cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Lead Pyrophosphate, Pb2P2O7, in Water

Polyphosphates are used in drinking water to prevent the precipitation of cations such as calcium and iron. The possible negative impact of using polyphosphates is the undesirable complexation of lead that could result in elevated lead levels in consumers' tap water. Although the water industry has focused on complexation, lead polyphosphate solids such as lead pyrophosphate, Pb2P2O7, have been considered in other fields and not been shown to form in water. The ability to form lead pyrophosphate in water could have a potential impact on the strategies used to reduce lead levels in drinking water distribution systems. The objective of this work was to determine whether lead pyrophosphate could form under simulated potable drinking water conditions. Lead pyrophosphate was synthesized in water (pH 8.2, 10 mg C/L, 2.7 mg Cl2/L) after 13 days of aging. The formation of lead pyrophosphate was confirmed by X-ray diffraction and microscopy analysis. Synthesis did not require elevated temperatures or microwave assisted approaches used by past researchers. The findings suggest that lead (and possibly other metal) pyrophosphates could conceivably form in real drinking water systems, although much more work is necessary to determine the chemistry and kinetic boundaries.
Characterization of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis sigma factor SigM by assessment of virulence and identification of SigM-dependent genes.

Alternate sigma factors have been implicated in the survival of mycobacteria in response to specific stresses. To characterize the role of SigM in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a sigM deletion mutant was generated by allelic exchange in the virulent CDC1551 strain. Comparing the wild-type and ΔsigM strains by complete genomic microarray, we observed a low level of baseline expression of sigM in wild-type M. tuberculosis and no significant differences in the gene expression patterns between these two strains. Alternatively, a SigM-overexpressing M. tuberculosis strain was constructed and microarray profiling revealed SigM-dependent expression of a relatively small group of genes, which included four esat-6 homologues: esxE, esxF, esxT, and esxU. An assessment of SigM-dependent promoters from the microarray analysis revealed a putative consensus sequence for M. tuberculosis SigM of −35 GGAAC and −10 CGTCR. In vitro expression studies showed that M. tuberculosis sigM transcripts accumulate slightly in stationary phase and following heat shock. To understand the role of SigM in pathogenesis, the M. tuberculosis sigM deletion strain was compared with the isogenic wild-type strain and the complemented mutant strain for survival in murine macrophages and in the mouse model. The mutant was found to have similar abilities to survive in both the resting and activated J774A.1 macrophages. Mouse organ bacterial burdens indicated that the mutant proliferated and persisted at the same level as that of the wild-type and complemented strains in lung and spleen tissues. In time-to-death experiments in the mouse model, the ΔsigM mutant exhibited lethality times comparable to those observed for the wild-type and complemented strains. These data indicate that M. tuberculosis SigM governs the expression of a small set of genes, including four esat-6 homologues, and that the loss of sigM does not confer a detectable virulence defect in the macrophages and mouse models of infection.
A Transmembrane Binding Site at a Subunit Interface for Torpedo Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Potentiators And Inhibitors

Photoreactive derivatives of the general anesthetic etomidate have been developed to identify their binding sites in GABAAR and nAChRs. One such drug, [3H]TDBzl-etomidate, acts as a positive allosteric potentiator of Torpedo nAChR and binds to a novel site in the transmembrane domain at the γ-α subunit interface (Nirthanan et al 2008, JBC 283:22053-62). To extend our understanding of the binding site(s) of nAChR allosteric modulators, we developed [3H]TFD-etomidate containing the photoactivatable trifluromethyldiazirinyl group on etomidate's benzene ring. [3H]TFD-etomidate inhibited ACh-induced currents (IC50 = 4 ∈μM), but inhibited the binding of [3H]phencyclidine to the Torpedo nAChR ion channel with IC50s of 2.5 and 0.7 mM in the resting and desensitized states, respectively. In the presence of the ion channel blocker tetracaine, [3H]TFD-etomidate photolabeled amino acids at the lipid interface (αM4 and βM4) and at the γ-α subunit interface, αM2-10, γMet299 and γMet295. In the absence and presence of agonist, [3H]TFD-etomidate photoincorporated at low efficiency within M2 ion channel domain (M2-6, M2-9 and M2-13). These results suggest that the γ-α subunit interface is a binding site for Torpedo nAChR negative ([3H]TFD-etomidate) and positive ([3H]TDBzl-etomidate) allosteric modulators.View Large Image | View Hi-Res Image | Download PowerPoint Slide
The impact of activist pressures on recombinant DNA research.

