cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High-spin collective structures in178Pt

Collective structures in ${}^{178}\mathrm{Pt}$ have been investigated with $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray spectroscopic techniques following mass selection. The present data expand considerably the level scheme of this nucleus. A new collective structure has been identified and the known bands have been extended to higher spins. Firm spin and parity assignments have been made to many levels. Of particular interest are the negative parity bands which are interpreted in terms of structures associated with octupole vibrations crossed at moderate spin by two-quasiparticle excitations. The systematics of the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-decay reduced widths in Pt nuclei has also been investigated. The differences of a factor of about 2 between the widths for the odd- and the even-$A$ isotopes is attributed to changes in neutron pairing associated with the blocking effect. The trend is reproduced in calculations based on the Lipkin-Nogami pairing model.
Effect of acute ethanol administration on the baroreceptor reflex control of heart rate in normotensive human volunteers.

1. The effects of acute ethanol administration on blood pressure, heart rate and the baroreceptor reflex control of heart rate were studied in normotensive subjects who served as their own control. Baroreceptor reflex control of heart rate was measured by two methods: the ramp method and the steady state method. 2. None of the doses of ethanol had any effect on blood pressure during the observation period, except for the highest dose where a slight elevation was evident for a short period of time. On the other hand, the heart rate showed a slight but consistent dose-related increase. 3. In general, ethanol attenuated the baroreceptor mediated bradycardia but this effect was dependent on the way in which blood presure was elevated. A dose-related impairment of baroreceptors was evident when the ramp method was used, i.e. ethanol significantly depressed baroreflex sensitivity, expressed as Δheart period (HP)/Δmean arterial pressure (MAP). In contrast, ΔHP/ΔMAP was not influenced by ethanol when the steady state method was used. However, the steady state baroreflex curves were reset about a higher median blood pressure (MAP 50 ), suggesting that the baroreceptors will be operative at higher blood pressure levels after ethanol. 4. The pressor responsiveness was also influenced differently by ethanol depending on the method of injecting phenylephrine. An increase in pressor responsiveness was evident, though not dose-related, after ethanol only when blood pressure was elevated by the ramp method, suggesting that the inverse relationship between baroreflex sensitivity and pressor responsiveness is more prominent with the ramp method and/or when impairment rather than resetting of baroreceptors occurs. 5. That the decrease in baroreflex sensitivity and the increase in MAP 50 were related to peak ethanol levels in blood and that the blood pressure was not influenced by ethanol strongly suggest these effects were ethanol mediated. The weakened buffering action of the baroreflexes would be expected to favour the development of higher blood pressure.
Factors associated with palliative care knowledge among internal medicine house staff.

PURPOSE To assess knowledge and associated factors in palliative care. METHODS Self-administered survey of 88 internal medicine house officers in 1996. RESULTS Twenty-one interns and 36 residents completed the survey for a response rate of 65%. Most house officers reported 1-5 hours of prior formal training in palliative care, 1-5 hours in pain management, and 6-20 hours in ethics. The mean knowledge score was 75% correct (SD = 8); pain management scores were lowest (70%). Overall, interns had a significantly lower mean score than residents (70% vs. 77%; p = 0.001). In multivariate analysis, only the year of residency was significantly associated with knowledge score; prior formal training in palliative care, pain management, or ethics was not. One third of house officers rated themselves as "not at all" or "only slightly" at ease in caring for a dying patient. These self-ratings were not associated with prior training or knowledge, but were higher in residents compared to interns. CONCLUSIONS Palliative care knowledge and ease with dying patients were higher in later years of residency but were not associated with prior formal palliative care training. These data highlight the continued need to evaluate and improve training in palliative care and pain management.
ClinicalTrials.gov and Drugs@FDA: A Comparison of Results Reporting for New Drug Approval Trials.

Pharmaceutical companies and other trial sponsors must submit certain trial results to ClinicalTrials.gov, but their validity is unclear. This article evaluates the validity of results posted on Cl...
Christian Witness in Health Care

As interest in medicine and religion has grown, some have called for a more fervent and explicit “witnessing” by Christian physicians in their practices. This essay presents a theological understanding of witness and how this theology might be applied to the case of Christian witness in health care. Witness must be understood first linguistically as encompassing two nouns and two verbs, all of which have theological meaning. Based on linguistic, scriptural, and theological reflection, suggestions are made regarding how physicians and the Church can both witness Christ and give witness to Christ in the care of the sick. This theological exploration offers new insight into what it means to witness and to heal as a Christian.
Self-stabilizing, integrated, hysteretic boost DC-DC converter

