cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The emission lines of quasars and similar objects

Much of our information about quasars is derived from their emission-line spectra. The analysis of such spectra has become an intricate subject which differs considerably from traditional, low-density nebular astrophysics. This review is intended to explain our present understanding of the situation, including some aspects of galactic nuclei whose luminosities are more modest than quasars. Quasars' line-emitting regions are probably photoionized (even if supplementary heating processes also occur). So far, models have been constructed which include ionization and thermal equilibria, the transfer of resonance-line and related photons, and the likely effects of absorption and scattering by dust grains. From comparisons between emission-line intensities produced in these models and observed quasars' spectra, it appears that certain densities and pressures and size scales occur in or around quasars. The relative abundances of elements are not very far from solar values, although it is suspected that heavy elements---carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen in particular---are moderately "overabundant" in quasars. The emission-line intensities also provide indirect information about quasars' ultraviolet and soft-x-ray continua; there are hints that photons with energies between 20 and 300 eV---which are not directly observable---may even represent the peak of the luminous output of a typical quasar. Finally, some gas-dynamical questions, while extremely important, are very difficult to answer, because of a lack of observables.
Gaze holding after anterior-inferior temporal lobectomy

Eye position-sensitive neurons are found in parietooccipital and anterior-inferior temporal cortex. Putative role of these neurons is to facilitate transformation of reference frame from the retina-fixed to world-fixed coordinates and assure precise action. We assessed the nature of ocular motor disorder in a subject who had selective resection of the right anterior-inferior temporal cortex for the treatment of intractable epilepsy from cortical dysplasia. The gaze was stable when the subject was viewing straight-ahead, but centrally directed drifts in the eye position were seen during eccentric horizontal gaze holding. Eye-in-orbit position determined drift velocity and its direction. Conjugate and sinusoidal vertical oscillations were also present. Horizontal drifts and vertical oscillations became prominent and disconjugate in the absence of visual cue. The gaze-holding deficit was consistent with impairment in neural integration, but in the absence of cerebellar and visual deficits. We speculate that brainstem neural integrator might receive cortical feedback regarding world-fixed coordinates. Visual system might calibrate this process. Hence the lesion of the anterior-inferior temporal lobe leads to impairment in the function of neural integrator. Vision might be used to calibrate such feedback, hence the lack of visual cue further impairs the function of the neural integrator leading to worsening of gaze-holding deficits.
The Formation of Mercury's Smooth Plains

There has been extensive debate about whether Mercury's smooth plains are volcanic features or impact ejecta deposits. We present new indirect evidence which supports a volcanic origin for two different smooth plains units. In Borealis Planitia, stratigraphic relations indicate at least two distinct stages of smooth plains formation. At least one of these stages must have had a volcanic origin. In the Hilly and Lineated Terrain, Petrarch and several other anomalously shallow craters apparently have been volcanically filled. Areally extensive smooth plains volcanism evidently occurred at these two widely separated areas on Mercury. These results, combined with work by other researchers on the circum-Caloris plains and the Tolstoi basin, show that smooth plains volcanism was a global process on Mercury. Present data suggest to us that the smooth and intercrater plains may represent two distinct episodes of volcanic activity on Mercury and that smooth plains volcanism may have been triggered by the Caloris impact. High-resolution and multispectral imaging from a future Mercury spacecraft could resolve many of the present uncertainties in our understanding of plains formation on Mercury.
Recent CLEO B results

Using a large data sample accumulated at the(4 S ) resonance with the CLEO II detector at the Cornell e + e − storage ring CESR, we have fully reconstructed decays of both B¯ 0 0 and B − mesons into final states containing either D ** , D * , D , ψ or ψ′ mesons. We present recent measurements of many hadronic and semileptonic branching fractions. Using these results and predictions from Heavy Quark Effective Theory, we perform tests of the factorization hypothesis and extract the CKM matrix element V cb . We also present results on a search for color suppressed decays of B mesons.
RFID-Based Sensors for Zero-Power Autonomous Wireless Sensor Networks

Radio frequency identification (RFID) technology has enabled a new class of low cost, wireless zero-power sensors, which open up applications in highly pervasive and distributed RFID-enabled sensing, which were previously not feasible with wired or battery powered wireless sensor nodes. This paper provides a review of RFID sensing techniques utilizing chip-based and chipless RFID principles, and presents a variety of implementations of RFID-based sensors, which can be used to detect strain, temperature, water quality, touch, and gas.
CCR5 HIV-1 coreceptor activity. Role of cooperativity between residues in N-terminal extracellular and intracellular domains

