cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Community-Based Dental Partnerships: Improving Access to Dental Care for Persons Living with HIV/AIDS

Access to oral health care for persons living with HIV/AIDS is limited. Academic dental institutions can play a significant role in addressing the problem. The purpose of this article is to describe the design and impact of the Community-Based Dental Partnership Program (CBDPP), a federal program created to reduce dental care access disparities for persons living with HIV/AIDS through education and training of students and residents in underserved communities. CBDPP forms collaborations between participating dental education programs and community health organizations. Data for this report were drawn and analyzed from site visits, site visit reports, focus groups, and program data reports. In 2007, 4,745 individuals received oral health services through this program, an increase of 47 percent from 2004, the first year of full program operations. The number of dental providers who delivered oral health services grew from 766 in 2004 to 1,474 in 2007. Providers acquired skills, developed self-confidence, and overcame stereotypes in managing the oral health needs of persons living with HIV/AIDS. Community partners reported expanded dental care capacity to meet the unmet oral health needs of their service populations. CBDPP has had a positive impact on access to dental care and training of providers in HIV and oral health.
Rational Expectations with Imperfect Competition: A Bertrand-Edgeworth Example

We study a model in which price-setting oligopolists have private information about the commodity they sell. We construct an equilibrium in which some, but not all, of the information is transmitted by prices. We show that when the number of sellers increases, this equilibrium converges in distribution to the perfectly revealing competitive equilibrium.
Responding to Child Trauma: Theory, Programs, and Policy

Through years of experience working directly with children and families exposed to violence, and developing, implementing, evaluating and supporting multidisciplinary programs that interrupt the cycle of violence, the Yale Child Study Center’s National Center for Children Exposed to Violence (NCCEV) has developed a unique vantage point from which to understand the phenomenon of children’s exposure to violence. In this chapter, the scope of the problem and the effects of exposure are described. The ways in which unaddressed exposure to trauma and violence constitute both a dire threat to public health and a significant criminal justice crisis are presented. Trauma is placed at the center of the cycle of violence and the mechanisms by which a multitude of risk factors (such as unaddressed exposure to child abuse, domestic violence, school violence, and community violence; substance abuse; and school failure) aid in the perpetuation of the cycle of violence from child victim/witness to juvenile/adult offender are described. Several NCCEV programs are described to illustrate the ways in which multidisciplinary, integrated approaches to prevention, early identification and early intervention, and collaborative responses that incorporate law enforcement, mental health, and social services are critical to effectively addressing the needs of children exposed to violence. An argument is made for increased support for such programs to break the cycle of violence.
Biologic Treatment of Crohn’s Disease: Certolizumab

Antitumor necrosis factor (Anti-TNF) therapy has become a mainstay of therapy for patients with Crohn’s disease (CD) unresponsive to conventional medical therapy. There now exist three anti-TNF agents approved in the USA for treatment of CD-infliximab, adalimumab, and certolizumab pegol. Certolizumab pegol, the most recently approved anti-TNF agent, is a polyethylene glycolated Fab’ fragment of humanized anti-TNF monoclonal antibody. Certolizumab pegol is administered subcutaneously every 2 weeks for the first three injections followed by once every 4-week administration thereafter. Data from randomized placebo-controlled trials (PRECISE 1, PRECISE 2, and WELCOME) strongly suggest that certolizumab pegol is an effective therapy for patients presenting with moderate to severe CD either without previous exposure to infliximab or with secondary loss of response or intolerance to infliximab. Certolizumab pegol has expanded the anti-TNF spectrum available for the treatment of patients with CD. Studies have demonstrated certolizumab pegol to be an effective for induction and maintenance therapy in patients with CD and improving health-related quality of life for these patients.
Campaigning for Organ Donation at Mosques

There is a trend of recruiting faith leaders at mosques to overcome religious barriers to organ donation, and to increase donor registration among Muslims. Commentators have suggested that Muslims are not given enough information about organ donation in religious sermons or lectures delivered at mosques. Corrective actions have been recommended, such as funding campaigns to promote organ donation, and increasing the availability of organ donation information at mosques. These actions are recommended despite published literature expressing safety concerns (i.e., do no harm) in living and end-of-life organ donation. Living donors require life-long medical follow-up and treatment for complications that can appear years later. Scientific and medical controversies persist regarding the international guidelines for death determination in end-of-life donation. The medical criteria of death lack validation and can harm donors if surgical procurement is performed without general anesthesia and before biological death. In the moral code of Islam, the prevention of harm holds precedence over beneficence. Moral precepts described in the Quran encourage Muslims to be beneficent, but also to seek knowledge prior to making practical decisions. However, the Quran also contains passages that demand honesty and truthfulness when providing information to those who are seeking knowledge. Currently, information is limited to that which encourages donor registration. Campaigning for organ donation to congregations in mosques should adhere to the moral code of complete, rather than selective, disclosure of information. We recommend as a minimal standard the disclosure of risks, uncertainties, and controversies associated with the organ donation process.
“Trial by the Press”: An Examination of Journalism, Ethics, and Islam in Indonesia and Malaysia

