cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Amiloride-Insensitive Salt Taste Is Mediated by Two Populations of Type III Taste Cells with Distinct Transduction Mechanisms.

Responses in the amiloride-insensitive (AI) pathway, one of the two pathways mediating salty taste in mammals, are modulated by the size of the anion of a salt. This “anion effect” has been hypothesized to result from inhibitory transepithelial potentials (TPs) generated across the lingual epithelium as cations permeate through tight junctions and leave their larger and less permeable anions behind (Ye et al., 1991). We tested directly the necessity of TPs for the anion effect by measuring responses to NaCl and Na-gluconate (small and large anion sodium salts, respectively) in isolated taste cells from mouse circumvallate papillae. Using calcium imaging, we identified AI salt-responsive type III taste cells and demonstrated that they compose a subpopulation of acid-responsive taste cells. Even in the absence of TPs, many (66%) AI salt-responsive type III taste cells still exhibited the anion effect, demonstrating that some component of the transduction machinery for salty taste in type III cells is sensitive to anion size. We hypothesized that osmotic responses could explain why a minority of type III cells (34%) had AI salt responses but lacked anion sensitivity. All AI type III cells had osmotic responses to cellobiose, which were significantly modulated by extracellular sodium concentration, suggesting the presence of a sodium-conducting osmotically sensitive ion channel. However, these responses were significantly larger in AI type III cells that did not exhibit the anion effect. These findings indicate that multiple mechanisms could underlie AI salt responses in type III taste cells, one of which may contribute to the anion effect. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Understanding the mechanisms underlying salty taste will help inform strategies to combat the health problems associated with NaCl overconsumption by humans. Of the two pathways underlying salty taste in mammals, the amiloride-insensitive (AI) pathway is the least understood. Using calcium imaging of isolated mouse taste cells, we identify two separate populations of AI salt-responsive type III taste cells distinguished by their sensitivity to anion size and show that these cells compose subpopulations of acid-responsive taste cells. We also find evidence that a sodium-conducting osmotically sensitive mechanism contributes to salt responses in type III taste cells. Our data not only provide new insights into the transduction mechanisms of AI salt taste but also have important implications for general theories of taste encoding.
Of Prius Buyers, Blue States, Consumer Energy Credits, and the Alternative Minimum Tax

In this article Prof. Zelenak criticizes the disallowance for purposes of the alternative minimum tax of the new consumer energy credits contained in the Energy Tax Incentives Act of 2005, including the credit for purchasers of hybrid cars and other alternative motor vehicles. He argues that AMT disallowance makes no policy sense in the context of what may be the most transparently nontax tax provisions ever to appear in the code. He also predicts that the many taxpayers whose credits will be reduced or eliminated by the AMT will share his view of the irrationally of the AMT limitation, and will not suffer in silence. Without ascribing devious motives to the actual Congress, he speculates that some hypothetical Republican-controlled Congress might impose an AMT limitation on credits for purchases of energy-efficient products as a way of appear[ing] to be evenhandedly granting a subsidy to all energy-saving consumers, while in fact denying the subsidy to as many Democrats as possible.
Symmetries and U

Assume that we are given i ≠ j in I. Let h = h(i,j) ≤ ∞ be as in 2.1.1. Let p be an integer such that 0 ≤p < h. We denote by\(T\prime\prime_{i,j,p} (resp.\,T\prime_{i,j,p} )\)the automorphism\(T\prime\prime_{i,1} T\prime\prime_{j,1} T\prime\prime_{i,1} \,(resp.\, \cdots T\prime_{i, - 1} T\prime_{j, - 1} T\prime_{i, - 1} )\)of U; both products have p factors. Then\(T\prime\prime_{i,j;p} (E_j )\)and\(T\prime\prime_{j,i;p} (E_i )\)belong to the subalgebra ofUgenerated by\(E_i E_j ;T\prime_{i,j;p} (E_j )\)and\(T\prime_{j,i;p} (E_i )\)belong tothe subalgebra ofUgenerated by E i ,E j .
Clinical Studies on a New Pepsin Inhibitor.

SummaryCalcium carbonate and an aluminum hydroxide preparation caused inhibition of peptic activity and a rise in pH of the gastric juice of peptic ulcer patients. One hundred mg of sodium lauryl sulfate caused no significant changes, whereas 200 mg caused a slight rise in pH and decrease in peptic activity. In the presence of unchanged pH no pepsin inactivation by sodium lauryl sulfate occurred.
Acyclovir for Prevention of Cytomegalovirus Infection and Disease after Allogeneic Marrow Transplantation

