cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extracting Knowledge from DFT: Experimental Band Gap Predictions Through Ensemble Learning

Many of the machine learning-based approaches for materials property predictions use low-cost computational data. The motivation for machine learning models is based on the orders of magnitude speedup compared to DFT calculations or experimental characterization. High-quality experimental materials data would be ideal for training these models; unfortunately, experimental data are typically costly to obtain. As a result, experimental databases are often smaller and less cohesive. Using band gap, we demonstrate how an ensemble learning approach allows us to efficiently model experimental data by combining models trained on otherwise disparate computational and experimental data. This approach demonstrates how disparate data sources can be incorporated into the modeling of sparsely represented experimental data. In the case of band gap prediction, we reduce the root mean squared error by over 9%.
Associations Between Office Location and Adiposity in Office Workers.

OBJECTIVE Evaluate whether having to walk longer distances to common destinations within office buildings is associated with less adiposity and greater occupational physical activity. METHODS Distances between offices and amenities were measured for 108 office-based workers, as was body fat percentage, waist circumference, number of sedentary breaks at work, and duration and intensity of activity at work. RESULTS Being further away from the building entrance was correlated with lower body fat percentage. Greater distance from a participant's office to the copier was associated with smaller waist circumferences. Correlations were found between distance to the bathroom and work activity, and sedentary breaks with distance to the break room and distance from the printer or copier. CONCLUSIONS Worksites interested in improving the health of their employees should consider how building design affects occupational physical activity and health.
Maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index, gestational weight gain and breastfeeding outcomes: a cross-sectional analysis.

It is well established that mothers with above-normal pre-pregnancy BMI are at increased risk of breastfeeding cessation; however, the impact of pregnancy weight-gain (PWG) is less well-defined. Excess PWG may alter the hormonal preparation of breast tissue for lactation, increase the risk of complications that negatively impact breastfeeding (e.g. Cesarean-section, gestational diabetes), and may make effective latch more difficult to achieve. Our objective was to determine the impact of PWG and pre-pregnancy BMI on the risk of breastfeeding cessation utilizing the Institute of Medicine’s 2009 recommendations. Cox proportional hazards models were utilized to estimate the risk of cessation of exclusive breastfeeding, and cessation of any breastfeeding among women who initiated exclusive and any breastfeeding, respectively, in a cross sectional sample of survey respondents from a New York county (N = 1207). PWG category was interacted with pre-pregnancy BMI (3 levels of pre-pregnancy BMI, 3 levels of PWG). Confounders of the relationship of interest were evaluated using directed acyclic graphs and bivariate analyses; variables not on the proposed causal pathway and associated with the exposure and outcome were included in multivariate models. Results: After adjustment, women of normal and obese pre-pregnancy BMI with greater-than-recommended PWG had 1.39 (1.03–1.86) and 1.48 (1.06–2.07) times the risk of any breastfeeding cessation within the first 3 months postpartum compared to women with normal pre-pregnancy BMI who gained within PWG recommendations. Overweight women with greater-than-recommended PWG were at increased risk of cessation, although not significantly (aHR [95% CI]: 1.29 [0.95–1.75]). No significant relationship was observed for exclusive breastfeeding cessation. Pre-pregnancy BMI and PWG may be modifiable risk factors for early breastfeeding cessation. Understanding the mechanism behind this risk should be ascertained by additional studies aimed at understanding the physiological, social, logistical (positioning) and other issues that may lead to early breastfeeding cessation.
Dominance and fitness costs of insect resistance to genetically modified Bacillus thuringiensis crops

Evolution of resistance to genetically modified Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) crops in pest populations is a major threat to the sustainability of the technology. Incidents of field resistance that h...
Abemaciclib, a CDK4 and 6 inhibitor with unique pharmacological properties for breast cancer therapy.

e12506Background: Breast cancer is the second most common cancer worldwide. Pharmacologically targeting cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 (CDK4 & 6) has proven to be a successful therapeutic approac...
Utilizing a Growth Mindset and the Tadros Theory of Change to Increase Children’s Well-Being:

Mindsets play huge roles in individuals’ goals, attitudes, relationships, motivation, and potential. A growth mindset is the desired mindset to have; it is very positive, learning focused, and enco...
An examination of housing interventions among youth experiencing homelessness: an investigation into racial/ethnic and sexual minority status.

OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study is to explore main and interaction effects of minority and multiple minority statuses on exits from homelessness and the stability of homelessness exits over time. METHODS This study utilized the Homeless Management Information System administrative data of 10 922 youth experiencing homelessness collected from a convenience sample of 16 geographically diverse communities across the USA between 2015-17. Using multinomial logistic regression analyses and logistic regression, main effects and interaction effects of racial/ethnic minority identity and sexual/gender minority identity were examined on various homelessness exits (n = 9957) and housing sustainability (n = 5836). RESULTS Black youth, relative to White youth, were disproportionately exiting homelessness through incarceration (P < 0.001). Black and Latinx youth were less likely to successfully self-resolve their homelessness (both P < 0.05). Black heterosexual and Black and Latinx non-heterosexual youth were most frequently lost to the homeless system (all P < 0.01). Black youth, relative to White youth, were approximately half as likely to remain stably housed after returning to family (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS With respect to housing exits and exit stability, Black and Latinx heterosexual youth are consistently at a disadvantage. Homelessness/housing systems and programs need to conduct a deeper investigation into how they implement and develop equitable outreach and engagement practices.
Collaborative Hybrid Delivery System: Drone Routing Problem Assisted by Truck.

Unmanned Aerial vehicles (UAV) or drones have significant market potential due to their high mobility and cost savings. Simultaneously, the hybrid delivery system in which collaborative use of trucks and drones is also receiving much attention and intensively studied as traveling salesmen problem with drone (TSP-D). This delivery system has significant advantages since it can selectively exploit the strength of each vehicle. ​However, in many cases, drones are only used as an assistant method of supporting truck delivery. In this paper, as a reverse idea, we present a new model, named drone routing problem with truck (DRP-T), in the form of a truck assisting drones' delivery. We present a mathematical model formulated as mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) and conduct a comparative analysis with one of the existing TSP-D models with an actual map-based case study. Our experiments show that it is possible to have substantial savings with the proposed model compared to the truck-only and TSP-D model.
Dermatomyositis- Related Intestinal Dysmotility.

Dermatomyositis (DM) is an inflammatory myopathy characterized by proximal muscle weakness and pathognomonic skin lesions. A 69-year-old woman with a recent diagnosis of DM one month prior, treated with corticosteroids and immunomodulators, presented to our inpatient rehabilitation with worsening dysphagia and constipation. At the time of our evaluation, physical examination was notable for erythematous papules over the MCPs, PIPs, elbows, and knees as well as a violaceous rash on the face. Muscle strength was diminished bilaterally with proximal distribution being affected greater than distal. Laboratory studies were notable for CK level 31 IU/ L, ANA by immunofluorescence of 1:80, and aldolase 4 u/L. The eleven-antibody myositis panel was negative. Skeletal muscle biopsy of the left thigh showed partially treated acquired inflammatory myopathy with perifascicular atrophy. During hospitalization, she was found to have pulmonary embolism. She received enoxaparin 1 mg/kg subcutaneous BID. Soon after, she developed rectal bleeding. Colonoscopy showed a stercoral ulcer caused by chronic constipation. While dysphagia is common, being present in 25-50% of patients with DM, lower gastrointestinal problems involving the small and large intestine are rare and typically present as a late manifestation of the disease. Decreased peristalsis in the large colon can lead to constipation, impaction, and subsequent mucosal ulceration, and pressure necrosis induced by fecaloma formation. Although rare, our case highlights the importance of recognizing gastrointestinal complications that dermatomyositis can cause and the effects that those complications have on morbidity and mortality.
Loudness Context Effects in Normal-Hearing Listeners and Cochlear-Implant Users

Context effects in loudness have been observed in normal auditory perception and may reflect a general gain control of the auditory system. However, little is known about such effects in cochlear-implant (CI) users. Discovering whether and how CI users experience loudness context effects should help us better understand the underlying mechanisms. In the present study, we examined the effects of a long-duration (1-s) intense precursor on the loudness relations between shorter-duration (200-ms) target and comparison stimuli. The precursor and target were separated by a silent gap of 50 ms, and the target and comparison were separated by a silent gap of 2 s. For normal-hearing listeners, the stimuli were narrowband noises; for CI users, all stimuli were delivered as pulse trains directly to the implant. Significant changes in loudness were observed in normal-hearing listeners, in line with earlier studies. The CI users also experienced some loudness changes but, in contrast to the results from normal-hearing listeners, the effect did not increase with increasing level difference between precursor and target. A “dual-process” hypothesis, used to explain earlier data from normal-hearing listeners, may provide an account of the present data by assuming that one of the two mechanisms, involving “induced loudness reduction,” was absent or reduced in CI users.
The Role of Invasive Monitoring in Traumatic Brain Injury

Severe traumatic brain injury is a complex disease that involves physical injury and distortion of tissues and cell membranes, gross hemodynamic changes including loss of autoregulation, cerebral edema and tissue shifts, changes in pressure and perfusion and multiple secondary cellular processes including electrolyte fluxes, inflammatory mediator release, neurotransmitter mediated excitotoxicity, apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and alterations in cellular metabolism. The optimal treatment of these patients who have severe neurological dysfunction or require sedation that compromises neurological functional assessment by physical examination requires the monitoring and management of multiple aspects of brain physiology including pressure, perfusion, oxygenation, cellular metabolism, and electrical activity. Invasive monitoring techniques, while still in various stages of development, can and will provide real-time trackable data that informs the management of these patients as well as contributes to our understanding of the pathophysiological processes that contribute to it.
Who is the worthiest of them all

