cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Understanding the Effect of Grain Boundary Character on Dynamic Recrystallization in Stainless Steel 316L

Dynamic recrystallization (DRX) occurs during high-temperature deformation in metals and alloys with low to medium stacking fault energies. Previous simulations and experimental research have shown the effect of temperature and grain size on DRX behavior, but not the effect of the grain boundary character distribution. To investigate the effects of the distribution of grain boundary types, experimental testing was performed on stainless steel 316L specimens with different initial special boundary fractions (SBF). This work was completed in conjunction with computer simulations that used a modified Monte Carlo method which allowed for the addition of anisotropic grain boundary energies using orientation data from electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The correlation of the experimental and simulation work allows for a better understanding of how the input parameters in the simulations correspond to what occurs experimentally. Results from both simulations and experiments showed that a higher fraction of so-called “special” boundaries (e.g., Σ3 twin boundaries) delayed the onset of recrystallization to larger strains and that it is energetically favorable for nuclei to form on triple junctions without these so-called “special” boundaries.
Developmental sequelae and neurophysiologic substrates of sensory seeking in infant siblings of children with autism spectrum disorder

It has been proposed that early differences in sensory responsiveness arise from atypical neural function and produce cascading effects on development across domains. This longitudinal study prospectively followed infants at heightened risk for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) based on their status as younger siblings of children diagnosed with ASD (Sibs-ASD) and infants at relatively lower risk for ASD (siblings of typically developing children; Sibs-TD) to examine the developmental sequelae and possible neurophysiological substrates of a specific sensory response pattern: unusually intense interest in nonsocial sensory stimuli or "sensory seeking." At 18 months, sensory seeking and social orienting were measured with the Sensory Processing Assessment, and a potential neural signature for sensory seeking (i.e., frontal alpha asymmetry) was measured via resting state electroencephalography. At 36 months, infants' social symptomatology was assessed in a comprehensive diagnostic evaluation. Sibs-ASD showed elevated sensory seeking relative to Sibs-TD, and increased sensory seeking was concurrently associated with reduced social orienting across groups and resting frontal asymmetry in Sibs-ASD. Sensory seeking also predicted later social symptomatology. Findings suggest that sensory seeking may produce cascading effects on social development in infants at risk for ASD and that atypical frontal asymmetry may underlie this atypical pattern of sensory responsiveness.
Antenna on chip design utilizing 3D integration for mixed signal applications

This paper proposes implementing an antenna operating in the millimeter wave band of 56–64 GHz on the backside of an Integrated Circuit (IC) that uses Through Silicon Via (TSV) technology for a System in Package (SiP) approach to mixed signal design. A folded monopole antenna that utilizes a coaxial TSV feed line is selected to implement the design on the backside of the silicon die. Furthermore, the initial design is modeled using Ansys's High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) to measure appropriate antenna parameters including a directivity of 1.27 dB. The final design proposes using an artificial magnetic conductor as a reflector to improve antenna directivity by 4.87 dB and eliminates propagation of electromagnetic waves back into the substrate.
Anger and Its Cousins

The widespread assumption that anger is a response to wrongdoing and motivates people to sanction it, as well as the lack of distinction between resentment and indignation, obscure notable differen...
Computer Science Curricular Guidance for Associate-Degree Transfer Programs

After two years of intense curriculum development effort, the ACM CCECC (Committee for Computing Education in Community Colleges) published Computer Science Curricular Guidance for Associate-Degree Transfer Programs with Infused Cybersecurity, known as CSTransfer2017. Based on Computer Science Curricula 2013 (CS2013), this guidance was specially designed to aid in the smooth transfer from associate degrees to baccalaureate degrees. The curriculum contains 17 of CS2013's 18 knowledge areas, and a variety of knowledge units appropriate in the first two years of a computer science degree. The guidance comprises over 200 learning outcomes, 64 of which are infused with cybersecurity, along with a three-tiered assessment rubric using measurable verbs from Bloom's Revised Taxonomy. In addition to the CSTransfer2017 task group consisting of 20 community college educators, input from both two- and four-year educators was collected via surveys administered to a global audience, as well as two rounds of public review and comment on drafts of the guidance. Examples of degree and certificate programs that align with CSTransfer2017 are part of a growing repository hosted on the CCECC website, ccecc.acm.org. These program examples demonstrate the adaptability of this competency-based curriculum approach to a variety of computing programs. The CCECC invites institutions to highlight their computer science degree program by submitting a program example at ccecc.acm.org/correlations.
Pathophysiology of Coagulation Disorders

Blood is maintained in its fluid state by complex interactions between endothelium, platelets, plasma proteins, and activators and inhibitors of the coagulation and fibrinolytic systems. This hemostatic balance can be altered by many undefined pathologic and physiologic processes resulting in coagulation disorders. In addition to these processes, diseases related to liver, kidney, heart, and lung functions, bacterial and viral infections, and malignancies are also known to cause coagulation abnormalities. Both inherited and acquired coagulation factor deficiencies result in coagulation defects, and in most cases, patients may not show clinical bleeding. As it is not possible to review all these coagulopathies in this treatise, a brief account of the pathophysiology of some major coagulation disorders will be presented in order to emphasize the critical role of immunoassays in detecting certain diagnostic parameters related to these disorders. For a detailed review on the pathophysiology of congenital coagulation defects the reader is referred to a recent publication.71
HISTORIAS COMPARADAS: ECONOMÍA Y MIGRACIONES EN LA SOCIEDAD DE POSGUERRA.

