cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The intricacies of atrial calcium cycling during excitation-contraction coupling.

### Introduction In the heart, excitation-contraction coupling (ECC) is a sequence of events that begins with membrane depolarization by an action potential (AP), followed by activation of voltage-gated Ca channels in the surface membrane, initiation of Ca release from the SR Ca store by CICR, and
New insights into autonomous soaring

This paper applies computational optimal control to the task of planning optimal trajectories for maximizing altitude gain from thermal updraft columns ('thermaling'). The Legendre pseudospectral method is applied to a simulated glider over a range of thermal sizes and intensities. Numerical solutions for maximizing altitude gain are compared in performance to standard centered circular orbiting and alternate thermaling strategies suggested by the optimal control results: off-centered circular orbiting, and “figure eights.” Results suggest benefits to utilizing alternatives to centered circular orbiting when encountering small-diameter thermal updrafts.
Treatment Compliance and Patient Management: The Use of Clinical Laboratory Data to Monitor Treatment Effectiveness

### Introduction and current state Opioid and prescription drug abuse has risen to epidemic levels, resulting in attention from medical boards, insurance carriers, and government agencies. On March 29, 2017, an Executive Order officially formed the President's Commission on Combating Drug Addiction and the Opioid Crisis. Substance abuse is 1 of the 10 essential elements covered under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. Pain medications have a high abuse potential, which results in increased cost to the public owing to emergency department visits, poison control response to overdose, and law enforcement response to associated illegal drug distribution. The economic burden of these costs has increased in recent years (1). One step in reducing …
Determination of Five Retinol Isomers in Animal Livers Using Ultra-High Performance Supercritical Fluid Chromatography

A novel and efficient ultra-high performance supercritical fluid chromatography method was developed for the quantitative analysis of five retinol isomers in animal livers. The separation of the five retinol isomers was carried out using an Acquity UPC2 HSS C18 SB column (150 mm × 3.0 mm, 1.8 µm) with acetonitrile as a co-solvent. By optimizing the columns, gradient program, co-solvent, column temperature and backpressure, the five retinol isomers and the internal standard 11-cis-13,14-dihydroretinol were successfully separated within 20 min. Samples were saponified and extracted by solid-supported liquid–liquid extraction using a diatomaceous earth cartridge. Comparing with the traditional liquid–liquid extraction, the extraction enables the reduction of time-consuming and laborious procedures. This method used 11-cis-13,14-dihydroretinol as an internal standard to improve the precision and accuracy of quantitative analysis. The correlation coefficients (r2) of the calibration curves were all above 0.999, the limits of detection for the five retinol isomers were in the range of 0.10–0.20 µg mL− 1, and the limits of quantification were in the range of 0.33–0.66 µg mL− 1. The mean recoveries were from 92.5 to 102.5%. The interday and intraday relative standard deviations were within 10%. This method was successfully applied to the determination of retinol isomers in ten raw animal livers and animal liver products (chicken, duck, pig, cattle, and sheep).
Differential Roles of Androgen Receptor in Prostate Development and Cancer Progression

The androgen depletion therapy (ADT) has become the major treatment for the cancer patients through the use of chemical castration and/or antiandrogens, yet the therapy eventually fails and cancers progress to more advanced stages. The mutation, amplification, overexpression of AR, and cross-talk between AR, AR co-regulators, and other growth factor pathways have provided potential explanations for the failure of androgen ablation therapies in some cases. However, whether the differential AR roles in different types of prostate cells could contribute to the failure of ADT remains unclear and will be the focus of this review.
Solvent Suppression Strategies for In Vivo Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Despite its obvious potential for assessing in vivo metabolism, NMR spectroscopy has yet to acquite a significant place in clinical practice. This situation can be partly ascribed to the technique’s inherently low sensitivity and to the low metabolite concentrations. Thus, compared to the microliter resolution of clinical MRI, metabolite spectroscopy suffers from low spatial resolution. When acquiring larger volumes (1–100 ml) to attain sufficient signal, specificity may be lost due to tissue heterogeneity. This greatly complicates the reproducibility of clinical trials, especially in cases where the size (or position) of the lesion changes. For the purposes of sensitivity and access to many metabolites, it is advantageous to use proton NMR. However, proton spectroscopy is hampered by its limited spectral resolution and by the need to effectively suppress the dominating water and lipid resonances. The strategies that can be employed to attain suppression of these and other unwanted resonances are the topic of this review.
Teaching About Systemic White Racism

