cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The hippocampal formation: Morphological changes induced by thyroid, gonadal and adrenal hormones

The hippocampal formation is of considerable interest due to its proposed role in a number of important functions, including learning and memory processes. Manipulations of thyroid, gonadal and adrenal hormones have been shown to influence hippocampal physiology as well as learning and memory. The cellular events which underlie these hormone-induced functional changes are largely unexplored. However, studies suggest that hormonal manipulations during development and in adulthood result in dramatic morphological changes within the hippocampal formation. Because neuronal physiology has been suggested to depend upon neuronal morphology, we have been determining the morphologic sensitivity of hippocampal neurons to thyroid and steroid hormones in an effort to elucidate possible structural mechanisms to account for differences in hippocampal function. In this review, hormone-induced structural changes in the developing and adult hippocampal formation are discussed, with particular emphasis on their functional relevance. Sex differences, as well as the developmental effects of thyroid hormone and glucocorticoids, are described. Moreover, the effects of ovarian steroids, thyroid hormone and glucocorticoids on neuronal morphology in the hippocampal formation of the adult rat are reviewed. These hormone-induced structural changes may account, at least in part, for previously reported hormone-induced changes in hippocampal function.
Spectral mixture analysis of ASTER images for examining the relationship between urban thermal features and biophysical descriptors in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA

Abstract Mapping urban biophysical and thermal conditions has attracted increasing interest. However, the relationship between them has not been fully understood. This paper explores thermal features and their relationship with biophysical descriptors in an urban environment by analyzing multitemporal ASTER images. Linear spectral mixture analysis was used to unmix the five thermal infrared bands of ASTER into hot-object and cold-object fraction images and to unmix the nine visible, near-infrared, and shortwave-infrared bands into impervious surface, green vegetation, and soil fractions. Land surface temperatures (LSTs) were computed from band 13 (10.25–10.95 μm) of the ASTER. Correlation analysis was then conducted to examine the relationship between LST and the five derived fraction variables across the spatial resolution of the pixels from the ASTER images, which ranged from 15 m to 90 m. Multiple regression models were further developed to reveal how LSTs were related to urban biophysical descriptors (i.e., impervious surface, green vegetation, and soil) and to the thermal feature fractions (i.e., hot-object and cold-object). Results indicate that impervious surface was positively correlated while vegetation was negatively correlated with LST. Hot objects displayed a more significant role in influencing LST patterns than cold objects.
Racial Discrimination: A Continuum of Violence Exposure for Children of Color

This article reviews and examines findings on the impact of racial discrimination on the development and functioning of children of color in the US. Based on current definitions of violence and child maltreatment, exposure to racial discrimination should be considered as a form of violence that can significantly impact child outcomes and limit the ability of parents and communities to provide support that promotes resiliency and optimal child development. In this article, a conceptual model of the effects of racial discrimination in children of color is presented. The model posits that exposure to racial discrimination may be a chronic source of trauma in the lives of many children of color that negatively influences mental and physical outcomes as well as parent and community support and functioning. Concurrent exposure to other forms of violence, including domestic, interpersonal and/or community violence, may exacerbate these effects. The impact of a potential continuum of violence exposure for children of color in the US and the need for future research and theoretical models on children’s exposure to violence that attend to the impact of racial discrimination on child outcomes are discussed.
A new approach to risk management using soft information

We discuss a new approach to aid in decision making in risky situations. This approach is based on the use of a fuzzy rule based formulation to valuate a decision maker's preferences. This allows us to model the responsible agents decision function, their attitude with respect to different uncertain risky situations. An important aspect of risky decision-making is the modeling of the uncertainty associated with an alternative. We refer to this as an alternative's uncertainty profile. In the real world this kind of information can be ill defined and imprecise. We discuss the role of perception based granular probability distributions as a means of modeling the uncertainty profiles of the alternatives. We shown how this can be used to modeling imprecision in our knowledge about the uncertainty associated with an alternative. We provide the necessary formalisms to allow for the evaluation of an alternative using the rule-based description of preferences and granular description of an alternatives uncertainty profile
Management of Dry and Transition Cows to Improve Energy Balance and Reproduction

Fertility of dairy cows has decreased for the past several decades. Measures of energy balance (EB; e.g. change in EB, EB nadir, cumulative negative EB, or duration of negative EB) are related to reproductive performance. Our research group has concluded that modification of diets fed during the dry or transition period are unlikely to have significant effects on postpartum EB and fertility. Rather, more radical alterations in dairy management are needed if energy status of postpartum cows is to be improved. We have examined the potential to alter EB by shortening or eliminating the dry period. In an initial study, the effects of a 56, 28, and 0 d dry period on ovarian dynamics and reproductive performance of dairy cows were examined. Postpartum EB was improved by reducing the dry period; however, only significantly for the 0 d dry period. Cows on the 0 d dry period did not experience negative EB. Improvements in EB were a reflection of lower milk production and greater feed intake. Consistent with the improvements in EB, time to first ovulation and first service, first service conception rate, services per conception, and days open were all improved by reduction of dry period length. Because small animal numbers were used in the study, a second study was conducted on a commercial dairy with many more animals to determine if results from the initial trial could be duplicated. A comparison was made between a 55 and 34 d dry period. Shortening the dry period resulted in fewer days to first ovulation, fewer days open, and a greater percentage of cows pregnant at 150 days in milk, although the improvements in the latter two variables were only significant for cows in their third or greater lactation. A current study is being performed in a large commercial dairy to examine the effects of eliminating the dry period on reproduction utilizing a large commercial dairy.
Possibility of an Accelerated Process of Collapse of Stars in a Very Dense Centre of a Cluster or a Galaxy

