cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Early Treatment for Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome: A Palliative Approach

Objective To describe medical, safety, and health care utilization outcomes associated with an early treatment model for neonatal opioid withdrawal. Study Design This is a retrospective review of 117 opioid-exposed infants born in a large regional hospital and treated in the level I nursery with methadone initiated within 48 hours of birth. Results For this cohort, mean length of stay was 8.3 days. Hospital safety events were infrequent; there were no medication errors or deaths. Within 30 days of discharge, 14% of infants visited the emergency department; 7% were readmitted. Per birth, mean hospital charges were $10,946.96; mean costs were $5,908.93. Conclusion This study is the first to describe an early treatment model in a low-acuity nursery to prevent severe neonatal opioid withdrawal. The described model may be safe, effective, low-cost, and feasible for replication.
Properties of Solutions of u'' + g(t)u2n-1 = 0, II.

Part I [7] of this paper appeared in this journal in 1962. In Sections 1, 2 of this paper we consider the equation of the title wheng(t)>0. In Section 1 we examine the strength of the hypothesis of continuity ofg(t) in known theorems. In Section 2 we determine the combinations of boundedness and oscillation that may occur for solutions of this equation. Section 3 is devoted to properties of solutions of the equation wheng(t)<0. In general, differentiability ofg(t) is not required in the paper.
The Use of Short-Term Genotoxicity Tests in Risk Assessment

The discipline of risk assessment is currently under pressure from two directions. On the one hand, more and more decisions must be made concerning how resources are to be allocated to reduce human exposure to harmful chemicals, and the assessment of risk from those exposures is often essential in making such decisions. On the other hand, many have emphasized the gaps in scientific knowledge and the reliance on assumptions in risk assessments, and the resulting regulations have been criticized as too lenient by some (Epstein and Swartz 1988; Karstadt 1988; Perera 1988; Bailar et al. 1988) and as too stringent by others (Wilson 1988; Freedman and Zeisel 1988). Risk assessments will always have some component of uncertainty, because we often care about risk at levels well below what is detectable [for example, many environmental regulations strive for a lifetime increased cancer risk of no more than 10“5or 10”6 (Anderson 1988), but the lowest detectable risk in humans is about 10-3, the risk of diethylstilbestrol exposure, which causes a very rare form of tumor (IARC 1987)], and so some extrapolation will always be necessary. Also, because generating information requires the expenditure of money, the ideal risk assessment with perfect information can be approached only for a very limited number of chemicals. Thus, progress in risk assessment will come not only from identifying areas of uncertainty where more research is needed, but also from developing rational procedures for making decisions in the presence of uncertainty.
Obesity and the Risk for Type 2 Diabetes

Abstract A relationship between diabetes and obesity has been recognized for many years. When the prevalence of obesity is on the rise, as it is now, the onset of new cases of diabetes increases. When there is “famine” or natural events with weight loss there is a drop in the incidence of diabetes. However, not all people with obesity have “metabolic” events and only some of the people who become obese go on to develop diabetes. The factors involved in the development of obesity are outlined, followed by the factors related to the development of diabetes. Insulin resistance is one of the earliest features in those who develop diabetes. However, as long as insulin secretion can keep up with the demands of the insulin-resistant body, diabetes is kept at bay. When the pancreas can no longer keep up, diabetes develops. From this pathogenetic sequence it is clear that preventing or reversing obesity should delay or prevent the onset of diabetes, and a number of studies using lifestyle interventions, drugs that produce weight loss or modify insulin resistance, and bariatric surgery can slow the trajectory toward diabetes.
Secure and efficient key generation and agreement methods for wireless body area networks

Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) applications are becoming popular today. To protect patients' private data during transportation, secure wireless communications are mandatory in WBANs. Encryptions and secret keys are the base of secure communications over insecure wireless environments. Given most wireless nodes in WBANs are resource-constrained, efficiency is an implicit requirement of the key generation methods for WBAN wireless communications. Finding secure and efficient key generation method for WBANs is the goal of this article. We propose a practical, pure software method in this article. The new method has been proved to be highly secure and efficient.
Flow at the Interfaces of Powder Coatings

When a powder coating is baked, its particles simultaneously sinter, coalesce, spread over the substrate and wick (penetrate) into the microscopic grooves in the substrate. While these film forming processes occur, the rough air-coating interface begins to level. These processes are all interrelated,1 but a detailed discussion is beyond the scope of this paper. Here we are limited to two phenomena, treated independently: capillary wicking and the leveling of powder coatings.
Variation in Drain Management After Pancreatoduodenectomy: Early Versus Delayed Removal

Objective:The objectives are to report practice patterns and management of operatively placed drains and to compare outcomes in patients with early versus delayed drain removal after pancreatoduodenectomy.Background:Early drain removal after pancreatoduodenectomy, when guided by postoperative day (P
Does theatre-in-education promote early childhood development?: The effect of drama on language, perspective-taking, and imagination

