cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sexual Assertiveness Mediates the Effect of Social Interaction Anxiety on Sexual Victimization Risk Among College Women

Sexual victimization is prevalent among college women and is associated with adverse psychological consequences. Social anxiety, particularly related to interpersonal interaction, may increase risk of sexual victimization among college women by decreasing sexual assertiveness and decreasing the likelihood of using assertive resistance techniques. This study examined social interaction anxiety as a risk factor for sexual victimization. College women (n=672) completed online measures of social interaction anxiety, sexual assertiveness, and sexual victimization experiences. Social interaction anxiety was significantly positively related to likelihood of experiencing coerced sexual intercourse, and significant indirect effects, via decreased sexual refusal assertiveness, were found for both coerced sexual intercourse and rape. Social anxiety may be an important psychological barrier to assertive resistance during risky sexual situations, and developers of risk reduction programs for college women should consider including methods to help women overcome their social anxiety in order to successfully use assertive resistance techniques.
Paramagnetic Susceptibility of Metallic Lithium and Sodium by Electron Spin Resonance Saturation

The total conduction electron spin moment of lithium and sodium dispersions has been measured in polarizing fields of about 10 G. The steady-state change in sample polarization at electron spin resonance was detected and then extrapolated to the limit of full saturation. Surprisingly, it was found that because the rf fields were linearly polarized and comparable to the polarizing field, the saturation level did not increase monotonically with rf field strength. The data were in good fit with saturation curves derived by means of numerical integration of the modified Bloch equation. The conduction electron spin susceptibility ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{s}$ for lithium at 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K was (1.96\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.10)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$ cgs volume units. The relative values of ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{s}$ in lithium were the same at 300, 77, and 1.5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, within an estimated uncertainty of 3%, and the relative values of ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{s}$ in sodium were the same at 77 and 1.5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, within an estimated uncertainty of 5%.
A cross-cultural assessment of early cross-gender behavior and familial factors in male homosexuality.

The data presented here are based on interviews of nonclinical homosexual and heterosexual males of comparable social backgrounds in four societies: the United States, Guatemala, Brazil, and the Philippines. Responses to two lines of questioning are analyzed—items having to do with early cross-gender behavior and items having to do with familial factors commonly assumed to be conducive to homosexual orientation. Consistent patterns of early cross-gender behaviors are found in the homosexual groups in all four societies. Inconsistent results are found with respect to the items having to do with familial factors. It is concluded that (1) early cross-gender behavior is an intrinsic characteristic of male homosexuals, wherever they may be found, and (2) familial factors frequently regarded as conducive to homosexuality are probably not causative at all but rather are culturally variable reactions to emerging homosexuality.
Bi-centenary of successes of Fourier theorem: its power and limitations in optical system designs

We celebrate the two hundred years of successful use of the Fourier theorem in optics. However, there is a great enigma associated with the Fourier transform integral. It is one of the most pervasively productive and useful tool of physics and optics because its foundation is based on the superposition of harmonic functions and yet we have never declared it as a principle of physics for valid reasons. And, yet there are a good number of situations where we pretend it to be equivalent to the superposition principle of physics, creating epistemological problems of enormous magnitude. The purpose of the paper is to elucidate the problems while underscoring the successes and the elegance of the Fourier theorem, which are not explicitly discussed in the literature. We will make our point by taking six major engineering fields of optics and show in each case why it works and under what restricted conditions by bringing in the relevant physics principles. The fields are (i) optical signal processing, (ii) Fourier transform spectrometry, (iii) classical spectrometry of pulsed light, (iv) coherence theory, (v) laser mode locking and (vi) pulse broadening. We underscore that mathematical Fourier frequencies, not being physical frequencies, cannot generate real physical effects on our detectors. Appreciation of this fundamental issue will open up ways to be innovative in many new optical instrument designs. We underscore the importance of always validating our design platforms based on valid physics principles (actual processes undergoing in nature) captured by an appropriate hypothesis based on diverse observations. This paper is a comprehensive view of the power and limitations of Fourier Transform by summarizing a series of SPIE conference papers presented during 2003-2007.
Prevalence of oral lesions of autoimmune etiology in patients with primary Sjogren's syndrome

