cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the Anticholinergic and Musculotropic Effects of Desmethylimipramine on the Rabbit Urinary Bladder

The anticholinergic and musculotropic relaxant properties of desmethylimipramine (DMI) on smooth muscle were investigated utilizing cholinergic radioligand receptor binding and in-vitro muscle bath techniques. Receptor binding studies revealed the direct antimuscarinic potency of DMI to be 1/480th that of atropine. Muscle bath studies characterized discrete antimuscarinic and musculotropic actions. An initial, competitive antimuscarinic action could be separated from a delayed onset, noncompetitive musculotropic action by altering the time between the addition of DMI and the addition of bethanechol to the smooth muscle bath.
One-couple orthodontic appliance systems

One-couple orthodontic appliances are capable of applying well-defined forces and couples to effect controlled tooth movement during treatment. There are two sites of attachment: one in which the appliance is inserted into a bracket or tube where both a couple and force is generated, and one at which the appliance is tied as a point contact where only a force is produced. Using relatively simple designs, powerful biomechanical force systems that are easy to discern clinically can be applied to move teeth according to a prescribed plan. Several one-couple appliances are described to move individual or groups of teeth in all three dimensions. A complete biomechanical analysis of each appliance is presented and clinical reports follow each description.
Disease and drug interactions: treating malaria with artesunate plus amodiaquine in patients also receiving treatment for concomitant HIV infection.

place and made available. However, although all elements of the interaction between these 2 diseases are not yet clear, there is mounting evidence that coinfection adversely affects either disease and causes excess morbidity and mortality, particularly among vulnerable groups, such as young children and pregnant women. Drugs may also behave differently in the context of coinfection or when con-
Experimental fluoridation of nanocrystalline apatite

Biological apatite, i.e., the major component of teeth and bones, is a widely available source of nanocrystalline apatite. More information is needed about its chemical reactivity in the environment. In the present study, wafers of cross-sectioned dentin and enamel from a modern horse tooth were soaked in phosphate-buffered solutions with NaF concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 2 molar for periods of up to 14 days at about 19.5 °C. The samples were removed at intervals and analyzed by Raman microprobe spectroscopy. Additional, real-time, in-situ Raman spectroscopic analyses were made on some samples during their fluoridation reaction, using an immersible probe. All spectra were deconvolved and their spectral components analyzed for band position, width, and area. Spectral modeling indicates that fluoridation occurred by a kinetically controlled dissolution-reprecipitation process—bioapatite grains partially dissolved and released Ca and P to the F-bearing solution, which caused essentially end-member fluorapatite to nucleate and precipitate, gradually replacing some of the original bioapatite. The replacement process, i.e., fluoridation of the sample, progresses due to the difference in solubility between bioapatite and (highly insoluble) fluorapatite. The bioapatite in (more soluble) dentin reacted much faster and to a much greater extent than that in (less soluble) enamel. These results have implications for paleoenvironmental reconstruction based on the geochemistry of fossil teeth, heavy-metal remediation in soils and water through addition of phosphate phases, and the recommended methods for dental fluoridation in humans.
Ground motion amplification by cylindrical valleys embedded in a layered medium

The phenomenon of localized amplification of seismic waves due to subsurface irregularities has attracted the attention of seismologists and engineers for many years. In this paper we present a hybrid numerical method to investigate the ground motion amplification due to sedimentary basins. This method combines the integral representation and the finite element to solve the scattering problem due to an arbitrary cylindrical scatterer. A study is done on two shapes of valleys to show the effect of the angle of incidence, the incident wave type and the layering on the amplification of the surface displacement components by different valleys.
Corporate Views of the Public Interest

The article presents a review of the book “Corporate Views of the Public Interest,” by Jeffrey A. Sonnenfeld.
Variation in Writing Conference Influence on Revision: Two Cases

The purpose of the study was to describe the influence of conferences on revision knowledge and revision activity for an initially knowledgeable first-grade reviser and a relatively naive one. Using both quantitative and descriptive analyses, data from three baseline points and seven conference points were summarized. At conference information collection points, the children wrote, groups conferenced, children were interviewed about potential revisions, and students revised. At baseline points, there were no conferences. For analyses, we (a) read all of the writing and transcripts of interviews and conferences; (b) determined quality of first and last draft of each composition; (c) coded conference talk; (d) traced comments between conferences, interviews, and revisions carried out; (e) calculated counts of revisions the children talked about in interviews and revisions they carried out; and (f) reviewed the teacher's observations about the two children's behavior in the classroom. Conference influence was variable, both within and across children. Further, dramatic differences were noted between the two children in conference influence, with only the initially naive writer profiting significantly from conferences and evidencing clear developmental progress in revision.
Control of Working Memory in Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca mulatta).

