cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Korteweg–de Vries type of fifth-order equations on a finite domain with point dissipation

Abstract The paper discusses initial value problem of a Korteweg–de Vries type of fifth-order equation w t + w x x x − w x x x x x − ∑ j = 1 n a j w j w x = 0 , w ( x , 0 ) = w 0 ( x ) posed on a periodic domain x ∈ [ 0 , 2 π ] with periodic boundary conditions w i x ( 0 , t ) = w i x ( 2 π , t ) , i = 0 , 2 , 3 , 4 and an L 2 -stabilizing feedback control law w x ( 2 π , t ) = α w x ( 0 , t ) + ( 1 − α ) w x x x ( 0 , t ) where n is a fixed positive integer, a j , j = 1 , 2 , ⋯ , n , α are real constants, and | α | 1 . It is shown that for w 0 ( x ) ∈ H α 1 ( 0 , 2 π ) with the boundary conditions described above, the problem is locally well-posed for w ∈ C ( [ 0 , T ] ; H α 1 ( 0 , 2 π ) ) with a conserved volume of w, [ w ] = ∫ 0 2 π w ( x , t ) d x . Moreover, the solution with small initial condition exists globally and approaches to [ w 0 ( x ) ] / ( 2 π ) as t → + ∞ .
Role of G(s)α in central regulation of energy and glucose metabolism

GNAS is a complex imprinted locus with multiple oppositely imprinted gene products, including the G protein α-subunit Gsα that is expressed primarily from the maternal allele in some tissues and the Gsα isoform XLαs that is expressed only from the paternal allele. Maternal Gsα mutations in mice and in patients with Albright hereditary osteodystrophy lead to obesity, insulin resistance, and hyperlipidemia. Studies in mice show that these effects are primarily due to Gsα imprinting in the central nervous system and that Gsα deficiency in one or more regions of the central nervous system lead to reduced sympathetic nervous system and energy expenditure without affecting food intake. Loss of Gsα in the central nervous system appears to lead to these effects primarily through impairment of melanocortin signaling. Loss of XLαs in mice leads to opposite effects on energy and glucose metabolism.
Pharmacology of nicotine; antipyretic, renal and adrenocorticotrophic effects.

Summary1. Nicotine lowers the temperature of the fevered rat, rabbit and dog. 2. In addition to the previously described antidiuretic effect of nicotine in rat and man, the present experiments indicate high activity in the dog, and independence of this effect from changes in glomerular filtration rate. Nicotine did not lower the renal excretion of phenol red in the dog. 3. Nicotine lowers the concentration of ascorbic acid in the rat adrenal. This effect is completely abolished by total adenohypophysectomy.
Abstract 4197: Mouse xenograft models of human soft tissue sarcomas

Sarcoma represents a class of tumors arising from mesenchymal tissue. New approaches that target sarcoma-specific molecular alterations hold a promise of more effective therapies. Currently available sarcoma models do not accurately resemble relevant properties of the human disease and very often are inadequate for predicting the efficacy of investigational drugs in preclinical settings. Thus, in order to test novel targeted therapies, it is essential to develop in vivo models of sarcomas. To this end, we have created a panel of well-characterized xenografts of primary human sarcomas that represent a spectrum of histotypes. Specifically, we transplanted intact human sarcomas under the skin of immunodeficient mice. We then compared the morphologic, phenotypic, and genetic characteristics of the tumor tissues before and after implantation in recipient mice. To date, we have implanted into Nu/Nu recipients tumor tissue fragments from 32 gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) 10 dedifferentiated liposarcomas and 6 leiomyosarcomas. Successful tumor growth was detected in 86% cases of GIST, 44% of liposarcomas and 33% of leiomyosarcomas. Upon serial transplantation, 35% of GISTs, 44% of liposarcomas and 33% of leiomyosarcomas have grown beyond passage F3. Histological analysis of the primary tumors and corresponding xenografts revealed that morphology and immunophenotype (c-Kit status for GISTs, MDM2 for liposarcomas, Smooth Muscle Actin for leiomyosarcomas) was retained throughout all passages. Moreover, all major genetic abnormalities present in the primary tumors were retained in the xenografts, as revealed by genome-wide Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) array analyses. Our results show that this approach can be used to generate animal models that faithfully reproduce characteristics of human intact tumors. These models can be used for in vivo preclinical drug testing, diagnostic and prognostic molecular markers discovery, and for identification of molecular mechanisms of drug resistance. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4197.
Differential Games in L^{\infty }

The Isaacs equations for differential games in $${L^{\infty }}$$ first derived in Barron (Nonlinear Anal 14:971–989, 1990) are reformulated so that the Hamiltonians are continuous and result in a simpler problem to analyze numerically. Relaxed differential games in $${L^{\infty }}$$ are considered. $$L^{\infty }$$ differential games with time and state independent dynamics and convex or quasiconvex terminal data are solved explicitly using a type of Hopf–Lax formula. The stochastic differential game in $${L^{\infty }}$$ connected to stochastic target problems is also discussed.
On Cultivation of College Students' Communicative Skills in English Teaching

