cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The gene expression profile of patients with new-onset heart failure reveals important gender-specific differences.

Aims We sought to test the hypothesis that inherent biological factors contribute to gender differences in disease pathophysiology of new-onset heart failure (HF), which can be detected from the transcriptome of a single endomyocardial biopsy (EMB). Methods and results We analysed samples from male ( n = 29) and female patients ( n = 14) with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (IDCM) and new-onset HF with U133 Plus 2.0 microarrays (Affymetrix) and significance analysis of microarrays (SAM). There were 35 overexpressed and 16 downregulated transcripts in men vs. women [ q 1.2]. In addition to overexpression of Y-chromosome-related transcripts ( n = 18), such as USP9Y (FC > 13.1), DDX3Y (FC > 11.3), RPS4Y1 (FC > 9.9), and EIF1AY (FC > 11.8) in males, there was overexpression of CD24 (FC > 5.6) and KCNK1 (FC > 1.5). In females, XIST was highly overexpressed (FC > 28.9), together with X-linked zinc finger proteins (FC > 1.9) and autosomal genes GATAD1 (FC > 1.6), SLC2A12 (FC > 2.9), and PDE6B (FC > 1.5). Analysis of a public data set of end-stage IDCM ( n = 15) resulted in ∼85% overlap with our findings. Conclusion This is the first study that identified gender-specific transcriptomic differences in new-onset HF. Our findings may offer novel insights into fundamental biological differences in the pathophysiology of HF between sexes and provide a platform for personalized medicine.
Effects of sulfate deprivation on the production of chondroitin/dermatan sulfate by cultures of skin fibroblasts from normal and diabetic individuals.

Abstract Human skin fibroblast monolayer cultures from two normal men, three Type I diabetic men, and one Type I diabetic woman were incubated with [ 3 H]glucosamine in the presence of diminished concentrations of sulfate. Although total synthesis of [ 3 H]chondroitin/dermatan glycosaminoglycans varied somewhat between cell lines, glycosaminoglycan production was not affected within any line when sulfate levels were decreased from 0.3 m m to 0.06 m m to 0.01 m m to 0 added sulfate. Lowering of sulfate concentrations resulted in diminished sulfation of chondroitin/dermatan in a progressive manner, so that overall sulfation dropped to as low as 19% for one of the lines. Sulfation of chondroitin to form chondroitin 4-sulfate and chondroitin 6-sulfate was progressively and equally affected by decreasing the sulfate concentration in the culture medium. However, sulfation to form dermatan sulfate was preserved to a greater degree, so that the relative proportion of dermatan sulfate to chondroitin sulfate increased. Essentially all the nonsulfated residues were susceptible to chondroitin AC lyase, indicating that little epimerization of glucuronic acid residues to iduronic acid had occurred in the absence of sulfation. These results confirm the previously described dependency of glucuronic/iduronic epimerization on sulfation, and indicate that sulfation of the iduronic acid-containing disaccharide residues of dermatan can take place with sulfate concentrations lower than those needed for 6-sulfation and 4-sulfation of the glucuronic acid-containing disaccharide residues of chondroitin. There were considerable differences among the six fibroblast lines in susceptibility to low sulfate medium and in the proportion of chondroitin 6-sulfate, chondroitin 4-sulfate, and dermatan sulfate. However, there was no pattern of differences between normals and diabetics.
Performance evaluation of a real‐time pseudodynamic test system

This paper presents a detailed analysis of a real-time pseudodynamic test system using a system transfer function. The analysis considers the actuator control scheme, the dynamics of the actuator, test structure, and actuator reaction frame, the influence of actuator time delay on response computation, and methods to compensate for the time-lag errors. It has been observed that the system can achieve an excellent performance with optimum control gains. The two error-compensation methods presented here are also proven to be effective. Further, it has been demonstrated that the adverse effect of the inertia force developed by the test structure can be corrected for during a real-time test, and that the influence of the reaction frame flexibility is small when the frame is reasonably massive and stiff as compared to the test structure.
Scale-Dependent Contact Deformation of Layered Media Due to Multi-Wavelength Surface Roughness Effects

In view of the self-affinity property exhibited by many engineering surfaces, multi-scale roughness leads to scale-dependent deformation of asperity contacts. Therefore, it is necessary to incorporate real surface topographies and local constitutive models of the deformation mode of interacting asperities in contact mechanics analyses. A theoretical treatment based on multi-wavelength surface topography description and asperity deformation models is presented and its applicability is demonstrated for layered media with fractal surfaces.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
On Service Community Learning: A Co-clustering Approach

Efficient and accurate discovery of user desired Web services is a key component for achieving the full potential of service computing. However, service discovery is a non-trivial task considering the large and fast growing service space. Meanwhile, Web services are typically autonomous and a priori unknown. This further complicates the service discovery problem. We propose a service community learning algorithm that can generate homogeneous communities from the heterogeneous service space. This can greatly facilitate the service discovery process as the users only need to search within their desired service communities. A key ingredient of the community learning algorithm is a co-clustering scheme that leverages the duality relationship between services and operations. Experimental results on both synthetic and real Web services demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed service community learning algorithm.
Retinal synapses of the cat medial interlaminar nucleus and ventral lateral geniculate nucleus differ in size and synaptic organization.

