cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acute HIV infection increases the dangers of serosorting.

Eaton and colleagues1 found that self-identified HIV-negative men who have sex with men (MSM) who serosort (i.e., preferentially have sex with other men they believe are HIV-negative) had significantly more unprotected anal sex partners than did men who did not serosort. In theory, serosorting allows presumptively concordant HIV-negative couples to relax safer-sex requirements, because there is no risk of HIV transmission if both partners are, in fact, uninfected. The effectiveness of serosorting as a risk-reduction strategy critically depends on accurate knowledge of one’s own and one’s partner’s HIV status. Although all of the men in the Eaton et al. study self-identified as “HIV-negative,” nearly 60% reported annual or less-frequent HIV testing, and the mean time since their last HIV test exceeded 14 months. Importantly, even frequent HIV antibody testing cannot detect the presence of acute HIV infection. During acute HIV infection, which is the very brief—but highly infectious—period that begins shortly after viral acquisition and extends until the immune system mounts an effective antibody response, HIV antibody tests are nonreactive or indeterminate.2 Consequently, persons with acute infection test HIV-negative on conventional antibody tests. In a population of MSM with a 1% annual incidence of HIV infection and an average 14-month time between HIV tests, the prevalence of undiagnosed, chronic HIV infection would be expected to exceed 1%, and the prevalence of acute infection would equal 0.134%, assuming a 49-day period of acute HIV infection. Acute infection increases the likelihood of HIV transmission during anal intercourse by as much as a factor of 22 compared to chronic HIV infection.3 Consequently, the risk of acquiring HIV through unprotected anal intercourse with a presumptively HIV-negative partner (who might be chronically or acutely infected) is equivalent to the risk associated with having unprotected sex with a partner drawn—without regard to his purported serostatus—from a population in which 1% + 22*0.134% = 3.95% of MSM are living with chronic HIV infection. The findings of Eaton et al. suggest that many MSM who serosort do not appreciate the risk associated with this practice. Would they still choose to have unprotected sex if they knew that there was a 4% (or even 1%) chance that their ostensibly HIV-negative partner was, in fact, infected with the virus? The results of this simple modeling exercise provide quantitative support for their assertion that, “interventions for MSM who engage in sexual-risk behaviors need to [include] information about the shortcomings of serosorting.”1
Overvoltage protection scheme for three-phase current source converter built with SiC MOSFETs

The overvoltage caused by dc-link inductor current interruption is a serious problem in the current source converters. It becomes an even more challenging issue when the fast-switching SiC MOSFETs are applied as switches in these converters. The protection is required to have nanosecond-level response time to protect the devices. Addressing this challenge, this paper proposes a novel overvoltage protection scheme constituted by a diode bridge and the high-power transient-voltage-suppression (TVS) diodes. It can detect and clamp the overvoltage within less than 50 ns to protect the device from breakdown. When the energy in the inductor is small, it can be dissipated in the TVS diodes. Otherwise, a capacitor in series with a thyristor can be added to absorb the energy. The effectiveness of the protection scheme has been verified by experiments in a 7.5 kW current source rectifier built with SiC MOSFETs.
Expression of TGF-β type II receptors in the olfactory epithelium and their regulation in TGF-α transgenic mice

Abstract Numerous in vitro studies of neurogenesis of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) suggest that transforming growth factor (TGF)-β promotes the maturation/differentiation of olfactory progenitors. We demonstrate that in vivo both mature and immature ORNs, and possibly a basal neuronal progenitor cell, express the TGF-β type II receptor (TGF-βRII), suggesting that these cells are targets for TGF-β signaling. In a previous study of neurogenesis in the OE of TGF-α overexpressing transgenic (T) mice, we observed an apparent reduction in the expression of olfactory marker protein (OMP), a marker of terminal differentiation in ORNs in T mice compared to nontransgenic (NT) littermate controls; this was confirmed by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. In contrast, there was no apparent difference between T and NT mice in the intensity of immunoreactivity for a neuronal marker, protein gene product 9.5. Because TGF-α overexpression has been reported to affect TGF-β signaling in other epithelia, we compared the expression of the TGF-β type II receptor (TGF-βRII) in T and NT mice. The intensity of TGF-βRII immunoreactivity on ORNs was substantially reduced in T compared to NT mice. Similar reductions in TGF-βRII expression in vomeronasal receptor neurons and in other epithelia in the nasal cavity of T mice were also observed. Taken together, these results indicate that TGF-β signaling regulates terminal differentiation of ORNs in vivo and suggest ways in which interactions between TGF-α and TGF-β signaling pathways may interact in the OE.
The x-ray crystal structure of 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-1-O-methyl-β-d-fructopyranose