Patients undergoing allogeneic bone marrow transplantation who are seropositive for cytomegalovirus are vulnerable to serious cytomegalovirus infection, presumably because of reactivation of latent endogenous virus and severe immunosuppression. We administered intravenous acyclovir from 5 days before to 30 days after allogeneic marrow transplantation for hematologic neoplasms in an effort to prevent cytomegalovirus infection and disease in patients seropositive for cytomegalovirus before transplantation. Eighty-six patients seropositive for both cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus before transplantation received acyclovir, whereas 65 patients seropositive only for cytomegalovirus served as controls (acyclovir is the standard prophylactic agent against herpes simplex virus in this setting). The probability that cytomegalovirus infection would develop within the first 100 days after transplantation was 0.70 among acyclovir recipients and 0.87 among control patients at medians of 62 and 40 days after transplantation, respectively (P = 0.0001 by log-rank test). Invasive cytomegalovirus disease developed in 19 acyclovir recipients (22 percent) and 25 control patients (38 percent) (P = 0.008). Survival within the first 100 days after transplantation was better among acyclovir recipients (P = 0.002). Acyclovir prophylaxis was associated with a relative risk of 0.5 or less for the development of cytomegalovirus infection or disease or for death within the first 100 days after transplantation (P less than or equal to 0.04), in proportional-hazards regression analysis. We conclude that prophylaxis with intravenous acyclovir significantly reduced the risk of both cytomegalovirus infection and cytomegalovirus disease in seropositive patients after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation and that it was also associated with significantly improved survival.
Boundary-Layer Transition Experiments in a Hypersonic Quiet Wind Tunnel

This paper reports the progress of three projects in the Boeing/AFOSR Mach-6 quiet tunnel at Purdue University. The first project used a 7-deg half-angle cone at 6-deg angleof-attack with temperature-sensitive paint applied to the frustum and small roughness dots added near the nosetip. Depending on the spacing of the roughness, the spacing and breakdown of the stationary vortices was altered. The second project looked at modifications to a pulsed jet perturber to reduce the perturbation duration. This was accomplished through both electronic and physical modifications to the perturber system. Shorter duration perturbations were achieved, but further progress is required. The third project measured low-frequency disturbances in the first-mode instability frequency range with Kulite pressure transducers on the surface of a cone-ogive-cylinder model. Initial measurements show that the magnitude of the low-frequency disturbance on the cone-ogive-cylinder is greatest outside the boundary layer, which may indicate an entropy-layer instability.
Cardiac assist with an intraventricular balloon.

Twenty-three calves in profound cardiogenic shock were given circulatory assistance with an intraventricular balloon pump for as long as 3 hours. On initiation of cardiac assist, cardiac output and systemic arterial pressure were immediately increased and mean left atrial pressure was immediately decreased. Cessation of cardiac assist was accompanied by a rapid deterioration of cardiac function, and all calves died within 30 minutes. The intraventricular balloon was autoregulatory and did not impair the normal functioning of the heart. Mitral regurgitation was insignificant except in 1 calf in which there was improper placement of the intraventricular balloon. Evaluation of the long-term effectiveness of the intraventricular balloon is currently in progress.
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A MICROCONTROLLER BASED DUAL AXIS SOLAR RADIATION TRACKER

In this paper, an efficient microcontroller-based dual axis solar radiation tracker which can be used to align a single photovoltaic (PV) module or an array of module with the sun is implemented. It employs a dual axis tracking system in its control circuitry as against the popularly employed programmable logic array. Performance analysis of the dual axis solar tracker was conducted in a test bed in Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Federal University of Petroleum Resources, Effurun, Nigeria and results showed that the power output of the photovoltaic (PV) system had 58.4 % improvement when compared with the traditional method of fixed solar panel. The dual axis system also has the benefit of reduction in the number of solar panels to be deployed because of the gains in power output and efficiency. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v35i3.17
Detecting Precontact Anthropogenic Microtopographic Features in a Forested Landscape with Lidar: A Case Study from the Upper Great Lakes Region, AD 1000-1600.

Forested settings present challenges for understanding the full extent of past human landscape modifications. Field-based archaeological reconnaissance in forests is low-efficiency and most remote sensing techniques are of limited utility, and together, this means many past sites and features in forests are unknown. Archaeologists have increasingly used light detection and ranging (lidar), a remote sensing tool that uses pulses of light to measure reflecting surfaces at high spatial resolution, to address these limitations. Archaeology studies using lidar have made significant progress identifying permanent structures built by large-scale complex agriculturalist societies. Largely unaccounted for, however, are numerous small and more practical modifications of landscapes by smaller-scale societies. Here we show these may also be detectable with lidar by identifying remnants of food storage pits (cache pits) created by mobile hunter-gatherers in the upper Great Lakes during Late Precontact (ca. AD 1000–1600) that now only exist as subtle microtopographic features. Years of intensive field survey identified 69 cache pit groups between two inland lakes in northern Michigan, almost all of which were located within ~500 m of a lakeshore. Applying a novel series of image processing techniques and statistical analyses to a high spatial resolution DTM we created from commercial-grade lidar, our detection routine identified 139 high potential cache pit clusters. These included most of the previously known clusters as well as several unknown clusters located >1500 m from either lakeshore, much further from lakeshores than all previously identified cultural sites. Food storage is understood to have emerged regionally as a risk-buffering strategy after AD 1000 but our results indicate the current record of hunter-gatherer cache pit food storage is markedly incomplete and this practice and its associated impact on the landscape may be greater than anticipated. Our study also demonstrates the potential of harnessing commercial-grade lidar for other fine-grained archaeology applications.
Vitamin D machinery and metabolism in porcine adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells

Vitamin D, a hormone once thought to have a role limited to calcium homeostasis and bone mineralization, has pleiotropic effects on different types of cells. Vitamin D receptors are reported in vascular smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, and cardiomyocytes. Adipose-derived MSCs (ADMSCs) are multipotent cells with the capacity to differentiate into cells of different lineages. To our knowledge, the presence of vitamin D machinery on porcine ADMSCs has not yet been examined. In this study, we investigated the presence of vitamin D machinery and metabolism in ADMSCs by analyzing the expression levels of vitamin D receptor (VDR), vitamin D metabolizing enzymes (CYP24A1 and CYP27B1) after in vitro stimulation with active vitamin D, calcitriol. ADMSCs isolated from porcine adipose tissue were characterized by positive staining for ADMSC markers, CD44, CD73, and CD90, and negative staining for macrophage marker CD11b and hematopoietic stem cell markers CD34 and CD45, and trilineage differentiation to osteocytes, chondrocytes, and adipocytes. No cytotoxicity was observed when MSCs were stimulated with 0.1–10 nM calcitriol. The ADMSCs were analyzed for mRNA and protein expression of CYP24A1, CYP27B1, and VDR by immunostaining, qPCR, and ELISA. A significant increase (p <0.01) in the mRNA expression of CYP24A1, CYP27B1, and VDR was observed after stimulation of ADMSCs with calcitriol (10 nM). The in vitro time-dependent effect of calcitriol (10 nM) on the components of vitamin D machinery in cultured MSCs was determined by qPCR. The VDR and CYP27B1 expression peaked at 3 h and CYP24A1 at 24 h, respectively. The in vitro biosynthesis of 1, 25(OH)2D3 by ADMSCs was analyzed by ELISA and Western blot. The levels of the active form of vitamin D were significantly decreased once the CYP enzymes were inhibited (p <0.01), demonstrating the ability of ADMSCs to convert inactive vitamin D into active vitamin D for cellular action. Porcine ADMSCs possess vitamin D hydrolases and VDR to metabolize and respond to vitamin D. Hence, in vivo circulating 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels may have a significant role in regulating the differentiation of ADMSCs into different lineages, which might assist in stem cell-based therapy.
A Generalized Nash Equilibrium network model for post-disaster humanitarian relief

Abstract We develop a Generalized Nash Equilibrium network model for post-disaster humanitarian relief by nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). NGOs derive utility from providing relief supplies to victims of the disaster at demand points in a supply chain context while competing with each other for financial funds provided by donations. The shared constraints consist of lower and upper bounds for demand for relief items at the demand points to reduce materiel convergence or congestion. This game theory problem is reformulated as an optimization problem and numerical examples and a theoretical case study on Hurricane Katrina given.
Monitoring of brain tissue PO2 in traumatic brain injury: effect of cerebral hypoxia on outcome.

This study investigates the effect of hypoxic brain tissue PO2 on outcome, and examines the incidence of possible causes for cerebral hypoxia.
Influence of vitamin D on liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the pooled clinical trials data

Influence of vitamin D on liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the pooled clinical trials data
Machine Learning for Social Services: A Study of Prenatal Case Management in Illinois.

Objectives. To evaluate the positive predictive value of machine learning algorithms for early assessment of adverse birth risk among pregnant women as a means of improving the allocation of social services.Methods. We used administrative data for 6457 women collected by the Illinois Department of Human Services from July 2014 to May 2015 to develop a machine learning model for adverse birth prediction and improve upon the existing paper-based risk assessment. We compared different models and determined the strongest predictors of adverse birth outcomes using positive predictive value as the metric for selection.Results. Machine learning algorithms performed similarly, outperforming the current paper-based risk assessment by up to 36%; a refined paper-based assessment outperformed the current assessment by up to 22%. We estimate that these improvements will allow 100 to 170 additional high-risk pregnant women screened for program eligibility each year to receive services that would have otherwise been uno...
Controlled optical properties via chemical composition tuning in molybdenum-incorporated β-Ga2O3 nanocrystalline films

Abstract An approach is presented to design refractory-metal incorporated Ga 2 O 3 -based materials with controlled structural and optical properties. The molybdenum (Mo)-content in Ga 2 O 3 was varied from 0 to 11 at% in the sputter-deposited Ga-Mo-O films. Molybdenum was found to significantly affect the structure and optical properties. While low Mo-content (≤4 at%) results in the formation of single-phase (β-Ga 2 O 3 ), higher Mo-content results in amorphization. Chemically-induced band gap variability (E g ∼ 1 eV) coupled with structure-modification indicates the electronic-structure changes in Ga-Mo-O. The linear relationship between chemical-composition and optical properties suggests that tailoring the optical-quality and performance of Ga-Mo-O films is possible by tuning the Mo-content.
Probable Tritonymphal Sexual Dimorphism in Alycus roseus (Bimichaeliidae: Acariformes: Acari)

Grandjean's 1942, 1943, observations on the presence of eugenital setae in nymphs of three species of Bimichaelia are reviewed. New data are presented on the presence of eugenital setae in tritonym...
The Effects of Lipid-Protein Interactions on the Kinetic Parameters of Microsomal UDP-Glucuronyltransferase

