cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bobbing for Apples in the Garden of Eden

For the last 104 years, orthodontics and orthodontists have enjoyed an idyllic existence within the profession of dentistry. Today we find ourselves in the platinum age of productivity, with income and job satisfaction at an all time high. Orthodontic treatment has become a right of passage for adolescents in America. Having achieved this level of success, we are eager to take the "next step." But in what direction? Should we reach out or reach up? This article discusses several issues that impact the answer. The first concerns identifying the brightest and the best, the second, balancing supply and demand, and the third, weighing the cost and benefit of specialty training. Excellence in the 21st century will be linked to increasing the number of board certified practitioners, providing pro bono treatment for the underserved and shoring up the financial infrastructure of our specialty training programs. Or, in the words of Trevor McKinney, "pay it forward." 1
Hydrogeomorphic features mediate the effects of land use/cover on reservoir productivity and food webs

Although effects of land use/cover on nutrient concentrations in aquatic systems are well known, half or more of the variation in nutrient concentration remains unexplained by land use/cover alone. Hydrogeomorphic (HGM) landscape features can explain much remaining variation and influence food web interactions. To explore complex linkages among land use/cover, HGM features, reservoir productivity, and food webs, we sampled 11 Ohio reservoirs, ranging broadly in agricultural catchment land use/cover, for 3 years. We hypothesized that HGM features mediate the bottom-up effects of land use/cover on reservoir productivity, chlorophyll a, zooplankton, and recruitment of gizzard shad, an omnivorous fish species common throughout southeastern U.S. reservoirs and capable of exerting strong effects on food web and nutrient dynamics. We tested specific hypotheses using a model selection approach. Percent variation explained was highest for total nitrogen (R2 5 0.92), moderately high for total phosphorus, chlorophyll a, and rotifer biomass (R2 5 0.57 to 0.67), relatively low for crustacean zooplankton biomass and larval gizzard shad hatch abundance (R2 5 0.43 and 0.42), and high for larval gizzard shad survivor abundance (R2 5 0.79). The trophic status models included agricultural land use/cover and an HGM predictor, whereas the zooplankton models had few HGM predictors. The larval gizzard shad models had the highest complexity, including more than one HGM feature and food web components. We demonstrate the importance of integrating land use/cover, HGM features, and food web interactions to investigate critical interactions and feedbacks among physical, chemical, and biological components of linked land–water ecosystems.
APOC3, Coronary Disease, and Complexities of Mendelian Randomization

Two new studies report that triglyceride (TG)-lowering mutations in APOC3 reduce coronary heart disease (CHD) (Crosby et al., 2014; Jorgensen et al., 2014). Here, we explore limitations of using Mendelian randomization to evaluate CHD risk, including potential confounding by the widespread use of statin therapy.
Volunteer Service of Professional Home Economists

Sociodemographic factors were identified that affect the rate of participation of home economists in volunteer service. Data for this paper are based upon responses to the 1979 American Home Economics Association Membership Survey. Two random samples of ap proximately 1,300 each were drawn. Chi-square and loglinear hierarchical models were used in the analysis of both samples. The chi-square analysis indicated that married women with children and retired respondents were the most likely to be active in volunteer service. The loglinear analysis identified three independent variables (income, marital status, and age) as providing the most concise description of the observed frequency table. The later analysis further identified retired respondents, married people, and middle-income individuals as ac tive volunteers. The generalizability of the results was supported by the similarity of findings from the analysis of both samples.
Automated identification of acute hepatitis B using electronic medical record data to facilitate public health surveillance.

Background Automatic identification of notifiable diseases from electronic medical records can potentially improve the timeliness and completeness of public health surveillance. We describe the development and implementation of an algorithm for prospective surveillance of patients with acute hepatitis B using electronic medical record data. Methods Initial algorithms were created by adapting Centers for Disease Control and Prevention diagnostic criteria for acute hepatitis B into electronic terms. The algorithms were tested by applying them to ambulatory electronic medical record data spanning 1990 to May 2006. A physician reviewer classified each case identified as acute or chronic infection. Additional criteria were added to algorithms in serial fashion to improve accuracy. The best algorithm was validated by applying it to prospective electronic medical record data from June 2006 through April 2008. Completeness of case capture was assessed by comparison with state health department records. Findings A final algorithm including a positive hepatitis B specific test, elevated transaminases and bilirubin, absence of prior positive hepatitis B tests, and absence of an ICD9 code for chronic hepatitis B identified 112/113 patients with acute hepatitis B (sensitivity 97.4%, 95% confidence interval 94–100%; specificity 93.8%, 95% confidence interval 87–100%). Application of this algorithm to prospective electronic medical record data identified 8 cases without false positives. These included 4 patients that had not been reported to the health department. There were no known cases of acute hepatitis B missed by the algorithm. Conclusions An algorithm using codified electronic medical record data can reliably detect acute hepatitis B. The completeness of public health surveillance may be improved by automatically identifying notifiable diseases from electronic medical record data.
Photon arrival time quantum random number generation

