cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Baptized in Acid or Breathed with Life? An Exploration of Psychology's Bridging Capacity

Three influences are described as contributing to a changing understanding of “secular” that ultimately excluded a consideration of theistic considerations: First, the separation of religious and scientific domains following Cartesian dualism opened the door for the popularization of a naturalistic science with a central characteristic of being independent of theistic considerations. Dualism eventually emphasized a distinction between subjective and objective experiences, rather than a distinction between spiritual and material realities—allowing the possibility of a purely naturalistic dualism. Second, naturalistic science made inroads back into traditionally religious questions involving the “objective” realm, particularly through the work of Charles Darwin. Third, drawing on assumptions from naturalistic science, psychology made inroads into the “subjective” realm, which helped popularize naturalistic science and marginalize theistic religion by substituting naturalistic explanations for religious explanations of mental, spiritual, and physical experiences. Implications regarding potential opportunities and obligations for responding to this trend are explored for religious psychologists.
Large-Scale First-Principles Molecular Dynamics Simulations with Electrostatic Embedding: Application to Acetylcholinesterase Catalysis

Enzymes are complicated solvated systems that typically require many atoms to simulate their function with any degree of accuracy. We have recently developed numerical techniques for large scale first-principles molecular dynamics simulations and applied them to the study of the enzymatic reaction catalyzed by acetylcholinesterase. We carried out density functional theory calculations for a quantum-mechanical (QM) subsystem consisting of 612 atoms with an O(N) complexity finite-difference approach. The QM subsystem is embedded inside an external potential field representing the electrostatic effect due to the environment. We obtained finite-temperature sampling by first-principles molecular dynamics for the acylation reaction of acetylcholine catalyzed by acetylcholinesterase. Our calculations show two energy barriers along the reaction coordinate for the enzyme-catalyzed acylation of acetylcholine. The second barrier (8.5 kcal/mol) is rate-limiting for the acylation reaction and in good agreement with ex...
"You Don't Have to Travel the World": Accumulating Experiences on the Path toward Globally Competent Teaching.

As classrooms become increasingly diverse and students need more complex skills for collaboratively addressing transnational issues, we need a better understanding of the factors that contribute to globally competent teaching. Education research has highlighted the benefits of study abroad and overseas teaching, as well as local cross-cultural immersion, but these options are not always feasible. We sought to identify the various means by which teachers develop global competence. Through this qualitative case study of 10 global educators, we found that international travel, though present in some instances, was not always necessary. In fact, it was an accumulation of experiences that prompted teachers to incorporate global perspectives, lessons, and skill development throughout their careers. Thus, globally competent teaching may be better conceptualized as a path, rather than as an end goal.
Photoinduced Interfacial Electron Transfer within a Mesoporous Transparent Conducting Oxide Film

Interfacial electron transfer to and from conductive Sn-doped In2O3 (ITO) nanoparticles (NPs) in mesoporous thin films has been investigated by transient absorption measurements using surface-bound [RuII(bpy)2(dcb)]2+ (bpy is 2,2′-bipyridyl and dcb is 4,4′-(COOH)2-2,2′-bipyridyl). Metal-to-ligand charge transfer excitation in 0.1 M LiClO4 MeCN results in efficient electron injection into the ITO NPs on the picosecond time scale followed by back electron transfer on the nanosecond time scale. Rates of back electron transfer are dependent on thermal annealing conditions with the rate constant increasing from 1.8 × 108 s–1 for oxidizing annealing conditions to 8.0 × 108 s–1 for reducing conditions, presumably due to an enhanced electron concentration in the latter.
Combining Kohn-Sham and orbital-free density-functional theory for Hugoniot calculations to extreme pressures

