cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Status of evolutionary medicine within the field of nutrition and dietetics: A survey of professionals and students.

Lay summary Through an online survey of nutrition and dietetic professionals and students, we learned there is interest to incorporate evolutionary medicine into the nutrition and dietetics field and education programs. Background and objectives Evolutionary medicine is an emerging field that examines the evolutionary significance of modern disease to develop new preventative strategies or treatments. While many areas of interest in evolutionary medicine and public health involve diet, we currently lack an understanding of whether nutrition and dietetics professionals and students appreciate the potential of evolutionary medicine. Methodology Cross-sectional online survey to measure the level of appreciation, applicability and knowledge of evolutionary medicine among nutrition and dietetics professionals and students. We then examined the relationships between support of evolutionary medicine and (i) professionals and students, (ii) US region, (iii) religious belief and (iv) existing evolutionary knowledge. Results A total of 2039 people participated: students (n = 893) and professionals (n = 1146). The majority of the participants agree they are knowledgeable on the theory of evolution (59%), an understanding of evolution can aid the nutrition and dietetics field (58%), an evolutionary perspective would be beneficial in dietetics education (51%) and it is equally important to understand both the evolutionary and direct causes of disease (71%). Significant differences in responses between professionals and students suggest students are currently learning more about evolution and are also more supportive of using an evolutionary perspective. Whereas differences in responses by US region were minimal, differences by religious belief and prior evolutionary knowledge were significant; however, all responses were either neutral or supportive at varying strengths. Conclusion and implications There is interest among professionals and students to incorporate evolutionary medicine into the nutrition and dietetics field and education programs.
Coupled-wave analysis of apodized volume grating

This work presents the use of longitudinal refractive index modulation (apodization) in photosensitive glass for improved sidelobe suppression in volume holographic optical elements. We develop a numerical model for both uniform and apodized volume holograms based on rigorous coupled-wave analysis. We validate the model by comparison with a transmissive 1.55-μm uniform volume grating in photothermorefractive glass. We then apply our numerical model to calculate the spectral response of apodized gratings. The numerical results demonstrate that apodization of the refractive index modulation envelope improves spectral selectivity and reduces the firstorder side-lobe peaks by up to 33 dB. We suggest a method for creating apodization in volume holograms with approximately Gaussian spatial refractive index profile. We Also computed the group delay for a beam with finite transverse width. The results show the delay between the paths increases as the diffraction angles increase.
An Efficient Many-Class Active Learning Framework for Knowledge-Rich Domains

The high cost for labeling data instances is a key bottleneck for training effective supervised learning models. This is especially the case in domains such as medicine and bioinformatics, where expert knowledge is required for understanding and extracting the underlying semantics of data. Active learning provides a means to reduce human labeling efforts by identifying the most informative data instances. In this paper, we propose a cost-effective active learning framework to further lessen human efforts, especially in knowledge-rich domains where a large number of classes may be subject to scrutiny during decision making. In particular, this framework employs a novel many-class sampling model, MC-S, for data sample selection. MC-S is further augmented with convex hull-based sampling to achieve faster convergence of active learning. Evaluation studies conducted over multiple real-world datasets with many classes demonstrate that the proposed framework significantly reduces the overall labeling efforts through fast convergence and early stop of active learning.
Information availability on emergency radiology fellowship websites: current state and paths to improvement.

The purpose of this study is to detail the current state of the websites of each of the currently established emergency radiology fellowship programs within the USA, in terms of publicly available information. The goal of the project is to present data for emergency radiology fellowship programs to tailor that information to attract those most interested in the pursuit of an emergency radiology fellowship position. Emergency radiology fellowship programs were identified using the American Society of Emergency Radiology website and recent published literature. The website for each program was evaluated for the presence or absence of 23 discrete areas of information. Additionally, information from a prior study evaluating radiology resident’s opinions on desired information for interventional radiology fellowship websites was utilized and compared to the information currently available on emergency radiology fellowship websites. Eighteen emergency radiology fellowship programs were initially identified. One program website was inaccessible at the time of data collection. Of the remaining 17 program websites, contact information, application requirements, program description, stand-alone website, length of fellowship, research opportunities, salary, and other benefits were available for greater than 75% of programs, while listing of current fellows, moonlighting opportunities, social information, and alumni information were available at fewer than 25% of program websites. There is broad variability in the type and amount of data available to potential emergency radiology fellows across the surveyed program websites. Several key areas—specifically, listings of current fellows, rotation schedules, facility descriptions, and didactic information—present high-yield opportunities for improvement of desired accessible data.
Contested and mistreated? Contested racial identities and unfair treatment due to race

Race is a dynamic experience in which racial identities are not necessarily validated by outsiders, raising questions about how individuals experience racial bias. This raises questions about repor...
Novel, Low-power ECRL-CMOS Interface Circuit

