cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Kin in the Gene

In the past several decades there has been an explosion of research in genetics and on genetic inheritance. This new genetics is part of contemporary biomedicine and forecasts great advances in alleviating disease and prolonging human life. It also encompasses notions about biological family and kinship relations. I propose that with the advent of the new genetics, family and kinship are being medicalized. I explore the ways in which explanations of the inheritance of genetic disease influence people’s understandings of family and kin and both reflect and conflict with broader current sociocultural processes. The discussion includes a brief overview of the anthropological study of kinship, the meaning of family and kinship in contemporary society, and the concept of medicalization and its implications for people’s lives as seen through narratives and concludes with an analysis of the significance of the medicalization of family and kinship in present-day society.
Ductal lavage and risk assessment of breast cancer

Following recent advances in breast cancer chemoprevention, much emphasis has been placed on risk assessment to evaluate whether women at increased risk for developing breast cancer should proceed with breast cancer risk reduction strategies. The currently available risk-reduction approaches include screening, chemoprevention, and preventive surgeries. Breast cancer arises from the epithelial linings of the ductal system, and it is believed that hyperplasia and atypical hyperplasia represent early changes in the breast carcinogenesis process. The ductal lavage procedure offers a minimally invasive method to obtain breast epithelial cells from the ductal system for cytopathologic analysis to provide individualized risk assessment. This paper reviews breast cancer risk factors, with an emphasis on cytological atypia and the role of ductal lavage in breast cancer risk assessment.
Management of Protease Inhibitor—Associated Diarrhea

Diarrhea is a common and often inadequately treated complication in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Diarrhea has a significant impact on quality of life (QOL) and can contribute to malnutrition, weight loss, immunosuppression, and mortality. In addition, diarrhea may have a significant impact on compliance with antiretroviral therapy; however, this impact has not been adequately assessed. Medications, including protease inhibitors (PIs), are recognized as a common cause of diarrhea. Treatment of PI-associated diarrhea is largely nonspecific; most of the available literature is published only in abstract form and is based primarily on retrospective and survey data. Agents for which some efficacy has been shown for treatment of PI-associated diarrhea include oat bran, psyllium, loperamide, calcium carbonate, SP-303, and pancrelipase. Practitioners and patients need to work together to determine which treatment modality is appropriate based on efficacy, cost, and lifestyle. Management of diarrhea is crucial to improving QOL, controlling weight loss, and enhancing overall efficacy of antiretroviral therapy.
Indian farmers’ valuation of yield distributions: Will poor farmers value ‘pro-poor’ seeds?

Abstract Potential poverty traps among the rural poor suggest a need to reduce poor farmers’ vulnerability by stabilizing crop yields and limiting yield losses. Advances in biotechnology will help address this need directly with crops that tolerate climate fluctuation or resist biotic stresses. Evaluating ex ante how farmers will value these ‘pro-poor’ seeds is important for delivery design, but also challenging. This paper describes an experimental economic approach to understanding farmers’ valuation of such seeds. Using data from a survey and experiment, I assess Indian farmers’ valuation of changes in the mean, variance, and skewness of payoff distributions. These farmers value increases in expected value, but seem indifferent about higher moment changes in payoff distributions. Farmer traits such as wealth and risk exposure affect their valuation of these changes only mildly. While various limitations to the experimental approach must qualify practical implications of these findings, the experiment demonstrates the viability of conducting valuation experiments with open-ended questions in developing countries.
The Baltimore Activity Scale for Intermittent Claudication: A Validation Study

The purpose of this study was to develop and cross-validate the Baltimore Activity Scale for Intermittent Claudication (BASIC) questionnaire in patients with peripheral arterial disease limited by ...
Measuring active-sterile neutrino oscillations with a stopped pion neutrino source

The possible existence of light sterile neutrinos is of great interest in many areas of particle physics, astrophysics, and cosmology. Furthermore, should the MiniBooNE experiment at Fermilab confirm the Liquid Scintillating Neutrino Detector (LSND) oscillation signal, then new measurements are required to identify the mechanism responsible for these oscillations. Possibilities include sterile neutrinos, CP or CPT violation, variable mass neutrinos, Lorentz violation, and extra dimensions. In this paper, we consider an experiment at a stopped pion neutrino source to determine if active-sterile neutrino oscillations with {delta}m{sup 2} greater than 0.1 eV{sup 2} can account for the signal. By exploiting stopped {pi}{sup +} decay to produce a monoenergetic {nu}{sub {mu}} source, and measuring the rate of the neutral current reaction {nu}{sub x}{sup 12}C{yields}{nu}{sub x}{sup 12}C*(15.11) as a function of distance from the source, we show that a convincing test for active-sterile neutrino oscillations can be performed.
Teaching English as a "Second Language" in Kenya and the United States: Convergences and Divergences.

