cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A model for the harmonic of compressional Pc 5 waves

Compressional Pc 5 magnetic waves in the magnetosphere are a unique phenomenon showing a nonsinusoidal waveform in spite of a well-defined period. Although the waveform can be Fourier-decomposed into the fundamental and the second harmonics, the phase between the two is kept constant from event to event, implying that the waveform is not the result of a chance superposition of two magnetospheric eigenmodes. A phenomenological explanation to this waveform is offered using a field-line configuration model that is a modified version of a previously proposed antisymmetric standing wave. In this model, the location of the equatorial node of field-line displacement is assumed to oscillate with the wave, with a peak-to-peak amplitude greater than 10 percent of the wavelength of the standing wave. The predicted waveform at various magnetic latitudes is found to be in excellent agreement with an observation taken near the magnetic equator by the Active Magnetospheric Particle Tracer Explorers/Charge Composition Explorer spacecraft.
The twenty-four-hour urinary excretion of carnitine and creatinine in normal and hypothyroid children☆

Abstract This study reports a significant increase in the 24-hr urinary excretion of creatinine and carnitine as age increased from 3.5 to 18 years in a normal group of children and adolescents. Five children with hypothyroidism (age 11 to 15 years) showed no relationship between 24-hr urinary carnitine or creatinine excretions and age. Age adjustment of the urinary carnitine and creatinine excretions to 13.3 years, the mean age of the hypothyroid children, allowed direct comparisons of the normal and hypothyroid children's excretions to be made. Carnitine excretion was significantly decreased in the hypothyroid group (114.9 ± 49.3 μmole vs 256 ± 47 μmole per day); creatinine excretion was not significantly decreased. When the ratio of carnitine to creatinine excretion was compared with age, a significant decrease in excretion was noted with increasing age; no difference between this ratio in age-adjusted normal and hypothyroid children was discerned.
Herpes Simplex Type 1 Retinitis in an Adult with Systemic Herpes Zoster

A 72-year-old man developed bullous skin lesions two months before he was discovered to have malignant lymphoma. Herpes zoster virus grew from the skin bullae. He developed encephalitis, keratitis in the left eye, and bilateral retinitis 18 months later. Herpes simplex virus type 1 grew from cultures of the eyelid vesicles and corneal scrapings from the left eye. The patient died two years after the diagnosis of malignant lymphoma. Virus particles believed to be herpes simplex virus were demonstrated on electron microscopy in the necrotic retinal cells.
Prediction logic: A method for empirical evaluation of formal theory†

This paper proposes an approach to data analysis that assists the investigator in discriminating among specific relations corresponding to alternative scientific predictions about qualitative variates.
Amide proton transfer imaging with improved robustness to magnetic field inhomogeneity and magnetization transfer asymmetry using saturation with frequency alternating RF irradiation

Amide proton transfer (APT) imaging has shown promise as an indicator of tissue pH and as a marker for brain tumors. Sources of error in APT measurements include direct water saturation, and magnetization transfer (MT) from membranes and macromolecules. These are typically suppressed by postprocessing asymmetry analysis. However, this approach is strongly dependent on B(0) homogeneity and can introduce additional errors due to intrinsic MT asymmetry, aliphatic proton features opposite the amide peak and radiation damping-induced asymmetry. Although several methods exist to correct for B(0) inhomogeneity, they tremendously increase scan times and do not address errors induced by asymmetry of the z-spectrum. In this article, a novel saturation scheme-saturation with frequency alternating RF irradiation (SAFARI)-is proposed in combination with a new magnetization transfer ratio (MTR) parameter designed to generate APT images insensitive to direct water saturation and MT, even in the presence of B(0) inhomogeneity. The feasibility of the SAFARI technique is demonstrated in phantoms and in the human brain. Experimental results show that SAFARI successfully removes direct water saturation and MT contamination from APT images. It is insensitive to B(0) offsets up to 180 Hz without using additional B(0) correction, thereby dramatically reducing scanning time.
A neural net model for masking phenomena.

Some aspects of masking phenomena are considered in terms of the simplest possible model of two-factor neural elements. The effect of a number of variables can be accounted for, but the introduction of an internuncial element results in a masking function which need not be symmetric about zero delay interval. As an illustration, the results for a special case are compared with available data. In general, such a model results in a masking function which depends on the intensity, area, and duration of the stimuli, as well as on the temporal and spatial separation between them.
The unified discrete surface Ricci flow