Objective The primary objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of oral lesions of autoimmune etiology (OLAIE) in a cohort of patients with primary Sjogren's syndrome (pSS). Materials and methods A multi-center retrospective cohort study was conducted at the oral medicine practices of Carolinas Medical Center (CMC), Baylor College of Dentistry (BCD), and the University of Florida (UF). Each site performed a chart review of patients with well-characterized pSS. Clinical variables such as OLAIE, traumatic lesions, and medical conditions were compiled at each site. The association between clinical variables and the presence of OLAIE was then assessed for significance. Results We evaluated 155 patients diagnosed with pSS. Nineteen patients with pSS (12.3%) had an OLAIE. CMC reported 11 (21.2%) patients with OLAIE, while BCD and UF reported 4 (7.3%) and 4 (8.3%), respectively. Eleven of the 19 (58%) patients with OLAIE had lichen planus, 6 (32%) had aphthous stomatitis, 1 (5%) had chronic ulcerative stomatitis, and 1 (5%) had lesions of systemic connective tissue disease by immunofluorescence. Conclusion The results of our analysis suggest that patients with pSS have a 12% prevalence of OLAIE with a wide range (7.3–21.2%) found between practices. This difference is likely related to the different screening protocols for oral dryness between sites.
Tectonic preservation of the divide between the Salton basin and the Gulf of California

Both the historic vertical control record and the late Quaternary geologic history suggest that the existing divide between the sub–sea-level Salton basin and the Gulf of California is maintained in part by tectonic uplift. Comparisons among the results of first-order levelings referred to the San Diego tide station indicate that the southern Imperial Valley, immediately north of the crest of the Colorado River delta, rose more than 0.40 m during the period between 1926–1927 and 1973–1974 and collapsed in part between 1973–1974 and 1978 for a net uplift of about 0.15 m. This geodetic evidence, combined with geologic observations, suggests that continuing crustal swelling along the deltaic crest during latest Holoccne time has biased the flow of the Colorado River away from the Salton basin and toward a course along the southeast flank of the delta and into the Gulf of California.
Numerical renormalization group for finite Hubbard lattices.

We have developed a numerical renormalization-group approach for finite fermion systems, related to the approach used by Wilson for the Kondo problem. Results are similar to those of exact diagonalizations; however, larger systems can be studied and results are obtained for the ground state and many excited states simultaneously. Results for 4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}4 Hubbard lattices are given.
LOCAL TAX BURDENS AND THE SUPPLY OF BUSINESS SITES IN SUBURBAN MUNICIPALITIES

. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of local household tax burdens and other community attributes on the supply of business sites made available by local municipalities. A model of community site supply is tested in which municipalities trade off increased fiscal benefits from business location and reductions in environmental quality that accompany industrial and commercial development. This tradeoff is embodied in municipal zoning decisions. Empirical analysis of industrial and commercial zoning in two rapidly growing suburban counties of the Philadelphia metropolitan area provides considerable support for the tenets of community site supply theory.
The hemidesmosome: New fine structural features revealed by freeze-fracture techniques

Hemidesmosomes along the dermal-epidermal junction of larval and post-metamorphic newt skin have been examined in freeze-fracture replica images correlated with electron micrographs of sectioned material. Larval hemidesmosomal sites are characterized by large (200–300 A) intramembranous granules arranged into clusters, each of which is aligned with a cytoplasmic hemidesmosomal plaque. In unfixed epidermis the granules remain attached to the A-face, while after glutaraldehyde fixation they are found on both A- and B-faces. Following metamorphosis the clusters are less distinct and localized. Replicas of unfixed B-faces and nearby cytoplasm display elongate, filamentous profiles which traverse the cytoplasmic leaflet and extend onto the B-face. The possibility that these components constitute a filamentous network serving to link tonofilaments, hemidesmosomal plaque, and basal plasmalemma is considered in view of the evidence to date. Hemidesmosomal fine structure as revealed by these studies is compared to features of desmosomes as detailed in the following report.
The influence of disjoining pressure on foam stability and flow in porous media

Foam flowing in porous media can exhibit large flow resistances that make it an attractive fluid for improving underground oil recovery. To be an effective displacement fluid, however, the lamellae, which discretize the gas into foam bubbles, must remain stable. This work studies how the stability of single foam films, as gauged by the magnitude of their disjoining pressures, influences the flow resistance of foam in porous media. Steady state pressure gradients of flowing foam in 2.3 μm2 permeability glass beadpacks and disjoining pressure isotherms of single foam films are measured for 10−3 M and 0.017 M sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) solutions with and without NaCl. The constant-rate flow experiments show that the addition of salt to 10−3 M SDS increases the pressure gradient in the beadpacks from 0.1 to 4 MPa m−1 at 0.50 M NaCl. Surfactant solutions of 0.017 M SDS content exhibit pressure gradients of 22 MPa m−1, quite independent of salt concentration. Likewise addition of salt to the 10−3 M SDS solutions dramatically influences the disjoining pressure isotherms by raising the rupture pressure from 0.5 to above 15 kPa at 0.50 M NaCl. The 0.017 M SDS solutions display rupture pressures above 30 kPa, independent of salt concentration. We conclude that high repulsive disjoining pressures in single foam films lead to strong foam in porous media with large flow resistance. Further, we find that the limiting capillary pressure for rapid foam coalescence in porous media is close to the rupture pressure of foam lamellae as obtained from measured disjoining pressure isotherms.
Characterization of DNA hypermethylation in the cerebellum of c9FTD/ALS patients.

