cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Learning from a Teacher using Unlabeled Data.

Knowledge distillation is a widely used technique for model compression. We posit that the teacher model used in a distillation setup, captures relationships between classes, that extend beyond the original dataset. We empirically show that a teacher model can transfer this knowledge to a student model even on an {\it out-of-distribution} dataset. Using this approach, we show promising results on MNIST, CIFAR-10, and Caltech-256 datasets using unlabeled image data from different sources. Our results are encouraging and help shed further light from the perspective of understanding knowledge distillation and utilizing unlabeled data to improve model quality.
Review of Molecular Biology of Human Cancers (An Advanced Student’s Text, by Wolfgang Schulz (Department of Urology and Center for Biological and Medical Research, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf) ISBN 1-4020-3185-8

Postmenopausal women with estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer frequently respond paradoxically to estrogen administration with tumor regression. Using both LTED and E8CASS cells derived from MCF-7 breast cancer cells by long-term estrogen-deprivation, we previously reported that 17β -estradiol (estradiol) is a powerful, pro-apoptotic hormone which kills the cancer cells through activation of the Fas/FasL death receptor pathway. We postulated that the mitochondrial interactive protein Bcl-2 might play a role in the regulation of estradiol-induced apoptosis in both LTED and E8CASS cells. In this study, we assessed estradiol effects on cell growth, proliferation and apoptosis. Additionally we investigated the effect of estradiol on caspase activation, NF-KB and Bcl-2 expression. The functional role of Bcl-2 in estradiol-induced apoptosis was further studied by knockdown or decrease of Bcl-2 with siRNA. Our results show that estradiol significantly inhibited cell growth primarily through a pro-apoptotic action involving caspase-7 and 9 activations (p < 0.01). Basal Bcl-2 and NF-KB levels were greatly elevated and estradiol decreased NF-KB, but not Bcl-2 expression. Knockdown of Bcl-2 expression with siRNA decreased the levels of this protein by 9 fold (p < 0.01). This reduction markedly sensitized both LTED and E8CASS cells to the pro-apoptotic action of estradiol, leading to a synergistic induction of apoptosis and a concomitant reduction in cell number (p < 0.01). Therefore, down-regulation of Bcl-2 synergistically enhanced estradiol-induced apoptosis in ER+ postmenopausal breast cancer cells.
A randomized clinical trial to evaluate the effect of oral zinc supplementation as a treatment for diarrhea in neonatal Holstein calves

Raising calves to maturity is vital for both the dairy and beef industry. Diarrhea is the leading cause of poor weight gain and death in neonatal calves and contributes to major economic losses in the dairy and beef industries. Antimicrobials are often ineffective against the common pathogens associated with calf diarrhea. Zinc-supplemented oral rehydration salt (ORS) therapy has been effective in reducing morbidity and mortality in children with diarrhea. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of oral inorganic and organic zinc supplementation as a treatment for diarrhea in neonatal calves.
Pediatric spinal vascular malformations: Diagnosis and treatment

Spinal vascular malformations in children differ in several ways from those found in adults. Genetic syndromes are more common in the pediatric population. Onset of symptoms and clinical presentation is often more acute than in adults. Angioarchitecture of the various spinal vascular malformations differs from adults, with relative overrepresentation of perimedullary arteriovenous fistulas and nidal arteriovenous malformations and a dearth of dural fistulas. Fortunately, excellent results can often be obtained with endovascular or surgical intervention. This review will briefly examine the anatomy, genetics, clinical presentation, imaging, treatment, and outcomes of spinal vascular malformations in children.
Evaluating the impact of organizational self‐assessment in higher education

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to summarize a series of studies conducted by the Center for Organizational Development and Leadership at Rutgers University from 2003‐2005. Motivating these studies is the recognition that organizational self‐assessment programs such as the Malcolm Baldrige program have achieved prominence and popularity. The paper seeks to focus on the value of the Baldrige program, and, more specifically, the impact of the Excellence in Higher Education (EHE) approach, an adaptation of the Malcolm Baldrige framework tailored specifically for colleges and universities.Design/methodology/approach – This paper reports on a two‐phase investigation of six independent university departments that participated in separate Baldrige/EHE assessment workshops. Through a web‐based survey and in‐person interviews we were interested to discover participants' perceptions of the assessment process, the extent of knowledge acquisition, and extent of organizational change.Findings – Findings suggest...
Engines of gene expression.