Human (H-) CCR5 is the primary coreceptor for ENV-mediated fusion by R5 strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1, whereas mouse (M-) CCR5 lacks this function. An array of 23 H/M-CCR5 hybrids containing increasing amounts of H-CCR5 extending from the N terminus generated by random chimeragenesis had a biphasic pattern of coreceptor activity with JRFL and 89.6, revealing active regions in the N-terminal extracellular domain (N-ED) and at the junction of cytoplasmic loop 3. The M-CCR5 mutant in which divergent residues were replaced with the corresponding H-CCR5 N-ED sequence (NyYTsE) gained coreceptor function in fusion but not infection experiments. A M-CCR5 double mutant with substitution of human sequences for divergent residues from the N-ED and cytoplasmic loop 3 had augmented coreceptor activity in fusion assays and gain of function in infection experiments. The SIV-251 ENV utilized H- and M-CCR5 and variants. Flow cytometric analysis of M-CCR5 mutants and bifunctional receptors composed of CD4 domains fused to M-CCR5 mutants excluded the possibility that differences in coreceptor activity resulted from variations in cell surface expression. These results demonstrate that the coreceptor activity of the H-CCR5 N-ED is modulated by intracellular residues, illustrating the complexity of CCR5 requirements for interaction with ENV.
A continuous-flow method of organ culture

A method of perfusion organ culture is described in which explants cultured at the airmedium interface are bathed by a continuous flow of nutrient medium. Morphological studies on the fetal rat lung indicate that explant development in this system is comparable to that obtained using standard organ-culture dishes. Medium supply is easily manipulated and continuous sampling of the effluent stream is possible without disturbing the immediate explant environment. The basic design facilitates secretory-response studies on cultured organ explants as demonstrated by a study of glucose-stimulated insulin release by the neonatal rat pancreas.
Domain decomposition with both spectral and finite difference methods for the accurate computation of flows with shocks

Abstract We describe the solution of a steady shocked flow of an inviscid gas in a quasi-one-dimensional nozzle by a domain decomposition technique. In a subdomain around the shock, an upwind finite difference method is used. A Chebyshev collocation method is used in subdomains where the flow is smooth. As a result, the solution can be computed to a given accuracy with fewer grid points than the finite difference method alone would require.
Irreversible enzyme inhibitors. XCIV. inhibition of dihydrofolic reductase with derivatives of 2,6-diaminopurines†

In order to gain additional information on the hydrophobic bonding region of dihydrofolic reductase, some derivatives of 2, 6-diaminopurine with aryl or aralkyl groups at the N6, C8 and N9-positions were investigated as inhibitors. Since none of the six compounds gave an increment in binding over the parent 2, 6-diaminopurine, hydrophobic bonding to dihydrofolic reductase could not be detected with this ring system. Furthermore, 2, 6-diaminopurine bridged from its 8-position with methylene groups to the amino group of p-aminobenzoic acid also failed to show an increment in binding. The 8-substituted 2, 6-diaminopurines were synthesized by base-catalyzed cyclodehydration of the appropriate 5-acylamido-2, 4, 6-triaminopyrimidines; the latter compounds were readily prepared by selective acylation of tetraaminopyrimidine.
Single agent gefitinib as first line therapy in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer: Washington University experience.

Abstract Gefitinib has modest activity with an overall response rate of 11–18% in patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who have had progressive disease following platinum containing chemotherapy. However, the efficacy of gefitinib in previously untreated metastatic NSCLC is not known. We retrospectively analyzed the efficacy of gefitinib as a first line therapy in 26 patients with advanced NSCLC enrolled in the expanded access program. Patients received gefitinib 250 mg a day orally if they had a poor performance status (PS) or if they refused cytotoxic chemotherapy. Treatment was continued as long as there was no evidence of disease progression or unacceptable treatment related toxicities. The characteristics of 25 evaluable patients enrolled between the period of May 2001 and August 2002 include: 15 women, 10 men; median age 73 years (range 56–86), 81% had an ECOG performance status of two. Only one patient had a partial response and 32% had stable disease as their best response for a disease control rate of 36%; 32% of patients had disease control lasting 5 months or longer. The median overall survival and progression-free survival (PFS) were 14.1 and 2.9 months, respectively. Toxicities were minimal and included rash and diarrhea. Gefitinib was well tolerated and had interesting activity in previously untreated patients with advanced NSCLC.
Histologic Features of Chorioamnion Membrane Rupture: Development of Methodology

This study developed a set of histologic features that will allow subclassification of placentas with preterm premature rupture of membranes. Placentas were obtained from patients participating in a multi-institutional NICHD Maternal-Fetal Medicine Unit Network study of antimicrobial therapy after preterm premature rupture of membranes. The rupture site was sampled by inking the open sac margin and rolling a membrane strip in four quadrants from the ink to the placental margin. Independently, four pathologists used a provisional feature list to score the slides from 15 placentas. A concordance analysis was performed on those results. With those results, the slides were reviewed concurrently to discover the source of disagreements and to revise the feature list. The sampling method frequently demonstrated a rupture site with histology distinct from that of the remainder of the membranes. After review of the preliminary scoring results, 29 features of membrane histology present in preterm premature rupture ...
Cat allergen content of commercial house dust extracts: Comparison with dust extracts from cat-containing environment

