cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Patterns of in situ Mineral Colonization by Microorganisms in a ~60°C Deep Continental Subsurface Aquifer.

The microbial ecology of the deep biosphere is difficult to characterize, owing in part to sampling challenges and poorly understood response mechanisms to environmental change. Pre-drilled wells, including oil wells or boreholes, offer convenient access, but sampling is frequently limited to the water alone, which may provide only a partial view of the native diversity. Mineral heterogeneity demonstrably affects colonization by deep biosphere microorganisms, but the connections between the mineral-associated and planktonic communities remain unclear. To understand the substrate effects on microbial colonization and the community response to changes in organic carbon, we conducted an 18-month series of in situ experiments in a warm (57°C), anoxic, fractured carbonate aquifer at 752 m depth using replicate open, screened cartridges containing different solid substrates, with a proteinaceous organic matter perturbation halfway through this series. Samples from these cartridges were analyzed microscopically and by Illumina (iTag) 16S rRNA gene libraries to characterize changes in mineralogy and the diversity of the colonizing microbial community. The substrate-attached and planktonic communities were significantly different in our data, with some taxa (e.g., Candidate Division KB-1) rare or undetectable in the first fraction and abundant in the other. The substrate-attached community composition also varied significantly with mineralogy, such as with two Rhodocyclaceae OTUs, one of which was abundant on carbonate minerals and the other on silicic substrates. Secondary sulfide mineral formation, including iron sulfide framboids, was observed on two sets of incubated carbonates. Notably, microorganisms were attached to the framboids, which were correlated with abundant Sulfurovum and Desulfotomaculum sp. sequences in our analysis. Upon organic matter perturbation, mineral-associated microbial diversity differences were temporarily masked by the dominance of putative heterotrophic taxa in all samples, including OTUs identified as Caulobacter, Methyloversatilis, and Pseudomonas. Subsequent experimental deployments included a methanogen-dominated stage (Methanobacteriales and Methanomicrobiales) 6 months after the perturbation and a return to an assemblage similar to the pre-perturbation community after 9 months. Substrate-associated community differences were again significant within these subsequent phases, however, demonstrating the value of in situ time course experiments to capture a fraction of the microbial assemblage that is frequently difficult to observe in pre-drilled wells.
Constraining the Initial Mass Function in Extreme Environments: Detecting Young Low-Mass Stars in Unresolved Starbursts

We demonstrate the feasibility of detecting directly low-mass stars in unresolved super star clusters with ages 100) at R = 1000, placing constraints on the ratio of high- to low-mass stars contributing to the integrated light of the cluster.
Johann Gottfried Herder: Misunderstood Romantic?

Schmidt places Johann Gottfried Herder between German Enlightenment, Classicism, and Romanticism as unique and unconventional philosopher. The chapter illustrates how Herder’s anthropology informed all of his philosophical thought. As an example for his notion of the human being as middle point, Schmidt discusses Herder’s Sculpture essay (1770/1778) explaining hereby his appeal to the early German Romantics. Herder’s wide-reaching thoughts on sympathy and the sensation of touch provided the theoretical groundwork for romantic philosophical ideas to be developed further, be it in terms of human history, artistic expressions of the self, or societal or political matters. The chapter concludes with a discussion on Herder’s influences on romantics as well as their hesitancy to admit openly his impact. Herder as a philosopher and his vast corpus of this influencial writings was highly appealing for Romanticism but also at the same time too distinctive to be embraced explicitly.
Prenatal Exposure to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances, Umbilical Cord Blood DNA Methylation, and Cardio-Metabolic Indicators in Newborns: The Healthy Start Study.

Background: Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are environmentally persistent chemicals widely detected in women of reproductive age. Prenatal PFAS exposure is associated with adverse healt...
Transformative Readings: Harry Potter Fan Fiction, Trans/Queer Reader Response, and J. K. Rowling

The politics of children’s literature and the actors surrounding it have never been more visible than they are now, in the digital age. As one of the first children’s series to gain widespread popularity concurrently with the spread of the internet, the Harry Potter septet arrived on the global stage at the perfect moment to develop an avid, connected fandom. But the fandom has laid bare the many conflicting ideologies of the fans themselves and of the actors surrounding the texts. This article examines the contentious issue of gender nonnormativity and its relation to the Harry Potter texts, the queer/trans reading practices and political resistance common to the fandom, and the ongoing disagreements over gender, made visible on social media, between Rowling and the fans of her series. The article discusses the Harry Potter novels’ varied and conflicting ideologies; queer/trans readings of the Potter septet, including both invitations and resistances to queer/trans reading by Rowling herself; how gender is queered and queried in and through fan fiction; and finally, the recent hostilities between Rowling and her fans. It concludes by discussing the worsening relationship between Rowling and her fans and highlighting how fans are using their collective power to undermine Rowling’s gender politics through fan fiction. By doing so, the article traces the complex politics of the reception of books for young people in the digital age, demonstrating that authors’ powerful voices continue to shape readers’ responses to texts long after their publication but showing, too, that readers often resist authors’ attempts to influence not only their textual interpretations but their politics.
More Than Things

The often invisible labor of serials, technical services, metadata, and electronic resources workers sits in the space between required and preferred, assessment and surveillance. Although librarie...
RobustFed: A Truth Inference Approach for Robust Federated Learning.

