cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Human T cell lymphotropic virus infection in Guaymi Indians from Panama.

Preliminary studies found that 9% of Guaymi Indians from Bocas del Toro province have antibody to human T cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV-I/II). The present study enrolled 317 (21% of the population) Guaymi Indians from Changuinola, the capital of Bocas del Toro province and 333 (70% of the population) from Canquintu, an isolated rural village. Demographic information and family relationships were ascertained and subjects were screened for neurologic diseases. Serum specimens were screened by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for HTLV-I/II antibody and positives were confirmed according to U.S. Public Health Service criteria. Twenty-five (8%) Guaymi residing in Changuinola and 7 (2.1%) from Canquintu were confirmed seropositive. In Changuinola, antibody was virtually limited to residents greater than or equal to 15 years of age (24 [16%] of 153) and rates were slightly higher in males than in females; in Canquintu, antibody rates did not increase significantly with age and appeared higher in females than in males. In Changuinola, there was no evidence for household clustering of infection. In contrast, HTLV antibody among Canquintu residents clustered significantly by household. HTLV-associated neurologic disease was not detected in either population. The atypical seroepidemiology observed in both locations might be explained if the virus endemic to the Guaymi differed from HTLV-I previously described in the Caribbean basin and Japan.
Queer Male Couples’ Ecological and Relational Third Space

Much of the queer male couples’ research and training remains grounded in heteronormative, deficit-focused, individualistic, and non-ecological approaches. Counselor educators, utilizing ecological...
Experimental Assessment of Joint Range-Doppler Processing to Address Clutter Modulation from Dynamic Radar Spectrum Sharing

Cognitive sense-and-avoid (SAA) and sense-and-notch (SAN) emission strategies have recently been experimentally demonstrated as effective ways in which to reduce the interference a spectrum-sharing radar causes to other in-band users. In both cases, however, it has been observed that when the spectral content occupied by the radar changes during the coherent processing interval (CPI) in response to dynamic radio frequency interference (RFI), a nonstationarity in the form of clutter modulation is induced that degrades clutter cancellation. Here the efficacy of joint range/Doppler processing is experimentally assessed for this problem through use of the non-identical multiple pulse compression (NIMPC) method. The additional degrees of freedom provided by this type of approach are shown to compensate for this clutter modulation effect to a significant degree, thus implying a benefit to joint range/Doppler processing in general.
Vital signs assessed in initial clinical encounters predict COVID-19 mortality in an NYC hospital system.

Timely and effective clinical decision-making for COVID-19 requires rapid identification of risk factors for disease outcomes. Our objective was to identify characteristics available immediately upon first clinical evaluation related COVID-19 mortality. We conducted a retrospective study of 8770 laboratory-confirmed cases of SARS-CoV-2 from a network of 53 facilities in New-York City. We analysed 3 classes of variables; demographic, clinical, and comorbid factors, in a two-tiered analysis that included traditional regression strategies and machine learning. COVID-19 mortality was 12.7%. Logistic regression identified older age (OR, 1.69 [95% CI 1.66–1.92]), male sex (OR, 1.57 [95% CI 1.30–1.90]), higher BMI (OR, 1.03 [95% CI 1.102–1.05]), higher heart rate (OR, 1.01 [95% CI 1.00–1.01]), higher respiratory rate (OR, 1.05 [95% CI 1.03–1.07]), lower oxygen saturation (OR, 0.94 [95% CI 0.93–0.96]), and chronic kidney disease (OR, 1.53 [95% CI 1.20–1.95]) were associated with COVID-19 mortality. Using gradient-boosting machine learning, these factors predicted COVID-19 related mortality (AUC = 0.86) following cross-validation in a training set. Immediate, objective and culturally generalizable measures accessible upon clinical presentation are effective predictors of COVID-19 outcome. These findings may inform rapid response strategies to optimize health care delivery in parts of the world who have not yet confronted this epidemic, as well as in those forecasting a possible second outbreak.
Objective Evaluation of Motor Symptoms in Parkinson’s Disease via a Dual System of LEAP Motion Controllers

Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder clinically characterized by neuromotor symptoms of tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesia. Existing quantification methods of PD-related symptoms are largely subjective and rater-dependent, warranting the development of objective device-based assessments. This study introduces a sensitive computerized system of two LEAP Motion Controllers (LMCs) that can be used to quantify neuromotor symptoms in PD patients. The accuracy of the system was evaluated using a series of clinically relevant hand motion tasks, which included finger tapping, hand movements, and pronation/supination. By capturing hand motion from multiple angles, the dual system of LMCs recognizes a broader range of hand positions, therefore increasing data specificity as well as preventing data loss due to line-of-sight obstructions. The use of multi-threading contributed to a high sampling rate of 60 Hz, which allows a complete reconstruction of high-frequency signals essential for recognizing the fast motions associated with postural tremor. Finally, to make the application of the dual system more easily accessible to both patients and clinicians, we developed a GUI and 3D data visualization kit. The dual system of LMCs, which is characterized by precision, objectivity, and ease of use, can become a useful supplement in intraoperative and clinical testing and treatment of PD.
Quantitative reflectance spectra of solid powders as a function of particle size

