cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 9 Zooplankton Processes in Arctic and Antarctic Polynyas

There are various similarities and differences in zooplankton processes between Arctic Ocean (AO) and Southern Ocean (SO) polynyas, many of which are due to fundamental differences in their respective ecosystem properties. The composition of zooplankton communities in AO and SO polynyas is largely dependent upon advection from local, ice-covered waters, with little evidence of an endemic, polynya zooplankton fauna. While copepods are common in both systems, a major difference is the predominance of euphausiids in the SO and appendicularian tunicates in the AO. The same genera of small copepods occur in both the AO and SO and appear to derive little benefit from the higher primary productivity and extended growing season of polynyas. In contrast, larger calanoid copepods appear to derive recruitment and life cycle benefits from the diatom production and heat in polynyas, with higher egg production rates and shorter generation times. Most large calanoid copepods overwinter in diapause in AO polynyas, while some proportion of SO populations remain in surface waters. Grazing impact by copepods in AO polynyas accounts for about 20% of primary productivity d−1, with appendicularian tunicates accounting for another 20% d−1. The few estimates of community impact in the SO are variable. In both regions, individual zooplankton feeding rates are high and equivalent to boreal ocean values; thus, grazing impact depends primarily on the biomass of zooplankton and phytoplankton. SO zooplankton contribute to the vertical particulate flux through faecal pellets from euphausiids, copepods and pteropods, while the contribution in AO polynyas is primarily through appendicularian tunicate faecal pellets and shed houses and copepod faeces. Maximum pellet flux in both the AO and SO occurs at times of high biomass of diatoms. The primary benefits of polar polynyas to zooplankton processes results from the greater production of diatoms and extended productive period, with few differences in individual daily rations or food web transfer efficiencies relative to temperate and boreal systems.
Marine natural products—XV : Polyhalogenated cyclic monoterpenes from the red alga plocamium cartilagineum of antarctica

Abstract Examination of the red alga Plocamium cartilagineum (L.) Dixon collected along the Antarctic Peninsula yielded several new cyclic halogenated monoterpenes. The structures of a 2,4-dichloro- trans -1-chloro-vinyl-1-methyl-5-methylene-cyclohexane, a 2-chloro-4-bromo- trans -1-chlorovinyl-1-methyl-5-methylene-cyclohexane, a 2-chloro- trans -1-chlorovinyl-1-methyl-5-chloromethyl-4-cyclohexene, and a 2,5-dichloro-4-bromo- trans -1-chlorovinyl-1-methyl-5-bromomethyl-cyclohexane are described. The structures were determined by spectroscopic methods and chemically related to the halogenated monoterpene violacene.
Variability in pesticide deposition and source contributions to snowpack in Western U.S. national parks.

Fifty-six seasonal snowpack samples were collected at remote alpine, subarctic, and arctic sites in eight Western U.S. national parks during three consecutive years (2003−2005). Four current-use pesticides (CUPs) (dacthal (DCPA), chlorpyrifos, endosulfans, and γ-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH)) and four historic-use pesticides (HUPs) (dieldrin, α-HCH, chlordanes, and hexachlorobenzene (HCB)) were commonly measured at all sites, during all years. The mean coefficient of variation for pesticide concentrations was 15% for site replicate samples, 41% for intrapark replicate samples, and 59% for interannual replicate samples. The relative pesticide concentration profiles were consistent from year to year but unique for individual parks, indicating a regional source effect. HUP concentrations were well-correlated with regional cropland intensity when the effect of temperature on snow-air partitioning was considered. The mass of individual CUPs used in regions located one-day upwind of the parks was calculated using...
Hydroxide‐Bonding Strength Measurements for Space‐Based Optical Missions

Optical contacting has long been used in interferometric experiments both on the ground and in space-based missions. Its optical clarity makes it an ideal method to joint materials of comparable coefficients of thermal expansion. Once the two pieces are bonded, they are commonly broken through thermal or vibrational cycling. Unfortunately, larger bond areas are needed for the bond to form appreciable strength, which often excludes it from being used in complex optical bench designs in space-based missions. Another method, known colloquially as hydroxide bonding, has shown to have superior strength to optical contacting using smaller bonding areas. In addition, the hydroxide bonding process will work on several materials that do not need to meet the stringent polishing requirements of optical contacting. These properties make hydroxide bonding suitable for complex optical bench designs that can withstand the large accelerations encountered during launch conditions for use in space-based missions. In this paper, we report on shear strength measurements of BK7-to-BK7 hydroxide bonds as well as present new results for BK7-to-silicon carbide and BK7-to-Super Invar bonds.
Suicide in widowed persons. A psychological autopsy comparison of recently and remotely bereaved older subjects.

