cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
E1a activation of insulin receptor gene expression is mediated by Sp1-binding sites.

E1a adenoviral oncoproteins have been known to modulate genes important for the growth and differentiation of cells. Our laboratory is interested in understanding how insulin promotes the growth and proliferation of cells. In this report, we have examined the ability of E1a to modulate the insulin receptor gene expression. In HepG2 cells, expression of the 243-amino acid E1a protein stimulated expression of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter under the control of the insulin receptor promoter. 5'-Deletion analysis of the insulin receptor promoter indicated that the region between -630 and -607 is important for regulation by E1a. This region contains two GA and four overlapping GC boxes that are putative Sp1-binding sites. A DNA fragment containing these sites was used as a probe in gel retardation assays. Three specific protein-DNA complexes were detected with HepG2 nuclear extract. These complexes could be competed partially by the DNA fragments with mutations in either the GA or GC boxes, but...
Heterogeneous Reaction of NO2 on Fresh and Coated Soot Surfaces

The heterogeneous reaction of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) on fresh and coated soot surfaces has been investigated to assess its role in night-time formation of nitrous acid (HONO) in the atmosphere. Soot surfaces were prepared by incomplete combustion of propane and kerosene fuels under lean and rich flame conditions and then processed by heating to evaporate semivolatile species or by coating with pyrene, sulfuric acid, or glutaric acid. Uptake kinetics and HONO yield measurements were performed in a low-pressure fast-flow reactor coupled to a chemical ionization mass spectrometer (CIMS), using atmospheric-level NO2 concentrations. The uptake coefficient and the HONO yield upon interaction of NO2 with nascent soot depend on the type of fuel and combustion regime and are the highest for samples prepared using fuel rich flame. Heating the nascent soot samples before exposure to NO2 removes the organic material from the soot backbone, leading to a significant increase in NO2 uptake coefficient and HONO yield. Co...
Activation of nuclear factor-κB by the peroxisome proliferator ciprofibrate in H4IIEC3 rat hepatoma cells and its inhibition by the antioxidants N-acetylcysteine and vitamin E

Abstract Peroxisome proliferators are a class of hepatic carcinogens in rodents and are proposed to act in part by increasing reactive oxygen species such as hydrogen peroxide. We previously showed that treatment of rats with ciprofibrate, a peroxisome proliferator, results in increased hepatic nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) DNA binding activity. In this study, we have examined the link between peroxisome proliferators and NF-κB activation in hepatoma cell lines to test whether increased nuclear NF-κB levels activate NF-κB-regulated genes and to determine the mechanism of NF-κB activation. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays demonstrated NF-κB induction by ciprofibrate in peroxisome proliferator-responsive H4IIEC3 rat hepatoma cells but not in peroxisome proliferator-insensitive HepG2 human hepatoma cell lines. In addition, we found that stably transfected NF-κB-regulated reporter genes were activated by ciprofibrate in H4IIEC3 cells. This reporter gene activation was blocked by the antioxidants N -acetylcysteine and vitamin E. These studies suggest that hepatocytes are at least partially responsible for peroxisome proliferator-mediated hepatic NF-κB activation, and support the possibility that this activation is dependent upon reactive oxygen species.
Development and evaluation of SoySNP50K, a high-density genotyping array for soybean.

The objective of this research was to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and to develop an Illumina Infinium BeadChip that contained over 50,000 SNPs from soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.). A total of 498,921,777 reads 35–45 bp in length were obtained from DNA sequence analysis of reduced representation libraries from several soybean accessions which included six cultivated and two wild soybean (G. soja Sieb. et Zucc.) genotypes. These reads were mapped to the soybean whole genome sequence and 209,903 SNPs were identified. After applying several filters, a total of 146,161 of the 209,903 SNPs were determined to be ideal candidates for Illumina Infinium II BeadChip design. To equalize the distance between selected SNPs, increase assay success rate, and minimize the number of SNPs with low minor allele frequency, an iteration algorithm based on a selection index was developed and used to select 60,800 SNPs for Infinium BeadChip design. Of the 60,800 SNPs, 50,701 were targeted to euchromatic regions and 10,000 to heterochromatic regions of the 20 soybean chromosomes. In addition, 99 SNPs were targeted to unanchored sequence scaffolds. Of the 60,800 SNPs, a total of 52,041 passed Illumina’s manufacturing phase to produce the SoySNP50K iSelect BeadChip. Validation of the SoySNP50K chip with 96 landrace genotypes, 96 elite cultivars and 96 wild soybean accessions showed that 47,337 SNPs were polymorphic and generated successful SNP allele calls. In addition, 40,841 of the 47,337 SNPs (86%) had minor allele frequencies ≥10% among the landraces, elite cultivars and the wild soybean accessions. A total of 620 and 42 candidate regions which may be associated with domestication and recent selection were identified, respectively. The SoySNP50K iSelect SNP beadchip will be a powerful tool for characterizing soybean genetic diversity and linkage disequilibrium, and for constructing high resolution linkage maps to improve the soybean whole genome sequence assembly.
Biosynthesis of 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-PGJ2 and the ligation of PPARγ

