cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neutron Beam Optimization for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy Using the D-D and D-T High-Energy Neutron Sources

A monoenergetic neutron beam simulation study is carried out to determine the most suitable neutron energy for treatment of shallow and deep-seated brain tumors in the context of boron neutron capture therapy. Two figures-of-merit--the absorbed skin dose and the absorbed tumor dose at a given depth in the brain--are used to measure the neutron beam quality. Based on the results of this study, moderators, reflectors, and delimiters are designed and optimized to moderate the high-energy neutrons from the fusion reactions {sup 2}H(d,n){sup 3}He and {sup 3}H(d,n){sup 4}He down to a suitable energy spectrum. Two different computational models (MCNP and BNCT-RTPE) have been used to study the dose distribution in the brain. With the optimal beam-shaping assembly, a 1-A mixed deuteron/triton beam of energy 150 keV accelerated onto a titanium target leads to a treatment time of 1 h. The dose near the center of the brain obtained with this configuration is > 65% higher than the dose from a typical spectrum produced by the Brookhaven Medical Research Reactor and is comparable to the dose obtained by other accelerator-produced neutron beams.
PATM: priority-based adaptive topology management for efficient routing in ad hoc networks

We propose a distributed and adaptive topology management algorithm, called PATM (Priority-based Adaptive Topology Management), that constructs and maintains a connected backbone topology based on a minimal dominating set of the network. PATM provides a succinct presentation of the network topology to routing protocols, and therefore reduces the control overhead in routing updates. Two optimizations are proposed to further reduce the topological information exchanges among the nodes by piggybacking topology updates in packets transmitted by each node, and adaptively adjusting the topology update intervals. The efficiency of the algorithm is validated by simulations based on DSR (Dynamic Source Routing) protocol. The simulation results demonstrate that PATM not only significantly reduces the routing control overhead, but also substantially improves the network data forwarding performance.
The Cold Bay Volcanic Center, Aleutian Volcanic Arc

The Cold Bay Volcanic Center has experienced two major stages of eruptive activity. Early (M-Series) acitivity produced bimodal Hi-Alumina basalt and calc-alkaline andesite lavas while later (FPK-Series) activity produced only calc-alkaline andesite. The spectrum of basalt compositions is believed to be due to high pressure (∼8 kb) fractionation at or near the base of the crust. Abundant mineralogical and geochemical evidence support a lower pressure mixing origin for all andesites. Inspection of the mineralogical data has shown that the earliest (M-Series) andesites were produced by mixing of basalt (<53 wt% SiO2) and silicic andesite (60.5 to 62.5 wt%) while later (FPK-Series) andesites resulted from the mixing of basaltic-andesite (53 to 56 wt%) and less silicic andesite (58.5 to 60.0 wt%). The major element and trace element geochemical data are consistent with a low pressure fractionation origin for the silicic endmember magmas and support the temporal variations in both mafic and silicic endmember compositions. The complete lack of crustal inclusions in all lavas is taken as evidence for a minimal crustal melting and/or assimilation role in the origin of the silicic endmembers. Many of the features of all andesites, including the important long term convergence of endmember magma compositions, are consistent with the process of liquid fractionation, accompanied by large scale magma mixing. A deduced upper limit of 62.5 wt% SiO2 for the silicic endmember magmas suggests that liquid fractionation, in the absence of major crustal melting, cannot produce more silicic magmas. A possible explanation is the presence of a rheological barrier, based on the concept of critical crystallinity (Marsh 1981), which prohibits more silicic liquids from being extracted from a crystal-liquid suspension.
Extragalactic Gamma-Ray Sources

This chapter provides a review of γ-ray sources lying at high Galactic latitudes. Their statistical properties and variability status, as well as studies involving cross correlations with lower frequency catalogs and multiwavelength observations, are summarized. The case for active galactic nuclei is analyzed with special emphasis, since they represent the largest population of high energy sources known to date. Other potential γ-ray emitters (including nearby starburst galaxies, normal galaxies, molecular clouds in the Galactic halo, galaxy clusters, and ra-dio galaxies) that may appear in the next generation of γ-ray catalogs and, perhaps, that might have been already observed by EGRET as unidentified detections, are also discussed.
Dental Students’ Perceived Preparedness to Treat Patients in Clinic After a Fixed Prosthodontics Course: Survey Results of a Case Study

