cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Managing emotions in the face of discrimination: The differential effects of self-immersion, self-distanced reappraisal, and positive reappraisal.

Contending with sexism is associated with negative affective outcomes, including increased anger, anxiety, and depression. Prior research demonstrates that the use of emotion-regulation strategies, such as self-distanced reappraisal, when contending with general negative interpersonal experiences, can help people manage their emotions, attenuating the associated negative affect. The present research considers whether the affective benefits of reappraisal extend to past experiences of discrimination. Specifically, we examine whether using self-distanced reappraisal (Studies 1 and 2) or positive reappraisal (Study 2) when contending with sexism yields more positive and less negative affective outcomes, relative to engaging in self-immersion. Contrary to previous research examining more general negative interpersonal experiences, we find limited evidence that self-distanced reappraisal is an effective emotion-regulation strategy for women contending with sexism (N = 1,236). The present work offers preliminary evidence, however, that positive reappraisal may be a promising emotion-regulation strategy that reduces the negative affective consequences associated with reliving past instances of sexism, compared with either self-immersion or self-distanced reappraisal. We discuss the implications of these findings for understanding the efficacy of different emotion-regulation strategies in the context of discrimination. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Childhood Lead Poisoning in Wisconsin

INTRODUCTION In 2016, 4,353 Wisconsin children under 6 years of age were identified with elevated blood lead levels (≥ 5 μg/dL). There is no safe level of lead in the human body; extensive research shows that children with blood lead levels < 5 μg/dL may still be at risk for adverse health effects including developmental delays. DISCUSSION Physicians should follow current guidelines and consider factors such as the child's age, socioeconomic status, and housing situation when determining need for testing. In addition to Wisconsin's screening recommendations, federal requirements exist for testing Medicaidenrolled children. Under state statute, all blood lead test results and specified demographic information must be reported to the Wisconsin Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Program. To eliminate elevated blood lead levels, primary prevention is key. Physicians play an important role by educating parents, prospective parents, and caregivers about lead poisoning risks and prevention measures. Physicians are also vital in secondary prevention-mitigating the adverse effects in children already exposed to lead. Secondary prevention requires first identifying children with elevated blood lead levels through appropriate testing. Use of the Wisconsin Blood Lead Registry can alert providers about children with elevated blood lead levels and reduce duplicate testing. Recent surveillance data show current screening is inadequate; in 2015, only 32% of Medicaid-enrolled children received appropriate testing. Physicians should provide clinical management for children with elevated blood levels and their families. CONCLUSIONS Physicians are a vital partner in preventing, identifying, and mitigating the effects of elevated blood lead levels for Wisconsin's children.
Total body calcium by neutron activation analysis in normals and osteoporotic populations: a discriminator of significant bone mass loss.

Measurements of total body calcium by neutron activation (TBC) in 94 normal individuals and 86 osteoporotic patients are reported. The ability of TBC to discriminate normal from osteoporotic females was evaluated with decision analysis. Bone mineral content (BMC) by single-photon absorptiometry was also measured. TBC was higher in males (range 826 to 1363 gm vs 537 to 1054 in females) and correlated with height in all normals. In females over age 55 there was a negative correlation with age. Thus, for normals an algorithm was derived to allow comparison between measured TBC and that predicted by sex, age, and height (TBCp). In the 28 normal females over age 55, the TBC was 764 +/- 115 gm vs. 616 +/- 90 in the osteoporotics. In 63 of the osteoporotic females an estimated height, from tibial length, was used to predict TBC. In normals the TBC/TBCp ratio was 1.00 +/- 0.12, whereas in osteoporotic females it was 0.80 +/- 0.12. A receiver operating characteristic curve showed better discrimination of osteoporosis with TBC/TBCp than with wrist BMC. By using Bayes' theorem, with a 25% prevalence of osteoporosis (estimate for postmenopausal women), the posttest probability of disease was 90% when the TBC/TBCp ratio wasmore » less than 0.84. The authors conclude that a low TBC/TBCp ratio is very helpful in determining osteoporosis.« less
Learning from Nature: Molecular Rearrangement in the Bismaleimide System Leading to Dramatic Increase in Impact Strength

Materials in nature such as nacre that are made of mechanically inferior building blocks exhibit extreme toughness at the macro scale because of the geometry and arrangement of their constituents. ...
Race, Ethnicity, Crime Type, and the Sentencing of Violent Felony Offenders:

Within the large body of literature on racial/ethnic disparities in criminal sentencing, some research has demonstrated that these relationships are conditional upon various legally relevant case c...
A novel inhibitor of HSP70 induces mitochondrial toxicity and immune cell recruitment in tumors