We have recently developed vetted methods for obtaining quantitative infrared directional–hemispherical reflectance spectra using a commercial integrating sphere. In this paper, the effects of particle size on the spectral properties are analyzed for several samples such as ammonium sulfate, calcium carbonate, and sodium sulfate as well as one organic compound, lactose. We prepared multiple size fractions for each sample and confirmed the mean sizes using optical microscopy. Most species displayed a wide range of spectral behavior depending on the mean particle size. General trends of reflectance versus particle size are observed such as increased albedo for smaller particles: for most wavelengths, the reflectivity drops with increased size, sometimes displaying a factor of 4 or more drop in reflectivity along with a loss of spectral contrast. In the longwave infrared, several species with symmetric anions or cations exhibited reststrahlen features whose amplitude was nearly invariant with particle size, at least for intermediate and large size sample fractions: that is, ≳150 μm. Trends of other types of bands (Christiansen minima, transparency features) are also investigated as well as quantitative analysis of the observed relationship between reflectance versus particle diameter.
Translational Research in Head and Neck Oncology

Translational research in head and neck oncology has evolved dramatically. Ongoing discoveries in basic mechanisms of cancer biology and technological advances in both diagnostic imaging and radiation delivery have enhanced the ability to improve treatment outcomes. The overarching goal for all translational research should be to enlarge the armamentarium from which clinicians can rationally select the most appropriate options for individual patients in ways that maximize therapeutic benefit and minimize toxicity. Focusing on this goal will become more critical as the health care system deals with external economic, social, and political pressures and forces that will affect both bench and bedside. As these concerns encroach on the translational process, it is imperative to recognize that the research itself is best equipped to address them – more efficacious treatments, improved patient selection, decreased toxicity. What also should not be lost in translation is the unpredictable and occasional serendipitous nature of research. Two cornerstones of head and neck cancer therapy, cisplatin [1, 2] and cetuximab, owe their existence to chance and fate. Meanwhile, the compelling story of tumor hypoxia has yet to result in any new additions to the therapeutic arsenal. This chapter will explore the meaning of translational research means, identify potential pitfalls on the horizon, and highlight common themes and new avenues of research using specific examples from both the head and neck and general oncology literature.
Long Profile Development of Bedrock Channels: Interaction of Weathering, Mass Wasting, Bed Erosion, and Sediment Transport

Erosion of bedrock channels seldom involves solely hydraulic processes such as plucking, abrasion, and solution. Weathering, mass wasting and burial by sediment cover modulate the rate of bedrock erosion. In headwater channels weathering generally must reduce rock strength to the point that entrainment may occur by hydraulic processes or rapid mass wasting. Simple quantitative models are introduced that demonstrate how erosion rates can depend upon both weathering rate and stress applied by moving fluids and debris. Rockfalls and avalanches can trigger additional failures in partially weathered bedrock on lower parts of alpine bedrock slopes before they would fail solely by weathering; this generates an economy of scale that results in development of spur and gully landforms. Streambed weathering also enhances bed erosion by water and debris flow in headwater bedrock channels within moderate relief landscapes. In large bedrock channels erosion rates are controlled both directly and indirectly by the throughflowing sediment. Abrasion by bedload and suspended load is often the dominant process. The rock beds of many streams are mantled partially or shallowly by alluvium. Two primary issues are unresolved about long-term evolution of these mixed bedrock-alluvial channels: 1) how and when the bedrock is eroded and 2) whether the gradient is determined by the necessity to transport the alluvium or to erode the bed. A semi-quantitative model suggests that bed erosion occurs due to exposure during extreme floods, at the base of migrating bedforms, and during periods of low sediment influx. Erosion rates in rapidly downcutting bedrock channel reaches are often regulated by influx of boulders that partially or wholly mantle the bed. These locally contributed boulders are primarily derived from steepening of sideslopes and tributaries due to the rapid incision.
Regret Regulation: Disentangling Self-Reproach From Learning

This article begins with several testable propositions inspired by Zeelenberg and Pieters (this issue). I argue that a critical skill for decision makers is to decouple the aspect of regret that leads to self-reproach from that aspect that can be used to learn from the outcome and improve future decision making. Results of an illustrative study are presented and discussed. Two other useful strategies are to match the decision effort to the decision's importance and to break big decisions into smaller ones. I close with a call for research examining regret as a self-control mechanism.
Understanding Materials Processing Lasers

A decade ago, flowing gas CO2 lasers dominated the market for materials processing applications, such as cutting, welding and marking of metals and organics. However, over the past few years, new laser technologies have emerged that give the materials processor more options in choosing a laser source. Specifically these developments include the introduction of higher power sealed CO2 lasers, the advent of fiber lasers, and improvements in the brightness of direct diode laser systems. The result is that choosing the right laser for a specific application is now a more complex task than in the past. This article reviews the technology and capabilities of all these laser types and provides guidance on identifying the optimal source for a specific need.
Abundances of 'Secondary' Elements Among the Ultraheavy Cosmic Rays - Results from HEAO-3

