cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The non-tax wedge

Abstract This paper argues that there are a large number of non-tax phenomena that have the effect of reducing input prices below marginal value products, just as do taxes on income. It is shown that the presence of the ‘non-tax wedge’ between the marginal value product of labor and the net wage is highly significant for the analysis of the total and marginal welfare costs of taxes. (Similarly, the presence of the tax wedge is significant for the analysis of the welfare effects of the non-tax phenomena.) Welfare costs are substantially higher when appropriate account is taken of tax and non-tax wedges that both distort supply decisions.
High temperature creep of silicon carbide particulate reinforced aluminum

Abstract The effect of stress on the creep properties of 30 vol.% silicon carbide particulate reinforced 6061 aluminum (SiC p -6061 Al), produced by powder metallurgy, has been studied in the temperature range of 618–678 K. The experimental data, which extend over seven orders of magnitude of strain rate, show that the creep curve exhibits a very short steady-state stage; that the stress exponent, n , is high ( n > 7.4) and increases with decreasing the applied stress; and that the apparent activation energy for creep, Q a , is much higher than the activation energy for self-diffusion in aluminum. The above creep characteristics of SiC p -6061 Al are similar to those reported for dispersion strengthened (DS) alloys, where the high stress exponent for creep and its variation with stress are explained in terms of a threshold stress for creep that is introduced by the dispersoid particles. Analysis of the creep data of SiC p -6061 Al using the various threshold stress models proposed for DS alloys indicates that the threshold stresses introduced by the SiC particulates are too small to account for the observed creep behavior of the composite. By considering an alternate approach for the source of the threshold stress in SiC p -6061 Al, an explanation for the asymptotic behavior of the creep data of the composite is offered. The approach is based on the idea that the oxide particles present in the Al matrix, as a result of manufacturing the composite by powder metallurgy, serve as effective barriers to dislocation motion and give rise to the existence of a threshold stress for creep.
Small-Molecule Activators of a Proenzyme

Virtually all of the 560 human proteases are stored as inactive proenyzmes and are strictly regulated. We report the identification and characterization of the first small molecules that directly activate proenzymes, the apoptotic procaspases-3 and -6. It is surprising that these compounds induce autoproteolytic activation by stabilizing a conformation that is both more active and more susceptible to intermolecular proteolysis. These procaspase activators bypass the normal upstream proapoptotic signaling cascades and induce rapid apoptosis in a variety of cell lines. Systematic biochemical and biophysical analyses identified a cluster of mutations in procaspase-3 that resist small-molecule activation both in vitro and in cells. Compounds that induce gain of function are rare, and the activators reported here will enable direct control of the executioner caspases in apoptosis and in cellular differentiation. More generally, these studies presage the discovery of other proenzyme activators to explore fundamental processes of proenzyme activation and their fate-determining roles in biology.
The symmetric genus of metacyclic groups

Abstract Let G be a finite group. The symmetric genus of G is the minimum genus of any Riemann surface on which G acts faithfully. Here we determine a useful lower bound for the symmetric genus of a finite group with a cyclic quotient group. The lower bound is attained for the family of K -metacyclic groups, and we determine the symmetric genus of each nonabelian subgroup of a K -metacyclic group. We also provide some examples of other groups for which the lower bound is attained. We use the standard representation of a finite group as a quotient of a noneuclidean crystallographic (NEC) group by a Fuchsian surface group.
Digital holographic optical coherence imaging of tumor tissue

Holographic Optical Coherence Imaging (OCI) uses spatial heterodyne detection in direct analogy with the temporal heterodyne detection of time-domain OCT. The spatial demodulator can be a sensitive dynamic holographic film or can be a CCD array placed directly at the hologram plane. We show that a digital hologram captured at the Fourier plane requires only a simple 2D inverse FFT of the digital hologram to compute the real image and its conjugate. Our recording on the optical Fourier plane has an advantage for diffuse targets because the intensity distribution of diffuse targets is relatively uniform at the Fourier plane and hence uses the full dynamic range of CCD camera. We applied this technique to human liver tumor spheroids and produced depth-resolved images to depth of 1.4 mm.
Analysis And Measurement Of Resolution Of Shadow Mask CRT Displays

Automated measurement techniques have been developed to determine the resolution of any shadow mask CRT-observer configuration. It is based on a linear systems approach which determines the brightness profile that an observer sees at a given distance from the CRT. From the profile, a modulation depth is calculated which is related to visual resolution. Given the limits for visual resolution, the results of the linear systems analysis and measurements can provide design parameters for available CRTs which include shadow mask pitch, spot size, spatial frequency of displayed patterns, observer distance, and color.
Thyroid hormone modulation of TRH precursor levels in rat hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid and blood.