Previous research regarding dental students has found modest predictive value in preclinical didactic course grades in predicting clinical performance, but systematic assessment of students' feedback on their perceived preparedness has received little attention as a preclinical assessment methodology. The aim of this study was to assess the perceptions of the dental students at one U.S. academic dental institution regarding their preparedness for clinical performance following the preclinical fixed prosthodontics course. Third- and fourth-year dental students participated in a survey about their perceived preparedness to diagnose and treat patients with fixed prosthodontics needs in the school's dental clinics. The respondents (79 out of 161 students, for a response rate of 49%) rated each item on a five-point Likert scale. Responses about which preclinical procedures of the course prepared students the least and the best were consistent for the third- and fourth-year students. Less than 60% of all responding students felt prepared for planning complex cases and performing laboratory-related procedures. The findings of this study indicate that improvement is required in teaching students about laboratory procedures and problem-solving to adequately prepare them for clinical treatment of patients with fixed prosthodontics needs.
Analysis of Pleural Effusions from Rats Exposed to High Concentrations of Oxygen

Pleural effusions from rats exposed to high concentrations of oxygen for periods of up to 96 hr. were analyzed by routine clinical chemical methods. When compared to control rat serum, the values for glutamic oxalacetic transaminase, the albumin/ globulin ratio, potassium, and inorganic phosphate were higher in the pleural effusions. Alkaline phosphatase, total protein, albumin, and calcium values were higher in the control serum than in the pleural effusions, and there were no significant differences between the two fluids in the levels of lactate dehydrogenase and glutamic pyruvic transaminase.
WomenLEAD: Leadership Development for Female Faculty in Business and Engineering

In the fall of 2009, three women faculty members in the Bagley College of Engineering and the College of Business at Mississippi State University initiated a leadership development program for female faculty members in those colleges. This paper provides a summary of the first two years of that program. In this paper we describe the motivation for establishing this program, the environment in which the program was conducted, and the discussion topics for the sessions that were held. We also provide feedback from the participants who responded to a survey about the program. We conclude with some general observations about the program and plans for its continuation.
Kueker's conjecture for stable theories

Kueker's conjecture is proved for stable theories, for theories that interpret a linear ordering, and for theories with Skolem functions. The proof of the stable case involves certain results on coordinatization that are of independent interest.
A “Theory Bite” on the Meaning of Scientific Inquiry: A Companion to Kuhn and Pease

I do not believe it is contentious to assert that there are many meanings of “scientific reasoning” or “scientific inquiry” in use, and many corresponding orientations toward its enhancement and tr...
On the interpretation of the estimated intercept in a regression of overhead cost on volume

Abstract When regressing overhead cost on units produced, it may be necessary to obtain separate estimates of fixed and variable overhead cost. However it has been suggested in the accounting literature that the constant term in the regression is only a non-interpretable Y-intercept. This note suggests that the constant term of a cost activity regression is fixed cost associated with the relevant range of activity. Furthermore, if changes in variable unit costs occurred within the period of observation, then the use of disaggregated data is required to obtain an unbiased estimator of fixed costs.
Lens calcium activated proteinase: Degradation of vimentin

The lens has been shown to contain a Ca+2 activated proteinase specific for vimentin. The proteinase is present in the soluble fraction of the cortex but not in the epithelium. It is suggested that this proteinase is expressed during terminal differentiation of the epithelial cells and may be responsible for degradation of the intermediate filaments in the fiber cells. The proteinase is inhibited by EGTA but not by several proteinase inhibitors.
If You Post It, Will They Come? Lecture Availability in Introductory Psychology

Web-enhanced educational programs such as Blackboard(2003; http://www.blackboard.com/) provide opportunities for instructors to make supplemental course materials available to students. However, little research has investigated the effects of unlimited access to course lectures on achievement and attendance in traditional postsecondary classroom settings. Thus, we investigated the effect of lecture presentation availability on class attendance and academic performance in 2 sections of introductory psychology courses. Students with unlimited access to lecture presentations earned significantly higher grades than students who did not have similar access. Although we did not find significant differences in attendance between classes, attendance moderated the relation between class format and course grade. We discuss further implications and future research.
Anomaly detection through registration

Abstract We introduce a system that automatically segments and classifies features in brain MRI volumes. It segments 144 structures of a 256×256×124 voxel image in 18 minutes on an SGI computer with four 194 MHz R10K processors. The algorithm uses an atlas, a hand-segmented and classified MRI of a normal brain, which is warped in 3-D using a hierarchical deformable matching algorithm until it closely matches the subject. This customized atlas contains the segmentation and classification of the subject’s anatomical structures. We have conducted tests on 139 MRIs of normal brains, and 3 MRIs and 1 CT of brains with pathologies. We present qualitative and quantitative evaluations of the system’s performance. Combined with domain knowledge, the registration algorithm is capable of detecting asymmetries and abnormal variations in the subject’s data that indicate the existence and location of pathologies.
Detection of estrogen receptor by immunohistochemistry in pulmonary adenocarcinoma.

