cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Sub-lethal Total Body X-radiation on Susceptibility of Mice to Clostridium septicum Toxin.∗:

Summary and conclusionsTotal body exposure to 250 and 350 r reduced the resistance of mice so that animals injected 7 days after irradiation succumbed to approximately one-half the amount of C. septicum toxin which was required to kill non-irradiated control mice. Antitoxin given intramuscularly 6 days after irradiation, and one day before challenge with toxin, protected the life of both irradiated and control mice. Irradiated mice required from 1.1 to 2.2 times more antitoxin for their protection than did control animals. The increased antibody requirement of irradiated mice could be explained by the enhanced susceptibility to toxin of these animals. The results indicated that exposure to severe doses of X-radiation, in spite of its effects on capillary permeability, apparently fails to significantly raise the minimum amount of antibody required for effective antitoxic prophylaxis.
Secondary carcinoma involving the left atrium

Although involvement of the heart by metastatic cancer is not uncommon, it is particularly unusual for such tumors to involve the endocardial surface and obstruct blood flow. In the patient described, a large cell, undifferentiated carcinoma of the lung migrated down the pulmonary vein into the left atrium. The clinical picture was consistent with the intermittent ball-valve effect seen with atrial myxomas. The frequency and clinical effects of secondary carcinomas involving the endocardial surface are discussed.
Penicillin Binding Proteins, β-Lactams, and Lactamases: Offensives, Attacks, and Defensive Countermeasures

A strong outer covering of peptidoglycan (the sacculus) is essential for most bacteria. β-lactams have evolved billions of years ago and can block saccular growth of the organism. This led to the evolution of β-lactamases and resistant penicillin binding proteins (PBPs). With the introduction of lactam antibiotics by the pharmaceutical industry, resistance genes in nature were laterally transferred to antibiotic-treated disease-causing organisms and additional modification of β-lactamase genes and of the regulatory genes of the mecA region took place. However, it can be concluded that very little of either type of resistance mechanisms represents new basic evolution against the penicillin type antibiotics. In the last 60 years the resistant bacteria in the main arose by movement of genes from other organisms, from minor genetic changes, and from alteration of the regulation of synthesis.
Dense core vesicles in cerebral cortex of the human fetus

The present study clearly demonstrates that by the 15th week of gestation dense core vesicles appear within the human cerebral cortex. These vesicles can be identified within axon cylinders, axon growth cones, and axon synaptic terminals. The role of these vesicles is speculative, yet, their very presence at this early fetal stage seems to reflect an advanced state of synaptic vesicle development.
Hierarchical random-walk algorithms for power grid analysis

This paper presents a power grid analyzer that combines a divide-and-conquer strategy with a random-walk engine. A single-level hierarchical method is first described and then extended to multi-level and "virtual-layer" hierarchy. Experimental results show that these algorithms not only achieve speedups over the generic random-walk method, but also are more robust in solving various types of industrial circuits. For example, a 71K-node circuit is solved in 4.16 seconds, showing a more than 4 times speedup over the generic method; a 348K-node wire-bond power grid, for which the performance of the generic method degrades, is solved in 75.88 seconds.
Contemporary Radical Economics

Sherman examines the origins of contemporary radical economics and reviews sympathetically a number of specific radical applications ranging from labor segmentation theory to economic development and comparative systems.
Modeling protein structure at near atomic resolutions with Gorgon

Electron cryo-microscopy (cryo-EM) has played an increasingly important role in elucidating the structure and function of macromolecular assemblies in near native solution conditions. Typically, however, only non-atomic resolution reconstructions have been obtained for these large complexes, necessitating computational tools for integrating and extracting structural details. With recent advances in cryo-EM, maps at near-atomic resolutions have been achieved for several macromolecular assemblies from which models have been manually constructed. In this work, we describe a new interactive modeling toolkit called Gorgon targeted at intermediate to near-atomic resolution density maps (10-3.5 A), particularly from cryo-EM. Gorgon's de novo modeling procedure couples sequence-based secondary structure prediction with feature detection and geometric modeling techniques to generate initial protein backbone models. Beyond model building, Gorgon is an extensible interactive visualization platform with a variety of computational tools for annotating a wide variety of 3D volumes. Examples from cryo-EM maps of Rotavirus and Rice Dwarf Virus are used to demonstrate its applicability to modeling protein structure.
CONTROL OF SCHEDULE INDUCED POLYDIPSIA: TYPE, SIZE, AND SPACING OF MEALS1

Rats were given daily 1-min variable-interval sessions for several types of food delivered in various amounts per reinforcement and the concurrent, schedule-induced polydipsia was measured. Dry, solid food was neither a necessary nor sufficient condition for the development of polydipsia. Small portions of liquid Standard Monkey Diet produced polydipsia, but 45-mg dextrose or sucrose pellets did not. Within the range studied, smaller portions of both solid and liquid foods produced more drinking than larger portions per reinforcement. Two-min variable-interval sessions produced a greater polydipsic response than 1-min variable-interval, even though the number of 45-mg Noyes pellets allowed per session was held constant. Polydipsia was greatly attenuated on these schedules when the number of pellets remained constant, but were delivered two at a time. Within the ranges studied, the concurrent polydipsic response was increased by decreasing the rate of food acquisition, either by using smaller portions of food per reinforcement or by increasing the interreinforcement time.
Transcriptional regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-1 and collagen 1A2 explains the anti-fibrotic effect exerted by proteasome inhibition in human dermal fibroblasts