Abstract In the present study we have examined the in vivo effects of thyroid hormones and TRH on tissue and blood levels of TRH and TRH-Gly (pGlu-His-Pro-Gly), a TRH precursor. Using specific radioimmunoassays (RIAs), we measured TRH immunoreactivity (TRH-IR) and TRH-Gly-IR concentrations in blood, hypothalamus, anterior and posterior pituitary, and thyroid in euthyroid, hypothyroid and thyroxine (T4)-treated 250 g male Sprague-Dawley rats. TRH-Gly-IR and TRH-IR were detected in all of these tissues. Highly significant positive correlations between whole blood TRH-Gly-IR levels and the corresponding serum TSH values ( p p p p
Effect of Electronic Stability Control on Automobile Crash Risk

Per vehicle crash involvement rates were compared for otherwise identical vehicle models with and without electronic stability control (ESC) systems. ESC was found to affect single-vehicle crashes to a greater extent than multiple-vehicle crashes, and crashes with fatal injuries to a greater extent than less severe crashes. Based on all police-reported crashes in 7 states over 2 years, ESC reduced single-vehicle crash involvement risk by approximately 41 percent (95 percent confidence limits 3348) and single-vehicle injury crash involvement risk by 41 percent (2752). This translates to an estimated 7 percent reduction in overall crash involvement risk (310) and a 9 percent reduction in overall injury crash involvement risk (314). Based on all fatal crashes in the United States over 3 years, ESC was found to have reduced single-vehicle fatal crash involvement risk by 56 percent (3968). This translates to an estimated 34 percent reduction in overall fatal crash involvement risk (2145).
Codes with a poset metric

Abstract Niederreiter generalized the following classical problem of coding theory: given a finite field F q and integers n > k ⩾ 1, find the largest minimum distance achievable by a linear code over F q of length n and dimension k . In this paper we place this problem in the more general setting of a partially ordered set and define what we call poset-codes. In this context, Niederreiter's setting may be viewed as the disjoint union of chains. We extend some of Niederreiter's bounds and also obtain bounds for posets which are the product of two chains.
Expression of human or bovine growth hormone gene with a mouse metallothionein-1 promoter in transgenic swine alters the secretion of porcine growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I

Endocrine profiles were examined in swine that had integrated and expressed a fusion gene consisting of mouse metallothionein-1 (MT) promoter fused to either a human (h) or bovine (b) GH structural gene. Eleven of 18 pigs that had integrated MT-hGH and eight of nine pigs that had integrated MT-bGH expressed the genes. The level of expression varied widely among pigs (14-4551 micrograms/l for MT-hGH and 23-1578 micrograms/l for MT-bGH). The level of expression varied over time within each pig with no general pattern. Concentrations of porcine GH (pGH) were lower in MT-hGH pigs that expressed the gene than in non-expressors or in littermate controls. Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) concentrations increased with age in all pigs and were raised threefold in pigs expressing either the MT-hGH or MT-bGH genes. Measurement of the foreign GH in samples taken at 15-min intervals failed to reveal any short-term fluctuations in concentration. Administration of hGH releasing factor (GRF) to pigs expressing MT-bGH resulted in attenuated release of pGH compared with that of contemporary controls. Concentrations of bGH did not change after GRF injection. Human and bovine GH expressed in transgenic pigs appear to be biologically active in that they induce IGF-I and suppress endogenous pGH secretion. The failure to find short-term fluctuations and the lack of response to GRF injections are consistent with a non-pituitary and non-GRF regulatable site of production.
Tanning before transplant: lancing the Langerhans cell

Ultraviolet radiation thwarts graft-versus-host disease in mice after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The treatment kills host Langerhans cells in the skin, which contribute to this deadly disease (pages 510–517).
Sources of Variation in the Abundance and Detection of the Endangered Florida Grasshopper Sparrow

Abstract Information on factors affecting the abundance and detection of the endangered Ammodramus savannarum floridanus (Florida Grasshopper Sparrow) was required to determine appropriate management strategies and evaluate monitoring efforts. We examined annual point-count data, records of prescribed fire (2003–2008), observer variability, and landscape features for Three Lakes Wildlife Management Area to identify sources of variation in abundance and detection. The population of male Florida Grasshopper Sparrows was estimated to be 498 (95% CL = 354–641), which corresponded to 23.9 (95% CL = 17.0–30.7) males per km2. Over most or all observed covariate ranges, abundance estimates increased with mean elevation above sea level, distance from outer edge of optimal habitat, and with growing-season burns (P ≤ 0.025). Abundance declined with time since last burn (P ≤ 0.006). Estimates of probability of detection ranged from 0.041 to 0.101, depending on observer and prior detections. Probability of detection d...
SU9518 inhibits proliferative vitreoretinopathy in fibroblast and genetically modified Müller cell-induced rabbit models.

Purpose. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is a complication of retinal detachment that can lead to surgical failure and vision loss. Previous studies suggest that a variety of retinal cells, including RPE and Muller glia, may be responsible. Platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRα) has been strongly implicated in the pathogenesis, and found to be intrinsic to the development of PVR in rabbit models. We examine whether SU9518, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor with PDGFRα specificity, can inhibit the development of PVR in fibroblast and Muller cell rabbit models of PVR.
Molecular cloning and characterization of the murine bile salt export pump.