Ricci flow deforms the Riemannian metric proportionally to the curvature, such that the curvature evolves according to a heat diffusion process and eventually becomes constant everywhere. Ricci flow has demonstrated its great potential by solving various problems in many fields, which can be hardly handled by alternative methods so far. This work introduces the unified theoretic framework for discrete surface Ricci flow, including all the common schemes: tangential circle packing, Thurston's circle packing, inversive distance circle packing and discrete Yamabe flow. Furthermore, this work also introduces a novel schemes, virtual radius circle packing and the mixed type schemes, under the unified framework. This work gives explicit geometric interpretation to the discrete Ricci energies for all the schemes with all back ground geometries, and the corresponding Hessian matrices. The unified frame work deepens our understanding to the discrete surface Ricci flow theory, and has inspired us to discover the new schemes, improved the flexibility and robustness of the algorithms, greatly simplified the implementation and improved the efficiency. Experimental results show the unified surface Ricci flow algorithms can handle general surfaces with different topologies, and is robust to meshes with different qualities, and is effective for solving real problems.
Simulations of electron beam excited modes in the high-altitude magnetosphere

Excitation of waves by electron distributions consisting of hot, beam, and cold populations is investigated theoretically and with the help of particle simulations. The main modes excited include the upper hybrid oscillation for nearly perpendicular propagation; the whistler mode at oblique angles, which becomes the plasma two-stream oscillation for parallel propagation; and the electron acoustic mode for nearly parallel propagation. The whistler mode, excited by thermal fluctuation enhancement, has a broad range of wave numbers and quasi-linearly decreases the beam slope, while the electron acoustic mode, which is linearly unstable, has a narrow spread in phase velocities and traps the beam and the warm electrons forming a double humped distribution. Both modes contribute to forming a tail in the cold electron distribution. The resulting wave spectrum is discussed in the context of DE 1 observations.
Analog-to-digital conversion using high-speed photonic processing

This paper provides a comprehensive understanding of a tunable wavelength-based photonic high-speed analog-to- digital converter (ADC) approach and its anticipated performance. Analytic models, experimental data, and simulation results will provide the fundamental limits on the expected conversion speed and bit resolution.
Systematics of the genus Cidaria Treitschke (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Larentiinae)

The genus Cidaria Treitschke is revised. Eight species of the genus which occur widely in the Palaearctic and northern India, are recognized, of which one, Cidaria luteata sp. nov., is described as new while two subspecies of C. fulvata (Forster) are elevated to species, C. nugata Felder stat. rev., and C. distinctata Staudinger stat. nov.C. ochripennis Prout is proposed as a junior synonym of C. ochreata Staudinger. C. deletaria Hampson is excluded from the genus. All species of Cidaria and their genitalia are described and illustrated. The cladistic analysis of these eight species of Cidaria is carried out using two data matrices, the first comprising morphological characters alone and the second morphological and distributional characters. The most parsimonious cladogram of Cidaria is selected, and its monophyly defined. The character analysis shows that some distribution characters contribute to resolving the in group node. The choice of multiple trees is discussed.
Virus attenuation by microbial mechanisms during the idle time of a household slow sand filter.

The biosand filter (BSF) is a household slow sand filter that is operated intermittently such that an idle time of typically 18–22 h occurs in between daily charges of water. Virus attenuation during the idle time was investigated over repeated daily filtration cycles to capture the effect of media aging that encompasses processes occurring throughout the filter depth rather than restricted to the schmutzdecke at the media surface. A threshold aging period of about one to two weeks was required before virus attenuation began. The observed rates of MS2 and PRD-1 reduction were first-order and reached maxima of 0.061- and 0.053-log per hr, respectively, over seven-to-ten weeks. Suppression of microbial activity by sodium azide eliminated virus reduction during the idle time thus indicating that the operative media aging process was microbially mediated. The mechanism of virus reduction was not modification of media surfaces by physical/chemical or microbial processes. Instead, it appears that the activity of the microbial community within the filter is responsible. The most likely biological pathways are production of microbial exoproducts such as proteolytic enzymes or grazing of bacteria and higher microorganisms on virus particles. Implications of these findings for BSF design and operation and their relevance to other biological filtration technologies are discussed.
Electrocatalytic Activity of Graphene Multilayers toward I-/I3-: Effect of Preparation Conditions and Polyelectrolyte Modification

Graphene films have been used as transparent conductive electrodes (TCEs) and counter electrodes in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) in order to reduce the cost of fabrication. This work reports the fundamental electrocatalytic properties of graphene films toward I−/I3− by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The films were prepared from chemical or thermal reduction of graphene oxide. We demonstrate that graphene films obtained under different reduction conditions exhibit different electrocatalytic properties. The mechanism is elucidated by the structural differences as confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Raman spectroscopy. We also show that the electrocatalytic activity of graphene films could be tuned by surface modification with polyelectrolytes.
Women's studies: Its origins, its organization and its prospects

Synopsis Women's Studies is the intellectual examination of the absence of women from history; a fresh look in a non-Freudian way at the social psychology of women; the study of women in literature and the images of women in the Arts; the economic and legal history of the family; and speculation about `androgyny', a state of society and a state of mind where sex-differences might be socially, economically and politically overcome.
Tyrosine kinase-dependent suppression of a potassium channel by the G protein-coupled m1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor

Neurotransmitter receptors alter membrane excitability and synaptic efficacy by generating intracellular signals that ultimately change the properties of ion channels. Through expression studies in Xenopus oocytes and mammalian cells, we found that the G protein-coupled m1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor potently suppresses a cloned delayed rectifier K+ channel through a pathway involving phospholipase C activation and direct tyrosine phosphorylation of the K+ channel. Furthermore, analysis of neuroblastoma cells revealed that a similar tyrosine kinase-dependent pathway links endogenous G protein-coupled receptors to suppression of the native RAK channel. These results suggest a novel mechanism by which neurotransmitters and hormones may regulate a specific type of K+ channel that is widely expressed in the mammalian brain and heart.
Effect of temperature on germination, growth, and infectivity of the mosquito pathogen Tolypocladium cylindrosporum (deuteromycotina; hyphomycetes)

Abstract The mosquito pathogen Tolypocladium cylindrosporum was examined with regard to its response to temperature. Similar temperature ranges were found for growth, germination, and infectivity of blastospores and conidia. Germination occurred at 8° and 33°C but not at 6° and 35°C. Optimal germination and growth was noted between 24° and 27°C for both spore types. Infectivity of blastospores and conidia at different temperatures was examined by exposing L2 Aedes sierrensis larvae to concentrations of 5 × 105 blastospores/ml or 5 × 106 conidia/ml. Larvae were incubated at 12°, 15°, 25°, and 30°C. Infection occurred at all temperatures tested with LT50 values ranging from 22.7 days (12°C) to 5.6 (25°C) days for conidia and 4.7 days (12°C) to 0.6 day (25°C) for blastospores. These results confirmed earlier findings that blastospores infected and killed host larvae more rapidly than conidia and suggested that this difference is largely due to the more rapid germination rate of blastospores. These experiments demonstrated that T. cylindrosporum can be active against mosquito larvae over a broad range of temperatures encompassing both the cold-water habitat of certain temperate mosquito species as well as the habitat of tropical vector species.
Adsorption of heparin on sodium acid urate

Abstract The adsorption of heparin on sodium acid urate powder suspended in aqueous solution was found to be dependent upon the concentration of Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ . It was concluded that heparin adsorption on sodium acid urate powder can occur in urine. Speculations are made about the relevance of these observations to calcium oxalate urolithiasis.
Remote sensing in hydrology

A 6-day symposium on Hydrological Applications of Remote Sensing and Remote Data Transmission was held August 18–25 at the General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics in Hamburg. Authors from 22 countries were represented by the program, which covered descriptions of instrumentation and applications of remote data transmission and applications of many different remote sensing techniques, with sessions on precipitation, snow and ice, surface water, water planning/management, and soil moisture/ground water/wet lands. The symposium was cosponsored by WMO, UNESCO, IAH, and ISPRS. The opening day covered existing and future satellite systems in order to identify the basic facilities which will be available in the next decade or two for hydrological purposes. It covered both the space and ground segments of the satellite systems.
Dihydroflavonols and other flavonoids of Eupatorium species

Abstract Chloroform extracts of a hybrid of Eupatorium capillifolium (Lam.) Small and E. perfoliatum L. yielded the dihydroflavonols (2R, 3R)-7-methoxy-3,5,4′-trihydroxyflavanone (IIa), (2R, 3R)-3,4′-dihydroxy-5,7-dimethoxyflavanone (IIIa) and either (2R, 3R)-3,7-dimethoxy-3,5,4′-trihydroxy- or (2R, 3R)-7,4′-dimethoxy-3,5,3′-trihydroxyflavanone (Ia or Ic). Ia (or Ic) and IIIa are new; the stereochemistry of IIa has not been assigned previously. Genkwanin and quercetin 3-methyl ether were also found. E. capillifolium gave IIIa and IIa. E. perfoliatum gave no crystalline flavone fractions.
Carbon monoxide and methane column retrieval from the scanning high resolution interferometer sounder (S-HIS) and the national polar-orbiting operational environmental satellite system airborne sounder testbed-interferometer (NAST-I)

This study presents a new technique for the retrieval of Carbon Monoxide and Methane effective optical depths using upwelling infrared emission spectra from high spectral resolution Fourier Transform Spectrometer (FTS) data. Also presented is a technique for deriving mean column mixing ratios from these effective optical depths. Results are presented from aircraft flights of the Scanning-High-resolution Interferometer Sounder (S-HIS) and the National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System Airborne Sounder Testbed - Interferometer (NAST-I). Case study results are presented from the SAFARI 2000 experiment in Southern from the CLAMS experiment on the mid-Atlantic coast of the United States.
Energy-conformation studies of hydrogen cyanide tetramer: A prebiotic precursor

Using the Iterative Extended Huckel Method (IEHT), we have made energy-conformation studies of the two isomers of hydrogen cyanide tetramer, a known purine precursor in prebiotic syntheses. Our results show that the cis isomer is more stable than thetrans and that, for both, a totally planar conformation is most favorable, differing appreciably from the crystal structure determined by X-ray analysis. The ionization potential, dipole moment,π electron distribution and optical spectra for the tetramer have also been calculated. For all of these properties we find good agreement with experimental results Thus encouraged by the reliability of the description obtained, we plan to use these results for further studies of the chemical reactivity of the tetramer relevant to its postulated role in prebiotic syntheses.
Picocalorimetry of Transcription by RNA Polymerase

