cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
796 DEVELOPMENT OF ANTIBODY TO STAPHYLOCOCCAL EPIDERMOLYTIC TOXIN (ET)

Skin lesions of the Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome (SSSS) caused by ET elaborated by staph infection, are either localized (bullous impetigo) or generalized (toxic epidermal necrolysis). The role of specific ET antibody in determining disease susceptibility was investigated in normal people and in SSSS. Antibody to ET, type A, was measured by radioimmunoassay and bioassay: Anti ET was found only > 8 days in generalized SSSS. 5 children with SSSS 2° to the serologically distinct ET type B were studied. 4 remained anti ET A negative, 1 had high anti ET A levels throughout illness. In 238 normal individuals the % possessing anti ET A increased with age: Anti ET is specific to ET type and develops in response to infection with ET A+staph. Localized SSSS may develop and progress despite antibody while generalized SSSS, due to hematogenous ET dissemination, is prevented by specific anti ET. High prevalence of antibody among persons > 10 yrs. may explain the rarity of generalized SSSS in adults.
Selective olfactory deficits in case H.M.

A variety of olfactory capacities were evaluated in H.M., a patient with bilateral medial temporal lobe resection. He demonstrated normal performance on a battery of tests of odour detection, discrimination of intensity, and adaptation. In striking contrast, H.M. was unable to discriminate or identify odours in same-different discriminations and in matching-to-sample tasks. Although he could name common objects using visual or tactile cues, he could not identify them by smell. These results indicate that the perceptual phenomena of odour detection and discrimination are dissociable by cerebral damage, and that structures in the medial temporal lobe play a critical role in odour discrimination.
Electric field intensity and wall heat transfer measurements for the heating region of an atmospheric cascade arc

Abstract Electric field intensity and wall heat transfer measurements have been made for the inlet and asymptotic regions of Ar, He and N2 laminar, atmospheric arcs. Comparisons between the data and available equilibrium and nonequilibrium theories have been made in an attempt to determine the relative accuracy of single and multifluid arc models. Equilibrium predictions for the asymptotic arc region in argon agree with the experimental results to within the combined experimental and theoretical uncertainties. There exist, however, small but discernable departures at both the lower and higher arc currents in argon. In contrast, the nonequilibrium theory predictions are in excellent agreement with the data over the entire range of currents. Additional comparisons suggest that atmospheric helium arcs are characterized by radical departures from local thermodynamic equilibrium.
On the existence of generalized inverses

Abstract Conditions are given for the existence of a generalized inverse of a ring morphism, and the results are related to the theory of semi-simple Artinian rings. Necessary and sufficient conditions are also given for the existence of a generalized inverse of a morphism on real inner product spaces.
A SPECIALIST'S QUOTED DEPTH AS A STRATEGIC CHOICE VARIABLE: AN APPLICATION TO SPREAD DECOMPOSITION MODELS

Although there is a sizable literature demonstrating that liquidity and transaction costs are multidimensional, researchers continue to estimate adverse-selection costs using only prices. We present a model of a profit-maximizing specialist who posts prices and depths. The model is simulated to measure changes in the adverse-selection component of the spread that result under different levels of informed trading. We find that spread decompositions fail to capture the full extent of adverse-selection risk when specialists choose depth. We recommend that researchers use adverse-selection measures that account for depth as well as spread to mitigate this problem.
My identity is my membership: A longitudinal explanation of online brand community members’ behavioral characteristics

Brands play an increasingly important role in consumers’ purchasing decisions in today's post-modern era. Researchers have noticed the formation of a new type of human community – online brand community, where similar interests and experiences bring brand users into a social group, and where community members share product information, knowledge, experience and identity. Brand community helps to identify the perceived social image of consumers, and consumers also use an online brand community to gain the identity recognized by their peers. This article develops a longitudinal framework to describe and explain online brand community members’ brand attachment and their distinctive behaviors. Managerial implications are provided for brand managers in how to properly utilize online brand community to increase and maintain brand equity. To maintain competitive advantage in the post-modern marketplace, companies must invest in their online brand communities, with the objective of developing a positive brand identity through trust and input from the community members.
The fascinating early history of optics! Archaeological optics 2009: our knowledge of the early history of lenses, mirrors, and artificial eyes!

