cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design of Composite Cylinder Fabrication Process

Fiber prestraining is often employed to reduce fiber waviness while fabricating composite cylindrical structures by filament winding or fiber placement. The effect of fiber prestraining on the final residual stress state in a closed-end laminated cylinder fabricated on a steel mandrel is analyzed here. The elements influencing the residual stress state are identified and the corresponding influence functions relating the ply stresses to the fiber prestrain are obtained. The ply residual stresses are evaluated for a constant prestrain distribution in all the layers. An optimization procedure is implemented to find prestrain distributions that produces minimal residual stresses in layers. The role of mandrel stiffness on final residual stress state is also studied by selecting different mandrel thicknesses.
From Settlement and State Consolidation to Civil War and “Conflict Timber”

To better understand how natural resources contributed to the conflict in Liberia, Beevers provides an in-depth history of the country from its settlement in 1822 to the civil war a century and a half later. The chapter draws attention to the changing political, economic and social dynamics of the state and explains how the control of land and natural resources lie at the heart of the Liberian history. Beevers then explores the Liberian civil war in detail, and documents the emergence of natural resources, and specifically the exploitation and trade in the so-called conflict timber, as a dominant cause of the conflict.
Clinical Management of the Most Common Group A β-Hemolytic Streptococcal Infections

Group A streptococcal (Streptococcus pyogenes) infections remain important causes of medical and public health morbidity and mortality even during the early twenty-first century. Although most often concentrated in socially/economically disadvantaged populations, the problems remain significant in both industrializing and industrialized countries. The many M/emm types of GAS contribute to herd immunity in populations and also affect the control of streptococcal infections in these populations. Although this bacterium remains among the most susceptible to most antibiotics, it is evident that antibiotics alone have not solved the group A streptococcal medical and public health problems, even in those places where access to medical care is readily available. It is likely that the current streptococcal problems will remain difficult to manage and will remain essentially unchanged until the broad implementation of a cost-effective group A streptococcal vaccine, likely some years in the future.
Size Extensivity Correction for CI Energies Based on Complete Active Space Reference Functions

Truncated configuration interaction (CI) calculations are known1 to yield total electronic energies which do not scale properly with the number of electrons in the system. This so called “size extensivity” (SE) problem causes truncated CI energies (e.g., those which include all excitations up through some specified level) energies to be of questionable value, for example, in computing thermodynamic energy differences such as chemical reaction energies. Specifically, for the reaction $$ A+B\rightarrow C+D $$ (1) truncated-CI energies of the individual species (C, D, A, and B) can not be used to evaluate ΔE; one must evaluate, within the truncated-CI method, the energy of the C + D and A + B “supermolecules” at large C — D and A — B separations, and then subtract these two energies to evaluate ΔE.
Is negative workplace humor really all that "negative"? Workplace humor and hospitality employees' job embeddedness

Abstract The hospitality industry is known to have a relatively higher turnover rate. Job embeddedness (JE) was identified as an effective solution of voluntary turnover. Building on the Social Exchange Theory, the current study investigates the relationships among hospitality employees’ workplace humor, perceived workplace fun and organizational JE. Two studies using two different samples were conducted to examine the proposed relationships. Structural Equation Modeling was employed for hypotheses testing. Both studies suggested that hospitality employees’ use of affiliative humor and aggressive humor at workplace were positively associated with their perception of supervisor support for fun as well as coworker socializing. Furthermore, perceived supervisor support for fun was positively related to hospitality employees’ organizational JE. Only full-time hospitality employees’ perceived coworker socializing was positively associated with their organizational JE. The research provided useful human resource management practices for hospitality businesses in the U.S.
Short-Term Risk of Ischemic Stroke After Detection of Left Ventricular Thrombus on Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

Abstract Background: The short-term risk of ischemic stroke in patients with left ventricular (LV) thrombus identified via delayed-enhancement cardiac magnetic resonance (DE-CMR) imaging is uncertain. Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study of patients who underwent DE-CMR for evaluation of LV systolic dysfunction at NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell between 2007 and 2016. We identified all hospitalized patients who had DE-CMR evidence of LV thrombus, and as controls, all hospitalized patients who had no DE-CMR evidence of LV thrombus; 2 control patients were randomly selected for each patient with LV thrombus. Our primary outcome was ischemic stroke prior to hospital discharge. Additionally, we compared the risk of stroke among patients with: (1) no LV thrombus, (2) LV thrombus by DE-CMR but not by echocardiography, and (3) LV thrombus by both DE-CMR and echocardiography. Results: We identified 33 patients with LV thrombus and 66 patients without LV thrombus on DE-CMR. Of the 33 patients with LV thrombus on DE-CMR, 13 had echocardiographic evidence of thrombus. Ischemic stroke occurred in 3 of 33 (9.1%; 95% CI, 1.9%-24.3%) patients with LV thrombus on DE-CMR. Ischemic stroke occurred in 0 of 66 (0%; 95% CI, 0%-5.4%) patients without LV thrombus on DE-CMR, 1 of 20 (5.0%; 95% CI, .1%-24.9%) patients with thrombus on DE-CMR but not echocardiogram, and 2 of 13 (15.4%; 95% CI, 1.9%-45.4%) patients with thrombus on both DE-CMR and echocardiogram (P value for comparison among groups, .02). Conclusions: We found a 9% short-term risk of ischemic stroke in patients with LV thrombus detected on DE-CMR.
Changes in murine respiratory dynamics induced by aerosolized carfentanil inhalation: Efficacy of naloxone and naltrexone.