THE recent discoveries of extremely luminous and very distant objects, indicating a collapse of vast masses of dimensions of galaxies, suggested to one of the authors a re-examination of the problem of collisions in a multiple star system. The recently accumulating evidence of the association of the novae phenomena with binary or multiple star systems also revived this question. Some of the ideas were then discussed with G. and M. Burbidge.
Doppler-Shifted Open-Orbit Resonance and High-Field Magnetoacoustic Oscillations in Ultrapure Copper

Doppler-shifted open-orbit resonance and high-field magnetoacoustic oscillations have been observed in ultrapure copper at 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K with compressional sound waves propagating along the [\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}101] axis. A Doppler-like splitting of the resonance peak associated with the [010]-directed open orbits begins when $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{B}}$ is rotated about 0.1\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} away from [101] in the (\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}101) plane and increases in magnitude with rotation angle. From the splitting one can deduce average cyclotron masses, which exceed the free-electron mass by as much as a factor of 30, and average drift velocities, which are one hundred times smaller than the free-electron Fermi velocity. Magnetoacoustic oscillations caused by extended orbits along the [010]- and [111]-directed open-orbit bands were studied in fields up to 27 kG, and orbits covering as many as sixty Brillouin zones were measured. All experimental results are compared with the model Fermi surface proposed by Halse.
A PROBABLE EPIDEMIC OF CONGENITAL HYDROCEPHALUS IN 1940-1941.

SUMMARY A peak in the incidence of congenital hydrocephalus in 1940-41 is described; reasons are given for believing it to be a genuine phenomenon, though it is too late to find the cause. Epidemics of malformations are to be detected promptly only if the incidence of malformations in a defined population is studied continuously; and for some epidemics the population studied must be very large indeed. RESUME Une epidemie probable d'hydrocephalies congenitales en 1940-41 L'auteur decrit un sommet dans la courbe d'incidence de l'hydrocephalie congenitale en 1940-41; il donne les raisons qui portent a croire qu'il s'agit d'un phenomene reel, bien qu'il soit trop tard pour en trouver la cause. On ne peut deceler rapidement les epidemies de malformations que si l'incidence des malformations dans une population donnee est etudiee continuellement, et, pour certaines epidemies, la population etudiee doit etre vraiment tres grande. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Die Wahrscheinlichkeit des epidemischen Auftretens von angeborenem Wasserkopf wahrend 1940–1941 Es wird ein Hohepunkt im Auftreten von kongenitalem Wasserkopf im Laufe von 1940–1941 beschrieben; Grunde werden angefuhrt, weshalb dieses als eine echte Erscheinung angesehen werden kann, obwohl die Ursache jetzt nicht mehr festzustellen ist. Malformations-Epidemien konnen nur dann unmittelbar erkannt werden, wenn das Auftreten der Malformationen bei einer bestimmten Bevolkerung fortdauernd beobachtet wird; bei gewissen Epidemien muss diese beobachtete Bevolkerung ausserst zahlreich sein. RESUMEN Una epidemia probable de hidrocefalo congenito en 1940-41 Se describe una cumbre en la frecuencia del hidrocefalo congenita en 1940-41; se dan razones para creer que este es un fenomeno genuino, aunque es demasiado tarde para descubrir la causa. Es posible discernir pronto las epidemias de malformaciones solamente si se estudia continuamente las ocurrencias de malformaciones en un nomero definido de gente; y para algunas epidemias hay que estudiar un numero grandismo.
PCNA/Cyclin expression and BrdU uptake define different subpopulations in different cell lines

