cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantifying spatiotemporal impacts of the interaction of water scarcity and water use by the global semiconductor manufacturing industry.

Abstract The high-tech semiconductor manufacturing sector is integral to the international electronics industry and was valued at over $400 billion USD in 2017. Intensive water use by this industry is well-documented and this work provides a spatially explicitly assessment of water use impacts by nearly 100% of global semiconductor manufacturing capacity. Both direct manufacturing water use and water use from electricity were considered as part of a facility’s total withdrawal. Manufacturing water withdrawals were estimated by using technology-specific water and electricity use data, reported at the semiconductor chip or wafer level from the life cycle literature and industry estimates. Electricity water use intensity (WUI) factors were gleaned from the literature and regional electricity WUI factors were derived for China and the U.S. Geolocation of semiconductor manufacturing facilities allowed for summation of water withdrawals at various spatial extents (i.e. watershed, country, and globally). This data was combined with calculated regional or country-level electricity water use factors to estimate total water withdrawals by a facility. Geolocation of data also allowed for calculation of watershed specific scarcity-weighted withdrawals. Scarcity-weighted withdrawals were ascertained by multiplying facility water withdrawal data by the AWaRE water scarcity characterization factor available for each of 202 watersheds associated with semiconductor manufacturing facilities. These data were used to identify and map hotspots of industry water use, which is especially important for areas of industry growth such as China. This analysis is useful as a benchmark for global semiconductor industry water withdrawals and may assist OEMs in decisions about supply chain sourcing. This could also guide semiconductor manufacturers in prioritizing locations and time periods to implement water-saving technologies or employ less water intensive electricity sources. Additionally, the spatially explicit water use data for the semiconductor sector can be used to improve existing databases of national and regional sector-specific water use coefficients that are often applied in LCA input-output studies.
Analysis of Fall-Related Imminent Danger Orders in the Metal/Nonmetal Mining Sector

Within the metal/nonmetal mining sector, fall-related incidents account for a large proportion of fatal and non-fatal injuries. However, the events and contributing factors leading up to these incidents have not been fully investigated. To help provide a clearer picture of these factors, an analysis of imminent danger orders issued by the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) between 2010 and 2017 at both surface and underground metal/nonmetal mine sites revealed that most orders are associated with fall risks. Of these cases, 84% involved the workers not using fall protection, fall protection not being provided, or the improper use of fall protection. Fall risks for workers most frequently occurred when standing on mobile equipment, performing maintenance and repairs on plant equipment, or working near highwalls. In most cases, a single, basic, corrective action (e.g., using fall protection) would have allowed workers to perform the task safely. Overall, these findings suggest that a systematic approach is needed to identify, eliminate, and prevent imminent danger situations. Furthermore, to protect mineworkers from falls from height, frequently performed tasks requiring fall protection should be redesigned to eliminate the reliance on personal fall protection.
Finite horizon constrained control and bounded-error estimation in the presence of missing data

Abstract In this paper, we propose an optimization-based design technique for constrained control and bounded-error state estimation for affine systems in the presence of intermittent measurements. We treat the affine system as a switched system where the measurement equation switches between two modes based on whether a measurement exists or is missing, and model potential missing data patterns with a finite-length language that constrains the feasible mode sequences. Then, we introduce a novel property, equalized recovery, that generalizes the equalized performance property and that allows us to tolerate missing observations. By utilizing Q -parametrization, we show that a finite horizon optimal estimator/controller can be constructed using time-based and prefix-based approaches, where the latter implicitly estimates the specific missing data pattern (i.e., mode sequence), within the given language, according to the prefix observed so far. We illustrate with numerical examples that the proposed approaches can provide desirable performance guarantees.
A comparison of depth of necrosis among adjuvant therapies used for the treatment of benign bone tumors.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Benign bone tumors are often treated with extended curettage utilizing an adjuvant therapy to eliminate any remaining tumor cells. The purpose of this study was to explore and compare the histologic depth of necrosis created by various adjuvant therapies used in the treatment of benign bone tumors. METHODS A high-speed burr was utilized to create cortical defects within porcine humeri and femora. Phenol, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), argon beam coagulation (ABC), liquid nitrogen, and the Bipolar Hemostatic Sealer (BHS) were each applied to five defects, with an additional five defects left untreated as a control. The maximal depth of necrosis was determined under microscopic examination. RESULTS The phenol, PMMA, ABC, liquid nitrogen, and BHS demonstrated an average histologic depth of necrosis of 0.30, 0.78, 2.54, 2.54, and 0.92 mm, respectively, each of which was significantly increased compared to the control group (p = .001, .003, .003, .01, and <.001). Their respective variances, a measure of reproducibility, were 0.01, 0.09, 0.96, 1.93, and 0.03 mm2 . CONCLUSION This study confirms, through histologic analysis, adjuvant therapies create a rim of cellular necrosis beyond that of burring during extended curettage, supporting their use in the treatment of benign bone tumors. Furthermore, it provides a head-to-head comparison.
Revocation and Retribution

