cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Improving time to palliative care review with predictive modeling in an inpatient adult population: study protocol for a stepped-wedge, pragmatic randomized controlled trial.

Palliative care is a medical specialty centered on improving the quality of life (QOL) of patients with complex or life-threatening illnesses. The need for palliative care is increasing and with that the rigorous testing of triage tools that can be used quickly and reliably to identify patients that may benefit from palliative care. To that aim, we will conduct a two-armed stepped-wedge cluster randomized trial rolled out to two inpatient hospitals to evaluate whether a machine learning algorithm accurately identifies patients who may benefit from a comprehensive review by a palliative care specialist and decreases time to receiving a palliative care consult in hospital. This is a single-center study which will be conducted from August 2019 to November 2020 at Saint Mary’s Hospital & Methodist Hospital both within Mayo Clinic Rochester in Minnesota. Clusters will be nursing units which will be chosen to be a mix of complex patients from Cardiology, Critical Care, and Oncology and had previously established relationships with palliative medicine. The stepped wedge design will have 12 units allocated to a design matrix of 5 treatment wedges. Each wedge will last 75 days resulting in a study period of 12 months of recruitment unless otherwise specified. Data will be analyzed with Bayesian hierarchical models with credible intervals denoting statistical significance. This intervention offers a pragmatic approach to delivering specialty palliative care to hospital patients in need using machine learning, thereby leading to high value care and improved outcomes. It is not enough for AI to be utilized by simply publishing research showing predictive performance; clinical trials demonstrating better outcomes are critically needed. Furthermore, the deployment of an AI algorithm is a complex process that requires multiple teams with varying skill sets. To evaluate a deployed AI, a pragmatic clinical trial can accommodate the difficulties of clinical practice while retaining scientific rigor. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03976297 . Registered on 6 June 2019, prior to trial start.
Method for Solving Electromagnetic Field of a One Side Axis Counting Sensor

A calculation method for the induced electromotive force in induction coils is proposed of one side axis counting sensor. First, for the without rail and without wheel case, magnetic induction intensity calculation models inside and outside of an iron core are proposed based on the imaginary magnetic charge method. Second, the calculation method of the magnetic induction intensity generated by the eddy current in the space is given. Third, by building a two-dimensional simplified physics model of a wheel and decomposing the eddy current field state of a moving wheel, the steady-state component equation and transient component equation of the wheel eddy current field are obtained. Finally, an experiment platform is built to verify the accuracy of the proposed calculation models. The research can not only promote the development of the one side axis counting sensor but also significantly improve its electromagnetic field theoretical level.
Clitoral Priapism in a Transgender Male.

Abstract Introduction Clitoral priapism due to venous outflow obstruction is a rare event and medical emergency. Androgen-induced clitoromegaly in transgender men has not been previously identified as a risk factor. Aims Advance current knowledge on identification and treatment of clitoral priapism in the transgender male. Methods A 32 year-old presurgical transgender male underwent gender-affirming laparoscopic total hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy without incident. Seven days postop, he developed progressive and painful clitoral engorgement that was persistent. Examination and imaging were consistent with clitoral priapism. Results Clitoral priapism was treated with adrenergic drugs (imipramine and pseudoephedrine) with rapid resolution of symptoms. Conclusion Clitoral priapism is a rare phenomenon usually associated with use of a psychotropic medication. Whether clitoromegaly secondary to androgen administration in transgender men is a risk factor for this rare medical emergency is unknown. Prompt recognition and treatment is paramount. Kusko RE, Singhal E, Kauffman RP. Clitoral Priapism in a Transgender Male. Sex Med 2021;9:100431.
Law and Enforcement in Ptolemaic Egypt

This book examines the activities of a broad array of police officers in Ptolemaic Egypt (323–30 BC) and argues that Ptolemaic police officials enjoyed great autonomy, providing assistance to even the lowest levels of society when crimes were committed. Throughout the nearly 300 years of Ptolemaic rule, victims of crime in all areas of the Egyptian countryside called on local police officials to investigate crimes; hold trials; and arrest, question and sometimes even imprison wrongdoers. Drawing on a large body of textual evidence for the cultural, social and economic interactions between state and citizen, John Bauschatz demonstrates that the police system was efficient, effective, and largely independent of central government controls. No other law enforcement organization exhibiting such a degree of autonomy and flexibility appears in extant evidence from the rest of the Greco-Roman world.
Isolation and immunochemical characterization of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5 (eIF-5), which catalyzes the hydrolysis of GTP bound to the 40 S ribosomal initiation complex has been purified from yeast cell lysates. The purified factor eluted from gel filtration columns as a protein of apparent M(r) = 45,000-50,000. However, when the purified preparation was analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, two distinct polypeptides of apparent M(r) = 54,000 and 56,000 were observed. Each of the two polypeptides individually was found to contain eIF-5 activity, and they were immunologically related to each other. In less pure preparations of yeast eIF-5, however, a significant proportion of eIF-5 activity eluted from gel filtration columns as a protein of M(r) > 140,000. Immunochemical methods were therefore employed to determine the molecular structure of eIF-5 in crude yeast cell lysates. Antisera against purified yeast eIF-5 were prepared in rabbits and shown to be highly potent in inhibiting eIF-5-mediated 80 S initiation complex formation. When crude eIF-5 preparations, as well as yeast cells that were lysed directly into a denaturing buffer containing 3% sodium dodecyl sulfate, were analyzed by Western blots probed with affinity-purified anti-eIF-5 antibodies, a major immunoreactive polypeptide (apparent M(r) = 54,000) and a minor band (apparent M(r) = 56,000) were observed. No precursor forms of molecular weight higher than 56,000 were detected in any preparations. These results suggest that yeast eIF-5 is a monomeric protein of apparent M(r) = 50,000-56,000.
Integrating Data Traffic in Enhanced-TDMA Digital Cellular Systems

