cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CIRCE: A dedicated storage ring for coherent THz synchrotron radiation

We present the concepts for an electron storage ring dedicated to and optimized for the production of stable coherent synchrotron radiation (CSR) over the far-infrared terahertz wavelength range from 200 mm to about one cm. CIRCE (Coherent InfraRed CEnter) will be a 66 m circumference ring located on top of the ALS booster synchrotron shielding tunnel and using the existing ALS injector. This location provides enough floor space for both the CIRCE ring, its required shielding, and numerous beamlines. We briefly outline a model for CSR emission in which a static bunch distortion induced by the synchrotron radiation field is used to significantly extend the stable CSR emission towards higher frequencies. This model has been verified with experimental CSR results. We present the calculated CIRCE photon flux where a gain of 6-9 orders of magnitude is shown compared to existing far-IR sources. Additionally, the particular design of the dipole vacuum chamber has been optimized to allow an excellent transmission of these far-infrared wavelengths. We believe that the CIRCE source can be constructed for a modest cost.
Visual enhancement of unmixed multispectral imagery using adaptive smoothing

Adaptive smoothing (AS) has been previously proposed as a method to smooth uniform regions of an image, retain contrast edges, and enhance edge boundaries. The method is an implementation of the anisotropic diffusion process which results in a gray scale image. This paper discusses modifications to the AS method for application to multi-band data which results in a color segmented image. The process was used to visually enhance the three most distinct abundance fraction images produced by the Lagrange constraint neural network learning-based unmixing of Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus multispectral sensor data. A mutual information-based method was applied to select the three most distinct fraction images for subsequent visualization as a red, green, and blue composite. A reported image restoration technique (partial restoration) was applied to the multispectral data to reduce unmixing error, although evaluation of the performance of this technique was beyond the scope of this paper. The modified smoothing process resulted in a color segmented image with homogeneous regions separated by sharpened, coregistered multiband edges. There was improved class separation with the segmented image, which has importance to subsequent operations involving data classification.
Matching and negotiation processes in quasi-markets

Abstract The negotiation literature has emphasized negotiation between two or more predetermined parties. Many negotiations, however, occur in market contexts in which parties must decide with whom to negotiate as well as conduct specific dyadic negotiations. The results of a laboratory study of the MBA job market show that negotiators deviate from rationality both in the way in which they “match” and in their dyadic negotiations. These results are discussed in terms of the implications both for individuals who participate in such markets and for institutions that create mechanisms that affect the matching/ negotiation process.
Political regimes and stock market development

This article highlights an often overlooked element in the finance-growth nexus: the role of political regimes. We find political regimes to impact the size of security markets but not the degree of liquidity; there is no statistically significant difference in the volume of shares traded on stock markets between autocracies and the rest of the sample. We find strong support for Rodrik and Wacziarg’s (Am Econ Rev Papers Proc 95:50–55, 2005) finding that democratic transitions do lead to positive economic outcomes. Though the link between a young democracy on financial development is negative over the period 1990 to 1999, the relationship turns positive from 2000 to 2009, indicating that as democracies mature there is less uncertainty toward investment. This finding is contrary to the perception that a new democracy is likely to function like the typical autocrat. In essence, the effect of democracy on financial development is J-shaped. The data also reveal that military leadership has a negative effect on financial development.
An object-oriented approach to automated generation of challenge examinations using Ada 95

The primary objective of this paper is to analyze and evaluate the usefulness of object-oriented development and the Ada 95 programming language as applied to a specific software development project. A secondary objective is to show that structured development is still useful while applying object-oriented development and that the two methods can be integrated. The project is to develop an automated tool for generation of challenge examinations to test the knowledge of students in a given subject. The concepts of object-oriented and structured development are discussed and compared as they pertain to this problem domain. The methods are then applied and evaluated as the project is taken from analysis of the problem, through requirements specification, design, and implementation. During the requirements analysis and design phases, comparisons are made between object composition and functional decomposition, and rationale is discussed for the best places to use each. During the implementation phase, object-oriented features of the Ada 95 programming language are used as well as traditional structured programming techniques. Conclusions are summarized regarding the usefulness of the object-oriented paradigm and Ada 95 for this project, and the benefits of incorporating traditional structured development where it fits best.
Reduced Frontal Lobe Activity in Subjects With High Impulsivity and Alcoholism

