cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Unsteady Flow Field Due to Nozzle Wake Interaction With the Rotor in an Axial Flow Turbine: Part I—Rotor Passage Flow Field

The two-dimensional steady and unsteady flow field at midspan in a turbine rotor has been investigated experimentally using an LDV with an emphasis on the interaction of the nozzle wake with the rotor flow field. The velocity measurements are decomposed into a time-averaged velocity, a periodic velocity component, and an unresolved velocity component. The results in the rotor passage were presented in Part 1. The flow field downstream of the rotor is presented in this paper. The rotor wake profiles and their decay characteristics were analyzed. Correlations are presented that match the decay of the various wake properties. The rotor wake velocity defect decays rapidly in the trailing edge region, becoming less rapid in the near and far wake regions. The rotor wake semi-wake width increases rapidly in the trailing edge region and then grows more gradually in the near and far wake regions. The decay of the maximum unresolved unsteadiness and maximum unresolved velocity cross correlations is very rapid in the trailing edge region and this trend slows in the far wake region. In the trailing edge region, the maximum periodic velocity correlations are much larger than the maximum unresolved velocity correlations. But the periodic velocity correlations decay much faster than the unresolved velocity correlations. The interactions of the nozzle and rotor wakes are also studied. While the interaction of the nozzle wake with the rotor wake does not influence the decay rate of the various wake properties, it does change the magnitude of the properties. These and other results are presented in this paper.
Therapeutic Effects of Individualized Alpha Frequency Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (αTMS) on the Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia

Previous research in clinical electroencephalography (EEG) has demonstrated that reduction of alpha frequency (8–13 Hz) EEG activity may have particular relevance to the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) was utilized to investigate this relationship by assessing the therapeutic effects of stimulation set individually at each subject's peak alpha frequency (αTMS). Twenty-seven subjects, with predominantly negative symptom schizophrenia, received 2 weeks of daily treatment with either αTMS, 3 Hz, 20 Hz, or sham stimulation bilaterally over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Individualized αTMS demonstrated a significantly larger (F 3,33 = 4.7, p = .007) therapeutic effect (29.6% reduction in negative symptoms) than the other 3 conditions (< 9%). Furthermore, these clinical improvements were found to be highly correlated (r = 0.86, p = .001) with increases (34%) in frontal alpha amplitude following αTMS. These results affirm that the resonant features of alpha frequency EEG play an important role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and merit further investigation as a particularly efficacious frequency for rTMS treatments.
Effects of Smoking Marijuana on Brain Perfusion and Cognition

The effects of smoking marijuana on regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and cognitive performance were assessed in 12 recreational users in a double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. PET with [(15)Oxygen]-labeled water ([(15)O]H(2)O) was used to measure rCBF before and after smoking of marijuana and placebo cigarettes, as subjects repeatedly performed an auditory attention task. Smoking marijuana resulted in intoxication, as assessed by a behavioral rating scale, but did not significantly alter mean behavioral performance on the attention task. Heart rate and blood pressure increased dramatically following smoking of marijuana but not placebo cigarettes. However, mean global CBF did not change significantly. Increased rCBF was observed in orbital and mesial frontal lobes, insula, temporal poles, anterior cingulate, as well as in the cerebellum. The increases in rCBF in anterior brain regions were predominantly in "paralimbic" regions and may be related to marijuana's mood-related effects. Reduced rCBF was observed in temporal lobe auditory regions, in visual cortex, and in brain regions that may be part of an attentional network (parietal lobe, frontal lobe and thalamus). These rCBF decreases may be the neural basis of perceptual and cognitive alterations that occur with acute marijuana intoxication. There was no significant rCBF change in the nucleus accumbens or other reward-related brain regions, nor in basal ganglia or hippocampus, which have a high density of cannabinoid receptors.
Melt viscosity of polyethylenes. Shear dependence of viscosity

The melt index apparatus has been adapted for use as a simple rheometer. Changes in orifice diameter from 0.0425 to 0.2000 in. and in weight applied to the piston from 250 to 3250 g. permit an effective range of shear stress from 104 to 106 dynes/cm.2 With this apparatus, the fluidity of polyethylene as a function of shear stress was shown to be a linear function of the shear stress in the range studied. Consistent data using different orifices were obtained by correcting for the friction between piston and barrel. It was found that two parameters, the fluidity at zero shear rate and the shear-stress dependence of fluidity, are sufficient for the characterization of the flow behavior of polyethylenes. In order to account for the effect of temperature on the shear dependence of viscous flow, as determined from measurements at several temperatures, two activation energies are needed, one corresponding to each of the two parameters mentioned.
Pressure fluctuations and their effect on cavitation inception within water jets

