cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electrical properties of electrorheological particle clusters

The electrical conductivity of static clusters of ∼220-μm diameter humidified glass beads in silicone oil arranged in a rectangular or cubic lattice was determined under d.c. electric field. The current density flowing through the cluster increased with field strength. It was independent of the number of glass spheres forming a chain in the cluster but increased with the number of chains comprising the cluster. The conductivity of a single chain was about twice the saturation conductivity of the silicone oil. Some possible reasons for the enhanced current density of a cluster of particles compared to an equal number of single-row chains are proposed.
Attribute Importance Weights Modification in Assessing a Brand's Competitive Potential

Increasingly, researchers in marketing are recognizing the “lability” of attribute importance weights derived from measurement techniques, such as conjoint analysis. As has been suggested by Simonson and Tversky, attribute importance weights can be sensitive to competitive product context and to purchase situation. This paper describes and applies a procedure for adjusting conjoint importance weights to predict consumers' actual or potential product choices. We discuss the approach from both a descriptive and prescriptive viewpoint. In particular, the latter perspective provides strategic insights into how attribute importance modifications can increase brand share. An industry case, based on real data, is used to illustrate the approach.
The biosynthesis of cholesterol and other sterols by brain tissue: distribution in subcellular fractions as a function of time after injection of (2-14C) mevalonic acid, sodium (2-14C)acetate and (U-14C) glucose into 15-day old rats.

— The distribution of [14C]-labelled material into subcellular fractions of 15-day-old rat brain was studied at 2 and 24 h following intraperitoneal and intracerebral injection of [2-14C]sodium acetate, [U-14C]glucose and [2-14C]mevalonic acid respectively. The total quantity of labelled isoprenoids in the brain was, except for glucose, greater when the precursor was administered intracerebrally. The intraperitoneal route was more advantageous in the case of [U-14C]glucose. The subcellular distribution of both labelled total isoprenoid material and sterol was distinct for each labelled precursor. Intracerebrally injected [U-14C]glucose at both time periods studied suggested no dominance of labelling in any fraction. After intraperitoneal injection of [U-14C]glucose the microsomes were more prominently labelled. Both methods of administration of sodium [2-14C]acetate resulted in heavy labelling of the myelin fraction after 24 h. The total labelled isoprenoids resided mainly in the microsomes 24 h after injection of [2-14C]mevalonic acid. Labelled sterol was found to be localized more in the myelin and microsomal fractions for all three precursors than was the labelled total isoprenoids. Depending on the type of experiment to be conducted, each of these precursors can give different results, which must be interpreted accordingly.
From Real Friend to Imagined Foe: The Medieval Roots of Anti-Semitism as a Precondition for the Holocaust

This study examines the medieval roots of European anti-Semitism as a precondition for the Holocaust. The twelfth century saw an important transition from Jews being viewed as the adherents of a competing religion to dangerous, inhuman threats to the broader Christian society for the first time. Northern France is used as a case study, examining several Jewish, Christian, and secular primary sources to understand the factors leading to gradual Jewish dehumanization. Growing Church influence and resulting restrictions forced some Jews into what would become their stereotypical occupation of moneylending. Lacking awareness of this broader process and as a result of Church propaganda, the Christian majority came to see Jews as a threat associated with foreign and supernatural enemies. Ultimately, both the people and rulers found the victimization of Jews desirable, culminating in the burning of the Jews of Blois and their expulsion from the French Royal Domains. These results help to explain the beginning of a centuries-long process which had already dehumanized Jews by the time that the Nazis redefined and racialized anti-Semitism in the early twentieth century.
An extensible and scalable Content Adaptation Pipeline architecture to support heterogeneous clients

The importance of middleware and content adaptation has previously been demonstrated for pervasive use of Web-based applications. In this paper we propose a modular extensible, and scalable middleware component called the Content Adaptation Pipeline that performs content adaptation on arbitrarily complex data types not limited to text and graphic images. Furthermore, the architecture can be used as part of many client-server applications, not just Web browsers. In our work we leverage the XML language as a uniform means to describe all the elements in our architecture, including the client device and user profiles, the data characteristics, the transcoding operations performed on the data, and the resultant adapted data. We illustrate the flexibility of our architecture to support new data types and adaptation operations by first showing its use with data from a real-world medical application and then extending its capabilities to handle animated graphics and also real-time streaming RTP data. Finally, we demonstrate scalability in our architecture by executing the Content Adaptation Pipeline over a distributed set of servers running an efficient protocol.
Time of flight and FMCW catheter localization

