cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Exploration of Moral Rebelliousness with Adolescents and Young Adults

The present pair of studies investigated the assessment, correlates, and evaluation of “moral rebels” who follow their own moral convictions despite social pressure to comply. In Study 1, self, peer, and teacher ratings of adolescents' tendencies to be a moral rebel were positively intercorrelated. In Study 2, young adults' tendencies to be a moral rebel were associated with relatively high self-esteem scores and relatively low willingness to engage in minor moral violations and need to belong scores. Both adolescents and young adults reported relatively favorable attitudes toward a morally rebellious peer, especially when they themselves had heightened ratings on this characteristic.
Designing Allosteric Control into Enzymes by Chemical Rescue of Structure

Ligand-dependent activity has been engineered into enzymes for purposes ranging from controlling cell morphology to reprogramming cellular signaling pathways. Where these successes have typically fused a naturally allosteric domain to the enzyme of interest, here we instead demonstrate an approach for designing a de novo allosteric effector site directly into the catalytic domain of an enzyme. This approach is distinct from traditional chemical rescue of enzymes in that it relies on disruption and restoration of structure, rather than active site chemistry, as a means to achieve modulate function. We present two examples, W33G in a β-glycosidase enzyme (β-gly) and W492G in a β-glucuronidase enzyme (β-gluc), in which we engineer indole-dependent activity into enzymes by removing a buried tryptophan side chain that serves as a buttress for the active site architecture. In both cases, we observe a loss of function, and in both cases we find that the subsequent addition of indole can be used to restore activity. Through a detailed analysis of β-gly W33G kinetics, we demonstrate that this rescued enzyme is fully functionally equivalent to the corresponding wild-type enzyme. We then present the apo and indole-bound crystal structures of β-gly W33G, which together establish the structural basis for enzyme inactivation and rescue. Finally, we use this designed switch to modulate β-glycosidase activity in living cells using indole. Disruption and recovery of protein structure may represent a general technique for introducing allosteric control into enzymes, and thus may serve as a starting point for building a variety of bioswitches and sensors.
Golden Retriever dogs with neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis have a two-base-pair deletion and frameshift in CLN5

We studied a recessive, progressive neurodegenerative disease occurring in Golden Retriever siblings with an onset of signs at 15 months of age. As the disease progressed these signs included ataxia, anxiety, pacing and circling, tremors, aggression, visual impairment and localized and generalized seizures. A whole genome sequence, generated with DNA from one affected dog, contained a plausibly causal homozygous mutation: CLN5:c.934_935delAG. This mutation was predicted to produce a frameshift and premature termination codon and encode a protein variant, CLN5:p.E312Vfs*6, which would lack 39 C-terminal amino acids. Eighteen DNA samples from the Golden Retriever family members were genotyped at CLN5:c.934_935delAG. Three clinically affected dogs were homozygous for the deletion allele; whereas, the clinically normal family members were either heterozygotes (n = 11) or homozygous for the reference allele (n = 4). Among archived Golden Retrievers DNA samples with incomplete clinical records that were also genotyped at the CLN5:c.934_935delAG variant, 1053 of 1062 were homozygous for the reference allele, 8 were heterozygotes and one was a deletion-allele homozygote. When contacted, the owner of this homozygote indicated that their dog had been euthanized because of a neurologic disease that progressed similarly to that of the affected Golden Retriever siblings. We have collected and stored semen from a heterozygous Golden Retriever, thereby preserving an opportunity for us or others to establish a colony of CLN5-deficient dogs.
A saturating chiral field theory of nuclear matter

Abstract Catastrophe Theory analysis is used to construct a chiral theory of pions which leads to a saturating nuclear matter equation of state. This is achieved by introducing a vector meson field via the Higgs mechanism. The equation of state and the nuclear optical potential are computed. A metamorphosis of the nuclear force is suggested.
The Reduction of Human Aggression: A Field Study of the Influence of Incompatible Reactions

One hundred and twenty passing motorists were delayed for 15 sec at an intersection by a confederate who failed to move his vehicle after the light turned green. Prior to such annoyance, subjects in three groups were exposed to experimental treatments designed to cause them to experience reactions incompatible with anger or overt aggression (i.e., empathy, humor, mild sexual arousal). Results indicated that individuals in these groups were more reluctant to honk their horns at the confederate and showed fewer overt sjgns of irritation than subjects in two control groups not exposed to such treatments. In addition, it appeared that subjects' willingness to honk at the confederate was enhanced by uncomfortably warm ambient temperatures. The implications of these findings for the control of overt aggression, as well as the usefulness of horn-honking as a dependent measure for such behavior in field settings, were discussed.
Cryogenic experiments on rf accelerating structures

Abstract The advantages of operating a drift-tube linear accelerator at cryogenic temperature motivated a series of experiments that investigated quality (Q) factor enhancement of cryogenic radio-frequency (rf) accelerating structures. The experiments were performed at both low and high rf power over a temperature range of 4–293 K.
Mechanisms of deep brain stimulation in movement disorders as revealed by changes in stimulus frequency

