cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
White Collar Crime: An Opportunity Perspective

It is no longer necessary to argue for the importance of white-collar crime. Its devastating financial and physical effects are obvious. The task now is to develop better ways to control and prevent white-collar crimes. In this paper, we argue that in order to reduce white-collar crime we must first identify the specific opportunity structures associated with the offenses we wish to prevent. That is, we must identify the features of the settings that allow the crime to occur. Three major theories are reviewed here that can help in this task: routine activity theory, crime pattern theory, and situational crime prevention theory. These theories address how crime opportunities are formed by immediate environments and then discovered and evaluated by potential offenders. We demonstrate that they can also be used to uncover how specific forms of white-collar crimes are committed and help structure analyses of the underlying opportunity structures associated with these offenses.
Understanding the treatment of waves in atmospheric models. Part 1: The shortest resolved waves of the 1D linearized shallow‐water equations

This article provides an intercomparison of the dispersive and diffusive properties of several standard numerical methods applied to the 1D linearized shallow-water equations without the Coriolis term, including upwind and central finite-volume, spectral finite-volume, discontinuous Galerkin, spectral element, and staggered finite-volume. All methods are studied up to tenth-order accuracy, where possible. A consistent framework is developed which allows for direct intercomparison of the ability of these methods to capture the behaviour of linear gravity waves. The Courant–Friedrichs–Lewy (CFL) condition is also computed, which is important for gauging the stability of these methods, and leads to a measure of approximate equal error cost. The goal of this work is threefold: first, to determine the shortest wavelength which can be considered ‘resolved’ for a particular method; second, to determine the effect of increasing the order of accuracy on the ability of a method to capture wave-like motion; and third, to determine which numerical methods offer the best treatment of wave-like motion.
Four Hats in the Ring: The 1912 Election and the Birth of Modern American Politics – By Lewis L. Gould

The election of 1912 occupies a central and unique place in the more than two hundred years of American elections. As the centennial of this watershed contest approaches, it is fitting that scholar...
Contribution of the circadian pacemaker and the sleep homeostat to sleep propensity, sleep structure, electroencephalographic slow waves, and sleep spindle activity in humans

The role of the endogenous circadian pacemaker in the timing of the sleep-wake cycle and the regulation of the internal structure of sleep, including REM sleep, EEG slow-wave (0.75-4.5 Hz) and sleep spindle activity (12.75-15.0 Hz) was investigated. Eight men lived in an environment free of time cues for 33-36 d and were scheduled to a 28 hr rest-activity cycle so that sleep episodes (9.33 hr each) occurred at all phases of the endogenous circadian cycle and variations in wakefulness preceding sleep were minimized. The crest of the robust circadian rhythm of REM sleep, which was observed throughout the sleep episode, was positioned shortly after the minimum of the core body temperature rhythm. Furthermore, a sleep-dependent increase of REM sleep was present, which, interacting with the circadian modulation, resulted in highest values of REM sleep when the end of scheduled sleep episodes coincided with habitual wake-time. Slow-wave activity decreased and sleep spindle activity increased in the course of all sleep episodes. Slow-wave activity in non-REM sleep exhibited a low amplitude circadian modulation which did not parallel the circadian rhythm of sleep propensity. Sleep spindle activity showed a marked endogenous circadian rhythm; its crest coincident with the beginning of the habitual sleep episode. Analyses of the (nonadditive) interaction of the circadian and sleep-dependent components of sleep propensity and sleep structure revealed that the phase relation between the sleep-wake cycle and the circadian pacemaker during entrainment promotes the consolidation of sleep and wakefulness and facilitates the transitions between these vigilance states.
The Sit-up Test: An Alternate Clinical Test for Evaluating Pediatric Torticollis

The sit-up test, a new evaluation method for differentiating between ocular and orthopaedic torticollis, was evaluated against the monocular occlusion test, using results of three-step testing for standardization. The study group consisted of 31 patients with torticollis between the ages of 4 and 12.5 years. Subjects were selected based only on their ability to cooperate with three-step testing. Three-step testing identified 27 of the 31 patients as having ocular torticollis, with the remaining 4 having an orthopaedic etiology. Sit-up testing correctly identified all 27 ocular torticollis patients, with no false positives or false negatives. Monocular occlusion testing detected at best 22 (81.4%) of the ocular torticollis patients, with no false positives.
Revision des Atomgewichtes von Cäsium

1. Aus zweiundvierzig Analysen, die sieben verschiedene Verhaltnisse und drei Verbindungen des Casiums (Chlorid, Bromid und Nitrat) umfassen, ergab sich das Atomgewicht des Casiums zu 132.879, wenn O = 16.000 ist.
A Genetic Mapping System in Caenorhabditis elegans Based on Polymorphic Sequence-Tagged Sites.

