cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inevitable Enmity, Inevitable Violence: Carl Schmitt on Internal and External Enemies

How should states identify their enemies and respond to threats? Carl Schmitt maintained that external enemies should be treated in a wholly different manner from internal enemies. This paper interrogates his distinction and finds it deficient. Schmitt’s seemingly straightforward distinction is far from obvious and under current conditions borders on being a distinction without a difference. His view of the external enemy as a collectivity of people to be opposed yet respected contains the seeds of its own destruction and collapses into his view of the internal enemy as an ‘other’ that must be eliminated. He implicitly maintains that it is uncomplicated to make principled spatial and temporal distinctions between enemies. It is not. Spatially and temporally there are many conditions when it is unclear whether a given state or people is internal or external to another political entity, and this has only become more unclear since Schmitt’s Weimar writings. The troubling conclusion is that Schmitt’s thesis against the elimination of external enemies is extremely thin and its implications may be more radical than previously thought.
Judicial Selection in Congress' Lame Duck Session

In September, Congress recessed until November. Lawmakers’ absence permitted merely one judge’s confirmation after July 28, leaving the courts five dozen openings when senators assemble following the November elections. Democrats and Republicans need to collaborate and fill the posts over the lame duck session. Because courts require every member to deliver justice—yet had a ninety-jurist vacancy rate for much of President Barack Obama’s tenure— appointments merit attention. This Article first scrutinizes the Obama Administration confirmation and nomination processes. It then critically explores selection and concludes that Republican obstruction instigated the most open positions the longest time. Because this deficiency undermines swift, economical, and fair case resolution, the Article suggests ideas to promptly decrease the remaining unoccupied judgeships after the session commences. When the President assumed office, the judiciary experienced fifty-five vacancies. The administration tried to speedily ensure the careful nomination and confirmation of accomplished, consensus, diverse prospects. Obama assiduously consulted home state elected officials and urged their recommendation of impressive minority, female, and LGBT picks. Numerous legislators correspondingly effectuated special initiatives that would yield superb minority, female, and LGBT submissions. The White House concomitantly pursued input from traditional sources, especially the ABA, and less conventional outlets, including minority, female, and LGBT bar groups and politicians familiar with skilled potential candidates. These groups helped aspirants negotiate the
Radiosensitivity and capacity for radiation‐induced sublethal damage repair of canine transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) cell lines

Understanding the inherent radiosensitivity and repair capacity of canine transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) can aid in optimizing radiation protocols to treat this disease. The objective of this study was to evaluate the parameters surviving fraction at 2 Gy (SF(2) ), α/β ratio and capacity for sublethal damage repair (SLDR) in response to radiation. Dose-response and split-dose studies were performed using the clonogenic assay. The mean SF(2) for three established TCC cell lines was high at 0.61. All the three cell lines exhibited a low to moderate α/β ratio, with the mean being 3.27. Two cell lines exhibited statistically increased survival at 4 and 24 h in the dose-response assay. Overall, our results indicate that the cell lines are moderately radioresistant, have a high repair capacity and behave similarly to a late-responding normal tissue. These findings indicate that the radiation protocols utilizing higher doses with less fractionation may be more effective for treating TCC.
Integrator of uncertainties for probabilistic river stage forecasting: precipitation-dependent model

Abstract The integrator is a component of the Bayesian forecasting system (BFS) which produces a short-term probabilistic river stage forecast (PRSF) based on a probabilistic quantitative precipitation forecast (PQPF). The BFS decomposes the total uncertainty about the river stage into precipitation uncertainty and hydrologic uncertainty, which are quantified independently and then integrated into a predictive (Bayes) distribution of the river stage. An analytic-numerical integrator is developed using a precipitation-dependent model for the hydrologic uncertainty processor (HUP). The working of the integrator is illustrated using data from the operational forecast system (OFS) of the National Weather Service (NWS) for a 1430 km 2 headwater basin. Theoretical and empirical properties of the predictive distribution are demonstrated. In general, the predictive distribution is a two-component mixture; its density is asymmetric and bimodal. Effects of hydrologic and precipitation uncertainties are examined. The superiority of the precipitation-dependent model over a simpler model is illustrated. Limitations of first-second moment analyses, Monte Carlo simulation, and ensemble forecasting are pinpointed: none of these techniques can alone produce valid PRSFs.
Achievements of picometer performance from interferometer spectral calibration development unit (SCDU)

This paper will present the analysis results taken from a well-designed interferometer SCDU. The objective is to deliver picometer performance to meet the allocated astrometric error budget from SIM PlanetQuest mission. It will describe the validation of optical designs and analysis procedures to achieve high accuracy of the tip-tilt and shear alignments. Then it will enumerate environmental factors essential to the SCDU performances. Finally it will report color-independent 3 picometer Narrow Angle (NA) performance and all-in-one 17 picometer NA performance. The all-in-one pico-performance will require spectral calibration modeling to remove delay differential induced by color.
Media freedom and gender equality: a cross-national instrumental variable quantile analysis

