cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using Sensor Signals to Analyze Fires

Building fire sensors are capable of supplying substantially more information to the fire service than just the simple detection of a possible fire. Nelson, in 1984, recognized the importance of tying all the building sensors to a smart fire panel [1]. In order to accomplish a smart fire panel configuration such as envisioned by Nelson, algorithms must be developed that convert the analog/digital signals received from sensors to the heat release rate (HRR) of the fire. Once the HRR of the fire is known, a multiroom zone fire model can be used to determine smoke layers and temperatures in the other rooms of the building. This information can then be sent to the fire service providing it with an approximate overview of the fire scenario in the building. This paper will describe a ceiling jet algorithm that is being developed to predict the heat release rate (HRR) of a fire using signals from smoke and gas sensors. The prediction of this algorithm will be compared with experiments. In addition, an example of the predictions from a sensor-driven fire model, SDFM, using signals from heat sensors, will be compared with measurements from a full-scale, two-story, flashover townhouse fire.
AS-TRUST: a trust quantification scheme for autonomous systems in BGP

The Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) works by frequently exchanging updates that disseminate reachability information about IP prefixes (i.e., IP address blocks) between Autonomous Systems (ASes) on the Internet. The ideal operation of BGP relies on three major behavioral assumptions (BAs): (1) information contained in the update is legal and correct, (2) a route to a prefix is stable, and (3) the route adheres to the valley free routing policy. The current operation of BGP implicitly trusts all ASes to adhere to these assumptions. However, several documented violation of these assumptions attest to the fact that such an assumption of trust is perilous. This paper presents AS-TRUST, a scheme that comprehensively characterizes the trustworthiness of ASes with respect to their adherence of the behavioral assumptions. AS-TRUST quantifies trust using the notion of AS reputation. To compute reputation, AS-TRUST analyzes updates received in the past. It then classifies the resulting observations into multiple types of feedback. The feedback is used by a reputation function that uses Bayesian statistics to compute a probabilistic view of AS trustworthiness. This information can then be used for improving quotidian BGP operation by enabling improved route preference and dampening decision making at the ASes. Our implementation of AS-TRUST scheme using publicly available BGP traces demonstrates: (1) the number of ASes involved in violating the BGP behavioral assumptions is significant, and (2) the proposed reputation mechanism provides multi-fold improvement in the ability of ASes to operate in the presence of BA violations.
The initial stages of homoepitaxy: scanning tunneling microscopy experiments and Monte Carlo simulations

Results are presented of a scanning tunneling microscopy study of AgAg(1 0 0) homoepitaxy. We examine both submonolayer nucleation and growth of two-dimensional islands, for temperatures between 295 and 370 K, and the initial stages of multilayer kinetic roughening at 295 K. Comparison with results of Monte Carlo simulations for an appropriate model for metal(1 0 0) homoepitaxy produces estimates of 330 ± 5 meV for the terrace diffusion barrier, and an effective value of 30 ± 5 meV for the additional step-edge barrier (assuming a common prefactor of 1012/s). We also assess adatom-adatom bonding by analyzing the transition from irreversible to reversible island formation.
The diffusion of collective violence : Infectiousness, susceptibility, and mass media networks

Using recent advances in event history diffusion modeling, this article reexamines the diffusion of racial rioting in the United States from 1964–71, uncovering several important aspects of diffusion not evident from prior analyses. First, riots are not independent events, and modeling them as such results in an inadequate understanding of the violence wave. Second, cities not only have differential intrinsic propensities to riot, but also different levels of responsiveness and resistance to diffusion from other riots. Third, implied networks related to mass media distribution provide the pathway along which riot diffusion is transmitted. These combined results underscore the necessity of conceptualizing riots as a series of interdependent events, which diffuse in different patterns depending on the characteristics of the riot and the city in which it occurs, and they further accentuate the paramount importance of the mass media in creating and sustaining collective violence and protest waves.
Broadcast News Handbook

C. A. Tuggle, Forrest Carr, and Suzanne Huffman. Broadcast News Handbook (3rd Ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2007, 291 pp., Appendix, CD-ROM, ISBN-13: 978-0-07-352609-6, $50.
A numerically efficient procedure for the Theil-Van de Panne quadratic programming method

A procedure is given for implementing the Theil-Van de Panne algorithm, which utilizes the Cholesky decomposition to reduce the computations involved in matrix inversions.
Robust performance design of PID controllers for time-delay systems with a Smith predictor

Time delays in the feedback loop complicate the analysis and design of the closed-loop system. The use of a Smith predictor in combination with a Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller is a well-known technique for dealing with these delays in stable systems. In this paper, a graphical method is introduced for finding all stabilizing PID controllers that satisfy a robust performance constraint for any arbitrary order stable transfer function with time delay when a Smith predictor is used. The use of a Smith predictor tends to increase the size of the set of all PID controllers that satisfy the robust performance constraint in the controller parameter space. A numerical example is used to compare the set of PID controllers with and without a Smith predictor.
Early lead challenge and subsequent hypertension in Sprague-Dawley rats.

