cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spatial models of active travel in small communities: Merging the goals of traffic monitoring and direct-demand modeling

Abstract A number of recent studies have made progress on specific components of monitoring and modeling bicycle and pedestrian traffic. However, few efforts merge the goals of collecting traffic counts and developing spatial models to meet multiple objectives, e.g., tracking performance measures and spatial modeling for use in exposure assessment. We used estimates of bicycle and pedestrian Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT) from a comprehensive traffic monitoring campaign in a small community to develop direct-demand models of bicycle and pedestrian AADT. Our traffic monitoring campaign (101 locations) was designed specifically to capture spatial variability in traffic patterns while controlling for temporal bias. Lacking existing counts of cyclists and pedestrians, we chose count sites based on street functional class and centrality (a measure of trip potential). Our direct-demand models had reasonable goodness-of-fit (bicycle R 2 : 0.52; pedestrian R 2 : 0.71). We found that aspects of the transportation network (bicycle facilities, bus stops, centrality) and land use (population density) were correlated with bicycle and pedestrian AADT. Furthermore, spatial patterns of bicycle and pedestrian traffic were different, justifying separate monitoring and modeling of these modes. A strength of our analysis is that we conducted counts at a representative sample of all street and trail segments in our study area (Blacksburg, Virginia; ~5.5% of segments) – an advantage of monitoring in a small community. We demonstrated that it is possible to design traffic monitoring campaigns with multiple goals (e.g., estimating performance measures and developing spatial models). Outputs from our approach could be used to (1) assess land use patterns that are correlated with high rates of active travel and (2) provide inputs for exposure assessment (e.g., calculating crash rates or exposure to other hazards). Our work serves as a proof-of-concept on a relatively small transportation network and could potentially be extended to larger urban areas.
Somatic mutations in CDH1 and CTNNB1 in primary carcinomas at 13 anatomic sites

// Evan L. Busch 1, 2, 3 , Jason L. Hornick 4 , Renato Umeton 5 , Adem Albayrak 5 , Neal I. Lindeman 4 , Laura E. MacConaill 4 , Elizabeth P. Garcia 4 , Matthew Ducar 4 and Timothy R. Rebbeck 2, 3 1 Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA 2 Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA 3 Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA 4 Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA 5 Department of Informatics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA Correspondence to: Evan L. Busch, email: nhebu@channing.harvard.edu Keywords: metastasis, carcinomas, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, mutation, detachment Received: June 27, 2017 Accepted: September 01, 2017 Published: September 21, 2017 ABSTRACT Metastases are involved in most cancer deaths. Evidence has suggested that cancer cell detachment from primary tumors might occur largely via the mechanism of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) activated by epigenetic events, but data addressing other possible triggers of detachment, particularly genetic mutations, have been limited. Using the Profile study of cancer genomics at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, we examined somatic mutations in the EMT genes CDH1 in 5,106 primary carcinomas and CTNNB1 in 7,578 primary carcinomas across 13 anatomic sites: urinary bladder, breast, colon/rectum, endometrium, esophagus, kidney, lung, ovary, pancreas, prostate, skin (non-melanoma), stomach, and thyroid. For each gene and anatomic site, we calculated the prevalence of primary carcinomas with at least one mutation. Across all anatomic sites, 4% of carcinomas had at least one CDH1 mutation and 4% of carcinomas had at least one CTNNB1 mutation. By anatomic site, the observed prevalence of carcinomas with at least one mutation was less than 5% at 10 sites for CDH1 and 12 sites for CTNNB1 . Tumor stage data were available for a subset of breast, colorectal, lung, and prostate tumors. Among patients from this subset who were diagnosed with regional or distant disease, only 4% had a CDH1 mutation and 1% had a CTNNB1 mutation in the primary tumor. The low mutation prevalences, especially among those with diagnoses of regional or distant disease, suggest that somatic mutations in CDH1 and CTNNB1 are unlikely to explain a substantial proportion of cancer cell detachment from primary carcinomas originating at most anatomic sites.
Exploring novel objective functions for simulating muscle coactivation in the neck

Musculoskeletal modeling allows for analysis of individual muscles in various situations. However, current techniques to realistically simulate muscle response when significant amounts of intentional coactivation is required are inadequate. This would include stiffening the neck or spine through muscle coactivation in preparation for perturbations or impacts. Muscle coactivation has been modeled previously in the neck and spine using optimization techniques that seek to maximize the joint stiffness by maximizing total muscle activation or muscle force. These approaches have not sought to replicate human response, but rather to explore the possible effects of active muscle. Coactivation remains a challenging feature to include in musculoskeletal models, and may be improved by extracting optimization objective functions from experimental data. However, the components of such an objective function must be known before fitting to experimental data. This study explores the effect of components in several objective functions, in order to recommend components to be used for fitting to experimental data. Four novel approaches to modeling coactivation through optimization techniques are presented, two of which produce greater levels of stiffness than previous techniques. Simulations were performed using OpenSim and MATLAB cooperatively. Results show that maximizing the moment generated by a particular muscle appears analogous to maximizing joint stiffness. The approach of optimizing for maximum moment generated by individual muscles may be a good candidate for developing objective functions that accurately simulate muscle coactivation in complex joints. This new approach will be the focus of future studies with human subjects.
Recent Genetics and Epigenetics Approaches to PTSD.

