cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Toward a Theory of Municipal Archaeology: Why Local Government Should Become Public Archaeology’s New Best Friend

Archaeology is nothing if not local. While an archaeological site may be understood by its connections to regional, national, or global events, the site itself is important because it represents a specific place on the map where someone did something (or where many people did many things, as the case may be). While archaeologists are accustomed to thinking of sites in terms of their informational potential, they may be less accustomed to thinking about the value of being a “place on the map.” Being a “place on a map” means that any archaeological site is also real property, and real property in the USA is subject to the rules and regulations developed by the three levels of government: federal, state, and local. Each of these can play a role in archaeological protection. Archaeologists in the USA are well aware of how federal regulations, such as section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act, shape archaeological practice. There has been remarkably little attention paid to the possibilities that exist at the local government level, however, and local government may be archaeology’s best bet for harnessing the public’s interest in the past and transforming that interest into a more robust ethic of archaeological stewardship. Local government also provides arguably the most effective option available for protecting archaeological resources on private property throughout a community. Relying on the experiences of cities and counties in Virginia, Maryland, Florida, Arizona, New Mexico, and other states, this chapter will explore several characteristics of successful municipal archaeology programs. It will also devote particular attention to the legal protection that can be afforded to archaeological sites through local land development regulations.
The Unorthodox Theory of Forms in Plato's Philebus

This paper argues that we can make best sense of four key passages as well as the Philebus as a whole by rejecting the “orthodox” view that forms exist separately from particulars as determinate entities in their own right and accepting the “unorthodox” view that forms exist within particulars as their limiting and unifying measures and the ousiai of their geneseis.
Ocean altimetry using wideband signals of opportunity

Coastal altimetry plays a prominent role in measuring the total water-level envelope directly, and is one of the key measurements required by storm surge applications and services. It can also provide important information about the wave field, leading to development of more realistic wave models and therefore improving forecasts of wave setup and overtopping processes. Satellite altimeters have a long history of mapping the variability of the Earth's open ocean. However, this is not the case for coastal areas because of the limitations of technology and difficulties in processing and interpretation of data near coastal surface (due land contamination and rapid variations due to tides and atmospheric effects). There is, therefore, a need for more accurate Sea Surface Height (SSH) near coastal areas. Bistatic altimetry using signals of opportunity (SoOp) (e.g. digital communication signals) may provide additional measurements in coastal areas through oblique incidence angles and high bandwidth (400 MHz). In this study, we investigate the capabilities of SoOp technique for coastal altimetry from spaceborne platforms.
Transfer hydrogenation of carbon dioxide and bicarbonate from glycerol under aqueous conditions

The transfer hydrogenation of CO2 from glycerol to afford formic and lactic acid is a highly attractive path to valorizing two waste streams and is a significantly more thermodynamically favorable process than direct CO2 hydrogenation. We report the first homogeneous catalyst for this transformation consisting of a water-soluble Ru N-heterocyclic carbene complex. The catalyst affords lactic and formic acid selectively in the presence of a base at temperatures between 150 and 225 °C. Carbonate salts can also be utilized in place of CO2, affording the same products at higher rates.
Pathology of Early Gastric Cardiac Cancer

Early gastric cardiac cancer occurs primarily in elderly populations, frequently as protruding lesions at upper endoscopy. Microscopically, well-moderately differentiated tubular and papillary adenocarcinomas are most common in this cancer but show a variety of growth patterns, which should be distinguished from reparative/reactive changes. The risk of nodal metastasis in early gastric cardiac carcinoma is significantly lower than that in distal gastric non-cardiac carcinoma, even for intramucosal poorly cohesive/signet-ring cell carcinoma. Because of considerable fibromuscular hyperplasia in the gastric cardia, distinction between invasion of early gastric cardiac carcinoma into the muscularis mucosae and invasion into the muscularis propria is critical because of different therapeutic management strategies.
Effects of divided input on bilingual children with language impairment

Aims and objectives:We compare the performance of 600 bilingual children with and without language impairment relative to their level of current English input and output (EIO). Children were tested...
School Library Media Specialists and School Counselors: Collaborative Partners to Expand Distance Education Opportunities for High School Students

Budgetary concerns compel school administrators to decrease staff, resulting in fewer course offerings and causing small, disadvantaged schools to struggle to provide courses. Alternative educational modalities in the distance learning and online arena offer solutions. School media specialists and school counselors can lead in redesigning access to and delivery of education through a creative online approach. This chapter will present practical perspectives for school counselors and school media specialists for collaborative development and delivery of online courses in high school settings. Perspectives and suggestions linked to the critical process of developing twenty-first-century learners, based on documented research, are presented.
EXAFS Spectroscopy of heme-containing oxygenases and peroxidases

