cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Safety, Cost, and Clinical Considerations for the Use of Premixed Parenteral Nutrition

Premixed parenteral nutrition (PN) can be used for PN therapy in place of traditional compounded or customized PN. Premixed PN may have a number of advantages over compounded PN such as decreased costs, decreased compounding time, reduced chance for error, and reduced incidence of bloodstream infections. However, premixed PN may not be appropriate for all patients and may have other additional costs associated with its use. This article discusses the data available with regard to the use of premixed PN, focusing on the potential advantages and disadvantages of using premixed PN, and also discusses the implementation of premixed PN in a large tertiary cancer center.
Maximum thermomagnetic figure of merit of two-band, multivalley semiconductors

Abstract The general equations are derived for the transport of electrical charge and energy in an anisotropic multiband, multi-energy-extremum semiconductor or semimetal. These are applied to compute the transverse thermomagnetic figure of merit for two-band (one conduction plus one valence band) material. The dimensionless adiabatic thermomagnetic figure of merit, Z t a T , approaches a maximum value of about 10–20β y for an intrinsic semimetal with about a 0–5 kT overlap of the conduction and valence band as the magnetic-field strength increases indefinitely. The quantity β y is a generalized Chasmar and Stratton type of dimensionless material parameter that is a function of the density-of-states masses of electrons and holes, the lattice thermal conductivity, the partial mobilities associated with transport in the principal directions of the constant-energy ellipsoids in the neighborhoods of the various band extrema in wave-number vector space, and the orientations of the principal axes of the various ellipsoids with respect to the rectangular coordinate system corresponding to the case of mutually orthogonal magnetic field, electric current and temperature-gradient directions. Criteria for improved thermomagnetic materials are discussed.
Necessary conditions for the linear three level programming problem

The multilevel programming problem (MLPP) conceptually extends the basic Stackelberg game to p players and can thus be used as a model for a variety of hierarchical systems in which sequential planning is the norm. This paper first develops the rational reaction sets for each of the players and then states the geometric properties of the linear MLPP. Next, first order necessary conditions are derived and the problem recast as a standard nonlinear program. A cutting plane algorithm employing a vertex search procedure at each iteration is proposed to solve the linear 3-level case. An example is given to highlight the results.
Treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis.

ith the evolution of effective chemotherapeutic regimens in the past 30 years, the treatment of tuberculosis has changed from inpatient management with generally poor results to outpatient onented therapy with almost uniform success.' The modem era in treatment began in 1946 with the reports of success of streptomycin (SM) and paraarninosalicylic acid (PAS) in treating the disea~e.~.~ When isoniazid (INH) became available in 1952 it became possible with multiple drug therapy to bring most cases into a state of clinical and bacteriologic remission within a matter of month^.^ However, despite the success of drug therapy, patients were still kept confined for many months in tuberculosis sanitoria, with resulting unnecessary costs and social
Finding a Home away from Home: Effects of Immigrants on Firms’ Foreign Location Choice and Performance

Using data from a sample of foreign subsidiaries established in the U.S. by firms from 27 countries between 1998 and 2003, this study examines the relationship between immigrants and the foreign ex...
A methodological note on direct tests of the effectiveness of positional cues in serial learning

In direct tests of the effectiveness of cues that can be ordered conceptually along some dimension such as spatial or ordinal position, S is presented with a test cue and asked to respond with an item from the corresponding position in the serial list. Although it is assumed that S uses only the test cue to mediate recall, it is possible that he is able to locate the correct response by covertly reciting and counting a sequence of items from the list. Three groups of 13 Ss were used to show that a recitation confounding can occur, and that it can be eliminated with instructions and a 3 sec response time-limit. The results also showed that the test method is a consistent measuring device over different degrees of acquisition.
MicroSeal systems and modified technique

The MicroSeal technique was introduced in 1996 and consists of a nickel-titanium (NiTi) spreader, a NiTi condenser, a gutta percha heater, a gutta percha syringe, and a special formulation of gutta percha available in cones or in cartridges. It is considered a thermomechanical compaction technique that uses a rotary instrument to plasticize the gutta percha and move it within the root canal apically and laterally. The MicroSeal technique together with the author's modifications may be a very important tool in the hands of the endodontist. The MicroSeal system is able to preserve a conservative preparation and provide an adequate penetration by the obturation instruments in the apical third. Knowledge of the technique's indications and limitations represents an important step in the learning curve for those practitioners who are willing to incorporate a new obturation method into their clinical techniques.
Note on Adjustments to Analysts' Earnings Forecasts Based Upon Systematic Cross-Sectional Components of Prior-Period Errors

This study assesses the effectiveness of using systematic components of cross-sectional forecast errors from prior years in order to adjust current analysts' earnings forecasts. The empirical results document that a significant component of the cross-sectional MSE in analysts' forecasts is systematic, and that parameter estimates from earlier periods enable the elimination of a substantial portion of the systematic errors in current forecasts. Further improvements in forecast accuracy are attained by the incorporation of prior-year excess security returns in order to reduce unsystematic error.
A Study of Rent

