cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fully coupled simulation of fluid injection into geomaterials with focus on nonlinear near‐well behavior

SUMMARY An important part of our global wealth depends on the extraction of fluids from porous media. More recently, sequestration of carbon dioxide (rmCO2) into deep geological layers as a possible measure to mitigate climate change has increased interest in fluid injection into porous media. Sophisticated numerical models play an important role in managing the uncertainties related to the subsurface, and finite element methods are the most versatile tool allowing the coupling of fluid flow, geomechanics and other physical processes. This paper gives insight into two important aspects of fluid injection/extraction in porous media: the correct modeling of the bore hole through specification of initial stresses, which together with a fully coupled strategy allows simulation of nonlinear poromechanics, and the imposition of appropriate boundary conditions that allow the controlled injection/extraction of a total specified amount of fluid in an anisotropic porous medium, without exceeding a safe operating pressure. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cirrus Retrievals with the MODIS 1.38 μm Channel: Algorithm, Uncertainties, and Evaluation

Ice cloud optical thickness retrievals using the 1.38 µm MODIS channel will be discussed. Retrieval components and results are evaluated with the MODIS cloud product, as well as with CALIPSO.
Multiple Sink Nodes' Deployment Based on PMP in WSNs

This paper presents a deployment policy of multiple sink nodes and a heuristic algorithm in wireless sensor networks where the sink nodes can be disposed. The policy disposes the sink nodes through working out the optimal positions offline. And then, a case study on deployment of multiple sink nodes with the policy we present and the heuristic algorithm was implemented. The simulation result indicates that the deployment policy can save the energy consumption of wireless sensor networks, improve the efficiency of network service and prolong the lifetime of the network.
Asymptotic models for optimizing the contour of multiply-connected cross-section of an elastic bar in torsion

An asymptotic solution is obtained for the problem of maximizing the torsional rigidity of elastic, multiply-connected cylindrical bars for a given area of cross-section. The shapes of the inner contours of the multiply-connected cross-section are specified while the outer contour is determined as a result of the shape optimization. We apply the method of matched asymptotic expansions to construct a first-order asymptotic model. The conditions for unique solvability of the asymptotic model have been established under some restrictions imposed on the location of the inner contours and their polarization matrices. The economy achieved by optimization is estimated.
Qualitative representation of behavior in the medical domain

In medical knowledge-based systems, there is a need for models of the human body which can predict and explain behavior based on qualitative information about the structure and behavior of the body. We present a framework for representing the structure and behavior of physical systems and apply it to the human cardiovascular system. Our framework allows for hierarchical representation of physical systems and facilitates two kinds of reasoning processes: composition of behaviors and qualitative simulation.
Outcome of patients with pilocytic astrocytoma and leptomeningeal dissemination.

Purpose To determine the patient, tumor, and treatment characteristics of patients with pilocytic astrocytoma (PA) and leptomeningeal dissemination (LMD). Methods and Materials A PubMed search of English-language studies pertaining to PA with LMD was performed using a combination of keywords that included juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma, low-grade astrocytoma, low-grade glioma, leptomeningeal dissemination, neuraxis spread, and radiotherapy. We found 26 studies with 58 patients between 1976 and 2005 that met these criteria. Results The median survival for PA patients with LMD was 65 months. The 1-, 2-, and 5-year overall survival (OS) rate after the diagnosis of LMD was 81.1%, 75.7%, and 55.5%. The 1-, 2-, and 5-year progression-free survival (PFS) rate after the diagnosis of LMD was 69.3%, 66.5%, and 34.6%, respectively. Age, gender, primary site location, timing of LMD presentation (synchronous vs. metachronous), and LMD location did not significantly influence OS or PFS. No statistically significant difference was found in OS or PFS between the chemotherapy and radiotherapy groups. Likewise, no difference was found in OS or PFS according to the use of craniospinal irradiation vs. less extensive RT fields. Conclusions Approximately one-half of PA patients were alive 5 years after the diagnosis of LMD. Both chemotherapy and radiotherapy have efficacy against LMD. Although the use of craniospinal irradiation did not have an effect on PFS, the patient numbers were small and a larger number treated with craniospinal irradiation is needed to determine its efficacy.
HIGH ENCYSTMENT SUCCESS OF THE DINOFLAGELLATE SCRIPPSIELLA CF. LACHRYMOSA IN CULTURE EXPERIMENTS1

