cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Automated blood pressure measurements in laboring women: Are they reliable?

OBJECTIVE: In laboring women a consistent difference has become evident between measurements obtained with an automated blood pressure device and those obtained with the auscultatory method. A prospective study was designed to assess the concordance of these two methods. STUDY DESIGN: Three sets of brachial blood pressure measurements were made by both oscillatory and auscultatory techniques in 30 women in labor, 20 term pregnant women not in labor, and 20 nonpregnant volunteers. RESULTS: In the non laboring women and the nonpregnant controls there was satisfactory agreement between the results of the two methods of measurement. In the parturients systolic pressures were consistently and significantly higher and diastolic pressures consistently and significantly lower with the oscillatory compared with the auscultatory method, but mean arterial pressures were not different. CONCLUSION: In laboring women there is a discrepancy between systolic and diastolic pressures obtained by the auscultatory versus the oscillatory method of measurement, although mean pressures are not significantly different. We suggest that during labor the diagnoses of hypertension and hypotension be based on the mean rather than the systolic or diastolic pressure.
Combined modality therapy in the treatment of gynecologic malignancies

During the last several years, combined modality therapy has become increasingly important in the treatment of several malignancies. This trend holds true in the treatment of the gynecologic malignancies. In this review we examine the evolving role of combined modality therapy in the treatment of patients with cervical, vulvar, endometrial, and ovarian cancers. Definitive combined chemoradiation has become the new standard of care for patients with locally advanced cervical cancer. Combined chemoradiation provides for improvements in many clinical endpoints, including overall and disease-free survival. Chemoradiation has been used with some success in the treatment of patients with locally advanced vulvar carcinoma and has allowed some patients to avoid disfiguring surgery. Combined chemoradiation is being used in the treatment of patients with endometrial cancer who are found to be at high risk of recurrence after hysterectomy. In the setting of ovarian cancer, abdominopelvic radiation, either with or without chemotherapy, has shown some promise in the treatment of patients with minimal residual disease after resection. Combined modality therapy has played an increasingly important role in the treatment of gynecologic malignancies and its role continues to evolve and expand.
Chromosomal Localization of 15 Ion Channel Genes

Several human Mendelian diseases, including the long-QT syndrome, malignant hyperthermia, and episodic ataxia/myokymia syndrome, have recently been demonstrated to be due to mutations in ion channel genes. Systematic mapping of ion channel genes may therefore reveal candidates for other heritable disorders. In this study, the GenBank and dbEST databases were used to identify members of several ion channel families (voltage-gated calcium and sodium cardiac chloride, and all classes of potassium channels). Genes and ESTs without prior map localization were identified based on GDB and OWL database information and 15 genes and ESTs were selected for mapping. Of these 15, only the serotonin receptor 5HT3R had been previously mapped to a chromosome. A somatic cell hybrid panel (SCH) was screened with an STS from each gene and, if necessary, the results verified by a second SCH panel. For three ESTs, rodent derived PCR products of the same size as the human STS precluded SCH mapping. For these three, human Pl clones were isolated and the genomic location was determined by metaphase FISH. These genes and ESTs can now be further evaluated as candidate genes for inherited cardiac, neuromuscular, and psychiatric disorders mapped to these chromosomes. Furthermore, the ESTs developed in this study can be used to isolate genomic clones, enabling the determination of each transcript's genomic structure and physical map location. This approach may also be applicable to other gene families and may aid in the identification of candidate genes for groups of related heritable disorders.
Correlation of in situ detection of infectious agents in the placenta with neonatal outcome.

Abstract Objectives To determine if infections involving the placenta are associated with unexplained systemic illness in the newborn infant and subsequent poor neonatal outcome (death or significant neurodevelopmental abnormalities). Study design Placental tissue from 33 newborn infants with systemic illness and poor neonatal outcome were tested by in situ hybridization or reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction for infectious pathogens. Control placentas came from mothers delivering infants with poor neonatal outcome of known cause (ie, cord prolapse, uterine rupture), mothers with known infections, and normal births (n = 21). Results There were 5 deaths among the newborn infants, and all survivors had poor neonatal outcome. Placentas from 24 of 33 cases (73%) had positive test results for Coxsackie virus (46%), bacteria (38%), herpes (8%), and parvovirus (4%) and picornavirus (4%). At autopsy, multiple organs from the newborn infant had positive test results for the same organism isolated from the placenta. No infectious agents were detected in the control infants, except those from mothers with known infections. Conclusions In utero infection of the placenta is associated with systemic illness in the newborn infant and poor neonatal outcome. These results emphasize the importance of pathologic and molecular examination of the placenta in critically ill newborn infants.
Influence of single amino acids on the development of hamster one-cell embryos in vitro.