Instantaneous and phase averaged pressure distributions in the near field of a jet, and their effects on the conditions for the onset of cavitation are studied in detail. The measurements are performed by using microscopic bubbles as pressure sensors, and holography as a means of detecting them. Experiments are performed at Red exceeding 4 × 105, with and without acoustic excitation. The results show that the highest negative pressure peaks (–0.97) and the resulting cavitation inception occur because of vortex pairing. Prior to pairing the negative peaks are between –0.8 and –0.9. Weak acoustic excitation changes the entire flow structure and the spatial distributions of bubbles, but has little effect on the onset of cavitation. Downstream of the potential core the highest pressure peaks (∼ –0.6) are considerably smaller, in agreement with the occurrence of cavitation there. It is also shown that although the r.m.s. values of pressure fluctuations do not vary with the jet speed, the probability distribution changes significantly, causing a reduction in the inception index with increasing velocity. The probability of cavitation inception is estimated from the distributions of bubbles and pressure peaks. It is shown that the actual, non-uniform bubble distribution increases the probability of inception owning to migration of the bubbles to the low pressure regions.
Necrotizing fasciitis as the initial presentation of disseminated infection with fluconazole-resistant Cryptococcus neoformans.

Introduction: Cryptococcus neoformans is an encapsulated budding yeast that is a common cause of opportunistic infections, rarely giving rise to cellulitis, vasculitis or fasciitis. Necrotizing fasciitis caused by C. neoformans is a rare but serious problem in post‐transplant immunosuppression. Case presentation: We report a case of cryptococcal necrotizing fasciitis in the left adductor longus of a patient on immunosuppressive therapy. The patient’s medical history was significant for orthotopic heart transplant secondary to cardiac and systemic amyloidosis (AL type) with subsequent cardiac biopsy demonstrating mild rejection (grade 1R). A thigh muscle biopsy demonstrated numerous encapsulated fungi in the fascia and no evidence of myositis. Cryptococcal antigen was subsequently identified in the patient’s serum and cerebrospinal fluid. The patient progressed to involvement of the central nervous system, left biceps femoris and skin of the left lower leg by fluconazole‐resistant C. neoformans. Conclusion: This case illustrates a rare initial presentation of disseminated fluconazole‐resistant C. neoformans as an isolated necrotizing fasciitis of the thigh. Necrotizing fungal fasciitis should be considered in immunosuppressed patients with clinical findings of either myositis or cellulitis of a lower extremity.
Geography-based analysis of the Internet infrastructure

In this paper, we study some geographic aspects of the Internet. We base our analysis on a large set of geolocated IP hop-level session data (including about 300, 000 backbone routers, 130 million end hosts, and one billion sessions) that we synthesized from a variety of different input sources such as US census data, computer usage statistics, Internet market share data, IP geolocation data sets, CAIDA's Skitter data set for backbone connectivity, and BGP routing tables. We use this model to perform a nationwide and statewide geographic analysis of the Internet. Our main observations are: (1) There is a dominant coast-to-coast pattern in the US Internet traffic. In fact, in many instances even if the end-devices are not near either coast, still the traffic between them takes a long detour through the coasts. (2) More than half of the Internet paths are inflated by 100% or more compared to their corresponding geometric straight-line distance. This circuitousness makes the average ratio between the routing distance and geometric distance big (around 10). (3) The weighted mean hop count is around 5, but the hop counts are very loosely correlated with the distances. The weighted mean AS count (number of ASes traversed) is around 3.
VISIONS: the art of science.

Vg1 mRNA localizes to the vegetal pole during oogenesis and spatially restricted expression of Vg1 protein, a secreted growth factor, is required for germ layer speciﬁ cation in the developing embryo. Localization of Vg1 mRNA requires RNA sequence elements collectively known as a zipcode, which are sufﬁ cient to direct transport.We are able to ﬂ uorescently label the Vg1 mRNA zipcode (green, Alexa Fluor 488) and a non-localized RNA (red, Alexa Fluor 546) and microinject these transcripts together into the nucleus of individual oocytes. The zipcode-containing RNA is exported and actively transported to the vegetal pole of the oocyte, while the control transcripts lacking the zipcode remain either in the nucleus or evenly distributed throughout the cytoplasm.
Effective treatment of psoriasis with etanercept is linked to suppression of IL-17 signaling, not “immediate-response” TNF genes

Background TNF inhibitors have revolutionized the treatment of psoriasis vulgaris as well as psoriatic and rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn disease. Despite our understanding that these agents block TNF, their complex mechanism of action in disease resolution is still unclear. Objective To analyze globally the genomic effects of TNF inhibition in patients with psoriasis, and to compare genomic profiles of patients who responded or did not respond to treatment. Methods In a clinical trial using etanercept TNF inhibitor to treat psoriasis vulgaris (n = 15), Affymetrix gene arrays were used to analyze gene profiles in lesional skin at multiple time points during drug treatment (baseline and weeks 1, 2, 4, and 12) compared with nonlesional skin. Patients were stratified as responders (n = 11) or nonresponders (n = 4) on the basis of histologic disease resolution. Cluster analysis was used to define gene sets that were modulated with similar magnitude and velocity over time. Results In responders, 4 clusters of downregulated genes and 3 clusters of upregulated genes were identified. Genes downmodulated most rapidly reflected direct inhibition of myeloid lineage immune genes. Upregulated genes included the stable dendritic cell population genes CD1c and CD207 (langerin). Comparison of responders and nonresponders revealed rapid downmodulation of innate IL-1β and IL-8 sepsis cascade cytokines in both groups, but only responders downregulated IL-17 pathway genes to baseline levels. Conclusion Although both responders and nonresponders to etanercept inactivated sepsis cascade cytokines, response to etanercept is dependent on inactivation of myeloid dendritic cell genes and inactivation of the T H 17 immune response.
Humble Thanks to a Gentle Giant (an Obituary for James F. Crow).