Close to 100% encystment efficiency and a yield above 10 5 cysts.mL - 1 were routinely achieved in full strength f/2 medium-based batch cultures (883 μM NO 3 - and 36 μM PO 4 - 3 ) of the marine dinoflagellate Scrippsiellacf. lachrymosa Lewis. Increases in cell density led to nutrient depletion in this enriched medium, which was the most likely cause for initiation of cyst formation. Lowering the concentration of either nutrient to 1/10 the initial levels decreased the encystment efficiency, whereas use of ammonium as the N source resulted in both low cell yield and low encystment efficiency. The mandatory dormancy period was ca. 60 days and was not affected by cold dark storage of the cysts. Cysts produced in the initial phase of sexual reproduction were relatively large (length 47 μm, width 31 μm) with a heavy calcareous cover. Cysts produced thereafter lacked apparent calcareous cover and were smaller (length 29 μm, width 19 μm). The decrease of cyst volume (by a factor of 0.24-0.4) suggested strong resource limitation during the course of encystment. However, after the mandatory dormancy period, germination success of the smaller cysts was higher (80%), compared with the larger cysts that had been produced initially (50%). Germling survival (74%) was independent of cyst type but was enhanced by higher nutrient concentration during incubation. The ratio of initial nutrient concentration in the medium to the cyst yield was used as a proxy to estimate the cellular nutrient quota. The conservative estimates of 9 pmol N.cyst - 1 and 0.4 pmol P.cyst - 1 obtained in this manner are at the low end of the range of previous published estimates for other dinoflagellate cysts. Given the high encystment observed in laboratory experiments, we have no reason to assume an inherently lower encystment success in dinoflagellate field populations. Our results do not challenge the low nutrient paradigm for dinoflagellate sexuality. We believe that the high encystment success and cyst yield of this particular species is at least partly due to its ability to achieve very high cell densities in cultures, which evidently leads to nutrient depletion even in f/2 medium.
Predicting high-risk versus higher-risk substance use during late adolescence from early adolescent risk factors using Latent Class Analysis.

Much of the existing risk factor literature focuses on identifying predictors of low levels of substance use versus higher-levels of substance use. In this article, we explore more nuanced patterns...
Using the bioecological model to predict risk perception of marijuana use and reported marijuana use in adolescence.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of the study was to investigate the ability of the Bioecological Model (BEM) to predict adolescents' risk perception (RP) of marijuana use and reported marijuana use. The secondary aim of the study was to investigate the extent to which the BEM influenced adolescents' decision-making regarding marijuana use by exploring the BEM's ability to moderate the relationship between adolescents' RP of marijuana use and reported use. Methods Systems in the proposed BEM included variables from the literature proven to influence adolescents' health risk behaviors. Hierarchical linear regression was used to predict RP from BEM variables. Hierarchical logistic regressions were used to predict marijuana use from BEM variables and to assess the ability of the BEM to moderate the relationship between RP and reported marijuana use. Results Three systems in the BEM, Adolescent, Microsystem, and Mesosystem, were predictive of RP and reported marijuana use. At least two variables in each system predicted RP and reported marijuana use. The Mesosystem moderated the relationship between RP and use. Conclusion The combination of the BEM and the HBM provides the unique opportunity to understand adolescents' decision to engage in marijuana use. Because the BEM is viewed as part of a generative process, results here can be used to produce a more integrated HBM specific to adolescence.
Staying straight with A-tracts: a DNA analog of the HIV-1 polypurine tract.

Abstract The polypurine tract (PPT) from the HIV-1 genome is resistant to digestion by reverse transcriptase following (−)-strand synthesis and is used to prime (+)-strand synthesis during retroviral replication. We have determined the crystal structure of the asymmetric DNA/DNA analog16-mer duplex (CTTTTTAAAAGAAAAG/CTTTTCTTTTAAAAAG) comprising most of the “visible” portion of the RNA:DNA hybrid from the polypurine tract of HIV-1, which was previously reported in a complex with HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Our 16-mer completely encompasses a 10-mer DNA duplex analog of the HIV-1 PPT. We report here a detailed analysis of our B ′ form 16-mer DNA structure, including three full pure A-tracts, as well as a comparative structural analysis with polypurine tract and other A-tract-containing nucleic acid structures. Our analysis reveals that the polypurine tract structures share structural features despite being different nucleic acid forms (i.e. DNA:DNA versus RNA:DNA). In addition, the previously reported A-tract-containing DNA molecules bound to topoisomerase I are remarkably similar to our polypurine tract 16-mer structure. On the basis of our analysis, we suggest that the specific topology of long pure A-tracts is remarkably comparable across a wide array of biological environments.
GaN HFET for W-band Power Applications

In this paper we report high frequency GaN power device and measured power performance of the first W-band (75 GHz-110 GHz) MMIC fabricated in GaN material system. The first W-band GaN MMIC with 150 ?m of output gate periphery produces 316 mW of continuous wave output power (Power density = 2.1 W/m) at a frequency of 80.5 GHz and has associated power gain of 17.5 dB. By comparison the reported (1) state of the art for other solid state technologies in W-band is 427 mW measured in a pulsed mode on an InP HEMT MMIC with 1600 ?m of output periphery (Power density = 0.26 W/mm). The reported result demonstrates tremendous superiority of GaN device technology for power applications at frequencies greater than 75 GHz.
Geometry of optimality conditions and constraint qualifications