Abstract This quasi-experimental, multi-method study examines whether participation in a preschool theatre-in-education (TIE) program can promote emergent literacy, theory of mind, and imaginative development. This research combines quantitative assessments of children’s narrative comprehension, narrative production, vocabulary development, false-belief understanding, and imagination skills with a qualitative descriptive analysis of the implementation of a theatre-in-education program to investigate the effect of a respected preschool TIE program on the development of 155 urban children enrolled in Head Start. Although the measures used were unable to detect a significant effect of the drama intervention, in the current academic climate, in which an increasing focus on academics in preschool curricula can lead to the elimination of arts programming, it is worth noting that the inclusion of a TIE program did not detract from the children’s acquisition of skills that contribute to school readiness; the scores on assessments of language, perspective-taking, and imagination were similar for children in the intervention and comparison conditions. Thus, this study suggests that the inclusion of high-quality theatre arts curricula in early childhood education can provide young children with an entertaining and engaging preschool drama experience while providing academic supports commensurate with those of more traditional early childhood programs.
Is Corn Stover Harvest Predictable Using Farm Operation, Technology, and Management Variables?

Crop residue management, provision of animal feed or bedding, and increased income are potential reasons for harvesting corn (Zea mays L.) stover. Reasons for not doing so include the need for crop residue to restore or increase soil organic matter, protect against wind and water erosion, and cycle plant nutrients. Bioenergy market development may increase the number of producers harvesting corn stover. Can farming practice data predict the likelihood for harvesting corn stover at a national scale? Farm operation, technology, and management variables from the 2010 Agricultural Resource Management Survey (ARMS) of U.S. corn growers were compared between operations that removed corn stover and those that did not. Nationwide, stover was removed from approximately 6.3% of all corn operations, indicating stover harvest was not a common practice in 2010. Factors increasing the likelihood for stover harvest included producing feed corn, managing crop residues for pest control, and farmland ownership. Technology and conservation practice adoption rates were similar in both groups. Excessive stover removal can increase soil degradation. Both groups had erosion control adoption rates of ≤10%, which may provide an additional disincentive to harvest stover. Overall, the evaluated variables were similar between producers that did and did not harvest stover. This assessment provides a 2010 national baseline that can be used for future evaluations as bioenergy and bioproduct markets develop.
The Equality of Difference: A Phenomenological Ontology for Disability and Education

What might education mean for someone with severe cognitive deficits? What might philosophy of education contribute to special education as it is framed in the United States? I am a philosopher of education and work in the field of intellectual disabilities. In fact, my professional role is to serve as a gatekeeper for the implementation of practices that may violate an individual’s rights in a large, bureaucratically structured service system. To make the questions raised in this essay concrete, I have constructed a composite person-exemplar in a typical situation of the kind I encounter daily.
Optical corral using a standing-wave Bessel beam

Here we create a series of optical corrals and calculate their potential energy profile. A standing-wave Bessel beam is used to form traps in 1D (along the optical axis) and corrals in 2D, in planes perpendicular to the optical axis at the antinodal regions of the standing waves. These optical corrals are formed by an axicon-generated Bessel beam that is retro-reflected back onto itself. We report on Mie calculations of the 2D optical corrals and then compare the resulting probability distributions to those observed for latex particles of diameters 100, 200, and 300 nm. The experimental radial probability density function of tracked particles closely mimics the theoretical optical structure of a Bessel standing-wave corral. The Bessel standing-wave corrals we have characterized are being developed to measure rotational diffusion and torques on micro- and nanorods to help understand microfluidic behavior. The maximum forces on our small beads in the diffraction-free central zone of the Bessel beam standing wave are F||=0.5 pN and F⊥=0.1 pN.
Photodegradation of fluorotelomer carboxylic 5:3 acid and perfluorooctanoic acid using zinc oxide.

Abstract Occurrence of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in the environment and biota has raised a great concern to public health because these compounds are persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic. Biodegradation of polyfluoroalkyl substances, particularly long-chain fluorotelomer-based products, can lead to production of various short-chain PFASs, with 5:3 fluorotelomer carboxylic acid (referred as 5:3 FTCA hereafter) as a dominant polyfluoroalkyl metabolite. Perfluoroalkyl acids, particularly perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), are toxic and current removal methods are not cost-effective. This study reports the photodegradation of 5:3 FTCA and PFOA using ZnO as a photocatalyst under neutral pH and room temperature conditions. Under long UV wavelength (365 nm), both tetrapod and commercial ZnO can photodegrade 5:3 FTCA. Five removal products—perfluorohexanoic acid, perfluoropentanoic acid, perfluorobutyric acid, 5:2 fluorotelomer carboxylic acid (5:2 FTCA), and inorganic fluoride—were identified, with PFBA and F− as dominant end products. SEM and XPS high-resolution scans on the surface of the utilized ZnO showed less units of CF2 than that in 5:3 FTCA, supporting occurrence of photodegradation of 5:3 FTCA by ZnO. Defluorination of PFOA was not observed with ZnO only, but at pH 5 and in the co-presence of Fe-citrate. PFOA defluorination increased from 0.93% after 3 days of UV light exposure to 3.9% after additional 135 h under direct sunlight exposure. To the authors’ best knowledge, this is the first report studying ZnO-catalyzed photodegradation of 5:3 FTCA, and examining the Fe co-addition for PFOA defluorination.
Extracting Knowledge from Open Source Projects to Improve Program Security