We present an efficient random number generator based on the randomness present in photon emission and detection. The interval between successive photons from a light source with Poissonian statistics is separated into individual time bins, which are then used to create several random bits per detection event. Using a single-photon counter and FPGA-based data processing allows for a cost-efficient and convenient implementation that outputs data at rates of roughly 40 Mbit s−1.
Learning and Selecting Features Jointly with Point-wise Gated Boltzmann Machines

Unsupervised feature learning has emerged as a promising tool in learning representations from unlabeled data. However, it is still challenging to learn useful high-level features when the data contains a significant amount of irrelevant patterns. Although feature selection can be used for such complex data, it may fail when we have to build a learning system from scratch (i.e., starting from the lack of useful raw features). To address this problem, we propose a point-wise gated Boltzmann machine, a unified generative model that combines feature learning and feature selection. Our model performs not only feature selection on learned high-level features (i.e., hidden units), but also dynamic feature selection on raw features (i.e., visible units) through a gating mechanism. For each example, the model can adaptively focus on a variable subset of visible nodes corresponding to the task-relevant patterns, while ignoring the visible units corresponding to the task-irrelevant patterns. In experiments, our method achieves improved performance over state-of-the-art in several visual recognition benchmarks.
A novel scheme for optimal paralleling of batteries and ultracapacitors

A hybrid power pack consisting of batteries and ultracapacitors has the advantage of combining high energy capability (batteries) with high power capability (ultracapacitor). This paper suggests a new scheme for combining batteries and ultracapacitors with new modes of operation. The scheme supports high speed dynamic cell voltage equalization of a series connected battery string and can transfer charge between batteries and ultracapacitors in addition to improving the specific power capabilities of a battery system (charge and discharge). A circuit topology is proposed and operation modes are defined. Efficiency is improved by better utilization of battery capacity and decreased stress on batteries. These lead to performance improvements and better utilization of ultracapacitors compared to other schemes in existence [1].
Community-Based Learning Versus Traditional Courses in Statistics: Who Takes Them and Why

I compare students in two different data analysis courses: one course included a community-based learning (CBL) component and one did not. I find that students who chose to take the CBL course were more likely to have less mathematical and statistical background (as measured by the number of college-level mathematics and statistics courses and self-reporting), were more interested in community service, and wanted a statistics course that aligned closely with their career goals and aspirations. In comparison, students in the more traditional course had stronger mathematical and statistical skills, were more interested in a traditional course where they learned the methods from a variety of “case-studies,” and had less time for and interest in a community project. The results of the comparison suggest that there is a place for both CBL and traditional courses and that students tend to appropriately self-select into the course that meets their needs. CBL courses may also be a good place to draw in students w...
Battery chargers for electric and hybrid vehicles

The main parts of the battery chargers of electric and hybrid vehicles and the effects of power factor on the performance of battery chargers are discussed. Considerations important in the selection and design of battery chargers for electric and hybrid vehicles and the circuits available for such charging are reviewed. Other topics discussed include charger classification based on power level, charger-to-vehicle interface, charging infrastructure, charging algorithms, equalization of individual battery voltages, and the principle of power factor correction.
The Queen of Sheba's Conversion in Q. 27:44: A Problem Examined

In a thought-provoking paper presented at a conference in London in 2003, Oliver Leaman raised the problem of the all-too-sudden conversion of the Queen of Sheba as mentioned in Q. 27:44. Leaman's suggested solution to the problem was that the queen, probably analogising from her mistake of regarding the glass for water, concluded that she was mistaken, too, in regarding idolatry as the right religion. Taking a line of interpretation different from Leaman's, this paper argues that Q. 27:44 represents not a moment of ‘illumination’ leading to sudden conversion on the queen's part but a logical culmination of a process of change of heart the queen had been undergoing long before her visit to Solomon's palace. The paper is divided into four sections. The first section summarises the conversion passage in Sura 27; the second section discusses, with reference to the argument of this paper, the conversion of Pharaoh's magicians in Sura 20; the third section compares the Qur'anic account of the Queen of Sheba wi...
Development, polarization and regeneration of the ventral iris cleft (remnant of choroid fissure) and protractor lentis muscle in urodele eyes.