The focus of this essay is the White Racism course which I have taught at the University of Connecticut since the mid-1990s. The course, which is one of the most honest and straightforward examinations of the topic taught anywhere, explicitly rejects what I argue is the failed Race and Ethnic Relations paradigm that still dominates American sociology for a racism studies approach which examines racism directly and explicitly. With its dual focus on whiteness and racism the course is located at the intellectually rich nexus of whiteness studies and racism studies. The intense opposition the course received when it was first proposed is examined to detail its content, organization, and basic assumptions and to introduce its systemic racism approach. This is done in class lectures that stress the fact that “race” is not only a myth but the key ideology holding systems of “race”-based oppression together. Other lectures build on this idea and break through the intense denial that white racism is a serious problem by making clear the difference between racial bigotry and the much larger social problem of systemic white racism which benefits “white” people at the expense of members of racially oppressed groups. The essay concludes with the six major lessons about white racism I would like my students to take away from the course.
A Comparison of Skin Endpoint Titration and Skin-Prick Testing in the Diagnosis of Allergic Rhinitis:

Among the many methods of allergy diagnosis are intradermal testing (IDT) and skin-prick testing (SPT). The usefulness of IDT has been called into question by some authors, while others believe that studies demonstrating that SPT was superior might have been subject to bias. We conducted a study to compare the validity of SPT and IDT--specifically, the skin endpoint titration (SET) type of IDT--in diagnosing allergic rhinitis. We performed nasal provocation testing on 62 patients to establish an unbiased screening criterion for study entry. Acoustic rhinometric measurements of the nasal responses revealed that 34 patients tested positive and 28 negative. All patients were subsequently tested by SET and SPT. We found that SPT was more sensitive (85.3 vs 79.4%) and more specific (78.6 vs 67.9%) than SET as a screening procedure. The positive predictive value of SPT was greater than that of SET (82.9 vs 75.0%), as was the negative predictive value (81.5 vs 73.0%). None of these differences was statistically significant; because of the relatively small sample size, our study was powered to show only equivalency. The results of our study suggest that the information obtained by the SET method of IDT is comparable to that obtained by SPT in terms of sensitivity, specificity, and overall performance and that both SET and SPT correlate well with nasal provocation testing for ragweed. Therefore, the decision as to which to use can be based on other factors, such as the practitioner's training, the desire for quantitative results, the desire for rapid results, and the type of treatment (i.e., immunotherapy or pharmacotherapy) that is likely to be chosen on the basis of test results.
Enzymology and biogenesis of retinoic acid

Use of retinoid binding proteins as substrates for identifying enzymes of retinoid metabolism has revealed compelling new candidates (e.g. lecitin:retinol acyltransferase [LRAT], intestinal microsomal retinal reductase, retinol dehydrogenase [RDH]), and has redirected attention away from historical candidates (intestinal cytosolic retinal reductase, alcohol dehydrogenase [ADH]), which, at any rate, had not been well characterized with respect to retinoid metabolism. The use by specific enzymes of retinol complexed with cellular retinol binding protein (CRBP) provides potential insight into the mechanisms of intracellular retinol access and of imposing specificity on retinoid metabolism. These data also suggest why relatively rapid depletion of retinol does not occur in vivo via enzymes generally associated with xenobiotic metabolism, such as myriad cytochrome P-450 s and ADHs, despite their activities with “free” retinol in vitro.
Abstract IA20: Immunotherapy: Biomarkers and checkpoint blockade in NSCLC

Immunotherapy approaches targeting the PD-1 pathway have shown some clinical benefits in a fraction of patients with lung cancer, but expression of PD-L1 has proved to be an imperfect biomarker of efficacy. Recent studies have shown that tumor mutation burden (TMB) is also correlated with outcome and that it appears to be independent of PD-L1. TMB, however, only indirectly measures the number of neoantigenic peptides presented on tumor cell surface class I MHC, and predicted MHC matches may be an even better predictor of benefit. In addition, mutations in genes such as LKB1 may modulate the immune response, and mutations in the antigen presentation pathway may block it altogether. Mutations in DNA repair pathway genes may increase the number of potential neoantigens. Analysis of non-PD-1 pathway immunomodulators, immune cell infiltration, microenvironmental and microbiomic context, together with in-depth analysis of tumor somatic genomics, could lead to better patient selection for immunotherapy. Citation Format: David P. Carbone, Michael Sharpnack, Kai He. Immunotherapy: Biomarkers and checkpoint blockade in NSCLC [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Fifth AACR-IASLC International Joint Conference: Lung Cancer Translational Science from the Bench to the Clinic; Jan 8-11, 2018; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2018;24(17_Suppl):Abstract nr IA20.
Sexual Orientation Disparities in Prescription Opioid Misuse Among U.S. Adults.

