cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Efficient conversion algorithms for long-word-length binary logarithmic numbers and logic implementation

The logarithmic number system is an attractive alternative to the conventional number systems when data need to be manipulated at very high rate over a wide data range. However, the major problem is deriving logarithms and antilogarithms quickly and accurately enough to allow conversions to and from the conventional number representations. The paper presents efficient algorithms that convert the conventional binary numbers to binary logarithmic numbers, where long-word-length numbers are considered. The conversion problem can be formulated as a division-like problem. This implementation adopts the modified SRT division scheme so that the full-length addition/subtraction operations can be avoided. The speed performance of the logic implementation has been evaluated based on the TSMC 0.8μm SPDM CMOS process. Results show that, for the numbers in IEEE double precision format with 53 bits in the fractional part and with an additional seven guarding digits to maintain the accuracy, it takes about 0.4μs to convert a number, where the ROM table size is 128-by-60 bits, or 7.5 kbits. The speed performances of the logic implementation for long-word-length, such as 128 bits, 256 bits, and 512 bits, are also evaluated in terms of the required ROM table size and delay time. The algorithm can handle any arbitrary word length, with the required accuracy, at reasonable speed.
Use of chemical chaperones in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to enhance heterologous membrane protein expression: high-yield expression and purification of human P-glycoprotein.

Utilizing human P-glycoprotein (P-gp), we investigated methods to enhance the heterologous expression of ATP-binding cassette transporters in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Human multidrug resistance gene MDR1 cDNA was placed in a high-copy 2 mu yeast expression plasmid under the control of the inducible GAL1 promoter or the strong constitutive PMA1 promoter from which P-gp was expressed in functional form. Yeast cells expressing P-gp were valinomycin resistant. Basal ATPase activity of P-gp in yeast membranes was 0. 4-0.7 micromol/mg/min indicating excellent functionality. P-glycoprotein expressed in the protease-deficient strain BJ5457 was found in the plasma membrane and was not N-glycosylated. By use of the PMA1 promoter, P-gp could be expressed at 3% of total membrane protein. The expression level could be further enhanced to 8% when cells were grown in the presence of 10% glycerol as a chemical chaperone. Similarly, glycerol enhanced protein levels of P-gp expressed under control of the GAL1 promoter. Glycerol was demonstrated to enhance posttranslational stability of P-gp. Polyhistidine-tagged P-gp was purified by metal affinity chromatography and reconstituted into proteoliposomes in milligram quantities and its ATPase activity was characterized. Turnover numbers as high as 12 s(-1) were observed. The kinetic parameters K(MgATP)(M), V(max), and drug activation were dependent on the lipid composition of proteoliposomes and pH of the assay and were similar to P-gp purified from mammalian sources. In conclusion, we developed a system for cost-effective, high-yield, heterologous expression of functional P-gp useful in producing large quantities of normal and mutant P-gp forms for structural and mechanistic studies.
‘Eavesdropping on honored ghosts’: from classical to reflexive realism

While the practice of reinventing realism is by no means novel, recent reinventions have taken a decidedly reflexive turn. This article examines how three particular scholars — Anthony Lang, Michael Williams, and Richard Ned Lebow — have revived some important and relatively obscured principles from classical realists, thereby recovering some practical ethics important for contemporary world politics. The article outlines the principles held in common by this scholarship. Reflexive realism has also resurrected and re-emphasized a once obscured critical voice of realists like Hans Morgenthau. In the process, it has served as a launching pad for a serious critique of eschatological-based philosophy, including neoconservatism. Several avenues for the future development of reflexive realism are also identified.
Preparing Teachers for Full Inclusion: Is It Possible?.

Abstract Advocates for full inclusion posit that students are more alike than different, and therefore, all students are best instructed in the regular classroom. Preparing teachers for this eventuality would require that they be trained in depth to teach students with specific disabilities effectively and trained in extraordinary breadth as well because they would be required to teach students with many different disabilities. Examples from medicine and other fields illustrate the impossibility of such training under even the most favorable circumstances.
Using Propensity Scores in Educational Research: General Principles and Practical Applications

ABSTRACT Educational researchers frequently study the impact of treatments or interventions on educational outcomes. However, when observational or quasiexperimental data are used for such investigations, selection bias can adversely impact researchers’ abilities to make causal inferences about treatment effects. One way to deal with selection bias is to use propensity score methods. The authors introduce educational researchers to the general principles underlying propensity score methods, describe 2 practical applications of these methods, and discuss their limitations.
Bridging the gap between complex software paradigms and power-efficient parallel architectures

Achieving extreme-scale computing requires power-efficiency of the computing elements. Power efficiency is usually achieved by cutting transistor budget from hardware structures that exploit locality such as caches and replacing them with software-managed local-store to maintain performance; it can also require removing hardware structures that exploit instruction level parallelism that is not well expressed in software, such as out-of-order execution units - leaving support only for vector execution units. Power efficiency generally leads to complicating software development. Heterogeneous systems provide a tradeoff that combines complex processor cores with power-efficient accelerators to handle multiple code types.
Progress in developing a geostationary AMSU

