cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of divergent selection for total plasma phosphorus in Japanese quail on fearfulness and selected blood and heart parameters

Abstract A selection experiment utilizing Japanese quail was initiated to study the genetic relationship of growth and reproduction traits. In this study, lines were selected for increased (HP line) and decreased (LP line) total plasma phosphorus at the beginning of lay. The HP and LP lines were derived from a randombred control population (R1 line) that was maintained with the selected lines to remove environmental variation over generations. During the course of selection, it was observed that blood from HP line females was more viscous than that of the LP and R1 females. In later generations of selection, mortality of females during a 120-d egg production period was higher in the HP line than in the LP and R1 lines. The purpose of this experiment was to identify possible factors contributing to the increased mortality in the HP line. Fearfulness, as measured by tonic immobility, was greater in the HP and LP lines than in the R1 line. Indirect blood pressure measurements were made near the beginning and near the end of the 120-d egg production period. No significant line differences were observed in either measurement. Weight of the heart at the end of the laying period was higher in the HP and LP lines than in the R1 line. Histological study of the hearts of the HP and R1 lines indicated significant increases in the HP line in collagen content of the coronary arteries and in myocardial fibrosis. The data suggest that the increased mortality of females of the HP line relative to the R1 line during the laying period may be related to increased fearfulness and changes in the coronary structure leading to heart abnormalities.
Complex Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty: Management of Previous Hardware (Posttraumatic OA)

The incidence of posttraumatic arthrosis in the setting of intra-articular distal femur and proximal tibia fractures is well documented, with literature citing rates up to 44 % at 10 years after internal fixation of tibial plateau fractures [1], and similar statistics for distal femur fractures. Despite the heightened awareness of the consequences of malalignment and joint incongruity, and the advancements in surgical techniques and implant technology, the prevalence of end-stage posttraumatic arthrosis is such that arthroplasty surgeons should be well versed in the care of such pathology. The posttraumatic extremity provides several obstacles compared to a primary total knee arthroplasty in an osteoarthritic knee, including retained hardware, previous incisions, arthrofibrosis, bone loss, and deformities. Aside from periarticular hardware, extra-articular fractures treated with long plates or intramedullary rods can also pose difficulties. Surgical plans oftentimes must be modified, the possibility for conversion to a two-stage operation made intraoperatively is always a consideration, and implant demands can vary dramatically. It is important to perform a thorough preoperative evaluation consisting of appropriate history and physical examination, along with detailed surgical planning to avoid surgical pitfalls. In addition, given that functional results of total knee arthroplasty in the posttraumatic knee are inferior to those in the osteoarthritic knee, it is important to counsel patients preoperatively about realistic postoperative expectations.
Clinical Diagnosis of Childhood Autism

Objective To analyze the clinical characteristics of childhood autism and provide concrete evidence for early diagnosis.Methods The early clinical features of 58 cases of autism in children were analyzed and furtherly measured by the neuropsychological deve-lopment inventory for children aged 0-6 years old, checklist for autism in toddlers(CHAT) and childhood autism rating scale(CARS), then their clinical effects were analyzed.Results There were clear clinical manifestations during childhood, moreover the majority of the children′s development quotient(DQ) were lower (88.2%),and the 5 sub DQs were imbalance. The positive rates of CHAT and CARS measurement results were 62.1% and 96.6%,respectively.Conclusion There are obvious development and behavior disorders in autism children, and they are need to be paid a great attention.
Management of toxicities associated with bortezomib.

Treatment regimens for multiple myeloma are evolving because of new advances in both pharmacotherapy and transplantation strategies. The Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation (MMRF) has gathered the top thought leaders in myeloma research to prepare an engaging, interactive series of case studies in multiple myeloma, which are available online at www.multiplemyeloma.org and are published on a regular basis in ONCOLOGY.
Programed Instruction and the Exceptional Learner

A rapidly growing body of research in the development of effective learning procedures is being produced through experimentation in operant conditioning, programed instruction, and computerized edu...
Technologie, Forschung, Entwicklung — wovon sprechen wir?

Fur die weiteren Betrachtungen benotigen wir ein gemeinsames Verstandnis der Begriffe „Technologie“, „Forschung“ und „Entwicklung“.
Die Lehre vom Gleichgewicht von Kräften und von der Bewegung der Körper. (Mechanik.)

Die chemischen Erscheinungen fuhren zu der — wie sich spater zeigen wird — auch physikalisch bedeutsamen Hypothese: Die Molekule der chemisch zusammengesetzten Korper (chemischen Verbindungen) und der meisten chemisch einfachen Korper (Grundstoffe, chemischen Elemente) bestehen aus noch kleineren Teilchen, welche durch noch kleinere Zwischenraume als die Molekule voneinander getrennt sind. Name der Bestandteile der Molekule: Atome, d. h. unzerschneidbare Teilchen.
Deficiency of stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 aggravates colitogenic potential of adoptively transferred effector T cells.