Introduction The opioid epidemic in the U.S. continues to increase in severity, and misuse of prescription opioids is of particular concern since it commonly precedes heroin use. This study examined whether sexual orientation (i.e., sexual identity and sexual attraction) is a risk factor for prescription opioid misuse and use disorder among a nationally representative sample of adults in the U.S. Methods This study used data from adult participants (ages ≥18 years) in the 2015 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Chi-square tests and logistic regression examined how sexual identity and sexual attraction relate to past-year and past-month prescription opioid misuse and past-year prescription opioid use disorder. Multivariable models examined associations controlling for demographic characteristics and other drug use. Gender-stratified analyses were also conducted. Data were analyzed in 2018. Results In multivariable analyses, compared with those identifying as heterosexual, bisexual individuals were at 1.53 (95% CI=1.20, 1.97) and 1.66 (95% CI=1.14, 2.42) higher odds of reporting past-year and past-month misuse, respectively. In stratified analyses, female bisexuals remained at high risk. Regarding sexual attraction, compared with being attracted to only the opposite sex, being attracted to mostly the opposite sex (AOR=2.15, 95% CI=1.77, 2.63) or being equally attracted to both sexes (AOR=1.78, 95% CI=1.38, 2.30) were associated with higher odds for past-year opioid misuse. In stratified analyses, these associations were limited to females. Conclusions Sexual orientation disparities in opioid misuse and use disorder among a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults was found.
Erratum: Prolonged monitoring of cerebral blood flow and autoregulation with diffuse correlation spectroscopy in neurocritical care patients.

Monitoring of cerebral blood flow (CBF) and autoregulation are essential components of neurocritical care, but continuous noninvasive methods for CBF monitoring are lacking. Diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) is a noninvasive diffuse optical modality that measures a CBF index (CBFi) in the cortex microvasculature by monitoring the rapid fluctuations of near-infrared light diffusing through moving red blood cells. We tested the feasibility of monitoring CBFi with DCS in at-risk patients in the Neurosciences Intensive Care Unit. DCS data were acquired continuously for up to 20 h in six patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, as permitted by clinical care. Mean arterial blood pressure was recorded synchronously, allowing us to derive autoregulation curves and to compute an autoregulation index. The autoregulation curves suggest disrupted cerebral autoregulation in most patients, with the severity of disruption and the limits of preserved autoregulation varying between subjects. Our findings suggest the potential of the DCS modality for noninvasive, long-term monitoring of cerebral perfusion, and autoregulation.
Localization dynamics of endogenous fluorescently labeled RAF1 in EGF-stimulated cells

Activation of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR) at the cell surface initiates signaling through the RAS-RAF-MAPK/ERK1/2 pathway and receptor endocytosis. Whether this signaling continues from endosomes remains unclear, because RAS is predominantly located on the plasma membrane, and the localization of endogenous RAF kinases, downstream effectors of RAS, is not defined. To examine RAF localization, we labeled endogenous RAF1 with mVenus using gene editing. From 10 to 15% of RAF1-mVenus (<2000 molecules/cell), which was initially entirely cytosolic, transiently translocated to the plasma membrane after EGF stimulation. Following an early burst of translocation, the membrane-associated RAF1-mVenus was undetectable by microscopy or subcellular fractionation, and this pool was estimated to be <200 molecules per cell. In contrast, persistent EGF-dependent translocation of RAF1-mVenus to the plasma membrane was driven by the RAF inhibitor sorafenib, which increases the affinity of Ras-GTP:RAF1 interactions. RAF1-mVenus was not found in EGFR-containing endosomes under any conditions. Computational modeling of RAF1 dynamics revealed that RAF1 membrane abundance is controlled most prominently by association and dissociation rates from RAS-GTP and by RAS-GTP concentration. The model further suggested that the relatively protracted activation of the RAF-MEK1/2-ERK1/2 module, in comparison with RAF1 membrane localization, may involve multiple rounds of cytosolic RAF1 rebinding to active RAS at the membrane.
Abdominal Pressure Measurement

Bladder pressure is a safe and minimally invasive method to measure intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) in the critically ill and injured. Normal intra-abdominal pressure is 0 mmHg. In severe obesity and pregnancy, chronically elevated IAP exists at baseline (10–15 mmHg) without adverse sequelae. For most critically ill patients, an IAP of 5–7 mmHg is considered normal. Intra-abdominal pressure of 10–15 mmHg results in decreased visceral organ perfusion. Intra-abdominal Hypertension (IAH) is defined as a sustained pathological elevation in intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) ≥12 mmHg in adults or >10 mmHg in children. Intra-abdominal hypertension severity is graded according to consensus guidelines. Grade I (12–15 mmHg) Grade II (16–20 mmHg) Grade III (20–25 mmHg) Grade IV (above 25 mmHg) Abdominal Compartment Syndrome (ACS) is defined as a sustained elevation in IAP >20 mmHg (>10 mmHg in children) that is associated with new organ dysfunction/failure. Abdominal perfusion pressure (APP): Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)–IAP is a measure for perfusion of intra-abdominal organs. A target APP associated with appropriate perfusion is >60 mmHg. Abdominal Compartment Syndrome is classified as primary or secondary. Primary ACS is due to a primary intra-abdominal cause such as abdominal trauma, pancreatitis, mesenteric venous obstruction, ascites, and retroperitoneal hemorrhage. Secondary ACS or extra-abdominal syndrome refers to ACS that results from massive bowel edema from sepsis, capillary leak, massive fluid resuscitation, or burns.
Florida’s 10-20-Life Mandatory Minimum Sentencing: More Unjustifiable Unintended Consequences