In portable, battery-powered applications, integration of switching DC-DC converters is crucial to reap maximum benefits in size, cost, and design ease. The frequency compensation circuit, whose design varies with off-chip, passive filter (L-C) components, forms a critical hurdle to obtaining a fully integrated solution. Surveying state-of-the-art control techniques in literature, hysteretic control in buck converters, which in a single loop, controls inductor current ripple indirectly while regulating the output voltage, is observed to be the simplest, fastest, and needing no compensation circuit, thus being best suitable for integration. However, the technique is not readily applied to boost converters. This paper proposes a novel technique to harness voltage-mode hysteretic control in boost converters by controlling inductor current and output voltage through separate loops. The proposed circuit designed for V/sub IN/=1.2 V (nom), V/sub out/=3.3 V /spl plusmn/5%, I/sub out/=0.1 to 1 A shows excellent voltage regulation and transient response (/spl plusmn/150 mV), without the use of any compensation circuit.
Microflora of Vacuum Packaged Beef Steaks and Roasts Treated with an Edible Acetylated Monoglyceride

Steaks and roasts were fabricated from strip loins and top rounds that were held vacuum packaged for 10 d at 2°C. Steaks and roasts then were treated with 2-3% DermatexR Food Grade (DFG), an acetylated monoglyceride, vacuum packaged and stored at 2 ± 2°C for up to 4 weeks (steaks) and 7 weeks (roasts). Aerobic plate counts (APC) and APT counts of control and DFG-treated steaks and roasts did not differ (P>0.05) during refrigerated storage. The microflora of steaks and roasts during storage was dominated by lactic acid bacteria. Treatment with DFG did not influence the microbiological characteristics of the steaks and roasts.
Klebsiella Pneumoniae Liver Abscess: a Case Report and Review of Literature

Klebsiella pneumoniae (K.pneumoniae) is a known cause of pyogenic liver abscess (PLA) in the absence of hepatobiliary disease. In settings of hepatic infection, it has also been known to cause disseminated infections including meningitis and endopthalmitis. Several groups of patients are particularly susceptible to infection, including patients with diabetes mellitus, those from Southeast Asia and those with the preexisting hepatobiliary disease. We present a case of K.pneumoniae PLA with bacteremia. A 39-year-old Vietnamese male with no previous medical history who presented with complaints of abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and fever. A computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen showed a large complex mass in the right lobe of the liver with multiple septations. Over course of hospitalization, the patient developed acute respiratory failure and was monitored in medical intensive care unit (MICU). Blood cultures grew K. pneumonia. The patient was treated with intravenous ceftriaxone and the abscess was drained by interventional radiology. After appropriate management, he progressed well during his hospital course and was eventually discharged from the hospital. K. pneumonia PLA had previously been an endemic disease in Southeast Asia, however, with a highly mobile patient population, it is now seen throughout the world and should be in the differential of patients who present with solitary liver mass in the setting of sepsis.
Regret-Based Allocation of Autonomy in Shared Visual Detection for Human–Robot Collaborative Assembly in Manufacturing

Appropriate human–robot collaboration (HRC) in assembly in manufacturing will enable more flexible assembly. During the collaboration, the robot needs to make decisions on various issues such as detection of correct assembly parts and correct assembly style to ensure quality, and obstacles to ensure safety. The robot’s decisions may not be reliable due to limitations of the detection systems and disturbances. Human intervention is then necessary though too much involvement of human will increase human workload. Hence, allocation of autonomy through switching between autonomous and manual vision modes seems to be reasonable. Bayesian sequential decision-making can be used to determine the optimal allocation of autonomous and manual modes, but this approach does not fit with human’s decision style, which will result in lack of interests of the human in the collaboration. Human regret plays a critical role in decision-making under uncertainties in detection phenomena. In this case, regret-based suboptimal allocation of autonomous and manual modes in the decision-making is more humanlike, may ensure similar mental models between human and robot and thus a better fit with human psychology, which will potentially improve assembly performance. In this chapter, we include regret in Bayesian decision-making in the detection of correct assembly parts by the robot to provide a risk-based however humanlike decision-making framework, which dynamically switches between autonomous and manual modes in the decision processes in detection phenomena. We then evaluate the effectiveness of the framework for HRC in an assembly task.
Exploring Spoken English Learner Language Using Corpora

As second language (L2) corpus studies expand into their third decade, innovations in computational technology and corpus creation have facilitated unprecedented access to authentic language in the classroom, including among non-native speakers (NNSs) of English. NNS writing across various written contexts (e.g., school essays, standardized tests/proficiency tests, and laboratory or research reports) has been studied extensively in both journal article and book formats using corpora by applied linguists including Douglas Biber, Ken Hyland, John Swales, Rod Ellis, Susan Conrad, Eli Hinkel, and Sylviane Granger, to name only a few. Despite these impressive contributions, gaps still remain in our knowledge of spoken English L2 registers, even those that are quite important for NNSs to master. Classroom learner speech and face-to-face NNSs interviews, for example, have been researched both qualitatively and quantitatively, primarily by utilizing the assessment of learner performance. However, extensive corpus-based analyses of these registers are still relatively few in number. Given that these oral learner skills are essential in high-stakes situations, such as admission to graduate programs, job interviews in English-speaking settings, or proficiency tests like the TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language) or IELTS (International English Language Testing System), it is certainly useful and worthwhile to further investigate oral learner language systematically, and especially with corpora as part of the research methodology.
Putting p53 in Context

