cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Employment outcomes for individuals with spinal cord injuries: 2011–2013

BACKGROUND: Employment for individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) varies by demographic, educational, and preinjury occupational characteristics. Individuals with SCI also face a number of physical and structural barriers to returning to work postinjury. Vocational Rehabilitation (VR) services through the use of the federal and state vocational rehabilitation programs is one option for obtaining the needed supports that lead to successful competitive employment outcomes. OBJECTIVE: This information is for those individuals with SCI whose cases were closed by VR in one of the four case closure codes: Status 08, Status 28, Status 30, or Status 26. The intent of this research is to profile participation, services received, and outcomes achieved by individuals with SCI who were participants in State Vocational Rehabilitation programs. METHODS:Using the Federal Rehabilitation Services Administration’s (RSA) 911-database, individuals with a primary physical disability of spinal cord injury who had their cases closed in Federal Fiscal Years 2011–2013 (n= 9,205) were selected to understand general demographic, education, SSI/SDI, and reasons for case closure information. More detailed analyses of data of services received, employment outcomes, and costs for individuals for whom an Individual Plan for Employment (IPE) also were completed. RESULTS: Nationally, state VR agencies reported closing 3,217 cases in FY 2011, 3,098 cases in FY 2012, and 2,890 cases in FY 2013 in the four case closure codes: Status 08, Status 28, Status 30, and Status 26. Status 26 closure represents those cases closed successfully. In this study, 991 individuals with SCI were closed in Status 26 during FY 2011, 972 in FY 2012, and 936 in FY 2013. The majority of cases closed successfully were for individuals who were white/Caucasian, and rates were slightly higher for individuals with an associate’s degree or more. CONCLUSIONS:The findings in this study are consistent with previous findings on the demographic characteristics of individuals with SCI and return to work. More research is needed on the relationship between certain demographic characteristics and successful employment postinjury, the impact of rehabilitation technology services on successful case closures, the types of jobs that individuals with SCI obtain, and what makes state VR programs in some areas more successful than others.
Readings in Artificial Intelligence

Readings in Artificial Intelligence focuses on the principles, methodologies, advancements, and approaches involved in artificial intelligence. The selection first elaborates on representations of problems of reasoning about actions, a problem similarity approach to devising heuristics, and optimal search strategies for speech understanding control. Discussions focus on comparison with existing speech understanding systems, empirical comparisons of the different strategies, analysis of distance function approximation, problem similarity, problems of reasoning about action, search for solution in the reduction system, and relationship between the initial search space and the higher level search space. The book then examines consistency in networks of relations, non-resolution theorem proving, using rewriting rules for connection graphs to prove theorems, and closed world data bases. The manuscript tackles a truth maintenance system, elements of a plan-based theory of speech acts, and reasoning about knowledge and action. Topics include problems in reasoning about knowledge, integration knowledge and action, models of plans, compositional adequacy, truth maintenance mechanisms, dialectical arguments, and assumptions and the problem of control. The selection is a valuable reference for researchers wanting to explore the field of artificial intelligence. Table of Contents Preface Acknowledgments Chapter 1 / Search and Search Representations On Representations of Problems of Reasoning About Actions A Problem Similarity Approach to Devising Heuristics: First Results Optimal Search Strategies for Speech-Understanding Control Consistency in Networks of Relations The B* Tree Search Algorithm: A Best-First Proof Procedure Chapter 2 / Deduction Non-Resolution Theorem Proving Using Rewriting Rules for Connection Graphs to Prove Theorems On Closed World Data Bases A Deductive Approach to Program Synthesis Prolegomena to a Theory of Mechanized Formal Reasoning Subjective Bayesian Methods for Rule-Based Inference Systems Chapter 3 / Problem-Solving and Planning Application of Theorem Proving to Problem Solving The Frame Problem and Related Problems in Artificial Intelligence Learning and Executing Generalized Robot Plans Achieving Several Goals Simultaneously Planning and Meta-Planning Chapter 4 / Expert Systems and AI Applications An Experiment in Knowledge-Based Automatic Programming Dendral and Meta-Dendral: Their Applications Dimension Consultation Systems for Physicians Model Design in the PROSPECTOR Consultant System for Mineral Exploration The Hearsay-II Speech-Understanding System: Integrating Knowledge to Resolve Uncertainty Using Patterns and Plans in Chess Interactive Transfer of Expertise: Acquisition of New Inference Rules Chapter 5 / Advanced Topics Some Philosophical Problems from the Standpoint of Artificial Intelligence The Logic of Frames Epistemological Problems of Artificial Intelligence Circumscription - A Form of Non-Monotonic Reasoning Reasoning About Knowledge and Action Elements of a Plan-Based Theory of Speech Acts A Truth Maintenance System Generalization as Search Index
Endoscopic intrauterine surgery in primates: overcoming technical obstacles.

