cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electron spin resonance study of the isolated lipid components from Blastocladiella emersonii zoospores

Abstract The physico-chemical properties of lipid components isolated from zoospores of the aquatic phycomycete, Blastocladiella emersonii , were investigated with electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy using the spin label, 5-nitroxystearate. Lipid dispersions were made from zoospore phospholipids and glycolipids, both singly and in combination with each other and with isolated neutral lipid components. Plots of the hyperfine splitting parameter (2 T | ) vs. temperature indicate that it is the zoospore glycolipids rather than the phospholipids which are responsible for the phase transformations previously observed in aqueous dispersions of the total lipids extracted from zoospores and in zoospores in vivo. The discontinuities observed in the glycolipid dispersions seem to represent the onset and completion of a gel-to-liquid-crystalline phase transition. Over the temperature range tested, Ca 2+ increased the rigidity of the glycolipid dispersions, the major component of which is probably a diglucosyldiglyceride, but had no effect on the phospholipid dispersions. The increase in 2 T | was not affected by inclusion of neutral lipids into the glycolipid dispersion but was eliminated at high (5 : 1, w/w ) phospholipid-to-glycolipid ratios. The Ca 2+ effect was relatively independent of both the absolute rigidity of the dispersion and its phase (gel or liquid-crystalline), suggesting an interaction with the glycolipid head group rather than the hydrocarbon core. The Ca 2+ -induced increase in 2 T | was neither prevented nor reversed by the presence of K + . The presence of two spin label populations co-existing in a dynamic equilibrium was found in glycolipid/neutral lipid dispersions. Plots of the percentage ([ H A /( H A + H B )] × 100) of the spin label population, as measured by the peak height of the low-field peaks, corresponding to the more immobilized component ( H A ) vs. temperature indicated two break points. The temperatures at which these break points occurred are similar to those obtained for the glycolipid dispersions, and match the break points ( T L and T H ) found in ESR experiments using zoospores in vivo. The importance of the glycolipids in the development of this organism is discussed.
Sexuality and Ageing

Ageing itself abolishes neither the need nor the capacity for sexual activity. A number of studies confirm the continuance of sexual activity in old age. Normal physiological changes with age affect erectile function and ejaculation in males, and the vaginal tissue in females. Psychological and social factors that affect sexual function in old age include the individual's degree of sexual activity throughout earlier life, the psychological resiliency in adapting to the altered physiological conditions, demographic factors, and society's attitudes towards sex in old age. Furthermore, pathologies that are more prevalent among the elderly can interfere with sexual function.
Paternal Depression and Risk for Child Neglect in Father-Involved Families of Young Children.

Abstract Objective To examine the association of paternal depression with risk for parental neglect of young children. Study design The sample was derived from a birth cohort study of 1,089 families in which both biological parents resided in the home when the target child was 3- and 5-years old. Prospective analyses examined the contribution of paternal and maternal parenting risks (e.g., depression, alcohol use, and parenting stress) to the incidence of neglect of the target child. Models accounted for a comprehensive set of factors associated with parental child neglect in 2-parent families, including quality of the parental relationship, household economic conditions, and paternal demographic characteristics. Results Approximately 12% of families reported at least 1 instance of neglect; 10% of fathers were depressed when their child was 3-years old. Rates of paternal and maternal depression were twice as high in families in which child neglect was present. Paternal depression when a child was 3-years old was associated with increased odds of child neglect at age 5 [adjusted odds ratio: 1.94 (95% confidence interval: 1.18–3.19); P Conclusions Screening fathers for parenting risks such as depression during well-baby visits and social work intervention to facilitate fathers’ help-seeking behaviors related to treatment of depression may help to prevent and reduce risk of neglect.
College Students’ Punishment Perceptions of Online Solicitation of Children for Sex

The present study addresses the perceptions of university students regarding punishments for individuals whom engage in the online solicitation of children for sex. Differences in biological sex and age of victim and sex of offender may influence university students’ views of punishment for this behavior. Using self-reports from a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial survey, the results indicate that respondent sex, political ideology, and offender sex are important factors in explaining punitiveness for engaging in the online solicitation of a child for sex. Interestingly, victim age was shown to not influence punitive perceptions of online solicitation of children for sex. These results are discussed in the context of policy implications.
Is It Social Problem Solving or Decision Making? Implications for Health Education.

