cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On Teachers' Mathematical Knowledge and Student Exploration: A Personal Story about Teaching a Technologically Supported Approach to School Algebra.

In the United States, examples of elementary school mathematics teaching (Ball, 1993b; Lampert, 1990; Peterson, Fennema and Carpenter, 1991; Wood, Cobb, Yackel and Dillon, 1993) have been celebrated as exemplars of broader trends to reform students’ experience of schooling and (re?)focus their attention and efforts on understanding core ideas of traditional academic disciplines.1 For example, Magdalene Lampert’s (1990) “When the problem is not the question and the solution is not the answer” lays out one influential image of teaching aimed at student understanding. If traditional mathematics instruction links mathematics problems and their solutions to teacher-taught solution methods, Lampert severs that connection. In the described episode, students are not solving the problem by applying a method taught previously in class. Instead, they are posed a problem for which they have not been taught an algorithm. However, they have methods for checking the validity of proposed solutions. Using conclusions developed from previous classroom work, they then seek both to find the answer to the problem and to find a more general method of solution to problems of this type. In other contexts, teaching of this sort goes by other names: inquiry teaching, a problem-solving orientation, child-centered instruction, mathematical investigations, or mathematical activity (Cuban, 1993; Jaworski, 1994; Lester, 1994; Love, 1988; Morgan, 1998). What does such teaching require of the teacher? Is it simply a matter of withholding, of not teaching solution methods? Is it simply the will to interact differently with students, to listen to their mathematical ideas? Or, do attempts to create childcentered mathematics classrooms in which students explore and conjecture require anything special of the teachers’ knowledge of mathematics?2 Are there qualities of the teachers’ knowledge which are crucial to this sort of teaching? If so, do advances in calculator and computer technology have any role to play?
Effects of Graded Doses of Testosterone on Erythropoiesis in Healthy Young and Older Men

Context: Erythrocytosis is a dose-limiting adverse effect of testosterone therapy, especially in older men. Objective: Our objective was to compare the dose-related changes in hemoglobin and hematocrit in young and older men and determine whether age-related differences in erythropoietic response to testosterone can be explained by changes in erythropoietin and soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) levels. Design: We conducted a secondary analysis of data from a testosterone dose-response study in young and older men who received long-acting GnRH agonist monthly plus one of five weekly doses of testosterone enanthate (25, 50, 125, 300, or 600 mg im) for 20 wk. Setting: The study took place at a General Clinical Research Center. Participants: Participants included 60 older men aged 60–75 yr and 61 young men aged 19–35 yr. Outcome Measures: Outcome measures included hematocrit and hemoglobin and serum erythropoietin and sTfR levels. Results: Hemoglobin and hematocrit increased significantly in a linear, dose-...
Urban Public Service Costs and Benefits of Rural-To-Urban Migration *

In a recent article, Hildreth and Schaller suggest that researchers can make important contributions to community development programs by analyzing the trade-offs resulting from increasing economic activity in rural communities or moving the people to jobs in other communities, and the subsequent effects of these alternatives on the allocation of community services. Although they concentrate on the delivery of public services to rural communities, it is important to note that urban public service costs are a major factor influencing the current emphasis on “place development,” rather than encouraging rural-to-urban migration.
Impaired cone function and cone degeneration resulting from CNGB3 deficiency: down-regulation of CNGA3 biosynthesis as a potential mechanism

The cone cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channel is essential for central and color vision and visual acuity. This channel is composed of two structurally related subunits, CNGA3 and CNGB3; CNGA3 is the ion-conducting subunit, whereas CNGB3 is a modulatory subunit. Mutations in both subunits are associated with achromatopsia and progressive cone dystrophy, with mutations in CNGB3 alone accounting for 50% of all known cases of achromatopsia. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying cone diseases that result from CNGB3 deficiency are unknown. This study investigated the role of CNGB3 in cones, using CNGB3−/− mice. Cone dysfunction was apparent at the earliest time point examined (post-natal day 30) in CNGB3−/− mice. When compared with wild-type (WT) controls: photopic electroretingraphic (ERG) responses were decreased by ∼75%, whereas scotopic ERG responses were unchanged; visual acuity was decreased by ∼20%, whereas contrast sensitivity was unchanged; cone density was reduced by ∼40%; photoreceptor apoptosis was detected; and outer segment disorganization was observed in some cones. Notably, CNGA3 protein and mRNA levels were significantly decreased in CNGB3−/− mice; in contrast, mRNA levels of S-opsin, Gnat2 and Pde6c were unchanged, relative to WT mice. Hence, we show that loss of CNGB3 reduces biosynthesis of CNGA3 and impairs cone CNG channel function. We suggest that down-regulation of CNGA3 contributes to the pathogenic mechanism by which CNGB3 mutations lead to human cone disease.
A National Longitudinal Analysis of Women’s Representation in Private-Sector Economic Development Organizations

