cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The relative contribution of waves, tides, and nontidal residuals to extreme total water levels on U.S. West Coast sandy beaches

To better understand how individual processes combine to cause flooding and erosion events, we investigate the relative contribution of tides, waves, and nontidal residuals to extreme total water levels (TWLs) at the shoreline of U.S. West Coast sandy beaches. Extreme TWLs, defined as the observed annual maximum event and the simulated 100 year return level event, peak in Washington, and are on average larger in Washington and Oregon than in California. The relative contribution of wave-induced and still water levels (SWL) to the 100 year TWL event is similar to that of the annual maximum event; however, the contribution of storm surge to the SWL doubles across events. Understanding the regional variability of TWLs will lead to a better understanding of how sea level rise, changes in storminess, and possible changes in the frequency of major El Ninos may impact future coastal flooding and erosion along the U.S. West Coast and elsewhere.
Patent Assertion Entities

The DOJ and FTC held a hearing on patent assertion entities (PAE, defined as an entity that uses patent primarily to obtain license fees, rather than to support the transfer or commercialization of technology) on Dec 10. This talk gives an overview of the economics, policy of patent assertion entities drawing upon previous and new empirical work. Using pathbreaking, disruptive techniques and capturing economies of scale, PAEs drive down the cost of patent enforcement. So far in 2012, PAEs have brought 61% of all patent litigations against fewer defendants than in 2011, due largely to changes in the law through the America Invents Act. 76% of PAE defendants were sued by a PAE that sued more than 15 defendants, and 61% were sued by a PAE that had brought 8 or more cases. These and other details about their business model, practices, and policy concerns are discussed in this powerpoint presentation.
Analyzing correlation functions with tesseral and Cartesian spherical harmonics

The dependence of interparticle correlations on the orientation of particle relative momentum can yield unique information on the space-time features of emission in reactions with multiparticle final states. In the present paper, the benefits of a representation and analysis of the three-dimensional correlation information in terms of surface spherical harmonics is presented. The harmonics include the standard complex tesseral harmonics and the real Cartesian harmonics. Mathematical properties of the lesser known Cartesian harmonics are illuminated. The physical content of different angular harmonic components in a correlation is described. The resolving power of different final-state effects with regard to determining angular features of emission regions is investigated. The considered final-state effects include identity interference, strong interactions, and Coulomb interactions. The correlation analysis in terms of spherical harmonics is illustrated with the cases of Gaussian and blast-wave sources for proton-charged meson and baryon-baryon pairs.
The Effect of Access to Electronic Health Records on Throughput Efficiency and Imaging Utilization in the Emergency Department.

tudy Objective To evaluate whether the availability of Electronic Health Records (EHRs) reduces throughput time and utilization of advanced imaging for patients in an academic ED. Data Sources All patients arriving at an academic Emergency Department (ED) via ambulance between June 1, 2011, and June 4, 2012, were included in the study. This accounted for 9,970 unique ambulance patient visits. Study Design Retrospective noninterventional analysis of patients in an academic ED. The primary independent variable was whether the patient had a prior EHR at the study hospital. Main outcomes were throughput time, number of advanced diagnostic imaging studies (CT, MRI, ultrasound), and the associated cost of these imaging studies. A set of controls, including age, gender, ICD9 codes, acuity measures, and NYU ED algorithm case severity classifications, was used in an ordinary least-squares (OLS) regression framework to estimate the association between EHR availability and the outcome measures. Principal Findings A patient with a prior EHR experienced a mean reduction in CT scans of 13.9 percent ([4.9, 23.0]). There was no material change in throughput time for patients with a prior EHR and no difference in utilization of other imaging studies across patients with a prior EHR and those without. Cost savings associated with prior EHRs are $22.52 per patient visit. Conclusion EHR availability for ED patients is associated with a reduction in CT scans and cost savings but had no impact on throughput time or order frequency of other imaging studies.
Making Time for Patients: Positive Impact of Direct Patient Reporting

OBJECTIVE. Using a novel patient-centric approach, we assessed the impact of direct patient radiology reporting on the patient experience and patient perception of radiologists in a high-volume head and neck clinic. MATERIALS AND METHODS. A single head and neck surgeon at a large academic center identified prospective outpatients who met the following inclusion criteria: having received treatment for head and neck cancer and having recently undergone surveillance imaging using the Neck Imaging Reporting and Data System template at our institution. The surgeon introduced the concept and gave patients a survey with questions before and after the radiology consultation. The radiologist met with the patient in the head and neck clinic’s examination room, explaining the role of the radiologist and reviewing imaging findings. RESULTS. Twenty-seven patients completed surveys. An improved understanding of the role of the radiologist was noted (41% of patients before consultation vs 67% after consultation). After ...
Capital punishment in precolonial Africa: the authenticity challenge

The modern debate over death penalty abolition in Sub-Saharan Africa frequently references the precolonial period. Has the death penalty truly existed since time immemorial, or is it largely a Euro...
The prevalence and patterns of substance use by birth cohort among HIV-positive adults in Florida.