Abstract This paper makes a case that decision making (DM) is not social problem solving (SPS) and DM is subordinate and subsumed within SPS. Both terms are defined and distinguished. Confusion between SPS and DM is widespread and has occurred for at least four decades. DM, not SPS, has been established as one of the seven National Health Education Standards (NHES). States adopt the NHES to fulfill their own state's health education standards; 62% of those states have overwhelmingly integrated DM into their health education curriculum standards and only one state has adopted PS. States have failed to master the ability to distinguish these two terms. Consequences of using imprecise definitions and not understanding processes could result in matching an inappropriate curriculum with the term, invalidating assessments, and compromising internal, construct and content validity. Adoption of DM at the federal, state and local levels also is alarming when trends of problems of youth are increasing worldwide. SP...
Case-Control Study of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgical Site Infections

A retrospective case-control study was performed to determine the risks and outcomes associated with pediatric cardiothoracic surgical site infection. Undergoing more than 1 cardiothoracic operative procedure, having preoperative infection, and undergoing surgery on a Monday were significant risk factors. Cardiothoracic surgical site infection increased hospital and pediatric intensive care unit length of stay. Deep surgical site infection significantly increased mortality.
Optical modeling in Testbed Environment for Space Situational Awareness (TESSA)

We describe optical systems modeling in the Testbed Environment for Space Situational Awareness (TESSA) simulator. We begin by presenting a brief outline of the overall TESSA architecture and focus on components for modeling optical sensors. Both image generation and image processing stages are described in detail, highlighting the differences in modeling ground- and space-based sensors. We conclude by outlining the applicability domains for the TESSA simulator, including potential real-life scenarios.
Suppression of potassium-recycling in the renal medulla by short-term potassium deprivation

Recently we proposed that potassium, like urea, normally undergoes medullary recycling from collecting tubule to the pars recta or descending limb of the juxtamedullary nephron and suggested that the extent of recycling is a function of the concentration of potassium in collecting tubule fluid. To test this hypothesis further, we fed young rats a potassium-free diet for 3 days and then prepared them for micropuncture of the left renal papilla. Compared to findings in normally fed animals, potassium deprivation caused a significant fall in plasma potassium and urinary excretion of potassium. There was a striking decrease in the fraction of filtered potassium remaining at the end of the justamedullary descending limb for 94 +/- 11% to 38 +/- 3% (P less than 0.001). The latter value is not significantly different from the fraction of filtered sodium remaining (36 +/- 4%) and suggests that net addition of potassium to the pars recta or descending limb was completely abolished. A correlation was observed between the fraction of filtered potassium remaining at the end of the descending limb and either urinary potassium excretion (P less than 0.001) or urinary potassium concentration(P less than 0.001) in the contralateral unexposed kidney. These results lend further support to the hypothesis of medullary recycling of potassium.
The impact of shading design and control on building cooling and lighting demand

Shading should be considered as an integral part of fenestration system design for commercial and office buildings, in order to balance daylighting requirements versus the need to reduce solar gains. In this paper, the simultaneous impact of glazing area, shading device properties and shading control on building cooling and lighting demand was calculated using a coupled lighting and thermal simulation module. The interactions between cooling and lighting energy use in perimeter spaces were evaluated as a function of window-to-wall ratio and shading parameters. An exterior roller shade was used as an example. The impact of shading device type, properties and control on building cooling and lighting energy demand was quantified and analyzed. The simulation results indicate that, if an integrated approach for automatic control of motorized shading is used in conjunction with controllable electric lighting systems, substantial reduction of energy demand for cooling and lighting could be achieved in perimeter spaces, depending on climatic conditions and orientation.
In vivo electrochemical determination of extracellular dopamine in the caudate of freely-moving rats after a low dose of ethanol.

Low doses of ethanol (i.e. < 1 g/kg) elicit behavioral stimulation, control discriminative performance and mediate reinforcement in rats. These effects are thought to be mediated through central dopaminergic neuronal systems. In the present study, dopamine and serotonin/ uric acid release from caudate was measured by invivovoltammetry in freely-moving, unanesthetized rats after administration of a low dose of ethanol (600 mg/kg, IP). Within 15 min after a single ethanol administration, extracellular dopamine levels significantly increased in caudate, peaking at 35 min, and returning to baseline by 75 min. In addition, ethanol caused an attenuation of a second voltammetric signal that correlates with extracellular serotonln/uric acid concentrations, and this effect persisted through the course of the experiments. These neurochemical changes may underlie behavioral responses found after low doses of ethanol.
Spectroscopy of spontaneous spin noise as a probe of spin dynamics and magnetic resonance

Not all noise in experimental measurements is unwelcome. Certain fundamental noise sources contain valuable information about the system itself-a notable example being the inherent voltage fluctuations (Johnson noise) that exist across any resistor, which allow the temperature to be determined. In magnetic systems, fundamental noise can exist in the form of random spin fluctuations. For example, statistical fluctuations of N paramagnetic spins should generate measurable noise of order N spins, even in zero magnetic field. Here we exploit this effect to perform perturbation-free magnetic resonance. We use off-resonant Faraday rotation to passively detect the magnetization noise in an equilibrium ensemble of paramagnetic alkali atoms; the random fluctuations generate spontaneous spin coherences that precess and decay with the same characteristic energy and timescales as the macroscopic magnetization of an intentionally polarized or driven ensemble. Correlation spectra of the measured spin noise reveal g-factors, nuclear spin, isotope abundance ratios, hyperfine splittings, nuclear moments and spin coherence lifetimes-without having to excite, optically pump or otherwise drive the system away from thermal equilibrium. These noise signatures scale inversely with interaction volume, suggesting a possible route towards non-perturbative, sourceless magnetic resonance of small systems.
POTASSIUM-DEPLETED MUSCOVITE. PART I. PREPARATION USING FILTRATION PROCESS FOR TREATMENT WITH MOLTEN LITHIUM NITRATE

