cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tethering of the conserved piggyBac transposase fusion protein CSB-PGBD3 to chromosomal AP-1 proteins regulates expression of nearby genes in humans.

The CSB-PGBD3 fusion protein arose more than 43 million years ago when a 2.5-kb piggyBac 3 (PGBD3) transposon inserted into intron 5 of the Cockayne syndrome Group B (CSB) gene in the common ancestor of all higher primates. As a result, full-length CSB is now coexpressed with an abundant CSB-PGBD3 fusion protein by alternative splicing of CSB exons 1–5 to the PGBD3 transposase. An internal deletion of the piggyBac transposase ORF also gave rise to 889 dispersed, 140-bp MER85 elements that were mobilized in trans by PGBD3 transposase. The CSB-PGBD3 fusion protein binds MER85s in vitro and induces a strong interferon-like innate antiviral immune response when expressed in CSB-null UVSS1KO cells. To explore the connection between DNA binding and gene expression changes induced by CSB-PGBD3, we investigated the genome-wide DNA binding profile of the fusion protein. CSB-PGBD3 binds to 363 MER85 elements in vivo, but these sites do not correlate with gene expression changes induced by the fusion protein. Instead, CSB-PGBD3 is enriched at AP-1, TEAD1, and CTCF motifs, presumably through protein–protein interactions with the cognate transcription factors; moreover, recruitment of CSB-PGBD3 to AP-1 and TEAD1 motifs correlates with nearby genes regulated by CSB-PGBD3 expression in UVSS1KO cells and downregulated by CSB rescue of mutant CS1AN cells. Consistent with these data, the N-terminal CSB domain of the CSB-PGBD3 fusion protein interacts with the AP-1 transcription factor c-Jun and with RNA polymerase II, and a chimeric CSB-LacI construct containing only the N-terminus of CSB upregulates many of the genes induced by CSB-PGBD3. We conclude that the CSB-PGBD3 fusion protein substantially reshapes the transcriptome in CS patient CS1AN and that continued expression of the CSB-PGBD3 fusion protein in the absence of functional CSB may affect the clinical presentation of CS patients by directly altering the transcriptional program.
Thermomechanical contact phenomena in face seals

Abstract Contact between the two seal rings of a mechanical face seal was monitored using a unique contact probe. It was found that several discrete patches of solid-to-solid contact exist at the contact interface, whether the seal is run dry or with a sealed liquid. Seal profiles were determined using a computer-aided profilometry system before and after seal operation. Comparison between the surface profiles and the contact measurements showed that the contact patches occur at the waviness peaks on the harder and stiffer of the two rings. Wear occurs only within those patches and this results in increased surface roughness. The total wear of the seal rings was considerably greater for a material with larger patch sizes resulting, at least in part, from increased thermal conductivity.
Greater importance of Ca2+-calmodulin in maintenance of ang II-and K+-mediated aldosterone secretion: Lesser role of protein kinase C

Summary In this study we have investigated various components of the stimulus-secretion coupling process leading to aldosterone secretion from the calf adrenal glomerulosa cells as evoked by angiotensin II (AII) and potassium (K + ). The roles of Ca 2+ , calmodulin and protein kinase C in the sustained phase rather than initiation of aldosterone secretion were of special interest. Our investigations revealed that the reduction of extracellular Ca 2+ by EGTA or interruption of Ca 2+ influx by nitrendipine at various time points after stimulation with either AII or K + markedly compromised aldosterone secretion. Calmodulin inhibitors, calmidazolium and W-7 reduced aldosterone secretion profoundly. Agonists of protein kinase C, phorbol ester or diacylglycerol analogues failed to stimulate aldosterone secretion while the protein kinase C inhibitor, H-7, only partially inhibited aldosterone secretion at a concentration which completely inhibited protein kinase C activity. Calmodulin inhibitors produced significantly greater inhibition of aldosterone secretion than inhibitors of protein kinase C.
Compiling Stencils in High Performance Fortran

For many Fortran90 and HPF programs performing dense matrix computations, the main computational portion of the program belongs to a class of kernels known as stencils. Stencil computations are commonly used in solving partial differential equations, image processing, and geometric modeling. The efficient handling of such stencils is critical for achieving high performance on distributed-memory machines. Compiling stencils into efficient code is viewed as so important that some companies have built special-purpose compilers for handling them and others have added stencil-recognizers to existing compilers.In this paper we present a general compilation strategy for stencils written using Fortran90 array constructs. Our strategy is capable of optimizing single or multi-statement stencils and is applicable to stencils specified with shift intrinsics or with array-syntax all equally well. The strategy eliminates the need for pattern-recognition algorithms by orchestrating a set of optimizations that address the overhead of both intraprocessor and interprocessor data movement that results from the translation of Fortran90 array constructs. Our experimental results show that code produced by this strategy beats or matches the best code produced by the special-purpose compilers or pattern-recognition schemes that are known to us. In addition, our strategy produces highly optimized code in situations where the others fail, producing several orders of magnitude performance improvement, and thus provides a stencil compilation strategy that is more robust than its predecessors.
Interactions of human cytomegalovirus with leukocytes in vivo: analysis by in situ hybridization