This work uses ultrasound signals to track the 3D location of a catheter. Our system provides 3D coordinate data and not images. The coordinates can be registered with preoperative, 3D CT image data to provide a “GPS” like navigation system for catheter based minimally invasive surgery. We used three ultrasound piston transducers as transmitters and held these transmitters at fixed locations. We then moved a custom catheter based transducer within the transmitted ultrasound field. Time of flight (TOF) or frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) range-finding measured the distance between each transmitting transducer and the catheter. We used trilateration to calculate 3D coordinates for the catheter given the spatial coordinates of the transmitters. We performed the localization procedure in a DI water tank and a porcine tissue phantom. In the tank experiment, we shifted the catheter in 1 mm increments for two 10 cm runs, once towards the plane of the transmitters (axially) and once parallel to the plane of the transmitters (laterally). We evaluated performance with linear regression. For TOF, the slope and linear regression fits were m =0.976 with Spearman correlation coefficient R s = 0.993 and m=0.709 with R s = 1 for the axial and lateral translation coordinates, respectively. For FMCW, the values were m = 1.004 with R s = 1 and m= 0.928 with R s = 0.996, all statistically significant with p ≪0.001. We prepared the porcine tissue phantom by implanting a model silicone aorta beneath the skin surface and imaged it with a CT scan. We advanced the catheter laterally into the phantom and used TOF range-finding to track the position. We then plotted the coordinates on the CT images (Fig. 1). Despite crude registration methods, results demonstrated agreement between the anatomical environment and the tracked path.
Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in clinical practice: Application and interpretation of scans beyond the numbers

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is widely used for measurement of bone mineral density (BMD). In routine clinical practice, a diversity of DXA scan findings that deviate from anticipated anatomical landmarks and require a sophisticated approach to patient positioning and scan analysis may be identified. Recognition of various artifacts and pathologic processes that can falsely increase the measured BMD is essential to accurate DXA scan analysis. Critical evaluation of the DXA scan image, and careful appraisal of numeric data on the computer-generated printout by clinicians and radiology technologists are instrumental to ensure correct DXA scan interpretation. We demonstrate a spectrum of incidental findings that may influence BMD measurements and analyze common pitfalls of DXA scan interpretation. Radiographic correlation can help further evaluate a suspected abnormality displayed on the DXA image.
Subphonemic and cross-phonemic priming in vowel shadowing: Evidence for the involvement of exemplars in production

Abstract Despite strong evidence that cognitive representations of speech targets rely upon a mapping between perceptual and motor memories, the nature of those representations—whether they are stored exclusively as abstract categories or can incorporate more detailed episodic memory—remains an open question. A primed vowel-shadowing experiment was conducted to investigate the extent to which the recent perception of subphonemic details of vowel quality can influence subsequent productions. If such effects are observed, they argue for an exemplar-based model of production in which the mapping between perceptual and articulatory representations can occur rapidly and can incorporate subphonemic detail. On experimental trials, subjects were primed with one vowel before they heard a second vowel, which they shadowed. On some trials, the formants of the prime were subtly manipulated. Significant subphonemic priming effects were observed in the F1 and F2 of responses. In addition, cross-phonemic priming tended to be dissimilatory, which may be related to an analogous phenomenon observed in studies of manual and oculomotor movement control. Accounts of these findings are discussed in the context of exemplar models of speech perception and production.
ORBIT: an optimizing compiler for scheme

Orbit was an optimizing compiler for T, a dialect of Scheme. Its aggressive use of CPS conversion, novel closure representations, and efficient code generation strategies made it the best compiler for a Scheme dialect at the time and for many years to come. The design of T and Orbit directly spawned six PhD theses and one Masters thesis, and influenced many other projects as well, including SML of New Jersey.
Factors influencing oxygen store during denitrogenation in the healthy patient

Abstract Study Objective To define the various factors that influence the rate of effective preoxygenation. Design Prospective, randomized study. Setting Procedure room in a teaching hospital. Subjects 14 ASA physical status I volunteers who performed 4 sessions of breathing in random order. Of these volunteers, 7 performed two extra sessions using vital capacity breathing, which were also completed in random order. Interventions Using the circle system, volunteers breathed with a mouthpiece and nose-clip until expired nitrogen reached 5%, using either a fresh gas flow of 5 L/min or 10 L/min or a system flushed with O 2 . Measurements End-expired levels of O 2 , nitrogen, and CO 2 were recorded. Main Results Minute ventilation, functional residual capacity, and age were significant factors for rate of denitrogenation. However, height and weight were not significant factors in predicting time to denitrogenation. At low flow rates, flushing with O 2 significantly decreased the time of denitrogenation. There appeared to be little clinical benefit of flushing with O 2 when a 10 L/min O 2 flow was used. Conclusions A high gas flow rate appears critical to achieving rapid preoxygenation.
Foreign Policy Failure in the White House: Reappraising the Fall of the Shah and the Iran-Contra Affair

