cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of surface and environmental thermal properties on moisture in composites

Abstract An analytical, parametric study of the influence of surface and environmental thermal properties on the moisture absorption in fibre-reinforced polymeric-resin composite materials, subjected to convection and solar radiation, has been made. Predicted moisture contents, based on the conditions at the heated surface and in the ambient air, were compared for both short time and long time exposures over a wide range of values for emittance, solar absorptance, convective heat transfer coefficient, solar radiation and orientation of the surface with respect to the sun. The calculations showed that absorptance and the heat transfer coefficient have significant effects on the moisture content.
Studies of actions of snake venoms on blood coagulation II. Electrophoretic analysis of venoms of Viperidae, Crotalidae, Elapidae and Hydrophidae

Abstract Acrylamide gel electrophoretic analysis was performed at pH 8.3 and 4.3 on venoms from selected species of Viperidae, Crotalidae, Elapidae and Hydrophidae. The eluted fractions of the B. atrox venom were assayed for coagulant, esterase, fibrinolytic, fibrinogenolytic and heparinase activities. None of the four main fractions showed esterase activity on pTAME, although each fraction exhibited coagulant activity with a maximum in fraction 2. Fibrinolysin was most marked in fraction 3, but was also present in fraction 4. A heparinase-like enzyme was associated with thromboserpentin, maximum activity being found in fraction 2.
Amorphous structure of metamict minerals observed by TEM

Metamict minerals are a special class of materials which were initially crystalline but have become amorphous because of accumulated structural damage caused by the radioactive decay of their constituent U and Th nuclides1–3. Damage from α particles and recoil nuclei may cause dramatic changes in physical, chemical, mechanical and structural properties of materials4–6. Thus, metamict minerals provide a natural example of the potential long-term effects of radiation damage in proposed crystalline radioactive waste forms7, such as the Sandia ceramic waste forms8–10, SYNROC11–13, super-calcine14 or the tailored ceramics15. The determination of the microstructures of metamict materials, therefore, may help to predict long-term radiation effects in crystalline waste forms. This report presents the results of an examination by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of a wide range of metamict silicate and complex Nb–Ta–Ti oxide minerals.
Voltages induced in superconductors by superimposed a.c. and d.c. magnetic fields

Abstract The superposition of a.c. and d.c. magnetic fields on superconducting foils produces d.c. and harmonic voltages in those foils. The d.c. voltage reverses sign with a reversal of polarity of the d.c. magnetic field. We identify these voltages with the decay of shielding currents. The harmonic voltages are thus a result of the nonlinear relationship between the magnetization and the fields.
Interleukin-7 Induces Anti-Mycobacterium avium Activity in Human Monocyte Derived Macrophages

To examine the modulatory role of interleukin (IL)-7 on intracellular growth of Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), human macrophages were treated either before or after MAC infection with different concentrations of IL-7. At 100 pg/mL, 1 ng/mL, and 10 ng/mL, treatment with IL-7 before infection stimulated secretion of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) from MAC-infected macrophages (increase up to 40%) and resulted in dose-dependent reduction in the number of intracellular bacteria. Pretreatment with IL-7 did not inhibit the secretion of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1). IL-7 added to the macrophage monolayer 4 h after infection resulted in both the secretion of TNF-alpha from MAC-infected macrophages (up to 90% increase, P < .05) and antimycobacterial activity (up to 50% reduction in bacteria, P <.05); however, TGF-beta1 production was not inhibited. IL-7-dependent anti-MAC activity of macrophages was inhibited by anti-human TNF-alpha antibody. These results suggest that IL-7 may contribute to the regulation of the immune response against MAC.
Exogenous NAD Blocks Cardiac Hypertrophic Response via Activation of the SIRT3-LKB1-AMP-activated Kinase Pathway

Since the discovery of NAD-dependent deacetylases, sirtuins, it has been recognized that maintaining intracellular levels of NAD is crucial for the management of stress response of cells. Here we show that agonist-induced cardiac hypertrophy is associated with loss of intracellular levels of NAD, but not exercise-induced physiologic hypertrophy. Exogenous addition of NAD was capable of maintaining intracellular levels of NAD and blocking the agonist-induced cardiac hypertrophic response in vitro as well as in vivo. NAD treatment blocked the activation of pro-hypertrophic Akt1 signaling, and augmented the activity of anti-hypertrophic LKB1-AMPK signaling in the heart, which prevented subsequent induction of mTOR-mediated protein synthesis. By using gene knock-out and transgenic mouse models of SIRT3 and SIRT1, we showed that the anti-hypertrophic effects of exogenous NAD are mediated through activation of SIRT3, but not SIRT1. SIRT3 deacetylates and activates LKB1, thus augmenting the activity of the LKB1-AMPK pathway. These results reveal a novel role of NAD as an inhibitor of cardiac hypertrophic signaling, and suggest that prevention of NAD depletion may be critical in the treatment of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure.
Serum somatomedin-C in hypopituitarism and in other disorders of growth