Abstract Eighteen lots of house dust extract from nine commercial sources (obtained as weight per volume or protein nitrogen unit per cubic centimeter) were analyzed for cat allergen content by direct quantitative immunoelectrophoresis after concentration. Cat allergen 1 was measurable (>0.3 units) in 11 extracts with a mean (range) of 5.8 (1.3 to 31.0) U/gm of source material. Cat albumin was measurable (>2.4 units) in 12 extracts with a mean (range) of 53.4 (11.5 to 319.7) U/gm. In order to evaluate whether the cat allergen 1 content is a significant contribution to the allergenic activity of the extract, 17 cat-allergic subjects were tested by prick test with a purified preparation of cat allergen 1. The mean (range) concentration that produced a 3 mm wheal was 0.01 (0.0013 to 1.33) U/ml. Therefore, the commerical house dust extracts studied, when these extracts were diluted to a concentration commonly used for prick testing, would frequently contain enough cat allergen 1 to produce strong prick test reactions in cat-allergic subjects. It is difficult to justify the use of such commerical dust extracts as diagnostic reagents. For comparison purposes, nine dust samples from an apartment housing two cats were similarly analyzed. Cat allergen 1 was measurable in seven samples with a mean (range) of 23.8 (1.8 to 64.3) U/gm. Cat albumin could be measured in all nine samples with a mean (range) of 32.3 (0.16 to 70.8) U/gm. The average amount of cat allergen 1 that could be washed off the surface of the cats was 270 units. Large reservoirs of cat allergen 1 were present. The spread on which the cats commonly slept contained 20,000 units of cat allergen 1. Contamination of a pool of house dust samples with dust from a cat-containing environment would likely be significant.
Plasmon-enhanced ultrathin bulk heterojunction: interplay between optical and thermal responses of AuNPs

The incorporation of metal nano particles affects the efficiency of OPVs in both positive and negative ways. In our previous work, we demonstrated that by appropriately inserting AuNPs in the OPV device, the efficiency can be increased by 30%. In this work we show that AuNPs not only contribute to the increase in the total conversion efficiency of the OPVs by increasing the absorption rate of the active layer, but their plasmonic resonance also changes the characteristics of their surrounding medium. In this work we focus on the electrical properties of PEDOT: PSS and how they change due to AuNPs’ increased E-field and temperature. Further, the incorporation of AuNPs changes the workfunction and thus the exciton dissociation rate of the OPVs.
Accumulation of Extracellular ATP in Porcine Nucleus Pulposus

There are many reasons for people to miss work; one of the leading contributors is low back pain (LBP), which is believed to affect 80% of the population at some point during their lifetime. Suffering from back pain is the chief complaint of 5% of people who visit the doctor in the US [1]. The total medical cost related to low back pain in the US exceeds 100 billion dollars every year [2]. The cause of LBP is still unclear. However, recent studies revealed that intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is closely related to LBP [3]. IVD transfers loads and allows the spine to move through torsion, bending or compression [4–6]. There are two main anatomic regions in IVD: nucleus pulposus (NP) and annulus fibrosis (AF). The loss of notochordal cells in the NP region has been associated with the initiation of disc degeneration [7]. Our recent studies demonstrated that the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production of notochordal NP cells was much higher than that of the AF cells while mechanical loading promoted ATP release from IVD cells [8]. Extracellular ATP (eATP) is a powerful signaling molecule that can mediate a wide variety of biological responses, such as cell metabolism, survival, and growth by binding to the purinergic receptors: G protein coupled receptor (P2Y) or ligand-gated ionotropic receptor (P2X) [9]. In addition, eATP is often rapidly hydrolyzed by several families of ectonucleotidases [10–12]. The by-products of eATP hydrolysis include inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) and phosphate (Pi) which are closely related to mineral crystal formation and tissue calcification [12–15]. PPi and Pi released from eATP hydrolysis may contribute to endplate calcification which has been associated with disc degeneration. However, eATP accumulation in the IVD has not been studied yet. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the accumulative level of eATP in the NP region of porcine IVD using a novel optical ATP sensor.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Characterization of the high-affinity uptake of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate by cardiac myocytes

Previously, we reported that fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (FBP) was taken up by rat cardiac myocytes by two processes: a component that was saturable at micromolar levels and a nonsaturable component that dominated at millimolar levels. Here, we continued to characterize the saturable high-affinity component, with the aim of identifying the physiological substrate and role for this activity. ATP, ADP, and AMP inhibited the uptake of FBP with apparent affinities of 0.2-0.5 mM. Fumarate and succinate were very weak inhibitors. Several phosphorylated sugars (ribulose-1,5-phosphate, fructose-1-phosphate, ribose-5-phosphate, and inositol-2-phosphate) inhibited FBP uptake with apparent affinities of 40-500 μM. As in our previous study, no tested compound appeared to bind as well as FBP. The data suggest that the best ligands have two phosphoryl groups separated by at least 8 A. The rates of FBP uptake were measured from 3° to 37°. The calculated activation energy was 15-50 kJ/mol, similar to other membrane transport processes. Uptake of FBP was tested in several types of cells other than cardiac myocytes, and compared to the uptake of 2-deoxyglucose and L: -glucose. While FBP uptake in excess of that of L: -glucose was observed in some cells, in no case was the uptake as high as in cardiac myocytes. The physiological substrate and role for the high-affinity FBP uptake activity remain unknown.
New chemistry of amines. 2. A convenient synthesis of phosphotriesters from phosphoramidates

Abstract N-alkyl diethylphosphoramidates can be nitrosated at room temperature, whereupon a spontaneous rearrangement occurs with loss of nitrogen to afford alkyl diethylphosphates in good yield.
Psychopathologic precursors and sociodemographic risk factors for the schizophrenia syndrome.