Thermal variations can exert dramatic effects on the rates of enzymes. The influence of temperature on RNA polymerase is of particular interest because its transcriptional activity governs general levels of gene expression, and may therefore exhibit pleiotropic effects in cells. Using a custom-modified optical trapping apparatus, we used a tightly focused infrared laser to heat single molecules of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase while monitoring transcriptional activity. We found a significant change in rates of transcript elongation with temperature, consistent with a large enthalpic barrier to the condensation reaction associated with RNA polymerization (∼13 kcal/mol). In contrast, we found little change in either the frequency or the lifetime of off-pathway, paused states, indicating that the energetic barrier to transcriptional pausing is predominantly entropic.
Towards intermediate-band solar cells with InAs/AlAsSb quantum dots

The effects of GaAs1-xSbx thin cladding layers on the structural and optical properties of InAs self-assembled quantum dots (SAQDs) embedded in AlAs0.56Sb0.44 barriers were investigated. A cladding layer configuration of a layer of GaAs beneath the SAQDs, and a GaAs0.95Sb0.05 capping layer above improves SAQD morphology and enhances photoluminescence intensity. Power-dependent and time-resolved photoluminescence were used to confirm the existence of type-II band alignment. The properties shown by this quantum dot system have great potential for intermediate band solar cell applications.
Evolution of a young parasitic cone towards a mature central vent; Izalco and Santa Ana volcanoes in El Salvador, Central America

Abstract Izalco volcano is a young parasitic cone located 4 km south and seaward from the central crater of Santa Ana volcano, a mature composite cone. At equal SiO 2 contents Izalco's lavas have lower large ion lithophile element (LILE) contents than Santa Ana's lavas, but the compositions of Izalco's lavas have converged toward those of Santa Ana with time, possibly by open-system fractionation. Short-term fluctuations in the SiO 2 content of lavas at Izalco are closely related to the level of preceding activity; the higher the level of preceding activity, the lower the SiO 2 content. A stratigraphic section of lavas from the Santa Ana crater appears to be an inverted magma chamber with a zoned silicic top and a uniform basaltic base. These observations suggest that graded silicic zones are regularly developed at the top of the basaltic magma bodies feeding this volcanic center. Nearly contemporaneous eruptions of distinctly different magma types (1770–1965 at Izalco, 1904, at Santa Ana and 1722 at San Marcellino) suggests the presence of three different magma bodies beneath the Santa Ana complex, a LILE-poor mafic magma body beneath Izalco; a LILE-rich mafic magma body beneath Santa Ana and a rhyolitic magma beneath the Coatepeque caldera, located on the northeast flank of Santa Ana.
A performance analysis of discrete-time tandem queues with Markovian sources

We present an exact performance analysis of tandem networks with an arbitrary number of multiplexers. Each multiplexer is fed by the output of its upstream neighbor as well as the traffic generated by a number of independent binary Markovian sources. We model the tandem network as a discrete-time queueing system. After determining the unknown boundary functions, the probability generating function (PGF) of the joint distribution of queue length and number of On sources for each multiplexer is derived as a function of the transform of the busy period of its upstream neighbor. From this PGF, we determine closed form expressions for the mean and variance of queue length, as well as the mean packet delay. The solution has also been extended to tandem networks in which each multiplexer is fed by multiple types of traffic. Then, numerical results are presented and it has been shown that the multiplexing smooths the traffic. The mean queue lengths are very easy to calculate and the computation complexity does not increase with the number of sources in the network.
A statistical analysis of flow cytometric determinations of phagocytosis rates.

Uptake of particles by phagocytosing cells is a process that exhibits variability of its rate. This variability is inherent in the mechanism of particle uptake and in the mechanisms that determine the distribution of physiological states within a population of phagocytosing cells. When numbers of particles ingested by cells are determined flow cytometrically an additional measurement variability is superimposed on and interacts with the aforementioned biological variability. In one method of determining population phagocytosis parameters, which involves fitting theoretical equations to experimental time course data on the fractions of cells which have ingested 0, 1, 2, ... particles, the effects of measurement variability are circumvented, although this usually has the cost of not using all the sample data obtained. However, in a second, simpler, method which is based on determining the time course of the number of particles ingested by an average cell, measurement variability is not circumvented and its effects must be considered. An analysis of the combined effects of biological and measurement variability on the results obtained with the simpler method is presented in this paper. Experimental results for phagocytosis of latex microspheres of uniform size and fluorochrome content by populations of the ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis show that, for this system, measurement variability is entirely negligible in comparison with biological variability. This conclusion might not apply to other systems, however, and situations which might make measurement variability of some significance are mentioned in the paper. The equations given can be used for the analysis of such situations.
CUB-domain-containing protein 1 (CDCP1) activates Src to promote melanoma metastasis

