cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Discriminatory Paycheck Protection

Lobbyists and strip club owners have both gone to court recently to challenge their exclusion from the $659 billion Paycheck Protection Program, one of Congress's largest responses yet to the economic devastation unleashed by the COVID-19 pandemic. So far, surprisingly, strip club owners have been successful while political lobbyists have failed. Appeals are pending in several circuits, with more surely to come. This Essay argues that when it comes to the Constitution, these split decisions get things exactly right: strip clubs have a stronger free speech claim than lobbyists do, despite the fact that lobbyists engage in expression closer to the core of the First Amendment. Seeing why requires us to answer what the Supreme Court recently referred to, and dodged (in Matal v. Tam), as a "notoriously tricky question of constitutional law": how to draw the line between selective subsidies for expression and targeted attempts to suppress it. The strip club cases ask when the government's funding priorities become a form of discrimination--an abridgment of speech rather than an ordinary decision about what to support during the current crisis.
"What Should We Do?": The Bloomington School and the Citizen's Core Question

This chapter examines the viability of citizen self-governance within an Ostromian model. Levine considers whether it is possible to generalize the Ostromian approach to a wider range of collective action dilemmas beyond common-pool resource settings. He argues that Ostrom’s approach correctly focuses on individual citizens, but that it may be inadequate to explain citizen governance in at least two different settings.
Steam gasification of municipal solid waste for hydrogen production using Aspen Plus® simulation

Approximately 50 million ton of municipal waste is generated in Pakistan per annum and most of this waste does not reach final deposit sites. In this research, Silvia gas technology for municipal solid waste (MSW) steam gasification is studied to produce high energy density product gas. A detailed simulation model is developed with the help of Aspen Plus®. Catalyst coal bottom ash along with lime (CaO) as sorbent is employed for tar reduction and improving the hydrogen (H2) yield in the product gas. The effect of gasification operating temperature and the ratio of steam to feedstock on synthetic gas composition, hydrogen (H2) yield and heating values of synthesis gas was studied. Coal bottom ash along with CaO had a substantial effect on hydrogen (H2) yield and synthesis gas production. Rise in steam–MSW ratio increased the hydrogen (H2) from 58 to 74.9% (vol.). The maximum value of hydrogen (H2) production, i.e., 74.9% by vol. was achieved at a steam–feedstock ratio of 1.9. A maximum of 79.8% by vol. hydrogen (H2) was attained at 680 °C gasification operating temperature with 1.3 ratio of steam to feedstock and coal bottom ash 0.07% by wt. High value of 13.1 MJ/Nm3 of hydrogen-rich synthetic gas was achieved at 680 °C. The acquired results lay the foundation for the economic feasibility study and pilot plant for MSW usage for hydrogen production. A simulation model is developed with the help of Aspen Plus® to study the municipal solid waste steam gasification for hydrogen production. The maximum value of hydrogen (H2) production i.e., 74.9% by vol. was achieved at a steam-feedstock ratio of 1.9.
Rejected Families: Established and Innovative Structures of Service

The purpose of this paper is to encourage social workers in faily settings to consider alternative structures of services to failies, especially those families who are rejected from meaningful extra-familial relationships. Rejected families, the established structure of family service and some innovative modifications to this structure are described. Special attention is given to one type of innovative family-service structure, an experimental family residential center, which was successful in reducing rates of child abuse in Holland. Innovative family-service structures, including residential centers, could help many families which do not benefit from the existing structure of family services. In America, as in Western Europe, social workers are relying more upon family-focused methods to deal with problems which were once dealt with by seeing specific individuals. The established structure of family services is useful for many families, and yet, existing services in numerous communities do not adequately respond to the needs of "rejected families." In the first part of the paper, rejected families and the established structure of family-focused service will be defined. In the second part of the paper, specific attention is given to one type of innovative service structure, a family residential center, which was developed in Holland, and findings of families discharged over eighteen months will be reviewed. This center, De Triangel, accepted only multi-problem families in which children had been abused. Admitted families were motivated to change but had not benefited from receiving established services. Centers similar to this and other innovative services could close a significant family-service gap which now exists in many American communities. I. Rejected Families and Family-Focused Services
Identification of actin-binding protein as the protein linking the membrane skeleton to glycoproteins on platelet plasma membranes

Platelets have previously been shown to contain a membrane skeleton that is composed of actin filaments, actin-binding protein, and three membrane glycoproteins (GP), GP Ib, GP Ia, and a minor glycoprotein of Mr = 250,000. The present study was designed to determine how the membrane glycoproteins were linked to actin filaments. Unstimulated platelets were lysed with Triton X-100, and the membrane skeleton was isolated on sucrose density gradients or by high-speed centrifugation. The association of the membrane glycoproteins with the actin filaments was disrupted when actin-binding protein was hydrolyzed by activity of the Ca2+-dependent protease, which was active in platelet lysates upon addition of Ca2+ in the absence of leupeptin. Similarly, activation of the Ca2+-dependent protease in intact platelets by the addition of a platelet agonist also caused the membrane glycoproteins to dissociate from the membrane skeleton. Affinity-purified actin-binding protein antibodies immunoprecipitated the membrane glycoproteins from platelet lysates in which actin filaments had been removed by DNase I-induced depolymerization and high-speed centrifugation. These results demonstrate that actin-binding protein links actin filaments of the platelet membrane skeleton to three plasma membrane glycoproteins and that filaments are released from their attachment site when actin-binding protein is hydrolyzed by the Ca2+-dependent protease within intact platelets during platelet activation.
Vertex sparsification and universal rounding algorithms