Alterations in de novo lipogenesis in T cells can modulate their procolitogenic potential. In this study, we show that stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1)-deficient T cells exhibit an altered cytokine...
The Relationship Between Financial Incentives and Perceptions of Student Choice at Private Michigan Universities

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FINANCIAL INCENTIVES AND PERCEPTIONS OF STUDENT CHOICE AT PRIVATE MICHIGAN UNIVERSITIES by Ndalahwa Musa Masanja
Sowing the Seeds of Fire and Oak in the Eastern US: a Tribute to Buell et al . 1954

A 323-year-old white oak (Quercus alba L.) tree in Mettler’s Woods in central New Jersey, USA, was the subject of the Buell et al. 1954 paper. They identified six fire scars formed between 1641 and 1711, with a mean fire return interval of 8.6 years over this period. The fires were primarily associated with narrow rings, which are indicative of drought years. The cessation of fire scars occurred shortly after European settlement. The results of this groundbreaking study provided the first estimate of pre-European settlement fire history for mid-Atlantic oak forests and evidence that these fires were a function of Native American burning combined with drought years. The authors proposed that oak and hickory establishment (forming distinct age cohorts) was associated with recurring fire, that European settlement corresponded to reduced burning in some Eastern forests, that the cessation of burning might impact oak-hickory forest dynamics, and that old-growth forests should be preserved and studied for ecological purposes.
Defending against malicious insiders: a conceptual framework for predicting, detecting, and deterring malicious insiders

Malicious insiders are posing unique security challenges to organisations owing to their knowledge, capabilities, and authorised access to information systems. Data theft and IT sabotage are two of the most recurring themes among crimes committed by malicious insiders. This paper has two aims: first, we investigate the scale and scope of malicious insider risks and explore the impact of such threats on business operations. Secondly, we present a conceptual design of the insider threat security framework (ITSF) that is able to provide self-protection capabilities. Our objective is to propose protection mechanisms that could minimise risk and battle unique threats posed by potential malicious insiders. Although as yet untested, the ITSF will treat every employee or user of a system as a prospective hacker. We believe this approach is feasible, affordable and assures compliance with systems security requirements as well as regulatory standards.
Frequency-domain full waveform inversion with an angle-domain wavenumber filter

Abstract To mitigate the local minima problem in full waveform inversion, the iteration process can be carried out in a multi-scale way, with the inversion starting from large-scale perturbations and gradually changing to small-scale structures. However, this technique is often limited due to the lack of low-frequency information in the observed data. In a scattering process, the scale length of the velocity perturbation is not only related to the frequency, but also associated with the scattering angles. We introduce a scattering angle filter in frequency-domain full waveform inversion. Choosing proper scattering angles in the iteration process can control the wavenumber components entering into the velocity updating, and accomplish multi-scale waveform inversion. Using the slant-stacking method, we decompose the source- and receiver-side waves into local plane waves, from which the scattering angles between the incident and scattering directions are calculated and used as the constraint to determine the wavenumber components to be retrieved. Small scattering angles are related to large-scale model perturbations. Therefore, by filtering out large scattering angles, we can invert the large-scale background perturbations first. Then, by gradually increasing the band pass of scattering angles, we can retrieve fine-scale structures. Numerical examples demonstrate that when the initial model has large velocity errors and the low-frequency information is unavailable in the data, the multi-scale strategy based on the angle-domain wavenumber filter can largely improve the convergence in the initial iteration stage and make the searching towards the global minimum.
Integrated-Optical Devices in Rare-Earth-Doped Glass

Integrated-optical devices in rare-earth-doped glasses have emerged as an attractive new technology on the threshold of wide-scale manufacturing and commercial insertion. These devices can be used both as laser oscillators and optical amplifiers. They have been formed by a number of fabrication methods including ion exchange and thin-film deposition. Active integrated-optical devices are expected to be important elements in future optical fiber networks. Rare-earth-doped optical fiber devices provide nearly perfect amplification of signals in optical fibers. The performance of these rare-earth-doped optical fibers is so promising that researchers started investigating whether similar performance could be achieved in planar waveguides. The combination of passive integrated-optical components and rare-earth ions has produced many devices with impressive performance.
Comparing Reach Scale Hyporheic Exchange and Denitrification Induced by Instream Restoration Structures and Natural Streambed Morphology