The consequences of chronic, low grade lead (Pb) burden from earlier exposure on development of hypertension (HT) and cardiovascular disease is, at best, controversial, even though many epidemiological studies suggest the possibility. Accordingly, we examined ability of a short-term Pb challenge to cause later developing HT in rats.We gave 12 newly weaned Sprague-Dawley rats (SD) a 1% Pb acetate solution to drink for 6 weeks, while 12 control rats drank water. The rats were further subdivided into groups consuming high and low amounts of sugar. All rats were followed for 4 months after cessation of the Pb challenge.Early Pb challenge caused no significant changes in body weight (BW) from controls; however, systolic blood pressures (SBP) of rats initially receiving Pb continued to rise significantly above their respective dietary controls for months after cessation of challenge. While a high sugar diet alone was associated with elevated SBP, high sugar consumers also challenged with Pb had the highest SBP....
Muon and Electron Number Nonconservation in a V-A Gauge Model

We analyze muon and electron lepton-number nonconservation in a pure V-A gauge model. The rates for ..mu.. ..-->.. e..gamma.., ..mu.. ..-->.. eee-bar, and K/sub L/ ..-->.. ..mu..e-bar are computed for this model. We find that for a reasonable range of neutral heavy-lepton mass these rates are in accord with, but not extremely small compared to, present experimental bounds. We comment on the nonorthogonality of ..nu../sub e/ and ..nu../sub ..mu../, and interesting features of the L/sup -/ decays.
Plane Poiseuille flow: Near continuum results for a rigid sphere gas

Abstract In Poiseuille flow between two parallel plates, the bulk flow is characterized by the Burnett distribution. We report explicit results for this distribution by solving numerically the relevant integral equations for a rigid sphere gas in the context of the linearized Boltzmann equation. Then, we use this distribution together with the Chapman-Enskog distribution to obtain asymptotic results (near-continuum) for mass and heat fluxes corresponding to planar thermal transpiration and mechanocaloric effects.
Improving the estimation precision for a selected parameter in multiple regression analysis: an algebraic approach

Abstract An estimator for a parameter of particular interest in a multiple regression model is proposed. Asymptotic and small sample properties of the estimator are described. Formulae to calculate the proposed estimate and its MSE from existing OLS results are provided.
A retrospective cohort mortality study of workers exposed to formaldehyde in the garment industry.

In order to assess the possible human carcinogenicity of formaldehyde we conducted a retrospective cohort mortality study of workers exposed for at least three months to formaldehyde in three garment facilities which produced permanent press garments. A total of 11,030 workers contributing 188,025 person-years were included in the study. Vital status was successfully ascertained through 1982 for over 96% of the cohort. The average (TWA) formaldehyde exposure at the three plants monitored in 1981 and 1984 by NIOSH was 0.15 ppm but past exposures may have been substantially higher. In general, mortality from nonmalignant causes was less than expected. A statistically significant excess in mortality from cancers of the buccal cavity (SMR = 343) and connective tissue (SMR = 364) was observed. Statistically nonsignificant excesses in mortality were observed for cancers of the trachea, bronchus and lung (SMR = 114), pharynx (SMR = 112), bladder (SMR = 145), leukemia and aleukemia (SMR = 113), and other lymphopoietic neoplasms (SMR = 170). Mortality from cancers of the trachea, bronchus and lung was inversely related to duration of exposure and latency. In contrast, mortality from cancers of the buccal cavity, leukemias, and other lymphopoietic neoplasms increased with duration of formaldehyde exposure and/ormore » latency. These neoplasms also were found to be highest among workers first exposed during a time period of high potential formaldehyde exposures in this industry (1955-1962). However, it should be recognized that these findings are based on relatively small numbers and that confounding by other factors may still exist. The results from this investigation, although far from conclusive, do provide evidence of a possible relationship between formaldehyde exposure and the development of upper respiratory cancers (buccal), leukemias, and other lymphopoietic neoplasms in humans.« less
Biphasic anaphylactic reactions.

Objective To examine the impact of the second phase of a biphasic response on the required observation time after resolution of symptoms that occurred during the initial phase. Data Sources We performed a MEDLINE search of the literature for studies published between January 1970 and January 2005 on biphasic response using the keywords anaphylaxis, biphasic anaphylaxis, late phase reaction , and early phase reaction . Study Selection Prospective studies, retrospective studies, and case reports were selected for inclusion in this review. Results The incidence of biphasic anaphylactic reactions as described in the literature is highly variable, ranging from a low of 1% to a high of 20% of episodes. There is no clear consensus regarding distinguishing features of the primary response that predicts the occurrence of a secondary response. However, the severity of the reaction, the time of onset after administration of antigen before the occurrence of symptoms of the primary response, the presence of hypotension or laryngeal edema during the primary response, and the history of a previous biphasic reaction have all been mentioned as risk factors in various studies. The severity of the late-phase reaction is highly variable, and events have ranged from mild to severe with rare fatalities. Most late-phase reactions, however, are mild to moderate in severity. A delay in the administration of epinephrine and too small a dose of epinephrine given for the primary response have also been mentioned as risk factors. It is unclear whether corticosteroids given for the primary event can prevent or ameliorate the second reaction. Conclusions Biphasic responses occur with significant frequency and therefore should be taken into consideration when one considers the observation period after the initial event. An observation period of 8 hours is sufficient for most reactions, but since reactions can occur as long as 72 hours after resolution of the primary event, some authors have recommended a 24-hour waiting period.
Direct determination of the electron energy confinement time of a tokamak plasma

