cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integrated colour detectors in 0.18 lm CMOS technology

Demonstrated is a method for improving the spectral sensitivity of photodetectors using a commercial 0.18 µm silicon CMOS technology that combines buried double junction photodetectors and metallic grids above the detectors. Spectral sensitivity was measured using the ratio of the output photocurrent generated from different layers, and compared for detectors with and without metal gratings. Enhanced sensitivity was demonstrated by the combination of the buried double junction detectors and metallic grids, this being the first time this has been reported using only a commercial CMOS process.
The Evolution of Planning Education

It is difficult to come to grips with the major issues involved in American planning education unless they are viewed within the context of what is happening in planning practice, as well as within society at large. Also, to understand the current situation, we must see it against the background of what has happened during the past few decades and what the near future seems to hold. To develop a meaningful picture of the state of the art of planning education, I have found it helpful to sketch out the relationship of planning education to two key contextual elements: (1) major social trends and governmental programs, and (2) planning practice, over a reasonably long period of time—from 1940 to the present (1974) and projected forward fifteen years.
Propagation of singularities

We present a proof of Bony’s propagation of singularities result for solutions to nonlinear PDE. As mentioned in the Introduction, we emphasize how C r regularity of solutions rather than Hn/2+r regularity yields propagation of higher order microlocal regularity, giving in that sense a slightly more precise result than usual. Our proof also differs from most in using S 1, δ m calculus, with δ < 1. This simplifies the linear analysis to some degree, but because of this, in another sense our result is slightly weaker than that obtained using B r S 1,1 m calculus by Bony and Meyer; see also Hormander’s treatment [H4] using \( \tilde{S}_{{1,1}}^m \)calculus. Material developed in §3.4 could be used to supplement the arguments of §6.1, yielding this more precise result. In common with other approaches, our argument is modeled on Hormander's classic analysis of the linear case.
Gastric juice urease activity as a diagnostic test for Helicobacter pylori infection

OBJECTIVE An ideal assay (inexpensive, sensitive, specific, and readily available) for Helicobacter pylori is lacking. Urease activity is an important characteristic of the organism and is employed in the rapid urease and urea breath tests. In this study, we assessed whether a simpler test, namely, measurement of gastric juice urease activity, would provide comparable results. METHODS Gastric juice was analyzed for urea and ammonia in 57 patients evaluated with rapid urease test and histology. Urease activity was assessed by the fraction of urea hydrolyzed to ammonia. RESULTS Thirty-five subjects were H. pylori positive and 22 were H. pylori negative. Compared with noninfected subjects, H. pylori-positive patients had lower urea levels (0.52 +/- 0.10 vs. 2.77 +/- 0.48 mM, p < 0.01), higher ammonia concentrations (6.59 +/- 1.06 vs. 1.64 +/- 0.25 mM, p < 0.01), and higher gastric urease activity (0.83 +/- 0.03 vs. 0.24 +/- 0.14, p < 0.01). In H. pylori-negative patients, there was a correlation between blood and gastric urea (r = 0.61, p < 0.01). However, in H. pylori-positive patients, no such relationship existed (r = 0.30, p = 0.11). The ratio of gastric to blood urea was lower in infected patients (0.11 +/- 0.02 vs. 0.45+/- 0.04, p < 0.01). The sensitivity and specificity of gastric urease activity for diagnosis of H. pylori were 91% and 100%, respectively, and for the ratio of gastric to blood urea, 89% and 95%, respectively. CONCLUSION Gastric juice urease activity is a simple, sensitive, and specific means to detect H. pylori.
9.9 – Female Reproductive Physiology

The chapter begins with a description of the anatomy of the female reproductive system, including the vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries, and the overall function of each of these structures. Oogenesis begins before birth, we learn, and the population of potential ova peaks while the female is still in its mother! These cells lie in an arrested prophase meiosis I until puberty. At most a few hundred of these will actually ovulate. The chapter then discusses the phases of the menstrual cycle, beginning with a description of the cyclic hormonal changes and endometrium lining during the period. The cause of the estrogen peak in the first half of the cycle is explained as estradiol synthesis by granulosa cells of the current dominant Graafian follicle, which requires both FSH and LH and the synthesis of androstenedione by the thecal cells lying just outside the basement membrane of the follicle. Ovulation follows a surge of LH from the anterior pituitary. The peak of estrogen in the follicular phase informs the CNS of the follicle’s maturity. The conversion of the Graafian follicle to the corpus luteum is discussed, along with the mechanism of production of progesterone and estradiol in the luteal phase of the cycle.
Writing with Sunlight: Recreating a Historic Experiment

This demonstration uses sunlight to write letters on a slurry of silver nitrate and calcium carbonate, recreating an experiment dating to the early 18th century. The letters appear as light silhouettes against a dark-gray background, with the gray due to elemental silver. The demonstration is a striking illustration of the photoreduction of silver ions, the fundamental process in conventional film-based photography. This demonstration kindles the interest of beginning students in oxidation–reduction reactions.
Clinical Education: MLS Student Perceptions