Abstract Background . The distinction between primary adenocarcinoma and metastatic breast carcinoma in the lung is important for therapeutic purposes. There is a good deal of morphologic overlap between primary pulmonary adenocarcinoma and breast carcinoma metastatic in the lung. Many diagnosticians rely upon the presence of estrogen receptor (ER) in tumors of the lung in women in order to make a pathologic diagnosis of metastatic breast carcinoma. There are conflicting data in the literature regarding the presence of ER in lung carcinomas. In this study, we examined primary lung adenocarcinomas with monoclonal antibodies to two different clones to ER (clone 6F11 and clone 1D5), and progesterone receptor by the immunoperoxidase method in order to ascertain if ER is detectable in primary lung adenocarcinomas. Methods . Twenty-five resected solitary pulmonary nonmucinous bronchioalveolar carcinomas (15 female, 10 male) and 20 resected solitary pulmonary adenocarcinomas of no special type (12F, 8 mol/L) were studied by the immunohistochemical method using heat-induced epitope retrieval. Immunostaining was semiquantitated, and positive results included nuclear staining for ER and progesterone receptor. All of these tumors were documented as primary pulmonary adenocarcinomas clinically and pathologically. Results . Nuclear ER was seen only with the 6F11 clone, in 56% of the bronchioalveolar type and 80% of the no special type. No nuclear ER was seen in carcinomas utilizing the 1D5 clone. There was no progesterone receptor detectable in carcinomas. Conclusions . Estrogen receptor is present in the majority of lung adenocarcinomas, and detection of ER in lung adenocarcinomas is dependent upon the antibody clone that is used. Epitope recognition may account for the differences in immunoreactivity between these two antibodies, although a cross-reactive antibody reaction cannot be completely excluded. Further study is warranted to discern the nature of the 6F11 clone immunoreactivity with nuclei of lung adenocarcinomas. The clinical significance and ramifications of ER in pulmonary adenocarcinomas remain unknown. Caution should be exercised by clinicians and pathologists in accepting a diagnosis of metastatic breast carcinoma in lung based on the presence of ER detected by clone 6F11.
Super harmonic nonlinear lateral vibrations of a segmented driveline incorporating a tuned damper excited by non-constant velocity joints

Typical industrial vibration problem solving includes utilization of linear vibration measurement and analysis techniques. These techniques have appeared to be sufficient with most vibration problem solving requirements. This is partially due to the lack of proper identification of the nonlinear dynamic response in measured data of actual engineering systems. Therefore, as an example, a vehicle driveshaft exhibits a nonlinear super harmonic jump due to universal joint excitations. This phenomenon is partially responsible for objectionable audible noise in the vehicle. Previously documented measurements or analytical predictions of vehicle driveshaft systems do not indicate nonlinear jump as a typical vibration mode. Physical measurements of the phenomena will be provided with subsequent analysis. Second, the secondary moment exciting the driveshaft system is derived with subsequent analysis showing the harmonic and super harmonic excitations. Third, a derivation of a model incorporating the linear and nonlinear modeling of a large degree of freedom system is introduced. Finally, simulations with the derived model with the universal joint excitations will be presented showing the correlation to physical test results. Therefore, a typical automotive driveshaft system is capable of producing nonlinear response, and thus the assumption of linearity is not sufficient for design validation or problem resolution in this case.
TRANSUTERINE MIGRATION AND SPACING OF BOVINE EMBRYOS DURING GONADOTROPIN-INDUCED MULTIPLE PREGNANCY.

Unilaterally ovariectomized and intact cattle were injected with 1,500 i.u. gonadotropins to induce superovulation, inseminated at estrus and autopsied 30 to 60 days post ovulation. The allantochorion was dissected in situ and the viability and position of embryos in utero measured. There was no difference between the intact and unilaterally ovariectomized animals in the number of corpora lutea. One to ten embryos were recovered per cow; intact animals had more embryos than the ovariectomized ones. One to two embryos migrated per uterine horn; the percentage of transuterine migration was lower in the intact animals than in the ovariectomized ones. In unilaterally ovariectomized and intact animals, a single uterine horn could sustain only one or two embryos. When the uterine horn contained one embryo, the embryo occupied the middle or upper two-thirds of the horn. With the increase of the number of embryos the sites of embryos were unevenly spaced and overcrowded. This phenomenon led to a high rate of fetal mortality especially when the uterine horn contained more than two fetuses and transuterine migration failed to occur. The results are discussed in relation to endocrine mechanisms and species differences as they affect uterine contractions.
Desquamative Interstitial Pneumonitis: Cellular Phase of Fibrosing Alveolitis