Following a life-threatening traumatic exposure, about 10% of those exposed are at considerable risk for developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a severe and disabling syndrome characterized by uncontrollable intrusive memories, nightmares, avoidance behaviors, and hyperarousal in addition to impaired cognition and negative emotion symptoms. This review will explore recent genetic and epigenetic approaches to PTSD that explain some of the differential risk following trauma exposure. A substantial portion of the variance explaining differential risk responses to trauma exposure may be explained by differential inherited and acquired genetic and epigenetic risk. This biological risk is complemented by alterations in the functional regulation of genes via environmentally induced epigenetic changes, including prior childhood and adult trauma exposure. This review will cover recent findings from large-scale genome-wide association studies as well as newer epigenome-wide studies. We will also discuss future “phenome-wide” studies utilizing electronic medical records as well as targeted genetic studies focusing on mechanistic ways in which specific genetic or epigenetic alterations regulate the biological risk for PTSD.
Direct numerical simulation of turbulent channel flow up to

A direct numerical simulation of incompressible channel flow at a friction Reynolds number ( ) of 5186 has been performed, and the flow exhibits a number of the characteristics of high-Reynolds-number wall-bounded turbulent flows. For example, a region where the mean velocity has a logarithmic variation is observed, with von Karman constant . There is also a logarithmic dependence of the variance of the spanwise velocity component, though not the streamwise component. A distinct separation of scales exists between the large outer-layer structures and small inner-layer structures. At intermediate distances from the wall, the one-dimensional spectrum of the streamwise velocity fluctuation in both the streamwise and spanwise directions exhibits dependence over a short range in wavenumber . Further, consistent with previous experimental observations, when these spectra are multiplied by (premultiplied spectra), they have a bimodal structure with local peaks located at wavenumbers on either side of the range.
Obtaining Secrecy through Intentional Uncertainty

The tremendous popularity of wireless medium for communications is mainly because of the broadcast nature, which allows access to multimedia and information without restriction on the user’s location. However, guaranteeing secure communication in a wireless medium is made difficult by the same broadcast nature, which makes it easy to eavesdrop on an ongoing communication, while making it nearly impossible to detect eavesdropping. The time-varying and unreliable nature of the wireless channels poses further difficulties. However, the same physical properties, which have a detrimental effect on reliability in communication, provide an opportunity to enhance the secrecy of communication, if used carefully.
Hepatotoxicity induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors: a comprehensive review including current and alternative management strategies.

Introduction: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) block cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/PD ligand 1 (PD-L1) receptors that control antitumor act...
The promises of student talk: The Harvard public issues series and stuttering pedagogies

A ampliacao das conversas estudantis nas escolas foi uma das multiplas reformas dos anos 1960-1970 que se contrapunham a passividade e a falta de atencao nas escolas dos Estados Unidos. A serie de questoes publicas de Harvard (Oliver e Shaver, 1966) foi um curriculo de “novos estudos sociais” que promoveu explicitamente a discussao em sala de aula. Por meio de uma analise detalhada desse curriculo, examinarei a conversa estudantil como uma pratica pedagogica desejada. Pretendo historicizar o foco dos educadores na conversa em sala de aula e utilizar criticas feministas e pos-coloniais dos supostos efeitos universais do dialogo entre os estudantes (por exemplo, Boler, 2006). Os materiais a serem examinados incluem os materiais curriculares de Questoes Publicas e manuais de professores, bolsas secundarias do Harvard Public Issues Project (por exemplo, Bohan e Feinberg, s/d), discussoes em sala de aula e minhas proprias lembrancas de ensinar novos estudos sociais como professores iniciantes. Palavras-chave: conversa de estudante, novo curriculo de estudos sociais, objetos pedagogicos do desejo.
Exploring the emerging role of the microbiome in cancer immunotherapy

The activity of the commensal microbiota significantly impacts human health and has been linked to the development of many diseases, including cancer. Gnotobiotic animal models have shown that the microbiota has many effects on host physiology, including on the development and regulation of immune responses. More recently, evidence has indicated that the microbiota can more specifically influence the outcome of cancer immunotherapy. Therapeutic interventions to optimize microbiota composition to improve immunotherapy outcomes have shown promise in mouse studies. Ongoing endeavors are translating these pre-clinical findings to early stage clinical testing. In this review we summarize 1) basic methodologies and considerations for studies of host-microbiota interactions; 2) experimental evidence towards a causal link between gut microbiota composition and immunotherapeutic efficacy; 3) possible mechanisms governing the microbiota-mediated impact on immunotherapy efficacy. Moving forward, there is need for a deeper understanding of the underlying biological mechanisms that link specific bacterial strains to host immunity. Integrating microbiome effects with other tumor and host factors regulating immunotherapy responsiveness versus resistance could facilitate optimization of therapeutic outcomes.
Douglas-Rachford Networks: Learning Both the Image Prior and Data Fidelity Terms for Blind Image Deconvolution