The application of extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy to the structural characterization of the active sites of heme-containing oxygenases and peroxidases is reviewed. Metal-ligand bond distances for first shell atoms can be established to an accuracy of ±0.02 A and coordination number to ±25%. EXAFS spectroscopy is particularly well suited for establishing the presence of a sulfur donor axial ligand to the heme iron, as is shown to be the case for cytochrome P-450 and chloroperoxidase. In addition, the technique has been used to demonstrate that very short Fe=O bonds (∼ 1.65 A) are consistently present in high-valent oxo-iron intermediates, such as those in the reaction cycle of horseradish peroxidase. Structural information derived from the use of EXAFS spectroscopy, especially of unstable intermediates for which crystallographic analysis is difficult, provides the foundation for a more thorough understanding of the mechanisms of dioxygen and peroxide activation by heme enzymes.
Plutonium: Biomedical Research

Research programs on Pu toxicoaogy, tissue distribution in mammals, routes to man, retention, removal, dosimetry, and biological effects are reviewed. It is pointed out that more is known about the toxicology of Pu than about most other hazardous elements. (45 references) (CH)
Prioritization of Climate Change Adaptation Interventions in a Road Network combining Spatial Socio-Economic Data, Network Criticality Analysis, and Flood Risk Assessments:

Climate change puts at risk all current and future transport projects. Investing proactively in climate adaptation of transport infrastructure is paramount to providing resilience and sustainable t...
Needs analysis and development of a staff well-being program in a pediatric oncology, hematology, and palliative care services group

Purpose Around 170 multidisciplinary staff of the Oncology Services Group at Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane, care for children with oncology, hematology, and palliative care needs from throughout Queensland and northern New South Wales. A series of challenges impacted staff resilience and retention, and strategies were needed to improve staff well-being and enable them to flourish despite the inherent work stressors. Methods A needs analysis was conducted using themes from Discovery Interviews with 51 staff, surveys related to "The Work Stressors Scale - Pediatric Oncology" and "The Work Rewards Scale - Pediatric Oncology" completed by 59 staff, and an organizational staff survey responded to by 51 staff. Results The needs analysis informed the development of a customized Oncology Staff Well-being Program with a range of strategies aligned to a PERMA framework for flourishing (positive emotion, engagement, relationships, meaning, and accomplishment). Positive emotion areas included education on topics such as well-being, resilience, responding to escalating behaviors, grief and loss, and self-care. Staff attended the available mindfulness sessions, debriefing and counselors on site, developed self-care plans, and followed a well-being Facebook Group. Engagement was supported through exploring character strengths, improving communication, supporting innovation, and addressing frustrations and safety concerns. Relationships within the team were addressed through team building and social events. Meaning of the work was emphasized through sharing family updates and end of treatment celebrations. Accomplishments of staff were acknowledged in newsletters and meetings. Conclusion The needs analysis drove a multifaceted approach to staff well-being with the development of strategies which aligned to a framework that would empower staff to flourish at work. Implementation and evaluation are ongoing and will be reported in a subsequent paper.
Inquiry as a Members’ Phenomenon: Young Children as Competent Inquirers

Understanding children’s inquiry often draws on exogenous understanding (i.e., scientists’ inquiry, classroom expectations) without first understanding inquiry in children’s everyday lives. In cont...
Serum bile acids in alcoholic liver disease. Comparison with histological features of the disease.

Fasting serum bile acids were measured by gas-liquid chromatography in 64 patients with alcoholic liver disease and compared with histological features in their percutaneous liver biopsy specimens. Total bile acid concentrations were normal (<2 μg/ml) or minimally increased in 6 patients in whom fatty infiltration was the only hepatic lesion. In the remaining 58 patients with more severe histological lesions, levels were increased in 93%, whereas serum bilirubins were elevated in only 43%. Chenodeoxycholic acid was usually the predomonant serum bile acid, regardless of the degree of necrosis or connective tissue change in the biopsy specimen. Only small amounts of the secondary bile acids, deoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid, were detected. Levels of these secondary bile acids did not correlate with histological features.
Everything old is new again: A multi-view learning approach to learning using privileged information and distillation

We adopt a multi-view approach for analyzing two knowledge transfer settings---learning using privileged information (LUPI) and distillation---in a common framework. Under reasonable assumptions about the complexities of hypothesis spaces, and being optimistic about the expected loss achievable by the student (in distillation) and a transformed teacher predictor (in LUPI), we show that encouraging agreement between the teacher and the student leads to reduced search space. As a result, improved convergence rate can be obtained with regularized empirical risk minimization.
Preparation, Characterization and Magnetic Properties of BaZrFe11O19 Nanoparticles via Sol-Gel Auto Combustion Method