Abstract A method of determining the electron energy confinement time τ E is presented which does not require the absolute electron temperatures and densities, or their spatial profiles. A short heating pulse is applied to the plasma; the subsequent decay of electron temperature yields τ E .
Does poor health predict moving, move quality, and desire to move?: A study examining neighborhood selection in US adolescents and adults

To date, research has rarely considered the role of health in shaping characteristics of the neighborhood, including mobility patterns. We explored whether individual health status shapes and constrains where individuals live. Using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health data, we examined whether 16 health indicators predicted moving, move quality, and desire to move. 3.8% of adolescents (n=490) reported a move in the past year. In the unadjusted models, 10 health indicators were associated with moving; the magnitude of association for these health indicators was similar to socio-demographic characteristics. 7 of these health-moving associations persisted after adjusting for covariates. Health was also associated with moving quality, with a greater number of past year health problems in the child being associated with moving to a lower income neighborhood and parent disability or poor health being associated with moving to a higher income neighborhood. Almost every poor health status indicator was associated with a greater desire to move. Findings suggest that health status influences moving, and a reciprocal framework is more appropriate for examining health-neighborhood linkages.
Low-Field Magnetic Separation of Monodisperse Fe3O4 Nanocrystals

Magnetic separations at very low magnetic field gradients (<100 tesla per meter) can now be applied to diverse problems, such as point-of-use water purification and the simultaneous separation of complex mixtures. High-surface area and monodisperse magnetite (Fe3O4) nanocrystals (NCs) were shown to respond to low fields in a size-dependent fashion. The particles apparently do not act independently in the separation but rather reversibly aggregate through the resulting high-field gradients present at their surfaces. Using the high specific surface area of Fe3O4 NCs that were 12 nanometers in diameter, we reduced the mass of waste associated with arsenic removal from water by orders of magnitude. Additionally, the size dependence of magnetic separation permitted mixtures of 4- and 12-nanometer-sized Fe3O4 NCs to be separated by the application of different magnetic fields.
Infradiaphragmatic Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Drainage: New Diagnostic, Physiologic, and Surgical Considerations

Numerous diagnostic pitfalls were noted among 6 infants with infradiaphragmatic total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage, including prolonged moderate respiratory distress in 2 infants, normal cardiac examination in 2, normal electrocardiograms in 2, arterial PO2 in excess of 100 torr in 3 cases, right radial/umbilical arterial PO2 gradients consistent with significant right-to-left ductal shunting in 2 of 4 cases, misleading M-mode echocardiography in 2 of 4 cases, and missed diagnosis at initial cardiac catheterization despite pulmonary angiography in 1 case. Helpful radiographic features included small heart, congested lungs, and pleural effusions in all 6 cases, and visualization of the anomalous trunk overlying the liver on slightly rotated abdominal flat plates in both cases so examined. Bedside umbilical venous catheterization was pathognomonic in 3 cases and suggestive of the diagnosis in the fourth case. Cross-sectional echocardiography was diagnostic in the 1 case in which it was employed. Intraoperative and postoperative pulmonary hypertension led to the demise of the 4 infants who survived long enough to undergo surgery. In addition to early diagnosis, measures to insure maximal decompression of the pulmonary circuit at surgery should improve survival.
Influence of methanol and hexane on soil adsorption of atrazine

The increasing frequency of chemically contaminated groundwater, occurring as a result of improperly managed waste disposal or accidental spills, presents a need for research on the fate of chemical mixtures in the soil. The batch equilibration technique was used to measure adsorption of 14C ring-labeled atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine) for a Palouse silt loam (Pachic Ultic Haploxeroll) and a Pembroke silty clay loam (Typic Paleudalf). The solution phase consisted of mixtures of methanol-water and hexane-water containing up to 33.3 % organic solvent by volume. Aqueous solubility limited atrazine concentrations to 100 μmol L−1 except for an additional isotherm determined in 33.3 methanol-water at up to 1542 μmol L−1 The Freundlich adsorption coefficient indicated that the Palouse adsorbed more atrazine than the Pembroke with K values of 4.95 and 0.54, respectively. Both soils showed a significant decrease in K as the percentage methanol increased. Adsorption isotherms from a 33. 3 methanol-water system were of the Freundlich type for atrazine concentrations of 0.25 to 1542 μmol L−1. In the hexane-water systems, K decreased as the fraction of hexane increased and the Pembroke soil adsorbed less atrazine than the Palouse soil. These results suggest that the introduction of nonaqueous solvents such as methanol and hexane decreased adsorption and increased the potential for atrazine mobility.
Complementary Research Methods in Humanistic and Transpersonal Psychology: A Case for Methodological Pluralism

