cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Redox zonation at the saline-influenced boundaries of a permeable surficial aquifer: effects of physical forcing on the biogeochemical cycling of iron and manganese

Abstract Research investigating geochemical changes accompanying subsurface mixing of fresh and saline water has primarily focused on cation exchange and mineral dissolution/precipitation reactions. In this study, we report on redox species zonation at the boundaries of a freshwater lens confined beneath a small, permeable island surrounded by saline marshes and tidal creeks and located on the estuary side of Sapelo Island, Georgia. The spatial and temporal distribution of the chemical species in the aquifer implies that the freshwater lens resists saline intrusion by maintaining constant advection across the salinity gradient. As a result, the biogeochemical processes in this aquifer seem to have reached a quasi steady-state very close to equilibrium. Redox reactions associated with natural organic matter oxidation may also play an important role at the salinity transition. Surprisingly, aerobic respiration and microbial iron reduction seem to be the main pathways for natural organic matter oxidation. Sulfate reduction is not significant despite the high concentration of sulfate available, and manganese oxides are probably chemically reduced by dissolved sulfide and Fe 2+ . This study is the first to demonstrate that iron and manganese reduction takes place at the salinity transitions bounding both sides of an island freshwater lens and that microbial iron reduction accounts for most of anaerobic respiration of natural organic matter at these transitions.
Qualitative Information from Multivariate Calibration Models

Multivariate calibration methods are implicit modeling methods as opposed to explicit methods that impose a theoretical model on the experimental data. Because these methods incorporate variance in the data not necessarily related to the property of interest, implicit models should be both quantitatively and qualitatively validated. Qualitative validation using the regression vector is discussed here. When the regression vector found by calibration is multiplied by the response vector of an unknown sample, it gives an estimate of the property of interest. When used with spectroscopy, the regression vector contains information about the pure spectrum of the analyte of interest, but ambiguities exist because of mathematical constraints that hinder direct extraction of this information. Results from simulated data show that, if the measured data are all positive, the presence of negative regions in the regression vector indicates overlap between the pare spectra of the analyte of interest and the interferent(s), and the qualitative information is limited. Transformations using derivatives are presented that help remove some of the ambiguity. For two-component linear systems, the derivative of the pure spectrum of the interferent component can be calculated. With multicomponent systems, derivative transformations locate some peak maxima in the pure spectra of the interferent components.
Modeling Polymer Interactions with Nanopores for DNA Sequencing and Proteomics Applications

Protein beta-barrel nanopores have been used to characterize a wide variety of molecules including polyethylene glycol (PEG), deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and polypeptides - a potentially significant step in realizing low cost sequencing of DNA, as well as in proteomics. Simulations can improve our understanding of the conformation and dynamics of polymers inside a nanopore, which we believe are significant to properly interpret experimental data. However, in an effort to overcome the limitations of time scales associated with all-atom molecular dynamics simulations we introduce two simplified models for PEG in α-hemolysin. Both represent the nanopore by a grid potential calculated from the Poisson-Boltzmann equation, and contain explicit ions and flexible PEG. One model includes water implicitly with a short-range water mediated potential of mean force to correctly account for ion-ion interactions; the other contains explicit TIP3 water. We also present a third, even simpler model with rigid PEG in the pore, where the ionic current blockade differs from experiment significantly highlighting the importance of the dynamics of PEG inside the pore. We then compare results from the first two simulation models with those from an all-atom simulation. Finally, we compare the depth of the ionic current blockade associated with PEG binding from each model with experimental results.
The relation among spinal geometry on MRI, paraspinal electromyographic abnormalities, and age in persons referred for electrodiagnostic testing of low back symptoms.

STUDY DESIGN A retrospective EMG study with blinded radiologic measurement was conducted. OBJECTIVE To determine the relation among spinal measurements on MRI, paraspinal denervation, and age in patients referred for electrodiagnostic and radiologic evaluation of low back pain. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Spinal pathology, including disc herniation and spinal stenosis, can cause denervation of the paraspinal muscles. Various mechanisms including direct compression, inflammation, vascular compromise, and mechanical stretch of the posterior primary ramus may play a role in denervation. The relation between the amount of denervation and the size of the spinal canal can assist in understanding the pathophysiology of back pain. Since paraspinal denervation may increase with age in asymptomatic persons, age is an important covariable. METHODS At a university hospital, 44 patients referred to undergo both electrodiagnostic evaluation and MRI for low back pain were studied. The study investigated the relation among the following: 1) axial MRI spinal measurements (canal transverse diameter, anteroposterior diameter, and area; thecal sac anteroposterior diameter and area; and the radiologist's overall impression at each level) and denervation measurements in terms of scores on the MiniPM, a quantified needle electromyographic measure of paraspinal denervation; 2) various models of multilevel spinal compression (smallest, smallest two, and average spinal levels for each measurement) and MiniPM scores; and 3) MRI spinal canal measurements and age. RESULTS Although individual MRI measurements and combinations of measurements did not relate to MiniPM scores, the radiologist's impression was significantly related. The "smallest two" levels measurement had the strongest relation (r = 0.400; P < 0.007). Age related to the MiniPM scores (P = 0.004) and radiologic impression (P = 0.031). A regression suggested that MiniPM was an independent predictor of age. CONCLUSIONS The radiologist's overall impression is more accurate than axial image measurements in predicting paraspinal denervation. A combination score of the smallest two levels is the most accurate, perhaps relating to the vascular pathophysiology of stenosis. There is more denervation with increasing age in this symptomatic population.
Limited intercarpal fusion as a salvage procedure for advanced Kienbock disease.