Abstract In this study, zirconium (Zr4+) ion substitution on M-type barium hexaferrite (BaZrxFe12-xO19 with x=1) was synthesized via Sol-gel auto combustion technique in the presence of citric acid as fuel. The crystal structure, morphology and magnetic properties of the samples were systematically investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The XRD results confirmed the single phase magnetoplumbite type hexagonal structure. Scherrer and Williamson-Hall (W-H) method is applied to determine crystallite size and strain present in the sample. Three vibrational modes were observed in FT-IR spectra which confirm that formation of zirconium substituted barium hexaferrite. Raman spectra showed eight strong and sharp modes, identifies the barium hexaferrite phase. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations revealed that the as-prepared nanoparticles have rods-like shape. The magnetic measurements of the calcined sample were carried out at room temperature with vibrating sample magnetometer.
Time-resolved EPR and Fourier transform EPR study of triplet C60. Determinations of T1 and the 13C hyperfine coupling constant

Continuous wave (CW) and time-resolved (TR) EPR spectra of triplet C[sub 60] with partial and full [sup 13]C enrichment in methylcyclohexane solutions after UV irradiation were obtained. Line broadening from [sup 13]C satellites was observed. The [sup 13]C hyperfine coupling constant was determined to be 0.06 G. Fourier transform EPR (FT-EPR) experiments with a resolution of 20 ns were carried out, and T[sub 1] was found to be 0.8 [+-] 0.1 [mu]s by fitting the intensity of the free induction decay signal to the modified Bloch equations. The relaxation time from FT-EPR is in excellent agreement with estimations from the line width of CW-EPR. Because the [sup 13]C hyperfine coupling constant is so small, no distinct satellite line were observed with [sup 13]C in natural abundance at 200 K. 32 refs., 4 figs.
Silicon Photonic Flex-LIONS for Bandwidth-Reconfigurable Optical Interconnects

This paper reports the first experimental demonstration of silicon photonic (SiPh) Flex-LIONS, a bandwidth-reconfigurable SiPh switching fabric based on wavelength routing in arrayed waveguide grating routers (AWGRs) and space switching. Compared with the state-of-the-art bandwidth-reconfigurable switching fabrics, Flex-LIONS architecture exhibits 21× less number of switching elements and 2.9× lower on-chip loss for 64 ports, which indicates significant improvements in scalability and energy efficiency. System experimental results carried out with an 8-port SiPh Flex-LIONS prototype demonstrate error-free one-to-eight multicast interconnection at 25 Gb/s and bandwidth reconfiguration from 25 Gb/s to 100 Gb/s between selected input and output ports. Besides, benchmarking simulation results show that Flex-LIONS can provide a 1.33× reduction in packet latency and >1.5× improvements in energy efficiency when replacing the core layer switches of Fat-Tree topologies with Flex-LIONS. Finally, we discuss the possibility of scaling Flex-LIONS up to N = 1024 ports ( N = M × W ) by arranging M 2 W -port Flex-LIONS in a Thin-CLOS architecture using W wavelengths.
Scalene: Scripting-Language Aware Profiling for Python.

Existing profilers for scripting languages (a.k.a. "glue" languages) like Python suffer from numerous problems that drastically limit their usefulness. They impose order-of-magnitude overheads, report information at too coarse a granularity, or fail in the face of threads. Worse, past profilers---essentially variants of their counterparts for C---are oblivious to the fact that optimizing code in scripting languages requires information about code spanning the divide between the scripting language and libraries written in compiled languages. This paper introduces scripting-language aware profiling, and presents Scalene, an implementation of scripting-language aware profiling for Python. Scalene employs a combination of sampling, inference, and disassembly of byte-codes to efficiently and precisely attribute execution time and memory usage to either Python, which developers can optimize, or library code, which they cannot. It includes a novel sampling memory allocator that reports line-level memory consumption and trends with low overhead, helping developers reduce footprints and identify leaks. Finally, it introduces a new metric, copy volume, to help developers root out insidious copying costs across the Python/library boundary, which can drastically degrade performance. Scalene works for single or multi-threaded Python code, is precise, reporting detailed information at the line granularity, while imposing modest overheads (26%--53%).
QTG-Finder: a machine-learning based algorithm to prioritize causal genes of quantitative trait loci

Abstract Linkage mapping is one of the most commonly used methods to identify genetic loci that determine a trait. However, the loci identified by linkage mapping may contain hundreds of candidate genes and require a time-consuming and labor-intensive fine mapping process to find the causal gene controlling the trait. With the availability of a rich assortment of genomic and functional genomic data, it is possible to develop a computational method to facilitate faster identification of causal genes. We developed QTG-Finder, a machine learning based algorithm to prioritize causal genes by ranking genes within a quantitative trait locus (QTL). Two predictive models were trained separately based on known causal genes in Arabidopsis and rice. With an independent validation analysis, we demonstrate the models can correctly prioritize about 65% and 60% of Arabidopsis and rice causal genes when the top 20% ranked genes were considered. The models can prioritize different types of traits though at different efficiency. We also identified several important features of causal genes including paralog copy number, being a transporter, being a transcription factor, and containing SNPs that cause premature stop codon. This work lays the foundation for systematically understanding characteristics of causal genes and establishes a pipeline to predict causal genes based on public data. One sentence summary We systematically analyzed the genomic characteristics of causal genes in QTLs and developed a novel computational tool to prioritize causal genes.
Lower Levels of Education Are Associated with Cognitive Impairment in the Old Order Amish