Revocation of community supervision is a defining feature of American criminal law. Nearly 4.5 million people in the United States are on parole, probation, or supervised release, and 1/3 eventually have their supervision revoked, sending 350,000 to prison each year. Academics, activists, and attorneys warn that “mass supervision” has become a powerful engine of mass incarceration. This is the first Article to study theories of punishment in revocation of community supervision, focusing on the federal system of supervised release. Federal courts apply a primarily retributive theory of revocation, aiming to sanction defendants for their “breach of trust.” However, the structure, statute, and purpose of supervised release all reflect a utilitarian design justified solely by deterrence and incapacitation, not retribution. A utilitarian approach to revocation would not just be a theoretical change, but also would have a real-world impact by shortening prison terms, mitigating racial bias, and ending consecutive sentencing. While scholars view courts as the government branch most protective of criminal defendants, the judiciary has played a key role in expanding the state’s power to punish through retributive revocation. Judges may feel a personal stake in sanctioning disrespect of their authority, yet they should revoke supervised release only to deter and incapacitate.
High levels of undiagnosed rectal STIs suggest that screening remains inadequate among Black gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men.

Objective To better understand rectal STI screening practices for Black gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (BGBMSM). Findings Although 15% of BGBMSM lab tested positive for a rectal STI, the majority of these (94%) were asymptomatic. Though all participants reported their status as HIV negative/unknown, 31 of 331 (9.4%) tested positive on HIV rapid tests. Neither condomless anal intercourse nor the number of male sex partners was associated with rectal STI or HIV diagnosis, although rectal STI diagnosis was positively related to testing HIV positive. Conclusions Findings suggest that substantial numbers of BGBMSM have asymptomatic STIs but are not tested—an outcome that is likely a strong driver of onward HIV acquisition. Therefore, we must address the asymptomatic STI epidemic among GBMSM in order to reduce HIV transmission, as well as temper STI transmission, among this key population.
Highlighting RWW 2022 [From the Editor's Desk]

Each year, IEEE Microwave Magazine highlights two conferences: 1) the IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques Society (MTT-S) flagship conference the International Microwave Symposium in the April or May issue and 2) the Radio & Wireless Week (RWW) series of conferences in the December issue. We are pleased once again this month to highlight RWW 2022 and present a series of technical feature articles that covers the breadth of RWW as well as columns outlining the various activities occurring during the week. The RWW 2022 Steering Committee has been working diligently over the last year putting together a conference that everyone is hoping will have a significant in-person presence in the host city of Las Vegas, Nevada. Ken Kolodziej, the guest editor for this issue, introduces the features and columns in his “From the Guest Editor’s Desk” column, which is an excellent starting point of the issue. I wish to thank Ken for his efforts in working with the authors of the technical features and columns; I think this mix of articles is quite representative of all that RWW has to offer. Whether you attend in person (and we hope that relaxed travel restrictions allow you to do so) or remotely, I am sure you will find the conference stimulating and a good opportunity to interact with your colleagues and see the latest work from researchers around the world.
Biochemical Transfer of Acquired Information

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the biochemical transfer of acquired information. Typically, an animal is trained on a task and the injection of the inhibitor is timed so that its effects are maximal at some specified time after learning. The animal is later tested for retention deficits. However, interpretation of results is complicated by a number of observations, such as the reduction in cerebral protein synthesis necessary to produce an effect on memory is massive. The chapter describes biochemical correlates of behavioral change. There are three possible relationships between RNA or protein changes and behavior. First, the effect may be primary—that is, RNA or protein changes may be a necessary and sufficient condition for concomitant changes in behavior. Second, the observed RNA or protein changes may be secondary, may be a consequence of, rather than a causal antecedent for, learning. Finally, behavior and RNA or protein changes may both be manifestations of an underlying central nervous system (CNS) event.
Susceptibility to Breast Cancer: Hereditary Syndromes and Low Penetrance Genes

Several genes are associated with hereditary susceptibility to breast cancer. Most notably these include BRCA1 and BRCA2; however, other less common gene mutations which confer elevated breast cancer risk are associated with Cowden syndrome, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, ataxia-telangiectasia heterozygosity and hereditary diffuse gastric cancer. In this article we highlight the genetic epidemiology, gene function, genotype-phenotype correlations, cancer risks and clinicopathologic findings for the cancer susceptibility genes related to these syndromes. We also examine genes, such as CHEK2, which confer a lower penetrance for breast cancer in comparison to these highly penetrant genes.
Works from the War between Houses and Wind

