cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Caring about caring: A reply to Frankfurt

In his deep (and, I think, deeply Spinozistic) paper Frankfurt offers us a distinction, which I find important, between the things which are important to us, because they affect our lives in ways we find important, and things or persons we care about, where this caring makes something important which need not have been so. We invest ourselves in what we care about, make ourselves vulnerable in ways we need not have been to the losses and griefs we will suffer when what we care about is defeated, or tortured, or dead, or permanently absent from our lives. To care is to make something important, above and beyond what must be important to us simply as sentient beings with desires. I think this distinction is important, and I want to push a bit further what Frankfurt says about caring about our carings in the last section of his paper. He says of the one who cares about his caring about a person or cause, that "he therefore guides himself away from being critically affected by anything, in the outside world or within himself, which might divert him or dissuade him ... from caring as much as he does." This sounds to me like the fanatic, the one whose objects of care are so important to him that he will not risk scrutinizing them. But, for Frankfurt, to care about anything, presumably including one's caring, is to take risks of loss and defeat. The one who carefully insulates herself against losing her loves or cared-about causes, then, is precisely the one who is not willing to take the risks caring involves in this case the risks of finding out that one's objects of care, and so one's actual carings, are not worth one's while. Frankfurt later does want an evaluative dimension to enter into caring about caring, but it seems a very cautious sort of higher order caring, too cautious to qualify as caring by Frankfurt's own account of that risky investment of self in some other person or cause. He says that
The effect of radial temperature gradient on the formation of axial void in UO2 fuel elements

Abstract The process of axial cavity formation in UO 2 rods of nuclear fuel was investigated by means of a nodal model of heat transfer incorporating a space dependent heat source and both temperature and irradiation dependent thermal conductivity. The radii of the cavity and of the reorganized crystal zone were reproduced through calculation by postulating a progressive recrystallization of the initially porous UO 2 commencing at 1700°C, and associated with differential sublimation and condensation of UO 2 , within the microscopic pores under the action of a high temperature gradient. The calculational model was found sufficient to predict quantitatively the experimentally observed changes in UO 2 , rods and leads to the conclusion that the axial cavity may form before the UO 2 , melting temperature of 2876°C is reached at the center of the rod.
MRI appearance of esophageal duplication cyst

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was utilized to demonstrate an esophageal duplication cyst of the midesophagus in a 61-year-old woman. The radiographic, computed tomographic, and MRI features are illustrated.
Multifunction Generation with Logarithmic Pulse Width/Pulse Height Modulation

A new method for the generation of the multifunction operation W = sign(X).Z(X/Y) m is treated in this paper. The method is based on logarithmic function generation by means of logarithmic pulse width modulation, which is pulse width modulation with an exponential carrier signal (Ye -? X t ). Demodulation is done by feeding the pulse width modulated signal into an integrator which has a logarithmic pulse width modulator in its feedback path. This feedback pulse width modulator has an exponential carrier signal of the form Ze -? W t . Moreover, this logarithmic pulse width modulator in the feedback path also performs the antilog operation. Hence, multifunction operation is accomplished based on the log-antilog principle. The exponent m is equal to the ratio of the inverse of the time constants of the exponential carrier signals for the input and feedback modulators (m = ? w /? x ).Hence, the exponent m can easily be adjusted. Experiments on the analog computer showed that an accuracy of 0.2% of a 1 V full scale was easily obtainable. The frequency response and the signal-to-noise ratio of the system was determined through simulation on a digital computer.
Movements and Spawning of Anadromous Alewives, Alosa pseudoharengus (Wilson) at Lake Mattamuskeet, North Carolina

Abstract Adult anadromous alewives were captured during spring spawning runs into Lake Mattamuskeet, North Carolina in 1969, 1970 and 1971. The peak of the spawning runs occurred on 5 and 6 April 1970, and 2 and 3 April 1971. Average water temperatures on these dates were 12.9 C and 13.1 C, respectively. Seasonal movements of alewives displayed a unimodal peak. Daily activity was greatest between dawn and noon and between dusk and midnight. One of four canals connecting the spawning grounds in the lake with Pamlico Sound carried an average of 97.5% of the alewives into the lake during 1970 and 1971.
A mixed variational equation for a twelfth-order theory of bending of nonhomogeneous transversely isotropic plates

Departing from a linear-theory statement of the three-dimensional problem of a surface and edge loaded transversely isotropic layer, with material properties which are even functions of the thickness coordinate, we use a variational statement of this problem, with independent displacement and transverse stress variations, for a direct-methods derivation of a corresponding twelfth-order two-dimensional statement, which is believed to be computationally beneficial relative to corresponding statements involving independent displacement variations only.
Judging risk for multiple diseases: The role of disease worry:

Risk perceptions and disease worry of 1,959 healthy adults were measured in a telephone-based survey. In the model for each of eight health conditions, people’s perceived risk was related to their ...
A pilot study of the phase angle between cortisol and melatonin in major depression – A potential biomarker?

