cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 535: Chronic High Sodium Diet Attenuates The Development Of Renal Injury And Inflammation In Murine Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disorder with prevalent renal disease, a consequence of increased and abnormal survival of B and T lymphocytes. Recent evidence suggests that dietary salt may be an important environmental factor that promotes certain autoimmune diseases by stimulating pro-inflammatory T lymphocyte differentiation. Therefore, we hypothesized that a long-term high salt diet would accelerate the progression of renal disease during SLE. In order to test this, an established experimental model of SLE (female NZBWF1 mice) was fed a standard (0.4% NaCl) or high salt (4% NaCl) diet starting at 10 weeks of age. Sodium intake (in meq/day) was measured three times throughout the study and was significantly greater in high salt fed animals at 16 weeks of age (2.9±0.6 vs. 0.5±0.06 , p=0.01), 23 weeks (4.8±0.8 vs. 0.6±0.06, p=0.004) and 29 weeks (5.7±0.6 vs. 0.6±0.05, p=0.0007). Urinary albumin was monitored monthly until 30 weeks then weekly by dipstick assay as a marker of renal injury until 34 weeks of age, at which time catheters were implanted into the carotid arteries for measurement of mean arterial pressure (MAP). Mice were then euthanized and kidneys collected. Renal cortex enriched mRNA was analyzed by qRT-PCR for inflammatory markers, and renal medullary enriched mRNA was analyzed for expression of serum glucocorticoid kinase 1 (SGK1), a salt-sensing kinase. Counter to our hypothesis, 75% (9/12) of animals on a normal diet developed albuminuria (≥ 100 mg/dL), whereas 17% (2/12) of the high salt fed animals developed albuminuria (p=0.0002). MAP was not different between groups (132±4 mmHg 0.4% NaCl vs. 144±8 mmHg 4% NaCl), nor was renal medullary expression of SGK1 mRNA (0.25±0.03 vs. 0.20±0.04). However, renal cortical interleukin-2 (IL-2), a cytokine important for T cell differentiation, expression was significantly lower in high salt fed animals (0.31±0.03 vs. 1.16±0.34, p=0.03). These data suggest that a long-term high salt diet may protect against the renal injury associated with SLE, possibly through alterations in IL-2 mediated T cell differentiation, without a significant effect on MAP. Furthermore, the data advance our overall understanding of how dietary salt may impact different autoimmune disorders.
Comparative Irish and American hardwood culture. 1. One tree to the acre: The value and silviculture of fine hardwood management on small woodlots in the Midwestern U.S.

Because the midwestern US and Ireland share similar agricultural landscapes, information on hardwood culture and reforestation efforts is presented for comparison. Historically, the respective land areas were once heavily forested, but land clearing for agriculture in both countries has resulted in relatively small, fragmented woodlots. This makes farm-forestry an important component of forest production in these landscapes. The status of Indiana hardwood forest is provided with current growth and species trends. Timber values and recent timber sales figures by species are included for contrast with Irish woodlots and the long-term trends of saw log prices in Indiana are provided which show the competitive rates of return that hardwood management can bring.
Small-molecule PET Tracers for Imaging Proteinopathies

In this chapter, we provide a review of the challenges and advances in developing successful PET imaging agents for 3 major types of aggregated amyloid proteins: amyloid-beta (Aβ), tau, and alpha-synuclein (α-syn). These 3 amyloids are involved in the pathogenesis of a variety of neurodegenerative diseases, referred to as proteinopathies or proteopathies, that include Alzheimer disease, Lewy body dementias, multiple system atrophy, and frontotemporal dementias, among others. In the Introduction section, we briefly discuss the history of amyloid in neurodegenerative diseases and describe why progress in developing effective imaging agents has been hampered by the failure of crystallography to provide definitive ligand-protein interactions for rational radioligand design efforts. Instead, the field has relied on largely serendipitous, trial-and-error methods to achieve useful and specific PET amyloid imaging tracers for Aβ, tau, and α-syn deposits. Because many of the proteopathies involve more than 1 amyloid protein, it is important to develop selective PET tracers for the different amyloids to help assess the relative contribution of each to total amyloid burden. We use Pittsburgh compound B to illustrate some of the critical steps in developing a potent and selective Aβ PET imaging agent. Other selective Aβ and tau PET imaging compounds have followed similar pathways in their developmental processes. Success for selective α-syn PET imaging agents has not been realized yet, but work is ongoing in multiple laboratories throughout the world. In the tau sections, we provide background regarding 3-repeat (3R) and 4-repeat (4R) tau proteins and how they can affect the binding of tau radioligands in different tauopathies. We review the ongoing efforts to assess the properties of tau ligands, which are useful in 3R, 4R, or combined 3R-4R tauopathies. Finally, we describe in the α-syn sections recent attempts to develop selective tracers to image α-synucleinopathies.
Hotspot monitoring and Temperature Estimation with miniature on-chip temperature sensors