Propomos neste artigo a analise das politicas de recepcao para imigrantes e refugiados que o Canada e a Argentina receberam apos a Segunda Guerra Mundial, bem como suas semelhancas e diferencas. De fato, a conviccao canadense de ser uma autoridade moral global, cujos sistemas politico e economico serviriam como modelo para outros Estados menos desenvolvidos, fez com que o pais abrisse suas portas para os desterrados, enquanto na Argentina, em vez de “portas abertas” houve, na realidade, medo de que os costumes diferentes de imigrantes e refugiados de outras etnias trouxessem desequilibrio ao “melting pot” da sociedade argentina.Analisamos, neste artigo, alguns quadros estatisticos que nos ajudam a entender as duas realidades. Palavras-chave: Imigracao; Canada; Argentina Abstract: We propose in this paper, the analysis of the policies of receptio for immigrants and refugees that Canada and Argentine received after the second world war, their similarities and differences. Indeed, Canada’s conviction to be a global moral authority, whose political and economic system would serve as a model for other less developed states, opened its doors to displaced people while in Argentine, in a position of “open doors” were really fear of ethnic immigrants and refugees with different customs to the national character that would unbalance the “melting pot” of the Argentinian society. We analyze some statistical tables to help us to understand both realities. Keywords: Immigration; Canada; Argentine Resume: Dans ce texte nous proposons l’anayse des politiques de reception aux immigrants et refugies accueillis au Canada et en Argentine apres la Seconde Guerre Mondiale, en tenant compte de leurs similtudes et differences. En fait, la conviction canadienne d’etre une autorite morale globale, dont les sytemes politique et economique serviraient de modele a d’autres Etats moins developpes, explique l’ouverture des portes de ce pays aux exiles. Par contre, en Argentine, il a ete question de la peur representee par les differents immigrants et refugies d’autres ethnies qui pourraient apporter du desequilibre au “melting pot” de la societe argentine. Quelques tableaux statistiques aident a comprendre les deux realites. Mots-cles: immigration; Canada; Argentine
Characterization of spontaneous metastasis in an aggressive breast carcinoma model using flow cytometry.

Studies of metastasis can be accelerated and provide more mechanistic information using cell lines which reproducibly and aggressively metastasize, and which are accurately and easily detected in tissues at all stages of the metastatic process. Although reporter proteins such as green fluorescent protein (GFP) and β-galactosidase have improved the tracking of tumor cells in vivo, their measurement has often been limited to visual observation and manual counting. In this study, we exploited the highly sensitive and objective quantitation provided by flow cytometry to characterize, in detail, the sequence of events associated with orthotopic metastasis in a highly aggressive mouse model. Following stable transfection of the MDA-MB-435 breast carcinoma cell line with GFP, we utilized an in vivo selection process to isolate a variant exhibiting increased primary tumor growth and metastasis. As few as one fluorescent tumor cell per 200,000 host cells could be accurately detected in dissociated tissues by flow cytometry, allowing us to demonstrate that metastatic cells migrate to the lungs of SCID mice very early after orthotopic implantation. Tumor burden in lungs increased in a smooth continuous manner, until death approximately eight weeks later. Levels of circulating tumor cells in blood were also detectable at an early timepoint, but remained relatively low throughout the course of secondary tumor development in the lungs. Surgical removal of the primary tumor at various times after inoculation significantly affected lung tumor burden, supporting the concept that circulating tumor cells in blood inefficiently initiate distal metastases. Furthermore, the continuing contribution to metastasis by the primary tumor was independent of tumor mass. The combined characteristics of enhanced orthotopic metastasis and quantitative detection in blood and tissues will make this a useful new model for the characterization of the multi-stage progression of cancer, and the preclinical evaluation of anti-neoplastic therapies.
Automated systematic random sampling and Cavalieri stereology of histologic sections demonstrating acute tubular necrosis after cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the mouse.