This national study analyzes changes in women’s representation in economic development organizations (EDOs) at the state level between 1988 and 1998. Although in 1998, the number of women in EDOs was still small (11.9% of all memberships), the increase in women’s representation during the decade was 56.6%. These figures parallel other research reports that note women’s increased representation as corporate officers and board members. Future research should focus on the extent to which women’s agendas for economic development differ and whether women’s influence is sufficient to advance an agenda.
Early Romantic Relationships Linked With Improved Child Behavior 8 Years Later

The nature of parents’ romantic relationships has been shown to relate to how parents interact with their children and how their children develop. This study used a subsample of 1,318 couples from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study across 8 years to test Belsky’s model of the determinants of parenting. A dyadic path analysis was used to test the effects of relationship quality on negative child behavior, mediated by positive parental engagement. Results revealed that mothers’ and fathers’ early relationship quality predicted their own parental engagement 2 years into the future. Additionally, mothers’, but not fathers’, positive parental engagement predicted negative child behavior. Last, mothers’ parenting behaviors mediated the relationship between relationship quality and child outcome. The results lend support for clinicians and parent educators to include relationship enhancement programs for the benefit of parents and their children.
Cerebellar Structures and the Programming of Movement Sequences

Two patients with unilateral damage to the medial and lateral cerebellum were examined to determine whether local structures in the cerebellum are used to execute programmed movement sequences. Both patients performed a sequential tapping task which required the execution of either a single keystroke or of a sequence of three keystrokes. Movements executed with the contralateral hand showed increases in response onset times as the movement sequence increased from one to three response elements (sequence length effect). Furthermore, noninitial response elements were executed considerably faster than sequence initial responses (position effect). Movements executed with the ipsilateral hand showed a different pattern of results. Damage to medial cerebellar structure had no qualifying effect but damage to the lateral cerebellar structure eliminated effects of sequence length and of response position. The results suggest that the lateral cerebellum is implicated in the execution of programmed manual movement sequences.
Nietzsche's On the Genealogy of Morality : Who is the “sovereign individual”? Nietzsche on freedom

Nietzsche actually says about free will and responsibility in the many passages, from many different books that span his entire philosophical career, that must inform any interpretation of the section on the "sovereign individual". Nietzsche identifies two preconditions for the behavioral disposition at issue, namely, promise-making: first, regularity of behavior and, second, reliable memory. Nietzsche's most important discussion of the phenomenon of "self-mastery" from Daybreak is a passage as striking evidence of Nietzsche's fatalism. Ken Gemes and Poellner suggest that Nietzsche sometimes associates the language of "freedom" with certain kinds of persons, agents whose psychic economy has a certain kind of coherence, but in so doing he has engaged in what Charles Stevenson would have called a "persuasive definition" of "freedom": he wants to radically revise the content of "freedom" while exploiting the positive valence that the word has for his readers.
Rotational energy distributions in molecule surface scattering: Model calculations for NO/Ag(111)

Abstract Classical trajectory and quantum-mechanical calculations of final rotational state distributions are described for a simple model of the scattering of NO from Ag(111) which show strong effects of rotational rainbows. The quantum-mechanical calculation reproduces the general trends of the experimental data quite well. The classical calculation is qualitatively and quantitatively inadequate, an inadequacy which is remarkable in view of the large masses of the particles and the high degree of rotational excitation.
The Language of Suicidology

This 2005 Louis I. Dublin Award Address explores some of the basic difficulties and controversies inherent in the development and universal acceptance of a nomenclature for suicidology. Highlighted are some of the unresolved challenges with agreeing upon a mutually exclusive set of terms to describe suicidal thoughts, intentions, motivations, and self-destructive behaviors.
Suntanning: Differences in Perceptions Throughout History

In ancient times, the sun was venerated as a source of life in some cultures. Scientifically, the relationship between vitamin D and sunlight and the deficiency of vitamin D in patients with rickets were ultimately discovered. In 1903, Niels Finsen was awarded the Nobel Prize in medicine or physiology for his "Finsen light therapy" for infectious diseases, especially lupus vulgaris. In the 1930s and 1940s, the medical profession promoted sunbathing as beneficial for children. From these bases, the popularity of suntanning emerged, promoted by the availability of more leisure time and, eventually, the development of sunlamps and commercial tanning salons. Although the precise role of ultraviolet light in the pathogenesis of melanoma is uncertain, a melanoma epidemic began to be noticed in the 1970s. During the past 15 years, campaigns have attempted to educate the public about the potential dangers of suntanning and exposure to ultraviolet light. Whether the melanoma epidemic can be reversed remains to be seen.
A New Neocalceostomatid (Monogenoidea) from the Gills of the Blackfin Sea Catfish, Arius jella (Siluriformes: Ariidae), In the Bay of Bengal, India

Abstract: Thysanotohaptor n. gen. (Neocalceostomatidae) is proposed to accommodate Thysanotohaptor rex n. sp. collected from the gills of the blackfin sea catfish Arius jella Day (Siluriformes: Ariidae) from off the coast of Visakhapatnam, Bay of Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, India. Thysanotohaptor is differentiated from the other known neocalceostomatid genera by its species having multiple postgermarial testes (single testis in species of Neocalceostoma and Neocalceostomoides), lacking a transverse bar associated with the ventral anchor pair (present in species of Neocalceostoma), and possessing a disc-shaped haptor with a pleated marginal frill (frill absent in Neocalceostomoides spp.; Neocalceostoma spp. with delicate marginal membranes). The Neocalceostomatidae is considered valid within the Order Dactylogyridea based on its members having a haptor armed with 10 marginal and 4 ventral hooks and a germarium having a distal loop prior to uniting with the ootype; the family is not assigned to a suborder of Da...
Relationships Between Overstory and Understory Tree Composition and Light Environment in an Old Growth Forest, Adirondacks, NY.