Adiabatic logic families typically use signal waveforms very different to standard static CMOS logic. Pulsed power-clocks driving the circuit lead to pulsed or sinusoidal signals that cannot be easily interfaced with existing CMOS logic structures. This work focuses on a novel interface circuit that converts existing signals in ECRL (efficient charge recovery logic) to signals typical of standard CMOS logic. Energy losses are evaluated based on switching speed and the nature of the incoming bitstream to the interface. Comparison to an existing reference interface is included, weighing the advantages and disadvantages inherent to both interfaces. All circuits were designed, extracted, and simulated in 180nm CMOS technology. The proposed interface effects energy savings in unique conditions when compared to the reference work and exploits unique properties of the adiabatic logic signaling for proper functionality.
Multiscale Surface Roughness for Improved Soil Moisture Estimation

Surface roughness parameterization plays an important role in passive microwave soil moisture (SM) retrieval. This article proposes a new formulation for estimating surface roughness. The proposed model incorporates the field-scale (micro) roughness as well as topographic (macro) roughness. The performance of the model is evaluated by inverting the traditional tau–omega model for retrieving SM. The study focuses on the passive active L-band system (PALS) radiometer data collected as a part of two Soil Moisture Active Passive Validation Experiment (SMAPVEX), i.e., SMAPVEX12 (humid Manitoba, Canada) and SMAPVEX15 (semiarid Arizona, USA) with highly different microroughness and macroroughness. The measured surface roughness is observed to increase exponentially with clay fraction (CF). This behavior is minimized with increase in leaf area index (LAI). In the absence of vegetation, the contribution of topography toward surface roughness increases. A higher surface roughness value is estimated for SMAPVEX12, which positively correlate with LAI and CF and negatively correlate with wetness conditions. On the other hand, due to the high topographic variability in SMAPVEX15 region, the contribution of topography (surface curvature) toward total surface roughness is significant. Also, consistently dry SM resulted in high microroughness for SMAPVEX15. Nevertheless, a total surface roughness estimated for SMAPVEX15 region is less than for SMAPVEX12. The surface roughness formulation presented in this study can be extrapolated to any spatial resolution.
Prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and preventive care among U.S. cancer survivors.

9592 Background: CVD is a major cause of mortality in cancer survivors. Prior claims-based studies suggested underutilization of preventive care in cancer survivors, but most CVD preventive care it...
The influence of heart rate,heart rate variability and electrocardiogram editing on image quality of 64-slice CT coronary angiography in patients with atrial fibrillation

Objective To prospectively evaluate the influence of average heart rate,heart rate variability and ECG editing on image quality of 64-slice CT coronary angiography(CTCA)in patients with atrial fibrillation(AF).Methods Fifty patients who were diagnosed with AF underwent respective ECG-gating 64-slice CTCA Image quality(good,moderate,poor)were evaluated on vessel segment level pre-and post ECG editing.Chi-square test was performed to compare the image quality in patients with various average heart rate,heart rate variability,and pre-and post ECC editing.Pearson correlation analysis was performed to test the relationship between the image quality and average heart rate and heart rate variability.Sensitivity,specificity,positive predictive value(PPV)and negative predictive value(NPV)were calculated by using the conventional angiography as the standard reference.Results The average heart rate of the fifty AF patients was(89±23)beat/min,with variability of(18.2±6.1)beat/min.Finally,24(3.4%)segments were considered to have poor image quality in 6(12.0%)patients.Image quality decreased significantly(P＜0.05)at the average heart rate of over 100 beats per minute(11 segments)or the standard deviation of heart rate of over 24 beats per minute(11 segments).There was significant correlation between the mean heart rate and the image quality for all segments,the RCA,and distal section of coronary artery(r=0.50,0.55,0.53,0.49,0.42,0.44;P＜0.05).Heart rate variability was also significant correlated with the image quality.There was significant difference on image quality pre-and post ECG editing(P=0.013).The respective overall sensitivity,specificity,NPV,PPV values were 100%(6/6),93.2%(41/44),100%(41/41),and 66.7%(6/9).Conclusion ECG editing can improve the success rate and the image quality of 64-slice CTCA effectively in patients with AF within a certain range of average heart rates and heart rate variability. Key words: Atrial fibrillation; Tomography,X-ray computed; Coronary angiography
Leflunomide Suppresses the Growth of LKB1-Inactivated Tumors in the Immune-Competent Host and Attenuates Distant Cancer Metastasis.