The protein chaperone HSP70 is overexpressed in many cancers including colorectal cancer, where overexpression is associated with poor survival. We report here the creation of a uniquely acting HSP70 inhibitor (HSP70i) that targets multiple compartments in the cancer cell, including mitochondria. This inhibitor was mitochondria toxic and cytotoxic to colorectal cancer cells, but not to normal colon epithelial cells. Inhibition of HSP70 was efficacious as a single agent in primary and metastatic models of colorectal cancer and enabled identification of novel mitochondrial client proteins for HSP70. In a syngeneic colorectal cancer model, the inhibitor increased immune cell recruitment into tumors. Cells treated with the inhibitor secreted danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMP), including ATP and HMGB1, and functioned effectively as a tumor vaccine. Interestingly, the unique properties of this HSP70i in the disruption of mitochondrial function and the inhibition of proteostasis both contributed to DAMP release. This HSP70i constitutes a promising therapeutic opportunity in colorectal cancer and may exhibit antitumor activity against other tumor types. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings describe a novel HSP70i that disrupts mitochondrial proteostasis, demonstrating single-agent efficacy that induces immunogenic cell death in treated tumors.
Fusion Transcript Detection from RNA-Seq using Jaccard Distance

Gene fusion events are quite common in prostate, lymphoid, soft tissue, breast, gastric, and lung cancers. This requires fast and accurate fusion detection methods. However, accurate identification requires whole genome sequencing. Current state of the art methods suffer from inefficiency, lack of sufficient accuracy, and generation of high false positive rate. In this research we present a parallel method to convert inefficient categorical space into a compact binary array and therefore, reduce the dimensionality of the data and speed up the computation. FDJD pipeline contains three steps: general alignment, fusion candidate generation, and refinement. In our research, Jaccard distance is used as a similarity measure to find the nearest neighbors of a given query binary fingerprint alongside a fast KNN implementation. We benchmarked our fusion prediction accuracy using both simulated and genuine RNA-Seq data sets. Fusion detection results are compared with the state-of-the-art-methods STAR-Fusion, InFusion and TopHat-Fusion. The paired-end Illumina RNA-Seq genuine data were obtained from 60 publicly available cancer cell line data sets. FDJD showed superior performance compared to popular alternative fusion detection methods in both simulated and genuine data sets. It attained 90% accuracy on simulated fusion transcript inputs. Of a total of 86 fusions predicted by at least three methods, we found 44 experimentally validated fusions using wisdom of crowds approach. FDJD is not the fastest among the studied methods. However, it achieved the highest accuracy.
Evidence of subclinical quantitative retinal layer abnormalities in AQP4-IgG seropositive NMOSD.

Background:Prior studies have suggested that subclinical retinal abnormalities may be present in aquaporin-4 immunoglobulin G (AQP4-IgG) seropositive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD),...
Emotional consequences of male infertility

Abstract Reproduction is often cast as only a women’s issue. The exclusion of men reflects cultural histories of women bearing the brunt of parenting and domestic life, and the related focus of reproductive medicine on women’s bodies. Yet focusing on women in infertility treatment is medically inaccurate, since male-factor infertility accounts for about half of infertile couples, with one-fifth of infertility cases solely the result of male factors. It also problematically reproduces gendered social inequalities, while obscuring men’s needs, difficulties, and lived experiences. Social scientists have identified and critiqued the omission of men from studies of reproduction and infertility amid rising interest in studying the relational and embodied nature of masculinities more broadly. This chapter explores these issues and provides a detailed description of medical and lifestyle causes for male-factor infertility.
Endocrine Aspects of Ozone Exposure in Rats

Exposure of male rats to ozone (1 ppm for 24 h) reduced plasma thyrotropin and thyroid hormones and increased prolactin levels. Cold stimulation immediately following exposure indicated that the hypothalamic mechanisms involved were functioning. The hypothalamic set-point, however, may be reduced in ozone-exposed animals and thus afford protection from ozone injury.
EFFECTS OF SODIUM CAPRYLATE ON CANDIDA ALBICANS II. Influence of Various Concentrations on Biochemical Changes

Payne, W. J. (University of Georgia, Athens) and E. R. Bannister. Effects of sodium caprylate on Candida albicans. II. Influence of various concentrations on biochemical changes. J. Bacteriol. 86:558–562. 1963.—Suspending resting cells of Candida albicans in buffered solutions of 0.1 m sodium caprylate resulted in leakage of K+, protein, ribonucleic acid (RNA), and carbohydrate (including glucose) but not of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or sterol. In 0.025 m caprylate, the yeast leaked carbohydrate but not any of the other metabolites, whereas at 2.5 × 10−3m or in buffer alone there was no significant leakage. Inclusion of 2.5 × 10−3m sodium caprylate in Sabouraud dextrose broth cultures, however, suppressed growth greatly. Assays of relative protein, RNA, and DNA contents of dried cells taken from the suppressed cultures revealed changes in the rates of production of each from those of untreated cultures.
Transcriptional activation of antioxidants may compensate for selenoprotein deficiencies in Amblyomma maculatum (Acari: Ixodidae) injected with selK- or selM-dsRNA.