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an established treatment for symptoms in movement disorders and is under investigation for symptom management in persons with psychiatric disorders and epilepsy. Nevertheless, there remains disagreement regarding the physiological mechanisms responsible for the actions of DBS, and this lack of understanding impedes both the design of DBS systems for treating novel diseases and the effective tuning of current DBS systems. Currently available data indicate that effective DBS overrides pathological bursts, low frequency oscillations, synchronization, and disrupted firing patterns present in movement disorders, and replaces them with more regularized firing. Although it is likely that the specific mechanism(s) by which DBS exerts its effects varies between diseases and target nuclei, the overriding of pathological activity appears to be ubiquitous. This review provides an overview of changes in motor symptoms with changes in DBS frequency and highlights parallels between the changes in motor symptoms and the changes in cellular activity that appear to underlic the motor symptoms.
Function of adenosine triphosphate in the activation of luciferin

Abstract 1. 1. Using crystalline firefly luciferase and purified luciferin, it is possible to show that light production is associated with the utilization of both luciferin and ATP. The total light produced is directly proportional to the concentration of these two substrates. During luminescence there is a decrease of the 330 mμ absorption peak of luciferin. 2. 2. The reaction of ATP with luciferin leads to the formation of pyrophosphate and active luciferin (presumably adenylluciferin). The latter compound can either react with oxygen for light production or be hydrolyzed to luciferin and adenylic acid. The latter reaction occurs under anaerobic conditions. Adenylic acid has been identified as one of the products. 3. 3. The initial reaction of luciferin with ATP is reversible since the addition of PP32 to the reaction mixture leads to the formation of labeled ATP. Luciferin is required for this exchange. 4. 4. Oxidized luciferin as well as other derivatives of luciferin will replace luciferin as far as pyrophosphate liberation is concerned. In the presence of inorganic pyrophosphatase there is therefore a rapid and complete hydrolysis of ATP to adenylic acid and inorganic phosphate. The results indicate the labile nature of the adenyl compounds. 5. 5. Adenosine tetraphosphate, uridine triphosphate, cytidine triphosphate, guanosine triphosphate and inosine triphosphate are inactive for both light production and pyrophosphate liberation. 6. 6. The results are discussed in relation to the mechanism of light emission and the mode of action of pyrophosphate, pyrophosphatase, and coenzyme A on luminescence.
Exact analytical modeling of power and energy for multimode lamb waves excited by piezoelectric wafer active sensors

This article presents an analytical model for power and energy transfer between excited piezoelectric wafer active sensors and host structure. This model is based on exact multimodal Lamb waves, normal mode expansion technique, and orthogonality of Lamb waves. Modal participation factors are presented to show the contribution of every mode to the total energy transfer. The model assumptions include the following: (1) straight-crested multimodal ultrasonic guided wave propagation, (2) propagating waves only, (3) ideal bonding (pin-force) connection between piezoelectric wafer active sensors and structure, and (4) ideal excitation source at the transmitter piezoelectric wafer active sensors. Constrained piezoelectric wafer active sensor admittance is reviewed. Electrical active power, mechanical converted power, and Lamb wave kinetic and potential energies are derived in closed-form formulae. Numerical simulations are performed for the case of symmetric and antisymmetric excitation of thin aluminum structur...
Strategic timing, position-taking, and impeachment in the house of representatives

We examine the timing of members’ position-taking in the House of Representatives’ decision to impeach President Clinton. Based on our understanding of the goals of members and leaders, we expect m...
1144 ACUTE MASTOIDITIS: DIAGNOSIS AND COMPLICATIONS

30 patients with 31 episodes of acute mastoiditis (AM) were identified by discharge diagnosis and studied retrospectively. There were 17 females and 13 males. The age range was 3 months to 14 years, with 43% less than 24 months. All had abnormal tympanic membranes. 27/31 had swelling above or posterior to the ear which deviated the pinna. Findings on mastoid films were clouding-16, osteomyelitis-2, and normal-7. In 14 patients organisms were recovered from normally sterile sites. The most frequent were Pneumococcus-5, group A streptococcus-3, Haemophilus-2, and anaerobes-3. 15/30 patients did well without surgery. In 23/31 episodes the patients were afebrile and much improved within 24 hours of hospitalization. Of these 23 episodes, 8 were treated surgically and 15 medically. In 8 episodes fever lasted longer than 24 hours. In 3/8 an intracranial complication had occurred; in 2/8 fever responded to a change in antimicrobials. Complications which occurred in 11/30 patients were subperiosteal abscess-7, meningitis-4, osteomyelitis-2, facial nerve palsy-1, and subdural and brain abscess-1. Of 6 patients with neurological complications, 4 had no external sign of AM on physical exam. In the absence of a complication, most patients will respond to antimicrobials within 24 hours. The absence of mastoid swelling does not rule out AM.
Cation distributions, bonding and transport behavior in silver and copper fast-ion conductors with simple anion packings