Liver kinase B1 (LKB1)–inactivated tumors are vulnerable to the disruption of pyrimidine metabolism, and leflunomide emerges as a therapeutic candidate because its active metabolite, A77–1726, inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, which is essential for de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis. However, it is unclear whether leflunomide inhibits LKB1-inactivated tumors in vivo, and whether its inhibitory effect on the immune system will promote tumor growth. Here, we carried out a comprehensive analysis of leflunomide treatment in various LKB1-inactivated murine xenografts, patient-derived xenografts, and genetically engineered mouse models. We also generated a mouse tumor–derived cancer cell line, WRJ388, that could metastasize to the lung within a month after subcutaneous implantation in all animals. This model was used to assess the ability of leflunomide to control distant metastasis. Leflunomide treatment shrank a HeLa xenograft and attenuated the growth of an H460 xenograft, a patient-derived xenograft, and lung adenocarcinoma in the immune-competent genetically engineered mouse models. Interestingly, leflunomide suppressed tumor growth through at least three different mechanisms. It caused apoptosis in HeLa cells, induced G1 cell-cycle arrest in H460 cells, and promoted S-phase cell-cycle arrest in WRJ388 cells. Finally, leflunomide treatment prevented lung metastasis in 78% of the animals in our novel lung cancer metastasis model. In combination, these results demonstrated that leflunomide utilizes different pathways to suppress the growth of LKB1-inactivated tumors, and it also prevents cancer metastasis at distant sites. Therefore, leflunomide should be evaluated as a therapeutic agent for tumors with LKB1 inactivation.
Socket release/relock: An innovative mechanism to maintain residual limb volume.

Management of socket fit is challenging for people using lower-limb prostheses because of residual limb volume fluctuation throughout the day. Releasing socket pressures during sitting (partial doffing) may help users increase their limb volume after they have undergone volume loss earlier in the day. The purpose of this research was to develop and evaluate a system to allow for quick and easy locking pin and socket panel release during sitting and relock upon standing. The system was to allow the partial doff tether length to be custom set for each user, accomplish release and relock in less than 2.0 s each, require only one hand, and require a finger push force comparable to a push button on a phone. A motor-driven release/relock system (
GLIMA: Global and Local Time Series Imputation with Multi-directional Attention Learning

Missing data, which commonly appears in multivariate time series, has been widely recognized as a key challenge in time series analysis. Many commonly used imputation methods either ignore the temporal dependencies of time series data, or do not adequately utilize the relationships among variables. State-ofthe-art methods on time series imputation are built on Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs), which utilize the historical information to estimate current values sequentially. However, RNNs rely heavily on the output of nearby timestamps, which may lead to important information lost for long sequences. Moreover, individual variables typically present different dynamics and missingness patterns, which is neglected by the global RNN hidden states. In this paper, we propose an imputation framework to learn both global and local dependencies of multivariate time series, as well as a multi-dimensional self-attention to learn capture distant correlations across both time and feature. Extensive experiments show that the proposed framework outperforms the state-of-the-art methods in the imputation task, and benefits the downstream task.
Overall Prince, Now Father Lauren: On Becoming a Two-Spirit Butch Queen Father

Much of the scholarship of the House Ballroom Scene focuses on the Balls, categories, genders, and Houses—with Mothers being at the forefront of leadership for the Ballscene culture. This chapter departs from that trend and moves to illuminate the roles that Fathers play in the Ballscene. Pulling from Paris is Burning, and through indigenous decolonial praxis, this essay in the form of a letter to a son weaves together personal experiences of this Black, Latinx, Indigenous LGBTQ+ sub-culture, in order to make sense of the meanings and responsibilities of Fatherhood. Tender considerations of what raises one’s masculinity, walking through Mexika ceremony, and evaluation of roles in a walking House builds this essay and story of the werk and call to Fatherhood a House brings.
12 Successful treatment of avulsion scalp injury with V.A.C.® system and INTEGRA® dermal regeneration template

Of all emergency pediatric conditions, dog bites account for 0.3-1.5%. Particularly at-risk group is children under 10 years of age. Lately, dog bites have been increasingly recognized as a medical and public health issue, as they leave functional, aesthetic and psychosocial consequences. We show the case of a one-year-old boy who was referred from a general hospital to our Clinic for extensive scalp injury by a neighbor’s dog. In the general hospital, the wound was flushed and the child was administered ceftriaxone. In addition to the one-year-old boy, in saline, a piece of skin of the scalp was sent. Upon arrival, the child was vaccinated (tetanus-diphtheria toxoids/tetanus immune globulin). The craniogram showed no signs of fracture. At the operating table, we verified a 22 cm long forehead and scalp injury that extended from the left eyebrow to the middle of the scalp. A swab was taken. Immediately, thinking about the final aesthetic appearance, we decided to primary close the forehead region first. On the part of the scalp that we were unable to primarily close, we reimplanted a piece of boy’s scalp measuring 9 cm x 5 cm. The edges of the wound were sutured with Monosyn® 4/0 sutures. 2 drains were placed. Despite regular dressings and monitoring with appropriate antibiotic therapy (the following pathogens were isolated in the swab; Enterobacter aerogenes, Pasteurella multocida, Citrobacter freundii – all resistant to penicillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid) the reimplanted part of the scalp was not accepted. On the eighth day, a necrectomy of the devitalized tissue was performed. The wound edges were refreshed, treated with Microdacyn®, and a V.A.C.® system (-125mmHg) was set up. He worked continuously for 2 days before Integra® was set up. Integra® was fenestrated before placement. After setting Integra® 2 times we changed the V.A.C.® system. With the acceptance of Integra®, on the 14th day a silicone layer was removed and split-thickness skin graft (STSG) was transplanted from the left upper leg. On the STSG Bactrigas® was placed with the V.A.C.® system. By monitoring and replacing the V.A.C.® system, STSG was accepted. One month after the injury, the boy was released from the hospital. After 3 months the local status is satisfactory. We plan to hair transplantation in the future.
The Cambridge Introduction to Walt Whitman