Abstract Excess nutrients commonly lead to eutrophication and harmful algal blooms. Stream restoration is increasingly popular for nutrient removal enhancing exchange with the reactive hyporheic zone. Hyporheic reactions such as denitrification are often transport-limited and instream restoration structures have been proposed to enhance hyporheic exchange and nutrient removal. However, the comparative effects of instream structure types and watershed setting (i.e. environmental characteristics such as sediment hydraulic conductivity, stream slope) are still poorly understood. Here we used MIKE SHE to model groundwater and surface water interaction and nitrate removal (denitrification) in a 200 m second order stream reach. We simulated various in-stream structures (channel-spanning weirs, partially spanning structures such as cross veins, buried structures) and investigated the effect of controlling environmental characteristics that vary with watershed setting. We found that the environmental characteristics had the greatest effect on surface water-groundwater exchange and therefore denitrification, including streambed hydraulic conductivity, natural or background stream topography and slope, and groundwater levels. Type and number of instream structures also influenced surface water-groundwater exchange and denitrification, but to a lesser degree. Human effects at the watershed scale from agriculture and urbanization likely play a role in whether reach-scale restoration practices succeed in achieving water quality goals both through effect on exchange itself (e.g., altering bed sediment texture) and on nitrate sources. More broadly, restoration efforts at the watershed scale itself, such as reducing fertilizer use or improving stormwater management, may be necessary to achieve ambitious water quality goals. Nevertheless, reach-scale restoration efforts such as in-stream structures may play a useful role in certain watershed settings, for example where groundwater conditions induce neither strong gaining nor strong losing conditions. The interaction of reach-scale modifications and watershed setting must be understood to optimize nutrient removal from stream restoration through enhanced hyporheic exchange.
High-speed microvia formation with UV solid state lasers

Laser drilling has emerged in the last five years as the most widely accepted method of creating microvias in high- density electronic inter connect and chip packaging devices. Most commercially available laser drilling tools are currently based on one of two laser types: far-IR CO 2 lasers and UV solid state lasers at 355 nm. While CO 2 lasers are recognized for their high average power and drilling throughput, UV lasers are known for high precision material removal and their ability to drill the smallest vias, with diameters down to about 25-30 micrometers now achievable in production. This paper presents a historical overview of techniques for drilling microvias with UV solid state lasers. Blind and through via formation by percussion drilling, trepanning, spiralling, and image projection with a shaped beam are discussed. Advantages and range of applicability of each technique are summarized. Drivers of throughput scaling over the last five years are outlined and representative current-generation performance is presented.
Quantitative analysis of vacuum-ultraviolet radiation from nanosecond laser-zinc interaction

Abstract The paper reports measurements of the vacuum-ultraviolet spectral irradiances of a flat zinc target over a wavelength region of 124–164 nm generated by 10 and 60 ns duration low-intensities, 5 × 10 9 - 3 × 10 10 W cm−2, 1.06 μm wavelength laser pulses. Maximum radiation conversion efficiencies of 2.5%/2πsr and 0.8%/2πsr were measured for 60 and 10 ns laser pulses at the intensities of 5 × 10 9 and 1.4 × 10 10 W cm−2, respectively. Atomic structure calculations using a relativistic configuration-interaction, flexible atomic code and a developed non-local thermodynamic equilibrium population kinetics model in comparison to the experimental spectra detected by the Seya-Namioka type monochromator reveal the strong broadband experimental emission originates mainly from 3d94p-3d94s, 3d94d-3d94p and 3d84p-3d84s, 3d84d-3d84p unresolved-transition arrays of double and triple ionized zinc, respectively. Two-dimensional radiation-hydrodynamics code is used to investigate time-space plasma evolution and spectral radiation of a 10 ns full-width-at-half-maximum Gaussian laser pulse-zinc interaction.
Review of Local Area Networks

Many of the functional components, attributes, and operating principles of broadband networks are also exhibited by premises-based Local Area Networks (LANs) Among these are the notions of a shared high-speed resource, real-time packet switching via custom VLSI, “universal” access ports, and multiple simultaneous connections supported through each port. However, LANs do not have the enormous capacity of a broadband network and are traditionally intended to support homogeneous bursty data traffic rather than heterogeneous multimedia traffic.
The Multiple Application Problem

This chapter discusses a problem connected with the interaction of different rules in the course of the derivation of the phonetic representation (PR) from the underlying representations (UR), namely, the interaction between different applications of the same rule. Three positions parallel the direct-mapping, free-reapplication, and rule-ordering principles. These are the simultaneous-application principle, the iterative-application principle, and the directionally-iterative principle, respectively. The simultaneous-application principle requires multiple applications to interact in a counterbleeding fashion. That is, the application of the rule at one point in the string may not inhibit application at another point, because all applications are defined on the original input string. The simultaneous-application principle adopted by SPE requires all rule applications to be defined on the original input string. This principle of rule application is consistent with counterfeeding and counterbleeding interactions. The iterative principle produces a counterbleeding as opposed to a bleeding interaction, because it is like simultaneous application as far as the original input string is concerned. The directionally-iterative principle has been accepted by many phonologists. Interactions between the applications of the same rule are determined by the direction of scansion, while interactions between the applications of different rules are controlled by some other device.
A Smart Home Network Simulation Testbed for Cybersecurity Experimentation

With the rapid development of smart home, it becomes essential to study techniques to safeguard the home area network (HAN) against various security attacks. In this paper, a smart home network simulation testbed has been developed for security research in this area. It is designed to feature high fidelity, cost-effectiveness and user-friendliness. The testbed enables users to specify the HAN network topology, communication protocols and appliances, as well as develop security mechanisms such as information flow tracking. For the evaluation purpose, two security mechanisms were implemented on the testbed and their effectiveness against attacks is studied using the developed testbed.
Feminist Political Ecology