2,3:4,5-Di-O-isopropylidene-1-O-methyl-beta-D-fructopyranose, C13H22O6, Mr = 274.3, orthorhombic, P212121, a = 12.388 (2), b = 13.307 (5), c = 8.660 (1) A, V = 1427.4 (9) A3, Z = 4, Dm = 1.24 g.cm-3, Dx = 1.276 g.cm-3, CuKalpha, lambda = 1.54184 A, mu = 8.0 cm-1, F(000) = 592, T = 295 (1) K, R = 0.032 for 1586 observations (of 1693 unique data). The molecule is a derivative of the naturally occurring carbohydrate D-fructose. The data reported here indicate that the ketose six-membered ring is constrained by the presence of two fused five-membered rings into the 3SO conformation. These findings agree with the n.m.r.-spectroscopic results for 2,3:4,5-di-O-benzylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose. As a result of crystal packing forces, the exocyclic side-chain has a C-C-O-C torsion angle of -102 degrees, quite different from the expected value of 180 degrees.
Direct space methods for powder X-ray diffraction for guest-host materials: applications to cage occupancies and guest distributions in clathrate hydrates.

Structural determination of crystalline powders, especially those of complex materials, is not a trivial task. For non-stoichiometric guest−host materials, the difficulty lies in how to determine dynamical disorder and partial cage occupancies of the guest molecules without other supporting information or constraints. Here, we show how direct space methods combined with Rietveld analysis can be applied to a class of host−guest materials, in this case the clathrate hydrates. We report crystal structures in the three important hydrate crystal classes, sI, sII, and sH, for the guests CO2, C2H6, C3H8, and methylcyclohexane + CH4. The results obtained for powder samples are found to be in good agreement with the experimental data from single crystal X-ray diffraction and 13C solid-state NMR spectroscopy. This method is also used to determine the guest disorder and cage occupancies of neohexane and tert-butyl methyl ether binary hydrates with CH4 in the structure H clathrate hydrates. The results are found to b...
Optimal cure cycles for the fabrication of thermosetting-matrix composites

Polymer-matrix composites using thermosetting resins as the matrix are increasingly finding use. However, a major impediment to their widespread commercial use is the high cost associated with their manufacture, arising from the long processing cycle times. This paper addresses the problem of determining cure temperature and pressure variations with time for a time-optimal manufacture of thermosetting-matrix composites subject to practical constraints. The optimal cure cycles are determined using the nonlinear programming scheme of sequential quadratic programming combined with a physical model base to simulate the process phenomena. The optimized cycles are shown to improve upon the manufacturer-recommended cycles as well as the improved cycles reported in the literature. The optimization results are reported for a wide range of resin materials, product specifications, and process constraints to illustrate their effects on the optimal cure cycles. Parametric studies are presented in terms of dimensionless groups to assess the combined effects of the product and process variables on the optimal cycles in a generalized manner.
Book Review. Queens of Academe: Beauty Pageantry, Student Bodies, and College Life

(2014). Book Review. Queens of Academe: Beauty Pageantry, Student Bodies, and College Life. NASPA Journal About Women in Higher Education: Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 125-128.
The unified model for Schottky barrier formation and MOS interface states in 3–5 compounds☆

Abstract The object of the work reported here has been to develop an understanding on an atomic basis, of the interaction between semiconductor and metals or oxygen overlayers which determine the electronic characteristics of the interface, e.g. the Schottky barrier height of metal-semiconductor interface or the density and the energy position of oxide-semiconductor interface states. The principal experimental tool used has been photoemission excited by monochromatized synchrotron radiation (10 III–V Acceptor (missing atom) Donor (missing atom) GaAs 0.65 eV (As) 0.85 eV (Ga) InP 0.45 eV (P) 0.1 eV (In) GaSb 0.5 eV (Sb) below VBM (Ga) These results explain why Schottky barrier gates will provide useful FET's on n-GaAs but not n-InP. Likewise they predict that MOS or MIS gates will be practical for n-InP but not n or p GaAs. Studies of the oxygen surface chemistry find the As oxides to be unstable and P oxides to be stable — reinforcing the prediction. Recent work of others is reviewed and alternate identification of the missing atoms in the defects is discussed. Some of the new process possibilities opened up by this work are considered.
Experimental Vehicle Handling Modification through Steer-by-Wire and Differential Drive

This paper investigates the possibility of controlling a vehicle equipped with steer-by-wire and differential drive to emulate the handling characteristics of another vehicle. Using linear bicycle models of the steer-by-wire testbed and the emulated vehicle, the controller determines the steering angle and differential drive moment based on the yaw rate and sideslip angle. Through simulations and experimental tests, the capability of differential drive and steer-by-wire to modify the handling of a vehicle is explored, and limiting factors such as tire friction and specific vehicle parameters are identified. Changes to vehicle parameters such as the front tire cornering stiffness can be effected easily, while changes to rear tire cornering stiffness and weight distribution are more difficult to emulate. Since the differential moment advances tire saturation in the rear, the ability to emulate cars with radically different rear tires or weight distribution is limited.
Delay prediction for technology-independent logic equations