Suppose we are given a gigantic communication network, but are only interested in a small number of nodes (clients). There are many routing problems we could be asked to solve for our clients. Is there a much smaller network - that we could write down on a sheet of paper and put in our pocket - that approximately preserves all the relevant communication properties of the original network? As we will demonstrate, the answer to this question is YES, and we call this smaller network a vertex sparsifier. In fact, if we are asked to solve a sequence of optimization problems characterized by cuts or flows, we can compute a good vertex sparsifier ONCE and discard the original network. We can run our algorithms (or approximation algorithms) on the vertex sparsifier as a proxy - and still recover approximately optimal solutions in the original network. This novel pattern saves both space (because the network we store is much smaller) and time (because our algorithms run on a much smaller graph). Additionally, we apply these ideas to obtain a master theorem for graph partitioning problems - as long as the integrality gap of a standard linear programming relaxation is bounded on trees, then the integrality gap is at most a logarithmic factor larger for general networks. This result implies optimal bounds for many well studied graph partitioning problems as a special case, and even yields optimal bounds for more challenging problems that had not been studied before. Morally, these results are all based on the idea that even though the structure of optimal solutions can be quite complicated, these solution values can be approximated by crude (even linear) functions. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
Sudden unexpected death from cardiovascular disease in children. A cooperative international study.

Abstract The results of an international cooperative study of sudden unexpected death from cardiovascular disease in children are reported. Sudden natural death was defined as death occurring instantaneously or within 24 hours of the onset of acute symptoms or signs in ambulatory, nonhospitalized children aged 1 to 21 years. Twenty institutions representing 10 countries contributed a total of 254 acceptable case reports. In 186 cases the child had had no cardiac surgery. Four heart conditions accounted for 53 percent of these “medical” deaths: congenital aortic stenosis (18 percent), Eisenmenger's syndrome (15 percent), cyanotic congenital heart disease with pulmonary stenosis or atresia (10 percent) and hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (9 percent). A total of 33 types of cardiovascular disease were reported. Sixty-eight chlldren died months or years after cardiac surgery. In 28 of these 68 patients death appeared to be causally related to the preceding surgery rather than to the underlying cardiovascular disease. All but 2 of the 28 probably died of an arrhythmia, usually without warning. The period between the onset of acute signs and symptoms (terminal episode) was less than an hour (usually instantaneous) in 73 percent of all 254 patients. In 95 percent of patients in the “medical” group heart disease was known or suspected, but a majority of these patients were asymptomatic. Warning syncope occurred in only 16 percent. A majority of the patients (58 percent) were inactive at the time of the terminal episode (Standing, sitting, lying or sleeping). Only 10 percent were engaged in active sports. This large study appears to establish better than previous data the relative frequency of sudden unexpected death among children with heart disease in Western Europe and Central and North America. Surgical and medical preventive measures, and the indications for engaging in sports, are discussed.
The correlation between the value of α at the maximum reaction rate and the reaction mechanisms. A theoretical study

Abstract In this paper, a relationship between the value of α at the maximum reaction rate (αmax) and the reaction mechanism has been deduced mathematically from the fundamental rate equations for the solid state reaction. This relation can be expressed as f' (αmaa) G(αmax) = −1 + 2 RT max E . The effect of activation energy on αmax has also been discussed. When E RT max >20, the values of αmax fall in a narrow range dependent on the reaction mechanism. This work gives a theoretical verification to the kinetic analysis procedure proposed by Dollimore and co-workers.
Delay-Dependent H//sub/spl infin// Filtering for State-delayed LPV Systems

In this paper, we will address the design of parameter-dependent H infin filters for state estimation of an LPV plant with constant time-delay. It is assumed that the state-space data depend on parameters that are measurable in real-time. We will investigate the required conditions to satisfy both stability and Hinfin performance in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). We take the estimation error into account as the parameter of the performance index and design the filters to minimize the Lscr2-gain from noises to estimation error. We examine two classes of filters, one that is memoryless and another one that has memory in the filter dynamics. It is shown that the time-delayed filter results in reduced conservatism and improved performance. Illustrative example shows that the designed filters will have the ability to track the plant states in the presence of external disturbances
Fatty alcohol metabolism in cultured human fibroblasts. Evidence for a fatty alcohol cycle

