cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A socio-technical model for soundmapping community airplane noise

Modern megacities around the world are exemplified by extraordinary population densities, ground transportation omnipresence, and breathtakingly busy airports that operate day and night. And while airports act as critical city infrastructures from economic, employment, and transportation perspectives, assessing noise resulting from the constancy of flyover aircraft is challenging, in part due to the lack of noise measurements. Additionally, community noise reporting yield mostly qualitative data which further renders community noise assessment difficult. Citygram, in partnership with GetNoisy, employs a socio-technical model to enable the creation of data-driven, community-accessible spatio-temporally granular airplane noise maps. The technology layer is comprised of edge compute sensor devices, cloud server, and web-based user dashboard that automatically identifies, tracks, and tags airplane events with timestamps, decibel levels, 3D positions, tail numbers, and speed. The social layer enables community engagement and facilitates rapid sensor network scaling. This socio-technical airplane soundmapping model, we believe, can be applied to practically any neighborhood as it harnesses and integrates state-of-the-art smart noise sensing technologies, environmentally incentivized communities, existing community resources, and participation workflows that are necessary in rendering a scalable and cost-effective airplane noise soundmapping system.
Scaffolding Inference-Making for Adolescents With Disabilities That Impact Reading:

Middle grade students with disabilities that impact reading, including learning disabilities (LD) in reading, high functioning autism (ASD), emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD), and students a...
Nonlinear inclusion theory with application to the growth and morphogenesis of a confined body

Abstract One of the most celebrated contributions to the study of the mechanical behavior of materials is due to J.D. Eshelby, who in the late 50s revolutionized our understanding of the elastic stress and strain fields due to an ellipsoidal inclusion/inhomogeneity that undergoes a transformation of shape and size. While Eshelby’s work laid the foundation for significant advancements in various fields, including fracture mechanics, theory of phase transitions, and homogenization methods, its extension into the range of large deformations, and to situations in which the material can actively reorganize in response to the finite transformation strain, is in a nascent state. Beyond the theoretical difficulties imposed by highly nonlinear material response, a major hindrance has been the absence of experimental observations that can elucidate the intricacies that arise in this regime. To address this limitation, our experimental observations reveal the key morphogenesis steps of Vibrio cholerae biofilms embedded in hydrogels, as they grow by four orders of magnitude from their initial size. Using the biofilm growth as a case study, our theoretical model considers various growth scenarios and employs two different and complimentary methods – a minimal analytical model and finite element computations – to obtain approximate equilibrium solutions. A particular emphasis is put on determining the natural growth path of an inclusion that optimizes its shape in response to the confinement, and the onset of damage in the matrix, which together explain the observed behavior of biofilms. Beyond bacterial biofilms, this work sheds light on the role of mechanics in determining the morphogenesis pathways of confined growing bodies and thus applies to a broad range of phenomena that are ubiquitous in both natural and engineered material systems.
Antihelminthic Activity of the Drug, Oltipraz, on the Surface Ultrastructure of Schistosoma mansoni

When schistosomes and cestodes are exposed to unfavorable environmental conditions, one of the most important anatomical components that undergoes morphological and degenerative changes is the outer body wall (surface tegument). The primary function of the surface tegument is to mediate the intake of nutrients from the host environment. In addition, it facilitates the secretion of enzymes and regulates the ionic flow of water (Smyth, 1969; Lumsden and Specian, 1980; Threadgold, 1984; Jones et al., 1989; 1988, 1977a and 1977b). Concomitantly, the surface tegument provides a shield for the host and an immunological mechanism, thus allowing resistance to foreign substances (Lumsden et al., 1980). The structure of the surface tegument of schistosomes, particularly Schistosoma mansoni, has been studied utilizing ultrathin sections for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) (Senft et al., 1961; Silk et al., 1969; Smith et al., 1969; Lumsden and Specian, 1980) and by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (Miller et al., 1972; Hockley, 1968; Johnson and Moriearty, 1969; Robson and Erasmus, 1970). These investigations have revealed that the surface tegument is a syncytium made up of a surface layer recognized as a cytoplasmic sheath or matrix, connected by cellular extensions to cell bodies (nuclei) buried in the parenchyma.
Janet, Pierre (1859–1947)

Pierre Janet, French psychologist and psychiatrist, was among the first to develop a dynamic psychology using the concepts of subconscious ideas and psychological force. Janet contributed to the understanding of hysteria and of obsessive-compulsive disorders through his theories of dissociation and psychasthenia. His etiology of mental illness stressed both constitutional weakness and the role of traumatic memories. His method, ‘psychological analysis,’ moved beyond an early reliance on hypnotherapy to include intensive case study and the recovery of dissociated traumatic memories. In many ways, Janet can be ranked with Sigmund Freud as one of the great systematic thinkers in the history of psychology.
Working Memory in Sentence Comprehension: Processing Hindi Center Embeddings