A technology-independent delay model is introduced. This model assumes that the technology mapper will attempt modest local restructuring of the network. It models the restructuring by producing a staggered network for each gate based on the arrival times of the fan-in signals. The delay of the network is calculated using the staggered network, and when compared to the delay reported by technology mapping, is found to be accurate and efficiently obtained. >
The response threshold of Salmonella PilZ domain proteins is determined by their binding affinities for c‐di‐GMP

c-di-GMP is a bacterial second messenger that is enzymatically synthesized and degraded in response to environmental signals. Cellular processes are affected when c-di-GMP binds to receptors which include proteins that contain the PilZ domain. Although each c-di-GMP synthesis or degradation enzyme metabolizes the same molecule, many of these enzymes can be linked to specific downstream processes. Here we present evidence that c-di-GMP signalling specificity is achieved through differences in affinities of receptor macromolecules. We show that the PilZ domain proteins of Salmonella Typhimurium, YcgR and BcsA, demonstrate a 43-fold difference in their affinity for c-di-GMP. Modulation of the affinities of these proteins altered their activities in a predictable manner in vivo. Inactivation of yhjH, which encodes a predicted c-di-GMP degrading enzyme, increased the fraction of the cellular population that demonstrated c-di-GMP levels high enough to bind to the higher-affinity YcgR protein and inhibit motility, but not high enough to bind to the lower-affinity BcsA protein and stimulate cellulose production. Finally, PilZ domain proteins of Pseudomonas aeruginosa demonstrated a 145-fold difference in binding affinities, suggesting that regulation by binding affinity may be a conserved mechanism that allows organisms with many c-di-GMP binding macromolecules to rapidly integrate multiple environmental signals into one output.
Further Studies of the Mineralocorticoid Activity of 19-oxo-Deoxycorticosterone*

Antinatriuretic and kaliuretic activities of 19-oxo-deoxycorticosterone (19-oxo-DOC) were measured in male adrenalectomized rats and compared with those of aldosterone. No significant effects of 19-oxo-DOC or aldosterone were observed in the lag period (i.e. the first hour post injection). In the subsequent 2 h, rats injected with 25 μg 19-oxo-DOC excreted less than half the sodium and more than twice the potassium compared to rats injected with vehicle alone. Overall mineralocorticoid activity (based on changes in urinary Na+/K+), antinatriuretic activity (based on changes in urinary Na+/creatinine) and kaliuretic activity (based on changes in urinary K+/creatinine) of 19-oxo-DOC were all in the range of l:100th-l:200th that of aldosterone. These results are not in agreement with a recent report suggesting that 19-oxo-DOC possesses antinatriuretic activity but no kaliuretic activity. (Endocrinology 115: 535–537, 1984)
Hygrothermomechanical evaluation of porous media under finite deformation. Part I ‐ finite element formulations

The coupled thermomechanical responses of fluid-saturated porous continua subjected to finite deformation are investigated. Field equations governing the transient response of the media are derived from a continuum thermodynamics mixture theory based on mass balance, momentum balance and energy balance laws as well as the Clausius-Duhem inequality. Finite element procedures for the two-dimensional response, employing updated Lagrangian formulations for the solid skeleton deformation and the weak formulations for fluid and thermal transport equations, are implemented in a fully implicit form. Temperature-dependent mechanical properties for the non-linear solid matrix, characterized by Perzyna's viscoplastic model, are assumed. An iterative scheme based on the full Newton-Raphson method is presented for simultaneously solving the coupled non-linear equations.
Grid Appliance — On the design of self-organizing, decentralized grids

“Give a man a fish, feed him for a day. Teach a man to fish, feed him for a lifetime” — Lau Tzu Grid computing projects such as TeraGrid [1], Grid'5000 [2], and OpenScience Grid [3] provide researchers access to vast amounts of compute resources, but in doing so, require the adaption of their workloads to the environments provided by these systems. Researchers do not have many alternatives as creating these types of systems involve coordination of distributed systems and expertise in networking, operating systems, security, and grid middleware. This results in many research groups creating small, in-house compute clusters where scheduling is often ad-hoc, thus limiting effective resource utilization. To address these challenges we present the “Grid Appliance.” The “Grid Appliance” enables researchers to seamlessly deploy, extend, and share their systems both locally and across network domains for both small and large scale computing grids. This paper details the design of the Grid Appliance and reports on experiences and lessons learned over four years of development and deployment involving wide-area grids.
Comparison of small lunar landslides and martian gullies

Some lunar crater-wall landslides strongly resemble martian gullies, despite the lack of geologically active water on the Moon today or in the past. The lunar features indicate that alcove–channel–apron morphology, attributed on Mars to seepage of liquid water, can also form via a dry landslide mechanism. Therefore a more stringent test than just an alcove–channel–apron morphology is necessary to differentiate dry landslides from water carved gullies.
Nucleolar Trafficking of the Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus Gag Protein Induced by Interaction with Ribosomal Protein L9

The mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) Gag protein directs the assembly in the cytoplasm of immature viral capsids, which subsequently bud from the plasma membranes of infected cells. MMTV Gag localizes to discrete cytoplasmic foci in mouse mammary epithelial cells, consistent with the formation of cytosolic capsids. Unexpectedly, we also observed an accumulation of Gag in the nucleoli of infected cells derived from mammary gland tumors. To detect Gag-interacting proteins that might influence its subcellular localization, a yeast two-hybrid screen was performed. Ribosomal protein L9 (RPL9 or L9), an essential component of the large ribosomal subunit and a putative tumor suppressor, was identified as a Gag binding partner. Overexpression of L9 in cells expressing the MMTV(C3H) provirus resulted in specific, robust accumulation of Gag in nucleoli. Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) and coimmunoprecipitation analyses demonstrated that Gag and L9 interact within the nucleolus, and the CA domain was the major site of interaction. In addition, the isolated NC domain of Gag localized to the nucleolus, suggesting that it contains a nucleolar localization signal (NoLS). To determine whether L9 plays a role in virus assembly, small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown was performed. Although Gag expression was not reduced with L9 knockdown, virus production was significantly impaired. Thus, our data support the hypothesis that efficient MMTV particle assembly is dependent upon the interaction of Gag and L9 in the nucleoli of infected cells.
Unified debugging of distributed systems with Recon

To scale to today's complex distributed software systems, debugging and replaying techniques mostly focus on single facets of software, e.g., local concurrency, distributed messaging, or data representation. This forces developers to tediously combine different technologies such as instruction-level dynamic tracing, event log analysis, or global state reconstruction to gradually explain non-trivial defects.
Hands-on engineering and science: Discovering cosmic rays using radar-based techniques and mobile technology

This paper reports on the latest efforts of the MARIACHI1 program at Stony Brook University, a unique endeavor that detects and studies ultra-high-energy cosmic rays. This is done by using a novel detection technique based on radar-like technology and traditional scintillator ground detectors. Using the phenomena of cosmic rays and meteors as vehicles to motivate research and educational activities, innovative hands-on modules in physics, engineering and cyberinfrastructure based on a learning by doing philosophy are offered to high school teachers and students. Participants at all levels are engaged in research projects, seminars, and workshops, where they will learn to use tools needed in MARIACHI by means of mobile technology.
"what rights?" the construction of political claims to american health care entitlements

Despite a growing health care crisis, Americans remain reluctant to treat “health security” as a right or entitlement of citizenship. This article examines the effects of unmet health care needs on the beliefs that individuals hold about family, market, and state responsibility for health security. Drawing on a study of individuals caring for family members with chronic diseases, I find that when imagining solutions to unmet long-term care needs, individuals evaluate a range of alternative social arrangements, but they select the model that is most consistent with previously existing beliefs about family, market, and state responsibility for care provision. This process of discursive assimilation, of integrating new needs for public provision with more familiar ways of thinking about social welfare, produces claims for entitlements that challenge existing social arrangements but do so within a welfare state framework that conceives of only a minimal role for the state in safeguarding social welfare.
Context-dependent violations of rational choice in honeybees (Apis mellifera) and gray jays (Perisoreus canadensis)

Contrary to the theory of rational choice, adding an alternative to a set of available options often affects people's judgement of the preexisting options. Here, we show that honeybees (Apis mellifera) and gray jays (Perisoreus canadensis) are also influenced by the addition of an option to a choice set (i.e., by a change in local context). Like humans, our subjects violated basic properties of rational choice. Their relative preference between two original options changed with the introduction of a third, relatively unattractive option. Such context-dependent choice violates the constant-ratio rule. Our subjects increased their relative preference for the more similar of two alternatives, contrary to the similarity hypothesis. The jays also increased their absolute preference for the more similar of two alternatives, in violation of regularity. Thus, the principle of irrelevant alternatives, which assumes that preference between options does not depend on the presence or absence of other options, is violated not only by humans, but also by an invertebrate and a nonhuman vertebrate. These findings contradict the view that nonhuman animals should be immune to such psychological effects and that they should conform with normative accounts, such as rationality or optimal-foraging theory, because their decision-making processes are evolutionarily adaptive. We discuss the potential generality of context-dependent effects and suggest that such effects should be incorporated into decision-making models in behavioral ecology.
Effectiveness of Ammonium Oxalate, Salts of Ethylenediamine Tetraacetic Acid, and Sodium Tripolyphosphate in Limiting Bacteriophage Development in Milk

Summary The ability of ammonium oxalate, three sodium salts of ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid, and sodium tripolyphosphate to prevent the development of bacteriophages, active against Streptococcus lactis and Streptococcus cremoris , was determined. Of these compounds, ammonium oxalate was the most suitable. Five of the six test cultures grew well in milk treated with 0.5% oxalate, especially after one or two propagations, and bacteriophage development did not occur. Milk treated with 0.3% oxalate was not effective in preventing bacteriophage development. The di-, tri-, and tetrasodium salts of ethylenediamine tetraaeetic acid interfered with the growth of lactic streptococci, even at the 0.05% level. The addition to skimmilk of 0.1 or 0.2% trisodium ethylenediamine tetraacetate dihydrate did not prevent bacteriophage development. Sodium tripolyphosphate, added to milk at the rate of 1.0%, noticeably decreased the growth of three cultures early in the incubation period, and seriously decreased the growth of three others. However, bacteriophage development was prevented in five of the six test cultures.
Laparoscopic argon beam coagulation: implications for reconstructive urology

