cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Case 2: Term Female Newborn with Prenatal Diagnosis of Abdominal Distention and Ascites.

A 3,960-g female infant is born at 37 weeks of gestation to a 25-year-old gravida 2, para 1-0-0-1 woman via vaginal delivery. The pregnancy had been complicated by a history of depression not requiring pharmacologic treatment, a urinary tract infection treated successfully, fetal abdominal distention and ascites, and polyhydramnios requiring 3 procedures for amniotic fluid reduction. Noninvasive prenatal testing and α-fetoprotein levels were normal. Apgar scores are 6 and 8 at 1 and 5 minutes, respectively. The infant has decreased respiratory effort but improves with continuous positive airway pressure and is weaned to room air while in the delivery room with no further respiratory concerns. Because of the significant abdominal distention, the patient is transferred to the NICU where the physical examination findings are significant for abdominal distention, an abdominal circumference of 38 cm, palpable bowel loops, and absent bowel sounds. Other significant findings include bilateral webbing of the second and third toes and bilateral fusion of …
Which town did it come from?: Sourcing locally-made ceramics in the Mid-Atlantic:

Historical archaeologists working in the Middle Atlantic rarely use archaeometric techniques to source ceramics. Yet, there are several important research questions we can ask if we sourced more of...
Computing eigenvalues, eigenvectors and frequency responses of structures with non-proportional damping

Abstract This paper presents algorithms to compute eigenvalues, eigenvectors and frequency response matrix of a linear structure with non-proportional damping. The method is based on derivatives of repeated or unrepeated complex eigenvalues and complex eigenvectors . Since eigenvectors are not unique for a repeated eigenvalue, a special algorithm is developed to select the correct eigenvector for a given non-proportional damping. The advantage of the proposed method is that it only requires the knowledge of natural frequencies and mode shapes of the undamped structure. The validity of this method is established by comparing numerical results from this algorithm to exact answers.
A High Slew Rate, Low Power, Compact Operational Amplifier Based on the Super-Class AB Recycling Folded Cascode

This work demonstrates the first application of the super class-AB recycling folded cascode in an op-amp. Usage of adaptive biasing and local common mode feedback enhance gain-bandwidth, slew rate, and power efficiency. Class-AB control is achieved using RC lag compensation. Simulation results from layout extraction highlight the design’s strengths for applications requiring high bandwidth and low power while driving capacitive loads. The op-amp is implemented in a 180nm CMOS process, occupying an area of 0.010mm2 and drawing 23µA of static current. Under a capacitive load of 25pF, the design achieves an open-loop DC gain of 80.5dB, gain-bandwidth of 10.7MHz, slew rate of 202V/µs, and phase margin of 60° in the unity-gain configuration.
The Neural Coding Framework for Learning Generative Models.

Neural generative models can be used to learn complex probability distributions from data, to sample from them, and to produce probability density estimates. We propose a novel neural generative model inspired by the theory of predictive processing in the brain. According to predictive processing theory, the neurons in the brain form a hierarchy in which neurons in one level form expectations about sensory inputs from another level. These neurons update their local models based on differences between their expectations and the observed signals. In a similar way, artificial neurons in our generative model predict what neighboring neurons will do, and adjust their parameters based on how well the predictions matched reality. This neural generative model performs very well in practice. On a variety of benchmark datasets and metrics, it either remains competitive with or significantly outperforms other generative models with similar functionality (such as the variational auto-encoder).
The destruction of the axiom of determinacy by forcings on ℝ when Θ Is regular

ZF + AD proves that for all nontrivial forcings $$\mathbb{P}$$ on a wellorderable set of cardinality less than Θ, $${1_\mathbb{P}}{ \Vdash _\mathbb{P}}\,\neg {\rm{AD}}$$ . ZF + AD + Θ is regular proves that for all nontrivial forcing $$\mathbb{P}$$ which is a surjective image of ℝ, $${1_\mathbb{P}}{ \Vdash _\mathbb{P}}\,\neg {\rm{AD}}$$ . In particular, ZF + AD + V = L(ℝ) proves that for every nontrivial forcing $$ \mathbb{P}\in {L_\Theta }\left(\mathbb{R}\right),{1_\mathbb{P}}{ \Vdash _\mathbb{P}}\,\neg {\rm{AD}}$$ .
Muscle tension in human operant heart rate conditioning.

The physiological mechanism involved in human operant heart rate conditioning is not known. If skeletal muscle tension is a mediator, it should be possible to generate significant heart rate increases by inconspicuous voluntary muscle tension. Eleven subjects were instructed to generate inconspicuous muscle tension for 90-second periods. No gross muscle movements were observed, but average heart rate during the trials was over 13 beats-per-minute greater than pre-trial base lines. Respiratory pattern changes and surface electromyogram changes did not reliably correlate with heart rate increases. Inconspicuous muscle tension could be a mediator in human operant heart rate conditioning, and cannot be ruled out by absence of change in respiratory pattern or electromyogram.
Intra-uterine effects on adult muscle strength.