Here I consider the sophism, ‘Man is the worthiest of creatures’. The main use of this sophism was to test classifications for different types of supposition. For William of Sherwood, ‘man’ in that proposition has simple supposition. Yet the difficulty was that in typical examples of simple supposition, like ‘Man is a species’, the subject term was said to refer to the species, the universal man, and not to the individuals. However, in ‘Man is the worthiest of creatures’, the subject term seems not to refer to the species. And yet it does not refer in the usual way, of personal supposition, to individuals in a usual definite (e.g. ‘this man’) or indefinite (e.g.’ some man’) fashion: since there are many human beings, and the proposition appears to concern each of them equally, each then would be the worthiest of creatures, which is absurd.
Heterokaryon Formation of Simian Virus 40-transformed Cells in the Presence of Ultraviolet-irradiated Sendai Virus

Most simian virus 40-transformed mouse kidney lines form heterokaryons with CV-1 cells in the presence of ultraviolet-irradiated Sendai. However, two nonyielder lines, mKS-U2 and mKS-U20, fuse poorly.
Perinatal Mortality in Holsteins

A comprehensive analysis of perinatal mortality for Holsteins in the upper Midwest was recently completed. Results showed that the incidence of perinatal mortality or calf losses near birth has been increasing since 1985; from 9.5% in 1985 to 13.2% in 1996 for virgin heifers; 5.3 to 6.6% in multiparous cows over the same time period. Replacement value of calves lost to perinatal mortality in the United States is about $125.3 million per year. Sufficient data exist to permit identification of those sires whose daughters have a higher than average incidence for perinatal mortality with the birth of their calves. Further research is in progress to more completely establish the mode of inheritance for perinatal mortality. Other quantitative traits associated with early calfhood diseases, e.g., gestation length, dystocia, and incidence of twins are being examined.
Local and Nonlocal Potential Functions in Density Functional Theory

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses that in Kohn–Sham (KS) density functional theory (DFT), the occupied orbital functions of a model state are derived by minimizing the ground-state energy functionals of Hohenberg and Kohn. It has been assumed for some time that effective potentials in the orbital KS equations are always equivalent to local potential functions. When tested by accurate model calculations, this locality assumption is found to fail for more than two electrons. It examines the sources of the “locality hypothesis” in current DFT thinking. Finally, it concludes that an “exact” DFT is not possible if restricted to local potential functions. This excludes an exact Thomas–Fermi theory for more than two electrons, but it is shown here that DFT in the local density approximation (LDA) and the optimized effective potential (OEP) model are sound variational theories. An exact orbital functional theory (OFT) exists, but must be implemented using nonlocal potentials. The validity of Janak's theorem in OFT opens up the prospect of incorporating ab initio methods into Landau theory for applications to strongly correlated systems, especially when combined with the procedure of integrating over fractional occupation numbers to obtain physical energy differences. Exact linear-response theory based on time-dependent orbital-functional theory (TDOFT) is a potentially powerful methodology for treating excitations and polarization response.
Ultrastructure of the Surfaces of Cells Infected with Avian Leukosis-Sarcoma Viruses

Abstract When stained with ruthenium red (RR), chick embryo cells infected with various strains of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) and with avian leukosis viruses RAV-1 and RAV-3 showed an increase in the layer of acid mucopolysaccharides (AMPS) at their surfaces as compared with uninfected cells. This increase was most prominent in cells infected with the Fujinami strain of RSV. The layer was resistant to digestion with neuraminidase or trypsin but was readily removed by exposure to hyaluronidase. The thickness of this AMPS layer was not correlated with the varying degree of loss of contact inhibition exhibited by cells infected with the different strains of virus. The staining of the cell envelope with a solution of phosphotungstic and chromic acids (PTA-CR) suggested the presence of glycoproteins. The outer surface of the virions showed the same staining as the cell surface with RR and PTA-CR, and the budding virus particle was seen to incorporate the RR layer of the cell into its structure. The RR layers of cells and virions appeared to fuse, as did those between virus particles, suggesting that these layers play a role in the aggregation of virus particles and in their adherence to the surface of the cell.
Current environment of hospital library reference: Part 1--Transition to technology.