Cognitive control is critical for efficiently using the limited resources in working memory. It is well established that humans use rehearsal to increase the probability of remembering needed information, but little is known in nonhumans, with some studies reporting the absence of active control and others subject to alternative explanations. We trained monkeys in a visual matching-to-sample paradigm with a post-sample memory cue. Monkeys either saw a remember cue that predicted the occurrence of a matching test that required memory for the sample, or a forget cue that predicted a discrimination test that did not require memory of the sample. Infrequent probe trials on which monkeys were given tests of the type not cued on that trial were used to assess whether memory was under cognitive control. Our procedures controlled for reward expectation and for the surprising nature of the probes. Monkeys matched less accurately after forget cues, whereas discrimination accuracy was equivalent in the 2 cue conditions. We also tested monkeys with lists of 2 consecutive sample images that shared the same cue. Again, memory for expected memory tests was superior to that on unexpected tests. Together these results show that monkeys cognitively control their working memory.
Mental health courts: process and outcomes.

Mental health courts are the most recent development in therapeutic courts [1]. While mental health courts vary in their characteristics, they rest on the assumption that creating access to treatment for defendants is an important strategy in reducing recidivism. Mental health courts differ from traditional criminal courts in a number of important ways. The most significant is that the judge and lawyers do not rely on the adversarial model of fact-finding, but seek instead to act in concert to achieve a therapeutic outcome for the defendant. The number of courts continues to grow rapidly, despite the fact that there is comparatively little research regarding their effectiveness. This presentation will discuss a) similarities and differences in existing mental health courts, b) the processes by which the courts identify and dispose of individual cases, c) results from the outcome studies that do exist, and d) and emerging research, policy, and practice questions.
Osteopontin is an endogenous modulator of the constitutively activated phenotype of pulmonary adventitial fibroblasts in hypoxic pulmonary hypertension.

Increased cell proliferation and migration, of several cell types are key components of vascular remodeling observed in pulmonary hypertension (PH). Our previous data demonstrate that adventitial fibroblasts isolated from pulmonary arteries of chronically hypoxic hypertensive calves (termed PH-Fibs) exhibit a “constitutively activated” phenotype characterized by high proliferative and migratory potential. Osteopontin (OPN) has been shown to promote several cellular activities including growth and migration in cancer cells. We thus tested the hypothesis that elevated OPN expression confers the “activated” highly proproliferative and promigratory/invasive phenotype of PH-Fibs. Our results demonstrate that, both in vivo and ex vivo, PH-Fibs exhibited increased expression of OPN, as well as its cognate receptors, αVβ3 and CD44, compared with control fibroblasts (CO-Fibs). Augmented OPN expression in PH-Fibs corresponded to their high proliferative, migratory, and invasive properties and constitutive activation of ERK1/2 and AKT signaling. OPN silencing via small interfering RNA or sequestering OPN production by specific antibodies led to decreased proliferation, migration, invasion, and attenuated ERK1/2, AKT phosphorylation in PH-Fibs. Furthermore, increasing OPN levels in CO-Fibs via recombinant OPN resulted in significant increases in their proliferative, migratory, and invasive capabilities to the levels resembling those of PH-Fibs. Thus our data suggest OPN as an essential contributor to the activated (highly proliferative, migratory, and proinvasive) phenotype of pulmonary adventitial fibroblasts in hypoxic PH.
Systematics of Spiral Rotation from Tidal Torquing

We discuss the disk galaxy rotation curves expected in the tidal torque theory of angular momentum, in which the protogalactic angular momentum is not universal. If the fraction of dissipative material in a collapsed protogalaxy is approximately 5%, the value suggested by nucleosynthesis constraints if it is a universal constant, the amount of variation expected in the angular momentum (a) leads to rotation curves for bright galaxies whose systematics are much like those recently pointed out by Casertano and van Gorkom, and (b) the mass inside a “Holmberg” radius of 4.5 disk scale lengths shows a spread of values consistent with observations.
Watershed-scale impacts of bioenergy crops on hydrology and water quality using improved SWAT model

Cellulosic bioenergy feedstock such as perennial grasses and crop residues are expected to play a significant role in meeting US biofuel production targets. We used an improved version of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to forecast impacts on watershed hydrology and water quality by implementing an array of plausible land-use changes associated with commercial bioenergy crop production for two watersheds in the Midwest USA. Watershed-scale impacts were estimated for 13 bioenergy crop production scenarios, including: production of Miscanthus × giganteus and upland Shawnee switchgrass on highly erodible landscape positions, agricultural marginal land areas and pastures, removal of corn stover and combinations of these options. Water quality, measured as erosion and sediment loading, was forecasted to improve compared to baseline when perennial grasses were used for bioenergy production, but not with stover removal scenarios. Erosion reduction with perennial energy crop production scenarios ranged between 0.2% and 59%. Stream flow at the watershed outlet was reduced between 0 and 8% across these bioenergy crop production scenarios compared to baseline across the study watersheds. Results indicate that bioenergy production scenarios that incorporate perennial grasses reduced the nonpoint source pollutant load at the watershed outlet compared to the baseline conditions (0–20% for nitrate-nitrogen and 3–56% for mineral phosphorus); however, the reduction rates were specific to site characteristics and management practices.
Thyroid cancer recurrence in patients clinically free of disease with undetectable or very low serum thyroglobulin values.

