cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Vehicle-to-Grid Systems on Wind Power Integration in California

Abstract Renewable energy portfolio standards have already caused a large increase in the amount of electricity produced from renewable sources and this amount is expected to increase as the policy target dates draw closer. One technology that has benefited greatly from these standards is wind energy. The uncertainty inherent in wind electricity production dictates that nearly equal amounts of conventional generation resources be kept in reserve should wind electricity output should suddenly dip. The introduction of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles into the personal transportation fleet presents an interesting possible solution to this problem through the concept of vehicle-to-grid power. The ability of these vehicles to increase the wind production fraction for the California market when high levels of wind energy are present in the supply portfolio is examined.
SECONDARY BATTERIES – LITHIUM RECHARGEABLE SYSTEMS – LITHIUM-ION | Positive Electrode: Layered Metal Oxides

The several components of a secondary (rechargeable) battery and their functions are described. The constraints of an aqueous electrolyte are shown to motivate replacement of H + by Li + as the working ion in the electrochemical cells of a battery. The reasons for choosing oxide-insertion compounds as the cathodes of a lithium secondary battery are pointed out, and the historical transition from layered Li x TiS 2 to layered Li 1– x CoO 2 is reviewed. The several problems with cobalt have motivated searches for alternative M atoms in layered LiMO 2 compounds, and progress in the reduction or elimination of the cobalt content is reviewed. Preliminary studies of coating the LiMO 2 particles with a main-group oxide show promise of increasing the capacity of these layered cathode materials. Although the LiMO 2 layered oxides may provide the highest volume and specific energy density, their metastability on lithium extraction is expected to limit their use to electronic applications. For power applications, framework oxide hosts to lithium insertion/extraction have been shown to provide adequate power for cordless tools, small electric vehicles, and hybrid automobiles.
How Political Science Can Enrich Other Disciplines

It’s a great honor being here today. And I appreciate the chance to speak at this very distinguished lecture series in honor of Johann Skytte. I understand that when Johann Skytte donated the world’s first professorship in political science, he originally named it the professorship of Eloquence and Government. Well, the government part flourished, but you’ll see today that the perhaps the eloquence part did not do quite as well. It’s a wonderful coincidence that almost thirty years ago the first translation of my book on the Evolution of Cooperation was the Swedish edition. And just this month, an Arabic edition is being published, and I hope that my own modest efforts in recent years to promote peace in the Middle East has had something to do with the new availability of my book in Arabic. But today, I don’t plan to talk about international politics. Instead, I’d like to talk about the discipline of Political Science itself. I’ll do so in terms of some things Political Science has gained from other disciplines and especially what it has to offer to other disciplines. To illustrate my themes, I’ll use my own experience with research on the evolution of cooperation. In the interests of full disclosure, some pieces of what I’ll be talking about today I have already published. But I think is was Paul Samuelson who said that there is only one absolute ethical principle in academics, and that is that you can’t publish the same paper more than three times. By that standard, I’m quite safe.
Papilloma formation by cottontail rabbit papillomavirus requires E1 and E2 regulatory genes in addition to E6 and E7 transforming genes.

Abstract The present study used the cottontail rabbit papillomavirus DNA-rabbit system to evaluate whether the regulatory genes E1 and E2 and the transforming gene E6 are required for papilloma formation. Frameshift mutations were generated in the individual genes in the context of a full-length cottontail rabbit papillomavirus genome, and the mutant DNAs were intradermally inoculated into domestic rabbits. None of the mutants induced papillomas. Marker rescue experiments confirmed that the defects were due to mutations that we deliberately introduced. Marker rescue also confirmed our previous report that the upstream region of E7 around position 9 was critical for papilloma induction. These results demonstrate that the E1 and E2 regulatory genes as well as the E6 and E7 transforming genes are each required for papilloma formation. Each gene may provide molecular targets for therapeutic intervention.
Further cytological studies on G 1 x-rayed primary roots of Vicia faba: chromosome aberrations, mitotic frequency, and multiple fixation.

Abstract Soaked seeds of Vicia faba were irradiated with 800 or 400 R, or two 400-R exposures separated by 2 h. Samples from each exposure showed that the chromosome aberration yields varied with fixation time; the source of the variation was due to the inherent properties of the first mitotic cell populations and not to a contamination of first mitotics with second and third mitotics for the exposure regimen. The results indicate that an experiment with but a single fixation time would obviously lead to incorrect estimates of chromosome damage because comparable cells in differently treated specimens may not be in mitosis concurrently; for example, a resistant sub- population of cells may arrive in mitosis at different fixation intervals with different exposures.
The Cooperative/Competitive Strategy Scale: A Measure of Motivation to Use Cooperative or Competitive Strategies for Success