Current protocols for fetal surgery require cesarean section and partial fetal extraction, both of which impart significant risks to the mother and fetus. Endoscopic fetal surgery is less invasive and will likely reduce some of these risks, but the technical difficulties and feasibility in a primate model have yet to be explored fully. Four pregnant baboons (95 days gestation) were anesthetized, their uteruses exposed via an abdominal incision, and blunt-tipped flanged endoscopic ports inserted. Amniotic fluid was removed, and warmed saline was infused to dilate the uterus. To evaluate instrumentation and wound closure, the tip of the snout was externalized and bilateral cleft lip-like defects made. The lips were then endoscopically repaired by suture (Endostitch, U.S. Surgical) or unique nonpenetrating clips (VCS, U.S. Surgical). The saline was then removed, amniotic fluid returned, and the ports carefully removed. After 4 weeks, the fetuses were delivered and evaluated. Eight cleft lip-like defects were successfully repaired in all four cases. Operative time averaged 83 min. No infections, amniotic leaks, or adhesions developed. Survival was 50% with two fetuses delivering within 48 hours postoperatively: one from preterm labor, the other with fetal demise from retroperitoneal hemorrhage after operative blunt abdominal trauma. We demonstrate the feasibility of endoscopic fetal surgery in primates. The use of blunt-tipped flanged ports provides a fluid tight seal and allows appropriate closure of the fetal membranes, but requires laparotomy and uterine exposure. Distension of the uterus with warmed saline affords a larger operating field, enhancing visualization and instrumentation of the fetus. Grasping the fetus through the exposed uterus gives excellent control for repair. However, such control is also needed in a percutaneous approach. Further instrumentation development is needed to accomplish similar control for the percutaneous approach.
Pedagogy, Provocation and Paradox: Denmark's Kunstnernes Studieskole

The last two decades of the nineteenth century witnessed an apparent revolution in art education in Denmark with the establishment of the ‘Free Schools’, a group of alternative schools that provided students with a choice other than the Royal Academy. The most important of these schools, the Kunstnernes Studieskole (Artists' Study School, established in 1882), was subsidised by the government and headed by Laurits Tuxen, P.S. Kroyer, and Kristian Zahrtmann, Academy-trained artists who modeled the school's education on the French atelier system. The debate that formed the Study School was at its core one of democratization, which was perceived to be synonymous with international modernism. Yet its artists functioned within a network of fluid roles designed to openly augment the existing pedagogical structure from within – a specifically Danish phenomenon. This article proposes an alternative framework for late-nineteenth-century Danish art education systems that situates the Study School within the context of Danish culture and as an extension of the social democratic tendencies proliferating at this time, which were significantly influenced by the preacher N.F.S. Grundtvig. Danish artists' actual situation had more to do with assimilating a myriad of local and international impulses into a specifically Danish version of modernism.
Conductance transient characterization of reactive ion etched HEMT gate recesses

A simple, novel technique was devised to examine the effects of RIE self-bias voltage, plasma exposure time, and oxygen plasma clean conditions on the AlInAs Schottky contact layer of an InP-based HEMT. >
Description of MRBP

The analysis of data obtained from balanced randomized block designs is an important part of experimental research. In this chapter, permutation versions of univariate and multivariate balanced randomized block analyses, based on Euclidean distances, are presented. Methods for obtaining exact and approximate resampling and Pearson type III P-values are described. Rank and binary transformations for randomized block designs are discussed, and power comparisons are provided for a variety of univariate rank tests. A measure of agreement based on randomized blocks is developed and extended to various levels of measurement, multiple observers, and multivariate analyses.
Risk for anxiety and implications for treatment: developmental, environmental, and genetic factors governing fear regulation

Anxiety disorders are the most common of the psychiatric disorders affecting as many as 10% of youth, with a peak during adolescence. A core component of these disorders is an unremitting fear in the absence of present threat. One of the most commonly used therapies to treat these disorders is exposure-based cognitive behavioral therapy that identifies the source of the fear and anxiety and then desensitizes the individual to it. This treatment builds on basic principles of fear extinction learning. A number of patients improve with this therapy, but 40–50% do not. This paper provides an overview of recent empirical studies employing both human imaging and cross-species behavioral genetics to examine how fear regulation varies across individuals and across development, especially during adolescence. These studies have important implications for understanding who may be at risk for anxiety disorders and for whom and when during development exposure-based therapies may be most effective.
Incorporation of chimeric gag protein into retroviral particles.

The product of the Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) gag gene, Pr76gag, is a polyprotein precursor which is cleaved by the viral protease to yield the major structural proteins of the virion during particle assembly in avian host cells. We have recently shown that myristylated forms of the RSV Gag protein can induce particle formation with very high efficiency when expressed in mammalian cells (J. W. Wills, R. C. Craven, and J. A. Achacoso, J. Virol. 63:4331-4343, 1989). We made use of this mammalian system to examine the abilities of foreign antigens to be incorporated into particles when fused directly to the myristylated Gag protein. Our initial experiments showed that removal of various portions of the viral protease located at the carboxy terminus of the RSV Gag protein did not disrupt particle formation. We therefore chose this region for coupling of iso-1-cytochrome c from Saccharomyces cerevisiae to Gag. This was accomplished by constructing an in-frame fusion of the CYC1 and gag coding sequences at a common restriction endonuclease site. Expression of the chimeric gene resulted in synthesis of the Gag-cytochrome fusion protein and its release into the cell culture medium. The chimeric particles were readily purified by simple centrifugation, and transmission electron microscopy of cells that produced them revealed a morphology similar to that of immature type C retrovirions. Images
The Artification of Tattoo: Transformations within a Cultural Field

