cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
3-(1,3-Di­phenyl­propan-2-yl)-4-methyl-6-phenyl­isoxazolo[3,4-d]pyridazin-7(6H)-one

In the title compound, C27H23N3O2, the geminal benzyl groups branching out from the methine adjacent to the isoxazole group are both syn-oriented to the methyl group of the pyridazinone moiety, as reflected by C—C distances of 3.812 (2) and 4.369 (2) A between the methyl carbon and the nearest ring carbon of each benzyl group. This kind of conformation is retained in CDCl3 solution, as evidenced by distinct phenyl-shielding effects on the 1H NMR signals of the methyl H atoms. The isoxazolo[3,4-d]pyridazin ring system is virtually planar (r.m.s. deviation from planarity = 0.031 A), but the N-bonded phenyl group is inclined to the former by an ring–ring angle of 55.05 (3)°. In the crystal, the T-shaped mol­ecules are arranged in an inter­locked fashion, forming rod-like assemblies along [10-1]. The mol­ecules are held together by unremarkable weak C—H⋯N, C—H⋯O and C—H⋯π inter­actions (C—O,N,C > 3.4 A), while significant π–π-stacking inter­actions are absent.
Potential for Climate Change to Increase Contaminants Exposure and Effects in Gyrfalcons.

—Climate change is a global pollution issue with the potential to affect raptor populations at scales greater than those caused by the last great contaminant threat, DDT. Climate change effects are already apparent in northern ecosystems, including those where Gyrfalcons (Falco rusticolus) breed. A changing climate may influence contaminant fate and transport, release contaminants currently stored in abiotic media such as permafrost soils, and increase natural resource extraction, transportation, and other human activities in northern systems that were previously less accessible. Of particular concern for raptors are the potential liberation of sequestered persistent pollutants from melting glaciers and permafrost, increased methylation of mercury in wetlands formed by thawing permafrost, and increased deposition of emerging persistent organic pollutants to polar areas via changes in wind and ocean transport. We found low levels of persistent organic pollutants and metals, including mercury, in eggs and feathers of Gyrfalcons from western Alaska, reviewed current and historical data on contaminants in Gyrfalcons, their prey, and their habitats, and hypothesized scenarios whereby contaminants levels that are currently of low concern could increase and affect Gyrfalcon breeding populations. In particular, switching to greater proportion of aquatic or higher-trophic level prey from ptarmigan (Lagopus spp.) will increase concentrations of mercury and persistent organic pollutants in breeding Gyrfalcons, with potential subsequent effects on populations. Received 28 July 2011, accepted 5 August 2011. MATZ, A., T. SWEM, P. JOHNSON, T. BOOMS, AND C. WHITE. 2011. Potential for climate change to increase contaminants exposure and effects in Gyrfalcons. Pages 161–176 in R. T. Watson, T. J. Cade, M. Fuller, G. Hunt, and E. Potapov (Eds.). Gyrfalcons and Ptarmigan in a Changing World, Volume I. The Peregrine Fund, Boise, Idaho, USA. http://dx.doi.org/10.4080/gpcw.2011.0115
Robust SCUC With Multi-Band Nodal Load Uncertainty Set

This letter discusses a multi-band robust security- constrained unit commitment (SCUC) model for addressing spatial/temporal relationship of nodal load uncertainties. Case studies show that the proposed multi-band model derives less conservative robust solutions while maintaining the same solution robustness as compared to the single-band model in literature.
Analysis of measles,rubella and mumps antibody level in healthy people in Jiangsu province in 2012

Objective To understand and master the immunization status of measles,rubella and mumps in healthy population at different age in Jiangsu province,to monitor the antibody level,so as to provide basis for prevention and control of measles,rubella and mumps. Methods Normal people in 3 cities of Jiangsu province were divided into 10 age groups( 0 ~ 7 months old,8 ~ 17 months old,1. 5 ~ 2 years old,3 ~ 4 years old,5 ~ 6 years old,7 ~ 9 years old,10 ~ 14 years old,15 ~ 19 years old,more than 20 years old,floating population more than 20 years old),and the IgG antibody of measles,rubella,mumps were detected using ELISA,then the positive rates and geometric mean concentration( GMC) of antibody were calculated. Results The specimens of 1502 cases were detected for measles,rubella and mumps. There was no statistical significance difference in positive rate and GMC of measles,rubella,mumps antibody among different age groups. Conclusion The positive rates of measles and rubella antibody in healthy population were higher in Jiangsu province,less risk for outbreak or epidemic in large range,but low positive rate was still found in several age groups,need to strengthen the immune. The positive rate of mumps antibodies was slightly low,so individual age group need to strengthen the immunity or change existing immunization strategy.
A Research Platform for Recommendation within Social Networks.