Abstract A significant number of patients suffering from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD), two diseases commonly seen in comorbidity, carry an expanded noncoding hexanucleotide repeat in the C9orf72 gene, a condition collectively referred to as c9FTD/ALS. Repeat expansions, also present in other neurodegenerative diseases, have been shown to alter epigenetic mechanisms and consequently lead to decreased gene expression, while also leading to toxic RNA gain-of-function. As expression of multiple C9orf72 transcript variants is known to be reduced in c9FTD/ALS cases, our group and others have sought to uncover the mechanisms causing this reduction. We recently demonstrated that histones H3 and H4 undergo trimethylation at lysines 9 (H3K9), 27 (H3K27), 79 (H3K79), and 20 (H4K20) in all pathogenic repeat carrier brain samples, confirming the role of altered histone methylation in disease. It was also reported that about 40% of c9ALS cases show hypermethylation of the CpG island located at the 5' end of the repeat expansion in blood, frontal cortex, and spinal cord. To determine whether the same CpG island is hypermethylated in the cerebella of cases in whom aberrant histone methylation has been identified, we bisulfite-modified the extracted DNA and PCR-amplified 26 CpG sites within the C9orf72 promoter region. Among the ten c9FTD/ALS (4 c9ALS, 6 c9FTD), nine FTD/ALS, and eight disease control samples evaluated, only one c9FTD sample was found to be hypermethylated within the C9orf72 promoter region. This study is the first to report cerebellar hypermethylation in c9FTD/ALS, and the first to identify a c9FTD patient with aberrant DNA methylation. Future studies will need to evaluate hypermethylation of the C9orf72 promoter in a larger cohort of c9FTD patients, and to assess whether DNA methylation variation across brain regions reflects disease phenotype. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled RNA Metabolism 2013.
Meson exchange effects in n + p → d + γ

Abstract It is shown that an exchange-current correction of ≈ 10% to the threshold neutron capture n + p → d + γ can arise in a straightforward way from one-pion-exchange terms, most of it coming from the exchange moments written down by Villars in 1947. A large part of the correction comes from 1 S o to 3 D 1 terms, which have generally been overlooked.
Electronic tagging of surgical sponges to prevent their accidental retention

Background The inadvertent “loss” of surgical sponges, towels, and instruments remains an unsolved problem. The means of preventing this mishap involve an inventory of all implements going in and coming out of the surgical wound, supplemented by a careful search. This work describes a different approach to this problem: tagging articles placed into the wound with markers able to be rapidly detected electronically. Methods Surgical sponges were tagged with either active targets or inert, dummy targets and placed in different locations within the body of 50 cadavers. Using a device we constructed, blinded readings were performed to test the accuracy of detecting retained sponges. Results A total of 600 readings were made in 50 cadavers, 300 of active targets and 300 of inert, dummy targets, indistinguishable in appearance. The active markers were detected with 100% accuracy. There were no false positive detections of the dummy tags. Conclusion The present work demonstrates the feasibility of detecting retained surgical sponges by electronic means blinded to whether the tag contained an active or inert marker.
The origin of phleboliths.

Phleboliths originate as thrombi in the pelvic veins and are the result of injury to the vein wall. Although in children the pelvic veins and venous plexuses may be protected by valves, these have disappeared in adult life. In 20 dissections in adult cadavers remnants of osteal valves were sometimes seen, but a functioning bicuspid valve was noted only once. These unprotected veins are subjected to large and abrupt rises in pressure during normal acts of coughing and straining. Because of this the veins are distended and damage to the intima with the formation of a protective thrombus can occur. A locally high concentration of phosphatase in the perivesical tissues would explain why these thrombi become calcified in the pelvis and why phleboliths are so rarely found elsewhere.
Meeteetse: social well-being through place attachment

This paper introduces Meeteetse, a set of technologies designed to facilitate social well-being through place attachment. Meeteetse builds a connection between individual homes and a local community center, a connection that is designed to encourage active involvement in community events and create a support network for those who might otherwise be isolated by the effects of old age. The design consists of several parts that work together to build this connection. A location-aware digital camera and a large public display are integrated into the community center to strengthen shared identity. A touch-screen scheduling device and a digital picture frame create a tangible community presence in seniors' homes. Together, these components enhance social well-being and lower the barrier for participation in the community.
Data-Driven Identification of Structural Alerts for Mitigating the Risk of Drug-Induced Human Liver Injuries

Background The use of structural alerts to de-prioritize compounds with undesirable features as drug candidates has been gaining in popularity. Hundreds of molecular structural moieties have been proposed as structural alerts. An emerging issue is that strict application of these alerts will result in a significant reduction of the chemistry space for new drug discovery, as more than half of the oral drugs on the market match at least one of the alerts. To mitigate this issue, we propose to apply a rigorous statistical analysis to derive/validate structural alerts before use.
Do Close but Negative Margins in Radical Prostatectomy Specimens Increase the Risk of Postoperative Progression