Background Lower education has been reported to be associated with dementia. However, many studies have been done in settings where 12 years of formal education is the standard. Formal schooling in the Old Order Amish communities (OOA) ends at 8th grade which, along with their genetic homogeneity, makes it an interesting population to study the effect of education on cognitive impairment. Objective The objective of this study was to examine the association of education with cognitive function in individuals from the OOA. We hypothesized that small differences in educational attainment at lower levels of formal education were associated with risk for cognitive impairment. Methods Data of 2,426 individuals from the OOA aged 54-99 were analyzed. The Modified Mini-Mental State Examination (3MS-R) was used to classify participants as CI or normal. Individuals were classified into three education categories: 8 years of education. To measure the association of education with cognitive status, a logistic regression model was performed adding age and sex as covariates. Results Our results showed that individuals who attained lowest levels of education ( 8 years (OR = 2.96 and 1.85). Conclusion Even within a setting of low levels of formal education, small differences in educational attainment can still be associated with the risk of cognitive impairment. Given the homogeneity of the OOA, these results are less likely to be biased by differences in socioeconomic backgrounds.
Neonatal Mouse Gut Metabolites Influence Cryptosporidium parvum Infection in Intestinal Epithelial Cells.

ABSTRACT The protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium sp. is a leading cause of diarrheal disease in those with compromised or underdeveloped immune systems, particularly infants and toddlers in resource-poor localities. As an enteric pathogen, Cryptosporidium sp. invades the apical surface of intestinal epithelial cells, where it resides in close proximity to metabolites in the intestinal lumen. However, the effect of gut metabolites on susceptibility to Cryptosporidium infection remains largely unstudied. Here, we first identified which gut metabolites are prevalent in neonatal mice when they are most susceptible to Cryptosporidium parvum infection and then tested the isolated effects of these metabolites on C. parvum invasion and growth in intestinal epithelial cells. Our findings demonstrate that medium or long-chain saturated fatty acids inhibit C. parvum growth, perhaps by negatively affecting the streamlined metabolism in C. parvum, which is unable to synthesize fatty acids. Conversely, long-chain unsaturated fatty acids enhanced C. parvum invasion, possibly by modulating membrane fluidity. Hence, gut metabolites, either from diet or produced by the microbiota, influence C. parvum growth in vitro and may also contribute to the early susceptibility to cryptosporidiosis seen in young animals. IMPORTANCECryptosporidium sp. occupies a unique intracellular niche that exposes the parasite to both host cell contents and the intestinal lumen, including metabolites from the diet and produced by the microbiota. Both dietary and microbial products change over the course of early development and could contribute to the changes seen in susceptibility to cryptosporidiosis in humans and mice. Consistent with this model, we show that the immature gut metabolome influenced the growth of Cryptosporidium parvumin vitro. Interestingly, metabolites that significantly altered parasite growth were fatty acids, a class of molecules that Cryptosporidium sp. is unable to synthesize de novo. The enhancing effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids and the inhibitory effects of saturated fatty acids presented in this study may provide a framework for future studies into this enteric parasite’s interactions with exogenous fatty acids during the initial stages of infection.
Three-dimensional printed scaffolds for tissue engineering

Abstract The aim of tissue engineering as a field is to use cells and scaffolding materials to replicate native tissue structure and function. Tissue engineering scaffolds have been generated through a variety of manufacturing techniques including salt leaching, foaming, and electrospinning. Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a newer technology that allows the fabrication of complex structures, uniform pore sizes, and multiple materials incorporated in specific spatial ways. Nanoscale parameters of tissue engineering scaffolds have also been shown to influence the regenerative potential of scaffolds. Mimicry of native tissue microenvironments and modulation of nanotexture of scaffold material have been demonstrated to improve regenerative outcomes in vitro and in vivo, and research has demonstrated similar capabilities with 3D printed (3DP) scaffolds as well. Nanotechnological components have been incorporated into the printable materials, nanotextured surfaces have been crafted on printed scaffolds, and microscale to nanoscale printing techniques have been developed. All of these approaches have been demonstrated to influence the regenerative capacity of produced scaffolds and have differing impacts on cell interactions with the resultant scaffolds. Looking forward, more complex and specific nanotechnological modification techniques should be investigated. To date, most research has focused on the effects of single modifications to 3DP scaffolds. Future studies could incorporate multiple modifications demonstrated to have specific effects to enact improved regeneration to investigate more complex modulation of cellular responses. Techniques to manufacture nanoscale 3DP scaffolds must also be improved to yield improved cell–material interactions and meet the larger size scale required for clinical applications.
Quantification of nitromethane in mainstream smoke using gas chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry.

