cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Significance of plasma glycolipid levels in normals and in 3 disorders of brain glycolipids.

Summary1. Plasma glycolipids and other plasma lipids were studied in 2 diseases affecting the myelin glycolipids, in gargoylism, and in controls of appropriate age. 2. Plasma glycolipid levels in this series of normal children ranged from 4.9-6.5 mg%. Those in 2 metachromatic children ranged from 6.0-6.3 mg%. In the globoid child. plasma glycolipids ranged from 4.3-5.1 mg%. 3. Data obtained with these methods would not appear to establish a disorder of total plasma glycolipids per se as the primary source for systemic deposits in the patients studied. 4) The significance of the plasma glycolipid level is considered, and the need for individualization in further studies is stressed.It is a pleasure to acknowledge the assistance of the Dept. of Pediatrics and of Mrs. Margaret Bischel in obtaining plasma samples, and that of Mrs. Jean Scott and Mr. David Gaudin in cholesterol and phosphorous determinations.
Culture Transference in E-C Interpretation

Translating language is translating culture.The differences in thinking patterns,values and religion between English and Chinese represent integration and conflict.Idioms and poems are the most prominent cultural issues in E-C interpretation and they play important role in information analysis.The real time feature of interpreting requires interpreters to raise cross-cultural awareness and enhance sensitivity to culture issues with bi-cultural knowledge accumulation for the prompt culture coding and better communication.
Nutritional status of Head Start and nursery school children

Biochemical measurements of blood and urine indicating iron and protein nutriture of two groups of preschool children are reported.
Lectures on Ocean Circulation Dynamics

The oceans are massive moving reservoirs of heat, moisture and energy underlying a relatively diffuse atmosphere, whose entire extent contains two or three cm of water and perhaps the heat found in 5 m of ocean surface water. The pattern of energy flux involves a multiple communication between air and sea: of the net incoming solar at the top of the atmosphere some 73% is absorbed by the sea. The partition of that heating between internal and gravitational potential energy is depth dependent, but vastly favors internal energy (perhaps by a factor of 103). But in a perfect gas the ratio of potential to internal energy produced by heating is far different (~ (1-γ), where γ is the ratio of specific heats), such that fully 40% of the heat flowing back into the atmosphere is mechanically active. By gravitational/rotational adjustment this potential energy generates kinetic energy of the symmetric circulation, which breaks down further in baroclinic instability. The zonal winds, thus intensified, set up the oceanic gyres whose potential energy exceeds kinetic by a factor (L/Lρ)2 ~ 103, where L is the gyre-scale and Lρ the gravest Rossby radius of deformation. This not to belittle the direct production of potential energy in the oceans by buoyancy flux from the atmosphere.
P147: International scope of emergency ultrasound: barriers to utilizing ultrasound to guide central venous catheter placement by providers in Kenya

Introduction: While ultrasound (U/S) use for internal jugular central venous catheter (CVC) placement is standard of care in many institutions in North America, most developing countries have not adopted this practice. Previous surveys of American physicians who are not currently using U/S to place CVCs have identified lack of training and equipment availability as the most important barriers to the use of U/S. We sought to identify Kenyan physicians’ perceived barriers to the use of U/S to guide CVC insertion in a resource-constrained environment. Methods: The study was conducted at the Aga Khan University Hospital in Nairobi, Kenya. Physicians participating in a one-hour course teaching U/S guided CVC placement were asked to complete a survey before beginning training, which was used to assess previous experience with U/S, and evaluate perceived barriers to U/S. Survey responses were analyzed using summary statistics and the Rank-Sum test to compare the difference between participants’ responses based on different specialty, gender and previous history of using U/S. Results: There were 23 physicians who completed the course and the survey. They included 6 internal medicine, 5 critical care, 5 anesthesia, 2 emergency medicine and 5 physicians from other specialties. The mean length of practice was 5 years. 52% (95% CI: 0.30-0.73) had put in >20 CVCs. 21.7% (95% CI: 0.08-0.44) of participants had previous U/S training, but none have received any training on the use of U/S for CVC insertion. The respondents expressed agreement on the ease of the use, improved success rate, and decreased failure rate with U/S guidance. However, less agreement was found regarding the perceived superior convenience and cost effectiveness of U/S CVC placement (see Figure). The lack of training or comfort with the U/S and the availability of U/S and equipment to maintain sterility were reported as the main barriers for use. Neither previous U/S experience nor specialty of the respondent significantly affected responses. Conclusion: Barriers to the use of U/S guidance for the placement of CVCs in Nairobi, Kenya are similar to those found among American physicians. These include training and comfort level with U/S in placement of CVCs, as well as resources required for U/S equipment and to keep the field sterile.
Silicon nanowire-based oscillator achieved through solid-liquid phase switching