Open source repositories contain a wealth of unstructured and unlabeled data from which useful knowledge can be extracted. This knowledge can be applied in a wide range of applications such as discovering how programmers improve their programs over time and finding patterns to detect and mitigate vulnerabilities. In this work, we propose to use text mining and machine learning to extract knowledge from open source code in order to categorize and structure source code. By mining a subset (over 600,000 Java files) of a 2011 dataset that contains over 70,000 open source projects, we present a case study showing that useful patterns can be extracted from source code and that these patterns can be used to create a recommender system to help programmers avoid unsafe practices. We demonstrate the utility of our proposed techniques by applying them to the detection of SOL Injection.
Magnitude of Bleeding and Blood Product Utilization Predict Early Right Ventricular Implantation in LVAD Recipients

Purpose We assessed the impact of blood loss and transfusion volume on right ventricular failure (RVF) requiring right-sided mechanical circulatory support (R-MCS) after continuous flow left ventricular assist device (CF-LVAD) implantation. Methods Retrospective review of 434 patients with CF-LVAD implantation from 2003 to 2017. Intraoperative blood loss, postoperative blood loss, and intraoperative transfusion volume was assessed for patients requiring R-MCS. Results Mean patient age was 55.2±13.6 years. Heartware HVAD was inserted in 100 (23.0%) and HeartMate II in 334 (77.0%) patients. Of these, 49 (11.3%) patients required R-MCS. R-MCS placed within 24 hours of CF-LVAD (N=20, 4.6%) had significantly more intraoperative and postoperative blood loss, and received a significantly higher quantity of intraoperative blood products compared to patients who did not require R-MCS within 24 hours (Table 1). HeartMate II patients had higher 24 hour blood loss (3398.3±3721.6 vs 1621.2±1243.4 ml, p Conclusion Intraoperative and postoperative blood loss as well as intraoperative transfusions were associated with development of early RVF requiring R-MCS. This highlights the importance of reducing coagulopathy and its associated need for transfusions in patients at risk for early R-MCS.
The q -gamma function for q >1

F. H. Jackson defined a generalization of the factorial function by $$1(1 + q)(1 + q + q^2 ) \cdot \cdot \cdot (1 + q + q^2 + \cdot \cdot \cdot + q^{n - 1} ) = (n!)_q $$ forq>0. He also generalized the gamma function, both for 0 1. Askey then obtained analogues of many of the classical facts about theq-gamma function for 0<q<1. He proved an analogue of the Bohr-Mollerup theorem, which states that a logarithmically convex function satisfyingf(1)=1 andf(x+1)=[(q x −1)/(q−1)]f(x) is theq-gamma function. He also considered the behavior of theq-gamma function asq changes, and showed that asq→1−, theq-gamma function becomes the ordinary gamma function. In this paper we will state two analogues of the Bohr-Mollerup theorem forq>1. It turns out that the log convexity off together with the initial condition and the functional equation no longer forcesf to be theq-gamma function. A stronger condition is needed than the log convexity, and two sufficient conditions are given in this paper. Also we will consider the behavior of theq-gamma function asq-changes forq>1.
Examining Gaze Behaviors and Metacognitive Judgments of Informational Text Within Game-Based Learning Environments

Game-based learning environments (GBLEs) are often criticized for not offering adequate support for students when learning and problem solving within these environments. A key aspect of GBLEs is the verbal representation of information such as text. This study examined learners’ metacognitive judgments of informational text (e.g., books and articles) through eye gaze behaviors within Crystal Island (CI). Ninety-one undergraduate students interacted with game elements during problem-solving in CI, a GBLE focused on facilitating the development of self-regulated learning (SRL) skills and domain-specific knowledge in microbiology. The results suggest engaging with informational text along with other goal-directed actions (actions needed to achieve the end goal) are large components of time spent within CI. Our findings revealed goal-directed actions, specifically reading informational texts, were significant predictors of participants’ proportional learning gains (PLGs) after problem solving with CI. Additionally, we found significant differences in PLGs where participants who spent a greater time fixating and reengaging with goal-relevant text within the environment demonstrated greater proportional learning after problem solving in CI.
FRI0252 CLINICAL AND SEROLOGICAL LUPUS ACTIVITY BEFORE AND AFTER DEVELOPING END STAGE RENAL DISEASE