Abstract Nitromethane is a volatile organic compound categorized as a Group 2B carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. It has been detected in mainstream cigarette smoke, but few reliable methods have been reported for accurate quantification. We developed, a sensitive, selective, fully validated method for the targeted determination of nitromethane in mainstream tobacco smoke in ten U.S. domestic brands and two quality control materials (3R4F and CM6). The vapor phase portion of machine-generated cigarette mainstream smoke, under modified ISO 3308:2000 regime (ISO) and modified intense regime (HCI), from single cigarettes was collected using airtight polyvinylfluoride sampling bags. The bags’ contents were extracted using methanol containing an isotopically labeled internal standard followed by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. This approach is sufficiently sensitive to measure nitromethane levels in the nanogram range, with a method limit of detection of 72.3 ng/cig. Within-product variability estimated from the replicate analysis of 10 products ranged from 4.6%–16.3% (n = 6) over the two different smoking regimes, and method reproducibility estimated from two products used as quality control materials (3R4F and CM6) yielded intermediate precision values ranging from 16.6 to 20.8% (n = 20). Under HCI, nitromethane yields in machine-generated cigarette smoke from ten different domestic cigarette products ranged from 3.2 to 12 μg/cig; under ISO yields ranged from 1.6 to 4.9 μg/cig under standardized smoking machine conditions. Nitromethane yields are related to both the smoke regime (blocking of vent holes, puff duration and puff volume) and the heterogeneity of tobacco mixtures. This method provides a selective and fully validated technique to accurately quantify nitromethane in mainstream cigarette smoke, with minimal waste generation. It is an improvement over previous methods with regards to specificity, throughput, and simplicity of the sample collection process.
Interaction of CO with Pt nanoclusters on a graphene-covered Ru(0001) surface

The adsorption of CO on Pt nanoclusters on a single layer of graphene epitaxially grown on the Ru(0001) surface [Gr/Ru(0001)] was studied with reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS) and temperature programmed desorption (TPD). The graphene layer was grown through exposure to ethylene using a method that has previously been shown to completely cover the surface. As CO adsorbs on Ru(0001) but not on graphene, the complete coverage of the Ru(0001) surface by graphene was verified with TPD as no CO adsorption was detectable. Previous work has demonstrated that Pt nanoclusters nucleate in the moire unit cells of the Gr/Ru(0001) surface. Exposure of the Pt/Gr/Ru(0001) surface to CO gives rise to strong RAIRS peaks at 2065–2085 cm−1 assigned to CO at Pt atop sites and at 1848 cm−1 due to CO at Pt bridge sites. The CO TPD peak areas were used to quantify the CO coverage, which allowed for the determination of the RAIRS peak areas per CO molecule. It was found that the RAIRS intensity for CO on Pt/Gr/Ru(0001) is as much as nine times the intensity of CO on Ru(0001) on a per molecule basis. A more modest intensity enhancement was observed compared to CO on Pt islands on the Ru(0001) surface.
A Combined pH-Impedance System Suitable for Portable Continuous Sensing

In this paper, a combined pH and impedance sensing system suitable for portable measurements is presented. The sensor outputs are converted directly to frequency or pulse width. The pH sensor is based on a voltage clamp topology that uses charging and discharging capacitors, voltage window comparators, and an SR-Latch to convert the output to frequency. The impedance to frequency sensor is based on current and voltage comparators and an SR-Latch. The pH system based on ISFET transistors is experimentally verified with on chip electrodes while the impedance sensor is characterized with discrete electronic components. The portable system is implemented with two chips and an external multi-electrode array into a portable system. Resistance, capacitance, and pH are experimentally measured using buffer solutions to simulate a water quality monitoring application. The system is implemented in a portable format and all modules, excluding the commercial microprocessor, consume an average power of 56 $ \mu W$ with an area of 0.006 mm $^{2}$ using a 180 nm technology.
Confined space entry and hotwork

The hazards associated with confined space entry (CSE) and hotwork (HW) are the focus of two distinct sets of American regulations (29 CFR 1910.146 and 29 CFR 1910.252, respectively). Both sets of regulations involve the use of in-plant permits and it is therefore generally more efficient to combine company policies regarding these two issues in a single compliance document. Confined space has limited openings for human entry and exit and may present entering personnel with safety hazards due to gases, vapors, or other physical hazards. Hotwork performed by a single person in an isolated location can result in the generation of fire, explosion, and toxic fumes that can affect large numbers of people in distant locations, including the surrounding community. In most companies, overall responsibility for confined space entry and hotwork procedures is usually given to the maintenance supervisor or the corporate safety officer, although it is not uncommon in relatively small companies to assign this responsibility to production personnel.
Religious and Spiritual Development