Abstract Reactivation of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) from latency occurs in immunosuppressed individuals and infection is itself immunosuppressive. To better understand the basis for this virally induced impairment of immune function, we have analyzed virus-leukocyte interactions by in situ hybridization. We detected viral DNA in 12 viremic patients in the mononuclear cell population, predominantly in cells identified as monocytes by their morphology and by labelling the cells with a monocyte specific monoclonal antibody prior to in situ hybridization. We detected immediate early RNA in infected cells at frequencies comparable to DNA (10 −3 to 10 −5 ). By contrast, no viral transcripts were detected in polymorphonuclear cells and viral DNA was inclusively cytoplasmic in accord with the interpretation that this cell type harbors HCMV in phagosomes. These findings in vivo continue to suggest that infection of monocytes plays an important part in the immunosuppressive effects of HCMV infections.
The effects of changes in soil moisture on nitrogen cycling in acid wetland types of the New Jersey Pinelands (USA)

Abstract Wetlands are subject to changes in soil moisture as a result of both short-term seasonal climate variations and long-term changes in regional water resource management, both of which can modify the dynamics of ground and surface water inputs. In the New Jersey Pinelands, forested wetlands that differ in both plant communities and soil structure occur along a topographic and hydrological gradient associated with an unconfined aquifer. Proposed groundwater withdrawals may affect water content of soils along this gradient. We hypothesized that prolonged changes in soil moisture would alter net nitrogen mineralization and nitrification rates in proportion to the amount of moisture change, and that these changes would be similar for the different soils along the drainage catena. Soils from two catenary sequences of wetlands, including pine-dominated (driest landscape position), hardwood-dominated, and Atlantic white-cedar-dominated (wettest landscape position) communities were used in long-term laboratory incubations (36 weeks). Production of NH4+–N, NO3−–N, and dissolved organic N were measured under two sets of conditions: constant moisture levels of 100%, 60% and 30% water-holding capacity (WHC), and fluctuating moisture levels (alternating 2 week periods at 100% and 30% WHC). In soils from most of the wetlands, we observed increases in net mineralization and nitrification when constant low-moisture conditions were established, but not under fluctuating conditions. Contrary to expectations, responses to the drying treatments varied between wetland types and between replicate wetlands of each type. Under constant-moisture conditions, nitrification increased more in cedar swamps than in either type of pine wetland. Under all conditions, soils from all the wetlands within one of the catenas produced more inorganic and organic soluble N than did the wetlands from the other catena, suggesting that area-wide effects are as important as wetland type in regulating production of soluble N. Within both catenas, pine-hardwood wetlands generated more soluble N under all moisture conditions than did either pine-dominated or cedar wetlands. Our results suggest that changes in soil moisture due to management of water resources will affect N cycling in wetland soils, but that the magnitude of the effects, and the potential for large releases of nitrate, will depend on the specific soil properties of affected wetlands.
The structure and properties of tetrakis(tironato)cerate(IV), Na12[Ce(C6H2O2(SO3)2)4]•9H2O•6C3H7NO

Abstract The title complex, prepared in 1 M NaOH, was crystallized from hot N,N-dimethylformamide/ ethanol solutions to give Na12[Ce(C6H2O2(SO3)2)4]· 9H2O·6DMF. The purple—brown crystals were examined by X-ray diffraction while inside quartz capillaries filled with DMF, (λmax 425 nm, ϵ 3664; λsh 520 nm, ϵ 2240) and belong to space group Pbca, Z=8 with a=21.846(4), b=17.348(2), c=43.103- (6) A, V=16.335(7) A3, Dc=1.693 gcmt−3, Do=1.725 g cmt−3. Diffractometer data were collected using Mo Kα radiation to 2θ=43o. For 7331 independent data with Fo2>3σ(Fo2) full matrix least squares refinement converged to unweighted and weighted R factors of 0.072 and 0.110, respectively, with a mixture of anisotropic and isotropic thermal parameters. The disordered DMF atom parameters were not refined. The structure consists of discrete monomeric Ce(C6H2S2O8)412− units with 12 Na+ counter cations and 10 H2O molecules (two with half occupancy), and 6 DMF molecules of solvation filling up spaces between cations and anions. Cerium(IV) is in a general position with a coordination polyhedron close to the trigonal-faced dodecahedron, D2d, with the angles between the two BAAB trapezoids of 2.3o and 3.7o. The average CeO(A) distance, 2.363(9) A is longer than the average CeO(B) distance, 2.326(15)A, with the reverse being true for one of the four tironato ligands. The average ring OCeO angle is 67.9(1)o. The cerium (IV) complex is found by cyclic voltammetry to undergo a quasi-reversible one-electron reduction (in strongly basic solution with excess tiron) with Ef=−497 mV vs. SCE, hence the ratio of the formation constants for tetrakis(tironato)cerate(IV) to that for tetrakis(tironato)cerate(III), KIV/KIII, is 1033. Characterization of other tiron salts is reported.
The WTO and the Kyoto Protocol: interaction issues