Walt Whitman is one of the most innovative and influential American poets of the nineteenth century. Focusing on his masterpiece Leaves of Grass, this book provides a foundation for the study of Whitman as an experimental poet, a radical democrat, and a historical personality in the era of the American Civil War, the growth of the great cities, and the westward expansion of the United States. Always a controversial and important figure, Whitman continues to attract the admiration of poets, artists, critics, political activists, and readers around the world. Those studying his work for the first time will find this an invaluable book. Alongside close readings of the major texts, chapters on Whitman's biography, the history and culture of his time, and the critical reception of his work provide a comprehensive understanding of Whitman and of how he has become such a central figure in the American literary canon.
Federalism, Fiscal Authority, and Centralization in Latin America: FEDERALISM, PARTY HEGEMONY, AND THE CENTRALIZATION OF FISCAL AUTHORITY

The Fundamental Dilemma of Fiscal Centralization The centralization of authority is essential to national politics. Acephalous societies are characterized by violence, warlords, and the constant threat to property and life. Some degree of central control over a territory is essential for the formation of a state. Although the threat of force can create a territorial unit, its consolidation only occurs when political authority becomes expressed in the capacity to tax. This book explores the politics of fiscal authority, focusing on the centralization of taxation in Latin America during the 20th century. The first half of the book explores this issue in great detail for the case of Mexico. The political (and fiscal) fragmentation associated with civil war at the beginning of the century was eventually transformed into the highly centralized regime we associate with Mexico today. Fiscal centralization was more extreme in Mexico than in most other places in the world, but the challenges and problems tackled by Mexican politicians were not unique. The second half of the book thus analyzes the other Latin American federal regimes – Argentina, Brazil, and Venezuela. My hope is that this book will shed light on the factors that explain the consolidation of tax authority in developing countries not only in Latin America but elsewhere. The basic premise of the theoretical framework of this book is that fiscal centralization can be best studied as the consequence of a bargain struck between self-interested regional and national politicians.
Mild Cognitive Impairment: Neuropsychiatric Symptom Prevalence Within Cognitive Subtypes And Obesity (P2.177)

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) within cognitive subtypes and weight groups of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). BACKGROUND: In MCI, new-onset changes in mood and behavior (NPS) predict an increased likelihood of developing AD. Obesity has recently also been implicated as a risk factor for dementia and may further increase the severity of MCI when combined with NPS. Yet these non-cognitive characteristics have not been accorded much attention as potential risk factors in MCI. Thus, the prevalence of NPS was investigated within cognitive subtypes: amnestic (aMCI), multi-domain (mdMCI) and non-amnestic (naMCI), as well as weight groups categorized by body mass index (BMI). DESIGN/METHODS: 101 MCI subjects with no history of stroke or other neurological disorder were examined. A neuropsychological assessment battery was administered to determine MCI subtype. Subjects were designated as normal weight (NW; BMI 18.5- 24.9), overweight (OW; BMI 25 - 29.9) or obese (OB; BMI 蠅 30). The presence and severity of NPS was measured using the Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire (NPIQ); and further quantification of depressive symptoms (DS) was obtained with the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). RESULTS: On the NPIQ, DS and nighttime behaviors were the most frequently reported for the whole MCI group (48%), with DS rated as the most severe NPS. Interestingly, the most frequent symptom differed by weight, with appetite changes highest among NW (35%) and DS (33%) among OB subgroups. In addition, the prevalence of NPS differed within BMI group and cognitive subtype: compared to NW, the OB had a significantly higher prevalence of NPS on the NPI-Q (p = .01), and across cognitive subtypes, there was a significant difference in GDS scores (p = 0.04, F = 3.36) between the aMCI and mdMCI subtypes. CONCLUSION: Early behavioral changes in MCI were highest among mdMCI and OB subjects. Continuing work focuses on imaging correlates of behavioral changes in cognitive subtypes and BMI groups in MCI, and longitudinal outcomes. Disclosure: Dr. Hannah has nothing to disclose. Dr. Bozoki has received research support from Elan Corporation, and Wyeth Pharmaceuticals.
Eve reconceived: Religious perspectives in feminist children's literature in France