The shock Hugoniot for lithium 6 deuteride $(^{6}\mathrm{LiD})$ was calculated via first principles using Kohn-Sham density-functional theory molecular dynamics (KSMD) for temperatures of 0.5--25 eV. The upper limit of 25 eV represents a practical limit where KSMD is no longer computationally feasible due to the number of electronic bands which are required to be populated. To push the Hugoniot calculations to higher temperatures we make use of orbital-free density-functional theory molecular dynamics (OFMD). Thomas-Fermi-Dirac--based OFMD gives a poor description of the electronic structure at low temperatures so the initial state is not well defined. We propose a method of bootstrapping the Hugoniot from OFMD to the Hugoniot from KSMD between 10 and 20 eV, where the two methods are in agreement. The combination of KSMD and OFMD allows construction of a first-principles Hugoniot from the initial state to 1000 eV. Theoretical shock-compression results are in good agreement with available experimental data and exhibit the appropriate high-temperature limits. We show that a unified KSMD-OFMD Hugoniot can be used to assess the quality of the existing equation-of-state (EOS) models and inform better EOS models based on justifiable physics.
Predictive Corresponding-States Viscosity Model for the Entire Fluid Region: n-Alkanes

Previous work by the author demonstrated a novel approach for correlating the scaled self-diffusion coefficient, viscosity, and thermal conductivity with the residual entropy over the entire fluid ...
Amphotericin B as a Urologic Irrigant in the management of Noninvasive Candiduria

AbstractHigh urinary colony counts of Candida may develop in patients with prolonged indwelling bladder catheters, multiple antibiotic usage and compromised host resistance. Serum candidal antibody titers may differentiate candidal colonization or early infection from invasive or disseminated infection. The persistence of marked candiduria in the absence of elevated antibody titers or other manifestations of disseminated infection presents a therapeutic dilemma to the urologist. Should the patient be treated with systemic therapy, that is flucytosine or intravenous amphotericin B, or should he be observed until the signs of systemic or renal infection develop? Amphotericin B may be used as a urological irrigant in the management of noninvasive urinary fungal infection.Of 40 patients with persistent candiduria treated with daily irrigations of amphotericin B via a 3-way indwelling urethral catheter or urethral catheter and suprapubic tube for an average of 6 days 37 (92.5 per cent) demonstrated marked redu...
Inflow Venous Occlusion for Intracardiac Resection of an Occluding Right Ventricular Tumor

Use of normothermic venous inflow occlusion enabled removal of an intracardiac tumor in a 4 yr old, 27 kg, spayed female Airedale terrier with a history of appendicular osteosarcoma and recent exertional syncope. Inflow venous occlusion via a median sternotomy thoracotomy without hypothermia was used to access the mineralized mass within the right ventricular outflow tract. Duration of circulatory arrest was 70 s for this beating heart surgery. A circumscribed intracardiac chondrosarcoma tumor was marginally resected in this dog, successfully alleviating exertional syncope and restoring a normal echogenic appearance of the right heart. Asymptomatic intracardiac chondrosarcoma recurrence and pulmonary metastasis was detected at 309 days and cardiopulmonary arrest occurred 372 days following intracardiac surgery. Use of inflow occlusion is a viable technique for select intracardiac tumors in dogs with preoperative planning.
Hormone Check: Critique of Olympic Rules on Sex and Gender

Most sports, including all Olympic sports, are divided into two categories: men's and women's. This Article first presents a history of gender testing in Olympic and international sports to illustrate why past attempts to define eligibility for women's sports have proven unfair to women with intersex conditions. It then describes the shortcomings of the International Olympic Committee’s (IOC) first effort to articulate standards of eligibility for transgender athletes. In its second Part, this Article explains the more recent efforts of the IOC and the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) to define eligibility for women's sports solely on the basis of testosterone. That effort is temporarily suspended by the Court of Arbitration for Sport as applied to hyperandrogenism, but, as Part Ill explains, on grounds that could permit the rule's reinstatement if a stronger justification is presented by the IAAF. Finally, this Article evaluates the concept of a unified hormone rule that the IOC appears to propose. After considering the strengths and weakness of alternatives to such a rule, including genderless sports and a uniform gender identity rule, this Article proposes a hybrid rule that applies a hormone standard to transgender athletes and a gender identity standard for women. This final Part seeks to rationalize the different treatment of transgender and intersex women in ways that minimize the potential for such a rule to contribute negatively to society's understanding of both gender and athletic fairness.
Aged and Recent Market Betas in Securities Pricing