Although experiences of positive psychological states such as self-actualization, love, happiness, meaning, authenticity, and spiritual connection are of interest to a number of psychologists, they are also difficult to study with rigorous scientific methods. This article argues that a complementary approach, or methodological pluralism, is appropriate and adequate for such study. The underpinnings of two approaches to psychological research methods, natural science and human science, are reviewed. Although these two approaches typically lead to different research strategies, quantitative and qualitative methods respectively, they have common values in assessing the truth-value of research claims, consistency of research findings, and neutrality of scientific conclusions. Three examples of research using complementary approaches are given: life satisfaction, meditation, and nature-based peak experiences.
Exact and heuristic methods for public transit circulator design

This work presents a new mixed integer model for a single-route circulator design problem. An exact method that performs well in practice on medium-sized networks is presented that utilizes 1-trees as lower bounds and a stopping criterion relevant in non-Steiner networks. Proof of the correctness of this stopping criterion is provided. A heuristic method is presented for large networks. Both methods are tested on sample networks along a commuter rail line in Austin, TX in several problem variations and results of these tests presented. The practical and theoretical implications of this work are outlined.
Identification of challenged subarachnoid free cells

Three distinct types of free cell contours are recognizable in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on the leptomeningeal sheaths of dogs twelve days after an intrathecal injection of bacillus of dogs twelve days after an intrathecal injection of bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG). Macrophages posses abundant plasmalemnal blebs which are shown in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to be composed of large membrane-bound vacuoles. Smooth surfaced lymphoblasts exhibit many basal microvilli that rest upon and often indent the plasmalemma of an underlying pial cell. Neutrophils display many microvilli over their rounded, chrysanthemum-like surfaces. The consistency with which these external features are expressed suggests that each cell type possesses characteristic surface topography, at least under these conditions of challenge.
Falsifying economic models

Abstract This paper presents a methodology for employing qualitative and econometric methods for refuting, or falsifying, the hypothesis presented by an economic model expressed in its structural form. The emphasis of the analysis is upon less than fully quantitative specifications of the structural form, e.g., (as here) where only the sign patterns of the arrays expressing the structural model are known. The method presented enables a structural model to be refuted regardless of its state of identification. It is found that different structural models can be equivalent in terms of the criteria they support that enable falsification. Procedures are presented that allow models to be refuted that are only expressed in terms of their algebraic form. Examples are provided for an early, over-identified macroeconomic model and an under-identified microeconomic model.
Corruption, Bribery and Patriarchy in Tanzania

This is an ethnography of the political culture of Tanzania as compared to the political culture of the United States. Endemic and harmful corruption among the political leadership of Tanzania and the United States alike stems from widespread popular equation of order with patriarchy, made worse by extending the logic of patriarchy to belief that social order and welfare rest on the strength of the nation state. The Tanzanian war on corruption and ensuing shutdown of the University of Dar es Salaam during the first half of 1990 affirm the radical feminist premise that the models of legitimacy we apply in the privacy of our families are identical to and inseparable from the models of legitimacy employeed domestically and internationally by our political leaders. Corruption and other violence are more directly expressed in Tanzania and more indirectly expressed by Americans who as a consequence are more enslaved to corruption and violence than Tanzanians. The contrast in Tanzanian and U.S. political cultures and the nature of patriarchy itself leads to a set of paradoxes about achieving freedom from corruption through exercise of patriarchal state power—as that children who are the ultimate victims of corruption are at once most blamed by adults, more responsive to change than adults, and unable to change as long as they remain the subjects of patriarchal discipline. Bribery is not necessarily a part of the problem of corruption but is a part of the solution. Freedom from corruption basically requires democratic accountability. Tanzanians and Americans are linked symbiotically: neither people can free themselves from corruption without before the other. There is no logical starting point for a patriarchal approach to freeing people from corruption. On the other hand radically effective emancipation from corruption is occurring across Tanzania and the United States.
Interactions among the effects of normorphine, calcium and magnesium on transmitter release in the mouse vas deferens.

Abstract 1 Excitatory junction potentials (e. j. ps) were recorded with intracellular electrodes from smooth muscle cells of the mouse vas deferens. 2 The dependence of the e.j.p. amplitude on the extracellular calcium ion concentration was determined in the absence or presence of normorphine (50 nM-1 microM) or magnesium (1.2-4.8 mM). 3 The interaction between normorphine and calcium was non-competitive beyond a dose-ratio of 1.5, whereas the interaction between magnesium and calcium was competitive up to the highest dose-ratio investigated (1.9). 4 It is suggested that inhibition by normorphine occurs at least partly by a mechanism different from that of magnesium.
Obsessive compulsive disorder differences between washers and checkers