This research study examines the perspectives of medical laboratory science (MLS) students completing their clinical education. Experiential learning provides the conceptual framework for clinical education in the healthcare professions. Students are placed into a community of practice where they are asked to apply learned theories in a sometimes stressful and distracting setting. A series of interviews and observations took place involving MLS students completing clinical internships. Participants were able to describe factors that contribute to the process of how learning occurs during clinical education. The four categories of findings that are described in depth include student self-awareness, the clinical environment and setting, preparation for clinical education, and preceptor role. Participants described the process of learning as one in which they apply skills learned prior to the internship with the experience of professional socialization, teamwork, and unique patient or interprofessional communication during the practicum. The role of preceptors is a key factor in providing an environment conducive to student learning. Conclusions and recommendations from these data provide valuable insight to educators of medical laboratory science and other healthcare professions in regards to clinical education. ABBREVIATIONS:NAACLS - National Accrediting Agency for Clinical Laboratory Sciences, MLS Medical Laboratory Science
Influence of NPN Treatment, Oven Temperature and Drying Time on Error in Determining True Corn Silage Dry Matter

SUMMARY An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of NPN treatment of corn silage on magnitude of error in dry matter (DM) determined by oven drying. Oven drying at 60 C underestimated true DM by 8.4% and oven drying at 100 C underestimated true DM by 11.5%. Drying samples for 24 or 48 hr or NPN treatment did not affect the magnitude of this error. A summary of similar data in the literature indicated oven dry matter values could be corrected by multiplying whole plant grain silage DM values between 27 and 39% by 1.056 for 60 C oven and 1.093 for 100 C oven temperature. Similar values for high moisture corn oven DM values between 62 and 72% are 1.03 and 1.047 respectively. Without these adjustments, DM intake is underestimated and feed nutrient and efficiency of utilization values are overestimated.
Association of Adverse Drug Events with Hospitalization Outcomes and Costs in Older Adults in the USA using the Nationwide Readmissions Database.

Adverse drug events (ADEs) are a primary cause of significant morbidity, mortality, and healthcare utilization in older adults. The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical outcomes and cost of ADEs during hospitalization in older adults. Discharges for patients aged 65 years or older were identified in the 2014 Nationwide Readmissions Database. ADEs were selected based on a previously developed algorithm of 442 unique diagnoses and external causes of injury codes. Patients were categorized into ADE or non-ADE groups. Regression models were used for a multivariable analysis for each outcome metric, which included all-cause readmission, in-hospital mortality, length of stay, and costs. The study included 3,832,322 patients. Among these patients, 203,432 (5.3%) had at least one ADE during hospitalization. The majority of ADEs were related to broad categories of “medications affecting blood constituents” (22%) and “adverse effects of biological and medicinal substances in therapeutic use” (23%). In adjusted models, older adults with ADEs during hospitalization had a 25% (p 0.05) rise in cost was observed in the ADE group when compared with the non-ADE group. ADEs have a substantial burden on in-patient care of older adults both clinically (increased readmission, in-hospital mortality, and length of stay) and financially. Targeted interventions can help to prevent ADEs and, consequently, the associated clinical and economic burden.
Library and Information Science Curriculum in a Changing Professional Landscape: The Case of Copyright Education in the United States

Despite the importance placed on copyright and intellectual property literacy by the American Library Association, as evidenced in the accreditation standards, issues pertaining to copyright education remain marginal in the library and information science (LIS) curriculum and research. Today, copyright intersects with every library and information service in any type of information institution, yet few librarians get copyright training as part of the formal LIS curriculum in library schools. Lack of copyright education leaves many librarians unable to properly identify and address copyright issues in the workplace. This paper offers a critical analysis of LIS programs over the past 10–12 years with a specific focus on trends in the teaching of copyright matters. Employing a qualitative methodology with a mixed-method approach, the authors analyzed the syllabi of courses dedicated to copyright and intellectual property offered at select LIS programs. The goal was to understand what the copyright courses cover, how they are taught, instructional sources and resources, and curriculum changes over time, where applicable. Findings show that the few LIS programs offering copyright courses have rigorous and dynamic copyright curriculum that constantly changes with the evolving copyright environment. The main takeaway and recommendation is that some kind of coordination is needed in the teaching of copyright and that LIS programs may need minimum standards for the core curriculum of copyright courses. The coordinating mechanism will ensure that periodic review of the core curriculum occurs and takes into account the rapid changes in the different library environments where library students work.
New Perspective for Non-invasive Brain Stimulation Site Selection in Mild Cognitive Impairment: Based on Meta- and Functional Connectivity Analyses.

