cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Timeline: A web application for assessing the timing and details of health behaviors.

BACKGROUND Timeline Followback (TLFB) interview methods are used to assess a variety of health behaviors, including alcohol use, drug use, and sexual behavior. While several online TLFBs have been developed, most focus on single behaviors, and few studies have explored their validity in assessing multiple risk behaviors using a single online TLFB. OBJECTIVE To examine the validity of a customizable web application (Timeline) for assessing alcohol use, drug use, and sexual behavior among high-risk men who have sex with men. METHODS Participants (N = 15 men) completed standardized survey instruments before undergoing a 30-day daily diary procedure where they submitted daily reports of health risk behaviors via smartphone. They then completed a Timeline at the end of the 30-day period covering the same time interval. RESULTS Comparing a baseline administration of Timeline with popular surveys of health risk behaviors supported Timeline's validity (r = 0.41-0.59 for alcohol use, r = 0.83 for drug use, and r = 0.34-0.52) for sexual behaviors. While participants reported similar amounts of each behavior via daily diary as they did on a follow-up Timeline (r = 0.55-0.88 for alcohol use, r = 0.69 for drug use, and r = 0.87-0.92 for sexual behaviors), results provided evidence of underreporting on the Timeline. Timing of behaviors also frequently disagreed across these methods. CONCLUSIONS Timeline is valid for assessing overall engagement in alcohol use, drug use, and sexual behavior over a 30-day window. However, researchers interested in the specific timing of behaviors within assessment intervals should use smaller follow-up intervals (e.g., 7 days, 14 days) or more intensive reporting methods (e.g., daily diary).
Evaluating the Benefit of Accordion Web Elements for Low Literacy Populations

Online applications for benefit programs typically feature large blocks of text and complicated forms, often simply converted from paper forms. While initiatives like plain language promote information accessibility, long, complicated applications can severely limit program accessibility for the populations they intend to help. In the general population, the use of optimized forms can reduce user errors and lead to shorter fixations. The use of accordion web elements has been promoted as a way to condense lengthy page content. However, there is some debate regarding the increased interaction cost to the casual user. Prior research indicates that accordion interface elements may constitute a barrier to users with low literacy skills. This eye tracking study compares accordion-based text and forms with non-accordion text and forms to measure task engagement, reading persistence, time on task, and form completion errors.
Parametric Optimization: Stochastic Gradients and Adaptive Search

This chapter focusses on simulation-based techniques for solving stochastic problems of parametric optimization, also popularly called static optimization problems. Such problems have been defined in Chap. 3.
A New Multicritical Point in a Seven Dimensional Parameter Space

Anisotropic n-component d-dimensional ferromagnets with both random (non-ordering) and uniform (ordering) magnetic fields exhibit a rather large variety of multicritical behavior.1,2,3 In the associated seven dimensional parameter space there exist a New Multicritical Point which is of the highest degree found up to now. It occurs at the intersection of various multicritical hypersurfaces which involve critical, tricritical, fourth-order, critical end point and bicritical behavior. Although there is still controversy regarding the value of the lower critical dimensionality for the Ising random field model4, the richness of the model presented here motivated further theoretical study and search for experimental realization
Disasters and Development: Lessons and Implications from Global Cases and Issue

The purpose of this book is to examine the dynamic relationship between disaster and development for resilient and sustainable communities. The topic of disaster and development is important because in recent years we have observed increasing disaster risks and hazards that are associated with physical, social, economic, and environmental vulnerabilities. This conclusion chapter provides a brief review of chapter issues and findings and introduces important lessons and implications from these studies.
Abstract 314: Sensory Innervation of the Papillary Muscle: A Neural Link Between Mitral Valve Prolapse and Malignant Ventricular Arrhythmias?

Background: Malignant mitral valve prolapse (MVP) identifies a subset of patients with MVP associated with ventricular arrhythmias (VAs), including sudden cardiac death (SCD). We hypothesized that papillary muscles, which see significant mechanical stress in MVP, are richly innervated with sensory nerves, which induce severe autonomic imbalance on the heart and may trigger malignant VAs. Methods and Results: Longitudinal sections of the anterior and posterior left ventricular papillary muscles, right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT), ventricular septum, and basolateral left ventricular wall (LV) of Yorkshire pigs (n=8) were excised, formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded, and sectioned. Immuno-staining for protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5), a pan-neuronal marker, and calcitonin-gene related peptide (CGRP), a sensory afferent neuron marker, was performed. Areas of immunoreactivity (IR) for CGRP were verified by direct comparison to PGP9.5 IR. The density of CGRP was then compared across anatomical regions. The ...
The Affirmative Topicality Burden: Any Reasonable Example of the Resolution

This essay addresses the nature of topicality, first, examining the function of the debate resolution as a topic area that divides the argumentative ground for debate and, second, considering the m...
Cabin and Battery Thermal Management of Connected and Automated HEVs for Improved Energy Efficiency Using Hierarchical Model Predictive Control