Abstract Carfentanil (CRF) is an extremely potent opioid capable of inducing fatal respiratory depression. Naloxone (NX) and naltrexone (NTX) are opioid antagonists for which the efficacy against CRF remains largely unexplored. In this study, the effects of aerosolized CRF on respiratory function were investigated using adult male CD-1 mice. Mice were exposed to 0.4 mg/m3 of CRF for 15 min using custom whole-body plethysmograph units. Minute volume (MV), respiratory frequency (f), duty cycle (DC), and tidal volume (TV) were monitored and compared to control animals exposed to aerosolized H2O. CRF exposure induced respiratory depression, characterized by a marked decrease in MV, which was sustained throughout 24 h post-exposure. Prophylactic and therapeutic treatment with intramuscular (i.m.) NX marginally improved MV, with slight dose-dependent effects. Analogous treatment with i.m. NTX returned MV to baseline levels, with all doses and intervention times performing similarly. Despite improvements in MV, treatment administration did not reverse changes in DC, a measure of respiratory timing. Overall, NX and NTX administration alleviated volumetric aspects of opioid-induced respiratory toxicity, while changes in respiratory timing remained unresolved throughout post-exposure observation. These sustained changes and differences in recovery between two aspects of respiratory dynamics may provide insights for further exploration into the underlying mechanism of action of opioids and opioid antagonists.
Chip-Scale Generation of Coherent THz Frequency Combs and Radiation

We report the generation of coherent THz frequency combs in high-Q nonlinear microcavities. Driven by a continuous-wave laser and with Lugiato-Lefever formalism, the efficient THz Turing pattern has exceptional robustness and is observed in two-accompanying differential resonators. Square-spectrum combs are also observed, towards THz radiation.
Abstract 630: Txlnb-Deficient Mice Reveal That Ubiquitin-Proteosome-System Dysfunction is Not Sufficient to Impair Cardiac Performance

Prior reports show that impaired cardiac function is associated with, if not caused by, Ubiquitin-Proteasome-System (UPS) dysfunction. Rodent loss-of-function studies for proteins involved in prote...
An Optimization-Based Reduced Sensor Virtual Flux Observer for PM Synchronous Machines

Cost remains a major obstacle to the widespread adoption of electrified vehicles. Significant research effort has been expended in trying to replace hardware with software in systems in an effort to bring it down. To accomplish this, phase current estimation has emerged as a viable means of removing sensors from electric drives. The plurality of work in the field employs linear current observers, which suffer from a need for machine anisotropy and periodic position-dependent nonobservability, both of which limit applicability. This article proposes an optimization-based methodology that eliminates all estimation constraints. It is shown that the problem is always at least quasiconvex, permitting the estimation of the dq fluxes under a set of operating constraints. By way of an additional term in the cost function, the problem is made strictly convex for all operating conditions, enabling efficient estimation of the unique dq fluxes. Experiments validate the concept and show that the optimization-based observer performs similarly to the linear observer in the steady state with ringing after transients reduced.
"This just felt to me like the right thing to do": Decision-Making Experiences of Parents of Young Children

Parenting comes with many responsibilities, one of which is making ongoing decisions affecting their child's health. While today's parents have access to an abundance of parenting advice and data-both offline and online-little is known about their lived experience with these resources and how it interacts with other aspects of decision-making like intuition. Drawing on a survey of 65 parents and interviews of 12 parents of children aged 0-5 in the U.S., we provide the following contributions: an analysis of parents' experiences and needs when using different resources to make health and wellbeing decisions for their child; a definition of parents' lived experiences with intuition throughout the decision-making process; and a discussion of tensions and opportunities for designing in this sensitive space. Our findings can inform new design directions for interactive technology-based parenting support, particularly the potential to consider intuition and make parenting information and data more socially oriented.
Learning with large, complex data and visualizations: youth data wrangling in modeling family migration

We present a micro-analysis of youth interactions with large complex, socioeconomic datasets and data visualization tools. Middle and high school youth used georeferenced data and data visualizatio...
Monitoring Fibrin Polymerization Effects on Whole Blood Coagulation Using a Microfluidic Dielectric Sensor