In the United States, when journalists or legal scholars use the term “trial by the press,” it is usually in the context of pretrial publicity, and the First Amendment right to freedom of expressio...
Pair splicer for single-mode fiber

Pair splicers containing 40 multimode fibers (the MMF pair splicer) were reported at the 85 OFC.1 This paper describes an improved pair splicer for single-mode fiber (the SMF pair splicer) using the precision molding and cleaving technique. The structure of the SMF pair splicer is similar to that of the MMF splicer, which consists of two Insertion parts, each 2.499 mm in diameter.
Predicting Style Returns: A Comparison of Style Return Continuation and Conditional Momentum in the United States and Emerging Asian Markets

We utilize a bootstrap procedure to test for the presence of style-switchers – as defined in Barberis and Shleifer (2003) – in U.S. and Asian emerging equity markets. We document style winner and loser continuations in two distinct sets of U.S. portfolios: the S&P 1500 and the Fama and French 5-by-5 size and book-to-market portfolios. However, our bootstrap experiments provide only modest evidence of style continuation in a sample of Asian emerging markets. We also test some Barberis and Shleifer (2003) propositions regarding style momentum. One proposition holds that Sharpe ratios from style-level momentum strategies should be at least as large as asset-level momentum Sharpe ratios. We test for style-level momentum in both the U.S. and emerging Asia. While many style momentum strategies in the U.S. sample generate significant returns, the implied Sharpe ratios are lower than those reported for asset-level momentum strategies. The Barberis and Shleifer (2003) model also suggests that style momentum could be time-varying. We condition style momentum returns on January, lagged market state, lagged monetary policy changes and lagged changes in relative dispersion and find significant conditional style-level momentum in our U.S. samples and some Asian emerging markets but not others. We attribute the weaker style momentum results in emerging Asia to a lack of country-level style-specific derivatives in these markets.
Only Famous if People Know you're Name: External Audiences, Transference, and Firm Performance of Celebrity Firms and CEO's

In recent years the concept of celebrity has shifted from a purely entertainment-based focus into the business realm. Initial work examined celebrity CEOs and celebrity firms separately. This study examines both forms of celebrity with a preliminary measure that has two components: one that taps into the media, the other an external audience. The findings show evidence of initial, direct linkages with accounting firm performance. One measure of firm celebrity also partially mediated the relationship between CEO celebrity and firm performance.
CdTe Photovoltaics for Sustainable Electricity Generation

Thin film CdTe (cadmium telluride) is an important technology in the development of sustainable and affordable electricity generation. More than 10 GW of installations have been carried out using this technology around the globe. It has been demonstrated as a sustainable, green, renewable, affordable and abundant source of electricity. An advanced sublimation tool has been developed that allows highly controlled deposition of CdTe films onto commercial soda lime glass substrates. All deposition and treatment steps can be performed without breaking the vacuum within a single chamber in an inline process that can be conveniently scaled to a commercial process. In addition, an advanced cosublimation source has been developed to allow the deposition of ternary alloys such as CdxMg1−xTe to form an electron reflector layer which is expected to address the voltage deficits in current CdTe devices and to achieve very high efficiency. Extensive materials characterization, including but not limited to scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, high resolution transmission electron microscopy and electron back-scatter diffraction, has been performed to get a better understanding of the effects of processing conditions on CdTe thin film photovoltaics. This combined with computer modeling such as density function theory modeling gives a new insight into the mechanism of CdTe photovoltaic function. With all these efforts, CdTe photovoltaics has seen great progress in the last few years. Currently, it has been recorded as the cheapest source of electricity in the USA on a commercial scale, and further improvements are predicted to further reduce the cost while increasing its utilization. Here, we give an overview of the advantages of thin film CdTe photovoltaics as well as a brief review of the challenges that need to be addressed. Some fundamental studies of processing conditions for thin film CdTe are also presented along with fabrication conditions using the closed-space sublimation method.
Epidemiology of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Hebei province in 2012