ABSTRACT The reaction between molten lithium nitrate and muscovite does not go to completion in a single treatment because of the equilibrium restriction imposed by the presence of potassium in the melt. An apparatus consisting of a stainless steel vessel with a porous stainless steel filter, valve and vacuum connections was designed to eliminate this restriction and to provide for more complete removal of the equilibrium melt in each successive treatment. Macroscopic swelling of the muscovite in the molten lithium nitrate was observed after prolonged treatment. x-Ray diffraction examination of samples of solidified melt revealed intracrystalline swelling in the muscovite.
646 Impact of Ductal Size on Successful Medical Closure of Patent Ductus Arteriosus in Preterm Infants

646 Impact of Ductal Size on Successful Medical Closure of Patent Ductus Arteriosus in Preterm Infants
Modern Psychometric Methodology: Applications of Item Response Theory

Item response theory (IRT) methodology is introduced as a tool for improving assessment instruments used with people who have disabilities. Need for this approach in rehabilitation is emphasized; d...
Quantum electrodynamic effects in highly ionized atoms

Abstract The development of heavy-ion accelerators has been accompanied by a new class of experiments designed to measure precisely energy levels in highly ionized atoms. Comparison of theory and experiment in these systems provides a unique test of quantum electrodynamics under new conditions. This paper reviews the theory of the structure of these atoms, and compares theory to experiment.
Going-Concern Opinions: The Effects of Partner Compensation Plans and Client Size

Partner compensation plans in large accounting firms tend to emphasize either local office profits or worldwide firm profits (“small‐pool” or “large‐pool” firms, respectively) (Trompeter 1994). Some have expressed concern over possible impairment of auditor independence when a small‐pool compensation plan is used, and Trompeter (1994) found in an experimental setting that partners in small‐pool firms were less likely to require income‐decreasing adjustments. We examine, in an archival setting, the association of partner compensation plans and client size with auditors' propensity to issue going‐concern audit opinions to stressed clients. We find no evidence that auditors' going‐concern reporting decisions were directly affected by partner compensation plans. However, there is evidence of an interaction between partner compensation plans and client size. This interaction suggests that auditors in small‐pool firms may be more sensitive to client size than partners in large‐pool firms when making certain goi...
Neurology and the Novel: Alexander Monro primus and secundus, Robinson Crusoe, and the Problem of Sensibility

Alexander Monro primus (1697--1767) wrote several influential works on the anatomy of the nervous system. His experiments, continued by his son Monro secundus, exhibit the shift from mechanism to vitalism that laid new emphasis on the means by which the nerves convey sensation. Apparent allusions to Robinson Crusoe in an essay written by Monro primus for his daughter in 1739 suggest that his interest in the problem of sensibility may have been raised by his reading of that novel.
Plasmodium yoelii: Cellular Immune-Responses in Splenectomized and Normal Mice

Abstract Spleen and lymph node cells from Plasmodium yoelii 17X-infected, C57BL/6 (B6), and DBA/2 (D2) mice were cultured in vitro with parasite antigens. The ability of these cells to proliferate was quantified by uptake of [ 3 H]thymidine and ELISA was used to measure secretion of IFN-γ and IL-5. B6 mice are relatively susceptible to P. yoelii 17X infection compared to D2 mice. Susceptible mouse strains develop higher levels of parasitemia, become more anemic, and take longer to resolve their infections than do resistant strains. Following splenectomy, D2 mice resisted P. yoelii 17X infections as well as did sham-operated controls, but splenectomized B6 mice failed to resolve their infections and all died. Spleen cells from infected mice of either strain were activated in vitro as evidenced by their proliferation in the absence of exogenous antigen. When malaria antigen was added to these cultures, cells from resistant D2 mice responded strongly with increased proliferation, whereas cells from susceptible B6 mice responded weakly, and on Day 14 postinfection, responses were actually suppressed. Mesenteric lymph node cells from infected B6 and D2 mice did not proliferate in the presence or absence of P. yoelii 17X antigen unless the spleen was removed. Following splenectomy, mesenteric lymph node cells from D2 mice, but not B6 mice, proliferated strongly compared to cells from sham-operated controls. IFN-γ and IL-5 production from spleen and lymph node cells was measured following in vitro stimulation with P. yoelii 17X antigen. Spleen cells from D2 mice produced levels of IFN-γ increased over those of cells from B6 mice. Following splenectomy, mesenteric and peripheral lymph node cells from D2 mice showed increased IFN-γ production not evident when the spleen was present. Lymph node cells from splenectomized B6 mice also showed increased IFN-γ production, but the levels were significantly lower than those of splenectomized D2 mice. No significant production of IL-5 was measured in the supernatants of cultured cells from either strain, whether splenectomized or not. These data suggest that increased susceptibility to infection may be associated with depressed proliferative and IFN-γ responses to malaria antigen, and that lymph node cells, particularly in resistant D2 mice, respond in a compensatory manner when the spleen is removed.
Realization of expeditious layer-by-layer siloxane-based self-assembly as an efficient route to structurally regular acentric superlattices with large electro-optic responses