This paper reports on the use of a microfluidic dielectric sensor, termed ClotChip, for monitoring the fibrin polymerization effects on whole blood coagulation. The ClotChip sensor readout captures the temporal variation in the normalized real part of the blood dielectric permittivity at 1MHz as it undergoes coagulation. A new readout parameter, S max , is identified in the ClotChip readout curve, which represents the maximum permittivity slope after a permittivity peak is reached. Experiments based on ex vivo treatment of whole blood samples with H-Gly-Pro-Arg-Pro-OH (GPRP) – a fibrin-polymerization inhibitor – demonstrate that S max decreases with increasing GPRP concentrations corresponding to higher levels of fibrin inhibition. Furthermore, S max is shown to exhibit a strong positive correlation (Pearson’s r = 0.883, p < 0.001, n = 12) with the α-angle readout parameter of rotational thromboelastometry – a clinical, viscoelastometry-based, comprehensive assay of blood coagulation. This work shows the ClotChip potential as a point-of-care platform for rapid assessment of fibrin-polymerization defects and their impact on the overall hemostatic status.
Solar Activity Is Associated With Diastolic and Systolic Blood Pressure in Elderly Adults.

Background Since solar activity and related geomagnetic disturbances modulate autonomic nervous system activity, we hypothesized that these events would be associated with blood pressure (BP). Meth...
GaN-based ±5kV/100kHz PWM Generator for Advanced Partial Discharge Characterization

With the development of wide bandgap power devices, higher voltage and higher frequency PWM voltages are applied in power electronics system. However, there is a lack of research tools on insulation system partial discharge (PD) characterization under high-frequency PWM voltage stress with high dv/dt. To address this issue, this paper designed and implemented a ±5kV GaN-based PWM generator for PD characterization. 600V GaN devices and a high-frequency transformer are utilized to lower the cost. Additionally, the intelligent PWM generator can provide controllable dv/dt at the rising and falling edges, variable duty ratio and switching frequency and controllable output voltages up to ±5kV. The developed PWM generator is utilized to test a twisted Litz wire sample and the PD signals are monitored by a high frequency current transformer (HFCT) and TEM antenna.
Sources of mortality in colonies of brown citrus aphid, Toxoptera citricida

Sixteen cohorts of the brown citrus aphid, Toxoptera citricida, were followed from colony initiation to maturation/extinction in citrus groves at two sites in Puerto Rico and nine sites in Florida, USA. Infested citrus terminals were sampled repeatedly in a non-destructive manner and data recorded on the recruitment of natural enemies and the fate of aphid colonies. Coccinellidae were the most efficient predators of T. citricida, primarily Cycloneda sanguinea, and Coelophora inaequalis (Puerto Rico), C. sanguinea, Harmonia axyridis (Florida). Coccinellids were abundant in citrus year-round in Puerto Rico, but in Florida citrus their abundance peaked in spring and declined thereafter. Syrphid flies were other important predators, especially Pseudodorus clavatus (Florida and Puerto Rico) and Ocyptamus fuscipennis (Puerto Rico). Syrphids increased in abundance from spring to fall in both regions. Other predators included Cereaochrysa lineaticornis, Chrysoperla rufilabris (Chrysopidae) and Micromus posticus (Hemerobiidae). The parasitoid Lysiphlebus testaceipes was ubiquitous in T. citricida cohorts, but its impact on colony survival was usually low. The fungal pathogen Verticillium lecanii was a significant source of colony mortality at one site in Puerto Rico, but was not observed on T. citricida in Florida.
Dual influx model of thiogalactoside accumulation in Escherichia coli.

Abstract A model of thiogalactoside accumulation in Escherichia coli is described and supporting evidence is presented. The model states that thiogalactoside influx and efflux in the absence of energy coupling involves a reversible, carrier-mediated transfer, in which the carrier is the product of the y gene. Energy coupling brings about active transport by dissociating the carrier-thiogalactoside complex in the membrane with liberation of thiogalactoside inside the cell. Thereby a second, essentially irreversible influx path, dependent on cellular metabolism, is predicted. The supporting evidence includes the following. (a) A method was devised to estimate the fraction of membrane carriers loaded with thiogalactoside (thiomethylgalactoside, isopropylthiogalactoside, or thiodigalactoside) in the presence or absence of energy coupling. Energy coupling, which was altered experimentally by three different procedures, consistently decreased the fraction of loaded carriers, in accord with the model. (b) Temperature dependence studies of influx and efflux provided evidence for two influx pathways, one different from the efflux path and dependent on energy coupling, the other similar to the efflux path and independent of metabolism. (c) Studies of counterflow in the influx and efflux directions at various temperatures and the effects thereon of energy coupling were consistent with the existence of two influx paths and one efflux path, as predicted by the model.
Who will mentor the mentors

In the wake of the tragic suicide of a US graduate student, research universities need to adopt a different system of monitoring the quality of graduate students' supervision. Anonymous evaluation could be the answer.
MINORITY STRESS, POSITIVE IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT, AND DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS: IMPLICATIONS FOR RESILIENCE AMONG SEXUAL MINORITY MALE YOUTH.