When James Crow passed away last January at the age of 95, genetics lost one of its pre-eminent pioneers. One month before Professor Crow’s death, the journal Genetics launched a series of articles honoring him. In an introductory editorial, Michael Turelli and Charles Langley referred to Professor Crow as “a living link between our generations and the founders of population genetics,” and enumerated the varied areas in which Professor Crow’s influence changed current thinking, including, “estimates of mutation rates, the evolutionary consequences of deleterious mutations, the evolution and maintenance of sexual reproduction and recombination, the mathematics and implications of genetic drift (including the neutral theory of molecular evolution), the genetics of departures from Mendelian segregation, and the genetics and evolution of insecticide resistance” (Turelli and Langley, 2011). Owing to Professor Crow’s longevity, the field of genetics, and more specifically the field of population genetics, was the grateful recipient of the fruits of his work for some 70 years. He was a key contributor to our deepest thinking and understanding on both theoretical and applied aspects of genetics, and his excellent work in population genetics models ranged from Drosophila (fruit flies) through livestock to humans.
Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Lifestyle Modifications on Coronary and Carotid Atherosclerotic Burden

Lifestyle modifications are the crux of atherosclerotic disease management. The goal of this study was to determine the effectiveness of diet and exercise in decreasing coronary and carotid atherosclerotic burden. Randomized controlled trials examining the effects of intensive lifestyle measures on atherosclerotic progression in coronary and carotid arteries as measured by baseline and follow-up quantitative coronary angiogram and ultrasonographic carotid intimal-medial thickness (CIMT), respectively, were included. Studies were excluded if the intervention additionally included a medication. MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Cochrane Controlled Trials Registers, reports, and abstracts from major cardiology meetings were searched by 2 researchers independently and verified by the primary investigator. Standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) was calculated using random-effects model. Publication bias and heterogeneity were assessed. Fourteen trials were included. Seven used quantitative coronary angiogram, and 7 used CIMT; 1,343 lesions in 340 patients in the coronary group and 919 patients in the carotid group were analyzed. Overall, lifestyle modifications were associated with a decrease in coronary atherosclerotic burden in percent stenosis by -0.34 (95% CI -0.48 to -0.21) SMD, with no significant publication bias and heterogeneity (p = 0.21, I(2) = 28.25). Similarly, in the carotids, there was a decrease in the CIMT, in millimeter, by -0.21 (95% CI -0.36 to -0.05) SMD and by -0.13 (95% CI -0.25 to -0.02) SMD, before and after accounting for publication bias and heterogeneity (p = 0.13, I(2) = 39.91; p = 0.54, I(2) = 0), respectively. In conclusion, these results suggest that intensive lifestyle modifications are associated with a decrease in coronary and carotid atherosclerotic burden.
Culture and Conformity: An Essay on Individual Adaptation in Centralized Bureaucracy

The cultural aspects of organizations have been mostly overlooked in the study of management. This is particularly important because the Protestant ethic which organized the sociopsychological matrix for the industrial revolution no longer commands enough authority to continue organizing individual motivation and societal needs. Thus, local solutions have evolved to deal with cultural ambiguity and they have evolved with little thought as to their implications. In this essay, the cultural aspects of interpersonal relations in a telephone company are analyzed. This analysis was carried out during a year long full-time fieldwork period which employed participant observation, structured and semi-structured interviews, and document analysis for data collection purposes. Strong demands for conformity were found to dominate interpersonal relations. Three types of response to these demands were discovered: acceptance based on conscious suppression of personal interests, acceptance based on unconscious distortion...
Exploring Marketing Targeted at Youth in Food Stores