TP53 is the most frequently mutated gene in human cancer. Functionally, p53 is activated by a host of stress stimuli and, in turn, governs an exquisitely complex anti-proliferative transcriptional program that touches upon a bewildering array of biological responses. Despite the many unveiled facets of the p53 network, a clear appreciation of how and in what contexts p53 exerts its diverse effects remains unclear. How can we interpret p53's disparate activities and the consequences of its dysfunction to understand how cell type, mutation profile, and epigenetic cell state dictate outcomes, and how might we restore its tumor-suppressive activities in cancer?
The Role of Interferon in Persistent Viral Infection: Insights from Murine Norovirus

Persistent viral infections result from evasion or avoidance of sterilizing immunity, extend the timeframe of virus transmission, and can trigger disease. Prior studies in mouse models of persistent infection have suggested that ineffective adaptive immune responses are necessary for persistent viral infection. However, recent work in the murine norovirus (MNV) model of persistent infection demonstrates that innate immunity can control both early and persistent viral replication independently of adaptive immune effector functions. Interferons (IFNs) are central to the innate control of persistent MNV, apart from a role in modulating adaptive immunity. Furthermore, subtypes of IFN play distinct tissue-specific roles in innate control of persistent MNV infection. Type I IFN (IFN-α/β) controls systemic replication, and type III IFN (IFN-λ) controls MNV persistence in the intestinal epithelium. In this article, we review recent findings in the MNV model, highlighting the role of IFNs and innate immunity in clearing persistent viral infection, and discussing the broader implications of these findings for control of persistent human infections.
Monitoring Change in the Arctic

Modeling studies have shown that the Arctic is one of the most sensitive regions on Earth to global climate change due primarily to the positive feedback between surface temperature, surface albedo, and ice extent. Because in situ measurements in this harsh environment are costly, satellites are a critical source of information for monitoring and evaluating changes in the Arctic climate system. Satellite data can be used to measure polar winds, clouds, sea ice, snow cover, and glaciers. Applications of space-based imager and sounder data have shown that over the last three decades, the Arctic has warmed and become cloudier in spring and summer, but cooled and become less cloudy in winter. Arctic sea ice has declined substantially and at a greater rate than that predicted by most climate models. Snow cover has decreased in many areas, and vegetation growth has increased at high latitudes. Satellite products have also been used to demonstrate the complex feedbacks between clouds and sea ice, providing insight into the possible future state of Arctic climate.
A framework for extending potency and reducing competitive risk in the IT strategic systems portfolio

This research proposes that, in addition to balancing risk in the total IT project portfolio as McFarlan suggested in 1981, organizations should also balance risk in their strategic IT portfolios. A framework is distilled from the literature that will both minimize the total risk of an organization's strategic project portfolio, and identify opportunities to extend the strategic life of its information systems. The framework's validity is assessed by using four classic cases in the strategic use of technology. Results indicate that overall strategic IT risk may be reduced by evaluating an organization's strategic IT portfolio against the five dimensions of the framework, and then seeking strategic IT projects and opportunities that would bring greater balance to the organization's efforts. In addition, by moving across boundaries in each of the five dimensions, strategic systems can adapt to competitive marketplace or technology changes, and thus maintain their strategic potency over extended time periods.
Myositis: Are autoantibodies pathogenic in necrotizing myopathy?

What causes muscle fibre necrosis in necrotizing myopathy? The authors of a new study propose that specific autoantibodies contribute to disease via immune-mediated processes; but given that these processes also occur in muscular dystrophies, how likely is that these antibodies trigger muscle fibre necrosis?
Breaking Habits to Foster Engaged Leadership

This chapter explores some important issues related to the impact of habits on leadership effectiveness. It argues that engaged leaders should consciously adopt a learning stance in order to gain access to information about how their habits are resulting in desirable or undesirable consequences. We consider the challenges to taking on such a learning stance and provide guidance for meeting those challenges. We use Duhigg’s habit loop (2012) as a model to explain how habits operate in the brain. We describe three counterproductive leadership habits – being too decisive, suppressing emotions, and treating everyone the same. Finally, we suggest three engaged leadership habits – pause, slow down, and step back; learn from your emotions; and pay attention to people’s social identities – as replacements for those counterproductive habits.
Application of high-dimensional fuzzy k -means cluster analysis to CALIOP/CALIPSO version 4.1 cloud–aerosol discrimination

