cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Organic acids in citrus fruits I Varietal differences

SUMMARY Organic acids were determined in juices and peels of mature fruits of Washington Navel and Valencia oranges, grapefruit, lemon, tangerine, and Palestine sweet lime. Juices and peels were freeze-dried, and organic acids were determined by silicic-acid chromatography. Cation-exchange resin in the hydrogen form was used for acidification of peel prior to extraction of acids with methanol. Citric acid predominated in all juices except that of the sweet lime (in which citrate level was so low that malate exceeded it). Malate occurred in all juices in low but measurable concentrations. Oxalate predominated in the peels, but in the lime, malonate appeared in equivalent amounts. Malonate appeared in all peels in measurable amounts, and in some peels was exceeded only by oxalate. Malic and citric acids were also determined in each peel. At least 15 peaks appeared with each peel, and paper chromatography of the effluents indicated the presence of more than one component in several peaks.
G Protein–Coupled Receptor G2A: Friend or Foe of the Vasculature?

See related article, pages 572–580 Atherosclerosis is, in large part, an inflammatory process. White blood cells of different lineages are essential components of the atherosclerotic plaque. More important than their numbers, white blood cells influence the structure of an atherosclerotic plaque, and the function of the vessel in which the plaque is present, by secreting a host of agents that affect resident vascular cells.1 Macrophages, derived from circulating monocytes, are one class of white blood cells that, as part of the atherosclerotic plaque, play a critical part in the progression of the plaque, and in compromising its structural integrity.1 Long before an atherosclerotic plaque is clinically detectable, one of the earliest steps in its genesis is the adhesion of circulating monocytes to the endothelium, and subsequent transmigration into the vessel wall. Because it is well-recognized that these very early stages are critical to plaque development, a great deal of energy has been devoted to trying to understand the mechanisms underpinning them. The work by Hedrick and colleagues in this issue of Circulation Research 2 adds to this understanding. This work examines the part of a G protein–coupled receptor, G2A, in modulating the interaction between monocytes and the vascular endothelium. Using mice that are deficient …
Chemical carcinogenicity : can it be predicted from knowledge of mutagenicity and allergic contact dermatitis?

Abstract We investigated the suggestion [R.E. Albert, Environ. Health Perspect. 105 (1997) 940–948.] that results of mutagenicity testing in Salmonella combined with allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) testing in humans would be predictive of carcinogenicity in rodents. Using the cancer bioassay results of the US National Toxicology Program (NTP), Salmonella mutagenicity tests and a highly predictive structure–activity relational model of ACD, we conclude that the combination is not more predictive than the results of the Salmonella mutagenicity assay alone.
Adjuvants and Inactivated Polio Vaccine: A Systematic Review

Poliomyelitis is nearing universal eradication; in 2011, there were 650 cases reported globally. When wild polio is eradicated, global oral polio vaccine (OPV) cessation followed by use of universal inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) is believed to be the safest vaccination strategy as IPV does not mutate or run the risk of vaccine derived outbreaks that OPV does. However, IPV is significantly more expensive than OPV. One strategy to make IPV more affordable is to reduce the dose by adding adjuvants, compounds that augment the immune response to the vaccine. No adjuvants are currently utilized in stand-alone IPV; however, several have been explored over the past six decades. From aluminum, used in many licensed vaccines, to newer and more experimental adjuvants such as synthetic DNA, a diverse group of compounds has been assessed with varying strengths and weaknesses. This review summarizes the studies to date evaluating the efficacy and safety of adjuvants used with IPV.
Inorganic metallodielectric materials fabricated using two single-step methods based on the Tollen's process

Abstract Two methods for preparing polycrystalline silver shells on colloidal silica spheres are reported. These do not include the use of organic ligands or metal seeding steps and are based on the Tollen's process for silvering glass. Reaction parameters such as temperature and reactant concentrations are adjusted to slow the reaction kinetics, which we find leads to preferential silver growth on the spheres. The resulting shells are polycrystalline and granular, showing highly uniform sphere coverage. Surface morphologies range from sparsely interconnected grains for shells ∼20 nm thick, to complete (yet porous) shells of interconnected silver clusters which are up to ∼140 nm in thickness. The extinction spectra of the core–shell materials are markedly different from those of smooth continuous shells, showing clear evidence that the granular shell geometry influences the plasmon resonance of the composite system. Spheres coated with shells 20–40 nm thick are also suitable for colloidal crystallization. Monolayers of self-assembled spheres with long-range ordering are demonstrated.
Selecting Children for Gifted Classes: Choosing for Breadth vs Choosing for Depth.