Background: Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) has been widely used to treat mild cognitive impairment (MCI). However, there exists no consensus on the best stimulation sites. Objective: To explore potential stimulation locations for NIBS treatment in patients with MCI, combining meta- and resting state functional connectivity (rsFC) analyses. Methods: The meta-analysis was conducted to identify brain regions associated with MCI. Regions of interest (ROIs) were extracted based on this meta-analysis. The rsFC analysis was applied to 45 MCI patients to determine brain surface regions that are functionally connected with the above ROIs. Results: We found that the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and inferior frontal gyrus were the overlapping brain regions between our results and those of previous studies. In addition, we recommend that the temporoparietal junction (including the angular gyrus), which was found in both the meta- and rsFC analysis, should be considered in NIBS treatment of MCI. Furthermore, the bilateral orbital prefrontal gyrus, inferior temporal gyrus, medial superior frontal gyrus, and right inferior occipital gyrus may be potential brain stimulation sites for NIBS treatment of MCI. Conclusion: Our results provide several potential sites for NIBS, such as the DLFPC and inferior frontal gyrus, and may shed light on the locations of NIBS sites in the treatment of patients with MCI.
Preclinical Assessment of a Novel CDC7 Inhibitor: Genomewide RNAi Screening Identifies Unique Synergetic and Resistance Genes,

Abstract Abstract 3570 Despite extensive drug discovery efforts, drug-candidate failure and patients relapsing in the clinic remain as persistent problems. While insufficient drug-gene engagement leads to drug failure, de novo escape mutations give rise to patients relapsing, calling the need for systemic studies on how genes influence drug responsiveness. Towards this end, we have explored a functional short hairpin RNA (shRNA) based genomic screening platform aimed at interrogating drug-gene engagement and assessing its consequences on signaling pathways. We propose this concept as a novel way to evaluate drug candidates prior to clinical trials enabling liability assessment and predicting clinical outcome. We took advantage of the arrayed shRNA library produced in lentiviral particles and characterized by several obvious advantageous features including shRNA targeting one hairpin at a time and on the fly high content whole well microscopy imaging analysis. We carried out three parallel genomewide shRNA screens in the absence or presence of the novel CDC7 kinase inhibitor (MSK-777) at its IC20 and IC50 and have identified several gene candidates that influence MSK-777 sensitivity and resistance. These include synergizers that enhance MSK-777 sensitivity and rescuers that confer MSK-777 resistance. IPA analysis mapped clusters of these hits to multiple major pathways among them were the NF-kB pathway, the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, DNA replication, and several epigenetic regulatory genes. We will present and discuss this concept together with the emerging pathways as a means to identify both key therapeutic targets and biomarkers of sensitivity and resistance. Thus, allowing for not only a broader applicability of assessing candidate genes that modulate specific drug agents, but also for the identification of a tailored and more efficacious therapeutic regimen to treat cancer. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
KEEPING THINGS, BUT ONLY FOR A WHILE

This is a pre-copyedited, author-produced version of an article accepted for publication in Innovation in Aging following peer review. The version of record Ekerdt D. J. (2019). KEEPING THINGS, BUT ONLY FOR A WHILE. Innovation in Aging, 3(Suppl 1), S362–S363. https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.1323 is available online at: https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.1323. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Implementation of harmonically mapped averaging in LAMMPS, and effect of potential truncation on anharmonic properties

Implementation of the harmonically mapped averaging (HMA) framework in the Large-scale Atomic/Molecular Massively Parallel Simulator (LAMMPS) is presented for on-the-fly computations of the energy, pressure, and heat capacity of crystalline systems during canonical molecular dynamics simulations. HMA has a low central processing unit and storage requirements and is straightforward to use. As a case study, the properties of the Lennard-Jones and embedded-atom model (parameterized for nickel) crystals are computed. The results demonstrate the higher efficiency of the new class compared to the inbuilt LAMMPS classes for calculating these properties. However, HMA loses its effectiveness in systems where diffusion occurs in the crystal, and an example is presented to allow this behavior to be recognized. In addition to its improved precision, HMA is less affected by small errors introduced by having a larger time step in molecular dynamics simulations. We also present an analysis of the effect of potential truncation on anharmonic properties, and show that artifacts of truncation on the HMA averages can be eliminated simply by shifting the potential energy to zero at the truncation radius. Full properties can be obtained by adding easily computed values for the lattice and harmonic properties using the untruncated potential.
Obstructing Justice: The Association Between Prosecutorial Misconduct and the Identification of True Perpetrators:

Prosecutorial misconduct is a potential barrier to identifying true perpetrators of crimes in wrongful conviction cases. Previous theories posit that pressures on prosecutors to carry out their rol...
Practice of evidence-based nursing in severe oral ulcer of hospitalized children with hand-foot-mouth disease

Objective To explore the effect of evidence-based nursing in the oral care of children with hand-foot-mouth disease.Methods From May 2011 to August 2011,200 hospitalized children who suffered from severe oral ulcer due to hand-foot-mouth disease were enrolled in the study.Using the random number method,we assigned the patient to the control group and observe group which contained 100 patients,respectively.The control group received the routine method of oral care while the observe group adopt the concept of evidence-based nursing.We found the conjunct problem and enforced the specific care,the healing time for oral ulcer and the pain relief level between the two groups was compared.Results In the observe group,as compared with the control group,the healing time for oral ulcer and the pain relief obviously decreased [ (2.06 ±0.55)d vs (2.75 ±0.76)d],[ (2.84 ±0.75)d vs (3.46 ±0.87)d],respectively,the difference was statistically significant ( t =3.04,2.17,respectively; P ＜ 0.05 ).Conclusions Evidence-based nursing could improve nursing quality and promote recovery from disease if we use it into oral care of children with handfoot-mouth disease. Key words: Hand, foot and mouth disease; Child; Oral ulcer; Evidence-based nursing
Impact of ADCYAP1R1 genotype on longitudinal fear conditioning in children: interaction with trauma and sex