ABSTRACTPurpose: When tumor extends close to the margin of resection yet does not extend to the inked edge of the gland, it is unclear whether patients have an adverse prognosis compared to cases with greater distance between the tumor and margin.Materials and Methods: Among radical prostatectomy specimens with negative margins the distance between the most peripheral tumor and the surgical margin of resection was measured in 52 cases with and 49 without progression. All patients had clinically confined disease (stages T1 or T2) with subsequent progression or a minimum 5-year followup without evidence of disease. No patient received preoperative or postoperative radiotherapy or hormonal therapy until progression occurred. All men underwent a postoperative serum prostate specific antigen test to evaluate progression. Seminal vesicles and lymph nodes were pathologically free of tumor. All prostates were serially sectioned, completely embedded and assessable regarding margins of resection.Results: Patients w...
The unilateral subperiosteal implant: A clinical technique evolving from experimental studies

Abstract The specific objectives of this study were to (1) develop and fabricate a unilateral subperiosteal implant which would remain stable under external loads applied through fixed prosthodontics and (2) develop an in vivo primate model which would be suitable for comparative testing of dental implants when studying tissue response to a particular material, design, and/or load. Forty surgical-grade cobalt-chromium (Vitallium) implants were placed in mandibular molar sites, bilaterally, in 20 stumptail monkeys. To accomplish initial immobility of the unilateral subperiosteal frame, the two premolar teeth immediately anterior to the edentulous site were prepared to accept united twin cast "sleeves" leaving the occlusal surface intact. The cast sleeves were attached with horizontal connector to the vertical permucosal post emanating from the subperiosteal portion of the frame. The horizontal connector was designed to receive a cast occlusion which was placed with a radiopaque composite resin. This design represents several important differences from those unilateral subperiosteal implants reported in the literature. Use of the casting eliminates the necessity for any temporary accessory splinting. Potential occlusal compromise is eliminated when the anatomic state is maintained in abutment teeth. The initial subocclusal fixation of implant frame to bone considered important during initial phases of healing is provided. The subperiosteal portion of the implant frame approximating bone carefully avoids encroachment of any peripheral muscle attachments in contrast to those previously used designs which attempt to utilize maximal extension internally. Host acceptance of this design over a 4-year period has been clinically successful. The results obtained offer possibilities in human treatment which warrant further study. This dental restorative procedure is an alternative to removable prostheses in carefully selected instances.
Cell adhesion to extracellular matrix regulates the life cycle of integrins.

The expression of alpha 5 beta 1 integrin on the surface of fibroblasts requires adhesion to substratum. We have examined the basis for this adhesion-dependent surface expression by comparing the l...
Searching for Microporous, Strongly Basic Catalysts: Experimental and Calculated 29Si NMR Spectra of Heavily Nitrogen-Doped Y Zeolites

Nitrogen substituted zeolites with high crystallinity and microporosity are obtained by nitrogen substitution for oxygen in zeolite Y. The substitution reaction is performed under ammonia flow by varying the temperature and reaction time. We examine the effect of aluminum content and charge-compensating cation (H+/Na+/NH4+) on the degree of nitrogen substitution and on the preference for substitution of Si−O−Al vs Si−O−Si linkages in the FAU zeolite structure. Silicon-29 magic angle spinning (MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and 1H/29Si cross-polarization MAS NMR spectroscopy have been used to probe the different local environments of the nitrogen-substituted zeolites. Experimental data are compared to simulated NMR spectra obtained by constructing a compendium (>100) of zeolite clusters with and without nitrogen, and by performing quantum calculations of chemical shifts for the NMR-active nuclei in each cluster. The simulated NMR spectra, which assume peak intensities predicted by statistical analys...
Terrestrial carbon losses from mountaintop coal mining offset regional forest carbon sequestration in the 21st century

Studies that quantify the spatial and temporal variability of carbon sources and sinks provide process-level information for the prediction of future levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide as well as verification of current emission agreements. Assessments of carbon sources and sinks for North America that compare top-down atmospheric constraints with bottom-up inventories find particularly large carbon sinks in the southeastern US. However, this southeastern US sink may be impacted by extreme land-use disturbance events due to mountaintop coal mining (MCM). Here we apply ecosystem modeling and field experiment data to quantify the potential impact of future mountaintop coal mining on the carbon budget of the southern Appalachian forest region. For projections based on historical mining rates, grassland reclamation, and the continued regrowth of un-mined forests, we find that the southern Appalachian forests switch from a net carbon sink to a net carbon source by year 2025–33 with a 30%–35% loss in terrestrial carbon stocks relative to a scenario with no future mining by the year 2100. Alternatively, scenarios of forest sequestration due to the effect of CO2 fertilization result in a 15%–24% loss in terrestrial carbon stocks by the year 2100 for mining scenarios relative to scenarios with no future mining. These results suggest that while power plant stack emissions are the dominant life-cycle stage in coal-fired electricity, accounting for mountaintop coal mining in bottom-up inventories may be a critical component of regional carbon budgets.
Coronal and Transition-Region Structure in the RS Canum Venaticorum Binaries V711 Tauri, AR Lacertae, and II Pegasi. II. Energy-Balance Models

