cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of zinc and cadmium O -alkyl thiocarbonate and dithiocarbonate complexes and a cationic zinc hydrosulfide complex

Treatment of Zn(II) and Cd(II) hydroxide complexes of the tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine (TPA) ligand with COS or CS2 in protic solvents (MeOH or EtOH) resulted in [(TPA)Zn–SC(S)OCH3]ClO4 (1), [(TPA)Zn– SC(O)OCH3]BF4 (2), [(TPA)Zn–SC(O)OCH3]ClO4 (3), [(TPA)Zn–SC(O)OCH2CH3]BF4 (4), [(TPA)Cd– SC(S)OCH3]ClO4 (5) and [(TPA)Cd–SC(O)OCH3]ClO4 (6). The molecular structures of 1, 2, 5 and 6 were determined by X-ray crystallography. Complexes 2, 3 and 4, unlike 1, 5 and 6, are easily hydrolyzed upon treatment with water in CH3CN to give zinc hydrosulfide complexes of the form [(TPA)Zn–SH]X (X = BF4
Optimal group size and seasonal stress in ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta)

Adaptive explanations for social grouping assume that there are fitness consequences associated with group size, and individuals maintain membership in groups of favorable size to maximize fitness. Here I examine fecal cortisol concentrations as a hormonal measure of stress to assess the relative well-being of Lemur catta in groups of different size and in seasons of normal and low tamarind fruit availability. I test the hypotheses that there is an optimal group size at which cortisol is lowest and that optimal group size changes in food-scarce conditions. I collected 799 fecal samples from 87 individuals in seven free-ranging L. catta groups at Berenty Reserve, Madagascar, over a 1-year period (August 1999--July 2000) and determined fecal cortisol concentrations using a radioimmunoassay. Expressing these as residuals from monthly population means to control for temporal fluctuations in cortisol concentration, I calculated mean fecal cortisol levels for each animal in seasons of normal and low tamarind fruit abundance and over the entire year. Overall, females exhibited lowest mean cortisol levels in groups of intermediate size, suggesting that there are benefits to maintaining membership in these groups. Females in groups that were atypically large or small for their habitat type had higher mean cortisol levels than typical groups. Cortisol levels increased in food-scarce conditions for larger groups, suggesting that intergroup competitive advantages do not outweigh intragroup feeding competition at this time. Group size may be optimized for long-term average conditions, and short-term stresses may intermittently alter the costs associated with group size. Copyright 2005.
THE EFFECT OF DETAILS ON THE RECALL OF MAJOR IDEAS IN TEXT

Four experiments were conducted to examine the effect of details on readers' recall of major ideas in text. With both artificial and natural texts, the presence of details enhanced recall of major idea units. Results are discussed in terms of an elaboration hypothesis. Any analysis of text materials indicates that they contain a relatively small number of major ideas with a far greater number of details supporting them (e.g., Crothers, 1972; Frederiksen, 1975; Hayes-Roth & Thorndyke, 1979; Mandler & Johnson, 1977; Rumelhart, 1975; Meyer, Note 1). Details would seem to play two possible major roles. First, they may allow embellishment of the major ideas, mak- ing it more likely that the major ideas will be recalled. Second, the recall of details is often a worthy outcome in and of itself. The focus of the current paper is on the effect details have on readers' recall of major ideas in text. An elaboration perspective (Craik & Tulving, 1975) suggests that as the number of details supporting a major idea increases, so too should recall of the major idea. Consistent with the elaboration hypothesis, Anderson and Reder (1979) assert that "memory for any particular proposition will depend on the sub- jects' ability to reconstruct it from those propositions that are active. This ability will in turn depend on the amount of elaboration made at study" (p. 388). This
Effectiveness of Screening for Life-Threatening Chest Pain in Children

We sought to determine the incidence of sudden cardiac death among patients discharged from the cardiology clinic with pre- sumed noncardiac chest pain (CP). METHODS: The records of children 6 years of age who presented to Children's Hospital Boston between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2009, with a complaint of CP were reviewed for demographic features, clinical characteristics, resource utilization, and presumed diagnosis. Patients were searched for in the US National Death Index and Social Security Death Index. RESULTS: Data for a total of 3700 patients with CP (median age at evaluation: 13.4 years (range: 7-22.3 years)) were reviewed. The me- dian follow-up period was 4.4 years (range: 0.5-10.4 years), for total of 17 886 patient-years of follow-up data. CP with exertion occurred in 1222 cases (33%), including 15 with associated syncope. A cardiac cause was determined in 37 cases; the remaining 3663 patients (99%) had CP of unknown (n 1928), musculoskeletal (n 1345), pulmonary (n 242), gastrointestinal (n 108), anxiety-related (n 34), or drug-related (n 4) origin. Emergency department visits for CP were documented for 670 patients (18%), and 263 patients (7%) had cardi- ology follow-up visits related to CP. There were 3 deaths, including 2 suicides and 1 spontaneous retroperitoneal hemorrhage. CONCLUSION: CP in children is a common complaint and rarely has a cardiac cause. Review of 1 decade of cardiology visits (nearly 18 000 patient years) revealed that no patient discharged from the clinic died as a result of a cardiac condition. Pediatrics 2011;128:e1062-e1068
Adaptive Holographic Interferometry using Photorefractive Recording Media for Full-field Optical Mapping of Stress and Deformation Fields