Abstract This article builds upon the broad survey of climate-trade interactions in Part 1, by focusing upon the specific issues in the interaction of the WTO and the Kyoto Protocol.1 It classifies the various issues into three groups according to their potential to cause problems and relative urgency. The article gives special attention to issues that are problematic because of the likelihood of occurrence of specific conflicts and the significance of their economic and/or political consequences. It concludes that although there are many interactions that are not problematic and some that offer the potential for win—win outcomes, the possibility of offsetting border measures that could be applied against energy-intensive imports from the USA may become a particularly nettlesome issue.
PSEUDOTUMORS AFTER RENAL PARENCHYMAL SPARING SURGERY

AbstractPurpose: After renal parenchymal sparing surgery, residual defects may persist on imaging studies at the sites of resection. These “pseudotumors” may lead to confusion as to whether a lesion was removed or has recurred. We describe the imaging appearances and behavior of renal pseudotumors following renal parenchymal sparing surgery.Materials and Methods: From 1988 to 1997, 32 patients underwent 46 renal parenchymal sparing surgeries for removal of renal cancers, including von Hippel-Lindau disease in 27, hereditary papillary cancer in 2 and sporadic disease in 3. A median of 14 tumors (range 1 to 114) were removed in each operation. Thrombin soaked absorbable gelatin sponge was placed in the tumor bed after resection to aid hemostasis. We reviewed all imaging studies performed after these operations to characterize these lesions and gain further understanding into the prevalence and etiology.Results: Of the patients, 9 had a total 13 pseudotumors on initial postoperative imaging studies, includin...
HYPOTHESIS: THE MHC-RESTRICTED T-CELL RECEPTOR AS A STRUCTURE WITH TWO MULTISTATE ALLOSTERIC COMBINING SITES*

Abstract This paper presents a dual-recognition model of the T-cell receptor that has been constructed to account for the phenomenon of MHC restriction as well as the paradoxical ability of T-cells to be both multispecific and precisely specific at the same time. In our model the combining sites for antigen and MHC are not independent as in classical dual-recognition models, but interact with each other by an allosteric mechanism. We envision a flexible receptor with combining sites for antigen and MHC that are capable of existing in a multitude of distinct complementarity states. MHC and antigen molecules act as allosteric effectors such that one ligand perturbs the conformation and therefore the specificity of the site for the other ligand. An essential feature of the model is that different MHC determinants induce different conformations at the anti-antigen site. In this way the receptor acquires multiple specificities. Within a particular complementarity state, precise recognition results from the requirement that antigen and MHC exhibit positive cooperativity in their binding to the T-cell receptor. Positive cooperativity is also the basis for MHC restriction. Reaction mechanisms are presented which describe the requirement that antigen and MHC both induce conformational changes in order to generate high-affinity binding to either ligand. As a precedent for the multistate allosteric receptor model, we discuss the properties of allosteric enzymes, especially ribonucleotide reductase, whose properties are analogous to those we have postulated for the T-cell receptor. Also discussed is the possibility that molecules such as Ly2, L3T4 and the Mis antigen, which have been found to play a role in antigen recognition, function as affinity-enhancing allosteric effectors that interact with the constant portion of the T-cell receptor.
Cerebral Perfusion Pressure Thresholds for Brain Tissue Hypoxia and Metabolic Crisis After Poor-Grade Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Background and Purpose—To identify a minimally acceptable cerebral perfusion pressure threshold above which the risks of brain tissue hypoxia (BTH) and oxidative metabolic crisis are reduced for patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Methods—We studied 30 poor-grade SAH patients who underwent brain multimodality monitoring (3042 hours). Physiological measures were averaged over 60 minutes for each collected microdialysis sample. Metabolic crisis was defined as a lactate/pyruvate ratio >40 with a brain glucose concentration ≤0.7 mmol/L. BTH was defined as PbtO2 <20 mm Hg. Outcome was assessed at 3 months with the Modified Rankin Scale. Results—Multivariable analyses adjusting for admission Hunt-Hess grade, intraventricular hemorrhage, systemic glucose, and end-tidal CO2 revealed that cerebral perfusion pressure ≤70 mm Hg was significantly associated with an increased risk of BTH (OR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.2–3.3; P=0.007) and metabolic crisis (OR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.2–3.7; P=0.007). Death or severe disability at...
Laboratory analyses in the diagnosis of human allergic disease

The clinical immunology laboratory provides support to the allergist in the diagnosis and management of human allergic diseases. Following a clinical history, the detection of allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) in serum can be useful in the definitive diagnosis of an IgE antibody-mediated hypersensitivity. Total serum IgE, the multiallergen screen, and mast cell tryptase are less commonly measured analytes in the work-up of the allergic patient. More recently, the clinical laboratory has employed monoclonal antibody based-enzyme immunoassays to quantify dust mite, cat, dog, and cockroach indicator aeroallergen levels in indoor home and work environments. Levels of allergenic proteins in environmental and medical/consumer products are measured by other assays such as the competitive inhibition radioallergosorbent test. Methods of quantification, internal quality control, and external proficiency testing programs are emphasized in this report.
Concentration and analysis of trace impurities in styrene monomer