We have observed rapid solid-liquid phase-change oscillations [1] in nanocrystalline silicon (nc-Si) microwires while investigating crystal growth from melt at micrometer scale [2] through rapid self-heating. High amplitude oscillations in current through a single Si micro-/nanostructure are achieved as a result of an applied DC bias due to the difference in conductivity between crystalline and liquid phases of Si. We have observed experimental oscillation frequencies on the order of 1–10 MHz thus far. Here we demonstrate the scalability of this device concept by using finite element simulations and varying device size, capacitance, load resistance, and supply voltage.
Shifting pedagogy in an AP US government & politics classroom: A DBIR exploration of teacher growth

Abstract This paper presents a longitudinal case study of a teacher, over four years, as he participated in a design-based implementation research (DBIR) project aimed at implementing a rigorous project-based learning (PBL) Advanced Placement U.S. Government and Politics (APGOV) course in an urban school district. Teacher interviews, professional development sessions, and classroom observations offer a window into how DBIR afforded the teacher unique opportunities to adapt and shift his pedagogical practices and beliefs around PBL in the classroom. Findings suggest the iterative nature of DBIR can serve as an important conduit to study what supports teacher learning over time.
Boreal summer intraseasonal oscillations in the MJO skeleton model with observation-based forcing

Abstract The Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO) skeleton model is a low-order model for intraseasonal oscillations that, in an extended form, includes off-equatorial and antisymmetric components. Previous studies of this extended model have used an idealized background state and forcing terms. In the current study, observation-based estimates of these forcing terms and background state are used. Linear solutions to the extended model with this observation-based forcing consist of both equatorially-symmetric convective events and events with a meridional tilt reminiscent of composites of the boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation (BSISO) in observational studies. Solutions to a nonlinear stochastic form of the model exhibit realistic precipitation mean and variance and intraseasonal variability throughout much of the tropics. These solutions contain several types of events, including meridionally-tilted convective activity that moves both northward and eastward. Solutions to both forms of the model also indicate that this BSISO-like convective activity is coupled to activity over the eastern Pacific. A discussion of these features and their agreement with previous observational studies of the BSISO is given.
Subacute mercury poisoning (acrodynia) caused by protiodide of mercury; successful treatment with BAL.

ARKANY and Hubbard in 19481 were the first to report the presence of mercury in the urine of children with adrodynia. This important finding suggested to Bivings and Lewis the use of BAL ~" for removing the mercury from the body2 Bivings ~ subsequently collected a number of cases, including those of Elmore, 4 in which clinical improvement followed the use of BAL. Other reports of the successful use of BAL in the treatment of acrodynia were made subsequently by CaIdthers, ~ and by Warkany and Hubbard, 6 who have recently published a review of the entire subjeetJ Most of the patients with acrodynia whose clinical histories have been described in the literature had become ill following "teething powders"S 6r "worm cures,"9 both of which contain calomel (mercurous chloride). The following case report is the first in which protiodide of mercury, prescribed for the treatment of warts, was the offending agent. The recent review by Warkany and Hubbard 7 does not contain a similar case. Although a
Computational and Mathematical Modeling in the Social Sciences

Mathematical models in the social sciences have become increasingly sophisticated and widespread in the last decade. This period has also seen many critiques, most lamenting the sacrifices incurred in pursuit of mathematical rigor. If, as critics argue, our ability to understand the world has not improved during the mathematization of the social sciences, we might want to adopt a different paradigm. This book examines the three main fields of mathematical modeling - game theory, statistics, and computational methods - and proposes a new framework for modeling. Unlike previous treatments which view each field separately, the treatment provides a framework that spans and incorporates the different methodological approaches. The goal is to arrive at a new vision of modeling that allows researchers to solve more complex problems in the social sciences. Additionally, a special emphasis is placed upon the role of computational modeling in the social sciences.
Implicit Theories of the Marital Institution: Associations and Moderation

The Implicit Theories of the Marital Institution (ITMI) framework distinguishes beliefs about how fixed or malleable marriage is, and might assist in investigating how such beliefs are formed and influence premarital and marital behavior. An initial study identified two distinct ITMI among a large, unmarried sample (n = 1,490). The ITMI were differentially predicted by a variety of background factors and other marital beliefs, and also served to moderate association between parents’ marital variables and young adults’ perspectives on getting married. ITMI also moderated the association between positive beliefs about marriage and perspectives on getting married.
Identification of drivers for the metamorphic transition of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase.

Recent structural characterizations of the p51 and p66 monomers have established an important starting point for understanding the maturation pathway of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 reverse transcriptase p66/p51 heterodimer. This process requires a metamorphic transition of the polymerase domain leading to formation of a p66/p66' homodimer that exists as a structural heterodimer. To better understand the drivers for this metamorphic transition, we have performed NMR studies of 15N-labeled RT216 - a construct that includes the fingers and most of the palm domains. These studies are consistent with the conclusion that the p66 monomer exists as a spring-loaded complex. Initial dissociation of the fingers/palm : connection complex allows the fingers/palm to adopt an alternate, more stable structure, reducing the rate of reassociation and facilitating subsequent maturation steps. One of the drivers for an initial extension of the fingers/palm domains is identified as a straightening of helix E relative to its conformation in the monomer by eliminating a bend of ∼50° near residue Phe160. NMR and circular dichroism data also are consistent with the conclusion that a hydrophobic surface of palm domain that becomes exposed after the initial dissociation, as well as the intrinsic conformational preferences of the palm domain C-terminal segment, facilitates the formation of the β-sheet structure that is unique to the active polymerase subunit. Spectral comparisons based on 15N-labeled constructs are all consistent with previous structural conclusions based on studies of 13C-methyl-labeled constructs.
Intercomparison of brightness temperature measurements from SMAP and SMOS radiometers