Holographic interferometry can be used to measure the stress-field in optically transparent phase objects, as well as to measure the deformation of diffusively scattering opaque objects. The high spatial resolution of holographic interferometry is desirable in situations where the deformation gradients are so high that the resulting high fringe density requires a high-resolution imaging system. However, classical holography has not always been the technique of choice in experimental stress analysis due to the rather cumbersome processing associated with either photographic or thermoplastic recording media. In this paper, we present two adaptive holographic interferometers that use photorefractive BSO crystals as the dynamic reusable recording medium. The first scheme is for deformation measurement on a diffusively reflective opaque aluminum specimen, and the second scheme is a dual-reference beam system for measurement of stress-induced changes in refractive index of a transparent phase object. Both schemes have been implemented in conjunction with phase stepping in order to provide phase maps rather than just fringe patterns. Applications to modal analysis of vibrating plates, and experimental fracture mechanics are demonstrated.
Abstract 203: Patterns of Dofetilide Use for the Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation

Introduction: Dofetilide is a costly medication that requires hospitalization at initiation. Patterns of dofetilide use for the control of atrial fibrillation (AF) have not been reported. We sought to determine what percentage of dofetilide initiations at our institution were concordant with the tiered maintenance of sinus rhythm (MSR) algorithm for anti-arrhythmic drug (AAD) use outlined in the AHA/HRS guidelines for the management of AF. Methods: We performed a chart review of consecutive patients admitted for dofetilide initiation at our institution from 2004-09. Follow-up data were collected through November 2012. Patients were classified to mirror the MSR algorithm. Results: A total of 122 patients were included. The mean age was 62±13 years. The mean ejection fraction was 50% ± 12% and the average baseline sinus rate was 62±11bpm. Within the MSR classification, 36 patients had no significant structural heart disease, 12 had hypertension without LVH, 16 had hypertension with LVH, 18 had CAD without CHF, and 40 had CHF. In patients with no prior AAD exposure [56/122 (46%)], dofetilide use was significantly more discordant with the MSR guidelines than for patients in whom dofetilide was used as a second line agent [46% discordant vs 15% discordant, p<0.001]. Eighty patients were in AF at the time of admission; rates of chemical cardioversion with dofetilide were significantly higher among patients in whom it was used as a second-line agent (53% vs 29%, p = 0.026). The average duration of dofetilide therapy for patients in whom dofetilide was their first AAD was 787 days. Rates of discontinuation of dofetilide during the initial admission (due to ventricular arrhythmia or excessive QT prolongation) were similar between the AAD naive (18%) and second-line (20%) cohorts. Conclusions: A significant percentage of dofetilide use for the control of AF is as first-line AAD therapy. Electrophysiologists appear to be basing their choice of AAD on patient specific factors, such as baseline bradycardia, rather than the MSR algorithm. Given that the average duration of dofetilide therapy was little more than 2 years in AAD naive patients, the cost-effectiveness of hospitalizing patients for dofetilide loading as a first line agent for the control of AF warrants further examination.
Structural Distortions in M[E(SiMe3)2]3 Complexes (M = Group 15, f-Element; E = N, CH): Is Three a Crowd?

The tris(bistrimethylsilylamido) species P[N(SiMe3)2]3 (1) and As[N(SiMe3)2]3 (2) have been prepared through halide metathesis in high yield. Their single crystal X-ray structures, along with that of Sb[N(SiMe3)2]3 (3), complete the series of structurally authenticated group 15 M[N(SiMe3)2]3 complexes (the bismuth analogue (4) has been previously reported). All four complexes possess the expected pyramidal geometries, with progressively longer M–N bond distances from P to Bi but closely similar N–M–N angles (107–104°). The structures of 1–4 also display distortions that are similar to those in f-element M[N(SiMe3)2]3 and M[CH(SiMe3)2]3 complexes, in which M···(β-Si–C) interactions have been identified. Such structural features include distorted M–(N,CH)–Si and (N,CH)–Si–C angles and close M···C and M···Si contacts. DFT calculations confirm that there are no M···(β-Si–C) interactions in 1–4; the bond distortions appear to result from the particular steric crowding that arises in pyramidal M[(N,CH)(SiMe3)2]...
Biology of Saperda inornata (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in Trembling Aspen, Populus Iremuloides