Abstract Introduction Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and melatonin rhythm alterations have been independently reported in major depression (MDD) as well as in insomnia. In this pilot study, we link cortisol and melatonin rhythms and propose that the phase angle between cortisol acrophase (CA) and dim-light melatonin onset (20 pg/ml) (DLMO-20) may yield a useful state specific biomarker for MDD. Methods Six healthy (HC) and six depressed (MDD) psychotropic free subjects were admitted to the General Clinical Research Center. Blood was sampled for cortisol and melatonin from 1600 h to 1000 h, under dim lights ( Results Phase angle was significantly increased in MDD’s versus HC’s (13.40 ± 1.61 h. versus 11.61 ± 1.66 h, p = 0.026). Using ROC analysis, a phase angle greater than 13.57 h distinguished MDD’s from HC’s (sensitivity = 0.83, specificity = 1.0). Mean nocturnal melatonin (1600–1000 h) was significantly decreased in MDD’s versus HC’s (22.67 ± 9.08 pg/ml versus 47.82 ± 14.76 pg/ml, p = 0.015). Conclusions The phase angle between CA and DLMO-20 appears to distinguish HC’s from MDD’s and may be a useful biomarker to aid biologic assessment as well as treatment. Lower nocturnal melatonin in MDD’s highlights its importance in MDD’s pathophysiology. Additional study with larger sample size is needed to confirm the results of this pilot study. The mechanism for this phase angle difference and decreased melatonin, itself, requires further study.
Efficacy of abstinence promotion media messages: findings from an online randomized trial.

Abstract Objective We conducted an online randomized experiment to evaluate the efficacy of messages from the Parents Speak Up National Campaign (PSUNC) to promote parent–child communication about sex. Methods We randomly assigned a national sample of 1,969 mothers and fathers to treatment (PSUNC exposure) and control (no exposure) conditions. Mothers were further randomized into treatment and booster (additional messages) conditions to evaluate dose–response effects. Participants were surveyed at baseline, 4 weeks postexposure, and 6 months postexposure. We used multivariable logistic regression procedures in our analysis. Results Treatment fathers were more likely than control fathers to initiate conversations about sex at 4 weeks, and treatment fathers and mothers were more likely than controls at 6 months to recommend that their children wait to have sex. Treatment fathers and mothers were far more likely than controls to use the campaign Web site. There was a dose–response effect for mothers' Web site use. Conclusions Using new media methods, this study shows that PSUNC messages are efficacious in promoting parent–child communication about sex and abstinence. Future research should evaluate mechanisms and effectiveness in natural settings.
Maximum Likelihood Estimation for the 4-Parameter Beta Distribution

This paper addresses the problem of obtaining maximum likelihood estimates for the parameters of the Pearson Type I distribution (beta distribution with unknown end points and shape parameters). Since they do not seem to have appeared in the literature, the likelihood equations and the information matrix are derived. The regularity conditions which ensure asymptotic normality and efficiency are examined, and some apparent conflicts in the literature are noted. To ensure regularity, the shape parameters must be greater than two, giving an (assymmetrical) bell-shaped distribution with high contact in the tails. A numerical investigation was carried out to explore the bias and variance of the maximum likelihood estimates and their dependence on sample size. The numerical study indicated that only for large samples (n ≥ 1000) does the bias in the estimates become small and does the Cramer-Rao bound give a good approximation for their variance. The likelihood function has a global maximum which corresponds to ...
Mentoring clinical trials in thoracic and cardiovascular surgery: a new role for the society of thoracic surgeons

Ann Thorac Surg B. Putnam, Jr Joe David A. Fullerton, Kemp H. Kernstine, D. Michael McMullan, W. Steves Ring and Henning A. Gaissert, Alfred S. Casale, Lawrence L. Creswell, T. Bruce Ferguson, Jr, society of thoracic surgeons Mentoring clinical trials in thoracic and cardiovascular surgery: a new role for the http://ats.ctsnetjournals.org/cgi/content/full/77/5/1874 located on the World Wide Web at: The online version of this article, along with updated information and services, is
The effect of precursor chemistry and preparation conditions on the formation of pore structure in metal-containing carbon fibers

Activated carbon fibers (ACFs) prepared from petroleum isotropic pitch and the same containing silver and cobalt nitrate, cobalt and palladium acetylacetonates, as well as mixtures of two salts with a total metal or metal mixture content of 1 wt% have been studied. The processing parameters are summarized for activated carbon fibers containing individual metals and metal mixtures. The results suggest that the generation of metal-containing particles and the formation of pore structure depend on many different factors including the composition of the metal and pitch precursors, the interaction of the metal and pitch precursors during the fiber production process, and the interaction between the two metal precursors when more than one metal salt is used. The addition of silver and cobalt in the form of nitrate salts enlarges the micropores and generates small mesopores with a narrow range of sizes. The addition of palladium as an acetylacetonate salt leads to the formation of both small micropores and larger mesopores. The cobalt additive as an acetylacetonate salt catalyzes the activation process, creating large mesopores and macropores. Mixing of two different metal precursors affects the particle composition and size. This, in turn, controls the pore structure of the final activated fibers. During activation, the two metal precursors can act independently (Ag/Co mixture). However, in other cases their effect can be additive (Co/Pd mixture), or even synergistic (Ag/Pd mixture).
The Japanese-American woman, the second world war, and the relocation camp experience

