cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Outcome after three years of laronidase enzyme replacement therapy in a patient with Hurler syndrome.

Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) with laronidase, recombinant α-l-iduronidase, for mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I) has been clinically available since April 2003. Pre-approval studies were performed on patients with the more attenuated forms of MPS I, Hurler–Scheie and Scheie syndromes. The clinical efficacy of laronidase on the severe form of MPS I, Hurler syndrome, is not well known. We present a patient with Hurler syndrome who has been treated with laronidase for 3 years. Clinically, the patient demonstrated improvement in urinary glycosaminoglycan (GAG) levels and hepatomegaly, but continued to experience decline in respiratory status, musculoskeletal and spinal involvement, and developmental skills. Overall, the benefit of ERT with laronidase in advanced Hurler syndrome appeared to be minimal in this patient.
Evaluation of non-reciprocal heterologous immunity between unrelated viruses $

Heterologous immunity refers to the phenomenon whereby a history of an immune response against one pathogen can provide a level of immunity to a second unrelated pathogen. Previous investigations have shown that heterologous immunity is not necessarily reciprocal, such as in the case of vaccinia virus (VACV). Replication of VACV is reduced in mice immune to a variety of pathogens, while VACV fails to induce immunity to several of the same pathogens, including lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). Here we examine the lack of reciprocity of heterologous immunity between VACV and LCMV and find that they induce qualitatively different memory CD8 T cells. However, depending on the repertoire of an individual host, VACV can provide protection against LCMV simply by experimentally amplifying the quantity of T cells cross-reactive with the two viruses. Thus, one cause for lack of reciprocity is differences in the frequencies of cross-reactive T cells in immune hosts.
Resection Interposition Arthroplasty for Failed Distal Ulna Resections

The major complications of distal ulna resection, the Darrach procedure, are radioulnar impingement and instability. High failure rates have been reported despite published modifications of the Darrach procedure. Several surgical techniques have been developed to treat this difficult problem and to mitigate the symptoms associated with painful convergence and impingement. No technique has demonstrated clinical superiority. Recently, implant arthroplasty of the distal ulna has been endorsed as an option for the management of the symptomatic patient with a failed distal ulna resection. However, there are concerns for implant longevity, especially in young, active adults. Resection interposition arthroplasty relies on interposition of an Achilles tendon allograft between the distal radius and the resected distal ulna. Although this technique does not restore normal mechanics of the distal radioulnar joint, it can prevent painful convergence of the radius on the ulna. Achilles allograft interposition arthroplasty is a safe and highly effective alternative for failed distal ulna resections, especially for young, active patients, in whom an implant or alternative procedure may not be appropriate.
SUPERPLASTICITY AND NEWTONIAN-VISCOUS FLOW IN FINE-GRAINED CLASS I SOLID SOLUTION ALLOYS

Elevated temperature (1 023 to 1 193 K) tensile properties are described for a fine (6 μm) and coarse (100 μm) grained ultrahigh carbon (1.25 %) steel containing 10 % aluminum. The coarse-grained steel exhibits Class I solid solution alloy behavior wherein a stress exponent of three is noted. The fine-grained steel exhibits exceptionally low stress exponents, where a stress exponent of two is observed at low strain rates and decreases to as low as 1.35 with an increase in strain rate. A creep model is developed to explain these rersults based on grain boundary sliding accommodated by two different dislocation processes. When n=2, the accommodation process is attributed to dislocation climb and when n is less than 2, dislocation solute-dragged glide becomes the important accommodation process. The model predicts ideal Newtonian-viscous flow (n=1) will occur in Class I solid solution alloys at sufficiently high temperatures and at fine-grain sizes. It is shown that the superplastic alloys Al-Mg-Cu, Ti-6Al-4V and Mg-33Al exhibit the predicted fine-grained Class I solid solution alloy behavior, whereas the superplastic alloys Ni-39Cr-10Fe-7.5Ti-1Al, Cu-39.4Zn, Fe-26Cr-6.5Ni-0.05Al, Fe-1.6C and Ag-28Cu exhibit the predicted fine-grained Class II solid solution behavior.
Purification and G Protein Subunit Regulation of a Phospholipase C-β from Xenopus laevis Oocytes