Density of tree seedlings and saplings can be considerably influenced by light availability and the overstory canopy composition. We examined whether forest understory light environment could be predicted by overstory composition in an old growth northern hardwood forest at Huntington Wildlife Forest in the central Adirondacks, NY. We also tested whether the overstory composition and light environment could be used to predict the understory tree composition. Existing continuous forest inventory data were used to quantify the overstory and we collected additional data on tree seedlings and saplings. We characterized the light environment using hemispherical canopy photography. Percent canopy openness was positively correlated with the proportion of American beech (Fagus grandifolia) in the overstory. Understory tree species richness was not predicted by light environment or by the overstory. Yet seedling and sapling density of certain tree species could be predicted by certain overstory characteristics. Density of understory beech was positively correlated with the proportion of overstory beech basal area; however, the densities of other tree species in the understory were not as well correlated with the proportion of overstory conspecifics. Understanding these relationships may help shed light on factors influencing regeneration dynamics in this Adirondack old growth forest. Additionally, since forests in the region have been impacted by beech bark disease the results of this study help elucidate the overstoryunderstory dynamics in the presence of this disturbance.
Exit Fees and Their Impact upon the Effective Interest Costs of Commercial Real Estate Loans

Exit fees are now becoming a common and integral part of commercial mortgage lending practices. This paper discusses the current legal environment of exit fees with an emphasis on the precedent-setting Delta Rault 100 Veterans LLC v. GMAC Commercial Mortgage Corp. case. Several models are developed to explore the effective interest cost of a short-term mortgage with an exit fee. Results show that the existence of an exit fee in a short-term loan can have the effect of dramatically increasing the effective interest cost of the loan. The models show that a prudent borrower must thoroughly investigate the impact of an exit fee on the effective interest cost of a bridge/mezzanine loan and understand how an exit fee affects the permanent refinancing decision.
Interaction of Trimethylamine and closo-1,6-C2B7H9. Evidence for an “Open” Cage C2B7H9/Amine Adduct

Strong evidence for the low-temperature formation of an axially positioned NR3 (R = H, CH3) adduct of an “open” cage C2B7H9 structure is obtained via comparison of the experimentally obtained 13C and 11B NMR data (R = CH3) with that obtained from ab initio/IGLO/NMR and ab initio/GIAO/NMR approaches (R = H, CH3). The amine is positioned at a boron surrounded by the two carborane carbon atoms along a chair arrangement of a six-atom CBCB3 open face belonging to a cluster that can be formally derived by removing a triangular set of three adjacent vertices from a 12-vertex icosahedral unit. Rapid equilibration of the adduct NR3·C2B7H9 with dissociated NR3 and closo-C2B7H9 is proposed to explain the NMR chemical shift observations.
Water Management Impacts on Arsenic Speciation and Iron-Reducing Bacteria in Contrasting Rice-Rhizosphere Compartments

Rice cultivated on arsenic (As) contaminated-soils will accumulate variable grain-As concentrations, as impacted by varietal differences, soil variables, and crop management. A field-scale experiment was conducted to study the impact of intermittent and continuous flooding on As speciation and microbial populations in rice rhizosphere compartments of soils that were either historically amended with As pesticide or unamended with As. Rhizosphere-soil, root-plaque, pore-water and grain As were quantified and speciated, and microbial populations in rhizosphere soil and root-plaque were characterized. Total-As concentrations in rhizosphere and grain were significantly lower in intermittently flooded compared to the continuously flooded plots (86% lower in pore-water, 55% lower in root-plaque and 41% lower in grain samples). iAsV, iAsIII, and DMAsV were the predominant As species detected in rhizosphere-soil and root-plaque, pore-water and grain samples, respectively. Relative proportions of Archaea and iron-r...
Is Sodium Monocarboxylate Transporter (SMCT1) A Protein Involved in the Apical Iodide Transport