Design: This was a retrospective clinical study. Setting: The study was conducted at a university-based tertiary cancer hospital. Patients: One hundred seven patients had initial thyroid cancer surgery and subsequent remnant radioiodine ablation. Patients underwent recombinant human TSH (rhTSH)-mediated diagnostic whole-body scan and rhTSH-stimulated thyroglobulin (Tg) measurement before April 2001 if they had no antithyroglobulin antibodies, were clinically free of disease, and had one or more undetectable (≤0.5 ng/ml) or low (0.6–1 ng/ml) basal Tg measurements on levothyroxine. Patients were stratified according to their rhTSH-Tg responses: group 1, Tg 0.5 ng/ml or less (68 patients); group 2, Tg from 0.6 to 2.0 ng/ml (19 patients); and group 3, Tg greater than 2 ng/ml (20 patients). Main Outcome Measures: Tumor recurrence was measured. Results: In group 1, two of 62 patients (3%) with follow-up recurred. In group 2, 63% converted to group 1, whereas two of 19 (11%) converted to group 3 and then recurre...
Historical Events and Spaces of Hate: Hate Crimes against Arabs and Muslims in Post-9/11 America

This research investigates variation in hate crime offending against Arabs and Muslims across U.S. counties in the months before and after September 11, 2001. Four questions are of particular interest. First, what were the determinants of anti-Arab and Muslim hate crimes prior to 9/11? Second, in what social contexts were Arabs and Muslims at greatest risk of victimization? Third, to what extent did hate crimes against these groups increase after the terrorist attacks? And last, did the predictors of hate crimes against Arabs and Muslims change appreciably after 9/11? Findings show that hate crimes targeting Arabs and Muslims increased dramatically in the months following 9/11, although the structural determinants and geographic concentration of these crimes remained largely consistent after the attacks. Negative binomial regression results further suggest that counties with larger concentrations of Arabs and Muslims have higher incidents of such hate crimes, which likely reflects the availability of targets for this type of offending. At the same time, the likelihood of victimization for a given Arab or Muslim person is lowest in counties where the percent Arab or percent Muslim is highest, in line with a power-differential perspective on discrimination and intergroup violence. The findings imply that terrorist attacks may indeed incite retaliation and set off a wave of hate crime offending, but the location of these crimes is likely to remain consistent after a galvanizing event.
Laparoscopic recovery of mature human oocytes.

The procedures employed in laparoscopic recovery of human oocytes which have been stimulated by exogenous gonadotropins to resume or complete meiosis in vivo are described. 16 infertile patients aged 25-40 were included in the study. 15 oocytes were obtained by menopausal gonadotropin (HMG) larger HMG dose longer human chorionic gonadotropin aspiration intervals and controlled aspiration pressures with laparoscopy. 4 oocytes were seen by electron microscopy to have extruded polar bodies and were therefore classified as mature. No adverse effects were observed in the patients.
The Seven Deadly Sins of Health Care: Part I

![Figure][1] A few years ago, Harvey Fineberg, MD, PhD, then president of the Institute of Medicine, developed his own set of 7 deadly sins for public health [(1)][2]. Of the original 7 sins, he kept sloth, greed, and gluttony, but he added ignorance, complacency, timidity, and obstinacy to
Laceration of the flexor pollicis longus tendon: delayed repair by advancement, free graft or direct suture. A clinical and experimental study.

Fifty-seven patients had secondary treatment for laceration of the flexor pollicis longus tendon: by direct repair in nine patients, tendon advancement with or without lengthening at the wrist in twenty-three, free tendon-grafting in eighteen, and tendon transfer in four, the method of treatment depending on the location of the laceration. Based on the results in these patients, it was concluded that for lacerations distal to the metacarpophalangeal joint, advancement of the proximal tendon segment combined with lengthening at the wrist, as needed, is the preferred treatment. Preliminary experiments in chickens designed to compare vascularization after different methods of tendon repair showed no differences in this respect, but there were fewer peritendinous adhesions and the histological appearance of the tendon was more normal in the initial phases of healing after advancement than after grafting.
CD66a, CD66b, CD66c, and CD66d each Independently stimulate neutrophils