The Enhanced-TDMA digital cellular system is an enhancement of the emerging North American digital cellular standard (IS-54) that combines half-rate speech coding with digital speech interpolation to offer a voice capacity that is roughly ten times that of the existing AMPS analog cellular system. A multiaccess protocol is proposed for integrating data traffic into the Enhanced-TDMA digital cellular system without changing the existing voice access protocol. The proposed data multiaccess protocol combines random access with slot reservation mechanisms to statistically multiplex data packets transmitted by data terminals with speech spurt packets transmitted by voice terminals over the shared reverse (terminal-to-base) air channel. Simulation results show that the attainable throughput-delay performance of the proposed protocol is close to that of an ideal voice/data multiplexer.
Identification of best sets of actions in Influence Nets

This paper presents a heuristic approach to solve the problem of best set of actions determination in Influence Nets. Influence Nets are a special instance of Bayesian Networks that model uncertain situations by connecting a set of desired effects to a set of actionable events through chains of probabilistic cause and effect relationships. Once an Influence Net is specified, a system analyst is often interested in identifying the set of action which has the highest probability of achieving a desired effect. The existing techniques to solve this problem, such as sensitivity analysis and exhaustive search, have limitations of their own. The proposed algorithm, named SAF, attempts to overcome these limitations. The paper also shows that the problem of best set of actions determination can be formulated as an instance of Mixed Integer Non Linear Programming (MINLP). An empirical study is presented that compares the performance of sensitivity analysis, SAF, and MINLP.
Inverse Probability of Censoring Weighted U-statistics for Right-Censored Data with an Application to Testing Hypotheses

. A right-censored version of a U-statistic with a kernel of degree m 1 is introduced by the principle of a mean preserving reweighting scheme which is also applicable when the dependence between failure times and the censoring variable is explainable through observable covariates. Its asymptotic normality and an expression of its standard error are obtained through a martingale argument. We study the performances of our U-statistic by simulation and compare them with theoretical results. A doubly robust version of this reweighted U-statistic is also introduced to gain efficiency under correct models while preserving consistency in the face of model mis-specifications. Using a Kendall's kernel, we obtain a test statistic for testing homogeneity of failure times for multiple failure causes in a multiple decrement model. The performance of the proposed test is studied through simulations. Its usefulness is also illustrated by applying it to a real data set on graft-versus-host-disease.
EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS UPON THE COLOR OF THE TOMATO AND THE WATERMELON.

A contribution to the knowledge of the physiological mechanism involved in the production of color in fruits of commercial value is of considerable advantage and usefulness at the present time. A premium is always paid for desirably colored products, both in the canning and in the fruit and market gardening industries. The natural color of ripe fruits may be due to pigments of very diverse nature, produced by the protoplast either in the living plastid, in the cell sap, or deposited in the cell wall. The plant physiologist is particularly interested in the biochemical changes which are responsible for the development of these varied pigments, the conditions under which they are produced, and their ultimate fate in the animal body. At the present time the layman is fast becoming familiar with the fact that certain of these yellow plant pigments are precursors of vitamin A and play, an important role in human nutrition. The chlorophyll of higher plants is produced in special organs of the living cell called chloroplasts. According to Zirkle (63) first mention of these "green granules'' was made by Comparetti (13) in 1791. The living nature of these bodies, however, was not established until almost a century later when Schimper (51) proved that they arise by division of preexisting structures and gave them the name "plastids. " The pigments of the green leaf were first extracted and given the name "chlorophyll" by Pelletier and Caventou (50) in 1818, but it was not until 1864 that the first separation of the chlorophyll complex into green and yellow components was made by Stokes (55). In a paper before the Royal Society he stated: "I find the chlorophyll of land plants to be a mixture of four substances, two green and two yellow, all possessing highly distinctive optical properties. The green substances yield solutions exhibiting a strong red fluorescence; the yellow substances do not." It is to this man that science owes the discovery of the still widely used method of partition between two immiscible solvents. He stated definitely, "For convenience and rapidity of manipulation, especially in the examination of very minute quantities, there is no method of separation equal to that of partition between solvents which separate after agitation." Unfortunately, this discovery was overlooked by i Published as Paper no. 1462, Journal Series, Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station.
Development of a thin section device for space exploration: Rock cutting mechanism