SummaryArgon enhanced coagulation is now available for laparoscopic utilization. Despite widespread acceptance and popularity for open surgical procedures, the safety and efficacy of the argon beam coagulatorfor laparoscopic procedures is unknown. We report a preliminary study on argon enhanced coagulation during complex reconstructive genito-urinary procedures in a canine model. The safety, utility, and tissue effects from laparoscopic argon enhanced coagulation during 12 radical prostatectomies and four augmentation cystoplasties comprise the study. Gross and histological examination of anastomoses/suture lines following microsurgical reconstruction are analysed.
Optimized response of AlN stack for chipscale GHz ultrasonics

In this paper we present designs of an aluminum nitride (AlN) based transducer stack for ultrasonic transmit/receive applications integrated in silicon. By optimal design of the mechanical layer thickness and material properties, channel gain, center frequency and bandwidth can be controlled to allow for the use of lower gain and on-chip power electronics for integrated ultrasonic information processing. Certain materials in the stack were fixed due to the fabrication processing capability, however some of the passive layers, and the thicknesses of the layers could be controlled. Simulations were done to select the desired thicknesses of each layer and the resulting chip was fabricated and verified. Previous tape-outs from the fab had resulted in receive signal levels of 200 µV at 1.3 GHz, whereas the current stack had signal levels of 18 mV at 1.3 GHz.
Disulfide by Design™: a computational method for the rational design of disulfide bonds in proteins

Disulfide by Design is a program for the design of novel disulfide bonds in proteins. Protein structure files in PDB format are analyzed to identify residue pairs that are likely to form a disulfide bond if the respectiveamino acids are mutated to cysteines. The output displays residue pairs having the appropriate geometric characteristics for disulfide formation and provides automated generation of modified PDB files including modeled disulfides. Validation demonstrates a high level of accuracy for the algorithm.
Risks of hyperthermia associated with hot tub or spa use by pregnant women

There are a limited number of human studies linking hot tub or spa use during early pregnancy to increased risks for neural tube defects (NTDs) or spontaneous abortion. However, these data can be considered in the context of human studies that have demonstrated an association between high maternal fever in early pregnancy and NTDs. In addition, there is a large volume of animal literature suggesting that, regardless of the heat source, an elevated core maternal temperature at or above the threshold of 2 degrees C over baseline, as well as timing and duration of exposure, are the critical factors in conferring risk. Therefore, the potential for hot tub or spa use to increase core maternal body temperature to risky levels and thus increase the risk for NTDs is likely. A woman who knows or who may not yet be aware that she is pregnant should be advised of the recommended limits of exposure. She should also be aware of the possible variability in hot tub or spa temperature readings and be able to accurately monitor maximum water temperature in the hot tub or spa so that her body temperature can be maintained below 38.9 degrees C.
Self-Injury (Non-Suicidal)

Self-injury consists of behaviors such as self-cutting, burning, and intentional bruising that are used by adolescents to help them cope with overwhelming distress, and are not intended to result in death. This behavior is a prevalent problem among adolescents that many struggle to understand. Research has contributed a solid understanding of the basic features of self-injury, associated psychiatric disorders, and reasons why adolescents engage in this behavior. NSSI is influenced by multiple factors and this review provides a succinct summary describing what is known about self-injury, why youth engage in self-injury, its hypothesized causes, detecting self-injury in youth, and treatments.
How to represent continuous piecewise linear functions in closed form: Research Articles

This paper presents a simple approach to representing continuous piecewise linear functions in closed form for arbitrary dimensions. The absolute value function is used to embed non-linearity, its usage increasingly nested as the dimension is increased. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ventricular Tachycardia Arising from Cardiac Crux Electrocardiogram Recognition and Site of Ablation

This case highlights idiopathic ventricular tachycardia (VT) arising from the crux of the heart. It is seen in patients without structural heart disease and can present as rapid hemodynamically unstable VT leading to cardiac arrest. 12 lead ECG showing RBBB with Q waves in inferior leads, precordial MDI>0.55 and R<S in V5 and V6 localized the VT to apical crux. The VT was successfully ablated in the epicardial cardiac crux through percutaneous pericardial access.
Effect of experience with emotion provoking stimuli on water consumption in the rat

These results show that in rats, emotionality produced by 15 min. exposure to a strange environment, with or without shock, causes a depression in water consumption measured in the home cage. However, the effect lasts for only one day. Repeated daily exposure to shock outside the home cage results in a facilitation of water consumption after five days.
“It’s Simply Because We’re Black Men”: Black Men’s Experiences and Responses to the Killing of Black Men