• This article presents a prospective analysis of an antecedent psychopathologic features and sociodemographic risk factors in schizophrenia with data from five community sites in the National Institute of Mental Health Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program. Three nonoverlapping psychotic cases were defined usingDSM-IIIdefinitions as implemented by the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS): (1)DSM-IIISchizophrenia Criterion A; (2) Criterion A and Affective Episode; and (3) full Schizophrenia. In a 1-year follow-up period, the cumulative incidence rate of Criterion A was 0.79 per 100, for Criterion A with Affective Episode it was 0.17 per 100, and for Schizophrenia the rate was 0.20 per 100. In multivariable logistic regression modeling, the patterns of associations between sociodemographic factors and DIS/DSM-IIISchizophrenia resembled patterns in clinically based registry date. Male subjects had an earlier peak onset than female subjects, and marital status and employment were strongly related to odds of developing DIS/DSMIIISchizophrenia. An interaction between gender and never marrying showed never-married men at 50 times higher odds of developing DIS/DSM-IIISchizophrenia, nevermarried women at 14 times higher odds, and married women at 2.5 times higher odds, relative to married men. Adjusting for sociodemographic factors, DIS/DSM-IIIObsessive Compulsive Disorder and Social Phobia were both associated with more than 3.5 times increased odds of developing DIS/DSM-IIISchizophrenia. Several other psychopathology items, including panic attacks, were associated with increased odds of developing DIS/DSM-IIISchizophrenia. There were both similarities and differences in risk factor structure between DIS/DSM-IIISchizophrenia and the other two defined categories of case.
Interaction of zones of flow separation in a centrifugal impeller-stationary vane system

In a radial flow pump operating in off-design conditions, regions of stall can exist on the rotating impeller blade and on the downstream diffuser blade, vane or tongue. Interaction of these stall zones can generate complex patterns of vorticity concentrations. In turn, these vorticity concentrations are related to sources of unsteady stagnation enthalpy. The form of these patterns is strongly dependent on the instantaneous location of the impeller trailing-edge relative to the leading-edge of the vane.
Highly efficient chromatographic resolution of alpha,alpha'-dihydroxybiaryls.

Separation factors as high as 115 were observed for the chromatographic resolution of many α,α‘-dihydroxybiaryls with a single chiral stationary phase made from readily available amino acid derivatives. The stationary phase works well for biphenyl-type compounds. It works extremely well for larger bis-aromatic compounds, such as binaphthyl-type compounds.
Pion-Proton Scattering and the Strong Coupling Meson Theory

From the pseudoscalar charge-symmetric strong coupling meson theory, scattering cross sections are derived for meson energies well below resonance and at resonance with an excited nucleon state.
Intrasubtype C superinfected individuals mount delayed and low-titer autologous neutralizing antibody responses prior to superinfection

Background The potential role of neutralizing antibody in protecting against intra-subtype HIV-1 superinfection remains to be understood. We compared the early neutralizing antibody responses in three individuals, who were superinfected within one year of primary infection, to ten case-matched non-superinfected controls from a Zambian cohort of subtype C transmission cases. Sequence analysis of single genome amplified full-length env showed minimal diversification in the individuals who became superinfected with the same subtype of HIV-1 within year one postseroconversion. We hypothesized that these superinfected individuals had a muted neutralizing antibody response that elicited little pressure on the founder virus to escape. Methods We molecularly cloned envs from virus at the time of seroconversion and from virus at the time point that superinfection was detected. Using a TZM-BL pseudovirus reporter assay, we tested plasma neutralization of these autologous variants over the first year of infection. Results Neutralization assays showed that autologous plasma NAb titers to founder virus were low to undetectable in all three superinfected individuals prior to superinfection. In contrast, neutralizing antibodies with a median IC50 of 1:1896 were detected as early as three months postseroconversion in non-superinfected matched controls. There was no evidence, prior to superinfection, of crossneutralization of superinfecting variants in any of the three cases, although cross-neutralization breadth and potency to the subtype C pseudovirus reference panel was also limited in the plasma from non-superinfected individuals. Although there was a trend towards superinfected individuals having reduced levels of gp120 binding antibodies prior to superinfection compared to nonsuperinfected controls, this difference was not statistically significant between the groups. Conclusion These data suggest that development of antibodies, as reflected in autologous neutralizing antibodies to the primary infection variants, may provide protection and decrease susceptibility to superinfection.
Investigation into crack initiation from corrosion pit in 7075-T6 under ambient laboratory and saltwater environments