This survey of 430 recombinant DNA scientists currently engaged in research assesses the impact of public attention, political advocacy, and litigation on their work. The findings show that most researchers feel they have benefited from public attention to the field, but 34% feel they have been negatively affected. Sixty-one percent agree that as a result of litigation by activists, greater social responsibility on the part of scientists working in the field is required. Considerable concern is expressed regarding public ignorance, uninformed controversy, and the future impact of activist-inspired litigation, especially on the possible loss of the U.S. competitive edge. Recommendations are made for a public education campaign focused on priority-target audiences (i.e., regulatory decision makers, other scientists, members of the media, and environmentalists).
Treatment of trapeziometacarpal arthritis: Results of resection arthroplasty

Ninety-one thumbs with symptomatic trapeziometacarpal arthritis were studied and classified by the severity of trapeziometacarpal arthritis, as seen on the roentgenogram. Thirty-five patients with mild changes had satisfactory relief of pain after treatment with anti-inflammatory drugs and a C-splint. Operation, consisting of resection of the trapezium and shortening by 1.5 cm of the abductor pollicis longus tendon was performed on 16 thumbs. In six patients a rolled palmaris longus tendon was inserted between the metacarpal base and the scaphoid. All patients had relief of pain, improvement of pinch and grip strength, and an increased range of thumb pronation after operation. There was no difference in the results of those patients treated with or without tendon interposition. Trapezial resection was found to be an effective means of treating patients with symptomatic trapeziometacarpal arthritis who failed to improve with conservative care.
INTERSECTINg Pathways in Cell Biology

The endocytic pathway is involved in activation and inhibition of cellular signaling. Thus, defining the regulatory mechanisms that link endocytosis and cellular signaling is of interest. An emerging link between these processes is a family of proteins called intersectins (ITSNs). These multidomain proteins serve as scaffolds in the assembly of endocytic vesicles and also regulate components of various signaling pathways, including kinases, guanosine triphosphatases, and ubiquitin ligases. This review summarizes research on the role of ITSNs in regulating both endocytic and signal transduction pathways, discusses the link between ITSNs and human disease, and highlights future directions in the study of ITSNs.
Surgical management of early small bowel obstruction after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass

Abstract Background Limited data are available regarding early postoperative small bowel obstruction (SBO) after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB). The aim of the present study was to review our experience with early SBO after LRYGB. The setting was a tertiary referral bariatric center. Methods We reviewed a prospectively maintained database to assess the diagnosis, management, and outcomes of patients who underwent surgery for SBO within 30 days of LRYGB. Results From April 2004 to December 2011, 2126 patients underwent LRYGB. Of these patients, 11 (.5%) required surgical management for early SBO. Of the 11 patients, 9 were women and 2 were men. with a mean age of 53 years (range 35–70) and mean body mass index of 45 kg/m 2 (range 38–65). The average interval from LRYGB to the presentation of SBO was 5.0 days (range 2–15). All early SBOs were diagnosed by computed tomography with oral contrast. The causes of early SBO included kinking at the jejunojejunostomy in 4, an intraluminal blood clot near the jejunojejunostomy in 2, angulation of the Roux limb in 1, mesenteric hematoma in 1, intra-abdominal hematoma in 1, obstruction of common channel in 1, and pelvic adhesions from previous surgery in 1. Diagnostic laparoscopy was attempted in all patients. Four patients required conversion to open surgery. Postoperative complications developed in 5 patients; no patient died. Laparoscopic management of early SBO resulted in fewer complications than the open approach. Conclusion Early SBO after LRYGB is uncommon; however, a prompt diagnosis and surgical intervention are important to prevent additional morbidity. The ability to complete the reoperation laparoscopically varies with the etiology and location of the obstruction.
Modelling ozone injury to U.S. forests

Lower atmospheric ozone, a gaseous air pollutant, is toxic to many plants and threatens the health of forests across the United States. In the 1990s, the USDA Forest Service began a monitoring program to assess status and trends with respect to the presence of phytotoxic concentrations of ozone in our nation’s forests. Ozone detection is based on the foliar (leaf) injury response of ozone-sensitive bioindicator species; a response that is conditioned primarily by the levels of ozone in the air and moisture in the soil. One goal of the program is to use the injury data in conjunction with ozone exposure and plant/soil moisture indices to develop a quantitative assessment of the effects of ozone pollution on plant life across the country. Preliminary work found that a logistic regression model was inadequate to describe the relationship between ozone injury and the environmental factors. Hoping for a better fit, we applied a generalized additive model. We refined the model by using different categorization methods for foliar injury and by incorporating different geographic and ecological factors. Finally, we concluded that our refined model, when compared to the logistic model, explains the data better and provides a better description of the relationship of interest.
A case for quantitative treatment verification in science teaching research

Educational studies that attempt to identify variables contributing significantly to student learning of science concepts often rely on careful construction of operational definitions as a means of controlling treatment variables. It is argued that this is not sufficient in a behavioral experiment such as in a science classroom because students may not behave as planned. In such research, quantitative treatment verification is necessary. A survey of the use of treatment verification in science teaching research is presented as well as one such procedure in detail. If the researcher finds significant differences between treatment groups on dependent measures, and if differences for student-teacher behaviors between treatments are quantified and determined to differ significantly, the researcher has a much stronger case for arguing causation than if treatment verification had not been employed.
The capillary flow of silicones

