cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Model of the rotational Raman gain coefficients for N 2 in the atmosphere

A model for stimulated Raman scattering in the atmosphere is described for the pure rotational transitions in N(2). This model accounts for the wavelength dependence of the N(2) polarizability anisotropy, altitude and seasonal temperature variations in the atmosphere, and the O(2). foreign-gas density broadening. This information is used to calculate the steady-state plane-wave Raman gain profile over the lower 100 km of the atmosphere. Over altitudes of 0-40 km, temperature variations produce 30% changes in the gain coefficients of 1 km(-1) cm(2) MW(-1) for the strongest lines at Stokes wavelengths of 350 nm.
A Discrete Point Approach to the Measurement of Radiated Power of Planar Apertures

It is shown that for a high-gain circular aperture with linearly polarized and rotationally symmetric excitation the total real radiated power can be expressed as a weighted sum of radiation intensities in N direction, where N is equal to the first integer greater than 2.14D/spl lambda/. D/spl lambda/ is the diameter of the aperture in wavelengths. In an N-point measurement scheme the N directions and the weights involved in the weighted sum of radiation intensities are completely independent of the parameters of the radiation system and can be obtained from the well-known and tabulated properties of the Legendre polynomials. The criterion that N be equal to the first integer greater than 2. 14D/spl lambda/ is independent of any specific distribution in the aperture so long as it is of the type parabolic-on-a-pedestal. Such aperture distributions satisfy most needs and cover typical behavior of actual dish antennas. Even though the result of the theoretical formulation is that the above mentioned criterion for N holds good only for high directivity apertures, computational results show that for D/spl lambda/ as small as 5 the error involved when N satisfies this criterion is less than 0.02 percent, and for D/spl lambda/ equal to 7 the error reduces to 0.005 percent. This not only indicates that the criterion that N be equal to the first integer greater than 2.14D/spl lambda/ holds good even for small values of D/spl lambda/, but it also shows the rapid decrease of error with increase in D/spl lambda/. A knowledge of the total radiated power is required for the determination of gain and radiation efficiency of an aperture. The discrete point approach to the measurement of total radiated power eliminates the need for using the conventional method of graphical integration of radiation patterns for the determination of the total radiated power. The method of graphical integration has been known to give erroneous results for high-gain apertures. Measurement of radiation intensities in the fine sidelobe structure is another source of error in the conventional method. In the discrete point approach the directions in which the radiation intensity need be measured tend to cluster around the normal to the aperture. This means fewer measurements in the fine sidelobe structure.
Reconstruction of a Radially Symmetric Potential from Two Spectral Sequences

We consider the problem of determining a radially symmetric potential in the three-dimensional Schrodinger equation from eigenvalues associated with two different angular-momentum quantum numbers. This leads to a singular eigenvalue problem for which there are no known general uniqueness results for the most reasonable conjectures. We are able to give strong evidence for uniqueness in some cases and we discuss a computational solution method together with some supporting analysis. One application we have in mind is the determination of certain physical parameters in the standard model of the sun constructed from eigenvalue data.
Motor fluctuations and dyskinesias in Parkinson's disease: clinical manifestations.

Fluctuations in the symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD), such as wearing-off and on–off effects, and dyskinesias are related to a variety of factors, including duration and dosage of levodopa, age at onset, stress, sleep, food intake, and other pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic mechanisms. The majority of patients, particularly those with young onset of PD, experience these levodopa-related adverse effects after a few years of treatment. Assessment of these motor complications is difficult because of the marked clinical variability between and within patients. Daily diaries have been used in clinical trials designed to assess the effects of various pharmacological and surgical interventions on motor fluctuations and dyskinesias. The most common type of dyskinesia, called “peak-dose dyskinesia”, usually consists of stereotypical choreic or ballistic movements involving the head, trunk, and limbs, and occasionally, the respiratory muscles, whereas tremor and punding are less-common complications. Dystonia is also typically seen in patients with diphasic dyskinesia and wearing-off effect. Recognition of the full spectrum of clinical phenomenology of levodopa-related motor complications is essential for their treatment and prevention. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society
Composition of breast milk obtained from mothers of premature infants as compared to breast milk obtained from donors.