Abstract We have developed a rock cutting mechanism for in situ planetary exploration based on abrasive diamond impregnated wire. Performance characteristics of the rock cutter, including cutting rate on several rock types, cutting surface lifetime, and cut rock surface finish are presented. The rock cutter was developed as part of a broader effort to develop an in situ automated rock thin section (IS-ARTS) instrument. The objective of IS-ARTS was to develop an instrument capable of producing petrographic rock thin sections on a planetary science spacecraft. The rock cutting mechanism may also be useful to other planetary science missions with in situ instruments in which sub-sampling and rock surface preparation are necessary.
Absorption of Resonance Radiation in Mercury Vapor.

The absorption of the resonance radiation (2536A) of mercury was studied by dividing the radiation from a resonance lamp into two parts, each part going into a separate photo-electric cell. An absorption cell containing mercury vapor whose pressure could be controlled by cooling a side tube was placed in the path of one beam. The ratio of the amount of light passing into each beam could be varied by a mechanical device. From the setting of the mechanical device, giving a balance between the two photo-electric currents, the absorption of the mercury vapor could be inferred. The absorption per atom was calculated and found to decrease rapidly as the total amount of absorbing vapor was increased, thus showing that the resonance radiation is not homogeneous. The maximum atomic absorption coefficient was 11\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}14}$, which indicates that an atom can stop the radiation which falls upon an area one hundred times larger than its cross sectional area.
Large Elastic Deformations of Homogeneous Anisotropic Materials

Using the natural state theory of elasticity, one can write down stress-strain relations valid for any perfectly elastic material which is initially homogeneous. Various equivalent forms of these relations, together with references as to their origin, are listed in a recent paper by Truesdell [1]. The problem of determining what restrictions are placed on these relations by symmetries which exist in materials is non-trivial and has been solved completely only for isotropic materials, though Birch [2] and Murnaghan [3] have determined these conditions for various types of crystals for the case where the strain energy is a polynomial of degree two or three in the strains. Here this problem is completely solved for materials possessing transverse isotropy. We obtain some general solutions to the equations of equilibrium and motion for incompressible materials of this type. These are similar to those previously obtained by Rivlin [4] and Green & Shield [5] for isotropic materials. We also derive stressstrain relations for materials subject to constraints of a rather general nature. In addition, we give the general solution for homogeneous deformation of any perfectly elastic material which is initially homogeneous.
Some further observations on diaptomid body size and clutch size relationships1

Plankton samples were taken from lakes and ponds near Montreal in 1978 and 1979. Length and clutch size of all calanoid copepod species, and egg diameters of two common species were measured. Correlations of clutch size and female length vary widely among lakes and sampling dates, but tend to be highly positive in populations increasing in body size and low or negative in populations decreasing in body size. It is concluded that optimum adult size is not always found: conditions favoring large or small individuals during development may change, resulting in “too large” or “too small” reproductively mature individuals.
An enantioselective approach to (+)-laurencin

A convergent enantioselective route to an advanced intermediate for the synthesis of the marine natural product (+)-laurencin has been developed. The methodology employs ring-opening of an ephedrine-based spiro-epoxide with a chiral secondary alcohol, hemiacetal allylation and ring closing metathesis as the key steps for elaboration of the functionalized medium-ring ether moiety in laurencin.
Distribution and Evolution of C4 Syndrome in Rhynchospora(Rhynchosporeae-Cyperaceae)

In order to elucidate the evolution of C4 syndrome, the taxonomic relationships, leaf anatomy, and ecological and global distribution of C3 and C4 species in the genusRhynchospora were investigated. The anatomical observation for 181 species revealed that 26 C4 species occurred within theCapitatae group of the subgenusHaplostyleae, a natural group showing highly advanced morphological characteristics, together with several C3 species. In spite of there being rather few C4 species, they possessed two kinds of Kranz anatomical structure differing from each other in the location of Kranz cells. Some C3 species ofCapitatae showed radial arrangement in mesophyll cells surrounding vascular bundles, which is distinguished from typical non-Kranz anatomy. The C4 species extended their ecological ranges from wet habitats to dry savanna grasslands, while the C3 species showed the best development in wet habitats. The C3 species were widespread from tropical to temperate regions with partial range extension into subarctic regions of both hemispheres, showing conspicuously high concentration of species in the New World, but being absent from arid climatic regions. The C4 species were distributed mostly in tropics and subtropics, showing two separate distributional centers in South and Central America and in Tropical Asia and Australia. The range of C4 species was nearly completely included in the C3 range. In conclusion, it seems that inRhynchospora the C4 syndrome evolved relatively recently, and arose in at least two separate phylogenetic trends in the tropics and the subtropics, more probably in the Neotropics.
Establishment of LIF-dependent human iPS cells closely related to basic FGF-dependent authentic iPS cells

Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can be divided into a leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF)-dependent naive type and a basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)-dependent primed type. Although the former are more undifferentiated than the latter, they require signal transduction inhibitors and sustained expression of the transgenes used for iPSC production. We used a transcriptionally enhanced version of OCT4 to establish LIF-dependent human iPSCs without the use of inhibitors and sustained transgene expression. These cells belong to the primed type of pluripotent stem cell, similar to bFGF-dependent iPSCs. Thus, the particular cytokine required for iPSC production does not necessarily define stem cell phenotypes as previously thought. It is likely that the bFGF and LIF signaling pathways converge on unidentified OCT4 target genes. These findings suggest that our LIF-dependent human iPSCs could provide a novel model to investigate the role of cytokine signaling in cellular reprogramming.
Evaluating measures of family history of alcoholism: density versus dichotomy.

Aims. Studies have used myriad measures of family history of alcoholism (FH) making it difficult to compare them directly. Commonly used FH measures partition samples into the well known positive (FH + ) and negative (FH - ) dichotomy, although quantitative measures of density potentially provide more information. A standard FH measure would facilitate between-study comparisons. The purpose of this study is to evaluate a quantitative FH measure, called Family History Density (FHD), that has theoretical and practical advantages over currently used measures. Design. Logistic regression equations were estimated for FHD and six commonly used FH measures on alcohol dependence diagnosis, and two measures of alcoholism severity (i.e. withdrawal and tolerance). Participants. Subjects recruited for studies (254 men and 97 women) completed a structured clinical assessment. Measurements. Alcoholism diagnosis and endorsement of tolerance or withdrawal symptoms were obtained using the alcohol module from the NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule III-R (DIS III-R). Family history of alcoholism was coded using the criteria from the Family Informant Schedule and Criteria (FISC). Findings. All FH measures were associated with alcohol dependence diagnosis, development of tolerance and experiencing withdrawal symptoms in men. In women, only FHD and Parent were significantly associated with all three outcomes. Conclusions. FHD is a good candidate to be a standard FH measure because it is quantitative, based on familial relatedness and capable of accounting for significant variation in alcoholism diagnosis and two indices of alcoholism severity in men and in women.
Fire retardancy of melamine and zinc aluminum layered double hydroxide in poly(methyl methacrylate)

The thermal and fire properties of PMMA modified with various loadings of melamine or zinc aluminum undecenoate LDH were evaluated using TGA, DTA and cone calorimetry. The additives were characterized by X-ray diffraction, TGA, FT-IR and elemental analysis. While the two additives are very effective with this polymer, a higher loading of melamine (30%) is required to reach a good reduction in PHRR (47%) relative to the pure polymer, while with the LDH, 10% loading is enough to obtain a similar reduction. The combinations of these additives in PMMA reveal that the time to PHRR and the amount of smoke produced are the key differences, with melamine increasing the first parameter and leading to less smoke production relative to LDH-rich PMMA systems at similar total additive loadings. Analysis of the residue shows that melamine is completely lost during combustion while the LDH forms ZnO and ZnAl2O4.
Closed circular DNA associated with yeast mitochondria

Abstract : The results reported show that the in vivo labelling of the DNA circles of nuclear density is inhibited by cycloheximide in analogy with the behavior of the nuclear and not the mitochondrial DNA. Contrary to some reports, however, the circular DNA fraction also contains DNA of mitochondrial density.
Development of Proteomic Signatures of Platelet Activation Using Surface-Enhanced Laser Desorption/Ionization Technology in a Clinical Setting

The objective of this study was to develop proteomic profiles that would distinguish between resting and activated platelets in a clinical setting using surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization (SELDI) time of flight (TOF) technology. A data set of 50 donors was analyzed. Distinct spectral patterns emerged in the low-molecular-weight range (2-10 kDa) for resting platelets and platelets aggregated with adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or thrombin receptor activation peptide SFLLRN (TRAP) and in platelets exposed to shear stress. Platelets from patients treated with ADP receptor antagonists did not show the expected change in proteomic profile following aggregation with ADP. These data provide the first demonstration that proteomic signatures of platelets can be developed using SELDI-TOF in a clinical laboratory setting.
Chemical evaluation of conformational differences in native and chemically modified proteins.