Federated learning is a prominent framework that enables clients (e.g., mobile devices or organizations) to train a collaboratively global model under a central server's orchestration while keeping local training datasets' privacy. However, the aggregation step in federated learning is vulnerable to adversarial attacks as the central server cannot manage clients' behavior. Therefore, the global model's performance and convergence of the training process will be affected under such this http URL mitigate this vulnerability issue, we propose a novel robust aggregation algorithm inspired by the truth inference methods in crowdsourcing via incorporating the worker's reliability into aggregation. We evaluate our solution on three real-world datasets with a variety of machine learning models. Experimental results show that our solution ensures robust federated learning and is resilient to various types of attacks, including noisy data attacks, Byzantine attacks, and label flipping attacks.
A Non-destructive Method to Create a Time Series of Surface Area for Coral Using 3D Photogrammetry

The wax dip method typically used to determine the surface area of corals for data normalization is destructive, rendering the collection of time series for such data impossible. With recent advancements in photogrammetric technology, it is now possible to collect these data in a non-destructive manner at very high levels of accuracy. This photogrammetric method using Agisoft’s Metashape is compared to the standard wax-dip method using both objects of known surface area and objects of unknown surface area. Objects of known surface area (i.e. objects that have surface areas that can be calculated using geometrical formulas) were estimated with a similar degree of accuracy with the Photogrammetry (PG) method (R2 = 0.9922, slope = 0.9835) as with the wax-dip method (R2 = 0.9872, slope = 1). A single factor ANOVA confirmed that there was no significant difference between measurements from the three methods of geometrical calculation, wax dipping, or Photogrammetry for objects of known surface area. This paper describes the methods for rapidly collecting surface area data of small to moderately sized coral nubbins in a laboratory setting and characterizes the relationship between buoyant weight and surface area over time for the coral species Stylophora pistillata. Also, two predictive models are proposed to estimate surface area from weight in air measurements.
Association of elevated serum aminotransferase levels with chronic kidney disease measures: hispanic community health study/study of latinos.

BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown an association between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD), but it is unclear whether the association is independent of metabolic syndrome. METHODS Data from 13,006 participants aged 18 to 74 years in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL) without viral hepatitis, excessive alcohol consumption, or high transferrin saturation levels were analyzed. Suspected NAFLD was defined as presence of sex-specific elevations in serum aminotransferase levels (aspartate aminotransferase (AST) > 37 U/L or alanine aminotransferase (ALT) > 40 U/L for men and AST or ALT > 31 U/L for women). Logistic regression was used to examine cross-sectional associations of elevated serum aminotransferase levels with low estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR 17 mg/g in men and > 25 mg/ g in women) in separate models adjusting for demographic characteristics and metabolic syndrome. RESULTS Mean (SD) age was 41 (0.27) years, and 45 % were male. Elevated serum aminotransferase levels were noted in 18.8 % of the population and were associated with greater odds of high UACR (OR = 1.31; 95 % CI = 1.10, 1.56) after adjusting for demographic characteristics; this association became non-significant after adjustment for metabolic syndrome (OR = 1.11, 95 % CI = 0.92, 1.33). In contrast, elevated serum aminotransferase levels were not associated with low eGFR (odds ratio (OR) = 0.73; 95 % confidence interval (CI) = 0.45, 1.18) after adjusting for covariates. CONCLUSIONS In this sample of diverse U.S. Hispanic Latino adults, elevated serum aminotransferase levels were not independently associated with measures of CKD.
Pediatric headache attributed to infection