Childhood obesity is a major public health problem in the USA, with youth at all stages of development at increasing risk (Health, 2008). Between 1976 and 2004, increases in overweight prevalence ranged from 5.0 % to 12.4 % for 2-to-5-year olds, 6.5 % to 17 % for 6-to-11-year olds, and 5.0 % to 17.6 % for 12- to– 19-year olds (Ogden, Carroll, &, Flegal, 2008; Ogden et al., 2006; Ogden & Carroll, 2010). These statistics are particularly alarming as overweight youth disproportionately suffer from chronic conditions such as hypertension and diabetes, thus resulting in reduced quality of life at an early age (Anderson & Butcher, 2006). Overweight children are also at high risk for becoming overweight adults with the attendant comorbid conditions, including osteoarthritis and certain forms of cancer (Freedman, Dietz, Srinivasan, & Berenson, 1999; Dietz, 1998; Khaodhiar, McCowen, & Blackburn, 1999). As a consequence, a sense of urgency exists to disentangle the complex, multifactorial interactions between individual and environmental factors that lead to child weight imbalance and obesity (Johnson-Taylor & Everhart, 2006; Papas et al., 2007; Sallis & Glanz, 2006; Wang & Beydoun, 2007).
A Self-Inflicted Wound: A Half-Dozen Years of Turmoil over the Guantanamo Military Commissions

President Bush's November 2001 military order authorizing suspected terrorists' trial by military commissions provoked immediate controversy that has continued to the present day. The Administration has failed to provide a compelling rationale for commission use while fueling the dispute by adopting judicial shortcuts unjustified by either historic practice or accepted legal principles. Supplemental governing directives have proven a mixed lot. Some provided enhanced fairness while others authorized greater departure from accepted due process standards. Virtually all seemed based on policy decisions rather than any higher law. Despite this plethora of regulations, proceedings to date seem largely ad-libbed. Eligibility for trial, the right to choice of counsel, and other benefits accorded the accused depend on nationality, mocking the concept of equal protection. The accused have been seriously disadvantaged in terms of resources, availability of witnesses, and access to evidence, while most of the charges levied are problematic as violations of the law of war. Rules implementing the Military Commissions Act of 2006, itself a reaction to the Supreme Court's Hamdan v. Rumsfeld decision, are a considerable improvement over the tribunals' initial conceptualization. But remaining critical defects, including the likelihood of convictions based on coerced testimony, will preclude trials from meriting approbation as "full and fair." Any convictions will thus be irreparably tainted, and many of the same problems would now follow a shift to either courts-martial or proposed national security courts. If the goal is to incapacitate identified enemies from carrying out further violence against U.S. interests, then a straightforward preventive detention regime fully compliant with the customary law of war would be a much sounder approach. For those defendants it is desired to stigmatize with a criminal conviction, justifying actual penal incarceration or even potentially execution, trials in regular federal courts are the best option.
Electron spin resonance of the semiquinone of the antitumor antibiotic streptonigrin and its metal complexes.

Mechanistic elucidation of the redox chemistry of aminoquinone antibiotics exhibiting potent antitumor activity has become one of the most timely problems of cancer chemotherapy today1,2. Specifically, streptronigrin (Figure 1a), is currently regarded as one of the most effective agents for the treatment of a broad spectrum of human cancers3, yet its clinical application is greatly limited due to severe cytotoxicity of the drug. It has been reported that streptonigrin is activated in vivo by one-electron reduction forming the semiquinone4–6 and that the mechanism of antitumor action of streptonigrin depends on participation of metal ions7.
High-Performance MnBi Alloy Prepared Using Profiled Heat Treatment

The profiled heat treatment (PHT) method has been used to synthesize MnBi alloys with high-purity low-temperature phase (LTP). In the PHT method, the arc-melted MnBi alloy was remelted then slowly cooled by a pseudo-equilibrium solidification process to promote the formation of LTP phase. The PHT-treated MnBi alloys had an LTP phase up to 94 wt.% and a magnetization of 73 emu/g under a field of 9 T. Scanning electron microscopy showed that there exist some micrometer-sized Mn-rich inclusions in the LTP matrix of the PHT MnBi alloy. The PHT MnBi alloys were crushed into powders with an average size of ~3 μm by low-energy ball milling. These MnBi powders were aligned in an 18 kOe field and warm compacted into a bulk magnet at 300 °C for 30 min. The magnet had a density of 8.2 g/cm 3 and magnetic properties of M s = 6.7 kG, M r = 5.3 kGs, i H c = 5 kOe, and (BH) max = 6.1 MGOe.
Inappropriate preinjury warfarin use in trauma patients: A call for a safety initiative.