Feminist political ecology is an epistemological approach to human-environment relations at the intersections of three key areas in the social sciences. These areas are feminism, development, and environmental studies. This article discusses the changing dynamics of these intersections through an intellectual history of the term as it emerged from ecofeminist philosophy in 1970s and 1980s and was shaped by contributions from critical development studies, human ecology, and poststructural feminism. Feminist political ecology emphasizes natural resource management issues, social justice, and environmental concerns, and analyzes the connections between social inequality, social change, and environmental issues through the themes of gender, identity, and difference in human-environment relations.
Acute cardiovascular and hemodynamic effects of vagus nerve stimulation in conscious hypertensive rats

Hypertension (HTN) affects over 1 billion people worldwide, with a significant number who are unable to control their blood pressure (BP) with conventional therapies. Recently, novel device-based therapies targeting the autonomic nervous system have been evaluated for treating HTN, including vagus nerve stimulation (VNS). Numerous studies have indicated the beneficial effects of chronic VNS in various models of HTN, however the acute effects of VNS on physiological responses have not been widely investigated. To better understand the acute effects of VNS, this study evaluates cardiovascular and hemodynamic responses from conscious hypertensive rats implanted with VNS stimulators and physiological telemeters for simultaneous monitoring of BP and heart rate (HR) as therapy is applied. We demonstrated that there are no acute changes in mean BP, HR and contractility measures as a result of VNS stimulation. However, there were significant increases in both HR variability and BP variability during VNS, which returned to baseline levels immediately at the cessation of therapy. The small acute changes observed during intermittent VNS could be additive, leading to beneficial chronic changes in BP and HR control, and may help in furthering the understanding of beneficial effects demonstrated in chronic use of VNS therapy.
Measuring Light Absorption by Organic Aerosols: Correction Factors for Solvent Extraction-Based Photometry Techniques

Abstract. Recent studies have shown that organic aerosol (OA) could have a non-trivial role in atmospheric light absorption at shorter visible wavelengths. Good estimates of OA absorption are therefore necessary to accurately calculate radiative forcing due to these aerosols in climate models. One of the common techniques used to measure OA light absorption is the solvent extraction technique from filter samples which involves the use of a spectrophotometer to measure bulk absorbance of the solvent-soluble organic fraction of particulate matter. Measured bulk absorbance is subsequently converted to particle-phase absorption coefficient using correction factors. The appropriate correction factors to use for performing this conversion under varying scenarios of organic carbon (OC) to total carbon (TC) mass ratios has been an unexplored area of research. The conventional view is to apply a correction factor of 2 for water-extracted OA based on Mie calculations. Here, we performed a comprehensive laboratory study involving three solvents (water, methanol, and acetone) to investigate the corrections factors for converting from bulk-to-particle phase absorption coefficients ( b abs,OA / b abs,bulk ) for primary OA emitted from biomass burning. We parametrized these correction factors as a function of OC / TC mass ratio and single scattering albedo (SSA). We observed these correction factors to be a function of the OC / TC ratio of the aerosol, and that the conventionally used correction factor of 2 for water-extracted OA could severely underpredict OA absorption at high EC mass fractions. We recommend using b abs,OA / b abs,bulk values between 2 and 11 for water extracts and values between 1 and 4 for methanol extracts based on OC / TC ratios, for EC mass fractions less than 0.25. Furthermore, a linear correlation between SSA and OC / TC ratio was also established. Finally, from the spectroscopic data, we analyzed the differences in Absorption Angstrom Exponents (AAE) obtained from bulk- and particulate-phase measurements. We noted that AAE from bulk measurements deviate significantly from their OA counterparts.
PCP lung nodules.

A 54-year-old Caucasian man presented to the emergency department complaining of worsening productive cough, weight loss and left-sided chest pain lasting 1 month. He did not have a fever. He had a medical history of HIV diagnosed 22 years ago and had not been receiving any antiretroviral therapy
Pathophysiology and treatment of obesity-related hypertension

The prevalence of overweight and obesity has increased significantly in the United States and worldwide. Among the many complications of obesity, hypertension is the most common and major one accounting for about 70% in the obese subjects. However, the pathophysiologic factors of obesity-related hypertension and its therapeutic options are not well understood at present. To better understand the pathophysiology of obesity-related hypertension and its treatment options, a Medline search of the English language literature was contacted between 2010 and 2018 and 22 pertinent papers were selected. The information from these papers together with collateral literature will be discussed in this review.
Whither Secular Bear: The Russian Orthodox Church’s Strengthening Influence on Russia's Domestic and Foreign Policy