15-deoxy-Delta12,14-PGJ2 (15d-PGJ2) has been identified as an endogenous ligand for PPARgamma, inducing adipogenesis in vitro. Additional roles for this molecule in the propagation and resolution of inflammation, ligation of NF-kappaB, and mediation of apoptosis have been proposed. However, quantitative, physiochemical evidence for the formation of 15d-PGJ2 in vivo is lacking. We report that 15d-PGJ2 is detectable using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-mass spectrometry at low picomolar concentrations in the medium of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. However, despite induction of COX-2, production of PGs, including 15d-PGJ2, does not increase during adipocyte differentiation, a process unaltered by COX inhibition. 15d-PGJ2 is detectable as a minor product of COX-2 in human urine. However, its biosynthesis is unaltered during or after COX activation in vivo by LPS. Furthermore, the biosynthesis of 15d-PGJ2 is not augmented in the joint fluid of patients with arthritis, nor is its urinary excretion increased in patients with diabetes or obesity. 15d-PGJ2 is not the endogenous mediator of PPARgamma-dependent adipocyte activation and is unaltered in clinical settings in which PPARgamma activation has been implicated.
The bound auxins: Protection of indole-3-acetic acid from peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation

Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) was oxidized by horseradish peroxidase, but ester and amide conjugates of IAA were not degraded. Addition of indoleacetyl-myo-inositol, indoleacetyl-L-aspartate, indoleacetylglycine, indoleacetyl-L-alanine, indoleacetyl-D-alanine, or indoleacetyl-β-alanine did not affect the rate of oxidation of IAA by horseradish peroxidase. Peroxidase preparations from Pisum sativum L. and Zea mays L. behaved similarly in that they rapidly oxidized IAA, but not conjugates found in the plant from which the peroxidase was prepared. These results indicate that conjugation could affect the stability of IAA in vivo.
A Comprehensive Implementation and Evaluation of Direct Interrupt Delivery

As the performance overhead associated with CPU and memory virtualization becomes largely negligible, research efforts are directed toward reducing the I/O virtualization overhead, which mainly comes from two sources: DMA set-up and payload copy, and interrupt delivery. The advent of SRIOV and MRIOV effectively reduces the DMA-related virtualization overhead to a minimum. Therefore, the last battleground for minimizing virtualization overhead is how to directly deliver every interrupt to its target VM without involving the hypervisor. This paper describes the design, implementation, and evaluation of a KVM-based direct interrupt delivery system called DID. DID delivers interrupts from SRIOV devices, virtual devices, and timers to their target VMs directly, completely avoiding VM exits. Moreover, DID does not require any modifications to the VM's operating system and preserves the correct priority among interrupts in all cases. We demonstrate that DID reduces the number of VM exits by a factor of 100 for I/O-intensive workloads, decreases the interrupt invocation latency by 80%, and improves the throughput of a VM running Memcached by a factor of 3.
Investigations of heat transfer of copper-in-Therminol 59 nanofluids

Convective turbulent-flow heat transfer experiments were performed with Therminol 59-based nanofluids containing copper nanoparticles at particle volume concentrations of 0.50% and 0.75%. These nanofluids have the unusual properties of being significantly above the thermal conductivity predictions of the effective medium theory with high dynamic viscosities. The friction factors and heat transfer coefficients of the nanofluids were experimentally determined and compared to the predictions from the standard correlation equations. The experimental heat transfer coefficient enhancements were also compared to the predicted heat transfer coefficient ratios of the nanofluids over the base fluid using their thermophysical properties. Finally, based on the measured thermophysical properties and heat transfer coefficients of the nanofluids, the effect of elevated temperature on the heat transfer coefficient ratios of the nanofluids over the base fluid were evaluated.
Examining Teachers’ Instructional Moves Aimed at Developing Students’ Ideas and Questions in Learner-Centered Science Classrooms

Prior research has shown that orchestrating scientific discourse in classrooms is difficult and takes a great deal of effort on the part of teachers. In this study, we examined teachers’ instructional moves to elicit and develop students’ ideas and questions as they orchestrated discourse with their fifth grade students during a learner-centered environmental biology unit. The unit materials included features meant to support teachers in eliciting and working with students’ ideas and questions as a source for student-led investigations. We present three contrasting cases of teachers to highlight evidence that shows teachers’ differing strategies for eliciting students’ ideas and questions, and for developing their ideas, questions and questioning skills. Results from our cross case analysis provide insight into the ways in which teachers’ enactments enabled them to work with students’ ideas and questions to help advance learning. Consistent with other studies, we found that teachers could readily elicit ideas and questions but experienced challenges in helping students develop them. Findings suggest a need for more specified supports, such as specific discourse strategies, to help teachers attend to student thinking. We explore implications for curricular tools and discuss a need for more examples of effective discourse moves for use by teachers in orchestrating scientific discourse.
Monitoring Changes in Antarctic Ice Surface Topography: The Example of the Lambert Glacier/Amery Ice Shelf System

