cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Übersicht über moderne Ansichten zur physikalischen Chemie erzbildender Lösungen

Wir haben noch keine umfassende Losung fur das Problem des Transports der Bestandteile von Erzlagerstatten gefunden. Die erzbildenden Losungen kann man — zum Teil durch experimentelle Untersuchungen bestatigt — als Produkte sich abkuhlender Magmen oder wahrend der Metamorphose erhitzter Sedimente befriedigend erklaren. Die Temperaturen, Drucke und Zusammensetzungen erzbildender Losungen lassen sich nur innerhalb breiter Grenzen abschatzen, aber die moglichen Bereiche werden durch die Arbeiten der letzten Jahre immer enger. Der gleichzeitige Transport von Schwermetallen und Schwefel in derselben Losung bleibt ein Problem. Wir konnen Berechnungen uber Loslichkeiten von Sulfiden bei niedrigen Temperaturen machen und sie mit geringerer Genauigkeit zu hoheren Temperaturen extrapolieren; gleichfalls sind Berechnungen uber Fluchtigkeiten bei hohen Temperaturen und Extrapolationen zu niedrigen Temperaturen und hoheren Drucken moglich. Aber fur mehrere Metalle ergeben solche Berechnungen keine Transportmengen befriedigender Grose, um Lagerstattenausmase zu erklaren. Zwei Annahmen scheinen Erklarungsmoglichkeiten anzubieten, um diese Schwierigkeit zu beseitigen: die Bildung von Komplex-Ionen bei niedrigen Temperaturen und der Transport von Metallverbindungen, gelost in hochverdichtetem Wasserdampf, bei hohen Temperaturen. Diese Annahmen bedurfen der Bestatigung durch weitere experimentelle Arbeiten.
Determination of Fluorinated Hydrocarbon Propellants in Blood of Dogs after Aerosol Administration

A GC method utilizing electron-capture detection is described for the measurement of certain fluorinated chloromethane and chloroethane propellants in dog blood. The lower limits of quantitation were 3.3, 10, 40, and 80 ng./ml. of blood for trichloromonofluoromethane, dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorotrifluoroethane, and dichlorotetrafluoroethane, respectively. These fluorocarbons were determined simultaneously in the arterial and venous blood of anesthetized male and female dogs following administration (by inhalation) of an aerosol mixture containing 25% (w/w) of each propellant. Trichloromonofluoromethane demonstrated the highest blood levels and declined slowly, whereas dichlorodifluoromethane and dichlorotetrafluoroethane showed lower blood concentrations and declined more rapidly. Trichlorotrifluoroethane declined at a rate that was intermediate between trichloromonofluoromethane and dichlorodifluoromethane.
Quantitative magnetic susceptibility of the developing mouse brain reveals microstructural changes in the white matter.

Abstract Cerebral development involves a complex cascade of events which are difficult to visualize and quantify in vivo. In this study we combine information from Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) and Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping (QSM) to analyze developing mouse brains at five stages up to 56 days postnatal. Susceptibility maps were calculated using frequency shifts in gradient echo MR images acquired at 9.4 T. The mean apparent magnetic susceptibility and magnetic susceptibility anisotropy of major white matter tracts were evaluated as a function of age. During the first two weeks, susceptibility of white matter appeared paramagnetic relative to surrounding gray matter; it then gradually became more diamagnetic. While diffusion anisotropy was already apparent and high at postnatal day 2, susceptibility anisotropy only became significant during the third week. This mismatch indicated different microstructural underpinnings for diffusion anisotropy and susceptibility anisotropy. Histological exams were also performed to evaluate myelin and iron content. It is confirmed that the main source of susceptibility contrast in WM is the myelin content. The ability to quantify the magnetic properties of white matter will provide valuable information on the architecture of the brain during development and potentially a more specific indicator for myelin degenerative diseases.
Landscapes and Literature: A Look at the Early Twentieth Century Rural South

Abstract This article examines samples of southern literature from the first half of the twentieth century that can be used to understand geographically the rural landscapes of the Coastal Plain from North Carolina through Mississippi. The socioeconomic imprint upon the land, climatic perceptions, and the role of the forest are themes addressed. The advantages and significance of using a literary approach are also discussed.
Improved detection of multi-phosphorylated peptides in the presence of phosphoric acid in liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry.

In contrast to lower phosphorylation states (e.g., the tryptic monophosphopeptide FQpSEEQQQTEDELQDK from bovine -casein), the specific detection of multi-phosphorylated peptides (e.g. the tetraphosphopeptide RELEELNVPGEIVEpSLpSpSpSEESITR from tryptic digestion of bovine -casein) has often been problematic for liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis due to their high affinity for adsorption to exposed surfaces. We observed an enhancement in the overall detection of phosphopeptides upon addition of phosphoric acid (0.1% to 1.0%) to the sample solution; a 10-fold increase in sensitivity was measured for the detection of two tryptic phosphopeptides as well as a significant improvement in the detection of the tetraphosphopeptide. Using capillary LC with an ion trap tandem mass spectrometer for detection and identification, the achievable detection limits were 50 fmol and 50 pmol for the monophosphopeptide and the tetraphosphopeptide, respectively. Phosphoric acid is believed to act as a blocking agent to available silanol groups on both the silica capillary surface and the C-18-bonded silica surface.
Simultaneous determination of optimal machining conditions and tool replacement policies in constrained machining economics problems by geometric programming