Objective To analyze the surveillance situation of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome(HFRS) in Hebei province in 2011, and provide evidence for HFRS prevention and control. Methods The surveillance data of HFRS from Hebei province were collected and analyzed by descriptive epidemiology, the density of rats were detected with the trap-night method, the pulmonary virus antigen with immumofluorescence method and the gene-type with RT-PCR. Results A total of687 HFRS cases and 2 deaths were reported in 2012, with an incidence rate of 0.95/100,000. These cases were distributed in85 counties(cities, districts), mostly in Qinhuangdao City and Tangshan City of Hebei Province. The peak seasons of infection were in spring and winter, being higher in spring than in winter, the percentage of cases from spring was 48.90%. Of all cases,88.50% were aged 15~70 years, the number of HFRS cases of elder age groups were increased; male cases reported were 2.4times of the females; peasants amounted for 79.48%. The density of rats in residential area was 2.88% and the virus-carrying rate was 10.54%, the density of rats in the field was 1.08% and the virus-carrying rate was10.54%. The density of rats and viruscarrying rate were higher than last year. The dominant species of rodents in the residential area and field was Rattus norvegicus. The PCR genotyping using positive serum samples and lungs showed that all belonged to Rattus type(type Ⅱ).Conclusion HFRS infection showed apparently an increasing trend in Hebei Province, many cases came from Qinhuangdao City and Tangshan City, in the northeast of Hebei. Hebei province is a mixed epidemic area of HFRS, Rattus is predominated.Comprehensive measures for control of HFRS should be strengthened in high prevalence areas, especially for Rattus type.
Diagnostic imaging of pediatric skeletal trauma

Because many injuries to the pediatric skeleton are unique and can present with only subtle radiographic abnormalities, familiarity with their appearance can aid in accurate diagnosis. These include physeal injuries, incomplete fractures, and avulsion injuries. Recognition of characteristic fractures also allows correct identification of a battered child. As illustrated in examples of injury to the elbow, an organized search for clues to abnormal alignment is particularly helpful in the evaluation of pediatric skeletal trauma.
Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Women

Publisher Summary Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) affects both genders, but has unique implications in the management of women. Ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) have the potential to affect women across all ages, yet IBD has its greatest incidence in the second and third decades of life, coinciding with the reproductive years. Physicians treating female patients with IBD not only need to be well versed in the management of the disease itself, but also in special circumstances relating to women. These issues range from complications of IBD including menstrual irregularities, rectovaginal fistulas, and osteoporosis to issues of fertility and pregnancy, and also to overall sexual health. As women with IBD are frequently affected during their reproductive years, physicians need to be prepared to treat the patient during pregnancy. Adverse outcomes in pregnancy are more likely to be due to disease activity, as opposed to medication effect. The goal is to achieve remission prior to conception and maintain remission throughout pregnancy.
The Sphere in 3-Space

Let V be a Euclidean space, W an m-dimensional sub R-space of V, p a point of V. Then the subset p + W is called an m-dimensional affine subspace of V. Suppose that f is an injective linear map from R m to W, and let B be a block in R m . Then f(B) is a parallelepiped in W, and therefore has m-volume. As is evidently appropriate, we define the m-volume of the subset p + f(B) of the affine space p + W to be the m-volume of f(B). We refer to p + f(B) as an affine m-patch in V.
Measurement of a Barcode’s Accuracy in Identifying Species

This chapter describes a workflow for measuring a barcode’s accuracy when identifying species. First, assemble a database of specimens with their marker sequences and their species binomials. The species binomials provide a “taxonomic gold standard” for species identification and should be as accurate as possible, to avoid penalizing correct species assignment. Second, select a computer algorithm for assigning species to barcode sequences. Only one algorithm (BLAST+P) has improved notably on the simple strategy of assigning specimens to the species of the database sequence(s) nearest under p-distance. Global sequence alignments (e.g., with the Needleman-Wunsch algorithm, or with multiple sequence alignment algorithms) align entire barcode sequences, using all available information, so they sometimes produce more accurate species identifications than local sequence alignments (e.g., with BLAST), particularly when BLAST produces barcode alignments of small subsequences within the sequences. Finally, consensus has settled on “the probability of correct identification” (PCI) as the appropriate measurement of species identification accuracy. The overall PCI for a data set is the average of the species PCIs, taken over all species in the data set. The chapter discusses some variant PCIs, their calculation and the estimation of their statistical sampling errors. It also discusses good practice in incorporating PCR failure and species with singleton representatives into data summaries. For software relevant to this chapter, see http://tinyurl.com/spouge-barcode.
Neural Basis of Dyslexia

Whole-head magnetoencephalography (MEG) was employed to track noninvasively the cortical activation sequences during visual word recognition in 6 adult dyslexic and 8 control subjects examined at the Brain Research Unit, Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo; and the Departments of Psychology and Radiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Abstract 13: Plasminogen Is Required for Hematopoietic Stem Cell-Mediated Cardiac Repair After Myocardial Infarction

Ischemic heart disease, including myocardial infarction (MI), is the primary cause of death throughout the US. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is used to mobilize hematopoietic progenitor and stem cells (HPSC) to improve cardiac recovery after MI. However, poor-mobilization to G-CSF is observed in 25% of patients and 10-20% of healthy donors. Therefore, a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms regulating G-CSF-induced cardiac repair may offer novel approaches for strengthening stem cell-mediated therapeutics. Our previous studies have identified an essential role of Plg in HPSC mobilization from bone marrow (BM) in response to G-CSF. Here, we investigate the role of Plg in G-CSF-stimulated cardiac repair after MI. Our data show that G-CSF significantly improves cardiac tissue repair including increasing neovascularization in the infarct area, and improving ejection fraction and LV internal diameter by echocardiogram in wild-type mice. No improvement in tissue repair and heart func...
Implementation of efficient, low power deep neural networks on next-generation intel client platforms