Objective: Impulsivity is an important characteristic of many psychiatric disorders, including substance-related disorders. These disinhibitory disorders have a similar underlying genetic diathesis, with each disorder representing a different expression of the same underlying genetic liability. This study assessed whether there is a relationship between impulsivity and alcohol dependence, and their correlations with P3 (P300) amplitude, a proposed endophenotype of alcoholism. Methods: Healthy control subjects (n 5 58) and subjects with DSM-IV diagnosis of alcohol dependence (n 5 57) were assessed with a visual oddball task. Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) were recorded from 61 scalp electrodes and P3 amplitudes measured. Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS), version 11, was used to evaluate impulsivity. Source localization of P3 was computed using low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (LORETA). Results: Alcoholic subjects manifested reductions in target P3 amplitudes (po0.0001). Using LORETA, significantly reduced activation was mapped in the cingulate, medial, and superior frontal regions in alcoholic subjects and highly impulsive subjects. Alcoholic subjects had significantly higher scores on the BIS (po0.0001) than nonalcoholic individuals. There were significant negative correlations between total scores on BIS and P3 amplitude (r 5 0.274, p 5 0.003, on Pz; r 5 0.250, p 5 0.007, on Cz). Conclusions: Our results demonstrate a strong frontal focus of reduced activation during processing of visual targets in alcoholic subjects and individuals with higher impulsivity. The findings suggest that impulsivity may be an important factor that underlies the pathogenesis of alcohol dependence. Studies are underway to examine the relationship between impulsivity and ERPs in offspring of alcoholic subjects, and to identify genes associated with the underlying predisposition involved in disinhibitory disorders.
Raman emission in silicon waveguides: prospects for a silicon amplifier and laser

We report measurements of Raman scattering from silicon-on-insulator (SOI) waveguides in the 1.5 /spl mu/m region. The value of two-photon absorption at 1.5 /spl mu/m suggests that TPA should not hinder the realization of a silicon Raman amplifier or laser.
Stochastic filtering in jump systems with state dependent mode transitions

We introduce a new methodology to construct a Gaussian mixture approximation to the true filter density in hybrid Markovian switching systems. We relax the assumption that the mode transition process is a Markov chain and allow it to depend on the actual and unobservable state of the system. The main feature of the method is that the Gaussian densities used in the approximation are selected as the solution of a convex programming problem which trades off sparsity of the solution with goodness of fit. A meaningful example shows that the proposed method can outperform the widely used interacting multiple model (IMM) filter in terms of accuracy at the expenses of an increase in computational time.
Accepting Clocks that Tell Time Poorly: Fluid Phase Versus Standard ELISA Autoantibody Assays

The predominant autoantibody assays employed in basic immunologic studies are variations of solid-phase assays where autoantigens are bound to 96-well plates. Though the assay format is convenient and often appropriate for studies of induced immune responses in inbred strains of mice, we will argue that this assay format usually, but not always, leads in clinical medicine to what should be unacceptable false positive results as well as lower sensitivity compared to the current generation of high throughput fluid-phase radioassays. Utilizing simple in vitro transcription and translation labeling of autoantigens, it is now possible to rapidly create fluid-phase radioassays for most (but not all) autoantigens, thereby allowing direct comparison between the different assay formats. In addition, adding a fluid-phase competition step to both solid-phase ELISA assays and even fluid-phase radioassays can enhance specificity. Development in a field of such assays with excellent specificity and sensitivity (e.g. studies of type 1A diabetes) is fostered by Societies sponsoring workshops where blinded samples are evaluated with "competing" assay formats for sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility.
Teaching an Agent to Test Students

This paper presents an innovative application of the Disciple Learning Agent Shell to the building of an educational agent that generates history tests for middle school students, to assist in the assessment of their understanding and use of higher-order thinking skills. Disciple has been taught by an educator to generate and answer basic test questions and to explain the answers. From its interaction with the educational expert, Disciple has learned general rules that allow it to generate a large number of new test questions for students, together with hints, answers, and explanations of the answers. As a result, it can guide the students during their practice of higher-order thinking skills as they would be directly guided by the educator. It can also be used by the educator to generate a different exam for each student in the class. Disciple has been experimentally evaluated by history experts, students and tea-chers, with very promising results. The work on developing this educational agent illustrates an integration of machine learning, knowledge acquisition, problem solving and intelligent tu-toring systems in the context of computer-based assessment involving multimedia documents.
A study of learning curve impact on three identical small spacecraft

We present the preliminary result of the study on the learning curve impact on three identical small spacecraft. Resources spent on concept development and design can be characterized as "nonrecurring cost" because it is not needed for future units. Nonrecurring cost primarily depends on the mission requirement, and in the case of ST-5, the inherent technological complication. However, recurring cost, the effort and resource spent in building and testing every unit of spacecraft, may be significantly affected by the "learning curve effect", due to the complicated structure of spacecraft or subsystems, as well as the uniqueness of aerospace products. For multispacecraft missions, recurring cost is one of our main concerns. Our research deals with the learning curve impact on the three ST-5 small satellites, including the impact to the entire spacecraft and the impact to primary subsystems, although a majority of ST-5 funding is contributed toward nonrecurring cost. This study is important and useful in assessment of NASA's future multi-spacecraft missions. It may help provide a more accurate estimate of the mission cost and give us an insight leading to possible cost reduction for the future multi-spacecraft missions.
The atmospheric signature of Io's Prometheus plume and anti-jovian hemisphere: evidence for a sublimation atmosphere