SMAP and SMOS have been successfully providing L-band brightness temperature (Tb) since 2015 and 2011, respectively [1, 2]. Since both missions provide Low Earth Orbit observation at the same frequency, inter-calibration of brightness temperatures measured from these two missions leading to a consistent Tb record is critical in order to have consistent and reliable science datasets. For a radiometer, stability testing and drift monitoring of measured brightness temperature are often performed by comparing measured Tb with estimated Tb using in-situ temperature measurement and/or higher frequency microwave observations. Therefore having one additional reference Tb measured by another radiometer will help characterize and calibrate a radiometer with higher accuracy and benefit both missions.
The sliding skin-flap graft operation for hemorrhoids: a modification of the Whitehead procedure.

To avoid complication after the Whitehead radical circumferential hemorrhoidectomy, preservation of the anoderm assimple flaps has been recommended by others. This paper describes a new method ofsliding skin flap grafts for cases of insufficient anoderm. It provides for the use of this operation with greater frequency and safety. All internal and external hemorrhoids, crypts, and redundant rectal mucosa can be removed. There is remarkably little postoperative pain and there are few complications. Passage of large-caliber stools postoperatively, without pain, is explained by transient denervation of the flaps and protection of the sensitive sphincter muscle. Complete relining of the anal canal with flaps, and providing a large lumen, prevents overstretching by a large constipated stool and decreases the incidence of hemorrhage, stricture, fissuring, painful scars and recurrence.
The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970

It is a pleasure to be here today to speak to you about the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, which is landmark legislation by any measure applied to it. The Act applies to every employer affecting commerce in the United States and its territories which was not covered by other Federal occupational safety and health laws, such as the Metal and Non-metallic Mine Act, the Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act and the Atomic Energy Act of 1954. By 1973 a study is to be completed containing recommendations for combining all Federal occupational safety and health programs.Paper published with permission.Compilation Copyright © 2018 ASME
Reply to "Human neural progenitor cells: better blue than green?"

We thank Martinez-Serrano et al. for their comments. They raise several interesting issues: Can expression of GFP influence phenotypic differentiation or maturation? Do GFP-sorted progenitor cells remain mitotically competent? Can stable lines of GFP-expressing cells be derived? These issues are at the heart of whether GFP-tagged cell populations may be useful not only to experimental medicine but also to clinical therapeutics.
Urinary incontinence in elite nulliparous athletes.

Objective To determine the prevalence of the symptom of urinary incontinence during athletic endeavors among a group of nulliparous, elite college varsity female athletes. Methods All women currently participating in varsity athletics at a large state university were asked to fill out a questionnaire about the occurrence of urinary incontinence while participating in their sport and during activities of daily life. One hundred forty-four of 156 eligible women (92%) responded. Results The mean age was 19.9 years, and all women were nulliparous. Overall, 40 athletes (28%) reported urine loss while participating in their sport. The proportions in different sports were: gymnastics 67%, basketball 66%, tennis 50%, field hockey 42%, track 29%, swimming 10%, volleyball 9%, softball 6%, and golf 0%. Two-thirds of the women who noted urine loss during athletics were incontinent more often than rarely. There were no statistically significant relations between incontinence and amenorrhea, weight, hormonal therapy, or duration of athletic activity. Activities most likely to provoke incontinence included jumping, high-impact landings, and running. Forty percent and 17% of the women first noted incontinence during their sport while in high school and junior high school, respectively. Conclusions Incontinence during physical stresses is common in young, highly fit, nulliparous women. This suggests that there is a continence threshold which, when exceeded, can result in urine loss, even in the absence of known risk factors for incontinence.
Nucleic acid transport in plant-pathogen interactions.

Transport of nucleic acid molecules is central to many plant-pathogen interactions. Nucleic acids are transported between cells when plant viruses move their genomes from the infected into adjacent uninfected cells through plant intercellular connections, the plasmodesmata. DNA and RNA molecules are also transported from the host cell cytoplasm into the nucleus during many viral infections. In addition, nuclear import of DNA is a central event in genetic transformation of plant cells by a soil microorganism Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Recent studies suggest that both intercellular transport and nuclear import of nucleic acids are mediated by specific pathogen-encoded proteins. These proteins are thought to form complexes with the transported nucleic acid molecule and supply it with the targeting signals which specify the transport process. In this review, we focus on the cell-to-cell movement proteins of plant viruses and the DNA nuclear import proteins of Agrobacterium.
Internet of Things Attacks Detection and Classification Using Tiered Hidden Markov Model