Certain types of necessary optimality conditions for mathematical programming problems are equivalent to corresponding regularity conditions on the constraint set. For any problem, a certain natural optimality condition, dependent upon the particular constraint set, is always satisfied. This condition can be strengthened in numerous ways by invoking appropriate regularity assumptions on the constraint set. Results are presented for Euclidean spaces and some extensions to Banach spaces are given.
Quakers & slavery : a divided spirit

is book explores the growth of abolitionism among Quakers in Pennsylvania and New Jersey from 1688 to 1780, providing a case study of how groups change their moral attitudes. Dr. Soderlund details the long battle fought by reformers like gentle John Woolman and eccentric Benjamin Lay. The eighteenth-century Quaker humanitarians succeeded only after they diluted their goals to attract wider support, establishing a gradualistic, paternalistic, and segregationist model for the later antislavery movement.Originally published in 1985.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.
Separation of solute and particulate vectors of heavy metal uptake in controlled suspension-feeding experiments with Macoma balthica

Radioisotope labelling experiments with the estuarine clam, Macoma balthica, are described, in which a filter chamber device was used to separate solute metal uptake from uptake, of metals associated with suspended bacteria. Solute uptake contributed a majority of the 14-day total body burdens of 65Zn and 109Cd, whereas 57Co uptake largely resulted from ingestion of isotope-laden bacteria. In contrast to those for 109Cd and 65Zn, 57Co tissue distributions at 3 weeks differed significantly (p < 0.05) between feeding and non-feeding clams (housed within filter chambers).
2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol intestinal and bone marrow toxicity: The role of its metabolism to 2,2,2-trifluoroacetaldehyde and trifluoroacetic acid☆

Abstract 2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol (TFE) produces bone marrow and small intestine toxicity resulting in leukopenia, loss of intestinal dry weight, and consequent lethal septicemia in male Wistar rats. Its metabolic pathway, based on serum and small intestine time courses of substrate and metabolites, was determined to be TFE ⇌ 2 2,2,2-trifluoroacetaldehyde (TFAld) → trifluoroacetic acid (TFAA). Administered TFE and TFAld were not toxic per se, since their toxicity and metabolism were inhibited by pyrazole. TFE and TFAld were equipotent at equimolar doses thus precluding the oxidative reaction, TFE to TFAld, from being the toxic step. Since equimolar TFAA exhibited no toxic effects, an oxidative intermediate on the pathway from TFAld to TFAA, most likely F 3 C (OH) 2 , must thus be the toxic moiety. The intermediate TFAld is stable in serum, as determined by a novel assay developed for its analysis in biological systems, and can be transported to the target tissues, bone marrow, and small intestine, after formation probably in the liver. On the basis of the more rapid metabolism of TFE to higher levels of TFAld in the small intestine and bone marrow than in the serum, the closer correspondence of bone marrow and small intestine metabolite ratios than serum ratios at high and low doses of TFE to the corresponding ratios of toxicity, and the decreased toxicity of TFAld when administered ig versus ip, the formation of the toxic metabolic intermediate of TFE probably occurs in the target tissues.
Toxicity and pharmacokinetics of the antibiotic fumagillin in yearling rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri).

Abstract Yearling trout were administered fumagillin dicyclohexylamine (FDCH), an antibiotic that has shown promise for controlling myxozoan parasites in fish. FDCH was fed at 0.25 or 1 g/kg food at 1.5% body weight per day for 60 days, and gill, liver, kidney, spleen, thymus, intestine, and heart were examined histologically. In both treatment groups the hematopoietic tissue of the kidney and spleen was reduced and hematocrit was significantly lower relative to controls. No alteration was found in liver, intestine, heart, thymus, or gill. FDCH was also administered to trout through an indwelling catheter placed in the dorsal aorta. Plasma FDCH was measured using reverse-phase HPLC, and clearance microconstants were estimated. At the highest doses (60 and 30 mg/kg body wt) fumagillin was lethal within about 6 hr, and histological examination revealed extensive toxic alteration in liver and posterior kidney. Plasma clearance at 6 and 3 mg/kg fit a two-compartment model with a rapid α phase (i.e., 20 min) but a prolonged β phase (5.4 days). Although these fish survived for at least 96 hr, renal tubular alteration remained.
Performance of the Multiple Mirror Telescope (MMT). VIII - MMT as an optical-infrared interferometer and phased array

Large gains in spatial resolution have been achieved at 0.5 and 5.0 µm by operating the MMT as a two-element interferometer with a maximum baseline of 6.9 m. Measurements of the resulting Michelson fringes at 5.0 µm have determined pathlength errors within the MMT and characterized pathlength stability versus elevation angle, temperature, and perturbations of the optical elements. At 0.5 μm, a "coherent beam-combiner" has successfully reconstructed a phased entrance pupil achieving a field >5 arcsec in diameter with 15 milli-arcsec resolution. Scientific measurements have fully resolved the 0.024 arcsec diameter disk α Tau (Aldebaran); resolved the 0.1 arcsec binary, β Tau; and provided new measurements of the spectroscopic binary, α Aur (Capella). Instrument designs employing only two additional reflections in each beam have been developed to phase the entire MMT for simultaneous applications at optical and infrared wavelengths. When configured as a phased array of four or six elements, the MMT responds to the full range of spatial frequencies present in a filled 6.9 m aperture with only a small degree of redundancy. A fully phased MMT possesses significant advantages for low background infrared photometry.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The adeno-associated virus Rep78 major regulatory protein binds the cellular TATA-binding protein in vitro and in vivo