Abstract In the present study, several hypotheses were examined regarding differences between subtypes of obsessive-compulsive ritualizers with respect to the types of cues for fears, the degree of fear and avoidance exhibited and parental characteristics. The sample consisted of 36 washers and 23 checkers. No differences on demographic variables were observed. Washers' fears were triggered more by environmental stimuli than checkers', whose fears tended to focus more on concern with preventing future harm. More fears and greater passive avoidance was exhibited by washers than by checkers. Checkers more often perceived their mothers as meticulous and demanding than did washers. The possible implications of these findings for the application of exposure treatment methods are discussed.
An Efficient Grid-Based Representation Of Arbitrary Object Boundaries

We present an efficient scheme for representing irregular object boundaries which belongs to the grid-based chain coding family. The scheme which is called polycurve codes extends the chain coding family, e.g., chain codes and generalized chain codes, by employing predefined circular-arc segments as boundary approximators in addition to straight-line segments. Each circular-arc segment in polycurve codes is predefined around the associated line segment and labeled as an integer. Polycurve codes enables direct extraction and labeling of high-level line and arc segments from arbitrary boundaries. Once the object boundaries are encoded by poly-curve codes, feature calculation and shape analysis may be done solely based on the look-up table indexed by the integer labels. Experimental results show that polycurve codes improve performance, such as compactness and encoding time, over the existing chain coding family.
Nutritional Value and Acceptability of Cookies With White Wheat Fiber, Corn Fiber and Wheat Bran

Abstract The study was conducted to investigate the nutritional quality and sensory properties of chocolate chip cookies with different substitutions for fiber. Cookies were prepared with 25% and 50% substitutions of all-purpose flour (AP) with white wheat fiber (WWF), corn fiber (CF) and wheat bran (WB). Nutrient content of cookie doughs was computed from food tables. A total of 25 semi-trained judges participated in the sensory evaluation using 1 (dislike extremely) to 9 (like extremely) hedonic scale. There was a reduction of energy and an increase in fiber content of test cookies. Fiber content of test cookie doughs was increased by 2.7% to 12.7%. Of all the high fiber products, cookies prepared with 50% WB received the highest scores for color (6.92±1.71), crispiness (6.88±1.43), texture (6.76±1.37), flavor (6.72±1.35), mouth feel (6.88±1.42) and overall acceptability (6.80±1.37). Control cookies made with 100% AP received the highest ratings for acceptability (7.30±1.23). Cookies made with 50% WWF received the lowest acceptability score of 2.88±1.55. Mean acceptability scores of cookies made with 25% and 50% WB were not significantly different from control cookies (p
Comparative Analysis of IR and Vibrational Circular Dichroism Spectra for a Series of Camphor-Related Molecules

The absorption spectra and vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) spectra in the mid-IR range 1600−950 cm−1 of 10 camphor-related compounds have been recorded and compared to DFT calculated spectra at the B3PW91/TZ2P level and have been examined together with the corresponding data of the parent molecules. The rigidity of the bridged structure common to all compounds investigated permits (a) identification of three spectroscopic regions in the mid-IR range that can be “used” separately by the interested stereochemist for structural diagnosis and assignment of some major characteristics of the VCD spectra in these regions to what we call “skeletal chiral sense” and (b) recognition of possible conformers for flexible substituent groups, when present. VCD spectra of the 10 molecules have been recorded and analyzed also in the CH-stretching region, 3100−2800 cm−1. Here, we have been able to identify and characterize features of vibrational excitons by comparison of data within the 10-molecule class. To find a t...
Inherent chirality dominates the visible/near-ultraviolet CD spectrum of rhodopsin.

The visible (α) and near-UV (β) CD bands of rhodopsin have been studied extensively, but their source(s) have never been definitively established. Do they result from the intrinsic chirality of the polyene chromophore of the protonated Schiff base of retinal (retPSB) or from the coupling of the transitions of this chromophore with those of protein groups? We have calculated the contributions of these two mechanisms to the CD of rhodopsin. The intrinsic CD of the retPSB chromophore was calculated using time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) and, for comparison, the semiempirical ZINDO method. First-order perturbation theory was used to calculate the effects of coupling of the retPSB transitions with the ππ* transitions of the aromatic chromophores and the ππ* and nπ* transitions of the peptide groups in rhodopsin. Calculations were performed for eight structures based upon the two molecules in the asymmetric unit of four crystal structures. The most reliable results were obtained from TDDFT calcu...
Fine needle aspiration of osteogenic sarcoma metastatic to the lung. A report of four cases.