Abstract Trace levels of impurities in styrene monomer are collected at the exit end of a semi-preparative gas chromatographic column by passing the effluent gas into a tube containing the porous polymer Tenax. The major component, styrene, is not permitted to enter the adsorbent. The concentrated impurities are then thermally desorbed and analyzed by capillary gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Of the more than 100 peaks present, 60 have been identified.
The magnetic structure of TbAu2

Abstract Neutron diffraction data show that TbAu 2 (tetragonal, isostructural to MnAu 2 ) exhibits a c axis polarized, transverse-linear-wave spin alignment propagating along the face-center a axis below 55°K and 42.5°K abruptly transforms to a commensurate antiferromagnet.
International Student-Athlete Adjustment to College: A Preliminary Analysis

This preliminary investigation was undertaken to determine how well international student–athletes adjusted to college relative to their domestic teammates and the general student body. The results...
Ganging up on big data computer-intermediated collaborative analysis

Understanding complex situations is difficult. Intelligence analysis has long been the work of teams including subject matter specialists. Today collaborative analysis takes place in the context of “big data”, where information comes from a variety of human, communications, and sensor sources. Understanding the big picture is both about how analysts interact and combine their insights together and with how they engage with data at scale. In this paper we consider opportunities for next generation analysis systems for teams, focusing on the computer-intermediated functions that support and coordinate analytic activities around big data.
Mechanisms of nuclear protein import

The past two years have seen a significant increase in our understanding of nuclear protein import. Five cytosolic import factors have been identified, two of which have been shown to directly interact with components of the nuclear pore complex. These findings enable refinement of previous models for steps in the nuclear import pathway, and provide a framework for future research.
Extreme War Rape in Today’s Civil-War-Torn States: A Contextual and Comparative Analysis

Rape in today’s civil armed conflicts is particularly widespread and brutal, constituting what I refer to as extreme war rape, in which perpetrators intentionally injure and psychologically torture their victims. Using prior research as the data source, this article examines war rape in ongoing or recently-ended armed conflicts in 27 countries. Findings indicate that extreme war rape is ubiquitous and that across countries, there are similarities in its perpetration as well as in the contextual conditions that facilitate it. Based upon data that also show some variations in war rape prevalence and in the prominence of certain features, e.g., most common perpetrators or rape sites, I introduce four patterns of war rape, along with the distribution of conditions that differentiate them from one another.
A Standardized Rat Model of Volumetric Muscle Loss Injury for the Development of Tissue Engineering Therapies

Soft tissue injuries involving volumetric muscle loss (VML) are defined as the traumatic or surgical loss of skeletal muscle with resultant functional impairment and represent a challenging clinical problem for both military and civilian medicine. In response, a variety of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine treatments are under preclinical development. A wide variety of animal models are being used, all with critical limitations. The objective of this study was to develop a model of VML that was reproducible and technically uncomplicated to provide a standardized platform for the development of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine solutions to VML repair. A rat model of VML involving excision of ∼20% of the muscle's mass from the superficial portion of the middle third of the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle was developed and was functionally characterized. The contralateral TA muscle served as the uninjured control. Additionally, uninjured age-matched control rats were also tested to determine the effect of VML on the contralateral limb. TA muscles were assessed at 2 and 4 months postinjury. VML muscles weighed 22.7% and 19.5% less than contralateral muscles at 2 and 4 months postinjury, respectively. These differences were accompanied by a reduction in peak isometric tetanic force (Po) of 28.4% and 32.5% at 2 and 4 months. Importantly, Po corrected for differences in body weight and muscle wet weights were similar between contralateral and age-matched control muscles, indicating that VML did not have a significant impact on the contralateral limb. Lastly, repair of the injury with a biological scaffold resulted in rapid vascularization and integration with the wound. The technical simplicity, reliability, and clinical relevance of the VML model developed in this study make it ideal as a standard model for the development of tissue engineering solutions for VML.
Student-faculty sexual relationships: An empirical test of two explanatory models

Media reports, stereotypes in popular literature, and a limited number of research studies describe student-faculty sexual relationships as either an exchange of sex for grades (initiated either by a lascivious professor or a self-serving student) and/or as the result of the psychological process of transference. Results from in-depth interviews with 11 students and 14 faculty members who had had student-teacher sexual affairs show only minimal support for either the exchange or transference models. We present two case histories that are typical of the student-faculty sexual liaisons we studied; they illustrate that these relationships are in many ways like other sexual relationships insofar as they are based on mutual attraction, as well as sex-related, power-discrepant roles. Student-faculty relationships are problematic (i.e., unethical) not so much because of the power discrepancy between a (usually male) professor and a (usually female) student, but because there is a confounding of public and private roles. This study contributes to this largely unresearched subject area in that it seriously questions the validity of negative sex stereotypes explicit in the exchange model and examines student-faculty relationships in sociological terms.
Synthesis, characterization and ex vivo evaluation of poly-dimethylsiloxane polyurea-urethanes