Internet of Things (IoT) attacks have rapidly risen in frequency in recent years as IoT devices become more commonplace in industry, businesses, and homes. Since these devices have very basic functionality and are not designed with security in mind, they are easy targets for attacks that can steal data or gain access to the network the devices are connected to. Here we propose a tiered system of Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) for identifying these attacks and classifying them by type of attack. This system has a tree-based structure, with the main HMM being applied to the raw network data to identify attacks. This main HMM branches off into separate HMMs for each type of attack to classify the attacks according to how important the consequences of the attack are and how likely each attack is to happen.
Low Noise Optical Buffering Based on Non-Degenerate Phase Sensitive Parametric Amplification

Optical buffers are devices which can store optical signals for a period of time and could be valuable tools for applications such as optical storage, optical packet switching and all-optical signal processing providing the storage functionality in the optical domain, thus avoiding unwanted opto-electronic and eletro-optical conversions. During the last twenty years, there have been proposed many approaches for the implementation of optical buffers. The most straightforward scheme is the use of a fiber spool playing the role of a long-time optical delay line which requires either direct or indirect amplitude modulation to maintain the bit timing [1]. Other interesting techniques referring to optical buffering are slow-light [2], temporal solitons in optical cavities [3], excitability properties of optical devices [4] and photonic crystal nanocavities [5].
Interspezifische Transformationen zwischen Agrobacterium tumefaciens und Rhizobium leguminosarum

Als weiterer Beweis fur die Transformierbarkeit von Agrobacterium tumefaciens und Rhizobium leguminosarum werden wechselseitige Transformationsversuche durchgefuhrt und dabei die Resistenz gegen Streptomycin bzw. gegen ein Sulfonamid (Marbadal) als Selektionsmaterial benutzt. Die ermittelten Transformationsraten liegen in der Grosenordnung von 4–7 · 10-6 bzw. 13 bis 16 · 10-6.
Acoustic Droplet-Assisted Particle Ejection through and from Agarose-Gel-Filled Petri Dish

This paper presents a novel way of ejecting particles (Polystyrene microspheres) carried by liquid droplets through and from agarose-gel-filled Petri dish with high-intensity focused-ultrasound generated from self-focusing acoustic transducers working on the 3rd, 5th and 9th harmonic resonant frequencies of 1-mm-thick lead zirconate titanate (PZT) sheets. With different designs, the ejection spot area (related to focal size) is varied, so that the number of particles per ejection may be precisely controlled.
Bidirectional Valence Encoding in the Ventral Pallidum.

In this issue of Neuron, Stephenson-Jones et al. (2020) dissect the function of the enigmatic ventral pallidum and elegantly demonstrate positive and negative valence encoding in its GABA and glutamate neurons that influence both approach and avoidance behavior via the lateral habenula.
Essentially Elective: The Law and Ideology of Restricting Abortion During the COVID-19 Pandemic

During the COVID-19 pandemic, several states adopted orders temporarily suspending elective surgeries and procedures A subset of those states moved to limit ab
Low-Loss 5-GHz First-Order Antisymmetric Mode Acoustic Delay Lines in Thin-Film Lithium Niobate

In this work, we present the low-loss acoustic delay lines (ADLs) at 5 GHz, using the first-order antisymmetric (A1) mode in 128° Y-cut lithium niobate thin films. The ADLs use a single-phase unidirectional transducer (SPUDT) design with a feature size of quarter acoustic wavelength. The design space is analytically explored and experimentally validated. The fabricated miniature A1 ADLs with a feature size of $0.45~\mu \text{m}$ show a high operating frequency at 5.4 GHz, a minimum insertion loss (IL) of 3 dB, a fractional bandwidth (FBW) of 1.6%, and a small footprint of 0.0074 mm2. The low IL and high operating frequency have significantly surpassed the state-of-the-art performance of ADLs. The propagation characteristics of A1 acoustic waves have also been extracted. The demonstrated designs can lead to low-loss and high-frequency transversal filters for future 5G applications in the sub-6-GHz bands.
Engaging Students in Curriculum Development through Design Thinking: A Course Design Case.

This design case documents the motivations, decisions, and results of an experimental course that involved students in the curriculum development process through the use of design thinking methodology. Primary points of student input were determining assignment topics, developing learning objectives, and contributing to the design of grading assessment. The case also examines the student experience and provides a detailed evaluation of the process, including an assessment of the benefits of the approach and a dissection of the unforeseen obstacles in the design process. In this investigation into the intention and execution of the course, educators may find the inspiration and framework to adapt this approach for their own courses.
Impact of eCoaching With Video-Based Reflection on Special Education Teacher Candidates’ Instructional Skills:

Clinical experiences are a critical component of teacher preparation programs. Two technology-based approaches used during clinical experiences in special education teacher preparation that have sh...
Preconditioning mixed finite elements for tide models