A new, expeditious siloxane-based layer-by-layer assembly process for the formation of intrinsically polar organic electro-optic thin films is described using highly reactive −SiCl2I-functionalized, silyl-protected donor−acceptor azo-benzene chromophore derivatives and octachlorotrisiloxane as a deprotecting reagent/interlayer precursor. This all-“wet-chemical” two-step process can be efficiently implemented in a vertical dipping procedure to yield polar films consisting of 40 alternating chromophore and capping layers. Each nanoscale bilayer (chromophore + polysiloxane layer ≈ 3.26-nm thick) can be grown in ≈40 minat least 1 order of magnitude more rapidly than previous siloxane-based solution deposition methodologies. Chromophore monolayer deposition from solution reaches completion in ≈15 min at 55 °C. The adherent, structurally regular assemblies exhibit appreciable electro-optic responses (χ(2) ∼ 180 pm/V and r33 ∼ 65 pm/V determined by SHG measurements at 1064 nm) and high chromophore surface densit...
The metabolism and distribution of 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid in female rats☆

Abstract [1-14C]-2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) was fed to pregnant and non-pregnant female rats at various dosages, and expired air, urine, feces, internal organs and tissues were analyzed for radioactivity. During the first 24 hr, 75 ± 7% of the radioactivity was excreted in the urine and 8.2 ± 4.6% in the feces. No 14C was found in the expired air. There was no significant difference in the rate of elimination between the pregnant and nonpregnant rats, or among the dosages used. Radioactivity was detected in all tissues, with the highest concentration being found in the kidney. The maximum concentration of radioactivity in all tissues was generally reached between 6 to 12 hr after po dosing and then started to decline rapidly. Radioactivity was also detected in the fetuses and in the milk. The average biological half-life of 2,4,5-T in the organs was 3.4 hr for the adult rats and 97 hr for the newborn.
Field-Project Designs for Carbon Dioxide Sequestration and Enhanced Coalbed Methane Production

Worldwide concerns about global warming and possible contributions to it from anthropogenic carbon dioxide have become important during the past several years. Coal seams may make excellent candidates for CO{sub 2} sequestration; coal-seam sequestration could enhance methane production and improve sequestration economics. Reservoir-simulation computations are an important component of any engineering design before carbon dioxide is injected underground. We have performed such simulations for a hypothetical pilot-scale project in representative coal seams. In these simulations we assume four horizontal production wells that form a square, that is, two wells drilled at right angles to each other forming two sides of a square, with another pair of horizontal wells similarly drilled to form the other two sides. Four shorter horizontal wells are drilled from a vertical well at the center of the square, forming two straight lines orthogonal to each other. By modifying coal properties, especially sorption rate, we have approximated different types of coals. By varying operational parameters, such as injector length, injection well pressure, time to injection, and production well pressure, we can evaluate different production schemes to determine an optimum for each coal type. Any optimization requires considering a tradeoff between total CO{sub 2} sequestered and the ratemore » of methane production. Values of total CO{sub 2} sequestered and methane produced are presented for multiple coal types and different operational designs. 30 refs., 11 figs., 1 tab.« less
Comparison of On-Column and Splitless Injections for the Capillary Gc Quantitation of Organics Extracted from Landfill Leachatesl

Abstract An extensive study of the organic components of the leachate from the University of Connecticut landfill has been carried out. A modification of EPA Method 625 for base/neutral extractable organics was used to obtain both the gas chromatographic profiles and the mass spectrometric identification of the organics in groundwater samples from six test wells and several private wells in the vicinity of the landfill. A characteristic fingerprint representing a number of components was consistently found in the analysis of the landfill leachate but not in the drinking water of the private residences located on an adjoining road. Gas chromatographic parameters for optimum qualitative and quantitative analysis of field samples were determined using an acetone solution of the model leachate sample. It was confirmed that the on-column injection mode resulted in greater flame ionization detector (FID) response and more reproducible peak areas than the splitless mode. The major variable in obtaining reproduci...
Observations on the Habits of Flies Belonging to the Genus Rhagoletis

Field observations show that cherry fruit flies appear on the trees earlier than in cages. R. fausta is the first species to appear, followed directly by R. cingulata and R. pomonella three or four weeks later. Influence of light, temperature, moisture, ripeness of fruit, and wild hosts are discussed.
A regional carbon storage simulation for large-scale biomass plantations

Abstract Establishment of biomass fuel plantations in Florida could convert as many as 224 000 ha year −1 to intensively managed sites with rotations of 2–8 years. A simulation model for slash pine ( Pinus elliottii ) forests predicts that 30–40% less carbon would be stored in north Florida forests over 24 years by planting 40 000 ha year −1 of slash pine biomass plantations with an 8-year rotation. Similar impacts on regional carbon cycles should occur wherever old-growth forests are replaced by short rotation biomass plantations.
Influence of nutrient amendments on the phytoextraction of weathered 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichloroethylene by cucurbits.