THE PURPOSE OF THIS BOOK1 as stated in the preface is "to trace the origin and development of the theory of land-rent, to reappraise the conclusions of contemporary economics, and to test the current assumptions and analysis with an up-to-date measure of land-rent." These are topics that will interest students of the development of economic doctrine, as well as the advocates of land value taxation. The project, incidentally, received financial support from the Lincoln Foundation. The late Joseph Lincoln created that Foundation in 1947 with the objective of teaching, expounding, and propagating the ideas of Henry George. The study is organized in two parts. Part I covers the development of the theory of economic rent from the early seventeenth century to the present time. This is a topic which has been covered by many other authors but a fresh approach is welcome. The political implications of rent theory are stressed, and the political motives of those who developed this theory are noted. The authors give credit to James Anderson as the first to present the modern theory of differential land-rent. His presentation took the form of a footnote in a pamphlet published in 1777 defending the corn laws of Scotland. Critics of the corn laws had charged that high agricultural prices were the result of high rent. To refute this charge Anderson added a footnote to his text in which he expounded the theory that prices of agricultural products determine the rent of land and not the reverse. Thus, in small type, the modern theory of land-rent was born. A generation later, David Ricardo and Sir Edward West developed independently the same idea, but the theory of land-rent now became the basis for attacks on the corn laws. The opposing policy recommendations are explained by the assumption of historically decreasing returns in the West-Ricardo version but not in Anderson's work.
MamK, a bacterial actin, forms dynamic filaments in vivo that are regulated by the acidic proteins MamJ and LimJ.

Bacterial actins, in contrast to their eukaryotic counterparts, are highly divergent proteins whose wideranging functions are thought to correlate with their evolutionary diversity. One clade, represented by the MamK protein of magnetotactic bacteria, is required for the subcellular organization of magnetosomes, membrane-bound organelles that aid in navigation along the earth’s magnetic field. Using a fluorescence recovery after photobleaching assay in Magnetospirillum magneticum AMB-1, we find that, like traditional actins, MamK forms dynamic filaments that require an intact NTPase motif for their turnover in vivo. We also uncover two proteins, MamJ and LimJ, which perform a redundant function to promote the dynamic behaviour of MamK filaments in wild-type cells. The absence of both MamJ and LimJ leads to static filaments, a disrupted magnetosome chain, and an anomalous build-up of cytoskeletal filaments between magnetosomes. Our results suggest that MamK filaments, like eukaryotic actins, are intrinsically stable and rely on regulators for their dynamic behaviour, a feature that stands in contrast to some classes of bacterial actins characterized to date.
Muscle use during dynamic knee extension: implication for perfusion and metabolism

Dynamic one-legged knee extension (DKE) is commonly used to examine physiological responses to “aerobic” exercise. Muscle blood flow during DKE is often expressed relative to quadriceps femoris mus...
Social, Cultural, Economical, and Practical Factors

• Throughout the centuries, people from different parts of the world have developed eating habits that by experience have proven beneficial for the type of foods available and health and well-being of that culture.
Automated 3D closed surface segmentation: application to vertebral body segmentation in CT images

A fully automated segmentation algorithm, progressive surface resolution (PSR), is presented in this paper to determine the closed surface of approximately convex blob-like structures that are common in biomedical imaging. The PSR algorithm was applied to the cortical surface segmentation of 460 vertebral bodies on 46 low-dose chest CT images, which can be potentially used for automated bone mineral density measurement and compression fracture detection. The target surface is realized by a closed triangular mesh, which thereby guarantees the enclosure. The surface vertices of the triangular mesh representation are constrained along radial trajectories that are uniformly distributed in 3D angle space. The segmentation is accomplished by determining for each radial trajectory the location of its intersection with the target surface. The surface is first initialized based on an input high confidence boundary image and then resolved progressively based on a dynamic attraction map in an order of decreasing degree of evidence regarding the target surface location. For the visual evaluation, the algorithm achieved acceptable segmentation for 99.35 % vertebral bodies. Quantitative evaluation was performed on 46 vertebral bodies and achieved overall mean Dice coefficient of 0.939 (with max $$=$$ 0.957, min $$=$$ 0.906 and standard deviation $$=$$ 0.011) using manual annotations as the ground truth. Both visual and quantitative evaluations demonstrate encouraging performance of the PSR algorithm. This novel surface resolution strategy provides uniform angular resolution for the segmented surface with computation complexity and runtime that are linearly constrained by the total number of vertices of the triangular mesh representation.
RESPONSE OF RABBIT AORTIC STRIPS UNDER PULSED-TENSION TO CATECHOLAMINES.

SummaryA technique for studying the pharmacology of vascular smooth muscle has been described. This technique utilizes pulsed tension rather than the static tension customarily employed and has permitted the following observations: Contraction responses to the catecholamines have shown accelerated onset and recovery with increased uniformity of response. A differential sensitivity to norepinephrine has been shown to exist in segments taken from different parts of the same aorta. A progressive reduction in sensitivity to norepinephrine was observed from the arch to the origin of the superior mesenteric artery.
Cultural Values do Correlate with Consumer Behavior

Empirical evidence is provided to support the general theory that culture is a determinant of certain aspects of consumer behavior. Value dimensions developed to study the cultural orientations wit...
Fibrinogen receptor exposure and aggregation of human blood platelets produced by ADP and chilling.