Dysregulated fear conditioned responses have been associated with PTSD in adults, with increased fear-potentiated startle (FPS) serving as a potential intermediate phenotype for PTSD risk. This phenotype has also been associated with stress-related ADCYAP1R1 gene variants in adult women. However, FPS and genotype have not yet been examined during development. The aim of this study was to examine developmental changes in fear conditioning, and to see whether these changes were impacted by genotype and trauma. Differential fear conditioning using FPS was tested in n = 63 children ages 8–13 at two visits (V1, V2) 1 year apart. Startle response was measured using electromyograph recordings of the eyeblink muscle. The rs2267735 SNP of the ADCYAP1R1 gene was extracted from genome-wide (GWAS) analyses. Trauma exposure was assessed using the Violence Exposure Scale-Revised (VEX-R). We found significant Visit by Genotype interactions, with CC genotype increasing FPS from V1 to V2. At V2 there was a Genotype by Violence interaction, with higher FPS in the CC vs G allele groups among those with higher violence exposure (F = 17.46, p = 0.0002). Females with the CC genotype had higher FPS compared to G allele females (F = 12.09, p = 0.002); there were no effects of genotype in males. This study showed Gene × Environment × Development and Gene × Sex effects of ADCYAP1R1 in a high-risk pediatric population. Those with the CC genotype and high levels of violence exposure, as well as females with the CC genotype, showed the greatest conditioned fear responses in adolescence.
Ninth Circuit Upholds IRS Regulation that Preempts Common Law Mail-Box Rule: Baldwin v. United States

The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, in Baldwin v. U.S., reversed the district court decision that held taxpayers, based on extrinsic evidence that satisfied the common-law mailbox rule, had timely filed an amended tax return and could properly maintain a refund action. The Ninth Circuit held, instead, that taxpayers could only satisfy Code Sec. 7502, commonly known as the “mailbox rule,” by strict adherence to Regulation §301.7502-1(e)(2). Since they had not satisfied those requirements, the amended return was untimely filed and, thus, the refund action was dismissed for lack of jurisdiction. In reaching its decision, the Ninth Circuit overruled its own precedent, Andersen, which had held Sec. 7502 was a safe harbor, rather than the exclusive means to satisfy the “mailbox” rule.
Thyroid Follicular Epithelial Cell-Derived Cancer: New Approaches and Treatment Strategies.

Thyroid follicular epithelial cell-derived cancer includes papillary carcinoma, follicular carcinoma, Hurthle cell carcinoma, poorly differentiated thyroid cancer, and anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. Although the incidence of thyroid cancer has increased over the past 30 years, there has not been a significant increase in patient mortality. Use of increasingly sensitive detection methods such as high-resolution imaging has enabled earlier detection and better characterization of the thyroid malignancies. In the past several years, researchers have evaluated genetic mutations promoting thyroid carcinogenesis and oncogenesis. The identification of genetic mutations is important in understanding tumor initiation and progression. Additionally, these identified mutations may also serve as potential diagnostic or prognostic indicators and therapeutic molecular targets.
Insights into storm direction effect on flood response

Abstract In this study, we investigate the directional influence of storm movement on catchment flood peak response using the synthetic circular basin. Due to the complexity in defining storm movements that require meteorological modeling, we adopt a novel approach of combining the basin rotation method (BRM) with a circular basin construct. A systematic basin rotation approach provides a proxy for the storm direction relative to the river network topology to study its hydrologic response. Using Stage-IV rainfall with 4-km by 1-hour resolution for 16 years period from 2003 to 2018 in Iowa, U.S., we systematically analyze consequent flood peak response due to storm directions (basin rotations) using a distributed hydrologic model called the Hillslope-Link Model (HLM). HLM has demonstrated the ability to reproduce observed streamflow for real river basins studied in Iowa. The hydrologic simulation results show that the BRM can quantify the relationship between the rainstorm direction and catchment hydrologic response. Also, the maximum flood peak response is strongly dependent on the interaction of the peak of the rainstorm with the peak of the width function. The results indicate significant differences in runoff volume and runoff peak and their interannual variability due to rainstorm direction. The study has important implications for flood frequency predictions and developing flood resilience and watershed management strategies, particularly due to changing storm tracks under a warming climate.
Coherent perfect absorption at an exceptional point

Recently, exceptional points, a degeneracy of open wave systems, have been observed in photonics, acoustics, and electronics. They have mainly been realized as a degeneracy of resonances; however, ...
Housing Prices and Real Investment: Collateral vs. Crowding-Out Effects