Models for the upper transition regions and coronae of the RS CVn binaries V711 Tau, AR Lac, and II Peg are presented. Empirical emission-measure distributions discussed in an associated paper are compared with those from theoretical models that assume an energy balance between optically thin radiative losses and conductive heating. The inadequacies of spherically symmetric, gravitationally bound models are highlighted, and this study focuses instead on energy-balance solutions in magnetic-loop geometries. The loop models reproduce the observed emission-measure distributions and electron densities using two families of structures. The hotter loops have peak temperatures of log Te~7.35 and heights of ~0.05R, whereas the cooler loops have peak temperatures of log Te~6.9 and heights of ~0.15R. The area coverage of the loops is consistent with photospheric spot patterns determined from photometry and Doppler imaging techniques, and the magnetic field strengths required to heat these loops agree with measured values. The ratio of conductive and radiative fluxes in the loop models are close to the value for a stable minimum energy-loss solution. Possible variations in the stellar Fe abundance, and their implications for the loop models, are also discussed.
Anti-lipolytic effects of insulin in African American and white prepubertal boys.

GOWER, BARBARA A., SARA L. HERD, AND MICHAEL I. GORAN. Anti-lipolytic effects of insulin in African American and white prepubertal boys. Obes Res. 2001;9:224 ‐228. Objective: Relative to whites, African Americans have lower circulating triglycerides (TG) and greater highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol. The metabolic basis for this difference is not known. This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that insulin-induced suppression of free fatty acids (FFA) results in lower serum TG in African American versus white prepubertal children. Research Methods and Procedures: Insulin, FFA, and TG were determined at baseline and during a frequently sampled, intravenous glucose tolerance test in eight African American and eight white prepubertal males pair-matched for whole-body insulin sensitivity. Results: Baseline TG was lower in African Americans (0.43 6 0.10 vs. 0.79 6 0.37 mM/L; mean 6 SD; p , 0.01). African Americans had higher peak insulin (218 6 102 vs. 100 6 30 pM/L; mean 6 SD; p , 0.01) and a greater acute insulin response (9282 6 4272 vs. 4230 6 1326 pM/L 3 10 minutes; mean 6 SD; p , 0.05). FFA and TG values determined at the FFA nadir were lower in African Americans (0.26 6 0.02 vs. 0.30 6 0.03 mEq/L; mean 6 SD; p , 0.01 for FFA nadir and 0.49 6 0.07 vs. 0.77 6 0.33 mM/L; mean 6 SD; p , 0.05 for TG). Among all subjects, FFA nadir was correlated with peak insulin (r 52 0.54; p , 0.05). After adjusting for FFA nadir, neither baseline nor postchallenge TG differed with ethnicity (p 5 0.073 and 0.192, respectively). The ethnic difference in FFA nadir disappeared after adjusting for peak insulin (p 5 0.073). Discussion: These data suggest that hyperinsulinemiainduced suppression of FFA among African Americans is a determinant of lower TG in this group.
Reversible, excitation light-induced enhancement of fluorescence of live mammalian mitochondria

During continuous irradiation with near-ultraviolet light (l = 36510 nm; 16 mW/mm(2)) for 2-3 min, live mammalian cells increased reversibly the intensity of one or more peaks of their autofluorescence spectrum from an initial ('ground') level to a two- to threefold higher ('active') level. The effect is characterized by the existence of two states of quantum efficiency and a mechanism of transition that expresses a threshold and a refractory period. It appears that mitochondria are the principal sources of the rising autofluorescence intensity; however, not all mitochondria are capable of expressing it. Studying cells from various organisms that belong to various branches of the phylogenetic tree, we found the rapid increase of autofluorescence only in placental mammalian cells. We speculate that the effect may point to the ability of placental mammalian mitochondria to generate pulsating light signals.
The utility of initial and follow-up ultrasound reevaluation for blunt renal trauma in children and adolescents.

