cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Proceedings of the 22nd annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology

It is our great pleasure to welcome you to Victoria, British Columbia for UIST 2009, the Twenty-Second Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology. UIST is the premier forum for the presentation of research innovations in the software and technology of human-computer interfaces. Sponsored by ACM's special interest groups on computer-human interaction (SIGCHI) and computer graphics (SIGGRAPH), UIST brings together researchers and practitioners from many areas, including web and graphical interfaces, new input and output devices, information visualization, interactive displays, tangible computing and CSCW. The single track schedule, intimate size and comfortable surroundings make UIST an ideal place to exchange results as well as forge future collaborations. The call for papers attracted 183 full paper and tech note submissions from more than 20 countries. The program committee accepted 33 papers (18%) after a thorough review process. Each anonymous submission (a first for UIST 2009) was assigned primary and secondary program committee members. The primary committee member assigned at least two external reviewers for each submission and the secondary at least one. After receiving the reviews, both program committee members wrote a meta-review for every submission. Authors were then given all reviews and the opportunity to write a short rebuttal. The program committee then met in New York on June 5-6, 2009, to examine each submission and select the top papers. Submissions were finally accepted only after the authors provided a final revision addressing the committee's comments. This year's program includes an opening keynote by Stephen Macknik and Susana Martinez-Conde on the neurobiological basis of the perception of magic tricks, and a closing keynote by Eric Paulos on how communities of "expert amateurs" can effect change through the use of novel sensing and computing platforms. New this year is the Student Innovation Contest, which challenges student teams to develop new interactions on unique hardware. In this first year of the event, contestants will be supplied with a prototype pressure-sensitive keyboard designed by Microsoft Hardware. Posters, demos and the seventh annual Doctoral Symposium complete the program. These are described in the UIST program companion distributed at the conference.
Taxation of Unemployment Benefits

Unemployment compensation (UC) benefits have been fully subject to the federal income tax since the passage of the Tax Reform Act of 1986 (P.L. 99-514). Individuals who receive UC benefits during a year may elect to have the federal (and in some cases state) income tax withheld from their benefits. This report provides an overview of the taxation of UC benefits and legislation related to taxing UC benefits.
Epithelial-directed mesenchyme differentiation in vitro model of murine odontoblast differentiation mediated by quail epithelia.

To assess the requirement for specific or possibly non-specific epithelial instructions for mesenchymal cell differentiation, we designed studies to evaluate and compare homotypic with heterotypic tissue recombinations across vertebrate species. These studies further tested the hypothesis that determined dental papilla mesenchyme requires epithelial-derived instructions to differentiate into functional odontoblast cells using a serumless, chemically-defined medium. Theiler stage 25 C57BL/6 or Swiss Webster cap stage mandibular first molar tooth organs or trypsin-dissociated, homotypic epithelial-mesenchymal tissue recombinants resulted in the differentiation of odontoblasts within 3 days. Epithelial differentiation into functional ameloblasts was observed within 7 days. Trypsin-dissociated and isolated mesenchyme did not differentiate into odontoblasts under these experimental conditions. Heterotypic recombinants between quail Hamburger-Hamilton stages 22–26 mandibular epithelium and Theiler stage 25 dental papilla mesenchyme routinely resulted in odontoblast differentiation within 3 days in vitro. Odontoblast differentiation and the production of dentine extracellular matrix continued throughout the 10 days in organ culture. Ultrastructural observations of the interface between quail and mouse tissues indicated the reconstitution of the basal lamina as well as the maintenance of an intact basal lamina during 10 days in vitro. Quail epithelial cells did not differentiate into ameloblasts and no enamel extracellular matrix was observed. These results show that quail mandibular epithelium can provide the required developmental instructions for odontoblast differentiation in the absence of serum or other exogenous humoral factors in a chemically-defined medium. They also suggest the importance of reciprocal epithelial-mesenchymal interactions during epidermal organogenesis.
Energy scalability of on-chip interconnection networks

On-chip interconnection networks (OCN) such as point-to-point networks and buses form the communication backbone in multiprocessor systems-on-a-chip, multicore processors, and tiled processors. OCNs consume significant portions of a chip's energy budget, so their energy analysis early in the design cycle becomes important for architectural design decisions. Although innumerable studies have examined OCN implementation and performance, there have been few energy analysis studies. This thesis develops an analytical framework for energy estimation in OCNs, for any given topology and arbitrary communication patterns, and presents OCN energy results based on both analytical communication models and real network traces from applications running on a tiled multicore processor. This thesis is the first work to address communication locality in analyzing multicore interconnect energy and to use real multicore interconnect traces extensively. The thesis compares the energy performance of point-to-point networks with buses for varying degrees of communication locality. The model accounts for wire length, switch energy, and network contention. This work is the first to examine network contention from the energy standpoint. The thesis presents a detailed analysis of the energy costs of a switch and shows that the measured values for channel energy, switch control logic energy, and switch queue buffer energy are 34.5pJ, 17pJ, and 12pJ, respectively. The results suggest that a one-dimensional point-to-point network results in approximately 66% energy savings over a bus for 16 or more processors, while a two-dimensional network saves over 82%, when the processors communicate with each other with equal likelihood. The savings increase with locality. Analysis of the effect of contention on OCNs reports maximum energy overhead of 23% due to contention in the interconnection network. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
Intellectual Property, International Protection