We investigate the impact of media freedom on gender equality in education for a sample of 63 countries taken over the period 1995–2004. Our analysis is motivated by the idea that the impact of media freedom on gender equality may differ over the conditional distribution of the response variable. Using instrumental variable quantile regression to control for endogeneity in per capita income, we find that greater freedom of the media improves gender equality only in the 0.25 and 0.50 quantiles of the conditional distribution. Countries with the greatest disparities in gender outcomes experience no significant impact of media freedom.
Adult Hirschsprung's disease

Two cases of adult Hirschsprung's disease are reported along with a review of 47 cases reported in the literature. Chronic constipation is present in almost all cases. The barium enema examination may suggest the diagnosis if an area of smooth narrowing with proximal dilatation is seen (83%), but biopsy proof of absence of ganglion cells is necessary. Fourteen per cent of patients had a dilatated colon without a narrowed segment. Anal manometry is helpful if it demonstrates absence of normal anorectal inhibitory reflex. Total colonic aganglionosis in the adult has been reported, but is exceptionally unusual. The diagnosis of adult Hirschsprung's disease should be suspected in patients with a history of chronic constipation and appropriate radiographic findings.
Molecular dynamics simulations of lipid bilayers

Abstract During the past decade, computer simulations of bilayers have moved from the realm of model systems to realistic systems containing tens of phospholipids along with the requisite number of water molecules hydrating the entire molecular assembly. Concomitant with the ability to model larger and larger systems, simulators have also begun to utilize more accurate numerical tools to ensure that the temperature, pressure, simulation timescales, parameter sets, and long-range electrostatic interactions of bilayers are correctly accounted for in a typical molecular dynamics simulation. With these tools in hand, work has already begun to define the structure, function and dynamics of bilayer, bilayer/small molecule and bilayer/protein systems. Thus, we have reached an era in which simulators will tackle more and more detailed issues regarding complex bilayer systems.
Barriers to mucosal transmission of immunodeficiency viruses

Lentiviruses such as HIV have a daunting challenge in gaining access to a new host predominantly through the penile, rectal, or vaginal/cervical mucosal tissue after sexual exposure. Multiple mechanisms have evolved to help prevent such infections, including anatomical barriers, innate inhibitors, and adaptive immune responses. For lentiviruses, it appears that in naive or even conventionally vaccinated hosts, typical adaptive immune responses are generally too little and too late to prevent infection. Nevertheless, a combination of anatomical barriers and innate immune responses may limit transmission, especially in patients without predisposing conditions such as mucosal lesions or preexisting sexually transmitted infections. Furthermore, when infection does occur, most often the primary viremia of the acute infection can be traced back genetically to a single founder virus. Unfortunately, even a single virion can establish an infection that will ultimately lead to the demise of the host. This review seeks to describe the biology of and barriers to establishment of systemic, disseminated productive infection with HIV after sexual exposure and to discuss the possible mechanisms leading to infection by a single viral variant. Understanding the initial events of infection, before systemic spread, could provide insights into strategies for reducing acquisition or ameliorating clinical outcome.
The medical treatment of angina pectoris V. Long-acting nitrites as antianginal drugs

N umerous long-acting nitrites have been advocated for the treatment of angina pectoris. However, their efficacy in the treatment of angina pectoris has not been adequately established.‘,2 Long-acting nitrites do not appear either to increase the oxygen supply to the myocardium or to decrease the myocardial oxygen demand and, therefore, are ineffective as antianginal agents.3 The following discussion will cite some of the studies which show that longacting nitrites are ineffective as antianginal agents. Fisch and DeGraff4 reported that pentaerythritol tetranitrate, isosorbide dinitrate, and Itramin tosylate studied by blind procedures in uniform, as well as in maximally tolerated doses, were not statistically superior to placebo in reducing the frequency of angina1 attacks. In a double-blind study involving 23 patients with angina pectoris due to coronary artery disease, Kalmanson and his associates5 found that pentaerythritol tetranitrate 10 mg. 3 times daily and 20 mg. 3 times daily compared to placebo had no beneficial effect on the number of angina1 attacks or the number of nitroglycerin tablets used. The electrocardiographic (ECG) response to the two-step exercise test was similar whether the patients were receiving pentaerythritol tetranitrate or placebo in this study. Dewar and his associate@ found in a double-blind study involving 19 patients with angina pectoris that pentaerythritol tetranitrate 30 mg. 3 times daily or 60 mg. 3 times daily compared to placebo did not significantly affect the number of angina1 episodes or the number of nitroglycerin tablets consumed. In a double-blind study involving 30 patients with angina pectoris due to coronary artery disease, Oram and Sowton reported that compared to placebo, neither pentaerythritol tetranitrate 30 mg. 3 times daily nor propatyl nitrate 30 mg. 3 times daily significantly decreased the number of attacks of angina pectoris. Dagenais and his associates* showed in 15 patients with angina pectoris due to coronary artery disease that, compared to placebo, pentaerythritol tetranitrate 20 mg. or 40 mg. did not significantly improve the mean exercise duration or improve ischemic ECG abnormalities. Evans and Hoyle9 found that only 3 of 21 patients (14 per cent) with angina pectoris had an improvement in the number of
Surfactant-assisted spreading of a liquid drop on a smooth solid surface.