Some studies have shown that premature low birth weight (LBW) babies fed with pooled banked human milk had a significantly lower growth than those fed with commercial formula. Such studies have often utilized donated milk but not milk from mothers of premature babies. This study compares the composition of milk of mothers who have delivered premature infants with milk donated to a milk bank. Milk was collected from 16 mothers of premature infants at each feeding and pooled and frozen in batches corresponding to the following postpartum ages: 1-3 4-6 7-10 11-13 14-16 17-21 22-28 29-42 43-56 and 57-98 days. Milk donated from mothers of term infants was also collected at each feeding and pooled without attempt to group it into various postpartum ages. Total nitrogen nonprotein nitrogen sodium potassium and total calcium quantities were determined. Total nitrogen content in the milk of mothers of premature babies was significantly higher during the 1st 2 weeks of lactation and regressed toward milk donor values by 1 month. Nonprotein nitrogen content of premature infants mothers milk was significantly higher during the 1st 3 days of lactation than the donated pool milk. Sodium content was rather elevated for the 1st 3 days and lower after 2 months than the donated pooled breast milk. Potassium contents were similar and calcium content was higher in the milk of mothers of premature infants for the 1st 3 months. To insure a higher intake of total nitrogen in premature babies the excess milk supply during the 1st 2 weeks of lactation i.e. when it is richer in total nitrogen could be appropriately stored and consequently fed to the premature infant to provide positive nitrogen balance. Therefore the earlier calculations about premature infants growth will have to be recalculated if this method is used. It remains to be investigated whether the lower content of nonprotein nitrogen in the milk of premature infants mothers will influence the growth process.
Effect of MEMS-compatible thin film hard coatings on the erosion resistance of silicon micromachined atomizers

A comparison of five different MEMS-compatible, thin film, hard coatings has been performed using silicon (Si) micromachined atomizers as test devices. Single-crystal and polycrystalline silicon carbide, silicon nitride, silicon dioxide, and diamond-like carbon were either thermally grown or chemically vapor deposited onto the non-planar topography of the device. Eighteen-hour long, industry-standard erosion tests were performed to qualitatively evaluate the coatings for erosion resistance when exposed to an aggressively contaminated test fluid. No wear was measured on the majority of the swirl chamber floor for the five coatings, though varying degrees of erosive wear were observed at the edge of the exit orifice. The single-crystal silicon carbide demonstrated the best wear performance of all the coatings, exhibiting no noticeable changes of its surface morphology as a function of the erosion tests. The silicon nitride and diamond-like carbon coatings showed the most wear, exhibiting micro-cracking, chipping and flaking at the exit orifice edge.
The development of the carp, cyprinus carpio. I. The larval life of the carp, with special reference to the development of the intestinal canal

The detailed spawning habits and hatching period are described. The larval period is divided into the inactive, when the yolk is the source of food, and the active period, when food is captured. The rate of growth and transformation of the larvae into fry is described. The cell formation passes into a syncytial period, when there are produced many nuclei without cytoplasm.c division. Around these nuclei, the cytoplasm collects to give rise to more cells. The method by which mucous cells are produced is described and also the presence of secretion masses in both the mucous cells and the syncytium of the mucosa.
The Effect of MDA and MDMA ("Ecstasy") Isomers in Combination With Pirenpirone on Operant Responding in Mice

The behaviorally disruptive effects of the optical isomers of 1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl-2-aminopropane) (MDA) and its N-methyl derivative (MDMA) were evaluated in 27 mice trained to bar-press for a liquid food reinforcement. In addition, a second study was conducted in which mice were pretreated with either saline or the 5-HT-2 antagonist, pirenpirone, prior to the administration of either MDMA or MDA using the same behavioral procedure. The results indicated that the behaviorally disruptive effects produced only by R(-)-MDA, but not those of S(+)-MDA, R(-)-MDA, nor of S(+)-MDMA, were significantly attenuated by pirenpirone. These findings support previous research findings which indicate that this isomer may be producing its behaviorally disruptive effects via an action on 5-HT-2 receptors.
Needle aspiration and needle biopsy of the thyroid.

A definitive preoperative diagnosis is not readily available for the majority of patients with an enlarging thyroid gland or nodule, but thyroid needle biopsy yields an immediate, safe, and accurate histopathologic diagnosis. In a review of 460 patients having thyroid needle biopsy at the Cleveland Clinic from 1967 to 1976, sufficient biopsy material was available for diagnosis in 410 patients. In 44 patients operations were performed for benign disease for a variety of reasons. In 23 patients operations were performed for thyroid malignancy; in 14 of the latter group the diagnosis was made by needle biopsy and confirmed surgically. Of 9 other patients operated on for thyroid malignancy, 6 had thyroid surgery because needle biopsy showed a follicular neoplasm in which malignancy could not be ruled out, and in the remaining 3, clinical findings and the hypercellular nature of the biopsy prompted operation. In an additional 9 patients thyroid malignancy was diagnosed by needle biopsy, but no operation was performed (1 because of age and prohibitive cardiac risk, 2 because the cancer was metastatic to the thyroid from a separate primary, and 6 because the neoplasms were lymphoma or small cell undifferentiated carcinomas that were treated by radiotherapy). There were 3 complications in 460 biopsies (transient recurrent nerve palsy, hematoma, and local discomfort), all of which were short-lived and minimal. The true value of needle biopsy was that 393 patients with benign disease were spared unnecessary surgery. After a quarter century of experience with this technique, the authors propose that needle biopsy be used more often to eliminate the mortality, morbidity, and significant cost of unnecessary thyroid surgery, and the uncertainty and expense of less accurate diagnostic methods.
Treatment of anxiety and stress with biofeedback.