A backbone model of ten subunits of yeast RNA polymerase II has been derived from the ongoing analysis of its crystal structure. Notable features include ‘jaws’ for holding DNA, a putatively RNA-regulated ‘sliding clamp’, two ‘pores’ located in the vicinity of the catalytic center, and a high degree of similarity with the structure of a bacterial RNA polymerase.
How to Triage PAINS-Full Research

Nonspecific bioactivity and assay artifacts have gained increasing attention in recent years. This focus has arisen primarily from the publication of a set of chemical substructures, termed pan assay interference compounds (PAINS), which are associated with promiscuous bioactivity and assay interference in real and virtual high-throughput screening (HTS) campaigns. Despite an increasing awareness in the HTS and medicinal chemistry communities about the liabilities of these compounds, articles featuring PAINS and PAINS-like compounds are still being published. In this perspective, we describe some of the factors we believe are driving this resource-sapping trend. We also provide what we hope are helpful insights that may lead to the earlier recognition of these generally nontranslatable compounds, thus preventing the propagation of PAINS-full costly research.
The Effect of an Intronic Polymorphism on Alcohol Dehydrogenase Expression in Drosophila Melanogaster

Several lines of evidence indicate that natural selection controls the frequencies of an allozyme polymorphism at the alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) locus in Drosophila melanogaster. However, because of associations among sequence polymorphisms in the Adh region, it is not clear whether selection acts directly (or solely) on the allozymic site. This problem has been approached by using in vitro mutagenesis to distinguish among the effects on Adh expression of individual polymorphisms. This study shows that a polymorphism within the first Adh intron (delta 1) has a significant effect on the level of ADH protein. Like the allozyme, delta 1 shows a geographic cline in frequency, indicating that it may also be a target of natural selection. These results suggest that multisite selection models may be required to understand the evolutionary dynamics of individual loci.
Improved physical function and physical activity in older adults following a community-based intervention: Relationships with a history of depression

The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship of a history of depression with moderate physical activity and physical function before and after a physical activity intervention of congregate meal participants in senior centers from all 12 Georgia Area Agencies on Aging (AAA). Participants were a convenience sample of older adults (n=376, mean age=76 years, 82% female, 64% Caucasian, 36% African American, 22% a history of depression). The physical activity intervention included educator-led chair exercises that incorporated balls and bands. Pre- and post-tests assessed moderate physical activity and physical function. At the pre-test, a history of depression was not related to moderate physical activity or physical function. Following the intervention there were significant increases in both moderate physical activity and physical function, but a history of depression was a negative predictor of improvements in physical activity when controlled for site, demographics, and health-related conditions. These results provide an evidence base for the effectiveness of this intervention in improving moderate physical activity and physical function in a community setting, but additional efforts may be needed to improve the impact of this type of intervention among older adults with a history of depression.
Acupuncture and the nervous system

Acupuncture is based on neuroanatomy and neurophysiology. At each acupuncture point, there are peripheral nerves and terminals. Acupuncture will be useful for further understanding of the nervous system. A conceptual view of acupuncture's physiology is presented.
Spectral Analysis of Scattering in Metal-Insulator-Metal Waveguides and Related Equivalent Circuit Models

We show that the two-dimensional MIM plasmonic waveguide has a discrete and a continuous spectrum, similar to the dielectric slab waveguide. Using this complete spectrum, we calculate the equivalent circuit model for waveguide junctions.
Partially confined configuration for the growth of semiconductor crystals from the melt in zero-gravity environment

A novel partially confined configuration is proposed for the crystal growth of semiconductors from the melt, including those with volatile constituents. A triangular prism is employed to contain the growth melt. Due to surface tension, the melt will acquire a cylindrical-like shape and thus contact the prism along three parallel lines. The three empty spaces between the cylindrical melt and the edges of the prism will accommodate the expansion of the solidifying semiconductor, and in the case of semiconductor compounds with a volatile constituent, will permit the presence of the desired vapor phase in contact with the melt for controlling the melt stoichiometry. Theoretical and experimental evidence in support of this new type of confinement is presented.
Growth of Staphylococcus aureus with Nafcillin In Vitro Induces α-Toxin Production and Increases the Lethal Activity of Sterile Broth Filtrates in a Murine Model

The morbidity and mortality of Staphylococcus aureus infections remain high despite antibiotic therapy. To investigate further the observation that penicillins increase the hemolytic activity of staphylococcal cultures, 37 strains were grown in broth with and without subinhibitory nafcillin. Nafcillin stimulated hemolytic activity in nafcillin-susceptible and -resistant isolates. Sterile broth filtrates of nafcillin-associated cultures injected intraperitoneally in mice were more rapidly lethal than filtrates of the same strain grown without nafcillin. Lethality was neutralized by anti-alpha-toxin antisera. DNA-RNA hybridization revealed a nafcillin-associated increase in alpha-toxin mRNA during the postexponential growth phase after the activation of agr. Isolates grown in slightly inhibitory nafcillin concentrations had more alpha-toxin mRNA than did nafcillin-free cultures, whereas agr RNAIII levels were comparable. This suggests that nafcillin-induced alpha-toxin production is not entirely attributable to agr. A supplemental regulatory mechanism may be involved.
Transformative Learning Theory in Gerontology: Nontraditional Students