The study of glucuronidation reactions began 100 years ago with the isolation of a conjugate of o-nitrotoluene from the urine of dogs. Acid hydrolysis of this conjugate yielded an acidic sugar as one of the products. An identical sugar was obtained on acid hydrolysis of a conjugate of chloral hydrate exreted in human urine. The formula of the reducing sugar was given correctly as $$ {\left( {{\rm{CHOH}}} \right)_4}\left\{ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {{\rm{CHO}}}\\ {{\rm{COOH}}} \end{array}} \right. $$ by Schmiedeberg and Meyer in 1879 (Smith and Williams, 1970). A wide variety of organic compounds are now known to be conjugated with glucuronic acid. Predominant among these are aromatic molecules containing phenolic and carboxylic groups which form O-ether and O-ester glucuronides, respectively. Several aromatic thiols are glucuronidated, and N-glucuronides also have been reported (Dutton, 1966). The donor of the glucuronic acid moiety in these reactions was identified as UDP-glucuronic acid (Dutton and Storey, 1953; Dutton, 1966).
Politics of religious freedom in the Asia-Pacific: an introduction

This article introduces the main arguments of Beyond Religious Freedom and situates them in the context of this special issue on the politics of religious freedom in the Asia Pacific. It discusses ...
Long Term Impact of ACGME Duty Hour Restrictions on Mortality Rate for Acute Ischemic Stroke (P1.183)

Objective: To elucidate the long-term impact of the ACGME duty hour restriction on patient mortality from Acute Ischemic Stroke. Background: Every year hundreds of thousands of patients are admitted for AIS. Patient care during this critical time can have a significant impact on mortality and disability. Perfecting the balance between patient safety and resident wellbeing is an ongoing process in the United States. In 2003, the ACGME implemented resident duty hour restrictions with these goals in mind. Methods: Using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample data, we conducted a retrospective cohort study comparing the deaths per 1,000 adult patients admitted to teaching and non-teaching hospitals for AIS from 2000-2012. Trend analysis and two-proportion z-test were preformed with a p-value of 0.01 to identify differences in mortality rates of teaching and non-teaching hospitals by year. Results: From a total of 6,997,569 stroke discharges from 2000 to 2012 we found the mortality rate significantly decreased for both teaching and non-teaching hospitals by 4.35[percnt] and 3.44[percnt] respectively (p-value < 0.000). In the pre-reform period, teaching hospitals had a significantly greater mortality rate for AIS than non-teaching hospitals (p-value < 0.011). Mortality rates shifted in the peri-reform period with no-significant difference in 2002 and 2003. One year after ACGME duty hour policy, teaching hospitals again had a significantly greater mortality rate. However, throughout the entire post-reform period of 2005-2012 teaching hospitals had a significantly lower mortality rate than non-teaching hospitals for AIS. Conclusions: Our results indicate that the ACGME duty hour restrictions had a positive impact on patient safety for AIS while reducing the weekly hours worked by residents. Both hospital types showed significant reduction in mortality rate over the 13 years. More research to determine the long-term impact of ACGME restrictions on mortality rate for other common diseases and surgical procedures is needed. Disclosure: Dr. Berry has nothing to disclose. Dr. Seifi has nothing to disclose.
Carl Rogers and the Christian virtues.

This article is a conceptual evaluation of the therapeutic theory and practice of Carl Rogers, using as critical vantage point the personality theory suggested in the various New Testament virtue-c...
Identifying the practice components of youth councils: contributions of theory

Social workers are involved in numerous efforts to engage youth in programs, communities, and civic life. One potential strategy has focused on engagement and empowerment of youth through the form of youth councils. Multiple theoretical frames have characterized the scholarly literature. This has limited the conceptual coherence of the field. In this paper, we report empirical data on the operation of several youth councils. We analyze the data to identify the implicit frameworks in use and apply the data from our study to sort practice components within frameworks. This effort is designed to improve conceptualization of youth councils, to inform the development of councils, and eventually to improve outcomes of councils.
Products and the Hausdorff Axiom

We want to define the product X×Y of any two prevarieties X,Y. Now we will certainly want to have An × Am ≅ An+m. But the product of the Zariski topologies in An and Am does not give the Zariski topology in An+m; in A1 × A1, for instance, the only closed sets in the product topology are finite unions of horizontal and vertical lines. The only reliable way to find the correct definition is to use the general category-theoretic definition of product.
MEMS: Recent Advances and Current Challenges

Recent advances in MEMS technology have led to development of a multitude of new devices. However applications of these devices are hampered by challenges posed by their integration and packaging (Wei et al., 2005). Current trend in micro/nanosystems is to produce ever smaller, lighter, and more capable devices at a lower cost than ever before. In addition, the finished products have to operate at very low power and in very adverse conditions while assuring durable and reliable performance (Pryputniewicz et al., 2001).
Implications for Proposed Changes in Accounting Education: The New Zealand Experience