Abstract Axisymmetric spreading of a liquid drop covered with an insoluble surfactant monolayer on a smooth solid substrate is numerically investigated. As the drop spreads, the adsorbed surfactant molecules are constantly redistributed along the air–liquid interface by convection and diffusion, leading to nonuniformities in surface tension along the interface. The resulting Marangoni stresses affect the spreading rate by altering the surface flow and the drop shape. In addition, surfactant accumulation in the vicinity of the moving contact line affects the spreading rate by altering the balance of line forces. Two different models for the constitutive relation at the moving contact line are used, in conjunction with a surface equation of state based on the Frumkin adsorption framework, to probe the surfactant influence. The coupled evolution equations for the drop shape and monolayer concentration profile are integrated using a pseudospectral method to determine the rate of surfactant-assisted spreading over a wide range of the dimensionless parameters governing the spreading process. The insoluble monolayer enhances spreading through two mechanisms; a reduction in the equilibrium contact angle, and an increase in the magnitude of the radial pressure gradient within the drop due to the formation of positive surface curvature near the moving contact line. Both mechanisms are driven by the accumulation of surfactant at the contact line due to surface convection. Although the Marangoni stresses induced at the air–liquid interface reduce the rate of spreading during the initial stages of spreading, their retarding effect is overwhelmed by the favorable effects of the aforementioned mechanisms to lead to an overall enhancement in the rate of spreading in most cases. The spreading rate is found to be higher for bulkier surfactants with stronger repulsive interactions. With the exception of monolayers with strong cohesive interactions which tend to retard the spreading process, the overall effect of an insoluble monolayer is to increase the rate of drop spreading. Simulation results for small Bond numbers indicate the existence of a power-law region for the time-dependence of the basal radius of the drop, consistent with experimental measurements.
Intestinal metabolism of glutamine and glutamate from the lumen as compared to glutamine from blood.

Abstract Only a small fraction of the l -[U-14C]glutamate (2%) and the l -[U-14C]glutamine (34%) administered at a 6 m m concentration into the lumen of rat jejunal segments in situ was recovered unchanged in venous blood collected from the segments. The remaining 14C of both amino acids was recovered in the blood as CO2 (60%), proline (5%), citrulline (4%), alanine (3%), ornithine (2%), and organic acids, mostly lactate (19%). The amide nitrogen of glutamine was recovered mostly as ammonia and the amino nitrogen of both amino acids predominantly in alanine. A nearly identical distribution of products was seen in previously published experiments in which rat intestine took up l -[U-14C]glutamine from arterial blood (Windmueller, H. G., and Spaeth, A. E. (1974) J. Biol. Chem., 249, 5070–5079). The results are therefore consistent with a single metabolic pool within mucosal cells for blood-derived and lumen-derived glutamine. When 6 m m glutamine was continuously perfused through the lumen, jejunal segments metabolized arterial and luminal glutamine at approximately equal rates (130–190 nmol min−1 (g of tissue)−1). The total combined rate was 1.7 times the rate of utilization of arterial glutamine alone in jejunal segments not absorbing glutamine. These results provide the first quantitative data on comparative metabolism by the intestine of substrates from the lumen and from blood. Rat intestine apparently metabolizes nearly all absorbed dietary glutamate and most glutamine in addition to circulating glutamine derived from other tissues.
Markedly Elevated Serum MMP-9 (Gelatinase B) Levels in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Potentially Useful Laboratory Marker

Abstract In an attempt to find a potentially useful serum marker in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) which reflects underlying pathogenic mechanisms, we measured the circulating levels of matrix-degrading metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), also termed gelatinase B, in sera and synovial fluid (SF) from patients with RA and also quantitated the deposition and local synthesis of MMP-9 in RA synovium. Clinical samples, subjected to gelatin substrate zymography, antigenic immunoassay, and a quantitative substrate degradation assay, revealed elevated 92- and 72-kDa proenzyme forms of MMP-9 and MMP-2 in RA sera and SF compared with healthy controls. Immunostaining on fresh RA synovial specimens revealed MMP-9 within vascular walls in fibroblast-like cells and macrophages; mRNA synthesis was detected using reverse transcriptasein situPCR. In summary, MMP-9 levels are substantially elevated in the sera and SF from patients with RA. The RA synovium is a source of this MMP-9 production, with abundant mRNA and protein observed within several different type of rheumatoid synovial cells.
Expedient methodology for total methotrexate polyglutamation pool determination in human erythrocytes