Minority stress processes have been shown to have significant associations with negative mental health outcomes among sexual minority populations. Given that adversity may be experienced growing up as a sexual minority in heteronormative, if not heterosexist, environments, our research on resilience among sexual minority male youth proposes that positive identity development may buffer the effects of a range of minority stress processes. An ethnically diverse sample of 200 sexual minority males ages 16 to 24 (mean age, 20.9 years) was recruited using mixed recruitment methods. We developed and tested 2 new measures: concealment stress during adolescence and sexual minority-related positive identity development. We then tested a path model that assessed the effects of minority stressors, positive identity development, and social support on major depressive symptoms. Experience of stigma was associated with internalized homophobia (β =.138, p Language: en
A statistical model for assessing the need for medical care in a health screening program.

This is a statistical model (the "multiple logistic model") for pooling data from many variables into a single probability estimate that a person examined in a health screening system requires medical care. Because discrete variables are frequently studied in health screening programs, the required assumption of multivariate normality of the predictor variables related to many statistical techniques is seldom fulfilled. A computing method is given that avoids this assumption by directly assuming the appropriateness of logistic function and obtains the corresponding maximum likelihood estimates (MLE) of the unknown parameters. Fisher’s linear discriminant function (LDF) may be used to provide the initial estimates of these parameters, which are necessary for the application of the MLE computing procedure. The algorithms to estimate these coefficients are discussed for both the LDF and MLE models, and an application of these methods to a set of data is presented and other applications of this procedure are proposed
Identity Deployment and Social Change: Understanding Identity as a Social Movement and Organizational Strategy1

In this article, we discuss the theoretical implications of empirical elaborations of Bernstein’s (1997) model of identity deployment. New research encompasses a diverse array of venues and targets and elaborates on the mechanisms through which identities may be deployed strategically. Application of the identity deployment model spans a variety of so-called ‘identity movements’ as well as ethnic, nationalist and indigenous movements, and community mobilization. Identity deployment is also a useful strategy in organizational and professional contexts, as in the micro-brewery movement or culinary movements, demonstrating the theoretical generalizability of the original model. New research closely examines the relationship between identity and strategy and the conditions that affect activists’ choice of identity strategies as well as the situations where they might avoid identity strategies altogether. Research finds that identities may be deployed performatively, rhetorically or discursively. Identity deployment may be facilitated by emotional displays, music and ritual. The way that power and authority are organized in a given venue determines in part the capacity of activists and organizations to alternate between celebrating and suppressing difference from the majority. Identity deployment influences internal and external outcomes, affecting mobilization and goal achievement. Finally, feedback loops link the different analytic dimensions of identity.
Postthoracotomy respiratory muscle mechanics during incentive spirometry using respiratory inductance plethysmography.

We undertook this study to characterize the postthoracotomy compartmental displacement and respiratory mechanical changes occurring during and after the performance of the incentive spirometry maneuver. We also evaluated the effect of recumbency angle on compartmental recruitment. Sixteen patients were randomized to perform incentive spirometry either at 30° or 60° recumbency angle. They were studied using respiratory inductance plethysmography to measure tidal volume, respiratory frequency, inspiratory time, rib cage motion/tidal volume ratio, inspiratory duty cycle, and inspiratory flow. Patients were studied before surgery and on postoperative days 1 and 3. Statistical analysis was accomplished using multiple measures ANOVA with post-hoc Student's t -tests when appropriate. Preoperative incentive spirometry augmented VT by increasing both VT/TI and TI. Postoperatively, the incentive recruitment of VT was reduced, a result of a decrease in TI and TI/TTOT; VT/TI was unchanged. There was postoperative decrease of AB and AB/Vr during incentive spirometry, greatest in the 60° group. Our results characterize the nature of the respiratory recruitment afforded by incentive spirometry, before and after thoracotomy. We also found evidence of postthoracotomy diaphragmatic derecruitment during incentive spirometry exacerbated by a high recumbency angle.
Perceptions of Police Practice, Cynicism of Police Performance, and Persistent Neighborhood Violence: An Intersecting Relationship

Abstract Purpose A growing literature indicates that legal cynicism at the neighborhood level corresponds with retaliatory homicides and persistent homicide rates, net of controls. However, no study to date has examined: a) how cynicism of police performance might be influenced by specific experiences with and perceptions of the police, and b) whether neighborhood cynicism of police performance is associated with violent crime beyond homicides. Method This study analyzed citizen and neighborhood data from Cincinnati, Ohio in the late 1990s - a social setting that had antagonistic police-community relationships. Results The results revealed that perceived unjust policing was the strongest individual level correlate of cynicism of police services, and that aggregate levels of cynicism predicted both homicides and overall violence above and beyond social disorganization as well as previous levels of violence. Conclusion We speak to the importance of these findings in terms of identifying which police-community factors seemingly have the greatest likelihood to facilitate the association between cynicism and persistent neighborhood violence.
Post-processing correction of magnetization transfer effects in FENSI perfusion MRI data