Observations of the abundances of elements of charge 62 or = Z or = 73 in the cosmic radiation from the HEAO-3 Heavy Nuclei Experiment (HNE) are discussed. These elements, having solar, and presumably source, abundances much less than the heavier Pt and Pb groups, are expected to be largely products of spallation. Thus they are indicators of the conditions prevailing during the propagation of cosmic rays. The abundances have changed from those reported previously due to a different data selection. This resulted in better charge resolution and in a higher mean energy for the particles. All the particles included in this paper were required to have had a cutoff rigidity R sub c 5 GV. This allowed the charge determination to be based solely on the Cerenkov measurement.
Sound velocities and elastic properties of γ-Mg2SiO4 to 873 K by Brillouin spectroscopy

The sound velocities and single-crystal elastic moduli of spinel-structured γ-Mg_2SiO_4 were measured to 873 K by Brillouin spectroscopy using a new high-temperature cell designed for single-crystal measurements. These are the first reported acoustic measurements of γ-Mg_2SiO_4 elasticity at high temperatures. A linear decrease of elastic moduli and sound velocities with temperature adequately describes the data. The adiabatic bulk modulus, K_S, shear modulus, μ, and respective temperature derivatives for γ-Mg_2SiO_4 are: K_S = 185(3) GPa, μ = 120.4(2.0) GPa, (∂K_S/∂T)_P = −0.024(3) GPa/K and (∂μ/∂T)_P = −0.015(2) GPa/K. Extrapolation of our data to transition zone pressures and temperatures indicates that the shear and compressional impedance contrasts associated with β- →γ-(Mg,Fe)_2SiO_4 transition are sufficient to produce an observable discontinuity at 520 km depth, even with a moderate (30–50%) amount of olivine.
A case-control comparison of the clinical characteristics of glaucoma and ocular hypertensive patients with and without the myocilin Gln368Stop mutation

Abstract PURPOSE: To determine whether primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and ocular hypertensive (OHT) patients who harbor the myocilin Gln368Stop mutation differ in phenotype or clinical course from patients without the mutation. DESIGN: Case-control study. METHODS: A retrospective case-control study compared all known POAG patients (n = 18) and OHT patients (n = 4) harboring the Gln368Stop mutation evaluated by the University of Iowa Glaucoma Service with control patients from the same population. Patients and control subjects were matched for diagnosis, age, sex, and race and were compared for phenotype and clinical course. RESULTS: Mean age of disease onset and mean peak intraocular pressures (IOPs) of cases were similar to those reported by other studies. There was no statistically significant difference between cases and controls for the following variables: age at onset, peak intraocular pressure, Snellen visual acuity, number of medications, Humphrey visual field (HVF) mean deviation, HVF pattern deviation, number of filtering surgeries performed, time intervals from diagnosis to argon laser trabeculoplasty (ALT), diagnosis to first filtering surgery, ALT to first filtering surgery, and percent change in IOP after ALT and after first filtering surgery. CONCLUSIONS: There is no statistically significant difference between the onset and clinical course of POAG and OHT caused by the Gln368Stop mutation and POAG and OHT not associated with the mutation.
Ground-penetrating radar imaging of Albian rudist buildups, central Texas

Rudist buildups are important reservoirs in many Cretaceous fields in the Middle East, but they are generally near or below seismic resolution. The dimension, shape, and architecture of rudist buildups can be assessed using outcrop, although only partly so because of pseudo-2D observations of geobodies intersecting with the outcrop. We used ground-penetrating radar to enhance our understanding of the shape, dimension, and architecture of Albian rudist buildups in two outcrops in Texas. In the Lake Georgetown spillway, caprinid rudist buildups are 10–30 m wide and 2–7 m high. They are elliptical with an aspect ratio of as much as 1.7. They show no or very little flank development. The older buildup exposed in the Red Bluff Creek area displays 10- to 25-m-wide and 5- to 10-m-high in situ caprinid rudist mound core accumulations with as much as 100-m-wide reworked flanks in the shallower part of the depositional profile. Downdip along the depositional profile, caprinid buildups are 5–20 m wide and 3–7 m high with no flank debris. The buildups in the Lake Georgetown area have similar architecture and comparable size with the downdip buildups exposed in Red Bluff Creek. These buildups were compared with other outcropping Albian buildups in Texas that have different sizes, shapes, and stratigraphic architecture to provide dimensional data that could be used in subsurface reservoir modeling, either for calibrating variogram ranges or to build training images. The rudist buildups exposed in Texas are an order of magnitude smaller than those present in the subsurface in the Middle East, but they have comparable stratigraphic architecture. The size difference might be the result of subsurface buildups being mapped using well-log or core correlations or seismic extractions that cannot resolved at that scale of heterogeneity.
Sex role egalitarianism as a moderator of gender congruence bias in evaluation