Abstract We describe a fully discrete mixed finite element method for the linearized rotating shallow water model, possibly with damping. While Crank–Nicolson time-stepping conserves energy in the absence of drag or forcing terms and is not subject to a CFL-like stability condition, it requires the inversion of a linear system at each step. We develop weighted-norm preconditioners for this algebraic system that are nearly robust with respect to the physical and discretization parameters in the system. Numerical experiments using Firedrake support the theoretical results.
Tirumala Tirupati: Wait a Moment

This case examines the queueing issues caused by the growth in popularity of one of the most visited Hindu temples in the world. On January 2, 2015, Ramesh and Vasantha Gupta visit Tirumala Venkateswara Temple, just a day after some 210,000 people crowded the 2,000-year-old site. The case describes the many enhancements that the temple administrator, Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams (TTD), has implemented since its management of the temple complex began in 1932. The soaring popularity of the temple, however, has led to safety and comfort concerns for pilgrims. While challenging students to consider additional improvements that might benefit pilgrim throughput rate and time in the temple system, the case highlights the tension TTD must manage between maximizing efficiency and maintaining religious traditions. Additionally, the case demonstrates the importance of perceived waiting times in the management of queues. Excerpt UVA-OM-1533 Apr. 2, 2015 Tirumala Tirupati: Wait a Moment For almost five hours, Ramesh and Vasantha Gupta had been in line at Tirumala Venkateswara Temple, the most visited Hindu temple in the world. Pilgrims would pass in front of the shrine of the Hindu god Lord Venkateswara—a view they would have for only a few seconds. The temple had become renowned for both its spiritual attraction and its long waiting lines. Two queue complexes were constructed to handle the thousands of devotees waiting in line for an average of 10 hours for a free visit. In an effort to shorten waiting times, technology enhancements had been added over the years, as had fees to shorten the wait for those willing to pay extra. The Guptas had purchased a darshan that allowed for a shorter waiting time, but even with that, the line was long and required patience. Once inside the temple, their actual waiting time turned out to be about average for an early January day in 2015. And although they felt fulfilled after their darshan, Ramesh left the temple wondering how the process could be improved. Lord Venkateswara's Temple . . .
Targeting Prenatal Emergency Preparedness Through Childbirth Education

The lack of emergency preparedness planning remains problematic for families, but there is a special concern for prenatal women and families. This article proposes childbirth education as one avenue through which nurses can engage families to prepare for a disaster. Template guides and references are included for community-specific emergency preparedness education for childbearing families. Critical issues unique to childbearing women and newborns related to evacuation, sheltering, birthing in place, and mental health are addressed.
Wyngaard, J. C., 2010: Turbulence in the Atmosphere

This book has been awaited in the atmospheric boundary-layer research community for alongtime.JohnWyngaard,theauthorofthebook,isbyallcountsanoutstandingﬁgureinthearea of atmospheric turbulence studies. His contributions to the ﬁeld are both numerous andexceptional. As a person, John comprises all the principal qualities of an outstanding scien-tistandacademic:curiosity,wittymind,breadthofthinking,depthofunderstanding,healthyscepticism (also with respect to his own results), and readiness to share his knowledge withcolleagues and students. I happened to come across John Wyngaard’s name at the beginningof the 1980s, while I was working on my Ph.D. dissertation in atmospheric boundary-layermodelling. His brilliant scientiﬁc articles profoundly shaped my interest in the quantitativeaspects of boundary-layer meteorology. Apparently, they played the same role in the scien-tiﬁc careers of many other atmospheric boundary-layer researchers worldwide. For many ofus, these studies have been sources of seminal ideas and conceptual breakthroughs in under-standing various aspects of turbulent ﬂow dynamics. Especially beneﬁcial for me has beenJohn’sabilitytomasterfullyapplysophisticatedtoolsoftheoreticalﬂuidmechanics,suchasscaleanalysisandsimilaritytheory,notonlytodiscoverandinterpretfundamentalpropertiesofatmosphericturbulentﬂowsbutalsotodevelopphysicalmodelsandparametrizationswelldesigned for practical meteorological applications.
Regulation of renal ammoniagenesis. Subcellular localization of rat kidney glutaminase isoenzymes.

Abstract Rat kidney contains two distinct glutaminase isoenzymes; one of which is phosphate-dependent, the other is phosphate-independent but is strongly activated by maleate. The phosphate-dependent glutaminase is contained within mitochondria. Its activity cofractionates with mitochondrial marker activities during differential centrifugation and on sucrose gradients using both isopycnic and sedimentation velocity techniques. Incubation of mitochondria with borate buffer results in increased phosphate-dependent glutaminase, cytochrome oxidase, and malate dehydrogenase activities, indicating that this glutaminase activity may be latent. Submitochondrial fractionation by digitonin-Lubrol treatment in the presence of borate indicated that this glutaminase isoenzyme is contained in the inner mitochondrial membrane. This conclusion was confirmed by a swell-shrink, sonication procedure carried out in the absence of borate. Only 25 to 35 % of the phosphate-independent glutaminase was associated with the mitochondrial fraction obtained by differential centrifugation; the remaining activity was pelleted by subsequent centrifugation at 40,000 x g for 30 min (heavy microsomes). The phosphate-independent glutaminase in both fractions banded during isopycnic centrifugation with a mean density (1.166) similar to that of light mitochondria. However, the results of sedimentation velocity centrifugation studies showed that this isoenzyme was contained in an organelle distinct from mitochondria. The phosphate-independent glutaminase did not fractionate with marker activities for lysosomes, microsomes, or plasma membranes during differential centrifugation or isopycnic gradient analysis and may be contained in some as yet unidentified organelle.
Acetylation, Activation, and Toxicity: The Role of ADA/GCN5 Complex in Transcription