Theorized as a Bourdieusian field, this article examines changes inside the tattoo world resulting in the valuation of certain tattoo practices as art and some actors taking ‘fine art’ positions wi...
Influence of Various Feeds on in Vivo and in Vitro Production of Volatile Fatty Acids

Summary Rumen fluid was collected from two rumen fistulated animals on six different rations and was used to prepare washed cell suspensions of bacteria. Each suspension was used to ferment five of seven different substrates which were prepared from the same feeds as those fed the donor animals. The greatest in vitro production of volatile fatty acids (VFA) from each substrate occurred when the substrate consisted of the same hay as that in the ration of the donor animal. With one exception, the addition of concentrates to a hay diet reduced the VFA concentration in vivo when determined 4 hr. after feeding. The in vitro VFA production also decreased when the donor animal received concentrate in addition to hay. Under in vitro conditions the total acid production, pH, and acetate/propionate ratio was lower than in rumen fluid. When a concentrate mix served as the substrate, these values were further decreased. The in vitro technique used appears to have limited value in estimating the nutritive value of forages and little value in estimating the value of concentrates.
Studies in globoid leukodystrophy: enzymatic and lipid findings in the canine form.

Abstract Enzymic and lipid studies were performed in two dogs with globoid leukodystrophy (GLD) and appropriate controls. One GLD dog was of the Westhighland Terrier strain, the other was of the Cairn Terrier strain. Both dogs consistently showed a β-galactocerebrosidase deficiency. The activity of this enzyme was markedly reduced both in the central nervous system, liver, and kidney. In contrast, the less specific paranitrophenyl galactosidase assays did not clearly differentiate the GLD dogs from their controls. Slightly low β-galactocerebrosidase activities were also found in one quite healthy littermate. The data suggest that this dog was a seemingly normal heterozygote carrier of GLD. Enzyme systems concerned with the metabolism of sulfatide were also studied. There was a slight reduction in lipid sulfotransferase activity in cerebral white matter and cerebellum, but not elsewhere. Sulfatase A, other sulfatases, and acid phosphatase activities showed no consistently distinctive abnormalities. Lipid assays of GLD cerebral white matter revealed a slight reduction in total lipid, a slight increase in cerebroside, and a slight decrease in sulfatide. There was no elevation in cerebroside in cerebral white matter of the dog who appeared to be a heterozygote carrier. The β-galactocerebrosidase deficiency of these GLD dogs, taken together with the deficiency of this same enzyme in human GLD, suggests that the canine disorder is an authentic enzymic model of the human disease.
Reproductive success and causes of nest failures for Mississippi Kites: A sink population in eastern Arkansas?

In the White River National Wildlife Refuge, we located and monitored 39 Mississippi Kite (Ictinia mississippiensis) nests during the 2004 and 2005 breeding seasons to examine reproductive success and causes of nesting failures. Nest failures were documented using five video recording systems. All kite nests not monitored with a video recording system were observed every 3 or 4 d. The apparent reproductive success during this study was 28.2% (n = 39 nests). Using the Mayfield estimator, we determined the nest success to be 36.3% over 1226 nest-exposure days with a daily nest survival of 0.9837. We recorded seven nest failures and eight probable predation attempts. Predation was the most common cause of nest failures of video observed nests (57%), with western rat snakes (Elaphe obsoletd) being the most common predator of kite eggs and nestlings. Other observed nest failures included nest abandonment, a chick falling out of a nest, and an infertile egg. Reproductive success reported in this study was the second lowest (28%) of all Mississippi Kite studies. This low reproductive success rate is likely not adequate to support a viable population in the White River National Wildlife Refuge, indicating this may currently be a sink population.
Zeeman Effect and Configuration Interaction in Germanium

Zeeman effect of germanium I and II, discussing configuration-interaction, deriving intermediate- coupling wave functions
Late Quaternary stratigraphy and luminescence geochronology of the northeastern Mojave Desert

Abstract The chronology of the Holocene and late Pleistocene deposits of the northeastern Mojave Desert have been largely obtained using radiocarbon ages. Our study refines and extends this framework using optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) to date deposits from Valjean Valley, Silurian Lake Playa, Red Pass, and California Valley. Of particular interest are eolian fine silts incorporated in ground-water discharge (GWD) deposits bracketed at 185–140 and 20–50 ka. Alluvial fan deposits proved amenable for OSL by dating both eolian sand lenses and reworked eolian sand in a matrix of gravel that occurs within the fan stratigraphy. Lacustrine sand in spits and bars also yielded acceptable OSL ages. These OSL ages fill gaps in the geochronology of desert deposits, which can provide data relevant to understanding the responses of several depositional systems to regional changes in climate. This study identifies the most promising deposits for future luminescence dating and suggests that for several regions of the Mojave Desert, sediments from previously undated landforms can be more accurately placed within correct geologic map units.
Periplasmic α-carbonic anhydrase plays an essential role in Ralstonia eutropha CO2 metabolism

