the plate.
Origin of Ultrarelativistic Cosmic Ray Particles

A mechanism is proposed to explain how cosmic rays and fast electrons in non-thermal radio sources originate. The theory develops from Fermi's suggestion that charged particles gain energy through successive encounters with moving magnetic fields. Considerations of the geometry of cosmic magnetic fields and the state of motion of the plasma indicate how magnetic energy may be converted into kinetic energy of fast particles and how such particles may be later released.
Picosecond Photoinduced Transmission Associated with Deep Traps in Phosphorus-Doped a-Si: H

Photoinduced transmission was observed in the picosecond time domain in phosphorus-doped $a$-Si: H and connected with deep hole traps produced by doping. The hole transport was found to be dispersive starting before 5 ps and temperature dependent. This shows that the energy distribution of shallow traps is exponential beginning below ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ eV from the valence-band top. The deep traps are negatively charged defects, the trapped holes are removed from the recombination process, and their distribution peaks at 0.45 eV above the valence-band top.
Time-resolved weight loss kinetics for the rapid devolatilization of a bituminous coal

The weight loss kinetics for the rapid devolatilization of a bituminous coal were measured over broad ranges of temperature (to 1000 C) and heating rate (10 2 to 10 4 K/s) in vacuum. The reaction period was resolved in 0.1 s time increments with rapid quenching. In addition, the effects of pressure (13.3 Pa–10 MPa) and particle size (50, 85, and 125 μm) were studied. We found that the rate of generation of volatiles increases slowly with temperature andis relatively insensitive to pressure changes. However, the heating rate does affect the devolatilization rate and the total yield. Below 600 C, two stages of product evolution were observed, one with and the other without coliberation of tarry liquids. At higher temperatures these two stages coalesced. Although the concept of simultaneous, parallel reactions can account for the low apparentactivation energy of the first stage of the devolatilization process, a multiple reaction model with a Gaussian activation energy distribution does not adequately describe the total time-temperature history. In addition, extant models with competitive rate processes to describe the redeposition of volatiles and their escape from the particle seem incompatible with the effects of particle size and heating rate observed in vacuum.
Ellipsometer measurements using focused and masked beams

Abstract While optical spectroscopic measurements using ellipsometry may be made in air and are non-destructive, the relatively large (> 2 mm) spot size has limited their use to surface regions greater than 2 mm in lateral extent. Recent developments in focusing instruments have made spot sizes on the order of 20 to 25 μm possible. The work to be presented explores the use of the 25 μm spot size to probe non-uniform nanostructured thin films. Measurements were performed on a highly non-uniform film (0 to 2 μm in thickness across 4 mm in lateral dimension) using such a 25 μm spot. Further reduction of the spot size is possible using mechanical masking with a slit. Measurements have been made to the range of a few microns in width. The practical resolution limits of beam masking may be decreased by increasing incident light intensity, improving slit alignment, and improving detection methods.
Electrical performance of chemical vapor deposition graphene on PET substrate tailored by Cu foil surface morphology

The author reports that the spatial luminescent distribution from Cu substrate is in special sync with the Cu substrate morphology in terms of suspended formation of the deposited graphene fabricated via chemical vapor deposition. Moreover, the Raman 2D and G peak position of the graphene relatively shift to high frequency on the even Cu foil domain, showing more compressive strain than the uneven region. The author can reveal that the reducing compressive strain by virtue of the uneven Cu domains in order to minimize the interaction between graphene and Cu substrate has one of the important roles in forming suspended graphene. Current mapping in small dimension additionally shows that the current flow is mostly detected at the nano-terrace regions than the even, further substantiating the significance of the detailed underlying Cu substrate morphology. The author can also shows the correlation between the graphene strain revealed via 2D peak shift on Cu surface and the sheet resistance value of graphene on PET substrate, suggesting the degree of suspended formation of the graphene on Cu may be one of the important factors in increasing electrical performance on PET substrate.
Invest in postdocs.