Introduction A technical challenge in translational models of kidney injury is determination of the extent of cell death. Histologic sections are commonly analyzed by area morphometry or unbiased stereology, but stereology requires specialized equipment. Therefore, a challenge to rigorous quantification would be addressed by an unbiased stereology tool with reduced equipment dependence. We hypothesized that it would be feasible to build a novel software component which would facilitate unbiased stereologic quantification on scanned slides, and that unbiased stereology would demonstrate greater precision and decreased bias compared with 2D morphometry. Material and methods We developed a macro for the widely used image analysis program, Image J, and performed cardiac arrest with cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CA/CPR, a model of acute cardiorenal syndrome) in mice. Fluorojade-B stained kidney sections were analyzed using three methods to quantify cell death: gold standard stereology using a controlled stage and commercially-available software, unbiased stereology using the novel ImageJ macro, and quantitative 2D morphometry also using the novel macro. Results There was strong agreement between both methods of unbiased stereology (bias -0.004±0.006 with 95% limits of agreement -0.015 to 0.007). 2D morphometry demonstrated poor agreement and significant bias compared to either method of unbiased stereology. Conclusion Unbiased stereology is facilitated by a novel macro for ImageJ and results agree with those obtained using gold-standard methods. Automated 2D morphometry overestimated tubular epithelial cell death and correlated modestly with values obtained from unbiased stereology. These results support widespread use of unbiased stereology for analysis of histologic outcomes of injury models.
Tribocorrosion Performance of Tool Steel for Rock Drilling Process

Rock drilling performance of O1 tool steel was simulated at laboratory scale using mortar specimens. Mortar specimens were prepared with cement-to-sand ratio of 1:2 and cured for 7 and 30 days to simulate soft and hard rocks, respectively. Rock drilling performance of tool steel was measured in terms of corrosion, tribocorrosion, and wear of mortar specimens in the presence of 3.5 wt% NaCl solution. The tribocorrosion properties were measured by modification of a tribometer and adding a three-electrode setup where tool steel pin was used as a working electrode counterpart against mortar sample. The effect of mortar on corrosion behavior of tool steel was measured by potentiodynamic polarization tests, while the tribocorrosion was monitored by open-circuit potential tests. It has been found that the mortar specimens negatively affect the corrosion and tribocorrosion, and thus improve the corrosion performance of tool steel. This effect was more prominent against 7-day-cured mortar specimen compared to 30-day-cured specimen. Various factors, such as mechanical properties of rock material, cutting fluid, drilling mechanism, and dissolution of minerals, which can affect the tool life are discussed.
They Are Not Mistaken! Why Passive Investments Matter

This paper is devoted to the explanation of the large share of passive investments in companies’portfolios and their relationship with environmental factors. We utilized duality framework to explain underlined processes of corporate venture capital (CVC) investments, such as learning and stabilization. Statistical analysis of venture capitalists over a four-year period showed evidence of significant association between the share of passive CVC investments and company syndication centrality depending on the level of industry concentration. Post-hoc analysis provides an additional support to the duality view on CVC investments by suggesting that diversified portfolios of passive investments are positively associated with the company’s innovativeness.
Investigating Consumer Preferences for Production Process Labeling Using Visual Attention Data

A second-price auction with eye movement recordings was used to investigate consumer preferences for labels disclosing the presence and absence of specific types of insecticides and to explore the relationship between visual attention and consumer purchasing behaviors. Findings contribute to the literature in the following ways. First, visual attention pattern was endogenously determined by personal knowledge and pollinator conservation activities. Less knowledgeable or less engaged participants fixated more and for longer durations on the product as a whole rather than other information. Secondly, the first and last gaze cascade effect was confirmed by identifying a significant negative impact of participants’ first and last gaze visits on neonicotinoid labels on their bid values. Third, new evidence was added to the existing literature that the link between visual attention and consumer valuation and preference may be weak. Our results suggest that visual attention could provide useful information toward understanding participants’ bidding behaviors; however, evidence indicates that visual attention measures may not be directly linked with decision making.
Conceptual Framework For Enhanced Neural Encoding and Decoding Utilizing Optically Pumped Magnetometers (OPM) and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

This work highlights the novel application of optically pumped magnetometer (OPM) sensors and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) technologies and their potential utility in noninvasive brain machine interfaces. The proposed framework would allow for real-time brain imaging via OPM, in conjunction with targeted stimulation via TMS. This conceptual closed-loop system would allow for real time neural decoding by way of OPM sensor arrays and encoding utilizing focused TMS, while also incorporating external sensory stimulation, triggers with authentication feedback, as well as user / patient feedback in the form of voluntary and involuntary feedback.
Sounds interesting: can sonification help us design new proteins?

Introduction: The practice of turning scientific data into music, a practice known as sonification, is a growing field. Driven by analogies between the hierarchical structures of proteins and many ...
Academic and Social Expectations of Incoming College Students

Students’ beliefs about themselves and their abilities shape their first-semester college experience. Previous studies have connected growth mindset and grit with increased graduation and retention relates, but mindset is likely to relate to other factors besides academic performance and re-enrollment. This article examines incoming students’ beliefs about their intelligence, social skills, work habits, and effort. Students (N = 332) also rated their likely reactions to a variety of hypothetical academic and social situations they might encounter during their first year of college. Our goal is to expand the conversation about the “college-ready” student mindset and develop a more accurate picture of the various beliefs students have when they enter college. The results demonstrate significant ethnicity, gender, and ACT score differences across the major measures, but not first-generational status differences. These results suggest that student support programming should take into consideration variations in student mindset.
Seeking Truth on the Other Side of the Wall: Greenleaf’s Evangelists Meet the Federal Rules, Naturalism, and Judas