Intact cultured human fibroblasts reduced [1-14C]palmitate to radioactive hexadecanol in a concentration-dependent manner. In the presence of 30 microM radioactive palmitate, cellular levels of labeled hexadecanol increased over time and reached a steady state corresponding to at least 0.1% of cell-associated radioactive palmitate. These levels of [14C]hexadecanol were increased up to 10-fold when exogenous nonradioactive hexadecanol was present, suggesting that radioactive hexadecanol was actively metabolized. Cells incubated in fatty acid-free medium with [1-14C]hexadecanol rapidly oxidized it to palmitic acid; less than 2% of the hexadecanol taken up by the cells was incorporated into the ether linkage of phosphatidylethanolamine, and no incorporation into wax esters was detected. Double-label experiments involving incubation of intact fibroblast with [3H]palmitate and [14C]hexadecanol demonstrated simultaneous synthesis of hexadecanol from palmitate and oxidation of hexadecanol to palmitate. Addition of exogenous palmitate to the medium of intact cells inhibited the oxidation of hexadecanol to fatty acid in a concentration-dependent fashion. This was associated with an increase in the fibroblast content of hexadecanol and loss of hexadecanol into the medium. Activity of fatty alcohol:NAD+ oxidoreductase, which catalyzes the oxidation of hexadecanol to palmitic acid, was inhibited by palmitoyl-CoA and NADH, but not by palmitic acid. These results are consistent with the presence of a "fatty alcohol cycle" in which hexadecanol is synthesized from palmitate via acyl-CoA and simultaneously oxidized back to free fatty acid. Fatty acyl-CoA, which is the primary substrate for fatty alcohol synthesis, may also regulate the intracellular level of fatty alcohol by inhibiting its oxidation.
Response of the Intracellular Adenosine Triphosphate Pool of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to Growth Inhibition Induced by Excess l-Methionine

Yeast cells accumulate S -adenosyl-l-methionine (S-AM) when cultivated in the presence of l-methionine. Cell growth is inhibited by the addition of high concentrations of l-methionine. A number of investigators have attributed this to the depletion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as a consequence of the utilization of that mucleotide for S-AM formation. The cellular ATP pool of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was measured during growth inhibition caused by addition of excess l-methionine. Polyethylenimine thin-layer chromatography and subsequent autoradiography were used to quantitate the extracted ATP. Addition of l-methionine to a level of 5 mg/ml in a culture during exponential growth caused an increase in the doubling time of 40 to 50%. During this period, the cellular ATP level continued increasing normally and, as the cells entered stationary growth, receded to a level characteristic of an uninhibited stationary culture growth. After the addition of methionine, there was never an observed depletion of the ATP pool other than the normal fluctuation which occurs in an uninhibited culture. We have concluded that growth inhibition by excessive methionine does not result from limiting availability of ATP.
The AAML Model for a Parenting Plan

The American Law Institute's Principles on the Law of Family Dissolution were published in 2002. These principles, which were developed over nearly a decade, reflect the thinking of prominent family law scholars, practitioners and judges concerning the legal consequences of marital dissolution: child custody, child support, distribution of marital property and compensatory payments to former spouses. The American Academy of Matrimonial Lawyers undertook the process of reviewing the ALI Principles concerning the Allocation of Custodial Decision-Making Responsibilities for Children and drafting a model parenting plan that would reflect the spirit of the ALI Principles relating to parenting plans without reference to the substantive law proposed for making child custody and visitation decisions.The proposed model parenting plan can be used to comply with state laws or court rules that require submission of a comprehensive plan. It can also be used in other states as a tool to help parents make plans for their children. The model plan requires parents to think about a myriad of options for the continued care of their children with the hope that planning in advance of the custody order will help to avoid post divorce conflicts. The plan is also useful as a means of preparing for eventual litigation as it narrows the issues in the dispute making any judicial proceeding more focused and efficient.The model plan also reflects the theory that in order to best serve the needs of children, plans must be age appropriate. Thus, the model plan encourages parents to think about the needs of their children at different development stages. Options for care of children are grouped according to what the social science research supports as appropriate for meeting the needs of children at different stages in their development.This article starts with the evolving law of child custody and summarizes the key provisions of the AAML Plan including jurisdiction, decision-making, education, medical care, extracurricular activities, religion, scheduling, relocation, travel, parent behavior, care by others, modification of the agreement, disputes, child support and breach. It is hoped that the plan will be useful to attorneys but more so that it will make a difference in the lives of children.
A bimetallic complex containing a cyclopentadienyl-annulated imidazol-2-ylidene.