This article compares and contrasts two types of multiple criteria models that can be used to select children for gifted classes: breadth models and depth models. In a breadth model, children are selected for gifted classes if they score moderately well on several assessment areas simultaneously. In a depth model, children are selected for gifted classes if they score superlatively well on any one assessment area, regardless of the level of their performance in other assessment areas. In the study, three breadth models, three depth models, and a more traditional Intelligence Test Model were applied to a population of fourth graders (N = 159) in a small town. The results indicated that children selected by the breadth models had very high classroom grades and were well thought of by their teachers. However, depth models included more students with unusually high IQ scores and more promising underachievers than did breadth models. These and other factors made depth models more advantageous than breadth models.
The Intellectual Creativity and Public Discourse of Malcolm X: A Precursor to the Modern Black Studies Movement

This article seeks to explore the education and public dialogue of MalcolmX, a major African American leadership figure of the 1950s and 1960s. It is the author’s intent to explore an aspect of Malcolm X’s leadership not addressed in much of the current literature, his educational attainment leading to his role as the intellectual and pedagogical antecedent to the modern Black studies movement of the 1960s. This article examines his educational and intellectual development, his role as a public activist and debater, and his contribution to curricular reform in his public rhetoric. In a review of the current literature on Malcolm X and adult education, there is evident congruence of the two areas, offering new insight into the contributions and legacy of a significant historical figure for African Americans. Malcolm X associate A. Peter Bailey has referred to him as a “master teacher” whose contributions go beyond the conventional Black leadership.
Predicting Stable Stoichiometries of Compounds via Evolutionary Global Space-Group Optimization

Whereas the Daltonian atom-to-atom ratios in ordinary molecules are well understood via the traditional theory of valence, the naturally occurring stoichiometries in intermetallic compounds ${A}_{p}{B}_{q}$, as revealed by phase-diagram compilations, are often surprising. Even equal-valence elements $A$ and $B$ give rise to unequal $(p,q)$ stoichiometries, e.g., the 1:2, 2:1, and 3:1 ratios in ${\text{Al}}_{p}{\text{Sc}}_{q}$. Moreover, sometimes different stoichiometries are associated with different lattice types and hence rather different physical properties. Here, we extend the fixed-composition global space-group optimization (GSGO) approach used to predict, via density-functional calculations, fixed-composition lattice types [G. Trimarchi and A. Zunger, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 20, 295212 (2008)] to identify simultaneously all the minimum-energy lattice types throughout the composition range. Starting from randomly selected lattice vectors, atomic positions and stoichiometries, we construct the $T=0$ ``convex hull'' of energy vs composition. Rather than repeat a set of GSGO searches over a fixed list of stoichiometries, we minimize the distance to the convex hull. This approach is far more efficient than the former one as a single evolutionary search sequence simultaneously identifies the lowest-energy structures at each composition and among these it selects those that are ground states. For Al-Sc we correctly identify the stable stoichiometries and relative structure types: ${\text{AlSc}}_{2}\text{-B}{8}_{2}$, AlSc-B2, and ${\text{Al}}_{2}\text{Sc-C}15$ in the ${N}_{at}=6$ periodic cells, and ${\text{Al}}_{2}{\text{Sc}}_{6}\text{-D}{0}_{19}$, AlSc-B2, and ${\text{Al}}_{3}\text{Sc-L}{1}_{0}$ in the ${N}_{at}=8$ periodic cells. This extended evolutionary GSGO algorithm represents a step toward a fully ab initio materials synthesis, where compounds are predicted starting from sole knowledge of the chemical species of the constituents.
Reduced Order Model of a Multistage Bladed Rotor With Geometric Mistuning via Modal Analyses of Finite Element Sectors

An algorithm to generate a reduced order model of a multi-stage rotor in which each stage has a different number of blades has been developed. It is shown that a reduced order model can be developed on the basis of tuned modes of certain bladed disks which can be easily obtained via sector analyses. Further, it is shown that reduced order model can also be obtained when blades are geometrically mistuned. This algorithm is similar to the modified modal domain analysis, which has been recently developed for a single-stage bladed rotor with geometric mistuning. The validity of this algorithm is shown for the finite element model of a two-stage bladed rotor. In addition, the statistical distributions of peak maximum amplitudes and natural frequencies of a two-stage rotor are generated via Monte Carlo simulations for different patterns of geometric mistuning.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Vortex-Lattice Method for the Calculation of the Nonsteady Separated Flow over Delta Wings

An analysis is made of the wake structure and the forces on a delta wing as it undergoes nonsteady motion, wherein the flow separates at the leading edge. Comparisons of these predictions with existing experimental and theoretical data for the nonsteady linear and nonlinear motions indicate good agreement. It was found that the time-dependent, wake-shedding numerical procedure applied here for the wake rollup and the lift force calculation resulted in considerable saving of computer time over methods using the iterative wake rollup procedure. Calculated results for various motions of the delta wing, including the plunging motion, are presented for both the separated and the attached flow cases.
Correlation between PEAK relational training system and one-word picture vocabulary tests