Through a close inspection of empirical evidence, the authors wish to show how high-level policymakers are beset by complex decision-making tasks that the rational and systemic perspective fails entirely to take into account. This book focuses on the contributions of both cognitive psychology and the analysis of bureaucratic politics to the understanding of foreign policy decisions made by individuals, small groups, and large organizations. Two recent events are investigated: the fall of the Shah of Iran (1979), and the Iran-Contra affair (1986). This work offers new evidence through a detailed examination of primary sources, particularly internal government documents, messages, and reports newly declassified by the National Security Archive in Washington. Most of this material has not been accessible to previous writers.
Intraepithelial lymphocytes coinduce nitric oxide synthase in intestinal epithelial cells

The study of mucosal immunity has revealed that complex reciprocal interactions occur between intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) and intestinal epithelial cells (IEC). The present study focuses on the induction of inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase in cocultures of freshly isolated rat IEL and the rat epithelial cell line IEC-18 after the addition of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), tumor necrosis factor-alpha, or lipopolysaccharide. When IEL and IEC were separated using Transwell chambers, NO synthesis was not induced, indicating that cell-cell contact was required. Culture of IEC-18 with IEL, even in the absence of inflammatory stimuli such as IL-1beta, resulted in upregulation of class I and II antigens on IEC-18, due to the interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) that is constitutively produced by IEL. Addition of anti-IFN-gamma antibody to the NO-producing cocultures resulted in inhibition of NO synthesis as well as the upregulation of class I and II antigen expression. These data indicate that IFN-gamma production by IEL conditions IEC for the expression of other components of the inflammatory process.
Stimulatory effect of bradykinin (BK) on glucagon secretion from the perfused rat pancreas : Involvement of BK2 receptors

The purpose of the study is to investigate the direct effect of bradykinin (BK), a potent vasoactive nonapeptide, on glucagon secretion from the perfused rat pancreas. BK (0.1, 1, and 10 micromol/L) increased glucagon secretion in a concentration-dependent manner. HOE 140, a BK2 receptor antagonist (0.01, 0.1, and 1 nmol/L), prevented the stimulatory effect of BK on glucagon secretion in a concentration-dependent manner. In contrast, des-Arg9,Leu8-BK, a BK1 receptor antagonist (1 nmol/L), failed to antagonize the effect of BK. Thus, BK stimulates glucagon secretion from the perfused rat pancreas by activating BK2 receptors, but not BK1 receptors.
Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia. A case report and review of the literature.

• A patient had skin and subcutaneous manifestations of angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia. The diagnosis and treatment of this angioproliferative disease with a predilection for the head and neck were determined, and recommendations were made for avoiding surgical misadventure. ( Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1988;114:1474-1476)
Optimization of Multicomponent Behavioral and Biobehavioral Interventions for the Prevention and Treatment of HIV/AIDS

To move society toward an AIDS-free generation, behavioral interventions for prevention and treatment of HIV/AIDS must be not only effective, but also cost-effective, efficient, and readily scalable. The purpose of this article is to introduce to the HIV/AIDS research community the multiphase optimization strategy (MOST), a new methodological framework inspired by engineering principles and designed to develop behavioral interventions that have these important characteristics. Many behavioral interventions comprise multiple components. In MOST, randomized experimentation is conducted to assess the individual performance of each intervention component, and whether its presence/absence/setting has an impact on the performance of other components. This information is used to engineer an intervention that meets a specific optimization criterion, defined a priori in terms of effectiveness, cost, cost-effectiveness, and/or scalability. MOST will enable intervention science to develop a coherent knowledge base about what works and does not work. Ultimately this will improve behavioral interventions systematically and incrementally.
Meta-Analysis A Case Study

This article raises some questions about the usefulness of meta-analysis as a means of reviewing quantitative research in the social sciences. When a meta-analytic model for SAT coaching is used to predict results from future studies, the amount of prediction error is quite large. Interpretations of meta-analytic regressions and quantifications of program and study characteristics are shown to be equivocal. The match between the assumptions of the meta-analytic model and the data from SAT coaching studies is not good, making statistical inferences problematic. Researcher subjectivity is no less problematic in the context of a meta-analysis than in a narrative review.
EFFECTS OF CAPILLARITY AND MICROTOPOGRAPHY ON WETLAND SPECIFIC YIELD

Hydrologic models aid in describing water flows and levels in wetlands. Frequently, these models use a specific yield conceptualization to relate water flows to water level changes. Traditionally, a simple conceptualization of specific yield is used, composed of two constant values for above- and below-surface water levels and neglecting the effects of soil capillarity and land surface microtopography. The effects of capillarity and microtopography on specific yield were evaluated at three wetland sites in the Florida Everglades. The effect of capillarity on specific yield was incorporated based on the fillable pore space within a soil moisture profile at hydrostatic equilibrium with the water table. The effect of microtopography was based on areal averaging of topographically varying values of specific yield. The results indicate that a more physically-based conceptualization of specific yield incorporating capillary and microtopographic considerations can be substantially different from the traditional two-part conceptualization, and from simpler conceptualizations incorporating only capillarity or only microtopography. For the sites considered, traditional estimates of specific yield could underor over-estimate the more physically based estimates by a factor of two or more. The results suggest that consideration of both capillarity and microtopography is important to the formulation of specific yield in physically based hydrologic models of wetlands.
Educational software for teaching physics-1993 directory