The non-Newtonian flow of silicone fluids in capillaries was investigated with special emphasis on the viscoelastic nature of entrance and exit effects. At low pressures the power law was obeyed, while at high pressures considerable deviations were observed, particularly with short capillaries. For capillaries with large length-to-radius ratios, the flow index and consistency approached the Newtonian values. Entrance effects were successfully analyzed by the method proposed by Bagley. At low shear stresses the end correction was dependent only on the geometry of the apparatus. An elastic contribution to the end correction was observed only at high shear stress, indicating a relatively mild viscoelastic behavior. Additional evidence indicating small elastic effects was obtained from swelling measurements of capillary jets.
Indigenous labor supply sustenance organization and population redistribution in nonmetropolitan America: an extension of the ecological theory of migration

The ecological theory of migration asserts that change in sustenance organization, to the extent that it produces changes in the opportunities for living, necessitates a change in population size. Migration may thus be viewed as a demographic response to the population’s need to reestablish a balance between its size and sustenance organization, thus attaining its best possible living standard. However, the levels of net in- or out-migration needed to restore the balance should be affected by the degree of positive or negative growth of the indigenous labor force population. We thus test the hypothesis that changes in opportunities for living will be balanced by net changes in the number of persons in the labor force, where this is a function of both indigenous labor supply and net migration.
Cultural Variations in Parental Support of Children's Play

The purpose of this reading is to highlight the importance of play for children's development and to examine the role of parents in supporting children's play in various cultures. Although play is believed to be universal, the amount of attention devoted to play in a particular society depends in part on the cultural beliefs about the nature of childhood, and on the adults' specific goals for their young children. Researchers have found that some parents consider themselves appropriate social partners for their young children, but in many communities it is older siblings and peers who are the children's primary play partners. Regardless of their direct involvement in the on-going play activities, parents often provide support and guidance for children's play. Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. This article is available in Online Readings in Psychology and Culture: http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/orpc/vol6/iss1/3
Wavy edges suggest moonlet in Encke's gap

Voyager images have revealed radial undulations of the inner and outer edges of the 325 km wide Encke gap in Saturn's A ring. These waves are present at some, but not all, longitudes. Their locations and wavelengths provide strong indirect evidence for the presence of at least one dominant moonlet of about 10 km radius orbiting near the center of the gap. Implications for 'shepherding' theory are discussed.
Gill alkaline phosphatase activity during salt water adaptation of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) walbaum

Abstract 1. l. Alkaline phoaphatase (E.G. 3.1.3.1) wag assayed in sub-cellular fractions of pooled gill filaments in sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka . 2. 2. Kinetics of gill alkaline phosphatase were measured. The apparent K m found was 8.4−8.6 × 10 −4 M . The optimum p H for this enzyme in gill tissue was 10.5. 3. 3. Mitochondrial preparations showed a 60 per cent increase in enzymatic activity with salt water adaptation. A decrease in enzymatic activity was observed in nuclear and micosomal fractions. 4. 4. The effects of various monovalent ions, divalent ions and metabolic inhibitors on gill phosphatase activity in vitro were examined.
Details of the central projections of the cochlear nerve in the hamster revealed by the fluorescent tracer DiI.

Abstract A new fluorescent tracer, DiI, may be used postmortem in perfused animals making placement in small structures such as the cochlea much less difficult. We have mapped cochlear nerve terminations in the cochlear nucleus with DiI and, using three-dimensional reconstructions, have demonstrated the topography and geometry of the cochlear input. By placing Dil in two regions of the cochlea, we have demonstrated that terminations from the cochlea form stacked sheets of inputs. If enough closely situated ganglion cells were labeled in the cochlea, a well-delineated stripe of label could be found in each section of the cochlear nucleus up to the superficial granule cell region. Here a small extension of label, separate from the stripe may represent the medial olivocochlear axons. When fewer axons were labelled in the cochlear nerve, the sheets were absent and discontinuous patches of label were found. These patches apposed rostrocaudally to form bands of label that run orthogonal to the tonotopic organization.
A Comparison of the Kubelka-Munk, Rozenberg, and Pitts-Giovanelli Methods of Analysis of Diffuse Reflectance for Several Model Systems

Previous studies have shown that the Rozenberg and Pitts-Giovanelli methods are useful alternatives that may be applied to diffusely reflecting samples that fail to conform to the Kubelka-Munk theory. These studies are extended in the present work to include samples of three additional types, namely, those which incorporate the absorber in solid solution within the scattering particles, those in which the absorber is adsorbed on the surface of the scattering particles, and those consisting of a dye spotted on chromatographic papers. No single method of analysis is superior in all cases. Although the Pitts-Giovanelli method gives a much better fit in some cases, it fails to converge in others. For this reason the Kubelka-Munk and Rozenberg methods are preferred, particularly when applied to diffusers in a medium of refractive index n = 1. For such systems the Rozenberg equation reduces to a simple form that is as easy to apply as the Kubelka-Munk equation.
Involvement of the Cytoskeleton in Controlling Leading-Edge Function during Chemotaxis