Xenopus oocytes exhibit both pertussis toxin-sensitive and -insensitive inositol lipid signaling responses to G protein-coupled receptor activation. The G protein subunits Galphai, Galphao, Galphaq, Galphas, and Gbetagamma all have been proposed to function as activators of phospholipase C in oocytes. Ma et al. (Ma, H.-W., Blitzer, R. D., Healy, E. C., Premont, R. T., Landau, E. M., and Iyengar, R. J. Biol. Chem. 268, 19915-19918) cloned a Xenopus phospholipase C (PLC-betaX) that exhibits homology to the PLC-beta class of isoenzymes. Although this enzyme was proposed to function as a signaling protein in the pertussis toxin-sensitive inositol lipid signaling pathway of oocytes, its regulation by G protein subunits has not been directly assessed. As such we have utilized baculovirus-promoted overexpression of PLC-betaX in Sf9 insect cells and have purified a recombinant 150-kDa isoenzyme. PLC-betaX catalyzes hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol(4,5)bisphosphate and phosphatidylinositol(4)monophosphate, and reaction velocity is dependent on Ca2+. Recombinant PLC-betaX was activated by both Galphaq and Gbetagamma. PLC-betaX exhibited a higher apparent affinity for Galphaq than Gbetagamma, and Galphaq was more efficacious than Gbetagamma at lower concentrations of PLC-betaX. Relative to other PLC-beta isoenzymes, PLC-betaX was less sensitive to stimulation by Galphaq than PLC-beta1 but similar to PLC-beta2 and PLC-betaT. PLC-betaX was more sensitive to stimulation by Gbetagamma than PLC-beta1 but less sensitive than PLC-beta2 and PLC-betaT. In contrast PLC-betaX was not activated by the pertussis toxin substrate G proteins Galphai1, Galphai2, Galphai3, or Galphao. These results are consistent with the idea that PLC-betaX is regulated by alpha-subunits of the Gq family and by Gbetagamma and do not support the idea that alpha-subunits of pertussis toxin-sensitive G proteins are directly involved in regulation of this protein.
Effect of solvent on racemization in carbodiimide mediated solid phase fragment condensations

Abstract The Izumiya tripeptide was used to assess racemization in solid-phase fragment condensations. Boc-Gly-Ala-OH 1 was coupled to Leu-PAM resin DIC in a variety of solvents, both with and without HOBt. After cleavage from the resin, the extent of racemization was determined using C18 RP-HLPC to separate the epimers. Solvents used were DMF, NMP, TFE and each of these as mixtures with DCM. Also tested was a mixture of NMP and DMSO (85:15). Couplings in DMF/DCM (1:1) and NMP/DCM (1:1) in the presence of HOBt were in excess of 98% and racemization was undetectable. (
Control and manipulation of femtosecond laser filaments by the use of vortex phase elements

Diffractive optical elements, vortex phase plates of varying charge, were used as an effective method to control single and multi-filament propagation of femtosecond pulses in air. Application to few-cycle pulse generation is demonstrated.
Comparative efficacy of Beauveria bassiana, Bacillus thuringiensis, and aldicarb for control of Colorado potato beetle in an irrigated desert agroecosystem and their effects on biodiversity

Five weekly applications of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin, a genetically engineered isolate of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Raven®), and aldicarb (Temik®) were compared for control of Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) in an irrigated desert cropping system. B. thuringiensis was applied using low and high label rates (1.17 and 7.01 ha -1 ). B. bassiana was applied at 5 x 10 13 spores ha -1 . Aldicarb (Rhone-Poulenc), applied at 3.37 kg a.i. ha - 1 provided the greatest beetle control and potato yields (45 metric tons ha -1 ), but overall lowest biodiversity in nontarget organisms, particularly predatory Heteroptera. Low and high rates of B. thuringiensis produced fair to excellent beetle control, yielded 33 and 40 metric tons ha -1 and enabled good survival in predatory Heteroptera and other nontargets. Plots treated with B. bassiana resulted in poor control of beetles prior to row closure after which fair to good control was achieved. Yield in the Beauveria-treated plots was 33 metric tons ha -1 and effect on biodiversity was comparable to the Bt-treated plots. The lowest number of over-wintering adult L. decemlineata was found in the plots treated with bacteria and fungi (0.68-0.84 adults/0.03 m -3 of soil) and the highest was found in control and aldicarb plots (3.44 and 1.84 adults/0.03 m 3 of soil). Aphids and leafhoppers showed higher densities in plots treated with microbial control agents, but were eliminated from plots treated with aldicarb.
Videotext: Global Progress and Comparative Policies

An examination of the various approaches to establishing nationally available systems shows that government's role varies from regulating the marketplace to actually initiating the system.
A Cell- Surface Polymer Reptation Mechanism for Tumor Transendothelial Transport of Macromolecules

Polymer reptation is a process by which flexible linear polymers can migrate around obstacles and through pores and around other polymer molecules. It has successfully described quantitative behavior of polymer melts and has been invoked in explaining DNA separation according to length in sequencing gels. This mechanism may therefore be useful in delivering contrast agents or therapeutic drugs to tumors as these must traverse from the intravascular space through the tumor endothelial junction gaps and into the tumor. In this work, we show that polymers capable of weak interactions with tumor endothelium can translocate into the tumor interstitium at up to 9 times the rate of polymers without such cell-surface interactions. We propose a new mechanism by which the polymers diffuse along the cell surface and through cell junction gaps that occur in the tumor endothelium. This process can be halted in a number of ways that demonstrate that the surface interaction is essential for the higher transport rate. Alternative transport mechanisms are ruled out by further tests of polymer length scaling dependence, and by comparison of transport rates to those for globular constructs. Polymers of Gd-DTPA-polylysine and related backbones were investigated in an animal model of breast cancer and prostate cancer. Polymer lengths ranged from 30 nm to 300 nm, (from 100 to 700 lysine residues) and the polymer constructs had a cross section of approximately 1.2 nm in radius. Polymer uptake rate into tumors for an equivalent hydrodynamic size globular macromolecule was some 135 times larger demonstrating the importance of this transport mechanism compared to free diffusion of globular macromolecules through the endothelium junction pores. The polymer length scaling, with monomer number N, on rate of tumor transport goes as N(-1), which rejects alternative transport processes such as pinocytosis, active transport, and particle like center of mass diffusion through pores. This N(-1) scaling implies a cell-surface assisted polymer reptation process. This new transport mechanism allows very strong discrimination of aggressive tumors from nonaggressive tumors in animal model studies.
Studies on the life history of a frog lung fluke,Haematoloechus complexus (seely, 1906) Krull, N. Comb