This paper was prepared by the author for the Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law. It was initially published in the online edition in 2009, and in 2012 appeared in the hard copy bound volumes. The paper describes the various forms of intellectual property, the international agreements and rules which regulate the field, the role of the various multilateral organizations and trends in development of the law. Intellectual property rights perform a variety of functions. They promote innovation and creative expression, and they protect investment. The promotion of innovation and protection of investment are important objectives for the global economy. New products and methods for producing them improve the quality of life and enhance productivity. It is important, however, to bear in mind that IPRs protection also imposes social and economic costs. It restricts the use of knowledge, even if for a limited time. The benefits of IPRs protection are not equitably shared among the richer and poorer nations. Just as national legislators must seek to strike a balance between the interests of various domestic stakeholders in IPRs protection, so must those responsible for negotiations at the multilateral level seek to strike an appropriate balance among industry and consumers, and among the wealthy and the poor. The people of the world are closely linked by new technologies and we share an interest in a stable and prosperous international environment.
Chapter 4 The agricultural innovation process: Research and technology adoption in a changing agricultural sector

Abstract The chapter reviews the generation and adoption of new technologies in the agricultural sector. The first section describes models of induced innovation and experimentation, considers the political economy of public investments in agricultural research, and addresses institutions and public policies for managing innovation activity. The second section reviews the economics of technology adoption in agriculture. Threshold models, diffusion models, and the influence of risk, uncertainty, and dynamic factors on adoption are considered. The section also describes the influence of institutions and government interventions on adoption. The third section outlines future research and policy challenges.
Incentives to Address Bycatch Issues

Bycatch has become one of the most pressing fishery management issues of our time. Bycatch, which is defined as the part of the capture that is discarded dead (Hall 1996), occurs because most fishing technologies cannot be perfectly selective in targeting the desired species. Bycatch affects nontarget fish species, juvenile target fish species, and other nonfish species (Alverson and Hughes 1996). Discarding occurs for a number of reasons: economic (low price, no market, lack of storage space, quality, high-grading), quotas are reached, or regulations prohibit the particular species, age, size, gear, or season. I Besides the issue of waste inherent in bycatch, particular concerns arise when the bycatch is a long-lived species with low reproductive rates, particularly if the species is threatened or endan­ gered. Bycatch ofmarine mammals, seabirds, and sea turtles is currently one ofthe significant drivers of fisheries management in several cases et al. 2000). Bycatch of particular species may have impacts on the ecosystem and biodiversity, such as removal of top-level predators or of prey. Bycatch has negative impacts on fishers as well. It can be a source of conflict, creates a bad image with consumers, leads to restrictive regulations, and can decrease profit because of the time that must be spent separating the bycatch from the fish to be retained. In addition, ifbycatch is mainly ju­ veniles ofthe target species, it can lead to a decline in the resource of interest. Objectives of bycatch management, therefore, can be diverse: avoiding severe depletion of a species, retaining the basic structure and functioning ofecosystems, reducing waste in fisheries, reducing interactions between fisheries, keeping fisheries open, and rebuilding depleted popUlations.
All of the factors required for assembly of the glucocorticoid receptor into a functional heterocomplex with heat shock protein 90 are preassociated in a self-sufficient protein folding structure, a "foldosome"

The hormone-binding domain of the glucocorticoid receptor must be bound to heat shock protein (hsp) 90 for it to have a high-affinity steroid binding conformation. We have recently demonstrated that hsp70 is required for cell-free assembly of the receptor.hsp90 complex and concomitant activation of steroid binding activity (Hutchison, K.A., Dittmar, K.D., Czar, M.J., and Pratt, W. B. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 5043-5049). hsp90 and hsp70 are known to exist together in a cytosolic complex containing several other proteins, and in this work we ask if all of the factors required for proper receptor folding and heterocomplex assembly are preassociated in this multiprotein complex. The multiprotein complex was immunoadsorbed to protein A-agarose from rabbit reticulocyte lysate using the 3G3 monoclonal IgM directed against hsp90. When this immunopellet is mixed with immunadsorbed mouse glucocorticoid receptor and incubated at 30 degrees C with ATP/Mg2+ and KCl, the receptor is converted to the steroid binding conformation. When the immunoadsorbed multiprotein hsp90 complex is washed extensively, it loses a weakly bound protein (not hsp70 or hsp90) that is required for receptor activation. This protein factor is contained in a Centricon C-100 filtrate of lysate which reconstitutes the receptor activating activity of the washed hsp90 complex. The hsp90 complex can be released from the 3G3 antibody, and in the presence of the protein factor in the Centricon C-100 filtrate it converts the receptor into a functional heterocomplex with hsp90. The results support the proposal that the various components of reticulocyte lysate that are required to refold the glucocorticoid receptor to the steroid binding state are preassociated with each other, acting as a self-sufficient protein folding machine.
The Effect of Risk Disclosure Readability on Nonprofessional Investors