Serum levels of somatomedin-C have been measured by a competitive membrane binding assay in normal individuals, in hypopituitary dwarfs, and in children with growth retardation from causes other than growth hormone deficiency. The mean level in untreated hypopituitary children is about 40% of that of age-matched normal children. Treatment of hypopituitary dwarfs with human growth hormone results in prompt increases in the serum concentration of somatomedin-C. Normalization of somatomedin is associated with the return of pituitary function in hospitalized psychosocial dwarfs. Supporting the possibility that somatomedin-C plays a pivotal role in skeletal growth is the finding that serum levels in hypopituitary children correlate with growth rate both on and off growth hormone therapy. In our hands, this assay has proved to be an efficient, reliable method for the diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency.
Prototropic control of intramolecular electron transfer in trimethylamine dehydrogenase.

Abstract The pH dependence of static optical/EPR spectra of trimethylamine dehydrogenase reduced to the level of two equivalents (TMADH2eq) has been examined and indicates the existence of three different states for this iron-sulfur flavoprotein. At pH 6, TMADH2eq exists principally in a form possessing flavin mononucleotide hydroquinone, with its iron-sulfur center oxidized. At pH 8, the enzyme principally contains flavin mononucleotide semiquinone and reduced iron-sulfur, but despite the proximity of the two centers to one another, their magnetic moments do not interact. At pH 10, TMADH2eq exhibits the EPR spectrum that is diagnostic of a previously characterized spin-interacting state in which the magnetic moments of the flavin semiquinone and reduced iron-sulfur center are strongly ferromagnetically coupled. The kinetics of the interconversion of these three states have been investigated using a pH jump technique in both H2O and D2O. The observed kinetics are consistent with a reaction mechanism involving sequential protonation/deprotonation and intramolecular electron transfer events. All reactions studied show a normal solvent kinetic isotope effect. Proton inventory analysis indicates that at least one proton is involved in the reaction between pH 6 and 8, which principally controls intramolecular electron transfer, whereas at least two protons are involved between pH 8 and 10, which principally control formation of the spin-interacting state. The results of these and previous studies indicate that for TMADH2eq, between pH 10 and 6, at least three protonation/deprotonation events are associated with intramolecular electron transfer and formation of the spin-interacting state, with estimated pKavalues of 6.0, 8.0, and ∼9.5. These pKa values are attributed to the flavin hydroquinone, flavin semiquinone, and an undesignated basic group on the protein, respectively.
Legalizing Gay Marriage, by Michael Mello

Legalizing Gay Marriage. Michael Mello. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press. 2004. 352 pp. ISBN 1-59213-079-8. $22.95 (paper). Americans are ambivalent about gay and lesbian long-term relationships. Although studies and polls repeatedly show that more than half of respondents oppose gay marriage, a majority endorse providing gay and lesbian couples with benefits similar to those of married couples (http://www.thetaskforce.org/community/ marriagecenter.cfm). In Legalizing Gay Marriage, Michael Mello provides commentary on the compromise that led to Vermont's civil union statute, which accords same-sex couples the same rights as married couples but without using the label "marriage." This compromise resulted, he argues, not just from the Vermont Supreme Court's decision in Baker v. Vermont in 1999 but also from the subsequent social and political reaction in Vermont. How Vermonters responded to the concept of gay marriage provides, Mello believes, insight into the national debate over same-sex marriage. Mello teaches law at Vermont Law School and thus had an inside view of all the events that resulted, first, in the Vermont Supreme Court's opinion in Baker that, under the Vermont state constitution, the state must grant same-sex couples the same "benefits and protections" that other marital couples enjoy, and, second, in the Vermont state legislature's creation of "civil unions" as an alternative to marriage. Indeed, he explains that he wrote the chapter on the Vermont legislative response "as the events described were unfolding." (p. 74). Much of the book is focused on the Baker law-suit and the subsequent legislative events, and Mello includes the entire 60-page opinion from Baker v. State as an appendix. He also provides an evaluation of the status of civil unions compared to marriage. The story that Mello sets out to tell is, as he describes it, "a first draft of history" (p. 25) that focuses on Vermonters' reactions to the Baker opinion and resulting legislation. He catalogues the arguments used by opponents of gay marriage and civil unions, combing through letters to the editors in Vermont newspapers, reviewing town meetings, and examining the legislative debates in the Vermont House and Senate. His research assistants interviewed one of the lead counsels in Baker about the 10-year effort that resulted in Baker. He supplements these sources with some of the legal commentary on the rights of gays and lesbians to marry and with his personal experiences as a heterosexual Vermonter who grew up in the South (at one point, he confesses that he feels quite sad that Vermont may not differ from much of the rest of the country when it comes to homophobia and notes that Vermont's alleged exemplary tolerance may be somewhat illusory, citing a report that found pervasive racial harassment in the state's schools) (pp. …
Implementing factory demand response via onsite renewable energy: a design-of-experiment approach