SMCT1 is a sodium-coupled cotransporter of monocarboxylates and short-chain fatty acids, which has been found in the apical membrane of diverse epithelia such as colon, kidney, brain and thyroid. In thyroid follicular cells, SMCT1 originally was associated with passive apical iodide (I-) transport. However, this evidence was subsequently rejected, as Xenopus oocytes expression studies of SMCT1 demonstrated that this protein does not cotransport iodide or other inorganic anions. Interestingly, the role of SMCT1 in I- transport is now controversial, because an I- transport mode occurs at low extracellular sodium concentrations, such as that found in thyroid follicular lumen. Considering this discrepancy, here we have performed a comparative study between SMCT1 and the sodium iodide symporter (NIS) in order to find conserved sodium/iodide binding motifs between both proteins. Specifically, homology models of hSMCT1 and hNIS were built based on the crystal structure of vSGLT, a sodium/galactose transporter from Vibrio parahaemolyticus. The hNIS model predicts an iodide-binding pocket between the transmembrane TM3 and TM7 segments, where mutated residues previously were identified in patients with hypothyroidism. A similar iodide-biding pocket was identified in the hSMCT1 model involving some conserved residues in homologs of these proteins. Putative sodium binding sites were also identified in the two models, which comprise characteristic sequence motifs of sodium-dependent transporters. Finally, molecular dynamics simulations of the iodide-bound models were performed, demonstrating that conserved aromatic residues may be key in iodide coordination. Our results provide further evidence of homology between SMCT1 and NIS transporters and predict residues involved in binding sodium and iodide. Future work will be essential for determining the precise transport mechanism in these proteins.
Uninsured Unchanged in 2004, But Employment-Based Health Coverage Declined

The data provided in this paper provide an early look at the effect of a relatively weak labor market, combined with rising health benefit costs, on the number of individuals residing in the United States who have employment-based health benefits, who are covered by public programs, and who are uninsured in 2004. Initial findings indicate that the decline in the percentage of individuals with employment-based health benefits was due to the erosion of coverage among both workers and nonworkers. In response to the weak labor market and rising health benefit costs, small employers either continued to drop health benefits or required workers to pay more for health benefits when they were offered. Expected trends in health insurance and technical issues in counting the uninsured will be discussed more fully in EBRI's November 2005 Issue Brief titled Sources of Health Insurance and Characteristics of the Uninsured: Analysis of the March 2005 Current Population Survey.
OpenCL Compiler Tools for FPGAs

Compiling OpenCL kernels to FPGAs presents a new set of usability challenges. Many OpenCL users are not hardware experts but are creating state-of-the-art hardware with the help of OpenCL compilers for FPGAs. To get great performance the compiler has to provide clear and actionable feedback on the generated hardware in terms that the user can understand, relate back to the source code, and make modifications. The challenge is even greater because the feedback information type is unfamiliar to users of CPUs and GPUs.We first describe specifics of efficient computation on FPGAs: computation in space versus time, area analysis, loop pipelining, and highly flexible local and global memories. Then we describe static and dynamic analysis tools that provide actionable feedback to enable quick iterations on kernel code to reach high performance.
Fast multipole BEM for analyses of large-scale fracture problems

The fast multipole method(FMM) was used with the boundary element method(BEM) to predict fractures in large castings.The algebraic equation from the dual boundary integral equations(DBIE) was solved using the generalized minimum residual method(GMRES).A quad-tree data structure was constructed to execute the FMM with the matrix-vector product obtained using recursive operations on the tree structure without explicitly forming the coefficient matrix.Both the computational complexity and the memory requirements are reduced to O(N),where N is the number of degrees of freedom(DOFs).An improved preconditioner for the GMRES was also developed to increase the run-time speed and memory storage efficiency.Numerical experiments show that the preconditioner significantly increases the computational scale and computing efficiency with up to 3 000 000 DOFs used in numerical examples.
Microwave Hydrothermal Synthesis and Characterization of Y/SBA-15

A microwave radiation hydrothermal method to control synthesis of micro-and mesoporous Y/SBA-15 composite molecular sieves was reported.The effects of pH,molar ratio of silica and P123,microwave power,stirring speed,and crystallization temperature on the growth of Y/SBA-15 were observed by X-ray diffraction(XRD).The composite zeolite synthesis conditions were identified:the pH value was 2.5,the molar ratio of silica and P123 was 58,the microwave power was 200 W,the stirring speed was 250r/min,and the crystallization temperature was 120℃.The synthesized samples were characterized by N2 adsorption-desorption and TEM.The results showed that synthetic products with regular crystallinity of short rod of uniform size showthe microporous and the mesoporous structures at the same time.Pore size distribution of microporous and mesoporous structures is uniform.The adsorption study indicated that Y/SBA-15 has the average pore diameter of 4.050 13 nm,the pore volume of 0.350 525 cm3/g,and the hole wall thickness of 2.2 nm,respectively.
The alerting effects of short and long naps in narcoleptic, sleep deprived, and alert individuals.