Abstract A chemical method is presented to assess the conformational changes associated with chemical modification of bovine serum albumin and human γ-globulin. The method is based on the observation that conformational changes result in an increased reactivity of the disulfides towards β-mercaptoethanol, sodium sulfite and peracetic acid. Evidence for conformational reorganization was found on amidination, guanidination, nitroguanidination, acetylation, and succinylation. Acetylation and succinylation produced the most drastic conformational changes while with amidination, guanidination and nitroguanidination the conformational reorganization was minimal. The method was used to detect conformational reorganization associated with the binding of sodium dodecyl sulfate to bovine serum albumin.
The number of increasing subsequences of the random permutation

Abstract The number Xn of increasing subsequences of the n-long random permutation is studied. Asymptotics of the moments of Xn are found; In Xn is shown to grow, in probability, as a n , 2 ln 2 ⩽ a ⩽ 2.
Laparoscopic ovariectomy using the endo-GIA stapling device and endo-catch pouches and evaluation of analgesic efficacy of epidural morphine sulfate in 10 mares.

Objective— To evaluate use of ENDO-GIA staples and ENDO-Catch pouches for ovariectomy in mares and to evaluate the efficacy of epidural morphine analgesia. Study Design— Randomized clinical trial. Animals— Mares (n=10) with normal ovaries. Methods— An Endo-GIA II stapler (United States Surgical Corp., Norwalk, CT) was used to amputate the ovaries bilaterally, in standing mares, and Endo-Catch II pouches (United States Surgical Corp.) were used for retrieval. Epidural morphine was used in 5 mares, and procedure duration, volume of lidocaine required to desensitize the ovarian pedicle, and sedation were compared with horses not administered epidural morphine. Results— Use of the Endo-GIA II stapling device was an easy and an efficient method of ovariectomy, which was facilitated by use of epidural morphine. For the epidural group, the mean (±SD) surgical time was 69.2±10.2 minutes compared with 124.4±21.2 minutes for mares not administered morphine. Less systemic sedation was required for mares administered epidural morphine. Conclusions— Minimal ovarian manipulation was required to apply the stapler, hemorrhage was slight, and none of the mares had complications. Epidural morphine provided effective analgesia, improving patient comfort, and reduced the sedation needed to perform ovariectomy. Clinical Relevance— Endo-GIA II staples are an efficient method for ovariectomy in normal mares. Epidural morphine should be considered to facilitate ovariectomy because less sedation and local anesthetic administration is required.
GTSIM A computer simulation of music perception

GTSIM is a computer simulation model of human perception of rhythm, based on Lerdahl and Jackendoff'sA Generative Theory of Tonal Music. GTSIM, a rule-based model with a neural network component, simulates the metric and grouping stages of Lerdahl and Jackendoff's theory. Using a rule-based production system, GTSIM simulates parallel processing, operating left-to-right without backtracking. GTSIM identifies the key of the piece of music and produces hierarchical representations of the metric and grouping structure which conform to Lerdahl and Jackendoff.
Renal and related cardiovascular effects of conventional and COX-2-specific NSAIDs and non-NSAID analgesics.

On a daily basis it appears that as many as one in five adults in the United States may consume an analgesic compound either on a prescription basis or by over-the-counter (OTC) purchase. This high profile of intermittent or repetitive analgesic use appears to be relatively similar throughout the de
New simulation methodology for risk analysis: rare-event, heavy-tailed simulations using hazard function transformations, with applications to value-at-risk

We develop an observation that a simulation method introduced recently for heavy-tailed stochastic simulation, namely hazard-rate twisting, is equivalent to doing exponential twisting on a transformed version of the heavy-tailed random-variable; the transforming function is the hazard function. Using this approach, the paper develops efficient methods for computing portfolio value-at-risk (VAR) when changes in the underlying risk factors have the multivariate Laplace distribution.
Bridging the gap: Teachers, science, and technology

This article reports an effort to implement reform in elementary science classrooms. A biology professor and a science education professor created and co-taught a course entitled SCI 501: Teaching Environmental Science and Technology in Elementary School to Preservice and Inservice Teachers. The course emphasized science content, science education methods, and technology under the umbrella of environmental science. At the conclusion, students felt more prepared to teach a hands-on science approach. In addition, the biology professor is implementing science education methods in her classes. The science education professor stated that her science content skills were enhanced by this joint venture.
Sonar System of the Blind: Size Discrimination

Measurements were made of the ability of four blind subjects to use echoes to discriminate between objects of different sizes placed in front of them. Threshold estimates indicate that objects with area ratios as low as 1.07/1 could be discriminated.
Large-scale magnetic fields in spiral galaxies

The optical polarization vectors which measurements have shown to be parallel to the pronounced dark lanes of such galaxies as NGC 5128 and 4590 are interpreted as the consequence of a large scale, systematic field parallel to the dark lane that leads to the alignment of the grains. It is suggested that such polarization may also be produced by scattering off grains concentrated in the dark lane. It is recommended that there be further observational tests of the hypothesis that the observed polarization indicates the magnetic field in the galaxy.
Adaptive internal model control: design and stability analysis