Abstract Background Maternal behaviors and exposures affect fetal growth and development. Smoking, malnutrition, sedentary behavior, and stress can each lead to fetal programming and intra-uterine growth restriction. As a result, tissue development may be impaired. Problems with muscle formation can lead to reductions in muscle performance throughout life. The purpose of this study was to determine if in utero effects on muscle mass, muscle function, or both are responsible for the relationship between size at birth and adult muscle strength. Study design One hundred adults (ages 18-40), who were singletons born at term (37-42 weeks), participated. Birth weight was adjusted for gestational age using neonatal growth reference data. Maximal voluntary contractions (MVC) of dominant and non-dominant handgrip, and right and left leg extension were measured. Linear regression analysis was used to determine the association between adjusted birth weight and muscle strength. Sex and lean body mass were covariates. Results Dominant handgrip MVC increased by 1.533 kg per 1 SD increase in adjusted birth weight (p = 0.004). Lean body mass had a significant indirect effect on this relationship. The relationship between handgrip strength and adjusted birth weight was strongest among female subjects. No other muscle strength measures were significantly associated with adjusted birth weight. Conclusions Birth size was a significant predictor of handgrip strength in adulthood. Including lean body mass attenuated, but did not remove, the association. Thus, among individuals born to term, having a smaller-than-predicted birth size likely causes both reductions in muscle mass formation and decreased muscle function, ultimately impacting muscle strength in adulthood.
CMIP5 model simulations of Ethiopian Kiremt-season precipitation: current climate and future changes

Kiremt-season (June–September) precipitation provides a significant water supply for Ethiopia, particularly in the central and northern regions. The response of Kiremt-season precipitation to climate change is thus of great concern to water resource managers. However, the complex processes that control Kiremt-season precipitation challenge the capability of general circulation models (GCMs) to accurately simulate precipitation amount and variability. This in turn raises questions about their utility for predicting future changes. This study assesses the impact of climate change on Kiremt-season precipitation using state-of-the-art GCMs participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5. Compared to models with a coarse resolution, high-resolution models (horizontal resolution <2°) can more accurately simulate precipitation, most likely due to their ability to capture precipitation induced by topography. Under the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5 scenario, these high-resolution models project an increase in precipitation over central Highlands and northern Great Rift Valley in Ethiopia, but a decrease in precipitation over the southern part of the country. Such a dipole pattern is attributable to the intensification of the North Atlantic subtropical high (NASH) in a warmer climate, which influences Ethiopian Kiremt-season precipitation mainly by modulating atmospheric vertical motion. Diagnosis of the omega equation demonstrates that an intensified NASH increases (decreases) the advection of warm air and positive vorticity into the central Highlands and northern Great Rift Valley (southern part of the country), enhancing upward motion over the northern Rift Valley but decreasing elsewhere. Under the RCP 4.5 scenario, the high-resolution models project an intensification of the NASH by 15 (3 × 105 m2 s−2) geopotential meters (stream function) at the 850-hPa level, contributing to the projected precipitation change over Ethiopia. The influence of the NASH on Kiremt-season precipitation becomes more evident in the future due to the offsetting effects of two other major circulation systems: the East African Low-level Jet (EALLJ) and the Tropical Easterly Jet (TEJ). The high-resolution models project a strengthening of the EALLJ, but a weakening of the TEJ. Future changes in the EALLJ and TEJ will drive this precipitation system in opposite directions, leading to small or no net changes in precipitation in Ethiopia.
An Empirical Investigation of the Utility of Selected Environmental Variables in Explaining Consumer Loyalty to Selected Recreation Services

The current stage of loyalty research reported in recreation studies is similar to early brand loyalty research in that it is plagued by an abundance of behavioral definitions which inhibited comparison and generalizability of the research findings. This paper discusses consumers’ loyalty to a selected recreation service as a two dimensional construct comprised of a psychological and a behavioral dimension. It was hypothesized that selected environmental factors, side bets, price sensitivity, perceived constraints, and perceived skill level would discriminate between consumers exhibiting differing degrees of loyalty. Results of the discriminant analysis support the hypothesis.
Should a Multinational Firm Place Part of its Supply Chain in a Tax Haven?: Strategies to Enable International Tax Arbitrage