As 2012 presidential elections in Russia draw near, evidence points to a collapse in that country’s constitutional obligation of secularism and state-church separation. Although early signs of this phenomenon can be traced back to the Yeltsin era, the Putin and Medvedev presidencies have dealt a fatal blow to secular state policy manifested both at home and abroad, as well as to Russia’s constitutional human rights principles including nondiscrimination and equality of religious beliefs. The first part of this article argues that leadership changes in the Russian government and the Russian Orthodox Church (ROC) have triggered an unprecedented deepening of state-ROC ties manifested by a number of key domestic “breakthroughs” for the Church, including bestowing its long-coveted prizes of access to the public education system and the military. But this is only half the story. In addition to encroachment on domestic state policy, the second part of this article illustrates that the ROC has been actively participating in shaping and executing Russia's foreign policy not only in the “near abroad” specifically, but more generally across the European continent and beyond. By welcoming this exclusive ROC function, the government has enabled a paradoxical situation whereby a secular state openly advocates on behalf of Orthodoxy and “traditional” values abroad. This ensuing relationship not only generates deleterious implications for the content of international human rights law, but also serves to reinforce the already deficient human rights situation within Russia, thus further widening the rift between constitutional promise and government practice.
Opportunities in Open Science With AI

Bolstered by ever affordable computational power and open big datasets, artificial intelligence (AI) technologies are bringing revolutionary changes to our lives. This article examines the current trends and elaborates the future potentials of AI in its role for making science more open and accessible. Based on the experience derived from a research project called Microsoft Academic, the advocates have reasons to be optimistic about the future of open science as the advanced discovery, ranking, and distribution technologies enabled by AI are offering strong incentives for scientists, funders and research managers to make research articles, data and software freely available and accessible.
In silico study of α-γ phase transformation in hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine

Abstract Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are performed using the Smith and Bharadwaj (SB) molecular potential to study the response of α-RDX to hydrostatic compression up to 4 GPa between 300 K and 450 K. We observe a phase transformation to the high-pressure γ polymorph around 2.5 GPa for temperatures greater than or equal to 350 K. The α-γ phase transformation is captured through an abrupt decrease in the ‘b’ lattice parameter and volume while the ‘c’ lattice parameter shows an abrupt increase. The molecular conformation is shown to evolve from AAE to AAE-AAI during the phase transition, consistent with experimental observations. Abrupt changes are also observed in molecular and non-bonded energy terms of the SB potential. The phase at the end of hydrostatic loading is verified to be γ-RDX. The simulations demonstrate that SB potential can be effective in further elucidating the deformation mechanisms in RDX compressed beyond the phase transition pressure. We hypothesize that the difference in angle energy between the two phases plays an important role in the occurrence of α-γ phase transformation in RDX using the SB potential.
Mentoring and Education: A Lifetime of Experience and Learning.

As recipient of the 2018 Robert M. Nerem Education and Mentorship Medal from the ASME, I was asked to prepare an article to contribute my reflections on these topics, that arise whenever we offer advice and guidance to our younger colleagues. This represents my personal views on Bob Nerem, after whom the award is named, my experiences that have impacted me as a mentor, and some words of advice, offered cautiously and with qualifications, with regard to best practices in mentoring.
A Graphic Encoding Method for Quantitative Classification of Protein Structure and Representation of Conformational Changes

In order to successfully predict a proteins function throughout its trajectory, in addition to uncovering changes in its conformational state, it is necessary to employ techniques that maintain its 3D information while performing at scale. We extend a protein representation that encodes secondary and tertiary structure into fix-sized, color images, and a neural network architecture (called GEM-net) that leverages our encoded representation. We show the applicability of our method in two ways: (1) performing protein function prediction, hitting accuracy between 78 and 83 percent, and (2) visualizing and detecting conformational changes in protein trajectories during molecular dynamics simulations.
Distributional impacts of food assistance: How SNAP payments to the rural poor affect incomes in the urban core

This paper examines how benefits of the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) to low‐income households spillover between Portland, Oregon‐metropolitan core and its periphery trade area. The paper studies the impact of the SNAP program on four income classes by comparing the income increases generated by SNAP in 2006 in each income class in each region with a counterfactual scenario in which the taxes that would be needed from taxpayers in the region to support SNAP are treated as income and spent. The analysis shows that overall, SNAP payments net of taxes stimulate the regional economy and are significantly redistributive. Este articulo examina como se distribuyen los beneficios del Programa de Asistencia Nutricional Suplementaria (SNAP, por sus siglas en ingles) a los hogares de bajos ingresos entre el nucleo metropolitano de Portland (Oregon) y su area comercial periferica. El articulo estudia el impacto del programa SNAP sobre cuatro niveles de ingresos, mediante una comparacion de los aumentos de los ingresos generados por SNAP en 2006 en cada nivel de ingresos y para cada region con un escenario contrafactual, en el que los impuestos que se necesitarian de los contribuyentes de la region para apoyar SNAP se tratan como ingresos y gastos. En general, el analisis muestra que, los pagos de SNAP, netos de impuestos, estimulan la economia regional y son significativamente redistributivos. 本稿では、オレゴン州の大都市圏の中心であるポートランドと周辺の商業地域の間において、補助的栄養支援プログラム(Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program:SNAP)の低所得世帯に対するベネフィットがどのように波及効果をもたらしているかを検討する。2006年にSNAPにより増加した各地域における各所得階層の所得と、SNAPを支えるために地域の納税者から必要とされる税金を所得として扱い費用として使うという事実に反するシナリオとを比較して、4つの所得階層に対するSNAPの影響を検討する。分析から、全体的に税控除後のSNAPの支払いは地域経済を刺激し再分配をもたらす効果が大きいことが示される。
Johannes Kepler and Twenty-First-Century Science