Americans tend to group people who look alike. This is done especially to those who do not have a northern European heritage and who cannot easily or readily blend into the majority. Japanese-Americans are an excellent example. Those who are visibly different due to color and/or facial features sometimes experience intense insecurity and also internal conflict. These feelings contribute to identity and/or personality problems for the already fragile minority psyche. Anglo-Americans who depict Japanese-Americans as passively and non-verbally retaining their Japanese cultures within a law-abiding ghetto community are ignorant of individual differences and ignore the cultural disparities between second and third generation ethnics. On the other hand some Anglo-Americans assume that Japanese-Americans are unobtrusively becoming Americanized, that they represent the ideal of the melting pot process. But how much do Anglo-Americans actually know about Japanese-Americans, and their almost unstudied scientific and cultural contributions? Japanese-Americans can be conveniently divided into Issei immigrants who came to the United States between 1895 and 1924; their Nisei, American-born children who grew up during the depression years of the 1930s and survived the wartime evacuation of 194245; and the Sansei, the American-born children of the Nisei. Estimated current ages of the generations are as follows: Issei, over 70; Nisei, 30-70; Sansei, under 30. Japanese-American women, in particular, have not concerned sociologists, psychiatrists or educators because, until recently, they seldom spoke for themselves. They were taught from early girlhood to accept a subservient role within a strong paternalistic family structure where sons were given differential treatment. They had limited educational opportunities and few career options. Little wonder that these women remained silent members of an already silent minority, subject to Anglo-American indifference, or, especially during World War II, active hostility. In the poem entitled ‘Lullabye’,’ Janice Mirikitani looks back upon the wartime hysteria which sent her into an internment camp soon after her birth. Written 30 years after the Pearl Harbor attack, the narrator in Mirikitani’s poem, a woman, questions why her mother went so docilely to the camp. The daughter explores the bitter, confused feelings of a parent
An asymptotically distribution-free test for ordered alternatives in two-way layouts

Abstract An asymptotically distribution-free test is proposed for unequally spaced ordered alternatives in two-way layouts. The test statistic is a linear function of the ranks of residuals when the nuisance parameters are estimated. We show that the limiting distribution of the test statistic, when properly standardized, is normal. The asymptotic relative efficiency comparisons (in Pitman sense) with respect to the likelihood derivative test and nonparametric tests for randomized complete blocks show that our procedure is generally more powerful.
Control of cardiac alternans in a mapping model with memory

A generic feature of cardiac muscle is that the duration of an action potential depends on the long-term history of previous action potentials, known as cardiac ‘memory’. Even though memory is known to be an important physiological response, there have only been limited studies of its effect on cardiac dynamics. Here, we investigate a map-based model of paced myocardium in the presence of closed-loop feedback control. The model relates the duration of an action potential to the preceding diastolic interval as well as the preceding action potential duration and thus has some degree of memory. We find that the range of parameters over which control is effective can be enlarged or reduced by memory, a prediction that is independent of the specific functional form of the map. Our work suggests that modifying the degree of memory (e.g., pharmacological agents) with some form of feedback control may be an effective strategy for the maintenance of normal cardiac function. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Atonic seizures in survivors of childhood cancer.

Atonic seizures are part of some childhood epilepsy syndromes and can also result from acquired central nervous system insult. Of 93 survivors of childhood cancer with uncontrolled seizures, 10 (11...
Quantifying lexical influence: Giving direction to context

The relevance of context in disambiguating natural language input has been widely acknowledged in the literature. However, most attempts at formalising the intuitive notion of context tend to treat the word and its context symmetrically. We demonstrate here that traditional measures such as mutual information score are likely to overlook a significant fraction of all co-occurrence phenomena in natural language. We also propose metrics for measuring directed lexical influence and compare performances.
Seizures after convulsive therapy A retrospective case survey

We reviewed all documented cases of spontaneous seizures that followed convulsive therapy. Nineteen studies provided information in 81 cases. The average annual incidence of spontaneous seizures was 114 per 100,000,5 times more frequent than an age-adjusted nonpsychiatric cohort. Host susceptibility rather than treatment-features influenced seizure development. A longer latency to first seizure was associated with greater likelihood of seizure recurrence, a relationship also observed in posttraumatic epilepsy.
Who Needs to Know What? Institutional Knowledge and Global Projects