Abstract The past few decades of research in autism spectrum disorders have been successful in developing effective behavioral treatments; however, the psychometrics of these strategies has not been documented well in applied settings. The current experiment evaluated the relationship between established measures of language skills (receptive and expressive one-word picture vocabulary test; ROWPVT-4 and EOWPVT-4, respectively) and a recently released assessment and curriculum tool designed to teach instructional skills using a behavior analytic approach (promoting the emergence of advanced knowledge relational training system; PEAK). Each participant was administered three assessments: The PEAK direct training module assessment, the ROWPVT-4 assessment, and the EOWPVT-4 assessment. Scores from all three assessments were compared to assess the relationship between each assessment. The results indicated both a strong correlation between the PEAK direct training module and commonly used language assessments (ROWPVT-4 and EOWPVT-4), as well as strong reliability in the administration of the assessments.
Mechanical Properties of Aluminum Foam-Polymer Multifunctional Hybrid Materials

A hybrid material consisting of an interpenetrating phase composite of aluminum foam and thermoplastic polymer was made and tested for its basic tensile mechanical properties. The material was made by injection molding a polymer (two polypropylenes and an acetal were used) through a Duocell aluminum foam (10% relative density and 10, 20 and 40 pores per inch linear densities). The material is referred to as an Aluminum Foam Polymer Composite (AFPC) and involves the aluminum foam and the polymer occupying the same volume. The continuous, interconnected morphologies of the two phases (aluminum foam and polymer) sets this type of material apart from regular composites. The AFPC exhibited an increase in stiffness, a reduction in strength and less ductility than the parent polymer. A basic mathematical model and a discussion of the physics were used to shed some light on the behavior of this material.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Identification of Tet45, a tetracycline efflux pump, from a poultry-litter-exposed soil isolate and persistence of tet(45) in the soil

Objectives To characterize a tetracycline resistance (Tc(R)) determinant, closely related to the TetL efflux pump, in a Bhargavaea cecembensis strain previously isolated from a poultry-litter-impacted soil. Methods Genomic DNA of B. cecembensis DMV42A was shotgun cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and a [(3)H]tetracycline uptake assay were used to confirm the function of the target gene. Transferability of the gene was examined using filter matings and confirmed by PCR and sequencing. Real-time quantitative PCR was performed on soil metagenomic DNA to evaluate the prevalence of the gene in the soil from which B. cecembensis DMV42A was isolated and in more pristine local soils. Results The Tc(R) determinant from B. cecembensis DMV42A, designated Tet45, was identified as a tetracycline efflux pump sharing 78% amino acid identity with certain TetL proteins. In B. cecembensis DMV42A, tet(45) was adjacent to truncated and non-functional arsenic resistance genes with high sequence similarities to genes from staphylococcal plasmids. After filter matings, the tet(45) gene could be found in E. coli transconjugants, although the transfer mechanism was unknown. Tet45 homologues are also present in the genomes of several Bacillus cereus strains and a Bacillus thuringiensis strain. tet(45) was detected in the poultry-litter-impacted soil, and persisted at a similar level 2 years after removal of the chicken waste, although it was not detected in several more pristine soils. Conclusions Tet45 is a tetracycline efflux pump closely related to TetL. Horizontal gene transfer may have contributed to the dissemination and persistence of tet(45) in a poultry-litter-impacted soil.
Late accidental dislodgement of a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube: an underestimated burden on patients and the health care system

Background Since its introduction in 1980, the percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube has become an efficient means of providing long-term enteral access. Conveniently, the soft inner bumper allows PEG removal with relatively minimal external traction. Consequently, a major complication is accidental dislodgement, from which significant morbidity may occur. Clinicians have perhaps underestimated and underappreciated this complication, not only in the acute setting but over the lifetime of the PEG tube.
Spatial ecology: Its effects on the choice of friends and enemies

Abstract The present research examined relationships between physical distance, frequency of face-to-face contacts, and the probability that individuals would be chosen as friends or enemies. Consistent with previous research, the probability of being chosen as a friend increased as the distance between people decreased. There was also a positive linear relationship between the frequency of contact and the strength of linking. In contrast, the probability of being chosen as a disliked individual was even more dependent upon physical distance (more disliked than liked individuals lived close to the subjects), but the strength of disliking was unrelated to the frequency of face-to-face contact. Friends also tended to live farther away from the subjects the longer the latter had lived in their residences, but the distance that disliked individuals lived from the subjects did not depend upon time. The overall pattern of results was consistent with an “environment-spoiling” hypothesis which proposed that many negative interpersonal relationships primarily occur because the actions of specific others spoil one's living environment, whereas most positive interpersonal relationships result from frequent face-to-face contacts.
The vanadium-ruthenium constitution diagram

Abstract The V-Ru alloy system has been investigated over the entire composition range using metallographic, X-ray diffraction, and electron-microprobe techniques. The ϵ-Ru solid solution extends to 31 at.% V at high temperatures but this is reduced to about 20 at.% V at lower temperatures. A eutectic reaction occurs at 1790 ± 10 °C and 40 at.% V. The α-V terminal solid solution apparently extends to 55 at.% Ru at the eutectic temperature, but more information is needed about the reactions occurring at lower temperatures which produce an ordered CsCl-type structure and a tetragonal distortion of this structure. No other intermediate phases were observed.
Gata4 regulates the formation of multiple organs