[This version of the paper now starts with a note that explains why we have effectively decided not to pursue this research direction further, as well as material that discusses why it is better to use stocks than preformed portfolios in asset-pricing tests.]Instead of computing only one five-year market-beta, we compute one recent beta from 1 month to 2 years ago, and one aged market beta from 2 to 10 years ago, both using daily stock returns. We find that the aged beta has a positive influence on stock returns, consistent with standard hedging concerns. The recent beta has a negative influence on stock returns, whose cause is less clear. The evidence suggests that it is due to a novel factor, possibly behavioral or attention related. Previous research had failed to find that market-beta matters, primarily because ordinary market-betas combine these two opposing forces and because betas based on monthly stock returns are too weak. The importance of the two separate betas increases if we control for the Fama-French factors.
Medicaid Adult Dental Benefits Increase Use Of Dental Care, But Impact Of Expansion On Dental Services Use Was Mixed.

Dental coverage for adult enrollees is an optional benefit under Medicaid. Thirty-one states and the District of Columbia have expanded eligibility for Medicaid under the Affordable Care Act. Millions of low-income adults have gained health care coverage and, in states offering dental benefits, oral health coverage as well. Using data for 2010 and 2014 from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, we examined the impact of Medicaid adult dental coverage and eligibility expansions on low-income adults’ use of dental care. We found that low-income adults in states that provided dental benefits beyond emergency-only coverage were more likely to have had a dental visit in the past year, compared to low-income adults in states without such benefits. Among states that provided dental benefits and expanded their Medicaid program, regression-based estimates suggest that childless adults had a significant increase (1.8 percentage points) in the likelihood of having had a dental visit, while parents had a si...
Recounting the number of peaks and valleys in compositions of integers.

In this note, we provide a combinatorial proof of a recent formula for the total number of peaks and valleys (either strict or weak) within the set of all compositions of a positive integer into a fixed number of parts.
Sex differences in telomeres and lifespan in Soay sheep: From the beginning to the end.

There is tremendous diversity in ageing rates and lifespan not only among taxa but within species, and particularly between the sexes. Women often live longer than men, and considerable research on this topic has revealed some of the potential biological, psychological and cultural causes of sex differences in human ageing and lifespan. However, sex differences in lifespan are widespread in nonhuman animals suggesting biology plays a prominent role in variation in ageing and lifespan. Recently, evolutionary biologists have borrowed techniques from biomedicine to identify whether similar mechanisms causing or contributing to variation in ageing and lifespan in humans and laboratory animals also operate in wild animals. Telomeres are repetitive noncoding DNA sequences capping the ends of chromosomes that are important for chromosomal stability but that can shorten during normal cell division and exposure to stress. Telomere shortening is hypothesized to directly contribute to the ageing process as once telomeres shorten to some length, the cells stop dividing and die. Men tend to have shorter telomeres and faster rates of telomere attrition with age than women, suggesting one possible biological cause of sex differences in lifespan. In this issue of Molecular Ecology, Watson et al. (2017) show that telomere lengths in wild Soay sheep are similar between females and males near the beginning of life but quickly diverge with age because males but not females showed reduced telomere lengths at older ages. The authors further show that some of the observed sex difference in telomere lengths in old age may be due to male investment in horn growth earlier in life, suggesting that sexually dimorphic allocation to traits involved in sexual selection might underlie sex differences in telomere attrition. This study provides a rare example of how biological mechanisms potentially contributing to sex differences in lifespan in humans may also operate in free-living animals. However, future studies using a longitudinal approach are necessary to confirm these observations and identify the ultimate and proximate causes of any sex differences in telomere lengths. Collaborations between evolutionary biologists and gerontologists are especially needed to identify whether telomere lengths have a causal role in ageing, particularly in natural conditions, and whether this directly contributes to sex differences in lifespan.
Trends in smoking and obesity among US adults before, during, and after the great recession and Affordable Care Act roll-out