A bimetallic carbene complex architecture that incorporates a cyclopentadienyl-annulated imidazol-2-ylidene moiety is characterized. The ligand architecture enables direct electronic interaction between the π- and σ-bonded metals. A preliminary example of aqueous Suzuki coupling employing a metallocene-fused imidazol-2-ylidene-derived catalyst is described.
Generation and evaluation of current and logic tests for switch-level sequential circuits

This article presents an approach to developing high quality tests for switch-level circuits using both current and logic test generation algorithms. Faults that are aborted or undetectable by logic tests may be detected by current tests, or vice versa. An efficient switch level test generation algorithm for generating current and logic tests is introduced. Clear definitions for analyzing the effectiveness of the joint test generation approach are derived. Experimental results are presented for demonstrating high coverage of stuck-at, stuck-on, and stuck-open faults for switch level circuits when both current and logic tests are used.
Relationships between Woody Debris and Fish Habitat in a Small Warmwater Stream

Abstract Abundance of woody debris was manipulated in a small Illinois stream to determine the importance of this material to fish. When a stream reach was divided along midchannel, and debris was added to one side, but removed from the other, fish and benthic invertebrates were usually more abundant on the side with woody debris than on the cleared side. In further experiments during a low-flow year (1980), debris removal was followed by rapid decreases in water depth and occurrence of benthic organic litter, and increases in current velocity and proportion of sand bottom. These changes were less apparent in unaltered reaches during 1980, and in all reaches during 1981, which was a high-flow year. Artificial debris was colonized by many invertebrates, including chironomids, trichopterans, and ephemeropterans. Most large fish (age 2+) avoided reaches without debris, whereas some smaller fish (such as johnny darter) preferred them; preferences for reach treatments were stronger in 1980 than in 1981. The ad...
A transforming growth factor beta type I receptor that signals to activate gene expression

Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) is a multifunctional factor that regulates many aspects of cellular functions. TGF-beta signals through a heteromeric complex of the type I and type II TGF-beta receptors. However, the molecular mechanism of signal transduction by this receptor complex remains unresolved. The type II receptor belongs to a transmembrane receptor serine-threonine kinase family. A new member of this receptor family (R4) was identified and shown to be a functional TGF-beta type I receptor on the basis of its ability to restore a TGF-beta-induced gene response in mutant cell lines lacking endogenous type I receptor. Both ligand binding and signaling of the R4 protein were dependent on the presence of a functional type II receptor. The type I receptor has an intrinsic serine-threonine kinase activity, which was essential for signal transduction.
Monoadduct forming photochemical reagents for labeling nucleic acids for hybridization

We describe the synthesis of three angelicin derivatives which can be used for labeling nucleic acids with biotin. These compounds were used to label nucleic acids in the presence of lysed cell constituents. The resulting labelled nucleic acids show hybridization to a genus specific probe for E. coli. The relative comparison of sensitivity indicates that a polyamine linker is better than a polyethylene oxide linker between the biotin and angelicin moieties.
Magnetic resonance imaging appearance of scurvy with gelatinous bone marrow transformation

Scurvy is a lethal but treatable disease that is rare in industrialized countries. Caused by vitamin C deficiency, it is most prevalent in persons of low socioeconomic status and smokers. Low levels of circulating vitamin C result in poor collagen fiber formation that, in turn, leads to demineralized bones, microfractures, and poor healing. Here we report a case of scurvy in a 5-year-old boy with normal radiographs in whom initial concern for leukemia based upon magnetic resonance imaging and clinical presentation led to a bone marrow biopsy revealing gelatinous transformation.
Relation between cubic-difference-tone generation and suppression.

Two aspects of the relation between cubic‐difference‐tone (CDT) generation and suppression were investigated in normal hearing listeners. First, the effects of narrow‐band noise and sinusoids on the two processes were examined using a forward‐masking paradigm. Within individual listeners, cubic difference bands (CDBs) behaved much like CDTs whereas the suppression effects produced by narrow‐band noise were substantially less than those produced by sinusoids. These results suggest that at least partially different processes underlie the two phenomena. Second, the role of suppression in the difference between forward‐ and simultaneous‐masking estimates of CDB amplitude was investigated. The data across listeners were highly variable but indicated a more complicated interpretation than that proposed by Shannon and Houtgast [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 68, 825–829 (1980)].
Diverse Effects of Norepinephrine on Vasopressin Release may Reflect Modulation by Hypotonicity

Abstract Previous studies in this laboratory and others have demonstrated both stimulation and inhibition of vasopressin release by norepinephrine. In other regions of the central nervous system, diverse effects of norepinephrine reflect activation of different types of adrenergic receptors and the interaction of norepinephrine with other regulatory signals. In this study, the role of these two mechanisms in the diverse action of norepinephrine on vasopressin release were examined using organ-cultured explants of the hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system. Receptor-specific adrenergic agonists were found to have different effects on vasopressin release, and their effects were dependent upon whether they were delivered in isotonic saline or distilled water. When delivered in isotonic saline at a concentration of 10(-5) M, norepinephrine and phenylephrine, an alpha(1)-adrenergic agonist, increased vasopressin release (P< 0.005 and P< 0.025, respectively); isoproterenol (10(-5) M), a beta-adrenergic agonist, did not alter vasopressin release; and clonidine, an alpha(2)-adrenergic agonist, was ineffective at 10(-5) M, but stimulated vasopressin release at 10(-4) M (P<0.024). However, when these agonists were delivered in 10 mul of distilled water, their effects on vasopressin release were different. This amount of distilled water lowered the osmolality of the culture medium by 3 to 5 mosmol/kg H2O, but did not significantly alter vasopressin release. Vasopressin release was reduced below basal levels when norepinephrine (10(-5) M) or clonidine (10(-6) M) were delivered in distilled water (P<0.025), but it was not significantly different from basal when phenylephrine or isoproterenol (10(-5) M) were delivered in distilled water. These data support the hypothesis that osmotic signals modulate the effect of norepinephrine on vasopressin release, and suggest that, at least in part, this reflects modulation of the type of adrenergic receptor dominating the regulation of vasopressin release.
Observation of periodic fine structure in reflectance from biological tissue: A new technique for measuring nuclear size distribution