Magnetization transfer effects induced by repetitive saturation pulses employed in flow enhancement of signal intensity imaging sequences currently prevent quantitative, in vivo, cerebral perfusion studies. This study investigates the magnitude of these effects and introduces a post-processing correction protocol. The study shows that the magnetization transfer effect is consistent across individuals, which enables the derivation of a correction factor to be applied in post-acquisition. Our results, obtained for cerebral flux in white and gray matter in rodent brains, are in agreement with cerebral blood flow measurements previously reported in the literature. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Molecular cloning and expression analysis of the cDNA encoding rat tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-4

We have cloned and sequenced the cDNA encoding the rat tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 4 (TIMP-4). As a first step towards exploring the role of TIMP-4 in both the physiological and the pathological remodeling of extracellular matrix, we have extensively analyzed the mRNA expression of TIMP-4 in various rat tissues. The results reveal that the expression pattern of rat TIMP-4 is distinct from that of its human and mouse counterparts (Greene et al., 1996; Leco et al., 1997). In this report, we show that rat TIMP-4 is expressed much more extensively than previously reported, which suggests that it may play a significant role in modulating proteolysis of extracellular matrix in a wide range of tissue settings.
High-sensitivity fiber-loop ringdown evanescent-field index sensors using single-mode fiber

We combine the evanescent-field scattering sensing mechanism with the fiber-loop ringdown detection scheme to create a new type of fiber optic index sensor using partially cladded single-mode fiber as a sensing element. A detection limit for an optical index change of 3.2×10−5 is demonstrated in the initial examination by using certified refractive index oils and laboratory-made sodium chloride solutions. This is the highest sensitivity for a fiber optic index sensor to date (to our knowledge) without using any chemical coating, delicate fiber components, and/or sophisticated architecture at the sensor head. A potential detection limit can be of the order of 10−6.
Cultured human prostate-derived fibroblasts produce a factor that stimulates their growth with properties indistinguishable from basic fibroblast growth factor

Fibrostromal proliferation is believed to be important in the development of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). We found that a mitogen for cultured mesodermal-derived cells was present in extracts of BPH tissue. The mitogen was identified as basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). Previous studies did not determine the cell population(s) responsible for bFGF production in the prostate. This information is important to the understanding of the role of bFGF in the etiology of BPH. Human prostate-derived fibroblasts (PF) were initiated in culture. Recombinant bFGF and PF lysates stimulated tritiated thymidine uptake by quiescent PF cells. Greater than 90% of the mitogen in PF lysates bound to heparin-Sepharose and had the same elution profile and apparent molecular weight as bFGF isolated from BPH tissue. The growth factor in PF lysates competed with recombinant iodinated bFGF for binding to antiserum to (1-24)bFGF. Cultured PF incorporated 35S-methionine into protein that was precipitated by antiserum to bFGF. The apparent molecular weight of the radiolabeled protein, about 17,000, was similar to authentic bFGF. The observations are consistent with the interpretation that cultured PF synthesize a growth factor that stimulates their growth with properties that are indistinguishable from bFGF.
Glass electrode determination of sodium in closed basin waters

Abstract Because of its direct relation to total dissolved solids content, sodium concentration is the most useful single hydrochemical parameter of closed basin waters in the western United States. Therefore, it is advantageous to have a rapid method for sodium determination which could be readily adapted to field use. Accordingly, thirty waters of highly variable concentration and anionic composition from the western Great Basin have been analyzed with a sodium-sensitive glass electrode. Na + values ranged from 10 to 130,000 ppm in waters containing from 102 to 401,000 ppm total dissolved solids. The electrode values were compared with conventional sodium determinations; results differed by as much as 11 per cent, although over two-thirds were within 5 per cent. No significant relation was found between the glass electrode and conventional method differences and the total dissolved solids or sodium concentration. The comparative accuracy of electrode and conventional procedures was checked, employing solutions of known sodium concentration. It was concluded that for the analysis of sodium in natural waters the glass electrode method offers results comparable in accuracy to those obtained by conventional methods, but with increased simplicity, and therefore the possibility of rapid, accurate field measurements.
Two posture analysis approaches and their application in a modified Rapid Upper Limb Assessment evaluation

This paper presents two posture risk quantification methods: first, an event-based method where the most common and the worst postures are estimated in a task; second, a time-based method where posture distributions are calculated from random samples of observed postures in the task. A 'click-on-screen' posture data entry method was developed for the time-based posture analysis method to make the observation process easier and to reduce possible posture categorization bias. Both methods were used to quantify various work posture parameters among a study cohort of 733 subjects from a prospective epidemiological study of upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders. Composite posture indices using a modified Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) method were also computed using data obtained by the two posture analysis methods. Results showed that both methods were able to distinguish jobs with large differences in certain posture measures. However, they did not produce the same results and could not be used interchangeably. Risk evaluation criteria should be developed, either for specific posture parameters or as a composite index, with a well-defined postural analysis method, so that users can follow exact procedures and obtain comparable results. The event-based method is easy to use and may suit practitioners better, while the time-based method adds more information to the measurement and may suit users who want more detailed information about posture exposure.
Second generation parametric processing devices in high confinement fibers