In response to directional stimulation by a chemoattractant, cells rapidly activate a series of signaling pathways at the site closest to the chemoattractant source that leads to F-actin polymerization, pseudopod formation, and directional movement up the gradient. Ras proteins are major regulators of chemotaxis in Dictyostelium; they are activated at the leading edge, are required for chemoattractant-mediated activation of PI3K and TORC2, and are one of the most rapid responders, with activity peaking at 3 s after stimulation. We demonstrate that in myosin II (MyoII) null cells, Ras activation is highly extended and is not restricted to the site closest to the chemoattractant source. This causes elevated, extended, and spatially misregulated activation of PI3K and TORC2 and their effectors Akt/PKB and PKBR1, as well as elevated F-actin polymerization. We further demonstrate that disruption of specific IQGAP/cortexillin complexes, which also regulate cortical mechanics, causes extended activation of PI3K and Akt/PKB but not Ras activation. Our findings suggest that MyoII and IQGAP/cortexillin play key roles in spatially and temporally regulating leading-edge activity and, through this, the ability of cells to restrict the site of pseudopod formation.
Development and validation of the functional assessment of chronic illness therapy treatment satisfaction (FACIT TS) measures

Purpose To develop and validate a new functional assessment of chronic illness therapy (FACIT) measure of satisfaction with treatment for chronic illnesses such as cancer and HIV/AIDS.
(Z)-10-heptadecen-2-one and 2-tridecanone biosynthesis from [1-14C]acetate by Drosophila buzzatii

Abstract The in vitro incorporation of [1- 14 C]acetate into (Z)-10-heptadecen-2-one, the major aggregation pheromone component of D. buzzatii , was greatest in the microsomal fraction of ejaculatory bulbs from mature male D. buzzatii . [1- 14 C]Acetate was also incorporated into 2-tridecanone, an ejaculatory bulb component that inhibits the aggregation activity of (Z)-10-heptadecen-2-one. Radiolabeled acetate was incorporated into the 2-ketones only by the ejaculatory bulbs from mature male flies. Optimal in vitro pheromone biosynthesis by intact ejaculatory bulbs occurred at pH 6.8 in phosphate buffer. Although radiolabeled was incorporated into tissue lipids at all ages tested, label was not detected in pheromone components until the insects were 4 days post-eclosion. Labeled acetate was most actively incorporated into 2-ketones by male flies of 5–6 days of age. The amount of labeled acetate present in the 2-ketones increased with incubation time, reaching a plateau at 16 h. Of the subcellular fractions, the microsomes incorporated the most radiolabel into pherome components, with about 7% of the recovered label present in the 2-ketones.
Broadcast Transmission in WDM-PON using a Broadband Light Source

A novel method to broadcast a video stream to all subscribers in WDM-PON is proposed and experimentally implemented. Using a broadband light source, we have achieved successful transmission performance with our proposed method.
myosin 7aa−/− mutant zebrafish show mild photoreceptor degeneration and reduced electroretinographic responses

Abstract Mutations in myosin VIIa ( MYO7A ) cause Usher Syndrome 1B (USH1B), a disease characterized by the combination of sensorineural hearing loss and visual impairment termed retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Although the shaker-1 mouse model of USH1B exists, only minor defects in the retina have been observed during its lifespan. Previous studies of the zebrafish mariner mutant, which also carries a mutation in myo7aa , revealed balance and hearing defects in the mutants but the retinal phenotype has not been described. We found elevated cell death in the outer nuclear layer (ONL) of myo7aa −/− mutants. While myo7aa −/− mutants retained visual behaviors in the optokinetic reflex (OKR) assay, electroretinogram (ERG) recordings revealed a significant decrease in both a- and b-wave amplitudes in mutant animals, but not a change in ERG threshold sensitivity. Immunohistochemistry showed mislocalization of rod and blue cone opsins and reduced expression of rod-specific markers in the myo7aa −/− ONL, providing further evidence that the photoreceptor degeneration observed represents the initial stages of the RP. Further, constant light exposure resulted in widespread photoreceptor degeneration and the appearance of large holes in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). No differences were observed in the retinomotor movements of the photoreceptors or in melanosome migration within the RPE, suggesting that myo7aa −/− does not function in these processes in teleosts. These results indicate that the zebrafish myo7aa −/− mutant is a useful animal model for the RP seen in humans with USH1B.
Nuclear data sheets for A = 222

Abstract Nuclear structure information for all nuclei with mass number A = 222 is evaluated. The results from various decay experiments are compared. Adopted data, levels, and spin and parity assignments are given.
Optimization of stellarator reactor parameters

Four quasi-axisymmetric compact stellarator plasma and coil configurations are analyzed for their potential as reactors. A 0-D (volume-average) approach for optimizing the main reactor parameters allows study of the relationship between global parameters and the compatibility of different constraints for a given power output including plasma-coil spacing, coil-coil spacing, maximum field and coil current density, neutron wall loading, plasma beta value, etc. The result is reactor candidates with average major radii in the 6-7 m range, a factor of two smaller than those of previous studies. A 1-D power balance code is used to study the ignited operating point and the effect of different plasma and confinement assumptions including density and temperature profiles, alpha particle losses, and helium particle confinement time for the different plasma and coil configurations.
Comparative Studies of Methanol Crossover and Cell Performance for a DMFC