The first-ever investigation of sentence processing in Hindi, Working Memory in Sentence Comprehension studies the predictions of three existing, wide-coverage sentence processing models. In experiments that apply these models to Hindi, Shravan Vasishth develops a new sentence processing model that builds on existing theories and overcomes their empirical problems. Advancing the understanding of human parsing processes, this book is a landmark in cross-linguistic research, presenting a challenging set of sentence processing facts that will impact future theories.
Parasites of Fish as Indicators of Environmental Stress

During the 1994/1995 EMAP-Estauries program in the Carolinian Province we investigated the feasibility of using parasites of fish as response indicators. Parasites of fish are an indigenous component of healthy ecosystems. Within the EMAP-E design, the suite of environmental parameters which may affect parasite abundance, richness, prevalence, and diversity can be divided into three categories: 1) the physical and chemical characteristics of the water and sediment (including contaminants) external to the fish; 2) the internal environment defined by the physical condition (physiological) of individual fish; and 3) the presence and relative abundance of benthic macroinvertebrates, many of which serve as intermediate hosts. The biotic response of parasites to environmental stressors is also reflected in the health of fish. Parasite assemblages of silver perch Bairdiella chrysura respond to both natural and anthropogenic stressors. Our results showed that particular environmental stressors and specific parasites that respond include: temperature and monogeneans; contaminants and nematodes; low dissolved oxygen and protists; and salinity, together with a mixture of metal and organic contaminants and crustacea. Parasites of fish are useful biomarkers and appear to be more sensitive to environmental stressors than are the fish themselves. Parasite responses to selected environmental stressors may be used to discriminate polluted and unpolluted sites. The use of parasites of fish as biomarkers has relevant application to fisheries management and coastal monitoring programs.
Agenda 21 Is Evil: The Agenda 21 Disinformation Campaign in the United States: An Ethical Critique of an Attack on Sustainability

This paper examines a disinformation campaign about the United Nations program on environment and development, Agenda 21. As we will see, this campaign has been surprisingly successful in the United States in undermining land use, transportation, and energy planning, and environmental regulation at the local and regional government levels.
Free phenolic acids in cigarette smoke and tobacco : Paper chromatography: Separation and identification

Abstract The following free phenolic acids have been identified in the smoke of regular market cigarettes: m -hydroxybenzoic, p -hydroxybenzoic, protocatechuic, vanillic, syringic, p -hydroxyphenyl-acetic, m -hydroxyphenyl-acetic, o -hydroxyphenyl-acetic, p -coumaric, ferulic, m -hydroxyphenyl-propionic, and p -hydroxyphenyl-propionic acids. These acids have also been identified in the smoke from cigarettes prepared without the usual flavorings or other additives, and in the ether and ethyl acetate extracts of the tobacco from both the regular and unflavored cigarettes. Paper chromatography separation and identification procedures have been described.
Instability of Sedimenting Bidisperse Particle Gas Suspensions

A linear stability analysis for a sedimenting bidisperse gas-solid suspension (or gas flu-idized bed) is performed. Mass, momentum and energy conservation equations for each of the two species are derived using constitutive equations that are valid at high Stokes numbers, (St1 ≫ 1). The homogeneous suspension becomes unstable at sufficiently large St1 to waves of particle volume fraction with the wave number in the vertical direction. Numerical calculations of the growth rate in an unbounded suspension indicate that the marginal stability limits are controlled by the small wave number (k ≪ 1) behavior. Depending on the Stokes number and the volume fractions o1 and o2 of the two species, the suspension becomes unstable due to 0(k) or 0(k 2) contributions to the growth rate. The O (k) term corresponds to an instability due to kinematic waves similar to that predicted for bidisperse suspensions of particles in viscous liquids [22]. The 0(k 2) contribution represents an instability to dynamic waves similar to that obtained from an analysis of averaged equations for monodisperse fluidized beds [4].
Strangeness − 2 hypernuclei

Approaches to the problem of observing hypernuclei containing two lambda particles (double hypernuclei) are discussed. Existing data and their implications are examined. The relationship of double hypernuclei to otherS⩽−2 systems is considered.
Enhancing Immediate Retention with Clickers Through Individual Response Identification

Summary Classroom audience response systems, in which students respond to class questions via a remote ‘clicker’ unit, are widely used as a method for increasing student participation and providing immediate feedback in the form of a group frequency distribution. The phenomenon of social facilitation shows that task performance can be enhanced with co-action of others or with the presence of an audience. To enhance the audience effect, we employed a unique feedback system that displays each individual's response. After reading a text passage, participants responded via a remote clicker to a series of comprehension questions. Participants were provided with no feedback regarding other respondents' answers, group feedback, or individual feedback. The results demonstrated significantly higher test performance with individual response identification. Implications are discussed in terms of applied classroom settings and social facilitation with enhanced options for displaying different types of feedback with clickers during instruction. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Criteria and methods for evaluation of toxic hazard