We present a directory of software that is available for teaching physics and engineering. This directory was originally developed for physics educators, but the cross-disciplinary nature of many of the packages makes it appropriate for the engineering community as well. The directory is derived from a data base maintained by the Physics Courseware Evaluation Project PCEP at North Carolina State University. PCEP has been tracking software developments and reviewing physics courseware since 1983. Some of the major trends that have been observed in that time are noted below, followed by the listing of software and a listing of publisher addresses.
Fatty acid amide hydrolase as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of pain and CNS disorders

Background: Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is an integral membrane enzyme that hydrolyzes the endocannabinoid anandamide and related amidated signaling lipids. Genetic or pharmacological inactivation of FAAH produces analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anxiolytic and antidepressant phenotypes without showing the undesirable side effects of direct cannabinoid receptor agonists, indicating that FAAH may be a promising therapeutic target. Objectives: This review highlights advances in the development of FAAH inhibitors of different mechanistic classes and their in vivo efficacy. Also highlighted are advances in technology for the in vitro and in vivo selectivity assessment of FAAH inhibitors using activity-based protein profiling and click chemistry-activity-based protein profiling, respectively. Recent reports on structure-based drug design for human FAAH generated by protein engineering using interspecies active site conversion are also discussed. Methods: The literature searches of Medline and SciFinder data...
How Close Is Close Enough? Evaluating Propensity Score Matching Using Data From A Class Size Reduction Experiment

In recent years, propensity score matching (PSM) has gained attention as a potential method for estimating the impact of public policy programs in the absence of experimental evaluations. In this study, we evaluate the usefulness of PSM for estimating the impact of a program change in an educational context (Tennessee’s Student Teacher Achievement Ratio Project [Project STAR]). Because Tennessee’s Project STAR experiment involved an effective random assignment procedure, the experimental results from this policy intervention can be used as a benchmark, to which we compare the impact estimates produced using propensity score matching methods. We use several different methods to assess these nonexperimental estimates of the impact of the program. We try to determine “how close is close enough,” putting greatest emphasis on the question: Would the nonexperimental estimate have led to the wrong decision when compared to the experimental estimate of the program? We find that propensity score methods perform poorly with respect to measuring the impact of a reduction in class size on achievement test scores. We conclude that further research is needed before policymakers rely on PSM as an evaluation tool. © 2007 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management
A Fuzzy Logic Approach to Attribute Formalization: Analysis of Lobulation for Breast Cancer Diagnosis

In many data mining and knowledge discovery applications a critical task is how to define the values of the various attributes that the analyst believes may be of significance. For easily quantifiable attributes (such as, age, weight, cost, etc.) this task is a rather straightforward one as it involves simple measurements and expressing the results in terms of some units. For other attributes, however, this task may not be a simple one. This is the case when some of the data are fuzzy. For instance, although in common language one often uses terms such as “small,” “large,” “round,” “tall,” and so on, these terms may mean different concepts to different people or to the same person at different times.
Fault Displacement and Ground Tilt During Small Earthquakes

A program of repeated precision leveling at selected locations in Iceland over a period of seven years shows an annual rate of tilting of less than one microradian per year on the flanks of the active rift zones. Earthquakes of magnitude 5 to 6 are associated with measurable fault displacement at distances up to 25 kilometers from the epicenters and the area around the active fault is abnormally deformed during the earthquakes. During a period of one or two years after an earthquake the rate of ground deformation is higher than normal. This is explained by plastic flow at depth which tends to restore the surface to the position before the sudden deformation.
The immunopathological basis of acetylcholine receptor deficiency in myasthenia gravis.

Publisher Summary The synaptic dysfunction in myasthenia gravis (MG) is caused by a deficiency of the nicotonic postsynaptic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) protein. The AChR deficiency in acquired MG is caused by an autoimmune attack on the postsynaptic membrane. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) can be localized at the MG end-plate with peroxidase-labelled staphylococcal protein A, and the third component of complement (C3) can be demonstrated with peroxidase-labelled anti-human C3 under experimental conditions, which give excellent ultrastructural localization, optimal preservation of fine structure and minimum background staining. Both IgG and C3 are found on segments of the postsynaptic membrane and on degenerated fragments of the junctional folds in the synaptic space. The abundance of the immune complexes is proportionate to the MEPP amplitude, and hence to the amount of AChR remaining at the end-plate. This indicates that the immune complexes act not merely by impairing AChR function, but primarily by inducing a deficiency of AChR. Parallel electron cytochemical and immunoelectron microscopic studies in chronic experimental autoimmune MG (EAMG) of the rat, demonstrate a deficiency of the postsynaptic AChR and localize IgC and C3 at the end-plate. As in the human disease, the decrease in AChR is more marked and the immune complexes that bind to the postsynaptic membrane are less abundant in the more severely affected animals than in the less severely affected ones. These findings support the assumption that EAMG is a valid model of acquired MG.
The Spectrum of Electromagnetic Radiation: UV-A in Perspective