Abstract ADP-induced platelet aggregation is associated with the specific binding of fibrinogen to receptors. Since fibrinogen is also a cofactor for the spontaneous aggregation of chilled human platelets during rewarming, we examined the ability of these platelets to bind purified 126l-labeled fibrinogen. Specific binding similar to ADP-induced binding at room temperature was observed after the platelets had been chilled for 20 min at 0–2°C. Aggregation, however, occurred only when the ambient temperature was increased and was followed within 15–30 sec by loss of most of the bound fibrinogen and disaggregation. ADP- and cold-induced fibrinogen binding and aggregation were inhibited by 0.3 µM PGE“ 1 mM dibutyryl cyclic AMP, and 2.5 mM EDTA, unaffected by 208 µM colchicine, and absent from thrombasthenic platelets. Platelets change shape from discs to spiny spheres when they are exposed to ADP or cold. PGE1 and dibutyryl cyclic AMP prevented the shape change induced by ADP but not by chilling. Shape change, fibrinogen binding, and aggregation induced by ADP. but not by chilling, were inhibited by incubating platelets with 7.3 µM antimycin A and 4.9 mM 2-deoxy-D-glucose. Fixed platelets bound fibrinogen only if they were exposed to ADP before fixation but they failed to aggregate. Studies with fixed platelets showed that EDTA and a low pH prevent the interaction of fibrinogen with exposed receptors, whereas platelets stimulated with ADP in the absence of divalent cations or at low pH prior to fixation bound fibrinogen at physiologic pH, and this binding was inhibited by EDTA. The present studies provide the following clues about the requirements for fibrinogen receptor exposure and platelet aggregation. (1) ADP and chilling activate platelets by exposing fibrinogen receptors via a common pathway that is blocked by elevating cyclic AMP. (2) Chilling can bypass the seemingly ATP-dependent step for ADP-induced fibrinogen receptor exposure. (3) Receptor exposure by both ADP and chilling is independent of platelet shape. (4) Increased cyclic AMP inhibits the shape change induced by ADP but not that caused by chilling. (5) EDTA and low pH prevent aggregation by interfering with the binding of fibrinogen to exposed receptors. (6) Receptor mobility may be as important as fibrinogen binding in supporting platelet aggregation.
Modeling Interaction in Nanowire Growth Process Toward Improved Yield

Research on nanowire growth with patterned arrays of catalyst has shown that wire-to-wire spacing is an important factor affecting nanowire quality. To improve the process yield and the length uniformity of fabricated nanowires, it is important to reduce the resource competition between nanowires during the growth process. In this paper, we propose a physical-statistical nanowire-interaction model considering the shadowing effect and shared substrate diffusion area to determine the optimal pitch that would ensure the minimum competition between nanowires. A sigmoid function is used in the model, and the method of least squares is used to estimate the model parameters. The estimated model is then used to determine the optimal spatial arrangement of catalyst arrays. This work is an early attempt at the physical-statistical modeling of selective nanowire growth for the improvement of process yield.
Experiences in ototoxic investigations in aminoglycoside antibiotics

Aminoglycoside antibiotics(AmAn) are commonly used extensively throughout the world because of their low cost and capability to kill a broad spectrum of bacteria. However, the ototoxic and nephrotoxic effects of AmAn become main adverse reaction. The mechanisms involved in AmAn accumulation in the cochlear hair cells mainly in the mitochondria and lysosome. The toxic effects of AmAn appear to be mediated in part by the generation of reactive oxygen species that can disrupt membranes and biochemical processes within the hair cell. Local or systemic delivery of drugs that scavenge reactive oxygen species may provide a clinically viable approach for preventing AmAn ototoxicity. Calcium-activated proteinase is also play a role in AmAn induced hair cell degeneration which can be suppressed by calpain inhibitors. Acute AmAn induced hair cell death occurs mainly by apoptosis, which bind and damage mitochondria, lead to the release of cytochrome c into the cytoplasm, then turn on activates initiator caspase-9 followed by executioner caspase-3. In contrast, long term systemic treatment of AmAn induced cochlear hair cell lesion involved in either apoptosis or necrosis. In AmAn induced hair cell necrosis, the overloading and rupture of lysosome result in cell autolysis. AmAn does not damage spiral ganglion neurons directly, but a delayed neuron death frequently occurs after hair cell missing due to lacking neurotrophins. Neurotrophic gene transfections were efficaciously for spiral ganglion survival.
Overview and Cause Analysis on Icing of Transmission Lines in North Guangdong

Shaoguan and Qingyuan locate in overlay area of Nanling stationary front formed by joining between subtropical warm-moist air flow and strong cold air from the north,hence supercooled water in the condensation layer is rather instable and may easily be formed into rime,silver thaw or mixed-phase ice once it meets hard stuff(insulator,for example).The paper expounds and analyzes climate characteristics,icing,formation mechanism of icing and causes for ice flashover in north Guangdong power grid since year 2008 to improve anti ice flashover of transmission and transformation lines in north Guangdong and guarantee stable operation of power system.
Nebulized lidocaine before nasogastric tube insertion reduced patient discomfort but increased risk for nasal bleeding.