Abstract Objective To discover if renal ultrasound (RUS) can be utilized as the primary follow-up imaging modality in the management of blunt renal injuries in children and adolescents. Methods We initiated a protocol utilizing RUS reevaluations for children and adolescents treated for blunt renal injuries. Patients following this protocol (Post) had initial computerized tomography (CT) with RUS reevaluation at day 2 and 2 weeks. We retrospectively compared this group to a 2-year cohort treated between 2007 and 2009 (Pre). Results In our study, 28 Post protocol patients were retrospectively compared with 22 Pre cohort patients. No significant differences were observed in age, length of stay (LOS), injury severity score (ISS), and utilization of CT reevaluation. Follow-up reevaluation was obtained in 13 Pre patients versus 21 Post patients ( p = 0.231). No patients had any evidence of long-term complications in either cohort. Conclusion Our results suggest that RUS can be utilized as the primary surveillance imaging modality in the management of blunt renal injuries in children and adolescents. The lack of benefit of usage of RUS demonstrated in the acute post-injury surveillance period calls into question the benefit of RUS immediately following the blunt trauma.
Eczematous Skin Disease and Recall of Past Diagnoses: Implications for Smallpox Vaccination

Relying only on a self-reported history of eczematous skin disease will miss a substantial proportion of individuals who should not receive smallpox vaccine in a preexposure vaccination campaign.
Ceramic column grid array technology with coated solder columns

Flip-chip carriers are finding increasing use for high-performance ASIC and microprocessors chips. Many of these chips have a large I/O count and consequently drive chip carriers with high density second-level interconnection requirements (typically 400 to more than 1000). IBM has a range of Ceramic Ball Grid Array (CBGA) and Ceramic Column Grid Array (CCGA) offerings which cover this application range. In this paper, we describe the development of a new CCGA technology with coated solder columns which allows column attach at the very end of the module assembly process. The new approach developed was to make Pb90-Sn10 solder columns with a thin barrier layer which are joined to the module I/O pads using a lead-free Sb5-Sn95 solder preforms. The barrier layer prevents the reaction of Sn/Sb with the Pb-rich column and driving the interface towards the Sn/Pb eutectic phase with its low melting point of 183/spl deg/C. As a result, during card assembly and rework of the module from the card, the column joints on the ceramic substrate do not melt. The coated CCGA structure has two beneficial attributes: being able to join to the module at the end of the module assembly (as in CBGA process), and the ability to remove the CCGA module from a card with all the columns attached to the module (like the cast CCGA structure). In this paper, the structure and attachment process of the coated CCGA and the reliability of coated CCGA connections to an organic FR-4 card are reviewed. A nonlinear finite element modeling has been carried out to study the resistance to cyclic viscoplastic deformation and related damage mechanism. A deformation-base lifetime analysis method was used for the column fatigue life prediction and was compared with the actual test data.
Student perspectives on how trauma experiences manifest in the classroom: Engaging court-involved youth in the development of a trauma-informed teaching curriculum

article i nfo This study explores how the lived experience of court-involved youth impacts learning and school culture, and solicits youth voice in creating a trauma-informed intervention to improve student educational well-being. Thirty-nine female students, with ages 14 to 18, participated in focus groups to describe externalizing behaviors that they have both witnessed and personally struggled with in the classroom, discuss the perceived causes of these behaviors, and their suggestions for improving school culture to reduce these behavior manifestations in theclassroom.Twomajorcategoriesofbehaviorwereidentified,including: "angeremotions"and "aggressiveac- tions." Students described the causes of behavior as, "environmental influences" and "triggers." The most com- mon solutions that students gave to reduce externalizing behaviors in school settings included "encouraging respect of others" and "improving behavior management to enhance student engagement." An additional solu- tion suggested by the students included the "monarch room as support." The Monarch Room is analternative in- tervention to traditional suspension/expulsion polices that provides students in need of specific emotional support an opportunity to redirect/de-escalate externalizing behavior or mood in the school setting. This study highlights the need for trauma-informed approaches in school settings, and the importance of the inclusion of a youth voice in developing and implementing these intervention models.
Slope-induced nonlinearities on imaging of ocean waves

The MTF (modulation transfer function) is the primary descriptor used to relate the variations of the electromagnetic backscatter from the ocean to the ocean wave parameters. The major assumption involved in the definition of the MTF is a linear relation between the backscattered power and the long-wave slope. An investigation of this assumption is presented showing that the backscattered power and wave-height are nonlinearly related at least for tilt modulation. The nonlinear relation between the backscattered power and the long-wave slope is analyzed for both vertically and horizontally polarized backscatterers. For HH polarization, at maximum slopes of 0.1 rad, the second harmonic contribution is 37% for a pointing angle of 20 degrees and reaches its minimum of roughly 19% at a pointing angle of 50 degrees . For VV polarization, the first-order amplitude and harmonic nonlinearities are always smaller than the corresponding values for HH polarization and are significant only at angles near vertical. >
A multisensor approach to dust storm monitoring over the Nile Delta

This work analyzes several remote sensing instrument capabilities in monitoring dust storms. Multisensor data analysis is carried out to study the behavior of dust particles at different wavelengths. A technique based on a combination of optical and microwave sensing of dust storms, using the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) and the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI) respectively, is found to be particularly useful.
Association of Rectal Diverticula and Scleroderma