Pediatric headaches attributed to infection are typically related to non-life threatening illnesses such as upper respiratory tract infections and rhinosinusitis. Although less common, secondary headaches related to life threatening infections are most frequently associated with meningitis. This review provides an overview of the International Classification of Headache Disorders third edition (ICHD-3) categories of infections contributing to secondary headache, describes clinical presentation, and presents a focused review on relevant diagnoses associated with this headache type. An understanding of headache attributed to infection will provide the foundation on distinguishing secondary headaches from various etiological infectious disorders.
Myopathy in HIV infection.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on primary muscle diseases—the HIV-associated and antiretroviral (ARV)-related myopathy. It reviews the clinical, electrophysiological, and histopathological features of these two major forms of myopathy, as well as the theories of pathogenesis and management options. Neurological complications are common in patients with HIV infection. Myopathy may be a consequence of HIV infection itself or associated with ARV therapy use or both. Secondary myopathy may also occur because of metabolic, infectious, neoplastic, and vasculitic processes. Secondary myopathies are relatively rare in HIV-infected individuals. Myopathy is often the initial clinical manifestation of HIV infection in its asymptomatic stage. HIV-infected patients with myopathy (HIV-associated or ARV-related) classically present the subacute progressive weakness of the muscles. Electromyography (EMG) is a sensitive diagnostic test for HIV-associated myopathies, with up to 94% diagnostic yield in one series of 50 patients with HIV-associated myopathy. EMG reveals a typical myopathic pattern, similar to that in seronegative polymyositis, with brief motor unit action potentials and early recruitment with full interference patterns. The iliopsoas is the most sensitive muscle for EMG diagnosis.
Cancer and credibility

Negotiating disease: power and cancer care, 1900–1950 Barbara Clow Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2001 237 pp $65 (cloth) ISBN 0-7735-2210-7 $27.95 (paper) ISBN 0-7735-2211-5 ![Figure][1] Figure. ![Figure][1] Figure. Photo by: Fred Sebastian
Dislocation Cores and Unconventional Properties of Plastic Behavior

Dislocations are line defects found in all crystalline materials and their motion produces plastic flow. The notion of dislocations has two starting points. First, the dislocation was introduced as an elastic singularity by considering the deformation of a body occupying a multiply connected region of space. Secondly, dislocations were introduced into crystal physics when analyzing the large discrepancy between the theoretical and experimental strength of crystals. These two approaches are intertwined since the crystal dislocations are sources of long-ranged elastic stresses and strains that can be examined in the continuum framework. In fact, the bulk of the dislocation theory employs the continuum elasticity when analyzing a broad variety of dislocation phenomena encountered in plastically deforming crystals [1, 2, 3, 4].
Transcription. A lesson in sharing

Does it or doesn't it? For some time there has been controversy as to whether TBP (TATA-binding protein) needs TAFs (TBP-associated factors) to do its crucial job in gene transcription. Five papers now add to this debate — they show that TAFs have a broader function in gene expression than was previously thought.
The role of electrically excitable mesencephalic behavioral mechanisms in naturally occurring attack and ingestive behavior.

Abstract Electrical stimulation of the mesencephalon dorsolateral to the central gray has been shown to elicit mouse killing but not ingestive behavior. In contrast, stimulation of the ventrolateral portions of the mesencephalon elicits ingestive but not mouse killing behavior. The present experiment investigated the effects of radiofrequency lesions of these areas on naturally occurring muricide and eating. The results indicate that the areas originally outlined with electrical stimulation play a role in the naturally occurring forms of these behaviors and that at the level of the mesencephalon these mechanisms are anatomically partially segregated.
Reliability in instrumentation

Instrument reliability is defined and related to other measures of durability such as MTTF and failure rate. The need for reliability in modern instrumentation is discussed. A quantitative analysis is given of both maintained and nonmaintained instruments. Various measures for improving an instrument's reliability and availability are described, two of which, redundancy and maintenance, are treated in more detail. Illustrations of specific forms of redundancy are taken from the domain of analogue instrumentation. Preventive and corrective maintenance and their effectiveness are discussed.
Astrophysics: first results from Planck observatory

Early data from the Planck space satellite provide information about dust in distant galaxies, as well as in the Milky Way, and on the properties of gas in some of the largest clusters of galaxies in the Universe.
Basic modes of cumulus heating and drying observed during TOGA‐COARE IOP

With the CPC Merged Analysis of Precipitation (CMAP) and a gridded dataset based on the TOGA-COARE IOP in-situ soundings, we study the convective activities in the Indian Ocean-western Pacific sector. Three basic modes of cumulus heating and drying, extracted by a Rotated Principal Component Analysis (RPCA), are identified to be associated with convective types that appear under different large-scale conditions. The result underlines the importance of considering various modes of cumulus heating and drying in developing a cumulus parameterization scheme.
Caloric restriction counteracts age-related changes in the activities of sorbitol metabolizing enzymes from mouse liver

The influence of caloric restriction (CR) on hepatic sorbitol-metabolizing enzyme activities was investigated in young and old mice. Aldose reductase and sorbitol dehydrogenase activities were significantly lower in old CR mice than in old controls. Young CR mice showed decreased aldose reductase activity and a trend towards decreased sorbitol dehydrogenase when compared to controls. Metabolites of the pathway, namely sorbitol, glucose and fructose were decreased by CR in young and old mice. Pyruvate levels were decreased by CR in both young and old mice, while lactate decreased only in old CR. Malate levels increased in old CR but remained unchanged in young CR, when compared with controls. Accordingly, the lactate/pyruvate and malate/pyruvate ratios in young and old CR mice were increased, indicating increased NADH/NAD and NADPH/NADP redox couples, respectively. The results indicate that decreased glucose levels under CR conditions lead to decreased sorbitol pathway enzyme activities and metabolite levels, and could contribute to the beneficial effects of long-term CR through decreased sorbitol levels and NADPH sparing.
Lunar influence on diurnal temperature range