The "Precipitation and All-weather Temperature and Humidity" (PATH) mission is one of the 15 NASA "decadalsurvey" missions recommended by the U.S. National Research Council in 2007 and will implement the first microwave sounder in geostationary orbit. This is possible with a new sensor being developed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, the Geostationary Synthetic Thinned Aperture Radiometer (GeoSTAR). Adequate spatial resolution is achieved by using aperture synthesis instead of a large parabolic reflector as is used in conventional systems. A proof-of-concept prototype was developed at JPL in 2005 under the NASA Instrument Incubator Program and used to demonstrate that this new concept works well at sounding frequencies. Another IIP effort is now under way to advance key technology required for a full space system. The maturity of the concept and technology is now such that mission development could be initiated in 2010-11. The possibility of flying GeoSTAR as an "instrument of opportunity" on NOAA's new series of "GOES-R" geostationary weather satellites is being actively pursued. Other low-cost options are under study as well. PATH/GeoSTAR will provide a number of measurements that are key in monitoring and predicting hurricanes and severe storms - including hemispheric 3-dimensional temperature, humidity and cloud liquid water fields, rain rates and rain totals, tropospheric wind vectors, sea surface temperature, and parameters associated with deep convection and atmospheric instability - everywhere and all the time, even in the presence of clouds - and will also provide key measurements related to climate research.
Teaching Computational Fluid Dynamics Using MATLAB

A set of MATLAB modules has been developed for an introductory graduate course on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) at Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT). These modules can provide a breakthrough in CFD education because they can assist both learning and comprehension, while avoiding analytical mistakes by the CFD learner. With advances in CFD and availability of software, students in upper level fluid mechanics classes have less incentive to learn theory and the tools for abstract thinking. This paper proposes for the first time an alternate approach to teaching and learning of CFD through the use of symbolic computation in MATLAB, while preserving the accuracy and content of abstract analyses.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
An alternative approach to the ergodic theory of measured foliations on surfaces

We consider measured foliations on surfaces, and interval exchanges. We give alternative proofs of the following theorems first proved by Masur and (independently) Veech. The action of the diffeomorphism group of the surface on the projective space of measured foliations (with respect to a natural ‘Lebesgue’ measure) is ergodic. Almost all measured foliations are uniquely ergodic. Almost all interval exchanges (again, with respect to a natural ‘Lebesgue’ measure) are uniquely ergodic.
Instabilities, transition and turbulence in the Czochralski crystal melt

Several fluid mechanical instabilities associated with buoyancy, surface tension and rotational forces in the Czochralski melt convection are described. These mechanisms, which appear in complex combinations, are separately described in terms of their more extensively documented archetypes: the flow over a rotating disc, the heated vertical wall adjacent to a quiescent fluid, the surface tension driven free surface fluid layer, and the horizontal fluid layer heated from below. Each of these situations is described: the critical value of the relevant nondimensional parameters that lead to the onset of random time dependent flow behavior are compared to those that occur in the Czochralski melt. Also discussed are the baroclinic and the Kiippers-Lortz instabilities: mechanisms involving an interaction between thermal and Coriolis forces that lead to the loss of axisymmetry of the Czochralski flow. It is shown that rotation is not necessarily stabilizing and can lead to three-dimensional aperiodic time dependent convection. The utility of a second order turbulence simulation, which obviates the need of the axisymmetric assumptions and the extensive computing required to obtain the statistics of a three-dimensional flow, is described.
Metabolic Disposition of Chlorambucil in Rats

1. The metabolic disposition of chlorambucil, 4-ρ-(di-2-chloroethyl)amino-phenylbutyric acid, was studied in the rat.2. After oral administration of [14C]chlorambucil to rats, plasma, liver, and kidney showed the highest concentration of 14C. After intravenous administration, plasma and kidney were heavily labelled. Although plasma contained as much as 10% of the administered dose in the first few hours after administration, the level decreased to 1% by 24 h. Elimination of radioactivity was mainly through the kidney.3. Ten metabolites were isolated and characterized by mass spectrometry. Most metabolites had undergone oxidation on the butyric acid side-chain to form phenylacetic acid and benzoic acid derivatives. Spontaneous degradation products of [14C]chlorambucil were analysed and compared with the metabolites.
The thermal expansion behavior of 3D C/C composites