Changes in the mass of the Antarctic Ice Sheet are essential in studying the Earth’s changing climate and sea level. The large ice streams and outlet glaciers play a key role, as described in the introduction (chapter (A)).
Improved quantitation of dynamic SPECT via fully 4-D joint estimation of compartmental models and blood input function directly from projections

Quantitative kinetic analysis of dynamic cardiac single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) data provides unique information that can enable improved discrimination between healthy and diseased tissue, compared to static imaging. In particular, compartmental model analysis can provide quantitative measures of myocardial perfusion, viability, and coronary flow reserve. In this work we investigate whether precision of kinetic parameter estimates is improved by additional temporal regularization provided by estimating compartmental models directly from projection data, rather than using "semidirect" methods that estimate time-activity curves first and then fit compartmental models to the curves. Methods are implemented to accelerate fully 4-D direct joint estimation of compartmental models for tissue volumes and B-spline time-activity curves for the blood input and other volumes that do not obey a compartmental model. Computer simulations of a dynamic /sup 99m/Tc-teboroxime cardiac SPECT study show that the additional temporal regularization provided by direct compartmental modeling results in improved precision of parameter estimates, as well as comparable or improved accuracy. Notably, for small myocardial defects the sample standard deviation of uptake and washout parameters was reduced by 17-41%. These results suggest that direct joint estimation of compartmental models and blood input function can improve quantitation of dynamic SPECT. These methods can also be applied to dynamic positron emission tomography (PET).
The development of Chez Scheme

Chez Scheme is now over 20 years old, the first version having been released in 1985. This paper takes a brief look back on the history of Chez Scheme's development to explore how and why it became the system it is today.
Liquid Domains in Vesicles Investigated by NMR and Fluorescence Microscopy

We use 2H-NMR, 1H-MAS NMR, and fluorescence microscopy to detect immiscibility in three particular phospholipid ratios mixed with 30% cholesterol: 2:1 DOPC/DPPC, 1:1 DOPC/DPPC, and 1:2 DOPC/DPPC. Large-scale (≫160 nm) phase separation into liquid-ordered (Lo) and liquid-crystalline (Lα) phases is observed by both NMR and fluorescence microscopy. By fitting superimposed 2H-NMR spectra, we quantitatively determine that the Lo phase is strongly enriched in DPPC and moderately enriched in cholesterol. Tie-lines estimated at different temperatures and membrane compositions are based on both 2H-NMR observations and a previously published ternary phase diagram. 2H- and 1H-MAS NMR techniques probe significantly smaller length scales than microscopy experiments (submicron versus micron-scalp), and complex behavior is observed near the miscibility transition. Fluorescence microscopy of giant unilamellar vesicles shows micrometer-scale domains below the miscibility transition. In contrast, NMR of multilamellar vesicles gives evidence for smaller (∼80 nm) domains just below the miscibility transition, whereas large-scale demixing occurs at a lower temperature, Tlow. A transition at Tlow is also evident in fluorescence microscopy measurements of the surface area fraction of ordered phase in giant unilamellar vesicles. Our results reemphasize the complex phase behavior of cholesterol-containing membranes and provide a framework for interpreting 2H-NMR experiments in similar membranes.
Multiple model PMHT and its application to the benchmark radar tracking problem

The probabilistic multiple hypothesis tracker (PMHT) uses the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm to solve the measurement-origin uncertainty problem. Here, we explore some of its variants for maneuvering targets and in particular discuss the multiple model PMHT. We apply this PMHT to the six "typical" tracking scenarios given in the second benchmark problem from W. D. Blair and G. A. Watson (1998). The manner in which the PMHT is used to track the targets and to manage radar allocation is discussed, and the results compared with those of the interacting multiple model probabilistic data association filter (IMM/PDAF) and IMM/MHT (multiple hypothesis tracker). The PMHT works well: its performance lies between those of the IMM/PDAF and IMM/MHT both in terms of tracking performance and computational load.
Effect of Gastric Bypass Surgery on Kidney Stone Disease

Purpose: Recent studies have demonstrated that mineral and electrolyte abnormalities develop in patients who undergo bariatric surgery. While it is known that these abnormalities are a risk factor for urolithiasis, the prevalence of stone disease after bariatric surgery is unknown. We evaluated the likelihood of being diagnosed with or treated for an upper urinary tract calculus following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery.Materials and Methods: We identified 4,639 patients who underwent Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery and a control group of 4,639 obese patients who did not have surgery in a national private insurance claims database in a 5-year period (2002 to 2006). All patients had at least 3 years of continuous claims data. Our 2 primary outcomes were the diagnosis and the surgical treatment of a urinary calculus.Results: After Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery 7.65% (355 of 4,639) of patients were diagnosed with urolithiasis compared to 4.63% (215 of 4,639) of obese patients in the control group (p <0....
Seasonal variation in alkenones, bulk suspended POM, plankton and temperature in Monterey Bay, California: implications for carbon cycling and climate assessment