ABSTRACTObjectives: Antiretroviral therapy is affording longer lifespans for people living with HIV (PLWH), yet factors such as substance use play an increasing role in morbidity and mortality in this population. Though previous studies have examined substance use differences between age cohorts of PLWH, no study has examined the influence of birth cohort on current substance use patterns. Thus, this study investigated the prevalence of past 12-month self-reported substance use between four birth cohorts, <1970 (M age = 54.1), 1970s (M age = 41.5), 1980s (M age = 31.3 years old), and 1990s (M age = 23.2 years old) of PLWH in Florida.Methods: PLWH (N = 934) recruited from community health clinics in Florida completed a questionnaire assessing sociodemographics, health status, and substance use.Multivariate logistic regressions utilizing the <1970 cohort as the referent group examined the relationship between birth cohort and substance use.Results: The 1980s cohort had significantly greater odds of marijuan...
Mathematics Needed to Solve Problems of Contraction

This chapter describes basic mathematics needed for understanding muscle mechanics, and to understand other chapters of this book. It starts with the equal sign and complex numbers, and discusses sinewave and sinusoidal analysis. It also discusses frequency domain analysis, and linear transformations between the time and frequency domains. It further discusses matrix operations and differential equations.
Energy Accounts: Architecture Representations of Energy, Climate and the Future

Intrigued by the title of this engaging compilation of essays, a reader interested in the built environment, energy, and graphics might expect a series of riffs on visual representation championed ...
Synthesis and Characterization of Co3O4-MnxCo3-xO4 Core-Shell Nanoparticles

The mixed-valence oxide Co3O4 nanoparticles, having the normal spinel structure, possess large surface area, active-site surface adsorption properties, and fast ion diffusivities. Consequently, they are widely used in lithium-ion batteries, as well as for gas sensing and heterogeneous catalysis applications. In our research, we use a two-step method to synthesize Co3O4–based core-shell nanoparticles (CSNs). Cobalt oxide (Co3O4) nanoparticles were successfully synthesized using a wet synthesis method employing KOH and cobalt acetate. Manganese was incorporated into the Co3O4 structure to synthesize inverted Co3O4@MnxCo3-xO4 CSNs using a hydrothermal method. By adjustment of pH value, we obtained two different morphologies of CSNs, one resulting in pseudo-spherical and octahedron-shaped nanoparticles (PS type) whereas the second type predominantly have a nanoplate (NP type) morphology. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) have been performed in order to determine the morphological and structural properties of our CSNs, whereas the magnetic properties have been characterized using a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometer. XRD and TEM results show that the CSNs have the same spinel crystal structure throughout the core and shell with an average particle size of ∼19.8 nm. Our Co3O4 nanoparticles, as measured prior to CSN formation, are shown to be antiferromagnetic (AFM) in nature as shown by the magnetization data. Our SQUID data indicate that the core-shell nanoparticles have both AFM (due to the Co3O4 core) and ferrimagnetic properties (of the shell) with a coercivity field of 300 Oe and 150 Oe at 5 K for the PS and NP samples, respectively. The magnetization vs temperature data show a spin order-disorder transition at ∼33 K and a superparamagnetic blocking temperature of ∼90 K for both batches.
The Analytic Incompleteness of Unidirectional Projections or "Regressions"

Why do statisticians (econometricians, economists, financial analysts, etc.) continue to incompletely identify the algebraic/geometric structure of the multi-variate data series they profess to analyze, and instead continue to publish the results of incomplete, prejudiced and biased unidirectional projections (= regressions) of such covariance structures? Such incomplete, and biased representations cannot lead to scientific knowledge, as has already been demonstrated more than twenty years ago. This paper provides exact measurements of the resulting percentage of analytic incompletenss and of the number of conventionally ignored, but possible, LS projections, given a particular multivariate data set.
NMR detection of side chain-side chain hydrogen bonding interactions in 13C/15N-labeled proteins.