Introduction: Warfarin continues to be widely prescribed for a variety of conditions. It has been shown that preinjury warfarin may worsen outcomes in trauma patients. We hypothesized that a substantial proportion of injured patients seen at our institution were receiving preinjury warfarin for inappropriate indications and that a significant number of such patients had subtherapeutic or supratherapeutic international normalized ratios as well as increased mortality. Materials and Methods: A retrospective review of registry data from a Level I trauma center was conducted for the period from January 2004 to July 2013. Included were patients aged ≥22 years (based on the youngest recorded patient on warfarin in this study). Abstracted variables included patient age, Injury Severity Score (ISS), Maximum Abbreviated Injury Score for Head (MAISH), mortality, hospital length of stay (HLOS), indication(s) for anticoagulant therapy, admission Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), and admission international normalized ratio (INR). Suitability of warfarin indication(s) was determined using the most recent American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP) Guidelines. Inappropriate warfarin administration was defined as use inconsistent with these guidelines. For outcome comparisons, a case-control design with 1:1 ratio was used, matching patients taking preinjury warfarin to a random sample of trauma patients who were not taking warfarin. Severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI) was defined as MAISH ≥4. Results: A total of 700 out of 14,583 patients aged ≥22 years were receiving preinjury warfarin (4.8% incidence, WG). This group was age- and ISS-matched with 700 patients (4.8% total sample) who were not taking warfarin (NWG) in a total case-control sample of 1,400. The two groups were similar in age, gender, ISS, and initial GCS. According to the ACCP guidelines, 115/700 (16.4%) patients in the warfarin group were receiving anticoagulation for inappropriate indications. Nearly 65% of the patients were outside of their intended INR therapeutic window (43.4% subtherapeutic, 21.6% supratherapeutic). Overall, median HLOS was greater among patients taking preinjury warfarin (4 days vs 2 days, P < 0.010). Mortality was higher in the WG (7.4% or 52/700) than in the NWG (1.9% or 13/700, P < 0.010). Patients with sTBI in the WG had significantly greater mortality (12.8% or 34/266) than those with sTBI in the NWG (5.3% or 9/169, P < 0.013). Conclusion: A significant proportion of trauma patients admitted to our institution were noted to take warfarin for inappropriate indications. Moreover, many patients taking warfarin had either subtherapeutic or supratherapeutic INR. Although warfarin use did not independently predict mortality, preinjury warfarin use was associated with greater mortality and HLOS in the subset of patients with sTBI. Safety initiatives directed at better initiation and management of warfarin are needed.
A guild culture of ‘casual raiding’ enhances its members’ online gaming experiences: A cognitive anthropological and ethnographic approach to World of Warcraft

We document the norms and practices of a “casual raiding guild” pursuing a balanced approach to World of Warcraft gaming under the banner “offline life matters.” Confirming insights in the problematic online gaming literature, our ethnography reveals that some guild members experience gaming distress. However, this guild’s normative culture helps its members better self-regulate and thus protect themselves from, among other things, their own impulses to over-play and thus compromise their offline lives. We suggest that cognitive anthropological “culture as socially transmitted knowledge” theories—combined with ethnographic methods—illuminate how socially learned gaming patterns shape online experiences. Our approach helps us refine theories judging socially motivated Internet activity as harmful. We affirm the potential for distress in these social gaming contexts, but we also show how a specific guild culture can minimize or even reverse such distress, in this case promoting experiences that strike a nic...
256 RECEIPT OF RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY IN LOW-INCOME BREAST CANCER PATIENTS: IMPACT OF PATIENT-PHYSICIAN INTERACTIONS.

Background Reconstructive surgery (RS) is associated with better body image in postmastectomy women with breast cancer (BC). Low-income women receive less RS. We examined whether patient-physician interactions and its components could positively influence receipt of RS in underserved women. Methods Participants were 931 low-income BC patients receiving BC treatment through the Medi-Cal Breast and Cervical Cancer Treatment Program interviewed 6 months postdiagnosis. Subset receiving mastectomy analyzed (n = 357). Independent variables: four components of patient-physician communication - discussion of RS by health care provider, overall physician information giving, final treatment decision maker being self, and patient self-efficacy. Dependent variable: RS received or planned. Results In multiple logistic regression models, only discussion of RS by health care providers had a significant relationship with RS receipt or planned, controlling for a wide range of sociodemographic characteristics and other components of patient-physician communication. Specifically, discussion of reconstruction by any health care provider (OR = 5.80, CI = 2.8-12) and younger age (OR = 0.93, CI = 0.90-0.96) positively predicted received or planned RS. Asian Pacific Islander ethnicity (OR = 0.20, CI = 0.07-0.58) and being married/partnered (OR = 0.51, CI = 0.29-0.88) negatively predicted received or planned RS. Conclusion Specific discussion of reconstructive surgery may provide an avenue to mitigate disparities in receipt of RS in underserved women. Standardized protocols for discussion of BC treatment options should be considered, especially in populations less likely to benefit from state-mandated informational brochures due to language or literacy barriers.
Influence of Environmental Factors on Leakage Current of ±800 kV Line Insulators at High Altitudes Based on Grey Relation Analysis

To analyze the influence of environmental factors on leakage current of ±800 kV lines insulators,long-term charged assessment on the ±800 kV line insulators was carried out in the live examination field for UHV DC equipment.We statistically analyzed the leakage current of three material(porcelain,composite,glass) ±800 kV lines insulators under natural pollution condition,figured out the correlation between the environmental factors(environment humidity,temperature,temperature alteration ratio) and the leakage current of insulators based on grey relation analysis,and found out the most important factor influencing the leakage current.The results show that the most significant factors are environment humidity,and the surface humidity is the most important factor,the temperature alteration ratio has a greater influence on leakage current,and the correlation between the leakage current and the environmental factors is similar.
Management of the eye in the treatment of sinonasal cancers.