Abstract A series of segmented polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) polyurea-urethanes was synthesized based on hexane diisocyanate modified polyether-PDMS soft segments. The hard segments consisted of 4,4′-methylene diphenylene diisocyanate, which was chain extended with 1,4-butanediol. The effect of chemical composition of the polyether-PDMS soft segments on the extent of phase separation, physical properties and surface properties was studied using a variety of techniques including dynamic mechanical analysis, tensile testing, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and contact angle analysis. The polymers were also evaluated for their blood-contacting properties in a canine ex vivo model. The PDMS polyurea-urethanes containing polyether-PDMS soft segments showed three distinct phases: a PDMS-rich phase, a polyol soft segment-rich phase and a hard segment-rich phase. The tensile strength and modulus of these materials were not significantly lower compared to a polymer without PDMS in the soft segment. XPS revealed the surface enrichment of the hydrophobic PDMS component at the air-solid interface. Dynamic contact angle measurements indicated that the PDMS-based polyurea-urethanes possessed a hydrophobic surface in water. The PDMS polyureaurethanes showed lower adherent platelet and fibrinogen deposition compared to a polymer without PDMS in the soft segment. Varying the amount of PDMS in the soft segment of these polymers did not reveal significant differences in their blood-contacting properties.
Comparative evaluation of the susceptibility of neuronal (N1E-115) and non-neuronal (HeLa) cells to acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) cytotoxicity by confocal microscopy

Abstract A voltage-sensitive probe, tetramethylrhodamine methyl ester (TMRM) and digital imaging (confocal microscopy) were used to quantify differential membrane potential alteration in neuronal (murine neuroblastoma, N1E-115) and non-neuronal (human epithelial-like, HeLa) cells, after 1 and 24 hr of exposure to a knownin vivo neurotoxic agent, acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), as a first step in substantiating the relevance of alteration in resting membrane potential (Vm) as a neurotoxic endpoint. After 1 hr of exposure, ASA (5.0 m m ) hyperpolarized both HeLa and N1E-115 cells. Vm decreased from −57.6mV± 2.8 (n= 20cells)to−74.7mV± 1.9 (n= 20cells) and from −64.0mV± 2.1 (n= 20cells)to−82.5mV± 3.4 (n= 20cells) for HeLa and N1E-115 cells, respectively. The extent of hyperpolarization was found to be ASA concentration dependent. There was no significant difference (P m ) exposure did not affect the surviving cell Vm. The results of the present study were inconclusive with respect to the suitability of Vm alteration as an indicator of neurotoxic potential.
High Pressure Effects on Proteolytic and Glycolytic Enzymes Involved in Cheese Manufacturing

The activity of chymosin, plasmin, and Lactococcus lactis enzymes (cell envelope proteinase, intracellular peptidases, and glycolytic enzymes) were determined after 5-min exposures to pressures up to 800 MPa. Plasmin was unaffected by any pressure treatment. Chymosin activity was unaffected up to 400 MPa and decreased at 500 to 800 MPa. Fifty percent of control chymosin activity remained after the 800 MPa treatment. The lactococcal cell envelope proteinase (CEP) and intracellular peptidase activities were monitored in cell extracts of pressure-treated cells. A pressure of 100 MPa increased the CEP activity, whereas 200 MPa had no effect. At 300 MPa, CEP activity was reduced, and 400 to 800 MPa inactivated the enzyme. X-Prolyl-dipeptidyl aminopeptidase was insensitive to 5-min pressure treatments of 100 to 300 MPa, but was inactivated at 400 to 800 MPa. Aminopeptidase N was unaffected by 100 and 200 MPa. However, 300 MPa significantly reduced its activity, and 400 to 800 MPa inactivated it. Aminopeptidase C activity increased with increasing pressures up to 700 MPa. High pressure did not affect aminopeptidase A activity at any level. Hydrolysis of Lys-Ala-p-NA doubled after 300-MPa exposure, and was eliminated at 400 to 800 MPa. Glycolytic enzyme activities of pressure-treated cells were evaluated collectively by determining the titratable acidity as lactic acid produced by cell extracts in the presence of glucose. The titratable acidities produced by the 100 and 200 MPa samples were slightly increased compared to the control. At 300 to 800 MPa, no significant acid production was observed. These data demonstrate that high pressure causes no effect, activation, or inactivation of proteolytic and glycolytic enzymes depending on the pressure level and enzyme. Pressure treatment of cheese may alter enzymes involved in ripening, and pressure-treating L. lactis may provide a means to generate attenuated starters with altered enzyme profiles.
Damping of Periodic Waves in Physically Significant Wave Systems

Damping of periodic waves in the classically important nonlinear wave systems—nonlinear Schrodinger, Korteweg–deVries (KdV), and modified KdV—is considered here. For small damping, asymptotic analysis is used to find an explicit equation that governs the temporal evolution of the solution. These results are then confirmed by direct numerical simulations. The undamped periodic solutions are given in terms of Jacobi elliptic functions. The damping structure is found as a function of the elliptic function modulus, m=m(t). The damping rate of the maximum amplitude is ascertained and is found to vary smoothly from the linear solution when m= 0 to soliton waves when m= 1.
Microhardness indentation application and limitation in fracture-toughness evaluation of ceramics