The early history of optics and vision science (older term: physiological optics) is indeed fascinating. The earliest known true lenses have been found in "eyes" of Egyptian statues which contain superb, complex, and well-polished eye-lens units. The oldest ones known are dated circa 2575 BCE = BC, Dynasty IV, Old Kingdom. These eye-lens units induce a fascinating and powerful visual illusion, but they are just too good to have been the first lenses, or even the first lenses of this design! So saying, no earlier dateable lenses have been found in Egypt or elsewhere. Recently, at the Boston Museum of Fine Arts, the writer noted a previously undetected lens in this series (a first in the Western Hemisphere). Oddly, dateable simpler magnifying lenses and burning glasses seem to have appeared later in time (?)! Manufactured mirrors are quite a bit older, dating from circa 6000 BCE in atal Hyk, located in south-central modern-day Turkey. Using these ancient mirrors, the image quality obtained is remarkable! Recently discovered ancient artificial eyes, located, in situ, in exhumed corpses, have been dated circa 3000 BCE (one discovered in Iran) and 5000 BCE (one found in Spain). On the 3000 BCE artificial eye, there are drawn light rays (the writer believes these to be the oldest known depiction of light rays!) spreading out from (or passing into) the iris/ pupil border! Added interesting aspects associated with the early development of light-rays are considered. Thus, early optics can be readily traced back to the Neolithic era (the new stone age), and in some cases before that time period. We have deep roots indeed!
Posttransplant Lymphoproliferative Disorders After Liver Transplantation: Analysis of Early and Late Cases in a 255 Patient Series

We reviewed the incidence and the impact of posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLDs) on patient survival among a consecutive series of 255 patients. Five cases of PTLD were observed in adults: two cases were early (less than 1 year) and three cases, late lymphomas. The EBV positivity and the degree of immunosuppression were the main risk factors. We labeled cases as early or late according to whether the time elapsed from the transplant to the first clinical evidence of PTLD was less than 12 months. The median time from transplant to diagnosis of PTLD was 8 (early) and 108 (late) months. All cases were treated by reduction in immunosuppressive therapy with conventional chemotherapy and rituximab. The early cases with lymphoma located at the hepatic hilum died due to local complications (biliary sepsis and hemobilia), after an initial partial response to chemotherapy. The three patients with late cases are in remission after a mean follow-up of 23 months.
Fluorescence Decay Times: Proteins, Coenzymes, and Other Compounds in Water

The fluorescence decay time (τ) was 2 to 5 nanoseconds for proteins and 4 to 5 nanoseconds for flavin, pyridine nucleotide, and vitamin B6coenzymes; τ varied widely in 48 compounds measured in water. Altholugh reported values of τ for a few of the soluttions studied were in excellenlt agreement. previously "calculated" lifetimes, in severall instances, are apparently erroneous. Nonexponential decay was detectable with our "nanosecond-flash" apparatus, a modification of the first commercially aavilable unit for determination of τ.
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF FUNGUS GNATS AS POLLINATORS

Fungus gnats (Sciaridae and Mycetophilidae) are the principal pollinators of Listera cordata (L.) R. Br. (Orchidaceae) and Scoliopus bigelovii Torr. (Liliaceae) in coastal redwood forests of northern California. Although primitive diptera have generally been regarded as relatively inefficient pollinators, fruit set for both species is high: 61-78% for L. cordata (1976-1978) and 94.3-98.5% for S. bigelovii (1978-1979). Since probability of pollination per visit is low, we attribute high fruit set to the large number of gnats present at our study sites and corresponding large number of visits to flowers. The relative frequency of geitonogamous vs. xenogamous pollen flow was estimated by emasculating flowers and subsequently comparing pollen reception or fruit set of emasculates with controls. Results for both species indicate that interplant movement of pollen is common. Thus, fungus gnats can be effective pollen vectors, both in terms of overall fruit set and potential for cross-pollination. SMALL, PRIMITIVE DIPTERA such as fungus gnats are generally regarded as inefficient pollinators (Faegri and van der Pijl, 1971; Leppik, 1977; Moldenke, 1976). Compared to larger, more advanced flies (syrphids, bombyliids) and bees, they are weak, short-range fliers; their foraging behavior is not consistent, and their smooth, relatively hairless bodies are expected to carry few pollen grains. These considerations notwithstanding, the actual effectiveness of fungus gnats as pollinators has never been documented with the exception of brief remarks by van der Pijl and Dodson (1966) on the pollination of Stelis aemula Schltr. (Orchidaceae) by dark-winged fungus gnats (Sciaridae) and by Stebbins (1971) on the pollination of Aristolochia californica Torr. (Aristolochiaceae) by fungus gnats (Mycetophilidae). In this paper we report on an investigation of the pollination biology of two species, Listera cordata (L.) R. Br. (Orchidaceae) and Scoliopus bigelovii Torr. (Liliaceae), that rely on fungus gnats and dark-winged fungus gnats as principal pollen vectors in the coastal redwood forests of northern California. Specifically, we examine the hypothesis that fungus gnats deliver relatively low quality pollinator service. The dimensions of pollinator effectiveness we consider are (a) percent fruit and seed set and (b) relative levels of within-plant vs. be
Starfish oocyte maturation and fertilization: intracellular pH is not involved in activation.