Since the original description of desquamative interstitial pneumonitis in 1967, several investigators have questioned the specificity of the disease. The concept of desquamative interstitial pneumonitis and usual fibrosing interstitial pneumonitis as two manifestations of a nonspecific disease spectrum has been proposed. Twenty-six patients with desquamative interstitial pneumonitis were evaluated with respect to clinicopathologic correlates. Biopsies were reviewed without knowledge of the patients' clinical course. The absolute histopathologic criteria for the diagnosis were (1) intra-alveolar accumulations of free alveolar cells with PAS-positive diastaseresistant cytoplasmic granules; (2) mononuclear cell interstitial inflammation; and (3) absence of necrosis, hyaline membranes, intra-alveolar fibrosis, asbestos bodies, and birefringent crystalline dust material. Transmission electron microscopic studies revealed the dominant alveolar lining cell to be the granular pneumocyte, with a prominent population of free alveolar macrophages. Patients were segregated into group 1 (cellular phase) and 2 (cicatrized phase). Although favorable short-term responses to corticosteroid therapy were observed in both groups, long-term responses were variable. Apparent complete remissions were noted in both groups.
Passivity and stability of switched systems under quantization

Passivity theory is a well-established tool for analysis and synthesis of dynamical systems. Recently, this work has been extended to switched and hybrid systems where passivity and stability results of single systems as well as interconnected systems are derived. However, the results may no longer hold when quantization is present as is the case with digital controllers or communication channels. The contribution in this paper is to introduce a control framework under which passivity for switched and non-switched systems can be maintained. This framework centers on the use of an input-output coordinate transformation to recover the passivity property. In order to present these results, background material is provided on passive quantization and output strict passivity for switched and non-switched systems. The proposed framework is first presented for non-switched systems and then generalized to switched systems.
Chromatography of Blood Thrombokinase on ‘DEAE’-Cellulose

THROMBOKINASE, prepared from bovine plasma, has been obtained in a highly purified state by repeated electrophoretic fractionations1. However, a more efficient method was promised by anion-exchange chromatography, provided that the kinase could be separated from its accompanying impurities by stepwise elution in one day2.
Proton nuclear magnetic resonance measurement of p-boronophenylalanine (BPA): a therapeutic agent for boron neutron capture therapy.

Noninvasive in vivo quantitation of boron is necessary for obtaining pharmacokinetic data on candidate boronated delivery agents developed for boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT). Such data, in turn, would facilitate the optimization of the temporal sequence of boronated drug infusion and neutron irradiation. Current approaches to obtaining such pharmacokinetic data include: positron emission tomography employing F-18 labeled boronated delivery agents (e.g., p-boronophenylalanine), ex vivo neutron activation analysis of blood (and very occasionally tissue) samples, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques. In general, NMR approaches have been hindered by very poor signal to noise achieved due to the large quadrupole moments of B-10 and B-11 and (in the case of B-10) very low gyromagnetic ratio, combined with low physiological concentrations of these isotopes under clinical conditions. This preliminary study examines the feasibility of proton NMR spectroscopy for such applications. We have utilized proton NMR spectroscopy to investigate the detectability of p-boronophenylalanine fructose (BPA-f) at typical physiological concentrations encountered in BNCT. BPA-f is one of the two boron delivery agents currently undergoing clinical phase-I/II trials in the U.S., Japan, and Europe. This study includes high-resolution 1H spectroscopic characterization of BPA-f to identify useful spectral features for purposes of detection and quantification. The study examines potential interferences, demonstrates a linear NMR signal response with concentration, and presents BPA NMR spectra in ex vivo blood samples and in vivo brain tissues.
Exploring Correlations in Exotic Nuclei

The difference in neutron total cross section between 40 Ca and 48 Ca is sensitive to the n/p asymmetry dependence of the surface imaginary potential in a dispersive optical model analysis, from which spectroscopic information can be extracted. The measured cross sections imply that the strength of neutron correlations changes little as neutron number increases in neutron-rich isotopes. In contrast, for the light-nucleus-induced knockout of the valence neutron in 36 Ca, the small experimental knockout cross section (as compared to an eikonal reaction theory) implies a very small spectroscopic factor (and a strong trend in correlations with asymmetry). If this type of knockout analysis is correct, it implies that standard shellmodel calculations miss spectroscopic strength as the Fermi energy nears the continuum. If this is not the case, it may be that there is a problem with the application of the eikonal theory to very deeply bound nucleons at these intermediate energies. The term correlations refers to interactions between nucleons that go beyond the mean field considered in an independent-particle-model (IPM) approach. The effect of these correlations is that in real nuclei, the spectroscopic strength of a singleparticle orbital is fragmented over energy. The spectroscopic factor (SF) quantifies the strength found at a discrete energy, and the sum of spectroscopic strength over all energies below the Fermi energy EF gives the occupation of the orbital. Correlations reduce the occupation of a single-particle state relative to its IPM value, since some of the fragmented spectroscopic strength is shifted above EF . The nuclear shell model (SM) can account for some of these correlations by including mixing between single-particle states (within a finite basis set). But due to the finite model space, the presence of the hard-core of the N-N interaction, and the tensor interaction (which further reduce the occupancies by shifting strength to high-momentum states), standard SM calculations still overestimate the occupancies of bound states. The reduction in occupancy due to correlations is not a direct experimental observable, but it will affect particle removal cross sections. By comparing experimental cross sections to calculated single-particle cross sections, one can learn about the strength of correlations. Electron-induced proton knockout (e,e’p) experiments have indicated a roughly constant 30% reduction in spectroscopic strength for valence protons in beta-stable nuclei. For unstable nuclei, light-nucleus-induced knockout experiments in inverse kinematics suggest that the affect of correlations is weaker for weakly-bound nucleons and much stronger for very deeply-bound nucleons (e.g.
Processing endoribonucleases and mRNA degradation in bacteria.