Abstract Previous research (Simmons, King, Tucker, & Wehner, 1986) has demonstrated that the use of either a cooperative or a competitive strategy to achieve success has a strong influence on attitudes of North Americans toward the successful outcome. In the present study, a scale was constructed to measure positive and negative attitudes toward success and toward competitive and cooperative success strategies. The Cooperative/Competitive Strategy Scale yielded three subscale factors: (a) motivation to use competitive strategies to achieve success, (b) motivation to use cooperative strategies to achieve success, and (c) motivation to avoid competitive strategies and their successful outcomes. There were no sex or age differences in subscale responses. Significant correlations were obtained between total scores on the Fear of Success Scale (Zuckerman & Allison, 1976) and both competitive subscales of the Cooperative/Competitive Strategy Scale. The cooperative strategy subscale was independent of scores on ...
The influence of court location on type of criminal sentence: The rural-urban factor

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of court location on criminal sentencing. Previous research in both the field of rural-urban sociology and public-policy decision making suggested that differences in the location of the sentencing court might result in different sentences being imposed on criminal offenders. Review of the criminal sentencing literature located several empirical studies which had previously focused on the rural-urban factor and criminal sentencing. The findings from those studies coupled with the conceptual linkages between rural-urban attitudes and values, public-policy decision making, and judicial sentencing provided a rationale for assuming that the sentences imposed on convicted offenders in rural, suburban, and urban courts might differ. Data for the study consisted of a secondary sample of 1,664 convicted Iowa felony offenders derived from archival sources including the Iowa Division of Adult Corrections and the Bureau of Correctional Evaluation within the Iowa Department of Social Services. The major finding from the study was that in urban courts legal considerations were of greater importance than extralegal ones in accounting for the sentences received by offenders, while in rural and, to a limited degree, in suburban courts, the opposite was true. The findings from the study contain theoretical and policy-related implications regarding criminal sentencing.
Uncontrolled asthma and factors related to morbidity in an impoverished, rural environment

Abstract Background Asthma disproportionately affects children living in impoverished communities; however, factors related to asthma morbidity among impoverished rural children have not been adequately described. Objective To examine factors associated with asthma morbidity among rural children living in the Arkansas Delta region. Methods We performed a cross-sectional investigation of 109 rural children with asthma enrolled in public schools in the Arkansas Delta region. A questionnaire format and home inspection were used to examine participant, caregiver, and home characteristics. Results The median age of the study participants was 9 years, 83% were African American, and 71% had an annual household income of $20,000 or less. Ninety-eight percent of participants were insured, and most fit the criteria for uncontrolled asthma, yet only 23% reported taking inhaled corticosteroids. Transportation problems were cited by 20%. In the past 4 weeks, more than 50% reported rescue medication use or exercise limitations of 2 or more days per week or nocturnal symptoms of more than 2 nights per month. Emergency department visits in the past 6 months were reported by 28%, and 43% reported an unscheduled physician's visits for asthma in the past 3 months. Sixty-four percent had 1 or more positive allergen skin test results, and allergic sensitization was associated with exposure to dust mite, dog, mouse, and cockroach allergens in the home. Conclusion Asthma morbidity was high among this cohort of atopic asthmatic children in the Arkansas Delta. Overuse of rescue medications and underuse of inhaled corticosteroids were prevalent even though the population was highly insured and had frequent health care use. Future asthma health initiatives should focus on the unique challenges associated with translating national guidelines–based care to rural pediatric populations. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00590304
Liquid-metal flow in a backward elbow in the plane of a strong magnetic field

This paper treats a liquid-metal flow through a sharp elbow connecting two constant-area, rectangular ducts with thin metal walls. There is a uniform, strong magnetic field in the plane of the ducts’ centrelines, and the velocity component normal to the magnetic field is in opposite directions upstream and downstream of the elbow. The magnetic field is sufficiently strong that inertial effects are negligible everywhere and viscous effects are confined to boundary layers and to an interior layer lying along the magnetic field lines through the inside corner of the elbow. The interior layer involves large velocities parallel to the magnetic field and carries roughly half of the flow between the upstream and downstream ducts for the case considered.
Water distribution systems and on-farm irrigation practices: limitations and consequences for Afghanistan’s agricultural productivity

The absence of a reliable water supply to farmers is the single most important impediment to food security and agricultural expansion in Afghanistan. Agricultural water supply and distribution systems are reviewed, and a pragmatic strategy is outlined to increase water capital and to better utilize available water. The development and dissemination of on-farm practices that improve water management through community-based approaches represent the best opportunity for improving farmer livelihoods, maintaining social stability and developing a sound agriculture-based economy in the immediate future, independent of the success or failure of national water policies.
An initial process decision table and a process evolution process

The Incremental Commitment Spiral Model (ICSM) presented in an ICSSP 2014 tutorial includes several decision milestones at which evidence of the feasibility of the proposed process is evaluated, and at which the stakeholders decide whether to proceed with it or to change course, based on the risk of proceeding with the proposed process. This generates a large number of potential processes, but we have found risk patterns that provide selection criteria for a set of common cases for at least the initial process.
Interactions among aging, gender, and gonadectomy effects upon morphine antinociception in rats

