cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Words Written in Kana Are Named Faster Than the Same Words Written in Kanji

Two adult Japanese named colors written in Kanji, a logographic orthography, and in Kana, a syllabary. Although colors are more frequently written in the Kanji form and although Kanji are more comp...
A survey of current Bayesian gene mapping method

Recently, there has been much interest in the use of Bayesian statistical methods for performing genetic analyses. Many of the computational difficulties previously associated with Bayesian analysis, such as multidimensional integration, can now be easily overcome using modern high-speed computers and Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods. Much of this new technology has been used to perform gene mapping, especially through the use of multi-locus linkage disequilibrium techniques. This review attempts to summarise some of the currently available methods and the software available to implement these methods.
Effect of induction chemotherapy on swallow physiology and saliva production in patients with head and neck cancer: a pilot study.

Background No objective data are available to assess the potential damage induction chemotherapy alone contributes to swallowing physiology and salivary production in patients with locally and regionally confined head and neck cancer. Methods Thirteen patients with head and neck cancer were evaluated preinduction and postinduction chemotherapy. Assessment included: (1) percentage of nutrition taken orally and food consistencies in diet; (2) videofluorographic swallow evaluation; (3) whole mouth saliva collection; (4) quality-of-life questionnaire; and (5) pain and oral mucositis scores. Results All patients were able to consume most foods and took 100% of their nutrition orally both preinduction and postinduction chemotherapy. Although a number of swallow measures worsened, no statistically significant differences were observed in diet, quality of life measures, pain, or saliva weight, or in most temporal swallow measures. Pharyngeal residue decreased significantly after chemotherapy. Conclusion Induction chemotherapy alone did not significantly negatively alter swallowing physiology and salivary secretion, although the trend was toward worsening in function. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 37: 567–572, 2015
A case of fatal anaphylaxis in a dog associated with a dexamethasone suppression test

Objective: To describe a case of fatal anaphylaxis in a dog associated with a ‘routine’ dexamethasone suppression test. Case summary: An 8-year-old, spayed female dog, was treated with parenteral dexamethasone for a diagnosis of immune-mediated thrombocytopenia. The dog had responded to treatment, but 9 months later was evaluated for endogenous hyperadrenocorticism, prior to surgery for a ruptured anterior cruciate ligament. A normal ACTH stimulation test was followed by a high-dose dexamethasone suppression test. Immediately following the intravenous injection of dexamethasone, the dog developed severe anaphylactic shock and died. The postmortem examination findings supported the diagnosis of anaphylaxis. New information provided: The anaphylaxis in this dog was fulminating and by-passed the usual early signs of drug hypersensitivity. This is the first case in the veterinary literature reporting on dexamethasone as the cause of this dog's catastrophic event.
Acoustic evidence against BCS behavior in monocrystal YBa2Cu3O7

Abstract Using a detwinned YBa2Cu3O7 monocrystal and acoustic-resonance spectroscopy, we measured internal friction Q−1 = Δf/fr through the 91-K superconducting-transition temperature. We show measurements for the first ten macroscopic resonance frequencies fr. None of the modes show classic BCS-model behavior based on simple-pairing, isotropic-s-electron, weak-coupling assumptions. Beside being non-BCS-like, essentially every mode behaves differently, suggesting a strongly anisotropic energy gap Δ(k), and practically ruling out any simple Fermi-surface gap function, especially s-wave. Some modes actually show increasing Q−1 upon cooling below Tc, suggesting either strong Fermi-surface changes or lattice-relaxation mechanisms.
New Multiplet Structure in Photemission from Mn F 2

A high-resolution x-ray-photoelectron-spectroscopy investigation of the multiplet structure of manganese $2s$ and $3s$ levels in Mn${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$ is reported. The Mn $3s$ results quantitatively confirm three predictions of a recent configuration-interaction calculation concerning the magnitude of the splitting, the deviation of the observed intensity ratio from the multiplicity ratio, and new structure. The first observation of multiplet splitting of the Mn $2s$ level is also reported and compared with calculations.
Common handling procedures conducted in preclinical safety studies result in minimal hepatic gene expression changes in Sprague-Dawley rats

Gene expression profiling is a tool to gain mechanistic understanding of adverse effects in response to compound exposure. However, little is known about how the common handling procedures of experimental animals during a preclinical study alter baseline gene expression. We report gene expression changes in the livers of female Sprague-Dawley rats following common handling procedures. Baseline gene expression changes identified in this study provide insight on how these changes may affect interpretation of gene expression profiles following compound exposure. Rats were divided into three groups. One group was not subjected to handling procedures and served as controls for both handled groups. Animals in the other two groups were weighed, subjected to restraint in Broome restrainers, and administered water via oral gavage daily for 1 or 4 days with tail vein blood collections at 1, 2, 4, and 8 hours postdose on days 1 and 4. Significantly altered genes were identified in livers of animals following 1 or 4 days of handling when compared to the unhandled animals. Gene changes in animals handled for 4 days were similar to those handled for 1 day, suggesting a lack of habituation. The altered genes were primarily immune function related genes. These findings, along with a correlating increase in corticosterone levels suggest that common handling procedures may cause a minor immune system perturbance.
An evaluation of recent gas-liquid chromatographic liquid phases for resolution of acetylated plant sterols.