Abstract In the late 1970s and early 1980s the French publishers, des Femmes, established by “Psych et Po,” brought out a series of books for very young children. These books, published as the series “du cote des petites filles,” are an expression of Psych et Po's fundamental ideology—the notion that women have a different rapport with language, with people, with life from that of men and that this difference defines the feminine. According to des Femmes, the Symbolic Order, defined by the masculine, is in direct contradiction with the feminine. In France, where Catholicism is the dominant religion, the Church has contributed to the furthering of the Symbolic Order. This paper examines a number of these children's books in order to determine how the traditional patriarchal order and the Catholic vision as part of that order have been transformed from the point of view of des Femmes. Two related themes are traced: the egalitarianism of the feminine ideal which opposes the male- dominated structure of Catholicism and the assertion that although peace on earth was announced with the coming of the male Messiah, that promise has not in fact been fulfilled in a male- dominated system. It can, however, be realized if the feminine is embraced. The traditional patriarchal order and the Church as part of that order impose a single ideal model to which all females are expected to conform. They are not seen as independent individuals. The protagonists in these tales break with this traditional model and create self-fulfilling lives based on the feminine.
Computerized formal solutions of dynamical systems with two degrees of freedom and an application to the contopoulos potential—I: The exact resonance case

Abstract We develop the theory of the Lindstedt method for the solution of two-degree-of-freedom perturbed oscillators. We assume here a one-to-one resonance between the two basic frequencies of the oscillators. The Lindstedt solutions are developed in the neighborhood of the origin which is assumed to be a stable equilibrium point of the system. We are able to develop the solutions to a fairly high order (eight) in the small parameter ϵ thanks to a systematic computerization of all the lengthy literal algebraic developments which are involved in such a project. The present article is the first of a series which aims at the application of the Lindstedt method in problems of non-linear oscillations with several degrees of freedom. We especially want to construct general algorithms and recurrence relations that can be implemented with a package of Poisson series manipulation programs. The present formulation of the Lindstedt method also gives precise information about the existence and the exact number of solutions near an equilibrium point because certain algebraic conditions between the coefficients of the series must be satisfied. The detailed interpretation of these conditions allows an exact denumeration of all the distinct periodic modes of oscillation. In Section 2 of the article, we first give the theory of the Lindstedt method, followed in Section 3 by a detailed application to a famous dynamical system: the Contopoulos system. We show, with the use of the second-order Lindstedt method, that the Contopoulos system has exactly six families of periodic solutions near the equilibrium at the origin. Four of these families are generally stable, while two of them are unstable. In Sections 4–7. these six families are discussed in detail, as well as their formal series expansions, the numerical verifications and the stability properties.
Computer architecture challenges in the next ten years

Over the last 50 years, there has been rapid progress in some areas of computer technology - like the golden years of VLSI in the 80's or the emergence of the web in the 90's. Other areas, which at some time seemed promising, such as neural networks, have stalled. The talk will extrapolate from these historical trends and attempt to forecast which branches of computer systems architecture and technology will blossom during the first decade of the 21th century. It will conclude with the description of a research system 'Icecube' being developed in IBM Research which attempts to capture some of these expected trends.
Studies of proline metabolism in Escherichia coli. I. The degradation of proline during growth of a proline-requiring auxotroph.

Abstract An auxotroph of Escherichia coli , when grown with limiting quantities of l -proline, its required amino acid, was observed to convert a major portion of the supplied proline to other compounds during growth. The parent wild type strain also degraded proline while growing exponentially. Both strains were shown to possess a proline-oxidizing system whose activity was maximal during exponential growth. The enzyme activity in the wild type appeared to be inducible.
Academic Success for STEM and Non-STEM Majors.

Enrollment in STEM majors has improved recently, but there continues to be concern over students‘ retention in those majors, especially women and minority students. The purpose of this study is to develop an integrated understanding of how multiple predictor variables affect student degree attainment, and to ascertain how those variables‘ impact is moderated by whether students are in STEM or non-STEM majors. Six-year cohort retention/graduation outcomes are predicted for all students in STEM and non-STEM majors, and separately adjusting for whether students remain in, or shift into or away from, STEM majors. Long-term retention/graduation is predicted significantly by cumulative grade point average, financial need, aid (work-study, loan, and gift), gender, ethnicity, years living on campus, high school rank, ACT composite, out-of-state residence, and STEM status. For students starting out in non-STEM majors, six-year graduation/retention also is predicted significantly by learning community participation and whether the student switches to a STEM major.
IMPROVING WORD SENSE DISAMBIGUATION WITH AUTOMATICALLY RETRIEVED SEMANTIC KNOWLEDGE

Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) is an important problem in Natural Language Processing. Supervised WSD involves assigning a sense from some sense inventory to each occurrence of an ambiguous word. Verb sense distinctions often depend on the distinctions in the semantics of the target verb's arguments. Therefore, some method of capturing their semantics is crucial to the success of a VSD system. In this paper we propose a novel approach to encoding the semantics of the noun arguments of a verb. This approach involves extracting various semantic properties of that verb from a large text corpus. We contrast our approach with the traditional methods and show that it performs better while the only resources it requires are a large corpus and a dependency parser.
Commercial highway landscape reclamation: A participatory approach

Abstract The visual quality of the landscape is an important element in the quality of life. The views of the countryside, and the “fit” of man's developments to the natural environment, are the factors that determine the sense of place that a person experiences in their daily activities. This sense of place is very closely related to the perceived identity or image of the community in the minds of both residents and visitors. In tourist areas, this image may directly impact the local economy. In an image study of a major commercial highway landscape in the rural New York, U.S.A., vineyard region, a strategy was developed to maintain this sense of place using both design and management techniques. The objectives included: (1) providing a pleasant visual environment reflective of the region; (2) accommodating future development and traffic activities; (3) using cost-effective design and existing management methods. The primary issue dealt with in this study was that of coordinating multiple parties with varying objectives, incentives, resources and power, i.e. State, county and local governments and jurisdiction in the study area, along with many corporate and individual landowners. Participation of each was encouraged through multiple reviews, meetings and an open-house workshop. A visual simulation technique using color Xerox was tested to present the design concepts. The study resulted in a conceptual design for the study area, design guidelines for the landowners, preliminary zoning adjustments for local governments, and an implementation strategy for over-all coordination and realization of the design. Potential roles were outlined for each of the parties involved, and suggestions were made on involving more of the community.
Logic's God and the natural order in late medieval Oxford: The teaching of Robert Holcot

Summary Recent students of late medieval intellectual history have treated Oxford theologians' Sentences lectures from the 1320s to 1330s as revealing the interface of the theological, logical, and scientific thinking characteristic of a historically momentous ‘New English Theology’. Its conceptual achievement, historians generally concur, was the casting off of the speculative (ultimately Neoplatonic) metaphysics of such thirteenth-century authors as Robert Grosseteste and Roger Bacon; its methodological novelty made it akin to twentieth-century analytic philosophy and seminal for the early Scientific Revolution. Yet the metaphysically cast thirteenth-century sciences of perspectiva and astrologia persisted among scholars long into the early modern period. To show how this apparent paradox may be dissolved, this article details the intersection of thirteenth-century metaphysics and fourteenth-century analysis in the lectures of a controversial and influential proponent of the Oxford theology of the 1330s.
Secondary organic aerosol formation from the oxidation of a series of sesquiterpenes: α-cedrene, β-caryophyllene, α-humulene and α-farnesene with O3, OH and NO3 radicals

Environmental context Sesquiterpenes, chemicals emitted by terrestrial vegetation, are oxidised in the ambient atmosphere leading to the formation of secondary organic aerosol. Although secondary organic aerosol can have significant effects on air quality from local to global scales, considerable gaps remain in our understanding of their various sources and formation mechanisms. We report studies on the oxidation of sesquiterpenes aimed at improving aerosol parameterisation for these reactions for incorporation into future air quality models. Abstract A series of sesquiterpenes (SQT) were individually oxidised under a range of conditions, including irradiation in the presence of NOx, reactions with O3 or reactions with NO3 radicals. Experiments were conducted in either static mode to observe temporal evolution of reactants and products or in dynamic mode to ensure adequate collection of aerosol at reasonably low reactant concentrations. Although some measurements of gas-phase products have been made, the focus of this work has been particle phase analysis. To identify individual products, filter samples were extracted, derivatised and analysed using gas chromatography mass spectrometry techniques. The results indicate that secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is readily formed from SQT oxidation. The high reactivity of these systems and generally high conversion into SOA products gives rise to high SOA levels. SOA yields (ratio of SOA formed to hydrocarbon reacted) averaged 0.53 for ozonolysis, 0.55 for photooxidation and 1.19 for NO3 reactions. In select experiments, SOA was also analysed for the organic matter/organic carbon (OM/OC) ratio, and the effective enthalpy of vaporisation (ΔHvapeff). The OM/OC ranged from 1.8 for ozonolysis and photooxidation reactions to 1.6 for NO3 reactions, similar to that from SOA generated in monoterpene systems. ΔHvapeff was measured for β-caryophyllene–NOx, β-caryophyllene–O3, β-caryophyllene–NO3, α-humulene–NOx and α-farnesene–NOx systems and found to be 43.9, 41.1, 44.9, 48.2 and 27.7 kJ mol–1. Aerosol yields and products identified in this study are generally in good agreement with results from several studies. A detailed examination of the chamber aerosol for the presence of chemical tracer compounds was undertaken. Only β-caryophyllinic acid, observed mainly under β-caryophyllene photooxidation and ozonolysis experiments, was detected in ambient aerosol. Chemical analysis yielded compounds having oxygen and nitrogen moieties present, which indicates continued evolution of the particles over time and presents high dependence on the SQT–oxidant system studied. This study suggests that SOA from laboratory ozonolysis experiments may adequately represent ambient aerosol in areas with SQT emissions.
Congenitally abnormal vision in Siamese cats