The activation of transcription is a fundamental means of gene regulation. In eukaryotes a key component involved in transcriptional activation is the transcriptional activator. The activator functions by virtue of two, often separable, domains. The DNA binding domain is necessary for the activator to bind to specific DNA sequences found near the gene(s) which it regulates. The other domain, the activation domain, mediates the stimulation of transcription of that nearby gene (Hope and Struhl 1986). The mechanism by which these activation domains influence the rate of transcription has been the focus of much research over the last decade.
Thoughts about a visual guided grasp reflex

This paper describes a preliminary attempt to apply organizational principles taken from animal perceptual processes to the problem of providing a robot visual qrasp reflex. The goal is to provide a cheap, rapid mechanism for directinq a hand/arm to grasp one of several arbitrarily shaped objects in the visual scene. A proqram which implements a simple form of such a reflex is described.
Triangulated Mal-Signaling in Alzheimer's Disease: Roles of Neurotoxic Ceramides, ER Stress, and Insulin Resistance Reviewed

Ceramides are lipid signaling molecules that cause cytotoxicity and cell death mediated by insulin resistance, inflammation, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. However, insulin resistance dysregulates lipid metabolism, which promotes ceramide accumulation with attendant inflammation and ER stress. Herein, we discuss two major pathways, extrinsic and intrinsic, that converge and often overlap in propagating AD-type neurodegeneration via a triangulated mal-signaling network. First, we review evidence that systemic insulin resistance diseases linked to obesity, type 2 diabetes, and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis promote neurodegeneration. Mechanistically, we propose that toxic ceramides generated in extra-CNS tissues (e.g., liver) get released into peripheral blood, and subsequently transit across the blood-brain barrier into the brain where they induce brain insulin resistance, inflammation, and cell death (extrinsic pathway). Then we discuss the role of the intrinsic pathway of neurodegeneration which is mediated by endogenous or primary brain insulin/IGF resistance, and impairs neuronal and oligodendrocyte survival, energy metabolism, membrane integrity, cytoskeletal function, and AβPP-Aβ secretion. The end result is increased ER stress and ceramide generation, which exacerbate brain insulin resistance, cell death, myelin degeneration, and neuroinflammation. Altogether, the data suggest that the triangulated mal-signaling network mediated by toxic ceramides, ER stress, and insulin resistance should be targeted to disrupt positive feedback loops that drive the AD neurodegeneration cascade.
More Revenues, Less Distortion? Responding to Cross-Border Tax Arbitrage

Transactions commonly known as cross-border tax arbitrages take advantage of inconsistencies between countries' tax rules to achieve more favorable tax results than could have been achieved by investing just in one country. Examples include dual resident companies and double dip leases, in which clever structuring may enable a multinational enterprise to claim the same deduction in two countries. This article analyzes the national and worldwide welfare considerations that may be relevant to a country's deciding whether to allow tax benefits that will be thus duplicated, taking into account strategic interactions with other countries. It also briefly discusses cross-border tax arbitrage in relation to tax harmonization and the proposed creation of multilateral tax institutions akin to the GATT and WTO.
Effects of forage type, body condition and single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the bovine cytochrome P450 regulatory region on cow productivity.

Summary Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the coding sequence of cytochrome p450 (CYP3A28) have been associated with milk yield and composition, and calving traits in cows. In this study, we aimed to determine whether (i) the CYP3A28 regulatory region was polymorphic and (ii) SNP genotype, forage type, body condition and their interactions affect cow productivity. Primers for CYP3A28 promoter were designed to amplify a 483-bp segment by PCR. Amplicon sequences revealed seven SNP (T-318C, T-113A, C-189T, T-78G, A6G, G17A and T21C) in Brahman (38 cows), Brahman x Angus reciprocal crosses (47 cows) and crossbreds (98 cows). Angus cows (n = 41) appeared to be fixed at those SNP locations. Genotype and forage {endophyte-infected tall fescue [KY+; Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) S. J. Darbyshire] vs. bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.]} effects on lifetime (8-years) calving rate, and calf weaning weights and heights were determined in Herd 1 (126 cows); genotype and BC (low vs. moderate) effects on calving date and calving percent were determined in Herd 2 (98 cows). Four SNP (T-318C, T-113A, A06G and T21C) appeared to be related to cattle productivity, CC cows at T-318C having a lower (p < 0.05) lifetime calving rate than TC or TT cows (65%, 85% and 81% respectively). Cows that grazed KY+ and were TT at T-318C produced calves that tended (p < 0.07) to weigh less than their contemporaries. Moreover, calves of TT cows were shorter (p < 0.05) at weaning than calves of CC or TC cows. In Herd 2, moderate-BC cows that were TT or AA at T-318C, T-113A, T-78G, A6G and T21C had greater (p < 0.05) calving rates (74–80%) than heterozygous cows (46–60%), and low-BC cows that were AA at G17A calved at least 6 days earlier (p < 0.05) than heterozygous cows. Our findings suggest that SNP in the CYP3A28 regulatory region of Brahman-influenced cows are associated with cattle productivity.
Integrated learning for goal-driven autonomy