Rep78 is the major regulatory protein of adenoassociated virus (AAV). Rep78 is able to transcriptionally regulate all three of AAV's promoters, as well as a variety of heterologous promoters. In an attempt to understand the mechanism of action by which Rep78 is able to regulate gene expression, we are investigating Rep78's possible protein-protein interaction with basal transcription factors. One such critical basal transcription factor is the human TATA binding protein, TBP. TBP is a core factor required for the assemblage of the transcription initiation complex, TFIID. In this report an in vitro interaction between Rep78 and TBP was demonstrated in three different assay systems, including West(far)-Western analysis, electrophoretic mobility shift assay-supershift, and coimmunoprecipitation. Furthermore, using the yeast GAL4 two-hybrid system, an in vivo interaction between Rep78 and TBP was also demonstrated. Further still, the amino half of Rep78 is shown to be needed for Rep78-TBP interaction. Mutations within this region of Rep78 are known to be defective for transcriptional regulatory ability, suggesting a biological role for this interaction. Thus, Rep78 may regulate transcription through binding and regulating TBP's numerous interactions. Furthermore, as Rep78 is known to bind at least one other transcription factor (Sp 1) and likely others, Rep78 may function as a TBP-associated factor in an altered TFIID-like complex.
Moriya Interaction and the Problem of the Spin Arrangements in βMnS

A study of the anisotropic superexchange interaction of the form D/sub ij/- S/sub i/ x S/sub j/ is made. This interaction is permitted in BETA MnS, with symmetry requiring that D/sub ij/ be normal to the plane defined by i, j, and the single intervening anion. It is conjectured that this interaction leads to a screw spin arrangement, with a 90 deg screw angle; in crystals considered heretofore the Moriya energy produces only a slight canting. The observed powder neutron diffraction pattern was interpreted as indicating ordering of the third kind with spins normal to the ordering axis; this arrangement, however, does not have minimum dipolar energy. The proposed arrangement leads to the same diffraction pattern, and the Moriya energy probably overbalances the dipolar. (auth)
Improving surveillance for hyperammonemia in the newborn

Abstract Objective Prompt ascertainment is crucial for the management of hyperammonemic infants. Because these patients are rare and recognition of hyperammonemia is often delayed, we designed and implemented an electronic medical record (EMR)-based tool to assist physicians in the detection of hyperammonemia. Methods We retrospectively evaluated the hospitalizations of prior hyperammonemic infants to identify codable elements that could trigger an EMR-based warning. An alert was designed and implemented and its utilization was prospectively analyzed. Results Blood gas studies were obtained universally and early in the retrospectively evaluated infants ( x ¯ = 26 h before ammonia level). Prompting physicians to evaluate ammonia after ordering blood gas studies would have accelerated the initial ammonia order in 89% of retrospective cases. The alert has activated 184 times over the first six months of operation leading to 63 laboratory evaluations and detection of one hyperammonemic infant. Conclusion Implementation of an EMR-based warning system can improve surveillance for hyperammonemia in a susceptible population.
The Effect of Maternal Illness on Perinatal Health

Maternal health directly influences neonatal morbidity and mortality. Abnormalities with calcium, glucose, and fluid homeostasis during pregnancy are discussed. Infectious agents, maternal age, parity, and thyroid and renal function are also mentioned. The effects of drugs used to treat maternal illness are also discussed. In order to minimize neonatal morbidity, one must keep in mind the potential effects of maternal illness and therapeutic agents on neonatal health.
ANALYSIS OF ELASTIC-PLASTIC SHELLS OF REVOLUTION CONTAINING DISCONTINUITIES

The common junction of three dissimilar general shells of revolution is analyzed. Axisymmetric loading may be in the form of surface forces, concentrated forces and moments at the junction, and arbitrary thermal gradients. Basic differential equations available for elastic shells are extended for application in the elastic-plastic regime. The von Mises-Hencky yield criterion, deformation theory of plasticity, and successive approximations are used to determine plastic strains. Postyield material behavior is arbitrary. Linearized finite-difference equations are solved directly using coefficient matrices that incorporate conditions of equilibrium and compatibility at the junction discontinuity. The solution to a sample problem is given.
Viscous dissipation effects on heat transfer in an axisymmetric stagnation flow on a circular cylinder

Abstract Boundary layer solutions are presented to study the effects of viscous dissipation on the steady state heat transfer in an axisymmetric stagnation flow on an infinite circular cylinder. The cases of isothermal wall and insulated wall boundary conditions have been treated in this paper. Numerical results for the temperature distribution and the missing wall values of the thermal functions have been given. The range of Prandtl numbers investigated was from 0.01 to 1000 and the Reynolds number was varied from 0.01 to 100.
Subspecies differences in hormonal and behavioral responses after group formation in squirrel monkeys.