Using the psychological autopsy method, the authors sought to determine whether widowed people who commit suicide more than 4 years after their spouse's death (n=21) can be clinically distinguished from those who commit suicide after a shorter period of widowhood (n=14). The latter had a higher rate of psychiatric treatment (P=0.018), early loss/separation (P=0.03), and a nonsignificantly higher rate of lifetime substance abuse (P=0.07). Spousal bereavement increases the likelihood of physician visits, so the recently widowed represent a population for whom interventions may be readily implemented. Clinicians should monitor suicide risk in their recently widowed patients, especially those with psychiatric, substance abuse, and/or early loss/separation histories.
Corporate Social Responsibility in Transitional Countries: Public Relations as a Component of Public Diplomacy in Romania

This study explores corporate citizenship as a component of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and considers how corporations may work as nonstate actors in diplomatic efforts, using a theoretical framework of political CSR that includes corporate citizenship. It also looks at how congruent CSR strategies are with cultural values of the host country. It used a qualitative analysis of 90 news releases found on Romanian Web sites of U.S. corporations, written in Romanian, and analyzed by Romanian researchers who provided a cultural lens through which to assess cultural congruency. Findings show CSR activities of U.S. companies are not always congruent with Romanian cultural norms, but may contribute to a culture-building process in transitional, post-Communist countries.
Oxygen radical detoxification processes during aging:The functional importance of melatonin

That free radical destruction of macromolecules is a basis of aging and age-related diseases has considerable experimental support. Melatonin, a hormone produced in organisms as diverse as algae and humans, is believed to have evolved coincident with aerobic metabolism. In all organisms melatonin is produced primarily during the daily period of darkness, with only small amounts being synthesized during the day. In mammals including man, melatonin is produced by and secreted from the pineal gland during the night; however, the night-time production of melatonin falls markedly with aging such that in senescent animals a night-time melatonin rise is barely measurable. This may be significant in terms of aging in the light of recent observations which show that melatonin is a highly efficient free radical scavenger and antioxidant both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, melatonin has been shown to directly scavenge both the hydroxyl and peroxyl radical, and it does so more efficiently than other known antioxidants. Furthermore, melatonin greatly potentiates the efficiency of previously-discovered endogenous and exogenous antioxidants. In vivo, both physiological and pharmacological levels of melatonin reportedly counteract the devastatingly destructive actions of free radical generating chemicals. For example, melatonin effectively combats DNA damage in rats given massive doses of the chemical carcinogen safrole, and the indole overcomes much of the genomic damage inflicted by ionizing radiation. Also, lipid peroxidation induced by either paraquat, bacterial lipopolysaccharide or H2O2 is highly significantly reduced by concurrent melatonin administration. Finally, cataracts produced in newborn rats by the depletion of the endogenous antioxidant glutathione are prevented by melatonin. These findings provide evidence that melatonin is operative in the cell nucleus, in the aqueous cytosol and in lipid-rich cellular membranes as an antioxidant. Considering this, the loss of this potent antioxidant during aging may be consequential in terms of cellular and organismal aging as well as the onset of age-related diseases. These experimental results from a variety of sources suggest that a more determined approach to the study of melatonin as an anti-aging factor is warranted.
Investigation of children for mitochondriopathy confirms need for strict patient selection, improved morphological criteria, and better laboratory methods

We studied muscle biopsies of 103 pediatric patients in whom clinical suspicion for disorder of energy metabolism was highest in 13 patients, intermediate in 8 patients, and lowest in 82 patients. Electron transport complex (ETC) enzyme activity measurements were available in 96 of 103 patients. Most children with unclassified encephalopathy before biopsy had negative or equivocal morphological and biochemical evaluation for disorder of energy metabolism (72/85). The incidence of ETC abnormality and morphological abnormality in muscle from 39 patients with clinical encephalomyopathy (groups I, II, and III) was 20% and 38%, respectively. In 21 children with high or intermediate clinical suspicion of mitochondriopathy, light microscopy was confirmative in 12, ultrastructure was confirmative in 15, and major ETC abnormality was present in only 4 (29%) of 14. In 82 children with lower clinical suspicion of mitochondriopathy, morphological criteria at both the light and electron microscopic level were absent, and major abnormality of ETC activity was uncommon, in 9 (11%) of 82. Partial reductions of ETC activity occurred in 15 (18%) of 82, but are of uncertain significance. Ragged blue fibers were more prevalent in infants with mitochondriopathy than ragged red fibers. Increase of large, but not small, subsarcolemmal mitochondrial aggregates based on succinate dehydrogenase histochemistry is a useful indicator for mitochondriopathy. Thus, a distinction should be made between small aggregates (normal) and large aggregates. Using strict criteria to define pathological mitochondria, we concluded that electron microscopy is a powerful tool in the diagnosis of mitochondriopathy mainly when clinical suspicion is high. We found no consistent difference in the frequency of mitochondrial "proliferation" as currently defined or in citrate synthase activity in any group. Better patient selection in infants and children and better methods for investigation of mitochondriopathy are needed.
A Striking Cloud Over Boulder, Colorado: What Is Its Altitude, and Why Does It Matter?