In recent years many signal processing applications involving classification, detection, and inference have enjoyed substantial accuracy improvements due to advances in deep learning. At the same time, the “Internet of Things” has become an important class of devices. Although the paradigm of local sensing and remote inference has been very successful (e.g., Apple Siri, Google Now, Microsoft Cortana, Amazon Alexa, and others) there exist many valuable applications where sensing duration is very long, the cost of communication is high, and scaling to millions or billions of devices is not practical. In such cases, local inference “at the edge” is attractive provided it can be done without compromising accuracy and within the thermal envelope and expected battery life of the edge device.
Identification and Characterization of High-Copy Antagonists of Silencing in Saccharomyces Cerevisiae

Position dependent regulation of gene expression is a common theme in eukaryotes. In Drosophila this phenomenon is known as position effect variegation and results in variable expression of genes located near boundaries between transcriptionally active euchromatin and transcriptionally inert heterochromatin (reviewed in Eissenberg 1989; Henikoff 1992). In Saccharomyces cerevisiae position dependent repression, known as silencing, is associated with the silent mating type loci, telomeres, and rDNA. Marker genes placed near the silent mating type loci (HMRa and HMLa) are efficiently silenced (Schnell and Rine 1986; Mahoney and Broach 1989) whereas marker genes placed near a telomere are stably but reversibly silenced (Gottschling et al. 1990; Renauld et al. 1993). More recently silencing was shown to be associated with the tandemly repeated rDNA array (Bryk et al. 1997; Smith and Boeke 1997). Transcriptional silencing of genes placed within the rDNA appears to be weaker than that associated with telomeres and HM loci.
Thinking with the Body: Embodied Thinking as a Transdisciplinary Habit of Mind

In her book A Feeling for the Organism (1983), Evelyn Fox Keller describes the life story of Barbara McClintock, American cytogeneticist and Nobel Laureate, who worked for decades to unravel the mysteries of genetics. McClintock’s career began at the same time as the rise of genetics as a science, and her extensive research on breeding corn in the 1920s and 1930s established her as a top-notch scholar in cytogenetics. But the discovery of DNA and the ensuing focus on molecular biology meant that her methods of inquiry and research, which were often naturalistic and based on observation of the effects of gene expression, lost their sheen. Undaunted, she persevered and continued her focus on the genetics of corn, observing not only microscopic aspects of her subject, but also becoming acutely aware of how her plants developed and reacted to their environment. This difference in methods and approaches left her colleagues unsure of how to interpret her work, often questioning or dismissing its legitimacy, thus leaving her to work in near isolation for two decades. There is no doubt that sexism played a role in her treatments by other geneticists, yet there was also something else at play here. McClintock’s method of inquiry went beyond a simple innovation around the fields’ methods. She came to see her methods as an experience that allowed her to feel and think more deeply about her subjects.
Food Safety Hazards Identified on Small Farms

Farmers markets have increased in number in the U.S. by almost 400% since the early 1990s. Customers shop at these markets to get to know the farmers who are producing their food, and to purchase products they view as more nutritious, better tasting, higher quality, better for the environment and safer than foods from larger, commercial farms being sold in supermarkets. Yet studies in the U.S. and in other countries have identified food safety hazards on farms and in farmers markets that may increase the risk of foodborne illnesses. Risky practices on farms include the use of raw manure without appropriate waiting periods observed between application and harvest, use of untested well or surface water for irrigation and/or washing of produce, lack of sanitary facilities and handwashing facilities for workers, lack of training for workers, food contact surfaces not properly cleaned and sanitized and lack of temperature control both on the farm and during transport to market. Hazards have also been identified with livestock and poultry products such as lack of sanitation and temperature control. A lack of sanitation practices and microbial problems associated with the use of raw milk have been identified as hazards on farms making and selling artisanal cheeses.
A 14-Bit, 1-ps resolution, two-step ring and 2D Vernier TDC in 130nm CMOS technology

This paper presents a time-to-digital (TDC) design with large detectable range and fine resolution, combining a ring TDC with a 2-dimentional (2D) Vernier TDC. The detectable range has been greatly increased to 14 bits with the ring structure. A 1-ps resolution was achieving with 2D Vernier architecture. Utilizing the 2nd order ΔΣ modulators (SDM) and a 2D spiral arbiter array, the proposed TDC greatly mitigates the quantization errors introduced by digitally controlled delay cells and the intrinsic arbiter line folding errors associated with the 2D array topology. The measured maximum DNL/INL are 0.41/0.79ps with ΔΣ linearization. A prototype TDC chip fabricated in 130nm CMOS technology achieves a conversion rate of 10 MS/s while consumes 2.4 mW power.
Gender dysphoria in youth: a review of recent literature