Abstract. This study applies fuzzy k -means (FKM) cluster analyses to a subset of the parameters reported in the CALIPSO lidar level 2 data products in order to classify the layers detected as either clouds or aerosols. The results obtained are used to assess the reliability of the cloud–aerosol discrimination (CAD) scores reported in the version 4.1 release of the CALIPSO data products. FKM is an unsupervised learning algorithm, whereas the CALIPSO operational CAD algorithm (COCA) takes a highly supervised approach. Despite these substantial computational and architectural differences, our statistical analyses show that the FKM classifications agree with the COCA classifications for more than 94 % of the cases in the troposphere. This high degree of similarity is achieved because the lidar-measured signatures of the majority of the clouds and the aerosols are naturally distinct, and hence objective methods can independently and effectively separate the two classes in most cases. Classification differences most often occur in complex scenes (e.g., evaporating water cloud filaments embedded in dense aerosol) or when observing diffuse features that occur only intermittently (e.g., volcanic ash in the tropical tropopause layer). The two methods examined in this study establish overall classification correctness boundaries due to their differing algorithm uncertainties. In addition to comparing the outputs from the two algorithms, analysis of sampling, data training, performance measurements, fuzzy linear discriminants, defuzzification, error propagation, and key parameters in feature type discrimination with the FKM method are further discussed in order to better understand the utility and limits of the application of clustering algorithms to space lidar measurements. In general, we find that both FKM and COCA classification uncertainties are only minimally affected by noise in the CALIPSO measurements, though both algorithms can be challenged by especially complex scenes containing mixtures of discrete layer types. Our analysis results show that attenuated backscatter and color ratio are the driving factors that separate water clouds from aerosols; backscatter intensity, depolarization, and mid-layer altitude are most useful in discriminating between aerosols and ice clouds; and the joint distribution of backscatter intensity and depolarization ratio is critically important for distinguishing ice clouds from water clouds.
Modelling of Amorphous Thin Film Solar Cells

The development of a new computer-modelling procedure for amorphous silicon solar cells based on iterative integration of the basic physical equations by means of a fourth-order Runge-Kutta procedure has been continued. It is now possible to model in near-real-time structures consisting of up to nine individual layers having individual constant or graded material-parameters. This paper illustrates the power of the model by comparative modelling of a few new solar cell structures of especially interesting composition. It is shown, that the model allows new insights not achievable by other means.
The role of popular media in oncofertility communication

Popular media coverage of fertility issues in cancer patients has been sporadic and uneven. We found deeper coverage beginning in 2008, but even then, the term oncofertility was used infrequently. This chapter reviews the coverage in national media including Time, Newsweek, CNN, The New York Times, Chicago Tribune, Washington Post and National Public Radio and their Web sites, and some local media, both print and broadcast, as well as media-related blogs. In addition, we discuss some entertainment media coverage, including a network drama series, a soap opera, and a popular movie. Most stories were identified through Google searches. A review of popular media coverage of infertility shows some common threads, notably the personal stories of patients, especially success stories, capture media attention, as do studies in peer-reviewed journals, especially if they lend themselves to narrative journalism. The findings suggest that if providers want to use popular media to communicate information about oncofertility to young cancer patients and their families they should tell stories as often as they can.
New Clairvaux Vineyards: Monastic Differentiation and the California Wine Market

This case provides an in-depth look at a winery located at a monastery. Background information is provided to identify approaches for the winery to differentiate itself and to create a sense of authenticity. The decisions for the winery are how to differentiate itself by working within a strategic group and what aspect of the winery should be used to craft authenticity. The purpose of the case is to understand the different ways wineries can gain a competitive advantage.
Merleau-Ponty and the radical sciences of mind

In this paper, I critically reconstruct the development of Merleau-Pontyan phenomenology and “radical embodied cognitive science” out of Berlin-School Gestalt theory. I first lay out the basic principles of Gestalt theory and then identify two ways of revising that theory: one route, followed by enactivism and ecological psychology, borrows Gestaltist resources to defend a pragmatic ontology. I argue, however, that Merleau-Ponty never endorses this kind of ontology. Instead, I track his second route toward an ontology of “flesh.” I show how Merleau-Ponty’s arguments for this ontology depend upon criticisms of Gestalt Psychology to which radical embodied cognitive science remains vulnerable, and show that it leads him to a romantic philosophy of nature.
Microscale shear specimens for evaluating the shear deformation in single-crystal and nanocrystalline Cu and at Cu-Si interfaces