Scientific investigation is supposed to be objective and strictly logical, but this is not always the case: the process that leads to a good conclusion can be messy. This narrative describes interactions among a group of scientists trying to solve a simple problem that had scientific implications. It started with the observation of a cloud exhibiting behavior associated with supercooled water and temperatures around −20°C. However, other aspects of the cloud suggested an altitude where the temperature was around −40°C. For several months following the appearance of the cloud on 23 March 2011, the people involved searched for evidence, formed strong opinions, argued, examined evidence more carefully, changed their minds, and searched for more evidence until they could reach agreement. While they concluded that the cloud was at the higher and colder altitude, evidence for supercooled liquid water at that altitude is not conclusive.
A multivariate analysis of the risk of cytomegalovirus infection in heart transplant recipients

Thirty-four consecutive heart transplant recipients were studied over a two-year period for evidence of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. Twenty-three episodes of CMV infection were identified; 19 of these occurred within 120 d after transplantation and were statistically analyzed. Fifteen potential risk factors were evaluated, including the following: pretransplant CMV serological status of donor and recipient; recipient's age, sex, race, and cardiac disease; number and type of blood products transfused; type and intensity of immunosuppression; occurrence of rejection; and leukopenia. The Cox proportional hazards model identified both greater than average steroid dosage and positive recipient CMV serology as significant risk factors for CMV infection (P = .014 and .048, respectively). In a separate analysis, however, only greater than average steroid dosage was associated with clinically significant CMV infection (P = .005).
Studies on nuclear proteins. II. Quantitative distribution of histone fractions in various tissues.

Abstract 1. 1. A method for quantitative evaluation of starch-gel electrophoretograms of histones from various tissues was elaborated. Small amounts of AlCl3 (0.2–0.6 mM) were found to improve the electrophoretic separation of histone fractions and substantially decrease the trailing of the fractions. 2. 2. The contents of the five main electrophoretic bands were determined for calf thymus, rat spleen, rat liver, regenerating rat liver and for Novikoff hepatoma histones. Isolated calf-thymus histone fractions (F1, F2a, F2b, and F3) were used for standard determinations. 3. 3. Various tissues were found to contain different amounts of the five main histone fractions as resolved by teh starch-gel electrophoresis. The very lysine-rich Fraction F1 and the moderately lysine-rich Fraction 2a11 varied very little in the analyzed tissues. The amount of electrophoretically fast FRaction 2a1 decreased with the increasing rate of cell division, e.g. in regenerating rat liver or Novikoff hepatoma. The moderately lysine-rich histones F2b showed the greatest variability in the F2 group. Whereas in calf thymus and in rat liver the contents of this fraction were approximately equal, regeneration increased and neoplasia decreased the amount of this histone. The arginine-rich Fraction 3 was found to be substantially increased in the Novikoff hepatoma. It was proposed that if histones function as genetic suppressors, the mechanism regulating histone biosynthesis could serve to control the cellular differentiation.
Abstract SY24-01: A SAGA of GCN5 and USP22 in stem cells and cancer

Histone modifying enzymes are important creating and maintaining epigenetic programs that regulate cell identity and growth. Our lab uses genetic approaches to define the full spectrum of functions for these enzymes. For example, we have created a series of mutations in the mouse Gcn5 (KAT2A) gene in order to define the functions of this histone acetyltransferase (AT) in a mammalian system. Gcn5 is the catalytic subunit of the SAGA and ATAC complexes. Deletion of Gcn5 led to early embryonic death and to telomere dysfunction. We are now defining the role of Gcn5 and SAGA in maintenance of pluripotency in mouse ES cells and ES cell differentiation. Our data indicate that Gcn5 is an important cofactor for both Myc and E2F family transcription factors, predicting a role for Gcn5 not only in self renewal of ES cells but also in Myc-driven cancers. Our latest studies are defining the functions of the SAGA deubiquitinase module, and these are revealing new information about SAGA composition and function during mouse development and in human diseases. Citation Format: Sharon Y. R. Dent, Boyko Atanassov, Calley Hirsch, Evangelia Koutelou, Zeynep Coban, Xian Jiang Lan, Li Wang. A SAGA of GCN5 and USP22 in stem cells and cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr SY24-01. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-SY24-01
Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis: A Sign of the Times and an Impetus for Antimicrobial Discovery

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an extraordinarily successful human pathogen, infecting one-third of the world’s population and causing nearly two million deaths each year. In this article, current trends in worldwide tuberculosis (TB) incidence, prevalence, and mortality are discussed along with standard TB treatment regimens, characteristics of first-line and second-line anti-tuberculosis drugs, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance. The global TB emergency has been further exacerbated by extensively drug-resistant (XDR) TB strains that are resistant to our best antibiotics and very difficult to treat. This review also focuses on the emergence of XDR-TB strains, the global health impact, and existing treatment options and outcomes for XDR-TB disease. Finally, this review briefly describes new anti-tuberculosis drugs currently in Phase II clinical evaluations and the impetus for discovering new antibacterial compounds to target drug-resistant M. tuberculosis and improve tuberculosis therapy.
A multiplanar anatomic study of the cervical proximal nerve roots and spinal nerves