Blind deconvolution problems are heavily ill-posed where the speciﬁc blurring kernel is not known. Recovering these images typically requires estimates of the kernel. In this paper, we present a method called Dr-Net, which does not require any such estimate and is further able to invert the effects of the blurring in blind image recovery tasks. These image recovery problems typically have two terms, the data ﬁdelity term (for faithful reconstruction) and the image prior (for realistic looking reconstructions). We use the Douglas-Rachford iterations to solve this problem since it is a more generally applicable optimization procedure than methods such as the proximal gradient descent algorithm. Two proximal operators originate from these iterations, one from the data ﬁdelity term and the second from the image prior. It is non-trivial to design a hand-crafted function to represent these proximal operators for the data ﬁdelity and the image prior terms which would work with real-world image distributions. We therefore approximate both these proximal operators using deep networks. This provides a sound motivation for the ﬁnal architecture for Dr-Net which we ﬁnd outperforms the state-of-the-art on two mainstream blind deconvolution benchmarks. We also ﬁnd that Dr-Net is one of the fastest algorithms according to wall-clock times while doing so.
Promiscuous Paradigms and the Morphologically Conditioned "Ergative Split" in Texistepec Popoluca (Zoquean)

0. Introduction Many authors have struggled to capture the relationship between the various phenomena to which the label “ergativity” is applied. Languages can conflate transitive objects with intransitive subjects, to the exclusion of transitive subjects, at several different levels: syntactic structure, morphological case marking, and verbal agreement systems (Dixon 1994). While some of these patterns may partially overlap in a single language, the overlap is never complete—no language seems to be 100 percent ergative, by any definition (Dixon 1977, 1994). The diversity of these patterns both within and across languages has challenged efforts to define ergativity in a way that is both informative and restrictive. I argue against the assumption that ergative patterns share some underlying syntactic commonality, based on evidence that, in verbal agreement systems, the source of “ergativity” or “split ergativity” may originate in the morpho-phonology, rather than the assignment of Case in the syntax. This paper advocates a position first adopted by Woolford (1999), that there are two distinct types of ergative agreement. One type is parasitic on Case, typically involving agreement only with Nominative (a.k.a. “Absolutive”) arguments, as in Hindi. A second type occurs in languages with no ergative case morphology on nominals, and crucially does not depend on the assignment of Ergative Case in the syntax (Woolford 1999). I argue that the second type is just one of many examples of phonology and morphology “intrusively” affecting the choice between syntactically distinct agreement paradigms. In support of the distinction between ergative agreement systems that are based on Case and those based on morphological paradigm selection, I present
Dark energy from nondegenerate Higgs-vacuum

Scalar fields are favorite among the possible candidates for the dark energy. Most frequently discussed are those with degenerate minima at ± ϕmin. In this paper, a slightly modified two-Higgs doub...
A Landscape of Sacred Regeneration and Resilience

This chapter will explore more deeply our unbroken connection to spirit in the face of colonization and the seeming loss of access and sense of separation through trauma and oppression. When we choose the framework of decolonization to examine the deepest connections and source of our survival, it can add to the distancing of Indigenous peoples from the strength of spirit by centering the ongoing project of colonization in our minds and hearts. When we reframe the conversation to center links to the ancestors and spirit through story, ritual, and deep remembering, then we re-enliven the ability to dream a future of courage, resilience, and hope for the seven generations following us and for all life. This reframing is a radical act of resistance to colonization and the bedrock of resilience.
Self-Interference Cancellation and Beamforming in Repeater-assisted Full-duplex Vehicular Communication

Self-driving vehicles will need low-latency and highcapacity vehicular communication for acquiring wider view of their surroundings. Such vehicle-to-vehicle communication can be indirectly supported in some circumstances (e.g., if blocked) through adjacent road side units (RSUs). RSUs will be acting as full-duplex repeaters among the vehicles to ensure low latency and high data rate. However, full-duplex repeaters result in self-interference phenomenon which can degrade the reliability of the communication links. In this work, we aim to enhance the reliability of full-duplex repeaters by canceling out the selfinterference impact, and applying a beamforming scheme that is matched to the source-destination composite channel. We show that the proposed self-interference cancellation and beamforming (SICAB) algorithm significantly reduces the error rate for lowisolated repeaters. Finally, we illustrate the impact of the repeater isolation capability on the performance of the proposed SICAB algorithm.
Ultra-Low Iron Abundances in Distant Hot Gas in Galaxy Groups