Background With progressive lunate collapse, salvage procedures in advanced Kienbock disease attempt to provide pain relief and maintain motion. Scaphocapitate arthrodesis may provide a durable option with comparable outcomes to proximal row carpectomy in the well-selected patient.
Network Coding in Wireless Networks with Random Access

We consider the problem of applying network coding in wireless networks with random medium access. To optimize the network coding subgraph and the transmission attempt probabilities jointly is a tractable problem only for rather small networks. Therefore, we suggest a suboptimal, yet practical and decentralized algorithm to combine network coding with random access. We illustrate the performance gains of our approach with simulations.
Flapless implant placement: a technique to eliminate the need for a removable interim prosthesis.

Computer-guided flapless surgery for implant placement using stereolithographic templates is gaining popularity. The advantages of this surgical protocol are its minimally invasive nature, accuracy of implant placement, predictability, and reduced time required for definitive rehabilitation. One of the disadvantages, however, pertains to complete arch implant rehabilitation. An existing protocol for complete arch flapless computer-guided implant surgery necessitates the patient to be rendered completely edentulous and to wear a removable complete denture for varying periods of time. This may be objectionable to the patient. This article illustrates a technique which uses a modified radiographic template to overcome this limitation. The patient may have a tooth-supported or implant-supported fixed interim prosthesis during the entire rehabilitation process. (J Prosthet Dent 2008;100:232-235)
Signature of phase transitions in the disordered quantum spin Hall state from the entanglement spectrum

Of the available classes of insulators which have been shown to contain topologically nontrivial properties, one of the most important is class AII, which contains systems that possess time-reversal symmetry $T$ with ${T}^{2}=\ensuremath{-}1.$ This class has been the subject of significant attention as it encompasses nontrivial ${Z}_{2}$ topological insulators such as the quantum spin Hall (QSH) state and the three-dimensional strong topological insulator. One of the defining properties of this system is the robustness of the state under the addition of disorder that preserves $T.$ In this Rapid Communication, we explore the phase diagram of the disordered QSH state as a function of disorder strength and chemical potential by examining the entanglement spectrum for disordered class-AII symplectic systems. As for the case of the $T$-breaking Chern insulator, we show that there is a correspondence between the level-spacing statistics of the Hamiltonian and that of the level-spacing statistics of the entanglement spectrum. We observe a feature in the statistics of the entanglement spectrum that aids the identification of delocalized states and consequently critical energies across which phase transitions occur.
Mutational analysis of the 3′→5′ proofreading exonuclease of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase III

The epsilon subunit of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase III holoenzyme, the enzyme primarily responsible for the duplication of the bacterial chromosome, is a 3'-->5' exonuclease that functions as a proofreader for polymerase errors. In addition, it plays an important structural role within the pol III core. To gain further insight into how epsilon performs these joint structural and catalytic functions, we have investigated a set of 20 newly isolated dnaQ mutator mutants. The mutator effects ranged from strong (700-8000-fold enhancement) to moderate (6-20-fold enhancement), reflecting the range of proofreading deficiencies. Complementation assays revealed most mutators to be partially or fully dominant, suggesting that they carried an exonucleolytic defect but retained binding to the pol III core subunits. One allele, containing a stop codon 3 amino acids from the C-terminal end of the protein, was fully recessive. Sequence analysis of the mutants revealed mutations in the Exo I, Exo II and recently proposed Exo IIIepsilon motifs, as well as in the intervening regions. Together, the data support the functional significance of the proposed motifs, presumably in catalysis, and suggest that the C-terminus of straightepsilon may be specifically involved in binding to the alpha (polymerase) subunit.
Modeling chemical growth processes in Titan's atmosphere 2. Theoretical study of reactions between C2H and ethene, propene, 1-butene, 2-butene, isobutene, trimethylethene, and tetramethylethene