Extracellular matrix (ECM) turnover is controlled by the synthetic rate of matrix proteins, including type I collagen, and their enzymatic degradation by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Fibrosis is characterized by an unbalanced accumulation of ECM leading to organ dysfunction as observed in systemic sclerosis. We previously reported that proteasome inhibition (PI) in vitro decreases type I collagen and enhances MMP-1 production by human fibroblasts, thus favoring an antifibrotic fibroblast phenotype. These effects were dominant over the pro-fibrotic phenotype induced by transforming growth factor (TGF)-β. Here we investigate the molecular events responsible for the anti-fibrotic phenotype induced in fibroblasts by the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib. The steady-state mRNA levels of COL1A1, COL1A2, TIMP-1, MMP-1, and MMP-2 were assessed by quantitative PCR in human dermal fibroblasts cultured in the presence of TGF-β, bortezomib, or both. Transient fibroblast transfection was performed with wild-type and mutated COL1A1 and MMP-1 promoters. Chromatin immunoprecipitation, electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), and DNA pull-down assays were used to assess the binding of c-Jun, SP1, AP2, and Smad2 transcription factors. Immunoblotting and immunofluorescent microscopy were performed for identifying phosphorylated transcription factors and their cellular localization. Bortezomib decreased the steady-state mRNA levels of COL1A1 and COL1A2, and abrogated SP1 binding to the promoter of COL1A2 in both untreated and TGF-β-activated fibroblasts. Reduced COL1A2 expression was not due to altered TGF-β-induced Smad2 phosphorylation, nuclear translocation, or binding to the COL1A2 promoter. In contrast to collagen, bortezomib specifically increased the steady-state mRNA levels of MMP-1 and enhanced the binding of c-Jun to the promoter of MMP-1. Furthermore, disruption of the proximal AP-1-binding site in the promoter of MMP-1 severely impaired MMP-1 transcription in response to bortezomib. By altering the binding of at least two transcription factors, c-Jun and SP1, proteasome inhibition results in increased production of MMP-1 and decreased synthesis of type I collagen in human dermal fibroblasts. Thus, the antifibrotic phenotype observed in fibroblasts submitted to proteasome inhibition results from profound modifications in the binding of key transcription factors. This provides a novel rationale for assessing the potential of drugs targeting the proteasome for their anti-fibrotic properties.
Coronary artery calcium score combined with Framingham score for risk prediction in asymptomatic individuals

ContextGuidelines advise that all adults undergo coronary heart disease (CHD) risk assessment to guide preventive treatment intensity. Although the Framingham Risk Score (FRS) is often recommended for this, it has been suggested that risk assessment may be improved by additional tests such as coronary artery calcium scoring (CACS).ObjectivesTo determine whether CACS assessment combined with FRS in asymptomatic adults provides prognostic information superior to either method alone and whether the combined approach can more accurately guide primary preventive strategies in patients with CHD risk factors.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsProspective observational population-based study, of 1461 asymptomatic adults with coronary risk factors. Participants with at least 1 coronary risk factor (>45 years) underwent computed tomography (CT) examination, were screened between 1990-1992, were contacted yearly for up to 8.5 years after CT scan, and were assessed for CHD. This analysis included 1312 participants with CACS results; excluded were 269 participants with diabetes and 14 participants with either missing data or had a coronary event before CACS was performed.Main Outcome MeasureNonfatal myocardial infarction (MI) or CHD death.ResultsDuring a median of 7.0 years of follow-up, 84 patients experienced MI or CHD death; 70 patients died of any cause. There were 291 (28%) participants with an FRS of more than 20% and 221 (21%) with a CACS of more than 300. Compared with an FRS of less than 10%, an FRS of more than 20% predicted the risk of MI or CHD death (hazard ratio [HR], 14.3; 95% confidence interval [CI]; 2.0-104; P = .009). Compared with a CACS of zero, a CACS of more than 300 was predictive (HR, 3.9; 95% CI, 2.1-7.3; P<.001). Across categories of FRS, CACS was predictive of risk among patients with an FRS higher than 10% (P<.001) but not with an FRS less than 10%.ConclusionThese data support the hypothesis that high CACS can modify predicted risk obtained from FRS alone, especially among patients in the intermediate-risk category in whom clinical decision making is most uncertain.
Effects of pinacidil on electrophysiological properties of epicardial border zone of healing canine infarcts: possible effects of K(ATP) channel activation.