Abstract This study examined trends in smoking and overweight/obesity rates among United States (US) adults ages 40 years and older by race and socio-economic status (SES) across three study periods; pre-recession (2003–2005), recession (2007–2009), and post-recession/Affordable Care Act (2010 − 2012). Data was obtained from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), and multivariable regression analysis was used to examine changes in overweight/obesity, smoking, physical activity and smoking cessation rates over the study periods. There were 2,805,957 adults included in the analysis; 65.5% of the study population was overweight/obese, and 33.3% were current smokers. Smoking prevalence increased marginally among those with lower SES (income
Supervised learning for stabilizing underactuated bipedal robot locomotion, with outdoor experiments on the wave field

Supervised learning is used to build a control policy for robust, stable, dynamic walking of an underactuated bipedal robot. The training and testing sets consist of controllers based on a full dynamic model, virtual constraints, and parameter optimization to meet torque limits, friction cone, and environmental conditions. The controllers are designed to induce locally exponentially stable periodic walking gaits at various speeds, both forward and backward, and for various constant ground slopes. They are also designed to induce aperiodic gaits that transition among a subset of the periodic gaits in a fixed number of steps. In experiments, the learned policy allows a 3D bipedal robot to recover from a significant kick. It also enables the robot to walk down a 22 degree slope and walk on sinusoidally varying terrain, all without using a camera. During the development of these results, it is demonstrated that supervised learning of locally exponentially stable controllers can result in a loss of stability and a means to avoid this is suggested.
Collaborative Learning, Relational Responsibility, and Resilient Communities

The final chapter examines how education empowers people to exercise their will and contribute to the well-being of their communities, which in turn contributes to the movement from conflict to sustainable peace. Collaborative learning and relational responsibility are key principles of such education. Collaborative learning, reinforced by the principle of relational responsibility, centers on dialogue and interaction as vehicles with which to achieve collective understanding and individual insight. Educators and students become jointly responsible for education in which all can participate and grow. After a theoretical discussion on collaborative learning and relational responsibility, this chapter presents implications for practice, research, and policy in the conflict-resolution field. It concludes with some thoughts on peace.
Retinal putative glial alterations: implication for glaucoma care

PURPOSE Gliosis-like retinal alterations, presumed to be activated retinal astrocytes and Muller cells (ARAM), have been reported to occur frequently in patients with glaucoma but rarely in controls. We investigated the association between glaucomatous abnormality and the presence, the extent of retinal region, and the spatial distribution, of hyperreflective retinal alterations on optical coherence tomography (OCT) en-face images, presumed to be ARAM. METHODS Findings of hyperreflective structures, presumed to be ARAM, in the central retinal ±24 degrees of OCT en-face images (acquired with the SPECTRALIS® OCT) were compared between 35 younger controls, 42 older controls and 38 patients with glaucoma. Presumed ARAM was defined as reflective structures on the en-face images other than retinal vasculature and retinal nerve fibre bundles. Chi-square tests were used to compare the proportion of younger controls vs older controls with presumed ARAM to investigate the effect of ageing, and the proportion of patients vs age-similar older controls with presumed ARAM to investigate the effect of disease. We also investigated the effect of glaucoma on the retinal area with presumed ARAM when it was present; we used an analysis of covariance (ancova) to compare the retinal area with hyperreflectivity in patients vs controls, adjusting for the effects of age and axial length. RESULTS The mean (S.D.) age of the younger controls, older controls, and patients with glaucoma was 26 (3), 62 (10) and 69 (8) years, respectively. The median (25th quartile, 75th quartile) of the retinal region with the hyperreflective structures, presumed to be ARAM, was zero (0,0), 1 (0,6), and 11 (0,43) degrees square in the younger controls, older controls and patients with glaucoma respectively. The chi-square test investigating the effect of ageing found χ2 (1, N = 77) = 24.8, p < 0.001, and that investigating the effect of disease found χ2 (1, N = 80) = 2.3, p = 0.1. The ancova found F(1, 46) = 10.32, P = 0.02. CONCLUSIONS There was an effect of ageing on the presence of the hyperreflective structures, presumed to be ARAM, on OCT images. Compared to the presence of hyperreflective structures, the extent of retinal region with the hyperreflective structures has a greater potential of being an indicator of glaucomatous degeneration. Further study is needed to investigate the nature of the relation between glaucomatous abnormality and the extent of the retina with the hyperreflective structures, presumed to be ARAM.
Identifying Barriers to Usability: Smart Speaker Testing by Military Veterans with Mild Brain Injury and PTSD