Abstract In addition to age-related deficits in morphine antinociception in female rats, gender and gonadectomy differences have also been observed,with male rats displaying greater magnitudes of effects than females and castrated males. Since there are little data indicating how aging, gender, and gonadectomy interact in modulating morphine antinociception, the present study evaluated alterations in this response as functions of age (6, 12, 18, and 24 months), gender, and gonadal status (intact, gonadectomized) across a dose range (1–10 mg/kg) and time course (0.5–2 h) on the tail-flick test. The maximal percentage effect (MPE) of morphine (1 mg/kg) was significantly increased in castrated males (18 months), sham females (18 and 24 months), and ovariectomized females (18 months) relative to 6-month-old groups. Increases in the MPE of morphine (1 mg/kg) occurred in sham females (24 months) relative to corresponding sham males and ovariectomized females. The MPE of morphine (2.5 mg/kg) was significantly increased in sham males (18 months) and decreased in sham females (12 months). Decreases in the MPE of morphine (2.5 mg/kg) occurred in castrated males (18 and 24 months) as well as sham (18 months) and ovariectomized (18 and 24 months) females relative to sham males. Whereas the MPE of morphine (5 mg/kg) was unchanged by these variables, the MPE of morphine (10 mg/kg) was significantly decreased in sham females (18 and 24 months) relative to females aged 6 months, as well as males and ovariectomized females aged 24 months. Age-related changes in morphine's dose-response curves varied as a function of gender, with decreases in ED 50 for sham males and increases in ED 50 for sham females, with ovariectomy eliminating the latter effect. Thus, gender emerges as an important variable in assessing aging differences in morphine antinociception in rats, and it appears that circulating gonadal hormones in females may account in part for these differences.
On the average order of a class of arithmetical functions

Abstract We consider a class of arithmetical functions generated by Dirichlet series that satisfy a functional equation with multiple gamma factors. We prove one- and two-sided omega theorems for the error terms associated with summatory functions of the type Σλn≤xa(n)(x − λn)ϱ, where ϱ ≥ 0. In particular, we improve results of Hardy for the circle and Dirichlet divisor problems and results of Szego and Walfisz for the Piltz divisor problem in algebraic number fields.
Doping in Sport: Global and Ethical Issues

Edited by Angela J. Schneider & Fan Hong Routledge, New York, 2007 199 pp., US$145 (hb), ISBN 0-415-34832-4; £19.99 (pb), ISBN 0-415-35223-9 This book comprises 10 essays on global ethical issues i...
The problem of adjusting the Wilson central terminal to a zero of potential in the living human subject.

Evaluation of the potential of the Wilson terminal in 33 normal young adults indicates that its potential is zero about once in every twelve. Weighting of the terminal brought its potential to zero in ⅔ of the subjects and left a very small residual (technical) error in the remainder. The vertical component of the cardiac vector is primarily responsible for the error on the Wilson terminal. A weighted terminal in which the arm resistances are 2.6 times the left leg resistance has a zero potential in 50 percent of a small group of subjects. The residual error on the weighted terminal is at most one-half of that on the Wilson terminal. The eccentric origin of the cardiac vector varies only with respiration. Ordinarily, the zero-potential plane of the antero-posterior component of the cardiac vector passes simultaneously through or just dorsal to the limb electrodes and contributes little to the negative error on the Wilson terminal.
Wilson College Studies in Psychology: I. A Comparison of the Wechsler-Bellevue, Revised Stanford-Binet, and American Council on Education Tests at the College Level

(1942). Wilson College Studies in Psychology: I. A Comparison of the Wechsler-Bellevue, Revised Stanford-Binet, and American Council on Education Tests at the College Level. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 317-326.
Using FACES II to Classify the Relationship Status of Battered Women.

The use of discriminant analysis to classify the relationship status of battered women using their responses to the FACES II Cohesion and Adaptability Inventory was investigated. The data came from 96 women who reported having been, or were currently in, abusive relationships. The volunteers were recruited by advertisements in newsletters and newspapers in two western states. The results suggest that certain items on the Abusive Relationship FACES II instrument might be valuable in classifying women as being either currently in or currently out of an abusive relationship. Implications for these findings are discussed. Language: en
Interleukin-1-induced changes in extracellular glycosaminoglycan composition of cutaneous scar-derived fibroblasts in culture.

Abstract Fibroblast cultures established from explants of mature scar and skin tissue were analyzed with regard to extracellular glycosaminoglycan (GAG) composition and response to interleukin-1 (IL-1). Following a serum-free 48 hour label with [3H]glucosamine, pericellular and medium GAGs were isolated by precipitation with cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) and analyzed by cellulose acetate electrophoresis. In addition, susceptibility of the precipitates to Streptomyces hyaluronidase, chondroitinase ABC and heparitinase was determined. Labeled conditioned medium from the scarderived cells contained both dermatan sulfate (DS) and hyaluronate (HA), as compared to medium from the control (skin-derived) cells which contained predominantly DS. IL1 induced the appearance of chondroitin 4-sulfate (C4-S) in the medium of the scar cells with no concurrent effect on either DS or HA, and increased the amount of HA in the medium fraction of normal skin cells. The pericellular fraction of the scar-derived cells contained chondroitin 6-sulfate (C6-S) and DS; addition of IL-1 resulted in a shift from DS to heparan sulfate (HS), and the emergence of a pericellular GAG profile similar to that of normal dermal fibroblasts.
RANDOM X-INACTIVATION IN A FEMALE WITH AN INTERSTITIAL SHORT ARM DELETION OF THE X CHROMOSOME