The retinal terminals of the medial interlaminar nucleus (MIN) and ventral lateral geniculate nucleus ( VLG ) have been examined quantitatively to determine if there are morphological differences in their synaptic ultrastructure which reflect their distinctive physiologies . The cross-sectional area and density (number per unit area) of synaptic contact zones with conventional and presynaptic dendrites (F2 profiles) were measured for each retinal terminal. The densities of F2 presynaptic dendrites and F1 flattened vesicle axon terminals were also measured. Retinal terminals in MIN were often large (mean size = 2.7 micron2 area) and had a high density of synaptic contacts (0.14 per micron surface area) with conventional dendrites, presynaptic dendrites, and dendritic spines. A high density of F2 presynaptic dendrites (0.08 per micron2 area) was found in MIN. F1 axon terminals were also found frequently (0.04 per micron2). MIN retinal terminals were often organized in glomeruli like those of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. The retinal terminals in VLG were almost always small (mean size = 0.94 micron2 area), although they also had a high density of synaptic contacts (0.17 per micron surface area). They frequently synapsed on small dendrites and dendritic spines and less frequently on large dendrites. Unlike MIN, retinal terminals in VLG rarely contacted F2 presynaptic dendrites which were much less frequent in VLG (0.01 per micron2 area). Like MIN, VLG contained numerous F1 axon terminals (0.06 per micron2 area). No typical retinal glomeruli were found in VLG . These results show that MIN, which contains many Y cells, has a population of large retinal terminals and many F2 presynaptic dendrites. VLG , which apparently has only W cells, contains only small retinal terminals and has fewer F2 presynaptic dendrites. Both have a high density of F1 flat vesicle axon terminals.
Quantum chemical calculations on antipsychotic drugs and narcotic agents

Illustrative examples are given of comparative results on chlorpromazine by the cndo/2 method and by an indo method. For this we had previously extended the indo formalism to include d orbitals and parametrization to include compounds with second-row atoms. Results are presented for other antipsychotic drugs such as perazine and trifluoperazine and for the narcotic agent, morphine.
Shift in buoyant density of DNA during the synthetic period and its relation to euchromatin and heterochromatin in mammalian cells.

Abstract Native DNA was isolated from mitotic tetraploid rabbit cells which had been labeled with [3H]thymidine at various intervals of the synthetic phase of the cell cycle. The ratios of 3H cts/min in pulse-labeled DNA to 32P cts/min in uniformly labeled DNA in neutral CsCl density gradients were determined. The ratios show that there is a gradual change as the S-phase progresses from the synthesis m early S-phase of main peak DNA of heavier buoyant density than average to the synthesis at the end of the S-phase of main peak DNA of lighter buoyant density than average. The buoyant density of main peak DNA's in euchromatin and heterochromatin fractions of nuclei isolated from the livers of mouse, Chinese hamster and rabbit were determined by analytical and preparative centrifugation. No significant differences in the buoyant densities of main peak DNA's could be detected between the chromatin fractions from one animal.
Oil-frozen W1/O/W2 double emulsions for dermal biomacromolecular delivery containing ethanol as chemical penetration enhancer

Oil-frozen water-in-oil-in-water (W₁/O/W₂) double emulsions (DE) containing ethanol up to 40% (w/v) in the external aqueous W₂ phase exhibited external coalescence upon thawing of the oil phase, releasing up to 85% of the encapsulated protein of the internal aqueous phase. These emulsions were studied in vitro as potential dermal macromolecular delivery formulations, achieving fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled bovine serum albumin (FITC-BSA) penetration of up to 86 μm into porcine skin, reaching the viable epidermis where the immunocompetent Langerhans cells are located. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed to observe the effect of the emulsification process and ethanol content on the ability of BSA to form antigen-antibody complexes; results indicated that ethanol content and the emulsification process did not diminish the BSA-antibody complex formation when compared with a BSA standard aqueous solution. Therefore, it is shown that oil-frozen W₁/O/W₂ DE, with penetration-enhancing ethanol in the W₂ phase, can potentially be used for cutaneous vaccine delivery formulations.
Beneficial effects of myocyte preconditioning on contractile processes after cardioplegic arrest