(2000). Current Environment of Hospital Library Reference. Medical Reference Services Quarterly: Vol. 19, No. 4, pp. 89-98.
Introductory Computational Physics

Computers are one of the most important tools available to physicists, whether for calculating and displaying results, simulating experiments, or solving complex systems of equations. Introducing students to computational physics, this textbook, first published in 2006, shows how to use computers to solve mathematical problems in physics and teaches students about choosing different numerical approaches. It also introduces students to many of the programs and packages available. The book relies solely on free software: the operating system chosen is Linux, which comes with an excellent C++ compiler, and the graphical interface is the ROOT package available for free from CERN. This broad scope textbook is suitable for undergraduates starting on computational physics courses. It includes exercises and many examples of programs. Online resources at www.cambridge.org/0521828627 feature additional reference information, solutions, and updates on new techniques, software and hardware used in physics.
Measures of Writing, Math, and General Academic Knowledge

This chapter presents the data related to writing and math skills and general academic knowledge for the VL2 Psychometric Toolkit Project. The data were generated using three subtests from the Woodcock-Johnson III (WJ-III) Tests of Achievement: Writing Fluency, Math Fluency, and Academic Knowledge. The sample was comprised of deaf college students evaluated as part of the VL2 Psychometric Toolkit. In addition to providing descriptive statistics, correlations with a brief measure of nonverbal intelligence and measures of executive, visuospatial, memory, and linguistic functioning and other areas of academic achievement administered concurrently as part of the VL2 Toolkit are presented. The relationships observed are discussed in the context of both research in the general population and, when available, previous research with deaf individuals.
Enhanced velocity mixed finite element methods for modeling coupled flow and transport on non-matching multiblock grids

The enhanced velocity mixed finite element method, due to Wheeler et al. (Comput Geosci 6(3–4):315–332, 2002), is analyzed and extended to the problem of modeling slightly compressible flow coupled to the transport of chemical species through porous media, on non-matching multiblock grids. Applications include modeling bio-remediation of heavy oil spills and many other subsurface hazardous wastes, angiogenesis in transition of tumors from dormant to malignant states, transport of contaminants in ground water flow, and acid injection from well bores to increase permeability of surrounding rock. The analysis and numerical examples presented here demonstrate convergence and computational efficiency of this method.
Trust in health care: reliable and justifiable expectations

Whom should one be able to trust? Who ought to be trustworthy? When is one justified in trusting another person? What does it mean to trust someone? These issues have been addressed in the moral and political philosophy literature and, to some extent, in the social and political science literature. These questions also have been addressed from time to time in the medical and bioethics literature. There has been a long-standing assumption that patients must be able to trust their physicians, and the physicians must be trustworthy. Recently, there has been renewed interest in trust in medicine as scandals and changes in the health care delivery structure have complicated the patient-physician relationship. There also has been a call to recognize health care organizations as agents whom patients must be able to trust. To assess the importance of trust in medicine and the impact various circumstances may have on the trust between patients and physicians or patients and health care organizations, one must have a coherent understanding of the concept of trust itself. This paper explores the character of trust that is justifiable in health care relationships. It identifies the understanding of trust that has dominated the literature: trust as the expectation that the trustee will act in the truster’s interests. Difficulties with this account are discussed and an alternative account of trust is offered. Trust should be understood as an expectation that the trustee will act in a way that the truster approves. Such trust is warranted when those expectations are well-grounded. Advantages of this definition of trust are discussed as are the standards physicians and health care organizations must meet for patients to be able to trust them. This account of trust clarifies the extent to which trustworthiness depends not only on what an agent does but on the way others assess the agent’s actions. Trust is a relationship that depends on the actions and beliefs of all the parties involved, and assessments of trust made by one patient are not necessarily transferable to others.
Aβ oligomer-induced synapse degeneration in Alzheimer's disease.

Aβ oligomers cause a collection of molecular events associated with memory loss in Alzheimer’s disease, centering on disrupting the maintenance of synapse structure and function. In this brief review of the synaptotoxic effects of Aβ oligomers, we focus on the neuronal properties governing oligomer targeting and toxicity—especially with respect to binding sites and mechanisms of binding. We also discuss ways in which mechanistic insights from other diseases offer clues in the pursuit of the molecular basis of Alzheimer’s disease.
Vortex interaction with a translating sphere in a stratified temperature field

Abstract The three-dimensional interaction of an initially cylindrical vortex tube with a solid sphere in a stratified temperature field has been investigated by solving the Navier-Stokes and energy equations. Particular attention is given to the coupled effect on the sphere Nusselt number by the vortex advection and temperature stratification. Comparison with the sphere Nusselt number influenced by a vortex in a uniform temperature field [Masoudi and Sirignano, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer , 1997, 40 (15), 3663–3673] shows that stratification has a profound effect on the sphere Nusselt number, qualitatively and quantitatively. Transient Nusselt number patterns are entirely different from those in a uniform temperature field; temperature stratification influences the vortex impact by nearly three fold. The sphere Nusselt number can be represented as the sum of Nusselt numbers in a uniform free-stream temperature at the average value and in a stratified stream with the given temperature variation and average temperature of zero. Therefore, in contrast to the commonly studied uniform free-stream case, stratification introduces an explicit dependence of the sphere Nusselt number on the temperature quantities. A correlation quantifying the coupled effect of the vortex-temperature stratification on the sphere heating, signifying a self-similar pattern in this unsteady problem has been produced. This correlation is also shown to be approximately valid for a liquid sphere. When the product of the vortex circulation and the gas-field temperature gradient is positive, the sphere time-averaged Nusselt number increases monotonically with an increase in the vortex circulation and with an increase in the vortex initial distance from the flow symmetry axis; when such product is negative, the Nusselt number increases with a decrease in vortex circulation or the vortex distance. Beyond a certain range of the vortex initial distance, the time-averaged Nusselt number reaches an asymptotic value. Based on these findings, it can be shown that in spray combustion systems coupled vortex-temperature stratification could have significant effect on droplets convective heating and their eventual evaporation
Losartan improves the performance of ethanol-intoxicated rats in an eight-arm radial maze