Background— KATP channels, activated by ischemia, participate in the arrhythmogenic response to acute coronary occlusion. The function of these channels in border zones of healing infarcts, where arrhythmias also arise, has not been investigated. Do these channels remain maximally activated during infarct healing, or do they downregulate after a period of time? Both might preclude further activation. Methods and Results— Myocardial infarction was produced in dogs by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Impulse propagation in the epicardial border zone (EBZ) of 4-day-old healing infarcts was mapped during administration of pinacidil, a KATP channel activator, directly into the EBZ coronary blood supply. Pinacidil restored conduction and excitability when the EBZ was initially inexcitable and had large regions of block (6 of 8 experiments). This allowed reentrant circuits to form in the EBZ, causing tachycardia (4 of 8 experiments). In hearts with an initially excitable EBZ, pinacidil s...
Boosters for driving long onchip interconnects - design issues, interconnect synthesis, and comparison with repeaters

Trends in complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology and very large scale integration architectures are causing interconnect to play an increasing role in overall performance, power consumption, and design effort. Traditionally, repeaters are used for driving long onchip interconnects. However, recent studies indicate that repeaters are using increasing area, power, and design resources and are inherently limited in how much they can improve the performance (Adler and Friedman, 1998), (Sylvester and Keutzer, 1999), (Cong and Pan, 1999). The unidirectionality of repeaters also limits their applicability in multisourced lines. This paper presents a new circuit called the Booster that compares favorably with repeaters for driving long lines in terms of area, performance, power, and placement sensitivity. Boosters also have the advantage of being bidirectional and providing a low impedance termination to improve signal integrity. Driver edge rates are reduced and peak power is drastically reduced compared to repeaters, thus, improving signal integrity and mitigating inductive effects. Boosters are shown to be more than 20% faster for driving a variety of interconnect loads over conventional repeaters in a 0.16-/spl mu/m CMOS technology. Boosters are typically inserted three times less frequently than repeaters for optimal performance, resulting in fewer boosters for driving the same interconnect lengths and, hence, saving on area, power, and placement effort. Computer-aided design tools for global interconnect synthesis need to support a wider variety of circuit techniques such as boosters. Other exotic circuit techniques such as differential, dynamic, or low-swing techniques require significantly more custom circuit design, noise analysis, extra timing signals, or extra power supplies and are, hence, cumbersome for automatic interconnect synthesis tools. In contrast, the proposed boosters can be inserted on lines in a straightforward manner much like repeaters. Based on analytical delay models, we derive rules for insertion and sizing of boosters that can easily be incorporated into an interconnect synthesis tool. We formulate design rules that determine: 1) the number of boosters needed; 2) their placements; and 3) device sizes for driving a given interconnect load. The primary objective function is minimizing delay and then area and power. Power analysis is slightly more complex than for repeaters so we present a systematic design approach. A placement sensitivity analysis comparing boosters and repeaters is used to study the effects of realistic placement constraints that arise in microprocessor floorplans. We conclude by discussing various design tradeoffs between repeater and booster-based interconnect designs. We then present other potential applications of boosters in domino logic designs, multisource/multisink buses, and field programmable gate array interconnection network designs in addition to conventional point-to-point interconnection lines.
Sodium sulphite effects on recovery and composition of detergent fibre and lignin from forage legumes varying in levels of proanthocyanidins

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L), red clover (Trifolium pratense L), birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L), sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop), crownvetch (Coronilla varia L), cicer milkvetch (Astragrlus cicer L), sericea lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata (Dum-Cours) G Don) and kura clover (Trifolium ambiguum M Bieb) were subjected to sequential detergent fibre analysis to investigate the effects that the addition of sodium sulphite to neutral detergent has on the recovery and composition of fibre and lignin from forage legumes that vary in levels of proanthocyanidin (PA). Soluble, insoluble and neutral detergent insoluble PA (NDIPA) concentrations were highest in sericea, moderate in crownvetch, sainfoin and birdsfoot trefoil and absent in alfalfa, cicer milkvetch, red clover and kura clover. Addition of sodium sulphite reduced levels of neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen (NDIN) and acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN) recovered from most forages tested. The addition of sodium sulphite effectively eliminated NDIPA from NDF. The difference between fibre fractions prepared without and with the addition of sodium sulphite during the neutral detergent procedure was related to PA concentration. Neutral detergent fibre difference was positively correlated with soluble PA (r = 0.730, p = 0.0001), insoluble PA (r = 0.905, p = 0.0001) and NDIPA (r = 0.913, p = 0.0001). Acid detergent fibre difference was positively correlated with soluble PA (r = 0.796, p = 0.0001), insoluble PA (r = 0.976, p = 0.0001) and NDIPA (r = 0.974, p = 0.0001). Acid detergent lignin difference was positively correlated with soluble PA (r = 0.846, p = 0.0001), insoluble PA (r = 0.992, p = 0.0001) and NDIPA (r = 0.972, p = 0.0001). Neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen difference was positively correlated with soluble PA (r = 0.475, p = 0.0255), insoluble PA (r = 0.579, p = 0.0047) and NDIPA (r = 0.570, p = 0.0056). Acid detergent insoluble nitrogen difference was positively correlated with soluble PA (r = 0.798, p = 0.0001), insoluble PA (r = 0.969, p = 0.0001) and NDIPA (r = 0.979, p = 0.0001). Sodium sulphite has large effects on fibre values of PA-containing species. Our results suggest that the difference between fibre fractions prepared with and without the addition of sulphite to neutral detergent may be used to determine the effects of PA on protein solubility in detergents. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry
Multi-scale morphological volume segmentation and visualization