We report observation of a fine structure component in backscattered light from mucosal tissue which is periodic in wavelength. This structure is ordinarily masked by a diffusive background. We have identified the origin of this component as being due to light which is Mie scattered by surface epithelial cell nuclei. By analyzing the amplitude and frequency of the fine structure, the density and size distribution of these nuclei can be extracted. These quantities are important indicators of neoplastic precancerous changes in biological tissue.
Geometry of entanglement witnesses and local detection of entanglement

Let ${H}^{[N]}{=H}^{[{d}_{1}]}\ensuremath{\bigotimes}\ensuremath{\cdots}\ensuremath{\bigotimes}{H}^{[{d}_{n}]}$ be a tensor product of Hilbert spaces and let ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{0}$ be the closest separable state in the Hilbert-Schmidt norm to an entangled state ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{0}.$ Let ${\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\tau}}}_{0}$ denote the closest separable state to ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{0}$ along the line segment from $I/N$ to ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{0}$ where I is the identity matrix. Following A. O. Pittenger and M. H. Rubin [Linear Algebr. Appl. 346, 75 (2002)] a witness ${W}_{0}$ detecting the entanglement of ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{0}$ can be constructed in terms of I, ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{0},$ and ${\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\tau}}}_{0}.$ If representations of ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{0}$ and ${\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\tau}}}_{0}$ as convex combinations of separable projections are known, then the entanglement of ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{0}$ can be detected by local measurements. G\"uhne et al. [Phys. Rev. A 66, 062305 (2002)] obtain the minimum number of measurement settings required for a class of two-qubit states. We use our geometric approach to generalize their result to the corresponding two-qudit case when d is prime and obtain the minimum number of measurement settings. In those particular bipartite cases, ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{0}={\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\tau}}}_{0}.$ We illustrate our general approach with a two-parameter family of three-qubit bound entangled states for which ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{0}\ensuremath{\ne}{\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\tau}}}_{0}$ and we show that our approach works for n qubits. We elaborated earlier [A. O. Pittenger, Linear Algebr. App. 359, 235 (2003)] on the role of a ``far face'' of the separable states relative to a bound entangled state ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{0}$ constructed from an orthogonal unextendible product base. In this paper the geometric approach leads to an entanglement witness expressible in terms of a constant times I and a separable density ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{0}$ on the far face from ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{0}.$ Up to a normalization this coincides with the witness obtained by G\"uhne et al. for the particular example analyzed there.
The Meteoritical Bulletin, No. 100, 2014 June

Meteoritical Bulletin 100 contains 1943 meteorites including 8 falls (Boumdeid [2011], Huaxi, Kosice, Silistra, Soltmany, Sutter's Mill, Thika, Tissint), with 1575 ordinary chondrites, 139 carbonaceous chondrites, 96 HED achondrites, 25 ureilites, 18 primitive achondrites, 17 iron meteorites, 15 enstatite chondrites, 11 lunar meteorites, 10 mesosiderites, 10 ungrouped achondrites, 8 pallasites, 8 Martian meteorites, 6 Rumuruti chondrites, 3 enstatite achondrites, and 2 angrites, and with 937 from Antarctica, 592 from Africa, 230 from Asia, 95 from South America, 44 from North America, 36 from Oceania, 6 from Europe, and 1 from an unknown location. This will be the last Bulletin published in the current format. Information about approved meteorites can be obtained from the Meteoritical Bulletin Database (MBD) available online at http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meteor/
Failure of hair analysis to reflect excessive sodium chloride ingestion by Holstein heifers.