This paper presents an analytical model for the simultaneous determination of the optimal machining conditions (cutting speed and feed) and the optimal tool replacement policy in constrained machining economics problems by geometric programming. The optimal preventive tool replacement policy is initially determined as a tool life fractile (independent of the underlying tool life distribution) and then it is expressed as actual tool life by utilizing the underlying tool life distribution applicable to the combination of tool material, workpiece properties, and machining conditions. Constraints on the optimal values of cutting speeds, feeds, and/or optimal tool replacement policy based on maximum allowable values and/or surface finish requirements are handled through the optimization of the dual objective function. It is shown that the optimal cost distribution does not depend on the cost coefficients in the objective function. Finally, the model is applied to two-stage systems where the necessary condition...
Different Genetic Mechanisms Control Foliar and Tuber Resistance to Phytophthora infestans in Wild Potato Solanum verrucosum

Late blight, caused by the oomycete pathogen, Phytophthora infestans, is a devastating disease of potatoes and tomatoes. A key long-term management strategy for combating this disease is to develop potato cultivars with broad-spectrum and durable resistance through identification and integration of major resistance genes. In support of previous results, we have determined that some accessions of the wild potato species Solanum verrucosum contain strong foliar resistance to P. infestans while others are susceptible. In addition, whole- and wounded-tuber inoculations revealed that most accessions lacked resistance to tuber infection. However, one accession (PI 570643) contained little foliar resistance but expressed tuber resistance, suggesting that expression of these two phenotypes in this species is not correlated.
Growth Performance and Tissue Fatty Acid Composition of Largemouth Bass Fed Diets Containing Fish Oil or Blends of Fish Oil and Soy-Derived Lipids

Abstract Dietary fatty acid (FA) composition influences the composition of fish tissues to a greater or lesser extent depending on the proportion of saturated FAs (SFAs) and medium-chain (MC) polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs) that the feed contains. Our purpose was to evaluate the growth performance and tissue composition of largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides that were fed diets containing soy-derived lipids modified to contain more SFAs and less MC-PUFAs. Triplicate tanks of largemouth bass (∼1.6 g) were fed diets containing fish oil (FO diet) or 50:50 blends of fish oil and low-18:3(n-3) soybean oil, hydrogenated soybean oil (HYD-SBO diet), or SFA-enriched soybean oil (SFA-SBO diet). After 10 weeks, production performance was unaffected by diet, and weight gain (mean ± SE = 518 ± 19%), feed conversion ratio (1.29 ± 0.03), specific growth rate (2.59 ± 0.04% of body weight/d), and feed intake (1.42 ± 0.03% of body weight/d) indicated that all diets were accepted and well utilized. Carcass FA composition chan...
A Rapid Technic for Demonstrating mast cells in Mouse Skin

A simple rapid technic is described for demonstrating mast cells in mouse skin. The procedure requires about 60 minutes from time of specimen removal until permanent mounting. The steps comprise: (1) stretch-mounting of skin on a cardboard frame; (2) fixing and dehydrating in absolute ethanol for 15 minutes; (3) xylene washing for 10 minutes; (4) absolute ethanol washing for 10-15 minutes; (5) 3-4 minutes in a 0.1% aqueous solution of methylene blue; (6) dehydrating and differentiating in absolute ethanol; (7) clearing in xylene; (8) trimming and mounting. Cell counts may be made immediately, as well as high dry and oil immersion study of cytological detail of mast cells.
Coats' disease and central nervous system venous malformation

Primary retinal telangiectasis or Coats' disease is a non-hereditary retinal vascular abnormality consisting of incompetent telangiectatic and aneurysmal retinal vessels. It is characteristically found unilaterally in boys and occasionally may be associated with other systemic disorders. The authors report the first case of primary retinal telangiectasis with a concomitant diffuse central nervous system venous abnormality.
A major histocompatibility complex class I-related Fc receptor for IgG on rat hepatocytes.

Abstract Intestinal epithelial cells of the neonatal rat and mouse have been shown to express a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-like Fc receptor, or FcRn, which transports IgG in an apical to basolateral direction. Previous studies have suggested the possible expression of this receptor beyond the neonatal period within the liver. Since bile contains high levels of IgG, we sought to determine whether the FcRn was functionally expressed by adult rat hepatocytes. Using primers specific for FcRn, which did not cross hybridize with MHC class I transcripts, FcRn DNA was amplified by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction from RNA of adult rat hepatocytes. This RNA contained functional FcRn transcripts as it encoded a beta 2-microglobulin-associated cell surface protein as determined by immunoprecipitation of biotinylated cell surface proteins with a polyclonal anti-FcRn specific antiserum. Western blotting of hepatocyte canalicular (apical) and sinusoidal (basolateral) plasma membranes with an FcRn-specific monoclonal antibody further confirmed the protein expression and suggested that FcRn was enriched on the canalicular surface membranes. FcRn, on the surface of hepatocytes, was biologically functional as it bound Fc fragments of IgG at pH 6.0 but not 8.0, which is the same pH dependence observed for FcRn in rat neonatal enterocytes. Thus, FcRn is functionally expressed outside of the neonatal period on the canalicular cell surface of adult hepatocytes. This suggests that hepatocyte FcRn may bind luminal IgG, providing a potential functional communication between parenchymal immune cells and bile.
Examples of uniformly homeomorphic Banach spaces