Microscale testing has enjoyed significant developments, with the majority of testing focused on tensile/compression type tests and little focus on shear testing. With the recent advances in macroscale shear testing, we developed a novel shear structure for evaluating shear properties of bulk materials and films at the microscale. The shear response in single-crystal copper oriented along the [111] direction was found to have a yield strength of ∼180 MPa. Nanocrystalline copper specimens with different orientations showed sensitivity to the film texture with a shear yield strength nearly three times that of single-crystal copper. Shear specimens were fabricated with Cu film–Si substrate interface near the middle of the shear region and compressed to fracture. The shear response showed a mixed behavior of the stiff Si substrate and softer nanocrystalline film and failed in a brittle manner, indicating a response unique to the interface.
Gastrointestinal Manifestations of Noonan Syndrome

Abstract A large percentage of children with Noonan syndrome experience feeding difficulties due to oro-motor deficits, malocclusion, gastroesophageal reflux, and possible upper gastrointestinal dysmotility. Appropriate intervention by physical and occupational therapy can improve oral intake. Some children also need enteral feedings to support their nutritional needs. With advancing age, lot of these children have improved feeding tolerance and less dependence on enteral nutrition.
State-by-State Analysis of Benefits to Cost from Wind-Enhanced Building Codes

AbstractIn 2002, Florida enacted the first statewide building code based on wind engineering principles. After a tragic tornado in 2013, which killed 24, including seven school children, Moore, Okl...
Oral Administration of 99mTechnetium-Labeled Heparin in Eosinophilic Esophagitis.

Abstract Objective To determine if heparin labeled with 99mTechnetium (99mTc) could be an imaging probe to detect eosinophil-related inflammation in eosinophilic esophagitis and to determine the biodistribution and radiation dosimetry of 99mTc-heparin oral administration using image-based dosimetry models with esophageal modeling. Methods Freshly prepared 99mTc-heparin was administered orally to 5 research subjects. Radioactivity was measured by whole-body scintigraphy and single-photon emission computed tomography during the 24 hours postadministration. Following imaging, endoscopic examination was performed. The biodistribution of esophageal radioactivity was compared with endoscopic findings, eosinophil counts in biopsy tissues, and immunostaining for eosinophil granule major basic protein-1 (eMBP1). These studies were conducted from July 1, 2013, until April 22, 2017. Results Oral administration of 99mTc-heparin was well tolerated in all 5 subjects. The entire esophagus could be visualized dynamically during oral administration. Bound esophageal radioactivity marked areas of inflammation as judged by endoscopy scores, by eosinophils per high power field and by localization of eMBP1 using immunostaining. Ninety percent of the radioactivity did not bind to the esophagus and passed through the gastrointestinal tract. Conclusion The biodistribution of ingested 99mTc-heparin is almost exclusively localized to the gastrointestinal tract. Radiation exposure was highest in the lower gastrointestinal tract and was comparable with other orally administered diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals. The use of swallowed 99mTc-heparin may aid in assessing eosinophil-related inflammation in the esophagus.
Building design and its effect on evacuation efficiency and casualty levels during an indoor active shooter incident

Abstract The continuous increase in the frequency of active shooter incidents demands the implementation of strategies that can help reduce the lethal effects of these tragedies. Providing victims with a building environment that facilitates a safe and efficient evacuation can be an effective strategy, with several expected benefits for the reduction of levels of injuries and casualties. This study performed a systematic evaluation of three important building design parameters- building exit width, door width, and hall width- to determine their potential effects on the reduction of casualties and efficiency of evacuation. Given the infeasibility of performing real-life drills for active shooter incidents, this study used computer simulation, specifically agent-based modeling (ABM), to perform the proposed evaluation. The social forces model of pedestrian dynamics was used as the model of pedestrian motion. A school-like building setting was modeled in the simulation tool, and the above-mentioned parameters were tested using 150 different simulation scenarios at different levels of building occupancy. The results showed that hall width and door width are the parameters with the largest observed benefits for the improved safety of victims. Additionally, important insights about the inter-dependency between some of the parameters were obtained. The results from this study provide a base of analytic evidence that is expected to open the discussion about the importance of considering this type of emergency when designing facilities.
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair in a Patient with a Pelvic Kidney

Open repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm in a patient with associated pelvic kidney was carried out by reimplantation of two renal arteries to pelvic kidney with iliac anastomoses using a common cuff. Postoperative nuclear study showed preserved arterial flow to pelvic kidney.
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sleep medicine practices.

Study Objectives:The COVID-19 pandemic required sleep centers to consider and implement infection control strategies to mitigate viral transmission to patients and staff. Our aim was to assess meas...
Eukaryotic initiation factor 4 gamma 2 contributes to neuropathic pain through down-regulation of Kv1.2 and the mu opioid receptor in mouse primary sensory neurones.