Mezirow (1978) applied and used Transformative Learning Theoretical (TLT) processes while studying women who reentered academics during the 1970s. Similar to Mezirow's original 1975 work, we identify “factors that impeded or facilitated” participants' progress to obtain their undergraduate degree during the traditional student time, but then returned later in life, after age 40, to pursue their doctorate. Through semistructured interviews, eight women describe their life course of education through the TLT phases of realization—or in Mezirow's terms, justification, critical reflection, and exploring rational discourse. The women discuss their concerns on technological challenges, rationalization to self and others concerning a return to school, and reactions of family, friends, peers, and professors, including ageist comments. As more women return to the educational system to pursue advanced degrees, specifically within gerontology or aging studies, this research is key to understanding the various events...
Knowledge of alcohol effects among women and men employed in business and professional occupations

An alcohol information questionnaire was administered to 241 business and professional people (147 females). The mean number of items answered correctly was 59.5%, a level suggesting a lack of needed information, especially within a sample composed primarily of drinkers. Both males and females performed poorly on questions concerning the differential effects of alcohol on women. Factors affecting the development and acceptance of such information are discussed.
Urbanist Expansions: Planner-Technocrats, Patrimonial Ethics and State Development in Hyderabad

This paper examines the rise of urban space as locus of intervention, and planning as modality of state power in South Asia from the late nineteenth century to the early post-colonial period. I view these developments through the re-making of Hyderabad, a major metropolis and capital of a sovereign non-colonial state until 1948. The regime's autonomous status made the city a venue for political experimentations informed by varied global and regional circuits. A particular develomentalist idiom fusing an older ideology of ethical patrimonialism and emerging technocratic legitimising rhetorics underwrote planning work in Hyderabad. Tracing urban expansion, housing and infrastructural development, and state-led economic planning schemes, I suggest Hyderabad exemplifies the emergence of a crucial and enduring new form of power in South Asia.
Diode-Pumped Solid State versus Semiconductor Diode Lasers for Free-Space Communications

The transcript proceedings of the panel discussion has been included in this volume to provide a permanent record of the opinions and views of the panel members and the audience participants. It also provides a snap-shot of the status of free-space laser communications and the projections for the future. There were a few difficulties encountered in the compilation of this transcript. It was not possible to include all of the view graphs presented by the speakers. Additionally the quality of the audio recording was less than desirable. Every effort was made to accurately interpret the more garbled sections. lt is hoped that these omissions will not detract form the utility of the text. The panel members are acknowledged for their thoughtful presentations and ensightful discussions. Members of the audience asking questions, who could be identified by the conference chairs, have also been included in the transcript.
Graph methods for protein-nucleotide interactions

Protein-nucleotide interactions play important roles in many biological processes. The goal of our research is to develop computational methods to discovery patterns on protein structures that associated with the affinity and specificity of the protein-nucleotide interactions. These patterns can be used to predict nucleotide binding sites on protein structures and the binding affinity and will have profound impact on protein structure engineering. We develop graph representations to capture the distribution of features on protein surface and use graph kernels and other graph methods to discover the patterns associate with binding.
Money as stock

Abstract The fiscal theory determines the price level from the value of nominal government debt as a claim to government primary surpluses, just as private stock is valued as a claim to corporate profits. Valuation equations are not constraints, so this theory does not mistreat the government's intertemporal budget constraint. I anchor the analysis in a simple cash in advance model. When money demand falls to zero, I show that the price level can still be determined by the government debt valuation equation.
Performance Of A Bipolar Nonlinear Correlator

A joint Fourier transform image correlator that uses a binary spatial light modulator at the Fourier plane is presented. In this system, the Fourier transforms interference intensity is thresholded to only two values so that a binary spatial light modulator can be used to read-out the interference intensity. The performance of the correlator introduced here is compared to the classical joint transform correlator in the following areas: correlation peak, correlation peak to sidelobe ratio, correlation bandwidth, and discrimination. We show that the bipolar Fourier transforms interference intensity can result in a higher correlation intensity and a better defined correlation spot than the classical joint transform correlator. Computer simulation is used to test the correlators and the three dimensional plots of the autocorrelation and cross-correlation functions are presented and discussed.
The Role of Chelation in the Treatment of Other Metal Poisonings