This paper presents a multi-scale morphology approach to the volume segmentation and visualization problem. The basis of the approach is applying morphological operations with spherical structuring elements at various sizes to create a representation of the volume data that encodes structural information at multiple scales. Through an interactive user interface, the user can effectively segment and visualize a specific feature of interest using a fast, region growing method with this multi-scale data representation. A graph representing the segmented feature is created to facilitate interactive visual inspection and refinement of the feature. We have introduced a new volume data visualization technique based on interactive segmentation rather than the traditional transfer-function based classification approach. This new technique offers the user greater power in isolating and examining volumetric features of interest.
Core Concepts: Chromosome Aneuploidies

Aneuploidy, or deviation from the diploid human chromosome complement of 46, may have physical effects ranging from mild or undetectable, as in a male infant with 47 chromosomes including an additional Y chromosome, to severe, as occurs in infants with an additional chromosome 13 or 18. We discuss the autosomal (13, 18, and 21) and sex chromosome (X, Y) aneuploidies that can be expected in the neonatal health care setting, including clinical signs and symptoms that may be indications for further study. We review appropriate diagnostic testing including chromosome, fluorescent in situ hybridization, and microarray comparative genomic hybridization studies, indicating where parental follow-up studies are necessary to provide accurate recurrence risk counseling. For each aneuploid condition that is likely to be encountered in a living infant, we review appropriate clinical management strategies. Suggested readings and family resources are provided for the aneuploidies that are commonly observed in the newborn, and the reader is directed to additional resources for partial aneuploidies, which are beyond the scope of this review.
Development of a model for an air brake system with leaks

Brake systems in trucks are crucial for ensuring the safety of vehicles and passengers on the roadways. Most trucks in the US are equipped with S-cam drum brake systems and they are sensitive to maintenance. Brake defects such as leaks are a major cause of accidents involving trucks. Leaks in the air brake systems affect braking performance drastically by decreasing the maximum braking pressure and also increasing the time required to attain the same, thereby resulting in longer stopping distances. In this paper, we present a mathematical model for an air brake system in the presence of leaks with a view towards developing a diagnostic system based on this model in the near future. The model that has been developed builds on earlier research at Texas A&M University in which the pressure evolution in the brake chamber was determined as a function of the brake pedal input in the absence of any leaks in the air brake system. A leak may be characterized by its location and size. Since the connecting pipes are short, the location of the leak does not significantly affect the evolution in the brake pressure as much as its size. We provide a constitutive relationship for the leak and we estimated the associated parameter, namely, the “effective area” of the leak from the experimental data. The supply pressure and effective area of leak comprised the inputs to the model along with the displacement of the brake pedal (treadle valve plunger). We also provide a simple leak detection scheme and estimates of the severity of the leak in terms of the mass flow rate of leaking air based on the input measurements of brake pressure for a full application of the brake pedal and the supply pressure. This scheme can be implemented using a simple look-up table.
Calcium Dynamics and Resting Transcriptional Activity Regulates Prolactin Gene Expression

Research on the regulation of hormone gene expression by calcium signaling is hampered by the difficulty of monitoring both parameters within the same individual, living cells. Here we achieved concurrent, dynamic measurements of both intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) and prolactin (PRL) gene promoter activity in single, living pituitary cells. Cells were transfected with the luciferase reporter gene under control of the PRL promoter and subjected to bioluminescence and fluorescence imaging before and after presentation of TSH-releasing hormone (TRH), a prototypic regulator of PRL secretion and gene expression that induces a transient Ca2+ release, followed by sustained Ca2+ influx. We found that cells displaying specific photonic emissions (i.e. mammotropes) showed heterogeneous calcium and transcriptional responses to TRH. Transcriptionally responsive cells always exhibited a TRH-induced [Ca2+]i increase. In addition, transcriptional responses were related to the rate of Ca2+ entry but not Ca2+...
Interpersonal dysfunction in depressed women: impairments independent of depressive symptoms

Background: The study explored the generality of interpersonal impairments in depressed women and examined the extent of their independence of current depressive episodes or symptoms. Methods: 812 community women who were formerly depressed, currently depressed, or never depressed were compared on a variety of indices of interpersonal behavior and beliefs. Information was also obtained from their spouses, adolescent children, and raters. Current depressive mood and sociodemographic factors that might affect social functioning were controlled. Results: Consistent with the hypotheses that interpersonal difficulties are not just consequences of depressive symptoms, formerly but not currently depressed women were significantly more impaired than never-depressed women on nearly all measures. They were less likely to be stably married, had poorer marital satisfaction, reported more spouse coercion and physical injury, had more problematic relationships with their child, friends, and extended family, reported more stressful life events with interpersonal and conflict content, and were more insecure in their beliefs about other people. Their spouses and boyfriends also reported more problems, and were themselves more likely to have diagnosable disorders. However, the groups did not differ in their children's perceptions of maternal warmth or hostility. Limitations: The cross-sectional design precluded conclusions about the causal direction of the relationship between interpersonal impairment and depressive disorder. Since clinical depression is more often than not followed by subthreshold symptoms that are not captured by standard diagnostic instruments, such symptoms are not easily discernable from preceding or co-existing interpersonal problems. Only women were studied. Conclusions: Interpersonal impairment is a stable feature of depression, a significant challenge to treatment, and may reflect underlying vulnerability to the onset, and recurrence, of depressive experiences.
Job Characteristic Misfit and Organizational Commitment: A Cross Cultural Comparison