Abstract The relative retentions of twelve acetylated plant sterols were determined on fourteen gas-liquid chromatographic liquid phases. These phases were rated according to their ability to resolve three “critical sterol pairs”. The modified Carbowax, SP-1000 2 adequately resolved all three pairs in thirty minutes at 240°.
Impact of emergency department volume on registered nurse time at the bedside.

Study objective We determine how emergency department (ED) registered nurses (RNs) allocate their time between various tasks and describe how RN task distribution changes as a function of various measures of ED patient volume and patient acuity. Methods This is a 3-year direct observational study using a convenience sample of 63 8-hour nurse shifts. Four RN task categories were defined: (1) direct patient care, (2) indirect patient care, (3) non-RN care, and (4) personal time. Two measures of nurse workload were used, the patient-to-nurse ratio and the ED acuity index (ED acuity index=(Σ reverse order triage scores/half hour)÷total number of nurses staffing). Trained observers classified RN activity at 1-minute intervals during 8-hour shifts daily for 7 nonconsecutive 24-hour periods. RN staffing data, ED patient census, and patient triage scores were collected every half hour. Summary statistics, correlation tables, and regression analysis were used to establish relationships between RN task allocation, patients per nurse, and the ED acuity index. Results For the 63 nursing shifts studied, on average RNs spent 25.6% of their time performing direct patient care, 48.4% on indirect patient care, 6.8% on non-RN care, and 19.1% on personal time. Regardless of the number of patients per RN, approximately twice as much time is spent on indirect patient care as direct patient care. The correlation between the ED acuity index and the patient-to-nurse ratio was 0.98. Conclusion Regardless of workload, RNs spend the majority of their time performing indirect patient care. RNs spend little time performing tasks that could be performed by ancillary staff. The patient-to-nurse ratio performs just as well as a more complicated acuity index to measure the workload of RNs within an ED.
The COPE inventory: Dimensionality and relationships with approach- and avoidance-motives and positive and negative traits.

Two studies evaluated the dimensionality of the COPE inventory (Carver, Scheier, & Weintraub, 1989) and examined its relationships with approach- and avoidance-motives and positive and negative traits. In Study 1, four coping factors emerged, three of which reflected either self-sufficient or socially-supported coping strategies, along with an avoidant-coping factor. Correlations of scales from the self-sufficient and socially-supported coping factors with behavioral activation and positive traits suggested these factors involved approach-oriented coping, while the avoidant-coping scales correlated with behavioral inhibition and negative traits. In Study 2, similar self-sufficient, socially-supported, and avoidant-coping factors emerged; highly similar correlations were found between the scales that defined these factors with approach- and avoidance-motives and positive and negative traits.
Plenary Panel Title: Software for the Mobile Inter

The Internet was a disruptive force. Innovative entrepreneurs created a new industry which has added significantly to the world's economies and spearheaded a revolution in information creation and distribution unparalleled in modern history. Similarly, the advent of wireless telecommunications has been a major disruptive force to the traditional wireline industry. By the beginning of the 21st centry, the amount of wireless telephony traffic had exceeded that carried by wireline. Moreover, the number of people in the world who now have access to telecommunications has grown exponentially. In this panel, we explore the implications of the coming together of these two disruptive forces and focus on the role of software relative to this phenomenon.
A general treatment of solubility. 3. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the solubilities of diverse solutes in diverse solvents.

A phenomenological study of solubility has been conducted using a combination of quantitative structure−property relationship (QSPR) and principal component analysis (PCA). A solubility database of 4540 experimental data points was used that utilized available experimental data into a matrix of 154 solvents times 397 solutes. Methodology in which QSPR and PCA are combined was developed to predict the missing values and to fill the data matrix. PCA on the resulting filled matrix, where solutes are observations and solvents are variables, shows 92.55% of coverage with three principal components. The corresponding transposed matrix, in which solvents are observations and solutes are variables, showed 62.96% of coverage with four principal components.
Behavioural and neurochemical effects of repeated administration of cocaine in rats.