Four members of the carcinoembryonic antigen family, CD66a, CD66b, CD66c, and CD66d, are expressed on human neutrophils. In neutrophils these proteins are activation antigens in that their surface expression is increased following stimulation. To examine their potential role in neutrophil signal- ing, the effects on neutrophil adhesion to human umbilical vein endothelial cells of a panel of well- characterized CD66 mAbs was tested. CD66a, CD66b, CD66c, and CD66d antibodies each in- creased neutrophil adhesion to human umbifical vein endotheial cell monolayers. This increase in neutro- phil adhesion caused by CD66 antibodies was blocked by a CD18 antibody and associated with up-regulation of CD! 1/CD18 on the neutrophil sur- face. This increase in neutrophil adhesion required physiological extracellular calcium concentrations at or near the time of CD66 antibody binding to the neutrophil. The incubation of CD66 antibodies with neutrophils in the absence of calcium for 10 mm before repletion of calcium resulted in no increase in neutrophil adhesion. The data suggest that CD66a, CD66b, CD66c, and CD66d antibody binding to the neutrophil surface triggers a transient activation sig- nal that requires extracellular calcium and regulates the adhesive activity of CD! 1/CD18. Sequential de- sensitization experiments indicated that CD66a, CD66b, CD66c, and CD66d can each independently transmit signals in neutrophils. J. Leukoc. Biol. 60: 106-117; 1996.
Phytoplankton growth and microzooplankton grazing dynamics across vertical environmental gradients determined by transplant in situ dilution experiments

The Costa Rica Dome (CRD) represents a classic case of the bloom-forming capacity of small phytoplankton. Unlike other upwelling systems, autotrophic biomass in the CRD is dominated by picocyanobacteria and small eukaryotes that outcompete larger diatoms and reach extremely high biomass levels. We investigated responses of the subsurface phytoplankton community of the CRD to changes associated with vertical displacement of water masses, coupling in situ transplanted dilution experiments with flow cytometry and epifluorescence microscopy to assess group-specific dynamics. Growth rates of Synechococcus (SYN) and photosynthetic picoeukaryotes (PEUK) were positively correlated with light (Rpearson_SYN = 0.602 and Rpearson_PEUK = 0.588, P < 0.001). Growth rates of Prochlorococcus (PRO), likely affected by photoinhibition, were not light correlated (Rpearson_PRO = 0.101, P = 0.601). Overall, grazing and growth rates were closely coupled in all picophytoplankton groups (Rspearman_PRO = 0.572, Rspearman_SYN = 0.588, Rspearman_PEUK = 0.624), and net growth rates remained close to zero. Conversely, the abundance and biomass of larger phytoplankton, mainly diatoms, increased more than 10-fold in shallower transplant incubations indicating that, in addition to trace-metal chemistry, light also plays a significant role in controlling microphytoplankton populations in the CRD.
CFD Performance Predictions of a Serpentine Diffuser Configuration in an Annular Cascade Facility

Modern serpentine diffusers are a key enabling technology for next generation aircraft. These diffusers are compact with highly curved surfaces that create distorted flowfields which are ingested by embedded propulsion systems. Fundamental research into the generation and content of such distortion patterns is necessary to better understand the fullscale inlet conditions for the engine. In this effort, CFD simulations were used to study the flowfield of a serpentine inlet diffuser configuration and support experiments performed in an Annular Cascade Facility. Qualitative flow analysis was completed on the steady, timeaveraged, and unsteady flowfields using various flow visualization techniques to investigate the secondary structures produced by the diffuser. Comparisons were made with experiments at several measurement locations within the diffuser. Differences were shown in the prediction of the separation region and the impact of the separation on the flowfield. Simulation of the diffuser provided a number of insights for a complementary experimental program including PIV plane placement and seeding locations, necessary resolution of measurement, and expected operational range and conditions. Distortion-descriptor analysis at the Aerodynamic Interface Plane (AIP) provided better definition of some experimental requirements and sensitivities for capturing complex distortion patterns. This study expanded the ability to complete rapid CFD analysis of advanced inlet geometries and provided guidance to future CFD and experimental studies.
Reproductive failure in test crosses with screwworm (Diptera: Calliphoridae) populations from southern and western Mexico.

Crosses were made using a series of single egg mass lines of screwworms (Cochliomyia hominivorax Coquerel) collected in two locations in western and southern Mexico. Test crosses showed that hybrid males were significantly less productive than hybrid females, that some lines were sterile in repeated experiments, and that certain factors in the pedigree of the hybrids were significant in sterility. These results suggest that hybrid reproductive failure has a heritable component. Presence of full fertility in all male hybrids in one of three experiments indicated that this sterility is conditional. More crosses were sterile within regions than between regions. Hybrids and offspring from fertile test crosses were normal in size and other rearing characteristics. This sterility may cause problems under certain mass-production conditions. However, the fact that source populations from both regions were eradicated in ca. 6 months from first treatment with sterile insects indicates that this sterility is not associated with mating behavior that is likely to cause problems in eradication by sterile insect release.
American Science Comes of Age, 1780–1820