Communication is the main purpose of language learning whether you are speaking,listening,reading or writing the language.Unfortunately,most college students are rather weak in their communicative skills in their learning process.Therefore,as a teacher,helping the students overcome barriers in listening and speaking,encouraging the students to speak English in class and create an easy environment for the students seem very important.
The Calculation and the Simulation of Grounding Grid Parameters in Homogeneous Soil

According to the current field theory,the large-scale grounding grid control differential equation can be changed into the boundary element integral equation by using the boundary element method and discrete the integral equation,then get the diffusion current and the boundary node voltage by solving linear equations.In this paper,the principle and processing technology is introduced;and the grounding resistance is calculated based on Matlab;at the same time the grounding grid contact voltage,step voltage and the ground potential distribution are directly reflected in vertical two layer medium demarcation.The calculation results for practical example show that this method is effective and can be utilized in practice.
Safety of transoral surgery for oropharyngeal malignancies: An analysis of the ACS NSQIP.

Objectives/Hypothesis Minimally invasive transoral surgical approaches for the resection of oropharyngeal tumors offer unique opportunities to achieve oncologically sound results while reducing treatment-related morbidity. The objective of this study is to characterize the mortality and complication rates of transoral oncologic resections in a large, prospective, de-identified national dataset from multiple hospitals. Study Design Retrospective, multi-institutional cohort study of 305 patients. Methods The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS NSQIP) datasets were accessed and examined for adult patients who underwent transoral surgical resection of oropharyngeal cancers during the years 2010 through 2013. Patient demographics, postoperative complications, and 30-day mortality were evaluated. Results A total of 305 patients in the 2010 to 2013 ACS NSQIP datasets met study criteria. For the 18 postoperative complications that we assessed, 24 of 305 patients developed 37 complications, representing a complication rate of 7.9%. Among all patients, the 30-day mortality rate was 0.7%, representing two patient deaths. The presence of preoperative dyspnea, hypertension requiring medication, and an American Society of Anesthesiologists classification of 3 or 4 were significantly associated with extended hospital length of stay (LOS) (> 4 days). On multivariate analysis, hypertension was the only factor that was marginally significant with a longer LOS (odds ratio = 1.74, P = 0.057). Conclusion Transoral resection of properly selected oropharyngeal tumors is safe, with low 30-day morbidity and mortality. A greater understanding of the risk factors for complications following transoral surgery may improve patient selection and safety. Level of Evidence 4. Laryngoscope, 2016
Metabolic Studies with Carbocyclic Analogs of Purine Nucleosides

In carbocyclic analogs of nucleosides a methylene group replaces the ring oxygen atom of the ribofuranosyl moiety. When evaluated for cytotoxicity against H. Ep. #2 cells in culture, the carbocyclic analog of adenosine (C-Ado) was highly cytotoxic (ED50 0.7 µM), whereas the carbocyclic analogs of inosine, 6-mercaptopurine ribonucleoside, and 6-methylthiopurine ribonucleoside were not cytotoxic at concentrations up to 150 µM. Sublines of H. Ep. #2 cells that lacked adenosine kinase were resistant to C-Ado, but the degree of resistance was less than that to other cytotoxic adenosine analogs. In H. Ep. #2 cells in culture C-Ado inhibited an early step of de novo purine biosynthesis, as determined by its ability to reduce the amount of formylglycinamide derivatives accumulating in azaserine-treated cells. In crude cell-free supernatants from H. Ep. #2 cells, C-Ado interfered with the phosphorylation of 6-methylthiopurine ribonucleoside; but none of the four carbocyclic analogs interfered with the phosphorylation or deamination of adenosine or the cleavage of inosine to hypoxanthine. In crude supernatants supplemented with ATP and Mg2+, C-Ado was phosphorylated and, to some extent, deaminated. In intact cells 3H-C-Ado was converted to mono-, di-, and triphosphates and, to a small extent, deaminated; no compound migrating like NAD was detected, and little radioactivity was found in polynucleotides. C-Ado was a substrate for a partially purified adenosine kinase from H. Ep. #2 cells (Km = 7.8 x 10-5 M) and for calf intestinal adenosine deaminase (Km = 3.3 x 10-3 M).
El papel de las Humanidades en el pasado y en el presente: perspectivas futuras fundadas sobre ideas antiguas. Reflexiones de un medievalista

This study outlines how we might be able to explain and defend the supremely important role of the humanities, perhaps surprisingly, by resorting to medieval literature. While there are many good reasons even today, if not especially in the present, to promote the teaching of the humanities, many critics tend to undermine all cultural and historical investigations of the premodern world and subscribe to presentism. However, as medievalist perspectives can tell us, the very opposite is the case since both poets and philosophers from the past have preserved for us fundamental ideals and values, ethical concepts, and religious and cultural concepts about the interrelationshp between self and the world, between the material and the metaphysical dimension.
Above Politics: Bureaucratic Discretion and Credible Commitment