Proponents tout plain English as a solution for improving communication of complex information to users in various areas of business, medicine, and law. The SEC’s mandate to public companies to use Plain English in their Item 1a risk factor disclosures to make them more readable is one example. Using 365 responses from an experimental survey of nonprofessional US investors, we find that readability significantly influences investors’ perceptions of probability and size of loss, economic worry, and overall risk. Further, these effects interact with type of risk factor. Readability does not appear to influence investment decisions or perception of management credibility. Finally, we find that investors report that they do not use item 1a risk factors in their investment analyses in practice. Results suggest that this area needs further research before future mandates for plain English and risk factor disclosures are enacted.
Drusen associated with aging and age-related macular degeneration contain proteins common to extracellular deposits associated with atherosclerosis, elastosis, amyloidosis, and dense deposit disease

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a blinding disorder that compromises central vision, is characterized by the accumulation of extracellular deposits, termed drusen, between the retinal pigmented epithelium and the choroid. Recent studies in this laboratory revealed that vitronectin is a major component of drusen. Because vitronectin is also a constituent of abnormal deposits associated with a variety of diseases, drusen from human donor eyes were examined for compositional similarities with other extracellular disease deposits. Thirty-four antibodies to 29 different proteins or protein complexes were tested for immunoreactivity with hard and soft drusen phenotypes. These analyses provide a partial profile of the molecular composition of drusen. Serum amyloid P component, apolipoprotein E, immunoglobulin light chains, Factor X, and complement proteins (C5 and C5b-9 complex) were identified in all drusen phenotypes. Transcripts encoding some of these molecules were also found to be synthesized by the retina, retinal pigmented epithelium, and/or choroid. The compositional similarity between drusen and other disease deposits may be significant in view of the recently established correlation between AMD and atherosclerosis. This study suggests that similar pathways may be involved in the etiologies of AMD and other age-related diseases.
Remote maintenance of Compact Ignition Tokamak ex-vessel systems

The use of deuterium-tritium (D-T) fuel in the Compact Ignition Tokamak (CIT) will require applying remote-handling technology for ex-vessel maintenance and replacement of machine components. Highly activated and contaminated components of the fusion device's auxiliary systems, such as diagnostics and RF heating, must be replaced using remotely operated maintenance equipment in the test cell. Throughout the CIT remote maintenance (RM) studies conducted to date, computer modeling has been used extensively to investigate manipulator access in these complex, tightly packed, and cluttered surroundings. A recent refinement of computer modeling involves the use of an intelligent engineering workstation for real-time interactive display of task simulations. Three-dimensional (3-D) kinematic computer models of the CIT machines are proving to be powerful tools in evaluating RM requirements. The use of the models is discussed. >
Adaptation model of nearwork-induced transient myopia.

A nearwork model was developed to determine whether variation in accommodative adaptation gain, KA, can account for the differences in the dynamic decay timecourse following near work in hyperopes (HYP), emmetropes (EMM), early-onset myopes (EOM), and late-onset myopes (LOM). The model incorporated a proximal component into a previously-developed adaptation model of accommodation and vergence. It was used to simulate the nearwork-induced transient myopia (NITM) response following 10 min of congruent binocular near viewing (5 D, 5 MA). The accommodative adaptation gain, KA, value was varied from 1.0 to 6.0 in increments of 0.5. For the hyperopes, an additional constraint was imposed wherein the accommodative response was biased on the under-accommodated side of the deadspace operator (i.e., depth-of-focus). In addition, the effect of prolonged nearwork was simulated by alternating between 1 hr of congruent near viewing (3 D, 3 MA) and 5 min of congruent far viewing (0.25 D, 0.25 MA) over a 160 hr period representing one work-month with 40 hours of nearwork per week. The steady-state rms value of the accommodative error was measured as a function of KA. It was found that the NITM timecourses for HYP, EMM, EOM, and LOM could be simulated accurately using KA values of 2.0, 2.5, 4.0 and 5.5, respectively. The long-term final steady-state rms of the accommodative error was found to increase from 0.182 D to 0.188 D as KA increased from 1 to 6. This indicated a small and progressive increase in residual accommodative error for higher KA values, which was associated with EOM and LOM. Thus, NITM for the different refractive groups could be quantified by the accommodative adaptation gain element, with KA for the HYP, EMM, and EOM and LOM groups having lower, intermediate, and higher values, respectively. The larger rms for higher KA values suggests that a myopic individual may have a predisposition to exhibit a slightly larger long-term accommodative error, which may stimulate axial elongation and in turn promote the progression of axial myopia.
High-resolution infrared spectrum of the ν1 + ν3 band of ozone