Incorporating traffic information in power management optimization process for electrified and connected vehicles offers opportunities for improving fuel economy. Integrating the management of thermal load (such as those used for heating, ventilation, & air conditioning (HVAC) of the passenger compartment, and for the battery cooling) with the power management process can provide even greater benefits for connected and automated vehicles (CAVs). However, given the relatively slow dynamics associated with the thermal subsystems, the lack of reliable power and thermal loads prediction over an extended prediction horizon is the main challenge for efficient thermal management using model predictive control (MPC). This paper presents a hierarchical two-layer MPC scheme which exploits vehicle speed and traffic preview predictions over short and long prediction horizons to schedule optimal thermal trajectories for the cabin and battery cooling in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) via a novel intelligent online constraint handling (IOCH) approach. These trajectories are next incorporated into the vehicle-level controller to determine the proper power split between electric motor and internal combustion engine (ICE). We present the development and experimental validation of control-oriented models used for prediction of the vehicle thermal dynamics and loads over a long planning horizon. Compared to a more traditional single-layer MPC approach, the proposed two-layer MPC shows that depending on the driving cycle and traffic conditions, 2.2% to 5.3% reductions in HEV fuel consumption can be achieved for urban driving and congested city driving cycles, respectively, in CAV operation scenario. This fuel economy improvement is a direct result of taking proactive actions through real-time prediction and optimization to avoid conservative and inefficient thermal responses, while enforcing cabin and battery operating constraints.
Modified Ketogenic Diet Therapy for Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis: Patient-Reported Outcomes (P3.2-044)

Objective: To report the multiple sclerosis (MS) patient experience after completion of a 6 month trial of a modified ketogenic diet. Background: Dietary intake influences an individual’s immune profile and response. The impact of diet in MS is clinically meaningful, with evidence supporting an association between diet and disability. We have previously reported evidence of safety and adherence of ketogenic diets (KDs) in relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) patients, with improvements in fatigue, depression, and disability metrics. Design/Methods: Twenty patients with a diagnosis of RRMS were enrolled. Subjects were educated in-person by a trained dietitian on how to adhere to a modified KD (i.e. modified Atkins or KDMAD). Adherence to diet was objectively monitored by daily urine ketone testing. Clinical and patient-reported outcome measures were obtained at baseline (pre-diet) and after 6 months of treatment. A patient-experience survey was completed at the time of diet trial completion. Results: Of the 20 subjects enrolled at baseline, two subjects were lost to follow-up. From the remaining 18 subjects, over half had previously attempted a diet for their MS. Upon completing the 6 month trial of KDMAD, 56% of subjects planned to continue on strict KDMAD after trial completion. All 18 subjects would recommend KDMAD to a colleague. The most common patient-perceived benefits of KDMAD included weight loss (83%), improved fatigue (72%), improved exercise habits (55.5%), improved stamina (50%), and reduced MS symptoms (45%). The most common side effects experienced on KDMAD included constipation (28%), menstrual irregularities (22%), and diarrhea (17%). Conclusions: The KDMAD is a feasible diet for RRMS patients and provides multiple patient-perceived benefits that are clinically-relevant to MS subjects. As the majority of our subjects plan to continue on KDMAD, longitudinal clinical and laboratory data collection is ongoing. Disclosure: Dr. Brenton has nothing to disclose. Dr. Banwell has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with Novartis. Dr. Bergqvist has nothing to disclose. Dr. Lehner-Gulotta has nothing to disclose. Dr. Gampper has nothing to disclose. Dr. Leytham has nothing to disclose. Dr. Goldman has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with EMD Serono, Celgene, Sanofi Genzyme, Novartis Pharmaceutical, RxMx, and Teva Neuroscience. Dr. Goldman has received research support from MedDay, Novartis , NIH, National MS Society, and PCORI.
Rethinking Sovereign Debt: Politics, Reputation, and Legitimacy in Modern Finance

Conventional wisdom holds that all nations must repay debt. Regardless of the legitimacy of the regime that signs the contract, a country that fails to honor its loan obligations damages its reputation, inviting still greater problems down the road. Yet difficult dilemmas arise from this assumption. Should today's South Africa be responsible for apartheid-era debt? Is it reasonable to tether postwar Iraq with Saddam Hussein's excesses?"Rethinking Sovereign Debt" is a probing historical analysis of how sovereign debt continuity--the rule that nations should repay loans even after a major regime change, or expect reputational consequences--became the consensus approach. Odette Lienau contends that the practice is not essential for functioning international capital markets, and demonstrates how it relies on ideas of absolutist government that have come under fire over the last century. Challenging previous accounts, Lienau incorporates a wealth of original research to argue that Soviet Russia's repudiation of Tsarist debt and Great Britain's 1923 arbitration with Costa Rica hint at the feasibility of selective debt cancellation. She traces the notion of debt continuity from the post-World War I era to the present, emphasizing the role of government officials, the World Bank, and private-market actors in shaping our existing framework.Lienau calls on scholars and policymakers to recognize political choice and historical precedent in sovereign debt and reputation, in order to move beyond an impasse when a government is overthrown.
An exact algorithm for the minimum rank of a graph