D URING the first century and a half of its existence, American science was a branch of British science and depended on Europe for inspiration and ideas, for models of scientific achievement, for medical training, for avenues of publication, for books and instruments, and for museums and herbaria-in short, for everything except native talent and the raw data provided by nature. In science, as in trade, the American colonies were purveyors of raw materials-astronomical observations, seeds, plants, shells, and fossils-which were worked into finished products in the scientific centers of the Old World.' But there were no Acts of Trade and Navigation in the scientific realm. Americans were free to send their specimens and observations wherever they pleased. Not a few corresponded directly with Linnaeus, Gronovius, and Jussieu as well as with British men of science. And well they might; British science in the mid-eighteenth century was at a low ebb compared with the rising tide of science on the Continent, where kings vied with each other to secure the services of an Euler, a Maupertuis, or a Bernoulli. Private enterprise rather than royal patronage was the rule in Britain. This system, or lack of system, had serious disadvantages; yet it provided a considerable stimulus to scientific activity in the colonies. Although the Royal Society of London had little money to support scientific research, it provided a model for colonial science, a place to send observations and publish findings, and hope of recognition of scientific achievement. Actual patronage of colonial science came from nobles, wealthy merchants, and physicians interested in science and horticulture. To a considerable degree this aid was inspired by the desire to procure exotic plants to beautify country estates. In less than half a century, Mark Catesby declared in the preface
Research on the urinary iodine of women during childbearting age, pr egnancy and lactation after universal salt iodization

Objective To study the iodine-nutritional st atus of women duing childbearing age, pregnancy and lactation seven years after universal salt iodization in Hunan for sustainable fighting against iodine def iciency disorders (IDD).Methods Pregnant, lactating and newly-married women i n urban and rural were randomly selected,the students aged 8~10 years were chose n as the normal group,and the levels of urinary iodine were measured.Results The median urinary iodine of three groups of wo men is in normal range, but the level of urinary iodine in pregnancy and lactati on's was significantly lower than that of the control and childbearing age women .Conclusions Iodine deficiency still exists in the preg nancy and lactation women and the surveillance on the iodine nutrition in the po pulation mentioned should be strengthened.
Relevant factors analysis on pathogen eradication efficacy in patients with H. pylori-positive peptic ulcer

Objective To investigate the factors of Hp eradication efficacy in patients with Hp-peptic ulcer.Methods A total of 192 patients received Hp eradication therapy were divided into observation group and control group.Results ①The univariate analysis found that there were differences in age,smoking habits,treatment compliance,amoxicillin resistance,clindamycin resistance and CYP2C19 gene polymorphism(P 0.05).②The multivariate analysis found that smoking habits,treatment compliance,amoxicillin resistance,clindamycin resistance and CYP2C19 gene polymorphism were independent risk factors(P 0.05).Conclusion We should take measures to improve the Hp eradication efficacy.
Childhood vaccine and school entry laws: the case of HPV vaccine.

The availability of prophylactic cancer vaccines introduces new opportunities to prevent disease and improve the health status of individuals and communities. Recently, state legislatures throughout the U.S. have considered whether to require the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination for school entry. The debate raises novel questions for policy makers who find themselves confronted with a dilemma that rests at the intersection of law, the right to personal autonomy, and matters of population health. This installment of Law and the Public’s Health examines the question of school entry immunization mandates in the context of HPV vaccine.
Computer Vision in Digital Radiography

Current technological trends suggest that, in the future, computer vision systems should find their way into radiology departments. This paper attempts to identify categories of problems for which computer vision technology might be most applicable. Since the general computer vision problem seems years away from a practical solution, applications of computer vision technology must involve simplified problem domains. However medical imaging is usually performed in such a way that significant simplifications in the analysis process can be introduced. These simplifications will be delineated. Finally the paper attempts to take a pragmatic look at the medical image analysis problem, identifying research areas which could impact the development of medical image understanding systems.
Measurement of estriol in plasma by gas-liquid chromatography. Its significance in the treatment of high-risk pregnancies.

A method for the measurement of plasma estriol in pregnancy is described, using a radioactive internal standard, acid hydrolysis, phenolic extraction, thin-layer chromatography, and separation and quantification of estriol TMS derivative by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC). Accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and precision were found to be acceptable. Plasma estriol in normal pregnancy increased from 25 weeks’ gestation to term from 0.5 μg to 3 μg up to 9 μg to 22 μg per 100 ml. In pregnancy complicated by severe pre-eclampsia, diabetes mellitus, fetal death, and eclampsia, low values of estriol in plasma were found. No correlation was found between plasma estriol and severity of Rh disease. Increase or decrease of plasma and urinary estriol levels in pregnancy correlated well. It was demonstrated that protein precipitation caused a decrease of detectable plasma estriol by 40.3 ± 8.8 per cent.
Bringing It All Together: Coupling Excision Repair to the DNA Damage Checkpoint.