Continuous thermonuclear reactions in the sun’s core yield a wide spectrum of electromagnetic energy that radiates through space in all directions. This radiant energy is called electromagnetic because it is in the form of oscillating electric and magnetic fields. Electromagnetic radiation exhibits both wavelike (oscillating field) and particlelike (discrete packet) properties. These discrete packets, or quanta, are called photons. The number of oscillations per second (frequency) times the distance traveled through space per oscillation (wavelength) is the velocity of light. Because all photons travel through space at this velocity, wavelength and frequency are inversely proportional. Max Planck, in 1900, determined that the energy carried by a photon is directly proportional (Planck’s constant) to its frequency. Therefore, shorter wavelength, higher frequency electromagnetic radiations consist of photons of higher energy.
Initial quantification of MIBI concentration in asymptomatic breast tissue with a dedicated SPECT-CT breast imaging system

1288 Objectives To determine the baseline uptake and distribution of Tc-99m Sestamibi (MIBI) in asymptomatic breasts as a precursor to detect subtle changes due to malignant mutations. In this pilot study, we quantified the average MIBI uptake in breasts of women at normal risk of developing breast cancer. Methods Seven adult women undergoing diagnostic parathyroid MIBI studies were imaged with our dedicated SPECT-CT breast imaging system between their routine scintigraphy (10min post 25mCi injection) and SPECT (2hrs post injection) diagnostic parathyroid scans. Women with any breast cancer history, >160kg, or possible pregnancy were excluded; menstrual cycle was noted. Randomly selected left or right breast with attached fiducial markers was imaged with the dedicated breast CT and with the contoured, sinusoidal acquisition dedicated breast SPECT. SPECT quantification was previously validated (±10%) with phantom studies. All SPECT data is decay corrected to injection time, attenuation and scatter corrected, and registered with the CT images. The CT images were segmented into glandular and fatty tissue types, and the mean activity concentrations quantified for each region and in total. Results Images appear noisy due to low count statistics with some voxels being zero. The mean measured MIBI activity concentration in the total breast tissue is 0.09±0.18μCi/mL. No statistically significant difference is seen between tissue types, in contrast to what has been shown for FDG-PET breast imaging. These pilot study data indicate that ~30 subjects are needed for 95% confidence about the mean activity concentration of normal breast tissue. Conclusions Dedicated breast SPECT-CT can provide quantitative values of MIBI uptake, even with low overall uptake, in normal breast. These low values could be used as a global threshold on determining early malignancy, especially in dense breasted women, or women at high risk for breast cancer. Research Support NIH NCI R01-CA096821, T32-EB007185, NCRR UL1-RR024128 (Duke CTSA)
Medical implications of technical accuracy in genome sequencing

As whole exome sequencing (WES) and whole genome sequencing (WGS) transition from research tools to clinical diagnostic tests, it is increasingly critical for sequencing methods and analysis pipelines to be technically accurate. The Genome in a Bottle Consortium has recently published a set of benchmark SNV, indel, and homozygous reference genotypes for the pilot whole genome NIST Reference Material based on the NA12878 genome. We examine the relationship between human genome complexity and genes/variants reported to be associated with human disease. Specifically, we map regions of medical relevance to benchmark regions of high or low confidence. We use benchmark data to assess the sensitivity and positive predictive value of two representative sequencing pipelines for specific classes of variation. We observe that the accuracy of a variant call depends on the genomic region, variant type, and read depth, and varies by analytical pipeline. We find that most false negative WGS calls result from filtering while most false negative WES variants relate to poor coverage. We find that only 74.6 % of the exonic bases in ClinVar and OMIM genes and 82.1 % of the exonic bases in ACMG-reportable genes are found in high-confidence regions. Only 990 genes in the genome are found entirely within high-confidence regions while 593 of 3,300 ClinVar/OMIM genes have less than 50 % of their total exonic base pairs in high-confidence regions. We find greater than 77 % of the pathogenic or likely pathogenic SNVs currently in ClinVar fall within high-confidence regions. We identify sites that are prone to sequencing errors, including thousands present in publicly available variant databases. Finally, we examine the clinical impact of mandatory reporting of secondary findings, highlighting a false positive variant found in BRCA2. Together, these data illustrate the importance of appropriate use and continued improvement of technical benchmarks to ensure accurate and judicious interpretation of next-generation DNA sequencing results in the clinical setting.
Inelastic Frame Buckling