The behavioral and hormonal responses of squirrel monkeys of the Bolivian and Guyanese subspecies were compared after a group formation procedure. Two groups of each subspecies, consisting of five females and three males (later reduced to two) were observed daily during the week of group formation and for nine weeks following removal of a single male from each group. Measures of plasma cortisol were examined in the females after the initial group formation and after the groups were reduced by one male. The levels of plasma testosterone were assessed in all the males during the initial week of group formation. Linear dominance hierarchies were determined both within and across the sexes in both subspecies. The frequency and directionality of low-level aggressive interactions indicated that females of the Bolivian subspecies were dominant to the males, while the males of the Guyanese subspecies ranked over all the females. Additionally, the Bolivian squirrel monkey females showed an elevation of plasma cortisol on the day of group formation, which declined 48 hr later, then reelevated after the groups were reduced by one male and declined gradually over a nine-week period. Guyanese females showed little change in cortisol levels during both periods. This suggests fundamental hormonal, as well as behavioral, differences between the two subspecies. The change in plasma testosterone levels in the males during the initial week of group formation was positively correlated with social status. Furthermore, differences in the dynamics within individual groups for each subspecies were reflected by the levels of plasma cortisol of the female members.
Strategies to Rescue Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) and Dental Pulp Stem Cells (DPSCs) from NK Cell Mediated Cytotoxicity

Background The aim of this paper is to study the function of allogeneic and autologous NK cells against Dental Pulp Stem Cells (DPSCs) and Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) and to determine the function of NK cells in a three way interaction with monocytes and stem cells. Methodology/Principal Findings We demonstrate here that freshly isolated untreated or IL-2 treated NK cells are potent inducers of cell death in DPSCs and MSCs, and that anti-CD16 antibody which induces functional split anergy and apoptosis in NK cells inhibits NK cell mediated lysis of DPSCs and MSCs. Monocytes co-cultured with either DPSCs or MSCs decrease lysis of stem cells by untreated or IL-2 treated NK cells. Monocytes also prevent NK cell apoptosis thereby raising the overall survival and function of NK cells, DPSCs or MSCs. Both total population of monocytes and those depleted of CD16+ subsets were able to prevent NK cell mediated lysis of MSCs and DPSCs, and to trigger an increased secretion of IFN-γ by IL-2 treated NK cells. Protection of stem cells from NK cell mediated lysis was also seen when monocytes were sorted out from stem cells before they were added to NK cells. However, this effect was not specific to monocytes since the addition of T and B cells to stem cells also protected stem cells from NK cell mediated lysis. NK cells were found to lyse monocytes, as well as T and B cells. Conclusion/Significance By increasing the release of IFN-γ and decreasing the cytotoxic function of NK cells monocytes are able to shield stem cells from killing by the NK cells, resulting in an increased protection and differentiation of stem cells. More importantly studies reported in this paper indicate that anti-CD16 antibody can be used to prevent NK cell induced rejection of stem cells.
Estimation of the equilibrium distribution of products generated during high temperature pyrolyses of 1,3,3-trinitroazetidine; thermochemical parameters

Abstract Thermochemical parameters for 1,3,3-trinitroazetidine (TNAZ) have been evaluated for temperatures up to 1500 K, based on a value of ΔHf° derived from ab-inito calculations, and on experimentally recorded gas-phase FTIR spectra and structural data. Equilibrium distributions of the observed pyrolysis products of TNAZ over the temperature range 750–1000 K have been calculated under conditions similar to those in shock-tube studies of the same compound. These calculations indicate that at equilibrium the product mixture would consist primarily of CO2, N2 and H2, whereas products found in the quenched reaction samples from shock-tube experiments contained substantial quantities of CO, HCN, CH2O and NO. We conclude that the pyrolysis of TNAZ, as well as of other nitramines under conventional experimental conditions is kinetically limited, and detailed mechanisms are necessary to account for the observed product distributions.
Rapid Enumeration of Four Indicator Microorganisms in Ground Beef Using a Freeze‐dried Four‐culture Method

A recently reported, miniaturized method can simultaneously enumerate 4 critical indicator microorganisms in 24 h on a single 96-well microtiter plate, and is a convenient monitoring system for ensuring food plant hygiene. However, the utility of this method is limited by the necessity of plates being freshly prepared prior to each use. This study was undertaken to develop a method that would permit these plates to be prepared and stored in a stable form that could be conveniently used later. A microtiter plate filled with media dedicated to enumerating 4 specific classes of bacteria was freeze-dried. A given series was dedicated to enumerating either, total mesophilic bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, coliform bacteria, or Escherichia coli. Freeze-dried plates were reconstituted simply by adding 100 μL of sterile water to each well. After adding samples, two-fold serial dilutions were performed, and the plate was incubated for 24 h at 32 °C. Growth of 4 indicator microorganisms was detected in each sertes using metabolic indicators. The numerical estimates that these procedures yielded correlated very closely with numbers gained from conventional spread-plating methods (r 2 > 0.90). Additionally, the estimates obtained from liquid media microtiter plates and freeze-dried media plates showed a significantly strong relationship (r 2 > 0.92). Analysis of commercial ground beef showed a highly associated relationship (r 2 >0.94) between the liquid four-culture and freeze-dried four-culture plate methods. The greatly enhanced facility of using premanifactured, freeze-dried microtiter plates would make this a most convenient way to perform microhial food auality analysis.
3D modelling and indexing for CAD-based object recognition