These proceedings will review the role of chelation in five metals—aluminum, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, and uranium—in order to illustrate various chelation concepts. The process of “chelation” can often be oversimplified, leading to incorrect assumptions and risking patient harm. For chelation to be effective, two critical assumptions must be fulfilled: the presumed “metal toxicity” must correlate with a given body or a particular compartment burden, and reducing this compartmental or the body burden (through chelation) attenuates toxicity. Fulfilling these assumptions requires an established dose–response relationship, a validated, reproducible means of toxicity assessment (clinical, biochemical, or radiographical), and an appropriate assessment mechanisms of body or compartment burden. While a metal might “technically” be capable of chelation (and readily demonstrable in urine or feces), this is an insufficient endpoint. Clinical relevance must be affirmed. Deferoxamine is an accepted chelator for appropriately documented aluminum toxicity. There is a very minimal treatment window in order to address chelation in cadmium toxicity. In acute toxicity, while no definitive chelation benefit is described, succimer (DMSA), diethylenetriaminepentaacetate (DTPA), and potentially ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) have been considered. In chronic toxicity, chelation is unsupported. There is little evidence to suggest that currently available chromium chelators are efficacious. Similarly, scant human evidence exists with which to provide recommendation for cobalt chelation. DTPA has been recommended for cobalt radionuclide chelation, although DMSA, EDTA, and N-acetylcysteine have also been suggested. DTPA is unsupported for uranium chelation. Sodium bicarbonate is currently recommended, although animal evidence is conflicting.
New Therapeutic Strategies for Lung Cancer: Biology and Molecular Biology Come of Age

The current understanding of the biology and molecular biology oflung cancer pathogenesis and progression is reviewed. Awareness of theinfluence of growth factors, oncogenes, and tumor suppressor genes aswell as signal transduction and angiogenesis pathways on the naturalhistory of cancer cells has led to attempts to develop new therapeuticstrategies directed at interrupting tumor cell growth. Treatmentsutilizing monoclonal antibodies, matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors, and gene transfer and alteration are currently being investigated. Therationale and effectiveness of these treatments in early trials areexplored, and recommendations for future directions in cell biologyresearch are presented. Interest in the biology and molecular biologyof tumor cells has led to some important findings that may provideopportunities for new treatments. Several of these new directions foranticancer therapy are already being examined in phase I clinicaltrials.
Educational Requirements: Legality and Validity.

Educational achievements (e.g., high school diploma, college degree) are frequently used as selection requirements for a wide variety of jobs. Despite this, the legality and validity of this “selection test” has been a neglected subject of study by personnel psychologists. In this article, two important issues concerning educational requirements are discussed. First, court cases are reviewed to gain insight into judicial opinions. Next, validity studies of educational requirements are summarized. The article concludes with suggestions for the proper use and defense of educational requirements.
A RAVE about Opioid Withdrawal

Control of trafficking of g protein-linked receptors is thought to be an important regulatory mechanism for receptor signaling. Finn and Whistler test the hypothesis that agonist-induced trafficking of opioid receptors regulates the development of tolerance and dependence. The results show that measures of tolerance and withdrawal to morphine are decreased under conditions where receptors are trafficked through the endocytic/recycling pathway.
The Capacity of the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey to Inform the Affordable Care Act

The Affordable Care Act (ACA) was enacted with major provisions to expand health insurance coverage, control health care costs, and improve the health care delivery system. Essential data resources will be required for effective program planning, administration, and management, in addition to facilitating evaluations of program performance. The Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) is one of the core data resources that has been used to inform several provisions of the ACA. This paper provides a summary of the capacity of the MEPS to inform program planning, implementation, and evaluations of program performance for several components of the ACA.
The Lenox Hill Brace in anterolateral rotatory instability

We evaluated the efficacy of the Lenox Hill Brace in controlling anterolateral rotatory instability (ALRI) of the knee. Thirty-six patients with ALRI previously fitted with the Lenox Hill Brace were examined and graded using standard clinical laxity tests. A comparison was made of the degree of instability with and without the brace applied. Of the 20 patients with ALRI, 89% of the knees with Grade 1 instability and 45% of those with Grade 2 instability were improved. Sixteen patients had com bined anteromedial-anterolateral rotatory instability (AM-ALRI). Although AMRI was improved in all, ALRI was unchanged in 69%, in spite of proper brace spec ifications and fit.
The role of dimensionality in the decay of surface effects

We computationally investigate the decay of surface effects in one-, two-, and three-dimensional materials using two-band tight-binding models. These general models facilitate a direct comparison between materials of differing dimensionality, which reveals that material dimensionality (not material-specific chemistry/physics) is the primary factor controlling the decay of surface effects. Our results corroborate more sophisticated, material-specific studies, finding that surface effects decay after ∼10, ∼25, and ≳ 100 layers in three-dimensional, two-dimensional, and one-dimensional materials, respectively. Physically, higher-dimensional materials screen surface effects more efficiently, as theoretically described by integration over each layer's Brillouin zone. Finally, we discuss several implications of these results.
He-3 constant volume gas thermometer as interpolating instrument: calculations of the accuracy limit versus temperature range and design parameters