Barium enema examinations of 7,200 patients were analyzed to determine the presence of rectal diverticula. Five patients with rectal diverticula, a prevalence of 0.07%, were found. Their diameters varied from 10 to 80 mm. Each of the patients had a single rectal diverticulum. Two patients had scleroderma with no other diverticula in the large bowel. None of our patients had symptoms referable to the rectal diverticula.
Fluid and Electrolyte Management

Hyponatremia is divided into subcategories according to tonicity, classified as isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic. SIADH and CSW are two forms of hypotonic hyponatremia commonly seen with CNS disease. While the clinical presentation overlaps, it is critical to distinguish the diagnosis as therapies differ significantly. Hypernatremia commonly results from an altered thirst mechanism and/or lack of water intake; however, its ability to cause cellular dehydration in brain tissue is often induced in certain neurologic populations. Hypokalemia has been associated with both an increase in stroke incidence and a poor outcome at 3 months. Hyperglycemia increases risk for the incidence of all stroke subtypes, hemorrhagic conversion of ischemic stroke, expanded hematoma volume in hemorrhagic stroke, and worse outcome after a stroke occurs. Stroke patients commonly experience acid–base disorders which may be a result of their injury or due to medications which can cause metabolic acidosis.
Numerical Model for Pulse Tubes Using Method of Lines

An accurate two-dimensional (2D) numerical model is necessary to calculate fundamentally 2D pulse tube loss mechanisms such as momentum streaming and radial gas-to-gas heat transfer. Scale analysis provides clear direction that consideration of nonlinear terms is essential for the accurate determination of the 2D pulse tube equations. The results of the scale analysis provide insight on how to solve the 2D model without having to perform mathematical “tricks” at the pulse tube ends as found with a previous nonlinear 1D model. An enhanced version of that model has been developed in which particular attention is paid to the end effects to improve the energy balance and to improve solution accuracy and convergence. Identified weaknesses in previously performed analyses are addressed with emphasis on viscosity and conductivity effects at the ends. The improved 1D model is an important and necessary step towards the next phase of the research, the solution of the 2D nonlinear pulse tube equations.
Preliminary Imaging of Red Blood Cells in Turbulent Flow

Considerable uncertainty exists about how momentum and energy are transferred to cells in turbulent flow, which has been shown to cause six times more damage to red blood cells (RBC’s) than laminar flow with the same mean wall shear stress [Kameneva, et al. 2004]. Though it is a purely mathematical construct to yield closure of the time-averaged Navier-Stokes equation for a continuum fluid, which is not valid at the scale of the cell, Reynolds stress has been used as an empirical indicator for damage potential [Sallam & Hwang 1984]. Other scales, including local viscous stress [Jones 1995], flow of plasma around inertia cells [Quinlan & Dooley 2007], shear within eddies [Quinlan & Dooley 2007] and shear between rigid cells within an eddy [Antiga & Steinman 2009], have been forwarded. To provide data to validate these models, an imaging system was assembled to directly observe RBC’s in turbulent flow under a microscope.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Initiation and continuation of long-acting reversible contraception in the United States military healthcare system

Background Long-acting reversible contraception is more effective for pregnancy prevention than shorter-acting contraceptive methods and has the potential to reduce healthcare disparities and costs. However, long-acting reversible contraception is underused in the United States. One population of interest is beneficiaries of the United States military healthcare system who have access to universal healthcare, including no-cost, no-copay contraception with unlimited method switching, and comprise a large, actual use cohort. Efforts to increase long-acting reversible contraception initiation and continuation in this population may improve health outcomes and mitigate the profound consequences of unintended or mistimed pregnancy on readiness and cost to the military. Objective We aimed to determine long-acting reversible contraception initiation and continuation rates among the diverse population with universal healthcare who are enrolled in the US military healthcare system. Study Design This study is a retrospective cohort of >1.7 million women, aged 14–40 years, who were enrolled in the US military healthcare system, TRICARE Prime, between October 2009 and September 2014. Individuals were assessed for long-acting reversible contraception initiation and continuation with the use of medical billing records. Method continuation and factors that were associated with early method discontinuation were evaluated with the Kaplan-Meier estimator and Cox proportional hazard models. Results During the study dates, 188,533 women initiated long-acting reversible contraception. Of these, 74.6% women selected intrauterine contraceptives. Method initiation rates remained relatively stable (41.7–50.1/1000 women/year) for intrauterine methods, although the rate for subdermal implants increased from 6.1–23.0/1000 women/year. In analysis of women who selected intrauterine contraceptives, 61.2% continued their method at 36 months, and 48.8% continued at 60 months. Among women who selected the implant, 32.0% continued their method at 36 months; however, 45.8% continued until 33 months (ie, 3 months before the currently recommended expiration date). Compared with intrauterine contraceptive users, implant users were more likely to discontinue their method during the 36 months after insertion (hazard ratio, 1.59; 95% confidence interval, 1.56–1.62; P Conclusion In the US military healthcare system, TRICARE Prime, the initiation of long-acting reversible contraception is low but increasing, and continuation rates are high. This evidence supports long-acting reversible contraception as first-line recommendations for women of all ages who seek contraception.
Active noise control of multiple acoustic modes in a circular duct