Background: SLE disease activity tends to diminish after the development of end stage renal disease (ESRD)1, 2. Nonetheless, some patients continue to show signs of active disease and experience flares after ESRD3. To date, little is known about the evolution of SLE-related symptoms pre and post ESRD. Whether specific symptoms abate after ESRD or a shift towards different manifestations occurs deserves further study. Prompt identification of subtler SLE manifestations is further complicated by a trend towards poor rheumatology follow once ESRD develops. SLE manifestations post-ESRD may be underdiagnosed and undertreated contributing to increased morbidity and mortality. Objectives: To study the different clinical manifestations and serological markers of SLE disease activity before and after ESRD development. Methods: We performed a retrospective chart review of SLE patients with ESRD at a tertiary care center between the years of 2010 and 2017. SLE was defined by ACR and/or SLICC criteria. SLE ESRD patients were included if they had at least one visit with rheumatology, nephrology, or primary care pre- and post-ESRD. SLE-related symptoms and serologic markers of disease activity were identified from chart review before and after ESRD onset. Results: Fifty-eight patients were included. Twenty-five patients had a least one clinical non-renal criteria documented pre-ESRD. Of them, 14 achieved complete clinical remission post-ESRD. Post-ESRD, cytopenias persisted in 49 of the 55 patients who were cytopenic pre-ESRD. Arthritis persisted in 3 of the 13 patients who had arthritis pre-ESRD. Of the 37 patients with hypocomplementemia pre-ESRD, 29 remained hypocomplementemic post-ESRD. Twenty-nine had elevated dsDNA pre-ESRD, of them, dsDNA remained elevated in 16 patients post-ESRD. Six patients developed at least one new clinical criteria post-ESRD. Three patients developed low complement, 5 developed elevated dsDNA, 3 developed new onset of serositis and 4 new osent of arthritis post-ESRD. Conclusion: Lupus activity may diminish after ESRD onset. However, many patients experience persistent disease activity. New arthritis, serositis, low complements and elevated dsDNA may develop after ESRD. Limited evaluation and documentation of disease activity by non-rheumatology providers may have resulted in under-reporting of SLE signs and symptoms on this study. SLE ESRD patients should be carefully evaluated for subtle signs of active SLE. References: [1] Mattos P, Santiago MB. Clin Rheumatol. 2012; 31:897–905. [2] Stone JH. Lupus. 1998; 7:654–659. [3] Krane NK, Burjak K, Archie M, O’Donovan R. Am J Kidney Dis. 1999; 33:872–879. Disclosure of Interests: None declared
Making a Genetic Diagnosis in a Level IV Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Population: Who, When, How, and at What Cost?

Objective To investigate the prevalence of genetic disease and its economic impact in a level IV neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) by identifying and describing diseases diagnosed, genetic testing methodologies used, timing of diagnosis, length of NICU stay, and charges for NICU care. Study design A retrospective chart review of patients admitted to a level IV NICU from 2013 to 2014 (n = 1327) was undertaken and data collected up to 2 years of age from the electronic medical record. Results In total, 117 patients (9%) received 120 genetic diagnoses using a variety of methodologies. A significant minority of diagnoses, 36%, were made after NICU discharge and 41% were made after 28 days of age. Patients receiving a genetic diagnosis had significantly longer mean lengths of stay (46 days vs 29.1 days; P P Conclusions Given the high prevalence of genetic disease in this population and the documented higher cost of care, shortening the time to diagnosis and targeting therapeutic interventions for this population could make a significant impact on neonatal care in level IV NICUs.
Thermal stability of cytokines: A review.

Abstract Background The role of cytokines in various disease states is a burgeoning field of academic study and clinical application, however there are no consensus documents on how certain cytokines should be stored prior to quantification. This information is especially of interest to researchers assembling a biobank or clinicians who have to transport specimens to a different location in order to be tested. Objective To review the literature and synthesize prior findings on cytokine storage and freeze/thaw stability. Design We searched PubMed for articles related to cytokine storage stability. All articles were analyzed for cytokines studied, source of reported cytokine concentration (i.e., human whole blood or serum, concentrations from other species or bodily sources were excluded), and reported statistical results. Results We identified and synthesized results of 23 peer-reviewed articles which published data on the storage and freeze/thaw stability of 33 different cytokines and chemokines. Conclusion There is a wide variety of reported cytokine storage and freeze/thaw stability. Interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha are the most widely studied cytokines in regard to temperature stability. In a few cytokines, a clear consensus can be reached as to storage safety at particular temperatures, but in most, more research needs to be done and we advise the clinician or researcher to use caution in interpreting cytokine concentration results after a long period of storage or several freeze/thaw cycles.
Microalgal hydrogen production in the framework of bioeconomy

Abstract The current need for alternative source of green energy have brought the interest on the biological hydrogen production. Molecular H2 can be produced by different biological processes based on the utilization of light energy, carried out by some photosynthetic microorganisms, like microalgae, able to switch their metabolism from oxygenic photosynthesis to H2 evolution. Interestingly, microalgae, as Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, are able to utilize their internal substrate, as carbohydrates and proteins, to drive the H2 production process. They also possess the capability to utilize external source of organic compounds present in wastewaters, both for their growth and as substrate for H2 production, as C. reinhardtii and Chlorella. In this respect, the microalgal H2 production can be considered a very current topic well fitting in the frame of the concept of a bioeconomy, considering both the renewable energy production idea and recovery of waste material to be converted into fuel.
Prospective Associations Among Youth Assets and Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Use in a Hispanic Youth Population:

This study’s purpose was to determine whether specific youth assets (conceptualized as influencing health behavior at the individual, family, or community level) were prospectively associated with ...
Role of Head and Cardiac Imaging, and Cardiac Stress Testing for Syncope

The most important step in evaluating a patient with syncope/collapse is detailed history and careful physical examination. The utility of head imaging in patients with syncope is low and carotid ultrasound (CUS), brain computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance image (MRI) should only be performed when there is a high suspicion for neurological disorders such as carotid stenosis, brain tumors, or parkinsonism. Similarly, echocardiography should be done only to confirm or refute suspected structural heart disease such as severe aortic stenosis, hypertrophic cardiomyopathies, or obstructive cardiac tumors. Finally, cardiac stress testing (i.e., using treadmill or stationary bike) should be performed if syncope occurs during or right after exercise.
The risks of major cardiac events among patients with psoriatic arthritis treated with apremilast, biologics, DMARDs or corticosteroids.

OBJECTIVES People with PsA are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease. The objective of this study was to quantify the risk of myocardial infarction (MI), stroke and revascularizations in people with apremilast-treated PsA compared with patients receiving other PsA treatments. METHODS We conducted a cohort study of 68 678 patients with PsA treated with apremilast, TNF inhibitor (TNF-i) biologics, IL-17 or -12/23 biologics, conventional DMARDs or CS in the United States MarketScan database. Cohort entry was date of first study drug after 21 March 2014. Cases were patients with MI, stroke or revascularization. We calculated incidence rates (IRs) and incidence rate ratios for each outcome by exposure. RESULTS We identified 292 MI, 151 stroke and 475 revascularizations cases. IRs for MI were lowest for users of TNF-i biologics [1.4 per 1000 person-years (PY)] and similar for all other treatments, including apremilast, ranging from 1.8 to 3.8 per 1000 PY. IRs were similar for all treatments for both stroke (0.1-1.6 per 1000 PY) and revascularization (3.1-5.1 per 1000 PY). IRs for apremilast were 2.5 per 1000 PY for MI, 1.6 per 1000 PY for stroke and 3.3 per 1000 PY for revascularization. CONCLUSION In patients with treated PsA, IRs of MI, stroke and revascularization were low for all systemic treatments evaluated. Although the number of events was small, apremilast exposure did not signal potential acute cardiovascular harm and was not associated with a material increase in the risk of these serious cardiac events.
Phage Commander, a software tool for rapid annotation of bacteriophage genomes using multiple programs

The number of sequenced phage genomes is growing at an exponential rate. The majority of newly sequenced phage genomes are annotated by one or more of several freely-available auto-annotation programs. No program has been shown to consistently outperform the others; thus the choice of which program to use is not obvious. We present the software Phage Commander for rapid annotation of phage genomes using multiple auto-annotation programs. Phage Commander runs a phage genome sequence through nine auto-annotation programs and integrates the results within a single output. Phage Commander generates properly formatted output files for direct export to NCBI GenBank. Users can select the threshold for determining which genes should be exported. Phage Commander was benchmarked using eight high-quality phage genomes whose genes have been identified through experiments. Results show that the best results are obtained by exporting genes identified by at least two or three of the nine auto-annotation programs.
Learning to Speak Financial Aid: Results from a National Financial Aid Jargon Survey

To better understand what prospective undergraduates understand about the process of applying for federal student aid, this study captured nationally-representative survey data from 1,230 prospective undergraduates applying to four-year, bachelor’s degree-granting US institutions of higher education in Fall 2018. A financial aid jargon survey was administered to assess what financial aid jargon terms are unfamiliar or confusing to prospective students. Results suggest some prospective students understand financial aid jargon, but many reported jargon as unfamiliar and confusing, such as FAFSA, master promissory note, entrance counseling, data retrieval tool, and non-filer’s statement. After controlling for demographic information, respondents who reported being gender non-binary conforming (p=0.03) and bilingual (p=0.03) reported more jargon terms, while respondents preferring not to disclose their religion (p=0.00) provided fewer jargon terms with statistical significance. Implications for research and practice are addressed.
Cryptocurrency, Money Demand and the Mundell-Fleming Model of International Capital Mobility

If cryptocurrencies are perceived as financial innovations that could disrupt domestic and international financial systems, it becomes imperative for economists to incorporate these virtual currencies into existing money market models. Cryptocurrencies, when fully adopted by the general public, would transmit into the financial system via money demand. Cryptocurrencies serve as money and non-money assets and have no perfect substitute, whereas they are perfect substitutes for M1. Therefore, how much impact would the popularity of cryptocurrencies have on domestic and international capital mobility? To isolate interest rate differentials across countries, the Mundell-Fleming model that assumes a constant interest rate in domestic and world economies was applied. Cryptocurrencies acquired in past periods that are acceptable worldwide would abrogate exchange rate differentials. This study theoretically finds that fiscal and monetary policies would have different impacts on income in economies with high cryptocurrency circulations compared to economies with only M1. Also, there is a critical interest rate where cryptocurrencies would be more attractive to investors than other non-money assets. Moreover, using the Keynesian aggregate income and aggregate expenditure model, without interest and exchange rate differentials, the worldwide use of cryptocurrencies in international trade would unveil the link between the twin deficits and international capital flows.
Comparing the cerebro-placental to umbilico-cerebral Doppler ratios for the prediction of adverse neonatal outcomes in pregnancies complicated by fetal growth restriction.