Abstract The effects of repeated administration of cocaine (15 mg/kg, i.p. twice daily at 8-hr intervals) were investigated on the spontaneous motor activity (SMA) and stereotypy (ST) as well as on the various neurotransmitters (e.g. norepinephrine, NE; dopamine, DA; serotonin, 5-HT; acetylcholine, ACh) in different brain areas (e.g. diencephalon-midbrain, DM; pons-medulla, PM; caudate nucleus, CN) in rats. Following repeated injections of cocaine, both SMA and ST gradually increased, reaching a peak in each case on about the 9th day, then gradually decreased up to the 18th or 20th day, after which the activities were maintained at minimum level which was slightly higher than normal levels. Concomitantly, the DA level in the CN and DM increased and 5-HT in the DM and PM decreased reaching their maximum or minimum levels following cocaine injections on the 9th day; these changes were gradually minimized by the 18th day and remained so up to the 30th day. There were also slight changes in NE and ACh levels. It thus appears that, following repeated cocaine administrations, the changes in the drug-induced behavioural effects can be correlated roughly with the changes in the DA level in the CN and the 5-HT levels in the DM and PM.
Where have all the American celiacs gone

Celiac disease is a common cause of malabsorption in western countries, with significant geographic variation in incidence. Recent epidemiological studies using serology tests, however, suggest that the disease is more common than previously realized and homogeneously distributed in Europe. These studies have also demonstrated that the clinical presentation of the disease may greatly vary even between neighboring countries. Celiac disease remains a rare diagnosis in the United States. Whether the disease is underdiagnosed or is truly rare remains to be established. We have conducted preliminary studies, both on pediatric patients and adult blood donors, that seem to suggest that the prevalence of positive screening tests for celiac disease in the USA is equivalent to that reported in similar screening studies conducted in Europe. These data also suggest that the dimensions of the American celiac disease iceberg seem to be similar to those of the European one. The visible tip of the American iceberg, however, appears to be much smaller, since most of it still remains submerged. The reasons for these divergences remain unknown and may only be partially related to the limited attention to the disease by the American scientific community. Large, multicenter serological screening studies are needed to define the true prevalence of celiac disease in the United States.
Integrating anti–tumor necrosis factor therapy in inflammatory bowel disease: current and future perspectives

Abstract Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis are two idiopathic inflammatory disorders of the GI tract. Manifestations of disease can be severe and lead to long term therapy with a variety of medications and/or surgery. Standard medical therapy consists of agents that either treat suppurative complications or modulate the inflammatory cascade in a nonspecific manner. Many specific chemokine and cytokine effectors that promote intestinal inflammation have been identified. Such work has led to experimental clinical trials with a variety of cytokine antagonists. Compounds directed against one such cytokine, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF), have demonstrated the greatest clinical efficacy to date. This is consistent with scientific observations that suggest a central role for TNF in the inflammatory cascade. Infliximab is a chimeric monoclonal antibody against TNF that has been demonstrated to be effective for the treatment of Crohn’s disease. Infliximab is Food and Drug Administration approved for the treatment of Crohn’s disease. There exist several other TNF antagonists in various phases of investigation, including the monoclonal antibody CDP 571, the fusion peptide etanercept, the phosphodiesterase inhibitor oxpentifylline, and thalidomide. The clinical efficacy of these agents and the role of TNF in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease is reviewed.
Autoradiographic localization of 125I[Tyr14]orphanin FQ/nociceptin and 125I[Tyr10]orphanin FQ/nociceptin(1–11) binding sites in rat brain

The endogenous ligand for the orphan opioid receptor, orphanin FQ/nociceptin (OFQ), has recently been characterized. The OFQ peptide sequence contains paired basic amino acids, suggesting the possibility of posttranslational processing to a peptide containing the first 11 amino acids of the OFQ peptide. This peptide has been reported in the brain and it has a unique pharmacology. In the present study, we compared the autoradiographic distribution of (125)I[Tyr(14)]OFQ and (125)I[Tyr(10)]OFQ(1-11) in coronal rat brain sections. Nonspecific binding was defined with unlabeled OFQ or OFQ(1-11), respectively. Both radioligands demonstrated high levels of specific binding (>95% of total binding), with no appreciable binding in white matter areas with either ligand. (125)I[Tyr(14)]OFQ binding was widely distributed throughout the rat brain. In contrast, (125)I[Tyr(10)]OFQ(1-11) binding was more restricted. The highest (125)I[Tyr(14)]OFQ binding levels measured in this study were found in the locus coeruleus, an area which contained very low (125)I[Tyr(10)]OFQ(1-11) binding. Both ligands labeled the cortex, hippocampus and amygdala. In the thalamus, (125)I[Tyr(14)]OFQ binding was prominent in most nuclei, whereas (125)I[Tyr(10)]OFQ(1-11) binding was restricted to the midline thalamus. (125)I[Tyr(14)]OFQ binding was heavy in the suprachiasmatic hypothalamus, and moderate in other hypothalamic nuclei. (125)I[Tyr(10)]OFQ(1-11) binding in the hypothalamus, however, was present mainly in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus. Lower binding levels of both ligands were found in the caudate putamen. The distinct autoradiographic patterns of these two ligands are consistent with different binding sites, which might help explain their different functional activities.
Prophylactic anticoagulation for left ventricular thrombi after acute myocardial infarction: A prospective randomized trial