Background Carbonic anhydrase (CA) enzymes catalyze the interconversion of CO2 and bicarbonate. These enzymes play important roles in cellular metabolism such as CO2 transport, ion transport, and internal pH regulation. Understanding the roles of CAs in the chemolithotropic betaproteobacteria Ralstonia eutropha is important for the development of fermentation processes based on the bacterium’s capacity for carbon fixation using the CalvinBenson-Bassham cycle. Of the five classes of CA, the alpha-CA is the best-characterized thus far. The gene encoding a periplasmic alpha-CA (caa, H16 B2403) has been identified in the R. eutropha H16 genome, along with three others CA from different classes. In this study, we evaluated the importance of Caa in the metabolism of R. eutropha by examination of CA activity and growth in caa gene deletion, complementation, and overexpression strains. Localization of Caa in the cell was accessed by fluorescent microscopy. Methods
In Vivo Incorporation of a Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid into the sn-C-1 and sn-C-2 Positions of Tetrahymena Glycerophospholipids1

The glycerophospholipids of the protozoon Tetrahymena pyriformis W are unique in that the polyunsaturated fatty acid γ-linolenate (18:3Δ6,9,12) is a major component of both the sn-C-1 and sn-C-2 positions. Tetrahymena were incubated with [1-14C]γ-linolenate. The positional distribution of the radiolabeled fatty acid in the three major glycerophospholipids was determined. [1-14C]γ-linolenate was found at both carbons of the three lipids, in general agreement with the mass distribution of γ-linolenate, except for markedly greater labeling at the sn-C-2 position of phosphatidylcholine. We hypothesize that an acyltransferase exists in Tetrahymena that can esterify γ-linolenate at both carbons during glycerophospholipid biosynthesis.
On Approximate Optimality of the Sample Size for the Partition Problem

We consider the problem of partitioning a set of normal populations with respect to a control population into two disjoint subsets according to their unknown means. For the purely sequential procedure of Solanky and Wu (2004) which can take c (≥1) observations from the control population at each sampling step, an approximate optimal sampling strategy is derived in order to minimize the total sampling cost. The obtained methodology is easy to implement and it depends only on the sampling costs and the number of populations to be partitioned. More importantly, it does not depend on the design parameters and the unknown parameters. The performance of the obtained optimal strategy is studied via Monte Carlo simulations to investigate the role of unknown parameters and the design parameters on the derived optimality. An example is provided to illustrate the derived optimal allocation strategy.
Theophylline toxicity from an over-the-counter preparation

Abstract The clinical presentation of theophylline poisoned patients has been well described in the literature. These individuals may develop severe and potentially fatal cardiac, neurologic, and gastrointestinal manifestations. While patients may present following an intentional overdose, a significant percentage become toxic accidentally or iatrogenically, as a result of theophylline's narrow therapeutic index. Another factor, not well known or described in the literature, is the availability of theophylline in a variety of over-the-counter formulations. We present a case of theophylline toxicity from a nonprescription combination product containing theophylline, ephedrine, and phenobarbital. Clinicians should be aware of the potential for serious toxicity from over-the-counter medications, particularly those commonly thought of as “prescription only.”
Wear resistant self-healing tribological surfaces by using hard coatings on NiTi shape memory alloys

Shape memory materials are among several smart materials being investigated for a wide range of applications, including “self-healing” tribological surfaces. Although shape memory alloys have recently been demonstrated as self-healing tribological surfaces, the wear resistance of the shape memory materials alone is usually not as good as conventional hard coatings. In this paper, the synergetic effects of combining hard coatings with shape memory alloys as wear resistant self-healing tribological surfaces are explored. Specifically, the wear resistance and shape recovery ability of uncoated and CrN coated NiTi alloys are investigated using pin-on-disc, indentation and scratch test. It is found that CrN hard coating can significantly improve the wear resistance of the NiTi shape memory alloy while maintaining its shape recovery ability. This example demonstrates that hard coatings on shape memory alloys can be used as wear resistant self-healing surfaces for tribological applications.
Effect of Soft Contact Lenses on Optical Measurements of Axial Length and Keratometry for Biometry in Eyes with Corneal Irregularities