The Strategy of Grass The smasher was the first grass-guard of American shelters. Often accompanied by a dog, the girl wielded her shade-stick so that the sun might never collaborate with the grass in destroying the house. This was not the first time houses were under attack from outside forces. House crushing schemes were often observed to no avail; indeed, shacks were burnt nightly by sunwater bogged upon grass, fire-chalk scratched out tents and sheds, even cabins were scorched by greenweeds until the girl became employed on American lawns. The technique of shade has since this period allowed houses to flourish, with the dog being designated as the first shade-chaser, or, more formally, the Person. Although not human, the person holds an innate need to save the house. Shade has throughout known times warded off enemies, particularly those dispatched by the fiend, if the fiend is defined as any item of great or medium heat, extending from a wire. Although shade is technically gray in color, red shades permeate the lawns of Denver, and a colorless, cooling shade has been observed in the seventeen primary settlements of Illinois. While shade was first disproved by Jerkins in his farm experiments (in which he claimed that shade was a black sun welt that could be soothed with water and straw), it has currently gained favor in the communities due to the expert wielding of the sun-smashing girl. No sun is actually ever touched by this employee. The dramatic nomenclature indicates merely a deft skill with the stick. A shade-sprayer by trade, her work involves house-dousing when the sun is brightest. The dog stalks these cooling skins across the lawn or over sections of house, acting also as a shade dragger when the girl is at work beneath the house. Although shade is mistrusted by many occupants, and has rarely been selected as a primary weapon, it must not be overlooked as a key defense against objects that might burn in to take the house from the air, in secret agency with the wires of the hallowed sun. Since grass preceded the house, and is considered to be a grain yet older than wood, we must wonder whether the grass wars of the 1820s contributed to the brief disappearance of houses observed during this era.
Error-Correcting Codes and Pseudorandom Projections

In this talk we discuss constructions of hash functions, randomness extractors, pseudorandom generators and hitting set generators that are based on the same principle: encode the "input" using an error-correcting code, select a random (or pseudorandom) subset of the bits of the encoding, and output the encoded codeword restricted to such bits. This general approach is common to constructions of very different combinatorial objects, and somewhat different strategies are used to analyse such different constructions.
Abstract 115: SMYD2-mediated methylation regulates PTEN activity

Proceedings: AACR 106th Annual Meeting 2015; April 18-22, 2015; Philadelphia, PA PTEN is a well characterized tumor suppressor protein. PTEN counteract PI3K-AKT pathway, which is one of the key signaling pathway for human tumorigenesis, through its lipid phosphatase activity. Whereas PTEN is known to be modified with various kinds of post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation, acetylation, and ubiquitination, methylation has not been reported to date. In this study, we elucidated SMYD2 (SET and MYND domain containing 2), a protein methyltransferase related to human tumorigenesis, methylated PTEN at lysine 313 in C2 domain. SMYD2 knockdown caused downregulation of PI3K-AKT pathway and led to cell growth suppression, suggesting that SMYD2-mediated PTEN methylation would negatively regulate PTEN activity. Given the critical role of PTEN as a tumor suppressor, our finding would not only contribute to further understanding of the mechanism of SMYD2 depending human tumorigenesis, but also may lead to a novel anti-cancer therapeutic strategy. Citation Format: Makoto Nakakido, Yusuke Nakamura, Ryuji Hamamoto. SMYD2-mediated methylation regulates PTEN activity. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 115. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-115
To Leave an Area After Disaster: How Evacuees from the WTC Buildings Left the WTC Area Following the Attacks

How people leave a devastated area after a disaster is critical to understanding their ability to cope with risks they face while evacuating. Knowledge of their needs for communications about these risks is particularly crucial in planning for emergency responses. A convenience sample of 1,444 persons who survived the World Trade Center (WTC) attacks on September 11, 2001 were surveyed to ascertain their initial and ultimate destinations once they had left the buildings, how they arrived there, the role of types of obstacles they encountered, and the need for information and the seeking of other people as potential factors in influencing the process of leaving immediately. This survey was part of a larger, original survey. Results showed differences in how people traveled by mode to initial and ultimate destinations, how immediately they left the area, and factors associated with when they left. How they traveled and when they left were associated with where people lived, their tendency in times of stress to seek out other people including who they knew in the immediate area (e.g., co-workers or friends), the physical conditions surrounding them, and the importance to some of waiting for more information. Many people indicated they did not leave immediately because they had no information about where to go or what services would be available to them. Perceptions and communications about risks they were facing were reflected in the choices they considered in how and when to leave the area. These findings have numerous ramifications for understanding and guiding personal behavior in catastrophic situations. Language: en
Modeling the Effects of Late Cycle Oxygen Enrichment on Diesel Engine Combustion and Emissions