Structurally abnormal X chromosomes with a deletion (deletions, rings, isochromosomes) are usually late replicatiny (inactive) in female cells. An exception to this rule was found in a 19 yr old girl who had normal height and sexual development, a discordant pattern of mental deficiency, and lacked features of Turner Syndrome. In all metaphases examined from her lymphocyte and fibroblast cultures, most of the prominent band Xp21 was deleted in one of the X chromosomes. The late replicating X was identified by 3H-thymidine labelling and autoradiography in combination with Giemsa-trypsin banding, and by Brdu labelling with subsequent acridine orange staining. The normal X was late replicating in 44% of PHA stimulated lymphocytes, and in 46% of cultured skin fibroblasts.
Toward a Reexamination of the Economic History of Tokugawa Japan, 1600–1867

Increasing our knowledge of Tokugawa economic history is important for a better understanding of the causes of the rapid Japanese industrialization which followed, but as yet no attempt has been made to provide a theoretical framework with which to analyze the Tokugawa economy. The cost of neglecting to work out a new economic history of Tokugawa Japan is high. Many Western historians, economic as well as others, continue to make use of findings and interpretations provided by Japanese economic historians, most of whom are Marxist in their ideological and methodological orientations. Presented with the force of ideological conviction and repeated in book after book, the Marxist view of Tokugawa economic history is so deeply rooted in Japanese literature that it can claim many followers who make use of its interpretations and views without suspecting the ideological and methodological framework upon which they rest. Another increasingly serious cost is that many of the research findings contributed recently by a few Western scholars and a small group of Japanese economic historians continue to remain disjointed findings in search of an analytical framework which can accommodate them into a meaningful whole.
Hydrophobic particles can activate at lower relative humidity than slightly hygroscopic ones: A Köhler theory incorporating surface fixed charge

A number of laboratory experiments indicate that Hydrophobic carbonaceous particles activate at lower supersaturations than is predicted by Kohler theory. Since a significant fraction of the global energy balance uncertainty is due to the so-called indirect effect, that of clouds, quantifying which particles activate is crucial to accurate prediction of climate. Most material surfaces obtain a fixed charge in water, and this is the case for many materials found in atmospheric aerosols. This fixed charge generates a charge double layer near the material surface which lowers the water activity. In the presence of this surface fixed charge, hydrophobic particles activate at low supersaturations. Since a small number of soluble ions in the particles causes them to only activate at higher supersaturations, surface charge activation is not relevant to activation of particles in the atmosphere. Thus laboratory experiments that measure the growth and activation of hydrophobic particles are measuring an effect, the surface charge effect, that is probably not relevant to the atmosphere.
Thermal stress and strain effects on phase transition temperatures in differential thermal analysis testing

The effects of thermal stress and strain on the solid-phase transition temperature in differential thermal analysis (DTA) were investigated both theoretically and experimentally. The thermal stress is caused by the nonuniform distribution of temperature in the sample, and the strain is caused by the phase transformation. The experimental materials included high-purity Zr, commercially pure Ti, and high-purity Fe. It was found that the effect of thermal stress on the solid-phase transformation temperature was negligible due to the small size of the sample. An equation relating the phase transition temperature and the heating rate was developed which contains both strain energy and grain boundary energy considerations. Equilibrium phase transition temperatures calculated using this equation for Zr, Ti, and Fe are in good agreement with the phase diagrams and previous work.
Reliability of structures subjected to differential fault slip

This paper presents a method for determining the probabilities of fault displacement at specific locations on a fault of finite length. The method is further extended to include a procedure for estimating the maximum strain, stress and axial tensile force in a pipe crossing a fault. With this procedure, estimates are also obtained for the curved lengths of the pipe. The feasibility of the method is demonstrated through a specific example. For that purpose an X-60 pipe crossing the San Andreas fault in Northern California is used. The procedure is particularly useful in risk consistent design and can be readily extended to structures other than underground pipes.
Novel glycerolipids and glycolipids from the surface lipids of Nicotiana benthamiana

The surface lipids of Nicotiana benthamiana contained novel glycerolipids and several varieties of glycolipids. As glycerolipids, the triacylglycerol, 1,3-diacylglycerol, and 1,2-diacylglycerol types of glycerolipids were isolated and identified. Each lipid contained acetyl, 16–methylheptadecanoyl, and 18–methylnonadecanoyl moieties. The acetylated position of each lipid was determined by 2D-NMR, using the HMBC technique. The structures were 1,3-di-O-acetyl-2-O-acylglycerol, 1-O-acetyl-3-O-acylglycerol, and 1-O-acetyl-2-O-acylglycerol. As glycolipids, one glucose ester and four types of sucrose esters were isolated and identified. These glycolipids contained acetic acid and such branched short-chain fatty acids as 5-methylhexanoic, 4-methylhexanoic, 6-methylheptanoic, and 5-methylheptanoic acids. The structure of the glucose ester was 3,4-di-O-acyl-α-D-glucopyranose. The structures of the sucrose esters were 6-O-acetyl-4-O-acyl-α-D-glucopyranosyl-(3-O-acyl)-β-D-fructofuranoside, 4-O-acyl-α-D-glucopyranosy...
A Fokker-Planck approach to canonical-dissipative Nambu systems: With an application to human motor control during dynamic haptic perception