PURPOSE To assess the repeatability and reliability of IOLMaster (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Inc., Dublin, CA) axial length and keratometry measurements (K readings) with a soft contact lens on normal eyes. The method is designed for eyes with corneal irregularities or after endothelial keratoplasty. METHODS Biometry was performed on 20 healthy right eyes of volunteer subjects with mean age, 27.3 +/- 4.9 years; axial length, 24.77 +/- 1.04 mm; and K reading, 43.48 +/- 1.69 D. Axial length and keratometry were measured and repeated with -0.5 D SofLens38 (Bausch & Lomb, Rochester, NY) and Acuvue2 (Johnson & Johnson, New Brunswick, NJ) soft contact lenses. Repeatability and reliability were evaluated. Contact lens thickness was measured directly by corneal optical coherence tomography (OCT). RESULTS Axial lengths increased 59 +/- 10 microm with SofLens38 and 134 +/- 13 microm with Acuvue2, and these changes correlated with the OCT contact lens thicknesses (P = 0.995). The axial length variability remained constant (P = 0.18), measuring 24 +/- 10 microm for SofLens38 and 23 +/- 8 microm for Acuvue2 compared with 20 +/- 7 microm with no lens. K readings of 43.08 +/- 1.66 D with SofLens38, 42.79 +/- 1.57 D with Acuvue2, and 43.48 +/- 1.69 D with no lens corresponded to differences of -0.40 +/- 0.12 D with SofLens38 and -0.69 +/- 0.19 D with Acuvue2. The K-reading variability increased slightly from 0.04 to 0.09 D with either lens. CONCLUSIONS Low-power soft contact lenses enable reliable and repeatable IOLMaster axial length and K-reading measurements. Correcting for the measurable lens thickness and lens effects, a <0.5-D error in the Sanders-Retzlaff-Kraff (SRK) II power formula is predicted.
Structural variation of La Crosse virions under different chemical and physical conditions.

Abstract La Crosse (LAC) virions exposed to different pHs (7.3, 6.2, and 5.4) and temperatures (37°, 20°, and 4°) were preserved in thin layers of vitreous ice and observed by electron cryomicroscopy. Our results indicate that, at lower pH, virus particles interact with each other to form aggregates. In some cases, particles could be interpreted to have fused together. At neutral pH and higher temperatures morphological changes consistent with deformation in some particles were observed. We suggest that low pH conditions are sufficient for membrane fusion events to occur with LAC virions.
Total Absorptance of Water Vapor in the Near Infrared

The total absorptance ∫ A(ν)dν of water vapor in the vicinity of its vibration-rotation bands near 5332 3700, and 1595 cm−1 has been determined as a function of absorber concentration w and equivalent pressure Pe for pure water vapor samples and samples of water vapor mixed with nitrogen. The present results, together with previously published results of Howard, Burch, and Williams, are presented in graphical form; logarithmic plots give ∫ A(ν)dν for various values of Pe as a function of absorber concentration w. These plots may be used in estimating total absorptance of water vapor in any sample for which w and Pe are known, and they may be applied in atmospheric studies.
Sixteenth-Century Paduan Annotations to the First Edition of Vasari's Vite (1550)*

The discovery of annotations to a copy of Vasari's Vite (1550) in the Beinecke Library at Yale University gives us a rare insight into how the book and contemporary art literature were read and how the information they provided circulated in the Veneto. This article traces the origin of the annotations to the circle of artists and amateurs around the painter Domenico Campagnola in Padua. In polemical reaction to the Florentinism of the Vite, the annotations repeat the major anti-Vasarian arguments elaborated by art writers, but also offer new information about Veneto art. There is also a biographical note on Titian, which precedes the publication of the artist's biography in the second edition of the Vite (1568).
Joint Task Force Algorithm and Annotations for Diagnosis and Management of Rhinitis

This document lists all summary statements contained in the document Diagnosis and Management of Rhinitis: Complete Guidelines of the Joint Task Force on Practice Parameters in Allergy, Asthma and Immunology (Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1998;81:478–518). That document should be consulted for full discussion and citations that support the statements contained herein. This listing of summary statements is intended to assist the clinician in rapidly reviewing and identifying key points that are comprehensively discussed in the source document.
Axisymmetric free boundary problems

We present a number of three-dimensional axisymmetric free boundary problems for two immiscible fluids, such as air and water. A level set method is used where the interface is the zero level set of a continuous function while the two fluids are solutions of the incompressible Navier–Stokes equation. We examine the rise and distortion of an initially spherical bubble into cap bubbles and toroidal bubbles. Steady solutions for gas bubbles rising in a liquid are computed, with favourable comparisons to experimental data. We also study the inviscid limit and compare our results with a boundary integral method. The problems of an air bubble bursting at a free surface and a liquid drop hitting a free surface are also computed.
Photophoresis of aerosol particles in the free molecular and slip-flow regimes

Abstract An analysis of the photophoretic force and velocity on aerosol particles in both the free molecular and slip-flow regimes is presented. Under the assumption of unpolarized incident radiation, absorption of radiation with the particle is formulated from Lorenz/Mie theory. For both the free molecular and slip-flow regimes, the functional dependence of the photophoretic velocity upon the radiative size parameter and complex index of refraction is given by the photophoretic asymmetry factor J1. An exact infinite-series expression for J1 is derived which allows for rapid calculation of photophoretic behavior. Numerical results indicate that photophoresis can be a significant transport mechanism for micrometer-sized particulates in high radiative transfer combustion environments.
Covariations in the concentrations of organic compounds associated with springtime atmospheric aerosols