One-cell hamster embryos placed in culture have always shown a complete block to development at the two-cell stage. In a preliminary study using a chemically defined culture medium containing 20 amino acids (HECM-1), many one-cell embryos were able to escape the “two-cell block” and develop to the four-cell stage. Use of a simpler formulation containing only the amino acids hypotaurine and glutamine revealed marked inhibitory and stimulatory effects of adding the other amino acids. In the first experiment, 19 amino acids were separately examined for effects on one-cell embryo development. Six amino acids (phenylalanine, valine, isoleucine, tyrosine, tryptophan, and arginine) inhibited embryo development (reduced mean cell number; MCN), and three others (glycine, cystine, and lysine) stimulated development (increased MCN), compared with basic medium containing only glutamine and hypotaurine (low control). When the responses with the six inhibitory amino acids were totalled, only 3 of 185 (2%) one-cell embryos reached the six-or seven-cell stage compared to a total of 15 of 76 (20%) embryos that developed to these stages using the three stimulatory amino acids. When tested together in a second experiment, the six inhibitory amino acids significantly reduced the MCN, from 4.28 ± 0.44 (low control) to 3.71 ± 0.55. In this group, 17 of 117 (15%) of one-cell embryos reached more than four-cell and only 4 of 117 (3%) reached six- or 7-cell stages, compared with 39 of 117 (33%) and 12 of 117 (10%), respectively, for the basal medium group. The stimulatory (glycine, cystine, lysine) and “neutral” (cysteine-SH, proline, serine, threonine, histidine, alanine, hydroxyproline, leucine, aspartic acid, methionine) groups did not significantly alter the MCN, but both supported development of a substantial proportion of one-cell embryos to more than four-cell stages (38% and 48%, respectively, of 126 embryos in each group), and to six- or seven-cell stages (20% and 29%, respectively, for the stimulatory and neutral groups). In these two groups, a few one-cell embryos even reached the eight-cell or blastocyst stages. This study shows that the type of amino acid in the culture medium has a profound influence on the number of cleavage divisions undergone by one-cell hamster embryos and suggests that, at least in vitro, amino acids may play an important regulatory role in early preimplantation development in this species.
Effect of pinealectomy or septal lesions on intake of unpalatable fluids in rats given sodium deplete or replete diets

Abstract Pinealectomized, septal lesioned and control rats were maintained on a diet either replete or deplete of sodium. Fluid intake of water and unpalatable solutions of potassium chloride; sodium chloride and quinine hydrochloride, presented either in the choice or no-choice situation, was measured. When depleted of dietary sodium, all animals, regardless of brain damage, increased their consumption of unpalatable solutions in response to the methods of presentation. Intake patterns also differed as a function of the probe solution but there was no indication of increased specificity of acceptability of sodium during deplete conditions. Brain damage did not alter these patterns of consummatory behavior.
Accurate image simulation by hemisphere projection

Radiosity methods produce very striking interreflection effects for an enclosed diffuse environment. The quality of the images synthesized by radiosity methods varies depending on the calculation accuracy of the form factor, which is a geometric factor depending only on the relative orientation and position between two surfaces. Hemicube projection has been proposed to check the visibility between surfaces and calculate the form factor efficiently, but there is no analytical solution due to the double area integration. This paper presents a new form of the form factor and gives a theoretical derivation from the point view of illumination engineering. The new form factor contains only one area integration, so it can be computed analytically. An energy conservation condition applies to verify the correctness of the new model. The error introduced by using reciprocity as part of the form factor calculation has been eliminated, but the principle of reciprocity is maintained. The hemisphere projection method is used as an analytical solution of the new form factor. Finally, images generated by the new radiosity method are presented. Interreflection effects can be clearly seen around the intersection of the surfaces.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Helical Polyguanidines Prepared by Helix-Sense-Selective Polymerizations of Achiral Carbodiimides Using Enantiopure Binaphthol-Based Titanium Catalysts

The polymerization of N-(n-hexyl)-N‘-phenylcarbodiimide was studied using a number of homochiral catalysts based on binaphthol derivatives. All polymers showed optical activity due to the formation of a predominant screw sense controlled by the chirality of the catalyst. The helicity and chirality of these materials were studied by VCD, ECD, and polarimetry. Structures calculated using density functional theory were used to compare with their simulated VCD and experimental VCD, thus allowing the absolute screw sense to be determined. AFM imaging showed epitaxial ordering of these rigid chains on graphite surfaces and single chains measuring nearly 3 mm were observed in spin-cast samples on silicon.
Systemic autoimmunity in LGJ mice