Abstract We formulate Markov diffusion processes for canonical-dissipative systems exhibiting Nambu mechanics. Analytical expressions for stationary canonical-dissipative distributions are obtained. Nambu–Boltzmann distributions are derived as special cases for systems without energy pumping. The Markov short-time propagator is used to derive maximum likelihood estimators for parameters of a model that describes a particular dynamic motor pattern providing haptic cues.
Xenogeneic studies of human stem cell plasticity

Differentiation of bone marrow–derived stem cells (BMSC) into mature hepatocytes occurs in mice and humans (reviewed in Theise and Krause, Leukemia. 2002;16:542-548). Murine studies show that the same BM subpopulations that are capable of engraftment of the hematopoietic system are capable of
NAFLD recurrence in liver transplant recipients.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common indication for liver transplantation and can recur in the graft. To describe this recurrence, we performed a cohort study of individuals undergoing liver transplantation for NAFLD-related cirrhosis between 1993 and 2007. Predictors of NAFLD recurrence and outcomes in this cohort were also studied. METHODS: Eighty-eight liver transplant recipients were included in this study. NAFLD recurrence was described by performing a blinded reevaluation of posttransplant liver biopsies and classified according to histologic activity (NAFLD activity score) and fibrosis. RESULTS: Recurrent NAFLD was seen in 34 (39%) recipients with isolated steatosis in 9 and steatohepatitis in 25 recipients. Severe recurrence was seen in 3 of 34 recipients (NAFLD activity score ≥ 5) and advanced fibrosis in 3 recipients. NAFLD recurrence correlated with higher pretransplant (P=0.001) and posttransplant body mass index (P<0.0001) and increased triglyceride levels posttransplantation. Serum triglyceride levels at 6 and 12 months were 280 ± 129 and 324 ± 265 mg/dL, respectively, in those with NAFLD recurrence versus 206 ± 96 mg/dL at 6 months and 190 ± 103 mg/dL in those without NAFLD recurrence (P=0.007 at 6 months and P=0.005 at 12 months). Average steroid dose at 6 months posttransplant was also higher in those with NALFD recurrence than those without (11 ± 8.5 and 7.2 ± 5.7 mg/day, P=0.04). Posttransplant survival did not differ between those with and without NAFLD recurrence during the entire follow-up period (P=0.78). Posttransplant cardiovascular disease was significantly and adversely correlated with posttransplant survival. CONCLUSIONS: NAFLD recurrence is common in the first 5 years postliver transplantation and is associated with features of the metabolic syndrome. Although NAFLD recurrence was not associated with higher mortality in our cohort, cardiovascular mortality and morbidity were common, suggesting that the metabolic syndrome is an important link to NAFLD recurrence and cardiovascular deaths posttransplantation.
Concept learning and the recognition and classification of exemplars

A model is proposed for concept learning and subsequent recognition and classification of OLD and NEW exemplars. The model, called the “property-set model,” assumes that a learned exemplar is encoded in memory as a set of the component properties and combinations of properties of the exemplar. Recognition of a presented exemplar is assumed to be an increasing function of the memory strengths of its component property-sets, while classification of the exemplar is determined by its most diagnostic property-set. This model is contrasted with a number of alternative models, including prototype-plus-transformation, feature-frequency, and nearest-neighbor models. In an experimental evaluation of alternative models, subjects attempted to learn two concepts by classifying exemplars in an anticipation paradigm. They then performed recognition and classification tasks with particular exemplars. On a within-subject basis, the property-set model was the best predictor of both recognition and classification performance.
Repeated insect defoliation effects on growth, nitrogen acquisition, carbohydrates, and root demography of poplars

Large-scale outbreaks of defoliating insects are common in temperate forests. The effects of defoliation on tree physiology are expected to cascade through the entire forest ecosystem, altering carbon, nitrogen, and water fluxes, and subsequently affecting nitrogen cycling and plant-herbivore interactions. If these post-defoliation changes are largely driven by N deficiency, tree root system responses to defoliation should be central to regulating the long-term effects of defoliation; N fertilization should reverse the effects. We examined these phenomena in a 3-year large-scale replicated manipulative field experiment in a hybrid poplar plantation, where we regulated defoliation by gypsy moths as well as nitrogen availability. To our knowledge, this is the first manipulative field experiment at this scale to examine the effects of severe insect defoliation on whole-tree physiology. Defoliation decreased tree growth and increased the rate of top dieback in the stand. Defoliation led to transient declines in carbon allocation to starch in fine roots, trunk, and twigs in the year of heaviest defoliation. Root production and root mortality were unaffected by the heaviest defoliation, but nitrate and ammonium uptake were strongly depressed. N fertilization increased tree growth, but did not alter defoliation effects on starch accumulation or top dieback. Defoliation and fertilization treatments did not interact. In this system, defoliation effects on tree recovery of leaf nitrogen lost to herbivory were primarily driven by effects on nitrogen uptake, rather than effects on root production or mortality.
Energetics of ternary nitride formation in the (Li, Ca)-(B, Al)-N system