Abstract Calculations are presented for a constant-volume gas thermometer used as an interpolating instrument between fixed points in the range 3.2–25 K and using He-3 as a working gas. In addition to the accuracy of the fixed point realizations, it is shown to limit the additional interpolation uncertainty within 0.1 mK, with a suitable choice of design parameters. A study on the dependence of the uncertainty of the main design parameters is also presented, which shows that their choice is not critical.
Abstract 3127: Expression and sub-cellular localization of claudin-4 in MCF-7 breast and HEC-1A endometrial cancer cell lines

The claudin (CLDN) family consists of 24 tetraspan membrane proteins that are essential for the formation of tight junctions (TJs). Members of the CLDN family display tissue-specific expression and are involved in multiple normal cellular processes. In addition, alterations in CLDN gene expression have been shown to be associated with a variety of cancers. For example, CLDN-3 and CLDN-4 have been found to be upregulated in prostate, ovarian and breast cancer. We have previously shown gross overexpression of CLDN-3 in the breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-415. Furthermore, using sequential protein extraction techniques we have consistently observed expression of CLDN-3 in all four subcellular fractions of MCF-7 cells with the bulk of expression in the membrane fraction. CLDN-3 and CLDN-4 genes are located within 50 kb on chromosome 7 and their coordinated regulation has been reported in normal, neoplastic tissues and various cancer cell lines. The present study reports the expression and sub-cellular localization of CLDN-4 in a panel of cancer cell lines using immunoblot analysis. Like CLDN-3, overexpression of claudin-4 was observed in the breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-415. In addition, we observed expression of CLDN-3 and CLDN-4 in both endometrial (HEC-1A and RL95-2) and prostate (DU-145) cancer cell lines. Sub-cellular localization analysis of MCF-7 cells demonstrated the expression of CLDN-4 in the membrane, nuclear, cytosolic and to a lesser extent in the cytoskeletal fractions. Currently we are investigating the sub-cellular localization of CLDN-3 and 4 in the endometrial and prostate cancer cell lines described above. Recent studies have shown CLNDs to be involved in signaling to and from TJs, conveying important chemical messages for cell proliferation and differentiation. The presence of CLDN-3 and 4 in the cytosol and nucleus observed in this study may indicate their involvement in cell signaling. Alternatively, their unusual localization may be a characteristic of breast cancer cells. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3127. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3127
New adolescent vaccination recommendations and how to make them "stick".

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Multiple vaccination recommendations have recently targeted the adolescent age group. It is important for providers to be aware of all new recommendations, the rationale for the recommendations, and how to best implement recommendations for this age group. RECENT FINDINGS The 11-12-year-old immunization platform now includes vaccination against tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis (tetanus, diphtheria and acellular pertussis or Tdap vaccine), meningococcal disease (conjugate meningococcal vaccine), human papillomavirus (for females), and a second varicella vaccination for those who have received one vaccination and have not had disease. Any missing vaccinations should be updated at this time. Many strategies exist to improve adherence to adolescent recommendations; the school mandate is an important yet controversial strategy that is being hotly debated in the literature. SUMMARY There are many exciting, new vaccines for adolescents. It is important to improve vaccination coverage within the adolescent age group. Immunization against disease has previously been viewed as a primarily childhood issue, yet with ever-evolving technology and the need to vaccinate against diseases affecting all ages, vaccination strategies for adolescents need to be reviewed and improved. Mandates, when initiated with care, are one of the most effective implementation strategies for adolescents.
Two-Frequency CARS for Mixture Analysis Using Pentacene in p-Terphenyl as a Model

The usefulness of multiresonant nonlinear spectroscopy for analyzing complicated mixtures requires understanding of the factors controlling the relative signal positions and intensities of individual components. In this study the effects of different types of detuning from resonance, of the interactions of such detunings, and of the incident laser powers are illustrated. CARS spectra specific to the different pentacene sites in p-terphenyl are observed for different types of detunings from resonance, and the complications introduced by multiple components are interpreted. Population changes at moderate laser powers due to resonance with the allowed S0 to S1 transition lead to striking changes in the observed spectra, and markedly affect the interpretation of the observed resonances.
The Primacy of Priming in Grammatical Learning and Intervention: A Tutorial

Purpose The author presents a tutorial on structural priming and its relevance to the study of grammatical development and language intervention. Method The findings from structural priming studies are examined from the standpoint of the types of changes that occur in participants' language use, the contexts in which these changes occur, and the effects of these changes on participants' language knowledge. Details of children’s grammatical development and language intervention are then considered in light of these findings. Results Evidence from the structural priming literature provides insight into the transition from early conservative grammatical use to broader abstract grammatical use in young children, and suggests ways in which language intervention activities can be modified to promote greater grammatical change in children with language impairments. Conclusions Structural priming is not divorced from everyday language use. Evidence from priming research can be put to use in the study of children’...
Compact holographic storage demonstrator with rapid access