I am writing regarding the role of the NIH in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA). Given the short period of time the NIH has been allowed to disperse its funds, it seems that extending the duration of grants that are nearing completion or raising the payline of currently funded grants are two of the most straightforward options. Along these lines, allocating a subset of this money to extend the funding of NIH F32 grants by 12 months for postdoctoral scholars nearing the end of their fellowship would both serve the NIH commitment to fostering young scientists and meet the goals of the ARRA to infuse money into the economy.
cDNAs with long CAG trinucleotide repeats from human brain

Twelve diseases, most with neuropsychiatric features, arise from trinucleotide repeat expansion mutations. Expansion mutations may also cause a number of other disorders, including several additional forms of spinocerebellar ataxia, bipolar affective disorder, schizophrenia, and autism. To obtain candiate genes for these disorders, cDNA libraries from adult and fetal human brain were screened at high stringency for clones containing CAG repeats. Nineteen cDNAs were isolated and mapped to chromosomes 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 12, 16, 19, 20, and X. The clones contain between 4 and 17 consecutive CAG, CTG, TCG, or GCA triplets. Clone H44 encodes 40 consecutive glutamines, more than any other entry in the nonredundant GenBank protein database and well within the range that causes neuronal degeneration in several of the glutamine expansion diseases. Eight cDNAs encode 15 or more consecutive glutamine residues, suggesting that the gene products may function as transcription factors, with a potential role in the regulation of neurodevelopment or neuroplasticity. In particular, the conceptual translation of clone CTG3a contains 18 consecutive glutamines and is 45% identical to the C-terminal 306 residues of the mouse numb gene product. These genes are therefore candidates for diseases featuring anticipation, neurodegeneration, or abnormalities of neurodevelopment.
An in vitro approach to the study of target organ toxicity of drugs and chemicals

A major goal of our laboratory has been the development of primary culture systems that retain differentiated fucntions and responses characteristic of intact tissues in vivo. Specifically, we have developed cellular models of primary cultures of rat heart, liver, and kidney cells to explore the mechanisms by which drugs or chemicals may be toxic to key organs of the body and to develop new techniques by which xenobiotics may be evaluated or identified as potential toxicants to living systems. The purpose of this paper is to describe our rationale and approach to the study of target organ toxicology with in vitro cellular systems.
Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes on a Moving Substrate by Laser-Induced Chemical Vapor Deposition

An open-air laser-induced chemical vapor deposition technique has been successfully used to rapidly deposit pillars of carbon nanotube forest on a moving glass substrate. A CO2 laser is used to heat a traversing fused quartz rod covered with metal particles inside a hydrocarbon environment. Pyrolysis of hydrocarbon precursor gas occurs and subsequently gives rise to the growth of multi-wall carbon nanotubes on the substrate surface. The experimental results indicate that nanotube growth kinetics and microstructure are strongly dependent on the experimental parameters such as laser power. The typical deposition rate of carbon nanotubes achieved in this study is over 50 μm/s, which is relatively high compared to existing synthesis techniques. At high power laser irradiation, carbon fibers and carbon film are formed as a result of excessive formation of amorphous carbon on the substrate. High-resolution transmission and scanning electron microscopy, and x-ray energy-dispersive spectrometry are used to investigate the deposition rate, microstructure and chemical composition of the catalytic surface and the deposited carbon nanotubes.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
The presence of codon-anticodon pairs in the acceptor stem of tRNAs

Abstract A total of 1268 available (excluding mitochondrial) tRNA sequences was used to reconstruct the common consensus image of their acceptor domains. Its structure appeared as a 11-bp-long double-stranded palindrome with complementary triplets in the center, each flanked by the 3'-ACCD and NGGU-5' motifs on each strand (D, base determinator). The palindrome readily extends up to the modern tRNA-like cloverleaf passing through an intermediate hairpin having in the center the single-stranded triplet, in supplement to its double-stranded precursor. The latter might represent an original anticodon-codon pair mapped at 1-2-3 positions of the present-day tRNA acceptors. This conclusion is supported by the striking correlation: in pairs of consensus tRNAs with complementary anticodons, their bases at the 2nd position of the acceptor stem were also complementary. Accordingly, inverse complementarity was also evident at the 71st position of the acceptor stem. With a single exception (tRNA(Phe)-tRNA(Glu) pair), the parallelism is especially impressive for the pairs of tRNAs recognized by aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRS) from the opposite classes. The above complementarity still doubly presented at the key central position of real single-stranded anticodons and their hypothetical double-stranded precursors is consistent with our previous data pointing to the double-strand use of ancient RNAs in the origin of the main actors in translation- tRNAs with complementary anticodons and the two classes of aaRS.
Modification of the aortic composite graft using the button-in technique