Sex-role egalitarianism, or the degree to which one perceives the gender of an individual to be independent of his/her abilities, rights and opportunities, was tested as a moderator of gender congruence in the evaluation of job applicants. It was hypothesized that scores on a measure of sex role egalitarianism would moderate the evaluation of female or male applicants in masculine-typed, neutral, or feminine-typed occupations. It was expected that the biases against an individual applying for a gender-atypical occupation would be reduced by a high degree of egalitarianism, whereas in neutral occupations, no bias would occur. A sample of 144 undergraduates participated in the study. Results from a sample composed mostly of white undergraduates supported part of this hypothesis with a three-way interaction between gender of applicant, gender type of occupation and sex role egalitarianism. In addition, the characteristics exhibited by the egalitarianism measure used in this investigation provided some interesting insights into the psychometric properties of the construct. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Influence of the Number of Laser Burns Administered on the Early Results of Argon Laser Trabeculoplasty

We conducted a prospective, randomized, double-masked study to examine the influence of the number of burns administered on intraocular pressure after argon laser trabeculoplasty. Each of 40 patients with open-angle glaucoma had 50 burns placed over one half the trabecular meshwork (Group 1, 20 patients) or 100 burns placed over the entire trabecular meshwork (Group 2, 20 patients). There was no significant difference between the mean intraocular pressure decreases in Group 1 (–9.20 ± 6.43 mm Hg) and Group 2 (–6.95 ± 5.74 mm Hg) after two months (P
The Cl + Bk extrapolation method. Application to hydrogen fluoride

Abstract The Cl + Bk extrapolation method has been applied to calculations on the ground state of the hydrogen fluoride molecule. Comparison with the “full” calculations shows that for applications not requiring high accuracy (⪅ 0.1 eV ≈ kcal/mole) the Cl + Bk method can be an efficient means of extrapolating the results of a “selected” calculation to the full configuration space.
Fluid dynamic similarity of circulating fluidized beds

Abstract The effects of scale-up on the fluid dynamics of circulating fluidized beds (CFB) are investigated using a single cold laboratory facility with the ability to recycle fluidization gas mixtures of adjustable density and viscosity. By matching five dimensionless parameters, experiments employing plastic, glass and steel powders achieve fluid dynamic similarity with high-temperature CFB risers of 0.32, 0.46 and 1 m diameter. Comparisons of results obtained with the plastic and glass powders indicate that static pressure and its fluctuations scale with the riser and particle diameters, respectively. Experiments with the steel powder exhibit incipient choking behavior consistent with the greater analogous bed size that they simulate. The onset of choking with plastic and steel powders is well predicted by the correlation of Yang [Powder Technol., 35 (1983) 143]. Experiments with coated glass beads suggest that the magnitude of the particle Coulomb friction coefficient affects the fluid dynamics of the CFB in the limit where this coefficient is small.
Aggregation bias in estimates of demand for local services: Empirical evidence

Studies of demand for local public services have long been of interest for the value they can have for state and local public finance policy. While both macro and micro studies of these demands are common, most of these evidences are derived from macro studies based on the median-voter model. Specification error arising from a median aggregation can be quite significant. This paper finds a substantial difference in the coefficients on property tax prices and education service resulting from aggregated data compared with those from their micro data. These findings are important for the allocation and design of local budgets and state programs for intergovernmental revenue sharing.
Mechanisms and immediate and long-term results of adjunct directional coronary atherectomy after rotational atherectomy

Abstract Objectives.The purpose of this study was to confirm the mechanisms and the immediate and long-term results of rotational atherectomy and adjunct directional coronaryatherectomy. Background.Rotational atherectomy is best suited for treating calcific stenoses, but the ability of rotational atherectomy alone to optimize lumen dimensions in large vessels is limited; this is only partly improved by adjunct balloon angioplasty. Methods.We treated 165 lesions in 163 patients by use of rotational atherectomy and adjunct directional coronary atherectomy. Quantitative angiography and intravascular ultrasond were used for lesion analysis. A matched comparison with 208 lesions treated with rotational atherectomy and adjunct coronary angioplasty was performed. Patients were then followed up for at least 9 months, and target-lesion revascularization was assessed. Results.In the 61 lesions imaged sequentially, lumen area increased from 1.7 ± 0.8 (mean ± 1 SD) to 3.9 ± 1.1 mm2after rotational atherectomy, owing to a decrease in plaque plus media area from 16.8 ± 5.0 to 15.2 ± 5.2 mm2(both p Overall, procedural success was 96%, and final diameter stenosis was 15 ± 17%. Target-lesion revascularization was 23%. The only independent predictor of target-lesion revascularization was a larger overall atherectomy index (84% vs. 59%, p = 0.048). Conclusions.There is a synergistic relationship between rotational atherectomy and directional coronary atherectomy in the treatment of calcific lesions. The immediate results show a high procedural success—lumen dimensions were larger and late target-lesion revascularization was lower in lesions treated with rotational atherectomy and directional coronary atherectomy than in those treated with rotational atherectomy and adjunct balloon angioplasty.
Nuclear factor‐κB (nf‐κB) is frequently expressed in lung cancer and preneoplastic lesions