Abstract Barrierless reactions between unsaturated hydrocarbons and the ethynyl radical (C 2 H) can contribute to the growth of organic particulates in the haze-forming regions of Titan's atmosphere as well as in the gas giants and in the interstellar medium. We employed a combination of quantum chemistry and statistical rate theories to characterize reactions between ground state C 2 H and seven alkenes of the general structure R 1 R 2 C ′ C ″ R 3 R 4 containing up to six carbons. The alkenes included ethene (C 2 H 4 ); propene (C 3 H 6 ); 1-butene, 2-butene, and isobutene (C 4 H 8 ); trimethylethene (C 5 H 10 ); and tetramethylethene (C 6 H 12 ). Density functional theory calculations at the B3LYP/6-31 + G ∗∗ level were used to characterize the adducts, isomers, products, and the intervening transition states for the addition–elimination reactions of all seven species. A multiple-well treatment was then employed to determine the outcome distributions for the range of temperatures and pressures relevant to Titan's atmosphere, the interstellar medium, and the outer atmospheres of the gas giants. Finally, trajectory calculations using an ROMP2 potential energy surface were used to calculate kinetic rates for the ethene + C 2 H reaction, where the agreement between the computed and measured values is very good. At low pressure and temperature, vinyl acetylene is a dominant product of several of the reactions, and all of the reactions yield at least one dominant product with both a double and a triple C C bond.
Molecular complexes of IQ and 4-hydroxy-coumarin: a mutagen-anti-mutagen system.

Abstract Molecular complexes formed between a cooked food mutagen-carcinogen (2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f] quinoline, IQ) and a potent anti-mutagen (4-hydroxy-coumarin, 4HC) were synthesized and crystallized from a solution. The active functional groups in IQ and in 4HC that may involve in the formation of these complexes are investigated by UV–visible, infrared, and NMR spectroscopy. The geometrical conformations and heat of formation of IQ:4HC complexes were optimized by semi-empirical molecular orbital calculations. The experimental and theoretical results indicate that the complexes exist in multiple conformations. The energetically favorable ones are formed via hydrogen-bonding type of interactions between amino group in IQ and carbonyl group in 4HC, and also between quinoline-nitrogen (and imidazole-nitrogen) in IQ and hydroxyl group in 4HC. The observed complex formation could serve as a model for understanding the active molecular sites responsible for the initial mutagenic activity in cooked-food mutagens as well as the anti-mutagenic activity in coumarins.
A study of the volatile compounds produced by the autoxidation of methyl oleate, oleic acid, and cis-9-octadecene

Methyl oleate, oleic acid, and cis-9-octadecene were oxidized at 80° with a stream of air, and the volatile decomposition products were collected in dry ice traps. The volatile material consisted of an aqueous fraction and water-soluble substances, an oil fraction, and a crystalline product. The substances in the aqueous fractions were characterized as formic and acetic acid, and their formation was studied during the autoxidation of the various substrates up to 21 days. The crystalline material was purified, and its properties were examined. The purified crystals showed chemical and infrared properties very similar to a sample of synthesized bis-(hydroxyheptyl) peroxide. Formic and acetic acid were also shown to be produced during the decomposition of hydroxyalkyl peroxides.
Effect of Colloidal Catalysis on the Nanoparticle Size Distribution: Dendrimer−Pd vs PVP−Pd Nanoparticles Catalyzing the Suzuki Coupling Reaction†

A comparison of the stability and catalytic activity of PAMAM−OH generation 4 dendrimer−Pd nanoparticles (1.3 ± 0.1 nm) with the previously studied PVP−Pd nanoparticles (2.1 ± 0.1 nm) in the Suzuki coupling reaction between phenylboronic acid and iodobenzene is conducted. After the first cycle, the average size of the PVP−Pd nanoparticles increases by 38% and the dendrimer−Pd nanoparticles increases by 54%. After the second cycle, the PVP−Pd nanoparticles decrease in size by 24% whereas the dendrimer−Pd nanoparticles continue to increase in size by 35%. The strong encapsulating action of the PAMAM−OH generation 4 dendrimer−Pd nanoparticles could make the rate of conversion to the full nanoparticle size slow, resulting in a large excess Pd metal atom concentration in solution, resulting in the continuous growth of the nanoparticles during the catalytic reaction. The effect of the individual reactants on the stability of the dendrimer−Pd nanoparticles has also been investigated and found to be similar to th...
How the Value of Health Moderates the Link between Age and Depressive Symptoms: Further Evidence:

To extend earlier findings, this pilot study explored the role of self-reported value of health as a moderator between age and scores on the Beck Depression Inventory. 157 undergraduate students completed the Health Value Scale and the Beck inventory. There was no significant main effect for age with scores on the Beck inventory; however, scores on the Health Value Scale and their interaction with age were significant contributors to scores on the Beck Depression Inventory. These results are consistent with earlier findings. Implications for research and development are discussed.
Itraconazole for the Treatment of Cryptococcosis in Cats