Monoclonal antibodies (MAb) to a 36 KD protein, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA/cyclin), have been previously shown to be capable of identifying proliferating cells in vitro as well as in alcohol-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue specimens. The routine use of these anti-PCNA/cyclin MAb in investigative studies and in diagnostic pathology requires a clearer understanding of the distribution of PCNA/cyclin in the different cell populations found in tissue specimens. We therefore compared the ability of MAb to three nucleus-associated proliferation markers (MAb 19A2 to PCNA/cyclin; Ki-67 to an undefined proliferation-related marker; BU-1 to 5'-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporated into DNA) to identify the proliferating cell fraction of various cells in vitro. The cell lines were chosen to represent a spectrum of proliferation rates (high to low) and cell lineage (mesenchymal vs epithelial, non-transformed vs malignant): (a) HeLa and A-431 (two malignant carcinoma cell lines with high proliferation rates); (b) SK-5 (a non-transformed fibroblast cell line with a low proliferation rate); (c) HUVE (a non-transformed human umbilical vein endothelial cell line with a low proliferation rate). Single and double labeling immunofluorescence studies were performed after uniform 1-hr incubations with BrdU. Comparison of the overlapping distributions of detectable PCNA/cyclin expression and BrdU incorporation demonstrated substantial qualitative and quantitative differences between the different cell lines. In two of the four cell lines (HeLa, A-431) the BrdU staining distributions formed inclusive subsets of the PCNA-positive cell populations. In the HUVE cell line the two populations overlapped incompletely. In one cell line, SK-5, the two populations were mutually exclusive. MAb Ki-67 demonstrated a pattern in the SK-5 cell line that was strongly predictive of PCNA positivity, while showing no associated patterns in the other three cell lines. We conclude that PCNA/cyclin expression detected by MAb may define different cell subpopulations in different cell types relative to those incorporating BrdU or expressing the target antigen for Ki-67. This has implications for the clinical study of mixed cell populations using these antibodies.
Design and fabrication of a 40-cm-diameter SiC-coated normal incidence telescope and spectrometer

The optics of a Dall-Kirkham telescope and a Rowland grating have been coated with ion- beam-sputtered SiC in the 2-m mirror coating facility at Goddard Space Flight Center with a newly acquired deposition system. During the deposition system test runs we verified two optical properties of thin SiC films that had been suggested from calculations: (1) the visible reflectivity is sensitive to the thickness of the SiC layer and (2) a substrate of Al (as opposed to glass) improves the visible reflectivity of the coatings. In addition, we found the slow decay in the far-UV reflectivity exhibited by ion-beam-sputtered SiC coatings stored in a desiccator could be significantly retarded by storage in vacuum. We present the far-UV effective area of the telescope and spectrometer that we plan to fly on NASA sounding rocket 36.109UG in September 1993.
The preparation and crystal structure of a basic zirconium molybdate and its relationship to ion exchange gels

Abstract ZrMo 2 O 7 (OH) 2 (H 2 O) 2 was prepared in microcrystalline form by refluxing precipitated zirconium molybdate gels in 1–4M HCl. Macroscopic single crystals have been grown under hydrothermal conditions. In their amorphous, precipitated-gel form the gels are known to function as cation-exchangers. The crystal structure of zirconium molybdate was determined from integrated precession photographs using MoKα radiation. Crystal data: tetragonal space group 14 1 cd (No. 110); a = 11·45±0·01 A c = 12·49±0·01 A (25°C); ϱ obs = 4·0±0·1, ϱ calc = 3·774 g . cm −3 . The structure, refined by block diagonal least squares to (conventional) R = 0·037, is a three-dimensional network of cross-linked chains built-up of quite regular [ZrO 3 eq (OH 2 eq O 2 ax ]-pentagonal bipyramids and distorted cis -MoO 4 (OH)(H 2 O-octahedra. The structure is held together primarily by [Zr-O (and OH)-Mo]-bridges; chains of hydrogen bonds involving the oxo-, hydroxo-, and aquo- groups play a secondary role. Intermatomic distances and angles are normal, however, one oxygen atom has unusual coordination geometry; it forms a three-way bridge in a (symmetry-required) planar [ZrOMo 2 ]-moiety. The structure provides a rationale for the thus far observed physical and chemical properties.
Liberals, Labor, and Party Government

Republican party government during the presidency of George W. Bush prompted liberal academics and intellectuals to reconsider the theory of responsible party government (RPG). While liberal thinkers traditionally had viewed party government positively, the onset of robust conservative government led some to question its desirability. This article examines this momentary turn in liberal thought and argues that it misconstrues the arguments for RPG, overstates the extent to which contemporary conditions constitute a fulfillment of the model, and exaggerates the degree to which Bush-era Republicans were able to shift policy to the right. Most important, recent critics misunderstand the ways that stronger parties help organized labor and favor a left-liberal political agenda.
Deconstructing protocols : Reply to Uebel

En reponse a l'article precedent («Protocols, affirmations and foundations: reply to Oberdan» in «The British journal for the philosophy of science», 50, 2, 1999, pp. 297-300), l'A. rejette l'interpretation anti-fondationnaliste de la theorie des affirmations de Schlick developpee par T. Uebel a partir de l'attribution d'une theorie quasi-wittigensteinienne de la signification au representant du Cercle de Vienne. Soulignant la definition des phrases-protocoles en termes de fondations, l'A. montre que Schlick s'est lui-meme designe comme fondationnaliste en rejetant la these coherentiste
Wide-band interferometric tuning of a multiatmosphere CO2 laser