This paper proposes the implementation of demand response (DR) programmes in large manufacturing facilities featuring distributed wind and solar energy. Manufacturing facilities are high consumers of electric power. For this reason, these facilities usually pay exorbitant utility bills, which could be as much as $10–20 million per year. A high consumption of electricity also means that upstream fossil-fuelled power plants must release thousands of metric tonnes of carbon annually during the generation of electricity. DR contracts offer a lower utility rate in return for a load reduction during contingent events (i.e. peak hours). This paper covers the modelling and implementation of an interruptible/curtailable DR programme participated by a manufacturer that possesses onsite renewable generation units. These complementary energy resources allow the manufacturer to meet the curtailment requirements without causing any major electricity shortage that adversely affects the normal production schedule. We dev...
Operational Excellence in IT Services Using Enterprise Crowdsourcing

The IT services industry has been undergoing a significant transformation over the last decade primarily driven by the global delivery model - services are provided from delivery centers across the globe based on skill and cost. While extremely effective a key challenge is being able to harness distributed knowledge, especially to drive operational and business process optimizations and a superior client experience. The knowledge about service requirements, client experience and delivery quality is in collective possession of different communities, such as clients, service designers and delivery teams. Current practices to discovering this distributed and unstructured knowledge are semi-automated, and as such they fail to scale and provide accurate insights on demand. Enterprise crowdsourcing provides a mechanism to harness the tacit knowledge from a large group of network-connected humans. In this paper we describe a novel approach to improving operational excellence, with focus on compliance posture, using enterprise crowdsourcing. We demonstrate how enterprise crowdsourcing accelerated deployment of a novel identity access management capability in a global IT service delivery center, reducing the time to discover the required knowledge by 80%. We discuss how the uncovered knowledge networks can be engaged for various on-going operational activities as well as large-scale business transformation initiatives.
Tight binding model calculation of the optical properties of amorphous tellurium

Abstract We calculate the optical properties of random chains of Te atoms by expressing the one-electron wavefunctions for a chain as linear combinations of tight binding wavefunctions for 3-atom clusters. A cluster wavefunction in turn is made from 5p atomic functions and depends upon the local environment. The amplitude factors for the cluster wavefunctions are assumed to have random phases. Physical properties are calculated by averaging over the possible cluster environments. This model leads to a finite density of states at the Fermi level but an optical absorption coefficient with an edge.
Rivalry Between Multinational Enterprises: An Event History Approach

Our study investigates rivalry between multinational enterprises (MNEs) in host country markets. Drawing on the awareness-motivation-capability perspective, we show how the speed of an MNE's respon...
Distributed real-time simulation for intruder detection system analysis

The paper describes a distributed simulation system developed for evaluation of physical security systems. The work extends previous work by extracting several system components that were previously integrated into the simulation model and creating distributed modules that interact directly with the system database. This allows the modules to incorporate arbitrarily complex logic and to be developed without detailed knowledge of the structure or language to implement the principal simulation component.
Posttraumatic stress disorder increases risk of criminal recidivism among justice-involved persons with mental disorders

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a potentially important, yet understudied, mental disorder to consider in models of criminal recidivism. The present study sought to address this gap in the literature with a large-scale secondary analysis of observational data from a sample of justice-involved persons with mental disorders. Administrative data were reviewed for 771 adult jail detainees with mental disorders. Hierarchical logistic regression models showed that PTSD was associated with a greater likelihood of general (arrest for any new charge) and serious (arrest for a new felony charge) recidivism during the year following the index arrest, after controlling for risk conferred by a recent history of arrest, demographic characteristics, and other mental disorders. Furthermore, risk of rearrest for new charges was comparable for PTSD and substance use disorders. FINDINGS show that PTSD increases risk of both general and serious recidivism and suggest it should be considered in interventions to reduce justice-system involvement. Keywords: Juvenile justice Language: en
Last In, First Out: A Case Study of Lean Manufacturing in North America's Automobile Industry

This paper describes a three-year case study (2003-2005) of General Motors' (GM) Lansing Grand River Assembly (LGRA) plant, the first new vehicle assembly plant in North America to be built on GM's Global Manufacturing System (GMS), a globally integrated lean manufacturing model. The paper is an ethnographic journey to understand the LGRA's perceived initial "success" with lean manufacturing. In the study, LGRA's economic performance is related to two Participant Propositions, one connecting performance to the plant's rural workforce and the second predicting performance declines based on the transfer of "other" workers to the plant. Findings from the case, overall, contribute to the literature on lean manufacturing and participatory work processes, describing how organizational and institutional processes beyond the control of a single plant can possibly lead to a breakdown in participatory structures, creating risks for the long-term sustainability of lean manufacturing approaches.
Downflows in coronal loops