Itraconazole was used in 35 cats with cryptococcosis. Treatment response was determined by comparing clinical signs before, during, and after treatment. It could not be evaluated in 7 cats because they died during treatment from causes unrelated to cryptococcosis. Of the remaining 28 cats, treatment response was classified as success in 16 cats (57%), as improvement in 8 cats (29%), and as a failure in 4 (14%). The failures were due to death or euthanasia from drug toxicity (1 cat), progressive fungal disease (2 cats), and relapse 1 year after treatment (1 cat). The cats that improved did not undergo a 1-year posttreatment evaluation because they were lost to follow-up (3 cats), died or were euthanatized for other reasons (4 cats), or had a noncompliant owner (1 cat). For the 16 cats in which treatment was successful, the median itraconazole dose was 13.8 mg/kg body weight daily (range, 10.9 to 26.7 mg/kg/d), and the median duration of treatment was 8.5 months (range, 4 to 16 months). Five of these cats had previously been treated unsuccessfully with ketoconazole.
Review of Long-Range Transportation Plans of Florida's Metropolitan Planning Organizations

On behalf of the Florida Department of Transportation and the Florida Metropolitan Planning Organization Advisory Council, the Center for Urban Transportation Research (CUTR) conducted a review of each of the state's 25 metropolitan planning organization (MPO) long-range transportation plans and the state's 2020 Florida Transportation Plan (FTP), to compare the policy directions of the documents and suggest areas for consideration and inclusion in future plan updates. To gain a comprehensive understanding of the issues and concerns facing MPOs in Florida, each of the state's 25 MPO long-range transportation plans was reviewed, and telephone interviews were conducted with each of the MPO executive directors or designated staff members. Following the telephone interviews, the plans were reexamined to determine the extent to which the issues or problems stated in the interviews were described in the plans. CUTR identified the concerns common to the majority of metropolitan regions, including funding shortfal...
Optimized Peptide Vaccines Eliciting Extensive CD8 T-Cell Responses with Therapeutic Antitumor Effects

A major challenge for developing effective therapeutic vaccines against cancer is overcoming immunologic tolerance to tumor-associated antigens that are expressed on both malignant cells and normal tissues. Herein, we describe a novel vaccination approach, TriVax, that uses synthetic peptides representing CD8 T-cell epitopes, Toll-like receptor agonists that function as potent immunologic adjuvants and costimulatory anti-CD40 antibodies to generate large numbers of high-avidity antigen-reactive T cells capable of recognizing and killing tumor cells. Our results show that TriVax induced huge numbers of long-lasting antigen-specific CD8 T cells that displayed significant antitumor effects in vivo. The administration of a TriVax formulation containing a CD8 T-cell epitope derived from a melanosomal antigen (Trp2(180-188)) elicited antigen-specific CD8 T cells that induced systemic autoimmunity (vitiligo). More important, TriVax immunization was effective in eliciting potent protective antitumor immunity as well as remarkable therapeutic effects against established B16 melanoma. This therapeutic effect was mediated by CD8 T cells via perforin-mediated lysis and required the participation of type-I IFN but not IFNgamma. These results suggest that similar strategies would be applicable for the design of effective vaccination for conducting clinical studies in cancer patients.
Subwavelength plasmonic cavity resonator on a nanowire with periodic permittivity variation

An electromagnetic cavity resonator with deep subwavelength size is considered theoretically on plasmonic nanowires with periodically modulated permittivity. In this work, plasmonic nanowires are treated as $ϵ$-negative cylindrical waveguides (ENGCWs) in a certain band of frequency whose guided wavelength for a small radius waveguide is small compared to the free-space wavelength. The dispersion relations of an ENGCW with permittivity varied periodically along the axial direction are then studied analytically using the space harmonic method and evanescent modes near the center of the band gap are analyzed in detail. By properly creating a ``defect'' on such a periodically modulated (PM) ENGCW, a cavity on this nanowire can be synthesized whose dimension along the wire is determined by the guided wavelength and the decay rate of the evanescent mode, resulting in an ultracompact subwavelength cavity resonator with a size much smaller than the free-space wavelength. The effective size of this cavity is calculated numerically. The finite-element method (FEM) is used to simulate the reflection phenomena at the interface of ENGCW/PMENGCW and to demonstrate the cavity mode. The quality factor $(Q)$ is discussed and calculated from the FEM results. Candidate materials suitable for making this structure are suggested. A method to realize such a resonating structure using only one material is also briefly analyzed. Finally, a few words about the lower limit of such nanowires are given.
Steady state solutions of a one-dimensional biofilm model

A single species biofilm model is presented, and the existence of steady state solutions of this model is proved. The model which does not include detachment suggests that a steady state solution is possible if the inactivation rate is zero. It is also shown that a steady state solution corresponding to the absence of active biomass is linearly unstable provided the bulk substrate satisfies an inequality involving the observed decay rate.
A 10,300 14C yr Record of Climate and Vegetation Change from Haiti