We discuss the design of a complete, compact holographic storage demonstrator based on a combination of spatial and angular multiplexing and using acousto-optic deflectors for rapid nonmechanical access. We also describe the implementation of this design and preliminary results of both the analog storage and the retrieval of 20,000 holograms in twenty 1-mm-thick layers of a lithium niobate crystal and of the digital storage and error-free retrieval of color images by using error-correcting techniques.
Elliott’s Ethics of Expertise Proposal and Application: A Dangerous Precedent

In a recent paper in Science and Engineering Ethics (SEE) Elliott proposed an ethics of expertise, providing its theoretical foundation along with its application in a case study devoted to the topic of hormesis. The application is based on a commentary in the journal Nature, and it includes assertions of ethical breaches. Elliott concludes that the authors of the commentary failed to promote the informed consent of decision makers by not providing representative information about alternative frequency estimates of hormesis in the literature, thereby hindering the capacity of the scientific community to promote informed consent relating to chemical regulation. This paper argues that Elliott should have incorporated due process into his system of evaluation. His argument is also seriously deficient technically, in that it misinterprets the toxicological issues, misrepresents the scientific literature with respect to the frequency of hormesis, and incorrectly assesses the extent to which the Nature paper revealed opposing/alternative views on hormesis. Given the seriousness of assertions of noncompliance to ethical norms, there must be procedures to protect those whose ethics were called into question, to fairly evaluate the technical justification for an assertion, and to enable corrections in the event of errors. If a journal is willing to publish assertions that individuals acted in an ethically questionable way, it should be guided by a documented code of ethics and meet a standard of responsibility far greater than normal peer-review processes for papers that do not entail such ethical judgments.
Application of particle analysis to transmission electron microscopy (TEM)

Nanoparticles, particles with a diameter of 1-100 nanometers (nm), are of interest in many applications including device fabrication, quantum computing, and sensing because their size may give them properties that are very different from bulk materials. Further advancement of nanotechnology cannot be obtained without an increased understanding of nanoparticle properties such as size (diameter) and size distribution frequently evaluated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In the past, these parameters have been obtained from digitized TEM images by manually measuring and counting many of these nanoparticles, a task that is highly subjective and labor intensive. More recently, computer imaging particle analysis has emerged as an objective alternative by counting and measuring objects in a binary image. This paper will describe the procedures used to preprocess a set of gray scale TEM images so that they could be correctly thresholded into binary images. This allows for a more accurate assessment of the size and frequency (size distribution) of nanoparticles. Several preprocessing methods including pseudo flat field correction and rolling ball background correction were investigated with the rolling ball algorithm yielding the best results. Examples of particle analysis will be presented for different types of materials and different magnifications. In addition, a method based on the results of particle analysis for identifying and removing small noise particles will be discussed. This filtering technique is based on identifying the location of small particles in the binary image and removing them without affecting the size of other larger particles.
SU‐FF‐T‐156: Inverse Treatment Planning for Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy Using Total‐Variation Regularization and Angular Smoothing

Purpose: The volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) includes the field angle as another degree of freedom in the treatment planning and is therefore able to achieve a superior dose performance. Due to the increased computational complexity and the hardware constraints of beam segments, however, an optimal inverse planning of the VMAT is yet to be found and its advantages are not fully exploited in practice. The conventional beamlet‐based algorithms obtain high‐complexity fluence maps which are not suitable for delivery in the VMAT, and the segment‐based algorithms are computationally intensive with no guarantee on the optimality of the final solution. In this work, a novel VMAT inverse planning algorithm is proposed to overcome the drawbacks of the existing planning methods. Method and materials: Using a framework of quadratic optimization, we include a term of total‐variation in the optimization objective to achieve a small number of beam segments. An additional quadratic term of angular smoothing is also added on to distribute the necessary incident radiationdose more evenly over different field angles. Results: The performance of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated using a prostate patient study. As compared to the fixed gantry radiation therapy and the conformal Arc therapy, our approach achieves a much improved target conformity and dose sparing of the sensitive structures, and truly gains the advantages of the VMAT. Conclusion: A general framework of VMAT planning is proposed in this work. As compared to other existing algorithms using empirical (often unjustified) search schemes, our method guarantees an optimal solution with a high efficiency. As arc‐based radiation therapy becomes more commonly used, the proposed algorithm is very attractive in clinic.
High-efficiency solar cells based on semiconductor nanostructures