What motivates the geographic footprint of the supply chains that multinational firms (MNFs) deploy? Traditional prescriptive research in the operations and supply chain management literature tends to recommend locations primarily based on differentials in production costs and the ramifications of physical distance. The role of taxation has received much less attention.MNFs that strategically position parts of their supply chains in low-tax locations can allocate the profits across the different pieces of the firm so as to improve post-tax profits. For the profit allocation to be defensible to tax authorities, the operations in tax havens must possess real decision authority and bear meaningful risks such as the consequences of uncertainty in market demand. Generally speaking, the greater the transfer of risk and control, the larger the allowable allocation of profit. These transfers may also create inefficiencies due to misalignment of business goals and attitudes towards risk. We model these tradeoffs in the context of placing in a low-tax region a subsidiary that oversees product distribution (as a Commissionaire, Limited-Risk Distributor, or Fully-Fledged Distributor). Our analysis ultimately informs the questions of motive for the MNF: whether and when to use these tax-aware supply chain strategies.
The therapeutic use of atropine in diabetic neuropathy (651.12)

Diabetic neuropathy, a neurological complication of diabetes, is associated with significant rates of morbidity and mortality. Since limited therapeutic approaches currently exist for diabetic dege...
Four challenges to the a priori—a posteriori distinction

During the past decade a new twist in the debate regarding the a priori has unfolded. A number of prominent epistemologists have challenged the coherence or importance of the a priori—a posteriori distinction or, alternatively, of the concept of a priori knowledge. My focus in this paper is on these new challenges to the a priori. My goals are to (1) provide a framework for organizing the challenges, (2) articulate and assess a range of the challenges, and (3) present two challenges of my own.
Stent-assisted intracranial recanalization for acute stroke: early results.

Objective In patients who are not candidates for intravenous tissue plasminogen activator, intra-arterial (IA) therapy is an alternative. Current recanalization rates are 50 to 60% for IA thrombolysis. Stent-assisted recanalization in the setting of acute stroke after failed thrombolysis may improve recanalization rates. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed of 19 patients treated at two institutions between July 2001 and March, 2005 with intracranial stenting of a vessel resistant to standard thrombolytic techniques. Demographics, clinical, and radiographic presentation and outcomes were studied. Results Thirteen men and six women with a median baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score of 16 (range, 15-22) were included. Eight lesions were located at the internal carotid artery terminus, seven in the M1/M2 segment, and four in the basilar artery. Average time-to-treatment was 210 +/- 160 minutes. Overall recanalization rate (Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction Grade 2 or 3) was 79%. There were six deaths: five due to progression of stroke and withdrawal of care at the family's request and one as the result of a delayed carotid injury after tracheostomy. One postoperative asymptomatic intracranial hemorrhage occurred without adverse affect on outcome. Median discharge NIHSS score of surviving patients was 5 (range, 2.5-11.5). Lesions at the internal carotid artery terminus (P 3 modified Rankin scale score at discharge. Conclusion Stent-assisted recanalization for acute stroke resulting from intracranial thrombotic occlusion is associated with a high recanalization rate and low intracranial hemorrhage rate. These initial results suggest that stenting may be an option for recalcitrant cerebral arterial occlusions.
Functional interactions between KCNE1 C-terminus and the KCNQ1 channel.

The KCNE1 gene product (minK protein) associates with the cardiac KvLQT1 potassium channel (encoded by KCNQ1) to create the cardiac slowly activating delayed rectifier, IKs. Mutations throughout both genes are linked to the hereditary cardiac arrhythmias in the Long QT Syndrome (LQTS). KCNE1 exerts its specific regulation of KCNQ1 activation via interactions between membrane-spanning segments of the two proteins. Less detailed attention has been focused on the role of the KCNE1 C-terminus in regulating channel behavior. We analyzed the effects of an LQT5 point mutation (D76N) and the truncation of the entire C-terminus (Δ70) on channel regulation, assembly and interaction. Both mutations significantly shifted voltage dependence of activation in the depolarizing direction and decreased IKs current density. They also accelerated rates of channel deactivation but notably, did not affect activation kinetics. Truncation of the C-terminus reduced the apparent affinity of KCNE1 for KCNQ1, resulting in impaired channel formation and presentation of KCNQ1/KCNE1 complexes to the surface. Complete saturation of KCNQ1 channels with KCNE1-Δ70 could be achieved by relative over-expression of the KCNE subunit. Rate-dependent facilitation of K+ conductance, a key property of IKs that enables action potential shortening at higher heart rates, was defective for both KCNE1 C-terminal mutations, and may contribute to the clinical phenotype of arrhythmias triggered by heart rate elevations during exercise in LQTS mutations. These results support several roles for KCNE1 C-terminus interaction with KCNQ1: regulation of channel assembly, open-state destabilization, and kinetics of channel deactivation.
Immunogold for detection of avian leukosis/sarcoma virus in formalin-fixed heart and kidney.