Abstract Hepatic bile salt secretion and bile formation are essential functions of the mammalian liver, and the rate-limiting step of hepatocellular secretion of bile salts is canalicular secretion. Recently, the rat sister-of-p-glycoprotein/bile salt export pump (spgp/BSEP) was demonstrated to encode for the rat ATP-dependent canalicular bile salt export protein, and mutations of human BSEP were identified as the cause of PFIC 2. Since mouse models are vital for studies in hepatocellular transport and metabolism, cloning and characterization of the murine gene are essential. In this study, we have cloned a full-length, functional cDNA for the mBsep. The deduced amino acid sequence encodes for a 1321-amino-acid protein and is 94% similar to rat and 89% similar to human bsep. Western immunoblotting using an antibody directed against a carboxy-terminal peptide of mbsep protein reveals a 160 kDa protein, which is highly enriched in mouse canalicular membranes. Transfection of mBSEP into Sf-9 insect cells or mammalian Balb-3T3 cells confers functional transport of the bile salt taurocholate. The mBsep mRNA is expressed in murine liver, but not in other tissues. Hepatic mBsep levels appear highly regulated, being markedly diminished in both LPS and estrogen models of cholestasis. These data are important for further murine studies of hepatocellular transport physiology and metabolism.
Large area multitransverse-mode VCSELs for modal noise reduction in multimode fibre systems

The first operation is reported of large area multitransversemode vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) to reduce the effect of modal noise in multimode fibre systems. A BER < 10−13 is measured with a 25 μm VCSEL operated at 1 Gbit/s in a multimode optical link with 10 dB of mode selective loss at 16 m. The reduction in modal noise is from a decrease in the coherence of the large VCSELs with multitransverse-mode operation.
Incorporating Ecosystem-Based Management into Urban Environmental Policy: A Case Study from Western Washington

The worldwide growth of urban settlements affects the management of natural resources and has prompted scholars in the natural and social sciences to call for ecosystem-based approaches to the management of human settlements. While considerable literature exists on the definition, theoretical underpinnings and methods for applying ecosystem-based management (EBM), few studies have examined whether urban and regional planners consider elements of EBM when developing environmental policy. This study assesses the extent to which planners apply EBM principles when reviewing scientific information for environmental policies in western Washington State. Using a working definition of EBM based on existing literature, the study conducts a content analysis of interview data from 42 environmental planners working for cities in western Washington, and asks what elements of EBM are considered as they review scientific information. The results suggest that elements related to monitoring, inter-agency co-operation, eco...
Production of Sendai virus for cell fusion.

A detailed protocol for the growth of Sendai virus in embryonated hen's eggs and for the preparation of inactivated Sendai virus for use in cell fusion experiments is described.
Microlensing of an Elliptical Source by a Point Mass

We present an efficient method for computing light curves of an elliptical source that is microlensed by a point mass. The amplification of an extended source involves a two-dimensional integral over its surface brightness distribution. We show that for a general surface brightness profile with an elliptical symmetry, this integral can be reduced to one dimension. We derive analytical results for the entire light curve in the limit of low-mass (e.g., planetary) lenses and for the wings of all microlensing light curves in general. In both cases, the light curve carries information about deviations of the source from elliptical symmetry, e.g., deviations caused by spots. The method is used to find the amplification of a circular red giant photosphere and an inclined accretion disk. We demonstrate that microlensing of an emission line from a disk can be used to infer the disk velocity structure and surface brightness profile.
The stability of asperities on W(001)

Abstract Instrumental as the electron sources in electron microscopes, the FIM, the STM, flat panel displays, and other technologies, sharp tungsten structures nevertheless remain for the most part unexamined on the atomic scale. We have modeled a sharp tungsten asperity in order to investigate its stability, upon which these applications are critically dependent. Using the extended embeddedatom method, we have determined the energy barriers for several rearrangements which blunt the asperity. We also obtain the lowest-energy pathways for such rearrangements, and these highlight the importance of directional bonding tendencies for elements from the center of the transition series.
Intolerable Anonymity: Robert Wedderburn and the Discourse of Ultra-Radicalism

Robert Wedderburn (1762-1835/6), the son of a Jamaican slave named Rosanna and her owner, James Wedderburn, was a journeyman tailor, a seaman, an abolitionist activist, an ultra-radical revolutiona...
DIURNAL AND SEASONAL CHANGES IN THE ASCORBIC ACID CONTENT OF SOME VEGETABLES

As part of a general study concerned with improving the food value of crop plants, a number of experiments have been conducted to determine the factors which control the ascorbic acid content of plants. The most important papers on this subject have been reviewed by Re?d (6) and more recently by Maynard and Beeson (3). In spite of some inconsistencies in their results, these investigations lead to the following general conclusions : 1. Mineral nutrition has little influence on the ascorbic acid content of plants except under conditions where normal growth is seriously disturbed by deficiencies in one or more essential elements. 2. Genetic factors play an important r?le. Different varieties of the same species frequently show large differences in the quantity of vitamin C they contain. 3. Some data indicate that the growing temperature affects the rate at which ascorbic acid accumulates in the plant. Moldtman (4) and Re?d (5) observed that at moderate temperatures an inverse relation exists between the ascorbic acid content of plants and the temperature at which they are
Synthesis, Molecular Structures, and Properties of Six-Coordinate [Fe(OEP)(L)(NO)]+ Derivatives: Elusive Nitrosyl Ferric Porphyrins