English is spoken in five countries as the native language and in numerous other countries as an official language and the language of instruction. In countries where English is the native language, it is taught to speakers of other languages as an additional language to enable them to participate in all domains of life of that country.┬a In many countries where it is an official language and language of instruction, which includes former British colonies in Africa and Asia, students tend to use English in specific domains, particularly school, as most communication outside of school is in the local languages.┬a These are two contrasting contexts for enhancing English language skills.┬a In both settings there are concerns about studentsΓCO difficulties in developing adequate English proficiency to successfully learn content through that language.┬a Focusing on the United States and Kenya, this article considers the similarities and differences in the content of English language instruction for secondary schools, in both environments and the types of challenges students encounter in the learning of English.┬a This article broadens the understanding of what it means to teach English language for academic purposes and provides a framework for creating and evaluating teaching and learning materials for speakers of other languages who are learning through the medium of English.
Adolescent/Adult Copulatory Behavior in Nonhuman Primates

Few of the hundreds of studies of nonhuman primate behavior have focused on the sexual behavior of adolescents. Further, of the approximately 200 extant species of primates, only a relatively small number have been the subject of intensive fieldwork, and only a small fraction of these have been studied at more than one locale. In consequence, attempts at comprehensive reviews within the entire order immediately run up against some problems of comparison.
The cost of federalism: ecology, community, and the pragmatism of land use

If there is a victim of federalism, it is undoubtedly the community. Localities, in contrast to the federal government, have a very real stake in the quality of ecosystem functionality, because localities rely on ecosystem services as the beneficiaries of those services. When local governments regulate land uses to prevent degradation of important local ecosystems, they regulate from a purposes that non-local governments simply do not have. This book chapter examines the exercise of federal control over environmental issues and its potential assault on the merits of community. The chapter explores whether imposed homogeneity or sameness at the federal level defeats the benefits of self-identifying communities through land use controls and, if so, whether that is a trade-off we are willing to accept. Our objective is to help clarify the impact of federal regulation on local land use control and to more completely articulate how federal regulation detaches a community from its local ecosystem.
Retirement Plan Participation: Full-Time, Full-Year Workers Ages 18-64

This article focuses on employment-based retirement plan participation for full-time, full-year wage and salary workers ages 18 -64 years old, as this is the group that is generally targeted for benefit program participation under federal law and by employers and unions. The retirement plan total participation rates of these workers are investigated across various worker demographic and employer characteristics. The article provides the latest retirement plan participation numbers for all wage and salary workers available from the March 2000 Current Population Survey (CPS). The PDF for the above title, published in the January 2001 issue of EBRI Notes, also contains the fulltext of another January 2001 EBRI Notes article abstracted on SSRN: "IRA Assets Continue to Grow."
Prognostic value of albumin in patients with head and neck cancer.

Objectives/Hypothesis Albumin is an indicator of nutritional status and has been investigated as a predictor of cancer survival and perioperative outcomes. This study investigated the prognostic value of preoperative serum albumin in surgical patients with head and neck cancer (HNC). Study Design Retrospective cohort study. Methods A chart review was performed of patients who underwent HNC resection over a 6-year period at a single institution. Statistical analyses including Cox proportional hazards models, Pearson's correlation, and logistic regression were used to identify relationships between preoperative serum albumin and postoperative outcomes. Albumin was analyzed as a continuous variable. Results A total of 604 patients were studied representing all cancer types. There was no association between albumin and pneumonia, flap complications, or length of stay. Albumin was found to have statistically significant inverse associations with overall survival (OS) (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.685, P < .001) and postoperative wound infection (HR = 0.455, P = .001). In multivariate analysis of OS, albumin did not achieve significance as an independent predictor (HR = 0.78, P = .064), whereas hemoglobin, age, and cancer stage remained significant. In a subgroup of 280 patients with upper aerodigestive squamous cell carcinoma (SCCA), albumin maintained significance in multivariate analysis of OS (HR = 0.74, P = .046). When controlling for preoperative radiotherapy, salvage surgery, and cancer stage in multivariate analysis, albumin was a significant predictor of wound infection (OR = 0.55, P = .018). Conclusions In patients with HNC, lower preoperative serum albumin is associated with an increased rate of wound infection and poorer OS. The effect on OS is most pronounced in patients with upper aerodigestive SCCA. Level of Evidence 2b Laryngoscope, 2016
Automated Creation of Topological Maps in Unknown Environments Using a Swarm of Resource-Constrained Robots

We address the development of the theory and algorithms that can enable a swarm of inexpensive robots or mobile sensors to create topological maps of unknown environments without explicitly requiring metric information. Topological maps are sparse and faithful representations of environments, and are useful constructions for efficient navigation in GPS-denied environments. However, in the absence of prior knowledge of the environment, with extremely limited sensing capabilities, and in an environment without localization, the construction of a topological map is a challenging problem that has not received much attention in the literature. In this letter, we present the algorithmic tools for constructing a topological map of an unknown GPS-denied environments using a swarm of resource-constrained robots. This method involves covering the free space, and then constructing an approximate generalized Voronoi graph of the covered environment. We demonstrate the algorithm using ROS, first with simulations, and then with experiments using a combination of real and virtual (simulated) robots.
Paving Paths toward Transformation with Incarcerated Women.