Development of the protractor lentis muscle and the vestige of the choroid fissure, the ventral iris cleft, was studied in Amblystoma punctatum embryos, larvae and young adults. One hundred twenty-three embryonic eyes in various stages of development were excised, rotated 180° and reimplanted to determine when in development the cleft and muscle become ventrally polarized. In Amblystoma, as the optic cup forms and the ventral region closes, the choroid fissure becomes a deep notch at the mid-ventral rim of the cup. It remains as a cleft in the iris near the retina as the outgrowing iris obliterates the rest of the fissure. In Triturus v. viridescens the cleft becomes located in the middle of the ventral iris membrane some distance from the ora serrata. The protractor lentis muscle arises from mesenchyme cells at the inner surface of the cornea near the cleft which it enters. In A. punctatum, the polarity of the cleft and muscle is not yet established up to stage 29. From stages 29+ to 33, when the early optic cup is forming, their polarity is labile. Polarity is permanently established soon after at stage 34. After complete ventral iridectomy the cleft reappeared in the regenerated iris. The muscle reappeared in some cases also. Retinal pigment cells locally regenerate the ventral iris and restore to it the capacity to replace a cleft which is similar to the vestigeal structure derived from the choroid fissure. This is another example where dedifferentiated retinal pigment cells restore locally to regenerating tissue the ability to form special structures normal to that region.
The Politics of Constitutional Law

The Review-Essay discusses Lucas Powe's recent book, The Warren Court and American Politics. Examining Powe's analysis of the way in which the Warren Court's decisions influenced politics and of the way in which politics affected the Warren Court's decisions, it raises questions about the evidentiary support for some of Powe's claims. It suggests that Powe may have too narrow a conception of politics, almost confining it to what happens in Washington, D.C., and that a deeper political analysis of the Warren Court would require attention to American progressive liberalism understood as an intellectual and conceptual construct.
Primary aortic mural thrombus: presentation and treatment.

= 6) were kept in a database and were reviewed for presentation, treatment, and follow-up. The median age was 41 and five patients were male. Angiography, computed tomography, and/or magnetic resonance angiography demonstrated one or more aortic sessile or pedunculated thrombus(i) without associated atherosclerotic disease. In two cases, a retropancreatic intraaortic mural thrombus was associated with severe pancreatitis. All other cases presented with acute lower-limb emboli requiring limb salvage embolectomy. Because of significant patient illness, systemic anticoagulation was chosen acutely to prevent recurrent emboli. Interestingly, serial studies demonstrated aortic thrombus resolution. Failure to continue warfarin therapy resulted in recurrent problems (n= 1) unless the instigating event had resolved (n= 3). There were no deaths or amputations. We concluded that surgical embolectomy, when required, with subsequent anticoagulation, results in limb salvage and allows for eventual resolution of the primary aortic thrombus. Long-term anticoagulation is required unless the etiologic process resolves. The literature describes patients with atherosclerosis and overlying thrombus but fails to describe the approach to patients with primary thrombus formation.
Effects of Contingent and Noncontingent Social Reinforcement on Performance of Children in a Ball-Striking Skill:

The study was conducted to determine effects of contingent and noncontingent social reinforcement on preschool children performing a ball-striking skill. Answers to the following questions were sought: (1) Do the performance results of practice accompanied by contingent social reinforcement differ from the results of practice accompanied by noncontingent social reinforcement? (2) Do levels of performance, as measured by the number of target hits, the distance at which the target is hit, and form consistency scores, increase with practice? (3) Do children who are high achievers in hitting the target differ from low achievers in form consistency? Twelve preschool children, enrolled in the Experimental Kindergarten at the Institute for Child and Family Development at The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, served as subjects for the study. The nine boys and three girls were matched for age, sex, and pretest scores, and then randomly assigned to one of three groups. Subjects in two groups practiced the skill individually with praise given contingently or noncontingently in a counterbalanced order. Subjects in the third group served as a no-practice control. Practice periods were distributed over four weeks. All subjects were tested at the end of the second and the fourth week.
Environmental Conditionality in the Operations of International Development Finance Institutions

Each year, the World Bank and other international development finance institutions (IDFIs) lend billions of dollars to the less developed countries of the world. That lending is typically made conditional upon the borrowers' taking of certain actions that the IDFIs favor. This practice of conditionality has drawn sharp criticism from many quarters.
Incidence of caries and abscesses in archeological Eskimo skeletal samples from point hope and Kodiak Island, Alaska

The incidence of caries and abscesses in 246 archeologically derived skeletal specimens from the Ipiutak and Tigara levels at Point Hope, Alaska, and 79 specimens excavated from Jones Point, Kodiak Island, Alaska were investigated. All three collections span long periods of time. Only pre-white contact specimens were used. Each specimens was sexed and aged in five year groupings, using standard techniques. Caries and abscesses were recorded by type and degree of severity and correlated with age, sex, and site of origin. All samples displayed very low caries rates and few abscesses per tooth and per individual (both observed frequencies, and frequencies corrected for postmortem loss of teeth). DMF scores were tabulated using both observed and corrected frequencies. Very heavy occlusal wear in all three samples could account for the majority of abscesses and pulp exposures, while the low caries rates are attributable to traditional diets totally devoid of refined sugars, starches, and food additives.
Letter to the editor: Comments on "Value and determinants of the mean systemic filling pressure in critically ill patients".

to the editors: In their recent article published in the American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology , Repesse et al. ([8][1]) recently reported on intravascular pressures [mean systemic filling pressure (Pmsf)] recorded shortly after death in patients in intensive care. With a
Coarse-grained molecular simulations of the melting kinetics of small unilamellar vesicles