Purpose of reviewTransgender individuals including pubertal young people require hormonal therapy, in conjunction with mental health support. These youths are a unique population, with specific and individual desires and needs as they move through the physical and mental transition to the gender wit
The Global Class Action and Its Alternatives

The “American-style” class action, when combined with private rights, is an important tool of American regulatory policy. And just as American regulation has global reach, the global class action is not unfamiliar to U.S. courts. Yet, global U.S. class actions are facing ever-stronger headwinds. In addition to the recent retrenchment of class actions and international litigation generally, U.S. courts have raised additional barriers to global class actions in particular. This Article’s rst goal, therefore, is to document these developments and their consequences for regulation. Against this backdrop, this Article also reviews the options available to foreign lawmakers, foreign courts, foreign litigants and litigation funders, and foreign public enforcers. Foreign lawmakers may provide alternatives to global U.S. class actions; foreign courts and foreign litigants may explicitly or implicitly coordinate to approximate global class resolution; and foreign public enforcers may achieve the goals of global regulatory litigation while avoiding some of its legal impediments. Finally, this Article evaluates these various foreign responses from an institutional perspective, with special attention to the institutional incentives for lawmakers and law enforcers.
The militarization of cattle raiding in South Sudan: how a traditional practice became a tool for political violence

Cattle raiding, a longstanding practice among pastoralists in South Sudan, was historically governed by cultural authorities and ritual prohibitions. However, after decades of on-and-off integration into armed forces, raiders are now heavily armed, and military-style attacks claim dozens if not hundreds of lives at a time. Beginning with the emergence of the infamous Lou Nuer “White Army” in the Bor Massacre of the early 1990s, in which Riek Machar mobilized local herders to mount a devastating attack against the heartland of Sudan People’s Liberation Army Leader John Garang, political leaders have strategically manipulated these local conflicts in order to mobilize armed herders for their political movements. Political leaders’ systematic exploitation of customary raiding practices gravely inflames the current conflict, but the role of intercommunity violence has not been part of the mainstream dialogue around political solutions. Moreover, as allegiances between pastoralist militias and political factions decay, the proliferation of informal armed groups whose motivations are often distinct from the agenda of the state or opposition forces on whose behalf they once fought poses increasing challenges to peacebuilding efforts. Neglecting local realities poses serious implications for the prospects of peace. In this article, we synthesize perspectives from anthropology, regional history, and conflict studies to offer an analysis of the interplay between local conflict and state violence in South Sudan. We highlight opportunities for conflict de-escalation, concluding with policy recommendations focused on justice and enforcement in the rural areas of South Sudan.
An exploratory study of middle-school learners’ historical reading in an internet environment

We investigated seventh-grade students’ use of Internet sources as they engaged in an online inquiry about a historical event. The participating students read on the Internet individually in order to better understand the given historical event, navigating the Internet and examining different online texts they identified as useful sources for learning. The primary data sources were the think-aloud protocols that the students generated during the task. These verbal data were analyzed to reveal the students’ strategic processing of multiple Internet sources for the purpose of historical learning. The students’ verbal reporting data indicate that a shortage of prior knowledge and incorrect associations of the knowledge activated in reading are not helpful for learning important ideas from historical online reading. The data also suggest that engaging in the processes of finding textual evidence from more than one source of information and using that evidence to take sensemaking one step further may help a student learn more accurately. Based on the results, we discuss implications for teaching and learning to help students become more historically informed strategic readers in a digital age.
Fracture brace for the treatment of humerus shaft fractures caused by gunshot wounds

Humeral shaft fractures are amenable to conservative treatment. In this article, the authors define their indications and methods of treatment of gunshot-caused fractures of the humerus. They emphasize use of a humeral fracture brace. Successful fracture brace treatment requires attention to and comprehension of proper technique. When used appropriately, fracture bracing is safer, less expensive, and more effective than surgical alternatives.
Open Globe Injury: a Brief Overview

If the injury caused a full-thickness defect in the eye wall (see Chap. 1.1), the treatment dramatically differs from that in a contusion. The two most important initial factors driving the surgeon’s thought process and thus the management are the threat of ECH, which can rapidly cause irreversible loss of vision and eye (see Chap. 2.8), and the risk of endophthalmitis, which occurs in up to 5% of eyes with penetrating injuries . The presence of an IOFB roughly doubles the risk [3, 4].
Reason and Life: The Transversal Logos

The problematization of the resources of rationality may be one of the most philosophically consequential events of the latter part of the twentieth Century. To be sure, throughout the history of philosophy a variety of “critiques of reason” and intermittent “anti-reason” interventions have made their appearance. It would, however, appear that a peculiar confluence of factors in the philosophical Situation of our time has intensified our worries about the future of the economy of human reason.
Immortalized Schwann Cells Express Endothelin Receptors Coupled to Adenylyl Cyclase and Phospholipase C