The use of a microhardness indentation as a controlled flaw in a flexural specimen for measuring fracture toughness in advanced ceramics is critically evaluated. From a review of fracture-toughness testing methodologies for ceramics it is shown that currently there are not any standardized or widely agreed uponKIc test procedures. The problems associated with the controlled flaw test are discussed and analyzed. An experimental program is used to investigate the effects of residual stress on the measurement of fracture toughness in a wide variety of sintered and hot-pressed advanced ceramics including TiB2, Al2O3, SiC, ZrO2, Si3N4. The validity of the test procedure for evaluatingKIc of advanced ceramics in general is put forth.
Global actions of Lie symmetries for the nonlinear heat equation

By restricting to a natural class of functions, we show that the Lie point symmetries of the nonlinear heat equation exponentiate to a global action of the corresponding Lie group. Remarkably, in most of the cases, the action turns out to be linear.
Surface‐enhanced hyper Raman scattering in silver colloidal solutions

We report surface-enhanced hyper Raman scattering (SEHRS) from molecules in silver colloidal solutions using high repetition rate mode-locked picosecond excitation at 1064 nm. SEHRS was is studied under non-resonant and resonant conditions by choosing adenine and crystal violet as test molecules. Compared with its SERS spectrum, the SEHRS spectrum of adenine displays strong ‘new’ lines, which, in agreement with theory, in most cases also show up in the infrared absorption spectrum. We also explore the capability of SEHRS for trace detection and demonstrate detection and identification of crystal violet based on its SEHRS signals down to nanomolar concentrations. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of typographic factors in advertising‐based persuasion: A general model and initial empirical tests

Advertisers are constantly seeking ways to increase the persuasive power of their ads. To that end, advertisers are encouraged to match their advertising's executional elements (e.g., spokespersons, visuals, etc.) with their consumer's motivation, opportunity, and ability (MOA) to process brand information from advertising. A less-considered approach is to select executional elements that will increase consumer motivation, opportunity, and ability. Following this approach, the current study examines typography, a potentially critical but relatively underinvestigated executional element. Typography is a major executional element of word-driven advertising (e.g., print and internet), and has the potential to significantly influence motivation, opportunity, and ability to process advertising messages. Given the potential importance of typography, it is surprising how little research has been conducted to examine its effects in a persuasion context. One reason for this paucity of research may be the lack of an organizing framework delineating the macrolevel relationships between typographic dimensions, typographic outcomes, and the effects of those outcomes on consumer MOA to process advertising. Therefore, the current study develops a general model of typographic effects in advertising-based persuasion and then tests select portions of that model empirically. The findings indicate that not only is typography capable of affecting consumer ability to process ad-based brand information, but that the effects of various typographic characteristics are highly interactive. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Local Linear Approximation of the Jacobian Matrix Better Captures Phase Resetting of Neural Limit Cycle Oscillators

One effect of any external perturbations, such as presynaptic inputs, received by limit cycle oscillators when they are part of larger neural networks is a transient change in their firing rate, or phase resetting. A brief external perturbation moves the figurative point outside the limit cycle, a geometric perturbation that we mapped into a transient change in the firing rate, or a temporal phase resetting. In order to gain a better qualitative understanding of the link between the geometry of the limit cycle and the phase resetting curve (PRC), we used a moving reference frame with one axis tangent and the others normal to the limit cycle. We found that the stability coefficients associated with the unperturbed limit cycle provided good quantitative predictions of both the tangent and the normal geometric displacements induced by external perturbations. A geometric-to-temporal mapping allowed us to correctly predict the PRC while preserving the intuitive nature of this geometric approach.
Parametric Study of Cs/CaO Sorbents with Respect to Simulated Flue Gas at High Temperatures

The development of novel sorbents for reducing the carbon dioxide emissions at high temperature focused on cesium-doped CaO sorbents with respect to other major flue gas compounds in a wide tempera...
The Scala Naturae and the Continuity of Kinds

Aristotle's theories of essentialism and classification of his logic and metaphysics demand that substantial kinds be completely distinct or discrete kinds. In his biology Aristotle adopts as a classificatory scheme the scala naturae, which, according to some of his expounders, is incompatible with the theories of essentialism and classification of the logic and metaphysics. According to their interpretation, kinds in the scal form a continuous series in which they overlap one another, and thus it is impossible for them to be completely distinct from one another or to be discrete kinds. Arthur 0. Lovejoy argues for this interpretation of the scala in The Great Chain of Being,' and several other more recent scholars adopt or argue for much the same interpretation.2 I shall argue that this interpretation is wrong. I shall first consider what the "continuity of kinds" might mean, and what sort of threat continuity might level against Aristotle's
On the solution of affine generalized Nash equilibrium problems with shared constraints by Lemke's method