Evaluating the toxic hazard of fire gases has been an area of recent interest. Units of measure for toxic hazard based on the concept of dose are presented. The role of carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide as principal toxicants in combustion products is reviewed. The importance of the time-related aspects of smoke transport and exposure to the toxicants is discussed.
Asymmetrization Effects on Structures and Populations of the Ground State of Dipolar Donor)Acceptor-Substituted Molecular Organic NLO Materials

ABSTRACT: Asymmetric donor]acceptor-substituted p-conjugated systemswith low dipole moments and structural components that favor parallelalignment of neighboring molecules are potential molecular organic materialswith nonlinear optical properties for which near prefect dipole parallel alignmentis possible. The asymmetrical 4-methoxysubstituted acetophenone azines withthe substituents fluorine . . . . . 1 , chlorine 2 , bromine 3 , cyano 4 , and nitro 5 inthe 4 X -position have been studied in this context, and for 2 and 3 the dipoleparallel alignment has indeed been accomplished in crystals of the pure material.In the present study, the effects of asymmetrization on the structure and theelectronic structures of the ground states of 1 ] 5 have been explored at theRHFr6-31G U level. The properties of the optimized structures of the azines 1 ] 5 ,a comparative analysis of asymmetrical and symmetrical azines, and naturalpopulation analyses, all show no significant evidence for conjugation over theazine bridge. The concept of azine spacers as ‘‘conjugation stoppers’’ is usefuland the dipole moments of asymmetrical azines are relatively small. Theanalysis suggests that the charge transfer between the donor and acceptorcontributes to the dipole moment much less than is generally assumed. Q 1998John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Comput Chem 19: 1130]1140, 1998
Plasticity and constraints in development and evolution

Morphological similarities between organisms may be due to either homology or homoplasy. Homologous structures arise by common descent from an ancestral form, whereas homoplasious structures are independently derived in the respective lineages. The finding that simi- lar ontogenetic mechanisms underlie the production of the similar structures in both lineages is not sufficient evidence of homology, as such similarities may also be due to parallel evolution. Parallel- isms are a class of homoplasy in which the two lineages have come up with the same solution independently using the same ontogenetic mechanism. The other main class of homoplasy, conver- gence, is superficial similarity in morphological structures in which the underlying ontogenetic mecha- nisms are distinct. I argue that instances of convergence and parallelism are more common than is generally realized. Convergence suggests flexibility in underlying ontogenetic mechanisms and may be indicative of developmental processes subject to phenotypic plasticity. Parallelisms, on the other hand, may characterize developmental processes subject to constraints. Distinguishing between ho- mology, parallelisms and convergence may clarify broader taxonomic patterns in morphological evo- lution. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 288:1-20, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Genetic elevation of Sphingosine 1-phosphate suppresses dystrophic muscle phenotypes in Drosophila

Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a lethal genetic disease characterized by the loss of muscle integrity and function over time. Using Drosophila, we show that dystrophic muscle phenotypes can be significantly suppressed by a reduction of wunen, a homolog of lipid phosphate phosphatase 3, which in higher animals can dephosphorylate a range of phospholipids. Our suppression analyses include assessing the localization of Projectin protein, a titin homolog, in sarcomeres as well as muscle morphology and functional movement assays. We hypothesize that wunen-based suppression is through the elevation of the bioactive lipid Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), which promotes cell proliferation and differentiation in many tissues, including muscle. We confirm the role of S1P in suppression by genetically altering S1P levels via reduction of S1P lyase (Sply) and by upregulating the serine palmitoyl-CoA transferase catalytic subunit gene lace, the first gene in the de novo sphingolipid biosynthetic pathway and find that these manipulations also reduce muscle degeneration. Furthermore, we show that reduction of spinster (which encodes a major facilitator family transporter, homologs of which in higher animals have been shown to transport S1P) can also suppress dystrophic muscle degeneration. Finally, administration to adult flies of pharmacological agents reported to elevate S1P signaling significantly suppresses dystrophic muscle phenotypes. Our data suggest that localized intracellular S1P elevation promotes the suppression of muscle wasting in flies.
Growth of the shell/transverse defect in rails

An approximate analysis of the shell/transverse defect growth in steel rails during use is presented. A general solution for a single subsurface crack is presented first. A simpler approach, which considers the transverse defect alone, is examined as well. Residual stresses are included by introducing their stress distributions mechanically. A proposed mixed-mode loading growth law is used for fatigue life calculations and the crack length versus life curves are obtained. The life of the shell/transverse defect is found to be much shorter than that of the single transverse defect.
Thermal Properties of Commercial White Fuming Nitric Acid