“Kate” is a thin, attractive 50-year-old perimenopausal woman who considers herself “basically healthy” but feels she needs help with stress management in her life. She is educated, married, and the mother of 4 children ranging in age from 11 to 22 years. In addition to managing her household, she has a full-time job as an administrative assistant and also works a part-time job from home. She states she needs to do this so the family can “get back on our feet” as her husband was unemployed for a number of months and they currently have 2 children in college. In addition, they relocated a year ago to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, for her husband's job and now have a higher mortgage payment. “Family” is Kate's top priority, but she does not receive much assistance from her husband on the home front and feels “there is not enough time in a day.”
Balancing type one and two errors in multiple testing for differential expression of genes

A new procedure is proposed to balance type I and II errors in significance testing for differential expression of individual genes. Suppose that a collection, F"k, of k lists of selected genes is available, each of them approximating by their content the true set of differentially expressed genes. For example, such sets can be generated by a subsampling counterpart of the delete-d-jackknife method controlling the per-comparison error rate for each subsample. A final list of candidate genes, denoted by S^*, is composed in such a way that its contents be closest in some sense to all the sets thus generated. To measure ''closeness'' of gene lists, we introduce an asymmetric distance between sets with its asymmetry arising from a generally unequal assignment of the relative costs of type I and type II errors committed in the course of gene selection. The optimal set S^* is defined as a minimizer of the average asymmetric distance from an arbitrary set S to all sets in the collection F"k. The minimization problem can be solved explicitly, leading to a frequency criterion for the inclusion of each gene in the final set. The proposed method is tested by resampling from real microarray gene expression data with artificially introduced shifts in expression levels of pre-defined genes, thereby mimicking their differential expression.
Nutrition and the insulin-like growth factor system

Nutritional status is a key regulator of the circulating and tissue insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system. IGF-I mRNA and protein levels decrease in tissues such as liver and intestine with fasting and are restored with refeeding. Additional studies suggest that the level of protein and calorie intake independently regulate plasma IGF-I concentrations in man. The level of nutrition effects the biological actions of recombinant growth hormone (GH) and IGF-I administration in humans. Limited data demonstrate that plasma and tissue levels of the insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs) are also sensitive to nutrient intake. Specific micronutrients, such as potassium, magnesium and zinc also appear to be important for optimal IGF-I synthesis and anabolic effects in animal models. Malnutrition is common in elderly patients, however, the interaction between specific nutrients, general nutritional status and the aging process on the IGF system is incompletely understood. Mechanisms of nutrient-IGF systeminteractions which may affect the biological actions of IGF-I, IGF-II, and the IGFBPs are increasingly being determined in basic studies. The effects of underlying nutritional status and responses to dietary intake will be important to evaluate in clinical studies of the IGF system and exogenous growth factor therapy.
Effect of Male Hormone Therapy on Urinary Gonadotropins in Man1

A number of investigators have reported on the urinary excretion of gonadotropins following treatment of women with the steroid sex hormones. With the use of either estrogens (1–4) or androgens (3, 5, 6, 7) the increased gonadotropic output of ovariectomized or menopausal women can be abolished, although with small doses of estrogens there may be no material reduction in the titers (8). Few studies relate to gonadotropin excretion in castrate males treated with the male sex hormones. Frank and Salmon (9) using rather limited doses of androsterone, dihydroandrosterone benzoate, and testosterone reported only slight amelioration of castration symptoms, and no influence on the excretion of gonadotropins. In a preliminary note (10) the present authors reported a definite decrease in the elimination of gonadotropins following administration of testosterone propionate to castrate males. These results are amplified in this paper. Urine specimens for 24 consecutive hours were collected, preserved under refrigerat...
Inductive Expert System Design: Maximizing System Value

There is a growing interest in the use of induction to develop a special class of expert systems known as inductive expert systems. Existing approaches to develop inductive expert systems do not attempt to maximize system value and may therefore be of limited use to firms. We present an induction algorithm that seeks to develop inductive expert systems that maximize value. The task of developing an inductive expert system is looked upon as one of developing an optimal sequential information acquisition strategy. Information is acquired to reduce uncertainty only if the benefits gained from acquiring the information exceed its cost. Existing approaches ignore the costs and benefits of acquiring information. We compare the systems developed by our algorithm with those developed by the popular ID3 algorithm. In addition, we present results from an extensive set of experiments that indicate that our algorithm will result in more valuable systems than the ID3 algorithm and the ID3 algorithm with pessimistic pruning.
Screening for Phase II Enzyme-inducing and Antioxidant Activities of Common Vegetables

: Quinone reductase (QR)-inducing activity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of common vegetables was determined using a murine hepatoma (Hepa 1c1c7) cell bioassay. QR induction observed for aqueous extracts reached 13-fold for corn, 8-fold for kale, and 5-fold for snap beans. QR induction of ethanol extracts reached about 3-fold for both garlic and snap beans, and about 2-fold for both red beetroots and kale. These aqueous extracts were effective inhibitors (kale ∼ red beetroots > corn ∼ green beans > garlic) of the generation of 2-2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical cation (ABTS•+) by metmyoglobin and H2O2, whereas the ethanolic extracts were not inhibitory. Aqueous extracts reduced pre-formed ABTS•+ more effectively (> 95% inhibition) than did ethanolic extracts (∼50 to 90% inhibition). All vegetable extracts inhibited oxyradical-mediated β-carotene bleaching, where kale and red beetroot extracts exhibited the strongest protective effect.
Riboswitch-based sensor in low optical background