We have developed a loss-of-function model for Gata4 in zebrafish, in order to examine broadly its requirement for organogenesis. We show that the function of Gata4 in zebrafish heart development is well conserved with that in mouse, and that, in addition, Gata4 is required for development of the intestine, liver, pancreas and swim bladder. Therefore, a single transcription factor regulates the formation of many organs. Gata6 is a closely related transcription factor with an overlapping expression pattern. We show that zebrafish depleted of Gata6 show defects in liver bud growth similar to mouse Gata6 mutants and zebrafish Gata4 morphants, and that zebrafish embryos depleted of both Gata4 and Gata6 display an earlier block in liver development, and thus completely lack liver buds. Therefore, Gata4 and Gata6 have distinct non-redundant functions in cardiac morphogenesis, but are redundant for an early step of liver development. In addition, both Gata4 and Gata6 are essential and non-redundant for liver growth following initial budding.
A Prospero-related Homeodomain Protein Is a Novel Co-regulator of Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4α That Regulates the Cholesterol 7α-Hydroxylase Gene

Prox1, an early specific marker for developing liver and pancreas in foregut endoderm has recently been shown to interact with α-fetoprotein transcription factor and repress cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) gene transcription. Using a yeast two-hybrid assay, we found that Prox1 strongly and specifically interacted with hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF)4α, an important transactivator of the human CYP7A1 gene in bile acid synthesis and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) gene in gluconeogenesis. A real time PCR assay detected Prox1 mRNA expression in human primary hepatocytes and HepG2 cells. Reporter assay, GST pull-down, co-immunoprecipitation, and yeast two-hybrid assays identified a specific interaction between the N-terminal LXXLL motif of Prox1 and the activation function 2 domain of HNF4α. Prox1 strongly inhibited HNF4α and peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α co-activation of the CYP7A1 and PEPCK genes. Knock down of the endogenous Prox1 by small interfering RNA resulted in significant increase of CYP7A1 and PEPCK mRNA expression and the rate of bile acid synthesis in HepG2 cells. These results suggest that Prox1 is a novel co-regulator of HNF4α that may play a key role in the regulation of bile acid synthesis and gluconeogenesis in the liver.
Titrimetric determination of organofluorine using Arsenazo I as indicator

Some improvements of the titrimetrio method for determining fluorine in organic compounds are described. The modifications involve:(a) introduction of a combustion aid for the electrically heated flask combustion to insure complete conversion of fluorine to hydrogen fluoride, (b) employment of a glycine-perchlorate buffer to maintain a consistent stoichiometric titration, and (c) adaptation of an automatic titrimeter for photometric titration to simplify the detection of the end point. It is also suggested that a linear equation be derived from the calibration data in order to calculate the fluorine content.
Multiresolution modeling with a JMASS-JWARS high-level architecture (HLA) federation

Traditionally, acquisition analyses require a hierarchical suite of simulation models to address engineering, engagement, mission and theater/campaign measures of performance, measures of effectiveness and measures of merit. Configuring and running this suite of simulations and transferring the appropriate data between each model are both time consuming and error prone. The ideal solution would be a single simulation with the requisite resolution and fidelity to perform all four levels of acquisition analysis. However, current computer hardware technologies cannot deliver the runtime performance necessary to support the resulting "extremely large" simulation. One viable alternative is to "integrate" the current hierarchical suite of simulation models using the DoD's High Level Architecture (HLA) in order to support multi-resolution modeling. An HLA integration -- called a federation -- eliminates the problem of "extremely large" models, provides a well-defined and manageable mixed resolution simulation and minimizes Verification, Validation, and Accreditation (VV&A) issues. This paper describes the process and results of integrating the Joint Modeling and Simulation System (JMASS) and the Joint Warfare System (JWARS) simulations -- two of the Department of Defense's (DoD) next-generation simulations -- using a HLA federation.© (2003) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Scale-invariant multiplier distributions in turbulence.

A family of scale-invariant, base-dependent, multiplier distributions is measured for the turbulence dissipation field in the atmospheric surface layer. The existence of these distributions implies the existence of the more traditional multifractal scaling functions, and we compute both positive and negative parts of the f(\ensuremath{\alpha}) curve. The results support the conjecture of universality in the scaling properties of small-scale turbulence. A simple cascade model based on the measured multiplier distributions is shown to possess several advantages over previously considered models.
The chemistry and pharmacology of privileged pyrroloquinazolines

The advent of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology has plummeted the cost of whole genome sequencing, which has provided a long list of putative drug targets for a variety of diseases ranging from infectious diseases to cancers. The majority of these drug targets are still awaiting high-quality small molecule ligands to validate their therapeutic potential and track their druggability. Screening compound libraries based on privileged scaffolds is an efficient strategy to identify potential ligands to distinct biological targets. 7H-Pyrrolo[3,2-f]quinazoline (PQZ) is a potential privileged heterocyclic scaffold with diverse pharmacological properties. A number of biological targets have been identified for different derivatives of PQZ. This review summarized the synthetic strategies to access the chemical space associated with PQZ and discussed their unique biological profiles.
Isolation and characterization of membrane-bound polysomes from ascites tumor cells.