We devised an efficient genetic mapping system in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans which is based upon the differences in number and location of the transposable element Tc1 between the Bristol and Bergerac strains. Using the nearly completed physical map of the C. elegans genome, we selected 40 widely distributed sites which contain a Tc1 element in the Bergerac strain, but not in the Bristol strain. For each site a polymerase chain reaction assay was designed that can distinguish between the Bergerac Tc1-containing site and the Bristol "empty" site. By combining appropriate assays in a single reaction, one can score multiple sites within single worms. This permits a mutation to be rapidly mapped, first to a linkage group and then to a chromosomal subregion, through analysis of only a small number of progeny from a single interstrain cross.
Daughters and mothers exercising together (DAMET): Effects of home- and university-based interventions on physical activity behavior and family relations

Abstract This study compared two interventions in terms of impact on physical activity participation and mother–daughter relations. Previously sedentary mothers and daughters (N = 34) were randomly assigned to a 12-week university- or home-based physical activity group. Program activities were designed using focus group information, aspects of the social cognitive theory, and information from previously successful interventions. The university-based group met three times a week for fitness building and recreational activities. The home-based group received a packet of information and training to perform activities in or near the home. Changes in physical activity and family bonding were assessed for mothers and daughters separately using a 2 (group)(2 (time) repeated measures analysis of variance. On completing the program, mothers and daughters in each group reported increased participation in physical activity (p=.02 to .000). The majority of mothers (94%) and daughters (88%) agreed that “my relationshi...
Injury prevention strategies to promote helmet use decrease severe head injuries at a level I trauma center

Head injuries (HIs) remain a major contributor to trauma mortality, with many deaths occurring despite optimal use of available therapy. Injury prevention is vital to decrease the impact of HIs. Helmets can decrease the severity of HIs in both bicycle crashes (BCs) and motorcycle crashes (MCCs). A major challenge is to increase helmet use. A mandatory motorcycle helmet law in 1990 and information campaigns aimed at bicyclists have increased the percentage of riders wearing helmets in Washington State. We hypothesized that there would be an associated decrease in the proportion of severe HIs in BC and MCC admissions to the state's only level I trauma center. We analyzed injury region and outcomes for all 466 BC and 992 MCC instate admissions from 1986 to 1993. For BCs, the proportion of severe HIs (Abbreviated Injury Scale score of 4 or 5) declined from 29% in 1986 to 11% in 1993 (p = 0.02). BC trends paralleled helmet use in observations on 8,860 bicycle riders in the area, in which the percentage of helmeted riders rose from 5% in 1987 to 62% in 1993 (p < 0.001). For MCCs, severe HIs declined from 20% before passage of the helmet law to 9% afterward (p < 0.001). Mortality decreased for BCs and MCCs (p < 0.05), and length of hospital stay and ICU stay decreased for BCs (p < 0.05). The percentage of helmeted BC admissions rose from 0% to 32% (p = 0.009), and helmeted MCC admissions rose from 41% to 80% (p < 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Conduction-electron polarization in intermetallic actinide compounds

The large conduction-electron polarization observed in many intermetallic actinide compounds with well localized $5f$ moments is analyzed using a phenomenological model for the electron density of states. The model is applied to PuP and successfully predicts appreciable polarization effects existing in the paramagnetic phase. Possible consequences of this model in our understanding of the electronic structure of other actinide compounds with the NaCl-type structure are discussed.
Control-Oriented High-Frequency Turbomachinery Modeling: General 1D Model Development

In this paper, an approach for control-oriented high–frequency turbomachinery modeling previously developed by the authors is applied to develop 1D unsteady compressible viscous flow models for a generic turbojet engine and a generic compression system. We begin by developing models for various components which are commonly found in turbomachinery systems. These components include: ducting without combustion, blading, ducting with combustion, heat soak, blading with heat soak, inlet, nozzle, abrupt area change with incurred total pressure losses, flow splitting, bleed, mixing, and the spool. Once the component models have been developed, they are combined to form system models for a generic turbojet engine and a generic compression system. These models are developed so that they can be easily modified and used with appropriate maps to form a model for a specific rig. It is shown that these system models are explicit (i.e. can be solved with any standard ODE solver without iteration) due to the approach used in their development. Furthermore, since the nonlinear models are explicit, explicit analytical linear models can be derived from the nonlinear models. The procedure for developing these analytical linear models is discussed. An interesting feature of the models developed here is the use of effective lengths within the models, as functions of axial Mach number and nondimensional rotational speed, for rotating components. These effective lengths account for the helical path of the flow as it moves through a rotating component. Use of these effective lengths in the unsteady conservation equations introduces a nonlinear dynamic lag consistent with experimentally observed compressor lag and replaces less accurate linear first order empirical lags proposed to account for this phenomenon. Models of the type developed here are expected to prove useful in the design and simulation of (integrated) surge control and rotating stall avoidance schemes.Copyright © 1993 by ASME
Effect of Plasma Protein Depletion on BNP-32 Recovery