Thin film solar cells are promising for large-scale commercial applications due to their low manufacturing costs. However, a major problem with thin film technology is material nonuniformity associated with the fabrication of large area films. We are developing a technology for fabricating high-efficiency solar cells based on semiconductor nanostructures that will eliminate the problem of spatial nonuniformity while retaining the low-cost advantage of thin film manufacturing. The technology is based on electrochemical synthesis of semiconductor nanostructures on a preformed template and is flexible in the choice of semiconductor and substrate materials.
EFFECT OF CHOLESTEROL FEEDING AND ESTROGEN TREATMENT ON SYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACIDS IN LIVER

The effect of cholesterol feeding and estrogen administration on synthesis of fatty acids in liver mitochondria, microsomes and cytoplasm of male rabbits has been investigated. The synthesis was measured by the incorporation of [1(-14)C] acetyl CoA or [2(-14)C]malonyl CoA into long chain fatty acids under optimal conditions. It was found that atherogenesis markedly decreased the fatty acid synthesis in cytoplasm. The mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis was not affected by the disease. There was a small but measurable decrease in the synthesis of fatty acids in microsomes. Estrogen had no effect on the synthesis of fatty acids in mitochondria or microsomes. But if effectively counteracted, after a short lag period, the decreased synthesis of cytoplasmic fatty acids observed in atherosclerosis. It is possible that liver fatty acid synthetase is one of the enzyme systems through which estrogens exert their atherosclerosis-retarding effect. The decreased cytoplasmic fatty acid synthesis observed in atherosclerosis might account for the low levels of saturated fatty acids reported in liver and plasma lipids of atherosclerotic animals.
Dietary Chloride Requirement of Starting Turkeys

Abstract Four experiments of 28 days duration were conducted to determine the dietary chloride requirement and study the effects of chloride deficiency in starting turkeys. A basal diet composed largely of dextrose and isolated soybean protein was utilized. The chloride content of this diet was 0.005 percent as determined by chemical analysis. Distilled water and experimental diets were supplied ad libitum to poults in all experiments. Maximum body weight gain was obtained with 0.145 percent of dietary chloride. Therefore, the minimum dietary requirement for growth was greater than 0.125 percent but apparently no more than 0.145 percent. A salt (NaCl) level of 0.24 percent in turkey starter diets will provide the minimum chloride requirement. Survival rate or livability was slightly improved with chloride levels higher than 0.145 percent. Chloride deficient poults exhibited extremely poor growth, high mortality, dehydration and nervous symptoms. After a period of over-excitement, deficient poults would recline, extend their legs to the rear and hold their wings rigid. These tetanic seizures would last from one to three minutes and were often followed by death. A nervous or over-excited condition would also occur in deficient birds during handling or following a loud, sharp noise.
Nitric Oxide Improves Cisplatin Cytotoxicity in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Objective: To test whether nitric oxide (NO) enhances the cytotoxicity of cisplatin in a head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cell line. Background: Cisplatin is one of the most frequently used chemotherapeutic agents in the treatment of HNSCC. NO has been shown to play an important role in regulating tumor growth. Previous studies demonstrate that NO can enhance the cytotoxicity of cisplatin in Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts. In this report, we examined the in vitro interaction of NO and cisplatin in a HNSCC cell line. Materials and Methods: CCL23 cells were pretreated with three different NO donors: PAPA/NO (t 1/2 = 15 min), DPTA/NO (t 1/2 = 3 h), and DETA/NO (t 1/2 = 20 h). The cells were rinsed and exposed for 6 hours to a culture medium containing cisplatin. Cell survival and LD 50 of cisplatin were calculated with and without NO pretreatment. Results: PAPA/NO and DPTA/NO did not show any cytotoxic activity and did not change the LD 50 of cisplatin. DETA/NO when used alone resulted in 25.6% cell death at its peak dose (100 μM). Pretreatment with DETA/NO resulted in almost a threefold reduction of the LD 50 of cisplatin (6.8 vs. 2.4 μg/mL). Pretreatment with DETA/NO sensitized the HNSCC cells to subsequent cisplatin activity (two-sided P =.00016). Conclusion: Pretreatment of HNSCC cells with long-acting NO donors enhances cisplatin activity. Short-and medium-acting NO donors do not exert a toxic effect and do not augment the activity of cisplatin. NO agonists should be considered in the future as a possible adjunct to cisplatin in the treatment of HNSCC. Further studies with animal models are necessary to further clarify this relationship.
Results and complications of operative staging in cervical cancer: Experience of the Gynecologic Oncology Group

Abstract A multiinstitutional study by the Gynecologic Oncology Group (GOG) has confirmed that clinical staging often is inaccurate in determining the extent of disease in patients with cervical cancer. The finding of positive paraaortic nodes in 29% of patients with Stage II, III, and IV tumors supports this conclusion. In this series, the incidence of paraaortic nodal metastases could not be correlated with the histologic grade of the tumors . With positive paraaortic nodes, conventional treatment limited to the pelvis can be expected to fail, but it is still not clear how many patients can be salvaged by treatment to extended paraaortic radiation fields . Longer periods of follow-up in patients whose treatment plans were based on surgical staging information will be required.
Space information technologies: future agenda