Although religion and spirituality have long been an integral part of being human, this is the first empirical chapter to be included in the Handbook of Child Psychology. We examine major theoretical perspectives but emphasize the recent explosion of empirical findings on religion and spirituality in childhood and adolescence. Recognizing the centrality of bidirectional relationships between young persons and their context that contribute to religious and spiritual development, we advocate for an understanding of reciprocating spirituality. Within the chapter, we examine how children and adolescents develop in religiousness and spirituality in the context of proximal and more distal relationships. The chapter offers a history of the field, an overview of the demographic landscape of religion and spirituality in the lives of children and adolescents, and presentation of key areas of religiousness and spirituality in younger children and also in adolescents. The chapter also reviews research regarding religion, spirituality, and positive development in children and adolescents and examines the psychological mechanisms by which religion and spirituality may be a resource or detriment to young people. Finally, we offer suggestions for a more integrative science of religious and spiritual development as well as map future directions for the field. Keywords: adolescent; child; contribution; fidelity; prayer; religion; religious beliefs; religious development; religiousness; spiritual development; spirituality; transcendence; thriving
Dynamical statistical shape priors for level set based sequence segmentation

In recent years, researchers have proposed to introduce statistical shape knowledge into the level set method in order to cope with insufficient low-level information. While these priors were shown to drastically improve the segmentation of images or image sequences, so far the focus has been on statistical shape priors that are time-invariant. Yet, in the context of tracking deformable objects, it is clear that certain silhouettes may become more or less likely over time. In this paper, we tackle the challenge of learning dynamical statistical models for implicitly represented shapes. We show how these can be integrated into a segmentation process in a Bayesian framework for image sequence segmentation. Experiments demonstrate that such shape priors with memory can drastically improve the segmentation of image sequences.
Integrating Formal Methods into a Professional Master of Software Engineering Program

A critical issue in the design of a professional software engineering degree program is the way in which formal methods are integrated into the curriculum. The approach taken by most programs is to teach formal techniques for software development in a separate course on formal methods. In this paper we detail some of the problems with that approach and describe an alternative in which formal methods are integrated across the curriculum. We illustrate the strengths and weaknesses of this alternative in terms of our experience of using it in the Master of Software Engineering Program at Carnegie Mellon University.
Realists without a cause : Deflationary theories of truth and ethical realism

Etude de la critique developpee par P. Boghossian contre la theorie emotiviste de l'ethique et la theorie deflationniste de la verite defendues par A. J. Ayer. Bien qu'elle fournisse une version plausible du realisme moral, la theorie deflationniste de la verite s'auto-refute d'un point de vue grammatical et ne rend pas compte de notre comprehension ordinaire de la realite et de la verite
Model based control system design and verification for a hybrid electric vehicle

A hybrid electric vehicle requires a complex control system to effectively manage vehicle level attributes while maximizing fuel efficiency. The control system interactions necessitate a hierarchical control structure in which one controller, the vehicle system controller, directs the functions of the lower level controllers. This paper outlines a model-based method that allows a controls team to design and validate a vehicle system controller for use in a hybrid electric vehicle.
The struggle over class, identity, and language: A case study of South Korean transnational families1

Globalization, while deterritorializing identity and culture, generates new practices and subjectivities that must be understood with reference to relationships between identity, language, and class in multiple markets. Through interviews and ethnographic observations focusing on children's language learning practices, this article examines how transnational South Korean families locate themselves in relation to the phenomenon of jogi yuhak, ‘early study abroad.’ It focuses on two graduate student families’ struggle over securing their social position by portraying themselves as different from other transnational Korean families through investing in alternate forms of linguistic capital. This reflects their contradictory and shifting subjectivities as they negotiate between foregrounding their roles as moral and intellectual elites vs. acting as materialistic parents. These transnational families’ struggles and conflicts underline how globalization in general, and jogi yuhak as a transnational strategy in particular, affects individuals’ subjectivities at the intersection of class, language, and transnationalism. 세계화는 지역사회에 기반한 정체성과 문화를 약화시키기도 하지만, 복수의 국제 시장에서의 개인의 정체성, 언어, 그리고 사회계급간의 관계와 연관 지어 이해해야 하는 새로운 관행과 주관을 생성하기도 한다. 영어와 관련된 학습 관행에 초점을 맞춘 본 연구는 조기유학을 위해 고국을 떠나 외국에 거주하고 있는 한국 학생들과 그 가족들이 어떻게 자신들의 사회적 위치를 설정하는지에 대해서 면담과 민족지학적 관찰을 통해서 고찰한다. 미국에 거주하고 있는 두 대학원 유학생 가족들이 그들의 사회적 지위를 확보하기 위해서 어떻게 자신들의 정체성과 언어적 관행을 다른 조기유학생 가족들로부터 차별화하는지에 대해서 집중적으로 논의한다. 특히, 그들에게 거는 사회에서의 도덕적, 지적 엘리트로서의 역할에 대한 공언과 부모로서의 그들 자녀들의 영어 습득에 대한 물질주의적 갈망사이에서 갈등하는 모순적이고 변덕스러운 주관이 반영된 언어적 자산의 형태를 분석한다. 이들 초국가적 가정들의 노력과 갈등은 전반적으로 세계화와, 특별히 초국가적 전략으로서의 조기유학이 사회계급, 언어 그리고 초국가주의의 교차선상에서 개인의 주관에 어떻게 영향을 미치는지를 보여준다. [Korean]
An algebraic solution of the state estimation problem.