T use of white fuming nitric acid in processes which involve the transfer of heat has made necessary a knowledge of the thermal properties of the acid. The literature was searched for existing physical property information and then experiments were made to obtain additional data (l). Data were obtained for thermal conductivity, viscosity, specific heat, density, and total pressure for the liquid-phase acid under conditions at physical equilibrium over the approximate temperature range of —30 to 300 F. Since concentrated nitric acid decomposes rapidly at temperatures above 250 F, it would have been preferable to make the property determinations within a very short time interval—of the order of a few minutes. It is very difficult to make such determinations accurately within such a short time. Of all the experiments conducted, only the total-pressure measurements were actually carried out in a period of a few minutes.
Monetary policy and agriculture: Interrelationships discussed in the literature during the past two decades

This survey of the literature reviews interrelationships between changing US monetary and fiscal policies and resulting impacts on the agricultural sector with implications for agribusiness. Policy instruments discussed include movement to floating exchange rates (1971 and 1973), controlled bank reserves (1979), and federal spending deficits. Impacts on agriculture resulting from these policies encompass changed export demand for agricultural products, increased instability of agricultural income, and higher interest rate costs in a capital-intensive industry. Also reviewed are linkages between agriculture and the rest of the economy and credit linkages to agricultural production.
Internal-friction study of solute segregation to dislocations

Abstract Internal Friction (IF) techniques operating at a frequency of 1.3 kHz were used to measure the solution hardening component of the flow stress as a function of temperature, static aging time, and solute concentration in single crystal alloys of Al -Mg and Cu -A1. During the IF tests most of the dislocations remained in their aged condition. A small fraction of the dislocation density was set free from their solute cloud by the application of a sufficiently large periodic stress. The kinetics of solute segregation to the freed dislocations was then monitored with the IF method. The experimental results were interpreted in terms of recent computer-modeling calculations for IF losses in random alloys. The kinetics of solute segregation shows three regimes. At low temperatures the dislocations interact with a fixed population of solutes. At intermediate temperatures solutes segregate to stationary dislocations mostly from the region surrounding the dislocation cores, without the assistance of an excess concentration of vacancies generated by plastic deformation. At high temperatures the segregation reaches a saturation value because the solutes tend to remain in solution, rather than segregate to dislocations.
Poultry for the Table as Influenced by Market class and grade

Abstract The differences in the shrinkage in dressing and drawing of poultry have been determined by M. A. Jull and W. A. Maw1. The U. S. Department of Agriculture2 and many experiment stations, also, have some complete data on dressing shrinkage of different classes of poultry. These data are concerned with specific problems of market poultry as they apply to the producers only. The percentage shrinkage in cooking and the cost of cooked edible meat per pound or serving has been determined in many food laboratories.3 Some of these results have not been reported or the figures were obtained for only one or a small number of birds. Probably the first effort to obtain the dressing and cooking shrinkage on the same birds, thus combining the producers and consumers problems was made by W. M. Vernon.4 He reported the differences in dressing, drawing and cooking for fryers, roasters and hens. His . . .
Going private transactions, bondholder returns, and wealth transfer effects

Abstract We examine how buyout activity and deal characteristics drive bondholder returns and the wealth transfer effects between bondholders and stockholders in going private transactions from 1981 to 2006. We find that various deal characteristics are major determinants of the cross-sectional variation in bondholder returns. In particular, a single private equity acquirer mitigates bondholder losses. On the other hand, bondholders have larger losses when a reputable buyout firm is involved in the deal. Bondholders experience losses in the 1980s and 2000s, but enjoy gains in the 1990s. Our findings remain robust to consideration of deal financing, relative cost of credit, and level of market overheating. We find a negative and significant relationship between stockholder and bondholder wealth effects, which supports the wealth transfer hypothesis.
Throughput analysis of IEEE 802.11 multihop ad hoc wireless networks under saturation condition

An innovative approach to determine the performance parameters of arbitrary multihop wireless networks is proposed. This approach can be applied to various types of multihop network topologies. In this paper we focus on a loop multihop network topology. Numerical results show that the normalized node capacity of loop networks is independent of the size of the loop. An individual node average channel busy probability is also introduced to allow for accurate performance analysis.
Hilbert curve fractal antenna: A small resonant antenna for VHF/UHF applications

The usefulness of fractal Hilbert curves in antenna geometry is explored here for the first time. Apart from being simple and self-similar, these curves have the additional property of approximately filling a plane. These properties are exploited in realizing a “small” resonant antenna. This approach has resulted in an antenna size smaller than λ/10 and still resonant, with performance comparable to a dipole whose resonant length is close to λ/2. Numerical predictions of the input impedance of the antenna have been compared with experiments. The effect of additional fractal iterations on the reduction of the resonant frequency has been studied. The radiation characteristics of the antenna at the resonant frequencies provided show that this is very similar to the dipole characteristics. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 29: 215–219, 2001.
Radiolabeled antimalarials: Synthesis of 14C-artemisinin

The stereoselective total synthesis of the antimalarial agent 14 C-(+)-artemisinin (1), incorporating 14 C at C-16 (C-9 methyl) is reported, in 18% radiochemical yield from acid 3.
Pharmacological approaches for the discovery and development of new anti-inflammatory agents for the treatment of cystic fibrosis.