As the surgical resection of sinonasal malignancies becomes more sophisticated, so must the handling of adjacent organs, most importantly, the eye. The traditional approach to superior nasal vault tumors that have penetrated through the bony orbit is to perform an orbital exenteration. This article provides the authors’ experience in handling the eye in these cases, and their strong bias toward preserving it. This experience, in conjunction with the associated review of functional results and complications, should assist the head and neck surgeon in being able to spare this vital organ when resecting malignancies of this region.
The Crumbling Academic Freedom Consensus and the Threat of U.S. Anti-terrorism Policy

The author's argument is that U.S. anti-terrorism policy poses serious threats to academic freedom. The author argues that academic freedom exists as the result of a social compact. Academic freedom is a broader idea than can be protected either by the free speech and free association provisions of the First Amendment or by contract. It continues because of a social compact both inside and outside the academy. The author argues that this compact or consensus was already seriously eroded by 2001 through both commercialization within the academy (including the marketing of higher education and the influence of corporations and ideological non-profit entities in higher education) and the politicization of knowledge, particularly in the humanities and social sciences. In the second half of the paper, the author argues that U.S. anti-terrorism policy further threatens the academic freedom consensus. These policies, embodied in the PATRIOT Act, the Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act (AEDPA), the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA) and the Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act (BPARA), threaten academic freedom by increasing surveillance particularly of libraries and library patrons, limiting the availability of visas to qualified international students, institution invasive computerized tracking and reporting of students through systems such as SEVIS, and repealing portions of the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA). Academic freedom is also at risk as the result of an expanded federal definition of terrorism and of providing material support for terrorism, increased restrictions on federally funded scientific research, and a climate of censorship of dissenting thought.
Flora and Threatened and Endangered Plants of Canaveral National Seashore, Florida

ABSTRACT Canaveral National Seashore (CANA) incorporates ca. 23,335 ha of land, shallow lagoons, and offshore waters in east central Florida. We surveyed the flora in 20 terrestrial sites and one lagoon site between the fall of 2002 and the fall of 2004, made additional collections from 2005 to 2015, and examined existing collections in the CANA and KSC (Kennedy Space Center) herbaria annotating them where necessary. The final floristic list includes 679 taxa. Of this total, 584 are native and 94 are introduced. Only 40 taxa were not represented by new collections. Fifteen taxa considered endangered or threatened by the state of Florida occur; one (Harrisia fragrans) is listed as endangered by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. Those listed as endangered in Florida include Argusia gnaphalodes, Chamaesyce cumulicola, Glandularia maritima, Harrisia fragrans, Lantana depressa var. floridana, Lechea divaricata, Nemastylis floridana, Ophioglossum palmatum, Tephrosia angustissima var. curtissii, Till...
Family Interventions for Schizophrenia and the Psychoses: A Review.

Family psychoeducation as a treatment for schizophrenia was developed 40 years ago almost simultaneously and independently by investigators who at the time were not family therapists. Although the original goal was to decrease high expressed emotion as a means of preventing relapse, later variations have gone beyond to focus on social and role functioning and family well-being. Explicitly disavowing the earlier assumptions that family pathology caused relapse and deterioration, family psychoeducation seeks to engage family members as more sophisticated partners, complementing interventions by clinicians with specialized interactions and coping skills that counter the neurologic deficits inherent to the disorder. It has proved to be one of the most consistently effective treatments available. Reports on outcome studies now number more than 100, while meta-analyses put relapse rate reduction at 50-60% over treatment as usual. The most recent application in first episode and prodromal psychosis, combined with other evidence-based interventions, is yielding perhaps the most promising results yet achieved-substantial return of functioning and avoidance of psychosis altogether. Reviewed here are its scientific, theoretical, and clinical sources, a description of the most commonly applied version-the multifamily group format, selected clinical trials spanning those four decades, international and ethnic adaptations, and studies on mechanisms of efficacy.
Understanding Food Insecurity in the USA and Canada: Potential Insights for Europe

Food insecurity is a leading nutrition-related health care issue in the USA due to the magnitude of the problem (almost 50 million Americans are food insecure) and its association with a wide array of negative health and other outcomes. Alongside this interest in the USA, there has also been growing interest in Canada. In contrast, food insecurity has received less attention in Europe. Nevertheless, there is both direct and indirect evidence that food insecurity and its attendant consequences are present in Europe. Given the similarities between the USA, Canada, and Europe, previous research can offer numerous insights into the causes and consequences of food insecurity in Europe and possible directions to address these through measurement and public policies. I first cover the methods used to measure food insecurity in the USA and Canada. In both countries, a series of 18 questions in the Core Food Security Module are used to identify whether a household is food insecure. I then briefly cover the current extent of food insecurity in each country along with some discussion of the recent history of food insecurity. A central advantage to using the Core Food Security Module in Europe is that the measure has been proven useful in other high-income countries, and using a standardized measure would allow for cross-country comparisons. I next cover two large-scale food assistance programs from the USA, the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (formerly known as the Food Stamp Program) and the National School Lunch Program. For each, I summarize how the program is structured, how eligibility is established, and how participation proceeds. Europe has generally used income-based assistance programs to improve the well-being of low-income households; I consider a couple of reasons for why food assistance programs may also be worth considering.
Love's emergence and fulfillment: the Scène d'amour from Roméo et Juliette