The preparation and characterization of several {FeNO}6 porphyrinates ([Fe(OEP)(L)(NO)]+), where OEP is octaethylporphyrin and L is one of the neutral nitrogen-donating axial ligands 1-methylimidazole (1-MeIm), pyrazole (Pz), indazole (Iz), or pyrazine (Prz), are described. The synthesis and crystallization of these derivatives requires an NO atmosphere and careful attention to conditions. The characterization of these [Fe(OEP)(L)(NO)]+ complexes by IR and UV−vis spectroscopies provides for general distinctions between five- and six-coordination and the two common oxidation states of iron nitrosyl porphyrins. The UV−vis spectra of the [Fe(OEP)(L)(NO)]+ derivatives are all characterized by very distinct α and β bands. The solid-state NO stretching frequencies are found in the narrow range of 1890 to 1921 cm-1. Six X-ray structure determinations have been completed. The molecular structures of [Fe(OEP)(1-MeIm)(NO)]ClO4, [Fe(OEP)(Pz)(NO)]ClO4(1), [Fe(OEP)(Iz)(NO)]ClO4, and {[Fe(OEP)(NO)]2Prz}(ClO4)2 are desc...
Excess Prevalence of Fasting and Postmethionine-Loading Hyperhomocysteinemia in Stable Renal Transplant Recipients

Abstract Hyperhomocysteinemia, either fasting or after methionine loading, may contribute to the increased incidence of cardiovascular disease events experienced by renal transplant recipients. Limited data are available on fasting homocysteine (Hcy) levels, and none on postmethionine-loading Hcy levels, in these patients. We assessed the prevalence and potential determinants of fasting and postmethionine-loading hyperhomocysteinemia in 29 stable renal transplant recipients and 58 age- and sex-matched, population-based controls free of renal disease with serum creatinine levels of 1.5 mg/dL or less. Total (t) plasma Hcy was determined fasting and 2 hours after methionine loading, along with fasting determinations of the B-vitamin cofactors/substrates for Hcy metabolism, ie, pyridoxal 5′-phosphate, B-12, and folate and serum creatinine. Geometric mean fasting (18.1 versus 9.8 μM, P <.001) and postmethionine-loading increase (22.0 versus 15.2, P =.001) in tHcy levels were significantly greater in the renal transplant recipients, as were the prevalence odds (with 95% confidence intervals) for fasting [14.8 (3.4-64.7)], postmethionine loading [6.9 (1.5-32.8)], combined fasting and postmethionine-loading [18.0 (2.3-142.1)] hyperhomocysteinemia, and inadequate circulating folate [4.2 (1.1-16.5)] or pyridoxal 5′-phosphate [3.2 (0.9-11.0) status. Correlation analyses suggested important potential relationships between creatinine and both fasting (+0.64, P <.001) and postmethionine-load increase (+0.38, P =.045) in tHcy, folate and fasting (−0.41, P =.025) tHcy, and pyridoxal 5′-phosphate and postmethionine-loading increase (−0.33, P =.091) in tHcy. We conclude that there is an excess prevalence of fasting and postmethionine-loading hyperhomocysteinemia in stable renal transplant recipients. Renal function is related to both fasting and postmethionine loading-hyperhomocysteinemia, inadequate folate status is associated with fasting hyperhomocysteinemia, and inadequate vitamin B-6 status may be related to postmethionine-loading hyperhomocysteinemia in this patient population.
Prevalence of Obesity Among Patients With Congenital and Acquired Heart Disease

Overweight and obesity rates have risen dramatically in the United States, with subsequent detrimental comorbidity risks. The rates for obesity among children with congenital and acquired heart disease have rarely been reported. A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity in children with heart disease and to identify subgroups at increased risk. A total of 795 cases were identified from a chart review of patients presenting to an urban center’s Pediatric Cardiology Program between 1 January and 31 December 2006. A body mass index (BMI) at the 85th percentile or higher was defined as overweight, and a BMI at the 95th percentile or higher was defined as obese. Subjects with comorbidities affecting body habitus were excluded from the study. Overall, overweight and obesity rates were similar to national data. No significant differences in overweight or obesity rates were detected between heart disease and non-heart disease groups (P = 0.50). According to multivariate analysis, Hispanic ethnicity and male gender were the only predictors of obesity. This study shows that children with heart disease are not immune to the common predictors of obesity such as gender and ethnicity and that the future care of children with heart disease should include general discussions about the risks for obesity.
X-Ray Based Subpicosecond Electron Bunch Characterization Using 90 degrees Thomson Scattering.