The existence of the solar wind requires a net outflow of material at all depths in the solar atmosphere. Thus, the observation of a prevalent downflow at temperatures near 105 K1,2 presents a considerable challenge. Two classes of flow models have been suggested, each involving flow along closed magnetic-field lines that extend above the chromosphere into the hotter transition region and corona. Type-(l) models3,4,5 assume unidirectional equilibrium flows along field lines and rely on asymmetry in the flow and plasma properties to produce an apparent downflow. Type-(2) models2,6, by comparison, assume a series of episodic upflows and subsequent downflows along each line of force and rely on asymmetry in the plasma properties and flow durations to produce a statistically prevalent downflow. Here I argue that observational evidence strongly suggests that both types of flow are present but that type-(2) flow is predominant.
A new class of semiparametric transformation models based on first hitting times by latent degradation processes

In many failure mechanisms, most subjects under study deteriorate physically over time, and thus a depreciation in health may precede failure. A latent stochastic process, called degradation process, may be assumed for modeling such depreciation whereby an event occurs when the process first crosses a threshold. A class of survival regression models can be constructed from the first hitting time of a latent accelerating degradation process, which turns out to be a transformation model in the literature. To characterize these models, we propose to use first-hitting-time models for the baseline distribution, specifically inverse Gaussian, Birnbaum–Saunders and gamma distributions, among others. The proposed models have many desirable features, such as a wide variety of shapes of hazard rates, analytical tractability and, most of all, its motivation from a plausible stochastic setting for failure. We estimate the model parameters by the non-parametric maximum likelihood approach. The estimators are shown to be consistent, asymptotically normal and asymptotically efficient. Simple and stable numerical algorithms are provided to calculate the parameter estimators and estimate their variances. Simulation studies show that the proposed approach is appropriate for practical use. The methodology is illustrated with two real examples. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Do Guns Cause Crime? Does Crime Cause Guns? A Granger Test

Sixteen time series measures of crime and deaths from guns are used along with 16 measures of sales and stocks of guns in the U.S. to test for causality using Granger Causality tests. Both per capita and link-relative measures are used. The results indicate that suicide appears to result from the presence of guns and gun accidents are reduced by familiarity with guns but generally neither murder nor other crimes are affected. It appears that more causal relationships are from crimes to gun ownership than from gun ownership to crimes.
On the equivalence of certain consequences of the proper forcing axiom

We prove that a number of axioms, each a consequence of PFA (the Proper Forcing Axiom) are equivalent. In particular we show that TOP (the Thinning-out Principle as introduced by Baumgartner in the Handbook of set-theoretic topology), is equivalent to the following statement: If I is an ideal on co, with co, generators, then there exists an uncountable X C co,, such that either [X]w n I = 0 or [X]w C I. ?
Before the N400: Effects of lexical–semantic violations in visual cortex

There exists an increasing body of research demonstrating that language processing is aided by context-based predictions. Recent findings suggest that the brain generates estimates about the likely physical appearance of upcoming words based on syntactic predictions: words that do not physically look like the expected syntactic category show increased amplitudes in the visual M100 component, the first salient MEG response to visual stimulation. This research asks whether violations of predictions based on lexical-semantic information might similarly generate early visual effects. In a picture-noun matching task, we found early visual effects for words that did not accurately describe the preceding pictures. These results demonstrate that, just like syntactic predictions, lexical-semantic predictions can affect early visual processing around ∼100ms, suggesting that the M100 response is not exclusively tuned to recognizing visual features relevant to syntactic category analysis. Rather, the brain might generate predictions about upcoming visual input whenever it can. However, visual effects of lexical-semantic violations only occurred when a single lexical item could be predicted. We argue that this may be due to the fact that in natural language processing, there is typically no straightforward mapping between lexical-semantic fields (e.g., flowers) and visual or auditory forms (e.g., tulip, rose, magnolia). For syntactic categories, in contrast, certain form features do reliably correlate with category membership. This difference may, in part, explain why certain syntactic effects typically occur much earlier than lexical-semantic effects.
On-orbit microwave blackbody calibration using regions of dense vegetation

Brightness temperatures (TBs) from satellite microwave radiometers need to be calibrated on-orbit at the hottest and coldest ends of the dynamic TB spectrum. A method is developed to determine hot reference calibration TBs from SSM/I TB data for other radiometers operating between 18-40 GHz and 0-55 degrees incidence. Regions of optically thick vegetation in the Amazon rainforest are chosen as calibration targets. Hot reference temperatures for the on-orbit calibration of microwave radiometers are determined for these regions.
Hemoglobin research and the origins of molecular medicine