The cerebroplacental ratio (CPR) has shown utility as a surrogate marker for fetal growth restriction and can be used to stratify the risk for adverse perinatal outcomes in affected pregnancies. Ho...
“You Gotta Watch What You Say”: Surveillance of Communication with Incarcerated People

Surveillance of communication between incarcerated and non-incarcerated people has steadily increased, enabled partly by technological advancements. Third-party vendors control communication tools for most U.S. prisons and jails and offer surveillance capabilities beyond what individual facilities could realistically implement. Frequent communication with family improves mental health and post-carceral outcomes for incarcerated people, but does discomfort about surveillance affect how their relatives communicate with them? To explore this and the understanding, attitudes, and reactions to surveillance, we conducted 16 semi-structured interviews with participants who have incarcerated relatives. Among other findings, we learn that participants communicate despite privacy concerns that they felt helpless to address. We also observe inaccuracies in participants’ beliefs about surveillance practices. We discuss implications of inaccurate understandings of surveillance, misaligned incentives between end-users and vendors, how our findings enhance ongoing conversations about carceral justice, and recommendations for more privacy-sensitive communication tools.
Official framing—portraying the implementation of an unpopular policy as responsive governance

Official framing has received increasing attention in social movement studies. Yet current research often focuses on the negative side of framing, that is, how authorities vilify and demonize chall...
Actual and Missed Opportunities for End-of-Life Care Discussions With Oncology Patients: A Qualitative Study.

Importance Early discussion of end-of-life (EOL) care preferences improves clinical outcomes and goal-concordant care. However, most EOL discussions occur approximately 1 month before death, despite most patients desiring information earlier. Objective To describe successful navigation and missed opportunities for EOL discussions (eg, advance care planning, palliative care, discontinuation of disease-directed treatment, hospice care, and after-death wishes) between oncologists and outpatients with advanced cancer. Design, setting, and participants This study is a secondary qualitative analysis of outpatient visits audio-recorded between November 2010 and September 2014 for the Studying Communication in Oncologist-Patient Encounters randomized clinical trial. The study was conducted at 2 US academic medical centers. Participants included medical, gynecological, and radiation oncologists and patients with stage IV malignant neoplasm, whom oncologists characterized as being ones whom they "…would not be surprised if they were admitted to an intensive care unit or died within one year." Data were analyzed between January 2018 and August 2020. Exposures The parent study randomized participants to oncologist- and patient-directed interventions to facilitate discussion of emotions. Encounters were sampled across preintervention and postintervention periods and all 4 treatment conditions. Main outcomes and measures Secondary qualitative analysis was done of patient-oncologist dyads with 3 consecutive visits for EOL discussions, and a random sample of 7 to 8 dyads from 4 trial groups was analyzed for missed opportunities. Results The full sample included 141 patients (54 women [38.3%]) and 39 oncologists (8 women [19.5%]) (mean [SD] age for both patients and oncologists, 56.3 [10.0] years). Of 423 encounters, only 21 (5%) included EOL discussions. Oncologists reevaluated treatment options in response to patients' concerns, honored patients as experts on their goals, or used anticipatory guidance to frame treatment reevaluation. In the random sample of 31 dyads and 93 encounters, 35 (38%) included at least 1 missed opportunity. Oncologists responded inadequately to patient concerns over disease progression or dying, used optimistic future talk to address patient concerns, or expressed concern over treatment discontinuation. Only 4 of 23 oncologists (17.4%) had both an EOL discussion and a missed opportunity. Conclusions and relevance Opportunities for EOL discussions were rarely realized, whereas missed opportunities were more common, a trend that mirrored oncologists' treatment style. There remains a need to address oncologists' sensitivity to EOL discussions, to avoid unnecessary EOL treatment.
Effect of vented helmets on heat stress during wildland firefighter simulation

Uncompensable heat from wildland firefighter personal protective equipment decreases the physiological tolerance while exercising in the heat. Our previous work demonstrated that the standard wildland firefighter helmet significantly increases both perceived and actual head heat. This study compared heat accumulation under simulated working conditions while wearing a standard non-vented helmet versus a vented helmet. Ten male subjects randomly completed two trials separated by a 2-week washout. Subjects walked 180 min (5.6 km h−1, 5% grade) in a heat chamber (35°C, 30% relative humidity) broken into three segments of 50 min of exercise and 10 min rest, followed by a work capacity test to exhaustion. Each trial measured the physiological strain index, perceived head heat, helmet temperature and relative humidity, rating of perceived exertion and heart rate. At the end of the 3-h trial heart rate, physiological strain, perceived exertion, helmet temperature and humidity showed the main effects of time (P < 0.05) but were not different between trials. Work capacity was significantly greater in the vented trial (P = 0.001). End-trial strain and heart rate were significantly related to work performed (r = –0.8, P < 0.001). Elevated work, trends for changes in perceived exertion, helmet microenvironment and perceived head heat suggest greater heat dissipation and comfort with the vented helmet.
The Proposed Permanent International Criminal Court: An Appraisal