A biological study of S. inornata Say in trembling aspen, Populus tremuloides Michaux, was conducted in Upper Michigan and northern Wisconsin. Life-cycle information was derived from periodic collections from infested suckers and large trees, and from rearings and caged adults in the field. Continuous observations of several hours duration were made of adults in field cages to determine various aspects of their behavior. The eggs were deposited singly (usually) on the wood under a shield- or horseshoe-shaped egg niche gnawed in the outer bark by the female. There were usually 2 or 3 egg niches at 1 level on the stem. The eggs hatched in 14–15 days and the larvae mined around the stem in the outer xylem. This injury and that caused by the female during oviposition stimulated the proliferation of wound tissue, forming a globose gall at the site. Toward the end of summer the larva bored a blind tunnel inward and then upward or downward from the gall, parallel to the axis of the stem. In this central tunnel the larva overwintered and pupated in spring. Pupae were found in the field from mid-May to late June. Emergence of adults occurred from late May until early July, but mostly during the 1st 3 weeks of June. Females laid eggs in field cages from mid-June until late August, but most oviposition was over by early August. Part of the population, apparently that from eggs laid early in the oviposition period, matured after 1 summer, and emerged the following spring. The others resumed feeding in the spring, overwintered a 2nd time, and emerged the next spring, 2 years after the eggs were laid. Adults fed during the day mostly around the edges of the aspen leaves. Mating occurred from mid- to late afternoon. In the field cages there appeared to be no strong attraction of male to female or vice versa; the male apparently encountered the female more or less by chance as he walked over the twigs and foliage of the sucker. Economic loss caused by S. inornata in natural stands of aspen was negligible. However, in clonal or progeny test plantings of aspen, stunting and some top mortality caused by heavy S. inornata infestation has occurred, justifying control measures.
Interdiffusion in Short-Wavelength Modulated Materials Studied by Monte-Carlo Simulations

Interdiffusion in a two-dimensional compositionally modulated lattice has been studied by Monte-Carlo simulations. In the initial stages, the interdiffusion coefficient has been observed to change with time due to the development of short-range order simultaneously with the interdiffusion process. When the short-range order parameter approached its limiting value, the diffusion coefficient approached a constant value. The dependence of the interdiffusion coefficient on the modulation wavelength does not agree with the prediction of one-dimensional theories. For ordering alloy systems, the effective interdiffusion coefficient is positive, i.e., an initially present modulation decays in time, for all wavelengths.
Controlled thiol-ene polymer microsphere production using a low-frequency acoustic excitation coaxial flow method

Abstract A novel technique for the production of thiol-ene microspheres using acoustic resonance and coaxial flow is reported. The method utilizes low-frequency acoustically driven mechanical perturbations to disrupt the flow of a thiol-ene liquid jet, resulting in small thiol-ene droplets that are photochemically polymerized to yield thiol-ene microspheres. Tuning of the frequency, amplitude, and monomer solution viscosity are critical parameters impacting the diameter of the microspheres produced. Characterization by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and dynamic light scattering reveal microspheres of diameters
How much do they need to be the same? What parents believe about continuity between home and childcare environments

ABSTRACTThis study explores the associations among parental education, weekly work hours, child behaviours, and parental daily hassles and parents desires for continuity between home and childcare. Data were collected using questionnaires from 82 parents with a child attending centre-based childcare in the Midwestern US. Results indicate that parent education and work hours are directly and indirectly related to the desire of continuity of practice between home and childcare programme and parental daily hassles. Path analysis results show higher parental education decreases parents desire for continuity of practices, while more weekly work hours increases parents desire for continuity of practices. Additional findings related to education, parental daily hassles and child behaviours are reported. Future research should investigate the perceptions of parents and the fit between the offerings of the centre and parental expectations for both familial and child adjustment.
One-year follow up of community case management effect on severe psychosis patients with trouble-making inclination in Shunde district of Foshan city

Objective: To explore the efficacy of community case management on social function,life quality and family burden in severe psychosis patients with trouble-making inclination in Shunde district of Foshan city. Method: The severe psychosis patients with trouble-making inclination were assigned into intervention group and control group. The intervention group received case managements for 1 year,while the control group maintained the original community serve. The psychiatric symptom,social function,life quality and family burden of all patients were evaluated with brief psychiatric rating scale( BPRS),social disability screening schedule( SDSS),morning side rehabilitation status scale( MRSS) quality of life scale and burden on the family of interview schedule( FIS). Results: At the end of one year,the scores of BPRS[( 32. 51 ± 4. 03) vs( 34. 18 ±4. 46) ],SDSS[( 7. 51 ± 2. 90) vs( 7. 99 ± 4. 16) ],MRSS [( 56. 09 ± 20. 61) vs( 58. 74 ± 22. 30) ]and FIS[( 35.20 ±10.31) vs( 37.28 ±14.24) ]in intervention group were obviously less than those in control group( P 0.05 or P 0.01),while the score of quality of life scale( 13.32 ±4.75) was obviously higher than that in control group[( 12. 58 ± 4. 97),( P 0. 05) ]. The rate of causing trouble in intervention group( 12. 6%)was obviously lower than that of control group( 18. 2%,P 0. 05). Conclusion: Case management contributes to the reduction of psychiatric symptoms,causing trouble rate and family burden,and to the improvement of social function and life quality for severe psychosis patients with trouble-making inclination.
Arguments about the nature of concepts: Symbols, embodiment, and beyond