Source Citation Cullen L, Taylor D, Taylor S, Chu K. Nebulized lidocaine decreases the discomfort of nasogastric tube insertion: a randomized, double-blind trial. Ann Emerg Med. 2004;44:131-7. 15278085
The Clinical Assessment of Memory Disorders

In the past 25 years, cognitive neuropsychologists have generated a wealth of knowledge on the nature of memory function and dysfunction. At the heart of this quest has been the search for dissociations in dichotomized memory processes. Thus, we have learned that insults to different regions of the brain may selectively disrupt such components of memory as short-term versus longterm memory, anterograde versus retrograde memory, encoding versus retrieval processes, or declarative versus procedural learning. Few researchers have contributed more to our understanding of these fascinating dissociations in different neurologic and psychiatric populations than Nelson Butters. Trained as a clinical psychologist, Nelson was one of the first researchers to embrace a cognitive science approach to the study of amnesia. Throughout his illustrious career as an experimental neuropsychologist, he never strayed from his clinical roots. He has always been a leader in incorporating the latest findings from the experimental laboratory into his clinical evaluations of patients with memory disorders. Those of us who have had the good fortune of working with Nelson, first at the Boston V.A. Medical Center, and later at the San Diego V.A. Medical Center, have often marveled at his uncanny skill in testing for subtle disruptions in specific memory processes.
Christian Signol’s Les vrais bonheurs and Michel Serres’s Biogée: Two books of joy for the modern world

The purpose of this comparative study is to probe the common threads that exist between the prose of Christian Signol and the complex, interdisciplinary philosophy of Michel Serres. Specifically, this exploration delves into the problematic nature of the timeless pursuit of happiness in the modern world, as perceived by Signol and Serres. Predicated upon their astute observations of modernity and everything that it entails for the modern subject, the authors wonder whether it is becomingly increasingly difficult to project meaning upon the absurdity of existence in what they describe to be an inauthentic, sterile space. Moreover, both writers express their disquieting anxiety related to globalization and excessive urbanization. They assert that these interrelated processes have further problematized the elusive quest for happiness at the beginning of a new millennium. However, Signol and Serres remain cautiously optimistic that it is still possible to live a meaningful and fulfilling life. In this vein, they propose pragmatic ontological solutions for healing cosmic alienation including a revitalization of the senses.
Sequence Stratigraphic Analysis of Upper Turonian and Coniacian Strata in the San Juan Basin, New Mexico, U.S.A.

This paper derives the absolute sea level history for the Late Turonian and Coniacian strata in the San Juan Basin of New Mexico. The sea level history is deduced from (a) the degree of aggradation versus progradation of coastal sandbodies, (b) paleoenvironmental interpretation of the successive depositional systems tracts, (c) location and extent of basin-margin subaerial unconformities, (d) location and extent of marine condensed sections and their associated hiatuses and (e) the presence of distinctive transgressive surfaces. Dates are assigned to this sea level history based on well-established ammonite and inoceramid zonations for the western interior and the absolute time scale of Haq and co-workers.
Post-treatment horizontal hydraulic fracture modeling with integrated chemical tracer analysis, a case study

As early as the 1950s, the need to track water in various applications, including stream water, sanitary systems, ground water, and oil field water flooding, resulted in the development of chemical tracer technologies. While the utilization of tracer technologies to track water during reservoir development is mature, the use of chemical tracers in unconventional hydraulic fracturing operations is relatively new. With the increasing use of chemical tracers in unconventional settings, questions related to the proper execution, interpretation, and integration of chemical tracer tests arise. The first part of this research discusses the design and analysis of a tracer study conducted in a section of the Wattenberg Field, Colorado. The results of the tracer study showed that the preferential direction of cross-well tracer flow during hydraulic fracturing reflected the order of completion rather than the geology. However, large geologic features, such as a faulted graben, can facilitate cross-well transport of water-based chemical tracers during fracturing. Minor faults between wells can facilitate cross-well transport of oil-based chemical tracers during production. Furthermore, the percentage of recovered tracers from different intervals along the wellbore varies, which can reflect the contribution of that interval to the net production. Based on the analysis, suggestions on how to conduct a tracer study to obtain high-quality data are provided. The second part of this research shows how the results of the tracer study can be integrated into a post-treatment hydraulic fracturing model to evaluate production efficiency. Using the fractional production flowback results from the chemical tracer study, hydraulic fractures were calibrated to match the fractional production from each interval. The fracture model provides insight into what the hydraulic fractures look like, potential communication avenues for the chemical tracers, and production efficiency.
A new concurrent SLM algorithm for STBC MIMO-OFDM systems

One main disadvantage of MIMO-OFDM is that the signals transmitted on different antennas might exhibit a prohibitively large peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR). In this paper, a low complexity concurrent selective mapping algorithm is proposed to solve the problem. A new criterion of minimum maximum (minmax) is proposed, by which the proposed algorithm achieves much better PAPR performance. Moreover, it is proved that the conjugate symbols on two antennas have the same PAPR property with orthogonal space-time block coded (STBC). By using the characteristic, the computational complexity cost and the side information (SI) is significantly reduced compared with the concurrent SLM algorithm. Simulation results demonstrate that the performance of the proposed algorithm outperforms the conventional concurrent SLM algorithm.
Performance of Murine Soluble Thrombomodulin (rmsTM) in a Murine Model of Endotoxin-Induced Sepsis.