We describe the direct observation of side chain–side chain hydrogen bonding interactions in proteins with sensitivity-enhanced NMR spectroscopy. Specifically, the remote correlation between the guanidinium nitrogen 15Ne of arginine 71, which serves as the hydrogen donor, and the acceptor carboxylate carbon 13CO2γ of aspartate 100 in a 12 kDa protein, human FKBP12, is detected via the trans-hydrogen bond 3hJNe CO2γ coupling by employing a novel HNCO-type experiment, soft CPD-HNCO. The 3hJNe CO2γ coupling constant appears to be even smaller than the average value of backbone 3hJNC′ couplings, consistent with more extensive local dynamics in protein side chains. The identification of trans-hydrogen bond J-couplings between protein side chains should provide useful markers for monitoring hydrogen bonding interactions that contribute to the stability of protein folds, to alignments within enzyme active sites and to recognition events at macromolecular interfaces.
Determination of 232 Th and progeny in human reticuloendothelial tissues using alpha particle track autoradiographic microdosimetry from Thorotrast

Targeted alpha therapy has the properties of direct ionization, oxygen independency, high linear energy transfer, a short half-life, and minimal depth of penetration, which are advantageous in cancer treatment. This modified, inexpensive, high-resolution, autoradiographic study of 232Th decay in a tissue specimen, to both locate and quantify individual alpha-particle origins, track lengths, and dose rates, utilized conventional Ilford Pan F Plus, 135–36, Black and White, 35 mm, ISO 50 film. Dose rates measured 0.14 cGy d−1 in the liver, 0.03 cGy d−1 in the right kidney, and 0.003 cGy d−1 in the heart, leading to a dosimetric concern of where the final alpha-particle deposition occurs.
Teaching Williams v. Walker-Thomas Furniture Co.

Many legal educators across the country seek to bring into our courses more of the perspectives and experiences of white women, men and women of color, people with disabilities, of diverse sexual orientations, or of diverse economic classes. These efforts respond to our duty to educate students for the world beyond law school. Such efforts also send an important inclusive message to law students and the legal profession about whom the law does and should serve. But these efforts may perpetuate assumptions and stereotypes about the people whose perspectives we seek to incorporate. Williams v. Walker-Thomas Furniture Co. appears in most contracts casebooks currently available from the major law casebook publishers. The particular stereotypes implicated in Williams are associated primarily with African-American women: that they are disproportionately on welfare, irresponsible with money and likely to raise large families as single parents. The concerns could apply equally, however, to stereotypes of any group. The essay is premised on the belief that stereotypes, even if arguably complimentary, are inherently troubling, for they give legitimacy to the prejudging of people which can, in turn, lead to bias and invidious discrimination. In addition to its utility for teaching about the doctrine of unconscionability, Williams can facilitate exploration of issues of race, gender and class. The essay presents two versions of the facts in the case – the actual facts and a fictionalized account. It provides discussion questions for classroom use.
National estimations of airway foreign bodies in children in the United States, 2000 to 2009.

OBJECTIVE Identify risk factors associated with airway foreign bodies in children in the United States and report observed trends over time. DATA SOURCE KID database (2000-2009). METHODS ICD-9-CM codes for airway foreign bodies were used to identify patients. Risk factors were used for univariate analysis and a multivariate model to identify any increased risk of mortality. These factors were then also trended over time. RESULTS Children with airway foreign bodies demonstrate similar risk factors as previously reported, such as male gender, age less than five years and lack of private insurance. The weighted mortality rate for paediatric inpatients with airway foreign bodies was about 2.75%. Fortunately, the rate remained relatively unchanged from 2000 to 2009. Geographically, urban hospital settings appeared to be more affected. Increased risks of mortality were noted for older age, urban hospital setting and teaching hospital status. CONCLUSIONS Our findings confirm previous findings and identified that the diagnosis of airway foreign bodies in children were associated with male gender, age <5 years, lack of private insurance and geographic location in an urban setting. Further investigation may be warranted to provide clarity on other factors found to have increased association with mortality for quality improvement.
Organizational Capability Model for Futures Thinking

This chapter describes a capability maturity model for futures thinking that profiles organizations as they strive toward actualizing future success. The capability for futures thinking within an organization operates along a continuum. This continuum consists of knowledge, skills, behaviors, and attitudes related to use of foresight and futures thinking for planning and taking action. The stages along the continuum describe the level of maturity an organization exhibits for collecting and analyzing data to actualize change related to future outcomes. These efforts are not dissimilar to re-engineering processes in that there is a redefining of roles and responsibilities to facilitate teamwork, collaboration (with internal and external business partners), distributed decision making, and innovative strategies for allocation of resources.
Data on the characterization of phthalate-degrading bacteria from Asian carp microbiomes and riverine sediments.