Much of our understanding of human physiology, and of many aspects of pathology, has its antecedents in laboratory and clinical studies of hemoglobin. Over the last century, knowledge of the genetics, functions, and diseases of the hemoglobin proteins has been refined to the molecular level by analyses of their crystallographic structures and by cloning and sequencing of their genes and surrounding DNA. In the last few decades, research has opened up new paradigms for hemoglobin related to processes such as its role in the transport of nitric oxide and the complex developmental control of the α-like and β-like globin gene clusters. It is noteworthy that this recent work has had implications for understanding and treating the prevalent diseases of hemoglobin, especially the use of hydroxyurea to elevate fetal hemoglobin in sickle cell disease. It is likely that current research will also have significant clinical implications, as well as lessons for other aspects of molecular medicine, the origin of which can be largely traced to this research tradition.
Research methods for evaluating the new information technologies

Characteristics of the new information technologies have implications for both summative and formative evaluation. The instability of most technologies, coupled with their novelty for most users, calls into question the value of experimental summative studies, and the interactive character of many instructional technologies challenges the traditional formative paradigm. Case studies and field experiments can help to cope with this situation.
Antitumor Activities of Rauwolfia vomitoria Extract and Potentiation of Carboplatin Effects Against Ovarian Cancer

Background Tumor resistance to platinum-based drugs has been an obstacle to the treatment of ovarian cancer. Extract of the plant Rauwolfia vomitoria has long been used by cancer patients. However, there have not been systematic studies of its anticancer activity.
Self-consistent transit-time model for a resonant tunnel diode

We present a self-consistent compact model for the small-signal impedance of a resonant tunnel diode (RTD) with a finite collector transit time. The effect of the collector transit time on the device impedance is described for three In/sub 0.53/Ga/sub 0.47/AsAlAs-InAs RTDs with current densities ranging from 14 kA/cm/sup 2/ to 570 kA/cm/sup 2/ with various collector spacer lengths for dc biasing in both the positive and negative differential resistance regions.
Myth and Archive: A Theory of Latin American Narrative

"Myth and Archive" presents a new theory of the origin and evolution of Latin American literature and the emergence of the modern novel. In this influential, award-winning exploration of Latin American writing from colonial times to the present, Roberto Gonzalez Echevarria dispenses with traditional literary history to reveal the indebted relationship of the novel to legal, scientific, and anthropological discourses. Providing ways to link literary and nonliterary narratives, Gonzalez Echevarria examines a variety of archival writings--from the chronicles of the discovery and conquest of the New World to scientific travel narratives and records of criminal confessions--and explores the relationship of these writings to novels by authors such as Garcia Marquez, Borges, Barnet, Sarmiento, Carpentier, and Garcilaso de la Vega. Moving beyond demonstrating that early forms of creative narrative had their geneses in the sixteenth-century authoritative discourse of the Spanish Empire, Gonzalez Echevarria shows how this same originating process has been repeated in other key moments in the history of the Latin American narrative. He shows how the discourse of scientific discovery was the model for much nineteenth-century literature, as well as how anthropological writings on the nature of language and myth have come to shape the ideology and form of literature in the twentieth century. This most recent form of Latin American narrative creates its own mythic form through an atavistic return to its legal origins--the archive. This acclaimed book--originally published in 1990--will be of continuing interest to historians, anthropologists, literary theorists, and students of Latin American culture.
Infantile acropustulosis with eosinophilic pustules

INFANTILE ACROPUSTULOSIS is a recently described clinical entit/, 2 characterized by crops of pruritic vesicopustules occurring primarily on the palms and soles. The onset is from birth to 2 months of age; the lesions may recur for up to four years. In the reported cases, all of the pustules have contained only neutrophils; this finding is said to be characteristic. On the basis of the clinical course and pathologic findings this disorder has been separated from other pustular dermatoses of infancy such as erythema toxicum neonatorum (eosinophilic infiltrate) or neonatal pustular melanosis (mixed infiltrate, predominantly neutrophilic). We are presenting a case of infantile acropustulosis with eosinophilic pustules. CASE REPORT A 5V2-month-old Caucasian boy was first seen because of recurrent crops of vcsicopustules occurring since birth. He had previously been treated with topical application of steroids and scabicides, as well as systemic administration of antibiotics and antihistamines, with no response. He had intensely pruritic pustules on the soles and sides of the feet and palms of his hands (Fig. t ). He also had lesions on his trunk and extremities. By 10 months of age the number of pustules, the frequency of appearance of new crops, and the duration of individual lesions had all decreased. At one year of age the child developed erythematous scaling patches and umbilicated firm papules diagnosed as atopic dermatitis and molluscum contagiosum, respectively. At age 17 months new crops of pruritic pustules on the hands and feet were infrequent. Smears of the pustular lesions at age 5V2 months showed many
The mirage of global justice

The political pursuit of global justice is not a worthy goal, and our aims in establishing international legal and political institutions should be more modest. The pursuit of justice in the international order is dangerous to the extent that it requires the establishment of powerful supranational agencies, or legitimizes greater and more frequent exercise of political, economic, and military power by strong states or coalitions. The primary concern in the establishment and design of all legal and political institutions should be not to secure justice but to limit power. It is a mistake to think that a distinction can be drawn between power created to do good and power created to do evil, or that we are capable of devising institutions that can honor the distinction.For helpful comments on earlier drafts of this essay, I would like to thank Jerry Gaus, David Miller, Dan Greenwood, Peggy Battin, Leslie Francis, Erika George, Cindy Stark, and Deen Chatterjee, as well as my fellow contributors to this volume. For especially detailed and helpful editorial comments and advice, I would like to thank Ellen Paul.
The effect of polyoma virus, serum factors, and dibutyryl cyclic AMP on dihydrofolate reductase synthesis, and the entry of quiescent cells into S phase.