Affine generalized Nash equilibrium problems (AGNEPs) represent a class of non-cooperative games in which players solve convex quadratic programs with a set of (linear) constraints that couple the players’ variables. The generalized Nash equilibria (GNE) associated with such games are given by solutions to a linear complementarity problem (LCP). This paper treats a large subclass of AGNEPs wherein the coupled constraints are shared by, i.e., common to, the players. Specifically, we present several avenues for computing structurally different GNE based on varying consistency requirements on the Lagrange multipliers associated with the shared constraints. Traditionally, variational equilibria (VE) have been amongst the more well-studied GNE and are characterized by a requirement that the shared constraint multipliers be identical across players. We present and analyze a modification to Lemke’s method that allows us to compute GNE that are not necessarily VE. If successful, the modified method computes a partial variational equilibrium characterized by the property that some shared constraints are imposed to have common multipliers across the players while other are not so imposed. Trajectories arising from regularizing the LCP formulations of AGNEPs are shown to converge to a particular type of GNE more general than Rosen’s normalized equilibrium that in turn includes a variational equilibrium as a special case. A third avenue for constructing alternate GNE arises from employing a novel constraint reformulation and parameterization technique. The associated parametric solution method is capable of identifying continuous manifolds of equilibria. Numerical results suggest that the modified Lemke’s method is more robust than the standard version of the method and entails only a modest increase in computational effort on the problems tested. Finally, we show that the conditions for applying the modified Lemke’s scheme are readily satisfied in a breadth of application problems drawn from communication networks, environmental pollution games, and power markets.
Energy dispersion with progressive atmospheric precipitation

Abstract The supply of energetic electrons from a spiralling magnetospheric path to auroral atmospheric heights is considered. A progressive precipitation of part of the initial magnetospheric content is significantly modified by an accelerating electric field. The extent to which the resultant dispersion with height and with time is dependent upon the magnitude of the field is determined. Allowance is made for the critical pitch (and hence subsequent precipitation) dependence on the superimposed field. Persistence of precipitation from an unreplenished magnetosphere is indicated. Cut-off and renewed precipitation effects also become evident.
Evolutionary Divergence of Sedoheptulose 7-phosphate Cyclases Leads to Several Distinct Cyclic Products

Sedoheptulose 7-phosphate cyclases are enzymes that utilize the pentose phosphate pathway intermediate, sedoheptulose 7-phosphate, to generate cyclic precursors of many bioactive natural products, such as the antidiabetic drug acarbose, the crop protectant validamycin, and the natural sunscreens mycosporine-like amino acids. These proteins are phylogenetically related to the dehydroquinate (DHQ) synthases from the shikimate pathway and are part of the more recently recognized superfamily of sugar phosphate cyclases, which includes DHQ synthases, aminoDHQ synthases, and 2-deoxy-scyllo-inosose synthases. Through genome mining and biochemical studies, we identified yet another subset of DHQS-like proteins in the actinomycete Actinosynnema mirum and the myxobacterium Stigmatella aurantiaca DW4/3-1. These enzymes catalyze the conversion of sedoheptulose 7-phosphate to 2-epi-valiolone, which is predicted to be an alternative precursor for aminocyclitol biosynthesis. Comparative bioinformatics and biochemical an...
A Small Molecule Suppressor of FK506 that Targets the Mitochondria and Modulates Ionic Balance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

FK506 inhibits the evolutionarily conserved, Ca(2+)-dependent phosphatase calcineurin, which in yeast is essential for growth during sodium stress. We undertook a chemical genetic modifier screen to identify small molecules that suppress the ability of FK506 to inhibit yeast growth in high NaCl. One of these small molecule suppressors, SFK1 (suppressor of FK506 1), causes a mitochondrially induced death in low salt, concomitant with the release of reactive oxygen species. Biochemically, SFK1 interacts with Por1p, a channel protein in the outer mitochondrial membrane, suggesting that SFK1 interacts with the mitochondria directly. A genome-wide screen of yeast deletion strains for hypersensitivity to SFK1 yielded several strains with impaired mitochondrial function, as well as several with reduced sodium tolerance. Our data link ionic balance to mitochondrial function and suggest a role for calcineurin in mediating this signaling network.
Triaxiality and the aligned h 11 ∕ 2 neutron orbitals in neutron-rich Zr and Mo isotopes

Neutron-rich Zr and Mo isotopes were populated as fission fragments produced by the $^{238}\mathrm{U}(\ensuremath{\alpha},\mathit{f})$ fusion-fission reaction. The level schemes of these nuclei have been extended beyond the first band crossing region, which can be ascribed to the ${h}_{11∕2}$ neutron pair alignment. The spin alignment and signature splitting for the $\ensuremath{\nu}{h}_{11∕2}$ orbitals in term of triaxiality is addressed. The crossing frequency of the aligned bands in even Zr and Mo isotopes can be reproduced well by calculations using the cranked shell model. Compared to the Zr isotopes, band crossings in Mo isotopes shift to a lower rotational frequency due to the emerging importance of the $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ degree of freedom. Within the framework of particle-rotor model, the difference in the signature splitting observed for the $\ensuremath{\nu}{h}_{11∕2}$ bands between the odd Zr and Mo isotopes can be attributed to the triaxial degree of freedom in the Mo isotopes. The surprising shift of the band crossing to a higher rotational frequency in $^{106}\mathrm{Mo}$ is interpreted as a manifestation of the deformed subshell closure at $N=64$.
The academic elite in law : linkages among top-ranked law schools