Volume 184, no. 17, p. 4645-4657, 2002. Page 4647, column 1, lines 42-45: The sentence should read “For example, one message in the T7 early polycistronic mRNA, as well as a few late messages, yields increased protein from RNase III cleavage while the others are not affected by such cleavages (41).”
New structural model of E. coli aspartate transcarbamylase and the amino-acid sequence of the regulatory polypeptide chain.

Molecular weight determinations of the regulatory and catalytic chains and the amino-acid sequence of the R chain indicate that the ATCase molecule contains six copies of each chain.
Gaussian graphical models for phenotypes using pedigree data and exploratory analysis using networks with genetic and nongenetic factors based on Genetic Analysis Workshop 18 data

Graphical models are increasingly used in genetic analyses to take into account the complex relationships between genetic and nongenetic factors influencing the phenotypes. We propose a model for determining the network structure of quantitative traits while accounting for the correlated nature of the family-based samples using the kinship coefficient. The Gaussian graphical model of age, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, hypertension, blood pressure medication use, and smoking status was derived for three time points using real data. We also explored binary sparse graphical models of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), covariates, and quantitative traits for exploratory analysis of the data. We validated the applicability of this method by producing a network graph using 20 causal variants, 21 noncausal variants, and 6 binary and quantitative phenotypes using the simulated data. To improve the model's ability to identify associations between the causal variants and the phenotypes, we intend to conduct follow-up studies investigating how to use the relationships between SNPs and between SNPs and phenotypes when analyzing genome wide association data with multiple phenotypes.
Characterization of adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction (ASIR) in low contrast helical abdominal imaging via a transfer function based method

Since the introduction of ASiR, its potential in noise reduction has been reported in various clinical applications. However, the influence of different scan and reconstruction parameters on the trade off between ASiR's blurring effect and noise reduction in low contrast imaging has not been fully studied. Simple measurements on low contrast images, such as CNR or phantom scores could not explore the nuance nature of this problem. We tackled this topic using a method which compares the performance of ASiR in low contrast helical imaging based on an assumed filter layer on top of the FBP reconstruction. Transfer functions of this filter layer were obtained from the noise power spectra (NPS) of corresponding FBP and ASiR images that share the same scan and reconstruction parameters. 2D transfer functions were calculated as sqrt[NPSASiR(u, v)/NPSFBP(u, v)]. Synthesized ACR phantom images were generated by filtering the FBP images with the transfer functions of specific (FBP, ASiR) pairs, and were compared with the ASiR images. It is shown that the transfer functions could predict the deterministic blurring effect of ASiR on low contrast objects, as well as the degree of noise reductions. Using this method, the influence of dose, scan field of view (SFOV), display field of view (DFOV), ASiR level, and Recon Mode on the behavior of ASiR in low contrast imaging was studied. It was found that ASiR level, dose level, and DFOV play more important roles in determining the behavior of ASiR than the other two parameters.
Polymer film thickness determination with a high-precision scanning reflectometer

A fiber-optic-based optical low coherence reflectometer (OLCR) is used to measure the thickness of polyester films. The measurements are made on both stationary and moving films to show the feasibility of this technique in a process environment. Autocorrelation is used to extract useful data from raw reflectometry data, and a statistical analysis of the data from both moving and stationary films is done to help demonstrate the application of this method. Although the reflectometer is not optimally configured for process analysis, a reliable estimate of polymer film thickness is shown in less than one minute measurement time for the moving films.
Coping with colorectal cancer: a qualitative exploration with patients and their family members

Background. Extensi ve family coping research has been conducted among breast cancer, prostate cancer and melanoma with lesser emphasis on the coping experiences of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients and their family members. Objective. T o examine ways in which patients and their family members cope with the diagnosis of CRC. Methods. A total of 73 par ticipants (21 patients, 52 family members) from 23 families described their experiences during and after a CRC diagnosis, including their coping experiences with the diagnosis. Data from semi-structured interviews were audio recorded and transcribed. The data were analyzed utilizing content analysis with inductive coding methods. Results. Eight major themes were identified: positi ve reframing, holding on to a sense of normalcy, religion and spirituality, joining a group, creating awareness of CRC, lifestyle change, seeking information and alternative treatments. Maintaining an emotional sense of normalcy through positive thinking, engaging in activities to take one’s mind off the diagnosis and believing that there is a higher authority which has control over the diagnosis and life were vital for the patients and their family members. Patients and family members used similar coping strategies. Conclusion. Findings from this study have implications for under standing how families blend emotion-based and problem-focused coping strategies in the face of a CRC diagnosis. Further developing evidence-based interventions that target coping and well-being in cancer patients and extending them to family members is necessary and holds great promise for providers who care for patients with familial cancers.
Cellular events involved in hormonal control of receptor-mediated endocytosis: regulation occurs at multiple sites in the low density lipoprotein pathway, including steps beyond the receptor

