cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heat and fresh water budgets of the Indian ocean―revisited

Abstract Hydrographic data along 32°S are combined with temperature, salinity, and absolute horizontal velocity observations in the Agulhas Current off Durban to obtain new estimates of the heat and fresh water budgets of the Indian Ocean. The method used is that employed by Hall and Bryden (1982, Deep-Sea Research, 29, 339–359) in the North Atlantic. Assuming no net volume transport across 32°S, we obtain a value of 0.6 × 1015W for the net heat gain by the ocean north of 32°S and −0.2 × 106 m3 s−1 for the net precipitation minus evaporation plus run-off. The major sources of error are poor spatial resolution in the section along 32°S and the unknown strength of the flow from the Pacific to the Indian through Indonesia. The present result, when combined with recent findings for the South Atlantic and Pacific, suggests that the oceans contribute little to the net heat flux across 30°S effected by the ocean—atmosphere system.
Instability of Ultra-Thin Water Films and the Mechanism of Droplet Formation on Hydrophilic Surfaces

We present a new theory of droplet formation during condensation of water on a hydrophilic surface. The theory uses hydration, electrostatic, van der Waals, and elastic strain interactions between a hydrophilic solid surface and a water film, and shows that contributions to the disjoining pressure are dominated by hydration forces for films thinner than 3 nm. The equilibrium film thickness is found to remain almost constant at about 0.5 nm for a wide range of relative humidity, although it increases sharply as the relative humidity approaches unity. The competition between strain energy on one hand, and hydration, van der Waals, and liquid-vapor surface tension on the other, induces instability for films thicker than a critical value. The critical wavelength of instability, L er , is also predicted as a function of film thickness. The theory proposes that as the relative humidity increases, nucleation initially occurs in monolayer fashion due to strong hydration forces
Dermal Sensitivity and the Differentiated Nerve-Terminations of the Human Skin

Resume L'auteur passe en revue l'evidence positive et negative pour les corpuscules des nerfs comme les organes de bout de la sensitivite du derme et ensuite presente son propre travail qu'on est oblige de considerer comme evidence negative. Cette etude est un rapport de l'examen histologique de 5277 sections representant 190 mm. carres de la surface de la peau de treize parties du corps. On a employe l'hematoxyline de Delafield comme teinte nucleaire et l'eosine (quelquefois acide fuchsine) comme teinte de controle. Le tissu de la plante du pied a contenu des corpuscules Meissner mais dans les tissus des parties couvertes de poil on n'a pas trouve de bouts speciaux. Une revue des donnees d'autres observateurs ne montre aucune difference a l'exception que von Frey a trouve un corpuscule Dogiel dans la peau du bras. On prětera toute l'etude, qui contient une discussion beaucoup plus detaillee que celle de ce resume, si l'on s'adresse aux Laboratoires Psychologiques, Clark University. Gilbert
The formation and mineralization of dentin

Observations were conducted at the light and electron microscope level of the formation and mineralization of dentin. At the light level it was shown that predentin is made up of the odontoblast process, collagen fibers and a ground substance. As mineralization occurs, the fibers tend to condense and thicken in areas adjacent to the odontoblast process. Fibers continue to invade the developing matrix and, as in early dentinogenesis, they appear at all times to be derived from the pulp. At the E.M. level the significant observations made in reference to dentin formation consist of the identification of granular masses appearing in the interfibrillar spaces initially in the region of the dentino enamel junction. Histochemical tests at the E.M. level demonstrated that the odontoblasts elaborate an acid mucopolysaccharide which concentrates in granules at the base of the odontoblast process. Subsequently these granules are extruded into the matrix where the polysaccharide becomes concentrated in the interfibrillar spaces and to some extent on the collagen fibers. The onset of mineralization occurs in the patches of mucopolysaccharide, later also on the fibers. It appears that in the presence of an acid mucopolysaccharide is a prerequisite for mineralization in the dental matrix.
Is There a Forest Transition? Deforestation, Reforestation, and Development1

Abstract Environmental social scientists have recently begun to use the term 'forest transition' to describe how forest cover changes as economic development occurs in nations. The hypothesized transition occurs as follows. An initial surge in economic activity in impoverished societies spurs deforestation, but as economic activity continues to intensify and cities grow larger, a 'turnaround' occurs, and deforestation gives way to reforestation. This paper uses cross-national data from five successive surveys of world forest resources to assess this empirical claim. A turnaround in forest cover trends does occur in a significant number of nations. The paper also evaluates two explanations for the turnaround, a wood scarcity hypothesis derived from microeconomic theory and an industrialization hypothesis linked to central place theory. It finds period specific support for the industrialization hypothesis. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of the implications of these findings for proposals to alleviate the biodiversity crisis through programs of reforestation.
Unique gene expression profiles of human macrophages and dendritic cells to phylogenetically distinct parasites

Monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages (Ms) generated in vitro from the same individual blood donors were exposed to 5 different pathogens, and gene expression profiles were assessed by microarray analysis. Responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis and to phylogenetically distinct protozoan (Leishmania major, Leishmania donovani, Toxoplasma gondii) and helminth (Brugia malayi) parasites were examined, each of which produces chronic infections in humans yet vary considerably in the nature of the immune responses they trigger. In the absence of microbial stimulation, DCs and Ms constitutively expressed approximately 4000 genes, 96% of which were shared between the 2 cell types. In contrast, the genes altered transcriptionally in DCs and Ms following pathogen exposure were largely cell specific. Profiling of the gene expression data led to the identification of sets of tightly coregulated genes across all experimental conditions tested. A newly devised literature-based clustering algorithm enabled the identification of functionally and transcriptionally homogenous groups of genes. A comparison of the responses induced by the individual pathogens by means of this strategy revealed major differences in the functionally related gene profiles associated with each infectious agent. Although the intracellular pathogens induced responses clearly distinct from the extracellular B malayi, they each displayed a unique pattern of gene expression that would not necessarily be predicted on the basis of their phylogenetic relationship. The association of characteristic functional clusters with each infectious agent is consistent with the concept that antigen-presenting cells have prewired signaling patterns for use in the response to different pathogens.
Individual brightness functions

A total of 34 individual brightness functions were measured for 18 observers by two different methods. In one method the observer set various luminance levels of a white target and assigned numbers proportional to the apparent brightness of the levels set. In the other method the observer adjusted the loudness of a white noise and the luminance of a white target in order to achieve a series of cross-modality matches between loudness and brightness. Both methods gave good approximations to power functions, showing that the psychophysical power law holds for the individual perceiver.
Identification of an N-terminal Truncation of the NF-κB p65 Subunit That Specifically Modulates Ribosomal Protein S3-dependent NF-κB Gene Expression

NF-κB is a pleiotrophic transcription factor that plays a prominent regulatory role in various cellular processes. Although previous efforts have focused on its activation, how NF-κB selects specific target genes in response to discrete signals remains puzzling. In addition to the well defined Rel protein components of NF-κB, the ribosomal protein S3 (RPS3) was identified to be an essential component of specific NF-κB complexes. RPS3 synergistically interacts with the NF-κB p65 subunit to achieve optimal binding and transactivation of a subset of NF-κB target genes, thus providing regulatory specificity. Emerging evidence suggests an important role for the RPS3-p65 interaction in context-specific NF-κB gene transcription. The food-borne pathogen Escherichia coli O157:H7 impacts the transcription of a subset of NF-κB target genes encoding proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in host cells by preventing the nuclear translocation of RPS3, but not p65. The N terminus of p65 is crucial for RPS3 binding. Although several p65 N-terminal fragments are generated by either protease cleavage or alternative mRNA splicing under certain pathophysiological conditions, the role of these fragments in modulating NF-κB signaling, in particular RPS3-dependent selective gene transcription, has not been fully characterized. Here we report that an N-terminal fragment of p65 (amino acids 21–186) can selectively modulate NF-κB gene transcription by competing for RPS3 binding to p65. This 21–186 fragment preferentially localizes in the cytoplasm where it delays stimuli-induced RPS3 nuclear translocation, without affecting the nuclear translocation of p65. Our findings thus uncover a new cytoplasmic function for the N-terminal domain of p65 and provide a novel strategy for selective inhibition of NF-κB gene transcription.
Comparative hematology: studies on opossums Didelphis marsupialis (Virginianus).

Abstract The studies compared opossum to human blood. 1. 1. Coagulation mechanisms appeared to be fundamentally similar although factors II, VII and X assayed well below and V, VIII, IX, XI and XII above the human range. Fibrinogen appeared to be quantitatively similar to human but different in its poor clottability with bovine thrombin and inability to clump staphylococci. 2. 2. Platelets were variable in number and size and adhered to glass and aggregated with ADP much as do human platelets. On the other hand, they aggregated poorly or not at all with collagen, epinephrine and thrombin. 3. 3. Platelet ultrastructure was similar to human except for two striking differences. Many platelets contained a circumscribed mass of wavy fine fibrillar material of unknown composition. Also, striated elongated granules were quite common. 4. 4. Erythrocytes were slightly smaller than human. Leukocytes were not very different and lymphocytes predominated. 5. 5. Serum albumin was very low by the automated dye-binding method but was much higher by electrophoresis. 6. 6. The serum enzyme values were very much higher than those seen in normal humans.
Evidence for a tensor effective two-body interaction in the 14N(p, p′) 2.31 MeV excitation