Economic development requires secure contract enforcement and stable property rights. Normal majority-rule politics, such as bargaining over distributive and monetary policies, generate instability and frequently undermine economic development. Above Politics argues that bureaucracies can contribute to stability and economic development, but only if they are insulated from unstable politics. A separation-of-powers stalemate creates the conditions for bureaucratic autonomy. But what keeps delegated bureaucrats from being more abusive as they become more autonomous? One answer is the negotiation of long-term, cooperative relationships - that (when successful) typically bind subordinates to provide more effort in exchange for autonomy. Even more compelling is professionalism, which embeds its professional practitioners in professional norms and culture, and incidentally mitigates corruption. Financial examples are provided throughout the book, which ends with an analysis of the role played by professionalized bureaucracies during the Great Recession.
Molecular Basis for Strain Variation in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Adhesin Flo11p.

ABSTRACT FLO11 encodes a yeast cell wall flocculin that mediates a variety of adhesive phenotypes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Flo11p is implicated in many developmental processes, including flocculation, formation of pseudohyphae, agar invasion, and formation of microbial mats and biofilms. However, Flo11p mediates different processes in different yeast strains. To investigate the mechanisms by which FLO11 determines these differences in colony morphology, flocculation, and invasion, we studied gene structure, function, and expression levels. Nonflocculent Saccharomyces cerevisiae Σ1278b cells exhibited significantly higher FLO11 mRNA expression, especially in the stationary phase, than highly flocculent S. cerevisiae var. diastaticus. The two strains varied in cell surface hydrophobicity, and Flo11p contributed significantly to surface hydrophobicity in S. cerevisiae var. diastaticus but not in strain Σ1278b. Sequencing of the FLO11 gene in S. cerevisiae var. diastaticus revealed strain-specific differences, including a 15-amino-acid insertion in the adhesion domain. Flo11p adhesion domains from strain Σ1278b and S. cerevisiae var. diastaticus were expressed and used to coat magnetic beads. The adhesion domain from each strain bound preferentially to homologous cells, and the preferences were independent of the cells in which the adhesion domains were produced. These results are consistent with the idea that strain-specific variations in the amino acid sequences in the adhesion domains cause different Flo11p flocculation activities. The results also imply that strain-specific differences in expression levels, posttranslational modifications, and allelic differences outside the adhesion domains have little effect on flocculation. IMPORTANCE As a nonmotile organism, Saccharomyces cerevisiae employs the cell surface flocculin Flo11/Muc1 as an important means of adapting to environmental change. However, there is a great deal of strain variation in the expression of Flo11-dependent phenotypes, including flocculation. In this study, we investigated the molecular basis of this strain-specific phenotypic variability. Our data indicate that strain-specific differences in the level of flocculation result from significant sequence differences in the FLO11 alleles and do not depend on quantitative differences in FLO11 expression or on surface hydrophobicity. We further have shown that beads coated with amino-terminal domain peptide bind preferentially to homologous cells. These data show that variability in the structure of the Flo11 adhesion domain may thus be an important determinant of membership in microbial communities and hence may drive selection and evolution.
Which Homeless Veterans Benefit From a Peer Mentor and How

Objective Veterans Affairs (VA) is expanding peer support. Research is limited on Veterans’ perspective on benefits from peer services. We describe homeless Veteran perceptions of value and examine characteristics associated with benefit. Method From a sample of Veterans in a multisite randomized control trial, we studied addition of peers in VA Primary Care and homeless-oriented primary care clinics. We used qualitative methods to study the perceptions of peer services among a subsample of homeless Veterans. Quantitative methods were used to validate findings in both samples. Results Sixty-five percent of the subsample and 83% of the full sample benefited from a peer mentor. Participants who benefited had more peer visits and minutes of intervention (p<.05), were more likely to be minority, and were less likely to have posttraumatic stress disorder. Conclusion The majority of Veteran participants in this study benefited from receiving peer mentor intervention. African American Veterans were more likely to benefit and Veterans with PTSD were less likely to benefit. Client endorsement of the peer's role influenced outcomes.
Adaptive control of powered transfemoral prostheses based on adaptive dynamic programming

In this study, we developed and tested a novel adaptive controller for powered transfemoral prostheses. Adaptive dynamic programming (ADP) was implemented within the prosthesis control to complement the existing finite state impedance control (FS-IC) in a prototypic active-transfemoral prosthesis (ATP). The ADP controller interacts with the human user-prosthesis system, observes the prosthesis user's dynamic states during walking, and learns to personalize user performance properties via online adaptation to meet the individual user's objectives. The new ADP controller was preliminarily tested on one able-bodied subject walking on a treadmill. The test objective was for the user to approach normative knee kinematics by tuning the FS-IC impedance parameters via ADP. The results showed the ADP was able to adjust the prosthesis controller to generate the desired normative knee kinematics within 10 minutes. In the meantime, the FS-IC impedance parameters converged at the end of the adaptive tuning procedure while maintaining the desired human-prosthesis performance. This study demonstrated the feasibility of ADP for adaptive control of a powered lower limb prosthesis. Future research efforts will address several important issues in order to validate the system on amputees. To achieve this goal, human user-centered performance objective functions will be developed, tested, and used in this adaptive controller design.
A Relative Commitment Approach to Understanding Power in Romantic Relationships