Recommendations within a network do affect, and get affected by, the information flow and the social connections within the network. Thus, designing a network-centric recommender system requires understanding people’s preferences, their social connections, as well as the characteristics of the network they inhabit. This creates a major challenge in research on network-centric recommendations—exploring questions around networks and recommendation is hard because they invariably depend on the interaction between more than one user. We describe a research platform that we have built that helps us answer network-centric research questions. We present an overview of the system and demonstrate its usefulness through an example study involving directed suggestions between pairs of participants. As a useful side-effect, it is also helping us collect data about people’s preferences in social networks.
Long-term consequences of urethral stents

The results of the self-expandable urethral stent (Wallstent) in the treatment of urethral strictures were evaluated in 7 patients with a followup of 23 to 31 months. The 4 failures were caused by exuberant fibrotic proliferation in the lumen of the stent, which required further endoscopic treatment in 2 patients and even surgical removal of the stent in 1. In the other 2 patients the fibrotic proliferation was progressive and will require further treatment. In 1 patient there is slowly progressive proliferation and a diminishing urine flow rate, and in 2 the fibrotic proliferation seems to be stable. Early reports on the stent suggest that its use will obviate the necessity for complex surgery of urethral stricture. Strictures involving layers deeper than the urothelium and traumatic strictures are not good indications for the self-expandable stent. As this technology continues to evolve, we must continue to follow these patients closely and be attentive to the possible long-term consequences.
Altered intracellular adrenoceptor distribution in myocardium of spontaneously hypertensive rats

The number of membrane-bound beta-adrenoceptors is reduced in the myocardium of spontaneously hypertensive rats, and this decline may account for the decreased inotropic responsiveness to beta-agonists. It is not known, however, whether the total complement of cellular beta-receptors is lower in hypertensive animals. This issue was examined using two different approaches: acid elution of cell surface-bound beta-receptor ligands and comparison of the number of receptors in the plasma membrane and a postcytosolic vesicular fraction. Approximately 30% of the total beta-receptors were located intracellularly in Wistar-Kyoto rats compared with 42% for spontaneously hypertensive rats. Similarly, a decline in membrane-bound beta-receptors in hypertensive rats was balanced by a rise in receptors associated with the vesicular fraction. In contrast, alpha 1-adrenoceptors were higher in the membrane and lower in the vesicular fraction of hypertensive rats without a significant difference in total alpha-receptors compared with normotensive animals. Differences in adrenergic responsiveness in this, and perhaps other, models of cardiac hypertrophy reflect altered intracellular distribution of adrenoceptors, which may be under the control of the sympathetic nervous system.
Maternal risk during pregnancy: a concept analysis

Aims and objectives To report an analysis of the concept of maternal risk and explore implications for practice using Walker and Avant's eight step method analysis. Background Although mortality during pregnancy is a relatively rare occurrence, serious maternal morbidities are increasingly present in today's pregnant population. Risk factors have been identified that increase the potential for morbidities and subsequent care modalities have been implemented to decrease this risk. However, despite the wide use of the term ‘risk’ in the medical and nursing literature, determining a common definition is difficult. Differences in the understanding of risk during pregnancy can hinder the ability to provide consistent and appropriate care. Design Concept analysis. Methods A search of the English literature was completed using the databases CINAHL, PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar for years 2000–2014 using the keywords ‘risk’, ‘maternal’ and ‘pregnancy’. Results Three defining attributes of risk were identified: chance of injury/loss, cognitive recognition and the decision-making processes. The antecedent of risk is the ability to understand the situation and cognitive ability to think about the potential consequences and adverse outcomes. Consequences of risk include the actual action taken as a result of the decision-making process. Conclusion This paper contributes to the understanding of risk allowing for the development of an individualised plan of care for each pregnant woman and empowering the nurse to advocate for appropriate care. Findings in this analysis assist nurses in bridging the gap in communication between the provider's and pregnant woman's interpretation of risk. Relevance to clinical practice The analysis of risk resulted in the identification of differences in perceptions of risk that can potentially result in miscommunication between provider and pregnant woman and increase the risk of inadequate or incomplete care.
Cooperative Source Node Tracking in Non-Line-of-Sight Environments

The accuracy of localization is highly degraded in indoor and harsh environments where source nodes either do not have connections with a sufficient number of anchor nodes due to strong attenuation or have very poor range estimates due to NLOS propagation. Cooperative localization is a technique in which the source nodes communicate not only with the anchor nodes, but also with each other. Hence, the source nodes can collect several additional measurements which significantly improve the localization performance. Although many studies have examined NLOS-degraded localization of a static node in noncooperative networks, and many others have examined the impact of cooperation for static localization, there is no work which considers cooperative tracking of mobile nodes. To address this open problem, in this work, we examine cooperative tracking, particularly in NLOS environments. More specifically, we develop a novel sensor tracking algorithm based on semidefinite programming (SDP) which has the ability to mitigate NLOS propagation. Our simulations show that the new SDP-based tracking algorithm outperforms the classic extended Kalman filter as well as the other recently proposed algorithms for noncooperative tracking in NLOS environments. We also show that the algorithm can be extended to cooperative networks, and that a substantial performance benefit is realized by cooperation.
Consumer Compulsive Buying and Hoarding in a World of Fast Fashion