The purpose of this study was to elicit the experiences of women who participated in a gender-responsive program in jail. Through the collection of life history interviews, this article highlights the transformative learning experiences of 13 women participants. Research questions included (1) how did the program foster transformative learning? (2) What effect did the program have on participants’ thinking, feeling, and behavior? Despite the highly regimented and regulated jail context—an environment where the women’s bodies are literally imprisoned—the results indicate the holistic programming and learning environment served as an emancipatory context in which transformation could occur through interpersonal and intrapersonal engagement. The results of this study also reveal the need for more and targeted advocacy and education for incarcerated and formerly incarcerated women.
The evolution of chemotherapy of lymphomas of adults.

Abstract Patients with advanced stages of Hodgkin's disease and diffuse large-cell lymphoma are curable with combination chemotherapy. The studies conducted at the National Cancer Institute over the past 20 years are reviewed along with pertinent studies conducted elsewhere. It is the author's contention that there is room for considerable improvement in results with existing therapy if greater attention is paid to dosing and less to trying to improve, by slight modifications, on treatments that should be regarded as a temporary stage in the development of standard lymphoma treatment.
Analog-computer method for rapid estimates of theophylline clearance using presteady-state plasma concentrations

An analog-computer method is described that provides estimates of steady-state plasma theophylline concentration nd total body clearance well before steady-state is achieved. An analog computer was programmed to simulate single compartment disposition of plasma theophylline for a constant rate infusion and an initial bolus. The two simulations were algebraically summed and the curve displayed on an oscilloscope. A series of 20 simulations was performed to define the rate of theophylline administration as applied to the analog-computer rate constant. The method was then tested using patient data previously reported in the literature. Presteady-state plasma concentration-time data points (n = 72) for the 20 simulations were compared; r2 for the analog-computer fit with calculated values as 0.99995. Using data for four patients, the estimates of total body clearance compared favorably with values generated by nonlinear least-squares regression analysis. An r2 of 0.86 was obtained for the analog-computer fit to 16 presteady-state patient data points. Use of the analog-computer method may enable clinicians to adjust aminophylline doses early in therapy to achieve optimal plasma theophylline concentrations.
Range Scaling of Wirelessly Powered Sensor Systems

Technology scaling is improving the energy efficiency of computation, in addition to increasing the density of transistors in integrated circuits. We argue that energy efficiency scaling, when combined with RF path loss, implies that the range at which a particular fixed computational workload can be wirelessly powered is increasing exponentially, but with a “shallow” scaling exponent that is one half of the underlying energy efficiency scaling exponent. If the trend continues, we can expect dramatic increases in the range at which workloads such as sensor nodes and computational RFID tags can be wirelessly powered. This would enable many new use cases and application scenarios for wirelessly powered sensing and computing devices.
Secular Decrease in Ionospheric Potential

In analyzing the 120 ionospheric potential estimates obtained in my program the numbers seemed quite small compared to other estimates given in the literature. I was particularly aware of the work at NRL (Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C.) by Clark (1958) since his potential gradient soundings were obtained in the same region as mine, off the eastern seaboard of the United States. My data indicated about 240 kV, and Clark estimated about 300 kV, which he corrected using the Carnegie curve to 280 kV (see Fig. 1). The vertical arrow pointing down shows these corrections for the unitary diurnal variation. Clark’s data were obtained in 1956. The bracket in the upper left corner of the figure represents the estimates of Chalmers (1954) based on the data published up to that time.
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

In frequency shift keying (FSK), the frequency of the carrier changes in discrete levels in accordance with the input digital signal, while the amplitude of the carrier remains the same. In this chapter, the FSK modulation will be presented along with the respective spectrum and bandwidth. These materials have been augmented by diagrams and associated waveforms to make them easier for readers to grasp.
Mechanical Behaviour of Materials during Creep with Changing Loads