Summary Immunoprobes are used in the qualitative and semi‐quantitative demonstration of antigens in clinical samples. In the present study, an immunogold method has been used for routine and rapid detection of avian leukosis/sarcoma virus (AL/SV) in sections of formalin‐fixed chicken heart and kidney. Application of this ultrastructural indirect immunogold labelling technique (IILT) will enable pathologists to obtain a definitive diagnosis of avian AL/SV infection when inclusions or putative viral particles are observed by light or electron microscopy. IILT also may be used in research on AL/SV infections.
Brood size adjustment in birds: Economical tracking in a temporally varying environment

Lack's (1954) suggestion that birds may track unpredictable environmental variation by adjusting brood size posthatching is examined with a formal model. Our model shows when posthatching brood size adjustment is of selective advantage. The conditions are sensitive to the costs associated with removing offspring. As such costs increase, the conditions favoring the evolution of brood size adjustment become more restrictive. However, under realistic offspring survival functions and positive selection for this form of environmental tracking, the model suggests that parents should attempt to accurately track environmental conditions. This entails laying a clutch that closely matches the best conditions, and when poorer conditions are encountered, removing offspring until the new lower optimal brood size is reached.
Acute onset of pulmonary necrotising arteritis in a dog with a left‐to‐right patent ductus arteriosus

A 12-week-old, clinically normal Chihuahua was referred for investigation for a continuous heart murmur. Cardiac evaluation revealed an anatomically and haemodynamically typical left-to-right shunting patent ductus arteriosus. The continuous wave Doppler measurement of peak ductal jet velocity of 5.6 m/s was suggestive of a normal pulmonary to systemic arterial pressure ratio. The dog returned 16 days later with right heart failure and severe pulmonary hypertension. Marked reduction in left-to-right shunting was demonstrated and the ductal jet velocity had decreased to 2.5 m/s. Immediate ductus ligation, oxygen therapy before and after the operation, and administration of hydralazine failed to reduce pulmonary hypertension, and the dog was euthanased. Histopathological examination of the lung showed pulmonary necrotising arteritis with acute and chronic arterial lesions. Chronic pulmonary vascular changes related to high flow have been associated with altered nitric oxide and endothelin responses. These changes may be responsible for the acute onset of pulmonary hypertension due to relatively minor vascular insults in some human and veterinary patients with left-to-right shunts. The potential for acute progression supports the recommendations for early ductus ligation and the prognostic importance of detecting pulmonary hypertension presurgically in patent ductus arteriosus patients.
Anytime algorithms for multi-armed bandit problems

How should a decision-maker perform repeated choices so as to optimize the average cost or benefit of those choices in the long run? This question motivates the theory of online learning, which encompasses problems such as the well-known best-expert [13, 9] and multi-armed bandit [10, 1] problems. This paper concerns a new approach to dealing with multi-armed bandit problems in which the decision-maker's strategy set is large (exponential or possibly infinite). Recent theoretical progress on the analysis of algorithms for such problems (e.g. [2, 3, 8, 11, 14]) has led to improved online algorithms for problems in areas such as online routing [2], dynamic pricing mechanisms [4, 5, 12], and analysis of reputation systems in e-commerce and peer-to-peer networks [3].
Enhanced adhesion of PMMA to copper with black oxide for electrodeposition of high aspect ratio nickel-iron microstructures

Copper is widely used as a plating base for soft magnetic alloy electrodeposition in sensors and actuators. PMMA, the X-ray resist used in the LIGA process, typically has poor adhesion with copper. The use of black oxide of copper to enhance PMMA-copper adhesion was investigated. In this work, peel strength as a function of treatment time and the method of bonding was evaluated using an ASTM standard T-peel test. Peel strength increased with increasing treatment time. The feasibility of producing microstructures with predictable 3-D geometry for use in resonating sensors was investigated using the process developed. Nickel-iron structures of 100-1000 micrometers wide and 500 micrometers tall were successfully electrodeposited. Growth of other representative microstructures is being investigated.
From the Chua Circuit to the generalized Chua Map.

We analytically derive a one-dimensional map from an ODE which produces a double scroll very similar to the Chua double scroll. Our analysis leads us to suggest a generalization of the Chua circuit to an n-dimensional system of ODEs that we will call the generalized Chua equations. The third order system of ODEs in this class contains the Chua equations as a special case. Parallel to the generalized Chua equations we define the generalized Chua maps. An important feature of these equations and maps is that the source of their nonlinearity is a sigmoid function, and functions very similar in their properties to the sigmoid function. We show that this class of equations contains examples of maps that reproduce the Lorenz and Rossler dynamics. We suggest that a general theory of these equations and maps, and their relationship to one-dimensional maps, is possible. A benefit of our analysis shows that the dynamics of the maps of Rossler, Chua, and Lorenz maps can be traced to a common set of building blocks, and we conclude that the Chua map is the simplest of the three maps and therefore understanding the complexity in the Chua map provides a foundation for understanding chaos in a large class of n-dimensional equations that includes the maps of Rossler and Lorenz.
Experimental determination of the quasiparticle energy distribution function in optically perturbed superconducting films