The measurement of methotrexate polyglutamate metabolites in red blood cells has potential to aid in individualization of methotrexate therapy in rheumatoid arthritis and juvenile idiopathic arthritis. In this report a method is presented for rapid analysis of these metabolites in human red blood cells. The analytical procedure is a simple “one pot” pre-column reaction involving the addition of sodium dithionite as a reducing agent followed by 15 minutes of boiling. After centrifugation the supernatant is introduced into a conventional HPLC system equipped with a fluorescence detector, without the need for further workup. By performing the derivatization reaction pre-column, a time consuming (6–14 h) commonly used deglutamation procedure utilizing blank human plasma, becomes obsolete. Using the described procedure the total sample preparation time for a 50 sample run should not exceed 1–1.5 hours. The chromatographic run time per sample is 7 minutes using isocratic elution conditions. The method was found to be linear over the clinical relevant concentration range of 10–500 nM of intra-cellular methotrexate polyglutamates. The intra-run mean accuracy of the target value was between 98.1% and 106.0%. The intra-run precision was between 1.2% and 8.8%.
Modeling the dynamic response of visco-elastic open-cell foams

This article introduces a mesoscopic formulation for modeling the dynamic response of visco-elastic, open-cell solid foams. The effective material response is obtained by enforcing on a representative 3D unit cell the principle of minimum action for dissipative systems. The resulting model accounts explicitly for the foam topology, the elastic and viscous properties of the cell wall, and the inertial effects arising from non-affine motion within the cells. The microinertial effects become significant in retarding the foam collapse during exceedingly high strain-rate loading. As an application example, a heterogenous case of compressive deformation at high strain rate is simulated utilizing the present model as a constitutive update in a non-linear finite element analysis code. This FEM simulation shows the ability of the model to capture the progressive foam collapse during the dynamic compression as observed in experimental studies. Using the microscopic model, the inertial and viscous strain-rate effects are investigated through the foam density, viscosity, and relative density. Based on the physics incorporated into the local cell model, we provide insight into the physical mechanisms responsible for the experimentally observed strain-rate effects on the behavior of dynamically loaded foam materials.
The effect of team programming on student achievement in COBOL instruction

As a result of analyzing the art of computer program development, new skills are being suggested to improve programming efficiency. Two of these skills are the use of structured programming and the ability to work as a member of a team (Khailany and Saxon, 1978). The benefits gained from employing these skills in an educational setting (Cheney, 1977; Lemos, 1978; Weinberg, 1971) and in commercial areas (Baker and Mills, 1973; Schonberger and Franz, 1978) have been discussed in the literature.Team programming involves the process of one's peers inspecting one's work for errors, ideas, and design methods in order to improve productivity and learning. The group technique is being applied to programming in industrial settings and is advocated for educational settings as one approach to improving programming.
A simple method for the preparation of antibodies to the mitochondrial biotin-dependent carboxylases.

Heterologous antiserum to the 3 biotin-dependent carboxylases was prepared by selective removal of these enzymes from human liver on an avidin-sepharose column. A carboxylase-avidin-sepharose matrix was used as an antigen to produce anti-carboxylase antibodies. The resultant antisera can be used to purifiy the specific carboxylases, to prepare monoclonal antibodies to these enzymes or to study inherited carboxylase deficiencies and biotin-dependent intermediary metabolism.
Critical-angle scattering of white light from a cylindrical bubble in glass: photographs of colors and computations

A novel effect in the scattering of white light from bubbles consists of colored bands that appear near the critical scattering angle. The bands were photographed in the far-zone scattering from a cylindrical bubble in glass. Their existence is associated with the coarse structure present in the exact scattered intensity. A digital Butterworth filter was developed to remove (from computed intensities) fine structures that are lost when the optical bandwidth is large. The colors are found to be due to the combined effects of interference and diffraction (near the critical scattering angle) and dispersion of the refractive index. Coarse structures were previously modeled in the monochromatic scattering from spherical air bubbles in water. Colors are also to be expected in the appearance of clouds of bubbles in water. Such colors were reported [ PulfrichC., Ann. Phys. Chem. (Leipzig)33, 209 ( 1888)]. Some implications for the optical measurement of bubble size and surface quality are noted.
Fine structure of calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactive synaptic contacts in the thalamus of the rat.

Recent studies have shown a prominent calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactive (CGRP-ir) pathway extending from the external medial and external lateral para-brachial nuclei to the area surrounding and including the gustatory nuclei in the thalamus, and the cortex and amygdala. The function of the CGRP-ir pathway is not completely understood, but may be involved with the processing of both nociceptive and gustatory information in the thalamus. The purpose of this study was to characterize the nature of the CGRP-ir synaptic contacts in the gustatory nucleus. Electron microscopic examination of CGRP-ir synaptic contacts revealed two classes of CGRP-ir terminals. One class, which was large, formed asymmetric synaptic contacts on dendritic appendages, had many small, round synaptic vesicles, and heavy patches of reaction product which obscured any underlying organelles. Since similar terminals in unstained tissue contained large numbers of dense-cored vesicles, it was concluded that CGRP-ir was contained predominantly in dense-cored vesicles. A second class of CGRP-ir terminals was smaller and made either asymmetric or symmetric synaptic contacts. Both symmetric and asymmetric small terminals contained small, round synaptic vesicles and fewer patches of dense reaction product. Several of the CGRP-ir terminals making symmetric contacts also contained pleomorphic vesicles. There were very few contacts on cell bodies. There were no contacts on other CGRP-ir elements, somal or dendritic, or on axon terminals. None of the CGRP-ir terminal elements were postsynaptic to unlabeled terminals. Axons containing CGRP-ir were primarily unmyelinated, but a few myelinated axons were also seen. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A Theory of Change in Music Education.