While variations in the diurnal temperature range (DTR) have been linked to atmospheric enhancement of greenhouse gases, it is useful to identify all contributing factors potentially acting upon the DTR. In this study, an area-weighted record of daily temperatures from the United States Historical Climate Network is used to examine the influence of lunar phase variations on the DTR. For the period from 1950 to 1995, a statistically significantly higher DTR occurs near the full moon (∼10.23°C) while a lower DTR occurs near the new moon (∼ 10.13°C). This synodic monthly difference appears to be primarily influenced by warmer maximum daily temperatures occurring near the full moon. This finding allows evaluation of two potential extraterrestrial factors influencing terrestrial temperatures as a function of lunar phase: a) the barycenter effect which is defined as variations in terrestrial and lunar position around their mutual gravitational centroid over the course of synodic month, and b) reflected solar/infrared emission off the lunar surface over the course of a synodic month. While both the barycenter effect and the reflected solar and infrared emission off the lunar surface would influence the minimum temperatures, we suggest that the barycenter effect is likely the dominating extraterrestrial mechanism in explaining lunar phase variations in the diurnal temperature range because its additional influence on daily maximum temperatures.
Detection of regional pulmonary perfusion deficit of the occluded lung using arterial spin labeling in magnetic resonance imaging

Detection of regional perfusion deficit in the lung has been demonstrated using an arterial spin labeling technique called flow-sensitive alternating inversion recovery with an extra radiofrequency pulse (FAIRER). A pulmonary artery was occluded using a nondetachable balloon catheter to simulate an acute pulmonary embolism in 3 of 10 rabbits. Inflating the balloon occludes the artery, and deflating the balloon allows for reperfusion. Perfusion imaging was performed pre-occlusion, during occlusion, and after reperfusion. Signal enhancement due to perfusion of the pulmonary parenchyma was observed in the perfusion images with negligible artifacts. The perfusion deficit of the pulmonary parenchyma was detected distal to the site of occlusion in all three rabbits. Return of the pulmonary parenchymal perfusion was observed after reperfusion. Magnetic resonance imaging using FAIRER can detect signal loss due to absence of perfusion caused by pulmonary embolism.
Analyses of volatile C2 haloethanes and haloethenes in tissues: sample preparation and extraction

A tissue extraction procedure was developed which minimized loss of readily volatilizable compounds for subsequent quantification by headspace gas chromatography, and evaluated for perchloroethylene (PER), 1,1,1-trichloroethane, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, and 1,1,2-trichloroethylene. Of the procedures evaluated, joint isooctane and saline tissue homogenization had the most efficient recovery, ranging from 73 to 104% for the four halocarbons from seven different rat tissues. PER concentrations were also determined in tissues of rats following in vivo halocarbon administration. Recovery did not appear to be tissue-dependent, but did vary somewhat with test chemical, with the least volatile, most lipophilic compounds exhibiting the highest recovery.
Real-time automatic switching between noise suppression algorithms for deployment in cochlear implants

Cochlear implant patients often complain about their difficulty in understanding speech in noisy environments. Currently a fixed noise suppression algorithm is used in cochlear implants regardless of the characteristics of the speech or noise environment. Access to an intelligent mechanism to determine the noise environment on-the-fly in order to automatically switch between different noise suppression algorithms in real-time can enhance patients experience with cochlear implants. In this paper, we report the first prototype system implementing such a real-time switching mechanism for automatic selection between two noise suppression algorithms designed for two commonly encountered noisy environments. The results obtained indicate the feasibility of this on-the-fly switching for actual deployment in cochlear implants.
Why Mission Control Works: Supporting Cognition and Collaboration in Distributed, Dynamic Worlds

Studies of failures have dominated human factors research in complex, dynamic domains. The goal of this panel, however, is to use a case study of success - space shuttle mission control - to explore how robust problem-solving and effective collaboration among distributed, functionally distinct agents can be facilitated. This panel brings together human factors researchers and systems designers who are familiar with mission control to discuss the cognitive factors, organizational practices, and technological innovations that contribute to the success of space shuttle missions. As with other complex domains, economic and technological pressures are threatening mission control's bases for success. These pressures (e.g., budget/staff reductions, more complex technology, and longer, more remote missions) are intensifying demands for “smarter”, more autonomous computer support tools. Therefore, this panel explores approaches for designing intelligent systems and automation that perform as “team players” in chal...
Interactive presentation: Towards a methodology for the quantitative evaluation of automotive architectures