A multidimensional simulation of Auxiliary Gas Injection (AGI) for late cycle oxygen enrichment was exercised to assess the merits of AGI for reducing the emissions of soot from heavy duty diesel engines while not adversely affecting the NO{sub x} emissions of the engine. Here, AGI is the controlled enhancement of mixing within the diesel engine combustion chamber by high speed jets of air or another gas. The engine simulated was a Caterpillar 3401 engine. For a particular operating condition of this engine, the simulated soot emissions of the engine were reduced by 80% while not significantly affecting the engine-out NO{sub x} emissions compared to the engine operating without AGI. The effects of AGI duration, timing, and orientation are studied to confirm the window of opportunity for realizing lower engine-out soot while not increasing engine out NO{sub x} through controlled enhancement of in-cylinder mixing. These studies have shown that this window occurs during the late combustion cycle, from 20 to 60 crank angle degrees after top-dead-center. During this time, the combustion chamber temperatures are sufficiently high that soot oxidation increases in response in increased mixing, but the temperature is low enough that NO{sub x} reactions are quenched. The effect of the oxygen composition of the injected air is studied for the range of compositions between 21% and 30% oxygen by volume. This is the range of oxygen enrichment that is practical to produce from an air separation membrane. Simulations showed that this level of oxygen enrichment is insufficient to provide an additional benefit by either increasing the level of soot oxidation or prolonging the window of opportunity for increasing soot oxidation through enhanced mixing.
Control of Uridine Diphosphate-Glucose Dehydrogenase Synthesis and Uridine Diphosphate-Glucuronic Acid Accumulation by a Regulator Gene Mutation in Escherichia coli K-12

Uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glucose dehydrogenase, the enzyme that converts UDP-glucose to UDP-glucuronic acid, was derepressed in a mucoid (capR9) strain of Escherichia coli K-12 and repressed in a nonmucoid (capR(+)) strain. A nonmucoid mutant (strain MC 152; capR9 non-2) derived from the mucoid strain accumulated large quantities of nucleotides. Among these nucleotides, UDP-glucuronic acid was identified as well as guanosine triphosphate and an adenosine diphosphate-sugar. UDP-glucose dehydrogenase was still derepressed in strain MC 152. When the nonmucoid mutant was transduced to the wild-type state for this regulator gene (capR(+)), the transductant was found to accumulate less total nucleotides, and the accumulation of UDP-glucuronic acid was abolished. UDP-glucose dehydrogenase was repressed in the capR(+)non-2 strain but not to the same extent that it was in the capR(+) strain.
Cryoballoon versus Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation for Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation

Background Catheter ablation is an established treatment for atrial fibrillation (AF). Cryoballoon ablation (CBA) has emerged as an alternative to radiofrequency ablation (RFA). However, there are few data comparing these modalities for treatment of paroxysmal AF (pAF) in the U.S. population. The purpose of this study was to compare procedural times, safety, and efficacy of CBA against RFA. Methods A single-center prospective cohort study evaluated patients who underwent catheter ablation for pAF using CBA or RFA between January 1, 2010 and October 31, 2013. Patients with prior ablation and those without rhythm follow-up for at least 3 months were excluded. The primary end point was freedom from AF, atrial flutter, and atrial tachycardia (FFAF) >30 seconds after a 3-month blanking period without requirement for antiarrhythmic drugs. We also compared rates of successful pulmonary vein isolation (PVI), fluoroscopy and procedure times, and major complication rates. Results A total of 201 patients were included (CBA = 101, RFA = 100). The rate of successful PVI was 99.3% in CBA versus 97.4% in RFA (P = 0.08). Procedure times were shorter with CBA (192.9 ± 44.0 minutes vs 283.7 ± 78.0 minutes, P < 0.001) as well as total fluoroscopy times (46.0 ± 22.4 minutes vs 73.0 ± 30.1 minutes, P < 0.001). Overall complication rates were equivalent; however, fewer cardiac perforations occurred with CBA (0% vs 4%, P = 0.042). The 1-year FFAF rates were 60.3% for CBA and 61.1% for RFA (log rank P = 0.93). Conclusion CBA was associated with equivalent 1-year FFAF rate as RFA for pAF. Procedure and fluoroscopy times were shorter for CBA and fewer cardiac perforations occurred.
Recent advances in improvement of forecast skill and understanding climate processes using AIRS Version-5 products

AIRS/AMSU is the state of the art infrared and microwave atmospheric sounding system flying aboard EOS Aqua. These observations, covering the period September 2002 until the present, have been analyzed using the AIRS Science Team Version-5 retrieval algorithm. AIRS is a high spectral resolution infrared grating spectrometer with spect,ral coverage from 650 per centimeter extending to 2660 per centimeter, with low noise and a spectral resolving power of 2400. A brief overview of the AIRS Version-5 retrieval procedure will be presented, including the AIRS channels used in different steps in the retrieval process. Many researchers have used these products to make significant advances in both climate and weather applications. Recent significant results of these experiments will be presented, including results showing that 1) assimilation of AIRS Quality Controlled temperature profiles into a General Circulation Model (GCM) significantly improves the ability to predict storm tracks of intense precipitation events; and 2) anomaly time-series of Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR) computed using AIRS sounding products closely match those determined from the CERES instrument, and furthermore explain that the phenomenon that global and especially tropical mean OLR have been decreasing since September 2002 is a result of El Nino/La Nina oscillations during this period.
Consumer demand for meat and the evaluation of agricultural policy