This paper presents analysis and evaluation of the impact of size and voltage scalability of on-chip temperature sensor on the accuracy of hotspot monitoring and temperature estimation in dynamic thermal management of high performance microprocessors. The analysis is based on both the layout level and the system level across state-of-the-art sensors in terms of accuracy, voltage-scalability, and silicon footprint. Our analysis shows that a sensor having compact footprint and good voltage scalability can be placed on exact hotspot locations, typically among digital cells, significantly improving accuracy in tracking hotspots and estimating temperature of microarchitecture blocks, as compared to two other sensors that have higher sensor-circuit accuracy, large footprint and little voltage scalability limiting flexible placement.
Abstract TP61: Automated Labeling of Cerebral Vasculature on MR Angiography Using Nonparametric Bayesian Inference

Background: An automated, unbiased method to accurately label cerebrovascular territories would greatly advance our ability to assess individual stroke patients as well as study large databases. Previous attempts have failed due to the wide variation in normal vascular topography. We test the hypothesis that a nonparametric probabilistic model that learns the configurational characteristics of vascular territories will better annotate the cerebrovasculature. Methods: In the George Mason Brain Vasculature database, we identified patients with MRA reconstructions segmented into seven major regions (left and right MCA, PCA, and ACA and Circle of Willis). We then augment these labels by manually segmenting the MCA territory into an additional eight regions. We then divide the database into training and validation cohorts to assess the algorithm. Results: Among 54 patients that met the inclusion criteria, 39 reconstructions were used as training input to the model among the 61 digital reconstructions of human brain arterial structures available. The model was then validated on an independent cohort of 15 patients. The algorithm was found to be 94+-5.2% accurate in annotating the vascular segments. Conclusions: Kernel density estimation, used in conjunction with a Bayesian inference-based algorithm, can accurately label cerebral vascular territories using spatial and radial features. This process can provide a framework for further vascular segmentation and analysis of artery occlusion in stroke patients.
Fate, toxicity and bioconcentration of cadmium on Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and Lemna minor in mid-term single tests

In the frame of a project which consists in modeling a laboratory microcosm under cadmium pressure, we initiated this study on the fate and effects of cadmium in the presence of either the microalga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata or the duckweed Lemna minor, two organisms of the microcosm. For each organism, growth inhibition tests on a duration of 2–3 weeks were carried out with the objective of linking effects with total dissolved, ionic and internalized forms of cadmium. Numbers of organisms (algal cells or duckweed fronds) in 2-L beakers filled with synthetic nutritive medium containing EDTA were counted during the course of assays, while cadmium concentrations in the water and in the organisms were measured. Free cadmium fraction was calculated using PHREEQC, a computer program for chemical speciation. Results showed that cadmium toxicity to microalgae could be correlated to the free divalent fraction of this metal, limited by the presence of EDTA, and to its concentration in the organisms. Bioconcentration factors for our medium were suggested for P. subcapitata (111,000 on the basis of free cadmium concentration) and L. minor (17,812 on the basis of total dissolved concentration). No effect concentrations were roughly estimated around 400 µg/g for Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and 200–300 µg/g for Lemna minor. This study is a first step towards a fate model based on chemical speciation for a better understanding of microcosm results.
Role of Peroxiredoxin 4 in Collagen Deposition in Mouse Models of Fibrosis

Rationale: Every year 34,000 people in the USA are diagnosed with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF). The average survival time for these patients is only 3-5 years after diagnosis. Lung epithelial cell injury via the Fas cell death pathway has been shown to be important in the progression of IPF. Fas s-glutathionylation enhances the apoptotic signal in murine type II alveolar cells. Recently we have shown that the overexpression of the ER localized peroxidase, Peroxiredoxin 4 (Prdx4) attenuates Fas s-glutathionylation and cell death in murine type II alveolar cells. The goal of this study is to understand the role of Prdx4 in experimental models of lung fibrosis. Methods C57B6 mice were oropharyngeal instilled with Bleomycin or AdTGFb1. After the establishment of pulmonary fibrosis Prdx4 was overexpressed by instillation of Adeno-Peroxiredoxin 4 (AdPrdx4). One week after the administration of AdPrdx4 mice lungs were harvested to determine extent of fibrosis and oxidation state of Fas. Results The overexpression of Prdx4 was confirmed in mouse lung homogenates by qRT-PCR, western blot and immunohistochemistry. Hydroxyproline analysis of mouse lungs showed a significant decrease in collagen content in mouse lungs overexpressing Prdx4 compared to mice receiving AdCtrl. Similarly, expression of alpha smooth muscle actin, a marker for fibroblast activation, was attenuated following administration of AdPrdx4. Conclusion This data reveals that augmentation of Prdx4 has a potential positive therapeutic relevance in pulmonary fibrosis.
Street-level leadership in the public sector: a case study of the challenges

This article suggests that leadership does not just occur in the higher echelons of a bureaucratic hierarchy, but is endemic throughout the organization and is present even at the basic rank and file level. Street-level leaders emerge when the need arises for quick decisions and responses to complex stimuli. These relatively "informal" leaders can exert a significant influence on how and what things get done. Many of these decisions involve transactional decisions between leaders and followers. However, to deal with more complex challenges, street-level leaders may need to incorporate transformational leadership strategies, similar to leaders higher in the hierarchy. To test this thesis this article reports the survey findings of a study of state agency of disabilities and their contractor provider organizations.
The interictal mesial temporal lobe epilepsy network.