Abstract Humoral and end-organ parameters of autoimmunity were investigated in LG J mice, which have traditionally been considered normal, non-diseased animals. Surprisingly, LG J mice were found to possess autoantibodies, including antinuclear antibodies and rheumatoid factor, and to develop renal disease, including glomerulonephritis, interstitial nephritis, and perivasculitis, but not hepatic or cutaneous disease. In contrast, age-matched, identically-housed control animals failed to develop autoantibodies or end-organ disease. These findings have implications for the genetic study of systemic lupus erythematosus in the MRL murine model, which derives heavily from the LG J background. Thus, the LG J strain may provide a useful model in the analysis of autoimmunity.
Nucleate Boiling Enhancements on Porous Graphite and Microporous and Macro–Finned Copper Surfaces

Enhancements in nucleate boiling heat removal with dielectric liquids, by increasing either the bubbles nucleation sites density and/or the wetted surface area, are desirable for immersion cooling of high-power computer chips. This article presents the results of recent investigations of nucleate boiling enhancement of FC-72, HFE-7100, and PF-5060 dielectric liquids on porous graphite, copper microporous surfaces, and copper surfaces with square corner pins, 3 mm × 3 mm in cross-section and 2, 3, and 5 mm tall. All surfaces have a footprint measuring 10 × 10 mm. These investigations examined the effects of liquid subcooling up to 30 K and surface inclination, from upward-facing to downward-facing, on nucleate boiling heat transfer coefficient and critical heat flux. Natural convection of dielectric liquids for cooling chips while in the stand-by mode, at a surface average heat flux <20 kW/m2, is also investigated for the different surfaces.
Misclassification of "probable senile dementia--Alzheimer's type" in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging.

Abstract Several papers in the literature refer to 27 men in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study as “probable Senile Dementia-Alzheimer's Type.” The method used to identify these presumed cases was based on a retrospective review of archival records. An examination of the cognitive performance data of these 27 men is described in this report. Of the 27 presumed cases of SDAT, 15 had cognitive performance measures concurrent with (or later than) the latest historical records available for case identification; the cognitive data for 12 of those 15 men were inconsistent with SDAT. Conclusions based on the number and characteristics of these presumed cases of SDAT must be viewed with skepticism.
The nature of social work services in a large public medical center serving an impoverished multicultural population.

SUMMARY The purpose of this paper is to describe the nature of social work services in a large public medical center serving an impoverished multicultural population. This monitoring evaluation was developed and conducted within the context of a research collaboration between a School of Social Work and a team of clinical workers, supervisors, and administrators from the social work department of the medical center. The paper includes a description of the development of the assessment instrument as well as the findings, including the categories of sociodemographics, assessments, and services delivered by medical social workers. Conclusions emphasize the degree of anxiety and depression in the patients and their families and the need for clinical social workers to be skilled in the multicultural assessment and treatment of these problems. This need is then put into the context of the current health care climate.
An interspecies comparison of normal levels of glycosylated hemoglobin and glycosylated albumin

Aminophenylboronic acid affinity chromatography was used to measure glycosylated hemoglobin and glycosylated albumin levels in a variety of species. The highest glycosylated hemoglobin levels were found in man, the lowest in the chicken and the pig. The highest glycosylated albumin levels were found in avian species, the lowest in the mouse and the rat. A simple kinetic model was used to analyze the rates of formation of glycosylated hemoglobin and albumin in the various species. Rates of glycosylated albumin formation were very similar across the species while rates of glycosylated hemoglobin formation were quite different, presumably reflecting wide differences in erythrocyte permeability to glucose among the species.
Toward a treatment logic for sleep apnea: The place of the tongue retaining device

Abstract Twenty-four males suffering from sleep apnea syndrome were given a trial on a mechanical appliance, the Tongue Retaining Device (TRD), as a first treatment. Other treatments, behavioral or surgical, were added as needed over a period of a year, after which 2 nights of evaluation (with and without TRD) were used to test the efficacy of the TRD vs other treatments. Post-treatment the severity, as measured by the Apnea + Hypopnea Index (A + HI) on the night with the TRD, was significantly lower than either the pre-treatment or the post-treatment non-TRD night index. A disciminant function analysis including the initial difference in apnea severity associated with different sleep positions, initial weight and per cent obesity successfully predicted the treatment outcome in 20 patients (83%). It appears that the TRD can be used alone or in conjunction with other treatments to improve nocturnal respiration of patients with a wide range of apnea severity, provided that the level of this disorder is more severe when the patient sleeps in the supine position and his body weight is not greater than 50% above the ideal.
NE110 scintillator response to 10–100 MeV carbon ions☆

Abstract Measurements of the response of NE110 organic scintillator to 13, 34, 44, 70 and 95 MeV incident carbon ions are reported.
Induction of a light-inducible gene in Arthrobacter sp. by exposure of cells to chelating agents and pH 5.