There is active debate about whether high real estate prices benefit or hurt investment. In this paper, we propose a theoretical framework to evaluate policies that target real estate prices and investment. Our model incorporates two documented empirical effects that real estate prices can have on investment --- a collateral channel and a crowding-out channel. Optimal policy depends on the relative magnitude of these two effects and requires opposing interventions in demand and supply, i.e. subsidizing one while taxing the other. The distribution of collateral, rather than its aggregate level, determines the net effect of real estate prices on surplus.
Mini-review: Recent advances in imaging-based rapid antibiotic susceptibility testing

Abstract The rapid emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria have become a major threat to public health. In clinics, antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) is employed to guide appropriate prescription to suppress the aggravation of antibiotic resistance. However, the conventional culture-based AST methods are time-consuming and labor-intensive. Therefore, rapid AST approaches are urgently needed. In this review, conventional, commercial, and recent progress in novel imaging-based rapid AST modalities are reviewed with the merits and limitations of each recent imaging-based method highlighted. Moreover, we also discuss the future directions of applying imaging-based rapid AST to point-of-care diagnosis.
Laser-based continuous monitoring and resolution of steel grades in sequence casting machines

Abstract Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a well-established technique for on-line industrial applications where robustness, stability, reliability, speed of analysis and operational availability are important topics to be taken into account. In this work, we propose an advanced methodology for in situ analysis of transition as-cast products during continuous casting with the purpose of improving the productivity and cost-efficiency in the fabrication of stainless steel and special steels. We have applied LIBS combined with Artificial Neural Network (ANN) for elemental analysis of casting steels. We have found that the quantitative determination of the material's composition across the slab/billet length is possible and that the intermediate chemical composition between sequential heats can be readily identified.
The New Synthesis of Bank Regulation and Bankruptcy in the Dodd-Frank Era

Since the enactment of the Dodd-Frank Act in 2010, U.S. bank regulation and bankruptcy have become far more closely intertwined. In this Article, I ask whether the new synthesis of bank regulation and bankruptcy is coherent, and whether it is likely to prove effective.I begin by exploring some of the basic differences between bank resolution, which is a highly administrative process in the U.S., and bankruptcy, which relies more on courts and the parties themselves. I then focus on a series of remarkable new innovations designed to facilitate the rapid recapitalization of systemically important financial institutions: convertible contingent capital securities (“CoCos”); single point of entry resolution under the Dodd-Frank Act; and the quick sale strategy in bankruptcy. I conclude that the early trigger CoCos advocated by Calomiris and Herring and others are the most promising strategy for CoCos, and assess the virtues and potential pitfalls of single point of entry and quick sales. I conclude by considering the general coherence of the new synthesis. The most important frictions lie in the relationship between the Dodd-Frank Act’s resolution provisions and bankruptcy. While their differing treatment of managers could create beneficial incentives to use bankruptcy rather than resolution under the Dodd-Frank rules, the absence of a stay on derivatives in Chapter 11 diminishes the effectiveness of the new synthesis.I argue that the overall objective of the new synthesis should be to funnel large, troubled financial institutions toward bankruptcy wherever possible.
A novel δ opioid receptor-mediated enhancement of GABAA receptor function induced by stress in ventral tegmental area neurons

Opioid receptors are G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that modulate synaptic function. Depending upon their nervous system site of action, opioid receptor agonists alter food consumption, pain perception, responses to stress, and drug reward. Opioid receptors signal primarily via G(i/o)-proteins that modulate ion channels to directly inhibit neurons or decrease neurotransmitter release from nerve terminals. Here we report that following stress, activating δ opioid receptors (DORs) on midbrain ventral tegmental area (VTA) neurons causes a novel synaptic effect: the augmentation of GABA(A) receptor (GABA(A)R)-mediated inhibitory postsynaptic currents. Most neurons showing this augmentation were identified as dopaminergic. In addition, in both stressed and unstressed animals, DOR activation decreases GABA(A)R currents in some VTA neurons. Surprisingly, both augmentation and inhibition were also observed when we bypassed the presynaptic terminal by iontophoretically applying GABA, indicating that postsynaptic mechanisms are responsible for both effects. Using a variety of blockers we determined that the augmentation is probably due to insertion of GABA(A)Rs into the synapse by a mechanism that is G-protein independent and mediated by activation of Akt via PI3K. GABA(A)Rs are inserted into the extra-synaptic plasma membrane before trafficking to the synapse, a mechanism consistent with our observation that the DOR-mediated increase in GABA(A)R signalling occurs significantly earlier in iontophoretically applied than in electrically evoked synaptic GABA. This G-protein-independent signalling pathway is not only a novel mechanism of opioid receptor-mediated inhibition, but it also represents the first reported link between activation of a GPCR and insertion of GABA(A)Rs into the plasma membrane.
Off-Farm Labor Supply and Fertilizer Use

I develop a two-period stochastic dynamic programming model to explain the interaction between fertilizer use and off- farm labor supply. Using a well-known sample of Indian farmers, I find that fertilizer use responds strongly to the village wage and that irrigation raises fertilizer use, while larger farmers use less fertilizer (per acre) than smaller ones. Response to one-sided production shocks is stronger for female labor, indicating that it is more important for smoothing consumption than male labor.
Foraging activity of the Mexican leafcutting ant Atta mexicana (F. Smith), in a sonoran desert habitat (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)