The nonequilibrium quasiparticle energy distribution function of optically irradiated superconductors is obtained from an analysis of the current-voltage curve of superconducting-insulator-superconductor tunnel junctions. The result is in excellent agreement with the numerical solution of the appropriate kinetic equations.
An Evaluation of Pullet and Young Laying Hen Ammonia Aversion Using a Preference Test Chamber

This research evaluated what ammonia concentration causes pullets or young laying hens to show an aversion. Because previous studies had shown conflicting data for laying hen aversion at 25 ppm ammonia, this aversion was tested with pullets and young laying hens in the current study. The test birds used in this study had not previously experienced elevated ammonia concentrations and thus their natural aversion could be determined. The evaluation of aversion was done using a newly developed Environmental Preference Test Chamber (EPTC). The birds were monitored to determine the percentage of occupation time (POT) under a higher ammonia concentration (25 ppm) vs. a low ammonia concentration (<10 ppm). The POT was measured over the total day (24 hr) as well as the lighted period only. Feed usage was also monitored as a possible indicator of aversion. Although none of the differences in POT or feed usage were significantly different, both lighted day POT and feed usage showed a trend of relationship (p= 0.13, p=0.16 respectively). This ongoing study aims to determine the birds’ aversion as part of a larger study to determine if ammonia or thermal discomfort drives preference.
Elementary properties of arcwise connected sets and functions.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate some elementary, basic properties of arcwise connected sets and functions. Since these concepts are generalizations of convexity, it is natural to ask if any of the basic properties of convex sets and functions are carried over to these new generalized classes. All the functions involved are considered to be not necessarily differentiable.
Discrete Event Simulation and Real Time Locating Systems: Technology Integration for Process Improvement

The Veteran's Health Administration VHA is the largest integrated health care system in the United States, forming the arm of the Department of Veterans Affairs VA that delivers medical services. From a troubled past, the VHA today is regarded as a model for healthcare transformation. The VA has evaluated and adopted a variety of cutting-edge approaches to foster greater efficiency and effectiveness in healthcare delivery as part of their systems redesign initiative. This paper discusses the integration of two health care analysis platforms: Discrete Event Simulation DES, and Real Time Locating systems RTLS presenting examples of work done at the St. Louis VA Medical Center. Use of RTLS data for generation and validation of DES models is detailed, with prescriptive discussion of methodologies. The authors recommend the careful consideration of these relatively new approaches which show promise in assisting systems redesign initiatives across the health care spectrum.
IMPACT OF AGE, GENDER, AND METABOLIC SYNDROME COMPONENTS ON THE RATE OF PROGRESSION OF MILD CALCIFIC AORTIC VALVE DISEASE

Demographic and metabolic factors which promote progression of calcific aortic stenosis in its early phase are poorly understood. We identified patients with an initial aortic valve peak velocity of ≥ 1.8 but < 3.0 m/s by echo, and examined the effects of age, gender, and components of the
Effect of Resonant Frequency Shifting on Time to Failure of a Cantilevered Beam under Vibration

Many vibration screening programs have implemented the use of repetitive shock (RS) machines. Examination of the RS power spectral density (PSD) shows there are many high and low points throughout the frequency band. The effect of these sharp peaks and valleys on the time to failure of a test item was unknown. A simple cantilevered beam was subjected to several vibration profiles with peaks and valleys. It was determined that the peaks and valleys had a significant effect on the time to failure due to resonant shifting of the beam during crack propagation.
A simulation engine—combining and expert system with a simulation language

Expert systems were applied in a number of ways to the field of simulation. One of these is the application of an expert system to drive a simulation, by making run-time decisions which effect the simulation. This approach was successful for a number of specific simulation models. The simulation engine extends this capability by supporting this type of interaction in a general purpose setting. A general purpose simulation language is provided for building models, and an inference engine is provided for knowledge processing. This combination results in a mechanism which allows general purpose models to be simulated in concert with interactive knowledge bases.
A Computational Model of Backlay Welding for Controlling Residual Stresses in Welded Pipes

Intergranular Stress Corrosion Cracking (IGSCC) has been a problem in Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) piping systems. One method for retarding IGSCC is to eliminate tensile residual stresses at the pipe inner surface in the heat affected zone produced by the welding process. A method called backlay welding can be effective in producing compressive residual stresses at the pipe inner surface. This paper describes a computational model and its use in examining the effectiveness of the backlay welding process. The model has demonstrated an ability to predict weld-induced residual stresses for a variety of pipe sizes and welding conditions. Computational results for backlay welding are in agreement with residual stress data. The mechanisms causing residual stresses and the effect of the number of backlay weld layers on residual stresses are discussed.
Molecular structure and thickness of highly oriented poly(tetrafluoroethylene) films measured by atomic force microscopy

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to image thin single-crystal-like layers of poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) deposited mechanically on glass. Not only can AFM reveal details of the molecular structure, but it can also provide direct measurement of the absolute thickness and continuity of these films. High-magnification images show individual rod-like molecules with an intermolecular spacing of 0.58 nm. The helix of individual molecules is clearly resolved and fine structures along the polymer chains may indicate individual fluorine atoms. The thickness of the films varies from 7–32 nm depending on deposition temperature and mechanical pressure. The continuity of the films strongly decreases at lower temperatures. The remaining single fibres are not stable and can be modified by the imaging tip.
Germline copy number polymorphisms involving larger than 100 kb are uncommon in normal subjects.