Some of the most important pathobiology in cystic fibrosis occurs not as a direct result of impaired chloride transport, but the downstream consequences of defective CFTR function, particularly the lung infection and inflammation that ultimately takes the lives of most patients. Interrupting the vicious cycle of infection and inflammation is effective in slowing the course of the disease, and antibiotics have long been the staple of pulmonary therapy. However, limiting the inflammatory response in the CF lung is also effective. High dose ibuprofen clearly retards progression of lung disease, but also entrains adverse events that mar its therapeutic utility, so alternative anti-inflammatory agents are necessary. Because of the remarkable therapeutic success of ibuprofen, consideration should be given to finding less toxic alternatives. However, it is also appropriate to consider the mechanisms by which the inflammatory response occurs in the CF lung, and identify sites to interrupt it. Sites at which therapeutic intervention is possible are the neutralization of cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta, or IL-8 with specific antibodies or receptor antagonists, inhibition of the intracellular signaling cascades that result in cytokine production (for example, at the level of p38 MAP kinase), application of cytokines such as Il-10 that are themselves anti-inflammatory, or modulating the arachidonic acid cascade with inhibitors directed at leukotriene B(4). In addition, interventions designed to limit the consequences of the inflammatory response, such as protease inhibitors and reagents to limit the ill effects of DNA accumulation in airways, are in use. To limit adverse effect and concentrate the therapeutic effect, there may be value in targeting delivery of the therapeutic reagents to the inflamed site, either by specifically directing systemic delivery or by exploitation of the aerosol route. Treating the inflammatory response is important, for the data from the ibuprofen study show that the effects of anti-inflammatory therapy are additive or even synergistic with intensive conventional therapy and alter the rate of decline of pulmonary function, and therefore benefits for survival of patients with CF are to be expected.
Clinical predictors of ketamine response in treatment-resistant major depression.

Objective The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist ketamine has rapid antidepressant effects in treatment-resistant major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar depression. Clinical predictors may identify those more likely to benefit from ketamine within clinically-heterogeneous populations.
Radiative transfer along rays in curved space–times

Radiative transfer in curved space–times has become increasingly important to understanding high-energy astrophysical phenomena and testing general relativity in the strong field limit. The equations of radiative transfer are physically equivalent to the Boltzmann equation, where the latter has the virtue of being covariant. We show that by a judicious choice of the basis of the phase space, it is generally possible to make the momentum derivatives in the Boltzmann equation vanish along an arbitrary (including non-geodesic) path, thus reducing the problem of radiative transfer along a ray to a path integral in coordinate space.
Closed circuit hot water diver heating systems

Can-Dive Services Ltd., the Canadian subsidiary of Oceaneering International, Inc., working in conjunction with Vickers Oceanics of Edinburgh, Scotland, has developed and successfully applied a closed circuit diver heating system for submersible lockout operations in the North Sea. Following bench and hyperbaric tests to 1,000 FSW, the unit has been installed on the Vickers L-1 submersible. The initial working dive was a 3 hour, 33 minute lockout at 475 feet, 5\deg C on the Oxydental Piper A platform. The use of equipment of this type represents a significant breakthrough in providing divers with a safe, reliable heating system when working in situations where there is limited power available. This paper provides a brief outline of some of the problems inherent with closed circuit systems and comments on methods of improving the efficiency of the unit. A list of requirements for an improved distribution garment is also provided.
Assessment of the modulated gradient model in decaying isotropic turbulence

Abstract A recently introduced nonlinear model undergoes evaluations based on two isotropic turbulent cases: a University of Wiscosion-Madison case at a moderate Reynolds number and a Johns Hopkins University case at a high Reynolds number. The model uses an estimation of the subgrid-scale (SGS) kinetic energy to model the magnitude of the SGS stress tensor, and uses the normalized velocity gradient tensor to model the structure of the SGS stress tensor. Testing is performed for the first case through a comparison between direct numerical simulation (DNS) results and large eddy simulation (LES) results regarding resolved kinetic energy and energy spectrum. In the second case, we examine the resolved kinetic energy, the energy spectrum, as well as other key statistics including the probability density functions of velocities and velocity gradients, the skewness factors, and the flatness factors. Simulations using the model are numerically stable, and results are satisfactorily compared with DNS results and consistent with statistical theories of turbulence.
Interfacial widths of conjugated polymer bilayers.