Abstract The Ag+ and Cu+ halides and chalcogenides, the prototypes of cation-disordered fast-ion conductors, have structures based upon simple b.c.c., h.c.p., or f.c.c. anion arrays. The distribution of mobile cations among available interstices remained enigmatic until recently beacuse of disruptive phase transformations that hinder the preparation of single crystals, coupled with the small number of diffraction intensities available in powder patterns as a consequence of disorder and large thermal-vibration amplitudes. Single-crystal neutron diffraction techniques and the availability of a recent formalism for the description of scattering by anharmonically vibrating atoms have permitted precise description of the cation distribution in a number of structures. All display delocalized cations and strongly anharmonic thermal vibrations. The details of the cation distribution and transport process do not, however, depend solely on the geometry of the anion array, but are also influenced by the bonding characteristics and concentration of the mobile cations. Although Ag+ and Cu+ have the same ionic radii as Na+ and Li+ respectively, the structures, bond characteristics and transport properties of their halides and chalcogenides are quite distinct. A self-consistent field Xα calculation of orbital interactions in α-AgI reveals significant covalent interaction between I 5p and Ag 4d and 5s. Two of the non-bonding interactions of Ag 4d and I 5p are anti-bonding for nearest anion neighbors, but bonding for second-nearest neighbors, a possible contribution to enhanced cation mobility.
New generation aromatase inhibitors--from the advanced to the adjuvant setting.

Aromatase inhibitors (AIs) are a class of compounds that inhibit the cytochrome P450 aromatase enzyme that mediates conversion of androgens to estrogen in the adrenal gland. AIs have been approved for second-line and, more recently, first-line treatment of advanced breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The most recent, third generation of AIs are the non-steroidal agents anastrozole (‘Arimidex’) and letrozole, and the steroidal compound exemestane. As second-line therapy, anastrozole demonstrated a significant survival advantage over megestrol acetate (26.7 months v.s. 22.5 months; p < 0.025). Exemestane also produced better survival than megestrol acetate, although these data were less mature. Letrozole 2.5 mg has not demonstrated a survival advantage versus megestrol acetate in the second-line setting. As first-line therapy, anastrozole has demonstrated significant superiority in response rates with respect to time to progression (TTP) (11.1 months v.s. 5.6 months; p = 0.005) and has also demonstrated significantly greater clinical benefit rates compared with tamoxifen (59.1% v.s. 45.6%; p = 0.0098). Letrozole has also demonstrated significantly longer TTP than tamoxifen in the first-line setting (9.5 months v.s. 6 months; p = 0.0001). Important differences between the pharmacological profiles of these agents have been noted, particularly with respect to their effects on glucocorticoid metabolism; data for individual agents should not be extrapolated from one to another, particularly in the adjuvant setting.
Isolation of neonatal extrahepatic cholangiocytes

The intra and extrahepatic bile ducts of the liver are developmentally distinct, and may be differentially affected by certain diseases. However, differences between intra and extrahepatic cholangiocytes, and between neonatal and adult cells, are not well understood. Methods for the isolation of cholangiocytes from intrahepatic bile ducts are well established1-4. Isolation of extrahepatic ductal cells, especially from the neonate, has not yet been described, although this would be of great benefit in understanding the differences between distinct cholangiocyte populations and in studying diseases such as biliary atresia that appear to target the extrahepatic ducts. Described here is an optimized technique to isolate both neonatal and adult mouse extrahepatic bile duct cells. This technique yields a pure cell population with minimal contamination from mesenchymal cells like fibroblasts. This method is based on the removal of the extrahepatic ducts and gallbladder, followed by meticulous dissection and scraping to remove fat and fibroblast layers. Structures are embedded in thick layers of collagen and cultured for approximately 3 weeks to allow outgrowth of cholangiocytes in monolayers, which can then be trypsinized and re plated for experimental use.
Post-acute pathological changes in the thalamus and internal capsule in aged mice following controlled cortical impact injury: a magnetic resonance imaging, iron histochemical, and glial immunohistochemical study.

Abstract Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of neurological disability across all ages, but the elderly are particularly vulnerable and have a worse prognosis than younger individuals. To advance the understanding of long-term pathogenesis induced by TBI in the elderly, aged mice (21–24 months) were given a controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury to the sensorimotor cortex, and their brains were analyzed by MRI and histopathology at 1 and 2 months after CCI injury, a post-acute period. A T2 hypointensity was observed in the ipsilateral thalamus but not in the contralateral thalamus or in the thalamus of sham operated, control mice. The hypointensity was co-localized with increased histochemical staining of iron, a paramagnetic substance that causes a shortening of the T2 relaxation time. Since iron catalyzes reactions that lead to toxic free radicals, the deposition of iron in the thalamus raises the possibility that it promotes pathogenesis following TBI. Astrocyte gliosis and microgliosis were also observed in the ipsilateral thalamus in the post-acute period. The ipsilateral internal capsule displayed a trend for a T2 hypointensity, however, unlike the thalamus it did not have an increase of iron or GFAP staining, but it did have evidence of microgliosis. In summary, areas of T2 hypointensity were revealed in both the thalamus and internal capsule during the post-acute period following CCI injury, but the underlying pathology appeared to be distinct between these regions.
Ethnic identity in urban African American youth: Exploring links with self‐worth, aggression, and other psychosocial variables