Abstract The endothelial surface protein thrombomodulin (TM) generates activated protein C (aPC) that protects from sepsis-related DIC, vascular inflammation, and apoptosis. The purpose of this study is to evaluate a novel recombinant mouse soluble TM (Eli Lilly, Indianapolis, IN) in a murine lethal endotoxin (LPS) sepsis model to determine both kinetic and survival endpoints. A dose effective in rodent reperfusion studies was employed in this sepsis model (D. Berg, Eli Lilly). C57BL6 mice were injected concomitantly with rmsTM 5 mg/kg (s.c.) and LPS 14 ug/g (i.p.) at time zero. Plasma concentrations were determined from citrated plasma at 3, 12, 24, and 48 hr, and plasma rmsTM concentrations were determined by ELISA. In vitro determinations of mouse aPC amidolytic activity and rmsTM dependent fibrinogen clotting time assays utilized rmsTM, murine thrombin, fibrinogen, and Protein C (Enzyme Research Labs). The in-vivo time-dependent mouse plasma kinetic studies confirmed plasma concentrations comparable to that achieved in human sTM antithrombotic studies. Thus, an rmsTM dose of 5 mg/kg was chosen for the 7-day LPS survival study (20% survival model). Twenty age-and weight-matched male C57BL6 mice, age 8–14 weeks, were treated with LPS 14 ug/g or LPS and rmsTM, 5 mg/kg, s.c. Survival curves were analyzed by Wilcoxon rank sum test (power 80%, alpha 2.5, p
A collision resolution algorithm for random access channels using multiple transmission levels

Networks with random access protocols offer a fair access to all users, they also show a robustness towards node failures. These features make them an attractive solution for computer applications. A vast amount of present day networks work under this scheme, being Ethernet one of the most significant technological contributions in this area. Collision Resolution Protocols are a special kind of random access schemes, offering the advantage that stability of the network is guaranteed, provided that the average packet input rate does not exceed a given limit.
Synthesis of Azobenzenes Using N-Chlorosuccinimide and 1,8-Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU)

A convenient method for the synthesis of symmetrical azobenzenes is reported. This one-step procedure involves treatment of anilines with N-chlorosuccinimide (NCS) and organic base 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU). A wide range of commercially available substituted anilines readily participate in this reaction to produce the corresponding azobenzenes in moderate-to-excellent yields in minutes.
Psychometric evaluation of a motor control test battery of the craniofacial region

The primary objective of this study was to determine the structural and known-group validity as well as the inter-rater reliability of a test battery to evaluate the motor control of the craniofacial region. Seventy volunteers without TMD and 25 subjects with TMD (Axes I) per the DC/TMD were asked to execute a test battery consisting of eight tests. The tests were video-taped in the same sequence in a standardised manner. Two experienced physical therapists participated in this study as blinded assessors. We used exploratory factor analysis to identify the underlying component structure of the eight tests. Internal consistency (Cronbach's α), inter-rater reliability (intra-class correlation coefficient) and construct validity (ie, hypothesis testing-known-group validity) (receiver operating curves) were also explored for the test battery. The structural validity showed the presence of one factor underlying the construct of the test battery. The internal consistency was excellent (0.90) as well as the inter-rater reliability. All values of reliability were close to 0.9 or above indicating very high inter-rater reliability. The area under the curve (AUC) was 0.93 for rater 1 and 0.94 for rater two, respectively, indicating excellent discrimination between subjects with TMD and healthy controls. The results of the present study support the psychometric properties of test battery to measure motor control of the craniofacial region when evaluated through videotaping. This test battery could be used to differentiate between healthy subjects and subjects with musculoskeletal impairments in the cervical and oro-facial regions. In addition, this test battery could be used to assess the effectiveness of management strategies in the craniofacial region.
Mathematical modeling physiological effects of the overexpression of β2-adrenoceptors in mouse ventricular myocytes

We developed a new mathematical model for transgenic mouse ventricular myocytes overexpressing β2-adrenoceptors that describes the experimental findings in transgenic mice. The model reveals mechan...
Issues in Traffic Control and Performance Management

In this section, we will discuss various issues associated with maintaining the quality of service expected by the different types of telecommunication traffic which may be present in an integrated, multimedia network. The ATM network is expected to support several types of variable and continuous bit rate traffic having a broad range of bandwidth needs. Both low-rate voice and high-rate video services must be supported, along with transfer of short-duration bursty data files and long-duration bursty image files. The average and peak rates of the bursty traffic may range over a wide extent. Different types of traffic will have different delivery needs (allowable delay or latency, permissible frequency with which information might be misdelivered or lost). A network which is optimized for one type of traffic might be providing a quality of service which is inappropriate for other types of traffic.
Link Analysis in Web Information Retrieval.