Johannes Kepler’s little book on the snowflake anticipates one direction of twenty-first-century science. Why do snowflakes all have six corners? Kepler searches for a geometry inscribed in nature, a “formative faculty” that shapes the dynamic patterns of both inorganic and organic forms. A similar search drives modern biotechnology. Twentieth-century science, exemplified by Wolfgang Pauli, had built on principles in tune with those of Kepler’s rival, the hermeticist Robert Fludd. Quantum physics is invested in archetypal numbers (such as 137, the fine-structure constant), in unobjectifiability (the impossibility of viewing a world unaffected by the observer), and in action-at-a-distance (effects that can be calculated but whose cause remains unknown). Kepler scorns such principles. Instead he looks for patterns of organization that account for the real world, whether in snowflakes, the heavens, or living bodies. Today that project has been revived in the life sciences, in ecology and ecosystems, in fractal geometry, in nanotech and biotech. Perhaps Kepler’s vision of science has come into its own.
Incidences of Involuntary Psychiatric Detentions in 25 U.S. States

Objective:Characterizing commitment as an involuntary psychiatric emergency detention that possibly extends into a longer-term detention, the authors aimed to calculate population rates of detentio...
FDA Approval Summary: Pertuzumab, Trastuzumab, and Hyaluronidase–zzxf Injection for Subcutaneous Use in Patients with HER2-positive Breast Cancer

On June 29, 2020, the FDA approved pertuzumab, trastuzumab, and hyaluronidase-zzxf subcutaneous injection (Phesgo) for the treatment of patients with HER2-positive early-stage and metastatic breast cancer. Patients should be selected for therapy based on an FDA-approved companion diagnostic test. Approval was primarily based on the FeDeriCa trial, a randomized, open-label, multicenter comparability study of pertuzumab, trastuzumab, and hyaluronidase-zzxf subcutaneous injection compared with intravenous pertuzumab and intravenous trastuzumab administered in the neoadjuvant and adjuvant settings with chemotherapy for the treatment of patients with early breast cancer. The pharmacokinetic endpoints were, first, to demonstrate that the exposure of subcutaneous pertuzumab was not inferior to that of intravenous pertuzumab, and then to demonstrate that the exposure of subcutaneous trastuzumab was not inferior to that of intravenous trastuzumab. The primary endpoints were met with the observed lower limit of the two-sided 90% confidence intervals above the prespecified noninferiority margins. The most common adverse reactions were alopecia, nausea, diarrhea, anemia, and asthenia. The totality of the evidence demonstrated comparability of the subcutaneous product to intravenous, allowing for extrapolation and approval of all breast cancer indications for which intravenous trastuzumab and pertuzumab are approved.
Listen to Black Women: Do Black Feminist and Womanist Health Policy Analyses.

Abstract When Black women use their experiences to theorize and organize, movements begin. Black girls' and women's health is pathologized in a way that rarely addresses the structural determinants of their health. Policy analysis research has inherent biases and power differentials, which can limit impact, reach and adequately addressing the policy issue. To our knowledge, no existing approach to policy analysis focuses exclusively on Black girls' and women's health. This commentary uses Black Feminism and Womanism to describe the utility of what we call the Black Feminist and Womanist (BFW) Analytical Path to Health Equity and to challenge policy decision-makers to engage in decolonizing approaches to address health inequities.
Language as a window into mind perception: How mental state language differentiates body and mind, human and nonhuman, and the self from others.

Mind perception-the attribution of mental states to humans and nonhuman entities-is an essential element of social cognition (distinct from related constructs such as perspective-taking and attribution). Despite its importance, research often captures this construct in hypothetical and atypical situations. We therefore used a novel text analysis tool-the Mind Perception Dictionary (MPD)-to measure linguistic use of mind perception (words related to "agency" and "experience") in naturalistic settings (externally valid contexts in the world unprompted by experimental demand) and test basic theoretical claims across 15 total studies (N = 7713). Initial validation studies show that the MPD reliably captures language referring to mental states when people focus more versus less on a stimulus's mental capacities. Studies 2A-5B illustrate that people use the concept of mind to distinguish friends from acquaintances (Studies 2A and 2B), human from nonhuman entities (technology in Studies 3A and 3B; nonhuman animals in Studies 4A and 4B), and the self from others (Studies 5A and 5B). Studies 6A-6C use the MPD to show meaningful differences in mind perception in naturalistic contexts (externally valid contexts in the world unprompted by experimental demand) and to reveal downstream consequences of mental state language. Together these studies show that mind perception is a generalizable psychological phenomenon that emerges in natural contexts and that systematically varies across stimuli perceived to be more or less human. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Focused Cardiac Ultrasound Curriculum for Internal Medicine Residents