This study represents an attempt to examine the relative influences of ethnic identity and global self-worth on aggression, coping, and adjustment among urban African American adolescents. Findings suggest that ethnic identity was associated with a range of positive feelings about oneself and health-related outcomes. When taking into account global self-worth, youth with a greater sense of ethnic/racial identity reported more active coping strategies, fewer beliefs supporting aggression, and fewer aggressive behaviors. A strong positive sense of global self-worth was significantly related to lower levels of anxiety and depression, and greater beliefs supporting aggressive behavior, when taking into account ethnic identity. Examining these constructs in combination can yield insight into the processes involved in competence and adjustment among at-risk youth. This study suggests that ethnic identity is an important component of development, and that we should consider examining and strengthening ethnoracial and political consciousness among youth in preventive interventions. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Local photorefractive materials based on DX centers

Summary form only given. While optical data storage is one potential application of this effect, this requires very long persistence times and we continue to search for materials exhibiting persistent photoconductivity (PPC) with a larger capture barrier, which would allow for persistent features at or near room temperature. We have, however also demonstrated that some applications of this effect do not require long persistence times. In particular, we have demonstrated phase conjugation using low-power diode lasers. In this application, a short persistence time is required so that operation closer to room temperature is possible. These results are summarized.
O-glycosylation in Toxoplasma gondii: identification and analysis of a family of UDP-GalNAc:polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferases.

The initiation of mucin-type O-glycosylation is catalysed by a family of UDP-GalNAc:polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferases (EC 2.4.1.41). These enzymes are responsible for the transfer of N-acetylgalactosamine from the nucleotide sugar donor, UDP-GalNAc, to the hydroxyl group on specific serine or threonine residues in acceptor proteins. By screening a Toxoplasma gondii cDNA library, three distinct isoforms of the ppGalNAc-T gene family were cloned. Two additional isoforms were identified and partially cloned following analysis of the T. gondii genome sequence database. All of the cloned and identified ppGalNAc-T's are type II membrane proteins that share up to 50% amino acid sequence identity within the conserved catalytic domain. They each contain an N-terminal cytoplasmic domain, a hydrophobic transmembrane domain, and a lumenal domain; the latter consists of stem, catalytic, and lectin-like domains. Moreover, each of this ppGalNAc-T's contains important sequence motifs that are typical for this class of glycosyltransferases. These include a glycosyltransferase 1 motif containing the DXH sequence, a Gal/GalNAc-T motif, and the CLD and QXW sequence motifs located in α-, β-, and γ-repeats present within the lectin-like domain. The coding regions of T. gondii ppGalNAc-T1, -T2, and -T3 reside in multiple exons ranging in number from 6 to 10. Our results demonstrate that mucin-type O-glycosylation in T. gondii is catalysed by a multimember gene family, which is evolutionarily conserved from single-celled eukaryotes through nematodes and insects up to mammals. Taken together, this information creates the basis for future studies of the function of the ppGalNAc-T gene family in the pathobiology of this apicomplexan parasite.
The role of anticipated emotion, desire, and intention in the relationship between image and shopping center visits

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify variables that intervene in the relationship between shopping center image and frequency of visits to that shopping center. Variables investigated as intervening are desires, intentions, and positive anticipated emotions.Design/methodology/approach – The method uses a two wave mail survey. One wave gathers intentions and variables antecedent to intentions while a second wave gathers behavioral data.Findings – Findings suggest that desire (i.e. motivation), intention, and positive anticipated emotions intervene between shopping center image and frequency of shopping center visits. Positive anticipated emotions are not emotions felt while shopping but are the expected emotional consequences of achieving a goal, in this case visiting a shopping center. Visiting a shopping center might be a goal in itself or it could be the means to goal attainment (e.g. shopping to get a product).Research limitations/implications – A limitation of the study is that results a...
Infectious complications following serial transverse enteroplasty in infants and children with short bowel syndrome