BACKGROUND. Nuclear factor-kB (NF-kB), a key transcription factor thought to play a major role in carcinogenesis, regulates many important signaling pathways involved in tumor promotion. Although NF-kB can be activated in lung cancer cell lines by tobacco exposure, there have been no studies of the expression of NF-k Bi n lung cancer pathogenesis. METHODS. The immunohistochemical expression of NF-kB p65 was investigated in 394 lung cancers (370 nonsmall cell lung carcinomas [NSCLC]; and 24 small cell lung carcinomas [SCLC]) and 269 lung normal epithelium and preneoplastic lesions, including hyperplasias, squamous metaplasias, dysplasias, and atypical adenomatous hyperplasias. RESULTS. High levels of nuclear immunohistochemical expression of NF-kB p65 were detected in the lung cancers, with significantly higher levels in SCLCs compared with NSCLCs (P < .0001). In adenocarcinomas the NF-kB p65 expression level was significantly higher in advanced TNM stages (III-IV) than in earlier stages (I-II) (P < .0001), and when NF-kB p65 is dichotomized using 50% as the cutoff point (high vs low), a higher NF-kB p65 expression level was detected in tumors having either K-RAS (P ¼ .02) or EGFR (P ¼ .009) mutations compared with wildtype tumors. A relatively high level of nuclear NF-kB p65 expression was detected in normal and mildly abnormal epithelium, and a progression with increasing histology severity was detected in preneoplastic lesions. CONCLUSIONS. NF-kB p65 nuclear expression is an early and frequent phenomenon in the pathogenesis of lung cancer. The findings indicate that NF-kB activation plays an important role in lung cancer pathogenesis and is a suitable target for the development of new lung cancer therapies and chemoprevention strategies. Cancer 2006;107:2637–46. � 2006 American Cancer Society.
Anesthesia for endotracheal surgery

Summary Anesthesia for endotracheal procedure demands teamwork between the surgery and anesthesia care teams. A multidisciplinary team approach will facilitate the various types of evaluations and interventions that patients with multiple comorbidities and airway obstruction may need. Given the wide range of endotracheal procedures performed and the variety of anesthesia and airway control techniques available, an elegant solution with the goal of patient safety in mind can be developed for nearly every situation of airway obstruction.
Blurring Boundaries? Linking Technology Use, Spillover, Individual Distress, and Family Satisfaction

Information technology is entrenched in everyday life; yet, scholars have not firmly established whether this use blesses or vexes individuals and their families. This study analyzes longitudinal data (N =1,367) from the Cornell Couples and Careers Study to assess whether increases in spillover explain changes in distress and family satisfaction associated with technology use. Structural equation models indicate that cell phone use over time (but not computer use) is associated with increases in negative forms of spillover (positive spillover is not significant) and is linked to increased distress and lower family satisfaction. Overall, the evidence suggests that technology use may be blurring work/family boundaries with negative consequences for working people.
Study of recombination mechanisms limiting the performance of Sb-based III-V type II superlattices for infrared detectors

Time-resolved photoluminescence measurements are used to study minority carrier lifetimes in type II superlattices (T2- SL) to investigate the recombination mechanisms that currently limit their performance. Time-domain measurements of the photoluminescence signal demonstrate multiple exponential decay, which provide information on background carriers, acceptor states and trap states. The temperature dependence of the TRPL signal shows that the carrier lifetime is dominated by Shockley-Read-Hall recombination. Optimal sample design for photoluminescence measurements is discussed. Photoluminescence measurements and modeling of the time-resolved signal in device structures demonstrate that the restoring current in a narrow bandgap junction dominates the carrier recombination, leading to measured lifetimes that are ostensibly long. Experimental results are presented on T2-SL samples that vary the superlattice absorber width and doping level. The effect of the interface type on carrier lifetime is investigated in multiple quantum well structures. Variations of the absorber width, doping level and interface type are not found to strongly influence the carrier lifetime.
Nanoscale structure and morphology of atomic layer deposition platinum on SrTiO 3 (001)

The early stages of nucleation and growth of atomic layer deposition (ALD) platinum on SrTiO3 (001) have been studied. Scanning electron microscopy reveals the ALD Pt deposits as discrete nanoparticles that grow and coalesce with increasing number of ALD cycles, ultimately resulting in a continuous film after ∼40 cycles. Atomic force microscopy shows the films to be fine-grained and highly conformal such that the 0.4 nm atomic steps of the underlying SrTiO3 (001) surface remain visible even after 80 Pt ALD cycles. Grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) studies demonstrate that the early stages of Pt ALD yields nanoparticles that are well approximated as cylinders with a height to radius ratio that is nearly unity. Consistent with nanoparticle coalescence, GISAXS also reveals an interparticle spacing that increases with the number of ALD cycles. X-ray fluorescence measurements of the Pt coverage reveal growth dynamics in which the Pt deposition is initially faster than the steady-state gro...
Action spectra for bilirubin photodisappearance