The Gulf-Coast tick, Amblyomma maculatum, possesses an elaborate set of selenoproteins, which prevent the deleterious effects from oxidative stress that would otherwise occur during feeding. In the current work, we examined the role of selenoprotein K (SelK) and selenoprotein M (SelM) in feeding A. maculatum by bioinformatics, transcriptional gene expression, RNA interference and antioxidant assays. The transcriptional expression of SelK did not vary significantly in salivary glands or midguts throughout the bloodmeal. However, there was a 58-fold increase in transcript levels of SelM in tick midguts. Ticks injected with selK-dsRNA or selM-dsRNA did not reveal any observable differences in egg viability but oviposition was reduced. Surprisingly, salivary antioxidant activity was higher in selenoprotein knockouts compared with controls, which is probably the result of compensatory transcriptional expression of genes involved in combating reactive oxygen species. In fact, quantitative real-time PCR data suggest that the transcriptional expression of catalase increased in ticks injected with selM-double-stranded RNA. Additionally, the transcriptional expression of selN decreased ∼90% in both SelK/SelM knockdowns. These data indicate that SelK and SelM are salivary antioxidants but are not essential for tick survival or reproduction and are compensated by other antioxidant systems.
Towards a fracture mechanics for brittle piezoelectric and dielectric materials

A theoretical fracture mechanics for brittle piezoelectric and dielectric materials is developed consistent with standard features of elasticity and dielectricity. The influence of electric field and mechanical loading is considered in this approach and a Griffith style energy balance is used to establish the relevant energy release rates. Results are given for a finite crack in an infinite isotropic dielectric and for steady state cracking in a piezoelectric strip. In the latter problem, the effect of charge separation in the material and discharge in the crack are considered. Observations of crack behavior in piezoelectrics under combined mechanical and electrical load are discussed to assess which features of the theory are useful.
Convergence rates of "thin plate" smoothing splines wihen the data are noisy

We study the use of "thin plate" smoothing splines for smoothing noisy d dimensional data. The model is $$z_i = u(t_i ) + \varepsilon _i ,i = 1,2,...,n,$$ where u is a real valued function on a closed, bounded subset Ω of Euclidean d-space and the ei are random variables satisfying Eei=0, Eeiej=σ2, i=j, =0, i≠j, tieΩ. The zi are observed. It is desired to estimate u, given zl, ..., zn. u is only assumed to be "smooth", more precisely we assume that u is in the Sobolev space Hm(Ω) of functions with partial derivatives up to order m in L2(Ω), with m>d/2. u is estimated by un,m,λ, the restriction to Ω of ũn,m,λ, where ũn,m,λ is the solution to: Find ũ (in an appropriate space of functions on Rd) to minimize $$\frac{1}{n}\sum\limits_{i = 1}^n {(\tilde u(t_i ) - z_i ) + \lambda _i } ,\sum\limits_{1,...,i_m = 1_R d}^d {(\frac{{\partial ^m \tilde u}}{{\partial x_{i_1 } \partial x_{i_2 } ...\partial x_{i_m } }})^2 dx_1 ,dx_2 ,...,dx_d }$$
An assertion based technique for transistor level dynamic power estimation

With increasing complexity of submicron designs, transistor level power estimations and analyses have become a necessity. Power conscious synthesis and optimizations are critical aspect of design flow These require a fast approach to estimate average power and predict the upper bound. A novel assertion based approach for predicting worst dynamic power dissipation is presented here. This technique models all signal correlations within the design. It maximizes loading conditions using assertions to predict maximum power. An Elmore model is used for calculating delay-based power estimates. The technique allows for quick prediction of the power dissipated in the design without loss of much accuracy. It does not need any elaborate circuit simulation iterations. The input pattern dependence is eliminated using the Monte-Carlo approach.
Interconnecting heterogeneous networks to OSI with a global name scheme and gateway address mapping

The ongoing development of the OSI standards for computer communication prompts existing networks to provide OSI interconnectivity. Achieving this requires two mechanisms: a global scheme to name applications, and specific solutions to provide internetwork addressability between applications. The problem of identification of remote resources across between two networks is considered. A solution is presented for the case of the interconnection of OSI and of a generic non-OSI network architecture. The OSI model is presented first, then an integration strategy is developed, both for naming and addressing. An internetwork directory service instrumental to such an integration is introduced and developed in some detail. >
Corynebacterium CDC group G native and prosthetic valve endocarditis

We report the first case of native and recurrent prosthetic valve endocarditis with Corynebacterium CDC group G, a rarely reported cause of infective endocarditis (IE). Previously, there have been only two cases reported for prosthetic valve IE caused by these organisms. A 69-year-old female with a known history of mitral valve regurgitation presented with a 3-day history of high-grade fever, pleuritic chest pain and cough. Echocardiography confirmed findings of mitral valve thickening consistent with endocarditis, which subsequently progressed to become large and mobile vegetations. Both sets of blood cultures taken on admission were positive for Corynebacterium CDC group G. Despite removal of a long-term venous access port, the patient’s presumed source of line associated bacteremia, mitral valve replacement, and aggressive antibiotic therapy, the patient had recurrence of vegetations on the prosthetic valve. She underwent replacement of her prosthetic mitral valve in the subsequent 2 weeks, before she progressed to disseminated intravascular coagulation and expired. Although they are typically considered contaminants, corynebacteria, in the appropriate clinical setting, should be recognized, identified, and treated as potentially life-threatening infections, particularly in the case of line-associated bacteremias, and native and prosthetic valve endocarditis.
The next wave: Bringing together modeling and data