Emerging technologies need to be tested for usability and usefulness by target users in the context in which they would likely use these technologies. This is especially true for people with disabilities who may have specific use cases and access needs. This paper describes the research protocol and results from usability testing of smart speakers with home hub capability—Amazon Echo and Google Home—by military combat veterans with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Research was conducted with eight clients in a rehabilitation program for military service members at Shepherd Center in Atlanta, Georgia, USA. Smart speakers and two smart plugs were installed in residences owned by Shepherd Center and occupied by clients undergoing rehabilitation. Participants tested each device for 2 weeks, including set-up and daily use, and completed electronic diary entries about their experience. Additionally, they completed a summative questionnaire interview about their experience at the end of each phase. The goal of the research is to identify usability opportunities and challenges of each device in order to inform development of in-home therapeutic solutions using emerging smart home technologies for this population.
Polymers for Charge Storage

Current and emerging electronic devices have exacerbated the need for improvements in highperformance charge storage devices (CSDs). While traditional CSDs have relied on inorganic materials, such as metals and metal oxides [1], researchers are turning more and more to organic polymers for their charge storage ability [2]. Electroactive polymers (EAPs) rely on oxidation and reduction (redox) processes to store and release charge. These polymers can be used to store energy in batteries as well as in electrochemical capacitors. The advantages of EAPs in CSDs include high conductivity, mechanical flexibility, chemical stability, rawmaterial availability, ease of manufacturing, low cost, and reduced environmental impact [2]. There have been several recent reviews on the use of EAPs for charge storage applications [1–11]. Electroactive polymers, also known as inherently or intrinsically conductive polymers, consist of alternating double and single bonds. The removal of an electron (oxidation, also known as p-doping) results in a resonance-stabilized, positively charged polymer (Fig. 1). Conversely, the addition of an electron (reduction, also known as n-doping) results in a resonance-stabilized, negatively charged polymer (Fig. 1). The resonance delocalization of the resultant positive or negative charge results in conductivities as high as 10 S cm 1 [3], although values of 10 to 10 S cm 1 are more readily achievable. Both oxidation and reduction processes are theoretically reversible, so that the redox processes can be used repeatedly to store/release electrons. In practice, the reversibility of these processes depends on numerous factors, including polymer structure, device design, and solvent/ electrolyte choice [2]. Redox processes in EAPs result in remarkable changes in properties of EAPs, including conductivity, color, volume, permeability, and reactivity. These redox-controllable properties have led to investigation of EAPs for use in a wide range of applications including electrochromics, sensors, actuators, and charge storage [3].
High-performance InGaAs/InP photodiodes on silicon using low-temperature wafer-bonding

We demonstrate back-illuminated III-V modified uni-traveling carrier photodiodes on silicon using SU-8 as the bonding layer. Responsivity at 1620nm, bandwidth, output RF power and OIP3 are 0.8A/W, 18GHz, 4dBm and 22.5dBm at 9GHz, respectively.
Chapter 29 Game theory models of peace and war