An inquiry that seeks truth by accepting only natural answers excludes the possibility of the sacred or supernatural, building a wall that forecloses a complete exploration for the truth it seeks. Without analysis, critics dismiss sources presenting supernatural explanations, and those who believe sacred works have no factual foundation accept without investigation any popular theory that appears attractive. The rules of evidence expressly seek truth, wherever it lies. Noted legal scholar Simon Greenleaf used evidentiary principles to demonstrate the factual credibility of the Gospels in his Testimony of the Evangelists. This Article examines Greenleaf’s analysis, applying current rules of evidence and updated understanding of the historical record. It challenges blind acceptance of popular works proclaimed as truth, applying the same evidentiary analysis to the Gospel of Judas. Finally, it addresses the dissonance created when demonstrated facts cannot be fully explained on the natural side of the wall.
Introducing the Local Agricultural Potential Index: An approach to understand local agricultural extension impact for farmer adaptive capacity and gender equity

Abstract Despite significant work to enhance women’s empowerment in agriculture, women remain marginalized across the globe. This includes gender gaps in agricultural extension and advisory service implementation that can lead to inequitable resource and knowledge access by farmers, specifically women. However, gender does not exist in isolation, it is place and time specific. This study investigated the impact of gender and geography on smallholder farmer access to and agency over resources/knowledge. The overarching question we explored was the role that extension providers might play in building farmer adaptive capacity and gender equity. To do so, a mixed-methods approach was used to develop a new multidimensional index from participant responses to 352 surveys and 44 focus groups. The index has four domains that represent farmer’s access to resources, leadership opportunities, household power, and time allocation; it is called the Local Agricultural Potential Index or L-API. The index was applied to a case study setting in rural Liberia due to its designation as a USAID-Feed the future country, and national investment in gender equality and poverty alleviation through agricultural development. Statistical and spatial analysis results indicate that women in Liberia, on average, have lower access to information and communication technology, leadership opportunities, and credit; as well, when compared to their male counter parts, less agency to make decisions at home and in the community. Further, a surprising spatial finding was that rurality did not have a diminishing impact on access. We concluded that the L-API is one example of a process and the resulting tool, informed by locally relevant indicators, to help improve farmer access to and agency over extension services. The L-API is meant to provide a baseline tool to be tailored in different locations based on local needs and can be used as a measure for adaptive capacity.
Challenges in Generation of As-Is Bridge Information Model: A Case Study

Most of bridges in the United States (US) were constructed long ago, so they have only 2D drawings and sketches, depicting the design information, as part of their documentation. Moreover, since routine inspection is conducted once every two years, it is challenging for inspectors in terms of situational and spatial awareness in order to thoroughly recall past condition information, just by looking at the existing documentation. An as-is 3D model of a bridge can potentially offer an accurate and up-to-date repository and enable visualizing and interpreting bridge details and or previously undertaken maintenance actions. With the advent and success of semantically-rich building information models (BIMs) for buildings, several researchers have been working on extending such a specification for bridges. However, there are several challenges for researchers and bridge practitioners who intend to create an integrated as-is model based repository. This paper discusses these challenges in detail through a case study on an
How Costly is Investors’ Compliance With Sharia?

The rapid proliferation of Islamic-oriented investments has placed an added urgency on better understanding their risk profile. With respect to Islamic stock market indexes, this concern is more pertinent to the extent that indexes could be subject to manipulation, and because they are often used as a benchmark for Islamic mutual funds. Using the Capital Asset Pricing Model as the basis, the paper places the most popular Islamic index under analytical scrutiny, and asks (1) how has the Sharia selection restriction affected its performance? (2) what is the competitive risk-return tradeoff of a Sharia-compliant index and (3) to what extent is a Sharia-compliant index correlated with the broad stock market. Using a ranking based on Treynor’s ratio, the results reveal that the most popular index is competitive relative to the world stock market index but underperforms when compared to another morally restricted and non-Islamic index. The paper concludes that investors in the Muslim index are not suffering a discernible cost for complying with the Sharia restriction. Results add much-needed guidance to Islamic investments in general and help assuage concerns that Islamic indexes have received insufficient investigation.
Modulating glycerolipid synthesis and its effects on signaling and metabolism (476.2)

Lipin 1 is a bifunctional intracellular protein that regulates intermediary metabolism. In the nucleus, lipin 1 regulates gene transcription by interacting with DNA-bound transcription factors to c...
Multi-label classification: inconsistency and class balanced K -nearest neighbor