Abstract Mineral analysis of hair samples was to assess its value as an indicator of excessive salt ingestion. Ten pregnant Holstein heifers averaging 499 ± 32 kg were group-fed 9 kg of alfalfa hay cubes and 2 kg of a 14% dairy concentrate mix per head per day. Salt and dicalcium phosphate were available free choice. Prior to treatment animals received fresh water containing 450 ppm total dissolved salts. During treatment, sodium chloride was added to the fresh water at 3500 ppm. Hair samples together with blood and urine were taken immediately prior to start of the experiment and at 30 and 60 days after initiation. Hair samples from two previously marked areas were composited, washed with hot detergent, rinsed, dried with ethanol and then acetone, and wet-ashed. Blood electrolytes and hair and urinary minerals were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Analysis yielded no significant treatment effects for sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium in hair and blood serum, and no correlations between hair, blood serum, and urinary minerals. Only urinary sodium reflected the increased sodium ingestion.
Nadolol and Papilledema

Excerpt To the editor: Nonspecific visual disturbances have been reported with the use of most beta-adrenergic blocking agents (1, 2). Serious ocular disorders, however, have not been described for...
Operant preferences for male and female voices by profoundly retarded males.

Previous studies of preferences of the profoundly mentally retarded have indicated that complex visual stimuli are more effective in eliciting responses than are auditory or simple stimuli. Male and female voices were used to determine preference for voice. Profoundly retarded adults (mean Social Quotient of 11.7) were first exposed to a situation where button pressing resulted in either a 250- or a 2000-Hz tone and then to a situation in which a male and female voice was associated with each button. Statistically significant differential preference was not exhibited to either type of stimulus although the female voice did appear more effective.
Endogenous swimming rhythms of larval Atlantic menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus Latrobe: Implications for vertical migration

Atlantic menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus Latrobe, spawn on the continental shelf. Larvae are transported shoreward where they enter estuaries and metamorphose. Field studies suggest that while offshore, larvae may undergo nocturnal diel vertical migration (DVM), in which they are near the surface during the night and at depth during the day. The DVM pattern is more pronounced in estuaries but the timing of the nocturnal ascent may be related to tides. Larvae appear to swim in the water column during nocturnal rising tide and are less abundant at all other times. This migration pattern would result in up-estuary movement by selective tidal stream transport. The present study measured endogenous swimming rhythms of Atlantic menhaden larvae and related them to possible vertical migration patterns in offshore and estuarine areas. Larvae reared in the laboratory on a diel light:dark cycle were measured at three sizes (7–9 mm, 14–17 mm and 23–27 mm total length [TL]) as representative of larvae in offshore areas, while estuarine larvae (25–30 mm TL) were collected in the Newport River Estuary (N.C.). Swimming was monitored in a column under constant conditions in the laboratory with a time-lapse video system. In all cases, larvae had a similar circadian rhythm. The smallest laboratory reared larvae ascended into the upper portion of the column during the time of night and descended during the time of day. The other laboratory reared and field caught larvae had increased swimming activity during the time of night and reduced activity during the time of day. This circadian activity rhythm would contribute to the nocturnal DVM in offshore and estuarine areas. However, there was no evidence that larvae developed a tidal rhythm in activity that could contribute to selective tidal stream transport in estuaries.
Making the Next Step: Using Evaluability Assessment to Improve Correctional Programming

The research on what works in correctional interventions provides a powerful agenda for correctional programming. Evaluability assessment is a tool that can be used to help put this research into practice by providing a measure of program quality. This article describes Gendreau and Andrews's Correctional Program Assessment Inventory (CPAI) as one example of an evaluability assessment tool that is designed to ascertain how well programs are meeting certain principles of effective intervention. It also reports the results of CPAIs conducted on 86 treatment programs. The results indicate that these programs are not adequately incorporating the principles into their correctional programming. Common shortcomings are discussed, and potential resolutions are offered.
Relative Affinity of VCA Domain of Wave to Actin, Arp3, and Arp2 using Molecular Dynamics Simulations

Initiation of branching in actin cytoskeletal filaments requires an Arp2/3 complex bind to the side of an existing actin filament. Arp2 and Arp3, the major subunits of the Arp2/3 complex, nucleate actin branches by forming the first short pitch dimer of the daughter actin filament. Nucleation promoting factors like Wiskott-Aldrich (WA) family proteins are thought to activate the Arp2/3 complex and promote the elongation process by orienting and enhancing actin monomer binding to the daughter actin filament. Previous kinetics and cross-linking studies have established the importance of binding the VCA/WH2 domains of WA proteins in Arp2/3 complex activation, but the quaternary interactions are not well understood. We hypothesize that as in actin binding, the VCA domain of the WA protein WAVE also binds the hydrophobic cleft present between subdomain 1 and subdomain 3 of either Arp3 or Arp2, displacing the relative C-terminal extension of each present in the cleft. Binding and displacement allows conformational changes in the Arps to occur that result in the formation of a short-pitch Arp3:Arp2 dimer. We suggest that the binding of a VCA domain and ATP thus facilitates the activation of the Arp2/3 complex for branching. Here, we use molecular dynamics simulations to study complexes of V and C fragments of VCA domains individually with actin and both Arps in different nucleotide bound states in order to assess the relative energetics and conformational variation of different binding orientations.
Incorporation of high molecular weight RNA into large artificial lipid vesicles.