In albino mammals, the absence of pigmentation in the eye is associated with abnormalities of the visual pathway and these result in a scrambled input to the visual centres of the brain. Recent research on Siamese cats, in which more than one pattern of abnormality has been found, shows that there are several ways in which the cortex can deal with the abnormal input, and is beginning to define the rules according to which the cortex selects its inputs.
Inhibition of HIV-1 infection by a CCR5-binding cyclophilin from Toxoplasma gondii.

The activation of murine dendritic cells by Toxoplasma gondii has recently been shown to depend on a parasite protein that signals through the chemokine receptor CCR5. Here we demonstrate that this molecule, cyclophilin-18 (C-18), is an inhibitor of HIV-1 cell fusion and infection with cell-free virus. T gondii C-18 efficiently blocked syncytium formation between human T cells and effector cells expressing R5 but not X4 envelopes. Neither human nor Plasmodium falciparum cyclophilins possess such inhibitory activity. Importantly, C-18 protected peripheral blood leukocytes from infection with multiple HIV-1 R5 primary isolates from several clades. C-18 bound directly to human CCR5, and this interaction was partially competed by the β-chemokine macrophage inflammatory protein 1β (MIP-1β) and by HIV-1 R5 gp120. In contrast to several other antagonists of HIV coreceptor function, C-18 mediated inhibition did not induce β-chemokines or cause CCR5 downmodulation, suggesting direct blocking of envelope binding to the receptor. These data support the further development of C-18 derivatives as HIV-1 inhibitors for preventing HIV-1 transmission and for postexposure prophylaxis.
Classroom cheating among natural science and engineering majors

The topic of cheating among college students has received considerable attention in the education and psychology literatures. But most of this research has been conducted with relatively small samples and individual projects have generally focused on students from a single campus. These studies have improved our understanding of cheating in college, but it is difficult to generalize their findings and it is also difficult to develop a good understanding of the differences that exist among different academic majors. Understanding such differences may be important in developing improved strategies for combating college cheating. The objective of this paper is to examine the relation between cheating and the choice of academic major with a particular focus on natural science and engineering majors. The data source for this analysis is a study of over 4,000 students from 31 campuses which was conducted in the 1995–1996 academic year.
Erythropoietin Receptors Are Expressed in the Central Nervous System of Mid-Trimester Human Fetuses

Recombinant erythropoietin (rEpo) is an effective treatment for infants with the anemia of prematurity. rEpo was previously thought to act only on erythroid progenitor cells, but evidence now indicates that certain nonerythroid cells also express functional erythropoietin receptors (Epo-R). Such receptors have been observed on cells in the developing murine brain and spinal cord. The objective of this study was to determine whether Epo-R are expressed in the CNS of mid-trimester human fetuses. For this study, spinal cords were collected from five mid-trimester abortuses. RNA was extracted from the washed specimens, and the presence of Epo-R mRNA was sought by reverse transcription followed by polymerase chain reaction. Immunohistochemistry was then used to determine the anatomic location of the cells expressing Epo-R within the fetal spinal cord. The results showed that all fetal spinal cords tested contained Epo-R mRNA. The cells expressing Epo-R were radiating from the ependymal canal toward the anterior and posterior median sulci. We conclude that Epo-R are expressed on cells in the developing human CNS. Further studies are needed to determine whether they are clinically relevant in the premature infant.
A mechanism for enhanced static sliding resistance owing to surface waviness

This paper presents an analysis of static sliding resistance of a rigid sphere on a soft elastic material with axisymmetric waviness. When the sphere is loaded laterally under a fixed normal force, the contact area is subjected to mixed-mode loading. It is shown that, as the lateral loading increases, the decrease in contact area involves unstable jumps; and each unstable jump dissipates mechanical energy. The additional energy dissipation increases the peak force required for gross sliding of the interface compared with that of a flat surface. Thus, a mechanism is proposed for enhanced static sliding resistance on the surface of a soft material owing to surface waviness-induced instabilities. Such an increase in sliding resistance is analogous to a similar increase in the detachment force between a sphere and a wavy surface during normal separation, which was reported elsewhere. The influence of mode-mixity-dependent work of adhesion on the static sliding resistance of a wavy surface is also considered.
Release of Compact Nucleoids with Characteristic Shapes from Escherichia coli