Using the Hubble Space Telescope’s Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph we have obtained for the first time spatially resolved 2000– 3000 A spectra of Io’s Prometheus plume and adjoining regions on Io’s anti-jovian hemisphere in the latitude range 60 ◦ N–60 ◦ S, using a0 .1 �� slit centered on Prometheus and tilted roughly 45 ◦ to the spin axis. The SO2 column density peaked at 1.25 × 10 17 cm −2 near the equator, with an additional 5 × 10 16 cm −2 enhancement over Prometheus corresponding to a model volcanic SO2 output of 10 5 kg s −1 . Apart from the Prometheus peak, the SO2 column density dropped fairly smoothly away from the subsolar point, even over regions that included potential volcanic sources. At latitudes less than ±30 ◦ , the dropoff rate was consistent with control by vapor pressure equilibrium with surface frost with subsolar temperature 117.3 ± 0.6 K, though SO2 abundance was higher than predicted by vapor pressure control at mid-latitudes, especially in the northern hemisphere. We conclude that, at least at low latitudes on the anti-jovian hemisphere where there are extensive deposits of optically-thick SO 2 frost, the atmosphere is probably primarily supported by sublimation of surface frost. Although the 45 ◦ tilt of our slit prevents us from separating the dependence of atmospheric density on solar zenith angle from its dependence on latitude, the pattern is consistent with a sublimation atmosphere regardless of which parameter is the dominant control. The observed drop in gas abundance towards higher latitudes is consistent with the interpretation of previous Lyman alpha images of Io as indicating an atmosphere concentrated at low latitudes. Comparison with previous disk-resolved UV spectroscopy, Lyman-alpha images, and mid-infrared spectroscopy suggests that Io’s atmosphere is denser and more widespread on the anti-jovian hemisphere than at other longitudes. SO2 gas temperatures were in the range of 150–250 K over the majority of the anti-jovian hemisphere, consistent with previous observations. SO was not definitively detected in our spectra, with upper limits to the SO /SO2 ratio in the range 1–10%, roughly consistent with previous observations. S2 gas was not seen anywhere, with an upper limit of 7.5 × 10 14 cm −2 for the Prometheus plume, confirming that this plume is significantly poorer in S 2 than the Pele plume (S2 /SO2 < 0.005, compared to 0.08–0.3 at Pele). In addition to the gas absorption signatures, we have observed continuum emission in the near ultraviolet (near 2800 A) for the first time. The brightness of the observed emission was directly correlated with the SO2 abundance, strongly peaking in the equatorial region over Prometheus. Emission brightness was modestly anti-correlated with the jovian magnetic latitude, decreasing when Io intersected the torus centrifugal equator.  2003 Published by Elsevier Inc.
Effect of vitamin E supplementation on hepatic fibrogenesis in chronic dietary iron overload

It has been suggested that lipid peroxidation plays an important role in hepatic fibrogenesis resulting from chronic iron overload. Vitamin E is an important lipid-soluble antioxidant that has been shown to be decreased in patients with hereditary hemochromatosis and in experimental iron overload. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of vitamin E supplementation on hepatic lipid peroxidation and fibrogenesis in an animal model of chronic iron overload. Rats were fed the following diets for 4, 8, or 14 mo: standard laboratory diet (control), diet with supplemental vitamin E (200 IU/kg, control + E), diet with carbonyl iron (Fe), and diet with carbonyl iron supplemented with vitamin E (200 IU/kg. Fe + E). Iron loading resulted in significant decreases in hepatic and plasma vitamin E levels at all time points, which were overcome by vitamin E supplementation. Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (an index of lipid peroxidation) were increased three- to fivefold in the iron-loaded livers; supplementation with vitamin E reduced these levels by at least 50% at all time points. Hepatic hydroxyproline levels were increased twofold by iron loading. Vitamin E did not affect hydroxyproline content at 4 or 8 mo but caused an 18% reduction at 14 mo in iron-loaded livers. At 8 and 14 mo, vitamin E decreased the number of alpha-smooth muscle actin-positive stellate cells in iron-loaded livers. These results demonstrate a dissociation between lipid peroxidation and collagen production and suggest that the profibrogenic action of iron in this model is mediated through effects which cannot be completely suppressed by vitamin E.
KIRigami: the case for studying NK cell receptors in SIV+ macaques

Genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) are one of the most significant genetic predictors of HIV and SIV disease outcome; however, in no case is MHC genotype alone sufficient to account for this durable HIV/SIV control. Killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) interact with MHC molecules and have been implicated in control of HIV replication. They provide an attractive candidate to act in concert with protective MHC alleles in promoting viral control. While there is ample data demonstrating the association between KIR genotype and improved disease course, little is known about the mechanism through which KIRs promote HIV protection. As with MHC studies, macaques provide an important experimental model in which to address the role of KIRs in disease pathogenesis. This review focuses on the current understanding of the role of KIRs in HIV infection and outstanding questions for future study.
Perseverations on a Critical Theme

In response to my earlier critique of recent attempts to rebut principlism as an ethical approach, Green, Gert, and Clouser (GGC (2) that pluralistic accounts, including principlism, fail to offer any systematic way to resolve moral conflicts; and (3) that appeals to broader 'moral' principles beyond the moral rules are deceiving, since apparent differences in 'moral' judgment invariably involve disagreement about empirical facts rather than further moral considerations. In response to (1), I defend my earlier label by emphasizing the stipulated and invariant status of the moral rules GG&C invoke, even as I question the adequacy of their putative 'descriptivism'. In response to (2), I suggest the plausibility of pluralist approaches and reiterate the modified just-war criteria that Beauchamp and Childress invoke in situations when principles conflict. In response to (3), I suggest that a 'descriptivism' worthy of the name must systematically accommodate the appeal to moral principles that remains central to metaethical and normative discussions.
Book Review: Veronique Benei, Schooling India: Hindus, Muslims and the Forging of Citizens

Veronique Benei, Schooling India: Hindus, Muslims and the Forging of Citizens, Delhi: Permanent Black, 2009, pp. 368.
Distributed Sleep-Scheduling Protocols for Energy Conservation in Wireless Networks

This paper presents a distributed sleep scheduling protocol that can be used for implementing synchronous interface sleep for energy conservation in wireless Ad Hoc networks. Central ida of this protocol is to distribute a common sleep-awake cycle schedule among all nodes within a connected partition so that the nodes can turn their interface off during the sleep section of the agreed upon schedule, and they can communicate during the wake section of the schedule. By turning the interface off, the nodes can avoid idle listening consumption, which is a known reason for non-essential energy drainage in random-access network interfaces such as those running IEEE 802.11. This protocol is suited for low to moderate network loading conditions. The proposed distributed protocol employs a novel schedule synchronization technique that can work without any local time synchronization and can deliver low convergence latencies. Another notable feature of the protocol is its ability to work with unmodified existing MAC layer protocols such as 802.11. We present an ns2 based simulation model of the proposed distributed scheduling and sleep protocols for evaluating and comparing their energy performance with those of plain 802.11 MAC and a centralized scheduling mechanism. Experimental results show that with 50% wake-sleep duty cycle and 1 second wake-sleep cycle period, the protocol can achieve up to 50% energy gain within the feasible network loading situations, with a maximum packet drop rate of less than 5%.
Effect of window size and sunlight presence on glare

In a direct gain or a sunlighting strategy, windows are designed to admit sunlight directly into the living space. The problem of sizing the window in this case is compounded by glare usually thought to be very high and the potentially cheerful effects caused by the direct penetration of sunlight. This study examines the effect of window size on discomfort glare in such conditions based on occupants' appraisal (perceived glare) and also by using established glare prediction algorithms (calculated glare). Further, it compares perceived with calculated glare. Glare appraisals took place in a private office room of a typical size. The results indicate that, although with only low level of statistical signifieanee, window size affects glare when the observer is facing the window and this effect is described by a bell-shape curve. From a lateral position, the effect of window size is rather insignificant. The size of sunspots in the room does not affect significantly perceived glare. Furthermore, perceived gla...
Biomedical Image Segmentation Based on Shape Stability

Biomedical image segmentation remains a challenging task mainly due to the weak edges and unevenly distributed color intensity of the objects and background. We present a novel unsupervised segmentation method to extract nuclei region from background. Our method, called shape stability algorithm, is a multiscale local adaptive threshold method. A modified weighted filter which serves as preprocessing method is also introduced. The presented algorithm is applied for segmentation of a number of Pap Smear images as well as bone marrow cell images. The results indicate the successful performance of the presented segmentation algorithm in segmentation of both Pap Smear and bone marrow samples.
Cliqued Up The Postincarceration Recidivism of Young Gang-Related Homicide Offenders

This study examines the interrelationship between gang affiliation and commitment for a gang-related homicide on the postincarceration recidivism of a sample of 1,804 serious and violent delinquent...
A note on the drag on a slowly moving body in an axisymmetric rotating flow