X rays produced by 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} Thomson scattering of a femtosecond, near infrared, terawatt laser pulse of a 50 MeV electron beam are shown to be an effective diagnostic to measure transverse and longitudinal density distributions of an electron beam ( $e$ beam) with subpicosecond time resolution. The laser beam was focused onto the $e$-beam waist, generating 30 keV x rays in the forward direction. The transverse and longitudinal $e$-beam structures have been obtained by measuring the intensity of the x-ray beam, while scanning the laser beam across the $e$ beam in space and time. The $e$-beam divergence has been obtained through measurement of spatial and spectral characteristics of the scattered x-ray beam.
Measuring Global Values: The Ranking of 162 Countries

Preface Introduction Peace Economic Well-Being Ecological Balance Social Justice Political Participation Conclusion Index
Scalable high-power, high-speed CW VCSEL arrays

A demonstration of a high-power, high-speed 980 nm vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser array with continuous-wave power of greater than 120 mW and frequency response over 7.5 GHz at room temperature is reported. Experimental results show that copper plating the array elements and flip-chip bonding provides effective thermal management as well as offering uniform current distribution at microwave frequencies. This is verified by the radial dependence of modulation bandwidth. These arrays may be useful for short-range light detection and ranging or free-space optical communications systems.
Graphenated IR Screens

Metallo-dielectric screens have been investigated from the visible to the terahertz spectral region for astronomy and remote sensing applications. These screens are made of periodic structures, which are at resonance with the wavelength of interest. A standing wave of surface wave is formed at resonance conditions, which then enables transmission or reflection of certain bands. Graphene is a monolayer thick 2-D crystal of carbon. Graphene is chemically inert and exhibits very large mobility. Recently, we succeeded in fabricating monolayer and a few layered graphene into films on solid and perforated substrates. By combining the resonance properties of IR screens with the unique properties of graphene, we were able to fabricate a new spectroscopic platform, which enhanced IR and Raman signals of molecules, and specifically, biospecies.
Fetal Echocardiographic Diagnosis of Vascular Rings

Objective. The purpose of this series is to describe the prenatal echocardiographic findings of vascular rings. Methods. The 3-vessel and trachea view consists of the axial view of the upper mediastinum. The normal left aortic arch appears as a V-shaped confluence of the ductus arteriosus and aortic arch, with the trachea situated posterior and to the right. No vessel should encircle the trachea. The diagnoses of vascular rings were made prenatally and were confirmed in all patients postnatally. Results. Six fetuses had diagnoses of vascular rings. The mean gestational age at diagnosis was 23.3 weeks (range, 18‐31 weeks). The indications for fetal echocardiography were family history of congenital heart disease, echogenic focus in the left ventricle, and abnormal 4-chamber view. There were 2 fetuses with a double aortic arch; 3 fetuses with a right aortic arch, an aberrant left subclavian artery, and a left ductus arteriosus; and 1 with a right circumflex aortic arch with a left ductus arteriosus and an aberrant left subclavian artery. Two fetuses had associated structural cardiac defects, 1 with an unbalanced atrioventricular septal defect and trisomy 21 and the other with a double-outlet right ventricle, pulmonary atresia, and multiple other congenital anomalies. Conclusions. Vascular rings can be accurately diagnosed prenatally with recognition of a vascular structure that courses around the trachea and absence of the usual V-shaped relationship of the aortic and ductal arches. The color Doppler findings and the presence of a ductus arteriosus aid in identifying various components of the vascular ring.
Location-Guided Screening of Liquid-Based Cervical Cytology Specimens A Potential Improvement in Accuracy and Productivity Is Demonstrated in a Preclinical Feasibility Trial

A 2-armed, masked study was performed on 1,275 AutoCyte PREP (TriPath, Burlington, NC) slides. Manual screening (current practice [CP]) was compared with automated screening with locationguided screening (LGS) using the AutoPap system with the SlideWizard 2 automated review microscopy station (TriPath). Cytologic adjudication determined “truth” for each slide. LGS identified more abnormal cases at all interpretive levels and classified abnormalities more specifically. For high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions and above, the overall sensitivity of appropriate triage to pathologist review was 98.4% for LGS and 91.1% for CP. The appropriate triage for all abnormal cases was 92.1% for LGS and 87.9% for CP. The potential exists for more accurate and productive cytologic interpretation using this system, which requires no manual screening of a portion of slides and only limited review of another portion of “predotted” slides.
Circumcision: Successful Glanular Reconstruction and Survival Following Traumatic Amputation

AbstractPurpose: Circumcision remains the most common operation performed on male individuals in the United States. Unfortunately various complications may occur during circumcision ranging from trivial to tragic. We report 7 cases of traumatic amputation of the glans penis and/or urethra during circumcision. In addition, errors in circumcision technique as probable mechanisms of injury, principles of repair and limits of tissue viability are discussed.Materials and Methods: The medical records of 7 patients who underwent traumatic circumcision amputation of the glans penis and/or urethra were reviewed. Glanular amputation occurred in 6, 8-day-old neonates during ritual circumcision and in 1, 5-month-old infant circumcised by a physician.Results: Excised glanular tissue remained viable up to 8 hours after injury. Followup ranged from 8.5 to 108 months. All patients had an acceptable cosmetic result. No long-term complications developed in the 8-day-old group but a distal urethral fistula formed in the 5-m...
Small bowel and multivisceral transplantations

Abstract Small intestine transplantation is an evolving surgical procedure used in the management of intestinal failure in children and adults. Their outcomes have dramatically improved in recent years, with overall patient survival in both children and adults at 1 year reaching approximately 70-80%. The world registry collected just under 1000 cases as of 2003, and approximately 120 cases are added to the registry each year. Acute rejection of the small bowel remained the most disturbing problem in the treatment of patients undergoing these procedures. Substantial progress has been made recently in improving patient and graft survival rates after these procedures; this progress is largely the result of improvement in techniques for monitoring rejection and of new strategies for immunosuppression. This article summarizes recent advances in this field of transplantation, including selection of the graft, immunosuppression strategies, and methods of monitoring rejection. It also provides an algorithm of patient referral to transplant centers.
Language and communicative development in Williams syndrome.