1. The snailPseudosuccinea columella has been determined as the first intermediate host ofHaematoloechus complexus. 2. Dragonflies,Sympetrum vicinum, Pachydiplax longipennis andHolotania (Libellula) insecta, the last named being laboratory-raised from eggs, have been infected experimentally withH. complexus. 3. Rana clamitans has been determined as a new final host forH. complexus; it was experimentally infected and also found infected in nature. 4. The cercaria and metacercaria ofH. complexus are described and the adult fluke redescribed. 5. Experiments to establish the life history ofH. complexus involved 2 snails, 27 dragonfly nymphs (4 of which were raised from eggs in the laboratory), 17Rana clamitans and 15R. catesbeiana. 6. The life history ofHaematoloechus complexus is very similar to those of other frog lung flukes. The presence of long sensory hairs on the body of the cercaria ofH. complexus is the most striking anatomical difference in the life history stages separating it from other frog lung flukes. The distribution of the metacercariae in the dragonfly nymph and the loss of cuticular spines during the growth of the fluke in the final host are the most important differences in the life history.
Consumer Reaction to Colored Plastic Milk Jugs

Colored plastic gallon milk containers were prepared and demonstrated to consumers in three grocery stores. The four containers were colors yellow, opaque white, cream colored, and translucent plastic. A total of 393 respondents participated in the study. Several questions were asked relating to general milk consumption and preference for a particular color of milk jug. Of those respondents, 40.4% bought all their milk in plastic with 19.2% buying most of their milk in plastic. Approximately 74% indicated that they would buy milk packaged in colored plastic jugs if it were the same price as currently priced. Only 35% indicated that they would buy the plastic jug if they had to pay 3 to 5¢ more per container. The white opaque jug was the choice of consumers. Cream color was second, translucent third, and yellow fourth. Approximately 75% of the respondents indicated that it did not matter whether they could see the milk in the container.
Pseudomonas cepacia tricuspid endocarditis: treatment with trimethoprim, sulfonamide, and polymyxin B.

Tricuspid endocarditis due to Pseudomonas cepacia in a heroin addict persisted despite intensive antibiotic therapy as well as replacement of the infected valve on four occasions. The isolated organism and 10 other strains of Pseudomonas cepacia were resistant to all antibiotics except chloramphenicol and trimethoprim (TMP), to which moderate sensitivity was demonstrated. Addition of TMP or both TMP and sulfonamide to polymyxin B produced sensitivity to low con' centrations of the latter drug in vitro. Treatment with polymyxin B and TMP (1,000 mg/day) yielded bactericidal activity in serum at a 1:4 dilution. The combination of polymyxin B, TMP, and sulfisoxazole is effective and bactericidal against Pseudomonas cepacia in vitro and deserves further clinical trial in the treatment of serious infection due to this organism.
Structural breaks and long-run trends in commodity prices

The oil shocks of the 1970s, which quadrupled the price of petroleum, marked the end of an abnormal period of price stability and renewed interest in predicting the evolution of commodity prices. But most subsequent studies have focused on the short-run effects of price fluctuations, mainly because they greatly affect the foreign trade of developing countries. Sophisticated compensation mechanisms, such as commodity funds, have been introduced to counterbalance the transitory effects of price shocks. But the long-term evolution of prices also affects policy design and development strategies and may have a more important role in fostering long-run growth. The evidence presented by Prebisch (1950) and Singer (1950) of a secular negative trend in the price of commodities in 1870-1945 implies an increasingly weak position for developing countries relative to industrial economies. This hypothesis by Prebisch and Singer has been strongly debated, both theoretically and empirically, during the past four decades. Using recent advances in econometric theory, the authors analyze the long-run dynamics of the price of the 24 most-traded commodities in 1900-92. The method they use tests for nonstationarity (unit roots) in the series with a technique that allows structural breaks to be endogenously determined. The results show that 15 of the 24 commodity prices present negative trends, six are trendless, and three exhibit positive trends. Thus, the Prebisch-Singer hypothesis though not universal, holds for most commodities. This evidence rejects, to some extent, previous evidence by Cuddington (1992) and others. The authors extend the econometric analysis to determine the persistence of shocks to commodity prices. Knowledge of the persistence of shocks is important when designing counterbalancing policies such as commodity funds. The authors use a nonparametric estimator of persistence (the multiple variance ratio) and find that 19 of the 24 commodity prices present persistence levels substantially lower than previous estimates. This evidence suggests that there may be substantial room for stabilization and price support mechanisms for most commodities.
H1 and H2 receptor antagonists and hepatic oxygen supply-demand relationship in pigs.