OBJECTIVE Identification of patient-specific epileptogenic networks is critical to designing successful treatment strategies. Multiple noninvasive methods have been used to characterize epileptogenic networks. However, these methods lack the spatiotemporal resolution to allow precise localization of epileptiform activity. We used intracranial recordings, at much higher spatiotemporal resolution, across a cohort of patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) to delineate features common to their epileptogenic networks. We used interictal rather than seizure data because interictal spikes occur more frequently, providing us greater power for analyzing variances in the network. METHODS Intracranial recordings from 10 medically refractory MTLE patients were analyzed. In each patient, hour-long recordings were selected for having frequent interictal discharges and no ictal events. For all possible pairs of electrodes, conditional probability of the occurrence of interictal spikes within a 150-millisecond bin was computed. These probabilities were used to construct a weighted graph between all electrodes, and the node degree was estimated. To assess the relationship of the highly connected regions in this network to the clinically identified seizure network, logistic regression was used to model the regions that were surgically resected using weighted node degree and number of spikes in each channel as factors. Lastly, the conditional spike probability was normalized and averaged across patients to visualize the MTLE network at group level. RESULTS We generated the first graph of connectivity across a cohort of MTLE patients using interictal activity. The most consistent connections were hippocampus to amygdala, anterior fusiform cortex to hippocampus, and parahippocampal gyrus projections to amygdala. Additionally, the weighted node degree and number of spikes modeled the brain regions identified as seizure networks by clinicians. SIGNIFICANCE Apart from identifying interictal measures that can model patient-specific epileptogenic networks, we also produce a group map of network connectivity from a cohort of MTLE patients.
Using Focus Groups to Explore the Underrepresentation of Female-Identified Undergraduate Students in Philosophy

This paper is part of a larger project designed to examine and ameliorate the underrepresentation of female-identified students in the philosophy department at Elon University. The larger project involved a variety of research methods, including statistical analysis of extant registration and grade distribution data from our department as well as the administration of multiple surveys. Here, we provide a description and analysis of one aspect of our research: focus groups. We ran three focus groups of female-identified undergraduate students: one group consisted of students who had taken more than one philosophy class, one consisted of students who had taken only one philosophy class, and one consisted of students who had taken no philosophy classes. After analyzing the results of the focus groups, we find evidence that: (1) one philosophy class alone did not cultivate a growth mindset among female-identified students of philosophy, (2) professors have the potential to ameliorate (or reinforce) students’ (mis)perceptions of philosophy; and (3) students who have not taken philosophy are likely to see their manner of thinking as being at odds with that required by philosophy. We conclude by articulating a series of questions worthy of further study.
Determining growth kinetics from quantitative analysis of surface topography

The rough morphology of a surface that results from the nonequilibrium deposition or etching of material from the gas phase should depend strongly on the kinetic mechanisms that dominate the process. Several theories have been proposed which predict definite scaling in space and time for a nonequilibrium surface, depending on the active mechanisms. Experiments have just now begun to test these scaling theories, and preliminary results show that surface roughness does scale spatially in a manner similar to the predictions, but that the growing surfaces roughen more rapidly than the theories predicted, yielding a higher-than-expected temporal scaling exponent.
Low dissipation spectral filtering using a field-effect tunable III-V hybrid metasurface

Considering the power constrained scaling of silicon complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor technology, the use of high mobility III–V compound semiconductors such as In0.53Ga0.47As in conjunction with high-κ dielectrics is becoming a promising option for future n-type metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect-transistors. Development of low dissipation field-effect tunable III–V based photonic devices integrated with high-κ dielectrics is therefore very appealing from a technological perspective. In this work, we present an experimental realization of a monolithically integrable, field-effect-tunable, III–V hybrid metasurface operating at long-wave-infrared spectral bands. Our device relies on strong light-matter coupling between epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) modes of an ultra-thin In0.53Ga0.47As layer and the dipole resonances of a complementary plasmonic metasurface. The tuning mechanism of our device is based on field-effect modulation, where we modulate the coupling between the ENZ mode and the metasurface by modifying the carrier density in the ENZ layer using an external bias voltage. Modulating the bias voltage between ±2 V, we deplete and accumulate carriers in the ENZ layer, which result in spectrally tuning the eigenfrequency of the upper polariton branch at 13 μm by 480 nm and modulating the reflectance by 15%, all with leakage current densities less than 1 μA/cm2. Our wavelength scalable approach demonstrates the possibility of designing on-chip voltage-tunable filters compatible with III–V based focal plane arrays at mid- and long-wave-infrared wavelengths.
RPFNA cytologic atypia and short-term breast cancer risk in the prevention era.