Given the recent attention to high-profile cases of unarmed Black men being killed by law enforcement officials and the subsequent #BlackLivesMatter movement, additional work is needed to more fully understand how African American men make meaning of their own personal realities and how they connect with and within the larger narrative of Black life in the United States. To contribute to this literature, the current study analyzes qualitative interview data from 25 Black men focused on their self-conceptions of race, stereotyping, and profiling. The findings reveal the men’s perceptions and experiences with racism and stereotyping, the strategies that they employ in response to being stereotyped and profiled, and their reflections on the recent killings of Black men. This research provides an opportunity to investigate how Blackmaleness—the combined impact of their racialized and gendered identities—connects and operates in the lives of Black men.
National business systems and firm innovation: A study of developing economies☆

Abstract While prior research recognizes the significant impact of innovation on the economic development of developing and emerging economies, the systemic role of national institutions in fostering firm innovation remains unclear. This study addresses this issue by introducing an institutional framework of national business systems shaping firm innovation within a country, and conducts a configurational analysis of 47 developing and emerging economies to uncover how state, human capital, financial, and informal institutions combine to influence firm innovation. The analysis identifies three distinct institutional configurations associated with high firm innovation. This study highlights the usefulness of a configurational approach to better understand how complementary and substitutable institutions may facilitate firm innovation within a country. The findings offer guidance to policy makers interested in encouraging economic development through firm innovation activities and to managers seeking to establish subsidiaries in innovative developing and emerging economies.
Flow cytometric evaluation of early invasive cervical cancer.

Objective: To define the role of flow cytometry as a prognostic indicator in early cancers of the uterine cervix. Methods: Flow cytometry was used to determine ploidy, DNA index, and S-phase fraction on 141 samples from the tumors of 53 women with stage IB cancers of the cervix treated by radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy as primary therapy. Multiple samples of the same tumor were analyzable for 47 (89%) of the subjects. One-way analysis of variance for the multiple samples was used to compare the heterogeneity of flow cytometry data, both within each tumor and between patients
Future directions in adjuvant therapy for rectal cancer.

The US National Cancer Institute Gastrointestinal Intergroup has contributed to the development of chemotherapy and radiation regimens for the treatment of stage II and III rectal cancer. The first Intergroup trial demonstrated improvement in relapse-free and overall survival for patients who received protracted venous infusion fluorouracil (5-FU) with radiation compared to those treated with bolus 5-FU.
Analysis From a Fourth Perspective: Professionalism.

In “The Curious Case of the De-ICD,” Pullman and Hodgkinson (2016) provide a cogent and insightful practical analysis of a clinical case in which the patient's expressed interests appear to conflic...
Multistage point estimation methodologies for a negative exponential location under a modified linex loss function: Illustrations with infant mortality and bone marrow data

ABSTRACTWe have designed Stein-type (Stein, 1945, Annals of Mathematical Statistics) two-stage, modified two-stage (Mukhopadhyay and Duggan, 1997, Sankhya, Series A), and purely sequential strategies (Chow and Robbins, 1965, Annals of Mathematical Statistics) to estimate an unknown location parameter of a negative exponential distribution having an unknown scale parameter under a newly defined and modified Linex loss function. We aim at controlling the associated risk function per unit cost by bounding it from above with a fixed preassigned positive number, ω, and we emphasize both asymptotic first-order and asymptotic second-order properties for the modified two-stage and purely sequential estimation strategies. In developing asymptotic second-order properties for the modified two-stage methodology, we have heavily relied upon basic ideas rooted in Mukhopadhyay and Duggan (1997). In developing asymptotic second-order properties for the purely sequential methodology, however, we have heavily relied upon n...
Variations on the Original Theme

In June 1876 the Hardys took a house in Sturminster Newton, where they stayed while Hardy was working on his next novel, The Return of the Native. For Hardy, writing in retrospect in his autobiography, this seemed the happiest period of his married life, and the energy caught within the novel perhaps reflects some of his delight. Sturminster was one of the market towns serving the Vale of Blackmore, a district which Hardy knew little of, but which he soon grew to appreciate, and which he made the birthplace of his most intensely envisioned heroine Tess Durbeyfield. For The Return of the Native, he kept to the small region of his greatest critical successes so far, Under the Greenwood Tree and Far From the Madding Crowd, though no one would have known it from reading the first edition of the novel.
Q Measurements under Confining Pressure

Birch and Bancroft [1] demonstrated the feasibility of resonating a rock sample under hydrostatic pressure by vibrating the fully encapsulated samples in the torsional mode. They used this approach to obtain some Q data and extensive data on the modulus of rigidity as a function of pressure for a wide variety of rock samples. We have extended their approach with the additional stipulation that the rock sample environment approach lunar conditions; i.e., a vacuum. The motivation has been to provide guidance and aid in the interpretation of lunar seismic experiments which have yielded anomalously low attenuation values. Our technique and some of the results for our torsional mode measurements are summarized below. Also described are preliminary results on measurements in the extensional (Young’s modulus) mode. Most of our Q measurements have been carried out in the pressure range 0 to 2 kbar, because this is the range where partial crack closure produces the most dramatic increases in the velocity and where any changes in Q might also be expected to be most pronounced.
Computation of Spectral Distribution and Intensity of Solar UV-B Radiation