How are the meanings of words, events, and objects represented and organized in the brain? This question, perhaps more than any other in the field, probes some of the deepest and most foundational puzzles regarding the structure of the mind and brain. Accordingly, it has spawned a field of inquiry that is diverse and multidisciplinary, has led to the discovery of numerous empirical phenomena, and has spurred the development of a wide range of theoretical positions. This special issue brings together the most recent theoretical developments from the leaders in the field, representing a range of viewpoints on issues of fundamental significance to a theory of meaning representation. Here we introduce the special issue by way of pulling out some key themes that cut across the contributions that form this issue and situating those themes in the broader literature. The core issues around which research on conceptual representation can be organized are representational format, representational content, the organization of concepts in the brain, and the processing dynamics that govern interactions between the conceptual system and sensorimotor representations. We highlight areas in which consensus has formed; for those areas in which opinion is divided, we seek to clarify the relation of theory and evidence and to set in relief the bridging assumptions that undergird current discussions.
Komplexität des Gehirns

Das menschliche Gehirn besteht aus vielen Milliarden Nervenzellen (Neuronen) mit vielen Milliarden Verbindungen (Synapsen). In diesem Sinn ist das Gehirn ein komplexes System, das komplexe Zustande und Verhaltensreaktionen ermoglicht. Obwohl die Nervenzellen in vielfaltigen Gestalten und Funktionen auftreten, haben sie wichtige gemeinsame Eigenschaften. Die komplexen Zustande und Verhaltensreaktionen werden daher nicht nur durch die neuronale Vielfalt erklart, sondern vorwiegend durch die grose Anzahl der Nervenzellen und ihre genauen Verknupfungen untereinander und mit den Sinnesorganen und Muskeln. Zunachst ist also die Signalverarbeitung innerhalb der Nervenzellen und die Signalubermittlung zwischen den Nervenzellen zu untersuchen. Darauf baut die Signalverarbeitung innerhalb und zwischen den groseren Untereinheiten des Nervensystems auf.
Gender Bias and the Evaluation of Players: Voice and Gender in Narrated Gameplay Videos

This study evaluates perception differences of male and female narrators in video game tutorials. Video games have long been considered a masculine pursuit, and because of this, women have endured unpleasant surroundings and interactions in gaming and related communities. With the proliferation of technologies like Twitch and YouTube gaming, gaming is more communicative than ever, increasing potential for problematic interactions. Recent booms in these technologies emphasize the importance of understanding how varying demographics are perceived, as these perceptions influence interactions, potentially limiting the likelihood of women and others’ involvement and interest. Involvement in technology during youth is associated with interests in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics careers—all fields with disparities in women’s employment. Measures included confidence, credibility, performance, trustworthiness, and leadership ability to better understand how the integration of communicative technologies into gaming influences perceptions based on cues—in this case, specifically voice. Male narrators were hypothesized to be evaluated as more confident and credible than female narrators overall, while performance, trustworthiness, and leadership evaluations were hypothesized to be moderated by one’s own gender identity. No significant differences emerged, which suggests a positive change in climate for female gamers and leaders in the industry.
Social Movements in India, 1800 to the Present

In this essay, I present a schematic survey of social movements in India from around 1800 to the present. While recognizing the inherent limits of such an exercise, given the vast and diverse array of social movements, I suggest that perhaps one could discern three broad phases within which these movements have occurred. These are: the early colonial period, which broadly witnessed a separation of state and society leading to several socio-religious reform movements; the colonial period, which saw the emergence of nationalist movements that simultaneously also imbued calls for social reform and finally, movements in the postcolonial period, which ushered in the era of the fusion of the social and the political. Here, even as social movements proliferated, the sheer diversity and conflict of interests involved in negotiating with the democratic state both defined and circumscribed these movements. In suggesting this outline, this essay seeks to join scholarly efforts to redirect our attention from primarily viewing social movements as a postcolonial phenomenon towards understanding them as having had a longer history in the subcontinent.
Black tern ( Chlidonias niger ) breeding site abandonment in U.S. Great Lakes coastal wetlands is predicted by historical abundance and patterns of emergent vegetation

Breeding colonies of black terns (Chlidonias niger) have become increasingly rare in U.S. Great Lakes coastal wetlands since the mid-twentieth century, with an almost 90% decline in the number of active colony sites since 1991. Although the specific causes of this wetland species’ decline are unknown, habitat loss and degradation are thought to be a major barrier to conservation. Using data from the Great Lakes Colonial Waterbird Survey, we took a unique regional and historical approach to investigate the relationship between black tern colony site abandonment and a suite of local and landscape-scale habitat features in U.S. Great Lakes coastal wetlands. We employed logistic regression models and a combination of stepwise selection procedures to identify the best predictive model for black tern colony abandonment. According to the selected model, breeding colonies with fewer nests were more likely to be abandoned over the following decadal observation period than breeding colonies with more nests. Colony sites were also more likely to be abandoned when vegetation within the wetland shifted towards larger, denser clusters. We performed a simulation study that showed that failing to account for association between observations from the same site affected model selection results, but that cross-validation error for the selected model remained low unless site effects were very strong. Results of this study suggest that focus on protection of sites harboring large numbers of black terns and vegetation management will help limit further colony abandonments.
Outcomes of radiation therapy for advanced T3/T4 nonmelanoma cutaneous squamous cell and basal cell carcinoma.