1521 Background: In 2000 we published our initial observation from a high risk cohort of 480 women that cytologic evidence of hyperplasia with atypia in tissue obtained by random periareolar fine n...
Rare-earth complexes of the asymmetric amide ligands, N(SiMe3)Ph and N(SiMe3)Cy

Abstract Salt metatheses of the rare-earth metal triflates, Ln(OTf)3 (Ln = Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Gd, Dy, Ho, Tb, Lu; OTf = SO3CF3), with KN(SiMe3)Ph in THF generate the Ln[N(SiMe3)Ph]3(THF) complexes which were characterized by X-ray crystallography. All three phenyl substituents in the Ln[N(SiMe3)Ph]3(THF) complexes are on the same side of the N3 plane and form a pocket that surrounds the THF. Y(OTf)3 and Ho(OTf)3 react similarly with LiN(SiMe3)Cy to make the analogous Ln[N(SiMe3)Cy]3(THF) complexes which were also crystallographically identified. The Ln[N(SiMe3)Cy]3(THF) complexes display disorder in one ligand such that some molecules have three cyclohexyl groups on one side of the N3 plane and others have two.
Disaster and Deserts: Children’s Natural History as Nightmare and Dream

Charles Kingsley’s last work for children, the informational book Madam How and Lady Why (1869), treats questions of geology, geography, evolution, theodicy, and epistemology. Like other Victorian popular science, one goal is to integrate the claims of science with those of religion. But it does not do so by domesticating the natural world in any conventional sense. Earthquakes destroy towns and kill innocent people; volcanoes erupt, continents shift, and even a peaceful landscape may mask a genocidal struggle. Such is Kingsley’s personification of natural process Madam How’s way: she demands exertion. Adelene Buckland has shown how Kingsley structures novels using the geological record as a model, so too in Madam How and Lady Why, Kingsley’s informational-narrative treatment melds different generic “strata” to depict the epistemological process as similarly multilayered. As long-past volcanic activity or coral reefs are discerned in the peaceful landscape of southern England, so past truths expressed in imaginative genres may erupt into scientific observation and inductive reasoning. Kingsley’s efforts do not maintain the literal truth of the Bible in a fundamentalist sense, however. Warning against the dangers of the “Tree of Unreason” (a marked departure from Genesis and the story of the Fall), Kingsley champions learning from the “Book of Nature” by direct observation, free inquiry, and experimentation. The greatest sin is not desire for (carnal) knowledge, but failure to reason and act. Kingsley’s figurative language, such as his feminine personifications, places his implied readership of English schoolboys in a simultaneously dependent and erotic relationship to knowledge. Championing exertion and struggle, Kingsley implicitly endorses the British imperial project and naturalizes domination over the global South. Kingsley warns against ignoring material facts in favor of abstract theorizing or looking for divine abrogation of natural laws, since they are in effect God’s fiction—God’s word made world.
Regulation of the ART Laboratory

Assisted reproductive technology (ART) laboratories are an integral component of assisted reproductive medical practices. By definition ART refers to all treatments or procedures that include the in vitro handling of both human oocytes and sperm, or embryos, for the purpose of establishing a pregnancy. The field of ART was established in the 1970s with successful in vitro fertilization (IVF) and embryo transfer for the treatment of infertility. The field has expanded to include procedures and services for third-party reproduction, fertility preservation, and sex selection. Genetic screening is available for the purpose of transferring healthy embryos only. In the forefront are mitochondrial replacement techniques for prevention of mitochondrial disease passed from mother to child, and that result in offspring carrying DNA from three different individuals. Embryologists with varying education and certification perform these highly complex procedures. The field continues to grow with 4,461,309 ART cycles initiated for the triennium (2008–2010) resulting in 1,144,858 live births worldwide. Supervision of ART laboratories, including acceptable practices and requirements for personnel performing these multifaceted and often controversial techniques, varies among states. Oversight may be via statute, directive, guidelines, licensing, and accreditation, or the ART laboratory and embryologists may function without benefit of any type of scrutiny.
Tolerance for Cheating From the Classroom to the Boardroom: A Study of Underlying Personal and Cultural Drivers:

Professors face increasingly diverse student bodies that exhibit divergent understandings and motivations to engage in academic dishonesty. Research suggests that collectivism/individualism is the ...
Principles of Clinical Laboratory Utilization and Consultation. Brenta G. Davis, Diana Mass, and Michael L. Bishop. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders, 1999, 709 pp., $75.00. ISBN 0-7216-6934-4.