Abstract Transcription of a light-inducible gene in the prokaryote Arthrobacter sp. is induced in the dark when cells are incubated with chelating agents or in medium at pH 5. However, repletion of metal ions such as Ca 2+ , Mn 2+ or Zn 2+ or an increase in pH is required for accumulation of the gene product, an M r 21 000 polypeptide. But such changes in condition restore repression of the gene, and the decay in the rate of synthesis of the polypeptide follows the same time-course as when photodynamically induced cells are transferred to the dark. These results are consistent with regulation of expression of this gene at transcriptional and posttranscriptional steps by mechanisms that involve metal-protein complexes.
Shells in a simple anisotropic harmonic oscillator

Abstract In a simple anisotropic harmonic oscillator model, shells are located at those deformations for which the axes of the equipotential surfaces are reciprocally commensurate.
Frequency dependence of intermolecular proton spin-lattice relaxation rate and pair-diffusion constant in neat acetonitrile -d2

Abstract Frequency dependence of intermolecular proton spin-lattice relaxation rate [(1/T1)inter(ω)] in neat acetonitrile-d2 was studied. From (1/T1)inter(ω) pair-diffusion constants were determined to be 0.281 × 10−5 and 0.237 × 10−5 cm2 s−1 at 22 and −32.6°C, respectively. These values differ greatly from the self-diffusion constants.
Land use changes and net primary production in the Georgia, USA, landscape: 1935–1982

Land use since 1935 was quantified for Georgia, USA, and for a sample of 20 counties from the major physiographic regions within the state. Statistical data on crop production, pasture productivity, and forest growth were used to estimate net primary production. Appropriate harvest indices (ratio of crop yield to total plant production) were used to correct crop yield data for different decades. Net primary production (NPP) of the Georgia landscape increased from 2.5 to 6.4 tonnes/ha from 1935 to 1982, but varied considerably among land uses and physiographic regions. NPP in the piedmont and mountains reached a plateau between 1960 and 1982, but the upper and lower coastal plains showed a continued linear increase in NPP. In all regions, NPP rose most between 1960 and 1982, coinciding with increases in inputs such as fertilizer and irrigation. Natural ecosystem NPP for Georgia is approximately 16–18 tonnes/ha, and the estimated actual NPP is thus considerably less than the potential. Spatial and temporal patterns of NPP may be a useful basis for evaluating the biological performance of a landscape.
Kings of men: Introduction to a special issue

Abstract This special issue is dedicated to Arthur Jensen. It has become apparent that he is unlikely to receive the recognition his work merits. The issue begins with a statement by Jensen which discusses some of his work people are less familiar with. His bibliography is also reprinted. A number of persons selected for their diversity in outlook then comment on the work of Arthur Jensen and the impact it has had.
Mixed-metal oxide aerogels for oxidation of volatile organic compounds

Abstract Aerogels of 100% silica, 8 wt% Zr in silica, 5 wt% V in silica and 100% zirconia were synthesized and tested as oxidation catalysts in the temperature range of 300–700°C for destruction of volatile organic compounds. The silica-based aerogels were all amorphous and had surface areas above 600 m2/g after oxidation. The zirconia aerogel was crystalline with a relatively low surface area of 250 m2/g. As catalysts for oxidation (using O2 in He) of CH3OH to CO2, the zirconia aerogel exhibited the highest activity and best selectivity while the silica aerogel exhibited the poorest. Inclusion of Zr at levels as low as 8 wt% into the silica aerogel framework produced activities and selectivities which were very much like the zirconia aerogel. These properties have the impact of producing a Zr based catalyst with high activity, but with thermal stability afforded by Zr–silica mixtures.
Toward a Comparative Framework for Measuring Resilience in Critical Infrastructure Systems

Abstract A major problem in building community resilience in the face of disasters is understanding resilience as an organizational property. A fundamental problem in this understanding is the imbalance in disaster research between the large number of variables and the relatively few cases involved. While resilience is a complex process with many variables at work in determining outcomes, disasters afford far fewer cases with which to compare and understand the multitude of these variables. This is especially true when disasters have a great deal of variety and seldom occur in the same places over the same set of community and organizational variables. Under these conditions it continues to be difficult to isolate causal, much less predictive, factors in resilience. This research has found that far more events challenge resilience in communities and organizations than might be assumed, were one looking only at disasters. In fact organizations can signal their readiness for resilience through measurable re...
Technique for Complete Subcoronary Implantation of the Medtronic Freestyle Porcine Bioprosthesis

Nonstented porcine bioprostheses offer the surgeon a larger implant option with better hemodynamics than stented counterparts by eliminating the space occupied by the frame. A secondary benefit may be improved durability related to reduction of leaflet stresses created by the frame. The Medtronic Freestyle stentless porcine aortic root can be implanted as a root replacement, as a miniroot cylinder within the aorta, or as a partially or completely scalloped valve replacement. This report describes an easy, reliable, and reproducible technique of completely scalloped valve replacement performed in a population of 75 patients with Freestyle implants and uses the anatomy of the Freestyle and human aortic roots to facilitate the implant technique.
The accelerating and retarding effects of hydrogen on carbon deposition on metal surfaces