Abstract A membrane-bound polysomal complex has been isolated from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. This structure constitutes the only protein synthetic machinery in these cells. Treatment of the complex with sodium deoxycholate released polysomes, EDTA treatment released the two ribosomal subunits in equal proportion and ribonuclease digestion released 80-S monosomes. Its physiological role and relationship to the transport of mRNA are discussed.
Defining a key receptor-CheA kinase contact and elucidating its function in the membrane-bound bacterial chemosensory array: a disulfide mapping and TAM-IDS Study.

The three core components of the ubiquitous bacterial chemosensory array — the transmembrane chemoreceptor, the histidine kinase CheA, and the adaptor protein CheW — assemble to form a membrane-bound, hexagonal lattice in which receptor transmembrane signals regulate kinase activity. Both the regulatory domain of the kinase and the adaptor protein bind to overlapping sites on the cytoplasmic tip of the receptor (termed the protein interaction region). Notably, the kinase regulatory domain and the adaptor protein share the same fold constructed of two SH3-like domains. The present study focuses on the structural interface between the receptor and the kinase regulatory domain. Two models have been proposed for this interface: Model 1 is based on the crystal structure of a homologous Thermotoga complex between a receptor fragment and the CheW adaptor protein. This model has been used in current models of chemosensory array architecture to build the receptor–CheA kinase interface. Model 2 is based on a newly ...
Cryogenic capillary screen heat entrapment

Abstract Cryogenic liquid acquisition devices (LADs) for space-based propulsion interface directly with the feed system, which can be a significant heat leak source. Further, the accumulation of thermal energy within LAD channels can lead to the loss of subcooled propellant conditions and result in feed system cavitation during propellant outflow. Therefore, the fundamental question addressed by this program was: “To what degree is natural convection in a cryogenic liquid constrained by the capillary screen meshes envisioned for LADs?” Testing was first conducted with water as the test fluid, followed by liquid nitrogen (LN2) tests. In either case, the basic experimental approach was to heat the bottom of a cylindrical column of test fluid to establish stratification patterns measured by temperature sensors located above and below a horizontal screen barrier position. Experimentation was performed without barriers, with screens, and with a solid barrier. The two screen meshes tested were those typically used by LAD designers, 200 × 1400 and 325 × 2300, both with Twill Dutch Weave. Upon consideration of both the water and LN2 data, it was concluded that heat transfer across the screen meshes was dependent upon barrier thermal conductivity and that the capillary screen meshes were impervious to natural convection currents.
Modified Direct Shear Apparatus for Unsaturated Sands at Low Suction and Stress

Modifications to a conventional laboratory testing system are described for direct shear testing of unsaturated soils at relatively low matric suction and net normal stress. Matric suction ranging from zero (saturated) to about 10 kPa is controlled using a hanging column assembly (ASTM D6836). Net normal stress ranging from about 0.3 to 10 kPa is controlled by directly applying dead loads to the specimen via a series of aluminum top caps machined to varying thicknesses. Precise control of suction and normal stress within these ranges makes the apparatus ideal for examining the shear strength behavior of unsaturated sands, which are characterized by relatively low air-entry pressures and for which the influences of matric suction on mechanical response can be subtle. Soil-water characteristic curves are concurrently obtained during the shear testing program by measuring transient and equilibrium pore water drainage under the imposed suction changes. Testing procedures and recommended protocols are described. Results from a series of tests using saturated and unsaturated specimens of poorly graded fine sand are presented to demonstrate application and performance of the system. Relationships between shear strength and matric suction are non-linear and exhibit peak shear strength at matric suction within the range of the air-entry suction. High friction angles measured for the portions of the failure envelope at low matric suction and normal stress may indicate the effects of dilation on the strength development.
Thermal decomposition of cyclopentane and related compounds

Cyclopentane has been decomposed in comparative-rate single-pulse shock-tube experiments. The pyrolytic mechanism involves isomerization to 1-pentene and also a minor pathway leading to cyclopropane and ethylene. This is followed by the decomposition of 1-pentene and cyclopropane. The rate expressions over the temperature range of 1000°–1200° K are Details of the cyclopentane decomposition processes are considered, and it appears that if the trimethylene radical is an intermediate, then ΔHf(trimethylene) ≤ 280 kJ/mol at 300°K.
Nongeminate radiative recombination in sputtered and glow discharge a -Si:H

We report measurements of the excitation intensity dependence of the photoluminescence efficiency of the 1.4-eV band in both sputtered and glow discharge prepared $a$-Si:H. We observe that sputtered samples show very weak nongeminate radiative recombination in comparison with glow discharge samples of comparable low-temperature luminescence efficiency and midgap state density. A structural model is tentatively proposed to account for these differences.
Managing hypertensive patients with gout who take thiazide.