Goal-driven autonomy (GDA) is a reflective model of goal reasoning that controls the focus of an agent's planning activities by dynamically resolving unexpected discrepancies in the world state, which frequently arise when solving tasks in complex environments. GDA agents have performed well on such tasks by integrating methods for discrepancy recognition, explanation, goal formulation, and goal management. However, they require substantial domain knowledge, including what constitutes a discrepancy and how to resolve it. We introduce LGDA, a learning algorithm for acquiring this knowledge, modeled as cases, that and integrates case-based reasoning and reinforcement learning methods. We assess its utility on tasks from a complex video game environment. We claim that, for these tasks, LGDA can significantly outperform its ablations. Our evaluation provides evidence to support this claim. LGDA exemplifies a feasible design methodology for deployable GDA agents.
Tree mortality based fire severity classification for forest inventories: A Pacific Northwest national forests example

Abstract Determining how the frequency, severity, and extent of forest fires are changing in response to changes in management and climate is a key concern in many regions where fire is an important natural disturbance. In the USA the only national-scale fire severity classification uses satellite image change-detection to produce maps for large (>400 ha) fires, and is generated by the Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity (MTBS) program. It is not clear how much forested area burns in smaller fires or whether ground-based fire severity estimates from a statistical sample of all forest lands might provide additional, useful information. We developed a tree mortality based fire severity classification using remeasured tree data from 10,008 plots in a probabilistic survey of National Forests System (NFS) lands in Oregon and Washington, using 8 tree mortality and abundance metrics. We estimate that 12.5% (±0.7% SE) of NFS forest lands in the region experienced a fire event during 1993–2007, with an annual rate of 0.96% (±0.05%). An estimated 6.5% of forest lands burned at High Severity or Moderate Severity; 2.1% burned at Very Low severity or only experienced surface or understory fire. A total of 358 of the 507 burned plots were within the MTBS perimeters, with ∼45% having equivalent severity classifications; but for ∼51% of the plots the MTBS classifications suggested lower severity than the tree-mortality based classes. Based on events recorded on plots and the inventory design, we estimate that 20.9% of the forested NFS lands experiencing fires, either wildfires or prescribed burns, were not in the MTBS maps. Tree mortality based fire severity classifications, combined with remotely-sensed and management information on timing and treatments, could be readily applied to nationally-consistent Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) data to provide improved monitoring of fire effects anywhere in the USA sampled by remeasured FIA inventories.
Antidiscrimination Law and the Perils of Mindreading

Recent legal scholarship challenges the default psychological assumption in antidiscrimination law that discrimination is a function of psychological processes under the conscious control of the discriminator, and replaces it with the assumption that discrimination is the result of unconscious, or implicit, psychological processes that operate automatically, beyond conscious control. However, this challenge is only as persuasive as the research on which it is predicated, and we document that this research fails to satisfy key scientific tests of validity. We conclude that implicit prejudice research should be accepted as neither legislative authority nor litigation evidence until there is more: (1) rigorous investigation of the error rates of the new implicit measures of prejudice (and of how investigators balance Type I errors of false accusations against Type II errors of failing to identify prejudice); (2) thorough analysis of how well implicit measures of prejudice predict discriminatory behavior under realistic workplace conditions; (3) open debate about the societal consequences of setting thresholds of proof for calling people prejudiced so low that the vast majority of the population qualifies as prejudiced.
Predicting precedence delays in loudspeaker configuration

Developed by Tyson Badders and Swayze Smartt, under the guidance of Jason Romney and Dr. Jennifer Burg, Loudspeaker Precision Analysis aims to solve the problem of configuring loudspeakers in a variety of performance spaces. The problem stems from finding the necessary delay time so that the audience members hear the loudspeakers at appropriate intervals. When the loudspeakers are delayed correctly, audience members perceive the sound from the loudspeakers as if it is coming from the onstage source. This allows the sound engineer to increase the volume of a performer without losing directionality. Since performance spaces are often equipped with dozens of loudspeakers, ensuring one section of the audience hears the correct sound often means that other sections do not. Examining how changes to the delay, tilt, and aim of the loudspeakers affects audience members is a tedious task best left up to a computer. Loudspeaker Precision Analysis predicts what each section of the audience hears and determines if the delay is in the appropriate range to fool the human ear into thinking the sound came from the source, and not the loudspeaker.
Small Vessel Disease and the Resting Functional Architecture of the Brain