Abstract The cross section for the excitation of the 2.31 MeV state in 14N by 24.8 MeV protons has been measured. Calculations have been performed with both central and tensor charge exchange forces. Inclusion of the tensor term greatly improves the agreement between the calculated and the experimental angular distribution.
Understanding Variations in Media Coverage of U.S. Supreme Court Decisions Comparing Media Outlets in Their Coverage of Lawrence v. Texas

Given the central importance of news media in providing the public with information about court decisions,this study examines variations in local and national media coverage of the Supreme Court decision on a Texas antisodomy law known as Lawrence v. Texas.The authors use content analysis of newspaper articles to test hypotheses concerning how media coverage of the case might vary by media outlet. The authors assess bias by examining overall coverage and the tone of coverage.The analysis suggests that media outlets varied in their coverage of the case,with states that had existing sodomy laws providing more coverage,and that some outlets tended to be more biased in their tone than others. The analysis confirms the importance of local relevance,but the authors also find that media outlet size and political context may play a role in determining coverage of an issue.
An exploration of a genre set: Research article abstracts and introductions in two disciplines

Abstract Disciplinary variation in academic writing has been explored for the most part by comparing a particular genre, such as the research article, across different disciplines. However, genre theorists have not systematically studied relationships among related genres. It is argued in this article that a study of relationships among related genres from different disciplines can inform us about the differences in academic writing across disciplines. The generic structure of research article introductions and abstracts, which form a genre set, from two related fields, Conservation Biology and Wildlife Behavior, was compared. Findings indicate that research article introductions and abstracts in Conservation Biology bear a greater similarity in function and organization than the same two genres in Wildlife Behavior. This study reveals that disciplinary variation in academic writing is not just manifested in generic structure but also in the relationship among genres.
Formation of carbonato and hydroxo complexes in the reaction of platinum anticancer drugs with carbonate.

The second-generation PtII anticancer drug carboplatin is here shown to react with carbonate, which is present in blood, interstitial fluid, cytosol, and culture medium, to produce platinum−carbona...
Making Real Connections: The Perceived Reality of Online Interactions

Examining the subjective aspects of online social interaction can help explain contradictory results about the consequences of such interaction. The authors posit a new theoretical construct, the perceived reality of online interactions, defined as the extent to which an individual believes online interactions are suitable for the maintenance and formation of close relationships. Higher perceived reality of online interactions is theorized to lead to more investment and effort in computer-mediated communication, thus increasing benefits such as perceived social support from online relationships. An experiment using an Amazon Mechanical Turk sample n = 169 and undergraduate students n = 88 found correlational evidence that perceived reality of online relationships predicted perceived social support from online sources. Additionally, patterns of correlations between perceived reality, personality traits, and general attitudes toward the Internet point at differential implications of this variable between samples.
Critical behavior of amorphous magnets

Renormalization-group techniques are applied to a model Hamiltonian recently proposed by Harris, Plischke, and Zuckermann for the description of amorphous magnets. In this model, a single-ion uniaxial anisotropy, with a random direction of the axis of anisotropy, is introduced. Averaging over this random variable yields an (translationally invariant) effective Hamiltonian, in which the $m$-component spin variable is replaced by an $\mathrm{nm}$-component vector, and $n$ is finally set equal to zero. Contrary to the result for an isotropic random perturbation, the fixed-point describing the nonrandom $m$-component critical behavior is unstable with respect to terms in the Hamiltonian generated by the randomness, the appropriate crossover exponent being given exactly by ($2{\ensuremath{\varphi}}_{m}\ensuremath{-}2+{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{m}$), where ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}_{m}$ is the Fisher-Pfeuty anisotropic spin crossover exponent and ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{m}$ is the specific-heat exponent. Depending on the distribution function for the random anisotropy directions, there are seven or thirteen other fixed points. Most of these are unstable, and the recursion relations probably yield a "runaway" which is interpreted as a smeared transition. Experiments on amorphous Tb${\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}$ are discussed.
Synthesis of Dense Collagen/Apatite Composites Using a Biomimetic Method

In this article we describe a simple but effective biomimetic method to prepare dense apatite/collagen nanocomposites. Collagen-containing simulated body fluid was used to mimic the natural bone formation environment. The apatite/collagen films were formed at the air–solution interface under physiological conditions (40°C and pH=6.3). Transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, western blot analysis, and energy-dispersive X-ray were used to characterize the apatite/collagen composites. It was revealed that the nanosized apatite particles formed into a platelet shape with 100 nm in width and length and <10 nm in thickness. The collagen existed around the apatite platelets and acted as a glue to bind these platelets together. The collagen and apatite were strongly adhered to each other and formed into dense composite.
The interactions of anisotropic fabrics with textile and apparel processes