Abstract Intracellular pH (pH i ) was assayed during the hormonally induced maturation of oocytes of the starfish Pisaster ochraceus . Cytoplasmic pH was measured by the DMO method, and concurrently, the initiation of maturation was determined by germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and the increase in protein synthesis (percentage incorporation of amino acids). Our results indicate that (1) oocyte pH i rises slightly after initiation of maturation; (2) GVBD is not inhibited by acidifying pH i ; and (3) amino acid incorporation can be affected by large changes in pH i , but not by the small pH i change promoted by maturation. Therefore, activation of GVBD and amino acid incorporation must proceed by mechanisms which do not include changing pH i . These conclusions appear to be true of oocyte activation by fertilization as well, for the pH i change following insemination is even smaller than during maturation. These results are discussed in terms of mechanisms by which dormancy is controlled.
Relative positioning of toleranced polyhedral parts in an assembly

Parts with geometric (size and shape) variations generate uncertainties in every assembly configuration. The resultant uncertain assemblies are far more complicated than the nominal assembly configurations. To perform tolerance analysis, the real positions of variant parts in a variant assembly configuration need to be investigated. In this paper, a relative positioning scheme is proposed to determine the optimal configuration of variant parts in an assembly. A method of calculating and representing positions of 3D polyhedral parts in assembly has been presented. Translational and rotational constraints, which are developed corresponding to the extra degrees of freedom caused by the shape and size variation of parts, have been formulated. By computing translational and rotational constraints, the allowed motion space for each mating pair is obtained. Assembly configuration uncertainties caused by part variations are clarified by realizing the transformation of the object part according to the objective function. A 3D example is given to explain how the proposed relative positioning scheme is used in tolerance analysis of assemblies.
Characterization of the A1 adenosine receptor-adenylate cyclase system of cerebral cortex using an agonist photoaffinity ligand.

Endogenous adenosine acting via A1 adenosine receptors is capable of inhibiting adenylate cyclase activity and neurotransmitter release in the brain. In this report, we describe the synthesis and attributes of a new series of A1 adenosine receptor agonists. One of these, [125I]N6-2-(4-amino-3-iodophenyl)ethyladenosine, can be used as a radioligand and another, [125I]N6-2-(4-azido-3-iodophenyl)ethyladenosine, as a photoaffinity probe. The unlabeled ligand, N6-2-(4-aminophenyl)ethyladenosine, and its iodinated product are full agonists, inhibiting cyclic AMP production in rat cerebral cortex membranes to the same extent as the prototypic A1 agonist N6-R-1-phenyl-2-propyladen-osine. These new ligands are not substrates for adenosine deaminase. The new photoaffinity azide described here labels an Mr 38,000 protein that displays all the pharmacological characteristics expected of the A1 adenosine receptor. This is the same molecular-weight protein previously described using a cross-linking radioligand. This new azide compound demonstrates a 15-fold higher efficiency of incorporation, making it the photoaffinity probe of choice for tissues containing low concentrations of A1 adenosine receptors.
Psychological, physical, and interpersonal correlates of emotional expressiveness, conflict, and control

This article examines the relations between emotional expression, conflict over expression, and emotional control and psychological and physical distress. Fifty married couples completed two mail‐i...
Complete recovery of growth deficits after reversal of PTU-induced postnatal hypothyroidism in the female rat: A model for catch-up growth

Newborn rats of both sexes were treated from birth with the anti-thyroid goitrogen, n-propylthiouracil (PTU) given in the drinking water of the litter (0.1% w/v). One group received the treatment for 25 days, another for 50 days, and a third group for 120 days. The experimental rats showed growth retardation as well as all other classical signs of developmental arrest or delays induced by postnatal hypothyroidism. In order to assess the ability of the hypothyroid animals to recover spontaneously from the retarded state, at days 25, 50 and 120 postnatal the PTU water was replaced with tap water. In each case, within 5-7 days after PTU withdrawal the animals began to show marked compensatory growth accompanied by many signs of behavioral and physiological recovery. In general, the male rats showed higher compensatory growth rates as compared to the females, enabling them to attain significantly higher body weights. However, when growth recovery was followed for up to 6 months it was found that the male rats were unable to attain complete catch-up growth, regardless of the age at which recovery began, while the females of all age groups were able to achieve this goal. In view of the severity of PTU-induced growth retardation, these results suggest significant plasticity of growth processes in the rat, especially in the female. It is suggested that male and female rats recovering from prolonged PTU-induced growth retardation offer a good model system for the study of biochemical, anatomical and physiological aspects of growth recovery and catch-up growth at both the cellular and organismic levels, particularly in relation to the effects of thyroid, growth hormone, and other growth-promoting factors.
The relationship between smoothness and performance during the practice of a lower limb obstacle avoidance task