Projections for future demand in infrastructure and buildings indicate that there will be increasing opportunities for firms to engage in construction projects around the world. However, international construction projects also face numerous uncertainties. Foreign firms engaged on these projects must work in unfamiliar environments, with differing regulations, norms, and cultural beliefs. This can increase misunderstandings and risks for the entrant firm. To reduce these risks, successful international firms strategically increase their understanding of the local area by collecting knowledge that is important for a given foreign project. This study compiles and analyzes data from 15 case studies of three types of international firms (developers, contractors, and engineers) engaged in international infrastructure development to identify the types of institutional knowledge that informants indicate are important for their international projects. Using institutional theory, we categorize the kinds of knowledge about foreign country operations that managers deem to be important, expanding prior studies by attending to normative knowledge in addition to regulative and cultural knowledge. Finally, we analyze the importance of different categories of knowledge according to firm type. This analysis provides entrant firms a tool to help identify important types of institutional knowledge to collect as they undertake international projects.
Failure of L-Dopa to Relieve Activated Rigidity in Parkinson’s Disease

Rigidity in Parkinson patients can be easily quantitated by determining net work required to passively flex and extend the fore arm through an arc of 100°. Rigidity thus measured can be subdivided into two very distinct types, resting and activated. Resting rigidity, measured while the patient is relaxed, responds to all effective therapeutic agents and correlates closely to degree of clinical improvement. Activated rigidity, measured during voluntary activity, is not relieved by any presently available medical treatment. It remains unchanged at pre-therapy levels even in patients who may temporarily appear to have dramatic improvement in clinical symptomatology. Longitudinal measurements made in hundreds of parkinson patients over intervals ranging from 5 to 15 years show continuing high levels of activated rigidity through the entire period of study.
A protocol analysis of retrieval in bilingual autobiographical memory

Effortful retrieval of specific memories may be characterized as a step-wise procedure in which a chain of associations(imagery, language, feelings, concepts) is activated and the information matched to search requirements until a target memory is triggered. This paper addresses the issue of how a bilingual might employ both languages to trigger a sought-after memory. Ten Spanish-English speaking bilinguals were cued with words in Spanish and English in blocked conditions on separate days and asked to “think aloud” while searching for an autobiographical incident related to the cue word. Protocols were transcribed and coded for kinds of mental states(visual imagery, emotion, concepts, and linguistic elements) intervening between the cue and the final memory. A Friedman ANOVA indicated that visual imagery was the most frequent state accessed. Inspection of the protocols in which language played a role suggested that bilinguals both consciously translated cues and made automatic associations within-and across-languages at morphological, lexical, and semantic levels to trigger memories.
Effects of Mono-(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate on Fetal and Neonatal Rat Testis Organ Cultures

Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and its active metabolite, mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), have been shown to cause reproductive toxicity in both developing and adult animals. In this study, we used organ cultures of fetal and neonatal rat testes to assess the in vitro effect of MEHP on seminiferous cord formation in Embryonic Day 13 (E13) testes and on the development of E18 and Postnatal Day 3 (P3) testes. Interestingly, MEHP had no effect on cord formation in the organ cultures of E13 testes, indicating that it has no effect on sexual differentiation of the indifferent gonad to testis. Consistently, the expression of a Sertoli cell-specific protein, mullerian inhibiting substance (MIS), or the number of gonocytes did not change in E13 testes after MEHP treatment. In contrast, MEHP decreased the levels of MIS and GATA-4 proteins in Sertoli cells and impaired Sertoli cell proliferation in the organ cultures of E18 and P3 testes. These results suggest that MEHP negatively influences proliferation and differentiation of Sertoli cells in both fetal and neonatal testes. In addition, MEHP treatment did not alter the number of gonocytes in E18 testes, whereas the number of gonocytes in P3 testes decreased in a dose-dependent manner, apparently due to enhanced apoptosis. These results suggest that MEHP adversely affects the gonocytes, which are mitotically active and undergoing migration and differentiation in neonatal testes, but it has no effect on fetal gonocytes that are mitotically quiescent.
Effects of Guided Inquiry versus Lecture Instruction on Final Grade Distribution in a One-Semester Organic and Biochemistry Course.

A comprehensive guided-inquiry approach was used in a combined organic and biochemistry course for prenursing and predietetics students rather than lecture. To assess its effectiveness, exam grades and final course grades of students in three instructional techniques were compared. The three groups were the following: (i) lecture only, (ii) lecture for the biochemistry portion and guided inquiry for the organic material, and (iii) all guided inquiry, all with the same instructor covering the same material and using the same style of assessments. When the final exam grades and the course grades of students were compared, guided-inquiry and partial guided-inquiry students had a statistically significant improvement in these grades over students taught by lecture only. This study demonstrates that guided inquiry is effective in nonscience majors’ classes, for which content is often tailored to the audience.
Mefloquine Exposure Induces Cell Cycle Delay and Reveals Stage-Specific Expression of the pfmdr1 Gene

Drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria is a major public health problem. An elevated pfmdr1 gene copy number (CN) is known to decrease parasite sensitivity to the commonly used antimalarial mefloquine (MFQ). To understand the relationship between pfmdr1 CN and mefloquine resistance, we evaluated pfmdr1 transcript levels in three P. falciparum strains with different CNs in the presence and absence of MFQ. Parasite strains with multiple pfmdr1 gene copies exhibited higher relative transcript levels than single-copy parasites, and MFQ induced pfmdr1 expression above the levels without treatment in all three strains evaluated. Concomitant morphology analyses of the sampled cultures revealed that MFQ treatment of synchronized ring-stage parasites induced a delay in parasite maturation through the intraerythrocytic cycle. pfmdr1 expression peaks in the ring stage, and MFQ could be causing increased transcription by delaying parasite maturation. However, pretreatment with mefloquine did not affect the artemisinin in vitro half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC(50)). These results suggest that MFQ-induced increases in pfmdr1 expression are the direct result of the maturation delay at the ring stage but that this change in expression does not affect the antimalarial activity of artemisinin.
Generating moments of exponential scale mixtures

Several authors derive moments of exponential scale mixtures for specific mixing densities. Obtaining these moments typically requires the derivation of the density of the mixture, then calculating moments directly. We offer a generating mechanism, which allows one to obtain these moments using the moment generating function of the mixing distribution.
Rate and predictors of treatment prescription for hepatitis C

Background: The true treatment rate for hepatitis C virus (HCV) in veterans is unknown. Aim: To determine the treatment prescription rates and predictors of treatment prescription for HCV in a large national population. Methods: The Department of Veterans Affairs National Patient Care Database (NPCD) was used to identify all HCV-infected people between the fiscal years 1999 and 2003 using the International classification of diseases , 9th revision codes. Demographic information, medical and psychiatric comorbidities, and drug and alcohol use diagnoses were retrieved. Pharmacy data were retrieved from the Department of Veterans Affairs Pharmacy Benefits Management (PBM) database. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the predictors of treatment for HCV in HCV. Results: 113 927 veterans in the Department of Veterans Affairs care with a diagnosis of HCV were identified. The treatment prescription rate for HCV was 11.8%. Patients not prescribed treatment were older, more likely to be from minority races, have more alcohol and drug misuse, and have medical and psychiatric comorbid conditions. In a multivariate logistic regression model, the following factors were predictive of non-treatment for HCV: increasing age (odds ratio (OR) 0.77 for each 5-year increase in age; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.76 to 0.78); black race (OR 0.64; 95% CI 0.6 to 0.68); Hispanic race (OR 0.88; 95% CI 0.8 to 0.96); alcohol abuse and dependence (OR 0.62; 95% CI 0.59 to 0.65); drug abuse and dependence (OR 0.78; 95% CI 0.74 to 0.82); anaemia (OR 0.18; 95% CI 0.16 to 0.21); hepatitis B infection (OR 0.72; 95% CI 0.62 to 0.83); coronary artery disease (OR 0.9; 95% CI 0.85 to 0.97); stroke (OR 0.75; 95% CI 0.67 to 0.85); bipolar disorder (OR 0.64; 95% CI 0.58 to 0.70); major depression (OR 0.72; 95% CI 0.67 to 0.77); mild depression (OR 0.56; 95% CI 0.53 to 0.59); and schizophrenia (OR 0.71; 95% CI 0.65 to 0.77). The following factors were associated with a higher likelihood of treatment prescription for HCV: liver cirrhosis (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.5 to 1.7); and diabetes (OR 1.07; 95% CI 1.02 to 1.12). Conclusions: A small number of HCV-infected veterans were prescribed treatment for HCV. Non-treatment is associated with increasing age, non-white race, drug and alcohol abuse, and dependence and comorbid illnesses. Reasons for non-treatment need further study.
Optical Scattering Power for Characterization of Mineral Loss

Mineral loss in early caries cannot be measured without invasive procedures. To quantify mineral loss without sectioning the tooth, one must determine the optical scattering of the enamel. Using enamel white-spot lesions, we hypothesize that the optical scattering power (Sp) of the demineralized enamel would provide a quantitative estimate of mineral loss. Enamel slabs were demineralized to produce artificial white spots. The data were acquired by means of a Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) camera and image-processing software. For the purpose of comparison, mineral loss (deltaZ) of the demineralized samples was determined by the use of a microhardness approach after the samples were sectioned. The scattering power correlated well with deltaZ (r2 = 0.82). In contrast, simple reflectance of the demineralized samples correlated poorly with deltaZ (r2 = 0.22). The validity of using scattering power to measure demineralization has been confirmed by a three-dimensional Monte Carlo Simulation.
On the asymptotic stability of the hybrid position/force control scheme for robot manipulators

Conditions are presented for the global asymptotic stability of the hybrid position/force control of robot manipulators, using Lyapunov's direct method. Although hybrid control schemes have been studied in depth, the stability problem has not been clarified completely. The authors deal with the stability of the hybrid control scheme in Cartesian coordinates of the work space, especially from the viewpoint of coupling between position and force control. Results show not only the global asymptotic stability conditions but also the physical interpretation or meaning of the stability conditions by citing an example of a two-degree-of-freedom manipulator. >
Issue-Specific Political Uncertainty and Policy Insulation in US Federal Agencies