BACKGROUND Recent studies using ROMA and Array-CGH suggest that germline copy number polymorphisms (CNPs) involving >100 kb are common in humans. METHODS In this study, we used the Affymetrix GeneChip 100K single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) mapping panel to further examine the type and frequency of germline CNPs in the genome. By utilizing the allele intensity data generated while genotyping ∼116,000 SNPs among 23 subjects from 4 families, we were able to detect multiple CNPs. RESULTS However, in contrast to several previous studies, we found that CNPs >100 kb are rare in the genome but CNPs involving 100s–1,000s of base pairs are more common. CONCLUSIONS We have demonstrated the utility of this approach, which has an important advantage over other methods because it is able to simultaneously assess both CNPs and SNPs, and therefore has great potential in genetic association studies of common diseases. Prostate 67:227–233, 2007. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Computation of frequency-to-spatial transform by olfactory bulb glomeruli

A physiological simulation of 2.5% of the input and inhibitory neurons and 25% of the primary mitral/tufted cells in a single mammalian olfactory bulb glomerulus was constructed. This physiological simulation used the integrate-and-fire paradigm with realistic activation curves and synaptic delays. The dendritic integration incorporated non-linear interactive effects of individual cell excitatory and inhibitory post-synaptic potentials (PSPs) from both axodendritic and dendrodendritic synaptic contacts. Refractory periods for granule-cell inhibition of mitral/tufted cell activity lead to relatively fixed-frequency rhythmic activity in the glomerulus, independent of the input frequency from the olfactory nerve. Though the frequency of mitral/ tufted cell firing in bulb was approximately independent of input frequency, the number of cells active in the glomerulus was a roughly-linear function of input frequency to the glomerulus, indicating the mechanism's ability to function as a frequency-to-spatial encoder.
Cryptographic solutions for COTS smart phones

The ability of Commercial Off-The-Shelf (COTS) smart phones to securely process classified voice and data greatly depends on several factors - operational context, highest classification level of security processing required, and application of the relevant Information Assurance (IA) standards. This paper will describe the unique challenges associated with use of COTS smart phones in military operations. Three loss scenarios are described along with corresponding loss mitigation strategies. In addition, the paper will offer ideas that can turn the loss scenario into an opportunity to collect intelligence on the enemy. In conclusion, we propose the next steps required to provide Cryptographic Solutions for COTS Smart Phones.
Detection of DNA sequence symmetries using parallel micro-optical devices

In order to search for symbolically encoded sequences of DNA base information, we have constructed an incoherent optical feature extraction system. This approach uses video display, spatial light modulation, and detection components in conjunction with microlenslet replicating optics, to expedite the recognition of symbol sequences based on their symmetry properties. Multichannel operation is achieved through the replication of input scenery, making possible a higher throughput rate than for single channel systems. A notable feature of our arrangement has been the exchanged positions of input scenery and the filter set. The conventional treatment has been to display the input scene on a monitor for projection onto a set of feature extraction vectors realized as amplitude modulated LCTV devices or lithographically prepared masks. We have chosen instead to provide the filter set as input to the system and to correspondingly place the sequence data in the filter plane of the system, relying on the commutativity of projection to allow this role reversal. A class of DNA sequences known as palindromes are known to have special regulatory functions in biological systems; this class is distinguished by the antisymmetric arrangement of bases in palindromic sequences. We have designed our optical feature extractor to classify short (6 bases in length) sequences of DNA as palindrome or nonpalindrome. We note that this classification is made on the basis of the sequence symmetry, independent of base composition. We discuss the design of this architecture and the considerations that led us to the sequence representation. Initial results of this work are presented. Finally, the integration of this optical architecture into a complete system is discussed.
Working with Life Scripts: Spontaneity, Surplus Reality, and Personal Change

This article addresses features of spontaneity, the power of life scripts, and surplus reality. A psychodrama unfolds wherein Jean, a 22-year-old woman, confronts the issue of being pulled across the generational boundary by her mother, who has used Jean to solve her struggles in her marriage as well as stresses in her life. Jean resolves the issue by disengaging from her mother in a dramatic scene in which the entire group assists by empowering Jean.
Altered Gene Expression in Normal Colonic Mucosa of Individuals With Polyps of the Colon