Though the Federal Government and many states have a multitude of mandatory minimum sentencing schemes, this Comment focuses on the state with some of the harshest such laws — Florida. Florida also began its trek down the path of mandatory minimum sentencing with drug laws, but the concentration here will be on the highly strict “10-20-Life Law,” which involves mandatory minimum sentencing scheme for the possession and use of a gun criminally. Part II offers a brief discussion about the history of Florida sentencing, in general. Part III provides a more detailed look at the “10-20-Life Law,” its legislative history, and the general problems with the law. Part IV examines the budgetary issues that 10-20-Life presents with a comparison to California’s similar law and situation. Part V gives a glimpse into several stories of injustice that have resulted from the “10-20-Life Law” and examines the racial, socioeconomic, and geographical disparities that are a consequence of the law. In Part VI, this Comment offers several possible solutions to improve the current situation and avoid future injustices — such as redefining to whom the law applies, providing alternatives to prison, and eliminating the law completely. Finally, Part VII concludes with a summary of the problems with minimum mandatory sentencing in general, 10-20-Life in particular, and a summary of the possible solutions.
Demo: a design studio for verification tools

It is often the case that analysis, simulation and verification tools from different sources share a lot of commonalities. Even though the syntax might differ, the semantics of the input models are many times the same. Theoretically this means that different tools could either be compared or combined to analyze different aspects of the same model. In practise however, this often leads to time-consuming manual tweaks and modifications on a per model basis. Additionally, the necessary environments, in form of run-times and dependencies required for the tools to be executed, are not always readily available. Images for virtual machines and containers surely ease the process for setting up the context, but this still requires manual plumbing when setting up a work-flow.In this demo a Design Studio for combining different verification tools is show-cased. Building on top of WebGME (Generic Modeling Environment) it provides end-users with an online, browser-based editor where models are stored in a version-controlled, centralized database. At any point of the design process, a model can at the click of a button be requested to act as input for a range of different verification tools such as SpaceEx, Flow* and dReach. The Design Studio is currently hosted at cps-vo.org, but also available as open source and the entire system can, thanks to containerization, be hosted locally with a single command. At the core of this Design Studio lies the HYbrid Source Transformer, HYST, which is hosted as an independent service for translating a common model format, SpaceEx, into each tool-specific format.
Segmentation of Environmental Review: Why Defenders of Wildlife v. U.S. Navy Threatens the Effectiveness of NEPA and the ESA

In Defenders of Wildlife v. United States Department of the Navy, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit held that the environmental review conducted by the Navy and the National Marine and Fishery Service regarding the proposed construction and operation of a warfare training range was in compliance with federal law. In particular, the court found that segmentation of review at its final stages did not violate the National Environmental Policy Act or the Endangered Species Act. This Comment addresses the danger of allowing a technicality to authorize segmentation of environmental review, and its potential negative impacts on endangered species, such as the North Atlantic right whale. The Eleventh Circuit could have followed the trends of other circuit courts, such as the Second and Ninth Circuits, to invalidate the Navy’s and the NMFS’s environmental review.
Onset of progressive motor impairment in patients with critical central nervous system demyelinating lesions.

Objective:To compare progressive motor impairment onset attributable to a “critical” central nervous system (CNS) demyelinating lesion in patients with highly restricted versus unlimited magnetic r...
Tunneling and Thermally Activated Electron Transfer in Dye-Sensitized SnO2|TiO2 Core|Shell Nanostructures

The mechanism for interfacial electron transfer (ET) from a metal oxide core|shell nanostructure to a [RuIII(2,2′-bipyridine)2(4,4′-(PO3H2)2-2,2′-bipyridine)]3+ sensitizer was probed through spectr...
Patient-Centered Care preferences & expectations in outpatient pharmacist practice: A three archetype heuristic.