This study utilizes an econometric model of equilibrium in the U.S. livestock and feedgrain markets to investigate a number of questions of economic methodology and policy. Both nonlinear consumer demand equations that obey the constraints of neoclassical demand theory and a model of supply are used. This approach allows for the measurement of the effects on consumer welfare of actual government policies. In particular, the model is employed to analyze the welfare effects of an actual policy situation — the sale of U.S. grain to the Soviet Union in the third quarter of 1972.
A Physiographic Approach to Downscaling Fractional Snow Cover Data in Mountainous Regions

Abstract Accurate characterization of snow-covered area (SCA) and snow water equivalent (SWE) in complex terrain is needed to improve estimation of streamflow timing and volume, and is important for land surface modeling. Direct field observations of SWE, SCA and atmospheric forcing inputs for models of snow accumulation and ablation are typically sparsely sampled in space. Satellite imagery is, therefore, a critical tool for verification and confirmation of snow model estimates of SCA. The Landsat system provides snow-covered area estimates at a spatial resolution of 30 m with a 16-day return interval, while daily estimates of SCA and fractional SCA ( f SCA ) are available at 500 m from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). This study describes and tests a linear model to downscale MODIS MOD10A1 f SCA (500 m) data to higher-resolution (30 m) spatially explicit binary SCA estimates. The algorithm operates on the assumption that two variables, potential insolation and elevation, control differential ablation of snow cover throughout spring melt at 30 m to 500 m scales. The model downscales daily 500 m f SCA estimates from MODIS to provide daily SCA estimates at a spatial resolution of 30 m, using limited Landsat SCA for calibration and independent Landsat SCA estimates for validation. Downscaled SCA estimates demonstrate statistically significant improvement from randomly generated model ensembles, indicating that insolation and elevation are dominant factors controlling the snow cover distribution in the semi-arid, mountainous region in southwestern Idaho, USA where this study is performed. Validation is performed with Landsat data not used for calibration, and is also performed using Landsat 500 m aggregate f SCA instead of MODIS f SCA as an ideal case. Downscaled estimates show reasonable accuracy (test metric outperforms random ensembles at p = 0.01 significance level for multiple ranges of snow cover) with only one calibrated parameter.
The vacuum structure of N = 2 super-QCD with classical gauge groups

Abstract We determine the vacuum structure of N = 2 supersymmetric QCD with fundamental quarks for gauge groups SO(n) and Sp(2n), extending prior results for SU(n). The solutions are all given in terms of families of hyperelliptic Riemann surfaces of genus equal to the rank of the gauge group. In the scale-invariant cases, the solutions all have exact S-dualities which act on the couplings by subgroups of PSL(2, Z ) and on the masses by outer automorphisms of the flavor symmetry. They are shown to reproduce the complete pattern of symmetry breaking on the Coulomb branch and predict the correct weak-coupling monodromies. Simple breakings with squark vevs provide further consistency checks involving strong-coupling physics.
Regulation of Na+-coupled Glucose Transport in LLC-PK1 Cells MESSAGE STABILIZATION INDUCED BY CYCLIC AMP ELEVATION IS ACCOMPANIED BY BINDING OF A Mr = 48,000 PROTEIN TO A URIDINE-RICH DOMAIN IN THE 3′-UNTRANSLATED REGION

In an exploration of the molecular basis of cyclic AMP-induced stabilization of Na+/glucose cotransporter mRNA (SGLT1 isoform) accompanying cell differentiation in the pig kidney cell line LLC-PK1, we have identified a 48-kDa cytoplasmic protein factor, designated SG-URBP, which specifically binds a 120-nucleotide sequence within the 3′-untranslated region of the SGLT1 message. A 46-nucleotide uridine-rich element within this region appears necessary for specific binding, and the presence of the 3′-untranslated region is necessary for message stabilization by cyclic AMP. The binding activity of SG-URBP is up-regulated after cyclic AMP elevation and protein kinase A activation, whereas protein dephosphorylation either in vivo or in vitro is associated with loss of binding activity. The increase in SG-URBP binding activity correlates with an increase in the half-life of the SGLT1 message, suggesting a cause and effect relationship.
Reduced handgrip strength as a marker of frailty predicts clinical outcomes in patients with heart failure undergoing ventricular assist device placement.

Background Heart failure (HF) is associated with the derangement of muscle structure and metabolism, contributing to exercise intolerance, frailty, and mortality. Reduced handgrip strength is associated with increased patient frailty and higher morbidity and mortality. We evaluated handgrip strength as a marker of muscle function and frailty for prediction of clinical outcomes after ventricular assist device (VAD) implantation in patients with advanced HF.
Understanding Volunteer Peer Health Educators' Motivations: Applying Social Learning Theory