Policymakers may take a number of measures to keep their preferred policies intact in the face of political threats. Scholars have explored this phenomenon extensively, formulating and testing models of delegation and insulation. But existing models have conflicting and nuanced empirical implications. I contend that the general and coherent implications of delegation and insulation theories can be realized by focusing on the politics of particular issue areas and by reconsidering a recent formalization of Terry Moe's theory of policy insulation. I examine this argument empirically using augmented versions of prominent data sets on statutory delegation and agency design in the United States. The analysis yields results consistent with the proposition that issue-specific political uncertainty leads to policy insulation. The explanatory power of measures of issue-specific policy volatility and conflict (proxies for political uncertainty) rivals that of the interbranch conflict measures that existing research tends to emphasize. The Author 2012. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Yale University. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com, Oxford University Press.
Use of a Qualitative Horse-Side Test to Measure Serum Amyloid A in Mares With Experimentally Induced Ascending Placentitis

Abstract The objectives of this study were to assess (1) changes in serum amyloid A (SAA) detected by a lateral flow device (LFD) in mares with experimental placentitis and (2) to assess the correlation of this assay with a quantitative immunoassay. Horse mares carrying normal pregnancies were assigned to a control group (n = 12) and to a group with experimentally induced ascending placentitis (n = 13). Blood samples were obtained immediately before inoculation and/or initial sampling for control mares and then daily for 12 days or until abortion. Concentration of SAA was analyzed using a turbidometric immunoassay. Retrospectively, samples −9, −6, −3, and 0 days from abortion (DFA) were analyzed. Day 0 was defined as the day of abortion for mares in the placentitis group and the last sampling day for mares in the control group. Based on the LFD results, there were significant differences between mares in the control group and mares in the group with experimentally induced placentitis (P .05). The results obtained using the commercial LFD were moderately correlated (ρ = 0.51; P
The New Property v. The New Community

Property as a vehicle for social change. This article critiques the "New Property" approach offered by Charles Reich as a way of improving the lot of the poor and working class in the United States. (The New Property proposed to create greater procedural safeguards for people needing to access the social safety net.)
Two-photon photoemission spectroscopy of Ti O 2 ( 110 ) surfaces modified by defects and O 2 or H 2 O adsorbates

Two-photon photoemission (2PP) spectra of $\mathrm{Ti}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}(110)$ surfaces are measured for the nearly perfect surface, and surfaces modified by introduction of defects and adsorbed molecules. Defects are generated on nearly perfect surfaces by three methods: electron irradiation, annealing in vacuum, and ${\mathrm{Ar}}^{+}$ sputtering. Nearly perfect or damaged surfaces can be further modified by adsorption of ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ or ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$ molecules. 2PP spectroscopy is used to systematically investigate the work function change due to the presence of defects or adsorbates. 2PP spectroscopy detects both surface and bulk oxygen vacancy defects. We find from the results on oxygen adsorption that oxygen vacancies created by electron irradiation are localized on the surface and may be removed by ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ adsorption at $100\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$. The surface defects are substantially different from those created by annealing or by ion sputtering where vacancies in the subsurface region are proposed. We find that ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ acts as an acceptor molecule on surface defect states whereas ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$ acts as a donor molecule. From simulation of the work function change as a function of dosage, the dipole moment of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$ adsorbed on $\mathrm{Ti}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ surface is derived to be $0.5\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{D}$ positive outward. We also find an unoccupied electronic state $2.45\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$ above the Fermi level that appears at submonolayer coverage of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$, which we tentatively assign to charge transfer from surface titanium ions to the surface-adsorbed ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$ molecules or OH ligands.
The Peristigmal Gland Cells of Trypetid Larvae (Diptera)

Dolley and Farris (1929) have given a brief resume of the previous work on the peristigmal gland cells of Syrphid larvae, which need not be repeated here. The wide occurrence of these gland cells in the larvae of the higher Diptera has not, however, been generally recognized. Pantel (1901) found them in the larvae of entomophagous muscids, and Keilin (1913) reports their presence in the Mycetophilidae, Psychodidae, Ptychopteridae, Rhyphidae, Trichocera , and in all of the cyclorrhaphous Diptera studied. Yet in the numerous papers that have been published on the larvae of the Trypetidae, no reference to these gland cells has been found, except a bare mention in the article on Anastrepha striata by Keilin and Picado (1920). As these structures present several problems of considerable physiological and histological interest, the present notice of their general occurrence in the fruit-inhabiting Trypetidae may be of value. Rhagoletis pomonella has been selected for illustration, as it is the most generally available form; its larval anatomy has been described by Snodgrass (1924).
Evaluation of Subcutaneous Phenobarbital Administration in Hospice Patients