Field experiments were conducted to determine the impact of nutrient amendments on the phytoextraction of weathered 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichloroethylene (p,p′-DDE) by eight cultivars of cucurbits over a single growing season. Four cultivars of Cucurbita pepo ssp pepo are accumulators and extract percent level quantities of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), whereas C. pepo ssp ovifera and Cucumis sativus are nonaccumulators. The nonamended accumulators phytoextracted 1.0% of the p,p'-DDE and had a translocation factor of 0.44; however, the nonaccumulators removed 0.16% of the contaminant and had a translocation factor value of 0.09. The accumulators also had 3.8 times greater inorganic element content than the nonaccumulators. Duplicate mounds of each cultivar also received weekly nutrient amendments of phosphorus (400 mg/L K2HPO4), nitrogen (200 mg/L KNO3), or nitrogen/phosphorus (400 mg/L K2HPO4, 200 mg/L KNO3); a minus phosphorus treatment involved a 1-L addition of 1 g/L AlSO4 to the soil before planting. When normalized to respective control values (unamended vegetation), the root and stem p,p′-DDE bioconcentration factors (BCF) of the accumulator cultivars were significantly greater than those of the nonaccumulator cultivars under most nutrient regimes. The biomass of accumulator cultivars decreased by up to 61% under certain nutrient regimes, resulting in mixed effects on the amount of p,p′-DDE extracted. Treatment with N and P increased nonaccumulator biomass by 40 to 100%, and increased p,p′-DDE extraction from soil by 75%. Although generally assumed that fertilizer amendments will enhance phytoremediation, as evidenced here by the nonaccumulators, additions of macronutrients may reduce the phytoextraction of weathered POPs by C. pepo ssp pepo. These findings support our hypothesis that the ability of C. pepo ssp pepo to remove sequestered organic contaminants is governed by unique nutrient-acquisition mechanisms.
Hawking radiation and entropy from horizon degrees of freedom

Abstract We study the thermodynamic properties of horizons using the dynamical description of the gravitational degrees of freedom at a horizon found in a previous work. We use the action of the horizon degrees of freedom to calculate the horizon entropy using the Cardy formula, and obtain the expected Bekenstein–Hawking entropy. We also couple the gravitational degrees of freedom at the horizon to a classical background scalar field, and show that Hawking radiation is produced.
Multiple-criterion evaluation of reported mutations: a proposed scoring system for the intragenic somatic mutation literature.

In an accompanying paper, we review the theoretical principles of tumor mutations and the observed patterns of mutations in the cancer literature. These patterns are discussed in the context of a perceived dichotomy in quality that exists among mutation reports. Due to the frequency of mis-reporting, a systematic approach to the somatic mutation literature in human cancer is needed. We propose a multiple-criterion numerical tool, referred to as the scoring SISTM (System for Intragenic Somatic Tumor Mutations), which effectively discriminates promising and unpromising somatic mutation reports in human cancer. Reports are assessed on 12 criteria, and are given a final score of 15 or less. Scores in the range of 10 to 15 are suggestive of well presented reports of disease-inducing somatic mutations. Reports with scores less than 10 should be viewed with skepticism. In order to demonstrate the relevance and potential of the scoring SISTM, we applied the criteria to 27 novel and 31 confirmatory (i.e., non-nove...
Electroreductive cyclization reactions. Stereoselection, creation of quaternary centers in bicyclic frameworks, and a formal total synthesis of quadrone.

Abstract The electroreductive cyclization reaction has been successfully applied to an efficient formal total synthesis of quadrone ( 1 ). Two of the four rings were created electrochemically, a third via a novel oxidativedecarboxylation and cyclization onto a remote nitrile functional group ( 22 a 24 ).
Theoretical description of spectral line profiles of parent molecules in cometary comae

The present overview of cometary spectral-line profiles obtainable through advancements in high-resolution spectroscopic studies, which allow the retrieval of coma kinematic properties from velocity-resolved spectral-line profiles, incorporates the most important gas dynamic processes into an outflow model which is tailored to the interpretation of spectroscopic observations of parent molecules. The model is then used to study the influence on parent-molecule spectral line profile formation of the field-of-view, the expansion velocity, the kinetic temperature, and the anisotropic outflow distributions.
INTERACTIVE EFFECTS OF GROWTH NEED STRENGTH, WORK CONTEXT, AND JOB COMPLEXITY ON SELF-REPORTED CREATIVE PERFORMANCE

We propose that “growth need strength” is an important individual factor for employees' creative performance. Using an interactionist perspective, we examine the relationship between growth need st...
Online learning: a strategy for social responsibility in educational access

Socially responsible educational development issues include examination of whether students in diverse situations have access to educational programs. Within a global society that supports equal opportunities for individuals, issues of access to educational content have merit at both individual and societal levels. A framework for thinking about social responsibility in educational access three primary areas is examined. These include (a) meeting the needs of underserved populations, (b) preparing for and capitalizing on diversity, and (c) using access to build society. Online learning offers one viable strategy for social responsibility by providing significant benefits in the areas of educational access for underserved populations, exposure to and experience with diversity, and building social communities through shared electronic communication.
High Levels of Hopelessness Persist in Geriatric Patients with Remitted Depression and a History of Attempted Suicide