We used biochemical and quantitative structural approaches to analyze hormonal regulation of receptor-mediated endocytosis of human low density lipoprotein (LDL) by differentiating rat granulosa cells in culture. We studied uptake and metabolism of 125I-labeled LDL and distribution of gold-labeled LDL in nontreated and FSH- or FSH/androstenedione-treated granulosa cells. FSH and androstenedione worked together to enlarge the segment of the granulosa cell population capable of accumulating LDL and to increase the number of LDL receptors at the cell surface. More importantly, FSH affected postreceptor aspects of the LDL pathway, including 1) accelerating the apparent rate of LDL internalization, and 2) decreasing the time needed for LDL to reach lysosomes. In both cases we eliminated the possibility that the observed effects merely reflected differences in receptor numbers between hormone-treated and nontreated cells. FSH also increased the number of both gold-labeled lysosomes per cellular profile and gold...
Mitral cell development in the mouse olfactory bulb: reorientation of the perikaryon and maturation of the axon initial segment.

The proximal portion of mitral cell axons was examined in electron microscopic serial sections and Golgi impregnations of mouse embryos on the fifteenth day of gestation (E15), E16, postnatal day one (P1), and P4. During this time the cell body of developing mitral cells appears to transform from tangential to radial orientation and then migrate peripherally while the tangential axon remains relatively fixed. In E15, E16 and P1 animals, electron microscopy of most radial mitral cells reveals that the microtubules of the axon proper are continued as a bundle of approximately the same diameter through the voluminous subnuclear cytoplasm to one side of the nucleus. The rest of the subnuclear cytoplasm is nearly devoid of microtubules and contains only free ribosomes and an occasional mitochondrion. It is suggested that the position of the axon is determined within the perikaryon by a bundle of microtubules; the nucleus and rest of the subnuclear cytoplasm then migrates peripherally leaving only a relatively thin axon. If some of the perikaryal cytoplasm failed to migrate peripherally, a bleb or process might be left, as in fact has been observed in Golgi impregnations and electron microscopy. We have also examined the ultrastructure of the developing axon initial segment, in cross-sections of the axons from E15 to P4, as well as in longitudinal serial sections. Fascicles of closely apposed microtubules have been noted in some advanced mitral cells at E15 and E16, and by P1 such fascicles are common and well developed in most mitral cells. In P1 animals some mitral cell initial segments show a faint and patchy dense undercoating of the axolemma, but many axons at this time appear to completely lack this feature. By P4 nearly all initial segments show a fairly well developed dense undercoating. In general, therefore, the development of fascicles of closely apposed microtubules precedes the elaboration of the dense undercoating of the axolemma.
Electrodisintegration of Ta and Au nuclei

Abstract Yield curves were measured for the production of 5.6-d Au 196 and 30-s Au 195 from Au 197 , and of 8.1-h Ta 180 , 2.1-h Ta 178 , and 9.3-min Ta 178 from Ta 181 , in foil stacks which were bombarded by electrons. The results were analyzed to compare the yields resulting from the direct effect of the electrons with those resulting from bremsstrahlung from the electrons. The comparison shows the direct effect is relatively larger than is predicted by existing theories of electrodisintegration if the transitions being excited are entirely electric dipole. Agreement with the theory can be obtained if electric monopole and quadrupole transitions are also assumed present. The theory, however, makes use of approximations which are probably not valid for nuclei with highZ. If there is a monopole resonance in the region of 25–40 MeV excitation, its contribution to the 2n and 3n reactions is less than 30 % of the contributions of higher multipoles to these reactions.
Effect of cavity transients and rotational relaxation on the performance of pulsed HF chemical lasers: a theoretical investigation

Two rate-equation models of a pulsed HF laser are presented. Calculations with these models reveal the time evolution of the gain and intensity of lasing on all lines in vibrational-rotational bands studied and the time histories of concentrations of the chemical species. The present formulation permits an accurate assessment of the effect of vibrational relaxation and rotational relaxation. The model predictions are compared with earlier models to illustrate their unique features. Multiline lasing on vibrational-rotational bands is predicted; however, the general trends of J shifting are similar to those of earlier models. It is found that lasing does not begin when the medium gain reaches threshold, but intensity increases sharply after the gain is far above threshold. The gain subsequently drops rapidly and oscillates near the threshold value. The effect of rotational relaxation on laser performance is shown for multiline laser operation, and the enhancing effect of cascading is clearly revealed. The present models are found to predict output and performance consistent with experiment.
Why are Endorsements Effective? Sorting among Theories of Product and Endorser Effects