Phenobarbital is used in hospice and palliative care to treat refractory symptoms. In end-of-life care, Food and Drug Administration approved routes of administration may be unreasonable based on patients' status. In these cases, phenobarbital may be administered subcutaneously for symptom management. However, according to the American Hospital Formulary Service, subcutaneous administration of commercially available injectable phenobarbital is cautioned due to possible skin reactions. This study evaluates the tolerability of phenobarbital administered subcutaneously. Of 69 patients and 774 distinct subcutaneous phenobarbital injections, 2 site reactions were recorded (2.9% of patients; 0.3% of injections). Both were mild, grade 1 reactions. Each patient continued to receive subcutaneous phenobarbital via newly placed ports with no additional reactions. Based on these findings, phenobarbital appears to be well tolerated when administered subcutaneously.
Behold! The Midpoint Rule is Better Than the Trapezoidal Rule for Concave Functions

(1985). Behold! The Midpoint Rule is Better Than the Trapezoidal Rule for Concave Functions. The College Mathematics Journal: Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 56-56.
UM-SCC-103: a unique tongue cancer cell line that recapitulates the tumorigenic stem cell population of the primary tumor.

Objective:A new head and neck cancer cell line was developed from a highly aggressive HNSCC of the oral cavity diagnosed in a 26-year-old pregnant woman.Methods:Cells from the primary tumor were passaged in culture and genotyped as a unique cell line. The resultant cell line was assessed for its ability to replicate the primary tumor.Results:The primary tumor and cell line contained 19.03% and 19.62% CD44high cells, respectively. CD44high cancer stem cells from UM-SCC-103 formed tumors after flank injections in mice that reconstituted the heterogeneity of the primary tumor. CD44 staining and histology in the primary tumor and tumors grown in vivo from the cell line were similar. CD44high cells from the primary tumor resulted in lung colony formation in 2 out of 2 tail vein injections in mice, whereas CD44low cells did not. Similarly, CD44high cells from UM-SCC-103 formed lung tumors in 2 out of 4 mice, whereas CD44low cells did not.Conclusion:The similarity in marker expression and tumorigenic behavior be...
Restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty--anatomic and pathophysiological mechanisms. Strategies for prevention.

Restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) probably results from pathophysiological mechanisms that are initiated during PTCA. Platelet deposition or exposed subendothelial connective tissue initiates complex blood element and vessel wall interactions that are not completely understood and leads to a proliferative response at the site of injury. The incidence of restenosis is also related to clinical, anatomic, and procedural variables. An increased frequency of restenosis is seen in patients who have recent onset of angina, unstable angina, or vasospastic angina, and in those who have diabetes. Stenoses in the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery, the ostium of the right coronary artery, and the proximal portion of a bypass vein graft have higher rates of restenosis than lesions at other sites. Restenosis can be predicted by an incomplete PTCA, which is identified by a high residual pressure gradient across the stenosis. Mechanical and pharmacological methods of preventing restenosis are under investigation. Intravascular stenting with expandable metal sleeves and laser angioplasty have shown encouraging results. Longer balloon inflation time can help prevent early elastic recoil. Platelet inhibitors (e.g., aspirin, dipyridamole, and sulfinpyrazone) do not appear to have an effect on restenosis. Agents, however, that interfere with platelet deposition at the PTCA site and that modify the effect of platelet-derived growth factor and medial cell proliferation show promise for control of restenosis.
Exact and Heuristic Algorithms for Runway Scheduling

This paper explores the Single Runway Scheduling (SRS) problem with arrivals, departures, and crossing aircraft on the airport surface. Constraints for wake vortex separations, departure area navigation separations and departure time window restrictions are explicitly considered. The main objective of this research is to develop exact and heuristic based algorithms that can be used in real-time decision support tools for Air Traffic Control Tower (ATCT) controllers. The paper provides a multi-objective dynamic programming (DP) based algorithm that finds the exact solution to the SRS problem, but may prove unusable for application in real-time environment due to large computation times for moderate sized problems. We next propose a second algorithm that uses heuristics to restrict the search space for the DP based algorithm. A third algorithm based on a combination of insertion and local search (ILS) heuristics is then presented. Simulation conducted for the east side of Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport allows comparison of the three proposed algorithms and indicates that the ILS algorithm performs favorably in its ability to find efficient solutions and its computation times.
#Vapelife: An Exploratory Study of Electronic Cigarette Use and Promotion on Instagram.