Abstract The ν 1 + ν 3 band of ozone (O 3 ) near 2110 cm −1 has been measured and analyzed using a Watson-type Hamiltonian including all seven sextic centrifugal distortion terms. Two weak perturbations have been found between K = n of ν 1 + ν 3 and K = n + 3 of 2 ν 3 . Those perturbations locate the band center for 2 ν 3 at about 2058 cm −1 . Aside from those perturbations the interactions of ν 1 + ν 3 with 2 ν 1 and 2 ν 3 have not been taken into account in the analysis. Effective band constants and an atlas listing line wavenumbers and assignments are given.
Effects of Ga- and Sb-precursor chemistry on the alloy composition in pseudomorphically strained GaAs1−ySby films grown via metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy

Abstract GaAs-based multiple quantum well (MQW) heterostructures comprised of metastable alloys such as GaAs1−ySby-GaAs1−zNz have potential for realizing high-performance and low temperature-sensitivity lasers in the 1.55 μm wavelength region. However, strain-induced ‘lattice-latching’ and Sb-surface segregation effects limit the Sb-mole fractions in the pseudomorphically strained GaAs1−ySby layers to y⩽0.2. The effect of Ga- and Sb-precursor chemistry and the growth temperature on the Sb-incorporation efficiency in strain-relaxed and strained, pseudomorphic GaAs1−ySby films was studied using metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy. Both trimethyl- and triethyl-gallium (TMGa and TEGa) and trimethyl- and triethyl-antimony (TMSb and TESb) were used as Ga- and Sb-precursors, in four different source combinations, with arsine. The Sb-mole fraction in the strained GaAs1−ySby films was found to be lower than that in the relaxed films for all of the precursor chemistries. The highest Sb-incorporation rates were found with the TEGa-based growth with strained-layer compositions up to y∼0.48 being obtained for the growth conditions employed. The results were discussed in terms of the strain-related thermodynamic effects and the chemical kinetics of precursor surface decomposition for the different precursor chemistries.
Hydrologic Assessment of Water Losses in River

Water loss in a channel is an important component of the hydrologic budget for the design and planning of a water diversion and delivery system. Quantitative assessment of channel losses is required in the calculations of flow components of a river basin or reach and the projections of design flows at the withdrawal and delivery points of the water diversion system. In this study, hydrologic methods are employed to determine water losses along the Sheyenne River and their significance in water delivery from the Missouri River to the Red River via the Sheyenne River, a proposed diversion project. The hydrologic budget approach is considered the most appropriate method for the Sheyenne River and the proposed project. Long-term, monthly average, and annual channel losses and their longitudinal distributions are obtained. The estimated losses can be used as the additional discharge, compensating for the losses in the water delivery and supply system.
Pre‐emptive Auditing: Putting the Horse before the Cart

Changes of focus and of time‐frame are taking audit in a new direction, towards a prospective, preventative service. Examples, drawn especially from the construction sector, illustrate the planning approach this entails, particular techniques which can be applied and the different emphasis this imparts to compliance audit.
Determining the `Best' decision in the presence of imprecise information

Abstract This paper addresses general aspects of decision making in an imprecise environment. Here, the task of choosing a decision among the available alternatives with imprecisely defined outcomes is analyzed. New definitions for the concept of ‘best’ decision in such an environment are introduced. These definitions are based on fuzzy set theoretic representations of decision outcomes.
New species of mite harvestmen from southeast Queensland, Australia greatly extend the known distribution of the genus Austropurcellia (Arachnida, Opiliones, Cyphophthalmi).

Austropurcellia Juberthie 1988 is a genus of mite harvestmen previously known from numerous localities in the Wet Tropics of northern Queensland and from one locality in central Queensland, Australia. As a result of the current study, the genus is now also known from localities in far southeast Queensland. We describe three new species of Austropurcellia from museum lots: A. acuta sp. nov., A. barbata sp. nov., and A. superbensis sp. nov. Each new species is known from only one to two localities, and from very few specimens. In addition, we describe a pair of previously overlooked dorsal anterior cuticular structures that may be sensory in nature and are found in all Austropurcellia specimens examined, including both new and previously described species. We present a new distribution map of Austropurcellia , greatly expanding its known range to almost the entire east coast of Queensland, and discuss the biogeography of the genus.
Risk factors for in-hospital venous thromboembolism in children: a case-control study employing diagnostic validation