Riboswitches are a type of natural genetic control element that use untranslated sequence in the RNA to recognize and bind to small molecules that regulate expression of that gene. Creation of synthetic riboswitches to novel ligands depends on the ability to screen for analyte binding sensitivity and specificity. In our work, we have coupled a synthetic riboswitch to an optical reporter assay based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between two genetically-coded fluorescent proteins. Specifically, a theophylline-sensitive riboswitch was placed upstream of the Tobacco Etch Virus (TEV) protease coding sequence, and a FRET-based construct, BFP-eGFP or eGFP-REACh, was linked by a peptide encoding the recognition sequence for TEV protease. Cells expressing the riboswitch showed a marked optical difference in fluorescence emission in the presence of theophylline. However, the BFP-eGFP FRET pair posses significant optical background that reduces the sensitivity of a FRET-based assay. To improve the optical assay, we designed a nonfluorescent yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) mutant called REACh (for Resonance Energy-Accepting Chromoprotein) as the FRET acceptor for eGFP. The advantage of using an eGFP-REACh pair is the elimination of acceptor fluorescence which leads to an improved detection of FRET via better signal-to-noise ratio. The EGFP-REACh fusion protein was constructed with the TEV protease cleavage site; thus upon TEV translation, cleavage occurs diminishing REACh quenching and increasing eGFP emission resulting in a 4.5-fold improvement in assay sensitivity.
Impact of the hydraulic capacity of plants on water and carbon fluxes in tropical South America

[1] Angiosperms (flowering plants) have higher transpirational capacities than any other plants. Here we use climate model simulation to test the hypothesis that the high transpirational capacity of angiosperms plays a unique role in the maintenance of tropical rainforest. Their elevated transpiration rates are shown to increase recycling of precipitation up to ∼300 mm/yr (∼20% of total precipitation) averaged over the whole of tropical South America and to increase the wet season duration over the Amazon basin. Transpiration triggers convection by increasing moisture in the boundary layer and thereby decreasing atmospheric stability. If the moisture content of the boundary layer is sufficient, a double Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) is generated in October around 60°W-50°W, as observed in present-day climate, and the eastern part of the Amazon basin becomes wet (∼200 mm/month of precipitation). This double ITCZ is lost, however, and the region becomes dry (<50 mm/month of precipitation) in the absence of full angiosperm transpiration. Although higher water use efficiency is usually associated with plants with lower transpiration rates, water use efficiency actually increases with higher hydraulic capacity in our simulations as a result of the higher humidity and, thus, lower vapor pressure gradient between the intercellular air space within the leaf and the external atmosphere. We speculate that the high transpirational capacity of angiosperms played a significant role in the expansion of tropical rain forest.
Geochemistry and Tectonics of the Crescent Volcanic Rocks, Olympic Peninsula, Washington

Major- and trace- element analyses of samples from the upper and lower members of the Crescent Formation demonstrate that these volcanic rocks are dominated by tholeiitic compositions, with minor amounts of alkali basalt also present. Basalt flows from both members have undergone little differentiation, and are compositionally similar. Differences in TiO 2 and REE contents demonstrate, however, that these members are geochemically distinguishable. Lower-member tholeiites are identical to ridge tholeiites and are interpreted as representing a slice of oceanic upper crust. The upper member is similar to oceanic island basalts, but its primary tectonic significance is uncertain. It is postulated that the lower member was generated at a mid-ocean ridge and was subsequently subducted to a shallow level. Miocene uplift then juxtaposed the upper and lower members.
Mineral Composition of Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles

ABSTRACT Production of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is expected to double within the next few years and substantially increase the quantities of DDGS available to the feed industry. To properly evaluate the potential role of this ingredient, a complete nutritional profile, including mineral composition, must be available to feed formulators. Twelve samples of commercially prepared DDGS were obtained from the northern central United States and analyzed for mineral composition. Analysis indicated an enormous range of 0.09 to 0.44% with an average value of 0.23% in sodium content. The average composition of many of the other minerals (except calcium and sulfur) agreed with projected values based on a 3-fold increase of the levels found in yellow corn grain.
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibition prevents learning deficits in diabetic mice.