Architecture design is a critical stage of the Electronics/Controls/Software (ECS) -based vehicle design flow. Traditional approaches relying on component-level design and analysis are no longer effective as they do not always allow for the quantitative evaluation of properties arising from the composition of subsystems. This paper presents a system level architecture design methodology that is supported by tools and methods for the quantitative evaluation of key metrics of interest related to timing, dependability and cost. An example of its application to a by-wire system case study is presented, and the challenges faced in its application in the context of the actual development process are discussed.
The Role of Backscattering in SHG Tissue Imaging

We investigate the properties of second-harmonic generation (SHG) tissue imaging for the functional biological unit fascia, skeletal muscle, and tendon. Fascia and Achilles tendon primarily consist of similar collagen type I arrays that can be imaged using SHG microscopy. For muscle, it is the myosin molecules represented within the A bands. For fascia and tendon tissue samples, we observe, in addition to a stronger signal in forward images, vastly different features for the backward versus the forward images. In vivo as well as intact ex vivo thick tissue imaging requires backward detection. The obtained image is a result of the direct backward components plus a certain fraction of the forward components that are redirected (backscattered) toward the objective as they propagate within the tissue block. As the forward and the backward images are significantly different from each other for the imaged collagen type I tissue, it is crucial to determine the fraction of the forward signal that contributes to the overall backward signal. For intact ex vivo SHG imaging of Achilles tendon, we observe a significant contribution of forward features in the resulting image. For fascia, the connective tissue immediately surrounding muscle, we only observe backward features, due to low backscattering in muscle.
Early Life History of the Starry Flounder, Platichthys stellatus, Reared Through Metamorphosis in the Laboratory

Abstract Starry flounders from San Francisco Bay were brought to spawning condition at the New England Aquarium by means of injections of freeze-dried carp pituitary. Selected artificial fertilizations were made and the embryos reared through metamorphosis. The first larvae hatched about 85 hours after fertilization. The earliest metamorphoses were initiated 27 days after fertilization at 7 mm standard length (SL); the earliest completed metamorphosis was 33 days after fertilization (30 days after hatching), also at 7 mm SL.
On the behavior of bonded joints in composite material structures

Abstract The application of advanced reinforced composite materials in aerospace structures during the remainder of this century is widely predicted. The joining of structural components by adhesive bonding is extremely desirable, because both bolting and riveting result in the cutting of fibers as well as the introduction of stress concentrations, both of which reduce the structural efficiency. R.E. Watson states that, “The next two decades will surely see dramatic advances in structures as compared to those experienced over the last 30 years. Improved titanium alloys and the advanced high strength composites, with more strength per pound than aluminum, will be the principal materials used.” Further he writes, “New bonding techniques will gradually replace riveting in many applications, permitting greater design stresses and more efficient distribution of the materials.” Because in aerospace structures dynamic loads are always present, it is absolutely essential that the fatigue behavior of bonded joints between composite material components be better understood, in order to have available design principles and rationale to take advantage of the desirable characteristics of composite materials. To date the few isolated experimental studies of composite-composite or composite-metal adherend bonded joints have been conducted under static and/or constant amplitude cyclic loading, and no generally accepted cumulative damage theories have evolved. The present research is a systematic, analytical and experimental program of study concentrating on those parameters considered to be the most influential on the static and fatigue life of an adhesive bonded single lap joint. The objectives of the program are to better understand the reasons why certain parameters have such a large influence on the structural integrity of the joint. As a result it is hoped that considerable insight will be gained as to static and fatigue life of more complicated joints such as the doable lap, the scarf, and the stepped lap joints. The analytical as well as the experimental static and fatigue test portions of the program are reported on herein. The following parameters, deemed to be the most important, were selected for study: overlap length, adhesive thickness, orientation of the laminae of the laminated adherends (particularly the lamina immediately adjacent to the adhesive), and the effect on the fatigue life of whether or not the mean value of the fatigue load causes maximum stresses above or below the shear proportional limit of the adhesive material. The determination of stresses in the test specimens is made by an analysis method developed in this program.
Tumor fluid thromboplastin activity

The thromboplastin activity of T-241 Lewis sarcoma peripheral fluid and control subcutaneous fluid in C57BL/6Ja male mice was measured, using a calcium reconstitution assay. The material was collected in Millipore filter chambers. At low dilutions of the collected material there was a statistically significant increase in clotting activity of the tumor peripheral fluid. The calcium ion concentration of the collected fluid was also measured. It was also noted that gels were found more frequently, and in larger amounts, in the chambers in tumor-bearing animals than in the controls. ACTIVITE DE LA THROMBOPLASTINE DES LIQUIDES TUMORAUX On a mesure au moyen d'une epreuve de recombinaison du calcium l'activite de la thromboplastine du liquide peripherique d'un sarcome de Lewis T-241, en utilisant comme temoin le liquide sous-cutane de souris mǎles C57BL/6Ja. Le materiel a ete receuilli dans des chambres de filtres Millipore. Aux faibles dilutions, on a constate un accroissement statistiquement significat if de l'activite de coagulation dans le liquide peripherique de la tumeur. On a egalement mesure la concentration des ions calcium dans le liquide recueilli. On a egalement note cue des gels se formaient plus souvent et en plus grande quantite dans les chambres pour les animaux porteurs de tumeurs que pour les temoins.
Fundamental studies of antimisting fuels