The largest ant colonies in the North American desert are produced by the Mexican leafcutting ant,Atta mexicana (F. Smith), in northern Sonora. The foraging behavior ofA. mexicana is described for the first time. The ants use a system of tunnels and trails extending outward from the nest to reach target vegetation. Over the combined study periods from 1974 to 19777, one colony collected material from a total surface area of about 8,000 m2. The ants selectively attacked two species of winter annual plants and repeatedly utilized four perennials, twoCercidium spp.,Sapium biloculare (S. Wats.), and Larrea tridentata Coville when the annuals were absent. In addition to fresh vegetation, they also collected dry material. The leafcutting behavior of the ants is variable, depending on the size and form of the plant material utilized. The ants foraged during the daytime in winter and spring but became largely nocturnal in summer.
Sudden death due to biventricular non-compaction cardiomyopathy in a 14-year-old

A 14-year-old African-American female with a long-standing medically and ablation-treated history of tachycardia with associated seizures died suddenly. Upon autopsy, evidence of gross non-compaction involving the left ventricle, as well as possible subtle non-compaction of the right ventricle was discovered. Microscopically, there was focal myocyte hypertrophy as well as myxoid connective tissue and subendocardial fibroelastosis in the areas affected by the non-compaction. Arrhythmia, precipitated by the underlying cardiomyopathy, led to this young girl’s death. Non-compaction cardiomyopathy is a rare cardiac disorder which commonly goes undiagnosed until post-mortem, although diagnosis through echocardiogram, CT, or MRI is possible and there is criterion for diagnosis with each of these.
Auxin increases the water permeability of Rhoeo and Allium epidermal cells

Abstract The ability of IAA to increase the permeability of plant cells to water was investigated in epidermal tissue of Rhoeo and Allium. At 10−7 M, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) enhanced the rate of deplasmolysis, measured visually, of Rhoeo epidermal cells and the stimulation was detectable as early as 1 min after IAA application. Indole-3-carboxylic acid (ICA), an inactive auxin analog, failed to promote deplasmolysis under similar conditions: 10−4 M IAA was less stimulatory than 10−7 M. A microphotometric method was used to monitor osmotically-induced swelling and shrinking of Allium epidermal cell protoplasts. IAA (10−7 M) increased both the swelling and shrinking rates of Allium protoplasts within seconds of hormone addition. CaCl2 (10 mM) antagonized auxin-stimulated swelling but had no effect on auxin-induced shrinking. The results suggest a rapid, direct enhancement of the water permeability of the plasma membrane in Rhoeo and Allium epidermal cells.
Ein Sprachmodell für die Software-Ergonomie

Mit Ruckgriff auf Theorien zur naturlichen Sprache und der zur Beschreibung naturlicher Sprachen entwickelten Begrifflichkeit wird ein Sprachmodell entwickelt, das zur Beschreibung vor allem der kommunikativen Aspekte formaler Sprachen geeignet ist, und damit moglich machen soll, Ahnlichkeiten und Unterschiede zwischen formalen Sprachen wie zwischen formalen Sprachen und naturlicher Sprache in einem einheitlichen Kategoriensystem zu beschreiben. Das Modell soll dazu beitragen, Fragen der Benutzerfreundlichkeit von zur Interaktion mit Maschinen entworfenen Sprachen, vor allem in Hinblick auf ihre Leistungsfahigkeit als Ausdrucksmittel fur menschliche Intentionen, differenzierter untersuchen und klaren zu konnen, als es gegenwartig geschieht.
Hypertension in pregnancy

Hypertension complicates 5% to 7% of all pregnancies. A subset of preeclampsia, characterized by new-onset hypertension, proteinuria, and multisystem involvement, is responsible for substantial maternal and fetal morbidity and is a marker for future cardiac and metabolic disease. This American Society of Hypertension (ASH) position paper summarizes the clinical spectrum of hypertension in pregnancy, focusing on preeclampsia. Recent research breakthroughs relating to etiology are briefly reviewed. Topics include classification of the different forms of hypertension during pregnancy, and status of the tests available to predict preeclampsia, and strategies to prevent preeclampsia and to manage this serious disease. The use of antihypertensive drugs in pregnancy, and the prevention and treatment of the convulsive phase of preeclampsia, eclampsia, with intravenous MgSO(4) is also highlighted. Of special note, this guideline article, specifically requested, reviewed, and accepted by ASH, includes solicited review advice from the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.
Cellular correlates of proneural and Notch-delta gene expression in the regenerating zebrafish retina.