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the New Zealand experience of implications for proposed changes in accounting education Accounting education in New Zealand is instructive for improving accounting programs in the United States. The primary focus of the educational process in New Zealand is providing students with a conceptual understanding of accounting issues. Their programs lag in other areas, namely the breadth of business education, and a lack of general university study prior to undertaking accounting course work. The profession, through the NZSA, exerts a strong influence on the structure and content of accounting curricula taught in universities. Some accounting professionals and educators support a movement toward a four year accounting degree for admission to the NZSA successful efforts to implement five year programs in the United States. Existing alternative models of accounting education, like the one used at the University of Otago, may serve to shorten the definition, evaluation, and implementation of improved accounting curricula in the United States and elsewhere. The success of the Otago honors program demonstrates that a broader conceptual understanding of accounting issues may be effectively taught in a reasonably short education process.
19. Beyond the Difference Principle: Rawlsian Justice, Business Ethics, and the Morality of the Market

The philosophical work of John Rawls has had a tremendous influence on contemporary business ethics. But that influence has been limited to a relatively narrow portion of Rawls’ ideas. Business ethics textbooks and journal articles focus much more heavily on Rawls’ Theory of Justice than they do his more mature Political Liberalism. And even within the former book, they focus almost entirely on Rawls’s discussion of the original position and the two principles of justice. This narrowness of focus has resulted in a tendency either to misunderstand the implications of the full range of Rawlsian ideas for questions about the regulation and possible public ownership of business, or to accept uncritically Rawls’s own barely defended assumptions about those implications. Rawlsian thought, this chapter concludes, is not as hostile to the institutions of private property and market processes as Rawls’s critics, and sometimes his followers, have suggested. But neither is it as hospitable to them as its own principles suggest it should be.
Uganda: Achievements and Challenges for Women in Elected Office

Tripp maps the growth in women’s political representation in Uganda, focusing in particular on the period after the end of civil conflict in 1989. The victorious National Resistance Movement instituted a system of reserved seats to ensure the inclusion of women in the post-conflict parliaments. In addition to mapping the increase in women’s numbers over time, Tripp explores their effects on the profiles of legislators, the effectiveness of women representatives, the passage of women’s rights legislation, changing public opinion toward women as leaders, and the political engagement of female citizens. She concludes with challenges still faced by women in being fully empowered in the political realm.
She Can’t Teach Us: Exploring the Complexities of Diversifying the US Teaching Force

There is a lack of racially and ethnically diverse faculty in US schools. It is very important to have a significantly higher diverse teacher to student ratio in American classrooms. Teachers of co...
Oscillatory spontaneous dimpling in evaporating curved thin films

We examine the dynamics of a thin film composed of a non-evaporative silicone oil (high surface tension) with trace amounts of an evaporative silicone oil (low surface tension) over an air bubble. An evaporating thin liquid film is formed atop a capillary-pinned air bubble by squeezing then holding the bubble against the air–silicone oil interface. Despite the simplicity of the system, complex oscillatory dynamical behaviour has been observed. Through interferometric experiments and numerical simulations, we show that as the bubble is moved towards the opposite interface, a dimple forms and during the subsequent holding period the dimple spontaneously oscillates. The evaporation-driven solutal–thermal Marangoni flow thickens the film and capillarity subsequently discharges the dimple. Solutal and thermal Marangoni flows both contribute to film thickening and as the local concentration of the non-evaporative species increases, the strength of the Marangoni flows increases. The oscillation frequency and waveform depend on initial composition and the maximum dimple volume. We suggest that these oscillatory solutions and the associated mechanism are a partial explanation for the film stabilization in multicomponent oils, reported experimentally in a recent publication (Chandran Suja et al., Proc. Natl Acad. Sci., vol. 115, 2018, pp. 7919–7924).
An Embryonated Egg Transmission Model for Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Virus.

Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) is a vector-borne orbivirus of ruminants; in North America there are three serotypes (EHDV-1, -2, and -6) and these primarily affect white-tailed deer (Od...
Impact of Viz LVO on Time-to-Treatment and Clinical Outcomes in Large Vessel Occlusion Stroke Patients Presenting to Primary Stroke Centers