Abstract Datasets presented here were employed in the main work “Characterization of phthalate-degrading-bacteria from Asian carp microbiomes and riverine sediments” (Kolb et al., 2019a). The carcinogenic compounds dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) are ubiquitous in the environment due to widespread production and distribution which can be taken up by aquatic organisms. Asian carp species silver (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and bighead (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis) are exposed to phthalates by ingestion and absorption. This article presents data on the characterization of phthalate-degrading bacteria isolated from Asian carp microbiomes and riverine sediments by means of sample collection, enrichment, and isolation. Graphical data presents substrate utilization profiles of consortium SK-1 and Rhodococcus ruber derived from the gut microbiome of H. molitrix. Additionally, phthalate-degrading microbes were isolated from the gut and scale microbiomes of Asian carp where scanning electron microscopy images show the morphology from samples of final enrichment cultures and isolates. Consortium SK-1 was subjected to amplicon sequencing where community data shows the distribution of taxa while enriched with 500 mg L−1 DMP, DEP, and DBP combined. The data presented can provide insights to future research since other phthalate-degrading isolates and consortia can potentially be isolated from the microbiomes of aquatic organisms.
MYC Functions As a Master Switch for Natural Killer Cell-Mediated Immune Surveillance of Lymphoid Malignancies

Abstract Background: The MYC oncogene drives T and B cell lymphoid malignancies, including Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) and Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL). Such lymphomas are said to be “oncogene-addicted” to MYC. In order to develop targeted therapies for MYC-driven cancers, it is vital to understand how MYC regulates both cell autonomous and non-cell-autonomous processes, including host immunity. Approach: We have used a particularly tractable approach for studying the role of oncogenic MYC on the host immune system during lymphomagenesis through a tetracycline (tet)-system regulated transgenic mouse model of MYC-driven T cell lymphoma (SRα-tTA/Tet-O-MYC mice; Felsher and Bishop, Molecular Cell, 1999). By delineating the global immunological changes during primary MYC-driven T cell lymphomagenesis in SRα-tTA/Tet-O-MYC mice using mass cytometry (CyTOF) and CIBERSORT, we identified anti-tumor immune subsets that can be developed as therapies to treat MYC-driven lymphomas. Results: Amongst the immune subsets evaluated, our results demonstrated a specific systemic suppression of natural killer (NK) cell-mediated surveillance in SRα-tTA/Tet-O-MYC mice bearing overt MYC-driven T cell lymphomas. Inactivation of lymphoma-intrinsic MYC restores NK cell-mediated immune surveillance, suggesting that the regulation of NK cell-mediated surveillance may be integral to MYC-induced lymphomagenesis. We observed that lymphoma-specific MYC transcriptionally represses STAT1/2 and secretion of Type I Interferons (IFNs) required for normal NK cell homeostasis and NK cell-mediated immune surveillance in the tumor microenvironment. Concordantly, treating T cell lymphoma-bearing SRα-tTA/Tet-O-MYC mice with Type I IFN improves survival by rescuing NK cell production, and in part overriding MYC-mediated suppression of NK surveillance. We showed that human lymphomas with both high levels of MYC and low levels of STAT1/2 have lower NK surveillance, and are associated with poor prognosis. Finally, we established the therapeutic implications of our findings by showing that adoptive transfer of NK cells significantly delays lymphoma initiation, and recurrence after MYC inactivation; suggesting that NK cell-based therapy may be effective against MYC-driven lymphomas. Conclusion: Subversion of NK cell surveillance is integral to MYC-induced lymphomagenesis. Our studies provide a rationale for further developing the NK subset as a cell-based immunotherapy to effectively treat MYC-driven lymphomas in the future. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Environmental determinants of total evaporative water loss in birds at multiple temperatures

Endotherms dissipate heat to the environment to maintain a stable body temperature at high ambient temperatures, which requires them to maintain a balance between heat dissipation and water conservation. Birds are relatively small, contain a large amount of metabolically expensive tissue, and are mostly diurnal, making them susceptible to physiological challenges related to water balance and heat dissipation. We compiled total evaporative water loss (TEWL) measurements for 174 species of birds exposed to different temperatures and used comparative methods to examine their relationships with body size, ambient temperature, precipitation, diet, and diel activity cycle. TEWL in the thermoneutral zone (TNZ) was associated primarily with body mass and activity phase. Larger and more active-phase birds, with their higher metabolic rates, lost more water through evaporation than smaller, resting-phase birds, particularly at higher thermal exposures. However, maximum temperature of the natural habitat became an important determinant of TEWL when birds were exposed to temperatures exceeding the TNZ. Species from hotter climates exhibited higher TEWL. Adaptation to arid climates did not restrict evaporative water loss at thermal conditions within the TNZ, but promoted evaporative water loss at exposures above the TNZ. The TEWL of granivores, which ingest food with low water content, differed little from species with other food habitats under all thermal conditions. The effects of environmental covariates of TEWL were dissimilar across thermal exposures, suggesting no evidence for a tradeoff between water conservation in the TNZ and heat dissipation at exposure to higher temperatures. Thus, birds may be able to acclimate when climate change results in the need to increase heat dissipation due to warming, except perhaps in hot, arid environments where species will need to depend heavily upon evaporative cooling to maintain homeothermy.
Bilateral lower extremity ischemia due to a retained umbilical artery catheter in a preterm neonate.