Results of previous research demonstrate that angiotensin II (Ang II) inhibits long-term potentiation (LTP) in medial perforant path-dentate gyrus granule cells and that the inhibition is mediated by the AT1 receptor because it can be blocked by losartan, a specific AT1 receptor antagonist. Ang II impairment of retention and ethanol inhibition of LTP can both be blocked by pretreatment with losartan. Because losartan pretreatment also prevents ethanol intoxication measured in terms of the aerial righting reflex, the purpose of the present study was to assess the effects of 2.0 g/kg ethanol administered by gavage on performance in an eight-arm radial maze, and then to determine the effectiveness of losartan in reducing the impairment of the learning and memory process. Results confirmed the general hypothesis that ethanol-induced cognitive deficits are mediated by Ang II and the AT1 receptor and that the impairment can be reduced by pretreatment with losartan.
The location of muscle calcium with respect to the myofibrils.

Autoradiographs have been prepared from frog toe muscles soaked in Ca45 and fixed with an osmium-oxalate solution. A majority of the grains over the A bands were over the myofibrils. The grain density over the I bands was greatest over the space between the myofibrils. The significance of this distribution is discussed in the light of previous information about the longitudinal distribution of Ca45 in skeletal muscle.
Boundary Stiffness Regulates Fibroblast Behavior in Collagen Gels

Recent studies have illustrated the profound dependence of cellular behavior on the stiffness of 2D culture substrates. The goal of this study was to develop a method to alter the stiffness cells experience in a standard 3D collagen gel model without affecting the physiochemical properties of the extracellular matrix. A device was developed utilizing compliant anchors (0.048–0.64 N m−1) to tune the boundary stiffness of suspended collagen gels in between the commonly utilized free and fixed conditions (zero and infinite stiffness boundary stiffness). We demonstrate the principle of operation with finite element analyses and a wide range of experimental studies. In all cases, boundary stiffness has a strong influence on cell behavior, most notably eliciting higher basal tension and activated force (in response to KCl) and more pronounced remodeling of the collagen matrix at higher boundary stiffness levels. Measured equibiaxial forces for gels seeded with 3 million human foreskin fibroblasts range from 0.05 to 1 mN increasing monotonically with boundary stiffness. Estimated force per cell ranges from 17 to 100 nN utilizing representative volume element analysis. This device provides a valuable tool to independently study the effect of the mechanical environment of the cell in a 3D collagen matrix.
Evidence for a positive parity decoupled band in /sup 79/Rb

A band of levels has been assigned to the previously unobserved /sup 79/Rb. The measurements of angular distributions and excitation functions are consistent with an interpretation of these levels as arising from the decoupling of a lg/sub 9/2/ proton from the /sup 78/Kr core. The results are compared with the previously proposed /sup 81/Rb decoupled band.
Holding On To the Hand of God: Edward Schillebeeckx on the Mystery of Suffering

The experience of human suffering presents an ongoing challenge to believers who seek to sustain their relationship with God in the face of the tragedies of human history. Edward Schillebeeckx, O.P. is a seminal Christian thinker who has made a conscious attempt to take into account the harsh reality of suffering in his systematic theology. Rejecting theoretical attempts to reconcile belief in a good, all-powerful God with the reality of evil and suffering, Schillebeeckx employs the categories of narrative and memory in his articulation of a Christian response to evil and suffering. He tells the story of Jesus as the story of God. The God who is disclosed in the ministry, death and resurrection of Jesus is the God who is “pure positivity”– the source of life and the opponent of evil and suffering. God's action in and through Jesus provides clues to the way in which God is present and active in the lives of suffering human beings. This revelation summons Christians to become people of memory and of praxis.
Child Care Provider Perspectives on the Role of Education and Training for Quality Caregiving

This study describes child care providers’ reports of the types of training necessary for quality caregiving and their beliefs about the level of training and education required for child care workers. 70 providers (25 center directors, 19 center providers, and 26 home providers) participated in 8 focus groups that were conducted as part of a larger statewide assessment of child care provider training needs. Providers most frequently listed 1) Health, Safety, and Nutrition, 2) Child Development; and 3) Developmentally Appropriate Practices and Learning Environments as important topics for child care training. When asked to identify a level of training and education for child care workers, providers endorsed 3 different types of preparation: education, life experience (e.g., parenting), and personal attributes (e.g., patience). Center providers were more likely than home providers to identify education and providers with child‐care relevant education were more likely than providers with no post‐high school...
Calculus & Mathematica: An End-User's Point of View