Pleistocene and Holocene vegetation dynamics in the American tropics are inferred largely from pollen in continental lake sediments. Maritime influences may have moderated climate and vegetation changes on Caribbean islands. Stable isotope (δ18O) study of a 7.6-m core from Lake Miragoane, Haiti, provided a high-resolution record of changing evaporation/precipitation (E/P) since ∼10,300 14C yr B.P. The Miragoane pollen record documents climate influences and human impacts on vegetation in Hispaniola. The δ18O and pollen data near the base of the core indicate cool, dry conditions before ∼10,000 14C yr B.P. Lake Miragoane filled with water in the early Holocene as E/P declined and the freshwater aquifer rose. Despite increasing early Holocene moisture, shrubby, xeric vegetation persisted. Forest expanded ∼7000 14C yr B.P. in response to greater effective moisture and warming. The middle Holocene (∼7000–3200 14C yr B.P.) was characterized by high lake levels and greatest relative abundance of pollen from moist forest taxa. Climatic drying that began ∼3200 14C yr B.P. may have driven some mesophilic animal species to extinction. The pollen record of the last millennium reflects pre-Columbian (Taino) and European deforestation. Long-term, Holocene vegetation trends in southern Haiti are comparable to trends from continental, lowland circum-Caribbean sites, suggesting a common response to regional climate change.
RECYCLING AND OVERLAY OF PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT: A CASE STUDY.

A broken and seated portland cement concrete pavement (PCCP) was analyzed using destructive and nondestructive testing (NDT). The paper focuses on the results of a series of NDT methodologies by which the effective structural capacity of the overlaid pavement was estimated. The NDT included Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) and Road Rater (RR), followed by back-calculation and verification routines. A comparison was performed between the FWD and RR deflection bowls, which demonstrated a close correspondence between the two NDT devices. The effective modulus of the broken and seated PCCP was estimated and it showed close agreement with previous work conducted by other investigators, A large-stone hot mix asphalt (HMA) overlay was placed on top of the broken and seated PCCP; this decision was made based upon rutting resistance of this type of mix as reported in previous studies.
Modulation of Diffracted Neutrons with a Piezoelectric Crystal

THE production of pulses of neutrons from a reactor beam by means of a rotating scatter is a well-known technique1. We have investigated the possibility of using a quartz piezoelectric crystal as a means of modulating a beam of neutrons. It was believed that in this way it might be possible to obtain a variable frequency pulsed or sine-modulated source of mono-energetic neutrons.
On the mechanism of enzyme action. LX. Acyl derivatives of trypsin.

Abstract Four new acyl derivatives of crystalline trypsin were prepared by reacting the anhydrides of propionic, butyric, citraconic, and itaconic acids with the native enzyme. The properties of these derivatives were compared with those of the original and the acetylated enzyme. The specific proteolytic activity of all samples is comparable to that of the native enzyme, the greatest difference existing when hemoglobin is used as a substrate. All derivatives are stable in the alkaline pH region, contrary to the native enzyme, which is rapidly self-digested. The pH optimum is shifted toward more alkaline pH values, the shift being greatest for the derivatives of the dicarboxylic acids. Michaelis-Menten constants, when casein served as a substrate, and the detailed kinetic study of hydrolytic action upon benzoyl arginine ethyl ester have shown that there is probably no steric hindrance caused by any of the substituents in either formation or the decomposition of the enzyme-substrate complex.
Correlation between space charge development and breakdown in polymeric insulation under dc field

The correlation between space charge accumulation and insulation failure has been investigated in two types of cross-linked polyethylene and ethylenepropylene rubber subjected to a positive DC field of 50 kV/mm for periods up to 3% years. One type of XLPE films was equipped with tree-retardant additives. A buildup of space charge in the films was monitored periodically during aging with Thermal Step Method, which measures space charge distributions under no voltage condition. Not a single parameter that would consistently correlate with times to insulation failure could be derived from the space charge measurements. However, the space charge density peaks that appeared initially near the electrodes moved closer towards one another during aging and the area under the space charge density peaks showed a noticeable increase shortly before insulation breakdown. These observed properties of the material behavior under dc fields could be used to screen new materials for practical applications.
The use of fuzzy integrals and bispectral analysis of the electroencephalogram to predict movement under anesthesia

The objective of this study was to design and evaluate a methodology for estimating the depth of anesthesia in a canine model that integrates electroencephalogram (EEG)-derived autoregressive (AR) parameters, hemodynamic parameters, and the alveolar anesthetic concentration. Using a parametric approach, two separate AR models of order ten were derived for the EEG, one from the third-order cumulant sequence and the other from the autocorrelation lags of the EEG. Since the anesthetic dose versus depth of anesthesia curve is highly nonlinear, a neural network (NN) was chosen as the basic estimator and a multiple NN approach was conceived which took hemodynamic parameters, EEG derived parameters, and anesthetic concentration as input feature vectors. Since the estimation of the depth of anesthesia involves cognitive as well as statistical uncertainties, a fuzzy integral was used to integrate the individual estimates of the various networks and to arrive at the final estimate of the depth of anesthesia. Data from 11 experiments were used to train the NN's which were then tested on nine other experiments. The fuzzy integral of the individual NN estimates (when tested on 43 feature vectors from seven of the nine test experiments) classified 40 (93%) of them correctly, offering a substantial improvement over the individual NN estimates.
Wave transformation over Sabine Bank, off the Louisiana-Texas coast: Implications of targeted sand mining for coastal restoration