The analysis of the hyperlink structure of the web has led to significant improvements in web information retrieval. This survey describes two successful link analysis algorithms and the state-of-the art of the field.
In Situ Imaging of Tryptic Peptides by MALDI Imaging Mass Spectrometry Using Fresh-Frozen or Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded Tissue

Tryptic peptide imaging is a primary workflow for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI IMS) and has led to new information reporting highly multiplexed protein localization. Technological advances within the last few years have produced robust tools for automated spraying of both matrix and enzymes. When combined with high-mass-resolution and high-mass-accuracy instrumentation, studies now generally result in two-dimensional mapping of well over 1,000 peptide peaks. This protocol describes sample preparation, spraying, and application of enzymes and matrices, and MALDI FT-ICR instrumental considerations for two-dimensional mapping of tryptic peptides from fresh-frozen or formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections. Procedures for extraction of tryptic peptides from tissue sections for LC-MS/MS identification are also described. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
THE ROLE OF PERIPHERAL AND CENTRAL CATECHOLAMINES IN THE REGULATION OF RENIN SECRETION

In kidney slices, catecholamines (CA) act on β-adrenergic receptors to increase renin secretion and α-adrenergic receptors to inhibit renin secretion. Stimulation of the medulla, pons, midbrain and hypothalamus increase renin secretion via the renal nerves in association with diffuse increases in sympathetic discharge. Upon injection into the third ventricle (V), clonidine produces a neurally mediated decrease in renin secretion but norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (E), phenylephrine and methoxamine increase renin secretion. This suggests the effect of clonidine in this location may be presynaptic.
Microbiome of Drinking Water Biofilters is Influenced by Environmental Factors and Engineering Decisions but has Little Influence on the Microbiome of the Filtrate

Bacterial communities in biofilters can improve drinking water quality through the biodegradation of dissolved contaminants but also pose potential risks by harboring and shedding microbes into the drinking water distribution system. In this study, pilot-scale granular activated carbon (GAC)-sand and anthracite-sand pilot-scale biofilters were investigated to determine the effects of filter design and operation on the microbiome of the filter media and its relationship to the microbiome in the filter effluent water. Bacterial abundance in the biofilters was relatively stable over time. Bacterial community composition exhibited spatial variation (i.e., with bed depth) and temporal variation linked to water quality changes. Bacterial community composition was significantly affected by the media type (GAC vs anthracite) and backwashing strategy (chloraminated water vs nonchloraminated water). The biofilters reduced bacterial abundance in the water (∼70%) but had only a minor effect on the bacterial community composition in the filtrate. Overall, our results suggest that the bacterial communities growing on biofilters affect filtered water quality primarily through the biotransformation of pollutants and nutrients rather than by altering the microbial community composition of the water as it passes through the filter.
Innovation in Financing Energy-Efficient and Renewable Energy Upgrades: An Evaluation of Property Assessed Clean Energy for California Residences

Objective We examine whether Property Assessed Clean Energy (PACE) programs, an innovative financing mechanism using municipal bonds to finance the up‐front cost of household energy conservation projects, reduced conventional energy purchases by residential customers and increased energy generated through residential solar panel and fuel cell installations. Methods Using data on municipal bond issuances, electricity and natural gas purchases, and self‐generated energy, we use a difference‐in‐differences design to estimate the effect of PACE bonds issued in California between 2009 and 2017 on purchases and self‐generation. Results We find more residential energy self‐generation in counties with PACE programs. Results are inconclusive for conventional energy purchases, suggesting a possible rebound effect. Conclusion While innovative financing mechanisms facilitate access to otherwise prohibitively expensive technologies, governments must consider that behavioral responses may result in lower efficacy than desired and should consider pairing financing tools with instruments that concurrently promote reduced energy consumption.
Minimally invasive hysterectomy for stage IA cervical carcinoma: a survival analysis of the National Cancer Database

Objective To evaluate the outcomes of minimally invasive surgery for patients with stage IA cervical carcinoma undergoing hysterectomy. Methods Patients with pathological stage IA (IA1, IA2, IA not otherwise specified) squamous, adenocarcinoma, adenosquamous carcinoma of the cervix, no history of another tumor, who underwent radical or simple hysterectomy with known mode of surgery, diagnosed between 2010 and 2015 with at least 1 month of follow-up, were drawn from the National Cancer Database. Comparisons of demographic and clinicopathologic characteristics were made with the χ2 test. The impact of minimally invasive surgery (robotic-assisted or traditional laparoscopic) on overall survival was assessed with the log-rank test following generation of Kaplan–Meier curves. A Cox model was constructed to control for confounders. Results A total of 1930 patients were identified; the majority (73.3%, 1414 patients) had stage IA1 disease, while 458 (23.7%) patients had stage IA2, and 58 (3%) patients had stage IA not otherwise specified. In the present cohort, 685 patients (35.5%) had open, 438 patients (22.7%) had laparoscopic, and 807 patients (41.8%) had robotic-assisted laparoscopic hysterectomy. Patients who had an open approach were more likely to undergo lymphadenectomy (58.1% vs 52.7%, p=0.021) and have radical hysterectomy (42% vs 32.4%, p Conclusions In a large cohort of patients with stage IA cervical carcinoma, performance of minimally invasive hysterectomy was not associated with a detrimental effect on overall survival.
Development and performance of an automated fecal egg count system for small ruminant strongylids.