Many existing approaches employ one-vs-rest method to decompose a multi-label classification problem into a set of 2-class classification problems, one for each class. This method is valid in traditional single-label classification, it, however, incurs training inconsistency in multi-label classification, because in the latter a data point could belong to more than one class. In order to deal with this problem, in this work, we further develop classical K-Nearest Neighbor classifier and propose a novel Class Balanced K-Nearest Neighbor approach for multi-label classification by emphasizing balanced usage of data from all the classes. In addition, we also propose a Class Balanced Linear Discriminant Analysis approach to address high-dimensional multi-label input data. Promising experimental results on three broadly used multi-label data sets demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach.
Vapor Explosions in a Stratified Geometry

This paper reports on an experimental investigation of stratified vapor explosions and scalling conducted by constructing test sections of two different sizes and using two different fluid pairs. The horizontal lengths of the interaction vessels are 20 and 50 cm (geometric scale ratio: 2:5). The two liquid pairs are water and liquid nitrogen, and water and Freon-12, with water being the hot liquid. The interactions are either triggered by an external trigger or allowed to occur spontaneously depending on the liquid pair and initial conditions. The major experimental variables are initial water temperature, liquid layer depths, and magnitude of the external trigger pressure. Interaction pressures, mechanical work release, and depth of intermixing are measured. The water/Freon-12 pair produces more violent interactions than the water/liquid nitrogen. In both cases, the explosion propagation speeds are supersonic, ranging from 40 to 250 m/s. The small depths ({le}1 cm) of liquid-liquid mixing during the explosion propagation are observed in both liquid pairs. A simple model for the depth of intermixing is derived, and the result shows reasonable agreement with the experimental observations. The length of the liquid layer interface and the depth of the top liquid appear to be the key geometric parameters inmore » stratified vapor explosions.« less
Private Property, Community Development, and Eminent Domain

Contents: Series editor's preface Private property, community development, and eminent domain, Robin Paul Malloy and James Charles Smith Hysteria versus history: public use in the public eye, Michael Allan Wolf Kelo, the castle and natural property rights, Eric R. Claeys Nothing 'errant' about it: the Berman and Midkiff conference notes and how the Supreme Court got to Kelo with its eyes wide open, D. Benjamin Barros Controls over the use and abuse of eminent domain in England: a comparative view, Tom Allen Federalism and localism in Kelo and San Remo, Marc R. Poirier Just compensation in an ownership society, Rachel D. Godsil and David Simunovich Kelo v. City of New London and the prospects for development after a natural disaster, Carol Necole Brown Appendix Table of cases Bibliography Index.
Statistical study of uniform cycles in earthquakes.

The applicability of equivalent uniform stress cycles in soil dynamics to the study of soil behavior during and after an earthquake is explored. The actual irregular time histories produced by an earthquake can be represented by uniform amplitude cyclic stresses, although there may be a considerable amount of uncertainty associated with them. The stress level of 75 percent of the maximum is suggested for such conversion, since in this case the uncertainty in the normalized soil-strength curve has a minimum effect on the value of the N sub Eq versus M relationship. A statistical relationship between N sub Eq and the earthquake magnitude is proposed here based on results available in the literature. The N sub Eq could be estimated adequately by considering the component of excitation containing the peak acceleration. The N sub Eq versus M relationship proposed is somewhat different from the relationship suggested by Seed and Idriss. This discrepancy in N sub Eq values may not yield significant differences in estimating the soil strength in a liquefaction study. (ASCE)
Comparative hematology during deficiencies of iron and vitamin A in the rat.

Male weanling rats were used in three experiments to study the hA©matologie response during deficiencies of iron and vitamin A, or both deficiencies together. In the first study 24 animals were divided into four groups and fed an iron-low, vitamin A-low, iron- and vitamin A-low, or a control diet. Iron deficiency resulted in hypochromic microcytic anemia, whereas vitamin A deficiency produced hypochromic microcytic polycythemia. A normocytic hypochromic anemia developed in animals deficient in both iron and vitamin A. Growth retardation occurred in all deficient animals. In order to determine whether iron absorption was impaired in vitamin A deficiency, the retention of radioactive iron was tested at three levels of vitamin A supplementation. Under these conditions iron absorption and retention were inversely related to vitamin A intake. This was thought to be a reflection of increased hematopoiesis produced by vitamin A deficiency. In a third experiment the effect of limited resupplementation of either iron or vitamin A to animals deficient in both iron and vitamin A was tested. Iron supplementation produced a direct positive re sponse in growth and red blood cell counts whereas the limited vitamin A supplement produced delayed decreases in growth and red cell number. These data suggest that vitamin A and iron are interrelated factors in hA©matologie responses of the rat.
Cellular changes, protein and glycogen content in developing rabbit corpora lutea.