This well-written 69-chapter book discusses laboratory tests from the organ system and disorder approach. This is not a book on how to do laboratory tests. Instead, the book enables the reader to first see how tests should be utilized from the laboratory perspective, and then turns the perspective around so that the reader sees how proper use of laboratory tests aids in the diagnosis and treatment of specific clinical disorders. The book is divided into two parts. Part I gives a very thoughtful discussion of clinical utilization issues and the emerging role of the clinical laboratory scientist …
The Intersectionality of Trauma and Activism: Narratives Constructed From a Qualitative Study:

The literature on social action in the face of trauma, even while relatively sparse, indicates potential links between these domains of experience. Drawing on this literature, this article explores...
The Effect of Intensive Margin Changes to Task Content on Employment Dynamics over the Business Cycle

Previous empirical studies investigating the employment impact of technological change have relied on cross-sectional measures of occupational tasks. Here, the author links microdata on individual ...
Chapter 14 – Carborane Polymers and Dendrimers

The syntheses, characterization, and properties of polymeric and dendridic materials containing carborane or metallacarborane cages as part of the polymeric chain, as pendant groups, or both, are described together with their actual and potential applications in current technology.
Enhanced care planning and clinical-community linkages versus usual care to address basic needs of patients with multiple chronic conditions: a clinician-level randomized controlled trial.

Many patients with poorly controlled multiple chronic conditions (MCC) also have unhealthy behaviors, mental health challenges, and unmet social needs. Medical management of MCC may have limited benefit if patients are struggling to address their basic life needs. Health systems and communities increasingly recognize the need to address these issues and are experimenting with and investing in new models for connecting patients with needed services. Yet primary care clinicians, whose regular contact with patients makes them more familiar with patients’ needs, are often not included in these systems. We are starting a clinician-level cluster-randomized controlled trial to evaluate how primary care clinicians can participate in these community and hospital solutions and whether doing so is effective in controlling MCC. Sixty clinicians in the Virginia Ambulatory Care Outcomes Research Network will be matched by age and sex and randomized to usual care (control condition) or enhanced care planning with clinical-community linkage support (intervention). From the electronic health record we will identify all patients with MCC, including cardiovascular disease or risks, diabetes, obesity, or depression. A baseline assessment will be mailed to up to 50 randomly selected patients for each clinician (3000 total). Ten respondents per clinician (600 patients total) with uncontrolled MCC will be randomly selected for study inclusion, with oversampling of minorities. The intervention includes two components. First, we will use an enhanced care planning tool, My Own Health Report (MOHR), to screen patients for health behavior, mental health, and social needs. Patients will be supported by a patient navigator, who will help patients prioritize needs, create care plans, and write a personal narrative to guide the care team. Patients will update care plans every 1 to 2 weeks. Second, we will create community-clinical linkage to help address patients’ needs. The linkage will include community resource registries, personnel to span settings (patient navigators and a community health worker), and care team coordination across team members through MOHR. This study will help inform efforts by primary care clinicians to help address unhealthy behaviors, mental health needs, and social risks as a strategy to better control MCC. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03885401 . Registered on 19 September 2019.
Correcting Misinformation in News Stories: An Investigation of Correction Timing and Correction Durability

Early reports of an unfolding news story sometimes contain incomplete or mistaken information that is later updated or corrected. Research shows that retracted information continues to influence beliefs and inferential reasoning in sometimes subtle ways. The present study sought to assess how the efficacy of corrections interacts with the passage of time. We assessed whether delaying a correction by 2 days, relative to providing the correction minutes after the mistaken information, influenced the efficacy of the correction. In the same experiments, we also assessed whether corrections lead to durable changes in belief, by assessing belief in the corrected information in the same individuals at several points in time. Although we found no evidence that correction timing mattered, we found clear evidence that corrected beliefs were not durable. In three experiments, belief in the mistaken information increased over the 2 days following a correction despite participants’ continued memory for the correction.
Social exclusion and rejection across the psychosis spectrum: A systematic review of empirical research.

Abstract Social exclusion and rejection have deleterious effects on psychological well-being. Research documents the negative effects of social exclusion and rejection on psychiatric problems like depression, social anxiety disorder, and non-suicidal self-injury. Additionally, prior research suggests that individuals with and at-risk for psychosis spectrum disorders may also be negatively affected by exclusion and rejection. Moreover, those on the psychosis spectrum may be at an even greater risk to experience social exclusion due to poor social functioning and the stigma surrounding the disorder. This systematic review aimed to investigate how individuals across the psychosis spectrum respond to social exclusion and rejection. We systematically searched PubMed and PsycINFO databases to identify studies that met the following eligibility criteria: 1) investigated social exclusion or rejection, 2) targeted a psychosis-related sample or symptoms, and 3) was an empirical study. 13 studies satisfied our eligibility criteria and were subsequently reviewed. Despite methodological variation and samples spanning the psychosis spectrum, the majority of the literature supports the conclusion that those with psychosis spectrum disorders report similar levels of exclusion-induced distress compared to healthy controls, but process and cope with exclusion differently, both behaviorally and neurobiologically.
Effectiveness of the CDC HEADS UP online training on healthcare providers' mTBI knowledge and self-efficacy.