Abstract We describe the operating characteristics of a compact, frequency tunable, electron-beam-controlled, 15 atmosphere CO 2 laser. Two intracavity Fabry-Perot etalons have been used to obtain laser line narrowing and continuous tuning within the 10.4 μm and 9.4μm bands of the CO 2 gain spectrum. The laser output consists of a 100 nsec pulse (fwhm) with energy up to 100 mJ. The overall laser tuning range is 70 cm -1 and we have measured a laser linewidth of 0.03 cm -1 .
CO2 enrichment of greenhouse tomatoes using a closed-loop heat storage: Effects of cultivar and nitrogen

Abstract Spring crops of soil-grown greenhouse tomatoes (Lycopersion Lycopersicum (L.) Karst ex. Farw cultivars MO and TR-VE 23) were provided with three levels of nitrogen addition with and without added CO2. Using a closed-loop solar collection/storage system, crops could be CO2-enriched for 76–77% of the daylight hours. CO2 enrichment increased No. 1 grade fruit weight by 14 and 27% and by 4 and 18% for both cultivars in 1981 and 1982, respectively. Although the method and amount of nitrogen application differed between 1981 and 1982, a trend was seen in both years for low nitrogen treatments to produce a greater response to CO2 enrichment than high nitrogen treatments. A trend was also seen in both years for low nitrogen treatment to depress yield and quality in the non-enriched house, but to have no effect in the enriched house. This trend was particularly apparent in the cultivar with lower vegetative vigor, which also responded more overall to CO2 enrichment than the cultivar with greater vegetative vigor.
Task force #4—how do we select patients for atherosclerosis imaging?

The coronary heart disease (CHD) risk assessment should begin in the office of the physician or other health care provider. All adults should undergo a standard assessment to help predict future CHD risk. The American College of Cardiology (ACC) and the American Heart Association (AHA) endorse the
Design, syntheses and applications of chemical precursors to advanced ceramic materials in nanostructured forms

Our recent work directed at the syntheses, characterizations and applications of new organodecaborane molecular and polymeric precursors to technologically important nonoxide ceramic materials, such as boron carbide, is presented. When used in conjunction with currently available methods for nanofabrication, these new precursors enable the formation of ceramic nanostructures, including nanofibers, nanocylinders and nanoporous materials.
Occurrence of leukaemia following gene therapy of X-linked SCID.

Recombinant viral vectors have allowed gene transfer to be developed as a promising approach to the treatment of genetic diseases. Recently, gene therapy of children with X-linked severe combined immune deficiency resulted in impressive levels of immune reconstitution — a triumph that was later overshadowed by the development of leukaemia in two patients. What were the causes of this cancer, and how can the therapeutic benefits of gene therapy be achieved while minimizing risk to the patient?
Developments in Studio Design

This paper lists the essential design features that should be incorporated into a broadcast studio, and illustrates the manner in which certain European broadcasting houses have expressed these design features architecturally. The paper is comprised of five principal parts: I. Introduction; II. Design Criteria; III. Studio Shaping; IV. Control of Reverberation Time and Diffusion; and, V. Reduction of Transmitted Sound. Included in the text are curves of preferred reverberation times for studios, preferred reverberation time versus frequency characteristics, and means for providing necessary diffusion and absorption of the sound in a room.
Linking chromatin function with metabolic networks: Sir2 family of NAD(+)-dependent deacetylases.

Abstract Chromatin remodeling enzymes rely on coenzymes derived from metabolic pathways, suggesting a tight synchronization among apparently diverse cellular processes. A unique example of this link is the recently described NAD + -dependent protein and/or histone deacetylases. The founding member of this family – yeast silent information regulator 2 (ySir2) – is involved in gene silencing, chromosomal stability and ageing. Sir2-like enzymes catalyze a reaction in which the cleavage of NAD + and histone and/or protein deacetylation are coupled to the formation of O -acetyl-ADP-ribose, a novel metabolite. The dependence of the reaction on both NAD + and the generation of this potential second messenger offers new clues to understanding the function and regulation of nuclear, cytoplasmic and mitochondrial Sir2-like enzymes.
Measured performance of a refractive Gauss-to-flattop reshaper for deep-UV through near-IR wavelengths

A system of two plano-aspheric lenses which transforms a collimated, radially symmetric Gaussian beam to a flattop is described. To minimize diffraction of the output beam, the lenses were designed to accept essentially all (99.7%) of the input beam, and the output intensity distribution was chosen to have a controlled roll-off, given by the Fermi-Dirac function. Both aspheric surfaces were convex, simplifying fabrication by the technique of magnetorheological figuring. The optics were made of fused silica and, with suitable antireflection coatings, a single prescription can be used at any wavelength from 250 to 1550 nm. Measurements of the output intensity distribution were made by directly illuminating a CCD sensor with the flattop beam, and these results were compared quantitatively to the theoretical design. At the 8 mm diameter output aperture, 78% of the total beam power is contained in a region with 5% rms intensity variation, representing a fourfold improvement in power utilization over the Gaussian input. The beam propagates approximately 0.5 m without significant change in the intensity profile. Both the intensity uniformity and the propagation range are believed to be limited by the accuracy of the aspheric surfaces. It was verified that expanding the linear dimensions of the beam by the factor m increases by m 2 the range over which the beam retains its shape as it propagates. The optics have been successfully used in a holographic data storage test stand and for deep-UV interferometric lithography.
Effect of placenta previa on fetal growth.