Abstract Transition of corrosion pit to crack was studied. Fatigue cycles to initiate 250 μm crack from two corrosion pit configurations under ambient laboratory and saltwater environments were correlated with stress intensity factor range (ΔKI) and applied stress range. Stress to initiate crack from through-pit was less than from corner-pit in both environments. ΔKI to initiate crack from corner-pit was less than from through-pit in both environments. However, stress or ΔKI to initiate crack was less in saltwater than ambient environment for both pit configurations. Fatigue damage mechanism was similar in both pit configurations and under both test environments.
Improving the quality of care for women with cardiovascular disease: report of a DCRI Think Tank, March 8 to 9, 2007.

Background Differences in pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of women with cardiovascular disease compared with men has become a major focus during the past decade. Nevertheless, little attention has focused on improving the quality of healthcare in women compared with other areas of cardiovascular medicine. Methods To address this deficit, Duke University Medical Center convened a national Duke Clinical Research Institute (DCRI) Think Tank meeting, including basic science and clinical researchers, payers, legislators, clinical experts, government regulators, and members of the pharmaceutical and device industries. This report provides an overview of the discussions and proposed solutions. Results Discussion concentrated on the development of strategies to improve the quality of health care for women with heart disease. Key components to improve quality care include: (1) enhance the quantity and quality of evidence-based medicine to guide care in women through improvements in trial design, enrollment and retention of women subjects, results analysis and reporting, and better incentives to perform research in women; (2) provide incentives to develop better data in women through mandating changes in the drug and device development and approval processes; (3) incorporate specific recommendations for women into guidelines when data are sufficient; and (4) apply proven sex-based differences in risk stratification, diagnostic testing, and drug usage and dosing in clinical care. Examples of possible strategies are included. Conclusion The above approach represents a necessary, but not sufficient, platform to improve the overall quality of healthcare in women with cardiovascular disease.
Manipulation of Bacteriophages with Dielectrophoresis on Carbon Nanofiber Nanoelectrode Arrays

This work describes efficient manipulation of bacteriophage virus particles using a nanostructured DEP device. The nonuniform electric field for DEP is created by utilizing a nanoelectrode array (NEA) made of vertically aligned carbon nanofibers versus a macroscopic indium tin oxide electrode in a "points-and-lid" configuration integrated in a microfluidic channel. The capture of the virus particles has been systematically investigated versus the flow velocity, sinusoidal AC frequency, peak-to-peak voltage, and virus concentration. The DEP capture at all conditions is reversible and the captured virus particles are released immediately when the voltage is turned off. At the low virus concentration (8.9 × 10(4) pfu/mL), the DEP capture efficiency up to 60% can be obtained. The virus particles are individually captured at isolated nanoelectrode tips and accumulate linearly with time. Due to the comparable size, it is more effective to capture virus particles than larger bacterial cells with such NEA-based DEP devices. This technique can be potentially utilized as a fast sample preparation module in a microfluidic chip to capture, separate, and concentrate viruses and other biological particles in small volumes of dilute solutions in a portable detection system for field applications.
OPTIMAL DESIGN OF PLANE FRAMES BY THE COMPLEX METHOD

Abstract A general methodology for the optimization of the skeletal geometry of plane rigid frames based on a modified version of the Complex Method of Box is presented. The design routines allow multiple load cases and produce near-optimal designs that satisfy relevant provisions of the American Institute of Steel Construction's (AISC) specification. The capabilities of the proposed procedure are demonstrated by example problems of practical significance.
RUBEM FONSECA E AS PUBLICAÇÕES DO NOVO SÉCULO

O presente trabalho espera trazer para o debate academico osescritos dos primeiros anos do seculo XXI de Rubem Fonseca buscandofazer um contraponto com a sua producao literaria das quatroultimas decadas do seculo XX.Podemos dizer que Rubem Fonseca instaura no Brasil a literaturapos-moderna em todas as suas caracteristicas, dentre outras: aviolencia elevada aos extremos, a exploracao da tematica citadina, afugacidade do sexo, a solidao dos personagens. Todas essas, sao inseridasem maior intensidade nos contos e diluidas nos romances.Veremos detalhadamente no corpo da pesquisa como tais caracteristicasapresentam-se.A pesquisa torna-se significativa ja pela investigacao de indiciosna obra fonsequiana que se manifestam continuamente. Sabemosque o autor e arredio a qualquer tipo de entrevista, logo nao haum depoimento formal seguro para ser usado como fonte.
Self-Esteem and Socioeconomic Status: A Meta-Analytic Review