Non-melanoma cutaneous squamous and basal cell carcinoma (NMSC) is common, and most patients present with early stage (T1/T2) NMSC, which has an excellent prognosis. However, a minority of NMSC patients present with an advanced stage (T3/T4) primary tumor, which may be surgically unresectable but potentially curable with radiation therapy (RT). Because advanced NMSC is rare, studies1-5 examining the outcomes of RT for patients with T3/T4 tumors are limited. As the outcomes of RT in this patient cohort are unclear, this study was undertaken to examine survival in a large cohort of patients treated at our institution and to explore variables associated with survival outcomes. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Cultivating critical game makers in digital game-based learning: Learning from the arts.

Digital games have the potential of being a transformative tool for applying constructionist principles to learning within formal and informal learning settings. Unfortunately, most recent attentio...
Comprehensive Anatomic Assessment of the Pterional, Orbitopterional, and Orbitozygomatic Approaches for Basilar Apex Aneurysm Clipping

Background The pterional approach, along with its orbitopterional and orbitozygomatic extensions, is among the most common surgical approaches for tackling challenging aneurysms of the basilar artery apex (BAX). There is general consensus that the orbitozygomatic approach provides the best exposure for these lesions. However, there is little objective evidence to support approach selection for surgical treatment of BAX aneurysms. Objective To compare different features regarding surgical treatment of BAX aneurysms between the pterional, orbitopterional, and orbitozygomatic approaches. Methods The pterional, orbitopterional, and orbitozygomatic approaches were sequentially completed on 10 cadaveric specimens. The visibility of perforators, lengths of exposure, and safe clipping for major BAX branches, surgical area of exposure, and the surgical freedom for the BAX target were assessed. Results The orbitopterional approach provided significantly greater values than the pterional approach in all variables, except for exposure of the bilateral P1 posterior cerebral artery (PCA) perforators. When compared to the orbitopterional approach, the orbitozygomatic approach did not provide a statistically significant increase in (1) surgical freedom through the carotid-oculomotor triangle, (2) area of exposure, (3) ipsilateral, and (4) contralateral P1 PCA perforator visibility, and (5) ipsilateral PCA exposure and (6) clipping lengths. Conclusion The orbitopterional approach provides significantly greater surgical exposure to BAX than the pterional approach. The orbitopterional approach is less invasive while providing similar surgical access to the BAX compared to the orbitozygomatic. The results of this study show that the orbitopterional approach may be optimal for the treatment of most BAX aneurysms, particularly to reduce morbidity resulting from the full orbitozygomatic approach.
Representation of control knowledge in expert systems

This paper presents the results of research done on the representation of control knowledge in rule-based expert systems." It discusses the problems of representing control knowledge implicitly in object-level inference rules and presents specific examples from a MYCIN-like consultation system called PUFF. As an alternative, the explicit representation of control knowledge in slots of a frame-like data structure is demonstrated in the CENTAUR system. Explicit representation of control knowledge has significant advantages both for the acquisition and modification of domain knowledge and for explanations of how knowledge is used in the expert system.
Abstract TMP61: Acute Ischemic Stroke Emergency Department Arrival Times in the Extended Time Window Within a Population

Introduction: With the recent positive clinical trial extending the time window for endovascular therapy out to 24 hours, we sought to describe the arrival times of acute ischemic stroke patients w...
Special Session: Reviewing the Reviewers-Insights on How to Read, Interpret, and Respond to Reviewers: An Abstract

In recent years at “Meet the Journal Editors” sessions at academic conferences, many editors indicate that they desk reject 50% or higher manuscript submissions and have annual acceptance rates ranging between 7 and 18%, implying that journal reviewers provide editors with information that results in rejecting approximately 32–43% of the manuscripts that enter the journal review process. While there are many potential factors for explaining the extremely high journal rejection rates, there is a growing concern suggesting that journal editorial review systems are broken and need radical fixing. A recent JAMS editorial by Lehmann and Winer (2017) provides some excellent insights to the current role and impact of journal reviewers in the marketing discipline, but those insights are entrenched more from the editors’ (current and past) perspective rather than editorial reviewers’.
Humanoid Navigation Planning in Large Unstructured Environments Using Traversability - Based Segmentation