Thirty patients with a first episode of an anterior acute myocardial infarction (AMI) without a history of cardiac disease were prospectively randomized into a prophylactic heparin-treated group (group I) and a control nonanticoagulated group (group II) within 12 hours of the onset of chest pain to determine the effectiveness of anticoagulation for preventing left ventricular (LV) thrombi. Serial two-dimensional echocardiograms were performed during the hospital stay and patients were followed clinically for systemic emboli for 1 month after discharge from the hospital. Thirty-one percent of patients in group I (4/13) and 35% of patients in group II (6/17) developed LV thrombi on two-dimensional echocardiograms. There was no statistical difference in the incidence of LV thrombi between the two groups (p greater than 0.05). Infarct size as determined by creatine phosphokinase isoenzymes (2,386 +/- 1,568 vs 2,083 +/- 1,462 IU for groups I and II, respectively; p greater than 0.05), wall motion score (12.7 +/- 5 vs 10.7 +/- 5 for groups I and II, respectively; p greater than 0.05) and wall motion index (1.8 +/- 0.6 vs 1.8 +/- 0.56 for groups I and II, respectively; p greater than 0.05) were not statistically different between the two groups of patients. One patient in both groups had an embolic event. In conclusion, prophylactic anticoagulation in high-risk AMI patients for LV thrombus development does not prevent LV thrombus formation during the acute and subacute stages of an AMI. The results also suggest that anticoagulation may not prevent systemic embolization.
Nonpulmonary organ failure and outcome in children treated with high-frequency oscillatory ventilation.

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study was to quantitate the contribution of nonpulmonary organ failure to mortality of patients treated with high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) and to determine which gas-exchange differences are associated with improvement on HFOV. Materials and Methods: Charts of all patients treated with HFOV in our pediatric intensive care unit from January 1992 until January 1997 were retrospectively reviewed. Results: Sixty-six patients were treated and 21 patients improved during HFOV (group 1); 45 patients did not improve (group 2). Seventeen patients (26%) had isolated respiratory failure and their mortality was 12%. Percentages of patients with 2, and 3 or more organ failure were 45%, 29%, and their mortality was significantly higher, 67% and 95%, respectively. Patients with primary respiratory failure demonstrated a significantly greater risk of improvement on HFOV (RR ratio of 2.5, 95% CI 1.5 to 4.2). There was a significantly greater proportion of patients with primary cardiac failure who did not improve on HFOV compared with all other patients. Oxygenation index significantly improved over the first 72 hours for both groups, but then significantly worsened over the next 48 hours in group 2 but not in group 1. Conclusion: Patients with nonpulmonary organ failure were significantly less likely to improve on HFOV and had a significantly higher mortality than patients with isolated respiratory failure. Children who do not improve on HFOV appear to reach a plateau in oxygenation indices after 3 days of HFOV. Copyright © 2000 by W.B. Saunders Company
Photoperiodism in Lemna: Reversal of NightInterruption Depends on Color of the Main Photoperiod

With main photoperiods of red or white light, the inhibition of flowering in Lemna perpusilla 6746 caused by interruptions of the night with red light cannot be reversed by far-red light, since far-red light itself is highly inhibitory. However, with a main photoperiod of blue light, far-red light is much less inhibitory and partially reverses the effect of red night-interruptions. If the main blue photoperiod is terminated by a brief red exposure, reversibility is abolished, as the far-red light is again fully inhibitory. This latter effect can be reversed by far-red light. These results add light quality to the already known characteristics of the main light period which affect reversibility in the dark period, and are consistent with the idea that the effects of blue light on photoperiodism in L. perpusilla are mediated exclusively by phytochrome.
Grasping uncertainty: effects of sensorimotor memories on high-level planning of dexterous manipulation

For successful object manipulation, the central nervous system must appropriately coordinate digit placement and force distribution. It is known that digit force planning is significantly influenced by previous manipulations even when object properties cannot be predicted on a trial-to-trial basis. We sought to determine whether this effect extends beyond force control to the coordination of digit placement and force. Subjects grasped and lifted an object whose center of mass (CM) was changed unpredictably across trials. Grasp planning was quantified by measuring the torque generated on the object at lift onset. We found that both digit placement and force were systematically affected by the CM experienced on the previous trial. Additionally, the negative covariation between digit forces and positions typically found for predictable CM presentations was also found for unpredictable CM trials. A follow-up experiment revealed that these effects were not dependent on visual feedback of object roll during object lift on the previous trial. We conclude that somatosensory feedback from previous grasp experience alone can affect high-level grasp planning by constraining the relation between digit force and position even when the task behavioral consequences cannot be reliably predicted. As learning of manipulations often involves interactions with objects in novel environments, the present findings are an important step to understanding the control strategies associated with the integration of sensorimotor memories and motor planning.
Graft polymerization of vinyl acetate onto starch. Saponification to starch–g–poly(vinyl alcohol)