Sabine Bank, a transgressive shoal located 30 km off the Louisiana-Texas border, has been identified as a viable source for restoring the storm-ravaged coasts nearby. Wave-climate for the coast is characterized by a low-energy regime with average SWH less than 1 m and mean wave direction from south-southeast. A fully spectral MIKE 21 wave model has been implemented for the first time for this coast to study the wave transformation over the Sabine Bank. The model was implemented on a high resolution grid to study the modification in bulk wave parameters due to two proposed mining scenarios, and results show minimum impact from restricted dredging of the bank crest. Wave induced sediment re-suspension intensity (RI) was computed and found to be high over the inner shelf and shoal during severe storms. For storm weather conditions, the shallower western portion of the bank dissipates waves significantly, a trend reflected in the computed RI values also. The utilization of material from the bank has a very high potential for use in future restoration projects along the western Louisiana-Texas coast.
Young Richard Nixon: A Study in Political Precocity

(1978). Young Richard Nixon: A Study in Political Precocity. The Historian: Vol. 41, No. 1, pp. 21-40.
A study of the latent effects of family learning courses in science

It is well documented that students' exposure to science in the middle school is critical for their later selection of science courses, yet instruction time and course offerings in science during the middle school years are often limited. Out-of-School Science Experiences with funds from the National Science Foundation (DISE No. 07872) produced five short science courses intended for children in middle school grades (6, 7, and 8) and their parents that supplement normal science instruction based on topics that are integral to traditional science teaching. The courses were offered through Community Education programs and through informal science learning centers (e.g., zoos, museums, and planetariums). An added strength of the program is that it employs the family as a motivator and reinforcer in a cooperative learning venture. The study reported here is an attempt to determine participant reaction two to three years after having taken the courses, to the course experience, the influence that the courses had on subsequent learning behavior, and the relationship between parents and children.
The E Block motif is associated with Legionella pneumophila translocated substrates

Legionella pneumophila promotes intracellular growth by moving bacterial proteins across membranes via the Icm/Dot system. A strategy was devised to identify large numbers of Icm/Dot translocated proteins, and the resulting pool was used to identify common motifs that operate as recognition signals. The 3′ end of the sidC gene, which encodes a known translocated substrate, was replaced with DNA encoding 200 codons from the 3′ end of 442 potential substrate-encoding genes. The resulting hybrid proteins were then tested in a high throughput assay, in which translocated SidC antigen was detected by indirect immunofluorescence. Among translocated substrates, regions of 6–8 residues called E Blocks were identified that were rich in glutamates. Analysis of SidM/DrrA revealed that loss of three Glu residues, arrayed in a triangle on an α-helical surface, totally eliminated translocation of a reporter protein. Based on this result, a second strategy was employed to identify Icm/Dot substrates having carboxyl terminal glutamates. From the fusion assay and the bioinformatic queries, carboxyl terminal sequences from 49 previously unidentified proteins were shown to promote translocation into target cells. These studies indicate that by analysing subsets of translocated substrates, patterns can be found that allow predictions of important motifs recognized by Icm/Dot.
Prosocial Behavior between Friends in Middle Childhood and Early Adolescence

Fourth, sixth, and eighth graders were paired either with a close friend or with a classmate whom they neither strongly liked nor strongly disliked. The pairs of children were observed as they did ...
Lifetime patterns of childbearing and employment: a study of second-generation Japanese American women.

With the increase in labor force participation by wives and mothers in the US family roles of modern women are becoming increasingly complex. As mother/provider women are faced with problems in planning their lives to accomodate their modern roles. 3 variant lifetime patterns of fertility and employment are identified in a study of 2nd generation Japanese-American women a group which has experienced high rates of labor force participation. Analysis of socioeconomic background factors suggests that these patterns are alternative modes of integrating the complex lifetime demands on women in the modern world. (authors)
Leveraging speculative architectures for runtime program validation

Program execution can be tampered with by malicious attackers through exploiting software vulnerabilities. Changing the program behavior by compromising control data and decision data has become the most serious threat in computer system security. Although several hardware approaches have been presented to validate program execution, they either incur great hardware overhead or introduce false alarms. We propose a new hardware-based approach by leveraging the existing speculative architectures for runtime program validation. The on-chip branch target buffer (BTB) is utilized as a cache of the legitimate control flow transfers stored in a secure memory region. In addition, the BTB is extended to store the correct program path information. At each indirect branch site, the BTB is used to validate the decision history of previous conditional branches and monitor the following execution path at runtime. Implementation of this approach is transparent to the upper operating system and programs. Thus, it is applicable to legacy code. Because of good code locality of the executable programs and effectiveness of branch prediction, the frequency of control-flow validations against the secure off-chip memory is low. Our experimental results show a negligible performance penalty and small storage overhead.
Neisseria gonorrhoeae DNA Recombination and Repair Enzymes Protect against Oxidative Damage Caused by Hydrogen Peroxide