Humanoids’ abilities to navigate stairs and uneven terrain make them well-suited for disaster response efforts. However, humanoid navigation in such environments is currently limited by the capabilities of navigation planners. Such planners typically consider only footstep locations, but planning with palm contacts may be necessary to cross a gap, avoid an obstacle, or maintain balance. However, considering palm contacts greatly increases the branching factor of the search, leading to impractical planning times for large environments. In previous work we explored using library-based methods to address difficult navigation planning problems requiring palm contacts, but such methods are not efficient when navigating an easy-to-traverse part of the environment. To maximize planning efficiency, we would like to use discrete planners when an area is easy to traverse and switch to the library-based method only when traversal becomes difficult. Thus, in this paper we present a method that 1) Plans a guiding torso path which accounts for the difficulty of traversing the environment as predicted by learned regressors; and 2) Decomposes the guiding path into a set of segments, each of which is assigned a motion mode (i.e. a set of feet and hands to use) and a planning method. Easily-traversable segments are assigned a discrete-search planner, while other segments are assigned a library-based method that fits existing motion plans to the environment near the given segment. Our results suggest that this segmentation approach greatly outperforms standard discrete planning and that using the library-based method for more difficult segments gives a benefit over using discrete planning.
Toward a digital methodology for ideographic criticism: A case study of "equality"

This chapteridentifies the ideograph, with its focus on the single, eminently searchable key term, as a theoretical construct particularly suited to the development of digital rhetorical methods.It uses ideographic criticism—and an ideographic study of tweets that feature the term “equality—as a focal point through which to explore the methodological challenges that arise when studying vernacular discourse in online contexts, such as social media.It doing so, it identifies trends in contemporary usages of the ideograph “equality” and discusses specific deployments.
Dietary restriction induces post-transcriptional regulation of longevity genes.

Abstract Dietary restriction increases lifespan through adaptive changes in gene expression. To understand more about these changes, we analyzed the transcriptome and translatome of C. elegans subjected to dietary restriction. Transcription of muscle regulatory and structural genes increased, while increased expression of amino acid metabolism and neuropeptide signaling genes was controlled at the level of translation. Evaluation of post-transcriptional regulation identified putative roles for RNA binding proteins, RNA editing, microRNA, alternative splicing, and nonsense mediated decay in response to nutrient limitation. Using RNA interference, we discovered several differentially expressed genes that regulate lifespan. We also found a compensatory role for translational regulation, which offsets dampened expression of a large subset of transcriptionally downregulated genes. Furthermore, 3’ UTR editing and intron retention increase under dietary restriction and correlate with diminished translation, while trans-spliced genes are refractory to reduced translation efficiency compared to messages with the native 5’ UTR. Finally, we find that smg-6 and smg-7, which are genes governing selection and turnover of nonsense mediated decay targets, are required for increased lifespan under dietary restriction.
205) Cellular Mechanisms Underlying Keratinocyte Cold Responses and Subsequent Modulation of Sensory Neuron Thermal Activity

Thermosensation is a critical process through which organisms detect temperature changes within the body and local environment. Convention proposes that thermosensation, and general somatosensation, is mediated exclusively by sensory neurons. Recent publications challenge this idea by describing the role that epidermal cells play in the detection and transmission of mechanical stimuli. Keratinocytes, which constitute 95% of the cells in the epidermis, are depolarized upon mechanical stimulation and release ATP which then modulates sensory neuron responses to mechanical stimuli via P2X4 receptors (Moehring, eLife, 2018). The ability of keratinocytes to respond to cold temperature, another omnipresent sensation, remains unknown. To answer this question, archaerhodopsin-3, an inhibitory opsin, was expressed in epidermal cells. Optogenetic inhibition of epidermal cells significantly decreased cold sensitivity in naive mice; paw withdrawal latencies to a dry ice stimulus were increased by ∼35%. To dissect the keratinocyte signaling pathways mediating the response to cold, calcium imaging was employed. Primary keratinocytes from mouse glabrous skin exhibited rapid and robust responses to a ramp of decreasing bath temperature; of 600+ cells tested, 100% were sensitive to cold stimulation. Cold responses were abolished when extracellular calcium or sodium were omitted from buffer. To specifically assess which cold-sensitive ion channels initiate and sustain this response, various pharmacological agents were included in the cold bath. Finally, the relevance of keratinocyte ATP to sensory neuron P2X4 signaling was assessed with regards to cold sensation. Local hydrolysis of ATP increased paw withdrawal latencies to cold stimuli similar to optogenetic inhibition of keratinocytes. Cell sniff assays confirmed the ability of keratinocytes to release ATP upon cold stimulation. P2X4 sensory neuron knockout mice were also significantly less sensitive to plantar cold stimulation. Collectively, these experiments illustrate the previously unknown ability of keratinocytes to respond to cold and alter downstream sensory neuron responses to cold stimuli.
The relationship between binge drinking and prosocial bystander behavior among college men.