Simulations of small unilamellar lipid bilayer vesicles have been performed to model their response to an instantaneous rise in temperature, starting from an initial low-temperature structure, to temperatures near or above the main chain transition temperature. The MARTINI coarse-grained force-field was used to construct slabs of gel-phase DPPC bilayers, which were assembled into truncated icosahedral structures containing 13,165 or 31,021 lipids. Equilibration at 280 K produced structures with several (5-8) domains, characterized by facets of lipids packed in the gel phase connected by disordered ridges. Instantaneous heating to final temperatures ranging from 290 K to 310 K led to partial or total melting over 500 ns trajectories, accompanied by changes in vesicle shape and the sizes and arrangements of remaining gel-phase domains. At temperatures that produced partial melting, the gel-phase lipid content of the vesicles followed an exponential decay, similar in form and timescale to the sub-microsecond phase of melting kinetics observed in recent ultrafast IR temperature-jump experiments. The changing rate of melting appears to be the outcome of a number of competing contributions, but changes in curvature stress arising from the expansion of the bilayer area upon melting are a major factor. The simulations give a more detailed picture of the changes that occur in frozen vesicles following a temperature jump, which will be of use for the interpretation of temperature-jump experiments on vesicles.
Dietary prevention of azoxymethane (AOM)-induced intestinal cancers by whey protein hydrolysate (WPH): are aberrant crypt foci (ACF) suitable intermediate endpoint biomarkers for tumor occurrence?

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 46, 2005 5180 Previous studies suggested that a whey protein hydrolysate diet could inhibit chemical carcinogen-induced tumor incidence. Aberrant crypt foci are routinely used as intermediate end-point biomarkers of colon neoplasia; however, their suitability in response to dietary factors is equivocal. This study examined: a) lifetime ingestion of WPH in the prevention of AOM-induced tumors in small and large intestine; and, b) the association between ACF formation and later tumor incidence. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were fed AIN-93G diets containing casein (20%, CAS as control) or WPH (20%) as the sole protein source starting on gestation day 4. Male progeny were weaned to the same diet as their dam and this diet was continued until termination of the experiment. Rats received AOM (15mg/kg body weight; s.c.) or an equal volume of saline at days 50 and 57 postnatal. At 6, 12, 20, and 23 weeks after AOM treatment, ACF and tumors were evaluated. Lifetime ingestion of WPH affected the temporal appearance of ACF. Six weeks after AOM, WPH-fed rats had significantly less total ACFs (P = 0.03) and ACFs containing 2 crypts (P = 0.01), 3 crypts (P = 0.019), and 4 or more crypts (P = 0.017) relative to CAS-fed rats; similar effects of WPH on ACF were observed at 23 weeks post-AOM. However, no effects of diet on ACF were found at 12 or 20 weeks after AOM administration. ACF multiplicity (number of crypts/ACF) was not affected by diet. WPH affected AOM-induced tumor incidence and progression. At 20 weeks post-AOM, WPH-fed rats had decreased incidence of small plus large intestine tumors compared to CAS-fed rats (P = 0.06, 20% vs. 60%); whereas, colonic tumor incidences were 13.3% vs. 40%, and small intestinal tumor incidences were 6.7% vs. 26.7% in WPH or CAS rats, respectively. At 23 weeks after AOM, differences in colon tumor incidence were not observed; however, WPH rats had fewer numbers of small intestinal tumors than did CAS rats (P = 0.004, 7.6% vs. 26%). Additionally, incidence of intestinal adenomas was decreased by WPH at 23 weeks post-AOM (P = 0.023, 7.6% vs. 21.9%); WPH-fed rats exhibited a trend (P = 0.09) for reduced small and large intestine tumor multiplicity. No ACF or tumors were observed in saline-treated rats. In summary, lifetime ingestion of WPH inhibited AOM-induced intestinal tumorigenesis. There was general agreement between relative ACF and tumor incidence only at early and late stages of tumorigenesis. Data suggest that arbitrarily timed ACF counts may not always predict the preventive effects of dietary factors on intestinal tumorigenesis. (USDA CRIS 6251-5100-002-06S).
Temperature and spectral investigation of bulk KDP below damage using 355 nm laser irradiation

A spectral and temperature investigation of fast-grown KDP crystals under high fluence, 355 nm laser irradiation is discussed. Pump-and-probe Raman spectroscopy indicate transient changes of the vibrational spectrum. Photothermal deflection experiments provide information on the temporal behavior of the temperature change. The presence of emission in the visible and NIR spectral regions is attributed to the presence of impurities and/or defects in the crystal.
Host Responses to Melanoma