Fish can regenerate retinal neurons following ocular injury. Evidence is mounting that astrocytic glia function as inducible, regenerative stem cells in this process, but the underlying molecular events that enable neuronal regeneration are comparatively unclear. In the current study gene array, quantitative real-time PCR, in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemical approaches were used to identify, in the damaged retina of adult zebrafish, correlations between transcriptional events and entry into the cell cycle by Muller cells, a type of astrocytic cell present in all vertebrate retinas that is a candidate 'stem cell' of regenerated neurons. A proneural gene (achaete-scute homolog 1a, ash1a) and neurogenic components of the Notch signaling pathway, including notch3 and deltaA, were implicated. An injury-induced, enhanced expression of ash1a was observed in Muller cells, which is hypothesized to contribute to the transition of these cells, or their cellular progeny, into a notch3-expressing, regenerative progenitor. A model of vertebrate retinal repair is suggested in which damage-induced expression of proneural genes, plus canonical Notch-Delta signaling, could contribute to retinal stem cell promotion and subsequent regenerative neurogenesis.
Use of a CEPH meiotic breakpoint panel to refine the locus of limb- girdle muscular dystrophy type 1A (LGMD1A) to a 2-Mb interval on 5q31

Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 1A (LGMD1A) is an autosomal dominant disease characterized by progressive weakness of the hip and shoulder girdle. The gene for LGMD1A had been localized to a 7-cM interval at 5q31 in a single large family (Family 39). To refine the localization of LGMD1A further and to aid in its identification, a high-resolution physical map of the locus was used to identify and provisionally localize 25 polymorphic markers. A subset of these markers was then ordered genetically, using a CEPH meiotic breakpoint panel, resulting in an integrated physical-genetic map of the locus. Relevant markers were genotyped on the members of Family 39 who contained informative recombination events, resulting in a further narrowing of LGMD1A to an interval bounded by D5S479 and D5S594, estimated to be 2 Mb in size. Integration of the genetic and physical map permits the identification of several transcription units from within the narrowed LGMD1A interval, including one that is muscle specific, representing candidate genes for this familial dystrophy.
Matrices with permanent equal to one

Abstract We show that a nonnegative square matrix M is nilpotent if and only if the permanent of M + I is one. We also show that a 2-complex obtained by sewing disks to a wedge of circles is collapsible if and only if its incidence matrix has permanent one.
Apomixis and ploidy barrier suppress pollen-mediated gene flow in field grown transgenic turf and forage grass (Paspalum notatum Flüggé)

Bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge) is the predominant forage grass in the southeastern US. The commercially important bahiagrass cultivar ‘Argentine’ is preferred for genetic transformation over sexual diploid cytotypes, since it produces uniform seed progeny through apomixis. Pseudogamous apomictic seed production in Argentine bahiagrass may contribute to transgene confinement. It is characterized by embryo development which is independent of fertilization of the egg cell, but requires fertilization with compatible pollen to produce the endosperm. Pollen-mediated gene transfer from transgenic, glufosinate-resistant apomictic bahiagrass as pollen donor at close proximity (0.5–3.5 m) with non-transgenic sexual or apomictic bahiagrass cultivars as pollen receptors was evaluated under field conditions. Hybridization frequency was evaluated by glufosinate herbicide resistance in >23,300 seedlings derived from open-pollinated (OP) pollen receptor plants. Average gene transfer between transgenic apomictic, tetraploid and sexual diploid bahiagrass was 0.03%. Herbicide-resistant hybrids confirmed by immuno-chromatographic detection of the PAT protein displayed a single copy bar gene identical to the pollen parent. Hybrids resulting from diploid pollen receptors were confirmed as triploids or aneu-triploids with significantly reduced vigor and seed set as compared to the parents. Transmission of transgenes to sexual bahiagrass is severely restricted by the ploidy difference between tetraploid apomicts and diploid sexual bahiagrass. Average gene transfer between transgenic apomictic tetraploid and non-transgenic, apomictic tetraploid bahiagrass was 0.17%, confirming a very low frequency of amphimixis in apomictic bahiagrass cultivars. While not providing complete transgene containment, gene transfer between transgenic apomictic and non-transgenic bahiagrass occurs at a much lower frequency than reported for other cross-pollinating or facultative apomictic grasses.
DeepTrans - Extending the Model-based Approach to Functional Verification of Address Translation Mechanisms

This paper presents a new test case generation technology, specifically targeted at verifying systems that include address translation mechanisms. The ever-growing demand for performance makes these mechanisms more complex, thereby increasing the risk of bugs and increasing the need for such technology. DeepTrans is a package that extends existing test generators with address translation testing capabilities. It uses a declarative modeling language that includes constructs for describing the address translation process, commonly used translation resources, and architecture rules related to translation. The address translation model is converted to a constraint satisfaction problem that is solved simultaneously with the problem formulated by the generator. DeepTrans is currently used by two different IBM test generators
One-dimensional chain of anisotropic spin-spin interactions

Abstract Some properties of the lowest eigenvalue, for fixed magnetization per site, of the Hamiltonian for a one-dimensional chain of anisotropic spin-spin interactions are described.
Cryopreservation of Microorganisms

(1986). Cryopreservation of Microorganisms. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology: Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 279-297.
Relationship Between the Growth Phase of Pseudomonas fragi and Its Attachment to Stainless Steel.