A variational expression is constructed for the drag on a sphere of radius a that moves with speed U [Lt ] Ω a along the axis of a container of rotational speed Ω and length h [Gt ] a with E = v /Ω a 2 [Lt ] 1. Two complementary approximations, based on the asymptotic solutions in the limits δ = Eh /2 a ↑ ∞ and δ ↓ 0, and a variational interpolation between these approximations are compared with the numerical results of Hocking, Moore & Walton (1979). The limit δ ↓ 0 is singular, and the variational principle fails in that limit in the sense that the error in the drag is of the same order as the error in the trial function rather than of second order therein; nevertheless, the variational interpolation is in error by less than 0·1% for δ > 0·003 and by less than 1% for all δ. The variational formulation may be of interest in other contexts.
Effects of middle ear pressure on frequency representation in the central auditory system.

Abstract Changes in middle ear pressure (MEP) are known to produce an attenuation of sound transmission through the outer and middle ear, but the effects on frequency representation in the auditory system have not previously been studied. This issue is of particular interest because of changes in MEP occurring during episodes of otitis media. We have investigated the effect of changes in MEP on the tuning of neurons in the inferior colliculus (IC) of the gerbil to calibrated tone stimulation of the contralateral, pressurized ear. Both negative and positive non-atmospheric MEP produced an elevation of neural thresholds that was inversely related to IC neuron best frequency (BF). A robust, linear relationship was found between BF at atmospheric MEP (control) and BF at −20 daPa MEP. Higher resolution analysis was performed on a sub-sample of neurons that had particularly stable BFs with repeated, control MEP. For the majority of these neurons, alternation of MEP between control and −20 daPa had no effect on BF. However, a few neurons showed small (up to 5%), significant shifts in BF with −20 daPa MEP. These results are consistent with previous reports of the effects of MEP on spontaneous otoacoustic emissions. We conclude that non-atmospheric MEP acts as a high-pass filter on the input to the cochlea, but does not change the frequency organization of the auditory system to any marked extent.
South Thailand: Politics, Identity, and Culture

There are approximately five million Muslims in Thailand (7 percent of the total population), with about 1.8 million in the southernmost provinces bordering on Malaysia. A considerable literature in history, anthropology, political science, international relations, and religious studies has been produced since January 4, 2004, when a violent Muslim insurgency dramatically erupted in the area. At that time over 100 Muslim insurgents raided an arms depot of the Fourth Army Engineers in Narathiwat Province. On January 22, in south Thailand, two Muslim young men on a motorcycle used a long knife to slit the throat of a sixty-four-year-old Buddhist monk, killing him. The monk had just returned from his early morning round of tham bun (alms-collecting extending merit to Buddhist families).
Environmental Controls of Allergies

Environmental controls of allergy remain a cornerstone in the management of patients who have allergic rhinitis. In the past, recommendations for environmental controls were based on common sense and the demonstration that certain methods of environmental control reduce antigen quantity. Reduction of antigen quantity is, however, only an indirect measure of whether an environmental control strategy actually reduces allergic symptoms. This article details current recommendations for reducing antigen exposure based on specific antigen sensitivities. Strategies for reduction of indoor inhalant allergens—dust mites, cockroach, molds, and house pet danders—are presented, as well as techniques for reducing exposure to outdoor inhalant allergens.
Hydrogen binding and diffusion in diamond

We have investigated the binding and diffusion pathways for atomic hydrogen in diamond using the semiempirical atom superposition and electron delocalization molecular orbital (ASED-MO) theory. The bond-centered site has been found to be more stable than the tetrahedral and hexagonal interstitial sites due to the formation of a low-lying band-gap orbital which takes the promoted electron. A second hydrogen binds even more stably to the nearby antibonding site with additional stabilization of the now doubly occupied band gap orbital. The bond-centered hydrogen is predicted to migrate along the high-density (110) planes in the diamond lattice with an activation barrier of 1.9 eV. A carbon atom vacancy is found to attract interstitial H which bind to dangling orbitals on the surrounding C atoms. These bond strengths decrease as up to a maximum of four H atoms enters the vacancy. A hydrogen atom in a vacancy is found to increase the activation energy for vacancy migration.
The Effect of Smoking on Ligament and Cartilage Surgery in the Knee: A Systematic Review

Background:The adverse effects of smoking on various health conditions such as cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease have been well documented. Many orthopaedic conditions, such as fracture healing, wound repair, and bone mineral density, have been reported to be adversely affected by smoking. However, no known systematic reviews have investigated the effects of smoking on ligament and cartilage knee surgery.Purpose:We hypothesized that smoking would have a negative influence from both a basic science and clinical outcome perspective on these types of knee surgeries.Study Design:Systematic review.Methods:A systematic review of multiple medical databases was performed evaluating clinical and basic science studies to determine the effects of smoking on ligament and cartilage knee surgery.Results:Fourteen studies were found for inclusion and analysis. Eight of these studies addressed the relationship between smoking and knee ligaments, and 6 investigated the relationship between smoking and articular ...
Economic Aid to Egypt: Promoting Progress or Subordination?