Background. Myocardial preconditioning, which can be achieved through short intervals of ischemia or hypoxia followed by reperfusion, protects the myocardium with subsequent prolonged periods of ischemia. Accordingly, the present study tested the hypothesis that hypoxic preconditioning before cardioplegic arrest would have direct and beneficial effects on myocyte contractile processes with reperfusion. Methods. Left ventricular porcine myocytes (n = 335) were randomly assigned to one of three treatments: normothermia, maintained in cell media (37°C, 2 hours); cardioplegia, hyperkalemic arrest (24 mEq K + , 4°C, 2 hours) followed by normothermic reperfusion; preconditioning, hypoxia (20 minutes) and reperfusion (20 minutes), and then followed by cardioplegic arrest and rewarming. Myocyte velocity of shortening was measured using computer-assisted videomicroscopy at baseline and with β -adrenergic receptor stimulation with isoproterenol (25 nmol/L). Results. In the cardioplegia group, myocyte function was reduced at baseline (22 ± 1 versus 57 ± 2 μ m/s) and with β -adrenergic receptor stimulation (81 ± 5 versus 156 ± 7 μ m/s) compared to normothermic controls ( p μ m/s) and with β -adrenergic receptor stimulation (130 ± 6 μ m/s) compared to the cardioplegic alone group ( p Conclusions. The important findings from this study are twofold. First, preconditioning can be induced directly at the level of the myocyte, independent of non-myocyte populations and extracellular influences. Second, myocyte preconditioning provides protective effects on myocyte function and β -adrenergic responsiveness after cardioplegic arrest and rewarming. These findings suggest that preconditioning may provide a novel approach in protecting myocyte contractile processes during cardioplegic arrest.
Strength and ductility evaluation of cold-welded seams in aluminum tubes extruded through porthole dies

Abstract The mechanical behavior (strength and ductility) of the cold-welded seams that are inevitable in hollow profiles and tubes extruded through porthole dies are investigated with the aid of the Ring Hoop Tension Test (RHTT) and Digital Image Correlation (DIC). In the RHTT, a dogbone-shaped gage-section machined on a ring extracted from the parent tube is placed over two rigid, D-shaped mandrels and it is stretched as the mandrels are parted in a testing machine. RHTT experiments were performed on specimens extracted from Al-6061-T4 extruded tubes, with the cold-welded seams placed at the center of the gage-section. Using DIC to probe the full strain fields and assess their evolution, the local apparent stress–strain responses along the specimen’s gage-section were determined. It was found that the cold-welded regions are somewhat stiffer than the remainder of the specimen, the latter approaching the apparent response of the base material. Furthermore, each of the three cold-welded seams in the tubes had a different apparent stress–strain response. In every case failure occurred away from the cold-welded seam. The work described here allows the direct probing of the mechanical behavior of a cold-welded seam in its as-received state.
Michael Macomber (ed.), The Red Sox and Philosophy: Green Monster Meditations

Chicago, IL: Open Court, 2010, pp. 320. (pbk), $13.97 ISBN 978–0-8126–9677-6Clearly, the target audience of this book is Red Sox fans, but more than that, Red Sox fans who might like to think a bit...
Relations between seismicity and deformation during unrest in Long Valley Caldera, California, from 1995 through 1999

Abstract Unrest in Long Valley Caldera and the adjacent Sierra Nevada from 1995 through 2000 was dominated by three major episodes: (1) the March–April 1996 earthquake swarm in the east lobe of the south moat; (2) the July 1997–January 1998 caldera-wide unrest; and (3) a sequence of three M >5 earthquakes (9 June 1998, 13 July 1998, and 15 May 1999 UT) located in the Sierra Nevada block immediately south of the caldera. These three unrest episodes each had distinct characteristics with distinct implications for associated hazards. Seismicity developed as earthquake swarms for the 1996 and 1997–98 episodes, both of which were within the caldera. In contrast, the series of three M >5 earthquakes south of the caldera in 1998–99 each developed as a mainshock–aftershock sequence. Marginal deformation within the caldera associated with the 1996 swarm and the 1998–99 M >5 earthquakes is consistent with the cumulative seismic moments for the respective sequences. Deformation associated with the 1997–98 episode, however, was roughly five times larger than can be accounted for by the cumulative seismic moment of the associated earthquake swarm. We conclude that the 1997–98 episode was associated with mass transport (local intrusion of magma or magmatic brine) and that the associated earthquake swarm activity, which had a relatively high b -value of 1.2, was largely driven by the intrusive process. In contrast, the 1996 earthquake swarm and the 1998–99 M >5 mainshock–aftershock sequences, both with ‘normal’ b -values of ∼0.9, represent brittle relaxation to previously accumulated stresses associated with little or no mass transport. These relations emphasize the importance of simultaneous, real-time monitoring of both seismicity and deformation as a basis for judging whether an evolving unrest episode has the potential for culminating in a volcanic eruption.
Genetic recombination in the cephamycin producer,Streptomyces clavuligerus

In order to study the mechanism of cephamycin production by streptomycetes and to use genetic recombination in strain development, we undertook genetic studies inStreptomyces lipmanii andS. clavuligerus. S. lipmanii crosses gave 0.005–1.3% “prototroph-like” colonies, but all segregated back to parental genotypes. Crosses ofS. clavuligerus resulted in lower frequencies of “prototroph-like” colonies, i.e., 0.00002–0.9%. In ade x ura and ade x his crosses, the recombinant progeny did not segregate back. In arg x ade and arg x his crosses, segregation occurred in about 50% of the progeny. These data demonstrate that true haploid recombinants occur in crosses ofS. clavuligerus. S. lipmanii yielded only heterokaryons and, therefore, is less suitable thanS. clavuligerus for further genetic study.
Real-time three-dimensional optical coherence tomography image-guided core-needle biopsy system