Three procedures were used to induce dihydrofolate reductase synthesis in quiescent cultures of methotrexate resistant mouse fibroblasts: (1) lytic infection with polyoma virus, (2) growth stimulation by replating cells at lower density in fresh cell culture medium, and (3) the addition of fresh medium to confluent cells. Following polyoma infection, an increase in the percentage of S-phase cells began at approximately 20 hours; dihydrofolate reductase synthesis also increased following a lag of 20 hours or more, and continued to increase throughout the late phase of lytic infection, reaching values nearly fivefold greater than that originally present in the quiescent cells. When quiescent cells received fresh medium (with or without replating), the percentage of cells in S phase began to increase by 10 hours and was accompanied by an increase in dihydrofolate reductase synthesis which reached a maximum by approximately 25 hours. These observations show that the initial entry of cells into S phase following mitogenic stimulation is associated with an induction of dihydrofolate reductase synthesis. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP blocked the stimulation of dihydrofolate reductase synthesis and the increase in the percentage of S-phase cells that resulted from the addition of fresh medium to confluent cells. When dibutyryl cyclic AMP was added at various times following the addition of fresh medium, the block in the induction of dihydrofolate reductase synthesis was correlated with a corresponding block in the increase in S-phase cells. These results suggest that dibutyryl cyclic AMP blocks cells at a point in Gl prior to either the induction of dihydrofolate reductase synthesis or the beginning of S phase. The relationship between the control of dihydrofolate reductase synthesis and entry into S phase suggests some form of coordinate control over these two parameters.
The 3d Transition Metals

The first two elements of this series, i.e., Sc and Ti, and the last one, Zn, have the hcp structure as shown in the total energy plots. The total energy graphs for Cr and Mn are predicting the correct ground state i.e. antiferromagnetic for Cr and alpha-Mn for Mn. Sc and Ti have very similar energy bands, with Sc displaying a very high N(EF). Zn is very different, characterized by a set of narrow d bands located far below EF. V and bcc Cr also have similar bands and DOS, differing in the position of EF which results in a high N(EF) for V and low N(EF) for Cr. The tight-binding parameters of Cr and Mn were found for the bcc structure. The next three elements of the series, Fe, Co and Ni, are known to be ferromagnetic as it is confirmed in the total energy plots. Their energy bands and DOS are shown separately for the two spins and the tight-binding parameters are fitted to spin-polarized calculations in the bcc, hcp, and fcc structure and their integrated DOS give magneton numbers of 3.1, 1.64, and 0.67, respectively. Finally, Cu has an fcc ground state and d bands significantly below EF and a low value of N(EF).
The Budgetary Impact of Ending Drug Prohibition

State and federal governments in the United States face massive looming fiscal deficits. One policy change that can reduce deficits is ending the drug war. Legalization means reduced expenditure on enforcement and an increase in tax revenue from legalized sales.This report estimates that legalizing drugs would save roughly $41.3 billion per year in government expenditure on enforcement of prohibition. Of these savings, $25.7 billion would accrue to state and local governments, while $15.6 billion would accrue to the federal government.Approximately $8.7 billion of the savings would result from legalization of marijuana and $32.6 billion from legalization of other drugs.The report also estimates that drug legalization would yield tax revenue of $46.7 billion annually, assuming legal drugs were taxed at rates comparable to those on alcohol and tobacco. Approximately $8.7 billion of this revenue would result from legalization of marijuana and $38.0 billion from legalization of other drugs.
BILL E. KUNKLE INTERDISCIPLINARY BEEF SYMPOSIUM: Genetic resistance to the effects of grazing endophyte-infected tall fescue