A component in service experiences stress conditions that change continuously with time. Since service conditions are usually difficult and expensive to reproduce in laboratory, the creep behaviour of alloys in service has to be extrapolated from a limited number of creep tests at constant loads and temperatures. Empirical rules have been proposed to forecast the effects of variable load and temperature both on the time to rupture, as the life fraction rule (LFR), and on the accumulation of creep strain with time, as the strain hardening rule (SHR). Two directionally solidified (DS) nickel based superalloys have been investigated with creep tests at constant and variable loads and constant temperature. Nickel based superalloys, for the typical stresses experienced in service, are often characterised by a small negligible primary, a minimum of strain rate with no secondary state, and a dominant accelerating creep caused by dislocation multiplication. The damage mechanisms causing the final rupture appear only in the very last percentage of life. In the present work, simulation results are reported to show that the physical-sounded model used to describe the accelerating creep due to dislocation multiplication can be employed to better predict the times to rupture and the creep curves of the two DS nickel based super-alloys with step-like variable stress than the empirical LF and SH rules.
Using emoticons to encourage students to recycle

Uncovering inexpensive, simple techniques to encourage students to act in a pro-environmental manner is of critical importance. Through a four-week field study at a large, environmentally focused e...
Children's exposure to intimate partner violence: A systematic review of measurement strategies

Abstract We conducted systematic review and content analysis of measurement strategies related to child exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV). We searched nine electronic databases and supplementary sources for studies published between January 1984 and March 2016. Eligible studies were those that described a measurement strategy that was administered to children between, but not limited to, age 0 and 17, or administered to individuals who could report on youth of this age range. Measures were examined against a taxonomy of IPV exposure (direct involvement, direct eyewitness, and indirect exposure) and the four subtypes of IPV (sexual violence, physical violence, stalking, and psychological aggression). Twenty-eight measures met criteria for inclusion in the review; 18 measures were original, and 10 were modifications of the Conflict Tactics Scales. The majority of measures were published after 2008, demonstrating the considerable progress made in developing and substantially modifying measures over the last decade. Nonetheless, findings suggest important discrepancies in measurement strategies used in research efforts. Relatively few measures assess children's direct involvement in IPV, exposure to coercive control, and sexual violence. No measures found in our review examined children's exposure to stalking. The implications of these findings for research are discussed.
Do arousal and valence have separable influences on attention across time

Previous research has shown that emotions differentially influence attention across time, especially when the valence of the attended stimuli is congruent with the emotion of observer. Sadness produces a larger attentional blink while fear and happiness produce smaller attentional blinks. We report on four dual-task rapid serial visual presentation experiments in which participant emotion and the affective features of the first target (T1) were systematically varied to determine whether arousal and valence have unique and consistent influences on attention performance. All T1s connoted affect. Results showed that the emotional experience of negative affect with high arousal led to better second target (T2) detection than negative affect with low arousal. In conditions where positive affect was the experienced emotion, low arousal resulted in better T2 detection than high arousal. When participant arousal was held constant at a low level there were no differences in performance. When participant arousal was high, a cross-over effect was observed in which negative affect produced better performance than positive affect at early positions and negative affect produced better performance at late. The first targets in these experiments varied in arousal and valence to test for emotion congruent effects, but none were found. It was concluded that the experience of varied levels of arousal and types of valence do not have separable influences on attention across time. Rather, their influence is more consistent with emotion-specific mechanisms.
IMPLICATIONS AND EVALUATION OF CROP INSURANCE CHOICES FOR COTTON FARMERS UNDER THE 2014 FARM BILL

The Agricultural Act of 2014 introduced new crop insurance policies to manage agricultural risk, especially to cotton farmers. A representative farm panel was used to elicit the yield distribution of the farm, county, and correlation. Results suggest that the optimal underlying insurance policy is Revenue Protection at a 75% coverage level for both high- and low-productivity farms even with a Yield Exclusion provision. The Stacked Income Protection Plan benefit is mostly attributable to a higher insurance premium subsidy. For any crop, efficient agricultural risk management can be achieved through understanding the guaranteed yield and its relation to the farm and county yield.
Structure and Cellular Function of Aminoacyl Ribonucleic Acid Synthetases

Temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants have several uses in molecular and cellular biology. First of all, since phenotypic expression of such mutations is conditional, they permit identification of the genetic elements concerned with indispensable enzymes, thereby permitting progress toward the goal of a total definition of the genome of one cell. Careful study of such mutants can sometimes also reveal ancillary cellular roles for indispensable enzymes.
Structural basis for the regulation of inositol trisphosphate receptors by Ca2+and IP3.