Endothelins (ETs) are potent regulators of renal, cardiovascular and endocrine functions and act as neurotransmitters in the CNS. Here we report that immortalized Schwann cells express receptors for ETs and characterize some of the cellular events triggered by their activation. Specific binding of [125I]-ET-1 to Schwann cell membranes was inhibited by ET-1 and the ETB-selective agonists ET-3, sarafotoxin 6c and [A1a1,3,11,15]-ET-1 with IC50cor values ranging between 2 and 20 nM. No competition was observed with the ETA receptor-selective antagonist BQ123. Incubation of [3H]-inositol pre-labeled Schwann cells with ET-1, ET-3 or sarafotoxin 6c elicited a concentration-dependent increase in the release of IP1 that reached a plateau at approximately 100 nM. The efficacy of [Ala1,3,11,15]-ET-1 (a linear peptide analog of ET-1) was half of that corresponding to ET-1. These stimulatory effects were partially blocked by pre-incubation with pertussis toxin. When Schwann cells were incubated in the presence of 100 nM ET-1 or ET-3 there was a significant inhibition of basal and isoproterenol-stimulated cAMP levels. The inhibitory effects of sarafotoxin 6c and [Ala1,3,11,15]-ET-1 on isoproterenol-stimulated cAMP levels were similar to that observed with ET-1. Pre-incubation with pertussis toxin completely prevented this effect. These observations indicate that immortalized Schwann cells express receptors for ET peptides (predominantly ETB) coupled to modulation of phospholipase C and adenylyl cyclase activities. The actions of ETs on Schwann cells provide a novel example of the influence of vascular factors on nerve function.
The American College of Surgeons Entering Resident Readiness Assessment Program: Development and National Pilot Testing Results.

Objective To assess the readiness of entering residents for clinical responsibilities, the American College of Surgeons (ACS) Division of Education developed the "Entering Resident Readiness Assessment" (ACS-ERRA) Program. Summary background ACS-ERRA is an online formative assessment that uses a key features approach to measure clinical decision-making skills and focuses on cases encountered at the beginning of residency. Results can be used to develop learning plans to address areas that may need reinforcement. Methods A national panel of 16 content experts, 3 medical educators, and a psychometrician developed 98 short, key features cases. Each case required medical knowledge to be applied appropriately at challenging decision points during case management. Four pilot testing studies were conducted sequentially to gather validity evidence. Results Residents from programs across the United States participated in the studies (n = 58, 20, 87, 154, respectively). Results from the pilot studies enabled improvements after each pilot test. For the psychometric pilot (final pilot test), 2 parallel test forms of the ACS-ERRA were administered, each containing 40 cases, resulting in overall mean testing time of 2 hours 2 minutes (SD = 43 min). The mean test score was 61% (SD = 9%) and the G-coefficient reliability was 0.90. Conclusions Results can be used to identify strengths and weaknesses in residents' decision-making skills and yield valuable information to create individualized learning plans. The data can also support efforts directed at the transition into residency training and inform discussions about levels of supervision. In addition, surgery program directors can use the aggregate test results to make curricular changes.
2000 years of North Atlantic-Arctic climate

Abstract The North Atlantic-Arctic boundary is highly variable due to the transports of heat and moisture through the Gulf Stream and polar jet stream. The North Atlantic storm track generally follows the Gulf Stream and terminates near southeast Greenland and Iceland as the Icelandic Low. The Icelandic Low is the main driver of the North Atlantic Oscillation, particularly during winter months as the baroclinic zone expands to lower latitudes, correlating with temperature and precipitation in many areas around the North Atlantic. Understanding how atmospheric circulation, temperature, and precipitation changes in this region is important to build robust projections of how these variables will change, especially under natural and anthropogenic forcings. Here, climate proxies correlating to the Icelandic Low, summer air temperature, and annual precipitation build an understanding of how these variables changed over the last 2000 years. Through the natural climate shifts of this period — Roman Warm Period, Dark Ages Cold Period, Medieval Climate Anomaly, and Little Ice Age — it is shown that storm frequency decreases as temperature increases and the Icelandic Low increases in pressure (i.e., becomes weaker). However, these climate changes are not simultaneous, and their amplitudes are not similar across the region. Keeping regionality rather than a pan-Arctic average better explains natural variability of each sub-region and how each sub-region has evolved climatically due to anthropogenic forcings of greenhouse gases.
A New Direction for Sales Ethics Research: The Sales Ethics Subculture

Sales ethics have been investigated from both an individual and an organizational perspective. The sales force and sales managers often operate as boundary spanners in an external environment, putt...
Levels of Ca-42 and Ca-46 as Observed in the Ca-40 (t, p) and Ca-44 (t, p) Reactions