Objective To estimate the association between placenta previa and abnormal fetal growth. Study Design Retrospective cohort study of consecutive women undergoing ultrasound between 15 and 22 weeks. Groups were defined by the presence or absence of complete or partial placenta previa. The primary outcome was intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), defined as a birthweight Results Of 59,149 women, 724 (1.2%) were diagnosed with a complete or partial previa. After adjusting for significant confounding factors (black race, gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, and single umbilical artery), the risk of intrauterine growth restriction remained similar (adjusted odds ratio, 1.1; 95% confidence interval, 0.9–1.5). The presence of bleeding did not impact the risk of growth restriction. Conclusion Placenta previa is not associated with fetal growth restriction. Serial growth ultrasounds are not indicated in patients with placenta previa.
Numerical Simulation of Ice-Phase Convective Cloud Seeding

Abstract A two-dimensional time-dependent cloud model which covers a region 19.2 km × 19.2 km in the x and z directions with 200 m grid intervals, has been used to simulate silver iodide (AgI) seeding effects on strong convective clouds. The model is a set of conservation equations for momentum, energy and mass (air and water contents). One extra conservation equation is applied to trace the seeding agent which advects and diffuses along the flow field and interacts with the supercooled cloud fields. Contact and deposition nucleation are simulated. Only inertial impact and Brownian collection are considered as possible mechanisms for contact nucleation. Most of the AgI particles work as deposition or sorption nuclei in this study. Three different soundings are tested. Most of the effort is used in testing sounding H1, from Miles City, Montana, 29 July 1975. Seeding at a different place (see H1/P1), at a different time (case H1/T1), and with different amounts of AgI (cases H1/M1 and H1/M2) are simulated. T...
Effect of Cationic Polyelectrolyte on the Flow Behavior of Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose/Polyacrylic Acid Interpolymer Complexes

Association of polyacrylic acids and nonionic polymers in solutions via hydrogen bonding results in formation of novel polymeric materials. These complexes are novel individual compounds and their properties are entirely different from the properties of their component polymers. In this study, the effects of a cationic polyelectrolyte (polyethylenimine, PEI) on the interpolymer complexation of hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) with polyarcylic acid (PAA) in aqueous media were studied. Results showed that at low pH, interpolymer complex (IPC) formation was observed between HPMC and PAA at a 3:0.5 polymer ratio. Under basic conditions, the viscosity of the IPC increased accompanied with the transition from coiled structure to an extended conformation of associates. Addition of PEI to the same system caused some structural changes in the polymer solution mixtures depending on the pH of the system. PEI worked as a destructive agent for the HPMC/PAA interpolymer complexes and associates. This behavior was ...
Aging Phenomena in Spermatozoa. V. Thermal Denaturation Characteristics of Deoxyribonucleic Acid Isolated from Fresh and Aged Bovine Spermatozoa

Abstract The mean denaturation temperature or melting point of DNA isolated from freshly ejaculated bovine spermatozoa was 86.43±.25C with an average increase in optical density upon heat denaturation of 37.8±1.3%. The average atomic extinction coefficient for phosphorus was 6,350. Neither storage of spermatozoa for up to 15 days at 4C or 100 days at −79C nor X-irradiation of the spermatozoa followed by storage for up to 8 days prior to extraction of the DNA significantly altered either the denaturation temperature or the increase in optical density from heat denaturation. The melting point of heat denatured spermatozoan DNA was 44.4C. The ionic strength of the medium used to suspend the DNA preparation also influenced the melting profile with a reduction in ionic strength of the medium, shifting the melting point toward lower temperatures.
Level spin for superdeformed nuclei near A =194

Transition energies of 25 superdeformed (SD) bands in 13 nuclei of the A=194 region were fitted by the power-series expansion of I in odd powers of ${\mathit{E}}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$/2, \ensuremath{\Elzxh}(I+1/2)=2\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\omega}+4/3\ensuremath{\beta}${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\omega}}}^{3}$, where ${\mathit{E}}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$/2=\ensuremath{\Elzxh}\ensuremath{\omega}, and by the expression for transition energy, ${\mathit{E}}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$=E(I+2)-E(I), where E(I)=AI(I+1) +B[I(I+1)${]}^{2}$+C[I(I+1)${]}^{3}$. Results are generally similar, and level spins for these SD bands are given based on expectations of rotational model behavior.
Control of Enzymatic Browning in Processed Mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus)

Control of polyphenol oxidase (E.C. 1.14.18) activity by the use of citric acid was investigated. The enzyme was inactivated at pH 4.0 and was stable to 10 min exposures at 25°C in the pH range 4.0-8.0. At pH 6.5 the enzyme was active at 45’C but not at 70°C and thermal inactivation followed pseudo first-order kientics. At pH 6.5 the activation energy (E,) for enzyme inactivation was 41.1 Kcal/ mole while at pH 3.5 two rate constants and hence two values for E, were observed. Between O-5 min E, for inactivation of polyphenol oxidase was 8.7 Kcal/mole and >5 min Ea was 21.8 Kcal/ mole.
A vector multivariate hazard rate

Abstract A vector definition of multivariate hazard rate, and associated definitions of increasing and decreasing multivariate hazard rate distributions are presented. Consequences of these definitions are worked out in a number of special cases. Relationships between hazard rate and orthant dependence are established.
Putrescine metabolism in human brain tumors.