Inositol trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs) are ubiquitous Ca2+-permeable channels that mediate release of Ca2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum, thereby regulating numerous processes including cell division, cell death, differentiation and fertilization. IP3Rs are jointly activated by inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and their permeant ion, Ca2+. At high concentrations, however, Ca2+ inhibits activity, ensuring precise spatiotemporal control over intracellular Ca2+. Despite extensive characterization of IP3R, the mechanisms through which these molecules control channel gating have remained elusive. Here, we present structures of full-length human type 3 IP3Rs in ligand-bound and ligand-free states. Multiple IP3-bound structures demonstrate that the large cytoplasmic domain provides a platform for propagation of long-range conformational changes to the ion-conduction gate. Structures in the presence of Ca2+ reveal two Ca2+-binding sites that induce the disruption of numerous interactions between subunits, thereby inhibiting IP3R. These structures thus provide a mechanistic basis for beginning to understand the regulation of IP3R.
Effect of Hydrogen Sulfide on Development and Survival of Eight Freshwater Fish Species

The properties of hydrogen sulfide toxic to aquatic organisms have been substantially documented in the literature, but not at concentrations commonly observed in natural freshwater systems. The rapid oxidation of H2S and its usual occurrence in areas of low dissolved oxygen have led to the erroneous assumption that it is of little significance in the life history of fish and most fish-food organisms except in areas of heavy pollution. Constant evolution from organic bottom detritus and break-down products from some pollutants keeps a low concentration in many areas where early life history stages of fish may be found. Sampling near the mud-water interface, especially in flowing systems, has not been done consistently, and very low concentrations have been considered unimportant.
Autoimmune Blistering Dermatoses

The autoimmune blistering dermatoses result from antibodies directed against proteins in the epidermis or superficial dermis. Direct immunoflourescence testing is performed using reagents to detect antibodies deposited in a biopsy of the patient’s skin.
Chapter 3 – Good Practices

Thirty routine benchtop practices for high-quality Western blotting are described. Important aspects of the procedure such as cleanliness and maintenance of the Western blotting equipment (glass plates, running, and transfer tanks), proper loading of gels, positive and negative controls, quality and efficient transfer procedure, buffers, and choice of membranes are discussed.
A Combination of Change in Albuminuria and GFR as a Surrogate End Point for Progression of CKD.

CKD remains an important worldwide public health problem, particularly in people with diabetes, with few therapies to slow the progression to kidney failure. Despite this unmet clinical need, there are fewer clinical trials in nephrology than in other fields of medicine, in part because of a paucity
Prospects for gene-based immunopharmacology in salivary glands.

Abstract The clinical potential of gene transfer is increasing. One likely major application of this emerging biotechnology will be for gene therapeutics, the use of a gene as a drug. Salivary glands provide an unusual but increasingly valuable target site for gene transfer. Studies in animal salivary glands from several laboratories, including our own, have provided proof of this concept. In this review, we provide a background and perspective on possible strategies for gene-based immunopharmacology in salivary glands. We use as a target disease model the autoimmune exocrinopathy Sjogren’s syndrome.
Sampling by Averages and Average Splines on Dirichlet Spaces and on Combinatorial Graphs

In the framework of a strictly local regular Dirichlet space X we introduce the subspaces PWω, ω > 0, of Paley–Wiener functions of bandwidth ω. It is shown that every function in PWω, ω > 0, is uniquely determined by its average values over a family of balls B(xj, ρ), xj ∈X, which form an admissible cover of X and whose radii are comparable to ω−1∕2. The entire development heavily depends on some Poincare-type inequalities. In the second part of the paper we realize the same idea in the setting of a weighted combinatorial finite or infinite graph G. We have to treat the case of graphs separately since the Poincare inequalities we are using on them are somewhat different from the Poincare inequalities in the first part.
Beyond Tropes: Otherness and the Identity of the Brazilian Maid in Domésticas-O Filme and Doméstica

This chapter analyzes how two recent Brazilian cinematic productions use and deconstruct tropes that have been traditionally connected to the portrayal of housemaids in Brazilian popular culture. At first sight, Domesticas: O Filme (2001), a comedy by Fernando Meirelles and Nando Olival, and Domestica (2012), a documentary by Gabriel Mascaro, could not be more different. However, the two films share more than similar titles as they use the tools of their genres to offer contemporary readings and challenge recurrent images of the Brazilian domestica.
Complex Evaluation of Information Security of an Object with the Application of a Mathematical Model for Calculation of Risk Indicators

In modern information systems designing, great attention is paid to information security issues, and therefore minimizing the risk of unauthorized access and failure of individual elements of the computer network, which characterizes the possible danger of an unfavorable outcome, a combination of the likelihood and consequences of an event, both from the attacker and the work of the information system elements. In this regard, the problem of building an appropriate mathematical model for calculating risk is relevant. The need to evaluate indicators is dictated by the statistics of cases of unauthorized access, failure of system elements and the consequences of reducing the level of information security. Thus, the problem of a calculation option search, which takes into account a complex of factors that are not tied to a specific subject area and allows considering the frequency of occurrence of abnormal situations and the relative probabilities of adverse events is considered. A version of the risk calculation indicators of the information system is considered, shortcomings in the design of the computing environment and the allocation of information environment vulnerabilities are highlighted, a mathematical model is developed for a comprehensive assessment of the object’s information security. The main idea is to analyze vulnerabilities, the degree of performance indicators variability in relation to the variation of environmental input parameters.
Evidence of Presence and Activation of the two Cell Cycle Kinases Nek6 and Nek7 in the ciliated Neuroretina