The reactions $^{40}\mathrm{Ca}(t, p)$ and $^{44}\mathrm{Ca}(t, p)$ have been studied at a bombarding energy of 7.5 MeV using an $E\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\Delta}E$ solid-state detector telescope with an over-all energy resolution of about 50 keV. A cross-section fluctuation analysis was carried out on the $^{40}\mathrm{Ca}(t, p)$ reaction; it showed that the compound-nucleus process did not contribute significantly to the observed transitions. Twenty-seven excited states in $^{42}\mathrm{Ca}$ and 24 in $^{46}\mathrm{Ca}$ have been identified. The principal maxima in the angular distributions of the stronger $^{40}\mathrm{Ca}(t, p)$ transitions have been fitted with the predictions of a relatively simple distorted-wave Born-approximation stripping code, and $L$ values have been assigned for 16 transitions. These values are in agreement with previously assigned spins and parities in all cases where the latter have been reported. $L$ values were assigned to 12 $^{44}\mathrm{Ca}(t, p)$ transitions. The ratios of cross sections for certain corresponding transitions in the $^{40}\mathrm{Ca}(t, p)$ and $^{44}\mathrm{Ca}(t, p)$ reactions have been compared with the theoretical predictions assuming pure (${{f}_{\frac{7}{2}}}^{n}$) configurations for these states; agreement was found for the ground and the 4+ states, but not for the 2+ states. The strongly excited levels of $^{42}\mathrm{Ca}$ and $^{46}\mathrm{Ca}$ are discussed in terms of shell-model configurations. Evidence is presented for the hypothesis that neutron configurations of the type (${{f}_{\frac{7}{2}}}^{n\ensuremath{-}1}{p}_{\frac{3}{2}}$) are not the major components of the wave functions of states in $^{42,44,46}\mathrm{Ca}$ at excitation energies below 4 MeV, in contrast with a number of theoretical treatments of these isotopes which have placed such configurations at energies \ensuremath{\lesssim}3 MeV. States involving excitation of the $^{40}\mathrm{Ca}$ core appear to be important.
Implementing Security in a Campus Network Using Free and Open Source Solutions

Network security is a very important concern that higher education institutions' administrators should carefully implement and supervise. There are lots technologies, innovations, current trends and other advancements that pose a great benefit but also equally constitutes emerging threats such as the implementations of Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) where regulations are still unclear. As part of the concept on the network security implementation, the CIA triad was tackled which concerns about confidentiality, integrity and availability of data and information. The conduct of this study used a literature review about network underlying threats. After identifying the underlying network threats, a thorough discussion on the available preventive measures that combat network security threats were carried out. After which, the free and open source technologies were included. The study concludes that with a very wide array of network threats, there are available free and open source solutions for network security threats and it is recommended to have these all enabled to prevent network-related damages.
Thinking on the clinical practice teaching of pediatrics

Clinical practice is an important stage in medical education.Based on the characteristics existed in pediatrics,a good and Serious guidance was conducted before students began their clinical practice in pediatrics.more attention had been paid to the training of students'clinical capabilities and comprehensive evaluation was carried out.Thus the clinical practice teaching effects were impwved. Key words: Clinical practice teaching; Pediatrics; Intern
Do CRM Systems Cause One-to-One Marketing Effectiveness?

This article provides an assessment of the causal effect of customer relationship management (CRM) applications on one-to-one marketing effectiveness. We use a potential outcomes based propensity score approach to assess this causal effect. We find that firms using CRM systems have greater levels of one-to-one marketing effectiveness. We discuss the strengths and challenges of using the propensity score approach to design and execute CRM related observational studies. We also discuss the applicability of the framework in this paper to study typical causal questions in business and electronic commerce research at the firm, individual and economy levels, and to clarify the assumptions that researchers must make to infer causality from observational data.
Fans of Q: The Stakes of QAnon’s Functioning as Political Fandom:

Affective activation, and the community engagement it fosters, is the driving mechanism of all fandoms, irrespective of the specific “objects of affection” around which they coalesce. These central...
Biomechanics of Soft Tissue Injuries about the Hip

While the hip is an intrinsically stable joint due its bony congruence, architecture, and morphology, much of the function of the hip is the result of its soft tissue structures, including the labrum, capsuloligamentous structures, and the periarticular muscles. Thus, damage to the soft tissues about the hip can have a significant effect on the biomechanics of the hip. The understanding of this has really only gained significant attention in the last couple of decades. Damage to these periarticular soft tissues may affect the balance between bony and soft tissue contributions that interfere with this balance, resulting in abnormal kinematics which can result in further joint damage, and may manifest as pain, instability (or microinstability), and disability. This chapter will focus on what is known in this recently growing body of literature about the biomechanical effects of damage to the primary soft tissue elements about the hip, mainly the labrum and capsuloligamentous structures with a significant focus on excessive femoral head motion relative to the acetabulum—hip microinstability—which may lead to premature arthritis.
George A. Dorsey's role in the Luetgert case: a significant episode in the history of forensic anthropology.