A 3D object recognition system for parts designed with a form feature CAD is presented. Objects are modelled as organized compositions of instantiated form primitives. Because of this, the burden of part recognition is shifted from matching the scene to the part database to matching the scene to the primitive database, which is usually a significantly smaller database. In this paper we briefly review our approach to primitive and object representation, the architecture of the system, hypotheses generation, and primitive indexing. Results obtained wish both synthetic and actual range images are presented. >
Antiarrhythmic efficacy of amiodarone in recurrent ventricular tachycardia evaluated by multiple electrophysiological and ambulatory ECG recordings.

. Thirty-three patients with recurrent drug-refractory ventricular tachycardia were treated with oral amiodarone during an average period of 6.1 months. In-hospital monitoring for two weeks or more, electrophysiological tests and ambulatory ECG were used to evaluate the results. Twenty patients are still using the drug with complete control of the arrhythmia. Eleven have failed the drug, ten due to recurrence of documented ventricular tachycardia. Only three patients failed after the first month of therapy. Two patients died, one suddenly. The drug was dicontinued in a further two patients due to side-effects. Other side-effects were tolerable or manageable by dose adjustments alone. Five patients showed evidence of inadequate arrhythmia control between days 15 and 32 of therapy but subsequently responded to the drug for 4–9 months, giving further support to the concept that in some patients at least 30 days of therapy is necessary for the full effect of the drug to appear. In 16 of the 20 patients tested by arrhythmia induction study while on the drug, ventricular tachycardia could still be induced. Seven (44%) of these eventually failed the drug. Arrhythmia recurred in one of those four in whom tachycardia could not be induced. Amiodarone is a valuable drug in the management of recurrent ventricular tachycardia, refractory to other antiarrhythmic drugs.
Some Notes on Theoretical Constructs: Types and Validation from a Contextual Behavioral Perspective

Contemporary contextual behavioral analyses take a somewhat different view of theorizing than is commonly held in most of psychology. In formulating a natural science of behavior, theorists such as J. R. Kantor and B. F. Skinner rejected certain varieties of theoretical constructs. This paper divides theoretical constructs into abstractive and hypothetical formulations. It further subdivides hypothetical constructs into three subtypes, including constructs that are (1) in-principle observable, but at some other level of analysis, (2) inprinciple unobservable, and (3) in-principle observable, but unobservable for some technical or practical reason. A distinction is made between the ontological and operational validity of theoretical constructs and methods for determining the operational validity of these constructs are discussed. Finally, the selective effects of experimentation and observation on theory development are discussed.
FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS AND TREATMENT OF INAPPROPRIATE SEXUAL BEHAVIOR

The results of a functional analysis showed that inappropriate sexual behaviors exhibited by a 9-year-old boy who had been diagnosed with traumatic brain injury were maintained by positive reinforcement in the form of social attention. An intervention consisting of functional communication training and extinction resulted in reduced levels of inappropriate sexual behaviors.
An Explication of the Philosophical Assumptions of the Roy Adaptation Model

In this paper, the philosophical assumptions for theorizing and re search based on the Roy adaptation model of nursing are explicated. The common philosophical heritage of nursing and the author's perspec tive of the discipline are examined. Some highlights of the developments of the Roy adaptation model are reviewed. Eight assumptions about the adapting person in society are articulated, derived from the theorist's nursing heritage, perspective of the discipline, and specific life values. The philosophical assumptions are categorized by the general principles of humanism and veritivity, a term coined to connote the richness of rootedness in an absolute truth. This principle is compared to rational ism and relativism as two other world views. The author describes how veritivity as a world view leads to the values of conviction, commitment, and caring based on the value of the individual in society in the context of the purposefulness of all of human existence.
Simulation of noise processes in thickness-shear resonators caused by multilayer adsorption and desorption of surface molecules

The effects of multilayer contamination of mean resonant frequency and frequency fluctuations in thickness-shear resonators are studied. A model based on mass-loading of contaminant molecules with adsorption and desorption rates is developed. Equations relating the change in mean frequency and frequency fluctuations to adsorption and desorption rates are derived. Since the adsorption and desorption rates are functions of pressure and temperature, the change in mean frequency and spectral density of frequency fluctuations is studied with respect to pressure and temperature. Calculations are performed for a 10 MHz thickness-shear resonator. Frequency-temperature and frequency-pressure curves are plotted for the 10 MHz resonator. The curves do not follow a cubic polynomial function and have a magnitude in the range of 10 p.p.m. The mean square of frequency fluctuations under multilayer contamination is significantly greater than that under monolayer contamination. The spectral density of frequency fluctuations at 1 Hz is quite constant in a wide range of temperatures (-50 to 100 degrees C) when the values of heat of absorption for the second and subsequent layers are close to that of the first layer. The magnitude of spectral density of frequency fluctuations is about -120 dBc (Hz/sup 2//Hz). >
Disaster SitRep - A vertical search engine and information analysis tool in disaster management domain