A new XMM observation of the outer regions of the galaxy group NGC 5044 indicates hot gas iron abundances of only ~0.15 solar between r=0.2 - 0.4 r_vir. While the total baryon mass within the virial radius may be close to the cosmic mean value observed in rich clusters, the ratio of total iron mass to optical light in NGC 5044 is about 3 times lower than that in rich clusters. The remarkably low iron abundance over a large volume of the intergroup gas in the outer regions of NGC 5044 cannot be easily understood in terms of the outflow of enriched gas in a group wind during its early history or by the long term enrichment by the group member galaxies that currently occupy this region. It is possible that the stars in NGC 5044 did not produce iron with the same efficiency as in clusters, or the iron resides in non-luminous clouds or stars, or the entropy of the iron-enriched gas created in early galactic starburst winds was too high to penetrate the group gas of lower entropy.
Application of Convolutional Neural Networks For Wild Fire Detection

Early detection of wildfires is a critical modern-day challenge for first responders and emergency services. The existing systems for wildfire detection include video surveillance with high-end cameras using pattern recognition and satellite-based monitoring. These systems are very expensive which makes them beyond the reach of medium to small scale users. In a prior work, we proposed a low-power and low-cost wildfire monitoring system based on distributed sensor networks. The system combined a camera with humidity and smoke sensors. A major challenge in the implementation of that system was to classify the difference between camera images with and without the fire/smoke. The latest developments in deep learning offer a viable solution to process the camera images and detect the presence of wildfire/smoke using convolutional neural networks (CNNs). We use a very large wildfire image database to train and validate the CNN classifiers and analyze their classification accuracy. The results indicate that CNNs can detect presence of fire/smoke in wildfire images with very high accuracy. We plan to continue this work and integrate the CNN based classification method into our proposed wildfire detection system.
Column classification and structure-retention relationships

Abstract The classification of stationary phases, the selection of column dimensions, and the prediction of retention for gas chromatography are described. Column classification is based on the system constants of the solvation parameter model determined at several temperatures for nearly all common types of commercially available poly(siloxane), poly(ethylene glycol), and ionic liquid stationary phases. Data analysis tools are used to identify columns with different selectivity from a large database of system constants and to explain selectivity differences in terms of the capability of the stationary phases for particular intermolecular interactions. The effect of temperature on selectivity and the limitations of current models to explain selectivity in temperature-programmed separation are discussed. The standardization of retention using retention indices and retention projection are described together with advances in quantitative structure–retention relationships for retention prediction.
EPR, Magnetic Susceptibility and Endor Studies of the Water Oxidizing Complex and Dimanganese Models: Consequences of CL− Exchange and CA2+Depletion

Calcium, chloride and manganese are inorganic cofactors that are required for photosynthetic water oxidation. While manganese serves as the redox agent which catalyzes water oxidation, the biologcal roles of calcium and chloride have not been determined.
School Context and the Academic and Behavioral Progress of Students with Emotional Disturbance

Lack of progress of children with emotional disturbance (ED) has begun to be documented in longitudinal school-based studies. Variability in these studies may be due to several factors, including w...
Engineering Master of Science Theses at Rowan University: A Citation Analysis of the First Nine Years

The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of scholarly and nonscholarly sources in engineering Master of Science theses. Research questions included how usage of different types of sources varied by department, whether students are using scholarly sources, and whether Rowan University Libraries provides access to the sources students are citing. This citation analysis provides in-depth information about engineering citing practices that may be useful to other engineering librarians in supporting their graduate students’ research.
The Bonds of Love and the Boundaries of Self in Toni Morrison's "Beloved"

Toni Morrison's Beloved penetrates, perhaps more deeply than any historical or psychological study could, the unconscious emotional and psychic consequences of slavery. The novel reveals how the condition of enslavement in the external world, particularly the denial of one's status as a human subject, has deep repercussions in the individual's internal world. These internal resonances are so profound that even if one is eventually freed from external bondage, the self will still be trapped in an inner world that prevents a genuine experience of freedom. As Sethe succinctly puts it, "Freeing yourself was one thing; claiming ownership of that freed self was another" (95). The novel wrestles with this central problem of recognizing and claiming one's own subjectivity, and it shows how this cannot be achieved independently of the social environment. A free, autonomous self, as Jessica Benjamin argues in The Bonds of Love, is still an essentially relational self and is dependent on the recognizing response of an other. Beloved powerfully dramatizes the fact that, in Benjamin's words, "In order to exist for oneself, one has to exist for an other" (53); in so doing, it enacts the complex interrelationship of social and intrapsychic reality. For Morrison's characters, African-Americans in a racist, slave society, there is no reliable other to recognize and affirm their existence. The mother, the child's first vital other, is made unreliable or unavailable by a slave system which either separates her from her child or so enervates and depletes her that she has no self with which to confer recognition. The consequences on the inner life of the child the emotional hunger, the obsessive and terrifying narcissistic fantasiesconstitute the underlying psychological drama of the novel. "124 was spiteful. Full of a baby's venom." The opening lines of
The Use of Single-Point and Ring-Shaped Laser Traps to Study Sperm Motility and Energetics

The sections in this article are Introduction Single-Point Laser Trap Ring-Shaped Laser Traps Biological Studies Sperm Competition Sperm Energetics Conclusion Acknowledgment Keywords: Single Point Laser Traps; Ring-shaped Laser Traps; Sperm Motility and Energetics
ADA5/SPT20 links the ADA and SPT genes, which are involved in yeast transcription.