Looking for Shakespeare in Berlioz I return to the preface to Romeo et Juliette , cited in chapter 2, in which Berlioz explains why he set the dialogue of Shakespeare's garden and cemetery scenes for instruments rather than for voices. Since plenty of vocal “duets of love and despair” had already been written, he thought it wise as well as unusual to attempt another means of expression. It is also because the very sublimity of this love made its depiction so dangerous for the musician that he had to give his imagination a latitude that the positive sense of the sung words would not have given him, resorting instead to instrumental language, which is richer, more varied, less precise, and by its very indefiniteness incomparably more powerful in such a case. This passage has been quoted often in the Berlioz literature. It stands as nothing short of a credo that sums up Berlioz's convictions about the expressive capabilities of instrumental music – a credo that we have seen expressed in similar ways in a variety of places. Yet for all its force and clarity, it has made it no easier to disentangle the threads that bind the movements alluded to above, the Scene d'amour and Romeo au tombeau des Capulets , to the dramatic scenes that inspired them. From the premiere of the work in 1839 to the present day, listeners have wrestled with the question of where to look for Shakespeare in Berlioz's score, if at all.
Dark shadow of the long white cloud: Neighborhood safety is associated with self-rated health and cortisol during pregnancy in Auckland, Aotearoa/New Zealand

Auckland, Aotearoa/New Zealand is a culturally and ethnically diverse city. Despite popular global conceptions regarding its utopian nature, the lived experience for many individuals in Auckland attests to the substantial social, economic, and health inequalities that exist there. In particular, rapidly rising home prices constrain housing decisions and force individuals to live in less desirable neighborhoods, with potential impacts on individual health. One of the pathways through which adverse neighborhood conditions could impact health is through alterations in the functioning of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA)-axis, which regulates the physiological stress response. This paper evaluates the relationship between perceived neighborhood safety, self-rated health, and cortisol, an end product of HPA-axis activation, among women in late pregnancy. Pregnant women living in neighborhoods where they were concerned about safety of their property had poorer self-rated health and elevated morning cortisol, even after adjusting for maternal age, material deprivation, and ethnicity. However, fear of personal safety was unrelated to self-rated health and cortisol. These results suggest that maternal health in pregnancy is sensitive to perceptions regarding neighborhood safety. Such findings are important since higher cortisol levels in pregnancy could not only influence maternal health, but also the health and development of women's children.
Evidence of direct and indirect rebound effect in households in EU-27 countries

Abstract This research estimates the direct and indirect rebound effect of energy efficiency in households for the EU-27 countries (the first twenty-seven Member States of the European Union). A hybrid methodology that combines econometric estimates, environmental extended input-output analysis and re-spending models has been developed. Although most of the economies present values below 100%, there are seven countries situated above this critical threshold. By weighting individual estimates by GDP, an average value for the overall EU-27 economy has been found between 73.62% and 81.16%. These results suggest that the energy policy at the European level should be rethought if efficiency measures pursue reducing energy consumption and tackling climate change.
The Family Home Environment, Food Insecurity, and Body Mass Index in Rural Children.

Background. Family homes are a key setting for developing lifelong eating and physical activity habits, yet little is known about how family home nutrition and physical activity (FNPA) environments...
Ilioinguinal and Genitofemoral Neuralgia

Genitofemoral and ilioinguinal neuralgia are common causes of pelvic pain and should be included in the differential for inguinodynia (groin pain), especially in patients with risk factors such as recent pelvic or abdominal surgery, poorly controlled diabetes, or obesity. Different neuralgias are characterized by a different and somewhat specific distribution of pain; however, there are considerable variations in the course of both nerves which can result in changes in the distribution of innervation and thus changes in the distribution of pain (Cesmebasi et al. Clin Anat 28:128–135, 2015; Rab et al. Plast Reconstr Surg 108(6):1618–1623, 2001). Genitofemoral, ilioinguinal, and iliohypogastric nerves are known as border nerves, since they supply sensory innervation at the border of the abdomen and the thigh region (Peng and Tumber Pain Phys 11:214–224, 2008). Injury to these nerves results in pain and paresthesias in the groin region, which due to the proximity and anatomic variability of the course of the nerves makes it difficult to tease apart the truly injured nerve (Acar et al. Turk Neurosurg 23(6):753–757, 2013; Amid et al. J Am Coll Surg 213:531–536, 2011; Cesmebasi et al. Clin Anat 28:128–135, 2015; Rab et al. Plast Reconstr Surg 108(6):1618–1623, 2001). Also due to the proximity and similar course, these nerves are at risk for injury from the same types of surgeries or traumas. All three originate from the lumbar plexus, making the diagnosis quite challenging. The appropriate treatment plan relies on an accurate diagnosis. Different modalities for treatment exist, many of which are still being investigated.
The effect of short course high dose methylprednisolon therapy on fibrinogen level in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. A preliminary study.