The research reported in the paper is directed at the definition of a manufacturing materials control system for apparel manufacturing that can cope with raw materials of variable properties in real time as an integral part of the manufacturing process. It has required determining the important fabric properties in a variety of manufacturing contexts, measuring those properties for a variety of fabrics, developing on-line approximations to the critical property measurements, developing modeling and control procedures for the most critical manufacturing stages, and assembling these features into a system. >
Distress, psychiatric syndromes, and impairment of function in women with newly diagnosed breast cancer

BACKGROUND. Emotional distress and psychiatric syndromes are prevalent in the breast cancer population at large. However, to date there is a paucity of literature specifically concerning presurgical breast cancer patients. METHODS. The authors assessed 236 newly diagnosed patients at the time of their presurgical consultation at the Comprehensive Breast Cancer Program of Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center in Lebanon, NH. RESULTS. Of patients in this study, 41% rated their distress in the clinically significant range on the Distress Thermometer (ie, >5, 0–10 scale). Nearly one-half (47%) of patients met established thresholds for positivity on 1 or more screens for distress or psychiatric disorders. Prevalence rates were 11% for major depression (60% of these patients were moderately severe to severely depressed) and were 10% for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Emotional symptoms markedly interfered with daily function in both groups. Of depressed patients, 56% were already taking a psychotropic medication, yet they still met screening criteria for major depression. CONCLUSIONS. Emotional distress and psychiatric syndromes (major depression and PTSD) were prevalent in this population. Markedly impaired function was evident for both depressed and PTSD patients. Future research should refine current screening procedures and develop interventions to better address emotional distress and psychiatric disorders in newly diagnosed breast cancer patients. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Feasibility of colloidal particles separation by potential barrier chromatography

Abstract Computations are carried out to show that potential barrier chromatography based upon the existence of a surmountable potential barrier between particles and deposition surface may be useful in separating particles smaller than about 2500 A. The method appears to have such a high sensitivity that it is able to perform separation of particles which differ by only 5% in size or by about 1% in surface potential, or 1% in Hamaker's constant.
General anesthesia is unacceptable for elective cesarean section

The Oxford English Dictionary defines ‘‘acceptable’’ as capable, worthy, or likely to be accepted or gladly received; hence, pleasing, agreeable, gratifying, or welcome. Therefore, ‘‘unacceptable’’ means not capable, worthy, or likely to be accepted or gladly received; not pleasing, agreeable, gratifying, or welcome. Of course, cesarean deliveries can be performed under either neuraxial or general anesthesia. However, for most elective deliveries, and many urgent deliveries, general anesthesia is not acceptable for cesarean delivery. There are benefits to the mother of neuraxial anesthesia and significant risks associated with general anesthesia. Similarly, there are benefits to the neonate of neuraxial anesthesia and risks of general anesthesia. Generally, the benefits of neuraxial anesthesia outweigh the risks, and the risks of general anesthesia outweigh the benefits. This discussion will review these risks and benefits.
Maintaining mid-tolerant tree species with uneven-aged forest management: 9-year results from a novel group-selection experiment

In forest ecosystems, disturbance intensity affects the ability of species with varying shade tolerances to successfully recruit into the overstory. Small openings (e.g. single treefall) perpetuate shade-tolerant species while larger openings (e.g. those created under group selection and other higher severity disturbances) enhance the abundance of shade-mid-tolerant and -intolerant species. Forty-nine modified group-selection openings in three size classes established during the winter of 2003/04 and 20 single-tree selection sites were re-evaluated in 2012 in order to determine: (1) how the densities of seedlings and saplings changed over time, (2) whether species composition differed between treatments and (3) whether the group-selection openings enhanced recruitment of underrepresented species, especially the mid-tolerant yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis). Sugar and red maple (Acer saccharum and Acer rubrum) regeneration dominated at all sites and occurred in greater densities in the group-selection openings as compared with the single-tree selection sites. While yellow birch densities increased with opening size, survival and growth were likely inhibited by the drought conditions that have occurred since 2004. Ironwood (Ostrya virginiana) and black cherry (Prunus serotina) also benefited from opening creation. Consequently, while openings enhanced the representation of mid-tolerant species, they did not greatly alter the developmental trajectory of this forest type.
Regulated Deficit Irrigation Effect on Yield and Wine Color of Cabernet Sauvignon in Central California

Regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) is a management strategy that on grape can improve shoot/fruit ratio, water efficiency, and wine quality but has the potential to reduce yield. As part of a study on the influence of RDI on leafhopper density, we evaluated the effects on grape yield, berry size, berry soluble solids, and wine color. The studies were conducted at commercial vineyards in the San Joaquin Valley and in the Paso Robles region, CA, with Cabernet Sauvignon as the cultivar. Water deficits were imposed at either 50% (moderate deficit) or 25% (severe deficit) of standard irrigation (the control) for a period of 3 or 6 weeks and initiated at berry set, leafhopper egg hatch, or veraison. Deficit irrigation decreased berry weight by 16.1% at the San Joaquin Valley site (Aliso) and 11.7% at one of the Paso Robles sites (Frankel) but did not differ at the other site (Steinbeck). Yield was decreased by the deficits by 18.1% at Aliso, 26.7% at Frankel 2001 (but not 2002), and 24% at Steinbeck. Wine color density was increased by 21.8% at Aliso, 34.4% at Frankel 2001 (but not 2002), and did not differ at Steinbeck. Soluble solids did not differ among treatments at any site. There was no difference in berry weight, yield, or color between the moderate and severe deficits. It appears that in central California, RDI such as these are likely to reduce yield but are only one factor among many variables affecting quality such as wine color.
Frequency spectra for the geometric representation of wavefront distortions due to atmospheric turbulence