We give several examples of separable Banach spaces which are nonisomorphic but uniformly homeomorphic. For example, we show that for every 1 < p ≠ 2 < ∞ there are two uniformly homeomorphic subspaces (respectively, quotients) of lp which are not linearly isomorphic; similarly c0 has two uniformly homeomorphic subspaces which are not isomorphic. We also give an example of two non-isomorphic separable L∞-spaces which are coarsely homeomorphic (i.e. have Lipschitz equivalent nets).
About Such Things as Unistors, Flow Graphs, Probability, Partial Factoring, and Matrices

The purpose here is to point out three things. 1) Topological circuit analysis, in which we look for trees, and topological flow-graph analysis, in which we look for loops, are intimately related, since both have to do with simultaneous linear algebraic equations. The intimate relationship becomes an indentity when we deal with Markoff probability diagrams, for which the circuit model of the problem and the flow-graph model of the problem are one and the same. 2) The expression for a flow-graph transmission in terms of the branch transmissions can often be made much more compact by a process called partial factoring. Fortunately, this process has a simple topological interpretation, so that the compact form is obtainable by inspection of the flow-graph. 3) Simultaneous linear matrix equations may be conveniently expressed in flow-graph form, whereupon the solution is obtainable by standard flow-graph reduction techniques.
Having a Bad Month: General Versus Specific Effects of Stress on Crime

We examine whether particular types of stress are related to particular types of crime or whether all types of stress are related to all types of crime. Our estimates are based on analyses of within-individual change over a 36 month period among recently incarcerated offenders. We find that assault is most strongly related to family stress, suggesting that conflicts between family members lead to assault. Economic crimes (property crimes and selling illicit drugs) are most clearly related to financial stress, suggesting that these crimes often reflect attempts to resolve financial problems. On the other hand, crime is generally unrelated to stress from illness/injury, death, and work. The results support the idea that criminal behavior is a focused response to specific types of problems rather than a general response to stress. They are more consistent with explanations that focus on perceived rewards and costs (e.g., the rational-choice approach) than with explanations that portray negative affect as a generalized impetus toward violence or crime (e.g., frustration aggression approaches).
Controlled growth of silicon dioxide from "nanoholes" in silicon-supported tris(trimethylsiloxy)silyl monolayers: Rational control of surface roughness at the nanometer length scale

Controlled growth of silicon dioxide (SiO2) using tetrachlorosilane (SiCl4) and water as precursors on tris(trimethylsiloxy)chlorosilane (trisTMSCl)-modified silicon wafer templates was studied. By...
Fatty acid ethyl esters: Markers of alcohol abuse and alcoholism

Chronic alcoholism, which is associated with hepatic, pancreatic, and myocardial diseases, is one of the major health problems in the United States with high morbidity and mortality. Many individuals who abuse alcohol chronically die even before reaching the clinical stage of the disease. Reliable biomarkers of the diseases induced by chronic alcohol abuse, as well as for alcoholism, currently are not available. In the current study, we measured plasma concentrations of fatty acid ethyl esters [(FAEEs), nonoxidative metabolites of ethanol] in 39 patients with a detectable concentration of alcohol in their blood samples. In turn, we determined the relation of FAEE concentrations with blood alcohol concentration (BAC). Of 39 patients in whom we evaluated this relation, only five had a history of chronic alcohol abuse, and six had a history of acute alcohol abuse. Patients' age ranged from 25 to 71 years. Within this age range, greater concentrations of FAEEs were found in the plasma samples obtained from patients in the 41- to 50-year age group. There were no sex-related differences in BAC, nor in FAEE concentrations. Thirteen patients had a BAC greater than 300 mg%. For 11 patients, the BAC ranged between 200 and 299 mg%, and, for 12 patients, the BAC ranged between 100 and 199 mg%. In comparison with findings for patients with a BAC that ranged between 100 and 299 mg%, the FAEE concentrations were approximately twofold higher in patients with a BAC greater than 300 mg%. Ethyl palmitate and ethyl oleate were the main FAEEs detected in most patients. In general, FAEE concentrations increased with increasing BAC. However, in comparison with patients with a history of acute alcohol abuse, a greater increase in total FAEE concentrations was observed in patients with a history of chronic alcohol abuse (4,250 ng/ml and 15,086 ng/ml, respectively). Fatty acid ethyl esters were either detected in trace amounts or not detectable in the plasma of control subjects with no known alcohol ingestion. These results support our hypothesis that nonoxidative metabolism of ethanol to FAEEs is an important pathway of ethanol disposition during chronic alcohol abuse, and that FAEE concentrations can be a more reliable biomarker of chronic alcohol abuse than a history of acute alcohol abuse.
Innovation, High‐Technology Use, and Flexibility in Small Manufacturing Firms