Socioeconomic status (SES) has a small but significantrelationship with self-esteem (d = .15, r = .08) in a meta-analysis of 446 samples (total participant N = 312,940). Higher SES individuals report higher self-esteem. The effect size is very small in young children, increases substantially during young adulthood, continues higher until middle age, and is then smaller for adults over the age of 60. Gender interacts with birth cohort: The effect size increased over time for women but decreased over time for men. Asians and Asian Americans show a higher effect size, and occupation and education produce higher correlations with self-esteem than income does. The results are most consistent with a social indicator or salience model.
Theory of amorphous multilayer structures (superlattices)

Abstract A comparison is made between compositional and doping superlattices in crystalline semiconductors and their amorphous counterparts. We show that peculiarities similar to those of crystalline superlattices can be observed also in amorphous multilayer structures. The study of these new materials provides numerous possibilities to obtain information about the properties of amorphous bult materials.
Children's understanding of natural language hierarchies

Abstract Three experiments examined young children's ability to evaluate the relationship between concepts as one of inclusion. In Experiment 1, the same group of 4-to 7-year-old children were given three tasks: one in which they made judgments about whether “all” or “some” members of a category were included in another category, and two tasks in which they made inferences based on knowledge of inclusion relations. The majority of children succeeded on at least one of the tasks, thereby implying that they could evaluate inclusion relations. Two further experiments provided more evidence for this hypothesis: Experiment 2 confirmed that nursery children could answer quantitative questions about conceptual interrelationts; Experiment 3 demonstrated that nursery schoolers could solve certain inference problems involving the construction and evaluation of hierarchies.
Arcuate Nucleus Ablation Prevents Fasting-Induced Suppression of ProTRH mRNA in the Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus

Fasting results in reduced thyroid hormone levels and inappropriately low or normal thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), partly attributed to central hypothyroidism due to suppression of pro TRH gene expression in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. Recently, we demonstrated that the systemic administration of leptin to fasting animals restores plasma thyroxine (T4) and proTRH mRNA in the paraventricular nucleus to normal, suggesting that the fall in circulating leptin levels during fasting acts as a signal to hypophysiotropic neurons in the paraventricular nucleus to reset the set point for feedback regulation of pro TRH mRNA by thyroid hormone. To determine whether the effect of fasting on the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis is mediated through the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus where leptin receptors are highly concentrated, we studied the effect of fasting and exogenous leptin administration on plasma thyroid hormone levels and proTRH mRNA concentration in the paraventricular nucleus in adult animals with arcuate nucleus lesions induced pharmacologically by the neonatal administration of monosodium L-glutamate (MSG). In normal animals, fasting reduced plasma T4 and TSH levels and the concentration of proTRH mRNA in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. In contrast, neither fasting nor leptin administration to fasting MSG-treated animals had any significant effects on plasma thyroid hormone and TSH levels and proTRH mRNA in the paraventricular nucleus. These studies suggest that during fasting, the arcuate nucleus is essential for the normal homeostatic response of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis and may serve as a critical locus to mediate the central actions of leptin on proTRH gene expression in the paraventricular nucleus.
Emerging Role of Stereotactic Radiotherapy (SRT) in the Treatment of Early Stage Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Patients with early stage non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have historically been treated by resection alone, with results that have been superior to the results seen with radiation alone. This reflects the selection bias inherent to any comparison of operative and non-operative patients but surgery remains preferred treatment option. However, relapse rate after surgery is significant. In addition, a large proportion of these patients are not amenable to sur- gery due to medical co-morbidities and co-existing illnesses. These patients typically undergo a course of conventional radiotherapy, which provides poor outcomes both in terms of local control and survival. Attempts at dose escalation have met with some success, but local failures remain common and further dose escalation is limited by unacceptable toxicities. SRT allows for the delivery of a very high dose of radiation to a precise target. SRT presents the challenge of organ mo- tion throughout the respiratory cycle. We review methods to mitigate this problem using both frame-based and frameless techniques, implanted fiducial markers, respiratory gating or deep inspiratory breath hold, and image guidance. Clinical experience with lung SRT continues to grow. Toxicities have been surprisingly mild. Based on available evi- dence, SRT appears to be effective, convenient and well tolerated.
A Mathematical Model for Shear-Induced Platelet Activation in Response to Time Dependent Shear Stress Histories

The advent of blood recirculating devices and cardiovascular implants (e.g. ventricular assist devices and prosthetic heart valves) has motivated research efforts towards a better understanding of blood damage, hemolysis, and chronic platelet activation that these devices induce. Because of the latter, patients with these classes of implants still develop thromboembolic complications that expose them to a greater risk of cardioembolic stroke and mandate life-long anticoagulant drug regimen with its inherent risks.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Endoscopic ultrasound assisted resection of duodenal non-ampullary adenomas

Purpose: Non-ampullary duodenal adenomas are rare. There is limited data in the literature regarding endoscopic management. The purpose of the study is to report our own experience with the endoscopic management of such lesions.
Extending the traditional resection limits of squamous cell carcinoma of the anterior skull base.