Background: Focused cardiac ultrasound (FCU) is a safe and efficient diagnostic intervention for internal medicine physicians. FCU is a highly teachable skill, but is used in routine cardiac assessment in only 20% of surveyed training programs. We developed an FCU curriculum for internal medicine residents and an assessment tool to evaluate the impact of the curriculum on trainee knowledge and confidence. Methods: Internal medicine residents rotating through clinical cardiology services underwent 30 minutes of didactic and 60 minutes of hands-on teaching on acquisition and interpretation of FCU. A 20 item pre and post-curriculum online survey was administered (November 2018-December 2019) to assess confidence and knowledge in FCU. Results: 79 of 116 (68%) residents completed the pre-survey and 50 completed the post-survey, of whom 34 received the curriculum. The mean change in confidence score in those who received versus did not receive the curriculum was 0.99 versus 0.39 (p=0.046) on a 5-point Likert scale. Among 33 residents who had paired pre- and post-surveys the mean change in confidence score was 1.2 versus 0.85 (p<0.001) in those who received versus did not receive the curriculum. The mean increase in knowledge score was 13% versus 7% respectively (p<0.0001). Conclusions: We instituted a novel curriculum for internal medicine residents to gain experience in image acquisition and interpretation. Both confidence and knowledge in FCU improved following the curriculum, indicating that this is a highly teachable skill. Additional analysis of the of the FCU study images will be useful for informing future interventions.
Significance of base excision repair to human health.

Abstract Oxidative and alkylating DNA damage occurs under normal physiological conditions and exogenous exposure to DNA damaging agents. To counteract DNA base damage, cells have evolved several defense mechanisms that act at different levels to prevent or repair DNA base damage. Cells combat genomic lesions like these including base modifications, abasic sites, as well as single-strand breaks, via the base excision repair (BER) pathway. In general, the core BER process involves well-coordinated five-step reactions to correct DNA base damage. In this review, we will uncover the current understanding of BER mechanisms to maintain genomic stability and the biological consequences of its failure due to repair gene mutations. The malfunction of BER can often lead to BER intermediate accumulation, which is genotoxic and can lead to different types of human disease. Finally, we will address the use of BER intermediates for targeted cancer therapy.
Intermonomer Interactions in Hemagglutinin subunits HA1 and HA2 Affecting Hemagglutinin Stability and Influenza Virus Infectivity

Influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) mediates virus entry by binding to cell surface receptors and fusing the viral and endosomal membranes following uptake by endocytosis. The acidic environment of endosomes triggers a large-scale conformational change in the transmembrane subunit of HA (HA2) involving a loop (B loop)-to-helix transition, which releases the fusion peptide at the HA2 N terminus from an interior pocket within the HA trimer. Subsequent insertion of the fusion peptide into the endosomal membrane initiates fusion. The acid stability of HA is influenced by residues in the fusion peptide, fusion peptide pocket, coiled-coil regions of HA2, and interactions between the surface (HA1) and HA2 subunits, but details are not fully understood and vary among strains. Current evidence suggests that the HA from the circulating pandemic 2009 H1N1 influenza A virus [A(H1N1)pdm09] is less stable than the HAs from other seasonal influenza virus strains. Here we show that residue 205 in HA1 and residue 399 in the B loop of HA2 (residue 72, HA2 numbering) in different monomers of the trimeric A(H1N1)pdm09 HA are involved in functionally important intermolecular interactions and that a conserved histidine in this pair helps regulate HA stability. An arginine-lysine pair at this location destabilizes HA at acidic pH and mediates fusion at a higher pH, while a glutamate-lysine pair enhances HA stability and requires a lower pH to induce fusion. Our findings identify key residues in HA1 and HA2 that interact to help regulate H1N1 HA stability and virus infectivity. IMPORTANCE Influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) is the principal antigen in inactivated influenza vaccines and the target of protective antibodies. However, the influenza A virus HA is highly variable, necessitating frequent vaccine changes to match circulating strains. Sequence changes in HA affect not only antigenicity but also HA stability, which has important implications for vaccine production, as well as viral adaptation to hosts. HA from the pandemic 2009 H1N1 influenza A virus is less stable than other recent seasonal influenza virus HAs, but the molecular interactions that contribute to HA stability are not fully understood. Here we identify molecular interactions between specific residues in the surface and transmembrane subunits of HA that help regulate the HA conformational changes needed for HA stability and virus entry. These findings contribute to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms controlling HA function and antigen stability.
Hans Kelsen and His Pure Theory of Law