Abstract Background Patient-Centered Care (PCC) resides in the center of the Joint Commission of Pharmacy Practitioners' “Pharmacists’ Patient Care Process” (PPCP) and is essential to successful management of chronic disease. However, the widely recognized importance and relevance of PCC contrasts with the limited number of studies in the pharmacist literature investigating patient preferences and expectations that inform PCC. Filling this gap is vital for improving pharmacist PCC at the micro-level (i.e., within and adjacent to patient-pharmacist encounters), meso-level (i.e., healthcare systems), and macro-level (i.e., legislation, payment, workforce dynamics). Objective The study's objective was to describe, interpret, and compare patient preferences and expectations of Patient-Centeredness in pharmacist outpatient care. Methods This mixed methods study used semi-structured, in-depth phone interviews among a purposive national sample of US adult patients with multiple chronic conditions and the experienced outpatient pharmacists caring for them. Interviews aimed to elicit conceptual definitions and concrete experiences of Patient-Centeredness in pharmacist care, were analyzed following Bengtsson's Content Analysis procedures, and assessed for reliability using Perrault and Leigh's Reliability Index. Data trustworthiness was interpreted using processes outlined by Guba & Krefting. Results Data analysis revealed a three-archetype heuristic of preferences and expectations for pharmacist care: ‘Partner,’ ‘Client,’ and ‘Customer.’ Each respective archetype is described and distinguished from the others across five common factors: Nature of the Relationship & Locus of Control; Care Customization; Encounter Duration & Care Longevity; Intent of Communication; and Source of Value. Exemplar excerpts from study participants also illuminate the meaning and distinctiveness of each respective archetype across the five factors. Conclusions Findings suggest a novel approach for exploring pharmacist PCC quality, design, evaluation, and value-based payment at the micro-, meso-, and macro-levels of care. Future research should include operational field testing to investigate the model's validity, applicability, and consistency in pharmacist PCC.
Epidemiological characteristics of new pneumoconiosis in different industries in Tianjin

Objective: To analyze the distribution characteristics of new pneumoconiosis in different industries in Tianjin from 2009 to 2018, in order to provide a theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of pneumoconiosis. Methods: In November 2019, the data of new pneumoconiosis cases in Tianjin from 2009 to 2018 were collected and classified according to difference industries. The epidemiological characteristics of new pneumoconiosis in different industries were analyzed based on time, type of pneumoconiosis, type of work, age, and working age. Results: A total of 4657 new cases of pneumoconiosis were reported in Tianjin from 2009 to 2018, 4640 cases (99.63%) in the first stage, 13 cases (0.28%) in the second stage, and 4 case (0.09%) in the third stage. The number of new cases increased with time and then decreased. Among them, there were 3482 males (74.77%) and 1175 females (25.23%) . The proportion of women with new pneumoconiosis in the non-metallic mineral products industry was the highest, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05) . There are differences in the distribution of new pneumoconiosis species in different industries (χ(2)=4920.11, P<0.05) . Silicosis is mainly distributed in non-metallic mineral products industry, metal smelting and rolling processing industry, petroleum processing coking and nuclear fuel processing industries. Foundry worker's pneumoconiosis is mainly distributed in the general equipment manufacturing industry and special equipment manufacturing industry, and cement pneumoconiosis is mainly distributed in the non-metallic mineral products industry. The types of work are mainly distributed in smelting, casting, raw materials and forming workers, and the sum of the three accounts for 36.46% (1689/4657) . The M (P(25), P(75)) of diagnosis age was 56.0 (50.0, 63.0) years, and the M (P(25), P(75)) of working age was 19.0 (16.0, 26.0) years. The working age of new pneumoconiosis patients in the petroleum processing, coking and nuclear fuel processing industries is 19.0 (16.0, 26.0) years, which is shorter than that of other industries (P<0.05) ; The diagnostic age of the general equipment manufacturing industry is 54.0 (49.0, 59.0) years, which is less than that of other industries (P<0.05) . New pneumoconiosis is mainly distributed in large and medium-sized enterprises. New cases of pneumoconiosis in non-metallic mineral products industry, metal smelting, calendar processing industry and general equipment manufacturing industry are mainly distributed in large and medium-sized enterprises. New cases of pneumoconiosis in the metal products industry, special equipment manufacturing industry and petroleum processing, coking and nuclear fuel processing industries are mainly distributed in large enterprises. Conclusion: The work of preventing and controlling pneumoconiosis in Tianjin has a long way to go. We should implement targeted measures according to the characteristics of pneumoconiosis industry, strengthen the supervision of hazard industries, and effectively control the occurrence of pneumoconiosis.
An Online Survey and Focus Groups for Promoting Cancer Prevention Measures.

In order to design a cancer prevention promotion program in the region, suggestions were solicited at a medical center. We hypothesized that a majority would be native to state, and would be able to articulate about the barriers that may exist. Through online survey and focus groups, suggestions were sought, and the knowledge and the compliance with cancer prevention recommendations were assessed to determine the participants’ qualifications as potential educators. Sixty-five point two percent of participants (n = 1018) graduated from high school in Arkansas. The most commonly given suggestions were to provide education to increase awareness, to use social media for promotion, to improve access, and to reduce costs. Self-reported adherence rates to breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer screening were 82.6% (n = 954), 75.8% (n = 541), and 76.7% (n = 453), respectively. Having a personal history of cancer significantly increased colorectal cancer screening uptake (p = 0.04), but paradoxically decreased mammography uptake (p = 0.007). Salary of $40,000 and more and having a Bachelor’s degree or higher were associated with higher compliance of Papanicolaou test only (p = 0.007 and p = 0.001, respectively). A majority (67.7%, n = 1056) of respondents expressed willingness to contribute to promoting cancer prevention measures, and 38.3% (n = 559) were willing to participate in focus groups. However, only 6.3% (n = 35) actually participated. The participants’ knowledge and compliance appeared to be sufficient, but their follow through in focus group participation was poor.
Human choices respond to added costs according to the energy budget rule