The 9 top-ranked law schools, based on the rankings of a national sample of 183 law school deans, were substantially linked to one another by hiring one another's graduates. It is suggested that this linkage helps these law schools to maintain and enhance their prestige.
Perturbation Methods in Nonlinear Dynamics—Applications to Machining Dynamics

The role of perturbation methods and bifurcation theory in predicting the stability and complicated dynamics ofmachining is discussed using a nonlinear single-degree-of-freedom model that accounts for the regenerative effect, linear structural damping, quadratic and cubic nonlinear stiffness of the machine tool, and linear, quadratic, and cubic regenerative terms. Using the width of cut w as a bifurcation parameter, we find, using linear theory, that disturbances decay with time and hence chatter does not occur if w w c . In other words, as w increases past W c , a Hopf bifurcation occurs leading to the birth of a limit cycle. Using the method of multiple scales, we obtained the normal form of the Hopf bifurcation by including the effects of the quadratic and cubic nonlinearities. This normal form indicates that the bifurcation is supercritical; that is, local disturbances decay for w w c . Using a six-term harmonic-balance solution, we generated a bifurcation diagram describing the variation of the amplitude of the fundamental harmonic with the width of cut. Using a combination of Floquet theory and Hill's determinant, we ascertained the stability of the periodic solutions. There are two cyclic-fold bifurcations, resulting in large-amplitude periodic solutions, hysteresis, jumps, and subcritical instability. As the width of cut w increases, the periodic solutions undergo a secondary Hopf bifurcation, leading to a two-period quasiperiodic motion (a two-torus). The periodic and quasiperiodic solutions are verified using numerical simulation. As w increases further, the torus doubles. Then, the doubled torus breaks down, resulting in a chaotic motion. The different attractors are identified by using phase portraits, Poincare sections, and power spectra. The results indicate the importance of including the nonlinear stiffness terms.
Hypertension Complicating Essential Thrombocythemia

Essential thrombocythemia (ET) is a myeloproliferative disorder characterized by marked thrombocytosis with associated hemorrhagic, thrombotic and embolic complications caused by platelet dysfunction. In this report we describe two cases of ET and moderate to severe hypertension associated with renal artery stenosis and renal microvascular lesions. In both cases treatment of the hematologic disorder resulted in reduction of blood pressure and improvement of clinical symptoms.
Anomalous and subanomalous diffusion in stochastic trapping transport.

Stochastic transport in the trapping model in d dimensions is studied with use of the generalized coherent-medium approximation. The existence of a transition between two states with vanishing dc diffusion and finite dc diffusion is predicted. The transition is determined by the inverse moment of the jump rate, in agreement with the exact result. The frequency-dependent (ac) part of the diffusion constant is shown to have a different frequency dependence for various values of the parameter of the distribution of the jump rate. Anomalous diffusion is obtained when the first inverse moment does not exist. The anomalous diffusion exponent agrees with the value predicted by a renormalization-group method. When the first inverse moment exists but the second inverse moment does not, a subanomalous diffusion is predicted where the dc diffusion exists and the ac part of the diffusion constant shows a power-law dependence on the frequency with a nonintegral exponent less than unity or a logarithmic dependence. This gives rise to a diverging term in the mean-square displacement in addition to a t-linear term determined by the dc diffusion. The spectral exponent is obtained, which is related to the anomalous diffusion exponent for a class of distribution. It is shown that the real part of the ac diffusion constant in three dimensions can behave as \ensuremath{\sim}\ensuremath{\omega}, which implies the imaginary part behaves as \ensuremath{\sim}\ensuremath{\omega} ln\ensuremath{\omega}. This behavior of the diffusion constant qualitatively agrees with ionic conduction in a fast-ionic conductor. Analysis for the diffusion constant, the mean-square displacement, and the staying probability is carried out in general d dimensions and relations among various exponents are discussed.
Influence of sea surface temperature anomalies in the Gulf of California on North American monsoon rainfall

[1] Linkages between sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the Gulf of California and the North American monsoon rainfall were examined using observational data and regional model experiments. SSTs in the Gulf start to increase in late June and reach a maximum in August. Monsoon onset dates in the Southwest were determined from the gridded rainfall analysis. Monsoon onsets can occur before SSTs in the Gulf reach a maximum. There is no relationship between monsoon rainfall onset dates or seasonal total rainfall over the Southwest and SSTs in the Gulf. Regional model experiments were then performed to study the impact of local SSTs on monsoon rainfall using the NCEP regional spectral model (RSM). RSM experiments were performed with the observed SSTs for four summers (July–September 1997–2000). The experiments were repeated with the same initial and boundary conditions but with the climatological SSTs in the Gulf of California and its vicinity. The model is able to capture the general features of monsoon rainfall and the diurnal cycle. Warm (cold) SSTs in the Gulf are responsible for more (less) rainfall along the western slopes of the Sierra Madre Occidental. Over the Southwest, the impact of local SSTs is small. Large-scale flow has more influence on monsoon rainfall than SSTs in the Gulf of California because the SST forcing does not produce significant changes in the low level flow needed to influence rainfall over the Southwest.