We report the application of quantitative mass spectrometry to identify plasma membrane proteins differentially expressed in melanoma cells with high vs. low metastatic abilities. Using stable isotope labeling with amino acids in culture (SILAC) coupled with nanospray tandem mass spectrometry, we identified CUB-domain–containing protein 1 (CDCP1) as one such differentially expressed transmembrane protein. CDCP1 is not only a surface marker for cells with higher metastatic potential, but also functionally involved in enhancing tumor metastasis. Overexpression of CDCP1 also correlates with activation of Src. Pharmacological reagents, PP2 and Dasatinib, which block Src family kinase activation, blocked scattered growth of CDCP1-overexpressing cells in 3D Matrigel culture, suggesting that CDCP1 might function through the activation of Src-family kinases (SFKs). This hypothesis was further supported by mutational studies of CDCP1. Whereas wild-type CDCP1 enhances Src activation, point mutation Y734F abolishes in vitro dispersive growth in 3D culture and in vivo metastasis-enhancing activities of CDCP1. In addition, the Y734F mutation also eliminated enhanced Src activation. Thus, this work provides molecular mechanisms for the metastasis-enhancing functions of CDCP1.
Antagonism of profound cisatracurium and rocuronium block: the role of objective assessment of neuromuscular function.

Abstract Study Objective The purpose of this study is to determine the incidence of significant (train-of-four [TOF] ratio 0.40), residual neuromuscular block after neostigmine antagonism of profound cisatracurium (CIS) or rocuronium (ROC) block. Design Prospective, randomized, open-label study. Setting University hospital. Patients Forty ASA physical status I and II undergoing elective surgical procedures. Interventions Anesthesia was induced with propofol 1.5 to 2.5 mg/kg IV plus fentanyl 2 to 4 μ g/kg and maintained with N 2 O/desflurane plus narcotic supplementation. The electromyographic response of the adductor pollicis was recorded. Train-of-four stimulation was given every 20 seconds. Twitch height (T1) and TOF fade ratio were continuously recorded. In group 1 (n = 20), neuromuscular block was induced with CIS 0.10 mg/kg, and T1 was maintained at 5% of control by a constant infusion of CIS until the end of surgery. One minute after the termination of the infusion, neostigmine 0.05 mg/kg was administered. T1 and TOF values were monitored continuously for the next 20 minutes. Group 2 (n = 20) is identical to group 1 except that the initial drug was ROC 0.60 mg/kg, and paralysis was maintained with an infusion of ROC. Measurements and Main Results There were no significant differences in the recovery patterns of CIS vs ROC. The duration (bolus to end of infusion) in both groups averaged 2.7 hours, and the mean cumulative dose of relaxant approximated 4 × the ED 95 . T1 at the time of reversal was 6% (4%-10%) of control. Mean TOF ratios at 10, 15, and 20 minutes were 0.55, 0.71, and 0.0.81, respectively. Return to a TOF ratio >0.40 was always achieved in 15 minutes or less. However, at 20 minutes postreversal, 5 of 40 subjects had TOF ratios Conclusions Most clinicians cannot detect tactile fade once the TOF ratio exceeds 0.40. When reversing profound block, an objective monitor of neuromuscular function is required if the extent of residual block is to be assessed with any confidence.
Exploiting the architecture of dynamic systems

Consider the problem of monitoring the state of a complex dynamic system, and predicting its future evolution. Exact algorithms for this task typically maintain a belief state, or distribution over the states at some point in time. Unfortunately, these algorithms fail when applied to complex processes such as those represented as dynamic Bayesian networks (DBNs), as the representation of the belief state grows exponentially with the size of the process. In (Boyen & Koller 1998), we recently proposed an efficient approximate tracking algorithm that maintains an approximate belief state that has a compact representation as a set of independent factors. Its performance depends on the error introduced by approximating a belief state of this process by a factored one. We informally argued that this error is low if the interaction between variables in the processes is "weak". In this paper, we give formal information-theoretic definitions for notions such as weak interaction and sparse interaction of processes. We use these notions to analyze the conditions under which the error induced by this type of approximation is small. We demonstrate several cases where our results formally support intuitions about strength of interaction.
Genetic algorithm-based fuzzy goal programming for class of chance-constrained programming problems

This paper presents a procedure for solving a multiobjective chance-constrained programming problem. Random variables appearing on both sides of the chance constraint are considered as discrete random variables with a known probability distribution. The literature does not contain any deterministic equivalent for solving this type of problem. Therefore, classical multiobjective programming techniques are not directly applicable. In this paper, we use a stochastic simulation technique to handle randomness in chance constraints. A fuzzy goal programming formulation is developed by using a stochastic simulation-based genetic algorithm. The most satisfactory solution is obtained from the highest membership value of each of the membership goals. Two numerical examples demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed approach.
Age and apolipoprotein E*4 allele effects on cerebrospinal fluid β-amyloid 42 in adults with normal cognition