Development of immunotherapeutic strategies for the treatment of patients with melanoma have far exceeded that of any other solid malignancy, with the possible exception of renal cell carcinoma. The rationale for use of melanoma as a model for development of immunotherapies is derived from the following observations: 1. Melanoma metastases and primary cutaneous melanomas are among the most common solid tumors to exhibit spontaneous regression. 2. Local intratumoral injections of bacillus-camillus-guerin can lead to regression of not only the injected lesions but also distant lesions, suggesting the successful induction of a systemic immune response. 3. The ability to culture tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, which recognize melanoma cell lines that share specific major histocompatibility complex alleles could be used to identify shared melanoma-associated rejection antigens.
Crystal Growth, Coarsening and the Convective Cahn—Hilliard Equation

The coarsening dynamics of a faceted vicinal crystalline surface growing into its melt by attachment kinetics is considered. The convective Cahn-Hilliard equation (CCH) is derived as a small amplitude expansion of such surface evolutions restricted to 1-D morphologies, with the local surface slope serving as the order parameter. A summary of the sharp interfacetheory for CCH that follows from a matched asymptotic analysis, is also presented [26]. It takes the form of a nearest neighbor interaction between two non-symmetrically related phase boundaries (kinkand anti-kink).The resulting coarsening dynamical system CDS for the phase boundaries exhibits novel coarsening mechanisms. In particular, binary coalescence of phase boundaries is impossible. Also, ternary coalescence occurs only through two kinks meeting an anti-kink resulting in a kink (kink-ternary);the alternative of two anti-kinks meeting a kink is impossible. This behavior stands in marked contrast to the Cahn-Hilliard equation CH where binary coalescence of phase boundaries is generic. Numerical simulations of CCH are presented to validate the predictions of the sharp interface theory CDS.
Can school counselors deliver cognitive-behavioral treatment for social anxiety effectively? A randomized controlled trial

Background Social anxiety disorder (SAD) typically onsets in adolescence and is associated with multiple impairments. Despite promising clinical interventions, most socially anxious adolescents remain untreated. To address this clinical neglect, we developed a school-based, 12-week group intervention for youth with SAD, Skills for Academic and Social Success (SASS). When implemented by psychologists, SASS has been found effective. To promote dissemination and optimize treatment access, we tested whether school counselors could be effective treatment providers. Method We randomized 138, ninth through 11th graders with SAD to one of three conditions: (a) SASS delivered by school counselors (C-SASS), (b) SASS delivered by psychologists (P-SASS), or (c) a control condition, Skills for Life (SFL), a nonspecific counseling program. Blind, independent, evaluations were conducted with parents and adolescents at baseline, post-intervention, and 5 months beyond treatment completion. We hypothesized that C-SASS and P-SASS would be superior to the control, immediately after treatment and at follow-up. No prediction was made about the relative efficacy of C-SASS and P-SASS. Results Compared to controls, adolescents treated with C-SASS or P-SASS experienced significantly greater improvement and reductions of anxiety at the end of treatment and follow-up. There were no significant differences between SASS delivered by school counselors and psychologists. Conclusion With training, school counselors are effective treatment providers to adolescents with social anxiety, yielding benefits comparable to those obtained by specialized psychologists. Questions remain regarding means to maintain counselors’ practice standards without external support.
Abstract 5046: miR-199a/125b inhibits tumor growth

Many human cancers of epithelial origin are associated with overexpression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family. In particular, ERBB2 and ERBB3 overexpression are linked with cancer development and poor prognosis. Except ERBB2/ERBB3 gene amplification, other mechanism(s) of ERBB2 and ERBB3 overexpression remains elusive. Recent studies show that aberrant expressions of miRNAs are associated with cancer development. To identify specific miRNAs for regulating ERBB2 and ERBB3 expression, we find that miR-199a and miR-125b directly target ERBB2 and ERBB3, and are downregulated in ovarian tissues and cancer cells. Elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been observed in tumor growth and drug resistance. Interestingly we show that increased ROS downregulate miR-199a and miR-125b for inducing ERBB2 and ERBB3 expression. ERBB2 and ERBB3 in turn activate AKT/P70S6K1/HIF signaling leading to tumor growth and angiogenesis. This study provides a novel mechanism of ERBB2 and ERBB3 regulation by miR-199a and miR-125b and new concept of ROS for inducing ERBB2 and ERBB3 in tumor growth and angiogenesis; and establishes a rationale for using miR-199a and miR-125b mimics and ROS scavengers as new therapeutic agents in the future. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5046. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-5046
Study and revolt

AbstractThis essay is an inquiry into the forms of life and writing that emerge in the relation between study and revolt. After an initial sketch of the problem of “normal emergency” as it presents itself in post-apartheid South Africa, the essay then turns to a first reading of Richard Rive’s 1990 novel Emergency Continued in order to ask about the relations of study and revolt under conditions of a state of emergency. To deepen its reading of Rive, the essay makes a detour into the utopian theory of education set forth in 1972 by Richard Turner. The essay then turns to a second reading of Rive’s Emergency Continued in order to elucidate the unexpectedly utopian kernel of that text. The essay concludes with a reading of Zoe Wicomb’s short story “A Clearing in the Bush,” and a reflection on the relation between study and revolt under contemporary conditions.
Development of a Drug Information Webography and Push Notification Service