With the rise of heterogeneous information delivering platform, the process of collecting, integrating, and analyzing disaster related information from diverse channels becomes more difficult and challenging. Further, information from multiple sources brings up new challenges for information presentation. In this paper, we design and implement a Disaster Situation Reporting System (Disaster SitRep) that is essentially a disaster information collecting, integration, and presentation platform to address three critical tasks that can facilitate information acquisition, integration and presentation by utilizing domain knowledge as well as public and private web resources for major disaster recovery planning and management. Our proposed techniques create a disaster domain-specific search engine and a geographical information presentation and navigation platform using advanced data mining and information retrieval techniques for disaster preparedness and recovery that helps impacted communities better understand the current disaster situation. Specifically, hierarchical clustering with constraints are used to automatically update existing disaster concept hierarchy; taxonomy-based focused crawling component is developed to automatically detect, parse and filter those relevant web resources; a domain-oriented skeleton for each type of disasters is used to extract disaster events from disaster documents by defining the set of structural attributes. Furthermore, the platform can perform not only as a domain-specific search engine but also as an information monitoring and analysis tool for decision support during recovery phase of disasters.
Expression of Nox4 in osteoclasts

A new superoxide-generating enzyme, NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4), contributes to osteoclastic superoxide production. In this study, we demonstrated that Nox4 is expressed at a higher level in osteoclasts than that in precursor cells. This result suggested that Nox4 is upregulated during the differentiation and development of osteoclasts. Cotransfection of Nox4/P22 DNA resulted in enhanced superoxide production in osteoclasts, indicating that P22 may be a necessary factor for the Nox4 activity. In addition, expression of both cathepsin K and TRAP is increased significantly in osteoclasts cotransfected with Nox4/P22. Further study revealed that JNK was activated and that NF-κB was inhibited in Nox4/P22 cotransfected osteoclasts. These findings suggest that superoxide and/or superoxide derived molecules may modulate the signal transduction pathways necessary for osteoclasts to function. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Reducing test-data volume using random-testable and periodic-testable scan chains in circuits with multiple scan chains

For a scan design with multiple scan chains, we say that a scan chain is random-testable if it is possible to achieve complete fault coverage for the circuit (i.e., detect all the detectable circuit faults) when the scan chain is driven from a source of pseudo-random values for the complete test application process. Similarly, a periodic-testable scan chain can be driven from a source that produces a periodic sequence for the complete test application process. Both pseudo-random and periodic sources are simple to implement on-chip. By identifying scan chains that can be driven from pseudo-random and periodic sources and driving them from the appropriate on-chip sources, we reduce the number of scan chains that need to be driven from an extemal tester. In this way, we reduce the number of scan inputs that a tester needs to control and the amount of test data that the extemal tester needs to store and apply to the circuit. Existing test data compression techniques can be used to further reduce the test data volume.
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Stimulation Activates the RNA Binding Protein CUG-BP1 and Increases Expression of C/EBPβ-LIP in Mammary Epithelial Cells

The transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer binding protein β (C/EBPβ) is a key regulator of growth and differentiation in many tissues. C/EBPβ is expressed as several distinct protein isoforms (LAP1, LAP2, and LIP) whose expression is regulated by alternative translational initiation at downstream AUG start sites. The dominant-negative LIP isoform is predominantly expressed during proliferative cellular responses and is associated with aggressive tumors. In this study, we investigated a mechanism by which the LIP isoform is translationally regulated in mammary epithelial cells. We have demonstrated that LIP expression is increased in response to activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway and that the increased expression of LIP is regulated in part by an RNA binding protein referred to as CUG repeat binding protein (CUG-BP1). Our data demonstrate that EGFR signaling results in the phosphorylation of CUG-BP1 and this leads to an increase in the binding of CUG-BP1 to C/EBPβ mRNA and elevated expression of the LIP isoform. Phosphorylation is necessary for the binding activity of CUG-BP1 and the consequent increase in LIP expression, as determined by binding assays and a cell free, transcription-coupled translation system. CUG-BP1 is thus a previously unidentified downstream target of EGFR signaling and represents a new translational regulator of LIP expression in human mammary epithelial cells.
The mechanical properties of freestanding electroplated Cu thin films