Background Decreased cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) β-amyloid 42 (Aβ42) concentration, but not Aβ40concentration, is a biomarker for Alzheimer disease. This Aβ42concentration decrease in CSF likely reflects precipitation of Aβ42in amyloid plaques in brain parenchyma. This pathogenic plaque deposition begins years before the clinical expression of dementia in Alzheimer disease. Normal aging and the presence of the apolipoprotein E (APOE*4) allele are the most important known risk factors for Alzheimer disease. Objective To estimate the interactive effects of normal aging and presence of theAPOE*4allele on CSF Aβ42concentration in adults with normal cognition across the life span. Design The CSF was collected in the morning after an overnight fast using Sprotte 24-g atraumatic spinal needles. The CSF Aβ42and Aβ40concentrations were measured in the 10th milliliter of CSF collected by sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. TheAPOEgenotype was determined by a restriction digest method. Subjects One hundred eighty-four community volunteers with normal cognition aged 21 to 88 years. Results The CSF Aβ42, but not the Aβ40, concentration decreased significantly with age. There was a sharp decrease in CSF Aβ42concentration beginning in the sixth decade in subjects with theAPOE*4allele. This age-associated decrease in CSF Aβ42concentration was significantly and substantially greater in subjects with theAPOE*4allele compared with those without theAPOE*4allele. Conclusion These CSF Aβ42findings are consistent with acceleration by theAPOE*4allele of pathogenic Aβ42brain deposition starting in later middle age in persons with normal cognition.
Common Avionics Display Processor (CADP)

The 1970s saw the start of a trend towards integrated digital avionics. In the 1980s, the Air Force's Pave Pillar initiative defined centralized digital processing as the cost- effective approach to tactical avionics. The avionics systems of the two advanced aircraft presently under development, a fixed-wing tactical fighter and an armed scout/reconnaissance helicopter, were based on this architecture. Both platforms relied upon custom, single-purpose hardware and software to generate images for their advanced multifunctional flat panel cockpit displays. The technology to generate real-time synthetic images with common data and signal processors was not available during the development of the platforms. Harris IR&D investigations have focused on an approach that Harris GASD has named the Common Avionics Display Processor (CADP). This programmable device can generate sophisticated images or perform sensor image manipulation and processing. The Common Avionics Display Processor is a general purpose image synthesizer. It consists of software and hardware components configured at run time by a downloaded program. The CADP offers two advantages over custom, special purpose devices. First, it solves a class of problems, not a single one. It can generate many types of images, from alphanumeric to sensor simulation. Only one module type is required for any of these functions. Second, as program schedules become shorter, traditional hardware design time becomes the delivery limiting task. Because both the software and hardware components are programmable at run time, the CADP can adapt to changing requirements without redesign.
Consolidation of Reactive Ultem®Powder-coated Carbon Fiber Tow for Space Structure Composites by Resistive Heating

In this exploratory study, polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based carbon fiber tows are coated with a commercial, heat-crosslinkable polyetherimide (Ultem®) powder. Then an electrical current is applied across the powder-coated fiber tows (towpreg) to melt the thermoplastic powder and form rigidized composites. These consolidated composite samples are characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and conventional tensile testing. Measuring the applied current and the degree of consolidation yielded the power requirement for successful wetting of the carbon fiber tows by Ultem melt, both on earth and in outer space. The results show that resistive heating is a feasible route for the rigidization of inflatable composite structures in space.
Expatriate success may depend on a “learning orientation”: Considerations for selection and training

To support globalization, managers increasingly are sent to live and work in other countries. An unsuccessful expatriate assignment is costly for the organization and damaging to the individual's career, yet few companies have adequate processes for selecting and training expatriate managers. The concept of “learning orientation” is proposed as a valuable dimension for assessment and training. Employees with weaker learning orientation tend to withdraw from situations that could result in low judgment of performance; those with stronger learning orientation adapt and continue. The described approach can benefit employees and their families and can increase the organization's chance for international success. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The rhetoric of fraud in breast cancer trials : Manifestations in medical journals and the mass media-and missed opportunities

In 1994, the Chicago Tribune announced in a blaring page-one story that fraud had been discovered in an important nine-year-old medical study which compared two treatments for early-stage breast cancer. The study had assured women that lumpectomy plus radiation was as safe as the more invasive mastectomy procedure for early-stage breast cancer; however, the revelation of fraud called these results into question. We examine the reactions of two professional medical journals to demonstrate how negotiations for upholding ethical norms in science took place within the pages of these publications. Then, we analyze the public discourse surrounding the fraud and show that much of the coverage was devoted to scandal. Both forums missed opportunities: professional journals ignored a chance to explore the blurry boundary between “writing up” and “making up” results that all scientists must negotiate in interpreting and publicizing data, while public discourse neglected women affected by the fraud.
Consumer Understanding of Calorie Labeling: A Healthy Monday E-Mail and Text Message Intervention

