cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inner-Shell Ionization Cross Sections of Argon, Krypton, and Xenon by 1.5- to 5.0-MeV Protons

The radiative decay of $K$-shell vacancies of argon, krypton, and xenon, and $L$-shell vacancies of krypton and xenon, has been observed with a Si(Li) x-ray detector for thin gas targets of these atoms excited by 1.5- to 5.0-MeV protons. X-ray yields were measured as a function of target thickness under single-collision conditions, and inner-shell ionization cross sections were determined using atomic fluorescence yields. The $L$-shell ionization cross sections obtained are in good agreement with theoretical calculations in the plane-wave Born approximation. The $K$-shell cross sections show good agreement with these calculations for the argon $K$ shell, but fall above the theoretical values for krypton and xenon, the discrepancy with theory increasing with increasing atomic number. The binary-encounter model was also compared to the experimental $K$-shell ionization cross sections, and for all gases the agreement is somewhat worse. $\frac{K\ensuremath{\beta}}{K\ensuremath{\alpha}}$ relative intensities for krypton and xenon were determined, and good agreement of these values with the results of experiments using other modes of excitation is shown.
An efficient algorithm for product computations on computer

This paper presents an algorithm for computing the product of any two polynomials in the U-algebra of the split three dimensional simple Lie algebra L over an algebraically closed field of prime characteristic K, and expressing the product as a linear combination of standard monomials. All coefficients are taken from the prime field.
Blood donor suitability and allogeneic whole blood donation

Blood donor suitability criteria are designed to protect both the blood donor and blood recipient from harm. The risks for allogeneic (community) whole blood donors who give blood and for blood recipients who receive it are described. Blood donor suitability criteria are based on science, informed medical opinion, and regulatory rules. The criteria for many common conditions are described. Blood donor suitability criteria influence donor demographics and lead to specific deferral patterns. Age, gender, and hemoglobin deferral patterns are described. Finally, the negative effect of short-term temporary deferrals on future blood donations was reviewed.
Challenging patriarchal privelege through the development of international human rights

Abstract fundamental boundaries of patriarchal privelege have been preserved and perpetuated through the establishment of elaborate normative systems of gender-based oppression. These systems, flexible and responsive to diverse conditions, are fully operational across time and space, from the familial through the national and international levels. This article examines the issues of women's rights within the context of the struggle to conceptualize human rights. It reviews contemporary international efforts to establish human rights legislation and argues that the process has been seriously impeded by the patriarchal nature of the three generations of human rights. Although some sensitivity to issues of women's rights has been exhibited, the dismal conditions of women all over the world generally, and in Africa specifically, are due in large part to the disaggregation of women's rights from conceptualizations of human rights. It is argued that the demise of normative systems of gender-based oppression is dependent upon reconceptualizations that serve to merge women's rights with struggles to conceive of and implement human rights.
A mixed-integer programming formulation for the general capacitated lot-sizing problem

A new mixed-integer programming (MIP) formulation is presented for the production planning of single-stage multi-product processes. The problem is formulated as a multi-item capacitated lot-sizing problem in which (a) multiple items can be produced in each planning period, (b) sequence-independent set-ups can carry over from previous periods, (c) set-ups can cross over planning period boundaries, and (d) set-ups can be longer than one period. The formulation is extended to model time periods of non-uniform length, idle time, parallel units, families of products, backlogged demand, and lost sales.
Free neutron decay: a review of the contemporary situation

Abstract Experimental data on neutron decay parameters are reviewed. These are the neutron lifetime and various angular correlations between spin and momenta of the particles involved in neutron decay. The restrictions on scalar and tensor terms in the weak Hamiltonian, as well as possible admixtures by V+A currents, resulting from neutron decay experiments, are discussed. Reasonable agreement with the predictions of the V−A theory can be certified.
Resident Populations in a Retirement Community

The process and quality of care in a retirement community were studied using qualitative research methods. Data were collected using interview, document review, and participant observation methods. Both care-givers and residents were interviewed to determine the process and qualiv of care at Broadrnead Lifetime Care Center. The results of the study indicated that the process of care was effective and that the qualiry of care was good. The majority residents reported they were satisfied with their care.
Spectroscopic measurements to determine temperature and carbon particle size in an absorbing propane diffusion flame

Abstract Self-absorbed radiation from solid carbon particles in an axially symmetric propane diffusion flame, as well as from the sodium D line (5890 A), was examined spectroscopically. Radial distributions of the emission and absorption coefficients were obtained by inverting lateral specific intensity data. The temperature distribution was obtained by applying Kirchoff's law to the local emission and absorption coefficients. Carbon particle temperature agrees with the sodium D line temperature over a major portion of the carbon zone. Absorption measurements of the carbon particles were made at wavelengths ranging from 2330 A to 11,000 A. From these measurements, the size of the carbon particles is estimated to be between 200 A and 300 A.
Identity Transformation, Hegemonic Masculinity and Research on Professionalization