Abstract Organic compounds that can be thermally desorbed from airborne particles change cohesively with time, providing information about sources, photochemical transformations and transport of aerosols. In the spring of 1985, 138 airborne particulate samples were collected at an urban site in Boulder, Colorado. Samples were collected by drawing approximately 300 l of air, for 58 min, through a small glass tube containing a quartz fiber filter. Particles were subsequently analyzed by direct thermal desorption of volatile organic compounds into a gas Chromatographic column followed by separation and detection of compounds with flame ionization or mass spectrometry. Factor analysis on the concentrations of 42 organic compounds in 138 1-h samples with time and meteorology revealed characteristic chromatograms for photochemical activity, biological sources and motor vehicle sources. Organic compounds desorbed from particles include terpenoids from biogenic sources, alkanes from vehicular and biological sources and aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, lactones and furans from photochemical transformations and other sources. Concentrations of oxygenated species increased on sunny days relative to cloudy days or nights. Terpenoid concentrations increased when the wind direction was from a forested region west of the sampling site. Odd carbon number n -alkanes increased as temperature increased with the progression of springtime.
Greater global warming revealed by satellite-derived sea-surface-temperature trends

INVESTIGATING the response of global climate to changes in external forcing is essential to our understanding of climate change. Here I present an analysis of satellite-derived sea surface temperatures for the period 1982–88. It can be seen from this analysis that the global ocean is undergoing a gradual but significant warming of ˜0.1 °C per year, whereas the trend obtained for the same period from conventional data sources (ships and buoys) is about half that magnitude1. Satellite global coverage, however, is far greater and, although we have no long time series of satellite data (as opposed to conventional data), it is possible to observe short-term trends, as shown here, that may not be discerned using the coarser-resolution conventional data.
A theory of macrodispersion for the scale-up problem

Dispersion is the result, observable on large length scales, of events which are random on small length scales. When the length scale on which the randomness operates is not small, relative to the observations, then classical dispersion theory fails. The scale up problem refers to situations in which randomness occurs on all length scales, and for which classical dispersion theory necessarily fails. The purpose of this article is to present non-Fickian, theories of dispersion, which do not assume a scale separation between the randomness and the observed consequences, and which do not assume a single length scale. Porous media flow properties are heterogeneous on all length scales. The geological variation on length scales below the observational length scale can be regarded as unknown and unknowable, and thus as a random variable. We develop a systematic theory relating scaling behavior of the geological heterogeneity to the scaling behavior of the fluid dispersivity. Three qualitatively distinct regimes (Fickian, non-Fickian and nonrenormalizable) are found. The theory gives consistent answers within several distinct analytic approximations, and with numerical simulation of the equations of porous media flow. Comparison to field data is made. The use of Kriging to generate constrained ensembles for conditional simulation is discussed.
Have Byrne & Hilbert answered Hardin's challenge?

I argue that Byrne & Hilbert (B&H) have not answered Hardin's objection to physicalism about color concerning the unitary-binary structure of the colors for two reasons. First, their account of unitary-binary structure seems unsatisfactory. Second, pace B&H, there are no physicalistically acceptable candidates to be the hue-magnitudes. I conclude with a question about the justification of physicalism about color.
Multiple spin-orbit scattering and Josephson tunneling between s-wave and d-wave superconductors

Abstract We demonstrate the Josephson tunneling from an s-wave superconductor into the c -axis of a d x 2 − y 2 -wave superconductor can occur if multiple spin-orbit scattering occurs in the tunneling process. Singlet s-wave to triplet p-wave coupling cam always occur in the presence of spin-orbit scattering as can singlet d-wave to triplet p-wave. However, without orientation effects, the two p-wave states are orthogonal. Overall s-d coupling requires appropriate orientation or “texturing” of the intermediate p-wave order parameter. We believe that s-p mixing strongly occurs at the PbAg interface, whereas p-d mixing occurs acrossthe Ag-barrier-YBCO (YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7−δ tunnel junction in the experiment of Sun et al. Our model can account for the magnitude of the observed effect. We predict that the Josephson coupling disappears if Pb is replaced with Nb or if stress is built into the Pb counterelectrode at 45° to the CuO bond directions of the YBCO crystals. We describe a simple modification to a previous experiment that should achieve this “wrong” texture.
Mapping of the gene encoding the α-subunit of the human H+, K+-ATPase to chromosome 19q13.1 by fluorescent in Situ hybridization

band (Fig. 1). To our knowledge, this is the first human chromosomal localization of an enzyme metabolizing InsP 3. A screening of the Genome DataBank and Online Mendel ian Inheri tance in Man from April 1992 failed to reveal any candidate disease tha t might be explained in single terms by mutat ion of the gene. The data clearly establish that despite their sequence similarity (ca. 65%) indicating a common evolutionary origin, hh39R and hh3 clones encoding two InsP 3 3-kinase isozymes are associated with different genes on different chromosomes.
Effects of Manufacturing-Induced Voids on Local Failure in Polymer-Based Composites