A method is presented for solving the stability problem of inelastic frame structures in the presence of primary moments. Buckling loads are determined from an iterative procedure for plotting the nonlinear load versus deflection curve of the structure. It is only necessary to have experimental or analytical expressions for the curvature of the cross section of the frame member as a function of moment and axial force. Numerical results for the lateral buckling of a single story frame are given for frames of different geometry, vertical load pattern, lateral forces, and member cross section.
Rational Micro/Nanostructuring for Thin-Film Evaporation

Heat management in electronics and photonics devices is a critical challenge impeding accelerated breakthrough in these fields. Among approaches for heat dissipation, thin-film evaporation with micro/nanostructures has been one of the most promising approaches that can address future technological demand. The geometry and dimension of these micro/nanostructures directly govern the interfacial heat flux. Here, through theoretical and experimental analysis, we find that there is an optimal dimension of micro/nanostructures that maximizes the interfacial heat flux by thin-film evaporation. This optimal criterion is a consequence of two opposing phenomena: nonuniform evaporation flux across a liquid meniscus (divergent mass flux near the three-phase contact line) and the total liquid area exposed for evaporation. In vertical micro/nanostructures, the optimal width-to-spacing ratio is 1.27 for square pillars and 1.5 for wires (e.g., nanowires). This general criterion is independent of the solid material and th...
Fancy and Achievement in Love's Labour's Lost

B OVE'S Labour's Lost is organized around a central theme, but this fact is obscured by the usual approach to the play fro as a satire of overelaborate language. This interpretation ^ accounts for the witty talk and suggests that the outcome of the action is due to the lords' excessive verbal play. It is difficult, however, to see the relevance of the academy plan, the commoners' role, or the startling final act of the play in terms of "wit". This focus also makes the show of the worthies, an attractive play-within-aplay, a comic interlude unrelated to the rest of Love's Labour's Lost. And the unusually articulate final songs are treated as incidental to, rather than as the culmination of, the resolution of the play. Wit is only one aspect of a larger concern. Love's Labour's Lost might be considered as a prelude to the more extensive commentary on imagination in A Midsummer Night's Dream. Love's Labour's Lost is concerned with several kinds of imagination or fancy: the lords' conceit of setting up an academy; their romantic fancy (and that of the ladies); the lords' extravagant designs in wooing; and the commoners' poetic fancy, their show of the worthies. These fancies are presented as excessively imaginative ones, and they all fall short of achievement. Love's Labour's Lost presents a conflict between fancy and achievement, a conflict which is ultimately one between artifice and nature. The King of Navarre proposes in the first speech that "our court shall be a little Academe,/Still and contemplative in living art':1
A case report and treatment recommendations for bilateral piriform sinus fistulae

Abstract Congenital piriform sinus fistulas are uncommon and controversial, both in their classification and management. Bilateral cases are extremely rare, and no management paradigm exists. We present a case of an infected left-sided intrathyroidal branchial cleft cyst with concomitant asymptomatic right-sided piriform fistula, successfully treated with surgical excision of left-sided cyst including thyroid lobectomy and right-sided chemical cauterization with 18 months follow-up.
Radiation Safety and Monitoring

Fluoroscopic guidance: used for pain procedures to identify bony landmarks located near target joints and nerves. Views are two dimensional, necessitating a mobile unit that can be rotated (C-arm) to provide different angles to determine appropriate needle localization.
Invasive Infections with Nontyphoidal Salmonella in Sub-Saharan Africa

Invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) infections in Africa cause an enormous burden of illness. These infections are often devastating, with mortality estimated at 20%, even with appropriate antimicrobial therapy. Two major groups-young children and HIV-infected adults-suffer the great majority of these infections. In children, younger age itself, as well as malaria, malnutrition, and HIV infection, are prominent risk factors. In adults, HIV infection is by far the most important risk factor. The most common serotypes in invasive infections are Salmonella enterica serotypes Typhimurium and Enteritidis. In recent years, a specific strain of Salmonella Typhimurium, multilocus sequence type 313, has caused epidemics of invasive disease. Little is known about risk factors for exposure to NTS, making the design of rational interventions to decrease exposure difficult. Antimicrobial therapy is critically important for treatment of invasive NTS infections. Thus, the emergence and spread of resistance to agents commonly used for treatment of invasive NTS infection, now including third-generation cephalosporins, is an ominous development. Already, many invasive NTS infections are essentially untreatable in many health care facilities in sub-Saharan Africa. Several candidate vaccines are in early development and, if safe and effective, could be promising. Interventions to prevent exposure to NTS (e.g., improved sanitation), to prevent the occurrence of disease if exposure does occur (e.g., vaccination, malaria control), and to prevent severe disease and death in those who become ill (e.g., preserving antimicrobial effectiveness) are all important in reducing the toll of invasive NTS disease in sub-Saharan Africa.
On Origins Galaxies, Stars, Life