Depletion of abundant proteins from plasma and serum is an important initial step in many biomarker discovery platforms(1). Decreasing the concentrations of highly abundant proteins (e.g., albumin, IgG, and antitrypsin) facilitates the use of contemporary proteomics technologies, such as gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry, for detection and identification of low-abundant proteins. Furthermore, decreasing abundant protein concentrations may also improve immunoprecipitation recovery efficiencies for targeted low-abundant species by decreasing nonspecific binding (i.e., shielding the antigen-binding domain) to the antibody and/or solid supports. A notable pitfall to depletion strategies is the potential for unintentionally removing low-abundant plasma or serum proteins. These low-abundant species may be bound specifically or nonspecifically to the depletion ligand, depletion target protein (e.g., carrier proteins), or the solid support(s). Thus, it is important to critically evaluate the effectiveness of abundant plasma protein depletion for enhancing the study of low-abundant protein biomarker(s). We have been actively developing a targeted biomarker discovery platform for characterizing the circulating forms of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) that includes protein depletion strategies, immunoprecipitation, gel electrophoresis, isotope dilution (absolute quantification), and nanoflow liquid chromatography coupled to high-performance hybrid Fourier transform mass …
The Fictions of Biblical History

Book reviewed in this article: The Mythic Past: Biblical Archaeology and the Myth ofIsrael, by Thomas L. Thompson
Sensitive detection of proteasomal activation using the Deg-On mammalian synthetic gene circuit

The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) has emerged as a drug target for diverse diseases characterized by altered proteostasis, but pharmacological agents that enhance UPS activity have been challenging to establish. Here we report the Deg-On system, a genetic inverter that translates proteasomal degradation of the transcriptional regulator TetR into a fluorescent signal, thereby linking UPS activity to an easily detectable output, which can be tuned using tetracycline. We demonstrate that this circuit responds to modulation of UPS activity in cell culture arising from the inhibitor MG-132 and activator PA28γ. Guided by predictive modelling, we enhanced the circuit's signal sensitivity and dynamic range by introducing a feedback loop that enables self-amplification of TetR. By linking UPS activity to a simple and tunable fluorescence output, these genetic inverters will enable a variety of applications, including screening for UPS activating molecules and selecting for mammalian cells with different levels of proteasome activity.
A comparison of the solutions of some proposed equations of motion of granular materials for fully developed flow down inclined planes

In the past few years kinetic theory has been used to derive equations of motion for rapidly shearing granular materials, and there have been empirical extensions of these to take into account stress transmitted by sustained sliding and rolling contacts between particles. The equations are complicated and solutions have been generated only for very simple flows. In this paper three forms for the equations of motion are considered; one representing interaction by collisions only, one which is a high-density asymptotic form of this, and a third which includes terms representing the ‘frictional’ stresses associated with the sustained contacts referred to above. Solutions are found for fully developed flow under gravity down an inclined plane, and it is shown that the relation between the flow rate and the depth of the flowing layer predicted by the first two sets of equations is not in accord with observations. The third form appears to eliminate much of the discrepancy, but its predictions have not been explored over the whole parameter space. It is emphasized that the form of the solutions should be studied over a wide range of operating conditions in order to assess the usefulness of proposed equations.
Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Anhydrous Ammonia, Urea, and Polymer-Coated Urea in Illinois Cornfields

The use of alternative N sources relative to conventional ones could mitigate soil-surface NO emissions. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of anhydrous ammonia (AA), urea, and polymer-coated urea (ESN) on NO emissions for continuous corn ( L.) production. Corn received 110 kg N ha in 2009 and 180 kg N ha in 2010 and 2011. Soil NO fluxes were measured one to three times per week early in the growing season and less frequently later, using vented non-steady state closed chambers and a gas chromatograph. Regardless of N source, NO emissions were largest immediately after substantial (>20 mm) rains, dropping to background levels thereafter. Averaged across N sources, 2.85% of the applied N was lost as NO. Emission differences for treatments only occurred in 2010, the year with maximum NO production. In the 2010 growing season, cumulative emissions (in kg NO-N ha) were lowest for the check (2.21), followed by ESN (9.77), and ESN was lower than urea (14.07) and AA (16.89). Emissions in 2010 based on unit of corn yield produced followed a similar pattern, and NO emissions calculated as percent of applied N showed that AA losses were 1.9 times greater than ESN. Across years, relative to AA, ESN reduced NO emissions, emissions per unit of corn yield, and emissions per unit of N applied, whereas urea produced intermediate values. The study indicates that, under high N loss potential (wet and warm conditions), ESN could reduce NO emissions more that urea and AA.
Postischemic cerebral blood flow recovery in the female: Effect of 17β-estradiol