The glycogen, protein and absolute cell numbers of the developing rabbit corpus luteum were measured from 24 hours to 192 hours after mating. There was no significant alteration in the protein content, which was approximately 9%. The glycogen content increased significantly from 0.14% at 24 hours to 0.26% at 120 hours and subsequently remained constant. The cell numbers were determined by homogenizing the tissue and the nuclei were counted in a Neubauer hemocytometer. The total cell numbers increased from 10 × 104, of which 65% (6.3 × 104) were luteal cells, to 67 × 104 where 21% (9.8 × 104) were luteal cells. It was not determined whether the increase in luteal cells was due to mitotic division or transformation of the other cell types into luteal cells.
Genetic diversity in Puerto Rico and its implications for the peopling of the Island and the West Indies

Puerto Rico and the surrounding islands rest on the eastern fringe of the Caribbean's Greater Antilles, located less than 100 miles northwest of the Lesser Antilles. Puerto Ricans are genetic descendants of pre-Columbian peoples, as well as peoples of European and African descent through 500 years of migration to the island. To infer these patterns of pre-Columbian and historic peopling of the Caribbean, we characterized genetic diversity in 326 individuals from the southeastern region of Puerto Rico and the island municipality of Vieques. We sequenced the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region of all of the samples and the complete mitogenomes of 12 of them to infer their putative place of origin. In addition, we genotyped 121 male samples for 25 Y-chromosome single nucleotide polymorphism and 17 STR loci. Approximately 60% of the participants had indigenous mtDNA haplotypes (mostly from haplogroups A2 and C1), while 25% had African and 15% European haplotypes. Three A2 sublineages were unique to the Greater Antilles, one of which was similar to Mesoamerican types, while C1b haplogroups showed links to South America, suggesting that people reached the island from the two distinct continental source areas. However, none of the male participants had indigenous Y-chromosomes, with 85% of them instead being European/Mediterranean and 15% sub-Saharan African in origin. West Eurasian Y-chromosome short tandem repeat haplotypes were quite diverse and showed similarities to those observed in southern Europe, North Africa and the Middle East. These results attest to the distinct, yet equally complex, pasts for the male and female ancestors of modern day Puerto Ricans.
Enhanced flyby science with onboard computer vision: Tracking and surface feature detection at small bodies

Spacecraft autonomy is crucial to increase the science return of optical remote sensing observations at distant primitive bodies. To date, most small bodies exploration has involved short timescale flybys that execute prescripted data collection sequences. Light time delay means that the spacecraft must operate completely autonomously without direct control from the ground, but in most cases the physical properties and morphologies of prospective targets are unknown before the flyby. Surface features of interest are highly localized, and successful observations must account for geometry and illumination constraints. Under these circumstances onboard computer vision can improve science yield by responding immediately to collected imagery. It can reacquire bad data or identify features of opportunity for additional targeted measurements. We present a comprehensive framework for onboard computer vision for flyby missions at small bodies. We introduce novel algorithms for target tracking, target segmentation, surface feature detection, and anomaly detection. The performance and generalization power are evaluated in detail using expert annotations on data sets from previous encounters with primitive bodies.
25 years of a unique chromosome-breakage system. I. Principal features and comparison to other systems.

Abstract The principal features of the D. robusta chromosome-breakage system are reviewed and compared to intrinsic chromosome-breakage systems in other Drosophila species, particularly the ‘hybrid dysgenesis’ systems of D. melanogaster. The data indicate that the D. robusta system is unique in may respects, especially in its combination of (1) a reciprocal cross effect, traceable to its maternal or cytoplasmic inheritance, (2) exclusive susceptibility of the paternal chromosomes, and (3) the randomness of the breaks on the chromosomes.
Planet of slums

Planet of slums, by Mike Davis, London and New York, Verso, 2006, 228 pp., US$24/£15.99 (hardcover), ISBN 1-84467-022-8 Mike Davis deserves credit for focusing attention on a major public health is...
A model for which Dodson's algorithm is appropriate

Abstract Problems in interpretation have arisen in Dodson's modification of Bayes's theorem which is the original formulation for use in multistage inference situations. This paper gives a model for which Dodson's algorithm is appropriate, and contrasts this model to a model developed by Gettys and Willke ( Organizational Behavior and Human Performance , 1969 , 4 , 125–141).
Studies of the origin of bacterial viruses. VI. Effect of manganese on the proportion of phage-producing. terramycin-resistant, streptomycin-resistant, and phage-resistant cells in lysogenic megatherium cultures.

Exposure of B. megatherium 899 to about 5 x 10-3 M MnCl2 for 10 minutes at 25°C. results in an increase of about ten times in the proportion of phage-producing cells, terramycin-resistant cells, streptomycin-resistant cells, and phage-resistant cells. The proportion of phage-producing cells reaches a maximum in about 4 hours and that of the other cells is reached in about 8 hours.
Liquid phase exfoliation and crumpling of inorganic nanosheets