An anatomic study focused on the proximal cervical spinal nerves has not been reported. Therefore, we dissected the cervical spinal nerves of three cadavers and examined stained sections in parasagittal and axial planes through the proximal cervical spinal nerves and root sheaths. These studies documented distinct segments of the spinal nerve which had not been completely described in the previous anatomic studies. The sheath originates from the dural sac as a common sleeve, divides into two sleeves, one containing the ventral root and one the dorsal root, and then distal to the dorsal root ganglion fuses again into one sleeve. A space, the interradicular cleft, separates the dorsal and ventral portions of the sleeve. The proximal segment of the spinal nerve proper distal to the dorsal root ganglion is composed of multiple small fascicles surrounded by a dense epineurium. The presence of an interradicular cleft in the cervical nerve root sheath and of fascicles in the cervical spinal nerve has significance for imaging of the cervical spinal nerves and for the pathogenesis of symptoms in cases of partial compression. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Estrogen Receptor Expression Is a Common Feature of Ovarian Borderline Tumors

Purpose.The presence of estrogen receptor (ER) and its therapeutic significance in ovarian borderline tumors (OBT) have not been established. We recently observed a response to tamoxifen therapy given empirically to a patient with unresectable, recurrent serous borderline tumor (SBT). In view of this observation the present study was undertaken to assess ER expression in 51 cases of OBT.Materials and methods.ER expression was determined retrospectively, using an immunohistochemical method on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens, from 35 cases of SBTs, 6 cases of mucinous mullerian (MMBT), and 10 cases of mucinous intestinal borderline tumors (MIBT). ER was considered positive if >5% of tumor epithelial cell nuclei were immunostained. Both SBTs and mucinous borderline tumors (MBTs) were included to determine the influence of histologic type on ER expression.Results.The patients ranged in age from 25 to 77 years (median 43 years for SBTs, 36 years for MMBTs, and 37 years for MIBTs). The stage distribution for the SBTs was stage I in 27 patients (77%), stage II in 4 patients (11.5%), and stage III in 4 patients (11.5%). All patients with MBTs were stage I. ER expression was observed in the majority of cases and correlated with histologic type: 94% (33/35) of SBTs and 100% (6/6) of MMBTs were ER positive compared to 0% (0/10) of MIBTs (P< 0.01). In the SBT category the presence of ER did not correlate significantly with stage or age. In addition, ER was positive in all four SBT implants (including one involved lymph node) and two recurrent SBTs analyzed.Conclusion.ER expression is a common feature of SBT and MMBT, but not MIBT. The relevance of ER expression in the pathogenesis and treatment of OBTs requires further investigation.
Modeling the dynamics of membrane structure formation in quenched polymer solutions

Abstract Calculations are presented to illustrate the use of droplet growth rate data, obtained from light scattering measurements and/or spinodal decomposition calculations, to model the evolution of pore size gradients in solutions undergoing temperature-induced (TIPS) phase inversion. A simplified one-dimensional heat transport equation is used to obtain transient temperature profiles in quenched thin films, and these are combined with pore growth rates as a function of temperature and composition, to quantify droplet (i.e. pore) sizes in the final membrane. Results demonstrate the effects of quench temperature on the transient and final pore size distribution in the quenched films.
Normal-Mode Approach to Wave Propagation in the Turbulent Atmosphere

Recent studies have used the superposition principle (extended Huygens-Fresnel principle) to characterize completely the statistics of a field that has propagated through a thick slab of turbulent air in terms of the statistics for spherical-wave sources. In this paper, we consider the normal-mode decomposition associated with this linear system propagation model. In particular, we use the statistics of the atmospheric impulse response (Green's function) to show that the atmospheric mode decomposition exhibits far-field and near-field regimes very similar to those of free-space propagation. The significance of these results for optical communication through the atmosphere is briefly discussed.
Blurring the Boundaries: Historical Developments and Future Directions in Organizational Rhetoric

This chapter provides a concise but thorough view of organizational rhetoric. We review how work in organizational rhetoric spans research on propaganda analysis, organizational communication, public relations, and rhetorical social movements, highlighting connections and differences among these perspectives and outlining what organizational rhetoric has borrowed from and contributed to each. We then consider issues of concern to organizational rhetoric scholars: crisis communication, maintenance communication, power relationships, and ethics. In discussing these areas, we address individual theories of organizational rhetoric, including legitimacy, apologia, issue management, identification, and corporate social responsibility. Finally, by reflecting on existing work, we offer our predictions for the future of research in organizational rhetoric. Overall, we call attention to thinking about all organizations as “inherently rhetorical” so that communication scholars and practitioners can understand and ex...
Implications of chemical and physical factors on the biological processing of lignocellulose