Female reproductive hormones are considered to be protective agents in atherosclerotic vascular disease and stroke. The present study determined if there are unique cerebrovascular responses in female animals to global cerebral ischemia and if 17 beta-estradiol is important to postischemic outcome in brain. Three groups of anesthetized, sexually mature rabbits were treated with normotensive four-vessel occlusion (6 min) and 3 h of reperfusion: females chronically instrumented with 17 beta-estradiol implants (EFEM; n = 8, plasma estradiol level = 365 +/- 48 pg/ml), untreated females (FEM; n = 8, estradiol = 13 +/- 3 pg/ml), and untreated males (M; n = 8, estradiol < limit of radioimmunoassay). CBF (microspheres) and somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) amplitude were measured during ischemia/reperfusion. Baseline hemispheric blood flow and regional flow distribution were not altered by chronic estradiol treatment. Hemispheric blood flow was equivalently reduced during ischemia in FEM and M (6 +/- 1 and 9 +/- 2 ml min-1 100 g-1, respectively); however postischemic hyperemia was greater in FEM than M (CBF = 257 +/- 27 and 183 +/- 27 ml min-1 100 g-1. However, EFEM experienced higher CBF during ischemia (e.g., 13 +/- 2 ml min-1 100 g-1) and less hyperemia (134 +/- 4 ml min-1 100 g-1 in hemispheres) in numerous brain regions than FEM. CBF at 3 h reperfusion was not different among the groups. Recovery of SEPs was incomplete and similar in all groups. We conclude that chronic exogenous 17 beta-estradiol treatment increases CBF during global incomplete ischemia and ameliorates postischemic hyperemia in the female animal.
Impact of new materials and construction systems on fire test technology

New construction techniques and the growing number of building materials have resulted in the modification of old fire test methods and the development of new ones. Many otherwise useful materials have failed the highly restrictive noncombustibility test that is in use today. The author suggests that tests more basis than the full scale fire endurance tests must be devised to more accurately evaluate the effects of combustible materials under fire conditions.
On the solar oblateness: The combined effect of a pole-equator difference in effective temperature and mechanical heating

With the help of a model atmosphere of the Sun we evaluate the pole-equator difference in flux (as measured by Dicke and Goldenberg) assuming the following type of pole-equator temperature difference (ΔT=T e −T p ): (a) ΔT ≈ 2K for τ > τ0 (τ0 ≈ 0.05); (b) ΔT ≈ 10K for τ < τ0.
Hermit crab fitness: The effect of shell condition and behavioral adaptations on environmental resistance

Abstract The degree of three behavioral responses (aggregation with other individuals, movement towards shaded locations and shell exiting) shown by the coexisting hermit crabs, Pagurus samuelis (Stimpson), P. hirsutiusculus venturensis (Coffin), P. granosimanus (Stimpson) and P. hemphilli (Benedict), when aerially exposed, corresponded with their pattern of intertidal vertical zonation. The highest occurring species, P. samuelis , exhibited significantly greater tendencies to aggregate with other individuals and to seek refuge in shaded locations and usually remained within their shells when exposed to the combined stresses of temperature and desiccation. P. hirsutiusculus and P. granosimanus , primarily mid- to low-intertidal species, displayed these responses only occasionally while P. hemphilli , a lowintertidal and shallow-subtidal species, showed significantly lower clustering, shade attraction, and shell abandonment responses. Comparison of larger and smaller P. samuelis revealed no significant behavioral differences. P. samuelis and P. granosimanus that occupied shells not allowing complete retraction were less resistant to the stresses of aerial exposure. Crabs inhabiting damaged shells with holes ( ≈ 5 mm diam.) in the whorls or spire did not experience decreased survival in comparison with that found in crabs occupying entire shells. These findings suggest an implication of shell optimality with environmental resistance that should be considered of potential importance in the evolution of complex communicative and aggressive behavior in intertidal hermit crabs. In addition, attraction to shaded areas and clustering are behavioral responses appropriate for avoiding or reducing the adverse effects of temperature and desiccation stresses. These responses may be important in facilitating the coexistence of these species although further investigation is needed to quantify the importance of such behavior to intertidal hermit crab populations. The significance of shell-exiting is not specifically known but survival of a shell-less crab is undoubtedly minimal.
Social Effects of Maternal Age and Experience in Bison: Pre‐ and Post‐weaning Contact Maintenance with Daughters

Effects of maternal age and experience on long-term contact maintenance interactions with female offspring were examined in bison (Bison bison), as part of a study of factors influencing dyadic behavioural interaction. During the first five months, patterns of change in interactions varied with maternal age and parity. Young (largely primiparous) mothers and their calves steadily increased the frequency with which they maintained contact, while older mothers and their calves became increasingly independent (e.g. calves walked away from mothers more and followed them less often). Filial independence was most extreme in the (last) calves of the two oldest mothers. These age-specific patterns appeared to result largely from contrasting shifts in maternal behaviour from Month 1 to 2; differences between groups before and after this shift were opposite in direction. In the first month, older mothers maintained more frequent contact and were behaviourally more synchronized with their calves. After the first month, however, the efforts of older mothers to maintain dyadic proximity abruptly decreased, while those of young mothers and their calves gradually increased. Subsequent differences between groups were more consistent. Young mothers and their daughters maintained closer contact and continued to do so well past weaning, at least as late as the third year, when daughters reached sexual maturity. Filial behaviour played an important role in determining patterns of dyadic spatial relations; the close proximity maintained by young mothers and their offspring appeared due largely to the frequency with which these calves followed their mothers' movements. The relatively independent calves of older mothers took greater initiative in contact interactions with mothers (e.g. nosing, licking). Young mothers appeared to strengthen long-term bonds with daughters by initiating contact frequently; the closeness of post-weaning dyadic association increased with the frequency of pre-weaning maternal contact.
Nonlinear pricing in an oligopoly market: the case of specialty coffee