Carbon deposition of benzene on iron was studied at 550–700°C with 0–1 atm hydrogen in the carrier gas. At least three types of carbon are formed: amorphous, graphitic and carbidic (Fe3C). The surface of Fe3C is essentially inactive for benzene decomposition. In the presence of H2, a metallic surface is maintained resulting in a high activity and hence an accelerating effect by H2. In the reaction system five competing reactions are involved and the net rate of carbon deposition is the sum of the individual rates. Based on the results in this study, the retarding effects of H2 on carbon deposition reported in the literature can also be explained. The methanation reaction of surface carbon by H2 becomes important under conditions when the surface is relatively inactive for hydrocarbon decomposition, and under such conditions, H2 has a retarding effect on carbon deposition.
Systematic Review of Occupation- and Activity-Based Health Management and Maintenance Interventions for Community-Dwelling Older Adults

We describe the results of a systematic review of the literature on occupation- and activity-based health management and maintenance interventions for productive aging. We found moderate to strong evidence that client-centered occupational therapy improved physical functioning and occupational performance related to health management in community-dwelling older adults, as well as in adults with osteoarthritis and macular degeneration. We found moderate evidence that health education programs reduce pain and increase physical activity and that individualized health action plans improve activities of daily living function and participation in physical activities. The evidence that self-management programs result in a decrease in pain and disability and that incorporating cognitive-behavioral principles into physical activity improves long-term participation in exercise was also moderate. Although the evidence for skill-specific training in isolation is limited, effectiveness increases when skill-specific training is combined with health management programs. The implications for practice, education, and research are discussed.
Brauer algebra dual modules and polytabloids

This paper fills in the relationship between the standard and dual representations of irreducible Brauer algebra modules in all cases, semisimple and non-semisimple. This parallels the correspondence given in earlier works for the constructions of the Specht modules. In addition, due to the close relationship between Brauer algebra irreducible modules in the non-semisimple case and certain multiplications, some general work on polytabloids is discussed. This gives an extension to previous results about the non-semisimple case.
Laser excisional conization in an office environment.

ABSTRACT Use of the laser as an excisional tool in the treatment of cervical disease is an established technique. A study was constructed to determine whether laser excisional conization could be done safely and effectively in an office environment. The subjects of the study were 104 sequential patients who underwent laser excisional cone in an office environment. The average cone size was 16.5 mm by 12.5 mm. The average operating time was 15 minutes. Margins of the cone specimen were adequate for interpretation in 100 patients (96%). Of patients available for complete posttherapy follow-up, 96/98 (98%) achieved initial cure of their lesion. Complications included bleeding requiring revisit in 7.7%, relocation of the SCJ out of colposcopic view in 7%, and cervical stenosis/occlusion in 2 patients. Four pregnancies have occurred and have either been delivered or are progressing satisfactorily. We believe that laser excisional conization may safely and effectively be moved out of the operating room environm...
Insects Infesting Barley Stored on Farms in Minnesota

Barley stored on farms in Minnesota in 12 storage facilities during 1985 and 17 facilities during 1986 was sampled for adults of insect species. Grain samples were removed with grain probing devices or a plastic scoop, and live insects were trapped with unbaited plastic probe traps. Analysis of grain and probe trap samples indicated that, on average, about 85.0 to 100.0% of the facilities holding barley were infested with more than one insect species. The insect species most commonly occurring in grain or probe trap samples were Cryptolestes spp.; red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst); sawtoothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.); foreign grain beetle, Ahasverus advena (Waltl); lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.); and hairy fungus beetle, Typhaea stercorea (L.). Cryptolestes spp. and O. surinamensis were the most abundant insect species. Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hu;bner), larvae or adults were rarely found in the grain or probe trap samples, although adult males were captured in pheromone traps that were placed above the grain. Temperature of the grain in July and August 1985 and grain samples between May and September 1986 was within the range (15.6 to 35.0°C) conducive for insect survival and reproduction. Moisture content of the grain samples during 1985 ranged from 12.0 to 16.0% and from 11.0 to 20.0% in 1986. These moisture levels were adequate to support insect infestations. Moisture content of the grain samples during 1985 and 1986 decreased by approximately 0.1 and 0.2%, respectively, for every 1°C rise in grain temperature between 7 and 35°C. Based on test weight of the grain samples, 5 of 12 facilities during 1985 and 3 of 17 facilities during 1986 held poor quality barley (U.S. Sample Grade). The amount. of dockage in the grain samples ranged from 0.0 to 4.6%. Comparison of probe traps and grain sampling devices indicated that probe traps were more sensitive than a deep-bin cup probe, a grain trier, or a plastic scoop in detecting adults of insect species that feed on broken or damaged barley kernels and dockage or mold on kernels.
Can a pediatric trauma center improve the response to a mass casualty incident