Nucleotide excision repair and the ATR-mediated DNA damage checkpoint are two critical cellular responses to the genotoxic stress induced by ultraviolet (UV) light and are important for cancer prevention. In vivo genetic data indicate that these global responses are coupled. Aziz Sancar et al. developed an in vitro coupled repair-checkpoint system to analyze the basic steps of these DNA damage stress responses in a biochemically defined system. The minimum set of factors essential for repair-checkpoint coupling include damaged DNA, the excision repair factors (XPA, XPC, XPF-ERCC1, XPG, TFIIH, RPA), the 5′-3′ exonuclease EXO1, and the damage checkpoint proteins ATR-ATRIP and TopBP1. This coupled repair-checkpoint system was used to demonstrate that the ~30 nucleotide single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) gap generated by nucleotide excision repair is enlarged by EXO1 and bound by RPA to generate the signal that activates ATR.
Presumed consent: licenses and limits inferred from the case of geriatric hip fractures.

Abstract Background Hip fractures are common and serious injuries in the geriatric population. Obtaining informed consent for surgery in geriatric patients can be difficult due to the high prevalence of comorbid cognitive impairment. Given that virtually all patients with hip fractures eventually undergo surgery, and given that delays in surgery are associated with increased mortality, we argue that there are select instances in which it may be ethically permissible, and indeed clinically preferable, to initiate surgical treatment in cognitively impaired patients under the doctrine of presumed consent. In this paper, we examine the boundaries of the license granted by presumed consent and use the example of geriatric hip fracture to build an ethical framework for understanding the doctrine of presumed consent. Discussion The license to act under presumed consent requires three factors: patient incapacity, clinical urgency and clarity on the correct course of action. All three can apply to geriatric hip fracture. The typical patient frequently lacks capacity. Delays in initiating surgical treatment are associated with markedly increased mortality rates. Last, there appears to be consensus that surgery is the preferred treatment. Nonetheless, because there is a window of safe delay during which treating physicians can stabilize the patient, address reversible causes of cognitive impairment and identify surrogate decision makers, presumed consent should be invoked only as a method of last resort. Conclusions A medical situation need not be characterized by risk of imminent and certain death for presumed consent to be relevant. Rather, there are two distinct windows that must be considered: the time interval in which action may be delayed without danger, and the time interval needed to obtain a better form of consent. Presumed consent is appropriate only when the latter exceeds the former.
Therapeutic guidelines for headache

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the diagnosis and treatment guidelines for migraine developed by the American Academy of Neurology (AAN). These guidelines are discussed and additional evidence is included based on the new studies that have become available since their initial publication. In addition, the European Consensus Conference recently established evidence-based treatment guidelines for the treatment of trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias. These guidelines are also discussed as they are the only evidence-based guidelines available for the treatment of these primary headache disorders. The therapeutic and diagnostic guidelines presented in this chapter represent the most exhaustive, rigorous, and recent in the field of headache. They represent a systematic evaluation of the evidence base for the acute and prophylactic treatment of migraine and trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias generated by international experts in the field of headache medicine. The variability in diagnosis and appropriate treatment of primary headache disorders is wide and it is the intention that these specific guidelines, if systematically and appropriately implemented in clinical practice, will improve the quality, appropriateness, and cost-effectiveness of the care of patients with headache.
These Children Are In Your Classroom: How Teachers Can Integrate Social-Emotional Learning to Support Children who have Adverse Childhood Experiences

Research indicates that two-thirds of children in the United States have at least one adverse childhood experience. Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are potentially traumatic events, such as abuse and family dysfunction, which can negatively affect well-being and school performance. Children who have three or more ACEs are three times more likely to experience academic failure, five times more likely to have attendance problems, and six times more likely to have behavioral problems than those with no ACEs. These children are also more likely to have emotional insecurities and difficulty connecting with others. The integration of social-emotional learning (SEL) is a strategy that teachers can use to better support children, especially those who have ACEs. SEL helps create a safe learning environment for children that fosters equality and respect, while teaching conflict-resolution skills, stress management techniques, and other behaviors that may not be modeled at home. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine how SEL benefits children in elementary school, especially those who have ACEs. A second purpose was to examine ways teachers can integrate SEL into their classrooms. This study addressed two research questions: (1) How does social-emotional learning benefit children in elementary school, especially those who have adverse childhood experiences? and (2) How can teachers integrate social-emotional learning into the classroom? Data was collected through classroom observations over one academic year and interviews with four elementary teachers. Results indicated that the negative effects of ACEs are reduced when integrated efforts are used to develop children’s social-emotional skills. Teachers can integrate SEL by creating a safe, low-stress classroom environment, planning time for mindfulness and movement, and embedding SEL into academic instruction.
A Supply Chain Perspective on Strategic Foothold Moves in Emerging Markets