Research is currently being undertaken to determine the various physical characteristics of antimisting fuel. It is an endeavor to prevent post-crash fuel mist fires. The following studies were done: (1) drop and jet breakup studies using an image processing technique, (2) flammability of fuel mist under simulated plane crash conditions; (3) skin friction measurements; (4) determination of the tensile viscosity of non-Newtonian antimisting fuel as a function of the extensional rate; and (5) water compatibility measurements. The results indicate that the mechanism which prevents antimisting fuel breakup is related to the time-dependent tensile viscosity of antimisting fuel under stress. Drag reduction phenomenon was also observed at Reynolds numbers higher than 20,000. Uptake of water by the antimisting fuel is higher than that for the neat fuel. In addition, its rate of absorption depends on the concurrent degree of agitation.
First 24-h SNAP-II score and highest PaCO2 predict the need for ECMO in congenital diaphragmatic hernia.

Abstract Background/Purpose Early clinical predictors for the use of ECMO in patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) are lacking. We sought to evaluate the first 24-h SNAP-II score and highest PaCO 2 as predictors of ECMO support and in-hospital mortality in neonates with CDH. Methods Retrospective review of 47 consecutive neonates with CDH admitted to our institution from January 2007 to December 2010 was performed. Covariates of ECMO use including SNAP-II score and highest PaCO 2 within the first 24 h of NICU admission were evaluated. Results Of the 47 infants in this study, 24 patients were supported with ECMO. The ECMO group had a higher incidence of pulmonary hypertension, higher PaCO 2 , and higher 24-h SNAP-II scores. Only the SNAP-II score and not highest PaCO 2 predicted mortality following multivariate adjustment. Conclusions The first 24-h SNAP-II score and highest PaCO 2 may provide some prognostic value in identifying neonates who undergo ECMO support; however neither measure was independently associated with the use of therapy. Only the SNAP-II score was associated with in-hospital mortality following multivariate adjustment. Additional study is needed to validate these results in a larger data set.
Dead cores in nonlinear reaction—diffusion systems

On considere le systeme elliptique semilineaire Δu=λf(u)g(v), x∈Ω; u(∂Ω)=a(x); Δv=kλf(u)g(v), x∈ω; v(∂Ω)=b(x), ou Ω est un domaine borne dans R n , λ≥0, k≥0, a(x)≥0, b(x)≥0 et max x∈∂Ω a(x)=max x∈∂Ω b(x)=1
Differences in the crab fauna of mangrove areas at a southwest Florida and a northeast Australia location: Implications for leaf litter processing

Existing paradigms suggest that mangrove leaf litter is processed primarily via the detrital pathway in forests in the Caribbean biogeographic realm whereas herbivorous crabs are relatively more important litter processors in the Indo-West Pacific. To test this hypothesis, we used pitfall traps to collect intertidal crabs to characterize the crab fauna in a mangrove estuary in southwest Florida. We also tethered mangrove leaves to determine if herbivorous crabs are major leaf consumers there. We compared the results with previously published data collected in an analogous manner from forests in northeastern Australia. The crab fauna in Rookery Bay, Florida, is dominated by carnivorous xanthid and deposit-feeding ocypodid crabs whereas that of the Murray River in northeastern Australia is dominated by herbivorous grapsid crabs. No leaves tethered at five sites in the forests in Southwest Florida were taken by crabs. This contrasts greatly with reported values of leaf removal by crabs in Australian forests of 28–79% of the leaves reaching the forest floor. These differences in the faunal assemblages and in the fate of marked or tethered leaves provide preliminary support for the hypothesis that leaf litter is in fact processed in fundamentally different ways in the two biogeographic realms.
Kinetic properties of primitive vertebrate carbonic anhydrases