Information stored on the Internet is not organized, monitored, or structured. Imparting the skills necessary to retrieve information from the Internet to trainees and novice health care professionals can therefore be challenging. A drug information webography and push notification process of featured Web site content were created by a drug information center to identify Web sites of interest to pharmacy practitioners, maintain a current listing of Web sites with medication-related information, and develop pharmacy students’ abilities to formally assess Web site quality. Students evaluate Web site content for potential applications to pharmacy practice, as well as navigability and quality, utilizing a structured approach. Narrative commentaries are then prepared, and features of each site are formally demonstrated. A single Web site is then featured on the center’s Web site each week, with subsequent integration into a drug information webography. An announcement of each week’s posting is made via push notification service. The webography is utilized by students and practitioners alike to locate drug information efficiently on the Internet.
8 – The role of particle temperature and velocity in cold spray coating formation

Publisher Summary The cold spray process is a method for producing a coating or a free-standing structure by utilizing high-velocity particles, which upon impact with a substrate or previously deposited particles convert the particle's kinetic energy into plastic deformation, strain, and ultimately heat. The particles do not melt and consequently produce coatings with a low degree of oxide or residual stress. Previous works have developed the mechanisms by which the interaction of the high-velocity gas streams couple to the particles to produce the high-velocity particles via drag effects. The Radial Injection Gas Dynamic Spraying [“RIGDS”] process uses a combination of larger hard particles, that is, the materials that do not plastically deform such as ceramics or high-strength materials such as tungsten, with smaller ductile particles to produce coatings. All processes rely on the conversion of the particle's kinetic energy to produce either a particle–particle or particle–substrate bonding. The kinetic energy of a particle and the momentum of each particle in the coating formation must be converted into other forms of energy via mechanisms such as plastic deformation, void consolidation, particle–particle rotation, and strain, and ultimately, heat. Failure to convert all the incident kinetic energy into heat and strain energy results in an elastic collision, that is, the particle would bounce off. This chapter discusses the roles that the particle temperature and particle velocity play in this coating formation process.
What is loop multiplication anyhow

In the beginning we are taught that multiplication of pointed loops is just the first followed by the second. Later we learn that the cobar construction on the chains of the base is a model for the chains on the loop space, that is, this cobar construction is chain equivalent to the chains on the loop space. The cobar construction is a certain tensor algebra and has a natural multiplication of tensors. This multiplication of tensors models the multiplication induced by the multiplication of loops. But, because of the simplicity of the definition of loop multiplication, this modeling is not obvious. We interpret loop multiplication so that this modeling becomes a clear consequence of the naturality of Eilenberg–Moore methods applied to multiple or iterated pullbacks. In contrast, we observe that, if we require that it be invariant under homological equivalence of differential coalgebras, there is no natural modeling of the comultiplication in the loop space. But, in rational homotopy theory, results of Milnor–Moore and Quillen show that there is a natural modeling of the Hopf algebra structure of the loop space.
Highly Efficient Hydrogen Evolution from Edge-Oriented WS2(1–x)Se2x Particles on Three-Dimensional Porous NiSe2 Foam

The large consumption of natural fossil fuels and accompanying environmental problems are driving the exploration of cost-effective and robust catalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in water splitting. Tungsten dichalcogenides (WS2, WSe2, etc.) are promising candidates for such purpose, but their HER performances are inherently limited by the sparse catalytic edge sites and poor electrical conductivity. Here we demonstrate a highly active and stable HER catalyst by integrating ternary tungsten sulfoselenide WS2(1–x)Se2x particles with a 3D porous metallic NiSe2 foam, in which good electrical conductivity, good contact, large surface area, and high-density active edge sites are simultaneously obtained, thus contributing to outstanding catalytic performance: large cathode current density (−10 mA/cm2 at −88 mV), low Tafel slope (46.7 mV/dec), large exchange current density (214.7 μA/cm2), and good stability, which is better than most reports on WS2 and NiSe2 catalysts. This work paves an interesting...
Testing Social Science Network Theories with Online Network Data: An Evaluation of External Validity

To answer questions about the origins and outcomes of collective action, political scientists increasingly turn to datasets with social network information culled from online sources. However, a fundamental question of external validity remains untested: are the relationships measured between a person and her online peers informative of the kind of offline, “real-world” relationships to which network theories typically speak? This article offers the first direct comparison of the nature and consequences of online and offline social ties, using data collected via a novel network elicitation technique in an experimental setting. We document strong, robust similarity between online and offline relationships. This parity is not driven by shared identity of online and offline ties, but a shared nature of relationships in both domains. Our results affirm that online social tie data offer great promise for testing long-standing theories in the social sciences about the role of social networks.
Single (sub)species then and now: An examination of the nonracial perspective of C. Loring Brace