Abstract Background Nerve injury-induced changes in gene expression in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) contribute to neuropathic pain genesis. Eukaryotic initiation factor 4 gamma 2 (eIF4G2) is a general repressor of cap-dependent mRNA translation. Whether DRG eIF4G2 participates in nerve injury-induced alternations in gene expression and nociceptive hypersensitivity is unknown. Methods The expression and distribution of eIF4G2 mRNA and protein in mouse DRG after spinal nerve ligation (SNL) were assessed. Effects of eIF4G2 siRNA microinjected through a glass micropipette into the injured DRG on the SNL-induced DRG mu opioid receptor (MOR) and Kv1.2 downregulation and nociceptive hypersensitivity were examined. In addition, effects of DRG microinjection of adeno-associated virus 5-expressing eIF4G2 (AAV5-eIF4G2) on basal DRG MOR and Kv1.2 expression and nociceptive thresholds were analysed. Results eIF4G2 protein co-expressed with Kv1.2 and MOR in DRG neurones. Levels of eIF4G2 mRNA (1.7 [0.24] to 2.3 [0.14]-fold of sham, P Conclusions eIF4G2 contributes to neuropathic pain through participation in downregulation of Kv1.2 and MOR in injured DRG and is a potential target for treatment of this disorder.
The Memory for Latent Representations: An Account of Working Memory that Builds on Visual Knowledge for Efficient and Detailed Visual Representations

Visual knowledge obtained from our lifelong experience of the world plays a critical role in our ability to build short-term memories. We propose a mechanistic explanation of how working memory (WM) representations are built from the latent representations of visual knowledge and can then be reconstructed. The proposed model, Memory for Latent Representations (MLR), features a variational autoencoder with an architecture that corresponds broadly to the human visual system and an activation-based binding pool of neurons that binds items attributes to tokenized representations. The simulation results revealed that shape information for stimuli that the model was trained on, can be encoded and retrieved efficiently from latents in higher levels of the visual hierarchy. On the other hand, novel patterns that are completely outside the training set can be stored from a single exposure using only latents from early layers of the visual system. Moreover, the representation of a given stimulus can have multiple codes, representing specific visual features such as shape or color, in addition to categorical information. Finally, we validated our model by testing a series of predictions against behavioral results acquired from WM tasks. The model provides a compelling demonstration of visual knowledge yielding the formation of compact visual representation for efficient memory encoding.
Learning to love protected areas: Citizen science projects inspire place attachment for diverse students in United States National Parks

Citizen science, an emerging research tool employed worldwide, can encourage nonprofessionals to engage in scientific exploration. Additionally, the research strategy presents great potential to se...
Enrolling Caregivers in Obesity Interventions to Improve Obesity-Related Outcomes in Children.

In this study, we assessed the influences of change in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA)/sedentary time (ST) of caregivers participating in a commercial weight-loss program on their chi...
Historical perspective and better regulatory governance: An agenda for institutional reform

Compared to economics, sociology, political science, and law, the discipline of history has had a limited role in the wide-ranging efforts to reconsider strategies of regulatory governance, especially inside regulatory institutions. This article explores how more sustained historical perspective might improve regulatory decisionmaking. We first survey how a set of American regulatory agencies currently rely on historical research and analysis, whether for the purposes of public relations or as a means of supporting policymaking. We then consider how regulatory agencies might draw on history more self-consciously, more strategically, and to greater effect. Three areas stand out in this regard – the use of history to improve understanding of institutional culture; reliance on historical analysis to test the empirical plausibility of conceptual models that make assumptions about the likelihood of potential economic outcomes; and integration of historical research methods into program and policy evaluation.
SEPARATION OF THE REDISTRIBUTIVE AND ALLOCATIVE FUNCTIONS OF GOVERNMENT

Abstract The implications of not separating the redistributive and allocative functions of government are examined from a public choice perspective. Many democratic governments lump transfers and public services into a single unified budget. This can distort voter perceptions of the marginal cost of public services relative to the marginal tax price embodied in the taxing institutions employed to generate public revenue. If the median voter's perception of marginal cost is affected, the majority rule outcome with respect to public goods spending will be altered correspondingly.
A second tyrosinase-related protein, TRP-2, is a melanogenic enzyme termed DOPAchrome tautomerase.

Abstract The production of melanin pigment in mammals requires tyrosinase, an enzyme which hydroxylates the amino acid tyrosine to DOPA (3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine), thus allowing the cascade of reactions necessary to synthesize that biopolymer. However, there are other regulatory steps that follow the action of tyrosinase and modulate the quantity and quality of the melanin produced. DOPAchrome tautomerase is one such melanogenic enzyme that isomerizes the pigmented intermediate DOPAchrome to DHICA (5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid) rather than to DHI (5,6-dihydroxyindole), which would be generated spontaneously. This enzyme thus regulates a switch that controls the proportion of carboxylated subunits in the melanin biopolymer. Efforts to clone the gene for tyrosinase have resulted in the isolation of a family of tyrosinase related genes which have significant homology and encode proteins with similar predicted structural characteristics. Using specific antibodies generated against synthetic peptides encoded by unique areas of several of those proteins, we have immuno-affinity purified them and studied their melanogenic catalytic functions. We now report that TRP-2 (tyrosinase related protein-2), which maps to and is mutated at the slaty locus in mice, encodes a protein with DOPAchrome tautomerase activity.
The levels of editing are upside down