The purpose of this study was twofold: (1) to determine the relationships between social media, fashion interest and fast fashion involvement and whether these psychographic variables affect propensity for compulsive clothing buying and (2) to determine whether a relationship exists between compulsive buying and propensity toward hoarding. Data was collected through consumer panel from Qualtrix. Screener questions ensured that all respondents were adult females with an interest in fashion. Responses yielded 232 usable surveys, which were analyzed using SPSS software. Social media was found to be positively related to fashion interest, fast fashion involvement, and compulsive clothing buying. Compulsive clothing buying was found to be positively related to all three compulsive clothes hoarding symptoms: clothing clutter disorganization, clothing acquisition, and difficulty discarding clothing.
Distributed source coding using Abelian group codes: Extracting performance from structure

In this work, we consider a distributed source coding problem with a joint distortion criterion depending on the sources and the reconstruction. This includes as a special case the problem of computing a function of the sources to within some distortion and also the classic Slepian-Wolf problem [12], Berger-Tung problem [5], Wyner-Ziv problem [4], Yeung-Berger problem [6] and the Ahlswede-Korner-Wyner problem [3], [13]. While the prevalent trend in information theory has been to prove achievability results using Shannon's random coding arguments, using structured random codes offer rate gains over unstructured random codes for many problems. Motivated by this, we present a new achievable ratedistortion region (an inner bound to the performance limit) for this problem for discrete memoryless sources based on ldquogoodrdquo structured random nested codes built over abelian groups. We demonstrate rate gains for this problem over traditional coding schemes using random unstructured codes. For certain sources and distortion functions, the new rate region is strictly bigger than the Berger-Tung rate region, which has been the best known achievable rate region for this problem till now. Further, there is no known unstructured random coding scheme that achieves these rate gains. Achievable performance limits for single-user source coding using abelian group codes are also obtained as parts of the proof of the main coding theorem. As a corollary, we also prove that nested linear codes achieve the Shannon rate-distortion bound in the single-user setting. Note that while group codes retain some structure, they are more general than linear codes which can only be built over finite fields which are known to exist only for certain sizes.
In response to: Do heroin overdose patients require observation after receiving naloxone?

Sir,We appreciate Willman et al.’s thoughtful systematic review regarding the necessity of observing patients following naloxone administration for heroin overdose. Based on the available literatur...
CHAPTER 189 – Protein Phosphatase 2A

Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a ubiquitously expressed member of the PPP gene family that accounts for a substantial portion of the total serine/threonine phosphatase activity in many cell types. PP2A is an essential enzyme that functions in fundamental cellular processes, including metabolism and the cell cycle. Like the other signaling molecules discussed in this chapter, proximity interactions play a primary role in regulating PP2A. Once thought of as a single, broad-specificity phosphatase, PP2A is actually many different enzymes composed of complexes between catalytic subunits, scaffold subunits, regulatory subunits, and interacting proteins. The catalytic and scaffold subunits bind tightly to form a core dimer that is the common component of most, but not all, forms of PP2A. The core dimer interacts with an array of regulatory subunits to generate multiple heterotrimeric holoenzymes. Additional interactions between PP2A and a variety of interacting proteins generate additional diversity. The regulatory subunits and interacting proteins target PP2A to specific substrates and intracellular locations. The existence of many different forms of PP2A accounts for the ability of the enzyme to regulate a wide variety of biological processes.
Potassium-Promoted Molybdenum Carbide as a Highly Active and Selective Catalyst for CO2 Conversion to CO

The high concentration of CO2 bound in seawater represents a significant opportunity to extract and use this CO2 as a C1 feedstock for synthetic fuels. Using an existing process, CO2 and H2 can be concurrently extracted from seawater and then catalytically reacted to produce synthetic fuel. Hydrogenating CO2 directly into liquid hydrocarbons is exceptionally difficult, but by first identifying a catalyst for selective CO production through the reverse water-gas shift (RWGS) reaction, CO can then be hydrogenated to fuel through Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis. Results of this study demonstrate that potassium-promoted molybdenum carbide supported on γ-Al2 O3 (K-Mo2 C/γ-Al2 O3 ) is a low-cost, stable, and highly selective catalyst for RWGS over a wide range of conversions. These findings are supported by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and density functional theory calculations.
When Capitalists Collide: Business Conflict and the End of Empire in Egypt. By Robert Vitalis. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995

When Capitalists Collide: Business Conflict and the End of Empire in Egypt. By Robert Vitalis. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995. 282 pp. Reviewed by Kirk Beattie, Department of Political Science and International Relations, Simmons College, Boston, MA.
Introduction to Benjamin Wright and His Contributions to Measurement Science