BACKGROUND: Osteogenic sarcoma (OGS) is a relatively rare, highly malignant neoplasm of bone with a tendency to metastasize to the lung. Resection of pulmonary metastases in selected instances can increase survival and likelihood of a cure. To date, fine needle aspiration (FNA) of OGS had been well characterized in primary sites of bone and soft tissue. CASES: Four patients with a history of OGS presented with lung nodules suspected to be metastatic disease. All were evaluated initially by radiographically assisted FNA. In all cases FNA showed spindled or osteoblastlike cells. Two cases demonstrated stromal elements: chondroid or osteoid matrix in one case each of chondrobiastic and conventional OGS. All four cases had histologic confirmation of metastatic OGS in the form of subsequent surgical resection of the lung nodules. CONCLUSION: New pulmonary nodules in a patient with known malignancy is almost always metastatic disease. In a patient with a history of OGS, the diagnosis is extremely likely to be metastatic OGS, but a few other entities may occur. Although these entities are rare, their occasional occurrence could argue for preoperative confirmation of the lung lesion as malignant prior to subjecting the patient to pulmonary resection. Our findings show FNA features of OGS that have been previously observed in primary sites. These findings are specific enough to diagnose metastases if the patient has known primary OGS.
Patient, staff and physician satisfaction: a new model, instrument and their implications

Purpose – Customer satisfaction's importance is well‐documented in the marketing literature and is rapidly gaining wide acceptance in the healthcare industry. The purpose of this paper is to introduce a new customer‐satisfaction measuring method – Reichheld's ultimate question – and compare it with traditional techniques using data gathered from four healthcare clinics.Design/methodology/approach – A new survey method, called the ultimate question, was used to collect patient satisfaction data. It was subsequently compared with the data collected via an existing method.Findings – Findings suggest that the ultimate question provides similar ratings to existing models at lower costs.Research limitations/implications – A relatively small sample size may affect the generalizability of the results; it is also possible that potential spill‐over effects exist owing to two patient satisfaction surveys administered at the same time.Practical implications – This new ultimate question method greatly improves the pro...
Measurement of biogenic sulfur emissions from soils and vegetation using dynamic enclosure methods: Total sulfur gas emissions via MFC/FD/FPD determinations

Metal foil collection/flash desorption/flame photometric detection (MFC/FD/FPD) was one of the analytical methods used to measure emissions of gaseous, sulfur-containing compounds from several terrestrial natural sources during a cooperative field program in the summer of 1985. Nonspeciated, total sulfur gas emissions were determined by using the MFC/FD/FPD technique in combination with a Nafion Perma-Pure drying device to sample air from three designs of dynamic enclosure chambers. These enclosures were placed over various soil orders and vegetation in the vicinity of field sites in Iowa and Ohio previously examined during the 1977–80 SURE study of biogenic sulfur fluxes. Because of the sensitivity and detection characteristics of the MFC/FD/FPD technique, it was possible to obtain measurements on enclosure air samples that were collected for relatively short time periods,. e.g., 1 to 5 min. The magnitudes of these time-resolved, total sulfur gas emissions are correlated exponentially with internal enclosure air temperatures. Potential errors and uncertainties associated with this application of the MFC/FD/FPD methodology are assessed.
Effect of Temperature, Ionic Strength, Background Electrolytes, and Fe(III) on the Reduction of Hexavalent Chromium by Soil Humic Substances

The rate of hexavalent chromium reduction by soil humic substances (SHSs) was investigated in aqueous solutions where the temperature, ionic strength, background electrolyte, [Fe(III)], and [Cr(III)] were independently varied. Rate experiments were conducted with an excess of SHS over Cr(VI). An Arrenhius plot for the reduction of Cr(VI) by a soil fulvic acid and a soil humic acid indicates that the activation enthalpies for oxidation of these substances are nearly the same (63 ± 1 and 61 ± 3 kJ mol-1, respectively) and the activation entropies are significantly different (−160 ± 5 and −203 ± 9 J mol-1 K-1, respectively). Rates of reduction are not significantly altered due to changes in either background electrolyte or ionic strength. The presence of Cr(III) slightly inhibits the rate of reduction by soil humic acid, but not that of soil fulvic acid. Ferric iron increases the rate of Cr(VI) reduction, even when only a small amount of Fe(III) is added to the system. Fe may enhance the reduction of Cr(VI) ...
Preparation of a Si3N4/SiC nanocomposite by high-pressure sintering of polymer precursor derived powders

Abstract Interest in nanocrystalline ceramics has motivated a need for processing that limits grain growth. In this current research, Si 3 N 4 /SiC nanocomposites were produced by high-pressure sintering of polymer precursor derived amorphous Si–N–C powder. The resulting microstructure yielded equiaxed grains of Si 3 N 4 , SiC and Si 2 N 2 O of about 50 nm.
Effects related to Stevenson's rule in mass spectral intensity correlations

According to Stevenson's rule, there is a possibility that the chloromethyl and bromomethyl ions in the spectra of alkylhalides may not be formed from the molecular ion by processes described by electronic ground states alone. Since ion intensities at 75 eV are generally considered to be governed by appearance potentials, the operation of Stevenson's rule should influence correlations of intensity data according to the kinetic approach to mass spectra. Deviations from linearity were obtained in correlations of CH2Br+ intensities, but not in those of CH2CL+. Stevenson's rule is of help in explaining the deviations, but by its nature it is not absolute in predicting their occurrence with certainty. Consequently caution must be exercised in the interpretation of new data, particularly for aliphatic compounds.
P02.135. Measuring mindfulness: which aspects of mindfulness change following a brief telehealth intervention for PTSD?