Drawing from the job characteristic and the person-environment fit theory, we examined the relationship between job characteristics supplied-valued misfit and organizational commitment in a cross-cultural setting. We further studied how this relationship is moderated by humane orientation. To test our hypotheses, we conducted several multilevel regressions with three-dimensional surface analyses on a sample of 19,049 employees from 24 different countries drawn from the International Social Survey (ISSP) 2005. We found that job characteristic supplied-valued misfit relates to organization commitment and that the moderating effect of humane orientation is partially supported. Implication for theory and practice are discussed.
Evidence supporting restrictions on uses of body diagrams in forensic interviews.

OBJECTIVE: This study compared two methods for questioning children about suspected abuse: standard interviewing and body-diagram-focused (BDF) interviewing, a style of interviewing in which interviewers draw on a flip board and introduce the topic of touching with a body diagram. METHODS: Children (N=261) 4-9 years of age individually participated in science demonstrations during which half the children were touched two times. Months later, parents read stories to their children that described accurate and inaccurate information about the demonstrations. The stories for untouched children also contained inaccurate descriptions of touching. The children completed standard or BDF interviews, followed by source-monitoring questions. RESULTS: Interview format did not significantly influence (a) children's performance during early interview phases, (b) the amount of contextual information children provided about the science experience, or (c) memory source monitoring. The BDF protocol had beneficial and detrimental effects on touch reports: More children in the BDF condition reported experienced touching, but at the expense of an increased number of suggested and spontaneous false reports. CONCLUSIONS: The two props that are characteristic of BDF interviewing have different effects on testimonial accuracy. Recording answers on a flip board during presubstantive phases does not influence the quality of information that children provide. Body diagrams, however, suggest answers to children and elicit a concerning number of false reports. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Until research identifies procedures and/or case characteristics associated with accurate reports of touching during diagram-assisted questioning, interviewers should initiate discussions about touching with open-ended questions delivered without a body diagram. Language: en
AN APPROACH TO COST—VOLUME—PROFIT ANALYSIS UNDER UNCERTAINTY*

Cost-Volume-Profit analysis is a tool of cost accountants aiding in the choice of an optimal course of action in the solution of a managerial problem. C-V-P is a limited analysis since all the needs of management in determining the optimal strategy are not fulfilled. Factors pertinent to the choice of the optimal strategy under uncertainty are variables, although traditional C-V-P treats these factors as constants. Hence, an approach to C-V-P where pertinent factors necessary for decision making are considered as variables is more desirable than traditional C-V-P. By introducing uncertainty, it is also beneficial to broaden C-V-P to fulfill the following desire of management. Should management choose a course of action based only on its own estimates of the decision parameters or is it advisable to postpone a terminal decision until additional research into the decision parameters is accomplished? Broadened C-V-P solves this problem with the aid of Bayesian Decision Theory for the choice of the optimal course of action in the face of uncertainty.
PREVALENCE AND ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THREE TYPES OF SARCOCYSTIS IN MULE DEER, ODOCOILEUS HEMIONUS (RAFINESQUE), IN MONTANA

Infection with Sarcocystis (Protozoa: Sarcocystidae) was diagnosed in 130 of 153 (85%) samples of muscle from mule deer around Bozeman, Montana. Three structurally distinct mature and microscopic sarcocysts with characteristic cyst walls were found. Cyst walls of type I sarcocysts were about 2 μm thick and had characteristic inverted tee-shaped villar projections; these cysts were considered to be S. hemionilatrantis Hudkins and Kistner, 1976. Cyst walls in type II sarcocysts were thick-walled (about 7 μm) and their villar projections were 6.7 × 1.1 μm. The core of the villar projections consisted of granular material and some filamentous structures. Bradyzoites were 11.6 × 2.8 μm and were tightly packed in compartments. Cyst walls of type III sarcocysts were also thick-walled (about 9 μm) but the villar projections were 8.5 × 4.7 μm. Bradyzoites were 13 × 3.3 μm and were loosely arranged in compartments.
A standard-based global ocean monitoring system

This paper describes a standard-based global ocean monitoring system developed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) with collaborating partners. This system adapts the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 1451 smart transducer interface standard, Programmable Underwater Connector with Knowledge (PUCK) protocol, and Smart Transducer Web Service (STWS) interface to monitor the ocean environment globally via the Internet. A prototype system is presented with a case study to illustrate the ocean monitoring scenario.
Acute Histologic Chorioamnionitis at Term: Nearly Always Noninfectious