We conducted focus group interviews with students who were current peer health educators at a mid-sized university to determine what factors motivate individuals to volunteer for a peer health education program. Specifically, we asked the participants questions designed to explore their life experiences, their expectations of the peer education program, and their motivations. Constructs from social learning theory were used to categorize and contribute to our understanding of the responses. Many participants specified experiences with family members or friends, such as alcoholism or other illnesses, that had influenced their decisions. Participants' expectation of the program varied greatly and did not indicate a strong link to the decision to volunteer. The peer health educators' motivations for volunteering were altruistic, such as wanting to help others; egotistic, such as wanting job training; or related to self-efficacy beliefs, such as satisfying a personal need for health education. This study indicated that life experiences, a belief in the effectiveness of peer health education programs, and positive reinforcement to join influence the decision to volunteer. Implications for coordinating peer education programs are discussed.
Model of the Process of Adopting Vegetarian Diets: Health Vegetarians and Ethical Vegetarians

Abstract Interest in vegetarian diets is growing due to health and animal welfare concerns. This study examined the experiences of individuals who adopted vegetarian diets as adolescents or adults. Nineteen self-identified adult vegetarians, recruited from a vegetarian group in one city using snowball sampling, participated in qualitative interviews. The majority of respondents were well-educated, middle-class adults of European-American backgrounds, although they varied in age and sex as well as type and duration of vegetarian diet. The constant comparative method was used for analysis of these qualitative data. A process model describing the adoption of vegetarian diets was developed. Two types of vegetarians, health and ethical, were identified based on respondents’ major reasons for adopting a vegetarian diet. Health vegetarians were motivated by a perceived threat of disease and the potential health benefits associated with vegetarian diets. Ethical vegetarians were motivated by moral considerations and viewed a vegetarian diet as a way to align dietary behaviors with beliefs and values about animal welfare. Adoption of a vegetarian diet was influenced by the receipt of information about the health and ethical impacts of vegetarian diets, physical aversions to animal-derived food, and life transitions. These findings can assist nutrition educators in developing strategies to work with clients adopting vegetarian diets and expand understanding of food choice behavior.
Neuropeptide Y/peptide YY receptor binding sites in the heart : localization and pharmacological characterization

[125I]Peptide YY was used to localize and characterize peptide YY and neuropeptide Y receptor binding sites in the heart. In the rat and rabbit heart, nearly every artery and arteriole that could be histologically identified also expressed saturable binding sites for [125I]peptide YY. In the arteries, these [125I]peptide YY binding sites were primarily associated with the smooth muscle layer. Pharmacological experiments demonstrated that peptide YY and neuropeptide Y were equipotent in competing for [125I]peptide YY binding in the heart. In another competition series, [Leu31,Pro34]-neuropeptide Y (a Y1 receptor-specific agonist when used with [125I]peptide YY) was significantly more potent than neuropeptide Y (a Y2 receptor-specific agonist when used with [125I]peptide YY) in competing for [125I]peptide YY binding from coronary arteries, suggesting that the receptor binding sites on cardiac arteries and arterioles are of the Y1 subtype. These results demonstrate that smooth muscle cells of the atrial and ventricular arteries and arterioles in rat and rabbit heart express Y1 receptors and suggest a possible direct effect of neuropeptide Y on coronary blood vessels to induce vasoconstriction.
Momentum and energy transport by waves in the solar atmosphere and solar wind.

The fluid equations for the solar wind are presented in a form which includes the momentum and energy flux of waves in a general and consistent way. The concept of conservation of wave action is introduced and is used to derive expressions for the wave energy density as a function of heliocentric distance. The explicit form of the terms due to waves in both the momentum and energy equations are given for radially propagating acoustic, Alfven, and fast mode waves. The effect of waves as a source of momentum is explored by examining the critical points of the momentum equation for isothermal spherically symmetric flow. We find that the principal effect of waves on the solutions is to bring the critical point closer to the sun's surface and to increase the Mach number at the critical point. When a simple model of dissipation is included for acoustic waves, in some cases there are multiple critical points.
Authenticity Is Not a Real Predicate

There is a tendency to assume otherwise, to take authenticity for a real predicate, and this is true not only of proponents of existentialism. We find even prominent interpreters of Heidegger using "authenticity" as a real predicate, as a quality applied to a referent present at hand. Let a couple instances suffice.
Pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of palifermin (PAL) (a R‐HUKGF molecule)

Background/Aims PAL has been shown in hematological cancer patients to reduce the duration, incidence, and severity of mucositis following 3-consecutive daily doses of 60 ug/kg. In the studies described here, the PK/PD of PAL was evaluated. Methods In 2, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose escalation studies, healthy subjects received single (SL) (60–250 ug/kg) or multiple (MP) (40 ug/kg/day[d] × 3d) IV doses of PAL or placebo. PK and PD (Ki67 staining on buccal mucosa biopsies) assessments were conducted at baseline and postdose. Results 75 subjects (18–63 yrs) received PAL. Exposure to PAL increased approximately dose proportionally (3-fold increase in C0 and AUC for a 4-fold increase in dose). An increased PD response was observed with increased dose, with an apparent flattening of the dose response relationship at higher doses. The PD response 24 hrs after the 3rd MP dose of 40 ug/kg was similar to that at 48 hrs after a SL dose of 120 ug/kg. Conclusions A SL collapsed dose yields comparable PD to the same total dose partitioned over 3 consecutive days. Based on the safety, PD, and efficacy profiles of PAL, future oncology trials will be conducted using a SL 180 ug/kg dose in lieu of 3 doses at 60 ug/kg. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2005) 77, P17–P17; doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2004.11.067
The influence of sex hormones on the transaminases of the accessory sex organs of the male rat.