Fuel (methanol) crossover through the polymeric electrolyte membrane in a single direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) was determined by monitoring the amount of CO 2 produced from methanol oxidation. Instead of measuring CO 2 from only the cathode by a conventional method, the amounts of CO 2 at both of the cathode and the anode were determined in the present study. Gravimetric determination of BaCO 3 was employed to accurately analyze the amount of CO 2 . The equivalent current of methanol crossover can be calculated from the discharge current of the fuel cell and the sum of dry BaCO 3 precipitate collected at the anode and the cathode exhausts. The common experimental deviation of measuring methanol crossover caused by CO 2 permeation through polymeric electrolyte membrane can be corrected with the proposed method. These data of methanol crossover were compared with the data of single cell polarization behaviors at different methanol concentrations and different temperatures. The energy density of the DMFC is not only dependent on the cell discharge performance but also significantly dependent on the faradaic efficiency that is directly linked to methanol crossover. Under the optimized operating conditions, 1.0 M methanol at 60°C, the DMFC has an energy density of 1800 Wh/kg based on pure methanol.
Orcokinin peptides in developing and adult crustacean stomatogastric nervous systems and pericardial organs

The orcokinins are a family of neuropeptides recently isolated from several crustacean species. We found orcokinin-like immunoreactivity in the stomatogastric nervous systems and pericardial organs of three decapod crustacean species, Homarus americanus, Cancer borealis, and Panulirus interruptus. The neuropil of the stomatogastric ganglion was stained in adults of all three species as well as in embryonic and larval H. americanus. In H. americanus, the somata giving rise to this projection were found in the inferior ventricular nerve. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry mass profiling and sequencing with postsource decay led to the identification of six different orcokinin family peptides, including those previously described in other decapods and two novel shorter peptides. Application of exogenous [Ala(13)]orcokinin to the stomatogastric ganglion of H. americanus resulted in changes in the pyloric rhythm. Specifically, the number of lateral pyloric (LP) neuron spikes/burst decreased, and the phase of firing of the pyloric neurons was altered. Together, these data indicate that the orcokinins are likely to function as modulators of the crustacean stomatogastric ganglion.
Pelvic Muscle Exercise Effect on Pelvic Muscle Performance in Women

The aim of this study was to compare pelvic muscle (PM) characteristics (strength, endurance and contractability) before and after 12 weeks of pelvic muscle exercises in two groups of older women: the first composed of women with genuine stress incontinence, and the second made up of women with no symptoms of urinary incontinence or pelvic organ prolapse. This research also investigated the extent to which PM pressure and health-related characteristics could help discriminate between women with and without a clinical sign of PM dysfunction. Within a framework of skeletal muscle fitness, outcome measures were defined and compared. There was no significant difference in the baseline (P= 0.09) and post-PME (P= 0.63) strength, endurance and contractability of the two groups of women. The two groups did differ significantly on change scores (P= 0.05) following PME. A greater improvement in strength for women without a clinical sign of dysfunction was demonstrated. There was a probability of 91% that those with a history of gynecological surgery belonged to the group of women with SUI.
Cyber-Enabled Simulations in Nanoscale Science and Engineering

The article describes recent progress in atomic and molecular level modeling and simulation of nanoscale materials and processes, as well as efforts by the US National Science Foundation's Network for Computational Nanotechnology (NCN) to cyber-enable such simulation tools together with instructional materials and research seminars. We believe that making advanced simulation tools widely and easily available to the research and education community will significantly enhance the impact of modeling and simulation on nanoscience and nanotechnology To materialize this vision, NCN established nanoHUB.org, a next-generation Web portal or science gateway that lets users run live, interactive simulations, explore data, and learn-all though a simple Web browser without installing any software or providing compute cycles.
INFRAPOPULATION DYNAMICS OF A WILD STRAIN OF TAENIA CRASSICEPS (WFU) (CESTODA: TAENIIDAE) IN BALB/cJ MICE

Taenia crassiceps cysticerci form large infrapopulations that persist in the tissues of their rodent hosts. Early infrapopulation growth appears inhibited and is followed by rapid increases that appear not to be controlled by the host immune response. This investigation was undertaken to examine the infrapopulation growth dynamics of a normally developing strain (WFU) of T. crassiceps during a 60-day primary intraperitoneal (i.p.) infection. Three, 6, 9, 14, 28, and 60 days after i.p. inoculation of 5 cysticerci, mice were killed, and the numbers of larvae, developmental stage, and buds per larva were recorded. Larval infrapopulation abundance increased exponentially beginning on day 6 postinoculation (PI), indicating an initial lag in reproduction. A stage-structured exponential growth model, assuming no mortality, fits the larval infrapopulation dynamics in terms of the numbers of larvae in reproductive and nonreproductive stages, indicating that cysticerci evade or suppress (or both) host immune mechanisms that are parasite restrictive after the first week of infection.
A New Objective Function for Word Alignment