The relationship between performance (movement time) and smoothness was examined as subjects (n = 8) practiced a simple lower limb obstacle avoidance task. Smoothness was quantified by endpoint 3D jerk-cost, partitioned into magnitudinal and directional components. Data were collected with two WATSMART cameras at a sampling rate of 200 Hz for three sets of two trial blocks, including trials 1, 2, 13, 14, 25, and 26. Ten practice trials were performed between blocks of recorded trials. A DLT method was used to reconstruct 3D position coordinates of the fifth metatarsal of the subject's right (dominant) foot, considered to be the endpoint. After the data were smoothed with a fourth order, zero lag Butterworth filter, the time period was normalized so that a comparison of jerk-cost could be made between trials. Very rapid decreases in both movement time and jerk-cost measures were followed by gradual decreases, indicating that the movement became smoother as performance improved. Correlation coefficients between movement time and the various components of jerkcost ranged from 0.70 to 0.78, supporting the hypothesis that moving more smoothly enables a person to move more rapidly during an obstacle avoidance task.
Metabolic engineering of Rhodobacter sphaeroides for improved hydrogen production

Abstract Rhodobacter sphaeroides 2.4.1 is a facultative photosynthetic purple nonsulfur bacterium that can generate hydrogen by using sunlight and organic carbon sources under anaerobic conditions. Hydrogen is produced by the nitrogenase. To optimize hydrogen production, we combined in a single strain several mutations known to enhance hydrogen production in anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria. The first metabolic engineering approach involved elimination of the major reductive pathways (electron sinks) that compete for electrons with the nitrogenase. A strain containing mutations in the pathways involving hydrogen uptake hydrogenase (hupSL), poly-β-hydroxybutyrate synthesis (phbC), and light harvesting complex-II (pucBA) showed significantly increased hydrogen production. The second approach involved increasing immediate electron flow to nitrogenase via the Rnf complex. This strategy resulted in modest improvements in hydrogen yield. The third approach involved upregulating nitrogenase expression and decoupling its expression from the presence of ammonium in the growth media. Mutations in the nifA gene, encoding the master transcriptional activator of nitrogen fixation genes, were found to be most effective for increasing total hydrogen yield, accelerating hydrogen production, and making this process tolerant to the presence of ammonia in the medium. The combination of beneficial mutations resulted in an additive and superior hydrogen producing strain of R. sphaeroides.
Tdp2: a means to fixing the ends.

© 2013 Nitiss, Nitiss. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Surface segregation in an Al–4.2 at% Ag alloy

Abstract The equilibrium surface composition of a polycrystalline Al–4.2 at% Ag alloy has been measured as a function of temperature using Auger electron spectroscopy. These results indicate that silver segregates to surfaces with an apparent enthalpy of segregation of about −38.5 kJ/mol. The equilibrium average surface composition of the alloy has been calculated as a function of surface orientation using the Lee–Aaronson discrete lattice plane model. A modified regular solution model originally due to Alexander et al. was used to represent the interactions between Al and Ag atoms. While this model successfully described the relevant portion of the Al–Ag phase diagram and the faceting behavior of GP zones in Al rich Al–Ag alloys, it predicted no surface segregation of Ag in the present studies. These results are in contrast to the results obtained experimentally. Possible reasons for the lack of agreement are considered. Finally, the surface segregation of silver measured by AES was compared with that predicted by the Gibbs adsorption isotherm, wherein the latter calculation made use of the results of ultra high vacuum measurements of the bulk composition dependence of the surface tension of α Al–Ag alloys (to be reported elsewhere). Qualitative agreement was found between the two experimental methods, both indicating enrichment of Ag at the free surfaces.
Gene expression analysis of TFII-I modulated genes in mouse embryonic fibroblasts.

TFII-I is a founding member of a family of helix–loop–helix transcription factors involved in modulation of genes through interaction with various nuclear factors and chromatin remodeling complexes. Recent studies indicate that TFII-I performs important function in cell physiology and mouse embryogenesis. In order to understand its molecular role, TFII-I was overexpressed in primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and alterations in gene expression were monitored with a mouse 16 K oligonucleotide microarray. These studies allowed us to identify genes that lie downstream of TFII-I-dependent pathways. Among the modulated candidates were genes involved in the immunity response, catalytic activity, signaling pathways and transcriptional regulation. Expression of several candidates including those for the interferon-stimulated protein (G1p2), small inducible cytokine A7 (Ccl7), ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme 8 (Ube2l6), cysteine-rich protein (Csrp2) and Drosophila delta-like 1 homolog (Dlk1) were confirmed by real-time PCR. The obtained results suggest that TFII-I participates in multiple signaling and regulatory pathways in MEFs. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 308B:225–235, 2007. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Aerosol charging by bipolar ions of unequal current densities: experiments in low electric fields

Abstract Results of experimental measurements of the electrical charge acquired by aerosols exposed to unequal current densities of positive and negative ions are presented. Highly monodisperse polystyrene aerosols ranging in size from 0.3 to 1.1 μm in diameter are exposed to air ions in the presence of electric fields between 100 and 500 V/cm. Mean aerosol charge is determined by integral mobility analysis. Charge levels are found to depend on particle size, ion current density ratio, electric field strength, and the product of ion conductivity and charging time. Time-dependent behavior is characterized by the accumulation of a steady-state level of charge. Diffusion charge is obtained by extrapolation of data obtained in low fields to E = 0. Classical diffusion theory and experiment are in close agreement for the unipolar case and for steady-state bipolar conditions at low current density ratios, but differ slightly under bipolar transient conditions.
Professing Political Theory