ABSTRACT In this paper we discuss our experiences with Calculus & Mathematica, the calculus reform materials developed at the University of Illinois and the Ohio State University. We present an objective assessment of student performance based on a uniform final exam given to both Calculus & Mathematica students and traditional students. We also present a summary of student perceptions drawn from responses to survey questions. In addition, we discuss some of the problems we encountered in this computer-based calculus experiment, and we give an analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of the courseware.
Another name for the Umbrella Bamboo

One of the most popular bamboos in horticulture is the Umbrella Bamboo, a Chinese species native to the mountains of western Hupeh and eastern Szechuan provinces. There the dense clumps three or four meters tall occur in forests of silver fir, birch, maple, and rhododendron at elevations over 2000 meters. Living material collected by Ernest H. Wilson in 1910 was sent to the Arnold Arboretum where it was cultivated and propagules later reached the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England, in 1913. The plants have thrived at Kew in vegetative condition to this day. From these sterile plants in 1920, J. S. Gamble described Arundinaria murielae in honor of Wilson's daughter and designated Wilson 1462 as the type. For the first time some plants of this species have now begun to flower in Denmark and Germany and material which I have studied indicates that it is not an Arundinaria, as originally described, but rather a species of Thamnocalamus, and is in fact synonymous with a species described earlier as Fargesia spathacea. I have given an historical account of this bamboo in the July-August 1979 issue of GARDEN (vol. 3: 22-27) and below present the new name combination and synonymy.
Trace metal enrichments in the Mediterranean Sea

Copper, nickel, and cadmium occur at higher concentrations in the surface waters of the Mediterranean than in nutrient-depleted waters of the open ocean. Trace metal profiles have been taken on both sides of the Strait of Gibraltar to constrain a mass balance. Deep Mediterranean waters have trace metal levels comparable to surface waters in regions of Mediterranean deep water formation, implying a minimal role for vertical transport by biological activity. Excess trace metals are not present in open-Atlantic source waters, but a detailed map of trace metal distributions in the Alboran Sea (immediately east of the Strait) reveals a metal-enriched plume with concentrations as high as copper, 3.6 nmol/kg; nickel, 2.8 nmol/kg; and cadmium, 120 pmol/kg. A substantial enrichment in trace metal concentrations therefore can occur in transit from the open Atlantic through the coastal zone into the Strait. This trace metal enrichment may derive either from river inflow (masked by evaporation), diffusion out of continental shelf sediments, eolian particulate fallout, or anthropogenic sources. Metal sources (fluvial, sedimentary, or atmospheric; natural or anthropogenic) are difficult to discern from the large-scale oceanographic distribution. Metal retention in nutrient-depleted surface waters is not due to unusual metal fluxes relative to nutrients, but instead is a consequence of less frequent recycling of nutrients in the Mediterranean compared to the open ocean. Metal enrichments would be expected before human intervention, with anthropogenic input reflected in proportion to the relative augmentation of inputs over natural levels. Mediterranean water produces small trace metal anomalies in the outflow core (positive for Ni, negative for Cd). Present observations are consistent with this prediction, but high precision data would be necessary to observe these at distance from Gibraltar.
On-board diagnostics for electronic emission control systems

Use of microcomputer electronics in the automobile in large volume for drivetrain control will require corresponding changes in automotive service methodology. To make this introduction as transparent as possible, the General Motors (EM) electronic control system will include integral self-test and diagnostic aids. These features were addressed throughout the emission control systems (ECS) concept, design and develoJ;ment phases, using the same system engineering techniques applied to achieving control functions. The ECS will include fail-operational redundancy and control software, self-test hardware, diagnostic fault isolation and self-test software, and diagnostic service aid software. The effectiveness of these features in the field will be closely monitored through a multi-divisional service structure, and data continually fed back to subsequent systems to achieve the maintainability level required of automotive transportation. Concepting and implementing of on-board diagnostics for the electronic ECS has been a top-down effort involving nunerous GM division and staff areas. Any attempt to identify unique contributors would be almost as difficult as the task itself.
PROMOTION OF CELL ARREST IN G2 DURING CELL MATURATION IN ROOTS OF PISUM SATIVUM BY EXOGENOUSLY APPLIED CYCLIC AMP