We develop a new objective function for word alignment that measures the size of the bilingual dictionary induced by an alignment. A word alignment that results in a small dictionary is preferred over one that results in a large dictionary. In order to search for the alignment that minimizes this objective, we cast the problem as an integer linear program. We then extend our objective function to align corpora at the sub-word level, which we demonstrate on a small Turkish-English corpus.
A mechanical verification of the stressing algorithm for negative cost cycle detection in networks

The negative cost cycle detection (NCCD) problem in weighted directed graphs is a fundamental problems in theoretical computer science with applications in a wide range of domains ranging from maximum flows to image segmentation. From the perspective of program verification, this problem is identical to the problem of checking the satisfiability of a conjunction of difference constraints. There exist a number of approaches in the literature for NCCD with each approach having its own set of advantages. Recently, a greedy, space-efficient algorithm called the stressing algorithm was proposed for this problem. In this paper, we present a novel proof of the Stressing algorithm and its verification using the Prototype Verification System (PVS) theorem prover. This example is part of a larger research program to verify the soundness and completeness of a core set of decision procedures.
Psychophysiological and endocrine responses to sexual arousal in women

The unexplored possibility that a sexually induced endocrine response might prime further sexual arousal in women guided the current investigation. Healthy, premenopausal, heterosexual women in the follicular phase of their menstrual cycle were randomly assigned to either an experimental or a control group. The experimental group was exposed to a sexually explicit videotape, while the control group saw a nonerotic videotape. Ninety minutes later both groups saw a sexually explicit videotape. Vaginal vasocongestion and hormones (cortisol, prolactin, luteinizing hormone, testosterone) were measured continuously and subjective responses were sampled at 20-min intervals. Compared to controls, experimental subjects showed a greater amplitude and longer duration vaginal response to the second videotape. Subjective measures showed greater sexual response to the second erotic videotape compared to the first, an effect that was not mediated by the hormones measured here. Prolactin decreased significantly across the session for both groups, and several behavioral and affective responses were significantly correlated with hormonal levels. Commonalities and divergence with results of prior research point to the complexity and subtlety of endocrine interactions with sexual response as well as likely sex differences in hormone—behavioral interactions.
Coupled ocean‐atmosphere response to Indian Ocean warmth

[1] The coupled ocean-atmosphere response to Indian Ocean warmth is studied. It is shown with atmospheric models that Indian Ocean warmth forces a positive polarity phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), confirming results of previous studies. Coupled model experiments show that this NAO response forces a local air-sea feedback over the North Atlantic Ocean, which intensifies the NAO response. This enhancement is realized through a positive feedback between the NAO atmospheric circulation anomaly and a tripolar North Atlantic SST pattern, consistent with other studies on North Atlantic air-sea interactions. It is concluded that the North Atlantic and European climate response to Indian Ocean warming may be considerably greater than hitherto judged from the analyses of atmospheric model experiments alone.
Reading as Situated Language : A Sociocognitive Perspective

My main goal here is to situate reading within a broad perspective that integrates work on cognition, language, social interaction, society, and culture. In light of recent reports on reading (National Reading Panel, 2000; Snow, Burns, & Griffin, 1998) that have tended to treat reading quite narrowly in terms of psycholinguistic processing skills, I argue that such a broad perspective on reading is essential if we are to speak to issues of access and equity in schools and workplaces. I also argue that reading and writing cannot be separated from speaking, listening, and interacting, on the one hand, or using language to think about and act on the world, on the other. Thus, it is necessary to start with a viewpoint on language (oral and written) itself, a viewpoint that ties language to embodied action in the material and social world. I have organized this article into four parts. First, I develop a viewpoint on language that stresses the connections among language, embodied experience, and situated action and interaction in the world. In the second part, I argue that what is relevant to learning literacy is not English in general, but specific varieties of English that I call “social languages.” I then go on to discuss notions related to the idea of social languages, specifically Discourses (with a capital D) and their connections to socially situated identities and cultural models. In the third part, I show the relevance of the earlier sections to the development of literacy in early childhood through a specific example. Finally, I close the article with a discussion of the importance of language abilities (construed in a specific way) to learning to read.
Nitrate Migration through Groundwater, Estuaries, and Bays at Climatic Frequencies and Scales

Abstract Year-round nitrate measurements over a 16-year period from precipitation, groundwater, two harbors, Cape Cod Bay, and Buzzards Bay have been analyzed for their long-term nitrate cycles and correlations. Cyclic behavior in annually averaged nitrate concentration at variable amplitude and periodicity was observed in both estuaries, in the bays, and in the groundwater. These five nitrate concentration time series had correlations of 0.7 or larger among themselves and, except for Cape Cod Bay, with the annually averaged water table height upgradient of the two harbors. The low-frequency water table height variation explained 50% or more of the harbor nitrate variability. The nitrate concentrations were also correlated with the averaged wintertime precipitation amount in the area that had similar multi-year variability. These low-frequency correlations were found to be regional in nature and were thought to be from changes in hydraulic head caused by climatic scale changes in precipitation and infiltr...
Location of a unique replication terminus and genetic evidence for partial bidirectional replication in the Bacillus subtilis chromosome.