Three dimensional braided carbon/carbon composites (3D C/C composites) were fabricated by chemical vapor infiltration. The thermal expansion behavior of these materials with various densities before and after heat treatment was investigated. It is found that PAN-based carbon fibers (CFs) have an obviously negative coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) after heat treatment at 1 200 ℃. The CTE of the 3D C/C composites is negative from room temperature to 100 ℃ and is proportion to their density. In the temperature range of 100-1 000 ℃,CTE vs. T curves have an almost a constant slope and expansion behavior of the composite is similar to that of pyrocarbon. When the temperature is above 1 000 ℃,a peak is found in the CTE vs. T curves,indicating that expansion of the pyrocarbon is limited by CFs and the thermal expansion behavior of the composites is determined by both CFs and matrix.
Evaluating consistency algorithms for temporal metric constraints

We study the performance of some known algorithms for solving the Simple Temporal Problem (STP) and the Temporal Constraint Satisfaction Problem (TCSP). In particular, we empirically compare the Bellman-Ford (BF) algorithm and its incremental version (incBF) by (Cesta & Oddi 1996) to the ΔSTP of (Xu & Choueiry 2003a). Among the tested algorithms, we show that ΔSTP is the most efficient for determining the consistency of an STP, and that incBF combined with the heuristics of (Xu & Choueiry 2003b) is the most efficient for solving the TCSP. We plan to improve ΔSTP by exploiting incrementality as in incBF and other new incremental algorithms.
Optimal alignments in linear space.

Space, not time, is often the limiting factor when computing optimal sequence alignments, and a number of recent papers in the biology literature have proposed space-saving strategies. However, a 1975 computer science paper by Hirschberg presented a method that is superior to the new proposals, both in theory and in practice. The goal of this paper is to give Hirschberg's idea the visibility it deserves by developing a linear-space version ofGotoh's algorithm, which accommodates affine gap penalties. A portable C-software package implementing this algorithm is available on the BIONET free of charge.
Emergency Contraception: Overestimated Effectiveness and Questionable Expectations

Reproductive-health advocates have advocated tirelessly for increased awareness of access to and utilization of emergency contraception particularly levonorgestrel (Plan B) with considerable success in the face of much opposition. Unfortunately the associated political and ideological struggles have diverted attention from two key issues around the use of this drug: how effective it really is and the impact of its use at the population level. (excerpt)
Improving the academic performance of college students with brief attributional interventions.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses, improving the academic performance of college students with brief attributional interventions. Attribution theory originated in the late 1950s and these theorists advocated a phenomenological approach to the study of human behavior. Consistent with a phenomenological approach, the focus is on the way the students perceive the causes of their poor performance because these attributions are believed to have important consequences that are independent of the actual causes. Attribution theory assumes that within this range of abilities, the explanation people make for their performance is crucial. The chapter reviews attempts to use attribution therapy to help college students improve their academic performance, beginning with a brief review of the history of attribution therapy. Re-attribution approach arose from a confluence of different research traditions. The chapter concludes that, re-attribution is a technique that attempts to change people's explanations about the dysfunctional behavior itself, regardless of whether that behavior is accompanied by physiological arousal.
Global electric power reform, privatization and liberalization of the electric power industry in developing countries

In many developing countries, and in particular those in Asia, the Middle East, and Africa, reform of the power sector starts from a market structure that is dominated by a state-owned national power utility with a legally endowed monopoly and a vertically integrated supply chain encompassing power generation, transmission, distribution, and customer services. The rationale for this structure is minimization of the costs of coordination between these functions and of financing the development of power systems. The pre-reform structure in other countries, notably in South America, places distribution and customer services with local companies, separate from national companies that provide power generation and transmission. Power reforms are designed to introduce competition where feasible, which is in the upstream production and downstream supply functions of the industry structure, and to use economic regulation of the wholesale and retail power markets to promote competition and protect consumer interests. Regulation of the power market is essential, as shown by the experience of New Zealand, which tried an approach without the amount of regulation used elsewhere. Their approach was based on mandatory separation of generation, transmission, and distribution, using general competition laws to deal with both the terms of interconnection and conduct generally in unbundled power networks.
Inhibition of Wee1 Sensitizes Cancer Cells to Antimetabolite Chemotherapeutics In Vitro and In Vivo, Independent of p53 Functionality

Inhibition of Wee1 is emerging as a novel therapeutic strategy for cancer, and some data suggest that cells with dysfunctional p53 are more sensitive to Wee1 inhibition combined with conventional chemotherapy than those with functional p53. We and others found that Wee1 inhibition sensitizes leukemia cells to cytarabine. Thus, we sought to determine whether chemosensitization by Wee1 inhibition is dependent on p53 dysfunction and whether combining Wee1 inhibition is tolerable and effective in vivo. Synergistic inhibition of proliferation with a Wee1 inhibitor in clinical development, MK1775, and cytarabine was observed in all acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell lines tested, regardless of p53 functionality. Mechanistic studies indicate that inhibition of Wee1 abrogates the S-phase checkpoint and augments apoptosis induced by cytarabine. In AML and lung cancer cell lines, genetic disruption of p53 did not alter the cells' enhanced sensitivity to antimetabolites with Wee1 inhibition. Lastly, mice with AML were treated with cytarabine and/or MK1775. The combination of MK1775 and cytarabine was well-tolerated in mice and enhanced the anti-leukemia effects of cytarabine, including survival. Thus, inhibition of Wee1 sensitizes hematologic and solid tumor cell lines to antimetabolite chemotherapeutics, whether p53 is functional or not, suggesting that the use of p53 mutation as a predictive biomarker for response to Wee1 inhibition may be restricted to certain cancers and/or chemotherapeutics. These data provide preclinical justification for testing MK1775 and cytarabine in patients with leukemia.
A conceptual investigation of the ontological commensurability of spatial data infrastructures among different cultures