Background Studies evaluating risk factors for in-hospital venous thromboembolism in children are limited by quality assurance of case definition and/or lack of controlled comparison. The objective of this study is to determine risk factors for the development of in-hospital venous thromboembolism in children. Design and Methods In a case-control study at The Children’s Hospital, Colorado, from 1st January 2003 to 31st December 2009 we employed diagnostic validation methods to determine pediatric in-hospital venous thromboembolism risk factors. Clinical data on putative risk factors were retrospectively collected from medical records of children with International Classification of Diseases, 9th edition codes of venous thromboembolism at discharge, in whom radiological reports confirmed venous thromboembolism and no signs/symptoms of venous thromboembolism were noted on admission. Results We verified 78 cases of in-hospital venous thromboembolism, yielding an average incidence of 5 per 10,000 hospitalized children per year. Logistical regression analyses revealed that mechanical ventilation, systemic infection, and hospitalization duration of five days or over were statistically significant, independent risk factors for in-hospital venous thromboembolism (OR=3.29, 95%CI=1.53–7.06, P =0.002; OR=3.05, 95%CI=1.57–5.94, P =0.001; and OR=1.03, 95%CI=1.01–1.04, P =0.001, respectively). Using these factors in a risk model, post-test probability of venous thromboembolism was 3.6%. Conclusions These data indicate that risk of in-hospital venous thromboembolism in children with this risk factor combination may exceed that of hospitalized adults in whom prophylactic anticoagulation is indicated. Substantiation of these findings via multicenter studies could provide the basis for future risk-stratified randomized control trials of pediatric venous thromboembolism prevention.
Allergens in Hymenoptera venom XIV: IgE binding activities of venom proteins from three species of vespids.

Abstract RAST disks were prepared with purified proteins from the venoms of Vespula squamosa, Dolichovespula maculata , and Polistes exlamans and tested against a panel of sera obtained from patients allergic to each of the venoms. By the use of several criteria, IgE binding was strongest to antigen 5 of V squamosa and phospholipase of P. exclamans . Hyaluronidase from Polistes had little IgE binding activity. All five proteins tested from D. maculata bound IgE antibodies strongly. Linear correlation analysis suggested that all of the proteins were distinct allergens in each of the venoms. A variety of patterns of response were observed for individual sera with each of the venoms.
Emboli (Debris) Produced by Bubble Oxygenators Removal by Filtration

Abstract The screen filtration pressure (SFP) and its derivative, the screen filtration resistance (SFR), were measured in blood in the extracorporeal circuit of humans during cardiopulmonary bypass. It was confirmed that blood from the suction line had very high SFP and SFR. These were returned to normal by filtration through Dacron wool. During the first few minutes of bypass the SFR of venous blood was high, but thereafter it remained low. The SFR of oxygenated blood was elevated continuously during the procedure, especially after nearly 2 hours of bypass. Arterial blood consistently had a low SFR after Dacron-wool filtration. The high SFR values following oxygenation are interpreted as being due to particle (microemboli) production by the oxygenator. These were uniformly removed by a Dacron-wool arterial filter.
Effect of apple orchard floor vegetation on density and dispersal of phytophagous and predaceous mites in Utah

Abstract Studies were conducted in four northern Utah apple orchards in 1990 and 1991 to determine the influence of orchard ground cover composition on density and dispersal of phytophagous and predaceous mites. The dispersal of phytophagous mites from ground cover plants into trees was enhanced by the presence of seven broadleaf weeds (common mallow, field bindweed, knotweed, morning glory, prickly lettuce, puncture vine, and white sweet-clover) and apple root suckers that served as reproductive hosts for the mites (i.e. spider mite egges, immatures, and adults were observe). Orchards with a total ground vegetation cover of 50% or more and less than 12% cover of reproductive host plants for mites had adequate predaceous mite populations to maintain phytophagous mite densities in trees below economically damaging levels.
Neurogenin and NeuroD direct transcriptional targets and their regulatory enhancers

Proneural basic helix–loop–helix proteins are key regulators of neurogenesis but their ‘proneural’ function is not well understood, partly because primary targets have not been systematically defined. Here, we identified direct transcriptional targets of the bHLH proteins Neurogenin and NeuroD and found that primary roles of these transcription factors are to induce regulators of transcription, signal transduction, and cytoskeletal rearrangement for neuronal differentiation and migration. We determined targets induced in both Xenopus and mouse, which represent evolutionarily conserved core mediators of Neurogenin and NeuroD activities. We defined consensus sequences for Neurogenin and NeuroD binding and identified responsive enhancers in seven shared target genes. These enhancers commonly contained clustered, conserved consensus‐binding sites and drove neural‐restricted transgene expression in Xenopus embryos. We then used this enhancer signature in a genome‐wide computational approach to predict additional Neurogenin/NeuroD target genes involved in neurogenesis. Taken together, these data demonstrate that Neurogenin and NeuroD preferentially recognize neurogenesis‐related targets through an enhancer signature of clustered consensus‐binding sites and regulate neurogenesis by activating a core set of transcription factors, which build a robust network controlling neurogenesis.
The physiological importance of developmental mechanisms that enforce proper stomatal spacing in Arabidopsis thaliana.