Abstract This paper reports on research contrasting three different explanations of the relationship between endorsers and products in producing effective product endorsements. A full-factorial model, varying endorsers and products, was used to compare the effects of endorsers and products on perceptions of endorsement effectiveness. Additionally, explanations of endorsement effectiveness ratings were classified and analyzed. Results indicate that the matches between endorsers and products, rather than the nature of products or endorsers themselves, affect the perceived effectiveness of endorsements.
Waste Tire Pyrolysis: Influential Parameters and Product Properties

Approximately 1.5 billion tires are produced globally each year with 300 million in the USA, which will all eventually become waste tires. Waste tires are excellent candidates for recovery of energy, as well as solid, liquid, and gaseous by-products, via pyrolysis: made predominantly from the petroleum product rubber, they have a high heating value, as well as high volatile content and medium sulfur content. This paper reviews previous research on tire pyrolysis, and in particular identifies factors affecting yield and product composition. Properties of produced oil, gases, and char are summarized, and future research studies are recommended.
Atmospheric attenuation at submillimetre wavelengths

A high-resolution interference spectrometer has been used to observe the absorption of water vapour in the 500–1500 Gc/s region. The centre frequencies and relative strengths of the resonances are compared with earlier theoretical calculations of several workers and point to an extrapolation error in one previous experimental measurement.
The Surgical Treatment of Bronchial Adenoma

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 1.Although bronchial adenomata as reported in the literature may be a potentially or actually malignant tumor, our observations indicate that clinically it is benign if treated as a locally invasive, very slow growing, epithelial tumor. 2.Bronchoscopic removal is of value in preparing the patient for pulmonary resection but is not a definitive treatment because it fails to remove the entire tumor in at least 90 per cent of the cases. 3.Late recurrences (after 5 to 10 years) are to be expected following bronchoscopie removal. Failure to recognize and remove such recurrences may lead to progressive destruction of an entire lung. 4.After two or three attempts at bronchoscopie removal, if the patency of the bronchus is not re-established, or if severe hemorrhage occurs, this treatment should be abandoned in favor of pulmonary resection. 5. * Ten cases of pulmonary resection are reported with a cure rate of 90 per cent and one surgical death from infection. This death, the first case operated upon, might have been prevented with the prophylactic use of sulfamerazine and penicillin. 6.A technique is described for conservation of the upper lobe applicable to adenomata located in a stem bronchus, and accomplished by combining lobectomy with bronchotomy. 7.Pulmonary resection accomplished a satisfactory result in nine cases and was superior to bronchoscopic removal in treatment of: (a)bronchoscopically inaccessible and large tumors, (b)recurrent tumors following bronchoscopic removal, (c)distal pulmonary suppuration, (d)involved mediastinal lymph nodes. 8.No metastases have occurred in any of these ten patients, although in three, tumor was left in the pulmonary stump without apparent spread. 9.With modern pre-and postoperative care, intratracheal anesthesia, and surgical technique, pulmonary resection should be urged for the treatment of benign tumors of the lung, especially in view of their low morbidity, good prognosis and low operative mortality. *Since this was written two additional cases have been successfully operated upon by the author. In one a metastasis was present in a removed hilar lymph node.
Natural Language Generation from Graphs

The Resource Description Framework (RDF) is the primary language to describe information on the Semantic Web. The deployment of semantic web search from Google and Microsoft, the Linked Open Data Community project along with the announcement of schema.org by Yahoo, Bing and Google have significantly fostered the generation of data available in RDF format. Yet the RDF is a computer representation of data and thus is hard for the non-expert user to understand. We propose a Natural Language Generation (NLG) engine to generate English text from a small RDF graph. The Natural Language Generation from Graphs (NLGG) system uses an ontology skeleton, which contains hierarchies of concepts, relationships and attributes, along with handcrafted template information as the knowledge base. We performed two experiments to evaluate NLGG. First, NLGG is tested with RDF graphs extracted from four ontologies in different domains. A Simple Verbalizer is used to compare the results. NLGG consistently outperforms the Simple Verbalizer in all the test cases. In the second experiment, we compare the effort spent to make NLGG and NaturalOWL work with the M-PIRO ontology. Results show that NLGG generates acceptable text with much smaller effort.
Detection by Gas Phase Analytical Methods of Derivatives of Barbiturate Epoxides