Recent events including the 2001 terrorist attacks on New York; Hurricane Katrina; the 2010 Haitian and Chilean earthquakes; and the 2011 earthquake, tsunami, and nuclear disaster in Japan have reminded disaster planners and responders of the tremendous scale of mass casualty disasters and their resulting human devastation. Although adult disaster medicine is a well-developed field with roots in wartime medicine, we are increasingly recognizing that children may comprise up to 50% of disaster victims, and response mechanisms are often designed without adequate preparation for the number of pediatric victims that can result. In this short educational review, we explore the differences between the pediatric and adult disaster and trauma populations, the requirements for designation of a site as a pediatric trauma center (PTC), and the magnitude of the problem of pediatric disaster patients as described in the literature, specifically as it pertains to the availability and use of designated PTCs as opposed to trauma centers in general. We also review our own experience in planning and simulating pediatric mass casualty events and suggest strategies for preparedness when there is no PTC available. We aim to demonstrate from this brief survey that the availability of a designated PTC in the setting of a mass casualty disaster event is likely to significantly improve the outcome for the pediatric demographic of the affected population. We conclude that the relative scarcity of disaster data specific to children limits epidemiologic study of the pediatric disaster population and offer suggestions for strategies for future study of our hypothesis. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Systematic review, level III. Language: en
Tensor Analyzing Power in pd Backward Scattering at GeV Energies

Measurements are reported of the spherical tensor component ${t}_{20}$ for 1.0-, 0.8-, and 0.4-GeV equivalent proton bombarding energies for elastic $p\ensuremath{-}d$ scattering between 155\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}-175\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. They are very close to zero in disagreement with the predictions of nucleon exchange models, including the Kerman-Kisslinger model with ${N}^{*}$ components in the deuteron wave function. The experiment was performed with a vector- and tensor-polarized deuteron beam scattered from a liquid hydrogen target.
REGIOCHEMICAL VARIATIONS IN REACTIONS OF METHYLCUBANE WITH TERT-BUTOXYL RADICAL, CYTOCHROME P-450 ENZYMES, AND A METHANE MONOOXYGENASE SYSTEM

Reactions of methylcubane (1) with the tert-butoxyl radical (t-BuO•), with cytochrome P-450 enzymes, and with a methane monooxygenase (MMO) system have been studied. For the purpose of product char...
Influence of operator- and patient-dependent variables on the suitability of automated quantitative coronary arteriography for routine clinical use

Abstract This study was designed to elucidate the operator- and patient-dependent variables inherent in clinical application of quantitative coronary arteriography. Digital arteriograms from 25 consecutive patients undergoing diagnostic catheterization were analyzed by four experienced angiographers utilizing an automated coronary edge detection system to measure percent area stenosis. The identification of potentially significant lesions for quantitation constituted a major source of variability, with unanimous agreement on the presence of a ≥50% stenosis occurring at 38 (29%) of the 130 reported sites. Selection of an optimal frame for quantitative analysis resulted in disagreement for every lesion reported. Frame selection by the operator, as opposed to measurement of preselected frames, increased the interobserver variability from 5% to 7% for automated geometric analysis (p Fully automatic arterial border detection was possible for only 20 (52.5%) of the 38 unanimously identified stenoses. The 18 failures involved one or more of the following factors: 1) stenosis at a bifurcation (13 [72%]); 2) diffuse, severe disease (8 [44%]); 3) excessive vessel tortuosity or overlap or both (4 [22%]); and 4) poor image quality (5 [28%]). In contrast, the same automated border detection algorithm successfully traced all 15 preselected frames of discrete stenoses referred for coronary angioplasty. Automated quantitative coronary arteriography performs well when carefully selected, discrete stenoses are presented to the computer for analysis. However, quantitative analysis of routine clinical coronary arteriograms is limited by operator-dependent variability in stenosis identification and frame selection, as well as by complex coronary anatomy and suboptimal image quality. These limitations make automated quantitative coronary arteriography impractical for routine clinical use.
Structure−Property Correlations in Hybrid Polymer−Nanoparticle Electrospun Fibers and Plasmonic Control over their Dichroic Behavior