• Genetic and cell biological mechanisms that regulate stomatal development are necessary to generate an appropriate number of stomata and enforce a minimum spacing of one epidermal cell between stomata. The ability to manipulate these processes in a model plant system allows us to investigate the physiological importance of stomatal patterning and changes in density, therein testing underlying theories about stomatal biology. • Twelve Arabidopsis thaliana genotypes that have varied stomatal characteristics as a result of mutations or transgenes were analyzed in this study. Stomatal traits were used to categorize the genotypes and predict maximum stomatal conductance to water vapor (Anatomical g(smax)) for individuals. Leaf-level gas-exchange measurements determined Diffusive g(smax), net carbon assimilation (A), water-use efficiency (WUE), and stomatal responses to increasing CO₂ concentration. Genotypes with proper spacing ( 19% clustering) did not. • Genotypes with clustering also had reduced A and impaired stomatal responses, while WUE was generally unaffected by patterning. • Consequently, optimal function per stoma was dependent on maintaining one epidermal cell spacing and the physiological parameters controlled by stomata were strongly correlated with Anatomical g(smax).
Causes of Aging Are Likely to be Many: Robin Holliday and Changing Molecular Approaches to Cell Aging, 1963–1988

Causal complexities involved in biological phenomena often generate ambiguous experimental results that may create epistemic niches for new approaches and interpretations. The exploration for new approaches may foment momentum of larger epistemological shifts, and thereby introduce the possibilities of adopting new technologies. This paper describes British molecular biologist Robin Holliday’s cell aging research from 1963 to the 1980s that transformed from simple hypothesis testing to working on various alternative and integrative approaches designed to deal with complex data. In the 1960s, hoping to use biochemical investigations of cells to settle a debate about whether DNA mutations or protein errors caused aging, Holliday carried out a series of experiments with fruit flies, fungi, and human fibroblast cells. The results seemed to demonstrate that cytoplasmic protein errors caused cell aging. However, other scientists obtained contradictory results and raised issues about potential flaws in Holliday’s experiments. In the 1970s, working as the director of the Genetics Division of the National Institute for Medical Research in Mill Hill, United Kingdom, Holliday relied on available talents of his associates, including computational expertise, to explore alternative hypotheses and approaches. By the early 1980s, they had worked out an epigenetic explanation and had established integrative, evolutionary models of cell aging that incorporated both DNA mutations and protein errors as critical factors. By delineating Holliday’s research path from simply testing hypotheses to integrating multiple factors involved in aging, this paper offers an account of the difficulties in targeting molecular cause in cell aging around the 1970s, whose failures nevertheless opened up an epistemic niche for integration.
Effects of operating conditions on ion removal from brackish water using a pilot-scale electrodialysis reversal system

AbstractUnderstanding the effects of operating factors on ion removal in the electrodialysis/electrodialysis reversal (ED/EDR) process can significantly benefit industrial applications, enabling process optimization through different combinations of operational factors. Several studies have shown the effects of specific operating factors on ion removal, and it has been established that superficial velocity influences ion removal. However, previous studies have yielded mixed results on whether increases in superficial velocity increase or decrease ion removal; also, since previous studies are based on laboratory-scale ED systems, the results may not be fully applicable to full-scale desalination due to differences in system characteristics such as membrane area, flow path, and degree of superficial velocity’s effect on ion removal. Therefore, this experimental study employs a pilot-scale EDR system that is very similar to a full-scale system in order to explore the effects of applied voltage, superficial v...
Russia's Unwanted Children A Cultural Anthropological Study of Marginalized Children in Moscow and St Petersburg

This study focuses on the plight of various categories of marginalized children in urban Russia, including orphans, children with some family ties in special boarding homes and street children. After a presentation of data on marginalized children in Russia within a global context and as background to the study, this article investigates the changing cultural views of marginalized children that Russian adults have developed since the Second World War. Changes in views have led to a change in the lifestyles of unwanted children in Russia, which further contributes to criminal activity and poverty on the streets of Moscow and St Petersburg.
Electrical transport in ZnO1−δ films: Transition from band-gap insulator to Anderson localized insulator

We have thoroughly investigated the effect of oxygen nonstoichiometry on the electrical transport characteristics of ZnO1−δ films. These films were grown on optical grade quartz substrates by using a pulsed laser deposition technique. In order to alter the amount of oxygen nonstoichiometry (δ), oxygen partial pressure during the film growth was systematically varied from 102Torrto10−5Torr. Qualitative estimates about the amount of oxygen nonstoichiometry in these films were made using Raman Spectroscopy data. High resolution electrical resistivity and thermoelectric power measurements were performed in the temperature range 12–300K. A detailed analysis of electrical transport data showed a transition from band-gap insulating state (for the films prepared at high oxygen environments) to Anderson localized insulating state (for the films prepared at lower oxygen environments).
Living conditions and socio‐economic aspects of community structure that affect the lives of children