In this chapter we briefly describe the facts of Ben Wright’s professional career as a physicist and psychologist. We also make some perspective-setting remarks on the strengths and range of his accomplishments, on the nature of his engaging and sometimes-challenging personality, as well as on his perspicacity and forward-looking view on the roles of measurement in the scientific world. In doing so, we ask some questions about his career and work that we hope (and expect) are illuminated by the succeeding chapters of the volume. Of particular interest are the ways in which Wright drew from his deep experiences in physics, mathematics, computers, and psychoanalysis to set the stage for new advances in qualitative theory and quantitative precision in measurement science, advances that are proving to span a wide range of fields not limited to psychology and the social sciences. We also give some details of the original Conference that was the generator of many of the chapters in the Volume.
MONETARY THEORY AND ECONOMIC CONSOLIDATIONS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses monetary theory and economic consolidations. Monetary theory usually starts from a general equilibrium system involving consumption, investment, government spending, labor services, bonds, and money. One of these variables can be suppressed by Walras' law. The remainder are then systematically analyzed. The chapter presents the six-sector system and presents various ways in which consolidated systems with fewer sectors can be constructed from the six-sector system. It also discusses simple economies of one and two sectors in which the money supply and household consumption are apt to disappear as a result of consolidation. The chapter also describes macroeconomics as a simplification of general equilibrium theory made possible by lumping individuals and other economic units together into a small number of sectors. Macroeconomists assume that the behavior of the members of a sector is similar, while the behavior of different sectors is dissimilar, with reference to some phenomenon under study. The simplest macroeconomics treats the economy as if it were a single sector. Many monetary models are one-sector models. The choice of a sectoral structure for a model depends on the problem under study.
Dice Overlap Measures for Objects of Unknown Number: Application to Lesion Segmentation

The Dice overlap ratio is commonly used to evaluate the performance of image segmentation algorithms. While Dice overlap is very useful as a standardized quantitative measure of segmentation accuracy in many applications, it offers a very limited picture of segmentation quality in complex segmentation tasks where the number of target objects is not known a priori, such as the segmentation of white matter lesions or lung nodules. While Dice overlap can still be used in these applications, segmentation algorithms may perform quite differently in ways not reflected by differences in their Dice score. Here we propose a new set of evaluation techniques that offer new insights into the behavior of segmentation algorithms. We illustrate these techniques with a case study comparing two popular multiple sclerosis (MS) lesion segmentation algorithms: OASIS and LesionTOADS.
Informed consent or institutionalized eugenics? How the medical profession encourages abortion of fetuses with Down syndrome

Many women are unprepared to make prenatal decisions about fetuses diagnosed with Down Syndrome because of societal pressures to have "normal" children, a negative view of persons with disabilities by many in society, a fear of legal liability by those in the medical community, the lack of genuine informed consent before undergoing genetic testing and abortion, and the failure of non-directive pre-abortion counseling in the medical community. Moreover, medical professionals fail to communicate correct and unbiased information before and during the genetic screening, diagnostic testing, and abortion decision-making process. This article addresses the contributing factors and causes that ultimately lead to a lack of informed consent and a very high abortion rate for fetuses diagnosed with Down Syndrome.
Cardiovascular Function and Structure are Preserved Despite Induced Ablation of BMP1-Related Proteinases

Bone morphogenetic protein 1 (BMP1) is part of an extracellular metalloproteinase family that biosynthetically processes procollagen molecules. BMP1-and tolloid-like (TLL1) proteinases mediate the cleavage of carboxyl peptides from procollagen molecules, which is a crucial step in fibrillar collagen synthesis. Ablating the genes that encode BMP1-related proteinases (Bmp1 and Tll1) post-natally results in brittle bones, periodontal defects, and thin skin in conditional knockout (BTKO) mice. Despite the importance of collagen to cardiovascular tissues and the adverse effects of Bmp1 and Tll1 ablation in other tissues, the impact of Bmp1 and Tll1 ablation on cardiovascular performance is unknown. Here, we investigated the role of Bmp1- and Tll1-ablation in cardiovascular tissues by examining ventricular and vascular structure and function in BTKO mice. Ventricular and vascular structure and function were comprehensively quantified in BTKO mice (n = 9) and in age- and sex-matched controls (n = 9). Echocardiography, cardiac catheterization, and biaxial ex vivo arterial mechanical testing were performed to assess tissue function, and histological staining was used to measure collagen protein content. Bmp1- and Tll1-ablation resulted in maintained hemodynamics and cardiovascular function, preserved biaxial arterial compliance, and comparable ventricular and vascular collagen protein content. Maintained ventricular and vascular structure and function despite post-natal ablation of Bmp1 and Tll1 suggests that there is an as-yet unidentified compensatory mechanism in cardiovascular tissues. In addition, these findings suggest that proteinases derived from Bmp1 and Tll1 post-natally have less of an impact on cardiovascular tissues compared to skeletal, periodontal, and dermal tissues.
Synthesis of Carborane-Containing Porphyrin Derivatives for the Boron Neutron Capture Therapy of Tumors