"Levels of editing " has become a widely used tool since the appearance of the first booklet on the concept in 1976. Levels of editing schemes have been widely praised and adopted in a variety of organizations, yet from the way most "levels of edit" systems are structured, content (the author's main concern) is seldom addressed in any way until the second or third level of editing is invoked. I argue that the primary beneficiary of most systems as they are structured is the editor, and that the author's interests are far too often ignored. Given that the author is our client, the author's major concerns should be addressed even at the lowest level of edit, nor only when there is time and money for more extensive levels of editorial work. >
AMRA: Angle based Multicast Routing Algorithm for Wireless Mesh Networks

Objective: The main intent of this research is to improve the quality of service in Wireless Mesh Networks by reducing the number of hops and communication overhead generated in the network. Methods: In this manuscript, the Angle based Multicast Routing Algorithm (AMRA) is introduced for reducing communication overhead and thus improving performance in the wireless mesh networks. Every intermediate node towards the destination is selected based on the angle towards the forwarding nodes. The next intermediate node is selected in the forwarding direction, if the angle is within 60° of the current node. This method reduces the number of hops in transmitting data. Results: The Angle based Multicast Routing Algorithm (AMRA) show higher performance when compared to the existing CAMP method. If the number of nodes is 50, the packet delivery rate is comparatively better in AMRA and the throughput in AMRA is 70%. According to the comparison results, the proposed approach works better than the other existing schemes with high quality of service. Conclusion: The simulation results demonstrate that the Angle based Multicast Routing Algorithm (AMRA) has high quality of service compared to the existing CAMP.
To Your Health: Self-Regulation of Health Behavior Through Selective Exposure to Online Health Messages

Reaching target audiences is of crucial importance for the success of health communication campaigns, but individuals may avoid health messages if they challenge their beliefs or behaviors. A lab study (N=419) examined effects of messages' consistency with participants' behavior and source credibility on selective exposure for 4 health lifestyle topics. Drawing on self-regulation theory and dissonance theory, 3 motivations were examined: self-bolstering, self-motivating, and self-defending. Prior behavior predicted selective exposure across topics, reflecting self-bolstering. Standard-behavior discrepancies also affected selective exposure, consistent with self-motivating rather than self-defending. Selective exposure to high-credibility sources advocating for organic food, fruits and vegetable consumption, exercise, and limiting coffee all fostered accessibility of related standards, whereas messages from low-credibility sources showed no such impact. © 2013 International Communication Association.
PRODUCTION OF TOLERANCE TO THE TOXICITY OF CANDIDA ALBICANS BY NONFUNGAL MATERIALS

Hasenclever, H. F. (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Md.) and W. O. Mitchell. Production of tolerance to the toxicity of Candida albicans by nonfungal materials. J. Bacteriol. 84: 1325–1329. 1962.—Tolerance in mice to the toxic manifestations of viable Candida albicans cells was elicited by injections of Salmonella enteritidis or S. typhosa lipopolysaccharides, or complete Freund9s adjuvant. The greatest host stimulation occurred when the lipopolysaccharides were given 1 or 6 days before intravenous challenge. The highest level of tolerance produced by intraperitoneal preinfection with C. albicans was found when the yeast cells were injected 6 days before challenge. Older mice appeared to require larger amounts of endotoxin to demonstrate toxicity tolerance. Protection in mice that received both lipopolysaccharide injections and C. albicans intraperitoneal preinfection was slightly higher than in those mice given only the individual components.
The Biological Basis of an Ethic for Mental Retardation

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the biological basis of an ethic for mental retardation. The moderate to severely mentally deficient person is one with altered biological activities and altered behavioral capacities. Plans and programs for such people are based on knowledge of these alterations. The providing of aid and assistance to the mentally handicapped is seen as instances of society's charity and concern for those in need of assistance rather than efforts to enhance the productivity of the society. This characterization of society's motives reflects qualities of human life that sets it apart from other known forms of animal life and provides a basis for a humanistic ethical system.
Should We Expect Substitution Rate to Depend on Population Size