In this report we described the cloning and characterization of ADA5, a gene identified by resistance to GAL4-VP16-mediated toxicity. ADA5 binds directly to the VP16 activation domain but not to a transcriptionally defective VP16 double point mutant. Double mutants with mutations in ada5 and other genes (ada2 or ada3) isolated by resistance to GAL4-VP16 grow like ada5 single mutants, suggesting that ADA5 is in the same pathway as the other ADA genes. Further, ADA5 cofractionates and coprecipitates with ADA3. However, an ada5 deletion mutant exhibits a broader spectrum of phenotypes than mutants with null mutations in the other ADA genes. Most interestingly, ADA5 is identical to SPT20 (S.M. Roberts and F. Winston, Mol. Cell. Biol. 16: 3206-3213, 1996), showing that it shares phenotypes with the ADA and SPT family of genes. Of the other SPT genes tested, mutants with mutations in SPT7 and, strikingly, SPT15 (encoding the TATA-binding protein) show resistance to GAL4-VP16. We present a speculative pathway of transcriptional activation involving the ADA2-ADA3-GCN5-ADA5 complex and the TATA-binding protein.
Abstract 3732: Utilizing Bimolecular Fluorescent Complementation to Identify Inhibitors of RAL and KRAS

We have identified RAL activity to be vital for NSCLC survival independent of KRAS or EGFR mutation status in a large panel of adenocarcinomas and have developed a novel high throughput screening assay based on Bimolecular Fluorescent Complementation (BiFC) to identify small molecules that impair RAL function. Coupling RALA and RALB to the C-terminus of the Venus protein (VC) and coexpressing either with direct binding effector RALBP1 fused to the N-terminus of the Venus protein (VN) result in a fluorescent signal when RAL-RALBP1 binding occurs in cells. This allows for the interrogation of small molecules that disrupt RAL-RALBP1 binding interactions (resulting in loss of fluorescence) in a real time, high throughput manner. Our preliminary screen with a natural compound library identified 14 small molecules that demonstrated high activity in disrupting both RALA- and RALB-RALBP1 binding and fluorescence. We are currently investigating these compounds9 mode of action and have recently expanded our assay to screen for molecules that impair mutant KRAS activity (VC-KRAS / RAF1-VN). BiFC provides a rapid, more physiologic method to identify molecules that can disrupt protein-protein interactions of targets considered ‘undruggable’, including membrane bound small GTPases such as RAL and KRAS. Citation Format: Marytheresa Ifediba, David Burnett, Nicholas Hovda, William Burnett, Matthew VanBrocklin. Utilizing Bimolecular Fluorescent Complementation to Identify Inhibitors of RAL and KRAS. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3732. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3732
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Piezoelectric Materials for Energy Harvesting Applications

The previously proposed polarizable charge equilibrium (PQEq) force field model is parameterized for studying lead titanate (PT), lead zirconate (PZ), and their alloys: lead zirconate titanate (PZT). Several molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are performed to assess the degree of accuracy of the model. The phase transition temperatures, which are generally inaccurate in MD, are shown to be similar to experimental measurements. Also, the calculation of the ferroelectric hysteretic behavior, including the spontaneous polarization, saturated polarization and coercive fields, with extended MD is shown to give a qualitatively correct comparison between PT and PZT. The accuracy of the electronic properties in PQEq leads to direct application to a range of interesting problems such as enhanced properties of piezo- and ferro-electric nanostructures and the kinetics of domain walls in these materials.
Prothoracotrophic activity of compounds that mimic juvenile hormone.

Abstract Juvenile hormone-mimicking substances such as farnesol, farnesyl methyl ether, farnesyl diethylamine, nerolidol, and dodecyl methyl ether have prothoracotrophic activity and can activate the prothoracic glands of brainless, diapausing pupae of Antheraea polyphemus and Hyalophora cecropia (Lepidoptera, Saturniidae) and cause them to initiate adult development. Such brainless pupae ordinarily remain in diapause for two years without developing. In certain solvent systems several of the agents tested had both prothoracotrophic and juvenile hormone activities, whereas in other solvent systems only prothoracotrophic activity. The reasons for this phenomenon were examined and the importance of the solvent system in applying these agents is discussed. Compounds with the most juvenile hormone activity were also the most potent prothoracotrophic agents and vice versa. Evidence from other laboratories indicates that compounds with greatest juvenile hormone activity also had greatest gonadotrophic activity. Hence all three activities appear to go together. Lipid extracts of cecropia moths also have juvenile hormone, prothoracotrophic and gonadotrophic activities. The present experiments show that the corpora allata are the source of at least two of these three activities. The present data suggest that the hormone secreted by the corpus allatum, the juvenile hormone, is a single chemical agent possessing morphogenetic, prothoracotrophic, and gonadotrophic activities and that the primary physiological action of juvenile hormone is the same in promoting all three activities. A possible role for juvenile hormone in stimulating the prothoracic glands of some Lepidoptera during larval life is discussed.
Curriculum Improvement Process in Mechanical Engineering at Penn State