We review recent developments in optical processing with high-confinement fibers. The use of new methods for measurement of dispersion fluctuations has allowed accurate phase matching over long interaction distances for the first time. The new capability was used to engineer wideband devices and demonstrate new capabilities in amplification, frequency conversion, sampling and delay management. The prospects of parametric processing technology are outlined.
Tunable hydrogel morphology via self-assembly of amphiphilic pentablock copolypeptides

Hydrogels assembled from symmetric amphiphilic pentablock copolypeptides were investigated using rheology and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryoTEM). Due to the presence of two α-helical hydrophobic segments per chain, the pentablocks have the potential for organized intrachain folding, akin to natural proteins, in addition to intermolecular assembly. We found that variation of the central hydrophilic segment lengths in the copolymers enabled precise tuning of assembly morphology and hydrogel properties. CryoTEM characterization revealed that the hydrogels are nanoporous networks composed of branched and entangled tape-like fibrils, where average fibril length varied with the length of hydrophilic spacer between the hydrophobic domains. The pentablock architecture in these copolymers thus allowed additional control over self-assembled morphology and substantial enhancement of hydrogel properties.
Developmental Pathways to Conduct Problems: A Further Test of the Childhood and Adolescent-Onset Distinction

This study tested several theoretically important differences between youth with a childhood-onset and youth with an adolescent-onset to their severe conduct problems. Seventy-eight pre-adjudicated adolescent boys (ranging in age from 11 to 18) housed in two short-term detention facilities and one outpatient program for youth at risk for involvement in the juvenile justice system participated in the current study. The sample was divided into those with a childhood-onset to their serious conduct problem behavior (n = 47) and those with an adolescent-onset (n = 31). The childhood-onset group showed greater levels of dysfunctional parenting, callous–unemotional traits, and affiliation with delinquent peers. The only variable more strongly associated with the adolescent-onset group was lower scores on a measure of traditionalism.
Sign Flips and Spin Fluctuations in Iron High-Tc Superconductors

In superconductors, the key process that allows current to travel without resistance is the formation of electron pairs that move as a single quantum state. The mechanism of pairing in the high-temperature (high- T c) cuprate superconductors is still elusive, so the recent discovery of iron-based superconductors ( 1 ) sparked the hope that comparison with the cuprates would lead to a better understanding of pairing in both materials. On page 474 of this issue, Hanaguri et al. ( 2 ) report the experimental determination of the pairing symmetry in FeSexTe1−x. Combined with the recent observation of a spin fluctuation resonance in this material ( 3 ) akin to that seen in the cuprates ( 4 ), a compelling hypothesis emerges that these high- T c superconductors share a common pairing mechanism.
Reinventing the Revolution: Technological Visions, Counterinsurgent Criticism, and the Rise of Special Operations

Abstract Two big ideas have shaped recent debate about military doctrine: the Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA) and Counterinsurgency (COIN). These ‘network centric’ and ‘population centric’ worldviews appear contradictory, but this is a false dichotomy. American forces have actively developed RMA concepts in COIN environments during recent wars in Iraq and Afghanistan; the exemplar par excellence is innovation by US Special Operations Command (SOCOM) in doctrine, technology, and organization for counterterrorism. Ironically, SOCOM's reimagining of the RMA managed to both improve the strengths and underscore the weaknesses of the American military's technological prowess.
Neutralization of human serum and pituitary thyrotropic fractions with antisera to bovine pituitary thyrotropin.

ANTISERA to pituitary growth hormone have been shown to possess a high degree of species specificity1. This was demonstrated by precipitin and by neutralization experiments, in which the antiserum to human growth hormone was active against human and monkey growth hormone, but not against growth hormone derived from other species.
Immune evasion by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus

To efficiently establish a persistent infection, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV; also known as HHV8) dedicates a large amount of its coding potential to produce proteins that antagonize the immune system of its host. These viral immunomodulators interfere with both the innate and adaptive immune responses and most of them are homologous to cellular proteins, suggesting that they have been pirated from the host during viral evolution. In this Review, I present recent advances in the understanding of immune evasion by KSHV, with a particular focus on the virally encoded modulators of immune responses that are unique to this virus.
Differential Clustering of Membrane Anchors Observed by FCCS in Live Cells