Abstract Reactive epoxides, formed as intermediates in the enzymic hydroxylation of olefinic compounds, can be trapped by their reaction with trimethylchlorosilane and detected by gas chromatography and combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry as the trimethylsilyl derivatives of their chlorohydrin adducts. Mass spectrometric identification of the products is facilitated by the characteristic isotope ratio of chlorine. By using these derivatives, epoxides have been detected as intermediates in the metabolic conversion in the rat of allylic barbiturates to their corresponding glycols.
Barium Isotopes in Chondritic Meteorites: Implications for Planetary Reservoir Models

High-precision barium isotope measurements yielded differences of up to 25 parts per million in the 137Ba/136Ba ratio and 60 parts per million in the 138Ba/136Ba ratio between chondrites and Earth. These differences probably arose from incomplete mixing of nucleosynthetic material in the solar nebula. Chondritic meteorites have a slight excess of supernova-derived material as compared to Earth, demonstrating that the solar nebula was not perfectly homogenized upon formation.
Targeting Innate Immunity for CV Benefit.

The initiation and progression of vascular inflammation are driven by the retention of cholesterol in the artery wall, where its modification by oxidation and/or enzymes triggers the innate immune host response. Although previously considered a broad, primitive defense mechanism against invading pathogens, it has become clear that pattern recognition receptors of the innate immune system can cooperate to precisely regulate signaling pathways essential for the proper initiation of both innate and acquired immunity. Recent evidence suggests that these pattern recognition receptors may orchestrate the host response to modified endogenous ligands involved in sterile chronic inflammatory syndromes, including atherosclerosis. In this review, we will summarize the current understanding of innate immune receptors and the putative ligands that regulate the numerous responses that promote this disease, including monocyte recruitment, macrophage cholesterol uptake, and pro-inflammatory signaling cascades. Specific emphasis will be placed on the potential of these innate immune targets for therapeutic interventions to retard the progression of atherosclerosis or to induce its regression.
A mathematical model for the batch reactor kinetics of algae growth

A mathematical model based on the Einstein law of photochemical equivalence is proposed to describe the batch growth of unicellular algae. The model was applied in an integrated form to cell concentration versus growth time data taken over an extended range of cell concentrations which include both the regions of “exponential” and “linear” growth. It is shown that a certain function of cell concentration contained in the integrated form of the model is linearly dependent on the growth time over both the “exponential” and “linear” growth regions.
Practitioner-assessable Bioassay for Detection of Dicofol Resistance in Spider Mites (Acari: Tetranychidae)

An inexpensive, practitioner-assessable (PA) bioassay procedure for estimating frequency of dicofol-resistant spider mites, Tetranychus spp., was developed in the laboratory and evaluated in San Joaquin Valley cotton fields during 1984–85. PA assays using a discriminating concentration of 56.2 ppm readily distinguished between resistant and susceptible mites. Paired comparisons of susceptibility of spider mites from 23 field locations, as depicted by the PA bioassay and a previously validated but labor-intensive whole-plant-residual bioassay, showed that the PA bioassay can be reliably used to detect fields in which frequency of dicofol resistance is above the critical frequency of 10%. An action threshold of 80% mortality (at the discriminating concentration of 56.2 ppm) is suggested for use with the PA bioassay; dicofol should not be used at locations where mortality in PA assays is <80%. The bioassay provides a tool for taking advantage of the observed instability and limited scope of dicofol resistance in spider mites of cotton.
Modeling of Laser-Induced Material Removal During Fabrication of Micro- and Nanochannels

Laser melting of thin metal films on a substrate is an essential step in a recently proposed technique for the fabrication of micro- and nanochannels of cross-sectional sizes varying from several hundred nanometers and a few micrometers. The metal film is electrolessly deposited on a glass substrate and then irradiated by a tightly focused laser beam. The molten material is removed from the hot region by the combined action of thermocapillary forces and evaporation. The film can then be used in subsequent manufacture steps such as wet etching or contact photolithography. We propose a mathematical model that describes laser-induced material removal from thin metal films. Our approach incorporates several important physical effects such as liquid flow in the melt, evaporation, thermocapillarity, as well as the re-solidification of the material due to heat losses into the substrate.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Uncertainty, Risk, Trust, and Information: Public Perceptions of Environmental Issues and Willingness to Take Action

Environmental policymaking has remained an important issue in American public policy for many years. While many individuals have proenvironmental attitudes, they remain unwilling to take the actions necessary to achieve environmental goals. Many variables have been used to explain support for environmental policymaking. This study looks at the effect of uncertainty about environmental quality, perception of risk from environmental hazards, and trust in government and university scientists on willingness to take environmental action. The study examines the impact of these three variables on two environmental issues—tap water and nuclear power. The data were collected from a national sample of 400 individuals. This article presents the results of this research and examines the complex relationships among risks, trust, uncertainty, and willingness to take environmental action. The conclusions improve our understanding of environmental attitudes as well as have practical implications for policymakers who need to build public support for policies designed to improve the environment.