Case 1: A 67-year-old man was referred to our hypertension clinic because of refractory hypertension associated with gout. The onset of hypertension occurred in his 20s. Since his early 30s, he also had recurrent podagra, and at that time was taken off thiazide, but nonetheless continued to experience recurrent gouty episodes every several months. Approximately 1 year prior to his hypertension evaluation, the patient was prescribed allopurinol and last experienced podagra 6 months previously. Recent blood pressures (BPs) had been 152 ⁄78 mm Hg and 175 ⁄88 mm Hg and was 162 ⁄84 mm Hg when seen in the hypertension clinic. Creatinine was 1.1 mg ⁄dL (normal 0.7–1.3 mg ⁄dL) and uric acid was 4.6 mg ⁄dL (normal 3.4–7.2 mg ⁄dL). Medications included atenolol 50 mg twice a day, allopurinol 200 mg twice a day, amlodipine 10 mg once a day, clonidine 0.1 mg twice a day, losartan 50 mg once a day, and terazosin 6 mg at bedtime. The patient was hesitant to retry a diuretic, but was persuaded to take hydrochlorothiazide 12.5 mg daily, subsequently advanced to 25 mg daily. Follow-up BPs were 128 to 132 mm Hg ⁄66 to 72 mm Hg without recurrence of gout 6 months later. Case 2: A 43-year-old man was seen in our hypertension clinic because of uncontrolled BP. Antihypertensive medication was introduced to the patient in his 30s, but thiazide had been avoided due to recurrent episodes of gout. Podagra and gouty flares of the right instep occurred once or twice yearly and were almost always preceded by eating mong beans. BP at the time of evaluation was 146 ⁄90 mm Hg, with a creatinine value of 1.2 mg ⁄dL and uric acid value of 9.4 mg ⁄dL. His medications included lisinopril 40 mg daily, nifedipine extended-release 90 mg daily, and atenolol 50 mg daily. Allopurinol 300 mg daily and hydrochlorothiazide 12.5 mg, advancing to 25 mg daily were prescribed, with a follow-up BP of 130 ⁄82 mm Hg and a uric acid value of 6.4 mg ⁄dL.
Short-term course of drinking in an untreated sample of at-risk drinkers.

Objective: We know little about the short-term course of drinking, particularly the stability or instability of at-risk drinking in untreated drinkers. Because few at-risk drinkers obtain help for their drinking, it is important to understand the short-term fluctuations between at-risk drinking and full-fledged alcohol use disorders, as well as remission of at-risk drinking. Method: We used four waves of data (each 6 months apart) from a probability community sample of 733 at-risk drinkers in six states in the southern United States to determine variation in abstinence, drinking patterns and alcohol use disorders over a 2-year period. For this analysis, we excluded those who reported receiving services for drinking during the 2-year study period (retrospectively at baseline), leaving a sample size of 664 (444 male); 479 (306 male) completed all four interviews. Results: Although the majority (88%) of the sample was nonabstinent throughout the study, we found significant decreases in average number of drin...
Vacanies in solid argon. The formation entropy

Abstract The vibrational entropy of formation of a vacancy was calculated from the normal mode vibrational frequencies of an argon lattice with and without a vacancy. The single vacancy entropy in solid argon is 1·83 K when only nearest neighbor interactions are considered. Lattice relaxations and all neighbor interactions via a Lennard-Jones potential raise the vacancy entropy to 2·24 K. Examination of the divacancy indicates that its binding entropy relative to two separated vacancies is negative. Preliminary consideration of body-centred-cubic solids suggests that they may have larger vacancy formation entropies. The results of the calculations are in good agreement with experiment.
Efficacy of Providing Nicotine in a Liquid Diet to Rats

To determine if rats would consume nicotine at psychoactive levels, a nutritionally balanced diet with 0, 20, 60, or 200 mg of nicotine tartrate per kg of diet was provided. Diet consumption and body weight differences were recorded for 14 days after which, following 16 hr of withdrawal, animals were given access to a two-bottle choice of the previously presented diet and a nicotine-free diet. Spontaneous horizontal motor activity was recorded 8, 16, and 24 hr after withdrawal. By Day 14, all animals showed a significant increase in diet consumption and significant weight gain compared to Day 1. Animals consumed an average of 2.1, 6.8, or 19.5 mg/kg/day of nicotine on the low, medium, and high-nicotine diets, respectively. However, animals receiving the high-nicotine diet consumed less diet and gained less weight than the control, low, and medium nicotine groups. During only the first 4 hr of the two-bottle choice (16-20 hr postwithdrawal), the high-nicotine group consumed significantly higher amounts of nicotine base than the other groups, but also consumed more of the control diet during the first 2 hr. In a replicate experiment, animals receiving the medium-nicotine diet showed an increased consumption of the nicotine diet and increased preference for nicotine following a 14-day exposure compared to the control-fed animals and compared to a baseline preference test. Also, this group showed differences in locomotor activity consistent with other studies using an injection regimen or subcutaneuos pumps to induce dependence. Finally, animals in all three groups exhibited high plasma nicotine and cotinine (a major nicotine metabolite) levels. Because animals in all groups tolerated the diet well, gained weight, selected the nicotine diet in a choice test, and showed withdrawal symptoms, we conclude that the liquid diet proved to be a satisfactory method of inducing nicotine dependence in rats.
The synthesis and characterization of methylene bisoxyamine CH2(-o-NH2)2 salts