Political theorists cannot reasonably maintain an institutional attachment to the discipline of political science and claim a place in the curriculum of the field while professing intellectual auto...
A case of Müllerian adenosarcoma of the uterus treated with liposomal doxorubicin

Abstract Objective We report on a case of uterine a denosarcoma responsive to treatment with liposomal doxorubicin (Doxil). Methods The clinical course, histopathology, and radiologic studies of the case were reviewed and are reported. Results A 69-year-old woman presented to our institution with dehydration and failure to thrive, and recurrent uterine adenosarcoma, 9 months after initial diagnosis. She had undergone total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy at the time of diagnosis, followed by two cycles of Ifosfamide and treatment with megestrol acetate. The patient presented to our institution for hospice care placement, severely dehydrated and with lethargy and with recurrent disease in the pelvis and vagina. She underwent treatment with six cycles of liposomal doxorubicin with a marked response. Given the development of Grade II hand–foot syndrome, liposomal doxorubicin was stopped and two cycles of carboplatin/paclitaxel chemotherapy were administered. Given the patient's disease progression on this regimen, surgical cytoreduction for localized recurrent disease was then performed. The patient developed disease recurrence after a 7-month disease-free interval and 2 years after initial diagnosis. Following another two cycles of liposomal doxorubicin, the patient underwent another cytoreductive procedure for recurrent disease. Two months later, the patient expired, 29 months after diagnosis and 20 months after initial treatment with liposomal doxorubicin chemotherapy. Conclusion Liposomal doxorubicin appears to be active in the treatment of recurrent uterine adenosarcoma.
Developing a University Learning Community of Critical Readers and Writers: The Story of a Liberal Arts and IEP Partnership

Integrating English language learners into the academic mainstream is a critically important goal. For students who are learning content in their second or third language as well as negotiating the university's social context, integrating into the mainstream academic environment can be challenging. Instructors at a public university intensive English program (IEP) addressed these problems by developing a common reading project and creating a learning community composed of U.S. native-English-speaking freshman in a critical reading class and intermediate- and advanced-level IEP students in integrated skills courses. Communities of practice, inquiry, and creativity were built through the process of coplanning and coteaching and through methods and activities implemented in the classroom. Through collaboration on a common reading and theme, Night by Elie Wiesel, and genocide, the instructors built a supportive learning environment that was mutually beneficial to both groups. In this article, the instructors discuss the nature of the learning community, present theories related to cross-cultural learning communities, and explain how intercultural communities support the distinctive goals of a liberal arts education. Then they describe the process of developing curriculum for the common reading project and share findings from student questionnaires evaluating the project.
THE LASTING EFFECTS OF ADAPTIVE PLASTICITY: PREDATOR‐INDUCED TADPOLES BECOME LONG‐LEGGED FROGS

Changes in environmental conditions often alter the traits of individuals; however, we have a poor understanding of how changes in phenotypically plastic traits early in development may affect traits later in life. Such effects are of particular interest in organisms with complex life cycles in which early and late life stages can have drastically different morphologies and occupy different habitats. In this study, I examined how differences in the mass, morphology, and larval period of wood frog tadpoles (Rana sylvatica) subsequently affected the mass and morphology of metamorphic frogs. I found three major patterns: (1) larval mass and larval period were positively related to metamorphic mass; (2) larval period was positively related to metamorph hindlimb and forelimb length and negatively related to metamorph body width; and (3) larval body length was positively related to metamorph forelimb size. I then used these correlations to interpret the connection between the traits of predator-induced tadpoles and the subsequent traits of metamorphic frogs. Tadpoles reared with caged predators (aeshnid dragonflies) developed relatively deeper tail fins and had shorter bodies, lower mass, and longer developmental times than tadpoles reared without predators. Metamorphs emerging from larval predator environments exhibited no differences in mass but developed relatively large hindlimbs and forelimbs and narrower bodies than metamorphs emerging from predator-free larval environments. These differences arose primarily due to predator-induced changes in larval development time and not due to the predator-induced changes in larval morphology. By focusing on a large number of traits and a wide range of trait values, one can readily generate predictions about how a variety of environments, which alter traits early in development, can subsequently alter traits later in development.
Idiopathic Precocious Puberty in Girls: Psychiatric Follow-up in Adolescence

Precocious puberty leads to conspicuous discrepancy between physique and chronological age associated with an array of psychosocial sequelae. Clinical case reports have suggested considerable psychopathology in some children with this condition which may continue into teenage and young adulthood. We present data from a first systematic controlled follow-up study of 16 adolescent girls with a history of idiopathic precocious puberty compared to closely pair-matched adolescent control subjects of comparable pubertal status and normal pubertal history. The results show little difference in body image, self-regard, and definite psychiatric diagnoses but slightly increased psychopathologic symptomatology, especially in the areas of conduct problems, and psychosomatic complaints usually associated with menstruation. We conclude that idiopathic precocious puberty in girls is associated with a long-term risk of minor psychopathologic symptomatology.
Novel Whole-Cell Antibiotic Biosensors for Compound Discovery