The rate of nucleotide substitution is generally believed to be a decreasing function of effective population size, at least for nonsynonymous substitutions. This view was originally based on consideration of slightly deleterious mutations with a fixed distribution of selection coefficients. A realistic model must include the occurrence and fixation of some advantageous mutations that compensate for the loss of fitness due to deleterious substitutions. Some such models, such as so-called "fixed" models, also predict a population size effect on substitution rate. An alternative model, presented here, predicts the near absence of a population size effect on substitution rate. This model is based on concave log-fitness functions and a fixed distribution of mutational effects on the selectively important trait. Simulations of an instance of the model confirm the approximate insensitivity of the substitution rate to population size. Although much experimental evidence has been claimed to support the existence of a population size effect, the body of evidence as a whole is equivocal, and much of the evidence that is supposed to demonstrate such an effect would also suggest that it is very small. Perhaps the proposed model applies well to some genes and not so well to others, and genes therefore vary with regard to the population size effect.
Comparison of Two Methods for Inducing Reflex Cough in Patients With Parkinson’s Disease, With and Without Dysphagia

Aspiration pneumonia is a common cause of death in people with Parkinson's disease (PD). Dysfunctional swallowing occurs in the majority of people with PD, and research has shown that cough function is also impaired. Previous studies suggest that testing reflex cough by having participants inhale a cough-inducing stimulus through a nebulizer may be a reliable indicator of swallowing dysfunction, or dysphagia. The primary goal of this study was to determine the cough response to two different cough-inducing stimuli in people with and without PD. The second goal of this study was to compare the cough response to the two different stimuli in people with PD, with and without swallowing dysfunction. Seventy adults (49 healthy and 21 with PD) participated in the study. Aerosolized water (fog) and 200 μM capsaicin were used to induce cough. Each substance was placed in a small, hand-held nebulizer, and presented to the participant. Each cough stimulus was presented three times. The total number of coughs produced to each stimulus trial was recorded. All participants coughed more to capsaicin versus fog (p < 0.001). A categorical 'responder' and 'non-responder' variable for the fog stimulus, defined as whether or not the participant coughed at least two times to two of three presentations of the stimulus, yields sensitivity of 77.8 % and a specificity of 90.9 % for identifying PD participants with and without dysphagia. The data show a differential response of the PD participants to the capsaicin versus fog stimuli. Clinically, this finding may allow for earlier identification of people with PD who are in need of a swallowing evaluation. As well, there are implications for the neural control of cough in this patient population.
Absorbed Dose Calculations in Haversian Canals for Several Beta-Emitting Radionuclides

A mathematical model of a Haversian canal was used to calculate absorbed dose factors for 90 Sr, 90 Y, 45 Ca, 89 Sr, 32 P, 131 I and 153 Sm. The regions of interest considered in this study were the blood canal, the wall or bone surface and the bone matrix. The source regions were the blood canal and the bone surface. Absorbed dose calculations were performed with the EGS4 - PRESTA Monte Carlo transport code. Dose factors were calculated for Haversian canals of 5-μm to 50-μm radius. These data are also tabulated so that dose factors can be evaluated for other radii. An example is given in which these data are used along with a biokinetic model of a radioactive material in bone to assess doses from diagnostic and radiotherapy procedures
Decision Making by Experts: The GNAHM Effect

Psychological studies involving experts date back to the earliest days of experimental psychology. Research on domain experts has also been a fundamental part of the history of judgment and decision making (JDM). The purpose of this chapter is to look at how domain experts have been viewed in the decision making literature. The focus will be on an unappreciated historical bias derived from a misinterpretation of the foundations of experimental psychology.
Cognitive Differentiation and Verbal Intelligence: Clarifying Relationships

This study principally explored the interrelationship of Crockett's (1965) Role Category Questionnaire (RCQ) measure of cognitive differentiation with various measures of verbal intelligence in ord...
Experimental and finite element simulation methods for rate‐dependent metal forming processes

An experimental procedure and a finite element simulation method for rate-dependent metal forming processes are developed. The development includes the formulation of a tangential stiffness matrix for an axisymmetric solid finite element with four node, eight degree of freedom, quadrilateral cross-section. The formulation includes the effects of elasticity, viscoplasticity, temperature, strain rate and large strains. The solution procedure is based on a Newton-Raphson incremental-iterative method which solves the non-linear equilibrium equations and gives temperatures and incremental stresses and strains. Three examples are studied. In example 1, finite element simulation for the upsetting of a cylindrical workpiece between two perfectly rough dies is performed and the results are compared with alternative finite element solutions. In examples 2 and 3, both experimental and finite element studies are performed for the upsetting of a cylindrical billet and the forging of a ball, respectively. Annealed aluminium 1100 workpieces are used in both examples. For the finite element analysis, uniaxial compression tests are first performed to provide the material properties. The tests generate elastic moduli and two sets of stress-strain curves (quasi-static and constant strain rate), which are used to establish a rate-dependent material model for input. For both examples 2 and 3, comparisons between the experimental and finite element simulation results for the forming force vs. die displacement relations and also for the deformed configurations show good agreement. The versatility of finite element methods allows for displaying detailed knowledge of the metal forming process, such as the distributions of temperature rise, yield stress, effective stress, plastic strain, plastic strain rate, forming forces and deformed configurations, etc. at any instance during the forming process.