Objective. To assess caloric knowledge of participants and determine if an e-mail and/or text message intervention could increase knowledge of recommended daily caloric intake. Design. Randomized, control trial. Setting. Johns Hopkins Hospital Cobblestone Cafe. Participants. The 246 participants reported eating at the Cafe at least twice/week. Intervention(s). Participants randomized to control, e-mail, or text condition. The text and e-mail conditions received a message on four consecutive Mondays stating the recommended daily caloric intake. Main outcome measures. Knowledge of the government reference value of 2,000 calories. Analysis. Intention-to-treat analysis was conducted. Multivariate logistic regression examined the effectiveness of text and e-mail messaging for improving knowledge of the government calorie reference value. Results. Baseline awareness of the daily calorie reference value in study population was low. Participants in the text message condition were twice as likely to know the gover...
Decision-Feedback Receiver for Quasi-Orthogonal Space-Time Coded OFDM Using Correlative Coding Over Fast Fading Channels

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is robust against frequency selective fading, but it is very vulnerable to time selective fading. In quasi-orthogonal space-time coded OFDM (ST-OFDM) systems, channel variations cause not only inter-carrier interference among different subcarriers in one OFDM block, but also inter-transmit-antenna interference (ITAI). When applied in fast fading channels, common ST-ODFM receivers usually suffer from an irreducible error floor. In this letter, we apply frequency-domain correlative coding combined with a modified decision-feedback detection scheme to effectively suppress the error floor of quasi-orthogonal ST-OFDM over fast fading channels. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme in mitigating the effects of channel time selectivity is demonstrated through comparison with existing schemes such as zero-forcing, two-stage zero-forcing, and sequential decision feedback estimation
Racial and Educational Disparities in Mobility Limitation Among Older Women: What Is the Role of Modifiable Risk Factors?

Objectives. This research explores whether modifiable risk factors (MRFs) are potential mediators and/or moderators of racial/ethnic and educational mobility limitation disparities among older women. Method. Utilizing Waves 2–9 (1994–2008) of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), discrete-time event history models with multiple competing events were estimated using multinomial logistic regression. Results. Black women were more likely to develop mobility limitation relative to White women. This disparity was partially mediated by body mass index. Educational disparities were also observed, yet MRFs did not appreciably influ ence this disparity. The effect of vigorous physical activity on mobility limitation onset varied by race; physical activity was not as protective for Black women compared with White women. Being overweight appeared to weaken the benefit of additional years of education. Discussion. These results reiterate the importance of health promotion via MRFs; however, they also illustrate that the effect of MRFs on mobility limitation varies by race and education among older women, which has implications for health professionals interested in functional health interventions. Future recommendations include the development of interventions and health promotion aimed at increasing participation in positive health behaviors that address salient social factors among at-risk older women.
Uncertainty Reduction during Job Transitions: An Exploratory Study of the Communication Experiences of Newcomers and Transferees.

Uncertainty reduction theory suggests that employees request more information during job transitions, and that increased levels of communication lead to positive adjustment through reduced stress a...
Optimizing Energy Conversion Using Organic Rankine Cycles and Supercritical Rankine Cycles

The optimization of energy conversion systems is of great significance in the utilization of low-grade heat. This paper presents an analysis of 6 working fluids in 12 thermodynamic cycles to optimize the energy conversion systems. The optimal exergy efficiency of the system is dependent on the type of the thermodynamic cycle, the choice of appropriate working fluid, and the working conditions. A zeotropic mixture of R134a and R245fa shows advantages in energy conversion process, as well as its heat exchange with the heat source and heat sink. The exergy efficiency of a 0.5R134a/0.5R245fa-based supercritical Rankine cycle system is 0.643–0.689 for a turbine inlet temperature of 415–445K, which is about 30% improvement over the exergy efficiency of 0.491–0.521 for a pure R32-based organic Rankine cycle under the same temperature limits. Furthermore, the 0.5R134a/0.5R245fa mixture saves more than 60% of the cooling water during the condensation process than the pure R32, R134a and R245fa.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Self-sustaining populations, population sinks or aggregates of strays: chum (Oncorhynchus keta) and Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in the Wood River system, Alaska

Small populations can provide insights into ecological and evolutionary aspects of species distributions over space and time. In the Wood River system in Alaska, USA, small aggregates of Chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and chum salmon (O. keta) spawn in an area dominated by sockeye salmon (O. nerka). Our objective was to determine whether these Chinook and chum salmon are reproductively isolated, self-sustaining populations, population sinks that produce returning adults but receive immigration, or strays from other systems that do not produce returning adults. DNA samples collected from adult chum salmon from 16 streams and Chinook salmon from four streams in the Wood River system over 3 years were compared to samples from large populations in the nearby Nushagak River system, a likely source of strays. For both species, microsatellite markers indicated no significant genetic differentiation between the two systems. Simulations of microsatellite data in a large source and a smaller sink population suggested that considerable immigration would be required to counteract the diverging effects of genetic drift and produce genetic distances as small as those observed, considering the small census sizes of the two species in the Wood River system. Thus, the Wood River system likely receives substantial immigration from neighbouring watersheds, such as the Nushagak River system, which supports highly productive runs. Although no data on population productivity in the Wood River system exist, our results suggest source-sink dynamics for the two species, a finding relevant to other systems where salmonid population sizes are limited by habitat factors.
A computationally efficient approach to 3D ear recognition employing local and holistic features