Abstract This paper shows how adaptation can be combined with an internal model control structure to obtain an adaptive internal model control scheme possessing theoretically provable guarantees of stability. The internal model controller structure is first reviewed in the context of the YJBK parametrization of all stabilizing controllers, and its appropriateness for the control of open-loop stable plants is discussed. Using a series-parallel identification model, it is then shown how, for a stable plant, one can adapt the internal model on-line and guarantee stability and asymptotic performance in the ideal case i.e. in the absence of modelling errors. This is achieved without having to check any strictly positive real conditions or requiring any persistent excitation. By robustifying the adaptive law using standard approaches from the robust adaptive control literature, the robustness of the scheme to the presence of modelling errors, such as unmodelled dynamics, is also established. The theoretical developments here complement the reported industrial successes of internal model control schemes.
Spindle Cell Sarcoma of the Heart in Childhood: Light Microscopic, Ultrastructural, and Immunohistochemical Evidence for Smooth Muscle, Endothelial, and Fibroblastic Differentiation

We describe the clinical presentation and pathological features of a cardiac sarcoma that occurred within the right atrial cavity of a 14-year-old boy. The patient presented with a 2-month history of increasingly severe heart failure. Tumor tissue obtained by biopsy showed light microscopic features of leiomyosarcoma. Immunohistochemical reactions and ultrastructural studies provided evidence of tumor cell differentiation along three cell lines--smooth muscle, fibroblastic, and endothelial--suggestive of origin from a multipotent subendothelial reserve cell. Postmortem examination disclosed a large necrotic tumor filling the right atrial chamber. Implants were present on the pericardium, but there were no other metastatic lesions. The difficulty of making a diagnosis of these rare neoplasms when the tumor is small and potentially curable results in a grim prognosis.
Cross-National Policy Networks and the State: EU Social Policy Transfer to Poland and Hungary

This article challenges optimistic claims about the power of nonstate actors in cross-border policy networks. In a pilot study of two most-likely cases, the article examines the social policy network between the European Union and Poland and Hungary prior to accession. Two dimensions guide the analysis: Whether states act as gatekeepers and whether national borders restrict communications. The article shows that while labor and employers easily communicate with the EU, contacts fail to cut across national borders. Network data show that the EU significantly controls the flow of communication, a fact that runs counter to the notion of networks as fluid entities that enable all actors to link freely with others. Governments and the EU have an interest in network construction and control. Only by tracking network contacts empirically, the article argues, are we able to estimate the capacities and limits of nonstate actors in transnational politics.
Comparison of discrepancies in reading by black and white educable mentally retarded students.

Discrepancies in reading were calculated by comparing actual achievement with expected achievement for 224 black and 78 white educable mentally retarded students in Grades 1 to 12. Means for the total population and for black students and white students showed no statistically significant differences for the two groups.
Uses of waste materials and by-products in construction. Part II

Abstract This is the second and final part of a survey of the sources, amounts and methods of disposal of major mining, industrial and municipal wastes and by-products available in the 48 conterminous states of the United States. Their present and potential uses as construction materials are also considered. Part I covered mining wastes, waste and by-products from the phosphate, aluminium and cement industries, sulfate wastes, and by-products from coal combustion [1]. Part II covers metallurgical and mineral slags, municipal wastes, and wastes from emerging technologies.
Optical characterization of AlON and spinel

The optical property characterization of Spinel and AlON samples, as provided by SURMET, is presented. Several experiments are performed to characterize the optical properties of the materials. A broadband FTIR transmissometer acquired data at temperatures ranging from 298 to 800 K covering a frequency range from 1887 cm-1 to 4000 cm-1. These measurements provided information on the broadband spectral properties of the samples and the temperature dependent shift of the multiphonon band edge. Laser transmission measurements were performed at 632.8 nm and 3.39 mm to provide very accurate transmission values at the two fixed wavelengths. Finally, BSDF measurements on uneroded/eroded sample pairs were performed at 632.8 nm and 3.39 mm. These measurements indicated that the erosion process introduced to these samples would have minimal affect on the imaging performance of the windows in the mid-infrared.© (2005) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Uniqueness and General Factor Characteristics of the Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Cognitive Ability-Revised