Abstract 1. 1. Carbonic anhydrases from the red cells, ocular secretory tissues, and rectal gland of species of Myxine, elasmobranchii, and Teleostii, were examined using rates of CO 2 hydration. The enzyme is absent from corneal endothelium and lens of elasmobranchs and salt water teleosts, but present in fresh water fish. 2. 2. The red cell carbonic anhydrase of the representative elasmobranch, Squalus acanthias , is a single enzyme of relatively low activity, K cat = 2 × 10 4 sec −1 at 1°C. The ciliary folds and rectal gland of S. acanthias contain carbonic anhydrases with turnover numbers five times higher than the red cell enzyme. 3. 3. Both red cell and secretory enzymes of S. acanthias are susceptible to inhibition by sulfonamides within a 10-fold range of mammalian secretory carbonic anhydrases. In general, they are moderately sensitive to anion inhibition; a notable exception is enzyme from rectal gland which is insensitive to halion inhibition. 4. 4. In teleosts, both red cell and secretory carbonic anhydrases have a high turnover number, and are susceptible to sulfonamide inhibition. In red cells there appear isozyme(s) of lower activity, in considerable concentration. 5. 5. Taken with earlier ion transport work in S. acanthias , the basic vertebrate pattern of aqueous humor formation, both chemically and physiologically, appears to be established in this “primitive” species. 6. 6. The finding of at least three different types of carbonic anhydrases in S. acanhias suggests that separate loci for the enzyme have existed throughout most of vertebrate evolution.
A Logical Framework of Proof-Carrying Survivability

Users often need to acquire external software systems or link other software components to their existing systems. It is crucial that those software objects are trustworthy and will not compromise the survivability of the existing systems, particularly for those systems used to support mission-critical services in national defense, healthcare, and financial services. This paper presents a logical framework for proof-carrying survivability: (1) a system user publishes their survivability requirement policy for the system in which they are interested, (2) a system provider collects verification evidence from third-party evaluators, formulates survivability compliance, and compiles a proof to show that their system satisfies the user's requirements, and finally, (3) the system user verifies that the proof is valid. If so, the system can be safely acquired or linked without sacrificing the survivability of the existing system. We specify an application specific logic to facilitate proof compliance and verification. We implemented the framework to show that the proof can be generated automatically by a prover program and verified mechanically in real time by a trustworthy checker program.
Modeling carbon nanotube ultracapacitor

We report a study on modeling carbon nanotube (CNT) ultracapacitor performance, utilizing molecular dynamics to obtain solutions of Poisson's equation within the capacitor cell. For a given voltage, the total current is computed based on the electric field generated from the nanotube electrodes and the friction caused by the motion of the electrolyte ions, yielding the frequency-dependent impedance. From the current and impedance behavior at a given frequency, we extract the Nyquist and Cyclic-Voltammetry plots for the simulated ultracapacitor. These plots compare well with existing experimental data. The behavior of the capacitor is further analyzed based on simulated spatial distributions of electrolyte ions.
The Treatment of Pediatric Suicidal Behavior

Psychotherapies have stronger empirical support of efficacy and do not have safety concerns associated with many medications; thus, at present, psychotherapy is an appropriate first-line treatment for suicidal ideation and behavior in youth. Integrated Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (I-CBT) and Multisystemic Therapy (MST) have the strongest preliminary evidence for psychotherapeutic treatment of suicidal behavior in preadolescents and adolescents with a history of suicidal behavior. Mentalization-Based Treatment for Adolescents (MBT-A), Developmental Group Psychotherapy (DGP), and Dialectical Behavior Therapy for Adolescents (DBT-A) have received some support for youth engaging in non-suicidal and/or suicidal self-injurious behaviors. Resourceful Adolescent Parent Program (RAP-P) may be effective in reducing suicidal thoughts and/or self-injurious behaviors (Table 1). In children with a history of recurrent suicidal behavior and for whom psychotherapy alone is ineffective, psychopharmacological treatment may be necessary. Responsible pharmacological treatment of pediatric suicidal behavior requires understanding of the current dearth of efficacy evidence and the limitations of safety evidence within pediatric populations, the range of possible serious side effects, and the potential use of medications, including less toxic SSRIs (Barbey and Roose J Clin Psychiatry 59:42–8, 1998) [IV], as a suicide method. Time to effect of antidepressants may coincide with heightened suicide risk (Simon et al. Am J Psychiatr 163(1):41–7, 2006) [I], and, thus, patients should be monitored particularly closely during this time period. Psychotropic medications for pediatric patients should be part of a comprehensive and integrated treatment and monitoring strategy, including therapeutic drug monitoring and coordinated communication among providers, caregivers, and patients. Although suicide attempts in children younger than five are extremely rare, they do occur (Rosenthal and Rosenthal Am J Psychiatr 141(4):520–25, 1984) [IV]; treatment will focus on family factors and will typically employ dyadic models of psychotherapy to develop or reestablish co-regulation between the child and the caregiver.
Targeted Maximum Likelihood Learning