This paper presents results of a computational study focused on examining the role of manufacturing-induced voids in the initiation and growth of damage at the microstructural level in polymer matrix composites loaded in tension normal to fibers. The polymer deformation is described by an improved macromolecular constitutive model accounting for strain-rate-, pressure-, and temperature-sensitive yielding, isotropic hardening before peak yield, intrinsic postyield softening, and rapid anisotropic hardening at large strains. A new craze model that accounts for craze initiation, growth, and breakdown mechanisms is employed. An energy-based criterion is used for cavitation induced cracking that can lead to fiber/matrix debonding. The role of voids is clarified by conducting a comparative study of unit cells with and without voids. The effects of strain rate and temperature are investigated by a parametric study. The overall composite stress-strain response is also depicted to indicate manifestation of microlevel failure on macroscopic behavior.
Temporal and Spatial Abundances of Larval Walleyes in Two Tributaries of Lake Champlain

Abstract We collected migrating larvae of walleye Stizostedion vitreum in the Poultney and Missisquoi rivers in 1994 to provide data for developing indices of juvenile walleye abundance. These Vermont rivers drain to southern (Poultney) and northern (Missisquoi) Lake Champlain. We determined the temporal and spatial distributions of larvae migrating from each river by collecting larvae in drift nets at stations below spawning areas. Comparisons of larval densities among dates and time of day within each river were made with standardized densities adjusted for daily changes in discharge in surface migration areas. The greatest standardized larval density at the station near the spawning area in the Poultney River was 2.0/m3 at 2055 hours and the greatest density at the down-stream station was 2.0/m3 at 0030 hours; peak densities at the downstream station occurred about 3.5 h later than those at the upstream station. In the Missisquoi River, the greatest standardized larval density was 2.8/m3 at 2130 hours....
Phosphoinositide–Ap-2 Interactions Required for Targeting to Plasma Membrane Clathrin-Coated Pits

The clathrin-associated AP-2 adaptor protein is a major polyphosphoinositide-binding protein in mammalian cells. A high affinity binding site has previously been localized to the NH2-terminal region of the AP-2 α subunit (Gaidarov et al. 1996. J. Biol. Chem. 271:20922–20929). Here we used deletion and site- directed mutagenesis to determine that α residues 21–80 comprise a discrete folding and inositide-binding domain. Further, positively charged residues located within this region are involved in binding, with a lysine triad at positions 55–57 particularly critical. Mutant peptides and protein in which these residues were changed to glutamine retained wild-type structural and functional characteristics by several criteria including circular dichroism spectra, resistance to limited proteolysis, and clathrin binding activity. When expressed in intact cells, mutated α subunit showed defective localization to clathrin-coated pits; at high expression levels, the appearance of endogenous AP-2 in coated pits was also blocked consistent with a dominant-negative phenotype. These results, together with recent work indicating that phosphoinositides are also critical to ligand-dependent recruitment of arrestin-receptor complexes to coated pits (Gaidarov et al. 1999. EMBO (Eur. Mol. Biol. Organ.) J. 18:871–881), suggest that phosphoinositides play a critical and general role in adaptor incorporation into plasma membrane clathrin-coated pits.
The Löwdin challenge: Origin of the n+ℓ, n (Madelung) rule for filling the orbital configurations of the periodic table

The periodic table may be viewed as an s-block and p-block framework internally perturbed by d and f electrons. A perturbation operator is devised to search the table for small energy changes and to locate the d- and f-blocks. The unusually large s/d and s/f radial extent ratios are discussed and related to the unexpected order of ns and (n−1)d occupancy and to the charge transfer from s to d orbitals that occurs in transition metal complexes. The orbitals and their properties, obtained from Desclaux's 1973 Fock–Dirac neutral atom calculations for Z=1–118, are employed to verify our analysis. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2002
Characterization of a Glucocorticoid Receptor in the Brains of Chinook Salmon,Oncorhynchus tshawytscha

Abstract The effects of chronic stress on the brains of salmon may have important implications in light of the extremely high glucocorticoid levels experienced by migrating and spawning adults. The identification and the characterization of glucocorticoid receptors in salmon brains are the first steps in elucidating the effects of stress and high glucocorticoid levels on the brain. We have identified high-affinity, low capacity glucocorticoid receptors in chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ) brain cytosol and report the binding characteristics for the synthetic glucocorticoid triamcinolone acetonide (TA) and the naturally occurring salmonid glucocorticoid, cortisol. The binding characteristics for TA ( K d = 0.85 ± 0.13 n M, B max = 22.4 ± 2.97 fmol/mg protein, n = 7) and cortisol ( K d = 4.54 ± 0.06 n M, B max = 25.40 ± 2.20 fmol/mg protein, n = 2) demonstrated high-affinity, low capacity, and specificity for glucocorticoids. In competitive binding assays, TA, cortisol, and dexamethasone (a synthetic glucocorticoid) displaced [ 3 H]TA most effectively, followed by RU38486. Corticosterone and RU28362 were weaker competitors. Cortisone was not a strong competitor nor were the sex steroids. Specific DNA binding was detected in DNA-cellulose chromatography assays. Receptors in nuclear extracts were not detected. These binding characteristics are consistent with published data on glucocorticoid receptors in other salmonid tissues.
Anesthetic challenges for the patient undergoing bariatric surgery