Emerging markets present intriguing growth opportunities, but they are often extremely risky for foreign entrants. Given this riskiness, companies entering emerging markets may establish strategic footholds—small positions that they can later choose to expand (referred to as an attack) or abandon (referred to as a withdrawal)—rather than making costly large-scale entries. While scholars have begun to examine the competitive dynamics surrounding footholds, the influence of the supply chain has not been considered. This is surprising given that supply chains are key to the daunting task of meeting emerging market demands. To build on extant research, we theorize about how environmental uncertainty (e.g., stemming from factors such as poor infrastructure and political unrest), foothold portability (i.e., how easily the foothold resources can be redeployed in the firm's supply chain), and supply chain knowledge influence (or should influence) firms’ decisions about footholds. This represents a needed step forward in understanding the central role of supply chains in foothold maneuvers in emerging markets. In taking this step, we posit that firms must consider both competitive dynamics and their supply chains or they risk over/under estimating the viability and value of their footholds.
Follicular waves and hormonal profiles during the estrous cycle of carriers and non-carriers of the Trio allele, a major bovine gene for high ovulation and fecundity.

A high fecundity bovine genotype has recently been discovered and genetic mapping indicates evidence for segregation of a major gene with influence on ovulation rate located on bovine chromosome 10. Cattle carrying the high fecundity allele, referred to as the Trio allele, have multiple ovulations while half-sibling, non-carriers generally have single ovulations. The present study was designed to evaluate follicle wave patterns and associated circulating hormones during the estrous cycle of Trio allele carriers (n = 7) and non-carrier half-sib controls (n = 5). We hypothesized that Trio allele carriers would exhibit multiple smaller dominant follicles and greater circulating FSH than non-carrier controls. The proportion of Trio carrier and non-carrier cows with 2 or 3-wave patterns was not different between genotypes with the majority (>70%) exhibiting 3-wave patterns. Trio carriers had greater (P 0.10). Follicular waves were found to be associated with an FSH surge in both genotypes. Peak FSH concentration at each follicular wave (3-wave patterns) was not different (P > 0.05) between genotypes, but circulating FSH during the decline and nadir, encompassing the day of deviation, was greater (P < 0.05) in Trio carriers. Despite a difference (P = 0.032) in the length of the estrous cycle (23.0 vs. 25.2 d; Trio carrier and non-carriers respectively), the pattern of follicle growth, such as day of wave emergence, day of follicle deviation, and day of maximum diameter of the dominant follicle, when normalized to the FSH surge of each follicular wave were similar in Trio carriers compared to non-carriers although Trio carriers consistently had much smaller-sized follicles (P < 0.05). Thus, decreased follicle size and greater circulating FSH are key components of the mechanism that produces multiple ovulations in cattle that are carriers of the Trio high fecundity allele.
Dress for success: the effect of exhibitors’ dress conformity and self-construal on attendees’ approach behavior

The purpose of the current study is to investigate how attendees’ approach behavior is influenced by exhibitors’ dress conformity. A 2 × 2 between-subjects quasi-experimental design was utilized fo...
Considerations for Microscopic Examination of Urine

The importance of centrifugation of specific volumes of urine and use of standardized microscopic slides that provide consistency in results from facility to facility and between individuals performing microscopic analysis led to more meaningful results and reduced subjectivity. Most specimens are observed using a light microscope on unstained sediment, but more specific tests requiring other types of microscopes and supravital staining are necessary in some cases.
Second-order Recursive Oscillators for Musical Additive Synthesis Applications on SIMD and VLIW Processors.

This paper summarizes our work adapting a recursive digital resonator for use on sixteen-bit fixed-point hardware. The modified oscillator is a two-pole filter with error properties expressly matched to use in the range of frequencies relevant to additive synthesis of digital audio. We present the algorithm, error analysis, performance analysis, and measurements of an implementation on a fixed-point vector microprocessor system.
Association of Medicaid enrollee characteristics and primary care utilization with cancer outcomes for the period spanning Medicaid expansion in New Jersey.

BACKGROUND Cancer outcomes for Medicaid enrollees may be affected by patients' primary care (PC) utilization and complex Medicaid enrollment dynamics, which have recently changed for many states under the Affordable Care Act. METHODS With New Jersey State Cancer Registry and linked Medicaid claims data, a retrospective cohort study was conducted for patients with incident breast, colorectal, or invasive cervical cancer (aged 21-64 years) diagnosed in 2012-2014. Associations of Medicaid enrollment factors and PC utilization with the stage at diagnosis and treatment delays were examined with multivariate logistic regression models. RESULTS The study included 19,209 total cancer cases and 3253 linked Medicaid cases. Medicaid cases were more likely to be diagnosed at a late stage and to experience treatment delays in comparison with non-Medicaid cases. In adjusted analyses, Medicaid cases with 1 or more PC visits before the diagnosis had lower odds of a late-stage diagnosis (odds ratio, 0.47; 95% confidence interval, 0.33-0.67) in comparison with Medicaid cases with no outpatient visits. New enrollees (<6 months) and longer term enrollees in fee-for-service (FFS) Medicaid had greater odds of a late-stage diagnosis and treatment delays in comparison with those in Medicaid managed care. CONCLUSIONS Medicaid patients with cancer diagnosed just before and in the initial year of eligibility expansion had worse outcomes than non-Medicaid cases. Poor outcomes were especially pronounced among new enrollees, those without outpatient visits before their diagnosis, and FFS enrollees. Targeted strategies to enhance care continuity, including access to PC providers before the diagnosis and a better understanding of pathways to cancer care upon Medicaid enrollment, are needed to improve outcomes in this population.
Changing Behavior Through Design: A Lab Fume Hood Closure Experiment