ABSTRACTBackground: The growth of social networking services has enabled the sharing of electronic cigarette opinions and experiences via user-generated content. Objectives: This exploratory study analyzed electronic cigarette content found on the visual social networking service, Instagram, in order to highlight public health challenges created by this content and support understanding of electronic cigarette promotion and usage. Methods: A qualitative content analysis was performed on Instagram posts made with the hashtags #ecig or #vape in October 2014. Images, text, and hashtags from 85 posts (43 #ecig, 42 #vape) were analyzed. In addition, the total number of posts made with eight key electronic cigarette hashtags was recorded at four points between March 2014 and October 2015. Results: The total number of #vape posts on Instagram grew by 4,163,274 during the study period, while #ecig posts increased by 741,916. Of the posts examined in-depth, corporate users made up over half of posts. No posts were...
VIA PAPALIS, THE CHRISTIAN DECUMANUS

AS THE CROW FLIES, ABOUT FIVE KILOMETERS SEPARATE THE VATICAN AND the Lateran – a long walk and a considerable distance on horseback. The spiritual energy flowing between them created an unlikely Christian decumanus , a major east–west street that now rivaled the ancient north–south cardo defined by Via Flaminia/Appia. To the medieval Roman and the foreign pilgrim this was the ultimate ceremonial path, Christian Rome's triumphal way. It conjured images of dazzling processions led by pontiffs and crowned heads of state, eventfully traversing the city with meaningful stops and attendant ritual. Processions such as the papal possesso , a ritual walk to the Lateran taken by the newly crowned pope, began at St. Peter's (Fig. 135). From there one moved down the length of the porticoed Via Cornelia toward the Tiber with the somber bulk of Hadrian's Mausoleum as the first beacon; across Pons Aelius, and through the Campus Martius, with pagan landmarks and Christian stations to the right and left, to the foot of the Capitoline; then skirting it along the north and east to enter the Roman Forum; passing through it to the crest of the Velia at the southeast end, where the Arch of Titus stood and opened the way down the slope to the Colosseum; and up again, to the top of the Caelian and the sprawling and spirited complex of the Lateran. This was Via Lateranensis, Via Papalis, Via Maior: as close to an organizing central axis as medieval Rome ever had. But it was no triumphal route in the formal sense. Were it not for the power of processions to fashion continuity and cohesiveness through ceremonial movement, it would be seen for what it really was, a string of neighborhoods and a patchwork of streets of different width and indifferent rectitude, going uphill and down, and flanked by everything from rows of unassuming houses or yard walls to the still-proud marble frames of ancient theaters, monumental monasteries, and parish churches. It was no cardo or decumanus in the Roman sense. Via Papalis was not, in other words, the initial organizing determinant of the course of urban order, but the unanticipated and improvised reaction to the pull of two far-flung ceremonial centers.
Mass Spectrometry Based Proteomic Analysis of Saliva from Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Matched Controls

Approximately 1/68 children are believed to be affected by Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). A survey study suggests numbers as high as 1/50. With the increased diagnosis of ASD, treatment and unders...
Adaptively constraining radar attenuation and temperature across the Thwaites Glacier catchment using bed echoes

Englacial temperature is a major control on ice rheology and flow. However, it is difficult to measure at the glacier to ice-sheet scale. As a result, ice-sheet models must make assumptions about englacial temperature and rheology, which affect sea level projections. This is problematic if fundamental processes are not captured by models due to a lack of observationally constrained ice temperature values. Although radar sounding data have been exploited to constrain the temperature structure of the Greenland ice sheet using englacial layers, this approach is limited to areas and depths where these layers exist intact. In order to extend empirical radar-based temperature estimation beyond this limitation, we present a new technique for estimating englacial attenuation rates for the entire ice column using adaptive fitting of unfocused radar bed echoes based on the correlation of ice thickness and corrected bed echo power. We apply this technique to an airborne survey of Thwaites Glacier in West Antarctica and compare the results with temperatures and attenuation rates from a numerical ice-sheet model. We find that the estimated attenuation rates reproduce modelled patterns and values across the catchment with the greatest differences near steeply sloping bed topography.
Bing developer assistant: improving developer productivity by recommending sample code

In programming practice, developers often need sample code in order to learn how to solve a programming-related problem. For example, how to reuse an Application Programming Interface (API) of a large-scale software library and how to implement a certain functionality. We believe that previously written code can help developers understand how others addressed the similar problems and can help them write new programs. We develop a tool called Bing Developer Assistant (BDA), which improves developer productivity by recommending sample code mined from public software repositories (such as GitHub) and web pages (such as Stack Overflow). BDA can automatically mine code snippets that implement an API or answer a code search query. It has been implemented as a free-downloadable extension of Microsoft Visual Studio and has received more than 670K downloads since its initial release in December 2014. BDA is publicly available at: http://aka.ms/devassistant.
SIFT Features in Multiple Color Spaces for Improved Image Classification

This chapter first discusses oRGB-SIFT descriptor, and then integrates it with other color SIFT features to produce the Color SIFT Fusion (CSF), the Color Grayscale SIFT Fusion (CGSF), and the CGSF+PHOG descriptors for image classification with special applications to image search and video retrieval. Classification is implemented using the EFM-NN classifier, which combines the Enhanced Fisher Model (EFM) and the Nearest Neighbor (NN) decision rule. The effectiveness of the proposed descriptors and classification method is evaluated using two large scale and challenging datasets: the Caltech 256 database and the UPOL Iris database. The experimental results show that (i) the proposed oRGB-SIFT descriptor improves recognition performance upon other color SIFT descriptors; and (ii) the CSF, the CGSF, and the CGSF+PHOG descriptors perform better than the other color SIFT descriptors.