The plane-strain bulge test is used to investigate the mechanical behavior of freestanding electroplated Cu thin films as a function of film thickness and microstructure. The stiffness of the films increases slightly with decreasing film thickness because of changes in the crystallographic texture and the elastic anisotropy of Cu. Experimental stiffness values agree well with values derived from single-crystal elastic constants and the appropriate orientation distribution functions. No modulus deficit is observed. The yield stress of the films varies with film thickness and heat treatment as a result of changes in the grain size of the films. The yield stress follows typical Hall-Petch behavior if twins are counted as distinct grains, indicating that twin boundaries are effective barriers to dislocation motion. The Hall-Petch coefficient is in good agreement with values reported for bulk Cu. Film thickness and crystallographic texture have a negligible effect on the yield stress of the films.
Changes in the modeled ice thickness distribution near the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean (SHEBA) drifting ice camp

[1] In the polar oceans the ice thickness distribution controls the exchange of heat between the ocean and the atmosphere and determines the strength of the ice. The Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean (SHEBA) experiment included a year-long field program centered on a drifting ice station in the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas in the Arctic Ocean from October 1997 through October 1998. Here we use camp observations and develop methods to assimilate ice thickness and open water observations into a model in order to estimate the evolution of the thickness distribution in the vicinity of the camp. A thermodynamic model is used to simulate the ice growth and melt, and an ice redistribution model is used to simulate the opening and ridging processes. Data assimilation procedures are developed and then used to assimilate observations of the thickness distribution. Assimilated observations include those of the thin end of the distribution determined by aircraft surveys of the surface temperature and helicopter photographic surveys and aircraft microwave estimates of the open water fraction. The deformation of the ice was determined primarily from buoy and RADARSAT Geophysical Processor System (RGPS) measurements of the ice velocity. Because of the substantial convergence and ridging observed in the spring and summer, the estimated mean ice thickness increases by 59%, from 1.53 to 2.44 m, over the year in spite of a net thermodynamic ice loss for most multiyear ice.
Judges as Political Regulators: Evidence and Options for Institutional Change

One of the enduring debates in the field of election law is the extent to which courts should set the rules for political competition. The political markets approach thus far has received a frosty exception at the Supreme Court. Though isolated opinions of Supreme Court Justices sometimes seem to embrace this approach (Randall v. Sorrell, 2006, opinion of Justice Breyer for three Justices; but see Hasen 2007b [noting that the Court plurality was not consistent in its focus on competition even within the Randall case itself]), a Supreme Court majority appeared to reject it in a 2007 case, holding that it is not the Court’s job to promote political competition as a constitutional matter. (New York State Board of Elections v. Lopez Torres 2008). Persily (2009) notes that many of the recent Supreme Court cases have given the Court an opportunity to embrace the political markets approach but the Court has not taken the bait. Rezumat: Una dintre dezbaterile de durata in domeniul legii electorale este masura in care instanþele ar trebui sa stabileasca normele de concurenþa politica. Abordarea pieþelor politice de pâna acum a primit o excepþie dirimanta de la Curtea Suprema de Justiþie. Deoi opiniile izolate ale judecatorilor Curþii Supreme de Justiþie, par uneori sa imbraþioeze aceasta abordare (Randall v. Sorrell, 2006, opinia Judecatorului Breyer, a se vedea Hasen 2007b [constatând ca pluralitatea Curþii nu a fost consecventa in abordarea sa asupra concurenþei chiar oi in cazul Randall propriu-zis]), o majoritate a judecatorilor Curþii Supreme pare a respinge abordarea intr-un caz din 2007, considerând ca nu este atribuþia Curþii de a promova o concurenþa politica ca o chestiune constituþionala. (New York, Consiliul de Stat al Alegerilor v. Lopez Torres 2008). Persily (2009) constata ca multe dintre cazurile recente au dat Curþii Supreme ocazia de a imbraþioa abordarea pieþelor politice, dar Curtea nu a preluat constatarea.
Metarhizium frigidum sp. nov.: a cryptic species of M. anisopliae and a member of the M. flavoviride complex

The anamorph genus Metarhizium is composed of arthropod pathogens, several with broad geographic and host ranges. Members of the genus, including "M. anisopliae var. frigidum" nomen nudum and Metarhizium flavoviride, have been used as biological insecticides. In a recent revision of the genus the variety "M. anisopliae var. frigidum" was suggested to be a synonym of M. flavoviride based largely on ITS sequence phylogenetic analysis. In this study we conducted morphological evaluations and multigene phylogenetic analyses with EF-1alpha, RPB1 and RPB2 for strains of M. flavoviride and "M. anisopliae var. frigidum." Included in these evaluations were the ex-type of M. flavoviride var. flavoviride and what likely would be considered the "ex-type' of the invalidly published taxon "M. anisopliae var. frigidum". Based on morphological and molecular evidence we conclude that "M. anisopliae var. frigidum" is distinct from M. flavoviride and the taxon M. frigidum sp. nov. is described.
Search-Based SAT Using Zero-Suppressed BDDs

We introduce a new approach to Boolean satisfiability (SAT) that combines backtrack search techniques and zero-suppressed binary decision diagrams (ZBDDs). This approach implicitly represents SAT instances using ZBDDs, and performs search using an efficient implementation of unit propagation on the ZBDD structure. The adaptation of backtrack search algorithms to such an implicit representation allows for a potential exponential increase in the size of problems that can be handled.