In some romantic relationships, one partner has more power over joint decisions than the other. This study examines relative commitment as a key predictor of which partner has more power and developed a model based on classic interdependence theory. A survey was conducted (N = 324) using new measures of the key variables to test the model. When desire for control was high, relative commitment predicted self-perceived power, which predicted major and minor decision making as well as dominant conflict strategies. These results are consistent with the proposed modification of interdependence theory concerning desire for control.
Collaborative Stakeholder Engagement: An Integration between Theories of Organizational Legitimacy and Learning

Organizations often collaborate with stakeholders such as customers, communities, and other groups to pursue shared goals, and these partnerships are known to affect an organization’s legitimacy wi...
Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography: An overview

Conventional echocardiography and its representation of the heart in a two-dimensional format only provide partial information about cardiac function. Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography is a recently developed technique based on the design of an ultrasound transducer with a matrix array that instantaneously acquires the image contained in a pyramidal volume. The simultaneous display of multiple tomographic images allows the anatomically correct examination of any structure contained within the volumetric image. Software and technologies based on high performance computers designed for graphic handling of three-dimensional images permit the rapid mapping of the volumetric image and provide possibilities beyond those of the echograph. Using this methodology, it is possible to simultaneously visualize multiple superimposed planes in an interactive manner. Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography also allows a quantitative assessment of cardiac volumes, ventricular mass, and myocardium with contraction and/or perfusion abnormalities. This technique thus expands the abilities of non-invasive cardiology and may open new doors for the evaluation of cardiac disease.
Seismicity of northern California and western Nevada

abstract Nearly 1500 recent northern California and western Nevada earthquakes of magnitude 2 and above have been used to study aspects of the seismicity of the region. In an area covering 5 1 2 degrees of latitude by 8 degrees of longitude, each square degree was subdivided into 16 approximately equal quadrilateral blocks. The seismic energy and associated strain release in each block were computed for time intervals up to five years. The computed representations of strain release for each year are contoured to define the distribution of seismic zones in the area and to give a dynamic measure of thier variation. The observed surface creep along the San Andreas fault at the Vineyard seismographic station is compared with the intensity of the seismic activity in the immediate neighborhood of the fault zone. The frequency distribution of earthquakes of different magnitude is discussed.
Pancasila sebagai Karya Estetis Bangsa Indonesia: Sebuah Refleksi Filosofis

Pancasila is the nation's art in Indonesia, that is, a masterpiece rooted in the values that have been grown in the society. Since it has been embedded in the society, the values it gives rise should be returned to the society. It is worthy to say that Pancasila is the substantial values of this nation, without which Indonesia will disperse. This value tracing is in fact not a finished work, but an ongoing process. Thus the language used to translate the values ought to be unique, communicative, and contextual. To the end that the language contextual, the learning of local cultural values is an important orientation since only with it Pancasila has a future in this nation. When Pancasila deters the values emerging from the local wisdom then something is definitely wrong there, for these values are the root of Pancasila. Pancasila enriches the local virtues and vice versa. Because Pancasila was formulated from the local virtues then it must also be returned using the local, contextual and hospitabe language. Dogmatic and unsocial language based on the Cartesian patterns that is used to put this ideology into practice needs to be recolored. In this paper, an aesthetic paradigm is reconsidered to make room for experiences. Pancasila should be approached in a language that grew out of the sense of awe. When we talk about awe, we talk about how to talk aesthetically. Being amazed by this spirit is a start to walk through the journey towards being Indonesia. Departing from this aesthetic paradigm, the author examines the spirits that already exist and grow in the societies. Keywords: *Aesthetics, *Pancasila, *experience, *aesthetic experience, *awe, *diversity, *local values, *contextual language, *aesthetic masterpiece, *familial and common experiences, *culturization
Advocacy for Pediatric Patients with IBD

Physicians who treat patients with chronic illnesses know that the practice of medicine has come to involve the practice of patient advocacy. Whether it be justifying a prescription for a non-formulary medication or trying to help a child obtain necessary accommodations from a school, physicians who treat children with IBD have to learn to be advocates. Although this is not something we are taught in medical school, it has become an integral facet of practicing collaborative medicine in the United States in the twenty first century. Use of a medical team approach is most important to meet the advocacy needs of patients. The medical team may involve the physician, nurses, social workers, nutritionists, psychologists, and administrative staff.
Relative growth of the partial sums of certain random Fibonacci-like sequences

AbstractWe consider certain Fibonacci-like sequences (Xn)n≥0 perturbed with a random noise. Our main result is that 1Xn∑k=0n-1Xk converges in distribution, as n goes to infinity, to a random variable W with Pareto-like distribution tails. We show that s=limx→∞-logP(W>x)logx is a monotonically decreasing characteristic of the input noise, and hence can serve as a measure of its strength in the model. Heuristically, the heavy-tailed limiting distribution, versus a light-tailed one with s=+∞, can be interpreted as an evidence supporting the idea that the noise is ‘singular’ in the sense that it is ‘big’ even in a ‘slightly’ perturbed sequence.
PROBING LYMPHOCYTE MEMBRANE ORGANIZATION

We discuss here approaches to some problems of lymphocyte membrane organization. By randomly modifying lymphocyte surfaces with a hapten, we have been able to demonstrate that all exposed membrane protein can be capped without effecting an equivalent aggregation of intramembranous particles (IMP). A versatile and highly specific method is described for simultaneous labeling of multiple cell surface antigens for fluorescence and for transmission and scanning electron microscopy.
United We Stand; Divided We Fibrillate?