The hypothesis that histamine receptor (H1 and H2) blockade beneficially affects the hepatic oxygen supply—demand relationship was tested during experiments performed on 13 miniature pigs. Hepatic arterial and portal blood flows were measured with electromagnetic flowmeters. Cardiac output was determined by thermodilution. H1 and H2 receptor blockade was achieved with promethazine, 5 mg · kg−1 and cimetidine 30 mg· kg−1 IV, respectively. The study demonstrated no significant effect of H1 and H2 receptor blockade on hepatic oxygen uptake and no noticeable effects of cimetidine on hepatic circulation. However, promethazine decreased total hepatic blood flow, primarily by decreasing portal blood flow; this resulted in an increase in oxygen extraction as reflected in a decreased oxygen content in hepatic venous blood. The results reject the posed hypothesis: H1 receptor antagonist promethazine decreased, while H2 receptor antagonist cimetidine did not affect hepatic blood flow and oxygen supply; hepatic oxygen demand remained unaffected during H1and H2 receptor blockade.
Decreased Platelet Serotonin Levels in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Platelet serotonin levels were measured in 41 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and 36 normal controls. SLE patients had significantly lower mean serotonin levels (243 +/- 131 versus 414 +/- 175 ng/10(9) platelets, P less than 0.001); the lowest levels occurred in those patients with active disease. No differences in mean platelet serotonin levels were found when we compared patients with or without a history of renal disease, thrombocytopenia, or neuropsychiatric involvement. Decreased release of platelet granule constituents, as measured by plasma levels of the alpha-granule protein, beta-thromboglobulin.
Estimation of cardinal utility based on a nonlinear theory

Empirical studies have demonstrated that cardinal utility functions assessed via gamble-based methods are often incoherent because of the probability and certainty effects. These effects are caused by apparent risk attitudes different from those admissible within the linear (expected) utility theory. The incoherences can also be accentuated by the effects of chaining and serial positioning of responses. To filter out these effects and obtain an unbiased measurement of the strength of preference, and a simultaneous measurement of risk attitude, we devised the independent-gamble, nonlinear-inference (IGNI) method: the utility function of outcomes and the risk function of probabilities are estimated jointly from assessed certainty equivalents of independent gambles by using a nonlinear utility theory for inference. The method contrasts with all popular utility assessment techniques in that it estimates a cardinal function in the two-dimensional space of outcomes and probabilities. Hence, it allows us to obtain novel insights into the nature of utility functions and the probability effect. Both are illustrated by empirical results for fifty-four subjects.
Raman Spectroscopic Analysis of Biochemical Changes in Individual Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins in the Pre- and Postprandial State

Individual triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (TGRL) particles derived from human volunteers are nondestructively analyzed by laser tweezers Raman microspectroscopy, and information on their composition and distribution is obtained. The Raman signature of single optically trapped very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), a subclass of TGRL, which play an important role in cardiovascular disease, exhibits distinct peaks associated with molecular vibrations of fatty acids, proteins, lipids, and structural rearrangements of lipids. Our analysis of pre- and postprandial VLDL exhibits the signature of biochemical changes in individual lipoprotein particles following the consumption of meals. Interaction of VLDL with endothelium leads to the breakdown of complex triacylglycerols and the formation of a highly ordered core of free saturated fatty acids in the particle. A particle distribution analysis reveals trends in the degree to which this process has occurred in particles at different times during the postprandial pe...
Dissolution of cholesterol gallstones by perfusion: A solution for the matrix?

The goal of this study was to identify the structural and compositional features of human gallstones that influence in vitro gallstone dissolution in the cholesterol solvent monooctanoin. Gallstones were obtained from 86 consecutive patients who had at least three morphologically similar stones. One stone from each patient was dissolved in ethanol/ether to determine cholesterol and matrix composition. The remaining two matched stones were dissolved in either monoctanoin plus ethanol (n = 86) or monooctanoin plus 2-mercaptoethanol (n = 86). The thiol reducing agent 2-mercaptoethanol has been previously shown to solubilize the isolated gallstone matrix and to accelerate the dissolution of intact, small cholesterol stones. Stone matrix content and initial diameter had the most significant predictive value for stone dissolution (p < 0.0001 for each), whereas cholesterol content had no predictive value (p = 0.558). Stones incubated in monooctanoin containing 2-mercaptoethanol dissolved more rapidly than those incubated in monooctanoin plus ethanol (16.7% of initial weight per day vs. 13.8% of initial weight per day, p < 0.0001). Matrix content correlated significantly with the difference in dissolution rate between stones dissolved in monooctanoin plus ethanol or monooctanoin plus 2-mercaptoethanol (p < 0.0001). These data indicate that the matrix content of human cholesterol gallstones significantly inhibits in vitro stone dissolution in the cholesterol solvent monooctanoin. This finding may be relevant to the clinical dissolution of gallstones.
A bit more to it: scholarly communication forums as socio-technical interaction networks