Despite more than two decades of antidiscrimination policies, diversity measures, and greater gender equality in graduate school admissions, recent studies reveal that hegemonic masculinity remains dominant in the socialization processes common to most professions. Hegemonic masculinity refers to the current dominant form of masculinity, which is a culturally idealized form of behavior that creates and reinforces institutions of male dominance over women and other men, including working class and men of color (Connell, Masculinities, Polity Press, Cambridge, 2005). These socialization processes involve the transformation of cognitive skills, the inculcation of ethical values, and emotions. I address the masculine nature of professionalization and suggest that centering on the ‘female’ professions in future research would provoke important questions about alternatives to standard ‘male’ forms of professionalization. I conclude by identifying directions for future research, particularly using action research to examine resistance and the institutionalization of inequalities in the professions.
Temporal confusions and limited capacity processors

Abstract Theories of limited channel capacity should have some implications on the temporal properties of information processing. Little experimental evidence on this topic is available. Four types of observations are mentioned: 1. 1. The perception of a sequence of single auditory notes when the notes are drawn from two different samples of frequencies. 2. 2. The perception of very fast presented visual items. 3. 3. The perception of very fast presented auditory items, some items being presented twice in succession. 4. 4. The reversal error in short term memory experiments. Results of some informal investigations are presented, which demonstrate that resolution of time relations among stimuli depends not simply on temporal factors, but also on stimulus-properties.
Cognitive Principles in Mobile Learning Applications

As m-learning (mobile-learning) applications are rapidly growing, it is important to incorporate principles of human cognition in those applications. In the present study, a foreign language learning application environment was developed using various learning methods in order to identify optimal m-learning applications. Using computer-based learning experiments that assimilate an m-learning environment, participants were tested over their long-term memory retention of newly learned German vocabulary words. Specifically, we compared the effectiveness of rote learning, retrieval practice, repeated retrieval practice, and the keyword method. Experiment 1 showed that repeated retrieval practice was more beneficial for memory especially for longer retention intervals. Experiment 2 yielded that repeated retrieval practice was more effective for learning German vocabulary words than the keyword and rote learning methods. No statistical differences were found between the keyword and rote learning conditions. The present research suggests that retrieval practice can be effectively incorporated in m-learning applications. Implications and future directions are discussed.
F-Aggregate Center Formation at Low Temperatures in KCl

Measurements of the F-center concentration, nF, and M-center concentration, nM, for KCl samples irradiated with 1.5 MeV electrons at low temperatures show that the ratio nM/nF2 for electron irradiation is only one-half that found previously for X-ray irradiated crystals. The electron results are in appreciably better agreement with the value to be expected from a statistical model and an M-band oscillator strength obtained by optical bleaching techniques. The discrepancy between the electron irradiation and X-ray irradiation results is discussed and it is concluded that the statistical model, according to which an M-center appears whenever two F-centers are produced at adjacent sites, may not be adequate to describe F- and M-center introduction at low temperature. Messungen der Konzentrationen nF und nM von F- und M-Zentren in KCl, bestrahlt mit 1,5 MeV Elektronen bei tiefen Temperaturen, zeigen, das das Verhaltnis nM/nF2 bei Elektronenbestrahlung nur halb so gros ist wie bei Rontgenbestrahlung. Die Elektronenergebnisse sind in erheblich besserer Ubereinstimmung mit dem Wert der von einem statistischen Modell und von einer mit anderen optischen Methoden erhaltenen Oszillatorstarke geliefert wird. Wir diskutieren den Unterschied zwischen Elektronenbestrahlung und Rontgenbestrahlung und schliesen, das das statistische Modell, bei dem ein M-Zentrum erscheint, wenn zwei F-Zentren als Nachbarn produziert werden, nicht immer eine hinreichende Erklarung der F- und M-Zentren-Erzeugung liefert.
Communication transmitter phase noise compensation based on the self-downconversion architecture

A novel phase noise (PHN) compensation scheme for communication transmitters is proposed. The proposed scheme downconverts the transmitted passband signal and oscillator output to the baseband by multiplying themselves with delayed and conjugated replicas. The baseband information provided by the additional signal paths helps to estimate the oscillator PHN. In the literature, there are two commonly used PHN models: Wiener PHN and stationary PHN. The proposed scheme compensates both types of PHN effectively. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme can significantly reduce the PHN.
Evaluating comparative potencies: developing approaches to risk assessment of chemical mixtures.

The U.S. EPA must provide guidance as to health risk assessment of mixtures from a variety of sources such as wastewaters, hazardous waste sites and air particulates. One approach to risk assessment of mixtures is to add up risk assessments for individual components identified as part of the mixture, after considering the potential for interaction among those components. This provides an index of hazard potential but not a quantitative estimate. When data on mixture components are incomplete, but these components are isomers or congeners of a well-studied chemical, another technique--use of toxic equivalency factors--can be applied. This approach has been proposed for estimating risk associated with chlorinated dioxins and dibenzofurans. A third approach, that of relative or comparative potency, is based on the assumption that for similar but not necessarily definable complex mixtures, a measure of relative potency based on data from in vitro tests can be correlated in a constant fashion with relative potency from an in vivo bioassay. The degree of confidence in the appropriateness of a relative potency method rests upon the way potency is measured and the validity of underlying assumptions (the degree to which these assumptions can be tested). One class of assumptions involves choicemore » of the model or procedure for deriving the quantitative risk estimates. A second set of assumptions deals with mechanism of action, and whether such considerations add bias or, in fact, refine the relative potency judgment. The choice of short-term tests appropriate for use in establishing the potency relationships is also a factor to be considered. This paper presents examples of proposed uses of relative potency in risk assessment and outlines some areas for further study. 16 references.« less
Synthesis and photoinitiated cationic polymerization of 1,2,3‐tris(1‐propenoxy) propane