High-temperature oxide melt drop solution calorimetry was used to study the energetics of nitride formation. The standard enthalpies of formation of several binary and ternary nitrides were determined. These values (in kJ mol{sup {minus}1}) are as follows: {Delta}H{sub f}{degree} (AlN) = {minus}311.1 {+-} 4.3, {Delta}H{sub f}{degree} (Li{sub 3}BN{sub 2}) = {minus}534.5 {+-} 16.7, {Delta}H{sub f}{degree} (Li{sub 3}AlN{sub 2}) = {minus}567.8 {+-} 12.4, and {Delta}H{sub f}{degree} (Ca{sub 3}B{sub 2}N{sub 4}) = {minus}1062.1 {+-} 15.4. From these values and others available in the literature, the enthalpies of formation of the ternary nitrides from the binary nitrides were calculated. The energetics of ternary nitride formation appear to be dominated by differences in the acid/base character of the cations.
Decreased hepcidin expression in murine β-thalassemia is associated with suppression of Bmp/Smad signaling

To the editor: β-thalassemia is a genetic disorder of hemoglobin production characterized by ineffective erythropoiesis and anemia.[1][1] Iron overload, a major source of morbidity, results from inappropriately low expression of the gene encoding hepcidin ( Hamp1 ).[1][1] Hamp1 controls plasma
Effect of housing conditions on sulpiride-induced increases in extracellular dopamine (DA) levels in the nucleus accumbens of alcohol-preferring (P) rats.

The effect of housing conditions on sulpiride-induced increases in extracellular dopamine (DA) levels was investigated in the nucleus accumbens (NAC) of P rats. Rats were double-housed (DH) in plastic tubs, or single-housed (SH) in hanging wire cages for 12 weeks. Microdialysis in the NAC showed greater sulpiride-induced DA increases in the NAC of SH vs. DH rats, with no difference in basal levels. The data indicate that housing conditions can alter DA D2 receptor function in the NAC.
Necessary subalgebras of simple nonintegral semiassociative relation algebras

There are six finite nonintegral representable relation algebras such that every nonintegral simple semiassociative relation algebra has a nontrivial subalgebra isomorphic to one of those six.
Characterization of a Novel Tonic γ-Aminobutyric AcidA Receptor-Mediated Inhibition in Magnocellular Neurosecretory Neurons and Its Modulation by Glia

In addition to mediating conventional quantal synaptic transmission (also known as phasic inhibition), -aminobutyric acidA (GABAA) receptors have been recently shown to underlie a slower, persistent form of inhibition (tonic inhibition). Using patch-clamp electrophysiology and immunohistochemistry, we addressed here whether a GABAA receptor-mediated tonic inhibition is present in supraoptic nucleus (SON) neurosecretory neurons; identified key modulatory mechanisms, including the role of glia; and determined its functional role in controlling SON neuronal excitability. Besides blocking GABAA-mediated inhibitory postsynaptic currents, the GABAA receptor blockers bicuculline and picrotoxin caused an outward shift in the holding current (Itonic), both in oxytocin and vasopressin neurons. Conversely, the high-affinity antagonist gabazine selectively blocked inhibitory postsynaptic currents. Under basal conditions, Itonicwas independent on the degree of synaptic activity but was strongly modulated by the activity GABA transporters (GATs), mostly the GAT3 isoform, found here to be localized in SON glial cells/processes. Extracellular activation of GABAergic afferents evoked a small gabazine-insensitive, bicuculline-sensitive current, which was enhanced by GAT blockade. These results suggest that Itonic may be activated by spillover of GABA duringconditionsofstrongand/orsynchronoussynapticactivity. Blockade of Itonic increased input resistance, induced membrane depolarization and firing activity, and enhanced the input-output function of SON neurons. In summary, our results indicate that GABAA receptors, possibly of different molecular configuration and subcellular distribution, mediate synaptic and tonic inhibition in SON neurons. The latter inhibitory modality plays a major role in modulating SON neuronal excitability, and its efficacy is modulated by the activity of glial GATs. (Endocrinology 147: 3746–3760, 2006)
On following orders in an unjust war

IS a soldier morally obligated to obey ordinary (including lethal) commands, even when the war is unjust? I will argue that under the right conditions, the answer is “yes.” What drives me is hardly a pro-authority impulse, but rather a conviction that this kind of authority depends on demanding background conditions. Counterbalancing the authoritarian aspect of my argument is (among other things) a democratic imperative that warring nations have not often heeded. To this extent, declarations of war have often lacked the authority that would require soldiers to obey. The view taken here stands between two extant views of the matter. Some have held that if the war is unjust then the soldier is morally equivalent to a murderer. Others have held that the soldier’s obedience to his state automatically sanitizes his participation in an unjust war (even if there might yet be impermissible ways of fighting it). I will argue that when the political and institutional process producing the commands is duly looking after the question whether the war is just, the soldier would be wrong to substitute his own private verdict and thwart the state’s will. On the other hand, these preconditions are substantial, and the soldier will need to think for himself about whether they are met. The soldier is not exonerated simply because he was following orders. On the other hand, when the state and its procedures are of the right kind the soldier’s participation in an unjust war is sanitized precisely because he was following orders. Jus in bello, or justice in the conduct of war, is traditionally contrasted with jus ad bellum, or the justice of going to war. This traditional bifurcation (I will sometimes call it the ad/in distinction) leaves my question more or less out of the picture. The issue I want to consider arises for soldiers even if all issues of the justice of a war, and all issues of justice in the conduct of war are settled. Suppose that a war which is unjust to wage will nevertheless be fought with
Disembedology and chaotic noise reduction