The excitation wavelength dependence of bilirubin photodestruction, as measured by quantum yields, has been determined in benzene, chloroform-1% ethanol, chloroform-1% hexane, methanol-1% concentrated ammonia, pH 8.5 aqueous buffer and pH 7.4 aqueous buffer with added albumin. The results show that in the visible spectrum the 370–490 nm excitation wavelength region is very effective in the photodestruction, but excitation in the UV-region (λ<320 nm) is even more effective.
At Loose Ends: Twentieth-Century Latinos in Current United States History Textbooks.

The setting: a graduate seminar in United States history where two students are debating the Eisenhower years. One student, citing rising income and consumer spending, argues that the Eisenhower era was a period of peace and prosperity, full employment, and suburban growth. The opposing student notes the continuation of racial and gender discrimination, ongoing poverty, and the perils of McCarthyism. At one point the professor mentions that in 1954 the Immigration and Naturalization Service had deported over a million Mexicans. This fact stuns the students, provoking them to ask all sorts of questions about Operation Wetback. Faced with repeated experiences such as this, we found ourselves wondering what undergraduates are being told (or not told) in their textbooks about modern United States Latino history. So we have revisited eight national surveys, a sample drawn from the most popular and well-regarded recent texts. In doing so, our intent is not to heap praise upon the conscientious and shame upon the negligent, but to highlight certain conceptual categories useful for a comparative analysis of twentieth-century Latinos, an increasingly diverse and important segment of the American population. While one can readily bemoan the coverage of Latinos in current survey texts, it is important to remember that these overviews represent substantial improvements over the textbooks on the market just fifteen years ago. In 1985, for example, the sixth edition of the widely used volume The National Experience covered all recent Latino history in only a few paragraphs. The authors asserted baldly that Mexican Americans did not "act as a conscious minority" until after World War II and observed of Puerto Ricans, "Unlike other Hispanics, they were American citizens." In a comment that now seems quaint at best, they continued, "The brilliant musical show West Side Story (1957), adapting the Romeo and Juliet theme to 'rumbles' between Puerto Rican and white street gangs, won a sympathetic hearing for problems in the larger community." Such tokenism was typical for surveys before 1985, as was the brevity.
Keys to the City: How Economics, Institutions, Social Interaction, and Politics Shape Development

Why do some cities grow economically while others decline? Why do some show sustained economic performance while others cycle up and down? In Keys to the City, Michael Storper, one of the world's leading economic geographers, looks at why we should consider economic development issues within a regional context--at the level of the city-region--and why urban economies develop unequally. Storper identifies four contexts that shape urban economic development: economic, institutional, innovational, interactional, and political. The book explores how these contexts operate and how they interact, leading to developmental success in some regions and failure in others. Demonstrating that the global economy is increasingly driven by its major cities, the keys to the city are the keys to global development. In his conclusion, Storper specifies eight rules of economic development targeted at policymakers. Keys to the City explains why economists, sociologists, and political scientists should take geography seriously.
Universal conductance in the lowest Landau level.

We have performed numerical calculations of the diagonal and off-diagonal (Hall) components of the conductivity tensor for a system of noninteracting electrons in two dimensions at high magnetic fields (lowest Landau level), in the presence of a random potential. We have considered five different potentials, with varying correlation length, with and without electron-hole symmetry. Our results are consistent, within statistical uncertainties, with a conductivity tensor at the critical energy with both components equal to 0.5${\mathit{e}}^{2}$/h. This suggests that the conductivity tensor at the lowest-Landau-level integer quantum Hall transition is universal, independent of the details for short-range random potentials.
TILLERING AND MORTALITY OF THE SALT MARSH CORDGRASS, SPARTINA ALTERNIFLORA'

Recruitment and mortality of Spartina alterniflora tillers and culms were estimated from measurements of live standing crops at Wallops Island, Virginia. Stands of tall and medium form grass produced from 452 to 1,227 tillers m-2 yr-'. Those tillered in spring lengthened into culms their first year, while those tillered in late summer and fall may have overwintered and lengthened into culms their second year. Biennial growth was most prevalent in tall form Spartina. Fifty-six to sixty-one percent of all tillers died before lengthening into culms. Of the remainder, 9 to 56% died as culms before the time of flowering. Sixty-three percent of the surviving culms of tall form Spartina flowered, compared to only 14 to 23% in medium form. Mortality of tillers and culms removed 16 to 35% of the annual production of Spartina biomass from live standing crops before the time of flowering. THE SMOOTH CORDGRASS, Spartina alterniflora Loisel., dominates most regularly flooded salt marshes of the East Coast of the United States; it is often the only phanerogam in low intertidal zones. Three forms of Spartina (tall, medium, short) are generally regarded as ecophenes that increase in height in descending tidal zones and in proximity to marsh creeks (Mooring, Cooper and Seneca, 1971; Shea, Warren and Niering, 1975). These are recognized by maximum culm heights, though not all culms attain these heights. Many Spartina shoots may be biennial
Clorgyline-induced modification of behavioral sensitization to quinpirole: Effects on local cerebral glucose utilization