The synthesis of 1,2,3-tris (1-propenoxy) propane (GTPE) was carried out by the rearrangement of 1,2,3-tris(2-propenoxy) propane (glycerol triallyl ether, GTAE) and the Z: E isomer composition of the GTPE was determined using gas chromatography and 1HNMR. The photoinitiated cationic polymerization of the GTPE was studied using realtime infrared spectroscopy (RTIR). Employing the data from these studies, rates of polymerization for the respective E and Z propenyl ether double bonds were calculated. The rate of incorporation of Z-double bonds of GTPE into the crosslinked polymer matrix is 1.6 times that of E-double bonds. The effects of oxygen and several other free radical polymerization inhibitors were investigated. An increase in the photogel time and decrease of the gel-content in the presence of these inhibitors implicates the involvement of free radicals in the process of the generation of propagating cationic centers when diaryliodonium salt cationic photoinitiators are used. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Initiation and Reinitiation of Anticoagulation Therapy

A thorough understanding of the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of the most commonly prescribed anticoagulants is necessary to ensure optimal therapeutic outcomes and patient safety. Evidence is available to guide some, but not all aspects of anticoagulation therapy initiation. Issues related to the initiation of anticoagulation therapy, including the resumption of therapy following interruption of anticoagulation for invasive procedures, are reviewed. Initiating unfractionated heparin (UFH), low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH), or fondaparinux is challenging for patients with renal dysfunction and obesity. UFH is preferred in patients with severe renal dysfunction. Morbidly obese patients may require higher than usual prophylactic doses of LMWH. Therapeutic doses of LMWH should be based on actual body weight, even in obese patients. Currently available evidence does not demonstrate the superiority of one initial warfarin dose over another. All anticoagulants increase the risk of bleeding and should therefore only be initiated in appropriately selected patients with sufficiently low underlying bleeding risk.
Two-level adaptive training branch prediction

High-performance microarchitectures use, among other structures, deep pipelines to help speed up exe- cution. The importance of a good branch predictor to the effectiveness of a deep pipeline in the presence of condi- tional branches is well-known. In fact, the literature contains proposals for a number of branch prediction schemes. Some are static in that they use opcode information and profiling statistics to make predictions. Others are dynamic in that they use run-time execution history to make predictions. This paper proposes a new dynamic branch predictor, the Two-Level Adaptive Paining scheme, which alters the branch prediction algorithm on the basis of information collected at run-time. Several configurations of the Two-Level Adaptive Training Branch Predictor are introduced, simulated, and compared to simulations of other known static and dynamic branch prediction schemes. Two-Level Adaptive Training Branch Prediction achieves 97 percent accuracy on nine of the ten SPEC benchmarks, compared to less than 93 percent for other schemes. Since a prediction miss requires flushing of the speculative execution already in progress, the relevant metric is the miss rate. The miss rate is 3 percent for the Two-Level Adaptive Training scheme vs. 7 percent (best case) for the other schemes. This represents more than a 100 percent improvement in reducing the number of pipeline hushes required.
Formation of food aversions in cancer patients receiving repeated infusions of chemotherapy

Patients receiving emetogenic chemotherapy for cancer have been found to develop aversions to normal dietary items consumed in close temporal relation to treatment administrations. These aversions are presumed to develop via conditioning processes as demonstrated in experimental studies of food aversion learning. The present study used a prospective, longitudinal design to evaluate the possible role of conditioning in the formation of aversions to normal dietary items in women receiving adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer. Patients were monitored for the development of aversions to foods and beverages consumed in the 24 hr periods before and after each of eight consecutive chemotherapy infusions beginning with the initial infusion. Data on the prevalence, course, and prediction of aversions to normal dietary items are reported. These results pointed to similarities and differences between aversions formed to normal dietary items during chemotherapy treatment and aversions formed to taste stimuli during experimental conditioning studies. In addition to their theoretical significance, results also suggest possible strategies for preventing the clinical problem of aversions to normal dietary items in chemotherapy patients.
Assessment of the skeletal status by peripheral quantitative computed tomography of the forearm: Short-term precision in vivo and comparison to dual X-ray absorptiometry