Abstract A large family of energetic salts were made using methylene bisoxyamine, CH2(-o-NH2)2, a dibasic, geminal oxyamine of methane. Single salts including the nitrate, perchlorate, dinitramide, and nitroformate, and doubly protonated methylene bisoxyamine salts, nitrate, perchlorate and bisdinitramide, were all synthesized in good to high yields, from simple acid-base reactions with the corresponding aciforms of energetic anions. All of the salts were characterized by vibrational (IR, Raman), multinuclear nmr (1H, 13C), and DSC studies. The single crystal X-ray diffraction study was carried out on the double perchlorate salt. Initial safety studies (impact and friction), were carried out on most of the new materials, as well as the thermal stability of these salts at 75°C.
Alone Together: Solitude and the Creative Encounter in Art and Psychoanalysis

This paper examines aspects of solitude in relation to creativity and personal transformation, especially as it pertains to artists and their objects. It argues that solitude is a core feature of the human condition and that it is inseparable from relatedness. Both solitude and relationship are layered and dynamically interactive states. The paper also considers the relational needs that art objects serve for their creators and specifically addresses the uniqueness of women's solitude. Finally, a clinical case is presented to illustrate the interplay between solitude and relatedness in psychoanalysis.
Redesigning the BSD timer facilities

We describe a reimplementation of the BSD timer facilities. Older BSD kernels take time proportional to the number of outstanding timers to set or cancel timers. Our implementation (in NetBSD) takes constant time to start, stop, and maintain timers; this leads to a highly scalable design that can support thousands of outstanding timers without much overhead. Unlike the existing implementation, our routines are guaranteed to lock out interrupts only for a small, bounded amount of time. We also extend the setitimer() interface to allow a process to have multiple outstanding timers, thereby reducing the need for users to maintain their own timer packages. The changes to the kernel are small (548 lines of code added, 80 removed) and are available on the World Wide Web. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PROGNOSTIC FACTORS AND SURVIVAL OF PATIENTS WITH SARCOMATOID RENAL CELL CARCINOMA

Purpose: Sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma often has an aggressive clinical course characterized by rapid disease progression. We evaluate prognostic factors for patient survival and the effect of treatment on patient outcome.Materials and Methods: Between 1987 and 1998, 108 patients were classified as having sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma at our institution. We reviewed the records of these patients to identify clinical and pathological prognostic variables. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to determine differences in overall survival.Results: A total of 96 (89%) patients were symptomatic at presentation. Sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma was localized to the kidney in 25 (23%) patients, whereas metastasis was present in 83 (77%). The median overall survival of all patients was 9 months. The presence of clinically localized disease was associated with longer overall survival when compared to patients with metastasis (17 versus 7 months, respectively, p <0.004). Of 86 patients who received systemic therap...
Synthesis, Molecular Modeling, and Biological Studies of Novel Piperidine-Based Analogues of Cocaine: Evidence of Unfavorable Interactions Proximal to the 3α-Position of the Piperidine Ring

A qualitative model for the binding pocket proximal to the 3α-substituent of the piperidine-based monoamine transporter ligands was proposed and tested. Based on this model, a new series of druglike 3α-modified piperidine-based analogues of cocaine were designed, synthesized, and studied for their ability to inhibit reuptake of DA, 5-HT, and NE by the DA, 5-HT, and NE transporters. We found that the insertion of at least one additional methylene group between the piperidine ring and the polar group in the 3α-substituent dramatically improves the activity of the compounds that are generally inactive without this additional linker. Molecular modeling analysis showed that the more flexible 3α-substituents can avoid unfavorable interactions with the binding sites of DAT, SERT, and NET. The present results may have important implications for the elucidation of the structural differences between DA, 5-HT, and NE transporters and for the further design of new leads for development of cocaine abuse medication as ...
Do female politicians empower women to vote or run for office?: A regression discontinuity approach

Persistent gender gaps in political officeholding and mass political participation jeopardize women's equal representation in government. This paper brings new evidence to the longstanding hypotheses that the presence of additional female candidates and officeholders helps address these gaps by empowering other women to vote or run for office themselves. With a regression discontinuity approach and data on 3813 US state legislative elections where a woman opposed a man, I find that the election of additional women in competitive US state legislative elections has no discernible causal effects on other women's political participation at the mass or elite levels. These estimates are precise enough to rule out even substantively small effects. These results stand in stark contrast to a number of findings from India, suggesting that although electing the first women in a society can have these empowering effects, remaining barriers to women's inclusion in American democracy go beyond what further increases in female officeholding can themselves erode.
Plate wave propagation in transversely isotropic materials