Objectives: This study prospectively examined binge drinking's effect on prosocial bystander behavior and indicators of bystander behavior: intentions to intervene, self-efficacy to intervene, and positive outcome expectancies for intervening. Participants: College men were recruited from February to April 2010. Methods: Pre- and posttest surveys were administered as part of a randomized controlled trial (n = 743). Potential confounders were identified using Pearson product-moment correlations. Controlling for covariates, multiple linear regression was used to examine whether binge drinking was predictive of prosocial bystander behavior and indicators of bystander behavior. Results: Binge drinking was related to lower bystander behavior (p<.05), lower intentions to intervene (p<.001), and less positive outcome expectancies for intervening (p<.05). Conclusions: Binge drinking may reduce the ability to notice a risk situation and intervene as a prosocial bystander. Results highlight the need for bystander programs to address alcohol use within the context of bystander behavior.
Evaluating patterns of utilization of gene signature panels and impact on treatment patterns in patients with ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast.

Abstract Background Broad patterns of use of the gene signature panel Oncotype DX DCIS and its large-scale impact on postoperative administration of radiation therapy in women with ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast remain unclear. This study sought to evaluate the patterns of use of this gene signature panel in women with ductal carcinoma in situ and the impact of these tools on postoperative radiation therapy administration. Methods The National Cancer Database was queried for women with ductal carcinoma in situ treated with breast-conserving therapy who had information regarding whether a gene signature panel was performed between 2010 and 2015. Demographic characteristics, the characteristics of their ductal carcinoma in situ, and whether they received postoperative radiation therapy were compared among patients who did have a gene signature panel performed and those who did not. Patterns of radiation therapy administration were also evaluated based on the recurrence risk score by the gene signature panel. Results Gene signature panel use increased over time, with a sharp increase in utilization occurring in 2015 (8.0% in 2015 vs 4.4% in 2014, P Conclusion Gene signature panel use in patients with ductal carcinoma in situ has increased over time and is more commonly used in women with lower-risk, clinicopathologic features to determine the magnitude of benefit afforded by radiation therapy. Gene signature panel use is associated with decreased rates of postoperative radiation therapy administration, particularly among patients with scores suggesting a low rate of recurrence.
Displacement contexts and violent landscapes: How conflict and displacement structure women's lives and ongoing threats at the Thai-Myanmar border.

Abstract Chronic conflict and displacement carry consequences for personal and social violence. How is violence embedded in displacement-related histories and ongoing circumstances? How might it underlie social and health inequities in host countries? For addressing these questions, I offer a new approach to conceptualizing and measuring displacement contexts and the structural violence embedded therein. I present the empirical case of the Thai-Myanmar border. Myanmar's civil conflict has fueled one of the largest and most chronically displaced populations globally. Thailand's border population has consequently grown with people displaced from the varied conflict-related circumstances within Myanmar. I administered a novel survey in two sub-districts along Thailand's northern border with Myanmar in 2016–17. With data from 520 respondents, I used clustering of life events and circumstances to uncover displacement-related contexts and violence. I uncovered livelihood- and security-based threat contexts, which disproportionately affected ethnic minority women. Among women from Myanmar, past military occupation and acute violence co-occurred with unexpectedly low perceived past oppression—indicative of covert everyday violence. In contrast, women who fled home destruction or deprivation, but often less overt military violence, were more likely to perceive oppression. Women born in Myanmar also experienced acute potential violence at the border, including severe livelihood and security threats. These threats were most prevalent among women that experienced the most forceful and abrupt displacement. This study uses a person-centered perspective to characterize and measure violence embedded in displacement, including the structural violence against women that is perpetuated across displacement contexts and embodied over time.
Discontinuous Galerkin Difference Methods for Symmetric Hyperbolic Systems

We develop dissipative, energy-stable difference methods for linear first-order hyperbolic systems by applying an upwind, discontinuous Galerkin construction of derivative matrices to a space of discontinuous piecewise polynomials on a structured mesh. The space is spanned by translates of a function spanning multiple cells, yielding a class of implicit difference formulas of arbitrary order. We examine the properties of the method, including the scaling of the derivative operator with method order, and demonstrate its accuracy for problems in one and two space dimensions.
“I think the comfort women are us”: National identity and affective historical empathy in students’ understanding of “comfort women” in South Korea

Abstract This study investigates how students' national identity affects their historical understanding by mediating their use of affective historical empathy. The research focuses on the case of “comfort women” (women forced into sexual slavery for Japanese soldiers during WWII) in South Korea—a topic in which a strong nationalist narrative dominates social and educational discourses. I conducted semi-structured, task-based group interviews with 16 high school students in South Korea. In interviews, students' national identity mediated how they utilized four types of affective historical empathy: Students as ethnic Koreans cared more about “our” Korean comfort women over others; cared that Korean comfort women and others suffered from what “we” and “they” did as nations; cared for those women's voices from a humanitarian perspective beyond their ethnic and national boundaries; and cared to make social changes for those women and themselves as future citizens of their democratic nation. These findings help us understand how students' emotional attachment to “our” nation and its members can mediate their historical understanding through affective historical empathy as well as how affective historical empathy can motivate students to move beyond purely nationalistic concerns. This case study also stimulates reflection on historical empathy's implications for students' democratic civic participation.
Critical Experiments Leading to a Novel Test Fixture Assembly for Microcontact Reliability and Performance Research

In microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) ohmic contact switches, reliability is of great concern where billions of cycle operation is a requirement. Microcontact surface tribology plays the critical role in determining their reliability and performance. In this work, a novel, simple, quick and efficient test fixture has been designed and assembled to study the contact resistance, contact force, adhesion force, and contamination associated with the microcontact. In support of developing the test fixture, we evaluated the performance limitations of each components (i.e. piezoelectric actuators, force sensors, nanomax stage) independently. Force versus position, force versus voltage, and position versus voltage data have been collected for each test fixture components under direct current (DC) condition. A customized stage fixture has been 3D printed for holding the microcontact support structure. We use Thorlab’s state-of-the-art nanomax stage to provide nanometric positioning and precise alignment between the microcontact area and the force sensor on three orthogonal axes. We fabricate a novel contact support structure to test the feasibility of our test fixture and collect force and resistance data simultaneously at the rate of $\sim$5 KHz using LabView. Data obtained from the test fixture will provide significant information to design a robust and reliable MEMS switch for future DC and RF applications.
Determining Indicators of High-Quality Application Activities for Team-Based Learning

Objective. To determine the indicators of quality for application activities in pharmacy team-based learning (TBL). Methods. A modified Delphi process was conducted with pharmacy TBL experts. Twenty-three experts met the inclusion criteria, including having at least four years of TBL experience, designing at least eight TBL sessions, training others to use TBL, and authoring a peer-reviewed TBL pharmacy paper. In round 1, panelists responded to five open-ended questions about their successful TBL applications activities, including satisfaction with the activity and methods for creating positive student outcomes. In round 2, panelists indicated their level of agreement with the round 1 quality indicators using a four-point Likert rating. Consensus was set at 80% strongly agree/agree. In an open comment period, panelists provided suggestions to help expand the indicator descriptions. Indicators were verified based on TBL and the education literature. Results. Twenty panelists (87% of those eligible) responded in round 1 and 17 (85% participation) in round 2. Sixteen quality indicators were identified in round 1, with 14 achieving consensus in round 2. "Uses authentic pharmacy challenges or situations" (88% strongly agree/agree) and "incorporates or provides effective feedback to groups" (88% strongly agree/agree) met consensus. However, "has multiple right answers" (76% strongly agree/agree) and "incorporates elements from school specific emphases (eg, faith, underserved)" (53% strongly agree/agree) did not reach consensus. Conclusions. These indicators can assist faculty members in designing application activities to provide high-quality TBL exercises that promote deep thinking and engaged classroom discussion. The indicators could also guide faculty development and quality improvement efforts, such as peer review of application activities.
Standard Setting for Mastery Learning

Medical education has gradually shifted toward a competency-based approach over the past decade. To comply with expectations of accrediting bodies, medical educators have been asked to demonstrate that graduating students and residents are competent to advance to the next phase of training. However, traditional clinical skills evaluations are subjective and often based on one-on-one interactions with supervising faculty members. Additional concerns have been raised about uneven clinical experiences leading to variable clinical skill acquisition among graduates. Mastery learning curricula allow medical schools and GME programs to document clinical skill acquisition with high reliability and make valid decisions about trainee competency. In this chapter, we discuss historical standard setting methods used in health professions education and set a path forward for fair, reasonable, and evidence-based standard setting in mastery learning environments.
Phase formation of manganese oxide thin films using pulsed laser deposition

Manganese oxides have enabled a wide range of technologies including oxygen evolution catalysts, lithium ion batteries, and thermochemical water splitting. However, the variable oxidation state and rich polymorphism of manganese oxides make it difficult to find the processing conditions to target a particular phase of manganese oxide. Targeted synthesis requires a more complete understanding of the phase space and the impact of multiple processing variables on phase formation. Here, we demonstrate the impact of substrate temperature, total deposition pressure, partial pressure of oxygen, and target composition on the phase formation of manganese oxides grown using combinatorial pulsed laser deposition (PLD). Thin films were deposited from a MnO, Mn2O3 or MnO2 target onto amorphous glass substrates with a continuously varied temperature provided by a combinatorial heater. A combination of X-ray diffraction, Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy, and Raman and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopies were used to determine the phases present in the samples. The oxygen partial pressure was found to be the critical factor determining phase formation, while the total pressure, target composition, and substrate temperature have smaller and more complex effects on phase formation. Comparing the results of this work to the published temperature–pressure phase diagrams shows that the PLD thin films vary significantly from the expected equilibrium phases of either the bulk materials or nanoparticles. These results suggest that PLD provides a route to capture phases of manganese oxides at lower temperatures or higher oxygen pressures than those required for bulk synthesis or solution processing.