The minimum rank of a graph G is the minimum rank over all real symmetric matrices whose off-diagonal sparsity pattern is the same as that of the adjacency matrix of G. In this note we present the first exact algorithm for the minimum rank of an arbitrary graph G. In particular, we use the notion of determinantal rank to transform the minimum rank problem into a system of polynomial equations that can be solved by computational tools from algebraic geometry and commutative algebra. We provide computational results, explore possibilities for improvement, and discuss how the algorithm can be extended to other problems such as finding the minimum positive semidefinite rank of a graph.
Effects of Reference-Command Preview as Humans Learn to Control Dynamic Systems

We present results from an experiment in which 22 human subjects each interact with a dynamic system 40 times over a one-week period. For each interaction, a subject performs a command-following task. The reference commands are the same for all subjects but different on each trial. The subjects are divided into 2 groups. One group performs the command-following task without reference-command preview, and the other group is provided with l-s preview of the reference command. We use the experimental results to examine the effects of reference-command preview. We also present a subsystem identification algorithm to model the control strategies that each subject uses on each trial. For the group with l-s preview, the average identified feedforward time delay is approximately 26 ms over the last ten trials, whereas the average identified feedforward time delay is approximately 284 ms over the last ten trials for the group without preview. For the group with preview, the average identified feedforward controller approximates the inverse dynamics of the system with which the subjects interact better after 40 trials than on the first trial. In contrast, for the group without preview, the average identified feedforward controller does not approximate the inverse dynamics of the system better after 40 trials.
Toward Long-Life, Ultrahigh-Nickel Layered Oxide Cathodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries: Optimizing the Interphase Chemistry with a Dual-Functional Polymer

Boosting the Ni content in LiMO2 (M = Ni, Co, Mn, etc.) layered oxides is a promising way to establish high-energy-density, low-cost cathodes, but the poor cathode surface stability is a daunting c...
Pharmacodynamic effects of vaporized and oral cannabidiol (CBD) and vaporized CBD-dominant cannabis in infrequent cannabis users

Abstract Introduction The use and availability of oral and inhalable products containing cannabidiol (CBD) as the principal constituent has increased with expanded cannabis/hemp legalization. However, few controlled clinical laboratory studies have evaluated the pharmacodynamic effects of oral or vaporized CBD or CBD-dominant cannabis. Methods Eighteen healthy adults (9 men; 9 women) completed four, double-blind, double-dummy, drug administration sessions. Sessions were separated by ≥1 week and included self-administration of 100 mg oral CBD, 100 mg vaporized CBD, vaporized CBD-dominant cannabis (100 mg CBD; 3.7 mg THC), and placebo. Study outcomes included: subjective drug effects, vital signs, cognitive/psychomotor performance, and whole blood THC and CBD concentrations. Results Vaporized CBD and CBD-dominant cannabis increased ratings on several subjective items (e.g., Like Drug Effect) relative to placebo. Subjective effects did not differ between oral CBD and placebo and were generally higher for CBD-dominant cannabis compared to vaporized CBD. CBD did not increase ratings for several items typically associated with acute cannabis/THC exposure (e.g., Paranoid). Women reported qualitatively higher ratings for Pleasant Drug Effect than men after vaporized CBD and CBD-dominant cannabis use. CBD-dominant cannabis increased heart rate compared to placebo. Cognitive/psychomotor impairment was not observed in any drug condition. Conclusions Vaporized CBD and CBD-dominant cannabis produced discriminable subjective drug effects, which were sometimes stronger in women, but did not produce cognitive/psychomotor impairment. Subjective effects of oral CBD did not differ from placebo. Future research should further elucidate the subjective effects of various types of CBD products (e.g., inhaled, oral, topical), which appear to be distinct from THC-dominant products.
Identifying user-centered content, design, and features for mobile health apps to support long-term assessment, behavioral intervention, and transitions of care in neurological rehabilitation: An exploratory study:

IntroductionThe use of mobile health technology has the potential to increase healthcare accessibility, promote self-management, provide education materials, and support self-monitoring of biometri...
β-Adrenergic control of sarcolemmal CaV1.2 abundance by small GTPase Rab proteins

The number and activity of Cav1.2 channels in the cardiomyocyte sarcolemma tunes the magnitude of Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release and myocardial contraction. β-Adrenergic receptor (βAR) activation stimulates sarcolemmal insertion of CaV1.2. This supplements the preexisting sarcolemmal CaV1.2 population, forming large "superclusters" wherein neighboring channels undergo enhanced cooperative-gating behavior, amplifying Ca2+ influx and myocardial contractility. Here, we determine this stimulated insertion is fueled by an internal reserve of early and recycling endosome-localized, presynthesized CaV1.2 channels. βAR-activation decreased CaV1.2/endosome colocalization in ventricular myocytes, as it triggered "emptying" of endosomal CaV1.2 cargo into the t-tubule sarcolemma. We examined the rapid dynamics of this stimulated insertion process with live-myocyte imaging of channel trafficking, and discovered that CaV1.2 are often inserted into the sarcolemma as preformed, multichannel clusters. Similarly, entire clusters were removed from the sarcolemma during endocytosis, while in other cases, a more incremental process suggested removal of individual channels. The amplitude of the stimulated insertion response was doubled by coexpression of constitutively active Rab4a, halved by coexpression of dominant-negative Rab11a, and abolished by coexpression of dominant-negative mutant Rab4a. In ventricular myocytes, βAR-stimulated recycling of CaV1.2 was diminished by both nocodazole and latrunculin-A, suggesting an essential role of the cytoskeleton in this process. Functionally, cytoskeletal disruptors prevented βAR-activated Ca2+ current augmentation. Moreover, βAR-regulation of CaV1.2 was abolished when recycling was halted by coapplication of nocodazole and latrunculin-A. These findings reveal that βAR-stimulation triggers an on-demand boost in sarcolemmal CaV1.2 abundance via targeted Rab4a- and Rab11a-dependent insertion of channels that is essential for βAR-regulation of cardiac CaV1.2.
Organizing Staff in the U.S. Senate: The Priority of Individualism in Resource Allocation