An experimental active noise control system is used to reduce the far-field noise generated by the bladevane interactions of a ducted fan. A complex noise signal containing multiple modes is effectively attenuated for a wide range of far-field angles using this system. This is accomplished through the superposition of individual anti-noise modes within the control software. Reductions of far-field noise of approximately 15 dB are achieved with this system and independent noise control is exhibited over the modes.
Urban University Community Engagement: Questions of Commitment to Democratic Ethics and Social Change

This paper examines ethical issues underpinning urban university engagement in community spaces. The intent is to encourage an evaluation stance and consider how might university representatives and community representatives justly approach and develop partnerships. The paper questions whether faculty, staff and community partners take action to cultivate public dialogue, or what might be called democratic voice, to bring about social change. Mutuality, reciprocity, community self-determination and collective efficacy, social justice and equity, taken together, and viewed as essential ethics can advance democratic purposes for community-university engagement.
Hydroxyproline index: An indicator of nutritional status: Study of Mississippi childreny1

This statistical study brings into question the validity of the hydroxyproline index in assessing nutriture.
Teratogenic Effects of Diazepam

Eight children exposed in utero to benzodiazepines, diazepam or oxazepam, and having dysmorphic characteristics resembling the fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) are reported from the Department of Pediatrics, Gothenburg University, Sweden.
The Multiple Paths Towards an Epistemic Structural Realist Spatial Ontology

The structural realist approach to spacetime theories, explored in Chap. 5, represents one of the more influential third-way spatial ontologies to have recently appeared on the scene, but there are various difficulties associated with this strategy that have the potential to undercut its viability. This chapter will examine what most likely constitutes the primary obstacle, namely, the numerous underdetermination problems that plague structuralist conceptions of spacetime theories, a significant and contentious development in the structuralist literature that, as will be argued, also demonstrates the advantages that the spacetime version of epistemic structural realism (ESR) holds over its ontic competitor (OSR). Recent non-realist structuralist accounts, by Friedman and van Fraassen, have touted the fact that different structures can accommodate the same evidence as a virtue vis-a-vis their realist counterparts; but, while problematic for OSR, and possibly ESR, these claims gain little traction against a properly constructed liberal version of epistemic structural realism (see Chap. 5 for an introduction to these structuralist concepts). Overall, a broad construal of spacetime theories along epistemic structural realist lines will be defended which draws upon both Friedman's earlier work and the convergence of approximate structure over theory change, but which also challenges various claims of the ontic structural realists.
Evaluating a Nutrition Education Program in an Era of Food Insecurity

ABSTRACTThe link between food insecurity and chronic disease has been examined. However, the broader question of whether national policy addressing food insecurity improves chronic disease remains unexplored. This research examines how Americans with limited food resources learn how to maximize nutritional value and food resources through evaluation of the federal program, EFNEP, the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program. Using self-reported survey responses, dependent t-tests confirmed an improvement in health behaviors postintervention. Due to the inherent bias of self-reported survey results, this research further examines the association between food insecurity and chronic disease of EFNEP participants through regression analysis.
Development of a portable carbon system sensor for ocean acidification research

Lowering of seawater pH due to increased anthropogenic carbon dioxide, known as ocean acidification (OA), has garnered attention from scientists and lawmakers around the globe. A great deal of research involves projecting how OA will affect aquatic organisms and systems in the future. It is generally recognized that many of the laboratories engaged in OA research do not possess the facilities or expertise necessary to measure carbon system parameters at the precision required to produce reliable, actionable results. To address this deficiency, researchers and engineers from SRI and USF are undertaking a major advancement in carbon-system sensors. Drawing on our experience in developing and deploying our multi-parameter inorganic carbon analyzer (MICA) instruments, we are building a new system (MICA III) that is easy to use and requires virtually no supporting infrastructure. Advances in commercial technology and refinement of our methods enable us to dramatically reduce the size and cost of MICA instrumentation. MICA III measures three parameters: pH, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), and total alkalinity (TA). Our instrument includes innovative designs for temperature compensation and total alkalinity measurements, and uses an embedded display/user interface to produce a truly portable (about the size of a large briefcase) sensor for studies of OA and the CO 2 system. Our goal is to develop an instrument that can be easily deployed by both chemists and non-chemists to produce carbon system data fully consistent with best-practice protocols. This article discusses overall objectives, highlights key design elements, and presents results from initial hardware evaluations.