Abstract The use of umbilical artery catheters is common in Neonatal Intensive Care Units, especially in low and very low birth weight neonates. Rarely, these can break or fracture, leading to a retained fragment, which can embolize or cause thrombosis. We present a case of a very low birth weight, premature neonate, 940 grams, with a retained umbilical artery catheter that led to bilateral lower extremity ischemia. A laparotomy with aortotomy was performed for retrieval of the catheter. Chronic occlusion of the aorta with collateralization is a long-term complication associated with this case.
Happy Together? The Uneasy Coexistence of Federal and State Protection for Sound Recordings

Federal copyright law provides a digital performance right that allows owners of sound recordings to receive royalties when their works are transmitted over the Internet or via satellite radio. However, this federal protection does not extend to pre-1972 sound recordings, which are excluded from the federal copyright system and instead left to the protections of state law. No state law explicitly provides protection for any type of transmission, a situation the owners of pre-1972 sound recordings find lamentable. These owners are therefore attempting to achieve such protection by various means. In California, they filed a lawsuit, claiming that they already had such a right under existing general statutes (the lawsuit succeeded in the District Court). In Tennessee, they instead attempted to make the change legislatively, introducing a bill that would explicitly grant the desired right (the bill failed). Both approaches, however, suffer from the same fatal flaw: They are preempted by federal law. First, although they fall outside the Copyright Act’s explicit preemption provision, they are nevertheless preempted under ordinary conflict preemption principles because they conflict with one of the primary goals of the federal copyright system: granting consistent nationwide protection rather than a patchwork of state protections. Second, they violate the Dormant Commerce Clause because they interfere with interstate commerce. Thus, state law cannot provide the remedy that the owners of pre-1972 sound recordings seek. Their concerns, however, should not be dismissed. The exclusion of pre-1972 sound recordings from the federal system does deprive the owners of such recordings of royalties received by similarly situated owners whose recordings happen to have been made after that date. Because state law cannot remedy the problem, federal law must. Pre-1972 sound recordings should be brought into the federal system, on essentially the same terms as other works from the same era that are already protected by federal copyright.
It Takes a Motive: Communal and Agentic Articulated Interest and Candidate Emergence:

More women ran for office in 2018 than any previous election year. This represents progress toward parity, but it remains unclear whether this surge in women’s political ambition signals an easing ...
On the Correlation of Laser-induced and High-Energy Proton Beam-induced Single Event Latchup

We report on pulsed laser and high-energy proton induced Single Event Latchup (SEL) testing. Arrayed Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR) structures that implement various different layout design styles relevant to SEL have been designed and fabricated to make them accessible to both laser and beam testing. Our results demonstrate a qualitative but not quantitative correlation of laser- and beam-induced SEL threshold voltages and cross sections. Therefore, for a complete understanding of SEL sensitivities, pulsed laser injection remains a complementary technique.
The Management Experiences, Priorities, and Challenges of Medical Directors in the Subspecialty of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry: Results of a Needs Assessment.

Background Medical directors need management skills, yet few studies describe the specific tasks that directors consider most important, their confidence for these tasks, and how their confidence develops. We studied these questions among directors in the subspecialty of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry. Methods A needs survey was sent to 48 registrants of a new forum for Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry directors. The survey asked about 6 professional experiences, the relative importance of 14 management tasks, and the directors' confidence in managing these tasks, using 7-point Likert scales. Correlations between experiences, task importance, and task confidence were performed. Results Twenty-seven directors responded (56% response). The experiences that correlated most with management confidence were years in practice and health care leadership training, yet approximately half of responders were directors for ≤5 years and had received minimal training. Management tasks with the highest importance included demonstrating value of their service and roles for nonphysician clinical staff on their teams. Significant associations were identified between years in practice and confidence for leading faculty scholarship, trainee staffing ratios and roles, fee coding, measurement of faculty clinical productivity, and faculty recruitment. Leadership training correlated with confidence in demonstrating service value, measuring faculty clinical productivity, novel models of care, and growing a new service. Conclusion Consultation-Liaison directors with fewer years of experience and minimal health care management training need time and support to grow into their roles. They should be pointed toward training opportunities to improve their confidence to lead the wide range of management tasks that are important to their roles.
Double blind disruption of right inferior frontal cortex with TMS reduces right frontal beta power for action-stopping

Action stopping recruits the right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG) and elicits increases in right frontal beta. The present study now provides causal evidence linking these stopping-related beta osci...
Ascending aortic thrombus with multiple emboli associated with COVID-19

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) initiates a hypercoagulable state and causes thrombotic complications. A presentation of multiple thromboembolic events without an underlying source should raise suspicion for COVID-19 hypercoagulability. We describe a patient with an ascending aortic thrombus resulting in multiple emboli treated by multiple modalities.
Customers need to relate: The conditional warm glow effect of CSR on negative customer experiences