Electrospinning constitutes a simple and versatile approach of fabricating polymer heterostructures composed of nanofibers. A preferred alignment of polymer crystallites stems from complex shear elongational forces and generates a strong intrinsic optical anisotropy in typical electrospun fibers of semicrystalline polymers. While it can prove useful for certain devices, this intrinsic anisotropy can be extremely detrimental for other key applications such as high-performance polymer-based lighting and solar-energy harvesting platforms. We report a dramatic reduction in the intrinsic dichroism of electrospun poly(ethylene oxide) fibers resulting from the incorporation of inorganic nanoparticles in the polymer matrix. This effect is shown to originate from a controllable randomization of the orientational ordering of the crystalline domains in the hybrid nanofibers and not merely from a reduction in crystallinity. This improved understanding of the crystalline structure-optical property correlation then leads to a better control over the intrinsic anisotropy of electrospun fibers using localized surface-plasmon enhancement effects around metallic nanoparticles.
High-contrast optical-parametric amplifier as a front end of high-power laser systems

A high-contrast preamplifier based on optical-parametric amplification with a short pump pulse is demonstrated. A gain larger than 105 and measurement-limited contrast higher than 1011 are obtained over a large temporal range extending within less than 10 ps of the peak of the pulse, because of the high instantaneous parametric gain provided by a short pump pulse in a nonlinear crystal. The energy gain and high contrast of this preamplifier make it a good seed source for high-power laser systems.
Algorithms for Bayesian Model Class Selection of Higher-dimensional Dynamic Systems

n recent years, Bayesian model updating techniques based on measured data have been applied in structural health monitoring. Often we are faced with the problem of how to select the `best' model from a set of competing candidate model classes for the system based on data. To tackle this problem, Bayesian model class selection is used, which provides a rigorous Bayesian updating procedure to give the probability of different candidate classes for a system, based on the data from the system. There may be cases where more than one model class has significant probability and each of these will give different predictions. Bayesian model class averaging provides a coherent mechanism to incorporate all the considered model classes in the probabilistic predictions for the system. However, both Bayesian model class selection and Bayesian model class averaging require the calculation of the evidence of the model class which requires the nontrivial computation of a multi-dimensional integral. In this paper, several methods for solving this computationally challenging problem of model class selection are presented, proposed and compared. The efficiency of the proposed methods is illustrated by an example involving a structural dynamic system.
Polymyalgia Rheumatica and Giant Cell Arteritis

The prognosis of polymyalgia rheumatica can be described as excellent. Patients respond promptly to prednisone and, with rare exceptions, the disease can be suppressed with a small, safe dose of 5 mg a day. While it may be necessary to continue this medication for years, the natural history is one of eventual remission without residual joint damage.
Social Infrastructures as Barriers and Foundation for Informal Learning: Technology Integration in an Urban After-School Center

In this paper we explore the relationship between social learning environments and the technological ecologies that practitioners, learners, and researchers develop to sustain them. Through an examination of ethnographic research conducted at an urban after-school learning program we show how social, technological and power infrastructures influence learning and interaction in this setting. Adopting a holistic approach we examine how technologies are integrated into activities in this program to support the learning of the after-school youth. We emphasize both positive and negative infrastructures that contribute to the learning environment and discuss how identifying these infrastructures are one of the first steps towards understanding and informing technology design in informal learning settings.
Effects of cadmium on the prenatal ultrastructural maturation of rat alveolar epithelium.

Maternal administration of cadmium (Cd) has previously been shown to cause reduced lung weight and altered pulmonary surfactant accumulation in fetal rats. This leads to neonatal respiratory distress. In the present study the effects of Cd on the ultrastructural development of alveolar epithelium was studied to detect any alterations which could contribute to neonatal respiratory difficulties. Pregnant rats received 8.0 mg/kg body weight of CdCl2 sub-cutaneously on days 12–15 of gestation. Fetal tissue was examined by electron microscopy throughout the period of alveolar cytodifferentiation. The undiffer-entiated epithelium of both treated and control fetuses was composed of simple columnar cells with apical and basal glycogen deposits. Cytodifferentiation in controls consisted of a gradual flattening of alveolar type I cells and the appearance of surfactant-containing lamellar bodies in alveolar type II cells. Cytoplas-mic glycogen was prominent up to day 20, then diminished to low levels on day 21. Epithelial differentiation in treated fetuses was delayed in most alveoli. On the two days before term some alveoli appeared normal, but many were retarded or arrested in their development. Cellular glycogen pools were reduced in treated alveoli and were absent just prior to birth. Lamellar bodies in treated alveoli were less numerous, correlating with the diminished pulmonary surfactant lecithin content reported earlier. These alterations in prenatal ultrastructural maturation could contribute to the postnatal respiratory difficulties previously observed.
More than a game: Sports media framing effects on attitudes, intentions, and enjoyment

Over the past several decades, media coverage of both professional and nonprofessional athletes has reached unprecedented levels. Previously unreported information about these individuals, includin...
100 mJ Q-switched, high efficiency, high brightness Nd:YAG oscillator: Wavefront analysis

A diode-pumped, 100 mJ/pulse, Nd:YAG oscillator employing a dual pump head design aligned orthogonally in an unstable resonator configuration producing aperture-free TEM00 beams is presented.
Water consumption in the production of ethanol and petroleum gasoline