Abstract In order to investigate the effects of short term high dose methylprednisolone (HDMP) on fibrinolytic system in patients with ALL, 16 of newly diagnosed 32 ALL patients were given HDMP alone (20 mg/kg per day) for 5 days and the rest 16 patients received conventional dose methylprednisolone (CDMP, 2 mg/kg per day) prior to a combination chemotherapy consisting of methylprednisolone, vincristin, daunorubicin and 9 doses of l -Asparaginase. Fibrinogen levels decreased in both groups at day 5 which was statistically significant in the HDMP group. Baseline d -dimer levels of both groups were significantly higher than those of the control group including 24 healthy children. d -dimer levels significantly decreased after initiation of combination therapy in both groups. There was a significant rise in PAI-1 levels after combination therapy both in HDMP and CDMP groups.
Coronary Artery Calcium Volume and Density: Potential Interactions and Overall Predictive Value: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

Abstract Objectives This study sought to determine the possibility of interactions between coronary artery calcium (CAC) volume or CAC density with each other, and with age, sex, ethnicity, the new atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk score, diabetes status, and renal function by estimated glomerular filtration rate, and, using differing CAC scores, to determine the improvement over the ASCVD risk score in risk prediction and reclassification. Background In MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis), CAC volume was positively and CAC density inversely associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) events. Methods A total of 3,398 MESA participants free of clinical CVD but with prevalent CAC at baseline were followed for incident CVD events. Results During a median 11.0 years of follow-up, there were 390 CVD events, 264 of which were coronary heart disease (CHD). With each SD increase of ln CAC volume (1.62), risk of CHD increased 73% (p Conclusions The inverse association between CAC density and incident CHD and CVD events is robust across strata of other CVD risk factors. Added to the ASCVD risk score, CAC volume and density provided the strongest prediction for CHD and CVD events, and the highest correct reclassification.
Abstract 186: PROs in Clinical Practice: SIS-16 Better at Detecting Change in Functional Status Than the Modified Rankin

Background: To evaluate the benefits of collecting patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) in clinical practice, we assessed the ability of the SIS-16 to detect changes over time compared to the provider-reported modified Rankin scale. Methods: Observational cohort study of 3,308 ischemic stroke patients seen in a cerebrovascular clinic 9/14/12 - 6/16/15 who completed the routinely collected PROMs: Stroke Impact Scale 16 (SIS-16), EQ-5D, PHQ-9, PROMIS Physical Function (PF), and PROMIS Fatigue. Providers completed the NIHSS and modified Rankin (mRankin). We calculated spearman correlations for all outcome measures. For the 1,455 patients with ≥ 2 visits, we calculated the proportion with meaningful change (SIS-16 ≥8, PROMIS PF and Fatigue ≥ 5, NIHSS ≥2, mRankin ≥1, PHQ-9 ≥ 5, EQ-5D ≥ 0.11). To provide insight on whether changes seen in the SIS-16 and mRankin represented true change in patient status, we calculated the proportion of change in other measures among subgroups with change in SIS-16 and no change in mRankin and for those with a change in mRankin and no change in SIS-16. Results: Median SIS16 was 85.9, median mRankin was2. Correlations between mRankin and PROMs was highest for SIS-16 (r= -0.64). Of patients with worsening or improvement in SIS-16 and no change in mRankin, significantly more patients had worsening or improvement in other measures, respectively, compared to those with stable SIS-16 and mRankin. In contrast, in those with worsening or improvement in mRankin but no change in SIS-16, there was no corresponding increase in % with change in other measures compared to those with stable SIS-16 and mRankin. (Figure) Conclusion: PROMs provide additional information compared to the mRankin alone. Changes in the SIS-16 corresponded to changes in other outcome measures, while changes in mRankin did not. This may be due to better ability of SIS-16 to identify change in functional status.
8.7 Glacial Erosion Processes and Rates

Glacial erosion includes processes that occur directly in association with glacial ice, such as abrasion, plucking, physical and chemical erosion by subglacial meltwater, as well as processes that are enhanced or modified by glaciation. Studies of the mechanics of subglacial rock fracture indicate that erosion is controlled strongly by basal sliding velocity and bedrock lithology. Measuring or reconstructing erosion rates related to glaciation is challenging, and results from a variety of methods show that glaciers and ice sheets have erosion rates that range from essentially zero under cold-based ice up to 10 1 mm yr −1 under temperate ice.
Focus in heritage Hungarian

Bilinguals have been shown to differ from monolinguals especially in the realization and interpretation of phenomena that operate at the syntax/discourse interface. Hungarian has a well-known inter...