Forages are the base source of nutrition for any cow-calf operation. Forage types vary based on soil type and climate. Tall fescue () is the most commonly used cultivated grass for grazing beef cattle in the United States. This cool-season perennial is easily established; is resistant to drought, insects, and nematodes; and has the ability to withstand heavy grazing pressure. Most tall fescue varieties are infected with the endophyte fungus () that is essential for the plant's survival but detrimental to cattle performance. Ergot alkaloids are the generally accepted toxic agents produced by the fescue endophyte. Cattle that consume forages infected with this endophyte can develop fescue foot, fat necrosis, or fescue toxicosis. It is estimated that the beef industry loses over US$500 million annually due to fescue toxicosis through heat stress, reduced weight gain, suppressed appetite, and decreased reproductive performance. Other symptoms include a retained or rough hair coat and increased body temperature, which can be detrimental when animals are located in hot and or humid environments. Different forages and forage systems, feed additives, and animal management strategies have been tested through the years allowing the use of tall fescue in beef production systems while minimizing the adverse effects. An animal genetics approach needs to identify and select animals less susceptible to the ergot alkaloids. Research in this area reports that different cattle within the same herd can respond differently when grazing tall fescue, and evidence exists that breed type may also play a role in genetic tolerance to the negative effects on performance. Some studies have looked at the potential of identifying genetic markers that may assist in the selection of more resistant animals. From these studies, there is evidence that genetic variation does exist for resistance to the ergot alkaloids present when grazing endophyte-infected tall fescue. Forage management coupled with animal genetic selection could allow for more efficient use of tall fescue as a significant forage source in beef cattle systems. These would allow producing more beef per hectare in the United States in response to an increasing population combined with decreasing resources.
Post landing design and testing of an ACRV model

Consideration is given to a 1990-1991 program concentrated on the design, building, and testing of a one-fifth scale model of the egress and stabilization systems for an Apollo Command Module (ACM)-based assured crew return vehicle (ACRV). The program is aimed at determining the feasibility of 1) stabilizing the ACRV out of the range of motions which cause space sickness and 2) the safe and rapid removaling of a sick or injured crewmember from the ACRV. Research have been conducted in the following areas: ACRV model construction, water test facility identification, and stabilization control systems. The fidelity of the model has been established from geometric and dynamic characteristic tests performed on the model.
Experimental Investigation of Flame Extinction Limits of Canola and Soy Methyl Ester

Flame extinction experiments were conducted using Jet A, canola methyl ester (CME) and soy methyl ester (SME) in partially premixed and diffusion flame modes. A single-flame counter-flow burner configuration was used to measure the extinction limits. The set-up consisted of two contoured nozzles (exit diameter of 6.4 mm), designed to produce top-hat velocity profiles at the exit with a separation distance of 12.7 mm between them. A cooling system, which consisted of a submersible water pump, water reservoir and a split aluminum cooling jacket, was used to cool the top burner and avoid heating of the top burner by the hot buoyant flame products. A nitrogen shield was used to protect the flame from air entrainment and perturbations from the surroundings. A heating system was used to vaporize the liquid fuel in air or nitrogen maintained at a temperature up to 325 °C. Three regimes of flame extinction behavior were observed. At low stretch rates (20 – 80 s -1 ), a flat flame was formed at the stagnation plane, which itself could be extinguished in some situations (regime I). As the flow rates were increased, extinction occurred at the flame central region, a flame was formed with a hole (dark region) at the center (regime II); at higher flow rates, the central dark region became larger and the entire flame could no longer be sustained because the fuel/air mixture fell out of the flammability limits (regime III). At low stretch rates, there was no difference in the relationship between the fuel mass fraction at extinction and global stretch rates for the diffusion and premixed modes. Also, the biofuels were found to be more resistant to extinction than Jet A.
ACUTE ST-SEGMENT ELEVATED MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION SECONDARY TO DIFFUSE VASOSPASM INDUCED BY TRAUMATIC HEMOPERICARDIUM

Diagnosis of ST-segment elevated myocardial infarction (STEMI) can be challenging when alternative causes of ST-segment elevation coexist. Patients with hemopericardium with acute pericarditis frequently exhibit ST-segment elevations on electrocardiogram (ECG). However, recognition of coronary
Authentic Sustainability – Navigating Pitfalls, Paradoxes, and Pathways in Conversations Toward a Better World

At some point, every one of us has contemplated more environmentally sustainable ways of living and working, from simple acts like recycling a soda can to bigger changes in business strategy and public policy. However, when we try to have a conversation about our ideas beyond “the choir” of environmental advocates, someone has branded us as a “holier than thou” jerk, or we have refrained from speaking or acting because we worry they might. We get stuck and only maybe later notice that we had a choice in the matter. Preparing students to create a sustainable world requires equipping them to carry on effective conversations and dialogue with a multitude of stakeholders.This paper explores various pitfalls of the sustainability discourse, why we get stuck in them, and how we can escape them. It points out how advocates for the “flourishing of human and other life forever” undermine that flourishing in the way we engage with people every day. We discuss paradoxes or the persistent tensions and ambivalences we all experience that generate the pitfalls. When we distinguish these pitfalls and paradoxes, we can identify them in our lives and our conversations. We are then free to explore pathways out of and around what would otherwise remain latent traps. Pathways lead to greater authenticity, stronger relationships, and higher effectiveness. They contribute to a transformation of the sustainability “movement” or dialogue – to support the flourishing of our lives in the pursuit of the flourishing of all life.This work exists in four forms: a working paper, an interactive workshop and course curriculum, a "train the trainer" workshop, and an ongoing qualitative research study. This paper introduces the pitfalls, pathways, and paradox models and, once further developed, will discuss preliminary results of their use in the classroom.
Optical/laser remote sensing