Funding for legislative staff represents a valuable commodity to legislators. However it is a resource distributed to separate internal organizations. Previous studies show strong correlations betw...
Combustion and Emissions of a Diesel Engine Fuelled with n-Buanol/Diesel and Iso-Butanol/Diesel Blends

Combustion and emissions of a V6 diesel engine fuelled with n-butanol/diesel and isobutanol/diesel blends at different engine speeds,EGR rates and injection timings were studied. Results show that n-butanol/diesel blends give shorter ignition delay compared with that of iso-butanol/diesel blends. Iso-butanol has higher peak cylinder pressure and premixed heat release rate than those of nbutanol. n-Butanol and iso-butanol blended in diesel can significantly reduce soot emissions. Soot emission becomes insensitive to the increase of EGR rate. Soot emission decreases more effectively fuelled with nbutanol than that fuelled with iso-butanol. Butanol blending has little effect on NOx emissions. Carbon monoxide and total hydrocarbon emissions keep a low level. Diesel engine fuelled with butanol can simultaneously reduce smoke and NOx emissions.
Inter-Weave: Creating a Translanguaging Space Through Community Art

This article discusses how art can contribute to the creation of a translanguaging space and how a community program can be a significant site for this collective and creative endeavor. Drawing on ...
Pediatric Autoimmune Liver Diseases: Autoimmune Hepatitis and Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis

In chronic hepatitis, a broad differential diagnosis should be considered to accurately identify the cause(s) of liver injury. Autoimmune liver diseases (autoimmune hepatitis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, overlap syndrome) can occur in the setting of limited symptoms; therefore, a high index of suspicion and appropriate diagnostic workup should be performed. Most children with autoimmune hepatitis achieve sustained remission with medical therapy; however, there are no equivalent therapies for primary sclerosing cholangitis that impact the progression of disease. Research should include biomarker studies to predict histologic remission in autoimmune hepatitis and mechanistic studies to define future treatment targets for primary sclerosing cholangitis.
THE SEC AND ACCOUNTING: A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

Joel Seligman argues that in the absence of regulatory oversight, managerial incentives and notions of efficient ,uarkets and competitive positioning have proven to be insufficient in ensuring fidl disclosure of material financial data. Thre SEC given express authority to regulate accounting practices. has. during the past fifty years, directly contributed to the standardization offinancial statement disclosures. In establishing accounting standards, the SEC has exercised restraint, allowing private organizations such as the FASB to set standards subject to SEC oversight. Although the SEC could be more aggressive tin iutiating accounting standards (particularly with controversial practices such as pooling versts purchase treatment of acquisitions), as long as users have benefited from fidl disclosure requirements, the SEC can be perceived as having performed creditably in accounting standard-setting.
Fast, Affordable, Science and Technology Satellite (Fastsat) Huntsville-01 (Hsv-01) Spacecraft Lessons Learned Report

The Fast Affordable Science and Technology Satellite (FASTSAT) project is a path finding effort to produce reliable satellite busses for different applications at an unprecedented speed and low cost. The project is designed to be a generational project and the first satellite produced is the Huntsville -01 (HSV-01) spacecraft. The subject of this report is the lessons learned gained during the development, testing, and up to the delivery of the FASTSAT HSV -01 spacecraft. The purpose of this report is to capture the major findings that will greatly benefit the future FASTSAT satellites and perhaps other projects interested in pushing the boundaries for cost and schedule. The FASTSAT HSV -01 primary objectives, success criteria, and team partners are summarized to give a frame of reference to the lessons learned.
Abstract TMP71: Role Of Histone Deacetylases in Stroke-induced Oligodendrogenesis

Background: Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are a superfamily of isoforms that deacetylate lysine residues in histones. HDAC activity is essential for oligodendrocyte (OLG) differentiation. The present study measured spatial profiles of individual HDACs in white matter during brain repair after stroke. Methods and Results: Adult male Wistar rats (n=8) were subjected to permanent right MCA occlusion and sacrificed 8 days later. Immunohistochemistry was performed on brain coronal sections with antibodies against HDACs, NG2 (a marker of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, OPCs), and APC (a marker of OLGs). The numbers of immunoreactive cells were counted in peri-infarct and contralateral corpus callosum. Double immunofluorescent staining revealed that stroke significantly (p Conclusion: Our data indicate that stroke induces different expression profiles of class I (1 and 2) and II (4 and 5) HDACs in OPCs and OLGs, suggesting that these HDACs could play distinct roles in stroke-induced oligodendrogenesis.
Aversive Conditions as Stimuli to Aggression