The heart is an electric and biochemical syncytium with its cardiac myocytes coupled by gap junctions that allow the passage of both ionic current and small molecules.1 Electric coupling allows the rapid spread of depolarization through the atrium, ventricle, and specialized conduction system that is required for coordinated and efficient mechanical function. In addition, these low-resistance intercellular connections help to prevent arrhythmias in several ways. First, tight coupling leads to synchronization of repolarization across the cardiac chambers that decreases dispersion of repolarization and refractoriness and prevents functional reentry.2 Second, the flow of ions and metabolites minimizes the differences at the single cell level that could result from variations in ion channel expression and metabolic state, stabilizing electric propagation and preventing triggered activity. Third, if an aberrant action potential is triggered in a cell or small group of cells, the source–sink mismatch of the electric syncytium will often prevent propagation. In fact, both theoretical and experimental studies have estimated the number of synchronized myocytes required to initiate a premature ventricular beat.3,4 Article, see p 1379 Although coupling between cardiac myocytes is important, the absence of coupling is also critical in some circumstances. Electric isolation is required …
Personality and political preferences over time: Evidence from a multiwave longitudinal study.

OBJECTIVE We investigate how the relations between the Big Five personality traits and political preferences develop over a campaign. METHOD We rely on a six-wave nationwide longitudinal survey from the 2008 U.S. election that included 20,000 respondents (Mage = 49, SD = 15; 53% women, 47% men; 82% White, 8% Black, 6% Hispanic/Latino, 1% Asian, 1% Native American, 2% other). Survey weights were applied to approximate a representative sample of the U.S. POPULATION Ns for reported analyses range from 5,160 to 12,535. RESULTS First, Conscientiousness and Openness to Experience were significantly associated with changes in outcomes over time, such that individuals higher in Conscientiousness and lower in Openness tended to become more conservative, identify as more Republican, and evaluate John McCain more favorably relative to Barack Obama. Second, the effects of personality on candidate evaluations were mediated by partisanship and ideology. Finally, we find that the relations between traits and late-campaign candidate evaluations are stronger than those between traits and early-campaign candidate evaluations. CONCLUSIONS Personality plays an important, dynamic role in the formation and change of political preferences over the course of political campaigns-a role not entirely visible in cross-sectional analyses.
Abstinent Nation, Addicted Empire: Opium and Japan in the Meiji Period

AbstractDuring Japan’s Meiji period (1868–1912), policymakers launched an ambitious campaign to build a rich and strong state, distinct from a supine and inferior “Orient.” The exclusion of the opi...
Qualifications and Skills Required for Performance Improvement: A Content Analysis of Job Postings.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Healthcare reform and the implementation of a national quality strategy in the United States have increased emphasis on quality improvement. Additionally, as healthcare organizations focus on value, they are paying more attention to quality in the context of cost and seeking to address these concerns through various performance improvement initiatives. Given the importance of these initiatives, this study analyzed the improvement job positions posted by U.S. healthcare organizations, specifically with respect to the qualifications and skills required. The author conducted a content analysis of improvement job postings using an inductive approach to capture and categorize core information about each posting and a deductive approach to evaluate skills required for selected job areas. The results show that healthcare organizations have invested in a breadth of improvement positions across all levels of the organization. Many positions are tied to strategic initiatives. The greatest number of positions posted were in the performance improvement area, followed by quality improvement, process improvement, Lean, Six Sigma, and Lean Six Sigma. These research results may be useful to healthcare organizations for strategic resource planning purposes and to educators and professional associations to target programs that offer students and members the opportunity to gain needed qualifications and skills.
Balancing Design Conjecture and Research Analytics

The literature on design methods suitable for research related to the built environment is prolific. But the majority of methods are derived from other fields and consequently do not leverage the u...
Exploring the interoceptive stimulus effects of nicotine and varenicline