The strict human pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae is exposed to oxidative damage during infection. N. gonorrhoeae has many defenses that have been demonstrated to counteract oxidative damage. However, recN is the only DNA repair and recombination gene upregulated in response to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2 )b y microarray analysis and subsequently shown to be important for oxidative damage protection. We therefore tested the importance of RecA and DNA recombination and repair enzymes in conferring resistance to H2O2 damage. recA mutants, as well as RecBCD (recB, recC, and recD) and RecF-like pathway mutants (recJ, recO, and recQ), all showed decreased resistance to H2O2. Holliday junction processing mutants (ruvA, ruvC, and recG) showed decreased resistance to H2O2 resistance as well. Finally, we show that RecA protein levels did not increase as a result of H2O2 treatment. We propose that RecA, recombinational DNA repair, and branch migration are all important for H2O2 resistance in N. gonorrhoeae but that constitutive levels of these enzymes are sufficient for providing protection against oxidative damage by H2O2. Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the sole causative agent of the sexually transmitted disease gonorrhea. The hallmark of symptomatic gonococcal infection is a massive influx of activated neutrophils into the urethra, resulting in a purulent discharge consisting of neutrophils and N. gonorrhoeae (42, 31). Neutrophils kill bacteria through the combined action of antimicrobial proteins and reactive oxygen species (ROS) (37), perpetrating a potent bactericidal oxidative burst that generates substantial amounts of superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). These ROS can damage proteins, lipids,
Blind estimation of channel BERs in a multi-receiver network

In wireless communications, it is often desirable to merge bit decisions from multiple receivers to improve overall link performance. It is well known that in order to fuse bit decisions optimally from a network of receivers, precise knowledge of receiver bit error rates (BERs) is needed. This information, however, is rarely available in practice. We present an iterative procedure for blindly estimating receiver BERs to enable near optimal blind fusion of bit decisions in a multi-receiver network. We show that the solution of the estimation problem is a structured eigenvalue task and propose a modified power method procedure to perform it. We prove that the desired solution is a stable point of the algorithm and the algorithm is locally stable. Furthermore, we show, via simulations, that the technique results in excellent performance in nearly all practical operating scenarios.
SITTING AT THE KITCHEN TABLE: Fieldnotes from Women of Color in Anthropology

This text explores the difficulties faced by faculty of color, particularly women of color, in the academy. Building on existing literature on these issues, the authors deploy their experiences in the academy to argue for transformative work to be done in order to make academia—and anthropology in particular—more inclusive.
The Concept of Time in Rehabilitation and Psychosocial Adaptation to Chronic Illness and Disability: Part I

Human fascination with the concept of time can be traced to antiquity. Time has been viewed as fundamental to all human experience, and efforts to understand its nature, structure, and relationship...
Singularity in the degree of dissociation of isobutyric acid, water solutions at the critical solution point

A recent prediction that the temperature derivative of the ion concentration in isobutyric acid, water solutions should diverge at the critical solution point with an exponent $\frac{(\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{-}1)}{\ensuremath{\delta}}$ is in error because the author fails to properly account for the variables held constant in taking the derivative, and in the path of approach to the critical point. The correct behavior is a standard weak divergence governed by the exponent $\ensuremath{\alpha}$.
Driver pre-emphasis techniques for on-chip global buses

By using current-sensing differential buses with driver pre-emphasis techniques, power dissipation is reduced by 26.0%-51.2% and peak current is reduced by 63.8%, compared to conventional repeater insertion techniques, for 10mm long buses in TSMC 0.25/spl mu/m technology. This proposed architecture lowers the worst coupling capacitance to total capacitance ratio to 14.4%. It only requires 7.9% more bus routing area than single-ended designs for a 16-bit bus, and saves all of the repeater placement blockages. To further verify that the driver pre-emphasis techniques can also be applied to voltage-mode single-ended buses, a test chip in TSMC 0.18/spl mu/m technology was fabricated and measured.
Development of an Electronic Seepage Chamber for Extended Use in a River

Seepage chambers have been used to characterize the flux of water across the water-sediment interface in a variety of settings. In this work, an electronic seepage chamber was developed specifically for long-term use in a large river where hydraulic gradient reversals occur frequently with river-stage variations. A bidirectional electronic flowmeter coupled with a seepage chamber was used to measure temporal changes in the magnitude and direction of water flux across the water-sediment interface over an 8-week period. The specific discharge measured from the seepage chamber compared favorably with measurements of vertical hydraulic gradient and previous specific discharge calculations. This, as well as other supporting data, demonstrates the effectiveness of the electronic seepage chamber to accurately quantify water flux in two directions over a multimonth period in this setting. The ability to conduct multimonth measurements of water flux at a subhourly frequency in a river system is a critical capability for a seepage chamber in a system where hydraulic gradients change on a daily and seasonal basis.
Results of halter cervical traction for the treatment of cervical radiculopathy: retrospective review of 81 patients