Expression levels of many genes are altered in colon cancer, relative to normal colonic mucosa. We recently reported that such differences also exist between grossly normal colonic mucosa of individuals with and without colon cancer, and between individuals with and without a family history of colon cancer. Here we report a study of individuals with no cancer but with polyps in the transverse, ascending/descending, or rectosigmoid colon. Biopsies of grossly normal-appearing colonic mucosa from the rectosigmoid colon were taken from individuals with polyps, with or without personal/family history of colon cancer, and gene expression profiles compared with those from biopsies of control patients, with no polyps or known personal/family history. A global expression analysis was conducted of the same 15 genes used in our previous studies. We found significant differences in gene expression in normal-appearing rectosigmoid colonic mucosa between individuals with polyps and controls, regardless of whether personal or family history of cancer was present. Alterations in gene expression patterns in morphologically normal-appearing colonic mucosa are associated with the presence of adenomatous polyps. Prospective studies will be required to determine whether these alterations in gene expression can be used to predict risk of developing colon cancer.
A concept analysis of panic

Minimal attention has been focused on the concept of panic in the discipline of nursing. Hindering a greater understanding of panic is its lack of explication and development in nursing. To help remedy this situation, a concept analysis of panic was performed. The hybrid model of concept development was used, which consists of an initial theoretical phase, a fieldwork phase, and a final analytical phase. In the theoretical phase, after a cross-disciplinary literature search was done, existing definitions and measurement of the concept of panic were analyzed, and a working definition of panic was formulated. In the fieldwork phase, women experiencing postpartum panic disorder were interviewed to collect qualitative data for further analysis of panic. The final phase focused on comparing and contrasting the findings from the theoretical phase with the insights discovered from the fieldwork. Applicability of panic across nursing is addressed along with implications for nursing theory, practice, and research.
Patterns of natural herb use by Asian and Pacific Islanders

Objective. Previous studies have noted the role of race/ethnicity in use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). Asian and Pacific Islanders (APIs) in particular have been found to use herbs more frequently, although the patterns of use among this population have not been described. The goal of this study was to characterize the rates and patterns of herb use among the API population of the United States. Design. Data from the 2002 US National Health Interview Survey, including the supplement on CAM, were analyzed using SAS. Cross-tabulation and logistical regression were used to determine the association between herb use and race/ethnicity, while adjusting for demographic factors. Results. After adjusting for age, gender and educational attainment, we found that APIs were more likely to use herbs than non-Hispanic Whites (OR=1.3; 95% CI: 1.1, 1.5; p=0.013), with the difference being most prominent in those 60 years old or older (OR=2.9; 95% CI: 1.8, 4.5; p<0.0001). Herb use among APIs was more c...
The Role of Sport as a Social Status Determinant for Children: Thirty Years Later.

The purpose of this study was to examine the role of sport as a social status determinant among racially diverse children. Participants were 1,233 fourth- to seventh-grade children. Results indicated there were gender, grade, and racial differences for the selection of social status determinants. Boys placed more importance than girls on being good at sports and wealth. Girls placed more importance than boys on getting good grades and being attractive. Fourth- and fifth-grade students ranked getting good grades as most important, while sixth- and seventh-grade students ranked being attractive as most important. Non-Hispanic Caucasian students ranked being good at sports and being attractive as most important, while African American students ranked getting good grades and wealth as most important
The role of organizational research in implementing evidence-based practice: QUERI Series.

Health care organizations exert significant influence on the manner in which clinicians practice and the processes and outcomes of care that patients experience. A greater understanding of the organizational milieu into which innovations will be introduced, as well as the organizational factors that are likely to foster or hinder the adoption and use of new technologies, care arrangements and quality improvement (QI) strategies are central to the effective implementation of research into practice. Unfortunately, much implementation research seems to not recognize or adequately address the influence and importance of organizations. Using examples from the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Quality Enhancement Research Initiative (QUERI), we describe the role of organizational research in advancing the implementation of evidence-based practice into routine care settings. Using the six-step QUERI process as a foundation, we present an organizational research framework designed to improve and accelerate the implementation of evidence-based practice into routine care. Specific QUERI-related organizational research applications are reviewed, with discussion of the measures and methods used to apply them. We describe these applications in the context of a continuum of organizational research activities to be conducted before, during and after implementation. Since QUERI's inception, various approaches to organizational research have been employed to foster progress through QUERI's six-step process. We report on how explicit integration of the evaluation of organizational factors into QUERI planning has informed the design of more effective care delivery system interventions and enabled their improved "fit" to individual VA facilities or practices. We examine the value and challenges in conducting organizational research, and briefly describe the contributions of organizational theory and environmental context to the research framework. Understanding the organizational context of delivering evidence-based practice is a critical adjunct to efforts to systematically improve quality. Given the size and diversity of VA practices, coupled with unique organizational data sources, QUERI is well-positioned to make valuable contributions to the field of implementation science. More explicit accommodation of organizational inquiry into implementation research agendas has helped QUERI researchers to better frame and extend their work as they move toward regional and national spread activities.
Molecular and cellular biology of cerebral arteriovenous malformations: a review of current concepts and future trends in treatment.