In this article, we examine the conceptual models that help us understand the development and sustainability of scholarly and professional communication forums on the Internet, such as conferences, pre-print servers, field-wide data sets, and collaboratories. We first present and document the information processing model that is implicitly advanced in most discussions about scholarly communications-the "Standard Model." Then we present an alternative model, one that considers information technologies as Socio-Technical Interaction Networks (STINs). STIN models provide a richer understanding of human behavior with online scholarly communications forums. They also help to further a more complete understanding of the conditions and activities that support the sustainability of these forums within a field than does the Standard Model. We illustrate the significance of STIN models with examples of scholarly communication forums drawn from the fields of high-energy physics, molecular biology, and information systems. The article also includes a method for modeling electronic forums as STINs.
Cryosurgical Treatment of Oral Lesions: Report of Cases

The microscopic basis of cryosurgical treatment effectiveness is the formation of extracellular and intra cellular ice crystals leading to a rapid buildup of toxic electrolyte concentrations, alteration in pH, protein denaturation, and disruption of cell membranes.
Crisis Intervention: Longer-Term Training Effects

10 months following a crisis-intervention training program which focused on interpretation of signal events, 17 participants more frequently reported increased belief in their ability to recognize the need for intervention and to intervene effectively than did 22 control subjects. Perceived frequency of intervention by trained participants, however, had decreased rather than increased. Implications of the findings and recommendations for research are discussed.
Rethinking Proteasome Evolution: Two Novel Bacterial Proteasomes

The proteasome is a multisubunit structure that degrades proteins. Protein degradation is an essential component of regulation because proteins can become misfolded, damaged, or unnecessary. Proteasomes and their homologues vary greatly in complexity: from HslV (heat shock locus v), which is encoded by 1 gene in bacteria, to the eukaryotic 20S proteasome, which is encoded by more than 14 genes. Despite this variation in complexity, all the proteasomes are composed of homologous subunits. We searched 238 complete bacterial genomes for structures related to the proteasome and found evidence of two novel groups of bacterial proteasomes. The first, which we name Anbu, is sparsely distributed among cyanobacteria and proteobacteria. We hypothesize that Anbu must be very ancient because of its distribution within the cyanobacteria, and that it has been lost in many more recent species. We also present evidence for a fourth type of bacterial proteasome found in a few β-proteobacteria, which we call β-proteobacteria proteasome homologue (BPH). Sequence and structural analyses show that Anbu and BPH are both distinct from known bacterial proteasomes but have homologous structures. Anbu is encoded by one gene, so we postulate a duplication of Anbu created the 20S proteasome. Anbu’s function appears to be related to transglutaminase activity, not the general stress response associated with HslV. We have found different combinations of Anbu, BPH, and HslV within these bacterial genomes, which raises questions about specialized protein degradation systems. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00239-008-9075-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Multiple Theoretical Approaches to Supervision: Choices in Family Therapy Training†

The supervision techniques used in structural, strategic, family-of-origin, and experiential family therapy training are discussed and compared, with emphasis on the isomorphism between supervision and therapy in each school. The usefulness of each supervisory model is related to supervisees' needs at different levels of training. Recommendations are made about the sequence of family therapy training, including the utility of eclectic versus purist family therapy training programs for trainees at different levels of experience.
Promoter analysis meets pattern formation: transcriptional regulatory genes in sea urchin embryogenesis

Analyses of spatial and temporal gene control mechanisms in the sea urchin embryo have identified several important trans-regulatory factors, including some that are related to known developmental control genes of the fly and mouse. Recent advances in gene perturbation technologies, including the use of antisense oligonucleotides to target mRNAs in early-stage embryos, as well as the injection of mRNAs into zygotes to express genes ectopically, have made it possible to test the functions of such factors directly.
Growth of Bluegills in a New Lake, with Particular Reference to False Annuli

Abstract McFarland Pond was constructed in 1946 and stocked with 23 2-year-old bluegills (Lepomis macrochirus) in 1947. Scales from the 1947 to 1949 year classes of bluegills were studied with particular attention to the recognition of false and true annuli. No consistent changes in coefficient of condition, K, were noted except for a tendency for the K value to increase with increase in length of fish. Annulus formation occurred from mid-February to mid-June, with most fish forming annuli in the last half of May or early June. Although the body-scale relationship is better described by a third-degree equation, calculated lengths based upon a straight-line relationship were nearly as accurate. The brood stock grew rapidly when first placed in the lake. The 1947 year class grew less in 1947 than did the 1948 and 1949 young of the year during their first summers. Late spawning was probably the cause of the poor growth in 1947. By 1949, the bluegills were severely stunted and showed little growth after they ...
Network design for time-constrained delivery

To meet customer demand, delivery companies are offering an increasing number of time-definite services. In this article, we examine the strategic design of delivery networks which can efficiently provide these services. Because of the high cost of direct connections, we focus on tree-structured networks. As it may not be possible to identify a tree-structured network that satisfies all of the delivery guarantees, we allow these guarantees to be violated but seek to minimize the sum of the violations. We establish the complexity of the problem and exploit an empirically identified solution structure to create new neighborhoods which improve solution values over more general neighborhood structures. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 55: 493-515, 2008
Polymer coatings by electropolymerization of some vinyl monomers