Firms that use nonlinear pricing may distort product characteristics away from their efficient levels. This paper offers the first empirical study of this issue. Using data from a specialty coffee market, I estimate a structural utility model to compute consumers' benefits from changing products' sizes. I then compare the estimated benefits to cost data. Design distortions are relatively large for products not targeted to the highest-demand consumers. Distortions decrease toward zero with drink size for products with the largest profit margins. These results support some of the central predictions from nonlinear pricing theory, including “no distortion at the top.”
PROBLEM-BASED STUDENT-DIRECTED LEARNING IN MEDICINE

Since World War II, there has been an explosion of medical facts and knowledge. It is almost impossible for a medical student to memorize and retain all there is to know. Even if he or she could, the data base is constantly changing, and new knowledge is being discovered. It is the responsibility of the physician to remain current, even though there are no daily lectures. Problem-based student-directed learning offers the student a different context within which to learn and lays the foundation for becoming a lifelong independent learner.
In vitro analysis of the accumulation and toxicity of inorganic mercury in segments of the proximal tubule isolated from the rabbit kidney.

Abstract Cellular accumulation and toxicity of inorganic mercury were studied in suspensions (1 mg protein/mi buffer) of proximal tubular segments isolated from the kidneys of rabbits. Mercuric chloride containing trace amounts of radiolabeled inorganic mercury ( 203 Hg 2+ ) was added to the buffer to produce a concentration of inorganic mercury ranging from 0.1 to 10 μM. Significant release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and significant decreases in oxygen consumption ( Q O 2 ), which were used as indices of cellular injury, were detected only when the tubules were in the presence of 10 MM inorganic mercury. At this concentration of inorganic mercury, cellular release of LDH increased and Q O 2 decreased significantly between the 1st and 4th hr of exposure, by which time most of the proximal tubular cells were necrotic. Maximal cellular content of inorganic mercury was attained within the first 5 min of exposure, during which time nearly 70% of the inorganic mercury in the bath was removed. Accumulation of mercury was more gradual when the tubules were exposed to 0.1 μM inorganic mercury. Addition of 40 μM glutathione, cysteine, or bovine serum albumin to the bath provided the segments of the proximal tubule with complete protection from the toxic effects of 10 μM inorganic mercury. The rate of uptake of inorganic mercury was also significantly decreased. By the end of 4 hr of exposure only about 30% of the content of mercury in the bath was abstracted. These findings indicate that isolated segments of proximal tubules take up inorganic mercury very rapidly and subsequently become intoxicated. They also show that when compounds containing free sulfhydryl groups are in the presence of inorganic mercury in the bath, the rate of uptake of inorganic mercury is significantly decreased and the tubules are provided protection from the toxic effects of the inorganic mercury.
Social Issues in High School Biology Textbooks: 1963-1983.

Twenty-two high school biology textbooks published between 1963 and 1983 were analyzed for their treatment of social issues. Textbooks were selected from among those used most frequently by teachers and/or having the highest sales. The textbooks were read in random order and the amount of space, to the nearest tenth of a page, devoted to each social issue was expressed as a percentage of total length of text. The results showed that attention to social issues decreased between 1963 and 1983 in the textbooks studied. The implications of these results for biology education in the 1980s are discussed.
Simplified Preparation of Coniferyl and Sinapyl Alcohols

Coniferyl and sinapyl alcohols were prepared from commercially available coniferaldehyde and sinapaldehyde using borohydride exchange resin in methanol. This reduction is highly regioselective and exceptionally simple, making these valuable monolignols readily available to researchers lacking synthetic chemistry expertise.
Electric-field effects on exciton lifetimes in symmetric coupled GaAs/Al0.3Ga0.7As double quantum wells

We have studied the effects of coupling on the lifetime of spatially indirect excitons in (50-\AA{} GaAs)/${\mathrm{Al}}_{0.3}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{0.7}$As symmetric double quantum wells. The coupling was controlled by varying the barrier thickness between 25 and 60 \AA{} and by application of an electric field. Lifetime enhancements of up to 3 orders of magnitude relative to the lifetimes of spatially direct excitons were observed. At a given electric field the lifetime enhancement was larger the wider the barrier, due to the smaller electron-hole wave-function overlap, in good agreement with theory. We have also observed nonresonant hole tunneling and estiimated the tunneling time, which was of the order of 300 ps in a 40-\AA{}-barrier sample.
Imaging of Pelvic Bone Metastasis from Malignant Phyllodes Breast Tumor

The author reports a case of malignant phyllodes breast tumor, which has a ten-year disease free interval ending with left pelvic bone metastasis and soft tissue invasion. Epidemiology of this rare breast tumor along with cross-sectional and scintigraphic imaging of its musculo-skeletal metastasis is presented. Literature concerning bone metastasis from phyllodes tumor is also briefly reviewed and discussed.
Familial infantile apnea and immature beta oxidation.