The utility of alkenone abundance and U37 0 ratios as proxies for haptophyte productivity and temperature variations, respectively, was examined in an upwelling setting by comparison of alkenones with other environmental variables including carbon concentrations, plankton populations, productivity, and temperature. Suspended particulate organic material (SPOM) was collected from surface waters (1-5 m) in Monterey Bay, California during the 1992 El Nino. Haptophyte algae comprise a small but significant fraction of the plankton assemblage (0.5-30%). In this upwelling environment either the haptophytes contain low cellular abundances of alkenones (0.4-5% Corg) and/or alkenone producers are weakly represented among their populations. The U37 0 -temperature relationship for SPOM exhibits a better correlation (r 2 =0.870; n=8) during periods of active upwelling and in the winter than throughout the entire annual cycle (r 2 =0.308; n=18). The alkenone-based temperatures also suggest, as observed elsewhere, that these compounds originated in colder waters at depth and were subsequently transferred to surface waters.
The dipping antiplane crack

SUMMARY We derive the elastostatic field arising from the introduction of a 2-D dipping antiplane crack at the surface of an elastic half-space having a pre-existing uniform field. The problem is equivalent to that of two identical, joined, antiplane cracks in an infinite, uniformly strained medium; each crack is inclined by the same amount from the axis of symmetry, giving rise to a bent crack. For cracks with the same depth of crack tip beneath the surface, the amount of elastic energy released increases with the angle from the vertical. However, the rate of energy release with increasing angle is less than the rate of increase of surface energy. Plane, vertical cracks are favoured energetically in infinite, homogeneous media, while bent cracks are favoured in heterogeneous media where a crack must deviate from straight line growth in order to bypass a high-strength barrier. We compare the trade-offs in total energy of bent cracks with barrier energies.
Drug selling among high school students: related risk behaviors and psychosocial characteristics.

Abstract Purpose To identify risk behaviors and psychosocial characteristics associated with high school students' selling drugs. Methods In 2000, an anonymous standardized survey assessed substance use, drug selling and related risk factors (e.g., friends' use; messages about use) among high school students (n = 38,999) in a large metropolitan area. The sample was 51% female and included adolescents who were white (70%), African-American (18%), Asian (3.3%), Hispanic (1.7%) or who reported other ethnicities (7%). Logistic regression analyses examined whether selling drugs was associated with variables from different explanatory models, net of risk behavior and demographic characteristics. Results Twelve percent of students reported selling drugs in the past year. In the final logistic regression model, selling drugs was associated with being male, violence, delinquency and marijuana use. Students who sold drugs were less involved in religious and family activities but did not differ in their perceptions of, or participation in, school. Friends and school adults' support of substance use was associated with selling drugs, as was daily employment. Social competence, but neither purposeful planning nor self-efficacy, was associated with selling drugs. Conclusions Despite popular perceptions, drug selling is not limited to out-of-school youth but occurs frequently among students who attend high school. School-based prevention efforts should discourage drug selling in order to reduce students' access to drugs and protect young people from the dangers associated with drug selling.
Crystallization behavior of tungstate on zirconia and its relationship to acidic properties. II. Effect of silica

Abstract Zirconia–silica–tungstate aerogels were prepared by sol–gel chemistry followed by supercritical drying. The materials were characterized using nitrogen adsorption, X ray diffraction, Raman and DRIFT spectroscopy, andn-butane isomerization. Using the technique of prehydrolysis, we explored the role of silica, and the degree to which it was mixed with zirconia on the catalytic and acidic properties. The presence of silica, both dispersed in zirconia (well mixed) and segregated on the surface of zirconia (poorly mixed), retarded sintering caused by heat treatment, thereby increasing the surface area of the aerogels. On poorly mixed zirconia–silica, tungstate effectively dispersed onto the surface regardless of the existence of silica-rich patches. The ensuing reduction in specific activity inn-butane isomerization, compared to zirconia–tungstate, established that tungstate on these patches did not enhance active sites. On well-mixed zirconia–silica, the presence of siloxane species in the support further reduced catalytic activity by extending the influence of silica in zirconia–tungstate. The lower catalytic activities of these materials correlated with the presence of weaker Bronsted acid sites than those of zirconia–tungstate. This work demonstrates that silica as a dopant is effective in increasing the surface area of zirconia–tungstate but not in enhancingn-butane isomerization activity.
Update on Sulfur-Related Polioencephalomalacia

Sulfur-related polioencephalomalacia is frequently associated with a high total sulfur intake by ruminants. The onset of clinical signs coincides with excessive ruminal sulfide production. Measurement of ruminal gas cap hydrogen sulfide makes it possible to identify cattle with potentially hazardous total sulfur intake. Evaluation of all potential sulfur sources is necessary to estimate total dietary sulfur concentration, which can lead to prevention strategies.
Influence of Transition Metals on The Defect and Optical Properties of Yttrium Aluminum Garnet

The electrical and optical properties of single crystals of Ni, Ni + Zr, and Fe doped Y3Al5O12 (YAG) were studied as a function of temperature, atmosphere and composition. The often dramatic changes in properties observed for these materials are interpreted in terms of the underlying defect structure of these materials. Defect formation and migration energies are derived as well as the position of energy states within the gap.
Phenotypic plasticity in oysters (Crassostrea virginica) mediated by chemical signals from predators and injured prey