Abstract Background Serial transverse enteroplasty (STEP) lengthens and tapers dilated small bowel in patients with short bowel syndrome (SBS). Previous reports document encouraging outcomes with regard to tolerance for enteral nutrition (EN) and complications appear related to the re-operative nature of many cases and to the presence of multiple staple lines. However, infectious complications following STEP have not been examined. Since infections, especially catheter-related blood stream infections (CRBSI), are considered detrimental in infants and children with SBS, we sought to define the frequency and outcomes of peri-operative infections associated with STEP. Methods All children with SBS who underwent a STEP between 2004 and 2012 were indentified and their medical records were reviewed. Patients were considered candidates for a STEP if they had dilated small bowel and failure to advance enteral nutrition. For the purpose of this study, infections occurring within a 14-day period after STEP were considered procedure-related and were the focus of the study. Results A total of 18 patients underwent 23 STEP procedures. Primary diagnoses included intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, necrotizing enterocolitis, and midgut volvulus. After the STEP, eight patients (35%) developed CRBSI, three developed wound infections, and two had urinary tract infections. Organisms isolated from either blood, wound or urine cultures included gram-positive cocci, gram-negative rods, and yeast. Perioperative antibiotics were administered in all cases with cefoxitin (43%) and piperacillin/tazobactam (30%) being most common. Neither antibiotic appeared superior in reducing the incidence of CRBSI. In three patients with persistent bacteremia despite adequate antibiotic therapy, a 74% ethanol lock resulted in negative blood cultures in all cases. Only one central venous catheter required replacement acutely for persistent fungemia. Conclusion STEP can improve enteral tolerance. In this fragile patient population, however, STEP carries a documented infectious burden. The optimal antibiotic prophylaxis and the role of ethanol locking in patients undergoing STEP require further study.
Supplementary Notes on Charles John Andersson's Journey to the Okavango River

Recently in this journal (Wilmsen 2003:360-375), I delineated Charles John Andersson's route to the Okavango River based on entries in his diaries and an overlooked map of the route published by Thomas Baines in 1866. noted there that, while the place, Okambombo, where Andersson first stood on the banks of the Okavango was correctly plotted on Baines' map, its geographical coordinates were given only approximately. I also noted that Andersson did not bring along his astronomical instruments on his first excursion to the river, and assumed therefore that no coordinates for the place were obtained. However, in the course of my preparation of Andersson's papers for publication, I have since worked through the 116 unnumbered pages of geographical calculations recorded in volume 10 of the papers and found latitude observations for several points along the route, including Ombongo and Okambombo; his calculations for these latter two places are shown in Figure 1.Andersson left the river on 29 March 1859 and returned to it on 29 April (CJAP-3.3:169); on 4 May the correct latitude, 17°46′08″S, was determined by astronomical observation. About this, Andersson (CJAP-3.3:172) wrote, “[o]btained a latitude. Between Ombongo & this place (Okambombo) I am only out a mile in latitude.” The latitude for Ombongo was obtained just before this, on 16 April on his way back to the river (CJAP-3.3:165). On Baines' map this latitude is given as 17°37′53″S, but as can be seen, this is just one of Andersson's interim reckonings before the “True Latd 17°39′38″” is calculated (figure 1). Baines (1866:217) gave approximate coordinates for Okambombo in his text, writing “17°30′S. lat. and longitude about 19°E,” but the correct coordinates (17°46′08″S about 18°55′E) are plotted on the map. Both discrepancies are due to the fact that the published map was redrawn by Royal Geographical Society cartographers, who copied one that Andersson made in Cape Town at Galton's urging (GP-UCL 1866) based on “upwards of three thousand prismatic compass triangulations and astronomical observations of latitudes” (found in volume 10), while Baines copied from the letter Andersson wrote from Okambombo to Dr. Norton Shaw, secretary of the Society.
THE NATURAL HISTORY OF EXPERIMENTAL POLIOMYELITIS INFECTION : I. STUDIES ON THE CENTRIFUGAL SPREAD AND ELIMINATION OF VIRUS IN INTRASCIATICALLY INOCULATED RHESUS MONKEYS.

1. Eight rhesus monkeys with experimental poliomyelitis following intrasciatic inoculation of "M.V." virus were used to study the extent of virus spread in the central and peripheral nervous systems and the question of its elimination in the nasal secretions. 2. Tests on nasal secretions collected on absorbent cotton plugs daily and continuously from the moment of inoculation to the end of the disease failed to reveal virus. 3. No virus was found in the olfactory bulbs, nasal mucosa, tonsils and adjacent pharyngeal tissue, salivary glands, adrenals, superior cervical sympathetic ganglia, abdominal celiac ganglia, and small intestine. 4. Elimination of virus by the nasal route was not one of the consequences of poliomyelitis infection resulting from invasion of the "M.V." virus by way of a peripheral nerve in rhesus monkeys. 5. No indiscriminate widespread dissemination of virus occurred in the central nervous system of the intraneurally inoculated rhesus monkeys nor did the virus spread outward sufficiently to involve the collateral sympathetic ganglia or the collections of nerve cells in various peripheral tissues. Under certain circumstances, therefore, the presence of virus in these ganglia and tissues may be used as an index to the portal of entry of the virus.
A strategy for rapid analysis of the variations in the reduced distribution function of liquid metals and metallic glasses

Pulsed neutron sources and third-generation synchrotron sources provide sufficiently high flux to acquire high wave momentum diffraction patterns suitable for pair distribution function (PDF) analysis in a matter of minutes to seconds, and even less. This allows for sequential data acquisition of a sample subjected to thermal, mechanical and even magnetic forces. Understanding the dynamics of the material's response to external stimuli will require new ways of analyzing the massive amounts of data collected during these time-resolved studies. The change in the PDF can be quickly evaluated using only the change in the measured intensities from an arbitrary initial state. With appropriate scaling factor, these can provide a quantitative measure of how the pairwise correlations change with external stimuli.
Rings of homogeneous functions