This chapter shows application of a consistent set of clear physical principles to describe the beginnings of the universe by the (hot) Big Bang model. The ultimate beginning presents difficulties for the physicist, particularly when it comes to explaining why we find a very inhomogeneous cosmos, instead of a uniform, radiating gas. Stars, globular clusters, galaxies, and clusters of galaxies dot space, but we cannot at present explain their presence without invoking a “deus ex machina.” We expect ultimately to rationalize the existence of these local inhomogeneities through gravitational contractions of regions of higher than average mass density that in turn arise out of fluctuations, but the case cannot yet be made completely. Meanwhile, the Big Bang (incomplete) model deals with cosmic evolution in the large, as a balance between gravitational attraction and cosmic expansion. Its relationships are described by two simple equations derived from Einstein’s theory of general relativity via local conservations of mass-energy and of momentum. Unfortunately, this model does not by itself produce the observed inhomogeneities. Neither the assumption of thermodynamic fluctuations following a “smooth” beginning nor that of a chaotic beginning can itself account for stars and galaxies. A mystery remains. —The Editor
Current and Future Challenges in Mining Large Networks: Report on the Second SDM Workshop on Mining Networks and Graphs

We report on the Second Workshop on Mining Networks and Graphs held at the 2015 SIAM International Conference on Data Mining. This half-day workshop consisted of a keynote talk, four technical paper presentations, one demonstration, and a panel on future challenges in mining large networks. We summarize the main highlights of the workshop, including expanded written summaries of the future challenges provided by the panelists. The current and future challenges discussed at the workshop and elaborated here provide valuable guidance for future research in the field
Epilogue: Performing Privacy on Facebook

With its ominous final words, “We’ll be listening to you,’ Francis Ford Coppola’s 1974 film The Conversation expresses a typical Cold War-era fear of the power of modern technology and faceless bureaucracies to crush individual privacy. Films like The Manchurian Candidate (John Frankenheimer, 1962) and The Parallax View (Alan J. Pakula, 1974) suggest that in Cold War America’s national fantasy life, the integrity and dignity of the solitary individual were crumbling before invincible state, corporate, or criminal machines whose most potent weapon was surveillance. Now, a generation after the fall of the Berlin Wall, the power of governments and corporations to gather personal data silently has vastly increased. Yet, while governments and corporations increasingly track individuals’ whereabouts and reading, shopping, and viewing habits, millions voluntarily share personal information with hundreds or thousands of others on social media platforms, especially Facebook. My analysis of the hybrid nature of early modern privacy suggests that “performing privacy” usefully describes our post-modern moment as well. This conclusion will briefly trace four modern and post-modern concepts of privacy: as a space for isolated reasoning, as social freedom, as “lifestyle transparency,” and as “frictionless sharing.” The last two concepts are forms of “public” privacy articulated by social media entrepreneurs, and while to some extent they mirror early modern concepts of performative privacy, they also intentionally muddy the distinction between voluntary and involuntary self-exposure.
The Right to a Better Life: Using an After-School Work Camp to Create Customized Employment Opportunities for Rural High School Students with Severe Disabilities:

If people with intellectual disability are to become truly self-determined, they must be allowed to express choice throughout their lives, including employment. Expectations for competitive employm...
Women and Sports Coaching

Over the last 40 years, a growing body of literature pertaining to women in sports coaching has amassed predominantly in Western countries. Unfortunately, women coaches remain in the minority across the globe in nearly all sports at all levels, due to the complex, numerous and interconnected barriers they face. Women coaches are visible, powerful reminders that women can be and are successful leaders worthy of respect and admiration. A feminist position is necessary for change to occur specifically within the organizational structure of sport that privileges males, and for gender stereotypes and bias that impede career trajectories to be shifted. This chapter provides a historical overview of feminist sport scholarship, and how current scholars are using that scholarship to forward knowledge and social change.
Management of Depression in Dialysis Patients

While depression seems to be the most common psychiatric complication of end stage renal disease (ESRD),(1) reports of treatment are few and primarily anecdotal. Recommendations for treatment generally include psychotherapeutic support and psychiatric liaison activities such as providing support to nursing staff and guiding nurses and physicians in their interactions with dialysis patients.(2) While tricyclic antidepressant medications have been recommended in dialysis populations, reports of their use are rare and there are no controlled studies. Rosser(3) reported measurements of plasma antidepressant levels in three dialysis patients. Each patient had unusually high plasma levels relative to their small oral doses. One patient demonstrated excellent recovery and a second patient had partial recovery. The third patient died from a cardiac arrhythmia possibly induced by the antidepressant medication. Thus, there are no clear guidelines to help determine the benefits and risks of tricyclic antidepressants in a dialysis population.
Incorporating spatially heterogeneous infiltration capacity into hydrologic models with applications for simulating post-wildfire debris flow initiation