Advances in optical imaging modalities, such as optical coherence tomography (OCT), enable us to observe tissue microstructure at high resolution and in real time. Currently, core-needle biopsies are guided by external imaging modalities such as ultrasound imaging and x-ray computed tomography (CT) for breast and lung masses, respectively. These image-guided procedures are frequently limited by spatial resolution when using ultrasound imaging, or by temporal resolution (rapid real-time feedback capabilities) when using x-ray CT. One feasible approach is to perform OCT within small gauge needles to optically image tissue microstructure. However, to date, no system or core-needle device has been developed that incorporates both three-dimensional OCT imaging and tissue biopsy within the same needle for true OCT-guided core-needle biopsy. We have developed and demonstrate an integrated core-needle biopsy system that utilizes catheter-based 3-D OCT for real-time image-guidance for target tissue localization, imaging of tissue immediately prior to physical biopsy, and subsequent OCT imaging of the biopsied specimen for immediate assessment at the point-of-care. OCT images of biopsied ex vivo tumor specimens acquired during core-needle placement are correlated with corresponding histology, and computational visualization of arbitrary planes within the 3-D OCT volumes enables feedback on specimen tissue type and biopsy quality. These results demonstrate the potential for using real-time 3-D OCT for needle biopsy guidance by imaging within the needle and tissue during biopsy procedures.
The nature of the cell membrane charge measured by partition in aqueous two-polymer phase systems: differentiation of classes of beef erythrocytes.

Abstract Beef erythrocytes are comprised of three major classes: those having low, intermediate or high partition coefficients in aqueous dextran-polyethylene glycol phases. All beef erythrocytes have the same electrophoretic mobility but cells having a high partition release far more sialic acid when treated with neuraminidase or trypsin than do cells belonging to the other two classes. The partition of cells in two-polymer aqueous phase systems is thus shown to measure charge-associated-properties much deeper into the membrane than does cell electrophoresis.
Beam cantilevered from elastic support: Finite‐element modelling

A beam, modelled by standard beam elements, is to be connected to a plane, which is modelled by quadrilateral elements. Beam elements include rotational d.o.f. but quadrilateral elements do not. The connection is made by extending the beam into the plane by an additional beam element. Herein we present a formula for the stiffness of the additional beam element so that the elasticity of the support is properly represented.
Fourier-transform ring laser

A Fourier-transform ring laser has been designed and toleranced to produce a good-quality beam from a solid-state laser. Extremely high volumetric utilization of the gain distribution is accomplished by injecting a super-Gaussian-shaped beam profile of uniform phase and nearly uniform intensity into the ring resonator. This beam fills most of the rod and is reproduced at the rod center in both intensity and phase by an exact Fourier-transform relay lens scheme. The laser is shown to be most stable when the diameter of the super-Gaussian beam is equal to diameter of the eigenmode for the optical system. It is shown to be most reliable when the relay system has a magnification such that the beam expands from its initial eigenmode size to fill the rod on its final pass.
Implications of exercise training in mtDNA defects—use it or lose it?

Whether regular exercise is beneficial or should be avoided is a question currently unsettled in patients with heteroplasmic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) disorders of skeletal muscle. Deleterious effects of habitual physical inactivity superimposed upon impaired mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation may contribute to varying degrees of exercise intolerance in these patients. Endurance exercise training is widely known to improve exercise capacity in healthy subjects and various chronic-disease patient populations. Although we have shown that beneficial physiological and biochemical responses to training increase exercise tolerance in patients with mtDNA defects, knowledge of the muscle adaptive response to endurance training within the setting of mitochondrial heteroplasmy remains limited. In order to determine advisability of endurance training as therapy, it remains to be established whether potential endurance training-induced increases in mutant mtDNA levels may be offset by increases in absolute wild-type mtDNA levels, and whether chronic inactivity leads to a selective down-regulation of wild-type mtDNA. Resistance training utilizes a different adaptive exercise approach to induce the transfer of normal mitochondrial templates from satellite cells to mature muscle fibers of patients with sporadic mtDNA disorders. The efficacy and safety of this approach needs to be further established. Our current inability to clearly advise patients to "use it or lose it" underscores the immediate urgency of studying the effects of exercise on skeletal muscle of patients with heteroplasmic mtDNA defects.
Chipping away at the Embryonic Stem Cell Network

Critical transcription factors, notably OCT4, SOX2, and NANOG, are necessary to maintain self-renewal and pluripotency, two properties characteristic of embryonic stem (ES) cells. By analyzing the genome-wide localization of these factors at promoter regions in human ES cells, Boyer et al. (2005) demonstrate frequent promoter cooccupancy at numerous target genes. As they discuss in this issue of Cell, their findings indicate the presence of a complex network of autoregulatory and feedforward loops in human ES cells.
Stochastic clearing systems