Abstract We describe a modification of the aortic composite graft procedure using a "button-in" technique. This method reduces bleeding, avoids additional graft material, and eliminates anastomotic aneurysm formation.
Protection against oxidative injury and permeability alteration in cultured alveolar epithelium by transferrin-catalase conjugate

The successful prevention of hydrogen peroxide-induced alveolar permeability alterations and cell injury by transferrin-catalase conjugate is described in this study. Permeability alterations and cell injury were induced in cultured alveolar epithelial monolayers by hydrogen peroxide. Transepithelial transport of a permeability marker, [14C] mannitol, and cellular nuclear fluorescence of a membrane integrity indicator, propidium iodide, were used to quantitate epithelial permeability and damage respectively. Hydrogen peroxide (0.1 - 10 mM) induced a dose-dependent increase in both alveolar permeability and cellular damage; however, the oxidant effect on monolayer permeability did not require prior cell damage. Electron spin resonance measurements using the spin trap 5,5-dimethyl-l-pyrroline-N-oxide indicated the formation of hydroxyl radicals in hydrogen peroxide-treated cells. Chelation of the cellular pool of iron by deferoxamine inhibited radical formation and helped protect the cells from oxidative changes. Prior treatment of the cells with catalase (0.1 U-10 U/ml) had minimal protective effects on cell injury and permeability alterations. In contrast, transferrin-catalase conjugate, at the same concentration range, exhibited much improved protective effects on the cells in response to oxidant stress. This enhanced protection was found to correlate well with an increase in cellular uptake of the enzyme conjugate via the transferrin receptor endocytosis pathway. Effective protection by the enzyme conjugate was shown to require both the antioxidant enzyme moiety and the cognate moiety for the cell surface receptor. These findings indicate the potential therapeutic merit of transferrin-catalase conjugate for the treatment of pathological processes in the lung, whenever oxidative stress is involved.
NON-ISOTHERMAL FLOWS OF NEWTONIAN SLENDER GLASS FIBERS

Abstract We perform a non-isothermal analysis of axisymmetric Newtonian slender fibers. Lubrication scaling with a small slenderness ratio e along with restrictions on other dimensionless parameters systematically derives one-dimensional approximations from the full Navier-Stokes equations. At leading-order, we formally obtain the equations of previous analyses when the parameter range is appropriate. Higher-order analyses show the effects of weak two-dimensionality when all appropriate parameters are not sufficiently small. We have also established limitations on the one-dimensional approach of previous analyses. We consider a variable heat-transfer coefficient and show its importance in accurate predictions of fiber diameter. Our analysis is a comprehensive formulation and first step towards a rigorous non-isothermal viscoelastic analysis of the fiber drawing process.
The Role of School in the Upward Mobility of Disadvantaged Immigrants' Children

How can we explain exceptional advancement by disadvantaged immigrants' children? Extending segmented assimilation theory, this article traces the structural and relational attributes of high schools attended by young adults who reached their late twenties in 2000. Hypotheses are derived from theories in sociology of education and tested with four waves of data from the National Educational Longitudinal Study (NELS). The authors offer three major findings. First, an overwhelming majority of disadvantaged students attend public schools; some relational attributes are typical in public schools attended by disadvantaged students. Second, children's upward mobility is shaped by the structural and relational attributes of their high schools. Most school effects are the same for disadvantaged and advantaged youngsters, and student-educator bonds and curriculum structure have even stronger positive effects for the disadvantaged. Finally, mobility patterns differ widely among Chinese, Mexicans, and whites. Mexicans are less likely to be exposed to favorable school attributes.
A General Adaptive Observer Structure Subject to Unmodeled Dynamics

A very general adaptive observer structure of Kreisselmeier is analyzed for the case in which unmodeled dynamics are present.
GEOGRAPHY, HISTORY, AND THE AMERICAN POLITICAL ECONOMY. Edited by John Heppen and Samuel M. Otterstrom.