Abstract The energy budget rule is a risk-sensitive optimal foraging model that predicts choice should be risk averse when need levels are relatively easy to meet within a foraging period (positive budget conditions), and risk prone when need levels are more difficult to meet (negative budget conditions). Although research with nonhumans has produced only limited support for the energy budget rule, analogue research with humans has shown that risky choice for monetary outcomes is typically consistent with the model’s predictions. Most human studies have tested the energy budget rule by manipulating minimum requirements, rates of gain, or reserves. The energy budget model also predicts, however, that energy expenditures (costs) can affect risk sensitivity. Two experiments therefore investigated whether monetary costs for choices would affect risk sensitivity. Adults were presented with choices between monetary options in blocks of five trials. Block earnings were paid only if earnings exceeded a minimum amount. Each trial, a monetary cost was subtracted from earnings when a choice was made. Cost magnitude was manipulated across conditions to generate one positive- (cost $0.00) and two negative-budget (cost $0.01 or $0.02) conditions. In Experiment 1, choice options produced the same mean earnings, with one producing a constant amount of money and the other a variable amount. In Experiment 2, both choice options produced the same mean amounts of money but different variances. Similar to previous earnings budget studies, choice varied as a function of budget condition. Trial-by-trial choice patterns were inconsistently predicted by a dynamic optimization model.
Complementarity and information in collective action

We study how accuracy and commonality of information affect the incentives of agents who voluntarily participate in collective action. Our focus is on the interaction of information and individual efforts’ complementarity. We use a private provision of a public good model that captures high complementarity through the weakest-link technology and low complementarity through the best-shot technology. Increases in the accuracy of information lead to more dispersion of individual contributions and increases (decreases) in expected provision if complementarity is low (high). Increases in commonality raise (lower) all contributions if complementarity is high (low). We interpret our results in light of recent developments for information diffusion: if one takes the view that like-minded agents are now receiving information that is less accurate and more likely to be the same than in the past, then our model predicts increased success for activities with high complementarity such as protests, and a negative effect on the development of new ideas, such as slogans or “memes,” activities that by and large depend on the best individual effort and so display low complementarity.
A Primer on Architectural Level Fault Tolerance

This paper introduces the fundamental concepts of fault tolerant computing. Key topics covered are voting, fault detection, clock synchronization, Byzantine Agreement, diagnosis, and reliability analysis. Low level mechanisms such as Hamming codes or low level communications protocols are not covered. The paper is tutorial in nature and does not cover any topic in detail. The focus is on rationale and approach rather than detailed exposition.
Folic acid deficiency in man.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses folate requirement in man and the frequency of folate deficiency. The minimal daily adult requirement for folate is in the range of 50μg. This requirement is increased by any rise in daily metabolic rate or cell turnover rate as in hyperthyroidism, pregnancy, and hemolytic anemia. This increase may be to as much as 6-fold the usual adult requirement of 50 μg. Folate requirement hinges on body weight as well as on metabolic rate, and thus is probably somewhat less in the average pregnant Asian than in the average pregnant North American. Folate deficiency appears to encompass many of the economically disadvantaged people of the world, especially pregnant women of low socioeconomic status. It is also common among people with tropical sprue, which is endemic in the West Indies, India, and Southeast Asia. Folates are ubiquitous in nature, occurring in nearly all foods. Foodstuffs with the highest folate content per unit dry weight include yeast, liver, fresh green vegetables, and some fruits.
Biaxial Deformation Experiments Over Multiple Strain Regimes

Dominant inelastic deformation processes of polycrystalline metals in the infinitesimal strain regime are different than those at larger strains. Within the infinitesimal strain regime, dislocation/dislocation interactions and the nucleation and evolution of small-scale dislocation structures such as dislocation cells dominate the strain-hardening character of a face-centered cubic (fcc) material. As the strain transcends the infinitesimal regime, the dominant dislocation substructures become larger macroscopically oriented structures such as dense dislocation walls and microbands. These structures have a profound effect on the mechanical response of the material. The nonrandom crystallographic textures that form at large strain also affect the stress-strain response. With this in mind, interesting and technically significant questions arise concerning the effects of multiaxial nonproportional loading at large strain as well as the effect of a large prestrain on subsequent small-strain multiaxial cyclic deformation behavior. In an attempt to address this question, a matrix of multiaxial large- and small-strain experiments were conducted on Type 304L stainless steel. The large-strain tests consisted of compression, torsion, compression followed by torsion, and torsion followed by tension experiments. A nonproportional small-strain axial-torsional cyclic history was then imposed on material in an annealed state as well as material subjected to an effective torsional plastic prestrain on the order of e p = 100%. Experimental details as well as modeling implications are presented.
Effect of N1,N12-bis(ethyl)spermine and related compounds on growth and polyamine acetylation, content, and excretion in human colon tumor cells.