The interfaces of conjugated polyelectrolyte (CPE)/poly[2-methoxy-5-(2{prime}-ethylhexyloxy)-p-phenylene vinylene] (MEH-PPV) bilayers cast from differential solvents are shown by resonant soft X-ray reflectivity (RSoXR) to be very smooth and sharp. The chemical interdiffusion due to casting is limited to less than 0.6 nm, and the interface created is thus nearly 'molecularly' sharp. These results demonstrate for the first time and with high precision that the nonpolar MEH-PPV layer is not much disturbed by casting the CPE layer from a polar solvent. A baseline is established for understanding the role of interfacial structure in determining the performance of CPE-based polymer light-emitting diodes. More broadly, we anticipate further applications of RSoXR as an important tool in achieving a deeper understanding of other multilayer organic optoelectronic devices, including multilayer photovoltaic devices.
Effect of superalloy substrate and bond coating on TBC lifetime

Abstract Several different single-crystal superalloys were coated with different bond coatings to study the effect of composition on the cyclic oxidation lifetime of an yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) top coating deposited by electron beam physical vapor deposition from a commercial source. Three different superalloys were coated with a 7 μm Pt layer that was diffused into the surface prior to YSZ deposition. One of the superalloys, N5, was coated with a low activity, Pt-modified aluminide coating and Pt-diffusion coatings with 3 and 7 μm of Pt. Three coatings of each type were furnace cycled to failure in 1 h cycles at 1150 °C to assess average coating lifetime. The 7 μm Pt diffusion coating on N5 had an average YSZ coating lifetime > 50% higher than a Pt-modified aluminide coating on N5. Without a YSZ coating, the Pt-modified aluminide coating on N5 showed the typical surface deformation during cycling, however, the deformation was greatly reduced when constrained by the YSZ coating. The 3 μm Pt diffusion coating had a similar average lifetime as the Pt-modified aluminide coating but a much wider scatter. The Pt diffusion bond coating on superalloy X4 containing Ti exhibited the shortest YSZ coating lifetime, this alloy-coating combination also showed the worst alumina scale adhesion without a YSZ coating. The third generation superalloy N6 exhibited the longest coating lifetime with a 7 μm Pt diffusion coating.
Treatment of an infant with severe chloramphenicol intoxication using charcoal-column hemoperfusion.

A 3,200 gm 12-day-old male infant with complex urologic problems underwent charcoal hemoperfusion for severe accidental chloramphenicol intoxication. Immediately prior to CH, with a serum chloramphenicol level of 98 μg/ml, the child was in profound shock, ashen-gray, hypothermic, and acidotic. Chloramphenicol levels indicated virtually complete removal of this drug by the CH column. Three hours of CH treatment resulted in a reduction of the chloramphenicol level to 13.5 μg/ml and complete reversal of the described clinical syndrome. No serious complications of CH were encountered. We conclude that chloramphenicol poisoning is treatable by CH and that this therapeutic modality may be safely carried out in infants and small children.
Model calculations of the response of CZT strip detectors

Position-sensitive CZT detectors for research in astrophysics in the five - several hundred keV range are being developed by several groups. These are very promising for large area detector arrays in coded mask imagers and small-area focal plane detectors for focusing x-ray telescopes. We have developed detectors with crossed-strip readout and optimized strip widths and gaps to improve energy resolution. A 'steering electrode' is employed between the anode strips to improve charge collection. A model of charge drift in the detectors and charge induction on the electrodes has been developed to allow us to better understand these types of detectors and improve their design. The model presently accounts for the electric field within the detector, the charges' trajectories, mobility and trapping of holes and electrons, and charge induction on all electrodes including their time dependence. Additional effects are being added. The model is described and its predictions are compared with laboratory measurements. Results include (1) the dependence of anode, cathode and steering electrode signal on interaction depth, transverse position, electron and hole trapping, strip width and gap, and bias, (2) trajectories of charges for various anode and steering electrode bias voltages, (3) a method to improve energy resolution by sign depth of interaction information, and (4) an electrode geometry and bias optimized for the improved energy resolution. In general, the model provides good agreement with the measurements.
Presidential rhetoric on Vietnam: Kennedy, Johnson and Nixon

Efforts to unearth patterns of foreign policy behavior have always been plagued by the possible influence that idiosyncratic and situational differences might have on nation‐state behavior. This paper describes a content analysis of the presidential documents on Vietnam of Presidents Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon conducted along numerous dimensions to assess differences between individuals and between situations in their communications to the public. Although President Johnson was significantly higher than President Nixon in average “symbolic rhetoric,” other inter‐Presidential comparisons reveal great similarities. In other words, despite large shifts that do occur in level of symbolic rhetoric during the 1961–1973 period, these appear unrelated to the presence of new decision‐makers. Type and length of document and type of audience have some differential effect on the level of symbolic rhetoric, but longitudinal analysis showed substantial similarity in level of rhetoric‐in these differing situations acro...
N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors mediate dopamone-induced changes in extrapyramidal and limbic dynorphin systems