(2010). Geography, History, and the American Political Economy. Edited by John Heppen and Samuel M. Otterstrom. Geographical Review: Vol. 100, No. 4, pp. 615-617.
Continuous-wave infrared laser spectrometer based on difference frequency generation in AgGaS 2 for high-resolution spectroscopy

A high-resolution cw spectrometer based on difference frequency generation (DFG) in a 20-mm-long AgGaS2 crystal pumped by two stabilized single-frequency cw dye–Ti:sapphire lasers is described. Experiments performed with a Rhodamine 6G and DCM dye laser combination pumped by a 20-W argon laser are reported. Informed radiation is generated from 7 to 9 μm with an ultranarrow linewidth (<0.5 MHz) and an output power 1 μW by making use of 90° type I phase matching. The performance of the DFG laser spectrometer is evaluated by using a portion of the ν2 band of NH3 near 1177 cm−1.
A harmonic rejection mixer robust to RF device mismatches

Harmonic rejection (HR) mixers are key building blocks in wideband receivers such as TV tuners and software-defined radio receivers employing low-IF or direct downconversion. In TV tuners, in-band HR in excess of 72dB is desired. A mixer capable of high harmonic-rejection ratio (HRR) is needed to relax the requirements on pre-mixer RF filters, which are expensive and bulky. HRR for conventional HR mixers [1] is limited by mismatches amongst devices operating at RF frequencies (shown in Fig. 3.8.1). Reducing mismatches by increasing device area to achieve high HRR comes at a severe cost of power, area and RF bandwidth. This matching requirement at RF frequencies limits the achievable HRR to be only between 30 and 40dB [2,3]. Recently, two-stage HR mixers have been proposed [4]. While [4] has reduced gain errors, phase errors that limit the achievable HRR are still determined by device matching at RF frequencies.
Characterization of the Pharmacological-Sensitivity Profile of Neoglycoprotein-Induced Acrosome Reaction in Mouse Spermatozoa

Mammalian spermatozoa undergo the acrosome reaction (AR) in response to the interaction of a carbohydrate-recognizing molecule(s) on the sperm plasma membrane (sperm surface receptor) and its complementary glycan (ligand) moiety(ies) on the zona pellucida (ZP). Previously, we demonstrated that a hexose (mannose) or two amino sugars (glucosaminyl or galactosaminyl residues) when covalently conjugated to a protein backbone (neoglycoproteins) mimicked the mouse ZP3 glycoprotein and induced the AR in capacitated mouse spermatozoa (Loeser and Tulsiani, Biol Reprod 1999; 60:94-101). To elucidate the mechanism underlying sperm-neoglycoprotein interaction and the induction of the AR, we have examined the effect of several AR blockers on neoglycoprotein-induced AR. Our data demonstrate that two known L-type Ca(2+) channel blockers prevented the induction of the AR by three neoglycoproteins (mannose-BSA, N-acetylglucosamine-BSA, and N-acetylgalactosamine-BSA). The fact that the L-type Ca(2+) channel blockers (verapamil, diltiazem) had no inhibitory effect on sperm surface galactosyltransferase or alpha-D-mannosidase, two carbohydrate-recognizing enzymes thought to be sperm surface receptors, suggests that the reagents block the AR by a mechanism other than binding to the active site of the enzymes.
Addressing the Needs of the Homeless: A San José Library Partnership Approach

Describes an urban joint-use library's approaches to library programs for homeless children, teens, and adults as well as agencies the library could partner with. Proposes that libraries put more effort into reaching out to the homeless community instead of assuming the normal expectation that people will come to the library.
Epidemiology of Diastolic Heart Failure

Heart failure (HF) is a major public health problem. Clinical studies suggest that a significant proportion of patients with HF have preserved ejection fraction, a clinical syndrome commonly referred to as diastolic HF (DHF). One of the purposes of epidemiological studies is to identify unmet public health needs in a population and to quantify the magnitude of the problem in a manner that is free from the referral bias inherent in clinical studies. We review current epidemiological data estimating the prevalence of DHF, highlight the challenges posed by existing data, and suggest focus for future studies on the epidemiology of DHF. We limited the review to studies that met our definition of population-based studies (eg, studies drawing participants from a defined community or all consecutive referrals to a health facility that is the sole provider to a defined community). Studies relevant to the epidemiology of each stage of DHF (American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association stages A-D) were reviewed. These epidemiological studies clearly define the magnitude of this health care problem and underscore the urgent need for studies elucidating the natural history, pathophysiology, and optimal diagnostic and management strategy for this extremely common clinical syndrome.
Substructures in Silicate Glasses