Innovation, use of high technology, and flexibility of response to customer needs are studied in two surveys of small manufacturing firms in New York and Pennsylvania. They are shown in both surveys to be separate and unrelated concepts. None of five industry-level classifications of high-technology firms, using SIC codes predict these concepts on a firm level. Only innovation is related to a sophisticated firm marketing program. and to export from the state.
Estimation of canopy attenuation for active/passive microwave soil moisture retrieval algorithms

This paper discusses the importance of the proper characterization of scattering and attenuation in trees needed for accurate retrieval of soil moisture in the presence of trees. Emphasis is placed on determining an accurate estimation of the propagation properties of a vegetation canopy using the complex frequency correlation function (FCF). A new technique for determining the canopy attenuation that uses the measured stepped frequency radar backscatter response is proposed. It makes use of the details found in a transient solution where the canopy (volume scattering) and the tree-ground (double interaction) effects appear at different times. The proposed technique is based on separating the backscattering sources within a forest canopy in the time response. The technique has been used with L band data collected over deciduous trees to verify that the algorithm results match the simulated data.
The Requirement for Nucleoporin NUP153 during Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection Is Determined by the Viral Capsid

Lentiviruses likely infect nondividing cells by commandeering host nuclear transport factors to facilitate the passage of their preintegration complexes (PICs) through nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) within nuclear envelopes. Genome-wide small interfering RNA screens previously identified karyopherin β transportin-3 (TNPO3) and NPC component nucleoporin 153 (NUP153) as being important for infection by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). The knockdown of either protein significantly inhibited HIV-1 infectivity, while infection by the gammaretrovirus Moloney murine leukemia virus (MLV) was unaffected. Here, we establish that primate lentiviruses are particularly sensitive to NUP153 knockdown and investigate HIV-1-encoded elements that contribute to this dependency. Mutants lacking functional Vpr or the central DNA flap remained sensitive to NUP153 depletion, while MLV/HIV-1 chimera viruses carrying MLV matrix, capsid, or integrase became less sensitive when the latter two elements were substituted. Two capsid missense mutant viruses, N74D and P90A, were largely insensitive to NUP153 depletion, as was wild-type HIV-1 when cyclophilin A was depleted simultaneously or when infection was conducted in the presence of cyclosporine A. The codepletion of NUP153 and TNPO3 yielded synergistic effects that outweighed those calculated based on individual knockdowns, indicating potential interdependent roles for these factors during HIV-1 infection. Quantitative PCR revealed normal levels of late reverse transcripts, a moderate reduction of 2-long terminal repeat (2-LTR) circles, and a relatively large reduction in integrated proviruses upon NUP153 knockdown. These results suggest that capsid, likely by the qualities of its uncoating, determines whether HIV-1 requires cellular NUP153 for PIC nuclear import.
Ability of EUS with fine-needle aspiration to document nodal staging and response to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in locally advanced esophageal cancer: a case report.

Adenocarcinoma of the esophagus carries a dismal prognosis despite aggressive therapy.1 In otherwise fit patients with stage I through III disease (T1-4, N any M0), potentially curative approaches include surgery alone, combined chemoradiotherapy alone, or surgery with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy.2 Some of these patients present with extensive local disease and do poorly with surgery alone, whereas others are of borderline fitness for extensive surgery. For them, combined chemoradiotherapy is often used in a neoadjuvant setting in an attempt to “downstage” the tumor, increase resectability rates and improve outcomes. Precise staging is a prerequisite for selecting the most appropriate therapy for these patients. EUS is highly accurate in the pretreatment staging of esophageal cancer and is superior to CT in both tumor (T) and nodal (N) staging.3,4 The ability to perform EUS-guided fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy of suspicious peritumoral or celiac lymph nodes further increases staging accuracy and usefulness of the technique.5 EUS has also been used in an effort to detect either residual tumor or early tumor recurrence after therapy but with mixed results6,7 because of inability to distinguish tumor recurrence from benign fibrosis or inflammation related to surgery or chemoradiotherapy. FurtherFrom the Digestive Disease Center, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.
Proximal Quasi-Newton for Computationally Intensive L1-regularized M-estimators

We consider the class of optimization problems arising from computationally intensive l1-regularized M-estimators, where the function or gradient values are very expensive to compute. A particular instance of interest is the l1-regularized MLE for learning Conditional Random Fields (CRFs), which are a popular class of statistical models for varied structured prediction problems such as sequence labeling, alignment, and classification with label taxonomy. l1-regularized MLEs for CRFs are particularly expensive to optimize since computing the gradient values requires an expensive inference step. In this work, we propose the use of a carefully constructed proximal quasi-Newton algorithm for such computationally intensive M-estimation problems, where we employ an aggressive active set selection technique. In a key contribution of the paper, we show that the proximal quasi-Newton method is provably super-linearly convergent, even in the absence of strong convexity, by leveraging a restricted variant of strong convexity. In our experiments, the proposed algorithm converges considerably faster than current state-of-the-art on the problems of sequence labeling and hierarchical classification.
AXIAL SKELETAL CHANGES IN PARALYSED PATIENTS MAY MIMIC ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS

Patients with paralysis may develop radiographic changes in the axial skeleton and sacroiliac joints that resemble those seen in ankylosing spondylitis. These similarities can result in confusion when evaluating paralysed patients with back pain. We report on a patient with paralysis secondary to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis who developed back pain, apparent sacroiliac joint fusion, and a 'bamboo spine', leading to the misdiagnosis of ankylosing spondylitis. Serial radiographs of the bony changes in our patient are presented, along with a brief review of the literature on axial skeletal abnormalities in paralysis and a discussion of the subtle changes that distinguish immobilization spondyloarthropathy from ankylosing spondylitis.
A Re-count of Poverty in US Central Cities: Just Who and Where Are the Urban Poor?

Poverty remains a persistent problem in central cities across the US and the government's approach to measuring it is not without shortcomings. This paper applies recently developed innovations in poverty measurement and presents improved estimates of central-city poverty across time. A broader and more comprehensive income concept is employed to measure family resources and important distributional aspects of poverty are incorporated by using the Sen index. In general, Sen indexes for the central city are significantly reduced when comprehensive income is used to evaluate poverty. Motivating these changes are the substantial reductions that occur in the depth of poverty and the relative income inequality among poor central-city residents. Regionally, the results suggest that the elements of comprehensive income have their greatest impact on estimates of poverty in Southern central cities, while the central cities of the West are least affected.
Creatively Labeling Behavior in Individual and Group Counseling

The authors make a case for the accurate labeling of behavior at the appropriate time in the counseling process and caution against the kind of labeling of a person which results in stereotyping and counseling ineffectiveness. They present a list of seven criteria to be considered if behavior is to be accurately labeled and advocate the use of metaphors, especially in group counseling, to label certain kinds of behavior
Programming with angelic nondeterminism

Angelic nondeterminism can play an important role in program development. It simplifies specifications, for example in deriving programs with a refinement calculus; it is the formal basis of regular expressions; and Floyd relied on it to concisely express backtracking algorithms such as N-queens.We show that angelic nondeterminism is also useful during the development of deterministic programs. The semantics of our angelic operator are the same as Floyd's but we use it as a substitute for yet-to-be-written deterministic code; the final program is fully deterministic. The angelic operator divines a value that makes the program meet its specification, if possible. Because the operator is executable, it allows the programmer to test incomplete programs: if a program has no safe execution, it is already incorrect; if a program does have a safe execution, the execution may reveal an implementation strategy to the programmer.We introduce refinement-based angelic programming, describe our embedding of angelic operators into Scala, report on our implementation with bounded model checking, and describe our experience with two case studies. In one of the studies, we use angelic operators to modularize the Deutsch-Schorr-Waite (DSW) algorithm. The modularization is performed with the notion of a parasitic stack, whose incomplete specification was instantiated for DSW with angelic nondeterminism.
Antigen presentation in graft-vs-host disease

Graft-vs-host disease (GVHD) and the sequela of immunosuppression used to prevent it remain major causes of morbidity and mortality in allogeneic stem cell transplantation (alloSCT). In particular, GVHD and ineffective T-cell immune reconstitution significantly decreases the enthusiasm for offering alloSCT to patients with non-malignant inherited hematopoietic diseases such as sickle cell anemia and thalassemia [1–6]. In GVHD, T cells that accompany the stem cell graft attack recipient tissues, including skin, liver, small and large bowel, and lung. T cells are initially primed by professional antigen-presenting cells [7,8]. In particular, dendritic cells (DCs) are uniquely specialized for uptake and presentation of antigen to nao ¨ve T cells. In the context of transplantation, this is the mechanism whereby the rare T cell with an antigen receptor (T-cell receptor; TCR) that can recognize a hostderived peptide antigen bound to MHC molecules is primed to undergo activation, clonal expansion, and maturation. This interaction is the subject of this review. While most DCs share the ability to present antigen to and stimulate nao ¨ve T cells, they are nevertheless quite heterogeneous. This heterogeneity has been the subject of recent reviews and will not be discussed in detail here [7,8]. In short, DCs differ in surface phenotype, profiles of cytokine production, location, ability to produce cytokines, and ability to present exogenously acquired antigen. Moreover, each subtype exists in an immature and a mature state. The transplant setting adds additional levels of complexity. Donorand host-derived DCs may have different roles, and what applies to presentation to CD8 cells may not apply to presentation to CD4 cells due to differences in the pathways that lead to peptide loading onto MHC I (to CD8 cells) and MHCII (to CD4 cells) [9–12]. What is true in MHC-identical transplants may differ from what is found in MHC-disparate transplants. Finally, transplant conditioning regimens and stem cell mobilization procedures may also impact APC phenotype, function, and survival.
Simultaneous sparse approximation via greedy pursuit