The treatment of malignant brain tumors using conventional therapies and surgery often leads to tumor recurrence and/or unwanted side effects. Boron neutroncapturetherapy(BNCT)isabinaryandlocalizedformoftreatmentforbrain tumors and other difficult-to-treat cancers that uses nontoxic boron-containing agents. Boronated porphyrins and derivatives constitute a class of highly promising third-generation boron delivery agents for BNCT. These stable, tumor-specific, and fluorescent macrocycles can be synthesized with high boron content, can deliver therapeuticamountsofborontotargetsites,andallowtumordetectionandtreatment planning by optical imaging. In addition, boronated porphyrins have shown low toxicityandenhancedtumorselectivityandretentiontimescomparedwithclinically approved BNCT agents, BSH and BPA. In this article the synthesis of carboranyl- containing porphyrins and derivatives for application in BNCT is reviewed, with special emphasis on macrocycles reported in the last decade. Current strategies for enhancing the biological efficacy of BNCT agents involve their association with tumor-targeting molecules, such as polyamines and peptides, for improved tumor selectivity and accumulation.
Liver endothelium and not hepatocytes or Kupffer cells have transferrin receptors

Using a visual probe, consisting of latex minibeads covalently linked to transferrin (TF), we found that, in rat liver cell suspensions, transferrin receptors were limited to endothelial cells. Neither hepatocytes nor Kupffer cells contained an appreciable number of TF receptors. Specificity of this reaction was demonstrated by preincubation with non-derivatized TF, which inhibited the binding. This was further confirmed by fractionation of liver cell suspensions on metrizamide gradients. The uptake of either the visual probe or 125I-labeled TF was again limited to the endothelium-rich fraction. Transferrin bound to endothelial membrane was internalized at 37 degrees C, but not at 4 degrees C, via a coated pit system. Again, hepatocytes and Kupffer cells did not internalize the probe. The findings suggest that iron may be first taken up by liver endothelium and then transmitted to parenchymal cells. These results emphasize the generally unappreciated role of endothelium in the transport across the tissue-blood barrier.
RACIAL COMPOSITION OF TELEVISION OFFENDERS AND VIEWERS' FEAR OF CRIME

Scholars, politicians,criminal justice professionals and members ofthe general public frequently link the media tothe United States' crime problem. Although manyscholars have noted the televised constructionof young black males as the stereotypicalcriminal, no study has ever measured how therace-specific content of media messages may berelated to viewers' perceptions and fearsrelating to crime. This article breaks withpast research that analyzes fear of crime byprogram genre, and instead explores the impactof the racial composition of televisionoffenders on viewers' fear of crime. The datainclude a content analysis of twenty-sixcrime-related programs and a telephone surveyof 1492 adults to explore the relationshipbetween television viewing and fear of crime. For African Americans there is a correlationbetween time spent viewing television and fearof crime. For Whites, the relative frequencyof African-American offenders in the televisionprograms is more important for predicting fearof crime than the amount of television theywatch.
Survey on Compromise-Defensive System Design

Conventional enterprise application design methodologies emphasize performance, scalability, and development/maintenance costs. Often such applications deal with access to confidential data (e-commerce, health, etc.). A single flaw in the application may lead to a compromise, exposing computational resources and sensitive data, such as private information, trade secrets, etc. Traditionally, security for enterprise applications focused on prevention; however, recent experience demonstrates that exploitation of infrastructure, operating systems, libraries, frameworks, personnel, etc. are almost unavoidable. While prevention should certainly remain the first line of defense, system architects must also incorporate designs to enable breach containment and response. In this paper, we survey related research on software application design that targets isolation, where the compromise of a single module presents a knowable and scope-limited worst-case impact.
Demonstration of multi-hit and multi-mass capability of 3D imaging in a conventional velocity map imaging experiment.

Coincidence and three-dimensional (3D) imaging offer unique capability in photodissociation and scattering experiments, and a variety of methods have been developed. The basic concept behind all these approaches is to register both the position (x, y) at which the particle hits the detector and the arrival time (t). A novel advance to the time and position sensitive detection was introduced recently by Li and co-workers [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 85(12), 123303 (2014)]. This method utilizes a high-speed digitizer and a computer algorithm along with the camera and detector usually employed in a conventional velocity map imaging apparatus. Due to the normal intensity variations of the ion spots, a correlation can be made between ion intensity recorded by the camera and peak intensity in the digitizer. This makes it possible to associate each ion spot’s position with its respective arrival time, thereby constructing a 3D distribution. The technique was primarily introduced for ultrafast ion and electron imaging experiments at high repetition rate with single or few events per image frame. We have recently succeeded in adapting this approach at low repetition rate. Modifications were done to the initial setup to enhance the acquisition efficiency to obtain and correlate multiple hits per laser shot rather than single-hit events. The results are demonstrated in two experiments, dimethyl amine dissociative ionization at 205 nm and carbonyl sulfide photodissociation at 217 nm, with up to 27 events correlated in a single frame. Temporal and spatial slicing capabilities were achieved with good resolution, giving the photofragment velocity and angular distribution for multiple masses simultaneously.
Acromial spine fracture after reverse total shoulder arthroplasty: a systematic review.