Abstract Background: Many healthcare providers do not consistently implement recommendations contained in clinical guidelines on mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). As such, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) created the HEADS UP to Healthcare Providers online training to promote uptake of five key recommendations in the CDC Pediatric mTBI Guideline. Methods: Using data from modules in the CDC HEADS UP to Healthcare Providers online training, healthcare providers’ self-reported knowledge and self-efficacy prior to and immediately following completion of the training was analyzed. Results: Improvements for 8 out of the 10 knowledge questions had a high level of practical significance. The knowledge question with the highest level of practical significance pre- to post-test improvement was for the key guideline recommendation on neuroimaging (pre-test correct: 70.2%; post-test correct: 87.8%; (p 0.50) between the pre- and post-tests. The self-efficacy question with pre- to post-test improvement with the highest level of practical significance was “I am confident in my ability to manage the return to sports progression for my patients” (p
Snapshot Ptychography on Array cameras.

We use convolutional neural networks to recover images optically down-sampled by $6.7\times$ using coherent aperture synthesis over a 16 camera array. Where conventional ptychography relies on scanning and oversampling, here we apply decompressive neural estimation to recover full resolution image from a single snapshot, although as shown in simulation multiple snapshots can be used to improve SNR. In place training on experimental measurements eliminates the need to directly calibrate the measurement system. We also present simulations of diverse array camera sampling strategies to explore how snapshot compressive systems might be optimized.
Chapter 9 Time-Resolved Spectroscopy of Electronic Relaxation Processes

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the results obtained by measuring the time evolution of the change in absorption in a sample produced by illuminating the sample with a light pulse in a relaxation process. The pump and probe method is used as a correlation technique. The pump pulse generates carriers whose time-resolved absorption is studied by measuring the transmission with the probe pulse as a function of the delay τ between the probe and pump pulses. The detector integrates over pulse duration and does not have to be very fast. An electron–hole pair is produced by absorbing a photon of energy. Both hot electron and hole then relax to lower energy states, which are shown only for the electron. The first process is thermalization, at the completion of which the carrier is at the bottom of the band. In an amorphous semiconductor, the bottom of the band is defined as the mobility edge. The thermalized carrier is trapped in states just below the mobility edge to which is referred as shallow traps or the band tail. As time proceeds, the carriers go into deeper and deeper states in the tail, and simultaneously or subsequently into deep traps and/or recombination centers. In recombination centers they recombine with the carrier of opposite sign and the relaxation process is completed. These three processes are described in the chapter with the results.
Constructing semantic representations from a gradually-changing representation of temporal context.

Computational models of semantic memory exploit information about co-occurrences of words in naturally occurring text to extract information about the meaning of the words that are present in the language. Such models implicitly specify a representation of temporal context. Depending on the model, words are said to have occurred in the same context if they are presented within a moving window, within the same sentence, or within the same document. The temporal context model (TCM), which specifies a particular definition of temporal context, has proved useful in the study of episodic memory. The predictive temporal context model (pTCM) uses the same definition of temporal context to generate semantic memory representations. Taken together pTCM and TCM may prove to be part of a general model of declarative memory.
Prototyping a Vision for Inter-Agency Terrestrial Inventory and Monitoring: A Statistical Perspective

A demonstration project in Oregon examined the feasibility of combining Federal environmental monitoring surveys. An integrated approach should remove duplication of effort and reduce the possibility of providing apparently conflicting information to policy makers and the public. Data collection teams made photo interpretation measurements and on-site soil/vegetation/animal observations at locations that were selected from the Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA), National Forest System (NFS) Region 6, and National Resource Inventory (NRI) surveys in a six-county area in Northern Oregon. The project demonstrated the feasibility of conducting a combined FIA/NFS/NRI survey and suggests an approach that will preserve the utility of the critical historical information from these surveys. We suggest a framework for estimating the extent of forest and range land that explains FIA/NRI differences and provides a common basis for both surveys. We suggest indicator and protocol criteria that will allow consistent national and regional estimates over all vegetation types, and stress the importance of including measurement repeatability in the design of the combined survey.
Keratocyte density of central human cornea after laser in situ keratomileusis.

Abstract PURPOSE: To determine changes in keratocyte density in the first year after laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK). DESIGN: Prospective interventional cohort study. METHODS: Seventeen eyes of 11 patients received LASIK with a planned 180-μm flap to correct refractive errors between −2.0 diopters and −11.0 diopters. Images of the full-thickness cornea were obtained by using confocal microscopy in vivo before LASIK and at 1 week, 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after LASIK. Bright objects (that resembled keratocytes) in images without motion blur were manually counted by one observer. Cell densities were determined in anterior and posterior halves of the stromal flap, anterior and posterior halves of the layer 100 μm-thick immediately deep to the ablation (retroablation layer), and in the posterior third of the stroma. The region of stroma that was ablated (as measured 1 month after LASIK) was omitted from the preoperative analysis. RESULTS: Keratocyte density in the anterior flap was 28,978 ± 5849 cells/mm 3 (mean ± SD) pre-LASIK, and was decreased at all postoperative examinations, but the difference was not significant until 12 months after LASIK (22% decrease). Keratocyte densities in the posterior flap were 20,397 ± 4215 cells/mm 3 pre-LASIK and were decreased by 20%–40% at all postoperative examinations 1 week to 1 year after LASIK. Keratocyte densities in the anterior half of the retroablation layer were 16,605 ± 3595 cells/mm 3 pre-LASIK and decreased by 16%–30% between 3 and 12 months after LASIK. Keratocyte densities in the posterior half of the retroablation layer and posterior stroma did not change. CONCLUSIONS: Keratocyte densities in the posterior flap and anterior retroablation layer (regions adjacent to the lamellar cut) decrease at 1 week and 3 months, respectively, after LASIK and remain decreased in these regions at 12 months after LASIK. In the anterior flap, keratocyte density decreases 1 year after LASIK. The long-term effects of these cellular deficits, if any, require further study.
Theoretical Modeling of Cation-π interactions in Various Environments: Case Study Using Benzene…Ammonium and Benzene…Tetramethyl- Ammonium Ion Interactions as Model Systems