In this work, the modes of plate wave propagation in a fiber reinforced com posite (assumed to be transversely isotropic) were investigated. The waves were modeled as harmonic plane waves propagating in the plane of an infinite plate whose bounding sur faces were assumed to be stress free. A numerical analysis procedure was developed to calculate the dispersion relationships for plate waves propagating in arbitrary directions in the plate. Particle displacements and stress distributions were calculated for several im portant propagation modes. Possible applications to nondestructive testing of composites are discussed.
Optimal Portfolios in Lévy Markets under State-Dependent Bounded Utility Functions

Motivated by the so-called shortfall risk minimization problem, we consider Merton's portfolio optimization problem in a non-Markovian market driven by a Levy process, with a bounded state-dependent utility function. Following the usual dual variational approach, we show that the domain of the dual problem enjoys an explicit “parametrization,” built on a multiplicative optional decomposition for nonnegative supermartingales due to Follmer and Kramkov (1997). As a key step we prove a closure property for integrals with respect to a fixed Poisson random measure, extending a result by Memin (1980). In the case where either the Levy measure ν of Z has finite number of atoms or ΔSt/St−=ζtϑ(ΔZt) for a process ζ and a deterministic function ϑ, we characterize explicitly the admissible trading strategies and show that the dual solution is a risk-neutral local martingale.
LOSS OF MONOTERPENES FROM UMBELLULARIA CALIFORNICA LEAF LITTER

A litter bag experiment was conducted to study changes in foliar monoterpene yields (total, oxygenated monoterpenes, and monoterpene hydrocarbons) and per cent hydrocarbons in Umbellularia californica (California Bay Tree) leaf litter and to investigate how climate may influence this process. Monoterpene yields (mg g−1 original leaf dry wt.), and per cent hydrocarbons (ratio of hydrocarbon yield/total monoterpene yield) were not significantly different among green, yellow, and brown (newly fallen) foliage. Litter at moist sites absorbed water from rain significantly earlier in the season than that at dry sites and remained wetter than litter at dry sites throughout the collection period. Decomposition (mass lost) was not significantly different at all study sites. Oxygenated monoterpenes were lost to a greater extent than hydrocarbons. Total monoterpene yield decreased between 63% and 86% during the study period. Total monoterpene yields in litter at moist sites were significantly less than those at dry sites at the end of the study period. Most of the decrease in total monoterpene yield occurred during the period of greatest rainfall. The per cent of monoterpene hydrocarbons was significantly greater at the end of the rainy season than at the beginning and significantly greater at moist sites than dry sites. Loss of monoterpenes from litter was correlated with monoterpene water solubility (r=0.82).
Factors affecting the thermal decomposition of cadmium carbonate by TG

Abstract Various workers have reported contradictory results for the thermal decomposition of cadmium carbonate (CDC) by means of TG (and DTA). Thus, various activation energies E and mechanisms have been reported for this decomposition. The aim of this paper is to examine various factors which may influence the decomposition of CDC in an attempt to explain the conflicting results previously reported for this decomposition. In this respect, a study of this reaction was made using non-isothermal TG in order to ascertain whether the various factors studied had an appreciable influence on E and mechanism. The various factors employed and discussed were: sample weight, heating rate, type of purge gas, purge gas flow rate and particle size.
Engineered carbohydrate-binding module (CBM) protein-suspended single-walled carbon nanotubes in water

Engineered protein, CtCBM4, the first carbohydrate-binding module (CBM) protein is successfully used to debundle and suspend single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) effectively in aqueous solution, which opens up a new avenue in further functionalizing and potential selectively fractionating SWNTs for diverse biology- and/or energy-related applications.
The Organization of Right Prefrontal Networks Reveals Common Mechanisms of Inhibitory Regulation Across Cognitive, Emotional, and Motor Processes

Inhibitory control/regulation is critical to adapt behavior in accordance with changing environmental circumstances. Dysfunctional inhibitory regulation is ubiquitous in neurological and psychiatric populations. These populations exhibit dysfunction across psychological domains, including memory/thought, emotion/affect, and motor response. Although investigation examining inhibitory regulation within a single domain has begun outlining the basic neural mechanisms supporting regulation, it is unknown how the neural mechanisms of these domains interact. To investigate the organization of inhibitory neural networks within and across domains, we used neuroimaging to outline the functional and anatomical pathways that comprise inhibitory neural networks regulating cognitive, emotional, and motor processes. Networks were defined at the group level using an array of analyses to indicate their intrinsic pathway structure, which was subsequently assessed to determine how the pathways explained individual differences in behavior. Results reveal how neural networks underlying inhibitory regulation are organized both within and across domains, and indicate overlapping/common neural elements.
Perturbation of a Tridiagonal Stability Matrix

(1994). Perturbation of a Tridiagonal Stability Matrix. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 67, No. 2, pp. 124-127.
Cooperative effects in multi-bubble sonoluminescence☆

Theoretical and experimental evidence is presented in support of quantum collective effects in sonoluminescence.