Soils in post‐wildfire environments are often characterized by a low infiltration capacity with a high degree of spatial heterogeneity relative to unburned areas. Debris flows are frequently initiated by run‐off in recently burned steeplands, making it critical to develop and test methods for incorporating spatial variability in infiltration capacity into hydrologic models. We use Monte Carlo simulations of run‐off generation over a soil with a spatially heterogenous saturated hydraulic conductivity (Kₛ) to derive an expression for an aerially averaged saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ke*) that depends on the rainfall rate, the statistical properties of Kₛ, and the spatial correlation length scale associated with Kₛ. The proposed method for determining Ke* is tested by simulating run‐off on synthetic topography over a wide range of spatial scales. Results provide a simplified expression for an effective saturated hydraulic conductivity that can be used to relate a distribution of small‐scale Kₛ measurements to infiltration and run‐off generation over larger spatial scales. Finally, we use a hydrologic model based on Ke* to simulate run‐off and debris flow initiation at a recently burned catchment in the Santa Ana Mountains, CA, USA, and compare results to those obtained using an infiltration model based on the Soil Conservation Service Curve Number.
Diseases of the Lacrimal Apparatus

Discussed is the treatment of a variety of conditions that affect the structures responsible for the production and drainage of tears.
Casuistry in a Pluralistic Society

The medieval practice of casuistry , the practice of case-based reasoning by analogy to similar cases, has been revived as another means of addressing moral conflicts in medical cases.
Neoadjuvant Tyrosine Kinase Inhibition in Locally-advanced Non-small Cell Lung Cancer: Two Cases and a Brief Literature Review.

Background Despite their remarkable efficacy in metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), EGFR- and ALK-targeted therapies have not been shown to confer any survival benefit in stage III disease, even in subsets of patients with driver mutations. Case studies Here, two patients with unresectable stage III NSCLC carrying mutations in the ALK (case 1) and EGFR (case 2) genes are presented. Treatment of the patient carrying an ALK mutation with an ALK inhibitor and the patient carrying an EGFR mutation with an EGFR inhibitor resulted in dramatic and durable responses. Conclusion These cases demonstrated that ALK or EGFR mutation-positive stage III NSCLC patients can be treated with the corresponding inhibitors. They also highlight the urgent need for prospective data to assess their potential efficacy in order to improve patient outcomes.
Case Report: Inappropriate Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Discharge from Sensing of External Alternating Current Leak

Implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) are now an accepted and effective therapy for treatment of survivors of sudden cardiac death (SCD) and prevention of SCD in high-risk patients. Normal ICD function and delivery of therapy depends on appropriate sensing and detection of myocardial electrical potentials. Electromagnetic interference resulting in ICD malfunction is a well-documented phenomenon, however, there are less well-known external sources of interference, which may cause life threatening ICD malfunction. We report a unique case of repeated inappropriate ICD shocks in a ten-year old boy caused by the ICD sensing alternating current from an unexpected external source.
Active Learning Approaches to Teaching Soil Science at the College Level

Traditional passive approaches to teaching, such as lectures, are not particularly effective at promoting student learning, or at developing the qualities that employers seek in graduates from soil science programs, such as problem-solving and critical thinking skills. In contrast, active learning approaches have been shown to promote these very qualities in students. Here I discuss my use of active learning approaches to teach soil science at the introductory and advanced levels, with particular focus on problem-based learning, and combined just-in-time teaching and peer instruction. A brief description of the each pedagogical approach is followed by evidence of its impact on student learning in general and, when available, its use in soil science courses. I describe and discuss my experiences using these approaches teaching introductory soil science (face-to-face and online), soil chemistry and soil microbiology courses, and provide examples of some of the problems I use. I have found the benefits to student learning in terms of student engagement, ownership of learning, and development of critical thinking and problem-solving skills easily outweigh are clear relative to traditional, passive approaches to teaching.
Rural HCI Research: Definitions, Distinctions, Methods, and Opportunities

HCI researchers are increasingly conducting research in rural communities. This paper interrogates how rurality has been treated in previous HCI research conducted in developed and high-income countries. We draw from research outside of HCI to suggest how we can effectively engage with rurality in research. We present results of a scoping review of HCI literature that asks: 1) How do HCI researchers define rurality?; 2) How do the unique characteristics of rural communities enter into study findings?; 3) What methods are used in rural research?; and 4) Where has rural research been conducted? More than twice as many rural HCI articles have been conducted in low-income and/or developing countries than in high-income and/or developed countries. HCI researchers rarely define rurality, and when they do, they primarily define it using descriptive rather than sociocultural or symbolic definitions. Rural research findings have primarily addressed infrastructure and distance/geographic isolation as unique rural characteristics, while qualitative, observational, and cross-sectional methods dominate this research. There are further opportunities for HCI research to more productively advance understanding of what rurality is, and how it matters for sociotechnical systems.