This exceptionally prescient article traces the storied development of the 1994 Draft Proposal for an international criminal court that would eventually become the international body in place today. It begins with an examination of the struggle towards developing such a court, beginning in the pre-World War I era. The article briefly details the developments of the Nuremberg Tribunal before turning to the half-century struggle to reach a consensus on the shape and scope of the proposed international criminal court in the UN, culminating in the 1994 ILC Draft Statute. This proposal is then explored in detail, from the crimes it covers to the practical functioning of the judicial body it would establish. In exploring the viability of the Draft Statute, this article first outlines the international problems it would address and the relative inefficacy of alternative solutions such as ad hoc tribunals in addressing these problems. The article further addresses the traditional objections to an international criminal court, such as concerns over state sovereignty and the complexity of the project, finding them all wanting. This is not to say the Draft Proposal is thought perfect. Several egregious problems with the Proposal are detailed, including the highly problematic and persistent matter of State consent to jurisdiction. Despite this and other drawbacks, the article is in support of the idea that would eventually become the modern International Criminal Court as a necessary response to the atrocities of the 20th century.
Establishment of human induced trophoblast stem-like cells from term villous cytotrophoblasts

Human trophoblast stem cells (hTSC) can be isolated from first trimester placenta but not from term placenta. Here we demonstrate that villous cytotrophoblasts (vCTB) from term placenta can be reprogrammed into induced trophoblastic stem-like cells (iTSC) by introducing sets of transcription factors. The iTSCs express TSC markers such as GATA3, TEAD4 and ELF5, and are multipotent, validated by their differentiation into both extravillous trophoblasts (EVT) and syncytiotrophoblasts (STB) in vitro and in vivo. The iTSC can be passaged indefinitely in vitro without slowing of growth. The transcriptome profile of these cells closely resembles the profile of hTSC isolated from first trimester placentae but different from the term placental vCTB from which they originated. The ability to reprogram cells from term placenta into iTSC will allow study of early gestation events which impact placental function later in gestation, including preeclampsia and spontaneous preterm birth.
The Transformation of Muslim Mystical Thought in the Ottoman Empire: The Rise of the Halveti Order, 1350-1650

Acknowledgments Note on Transliteration List of Abbreviations for Frequently-Cited Works in the Text Introduction-On the Study of Ottoman Mystical Traditions Part I The Rise and Spread of the Halveti Order from its Origins through the Twelfth/Eighteenth Century: Chapter 1 Early Sufism and the origins of the Halveti path (ca. 900-1400) Chapter 2 The Great Expansion: From Regional Organization to Far-Flung Network (ca. 1400-1600) Part II The Evolution of a Halveti Sub-Branch: The Life and Career of ?a'ban-? Veli and his Followers in the Kastamonu Region Chapter 3 Echoes of a distant past: ?a'ban-? Veli's early life and conversion to Sufism Chapter 4 Genesis of a sub-branch: ?a'ban-? Veli's struggles in Kastamonu Chapter 5 An uneven legacy: the succession to ?a'ban-? Veli to the end of the tenth/sixteenth century Part III Defending the Cult of Saints in Eleventh/Seventeenth-Century Kastamonu: Transforming the ?a'baniyye Order under 'Omer el-Fu'adi: Chapter 6 'Omer el-Fu'adi as Sufi aspirant and haigographer: the road to ?a'baniyye succession Chapter 7 Inscribing the ?a'baniyye order onto Kastamonu's landscape Chapter 8 The political and doctrinal legacy of 'Omer el-Fu'adi Conclusion What can the ?a'baniyye Teach Us About Transitions in the Early Modern Period of World History? Endnotes Bibliography Primary Sources: Original Manuscripts Primary Sources in Printed Texts, Translation, or Edited Editions of Manuscripts Secondary Sources
Effects of substrate type and material-substrate bonding on high-temperature behavior of monolayer WS 2

This study reveals that the interaction between a 2D material and its substrate can significantly modify its electronic and optical properties, and thus can be used as a means to optimize these properties. High-temperature (25–500 °C) optical spectroscopy, which combines Raman and photoluminescence spectroscopies, is highly effective for investigating the interaction and material properties that are not accessible at the commonly used cryogenic temperature (e.g., a thermal activation process with an activation of a major fraction of the bandgap). This study investigates a set of monolayer WS2 films, either directly grown on sapphire and SiO2 substrates by CVD or transferred onto SiO2 substrate. The coupling with the substrate is shown to depend on the substrate type, the materialsubstrate bonding (even for the same substrate), and the excitation wavelength. The inherent difference in the states of strain between the as-grown and the transferred films has a significant impact on the material properties.
The cytoskeleton: a perspective.