We present a complete, Three-Dimensional (3D) object recognition system combining local and holistic features in a computationally efficient manner. An evaluation of the proposed system is conducted on a 3D ear recognition task. The ear provides a challenging case study because of its high degree of inter-subject similarity. In this work, we focus primarily on the local and holistic feature extraction and matching components, as well as the fusion framework used to combine these features at the match score level. Experimental results conducted on the University of Notre Dame (UND) collection G dataset, containing range images of 415 subjects, yielded a rank-one recognition rate of 98.6% and an equal error rate of 1.6%. These results demonstrate that the proposed system outperforms state-of-the-art 3D ear biometric systems.
Silicone Additive Facilitates Epoxy Plastic Sectioning

Cutting quality of epoxy plastics is greatly improved by addition of 1% Dow Corning 200 fluid silicone plastic additive of 0.65 centistoke viscosity to formulations presently in use for ultramicrotomy and electron microscopy. The additive does not appreciably alter staining characteristics or reduce mechanical strength of ultrathin sections. Glass knives lasted 5 to 15 times longer when cutting modified rather than unmodified plastic. The additive did not impart electron density to any of the plastics used.
Distributed omni-video arrays and digital tele-viewer for customized viewing, event detection and notification

Recent innovations in real-time machine vision, distributed computing, software architectures, and encrypted high-speed networking are expanding the available technology for intelligent camera arrays on televiewing and interactive applications. In this paper we describe research aimed at the realization of a powerful televiewing system using arrays of omnidirectional cameras. The video arrays provide an interactive, real-time, multiresolution televiewing interface to multiple people including physical security and emergency response crews simultaneously. Security measures such as authentication and network encryption are implemented on multiple platforms. Fusion of high-resolution rectilinear image over the omnidirectional image is also carried out. Computer vision techniques based on motion analysis are used for detecting interesting events. The televiewing system is verified for the performance as well as physically tested on the Super Bowl 2003 event for crowd detection and traffic monitoring.
Adapting to Climate Change While Planning for Disaster: Footholds, Rope Lines, and the Iowa Floods

This article uses the example of flood recovery after the 2008 Midwest floods to propose a more effective way for federal, state, and municipal governments to join forces against the effects of climate change. Our analysis draws from our work with President Obama's Interagency Climate Change Adaptation Task Force, in which the Environmental Protection Agency took part in a pilot project lending technical assistance to vulnerable cities in eastern Iowa. The lessons learned through this experience have relevance to many climate change adaptation efforts around the country. Experts in adaptation policy often point to three major challenges: (1) coordinating efforts across government sectors, (2) coordinating efforts among levels of government, and (3) developing an action model that can successfully move forward in the context of great uncertainty. One promising way to address these concerns, we believe, is to pay close attention to what we metaphorically call “footholds” and “rope lines.” A foothold is a preexisting law or standard that, while not specifically intended to abet adaptive efforts, may be successfully used that way, thus allowing the integration of important climate concerns into an existing public or private mission. A rope line refers to the dynamic network of public and private stakeholders (across many relevant sectors and levels of government) that can support the adaptive effort and guide it flexibly through a process of evolutionary learning in the face of uncertainty. The lessons we glean from the Iowa Pilot Project are necessarily tentative, but trends are emerging that shed light on future endeavors. The first section of the article describes how climate change is increasing the risk of catastrophic events and notes the structural challenges of scope, scale, and uncertainty. The second section describes the federal government’s recent efforts toward climate adaptation. The third introduces the ideas of footholds and rope lines, which we believe helps conceptualize the coordination problems inherent in adaptation policy; as a bonus, the reader is apt to learn a little about ice climbing too. The next section then describes the process and findings of the Iowa Pilot Project, emphasizing the challenges of scope, scale, and ncertainty. The final section concludes with a summary of lessons learned and our thoughts about next steps.
A 1-V, 1.4-2.5 GHz Charge-Pump-Less PLL for a Phase Interpolator Based CDR

A 1.4-2.5 GHz charge-pump-less phase locked loop (PLL) and a linear phase interpolator (PI) with dummy cells to enhance linearity are implemented in 0.13-mum CMOS. The loop filter with RC integrators and a V-I converter are proposed for achieving wide frequency range and high linearity in the voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) under a low supply voltage. The measured RMS and peak-peak jitters are 4.05 ps and 28.18 ps at 2 GHz, respectively. The measured DNL and INL of the PI are 0.27 LSB and 0.68 LSB, respectively.