In order to assess precision of peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT), duplicate bone mineral density (BMD) measurements at the radius were performed in 20 healthy premenopausal, 20 healthy postmenopausal, and 20 osteoporotic postmenopausal women using a Stratec XCT-960 system. The short-term reproductibility in vivo for the total, trabecular, and cortical regions of interest (ROI) was expressed as the absolute precision error (standard deviation, SD) and as the relative precision error (SD/mean x 100, or coefficient of variation, CV, in %). Reproducibility in vivo was good in all volunteers but was influenced by the study group and the ROI. The precision error for trabecular BMD was 3 mg/cm3, or about 1.6%. This is large relative to the aging decrease of 0.22%/year, or to the difference (12 mg/cm3, or 7%) between osteoporotic women and postmenopausal controls. In order to compare pQCT to dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at the forearm and at the lumbar spine (L1-L4), 40 premenopausal healthy controls, 40 postmenopausal healthy controls, and 35 postmenopausal osteoporotic women were assessed. DXA measurements performed at the ultradistal, middistal, 1/3, and total ROI of the radius showed only moderate correlations between r = 0.38--0.75, r = 0.27--0.64, and r = 0.38--0.53 for the comparison versus pQCT total BMD, versus pQCT trabecular BMD, and versus pQCT cortical BMD, respectively. Correlations of DXA at the lumbar spine and pQCT were between r = 0.18 and 0.44. DXA at radius and spine was able to discriminate between post- menopausal controls and osteoporotic women (p = 0.001--.004),but BMD measurements by pQCT did not show this ability (p = 0.15--0.52). However, two nonstandard pQCT parameters, namely the surface area of the cortical bone and the cortical BMC were factors that discriminated well between these two groups (p = 0.002, p = 0.005, respectively). These pQCT parameters also yielded the highest relative annual changes in pre- and post-menopausal control subjects. The measurement of cortical bone in the distal radius proved to be a good predictor of vertebral fracture status and was a good indicator of age-related skeletal change. Our data emphasize the importance of cortical measurements when using pQCT of the radius to assess osteoporosis.
APS undergraduate brainstorming summit report

in 2004, the Education Committee was charged with seeking additional strategies to increase the exposure of undergraduate students to physiology studies and careers. Following a reaffirmation of this charge in the 2006 strategic plan, the American Physiological Society (APS) hosted an undergraduate
Incidence of and risk factors for colistin-associated nephrotoxicity in a large academic health system

Background. Colistin, originally abandoned due to high rates of nephrotoxicity, has been recently reintroduced due to activity against carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative organisms. Recent literature, largely obtained from outside the United States, suggests a lower rate of nephrotoxicity than historically reported. Methods. A retrospective cohort of all patients who received colistin for $48 hours at the Detroit Medical Center over a 5-year period was performed to determine the rate of colistin-associated nephrotoxicity as defined by the RIFLE criteria. Results. Fifty-four (43%) patients in the cohort developed nephrotoxicity. Patients who experienced nephrotoxicity after colistin administration were in the Risk (13%), Injury (17%), or Failure (13%) categories per RIFLE criteria. Patients who developed nephrotoxicity received significantly higher mean doses than those who did not (5.48 mg/kg per day vs 3.95 mg/kg per day; P , .001), and the toxicity occurred in a dose-dependent fashion. Independent predictors for nephrotoxicity were a colistin dose of $5.0 mg/kg per day of ideal body weight (odds ratio [OR], 23.41; 95% confidence interval [CI], 5.3‐103.55), receipt of concomitant rifampin (OR, 3.81; 95% CI, 1.42‐10.2), and coadministration of $3 concomitant nephrotoxins (OR, 6.80; 95% CI, 1.42‐32.49). Conclusions. In this retrospective cohort, nephrotoxicity (as defined by RIFLE criteria) occurred among 43% of treated patients in a dose-dependent manner. Higher colistin doses, similar to those commonly used in the United States, led to a relatively high rate of nephrotoxicity. These data raise important questions regarding the safe use of colistin in the treatment of multidrug-resistant pathogens.
Climatic Variability and Sustainability of Crop Yield in the Moist Tropics

Except on the most fertile and level sites, production systems that attempt to mimic natural ecological processes are more likely to yield sustained crops of food and fiber in the humid tropics than are high technology systems introduced from ecologically very different developed countries. The climates and soils of the humid tropics are more diverse and variable than is commonly realized. The same biological processes that occur in tropical forests after natural disturbance occur in cultivated areas. This fact should be taken advantage of in design of sustainable agricultural systems. Row crops and small grains are ecologically better adapted to temperate than to tropical regions. Although the extreme view of the causal relationship between diversity and stability in ecosystems has been discredited, monocultures are more susceptible to disease and insect attack than are multi-species stands. Increasing atmospheric CO2 is unlikely to have a great effect on tropical climate, but there could be an important fertilizing impact. Production of biomass fuel should be considered as part of a multiple cropping system. Implementation of an ecologically based multiple cropping system will require site-specific agricultural research, substantial skill on the part of farmers, and overcoming serious social, economic, and institutional barriers.
Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer/Lynch syndrome in three dimensions