Humans think and communicate in very flexible and schematic ways, and a Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) for the Amazon and associated information system ontologies should reflect this flexibility and the adaptive nature of human cognition in order to achieve semantic interoperability. In this paper I offer a conceptual investigation of SDI and explore the nature of cultural schemas as expressions of indigenous ontologies and the challenges of semantic interoperability across cultures. Cultural schemas are, in essence, our ontologies, but they are markedly different than classical formal ontologies. They shape our ontological commitments to what exists in the world as well as the ways in which we approach and engage the world. And while they help structure our understanding of the world in which we are embedded, they are associative and flexible. They help to focus our attention to particular details of our experiences and give them salience, yet they cannot be simply reduced to a series of extracted features. They allow us to make meaning of the contextualized, cultural experience in which we are always immersed. An SDI is a shared social-technological-informational structure that, if it is to be useful and successful for sustainability in the Amazon, must incorporate and use indigenous cultural schemas. Indigenous communities must have the ability to contribute to the collection of geospatial data and their contributions recognized as legitimate forms of knowledge. In order for the SDI to work, it must recognize the larger cultural landscape to which cultural schemas can connect to the ready-to-hand elements of salient cultural experiences.
Interactively Exploring a Machine Translation Model

This paper describes a method of interactively visualizing and directing the process of translating a sentence. The method allows a user to explore a model of syntax-based statistical machine translation (MT), to understand the model's strengths and weaknesses, and to compare it to other MT systems. Using this visualization method, we can find and address conceptual and practical problems in an MT system. In our demonstration at ACL, new users of our tool will drive a syntax-based decoder for themselves.
Shock wave/turbulent boundary-layer interactions with and without surface cooling

An experimental investigation was conducted to delineate the structure of the flowfield and temperature distributions in a shock wave/turbulent boundary-layer interaction with and without surface cooling. The Mach number upstream was about 3.5, and the wave angle was 23 deg. The wall to stagnation temperature ratio was 0.44 with cooling and 1.1 with heating. A detailed map of the interaction flowfields deduced from numerous boundary-layer traversing stations revealed the influence of wall cooling on the flowfield, wave structure, and size of the flow separation region. With surface cooling, the size of the separation region was much smaller, and the separation and reflected shock waves merged together near the edge of the velocity boundary layer, extending into the freestream as one wave.
Improving Quality of Life and Career Attitudes of Youth With Disabilities: Experiences From the Adolescent Employment Readiness Center

Improving quality of life is the primary focus as adolescents with disabilities enter adulthood. They increasingly, however, encounter difficulties transitioning into domains such as employment as these services occur near the end of their high school experience. Using an ecosystems model within a developmental approach, the program sought to improve the likelihood that adolescents will find and maintain meaningful employment as adults. The authors measured physical health, psychosocial functioning, and attitude toward employment of adolescents participating in the program during a 2-year period. Physical health, school functioning, and total functioning improved during the 2 years. Career attitudes were above the norms in earlier grades but fell in later grades. This suggests the need for early and continued intervention.
Spread of white-nose syndrome on a network regulated by geography and climate

Wildlife and plant diseases can reduce biodiversity, disrupt ecosystem services and threaten human health. Emerging pathogens have displayed a variety of spatial spread patterns due to differences in host ecology, including diffusive spread from an epicentre (West Nile virus), jump dispersal on a network (foot-and-mouth disease), or a combination of these (Sudden oak death). White-nose syndrome is a highly pathogenic infectious disease of bats currently spreading across North America. Understanding how bat ecology influences this spread is crucial to management of infected and vulnerable populations. Here we show that white-nose syndrome spread is not diffusive but rather mediated by patchily distributed habitat and large-scale gradients in winter climate. Simulations predict rapid expansion and infection of most counties with caves in the contiguous United States by winter 2105-2106. Our findings show the unique pattern of white-nose syndrome spread corresponds to ecological traits of the host and suggest hypotheses for transmission mechanisms acting at the local scale.
A Canonical Quality of Life Model