Abstract It is hoped that recognition of the chemical and physical factors touched on above will lead to their assimilation early in the process development. Although the depolymerization of plant cell wall material and the subsequent metabolism of the fragments are entirely effected by biological processes in nature, practical considerations of rates, concentrations, selectivity and susceptibility will require chemical or physical processing as well for the production of chemicals and materials from wood. These processes will break the polymers down into small molecules or at the very least serve as pretreatments to confer accessibility to the polymers in lignified cell walls. Further conversion of the small molecules into useful chemicals and materials may then be carried out by either biological or chemical processing as desired.
Graduate Engineering Education of Underrepresented Populations

Of all segments of science and engineering graduate education, the disparity between minority groups is the greatest, and the participation of nonresident aliens is the highest, in engineering. This paper examines the graduate degrees awarded in engineering from the perspective of representation within the US population, the US engineering schools that grant significant numbers of graduate degrees to underrepresented minorities, and the measures implemented by some of these schools that are particularly effective at granting graduate degrees to underrepresented minorities. In addition, we recommend initial steps that an engineering school might make to increase underrepresented minorities' graduate student participation. Although the specifics can vary from institution to institution, the net result should be the same: a sincere commitment to bring underrepresented minority students into the mainstream of the academic enterprise.
Thermostatic equilibrium in the classical limit

The conditions for thermostatic equilibrium for large systems, both conservative and nonconservative, are examined. It is found, in general, that nonconservative systems cannot attain equilibrium. In certain cases where velocity-dependent forces exist (e.g., for charged particles in an electromagnetic field) equilibrium may be attained. In such cases, the density in phase space is shown to be canonical.
Neonatal pulmonary physiology

Managing pulmonary issues faced by both term and preterm infants remains a challenge to the practicing pediatric surgeon. An understanding of normal fetal and neonatal pulmonary development and physiology is the cornerstone for understanding the pathophysiology and treatment of many congenital and acquired problems in the neonate. Progression through the phases of lung development and the transition to postnatal life requires a symphony of complex and overlapping events to work in concert for smooth and successful transition to occur. Pulmonary physiology and oxygen transport in the neonate are similar to older children; however, there are critical differences that are important to take into consideration when treating the youngest of patients. Our understanding of fetal and neonatal pulmonary physiology continues to evolve as the molecular and cellular events governing these processes are better understood. This deeper understanding has helped to facilitate groundbreaking research, leading to improved technology and treatment of term and preterm infants. As therapeutics and research continue to advance, a review of neonatal pulmonary physiology is essential to assist the clinician with his/her management of the wide variety of challenging congenital and acquired pulmonary disease.
Controlled smoking, with or without carbon monoxide feedback, as an alternative for chronic smokers

Sixty chronic cigarette smokers were randomly assigned to one of three treatment conditions: controlled smoking, controlled smoking plus weekly carbon monoxide feedback, or delayed treatment control. The controlled smoking treatments lasted 5 weeks and sequentially focused on making 50% reductions in nicotine content of brand smoked, number of cigarettes smoked per day, and percentage of each cigarette smoked. Self-monitoring records indicated that subjects in the two controlled smoking conditions were successful in making reductions in each of the target behaviors and that the timing of these changes immediately followed the initiation of treatment within the multiple baseline across behaviors design. There were few differences between the two treatment conditions, and both treatments produced greater change than the control condition on all targeted behaviors. Carbon monoxide levels were also reduced significantly more in the treatment conditions than in the control condition. The carbon monoxide, as well as smoking behavior, reductions were maintained at 3- and 6-month follow-ups. The results suggest that controlled smoking can be successfully implemented in a group context with long-term, heavy smokers and that carbon monoxide feedback, at least as implemented in the present study, is not essential to treatment success.
The effect of experimental conditions and evaluation techniques on the alteration of low activity glasses by vapor hydration

Abstract The vapor hydration test (VHT) is used to study the reaction between waste forms and water with the aim to gain insight into their alteration behavior. In nuclear-waste immobilization, the test is primarily used as a screening tool to identify durable/non-durable glasses and as a convenient method to generate and identify alteration products for use in performance modeling. The lack of a standard procedure for conducting this test has resulted in a number of reported test methods, thus decreasing the ability to directly compare test results from different sources. To optimize the VHT procedure, a series of tests was conducted on simulated low activity waste (LAW) glasses at temperatures ranging from 150 to 300 °C with different volumes of water, specimen holders, specimen-preparation techniques, and data-evaluation methods. Reaction progress was monitored by measuring the thickness of the remaining glass and the alteration layer. The alteration rate at which glass is converted into the alteration products was determined by linear regression from the remaining glass thickness plotted as a function of time. The resulting procedure for conducting VHT eliminates problems associated with the measurement of alteration layers and enables direct comparison of alteration rates for different materials.
Inositol trisphosphate receptor Ca2+ release channels in neurological diseases.