The metabolism of the polyamines, putrescine, spermidine and spermine, was studied in human brain and brain tumors. Samples of brain and tumors were incubated with3H-putrescine and the amounts of labeled polyamines were measured. The amount of putrescine conversion was found to be greater in tumors that in normal brain samples. Furthermore, the metabolism of putrescine in brain tumors was related to tumor type and appeared to correlate with the degree of malignancy. The significance of these findings with regard to positron emission tomographic scanning and therapy of patients with malignant gliomas is discussed.
Evolution of cranial blood drainage in hominids: Enlarged occipital/marginal sinuses and emissary foramina

Physiological studies of cranial blood flow in humans in reclining vs. upright postures suggest that selection for bipedalism was correlated with the establishment of epigenetic adaptations for delivering blood preferentially to the vertebral plexus of veins, depending upon momentary respiratory and postural constraints. The frequencies of vascular/osteological channels used to deliver blood to the vertebral plexus of veins were determined for samples of African pongids, various taxa of fossil hominids, and extant Homo sapiens. These channels include an enlarged occipital/marginal (O/M) sinus system, multiple hypoglossal canals, and foramina that conduct emissary veins: posterior condyloid, mastoid, occipital, and parietal. The African pongid, and therefore presumably the ancestral prebipedal hominoid, condition is characterized by low frequencies of all of these routes except multiple hypoglossal canals. The earliest Known bipeds (Australopithecus afarensis) and robust australopithecines are characterized by fixation of enlarged O/M sinus systems. Robust australopithecines are also characterized by apparently low frequencies of mastoid and parietal foramina, and high frequencies of multiple hypoglossal canals and posterior condyloid foramina. In gracile australopithecines and subsequently living hominids, trends towards increased frequencies of mastoid and (later) parietal emissary foramina coincide with a trend towards decreased frequencies of an enlarged O/M sinus system and multiple hypoglossal canals. These findings suggest that selection for bipedalism initially resulted in epigenetic adaptations for routes to deliver blood to the vertebral plexus including an enlarged O/M sinus system and hypoglossal canals, but that the pressures underlying these adaptations relaxed as bipedalism became established, and other routes for delivering blood to the vertebral plexus of veins were either directly or indirectly selected for, perhaps in conjunction with a changing architecture of the skull. A systematic implication of this study is that robust australopithecines are descendants of A. afarensis rather than of A. africanus.
Performance and strain levels of it workers engaged in rapidly changing environments: a person-job fit perspective

Technological changes ripple through information technology (IT) development environments. IT professionals must often incorporate these changes into their job or risk obsolescence. This paper looks at the effects of technological change, and focuses on job environment conditions which affect individual performance, health, and well-being by applying person-job fit theory to software developers that have moved to an object-oriented development approach. Heretofore, the literature on person-job fit has viewed its effects statically, disregarding the effects of change. The current research recognizes the dynamics of the IT workplace and investigates the impact of a rapidly changing job environment on individual IT workers by including a comparison of fit at two different points in time. Results indicate that for a change in job environment, individuals whose professional needs match what is supplied by the job fare better in terms of strain and performance. By devoting attention to supplying IT workers who are facing increasing amounts of change with job environment dimensions these workers need, managers are able to direct their efforts toward the job environment dimensions that may improve worker performance and reduce the ill-effects of stress and strain. This, in turn, may have positive effects on overall system development. This study provides insights for managers regarding the pressures felt by software developers moving to a new development environment, and contributes to the person-job fit literature by incorporating a technological change in job environment.
Phyto‐ and Zooplankton Composition and Some Ecological Observations on a Man‐made Lake in Wadi el Majanin, Libya

The small eutrophic man-made lake in Wadi el Majanin, Libya has a well-buffered hydrogen-carbonate (98 … 160 mg/l CaCO3) system (pH = 7 … 7.8) and a poor Secchi visibility (21 … 35 cm). Conductivity data (272 … 480 μS/cm) fit the water-body in class 2 (‘freshwater’ range) of Beadle. The annual surface water temperature cycle (before noon readings) showed strong seasonal variations from 12 °C in Jan. and Feb. 1986 to 28.5 °C in June, 1987. The lake sustains a good crop of plankton populations. The main phytoplankton were species of Pediastrum, Scenedesmus, Navicula, Amphora, Synedra, Gomphonema, Oscillatoria, Gomphosphaeria and from zooplankton these were Keratella, Polyarthra, Brachionus, Moina, Acanthocyclops and nauplii of copepods. The presence of euglenoids supports the enriched water status of the ecosystem. Planktonic algal flora appeared closer to the eutrophic chlorococcales-diatom type (Hutchinson). Rotifers dominated the zooplankton community. A well established macrophytic vegetation was lacking.
Segmenting a business market for a professional service