The genomic DNA of bacteria is contained in one or a few compact bodies known as nucleoids. We describe a simple procedure that retains the general shape and compaction of nucleoids from Escherichia coli upon cell lysis and nucleoid release from the cell envelope. The procedure is a modification of that used for the preparation of spermidine nucleoids (nucleoids released in the presence of spermidine) (T. Kornberg, A. Lockwood, and A. Worcel, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 71:3189–3193, 1974). Polylysine is added to prevent the normal decompaction of nucleoids which occurs upon cell lysis. Nucleoids retained their characteristic shapes in lysates of exponential-phase cells or in lysates of cells treated with chloramphenicol or nalidixate to alter nucleoid morphology. The notably unstable nucleoids of rifampin-treated cells were obtained in compact, stable form in such lysates. Nucleoids released in the presence of polylysine were easily processed and provided well-defined DNA fluorescence and phase-contrast images. Uniform populations of nucleoids retaining characteristic shapes could be isolated after formaldehyde fixation and heating with sodium dodecyl sulfate.
RMDAP: A Versatile, Ready-To-Use Toolbox for Multigene Genetic Transformation

Background The use of transgenes to improve complex traits in crops has challenged current genetic transformation technology for multigene transfer. Therefore, a multigene transformation strategy for use in plant molecular biology and plant genetic breeding is thus needed. Methodology/Principal Findings Here we describe a versatile, ready-to-use multigene genetic transformation method, named the Recombination-assisted Multifunctional DNA Assembly Platform (RMDAP), which combines many of the useful features of existing plant transformation systems. This platform incorporates three widely-used recombination systems, namely, Gateway technology, in vivo Cre/loxP and recombineering into a highly efficient and reliable approach for gene assembly. RMDAP proposes a strategy for gene stacking and contains a wide range of flexible, modular vectors offering a series of functionally validated genetic elements to manipulate transgene overexpression or gene silencing involved in a metabolic pathway. In particular, the ability to construct a multigene marker-free vector is another attractive feature. The built-in flexibility of original vectors has greatly increased the expansibility and applicability of the system. A proof-of-principle experiment was confirmed by successfully transferring several heterologous genes into the plant genome. Conclusions/Significance This platform is a ready-to-use toolbox for full exploitation of the potential for coordinate regulation of metabolic pathways and molecular breeding, and will eventually achieve the aim of what we call “one-stop breeding.”
Photoacoustic discrimination of viable and thermally coagulated blood using a two-wavelength method for burn injury monitoring

Discriminating viable from thermally coagulated blood in a burn wound can be used to profile burn depth, thus aiding the removal of necrotic tissue. In this study, we used a two-wavelength photoacoustic imaging method to discriminate coagulated and non-coagulated blood in a dermal burn phantom. Differences in the optical absorption spectra of coagulated and non-coagulated blood produce different values of the ratio of peak photoacoustic amplitude at 543 and 633 nm. The absorption values obtained from spectroscopic measurements indicate that the ratio of photoacoustic pressure for 543 and 633 nm for non-coagulated blood was 15.7:1 and 1.6:1 for coagulated blood. Using planar blood layers, we found the photoacoustic ratios to be 13.5:1 and 1.6:1, respectively. Using the differences in the ratios of coagulated and non-coagulated blood, we propose a scheme using statistical classification analysis to identify the different blood samples. Based upon these distinctly different ratios, we identified the planar blood samples with an error rate of 0%. Using a burn phantom with cylindrical vessels containing coagulated and non-coagulated blood, we achieved an error rate of 11.4%. These results have shown that photoacoustic imaging could prove to be a valuable tool in the diagnosis of burns.
Is there a sex bias in choosing editors? Epidemiology journals as an example

Context.—Editors, authors, and reviewers are influential in shaping science. The careers of women in public health have received less scrutiny than those of women in medicine and other branches of science. The performance of women as editors, authors, and reviewers in epidemiology has not been previously studied.Objective.—To examine changes over time in the representation of women at the editorial level in US epidemiology journals compared with the proportion of women authors and reviewers.Design and Setting.—Cross-sectional study of 4 US epidemiology journals, American Journal of Epidemiology, Annals of Epidemiology, Epidemiology, and the Journal of Clinical Epidemiology (formerly the Journal of Chronic Diseases), for 1982, 1987, 1992, and 1994.Subjects.—Editors, authors, and reviewers for the selected years.Main Outcome Measures.—Sex of editors, authors, and reviewers.Results.—We identified 2415 reports associated with 8005 authors. One of 7 editors in chief was a woman, a position she shared with a man. For all journals, the proportion of editors who were women ranged from 5 (6.5%) of 77 in 1982 to 42 (16.3%) of 258 in 1994. Over all journals and all years, women comprised a higher proportion of authors (28.7% [2225/7743] ) compared with reviewers (26.7% [796/2982]) or editors (12.8% [89/696]).Conclusions.—Fewer women in public health hold editorial positions than are authors and reviewers. The reasons for this important discrepancy, including the possibility of a selection bias favoring men, should be further investigated.