There is an increasing awareness that diabetes has an impact on the central nervous system, with reports of impaired learning, memory, and mental flexibility being more common in diabetic subjects than in the general population. Insulin-deficient diabetic mice also display learning deficits associated with defective insulin-signaling in the brain and increased activity of GSK3. In the present study, AR-A014418, a GSK3β inhibitor, and TX14(A), a neurotrophic factor with GSK3 inhibitory properties, were tested against the development of learning deficits in mice with insulin-deficient diabetes. Treatments were started at onset of diabetes and continued for 10 weeks. Treatment with AR-A014418 or TX14(A) prevented the development of learning deficits, assessed by the Barnes maze, but only AR-A014418 prevented memory deficits, as assessed by the object recognition test. Diabetes-induced increased levels of amyloid β protein and phosphorylated tau were not significantly affected by the treatments. However, the diabetes-induced decrease in synaptophysin, a presynaptic protein marker of hippocampal plasticity, was partially prevented by both treatments. These results suggest a role for GSK3 and/or reduced neurotrophic support in the development of cognitive deficits in diabetic mice that are associated with synaptic damage. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Design and Validation of a Novel Splashing Bioreactor System for Use in Mitral Valve Organ Culture

Previous research in our lab suggested that heart valve tissues cultured without mechanical stimulation do not retain their in vivo microstructure, i.e., cell density decreased within the deep tissue layers and increased at the periphery. In this study, a splashing rotating bioreactor was designed to apply mechanical stimulation to a mitral valve leaflet segment. Porcine valve segments (n = 9–10 per group) were cultured in the bioreactor for 2 weeks (dynamic culture), negative controls were cultured without mechanical stimulation (static culture), and baseline controls were fresh uncultured samples. Overall changes in cellularity and extracellular matrix (ECM) structure were assessed by H&E and Movat pentachrome stains. Tissues were also immunostained for multiple ECM components and turnover mediators. After 2 weeks of culture, proliferating cells were distributed throughout the tissue in segments cultured in the bioreactor, in contrast to segments cultured without mechanical stimulation. Most ECM components, especially collagen types I and III, better maintained normal expression patterns and magnitudes (as found in baseline controls) over 2 weeks of dynamic organ culture compared to static culture. Lack of mechanical stimulation changed several aspects of the tissue microstructure, including the cell distribution and ECM locations. In conclusion, mechanical stimulation by the bioreactor maintained tissue integrity, which will enable future in vitro investigation of mitral valve remodeling.
Antidipsogenic effect of clonidine on angiotensin II-, hypertonic saline-, pilocarpine- and dehydration-induced water intakes

The dipsogenic responses of female rats to administration of angiotensin II (150 micrograms/kg b.w., IP), pilocarpine (3 mg/kg IP), hypertonic saline (1 M NaCl solution, 1% b.w.), and a 24 hour dehydration were attenuated by acute IP administration of graded doses of the central and peripheral alpha 2-adrenergic agonist, clonidine. For all treatments except dehydration, clonidine inhibited significantly the dipsogenic response at the lowest dose used (6 micrograms/kg, IP). The first significant effect on dehydration-induced drinking required approximately a 4 fold higher dose (25 micrograms/kg, IP). Attenuation of the response to these dipsogenic stimuli by clonidine, suggests that its ability to stimulate alpha-adrenergic receptors centrally may play an important role in its dipsogenic inhibitory activity.
Fusion and nonfusion as factors in aversion to high luminance.

Abstract Exposure to high levels of luminance result in an experience of intense aversion. In the present experiment, subjects were asked which of two briefly presented viewing conditions were preferable. Study one reconfirmed the earlier findings that binocular viewing of high luminance was more aversive, i.e. less preferred, than monocular viewing. Study two showed that breaking fusion reduced aversion and study three showed that the increased aversion in binocular viewing depends on stimulation of corresponding retinal points. It was also found that stimulation of corresponding points on peripheral retinas produced more aversion than did stimulation of foveal retinas.
Epstein weight functions for non-radial oscillations of polytropes

Weight functions for the determination of the periods of linear adiabatic non-radial oscillations have been calculated in the same manner as Epstein's classic treatment of purely radial oscillations. Quadrupole (l=2) oscillations for thef and lower orderp andg-modes were considered. One group of static models were polytropes in the range 1.0≤n≤4.0 with $$\Gamma _1 = \tfrac{5}{3}$$ ; thus included were configurations that were convectively stable, unstable and neutrally stable throughout. Another group consisted ofn=3.0 polytropes with convective shells or convective cores; Γ1 was set at different values in each region in order to produce stability ( $$\Gamma _1 = \tfrac{5}{3}$$ ) or instability ( $$\Gamma _1 \leqslant \tfrac{4}{3}$$ ). The weight function provides a pictorial means for assessing the relative importance of each region of a given static model with respect to generating a given non-radial mode.
The presence of reflecting platelets in integumental melanophores of the frog, Hyla arenicolor.