The serine/threonine NIMA kinases are widely found in eukaryotes. They are cell-cycle kinases that are associated with centrosomes and spindle apparatus and cilia. In cilia, NIMA kinases are reported to play a role in cilia length maintenance and deflagelation. Here we focus on the two Nek homologs, Nek6 and Nek7, and their potential role in retina. We report for the first-time expression of nek6 and nek7 mRNA and protein in retinal tissue. In particular, we detect localisation of these kinases to photoreceptors outer segments. Moreover, we are able to show a light-dependent phosphorylation of the activation loop (serine 206) of Nek6/7 in rod outer segments, suggesting activation of these kinases is downstream of the phototransduction pathway. Indeed, we demonstrate that Nek6/7 phosphorylation in the retina is dependent on Grk1 function. Furthermore, Nek6/7 phosphorylation can be stimulated in the brain by opiate drugs, suggesting that activation of Nek6/7 lies downstream of G protein-coupled receptors activation, in general. Nek6/7 may couple photoreception with outer segment biogenesis through phosphorylation of downstream substrates, which may affect the microtubules of the axoneme.
Institution Building in Peru: Ricardo Palma and Víctor Andrés Belaúnde

Seeking to steer the talented of war-torn Europe to Peru, the jurist, essayist, and statesmen Victor Andres Belaunde, of whom we spoke in Chap. 10, writes in 1945 that, as exemplified by San Martin’s and Bolivar’s armies both going to Peru, all roads lead to the Mecca or Rome that is Lima. The conservative internationalist Belaunde was not uttering a falsehood with regard to the strategic importance of his country for the final phase of independence. Still, no small amount of geo-political rhetoric laces his portrayal of the two liberators who, honored by the emerging state in the 1860s with statues in the main plazas of Lima, played complementary roles in the liberation of Peru. This chapter explores Belaunde’s writings as well as those of the famous nineteenth-century satirist Ricardo Palma. Both intellectuals used Bolivar to their advantage as they advanced their projects: Palma’s, which was a literary one, and Belaunde’s which is wide ranging, concerned with the definition of Peru and its connection to the hemisphere and world order. But before we consider the uses to which the two put Bolivar in the sphere of culture and politics, a summary of the sequence of events that saw San Martin and then Bolivar enter and exit Peru must be rendered.
Designing for aspirations

This is a forum for perspectives on designing for communities marginalized by economics, social status, infrastructure, or policies. It will discuss design methods, theoretical and conceptual contributions, and methodological engagements for underserved communities. --- Nithya Sambasivan, Editor
What Issues About Home Sharing Has the Advent of COVID-19 Exposed?

This chapter discusses the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic and its impact on hotels and home sharing in terms of safety and security. Both hotels and home shares lost a lot of business as traveling slowed down considerably due to state and country travel bans, border closures, prohibitions on large gatherings, and a general fear of traveling on the part of many consumers. Both hotels and home-sharing companies responded by developing enhanced cleaning protocols in response to the pandemic; however, home-sharing companies can only ask hosts to voluntarily adhere to such procedures, while hotels have more control over their sanitization techniques. Hotels and home-sharing companies also differed in their refund policies to consumers. While Airbnbs changed as the pandemic progressed, first offering full cash refunds for a limited time period to all applicable guests, for many guests, it was up to the individual host, via their personal cancellation policy, whether affected guests could receive a refund at all. Guests angry about host policies complained on Twitter. Meanwhile, most hotel guests reported receiving a full refund, even on hotel rooms they booked that were originally considered nonrefundable. Hotels reportedly won the support of many former home-sharing users who disliked the application of hosts’ strict cancellation policies during a pandemic.
What Kind of Surgeon Will You Be? An Analysis of Specialty Interest Changes Over the Course of General Surgery Residency

Integrated surgical residency programs and early specialization tracts have increased, with proposed benefits including shorter training time and increased exposure. Drawbacks include a loss of breadth and the need for earlier trainee career decisions. We sought to assess the rate of changing specialty interests over the course of general surgery residency, and what, if any, factors influenced that decision. An 11-question, web-based survey was sent to alumni (2009–2019) of a single academic general surgery residency training program. It queried demographics and experiences during medical school and residency, whether specialty interest changed, and if so, what factors influenced that decision. The survey was emailed to 53 alumni and completed by 59% (n = 31). The majority were male (n = 24, 77%) and Caucasian (n = 26, 84%). All 31 respondents went on to fellowship training. Three individuals (10%) did not declare a specialty interest when applying to residency. Of the 28 who declared an interest, the majority (n = 17, 61%) changed their interest over the course of residency and ultimately applied to fellowship in a different field. Amongst these, only six (25%) had previous exposure in medical school to the field they ultimately went in to. All who changed specialties (n = 17) reported an impactful clinical rotation influencing their decision. Nearly two-thirds of general surgery residents at a single academic institution changed their specialty interest over the course of residency. Our findings suggest that while integrated programs may provide benefits, many medical students are not being exposed to these potential fields.
Outcomes and Patterns of Care in Elderly Patients with Glioblastoma Multiforme