This paper describes the process that was used to review and improve the Mechanical Engineering curriculum at Penn State University. The improvement process applied design methodology to review the present curriculum, develop alternate curriculum models, and evaluate those models. The curriculum models that were developed and challenges in implementing this process are also described.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Closed-Form Approximation for the AOQL of Attributes Acceptance Sample Plans

We derive upper and lower bounds at the point at which the average outgoing quality limit (AOQL) of an attributes acceptance sampling plan is achieved. Using a simple average of these bounds to approximate the ordinate of the AOQL, we develop an accurate, closed-form approximation to the AOQL. The bounds and approximation show how the parameters of a sampling plan affect the AOQL and can be used to study the behavior of the AOQL and other measures of the plan's performance.
Net Present Value Analysis to Select Public R&D Programs and Valuate Expected Private Sector Participation

One of the main functions of government is to invest taxpayer dollars in projects, programs, and properties that will result in social benefit. Public programs focused on the development of technology are examples of such opportunities. Selecting these programs requires the same investment analysis approaches that private companies and individuals use. Good use of investment analysis approaches to these programs will minimize our tax costs and maximize public benefit from tax dollars invested. This article describes the use of the net present value (NPV) analysis approach to select public R&D programs and valuate expected private sector participation in the programs.
Complete basis set ab initio computational study of unimolecular decomposition of dimethyl ether

Abstract Complete basis set ab initio computational study was performed with the target of elucidating decomposition paths in dimethyl ether combustion. Several parallel chemical transformations were considered with the determination of activation barriers, bond dissociation energies, and enthalpies of the reactions. It was determined that the formation of some carbene intermediates is an energetically unfavorable process, and that the reaction is occurring through C–O bond fusion, hydrogen radical abstraction, and elimination reaction. The computed values and reaction outcomes were compared to experimental results and the reliability of this computational approach for the study of combustion chemistry was discussed.
Directional Coupling Measurements And Calculations In Ti:LiNbO3 Channel Waveguides

Measurements are described at 0.83 µm and 1.3 µm to investigate the directional coupling between two identical, single mode, Ti :diffused channel waveguides for the ordinary (TE) and extraordinary (TM) polarizations in Z-cut, X-propagating LiNb03. The coupling parameters for each polarization are a function of the waveguide fabrication parameters and hence of the waveguide mode dispersion. Also the coupling characteristics for the TE and TM modes vary somewhat differently with changes in mode dispersion. Hence, for different waveguide fabrication conditions, the TE and TM mode coupling coefficients may be equal at one coupler gap or may be unequal for all gaps or, most significantly, may be equal for all gaps. Experimentally determined coupling variables are compared with theoretical ones, calculated using channel mode dispersion parameters and diffusion parameters determined from mode measurements on planar waveguides. Experimental/theoretical agreement is generally good and the calculations correctly predict the effect on the coupling characteristics of changes in waveguide fabrication parameters.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The role of format in digital preservation

The concept of representation format permeates all technical aspects of digital repository architecture and is, therefore, the foundation of many, if not all, digital preservation activities. Digital formats need to be understood both as general classes of encodings and in the specific instances of digital objects. The Digital Library Foundation (DLF) has sponsored an initial investigation into the creation of a global digital format registry (GDRF) to maintain format representation information. Using such information, ancillary tools and services can be created for additional repository and preservation‐related functions such as format‐specific object identification, validation, and characterization. JSTOR and the Harvard University Library are cooperating on the development of an extensible format validation framework called JHOVE. This paper introduces both the GDFR and JHOVE projects.
Basic scientists in urology departments.

The department of urology is a clinical department whose main mission is to care for patients with urological disorders, and teach urology residents and medical students. Often the need for research becomes an integral part of this mission. Therefore, it is reasonable for academic urologists to conduct clinical as well as basic science research projects to enhance the quality of care and teaching. Indeed significant contributions have been made through research. However, because of the demands on time for patient care and teaching, urologists are unable to devote sufficient time to conduct research, which is often frustrating. The idea of recruiting a basic scientist to share the burden of research is attractive, which is probably the main reason why many basic scientists are members of the department of urology at many institutions. Although in most cases this urologist and Ph.D. partnership has been productive, in a few programs it has not worked well.
ADVANCEMENTS IN RESEARCH OF MAGNETIC RECORDING

This paper reviews some of the advancements in the research and development of magnetic recording media and heads for applications in high-density information storage systems. In particular, advancements in the understanding of the fundamental mechanisms in perpendicular and longitudinal recording processes, media, and heads are discussed. Advancements in the designs and materials of media and heads, calculations of recording performance, and new measurement techniques are reviewed. It is concluded that the development of magnetic recording technology is accelerating and needs rapid advancements in the research of media, heads, and the head-media interface. Interactions between university and industry can assist in advancing magnetic recording research to achieve the ultra-high areal densities and reliability required for future information storage systems.
Near field stress analysis of a spot weld between elastic plates