AB S T RA C T Cyclic AMP and dibutyryl cyclic AMP promoted cell arrest in G2 in roots during tissue maturation in seedlings of Pisum sativum when applied in lanolin after cotyledon excision. 5' AMP did not promote arrest in G2 in a similar manner. Results demonstrate that cyclic AMP did not inhibit cell proliferation in root meristems when applied exogenously. CYCLIC AMP is an important factor in the regulation of cell proliferation in animal tissues (Abell and Monahan, 1973; Prescott, 1976). Specifically, high levels of cyclic AMP may be involved in the high variability of the duration of Gi (Noonan and Burger, 1973). Moreover, reversible cell arrest in G2 may be mediated by cyclic AMP (Willingham, Johnson, and Pastan, 1972; Nose and Katsuta, 1975). These latter studies indicate a general decrease in the fraction of proliferative cells (growth fraction) with exogenous cyclic AMP addition. The results of some studies have shown that increased cell arrest may occur, at least temporarily, in both G1 and G2 with addition of cyclic AMP. Experimental results show a G2 factor in cotyledons of Pisum sativum that promotes cell arrest in G2 in roots and shoots of Pisum sativum and roots of Vicia faba (Evans and Van't Hof, 1973; 1974a). In more recent experiments, this factor also influences the stage of cell differentiation but not the size of the growth fraction in the proliferative cell population in the root meristem. Moreover, purified extracts of the G2 factor can be placed into lanolin paste and applied to the location of cotyledon excision to give biological activity (unpublished results). In experiments described herein, cyclic AMP was applied in a lanolin paste to the site of cotyledon excision. This system of application of exogenous cyclic AMP was used because it provided a method of minimal disruption of seedling development that enabled application of the G2 factor. Experimental results with this experimental system indicate that cyclic AMP promotes cell arrest in
Abuse of pregnant adolescents: what have we learned?

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate 3 years’ experience with abused pregnant adolescents identified in a prenatal clinic population. Methods: Universal screening of all pregnant patients for relationship violence has been performed at the Prenatal Clinic of the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania since April 1994. Chart review of all adolescent patients younger than the age of 18 years enrolled at our prenatal clinic between July 1995 and June 1998 was carried out to determine the current and lifetime exposure to interpersonal violence. All patients in the clinic population are low income; 90% are African American. We compared abused versus nonabused teens regarding number of antepartum clinic visits, incidence of trauma during pregnancy, sexually transmitted disease diagnosis during pregnancy, age of baby’s father, gestational age at time of delivery, birth weight, and attendance at the postpartum clinic appointment. Results: Lifetime incidence of interpersonal violence for pregnant adolescents at our center was 30%. Overall, 11% gave a history of relationship violence in the year preceding or during the pregnancy. Significant differences between abused and nonabused teens include: abused pregnant adolescents had more antepartum visits (11.0 versus 8.85), were more likely to present to the hospital for trauma visits during pregnancy (25% versus 5%), and were more likely to be diagnosed with a sexually transmitted disease during pregnancy (71% versus 43%). Conclusions: Abuse of pregnant adolescents is common and has serious medical implications. Identification of abuse during pregnancy can positively affect outcomes on several levels for both mother and baby.
The magnetic resonance diagnosis of diaphragmatic rupture: A report of two cases

Two patients are reported with rupture of the right and left hemidiaphragms, respectively, after blunt abdominal trauma. The diagnosis in both cases was suggested by plain radiographs and computed tomography but was confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging. The magnetic resonance scan in both cases clearly showed the diaphragmatic injury and herniation of abdominal contents into the chest.
Optical trapping of unilamellar phospholipid vesicles: investigation of the effect of optical forces on the lipid membrane shape by confocal-Raman microscopy

Optical trapping of liposomes is a useful tool for manipulating these lipid vesicles for sampling, mechanical testing, spectroscopic observation, and chemical analysis. Through the use of confocal Raman microscopy, this study addresses the effects of optical forces on the structure of unilamellar, dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) vesicles, both optically trapped in solution and adhered to a coverslip. The energy and forces involved in optical trapping of lipid vesicles were derived in terms of the dielectric contrast between the phospholipid membrane and the surrounding solution; reflection forces at the membrane/water interface were found to be negligible. At optical powers of 9 mW and greater, unilamellar liposomes trapped in bulk solution experience a gradient force sufficiently strong to bend the vesicle membrane, so that a second bilayer from the same vesicle is drawn into the optical trap, with an energy of approximately 6 x 10(-13) erg. For vesicles adhered to a coverslip, the confocal probe can be scanned through the attached vesicle. Optical forces are insufficient to detach the bilayer that is adhered to the glass; however, the upper DPPC bilayer can be manipulated by the optical trap and the shape of the vesicle distorted from a spherical geometry. The effect of calcium ion on the flexibility of membrane bilayers was also tested; with 5 mM calcium ion in solution, the lipid bilayer of a surface-attached liposome is sufficiently rigid so that it cannot be distorted at moderate laser powers.
Validation of the VBLaST peg transfer task: a first step toward an alternate training standard