The purpose of this conceptual work was to provide a theory of curricular change in music education. The author introduced a Model of Psychological Dimensions, and suggested how it might help the profession conceptualise the nexus between the individual and society. Identity as a manifestation of cultural psychology, and the role and characteristics of both perceptual and cultural worlds were presented. The idea of the selfhood of individuals was used as an analogy to the selfhood of music education. A metaphor of a rainstorm was used to help explain how the components of self, an understanding of ‘place’ and ‘space’, and knowledge of cultural creativity might guide theorisation in the area of curricular change. The author concluded the article by presenting a Conceptual Model of Change in Music Education, based on a model proposed by the author in previous work.
Delayed quick spins after vestibular nerve section respond to anticonvulsant therapy.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical features of patients with failed vestibular nerve section that have a response to anticonvulsant medication. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective case review. SETTING: Ambulatory tertiary referral center. PATIENTS: We report three patients who were afflicted with frequent brief spinning spells, or "quick spins," after vestibular neurectomy for Meniere's disease. INTERVENTION: Treatment with anticonvulsants. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Relief of vertigo. RESULTS: All cases had an excellent therapeutic response to carbamazepine or oxcarbazepine, agents conventionally used for neuralgia, suggesting that these symptoms are caused by a hyperexcitable vestibular nerve. CONCLUSION: Treatment of neuralgia should be considered when the symptom of quick spins arises after vestibular neurectomy.
Unstable Cohen-Macaulay algebras

We characterize Cohen-Macaulay algebrasin the category Kfg of unstable Noetherian algebras over the Steenrod algebra via the depth of the P ∗ - invariant ideals . Thisallowsusto trans fer the Cohen-Macaulay property to suitable subalgebras. We apply this to rings of invariants of finite groups and to the P ∗ -inseparable closure. For over 50 years the Steenrod algebra P ∗ and algebras over it have proven to be decisive tools in algebraic topology. Applications occur in cohomology theory, invariant theory of finite groups, and most recently in algebraic geometry. This makes it desirable to have a completely algebraic (and not topological) approach to the subject. In this paper we follow the path begun in (12), (13), (14) and (16) of building a "complete" P ∗ -invariant commutative algebra. We find a P ∗ -invariant version of the classical characterization of Cohen-Macaulay algebras. This allows us to show that Cohen-Macaulayness is inherited by subalgebras provided that the P ∗ -invariant prime ideal spectra are in bijective correspondence and the extension is integral. This applies in particular to an unstable algebra and its P ∗ -inseparable closure. It also applies to rings of polynomial invariants of finite groups.
Interactions between the termini of adeno-associated virus DNA.

The adeno-associated virus (AAV) genome is a linear, single polynucleotide chain with inverted terminal repeats of 145 bases. In order to test whether the terminal repeats at opposite ends of the genome have to be able to completely base-pair during DNA replication, we have created chimeric genomes in which an 11 base symmetrical sequence has been deleted from the terminal repeat at one end of the genome and replaced by a different 12 base symmetrical sequence. We have used these chimeric constructs either as a duplex insert in pBR322 or as purified duplex virion DNA to transfect adenovirus-infected HeLa cells. When chimeric duplex virion DNA was used, all of the progeny virions obtained after two cell passages contained DNA with wild-type sequences in both terminal repeats. When plasmid clones were used, the structure of virion DNA depended on the original orientation. If the mutant terminal repeat was originally at the right end of the genome (terminus of genetic map), all progeny terminal repeat sequences were again wild-type. However, if the original construct contained the mutant sequence in the left terminal repeat, the majority of progeny molecules were parental in type (i.e. mutant left and wild-type right terminal repeat). We conclude (1) although the terminal repeats at opposite ends of the genome may interact during DNA replication, it is not necessary that they be perfectly complementary. (2) In direct competition, the wild-type sequence displays an advantage over the mutant allele. (3) In a plasmid clone, the terminal repeat on the left end of the genome is at an advantage in a competitive situation. We note that the left terminal repeat is adjacent to a transcriptional promoter.
Symbol Rate Optimization for the MMSE-DFE on Bandlimited Dispersive Channels☆