Background Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) is defined by family history, and Lynch syndrome (LS) is defined genetically. However, universal tumour testing is now increasingly used to screen for patients with defective mismatch repair. This mixing of the results of family history, tumour testing and germline testing produces multiple permutations and combinations that can foster confusion. We wanted to clarify hereditary colorectal cancer using the three dimensions of classification: family history, tumour testing and germline testing. Methods Family history (Amsterdam I or II criteria versus not Amsterdam criteria) was used to define patients and families with HNPCC. Tumour testing and germline testing were then performed to sub-classify patients and families. The permutations of these classifications are applied to our registry. Results There were 234 HNPCC families: 129 had LS of which 55 were three-dimensional Lynch (family history, tumour testing and germline testing), 66 were two-dimensional Lynch and eight were one-dimensional Lynch. A total of 10 families had tumour Lynch (tumours with microsatellite instability or loss of expression of a mismatch repair protein but an Amsterdam-negative family and negative germline testing), five were Lynch like (Amsterdam-positive family, tumours with microsatellite instability or loss of expression of a mismatch repair protein on immunohistochemistry but negative germline testing), 26 were familial colorectal cancer type X and 95 were HNPCC. Conclusion Hereditary colorectal cancer can be confusing. Sorting families in three dimensions can clarify the confusion and may direct further testing and, ultimately, surveillance.
Experimental Reynolds Stress Spectra in Hot Supersonic Round Jets

The motion and evolution of coherent structures in supersonic jet flows is directly related to the intense noise the flow generates. As a preliminary study to experimentally address these relationships, novel non-intrusive measurements using two-component laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) have been conducted at exceptionally high data rates to lend insight into the statistical behavior of noise-generating flow structures. A new heated supersonic jet facility has been constructed to provide supersonic flow at total temperatures ratios up to 3. The new LDV used here allows for highly spatially and temporally resolved measurements of velocity in the hot supersonic jet under study. In the present work, the instrumentation is validated via comparison of LDV measurements along the centerline of a screeching cold jet with microphone and high-speed shadowgraph results. LDV results for the local appearance of screech tones and harmonics in the Reynolds stress spectra are presented for an over-expanded case (nozzle pressure ratio of 3.2) of a design Mach number 1.65 nozzle operated cold ( = 1). A preliminary study was then conducted in the nearnozzle shear layer, up to x/d = 4.0, at design nozzle pressure ratio (4.58) and total temperature ratio of 2.0. Results are presented for Reynolds stress time-delay correlations and power spectra at Red = 1.1M for this case. The stream-wise Reynolds normal stress spectra are compared with published spectral behavior reported by other researchers, indicating a similar spectral shape in the downstream stations as previously measured with LDV and hot wire anemometry for cold jets, but which differ in shape from density-based techniques. The results reveal spectral detail of an interesting transition region between the nozzle turbulent boundary layer and the jet shear layer in which flow time scales are exceptionally small and spectral signatures of large scale instabilities are superimposed on the incoming boundary layer turbulence. The results point toward the importance of very high frequency coherent phenomena in this region, particularly evident in the radial and shear stresses time-delay behavior.
253 COMPARISON OF HEME OXYGENASE ACTIVITY IN GUT-ASSOCIATED LYMPHOID TISSUES AND THE INTESTINE.

Heme oxygenase (HO) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the heme degradation pathway, which leads to the formation of equimolar amounts of carbon dioxide (CO), iron, and biliverdin. Biliverdin is quickly reduced to bilirubin by biliverdin reductase. These bioactive products of HO provide a potent cytoprotective effect through its antioxidant, antiapoptotic, and anti-inflammatory functions. Although HO is thought to be crucial for maintaining normal gastrointestinal (GI) function, the inducible HO-1 isozyme (which is up-regulated by endotoxin, heme, stress, etc.) may also have an important role in response to pathogens encountered in the GI tract. Previously, we have found that HO activity is significantly reduced in the jejunum of young compared with adult mice. Since neonates are acutely susceptible to GI infections, we hypothesized that HO (specifically HO-1) may be important in protection and in the response to infection. HO has been well characterized in the epithelium of the small intestine, but little is known about HO in the gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT), specifically the Peyer9s patches (PP) and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN). The GALT plays a major role in immune surveillance and may be key to the neonate9s susceptibility to infection. Therefore, we sought to characterize total HO enzyme activity not only in the intestinal tissue but also in the GALT of adult mice. Total HO activity was determined in the following tissues: jejunum, jejunum-PP (jejunum with PP removed), PP, MLN, cecum, and colon by measurements of CO using gas chromatography. The jejunum-PP had significantly less activity (40.6 ± 22.6) than the jejunum with PP intact (113.3 ± 9.7). HO activity in the PP and MLN was 109 ± 33.8 and 95.8 ± 15.2, respectively, and was significantly greater (two- to threefold) than that in the jejunum-PP, cecum (48.2 ± 16.3), and colon (32.8 ± 6.6). In conclusion, we report for the first time the presence of HO activity in the PP and MLN of the GALT and that HO activity in these tissues is significantly greater than other intestinal tissues. We speculate that HO in the GALT may be important in protection and response to GI infections since its reduced expression in the intestine of young mice correlates with their increased susceptibility. This work was study was supported in part by National Institutes of Health grant #HL68703, the Mary L. Johnson Research Fund, and the Christopher Hess Research Fund.
Characteristics of sandstone reservoir of section 3 of Shahejie formation in the Yellow River mouth sag