Cells containing reporters which are specifically induced via selected promoters are used in pharmaceutical drug discovery and in environmental biology. They are used in screening for novel drug candidates and in the detection of bioactive compounds in environmental samples. In this study, we generated and validated a set of five Bacillus subtilis promoters fused to the firefly luciferase reporter gene suitable for cell-based screening, enabling the as yet most-comprehensive high-throughput diagnosis of antibiotic interference in the major biosynthetic pathways of bacteria: the biosynthesis of DNA by the yorB promoter, of RNA by the yvgS promoter, of proteins by the yheI promoter, of the cell wall by the ypuA promoter, and of fatty acids by the fabHB promoter. The reporter cells mainly represent novel antibiotic biosensors compatible with high-throughput screening. We validated the strains by developing screens with a set of 14,000 pure natural products, representing a source of highly diverse chemical entities, many of them with antibiotic activity (6% with anti-Bacillus subtilis activity of <25 g/ml]). Our screening approach is exemplified by the discovery of classical and novel DNA synthesis and translation inhibitors. For instance, we show that the mechanistically underexplored antibiotic ferrimycin A1 selectively inhibits protein biosynthesis. The differentiated regulatory response of the soil bacterium Bacillus subtilis to different types of stress has led to the choice of this bacterium as a preferred model organism for studying the mechanism of action (MOA) of antibiotics. Based on socalled reference compendia of antibiotic-triggered mRNA expression profiles, promoter regions have been identified which are selectively and strongly induced by antibiotic killing of bacteria via similar MOAs (13, 20). Because of genetic engineering of strains which harbor such promoters fused to reporter genes, cellular biosensors are now available that can signal the presence of many different types of antibiotics. Currently, cellular biosensors based on various microbial species containing reporters which are specifically induced via selected promoters are widely used in pharmaceutical drug discovery and in environmental biology (1, 4, 12, 18, 28, 29, 33, 35). Nevertheless, only in the case of B. subtilis have genomewide, systematic approaches for the identification of appropriate antibiotic biomarkers based on mRNA expression profiling been reported so far (11, 19). We previously exemplified the approach with the identification and high-throughput screening application of FapR regulator-dependent promoters selec
Demystifying page load performance with WProf

Web page load time is a key performance metric that many techniques aim to reduce. Unfortunately, the complexity of modern Web pages makes it difficult to identify performance bottlenecks. We present WProf, a lightweight in-browser profiler that produces a detailed dependency graph of the activities that make up a page load. WProf is based on a model we developed to capture the constraints between network load, page parsing, JavaScript/CSS evaluation, and rendering activity in popular browsers. We combine WProf reports with critical path analysis to study the page load time of 350 Web pages under a variety of settings including the use of end-host caching, SPDY instead of HTTP, and the mod pagespeed server extension. We find that computation is a significant factor that makes up as much as 35% of the critical path, and that synchronous JavaScript plays a significant role in page load time by blocking HTML parsing. Caching reduces page load time, but the reduction is not proportional to the number of cached objects, because most object loads are not on the critical path. SPDY reduces page load time only for networks with high RTTs and mod pagespeed helps little on an average page.
A possible role for stable microtubules in intracellular transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus

The intracellular transport of secretory proteins involves at an early stage the formation of vesicles from transitional elements of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) containing these proteins and the transfer of these vesicles to the cis-face of the Golgi apparatus. We propose that the latter transfer process does not occur by random diffusion, but is instead mediated by tracking along stable microtubules. To test this proposal, we have carried out double immunoelectron microscopic labeling experiments on frozen sections of HepG2 hepatoma cells secreting the protein human serum albumin (HSA). By a cycloheximide treatment protocol, the stage during which the transfer of newly synthesized HSA from the ER to the Golgi apparatus occurs in vivo was determined. Sections of the cells were then double immunolabeled using primary antibodies to HSA and to glu-tubulin, the latter specifically detecting stable microtubules. We observed a significantly high frequency of HSA-containing structures between the ER and the Golgi apparatus with which stable microtubules were closely associated. These results support the proposal that stable microtubules may play a critical role in directing the transfer process from the ER to the Golgi apparatus.
Tissue Distribution and Subcellular Localization of an Endogenous Substrate (ppl20) for the Insulin Receptor-Associated Tyrosine Kinase