THE existence of multiple transaminating activities in the ventral prostate of the rat was recently demonstrated in this laboratory (Awapara and Seale, 1952). The role which the transamination reaction plays in intermediary metabolism of amino acids is not known precisely, but no doubt, it must be an important one. In addition to active transaminases, the ventral prostate possesses an unusually high concentration of free amino acids, a property not shared by the dorsal lobe. Some experiments on whole prostate carried out in this laboratory indicated that the concentration of free amino acids decreases considerably after castration and prostatic atrophy (Marvin and Awapara, 1949). Normal levels of free amino acids could be restored in the castrated animal by administering testosterone propionate. The origin and fate of free amino acids in the ventral prostate are not known. Oxidative deamination of alanine and glutamic acid has been found to proceed at negligible rates whereas transamination was found to b...
Aortic valve calcification in systemic lupus erythematosus.

Aortic valve calcification is associated with atherosclerosis in the general population. We investigated the prevalence of and associates of aortic valve calcification in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). One-hundred and ninety-nine SLE patients enrolled in a clinical trial had aortic valve calcification assessed by helical CT. The patients had a mean age of 44.3 = 11.4 years and were 92% female, 61% Caucasian, 34% African-American, 2% Asian and 2% Hispanic. Aortic valve calcification was present in 1.5%, whereas coronary calcium was found in 43% and carotid plaque in 17%. Among cardiovascular risk factors, hs-CRP (P = 0.0592), fibrinogen (P = 0.0507), and lipoprotein(a) (P = 0.0250), were associated with aortic valve calcification. Prednisone use (P = 0.049) and use of methotrexate (P = 0.0174) were also associated with aortic valve calcification. Aortic valve calcification was associated with antiphospholipid antibody positivity (0.0287) (lupus anticoagulant, by dilute Russell viper venom time). It wa...
Correction: Miniaturized, multiplexed readout of droplet-based microfluidic assays using time-domain modulation

Correction for ‘Miniaturized, multiplexed readout of droplet-based microfluidic assays using time-domain modulation’ by Melaku Muluneh et al., Lab Chip, 2014, DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00819g.
Many roads lead to oncogene-induced senescence

Oncogene-induced senescence is a mechanism of tumor suppression that restricts the progression of benign tumors. Important advances have been made toward elucidating the mechanisms that regulate this response; however, there is presently no unified model that integrates all current findings. DNA damage, replicative stress, reactive oxygen species, heterochromatin formation and negative feedback signaling networks have all been proposed to play an integral role in promoting senescence in response to various oncogenic insults. In all cases, these signals have been shown to function through Rb and p53, but utilize different intermediaries. Thus, it appears that senescence is not triggered by a single, linear series of events, but instead is regulated by a complex signaling network. Accordingly, multiple proteins may cooperate to establish a senescence response, but the limiting signal(s) may be dictated by the initiating genetic alteration and/or tissue type. This review will focus on integrating current models and will highlight data that provide new insight into the signals that function to suppress human tumor development.
Detection of T-wave alternans by exercise stress testing, atrial-pacing, and atrioventricular pacing

In a recent work, Kraaier et al. 1 explored whether atrial pacing (AP) and atrioventricular (AV) pacing lead to fewer indeterminate microvolt T-wave alternans (MTWA) tests than exercise (E) in a group of 30 patients with ischaemic cardiomyopathy who had been previously implanted with dual-chamber implantable-cardioverter defibrillators. They also concluded that this was actually the case, and that the discordance between characterization of positive and non-negative results of MTWA by pairs of the above three methods is quite sizeable. What could be the case for this finding? (i) It is unlikely that the discordance in the test results could be attributed to change in the arrhythmogenic susceptibility of their patients …
Enforcement Principles and Environmental Agencies: Principal‐Agent Relationships in a Delegated Environmental Program

This article examines whether states shirked enforcement responsibilities in their principal-agent relationship with the federal government when implementing a delegated environmental program. It evaluates determinants of environmental enforcement stringency, particularly whether penalties were less when imposed by states than by the federal government. It analyzes 6,048 hazardous waste administrative penalties across 32 states and all U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Regions over 14 years. It finds that state penalties are typically substantially lower than federal penalties, and that penalty amounts are typically also related to the partisan composition of elected officials and the characteristics of enforcement actions, such as the type, seriousness, and number of violations. Factors such as the influence of organized interest groups, agency sensitivity to economic conditions or the economic importance of regulated industries, and environmentalist preferences of elected officials and the public are typically unrelated to enforcement stringency.
Three-dimensional surface singularity of an interface crack