State of the art theoretical calculations have been carried out to understand cation-π interactions in different environments. Benzene…ammonium (C6H6…NH4+) and benzene…tetramethylammonium (C6H6…N(CH3)4+) complexes are used as model systems and cation-π interactions in these complexes has been evaluated for their gas phase, partially hydrated and fully solvated (using continuum model) structures. The extent of utility of these model calculations has been discussed in the context of different biological environments.
Thermal-Hydrologic-Mechanical Study of Pre-Closure Off-Normal Thermal Scenarios at the Proposed Yucca Mountain Nuclear Waste Repository

The proposed nuclear waste repository at Yucca Mountain, Nevada currently includes a minimum of 50 years forced ventilation inside of emplacement drifts prior to repository closure. To regulate the heat generated from emplaced waste packages, the ventilation during the pre-closure period should be continuous. Off-normal thermal scenarios that consider temporary shutdown of the pre-closure ventilation are investigated to determine the impacts of ventilation shutdown on the thermal-hydrologic-mechanical behaviors of the emplacement drifts. In-drift heat transfer processes including radiation, convection, and conduction are studied. The analysis provides a ventilation heat removal ratio that varies on the drift location and the ventilation duration. The heat removal ratio is transferred and utilized in the NUFT thermal-hydrology software. The NUFT software is used to investigate the thermal-hydrologic impacts on the repository rock mass for the off-normal thermal scenarios with various shutdown durations at various pre-closure times. The predicted rock mass temperature evaluated from the thermal-hydrologic analysis is applied for the thermal-mechanical analysis of the off-normal thermal scenarios. The results show that degradation and rockfall of the emplacement drifts due to the off-normal thermal scenarios will be minimal, and it is concluded that the impacts of off-normal thermal scenarios on the stability of the emplacement drifts will be insignificant.
Role of Phase and Antigenic Variation in Neisseria gonorrhoeae Colonization

Phase-variable expression of different versions of the same gene, as in the case of opa genes, or of genes that contribute to the structure of the same macromolecule, as occurs with lipooligosaccharide (LOS) biosynthesis genes, results in reversible changes in the antigenic makeup of the bacterial surface. Pilin antigenic variation, the result of new genetic information recombining into the pilin gene, is perhaps the most fascinating example of true antigenic variation in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Despite the experimental challenges inherent in studying this human-specific pathogen, evidence that variable expression of surface molecules plays a critical role in gonococcal pathogenesis is strong. The depth of variability created by the size of the pilin repertoire and the seemingly random manner by which cassettes are inserted make Neisseria pilus antigenic variation one of the most fascinating stories of genetic diversity in bacterial pathogenesis. The purpose of pilus phase variation in bacterial pathogenesis is less intuitive than that of antigenic variation. Experimental infection of mice may be a useful tool for investigating the kinetics of gonococcal opacity (Opa) expression in vivo. Recovery of Opa-positive variants occurs following vaginal inoculation of mice with a predominantly Opa-negative inoculum. Acquisition of iron for growth and as a cofactor of several key enzymes in the low-iron environment of the host is important for successful colonization by most microbes.
Correction of biapical radial deformities by use of bi-level hinged circular external fixation and distraction osteogenesis in 13 dogs

Objectives To describe clinical, radiographic, and computed tomographic (CT) assessment of biapical deformities of the radius in dogs and evaluate the effectiveness of their management by use of bilevel hinged circular external fixation frames. Study design Prospective, non-randomized cohort study. Animals Dogs (N = 26: 13 with 14 limbs operated, 13 controls). Methods CT scans of the forelimbs were performed and CT-based polymer replicas prepared. Rotation within the elbow joint, varus of the proximal portion of the radius, radial torsion, valgus of the distal portion of the radius, procurvatum, and rotation within the carpal joint were measured on radiographs, on polymer replicas, and on CT scans. Bilevel hinged circular external fixation frames were assembled on polymer replicas and identical frames were placed on dogs. Torsion was corrected acutely and angulation was corrected progressively. Functional outcome was assessed subjectively. Results Buckling was present preoperatively in operated limbs. Mean (±SD) varus of the proximal portion of the radius was 36 ± 8°, valgus of the distal portion of the radius was 32 ± 5°, external radial torsion was 35 ± 6°, procurvatum was 41 ± 10°, and medial translation was 44 ± 11 mm. Treatment duration was 80 ± 24 days. Buckling was not observed after surgery. Lameness scores improved in all dogs (P < .001). Conclusions The forelimbs of dogs with severe biapical radial deformities buckle and have increased radial head rotation and radial torsion. Biapical radial deformities can be managed with proximal and distal radial osteotomies and bilevel hinged circular external fixation.
Structuring knowledge in vague domains