Based on the data of slide of rock,clay mineral,and porosity-permeability of sandstone reservoir,it is clarified that the sandstone reservoir of section 3 of Shahejie formation of Paleogene in Area A of Yellow River mouth sag mainly consists of arkose and lithic arkose,the sandstone reservoir is in B period middle diagenesis stage,and the pores of the sandstone mainly consist of dissolution mould pore,inner-grain dissolution pore and inter-grain dissolution pore.The sub pore,the mineral compositions dissolved are feldspar and calcite.
Food Habits and Selection for Umbrella Bamoo (Fargesia robusta) of Wildness Training Giant Panda

The food habits and selection for the umbrella bamboo of the wildness training giant panda "Xiangxiang" was studied from July 2003 to September 2004 in Wolong Nature Reserve.We determined food items from the direct observations of foraging behavior and from the type classifications of training panda's droppings.The selection and utilization of umbrella bamboo of the training panda was investigated by the sampling methods and analyzed by the statistical software of SPSS.In the training area,the main diets of the training panda "Xiangxiang" included the adult bamboos,young bamboos,bamboo shoots and dead bamboos of umbrella bamboo and its organs,some of Yushania brevipaniculata,grass and Smilax stans stems.The seasonal variation of food composition of training panda was similar to the wild giant pandas.The training panda mostly ate the branches and leaves of umbrella bamboo from September to December,the adult bamboo's stalks of umbrella bamboo from June to April,the shoots of umbrella bamboo in May,and the young umbrella bamboo's stalks from June to August.Meanwhile,the training panda preferred to choose thick adult stems and shoots and young stems(basal diameter 12 mm),but it is obviously different from the bamboos selected and utilized by the training panda in each age class of umbrella bamboo.
Influencing factors of strength on full lightweight shale ceramsite concrete

Because the strength of full lightweight concrete( FLC) is affected by many factors,and the ranges of design parameters of mix ratios are also wide in related specifications,which results in difficulties of mix design. Therefore,in order to determine the parameters of the optimal proportions,a series of strength factors on full lightweight shale ceramsite concrete( FLSCC) are researched experimentally. The test results show that the FLSCC strength depends mainly on the strength of cement mortar and aggregate,and pre-wetted time. The concrete strength and water / binder( W / B) ratio have also an inverse relationship,but the strength has an upper limit; similarly,sand ratio too. Secondly,the axial compressive strength is similar to the cube strength,and the compressive strength of 7 days is also close to that of 28 days. Thirdly,the stress- strain curve shape of the FLSCC is similar to ordinary one,but the elastic modulus is lower,the peak strains and the total strains are larger. Thusly,it is suitable for anti-seismic and anti-blast and anti-impact structures.
Recovery of Bladder Function after Spinal Cord Transection

AbstractAll dogs having undergone spinal cord transection in our study exhibited a postoperative phase of spinal shock, with complete urinary retention and areflexic detrusor. This shock phase lasted between 2 and 6 weeks. Sequential pressure studies of paraplegic dogs substantiated the clinical supposition that urinary retention during spinal shock phase is caused by an unresponsive detrusor. The sphincteric mechanism could not be implicated as an etiologic agent. Return of detrusor reflex activity was observed in all animals.
Prostatic Adenocarcinoma: Relationship of Grade and Local Extent to the Pattern of Metastases

AbstractIn 100 consecutive cases of prostatic adenocarcinoma treated by pelvic lymphadenectomy and interstitial implantation of 125I the relationship of tumor stage, size and grade was analyzed relative to the incidence and site of metastases, and the response of the primary tumor to irradiation. High stage, large size and poor histological differentiation were associated with a significantly higher probability of pelvic lymph node metastases. The response of the primary tumor to irradiation was significantly higher among patients with small stage B tumors and/or those with negative pelvic lymph nodes. Important determinants of metastases subsequent to 125I implantation were the large size of the primary tumor, poor histological differentiation, seminal vesicle invasion, large (more than 3 cc) volume of lymph node metastases and absence of local prostatic response to irradiation.
Potential autocrine and paracrine mechanisms of recovery from mechanical injury of renal tubular epithelial cells

The present studies were done to clarify potential pathways of the nephrogenic repair process. Media removed from mechanically injured vascular smooth muscle cells and LLC-PK1 renal tubular epithel...
Point Cloud Mapping Methods for Documenting Cultural Landscape Features at the Wormsloe State Historic Site, Savannah, Georgia, USA