Abstract In this article, we develop and empirically test a theoretical framework explaining when and how Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) might influence evaluative judgments following a service failure. Across three studies, we find that company CSR enhances evaluations, but this effect is bounded by the fundamental need for relatedness, which reflects the extent to which individuals feel connected to others. That is, CSR enhances evaluations when this need is heightened versus not heightened, and when experiences involve human interaction versus a Self-Service Technology (SST). The findings are replicated using different sampling sources, real and hypothetical customer experiences, various relatedness cues, multiple product categories, and different evaluative judgments. The findings demonstrate that CSR helps to offset negative evaluations following a service failure but only under certain conditions. The managerial and theoretical implications of the findings are discussed.
Doing No Harm: Enabling, Enacting, and Elaborating a Culture of Safety in Health Care

Medical error has reached epidemic proportions, and researchers have developed insufficiently sophisticated models of safety culture to match the complexity of the challenge of safety in health care. This has left providers and researchers with an inadequate conceptual toolkit for improving safety. To rectify the resulting crisis we consolidate fragments of management research into a comprehensive and integrative framework of how patient safety is produced and sustained through safety culture. Safety culture involves actions that single out and focus safety-relevant premises and cultural practices that reduce harm. This entails (a) enabling, which consolidates the premises for a safety culture; (b) enacting, which translates consolidated premises into concrete practices that prioritize safety; and (c) elaborating, which enlarges and refines the consolidation and translation. We close by discussing the implications of our framework for future research on key issues such as efficiency-safety trade-offs, interactions among components of the framework and feedback loops.
Process trace analytics for process development

Analyses of unit process trace data are critical components of modern semiconductor manufacturing process control. While process development environments share many characteristics with manufacturing environments, development tools and processes may not be suitable candidates for the deployment of traditional trace analytics such as FDC applications. Here we describe the adaptive use of large scale, proactive process trace monitoring and reactive root cause analytics for supporting development operations. The large-scale monitoring application we have deployed is comprehensive in scope and scale and focusses on monitoring the stability of a chamber over time. The reactive root cause application we have deployed automatically searches large trace data spaces to identify trace data elements with potentially interesting relationships to variations in on-wafer measurements and is designed to handle the small sample sizes encountered frequently in development operations.
Exploratory Study of Advance Care Discussions Among Chinese American and White Stage IV Cancer Patients at an American Tertiary Medical Center.

Purpose:Timely advance care discussions are essential components of quality care for diverse populations; however, little is known about these conversations among Chinese American cancer patients. ...
Effects of a Manualized Teacher-Led Coaching Intervention on Paraprofessional Use of Behavior-Specific Praise:

Paraprofessionals are an essential part of special education. School districts increasingly rely on paraprofessional support to meet students’ needs, but formal professional development opportuniti...
Big field, small potatoes: An empirical assessment of EPA's self-audit policy

Environmental self-auditing is said to deserve and require encouragement. Although firms can audit themselves more cheaply and effectively than regulators, they are deterred for fear that information they uncover will be used against them. To reduce this disincentive, the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) Audit Policy lowers punitive fines when firms promptly disclose and correct self-discovered violations. While some contend that the Audit Policy is inadequate, EPA touts its success based on the policy's track record. Our examination of that track record leads us to question EPA's claim. Comparing the violations in these cases with those detected by standard EPA enforcement suggests that the typical self-audited violation is relatively minor. Cases arising under the Policy are more likely to concern reporting violations and less likely to concern emissions. The relative insignificance of self-audited violations raises a number of policy questions, including whether the Audit Policy should be revised to play a larger role in enforcement. © 2004 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
Content Validation for an Emergency Department Fall Risk Assessment Instrument.

Purpose There are many falls risk assessment tools available for inpatient use; however, few have been validated for the emergency department population. The purpose of this study was to develop a valid instrument to capture fall risk specific to that population. Design Using clinical expertise and evidence from the literature, the Hurwitz Fall Risk Assessment Instrument was developed. Seven clinicians with expertise in the area of fall prevention were then recruited to serve as expert content reviewers. Methods The content validity index was used to determine consensus of relevance for specific items and the overall scale. Results Two rounds of rigorous review yielded a scale content validity index universal agreement calculation of 1, indicating that all items were evaluated as relevant and appropriate for inclusion in an instrument designed to address the unique attributes of emergency department patients. Conclusions This study establishes scale content validation for the Hurwitz Fall Risk Assessment Instrument for use in the emergency department population.
Revolutionizing Redistribution: Tax Credits and the American Rescue Plan