The modulation of cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration by release from internal stores through the inositol trisphosphate receptor (InsP3R) Ca2+ release channel is a ubiquitous signaling system involved in the regulation of numerous processes. Because of its ubiquitous expression and roles in regulating diverse cell physiological processes, it is not surprising that the InsP3R has been implicated in a number of disease states. However, relatively few mutations in InsP3R genes have been identified to date. Here, I will discuss mutations in the type 1 InsP3R that have been discovered by analyses of human patients and mice with neurological disorders. In addition, I will highlight diseases caused by mutations in other genes, including Huntington’s and Alzheimer’s diseases and some spinocerebellar ataxias, where the mutant proteins have been found to exert strong influences on InsP3R function that may link InsP3R to disease pathogenesis.
A matched nonlinearity for phase estimation of a PSK- modulated carrier (Corresp.)

A nonlinear phase estimator for a phase-shift keyed (PSK)-modulated carrier has been developed by Viterbi and Viterbi. Their analysis is extended, and an optimal or "matched" nonlinearity is derived for the estimator.
Effect of sucrose diet on expression of apolipoprotein genes A-I, C-III and A-IV in rat liver

Abstract A sucrose-rich diet stimulates hepatic lipogenesis and induces net production of very low density lipoproteins in the liver. To study changes of hepatic apolipoprotein gene expression in response to such a diet, we measured the mRNA abundance of apolipoproteins A-I, C-III and A-IV in livers of rats fed a sucroserich diet or a control diet for 3 weeks. In livers of sucrose-fed rats, the abundance of cellular and nuclear apo A-IV mRNA increased to 185% ± 21% and 142% ± 22% of control values ( P P
Screening of external fields and distribution of excess charge near a metal surface

Abstract The screening of an external electric field and the distribution of excess charge near a metal surface have been determined self-consistently for the jellium model.
Fluoropolymers and fluorocarbon bonded phases as column packings for liquid chromatography

Abstract The use of both fluoropolymers and their derivatives as well as fluorinated bonded phases on silica as high-performance liquid chromatography column packings is reviewed. In general, retention of small molecules is less on fluorocarbon phases as compared to hydrocarbon materials. However, specific effects such as π electron interactions can be magnified using fluorinated phenyl phases. The potential of fluorocarbon phases for the separation of biomacromolecules appears to be good.
What is Aristotelian Ecthesis

I consider the proper interpretation of the process of ecthesis which Aristotle uses several times in the Prior analytics for completing a syllogistic mood, i.e., showing how to produce a deduction of a conclusion of a certain form from premisses of certain forms. I consider two interpretations of the process which have been advocated by recent scholars and show that one seems better suited to most passages while the other best fits a single remaining passage. I also argue that ecthesis for Aristotle really means ‘setting out’ the case to be proved using letters. Aristotle’s remarks about the use of letters in mathematical proofs suggest that he had some understanding of rules equivalent to universal generalization and existential instantiation; the ‘proofs through ecthesis’ are so called because they rest on the latter rule, with which use of letters is involved in a special way.
Solution properties of hsian-tsao (Mesona procumbens Hemsl) leaf gum

Abstract In order to characterize the coil overlap parameters of hsian-tsao leaf gum, the specific viscosity of the hsian-tsao leaf gum was measured as a function of pretreatment and concentration using a glass capillary viscometer. It was found that the onset of molecular entanglements varied with pretreatment, which occurred at a concentration around 1.0 g/dl for hsian-tsao leaf gum extracted from fresh or frozen hsian-tsao leaf, and around 3.5 g/dl for hsian-tsao leaf gum extracted from dehydrated hsian-tsao leaf. The specific viscosity of hsian-tsao leaf gum exhibited a power-law dependence on concentration. The exponent b ranged from 1.25 to 1.43 in the dilute domain and from 2.21 to 2.93 in the semi-dilute domain, depending on the pretreatment. The coil overlap parameter of the hsian-tsao leaf gum was found to be in the range of 1.79–2.17, which was closer to that of a rod-like polymer. The effects of ionic strength and ion types on the viscosity of the hsian-tsao leaf gum in the dilute regime were also measured. The extent of the ionic strength dependence of intrinsic viscosity was used to characterize the salt tolerance and chain stiffness parameters. It was found that the chain stiffness parameter of the hsian-tsao leaf gum was in the range of 0.026–0.03, which was lower than that of several polysaccharides, indicating the stiff backbone of the hsian-tsao leaf gum.
Demonstration of hapten augmentable plaques in the bromelain treated anti-mouse red blood cell system: putative evidence for anti-idiotypic regulation of autoantibody secretion.