Background The link between histologic acute chorioamnionitis and infection is well established in preterm deliveries, but less well-studied in term pregnancies, where infection is much less common. Methodology/Principal Findings We conducted a secondary analysis among 195 low-risk women with term pregnancies enrolled in a randomized trial. Histologic and microbiologic evaluation of placentas included anaerobic and aerobic cultures (including mycoplasma/ureaplasma species) as well as PCR. Infection was defined as ≥1,000 cfu of a single known pathogen or a ≥2 log difference in counts for a known pathogen versus other organisms in a mixed culture. Placental membranes were scored and categorized as: no chorioamnionitis, Grade 1 (subchorionitis and patchy acute chorioamnionitis), or Grade 2 (severe, confluent chorioamnionitis). Grade 1 or grade 2 histologic chorioamnionitis was present in 34% of placentas (67/195), but infection was present in only 4% (8/195). Histologic chorioamnionitis was strongly associated with intrapartum fever >38°C [69% (25/36) fever, 26% (42/159) afebrile, P<.0001]. Fever occurred in 18% (n = 36) of women. Most febrile women [92% (33/36)] had received epidural for pain relief, though the association with fever was present with and without epidural. The association remained significant in a logistic regression controlling for potential confounders (OR = 5.8, 95% CI = 2.2,15.0). Histologic chorioamnionitis was also associated with elevated serum levels of interleukin-8 (median = 1.3 pg/mL no histologic chorioamnionitis, 1.5 pg/mL Grade 1, 2.1 pg/mL Grade 2, P = 0.05) and interleukin-6 (median levels = 2.2 pg/mL no chorioamnionitis, 5.3 pg/mL Grade 1, 24.5 pg/mL Grade 2, P = 0.02) at admission for delivery as well as higher admission WBC counts (mean = 12,000cells/mm3 no chorioamnionitis, 13,400cells/mm3 Grade 1, 15,700cells/mm3 Grade 2, P = 0.0005). Conclusion/Significance Our results suggest histologic chorioamnionitis at term most often results from a noninfectious inflammatory process. It was strongly associated with fever, most of which was related to epidural used for pain relief. A more ‘activated’ maternal immune system at admission was also associated with histologic chorioamnionitis.
Polymer Models of Meiotic and Mitotic Chromosomes

Polymers tied together by constraints exhibit an internal pressure; this idea is used to analyze physical properties of the bottle-brush–like chromosomes of meiotic prophase that consist of polymer...
Diminished ovarian reserve is the predominant risk factor for gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist failure resulting in breakthrough luteinizing hormone surges in in vitro fertilization cycles

Objective To identify risk factors for breakthrough LH surge despite GnRH antagonist (GnRH-ant) suppression in IVF cycles. Design Case-control study. Setting Academic medical center. Patient(s) All patients undergoing IVF from August 2004 through July 2012 in whom GnRH-ant pituitary suppression (0.25 mg/d) was used in a flexible protocol. Intervention(s) GnRH-ant–based IVF. Main Outcome Measure(s) Breakthrough LH surges as evidenced by an increase in LH (minimum 2.5-fold increase from baseline above a threshold of 17 mIU/mL) associated with a decrease in E 2 , and free fluid on ultrasound. Result(s) Breakthrough LH surges despite GnRH-ant administration occurred in 37 (0.34%) of the 10,809 antagonist cycles during the study period. Compared with all patients remaining suppressed, patients with breakthrough surges were significantly older and had significantly increased FSH and decreased antral follicle counts. Compared with age-matched controls (allocation ratio, 1:50), significant differences in ovarian reserve remained evident. Conclusion(s) The occurrence of a breakthrough LH surge despite GnRH-ant treatment is a reassuringly rare event. However, patients with diminished ovarian reserve are at risk for this outcome despite GnRH-ant down-regulation. Further studies are needed to determine whether these patients can be prospectively identified and whether they may benefit from higher doses of GnRH-ant.
On the number of terms used in automatic query expansion

This paper investigates the number of expansion terms to use in automatic query expansion by examining the behavior of eight retrieval systems participating in the NRRC Reliable Information Access Workshop. The results demonstrate that current systems are able to obtain nearly all of the benefit of using a fixed number of expansion terms per topic, but significant additional improvement is possible if systems were able to accurately select the best number of expansion terms on a per topic basis. When optimizing average effectiveness as measured by mean average precision, using a fixed number of terms increases the score a large amount for a small number of topics but has little effect for most topics. The analysis further suggests that when a topic is helped by automatic feedback, the increase is from a set of terms that reinforce each other rather than from the system finding a single excellent term.
Staining of acid mucopolysaccharides after chromatography on filter paper.