A stochastic clearing system is characterized by a non-decreasing stochastic input process {Y(t), t ≧ 0}, where Y(t) is the cumulative quantity entering the system in [0, t], and an output mechanism that intermittently and instantaneously clears the system, that is, removes all the quantity currently present. Examples may be found in the theory of queues, inventories, and other stochastic service and storage systems. In this paper we derive an explicit expression for the stationary (in some cases, limiting) distribution of the quantity in the system, under the assumption that the clearing instants are regeneration points and, in particular, first entrance times into sets of the form {y: y>q}. The expression is in terms of the sojourn measure W associated with {Y(t), t ≧ 0}: W{A} = E{time spent in A by Y(t), 0 ≤ t < ∞}. The results are applied to compound input processes and processes with stationary independent increments. In particular, we show that, contrary to a wide-spread belief, the uniform stationary distribution characteristic of deterministic models does not usually carry over to genuinely stochastic models.
Gas-liquid chromatography of derivatives of several amino acids that occur in the actinomycins

Abstract The gas-liquid chromatography of the n -amyl N -acetyl ester derivatives of a number of amino acids known to occur in the actinomycins is described. Preliminary studies indicate that this procedure may be employed in the analysis of hydrolyzates of these antibiotics with a sensitivity of at least 10 −9 mole. Application of the procedure to the determination of the carboxyl terminal amino acids in an actinomycin is also described.
Quantitative functional anatomy of the lower limb with application to human gait.

A scheme was developed to classify muscles according to their primary, secondary and tertiary functions, e.g. a muscle which produces primarily a flexion moment may also produce secondary abduction and tertiary internal rotation moments. The functions of muscles crossing the hip and knee joints were computed based upon the changing relative positions of joint centers and muscle origins and insertions during one gait cycle. The function of several of the major muscles crossing the hip and knee joints is reported for the different limb positions corresponding to normal gait. It was found that the amount of force necessary to produce a given moment about a joint was dependent upon the limb position. In addition, the muscle functions changed significantly with limb position. Electrical stimulation of muscles of a paralyzed subject gave qualitative support to the results.
Determinants of Affiliative Interactions between Adult Males and Lactating Females in Pigtail Macaques (Macaca nemestrina nemestrina)

In some species of Cercopithecine primates, unrelated adult males and females maintain affiliative relationships (‘friendships’) that are apparently unrelated to mating or parental care. This study investigated the occurrence of friendships in a captive group of pigtail macaques, and some of their possible determinants. Study subjects were six adult males and 15 adult females with their newborn infants. Females were focally observed for 2 h every week during the first 12 wk of lactation. With the exception of the fourth-ranking male, adult males showed little interest in initiating affiliative interactions with lactating females and their infants. Most episodes of contact and grooming were initiated by high-ranking females and directed to the alpha male. Because female grooming was not generally reciprocated by the alpha male, it is likely that females benefited from associating with him in terms of agonistic support or protection. Genetic data on paternity determination indicated that the fourth-ranking male, who displayed high levels of affiliation towards mother-infant dyads, sired most of the infants born in the group in the year prior to this study. Thus, whereas females may be interested in associating with males to obtain their support, some males may affiliate with females as a consequence of their previous mating relationships with them or to increase the chances of future mating success. Taken together, however, the findings of this study provide little evidence that adult males and lactating females maintain strong reciprocal bonds that may qualify as friendships.
Echocardiographic study of the effects of acute left atrial hypertension on left atrial size

This study was designed to investigate the effects of acute left atrial hypertension on left atrial size. Twenty-four patients with acute myocardial infarction were studied. The estimated mean left atrial pressure (LAm) was correlated with left atrial (LA) size obtained by echocardiogrphy. The LAm was elevated (greater than 12 mmHg) in 15 patients (Group I). The LA size was within normal limits in all but two patients who had minor increases. The LAm was normal in nine patients (Group II). The LA size was normal in each case. The LA size remained unchanged in those patients who had a stable LAm. We conclude that acute increases in LAm are not usually associated with LA enlargement beyond the upper limit of the normal range.
An exploratory investigation of message-person congruence in information security awareness campaigns

Abstract In this study, we sought to answer the question of whether certain information security awareness message themes are more or less effective for different types of individuals based on their personality traits. We considered five message themes (deterrence, morality, regret, feedback, and incentive) as they relate to seven personality traits (the Big Five, Machiavellianism, and social desirability). Our survey analysis of 293 users provides evidence that security awareness message effectiveness does vary based on personality, but not always as one would expect. Depending on certain personality traits, some security messages appear beneficial to security efforts, whereas other personality traits make the individual less receptive to certain message types and therefore security messages may backfire in terms of achieving their intended effect. Our exploratory results can assist practitioners in identifying a best fit between security awareness themes and individual users based on their personality profile.
FEATURES OF POLLEN FLOW IN DIMORPHIC SPECIES OF LYTHRUM SECTION EUHYSSOPIFOLIA