Abstract By utilizing an ether infusion technique with lecithin, cholesterol, and dicetylphosphate, giant liposomes have been produced with diameters ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 microns. These liposomes have been used to sequester 4S, 16S, and 23S E. coli [3H]RNA and can be effectively separated from non-liposome incorporated RNA by ribonuclease treatment followed by Sepharose 4B gel filtration. The [3H]RNA within these liposomes can be extracted and appears to be undegraded.
Derivation of the Poisson—Boltzmann equation by minimization of the helmholtz free energy using a variational principle

Abstract From the classical derivation of the Poisson—Boltzmann (P.B.) equation one does not obtain a clear insight into the approximations involved. As an alternative to sophisticated statistical theories we present a straightforward (mainly thermodynamic) derivation of the P.B. equation which does provide insight into the approximations made. In this derivation a free energy density is defined within the diffuse double layer. The free energy of the entire diffuse double layer can then be minimized, using a variational principle. The introduction of certain approximations results in the P.B. equation. The present method allows some corrections to the P.B. equation to be induced.
Nitrogen analyses of fossil bones.

Abstract 1. 1. Thirty-eight fossil bones of Mesozoic and Cenozoic age and two modern bone samples were analyzed for nitrogen by the standard micro-Kjeldahl method. 2. 2. Residue and supernatant nitrogen values, as well as total nitrogen, were determined for seventeen bones of modern and Pleistocene age. 3. 3. Nitrogen containing compounds are concentrated in the residues of modern and Pleistocene Rancho La Brea bones. This concentration is also evident, though less pronounced, in the other Pleistocene bones examined. 4. 4. Only Rancho La Brea bones approach modern bone in nitrogen content, all others exhibiting a large and abrupt drop in total nitrogen. No samples were devoid of nitrogen, the lowest value obtained being 0·005%. 5. 5. Comparison of data from Rancho La Brea samples with that from other Pleistocene bones demonstrates the great influence of the environment of preservation on the retention of collagen and its degradation products. 6. 6. This study indicates the range of nitrogen values to be expected in fossil bones of various ages. Except in a very general way, these values cannot be be correlated with specimen age nor with the presence of observable collagen.
Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Activates Nuclear Factor-κB through Edg Receptors ACTIVATION THROUGH Edg-3 AND Edg-5, BUT NOT Edg-1, IN HUMAN EMBRYONIC KIDNEY 293 CELLS

Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) exerts a variety of actions as a second messenger or as an agonist that binds to one or more members of the Edg family of G protein-coupled receptors. By using human embryonic kidney 293 cells, we show that S1P activates nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) in a receptor-dependent fashion. Edg-3 and Edg-5, which are coupled to G(i), G(q), and G(13), affect activation of NF-kappa B, whereas Edg-1, which is coupled to G(i) alone, does not. We find that the activation of NF-kappa B requires protein kinase C and Ca(2+), probably downstream of G(q), but that the activation of Rho alone by S1P, whether through G(q) or G(13), does not translate into the activation of NF-kappa B. G beta gamma has little effect of its own but potentiates the activation of NF-kappa B achieved through other G proteins. We conclude that the activation of NF-kappa B by S1P is a receptor-mediated process that relies primarily on the activation of a phospholipase C by G(q) and secondarily on effector regulation through other G proteins.
Visual loss due to Wernicke syndrome following gastric bypass.

Purpose: To report a case of Wernicke encephalopathy after gastric bypass surgery resulting in vision loss, ophthalmoplegia, and ataxia, all of which reversed with a single dose of IV thiamine. Methods: Observational case report. Results: A 34-year-old woman presented with decreased vision and intermittent diplopia after gastric bypass surgery. She was found to have bilateral limitation of horizontal gaze, decreased vision with bilateral central scotoma and mild disc edema OU. Her cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was normal. A presumptive diagnosis of Wernicke encephalopathy was made. The patient was admitted, and a single dose of IV thiamine reversed the ophthalmoplegia and vision loss within 24 hours. Conclusion: Wernicke encephalopathy should be considered in patients with vision loss after gastric bypass surgery. The classic triad of confusion, ataxia, and ophthalmoplegia may not be present and, although uncommon, the findings of optic disc edema and vision loss should not deter the clinician ...
Supporting computational data model representation with high-performance I/O in parallel netCDF

Parallel computational scientific applications have been described by their computation and communication patterns. From a storage and I/O perspective, these applications can also be grouped into separate data models based on the way data is organized and accessed during simulation, analysis, and visualization. Parallel netCDF is a popular library used in many scientific applications to store scientific datasets and provides high-performance parallel I/O. Although the metadata-rich netCDF file format can effectively store and describe regular multi-dimensional array datasets, it does not address the full range of current and future computational science data models. In this paper, we present a new storage scheme in Parallel netCDF to represent a broad variety of data models used in modern computational scientific applications. This scheme also allows concurrent metadata construction for different data objects from multiple groups of application processes, an important feature in obtaining a high degree of I/O parallelism for data models exhibiting irregular data distribution. Furthermore, we employ non-blocking I/O functions to aggregate irregularly distributed data requests into large, contiguous data requests, to achieve high-performance I/O. Using an example of adaptive mesh refinement data model, we demonstrate the proposed scheme can produce scalable performance results for both data and metadata creation and access.
Play as learning