This article evaluates the political economy of U.S. aid in Egypt, arguing that transnational actors worked symbiotically with political and crony capitalist Egyptian elite to formulate and implement aid policies. The transnational elite project, narratively described as promoting ‘market democracy,’ defined reforms within a narrow frame where political and economic engagement would not challenge the dominant U.S.-Israeli security structure. The aid regime used a dual strategy based on partnerships and privatization, whereby reforms functioned to enhance asymmetric elite profit-making, economic integration into the U.S.-dominated capitalist system, and the geostrategic stability, and hence, dictatorship, within that order. Dictatorial power was central to transnational profits which connected directly to the aid regime and generated greater exclusion and inequality within Egypt. These effects led many critics to view U.S. aid and the changes that it effected as subordinating, both domestically, in terms of socio-political and socio-economic relations, and externally, in terms of Egypt’s stature and foreign policies.
Technologically significant capillary phenomena in high-temperature materials processing: Examples drawn from the aluminum industry

Examples of the impact of capillary phenomena on materials processing are drawn from the aluminum industry spanning aluminum smelting to recycling. The profound interaction of the oxides that form on molten aluminum is felt in many of the processes considered. Areas for improved understanding of wetting, spreading, infiltration, and Marangoni flow behavior are identified. Databases on liquid surface tension and solid surface energies need to be expanded to encompass commercial materials. Practical screening tests remain to be developed that provide realistic and scaleable rankings of interfacial behavior stemming from the interaction of complex solid microstructures and commercial aluminum alloys.
Zablocki V. Redhail, 434 U.S. 374 (1978)

This piece is an encyclopedia entry on Zablocki v. Redhail. Zablocki is one of a handful of modern Supreme Court cases, the most famous being Loving v. Virginia, exploring the constitutional right to marry. Zablocki stands out, however, because it provokes this central question: In what precise sense is marriage, by some accounts a purely positive creation of the state, a constitutional right? Zablocki concerned a challenge to a Wisconsin statute that forbid residents with support obligations to non-custodial minor children from marrying unless they could demonstrate that they were complying with those obligations. Justice Marshall's majority opinion approached the case as an equal protection problem, holding that the freedom to marry was "fundamental" for equal protection purposes and that the state statute could not survive strict scrutiny. The Court's opinion, however, skirted the question whether the "fundamental" right to marry was a basic entitlement, like the right to speech, or only a right of equal access. Some of the other opinions, though, in particular Justice Stewart's concurrence in the judgment, faced this issue more directly. Stewart argued that the case did not involve equal protection at all, but rather a liberty interest protected as a matter of substantive due process. He also wrote that, although States could exercise their traditional power to regulate marriage, and could even prohibit some marriages entirely, "there is a limit beyond which a State may not constitutionally go." The issues raised in Zablocki echo in contemporary debates about marriage. Most obviously, they are crucial to whether there might be a right to same-sex marriage. More intriguingly, since some commentators have argued that the government should abolish civil marriage entirely, it has now become a matter of more than theoretical interest whether such a move would be constitutionally permissible.
Let’s Call a Star a Star Task Performance, External Status, and Exceptional Contributors in Organizations

We develop a new typology of star employees, wherein we identify three types of stars—universal stars, performance stars, and status stars—on the basis of stars’ unique combinations of task performance and external status. By classifying stars in this way and disentangling task performance and external status as unique and simultaneously important qualities underlying the distinct contributions of different types of stars, we provide a basis for more accurately identifying the full range of individuals who create exceptional value, and we offer novel insights into stars’ various influences in organizations. With this foundation, we explore how different types of stars’ distinct qualities and bases of value creation affect both the security of their star standing and their relative abilities to appropriate value. We then expand our focus to consider stars in the broader organizational contexts in which they exist, discussing the implications of stars’ distinct attributes for patterns of value creation, val...
Introduction of Integrative Health and Acupuncture to Pre-Clerkship Medical Students.