The North American Lythrum lineare L., L. alaturn Pursh, L. curtissii Fernald, and L. californicum T. & G. have distylous flowers that differ in a number of traits. In the two species examined, pins have a stronger incompatibility system than thrums. Pins outnumber thrums in natural populations, but the ratio of the two may change radically during the course of a year, probably as a result of sexual reproduction. Exotic honeybees visiting L. californicum exhibited preferential collection of pin pollen over thrum pollen. The relative proportion of pin and thrum pollen grains transferred to stigmas is not dependent upon the proportion in which these pollen grains are produced in a population. Analyses of stigmatic pollen loads of L. lineare and L. californicurn indicate very high levels of intramorph pollen flow. Although distyly is likely derived from tristyly in Lythruin, pollen flow patterns in trimorphic species seem to operate more "efficiently" than in dimorphic ones. It is probable that distyly has evolved from tristyly several times in the Lythraceae, but comparisons between pollen flow patterns in distylous species and those in a tristylous species provide no clear insights into the selective pressures that have led to this fundamental change in floral morphology
Anorexia nervosa: a rogue hibernation?

Anorexia nervosa is a puzzling and often tragic disorder which causes the individual to self starve and hyper-exercise. We present a speculative analysis of the disorder which begins by acknowledging and accepting the adaptation to flee famine theory. This theory holds that anorexia nervosa results from activation of an archaic pathway that functioned well during human’s nomadic past. We advance this idea by suggesting that the faulty signal indicating there is a famine, arises from misalignment of the circadian/ circannual oscillations. Entry and exit from hibernation is dependent on these cycles, and we draw an analogy between hibernation and anorexia nervosa. We offer ideas for testing the hypothesis, and targeting these faulty signals.
Correlation between the enhancement of flunitrazepam binding by GABA and seizure susceptibility in mice.

Abstract Various populations of mice exhibit differential sensitivity to seizure-inducing agents. The relationship of seizure susceptibility to alterations in the GABA receptor complex was investigated in six different populations of mice consisting of four inbred strains (C57BL, DBA, C3H, and BALB) and two selected lines (long sleep and short sleep). Seizure activity was induced by intraperitoneal administration of the GAD inhibitor, 3-mercaptopropionic acid, and latencies to seizure onset and tonus were measured. In naive mice of the same populations, GABA enhancement of 3 H-flunitrazepam binding was measured in extensively washed whole brain membranes at several GABA concentrations. Both differential seizure sensitivity to 3-mercaptopropionic acid and differential enhancement of 3 H-flunitrazepam binding by GABA were observed in these six populations of mice. Correlational analyses indicated a positive correlation between the degree of GABA enhancement of 3 H-flunitrazepam binding and resistance to the seizure-inducing properties of 3-mercaptopropionic acid. These data suggest that generic differences in sensitivity to seizure-inducing agents that disrupt the GABAergic system may be related to differences in coupling between the various receptors associated with the GABA receptor complex.
α-Hydroxy Acid Oxidase: Localization in Renal Microbodies

Differential and density equilibrium centrifugation have established the presence of α-hydroxy acid oxidase in microbodies of the kidney of the rat. The enzyme has been demonstrated in cells of the distal convoluted tubule by a microscopic cytochemical method. This enzyme, like certain others in microbodies, produces hydrogen peroxide.
Arabic diacritic restoration approach based on maximum entropy models

In modern standard Arabic and in dialectal Arabic texts, short vowels and other diacritics are omitted. Exceptions are made for important political and religious texts and in scripts for beginning students of Arabic. Scripts without diacritics have considerable ambiguity because many words with different diacritic patterns appear identical in a diacritic-less setting. In this paper we present a maximum entropy approach for restoring short vowels and other diacritics in an Arabic document. The approach can easily integrate and make effective use of diverse types of information; the model we propose integrates a wide array of lexical, segment-based and part-of-speech tag features. The combination of these feature types leads to a high-performance diacritic restoration model. Using a publicly available corpus (LDC's Arabic Treebank Part 3), we achieve a diacritic error rate of 5.1%, a segment error rate 8.5%, and a word error rate of 17.3%. In case-ending-less setting, we obtain a diacritic error rate of 2.2%, a segment error rate of 4.0%, and a word error rate of 7.2%. We also show in this paper a comparison of our approach to previously published techniques and we demonstrate the effectiveness of this technique in restoring diacritics in different kind of data such as the dialectal Iraqi Arabic scripts.
Arbitrability And The Supervisor's Role

Dr. Harris' study refutes the contention that unions have acquired enlarged roles through arbitration.
Joint source and channel coding for image transmission over lossy packet networks