Objectives Preliminary report to evaluate the efficacy of resection of squamous cell carcinomas that demonstrate intracranial invasion. Methods A retrospective review of all cases of extracranial squamous cell carcinomas that extend intracranially treated by a single surgeon. Results A total of 21 cases were reviewed. In 6 cases, there was noted to be overt brain invasion. Complete resection of the intracranial disease was achieved in each of the remaining 15 cases. There were no instances of CSF leak, meningitis, brain abscess, stroke, or other intracranial complication noted either acutely or secondarily. In follow-ups that ranged from 10 months (single patient died of disease at 10 months) to 6 years (average, 3.8 years), there were no instances of intracranial recurrence. There was a disease-free control rate of 67.7% at an average follow-up of 4.1 years. Conclusions Extending the resection of squamous cell carcinoma into the intracranial vault judiciously as outlined appears to be associated with acceptable outcomes in the treatment of advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the skull base.
Personal Boundaries Among Russians and Americans: A Vygotskian Approach

This article examines Russians'and Americans'reasoning about the boundaries of responsibility within friendships. Matched Russian and American samples were asked to resolve dilemmas concerning pers...
Effects of carbon dioxide and iron enrichment of a calcareous soil on Fe‐chlorosis, root and shoot development of grain sorghum

Abstract Changes in atmospheric CO2 have been shown to influence plant growth and maturity of many plants. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to determine the effects of enriched soil CO2 and moisture on Fe utilization and Fe deficiency chlorosis of grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench). Clareville cl (Pachic Argiustoll) was treated with 0, 2, and 4 mg Fe kg‐1 soil. Soil moisture regimes of 0.5 and 5.0 bars were compared at unaltered CO2 levels (control) and with CO2 injected into the potted soil periodically at measured intervals. Shoots and roots dry matter yields increased with increasing Fe rates and higher moisture content. However, soil CO2‐enrichment drastically depressed roots and shoots growth, dry matter yields and suppressed response to applied Fe. Overall analysis of variance for chlorosis and dry matter yields indicated that Fe explained most of the total variation in chlorosis ratings, while CO2 accounted for most of the total variation in dry matter yields. Iron uptakes were slightly...
Incidence Hopf algebras

Abstract We present several results about incidence Hopf algebras of families of partially ordered sets, including a characterization of their algebra structure, a combinatorial technique for finding generating sets of primitive elements in the cocommutative case, and a determinant formula for the antipode which holds for a class including the Faa di Bruno Hopf algebra. We introduce a variety of examples of incidence Hopf algebras arising from families of graphs, matroids and distributive lattices, many of which generalize well-known Hopf algebras.
Ultrastructural alterations and retention of the C-propeptide of type II collagen in human chondrocytes exposed in vitro to brefeldin A.

Abstract Normal human Chondrocytes grown in vitro were exposed to 10 μg/ml Brefeldin A (BFA) for 24 h, 1 μg/ml for 4 h, or 0.1 μg/ml for 4 h and evaluated for ultrastructural alterations. BFA in the amount of 0.1 μg/ml resulted in vacuolization, disappearance of the Golgi, and moderate increases in rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) vesicles. After 1 μg/ml BFA exposure large interconnected cisternae were identified. BFA treatment of 10 μg/ml was associated with large dilated ER cisternae which contained material of variable electron densities. Immunocytochemical localization showed markedly increased type II procollagen intracellular retention in BFA-treated cells. High dose BFA-treated cells showed ultrastructural similarities to those seen in the skeletal dysplasia hypochondrogenesis. Results presented here show that in vitro culture of normal human Chondrocytes results in retention of the C-propeptide of type II collagen and marked alterations in cytoplasmic ultrastructure.
Multipotent Drosophila Intestinal Stem Cells Specify Daughter Cell Fates by Differential Notch Signaling

The adult Drosophila midgut contains multipotent intestinal stem cells (ISCs) scattered along its basement membrane that have been shown by lineage analysis to generate both enterocytes and enteroendocrine cells. ISCs containing high levels of cytoplasmic Delta-rich vesicles activate the canonical Notch pathway and down-regulate Delta within their daughters, a process that programs these daughters to become enterocytes. ISCs that express little vesiculate Delta, or are genetically impaired in Notch signaling, specify their daughters to become enteroendocrine cells. Thus, ISCs control daughter cell fate by modulating Notch signaling over time. Our studies suggest that ISCs actively coordinate cell production with local tissue requirements by this mechanism.
Risk analysis and the formulation of acquisition/ diversification strategies

Abstract This paper examines the value of risk analysis in acquisition/diversification appraisal in relation to a pseudonymous real case of acquisition. The value of the approach is reviewed and guidelines are suggested for adoption and implementation in the context of organizational policy dialogue.
Gender Disorder as Gender Oppression: A Transfeminist Approach to Rethinking the Pathologization of Gender Non-Conformity

The existence of Gender Identity Disorder (GID) in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) represents a highly controversial issue. This paper examines recent arguments that champion retaining GID in the DSM due to its perceived advantages and arguments that call for the removal of GID. By connecting these contentions with historical ideologies held by liberal feminist theorists and gender activists, I assert a more just model for treatment designated the Transfeminist Approach. To aid therapists in this approach I offer the Transfeminist Qualitative Assessment Tool, the Allyship Practice Model, and an identity continuums graph.
Transabdominal oxygenation using perfluorocarbons