Structures resembling iridophore pigmentary organelles, reflecting platelets, have been found in melanophores of the frog, Hyla arenicolor. In addition to being similar in appearance, their response to intermedin is identical to iridophore reflecting platelets. It is proposed that these are reflecting platelets. A possible mechanism for the production of multipigmentary organelles is discussed.
Comparison of contingent valuation and conjoint analysis in ecosystem management

Abstract Contingent valuation (CV) and conjoint analysis were used to estimate landowner’s willingness to pay (WTP) for ecosystem management on non-industrial private forest land. The results suggest that even when conjoint and CV questions are the same, except for rating and pricing format, respectively, WTP estimates are quite different. Since most conjoint models essentially count ‘maybe’ responses to valuation questions as ‘yes’ responses, we conclude that conjoint model results often produce WTP estimates that are biased upwards.
THE BOUNDARY ELEMENT METHOD

The boundary element method (BEM), along with the finite element and finite difference methods, is commonly used to carry out numerical simulations in a wide variety of subjects in science and engineering. The BEM, rooted in classical mathematics of integral equations, started becoming a useful computational tool around 50 years ago. Many researchers have worked on computational aspects of this method during this time. This paper presents an overview of the BEM and related methods. It has three sections. The first, relatively short section, presents the governing equations for classical applications of the BEM in potential theory, linear elasticity and acoustics. The second describes specialized applications in bodies with thin features including micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS). The final section addresses current research. It has three subsections that present the boundary contour, boundary node and fast multipole methods (BCM, BNM and FMM), respectively. Several numerical examples are included in the second and third sections of this paper.
Measurements of soot, OH, and PAH concentrations in turbulent ethylene/air jet flames

This paper presents results from an investigation of soot formation in turbulent, non-premixed, C{sub 2}H{sub 4}/air jet flames. Tests were conducted using a H{sub 2}-piloted burner with fuel issuing from a 2.18 mm i.d. tube into quiescent ambient air. A range of test conditions was studied using the initial jet velocity (16.2-94.1 m/s) as a parameter. Fuel-jet Reynolds numbers ranged from 4000 to 23,200. Planar laser-induced incandescence (LII) was employed to determine soot volume fractions, and laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) was used to measure relative hydroxyl radical (OH) concentrations and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) concentrations. Extensive information on the structure of the soot and OH fields was obtained from two-dimensional imaging experiments. Quantitative measurements were obtained by employing the LII and LIF techniques independently. Imaging results for soot, OH, and PAH show the existence of three soot formation/oxidation regions: a rapid soot growth region, in which OH and soot particles lie in distinctly different radial locations; a mixing-dominated region controlled by large-scale motion; and a soot-oxidation region in which the OH and soot fields overlap spatially, resulting in the rapid oxidation of soot particles. Detailed quantitative analyzes of soot volume fractions and OH and soot zone thicknesses were performed along withmore » the temperature measurement using the N{sub 2}-CARS system. Measurements of OH and soot zone thicknesses show that the soot zone thickness increases linearly with axial distance in the soot formation region, whereas the OH zone thickness is nearly constant in this region. The OH zone thickness then rapidly increases with downstream distance and approximately doubles in the soot-oxidation region. Probability density functions also were obtained for soot volume fractions and OH concentrations. These probability density functions clearly define the spatial relationships among the OH, PAH concentrations, the soot formation, and oxidation processes. (author)« less
Quality of life in panic disorder: looking beyond symptom remission

Purpose Panic Disorder (PD) is a classic example of a disease where symptom remission may be achieved, yet patient quality of life (QOL) remains low, providing further support for the need to measure QOL as an additional outcome in patient care. The objectives of this review are to examine the substantial QOL impairments in PD and to determine whether modern treatments for PD, which have been proven to achieve symptom remission, have been shown to restore QOL.
Comparisons of phylogenetic hypotheses among different data sets in dwarf dandelions ( Krigia, Asteraceae ): Additional information from internal transcribed spacer sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA

The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the 18 S–25 S nuclear ribosomal DNA repeat was sequenced from 19 populations of the tribeLactuceae, including all species of dwarf dandelion (Krigia) and five outgroup genera. The incidence of length changes and base substitutions was at least two times higher for ITS 1 than ITS 2. Interspecific sequence divergence withinKrigia averaged 9.62% (1.61%–15.19%) and 4.26% (0%–6.64%) in ITS 1 and ITS 2, respectively. Intergeneric sequence divergence ranged from 15.6% to 44.5% in ITS 1 and from 8.0% to 28.6% in ITS 2. High sequence divergence and homoplasy among genera of tribeLactuceae suggest that the phylogenetic utility of ITS sequence data is limited to interspecific studies or comparisons among closely related genera. Trees generated from ITS sequences are essentially identical to those from restriction site comparisons of the entire nuclear ribosomal (nr) DNA region. The degree of tree resolution differed depending on how gaps were treated in phylogenetic analyses. The ITS trees were congruent with the chloroplast DNA and morphological phylogenies in three major ways: 1) the sister group relationship betweenKrigia andPyrrhopappus; 2) the recognition of two monophyletic sections,Krigia andCymbia, in genusKrigia; and 3) the monophyly of theK. occidentalis-K. cespitosa clade in sect.Cymbia. However, the two nrDNA-based trees are not congruent with morphology/chloroplast DNA-based trees for the interspecific relationships in sect.Krigia. An average of 22.5% incongruence was observed among fourKrigia data sets. The relatively high degree of incongruence among data sets is due primarily to conflict between trees based on nrDNA and morphological/cpDNA data. The incongruence is probably due to the concerted evolution of nrDNA repeating units. The results fromKrigia and theLactuceae suggest that nrDNA data may have limited utility in phylogenetic studies of plants, especially in groups which exhibit high levels of sequence divergence. Our combined phylogenetic analysis as a total evidence shows the least conflict to each of the individual data sets.
Where should I publish?: detecting journal similarity based on what have been published there