Small vessel disease (SVD) is linked to cognitive impairment and dementia, yet little is known regarding functional activation in patients with SVD. Resting fMRI recordings suggest reduced connectivity in prefrontal, parietal and cingulate nodes and reciprocally increased connectivity in cerebellum, alterations which predicted neuropsychological test performance. Together with diffusion tensor tensor imaging studies, these data support of a model of disrupted connectivity as a systems-level approach to the cognitive disturbances seen in SVD.
High-pressure Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Salicylic Acid in Aspirin Powder and Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms

A sensitive, simple, and rapid method for the quantitation of salicylic acid in aspirin powders and its dosage forms was developed. The method is based on reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography using a mobile phase containing 20% methanol in aqueous phosphate buffer of pH 2.3. Other common ingredients present with aspirin such as acetaminophen, caffeine, codeine phosphate, phenacetin, and salicylamide do not interfere. Salicylic acid quantities as low as 0.1 μg can be assayed with a relative standard deviation of ±2.3%. Sensitivity can be increased by using lower sensitivity settings. The method was tried on numerous commercial products and an old aspirin powder. The results generally were excellent, except that all of the aspirin and salicylic acid could not be extracted from suppositories. The old aspirin powder failed the USP limit test for salicylic acid. The powder apparently absorbed moisture and contained salicylamide as an impurity.
Fiber-Matrix Interactions in Tendon Anisotropic Tensile Behavior

A three dimensional anisotropic model for tendon behavior was used to fit experimental stress-strain data. This model was motivated by tendon microstructure and included the contributions of fibers, matrix, and fiber-matrix interactions. Our results suggest that fiber-matrix interactions contribute to tendon mechanical behavior.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Revolutionary Sympathy on Cook's Resolution: The Transatlantic Education of Lieutenant James King, 1766–76

Unpublished letters in the Burke archive (Sheffield and Northampton) reveal that when Captain James Cook’s Resolution departed Plymouth in July 1776, Lieutenant James King harbored strong pro-American sympathies and that these sympathies were possibly shared by his fellow messmates. King, with strong familial and political ties to Edmund Burke, would become one of Cook’s most trusted aides, commander of HMS Discovery on the voyage home, and author of volume three of A Voyage to the Pacific Ocean (1784), the official history of the voyage, a publication that has put him at the center of continuing scholarly disputes concerning Cook’s death. This essay reconstructs King’s previously unknown American experience, suggests the formative effect of his activities on both sides of the Atlantic in the years just prior Cook’s third voyage, and proposes new approaches to reading his contested record of Cook’s third voyage.
Spontaneous Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome in a gang-housed baboon.

: Waterhouse–Friderichsen syndrome can cause acute death in the baboon without specific signs. Furthermore, this syndrome could result from stress-related intestinal permeability changes that allow macromolecules and/or microbiological entities to enter the systemic circulation. The resulting sepsis could cause adrenocortical insufficiency, hypotension and shock leading to death.
Characteristics and applications of a new high-performance liquid chromatography guard column

A new HPLC guard column has been developed that significantly increases chromatographic efficiencies when placed in series with an analytical column. When compared with other commercially available guard columns, only the Sentry guard column was found to result in increased plates. All other guard columns evaluated resulted in a 10–60% loss of chromatographic efficiency. By stressing the Sentry guard columns with injections of crude mouse serum it was shown that analytical column lifetimes could be extended. The Sentry guard columns have also been shown to have higher capacity for contaminants than most competitive guard cartridges. Over 8000 injections of a standard mixture have been made on the Symmetry C8 analytical columns protected by Sentry guard columns with no significant change in the analytical columns' performances.
Transgenic mice overexpressing the neurotrophic factor S-100β show neuronal cytoskeletal and behavioral signs of altered aging processes: implications for Alzheimer's disease and Down's syndrome

Abstract S-100β is a neurotrophic factor released by astroglial cells and localized to chromosome 21, within the region which is considered obligate for Down's syndrome (DS). S-100β is increased in the postmortem brains of both DS and Alzheimer's disease. Transgenic mice, produced by insertion of the human gene for S-100β, were examined for dendritic development at two ages, using an antibody against microtubule associated protein-2 (MAP-2). At the earliest stages, the density of dendrites within the hippocampus of transgenic animals exceeded that of controls. Also, MAP-2 immunostaining was evident in the region of the cell body. By 1 year of age, the transgenic animals had significant loss of dendrites compared to controls and the number of cells showing cell body staining was further increased. These pathological changes could be indicative of the presence of neurofibrillary tangles and cytoskeletal collapse. Behaviorally, younger transgenic animals could not perform in a learning task as well as controls. Together, these findings suggest that increased S-100β in brain may lead to accelerated development, followed by increased aging. The pathological changes may prove useful as an animal model of Down's syndrome and Alzheimer's disease.
Controversies in the delivery suite: obstetrical anesthesia for the parturient with cavernous transformation of the portal vein.

Introduction Cavernous transformation of the portal vein (CTPV) is a rare disorder resulting from extrahepatic portal vein thrombosis and development of collateral venous circulation.