Satellites will operate more like wide area broadband computer networks in the 21 st Century. Space-based information and communication technologies will therefore be a lot more accessible and functional for the individual user. These developments are the result of earth-based telecommunication and computing innovations being extended to space. The author predicts that the broadband Internet will eventually be available on demand to users of terrestrial networks wherever they are. Earth and space communication assets will be managed as a single network. Space networks will assure that online access is ubiquitous. No matter whether users are located in cities or in remote locations, they will always be within reach of a node on the Internet. Even today, scalable bandwidth can be delivered to active users when moving around in vehicles on the ground, or aboard ships at sea or in the air. Discussion of the innovative technologies produced by NASA's Advanced Communications Technology Satellite (1993-2004) demonstrates future capabilities of satellites that make them uniquely suited to serve as nodes on the broadband Internet.
Increased liver weights in severely burned children: comparison of ultrasound and autopsy measurements

Hepatomegaly is a common finding at autopsy in severely burned children surviving less than 6 months. This study validates a reliable ultrasound method which can be used to identify changes in liver size in severely burned children during acute hospitalization. Thirty-eight children, age 0.5-17 years with burns covering over 40% of their total surface area were studied at autopsy. Liver weight was measured at autopsy and compared to predicted liver weight for age and height. Eighteen had liver size measured by ultrasound within 10 days of death while five had ultrasound liver measures after death just prior to autopsy. All burned children who survived 7 days or more (n = 33) had liver weights at autopsy that were greater than predicted for age and height while all 23 livers measured by ultrasound were greater than predicted. Autopsy weights correlated well with weights estimated by ultrasound, R = 0.824. At autopsy, those who survived 7 days or more had enlarged livers ranging from 142 to 406% of their predicted normal age and height. Common histologic findings include large and small-droplet fat deposits, and cholestasis. The degree of these histologic abnormalities correlated with the increase in liver weight, R = 0.652. Ultrasound is a valid, noninvasive method for measuring liver weight changes in severely burned children during acute hospitalization. Ninety-five percent of the severely burned children from this institute had significant hepatomegaly identified at autopsy.
Household Size, Suicide, and Homicide Among American Indians

Analysis of data for all twelve areas of the Indian Health Service yielded moderately strong positive zero-order correlations between household size and suicide/homicide rates. After controlling for poverty, first-order partial r's indicated that suicide and homicide rates among IHS areas are similar irrespective of household size.
MULTIPLE SCATTERING AND ABSORPTION OF THERMAL NEUTRONS IN THIN TARGETS.

Abstract A thermal neutron beam of rectangular cross-section is incident obliquely upon a thin rectangular target. A technique, whose first step is a Monte Carlo calculation, is developed to calculate the number of neutrons that are captured in the target or leave it, after having suffered n = 1, 2 … elastic collisions. This information is needed to correct experimentally measured values of neutron capture and total cross-sections. It is further shown that once having done the Monte Carlo calculation for a typical case, one can predict the same information for diverse beam and target geometries and target material, without having to repeat the time consuming Monte Carlo calculation.
Angular-dependent XPS valence-band spectra from single-crystal copper

Abstract High-resolution angular-dependent X-ray photoemission (XPS) valence-band spectra from a copper single crystal with (001) orientation are presented and analyzed in terms of a direct-transition model of photoemission. This model includes the effects of photon momentum, spectrometer geometry, and, for very low angles of emission, refraction of electrons in leaving the surface, but neglects matrix-element variation. Theoretical calculations are found to be in good agreement with experiment for six distinct emission directions. For low (grazing) angles of emission, a sharpening of the d -band peak is observed that may be associated with surface-specific band-structure changes.
Surface diffusion and the growth of sucrose crystals

Abstract It is shown that the curves of rate of growth versus relative supersaturation of sucrose, measured by Smythe, together with the observed growth spirals of Dunning et al. can be explained by the surface diffusion model of Burton, Cabrera and Frank applied to growth from solutions.
Cheap, Regular, and Reliable: Implications of Design Variation in Late Pleistocene Japanese Microblade Technology

Systematically produced microblades are a hallmark of terminal Pleistocene occupation of the Japanese archipelago. Regional differences in microblade production have been interpreted as “cultural.” Building on detailed technological analyses by Japanese scholars, this chapter uses event tree analysis of assemblages from Araya, Kakuniyama, and Fukui Cave to suggest that major differences in microblade production were designed to fit with hunting strategies that reflected ecological differences between northern and southern Japan.