There have been many new methods for analyzing chaotic data proposed in the past few years. Not only can one do passive measurement of the dimensions and characteristic exponents of a chaotic data set, one can now also improve the data set by reducing the noise level. In addition, one can also predict its future for short times. These techniques for chaotic data analysis often start with a procedure of `embedding', or reconstruction of the attractors in some Euclidean space Rd. However, the inverse problem of the embedding, namely, to recover a best scalar time series from a given array of points in Rd, is often ignored. In this paper, we describe optimization criteria for disembedding.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Grass Carp: Effects of Salinity on Survival, Weight Loss, and Muscle Tissue Water Content

Abstract Fingerling grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), 100-120 mm total length, were exposed to various hypotonic and hypertonic waters to determine tolerance, body weight loss, and muscle tissue water content. After acclimation at 8.0‰, LD50's for 24, 48, and 96 h were of 15.7, 15.1, and 15.1‰ salinity, respectively. No mortalities occurred in fish exposed at 14.0‰ for 96 h; at 12.0 and 14.0‰, decreases of 8.5 and 11.3% in total body weight occurred. At lower salinities, declines in body weight were only 0.8-1.7%. As salinity increased, the water content of muscle tissue declined from 80.0% in fresh water to 74.4% at 14.0‰. Death at salinities higher than 14.0‰ was attributed to the failure of cellular processes to adjust to dehydration.
Ketamine distribution described by a recirculatory pharmacokinetic model is not stereoselective

Background Differences in the pharmacokinetics of the enantiomers of ketamine have been reported. The authors sought to determine whether these differences extend to pulmonary uptake and peripheral tissue distribution and to test the hypothesis that tissue distribution of the stereoisomers differs because of carrier-mediated drug transport. Methods The dispositions of markers of intravascular space and blood flow (indocyanine green, ICG) and total body water and tissue perfusion (antipyrine) were determined along with S-(+)- and R-(-)-ketamine in five mongrel dogs. The dogs were studied while anesthetized with 2.0% halothane. Marker and drug dispositions were described by recirculatory pharmacokinetic models based on frequent early and less-frequent later arterial blood samples. These models characterize pulmonary uptake and the distribution of cardiac output into parallel peripheral circuits. Results Plasma elimination clearance of the S-(+)-ketamine enantiomer, 29.9 ml x min(-1) x kg(-1), was higher than that of the R-(-)-enantiomer, 22.2 ml x min(-1) x kg(-1). The apparent pulmonary tissue volumes of the ketamine S-(+) and R-(-)-enantiomers (0.31 l) did not differ and was approximately twice that of antipyrine (0.16 l). The peripheral tissue distribution volumes and clearances and the total volume of distribution (2.1 l/kg) were the same for both stereoisomers when elimination clearances were modeled from the rapidly equilibrating peripheral compartment. Conclusions Although the elimination clearance of S-(+)-ketamine is 35% greater than that of the R-(-)-enantiomer, there is no difference in the apparent pulmonary tissue volume or peripheral tissue distribution between the stereoisomers, suggesting that physicochemical properties of ketamine other than stereoisomerism determine its perfusion-limited tissue distribution.
Processing of β-Amyloid Precursor-like Protein-1 and -2 by γ-Secretase Regulates Transcription

Abstract The familial Alzheimer's disease gene product β-amyloid (Aβ) precursor protein (APP) is processed by the β- and γ-secretases to produce Aβ as well as AID (APP Intracellular Domain) which is derived from the extreme carboxyl terminus of APP. AID was originally shown to lower the cellular threshold to apoptosis and more recently has been shown to modulate gene expression such that it represses Notch-dependent gene expression while in combination with Fe65 it enhances gene activation. Here we report that the two other members of the APP family, β-amyloid precursor-like protein-1 and -2 (APLP1 and APLP2), are also processed by the γ-secretase in a Presenilin 1-dependent manner. Furthermore, the extreme carboxyl-terminal fragments produced by this processing (here termed APP-likeIntracellular Domain or ALID1 and ALID2) are able to enhance Fe65-dependent gene activation, similar to what has been reported for AID. Considering that only APP and not the APLPs have been linked to familial Alzheimer's disease (AD), this data should help in understanding the physiologic roles of the APP family members and in differentiating these functions from the pathologic role of APP in Alzheimer's disease.
Growth Hormone Inhibits Activation of Phosphatidylinositol Phospholipase C by Insulin in ob/ob Mouse Adipose Tissue*