A community consists of people who live in a more or less contiguous area and are engaged in such social processes and relationships as may normally arise in the pursuit of the chief concerns of life. From the earliest time, people have formed groups in order to secure with more certainty the basic necessities of life. Today, the individual's world of reaction begins with the family and expands to include the play group, the various school groups, clubs, special-interest groups such as occupational, political, civic, and other more fleeting and casual groups. The number of groupings has increased with the growing complexity of life. From all these associations the person acquires ideals, habits, attitudes, and other patterns of behavior. Living together in groups is not only necessary for existence, but essential for the development of personality. An individual is born a human organism with many potentialities, but these remain unformed and undeveloped unless he has civil contacts with other human beings. So marked is the influence of the group upon us that someone has aptly stated "We are mostly somebody else." Through our contacts with others we develop the likes and dislikes, the prejudices and the customs, which they exhibit. Communities are not alike. They differ in many ways. Therefore, their problems are not alike. First, communities differ in size, and differences in size involve many other kinds of diversity. Larger communities tend to be more complex and heterogeneous. The style of life in large communities is more impersonal than in smaller communities. There is probably more mobility and more frequent change of residence.
POLICY RESEARCH AS SOCIAL SCIENCE: OUTFLANKING THE VALUE DILEMMA

Social scientists fear that policy research compromises their objectivity. As a result, policy science is becoming a separate discipline which is accorded lower status that other fields of social inquiry. However, the history, sociology and psychology of science show that the elaboration of robust social theory would be aided by a more intimate relation between policy research and academic social science than currently obtains. The traditional canons of value freedom, which have been invoked to justify the independence of social science from policy, misrepresent the relation between facts and values in science. Objective knowledge is consequent on dispute and triangulation by a many-valued community of fallible social scientists; but it does not eventuate from consensual value neutralism. Social knowledge interacts with social values to change phenomena our theories represent. This self-restructuring characteristic of social events warrants singular attention by social scientists. Policy researchers are in a particularly opportune position to provide that attention.
Structural Information and a Flexibility Index from the Molecular Connectivity 3χp Index

The molecular connectivity 3χp index has been evaluated for its structure information content. This index has been found to relate closely to a quantitation of the number of gauche-trans rearrangements possible in the molecule. The count of the number of three-path fragments, 3Np carries similar information. Both indexes are shown to relate closely to density and to the Mann estimate of the average number of gauche arrangements in a molecule, Zg. The 3χp and 3NP indexes are superior to the Zg index in relating to alkane density. On the basis of the quantitation of gauche-trans folding a flexibility index, F = n/1 - 3NP has been empirically derived to rank alkanes according to a perception of their kinetic flexibility.
TOWARD TEACHING EXCELLENCE IN THE DECISION SCIENCES

Recently the National Commission on Higher Education Issues found serious problems with college-level teaching and recomended educational reforms. This paper describes one attempt at reform—namely, a course at Georgia State University on university teaching for College of Business doctoral students. The 45-hour seminar, based on a university teaching model, covers setting instructional objectives, lecture and discussion methods, teaching methods for higher-level learning, test construction, course evaluation instruments, and instructional and technological innovations. Previous studies have demonstrated repeatedly that teaching improvement seminars can improve teacher and student performance in the classroom. This paper discusses how the seminar could be implemented at other colleges of business administration, extended to faculty development workshops, and ultimately result in a master teacher or instructional professorship.
Imposing maximum length scale in topology optimization

This paper presents a technique for imposing maximum length scale on features in continuum topology optimization. The design domain is searched and local constraints prevent the formation of features that are larger than the prescribed maximum length scale. The technique is demonstrated in the context of structural and fluid topology optimization. Specifically, maximum length scale criterion is applied to (a) the solid phase in minimum compliance design to restrict the size of structural (load-carrying) members, and (b) the fluid (void) phase in minimum dissipated power problems to limit the size of flow channels. Solutions are shown to be near 0/1 (void/solid) topologies that satisfy the maximum length scale criterion. When combined with an existing minimum length scale methodology, the designer gains complete control over member sizes that can influence cost and manufacturability. Further, results suggest restricting maximum length scale may provide a means for influencing performance characteristics, such as redundancy in structural design.
Increased Cellularity of Tumor-Encased Native Vessels in Prostate Carcinoma Is a Marker for Tumor Progression

Changes in the native vasculature of the prostate gland associated with prostate adenocarcinoma have not been well characterized. Eighty-nine whole mounts of entirely submitted radical prostatectomies were reviewed. Thirty prostates with a minimum of five native arteries surrounded by carcinoma with corresponding control arteries were found and included in this study. The number of nuclei in the media of native arteries was recorded per 0.138 mm2 using a 40 × objective. The number of nuclei in vessels embedded in carcinoma (n = 204) was increased when compared with controls (26.37 versus 20.58 mean nuclei per 0.138 mm2; P < .001). Pathologic Stage T3 carcinomas contained vessels that were more cellular than stage T2 (P < .001). Vessels embedded in Gleason Grade 4 showed more cellularity than arteries embedded in Gleason Grade 3 (P < .002). Increased media cellularity of native prostate vessels encased in carcinoma is a histologic feature of higher grade/stage prostate carcinoma and provides positive indicator of advanced prostate cancer.
Sources of Energy for Gating by Agonists in Acetylcholine Receptor-Channels