C. Loring Brace's writings on the concept of race have been among the most influential within anthropology. A review of the development of Brace's perspective on race shows that his philosophical approaches to fossil and modern human variation are consistent and integrated. Brace's views on race are compared with those of Ashley Montagu and Frank Livingstone, who also proposed eliminating "race" from anthropology, and with those of Stanley Garn and Alice Brues, who accepted "racial" subdivisions of humans. Carleton Coon's writings are more divergent; the aftermath of the publication of his Origin of Races highlights significant political tensions of the 1960s that intersected with scientific changes in anthropology emanating from the Evolutionary Synthesis. Recent forensic and "no race" positions are compared to explore their differences and the possibility of reconciliation, and the role of Brace and others in combating proposals of intellectual differences among human groups is discussed. While a spectrum of anthropological opinion regarding race exists, the commonalities are sufficient to allow valuable, united commentary emphasizing the complexity of modern human cultural and biological variation.
Dietary Patterns to Reduce Weight and Optimize Cardiovascular Health: Persuasive Evidence for Promoting Multiple, Healthful Approaches

Healthful dietary patterns have a major role in healthy lifestyles and are necessary for cardiovascular health promotion. 1 Over the past decade, dietary patterns have been a focus of human nutrition research studies. This is largely because of the well-recognized fact that we do not eat nutrients, we eat foods, and that we do not eat foods in isolation, we eat them in patterns. As a result, evidence is mounting on the effectiveness of multiple dietary patterns in reducing body weight 2-4 and improving cardiovascular risk. 5-7 The specific components of these patterns, including the types of foods they include, macronutrient balance, and amount of energy deficit created (if weight loss is desired), can impact adherence and effectiveness. In this issue of Circulation , Sofi et al 8 report findings from the CARDIVEG trial (Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease With the Vegetarian Diet) conducted in Florence, Italy, from 2014 to 2015. Participants in the trial were overweight (body mass index ≥25 kg/m 2 ) and met one of the following criteria: total cholesterol >190 mg/dL, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol >115 mg/dL, triglyceride levels >150 mg/dL, and glucose levels >110 but
Temporal suppression of clicked-evoked otoacoustic emissions and basilar-membrane motion in gerbils

Otoacoustic emissions evoked by a click (CEOAEs) can be reduced if the evoking sound is preceded or followed by another ("suppressor") click. Studying the temporal suppression of CEOAEs can provide insights into the dynamics of cochlear nonlinearity. However, temporal suppression has never been measured in basilar-membrane (BM) motion. Thus, it remains unclear whether the characteristics of CEOAE temporal suppression are reflected in BM responses. Here we simultaneously measured ear-canal pressure and BM velocity (laser Doppler vibrometry) in response to clicks in gerbil. When the suppressor click preceded the evoking click, CEOAEs were maximally suppressed for interclick intervals (ICIs) equivalent to ~2 periods of the analyzed frequency (9-14 kHz). Maximal temporal suppression at nonzero ICIs has been previously observed in human CEOAEs. BM responses to clicks were maximally reduced when the suppressor click preceded the evoking one by ~1 period of the characteristic frequency (CF ~14 kHz). Thus, the "delayed" characteristics of CEOAE temporal suppression are reflected in BM motion, although on a different time scale. When the suppressor click followed the evoking click, CEOAEs were augmented rather than suppressed, while enhancement was not observed in BM motion at the CF. This result indicates that some aspects of CEOAE temporal suppression are intrinsic to CEOAE generation mechanisms and/or to places that are not reflected in a BM motion at a single-location.
A Hesitant Start with an Unusual Twist

Hendrik Antonie Kramers was born on December 17, 1894 in the city of Rotterdam, the largest commercial center and the second largest city in The Netherlands. He was the third son of what eventually became a family of five children, all sons. His father was a medical doctor who, in the time honored Dutch Calvinist tradition, was an imposing authoritarian figure. His mother, Suzanna Breukelman, by contrast was very easy-going, unusually kind, and gentle. She reputedly had a special talent for ameliorating conflicts. The combination of a strong, pragmatic father and a sensitive, kind mother produced a warm household, leading to a close-knit family life.
Effect of coronary collateral development on ventricular fibrillation threshold

To evaluate the effect of coronary collateral development on ventricular fibrillation threshold (VFT), we determined VFT and the anastomotic index (AI) of coronary collateral development in 26 anesthetized, open-chest dogs before and 15 minutes after coronary artery occlusion. The current required to induce VFT was measured by passing constant current pulses through non-ischemic left ventricular myocardium during the vulnerable period of the cardiac cycle. Fifteen minutes after coronary occlusion VFT was significantly (P<0.001) depressed 38% below control. The AI of these dogs was inversely related to the magnitude of VFT depression after occlusion (r=0.73). In seven dogs and thirteen dogs studied 2 weeks and 1 month, respectively, after occlusion, VFT had returned to control at a time when AI was significantly (P<0.001) increased above control. Five dogs served as their own controls. Fifteen minutes after coronary occlusion their VFT was significantly depressed, but one month later, when AI was significantly greater than control, their VFT was above control levels (P<0.05). These findings of (1) an inverse relation between AI and VFT depression after coronary occlusion, and (2) the difference in VFT before and after coronary collateral development, suggest that increased collateral circulation can lessen the vulnerability of the myocardium to fibrillation after the onset of ischemia.
Risk Factors for Failure of Arthroscopic Revision Anterior Shoulder Stabilization.