Abstract The N-methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA)-type glutamate receptor was shown to mediate dopamine-induced dynorphin A (Dyn) changes in extrapyramidal and limbic structures. MK801, a potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor, blocked increases in striatal and nigral Dyn content following single and multiple administrations of methamphetamine (METH). Significant attenuation of the METH-induced increases occured with MK801 doses of 0.1 mg/kg/dose with complete blockade at 2.5 mg/kg/dose. Similar METH, NMDA itself caused significant increases in striatal and nigral Dyn content. The NMDA-induced increase in striatal Dyn content was blocked by coadministration of an intermediate dose of MK801. The Dyn system associated with the nucleus accumbens responded in a similar manner in that MK801 totally blocked the METH-induced increases; moreover, NMDA elevated the Dyn content in this structure. The inability of MK801 to alter the quinpirole-induced decrease in striatal Dyn content suggests that the NMDA receptor is not involved in the D2 receptor regulation of striatal Dyn systems.
Mapping gold-labeled receptors on cell surfaces by backscattered electron imaging and digital image analysis: studies of the IgE receptor on mast cells.

The response of cells to signalling molecules such as hormones, growth factors, and immune mediators that bind to cell-surface receptors depends in part on the density and distribution of the relevant receptors. We have developed methods to map the distribution of IgE receptors on RBL-2H3 mast cells at high resolution in the scanning electron microscope (SEM). The key elements of our procedure are a new fixative that preserves receptor binding activity; a family of colloidal gold-conjugated probes that bind directly or indirectly to the IgE-receptor complex; an SEM with detectors for both secondary and backscattered electrons (to observe surface topography and gold particles, respectively); and an image processor that can average, digitize, and store these images. Topographical maps are generated by processing and superimposing the digitized images. The methods we describe can be applied to study the density and distribution of any membrane receptor that can be labeled with colloidal gold particles.
Ribonuclease P Protein Structure: Evolutionary Origins in the Translational Apparatus

The crystal structure of Bacillus subtilis ribonuclease P protein is reported at 2.6 angstroms resolution. This protein binds to ribonuclease P RNA to form a ribonucleoprotein holoenzyme with optimal catalytic activity. Mutagenesis and biochemical data indicate that an unusual left-handed βαβ crossover connection and a large central cleft in the protein form conserved RNA binding sites; a metal binding loop may comprise a third RNA binding site. The unusual topology is partly shared with ribosomal protein S5 and the ribosomal translocase elongation factor G, which suggests evolution from a common RNA binding ancestor in the primordial translational apparatus.
Inversion of the rectifying effect in diblock molecular diodes by protonation

A new molecular diode based on biphenyl-co-bispyrimidine was synthesized and showed a pronounced rectifying effect. Further studies indicate that protonation on the nitrogen atoms of the diode molecule by strong acids can reversibly alter the rectifying direction. This phenomenon can be envisioned as a starting point for single molecule detection devices.
Quantitative studies on methyl ketone formation in butteroil: Effect of temperature

A quantitative study of the effect of various heat treatments on methyl ketone formation in butteroil was conducted. Methyl ketone formation was found to follow first-order reaction kinetics. The energy of activation was calculated to be approximately 26.55 kcal/mole. The ketones were formed in a fairly constant molar ratio approximating to the following C15,2∶C13,1∶C11,1∶C9,1∶C7,2∶C5,1. The temperature-time conditions had little or no effect on the ratio.
Improved Speed Estimates from Freeway Traffic Detectors

This paper presents an analytical methodology to increase the accuracy of speed estimates from freeway traffic detectors by integrating information across lanes. Typically these estimates are quite noisy due to unobserved variables and measurement errors. Yet most traffic-monitoring applications employed by operating agencies only require a single measurement per direction at a detector station. Earlier efforts have focused on improving speed estimates of the individual lanes and then using a simple average to arrive at a single measure of speed at the detector station. But simply averaging the data across lanes is likely to preserve a measurement error in any one of the lanes. This paper improves speed estimates on a lane-by-lane basis using conventional aggregated flow and occupancy data obtained from single loop detectors. It then goes further by exploiting the information in the adjacent lanes to eliminate noise. In the course of analysis, data cleaning tools have been developed to identify and exclude malfunctioning detectors and transient errors, improving the validity of traffic data before estimating speed. These data cleaning tools consist of threshold value tests and basic traffic flow theory principles. To reduce the vulnerability to common transient measurement errors in individual lanes, the median of the improved estimates across lanes is taken in each direction. The methodology is then extended to clean noisy speeds measured from dual loop detectors and other sensors that mimic single loops.
Tensile Creep Test of Fiber-Reinforced Ultra-High Performance Concrete