A simple sparse approximation problem requests an approximation of a given input signal as a linear combination of T elementary signals drawn from a large, linearly dependent collection. An important generalization is simultaneous sparse approximation. Now one must approximate several input signals at once using different linear combinations of the same T elementary signals. This formulation appears, for example, when analyzing multiple observations of a sparse signal that have been contaminated with noise. A new approach to this problem is presented here: a greedy pursuit algorithm called simultaneous orthogonal matching pursuit. The paper proves that the algorithm calculates simultaneous approximations whose error is within a constant factor of the optimal simultaneous approximation error. This result requires that the collection of elementary signals be weakly correlated, a property that is also known as incoherence. Numerical experiments demonstrate that the algorithm often succeeds, even when the inputs do not meet the hypotheses of the proof.
Studying the impact of gate tunneling on dynamic behaviors of partially-depleted SOI CMOS using BSIMPD

In this, work, we investigate and analyze the impact of gate tunneling on dynamic behaviors of partially depleted SOI CMOS with the aid of the physically accurate BSIMPD model. We examine in particular the impact of gate tunneling on the history dependence of inverter delays. The examination reveals key requirements for capturing the history effect in SPICE modeling. This study suggests that gate tunneling has a strong impact on the delay range and should be considered in SOI circuit simulation. It is crucial for circuit, designers to understand and contain the hysteretic delay variations caused by gate current. An accurate SPICE model that includes the oxide tunneling mechanism should be used to quantify the effect without undermining the performance benefit of a partially depleted SOI technology. BSIMPD is one model that attempts to bridge the gap between advanced SOI technologies and circuit design. With its built-in floating-body, self-heating and body-contact modules, BSIMPD captures SOI-specific effects and therefore is able to raise the design quality of PD SOI chips. BSIMPD has been implemented in Berkeley SPICE3f4 and other commercial SPICE simulators. It may also be the basis for computing the look-up tables used for higher-level timing simulation.
Distinct roles for two N-terminal cleaved domains in mitochondrial import of the yeast frataxin homolog, Yfh1p

The yeast frataxin homolog (Yfh1p) participates in mitochondrial iron homeostasis. The phenotypic defects of the Delta yfh1 mutant include drastic accumulation of iron in mitochondria and slow growth. The Yfh1p precursor protein contains two N-terminal domains that are sequentially cleaved by the matrix processing peptidase on import into mitochondria, generating the mature protein. We have precisely mapped these two cleavage sites. Mutations blocking the first or the second cleavage of Yfh1p do not interfere with its in vitro import or with its ability to complement phenotypes of the Delta yfh1 mutant strain. Distinct roles have been ascertained for the two cleaved domains of Yfh1p. The first cleaved domain (domain I) is sufficient for in vitro mitochondrial import of a non-mitochondrial passenger protein. However, neither domain I nor other matrix-targeting signals alone can support efficient in vitro import of mature Yfh1p. The second cleaved domain (domain II) is required as a spacer between a targeting signal and mature Yfh1p. Likewise, when Yfh1p constructs lacking domain I or II are expressed in vivo, they fail to attain appreciable steady-state amounts in mitochondria and cannot complement phenotypes of the Delta yfh1 mutant.
Recruitment of Older African Americans for Survey Research: A Process Evaluation of the Community and Church-Based Strategy in the Durham Elders Project

Purpose: The disproportionately high burden of morbidity and mortality among older African Americans is due, in part, to a lack of understanding of the factors contributing to these outcomes. In order to more fully understand the factors that contribute to African American morbidity and mortality, researchers must identify strategies for increasing the inclusion of older African Americans in research on social and health phenomena. Design and Methods: This article is a process evaluation describing the successes and challenges associated with recruitment of older African Americans into research. It considers an effort to nurture collaboration between university and community institutions to both facilitate research endeavors and offer meaningful and culturally-appropriate contributions to the community. Results: The primary challenges discovered in this observational process evaluation of a church-based recruitment strategy include the effective coordination of a community research advisory board, ensuring participant autonomy, and reducing concerns of exploitation among potential participants. Implications: A strategy of coordinating a community research advisory board to incorporate the views of community members and to drive a church-based recruitment procedure provides a starting point for tapping into an immensely important segment of society historically ignored by the research community.
Utility of cell viability assays for use with ex vivo vocal fold epithelial tissue

Objectives/Hypothesis Ex vivo models are routinely used to investigate the barrier function of the vocal fold epithelium. However, there are limited reports on assays that can be used to investigate the effect of clinically relevant challenges on vocal fold epithelial tissue viability. Our objective was to determine the utility of two assays routinely used in cell culture—a cellular metabolic activity assay and a cell membrane integrity assay—to investigate the viability of ex vivo porcine vocal fold epithelium. Study Design Prospective, ex vivo animal study. Methods Porcine vocal folds were exposed to acrolein, hydrochloric acid, or hydrogen peroxide challenge. An untreated, sham challenge was included as a control. Assays including metabolic activity, cell membrane integrity, and histology were used to determine whether challenges reduced epithelial viability as compared to sham. Results Cell membrane integrity and metabolic activity assays detected reductions in viability following hydrochloric acid and hydrogen peroxide challenges but not acrolein challenge as compared to sham. No challenge produced significant changes in epithelial appearance as evidenced by light microscopy. Conclusions Metabolic activity and cell membrane integrity assays are valuable tools that can be used to evaluate the viability of ex vivo vocal fold epithelial tissue following clinically relevant challenges. As viability is reduced, the ability of epithelial tissue to maintain its barrier function is compromised. Accurate assessment of viability may provide us clues into understanding mechanisms underlying vocal fold epithelial injury and disease. Level of Evidence NA Laryngoscope, 125:E180–E185, 2015
Elevated In Vivo Insulin Clearance in Pima Indians with Non-insulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus

In vivo insulin clearance in 10 subjects with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) has been compared with clearance in eight equally obese nondiabetic control subjects by two different methods. The first approach consisted of determining the metabolic clearance rates of exogenously infused insulin (MCR,) during hyperins Ulinemic (100 mU/m 2 min) glucose clamp studies. The results indicated that mean (± SEM) MCR, was 1.4-fold greater in the diabetic subjects (436 ± 22 ml m 2 min) than in the controls (325 ± 24 ml/m 2 min, P 1 ) in response to an oral glucose load was calculated from the integrated area above basal of plasma insulin (∫IRI) and of plasma C-peptide (∫CPR), an estimate of β-cell secretion. The results demonstrated that fractional extraction of endogenously secreted insulin (EXT 1 = 100 [{∫CPR - ∫IRI}/∫CPR]) was also 1.2-fold greater for diabetic subjects (88.9 ± 2.5%) than for nondiabetic controls (72.0 ± 2.8%, P 1 ) were significantly correlated with each other (r = 0.71, P
Improving Outcomes in Coronary Surgery: The Impact of Echo-Directed Aortic Cannulation and Perioperative Hemodynamic Management in 500 Patients

Abstract Background Stroke and death continue to occur perioperatively associated with on-pump and off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting surgery (CABG) procedures. We report on a prospectively implemented multifaceted strategy to improve short-term outcomes associated with on-pump CABG. Methods Five hundred consecutive patients from a single teaching institution undergoing standardized on-pump nonreoperative CABG between June 1996 and July 2003 were entered into the New York State Cardiac Surgery database, a verified comprehensive clinical registry. Risk factors and outcomes were analyzed and compared with the statewide New York State CABG registry. All patients underwent intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography to guide distal aortic cannulation and high flow–high pressure cardiopulmonary bypass perfusion, arterial filtration, centrifugal pump perfusion, and membrane oxygenation. Intraoperative and early postoperative blood pressures were continuously targeted to match the patient's preoperative range. Results The mean patient age was 63.5 years, 335 (67%) were male, and 320 (64%) were deemed to be of elective surgical priority. The mean ejection fraction was 0.434, with 255 (51%) having sustained a prior myocardial infarction. The mean cardiopulmonary bypass time was 95 minutes with an ischemic time of 51 minutes to accomplish a mean of 3.19 grafts/patient. The predicted group mortality was 2.28%, which was greater than the simultaneously measured 1.98% New York statewide CABG mortality during the same period for comparable patients ( p p Conclusions A standardized approach to CABG using echocardiographic guided aortic cannulation and perioperative hemodynamic management reduces perioperative stroke and death associated with on-pump coronary surgery.
How Important Is Reading Skill Fluency for Comprehension

Some important approaches to reading instruction and assessment, as well as influential theories of reading, are based on the assumption that reading fluency is necessary for good comprehension. However, this may not always be the case. This article takes another look at the relationship between word reading fluency and comprehension. It also identifies diverse pathways that lower ability readers can take to comprehend well. Findings on compensatory-encoding theory are presented. They reveal that struggling readers can overcome weak skills and improve comprehension if they know how to compensate, are motivated to understand, and are unrestricted. However, when such readers must perform under time pressure, must read text at a constant or fast rate, or must read silently, they are less likely to compensate and frequently comprehend less well as a result. At the other extreme of the skill spectrum, the article also discusses older and more fluent readers who often read lackadaisically and thus are not engaged by text. As a consequence, they comprehend below their potential. The article concludes with instructional implications for helping nonfluent readers to compensate freely and for challenging fluent readers to stay focused on a text's meaning.
Vectorized procedural models for natural terrain: Waves and islands in the sunset

A ray-tracing procedural model is described, in which ocean waves and islands are rendered by different but related algorithms. The algorithms are based on analytic formulas involving arithmetic operations, trigonometric functions, and square roots, and are organized for a vectorizing compiler on a Cray 1, a “supercomputer” with a vector pipeline architecture. Height field methods are used, one vertical scan line at a time, to trace the direct rays to the ocean, where they are reflected. Approximate methods are then applied to find whether the reflected rays meet any other object on their way to the sky. The output, at eight bits per pixel, gives information for shading, e.g. the angle of the surface normal for rays meeting the islands, or the angle of elevation from the horizon for rays continuing unobstructed to the sky.The output is recorded on a magnetic tape for each frame in one cycle of the wave motion, and plotted offline on a Dicomed D-48 color film recorder. The eight bits per pixel are interpreted by a color translation table, which is gradually changed as the wave cycle is repeated to simulate the changing illumination during sunset.
Use of Mechanistic Models to Investigate Fatigue Performance of Asphalt Mixtures: Effects of Asphalt Mix Design Targets and Compaction