. A five equation model was developed which related measurements of quality of life (QOL) to policy variables and to economic and social characteristics. The model was used to, i) determine the jointness, or interdependency, of components of QOL, ii) demonstrate the usefulness of canonical correlation for measuring the marginal products of determinants of QOL, and iii) construct QOL indexes of social indicators. The model's parameters were estimated from state data for the U.S.A. Among the determinants of QOL educational attainment, investments in transportation facilities, region size and urbanization were most important. Expenditures on higher education, health care, and law enforcement had very little effect on socio-economic well being. Most of the differences in QOL between states were due to economic factors.
EMG onset determination using a maximum likelihood method

A maximum likelihood method has been used to determine the onset of myoelectric (EMG) activity. It was tested on simulated EMG signals and on laboratory data. The method was also compared to three commonly applied methods for determining EMG onset. On simulated EMG signals, the maximum likelihood method exhibited a systematic error of less than 0.5 ms.
Predictive Tracking of Horizontally Moving Targets by the Fishing Bat, Noctilio Leporinus

Bats hunting by sonar do not receive continuous target information; rather, the echo from each sonar pulse provides an acoustic bulletin by which they update their current perception of target range and position. This suggests that a hunting bat might keep track of moving prey by two general techniques. It might simply fly toward the last known position of the target (a non-predictive tracking strategy), or.t could somehow predict the target’s trajectory on the basis of known target parameters such as velocity, acceleration and position at.the time of the most recent echo (a predictive strategy).
The Mean and Variance of the Numbers of r -Pronged Nodes and r -Caterpillars in Yule-Generated Genealogical Trees

The Yule model is a frequently-used evolutionary model that can be utilized to generate random genealogical trees. Under this model, using a backwards counting method differing from the approach previously employed by Heard (Evolution 46: 1818–1826), for a genealogical tree of n lineages, the mean number of nodes with exactly r descendants is computed (2 ≤ r ≤ n − 1). The variance of the number of r-pronged nodes is also obtained, as are the mean and variance of the number of r-caterpillars. These results generalize computations of McKenzie and Steel for the case of r = 2 (Math. Biosci. 164: 81–92, 2000). For a given n, the two means are largest at r = 2, equaling 2n/3 for n ≥ 5. However, for n ≥ 9, the variances are largest at r = 3, equaling 23n/420 for n ≥ 7. As n→∞, the fraction of internal nodes that are r-caterpillars for some r approaches (e2 − 5)/4≈ 0.59726.
Advances in the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma

Malignant pleural mesothelioma is a neoplasm that is commonly fatal and for which there are no widely accepted curative approaches. Mesothelioma is unresponsive to most chemotherapy and radiotherapy regimens, and it typically recurs even after the most aggressive attempts at surgical resection. Multimodality approaches have been of some benefit in prolonging survival of very highly selected subgroups of patients, but they have had a relatively small impact on the majority of the patients diagnosed with this disease. As the incidence of pleural mesothelioma peaks in the United States and Europe over the next 10 to 20 years, new therapeutic measures will be necessary. This review will discuss the roles of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgery, and combined modality approaches in the treatment of pleural mesothelioma, as well as scientific advances made in the past decade that have led to the development of experimental techniques, such as photodynamic therapy, immunotherapy, and gene therapy, that are currently undergoing human clinical trials. These promising new avenues may modify the therapeutic nihilism that is rampant among clinicians dealing with mesothelioma.
Effect of transdermally administered fentanyl on the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in cats

Abstract Objective To determine the effect of two doses of fentanyl, administered transdermally, on the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of isoflurane in cats. Study design Prospective, randomized study. Animals Five healthy, spayed, female cats. Methods Each cat was studied thrice with at least 2 weeks between each study. In study 1, the baseline isoflurane MAC was determined in triplicate for each cat. In studies 2 and 3, isoflurane MAC was determined 24 hours after placement of either a 25 or 50 μg hour−1 fentanyl patch. In each MAC study, cats were instrumented to allow collection of arterial blood and measurement of arterial blood pressure. Twenty‐four hours prior to studies 2 and 3, a catheter was placed and secured in the jugular vein and either a 25 or 50 μg hour−1 fentanyl patch was placed in random order on the left thorax. Blood samples for plasma fentanyl determination were collected prior to patch placement and at regular intervals up to 144 hours. After determination of MAC in studies 2 and 3, naloxone was administered as a bolus dose (0.1 mg kg−1) followed by an infusion (1 mg kg−1 hour−1) and MAC redetermined. Results The baseline isoflurane MAC was 1.51 ± 0.21% (mean ± SD). Fentanyl (25 and 50 μg hour−1) administered transdermally significantly reduced MAC to 1.25 ± 0.26 and 1.22 ± 0.16%, respectively. These MAC reductions were not significantly different from each other. Isoflurane MAC determined during administration of fentanyl 25 μg hour−1 and naloxone (1.44 ± 0.16%) and fentanyl 50 μg hour−1 and naloxone (1.51 ± 0.19%) was not significantly different from baseline MAC (1.51 ± 0.21%). Conclusions and clinical relevance Fentanyl patches are placed to provide long‐lasting analgesia. In order to be effective postoperatively, fentanyl patches must be placed prior to surgery. Plasma fentanyl concentrations achieved intraoperatively decrease the need for potent inhalant anesthetics in cats.
First-generation Antipsychotics Are Often Prescribed in the Emergency Department but Are Often Not Administered with Adjunctive Medications