Al-Dhahir, N., and Cioffi, J. M., Symbol Rate Optimization for the MMSE-DFE on Bandlimited Dispersive Channels,Digital Signal Processing6 (1996), 73–95. The problem of optimizing the transmission bandwidth of practical coded-modulation transceivers on linear time-invariant dispersive channels corrupted by additive white Gaussian noise and crosstalk, with particular emphasis on digital subscriber loops, is studied in this paper. Under the assumption of a flat input power distribution over the transmission bandwidth, four criteria for bandwidth optimization are analyzed and compared. Our main focus will be on the ideal infinite-length minimum-mean-square-error decision-feedback equalizer (MMSE-DFE); however, finite-length constraints in addition to zero-forcing and linear equalizers are also considered. Furthermore, comparisons between the optimal bandwidth and performance of the MMSE-DFE and a multichannel modulation transceiver, under a variety of operating conditions, are also presented.
Analytical study of structural thermal insulating syntactic foams

Abstract Syntactic foams composed of a resin matrix and hollow glass spheres represent one viable solution for structures requiring both enhanced structural and thermal insulation properties. Designing syntactic foams with both high strength and thermal insulating properties is difficult since these two properties are inherently in opposition to one another. As a result, it is critical to systematically select matrix and particle materials and volume fractions of each, which will result in acceptable strength and thermal properties. The focus of this research is to investigate the effects of sphere particle packing and size distribution on effective thermal conductivity, strength, and stiffness of syntactic foams. The analysis is performed through finite element thermal and stress analysis of various sphere packing and size distributions under several particle-to-matrix conductivity and stiffness ratios. The results show the effective thermal conductivity predictions to be relatively independent of packing and size distribution while predicted strength and stiffness properties show a greater dependence on packing and size distribution, particularly for high particle-to-matrix stiffness ratios.
Design of Electronic Heaters for Induction Heating

The design of vacuum-tube oscillators for induction heating involves many factors not usually encountered in radio practice. The choice of the circuit to be used, the tank current, operating frequency, and the physical construction are dependent upon a knowledge of the theoretical and practical requirements of induction heating, and an understanding of the operating conditions to be met in the average factory. It is concluded that either the Colpitts or the coupled-grid circuit meets the requirements, and an operating frequency in the neighborhood of 500 kilocycles, with a tank current of from 100 to 300 amperes is desirable. In this paper, the induction-heating theory necessary to substantiate the above conclusions together with a brief discussion of the other factors involved is presented.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF DIABETES MELLITUS IN ADDISON'S DISEASE

THE occurrence of both adrenal cortical insufficiency and diabetes mellitus in the same individual is rare; reports of only twenty-two such instances are available. Each of these diseases is associated with abnormalities in carbohydrate metabolism in some respects antagonistic to the other and consequently the simultaneous occurrence of the two is of considerable interest. In the reports reviewed, diabetes waś established in the majority of the patients before the development of Addison's disease. (1–12). In four, however, both diseases were recognized simultaneously (13–16), while in three others, (17–19) the adrenal insufficiency antedated the appearance of diabetes. The presence of adrenal cortical hypofunction frequently alters the coexisting diabetic state. A number of these patients are reported to exhibit an unusual sensitivity to insulin (1, 3, 5, 8, 13, 14, 15, 18, 19) such as is characteristically found in Addison's disease alone. Severe hypoglycemic reactions are commonly mentioned and, in thos...
Highly stable and CO-tolerant Pt/Ti0.7W0.3O2 electrocatalyst for proton-exchange membrane fuel cells.

The current materials used in proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are not sufficiently durable for commercial deployment. One of the major challenges lies in the development of an inexpensive, efficient, and CO-tolerant anode catalyst. Here we report the unique CO-tolerant property of Pt nanoparticles supported on Ti0.7W0.3O2. The Ti0.7W0.3O2 nanoparticles (50 nm) were synthesized via a sol−gel process and platinized using an impregnation−reduction technique. Electrochemical studies of Pt/Ti0.7W0.3O2 show unique CO-tolerant electrocatalytic activity for hydrogen oxidation compared to commercial E-TEK PtRu/C catalysts. Differential electrochemical mass spectrometry measurements show the onset potential for CO oxidation on Pt/Ti0.7W0.3O2 to be below 0.1 V (vs RHE). Pt/Ti0.7W0.3O2 is a promising new anode catalyst for PEMFC applications.
Fluctuations in liquids and glasses

Abstract In a coarsened description of glassformers, the fluctuating variable is the local order. The configuration space of a glassformer consists of many basins with basin boundaries determined by heights of the potential energy landscape. We suggest that structural changes in the system may be described in terms of local rearrangements as elementary inter-basin steps. A general theorem is found relating the fluctuations of the local structure to thermodynamic properties measured at different time scales.
A technique to study the lattice location of light elements in silicon by channeling elastic recoil detection analysis