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether a high level of hopelessness after treatment of a depressive episode is an indicator of a history of lifetime suicide attempts in older people. DESIGN: Groups of suicide attempters, suicidal ideators, and nonsuicidal patients were compared via analysis of variance with respect to levels of hopelessness, depression, anxiety, and global functioning before and after treatment of depression. SETTING: An outpatient research clinic providing two treatment protocols of late-life mood disorders. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 107 consecutive outpatients (mean age 67) with major depression who responded to treatment. MEASUREMENTS: Levels of hopelessness, severity of depression, anxiety, and global functioning were compared across the three groups at the beginning of treatment and at remission. RESULTS: After remission there were no differences between the three groups in depression severity, anxiety, and global functioning. Hopelessness remained significantly higher in the attempter group than among ideators or nonsuicidal patients. CONCLUSIONS: Suicide attempts, the most important risk factor for subsequent suicide, are associated with persistent, high levels of hopelessness following remission of depression in late-life patients. These findings suggest that treatments designed specifically to lower hopelessness (such as cognitive, behavioral or interpersonal therapy) may be effective in reducing suicide risk.
Image-Guided Focused Ultrasound for the Treatment of Bone Metastases: Current Status and Future Direction

Bone metastases are a pervasive problem in oncology. For many of these patients, pain due to osseous metastases is the predominant factor negatively influencing quality of life. High-intensity focused ultrasound (FUS) therapy is a novel technology used for the treatment of bone metastases. FUS can be done with either ultrasound or magnetic resonance guidance (USgFUS or MRgFUS respectively). We review the outcomes and toxicity of current studies using USgFUS and MRgFUS for the treatment of bone metastases. A recently completed phase III trial has confirmed statistically and clinically significant benefit in pain control and quality of life for patients with painful bone metastases who were not candidates for radiation therapy. Future areas of research include expansion of sites suitable for MRgFUS treatment, applicability of MRgFUS as a primary treatment for painful bone metastases either as standalone therapy or in combination with radiation, and development of conformal treatment devices.
Chiral gauged Wess-Zumino-Witten theories and coset models in conformal field theory

The Wess-Zumino-Witten (WZW) theory has a global symmetry denoted by ${G}_{L}\ensuremath{\bigotimes}{G}_{R}$. In the standard gauged WZW theory, vector gauge fields (i.e., with vector gauge couplings) are in the adjoint representation of the subgroup $H\ensuremath{\subset}G$. In this paper, we show that, in the conformal limit in two dimensions, there is a gauged WZW theory where the gauge fields are chiral and belong to the subgroups ${H}_{L}$ and ${H}_{R}$ where ${H}_{L}$ and ${H}_{R}$ can be different groups. In the special case where ${H}_{L}={H}_{R}$, the theory is equivalent to vector gauged WZW theory. For general groups ${H}_{L}$ and ${H}_{R}$, an examination of the correlation functions (or more precisely, conformal blocks) shows that the chiral gauged WZW theory is equivalent to ${(\frac{G}{{H}_{L}})}_{L}\ensuremath{\bigotimes}{(\frac{G}{{H}_{R}})}_{R}$ coset models in conformal field theory.
Evaluation of integral covers on silicon solar cells.

Integral coverslip development for Si solar cells, considering borosilicate glass fusing on cell surface and RF and high vacuum ion beam sputtering
Effects of momentum conservation and flow on angular correlations observed in experiments at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider

Correlations of azimuthal angles observed at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider have gained great attention due to the prospect of identifying fluctuations of parity-odd regions in the field sector of QCD. Whereas the observable of interest related to parity fluctuations involves subtracting opposite-sign from same-sign correlations, the STAR collaboration reported the same-sign and opposite-sign correlations separately. It is shown here how momentum conservation combined with collective elliptic flow contributes significantly to this class of correlations, although not to the difference between the opposite- and same-sign observables. The effects are modeled with a crude simulation of a pion gas. Although the simulation reproduces the scale of the correlation, the centrality dependence is found to be sufficiently different in character to suggest additional considerations beyond those present in the pion gas simulation presented here.
Self-Exchange Electron Transfer Kinetics and Reduction Potentials for Anthraquinone Disulfonate

An electron transfer model for self-exchange reactions of 9,10-anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate (AQDS) in aqueous solution has been formulated by using a combination of density functional theory (DFT) calculations and Marcus theory. One-electron self-exchange reactions are predicted to be fast (log k ≈ 6−9 M-1 s-1) but not diffusion limited. The internal component of the reorganization energy makes a large contribution to the total reorganization energy and cannot be neglected. Analysis and theoretical extensions of crystal structure data led to predicted precursor complex structures that, in the end, yielded theoretical electron transfer rates in good agreement with experimental ones. Electron transfer distances in solution are predicted to be in the 7−9 A range. Calculated values of the electronic coupling matrix element indicate that the distinction between adiabatic and nonadiabatic electron transfer in this system likely occurs in this distance range as well. A set of reduction potentials was also produ...
Population Genetic Structure in Lahontan Cutthroat Trout