Eleven narcoleptic patients and 22 age- and gender-matched normal controls participated in a study to determine the alerting effects of differing nap lengths. All narcoleptic patients had been previously diagnosed [mean sleep latency on the multiple sleep latency test (MSLT) ≤ 5 minutes with two or more sleep-onset rapid eye movement periods (SOREMPs)]. Healthy, normal subjects with a mean sleep latency on the screening MSLT ≥ 8 minutes were randomly assigned to one of two groups (i.e. sleep-deprived and alert). All subjects completed two experimental night and days with at least 5 days between sessions. On the evening prior to each experimental day, narcoleptic and alert subjects spent 8 hours in bed and sleep-deprived subjects spent 0 hours in bed. The following day, all subjects underwent one of two napping conditions, 15 or 120 minutes in bed. Both naps were terminated at noon. Every subject underwent both conditions and the order of conditions was counterbalanced. From 1215 to 1355 hours all subjects underwent a modified MSLT. At 1500 hours, the subjects had a 1-hour nap. The results showed that the 120-minute nap condition was more beneficial than the 15-minute nap. Narcoleptic and sleep-deprived subjects were shown to have comparable levels of sleepiness on the modified MSLT. However, a differential response pattern on their latency to sleep was noted on the 1-hour nap. Sleep-deprived subjects were shown to be differentially more alert following a 120-minute nap opportunity. In contrast, for narcoleptic patients the beneficial effects of the nap were lost when tested 3 hours later. These results show that narcoleptic patients benefit from a longer nap but that these benefits are short-lived.
High-pressure polymorphism of Pb F 2 to 75 GPa

Lead fluoride, $\mathrm{Pb}{\mathrm{F}}_{2}$, was investigated experimentally in the laser-heated diamond anvil cell by x-ray diffraction to pressures of 75 GPa at room temperature and to 64.5 GPa and 2430 K, as well as through first-principles density functional theory calculations up to 70 GPa. During room temperature compression, no discontinuous changes in the x-ray diffraction pattern or volume were observed, but the lattice parameters displayed highly anomalous trends between 10--22 GPa with enhanced compressibility along the $a$ direction and reduced or even negative compressibility along $b$ and $c$. Theoretical calculations of valence electron densities at 22 GPa showed that $\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{Pb}{\mathrm{F}}_{2}$ underwent a pressure-induced isosymmetric phase transition to a postcotunnite $\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{o}}_{2}\mathrm{Si}$ structure and also revealed the detailed atomic rearrangements associated with the development of an extra Pb-F bond in the high-pressure phase. Our x-ray results and theoretical calculations are consistent with an isosymmetric phase transition smoothly occurring over 10--22 GPa rather than abruptly as previously suggested. The characteristic values for the cell constants $a/c$ and $(a+c)/b$, which are used to distinguish among cotunnite-, $\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{o}}_{2}\mathrm{Si}$-, and $\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{i}}_{2}\mathrm{In}$-type phases, require modification based on our results. An equation of state fit yields a bulk modulus, ${\mathrm{K}}_{0}$, of 72(3) GPa for the cotunnite-type, and an ambient-pressure volume, ${\mathrm{V}}_{0}$, of $182(2)\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\AA{}}^{3}$, and ${\mathrm{K}}_{0}=81(4)\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$ for the $\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{o}}_{2}\mathrm{Si}$-type phase when fixing the pressure derivative of the bulk modulus, ${{K}_{0}}^{\ensuremath{'}}=4$. Upon heating above 1200 K at pressures at or above 25.9 GPa, $\mathrm{Pb}{\mathrm{F}}_{2}$ partially transformed to the hexagonal $\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{i}}_{2}\mathrm{In}$-type phase but wholly or partially reverted back to $\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{o}}_{2}\mathrm{Si}$-type phase upon temperature quench. From 43--65 GPa, nearly complete transformation to the $\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{i}}_{2}\mathrm{In}$-type $\mathrm{Pb}{\mathrm{F}}_{2}$ was observed at high temperature, but the material partially transformed back to the orthorhombic phase upon temperature quench. Our results show that high-pressure behavior of $\mathrm{Pb}{\mathrm{F}}_{2}$ is distinct from that of the alkaline earth fluorides with similar ionic radii. Our results also have relevance to understanding the behavior of lanthanide and actinide dioxides, which have been predicted theoretically to exhibit similar isosymmetric transitions at Mbar pressures.
Abstract 3628: Improving sequencing quality of libraries prepared from FFPE DNA

Targeted cancer therapy based on genomic alterations can be remarkably effective, and has made significant strides with the recent advances in next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology. Although samples of blood and other bodily fluids are being actively explored for early disease diagnosis and treatment monitoring, DNA isolated from FFPE samples is currently the main source for NGS-based cancer profiling in clinical settings. Unfortunately, sequencing DNA from FFPE samples is challenging due to limited quantities and poor quality, a result of DNA damage incurred during fixation and storage. Artifacts associated with FFPE DNA have limited the mutation detection sensitivity to ≥ 5% mutant allele frequency (Frampton et al, Nature Biotechnology 2013), which would unfortunately leave many low-abundance genetic variants of clinical significance undetected. For example, clinical resistance-causing KIT and EGFR mutations can be present in tumors at levels In this study, we investigated the effects of DNA repair and different sample handling workflows on sequencing quality of libraries prepared from FFPE samples. Careful analysis of sequencing data showed that base calling qualities for all 4 bases are improved, and aberrant G:C to A:T mutations were significantly reduced upon DNA repair. Because the large majority of mutations encountered in human tumors are G:C to A:T mutations (Greenman, C. Nature 2007), we expect that lowering the damage induced background noise of FFPE DNA would allow more reliable detection of clinically important, actionable mutations at lower abundance. In addition, we observed specific sequencing artifacts associated with the method of handling FFPE samples and have since identified effective measurements to avoid such artifacts. We expect that these improvements in sequencing quality of FFPE samples would ultimately enable more sensitive and robust detection of many low level genetic variations in clinically and biologically relevant cancer genes. Citation Format: pingfang liu, Lixin Chen, Laurence Ettwiller, Christine Sumner, Fiona J. Stewart, Eileen T. Dimalanta, Theodore B. Davis, Evans C. Thomas. Improving sequencing quality of libraries prepared from FFPE DNA. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 3628.
Assessing Propositions One and Two