Williams syndrome, a genetic disorder caused by a microdeletion of *25 genes on chromosome 7q11.23, is associated with mild to moderate intellectual disability or learning difficulties. Most individuals with Williams syndrome evidence a cognitive profile including relative strengths in verbal shortterm memory and language, and considerable weakness in visuospatial construction. The syndrome has often been argued to provide strong evidence for the independence of language from other aspects of cognition. We provide a brief history of early research on the language abilities of individuals with Williams syndrome and then review contemporary studies of language and cognition in Williams syndrome, beginning with a consideration of performance on standardized assessments. In the remainder of the article, we first consider early language acquisition, with a focus on speech production and perception, vocabulary acquisition, and communicative/pragmatic development and then consider the language abilities of school-age children and adolescents, focusing on semantics, grammar, and pragmatics. We argue that rather than being the paradigm case for the independence of language from cognition, Williams syndrome provides strong evidence of the interdependence of many aspects of language and cognition. ' 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. MRDD Research Reviews 2007;13:3–15.
Sewage reflects the microbiomes of human populations.

ABSTRACT Molecular characterizations of the gut microbiome from individual human stool samples have identified community patterns that correlate with age, disease, diet, and other human characteristics, but resources for marker gene studies that consider microbiome trends among human populations scale with the number of individuals sampled from each population. As an alternative strategy for sampling populations, we examined whether sewage accurately reflects the microbial community of a mixture of stool samples. We used oligotyping of high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequence data to compare the bacterial distribution in a stool data set to a sewage influent data set from 71 U.S. cities. On average, only 15% of sewage sample sequence reads were attributed to human fecal origin, but sewage recaptured most (97%) human fecal oligotypes. The most common oligotypes in stool matched the most common and abundant in sewage. After informatically separating sequences of human fecal origin, sewage samples exhibited ~3× greater diversity than stool samples. Comparisons among municipal sewage communities revealed the ubiquitous and abundant occurrence of 27 human fecal oligotypes, representing an apparent core set of organisms in U.S. populations. The fecal community variability among U.S. populations was significantly lower than among individuals. It clustered into three primary community structures distinguished by oligotypes from either: Bacteroidaceae, Prevotellaceae, or Lachnospiraceae/Ruminococcaceae. These distribution patterns reflected human population variation and predicted whether samples represented lean or obese populations with 81 to 89% accuracy. Our findings demonstrate that sewage represents the fecal microbial community of human populations and captures population-level traits of the human microbiome. IMPORTANCE The gut microbiota serves important functions in healthy humans. Numerous projects aim to define a healthy gut microbiome and its association with health states. However, financial considerations and privacy concerns limit the number of individuals who can be screened. By analyzing sewage from 71 cities, we demonstrate that geographically distributed U.S. populations share a small set of bacteria whose members represent various common community states within U.S. adults. Cities were differentiated by their sewage bacterial communities, and the community structures were good predictors of a city9s estimated level of obesity. Our approach demonstrates the use of sewage as a means to sample the fecal microbiota from millions of people and its potential to elucidate microbiome patterns associated with human demographics.
El derrumbe del liberalismo

Reflexion sobre la recomposicion de las ideologias predominantes de los ultimos 150 anos: conservadurismo, liberalismo y socialismo, al fin de la era de la modernidad en la cual se engendraron. Afirma el inicio de una nueva era de desintegracion economica mundial capitalista que reclama una reconsideracion del concepto de individuo. Propone la articulacion de grupos homogeneos, bien integrados y democraticos, Precisa la creacion de una nueva ideologia de izquierda para afrontar el futuro incierto del actual sistema mundial.
Can community change be measured for an outcomes-based initiative? A comparative case study of the success by 6 initiative.

One of the challenges facing nonprofit organizations today is the demand for measurable results. Increasingly, these organizations are focusing less on program outputs and program outcomes in favor of community outcomes or changes demonstrated in the larger community. Success by 6® is a popular United Way initiative that emphasizes defining and measuring community outcomes. In this paper, we describe our work with 24 Success by 6® initiatives around the country. It is clear that not all of these initiatives are measuring community outcomes. Of those initiatives that are experiencing some success measuring community outcomes, similar measurement strategies are reported. Additionally, our experience suggests several United Way employees express dissatisfaction with the logic model as a framework for defining and measuring community outcomes although no preferred alternative model is identified. Evaluators working with community-wide initiatives must find ways to communicate the differences between program and community outcomes to key stakeholders and funders.
A 6.3 T bend magnet for the Advanced Light Source

The Advanced Light Source (ALS) is a 1.5 to 1.9 GeV high-brightness electron storage ring operating at LBL that provides synchrotron radiation for a large variety of users. It is proposed to replace three of the thirty six 1.5 T, one meter long bend magnets with very short high-field superconducting (SC) dipoles. These magnets would provide bend-magnet synchrotron radiation to six beamlines with a critical energy of at least 6 keV that is much better suited for protein crystallography and other small-sample X-ray diffraction and adsorption studies, than is currently available at the ALS. The magnet design is described, including coil, yoke, magnetic field analysis, and cyrostat. A prototype magnet is under construction at LBL.
Use of navigator-echo-gated MRI to diagnose a coronary shunt involving an anomalous origin of the right coronary artery from the pulmonary artery.