Publisher Summary Some of the major ideas regarding the possible effects of frustration are discussed in the chapter. The position taken by cognitively oriented social psychologists is reviewed, and then the author's own conception based on general behavior theorizing is given. The chapter provides the introduction of aversive conditions as stimuli to aggression. Emotional labeling and attributions are discussed in the chapter in the light of cognitions as all-important and then a question—Is the angry label necessary for angry aggression?—is raised and reviewed in the chapter. The chapter explores the present theory that is aversive events as stimuli to aggression and discusses about aversive events as the source of emotional aggression and aversive events as the source of emotional aggression. The chapter discusses research on pain, aversive stimulation, and aggression, and the effects of aversive conditions on aggression—beginning with animal research and then turning to investigations with humans—is described. Research has been done employing nonpainful aversive conditions and research has also been done into the effects of physical pain. The chapter discusses the goal of the aversively stimulated aggression. It is impossible to eliminate all aversively stimulated aggression.
An algorithm for anomaly-based botnet detection

We present an anomaly-based algorithm for detecting IRC-based botnet meshes. The algorithm combines an IRC mesh detection component with a TCP scan detection heuristic called the TCP work weight. The IRC component produces two tuples, one for determining the IRC mesh based on IP channel names, and a sub-tuple which collects statistics (including the TCP work weight) on individual IRC hosts in channels. We sort the channels by the number of scanners producing a sorted list of potential botnets. This algorithm has been deployed in PSU's DMZ for over a year and has proven effective in reducing the number of botnet clients.
Culture-Influenced Unique Psychotherapies

This chapter describes various culture-influenced unique psychotherapies, which are therapeutics modes that are very culturally flavored and characteristically unique, different from the common or mainstream modes of psychotherapy that are currently practiced in Euro-American societies. Many of these unique therapies were developed in non-Euro-American societies, either by laymen or professionals. The term "culture influenced" indicates that these therapies are strongly colored by the philosophical concepts or value systems of the societies in which they were created. Therefore, such therapies may be difficult to transplant to other cultures or to practice in the same society in another era if significant cultural change has occurred since they were developed. Mesmerism was invented in the late 18th century by the Austrian physician Franz Anton Mesmer and became popular in Paris. Mesmer subscribed to the theory that planets influence the physiological and psychological phenomena of human beings. He hypothesized that man was endowed with a special magnetic, animal force that, when liberated, could produce amazing healing effects. Based on this assumption, he developed a method for magnetizing neurotic patients to heal them. The rest cure method was designed by a neurologist, Silas Weir Mitchell, in the late 19th century in the United States. It was based on the assumption that a neurotic patient's mental illness was caused by exhaustion of the nervous system, or anemia of the brain. Thus, rest and recuperation were prescribed for the patient and the therapy consisted of rest, proper food, and isolation.
DNA Looping and Transcription Regulation

DNA loops, formed by the association of two proteins while bound to spatially separated specific DNA sites, control gene transcription negatively or positively. DNA looping sometimes needs an architectural protein, which acts by bending the DNA segment that loops. Keywords: enhancer; repressor; operator; nucleoid; GalR; AraC; NtrC; repressosome
Convergent Validity of the Erwin Identity Scale

Evidence is presented partially supporting the convergent validity of the Erwin Identity Scale from use of two samples of high school students. Two EIS subscales, Confidence and Sexual Identity, were moderately correlated with Simmons's Identity Achievement Scale and Rotter's Internal-External Scale. No relationship was found between the third EIS subscale, Conceptions About Body and Appearance, and either Simmons's or Rotter's scales.The development of identity has been recognized as an important aspect of human development for years (Bourne, 1980; James, 1890). What was strictly a psychological concept has now become common conversation in the American culture, manifest by phrases such as “seeking an identity” or “identity crisis.” Although Erikson (1950, 1968) has been given the distinction for advancing the psychological theory of identity, he has also been given credit for contributing to confusion of the concept (Thayer, 1963). Because of this confusion, several interpretations of Erikson's work hav...
Effects of Early Immune Stress and Changes in Dietary Metabolizable Energy on the Development of Newly Hatched Turkeys.1. Growth and Nutrient Utilization