Abstract We reported an ion beam analysis technique to detect the lattice location of hydrogen in crystalline silicon by the method of channeling elastic recoil detection analysis. In this technique, the incident beam is introduced along low index channeling axes while the sample is tilted to an angle by which the forward-scattered H atoms can be detected. We have applied this technique to study the lattice location of 1H trapped within a boron-doped Si layer.
Plakinidine D, a new pyrroloacridine alkaloid from the ascidian Didemnum rubeum

Plakinidine D (4), a new pyrroloacridine metabolite, was isolated together with the known compound 3,5-diiodo-4-methoxyphenethylamine (5) from the ascidian Didemnum rubeum collected near the island of Rota, Northern Mariana Islands. Spectroscopic methods were used to determine the structure of plakinidine D, which was also confirmed through the formation and characterization of the derivatives N-acetylplakinidine D and 11-deoxyplakinidine D. Plakinidine D represents the first metabolite in the pyrroloacridine family of compounds to be isolated from an ascidian.
Correlates of the Echocardiographic Waves of the Mitral Valve in Normal Subjects of Various Ages

A cardiographic study was performed on 71 subjects including 14 children, 42 young and middle-aged adults, and 15 old persons without evidence of heart disease. The echocardiogram of the mitral valve was recorded in the A mode by an analog method and was compared with the electrocardiogram, phonocardiogram, apex cardiogram, and carotid and jugular tracings, simultaneously obtained. The intervals between the various waves recorded by these methods were measured and the results were compared with those reported in the literature. A comparison of the duration of the intervals in the various age groups showed statistically significant differences. In particular, the intervals between the second heart sound and the peak of the E-wave and the E-F intervals in the echogram were longer in adults than in children and also longer in old persons than in younger adults. This important age difference should always be taken into account before attributing any echocardiographic deviations to disease.
Strategic Behavior in Refugee Repatriation: A Game-Theoretic Analysis

The authors present a game-theoretic analysis of negotiations involving two players: the government of a country of origin and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), in which th...
Abstract 2822: Targeting Mcl-1 regulated apoptosis pathway as a novel therapy in pancreatic cancer

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Resistance of pancreatic cancer to current treatment protocols as a consequence of apoptosis defects is a major cause of treatment failure. Therapeutic approaches that specifically target components of these molecular mechanisms are urgently needed. The anti-apoptotic protein Mcl-1, a member of the Bcl-2 family proteins, has emerged as a promising therapeutic target. Consistent with its anti-apoptotic function, the overexpression of Mcl-1 in pancreatic cancer cells has been associated with tumor progression and resistance to current chemotherapeutics. Applying high throughput screening approach several promising lead compounds as selective Mcl-1 inhibitors were identified and evaluated. Based on one of the most promising lead compounds we have designed and synthesized several analogues. The most potent compound, UMI-77, binds to Mcl-1 protein with Ki = 205 nM determined by fluorescence polarization based assay and shows selectivity over Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL. NMR spectroscopy studies demonstrate that UMI-77 binds to the same BH3 domain of Mcl-1 as the Bim BH3 peptide and antagonizes Mcl-1 function. UMI-77 inhibits cell growth and induces apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells with high Mcl-1 levels (BxPC-3 and Panc-1) in a time and dose-dependent manner, accompanied by caspase-3 activation. Applying siRNA approach, the transient suppression of Mcl-1 abrogated UMI-77 mediated apoptosis in BxPC-3 cells, demonstrating that UMI-77 as a single agent can inhibit cell growth and induce apoptosis in pancreatic cells in a Mcl-1 dependent manner. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that UMI-77 blocks the heterodimerization of Mcl-1/Bax and Mcl-1/Bak in cells. By using murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), wild type and deficient in both Bax and Bak (double knock out), it was demonstrated that the cytotoxic activity and induction of apoptosis by UMI-77 mainly depend on Bax and/or Bak, suggesting that function as BH3 mimetic. In order to verify the clinical utility of UMI-77, we tested its in vivo efficacy using BxPC-3 xenograft model. The maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of UMI-77 in SCID mice was determined to be 60mg/kg i.v. We further demonstrated that UMI-77 at MTD showed statistically significant and effective tumor growth inhibition in BxPC-3 xenograft model. At the end of the treatment, western blot analysis for different molecular markers on lysates isolated from tumors harvested from SCID mice revealed enhancement of proapoptotic markers in UMI-77 treated animals compared to control. Collectively, these promising findings warrant further chemical modifications of this compound and optimization toward developing a new class of anticancer drugs, Mcl-1 inhibitors. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2822. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-2822
Damage accumulation under repeated reverse stressing of Sn-Ag solder joints