A computer model has been developed which is capable of calculating clear-sky UV-B spectral irradiance and spectral actinic flux, both upward and downward, as a function of ozone and aerosol concentrations, altitude, surface albedo, and latitude. The calculated irradiance can be integrated over a day, a season, or a year to provide a total dose, or weighted with any desired action spectrum to provide a total biologically effective dose. The basis of the model is a parameterization by the Schippnick and Green full radiative transfer calculations. The results of the present models are compared with those obtained using earlier parameterizations by Green and coworkers, and also with experimental measurements of clear-sky spectral irradiance.
Graduate-Assistant Athletic Trainers' Perceptions of the Supervisor's Role in Professional Socialization: Part II

Context: Many new athletic trainers (ATs) obtain graduate-assistant (GA) positions to gain more experience and professional development while being mentored by a veteran AT; however, GA ATs' percep...
Load Accommodation Strategies and Movement Variability in Single-Leg Landing

Our purpose was to examine changes in participant-specific single-leg landing strategies and intra-individual movement variability following alterations in mechanical task demands via external load and landing height. Nineteen healthy volunteers (15M, 4 F, age: 24.3 ± 4.9 y, mass: 78.5 ± 14.7 kg, height: 1.73 ± 0.08 m) were analyzed among 9 single-leg drop landing trials in each of 6 experimental conditions (3 load and 2 landing height) computed as percentages of participant bodyweight (BW, BW + 12.5%, BW + 25%) and height (H12.5% & H25%). Lower-extremity sagittal joint angles and moments (hip, knee, and ankle), vertical ground reaction forces (GRFz), and electrical muscle activities (gluteus maximus, biceps femoris, vastus medialis, medial gastrocnemius, and tibialis anterior muscles) were analyzed. Individual single-leg drop landing strategies were identified using landing impulse predictions and the Load Accommodation Strategies Model (James et al., 2014). Intra-individual movement variability was asse...
A combinatorial optimization approach for multi-hazard design of building systems with suspended floor slabs under wind and seismic hazards

Abstract The possibility of structures experiencing multiple hazards of different types during their service life has always been present. However, design of structures has primarily been geared towards addressing the most dominant hazard at the location of interest. In recent years, the design philosophy of structures has shifted towards a more holistic approach of addressing multiple hazards to ensure adequate performance under different loading scenarios. This requires the utilization of new structural systems and the development of effective optimization methods that can address multiple hazards. In this study, a suspended floor slab-isolated structure is utilized as an optimization test system subjected to wind and seismic demands. To perform the optimization a new combinatorial optimization approach is proposed, which is a combination of two methods – Nelder-Mead and Coevolutionary Matrix Adaptation Evolution Strategy (CMA-ES). The two algorithms are integrated simultaneously to optimize three key design variables of the suspended slab system and to obtain a family of optimal solutions that can accommodate varying level of participation of each hazard. In doing so, a set of alternatives is provided to the designer to accommodate wide variations and combinations in hazards intensities. The results of the study highlight the effectiveness of tuning the suspended slab system to meet the wind and seismic performance objectives. The system is seen to be more effective in case of taller structures than shorter structures. For taller structures, the system can be optimized to improve performance under both wind and seismic hazards without significant trade-off on individual hazard performance. Furthermore, the system is seen to be more sensitive to wind loading than earthquake loading.
Comparative Analysis of Intercultural Sensitivity Among Teachers Working With Refugees

ABSTRACTThe unprecedented global refugee crisis and the accompanying political discourse places added pressures on teachers working with children who are refugees in resettling countries. Given the increased chances of having a refugee child in one’s classroom, it is critical to explore how interculturally sensitive teachers are and if working with refugees makes them more culturally attuned. This study analyzed intercultural sensitivity of 281 teachers in a public urban school district serving increasing numbers of refugees. First, the study found that teachers who had experience with refugee students did not have higher levels of intercultural sensitivity than teachers who had no such experience. Second, the results indicated that English as a second language teachers were more interculturally sensitive than general subject area teachers. This study raises critical implications for teacher education programs to prepare teachers who are interculturally sensitive before they encounter refugee students in ...
The Nrf2 activator, tBHQ, inhibits IL-2 production by human T cells in a largely Nrf2-independent manner