Origin of the right coronary artery from the main pulmonary artery is an anomaly that can cause formation of a left-to-right coronary shunt, leading to myocardial ischemia and early onset of congestive heart failure. We describe a case in which magnetic resonance imaging was able to show the anomalous origin of the right coronary artery, and magnetic resonance phase velocity mapping was able to demonstrate the presence of a left-to-right shunt through the coronary artery by showing retrograde flow in the right coronary artery. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 1999;9:738–740. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Numerical analysis of coax step discontinuities

The paper presents a method of moments (MOM) numerical analysis of coaxial waveguide outer-conductor step discontinuities. An aperture is associated with each planar step discontinuity, and higher-order mode contributions from discontinuities are accounted for. Convergence properties of the numerical method are illustrated. Computed results are compared to those from other methods in the literature for selected test cases. The MOM computer program provides for coax waveguides with numerous discontinuities as well as the one and two-discontinuity situations which are often encountered in engineering design. >
Capacitive and Inductive TSV-to-TSV Resilient Approaches for 3D ICs

TSV-to-TSV coupling is known to be a significant detriment to signal integrity in three-dimensional (3D) IC architectures. Designing a reliable Through-Silicon Via is critical in order to support better performance. This paper explores the challenges brought on by capacitive and inductive TSV-to-TSV coupling in TSV-based 3D ICs. Based on our analyses, we propose two approaches to mitigate these effects. In one approach, a novel coding technique that adjusts the current flow pattern is proposed to mitigate the inductive coupling effects. In another approach an alternative architecture, wrapping around the TSVs, is proposed to greatly reduce the capacitive coupling effect. The efficiency of the proposed coding methods and supporting architectures is demonstrated by comprehensive simulations at both the hardware and system levels.
New Developments in the Treatment of Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer

Abstract During the past 4 years, a host of new agents have been approved for the treatment of patients with advanced prostate cancer. As a result, selecting the right agent for the right patient at the right time is a clinical challenge. At the NCCN 19th Annual Conference, Dr. Celestia Higano explored the rationale behind such therapeutic decisions and the supporting clinical trial data. She reviewed the different classes of therapeutic agents, from immunotherapy and hormonal therapies to chemotherapy and radioisotopes, and offered suggestions for the clinical scenarios in which they may be used most successfully.
Aerothermal heating simulations with surface catalysis for the Mars 2001 aerocapture mission

The Mars 2001 Orbiter Mission is currently undergoing pre-Phase A mission studies led by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). A number of 3-D simulations to study the aerodynamics and the aerothermodynamic heating on the Mars 2001 aerocapture vehicle have been performed using the General Aerodynamic Simulation Program (GASPv2.2) code. For the trajectory considered the lifting entry vehicle is at a constant 11.1 deg angle of attack. Changes have been made in the boundary conditions to model energy and mass exchange mechanisms at the vehicle's surface, which greatly influence the net heat transfer to the body. CO2 thermochemistry and surface catalysis have been included. The surface is assumed to be fully catalytic to CO and O. The flowfield and surface heating have been computed for nine flight conditions along the aerocapture trajectory. A grid refinement study has been performed for the peak heating flight condition. The grid distribution normal to the surface, as well as the surface grid distribution requirements at the shoulder of the vehicle have been investigated. From the computed flow solutions at the selected "anchor points" along the trajectory an aerothermal database of recovery temperatures and surface heat transfer coefficients has been generated.
Conjugated-polyelectrolyte-grafted cotton fibers act as "micro flypaper" for the removal and destruction of bacteria.

We demonstrate herein a method for chemically modifying cotton fibers and cotton-containing fabric with a light-activated, cationic phenylene–ethynylene (PPE-DABCO) conjugated polyelectrolyte biocide. When challenged with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus atropheaus vegetative cells from liquid suspension, light-activated PPE-DABCO effects 1.2 and 8 log, respectively, losses in viability of the exposed bacteria. These results suggest that conjugated polyelectrolytes retain their activity when grafted to fabrics, showing promise for use in settings where antimicrobial textiles are needed.
Transition Onset and Turbulent Heating Measurements for the Mars Science Laboratory Entry Vehicle