The wavefronts of a point source of radiation that is immersed in a turbulent atmosphere become distorted and deformed as they propagate outward. The phase surfaces incident on an unobscured collecting aperture therefore will not be perfectly spherical, but instead will be aberrated in some way. We have expanded this phase profile in a set of orthonormal functions closely related to the Zernike polynomials and then determined the respective power spectra of the time dependent expansion coefficients. The results show, for all spectra, a sharp cutoff of f^{-11/3} for frequencies f > (\nu/2R) , where \nu is the wind velocity transverse to the point source and the receiver, and R is the aperture radius. In particular, for the tilt component expansion coefficients, this result differs from the usual phase difference power spectra previously used by many workers.
Work Barriers Experienced and Job Accommodations Used by Persons with Arthritis and Other Rheumatic Diseases

Many people with arthritis become work disabled, but little is known about (a) the types of work barriers they experience and (b) their use of job accommodations. Our objectives were to describe work barriers and use of accommodations and to examine factors associated with accommodation use in persons with arthritis at risk for work disability. Barrier assessment was conducted using the Work Experience Survey. Factors associated with accommodation use were analyzed by logistic regression. The overwhelming majority of the 121 participants (98%) reported having one or more barriers, and 68% reported 10 or more barriers; 38% used an accommodation. Greater functional limitations and self-efficacy for accommodation request were each associated with accommodation use. Even though these employed persons with arthritis faced multiple barriers at work, only a small number used any form of job accommodation.
Lifting factorization-based discrete wavelet transform architecture design

In this paper, two new system architectures, overlap-state sequential and split-and-merge parallel, are proposed based on a novel boundary postprocessing technique for the computation of the discrete wavelet transform (DWT). The basic idea is to introduce multilevel partial computations for samples near data boundaries based on a finite state machine model of the DWT derived from the lifting scheme. The key observation is that these partially computed (lifted) results can also be stored back to their original locations and the transform can be continued anytime later as long as these partial computed results are preserved. It is shown that such an extension of the in-place calculation feature of the original lifting algorithm greatly helps to reduce the extra buffer and communication overheads, in sequential and parallel system implementations, respectively. Performance analysis and experimental results show that, for the Daubechies (see J.Fourier Anal. Appl., vol.4, no.3, p.247-69, 1998) (9,7) wavelet filters, using the proposed boundary postprocessing technique, the minimal required buffer size in the line-based sequential DWT algorithm is 40% less than the best available approach. In the parallel DWT algorithm we show 30% faster performance than existing approaches.
Using a "Small Moments" Writing Strategy to Help Undergraduate Students Reflect on Their Service-Learning Experiences.

This study examines a “small moments” writing strategy to nurturereflection in undergraduate college students participating ina course-based service-learning activity. Using grounded theorymethodology to analyze reflection journal entries, the authorsidentified themes that indicate that, by writing “small moments”reflection journal entries, undergraduate students demonstrateawareness that can build insight, identify discrepancies, increaseawareness of community, solve problems, and build confidence.Writing “small moments” reflections allowed the constructivistnature of student learning in a service-learning setting to becomevisible and evident to both the students and the instructors.
Nondestructive Characterization of Enviromental Barrier Coatings Applied to Monolithic Ceramics

Full-size silicon nitride gas-turbine vanes coated with an environmental barrier coating (EBC) were evaluated in an exploratory way by two nondestructive methods: polarized elastic optical scattering and infrared thermal imaging. Initial test results indicate that the laser scatter data correlate with EBC thickness. A description of the methods and results of recent tests are presented.
Getting the Hang of It: Preferential Gist Over Verbatim Story Recall and the Roles of Attentional Capacity and the Episodic Buffer in Alzheimer Disease