Abstract Exposure of human colon tumor (HT 29 cells) to N1,N12-bis(ethyl)spermine and analogs produced a rapid loss of intracellular polyamines. This loss was brought about predominantly by an increased excretion of spermidine. N1,N11-Bis(ethyl)norspermine and N1,N12-Bis(ethyl)spermine were potent inducers of spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase, and this induction facilitated the efflux of polyamines by enhancing the conversion of spermine into spermidine. N1,N14-Bis(ethyl)homospermine, which did not induce spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase, also caused the loss of spermidine from the cell but was less effective in bringing about the decline in intracellular spermine. These results indicate that cellular polyamine levels can be regulated by excretion of spermidine and that the bis(ethyl)spermine derivatives deplete intracellular polyamine content by interference with this process.
Utilization of Amygdalin during Seedling Development of Prunus serotina

Cotyledons of mature black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) seeds contain the cyanogenic diglucoside (R)-amygdalin. The levels of amygdalin, its corresponding monoglucoside (R)-prunasin, and the enzymes that metabolize these cyanoglycosides were measured during the course of seedling development. During the first 3 weeks following imbibition, cotyledonary amygdalin levels declined by more than 80%, but free hydrogen cyanide was not released to the atmosphere. Concomitantly, prunasin, which was not present in mature, ungerminated seeds, accumulated in the seedling epicotyls, hypocotyls, and cotyledons to levels approaching 4 [mu]mol per seedling. Whether this prunasin resulted from amygdalin hydrolysis remains unclear, however, because these organs also possess UDPG:mandelonitrile glucosyltransferase, which catalyzes de novo prunasin biosynthesis. The reduction in amygdalin levels was paralleled by declines in the levels of amygdalin hydrolase (AH), prunasin hydrolase (PH), mandelonitrile lyase (MDL), and [beta]-cyanoalanine synthase. At all stages of seedling development, AH and PH were localized by immunocytochemistry within the vascular tissues. In contrast, MDL occurred mostly in the cotyledonary parenchyma cells but was also present in the vascular tissues. Soon after imbibition, AH, PH, and MDL were found within protein bodies but were later detected in vacuoles derived from these organelles.
The Physics and Equivalent Circuit of the Basic SAW Resonator

The physics of the basic surface-acoustic wave (SAW) resonator, together with factors which limit its achievable Q, are reviewed. Analogies to conventional microwave resonators are noted, and microwave-network techniques employed in their analysis and design are discussed.
Neural Population Evidence of Functional Heterogeneity along the CA3 Transverse Axis: Pattern Completion versus Pattern Separation

Classical theories of associative memory model CA3 as a homogeneous attractor network because of its strong recurrent circuitry. However, anatomical gradients suggest a functional diversity along the CA3 transverse axis. We examined the neural population coherence along this axis, when the local and global spatial reference frames were put in conflict with each other. Proximal CA3 (near the dentate gyrus), where the recurrent collaterals are the weakest, showed degraded representations, similar to the pattern separation shown by the dentate gyrus. Distal CA3 (near CA2), where the recurrent collaterals are the strongest, maintained coherent representations in the conflict situation, resembling the classic attractor network system. CA2 also maintained coherent representations. This dissociation between proximal and distal CA3 provides strong evidence that the recurrent collateral system underlies the associative network functions of CA3, with a separate role of proximal CA3 in pattern separation.
Measuring large-scale structure from redshift surveys

Observations of the largescale distrubutions of galaxies in the universe indicate the presence of very large walllike superclusters. In their distributions there is a growing evidence that there is...
Benefits of completing pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with asthma

AbstractBackground: Asthma affects 30 million Americans and results in reduced productivity and quality of life. Pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) is known to improve physical conditioning and exercise performance in chronic lung diseases such as COPD, however, few studies have examined its benefits in patients with asthma. We aimed to determine the benefits of PR in this population as well as the predictors of completion of therapy. Methods: We performed a retrospective review of data from patients with a diagnosis of asthma who participated in PR at our institution from 1996 to 2013. Nine hundred and nineteen patients participated in the program of whom 75 were referred with a primary diagnosis of asthma. Patients underwent physiologic testing and their symptoms and quality of life were assessed using validated questionnaires. For patients who completed PR (n = 37), data obtained at the initial and exit visit was compared. Characteristics of completers were compared to non-completers to determine predictors...
Role Of Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species In Cell Death Caused By Connexin 26 Mutations Associated With Keratitis-Ichthyosis-Deafness Syndrome (P2.281)