Glass compositions are correlated with published data for refractive index, specific volume, and fluidity, which indicate the presence of different structural types in silicate glasses. These structural types are shown to be uniquely related to the composition areas of primary crystallization phase fields. It is suggested that these different structural types are to be understood as silicate framework structures or “substructures” in which other appropriate cations may be accommodated. The described data relations definitely establish the presence of different recognizable substructures in silicate glasses but do not permit judgments on their detailed characteristics.
Soot & Acid Control in Diesel Lubricating Systems

Soot and combustion by-products are acidic and create serious challenges for the buffers in engine lubricating oil additive packages. Diesel engines, utilized in a wide variety of operating modes, have shown that the Neutralization Number (NN) of the engine oil can decrease below the Total Base Number (TBN) threshold of 2.00 mg/g HCL (0.1N), which is one indicator commonly used to signal an oil change prompt. Current model engines may utilize retarded injection timing, and Exhaust Gas Re-circulation (EGR), to reduce oxides of nitrogen emissions. This configuration generates higher soot levels than an engine electronically managed for peak performance output. Soot is also abrasive, causing increased cylinder and ring wear, and can increase oil viscosity as the concentration increases. Therefore, to optimize the performance of the engine lube system, it is desirable to enhance the function of the oil additive package and remove soot as a contaminant, either of which can extend oil drain intervals and improve operational uptime.
Functional MRI Lie Detection: Too Good to be True?

Neuroscientists are now applying a 21st-century tool to an age-old question: how can you tell when someone is lying? Relying on recently published research, two start-up companies have proposed to use a sophisticated brain-imaging technique, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), to detect deception. The new approach promises significantly greater accuracy than the conventional polygraph—at least under carefully controlled laboratory conditions. But would it work in the real world? Despite some significant concerns about validity and reliability, fMRI lie detection may in fact be appropriate for certain applications. This new ability to peer inside someone9s head raises significant questions of ethics. Commentators have already begun to weigh in on many of these questions. A wider dialogue within the medical, neuroscientific, and legal communities would be optimal in promoting the responsible use of this technology and preventing abuses.
Gas-Phase Organometallic Chemistry

Studies of organometallic chemistry in the gas phase can provide substantial quantitative information regarding the interactions of transition metals with carbon centers. In this review, the techniques associated with such studies are outlined with an emphasis on guided ion beam tandem mass spectrometry. The use of this technique to measure thermodynamic information is highlighted. Periodic trends in covalent bonds between first, second and a few third row transition metals and small carbon ligands are discussed and shown to correlate with a carefully defined promotion energy. The bond energies for dative interactions between the first row transition metal ions and ethene, benzene and alkanes are also reviewed. With this thermochemical background, the reactions of atomic transition metal ions with alkanes (methane, ethane and propane) are reviewed and periodic variations in the reactivity are highlighted. An overview of our results on the effects of ancillary ligands (CO and H2O) and oxo ligands on the reactivity of transition metal centers are then provided.
Hilbert functions and applications to the estimation of subspace arrangements

This paper develops a new mathematical framework for studying the subspace-segmentation problem. We examine some important algebraic properties of subspace arrangements that are closely related to the subspace-segmentation problem. More specifically, we introduce an important class of invariants given by the Hilbert functions. We show that there exist rich relations between subspace arrangements and their corresponding Hilbert functions. We propose a new subspace-segmentation algorithm, and showcase two applications to demonstrate how the new theoretical revelation may solve subspace segmentation and model selection problems under less restrictive conditions with improved results.
Effects of wave shape on sheet flow sediment transport