Story recall in Alzheimer disease (AD) is typically used as a measure of episodic memory, but the degree to which recall is dependent on available attentional resources is not fully understood. The current study investigated how measures of attention were associated to verbatim recall (exact reproduction) or gist recall (relevant semantic meaning). Sixteen participants with AD and 16 age-matched healthy older adults recalled a story on immediate free recall and recognition. Controls recalled more units overall than AD. A group × response interaction revealed more gist than verbatim recall in AD, but those with mild disease generated approximately the same number gist responses as controls. For each group, qualitatively different attentional resources were associated with recall units. In controls, verbatim units correlated positively with primacy serial position items of the California Verbal Learning Test II (CVLTII), suggesting that episodic buffer resources may be associated with story recall. In AD, gist units were positively correlated with digits forward, but inversely related to the CVLTII primacy region items, suggesting reliance on low-level capacity resources. Possible explanations of the impaired performance in AD may be a bias in favor of gist processing, poor verbatim encoding, and/or processing failure at the level of the episodic buffer. (JINS, 2011, 17, 000–000)
A Recommendation System in Cognitive Radio Networks With Random Data Traffic

A recommendation system is proposed to enhance the efficiency of spectrum access in cognitive radio networks, in which secondary users broadcast the indices of channels that they have successfully accessed. The probabilities of different actions, i.e., taking a recommendation or probing an unrecommended channel, could be either fixed or adjustable. For the constant probability case with and without retransmission, the system is modeled as a Markov random process, and the corresponding state transition probabilities are obtained. For the adjustable probability case, the anytime multiarmed bandit technique is used to adopt the strategies to the uncertain environments, and a performance lower bound is obtained. Numerical simulation results demonstrate that the proposed recommendation system can effectively orient the channel selections and significantly improve the performance of cognitive radio networks.
NATO and the war on terror: The organizational challenges of the post 9/11 world

This paper deals with NATO's ability to contribute to the war on terrorism. The paper highlights the difficulties that the organization has encoun- tered in dealing with a threat that is entirely different from the one that the organization was created to deal with. The paper discusses NATO's new policies, al Qaeda's transformation since 9/11, and the nature of terrorism. The paper suggests that although NATO has drafted a number of new antiterrorist policies they are all premised on the idea of fighting a war against terrorism as if terrorism were a well defined military enemy. We conclude by arguing that the organizational behavior demonstrated by NATO is consistent with what Graham Allison and Philip Zelikow predict in their organizational process model and that many of the difficulties encountered by NATO in the war against terrorism are due to the nature of the organization.
III–V FET high frequency model with drift and depletion charges

A formulation and implementation of the III–V FET nonlinear charge model decomposed into a combination of univariate voltage depletion charges and a bivariate mixed voltage-current dependent “drift” charge is presented. The concept is based on the principles used in well-established BJT models where depletion and diffusion charges are modeled separately. Analogous to the diffusion charge in BJT models, the drift charge represents the mobile carriers in the channel of the FET. The total charge depends on the depletion capacitances, drain current, and transit time, which links the FET charge model directly to the physical operation of the device. A measurement-based prototype model is demonstrated for a GaAs pHEMT using artificial neural networks to define the analytical constitutive relations of the depletion and drift charges.
I Don't Want to Sit in the Corner Cutting Out Valentines: Leadership Roles for Teachers of Talented Art Students

Two research studies which focus on the process and results of educating teachers of high ability schools, communities, and beyond are presented. One study involved focus groups of 1994 participants University, the other included a survey sent to all A framework based on a content analysis of the data in these two studies has applicability to other inservice education programs for teachers of talented art students. Knowledge of subject matter content, pedagogy, building self-esteem, and allowing choices can lead teachers of artistically talented students, who have leadership potential, to collaborate with others. Teachers can become empowered to make changes in their private and professional lives that eventually result in communities of caring professionals able to assume leadership roles.
Who is providing and who is getting asthma patient education: an analysis of 2001 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey data

Patient education in asthma management is important; however, there is little known about the characteristics of patients receiving asthma education or how often primary care physicians provide it. The objective of the study was to identify the characteristics of patients receiving asthma education. It was a cross-sectional study using 2001 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey data. The study included 1230 physicians providing office-based ambulatory medical care in the United States. Patients in the study (weighted n=11,279,952) were those diagnosed with asthma based on International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision code receiving care from a pediatrician, internist or a family physician. Main and secondary outcome measures were asthma education ordered or provided. Multivariate analysis indicated that asthma patients receiving education were more likely to have office visits >20 min [odds ratio (OR) = 3.934], be seen for an acute reason (OR = 2.268), be seen in follow-up rather than an initial visit (OR = 1.780), live in rural rather than metropolitan areas (OR = 1.507), have public rather than private insurance (OR = 1.276) and be seen in privately owned practices (OR = 1.248). Bivariate analyses indicated that patients seeing family physicians were more likely than those seeing internists or pediatricians to receive education. Patient education was not uniformly provided. Family physicians provided more asthma education than either pediatricians or internists. Future research should investigate the quality of education provided.
Liquid Wetting, Transport, and Retention Properties of Fibrous Assemblies: Part II: Water Wetting and Retention of 100% and Blended Woven Fabrics:

The liquid wetting and retention properties of cotton, polyester, and their blends and other woven fabrics, each containing a single fiber type, were investigated using a previously established method. Several aspects of liquid retention properties of woven fabrics were discussed, i.e., distribution of liquid uptake, instantaneous liquid wetting and uptake, and steady-state liquid-holding capacity. The intrinsic liquid wetting behavior and liquid retention properties of fabrics are governed by different but interdependent substrata variables. As demonstrated by similar water contact angles obtained for films, fibers, and fabrics of the same polymer, the intrinsic wettability of fabrics depends on the chemical compositions of polymeric materials. Liquid retention, on the other hand, is governed by the pore structures as well as the wetting properties of the substrata.
Estimation and Testing in General Gauss-Markov Models

A general Gauss-Markov model is a model $$Y = X\beta + e,E(e) = 0,Cov(e) = {\sigma ^2}V$$ , where V is a known matrix. Linear models can be divided into four categories depending on the assumptions made about V: (a) V is an identity matrix, (b) V is nonsingular, (c) V is possibly singular but C(X)⊂ C(V), (d) V is possibly singular.
Privacy Preserving Communication in MANETs

Mobile ad hoc networks often support sensitive applications. These applications may require that users' identity, location, and correspondents be kept secret. This is a challenge in a MANET because of the cooperative nature of the network and broadcast nature of the communication media. In this paper, we propose a privacy preserving communication system (PPCS) which provides a comprehensive solution to anonymize communication end- points, keep the location and identifier of a node unlinkable, and mask the existence of communication flows. We present an analysis of the security of PPCS against passive internal attackers, provide a qualitative discussion on its strength against external attackers, and characterize its performance trade-offs. The simulation results demonstrate that PPCS has only 3% lower packet delivery ratio than existing multi-path routing protocols, while effectively providing privacy service in MANETs.
Modems for US digital cellular and emerging digital mobile radio systems

The spectral/power efficiency and performance of the pi /4-quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) modems (American and Japanese digital cellular emerging standards) are studied and briefly compared to GMSK modems (proposed for European Digital European Cordless Telephone System) (DECT) and Group Special Mobile System (GSM) cellular standards). Improved filtering strategies and digital pilot aided (digital channel sounding) techniques are considered for pi /4-QPSK and for other digital modems. More spectrally efficient modem trends and some research results for future cellular/mobile (land mobile) and satellite communication systems applications are also highlighted. >
The Political Economy and the Durability of European Coalition Cabinets: New Variations on a Game-Theoretic Perspective

This paper concentrates on establishing the link between the political economy and particular aspects of coalition behavior. Specifically, it examines the effect which rising prices and the loss of jobs in society has upon the longevity of seventy-seven coalition cabinets in six European democracies. The study is viewed as a first step toward the integration of political economy and the formal theories of coalition behavior. The basic premise guiding this analysis is that by focusing attention directly upon two of the more salient phenomena of the economic environment, namely, inflation and unemployment, additional insight can be gained into the conditions which constrain the survivability of cabinet coalitions in European democracies, thereby highlighting the important role which the environmental context plays in theories of coalition behavior. The findings suggest that (1) simply identifying the types of coalitions is not enough to gauge accurately the endurance of cabinets in the face of inflation and...
Clinical Management of HPV-Related Oropharyngeal Cancer

The demographics and prognosis of locally advanced head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC) have changed dramatically over the past two decades. Epidemiological evidence has revealed a significant increase in the incidence of oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) in North America and Europe [1–3]. Molecular studies of oropharyngeal tumours have revealed that this increase is due to a rise in the incidence of tumours containing human papillomavirus (HPV), most specifically HPV16. Evidence shows that HPV16 is the molecular cause that mechanistically drives the development and viability of the cancer cells [4]. HPV-associated OPC (HPVOPC) presently accounts for ~70 % of OPC seen in the USA, and an increasing fraction of these malignancies is seen in Europe [1, 2, 5].
Using Syntax to Disambiguate Explicit Discourse Connectives in Text

Discourse connectives are words or phrases such as once, since, and on the contrary that explicitly signal the presence of a discourse relation. There are two types of ambiguity that need to be resolved during discourse processing. First, a word can be ambiguous between discourse or non-discourse usage. For example, once can be either a temporal discourse connective or a simply a word meaning "formerly". Secondly, some connectives are ambiguous in terms of the relation they mark. For example since can serve as either a temporal or causal connective. We demonstrate that syntactic features improve performance in both disambiguation tasks. We report state-of-the-art results for identifying discourse vs. non-discourse usage and human-level performance on sense disambiguation.
Use of personal computers in satellite command and control systems