Finding similar journals within a large amount of existing ones is not a trivial task. Based on the hypothesis that similar journals publish similar articles, we propose in this paper a scalable method based on random projection to calculate the similarities between 35K journals based on 67 millions articles published with them. We evaluate our results against Dewey Decimal codes and analyse the networks of similar journals.
Abstract 63: Id4 acts as a tumor suppressor by inducing apoptosis and sensitizing prostate cancer cells to chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL PURPOSE:Id proteins (Id1, Id2, Id3, and Id4) function as dominant negative regulators of basic helix loop helix transcription factor family. They share the conserved HLH domain but lack the DNA binding basic domain. This domain configuration allows the Id proteins to dimerize with bHLH proteins. The Id-bHLH dimer therefore fails to bind the E box consensus sequence and activate transcription. In general Id1 and Id3 promote proliferation and inhibit differentiation and expression is generally high in many cancers. The function of Id4 appears to be unique as compared to Id1-Id3. Recent studies have demonstrated that Id4 is epigenetically silenced in many cancers including prostate cancer, suggesting that Id4 may in fact act as a tumor suppressor. The broad focus of this study is to investigate how Id4 acts as a tumor suppressor using prostate cancer cell line DU145, in which Id4 is epigenetically silenced. We report that at least two distinct mechanisms by which Id4 acts as a tumor suppressor is by inducing apoptosis and senescence in DU145 cells. Based on these observations, we hypothesize that Id4 will also sensitize prostate cancer cells to chemotherapeutic agents, such as doxorubicin. DESIGN METHODS: Apoptosis was quantitated using Annexin V staining in DU145 cells in which Id4 was ectopically expressed. We also used Mitocasp, which measures Caspase 3/7 activity and mitochondrial membrane potential for cytochrome c release. ηeta-galactosidase staining was used to confirm the senescent cells. Western blotting and other proteomics based approaches were used to determine the levels of apoptotic and senescence markers (Vimentin, Id1, MYC, MDM2, p16, and p21). Lastly, we treated prostate cancer cells with doxorubicin to investigate if Id4 promotes sensitivity to doxorubicin induced apoptosis. RESULTS Apoptosis assay indicated that over-expression of Id4 induced senescence and apoptosis in DU145 cells. At mRNA and protein levels, p21 and vimentin expression was increased. The expression of Id1, c-MYC, and MDM2 were decreased in DU145+Id4 cell line as compared to DU145. Our results also demonstrated that Id4 sensitizes DU145+Id4 cells to doxorubicin induced apoptosis that was Caspase 3/7 and cytochrome c dependent. CONCLUSIONS: Id4 may act as a tumor suppressor by inducing senescence and apoptosis in DU145 cells. Id4 not only induces apoptosis in prostate cancer cell line DU145, but also sensitizes these cells to doxorubicin. Id4 expression can thus be used as a clinical biomarker for prostate cancer progression and determining sensitivity to chemotherapeutic treatments. NIH/NCRR/RCMI grant #G12RR03062, NIH grant #R01CA128914 Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 63. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-63
Vitamin E inhibits experimental carcinogenesis and tumour angiogenesis

In an experiment in which vitamin E inhibited carcinogenesis, it was found that tumour angiogenesis and tumour growth-factor alpha (TGF alpha) expression were also inhibited. Forty male golden hamsters were divided into four equal groups. Group 1 animals had the left buccal pouches painted three times weekly with 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) for 14 weeks. Group 2 animals had the same procedure of DMBA applications but also received alpha tocopherol. Groups 3 and 4 were vitamin E and untreated controls. Angiogenesis was studied with factor 8-related antigen (F8-RA) which identifies endothelial cells. TGF alpha was studied with the appropriate antibody. Staining was effected by the standard avidin-biotin horseradish peroxidase system. Mean tumour volume was significantly lower in the DMBA-vitamin E group compared to the tumour control group. Angiogenesis was significantly inhibited in the DMBA-vitamin E group and TGF alpha expression was also inhibited. It is suggested that inhibition of tumour angiogenesis by vitamin E may be an additional mechanism for the anticancer action of vitamin E.
Demonstration of systematic photonic crystal device design and optimization by low-rank adjustments: an extremely compact mode separator

We present a powerful design and optimization method for devices in a photonic crystal. The method is based on a Wannier basis field expansion and efficient matrix analysis techniques for searching through a vast number of designs. The method permits the design of many compact optical devices with complex and novel functions. We present a design example of a very compact mode separator that is 8.2 µm×13.3 µm in size that demultiplexes the three modes of an input photonic crystal multimode waveguide into three single-mode output waveguides. We verify the method with finite-difference time-domain calculations.
The mobilization of intracellular cadmium by butyl and amyl esters of meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid.