[1] A two-phase model is implemented to study the effects of wave shape on the transport of coarse-grained sediment in the sheet flow regime. The model is based on balance equations for the average mass, momentum, and fluctuation energy for both the fluid and sediment phases. Model simulations indicate that the responses of the sheet flow, such as the velocity profiles, the instantaneous bed shear stress, the sediment flux, and the total amount of the mobilized sediment, cannot be fully parameterized by quasi-steady free-stream velocity and may be correlated with the magnitude of local horizontal pressure gradient (or free-stream acceleration). A net sediment flux in the direction of wave advance is obtained for both skewed and saw-tooth wave shapes typical of shoaled and breaking waves. The model further suggests that at critical values of the horizontal pressure gradient, there is a failure event within the bed that mobilizes more sediment into the mobile sheet and enhances the sediment flux. Preliminary attempts to parameterize the total bed shear stress and the total sediment flux appear promising.
Database programming in Machiavelli—a polymorphic language with static type inference

Machiavelli is a polymorphically typed programming language in the spirit of ML, but supports an extended method of type inferencing that makes its polymorphism more general and appropriate for database applications. In particular, a function that selects a field ƒ of a records is polymorphic in the sense that it can be applied to any record which contains a field ƒ with the appropriate type. When combined with a set data type and database operations including join and projection, this provides a natural medium for relational database programming. Moreover, by implementing database objects as reference types and generating the appropriate views — sets of structures with “identity” — we can achieve a degree of static type checking for object-oriented databases.
Medullary thyroid carcinoma metastatic to breast diagnosed by fine‐needle aspiration biopsy

We report a patient with a 22-yr history of medullary thyroid carcinoma in whom fine-needle aspiration biopsy of a breast mass, clinically suspected of being a primary mammary carcinoma, established the diagnosis of metastasis. This article demonstrates the importance of the use of immunocytochemical methods on fine-needle aspirates to diagnose metastases to the breast.
Thermal denaturation of nucleohistones—effects of formaldehyde reaction

Thermal denaturation of native or partially dehistonized nucleohistones shows two melting bands at 66 and 81° in 2.5 × 10−4 M EDTA, pH 8.0. These correspond to the melting of DNA segments bound by the less basic and the more basic half-molecules of histones, respectively. These two melting bands combine into a broad melting band from around 70 to 85° when these nucleohistones are pre-treated with formaldehyde. A formaldehyde reaction which fixes histones on DNA by covalent bonds account for the effect. Formaldehyde fixation also increases the melting temperature of some free DNA segments from around 42 to around 55°. This is interpreted as a result of closed or rigid boundaries between free DNA and formaldehyde-reacted histone-bound DNA segments. MgCl2 dissociates histones from DNA more effectively and leaves longer free DNA segments than does NaCl. Thermal denaturation of a formaldehyde-reacted nucleoprotein thus provides an effective tool for comparing the relative size of free DNA regions on nucleoproteins. The effect of reversible binding of ligands on helix-coil transition of DNA is descussed and found not adequate for thermal denaturation of nucleohistones.
Control of fossil‐fuel particulate black carbon and organic matter, possibly the most effective method of slowing global warming

Under the 1997 Kyoto Protocol, no control of black carbon (BC) was considered. Here, it is found, through simulations in which 12 identifiable effects of aerosol particles on climate are treated, that any emission reduction of fossil-fuel (f.f.) particulate BC plus associated organic matter (OM) may slow global warming more than may any emission reduction of CO 2 or CH 4 for a specific period. When all f.f. BC + OM and anthropogenic CO 2 and CH 4 emissions are eliminated together, the period is 25-100 years. It is also estimated that historical net global warming can be attributed roughly to greenhouse gas plus f.f. BC + OM warming minus substantial cooling by other particles. Eliminating all f.f. BC + OM could eliminate 20-45% of net warming (8-18% of total warming before cooling is subtracted out) within 3-5 years if no other change occurred. Reducing CO 2 emissions by a third would have the same effect, but after 50-200 years. Finally, diesel cars emitting continuously under the most recent U.S. and E.U. particulate standards (0.08 g/mi; 0.05 g/km) may warm climate per distance driven over the next 100+ years more than equivalent gasoline cars. Thus, fuel and carbon tax laws that favor diesel appear to promote global warming. Toughening vehicle particulate emission standards by a factor of 8 (0.01 g/ mi; 0.006 g/km) does not change this conclusion, although it shortens the period over which diesel cars warm to 13-54 years. Although control of BC + OM can slow warming, control of greenhouse gases is necessary to stop warming. Reducing BC + OM will not only slow global warming but also improve human health.
Thomas Slingsby Duncombe, the ‘Member for All England’: Representing the Non-voter in the Chartist Decade