Abstract We used 10 microsatellite loci to examine the genetic population structure of cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki within the Lahontan Basin complex. Genetic diversity was analyzed for trout from Nevada, California, and Utah representing three putative subspecies: Lahontan O. c. henshawi, Paiute O. c. seleniris, and Humboldt (an unnamed subspecies) cutthroat trout. We found significant differences in microsatellite diversity among the three putative subspecies found in this area. Analysis of molecular variance partitioned microsatellite variation as 9.8% among subspecies, 27.7% among populations, and 62.5% within populations of Lahontan Basin cutthroat trout. Genetic distance analyses (Cavalli-Sforza-Edwards and F st) supported unique population structure in cutthroat trout from the Humboldt and Pilot Peak drainages. Pairwise F st values for Lahontan cutthroat trout were not significantly correlated with geographic distance between population pairs (r 2 = 0.008; P < 0.0001), suggesting that they a...
A study of long-term climate change in a simple seasonal nonlinear climate model

Solar radiation cycles, earth-orbital changes, and continental drift drive long to very long term (103−106 years) climatic changes. Lin and North used the stationary solutions of a simple energy balance model (EBM) to study the equilibrium climatic stages. In this paper, we study time dependent solutions and, in particular, transition processes. We make use of two time scales: a seasonal cycle (fast variation) and a long term time change (slow variation). Variations over short time scales are solved using a Fourier transform in time and long term variations are studied using a 4th order Runge-Kutta method. The energy balance equation is a parabolic type equation and it is well posed. Climate changes depend mainly on external forcing and the state of the climate is determined by the slow time scale forcing. In other words, transitions from one climate stage (snow-covered) to another (snow-free) at bifurcation points are monotonic, despite 20% to 50% shortperiod random fluctuations in the solar energy. This smooth transition is especially noticeable when the land bands lie close to the north pole (70° N to 90° N) or at high latitudes (50° N to 75° N).
Development of a nested polymerase chain reaction assay for the detection and identification of Pythium insidiosum.

Pythium insidiosum is an important cause of cutaneous and gastrointestinal disease in horses and dogs in the southeastern United States. Culture-based diagnosis of pythiosis is rarely definitive because production and identification of reproductive structures is difficult. The purpose of this study was to develop a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assay for the identification of P insidiosum. Genomic DNA was extracted from 3 clinical isolates of P insidiosum and 1 isolate each of Pythium graminicola and Pythium arrhenomanes. The ITS 1 region of the ribosomal RNA gene of each isolate was amplified and sequenced, and the resultant sequences were aligned with published sequences for Pythium aphanidermatum, P acanthicum, and P myriotylum. A pair of P insidiosum— specific primers (PI-1 and PI-2) were designed from variable regions within the ITS1 region. A nested PCR assay was developed in which the 1st round amplified the ITS 1 region by use of universal fungal primers. Second-round amplification utilized the internal P insidiosum-specific primers PI-1 and PI-2. Specificity of the assay was tested with DNA extracted from cultures of the following: 10 clinical isolates of P insidiosum and 1 isolate each of P graminicola, P irregulare, P arrhenomanes, P myriotylum, P deliense, Basidiobolus ranarum, Conidiobolus coronatus, Aspergillus terreus, Lagenidium giganteum, and a canine-pathogenic Lagenidium species. Nested PCR produced a single 105-base pair amplicon for each of the P insidiosum isolates, but did not produce amplicons for any of the other isolates. Results of this study suggest that PCR is a useful tool for the identification of P insidiosum.
Automated technique for high-level circuit synthesis from temporal logic specifications

A general-purpose strategy for the synthesis of digital circuits from high-level behavioural specifications expressed in the temporal-logic language Tempura is described. This strategy has been implemented as a synthesis tool called AST, and the application of AST to part of the specification for an error-encoder circuit is examined
Beliefs Among Professionals About Rates of False Allegations of Child Sexual Abuse

A total of 244 judges, law enforcement officers, mental health practitioners, and child protection service (CPS) workers were surveyed to explore their beliefs about the frequency with which children lie or fail to tell the truth when they allege sexual abuse. Results indicated that judges and law enforcement officers were significantly more skeptical of children's reports than were mental health and CPS workers. Although age, gender, and years of experience did not appear to affect beliefs about credibility, those professionals who dealt with more cases of child sexual abuse in the previous year were significantly more likely to believe the reports of children than were professionals who worked with fewer cases. Significant differences also were found among professional groups on whether children never or frequently lie about sexual abuse. Finally, across all groups, reports of sexual abuse made by female adolescents were viewed as significantly less believable than other groups of children. The implicat...
Network: A Multiprocessor Program

This paper explores the problems of implementing arbitrary forms of process communication on a multiprocessor network. It develops a Concurrent Pascal program that enables distributed processes to communicate on virtual channels. The channels cannot deadlock and will deliver all messages within a finite time. The operation, structure, text, and performance of this program are described. It was written, tested, and described in two weeks and it worked immediately.
Contextual information retrieval using a graph model of a sentence and rough sets