Methods Participants were 24 male combat veterans with PTSD aged 23 to 66 (M=55.2). Participants were randomized to either a mindfulness telehealth intervention or a PTSD psychoeducation telehealth condition. Both interventions consisted of two in-person and six telephone individual sessions. Measures were collected preand post-treatment and at 6-week follow-up and included the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS), the White Bear Suppression Inventory (WBSI), and the Five Facets of Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ).
Antipsychotic use in elderly patients with dementia: Efficacy and safety concerns

Behavioral and psychiatric symptoms of dementia (BPSD) refer to a heterogeneous group of symptoms that represent non-cognitive complications of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other dementias. Current...
Impedance Matching Probes for Wireless Applications

This work describes the motivation, technology, design, and performance of impedance matching probes that address the needs of wireless applications. The impedance matching solution can be implemented in two distinctly different technologies, air-coplanar and thin-film membrane. Impedance matched probes offer improved load-pull characterization of power, gain and efficiency, and accurate characterization of devices with non-standard impedances.
Combined thermal and elastic modeling of the normal and tumorous breast

The abnormal thermogram has been shown to be a reliable indicator of a high risk of breast cancer, but an open question is how to quantify the complex relationships between the breast thermal behaviors and the underlying physiological/pathological conditions. Previous thermal modeling techniques generally did not utilize the breast geometry determined by the gravity-induced elastic deformations arising from various body postures. In this paper, a 3-D finite-element method is developed for combined modeling of the thermal and elastic properties of the breast, including the mechanical nonlinearity associated with large deformations. The effects of the thermal and elastic properties of the breast tissues are investigated quantitatively. For the normal breast in a standing/sitting up posture, the gravity-induced deformation alone is found to be able to cause an asymmetric temperature distribution even though all the thermal/elastic properties are symmetrical, and this temperature asymmetry increases for softer and more compressible breast tissues. For a tumorous breast, we found that the surface-temperature alterations generally can be recognizable for superficial tumors at depths less than 20 mm. Tumor size plays a less important role than the tumor depth in determining the tumor-induced temperature difference. This result may imply that a higher thermal sensitivity is critical for a breast thermogram system when deeper tumors are present, even if the tumor is relatively large. We expect this new method to provide a stronger foundation for, and greater specificity and precision in, thermographic diagnosis and treatment of breast tumors.
Quantum dot infrared photodetector enhanced by surface plasma wave excitation

Up to a thirty-fold detectivity enhancement is achieved for an InAs quantum dot infrared photodetector (QDIP) by the excitation of surface plasma waves (SPWs) using a metal photonic crystal (MPC) integrated on top of the detector absorption region. The MPC is a 100 nm-thick gold film perforated with a 3.6 microm period square array of circular holes. A bare QDIP shows a bias-tunable broadband response from approximately 6 to 10 microm associated with the quantum confined Stark (QCS) effect. On the other hand, an MPC-integrated QDIP exhibits a dominant peak at 11.3 microm with a approximately 1 microm full width at half maximum and the highly enhanced detectivity at the bias polarity optimized for long wavelength. This is very different from the photoresponse of the bare QDIP but fully consistent with the direct coupling of the QDs in the detector absorption region to the SPWs excited at the MPC/detector interface by incident photons. The SPW resonance wavelength, lambda, for the smallest coupling wavevector of the array in the MPC is close to 11.3 microm. The response also shows other SPW-coupled peaks: a significant peak at 8.1 microm (approximately lambda/radical2) and noticeable peaks at 5.8 microm (approximately lambda/2) and 5.4 microm (approximately lambda/ radical5) which correspond to higher-order coupling wavevectors. For the opposite bias, the MPC-integrated QDIP shows the highest response at 8.1 microm, providing a dramatic voltage tunability that is associated with QCS effect. SPWs propagate with TM (x, z) polarization along the MPC/detector interface. The enhanced detectivity is explained by these characteristics which increase both the effective absorption cross section with propagation and the interaction strength with TM polarization in the coupling to the QDs. Simulations show good qualitative agreement with the observed spectral behavior.
Glacial geology of western Hudson Strait, Canada, with reference to Laurentide Ice Sheet dynamics

Hudson Strait is a large marine trough that connected the marine-based interior of the Laurentide Ice Sheet with the ocean. Field investigations of the glacial geology of western Hudson Strait have helped to define the role of the strait in Laurentide Ice Sheet dynamics. In general, ice converged on western Hudson Strait from the north, west, and south. Upon reaching the strait, ice flowing from Foxe and Ungava Peninsulas turned eastward within less than 10 km of the coast to parallel eastwardly flowing ice in the strait. Glacial erosion of western Hudson Strait is identified as slight. The texture, carbonate content, pH, and the presence of several types of erratics distinguish till on Nottingham, Salisbury, and Mill Islands in western Hudson Strait from till on southern Foxe Peninsula and northern Ungava Peninsula. Till on the islands is characterized by higher pH and higher proportions of silt, clay, and carbonate than till on either adjacent peninsula. In addition, the presence of red sandstones, porphyritic intrusives, stromatolites, omarolluks, and iron formation are restricted to the islands with few exceptions that can be explained by ice rafting. Carbonate is present in the pebble and boulder fractions of till on Foxe Peninsula and in all fractions of till on the islands but is absent from till on Ungava Peninsula. These data suggest that ice from distant and widely distributed source regions affected western Hudson Strait and along with evidence for a rapid change in ice-flow direction along the margins of Hudson Strait suggest that the strait was occupied by a relatively fast-moving ice stream that had a substantial impact on the interior of the ice sheet through downdraw.
The Demise of Peace Treaties in Interstate War