Background Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common primary malignant brain tumor in adults, with an increased incidence among the elderly. However, the optimal treatment strategy in elderly patients remains unclear. This study seeks to investigate the effect of patient selection and treatment strategies on survival trends in these patients. Methods Patients with diagnosis codes specific for GBM were queried from the National Cancer Database during 2004–2016. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis was performed to investigate outcomes. Survival curves and 5-year survival were also generated based on patient-specific factors. Results Among 104,456 patients with GBM identified, elderly patients were less likely to receive radiotherapy (61.3% vs. 77.8%; P Conclusions In an analysis of 104,456 patients with GBM, all treatment modalities were found to be used less frequently in elderly patients. Increasing age and poor performance status were associated with worsened survival. Gross total resection was associated with the greatest survival benefit, and chemotherapy and radiotherapy also improved survival outcomes. These treatment options improved outcomes regardless of performance status. Although maximal treatment strategies may improve survival in elderly patients with GBM, these treatment strategies must be balanced against patient-specific factors and quality-of-life concerns.
Descriptive Analysis of Sleep-surface Sharing among Sudden Unexpected Infant Deaths, 2011-2017

Context: Sleep-surface sharing (SSS) increases the risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome and other sleep-related Sudden Unexpected Infant Deaths (SUID). However, few studies have examined factors associated with the practice. Objective: To determine, among SUID cases, what infant and caregiver characteristics were associated with SSS (e.g., bed, sofa, crib) versus sleeping alone at the time of death. Study Design: Descriptive. Population/Dataset: SUID cases that occurred from 2011-2017 …
Optimizing saponins extraction conditions from roots of Platycodon grandiflorum by ultra high pressure

【Objective】The conditions of extracting saponins from roots of Platycodon grandi florum(RPGF) were optimized by ultra high pressure in order to provide references for its comprehensive development and utilization. 【Method】Using RPGF as materials, single factor and orthogonal test were used to study the effects of grinding degree, UHP pressure, pressure time,and solid-to-liquid ratio on extraction. 【Result】The influencing order was grinding degree UHP pressure pressure time solid-to-liquid ratio. The best saponins extraction conditions were grinding degree of 60 mesh, UHP pressure of 400 MPa,pressure time of 4.0 min, and solid-to-liquid ratio of 1∶14(g:mL), under which the yield of saponins was 4.67%. 【Conclusion】The UHP extraction method was a useful method for extracting saponins from RPGF.
Exhausted T cells never fully recover

A recent preprint looking at the fate of exhausted human T cells after resolution of chronic HCV infection shows that they cannot completely recover and retain ‘traces’ of exhaustion markers.
Enantioselective catalytic 1,2-boronate rearrangements.

A strategy that facilitates the construction of a wide variety of trisubstituted stereocenters through a catalytically accessed common chiral intermediate could prove highly enabling for the field ...
The Illusion of Democracy: When Money Votes

This note observes that e-mails concerning political voting include sales talks and request money. Sending such messages is relatively costless and continue to be sent to recipients regardless of past payment. The note suggests that political advertising by e-mails follows the form of other e-mails attempting to sell something to the recipient. However, the note distinguishes buying “things” from “buying” “rulers” in that it is more costly to change our rulers. Therefore, the note suggests that we should “distinguish the way political proponents advertise, and be wary of how we respond to their advertising.”
Interstitial cells of Cajal: a new perspective on smooth muscle function

Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) were described more than 100 years ago by Ramon y Cajal. For many years these cells were identified only by non-specific histological stains and later, more reliably, by electron microscopy. Ultrastructural features and the anatomical locations of ICC suggested important physiological roles for these cells. A breakthrough occurred in our ability to study ICC when it was recognized that antibodies for Kit could be used to identify ICC, even in living tissues. Signalling via Kit, a receptor tyrosine kinase, is also necessary for ICC development and maintenance of phenotype. Thus, blocking Kit, by a variety of techniques, caused loss of ICC in experimental animals and demonstrated the critical physiological functions of these cells in gastrointestinal motility. Loss of ICC in human gastrointestinal diseases may contribute to the motor pathologies observed. Unrestrained Kit signalling leads to the transformation of ICC and the development of gastrointestinal stromal tumours. Now ICC-like cells have been identified in a variety of smooth muscle tissues, and the race is on to discover whether these cells have equivalent or even novel functions in organs outside the gastrointestinal tract. This perspectives article gives a short overview of the history of ICC research and directions for future investigation.
Society for the History of Psychology