at a radiation dose of 1.0 IvIrad. However, over half of the polymer was present as ungrafted poly­ (vinyl acetate) (grafting efficiency less than 50%), and the graft copolymer contained only :34'1,) grafted synthetic polymer (:34% add-on). Lower irradiation doses produced lower conversions of monomer to polymer and gave graft copolymers with lower % add-on. Addition of minor amounts of acryl­ amide, methyl acrylate, and methacrylic acid as comonomers produced only small increases in % add-on and grafting efficiency. However, grafting efficiency was increased to 70% when a monomer mixture containing about 10% methyl methacrylate was used. Grafting efficiency could be increased to over 90% if the graft polymerization of vinyl acetate-methyl methacrylate was carried out near O°C, although conversion of monomers to polymer was low and grafted polymer contained 40-50',\0 poly(methyl methacrylate). Selected graft copolymers were treated with methanolic sodium hy­ droxide to convert starch-g-poly(vinyl acetate) to starch-g-poly(vinyl alcohol). The molecular weight of the poly(vinyl alcohol) moiety \vas about 30,000. The solubility of starch-g-poly(vinyl alcohol) in hot water was less than .50%; however, solubility could be increased by substituting either acid-modified or hypochlorite-oxidized starch for unmodified starch in the graft polymerization reaction. Vinyl acetate was also graft polymerized onto acid-modified starch which had been dis­ persed and partially solubilized by heating in water. A total irradiation dose of either 1.0 or 0.5 Mrad gave starch-g-poly(vinyl acetate) with about :35% add-on, and a grafting efficiency of about 40');, was obtained. A film cast from a starch-g-poly(vinyl alcohol) copolymer in which homopolymer was not removed exhibited a higher ultimate tensile strength than a comparable physical mixture of starch and poly(vinyl alcohol).
SU-E-J-129: A Strategy to Consolidate the Image Database of a VERO Unit Into a Radiotherapy Management System

Purpose: To present a strategy to integrate the imaging database of a VERO unit with a treatment management system (TMS) to improve clinical workflow and consolidate image data to facilitate clinical quality control and documentation. Methods: A VERO unit is equipped with both kV and MV imaging capabilities for IGRT treatments. It has its own imaging database behind a firewall. It has been a challenge to transfer images on this unit to a TMS in a radiation therapy clinic so that registered images can be reviewed remotely with an approval or rejection record. In this study, a software system, iPump-VERO, was developed to connect VERO and a TMS in our clinic. The patient database folder on the VERO unit was mapped to a read-only folder on a file server outside VERO firewall. The application runs on a regular computer with the read access to the patient database folder. It finds the latest registered images and fuses them in one of six predefined patterns before sends them via DICOM connection to the TMS. The residual image registration errors will be overlaid on the fused image to facilitate image review. Results: The fused images of either registered kV planar images or CBCTmore » images are fully DICOM compatible. A sentinel module is built to sense new registered images with negligible computing resources from the VERO ExacTrac imaging computer. It takes a few seconds to fuse registered images and send them to the TMS. The whole process is automated without any human intervention. Conclusion: Transferring images in DICOM connection is the easiest way to consolidate images of various sources in your TMS. Technically the attending does not have to go to the VERO treatment console to review image registration prior delivery. It is a useful tool for a busy clinic with a VERO unit.« less
High yield of capsule endoscopy in patients with celiac disease and recurrent abdominal pain

High yield of capsule endoscopy in patients with celiac disease and recurrent abdominal pain
Constitutive Models Suitable for Thermal Loading

A non-unified creep plasticity constitutive model and a unified creep-plasticity model have been considered. In the non-unified model, creep and plastic strains were added separately; in the unified model, they were treated in a unified manner. These models were used to predict cyclic hardening and mean stress relaxation for isothermal loading conditions. The results indicate that certain instabilities occured in unified creep-plasticity simulations at low temperatures. Material behavior for thermal loading was studied using the two-bar structure. Both constitutive models were modified to handle material behavior changes with temperature. The thermal loading response was predicted satisfactorily with both models for most cases. However, certain model limitations were encountered in the unified model. The capabilities of both models are outlined and discussed.
Zoning Restrictiveness and Housing Foreclosures: Exploring a New Link to the Subprime Mortgage Crisis

In this article, we present an empirical analysis of the relationship between zoning restrictiveness and the risk of foreclosure in six metropolitan areas of varying regulatory frameworks across the United States. We measure zoning restrictiveness using the diversity of housing units allowed by right under different density types and by the proportion of low- and very low-density housing units allowed. We measure the risk of foreclosure as the percentage of total households in a geographic area that entered the foreclosure process during the period 2005–2008. Using local zoning maps, geographic information data, and multiple other sources, we develop two separate data sets—one at the municipal level and the other at the zip code level. Using ordinary least squares and spatial autoregressive methods and controlling for other factors, we find that at the municipal level, zoning restrictiveness is significant and positively related to a higher risk of foreclosure. We conclude that one strategy for municipali...
An Intelligent Energy Management System for a Photovoltaic-Battery System

Abstract Renewable energy methods such as wind generation and photovoltaic generation are attracting more attention in distributed systems due to the depletion of energy resources. The drawback of renewable energy is its unpredictable and variable nature, making it necessary to compensate for this behavior and maximize the user's dependence on such systems. This can be accomplished using an intelligent energy management demand response controller (IEMDC), which is implemented using an optimal fuzzy logic controller (OFLC) whose parameters are set by the mean-variance optimization (MVO) algorithm. The performance of the PVB system with an IEMDC for daytime grid-independent operation is presented in this paper.
Development of brain enzymes concerned with glutamic acid metabolism in fetal monkey and pig.