A Presidential Address provides one with the opportunity to look backwards and forward. Backwards to understand how we got to where we are now; forwards to suggest paths to further progress. I will focus on the range of research methods that the members of the Society use, how they have evolved during my engagement with the Society, and some suggestions of how we can develop them further.
Effect of methodological consideration on soil carbon parameter estimates obtained via the acid hydrolysis-incubation method

Abstract Many techniques such as the acid hydrolysis – incubation (AHI) method have been developed with the aim of elucidating the inherent complexity of soil organic carbon (SOC). While the utility of the AHI method has been demonstrated, there is no standardized protocol developed for conducting the long-term incubation component of the method. In the current study we evaluated the effects of chamber venting and mechanical headspace mixing on soil CO 2 flux rates and the resultant size and mean residence time of three operationally defined pools of SOC obtained via the AHI method. Continuous chamber venting resulted in an estimate of the readily mineralized carbon pool that was 2.3 times larger and turned over 2.9 times slower than the same pool estimated using periodically vented chambers. These differences were primarily attributed to the suppression of CO 2 flux in periodically vented chambers as a result of high internal CO 2 concentrations, and a concomitantly reduced diffusivity gradient. Prior to venting the periodically-vented chambers, CO 2 flux rates averaged 2.3 μg C (g soil) −1 d −1 , while CO 2 flux rates following venting averaged 222.6 μg C (g soil) −1 d −1 . We did not detect internal stratification of CO 2 suggesting that mechanical headspace mixing is unnecessary in incubation chambers ranging from 1 to 2 L. A standardized protocol is called for that isolates SOC fractions that are useful in hypothesis testing, while simultaneously seeking to minimize laboratory artifacts.
The synthesis and infrared spectra of some group Va chalcogenides

Abstract The trialkylstibine oxides, a poorly understood group of compounds, have now been unequivocally characterized. The fundamental stretching frequencies v (SbO), v (SbS), v (SbSe) and v (PTe) have been assigned in a series of compounds, R 3 MX where M is a P or Sb atom and X is O, S or Se.
Theoretical Studies on A3H3+ (A = C, Si, Ge) as π Ligands in Organometallic Chemistry

η3 π complexes of A3H3+ (A = C, Si, Ge) with the organometallic fragments Co(CO)3, Rh(CO)3, Ir(CO)3, Ni(CO)3, Co(PH3)3, and Ni(PH3)3 have been studied at the B3LYP and B3P86 levels using the 6-31G(d) basis on ligands and SBKJC-21G relativistic effective core potential and their associated basis sets on metals. All the π complexes are minima. In Si and Ge complexes there is a ligand to metal charge transfer, making Si3H3 and Ge3H3 cationic ligands, whereas in C complexes there is a small charge transfer from metal to ligand, making C3H3 ligands anionic. These remarkable differences in electronic structure between carbon and its heavier analogues are explained using molecular orbitals and natural charges. All the π complexes for Si and Ge are considered viable targets for synthetic pursuit.
Fibril Microstructure Affects Strain Transmission Within Collagen Extracellular Matrices

The next generation of medical devices and engineered tissues will require development of scaffolds that mimic the structural and functional properties of the extracellular matrix (ECM) component of tissues. Unfortunately, little is known regarding how ECM microstructure participates in the transmission of mechanical load information from a global (tissue or construct) level to a level local to the resident cells ultimately initiating relevant mechanotransduction pathways. In this study, the transmission of mechanical strains at various functional levels was determined for three-dimensional (3D) collagen ECMs that differed in fibril microstructure. Microstructural properties of collagen ECMs (e.g., fibril density, fibril length, and fibril diameter) were systematically varied by altering in vitro polymerization conditions. Multiscale images of the 3D ECM macro- and microstructure were acquired during uniaxial tensile loading. These images provided the basis for quantification and correlation of strains at global and local levels. Results showed that collagen fibril microstructure was a critical determinant of the 3D global and local strain behaviors. Specifically, an increase in collagen fibril density reduced transverse strains in both width and thickness directions at both global and local levels. Similarly, collagen ECMs characterized by increased fibril length and decreased fibril diameter exhibited increased strain in width and thickness directions in response to loading. While extensional strains measured globally were equivalent to applied strains, extensional strains measured locally consistently underpredicted applied strain levels. These studies demonstrate that regulation of collagen fibril microstructure provides a means to control the 3D strain response and strain transfer properties of collagen-based ECMs.
Is the electromagnetic field an invariant superposition of the 42 states of a basic field

It is shown that an invariant superposition of 42 symmetry-related states of a basic field can account for the experimental value of the fine-structure constant. Such a theory yields the formulaħc/e2=N(N−1)/4π=137.0324, withN=42 the order of the invariance group.
Sensitivity of Quantified Intracranial Aneurysm Geometry to Imaging Modality