The three-dimensional singularity field near the terminal point of an interface crack at the free surface of an elastic bimaterial is investigated. The Finite Element Iterative Method (FEIM) is used for evaluating the asymptotic field. A spherical coordinate system r, θ, φ is used and the singular displacement field is assumed to be of a product form rλg(θ, φ), where λ and g(.) are in general complex. To validate the model, the method is first applied to the three dimensional surface crack in a homogeneous elastic material. The results for this case show excellent agreement with previously published analytical and numerical results. For an extreme effect of bimaterial property mismatch, on the surface crack singularity, an elastic material bonded to a rigid substrate is investigated (E1/E2=∞). The results show that the complex power singularity depends strongly on Poisson's ratio ν. The real part of the stress singularity is greater than 0.5 of the plane strain case and the imaginary part becomes almost zero at ν ≥ 0·25 instead of at ν=0.5. The second term in the expansion of the asymptotic field was shown to have a singularity of 0.5.
Transforming growth factor-β1 rapidly activates phosphorylase in a calcium-dependent manner in rat hepatocytes

Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) rapidly activated phosphorylase in isolated rat hepatocytes (half-maximal rate of activation with approximately 0.1 ng/ml). Removal of Ca2+ from the external medium just before TGF-β1 addition markedly attenuated phosphorylase activation. TGF-β1 (1 ng/ml) produced a small increase in [Ca2+]i (approximately 10% increase after 30 s), which appears sufficient to account for phosphorylase activation. These observations indicate that activation of the TGF-β1 signal transduction system in hepatocytes is linked with a small increase in [Ca2+]i, and external Ca2+ may contribute in part to this increase.
Parenting Styles and Emotion Regulation: The Role of Behavioral and Psychological Control During Young Adulthood

This study examined the relations between maternal parenting styles (including warmth, behavioral control, and psychological control) and young adults’ emotion regulation. Participants included 246 young adults from a large Midwestern university, as well as their mothers. Higher levels of maternal control, particularly psychological control, were related to lower levels of young adults’ emotion regulation. This study is among the first to explore the above relations within the context of young adulthood. Limitations and clinical implications are discussed.
Partial reinforcement effect under odor control.

4 groups (ns = 10) of albino rats were given 40 acquisition and 25 extinction trials in a straight runway under one of the following conditions: (1) continuous reinforcement with an exhaust fan operative; (2) continuous reinforcement with exhaust fan operating but blocked from exhausting; (3) partial reinforcement with exhaust fan operating but blocked, and (4) partial reinforcement with exhaust fan operative. The results imply that exhausting odor(s) under a partial schedule increases running speeds during acquisition and resistance to extinction. The study points to important methodological implications for partial reinforcement research.
Who's the Winner? An Exercise in Measurement.

Summary Issues of measurement are fundamental in statistics but often overlooked in introductory courses. This interactive exercise encourages students to think critically about how things are measured.
Expectations and Personal Cultural Knowledge: Redefining Asian Scholars' Research Efforts

This study critically analyzes race-related research with an Asian focus in selected major communication publications with the results showing that these lines of research suffer from four major problems. First, how Asians are portrayed must, for the most part, stay in line with a dominant White, dichotomous paradigm that serves to highlight the superiority of Western communication. Second, Asians tend to be studied more as a means to illustrate cultural collectivism than as members of distinct cultures. Third, Asian scholars must struggle between positioning their studies as about Asians or about specific cultural groups, and whether to avoid possible oppositional discourse. Fourth, Asian scholars writing about Asian patterns of communication must cope with the perception that they are opportunistic.
Patterns and predictors of current cigarette smoking in women and men of reproductive age-Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras

OBJECTIVE: To estimate smoking prevalence by gender, describe patterns of cigarette use, and identify predictors of current smoking in reproductive-age adults in four Latin American countries. METHODS: Self-reported smoking was examined using data from Reproductive Health Surveys of women aged 15-49 years in Ecuador (2004), El Salvador (2002-2003), Guatemala (2002), and Honduras (2001), and of men aged 15-59 years in El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras for the same years. Current smoking was assessed by demographic characteristics, and independent associations were examined using logistic regression. Data were weighted to be nationally representative of households with reproductive-age women and men. RESULTS: Current smoking prevalence ranged from 2.6% (Guatemala) to 13.1% (Ecuador) for women and from 23.1% (Guatemala) to 34.9% (El Salvador) for men. In Ecuador, 67.6% of female smokers were non-daily users; in other countries, daily use was more prevalent than non-daily use for both men and women. In daily users, the median number of cigarettes smoked per day ranged from 1.9 (Ecuador, Honduras) to 2.3 (Guatemala) for women and from 2.1 (Guatemala) to 3.6 (Honduras) for men. In bivariate analysis, smoking prevalence in all countries was highest in women who lived in urban areas, were previously married, and/or had high socioeconomic status. Risk factors for smoking varied by country and gender. CONCLUSIONS: National tobacco control programs in these countries should aggressively target high-risk populations (reproductive-age men) and maintain low prevalence in low-risk populations (reproductive-age women). More research is needed to understand addiction patterns in non-daily smokers.