We describe a joint source/channel allocation scheme for transmitting images lossily over block erasure channels such as the Internet. The goal is to reduce image transmission latency. Our subband-level and bitplane-level optimization procedures give rise to an embedded channel coding strategy. Source and channel coding bits are allocated in order to minimize an expected distortion measure. More perceptually important low frequency channels of images are shielded heavily using channel codes; higher frequencies are shielded lightly. The result is a more efficient use of channel codes that can reduce channel coding overhead. This reduction is most pronounced on bursty channels for which the uniform application of channel codes is expensive. We derive optimal source/channel coding tradeoffs for our block erasure channel.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Wave Front Aberrations Correction for Dual-Deformable- Mirror Adaptive Optics Systems

A control algorithm for a Woofer-Tweeter dual deformable-mirror (DM) adaptive optics system is developed for correcting the low-order aberration with the Woofer DM and high-order aberration with the Tweeter DM.
High molecular weight collagen: a long-lived intermediate in the biogenesis of collagen fibrils.

Abstract CM-cellulose and Agarose chromatography of denatured rat skin collagen show it to contain α1-chains in two distinct molecular weight classes: (α1) l , 1 × 105 daltons; (α1)h, 1.1 × 105 daltons. Pulse labeling in vivo with 3H-proline (G) for short periods, 90 and 120 minutes, shows the (α1)h-chains of acid soluble collage to have nearly double the specific activity of the (α1) l -chains, indicating a precursor-product relationship. However, unlabeled (α1)h has been isolated from the skins by successive extractions, indicating that conversion of (α1)h to (α1) l is neither immediate nor, possibly, complete. Since (α1)h is smaller than the pro-α1 chains of nascent procollagen, it is clear that procollagen is not cleaved in vivo in a single step to collagen. Heightened aggregation properties of the intermediate collagens containing (α1)h suggest that they may have a particular role in fibrillogenesis.
Auditory outcomes following implantation and electrical stimulation of the semicircular canals

We measured auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) in eight Rhesus monkeys after implantation of electrodes in the semicircular canals of one ear, using a multi-channel vestibular prosthesis based on cochlear implant technology. In five animals, click-evoked ABR thresholds in the implanted ear were within 10 dB of thresholds in the non-implanted control ear. Threshold differences in the remaining three animals varied from 18 to 69 dB, indicating mild to severe hearing losses. Click- and tone-evoked ABRs measured in a subset of animals before and after implantation revealed a comparable pattern of threshold changes. Thresholds obtained five months or more after implantation – a period in which the prosthesis regularly delivered electrical stimulation to achieve functional activation of the vestibular system – improved in three animals with no or mild initial hearing loss and increased in a fourth with a moderate hearing loss. These results suggest that, although there is a risk of hearing loss with unilateral vestibular implantation to treat balance disorders, the surgery can be performed in a manner that preserves hearing over an extended period of functional stimulation.
The nuclear cap-binding complex is a novel target of growth factor receptor-coupled signal transduction.

Abstract In an attempt to further understand how nuclear events (such as gene expression, nuclear import/export, and cell cycle checkpoint control) might be subject to regulation by extracellular stimuli, we sought to identify nuclear activities under growth factor control. Using a sensitive photoaffinity labeling assay that measured [α-32P]GTP incorporation into nuclear proteins, we identified the 20-kDa subunit of the nuclear cap-binding complex (CBC) as a protein whose binding activity is greatly enhanced by the extracellular stimulation of serum-arrested cells. The CBC represents a 20- and 80-kDa heterodimer (the subunits independently referred to as CBP20 and CBP80, respectively) that binds the 7-methylguanosine cap on RNAs transcribed by RNA polymerase II. This binding facilitates precursor messenger RNA splicing and export. We have demonstrated that the [α-32P]GTP incorporation into CBP20 was correlated with an increased ability of the CBC to bind capped RNA and have used the [α-32P]GTP photoaffinity assay to characterize the activation of the CBC in response to growth factors. We show that the CBC is activated by heregulin in HeLa cells and by nerve growth factor in PC12 cells as well as during the G1/S phase of the cell cycle and when cells are stressed with UV irradiation. Additionally, we show that cap-dependent splicing of precursor mRNA, a functional outcome of CBC activation, can be catalyzed by growth factor addition to serum-arrested cells. Taken together, these data identify the CBC as a nuclear target for growth factor-coupled signal transduction and suggest novel mechanisms by which growth factors can influence gene expression and cell growth.
Toward the development of behavioral clinicians

Abstract This paper presents a description of a behavior therapy training program for clinical doctoral candidates in an eclectic psychology program. In it, the authors consider problems of skills aquisition and utilization; problems arising from students' belief systems about behavior therapy, ethical confusion as a side effect of effectiveness, student idealism about the doing of therapy and the lack of peer support for behavioral methods.
Ultrasensitive digital detection of nanoparticles: Viral diagnostics and multiplexed protein and nucleic acid assays