Infants with inborn errors of fatty acid metabolism may present with apnea, periodic breathing, and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Recognition of these disorders and initiation of appropriate therapy may prevent SIDS. Metabolic pathways develop during gestation and post-natally. We report three siblings with apnea and periodic breathing, as well as biochemical defects consistent with a non-specific abnormality of beta oxidation. One infant died a witnessed sudden infant death. The two survivors were treated with L-carnitine supplementation resulting in rapid resolution of both respiratory and metabolic abnormalities. Enzyme activity for short, medium, and long chain acyl coenzyme A dehydrogenases was normal in these two infants. Although a unique enzymatic deficiency was not identified, our experience with this family supports the need for routine biochemical evaluation of infants with “near miss” SIDS, also called acute life-threatening events (ALTE), as well as those who have died of SIDS. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1995; 20:167–171. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Travel motivations as souvenir purchase indicators

Abstract The purpose of this study is to analyze what travel motivations influence the type of souvenirs tourists purchase, attributes of the souvenir, and attributes of the store where the souvenir is purchased. Tourists’ travel motivations were predicted to influence souvenir product choice, product attributes, and attributes of the retail environment where souvenirs are purchased. Structural equation modeling (LISREL 8) was used to test the causal relationships between travel motivations and souvenir products, product attributes, and store attributes. Data were collected from 398 tourists who had traveled to Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah using factor analysis dimensions of Likert-like scales. Results indicated that travel motivations have an influence on souvenir products, product attributes, and store attributes. Retailers within the souvenir trade should be cognizant of tourists’ travel motivations and provide a souvenir mix that has appealing attributes in an appealing store environment based on these motivations. In this way, retailers can provide a pleasurable and profitable selling environment benefiting the tourist and the economy of the tourist destination.
COMPARATIVE RESPONSES OF LONG-DAY AND SHORT-DAY PLANTS TO RELATIVE LENGTH OF DAY AND NIGHT.

The primary purpose of the present discussion is to contrast the behavior of the so-called long-day and short-day types of plants in terms of their response to differences in length of day and to consider the problem of satisfactorily classifying plants into these two groups. In the first paper by Garner and Allard dealing with the effect of length of day on plant growth, published about 12 years ago, two broad facts were brought out with respect to initiation of sexual reproduction, namely: (1) that some plants are more sensitive than others to the length-of -day factor ; (2) that of the more sensitive group some respond to relatively long days while others respond to relatively short days. Thus we have one group embracing what may be designated as the indeterminate type of plant and a second group which can be conveniently divided into the long-day type and the short-day type. This classification has proved helpful and it seems desirable that it be retained, at least until some better system is devised. It appears, however, that unless a better understanding can be reached as to the basis on wrhich the classification rests, considerable confusion is likely to result.
The geometry of grand unification

Arguments are presented which lead to the conclusion thatSU(3, 2) is the grand unification gauge group (GUGG). The gauge theory includes all known forces. We incorporated supersymmetry within the framework of the gauge theory and show how the theory may be quantized.
The expression of epidermal growth factor receptor, HER-2/Neu, p53, and Ki-67 antigen in uterine malignant mixed mesodermal tumors and adenosarcoma

Uterine malignant mixed mesodermal tumors (MMMT) are highly malignant tumors containing both malignant glands and stroma, while adenosarcomas (AS) are less aggressive tumors composed of malignant stroma and benign glands. Immunohistochemistry was used to grade overexpression of p53 protein, HER-2/neu protein, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and Ki-67 antigen in both the glands and stroma of tissue from 20 women with MMMT and 6 women with AS. EGFR was overexpressed in 2 AS and 9 MMMT, and was more commonly found in the sarcomatous component than the carcinomatous component in MMMT (P = 0.03). p53 was not found in any AS samples and was strongly present in 6 MMMT samples with a random distribution between the malignant components. HER-2/neu protein was not overexpressed in any AS or primary MMMT. Ki-67 antigen, a marker of cell proliferation, was found at higher levels in MMMT than AS samples (P = 0.03) and high Ki-67 antigen expression correlated with a decreased survival in patients with MMMT (P = 0.004). Independent characterization of oncogene proteins in the malignant components of these heterogeneous tumors may provide insight into the histogenesis and behavior of these malignancies.
G-protein-mediated signaling in cholesterol-enriched arterial smooth muscle cells. 1. Reduced membrane-associated G-protein content due to diminished isoprenylation of G-gamma subunits and p21ras.