Abstract An automated equine fecal egg count test, known as the Parasight System, was modified for use with small ruminants. Modifications included the introduction of a short centrifugation step in a floatation medium, an adjustment in pre-test sample filtering, and training of an image analysis-based egg counting algorithm to recognize and enumerate trichostrongylid eggs. In preliminary assessments, the modified method produced trichostrongylid egg counts comparable to manual McMaster analyses of the same samples from both ovine and caprine sources. The coefficient of determination (R2) for the linear correlation between McMaster and automated counts from these samples was 0.958, and there were no significant differences when comparing counts using feces from either sheep or goats. More extensive comparison utilized ovine samples split into three groups based on trichostrongylid egg content: Low (201–500 EPG), Medium (501–1000 EPG) and High (1001 or greater EPG). Each group contained 5 samples, each of which was used to produce individual slurries that were counted 8 times each using both McMaster and the automated method. This, again, showed no difference in accuracy between the techniques, but revealed significantly higher precision, as assessed by coefficients of variation (CoV), for the automated method for determining egg counts in the Low and Medium groups. The CoV of the McMaster method was 2.2, 2.5 and 1.3 times greater than the automated in the Low, Medium and High groups, respectively. Overall, the automated egg counting system showed good linear agreement with trichostrongylid egg counts determined with the McMaster method, and demonstrated significantly better precision. This technology reduces operator error and the results presented here illustrate its utility for determination of small ruminant trichostrongylid fecal egg counts.
Presence in Leukemic Cells of Avian Myeloblastosis Virus-Specific DNA Sequences Absent in Normal Chicken Cells

Abstract 3H-labeled 35S RNA from purified avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV) was exhaustively hybridized with an excess of normal chicken DNA to remove all viral RNA sequences which are complementary to DNA from uninfected cells. The [3H]RNA which failed to hybridize was isolated by hydroxylapatite column chromatography which separates DNA-RNA hybrids from single-stranded [3H]RNA. The residual RNA hybridized to leukemic chicken DNA but did not rehybridize with normal chicken DNA. This demonstrates conclusively that DNA from AMV-induced leukemic cells contain viral-specific sequences which are absent in DNA from normal cells.
Partial restoration of the keratocyte phenotype to bovine keratocytes made fibroblastic by serum.

PURPOSE: To determine whether keratocytes made fibroblastic in vitro by addition of fetal bovine serum to the medium regain the keratocyte phenotype after culture in serum-free medium. METHODS: Collagenase-isolated keratocytes from bovine corneas were plated in DMEM/F-12 containing 1% horse plasma, to allow cell attachment, and then cultured until day 4 in either DMEM/F-12 alone, to retain the keratocyte phenotype, or in DMEM containing 10% fetal bovine serum, to cause the keratocytes to become fibroblastic. Medium for the fibroblastic cells was replaced on day 4 with serum-free medium, and cells were cultured until day 12. Cell phenotypes were determined on days 4 to 5 and 11 to 12 of culture as follows: (1) by the morphologic appearance on phase-contrast microscopy; (2) by the levels of aldehyde dehydrogenase in the cells, determined by SDS-PAGE and Coomassie blue staining; (3) by the relative synthesis of collagen types I and V, determined by (14)C-proline radiolabeling; (4) by pepsin digestion and analysis of collagen types by SDS-PAGE autoradiography; (5) by relative synthesis of cornea-specific proteoglycan core proteins determined by analysis of chondroitinase- or endo-beta-galactosidase-generated radiolabeled core proteins by SDS-PAGE autoradiography; and (6) by the relative synthesis of keratan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate determined by (35)SO(4) radiolabeling and measuring the sensitivity to endo-beta-galactosidase and chondroitinase ABC. RESULTS: Keratocytes cultured in serum-free medium appeared dendritic and became fibroblastic in appearance when exposed to medium containing serum. Keratocytes and fibroblasts synthesized a similar proportion of collagen types I and V. However, compared with the keratocytes, the fibroblasts possessed no aldehyde dehydrogenase and synthesized significantly higher levels of decorin and significantly lower levels of prostaglandin D synthase (PGDS) and keratan sulfate. Subsequent culture of the fibroblasts in serum-free medium did not restore aldehyde dehydrogenase to keratocyte levels but did restore the cell morphology to a more dendritic appearance and returned the synthesis of decorin, PGDS, and keratan sulfate to keratocyte levels. CONCLUSIONS: The results of these studies indicate that primary cultures of keratocytes made fibroblastic by exposure to serum can return to their keratocyte phenotype in synthesizing extracellular matrix. These results also indicate that the differences in the organization of the collagenous matrix produced by keratocytes and fibroblasts may be related more to the different proteoglycan types than to the collagen types produced.
Fluid Flow and Fluid‐Rock Interaction Within Ocean Crust: Reconciling Geochemical, Geological, and Geophysical Observations