Prey organisms reduce predation risk by altering their behavior, morphology, or life history. Avoiding or deterring predators often incurs costs, such as reductions in growth or fecundity. Prey minimize costs by limiting predator avoidance or deterrence to situations that pose significant risk of injury or death, requiring them to gather information regarding the relative threat potential predators pose. Chemical cues are often used for risk evaluation, and we investigated morphological responses of oysters (Crassostrea virginica) to chemical cues from injured conspecifics, from heterospecifics, and from predatory blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus) reared on different diets. Previous studies found newly settled oysters reacted to crab predators by growing heavier, stronger shells, but that adult oysters did not. We exposed oysters at two size classes (newly settled oyster spat and juveniles ~2.0 cm) to predation risk cue treatments including predator or injured prey exudates and to seawater controls. Since both of the size classes tested can be eaten by blue crabs, we hypothesized that both would react to crab exudates by producing heavier, stronger shells. Oyster spat grew heavier shells that required significantly more force to break, an effective measure against predatory crabs, when exposed to chemical exudates from blue crabs as compared to controls. When exposed to chemical cues from injured conspecifics or from injured clams (Mercenaria mercenaria), a sympatric bivalve, shell mass and force were intermediate between predator treatments and controls, indicating that oysters react to injured prey cues but not as strongly as to cues released by predators. Juvenile oysters of ~ 2.0 cm did not significantly alter their shell morphology in any of the treatments. Thus, newly settled oysters can differentiate between predatory threats and adjust their responses accordingly, with the strongest responses being to exudates released by predators, but oysters of 2.0 cm and larger do not react morphologically to predatory threats.
Investigation and analysis of hypertension and related factors in urban and rural areas in Wanzhou district of Chongqing

Objective To learn about the prevalence of hypertension in urban and rural areas and the level of related risk factors and knowledge in the region. Methods Extract randomly a neighborhood committee or village in the 12 streets and 14 representative towns,and determine randomly 100 persons among the over-18 s as respondents according to the proportion of age and sex in each neighborhood committee or village, then carry out household survey. The current situation on hypertension in urban and rural areas using household survey to conduct on-site survey. The field investigation mainly include that register respondents, fill out the informed consent, monitor blood pressure, learn about the risk factors of hypertension(overweight, obesity, smoking, drinking) and the level of the hypertension related knowledge. The level of urban and rural hypertension related knowledge was analyzed by chi-square test applyed SPSS 17.0 software, if P0.05, indicated that the data had significant difference. Results The prevalence of hypertension was 18.00% in urban areas, the prevalence of hypertension was22.00% in rural areas; the awareness rate of related knowledge of hypertension in urban areas was significantly higher than that in rural areas; but the related risk factors of hypertension in rural areas was generally higher than that in urban areas. Conclusions The prevalence of hypertension in rural areas is significantly higher than that in urban areas in the region, the main factor is that the level of related knowledge of hypertension in rural areas was lower than that in urban areas, the risk factors of the disease in rural areas is higher than that in urban areas which indicated that we should strengthen the health education in rural areas, raise health awareness of rural residents, reduce the prevalence of the disease.
Study on Beijing Athletic Sports Development

Through using the method of literature review,mathematical statistics and logical analysis,this paper deeply analyzed Beijing sports development,the sports layout and power,result achieved in the last four editions of National Games and disadvantage factors influencing Beijing sports development.The result showed that the overall sports strength in Beijing is only in the second group,behind Shanghai,Guangdong,Jiangsu,Shandong,there is a certain gap with the first group.Under the new time and environment,we should scientifically plan the layout of sports,water and collective sports,in particular to take full advantage of this historic opportunity to successfully host the Olympic Games,while maintaining the advantages of the sports,mine the gold point of growth,and take the necessary action strategies.
“City Inside the Oven”: Cell Tower Radiation Controversies and Mediated Technoscience Publics

Since 2010, concerned citizens in India argued that cell antenna signals had heating effects on bodies, and media campaigns compared the experience of living in cities with cell towers as being ins...
Predictors of health practices within age-sex groups: National Survey of Personal Health Practices and Consequences, 1979.