The use of personal computers has increased dramatically over the last 20 years. They have transformed the workplace and become essential to many aspects of daily business and academic endeavors. For over 30 years, satellite command and control systems have used computers, but only in recent years have PCs been used in roles other than the traditional office applications like word processing and email. This paper looks at the advances in technology since PCs were first introduced in the 1980s and how they are currently being used in satellite command and control systems. Just as the PC has transformed the office environment, it is poised to transform the traditional paradigms associated with flying satellites.
Computational Observer Design Techniques in Linear Systems with Unknown Inputs using the Concept of Transmission Zeros

In this paper we present computational observer design techniques for linear systems subject to unknown inputs. Complete and intuitive geometric conditions for the solution of the problem are provided, which result in design matrix equations. These design equations are solved computationally efficient. The synthesis of the reduced-order observer takes full advantage of the concept of transmission zeros. In particular, the presented necessary and sufficient conditions are provided in terms of the transmission zeros of the triple (A,D,C).
Time‐Domain Analysis of Linear Control Systems

This chapter explores the basic concepts and analytical techniques used to quantify the dynamics of linearized physiological models. It explains the extensive mathematical analyses of models with first‐ and second‐order dynamics. The chapter demonstrates an example of time‐domain analysis using SIMULINK. It represents the SIMULINK implementation of the neuromuscular reflex model. The chapter illustrates the open‐ and closed‐loop versions of a generalized linear control system. In the range of spontaneous breathing frequencies, studies with reasonably realistic models of respiratory mechanics have demonstrated that airway fluid inertance plays a virtually insignificant role in determining lung pressures and airflow. The descriptors discussed in the chapter are among the most commonly used in systems analysis. The chapter also presents the MATLAB command lines, which demonstrate how transient response analysis can be applied to the linearized lung mechanics model.
Research Article: DDT, Dioxins, and PCBs in Sediments in a Historically Polluted Estuary along the Gulf of Mexico

This study assessed current profiles of organochlorine pollutants in sediment of Escambia Bay and River in northwest Florida, United States (US), which experienced catastrophic environmental collapse in the 1970s as a result of unregulated industrial and domestic sewage releases. Fifty-seven composite sediment samples were collected with a ponar grab sampler. Organochlorines were extracted with United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Method 3550 and concentrations were determined with USEPA Method 1668A for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), USEPA Method1613B for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), and USEPA Method 8081A for 4,4′-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), 4,4′-Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD), and 4,4′-Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE). For PCBs, 12 (21%) out of the 57 samples exceed the Florida threshold effects level (TEL) of 21.6 μg/kg and no sample exceeds the Florida probable effects level (PEL) of 189 μg/kg. The 17 PCDD/F congeners that a...
Passion, Context, and Lawyering Skills: Choosing among Simulated and Real Clinical Experiences

This article provides a framework for choosing among simulated and real clinical experiences by focusing on three primary achievements of "clinical methodologies": generating passion in our students, providing context for their learning, and teaching lawyering skills. On the basis of this framework, the article argues that 1) relying solely on simulation based experiences prior to the third year of law school neglects the "passion" dimension of legal education, 2) relatively unsupervised externships or paid work experiences can play a useful role in providing crucially important context for doctrinal learning, but they are not the most effective approach to teaching lawyering skills, and 3) clinical experiences should be integrated into the curriculum during the first and second years of law school.
Experimental Assays to Assess the Efficacy of Vinegar and Other Topical First-Aid Approaches on Cubozoan (Alatina alata) Tentacle Firing and Venom Toxicity

Despite the medical urgency presented by cubozoan envenomations, ineffective and contradictory first-aid management recommendations persist. A critical barrier to progress has been the lack of readily available and reproducible envenomation assays that (1) recapitulate live-tentacle stings; (2) allow quantitation and imaging of cnidae discharge; (3) allow primary quantitation of venom toxicity; and (4) employ rigorous controls. We report the implementation of an integrated array of three experimental approaches designed to meet the above-stated criteria. Mechanistically overlapping, yet distinct, the three approaches comprised (1) direct application of test solutions on live tentacles (termed tentacle solution assay, or TSA) with single image- and video-microscopy; (2) spontaneous stinging assay using freshly excised tentacles overlaid on substrate of live human red blood cells suspended in agarose (tentacle blood agarose assays, or TBAA); and (3) a “skin” covered adaptation of TBAA (tentacle skin blood agarose assay, or TSBAA). We report the use and results of these assays to evaluate the efficacy of topical first-aid approaches to inhibit tentacle firing and venom activity. TSA results included the potent stimulation of massive cnidae discharge by alcohols but only moderate induction by urine, freshwater, and “cola” (carbonated soft drink). Although vinegar, the 40-year field standard of first aid for the removal of adherent tentacles, completely inhibited cnidae firing in TSA and TSBAA ex vivo models, the most striking inhibition of both tentacle firing and subsequent venom-induced hemolysis was observed using newly-developed proprietary formulations (Sting No More™) containing copper gluconate, magnesium sulfate, and urea.