The objective of this study is to assess the sensitivity of intracranial aneurysm geometry to the modality of imaging. Four imaging modalities—3D rotational angiography (3DRA), computed tomography angiography (CTA), contrast enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (CE-MRA), and time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography (TOF-MRA)—were assessed using data from a flow phantom and human subjects. A silicone flow phantom of the head and neck arteries with a 10 mm ACOM aneurysm was imaged using all four modalities under steady flow conditions. Three human subjects with mid to large sized intracranial aneurysm who had a 3DRA scan and one of CTA, CE-MRA, or TOF-MRA performed within a day were also studied. The aneurysm and contiguous vasculature were segmented for all available scans and geometric measures of their size (5 indices) and shape (6 indices) were estimated and compared. Visually, the size and shape of segmented 3D models of the aneurysms were similar across scan modalities for both the human subjects and the flow phantom. Consequently, the computed indices were consistent across modalities in the key morphometric indices. In conclusion, quantified indices of 3D geometry of the mid to large sized intracranial aneurysms investigated in this small study population are not sensitive to scanning modality.
On the monotonicity of the sum of subpermanents of doubly stochastic matrices

Let Ω n be the set of doubly stochastic matrices and Jn be the n×n matrix whose entries are all 1/n. Let σ k (A) denote the sum of all subpermanents of order k of A. In this paper we prove the monotonicity of σ m (tA+(1−t)Jn ) in the interval where n≥5 and m=4,5,…,n; and the monotonicity of Per(tA+(1−t)J 4) in the interval [0,3/4].
Nanoscale light modulators from silicon-liquid crystal hybrids

A novel light modulator device constructed by integrating nanoscale silicon mirrors with nematic liquid crystals is reported. The mirrors are composed of porous silicon Bragg reflectors, prepared via electrochemical etching of crystalline silicon. By controlling the etching parameters, the average pore size can be easily adjusted to accommodate the liquid crystal molecules. In our device, the pores are perpendicular to the multilayer structure and the pore size is 20 - 50 nm. It is shown that when voltage is applied to this composite device, the liquid crystal molecules re-orient such that their long axis aligns along the electric field. The molecular reorientation changes the refractive index of each layer, and accordingly the reflection of the mirrors is electrically modulated. The fabrication, optical characterization, molecular alignment, and operation of this novel device are discussed.
Planning for major facilities

Planning for facilities in a field in which the “state-of-the-art” is rapidly changing presents many problems. This article suggests methods which will help in the selection and evaluation of facilities in this climate. It also describes the development of a typical facility growth curve which brought some interesting facts into focus — for example, the contribution of basic research tools to new facilities. Ways are also described in which this typical growth curve can be used to help plan for new facilities, for example, to decide whether a new type facility should be started or a current but larger facility built; whether or not test time should be purchased while evaluating new designs, etc.
ELEMENTARY DERIVATION OF SPITZER'S ASYMPTOTIC LAW FOR BROWNIAN WINDINGS AND SOME OF ITS PHYSICAL APPLICATIONS

Simple derivation of Spitzer’s asymptotic law for Brownian windings (Trans.Am.Math.Soc. 87 ,187 (1958)) is presented along with its generalizations. These include the cases of planar Brownian walks interacting with a single puncture and Brownian walks on a single truncated cone with variable conical angle interacting with the truncated conical tip. Such situations are typical in the theories of quantum Hall effect and 2+1 quantum gravity respectively. They also have some applications in polymer physics. Extension of these results to the the multiple punctured case is also briefly discussed. It is technically associated with some results known in the context of string and conformal field theories and theories of quantum chaos.
Spectral method solution of the Stokes equations on nonstaggered grids

Abstract The Stokes equations are solved using spectral methods with staggered and nonstaggered grids. Numerous ways to avoid the problem of spurious pressure modes are presented, including new techniques using the pseudospectral method and a method solving the weak form of the governing equations (a variation on the “spectral element” method developed by Patera). The pseudospectral methods using nonstaggered grids are simpler to implement and have comparable or better accuracy than the staggered grid formulations. Three test cases are presented: a formulation with an exact solution, a formulation with homogeneous boundary conditions, and the driven cavity problem. The solution accuracy is shown to be greatly improved for the driven cavity problem when the analytical solution of the singular flow behavior in the upper corners is separated from the computational solution.
The PUVA lentigo: an analysis of predisposing factors.

Pigmented macules appearing in sun-protected sites of psoriatic patients treated chronically with oral methoxsalen photochemotherapy (PUVA) have been characterized as a lentiginous proliferation of relatively large, sometimes cytologically atypical, melanocytes (i.e., PUVA lentigines). In 1380 psoriatic adults followed prospectively, PUVA lentigines of any degree (slight, moderate, or extensive) were noted on the buttocks of 53% of patients at the most recent examination (an average of 5.7 years after starting PUVA). The frequency of moderate or extensive buttock lentigines at the most recent examination was positively associated with a greater number of PUVA treatments, an older age at starting PUVA, and male sex, and negatively associated with skin types V and VI. Moderate or extensive buttock lentigines were present in 17% of 693 patients who had not had PUVA for 1–2 years or longer. According to a regression analysis, the persistence of buttock lentigines was related in greatest measure to the total number of PUVA treatments received and was relatively independent of the time interval from the last PUVA treatment to the most recent examination or to "other" UV radiation therapy (predominantly UVB) received after PUVA was discontinued. Until the long- term course of PUVA lentigines is known, individuals who develop "fixed" pigmented lesions while on PUVA should be monitored continually for melanocytic dysplasias, including melanoma.
A POLITICAL ECONOMIC CRITIQUE OF GOOGLE MAPS AND GOOGLE EARTH