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the game theory models of peace and war. Game theory's relevance to peace and war was controversial from the start. The debate has continued up to the present day, but it has been conducted mostly in the abstract, with critics trying to prove a priori that game theory is inapplicable. Some aspects of international relations (IR) game theory discussed in the chapter are game analyses of specific international situations; the debate on realism and international cooperation; international negotiations; models of arms building, deterrence, and signaling resolve; the myth that game theory shaped nuclear-deterrence strategy; first-strike stability, and the outbreak of war, escalation; alliances; and arms-control verification. Game-theoretical studies of verification are divided into two groups. The first involves decisions about allocating inspection resources or a quota of inspections limited by treaty. The second asks whether to cheat and whether to accuse in the face of ambiguous evidence. The chapter also discusses military game theory.
A Typology of Functors and Categories

Recent work on visual cognition by Hoffman (e.g. 1983) challenges the traditional notion that the basic units in visual analysis, the cognitive primitives, are geometric figures.2 He argues, rather, that the cognitive primitives for vision are properties of boundaries. For example, a region of a planar image will be interpreted in one way if it is analyzed with a convex edge and in another way if it is analyzed with a concave edge. Consider Figure 1 (from Hoffman’s paper), where the rings can be taken to trace the trough or the crest of the waves, and the lines defining the waves are interpreted accordingly.
A Paradox of Cognition

The paper deals with variations on the theme of the ironic circumstance that the more we know the ampler our realization of the extent of our ignorance. For, as Kant already observed, every answer to our questions provides new materials for the development of further questions. The expansion of our knowledge thus brings the lineaments of our ignorance even more clearly into sight.
Teacher Identity in the Current Teacher Education Landscape

In this chapter we examine the relationship between pre-service teacher identity development and the contemporary policy landscape of teacher education in the United States. More specifically, we utilize sociocultural perspectives on identity to illuminate the holistic process of professional learning of two pre-service teachers undergoing their student teaching practicum. As a complex intersection of often-competing clusters of beliefs and practices from the university side of teacher preparation and the PK-12 school side of practice, the practicum makes visible conflicting contemporary views of teacher learning, teachers’ work, and the future of university teacher education. Pre-service teachers must navigate and negotiate the effects of these competing views as they learn to enact their own personal visions and practices that they are learning in their teacher education program. We use this chapter to reciprocally examine teacher identity as both the process of this complex learning and the dynamic result.
A Piezoelectric Actuated Stabilization Mount for Payloads Onboard Small UAS

A piezoelectric actuated stabilization mount for payloads onboard small Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) is designed, analyzed, and experimentally tested. The custom three degree of freedom system is capable of producing attitude corrections in pitch and roll as well as axial stabilization. The mount assists in many applications including Intelligence Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) missions, airborne target identification and tracking, and narrow beam directional communications. The system consists of a mounting plate, piezoelectric actuators, precision position sensors, and a digital controller in a tailor-made compact lightweight package. Full analytical and finite element models are created to characterize the dynamic behavior of the system. Both the modal and transient analyses are in good agreement with experimental testing results. A closed-loop Proportional, Integral, Derivative (PID) controller is implemented and tuned to actively reduce base excitation to provide a much-improved stabilized platform. The stabilization mount is subjected to single disturbances as well as random excitations over large frequency ranges for assessment of performance. Results presented include analytical, numerical, and experimental test data as well as a tuned controller for an effective piezoelectric actuated stabilization mount for small UAS.
Digital Technology to Supercharge Patient-Provider Relationships

Recent initiatives promoting the efficiency and effectiveness of the U.S. health care system are grounded in strengthening the relationship between the primary care provider and the patient. Examples of these include Patient Centered Medical Home PCMH, Medicare Shared Savings Accountable Care Organizations MSSP ACOs, and Meaningful Use MU. These incentivized programs re-energize the link between providers and consumers and recognize the use of Health Information Technology HIT as key to the success of the models. The objective of this paper is to explore innovative digital processes that supercharge patient-provider relationships by: Health Information Integration; interactive patient surveys, Remote Monitoring Systems RMS, and the Patient Health Record PHR; and Data Prioritization through the consolidation and stratification of health information.
Pervasive Neuromuscular Deficits in Adults with Nephropathic Cystinosis (S46.008)