Summary As a result of the increasing need for the definitive treatment of morbid obesity over the past 40 years, the development of procedures to promote weight loss has been refined. Currently used bariatric procedures promote weight loss through a combination of malabsorption and food restriction. The Roux-en-Y gastric bypass is considered the gold standard of all the procedures developed thus far with documented long-term weight loss success in addition to resolution of co-existing morbid disease states. The evolution of surgical modalities for the treatment of morbidly obesity will likely continue during the next decade. As a result, the anesthesiologist will likely find him or herself managing the bariatric patient. Because of the complexity of bariatric procedures, as well as the unique challenges in managing this population, it is imperative that all anesthesiologists familiarize themselves with this subspecialty so that optimal anesthesia care can be delivered. The care of the morbidly obese patient requires preparation, diligence, and vigilance; however, as with all new and developing fields in medicine, the anesthesiologist will be greatly rewarded in this new arena in anesthesiology.
Reactions of Laser Ablated Be Atoms with H2O: Infrared Spectra and Density Functional Calculations of HOBeOH, HBeOH, and HBeOBeH

Reactions of laser-ablated Be atoms and H2O molecules during condensation with excess argon at 10 K gave three new molecules. The direct insertion product HBeOH was characterized by matrix infrared observation of isotopic frequencies and density functional theory calculations. The major product, HOBeOH, was formed by reaction of water with BeO, made from HBeOH decomposition. Another product, HBeOBeH, was formed by the reaction of a second Be atom with HBeOH.
Development of a Student Self-Reported Instrument to Assess Course Reform

This study examines the development and implementation of a survey-based instrument assessing the effectiveness of a course redesign initiative focused on student centeredness at a large midwestern university in the United States. Given the scope of the reform initiative under investigation in this study, researchers developed an instrument called the Classroom Experience Questionnaire (CEQ), which was administered to students enrolled in redesigned courses. Early findings demonstrate strong construct validity and internal reliability of the CEQ instrument as well as concurrent validity between the CEQ and observation data gathered in concert with self-report data. The authors conclude that in the absence of trained classroom observers, the developed student self-report protocol can serve as a useful tool for measuring the constructivist orientation of pedagogy and student-centered nature of the learning environment in a higher education setting.
Invertible cellular automata: a review

Abstract In the light of recent developments in the theory of invertible cellular automata, we attempt to give a unified presentation of the subject and discuss its relevance to computer science and mathematical physics.
A systemic lupus erythematosus gene expression array in disease diagnosis and classification: a preliminary report.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a clinically heterogeneous disease diagnosed on the presence of a constellation of clinical and laboratory findings. At the pathogenetic level, multiple factors using diverse biochemical and molecular pathways have been recognized. Succinct recognition and classification of clinical disease subsets, as well as the availability of disease biomarkers, remains largely unsolved. Based on information produced by the present authors’ and other laboratories, a lupus gene expression array consisting of 30 genes, previously claimed to contribute to aberrant function of T cells, was developed. An additional eight genes were included as controls. Peripheral blood was obtained from 10 patients (19 samples) with SLE and six patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) as well as 19 healthy controls. T cell mRNA was subjected to reverse transcription and PCR, and the gene expression levels were measured. Conventional statistical analysis was performed along with principal component analysis (PCA) to capture the contribution of all genes to disease diagnosis and clinical parameters. The lupus gene expression array faithfully informed on the expression levels of genes. The recorded changes in expression reflect those reported in the literature by using a relatively small (5ml) amount of peripheral blood. PCA of gene expression levels placed SLE samples apart from normal and RA samples regardless of disease activity. Individual principal components tended to define specific disease manifestations such as arthritis and proteinuria. Thus, a lupus gene expression array based on genes previously claimed to contribute to immune pathogenesis of SLE may define the disease, and principal components of the expression of 30 genes may define patients with specific disease manifestations.
Quantifying the adhesion and interaction forces between Pseudomonas aeruginosa and natural organic matter.

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to characterize interactions between natural organic matter (NOM), and glass or bacteria. Poly(methacrylic acid) (PMA), soil humic Acid (SHA), and Suwannee River humic Acid (SRHA), were adsorbed to silica AFM probes. Adhesion forces (F adh ) for the interaction of organic-probes and glass slides correlated with organic molecular weight (MW), but not with radius of the organic aggregate (R), charge density (Q), or zeta potential (ζ). Two Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains with different lipopolysaccharides (LPS) were chosen: PA01 (A + B + ), whose LPS have common antigen (A-band) + 0-antigen (B-band); and mutant AK1401 (A + B - ). F adh between bacteria and organics correlated with organic MW, R, and Q, but not ζ. PA01 had lower F adh with silica than NOM, which was attributed to negative charges from the B-band polymers causing electrostatic repulsion. AK1401 adhered stronger to silica than to the organics, perhaps because the absence of the B-band exposed underlying positively charged proteins. DLVO calculations could not explain the differences in the two bacteria or predict qualitative or quantitative trends in interaction forces in these systems. Molecular-level information from AFM studies can bring us closer to understanding the complex nature of bacterial-NOM interactions.