This chapter assesses the evidence that, in the absence of major (and improbable) spontaneous policy initiatives, the “exhaustion proposition” is a high-probability event that would impose serious costs on the global macrofinancial system.1 The chapter is, then, an exercise in applied political economy. It uses the broad-ranging approach suggested by Robbins (1981).2 In quantitative terms, the chapter draws directly on the numerical evidence given in Chapter 5 as well as on the conservative (read “optimistic”), pro-forma estimates of the US INW and the volume of easily encashable financial assets owned by private non-residents through 2010 (Table 5.9).3 In addition, Section II draws on the estimates of those economists who have identified the linkage between the deficit on current account and the domestic performance of the US economy. The reader must, however, recognize that past behavior is not necessarily a reliable guide to future behavior,4 if only because the background conditions (national and global Northian institutions) evolve through time. Moreover, in the current international political climate, political responses are likely to change. The inferences drawn in this chapter assume the absence of substantial real exogenous shocks.
A 0.5-6 GHz Improved Linearity, Resistive Feedback 90-nm CMOS LNA

This paper presents a resistive feedback broadband LNA in 90 nm CMOS which occupies 50 mum times 270 mum of active area. The LNA has 7 GHz 3 dB bandwidth and >24 dB voltage gain. Across 0.5-6 GHz, its input matching is better than -10 dB, noise figure below 2.5 dB, and iIP3 better than -8 dBm. Techniques to improve linearity in resistive feedback LNAs are discussed in detail. The LNA also provides an additional low power mode operation.
Natural Genetic Variation Modifies Gene Expression Dynamics at the Protein Level During Pheromone Response in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Heritable variation in gene expression patterns plays a fundamental role in trait variation and evolution, making understanding the mechanisms by which genetic variation acts on gene expression patterns a major goal for biology. Both theoretical and empirical work have largely focused on variation in steady-state mRNA levels and mRNA synthesis rates, particularly of protein-coding genes. Yet in order for this variation to affect higher order traits it must lead to differences at the protein level. Variation in protein-specific processes including protein synthesis rates and protein decay rates could amplify, mask, or even reverse effects transmitted from the transcript level, but the extent to which this happens is unclear. Moreover, mechanisms that underlie protein expression variation under dynamic conditions have not been examined. To address this challenge, we analyzed how mRNA and protein expression dynamics covary between two strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae during mating pheromone response. Although divergent steady-state mRNA expression levels explained divergent steady-state protein levels for four out of five genes in our study, the same was true for only one out of five genes for expression dynamics. By integrating decay rate and allele-specific protein expression analyses, we resolved that expression divergence for Fig1p was caused by genetic variation acting in trans on protein synthesis rate, expression divergence for Ina1p was caused by cis-by-trans epistatic effects on transcript level and protein synthesis rate, and expression divergence for Fus3p and Tos6p were caused by divergence in protein synthesis rates. Our study demonstrates that steady-state analysis of gene expression is insufficient to understand the impact of genetic variation on gene expression variation. An integrated and dynamic approach to gene expression analysis - comparing mRNA levels, protein levels, protein decay rates, and allele-specific protein expression - allows for a detailed analysis of the genetic mechanisms underlying protein expression divergences.
How can public transit get people out of their cars? An analysis of transit mode choice for commute trips in Los Angeles