Mechanisms contributing to altered heterotrimeric G-protein expression and subsequent signaling events during cholesterol accretion have been unexplored. The influence of cholesterol enrichment on G-protein expression was examined in cultured smooth muscle cells that resemble human atherosclerotic cells by exposure to cationized LDL (cLDL). cLDL, which increases cellular free and esterified cholesterol 2-fold and 10-fold, respectively, reduced the cell membrane content of Galphai-1, Galphai-2, Galphai-3, Gq/11, and Galphas. The following evidence supports the premise that the mechanism by which this occurs is due to reduced isoprenylation of the Ggamma-subunit. First, the inhibitory effect of cholesterol enrichment on the membrane content of Galphai subunits was found to be post-transcriptional, since the mRNA steady-state levels of Galphai(1-3) were unchanged following cholesterol enrichment. Second, the membrane expression of alpha and beta subunits was mimicked by cholesterol and 17-ketocholesterol, both of which inhibit HMG-CoA reductase. Third, inhibition of Galphai and Gbeta expression in cholesterol-enriched cells was overcome by mevalonate, the immediate product of HMG-CoA reductase. Fourth, pulse-chase experiments revealed that cholesterol enrichment did not reduce the degradation rate of membrane-associated Galphai subunits. Fifth, cholesterol enrichment also reduced membrane expression of Ggamma-5, Ggamma-7upper; these gamma subunits are responsible for trafficking of the heterotrimeric G-protein complex to the cell membrane as a result of HMG-CoA reductase-dependent post-translational lipid modification (geranylgeranylation) and subsequent membrane association. Cholesterol enrichment did not alter expression of G-gamma-5 mRNA, as assessed by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, supporting a post-transcriptional defect in Ggamma subunit expression. Fifth, cholesterol enrichment also reduced the membrane content of p21ras (a low molecular weight G-protein requiring farnesylation for membrane targeting) but did not alter the membrane content of the two proteins that do not require isoprenylation for membrane associationsPDGF-receptor or p60-src. Reduced G-protein content in cholesterol-laden cells was reflected by reduced G-protein-mediated signaling events, including ATP-induced GTPase activity, thrombin-induced inhibition of cyclic AMP accumulation, and MAP kinase activity. Collectively, these results demonstrate that cholesterol enrichment reduces G-protein expression and signaling by inhibiting isoprenylation and subsequent membrane targeting. These results provide a molecular basis for altered G-protein-mediated cell signaling processes in cholesterol-enriched cells.
Multigene control of Mlsc.

Festenstein originally described the Mls locus as a single dominant autosomal gene with four alleles which mapped in the 13th linkage group of chromosome 1. We subsequently presented evidence which indicated that the mixed leukocyte reaction stimulatory products of DBA/2 and CBA/J were controlled by two independently segregating Mls loci. Recently, Mlsd of CBA/J was shown to be composed of Mlsa of AKR and Mlsc of C3H. In the present report, classic segregation data is presented which indicates that Mlsc of C3H is controlled by three independently segregating loci. As defined by stimulatory patterns of numerous cell lines, we postulate the following: either one of the loci is shared with BALB.K, CE, C58, and partially with MA/MyJ, one is shared with CBA/H and CBA/J, and one is shared with BALB.K, CBA/J, and partially with CE; or the groups of shared determinants are controlled by different alleles of unique loci (or locus). In any event, Mlsc appears to be composed of at least three independently segregating loci; the number of alleles/locus is being investigated. In addition, C3H was stimulated by BALB.K (both were recently postulated to be Mlsc ); this epitope was shared with CBA/J, CBA/H, AKR/Cum, Ma/MyJ, and C58/J.
Adaptively optimizing stochastic resonance in visual system

Abstract Recent psychophysics experiment has showed that the noise strength could affect the perceived image quality. This work gives an adaptive process for achieving the optimal perceived image quality in a simple image perception array, which is a simple model of an image sensor. A reference image from memory is used for constructing a cost function and defining the optimal noise strength where the cost function gets its minimum point. The reference image is a binary image, which is used to define the background and the object. Finally, an adaptive algorithm is proposed for searching the optimal noise strength. Computer experimental results show that if the reference image is a thresholded version of the sub-threshold input image then the output of the sensor array gives an optimal output, in which the background and the object have the biggest contrast. If the reference image is different from a thresholded version of the sub-threshold input image then the output usually gives a sub-optimal contrast between the object and the background.
Solvent Effects in the Hydrolysis of Magnesium Methoxide, and the Production of Nanocrystalline Magnesium Hydroxide. An Aid in Understanding the Formation of Porous Inorganic Materials

The hydrolysis of magnesium methoxide in various solvent−methanol mixtures with a water-to-methoxide ratio of 2 has been studied. Solvents having low dielectric constants such as toluene, benzene, ...
Health-related employer support, recurring pain, and direct insurance costs for a self-insured employer