This paper describes the development and use of a high cost and space efficient tensile creep test setup for cement-based materials. This test setup features a load capacity of 6800 kg (15 000 lb), capacity for three specimens in series, and the ability to measure deformations at four points for each specimen with an accuracy of 10 micro-strains. This newly developed test setup allowed testing the long-term tensile creep of ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) for the first time. In the experimental study, steel fiber-reinforced UHPC prisms were subjected to tensile creep to investigate the effect of different thermal treatment conditions on their viscoelastic response over a 1-year period. Results from the experimental study showed the necessity to perform tensile creep tests rather that direct tensile strength tests to predict the long-term tensile performance of UHPC. These results show that the quality of the bond between the fibers and cementitious paste was better evaluated using tensile creep than direct tension tests. Experimental results showed that specific tensile creep of UHPC decreased between 63 % and 69 % when thermal treatment of 60°C (140°F) for 72 h or of 90°C (194°F) for 48 h was applied, respectively, prior to loading. Results from this study also point to the necessity of having a standard tensile creep test similar to the currently existing compressive creep standard, especially if the tensile capacity of concrete is considered in structural design.
Midnight census revisited: Reliability of patient day measurements in US hospital units.

Abstract Background Patient days are widely used in nurse staffing research and for nursing quality measurement. Nursing hours per patient day (NHPPD) and fall rates incorporate patient days in the denominator and are endorsed by the US National Quality Forum (NQF) as nursing sensitive consensus measures. Measurement error introduced by patient days would affect the accuracy of these nursing quality indicators. Objectives The aim of this study was to assess the reliability of five patient day reporting methods accepted by the National Database of Nursing Quality Indicators (NDNQI). The specific aims were (1) to investigate the agreement of five patient day measurements with a defined quasi-gold standard, (2) to explore method bias by investigating the association of potential confounding variables with the differences between the routine measurements and the quasi-gold standard, and (3) to extrapolate the potential effect of bias of the patient day methods on nursing quality indicators. Design A multiple census study with a national convenience sample of hospital units in the US was conducted. Setting 260 out of 282 units (92%) from 54 hospitals sent bi-hourly patient census data for seven randomly selected days in September 2008. Methods The multiple census data comprised the quasi-gold standard and was compared with data routinely submitted to the database. Intraclass correlations were calculated for an agreement analysis. A Bayesian regression analysis was conducted to explore the impact of different data collection methods and the degree of short stay patients. Results Overall agreement between routine data and the quasi-gold standard was excellent (ICC [95% CI]: 0.967 [0.958–0.974]). A Bayesian regression analysis identified that two methods underestimated patient days and an interaction between the degrees of short stay patients and one of the data collection methods also affected patient day measurement by up to 7.6%.
Japan's shifting strategy toward the rise of China

Abstract After examining different theoretical expectations of how Japan might respond strategically to the rise of China, this article analyzes the evolution of Japan's policy toward China from 1972 to 2006. It argues that Japan has shifted away from the ‘friendship diplomacy’ paradigm to a mixed strategy that involves both positive engagement and realistic balancing to hedge against the potential threats that China may pose in the future. Japan is engaged in a vigorous domestic debate about China policy that centers around four options: cooperative engagement with a soft hedge, competitive engagement with a hard hedge, balancing and containment, and strategic accommodation. The current mixed strategy of engagement and hedging is consistent with different theoretical traditions such as offensive realism, defensive realism, and liberalism. Future developments such as Japan–China interactive effects, shifts in the military power balance, and changes in US strategy, however, could steer Japan to make choice...
Differences in the surgical treatment of recurrent lumbar disc herniation among spine surgeons in the United States.

Abstract Background context There are often multiple surgical treatment options for a spinal pathology. In addition, there is a lack of data that define differences in surgical treatment among surgeons in the United States. Purpose To assess the surgical treatment patterns among neurologic and orthopedic spine surgeons in the United States for the treatment of one- and two-time recurrent lumbar disc herniation. Study design Electronic survey. Patient sample An electronic survey was delivered to 2,560 orthopedic and neurologic surgeons in the United States. Outcome measures The response data were analyzed to assess the differences among respondents over various demographic variables. The probability of disagreement is reported for various surgeon subgroups. Methods A survey of clinical and radiographic case scenarios that included a one- and two-time lumbar disc herniation was electronically delivered to 2,560 orthopedic and neurologic surgeons in the United States. The surgical treatment options were revision microdiscectomy, revision microdiscectomy with in situ fusion, revision microdiscectomy with posterolateral fusion using pedicle screws, revision microdiscectomy with posterior lumbar interbody fusion/transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF/TLIF), anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF) with percutaneous screws, ALIF with open posterior instrumentation, or none of these. Significance of p=.01 was used to account for multiple comparisons. Results Four hundred forty-five surgeons (18%) completed the survey. Surgeons in practice for 15+ years were more likely to select revision microdiscectomy compared with surgeons with fewer years in practice who were more likely to select revision microdiscectomy with PLIF/TLIF (p Conclusions Significant differences exist among US spine surgeons in the surgical treatment of recurrent lumbar disc herniations. It will become increasingly important to understand the underlying reasons for these differences and to define the most cost-effective surgical strategies for these common lumbar pathologies as the United States moves closer to a value-based health-care system.