At the 1976 Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association (AAA) in Washington I gave an invited evening lecture on the history of physical anthropology [1]. Actually, I spoke only about the history of physical anthropology as I saw it reflected in the history of forensic anthropology. Among the pioneers of forensic anthropology in the United States, I included George A. Dorsey (1868–1931), mentioning that while a student at Harvard in the early 1890s he might have known Thomas Dwight, the father of forensic anthropology in the United States, and that after joining the staff of the Field Columbian Museum in 1896 he served as an expert witness for the prosecution in the sensational Luetgert murder trials in Chicago. Unfortunately, on the basis of the limited information about these trials available to me in 1976, I misjudged the nature of Dorsey's testimony and made the mistake of saying that he “tripped up badly in the process.” Since this error did not get corrected before the paper appeared in print, I would like to set the record straight.
Virtual Approach to Psychomotor Skills Training: Manipulating the Appearance of Avatars to Influence Learning

Using avatars as virtual instructors is becoming increasingly popular in the military domain due to the emerging advances in distributive technologies (e.g., internet, virtual worlds, etc.). The use of virtual environments and avatars are viable means for achieving enhancements in the area of psychomotor skill development. Although prior research has focused on investigating the benefits of implementing virtual agents into learning environments, there is limited research on examining the impact an avatar’s physical appearance has on training. The purpose of this paper is to examine the fundamental applications of three types of virtual avatars (i.e., generic, highly recognizable subject matter expert (SME), and doppelganger) and provide recommendations for future psychomotor skills training. A case study assesses the benefits of applying this virtual approach to physical therapy. Finally, this research seeks to expand the knowledge base of several training domains, such as the military, rehabilitation, high performance athletic training, etc.
Metric and Topological Spaces

The usefulness of the notion of category only becomes fully apparent in more general spaces, especially metric spaces. Let us recall the basic definitions.
América Latina: la región que nunca se desarrollará

Por supuesto, nunca es mucho tiempo. Y el desarrollo esta lejos de ser un concepto firmemente establecido, bien definido. Por tanto, cuando designo a un conjunto de paises como "los que nunca se desarrollaran" no intento, en realidad, hacer una profecia sino un ataque al paradigma o estructura mental que considera al desarrollo desde determinado punto de vista. Sin embargo, con respecto al futuro de los paises de America Latina, puedo afirmar con absoluta seguridad que nunca se desarrollaran, en el sentido que hoy en dia le damos a ese termino.
Frequency-Domain Analysis of Two-Conductor Lines

This chapter contains sections titled: The Transmission-Line Equations for Sinusoidal Steady-State (Phasor) Excitation of the Line The General Solution for the Line Voltages and Currents The Voltage Reflection Coefficient and Input Impedance of the Line The Solution for the Terminal Voltages and Currents The SPICE Solution Voltage and Current as a Function of Position on the Line Matching and VSWR Power Flow on the Line Alternative Forms of the Results Construction of Microwave Circuit Components Using Transmission Lines
Colon Cancer Evaluation and Staging

Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer affecting persons in the USA. In 2008, there were an estimated 148,810 new cases of colon and rectal cancer with colon cancer making up the majority of new cases at 107,143 and the remaining 28 % arising in the rectum. Overall, approximately one-third of newly diagnosed patients with colorectal cancer in the USA will die of their disease.
The consumption of acai beverage (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) improves biomarkers for inflammation in individuals with the metabolic syndrome

Acai polyphenolics (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) have been reported to have anti-inflammatory properties both in vitro and in short-term clinical studies. However, the longer-term effects of acai consum...
Dissolution behavior of a poorly water soluble compound in the presence of Tween 80.

Purpose. To investigate the mechanism by which Tween 80 impedes the dissolution of CI-1041, a poorly water-soluble compound in its free form. Methods. Bulk powder and intrinsic dissolution (ID) of CI-1041 in 0.1 N HCl with various concentrations of Tween 80 were conducted. The residual solids of the dissolution experiments were characterized. The surface tension and the critical micellar concentration (CMC) of Tween 80 in 0.1 N HCl were determined. Results. CI-1041 underwent solvent mediated conversion to its chloride salt (CS) in 0.1 N HCl. The coating of the CS on the surface of the CI-1041 pellet decreased the ID rate 20 to 30 fold. When the Tween 80 concentration in 0.1 N HCl was below 0.5 mg/ml, the CS formation rate increased with increasing Tween 80 concentration. Above 0.5 mg/ml of Tween 80 in 0.1 N HCl, opposite trend was observed. The change in trend at 0.5 mg/ml Tween 80 coincided approximately with the CMC of Tween 80 in 0.1 N HCL. Conclusions. The authors propose the following mechanism mediated by Tween 80. Below CMC, reduced surface tension caused by addition of Tween 80 increases the rate of nucleation of insoluble CS, causing the formation of CS on the surface of the CI-1041 free form. This, in turn, decreases the dissolution rate by decreasing the release of compound into solution. Above CMC, the effect of reduced surface tension on the CS nucleation and therefore its formation may be negated by other factors, such as an increase in viscosity or adsorption of surfactant on the crystal surface.