Abstract Introduction Randomized controlled trials have demonstrated the importance of time-to-treatment on clinical outcomes in large vessel occlusion (LVO) stroke. Delays in interventional radiology (INR) consultation are associated with a significant delay in overall time to endovascular treatment (EVT). Delays in EVT are particularly prevalent in Primary Stroke Centers (PSC), hospitals without thrombectomy capability onsite, where the patient requires transfer to a Thrombectomy Capable or Comprehensive Stroke Center for EVT. A novel computer aided triage system, Viz LVO, assists in early notification of the PSC stroke team and affiliated INR team. This platform includes an image viewer, communication system, and an artificial intelligence algorithm that automatically identifies suspected LVO strokes on CTA imaging and rapidly triggers alerts. Hypothesis Viz LVO will decrease time-to-treatment and improve clinical outcomes. Methods A prospectively maintained database was assessed for all patients who presented to a PSC currently utilizing Viz LVO in the Mount Sinai Health System in New York and underwent EVT following transfer for LVO stroke between October 1, 2018 and March 15, 2020. There were 42 patients who fit the inclusion criteria and divided into pre- and post-Viz ContaCT implementation by comparing the periods of October 1, 2018, to March 15, 2019, “Pre-Viz”, and October 1, 2019, to March 15, 2020, “Post-Viz.” Time intervals and clinical outcomes were collected and compared. Results The Pre- and Post-Viz cohorts were similar in terms of gender, age, proportion receiving IV-tPA, and proportion with revascularization of TICI > 2B. The presenting NIHSS and pre-stroke mRS scores were not statistically different. The median initial door-to-INR notification was significantly faster in the post-Viz cohort (21.5 minutes vs 36 minutes; p=0.02). The median initial door-to-puncture time interval was 20 minutes shorter in the Post-Viz cohort, but this was not statistically significant (p=0.20). The 5-day NIHSS and discharge mRS were both significantly lower in the Post-Viz cohort (p=0.02 and p=0.03, respectively). The median 90-day mRS scores were also significantly lower post-Viz implementation, although a similar proportion received a good outcome (mRS score ≤ 2) (p=0.02 and p=0.42, respectively). Conclusions EVT is a time-sensitive intervention that is only available at select stroke centers. Significant delays in time-to-treatment are present when patients require transfer from PSCs to a EVT capable stroke center. In a large health care system, we have shown that Viz LVO implementation is associated with improved time to INR notification and clinical outcomes. Viz LVO has the potential for wide-spread improvement in clinical outcomes with implementation across large hub and stroke systems across the country.
Increasing accrual of minority patients in breast cancer clinical trials

Black and Hispanic patients participate in clinical trials at lower rates than white patients nationally; lack of diversity in clinical trials prevents appropriate safety and efficacy testing of new treatments in these populations. The Oncology Welcomes New Haven into Trials (OWN IT) initiative at the Yale Cancer Center used a multi-tiered approach to improve breast cancer minority clinical trial accrual through community focus groups, ongoing community outreach, institutional executive council representation, grand rounds presentation, and didactic lectures with healthcare providers. Eligibility criteria of breast cancer trials at Smilow Cancer Center were reviewed using clinicaltrials.gov. Also, an anonymous, 5-min survey was conducted at regular visits with Smilow Breast Center patients to gauge awareness of and access to clinical trials. Survey data were compared to the Yale Cancer Center Clinical Trials Office, Connecticut Tumor Registry, and U.S. Census records. Two-tailed Fisher’s tests were used for all analyses. There was a significant increase in the number of minority patients who participated in clinical trials at Smilow Cancer Center from 2016 (95/750) to 2018 (155/944) (p = 0.0325). Two hundred patients participated in the survey; response rate 92%. There was no significant difference in the rate at which patients were invited to participate in clinical trials or the rate at which they declined to participate based on race or ethnicity. Black and Hispanic patients were significantly less likely to be aware of clinical trials than white patients (p < .001). The review of eligibility criteria showed that over half of the studies reviewed had restrictions regarding increased liver function tests, and many restricted the participation of patients with other chronic conditions. Low participation in clinical trials among black and Hispanic patients is likely multifaceted. This study indicated that there are likely structural factors at work which can be modified with institutional effort. The role of patient education regarding clinical trials and accrual should be studied further as should eligibility criteria as a potential barrier to participation.
Relationship Between Lateral Field Excited AT-Cut Quartz Crystal Microbalance Operation and Acoustic Plate Modes

The operational modes of lateral field excited (LFE) quartz crystal microbalances (QCMs) under various electrical boundary conditions have been under investigation for use in sensing applications. The present results indicate connections between the behaviors of acoustic plate modes (APMs) and LFE-QCM modes. The influences of deposited thin conducting and semiconducting films on the mode responses of LFE-QCMs strongly agree with reported effects on APMs. Thus the main operating modes of LFE devices are concluded to be laterally varying APMs, which may be close in character to thickness modes. Mode response changes caused by slowly varying surface curvature are explained from this perspective. The consistency of the usual LFE thickness mode coupling formalism is evaluated, and the superposition of partial waves method is found to be more appropriate for analyzing LFE devices. This view of LFE devices operating through APMs supports improved sensing applications and investigations through access to existing APM knowledge.
Help me understand: Adaptive information-seeking predicts academic achievement in school-aged children

Abstract Information-seeking after making mistakes or when experiencing uncertainty, including bids for help, is an important aspect of self-regulated learning. We compared information-seeking during a puzzle-solving task in 8- and 9-year-olds, 11- and 12-year-olds, and 16- and 17-year-olds (N = 197). We found that 8- and 9-year-olds were less efficient in their information-seeking, in that they were more likely than other age groups to seek help following a correct response. Additionally, the rate of information-seeking following an error was positively related to academic achievement, measured as Grade Point Average (GPA), above and beyond general task performance. This result was replicated in a larger and more diverse sample of 13- to 20-year-olds (N = 2,922). Overall, this research shows that information-seeking improves throughout childhood and this behaviour predicts academic success, highlighting the practical importance of this self-regulated behavior.
Sex differences in embryonic gonad transcriptomes and benzo[a]pyrene metabolite levels after transplacental exposure