Nrf2 is a transcription factor that is activated by cell stress, such as oxidative insult and exposure to xenobiotics. Upon activation, Nrf2 translocates to the nucleus, where it upregulates its target genes, many of which arecytoprotective in function. Nrf2 has been shown to modulate immune function; Nrf2-null mice are more sensitive to many models of inflammatory disease, including experimental autoimmune encephalitis and sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture. We have previously shown that activation of Nrf2 in primary mouse CD4 T cells promotes Th2 differentiation, which may have implications on the development of allergy and asthma. However, the role of Nrf2 in human CD4 T cell function remains uncharacterized. Thus, the purpose of the present studies was to determine the role of Nrf2 in the early events following CD4 T cell activation. Primary human CD4 T cells from peripheral blood were treated with varying concentrations of tBHQ (a known Nrf2 activator) prior to activation with anti-CD3/anti-CD28. Although treatment of human T cells with tBHQ suppressed the production of early cytokines, such as IL-2, the model fell short in determining whether these effects were Nrf2-dependent. Toward that end, Nrf2-null T cells were generated by implementation of CRISPR-CAS9 gene editing, in human Jurkat T cells. Treatment of Nrf2-null and Wild-type Jurkat T cells demonstrated that the effects of tBHQ upon cytokine production are largely independent of Nrf2. In contrast, suppression of CD25 expression by tBHQ is partially Nrf2-dependent. The current studies demonstrate that many of the effects of tBHQ on early events following CD4 T cell activation are independent of Nrf2. (This work was funded by NIH grants ES018885 and GM092715)
Regional Variation in Technetium Pyrophosphate Uptake in Transthyretin Cardiac Amyloidosis and Impact on Mortality.

Abstract Objectives This study sought to investigate the regional uptake of technetium 99m-pyrophosphate (TcPYP) in transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis (ATTR) and its association with mortality. Background TcPYP nuclear scintigraphy is a diagnostic and prognostic tool in ATTR. Echocardiography has identified a pattern of regional variation in longitudinal strain (LS) with a gradient of improved strain from base to apex in ATTR. Methods Consecutive patients with ATTR were evaluated who underwent TcPYP nuclear scintigraphy with planar and attenuation corrected single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Heart-to-contralateral lung (H/CL) ratio was calculated on planar images, and left ventricular (LV) uptake was determined in each of the 17 segments using SPECT. A measure of apical-sparing of myocardial TcPYP uptake, termed the apical-sparing ratio (ASR), was calculated as basal + mid / apical counts. Results Overall, 54 patients with ATTR (age 78 ± 9 years, 76% male, 31% hereditary ATTR) were analyzed. There was increased TcPYP uptake in basal and mid relative to apical LV segments, and an apical-sparing LS pattern on echocardiography. The right ventricle similarly showed greater uptake in basal segments. There were 26 deaths over 1.8 years median follow-up. The ASR of TcPYP uptake was associated with age-adjusted all-cause mortality (p = 0.013) with worse prognosis seen at levels Conclusions There is decreased TcPYP uptake in apical as compared to mid and basal segments in the LV, mimicking apical-sparing LS seen on echocardiography. Regional distribution of LV TcPYP uptake is associated with mortality, whereas overall amount of uptake as measured by H/CL ratio and indexed LV SPECT uptake is not.
The Role of Sport in the Lives of Mothers of Young Children

Mothers, particularly those with young children, exist at the intersection of competing discourses. Normative constructions of mothering exert pressure for women to embody the ‘good mother’ by relinquishing individual interests in order to attend to child(ren)’s needs (Goodwin and Huppatz, The good mother: Contemporary motherhoods in Australia, 2010). Conversely, the sport and leisure literature—framed mostly from within the social psychological paradigm—positions children as a constraint, detailing ways in which children prevent mothers from participating. Examining individual’s experiences, almost to the exclusion of relational experiences, sport and leisure researchers argue that mothers need more opportunities that promote individuality and separation from familial lives (e.g. Miller and Brown, Leisure Sciences, 27, 405–420, 2005). Media and cultural norms have created an even wider divide between motherhood and sport participation. Engrained social messaging aligns pregnancy with the end of women’s participation in sport (Cosh and Crabb, Psychology of Women Section Review, 14(2), 41–49, 2012), which stems from framing sport as innately separate from familial relationships. More than 25 years ago, feminist scholars pointed to the need for new considerations that encapsulate mothers’ experiences (Wearing and Wearing, Leisure Studies, 7(2), 111–123, 1988). Nonetheless, scholarship has continued to reify traditional tenets that position children as a constraint. This chapter draws on a small body of scholarship that examined the complexities and interconnectedness present in mothers’ experiences of sport (Hodler and Lucas-Carr, Communication and Sport, 4(4), 1–18, 2015; Leberman and Palmer, Journal of Sport Management, 23, 305–334, 2009; Metz, Cultural Studies, Critical Methodologies, 8(2), 248–275, 2008; Pedersen, International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 36(3), 259–274, 2001), family-centered physical activity (Klisch and Soule, 2015), and relational leisure (Freeman et al., Leisure Sciences, 28, 203–221, 2006; Soule, Connected: A phenomenology of attachment parenting, 2013; Tirone and Shaw, Journal of Leisure Research, 29(2), 225–244, 1997) to argue that greater openness when examining mothers’ experiences and meaning-making allows us to more fully understand the role of sport (or not) in the lives of mothers.