The Society for the History of Psychology (SHP) serves to foster an awareness of and appreciation for the history of psychology among members of the American Psychological Association (APA) and other scientists, scholars, and teachers. SHP, which is Division 26 of the APA and formerly named History of Psychology, was organized first and foremost to encourage original scholarship in the history of psychology. However, the division is also committed to extending awareness of that history to the psychological community in order to foster a better understanding of the aims of contemporary psychology, its relation to other scientific and scholarly fields, and its role in society. Keywords: history of psychology; psychology history; psychology organization
THE SIXTH SESSION (PART TWO) AND SEVENTH SESSION OF THE CONFERENCE OF THE PARTIES TO THE FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE

The reconvened sixth session of the Conference of the Parties (COP-6bis) to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC) took place in Bonn from July 16 to 27, 2001, under the presidency of Jan Pronk, Netherlands minister of housing, spatial planning, and the environment. The meeting was noteworthy as the occasion for adopting the Bonn Agreements on the Kyoto Protocol rules, a crucial juncture for entry into force of the principal international instrument for reducing emissions of greenhouse gases. The rules were adopted in final form as the Marrakesh Accords at the seventh session of the Conference of the Parties (COP-7), held in Marrakesh, Morocco, from October 29 to November 9, 2001.
A Discussion of Water in the Crust

This comment was stimulated by the suggestion that a geochemist discuss the possibility that water is present in the crust. This material is relevant to the papers of T. Madden and W. F. Brace.
Metastatic synovial sarcoma of the scalp: Case report

Background Synovial sarcoma is a malignant tumor of soft tissue that is rarely found in the head and neck. Even less common are metastasis within the head and neck. Methods We describe a case of a delayed metastatic synovial sarcoma to the scalp. A man who had been diagnosed and treated 16 years previously for monophasic synovial sarcoma of the groin, presented with a new scalp lesion confirmed to be metastatic monophasic synovial sarcoma. Wide local excision and sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) were performed and adjuvant radiation therapy was deferred. Results A positron emission tomography (PET)/CT was obtained 3 months after surgery and showed no evidence of local recurrence or metastatic disease. Conclusion This case report describes a rare case of synovial sarcoma metastasizing to the scalp. The genetic, histopathologic, and clinical features of synovial sarcoma are reviewed with a focus on their manifestation and management within the head and neck. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2015
Cholesterol pericarditis terminating as constrictive calcific pericarditis: Follow-up study of patient with 40 year history of disease

This is a follow-up report of a patient with idiopathic cholesterol pericarditis (previously described in this Journal in 1961). The patient had had recurrent pericardial effusions since 1939, and died with calcific constrictive pericarditis some 40 years later. In the interim, the patient had an extended period (17 years) of symptomatic relief after pericardiotomy in 1958.
Rheumatic Pneumonia: The Need for a New Approach

Rheumatic pneumonia is a well-described, poorly understood, rare manifestation of rheumatic fever that is generally fatal. Until 1958, when Brown and his colleagues presented their comprehensive discussion, pediatric journals provided only five references. Since then, only one article has appeared in the pediatric literature. As illustrated by the following case report, pediatricians need to be aware of rheumatic pnuemonia in order to determine optimal therapy and management. CASE REPORT A.M., a 13-year-old Mexican-American boy, was in apparent good health until he developed fleeting arthralgia, abdominal pain, and low-grade fever. The day following the onset of symptoms acute appendicitis was suspected, and a laparotomy was performed at a community hospital.
Examining How Infant Interactions Influence Men’s Hormones, Affect, and Aggression Using the Michigan Infant Nurturance Simulation Paradigm

Interacting with infants changes affect and hormones in adult men; do these interactions and their effects also influence aggressive responding? In the present study, we tested 96 men in the Michigan Infant Nurturance Simulation Paradigm (MINSP) using a simulated infant (SI). Men provided saliva samples and responded to baseline questionnaires about health and affect, and then engaged in one of four randomly assigned conditions: neutral, audio cries (taped from infants), SI-R (responsive: (where the SI could be nurtured in ways that ended its crying), and SIN (nonresponsive: where the SI could be nurtured, but its crying could not be ended). After this, they viewed a neutral film video as a time filler, and then engaged in an aggressive responding task. Our results showed that hearing audio cries increased testosterone relative to baseline and the other conditions, and that the SI conditions increased negative affect relative to the other conditions. We found that the audio cries condition elicited more aggressive responding than the other conditions, but only marginally so. However, the hormonal changes were not associated with different patterns of aggressive responding. Results are discussed in light of biopsyschosocial pathways from nurturant and challenging infant interactions to psychological, hormonal, and behavioral outcomes.