Building on new interest in the Chartists’ attempts to elect their own representatives to Parliament, this essay analyses the methods and strategies through which a Member of Parliament might adopt, and virtually represent, a non-voter constituency. While in many ways Thomas Slingsby Duncombe fits the mould of the gentleman leader in popular politics, unlike many other MPs whose careers briefly intersected with the agendas of the Chartists and other working people, Thomas Slingsby Duncombe explicitly called himself a Chartist. He served his non-voter constituency, Chartists and members of the working classes, by acting as the recognized conduit to Parliament for their petitions and ideas, by travelling the country participating in dialogic communication with non-voters, by maintaining a consistent voting record on issues of interest to the working classes, and, most intriguingly, by crossing class boundaries to serve as a physical representative to the National Central Registration and Election Committee ...
Conditional sojourn time moments in the finite capacity GI/M/1 queue with processor-sharing service

We treat the GI/M/1 queue with a processor-sharing server, in the heavy traffic case. Using perturbation methods, we construct asymptotic expansions for the conditional sojourn time distribution of a tagged customer conditioned on the tagged customer's service time. The resulting approximation is simple in form and involves only the first three moments of the interarrival time distribution.
Evaluation of an electrostatic particle ionization technology for decreasing airborne pathogens in pigs.

Influenza A virus (IAV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and Staphylococcus aureus are important swine pathogens capable of being transmitted via aerosols. The electrostatic particle ionization system (EPI) consists of a conductive line that emits negative ions that charge particles electrically resulting in the settling of airborne particles onto surfaces and potentially decreasing the risk of pathogen dissemination. The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of the EPI system on the quantity and viability of IAV, PRRSV, PEDV and S. aureus in experimentally generated aerosols and in aerosols generated by infected animals. Efficiency at removing airborne particles was evaluated as a function of particle size (ranging from 0.4 to 10 µm), distance from the source of ions (1, 2 and 3 m) and relative air humidity (RH 30 vs. 70 %). Aerosols were sampled with the EPI system “off” and “on.” Removal efficiency was significantly greater for all pathogens when the EPI line was the closest to the source of aerosols. There was a greater reduction for larger particles ranging between 3.3 and 9 µm, which varied by pathogen. Overall airborne pathogen reduction ranged between 0.5 and 1.9 logs. Viable pathogens were detected with the EPI system “on,” but there was a trend to reducing the quantity of viable PRRSV and IAV. There was not a significant effect on the pathogens removal efficiency based on the RH conditions tested. In summary, distance to the source of ions, type of pathogen and particle size influenced the removal efficiency of the EPI system. The reduction in infectious agents in the air by the EPI technology could potentially decrease the microbial exposure for pigs and people in confinement livestock facilities.
Cysteine in Jensen's Sarcoma:

Conclusion(1) Cysteine hydrochloride, when injected directly into Jensen's sarcoma in the white rat, will cause necrosis and tumor-regression. (2) Animals in which tumor-regression has occurred after the use of cysteine hydrochloride are immune to further inoculation of the same strain of rat sarcoma.
Growth and nitrogen fixation ofAeschynomene under water stressed conditions

Studies on the tolerance ofAeschynomene americana L. to periods of flooding or soil moisture deficit were conducted in an attempt to elucidate nitrogen fixation as affected by soil moisture. Nitrogenase activity was not reduced significantly in pot-grown Aeschynomene plants subjected to flooding in greenhouse conditions. After 20 days of withholding water from the soil, nitrogenase activities of the drought-stressed plants were much lower than those of either the well-watered or flooded plants. Leaf water potentials were similar in flooded and control plants; however, the droughted plants had leaf water potentials that were 4 bars lower than those of the control plants. Aeschynomene plants were tolerant to long-term periods of flooding, but exhibited a reduction in nitrogenase activity and leaf water status when subjected to soil moisture deficits.
Compressional And Shear Wave Seismic Refraction Tomography At Success Dam, Porterville, California