Abstract Health promotion-disease prevention programs share with health behavior research the common objective of identifying population subgroups toward whom services can be targeted. For this report, six age-sex groups were examined to determine similarities and differences in the predictors of eight health practice indices. Data were from the 1979 National Survey of Personal Health Practices and Consequences. Results showed very little similarity of predictors across the three age cohorts (20-34, 35-49, 50-64), between men and women, and among the six age-sex groups. No predictor achieved significance consistently for several health practices in any of the six groups, although years of education made the best showing. The lack of overlap among predictors helps to explain why health promotion messages and recruitment strategies may not appeal to as diverse an audience as initially intended. Possible explanations for the absence of similar predictors include differences in the nature of the various practices themselves, absence of data on intentions behind a person's behavior, and the "over-determined" character of an individual person's behavior.
Removing Barriers in the Assessment of Combat-Related Post-traumatic Stress Disorder

ABSTRACT While the Veterans Health Administration continues to treat Vietnam War Veterans, approximately two million service men and women have returned from Iraq and Afghanistan. However, our treatments can only be as effective as the quality of our clinical assessment. Disclosure of trauma is facilitated when the type of trauma is present in the sociocultural environment of patient and clinician. Topics that once were deemed too shameful for inquiry, specifically, childhood abuse, domestic violence, sexual abuse, and military sexual trauma are now part of a standard assessment. Similarly, the standard clinical assessment of combat Veterans should include specific queries that address the darkest underside of wartime experiences.
Integrative analysis of somatic mutations and transcriptomic data to functionally stratify breast cancer patients

Somatic mutations can be used as potential biomarkers for subtyping and predicting outcomes for cancer patients. However, cancer patients often carry many somatic mutations, which do not always concentrate on specific genomic loci, suggesting that the mutations may affect common pathways or gene interaction networks instead of common genes. The challenge is thus to identify the functional relationships among the mutations using multi-modal data. We developed a novel approach for integrating patient somatic mutation, transcriptome and clinical data to mine underlying functional gene groups that can be used to stratify cancer patients into groups with different clinical outcomes. Specifically, we use distance correlation metric to mine the correlations between expression profiles of mutated genes from different patients. With this approach, we were able to cluster patients based on the functional relationships between the affected genes using their expression profiles, and to visualize the results using multi-dimensional scaling. Interestingly, we identified a stable subgroup of breast cancer patients that are highly enriched with ER-negative and triple-negative subtypes, and the somatic mutation genes they harbor were capable of acting as potential biomarkers to predict patient survival in several different breast cancer datasets, especially in ER-negative cohorts which has lacked reliable biomarkers. Our method provides a novel and promising approach for integrating genotyping and gene expression data in patient stratification in complex diseases.
Emerging Topics on Disseminated Cancer Cell Dormancy and the Paradigm of Metastasis

Disseminated tumor cells (DTCs) are recognized as the seeds of metastasis. However, metastatic lesions can become symptomatic years or decades after primary tumor removal. This clinical finding suggests that DTCs are not immediately competent to initiate growth and can persist in a dormant state. Here we review recent data for three potential scenarios that could result in DTC dormancy: (a) The target organ microenvironment instructs DTCs to enter dormancy; (b) primary tumors pre-encode a dormancy signature that only becomes evident when DTCs enter target organs that produce dormancy-inducing cues; and (c) early dissemination spawns DTCs that, by virtue of being closely related to normal cells, would retain the capacity to respond to dormancy-instructing signals and enter dormancy in target organs. The literature supports the existence of these scenarios and provides insight into how to prevent metastasis. Importantly, cotargeting dormant and proliferative DTCs in stage IV cancer may also improve outcomes...
An Accessible Testing, Learning and Assessment System for People with Intellectual Disability.

Students and adults with intellectual disability experience multiple barriers to taking tests, assessments, evaluations, questionnaires, and surveys. The literacy demands of common formats for soli...
Evaluations of Energy Spectra of Neutrons Emitted Promptly in Neutron-induced Fission of 235 U and 239 Pu

Abstract The energy spectra of neutrons emitted promptly in the neutron-induced fission reactions of 235 U and 239 Pu were re-evaluated for ENDF/B-VIII.0. These evaluations are based on a careful modeling of all relevant physics processes, an extensive analysis of experimental data and a detailed quantification of pertinent uncertainties. Energy spectra of neutrons emitted in up to fourth chance fission are considered and both compound and pre-equilibrium processes are included. Also, important nuclear model parameters, such as the average total kinetic energy of the fission fragments and the multiple chance fission probabilities, and their uncertainties are estimated based on experimental knowledge, model information and evaluated data. In addition to experimental information already available for ENDF/B-VII.1, these new evaluations make use of recently published experimental data either of high precision or spanning a broad incident energy range, information on legacy measurements explaining discrepancies and recently measured data of the average total kinetic energy as a function of incident neutron energy. The resulting evaluated data and covariances agree well with the experimental database used for the evaluation. However, the evaluated spectra are softer than the 235 U and 239 Pu ENDF/B-VII.1, JENDL-4.0 and JEFF-3.2 evaluations for incident neutron energies E inc ≤ 1.5 MeV and E inc ≤ 5 MeV , respectively. For E inc > 5 MeV , the evaluated spectra show structures due to the improved modeling which are not present in ENDF/B-VII.1 and JEFF-3.2 but can be observed in JENDL-4.0 evaluations. Part of these new evaluations were adopted for ENDF/B-VIII.0, while the ENDF/B-VII.1 239 Pu PFNS was retained for E inc ≤ 5 MeV awaiting more conclusive experimental evidence.
Combination of Heights