We investigate the question “When is the near-ring, MR(V), of homogeneous functions a ring?” for modules over commutative Noetherian rings. Particular attention is directed to the case in which V is an injective module.
Addressing the delay-time-bandwidth problem in slow light

For many applications of slow or stopped light, the delay-time-bandwidth product is a fundamental issue. However, existing slow light demonstrations do not give a satisfactory delay-time bandwidth product, especially in room temperature solids. Here we demonstrate that the use of artificial inhomogeneous broadening has the potential to solve this problem by simultaneously slow down all the frequency components of the input pulse. The proof of principle experiment was done using three-wave mixing in a photorefractive crystal Ce:BaTiO 3 where Bragg selection is used to provide the inhomogeneity.
Protein Kinase D Is Sufficient to Suppress EGF-Induced c-Jun Ser 63 Phosphorylation

Phosphorylation of c-Jun at Ser 63/73 by the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) potentiates the transactivation function of c-Jun. Protein kinase D (PKD), a downstream effector of protein kinase C (PKC), has been implicated in the attenuation of epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced activation of JNK. In order to determine whether activated PKD is sufficient to modulate the EGF-JNK-c-Jun pathway, we have developed a cellular model system, utilizing human embryonic kidney cells (HEK 293), in which stably transfected, constitutively active or kinase dead mutants of PKD can be inducibly expressed by the insect hormone, ecdysone. Induced expression of constitutively active, but not kinase dead PKD, suppressed EGF stimulated c-Jun phosphorylation at Ser 63, demonstrating that activated PKD is sufficient to suppress c-Jun phosphorylation. This is the first demonstration that PKD modulates phosphorylation of the proto-oncogene c-Jun at a site critical for its ability to mediate cell proliferation and differentiation.
Confocal microscopy for the histological fluorescence pattern of a recurrent atypical meningioma: case report.

Background and importance Fluorescence-guided resection with 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA), which has shown promising results in the resection of malignant gliomas, has been used for meningioma resection in an attempt to more clearly delineate the tumor margin. However, no article has investigated the fluorescence pattern of meningiomas on a histological level. Understanding the microscopic pattern of fluorescence could help assess the precision and utility of using 5-ALA for these tumors. We present the case of a recurrent atypical meningioma operated on with 5-ALA fluorescence-guided resection for delineation of tumor tissue from surrounding uninvolved dura. Clinical presentation A 53-year-old woman presented with recurrent atypical meningioma of the falx. Prior treatment included surgical resection 6 years earlier with subsequent fractionated radiation therapy and radiosurgery for tumor progression. The patient was given 5-ALA 20 mg/kg body weight dissolved in 100 mL water 3 hours before induction of anesthesia. Intraoperative fluorescence was coregistered with preoperative imaging. Neuropathological analysis of the resected falx with confocal microscopy enabled correlation of fluorescence with the extent of tumor on a histological level. Conclusion Fluorescence guidance allowed clear intraoperative delineation of tumor tissue from adjacent, uninvolved dura. On a microscopic level, there was a very close correlation of fluorescence with tumor, but some tumor cells did not fluoresce.
Effects of boreal forest vegetation on global climate

TERRESTRIAL ecosystems are thought to play an important role in determining regional and global climate1–6; one example of this is in Amazonia, where destruction of the tropical rainforest leads to warmer and drier conditions4–6. Boreal forest ecosystems may also affect climate. As temperatures rise, the amount of continental and oceanic snow and ice is reduced, so the land and ocean surfaces absorb greater amounts of solar radiation, reinforcing the warming in a 'snow/ice/albedo' feedback which results in large climate sensitivity to radiative forcings7–9. This sensitivity is moderated, however, by the presence of trees in northern latitudes, which mask the high reflectance of snow10,11, leading to warmer winter temperatures than if trees were not present12–14. Here we present results from a global climate model which show that the boreal forest warms both winter and summer air temperatures, relative to simulations in which the forest is replaced with bare ground or tundra vegetation. Our results suggest that future redistributions of boreal forest and tundra vegetation (due, for example, to extensive logging, or the influence of global warming) could initiate important climate feedbacks, which could also extend to lower latitudes.
Interplanetary magnetic field enhancements in the solar wind: Statistical properties at 1 AU☆

The present investigation is concerned with interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) enhancements which do not resemble any of the previously reported amplifications in the IMF. The magnetic field enhacements observed increase slowly at first and then more rapidly to a peak followed by a symmetrical decay. Interplanetary magnetic field enhacement observed by ISEE-3 on various dates are considered, giving attention to observations on June 5, 1979; September 8-9, 1980; February 5, 1981; and June 14-15, 1981. Interplanetary magnetic field enhancement observed with the aid of IMP-8 are also considered. A total of 45 events is found in surveying a 9-year period of magnetic field data.
Localization of hyaluronate in primary glial cell cultures derived from newborn rat brain