Success Dam is an earthen embankment located near Porterville, Calif., and is of interest due to earthquake-related collapse potential. In order to characterize the geologic setting of the current dam and to help guide planning for a replacement dam, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, has undertaken a multi-method geophysical investigation of the site. The seismic component of this investigation consists of three transects, each with compressional (P) and horizontally polarized shear (S) wave coverage. Along each transect, we calculated tomographic velocity models of P-wave velocity (Vp) and S-wave velocity (Vs). These velocity models agree with available well information and show the transition from unconsolidated sediment at the surface to consolidated sedimentary rock to crystalline basement at depth. Weak zones such as soft sand in the upper sediments and highly weathered/fractured rock are manifested as low-velocity zones. Because Swave velocity is closely tied to engineering properties such as shear strength, low-velocity zones in the S-wave velocity models are of particular interest. We identify several zones of concern using calculated Vp/Vs ratios and Poisson’s ratio; these results will be used to guide future plans at the site.
High temperature and low pressure chemical vapor deposition of silicon nitride on AlGaN: Band offsets and passivation studies

In this work, we employed X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to determine the band offsets and interface Fermi level at the heterojunction formed by stoichiometric silicon nitride deposited on AlxGa1-xN (of varying Al composition “x”) via low pressure chemical vapor deposition. Silicon nitride is found to form a type II staggered band alignment with AlGaN for all Al compositions (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) and present an electron barrier into AlGaN even at higher Al compositions, where Eg(AlGaN) > Eg(Si3N4). Further, no band bending is observed in AlGaN for x ≤ 0.6 and a reduced band bending (by ∼1 eV in comparison to that at free surface) is observed for x > 0.6. The Fermi level in silicon nitride is found to be at 3 eV with respect to its valence band, which is likely due to silicon (≡Si0/−1) dangling bonds. The presence of band bending for x > 0.6 is seen as a likely consequence of Fermi level alignment at Si3N4/AlGaN hetero-interface and not due to interface states. Photoelectron spectroscopy results are corroborated by current-voltage-temperature and capacitance-voltage measurements. A shift in the interface Fermi level (before band bending at equilibrium) from the conduction band in Si3N4/n-GaN to the valence band in Si3N4/p-GaN is observed, which strongly indicates a reduction in mid-gap interface states. Hence, stoichiometric silicon nitride is found to be a feasible passivation and dielectric insulation material for AlGaN at any composition.
The Slotted Antler Points from Trail Creek Caves, Alaska: New Information on Their Age and Technology

Despite their occurrences in Siberian and Alaskan late Pleistocene and early Holocene archaeological sites, we know little about the temporal and geographic variability of slotted osseous projectile points. Here we present the results of an analysis of seven slotted antler points from Trail Creek Cave 2 on the Seward Peninsula in western Alaska. The points are morphologically uniform in that they are small and symmetrical. Three concordant AMS 14C radiocarbon ages obtained on gelatin with calibrated median probabilities ranging from 11,350 to 11,257 calendar years ago suggest their manufacture and use during the earliest Holocene. A fourth point yielded a calibrated median probability of 10,335 calendar years ago, suggesting the cave saw reuse, which is consistent with Helge Larsen’s original contention. The analysis provides a benchmark for understanding the temporal context of the small form of slotted points found in Alaska’s early record, which are often referred to as ‘arrowheads'.
Analysis of Related Factors of Prognosis of Severe Viral Encephalitis in Children

Objective:To investigate the related risk factors of prognosis in children with severe viral encephalitis.Method:150 patients with severe viral encephalitis in children were divided into good prognosis group (A group)and poor prognosis group (B group) according to the prognosis result,the clinical data were retrospectively analyzed.Result:Progression of Group B was faster than that of group A.Level of consciousness that Glasgow score was lower than that of group A,the time of disturbance of consciousness,the heating time,seizure duration was longer than those of group A.The ratio of mental behavior,the injury of cranial nerve and brainstem,the EEG abnormality and the MRI abnormality were higher than those of group A.The difference were statistically significant( P 0.05).Conclusion:The risk of poor prognosis in children with viral encephalitis complicated and diversified factors,we should pay more attention to it and comprehensive treatment of active and orderly.
Juvenile Nasopharyngeal Angiofibroma (JNA)

Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma (JNA) is a rare, histologically benign skull base tumor that develops in adolescents and young adults, almost exclusively in males.