Abstract When new or revised intelligence batteries are published, it is important to know the general factor loading and uniqueness information of the individual tests prior to using them for clinical interpretation. This study investigated the general factor and uniqueness characteristics of the individual tests of the Woodcock-Johnson Test of Cognitive Ability-Revised (WJTCA-R), a revised and expanded version of the 1977 Woodcock-Johnson Test of Cognitive Ability. The subjects were drawn from the nationally representative WJTCA-R standardization sample and were organized into 18 different age categories. Only 2 (Incomplete Words and Visual Closure) of the 19 WJTCA-R tests examined had low general factor loadings. The remaining 17 tests had medium or high general factor loadings. Only 2 (Cross Out and Listening Comprehension) of the 19 WJTCA-R tests had low uniqueness. All other tests had medium or high uniqueness. The implications for clinical interpretation are discussed.
A polynomial algorithm for constructing the clique graph of a line graph

Abstract We will consider only finite, undirected, connected graphs without loops or multiple edges. A clique of graph G is a maximal complete subgraph of G. The clique graph K(G) of graph G is the intersection graph of the cliques of G. The line graph L(G) of graph G is the intersection graph of the edges of G. Thus, K(L(G)) is the clique graph of the line graph of G. This paper presents a five-step algorithm for constructing K(L(G)). As applications of the algorithm the results of two previous papers on K(L(G)) are subsumed as easy corollaries. Finally, additional corollaries are presented, including a description of K(L(Kn)). This algorithm is on the order O(n3), whereas constructing the clique graph of a general graph is NP-complete.
How to appraise the effectiveness of treatment.

Introduction: Advances in treatment and disease prevention occur frequently in urology. Urologists must identify a framework within which to evaluate these therapeutic innovations. Materials and Methods: The evidence-based approach to critical appraisal is described using an example from the urological literature. A three-part assessment of the trial validity, treatment effect, and applicability of results will permit the urologist to critically incorporate medical and surgical advances into practice. Results: Validity of clinical trials hinges upon balancing patient prognosis at the initiation, execution, and conclusion of the trial. Readers should be aware of not only the magnitude of the estimated treatment effect, but also its precision. Finally, urologists should consider all patient-important outcomes as well as the balance of potential benefits, harms, and costs, and patient values and preferences when making treatment decisions. Conclusion: Use of this framework for critical appraisal will lead to a more evidence-based application of new therapies for patients. Incorporation of a more evidence-based practice within urology will lead to an increase in the quality of patient care.
Effects of boric acid on axial skeletal development in rats.

Prenatal exposure to elevated levels of boric acid (BA) causes reduced incidences of supernumerary ribs and shortening/absence of the 13th rib in multiple laboratory species. To explore this further, Sprague-Dawley rats received 500 mg/kg b.i.d. on gestation days (gd) 5-9, 6-9, 6-10, or on single days between gd 6 and 11 (plug day = gd 0); gd-21 fetuses were stained for skeletal examination. Following multiday exposures, malformations of the axial skeleton involved the head, sternum, ribs, and vertebrae. Shortening/absence of the 13th rib was seen particularly in the gd 5-9 and 6-10 exposure groups. Although most groups exposed on single days were generally unaffected, about 90% of the gd-9 exposed fetuses had only six cervical vertebrae; the deficient region was usually C3-C5. In contrast, gd-10 treatment caused agenesis of a thoracic/lumbar vertebra in over 60% of the fetuses; the deficient region was usually T11. For 13-ribbed fetuses, the length of rib 13 was shortened compared to controls. Postnatal assessment suggested increased mortality for gd-10 exposed pups. Embryos in culture showed reduced development when exposed to BA for 48 h. These findings demonstrate the critical periods for axial development in the rat and provide an experimental model for the study of homeotic shifts.
140. Non-Suicidal Self-Injury in Adolescents and Young Adults: General Trends and Gender Differences

were measured from the baby’s birth through age 13 months. CES-DC scores are divided into three groups (low: 0-15, moderate:16-23 and high: 24-60). Positive response to the 2-question screener was recorded if either of the two questions was answered affirmatively. Groups defined by the two depression variables (screener and CES-DC three-categories) were compared via 2 test for categorical variables and Wilcoxon rank um tests or Kruskal-Wallis tests for continuous, non-normal edical visit count variables. Two-sample t-test and ANOVA ere used to compare social work time between the screener nd CES-DC depression variables, respectively. esults: There were 53 subjects enrolled; mean age17.2 1.20). Ethnicity was 49% African American, 45% Latino and % White. Using the CES-DC, 57.7% of teens scored in the low roup, (0-15), 15.4% in moderate group (16-23) and 26.9% in he high group (24-60). Social work time was significantly ifferent across CES-DC levels. Social work time over a 13 onth period averaged 11.4 hours for the low CES-DC group, 9.9 hours for the moderate CES-DC group, and 19.3 hours for he high CESD-DC group (p .017). Noshow rates were irectly associatedwithCES-DCgroup (p .009). Therewasno ignificant difference found between age and race across ES-DC levels. 32.7% of patients screened positive for the HQ-2. Social work total visits (p .007) and total time (p 018) were significantly different across those who screened ositive and those who did not. The difference between the umber of urgent care visits in the two groups wasmarginally ignificant (p .055). There were no significant differences in edical visits, EDvisits, or number of no-showsbetween these wo groups. onclusions: The 2-question screener and CES-DC scores ere found to be associated with future use of social work ervices and number of clinic no-shows but not with number f primary care or ED visits. The CES-DC allows for grading ymptoms from low through high but results suggest that liniciansmay be able to use the shorter PHQ-2. These findings uggest that providers may use the depression screeners as a redictor of which teen-mother patients will need closer folow-up for appointments and potential social work referrals nd can assist in triaging new patients during intake to an ppropriate level of social work care. ources of Support: None.
Effects of Artesunate on Parasite Recrudescence and Dormancy in the Rodent Malaria Model Plasmodium vinckei