Documentation of the three-dimensional (3D) cultural landscape has traditionally been conducted during site visits using conventional photographs, standard ground surveys and manual measurements. In recent years, there have been rapid developments in technologies that produce highly accurate 3D point clouds, including aerial LiDAR, terrestrial laser scanning, and photogrammetric data reduction from unmanned aerial systems (UAS) images and hand held photographs using Structure from Motion (SfM) methods. These 3D point clouds can be precisely scaled and used to conduct measurements of features even after the site visit has ended. As a consequence, it is becoming increasingly possible to collect non-destructive data for a wide variety of cultural site features, including landscapes, buildings, vegetation, artefacts and gardens. As part of a project for the U.S. National Park Service, a variety of data sets have been collected for the Wormsloe State Historic Site, near Savannah, Georgia, USA. In an effort to demonstrate the utility and versatility of these methods at a range of scales, comparisons of the features mapped with different techniques will be discussed with regards to accuracy, data set completeness, cost and ease-of-use.
The juridical place of maritime traders

Chapters 3–6 deal with the place of emporoi and nauklēroi both in the states they traded with and in the states they came from. Chapter 3 concerns the maritime trader's juridical place (whether citizen or foreigner where he traded); Chapter 4, his level of wealth relative to others in a polis; Chapter 5, the official polis attitude to traders; and Chapter 6, attitudes of citizens within the polis to traders. Most of the evidene concerns those trading at Athens. Were they mainly Athenians? Since so much of our information dates from the fourth century, it is best to begin there and then consider separately the evidence from the fifth. The great majority of those trading with Athens in the fourth century appear to be non-Athenians: Aeschines (1.40) casually refers to “the emporoi or other foreigners or citizens…”; and of the sixty-one fourth-century emporoi and/or nauklēroi in the Catalogue only twelve are Athenians trading with Athens. Another revealing piece of evidence is more oblique: the speaker in [Lys.] 22 urges the jury (22.21) to “court” (Χαριeῖσθe) the emporoi who trade with Athens by voting death for the grain dealers, the implication being that if the emporoi are not courted they might take their grain elsewhere. Since one of the Athenian maritime laws ( nomoi emporikoi ) forbade Athenian citizens and metics to carry grain elsewhere, the speaker must be assuming that emporoi are non-citizen, even non-resident.
Value of Neonicotinoid Seed Treatments to US Soybean Farmers.

BACKGROUND The benefits of neonicotinoid seed treatment to soybean farmers have received increased scrutiny. Rather than use data from small-plot experiments, this research uses survey data from 500 US farmers to estimate the benefit of neonicotinoid seed treatments to them. As seed treatment users, farmers are familiar with their benefits in the field and have economic incentives to only use them if they provide value. RESULTS Of the surveyed farmers, 51% used insecticide seed treatments, averaging 87% of their soybean area. Farmers indicated that human and environmental safety is an important consideration affecting their pest management decisions and reported aphids as the most managed and important soybean pest. Asking farmers who used seed treatments to state how much value they provided gives an estimate of $US 28.04 ha−1 treated in 2013, net of seed treatment costs. Farmer-reported average yields provided an estimated average yield gain of 128.0 kg ha−1 treated in 2013, or about $US 42.20 ha−1 treated, net of seed treatment costs. CONCLUSION These estimates using different data and methods are consistent and suggest the value of insecticide seed treatments to the US soybean farmers who used them in 2013 was around $US 28–42 ha−1 treated, net of seed treatment costs. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
A Few Reflections on the Quality of Emergence in Complex Collective Systems

A number of elements towards a classification of the quality of emergence in emergent collective systems are provided. By using those elements, several classes of emergent systems are exemplified, ranging from simple aggregations of simple parts up to complex organizations of complex collective systems. In so doing, the factors likely to play a significant role in the persistence of emergence and its opposite are highlighted. From this, new elements for discussion are identified also considering elements from the philosophy of Leibniz.
Influence of processing speed on adult age differences in learning.

Two studies were conducted with adults from a wide range of ages to investigate the mechanisms by which a slower processing speed contributes to adult age differences in short-term learning. Although statistical control of measures of perceptual speed substantially reduced the agerelated variance in measures of associative leaming and of maze leaming, there was little evidence that speed exerted its effbcts through processes of forgetting previously correct responses or perseverating with the same incorrect resDonses.
Patient and Healthcare System Delays in the Start of Pulmonary Tuberculosis Treatment Among Tribal Patients Registered Under DOTS, Odisha.

INTRODUCTION Tuberculosis (TB) is a highly infectious disease which continues to be an important public health problem worldwide. AIM This study puts an effort to determine patient and health system delay in diagnosis and treatment and association to specific types of delay among tribals in Mayurbhanj district, Odisha. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 261 TB patients reporting to 4 TB Units of Mayurbhanj were interviewed using pre-tested structured questionnaire. Extra-pulmonary TB patients and death cases were excluded. Data entry and analysis was carried out in Epi-info 3.32 version. Chi-square test was used to test the association between dependant variable (patient and health system delays) with different independent variables (age, sex, reasons for delay etc.). RESULTS Median patient, health system and total delay were 24, 3 and 24 days respectively. Risk factors that were significantly associated with patient delay were education (95% CI= 1.01-1.11, p=0.015), cost of treatment/transport (95% CI=0.87-1.01, p=0.020), distance (95% CI=1.00-1.29, p=0.002) and lack of awareness about TB (95% CI=1.01-1.34, p=0.001). Health system delay risk factors were distance (95% CI=0.32-0.96, p=0.043), delay due to administrative verification (95% CI=1.18-57.97, p= 0.005) and delay due to traditional healers/ private practitioners (95% CI=1.61-15.45, p=0.0008). CONCLUSION This study revealed longer patient delay compared to health system delay. Therefore, public awareness in tribal dialect about chest symptoms and availability of free diagnostics services should be increased along with involvement of traditional healers.
Kinetic Analysis of Allosteric Enzymes