Using a political economic approach to communication, this paper critiques the Google company by examining Google Maps and Google Earth. Academic, media and daily lives discourses tend to ask three questions about Google. First, what other services does Google provide in addition to a search engine? Second, is Google an unconventional company? Third, does Google provide free information? By examining the development of Google Maps and Google Earth from an historical perspective, and by situating technological development in a broader socioeconomic context, the paper argues that Google employs a wide array of strategies to stay competitive in the information industry.
Do we need full compliance data for population pharmacokinetic analysis

For population pharmacokinetic analysis of multiple oral doses one of the key issues is knowing as precisely as possible the dose inputs in order to fit a model to the input-output (dose-concentration) relationship. Recently developed electronic monitoring devices, placed on pill containers, permit precise records to be obtained over months, of the time/date opening of the container. Such records are reported to be the most reliable measurement of drug taking behavior for ambulatory patients. To investigate strategies for using and summarizing this new abundant information, a Markov chain process model was developed, that simulates compliance data from real data from electronically monitored patients, and data simulations and analyses were conducted. Results indicate that traditional population pharmacokinetic analysis methods that ignore actual dosing information tend to estimate biased clearance and volume and markedly overestimate random interindividual variability. The best dosing information summarization strategies consist of initially estimating population pharmacokinetic parameters, using no covariates and only a limited number of dose records, the latter chosen based on an a priori estimate of the half-life of the drug in the compartment of interest; then resummarizing the dose records using either population or individual posterior Bayes parameter estimates from the first population fit; and finally reestimating the population parameters using the newly summarized dose records. Such summarization strategies yield the same parameter estimates as using full dosing information records while reducing by at least 75% the CPU time needed for a population pharmacokinetic analysis.
Relationship between milk production and mammary gland indices of guinea pigs.

Regression analysis related simulated production to simulated wet weight of mammary gland, weight of dry fat-free tissue, deoxyribonucleic acid content, and ribonucleic acid content for the first 21 days of lactation of the guinea pig. Coefficients of determination were .52 for wet weight, .03 for dry fat-free tissue, .84 for deoxyribonucleic acid, and .20 for ribonucleic acid. Coefficients of determination were larger when ascending and descending phases of lactation were considered separately. Milk production per unit mammary wet weight, dry fat-free tissue, deoxyribonucleic acid, and ribonucleic acid were related to day of lactation by an equation of the form Y = aXbecX, where Y was milk production per unit mammary gland growth, X was day of lactation, e was the base of natural logarithms, and a, b, and c were constants. Efficiency of milk production, defined as milk production per unit mammary size, increased with increasing milk yield.
Expression of fos-related antigens in the nucleus accumbens during opiate withdrawal and their attenuation by a D2 dopamine receptor agonist.

Previous studies from this laboratory indicated that D2 dopamine (DA) receptors within the nucleus accumbens (NAc) are important for regulating somatic signs of opiate withdrawal. The present study measured the expression of Fos-related antigens (FRAs) within the NAc during opiate withdrawal to determine whether decreases in somatic withdrawal signs produced by a D2 receptor agonist are accompanied by related changes in accumbens neuronal activity. In an initial experiment, quantitative analyses of FRA immunoreactivity revealed increases in the number of FRA-positive cells throughout the NAc of opiate dependent animals undergoing naltrexone-precipitated withdrawal relative to dependent or non-dependent animals that did not experience withdrawal. A second experiment showed that somatic signs and FRA expression within the NAc could each be attenuated when the D2 agonist propylnorapomorphine (NPA; 0.1 or 0.3 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered prior to naltrexone-precipitated withdrawal. These findings suggest that D2 regulation of neuronal activity within the NAc may be important for the expression of opiate withdrawal symptoms.
A simplified approach to resonance energy transfer in membranes, lipoproteins and spatially restricted systems

Abstract A general model is developed to simulate dipole-dipole resonance energy transfer in spatially restricted systems. At low concentrations of acceptor molecule, the overall quantum yield of a donor population can be defined quantitatively in terms of transfer to multiple defined acceptor regions. Energy transfer at higher acceptor concentrations can be approximated by assuming an exponential dependence of relative quantum yield on the acceptor concentrations. Through geometrical manipulations, this algorithm has been applied using an electronic calculator to systems in which donor-acceptor interaction is limited by unique steric restriction on donor and acceptor distribution within lipid aggregates. The systems that have been analyzed include monomolecular films, bilayer membranes, small cliscoidal lipid-protein complexes and plasma lipoproteins. The observed energy transfer from N -(2-naphthyl)-23.24- dinor -5-cholen-22-amide-3β-ol to N -dansyldimyristoylphosphatidyl-ethanolamine in a dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine bilayer agrees with that predicted by this model.
Dead-space theory predictions of excess-noise factor, breakdown voltage, and frequency response for thin avalanche photodiodes