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to document the effects of an early immunologic stress and changes in dietary MEn on growth and nutrient utilization of newly hatched turkeys. Treatments in both experiments consisted of a complete factorial arrangement of two types of injection and four isonitrogenous diets. Turkeys were injected i.p. with saline (SAL) or a solution of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (100 μg LPS/mL SAL) at 1, 3, and 5 d of age. In Experiment 1, two diets were formulated to contain 2,800 kcal MEn/kg. One was a corn-soybean meal-based diet (CSBM) and the other contained 8% Solkafloc® (SKF). A third diet (3,100 kcal MEn/kg) was formulated by substituting 8% sucrose (SUC) for the 8% SKF. The fourth diet included in Experiment 1 was formulated to contain 3,700 kcal MEn/kg. The CSBM and SUC diets were also included in Experiment 2. Two additional diets tested in Experiment 2 were the CSBM diet containing 74.5 mg ibuprofen/kg (IBU) and a corn-soybean meal-based diet with a MEn value of 3,100 kcal/kg (CS31). Injection with LPS reduced (P
Effect of a Highly Fortified Vitamin-Mineral Supplement in High- and Low-Concentrate Rations for Dairy Cows

Summary Sixteen high-producing Holstein cows were used in a 112-day continuous feeding trial to study the effect of feeding a highly fortified vitamin-mineral supplement with 15:85 and 60:40 hay-concentrate ratios on milk yield and composition, conversion of total digestible nutrients (TDN) to fat-corrected milk (FCM), and digestibility of the rations. The cows fed the supplemented low-concentrate ration maintained their level of FCM production significantly (P
Bcl11: sibling rivalry in lymphoid development

Lymphocyte development is a complex process that involves the coordinated action of many transcription factors. The puzzle of B cell and T cell development gains an additional clue with the discovery of two critical factors.
The implementation of a 2-core, multi-threaded Itanium/spl reg/ family processor

The next generation in the Itanium/spl reg/ processor family, code named Montecito is introduced. The processor has two dual-threaded cores integrated on die with 26.5MB of cache in a 90nm process with 7 layers of copper interconnect. The die is 21.5mm by 27.7mm and includes 1.72 billion transistors. With both cores at full frequency it consumes 100W. The micro-architecture and circuit methodologies are leveraged from the prior Itanium2 processors (E. Fetzer et al., 2005). Improvements include the integration of 2 cores on-die, each with a dedicated 12MB 3rd level cache, a 1MB 2nd level I cache and dual-threading. Susceptibility to soft errors is also reduced and power efficiency improved through low power techniques and active power management.
244 CHANGES IN THE TRANSCRIPTOME OF THE BOVINE PRE-IMPLANTATION EMBRYO INDUCED BY COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR-2

Colony-stimulating factor-2 (CSF-2) is a cytokine expressed in bovine oviduct and endometrium that has been reported to improve the proportion of embryos that become blastocysts in vitro and survive after transfer to recipients. One effect of CSF-2 that might be related to increased embryonic survival is a preferential increase in the number of cells in the inner cell mass. The objective of the current study was to determine changes in the embryo transcriptome caused by CSF-2 that promote blastocyst formation and establishment and maintenance of pregnancy after transfer. Bovine embryos were produced in vitro and cultured in KSOM-BE2 +10 ng/mL recombinant BoCSF-2 added at Day 5 after insemination. On Day 6 (24 h after treatment), embryos at the morula and early blastocyst stage were harvested and stored in groups of 50 at -80°C. A total of 4 pools of GM-colony-stimulating factor treated blastocysts and 4 control blastocysts were subjected to transcriptional profiling using the Bos taurus 2-color Agilent chip (4 × 44 K format). Before labeling, total RNA starting sample was spiked with control genes (artificial clones) of known concentration provided by Agilent. Labeling was done simultaneously with complimentary RNA (cRNA) amplification. Two rounds of linear RNA amplification were employed. Images were extracted using the Agilent Feature Extraction Software (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) and normalized within arrays by the Lowess method. Statistical analysis was performed using the JMP Genomics program (SAS Inst., Cary, NC, USA). The normalized data were log2 transformed, and the quantile normalization method was used to normalize data between arrays. Differences in gene expression were determined using PROC ANOVA (fixed false discovery rate = 0.01). Only genes with a 1.5-fold difference and P < 0.05 were considered differentially expressed. A total of 216 genes were differentially expressed between CSF-2 and control embryos. Of these, 141 could be annotated (61 genes up-regulated and 80 genes down-regulated by CSF-2). These included 13 genes involved in Wnt pathways, including 5 inhibitors of Wnt signaling (FRP, MAB21L2, PCDH24, PDE7, PPPR23A) that were up-regulated by CSF-2 and 5 genes involved in transmission of Wnt signals (WNT16, ROR2, CSNK2B, CELSR2, DTX3) that were down-regulated by CSF-2. Several other genes associated with differentiation were down-regulated by CSF-2 including CXCL12, FEZF1, PLD2, and RGS12. Expression of 1 gene that inhibits apoptosis (PRKAR2B) was increased by CSF-2, whereas expression of 6 genes involved in apoptosis pathways (DAPK1, MADD, NOD2, PIK3IP1, RIPK3, RNF7) were down-regulated. Results indicate that CSF-2 promotes pluripotency and decreases apoptosis in bovine pre-implantation embryos. This research was supported by USDA-AFRI. B. Loureiro andL. Oliveira were supported by a CAPES (Brazil)/Fulbright Fellowship.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis

Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is an underdiagnosed pulmonary disorder in asthmatic patients and patients with cystic fibrosis. Its clinical and diagnostic manifestations arise from an allergic response to multiple antigens expressed by fungi, most commonly Aspergillus fumigatus, colonizing the bronchial mucus. The clinical course is one of recurrent exacerbations characterized by chest infiltrates evident on chest x-ray films and associated with cough, wheeze, and sputum production that usually respond to oral corticosteroid treatment. Specific immunologic and radiologic markers of disease include elevation of the total serum IgE levels, presence of aspergillus IgE antibodies, and the occurrence of central bronchiectasis. Long-term treatment with corticosteroids is often required for effective management. The adverse effects of chronic corticosteroid use have led to attempts at treatment with antifungal agents such as itraconazole. Itraconazole has been reported anecdotally to be effective, and evidence for its effectiveness in randomized trials is still accruing. Consideration should be given to its use as a corticosteroid-sparing agent or for treatment of patients in whom corticosteroid response is poor. The natural history and prognosis of ABPA are not well characterized but may be complicated by progression to bronchiectasis and pulmonary fibrosis. If ABPA is diagnosed and treated before the development of bronchiectasis and fibrosis, these complications may be prevented.
Occurrence of the Parasitic Dinoflagellate Amoebophrya ceratii in Chesapeake Bay Populations of Gymnodinium sanguineum

Chesapeake Bay populations of the red-tide dinoflagellate Gymnodinium sanguineum were regularly infected by the parasitic dinoflagellate Amoebophrya ceratii during the summers of 1988–1991. Infections developed inside the nucleus of G. sanguineum and were always lethal to the host. Parasite generation time was ˜ 40 h at 23° C, with the intracellular, trophont phase lasting 39.5 ± 0.3 h, and the extracellular, vermiform stage persisting for ˜ 20 min. Near surface accumulations of G. sanguineum sometimes exceeded 1,000 cells/ml; however, host abundance was relatively low when integrated over the surface mixed layer of each station (mean = 12.2 cells/ml ± 2.96 SE; n = 60). Parasitized hosts were encountered in 75% of the samples where host abundance was ≥ 1 per ml, and epidemic outbreaks (20–40% hosts infected) were observed on several occasions. Epidemic infections were generally located several meters below surface accumulations of G. sanguineum and were always restricted to a narrow region near the pycnocline. Consequently, integrated station values for parasite prevalence were low, with an average 2.7% (± 0.31 SE; n = 60). Parasite induced mortality removed up to 8% of G. sanguineum populations per day, but averaged < 2% of host biomass throughout the Bay. Thus, parasitism by A. ceratii does not appear to be a major factor regulating G. sanguineum bloom in the main stem of Chesapeake Bay.
Trivial vacua, high orders in perturbation theory, and nontrivial condensates.

In the limit of an infinite number of colors, an analytic expression for the quark condensate in (1+1)-dimensional (${\mathrm{QCD}}_{1+1}$) is derived as a function of the quark mass and the gauge coupling constant. The vacuum condensate is perfectly well defined and is not zero for arbitrary ${\mathit{m}}_{\mathit{q}}$ despite the fact that the perturbative contribution is divergent. This calculation explicitly demonstrates the definition of the nonperturbative vacuum condensates. For zero quark mass, a nonvanishing quark condensate is obtained. Nevertheless, it is shown that there is no phase transition as a function of the quark mass in the 't Hooft regime of the model. It is furthermore shown that the expansion of 〈0\ensuremath{\Vert}\ensuremath{\psi}\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}\ensuremath{\psi}\ensuremath{\Vert}0〉 in the gauge coupling has zero radius of convergence but that the perturbation series is Borel summable with finite radius of convergence. The nonanalytic behavior 〈0\ensuremath{\Vert}\ensuremath{\psi}\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}\ensuremath{\psi}\ensuremath{\Vert}0〉${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\sim}}}_{\mathit{q}}^{\mathit{m}}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0-${\mathit{N}}_{\mathit{c}}$ \ensuremath{\surd}${\mathit{G}}^{2}$ can only be obtained by summing the perturbation series to infinite order. The sum-rule calculation is based on masses and coupling constants calculated from 't Hooft's solution to ${\mathrm{QCD}}_{1+1}$ which employs LF quantization and is thus based on a trivial vacuum. Nevertheless the chiral condensate remains nonvanishing in the chiral limit which is yet another example that semmingly trivial LF vacua are not in conflict with QCD sum-rule results. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
On the Relationship between Significant Yearly Events and Time of Death: Random or Systematic Distribution?