One fume hood in a laboratory can use as much energy as three homes per year. When a fume hood is in use, its door (or "sash") needs to be open, but otherwise it should be closed for safety, as well as to conserve energy. This paper examines strategies to promote fume hood closure behavior. A behavior change experiment conducted in the field tested whether a design signifier (sticker) and comparative feedback extracted from automated building and equipment data would decrease the number of times people left fume hoods open when not in use (while spaces were unoccupied or the hoods were inactive). The experiment included a control building where no fume hood intervention was implemented. The sticker and feedback together resulted in significantly fewer instances of hoods being left open (a 52.8% reduction overall). One year later, with the sticker in place and without further feedback, the instances of hoods being left open when the space was occupied but the hoods were inactive remained significantly lower than baseline. In addition to providing a low-cost strategy to bring about behavior change, findings from this study suggest opportunities to improve fume hood design and to use automated building data to provide laboratory workers with feedback to change their behavior.
Screening Adherence in the Veterans Administration Lung Cancer Screening Demonstration Project

Background Adherence to annual low-dose CT was 95% in the National Lung Screening Trial and must be replicated to achieve mortality benefit from screening. Research Question How do we determine adherence rates within the Veterans Affairs Lung Cancer Screening Demonstration Project and identify factors predictive of adherence? Study Design and Methods A secondary data analysis of the Lung Cancer Screening Demonstration Project that was conducted at eight Veterans Affairs medical centers was performed to determine adherence to follow up imaging and to determine factors predictive of adherence. Results A total of 2,103 patients were screened. The adherence to screening from baseline scan (T0) to first follow-up scan (T1) was 82.2% and 65.2% from T1 to second follow-up scan (T2). Logistic regression modeling showed that presence of a nodule and the site of lung cancer screening were predictive of adherence. After three rounds of screening, 1,343 patients (64%) who underwent baseline screening underwent both subsequent annual low-dose CT scans; 225 patients (11%) had only one subsequent low-dose CT; 0.4% did not have a T1 scan but did have a T2 scan; 70 patients (3%) died, and 36 patients (1.7%) were diagnosed with lung cancer. There was significant variation in screening adherence across the eight sites, which ranged from 63% to 94% at T1 and 52% to 82% at T2 (P Interpretation Despite a centralized program design with dedicated navigator and registry to assist with adherence to annual lung cancer screening, variations between sites suggest that active follow-up strategies are needed to optimize adherence. For the mortality benefit from lung cancer screening to be recognized, adherence to annual screening must achieve higher rates.
Gauging the efficacy of neoadjuvant endocrine therapy in breast cancer patients with known axillary disease.

Background and objectives Neoadjuvant endocrine therapy (NET) for ER+ breast cancer can downstage primary tumors. We evaluated NET efficacy in node-positive patients. Methods Node-positive patients undergoing NET for ER+ breast cancer from 2012 to 2019 were reviewed. Primary endpoints included rates of axillary lymphadenectomy (ALND), pathologic complete response (pCR), and final nodal staging. Results Thirty-nine patients were included. Before NET, all were clinically node-positive (cN1 = 36, 94%; cN2 = 2, 5%; cN3 = 1, 3%; Stage II = 23, 59%, Stage III = 16, 41%). After NET, nine (23%) had clinically persistent axillary disease necessitating ALND. The remaining 30 (77%) underwent sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB). Of these, 25 (83%) were SLNB+ on frozen section, undergoing immediate ALND. Five patients were negative on frozen section: one had a confirmed axillary pCR, and four had residual nodal disease on permanent pathology. One underwent delayed ALND, and for the remaining three patients, decision was made to forgo ALND. Final overall axillary staging was: N0 (pCR) = 1, 3%, pN1mic = 1, 3%, pN1 = 20, 51%, pN2 = 12, 30%, pN3 = 5, 13%; Stage II = 16, 41%, Stage III = 23, 59%. Conclusions While NET is reported to downstage primary tumors, downstaging of the axilla was unsuccessful in the majority of patients.
Executive Function in Infants and Toddlers Born Low Birth Weight and Preterm

Infants born low birth weight (LBW) and preterm were evaluated in a high-risk follow-up clinic and compared with infants born full term. A multivariate linear model was used to examine the overall ...