Play has long been a topic occupying the minds and writings of behavioral scientists in their attempt to define or delineate this universal phenomenon in humans and lower animals. Much attention has been paid to developing ideas and criteria about the "why" behind this activity. A spate of so-called theories has been offered to explain the "playful activity" of children and young animals, and in differentiating it from its adult form.
Regional and Fiber Orientation Dependent Shear Properties and Anisotropic Modeling of Bovine Meniscus

The meniscus is a multiphase material composed of interstitial water, collagen, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), and fibrochondrocytes [2, 9]. The microstructure of the meniscus consists of superficial randomly orientated fibers providing a smooth lubricating surface, with the deep portion containing circumferentially oriented fibers intermixed with sparse radial tie fibers [12]. This layered morphology evokes an anisotropic material response with regard to axial, radial and circumferential directions relative to primary collagen fibril orientations [1, 4, 6, 8, 10, 13]. In addition to intrinsic fiber orientation influencing mechanical differences in meniscal tissue, GAG and water content have previously been shown to be regionally dependent within the meniscus, elucidating provincial specificity of the applied stress distribution within the joint.© 2011 ASME
Symmetry Enforced Non-Abelian Topological Order at the Surface of a Topological Insulator

The surfaces of three-dimensional topological insulators (3D TIs) are generally described as Dirac metals, with a single Dirac cone. It was previously believed that a gapped surface implied breaking of either time-reversal $\mathcal{T}$ or $\text{U}(1)$ charge conservation symmetry. Here, we discuss a possibility in the presence of interactions, a surface phase that preserves all symmetries but is nevertheless gapped and insulating. Then, the surface must develop topological order of a kind that can not be realized in a two-dimensional (2D) system with the same symmetries. We discuss candidate surface states, non-Abelian quantum Hall states which, when realized in 2D, have ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{xy}=\frac{1}{2}$ and hence break $\mathcal{T}$ symmetry. However, by constructing an exactly soluble 3D lattice model, we show they can be realized as $\mathcal{T}$-symmetric surface states. The corresponding 3D phases are confined, and have $\ensuremath{\theta}=\ensuremath{\pi}$ magnetoelectric response. Two candidate states have the same 12-particle topological order, the (Read-Moore) Pfaffian state with the neutral sector reversed, which we term T-Pfaffian topological order, but differ in their $\mathcal{T}$ transformation. Although we are unable to connect either of these states directly to the superconducting TI surface, we argue that one of them describes the 3D TI surface, while the other differs from it by a bosonic topological phase. We also discuss the 24-particle Pfaffian-antisemion topological order (which can be connected to the superconducting TI surface) and demonstrate that it can be realized as a $\mathcal{T}$-symmetric surface state.
The social construction of personhood.

The current abortion controversy revolves around the opposing issues of a woman's self‐determination vs. the right of a fetus to be born. The thesis of this paper is that whether a fetus is aborted or delivered depends to a great degree on how social groups and individuals construct its nature. If the fetus is “constructed” as a person it will be born; if it is viewed as something elseitmaybe aborted. The paper examines how “person” is defined in philosophy, and how law and medicine have dealt with the humanfetus. A “vocabulary of motives” is discussed as well as what happens when personhood is withdrawn, the consequences of “depersonalization” as seen in slavery and the Holocaust. Finally, social characteristics and attitudes of the opposing groups who define the humanfetus as a person or as a thing are discussed.
Lysine substitutions convert a bacterial-agglutinating peptide into a bactericidal peptide that retains anti-lipopolysaccharide activity and low hemolytic activity

GL13NH2 is a bacteria-agglutinating peptide derived from the sequence of the salivary protein parotid secretory protein (PSP, BPIFA2, SPLUNC2, C20orf70). The peptide agglutinates both Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria, and shows anti-lipopolysaccharide activity in vitro and in vivo. However, GL13NH2 does not exhibit bactericidal activity. To generate a more cationic peptide with potential bactericidal activity, three amino acid residues were replaced with lysine residues to generate the peptide GL13K. In this report, the antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities of GL13K were characterized. GL13K had lost the ability to agglutinate bacteria but gained bactericidal activity. Substitution of individual amino acids in GL13K with alanine did not restore bacterial agglutination. GL13K was bactericidal against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus gordonii and Escherichia coli but not Porphyromonas gingivalis. Unlike the agglutinating activity of GL13NH2, the bactericidal activity of GL13K against P. aeruginosa was retained in the presence of saliva. Both GL13NH2 and GL13K exhibited anti-lipopolysaccharide activity. In GL13K, this activity appeared to depend on a serine hydroxyl group. GL13K protected mice from lipopolysaccharide-induced sepsis and the peptide exhibited a low level of hemolysis, suggesting that it may be suitable for in vivo application.