Optical/laser remote sensing has bear extensively used to study the atmospheres and surfaces of the earth and other planets. While earlier optical remote sensing instruments were essentially cameras or simple filter devices, modem instruments often use a variety of spectrally selective analyzers to obtain information about atmospheric trace species, meteorological conditions, and surface features. With the advent of commercial lasers in the 1960s, lidar systems have been used to obtain information complementary to and/or beyond that obtained using passive optical remote sensing instruments. This tutorial focuses on the earth science areas, describing briefly some of the optical/laser remote sensing techniques and instruments used. Emphasized are those instruments that measure aerosols, ozone, water vapor, and other trace gas species. Overviews of advanced lidar systems under development, such as LASE (for high-altitude aircraft measurements of water vapor), LITE (for space- based measurements of aerosols), and LAWS (for space-based measurements of winds) are presented along with the laser requirements for future lidar systems for atmospheric studies.
From Hot Hands to Declining Effects: The Risks of Small Numbers

About 25 years ago, a group of researchers demonstrated that there is no such thing as the "hot hand" in professional basketball. When a player hits 5 or 7 shots in a row (or misses 10 in a row), what's at work is random variation, nothing more. However, random causes do not stop players, coaches, fans, and media from talking about and acting on "hot hands," telling stories and making choices that ultimately are based on randomness. The same phenomenon is true in medicine. Some clinical trials with small numbers of events yielded positive findings, which in turn led clinicians, academics, and government officials to talk, telling stories and sometimes making choices that were later shown to be based on randomness. I provide some cardiovascular examples, such as the use of angiotensin receptor blockers for chronic heart failure, nesiritide for acute heart failure, and cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2C19 genotyping for the acute coronary syndromes. I also review the more general "decline effect," by which drugs appear to yield a lower effect size over time. The decline effect is due at least in part to over interpretation of small studies, which are more likely to be noticed because of publication bias. As funders of research, we at the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute seek to support projects that will yield robust, credible evidence that will affect practice and policy in the right way. We must be alert to the risks of small numbers.
Differential anodic enzyme polarography for the measurement of glucose.

The coupling of enzymes to polarographic and other electrochemical sensors has been a happy one (1–7). The first such union occurred in 1962 (8). The electrochemistry involved lends simplicity to the detecting equipment while in the sensor itself the enzyme provides the specificity, often a degree of specificity which cannot be obtained by any other means. In addition, and very importantly this type of sensor lends itself to miniaturization to the point where it may be used intracellularly.
Methodology I: The Best Available Evidence

This chapter establishes some of the foundational concepts principal of the field, namely, the pursuit of the best available evidence for translational effectiveness as a science that follows the scientific strategy. The process commences and is driven by a research question (i.e., PICO[TS]) that emerges from the patient–clinician encounter. The question determines the sample (i.e., bibliome) and the assessment tools necessary to establish the level (i.e., SORT) and quality of the evidence (i.e., R-Wong). The data produced are examined in terms of what evidence should be excluded, lest it be harmful to patients (i.e., acceptable sampling analysis), and what is the overarching statistical significance of the collected evidence (i.e., meta-analysis). Taken together, these components of the research synthesis design lead to a consensus inference of the best available evidence, which can be refined by content analysis. The dissemination of the outcomes of research synthesis takes the form of traditional research reports and lists an introductory objective statement that presents the PICO[TS] question and related background. The methods sections outline the specifics of the research synthesis process followed in the study, including how the bibliome was obtained (i.e., search process, inclusion–exclusion criteria) and evaluated (i.e., tools of measurement of the level and quality of the evidence). The methods section also presents the analyses that were used and related statistical assumptions and caveats pertaining specifically to the data collected. The reports include a results section and a discussion section where the findings are interpreted in light of the overall consensus of the best available evidence they reveal. Because of the systematic nature of the research synthesis design reported, and because of the nature of the entities studied, viz., the bibliome resulting from a review of the available literature, these reports have come to be known as “systematic reviews.” To be clear, a systematic review is not a traditional narrative review paper; rather, it is a research report in its own right. A research report of a research synthesis of several systematic reviews is called a “complex” systematic review and more specifically, to emphasize the need and to preserve the need for clinical relevance, a clinically relevant complex systematic review. Notwithstanding, the fields strive to evaluate critically all of the available evidence; it is not uncommon that primary reports and systematic reviews suffer from gaps in evidence and knowledge. The awareness of this caveat has led to the establishment of a subfield, within the research synthesis design, which pertains specifically to the identification and elucidation of gaps in research. This chapter points to current considerations and to future lines of investigation in that domain.