The neuromuscular acetylcholine receptor (AChR) is an allosteric protein that switches between closed- and open-channel conformations. The probability of being open increases when acetylcholine (ACh) molecules occupy the two transmitter binding sites (TBS). Based on the MWC model and experimental measures of the di- and unliganded gating equilibrium constants (E2 and E0), we estimate the energy that an agonist provides to power gating is =0.59ln(√(E2/E0)). In wt adult neuromuscular AChRs, each ACh provides ∼-5.1 kcal/mol. The question we asked is: which TBS residues provide this energy? Using single-channel electrophysiology, we examined four aromatic residues in the α subunit, Y93, W149, Y190, and Y198. Mutation to Phe caused small ( 2 kcal/mol) reductions at positions 149, 190, and 198, but not 93. These results suggest that 149 and 198 interact with ACh mainly through the aromatic ring, not H-bonding. Mutations of 190 to F, W, and A had the largest reductions (2.2-4.5 kcal/mol), so this residue provides most of the energy. In contrast, 93 is much weaker as mutations to F, W, H, A, C, S, and G reduced the energy ≤1.1 kcal/mol. Overall, the order of energy loss was 190>>149>198>93. The sum of the Ala mutant energy reductions for the four positions was >5.1 kcal/mol, suggesting that these side chains interact energetically. We created double mutant F-F constructs (n=6) and observed significant coupling (>1.5 kcal/mol) between 190-93, 190-149, and 190-198, but little coupling between the other pairs. Thus, 190 not only provides most of the energy for gating, but is also coupled with the surrounding aromatic TBS residues. Supported by CIHR and NIH.
Structural hierarchy developed in injection molding of nylon 6/clay/carbon black nanocomposites

Abstract The influence of platelet-type clay nanoparticle (nanoplatelet) on the structural evolution in injection-molded nylon 6)/carbon composites was investigated. In the absence of nanoplatelets, the nylon 6/CB systems were found to exhibit unoriented structure with nylon 6 crystalline regions exhibiting exclusively α crystal form throughout the thickness of the samples. However, inclusion of nanoplatelets induces substantial local orientation of the nylon 6 chains in the molded parts in all processing conditions and compositions. In these clay/nylon 6/CB ternary nano systems, nylon 6 matrix was found to be exclusively in γ crystal form at the skin regions and α crystal form fraction increases towards the core of the molded parts as a result of decrease in cooling rate with depth during the solidification stage. Two nanoplatelet orientation behaviors were identified: (i) in the absence of irregular shaped CB, the nanoplatelets align parallel with one another following the local flow patterns. The latter behavior also causes enhanced orientation of the nylon 6 chains undergoing substantial shear amplification trapped in between the nanoplatelets (ii) in the CB-enriched regions, nanoplatelets though still remaining parallel to one another, are randomized by following the local contours of irregular shaped CB aggregates. These CB aggregates themselves were found to organize to form trains in larger scale as a result of flow alignment.
Playing the dance, dancing the game: Race, sex and stereotype in anthropological fieldwork*

This article explores the complexity and implications of sustained sexual relationships between ethnographers and people in the field with whom they work. It explores influences on the kinds of knowledges the ethnographers acquire and the kinds of ethnographies they produce, as well as insights into issues of race, gender, and social and economic differences. This specific discussion revolves around a relationship the author had with a fellow capoeira angola player in Salvador, northeastern Brazil. Representations of Otherness and its relationship to tourism, economic inequality and concepts of self as well as to gender norms, are argued as playing an active and politicized role in the insights gained through the participant/observation methods of anthropology.
Screening effects upon spectral lines in hot matter

Abstract Calculations of transition energies and oscillator strengths are presented for the principal series of HeII and LiII in hot plasmas. The basis of the calculations is a self-consistent Hartree-Fock-Slater average-atom model. The results disagree with the predictions of theory of plasma polarization shift and with those of the Debye-Huckel screening model.
Fine-scale distribution of methanotrophic mussels at a Louisiana cold seep

Abstract Extensive aggregations of methanotrophic mussels (Mytilidae: Bathymodiolus-like) were found in a 60×300m zone on the 640m isobath of the Louisiana slope. Within the aggregations, living mussels occurred in dense curvilinear clusters up to 5m in length. Defunct clusters, consisting of gaping and disarticulated valves, were also common. Comparison of length frequency distributions and mean densities of mussel clusters demonstrated that recruitment of juvenile mussels was ongoing in certain clusters and completely lacking in others. Surface sediments within the zone were characterized by dark patches and linear depressions, apparently associated with seeping hypersaline fluids. Pore fluids in surface sediments contained elevated salt concentrations (289% of ambient sea water), concentrations of ammonia up to 1.6mM, and up to 3mM H2S.