Abstract This article uses benefit segmentation to analyze the structure of an industrial market for professional services— the market for CPA services among business firms. Data were collected from a random sample of U.S. business firms, stratified to include a broad cross section of the market for CPA services. Benefit segments were described by linking CPA selection criteria importance ratings with client firm characteristics such as business firm size. Examples of ways in which information about market structure can be used in marketing professional services are presented. The results provide evidence about the applicability of prior industrial marketing research and multilevel industrial market segmentation models to a professional services market.
344 PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY ACTIVITY CONTROLS NUCLEAR MATURATION OF PORCINE OOCYTES

Diphenyleneiodonium (DPI), an inhibitor of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), arrests nuclear maturation of porcine oocytes. This inhibition is reversed using products or cofactors of PPP such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP), phosphoribose diphosphate (PRPP), and ribose-5-phosphate (R5P). The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between DPI-mediated meiotic inhibition, reversal of this inhibition, and metabolism of in vitro-matured (IVM) porcine oocytes. Oocytes were aspirated, searched, and selected in the presence of DPI, with the exception of control oocytes. Oocytes were then matured in one of five treatments for 40 h in 7% CO2 in air at 39°C in defined Purdue Porcine Medium for maturation (PPMmat). Treatments included control, 50 nM DPI (DPI), DPI + 5 mM NADP (NADP), DPI + 12.5 mM PRPP (PRPP), and DPI + 10 mM R5P (R5P). Following IVM, oocytes were denuded by vortexing. Glycolysis and PPP activities were measured in 4 μL hanging drops containing labeled glucose (0.0125 mM 5-3H glucose and 0.482 mM 1-14C glucose, respectively) for 3 h in 6% CO2. Oocytes were then individually fixed in a 3:2:1 solution of ethanol:acetic acid:chloroform and stained with aceto-orcein for determination of meiotic stage (germinal vesicle = 1 through metaphase II = 7). Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. The use of DPI inhibited PPP and nuclear maturation; additionally glycolysis was decreased by DPI compared to control. Addition of NADP and PRPP increased both metabolic pathways and nuclear maturation compared to DPI. R5P restored glycolysis and nuclear maturation to control levels, and PPP to above the control level. There were no significant differences among meiotic stages relative to glycolytic activity. PPP activity was significantly different (values with different superscripts; P < 0.05) among oocytes of different meiotic stages (germinal vesicle = 0.24 ± 0.03ad, germinal vesicle breakdown = 0.40 ± 0.05bcde, condensed chromatin = 0.44 ± 0.05bcd, metaphase I = 0.45 ± 0.12abcd, anaphase = 0.76 ± 0.50abcde, telophase = 0.92 ± 0.17be, metaphase II = 0.74 ± 0.08be). Percentages of oocytes reaching MII were 43.48 (control), 2.08 (DPI), 28.30 (NADP), 18.18 (PRPP), and 46.94 (R5P). These results demonstrate that the PPP is a critical control mechanism for nuclear maturation of porcine oocytes, as inhibition of this metabolic pathway resulted in arrest of nuclear maturation. Addition of PPP cofactors or end products to the arresting medium led to reversal of inhibition as demonstrated by restoration of PPP activity resulting in nuclear maturation. Table 1. Meiotic stage, glycolysis, and pentose phosphate pathway activity after in vitro maturation of porcine oocytes
Abstract 3025: Detection of prostatic fluid micro-RNA species associated with prostate cancer

There is a need to develop more accurate and specific biomarkers that can be used in the early detection and determination of aggressiveness of prostate cancers. Collection of expressed prostatic secretions (EPS) in urine can be done following digital rectal exam (DRE) and gentle massage of each side of the prostate gland. This massage stimulates the release and movement of prostatic fluids and detached epithelial cells into the urethra. EPS is currently being used to develop genetic screens for expression of PCA3 non-coding RNA and TMPRSS2/Erg fusion transcripts, and thus could also provide a rich source of prostate-derived microRNAs (miRNAs). This collection is easily obtained, not disruptive to a standard urological exam and can be collected from men at all stages of prostate cancer, thus making EPS an ideal material to develop diagnostic screens for prostate cancer. Proteins and nucleic acids obtained from these fluids are characteristic of the prostate because the fluid is largely devoid of seminal vesicle-derived proteins or sperm. An additional prostatic fluid from cancer patients, termed direct EPS, has been collected via the penis following a vigorous pre-prostatectomy exam while the patient is under anesthesia. Our laboratory has begun to profile the expression of EPS-derived miRNAs to identify novel prostate cancer biomarkers. Large sample numbers of pre-DRE and post-DRE EPS urine specimens from prostate cancer patients and non-cancer controls have been collected to facilitate identification of cancer-specific as well as prostate-specific miRNA biomarkers. We have optimized procedures to isolate and profile the expression of EPS-derived miRNAs using stem-loop RT followed by TaqMan PCR analysis from 0.2-0.5 mls of sample. Several miRNAs linked to cancer progression (i.e., let-7, miR-16, miR-17, miR-21) have been successfully profiled and show differential expression patterns in post-DRE EPS urine samples obtained from prostate cancer patients compared to non-cancer controls. For comparison, we have also identified a subset of miRNA genes that are enriched in prostate cancer cell lines exhibiting invasive metastatic characteristics as well as miRNAs that are enriched in non-invasive prostate cell lines. We are testing if the expression of these miRNA subclasses correlates with the disease states of our patient EPS specimens, with the goal of developing miRNA signatures that could be used as new diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for prostate cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3025.
Incidence of childhood-onset Type I diabetes in Slovenia and the Tuzla region (Bosnia and Herzegovina) in the period 1990 –1998