Abstract The mechanics of a circular, spot weld between two identical elastic plates is studied. A method of solution similar to that used by the authors in a paper concerned with the influence of an elastic layer on the tangential compliance of bodies in contact is used. In the present analysis the relation between tangential load and deflection is lost due to the nature of the problem; hence, physical quantities are determined in terms of the total tangential load applied in the weld region.
EFFECT OF LIPID PEROXIDATION ON THE NMDA RECEPTOR CPP BINDING SITE DURING CEREBRAL HYPOXIA IN NEWBORN PIGLETS. ▴ 2229

Previous studies have shown that hypoxia induces membrane lipid peroxidation and alters the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor in the cerebral cortex of newborn piglets. The present study tests the hypothesis that hypoxia-induced modification of the 3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)-1-phosphonic acid (CPP) binding site of the NMDA receptor is correlated with hypoxia-induced lipid peroxidation in brain cell membranes. Studies were performed in 18 anesthetized, ventilated piglets divided into 2 groups - 8 normoxic and 10 exposed to decreased FiO2 at different concentrations and durations to achieve various degrees of hypoxia. P2 membrane fractions were prepared and 3H-CPP binding was performed at concentrations ranging from 2.5 to 1500 nM at 23°C for 40 mins. Conjugated dienes (CDs) were measured as an index of lipid peroxidation.[ATP] and [phosphocreatine] (PCr) were measured biochemically to document tissue hypoxia. In the normoxic group the [CD] was 0.0 nmol/g brain. Bmax(receptor number) 343±80 fmole/mg protein and Kd (dissociation constant) 130±46 nM. The animals exposed to decreased FiO2 concentrations demonstrated [CDs] (nmol/g brain), Bmax (fmole/mg protein) and Kd (nM) concentrations as follows: (3.5, 142, 80), (25, 193, 118), (49, 195, 80), (56, 261, 119), (70, 326, 112), (98, 97, 47), (112, 61, 65), (117, 166, 156), (123, 59, 28) and (202, 50, 58). The results show that as the [CDs] increase both the receptor Bmax (r=0.7) and Kd (r=0.6) decrease in a linear fashion. The data demonstrate that during hypoxia progressive NMDA receptor modification occurs as lipid peroxidation increases. We speculate that the hypoxia-induced progressive modification of the NMDA recognition site may be due either to an alteration of brain cell membrane structure secondary to conjugated diene formation or to a direct modification of the receptor by hypoxia-induced free radicals. (Funded by NIH-HD-20337, MOD #6-FY94-0135, UCPR 506-93)
On four theological relations

The four rheological relations discussed in this paper pertain to small oscillations superposed on large steady shearing flow of incompressible non-newtonian fluids and involve both normal and shearing stresses. Two of these relations are shown to hold in general for incompressible simple fluids. Further, while the remaining two hold for the incompressible BKZ fluid, it is shown by counterexample that they do not hold for all simple fluids. A check of one of the latter relations against experimental data from the literature lends support to the BKZ theory.
Anchors and norms in anonymous pay-what-you-want pricing contexts

Abstract In this paper, we examine whether firm-supplied numbers influence reported payments in anonymous pay-what-you-want (PWYW) exchanges. PWYW allows consumers to select any level of voluntary payment. Using two experiments, we find that consumers voluntarily report payments greater than zero on average in the absence of social pressure. Further, reported voluntary payments are influenced by numbers in the exchange context. When higher numbers are present, consumers respond by reporting they would make higher payments. However, the meaning of the number is also important. When the number represents a descriptive norm (what others are doing), it is more predictive of reported payments compared to a number that represents an injunctive norm (what is the “correct” thing to do) in some cases. Our results indicate that PWYW may indeed be feasible for products that are purchased anonymously and that firms can strategically provide information that affects payments.
Survivin regulates hematopoietic progenitor cell proliferation through p21WAF1/Cip1-dependent and -independent pathways

The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21WAF1/Cip1 and Survivin enhance granulocyte macrophage colony-forming unit (CFU-GM) cell cycle and proliferation and have been implicated as antiapoptotic proteins. We investigated the relationships between p21 and Survivin in primary CFU-GM and c-kit+, lineage-negative (Lin-) cells and demonstrate p21-dependent and -independent pathways whereby Survivin regulates progenitor cell proliferation. Ectopic Survivin enhanced p21+/+ CFU-GM formation and expansion of c-kit+, Lin- cells, whereas p21 gene loss abrogated these effects, indicating a p21 requirement. A dominant-negative form of Survivin and p21 gene deletion accelerated the loss of CFU-GM upon growth factor deprivation, and wild-type Survivin overexpression inhibited apoptosis of p21+/+ CFU-GM and c-kit+, Lin- cells but not p21-/- cells, suggesting that both Survivin and p21 block apoptosis of progenitors and that Survivin-mediated antiapoptosis requires p21. In contrast to the p21-dependent antiapoptotic effects, Survivin increased the proportion of CFU-GM in S-phase in both p21+/+ and p21-/- cells. Furthermore, modulating Survivin expression increased polyploidy in c-kit+, Lin- cells, which was accentuated by p21 deficiency. These results suggest that the Survivin-p21 axis plays an important role in the proliferation of normal hematopoietic cells and that Survivin regulates apoptosis through a p21 WAF1/Cip1-dependent pathway but may control S-phase entry independent of p21.
Monitoring treatment in tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency by serum prolactin