We have developed the Interferometric Reflectance Imaging Sensor (IRIS) for label-free, high throughput, high sensitivity and dynamic detection of molecular binding on a solid surface. Recently, we have demonstrated IRIS with the ability to detect single nanoscale particles. To detect and size nanoparticles, IRIS shines light from visible LED sources on nanoparticles bound to the sensor surface, which consists of a silicon dioxide layer on top of a silicon substrate. Interference of light reflected from the sensor surface is modified by the presence of particles producing a distinct signal that reveals the size of the particle. In our approach the dielectric layered structure acts as an optical antenna optimizing the elastic scattering characteristics of nanoparticles for sensitive detection and analysis. We have successfully detected low-index dielectric particles with r=30 nm, Au and Ag nano particles with r=10nm, and various viruses (H1N1, VSV, Ebola) with accurate size discrimination. Single nanoparticle detection with IRIS led to protein and DNA arrays with attomolar detection sensitivity in serum and unprocessed whole blood.
A system for automatic recording of absorbancy and its application to enzyme-catalyzed reactions.

Abstract A photometer of high stability and linear absorbancy characteristics is described. Attached to a conventional laboratory spectrophotometer like the Beckman DU, it permits direct recording of absorbancy changes with time. The device uses a photomultiplier in a special feedback system which permits flexible operation at full scale values from 0.1 to 3.0 or 4.0 absorbancy units. Linearity and reproducibility are of the order of 1% with a high order of base line stability. Detailed performance of the unit is described and typical velocity recordings of enzyme and chemical reactions are presented.
Dorsomedial hypothalamic and brainstem pathways controlling thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue

Abstract 1. The rostral medullary raphe pallidus contains sympathetic premotor neurons controlling thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT). 2. Disinhibition of neurons in the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) stimulates BAT thermogenesis through activation of neurons in raphe pallidus. 3. An increase in BAT sympathetic outflow and BAT thermogenesis following microinjection of prostaglandin E2 into the preoptic area requires activation of both DMH neurons and raphe pallidus neurons. 4. DMH contains a population of neurons receiving a tonically- active GABAergic inhibition which mediate increases in BAT thermogenesis through stimulation of BAT sympathetic premotor neurons in raphe pallidus.
An Innovative Oral Delivery System For Enteral Administration of Insulin And Other Macromolecules • 483

An Innovative Oral Delivery System For Enteral Administration of Insulin And Other Macromolecules • 483
MEASUREMENT OF DYNAMIC MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ADVANCED CERAMICS AND CERAMIC MATRIX COMPOSITES AT TEMPERATURES ABOVE 1000°C

Summary Difficulties have been encountered in measuring dynamic mechanical properties of ceramics and ceramic composites because these materials are stiff and brittle and are to be used under extreme temperature conditions. The approaches used for testing traditional metals, polymers, and their composites may fail for testing ceramic materials if the special characteristics of ceramic materials are not accounted for. In order to avoid damaging cantilever beam vibration test samples, a precision clamping vise is required, and the clamping force must be carefully controlled. A torque wrench should be used to apply the clamping force, and find the optimum clamping force which corresponds to the smallest damping or largest modulus measurement. The extraneous energy dissipation due to the support can be reduced by either using a step beam sample with integral shoulder or using a vise with large stiffness and mass. From the economics point of view, the latter is preferred because a step geometry is costly to machine. The temperature distribution on a sample should be carefully controlled so as to minimize temperature gradients. Heat conduction from the heat chamber to the support and other possible heat losses should also be minimized if possible.
Hybrid certification and controls considerations for a pathway to HiLS (Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation)

The evolution of medium and heavy duty trucks and buses has been driven by market and regulatory demands. Over the years, criteria pollutant reductions have been realized with improvements in engine design and advanced after treatment systems. More recently the interest in reducing greenhouse gas emissions has driven the development of hybrid powertrains for these applications. Hybridization provides the opportunity to satisfy customer demands of increased fuel economy, decreased emissions and reducing incremental cost of adoption, while still providing value and performance. One of the major hurdles for adoption of hybrid technologies lies in the current limitations of engine and full vehicle certification. The regulations fail to account for the size and vocational diversity of the medium and heavy duty truck market. This is further complicated by range of truck modifiers that adapt the basic vehicle platform to accommodate the individual customer requirements. As a result, medium and heavy duty truck manufacturers have been prevented from certifying a full vehicle level platform (unlike passenger vehicle manufacturers) due to the current engine only certification requirements. The problem with most hybrid technologies is they affect more than just the engine and after-treatment. In order to bridge the increasing gap between certification and real world fuel economy and emissions, Navistar initiated a study in mid-2010 to look at Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation (HiLS) with the possibility for Model-in-the-Loop Simulation (MiLS) interfaces as a tool for certification. This effort focused primarily for hybrids, but with the intent applying the same principles to a conventional truck. This study included the evaluation of current certification and regulatory processes, as well as customer in-use data. The goal was to develop a methodology that would minimize the discrepancy between certification, real world fuel economy and emissions, while using existing engine, powertrain or chassis test methodologies where possible. This paper outlines the certification and control considerations required for a pathway to HiLS.