Abstract Background: Pain is a common diagnosis in both the civilian and military community. Integrative health practices, such as acupuncture, are often used to treat pain as well as other medical conditions. Medical schools must ensure that their students are aware of what patients are using and how the tools of Integrative Health can be used together with the conventional medical model. Methods: The Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), The United States' military medical school, is heeding this call in innovative ways. The USUHS uses several means to teach Integrative Health throughout the 4-year medical school experience. A new component, Battlefield Acupuncture, was introduced into the second-year curriculum and was particularly relevant to service personnel. Conclusions: Integrative health modalities introduced to medical students early in their education has been well-received and will prepare them for their medical careers.
Multi-color image formation through highly scattering turbid media

We present multi-color image projection through highly scattering media for image formation using diffraction and multiple scattering. A genetic algorithm wavefront optimization enables high contrast image formation.
A Gray Zone between Documentary and Fiction: Interview with Janus Metz

Janus Metz discusses his award-winning film Armadillo (2010), which he shot while embedded with a platoon of Danish soldiers in Afghanistan9s Helmand province. He locates the film within the discourse of the War on Terror, the possibilities of documentary style, and the mythologies of war narratives.
EdnrB Governs Regenerative Response of Melanocyte Stem Cells by Crosstalk with Wnt Signaling

Delineating the crosstalk between distinct signaling pathways is key to understanding the diverse and dynamic responses of adult stem cells during tissue regeneration. Here, we demonstrate that the Edn/EdnrB signaling pathway can interact with other signaling pathways to elicit distinct stem cell functions during tissue regeneration. EdnrB signaling promotes proliferation and differentiation of melanocyte stem cells (McSCs), dramatically enhancing the regeneration of hair and epidermal melanocytes. This effect is dependent upon active Wnt signaling that is initiated by Wnt ligand secretion from the hair follicle epithelial niche. Further, this Wnt-dependent EdnrB signaling can rescue the defects in melanocyte regeneration caused by Mc1R loss. This suggests that targeting Edn/EdnrB signaling in McSCs can be a therapeutic approach to promote photoprotective-melanocyte regeneration, which may be useful for those with increased risk of skin cancers due to Mc1R variants.
Application of moment function in Weibull distribution parameter estimation for wind speed

If a random variable obeys the Weibull distribution,its moment of each order still obeys the Weibull distribution,according to which,the moment function is applied to estimate the Weibull distribution parameters. The Weibull distribution parameter k and c of wind speed are estimated respectively based on its origin moment and central moment. The parameter estimation formulas are given and the probability distribution of wind speed is calculated. The characteristic indexes of wind energy are then calculated according to its Weibull distribution. As an example,the Weibull distribution parameters and wind energy characteristic indexes of a wind farm in Hexi are calculated by the proposed method and the mean and variance estimation method. Compared with the characteristic indexes obtained directly from wind speed data,the calculated results by the proposed method have higher precision and less overall error.
Lifecycle of Modeling Business Process Based on Pi Calculus

With the dramatic competition of enterprise,the technology of business modeling gets more and more important.Formal business process model receives a lot of attention in the scientific community because formal methodology is proved effective in avoiding ambiguity and feasible in supporting analysis and verification of model.But at present,there is not suitable systemic theory and methodology to support modeling business process easily and to analyze and verify model formally.This paper discussed how to use formal methodology when modeling business process at the viewpoint of the lifecycle.The contribution of this paper is giving a lifecycle based on Pi calculus,discussing technology and tools used in every stage of lifecycle.
Longitudinal trajectories of non-medical use of prescription medication among middle and high school students.

ABSTRACTThe non-medical use of prescription medications has been identified as a major public health problem among youth, although few longitudinal studies have examined non-medical use of prescription medications in the context of other drug use. Previous cross-sectional studies have shown gender and race differences in non-medical use of prescription medications. It was hypothesized that (1) non-medical use of prescription medications increases with age, and (2) these increases will be stronger in magnitude among female and Caucasian adolescents. Changes in non-medical use of prescription medications across 4 years were examined and compared with changes in other drug use (e.g., alcohol and marijuana). Middle and high school students enrolled in 5 schools in southeastern Michigan completed web-based surveys at 4 annual time points. The cumulative sample size was 5,217. The sample ranged from 12 to 18 years, 61% were Caucasian, 34% were African American, and 50% were female. Using a series of repeated me...
Two Supernumerary Kidneys with Ureteral Atresia

Abstract Supernumerary kidney is a rare entity. We report on 2 supernumerary kidneys with ureteral atresia presenting as an abdominal mass in an infant.
Soli: ubiquitous gesture sensing with millimeter wave radar

This paper presents Soli, a new, robust, high-resolution, low-power, miniature gesture sensing technology for human-computer interaction based on millimeter-wave radar. We describe a new approach to developing a radar-based sensor optimized for human-computer interaction, building the sensor architecture from the ground up with the inclusion of radar design principles, high temporal resolution gesture tracking, a hardware abstraction layer (HAL), a solid-state radar chip and system architecture, interaction models and gesture vocabularies, and gesture recognition. We demonstrate that Soli can be used for robust gesture recognition and can track gestures with sub-millimeter accuracy, running at over 10,000 frames per second on embedded hardware.
Abstract 4167: Snai2(Slug) regulates tumor angiogenesis through the induction of EndoMT