The American Rescue Plan Act (ARPA) dramatically alters the federal government’s approach to redistribution in 2021. Among its boldest reforms are its temporary expansions of the Child Tax Credit and the Earned Income Tax Credit. For the first time, ARPA authorizes meaningful cash support for nonworking families and childless workers, two groups that have been historically disadvantaged by social safety net programs. This Essay considers ARPA’s effects on low-income American taxpayers, spotlighting in particular how the reforms will protect millions of households from being pushed into poverty or further into poverty as a result of paying taxes—a phenomenon called “fiscal impoverishment.” Policy makers must make ARPA’s reforms permanent in order to ensure that low-income taxpayers remain protected past 2021. As they work to do so, policy makers should be mindful of gaps in the tax credits that will undermine the reforms’ positive effects. The Essay identifies several such gaps and argues that Congress should legislate more dramatic inclusion for households with and without children.
Novel intestinal dialysis interventions and microbiome modulation to control uremia

Purpose of review In patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), the gut plays a key role in the homeostasis of fluid and electrolyte balance and the production and disposal of uremic toxins. This review summarizes the current evidence on the gut-targeted interventions to control uremia, fluid overload, hyperkalemia and hyperphosphatemia in CKD. Recent findings Studies have emerged that support the concept of intestinal dialysis, such as colonic perfusion with a Malone antegrade continence enema stoma or colonic irrigation with a rectal catheter, as a promising adjuvant approach to control uremia in CKD, although most findings are preliminary. The use of AST-120, an oral adsorbent, has been shown to reduce circulating levels of indoxyl sulfate and p-cresol sulfate and have potential renoprotective benefits in patients with advanced CKD. Diarrhea or inducing watery stools may modulate fluid retention and potassium and phosphorus load. Accumulating evidence indicates that plant-based diets, low-protein diets, and pre-, pro-, and synbiotic supplementation may lead to favorable alterations of the gut microbiota, contributing to reduce uremic toxin generation. The effects of these gut-targeted interventions on kidney and cardiovascular outcomes are still limited and need to be tested in future studies including clinical trials. Summary Interventions aimed at enhancing bowel elimination of uremic toxins, fluid and electrolytes and at modulating gut microbiota may represent novel therapeutic strategies for the management of uremia in patients with CKD.
Race, Nation, and Citizenship in Postcolonial Africa: The Case of Tanzania

1. Introduction Part I. The Struggle for Independence and Birth of a Nation: 2. Colonialism, racism, and modernity 3. Foreigners and nation building 4. Race and the nation-building project Part II. The Socialist Experiment: 5. African socialism: the challenges of nation building 6. Socialism, self-reliance, and foreigners 7. Nationalism, state socialism, and the politics of race Part III. Neoliberalism, Global Capitalism, and the Nation-State: 8. Neoliberalism and the transition from state socialism to capitalism 9. Neoliberalism, foreigners, and globalization 10. Neoliberalism, race, and the global economy 11. Conclusion: race, nation, and citizenship in historical and comparative perspective.
New Perspectives on the Safety of Dams

The Water and Power Resources Service (formerly Bureau of Reclamation) established an Office of Dam Safety, Engineering, and Science as a result of the Teton Dam failure and technical and nontechnical reviews following the failure. The Service's Dam Safety Office performed its independent audit function through a Division of Dam Safety composed of experienced civil engineers and other personnel that concentrated their careers in geotechnical engineering, construction, hydraulics and hydrology, design, operations and maintenance, and geology. Implementation of review procedures and preparation of technical review standards are key activities accomplished in order to evaluate applicable technical activities. A Dam Safety Research Committee is prioritizing research needs among 84 proposed research projects. In 1978, Congress authorized –100,000,000 for the Service to rehabilitate existing dams.
Structural selection for decentralised control schemes

This paper considers a structural approach for selection of the control structure aiming at facilitating the design of decentralised control schemes. This requires the selection of inputs, outputs, as well as their coupling (selection of decentralisation structure) that will allow the solvability of a variety of decentralised control problems, such as pole assignment by decentralised output feedback, decentralised dynamic controllers etc. The overall approach is based on the use of necessary and sufficient conditions for generic and exact solvability of decentralised control problems, which are expressed in terms of properties of Plucker invariants and Markov type matrices. The approach is based on generic classification of desirable input and output partitions and parametric design of invariants.
Master Production Scheduling for a Process Industry Environment