Abstract A uniform data structure is defined to represent sentence components (words) for a parallel processor of the natural language. The basic notation of rough sets is used for the representation of sentence elements in the computer, to exhibit their context and to select proper meanings. An approximation space reflecting the context of any word in a sentence is defined by induction from the most general meanings of words adjoining that word in the graph model of the sentence and from a contextual knowledge base. The contextual knowledge base specifies the meaning of each word with respect to the most general words expected to adjoin that word in the graph model of the sentence.
LIMITS OF HIGH FREQUENCY JET VENTILATION IN SMALL SUB JECTS

To define limits of injector size/internal compressible volume (ICV) of the jet tubing in small subjects, we studied anesthetized paralyzed cats using the MK-800 jet ventilator & noncompliant tubing with ICV of 14 ml. FIO2 of 1.0 & 30% duty cycle remained constant. In part I the injector size was varied from #12,14,16 to 18 (2.16-1.06mm)at rates of 150 & 300/min with normal and noncompliant lungs. The driving pressure was adjusted to keep a constant mean airway pressure (MAP) for each set of conditions. In part II the ICV was ↑ from baseline(B) to 1.5B, 2B and 3B through the same sequence as in part I, using #14 & #16 injectors. Tracheal pressure tracing was recorded. Despite constant MAP, PCO2 rose with ↓ injector diameter though with normal lungs at 150/min PCO2 was normal even with the smallest injector (#18). Increasing ICV up to 3B had no effect with #14 injector or with normal lungs. With #16 injector and stiff lungs, PCO2 rose as ICV ↑.
Changes In Economic Conditions And Health Insurance Coverage, 2000–2004

ABSTRACT: Between 2000 and 2004, the number of uninsured Americans increased by six million, primarily because of a decline in employer-sponsored insurance. All of the increase occurred among adult...
Nordihydroguaiaretic acid suppression of rat mammary carcinogenesis induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea.

The activity of the lipoxygenase inhibitor, nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), as a cancer chemopreventive agent in the rat mammary gland was determined. Beginning 1 week after a single i.v. dose of 20 or 50 mg N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)/kg body wt., female Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a semi-purified diet supplemented with 0 or 1000 mg NDGA/kg diet. At both MNU dose levels, groups receiving NDGA developed significantly fewer mammary cancers than did dietary controls; NDGA induced no gross or organ-specific toxicity. These data implicate lipoxygenase products in the process of mammary cancer induction, and suggest and additional enzymatic target for the design of chemopreventive drugs.
Superconductivity of V3Al

Abstract The formation of V 3 Al in the A-15 phase using an r.f. sputtering technique is described. A maximum superconducting critical temperature of 11.7 K was obtained for suitable sputtering conditions. Binary and pseudo-binary results suggest that the maximum T c obtainable for the V 3 Al system does not exceed 12 K.
Metabolic Bone Disease of Total Parenteral Nutrition

Parenteral nutrition-associated metabolic bone disease in children is manifested primarily as osteopenia and, on occasion, fractures. The etiology is likely multifactorial, with calcium and phosphate deficiency playing a major role in the preterm infant and with the role of aluminum toxicity yet to be clearly defined in this population. Lack of normal values of bone histomorphometry in the premature infant as well as lack of normal data for biochemical markers of bone turnover in these patients contribute to the uncertainty. Other factors that may play a role in the pathogenesis include lack of periodic enteral feeding; underlying intestinal disease, including malabsorption and inflammation; the presence of neoplasms; and drug-induced alterations in calcium and bone metabolism. The true incidence and prevalence of parenteral nutrition-associated bone abnormalities in pediatric patients remain unknown.
Impacts of future climate change on soil frost in the midwestern United States

[1] Historical observations indicate a shift toward shorter winters and increased average air temperatures in the midwestern United States. Furthermore, a rise in soil temperatures is likely to be enhanced under projections of increased air temperature; however, reduced snow cover during winter may lead to colder soil temperatures in the future. Cumulatively, these changes will affect cold season processes in the region. Therefore the impact of such changes on cold season processes were analyzed under two climate models (Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory version CM2.1.1 (GFDL) and UK Met Office Hadley Center Climate Model, version 3.1 (HadCM3)) and three scenarios (B1, A1B, and A2) by implementing the variable infiltration capacity land surface model from 1977 to 2099. Ensemble averages of the two models for the three scenarios indicated that both air temperature and precipitation would increase in the cold season (December–May), with the greatest increases projected under the A2 scenario by late in the 21st century (2070–2099). Also during this period, the median number of days when air temperature was below 0°C reduced in comparison to the base period (1977–2006) by 25, 35, and 38 days for the B1, A1B, and A2 scenarios, respectively. The number of freeze-thaw cycles increased in the south-central Wisconsin and the northern regions of Michigan by up to 3 cycles, while the duration of soil frost decreased by between 2 weeks and nearly 2 months during 2070–2099 with respect to the base period.