To better understand the effect of repeated reverse stress in solder joints, a new testing method was developed. Tin-silver solder joints were fabricated, constrained between Cu blocks, and then subjected to repeated shear loading in a tensile tester. Constant strain amplitudes were applied to simulate service conditions. However, large loads were used to accelerate the damage accumulation. Microstructural features of the damage were very similar to those found with studies on thermomechanical fatigue (TMF) of small, single shear lap samples. Concentrated-shear banding or striations were observed to form along Sn dendrites. The load behavior of the solder with each cycle and during hold times at the extreme strain amplitude was consistent with damage accumulating with each successive cycle. Effects of strain amplitude, hold times at the stress extremes, number of cycles, and solder-joint thickness were found to play significant roles on the stress-strain behavior and surface damage.
Yttirum-90 resin microspheres as an adjunct to sorafenib in patients with unresectable HCC: a retrospective study for evaluation of survival benefit and adverse events

Purpose Efficacy and safety of sorafenib (Nexavar®, Bayer Pharmaceuticals, Germany) in the treatment of advanced HCC has been well established. The efficacy combined use of sorafenib and resin Y-90 resin microspheres (RMS) in these patients is not well established. We treated patients with advanced multifocal HCC with Y-90 RMS and concurrent sorafenib in order to optimize local control of the disease. We present incidence of adverse events, tolerability and survival benefit with this combination therapy at our institute. Materials and Methods In this retrospective study, there are total 19 patients (21 treatments) on full or reduced dose sorafenib for BCLC class B or C HCC, treated between January 2008 and May 2010. Pretreatment planning diagnostic angiogram and embolization as well as SPECT/CT after intra-arterial administration of T-99m MAA were done. Dose calculations were done using BSA method and standard dose reductions were done for shunts >10%. Follow up contrast enhanced imaging (CT/MRI) was done at 3 month intervals. Therapy response was evaluated using RECIST criteria. TTP (hepatic and extrahepatic), AE and survival were evaluated. Results 21 Y-90 RE sessions were performed in 19 patients (median age, 67). Major HCC risk factors were viral hepatitis and diabetes mellitus. Imaging evidence of venous invasion was present in 84% of patients. Sorafenib dose reduction (SDR) was noted in 7(37%) patients. Median Y-90 RE activity delivered was 41.2mCi. PR was seen in 4 (19%) by RECIST criteria. Median TTP of intrahepatic and extrahepatic disease was 7.1 months and 3.2 months, respectively. Overall median survival was 17.3 months. NCI-CTCAE 4.0 at 90 days: Grade II- 3pts (16%) and Grade III- 4pts (21%). Conclusion Addition of Y-90 resin microsphere therapy in patients on sorafenib did not increase incidence of AE. Local response (PR/SD) was achieved in all patients with increase in the survival/TTP liver when compared to prior studies evaluating sorafenib alone in patients with similar disease status.
Canopy Level Fluxes of 2-Methyl-3-buten-2-ol, Acetone, and Methanol by a Portable Relaxed Eddy Accumulation System

Canopy level flux measurements of 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol (MBO), acetone, and methanol were made over a subalpine forest in the Rocky Mountains in Colorado in the summer of 1999. The measurements were carried out using a portable relaxed eddy accumulation system that collected samples on adsorbent cartridges. Midday fluxes of acetone were highest at approximately 2.5 mg of C m-2 h-1. Methanol and MBO fluxes were approximately 1.0 mg of C m-2 h-1 each. These fluxes occurred with average daytime high temperatures of only 18 degrees C. Diurnal fluxes of MBO were strongly correlated with light and temperature. Acetone and methanol did not have simple diurnal patterns. These results indicate that oxygenated volatile organic compounds may make a significant contribution to the flux of reactive carbon to the atmosphere in western U.S. pine forests.
Bisphosphonate-associated Femur Fractures Have High Complication Rates with Operative Fixation

Background Bisphosphonate-associated femur fractures have been well described but the preoperative patient factors, treatment modalities, and complications of treatment are unclear.
The synthesis and lithium ammonia reduction of 7-methoxychroman☆

Abstract 7-Methoxychroman (II) undergoes Birch reduction to give, among other hydrolysis products, 4a,5,6,7-tetrahydrochroman-7-one(V), which is obtained also by hydrogenation of 4-(γ-hydroxypropyl)-resorcinol(IX) in the presence of rhodium on alumina.
Application of paracrystalline lattice theory to the analysis of differential radial distribution function of amorphotized polyethylene

Abstract The structure of amorphotized polyethylene (APE) obtained by irradiation of branched PE was studied by means of differential radial distribution function (DRDF) analysis of its WAXS. The experimental DRDF shows intramolecular peaks at 1.5 and 2.5 A and intermolecular peaks at 5.3, 9.8, 14.7, 18.6 and 23.4 A The experimental DRDF was compared with a synthetic DRDF based on the application of paracrystalline lattice theory to a distorted hexagonal lattice. The synthetic DRDF with the best fit has lattice constants, a = 4.94 and c = 2.54 A, and the fluctuation parameters of g11 ≃ g12 ≅ 18%, g13 ≃ g31 ≅ g32 ≃ 6%, and g33 ≃ 10%. Our analysis suggests that a hexagonal lattice, albeit distorted, is still present in the amorphotized state of PE. The extent of lateral order is estimated to be about 50 A, as compared to about 30 A for molten PE.