Background The FLS trainer lacks objective and automated assessments of laparoscopic performance and requires a large supply of relatively expensive consumables. Virtual reality simulation has a great potential as a training and assessment tool of laparoscopic skills and can overcome some limitations of the FLS trainer. This study was carried out to assess the value of our Virtual Basic Laparoscopic Surgical Trainer (VBLaST©) in the peg transfer task compared to the FLS trainer and its ability to differentiate performance between novice, intermediate, and expert groups.
FOURIER SPECTROSCOPY IN PLANETARY RESEARCH

The application of Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (FTS) to planetary research is reviewed. The survey includes FTS observations of the sun, all the planets except Uranus and Pluto, the Galilean satellites and Saturn's rings. Instrumentation and scientific results are considered and the prospects and limitations of FTS for planetary research in the forthcoming years are discussed.
Can temperatures of compound systems be inferred from fragment excited state populations

Abstract The validity is examined of a recent analysis of fragment excitation data for reducing the temperature of the emitting compound system. The conclusion of this work is that the bulk of the apparent discrepancies in excited-state populations can be simply explained after a careful examination of the statistical mechanics of the system.
Yield and Associated Costs for Screening Infants with Intrauterine Growth Retardation (IUGR) for TORCH Infections

Yield and Associated Costs for Screening Infants with Intrauterine Growth Retardation (IUGR) for TORCH Infections
On stochastic and chaotic motion

In this paper we prove results regarding certain precise relationships between random motion and chaotic motion. In particular we prove a strong invariance principle for smooth functions of certain chaotic dynamical systems, and show that solutions of dynamical systems which are coupled to such chaotic systems may be approximated by solutions of stochastic differential equations
Type II estrogen binding sites in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells: Variations during the menstrual cycle

We have previously reported1 that human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) contain type II estrogen binding sites (type II EBS). In this study, the fluctuations of type IIEBS during the menstrual cycle were analyzed in 6 normally menstruating women.Approximately 3 times higher levels of type II EBS were found in the period periovulatory with respect to both follicular and luteal phases. In postmenopausal women the mean type II EBS levels were similar to those observed in the follicular phase of the cycle. However, in 3 postmenopausal patients a short course of estrogen or tamoxifen resulted in a marked increase of type II EBS levels. Tamoxifen was also found to compete with 17 β-estradiol for type II EBS in PBMC, although to a lesser extent than diethylstilbestrol.
Tracheostomy in children

We reviewed the records of 108 patients who had a tracheostomy performed over a 10-year period from July 1979 to April 1989. Median age at tracheostomy was 6 months (1 week-15 years). Indications for surgery were acquired subglottic stenosis (31.4%), bilateral vocal cord paralysis (22.2%), congenital airway malformations (22.2%) and tumours (11.1%). No epiglottis and no emergency situation had to be managed by tracheostomy. Operation was uneventful in all, but 8 patients (7.4%) developed a pneumothorax in the postoperative period. Twenty-one (19.5%) had severe complications during the cannulation period (tube obstruction in 11 patients with cardiorespiratory arrest in 4; dislocation of the tube in 6 patients). Fifteen patients (13.8%) had severe complications after decannulation (2 had a cardiorespiratory arrest); all 15 had to be recannulated. At the end of the study period 85 patients (78.7%) were successfully decannulated with a median period of tracheostomy of 486 days (8 days-6.6 years). The median hospital stay was 159 days (13 days-2.7 years). All patients could be discharged. Eight patients (7.4%) died but no death was related to tracheostomy. In summary the mortality rate is lower than reported in previous reviews and tracheostomy is a safe operation even in small children but cannula-related complications may lead to life-threatening events. The management of tracheostomized small children and infants in a highly staffed and monitored intensive care unit has allowed better handling of complications and has resulted in a reduction in cannula-related deaths.
DNA Polymerase β and DNA Synthesis in Xenopus Oocytes and in a Nuclear Extract

The identities of the DNA polymerases required for conversion of single-strand (ss) M13 DNA to double-strand (ds) M13 DNA were examined both in injected Xenopus laevis oocytes and in an oocyte nuclear extract. Inhibitors and antibodies specific to DNA polymerases alpha and beta were used. In nuclear extracts, inhibition by the antibody to polymerase beta could be reversed by purified polymerase beta. The polymerase beta inhibitors, dideoxythymidine triphosphate (ddTTP) and dideoxycytidine triphosphate (ddCTP), also blocked DNA synthesis and indicated that polymerase beta is involved in the conversion of ssDNA to dsDNA. These results also may have particular significance for emerging evidence of an ssDNA replication mode in eukaryotic cells.
„Schmelzen” im festen Zustand

Noch immer verstehen wir den Schmelzvorgang eines Festkorpers nur unzureichend. Die existierenden Modelle ergeben kein einheitliches Bild und sagen insbesondere wesentlich hohere Schmelzpunkte voraus, als man tatsachlich beobachtet. Tiefere Einsichten liefern jetzt metastabile nichtkristalline Materialien mit Strukturen ahnlich der einer Schmelze.