The general linear state estimation problem is considered here from a purely algebraic viewpoint without resorting to the concepts of probability theory. A least-squares parameter estimation formula is first established and then extended to permit estimation on a sequential basis. By combining the relations derived with the properties of the state transition matrix, the solutions to the problem of filtering, smoothing, and prediction for systems with both forcing and measurement noise are found.
What Really Happened to the 1960s: How Mass Media Culture Failed American Democracy

Edward P. Morgan, What Really Happened to the 1960s: How Mass Media Culture Failed American Democracy (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2010) Have you ever wondered why generations that gr...
Wave packet realization of lightlike states

We construct a new realization of lightlike particle states. The realization considered corresponds to objects which form partially localized wave packets in the space dimensions transverse to the direction of the lightlike momentum. The states of the transverse motion are classified by the representations of an algebraSU(1, 1) constructed of the generators of the conformal group. It is conjectured that this realization is suitable for the formulation of the “parton”-model of hadrons.
Chlorphentermine inhibits pulmonary mitochondrial monoamine oxidase.

Abstract 1. Oxidation of six amine substrates by rat, rabbit and guinea-pig lung mitochondrial monoamine oxidase (MAO) was investigated polarographically with a dark oxygen electrode in the presence of chlorphentermine (CP). 2. This amphiphilic drug decreased the deamination of serotonin, norepinephrine, tyramine and dopamine significantly in all three species. 3. However, the oxidation of tryptamine and benzylamine was unchanged. 4. Amine oxidation by MAO in guinea-pig lung mitochondria was much more sensitive to the CP-mediated inhibition than rat or rabbit. 5. A kinetic study of serotonin oxidation in the absence and presence of CP showed that both Vmax and Km were affected. 6. These combined data indicate that CP is a specific inhibitor of pulmonary, mitochondrial monoamine oxidase form A with mixed-type inhibition.
Existence and Uniqueness of Solutions for a Class of Non-Autonomous Dirichlet Problems

We prove that the semilinear Dirichlet problem for a Laplace equation on a unit ball, involving the nonlinearity f(r,u)=-a(r)u+b(r)up, with a subcritical p, has a unique positive solution, provided a(r) is positive, increasing and convex, while b(r) is positive, decreasing and concave. Moreover, we prove that this solution is non-degenerate. We also present a uniqueness result in case a(r) is negative.
Cognitive Response Involvement Model of the Process of Product Evaluation Through Advertising Exposure and Trial

Abstract A model is proposed of the effect of advertising exposure and trial upon product evaluation from a cognitive response perspective. LISREL VI was utilized to test the hypothetical model under conditions that vary in terms of the degree of advertising content processing involvement. The results reveal that across involvement conditions, different cognitions intervene between disconfirmation and posttrial evaluation. That is, under higher involvement conditions, counterargumentation shows a negative linkage to posttrial evaluation, whereas under relatively lower involvement, support argumentation is directly linked to posttrial evaluation. Moreover, ad exposure proved to be more influential in the formation of product evaluation in the higher involvement condition.
High temperature simple shearing fabrics: A new experimental approach

Abstract An example is described of a shearing experiment performed on coarse-grained paradichlorobenzene at 98% of its absolute melting point. The sample is a thin sheet of material, only about seven times as thick as an ordinary petrographic thin section. It is sheared in its own plane under observation between crossed nicols, through a low-power microscope. Shear strains up to about five occur locally. An array of second-phase marker particles allows the pattern of straining in the material to be observed independently of the microstructural changes that occur. Dynamic recrystallization is seen in an original grain boundary region where the shear strain is concentrated. The new grains are mostly elongate parallel to the direction of the former grain boundary, which is also the direction of shearing. Suitably oriented new grains become filled with transverse subgrains, due to kinking or dynamic polygonization. The appearance of these intragranular features and their relation to the shearing direction recall structures and interpretations described for naturally deformed olivine rocks. It seems probable that thin sheet, analog experiments of this general type can help put kinematic interpretation of rocks deformed at high temperature on a firmer footing.
Go East, Young Man! Body Politics and the Asian Turn in Putin‐Era Cinema

The deployment of the East as a discursive means to distinguish Russia from the West has been popular among Russians and foreigners alike for centuries, and it remains highly relevant in today's Russia. While many Western observers and a good number of Russian writers and thinkers have seen this association with the East in negative terms, invoking images of autocracy, violence and under-development, other Russians have viewed Russia's connection to the East in a positive light, focusing on its traditions of spirituality and communalism and opposing them to “Western” values of individualism and materialism. This article analyzes the Asian martial artist as a corporeal metaphor in Putin-era Russia, focusing on the role it plays not only in the self-fashioning of the Russian male but also in the recent reevaluation of Russia's imperial past, and future. The article draws a connection between this cultural reevaluation of the East and Eurasianist revisionist interpretations of Russia's Mongol past and, specifically, the legacy of Genghis Khan. The conclusions demonstrate that Eurasianist theories, largely discarded by Western scholars, are not confined to the upper echelons of the Putin administration but in fact permeate Putin-era culture.
The water-soluble proteins of bovine skeletal muscle.