Proper lateral organization of protein signaling elements in the cell membrane is crucial for proper cell behavior. Several important signaling proteins, such as some members of the Src family of kinases, are anchored to the membrane by covalent acyl, alkyl, and glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) moieties. It has been proposed that these membrane anchors help to laterally sort proteins into signaling nanoclusters of unknown sizes. We set out to understand the role of these membrane anchors in the lateral sorting of proteins in the plasma membrane of a live cell. In order to observe this, we genetically encode lipidation motifs from a number of different cell signaling proteins fused to either a monomeric red or green fluorescent protein in living cells. Using Fluorescence Cross-Correlation Spectroscopy (FCCS) we are able to quantify the amount of dynamic colocalization of red and green fluorescent proteins anchored in the cell membrane. By only illuminating an area of the membrane with the cross-section of a focused laser beam, FCCS allows us to observe dynamic colocalization on the nanometer length scale, and unlike Forster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET), FCCS can detect positive colocalization regardless of orientation and at lengths beyond the Forster radius of FRET pairs. We seek to understand if our fluorescent membrane anchors alone can dynamically colocalize in domains and if these domains can discriminate between different anchors. We have performed pairwise comparison of green-labeled and red-labeled membrane anchors in live cells and have seen different levels of cross-correlation for different anchor pairs.
Beliefs about mood moderate the relationship of stress to illness and symptom reporting

The current prospective study examined how characteristic beliefs about mood affect illness and symptom reporting. Using the Trait Meta-Mood Scale, 134 undergraduates (76 females and 58 males) reported their beliefs about attention to, clarity, and reparability of mood. Self-reported stress, illness, and symptoms were collected at three times following assessment of trait meta-mood, during times of general stress, and immediately prior to a class examination. Results indicate that, at increasing levels of distress, those who believe in greater attention to mood were more likely to report physical symptoms. In addition, those individuals who said that they generally make efforts to maintain positive mood were less likely to report illness than those less likely to engage in mood repair. The findings suggest that a person's general manner of evaluating or appraising mood is an important moderator of the relation between distress and symptom and illness reporting.
Ventilation effects on mineralization and volatilization of naphthalene in a gasoline-contaminated subsurface soil

Soil ventilation is widely used to promote in situ soil bioremediation at leaking underground storage tank sites. Effects of this process on microbial activity, however, are ill-defined. In this study, biodegradation and volatilization of a model fuel hydrocarbon ([14C]naphthalene) in a gasoline contaminated soil was determined in columns that were either intermittently or continuously ventilated at a low air-flow rate. With continuous ventilation, volatilization was extensive (up to 38.8%) and mineralization relatively minor (10.4%). Intermittent ventilation decreased volatilization ten-fold but also reduced mineralization to negligible levels. Compared to the continuously aerated columns, the intermittently vented soil had significant microbial population reductions, lower CO2 production, and higher residual gasoline. These results indicated that the ineffectiveness of intermittent ventilation for stimulating biodegradation could be attributed to its failure to reduce gasoline residues to sub-inhibitory levels.
Autophagy as an immune defense mechanism

Autophagy is a homeostatic process whereby cytosol or intracellular organelles are sequestered by a double membrane structure termed autophagosome for subsequent delivery to lysosomes and degradation. Autophagy takes part in cell survival and death and has been implicated in development, aging, neurodegeneration and cancer. The newly discovered specialized role of autophagy in immune cells expands autophagic functions to defense against intracellular pathogens. Furthermore, autophagy is involved in acquired immunity, such as antigen processing for MHC II presentation, and is modulated by cytokines such as IFN-gamma. A further link has emerged between autophagy and defense against intracellular pathogens via the immunity-related GTPase lrgm1 (LRG-47), which has a protective role against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We propose the term immunophagy for these defense processes.
Search for Stable Anions of Uracil−Water Clusters. Ab Initio Theoretical Studies

In this work we investigate the ability of the uracil·water complex to form stable anionic systems. As the experimental evidence and theoretical calculations have indicated, the isolated uracil molecule can only attach an excess electron into a diffuse dipole-bound state, while some recent experiments suggest that the uracil· water complex can form a more stable valence-type anion. In this work we demonstrate that it is possible to converge ab initio calculations of uracil·(H2O)3- to an equilibrium structure that is significantly different from the structure of the neutral cluster and that has a positive and remarkably significant vertical ionization potential. Apart from the valence anion, the uracil·(H2O)3 complex can form a stable dipolebound anion, but as the present calculations indicate the electron affinity, which corresponds to this attachment, is very small (13 meV). The structure of the dipole-bound anion is virtually identical with the structure of the neutral complex.
Late talkers at 2: outcome at age 3.

Age 3 follow-up data are presented for a sample of 34 toddlers diagnosed between the ages of 24 and 31 months with expressive type specific language impairment (SLI-E). At age 3, the late talkers s...
Assessment of cloud-based health monitoring using Homomorphic Encryption