Attachment of Pseudomonas fragi ATCC 4973 to a sterile stainless steel surface was followed under stationary and dynamic growth conditions at 25°C and 4°C using scanning electron microscopy techniques. The organism was grown in 10% reconstituted nonfat dry milk for 28 hr at 25°C and 9 days at 4°C. Attachment was ob served in both the stationary and dynamic environments at 1/2 hr at 25°C and at 2 hr at 4°C. There appeared to be no difference in the development of attachment fibrils on the organisms in the two environments or at the two temperatures. The extent of attachment increased as the microbial population increased over the growth cycle under both environments at both temperatures.
Stability analysis of the commensurate monolayer solid of xenon/graphite

A stability analysis based on model calculations of the grand potential finds that the transition from hexagonal incommensurate to commensurate monolayer solid of xenon/graphite is continuous with increasing pressure, in agreement with experimental observations. An atomic-scale interaction model gives an internally consistent account of the thermal expansion of the solid at the two-dimensional sublimation curve and of the chemical potential increase for isothermal compression from monolayer condensation to the commensurate solid. An estimate is given for the corrugation energy of xenon/graphite.
Endothelial heterogeneity in the chick wing bud: a morphometric study.

The microvascular endothelium of the chick wing bud at stages 22, 27, and 32 was evaluated by ultrastructural morphometry. The rationale for this study is based on the hypothesis that endothelial cells exhibit variation in structure and function during cytodifferentiation. The microvessels had a luminal diameter range such that they were classified as capillaries. The thin continuous endothelium was devoid of a basal lamina. The endothelium had a very small number of plasmalemmal vesicles; vacuoles were however present for all stages and in some cases were abundant. The temporal findings were that endothelial cell thickness increases, plasmalemmal vesicle densities decrease, and the densities of cytoplasmic vacuoles increase. The spatial results were that endothelial cells in proximal regions of the limb have a greater thickness, contain fewer vesicles and have more vacuoles than those in distal regions. In general, these results indicate that endothelial ultrastructural heterogeneity occurs within a 31/2 day timespan of wing bud development. The discussion considers the results with regard to recent reports on endothelial cell heterogeneity.
Two-Step Mechanism of Homogeneous Nucleation of Sickle Cell Hemoglobin Polymers

Sickle cell anemia is a debilitating genetic disease that affects hundreds of thousands of babies born each year worldwide. Its primary pathogenic event is the polymerization of a mutant, sickle cell, hemoglobin (HbS); and this is one of a line of diseases (Alzheimer's, Huntington's, prion, etc.) in which nucleation initiates pathophysiology. We show that the homogeneous nucleation of HbS polymers follows a two-step mechanism with metastable dense liquid clusters serving as precursor to the ordered nuclei of the HbS polymer. The evidence comes from data on the rates of fiber nucleation and growth and nucleation delay times, the interaction of fibers with polarized light, and mesoscopic metastable HbS clusters in solution. The presence of a precursor in the HbS nucleation mechanism potentially allows low-concentration solution components to strongly affect the nucleation kinetics. The variations of these concentrations in patients might account for the high variability of the disease in genetically identical patients. In addition, these components can potentially be utilized for control of HbS polymerization and treatment of the disease.
A comparative study of gas phase esterification on solid acid catalysts

For the first time, a comprehensive comparison of the intrinsic activities of solid acid catalysts in terms of turnover frequency (TOF) is reported for the gas-phase esterification of acetic acid with methanol. The catalysts studied included a zeolite (Hβ), two modified zirconias (sulfated zirconia, SZ; and tungstated zirconia, WZ), and an acidic resin-silica composite (Nafion/silica, SAC-13). Activities on a per weight basis decreased in the following order: Hβ ∼ SAC-13 ≫ SZ > WZ at 130 °C. However, on a rate-per-site basis (TOF), all catalysts showed comparable activities. The TOF results suggest that the acid sites of these catalysts have similar capacity for effectively catalyzing esterification. All catalysts deactivated to a quasi-steady-state rate with TOS. Regeneration experiments suggested that catalyst deactivation was due mainly to site blockage by carbonaceous deposits. Selective poisoning experiments showed that the reaction predominately took place on Bronsted acid sites.
Enhanced total reflection with surface plasmons

The total internal reflectance of a homogeneous amplifying medium in contact with a thin silver film which is evaporated on a high-index prism is determined theoretically with the help of the Fresnel formulas. At the angle of incidence for surface-plasmon excitation the reflectance is reasonantly enhanced when the gain of the amplifying medium exceeds a value determined by the absorption of the metal film. For any value of gain above threshold there exists a thickness of the silver film for which the reflectance has a singular point. A device utilizing this resonance would be possible near 1 μ where the absorption of the silver is at a minimun and high-gain dyes are available.
Diverging destinies: How children are faring under the second demographic transition

In this article, I argue that the trends associated with the second demographic transition are following two trajectories and leading to greater disparities in children’s resources. Whereas children who were born to the most-educated women are gaining resources, in terms of parents’ time and money, those who were born to the least-educated women are losing resources. The forces behind these changes include feminism, new birth control technologies, changes in labor market opportunities, and welfare-state policies. I contend that Americans should be concerned about the growing disparity in parental resources and that the government can do more to close the gap between rich and poor children.