Object Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are classically described as congenital static lesions. However, in addition to rupturing, AVMs can undergo growth, remodeling, and regression. These phenomena are directly related to cellular, molecular, and physiological processes. Understanding these relationships is essential to direct future diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. The authors performed a search of the contemporary literature to review current information regarding the molecular and cellular biology of AVMs and how this biology will impact their potential future management. Methods A PubMed search was performed using the key words “genetic,” “molecular,” “brain,” “cerebral,” “arteriovenous,” “malformation,” “rupture,” “management,” “embolization,” and “radiosurgery.” Only English-language papers were considered. The reference lists of all papers selected for full-text assessment were reviewed. Results Current concepts in genetic polymorphisms, growth factors, angiopoietins, apoptosis, endotheli...
US immigrants and bicycling: Two-wheeled in Autopia

Immigrants to the United States--particularly new immigrants--are more likely than the native born to travel by bicycle. This paper explores the extent to which the use of bicycles by immigrants can be explained by variables such as income, age, automobile availability, and neighborhood characteristics. Results from multinomial logistic mode choice models suggest that, even after controlling for these factors, a large and significant "immigrant effect" remains. The effect size is large for all immigrant groups by sending country, though some immigrant groups--such as those from East and Southeast Asia--are more likely than are others to use bicycles after controlling for other factors. Several avenues for further research are introduced, and policy implications are discussed.
Echocardiography in low pressure cardiac tamponade

Right ventricular (RV) diastolic collapse and right atrial (RA) collapse are 2 useful 2-dimensional echocardiographic signs of cardiac tamponade.1–4 According to investigation of the hemodynamics of tamponade in animals under conditions of varying intravascular volume, the presence of RV diastolic collapse and RA collapse implies that the effusion has importantly compromised cardiac filling and output, and that these signs occur in tamponade even when intravascular volume is contracted.3 Most clinical studies documenting the value of the echocardiographic signs of tamponade have been performed in cases of straightforward tamponade where other hemodynamic or clinical signs were also present. The importance of RV diastolic collapse and RA collapse in the detection of complicated tamponade in patients, such as that seen in a setting of hypovolemia, is not known. Recognition of tamponade is often difficult when it occurs in a state of intravascular volume depletion.5,6 In this report we present a case of low pressure cardiac tamponade where the diagnosis of tamponade was made by the presence of RV diastolic collapse and RA collapse, despite normal right-sided pressures.
CHOLELITHIASIS IN THE COTTONRAT, Sigmodon hispidus, FROM THE HIGH PLAINS OF TEXAS

A high prevalence (71%) of gallstones was noted in free-ranging cottonrats, Sigmodon hispidus, collected from one site in Lubbock County, Texas. The gallbladder of affected animals was distended and filled with white, soft, friable, cholesterol gallstones of variable sizes. Focal hyperplasia of the epithelium and connective tissue layer of the gallbladder was evident in affected cottonrats. As the forage available to affected animals was different from that available to gallstone-free animals collected from other areas, this may be the cause of the higher prevalence of cholelithiasis in this population. The significance of this disease and possible use of the cottonrat as an experimental model are discussed.
Parcellating connectivity in spatial maps.

A common goal in biological sciences is to model a complex web of connections using a small number of interacting units. We present a general approach for dividing up elements in a spatial map based on their connectivity properties, allowing for the discovery of local regions underlying large-scale connectivity matrices. Our method is specifically designed to respect spatial layout and identify locally-connected clusters, corresponding to plausible coherent units such as strings of adjacent DNA base pairs, subregions of the brain, animal communities, or geographic ecosystems. Instead of using approximate greedy clustering, our nonparametric Bayesian model infers a precise parcellation using collapsed Gibbs sampling. We utilize an infinite clustering prior that intrinsically incorporates spatial constraints, allowing the model to search directly in the space of spatially-coherent parcellations. After showing results on synthetic datasets, we apply our method to both functional and structural connectivity data from the human brain. We find that our parcellation is substantially more effective than previous approaches at summarizing the brain’s connectivity structure using a small number of clusters, produces better generalization to individual subject data, and reveals functional parcels related to known retinotopic maps in visual cortex. Additionally, we demonstrate the generality of our method by applying the same model to human migration data within the United States. This analysis reveals that migration behavior is generally influenced by state borders, but also identifies regional communities which cut across state lines. Our parcellation approach has a wide range of potential applications in understanding the spatial structure of complex biological networks.