Abstract Changes in the activity of glutamotransferase, l -glutamic dehydrogenase, and glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase were encountered during the fetal development of the pig and monkey brain. There was an increase in the specific activity (per milligram of dried tissue) in all three enzymes during fetal growth, with the smallest relative increase in glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase and the greatest activity in the glutamotransferase. The latter increase was especially marked in the last part of intrauterine life and more marked in the pig. An unexplained decrease in the activity of the fetal brain glutaminase was encountered in the final stages of gestation.
CILIARY NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR ARRESTS MUSCLE AND MOTONEURON DEGENERATION IN ANDROGEN-INSENSITIVE RATS

Steroid hormones and neurotrophic factors exert profound and widespread effects on the developing nervous system, including regulation of the size, connectivity, and survival of neurons. Androgenic control of the survival of motoneurons in the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus (SNB) of rats has been well documented. We previously found that ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) mimics many effects of androgen on the developing SNB. Whether effects of CNTF depend on the presence of a functional androgen receptor was evaluated in the present study. Androgen-insensitive male rats bearing the testicular feminization mutation, Tfm, and female litter-mates were treated with CNTF or with vehicle alone from embryonic day 22 through postnatal day 3. On postnatal day 4 SNB cell number was elevated in both groups receiving CNTF. Volumes of the bulbocavernosus (BC) and levator ani (LA) muscles, targets of SNB motoneurons, were also markedly increased by CNTF. Since the BC appears to degenerate completely in untreated females, these results indicate that CNTF can delay or prevent muscle fiber death. The relative sparing of muscles and motoneurons did not differ for Tfm males and females, demonstrating that effects of CNTF on the SNB neuromuscular system do not require functional androgen receptors.
Isolation on the West Florida Shelf with implications for red tides and pollutant dispersal in the Gulf of Mexico

Analysis of year-long drifter trajectories and records of simulated surface Lagrangian Coherent Structures (LCSs) have suggested the presence of a resilient Cross-Shelf Transport Barrier (CSTB) on the West Florida Shelf (WFS). The CSTB was conjectured to provide a large degree of isolation, which is consequential for the fueling of red tides on the southern WFS by nutrients possibly released by rivers and canals directly on the region. Here this conjecture is thoroughly tested by identifying LCSs as well as performing tracer advection calculations based on seven-year-long records of surface and subsurface currents produced by a HYbrid-Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) simulation of the Gulf of Mexico (GoM). The identified LCSs suggest that the CSTB extends downward in the water column. The tracer calculations suggest that, while the majority of the nutrients possibly released by rivers and canals directly on the southern WFS are retained within the region for long times, only a small fraction of the nutrients possibly released by rivers outside the WFS reach the southern WFS, mainly accompanying shoreward excursions of the CSTB. These results add importance to the role played by the CSTB in controlling red tide development on the WFS. Implications of the results for the dispersal of pollutants, such as oil, in the GoM are discussed.
Localization of G6PD and HPRT to different arms of the X chromosome of the North American marsupial (Didelphis virginiana) by in situ hybridization and delection mapping: Evolutionary significance

We have mapped HPRT and G6PD loci on the X chromosome in the American opossum, Didelphis virginiana, by in situ hybridization to cells derived from two females by using genomic opossum DNA as probes. The localizations (G6PD to Xp13 and HPRT to Xq21), indicating that the two genes are separated by the centromere, were confirmed by results of hybridization to X chromosomes with deletions that include the HPRT locus and opossum-mouse cell hybrids containing the relevant fragment of the opossum X chromosome.
Site Directed Crosslinking Studies of the FepA Transport Mechanism

FepA is a TonB dependent transporter in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria that recognizes and internalizes the siderophore ferric enterobactin (FeEnt). FepA is a member of the porin superfamily on the basis of its 22 stranded transmembrane β-barrel. Its 150-residue N-terminal domain resides within and occludes the C-terminal β-barrel domain, suggesting that the former must undergo structural reorganization to allow the transport of FeEnt. Two models potentially explain the process: either the N-domain remains in the β-barrel and rearranges to form a transient pore, or it extrudes from the β-barrel, folded or unfolded. The extent of conformational change in the N-terminus may affect the overall energetic cost of FeEnt transport. To distinguish between these models, we genetically engineered Cys pairs at various sites in FepA and studied their crosslinking both before and during FeEnt uptake. The experiments attempted to either crosslink the N-terminal domain to the β-barrel, or crosslink local folds of the N-terminal domain to itself. Mutant strains of FepA containing the Cys pairs G27C/R126C, A33C/E120C, or L125C/V141C, located on different β-strands in the N-terminus, all required a reductant to allow FeEnt uptake in siderophore nutrition tests, suggesting that oxidation of the Cys pairs to disulfides prevented FeEnt transport. The N-domain/C-domain Cys pairs A138C/427C, A138C/A445C, M77C/T457C, or M77C/E511C readily crosslinked when treated with Cu2+ in the presence or absence of FeEnt, implying considerable conformational flexibility of the N-domain in vivo. Together these data suggest that the N-domain of FepA has mobility within the β-barrel, and unfolds during transport of FeEnt.
The coordination of eye and head movements during early infancy: A selective review