Acid mucopolysaccharides obtained both from commercial sources and by isolation from human urine have been chromatographed on Whatman No. 1 filter paper, using propanol or ethanol in pH 6.5 M/15 phosphate buffer as solvent systems. The chromatograms are then fixed by immersion in 95% alcohol and in diethyl ether. After drying, they are stained in 0.06% toluidine blue O in 0.5% aqueous acetic acid. A final rinsing in 2% aqueous acetic acid removes the excess dye from the paper and exposes the stained mucopolysaccharide to a pH favoring orthochromasia.
Evidence for Endogenous Excitatory Amino Acids as Mediators in DSI of GABAAergic Transmission in Hippocampal CA1

Depolarization-induced suppression of inhibition (DSI) is a process whereby brief ∼1-s depolarization to the postsynaptic membrane of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells results in a transient suppression of GABAAergic synaptic transmission. DSI is triggered by a postsynaptic rise in [Ca2+]in and yet is expressed presynaptically, which implies that a retrograde signal is involved. Recent evidence based on synthetic metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) agonists and antagonists suggested that group I mGluRs take part in the expression of DSI and raised the possibility that glutamate or a glutamate-like substance is the retrograde messenger in hippocampal CA1. This hypothesis was tested, and it was found that the endogenous amino acidsl-glutamate (l-Glu) and l-cysteine sulfinic acid (l-CSA) suppressed GABAA-receptor–mediated inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) and occluded DSI, whereas l-homocysteic acid (l-HCA) and l-homocysteine sulfinic acid (l-HCSA) did not. Activation of metabotropic kainate recepto...
Spinodal Decomposition in Off-stoichiometric Zr0.5Hf0.5Co1-yIrySb1-zSnz half-Heusler Phases

The formation of nanostructures within the matrix of half-Heusler thermoelectric materials can be produced by spinodal decomposition of off-stoichiometric compositions. CoSb is insoluble at high temperatures in Zr0.5Hf0.5Co1-yIrySb1-zSnz half-Heusler phases. This phase can be solubilized into the half-Heusler matrix by the use of high energy ball milling at room temperature as the synthetic method of choice. The metastable half-Heusler material decomposes in-situ while hot-pressing the powder sample into a compact pellet. Despite the fact that the thermal conductivity of the inclusion material, CoSb, is very large, (>35W/m•K), we observed reduction in the lattice thermal conductivity of the composite material. Furthermore, the electrical resistivity of the specimen was also reduced due to the metallic nature of the CoSb inclusion phase. Addition of a large fraction of the metallic inclusion leads to a percolation network of the metallic phase, thus reducing the Seebeck coefficient of the composites. Electron microscopy is carried out in order to examine boundaries between the two. Changes in the thermoelectric properties of Zr0.5Hf0.5Co1-yIrySb1-zSnz half-Heusler matrix with increasing mass percent of CoSb inclusion will be discussed.
Effect of Atropine on the Local Action of Procaine

SummaryProlongation of procaine HC1 anesthesia by addition of atropine sulfate in low concentration 10-5 is reported; tests were made on rabbit's cornea after subconjunctival injection. The possibilities of an effect of low amounts of atropine sulfate on permeability are discussed.
Yarn Tension in Winding Mechanism

Variations in stress in a yarn beam produced by the yarns wound on it were examined and recorded during winding. The yarns used were nylon filament and cotton yarn. The stress in the beam core in axial and circumferential directions was examined with wire strain-gauges attached inside the beam core.Data on the following subjects have been obtained from experimental results, with the aid of the theoretical results described in Part 2: 1) Yarn pressure on the core and the flanges of the beam 2) The anisotropy of the yarn layer. 3) The general applicability of the theory given in Part 2.
Mev Ion Beam Synthesis of Well-Defined Buried 3C-Sic Layers in Silicon

Well-defined, homogeneous, deep-buried 3C-SiC layers have been formed in silicon by ion beam synthesis using MeV C{sup +} ions. Layers are characterized by RBS/channeling, X-ray diffraction, x-sectional TEM and electron diffraction. The redistribution of implanted carbon atoms into a rectangular carbon depth distribution associated with a well-defined layer during the post-implantation anneal is shown to depend strongly on the existence of crystalline carbide precipitates in the as-implanted state.
Seed-Based De-Anonymizability Quantification of Social Networks

In this paper, we implement the first comprehensive quantification of the perfect de-anonymizability and partial de-anonymizability of real-world social networks with seed information under general scenarios, which provides the theoretical foundation for the existing structure-based de-anonymization attacks and closes the gap between de-anonymization practice and theory. Based on our quantification, we conduct a large-scale evaluation of the de-anonymizability of 24 real-world social networks by quantitatively showing the conditions for perfectly and partially de-anonymizing a social network, how de-anonymizable a social network is, and how many users of a social network can be successfully de-anonymized. Furthermore, we show that both theoretically and experimentally, the overall structural information-based de-anonymization attack can be more powerful than the seed-based de-anonymization attack, and even without any seed information, a social network can be perfectly or partially de-anonymized. Finally, we discuss the implications of this paper. Our findings are expected to shed on research questions in the areas of structural data anonymization and de-anonymization and to help data owners evaluate their structural data vulnerability before data sharing and publishing.
Studies in pertussis immunity. III. Immunization of children with live and killed vaccine.