The cellular mechanism(s) by which GH produces insulin resistance in peripheral tissues is poorly understood. Recent evidence suggests that insulin exerts certain of its intracellular actions by rapidly activating phosphatidylinositolspecific phospholipase C(s) (PI-PLC) in the plasma membranes of target cells. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine whether insulin can activate PI-PLC in adipose tissue of the genetically obese (ob/ob) mouse, an animal that responds markedly to GH with enhanced peripheral insulin resistance. Also, experiments were performed to determine whether the activation of PI-PLC by insulin could be blocked by S-carboxymethylated human GH (RCM-hGH), a GH derivative possessing mainly diabetogenic activity. Isolated adipose segments were incubated for various periods with insulin (10 mU/ml), homogenized and centrifuged to obtain a 150,000 × g pellet, and the latter was assayed for the ability to produce [3H]inositol phosphate from phosphatidyl[3H]inositol. PI-PLC activi...
Personality correlates of actual self-disclosure.

A questionnaire which obtained actual self-disclosure about five topics—interests, personality, studies, body, and money—and instruments which measured seven personality traits were administered to...
The economics of urban yard space: An “implicit-market” model for housing attributes

Abstract A theoretical housing model is developed embodying the approach of the recent hedonic price literature. Instead of focusing on a scalar “housing service” consumption measure, the model portrays housing as a commodity with two attributes: floor space and yard space. Developers react to a consumer bid-rent function, which relates dwelling rent to floor space, yard space, and location, in choosing the profit-maximizing characteristics of their housing complexes. The spatial behavior of the developer's choice variables is investigated (an interesting question is whether yards are larger farther from the urban center), and a comparative static analysis of the housing market equilibrium is presented.
Antimullerian hormone and obesity: insights in oral contraceptive users

Background The study was conducted to examine the impact of oral contraceptives (OCs) on serum antimullerian hormone (AMH) levels by obesity status in reproductive-age women.
Seismic response of geophones attached to tubing

Summary Past experiments have shown that seismic data collected from rigidly interconnected geophones affixed to square tubing yields the highest-quality reflection information when compared to seismic data acquired from geophones attached to other, variously shaped steel media. The purpose of the experiments discussed here was to address several different aspects of the square tubing that may have positively affected the quality of the recorded seismic data. Experiments involved altering the material of the rigid medium to which the geophones were attached, engineering a new geophone-spike design to allow for the receiver and spike to be in contact through the steel media, and devising experiments to determine if the square tubing acts as an organ pipe. Several conclusions have been made from experimental results: first, it was determined that the rigid material upon which the receivers were affixed had a minor effect on the recorded airwave and reflections; second, the new geophone-spike design did not affect resulting seismic data, which indicates the original design (disconnected geophone and spike) was not responsible for the decreased airwave coherency; third, there was insufficient evidence to support the organ pipe hypothesis at this time; finally, the square tubing is still the best rigid medium to utilize in automating the planting of geophones because of the ease in which it can be altered, its rigidity, and the high quality seismic data acquired from the mounted receivers.
In vitro modulation of 17-β-estradiol-induced vitellogenin synthesis: Effects of cytochrome P4501A1 inducing compounds on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) liver cells

Cytochrome P4501A1 (CYP1A1) induction, particularly in liver, is a useful marker of exposure of fish to polycyclic- and halogenated-aromatic hydrocarbons. However, the relationship between toxicity and CYP1A1 induction in fish is uncertain. Some compounds that induce CYP1A1 are antiestrogenic in mammalian bioassay, and this effect is linked to aryl hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor and/or increased catabolism of 17-β-estradiol. Liver of fish synthesizes estrogen-inducible egg yolk precursor protein vitellogenin (Vg) which is critical for oocyte maturation and ovarian development. To determine if CYP1A1-associated endocrine modulation could occur in fish liver, primary cultures of rainbow trout liver cells were co-administered 17-β-estradiol and CYP1A1 inducing compounds or mixtures. Protein synthesis and enzyme activity of cells were optimal when cultured in a modified HEPES buffered Medium 199 at 15 °C. Vg and albumin (Alb), estimated by ELISA measurement of concentration in the media 48 h after treatment, formed the basis for the test. Equivalent viability (mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity) and secretory functional capacity (Alb synthesis) were estimated and correlated with other results. In descending order, 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran (10−12 to 10−8 M) > 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) ≊ 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran (10−11 to 10−8 M) > β-naphthoflavone (10−7 to 10−6 M) inhibited Vg synthesis in 17-β-estradiol treated liver cells. Potency of inhibition directly related to strength as an inducer of CYP1A1 protein. At 10−8 M, PCB congeners 77, 126, 156 did not inhibit Vg synthesis and induced no to moderate levels of CYP1A1 protein or EROD activity. At 10−8 M, congener 114, a weak EROD inducer, potentiated Vg synthesis relative to cells treated with 17-β-estradiol alone. The results of this study increase our understanding of the consequences of hepatic CYP1A1 induction, forewarn of reproductive impairment of sexually maturing fishes exposed to CYP1A1 inducing compounds and argue for further, more detailed in vivo investigation.