We assessed current water consumption during liquid fuel production, evaluating major steps of fuel lifecycle for five fuel pathways: bioethanol from corn, bioethanol from cellulosic feedstocks, gasoline from U.S. conventional crude obtained from onshore wells, gasoline from Saudi Arabian crude, and gasoline from Canadian oil sands. Our analysis revealed that the amount of irrigation water used to grow biofuel feedstocks varies significantly from one region to another and that water consumption for biofuel production varies with processing technology. In oil exploration and production, water consumption depends on the source and location of crude, the recovery technology, and the amount of produced water re-injected for oil recovery. Our results also indicate that crop irrigation is the most important factor determining water consumption in the production of corn ethanol. Nearly 70% of U.S. corn used for ethanol is produced in regions where 10-17 liters of water are consumed to produce one liter of ethanol. Ethanol production plants are less water intensive and there is a downward trend in water consumption. Water requirements for switchgrass ethanol production vary from 1.9 to 9.8 liters for each liter of ethanol produced. We found that water is consumed at a rate of 2.8-6.6 liters for each liter of gasoline produced for more than 90% of crude oil obtained from conventional onshore sources in the U.S. and more than half of crude oil imported from Saudi Arabia. For more than 55% of crude oil from Canadian oil sands, about 5.2 liters of water are consumed for each liter of gasoline produced. Our analysis highlighted the vital importance of water management during the feedstock production and conversion stage of the fuel lifecycle.
Insights into substrate and metal binding from the crystal structure of cyanobacterial aldehyde deformylating oxygenase with substrate bound.

The nonheme diiron enzyme cyanobacterial aldehyde deformylating oxygenase, cADO, catalyzes the highly unusual deformylation of aliphatic aldehydes to alkanes and formate. We have determined crystal structures for the enzyme with a long-chain water-soluble aldehyde and medium-chain carboxylic acid bound to the active site. These structures delineate a hydrophobic channel that connects the solvent with the deeply buried active site and reveal a mode of substrate binding that is different from previously determined structures with long-chain fatty acids bound. The structures also identify a water channel leading to the active site that could facilitate the entry of protons required in the reaction. NMR studies examining 1-[13C]-octanal binding to cADO indicate that the enzyme binds the aldehyde form rather than the hydrated form. Lastly, the fortuitous cocrystallization of the metal-free form of the protein with aldehyde bound has revealed protein conformation changes that are involved in binding iron.
Wide bandgap semiconductor MESFETs for high temperature applications

Electronic and optical devices fabricated from wide bandgap semiconductors have many properties ideal for high temperature, high frequency, high power, and radiation hard applications. Progress in wide bandgap semiconductor materials growth has been impressive and high quality epitaxial layers are becoming available. Useful devices, particularly those fabricated from SiC, are rapidly approaching the commercialization stage. In particular, MESFETs fabricated from wide bandgap semiconductors have the potential to be useful in microwave power amplifier and oscillator applications. The microwave performance of MESFETs fabricated from SiC and GaN is investigated with a theoretical simulator and the results compared to experimental measurements. Excellent agreement between the simulated and measured data is obtained. It is demonstrated that microwave power amplifiers fabricated from these semiconductors offer superior performance, particularly at elevated temperature, compared to comparable components fabricated from GaAs MESFETs.
Substrate triggering and salicide effects on ESD performance and protection circuit design in deep submicron CMOS processes

The effect of salicides and the influence of the local substrate potential on ESD performance of deep submicron nMOS transistors have been studied. It is shown that salicidation causes a strong dependence of ESD performance on effective channel length in these devices. Salicides also impact the behavior of the lateral npn parasitic bipolar transistor by affecting the emitter efficiency. A higher local substrate potential has been shown to have a positive impact on ESD performance. Based on these results we have designed and demonstrated a substrate triggered nMOS protection circuit which provides >2 kV ESD performance in a fully salicided process.
Molecular Mechanisms of Disease-Causing Missense Mutations

Genetic variations resulting in a change of amino acid sequence can have a dramatic effect on stability, hydrogen bond network, conformational dynamics, activity and many other physiologically important properties of proteins. The substitutions of only one residue in a protein sequence, so-called missense mutations, can be related to many pathological conditions and may influence susceptibility to disease and drug treatment. The plausible effects of missense mutations range from affecting the macromolecular stability to perturbing macromolecular interactions and cellular localization. Here we review the individual cases and genome-wide studies that illustrate the association between missense mutations and diseases. In addition, we emphasize that the molecular mechanisms of effects of mutations should be revealed in order to understand the disease origin. Finally, we report the current state-of-the-art methodologies that predict the effects of mutations on protein stability, the hydrogen bond network, pH dependence, conformational dynamics and protein function.