Abstract U.S. public transit agencies struggle to attract and retain riders. Unprecedented public investments have been made over the past several decades for expanding and improving transit service across cities. Unfortunately, however, there is no evidence of increase in ridership once growth in population and aggregate travel demand are accounted for. Consequently, the quest for boosting patronage continues. The challenge, experts argue, is to attract people out of cars. In this paper, I use a recent state-wide travel survey from California and take advantage of a new comprehensive historical archive of regional real-time multi-modal transportation system data to explore contexts in which persons belonging to car-owning households within Los Angeles County use transit for their commute. I find that few car owners use transit, and that lack of access to the household vehicle(s) explain choice of transit to a large extent. While discretionary transit use (or transit use by choice) is rare, I find evidence that fast (relative to car), frequent and reliable transit service along with fewer transfer requirements strongly correlate with car-owners’ transit mode choice. Home and workplace neighborhood density, proximity to transit stop, and availability of rail are other critical facilitators. Even if observed effects are due, in part, to self-selection, there are important lessons for transit planners. For example, results suggest that all else equal: reduction in transit-to-auto travel time ratio by unity can increase odds of transit mode choice by about 25%; reduction in headway by 10 min can increase the odds by about 30%, and; lowering the standard deviation of schedule deviation from over to under three minutes can result in 2.6 times increase in the odds. This paper identifies effective strategies for increasing transit's competitiveness relative to auto, and hence attracting people out of their cars. While rail network expansion programs and transit-oriented development efforts must continue across U.S. cities, it is important that planners also advocate for investments in key dimensions of bus service quality that patrons value, such as speed, frequency and reliability. Efficient network designs that reduce transfer requirements, introduction of bus rapid transit services, and improvements in real-time operations, scheduling and long-range planning by using ITS (intelligent transportation systems) infrastructures across modes are critical. This study shows that careful planning can promote discretionary transit use by attracting existing latent demand and by creating new demand in an era of increasing government interest in transit and growing traffic congestion. Broader positive effects on the travelling public and the environment are much greater than what this study can predict.
Recurrence and survival outcomes following percutaneous thermal ablation of oligometastatic melanoma.

e20040 Background: Focal treatment of melanoma metastases has been demonstrated to provide extended survival in a very select patient population. To our knowledge, percutaneous image-guided thermal...
Aortic isthmus shunt dynamics in normal and complicated monochorionic pregnancies

OBJECTIVE To study fetal aortic isthmus (AoI) shunt dynamics in monochorionic (MC) twins. METHODS Normal and complicated MC pregnancies were prospectively enrolled. The relationship of isthmus flow index (IFI) with Doppler parameters of umbilical artery (UA), descending aorta, middle cerebral artery, and ductus venosus and with left and right ventricular cardiac output and stroke volume was studied. RESULTS The IFI was obtained in 180 examinations from 48 pregnancies (24 twin-twin transfusion syndrome, TTTS; 4 selective intrauterine growth restriction, sIUGR; 12 TTTS + sIUGR; and 8 uncomplicated). Median gestational age was 20.9 weeks. AoI diastolic flow was reversed in three cases. UA pulsatility index (PI) and ductus venosus-PI z-scores were negatively correlated with the IFI (rs -0.40 and -0.26, respectively, p < 0.001). Regression analysis identified only UA-PI as a determinant of the IFI (p < 0.001). The IFI was significantly correlated with left ventricular cardiac output and stroke volume. It did not differ between TTTS donors and recipients. sIUGR fetuses had significantly lower IFI compared with normal-grown counterparts (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION In MC gestations, AoI shunting is predominantly determined by placental flow resistance, while cerebral impedance and volume status have no impact. In MC twins, the relationship between AoI flow and outcome deserves further study in the setting of sIUGR. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parasitism Rates in European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) Larvae Collected from Six Maize Hybrids

The parasitoid complex and level of parasitism of European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), larvae in six maize, Zea mays L., hybrids was determined in Nebraska during 1995 and 1996. Three ...
A Quantitative Assessment of Organizational Capacity and Organizational Life Stages in Sport for Development and Peace

The ability of Sport for Development and Peace (SDP) organizations to achieve desired outcomes depends on the ability of leaders to develop and utilize a set of organizational capacities. This study provides insight into the current state of capacity in the SDP landscape and the relationship between capacity and key phases of the life of an organization. A sample of 165 organizations from across all six continents rated 65 capacity-related elements. We employ a multilevel analysis to explain variation in capacity within and across SDP organizations. This allows us to identify the probabilities of having low capacity across five different capacity dimensions (human resources, finance, partnership, infrastructure, and planning and development capacities). Results indicate critical capacity strengths and challenges across organizational life stages, the positive influence of size, foundation and government funding, the role of geographical location, and the insignificant or limited effect of earned revenues ...
Abstract 16363: Contributions of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors to Racial/Ethnic Differences in Sleep Duration: Chicago Area Sleep Study

Introduction: Shortened sleep duration is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors (e.g., hypertension, obesity, diabetes). Epidemiologic studies in diverse samples describe shorte...
Delay Time for the Initiation of Slip in Metal Single Crystals

The delay time for the initiation of slip was studied in single crystals of α brass, aluminum, and β brass. A delay time for slip was found in β brass when the specimens were tested below room temperature; however, one was not found for α brass or aluminum. A general theory for the existence of the brittle transition temperature is proposed.
Non-intrusive interpretation of human thermal comfort through analysis of facial infrared thermography