Hyperphenylalaninaemia, dopamine and serotonin deficiencies are the main metabolic disturbances caused by tetrahydrobiopterin (BH 4 ) deficiency, irrespective of the enzyme defect leading to impaired cofactor synthesis or regeneration. While hyperphenylalaninaemia can be easily controlled by dietary or synthetic cofactor treatment, it is often hard to ensure neurotransmitter homeostasis at the central level by administering the hydroxylated precursors. Major concerns are with their optimal dosages, as neither biochemical measurement of CSF neurotransmitter metabolites nor clinical monitoring are adequately informative (Ponzone et al 1990 ; Spada et al 1992). Since dopamine is the essential inhibitory factor of prolactin (PRL) secretion, we evaluated serum PRL levels in seven BH 4 -deficient patients before and while on therapy as a simple tool for treatment monitoring.
Structure Sensitivity of Carbon−Nitrogen Ring Opening: Impact of Platinum Particle Size from below 1 to 5 nm upon Pyrrole Hydrogenation Product Selectivity over Monodisperse Platinum Nanoparticles Loaded onto Mesoporous Silica

Well-defined platinum nanoparticles between 0.8 and 5.0 nm were prepared using dendrimer and polymer capping agents and supported onto mesoporous SBA-15 silica. Using these model catalysts, pyrrole hydrogenation was demonstrated to be structure sensitive because ring opening occurred more easily over larger particles compared to smaller ones. The phenomenon is caused by surface roughness or electronic effects that change with particle size.
TH-C-217BCD-05: Ultrasound Nakagami Imaging to Assess Breast Fibrosis Following Breast-Cancer Radiotherapy

Purpose: To investigate ultrasound Nakagami imaging to assess breast fibrosis in women with breast cancer undergoing whole breast radiotherapy (RT). Methods: Previous studies have demonstrated that the Nakagami‐model‐based image can characterize scatterers in tissues through ultrasound echo statistics. We hypothesize that the Nakagami image may serve as a functional imaging tool to assess breast fibrosis. To test this concept, we conducted a pilot study with 10 breast‐cancer patients. All patients received a standard course of radiation: 50.4 Gy followed by an electron boost of 10.0 Gy at the lumpectomy site. A baseline ultrasound scan was performed one week prior to RT. Two additional scans were performed at 6‐month and 12‐month post RT. Patients were imaged on both breasts with a 10‐MHz ultrasound linear probe, in a supine position, at the 12, 3, 6, and 9 o'clock axes as well as at the lumpectomy site. Scans taken on the untreated breast served as a control. Conventional ultrasoundimages and radio‐frequency (RF) echo signals were acquired simultaneously. The envelopes of backscattered radio‐frequency signals were used for Nakagami imaging. The Nakagami parameter image is constructed by using a square sliding window to process the enveloped signals. Results: Significant changes were observed in Nakagami image parameter values between the treated and untreated breasts. The average Nakagami parameters was 1.02 for the untreated breasts and 1.18 for treated breasts (p<0.001). The increased Nakagami parameter indicates increase in the concentration of local scatterers and the appearance of the periodic structures or clustering of scatterers that would change the backscattering statistics. Such changes may be correlated to the development of fibrosis. Conclusions: The current findings indicate that the ultrasound Nakagami image has great potential as a functional imaging tool to complement the use of the conventional B‐scan to assess radiation‐induced breast fibrosis.
Design, performance, and calibration of the ALEXIS ultrasoft x-ray telescopes

The Array of Low Energy X-ray Imaging Sensors (ALEXIS) experiment consists of six wide angle EUV/ultrasoft Xray telescopes utilizing normal incidence multilayer mirrors, flown on a miniature satellite to map out the sky in three narrow bandpasses around 66, 7 1, and 95eV.The 66 and 7 1 eV bandpasses are centered on intense Fe emission lines which are characteristic of million degree plasmas such as the one thought to produce the soft X-ray background. The 95eVbandpass has a higher throughput and is more sensitive to continuum sources. The mission will be launched into orbit on the Pegasus Air Launched Vehicle in mid-1991. We will present the details of the ALEXIS telescope optical design, initial characterizations of the first flight mirrors and detectors, and the current schemes for characterizing and calibrating the completed telescope assemblies. We will also discuss the details of a novel "wavetrap" feature incorporated into the multilayer mirror structure to greatly reduce the mirror's reflectivity at 304A, a major background contamination flux of He II emission from the geocorona.