Abstract The esters of the general structure, [CH(SH)COOR] 2 , i.e., D i -BDMS, RCH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 ; D s -BDMS, RCH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 3 ; D i -ADMS, RCH 2 CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 ; and D3-ADMS, RCH(CH 2 CH 3 ) 2 from the reaction of meso -2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid with isobutyl, sec -butyl, isoamyl, and 3-amyl alcohols, respectively, have been prepared, characterized, and examined as chelating agents for the removal of cadmium from its aged intracellular deposits. All of these compounds depleted cadmium from such deposits and significantly reduced the whole body levels of cadmium. In the case of three (D s -BDMS, D i -BDMS, and D i -ADMS) of these compounds, the reductions achieved are equal to or greater than that produced by 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanol (BAL) under similar circumstances. None of these compounds caused any redistribution of cadmium to the brain, and two of them (D i -BDMS and D i -ADMS) caused a very much larger reduction in the liver levels of cadmium than BAL. None was as effective as BAL in reducing kidney levels of cadmium. These compounds are not soluble in water and are administered as solutions in peanut oil. A comparison of the behavior of these compounds with others which have been reported to be effective in reducing body burdens of cadmium in chronic cadmium intoxication reveals that they are among the most effective. An analysis of the manner in which mobilizing efficacy changes with structure indicates that higher, purely alkyl analogs are not expected to be superior to these compounds, though other structural variations may be.
Effect of beta-adrenergic stimulation on experimental canine anaphylaxis in vivo.

We studied beta-adrenergic modulation of antigen-induced release of histamine and changes in lung function in natively allergic, anesthetized dogs. After thoracotomy and bilateral cervical vagotomy, samples of peripheral lung frozen in situ were obtained for measurement of adenosine cyclic 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) and histamine. In 11 dogs with beta-adrenergic blockade (propranolol), subsequent Ascaris suum antigen (intravenous) decreased lung tissue histamine 21.5% +/- 5.3% (mean +/- SE), with marked physiologic changes of anaphylaxis. In six other dogs, with no pharmacologic treatment before antigen, A. suum decreased lung tissue histamine only 11.5% +/- 1.9%. In six other dogs, terbutaline (1 mg/kg, i.v.) increased concentration of cAMP in peripheral lung, indicating stimulation of beta-adrenergic receptors, and inhibited response to A. suum. When a beta-adrenergic agonist was given 15 sec prior to A. suum, cAMP doubled and inhibition was incomplete. When a beta-agonist was given 150 sec prior to A. suum, cAMP increased fivefold and inhibition was complete.
An efficient synthesis of daidzein, dimethyldaidzein, and isoformononetin

Synthesis of the soy isoflavone, daidzein, and its derivatives, isoformononetin and dimethyldaidzein, through utilization of a novel synthetic pathway is reported. This synthesis employs an enamine addition and O-methylation of 2,4-dihydroxyacetophenone, a subsequent ring closure and iodination, followed by a Suzuki coupling with PEG 10000. Demethylation of either isoformononetin or dimethyldaidzein afforded daidzein.
Consequences of Co-Occurring Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder on Children's Language Impairments.

Purpose Co-occurring attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and communication disorders represent a frequently encountered challenge for school-based practitioners. The purpose of the pres...
THE SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION, ABUNDANCE AND DIVERSITY OF DESMIDS (CHLOROPHYTA) IN A SOFTWATER, NORTH TEMPERATE STREAM1

Suspended and benthic algal communities from a mildly acidic, third-order Rhode Island stream were examined to determine the seasonal distribution, abundance and diversity of the lotic desmids. Within a one-year sampling period, 148 species and 202 subspecific taxa of desmids were identified, representing 23 genera. Species of Cosmarium and Closterium accounted for approximately 70% of the desmids present, and were the most diverse and abundant taxa during all seasons except spring, when Hyalotheca dissiliens was the dominant desmid species. Average abundance and species richness generally were greatest during summer for both suspended and benthic desmids. Most desmids occurred in benthic habitats, and were randomly distributed among substrata. Average seasonal abundance was 7.4 × 104 cells·g−1 dry wt substratum, among 13 types of substrata. Highest desmid abundance was measured among substrata with intricate morphologies, such as Fontinalis spp., which was associated with 1.2 × 106 desmid cells·g−1 dry wt substratum, or 1.7 × 103 cells·cm−2 substratum. Cell division was observed for 70 desmid taxa, and average seasonal reproduction (based on cell numbers) among all substrata ranged from 4% in winter to 20% during summer. In addition, sexually produced zygospores were found occasionally for H. dissiliens. Desmids were distributed among most substrata examined in this stream, with abundance comparable to reported estimates from softwater lakes and acid bogs. In contrast to established dogma, lotic desmids are not incidental drift organisms, but rather comprise a viable and persistent component of the stream periphyton.