Abstract Learning processes associated with nicotine influence the development of addiction to tobacco products. In the present report, we are interested in the interoceptive stimulus effects of nicotine acquiring control over appetitive behaviors – specifically, reward seeking. Also of interest is the current smoking cessation drug, varenicline (Chantix®). Varenicline, with its nicotine-like stimulus effects, can decrease withdrawal and cravings for a subset of individuals addicted to nicotine, though relapse is still common. We trained rats (N = 48) with nicotine (0.4 mg/kg, SC) as an excitatory stimulus (i.e., paired with sucrose) in a drug-discriminated goal-tracking (DGT) task. There was no access to sucrose on interspersed saline days. After acquisition of the initial nicotine-saline discrimination, rats were separated into four groups to test discrimination reversal and drug substitution. The control group maintained nicotine as the excitatory stimulus (NIC+). The substitution group had varenicline (1 mg/kg) replace nicotine as the stimulus paired with sucrose (VAR+). One reversal group had nicotine signal the absence of sucrose (i.e., now available on intermixed saline sessions; NIC−). The last group was similar to the NIC− group except varenicline replaced nicotine on non-reinforced sessions (VAR−). We found that varenicline fully substituted as the training stimulus when the drug-sucrose relation remained in place (VAR+). Both reversal groups acquired the new discrimination, albeit slowly and more variable for the VAR− group in comparison to NIC−. There was an effect of group during substitution testing. Specifically, nicotine fully substituted for varenicline regardless of condition. However, varenicline only partially substituted for the nicotine stimulus. At the start of extinction, responding mimicked that of the rats training condition. However, by extinction session 12, all groups maintained similarly low levels of responding. These findings show nicotine and varenicline share stimulus elements, yet the conclusion of partial to full substitution depends on the nature of the testing protocol.
Elements of Object-Oriented Systems

Especially in object-oriented programming, programming starts from a base of existing elements. These elements form a base system for all programs. In an object-oriented environment the base is twofold: (1) there are existing classes to handle recurring data structures and algorithms, and (2) there is (or should be) an existing overall object-oriented organization. Typical elements of an object-oriented organization are a user interface and a database component. This chapter illustrates how to approach the programming task in such an object-oriented environment.
Hypo-Egoic Nonentitlement as a Feature of Humility:

Two studies tested the hypothesis that humility is characterized by the belief that, no matter how extraordinary one's accomplishments or characteristics may be, one is not entitled to be treated special because of them (hypo-egoic nonentitlement). Participants identified either one (Study 1) or five (Study 2) positive accomplishments or characteristics, rated those accomplishments/characteristics, indicated how they believed they should be treated because of them, and completed measures of humility and related constructs. As predicted, humility was inversely associated with the belief that other people should treat one special because of one's accomplishments and positive characteristics. However, humility was not related to participants' ratings of the positivity of their accomplishments or characteristics or of themselves. Ancillary analyses examined the relationships between hypo-egoic nonentitlement, humility, and measures of self-esteem, narcissism, self- and other-interest, psychological entitlement, individualism-collectivism, and identification with humanity.
ZFP143 Activates C/EBPα Transcription in Myeloid Cells.

C/EBPα is a key transcription factor involved in myeloid differentiation and frequently mutated or deregulated in human acute myeloid leukemias (AML) as well as in blast crisis of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). Disruption of its function contributes to the differentiation block observed in these diseases and thus to leukemogenesis. Here, we have identified a conserved region in the C/EBPα promoter that is important for activation of C/EBPα transcription in myeloid cells and narrowed it down to a conserved site of approximately 25 bp that contains a consensus binding site for ZFP143, a seven-zinc finger transcription factor. In gel retardation assays, this region bound a factor of approximately 100 kDa that we biochemically purified and identified by mass spectrometry as being indeed ZFP143. In vivo binding of ZFP143 to its bona fide binding site in the C/EBPα promoter was also detected by chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. We are now studying the in vivo effect of ZFP143 on C/EBPα transcription in mice that carry an inducible gene trap in the ZFP143 locus. While mice homozygous for the active gene trap - that prevents ZFP143 transcription - die at an early embryonic stage, preliminary data from heterozygous mice shows indeed a reduction of C/EBPα mRNA levels, suggesting a role for ZFP143 in C/EBPα transcription activation. Ongoing experiments aim at selectively inactivating ZFP143 in the hematopoietic system using the Mx1-Cre / loxP system.
Comparison of drug-coated balloon angioplasty versus conventional angioplasty for arteriovenous fistula stenosis: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background:Arteriovenous fistula is the most preferred form of vascular access, but stenosis treated by balloon angioplasty is prone to restenosis. Multiple trials have been published with regard t...
A 63-Year-Old Woman with Debilitating Muscle Pain

The peripheral nervous system is frequently involved in ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV). Common presentations include mononeuritis multiplex, distal sensorimotor axonal polyneuropathy, and isolated cranial mononeuropathies. Here, we report a case of AAV with unusual presentation of predominant severe myalgia. The diagnosis of AAV was made by a muscle biopsy and a positive serum ANCA.
Temperature-Responsive Supramolecular Hydrogels by Ternary Complex Formation with Subsequent Photo-Cross-linking to Alter Network Dynamics

Supramolecular hydrogels prepared from host–guest physical cross-linking of polymers have versatile utility in a number of applications. Routes to integrate stimuli-responsive features in these mat...
Bilateral Alignment of Receptive Fields in the Olfactory Cortex Points to Non-Random Connectivity