Abstract Background Although first-generation antipsychotics (FGAs) have long been used in the emergency department (ED) to treat acute agitation, little is known about how these medications are used in modern clinical practice. In particular, little work has been published about whether ED clinicians administer FGAs with adjunctive medications in accordance with expert guidelines or the prescribing practices of FGAs over time. Objectives 1) To provide a comparison of the frequency with which FGAs are administered with adjunctive benzodiazepines or anticholinergic medications. 2) To analyze the prescribing trends for FGAs over time, particularly in the years after the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) black-box warning for droperidol. Methods This is a structured review of a retrospective cohort of patients receiving haloperidol or droperidol in two EDs over a 7-year period. Results Haloperidol or droperidol was administered on 2833 patient visits during the study period, with haloperidol being administered most often. Adjunctive medications are administered less than half of the time. The use of droperidol has remained relatively static, whereas the use of haloperidol has increased. Conclusions First-generation antipsychotics are still widely utilized in the ED. When administered, these medications are used with adjunctive medications that may decrease side effects less than half of the time. Droperidol use has remained unchanged in the years after the FDA black-box warning, whereas use of haloperidol has continued to rise.
Aggression and Its Correlates over 22 Years

It is apparent from the varied substance of the chapters in this book that aggression is an overdetermined behavior. There are genetic, constitutional, and environmental factors as well as individual learning history and specific situational events which go into determining whether a person will act in an aggressive manner at any specific time. However, the large number of possible determinants does not mean that aggressive behavior cannot be predicted or explained. Research that my colleagues and I have been doing indicates, in fact, that aggressive behavior is consistent over time and across situations despite the fact that a number of factors contribute to the behavior in varying degrees.
Use of the Unified Medical Language System in patient care at the Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center.

Use of the Unified Medical Language System in patient care at the Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center. -
Paying to Keep the Peace

Is military intervention abroad necessary to protect U.S. economic interests? The United States has maintained its Cold War global alliances and overseas military deployments (at somewhat lower troop levels) to promote stability among the major powers. That "American pacifier" is intended to dampen security competition among other wealthy countries so that overseas arms races will not cause our economic partners to divert their efforts away from productive activities and toward defense spending. But in fact, the globalized parts of the world are already quite stable, and America's wealthy allies can afford to take responsibility for their own neighborhoods. If Americans want additional assurances that our domestic economy will not be crippled by instability abroad, the best policy is to reduce the loadstone of America's enormous external debt. Policing Western Europe and East Asia is an inefficient way to protect the American economy. Moreover, if the war on terrorism requires more U.S. military effort in the future, the resources now committed to defend Europe, Japan, and South Korea - both troops and dollars - would be freed up to combat al-Qaeda or other attackers.
On Learning Discrete Graphical Models using Group-Sparse Regularization

We study the problem of learning the graph structure associated with a general discrete graphical models (each variable can take any of m > 1 values, the clique factors have maximum size c ≥ 2) from samples, under high-dimensional scaling where the number of variables p could be larger than the number of samples n. We provide a quantitative consistency analysis of a procedure based on node-wise multi-class logistic regression with group-sparse regularization. We first consider general m-ary pairwise models – where each factor depends on at most two variables. We show that when the number of samples scale as n > K(m − 1) 2 d 2 log((m −1) 2 (p −1))– where d is the maximum degree and K a fixed constant – the procedure succeeds in recovering the graph with high probability. For general models with c-way factors, the natural multi-way extension of the pairwise method quickly becomes very computationally complex. So we studied the effectiveness of using the pairwise method even while the true model has higher order factors. Surprisingly, we show that under slightly more stringent conditions, the pairwise procedure still recovers the graph structure, when the samples scale as n > K(m − 1) 2 d 3 2 c 1 log((m − 1) c (p − 1) c 1 ).
From Violence to Hope

Since the Columbine horror in Colorado, the problem of violence in our society and its roots in human evolution have evoked deep soul-searching in sensitive people. We in the behavioral sciences and theology are asking what we can do to slow or stop the downward spiral of killing and brutality. How inevitable is it? What new factors impinge on this age-old problem of our species? What help is available from research in criminology, child-development, brain studies and modern psychiatry? There are scientifically established ways of reinforcing in the human subject the reality of empathic love which Chistianity has so long proclaimed to be God's answer to our human dilemma. This paper speaks to these issues.
Environmental and Genetic Activation of Hypothalamic BDNF Modulates T-cell Immunity to Exert an Anticancer Phenotype