A review of work dealing with the human infant's ability to use coordinated eye and head movements is presented. Primary emphasis is given to performance under two conditions: (1) the shifting of fixation to a visual stimulus in the periphery; and (2) the use of eye movements to maintain fixation by compensating for the effects of externally imposed head movements.
The ret finger protein-like 4 gene, Rfpl4, encodes a putative E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase expressed in adult germ cells.

Using an in silico (electronic database) subtraction, we identified a new member of the Ret Finger Protein-Like gene family, Rfpl4. Rfpl4 encodes a 287 amino acid putative E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase with a RING finger-like domain and a B30.2 motif. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and Northern blot analyses reveal that Rfpl4 encodes a 1.7 kb mRNA detectable exclusively in the gonads of adult mice. In situ hybridization localizes Rfpl4 transcripts within the ovary to oocytes of primary and later stage follicles and in the testis to elongating spermatids. The Rfpl4 gene comprises three exons and maps to mouse chromosome 7. We have identified the human ortholog, which maps to 19q13.4. These studies suggest that RFPL4 mediates protein degradation pathways important for gametogenesis or early embryonic development.
Naming Your Own Price Mechanisms: Revenue Gain or Drain?

We experimentally study the profitability of pricing mechanisms that allow customers to quote their own prices, such as Priceline.com's Name-Your-Own-Price (NYOP). Presumably firms find this sales method profit-maximizing despite the concerns that NYOP web-sites can cannibalize profit from standard distribution channels. Using a laboratory experiment we compare outcomes between NYOP and posted-price settings. We find that NYOP mechanisms that do not conceal information about products increase profit and consumer surplus. When NYOP channels conceal information about products there is no significant change in profit unless the threshold above which bids are accepted is set near marginal cost, whereby profit decreases.
Dynamic form perception in the bending

As a white hourglass moves across a black background, the middle appears to lag behind its true position, resulting in the apparent bending of the axis of the hourglass. No such distortion occurs with a black hourglass moving across a white background. The results of two experiments support a visual persistence hypothesis, as opposed to a latency hypothesis.
Dislocations in ice as revealed by etching

Abstract The process of etching and replicating ice surfaces has been investigated. It has been shown that the process can be made selective for specific purposes by preparing the surface with a microtome and by varying the concentration of the etchant, thickness of the etchant, temperature and drying time. Replication of etch-pits in the form of whiskers was possible for both basal and non-basal dislocations, thereby directly establishing the correspondence of etch-pits to line defects. The technique was used to study the movement of non-basal dislocations under uniform and non-uniform stress fields. Grown-in defects and non-basal dislocations could be revealed by the method.
Evidence for myoblastic potential of satellite cells in denervated muscle.

The failure of denervated muscle to undergo effective regeneration, despite reported increases in the number of muscle satellite cells, warranted an investigation of the viability and myoblastic capacity of these cells present in denervated muscle. Four types of satellite cells present in muscle denervated for three weeks are described, based on their ultrastructure and relationship to their principal fiber. The increased number of ribosomes, including helically arranged polysomes; the number of Golgi complexes; the presence of microtubules; the branching subsarcolemmal tubular system; and the appearance of regularly arranged 96 A microfilaments with diffuse electron dense areas are structural features of satellite cells that are similar to those of developing myoblasts in growing and regenerating muscle. The electron microscopic observations suggest that “activated” satellite cells do have myoblastic potential. Possible explanations for the ultimate failure of denervated muscle to regenerate include: 1) the inability of the muscle to produce satellite cells rapidly enough to keep pace with muscle degeneration; 2) a cytotoxic effect produced by the degenerating muscle fiber on the satellite cell; and 3) the inability of satellite cells to form stable, mature multinucleated fibers in the absence of the trophic effect of the nerve.
Comment on “The study of clinical judgment: An ecological approach”

Abstract Comments are made about a review of the research on clinical judgment written by Rock, Bransford, Maisto, and Morey regarding the article entitled: “The Study of Clinical Judgment: An Ecological Approach” (Clinical Psychology Review, Vol. 7, No. 6, 1987). Their review of the literature was found to be biased. Furthermore, their interpretations of the results from two well-known clinical judgment studies were found to be invalid.
An Enhanced Cell Model with Nonlinear Elasticity