Abstract The myogen fraction of eight different muscles of four bovine animals was studied. Of the muscles considered, three were clearly differentiable from the others on the basis of water-soluble protein and aldolase content and “ultimate” pH. The relationship between “ultimate” pH and soluble protein, muscle buffering capacity, and inherent anaerobic glycolytic rate was discussed. Electrophoretic patterns of aqueous extracts of bovine muscle were found to be comparable to those reported previously for rabbit muscle. Considerable variation in relative amounts of components was observed from muscle to muscle and from animal to animal, without any apparent regularity. Ultracentrifuge patterns of these same extracts were qualitatively similar, i.e., the soluble proteins fell into one of three groups: 2.3 S , 4.7 S , and 6.8 S . No systematic variation in relative amounts of components was observed. Extracts of longissimus dorsi were fractionated by ammonium sulfate precipitation and the fractions further characterized. Tentative identification of myogen fraction components was made by comparison of solubilities, electrophoretic mobilities, and sedimentation constants for rabbit muscle proteins with those observed for bovine muscle extracts and fractions.
L2 calculation of the total photoabsorption cross section of H− from threshold to 50 eV

Abstract The total photoabsorption cross section of H − over the energy range from threshold to 50 eV has been computed using moment techniques from input generated from a configuration interaction calculation using only square integrable basis functions. The results suggest the utility of moment techniques in the intermediate energy region where a large or infinite number of channels is open.
The effect of pre-hospital statins therapy on incidence of in-hospital death and total MACCE in patients with PCI.

Summary Objective: To investigate the influence of preoperative statin therapy on rate of major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) during hospital stay after successful percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods: Review of patients who underwent PCI between June 2003 and September 2005 (n = 3893) at Beijing Anzhen Hospital of Capital University of Medical Science. (Group I, on statins, n = 3361; group II, not on statins, n = 532). To investigate if preoperative statin therapy was independently associated with the reduction in the risk of adverse postoperative outcomes after PCI. Prognostic factors were assessed using Cox multivariate regression analysis to determine if preoperative statin therapy was independently associated with a reduction in the risk of adverse postoperative outcomes. Results: Our study demonstrated that preoperative statin therapy was not associated with a reduction in risk of mortality and overall MACCE during the hospital stay (0·3% vs. 0·4%; 1·4% vs. 1·2%P > 0·05, respectively).Compared with patients not receiving statins therapy, the hazard ratio for mortality in hospital was 0·738 (95% CI, 0·499–1·211, P = 0·229). Conclusions: Preoperative statin therapy did not reduce the risk of mortality and the rates of MACCE during the hospital stay after successful PCI. Cox multivariate regression analysis showed that independent prognostic parameters for mortality were Age, LVEF<50%, Triple vessel CAD, and DM (diabetes mellitus).
Surface-induced synthesis of new sulfonolipids in the gliding bacterium Cytophaga johnsonae

Many simple gliding bacteria contain significant quantities of phosphate-free, sulfur-containing lipids (sulfonolipids; N-acylamino-3-hydroxyisoheptadecane-1-sulfonic acids, or N-acyl capnines) that recently were shown to function in the ability of Cytophaga johnsonae to migrate over solid surfaces. Reported here is the synthesis, by surface-grown Cytophaga johnsonae cells, of two additional sulfonolipids not present in cells grown in liquid media. These newly characterized sulfonolipids are more polar than the N-acylcapnines characteristic of liquid grown cells. Acid methanolysis of the sulfonolipids revealed that the aminosulfonate capnine was common to all, thus indicating that the chemical differences in the compounds resided in their N-fatty acyl groups, and not in the aminosulfonate moiety. Instead of the non-hydroxy and 3-hydroxy fatty acyl moieties present in sulfonolipids of liquid-grown cells, one new sulfonolipid contained a 2-hydroxy, branched C15 fatty acid, while the other contained a 2,3-dihydroxy, isobranched C16 fatty acid, as indicated by gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric analyses. Although the structure of sulfonolipids thus varies between surface- and liquid-grown cells, no difference was found between the total quantity of sulfonolipids present under either of these conditions. The surface-dependent synthesis of these more polar N-acyl-aminosulfonates ceased immediately when surface-grown populations were suspended in broth. The ability of Cytophaga johnsonae to synthesize these compounds in response to a solid surface may be significant in relation to the organism's ability to migrate over such surfaces; it is one of few instances where a physical interaction of the cell surface has been shown to influence the molecular composition of a prokaryote.