Electroinitiated polymerization coatings are uniform, thin, tightly adherent, conformal, and economical to produce. This article describes use of a novel (for electropolymerization) persulfate initiator to rapidly polymerize a moderate T g , crosslinked acrylic coating. Polymer coatings derived from the monomers acrylamide, acrylonitrile, and N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide were synthesized on an aluminum cathode by persulfate electroinitiated polymerization at room temperature. The crosslinked polymer was brittle (T g = 239°C) but thermally stable (degradation temperature = 310°C). The coatings were spongy and contained some small cracks when polymerized at low current density (0.1 mA/cm 2 ). However, thicker coatings with fewer cracks were obtained at higher current densities. Persulfate was found to be an effective initiator for polymerization in this system, and the initiation mechanism was confirmed to be free radical. In general, it appears possible to produce thin, uniform coatings on aluminum by this route. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Talking Heads: Language, Metalanguage, and the Semiotics of Subjectivity

Talking Heads: Language, Metalanguage, and the Semiotics of Subjectivity. Benjamin Lee. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1997. ix. 376 pp., references, index.
Belgrade Rats Display Liver Iron Loading

Patients with mutations in divalent metal transporter-1 (DMT1), an intestinal nonheme iron transporter, suffer from microcytic anemia and hepatic iron loading. DMT1is also mutatedin Belgraderats, an animal model with a thalassemic-like disorder of microcytic anemia with hyperferrinemia. However, aspects of hepatic iron loading in this genetic model are not well characterized. To more fully define the Belgrade rat’s iron status, we compared the characteristics of homozygous (b/b) and heterozygous (b/1) rats fed an iron-supplemented diet for 3 wk postweaning. Dietary supplementation with ferrous iron improved the anemia of b/b rats insofar as hematocrits increased from 0.13 (21-d‐old) to 0.31 (42-d‐old). However, hematocrits remained significantly lower than those of age-matched b/1 rats (0.36 and 0.41 in 21- and 42-d‐old heterozygotes, respectively, P , 0.05). Wright’s staining of b/b red cells confirmed the hypochromic microcytic nature of Belgrade rats’ anemia. The liver iron concentration of 42-d‐old b/b rats was greater than in age-matched b/1 rats (5.97 vs. 2.24 mmol/g, P , 0.05). Whereas Perls’ Prussian blue iron staining was evident in both periportal and centrilobular regions in 42-d‐old b/b liver sections, no staining was observed in age-matched b/1 tissue sections. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that expression of liver hepcidin mRNA in 42-d‐oldb/b rats was 3-fold greater than age-matched b/1 rats. These results indicate that, similar to human patients with DMT1 mutations, Belgrade rats also display hepatic iron loading. Our data suggest this condition arises from ineffective erythropoiesis. J. Nutr. 136: 3010‐3014, 2006.
Mine Impact Burial Prediction From One to Three Dimensions

The Navy’s mine impact burial prediction model creates a time history of a cylindrical or a noncylindrical mine as it falls through air, water, and sediment. The output of the model is the predicted mine trajectory in air and water columns, burial depth/orientation in sediment, as well as height, area, and volume protruding. Model inputs consist of parameters of environment, mine characteristics, and initial release. This paper reviews near three decades’ effort on model development from one to three dimensions: (1) onedimensional models predict the vertical position of the mine’s center of mass (COM) with the assumption of constant falling angle, (2) two-dimensional models predict the COM position in the x ,z plane and the rotation around the y-axis, and (3) three-dimensional models predict the COM position in the x , y , z space and the rotation around the x-, y-, and z-axes. These models are verified using the data collected from mine impact burial experiments. The one-dimensional model only solves one momentum equation (in the z-direction). It cannot predict the mine trajectory and burial depth well. The twodimensional model restricts the mine motion in the x ,z plane (which requires motionless for the environmental fluids) and uses incorrect drag coefficients and inaccurate sediment dynamics. The prediction errors are large in the mine trajectory and burial depth prediction (six to ten times larger than the observed depth in sand bottom of the Monterey Bay). The three-dimensional model predicts the trajectory and burial depth relatively well for cylindrical, near-cylindrical mines, and operational mines such as Manta and Rockan mines. DOI: 10.1115/1.3013823
Elevated CSF prostaglandin E2 levels in patients with probable AD

To the Editor: We read with interest the article by Montine et al. describing the regulation of cyclo-oxygenase (COX) and prostaglandin (PG) production in brain and CSF.1 They found that COX activity in the hippocampus of probable AD cases was not different from that of age-matched controls. In contrast, the CSF levels of PGE2 in probable AD cases were >fivefold higher than in normal control subjects. We have several concerns regarding points made in the Discussion of the paper. The authors state that there are conflicting results about whether COX-2 is elevated in AD, and cite only one report of COX-2 increase in AD brain. However, there are now at least five studies from different laboratories2- …
Nonhuman Primate Model of Pertussis