Previous research has not addressed the problem of developing a master production schedule (MPS) for production systems with minimum batch‐size production restrictions. Proposes a weighted integer goal‐programming model for the development of a rolling horizon master production schedule, under conditions of demand certainty, for a process industry environment with multiple production lines and minimum batch‐size production restrictions. The presence of multiple and often conflicting goals prevalent in production planning and scheduling is explicitly incorporated in the model. The model can easily be implemented on a microcomputer and the master production schedule developed is in spreadsheet format and can easily be understood by a practitioner. Uses a case study conducted for a paint company to illustrate and validate the model. Results show that the MPS developed using the proposed model is superior in terms of total cost when compared with actual company performance.
Spectral processing in the auditory cortex.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the techniques used to probe spectral processing in auditory cortex, and proposes a rather simple model for how auditory cortex might be able to achieve fast multi-spectral scale analysis. While pure tones and AM sounds have proved to be useful stimuli for studying the auditory system, a better understanding of the need to separately define spectral processing can be seen by using a natural stimulus. The chapter also explains the different methods of measuring spectral processing including linear versus nonlinear spectral processing; the frequency response area (FRA) and frequency tuning curve (FTC); and two-tone FRAs, inhibitory response areas, and non-linear processing. The chapter presents a physiological explanation of how the auditory cortex might analyze and represent multiple frequency scales in parallel, and also focuses on experiments using narrow-band stimuli such as tones. The techniques using broad-band stimuli have been used to characterize spectral receptive fields (RFs) and spectral temporal receptive fields (STRFs). An advantage of using broadband stimuli is that if there are interactions across frequency (such as special properties for across-channel processing), then broad-band stimuli have energy spanning these potential interactions.
Degradation of Hydrocarbons by Members of the Genus Candida III. Oxidative Intermediates from 1-Hexadecene and 1-Heptadecene by Candida lipolytica

Candida lipolytica (Phaff) was grown in a mineral-salts medium amended with either 1-hexadecene or 1-heptadecene as substrate. Intermediates of the same chain length as the substrate were isolated and identified by various analytical procedures. The following intermediates of 16 and 17 carbon atoms were identified: omega-unsaturated acids, omega-unsaturated primary and secondary alcohols, 1,2-epoxides, 1,2-diols, and 2-hydroxy acids. Based on the chemical structure of these compounds, three oxidative mechanisms are proposed for the degradation of long-chain 1-alkenes by this yeast: (i) methyl-group oxidation, (ii) double-bond oxidation, and (iii) subterminal oxidation.
Making the Grade? Classroom Climate for LGBTQ Students Across Gender Conformity

Using data from the 2010 State of Higher Education for LGBT People (Rankin, Weber, Blumenfeld, & Frazer), this study examines campus climate perceptions for LGBTQ undergraduate students across gender conformity and the extent to which relevant variables influence perceptions of classroom climate. Findings reveal more positive classroom climate perceptions for gender conforming students than gender non-conforming students and show significant relationships between classroom climate perceptions and outness, LGBTQ inclusive curricula, institutional support, and resource use.
A Cooperative Approach to Query Processing: Integrating Historical, Structural, and Behavioral Knowledge Sources

Query processing strategies are frequently considered as sequential processes of successive decompositions and evaluations. This paper describes an approach that exploits opportunities to bypass steps in this sequential process. Initially, descriptions of the database are used in responding to queries since no other knowledge about the database exists (no queries have been previously encountered by the query processor). As queries are processed, descriptions of the individual queries and query fragments are retained along with the resulting access strategy, a description of the response, and costs to retrieve the desired information. This knowledge is then used to develop future access strategies.
The New World of Credit Ratings

Credit ratings are rarely even mentioned in business schools and remain one of the most understudied aspects of modern corporate finance. Although ratings and rating agencies have come under fire postEnron, they remain powerful gatekeepers to an issuer's access to, and cost of, capital: * Trends and Implications for Issuers * Which Ratios Really Matter? * Stock Volatility & Interest Rate Movement * Industry Considerations * Multivariate Credit Models * How to Best Manage the Agencies Today
Integrative Topics in Physiology

The presence of the Y chromosome in the male dictates the development of a testis; the hormonal secretions of the testis then impose male development on the phenotypically indifferent fetus. In the absence of a Y chromosome a testis fails to develop and a female phenotype results. Thus, a central concept in sexual differentiation is that the male is the induced phenotype, whereas the female develops passively in the absence of male determinants. The genotype of the female is 46,XX and that of the male is 46,XY. All oocytes have a 23,X complement, and spermatozoa have either 23,X or 23,Y. The presence of a single Y chromosome ensures testicular differentiation and the development of a predominantly male phenotype.
Characterization of the major membrane protein of virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

A protein with a molecular mass of 19 kDa was isolated and purified from enriched membrane fractions of the virulent Erdman strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The protein is different from another 19-kDa protein, a lipoprotein, that was recently described (D. B. Young and T. R. Garbe, Res. Microbiol. 142:55-65, 1991). The sequencing strategy applied to this major membrane protein employed four different endoproteinases and resulted in sufficient overlapping peptide sequences for assignment of the entire protein sequence. Electron spray ionization mass spectrometry demonstrated a measured mass of 16,100, deviating from the predicted mass by only 2.86 atomic mass units. The sequence of this protein is unique. However, some similarities with other low-molecular-weight heat shock proteins were observed. Immunoblotting indicated that this protein is highly expressed in the virulent strains of M. tuberculosis. Its application to sera from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis showed promise as a serodiagnostic tool. Images