Abstract Purpose: Evaluation of the intraabdominal (intraperitoneal and intraluminal) administration of oxygen-saturated perfluorocarbon on both portal and arterial blood oxygenation. Methods: Eight male rabbits were divided into the test (n = 5) and control (n = 3) groups. Each underwent intrajejunal, intraperitoneal, and intravascular (artery, portal vein) catheter placements along with ligation of the duodenum and the terminal ileum under general anesthesia. The test group received oxygen-saturated perfluorotripropylamine (FTPA), and the control group received oxygen desaturated FTPA. The oxygen delivery was assessed by serial blood gas measurements before and after the administration of FTPA. Results: The administration of oxygen-saturated FTPA significantly increased the partial pressure of oxygen within both the arterial and the portal venous blood (Pao 2 , Ppvo 2 ) without significant changes in Pco 2 values. Oxygen desaturated FTPA failed to show any effects on blood gas values. Compared with oxygen desaturated FTPA, oxygen-saturated FTPA increased Pao 2 , Ppvo 2 , and oxygen saturation (artery, portal vein) significantly at some, but not all of the time-points measured. Conclusions: The intraabdominal administration of saturated FTPA improved both the portal venous and the arterial oxygenation. This new mode of oxygenation may be helpful as an adjunct to conventional oxygen delivery systems.
Use of Avoidance Responses to Keep Spider Crabs Out of Traps for American Lobsters

Abstract Spider crabs Libinia spp. are a problem when caught in lobster traps because they have no market value, consume bait, occupy space in the trap, and increase trap-processing time. We conducted fishing experiments in which freshly crushed spider crabs were added to the bait in lobster traps. This treatment significantly reduced the catch of spider crabs compared to traps which contained only bait. American lobsters Homarus americanus, Jonah crabs Cancer borealis, and rock crabs C. irroratus were apparently not affected by the addition of crushed spider crabs. We hypothesize that the decreased catch of spider crabs was due to an alarm response elicited by compounds released from the crushed spider crabs.
Guidelines for the instability flow velocity of tube arrays in crossflow

Abstract Fluid flowing across a tube array can cause dynamic instability. Once large-amplitude oscillations occur, severe damage may result in a short time. Such instability must be avoided in design. This paper presents a brief review of different instability models and stability maps developed based on a semi-analytical model and published experimental data.
Compton imager using room temperature silicon detectors

Abstract We have been developing a multi-layer Compton Gamma Ray Imager using position-sensitive, intrinsic silicon detectors. Advantages of this approach include room temperature operation, reduced Doppler broadening, and use of conventional silicon fabrication technologies. We have obtained results on the imaging performance of a multi-layer instrument where each layer consists of a 2×2 array of double-sided strip detectors. Each detector is 63 mm×63 mm×2 mm thick and has 64 strips providing a strip pitch of approximately 0.9 mm. The detectors were fabricated by SINTEF ICT (Oslo Norway) from 100 mm diameter wafers. The use of large arrays of silicon detectors appears especially advantageous for applications that require excellent sensitivity, spectral resolution and imaging such as gamma ray astrophysics, detection of special nuclear materials, and medical imaging. The multiple Compton interactions (three or more) in the low-Z silicon enable the energy and direction of the incident gamma ray to be determined without full deposition of the incident gamma-ray energy in the detector. The performance of large volume instruments for various applications are presented, including an instrument under consideration for NASA's Advanced Compton Telescope (ACT) mission and applications to Homeland Security. Technology developments that could further extend the sensitivity and performance of silicon Compton Imagers are presented, including the use of low-energy (few hundred keV) electron tracking within novel silicon detectors and the potential for a wafer-bonding approach to produce thicker, position-sensitive silicon detectors with an associated reduction of required electronics and instrument cost.
Structure-toxicity relationships for Tetrahymena: aliphatic aldehydes

Previous studies have used partition coefficient dependent structure-toxicity relationships, as a basis of predicting toxic effects for a given mechanism of action. These have included models for nonpolar narcosis (Veith et al. 1983; Schultz et al. 1990a; Schultz et al. 1990c), polar narcosis (Schultz et al. 1986; Veith and Broderius 1987; Schultz et al. 1990b), respiratory uncoupling (Schultz et al. 1986; Cajina-Quezada and Schultz 1990) and proelectrophic bioreactivity (Schultz and Tichy 1993). Still, many simple industrial organic chemicals, especially direct-acting bioreactive electrophiles, do not fall within any of these mechanisms and QSARs. The aliphatic aldehydes are included among these chemicals. Such bioreactive compounds are more toxic at a lower concentration than their unreactive counterparts of equal hydrophobicity. Nucleophilic groups in proteins and nucleic acids are the most likely sites of action. In the case of aldehydes, interaction with these nucleophiles is via addition at the carbonyl group (Hermens 1990).