Background:Recurrent anterior instability following a failed Bankart repair in the shoulder represents a challenging clinical scenario. Few studies have examined the role of arthroscopic revision anterior stabilization as a treatment option in these cases. The purpose of this study was to evaluate t
ACTIVITY RELATIONS: A DATAFLOW APPROACH TO WORKFLOW DESIGN

A key step in workflow design is to determine the activity sequences, which are often driven by the dataflow constraints in a business process. Therefore, the literature has suggested that workflow design can start with dataflow analysis. However, no formalism exists for deriving activity sequences from a set of identified activities and their input and output data. In this paper, we formalize the problem of workflow design on the basis of dataflow analysis. We tackle the problem by using the concept of “activity relations” as an intermediate step for identifying the possible activity execution sequences from dataflow. We investigate how to derive activity relations from dataflow and discuss their implication in workflow design.
Depression and Anxiety among Iraqi Women: A Systematic Review

Background and objective: Maternal mental health is considered an important subject among leading public health experts. Women are two to three times more likely to be diagnosed with mental illness compared to men. According to the World Health Organization, depression will be the biggest contributor to burden of disease among women by 2020. Chronic stress, experiencing war, and history of abuse are associated with mental illness. Iraq has experienced years of challenging circumstances due to the political and social environment as well as physical barriers to health care services. This paper presents findings from literature about mental illness among Iraqi women. Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted using PubMed, Google Scholar, and EBSCO Academic Search Complete to identify studies focused on mental illness in Iraq. Search terms included: maternal, anxiety, depression, Iraq, Middle Eastern and North African region, and women. Cross-sectional, cohort, and case-control studies were included. Results: Five papers were found that focused exclusively on mental illness in Iraq. Two described maternal mental illness and three focused on mental illness in the general population, with two of the three including information specific to women. Results suggest that the rate of mental illness among Iraqi women is not different from women in other countries. However, because there is a difference of seven years between the Iraqifocused study and other global studies, additional new research is required to best compare rates. Interestingly, Iraqi women experience maternal mental illness at higher rates than other women. While the global average rate for mental illness in pregnancy or the postpartum period is estimated at 15-20%, 37.5% of Iraqi women experience anxiety and 28.5% experience depression. Conclusion: Additional study focusing on women’s health and maternal mental health is necessary to describe women at highest risk for mental illness and to inform strategies.
Rapid nickel(II)-promoted cysteine S-arylation with arylboronic acids

S-Arylation of cysteine residues is an increasingly powerful tool for site-specific modification of proteins, providing novel structure and electronic perturbation. The present work demonstrates an operationally-simple cysteine arylation reaction 2-nitro-substituted arylboronic acids, promoted by a simple nickel(ii) salt. The process exhibits strikingly fast reaction rates under physiological conditions in purely aqueous media with excellent selectivity toward cysteine residues. Cysteine arylation of natural proteins and peptides allows attachment of useful reactive handles for stapling, imaging, or further conjugation.
Complete Genome Sequence of Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis Myophage Mooltan.

ABSTRACT Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis is a Gram-negative bacterium and one of the most common foodborne pathogens. Biocontrol using bacteriophage in food products or animals is one possible means by which pathogenic salmonellosis infection could be inhibited. Here, we report the complete genome sequence of the T4-like Salmonella Enteritidis myophage Mooltan.
The Privilege Against Cellphone Incrimination

The standard approach to the problem of compelled decryption of cellphones has been to treat cellphones like glorified lockboxes. The contents are assumed to be the equivalent of private papers, leaving only the passcode subject to dispute. Orin Kerr has helpfully labeled this dichotomy as the “treasure” versus the “key.” Much of the debate has centered on whether the government may compel production of the key. Kerr’s position is that this debate over the key is essentially moot, because the treasure itself can never be privileged. Whether that treasure is encrypted or unencrypted should not change its availability to law enforcement. This Essay takes a different tack: How might the line of cases refusing to compel decryption of cellphones be consistent with Fifth Amendment principles? The theory advanced here is that those judicial decisions are best understood as treating cellphones as an extension of “self.” This reframing counters Kerr’s key/treasure metaphor, not by challenging the “key” comparison — as is usually done — but by challenging the “treasure” comparison. A cellphone is not like a lockbox; it is more like the mind. In other words, decrypted data is always privileged testimony when it is extracted directly from within the chassis of a cellphone.