Background Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) accounts for nearly one-third of shoulder arthroplasty utilization nationally. The complication rate has increased concurrently. Consensus is lacking regarding the incidence, etiology, and treatment of acromial or scapular spine fractures after RSA. The purpose of our study was to perform a systematic review of the literature to analyze the occurrence and outcomes of this complication. Methods The MEDLINE, Embase, Google Scholar, and Cochrane databases were queried in late 2017 for combinations of the words “acromial,” “fracture,” “reverse,” “shoulder,” and “arthroplasty.” We included all studies that contained a clearly defined performance of RSA, acromial fracture(s) noted, and treatment (if any) and outcomes of treatment. The initial search yielded 50 studies; 32 met the inclusion criteria. Results Among 3838 RSAs, 159 acromial fractures were reported, for an overall incidence of 4.14%; the mean time to diagnosis from surgery was 9 months (range, 1.3-24 months). Treatments included nonoperative treatment in a sling or abduction brace in 139 cases and open reduction–internal fixation in 20. Regardless of treatment, patients reported inferior function after fracture compared with initially after RSA. Forward flexion was 95° (range, 30°-110°), abduction was 76° (range, 30°-180°), the Constant score was 63 (range, 59-67.5), and the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score was 57 (range, 7-83); all values were reduced compared with patients without fractures. Conclusion This study suggests the occurrence of acromial fractures after RSA is a common event, with a rate of over 4%. These fractures correlate with worse postoperative outcomes regardless of treatment method; open reduction–internal fixation was not shown to be clinically superior despite a limited complication rate. Additional high-quality studies addressing acromial spine fracture after RSA are needed.
(384) Seeking Treatment for TMDs: What Patients Can Expect from Non-Dental Healthcare Providers

The dental profession has long been the primary source for clinical management of patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMDs). However, patients with a facial pain problem may seek diagnosis and/or treatment from other healthcare providers. These providers may be physicians or other doctoral-level practitioners, or they could be members of various allied groups such as physical therapists, occupational therapists, acupuncturists, etc. However, little has been written about what patients might experience if they seek out care on their own outside of the dental profession. Initially, we conducted web searches targeted at the official websites of non-dental health professions who might see a TMD patient – either from referral or from primary presentation. Using various search terms, we searched for statements or published articles indicating their professional interest in TMDs. A google search for the websites of private practitioners in each of the non-dental professions was then conducted to see if individual providers were advertising TMD management. Most of the official websites had little or no information about TMDs, but some members of every group surveyed were offering to treat TMD in their offices. The variety of treatments being offered went far beyond the boundaries of appropriate TMD management in the 21st century. These results are presented with a critical discussion of each concept or practice, and advice for patients to deal with this situation. Despite the generally negative findings, physical therapy emerged as the only ancillary health profession with standardized curriculum on TMJ/D and their management. Therefore, we advocate that when considering non-dental management dentists should refer only to physical therapists with specialized training in head and neck therapy. Furthermore, we emphasize primary referral to dentists with certified post-doctoral training in TMD/orofacial pain prior to considering non-dental options.
Beyond Hidden Figures: Shining a Spotlight on Constructed Hierarchies of Gender, Age, and Elementary Mathematics

This article focuses on conversations about gender and mathematics among other intersecting identities such as age, education level, and professional expertise. I used positioning theory to unpack a conversation at a science museum (between museum volunteer John, prospective teacher Ann, and myself) to share a story about gender and mathematics. I argue that the impact of this conversation from our perspectives as young women who do work in elementary mathematics education should be made visible to recognize and address inequities for women and girls within mathematics and mathematics education spaces. Implications for elementary teacher education include providing opportunities for prospective teachers to share their stories and gendered experiences with attention to intersections of age, gender, and connected disciplinary narratives (in this case, mathematics).
In vitro experimental methods for assessment of prosthetic heart valves

Abstract In vitro experimental testing is an essential component of preclinical assessment of prosthetic heart valves. The advancements in experimental techniques reduce the use of animal models in safety and risk assessment of prosthetic heart valves. Furthermore, experimental methods play an important role in validation of computational models and simulations. The purpose of this chapter is to undertake a review of the currently available and commonly used in vitro methods for assessment of heart valve substitutes. Both hydrodynamic and structural assessment methods will be reviewed and practical implications will be discussed.
Is College Completion Associated with Better Cognition in Later Life for People Who Are the Least, or Most, Likely to Obtain a Bachelor's Degree?