Fluid flow governs heat and mass transport in subseafloor hydrothermal systems and exerts control on the nature and distribution of deep microbial ecosystems in oceanic crust. We have integrated geophysical, petrographical, and geochemical data from key DSDP and ODP drill holes to assess fluid circulation pathways, fluid flow rates, and fluid-rock interaction in the oceanic lithosphere. Fluid ingress into the deep lithosphere is controlled by the development of faults and ductile shear zones, magmatic injection into the shallow crust, and downward propagation of a front of brittle fracturing into hot rock. Seawater circulation in the ridge flanks is governed by the crustal permeability structure, the availability of heat, and the existence of open pathways between the crustal aquifer and the overlying ocean. Rocks from drill holes representing basaltic crust of various ages and geological settings exhibit a uniform first-order sequence of alteration stages. An early stage of oxidative alteration and open seawater circulation is followed by restricted fluid circulation under varying conditions. Zones of high degrees of alteration often correspond to zones of high permeability, indicating that rock alteration and mineral precipitation do not completely seal the large-scale, most-permeable fluid pathways. On the scale of tens to hundreds of meters, fluid flow is controlled by the distribution of permeable lithologies: breccias, fractured pillow basalts and faults act as aquifers, while massive flows of considerable areal extent may act as fluid flow barriers. Flow boundaries, pillow margins and large cooling cracks are the main fluid conduits at the meter-scale, while at the smallest scale, micro-cracks and grain boundaries control fluid flow. Hence, fluid flow is highly channelized and only a small fraction of basement communicates with the oceans. Fluid-rock interactions away from these main fluid conduits are dominantly diffusion-controlled, making the largest fraction of basement less desirable for microorganisms that rely on supply of nutrients by circulating fluids.
Circadian Programmes in Cyanobacteria

Cyanobacteria are prokaryotes that express circadian (daily) rhythms. In rhythmic environments, the fitness of cyanobacteria is improved when this clock is operational and when its circadian period is similar to the period of the environmental cycle. In cyanobacteria, three key proteins (KaiA, KaiB and KaiC) form a core molecular clockwork that orchestrates global gene expression by modulating chromosomal topology. The three-dimensional structures of these proteins have been determined. KaiA, KaiB and KaiC form a multiprotein nanomachine that can reconstitute a circadian oscillator in vitro, and this oscillator appears to function as a post-translational oscillator (PTO) in vivo. Because this PTO regulates rhythmic transcription and translation, the entire circadian system comprises both the PTO and a transcriptional/translational feedback loop. Models of the complete in vivo system have important implications for our understanding of circadian clocks in higher organisms, including mammals. Key Concepts: Prokaryotic cyanobacteria have a circadian timekeeping system that enhances fitness. These cells exhibit pervasive circadian regulation of gene expression, possibly mediated by cyclic changes of chromosomal topology. A circadian rhythm of the phosphorylation of the central clock protein KaiC can be reconstituted in vitro with three proteins derived from cyanobacteria (KaiA, KaiB and KaiC) and ATP. KaiA, KaiB and KaiC are the only circadian clock proteins for which the 3-D structure of full-length proteins is known. Structural, biochemical and biophysical methods have been used to study the mechanism by which KaiC is rhythmically phosphorylated and dephosphorylated. Mathematical modelling that has been applied to the in vitro and in vivo systems indicate the existence of a core biochemical post-translational oscillator (PTO) that controls a larger transcription/translation feedback loop (TTFL). Keywords: biological clock; fitness; phosphorylation; protein structure; gene expression; cell division; KaiABC; in vitro oscillator
Characterization of TiB2-Ni Ceramics by Transmission and Analytical Electron Microscopy

Some of the physical properties of the transition metal diboride TiB2, especially high hardness and chemical stability, suggest use of this compound as a wear-resistant material in valve components in coal liquefaction plants and as a cutting tool material.1 The preparation of dense, single-phase, poly-crystalline bodies of this refractory compound (m.p. = ∿3253 K), however, requires a sintering temperature approaching 2300 K and is accompanied by extensive grain growth.2 In addition, experience has shown that single phase TiB2 polycrystals are relatively fracture sensitive.3 A method that has been explored for improving the fracture toughness of TiB2 bodies is liquid phase sintering with metals, especially iron, cobalt, and nickel.1–4 The use of a metal-based bonding phase also offers the possibility of densification at temperatures much lower than the sintering temperature for pure TiB2 through the formation of TiB2-metal eutectics. In addition to promoting densification under less rigorous conditions, the use of the metal bonding phase has been found to improve the fracture strength of TiB2.1,5