The dead-space carrier multiplication theory properly predicts the reduction in the excess noise factor in a number of APDs. The theory is applied to measurements, obtained from J. C. Campbell and collaborators at the University of Texas, for InP, InAlAs, GaAs, and AlGaAs APDs with multiplication-region widths ranging from 80 nm to 1600 nm. A refined model for the ionization coefficients is reported that is independent of the width of the device multiplication region of each device. In addition, in comparison to predictions from the conventional multiplication theory, the dead-space multiplication theory predicts a reduction in the mean bandwidth as well as a reduction in the power spectral density of the impulse response. In particular, it is shown that the avalanching noise at high-frequencies is reduced as a result of the reduction of the multiplication region width.
Comments on anisotropic yield criteria

Abstract Limitations of several anisotropic yield criteria are discussed. Hill's 1948 criterion overestimates the variation of yield strength with direction, while the specializations of Hill's 1979 theory assume planar isotropy. Shear stress terms cannot simply be included in either the author's 1979 criterion or in Hill's 1979 general criteria. It is suggested that the author's criterion be modified so that it is expressed in terms of principal stresses rather than referring stresses to the symmetry axes.
Use of Factor Analysis in Recognizing Facies Boundaries: ABSTRACT

One of the vexing problems of geology is recognizing boundaries between facies that intergrade. For example, if a shale facies grades laterally into sandstone, where do you draw the line between the two facies? No matter where the boundary is placed, it is partly subjective and depends on what you consider to be important criteria--color, lithological proportions, thickness of beds, kinds of fossils, and so on. Factor analysis, a statistical technique, can help in determining facies boundaries by objectively establishing where major changes occur, once the criteria have been decided. As an experiment, a thin, continuous limestone unit within the Lower Permian Americus limestone was sampled at 27 localities along a 250-mile-long outcrop belt in Kansas and Oklahoma. The problem was to interpret variations along the outcrop belt and to decide where facies changes occur. Specimens from each of the localities were point-counted and were also analyzed chemically. As a result, 14 different constituents (percentages of bryozoans, fusulinids, crinoids, shells, intraclasts, visibly crystalline calcite, microcrystalline calcite, silica, magnesia, the R2O3 group, manganese, titanium, strontium, and vanadium) were quantitatively determined, and permitted comparisons between each of the 27 localities in terms of each of the 14 constituents. Factor analysis brought about a great simplification by showing that two basic variables, or factors, were sufficient to mark where major changes occur and where boundaries between four different facies should be placed. Thus, 2 factors substituted for 14 constituents. End_of_Article - Last_Page 529------------
Chrysanthemyl diphosphate synthase. The relationship among chain elongation, branching, and cyclopropanation reactions in the isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway.

The genes for chrysanthemyl diphosphate (CPP) synthase and farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) synthase from sagebrush, Artemisia tridentata spiciformis, were used to prepare a series of chimeric proteins to investigate the 1‘−4 chain elongation, 1‘−2 branching, and c1‘−2−3 cyclopropanation reactions that join isoprenoid units to build more complex structures. The two genes were modified by site-directed mutagenesis to generate an identical set of six unique restriction sites at identical locations. The locations were selected to place a restriction site between each of the five conserved regions found in prenyltransferases that catalyze chain elongation. A series of chimeric proteins were generated by replacing amino acids in FPP synthase, beginning at the N-terminus of the enzyme, with increasing stretches of peptide from CPP synthase. An analysis of the products produced by the chimeras revealed a transition from 1‘−4 chain elongation, to 1‘−2 branching, and ultimately to c1‘−2−3 cyclopropanation. These results...
Resolving conflict with humor in a diversity context

Examines how humor is related to alternative conflict resolution strategies. It also seeks to advance understanding further by examining how respondents’ group membership (race and gender) and demographic similarity with the conflict party influence the use of humor. Significant main effects and interactions were found. In short, the results suggest that humor is related to different types of conflict management strategies and that diversity factors tend to moderate this relationship.
Dynamic change in photosynthetic pigments and chlorophyll degradation elicited by cereal aphid feeding