This chapter provides a practical discussion on the combination of heterogeneous height data. Since most of the theory is discussed in detail in the previous chapters, only a brief introduction to the theoretical issues is included along with some insight into why combining geoid, orthometric and ellipsoidal height data is relevant and important on both regional and global scales. The next section is devoted to a detailed outline of a computational methodology that can be used for the optimal combination of heterogeneous height data (via least-squares adjustment). From this approach it is evident that two key elements deserve more attention, in particular the individual accuracy contributions of each of the height types (via variance component estimation) and the role of the parametric model which appears in the general linear functional model used in the adjustment. Modelling options are provided and more importantly an approach for the assessment of selected models is described in detail. These techniques are supported by numerical examples with real data sets (in Canada and Switzerland). Finally, it should be noted that this chapter is an abridged version of Fotopoulos (2003) and readers who are interested in implementing the methodologies shown herein are encouraged to view the aforementioned manuscript for further details.
Dynamical Mechanism May Avoid High-Oxidation State Ir(V)-H Intermediate and Coordination Complex in Alkane and Arene C-H Activation by Cationic Ir(III) Phosphine.

Organometallic reaction mechanisms are assumed to be appropriately described by minimum energy pathways mapped out by density functional theory calculations. For the two-step oxidative addition/reductive elimination mechanism for C–H activation of methane and benzene by cationic Cp*(PMe3)IrIII(CH3), we report quasiclassical direct dynamics simulations that demonstrate the IrV–H intermediate is bypassed in a significant amount of productive trajectories initiated from vibrationally averaged velocity distributions of oxidative addition transition states. This organometallic dynamical mechanism is akin to the σ-bond metathesis pathway but occurs on the oxidative addition/reductive elimination energy surface and blurs the line between two- and one-step mechanisms. Quasiclassical trajectories also reveal that the momentum of crossing the reductive elimination structure always induces complete alkane and arene dissociation from the Ir metal center, skipping weak C–H σ and π coordination complexes. This suggests...
Next-generation frequency domain diffuse optical imaging systems using silicon photomultipliers

Diffuse optical imaging of biological tissue is a well-established methodology used to measure functional information from intrinsic contrast due to hemoglobin, water, and lipid. This information is exploited in frequency domain diffuse optical spectroscopy (FD-DOS) systems, which have been used to investigate chemotherapy response, optical mammography, and brain imaging. FD-DOS depth sensitivity and dynamic range are typically constrained by photodetector sensitivity. Here we present FD-DOS utilizing a silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) detector that has a higher signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) compared to an avalanche photodiode (APD), and thus enables extended source-detector (S/D) separations and increased depth penetration. We find the SiPM to have 10-30 dB greater SNR than a comparably sized APD while detecting 1.5-2 orders of magnitude lower light levels, down to ∼4 pW at 50 MHz modulation. The SiPM and APD recover optical property values of tissue-simulating phantoms within 13% agreement and are stable with 1% coefficient of variation over one hour. Finally, the SiPM is used to accurately recover optical properties in a reflectance geometry at S/D separations up to 48 mm in phantoms mimicking human breast tissue.
Staggered-grid entropy-stable multidimensional summation-by-parts discretizations on curvilinear coordinates

Abstract The entropy conservative/stable staggered grid tensor-product algorithm of Parsani et al. [1] is extended to multidimensional SBP discretizations. The required SBP preserving interpolation operators are proven to exist under mild restrictions and the resulting algorithm is proven to be entropy conservative/stable as well as elementwise conservative. For 2-dimensional simplex elements, the staggered grid algorithm is shown to be more accurate and have a larger maximum time step restriction as compared to the collocated algorithm. The staggered algorithm significantly reduces the number of (computationally expensive) two-point flux evaluations, which is potentially important for both explicit and implicit time-marching schemes. Furthermore, the staggered algorithm requires fewer degrees of freedom for comparable accuracy, which has favorable implications for implicit time-marching schemes.
Ceraeochrysa lineaticornis (Fitch) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): Larval Plant Associations and Construction of Debris Packets from Wax of Planthoppers (Hemiptera: Flatidae)

Larvae of the debris-carrying green lacewing Ceraeochrysa lineaticornis (Fitch) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) are known to construct their dorsal packets from foliar trichomes of Arizona sycamore (Platanus wrightii S. Watson; Platanaceae) and to prey on nymphs of the lace bug Corythucha confraterna Gibson (Hemiptera: Tingidae). From 2008 to 2018, we observed larvae in a South Carolina botanical garden incorporate plant trichomes, the waxy flocculence and exuviae of flatid planthoppers, and cuticular fragments of assorted arthropods to construct their packets. This represents the first recorded use of planthopper wax by larvae of a debris-carrying chrysopid. Larvae were observed on 61 plant species (31 families), including 30 species of Eurasian ornamentals. Nymphs of the flatids Metcalfa pruinosa (Say) and Ormenoides venusta (Melichar) were present with larvae of C. lineaticornis on all but two of the Eurasian plants. Chrysopid larvae and coccons were found within aggregations of planthopper nymphs on abaxial leaf surfaces of paperplant (Fatsia japonica [Thunb.] Decne. & Planch.; Araliaceae). Larvae preyed on planthopper nymphs in the laboratory. The composition of the larval packets is described, and notes on seasonality of the chrysopid and flatid planthoppers are provided.
Hexadecyl-Containing Organic Salts as Novel Organogelators for Ionic, Eutectic, and Molecular Liquids.