The β-subunit of the insulin receptor possesses a tyrosine-specific protein kinase activity which may play a role in coupling insulin binding to insulin action. Previously, we have identified a substrate for the receptor-associated protein kinase in a cell-free system. This endogenous substrate (ppl20), which appeared to be a glycoprotein with an apparent mol wt of 120,000, was detected in rat liver microsomes. In the present work, we have demonstrated that ppl20 is localized to a highly purified preparation of rat liver plasma membranes (Neville preparation). Moreover, ppl20 appears to be specific to liver, having been detected in liver from rat, monkey, and rabbit, but not in rat brain, skeletal muscle, heart, kidney, or adipocytes. As a preliminary to addressing the question of whether insulin stimulates phosphorylation of ppl20 in intact cells, we have sought to identify tissue culture cell lines that contain both insulin receptors and ppl20. We have succeeded in identifying ppl20 in two cell lines de...
Effects of upward and downward social comparison information on the efficacy of an appearance-based sun protection intervention: a randomized, controlled experiment

This experiment examined the impact of adding upward and/or downward social comparison information on the efficacy of an appearance-based sun protection intervention (UV photos and photoaging information). Southern California college students (N = 126) were randomly assigned to one of four conditions: control, intervention, intervention plus upward social comparison, intervention plus downward social comparison. The results demonstrated that all those who received the basic UV photo/photoaging intervention reported greater perceived susceptibility to photoaging (d = .74), less favorable tanning cognitions (d = .44), and greater intentions to sun protect (d = 1.32) relative to controls. Of more interest, while the basic intervention increased sun protective behavior during the subsequent 5 weeks relative to controls (d = .44), the addition of downward comparison information completely negated this benefit. Upward comparison information produced sun protection levels that were only slightly (and nonsignificantly) greater than in the basic intervention condition and, as such, does not appear to be a cost-effective addition. Possible mechanisms that may have reduced the benefits of upward comparison information and contributed to the undermining effects of downward comparison information are discussed.
Technology and Transparency as Realist Narrative

Since the early 1990s, high-resolution satellite imagery and imagery data, made by a vast system of architectures that were formally developed and monopolized by the U.S. military—industrial command economy, have become more widely available to the civilian public through a combination of declassified data sets, commercial satellite operators and imagery vendors, and value-added resellers of imagery data. In the various discourses surrounding imagery and the systems that collect, interpret, and construct them, this wider availability is associated with an increasing ‘‘global transparency.’’ This article suggests that, specific to fields like nuclear non-proliferation, these techno-discursive discourses have a common narrative theme associated with mechanically augmented visual systems, that of the transparent window on the world. First, the author considers an epistemological problem of satellite imagery that has been contemplated for both the map and the photographic image, which is, does the image/map c...
Role of glycogen in control of glycolysis and IMP formation in human muscle during exercise.

The effect of prior glycogen depletion on glycolysis [flux through phosphofructokinase (PFK)] and inosine monophosphate (IMP) formation in human skeletal muscle has been investigated. Eight subject...
MONITORING LOW DENSITY AVIAN POPULATIONS: AN EXAMPLE USING MOUNTAIN PLOVERS

Abstract Declines in avian populations highlight a need for rigorous, broad-scale monitoring programs to document trends in avian populations that occur in low densities across expansive landscapes. Accounting for the spatial variation and variation in detection probability inherent to monitoring programs is thought to be effort-intensive and time-consuming. We determined the feasibility of the analytical method developed by Royle and Nichols (2003), which uses presence-absence (detection-nondetection) field data, to estimate abundance of Mountain Plovers (Charadrius montanus) per sampling unit in agricultural fields, grassland, and prairie dog habitat in eastern Colorado. Field methods were easy to implement and results suggest that the analytical method provides valuable insight into population patterning among habitats. Mountain Plover abundance was highest in prairie dog habitat, slightly lower in agricultural fields, and substantially lower in grassland. These results provided valuable insight to foc...
High Tuberculosis Strain Diversity Among New York City Public Housing Residents.

Objectives. We sought to better understand tuberculosis (TB) epidemiology among New York City Housing Authority (NYCHA) residents, after a recent TB investigation identified patients who had the same TB strain.Methods. The study population included all New York City patients with TB confirmed during 2001 through 2009. Patient address at diagnosis determined NYCHA residence. We calculated TB incidence, reviewed TB strain data, and identified factors associated with TB clustering.Results. During 2001 to 2009, of 8953 individuals in New York City with TB, 512 (6%) had a NYCHA address. Among the US-born, TB incidence among NYCHA residents (6.0/100 000 persons) was twice that among non-NYCHA residents (3.0/100 000 persons). Patients in NYCHA had high TB strain diversity. US birth, younger age, and substance use were associated with TB clustering among NYCHA individuals with TB.Conclusions. High TB strain diversity among residents of NYCHA with TB does not suggest transmission among residents. These findings il...
Interaction of Honey Protein and Tannic Acid

SummaryThe clarification of apple juice by honey was studied. The component of honey responsible for clarification was found to be protein. In a study of the interaction of honey protein with tannic acid, we found that the amount of honey protein-tannic acid complex that was formed was influenced by the relative concentrations of the reactants. The maximum rate of interaction occurred at the ratio of 1 tannic acid to 2–3 parts protein.
The History of Calculus