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the mechanism of disease and cell death due to Cx26 mutations associated with keratitis-ichthyosis-deafness syndrome (KIDS) BACKGROUND: Dominant mutations in the human GJB2 gene, which encodes gap junction (GJ) protein connexin26 (Cx26), underlie various forms of hereditary deafness and skin diseases, including KIDS. A GJ is composed of two hemichannels from adjacent cells and allows direct intercellular communication. Aberrant hemichannel function and cell death have been reported to be associated with Cx26 mutations that cause KIDS, but the mechanism underlying/regulating hemichannel opening remains to be elucidated. DESIGN/METHODS: We expressed KID-inducing mutants G45E and A40V in gap junction-deficient HeLa cells and HEK 293 cells. Cell death was assessed by flow cytometry with Annexin V and propidium iodide (PI) and compared to that of Cx26 wild type. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected by MitoSox. PI loading was used to assess hemichannel function. RESULTS: We confirmed that Cx26 mutants G45E and A40V caused increased hemichannel opening and significant cell death and apoptosis, which were partially rescued by increase extracellular calcium concentration or by hemichannel blockers. Furthermore, we demonstrated significant mitochondrial superoxides production in cells expressing mutant G45E and A40V, and significant improvement of cell survival by different ROS scavengers in a dosage dependent manner, indicating that ROS play an important role in the pathogenesis of KIDS associated mutants G45E and A40V, likely via regulation of hemichannel opening as PI loading was substantially reduced by ROS scavengers. CONCLUSIONS: This study identifies a novel mechanism of KIDS pathogenesis induced by Cx26 mutants and provides a new avenue for potential treatment strategy of the disease. Study Supported by: Grants K08 27205-3257990310, Capita Foundation grant and the Pediatric Development Fund from CHOP. Disclosure: Dr. Guo has nothing to disclose. Dr. Yum has nothing to disclose.
In Memoriam Ramzi S. Cotran: December 7, 1932 — October 23, 2000

“... and, when he shall die, Take him and cut him out in little stars, And he will make the face of heaven so fine, That all the world will be in love with night, And pay no worship to the garish sun .” —Romeo and Juliet, Act 3, Scene 2 ![Figure][1] Since the dawn of
Directional solidification of lead-copper immiscible alloys in a cyclic gravity environment

Hypermonotectic copper-lead alloys were directionally solidified at unit gravity on earth and also in the cyclic gravitational environment attainable during flight of NASA's KC-135 aircraft. In both cases macrosegregation developed that consisted of an initial lead-rich phase above which an aligned composite structure of apparent monotectic composition grew. Differences within these regions are examined, and the suitability of the KC-135 environment for directional solidification of monotectic alloys is discussed.
Putting words in perspective.

In this article, we explore the nature of the conceptual knowledge retrieved when people use words to think about objects. If conceptual knowledge is used to simulate and guide action in the world, then how one can interact with an object should be reflected in the speed of retrieval and the content that is retrieved. This prediction was tested in three experiments in which a part verification procedure was used. Experiments 1 and 2 demonstrated that speed of part verification varied with the perspective imposed on the object by the language used to name the object (e.g., “You are driving a car” or “You are fueling a car”). In Experiment 3, parts were chosen so that actions directed toward them (on the real object) require movement upward (e.g., the roof of a car) or downward (e.g., the wheels of a car). Orthogonally, responding “yes” required an upward or a downward movement to a response button. Responding in a direction incompatible with the part’s location (e.g., responding downward to verify that a car has a roof) was slow relative to responding in a direction compatible with the part’s location. These results provide a strong link between concept knowledge and situated action.
How rich is the structure of the intrinsic complexity of learning

We prove that any countable directed acyclic graph can be embedded in the structure of the intrinsic complexity of learning. This result illustrates the richness of this structure.
Chern insulator at a magnetic rocksalt interface

Considerable efforts have recently been devoted to the experimental realization of a two-dimensional Chern insulator, i.e., a system displaying a quantum anomalous Hall effect. However, existing approaches such as those based on magnetic doping of topological-insulator thin films have resulted in small band gaps, restricting the effect to low temperatures. We use first-principles calculations to demonstrate that an interface between thin films of the topologically trivial ferromagnetic insulators EuO and GdN can result in a band inversion and a nonzero Chern number. Both materials are stoichiometric and the interface is nonpolar and lattice-matched, which should allow this interface to be achievable experimentally. We show that the band structure can be tuned by layer thickness or epitaxial strain, and can result in Chern insulators with gaps of over 0.1 eV.
Orientacion del comercio exterior, deformaciones y crecimiento en los paises en desarrollo

Introduccion. La relacion entre la politica de comercio exterior y el crecimiento es una antigua y controvertida cuestion en la economia. Muchos economistas han afirmado que, dados otros factores, los paises que han "liberado" sus sectores externos y reducido sus impedimentos al comercio internacional tendran un comportamiento superior al de los paises que no estan en su misma situacion. El Banco Mundial y el Fondo Monetario Internacional han apoyado este punto de vista y rutinariamente condicionan los prestamos de fondos a sus paises miembros a la implantacion de politicas de "liberalizacion del comercio exterior"...