Here we demonstrate through experiment and simulation the polymer-assisted dispersion of inorganic 2D layered nanomaterials such as boron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs), molybdenum disulfide nanosheets (MoS2), and tungsten disulfide nanosheets (WS2), and we show that spray drying can be used to alter such nanosheets into a crumpled morphology. Our data indicate that polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) can act as a dispersant for the inorganic 2D layered nanomaterials in water and a range of organic solvents; the effectiveness of our dispersion process was characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy, microscopy and dynamic light scattering. Molecular dynamics simulations confirm that PVP readily physisorbs to BNNS surfaces. Collectively, these results indicate that PVP acts as a general dispersant for nanosheets. Finally, a rapid spray drying technique was utilized to convert these 2D dispersed nanosheets into 3D crumpled nanosheets; this is the first report of 3D crumpled inorganic nanosheets of any kind. Electron microscopy images confirm that the crumpled nanosheets (1–2 μm in diameter) show a distinctive morphology with dimples on the surface as opposed to a wrinkled, compressed surface, which matches earlier simulation results. These results demonstrate the possibility of scalable production of inorganic nanosheets with tailored morphology.
SU‐E‐J‐123: Inter‐Fraction Rectum Motion for Patients with Rectal Cancer Detected by Daily Cone Beam CT

Purpose: The inter‐fraction motion of the rectum for patients with rectal cancer is not well studied. Using daily kilo‐voltage cone beam CTs, the purpose of this study is to quantify the interfractional rectal motion relative to the planning CT and to assess proper planning margins for these patients. Methods: A total of 211 daily CBCT from 9 patients, who received IMRT treatment, were selected for this study. On each CBCT, the treatment target volume of the rectum was retrospectively contoured. For each patient, the daily contoured rectum (25 CBCT/patient on average) was transferred to the planning CT with a rigid bone registration. The planning margins to compensate for the interfractional rectal motion were determined by expanding the planning rectum (clinical target volume) with a series of margins up to 2.0 cm. The daily rectal motion was measured in superior, middle, and inferior segments. For each segmented rectum, the lateral and anterior‐posterior motions were measured relative to the centroid of the corresponding segmented CTV. Results: For all patients, 1.7 cm uniform expansion of the CTV was required to achieve a geometric coverage in 96% fractions. Furthermore, 1.7cm uniform expansion resulted in geometric coverage in 99% fractions of the first half course of the treatment and in 92% fractions of the second half course. There is a direct correlation between the segment location and magnitude of the displacement/movement (r=0.99). For these patients, the average margin expansions required for 100% geometric coverage for the Inferior, Middle, and Superior segments of the rectum were 0.8 cm, 1.0 cm, and 1.2 cm respectively. Conclusion: We found that the superior segment of the rectal wall is more mobile than the other segments, followed by the middle and inferior segments. Non‐uniform margins may be considered to ensure adequate geometric coverage while sparing surrounding normal tissue.
Dual laser ionization (DLI) measurements of ion mobilities in a H2O2Ar flame

Abstract A dual (also called direct) laser ionization (DLI) apparatus with a computerized data collection system was used to determine the ionic mobility coefficient for sodium in a fuel-rich H 2 O 2 Ar flame. The burning velocity of the flame was also obtained from the measurements. The data were analyzed with a Fokker-Planck model, which offers distinct advantages in treating the space charge effect in flames and modelling the time-dependent DLI ion signals. Both the ionic mobility coefficient of sodium and the burning velocity of the flame are in agreement with literature values.
Samir Amin and the Theory of Imperialism: A Critical Analysis

This paper attempts to provide, from a Marxist perspective, a critical understanding of Amin's theory of imperialism. The paper is broken down into two parts. The first part discusses Amin's theory...
Polybrominated diphenyl ether congeners and toxaphene in selected marine standard reference materials

Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners and components of the complex mixture toxaphene are stable in the environment and readily bioaccumulated into wildlife and human tissues. PBDEs are presently used in large quantities worldwide as flame retardants in textiles, furniture, computer equipment, and cables. Toxaphene is a complex mixture of chlorinated bornanes and bornenes that was the most heavily used pesticide in the United States until it was banned in 1982; however, some countries continue to use toxaphene. The National Institute of Standards and Technology has quantified PBDE congeners and toxaphene in several available Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) using methods of gas chromatography with electron impact mass spectrometry (GC-EI-MS) and GC negative chemical ionization (NCI) MS, respectively. SRM 1588a Organics in Cod Liver Oil and SRM 1945 Organics in Whale Blubber were examined for PBDE congeners 47, 99, 100, 153, and 154, total toxaphene, and toxaphene congeners 26, 50, and 62. SRM 1946 Lake Superior Fish Tissue was also examined for total toxaphene and toxaphene congeners. The sum of the PBDE congeners (mean, (1 SD) wet basis) for SRM 1945 was 150 ng g(-1) (7 ng g(-1)). The concentration of PBDE 47 in SRM 1588a was 82.7 ng g(-1) (2.8 ng g(-1)). Other PBDEs were detected in SRM 1588a but were not quantified due their low levels. The total toxaphene (wet mass basis) was 1,210 ng g(-1) (127 ng g(-1)), 1,960 ng g(-1) (133 ng g(-1)), and 3,980 ng g(-1) (248 ng g(-1)) in SRMs 1945, 1946, and 1588a, respectively. The values for PBDEs and toxaphene determined in the SRMs, while not certified, indicate that the SRMs will be suitable control materials for PBDE and toxaphene analyses.
Safety of laparoscopic ventral hernia repair in older adults