Current financial and regulatory pressure has provided strong incentives to institute better disease prevention, improved patient monitoring, and push U.S. healthcare into the digital era. This transition requires that data privacy be ensured for digital health data in three distinct phases: I. acquisition, II. storage, and III. computation. Each phase comes with unique challenges in terms of proper implementation and privacy. While the privacy of the data can be ensured with existing AES encryption techniques in phases I (acquisition) and II (storage), to enable healthcare organizations to take advantage of cloud computing using resources such as Amazon Web Services, phase III (computation) must also enable the privacy of the data. Currently, there exists no system to enable direct computation in the cloud while assuring data privacy. Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) is an emerging cryptographic technique to permit computation on encrypted data directly in the cloud without the need to bring the data back to the computational node. However, this promising technique comes with significant performance- and storage-related challenges. While it will take more years before true FHE is mainstream, we provide a feasibility study for its application to a simple longterm patient ECG-data monitoring system.
Cataclasites along the Saltville thrust, U.S.A. and their implications for thrust-sheet emplacement

Abstract Cataclasis and frictional wear are the primary bulk deformation mechanisms along steeply dipping portions of the Saltville thrust in the southern Appalachian foreland zone, U.S.A. Fault character ranges from a single discrete sliding surface with negligible gouge, to a zone of several discrete sliding surfaces or a zone (up to 0.3 m thick) of pervasive cataclasite. Marked fracturing occurs up to 20 m above the fault, whereas minimal deformation is found in the footwall rocks. Hanging wall dolomites range from crush breccias (less than 5% matrix) to ultracataclasites (with 90% matrix), although cataclasites (50–70% matrix) are predominant. Foliated cataclasites occur where dolomite is thrust over shale. Progressive development of cataclastic fabrics is due to comminution by fracturing and grinding along intersecting fractures. Continued frictional grinding results in complete disruption of the original fabric to produce cataclasite and minor ultracataclasite. Grain alignment occurs by rigid body rotation with subsequent local enhancement by pressure-solution. Microstructural relations of the fault gouge suggest periodic fluctuations in fluid pressure, where λ v (ratio of fluid to overburden pressure) probably ranged between 0.45 and 1. The Saltville thrust-sheet emplacement must have occurred in a caterpillar-like fashion involving aseismic and seismic shear. Shear stresses accompanying fault motion as determined from dolomite twin lamellae are in the order of 65 mPa.
RADICAL COMMENTS ON “RADICAL CONNECTIONISM”

The commentary is presented in three sections. Section 1 presents a brief summary of the main theses in Cummins' paper. In section 2, I argue that this analysis is not peculiar to cognition, and that in fact, a similar, more general analysis has been given [3] in fundamental areas of inquiry, hitherto independent of cognitive science. Finally, in section 3, it is argued that, if this general form of Cummins' analysis is correct, it calls for a profound re-evaluation of our conception of science.
Surgical management of the rheumatoid wrist—Fusion or arthroplasty

Forty-eight patients with 33 wrist fusions and 37 silicone wrist arthroplasties were reviewed and compared. Of those who had arthrodesis 97% showed a good or excellent result. Follow-up time averaged 82 months. All patients had a decrease in pain. Most patients had stronger wrists but complained of decreased dexterity. There were no pseudarthroses. The complication rate was 18%. Of patients in the arthroplasty group, 78% had a good or excellent result. Follow-up time averaged 51 months. Most patients in the arthroplasty group had improved dexterity and adequate wrist strength. Average flexion/extension was 32°/129°. The complication rate was 25%, which included four revisions. Of patients who had arthroplasties, 14% had bone resorption about the stem, and 11 % of the patients with arthroplasties had x-ray evidence of settling. Factors that did not influence the result of the arthroplasty were patient age, duration of disease before surgery, finger extensor tendon rupture, preoperative motion, and hand dominance. Factors that were associated with failure and/or a fair result in arthroplasty patients were the use of ambulatory aids, the older and narrower prosthetic design, dislocated wrist preoperatively, and the chronic use of steroids.
Effects of aldosterone on urinary kallikrein and sodium excretion during fetal life.

The present study was designed to investi- gate the effect of acute (2 h) and chronic aldosterone (4 days) infusion on urinary kallikrein excretion rate and on renal handling of Na+ and K+ in chronically catheterized fetal lambs el15 days gestation (n = 6) and >I25 days gestation (n = 7). Chronic aldosterone infusion decreased plasma renin activity in both groups of fetuses. Both acute and chronic aldosterone infusion produced significant de- creases in UNa + V in fetuses >I25 days and in the majority of fetuses el15 days gestation (five of six). Al- dosterone infusion did not increase K+ excretion in either group of fetuses. It is also demonstrated that chronic aldosterone infusion induced an increase in urinary kalli- krein excretion rate in both groups of fetuses. Taken together, these results demonstrate that aldosterone has antinatriuretic but no kaliuretic effects during fetal life, but produces a rise in urinary kallikrein excretion rate during the last trimester of gestation in fetal lambs. (Pediatr Res 19: 1048-1052,1985) Abbreviations
Therapist and technique variables in behavior therapy of neuroses.

Abstract Evidence is presented that specific techniques derived from experimentally established principles of learning are effective in producing lasting diminution in the strength of the habits characteristic of neurosis. There is also evidence that change occurs in the course of psychotherapeutic transactions not involving the deliberate application of these principles. It is suggested that such change is due to the inadvertent operation of the same conditioning principles.