The conclusion of peace treaties following war was a norm of international politics for millennia. Since approximately 1950, however, the rate at which interstate wars have ended with a formal peace treaty has declined dramatically. I argue that the costs of concluding peace treaties have risen with the development of the modern canon of the law of war. Using an original data set, I find that states today prefer to avoid admitting to a state of war and risk placing their leaders and soldiers at risk of punishment for any violations of the law of war.
Fatty Acid Composition of Blood Serum Lipoproteins from Normal and Ketotic Cows

Abstract Fatty acid analyses of α- and β -lipoproteins of normal, subclinical, and clinical ketotic cows during the early part of lactation have been performed. Sufficient data were obtained to reveal a large degree of individual animal variation. Nevertheless, significant differences between normal and ketotic cows regarding the α-lipoproteins' composition were detected. The β -lipoproteins show distinct fatty acid compositional trends, but the amount of individual variation obviates statistical significance. The data were interpreted as indicating alteraions in lipoprotein structure and supported the postulation that a breakdown in lipid and protein transport may be a primary event in bovine ketosis.
Pulmonary Phaeohyphomycosis Caused by Phaeoacremonium in a Kidney Transplant Recipient: Successful Treatment with Posaconazole

We report a rare case of pulmonary phaeohyphomycosis in a 49-year-old woman 6 years after kidney transplantation. She presented with dyspnea, cough, and fatigue. Her chest CT scan revealed nodular opacities in the right upper lung. A fine needle aspirate biopsy culture yielded Phaeoacremonium and surgical pathology of the biopsy showed chronic inflammation. We successfully treated her with posaconazole and managed drug interactions between posaconazole and tacrolimus. This is the second reported case of biopsy-proven pulmonary infection by Phaeoacremonium in a kidney transplant recipient and successfully treated with posaconazole.
C−O Bond Homolysis in a Tungsten Alkoxide: The Mechanism of Alcohol Deoxygenation by WCl2(PMe3)4 and WH2Cl2(PMe3)4

Reactions of alcohols with WCl2(PMe3)4 (1) or WH2Cl2(PMe3)4 (2) yield W(O)Cl2(PMe3)3 (3), PMe3, and hydrocarbons. Cyclopropanemethanol is deoxygenated to give 1-butene and a trace of trans-2-butene as the organic products; benzyl alcohol yields toluene and bibenzyl. These products indicate the intermediacy of organic radicals. Benzyl radicals in the reaction of 1 with PhCH2OH can be trapped by added 2 or by 9,10-dihydroanthracene (DHA), leading to increased yields of toluene vs bibenzyl. With WD2Cl2(PMe3)4 (2-d2) or DHA-d12, PhCH2D is formed. The reaction of methanol with 1 proceeds similarly in the presence of DHA, forming 3 and methane. Kinetic studies on the reaction of 1 with benzyl alcohol indicate that the reaction proceeds via alkoxide intermediates. A mechanism involving homolysis of the C−O bond in an alkoxide intermediate is suggested by these results. The thermodynamics of this unusual transformation are discussed.
Proofreading optimizes iodotyrosine insertion into the genetic code

The aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRS) are responsible for the accurate attachment of amino acids to their corresponding transfer RNA(s) (1). Each of the modern aaRSs (with a few exceptions) is selective for a single amino acid and tRNA (or tRNA isoacceptor set). These enzymes are some of the most ancient proteins fixed in modern organisms. The aaRSs are subdivided into two unrelated classes (class I and class II), based on class-defining active site structural features, and all aaRSs within a given class are believed to have evolved from a single common ancestor. It is likely that the progenitors to the modern aaRSs (be it an early class I enzyme, an early class II enzyme, or later aaRSs that arose before final specification, etc.) were smaller than their modern counterparts, recognized more than one amino acid substrate, and aminoacylated small minihelical RNA substrates (2). These ancestral aaRSs likely evolved into their modern, more precise, counterparts over time primarily by (i) active site mutagenesis and selective pressure to increase substrate selectivity and (ii) acquisition of extra domains, including anticodon-binding domains and, in some cases, hydrolytic proofreading or editing domains (2). In a recent issue of PNAS, Oki et al. (3) have rationally mimicked the second of these two evolutionary scenarios to create a new aaRS that specifically generates iodotyrosyl-tRNATyrin vitro.