Nonlinear elasticity effects are added to an existing homogenization technique for unidirectional fiber reinforced composites. This extension of the homogenization technique increases the accuracy of numerical simulations for high strain-rate loadings. It is particularly important for any dynamic loading in which shock waves might be produced, including crash safety, armor, and munitions applications. Examples illustrate that elastic nonlinearity can make substantial contributions at strains of only a few percent. These contributions are greatest during post-yield inelastic deformation. The micromechanics-based homogenization technique is shown to facilitate use of an efficient approximate treatment of elastic nonlinearity in composites with isotropic matrix materials.
Linked exploitation and interference competition drives the variable behavior of a classic predator–prey system

The potential connection between exploitation and interference competition was recognized long ago but has not been evaluated. We measured the levels of both forms of competition for the protist Didinium preying upon Paramecium. Across populations, exploitation intensity was tightly linked to interference intensity, and the form of this relationship follows from a simple model of interaction speeds. The variation in interference competition was as large across populations of Didinium as has been observed previously across species from a variety of taxa including birds, mammals, insects, crustaceans, flatworms and protists. The link between exploitation and interference competition alters our understanding of how interference competition influences population dynamics. Instead of simply stabilizing systems, variation in interference levels can shift population dynamics through qualitatively different regimes because of its association with exploitation competition. Strong interference competition pushes a system to a regime of deterministic extinction, but intermediate interference generates a system that is stable with a high competitive ability. This may help to explain why the distribution of interference values is unimodal and mostly intermediate in intensity. Synthesis Exploitation and interference competition are typically viewed as separate processes. Exploitation is described with a functional response in which the inclusion of interference competition – the effect of predator density on foraging rates – is optional. Although recent work indicates that interference competition is widespread, there is little work linking the two forms of competition. In this article we present evidence that exploitation and interference competition are linked mechanistically through movement patterns that simultaneously generate beneficial interactions of consumers with resources and detrimental interactions with other consumers. This connection alters our view of the role that interference plays in ecological dynamics.
Stress Overload: A New Approach to the Assessment of Stress

The link between stress and health has not received strong empirical support, possibly due to problems in the stress measures used. Here, the first wholly empirical development of a new “Stress Overload Scale” is described. A pool of 150 items was formed to reflect “overload”, a common denominator in stress theories. Then, the results of five sequenced studies, conducted in heterogeneous community samples, were used to pare the item pool. Exploratory (n = 431) and confirmatory (n = 433) analyses revealed two factors (Event Load and Personal Vulnerability) corresponding to theoretical constructs; only the best factor markers were submitted to further construct validity (n = 310) and reliability tests (n = 342). The 24 strongest items were selected for the SOS, which demonstrated criterion validity in predicting who (n = 285) would become sick following a common stressor. The SOS is (1) psychometrically strong, especially in its validity relative to popular measures; (2) appropriate to community research, due to its brevity and fit to a broad demographic spectrum; (3) unique in its ability to cross-section individuals into risk categories. It should prove useful to community psychologists in determining etiology, diagnosing risk for pathology, and evaluating the efficacy of interventions.
The Combined Effect of Color and Music on Customer Satisfaction in Hotel Bars

The present study explains how ambience is strongly linked to customer satisfaction in hotel bar servicescapes. The requirement of matching elements of the servicescape to the needs of the consumer is indicated by Gestalt theory. Data were collected in an experimental setting designed to examine if a Gestalt situation will have a more positive effect on an individual's satisfaction than a non-Gestalt situation; arousal being the moderator. Results indicate that individuals with low arousal are more satisfied in a non-Gestalt (tranquil) bar than in a Gestalt (dynamic) bar. Our findings suggest that bar service providers should adopt novel or unique colors and music that fit with the purpose of their bar atmosphere to enhance customers' arousal level because individual arousal will then moderate customer satisfaction evaluation.
Arginine as an Evolutionary Intruder Into Protein Synthesis

Abstract The arginine content of proteins is, on the average, far less than would be anticipated from the fact that 6 of the 61 codons for amino acids in the genetic code are for arginine. In contrast, lysine is more abundant than would be expected from its 2 codons. It is suggested that arginine replaced ornithine in protein synthesis during the evolution of the genetic code.
Effect of inoculum on yeast cell aggregation

Saccharomyces uvarum, Kluyveromyces marxianus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Candida sp. were induced to form cell aggregates in a column. The conditions for this induction were high cell density and slow flow rate; with K. marxianus and Candida sp., the presence of ethanol in the growth medium was also required.
Dimer charge asymmetry determined by photoemission from epitaxial Ge on Si(100)-(2×1)

The charge asymmetry between the up and down atoms of an asymmetric dimer on Si(100)-(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1) or Ge(100)-(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1) is tied to the core-level energy splitting. Previous studies of the surface components in the core-level photoemission spectra disagreed on the assignments of the atomic origins, resulting in a disagreement on the charge asymmetry. The present core-level study of the growth of Ge on Si(100) shows clearly that the dimers are essentially covalent.