Poor psychosocial workplace factors have been found to cause or exacerbate a variety of health problems, including pain. However, little work has focused on how psychosocial workplace factors, such as health-related employer support, relate to future medical expenditures after controlling for health. Health-related support has also not been well explored in previous literature as a psychosocial factor. This study estimated the association of health-related employer support and pain with future medical expenditures, after including many additional controls.
AnalyzeThis: an analysis workflow-aware storage system

The need for novel data analysis is urgent in the face of a data deluge from modern applications. Traditional approaches to data analysis incur significant data movement costs, moving data back and forth between the storage system and the processor. Emerging Active Flash devices enable processing on the flash, where the data already resides. An array of such Active Flash devices allows us to revisit how analysis workflows interact with storage systems. By seamlessly blending together the flash storage and data analysis, we create an analysis workflow-aware storage system, AnalyzeThis. Our guiding principle is that analysis-awareness be deeply ingrained in each and every layer of the storage, elevating data analyses as first-class citizens, and transforming AnalyzeThis into a potent analytics-aware appliance. We implement the AnalyzeThis storage system atop an emulation platform of the Active Flash array. Our results indicate that AnalyzeThis is viable, expediting workflow execution and minimizing data movement.
Coevolution of HMG domains and homeodomains and the generation of transcriptional regulation by Sox/POU complexes.

The highly conserved homeodomains and HMG domains are components of a large number of proteins that play a role in the transcriptional regulation of gene expression during embryogenesis. Both the HMG domain and the homeodomain serve as interfaces for factor interactions with DNA, as well as with other proteins, and it is likely that the high degree of structural and sequence conservation within these domains reflects the conservation of basic aspects of these interactions. Classical HMG domain proteins have an ancient origin, being found in all eukaryotes, and are thought to have given rise to the metazoan-specific class of HMG domain proteins called the Sox proteins. Similarly, the metazoan-specific POU domain proteins are thought to have arisen from genes encoding ancestral homeodomain proteins. In this review, we summarize several examples of different HMG-homeodomain interactions that illustrate not only the ancient origin of each of these protein families, but also their relationship to each other, and discuss how coevolution of HMG and homeodomains may have lead to creation of the specialized Sox/POU protein complexes. Using the FGF-4 gene as an example, we also speculate on how coevolution of regulatory Sox/POU target DNA sequences may have occurred, and how the summation of these changes may have lead to the emergence of new developmental pathways.
Geochemical Influence on Diversity and Microbial Processes in High Temperature Oil Reservoirs

The diversity of thermophilic microbial assemblages detected within two neighboring high temperature petroleum formations was shown to closely parallel the different geochemical regimes existing in each. A high percentage of archaeal 16S rRNA gene sequences, related to thermophilic aceticlastic and hydrogenotrophic methanogens, were detected in the natural gas producing Rincon Formation. In contrast, rRNA gene libraries from the highly sulfidogenic Monterey Formation contained primarily sulfur-utilizing and fermentative archaea and bacteria. In addition to the variations in microbial community structure, microbial activities measured in microcosm experiments using high temperature production fluids from oil-bearing formations also demonstrated fundamental differences in the terminal respiratory and redox processes. Provided with the same suite of basic energy substrates, production fluids from the South Elwood Rincon Formation actively generated methane, while thermophilic microflora within the Monterey production fluids were dominated by hydrogen sulfide producing microorganisms. In both cases, molecular hydrogen appeared to play a central role in the stimulation of carbon and sulfur cycling in these systems. In methanogenic production fluids, the addition of sulfur compounds induced a rapid shift in the terminal electron accepting process, stimulating hydrogen sulfide formation and illustrating the metabolic versatility of the subsurface thermophilic assemblage. The high similarity between microbial community structure and activity corresponding with the prevalent geochemical conditions observed in deep subsurface petroleum reservoirs suggests that the resident microflora have adapted to the subsurface physicochemical conditions and may actively influence the geochemical environment in situ.
Cell-cell fusion: a new function for invadosomes

Podosomes are cytoskeletal-based structures involved in extracellular matrix remodeling and cellular motility. A new study now implicates podosomes in pore formation during myoblast fusion.
Implementing High Reliability Fire Detection in the Residential Setting

The purpose of detecting fires early is to provide an alarm prior to when there is an environment which is deemed to be a threat to people or a building. High reliability detection is based on the supposition that it is possible to utilize a small number of sensors to ascertain unequivocally that there is a growing threat either to people or to a building and provide an estimation of the seriousness of the threat. The current generation of fire detection systems is designed to respond to smoke, heat, gaseous emission or electromagnetic radiation generated during smoldering and flaming combustion. This paper will demonstrate that these same low level signals can be utilized to achieve the goal of producing earlier detection, while improving reliability. This allows us to reduce the time to detection at the same time reducing the error rate for both false alarms as well as missing fires. Large commercial fire panels are beginning to implement such advanced algorithms for reliable fast detection; however, the focus of this work is to achieve such detection in a way that can be implemented in a lost cost, low power, EPROM which will be suitable for residential systems.