(1951). The History of Calculus. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 58, No. 2, pp. 75-86.
Relationship of Rhyzoglyphus robini (Acari: Acaridae) to Root Rot Control in Greenhouse-Forced Easter Lilies

Easter lily bulbs, Lilium longiflorum Thumb. “Nellie White,” from Oregon were grown under controlled temperature forcing in a greenhouse to flower at Easter. Various miticide and fungicide treatments were applied to elucidate the relationship between a bulb mite, Rhizoglyphus robini Claparede, and root rot control as caused by Pythium ultimum Trow and Fusarium oxysporum Schl. emend. Snyd. and Hans. Dicofol and aldicarb, regardless of time of application, significantly reduced R. robini numbers. Dicofol also significantly reduced root rot. Tests showed that dicofol had fungicidal as well as miticidal activity. The fungicide combination of benomyl and Truban gave significant root rot control only when mite populations were relatively low. It is concluded that a threshold exists for R. robini in greenhouse-forced Easter lilies above which mite suppression is necessary for adequate root rot control by fungicides.
Ceratocystiopsis Ranaculosus Sp. Nov. Associated with the Southern Pine Beetle

(1987). Ceratocystiopsis Ranaculosus Sp. Nov. Associated with the Southern Pine Beetle. Mycologia: Vol. 79, No. 4, pp. 630-633.
When Territoriality Meets Agency: An Examination of Employee Guarding as a Territorial Strategy:

Do managers behave territorially toward their employees? Despite accumulating evidence demonstrating the prevalence of territoriality over nonagentic organizational resources, key questions remain regarding the extent to which psychological ownership and territorial behavior occur within supervisor-subordinate relationships. To explore this question, we drew on territoriality and mate-guarding theory to ascertain how and why managers might utilize one form of territoriality, anticipatory defenses, toward their employees. In a four-study investigation, we find that managers consistently engage in two forms of anticipatory defense tactics, persuasion and nurturing, that are intended to defend ownership claims over their employees and limit employee defection. Our results demonstrate a positive relationship between psychological ownership of subordinates and employee guarding directed toward those subordinates. We also find that managers engage in employee guarding more when they anticipate an employee is li...
Microsurgical Approach to Thumb Reconstruction

Summary Thumb reconstruction either immediately after injury with replantation or electively with microsurgical transfer of a toe dramatically expands the ability of the reconstructive surgeon to care for his patients. The availability of larger vessels for anastomosis in the toe transplant has decreased the risk factor of this operation considerably so that it now compares favorably in terms of risk involved with other methods of elective thumb reconstruction.
Linear-Quadratic Gaussian Dynamic Games with a Control-Sharing Information Pattern

A “zero-sum” Linear-Quadratic Gaussian Dynamic Game (LQGDG) where the players have partial information is considered. Specifically, the players’ initial state information and their measurements are private information, but each player is able to observe his antagonist’s past inputs: the protagonists’ past controls is shared information. Although this is a game with partial information, the control-sharing information pattern renders the game amenable to solution by the method of dynamic programming. The correct solution of LQGDGs with a control-sharing information pattern is obtained in closed-form.
Branched chain RNA in situ hybridization for androgen receptor splice variant AR-V7 as a prognostic biomarker for metastatic castration-sensitive prostate cancer.

e16571Background: The androgen receptor (AR) mRNA splice variant AR-V7 has emerged as a predictive biomarker for response to AR targeted therapies. There are currently no commercially available ass...
Welcome to ISSM 2008

On behalf of the International Symposium on Semiconductor Manufacturing (ISSM) 2008 Organizing Committee, I am pleased to welcome you to the seventeenth annual ISSM.
Peripheral Blood Gene Expression Changes Associated with Primary Graft Dysfunction after Lung Transplantation

Recipient responses to primary graft dysfunction (PGD) after lung transplantation may have important implications to the fate of the allograft. We therefore evaluated longitudinal differences in peripheral blood gene expression in subjects with PGD. RNA expression was measured throughout the first transplant year in 106 subjects enrolled in the Clinical Trials in Organ Transplantation-03 study using a panel of 100 hypothesis-driven genes. PGD was defined as grade 3 in the first 72 posttransplant hours. Eighteen genes were differentially expressed over the first year based on PGD development, with significant representation from innate and adaptive immunity genes, with most differences identified very early after transplant. Sixteen genes were overexpressed in the blood of patients with PGD compared to those without PGD within 7 days of allograft reperfusion, with most transcripts encoding innate immune/inflammasome-related proteins, including genes previously associated with PGD. Thirteen genes were underexpressed in patients with PGD compared to those without PGD within 7 days of transplant, highlighted by T cell and adaptive immune regulation genes. Differences in gene expression present within 2 h of reperfusion and persist for days after transplant. Future investigation will focus on the long-term implications of these gene expression differences on the outcome of the allograft.