Abstract Using synchronized cell-density transfer experiments we have examined the replication order of the genetic markers located on the linkage groups carrying the replication origin or the replication terminus of the Bacillus subtilis chromosome. We compared the replication order of markers with their physical position on the published genetic map of B. subtilis . Our data confirm the existence of bidirectional replication on the linkage group carrying the replication origin. We have located a replication terminus in two different strains, 168TT and 23, which lies between the two linked markers gltA 14 and citK . Chromosome replication proceeds sequentially to citK in one direction and citK is replicated very late. Replication to the marker gltA which is linked to citK approaches from the opposite direction and gltA is replicated substantially earlier than citK . These experiments indicate that the B. subtilis chromosome exhibits partial bidirectional replication. Relating replication order data to the existing genetic map, the most likely arrangement of the three linkage groups is presented.
CD34 is not expressed on the cells of chronic lymphoproliferative disorders or in the vast majority of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas: a review of 1573 cases.

CD34 is not expressed on the cells of chronic lymphoproliferative disorders or in the vast majority of non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas: a review of 1573 cases
Neutrinos from neutron stars

A calculation of the flux of ultra-high energy neutrinos from galactic neutron stars is presented. The calculation is used to determine the number of point sources detectable at the sensitivity threshold of a proposed deep underwater muon and neutrino detector array. The detector array would have a point source detection threshold of about 100 eV/sq cm-sec. Analysis of neutrino luminosities and the number of detectable sources suggests that the deep underwater detector may make a few discoveries. In particular, a suspected neutron star in the Cyg X-3 source seems a promising target for the deep underwater array.
Synthesis and odor of optically active trans-2,2,6-trimethylcyclohexyl methyl ketones and their related compounds

Abstract The synthesis characterized by cationic olefin cyclizations accomplished using ketone enol esters and odor of novel (1R,6S)- and (1S,6R)-2,2,6-trimethylcyclohexyl methyl ketones ( 5 ) are described. The stereoselective syntheses of (E)-(1R,6S)- and (E)-(1S,6R)-1-(2,2,6-trimethylcyclohexyl)-2-buten-1-one ( 6 ) and (1R,6S)-ethyl 2,2,6-trimethylcyclohexylcarboxylate ( 7 ), useful raw materials for flavor and fragrance, starting from the (1R,6S)- and (1S,6R)-5 are also described.
Partial activation of antithrombin without heparin through deletion of a unique sequence on the reactive site loop of the serpin.

Abstract Native antithrombin (AT) has an inactive reactive site loop conformation unless it is activated by a unique pentasaccharide fragment of heparin (H5). Structural data suggests that this may be due to preinsertion of two N-terminal residues of the reactive site loop of the serpin into the A-β-sheet of the molecule. Relative to α1-antitrypsin, the reactive site loop of AT has three additional residues, Arg399, Val400, and Thr401, at the C-terminal P′ end of the loop. To determine whether a longer reactive site loop of AT is responsible for loop preinsertion in the native conformation, mutants of the serpin were expressed in which these residues were individually or in combination deleted. Kinetic analysis suggested that deletion of two residues, Val400 and Thr401, changed the solution equilibrium of the serpin in favor of the active conformation, thereby enhancing the inhibition of factor Xa by an order of magnitude independent of H5. Interestingly, the reactivity of this mutant with thrombin was impaired by the same order of magnitude in the absence, but not in the presence of H5. These results suggest that a longer reactive site loop in AT is responsible for its inactive native conformation toward factor Xa, while at same time AT requires this feature to regulate the activity of thrombin.
Male perpetrators of intimate partner violence and implicit attitudes toward violence: Associations with treatment outcomes

The present study examined the associations among implicit attitudes toward factors related to intimate partner violence (IPV) and objective, behavioral outcomes of participants legally mandated to attend partner violence interventions. Twenty-six male offenders, adjudicated within the past month on IPV charges, completed three sets of gender and violence themed implicit associations tests (IATs) to evaluate the relationships between implicit evaluations of women and violence and three key outcome measures assessed 6 months after enrollment in the study: self-reported prior year IPV perpetration, completion of a court-mandated partner abuse program, and criminal reoffending. IAT results indicated that more rapid associations between violence-related words and positive valences, rather than gender evaluations or associations between gender and violence, were associated with greater IPV perpetration during the year prior to involvement in the study as well as with poorer outcomes (i.e., greater treatment non-compliance and criminal recidivism) at the 6-month follow-up. Among explicit measures, only negative partner violence outcome expectancies were marginally associated with treatment compliance. None of the explicit measures predicted previous violence or recidivism. The findings are discussed in the context of reducing violence through promoting implicit cognitive change.
1D bosonization, 3D extended superparticles, Chern-Simons, and twistors

Various properties of simple and extended supersymmetry in 3D space-time are discussed and related.
Activation of transcription by IFN-gamma: tyrosine phosphorylation of a 91-kD DNA binding protein

Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) induces the transcription of the gene encoding a guanylate binding protein by activating a latent cytoplasmic factor, GAF (gamma-activated factor). GAF is translocated to the nucleus and binds a DNA element, the gamma-activated site. Through cross-linking and the use of specific antibodies GAF was found to be a 91-kilodalton DNA binding protein that was previously identified as one of four proteins in interferon-stimulated gene factor-3 (ISGF-3), a transcription complex activated by IFN-alpha. The IFN-gamma-dependent activation of the 91-kilodalton DNA binding protein required cytoplasmic phosphorylation of the protein on tyrosine. The 113-kilodalton ISGF-3 protein that is phosphorylated in response to IFN-alpha was not phosphorylated nor translocated to the nucleus in response to IFN-gamma. Thus the two different ligands result in tyrosine phosphorylation of different combinations of latent cytoplasmic transcription factors that then act at different DNA binding sites.
What is communication education and training

Writing last year in a Carnegie Foundation special Report, Nell Eurich reported that “more and more companies are teaching analytical skills and critical thinking” in corporate training classrooms (Corporate Classrooms, p. 77). A recent Associated Press story tells of Xerox Corporation's decision to spend $5 million to start a nonprofit institute at its Palo Alto Research Center that will “study how people think and learn and … try to develop new, more effective ways of teaching.” David Kearns, Xerox chairman and chief executive officer, is quoted as saying that “one of every three major corporations now is teaching new workers basic reading, writing, and mathematics.”
Modified Ottawa ankle rules as a decision aid for upper extremity injury: Report of two cases

Summary Objective The published guidelines for radiographic examination of lower extremity injuries are known as the ‘Ottawa rules’. These rules, initially published in 1992, were established to decrease the amount of unnecessary radiographs. False negatives when following the Ottawa rules are low and have reduced the number of unnecessary x-rays. In clinical settings, the rules and their associated algorithms are important as an aid for determining course of care. This paper documents two cases where adaptation of the Ottawa rules suggested the need for upper extremity radiography. Subsequent x-rays revealed the presence of a fracture in both cases. Clinical features The first case was an 8-year-old girl who was struck on the arm while playing. She experienced pain but refused to let anyone examine her arm. The second case was a 24-year-old male who fell 5 days earlier and landed on his right hand. The application of the adapted Ottawa rules suggested the potential for fracture, which was subsequently confirmed by radiographs. Intervention and outcome Radiographs confirmed the fracture and both patients were referred for orthopedic consultation and treatment. Conclusion These two cases, where the clinical decision making for a wrist injury was guided by an adaptation of the Ottawa ankle rules, highlight the lack of guidelines for upper extremity x-rays following injury and suggest that the Ottawa rules could form the basis for such guidelines. Further studies are required to demonstrate their reliability and validity for everyday clinical use.
An exafs study of compositional trends and photo-induced structural changes in amorphous AsXS1−x thin films

Non-stoichiometric AsxS1−x (0.4 < × < 0.5) films prepared by flash-evaporation have been studied by EXAFS. The results show that the Debye-Waller factor has a maximum for 0.4< × 0.5 and that photo-soaking leads to state more disorder than the annealed state.
Reconstructive materials for endodontically treated teeth.

Abstract A review of the literature on restoration of endodontically treated teeth was presented. The advantages and disadvantages of current methods and materials were described, and a detailed technique was suggested for the newer glass-ionomer restorative materials. An all-purpose material suited for the restoration of endodontically treated teeth is still unavailable. Each patient requires individual consideration. However, Ketac Silver material may be an excellent choice in select patients.
THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT HEAD POSITIONS ON THE WORK OF BREATHING IN VERY LOW BIRTHWEIGHT INFANTS WITH ENDOTRACHEAL TUBES

We measured mechanics of breathing of 3 very low birth weight infants (820, 850, 940 g) who required positive pressure ventilation (2-10 breaths/min) and distending pressure. We put a pneumotachograph onto the endotracheal tube and an esophageal balloon in the mid esophagus. Each infant was studied 3 times (29-66 days). Seven studies were satisfactory. Measurements were made with the infant's head in 5 different positions, to the right, left, flexed, neutral and extended. Respiratory flow and pressure were recorded and analyzed by a computer programmed to calculate respiratory rate, tidal volume, lung compliance and work of breathing, breath by breath. Each head position was maintained for approximately 1 minute and analysis made of a period of regular breathing. At least 10 (mean = 17) breaths were analyzed. There was a 2 to 8 fold difference in the work of breathing (per liter ventilation), between the different head positions in 6 of 7 studies. The average work in the position of least and greatest work was 2280 g cm/L/min (S.D.±1240) and 6680 g. cra/L/min (S.D.±2980). The position corresponding to least work varied. Roentgenograms showed that the endotracheal tube position changed with different head positions with the tube tip moving up and down the trachea, into the main bronchi and against the wall of the trachea. We conclude that routine changes in the head position of these infants cause marked changes in the work of breathing which might prolong respiratory insufficiency.