Macroenvironmental factors, including a patient's physical and social environment, play a role in cancer risk and progression. Our previous studies show that living in an enriched environment (EE) providing complex stimuli confers an anticancer phenotype in mice mediated, in part by a specific neuroendocrine axis, with brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) as the key brain mediator. Here, we investigated how an EE modulated T-cell immunity and its role in the EE-induced anticancer effects. Our data demonstrated that CD8 T cells were required to mediate the anticancer effects of an EE in an orthotropic model of melanoma. In secondary lymphoid tissue (SLT), an EE induced early changes in the phenotype of T-cell populations, characterized by a decrease in the ratio of CD4 T helper to CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). Overexpression of hypothalamic BDNF reproduced EE-induced T-cell phenotypes in SLT, whereas knockdown of hypothalamic BDNF inhibited EE-induced immune modulation in SLT. Both propranolol and mifepristone blocked the EE-associated modulation of CTLs in SLT, suggesting that both the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis were involved. Our results demonstrated that enhanced anticancer effect of an EE was mediated at least in part through modulation of T-cell immunity and provided support to the emerging concept of manipulating a single gene in the brain to improve cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Res; 4(6); 488-97. ©2016 AACR.
Arrested chain growth during magnetic directed particle assembly in yield stress matrix fluids.

The process of assembling particles into organized functional structures is influenced by the rheological properties of the matrix fluid in which the assembly takes place. Therefore, tuning these p...
Dexamethasone suppresses iNOS yet induces GTPCH and CAT-2 mRNA expression in rat lungs

The in vivo mechanisms by which glucocorticoids inhibit nitric oxide expression await detailed investigation. In cell culture experiments, glucocorticoids have been shown to inhibit inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) formation and activity. Glucocorticoids can inhibit iNOS activity in cultured cells by blocking arginine transport and inhibiting tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthesis. We recently reported that changes in intrapulmonary formation of nitric oxide in endotoxemic rats correspond with changes in transcription of the predominant arginine transporter cationic amino acid transporter (CAT)-2. Realizing that hemorrhagic shock induces nitric oxide overproduction in intact animals, we sought to explore whether glucocorticoids attenuate hemorrhagic shock-induced increases in intrapulmonary nitric oxide formation and whether they might do so by inhibiting the formation of tetrahydrobiopterin, iNOS protein, and CAT-2. We randomly assigned 10 male Sprague-Dawley rats to receive dexamethasone or normal saline. Bleeding the animals to a mean systemic blood pressure of between 40 and 45 mmHg created the hemorrhagic shock. Dexamethasone abrogated the increase in exhaled nitric oxide concentrations caused by hemorrhagic shock. At the end of the experiment, plasma nitrate/nitrite values were lower in the dexamethasone group than in the control group. The iNOS protein concentrations were also lower in the dexamethasone group than in the control group. Dexamethasone decreased the intrapulmonary iNOS mRNA concentrations yet increased both guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase I mRNA and CAT-2 mRNA. Our results support the idea that dexamethasone inhibits nitric oxide formation in a manner that is independent of tetrahydrobiopterin and arginine transport yet dependent on downregulation of iNOS mRNA expression.
An Experiment on Consumer Dissonance

In this article the author describes a consumer-decision experiment which involved four dissonant-producing factors simultaneously.Even though the study is limited to only one product, an automobil...
Sonic boom post processing to include atmospheric turbulence effects

The Nonlinear Progressive wave Equation (NPE) is modified to include a turbulence representation based upon temperature fluctuations. The turbulence is composed of the sum of 600 Fourier modes based on a modified von Karmspectrum with an outer length scale of 100 m and an inner length scale of .001 m. Variations in temperature induce variations in the local speed of sound. The NPE propagates for several seconds with a propagation time step of 1e-5 s. The resultant 2D waveform is then used to generate filter functions which approximate the eects of propagation through the turbulence. The filter functions can then be used to represent turbulent propagation by convolving the filter with any waveform, assuming it has sucient high frequency content.
Velocity Anisotropy Variation in Organic-Rich Shale as a Function of Confining Pressure

The main purpose of this study is to establish relationships between rock physics variables, e.g., the Thomsen anisotropy parameters, and the microstructure of organicrich shales as a function of thermal maturity. Relationships between Pand S-wave anisotropy under stress and the alignment of the clay content and between anisotropy evolution under increasing confining pressure and strain have been established for 5 organic-rich shale samples of both peak oil and dry-gas window thermal maturities. Velocity anisotropy, lattice preferred orientation (LPO), and XRD data show a strong correlation between anisotropy, clay and kerogen content, and clay mineral alignment at characteristic reservoir confining pressures indicative of a strong alignment in the mineral matrix dominating the anisotropic signature. The evolution of velocity anisotropy during loading/unloading of confining pressure correlates well with the sample strain data representative of the closing/opening of soft porosity, e.g., micro-cracks, most apparent in the case of P-waves. Highresolution BSE-SEM images complement this analysis through the identification of aligned, clay-dominated mineral assemblages cross-cut by micro-cracks on the scale of 10’s of microns. Furthermore, the relationships identified in this study enable us to begin the process of separating the dominant sources of velocity anisotropy in organic-rich shale as a function of reservoir pressure and thermal maturity.
Hydrometeorological Relationships and Their Effects on the Levees of a Small Arctic Delta