The concentration of photosynthetic pigments (i.e., chlorophylls a and b, and carotenoids) and chlorophyll degradation enzyme (i.e., chlorophyllase, oxidative bleaching, and Mg-dechelatase) activities on aphid-damaged and non-damaged regions of the infested leaves were determined with two infestation periods (6 and 12 days). Russian wheat aphid [Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)] feeding caused significant losses of chlorophylls a and b and carotenoids in the damaged regions. However, bird cherry-oat aphid [Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)] feeding did not, except a significantly lower level of carotenoids was observed in the damaged regions from the short-infestation (6-day) samples. Interestingly, the non-damaged regions of D. noxia-infested leaves on both sampling dates had a significant increase of chlorophylls a and b and carotenoid concentrations when compared with the uninfested leaves. Although D. noxia feeding did not cause any changes in either chlorophyll a/b or chlorophyll (a + b)/carotenoid ratio between the damaged and non-damaged leaf regions on short-infestation (6-day) samples, a significantly lower chlorophyll a/b ratio was detected in long-infestation (12-day) samples. The assays of chlorophyllase and oxidative bleaching activities showed no significant differences between the damaged and non-damaged regions of the infested leaves on either sampling date. Mg-dechelatase activity, however, was significantly higher in D. noxia-damaged than non-damaged leaf regions from the short-infestation samples, while no differences were detected from the long-infestation samples. Furthermore, the long-infestation samples showed that Mg-dechelatase activity from both D. noxia-damaged and non-damaged regions increased significantly in comparison with the respective regions of either uninfested or R. padi-infested leaves. We infer that non-damaged regions of D. noxia-infested leaves compensate for the pigment losses in the damaged regions, and that Mg-dechelatase activity changed dynamically from a localized response to a systemic response as infestation duration extends. The findings from this study on cereal aphid-elicited chlorosis (or desistance) would help us to elucidate plant resistance mechanisms, in particular plant tolerance to non-defoliating herbivory.
2C or Not 2C: Phenethylamine Designer Drug Review

New groups of synthetic “designer drugs” have increased in popularity over the past several years. These products mimic the euphoric effects of other well-known illicit drugs but are advertised as “legal” highs and are sold over the internet, at raves and night clubs, and in head shops. The 2C series drugs are ring-substituted phenethylamines that belong to a group of designer agents similar in structure to 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy). Understanding the pharmacology and toxicology of these agents is essential in order to provide the best medical care for these patients. This review focuses on the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical effects, and treatment of 2C drug intoxication based on available published literature. Multiple names under which 2C drugs are sold were identified and tabulated. Common features identified in patients intoxicated with 2Cs included hallucinations, agitation, aggression, violence, dysphoria, hypertension, tachycardia, seizures, and hyperthermia. Patients may exhibit sympathomimetic symptoms or symptoms consistent with serotonin toxicity, but an excited delirium presentation seems to be consistent amongst deaths attributed to 2C drugs; at least five deaths have been reported in the literature in patients intoxicated with 2C drugs. 2C drugs are a group of designer intoxicants, many of which are marketed as legal, but may carry risks that consumers are unaware of. These drugs may be characterized by either serotonergic toxicity or a sympathomimetic toxidrome, but a presentation consistent with excited delirium is consistent amongst the reported 2C-related deaths. Treatment of 2C intoxication is primarily supportive, but immediate action is required in the context of excited delirium, hyperthermia, and seizure activity.
Lmx1b Is Required for Maintenance of Central Serotonergic Neurons and Mice Lacking Central Serotonergic System Exhibit Normal Locomotor Activity

Central serotonergic neurons have been implicated in numerous animal behaviors and psychiatric disorders, but the molecular mechanisms underlying their development are not well understood. Here we generated Lmx1b (LIM homeobox transcription factor 1 β) conditional knock-out mice ( Lmx1bf/f/p ) in which Lmx1b was only deleted in Pet1 (pheochromocytoma 12 ETS factor-1)-expressing 5-HT neurons. In Lmx1bf/f/p mice, the initial generation of central 5-HT neurons appeared normal. However, the expression of both 5-HT-specific and non-5-HT-specific markers was lost in these neurons at later stages of development. The loss of gene expression is concomitant with downregulation of Lmx1b expression, with the exception of serotonin transporter Sert and tryptophan hydroxylase TPH2 , whose expression appears to be most sensitive to Lmx1b. Interestingly, the expression of Pet1 is tightly coupled with expression of Lmx1b during later stages of embryonic development, indicating that Lmx1b maintains Pet1 expression. In Lmx1bf/f/p mice, almost all central 5-HT neurons failed to survive. Surprisingly, Lmx1bf/f/p mice survived to adulthood and exhibited normal locomotor activity. These data reveal a critical role of Lmx1b in maintaining the differentiated status of 5-HT neurons. Lmx1bf/f/p mice with normal locomotor function should provide a unique animal model for examining the roles of central 5-HT in a variety of animal behaviors.
The occurrence of the avian schistosome Allobilharzia visceralis Kolářová, Rudolfová, Hampl et Skírnisson, 2006 (Schistosomatidae) in the tundra swan, Cygnus columbianus (Anatidae), from North America

Twelve tundra swans, Cygnus columbianus (Ord), from Nevada and one from New Mexico were collected and examined for schistosomes. Mature worms, determined as Allobilharzia visceralis, were found in 92% of the swans, in the inferior mesenteric vein of the large intestine and its branches. In 12 cases, there was endophlebitis of the inferior mesenteric vein. The morphology of the worms is consistent with the recently described genus Allobilharzia. Placement in this genus was confirmed also by phylogenetic analysis of nuclear 28S, 18S and, internal transcribed spacer (ITS) ribosomal DNA (rDNA), and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (CO1) sequences. Data further suggest the worms are conspecific with the European A. visceralis, the only described species of the genus and which was found to be the sister taxon to the most diverse avian schistosome genus, Trichobilharzia. This is the first report of a schistosome infection from native swans in North America.