We propose a model for structuring knowledge in vague and continuous domains where similarity plays a role in coming up with plausible inferences. The model consists of two levels, one of which is an inference network with nodes representing concepts and links representing roles connecting concepts, and the other is a microfeature-based replica of the first level. Based on the interaction between the concept nodes and microfeature nodes in the model, inferences are facilitated and knowledge not explicitly encoded in a system can be deduced via mixed similarity matching and rule application. The model is able to take account of many important desiderata of plausible reasoning and produces sensible conclusions accordingly. Examples are presented to illustrate the utility of the model in structuring knowledge to enable useful inferences to be carried out in several domains. >
Electric-field-induced thermally assisted switching of monodomain magnetic bits

We present a study of the electric-field-induced switching of magnetic memory bits exhibiting interfacial voltage-controlled magnetic anisotropy (VCMA). Switching is analyzed in the single-domain approximation and in the thermally activated regime. The effects of external magnetic fields, magnitudes of the perpendicular anisotropy and VCMA effect, and voltage pulse width on the switching voltage are discussed. Both in-plane and perpendicular magnetic memory bits are considered. Experimental results are presented and compared to the theoretical model.
Hydrogen generation at irradiated oxide semiconductor-solution interfaces

This review focuses on the use of inorganic oxide semiconductors for the photoassisted generation of hydrogen from water. Representative studies spanning approximately three decades are included in this review. The topics covered include a discussion of the types of water photosplitting approaches, an ideal photoelectrolysis system, an examination of why oxide semiconductors are attractive for this application, a review of both classical and more recent studies on titanium dioxide, tungsten trioxide, and other binary metal oxides, perovskites and other ternary oxides, tantalates and niobates, miscellaneous multinary oxides, semiconductor alloys and mixed semiconductor composites, and twin-photosystem configurations for water splitting.
Synthesis of differentially substituted 1,2-diamines through advances in C-H amination technology

A general, high yielding method for the synthesis of 1,2-diamine derivatives is described that capitalizes on selective, rhodium-catalyzed C–H insertion of hydroxylamine-based sulfamate esters. The resulting Troc-protected oxathiadiazinane heterocycles are easily modified and can be reduced under the mild action of NaI to afford differentially substituted diamine products. This technology offers a number of salient improvements over related C–H and π-bond amination tactics for diamine synthesis.
Heparin reverses anaphylactoid shock in a porcine model.

Study objective Heparin binds histamine and has been advocated as a therapy for anaphylactic and anaphylactoid shock. The efficacy of heparin in treating anaphylactoid shock is compared with therapy with diphenhydramine and epinephrine, as well as sham treatment with saline. Methods This controlled study of 9 anesthetized, intubated pigs induced shock with intravenous calcium ionophore A23187 (5 mg/kg), which is known to degranulate mast cells in vitro. Serum histamine levels were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Shock, defined as a greater than 20% decrease in mean arterial blood pressure, was treated with intravenous saline, epinephrine with diphenhydramine, or heparin. Data were analyzed using Wilcoxon rank sum and analysis of variance, as appropriate. Results All pigs developed anaphylactoid shock after injection with A23187, as evidenced by hypotension, flushing, and an increase in plasma histamine. Mean arterial blood pressure fell from a mean of 73 (SD 10) mm Hg to 28 (SD 16) mm Hg after injection ( P P =.0277; 95% CI of the difference −610 to −99). Both epinephrine with diphenhydramine and heparin but not saline reversed shock. Conclusion A23187 induced anaphylactoid shock in all subjects. Therapy with intravenous epinephrine combined with diphenhydramine reversed shock. Heparin also rapidly reversed shock.
Toeholds as an M&A strategy?

“Toeholds” are a merger-and-acquisition (M&A) strategy, where a company buys a limited number of shares in a target firm prior to initiating M&A discussions with the target firm. Toeholds can lower the risk and cost of an acquisition. But this strategy carries risks of its own. The authors examine potential positive and negative consequences of using toeholds. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Superconductivity and spin density waves

Abstract In the electron-electron interaction the r-space structure caused by magnetic fluctuations at the phase transition from a nonmagnetic metal to an antiferromagnetic metal gives rise to a d-wave attractive interaction for Cooper pairing. This is a contribution to some total electron-electron interaction which in total may or may not give rise to Cooper pairing and superconductivity.