Aims/hypothesis: The incidence rate of childhood-onset Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus in Slovenian children during the period 1990–1998 was studied and compared to that of children from the Tuzla region (Bosnia and Herzegovina). The secular trend for a 25-year period in Slovenia was also investigated.
1D current driven metamaterial homogenization

We describe a simple metamaterial homogenization procedure that calculates a limited set of constitutive parameters that are functions of both the frequency and the wavenumber. This procedure is based on replacing the inclusions of the metamaterial with current sheets excited by the local electromagnetic fields.
Unlocking the pathogenesis of celiac disease

A genome-wide association study reports more than a dozen new susceptibility loci for celiac disease. Analysis of eQTL data from these and previously established risk loci sheds light on the genetic pathways underlying this common autoimmune disease.
The gliding hump property in vector sequence spaces

It is shown that vector sequence spaces with a gliding hump property have many of the properties of complete spaces. For example, it is shown that the β-dual of certain vector sequence spaces with a gliding hump property are sequentially complete with respect to the topology of pointwise convergence and also versions of the Banach-Steinhaus Theorem are established for such spaces.
Assessment of Needs for Education Opportunities in Fisheries Genetics

Abstract Although many fisheries management activities affect the genetics of managed populations, most fishery managers have not received education or training in fisheries genetics. In this study, I assessed opportunities and perceived needs for education and training in fisheries genetics. A survey of university fisheries science programs revealed more than half of the fisheries curricula in North America offer students little or no opportunity for coursework in fisheries genetics, but many departments were interested in establishing or expanding offerings in fisheries genetics. A survey of administrators of state, provincial, and federal fisheries management agencies documented a shortfall of in-house agency expertise in genetics relative to perceived needs. Agency heads indicated strong support for sending key individuals to continuing education short courses in areas of relevance to agency missions. Development of teaching support materials and more extensive offering of continuing education short c...
Effects of coping skills training in school‐age children with type 1 diabetes

Children with type 1 diabetes are at risk for negative psychosocial and physiological outcomes, particularly as they enter adolescence. The purpose of this randomized trial (n=82) was to determine the effects, mediators, and moderators of a coping skills training intervention (n=53) for school-aged children compared to general diabetes education (n=29). Both groups improved over time, reporting lower impact of diabetes, better coping with diabetes, better diabetes self-efficacy, fewer depressive symptoms, and less parental control. Treatment modality (pump vs. injections) moderated intervention efficacy on select outcomes. Findings suggest that group-based interventions may be beneficial for this age group.
Functional task benchmarks for stroke rehabilitation

Abstract Objective: To determine typical outcome "benchmarks" for 18 functional tasks in patients undergoing stroke rehabilitation. The benchmarks are intended to serve as points of reference to which the outcomes of patients with similar impairments and degrees of disability can be compared. Subjects: Records from 26,339 stroke patients discharged from 252 inpatient facilities across the United States that submitted 1992 data to the Uniform Data System for Medical Rehabilitation. Methods: Stroke impairment was detailed as the presence or absence of hemiparesis resulting from stroke and the side(s) of involvement. Within each of five stroke impairment categories, patients were further classified by the Functional Independence Measure-Function-Related Groups (FIM-FRGs) into nine syndromes by degree of disability (admission motor and cognitive FIM scores) and by age. Outcomes were determined for each stroke syndrome at patients' discharge from medical rehabilitation. Main Outcome Measures: Patients' median performance levels on each of the 18 items making up the FIM, length of stay, and community discharge rates. Results: The majority of patients whose admission motor FIM scores were above 37 were able to eat, groom, dress the upper body, and manage bladder and bowel functions independently by discharge. In addition to these tasks, most of those whose motor FIM scores were above 55 were able to dress the lower body, bathe, and transfer onto a chair/bed or toilet. The majority of patients whose initial motor FIM scores were above 62 points and whose cognitive FIM scores were above 30 gained independence in most tasks, including stair climbing and tub transfers. Community discharge rates ranged from 51.6% for the group of patients with the most severe disabilities to 99.2% for the group with the least severe disabilities. Conclusion: The clinician can apply these benchmarks to guideline development and quality improvement, and in establishing patient goals.