Publisher Summary Cytoskeleton applies to both muscle and nonmuscle cells and encompasses all of the fibrous elements of cytoplasm, including filamentous actin, myosin, intermediate filaments, microtubules, and a myriad of other proteins that anchor, cross-link, bind, or otherwise regulate the fibrous network in the cytoplasm. The cytoskeleton provides a much more extensive function in cells than merely maintaining skeletal support and cytoplasmic consistency. It is actively involved in both force production and force transduction in various forms of cell motility, including cytoplasmic streaming, organelle movement, cytokinesis, phagocytosis, secretion, axonal transport, and cell-surface modulation. The suggested linkage of cytoskeletal components to transmembrane protein receptors implies a role in peptide hormone action. Components of the cytoskeleton are also involved in mitogenesis and control of cell proliferation, but the evidence is new and incomplete to be fully convincing. The chapter discusses microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments. The availability of highly purified cytoskeletal proteins has enabled numerous investigators to produce monospecific antibodies to these proteins and to use them as immunofluorescent and immunoelectron microscopic probes in cells.
Technology and Writing

Information and communication technologies are having a profound affect on all aspects of language use, especially in written communication. The purposes of writing, the genres of written communication, and the nature of audience and author are all changing rapidly with the diffusion of computer-mediated communication, both for first and second language writers. This chapter reviews research on the relationship of new technologies to writing and discusses the implications of this research for English language learning and teaching. Issues addressed include the participatory dynamics and linguistic features of computer-assisted classroom discussion, the impact of e-mail exchanges on students’ writing process, and the relationship of writing purpose to student outcomes in multimedia authoring. The chapter also addresses areas of debate and concern, such as whether the internet fosters plagiarism, and whether new forms of computer-mediated writing serve to complement and enhance more traditional forms of writing or detract from them. Finally, future trends in technology-intensive writing, such as the increased importance and nature of electronic literacy, are also discussed, as are the implications of these trends for teaching and research.
EMISSIONS FROM IN-USE CATALYST VEHICLES

A sample of forty-nine 1975 and 1976 catalyst equipped vehicles operated in the Albany, New York area have been tested idle "as received" condition for gaseous and particulate emissions at approximately 5,000 mile intervals. Each of the 127 tests includes a 1975 FTP, a one-hour 50 mph steady cruise, and five SET-7 (sulfate) cycles, all run on tank fuel. Catalyst vehicles in consumer use frequently exhibit idle CO significantly above levels corresponding to proper converter operation. Representative SET-7 sulfate emissions from catalyst vehicles without air pumps average 1.3 mg/mi while air pump equipped vehicles have an average value of 4.9 mg/mi. These results reflect an average fuel sulfur content of 0.017 weight percent. Vehicles with active catalysts and high idle CO yield a marked SO//2 spike upon deceleration to idle conditions. This purge contains very small amounts of particulate sulfate. Significant amounts of fuel sulfur are stored on catalysts. Except for monolith catalysts without air pumps, sulfate emissions during consecutive SET-7 cycles are reproducible after pre-conditioning by a one-hour, 50 mph steady cruise. For systems with a monolith catalyst without air pump, the pre-conditioning sequence requires a one-hour, 50 mph steady cruise followed by at least one SET-7 cycle.
Mastering the Dynamics of Innovation

The dymanics of onnovation in industry dominant designs and the survival of firms product innovation as a creative force innovation and industrial evolution innovation in non-assembled products invasion of a stable business by radical innovation the creative power of technology in process innovation innovation as a game of chutes and ladders innovation and corporate renewal.
Defects in Germinal Center Selection in SLE.

Germinal centers (GCs) are the primary site at which clonal expansion and affinity maturation of B cells occur. B cells encounter antigen and receive T cell help in the GC light zone (LZ) and then migrate to the dark zone where they proliferate and undergo somatic mutation before cycling back to the LZ for further rounds of selection. Tolerance to autoantigens is frequently lost de novo as GC B cells undergo class switching and somatic mutation. This loss of tolerance is regulated by a variety of mechanisms including cell death, failure to compete for T cell help, and failure to differentiate into effector cells. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is characterized by loss of tolerance to nucleic acid antigens. While defects in tolerance occur in the naive repertoire of SLE patients, pathogenic autoantibodies also arise in the GC by somatic mutation from non-autoreactive precursors. Several B cell defects contribute to the loss of GC tolerance in SLE, including polymorphisms of genes encoded by the Sle1 locus, excess TLR7 signaling, defects in FcRIIB expression, or defects of B cell apoptosis. Extrinsic soluble factors, such as Type-1 IFN and B cell-activating factor, or an increased number of T follicular helper cells in the GC also alter B cell-negative selection. Finally, defects in clearance of apoptotic debris within the GC result in BCR-mediated internalization of nucleic acid containing material and stimulation of autoantibody production by endosomal TLR-driven mechanisms.