DR. HANS KELSEN'S formal retirement from his professorship at the end of the current university year will mark another milestone in his varied and significant career. He has survived or escaped from two revolutions and a ruthless tyranny in central Europe. He has held honored and influential academic positions in five nations and on two continents. He has built and rebuilt a systematic philosophy of law and the state which has won him a place among the most distinguished legal-political philosophers of the present century. In this short article I propose to sketch his career and to state concisely what I conceive to be the most valuable contributions to American legal theory which can be derived from his writings. Born in Prague, Czechoslovakia, on October 11, 1881, Hans Kelsen attended the University of Vienna and received his doctorate in law there at the age of twenty-five. After a few years of additional study at the Universities of Heidelberg and Berlin, he became in 1911 professor of public law and jurisprudence at the University of Vienna. Here he remained for nineteen years, the most creative period of his life. As a legal adviser to the Austrian government shortly after World War I he was asked to present several drafts of a constitution for the newly established Austrian republic. One of these drafts was, with a few changes, adopted as the Austrian Constitution of 1920. Professor Kelsen then had the honor and the valuable experience of membership on the Supreme Constitutional Court of Austria (1921-30). His theories of constitutional law, of the relation between law and state, which he developed during and shortly after this period, were based upon ample opportunity for observation of governmental operations. He was Dean of the Faculty of Law at Vienna in 1922-23. He went in 1930 to the University of Cologne, where he became professor of international law and jurisprudence and Dean of the Faculty. With the advent to power of Adolph Hitler he moved to Geneva, where he joined the faculty of the Graduate Institute of International Studies. He came to Harvard in 1941, and while there he wrote for American readers a summary and in part a revision of his earlier legal philosophy. This volume, translated into English,' was published in 1945 as the first volume of the Twentieth Century Legal Philosophy Series, sponsored by the Association of American Law Schools. In that same year he became an American citizen, and accepted an appointment as professor of political science in the University of California (Berkeley). The principal themes of Kelsen's writings have been his theories of law and the state, and his conception of international law. Yet he has written on legal sociology,2 on Plato's changing conception of justice,8 and on The * Cardozo Professor of Jurisprudence, Columbia University. 1 KELSEN, GENERAL THEORY OF LAW AND STATE (Wedberg's trans. 1945) (hereafter cited as GENERAL THEORY). The translation was made by Professor Anders Wedberg of the University of Stockholm. 2 SOCIETY AND NATURE. A SOCIOLOGICAL INQUIRY (1943). 3 Platonic Justice, 48 ETHICS 367-400 (1937-38).
Male Peer Support and the Police Culture

Abstract Research has established the historical underrepresentation of women in policing and the oppression these women have faced in terms of occupational opportunities and social encounters with male police peers. Theories attempting to explain this dynamic fail to posit a direct link between a hypermasculine social structure and the adverse experiences of female police officers. Using Schwartz and DeKeseredy's (1997) male peer support model, this analysis seeks to explain the ways in which the police subculture functions to oppress women in policing. This is accomplished by reviewing the literature on police subcultures and women in policing and situating these findings within Schwartz and DeKeseredy's (1997) theoretical framework. Limitations of the theory are discussed and future research questions are posed.
The Use of Exploratory Methods in Economic Analysis: Analyzing Residential Energy Demand

Publisher Summary Exploratory data analysis is a set of methods designed to examine and describe the structure of data. The exploratory approach, or mode, involves the use of descriptive techniques and the intuition of the analyst to investigate the structure of data. Unlike the confirmatory approach, or mode, which relies on classical statistical analysis and data to confirm and reformulate theory through the vehicles of parameter estimation and hypothesis testing, the exploratory mode uses data to suggest theory through the vehicle of informal data examination. In some sense, it can be considered a prelude to classical statistical analysis. It is suggested that the exploratory mode is an important supplement to the confirmatory mode for the analysis of economic phenomena in areas, such as residential energy demand, in which the degree of prior belief in the available empirical theory or the quality and comprehensiveness of the available data may not be sufficient to allow adoption of the strong axiomatic structures associated with most classical statistical techniques.
Systematic lossy forward error protection for video waveforms

A novel scheme for error-resilient digital video broadcasting, using Wyner-Ziv coding, is presented in this paper. We apply the general framework of systematic lossy source-channel coding to generate a supplementary bitstream that can correct transmission errors in the decoded video waveform up to a certain residual distortion. The systematic portion consists of a conventional MPEG-coded bitstream, which is transmitted over the error-prone channel without any forward error correction. The supplementary bitstream is a low rate representation of the transmitted video sequence generated using Wyner-Ziv encoding. We use the conventionally decoded error-concealed MPEG video sequence as side information to decode the Wyner-Ziv bits. The decoder combines the error-prone side information and the Wyner-Ziv description to yield an improved decoded video signal. We show how this scheme can be used to build a system which achieves graceful degradation without the need of a layered representation of the video waveform.