Object The percentage of patients responding to conservative treatment for cervical radiculopathy secondary to nerve root compression is not well quantified. To clarify this question, the authors retrospectively reviewed the records obtained over a 4-year period in patients with cervical radiculopathy to determine their response to conservative measures (cervical collar therapy and halter cervical traction). Methods Cervical radiculopathy was diagnosed in patients if they suffered from radiating arm pain made worse by neck movement and at least one of the following: reflex loss, dermatomal numbness, and/or myotomal weakness. Patients with neck pain alone or arm pain without neurological deficit were excluded from analysis. Those patients without excruciating pain, severe weakness, or evidence of myelopathy were offered a course of halter traction before surgery was to be considered. Ninety-six patients met the inclusion criteria; there were 61 males and 35 females, and the mean age was 47 years. Fifty-fiv...
On the Distribution of Solutions in Linear Programming Problems

Abstract Objection is taken to Babbar's [1] treatment of the problem of the distribution of solutions in a linear programming model. It is argued that Babbar's approximation neglects the mathematical constraint of non-negative solutions, and that his general approach to stochastic linear programming deals with a restricted (if not unrealistic) set of assumptions as to availability of data and the framework for decision making. An outline is given of other applications of linear programming models in which a policy decision must be made under conditions of uncertainty, and the difficulty of obtaining theoretical solutions to the associated problems is cited.
What Moves Partisanship? Migration, State Partisan Environment Change, and Party Identification

We consider how state political environments can alter the party identification and political behavior of individuals. Using panel data well-suited to assess the influence of migration on individual-level phenomena, we find that migrants alter their party identifications toward the majority party of their new states. Applying the estimates from this analysis to the 2000 presidential election suggests that individual-level change can alter presidential election outcomes in states if migration patterns meet certain conditions.
Optimal flux weakening in surface PM machines using fractional-slot concentrated windings

A design approach is presented for achieving optimal flux-weakening operation in surface permanent-magnet (SPM) synchronous machines by properly designing the machine's stator windings using concentrated, fractional-slot stator windings. This technique makes it possible to significantly increase the machine inductance in order to achieve the critical condition for providing wide speed ranges of constant-power operation. The conditions for optimal flux weakening can be achieved while simultaneously delivering sinusoidal line-to-line back-electromotive-force waveforms and low cogging torque. A closed-form analytical model is described that can be used to design SPM machines to achieve optimal flux-weakening conditions. This technique is applied to design a 6-kW SPM machine that achieves constant-power operation over a wide speed range. Performance characteristics of this machine are compared using both closed-form and finite-element analysis.
Preferential flow occurs in unsaturated conditions

Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Because it commonly generates high-speed, high-volume flow with minimal exposure to solid earthmaterials, preferential flow in the unsaturated zone is a dominant influence in many problems of infiltration, recharge, contaminant transport, and ecohydrology. By definition, preferential flow occurs in a portion of a medium – that is, a preferred part, whether a pathway, pore, or macroscopic subvolume. There are many possible classification schemes, but usual consideration of preferential flow includes macropore or fracture flow, funneled flow determined by macroscale heterogeneities, and fingered flow determined by hydraulic instability rather than intrinsic heterogeneity. That preferential flow is spatially concentrated associates it with other characteristics that are typical, although not defining: it tends to be unusually fast, to transport high fluxes, and to occur with hydraulic disequilibrium within the medium. It also has a tendency to occur in association with large conduits and high water content, although these are less universal than is commonly assumed. Predictive unsaturated-zone flow models in common use employ several different criteria for when and where preferential flow occurs, almost always requiring a nearly saturated medium. A threshold to be exceeded may be specified in terms of the following (i) water content; (ii) matric potential, typically a value high enough to cause capillary filling in a macropore of minimum size; (iii) infiltration capacity or other indication of incipient surface ponding; or (iv) other conditions related to total filling of certain pores. Yet preferential flow does occur without meeting these criteria. My purpose in this commentary is to point out important exceptions and implications of ignoring them. Some of these pertain mainly to macropore flow, others to fingered or funneled flow, and others to combined or undifferentiated flow modes.
A stochastic theory for evidence aggregation

The problem of evidence aggregation arises when opinions are provided by multiple experts. Current evidence aggregation approaches view fusion as a one-shot problem, completely disregarding condition evolution over time. In this work, we propose a completely new theory for evidence aggregation, formulating the aggregation problem as an estimation/filtering problem. The aggregation problem is viewed as a partially-known Markov process. The overall belief is modeled as a known, but unobservable, state evolving in a linear state space. Diagnostic algorithms provide noisy observation for the hidden states of the belief space. We demonstrate the accuracy and variability of the proposed approach under conditions of sensor noise and diagnostic algorithm drop-out. Further, we provide empirical evidence of convergence and management of the combinatorial complexity associated with handling multiple fault hypotheses.