Publisher Summary Allosteric enzymes are defined as those enzymes that can mediate indirect interactions between distinct sites. They are characterized by a sigmoidal response of the initial rate to increasing substrate or inhibitor concentration. An increasing number of allosteric enzymes exhibit another type of deviation of the binding curves for ligands from the classical Michaelis hyperbola. Such complex saturation curves can result from the positive or negative cooperative interaction between distinct binding sites for the same ligand. Allosteric enzymes are composed of more than one subunit. The oligomeric structure of allosteric enzymes provides for the necessary multiplicity of and distinctness of identical sites. The modulation of enzymatic activity by metabolites that are structurally unrelated to the substrate bears evidence to the indirect interaction between binding sites for different ligands. By virtue of these properties, allosteric enzymes are endowed with a versatile potential for regulation of their catalytic activity.
Consumer Profiling Using Fuzzy Query and Social Network Techniques

Web communities possess the unprecedented ability to map out with ease the networks of communication linking their users. This social connectivity information combined with the instant-feedback nature of web interactivity creates the potential for advanced, automated consumer profiling systems to be used for targeted advertisements and other commercial purposes. This research proposes one method for consumer profiling inspired by social network theory that is based on the BISC Decision Support System. Real-world applications and possible ethical concerns are explored in some detail.
Results of a Prospective Phase II Trial of Limited and Extended Rituximab Treatment in Nodular Lymphocyte Predominant Hodgkin's Disease (NLPHD).

Background: NLPHD represents a unique clinical entity characterized by limited peripheral nodal disease, an indolent behavior with a frequent relapse pattern following radiotherapy or chemotherapy, and late treatment-related effects. Distinct from classical HD, the malignant cells of NLPHD are universally CD20+ and we therefore postulated that rituximab may have activity with fewer adverse effects. Methods: In this prospective phase II trial, patients (pt) with untreated or relapsed CD20+ NLPHD and measurable disease were eligible to receive four weekly doses of rituximab at 375 mg/m2. Restaging studies after completion of all treatment were performed at 1, 3 and 6 months (mo), and every 6 mo thereafter to progression. Endpoints were estimated response rate, freedom from progression (FFP) and safety. We previously reported that FFP was less than 1 year despite the fact that all patients responded to a limited, weekly × 4 treatment (Ekstrand et al. Blood 101:4285, 2003). The protocol was then modified to repeat 4 weekly 375 mg/m2 doses at 6 mo intervals for 2 yr. One patient received an extended rituximab course after progression on the limited course. Results: Pt received limited (n=23, 12 previously untreated) or extended (n=16, 9 previously untreated) rituximab. Median age at treatment was 44 yr (17–71) with 26 males. Among 21 previously untreated pt, stages were I (6), II (8), or III (7). Median follow-up is 60 months (mo) for all pt, 72 mo for limited and 30 mo for extended treatment pt. Treatment-related adverse events were minimal and no grade 3 or 4 toxicities were reported. All but 1 pt responded (OR 97%) with CR/CRu in 27 (69%), and PR in 11 (28%) and SD in 1 (3%). CR/CRu was achieved in 56% limited and 88% extended rituximab pt (p=0.08). No difference was observed in previously treated v untreated pt. To date, 17 progressions (15 limited, 2 extended rituximab) have been recorded. Median FFP was 24 mo for limited and not reached for extended rituximab (p=0.03). FFP at 30 months was estimated at 52% for limited rituximab and 88% for extended rituximab pt. Four pt transformed to large cell lymphoma (one after multiple relapse treatments). Three deaths occurred, one each due to colon cancer, acute leukemia (pt heavily pre-treated with radiation and MOPP), and large cell lymphoma. For all 38 pt, median follow-up from diagnosis is 7.5 yr (range (<1–38) and survival from diagnosis is estimated at 97% at 10 yr and 85% at 20 yr. Conclusions: Rituximab is an effective treatment in de novo or recurrent NLPHD that may be associated with fewer adverse effects than conventional therapy. FFP is prolonged with an extended treatment but additional follow-up is needed to better assess the duration of benefit.
Liddle Syndrome in Association with Aortic Dissection

Liddle syndrome is a rare form of autosomal dominant monogenic hypertension manifested as an early onset of resistant hypertension with either no response or suboptimal response to conventional antihypertensive therapy. If there is a delay in diagnosis, uncontrolled hypertension can lead to end organ damage. To our knowledge, aortic dissection has not been reported in association with this disease. We report a case of a dissecting aortic aneurysm occurring in association with Liddle syndrome.​.