Effects of design air void contents, design voids in mineral aggregate (VMA), and in-place air voids on the fatigue performance of asphalt mixtures were investigated with mechanistic analyses based on the viscoelastic continuum damage (VECD) analyses and the mechanistic–empirical pavement analysis using the AASHTOWare Pavement ME Design program. The VECD analyses included the simplified viscoelastic continuum damage model at the material level and two structural models: (a) layered viscoelastic analysis and (b) layered viscoelastic pavement analysis for critical distresses. The mix design of a 2013 accelerated loading facility test lane was selected to develop the volumetric mix designs with the design air voids of 3%, 4%, and 5%, design VMAs of 13%, 14%, and 15%, and in-place air void contents of 5%, 7%, and 9% with the Bailey method. Dynamic modulus and direct tension cyclic fatigue tests were performed in accordance with the AASHTO TP 107 procedure. The test results showed that the linear viscoelastic ...
Why America Lost the War on Poverty-And How to Win it by Frank Stricker

Did you ever try to explain to a class of college students why poverty remains an intractable problem in the United States? Have you looked for a reader for your class on poverty that is not stride...
Combining structured and unstructured data to identify a cohort of ICU patients who received dialysis.

Objective To develop a generalizable method for identifying patient cohorts from electronic health record (EHR) data—in this case, patients having dialysis—that uses simple information retrieval (IR) tools. Methods We used the coded data and clinical notes from the 24 506 adult patients in the Multiparameter Intelligent Monitoring in Intensive Care database to identify patients who had dialysis. We used SQL queries to search the procedure, diagnosis, and coded nursing observations tables based on ICD-9 and local codes. We used a domain-specific search engine to find clinical notes containing terms related to dialysis. We manually validated the available records for a 10% random sample of patients who potentially had dialysis and a random sample of 200 patients who were not identified as having dialysis based on any of the sources. Results We identified 1844 patients that potentially had dialysis: 1481 from the three coded sources and 1624 from the clinical notes. Precision for identifying dialysis patients based on available data was estimated to be 78.4% (95% CI 71.9% to 84.2%) and recall was 100% (95% CI 86% to 100%). Conclusions Combining structured EHR data with information from clinical notes using simple queries increases the utility of both types of data for cohort identification. Patients identified by more than one source are more likely to meet the inclusion criteria; however, including patients found in any of the sources increases recall. This method is attractive because it is available to researchers with access to EHR data and off-the-shelf IR tools.
Abstract WP27: Time to Recanalize an Acute Vessel Occlusion from Groin Puncture Matters Among Patients Selected for Intra-Arterial Therapy based on CT Perfusion Imaging

INTRODUCTION: Mechanical thrombectomy has an established role in the management of acute ischemic stroke (AIS). We investigate whether procedure time is related to recanalization, intraprocedural c...
Dogmatism and misanthropy.

In distinguishing Letween open and closed mindedness, Rokeach (1960, pp. 62-63) assumed that the more closed minded the individual, "the more will the world be seen as threatening." He continued that "On the other hand, the world is seen to be a more friendly place by the relatively open person." While this distinction has been investigated (Lee & Ehrlich, 1971), belief about others was measured by a set of items which had not been subjected to any tests of validity. In the present study, Troldahl and Powell's (1965) 20-item form of the Dogmatism Scale was administered along with Rosenberg's (1959) five-item Misanthropy Scale to 148 sociology students at State University College at Potsdam. A total of 135 complete and usable returns were obtained. The Pearsonian correlation coefficient between dogmatism and misanthropy was calculated and the resulting value ( r = .17, df = 133, p < .O5) supports Rokeach's distinction. However, when a dogmatism scale item manifestly tapping misanthropy ("Most people just don't give a 'damn' for others") was omitted from the analysis, the correlation ( r = .14, df = 133) failed to reach a significant magnitude. These data are therefore interpreted as failing to support Rokeach's distinction.
Casey's Collections: A Strategic Decision-Making Case Using the Systems Development Lifecycle—Planning and Analysis Phases

ABSTRACT: The Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) model, developed in the 1980s, remains the foundational model for strategic decision making regarding the development or acquisition of new information systems (IS). The SDLC model proposes five system development phases—planning, analysis, design, implementation, and maintenance—using a waterfall theory. These early phases of the SDLC require strategic decisions to be made regarding information systems. Strategic decision making is a model of multi-attribute utility theory, which helps promote decisions that maximize utility among multiple alternatives. This case provides students with experience in making reasoned strategic IT decisions by executing the planning and analysis phases in a new system acquisition life cycle. This educational case is structured to be the first of several cases covering the SDLC involving the same small fictitious public corporation, Casey's Collections. Upon completion of the case, students should have a deeper understandin...