Sensitization refers to augmented behavioral responses produced by repeated, intermittent injections of dopaminergic psychostimulants. The locomotor manifestations observed after a sensitizing course of quinpirole, a D(2)/D(3) dopamine agonist, can be modified by the MAO(A) inhibitor clorgyline, by a mechanism apparently unrelated to its actions on MAO(A). Alterations in regional neuronal activity produced by quinpirole in quinpirole-sensitized rats with or without clorgyline pretreatment were assessed based on LCGU using the [(14)C]-2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) method. Adult, male Long-Evans rats (180-200 g, n=9-10/group) were subjected to an injection of either clorgyline (1.0 mg/kg, s.c.) or saline 90 min prior to an injection of quinpirole (0.5 mg/kg, s.c.) or saline, 1 set of injections administered every 3rd day for 10 sets. The 2-DG procedure was initiated 60 min after an 11th set of injections in freely moving rats. LCGU was determined by quantitative autoradiography. LCGU was decreased in a number of limbic (nucleus accumbens and ventral pallidum) and cortical (medial/ventral orbital and infralimbic) regions and in the raphe magnus nucleus in quinpirole-sensitized rats (P<0.05 vs. saline-saline). Quinpirole-sensitized rats pretreated with clorgyline had similar alterations in LCGU, but LCGU was higher in the locus coeruleus compared to quinpirole alone (P<0.05), was not decreased in the raphe magnus nucleus, and was decreased in the piriform cortex and septum. This implicates altered activity of the noradrenergic, serotonergic, olfactory, and limbic systems in the modified behavioral response to quinpirole with clorgyline pretreatment.
Laser-based electronic displays

The rapid development of solid-state lasers in al three primary colors has opened up the possibility of new electronic displays. Many of the limitations of light-valve displays are eliminated if laser-light sources are used. Other light-valve options can only be realized using laser sources. This paper will describe some of the more advanced options for the laser and show how these can be used to obtain high-performance electronic displays.
Iron catalysis of grignard reductions. Mechanism of 1, 3-reductive eliminations from γ-propyl halides

Abstract The iron-catalyzed reduction of various 3-substituted propyl bromides by Grignard reagents affords propylene and cyclopropane. The reduction to propylene is particularly noteworthy since it formally represents a 1, 2-hydrogen shift. Two key intermediates have been identified in propylene formation, in which 3-methoxypropyl bromide is first catalytically reduced to the magnesium derivative by Grignard reagent. The iron-catalyzed β-elimination of the 3-methoxypropylmagnesium intermediate affords allyl methyl ether, which is then reduction cleaved to propylene. Extensive studies of deuterium labeling in the reactants, as well as in both intermediates, allow the course of the hydrogen shift to be followed unequivocally. The mechanism of iron catalysis is proposed in Scheme 2 and 3, representing the first and second stages of the reduction to propylene.
The effect of mood and information valence on depressive cognition

It was hypothesized that depressive cognition is a function of both mood-congruent information processing and the valence of the information being processed. An interaction between these two factors was also expected: Neutral information would be interpreted in a negative direction by participants showing a mild but stable depressed mood but interpreted in a positive direction by nondepressed persons. To test these hypotheses, a measure of depressive cognition, the Cognitive Bias Questionnaire (Krantz & Hammen, 1979), was revised so that the originally ambiguous information preceding the response options was replaced by either positive, neutral, or negative information. In a 2(groups) ×3(valence) design, 29 mildly dysphoric and 40 nondysphoric students each received one of the three versions of the resulting Valenced Cognitive Bias Questionnaire. As predicted, depressive cognitions were endorsed more frequently by persons in a mildly depressed mood than by persons in a nondepressed mood and more frequently by students given negative information as compared to those given positive or neutral information. The predicted interaction between mood status and the valence of the information was not obtained. The implications of these results for cognitive models of depression were discussed.
Magnetic nulls and topology in a class of solar flare models

We study the magnetic field-line topology in a class of solar flare models with four magnetic dipoles. By introducing a series of symmetry-breaking perturbations to a fully symmetric potential field model, we show that isolated magnetic nulls generally exist above the photosphere. These nulls are physically important because they determine the magnetic topology above the photosphere. In some special cases, there may be a single null above the photosphere with quasi two-dimensional properties. For such a model, aquasi null line connects the null to the photosphere. In the limit of small non-ideal effects, boundary layers and current sheetsmay develop along the quasi null line and the associated separatrix surfaces. Field lines can then reconect across the quasi null line, as in two-dimensional reconnection. In a more general force-free case, the field contains a pair of nulls above the photosphere, with a field line (theseparator) connecting the two nulls. In the limit of small non-ideal effects, boundary layers and current sheets develop along the separator and the associated separatrix surfaces. The system exhibits three-dimensional reconnection across the separator, over which field lines exchange identity. The separatrices are related to preferable sites of energy release during solar flares.
Biomimetric Liquid State Inertial Sensor