Pertussis is a highly contagious, acute respiratory illness caused by the bacterial pathogen Bordetella pertussis. Despite nearly universal vaccine coverage, pertussis rates in the United States have been rising steadily over the last 20 years. Our failure to comprehend and counteract this important public health concern is due in large part to gaps in our knowledge of the disease and the mechanisms of vaccine-mediated protection. Important questions about pertussis pathogenesis and mechanisms of vaccine effectiveness remain unanswered due to the lack of an animal model that replicates the full spectrum of human disease. Because current animal models do not meet these needs, we set out to develop a nonhuman primate model of pertussis. We inoculated rhesus macaques and olive baboons with wild-type B. pertussis strains and evaluated animals for clinical disease. We found that only 25% of rhesus macaques developed pertussis. In contrast, 100% of inoculated baboons developed clinical pertussis. A strong anamnestic response was observed when convalescent baboons were infected 6 months following recovery from a primary infection. Our results demonstrate that the baboon provides an excellent model of clinical pertussis that will allow researchers to investigate pertussis pathogenesis and disease progression, evaluate currently licensed vaccines, and develop improved vaccines and therapeutics.
Dielectric Properties of UV Cured Thick Film Polymer Networks through High Power Xenon Flash Lamp Curing

High-energy flash cure lamps process thick film materials (<10 um) over large areas (<100 cm2) within milliseconds and are capable to deliver higher energy and power densities (20 J/cm2 and 20 kW/cm2) allowing for a more complete curing and elimination of flaws that would exist in conventional treatment. Click reactions are especially attractive for patterned devices as they have minimal shape change during curing and have a more predictable structure compared to free radical acrylate polymerization. Pentaerythritol tetrakis(3-mercaptopropionate) and 2,4,6-Triallyloxy-1,3,5-triazine were combined at 3:4 by weight and then spin coated on copper foil substrates. The solutions were processed both thermally and with exposure to a xenon flash bulb. Thermal treatment consisted of heating the sample at 80°C on a hot plate over night. Flash curing was accomplished using a Novacentrix Pulseforge 1300 system. The flash lamp curing fluence and intensities were varied to determine their effects on degree of cross-linking, dielectric constant, breakdown field and energy storage. The degree of cross-linking was determined through comparative FTIR studies. Dielectric constant was measured using an Agilent 4294a impedance analyzer from 100 Hz-100 MHz with a two terminal setup. Breakdown strength and energy density measurements were taken using Radiant Technology’s Precision Ferroelectric tester with a 10 kV source. The printed films averaged 1-3 microns thick as observed by an SEM cross section measurement. It was found that dielectric constant varies with both treatment intensity and fluence. Energy densities were calculated using the ideal capacitor equation and ranged from 1.5-4.8 J/cm3.
In vivo reduction or blockade of interleukin-1β in primary osteoarthritis influences expression of mediators implicated in pathogenesis

Summary Objective Diminish interleukin-1β (IL-1β) signaling in a model of primary osteoarthritis by RNA interference-based transcript reduction or receptor blockade, and quantify changes incurred on transcript expression of additional mediators. Methods Knees of Hartley guinea pigs were collected at 120 and 180 days of age following injection with viral vectors ( N = 4/treatment group/date) at 60 days. Two groups received either adeno-associated viral serotype 5 vector containing a knockdown sequence (TV), or adenoviral vector encoding for IL-1 receptor antagonist protein (Ad-IRAP); treatments were contrasted with opposite knees administered corresponding vector controls. A third group evaluated TV relative to saline-only injected knees. Chondropathy and immunohistochemistry findings were compared to untreated guinea pigs. Transcript expression levels in cartilage were calculated using the comparative CT (2 −ΔΔCT ) method and analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with pairwise comparisons using Tukey 95% confidence intervals. Results Vector transduction was confirmed at both harvest dates. TV and Ad-IRAP, relative to vector controls, significantly decreased IL-1β. Inflammatory mediators [tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-8, interferon-γ (IFN-γ)], and catabolic matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP13) were also decreased, while anabolic transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) was increased. IL-1β was also decreased by TV vs saline, with a decrease in MMP13 and increase TGF-β1; TNF-α, IL-8, and IFN-γ were transiently increased. Conclusions This work confirmed that a reduction in IL-1β signaling was accomplished by either method, resulting in decreased expression of three inflammatory mediators and one catabolic agent, and increased expression of an anabolic molecule. Thus, evidence is provided that IL-1β serves a role in vivo in spontaneous osteoarthritis and that these translational tools may provide beneficial disease modification.
Systematic and efficient side chain optimization for molecular docking using a cheapest‐path procedure