The incorporation of a hexadecyl group on imidazolium, pyridinium, and pyrrolidinium scaffolds produces low-molecular-weight ionic organogelators that can gel several types of ionic liquids, deep eutectic solvents (DESs), and several molecular organic solvents. Minimum gelator concentrations fall in the 0.9–15.0% (w/v) range, with the lower end of the gelator concentrations observed in the gelation of DESs. On the basis of polarized optical microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and X-ray data, crystallization of these salts appear to produce high-surface-area crystals, which generate sufficiently stable three-dimensional networks that are capable of trapping the solvent molecules. Importantly, the nature of the fluid component of the gel appears to have a profound effect on the morphology of the crystallized organogelators. On the other hand, the organogelators appeared to modulate phase transitions of the liquids.
Understanding the Implications of the Meniscal Ossicle: Patient Presentation, Treatment, and Outcomes.

The meniscal ossicle is observed in clinical practice, yet there currently is limited information on its potential clinical significance. The purpose of this study was to assess the clinical presentation, imaging findings, and clinical treatment and outcomes of a series of patients identified as having a meniscal ossicle. An institutional database was reviewed to identify knees with a meniscal ossicle. Clinical presentation, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), treatment, and outcomes were analyzed. Radiographs were graded using Kellgren–Lawrence (KL) scores. MRIs were reviewed for the presence and location of meniscal ossicles and additional knee pathology. Knee arthroplasty rates were recorded with the remaining patients contacted to obtain final International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) and Tegner's scores. Failure was defined as conversion to arthroplasty or failing IKDC score (
Evidence for Sonority-Driven Stress

Sostenim que no hi ha prou evidencia per postular un accent controlat per la sonicitat, basant-nos en Shih (2018a,b), i estem en desacord amb Kenstowicz (1997), de Lacy (2002a, 2004, 2006), entre altres. Mes concretament, defensem que no hi ha cap mecanisme fonologic capac de fer que l’estructura metrica es desvii de la seva posicio no marcada a causa de la interaccio directa entre la sonicitat dels segments i l’estructura del peu. Un cop revisats els treballs sobre l’accent sota control de la sonicitat, identifiquem dos problemes generals d’acord amb les proves que tenim a l’abast: la manca de fiabilitat metodologica i l’error en la determinacio de la causa. Sostenim que les descripcions impressionistes de l’accent sota control de la sonicitat no son fiables, en el sentit tecnic de validesa probatoria. Finalment, argumentem que l’aparent sensibilitat a la sonicitat de l’estructura del peu es un efecte col·lateral de l’al·lofonia o del comportament de les sil·labes menors.
Una ruptura en la fundación nacional(ista): triángulos amorosos disgénicos en Margarita de niebla de Jaime Torres Bodet y El réferi cuenta nueve de Diego Cañedo

Las novelas Margarita de niebla (1927) de Jaime Torres Bodet y El referi cuenta nueve (1943) de Diego Canedo tienen protagonistas varones mestizos/criollos de clase alta. Estos se encuentran en triangulos amorosos que los fuerzan a escoger entre una mujer mestiza y mexicana, por un lado, y una mujer blanca y alemana, por otro. En ambos casos, los hombres optan por la extranjera, pero se arrepienten poco despues cuando ven que no son compatibles. Este ensayo categoriza ambas novelas como ficciones fundacionales fallidas. Doris Sommer acuno el termino “ficciones fundacionales” al analizar literatura que imaginaba una reconciliacion nacional a traves del romance y matrimonio heterosexual entre personas de sectores distintos de la sociedad. Las novelas que analizamos a continuacion hacen lo opuesto, pues interpretan el romance entre hombres mexicanos de la elite y mujeres extranjeras como una afrenta a los intentos del Estado posrevolucionario por construir una nacion a traves del proyecto oficial de mestizaje. Tanto Torres Bodet como Canedo pintan a los hombres que evitan el matrimonio interracial como obstaculos a la institucionalizacion de una comunion nacionalista. The novels Margarita de niebla (Jaime Torres Bodet 1927) and El referi cuenta nueve (Diego Canedo 1943) follow the lives of well-to-do mestizo/criollo Mexican males who find themselves in love triangles that force them to choose between a Mexican mestiza or a white, German woman. In both cases, the men opt for the foreigner, but they soon regret their decisions when they realize that they are incompatible with their mates. For this reason, I view these novels as failed foundational fictions. Doris Sommer coined the term “foundational fictions” while analyzing literature that imagined a national reconciliation through heterosexual romance and marriage between people from different sectors of society. These novels do the opposite because they view romances between Mexican elites and foreign Others as antithetical to the nation-building project of official mestizaje. As such, both Torres Bodet and Canedo depict those men who eschew interracial marriage as a hindrance to the institutionalization of a nationalist communion.