While olfactory sensory neurons expressing the same receptor in the nose converge to the same location in olfactory bulb, projections from the olfactory bulb to the cortex exhibit no recognizable spatial topography. This lack of topography is thought to carry over for interhemispheric connectivity, which originates cortically. If connections to and within the cortex are random, information reaching a cortical neuron from both nostrils will be uncorrelated. Instead, we found that the odor responses of individual neurons to stimulation of both nostrils are highly matched. More surprisingly, odor identity decoding optimized with information arriving from one nostril transfers very well to the other side. Computational analysis shows that such matched odor tuning is incompatible with random connections, but is explained readily by local Hebbian plasticity. Our data reveal that despite the distributed nature of the sensory representation in the olfactory cortex, odor information across the two hemispheres is highly coordinated.
‘Not falling for that’: law's detraction and legal consciousness in the lives of Brazilian anti-torture activists

Legalised accountability – the definition of torture as an illicit behaviour and the mobilisation of law-enforcement agencies, prosecutorial offices and courts to gather evidence, prosecute and convict torture perpetrators – has become central to anti-torture policies around the world, including Brazil. Based on legal-consciousness scholarship and in-depth interviews, this paper investigates the place and meaning of law in the everyday lives of Brazilian anti-torture activists. Counter-intuitive as it may sound, interviewees articulated an account in which law's authority is largely rejected, while non-legal tools against torture look much more preferable – even if they residually and cynically engage with the law. While exploring the discursive roots of such account, this paper highlights the role of law and justice institutions, particularly those in the criminal justice system, in the of building social support for – or rejection of – the law. These findings add to our knowledge of law's hegemony, while providing valuable insights for future legal-consciousness studies.
Chapter 11 – Eminent Domain

Eminent domain is the power of government to take private land for public purpose, or in the public interest. Land taken for public purpose may be used for building a road or a school, and land taken in the public interest may be given to another private entity to develop a large-scale agriculture project. The government must pay to the land owner, just compensation measured as the fair market value of the land. The power of eminent domain is defined in the constitutions of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) countries. Eminent domain solves the holdout problem in bargaining theory. Court cases concerning eminent domain have addressed the fairness in taking land from one private party and giving it to another private party for development purposes, the calculation and adequacy of compensation, and sometimes the change in the use of the land for a purpose different from the intended use of the land when it was originally taken.
Principles of the Lymph Node Dissection in Non-melanoma Skin Cancer and Cutaneous Melanoma

Lymphadenectomy or lymph node dissection (LND) includes systematic dissection and biopsy of the regional lymph nodes. While LND is planned for staging purposes, it could also help with local control and systemic control of the cancers (prevention of other organs getting involved). The importance of the lymph node evaluation and surgical excision in the management of the cancers cannot be overemphasized. Due to its widespread list of possible early or late complications, LND is generally considered as a morbid procedure. Introduction of the sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) in the last few years has been a wise attempt aiming in prevention of unnecessary morbidities associated with LND in the patients and at the same time trying to gain invaluable cancer staging data and even help in the local and systemic control of the cancers. Some of the consequences of these procedures (mostly LND but to a lesser degree SLNB) may take more than a decade to develop. Since its introduction, SLNB has been modified to help us in identification of the primary lymphatic drainage for skin and soft tissue malignancies. SLNB is supposed to give us regional information on cancerous lymph node involvement while avoiding the morbidity of the LND. The current chapter reviews the principles of the LND in simple terms with an overview of the lymph nodes regional anatomy. We will also discuss necessary preoperative evaluations, indications and the value of LND in the patients with different skin cancers, and possible complications of SLNB and LND.
The Understanding and Implementation of Key Best Practices in National Park Service Education Programs

U.S. national parks provide excellent venues for learning experiences in history and the sciences with tangible, primary resources. However, best practices associated with experiential and inquiry-...
The state of renal sympathetic denervation for the management of patients with hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND Sympathetic nervous system plays a central role in the development and persistence of essential hypertension. In recent years renal sympathetic denervation (RSD) has emerged as a promising option for the treatment of patients with hypertension. METHODS We conducted a literature search of PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane library and Clinicaltrials.gov from inception through April 20, 2020. Outcomes of interest were change in 24-hour ambulatory systolic (ASBP) or diastolic blood pressure (ADBP) and change in office systolic (OSBP) or diastolic blood pressure (ODBP). We pooled data from randomized controlled trials (RCTS) comparing RSD to sham procedures in the management of hypertension using the random effect model. RESULTS A total of 1,363 patients from eight studies were included in the current meta-analysis. The mean age of the included patients was 56 ± 2.6 years, 29% were women and the median duration of maximum follow up was 6-month (range 3-12 month). There was more reduction favoring RSD in ASBP (Weighted mean difference [WMD] -3.55; 95% CI -4.91 - -2.19, p < .001, I2 = 0%), ADBP (WMD -1.87; 95% CI -3.07 - -0.66, p = .002, I2 = 43%), OSBP (WMD -5.5; 95% CI -7.59 - -3.40, p < .001, I2 = 7%) and ODBP (WMD -3.20; 95% CI -4.47 - -1.94, p < .001, I2 = 14%). CONCLUSION The use of RSD for the management of hypertension resulted in effective reduction in the ambulatory and office blood pressure compared to sham procedure. Adequately powered RCTs of RSD are needed to confirm safety, reproducibility and assess the impact on clinical outcomes.
Microbiome changes associated with acute and chronic pancreatitis: A systematic review.