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons like benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) are generated during incomplete combustion of organic materials. Prior research has demonstrated that BaP is a prenatal ovarian toxicant and carcinogen. However, the metabolic pathways active in the embryo and its developing gonads and the mechanisms by which prenatal exposure to BaP predisposes to ovarian tumors later in life remain to be fully elucidated. To address these data gaps, we orally dosed pregnant female mice with BaP from embryonic day (E) 6.5 to E11.5 (0, 0.2, or 2 mg/kg/day) for metabolite measurement or E9.5 to E11.5 (0 or 3.33 mg/kg/day) for embryonic gonad RNA sequencing. Embryos were harvested at E13.5 for both experiments. The sum of BaP metabolite concentrations increased significantly with dose in the embryos and placentas, and concentrations were significantly higher in female than male embryos and in embryos than placentas. RNA sequencing revealed that enzymes involved in metabolic activation of BaP are expressed at moderate to high levels in embryonic gonads and that greater transcriptomic changes occurred in the ovaries in response to BaP than in the testes. We identified 490 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with false discovery rate P-values < 0.05 when comparing BaP-exposed to control ovaries but no statistically significant DEGs between BaP-exposed and control testes. Genes related to monocyte/macrophage recruitment and activity, prolactin family genes, and several keratin genes were among the most upregulated genes in the BaP-exposed ovaries. Results show that developing ovaries are more sensitive than testes to prenatal BaP exposure, which may be related to higher concentrations of BaP metabolites in female embryos.
Characterization of the Mucomicrovillar Complex in the Vomeronasal Epithelium with Lectinohistochemistry and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy

Lectinohistochemistry and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) were utilized to resolve the mucomicrovillar complex (MMC) [1] of the vomeronasal sensory epithelium (VE) into mucoid and sensory components, and to identify glycoconjugates in these components. Six-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats of both sexes were anesthetized deeply with Nembutal and transcardially perfused with Zamboni’s fixative. The vomeronasal organ (VNO), olfactory mucosa (OM), and the septal organ of Masera (SO) were sectioned serially in the transverse plane, using a cryostat. Binding sites for the isolectin Bandeiraea simplicifolia-I B4 (BS-I-B4), which specifically recognizes terminal α-d-galactose (α-Gal) sugar residues [2], were localized on tissue sections with the standard fluorescence technique for fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-BS-I-B4, and the avidinbiotin-peroxidase complex (ABCperoxidase) technique for biotin-conjugated BS-I-B4. Some sections were double-labeled with the antibody against olfactory marker protein (OMP) using the ABC-fluorochrome (Texas Red) technique and with FITC-BS-I-B4 using the fluorescence technique. These sections were analyzed with a confocal laser scanning microscope (MultiProbe 2001; Molecular Dynamics, Sunnyvale, Calif.), using a filter set for simultaneous detection, that is, dual scanning, of the optimal emission spectrum of FITC (peak, 520 nm) and Texas Red (peak, 620 nm).
Global reinforcement training of crossnets

Hybrid “CMOL” integrated circuits, incorporating advanced CMOS devices for neural cell bodies, nanowires as axons and dendrites, and latching switches as synapses, may be used for the hardware implementation of extremely dense (107 cells and 1012 synapses per cm2) neuromorphic networks, operating up to 10 6 times faster than their biological prototypes. We are exploring several “Cross- Net” architectures that accommodate the limitations imposed by CMOL hardware and should allow effective training of the networks without a direct external access to individual synapses. Our studies have show that CrossNets based on simple (two-terminal) crosspoint devices can work well in at least two modes: as Hop-field networks for associative memory and multilayer perceptrons for classification tasks. For more intelligent tasks (such as robot motion control or complex games), which do not have “examples” for supervised learning, more advanced training methods such as the global reinforcement learning are necessary. For application of global reinforcement training algorithms to CrossNets, we have extended Williams’s REINFORCE learning principle to a more general framework and derived several learning rules that are more suitable for CrossNet hardware implementation. The results of numerical experiments have shown that these new learning rules can work well for both classification tasks and reinforcement tasks such as the cartpole balancing control problem. Some limitations imposed by the CMOL hardware need to be carefully addressed for the the successful application of in situ reinforcement training to CrossNets.
Cross-Reactive T-Cell Antigens among Mammalian Species

Fluoresceinated heteroantisera prepared against T cells of rats, monkeys, and humans were reacted with thymus and spleen cells from 11 selected species. These reagents recognized cross-reacting T cell antigen(s) among rodent species (mouse, rat, guinea pig, and hamster) and among primate species (monkey and humans). With one exception, the cross-reactivity was restricted to a phylogenetic order. All three antisera required relatively few absorptions to achieve T cell specificity for related species when compared to absorption requirements for the isologous species. Differentiation antigens within a phylogenetic order thus appear to be more homologous than other cell surface constituents on T cells.
Automatically detecting most vulnerabilities in cryptographic protocols

The Automatic Authentication Protocol Analyzer, 2nd Version (AAPA2) is a fast, completely automatic tool for formally analyzing cryptographic protocols. It correctly identifies vulnerabilities or their absence in 43 of 51 protocols studied in the literature, and it finds errors in previously asserted authentication properties of two large commercial protocols. This paper describes how the AAPA2 finds vulnerabilities in 13 of 16 vulnerable protocols, protocols for which the earlier Automatic Authentication Protocol Analyzer (AAPA) finds vulnerabilities in only 6 of these protocols.
Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors

Nicotinic receptors are a family of ligand-gated ion channels (LGIC) that are activated by the neurotransmitter …
The Effect of Redundant Cues on Retrieval Time

This experiment was concerned with determining the effect of redundant shape and color cues on retrieval time. Subjects saw a pair of stimuli presented sequentially on a screen and pressed one of two keys to indicate whether the second stimulus was the same as or different from the first. Stimuli for the color coding group differed only in terms of color (i.e., red, green, or yellow). Stimuli for the shape coding group differed only in terms of shape (i.e., circles, squares, or triangles). Stimuli for the redundant coding group were red, green, or yellow circles, squares, or triangles, with each shape having its own distinctive color. There was no clear-cut evidence that redundant coding facilitated retrieval of information from short-term memory. The redundant coding group (409 ms) was significantly faster than the color coding group (540 ms), but was not significantly faster than the shape coding group (456 ms). The difference between the shape and color coding groups was not significant. Same responses...
Assessing Outcomes in Online Foreign Language Education: What Are Key Measures for Success?

The article looks at the evaluation of online foreign language instructional programs, including both online courses offered by colleges and universities and commercial Internet-based language-learning products. The author notes the absence of data on the outcomes of such programs and says much additional research is needed. Topics include oral language proficiency, the commercial language program Rosetta Stone, and the use of videoconferencing in the teaching of less commonly taught languages.
Cutting Edge: Homeostatic Proliferation of Peripheral T Lymphocytes Is Regulated by Clonal Competition

Homeostatic proliferation functions to maintain peripheral T cell numbers and is regulated by cytokines. In this study, we provide evidence that T cell homeostasis is also regulated by clonal competition. Naive polyclonal T cells divided when transferred to TCR transgenic hosts, as did monoclonal T cells when transferred to TCR transgenic hosts of differing clonotype. However, T cells did not divide in hosts of identical clono-type. Transgenic T cell proliferation was inhibited in irradiated hosts of the same clonotype, while cotransferred nontransgenic T cells proliferated extensively. These results show that clonal competition is a component of homeostasis that may contribute to selection of the peripheral T cell repertoire.
Longitudinal assessment of hemoglobin oxygen saturation in healthy infants during the first 6 months of age

Limitations in home monitoring technology have precluded longitudinal studies of hemoglobin oxygen saturation during unperturbed sleep. The memory monitor used in the Collaborative Home Infant Monitoring Evaluation addresses these limitations. We studied 64 healthy term infants at 2 to 25 weeks of age. We analyzed hemoglobin oxygen saturation by pulse oximetry (SpO(2)), respiratory inductance plethysmography, heart rate, and sleep position during 35, 127 epochs automatically recorded during the first 3 minutes of each hour. For each epoch baseline SpO(2) was determined during >/=10 s of quiet breathing. Acute decreases of at least 10 saturation points and /=5 s were identified, and the lowest SpO(2) was noted. The median baseline SpO(2) was 97.9% and did not change with age or sleep position. The baseline SpO(2) was /=16% were associated with isolated apnea. With the use of multivariate analyses, the odds of having an acute decrease increased as the number of epochs with periodic breathing increased, and they lessened significantly with age. We conclude that healthy infants generally have baseline SpO(2) levels >95%. The transient acute decreases are correlated with younger age, periodic breathing, and apnea and appear to be part of normal breathing and oxygenation behavior.
Effect of Albumen on TBA Values of Comminuted Poultry Meat

Fresh ground broiler meat was prepared and thoroughly mixed with 0, 5 and 10% raw or cooked albumen. The changes in TBA values for these ground meat-albumen mixtures were determined following storage at 2–4°C. Albumen reduced (P < 0.05) the TBA values of raw ground poultry meat but did not prevent carbonyl formation during storage. Raw albumen was more effective than cooked albumen. Adding albumen to ground poultry meat before oxidative cooking also decreased (P < 0.05) the amount of carbonyl volatiles produced.
Ultra-fast and ultra-sensitive 2,4-dinitrotoluene vapor sensing using gold nanoparticle assembled SERS probes

Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) amplifies the small Raman scattering cross section of molecules toward distinguishable signal. It has been advanced into an influential label-free nondestructive method to measure vibrational fingerprints of molecular structures directly. We report here the demonstration of vapor detection of 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT), a typical manufacturing impurity of trinitrotoluene (TNT) based explosives, using reproducible ultrasensitive SERS substrates, i.e., assembled gold nanoparticles (GNPs) synthesized by a UV photoreduction method. The estimated detection limit was achieved 0.4 attogram, which corresponds to a sub-ppb DNT concentration in air. The 2,4- DNT molecules was noticeable within a minute of exposure to the DNT vapor at room temperature. The detection time was as short as only 2 seconds with 12 mW 785 nm laser excitation at the SERS substrate. Our study shows that larger GNPs (~ 117 nm in diameter) with higher density, an enhancement factor of 5.6x10 6 , exhibits the high sensitivity and the fast detection response, as compared to smaller and lower density GNPs. Dynamic depletion by laser heating indicates that our GNP based sensor is possible real time 2,4-DNT detection.