Molecular docking of small-molecules is an important procedure for computer-aided drug design. Modeling receptor side chain flexibility is often important or even crucial, as it allows the receptor to adopt new conformations as induced by ligand binding. However, the accurate and efficient incorporation of receptor side chain flexibility has proven to be a challenge due to the huge computational complexity required to adequately address this problem. Here we describe a new docking approach with a very fast, graph-based optimization algorithm for assignment of the near-optimal set of residue rotamers. We extensively validate our approach using the 40 DUD target benchmarks commonly used to assess virtual screening performance and demonstrate a large improvement using the developed side chain optimization over rigid receptor docking (average ROC AUC of 0.693 vs. 0.623). Compared to numerous benchmarks, the overall performance is better than nearly all other commonly used procedures. Furthermore, we provide a detailed analysis of the level of receptor flexibility observed in docking results for different classes of residues and elucidate potential avenues for further improvement. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
New Public Management and Substantive Democracy

The authors are concerned that a remaining refuge of substantive democracy in America, the public sector, is in danger of abandoning it in favor of the market model of management. They argue that contemporary American democracy is confined to a shrunken procedural remnant of its earlier substantive form. The classical republican model of citizen involvement faded with the rise of liberal capitalist society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Capitalism and democracy coexist in a society emphasizing procedural protection of individual liberties rather than substantive questions of individual development. Today’s market model of government in the form of New Public Management goes beyond earlier “reforms,” threatening to eliminate democracy as a guiding principle in public-sector management. The authors discuss the usefulness of a collaborative model of administrative practice in preserving the value of democracy in public administration.
Risk as a Window to Agency: A Case Study of Three Decorators

This paper explores the idea of “risk” by examining the role of three women in interior design in the twentieth century (Elsie de Wolfe, 1865–1950; Dorothy Draper, 1888–1969; and Sister Parish, 1929–1994). Women’s roles as arbiters of taste were consistent with the social construction of the female gender at the turn of the century; that these roles involved risk—the perception of possible loss or injury—is, for the most part, overlooked by social historians. Our theoretical framework is built upon three keywords from the vocabularies of postmodern social history and women’s history: discourse, experience, and agency. These three terms represent the important recognition that the collective understanding of history is not static, but is dependent on the social constructs of the period, as well as (1) how individuals experienced, interpreted, and acted within these constructs and (2) how historians understand and interpret the individual actions in the context of the same constructs. These concepts suggest that individual characters have agency (i.e., power or choice) in framing or reframing an event, based on their unique view of the world. It is through agency that we explore unique qualities of de Wolfe, Draper, and Parish. The stories of de Wolfe, Draper, and Parish demonstrate that risk of traditional values, risk of public persona, and risk of financial security all influenced the ways that they navigated the social and economic circumstances that surrounded them. Each risk, whether imposed on or undertaken by our protagonists, was a seed of change that ultimately affected the social and professional construct of the field of interior design.
Financial Globalization, Social Exclusion and Financial Crisis

Abstract This paper suggests one set of mechanisms that ties financial globalization processes to local dynamics of financial inclusion or exclusion. Specifically, this paper explores the worldwide reconsideration of financial firms’ strategies that has accompanied financial globalization. It is shown that the neoliberal and asymmetric‐information approaches to credit markets and financial crises in developing economies overlook these dimensions of financial globalization because of their tendency to focus on representative credit markets. Banks’ strategic shift has led to the global homogenization and stratification of financial practices—and this in turn has been a key driver of processes of financial exclusion. Financial exclusion then involves bifurcation within financial markets, so that different markets serve different portions of the household and business population. This analysis suggests a reconstruction of Minsky’s microfoundational model of the origins of financial fragility and crisis, which...
An analog neural network for linear programming: analysis, design and simulation

Presents an analog recurrent neural network for solving linear programs. The proposed analog neural network is asymptotically stable and able to generate optimal solutions to linear programming problems. The asymptotic properties of the proposed analog neural network for linear programming are analyzed theoretically. The circuit design for realizing the analog network is discussed. Two illustrative examples are also presented to demonstrate the performance and operating characteristics of the analog neural network. >
Multicopy Suppression Underpins Metabolic Evolvability

Our understanding of the origins of new metabolic functions is based upon anecdotal genetic and biochemical evidence. Some auxotrophies can be suppressed by overexpressing substrate-ambiguous enzymes (i.e., those that catalyze the same chemical transformation on different substrates). Other enzymes exhibit weak but detectable catalytic promiscuity in vitro (i.e., they catalyze different transformations on similar substrates). Cells adapt to novel environments through the evolution of these secondary activities, but neither their chemical natures nor their frequencies of occurrence have been characterized en bloc. Here, we systematically identified multifunctional genes within the Escherichia coli genome. We screened 104 single-gene knockout strains and discovered that many (20%) of these auxotrophs were rescued by the overexpression of at least one noncognate E. coli gene. The deleted gene and its suppressor were generally unrelated, suggesting that promiscuity is a product of contingency. This genome-wide survey demonstrates that multifunctional genes are common and illustrates the mechanistic diversity by which their products enhance metabolic robustness and evolvability.
Towards a theory of knowledge and ignorance: preliminary report

Communication in a distributed system changes the state of knowledge of the processors. But what is a state of knowledge? Here we attempt to characterize this notion. In the case where an agent’s information is completely described by a formula, we give a number of equivalent ways to characterize the agent’s state of knowledge, as well as an algorithm for computing the formulas that are true in this state. The relationship between this work and related works by Stark, Konolige, and Moore is discussed.