During a geomorphic reconnaissance of the Blow River delta, Yukon Territory, Canada, several constructional and destructional hydrometeorological processes affecting the levee system were recorded ...
What's in a Name? Reputation Building and Corporate Strategy

Firms compete for reputational status in institutional fields. Managers attempt to influence other stakeholders' assessments by signaling firms' salient advantages. Stakeholders gauge firms' relati...
To Enhance the CET-4 Ability of Writing

CET-4 writing examination is an important part of quality education in teaching English test, but is generally consid-ered a thorny question. It restricts the development of students' English comprehensive application ability, but also affects the suc-cess or failure of the CET-4. CET-4 composition in the examination system, teaching setting, students self construction etc. thereare some problems to be solved. The for the cultivation of College Students' English CET- 4 writing ability were a series of re-search, and put forward some suggestions, hope that we can help the students as soon as possible to master the requirements ofCET-4 writing test, and to adapt to the society to talented person's various quality requirements.
Identification of Potential Pharmacoperones Capable of Rescuing the Functionality of Misfolded Vasopressin 2 Receptor Involved in Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus

Pharmacoperones correct the folding of otherwise misfolded protein mutants, restoring function (i.e., providing "rescue") by correcting their trafficking. Currently, most pharmacoperones possess intrinsic antagonist activity because they were identified using methods initially aimed at discovering such functions. Here, we describe an ultra-high-throughput homogeneous cell-based assay with a cAMP detection system, a method specifically designed to identify pharmacoperones of the vasopressin type 2 receptor (V2R), a GPCR that, when mutated, is associated with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Previously developed methods to identify compounds capable of altering cellular trafficking of V2R were modified and used to screen a 645,000 compound collection by measuring the ability of library compounds to rescue a mutant hV2R [L83Q], using a cell-based luminescent detection system. The campaign initially identified 3734 positive modulators of cAMP. The confirmation and counterscreen identified only 147 of the active compounds with an EC50 of ≤5 µM. Of these, 83 were reconfirmed as active through independently obtained pure samples and were also inactive in a relevant counterscreen. Active and tractable compounds within this set can be categorized into three predominant structural clusters, described here, in the first report detailing the results of a large-scale pharmacoperone high-throughput screening campaign.
Order-Invariant Real Number Summation: Circumventing Accuracy Loss for Multimillion Summands on Multiple Parallel Architectures

Achieving reproducibility of scientific results in parallel computing is both a challenge and a source of active research. A significant contribution to non-reproducibility is rounding error introduced into calculations by the non-associativity of floating point addition. Scientific applications that rely on accumulation of many small values, such as climate and N-body simulations, are susceptible to this type of error. This paper proposes a variant of an existing fixed-point method for real number summation that yields sums with perfect precision, and which are invariant to summation order and system architecture. The new method improves upon the existing technique by exhibiting improved performance for large numbers of summands, introducing tunable fractional precision to place precision where it is needed, and eliminating the aliasing problem of the original method. The proposed technique is described and its performance is demonstrated in the OpenMP, MPI, CUDA, and Xeon Phi parallel programming environments. In particular, the proposed method outperforms the previous state-of-the-art for larger problems involving over one million summands at high precision. With the anticipated convergence of exascale high-performance computing and big data analytics on hybrid architectures, computational reproducibility will become an even more difficult problem than it is today. Use of numerical techniques such as the method proposed here can help to mitigate the impact of error and variation within simulations at these large scales.
Incremental inference: getting multiple agents to agree on what to do next

This paper presents a symbolic reasoning algorithm for use in the construction of mixed-initiative interfaces; that is, interfaces allowing several human or machine agents to share collectively the control of an ongoing, real-time activity. The algorithm, called Incremental Inference, is based on propositional logic and is related in structure to the Truth Maintenance System; however, the notion of justifications in the Truth Maintenance System is replaced with a simpler notion of recency. Basic properties of the Incremental Inference mechanism are described and compared with those of the Truth Maintenance System, and an example is provided drawn from the domain of SPECTRUM, a knowledge-based system for the geological interpretation of imaging spectrometer data.
Stimulants Vs Behavior Therapy in ADHD

A 14-month randomized clinical trial in 579 children, aged 7 to 9.9 years, with ADHD Combined type, compared the effects of four different treatment programs (Multimodal Treatment Study).