Summary1. The relative effectiveness of live and killed H. pertussis vaccine has been studied in children. 2. By means of a passive mouse protection test, using the intra-nasal route of challenge, a more rapid loss of antibody after primary immunization and a greater booster response was observed with live vaccine. 3. Severe local reactions occurred in some children given the live vaccine.We gratefully acknowledge the cooperation of Dr.Harold H. Berman and Dr. Martin Lazar of the Willowbrook State School in planning and carrying out this study. We wish to thank Dr. Robert Ward and Dr. L. Emmett Holt, Jr. of this department for their continued help and encouragement. Loretta Brown gave excellent technical assistance.
P5-13-24: A Predictive Model of Early Systemic Disease Relapse after Standard Adjuvant Therapy for Breast Cancer.

Background Early relapse after adjuvant therapy for breast cancer is very discouraging and remains a major problem. We sought to identify predictors of early relapse risk and build a predictive model for relapse using prospectively collected data for patients seen at the Markey Cancer Center starting 2007 to date. Methods: Of the 1098 new patients seen, 814 patients had stage I-III disease and were further analyzed for predictors of early relapse risk. Univariate analyses were performed for key variables including patient age, tumor size, grade, estrogen receptor (ER) status, progesterone receptor (PgR) status, and HER2 status. A multivariate Cox regression model was built to identify predictors of systemic relapse and model-building was performed using step-wise model selection to determine candidate models. A risk score was developed based on the linear combination of covariates in the final Cox model. Time-dependent predictive curves, a newly developed statistical methodology, were used to evaluate the predictive accuracy of the proposed risk score. Results: Median patient age was 57 years (Range 25–92) and 88% were white. Forty six (46) % had stage I disease, 36% stage II, and 18% stage III. Median follow up time was 2.3 years. Of this 814 patient cohort, 708 patients had complete baseline covariate data and were used to build the candidate models. The final Cox regression model included 5 covariates that were significantly associated with risk of early relapse: stage III disease (p = 0.0011), grade III (p = 0.0028), PgR-negative status (p = 0.0121), HER2−negative status (p = 0.0305), and node-positive status (p = 0.0360). These five covariates were then used to calculate an early recurrence risk score, which is the weighted average of these risk factors when present, with the weights being the coefficients from the Cox regression model. The 1-year, 2-year and 3-year predictive curves for this risk score decrease considerably, especially for the 2-year and 3-year curves, indicating good predictive accuracy of the risk score. The highest risk score group, which represents 4.8% of the population, has a 1-year, 2-year and 3-year relapse probabilities of 13.0% (95% CI: 4.1%, 27.3%), 39.4 % (95% CI: 20.1%, 58.3%), and 52.3% (95% CI: 28.5%, 71.5%), respectively. In comparison, for the overall population, the corresponding 1-year, 2-year, and 3-year relapse probabilities were only 1.1% (95% CI: 0.5%, 2.1%), 4.2% (95% CI: 2.7%, 6.1%) and 6.2% (95% CI: 4.2%, 8.6%), respectively. Conclusions: The developed risk score based on stage, tumor grade, PgR, HER2, and node status is highly predictive of early relapse in breast cancer patients after standard adjuvant therapy. Our model can be used to identify patients with high risk of early disease relapse who may otherwise benefit from enrollment on novel adjuvant therapeutic trials to improve their outcome. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2011;71(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-13-24.
LOCALIZATION OF CHOLESTEROL ESTERASE AND CHOLESTEROL IN MUCOSAL FRACTIONS OF RAT SMALL INTESTINE.

SummaryA modified procedure for brush border preparation has been developed which gives 90–100% yields of invertase activity in the brush border. It was determined that the esterifying and hydrolytic activities of cholesterol esterase are concentrated in the supernatant fraction of the mucosa as opposed to the brush border. Further fractionation of the mucosal cells into nuclei and cell debris, mitochondria, microsomes, and soluble fraction, and assay of these fractions for esterase activity demonstrated that 60–66% of the esterase activity of the whole homogenate was in the soluble fraction. The remaining activity was distributed among the other fractions. The data suggest that esterification of cholesterol occurs in the mucosal cell rather than in the brush border. Cholesterol levels in rat intestinal wall, intestinal mucosa, and mucosal subcellular fractions are also reported.
Systemic Effects of Mononucleosis

Infectious mononucleosis is rarely severe enough to cause serious trouble. But when it does, it may produce grave, even fatal complications. Generally physicians cannot prevent these complications. They can, however, treat some patients with steroids and support others with general measures.
Paper, Wetting and Penetration of Liquids into

End-use applications of paper require a wide range of properties with respect to interactions with liquids. At one extreme are tissue papers and toweling. They are designed to imbibe water quickly. At the other extreme are cupstock and greaseproof papers that are designed to inhibit the passage of liquids. It is remarkable the degree to which variations in the processes and chemical additives used in the manufacture of paper can achieve such diverse products. On a microscopic scale paper is porous, directional, and rough. Papermakers and specialists have used two different approaches to define and measure wettability and penetration by liquids. The specialists have carried out tests involving smooth, flat surfaces, or filaments composed of pure materials such as cellulose films or other components of paper. On the other hand, the paper industry has developed a wide range of practical, empirical tests that predict aspects of product performance.