Abstract Spleen cells from normal, nonautoimmune mice (C3H/HeN) spontaneously produce hemolytic plaques against autologous bromelain-treated red blood cells (BrMRBC). The number of anti-BrMRBC plaques detectable can be increased by including either a 3 M KCl extracted antigen from BrMRBCs or the hapten phosphorylcholine chloride (PC) as an antigenic analog in the plaque assay. Optimal PC concentration for augmenting the number of plaque forming cells (PFCs) was between 10 −7 and 10 −8 M . Incubation of spleen cells with an equal volume of 10 −7 M PC one, two, or three times resulted in the preparation of populations of cells which yielded increased numbers of PFCs. In addition, the number of anti-BrMRBC plaques of cells incubated three times could not be further increased by adding PC to the plaquing mixture. The eluate produced by the initial incubation of spleen cells with 10 −7 M PC specifically suppressed the anti-BrMRBC PFC response of these nonhapten augmentable cell populations (3× eluted). These studies indicate that a naturally occurring autoantibody response is normally regulated by the presence of a molecule bound to the cell surface of autoantibody forming cells.
New multiwavelength phase modulation system for photon diffusion studies

The recent improvement in medical devices that are safe, economical and efficacious has led to significant interests in the near infrared (NIR) optical characteristics of strongly scattering medium such as human tissues, particularly breast tissue, brian and skeletal muscles. Since the frequency domain equipment involves lower peak powers, slower rise times and hence smaller bandwidths than the time domain circuits, they appear to be more economic and portable as medical device. We have developed a 50 MHz time-sharing 3-wavelength (754 nm, 790 nm, 830 nm) single sideband (SSB) phase modulation system, which measures the essential characteristics of light propagation in strongly scattering medium. Some new techniques, such as phase locked loop (PLL), dynode feedback are used to get high accuracy (better than 0.05 degrees in a 1 Hz bandwidth), high sensitivity (6 cm separation on forehead), low noise (less than 0.05 degrees), low drift (less than 0.01 degrees/hr within 11 hours) and low phase-amplitude cross-talk (less than plus or minus 0.038 degrees/dB). A blood model test has been given. Significant results of hemoglobin oxy/deoxygenation measurements re shown in this paper.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Effect of vasoactive intestinal polypertide on prolactin release in vitro

Abstract Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) at concentrations of 1 × 10−8M to 1 × 10−5M caused release of prolactin from anterior pituitary tissue in vitro under specific experimental conditions. VIP stimulated prolactin release when anterior pituitary tissue was incubated in medium 199 in glass culture tubes containing the peptide-antibiotic bacitracin or bovine serum albumin. VIP also caused significant release of prolactin when polystyrene instead of glass culture tubes were used as incubation vessels. The results indicate that VIP can cause prolactin release by a direct action on anterior pituitary lactotrophes. Addition of bacitracin or bovine serum albumin to the culture medium must prevent VIP from binding to glass. Use of polystyrene culture tubes eliminates the need for an extraneous protein source to prevent VIP glass binding.
Patient predictors of esophageal stricture development after photodynamic therapy.

Background & Aims: The most common significant adverse event after photodynamic therapy (PDT) with porfimer sodium is esophageal stricture formation. This study assessed whether pretreatment variables, including prior endoscopic therapy for Barrett's esophagus, are associated with post-PDT stricturing. Methods: Data from all patients who had undergone PDT with porfimer sodium for Barrett's esophagus with high-grade dysplasia, intramucosal carcinoma, or T1 cancer at our institution since 1997 were reviewed. Results: One hundred sixteen patients underwent 160 courses of PDT. The incidence of stricture formation after index PDT was 16% (19/116). For all PDT courses, the overall incidence of stricture was 23% (37/160). Stricture rate was significantly higher after a second PDT course compared with index PDT (43% vs 16%, P = .0007). There was no association between post-PDT stricture development and age, gender, body mass index, or prior endoscopic mucosal resection. Patients who developed a stricture had a longer length of Barrett's esophagus before treatment than those who did not develop a stricture (7.7 vs 5.7 cm for index PDT only, P = .025; 7.4 vs 5.7 cm for all PDT courses, P = .007). Length of Barrett's esophagus, multiple PDT courses, and presence of intramucosal carcinoma on pretreatment pathology were independent predictors of post-PDT stricture in a stepwise logistic regression analysis controlling for treatment variables, including treatment length. Conclusions: An increased risk of stricture development was seen after multiple courses of PDT. An association between post-PDT stricture and length of Barrett's esophagus but not treatment length was also found. Endoscopic mucosal resection did not appear to influence the likelihood of stricture development after porfimer sodium–based PDT.
Strangers in the City: Reconfigurations of Space, Power, and Social Networks Within China's Floating Population

List of illustrations Introduction 1. The floating population as subjects 2. Commercial culture, social networks, and migration passages 3. The privatization of space 4. The privatization of power 5. Reconfigurations of gender, work, and household 6. Contesting crime and order 7. The demolition of Zhejiangcun 8. Displacement and revitalization Conclusion Appendix Notes Glossary References Index.
Empirical explorations of the geometry theorem machine

In early spring, 1959, an IBM 704 computer, with the assistance of a program comprising some 20 000 individual instructions, proved its first theorem in elementary Euclidean plane geometry. Since that time, the geometry theorem-proving machine (a particular state configuration of the IBM 704 specified by the afore-mentioned machine code) has found solutions to a large number of problems taken from high school textbooks and final examinations in plane geometry. Some of these problems would be considered quite difficult by the average high school student. In fact, it is doubtful whether any but the brightest students could have produced a solution for any of the latter group when granted the same amount of prior "training" afforded the geometry machine (i.e., the same vocabulary of geometric concepts and the same stock of previously proved theorems).
The impact of laboratory training on leadership orientation, values, and self‐image