Abstract Background Altered intestinal microbiota has been reported in pancreatic disorders, however, it remains unclear whether these changes alter the course of disease in patients with acute (AP) and chronic pancreatitis (CP), or whether these disease states alter the environment to enable pathogenic microbial composition changes to occur. We undertook a systematic review to characterize the gut microbiome in pancreatitis patients. Methods MEDLINE and EMBASE were searched for studies on microbiota in pancreatitis published from January 1, 2000 to June 5, 2020. Animal studies, reviews, case reports, and non-English articles were excluded. A frequency analysis was performed for outcomes reported in ≥2 studies and studies were analyzed for risk of bias and quality of evidence. Results 22 papers met inclusion criteria; 15 included AP, 7 included CP. No studies were appropriately designed to assess whether alterations in the gut microbiome exacerbate pancreatitis or develop as a result of pancreatitis. We did identify several patterns of microbiome changes that are associated with pancreatitis. The gut microbiome demonstrated decreased alpha diversity in 3/3 A P studies and 3/3 C P studies. Beta diversity analysis revealed differences in bacterial community composition in the gut microbiome in 2/2 A P studies and 3/3 C P studies. Functionally, gut microbiome changes were associated with infectious pathways in AP and CP. Several studies suffered from high risk of bias and inadequate quality. Conclusions Detecting differences in microbial composition associated with AP and CP may represent a diagnostic tool. Appropriately controlled longitudinal studies are needed to determine whether microbiome changes are causative or reactive in pancreatitis.
3106 – DIRECT INDUCTION OF HEMOGENIC ENDOTHELIUM AND MYELOID CELLS FROM HUMAN IPSCS USING ETV2 MODIFIED RNA

Previously, we demonstrated that overexpressing transcription factors ETV2 and GATA2 is sufficient to induce a pan-myeloid program in human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), which proceeds through a hemogenic endothelium (HE) stage (Elcheva et al., 2014). Although we have found that constitutive overexpression of ETV2 using lentiviral vectors induces predominantly non-hemogenic endothelium. We also noted that ETV2 induces GATA2 expression in human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) and very few HE with macrophage potential. In addition, our recent studies suggest that molecular mechanisms upstream of GATA2 are sufficient to specify hematoendothelial program in hPSCs, while GATA2 is required for endothelial-to-hematopoietic transition (EHT) (Kang et al., 2018). Given these findings and studies demonstrating the critical role of ETV2 threshold for hematoendothelial commitment (Zhao and Choi, 2017) and obligatory downregulation of ETV2 during subsequent stages of hematopoietic development in the embryo (Hayashi et al., 2012), we explored whether transitional expression of ETV2 with modified mRNA (mmRNA) alone is sufficient for hematoendothelial programming in hiPSCs. We found that overexpression of modified ETV2 mmRNA (mmETV2) following culture of transfected hiPSCs in StemLine II serum-free medium with FGF2, rapidly induces CD144+ expressing endothelial cells that, upon addition of GM-CSF, form floating CD43+ blood cells most of which co-express CD45. Culture of ETV2-induced hematoendothelial progenitors in the presence of GM-CSF, FGF2 and UM171 led to production of CD34+CD33+ myeloid progenitors which could be harvested every 8-10 days for up to 30 days of culture. Subsequently, myeloid progenitors were differentiated into functional neutrophils in the presence of G-CSF and the retinoic acid agonist Am580 or macrophages in presence of M-CSF and IL3 or IL-1β and M-CSF. Overall, this technology is suitable for generating functional neutrophils and macrophages from iPSCs to interrogate the role of genes in a myeloid cell development and function when coupled with genetic engineering technologies.
Positive and Negative Photoconductivity in Monolayer MoS2 as a Function of Physisorbed Oxygen

We investigate the effect of molecular oxygen on the photoconductivity of monolayer MoS2 via broad-band time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy. We observe that the photoconductivity of monolayer MoS2...
Effect of polycyclosilane microstructure on thermal properties

Thermal characterization of polysilanes has focused on the influence of organic side chains, whereas little is understood about the influence of silane backbone microstructure on thermal stability, phase properties, and pyrolysis. To address this knowledge gap, we prepared three distinct polycyclosilanes: linear polymers synthesized from the cyclosilane building blocks 1,4Si6 and 1,3Si6, as well as a cyclic polymer of 1,3Si6. Thermal properties across the temperature range 25 to 600 °C were investigated using differential scanning calromietry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). We found differences between linear and cyclic materials, including a phase transition unique to the cyclic polymer and lower rates of mass loss during pyrolysis. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations provided insight into microstructure-dependent pyrolysis.