Using cross-sections of the age-range one to nineteen, birth and death dates were collected for 8653 people who died during the calendar years 1972 and 1973 in ten U. S. states. Based on previous f...
Accuracy and Bias in Perceptions of Political Knowledge

Learning through social communication is promoted when citizens are able to identify which of their associates is likely to possess the necessary political information. This paper examines the factors that influence individuals’ evaluations of political expertise. Actual political expertise plays a large role in perceived expertise, but mistakes are made. These are largely the result of assuming that those engaged in politics must also be knowledgeable about politics. This paper uses the 1996 Indianapolis-St. Louis Study and the 2000 National Election Study to identify factors that bias levels of perceived political knowledge. The paper concludes by demonstrating that perceived expertise plays a larger role than actual expertise in the social influence process.
Nonlinear Motion of a Barotropic Vortex in Still Air and in an Environmental Zonal Flow

Abstract This study employs a Vortex Tracking Semispectral (VTSS) model cast in cylindrical coordinates that move with the vortex. Variables are represented spectrally in azimuth only, so that the model becomes a set of linear equations for each azimuthal wavenumber component, forced by the environmental flow and coupled by wave–wave interactions that account for all of the nonlinearity. The vortex is advected by the surrounding wind and propagates when potential vorticity (PV) gradients due to the surrounding flow or the β effect force wavenumber one (WN1) asymmetries. Nonlinearity generally plays a dissipative role. Although propagation is faster in stronger PV gradients, nonlinear interactions cause the motions due to superposed PV gradients to be slower than the sum of their individual motions. In still air or uniform wind on a β plane, the wave energy spectrum falls off rapidly with wavenumber. For most situations, the calculations converge for truncation at WN6 on a 4000-km domain. In an anticycloni...
Underclocked Software Prefetching: More Cores, Less Energy

Power consumption is a concern for helper-thread prefetching that uses extra cores to speed up the single-thread execution, because power consumption increases with each additional core. This article analyzes the impact of using power-saving techniques in the context of intercore prefetching (ICP), and shows that dynamic frequency scaling coupled with ICP is a more energy-efficient way to improve the single-thread execution.
Controlled bone regeneration: The ultimate process in bone repair

The main goal of bone healing, besides the healing of the bone, is ensuring that the dynamic system of repair is under biologic control. To do so, the soft tissue has to be kept isolated to avoid any herniation into the bony defect, that would produce and interfere with the bone interface or collapse the original defect resulting in a relapse.
Dissolution of ZnO Nanoparticles at Circumneutral pH: A Study of Size Effects in the Presence and Absence of Citric Acid

Understanding size-dependent processes, including dissolution, of engineered nanoparticles is essential in addressing the potential environmental and health impacts of these materials as well as their long-term stability. In this study, experimental measurements of size-dependent dissolution of well-characterized zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles with particle diameters in the range of 4 to 130 nm have been measured at circumneutral pH (pH 7.5) and compared. Dissolution was found to be enhanced with smaller ZnO nanoparticles compared to larger-sized particles, even though the nanoparticles were present in solution as aggregates with hydrodynamic diameters on the order of 1–3 μm in size. The presence of citric acid significantly enhanced the extent of ZnO dissolution for all sizes, and the greatest enhancement was observed for the 4 nm particles. Although these results are found to be in qualitative agreement with theoretical predictions, a linearized form of the Kelvin equation to calculate a surface free en...
MOVPE of GaSb/InGaAsSb multilayers and fabrication of dual band photodetectors

Metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) of GaSb/InGaAsSb multilayer thin films and fabrication of bias-selectable dual band photodetectors are reported. For the dual band photodetectors the short wavelength detector, or the upper p- GaSb/n-GaSb junction photodiode, is placed optically ahead of the long wavelength one, or the lower photodiode. The latter is based on latticed-matched In0.13Ga0.87As0.11Sb0.89 with bandgap near 0.6 eV. Specifically, high quality multilayer thin films are grown sequentially from top to bottom as p+-GaSb/p-GaSb/n-GaSb/n-InGaAsSb/p-InGaAsSb/p-GaSb on undoped p-type GaSb substrate, and as n-GaSb/p-GaSb/p-InGaAsSb/n-InGaAsSb/n-GaSb on Te-doped n-type GaSb substrate respectively. The multilayer thin films are characterized by optical microscope, atomic force microscope (AFM), electron microprobe analyses etc. The photodiode mesa steps are patterned by photolithography with wet chemical etching and the front metallization is carried out by e-beam evaporation with Pd/Ge/Au/Ti/Au to give ohmic contact on both n- and p-type Sb based layer surfaces. Dark I-V measurements show typical diode behavior for both the upper and lower photodiodes. The photoresponsivity measurements indicate that both the upper and lower photodiodes can sense the infrared illumination corresponding to their cutoff wavelengths respectively, comparable with the simulation results. More work is underway to bring the long wavelength band to the medium infrared wavelength region near 4 micrometers.
Expression of focal adhesion kinase gene and invasive cancer

The focal adhesion kinase (FAK) gene produces a tyrosine kinase that localises to contact points between cells and extracellular matrix. It is believed to be an important signal molecule in cell adhesion. We have isolated a human homologue of the FAK gene from primary sarcomas and looked for FAK mRNA in 49 human tissue samples, including paired normal and neoplastic samples. We found increased levels of FAK in 1 of 8 adenomatous tissues, in 17 of 20 invasive tumours, and in all 15 metastatic tumours. There was no detectable FAK mRNA in 6 normal tissue samples. These observations suggest that FAK overexpression may accompany changes in signal pathways involved in tumour cell invasion.