We have devised a technique that enables one to localize hyaluronate in cultured cells. Cells were probed with the glial hyaluronate binding protein (GHAP) which was itself then visualized by conventional indirect immunofluorescence. The hyaluronate binding properties of this protein have been established. This technique was applied to the study of hyaluronate synthesis in glial cells. These cells do not themselves produce GHAP. O-2A progenitor cells were obtained from the cerebral hemispheres of newborn rats. These cells are bipotential in that they are able to differentiate into either oligodendrocytes or type 2 astrocytes depending on the composition of the culture medium. In cultures of O-2A progenitor cells maintained in the absence of serum, in which large numbers of oligodendrocytes appeared, very little hyaluronate was produced. The galC+ cells were invariably hyaluronate negative. Cultures of the same cells, maintained in the presence of 10% FCS, contained large numbers of hyaluronate producing cells. The hyaluronate producing cells were typically small, process-bearing, and GFAP+. Some, but not all, were A2B5+ and could, therefore, be identified as type 2 (GFAP+, A2B5+) astrocytes. Type 1 (GFAP+, A2B5-) astrocytes were also active in the synthesis of hyaluronate, to the extent that they were able to coat their substrate with hyaluronate. Among cells of the O-2A lineage, then, hyaluronate production would appear to be restricted to astrocytes. This may have some bearing on the origin of hyaluronate in the extracellular matrix of CNS white matter.
Fossils from the Ellsworth Mountains, Antarctica

THE Ellsworth Mountains are centred at 79° S., 85° W. in West Antarctica south of the eastern Pacific Ocean (sec Fig. 1). They extend about 220 miles in a north-north-west direction and are divided into a northern Sentinel Range and a southern Heritage Range. Widespread rock exposure and critical location make these mountains important in seeking an understanding of the structural evolution of West Antarctica. One of us (C. C.) visited the Ellsworth Mountains briefly in 1959 during an airborne traverse, and University of Minnesota expeditions worked there during the 1961–62 and 1962–63 summer seasons. Few fossils were found by the first expedition1, and none has proved identifiable even to genus. Significant palseontological discoveries were made, however, during the 1962–63 season when one of us (G. F. W.) led a party in the Heritage Range and the other a party in the Sentinel Range. Although the new material was only briefly examined and the field work is continuing, it seems desirable to make available a summary of the fossil discoveries so far.
Effects of viscosity on the bitterness and astringency of grape seed tannin

Abstract To examine the separate effects of viscosity and sweetness on astringency, aqueous solutions of grape seed tannin (GST) were thickened with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) from 2 to 45 cP (experiment 1) or sweetened with 0 to 1.8 g L aspartame (experiment 2). Trained subjects continuously rated astringency and bitterness in duplicate. Subjects were categorized by the salivary flow induced by citric acid and ability to taste n-propyl thiouracil (PROP). In experiment 1, maximum intensity and total duration of astringency were significantly decreased as viscosity rose, although time to maximum intensity of astringency was not affected. Maximum intensity and total duration of bitterness were not significantly affected by increasing viscosity; however, the onset of bitterness was significantly delayed. In experiment 2, increasing sweetness had no affect on any astringency parameter, although maximum intensity of bitterness was significantly decreased. Neither PROP nor salivary flow-status had any effect on perception of bitterness or astringency in either experiment.
Evidence on omitted variable bias in earnings equations

Abstract In this paper we propose that family background variables are significant in earnings equations because they measure investments in children made by families in the home, over and above formal schooling investments and schooling quality. Together these variables account for a significant proportion of the difference between estimated rates of return to schooling across racial groups. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we observe a convergence of rates of return across racial groups after accounting for differences in these variables. The estimated equations are used to predict that average minority earnings would be almost identical to white earnings if minorities experienced the same family background and school quality as whites.
A comparative study of nonlinear Markov chain models for conditional simulation of multinomial classes from regular samples

Simulating fields of categorical geospatial variables from samples is crucial for many purposes, such as spatial uncertainty assessment of natural resources distributions. However, effectively simulating complex categorical variables (i.e., multinomial classes) is difficult because of their nonlinearity and complex interclass relationships. The existing pure Markov chain approach for simulating multinomial classes has an apparent deficiency—underestimation of small classes, which largely impacts the usefulness of the approach. The Markov chain random field (MCRF) theory recently proposed supports theoretically sound multi-dimensional Markov chain models. This paper conducts a comparative study between a MCRF model and the previous Markov chain model for simulating multinomial classes to demonstrate that the MCRF model effectively solves the small-class underestimation problem. Simulated results show that the MCRF model fairly produces all classes, generates simulated patterns imitative of the original, and effectively reproduces input transiograms in realizations. Occurrence probability maps are estimated to visualize the spatial uncertainty associated with each class and the optimal prediction map. It is concluded that the MCRF model provides a practically efficient estimator for simulating multinomial classes from grid samples.
Computerized stock screening rules for portfolio selection