Artemisinin (ART) is the recommended first line therapy for treating uncomplicated and drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum, the most pathogenic form of malaria. However, treatment failure following ART monotherapy is not uncommon and resistance to this rapidly acting drug has been reported in the Thai-Cambodian border. Recent in vitro studies have shown that following treatment with dihydroartemisinin (DHA), the development of ring-stage parasites is arrested for up to 20 days. These arrested (i.e. dormant) rings could be responsible for the recrudescence of infection that is observed following ART monotherapy. To develop a better understanding of the stage-specific effects of ART and determine if dormancy occurs in vivo, the ART derivative artesunate (AS) was used to treat mice infected with the synchronous rodent malaria parasites P. vinckei petteri (non-lethal) and P. v. vinckei (lethal). Results show that in both the non-lethal and lethal strains, ring-stage parasites are the least susceptible to treatment with AS and that the day of treatment has more of an impact on recrudescence than the total dose administered. Additionally, 24 hrs post-treatment with AS, dormant forms similar in morphology to those seen in vitro were observed. Finally, rate of recrudescence studies suggest that there is a positive correlation between the number of dormant parasites present and when recrudescence occurs in the vertebrate host. Collectively, these data suggest that dormancy occurs in vivo and contributes to recrudescence that is observed following AS treatment. It is possible that this may represent a novel mechanism of parasite survival following treatment with AS.
Force production and decay rate in Alastik modules

The production and decay of forces produced by Alastik modules was studied under conditions simulating clinical usage over a time period of 2 hr to 4 weeks. Force decay was moderate and all Kx modules tested produced approximately 1 lb of force at the end of the 4-week test period. Therefore, from a clinical standpoint, modules need not be changed more frequently than once every 4 weeks.
Pyrimido[5,4‐b]quinolines. I. Synthesis of substituted tricyclic systems related to riboflavin

Two alternative synthetic routes were investigated for the synthesis of 2,4,10-substituted-7,8-dimethylpyrimido[5,4-b]quinolines: (1) cyclization of 5-(3,4-xylidino)-2,4-disubstituted-pyrimidine-6-carboxylic acids, and (2) cyclization of N-5-(2,4-disuhstituted-pyrimidinyl)-4,5-dimethylanthranilic acids. Route (1) invariably led to isomeric mixtures of the corresponding 7,8- and 8,9-dimethylpyrimido[5,4-b]quinolines which were difficult to separate, while route (2) yielded only the desired 7,8-dimelhyl derivatives. The required intermediates were synthesized by Ullman-type condensation of the appropriate pyrimidine and benzene derivatives. Cyclization with polyphosphoric acid, or phosphorus oxychloride (under various conditions) led to a number of new pyrimido[5,4-b]quinoline derivatives, with oxo, methoxy and/or chloro substituents in the 2,4 and 10 positions. A mild, but effective chlorination procedure was developed for the chlorination of the 10-(oxo) position without the cleavage of methoxyl groups at positions 2 and 4.
Effect of Lead Loss and Sheath Structure on Phase Formation and Alignment in (Bi,Pb)2Sr2Ca2Cu3O10+δ/Ag Composite Conductors

The effects of metallic constituent evaporation and sheath structure on grain growth and alignment in silver-sheathed (Bi,Pb)2Sr2Ca2Cu3O10+δ (Bi-2223)/Ag composites have been investigated by inductively coupled plasma/atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP/AES), X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Specimens of Bi-2223/Ag composites fabricated by the oxide-powder-in-tube technique were peeled (opened) lengthwise to expose the ceramic powder core, and then heat-treated in 0.075 atm of oxygen for selected temperatures and times. The results were compared with those for as-processed samples with closed silver sheaths treated under identical conditions. ICP/AES analysis indicated that lead was the only metallic element to undergo substantial evaporation during annealing of opened samples. The lead-release process in parallel with the Bi-2223 formation reaction had an activation energy of ∼25 kJ/mol. Lead loss from the opened samples resulted in incomplete conversion to Bi-2223. The combined results show that the silver sheath effectively prevents evaporative lead loss, preserves and promotes densification, and induces texturing of the layered phases.