Abstract Understanding occupants’ thermal sensation and comfort is essential to defining the operational settings for Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems in buildings. Due to the continuous impact of human and environmental factors, occupants’ thermal sensation and comfort level can change over time. Thus, to dynamically control the environment, thermal comfort should be monitored in real time. This paper presents a novel non-intrusive infrared thermography framework to estimate an occupant's thermal comfort level by measuring skin temperature collected from different facial regions using low-cost thermal cameras. Unlike existing methods that rely on placing sensors directly on humans for skin temperature measurement, the proposed framework is able to detect the presence of occupants, extract facial regions, measure skin temperature features, and interpret thermal comfort conditions with minimal interruption of the building occupants. The method is validated by collecting thermal comfort data from a total of twelve subjects under cooling, heating and steady-state experiments. The results demonstrate that ears, nose and cheeks are most indicative of thermal comfort and the proposed framework can be used to assess occupants’ thermal comfort with an average accuracy of 85%.
Enhancement-mode Al 0 $_{\mathbf{45}}\mathbf{Ga}_{\mathbf{0.55}}\mathbf{N}/\mathbf{Al}_{\mathbf{0.3}}\mathbf{Ga}_{\mathbf{0.7}}\mathbf{N}$ High Electron Mobility Transistor with p- $\mathbf{Al}_{\mathbf{0.3}}\mathbf{Ga}_{\mathbf{0.7}}\mathbf{N}$ Gate

High aluminum content AIGaN channel high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) are an attractive candidate for the next generation of RF and high-power applications amongst ultra-wide bandgap materials $(\mathrm{E}_{\mathrm{G}} > 3.4\mathrm{eV})$ . This is due to numerous beneficial intrinsic material properties, such as high saturation velocity and large critical electric field. The built-in polarization electric field populates the 2-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) which cannot be depleted entirely at zero bias by the Schottky contact for a reasonable barrier thickness. As was observed in GaN channel HEMTs, these AIGaN channel devices intrinsically operate as depletion mode (d-mode). While d-mode devices are preferable for RF applications, high power applications typically require enhancement mode (e-mode) operation in order to guarantee system reliability [1]. Through the use of a $\mathrm{p}-\mathrm{Al}_{0.3}\mathrm{Ga}_{0.7}\mathrm{N}$ gate on an AIGaN channel HEMT, this work shows the capability to achieve enhancement-mode operation with a +0.3V threshold voltage, high saturated drain current $(> 60\mathrm{mA}/\mathrm{mm})$ , no gate hysteresis $(\Delta \mathrm{V} , and exceptionally low gate leakage current of $ even under high forward bias of $\mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{GS}}=8\mathrm{V}$ .
Modeling Pit Growth as a Function of Environmental Variables Through Stochastic Approaches

It is well known that rates of pitting corrosion damage are influenced by environmental variables such as applied potential, temperature, and concentrations of ions in solution. Regression methods have often been used to estimate the maximum pit depth as a function of environmental parameters. In this paper, regression methods are used both to predict the maximum depth and to estimate the probability distribution of the maximum depth at a future time. It is shown that these predictions can be reasonably accurate (within 15% of the true value) even when the true mathematical relationships between pitting rates and environmental parameters are nonlinear, and in some circumstances when future values of the environmental variables are not known.
Exploratory Direct Dynamics Simulations of 3O2 Reaction with Graphene at High Temperatures

Direct chemical dynamics simulations at high temperatures of reaction between 3O2 and graphene containing varied number of defects were performed using the VENUS-MOPAC code. Graphene was modeled using (5a,6z)-periacene, a poly aromatic hydrocarbon with 5 and 6 benzene rings in the armchair and zigzag directions, respectively. Up to six defects were introduced by removing carbon atoms from the basal plane. Usage of the PM7/unrestricted Hartree–Fock (UHF) method, for the simulations, was validated by benchmarking singlet-triplet gaps of n-acenes and (5a,nz) periacenes with high-level theoretical calculations. PM7/UHF calculations showed that graphene with different number of vacancies has different ground electronic states. Dynamics simulations were performed for two 3O2 collision energies Ei of 0.4 and 0.7 eV, with the incident angle normal to the graphene plane at 1375 K. Collisions on graphene with one, two, three, and four vacancies (1C-, 2C-, 3C-, and 4C-vacant graphene) showed no reactive trajectories...
Social isolation prevents the development of individual face recognition in paper wasps

Much work has shown that social isolation has lasting negative effects on adult social interactions, but less is known about precisely how and why isolation alters social behaviour. One way isolation may alter social behaviour is by interfering with the development of effective communication. Here, we test how social isolation influences individual recognition, a key aspect of social communication in Polistes fuscatus paper wasps. Polistes fuscatus reared in a typical social environment learn and remember the unique faces of conspecifics during social interactions. Typical P. fuscatus use individual face recognition to minimize conflict and stabilize social interactions. As wasps are adept face learners, they also readily learn to discriminate between wasp face images during training. Here, we show that social isolation had dramatic effects on recognition. We isolated wasps for 6 days after eclosion from pupation, then tested them for face recognition in social and nonsocial contexts. Isolated wasps did not learn and remember other individuals during social interactions. Furthermore, isolated wasps did not learn to discriminate between wasp face images during training. Therefore, social experience with conspecifics is essential for the development of individual recognition and face learning in paper wasps. Many aspects of wasp behaviour develop rapidly with little experience required. However, complex social interactions like individual recognition require social experience with conspecifics.