Abstract Recent studies have uncovered several systematic patterns that increase the probability that individual investors can select stock portfolios with excess returns. This study tests the feasibility of using a commercially available computerized stock screening program for investors to take advantage of these patterns. The screening program searches the three major exchanges and selects stocks on both fundamental and technical indicators: low price-to-sales ratio, small firm size, accelerating stock prices above their 50 day moving average, high trading volume, and high earnings growth. Of the 18 models tested between 1994 and 1998, those that allow for selection between exchanges yield portfolio returns that significantly exceed the average market indices.
Effects of menhaden predation of plankton populations in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island

The Atlantic menhaden,Brevoortia tyrannus, is an abundant plankton-feeding fish that undertakes extensive seasonal migrations, moving from overwintering locations offshore south of Cape Hatteras to the mid-Atlantic Bight and New England inshore waters during spring and summer. A bioenergetic model, based on field and laboratory studies, shows that when large numbers of menhaden enter Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, during spring and early summer, they significantly influence plankton populations through size-selective grazing and nutrient regeneration. A population biomass of 9.1×106 kg of menhaden feeding for 12 h each day in the upper bay would result, in a substantial reduction of the instantaneous growth rate of the >20-μm phytoplankton. Instantaneous growth rates of zooplankton would be negative if the same population of menhaden was present, resulting in a reduction in the biomass of zooplankton. Given the ambient phytoplankton and zooplankton populations, menhaden could achieve the seasonal growth measured in Narragansett Bay during 1976 by feeding on average about 5 h d−1. Daily nitrogen excretion rates of the 9.1×106 kg menhaden population were 56.4% of the mean standing stock of ammonia-N in the upper bay. Because menhaden travel in schools their effects are likely to be intense but strongly localized, increasing spatial heterogeneity in the ecosystem. When the fish migrate southward in the fall they transfer between 3.3% and 6.2% of the nitrogen exported annually from the bay.
The crisis, Fed, Quants and stochastic optimal control

Abstract The Dodd–Frank (D–F) Financial Reform Bill authorizes the Federal Reserve to monitor the financial services marketplace to identify potential threats to the stability of the US financial system. Alan Greenspan's retrospective indicates what he has learned from the crisis. He argues that the crisis, the housing price bubble, was unpredictable and unavoidable. Greenspan now focuses on desirable capital requirements, or leverage, for banks and financial intermediaries. I explain why the Fed's and Greenspan's views stem from a lack of the appropriate tools of analysis of what is an excessive debt or leverage. The Quants who devised the highly leveraged financial derivatives ignored systemic risk. My theme is that the application of stochastic optimal control (SOC) is an effective approach to implement what the D–F bill is authorizing. I explain: first, what is the optimal capital requirement/leverage that balances expected return against risk. Second, what is a theoretically derived early warning signal of a crisis. Third, I derive an excess debt ratio, equal to the difference between the actual and optimal ratios. The probability of a debt crisis is directly related to the excess debt ratio. The excess debt ratio starting from 2004–05 indicated that a crisis was most likely. The Fed should use this SOC analysis in implementing the Dodd–Frank bill.
Some Notes On English Vowel Morphophonemics

Morphophonemically related differences in vowel quality, as Illustrated by pairs of English words like five: fifth, sleep: slept, bathe: bath, punitive: punish, know: knowledge, hooves: hoof, south; southern, can be accounted for by reference to an underlying system of seven Tense and seven Lax vowels, Tenseness being assigned by rules not discussed. From this sytem the actually occurring forms are derived as follows. A first rule analyzes into The second makes Tense vowels into central vowels plus off-glides and changes Tense high vowels to low, mid to high, and low to mid. Next, non-low Tense vowels assimilate to their off-glides. Thus: A last rule accounts for the quality of the Lax vowels, changing to and to and to with and remaining as In the underlying system:
Chronic lymphocytic leukemic meningitis as a cause of the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone

A patient with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is described who presented with fever, headache, and hyponatremia. Subsequent evaluation established the diagnoses of CLL meningitis and the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). Both findings resolved following therapy with intrathecal methotrexate. A brief citation of the literature of CLL meningitis is presented.
Treatment of dystonia.

Dystonia may be a sign or symptom, that is comprised of complex abnormal and dynamic movements of different etiologies. A specific cause is identified in approximately 28% of patients, which only occasionally results in specific treatment. In most cases, treatment is symptomatic and designed to relieve involuntary movements, improve posture and function and reduce associated pain. Therapeutic options are dictated by clinical assessment of the topography of dystonia, severity of abnormal movements, functional impairment and progression of disease and consists of pharmacological, surgical and supportive approaches. Several advances have been made in treatment with newer medications, availability of different forms of botulinum toxin and globus pallidus deep brain stimulation (DBS). For patients with childhood-onset dystonia, the majority of whom later develop generalized dystonia, oral medication is the mainstay of therapy. Recently, DBS has emerged as an effective alternative therapy. Botulinum toxin is us...