An investigation of transitional/turbulent heating on the Mars Science Laboratory entry vehicle has been conducted. Laminar, transitional, and turbulent heating data were obtained in a perfect-gas, Mach 6 air wind tunnel and in a high-enthalpy shock tunnel in CO2. Flow field solutions were computed using a Navier-Stokes solver at the test conditions and comparisons were made between measured and predicted heating levels. Close agreement was obtained for all laminar perfect-gas cases. For the high-enthalpy CO2 cases, close agreement with the data was achieved when a fully-catalytic wall boundary condition was employed, whereas the predictions exceeded the data by more than 25% if a noncatalytic boundary condition was used. Turbulent heating predictions fell below the perfectgas air data by 25% but exceeded the CO2 data by 60%. Transition onset locations were determined through comparisons with laminar heating predictions, and boundary-layer parameters from the flow field solutions were used to develop correlations for the transition onset location and the turbulent heating augmentation on the leeside of the vehicle.
Investigation of B2 and Related Phases in Ti-Modified Nb-Al Alloys

The B2 ordering and phase stability of three ordered intermetallic alloys with compositions (in at.%) of Nb-15Al-10Ti (10Ti alloy), Nb-15A1-40Ti (40Ti alloy), and Nb-15Al-25Ti (25Ti alloy) have been studied. All three alloys have the B2 crystal structure in the as-cast form. The Atom Location by Channeling Enhanced Microanalysis (ALCHEMI) technique has been employed to assess the site occupancy of these B2 alloys. The results of site occupancy are represented as Ordering Tie Lines on a ternary composition diagram. Various second phases were observed in heat treated samples. An ω-type phase was found in the 1OTi alloy in samples heat treated for 10 minutes and 4 hours at 900°C. At 800°C, orthorhombic phase was found in the 40Ti alloy while a three phase microstructure of o-phase/B2/A15 was observed in both the 10Ti and 25Ti alloys. Annealing at 1100°C leads to the dissolution of the o-phase and the presence of A15 phase in the 10Ti and 25Ti alloys, but no other phase in the 40Ti alloy. The observed phase equilibria in these alloys are compared with those in the literature.
The Theory of Zeta Graphs with an Application to Random Networks

Social, biological, and cyberphysical networks generate some of the most intriguing and valuable sources of data on the planet. For at least the last two decades, researchers have attempted to create formal (typically stochastic) models of these networks. We examine the database theory questions raised by these new models.
Intranigral transplantation of fetal substantia nigra allograft in the hemiparkinsonian rhesus monkey.

Current clinical protocols for fetal cell transplantation for Parkinson's disease (PD) have focused on restoring dopamine in the striatum. However, there are now a number of human transplant recipi...
Voxel-based morphometry reveals brain gray matter volume changes in successful dieters.

OBJECTIVE To compare regional brain volume predictors of percent weight loss (WL) in dieters with obesity (DwO) and in the same participants categorized as "successful" (≥7% WL) or "unsuccessful" dieters (<7% WL). METHODS DwO (n = 72) and participants with healthy weight (n = 22) completed a structural MRI at baseline and 3 months. All DwO participants were enrolled in a 12-week program consisting of a reduced calorie diet, increased physical activity, and behavioral modification. SPM8-based voxel-based morphometry processing streams were used for measurements of regional gray (GMV) and white matter volume and longitudinal changes in volume. Correlations between WL and baseline brain volume and change in brain volume, as well as differences between groups, were then tested. RESULTS %WL was positively correlated with baseline GMV in right parahippocampal and orbitofrontal gyri in DwO. Successful dieters showed greater GMV loss in the left precentral gyrus and the insula compared with unsuccessful dieters. A negative correlation was found between %WL and GMV change from baseline in the left prefrontal regions. CONCLUSIONS Findings illustrate that WL is related to volumetric changes in brain areas previously linked to interoception and food motivation.
Assimilation of AERONET and MODIS AOT observations using variational and ensemble data assimilation methods and its impact on aerosol forecasting skill

Data assimilation of AERONET and MODIS Aerosol Optical Thickness (AOT) for aerosol forecasting was tested within the Navy Aerosol Analysis Prediction System (NAAPS) framework, using variational and ensemble data assimilation methods. Navy aerosol forecasting is currently comprised of a deterministic NAAPS simulation coupled to NAVDAS-AOD, a 2-dimensional variational data assimilation system, for MODIS AOT assimilation. An ensemble version of NAAPS (ENAAPS) coupled to an Ensemble Adjustment Kalman Filter (EAKF) from DART was recently developed, allowing for a range of data assimilation and forecasting experiments to be run with deterministic NAAPS and ENAAPS. The main findings are that the EAKF, with its flow dependent error covariances, makes better use of sparse observations such as AERONET AOT. Assimilating individual AERONET observations in the 2DVar can increase the analysis errors when observations are located in high AOT gradient regions. By including AERONET with MODIS AOT assimilation, the magnitudes of peak aerosol events (AOT > 1) were better captured with improved temporal variability, especially in India and Asia where aerosol prediction is a challenge. Assimilating AERONET AOT with MODIS had little impact on the 24-hour forecast skill compared to MODIS assimilation only, but differences were found downwind of AERONET sites. The 24-hour forecast skill was approximately the same for forecasts initialized with analyses from AERONET AOT assimilation alone compared to MODIS assimilation, particularly in regions where the AERONET network is dense; including the United States and Europe, indicating AERONET could serve as a backup observation network for over-land synoptic scale aerosol events.