Anti-angiogenic therapy remains an attractive option in the treatment of cancer since it has the potential to both control growth of the primary tumor and limit metastasis. However, many current anti-angiogenic cancer drugs fail to deliver long-term efficacy, likely due to adaptation of the tumor to utilize alternative angiogenic pathways. The high level of cross talk between pro-angiogenic pathways makes targeting the downstream effectors a potentially more beneficial strategy. We have recently demonstrated that the transcription factor Slug (Snai2), a master regulator of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), is expressed in angiogenic endothelial cells (EC) and can augment sprouting angiogenesis in vitro, likely by inducing a partial endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT). Slug is induced by many pro-angiogenic pathways (e.g. TGFβ, Notch, VEGF) and can directly regulate several key steps in angiogenesis, such as migration and proliferation, making it an attractive anti-angiogenic drug target. In this study we used Slug knockout mice, which are viable but runted, to test the hypothesis that Slug regulates pathological angiogenesis in vivo by inducing an EndoMT. Using a Matrigel plug assay we found that angiogenesis was reduced in Slug knockout mice compared to littermate controls. Initial analysis suggests this is the result of impaired vascular recruitment. In addition, a syngeneic subcutaneous tumor model showed that the growth of wild type tumor cells is reduced by over 50% in Slug knockout mice compared to controls. In an in vitro angiogenesis assay Slug overexpression induces hypersprouting and an increased number of disconnected cells, suggesting the complete loss of cell-cell junctions, consistent with a full EndoMT. RNA-seq comparing Slug overexpressing EC to wild type EC revealed targets that are implicated in both autocrine and paracrine regulation of tumor angiogenesis. In conclusion, these data suggest that EC expression of Slug regulates tumor angiogenesis, and that the level of slug expression may set the threshold between a partial and a full EndoMT. Citation Format: Nan Wu, Katrina Welch-Reardon, Christopher Hughes. Snai2(Slug) regulates tumor angiogenesis through the induction of EndoMT. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 4167. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-4167
Recognizing chilliness: How schemas of inequality shape views of culture and climate in work environments

Why are some people more likely than others to recognize hostile or unfair interactions in local environments such as their workplaces? We argue that awareness of chilly climates is not simply a tally of instances of discrimination but an interpretive process framed by cultural schemas of inequality, deeply held cultural accounts of broad ascriptive group differences. We contend that schemas of inequality frame the way individuals interpret their day-to-day work environments, sharpening or distorting their ability to recognize unfair circumstances therein. To investigate the relationship between these cultural schemas and recognition of chilliness, we analyze survey data from a theoretically useful case of academic science and engineering (STEM) faculty. When accounting for patterns of under-representation in STEM generally, roughly half of respondents rely on meritocratic schemas, while half use schemas emphasizing structural barriers. Yet even net of demographics and personal experiences of marginalization at work, those using meritocratic schemas are less likely than those using structural schemas to recognize chilly departmental climates and chilly professional cultures. Our focus pivots analytical attention beyond individuals’ experiences of disadvantage toward the cultural schemas that shape whether co-workers, both dominant and non-dominant, recognize chilly interactions in their work environments that disadvantage women and minorities.
Microstructure and wear resistance of Ti6Al4V surfaces processed by pulsed laser

Abstract When pulsed laser beams deposit spatially and temporally localized power on the metallic surfaces, microstructure and mechanical properties could change significantly. During and after each pulse, the exposed surface experiences a cycle of thermal processes involving extremely high heating and cooling rates, which consequently cause significant microstructure evolution. Changes in mechanical strength follow such microstructural changes. In this work, the influence of pulsed laser processing (PLP) on microstructural evolution, resulting hardness and wear resistance of Ti6Al4V surfaces is investigated. Average pulse power is varied from surface heating to melting regimes in processing. A 2D axisymmetric finite element model of a single pulse is utilized to obtain the heating and cooling histories, and a phase transformation mapping procedure is used to obtain the microstructural evolution. Melting (MZ) and heat affected zones (HAZ) observed at the cross sections of the processed surfaces are found to correlate with the predicted temperature field. The resulting phases in those zones are predominantly martensitic α′ and α phase; higher laser power produces thicker martensitic α′ surface layers several microns into the processed surface. Nanoindentation, nano/microscale and mesoscale wear tests are then applied to the processed surfaces to identify the effects of microstructure on hardness and wear resistance. The surface processed by higher laser power shows higher hardness and wear resistance compared to the surface processed by low power laser. The hardness and wear resistance of the surface processed by low power laser shows no obvious change from substrate material. Mixture of hard martensitic surface layer and underlying ductile substrate resulting from PLP facilitate superior resistance to abrasive and partly low cycle fatigue wear.