The published recurrence rate after laparoscopic ventral hernia repair is much less than the rate of recurrence via the open approach. Studies have demonstrated the safety and efficacy of this procedure but have had relatively young patient populations. We present our experience in a significantly older population. A retrospecitve chart review of all patients undergoing a laparoscopic ventral hernia repair at our institution from May 2000 to September 2004 was performed. Data extracted from charts included demographics, number and type of previous abdominal operations, number of previous hernia repairs, defect and mesh size, postoperative complications, and follow-up. Ninety-seven patients underwent laparoscopic ventral hernia repair (50 men and 47 women). The mean age was 68.5 years (37–85 years) with 78% of patients over the age of 60. Patients had undergone a mean of 2.1 prior abdominal operations. Thirty-five (36%) patients had undergone a mean of 1.8 previous open hernia repairs; 54% with mesh. The mean length of stay was 3.4 days (0–31 days). Thirty-three minor complications occurred in 27 patients. Six major complications occurred in five patients. Three patients required reoperation. Thirty-one percent of patients complained of pain at a transabdominal suture site 6 weeks after surgery. Nine percent of patients had seromas lasting longer than 6 weeks. Two recurrences occurred during follow-up and two patients required mesh removal. There were no deaths. Laparoscopic ventral hernia repair can be performed safely in patients regardless of age. Length of stay and overall complications are not affected by age. Long-term follow-up is necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of LVHR in this patient population.
Bioterrorismo: un nuevo problema de salud pública

(1) Departamento de Medicina, Division de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Universidad de Emory. Atlanta, Georgia, Estados Unidos de America.Solicitud de sobretiros: Dr. Carlos del Rio Chiriboga. Chief of Medicine, Grady Memorial Hospital, Emory University School of Medicine. 69 ButlerStreet Atlanta, GA 30303. United States of America.Correo electronico: cdelrio@emory.edu
Conducting disaster damage assessments with Spatial Video, experts, and citizens

Abstract Damage assessment (DA) is an important part of the disaster recovery process, as it helps organizations like the American Red Cross provide assistance and relief to those most affected. Through it, homes are characterized by the damage they have received using five classes ranging from “Unaffected” to “Destroyed”. Rapid acquisition of damage assessment data may be achieved through crowdsourcing platforms where volunteers review images of affected structures. Further, these images can be geographically enriched through Spatial Video technology, whereby a car with a GPS-enabled camera captures a video recording of homes as workers on the ground drive through neighborhoods affected by the disaster. This technology has several key benefits over field surveys, including reduced cost, the creation of a digital record, and the ability to process the images quickly through crowdsourcing. However, the quality of such user-generated content must be examined to determine its usefulness. An online survey was conducted using imagery from a Spatial Video data collection to determine the potential of using these technologies as a crowdsourcing platform. The survey was distributed to DA experts at the American Red Cross spread across the U.S. as well as individuals connected with CrisisMappers, a mailing list for people interested in the intersection between crises and geospatial technology. Groups of inexperienced and experienced users produced statistically similar results, demonstrating that such content can be trusted and useful for damage assessment. Recommendations are made for the implementation of future systems, the adoption of related methodologies, and considerations for using the resulting data.
Effects of exchange rate flexibility on the demand for international reserves

Abstract We incorporate a measure of exchange rate flexibility into the standard reserve demand equation and present empirical results for the 1976–1985 period which are consistent with the work of Officer (1976) and Frenkel and Jovanovic (1981) indicating the existence of economies of scale and the demand for reserves.
DC Voltage Effects on SAW Device Interdigital Electrodes

The transducer electrodes of high frequency surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices can be damaged by dc voltage transients as low as 150 volts. Controlled dc pulsed voltage levels applied to SAW device aluminum interdigital electrodes on piezoelectric quartz and lithium niobate have served to define arc discharge and surface fracture conditions affecting device performance. It is recommended that high frequency SAW devices be handled as voltage sensitive parts.
Household chores: under what conditions do mothers lean on daughters?

Early research on working mothers suggested that girls took on more housework when their mothers were employed outside the home. This chapter takes an updated look at this issue by asking whether daughters take on more housework when their mothers report stressful occupational conditions and by making within-family comparisons of sons' versus daughters' involvement in housework.
Acquisition and extinction in the runway as a joint function of constant reward magnitude and constant reward delay

Three levels of constant reward magnitude and three levels of constant delay of reward were combined in a factorial design to determine the joint effects of reward magnitude and delay upon a runway response in rats. In acquisition, magnitude affected rate of learning and delay affected asymptotic level of performance, and the two variables interacted to affect both rate and asymptote. In extinction, magnitude tended to affect resistance to extinction while delay did not, and there was no interaction of the variables. Results were interpreted in terms of Capaldi’s (1967) sequential theory.