Suppose one observes a sample of independent and identically distributed observations from a particular data generating distribution. Suppose that one is concerned with estimation of a particular pathwise differentiable Euclidean parameter. A substitution estimator evaluating the parameter of a given likelihood based density estimator is typically too biased and might not even converge at the parametric rate: that is, the density estimator was targeted to be a good estimator of the density and might therefore result in a poor estimator of a particular smooth functional of the density. In this article we propose a one step (and, by iteration, k-th step) targeted maximum likelihood density estimator which involves 1) creating a hardest parametric submodel with parameter epsilon through the given density estimator with score equal to the efficient influence curve of the pathwise differentiable parameter at the density estimator, 2) estimating epsilon with the maximum likelihood estimator, and 3) defining a new density estimator as the corresponding update of the original density estimator. We show that iteration of this algorithm results in a targeted maximum likelihood density estimator which solves the efficient influence curve estimating equation and thereby yields a locally efficient estimator of the parameter of interest, under regularity conditions. In particular, we show that, if the parameter is linear and the model is convex, then the targeted maximum likelihood estimator is often achieved in the first step, and it results in a locally efficient estimator at an arbitrary (e.g., heavily misspecified) starting density.We also show that the targeted maximum likelihood estimators are now in full agreement with the locally efficient estimating function methodology as presented in Robins and Rotnitzky (1992) and van der Laan and Robins (2003), creating, in particular, algebraic equivalence between the double robust locally efficient estimators using the targeted maximum likelihood estimators as an estimate of its nuisance parameters, and targeted maximum likelihood estimators. In addition, it is argued that the targeted MLE has various advantages relative to the current estimating function based approach. We proceed by providing data driven methodologies to select the initial density estimator for the targeted MLE, thereby providing data adaptive targeted maximum likelihood estimation methodology. We illustrate the method with various worked out examples.
How good are these directions? Determining direction quality and wayfinding efficiency

Abstract Our goal was to specify the effectiveness of wayfinding directions in a complex indoor environment. We measured direction quality using effectiveness ratings and behavioral indices. In Study 1, participants provided effectiveness ratings for seven combinations of wayfinding descriptions. In general, ratings were higher for route details than for survey details, and ratings increased as the number of features increased. Moreover, people with a good self-reported sense of direction gave higher ratings to survey descriptions (cardinal directions and distances) relative to those with a poor self-reported sense of direction. In Study 2, participants provided effectiveness ratings for route and survey directions before and after wayfinding using these directions. Route directions resulted in fewer wayfinding errors and higher effectiveness ratings than did survey directions. People with a poor self-reported sense of direction made more wayfinding errors and provided lower effectiveness ratings than did people with a good self-reported sense of direction. We also demonstrated important relations between wayfinding errors and ratings after wayfinding, as well as links with sense of direction, wayfinding strategies, and mental rotation.
Polytype characterization of SnS2 crystals grown from Sn-rich melts

Abstract The growth of SnS 2 single crystals from Sn-rich melts by the vertical Bridgman-Stockbarger technique is reported. We have found that the crystallographic orientation of ingots can be controlled by the relative shape of the ampoule tip, and that this orientation significantly affects the polytype. Spontaneous nucleation generally results in a high order polytype, consisting of 18 or more S-Sn-S layers, especially if the growth direction is parallel to the c-axis. Secondary nucleation generally results in a low order polytype, such as 4H for melt-growth and 2H for vapor-growth.
Characterizing Western Juniper Expansion via a Fusion of Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper and Lidar Data

Juniper encroachment into shrub steppe and grassland systems is one of the most prominent changes occurring in rangelands of western North America. Most studies on juniper change are conducted over small areas, although encroachment is occurring across large regions. Development of image-based methods to assess juniper encroachment over large areas would facilitate rapid monitoring and identification of priority areas for juniper management. In this study, we fused Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper and Light Detection and Ranging (lidar)–based juniper classifications to evaluate juniper expansion patterns in the Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed of southwestern Idaho. Lidar applications for characterizing juniper encroachment attributes at finer scales were also explored. The fusion-based juniper classification model performed well (83% overall accuracy). A comparison of the resulting juniper presence/absence map to a 1965 vegetation cover map indicated 85% juniper expansion, which was consistent with tree-ring data. Comparisons of current and previous canopy-cover estimates also indicated an increase in juniper density within the historically mapped juniper distribution. Percent canopy cover of juniper varied significantly with land-cover types highlighting areas where intensive juniper management might be prioritized.
An event-based perspective on the development of commitment

This paper proposes a new perspective on the development of commitment. We propose that organizational events are evaluated relative to a person's values to determine whether the person fits or misfits the organization. The fit information is then organized into commitment elements, which reflect the extent to which workplace events fit (relative to misfit) a particular value across events over time. We propose that elements are organized around values, not events, such that values are the main effect and events are the moderators of said effect on elements. Elements are, in turn, formative indicators of the latent commitment construct. They are the proximal causes of commitment. Multiple elements contribute to a single commitment and they are weighted via the value hierarchy. Our perspective contributes to the literature by: (a) being developmental; (b) focusing on events; and, (c) having implications for both within-person and between-person questions about commitment development.