A field investigation is reported which assesses the impact of laboratory training on leadership orientation, values, image of self as communicator, and satisfaction with the experience. The impact of the laboratory experience is then contrasted with that of two different types of courses. The results indicate that leadership orientation is the variable most affected by the laboratory experience.
Parameter estimation for correlated recurrent events under informative monitoring

Abstract When subjects are monitored for a recurrent event over a period of time, each individual behaves like an experimental unit within which measurements may be correlated. The subject-specific observation window (i.e. monitoring period) constitutes another factor controlling the accumulation of events and censoring. We develop a procedure for estimating survivor parameters in the presence of joint effect of correlation and informative monitoring; specifically, for studies in which the survival time for a subject is censored because of deterioration of their physical condition or due to the accumulation of their event occurrences. In this manuscript, we approach the survivor parameter estimation problem by a fully parametric baseline hazard model where the intensity functions of the inter-event time and the duration of the monitoring period are reconciled through the generalized Koziol–Green (KG) model (Koziol and Green (1976) [12] ), and the within experimental unit correlation modeled through frailty. We outline the Expectation Maximization (EM) steps for estimating Weibull parameters with correlated recurrent event data under informative monitoring. We apply our method to a real life data.
Listeria monocytogenes - from saprophyte to intracellular pathogen.

Bacteria need to adjust as they move between different environments. In this Progress article, Freitag, Port and Miner describe howListeria monocytogenesregulates the transition from saprophyte to human pathogen. Listeria monocytogenes is a bacterium that lives in the soil as a saprophyte but is capable of making the transition into a pathogen following its ingestion by susceptible humans or animals. Recent studies suggest that L. monocytogenes mediates its saprophyte-to-cytosolic-parasite transition through the careful modulation of the activity of a virulence regulatory protein known as PrfA, using a range of environmental cues that include available carbon sources. In this Progress article we describe the regulation of PrfA and its role in the L. monocytogenes transition from the saprophytic stage to the virulent intracellular stage.
Effects of photoperiod, temperature, and humidity on oviposition and egg development of Neodiprion fulviceps (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae) on cut branches of ponderosa pine

The effect of photoperiod, temperature, and humidity on oviposition and egg development was determined to optimize laboratory rearing of Neodiprion fulviceps Cresson on cut branches of ponderosa pine ( Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws). The maximum number of eggs laid and eggs hatched occurred at 15°C. No oviposition occurred at 4°C. Egg development time was too slow to be practical at 10°C; no eggs hatched after 75 d. No differences in number of eggs laid occurred at 30, 40, and 50% RH; however, number of eggs laid was significantly lower at 60%. The maximum number of eggs hatched and the shortest egg development time occurred at 50% RH. Photoperiod had no effect except on the percentage of hatch, which was greatest under short-day conditions. Egg incubation times were slightly shorter on seedlings than on mature cuttings.
Amorphous and Metastable Phase Formation in Systems with Positive Heats of Mixing using High-Rate Sputter Deposition

The triode sputtering technique and a ''split-target'' arrangement were used to produce metastable crystalline and amorphous phases in the Cu-W, Mo-Cu, Ag-Fe, Ag-Cu, Pu-Ta and Pu-V systems. These systems all exhibit solid immiscibility and have positive heats of mixing and atomic radii that differ by at least 10%. The sputtered coatings, whose thickness varied between 25 and 200 microns, were formed at deposition rates between 35 and 200 /angstrom//s. They were characterized using x-ray diffraction, TEM, microprobe, microhardness, and DSC techniques. The observed amorphous and metastable solid solution phases are discussed in terms of predicated heats of formation for these phases using Miedema's thermodynamic approximations (1) that include chemical, elastic, and structural contributions. Differences in compositional ranges observed by high rate sputter deposition compared to other vapor deposition techniques (e.g., coevaporation) appeared to arise as a result of processes that occur during deposition or immediately following deposition. 25 refs., 9 figs., 1 tab.
Solar Neutrino Cross Sections and Nuclear Beta Decay

The neutrino-producing reactions that are believed to occur in the interior of the sun are reviewed and the predicted neutrino fluxes from these reactions are presented. The relevant absorption cross sections for neutrino-induced transitions from the ground state of Cl^(37) to various states in Ar^(37) are then calculated. The nuclear model adopted in these calculations is also used to predict the decay rates and branching ratios for a number of nuclei with 1d^(n)_(3/2) configurations; comparisons with experiment are made wherever possible and additional tests are suggested. A method for extracting Gamow-Teller matrix elements from mixed transitions between members of the same isotopic multiplet is then illustrated. The theory of bound-state neutrino capture is also outlined and applied to the proposed solar neutrino experiment. In an Appendix, some neutrino cross sections that are useful in interpreting the reactor experiment of Davis are presented.