Vestibular system is a motion sensing organ vital to human balance system. Patients suffering from vestibular disorders usually experience symptoms including blurred vision, vertigo and increased risks to fall. It is reported that more than 1 billion dollars are spent each year on treating such diseases. In order to accomplish balance prosthesis, an engineering motion sensing system that possesses a comparable function as the natural vestibular system is needed. One unique characteristic of human body motion is the low frequency, which is different from the resonance frequency range of conventional solid state accelerometers and gyroscopes. This makes it difficult for solid state sensors to achieve large response by the body motion. In this work, we developed a liquid state motion sensing system, whose resonant frequency is within the range of that of body motion. The sensor consists of a curved microchannel, a liquid droplet that can move freely on the channel, and microelectrodes that detect the relative movement of the droplet along the channel. The simple fabrication approach and surface treatment techniques are described in the paper. Droplet dynamics revealing the unique frequency response is theoretically investigated followed by experimental validation. Binary electrical signals are used to determine the acceleration, which minimizes the influence of external electromagnetic noises. Characterization of a single sensor for 1D measurement and an assembled sensor set for 2D measurement demonstrates that low-frequency motion can be precisely determined by the liquid state sensing system. The study of liquid state inertial sensor paves a new route of body motion detection. Considering its concise configuration, simple fabrication, miniaturized size and low cost, the sensor provides a promising candidate for balance prosthesis. It also enables the in-depth investigation of motion detection methodology.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Unique training: the mood indicator is an employee's tool.

Unique training methods help to attract and retain career minded hospitality service professionals at The Inn at Little Washington, one of America’s top rated inns and restaurants. Professional development is discussed as it relates to teaching servers how to “read the customer” and to create teamwork. The mood indicator is explained as an example of providing employees with a tool to make the dining experience exceptional.
The role of attachments in female adolescent development

Traditional theories of normal adolescent development have incorrectly underscored the importance of the individuation as the psychological goal. This paper will discuss how adolescent girls use their relationships to clarify their identity and differentiate themselves from their families of origin. Girls use friends, as journals, to achieve self differentiation in the context of their relationships. The clinical implications of this newer model, with its emphasis on attachments rather than on separation, will be considered, and group therapy recommended as the treatment of choice for adolescent girls.
Risk factors for fires and burns in homebound, urban elderly.

This study examines the prevalence of risk factors for fires and burns in, homebound urban elderly. A home safety assessment was performed on 83 patients enrolled in a physician home visiting program. Information was collected on the presence and functioning of smoke alarms, the presence of fire extinguishers and the maximum temperature of hot tap water. Functional smoke alarms were not present in 37% of households, 82% of households had no access to a fire extinguisher, 46% of households had hot tap water temperature greater than the recommended 120 degrees F. Multiple risk factors for burns and fires exist in the homes of elderly homebound patients that are well known to the medical community. Further attention to burn and fire prevention should be incorporated into the medical and geriatrics curriculum. Language: en
Cultivating Character: John Stuart Mill and the Subject of Rights

The antidemocratic tendencies of rights appear to be numerous. As trumps, rights are denounced for shutting down political debate and undermining the common good. As disciplinary, rights are attacked for reinforcing a politics of exclusion. I argue that an appreciation of the democratic potential of rights requires conceiving of them as political claims, as claims that represent a perspective that we seek to persuade others to adopt and through which we can create and contest community and identity. I cull a political conception of rights from the work of John Stuart Mill by rethinking the meaning of and connection between his ontological commitments and his politics. Paying careful attention to his notion of “character” and its cultivation, I argue that Mill embraces a conception of the socially constituted subject who is both disciplined and enabled by rights.
Indicative Value of Soil Nematode Food Web Indices and Trophic Group Abundance in Differentiating Habitats with a Gradient of Anthropogenic Impact

Indicative value of nematode food web indices and trophic group abundance was assessed for differentiating habitats in two soil types. A total of 604 soil samples were collected from croplands, grassy borders, turfgrass lawns, shrublands and forests in Huron County, Ohio characterized by muck soils. Also, a total of 242 soil samples were collected from two habitats, turfgrass lawns and croplands, in Wayne County, Ohio characterized by mineral soils. All nematodes extracted from soil samples were identified to genus level, categorized to trophic groups and various nematode community indices were calculated. Multivariate analysis of variance using composite of nematode measures revealed that croplands were significantly different from forests, shrublands, turfgrass lawns and grassy borders in the muck soils. Turfgrass lawns in muck soils were not different from forests but were different from shrublands. No differences were observed between forests and shrublands. Turfgrass lawns in mineral soils differed s...