Objectives Drawing on insights from theorizing on cumulative dis/advantage (CDA), we aimed to advance understanding of educational attainment as a protective factor for later-life cognition by examining whether associations between obtaining a bachelor's degree and later-life cognition differ according to individuals' likelihood of completing college based on characteristics in adolescence. Methods We conducted a propensity score analysis with data from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study (WLS). Measures to predict college completion were assessed prospectively in adolescence, and a global measure of later-life cognition was based on cognitive assessments at age 65. Results College completion by age 25 (vs high school only) was associated with better later-life cognition for both men and women. Among men specifically, associations were stronger for those who were less likely as adolescents to complete college. Discussion Results indicate the utility of a CDA perspective for investigating the implications of interconnected early life risk and protective factors for later-life cognition, as well as ways in which college education can both contribute to, as well as mitigate, processes of CDA.
Performance of Perovskite CsPbBr 3 Single Crystal Detector for Gamma-Ray Detection

The lead (Pb) halide perovskites show great potential in X- and gamma-ray detection with a high attenuation coefficient, wide bandgap energy, and large mobility-lifetime ( $\mu \tau $ ) product. Among them, the all-inorganic cesium lead bromide (CsPbBr3) perovskite offers advantages over the organic–inorganic perovskites due to its structural stability. We report gamma-ray detectors made of solution-grown perovskite CsPbBr3 single crystal that is able to produce energy spectra from cesium-137 (137Cs), cobalt-57 (57Co), and americium-241 (241Am) sources with a full-width-half-maximum of 5.5% at 662 keV, 13.1% at 122 keV, and 28.3% at 59.5 keV, respectively. The difference between electron and hole transport properties of CsPbBr3 is demonstrated to have a significant effect on detector spectral performance as evidenced by primarily hole-induced as well as primarily electron-induced gamma-ray spectra. Electron–hole averaged $\mu \tau $ product is evaluated to be 4.0 $\times \,\,10^{-4}$ cm2V−1 by fitting the Hecht equation. A digital pulse processing (DPP) algorithm is also developed to process preamplifier pulses with potentially long transit time (on the order of tens of microseconds) in perovskite detectors, which ensures the elimination of ballistic deficit in subsequent pulse processing for distortion-free energy spectra reconstruction.
Retrospective Review of the Safety and Efficacy of Virtual Reality in a Pediatric Hospital.

Introduction Virtual reality (VR) is an emerging tool for anxiety and fear reduction in pediatric patients. VR use is facilitated by Certified Child Life Specialists (CCLS) at pediatric hospitals. The primary aim of this study was to retrospectively review the safety of VR by analyzing adverse events after the utilization of VR under CCLS supervision. Secondary objectives were to characterize the efficacy of VR in enhancing patient cooperation, describe the integration of VR into Child Life services, and identify interventions that accompanied VR. Methods The Stanford Chariot Program developed VR applications, customized VR interfaces, and patient head straps, and distributed these to CCLS. Chart review analyzed VR utilization through CCLS patient notes. Inclusion criteria were all patients ages 6 to 18-years-old who received a Child Life intervention. Results From June 2017 to July 2018, 31 CCLS saw 8,098 patients, 3,696 of which met age criteria with pre- and post-intervention cooperation data. Two hundred thirteen patients received VR with an accompanying intervention, while 34 patients received only VR. Adverse events were rare, and included increased anxiety (3.8%, n=8), dizziness (0.5%, n=1), and nausea (0.5%, n=1). Patients were more likely to be cooperative after receiving VR (99.5%, n=212) compared to pre-intervention (96.7%, n=206, p=0.041). VR use was most common in the perioperative setting (60%, n=128), followed by outpatient clinics (15%, n=32). Conclusion VR is safe in pediatric patients with appropriate hardware, software, and patient selection. Side effects were rare and self-limited. VR appears to be associated with improvements in cooperation.
Hippocampal Resting-State Functional Connectivity Patterns are More Closely Associated with Severity of Subjective Memory Decline than Whole Hippocampal and Subfield Volumes

The goal of this study was to examine whether hippocampal volume or resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) patterns are associated with subjective memory decline (SMD) in cognitively normal aged adults. Magnetic resonance imaging data from 53 participants (mean age: 71.9 years) of the Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center registry were used in this cross-sectional study. Separate analyses treating SMD as a binary and continuous variable were performed. Subfield volumes were generated using FreeSurfer v6.0, and rsFC strength between the head and body of the hippocampus and the rest of the brain was calculated. Decreased left whole hippocampal volume and weaker rsFC strength between the right body of the hippocampus and the default mode network (DMN) were found in SMD+. Cognitive Change Index score was not correlated with volumetric measures but was inversely correlated with rsFC strength between the right body of the hippocampus and 6 brain networks, including the DMN, task control, and attentional networks. These findings suggest that hippocampal rsFC patterns reflect the current state of SMD in cognitively normal adults and may reflect subtle memory changes that standard neuropsychological tests are unable to capture.
Tension-compression asymmetry effects on the plastic response in bending: new theoretical and numerical results

Abstract At present, the analysis and interpretation of the bending response of isotropic elastic/plastic metallic materials is done based on the assumption that yielding and subsequent plastic deformation under tension and compression are the same. In this paper, we put into evidence analytically and verified through F.E. analyses that even a slight tension-compression asymmetry in yielding of isotropic pressure-insensitive materials leads to very specific behaviour under four-point bending. For this purpose, the isotropic version of Cazacu et al. [1] yield criterion is used. This yield criterion is pressure-insensitive, accounts for third-invariant effects, and involves a unique parameter k which depends solely on the ratio between the yield stress in simple tension and compression, σT/σC; k = 0 corresponding to the von Mises criterion. The theoretical analysis shows that for a material with σT σC yielding sets in at the top outer fiber. As the moment is further increased, a single plastic zone spreads into the cross section starting from the fiber where min (σT, σC) is first reached, the neutral axis being no longer located at the mid-height of the beam, but moving continuously during bending. If the applied load is sufficiently large, yielding also occurs at the other outer fiber and the plastic domain is comprised of two zones, one in tension and the other in compression. The extent of the plastic zones in tension and compression is not the same, namely the extent of each zone and the critical value of the moment when these two zones join being dictated by the tension-compression asymmetry ratio of the material. Most importantly, the stresses in the cross section during loading, and consequently the distribution of residual stresses that remain after unloading are completely different than in the case of a von Mises material. To the author's knowledge these features of the plastic response in bending, which are confirmed by F.E. analyses, have not been previously identified or reported.
Mathematical Flow Determination in Open Channels

THE SHALLOW WATER EQUATIONS FOR FLOW IN OPEN CHANNELS ARE DEVELOPED BY THE METHOD OF CHARACTERISTICS FOR NUMERICAL SOLUTION. TWO METHODS ARE CONSIDERED, BOTH OF WHICH APPLY TO CHANNELS OF ARBITRARY CROSS SECTION. ONE OF THE METHODS IS ALSO VALID IN THE CASE OF OFFSTREAM OR OVERBANK STORAGE. THESE METHODS ARE INTENDED TO BE GENERAL ENOUGH FOR USE WITH NONPRISMATIC, IRREGULAR CHANNELS WITH ARBITRARY INFLOW AND OUTFLOW. ALSO A METHOD IS PRESENTED WHEREBY THE EQUATIONS CAN BE USED TO DETERMINE THE FLOW RATE IN A CHANNEL BY THREE SIMULTANEOUS STAGE MEASUREMENTS. THIS METHOD IS INTENDED TO BE SELF-CHECKING, AND CAN BE USED WHERE STAGE-DISCHARGE CURVES FAIL. LABORATORY EXAMPLES ARE PRESENTED. /AUTHOR/
Pathogenicity of Clostridium perfringens for Germ-Free Guinea Pigs After Oral Ingestion

Germ-free guinea pigs died with signs and lesions of acute enterotoxemia after oral ingestion of C. perfringens types B, C, D, and E. The signs and lesions observed resembled those seen in acute enterotoxemia of sheep and cattle and the naturally occurring disease seen in “ex-germ-free” guinea pigs. C. perfringens type A was found to be innocuous. Conventional guinea pigs did not become ill after ingestion of any of the five toxigenic types.
Evolutionary Psychology, Adaptation and Design

I argue that Evolutionary Psychologists’ notion of adaptationism is closest to what Peter Godfrey-Smith (2001) calls explanatory adaptationism and as a result, is not a good organizing principle for research in the biology of human behavior. I also argue that adopting an alternate notion of adaptationism presents much more explanatory resources to the biology of human behavior. I proceed by introducing Evolutionary Psychology and giving some examples of alternative approaches to the biological explanation of human behavior. Next I characterize adaptation and explain the range of biological phenomena that can count as adaptations. I go onto introduce the range of adaptationist views that have been distinguished by philosophers of biology and lay out explanatory adaptationism in detail.
Statistical database modeling for privacy preserving database generation

Testing of database applications is of great importance. Although various studies have been conducted to investigate testing techniques for database design, relatively few efforts have been made to explicitly address the testing of database applications which requires a large amount of representative data available. As testing over live production databases is often infeasible in many situations due to the high risks of disclosure of confidential information or incorrect updating of real data, in this paper we investigate the problem of generating synthetic database based on a-priori knowledge about production database. Our approach is to fit general location model using various characteristics (e.g., constraints, statistics, rules) extracted from production database and then generate synthetic data using model learnt. As characteristics extracted may contain information which may be used by attacker to derive some confidential information, we present a disclosure analysis method which is based on cell suppression technique. Our method is effective and efficient to remove aggregate private information during data generation.
Necessary optimality and suboptimality conditions for nonsmooth problems

The paper aims to develop some basic tools of nonconvex variational analysis with applications to necessary suboptimality and optimality conditions for constrained optimization problems in infinite dimensions. We establish a certain subdifferential variational principle as a new characterization of Asplund spaces and reveal the so-called sequential normal compactness properties of constraint sets that play an essential role in an infinite-dimensional variational analysis and its applications. In light of these tools we obtain new necessary conditions for suboptimal and optimal solutions in general nonsmooth optimization problems with equality, inequality, and set constraints in Asplund spaces.