Objective: To further characterize myopathy and dysphagia in patients with nephropathic cystinosis. Background: Nephropathic cystinosis is a lysosomal storage disorder that often leads to renal failure by age 10. Prolonged patient survival following renal transplantation has revealed late-onset systemic complications including the development of distal myopathy and dysphagia. Design/Methods: We evaluated 20 patients with nephropathic cystinosis (age: median 28.5, range 20–64) using patient-reported (the M. D. Anderson Dysphagia Inventory (MDADI) and Eating Assessment Tool (EAT-10)) and clinicometric (grip myometry, maximum expiratory pressure, and peak airflow) outcomes. We used Rasch analysis for psychometric evaluation of patient-reported outcome measures and investigated the relationship between strength, swallowing and breathing measures. To succinctly capture muscle weakness, we developed a distal myopathy function scale for nephropathic cystinosis (DMNC). Results: Interim analysis demonstrates that patients self-report problems across several neurological domains: weakness (80%), pain (70%), vision (60%), swallowing (60%), sleep (50%), speech (30%), and breathing (30%). Weakness affected upper more than lower extremities and was adequately represented and weighted on the DMNC. Interestingly, all patients displayed greater degrees of impairment on objective testing than they self-reported. On clinicometric testing, all patients showed weakness in the distal upper extremities (mean grip strength of 23.2 ± 16.6 kilograms-force), all patients had mildly impaired coordination (9-hole peg test mean 24.5 ± 6.5 seconds), and 29% had measurable evidence of aspiration. There were significant correlations between MDADI, EAT-10 and DMNC. There was significant variation in grip myometry among patients who had trouble swallowing. Conclusions: Distal upper, more than lower, extremity muscle weakness and dysphagia are relatively common in patients with nephropathic cystinosis, even in patients not reporting symptoms. We propose new psychometrically-advised patient-reported outcome measures for distal myopathy and dysphagia in patients with nephropathic cystinosis but emphasize the need for quantifiable measures as many patients do not experience or report the degree of neurological impairment. Study Supported by: Cystinosis Research Foundation Disclosure: Dr. Sadjadi has nothing to disclose. Dr. Sullivan has nothing to disclose. Dr. Duong has nothing to disclose. Dr. Corre has nothing to disclose. Dr. James has nothing to disclose. Dr. Eichler has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Minoryx Therapeutics, Orpheris. Dr. Eichler holds stock and/or stock options in Johnson and Johnson. Dr. Eichler has received research support from Alexion; Retrophin; Neurovia; Applied Genetic Technologies Corp; Bluebird Bio.
Research mentoring and scientist identity: insights from undergraduates and their mentors

Mentored research apprenticeships are a common feature of academic outreach programs that aim to promote diversity in science fields. The current study tests for links between three forms of mentoring (instrumental, socioemotional, and negative) and the degree to which undergraduates psychologically identify with science. Participants were 66 undergraduate-mentor dyads who worked together in a research apprenticeship. The undergraduate sample was predominantly composed of women, first-generation college students, and members of ethnic groups that are historically underrepresented in science. Findings illustrated that undergraduates who reported receiving more instrumental and socioemotional mentoring were higher in scientist identity. Further, mentors who reported engaging in higher levels of negative mentoring had undergraduates with lower scientist identity. Qualitative data from undergraduates’ mentors provided deeper insight into their motivation to become mentors and how they reason about conflict in their mentoring relationships. Discussion highlights theoretical implications and details several methodological recommendations.
Should I Stay or Should I Go? The Role of Impostorism in STEM Persistence:

Impostor phenomenon or “impostorism” refers to the experience of high-achieving individuals (particularly women) who, despite being successful, attribute their accomplishments to luck, and fear bei...
Temperature-dependent ocean–atmosphere equilibration of carbon isotopes in surface and intermediate waters over the deglaciation

Abstract High resolution and precise records of the carbon isotopic composition of atmospheric carbon dioxide from ice cores are now providing a valuable constraint on the origin of the rise in CO2 over the last deglaciation. Previous studies using isotopic measurements on the tests of planktonic foraminifera from marine sediments had shown a deglacial minimum in the carbon isotopic composition of seawater carbon in the surface and thermocline waters of the Southern Hemisphere and the tropics, a feature also seen in the atmospheric record. Here we show that this deglacial minimum also can be clearly seen in carbon isotope measurements on planktonic foraminifera from sediment cores in the North Atlantic. There are also new high-resolution and precise records of the carbon isotopic composition of intermediate and mode waters generated using benthic foraminifera which show a history of change that is strikingly similar to that in the atmosphere. Similarities in these new highly-resolved deglacial records suggest that air–sea exchange can effectively globalize the isotopic signature of a release of carbon from the deep ocean. This limits the utility of carbon isotopes for constraining the precise location and mechanism of carbon release, indicating that more direct nutrient tracers are needed. However, given that the equilibrium partitioning of carbon isotopes between the atmosphere and ocean is temperature dependent, the difference between the atmosphere and upper ocean values could potentially provide an independent estimate of sea surface temperature change.
Infant cry language analysis and recognition: an experimental approach

Recently, lots of research has been directed towards natural language processing. However, the baby &#x02BC s cry, which serves as the primary means of communication for infants, has not yet been extensively explored, because it is not a language that can be easily understood. Since cry signals carry information about a babies &#x02BC wellbeing and can be understood by experienced parents and experts to an extent, recognition and analysis of an infant &#x02BC s cry is not only possible, but also has profound medical and societal applications. In this paper, we obtain and analyze audio features of infant cry signals in time and frequency domains. Based on the related features, we can classify given cry signals to specific cry meanings for cry language recognition. Features extracted from audio feature space include linear predictive coding &#x0028 LPC &#x0029, linear predictive cepstral coefficients &#x0028 LPCC &#x0029, Bark frequency cepstral coefficients &#x0028 BFCC &#x0029, and Mel frequency cepstral coefficients &#x0028 MFCC &#x0029. Compressed sensing technique was used for classification and practical data were used to design and verify the proposed approaches. Experiments show that the proposed infant cry recognition approaches offer accurate and promising results.
The Political and Professional Economies of US Global Corporate Criminal Enforcement

This handbook chapter seeks to explain to a mostly international and non-legal audience what drives and shapes the practices of prosecutors in their enforcement of US criminal law against corporations and their agents for conduct outside the United States. This explanation must begin with US law, which has jurisdictional and other features that afford American prosecutors unparalleled leeway and reach. Much more of the explanation for enforcement behaviors, however, lies in the political and professional economies that determine the incentives and choices of the US Department of Justice and its individual prosecutors. This explanation requires an understanding of the domestic political economy of criminal enforcement within the United States and the distinctive structure and culture of the American bar. Beyond this descriptive work, the chapter considers what might lie ahead as present US prosecutorial practices, which have been driven mostly by domestic influences, increasingly run into, or are pursued by, the prosecutorial practices of other nations, as well as attitudes toward prosecution in those nations.
Utilization of Maneuvers to Increase Mesenteric Length Employed in Children Undergoing Ileal Pouch-Anal Anastomosis

Abstract Background: Operative maneuvers to increase mesenteric length during ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) are frequently utilized in adults, but limited data exist on the need for their use...
Objective measures of workload in healthcare: a narrative review.

Workload is a critical concept in the evaluation of performance and quality in healthcare systems, but its definition relies on the perspective (e.g. individual clinician-level vs unit-level workload) and type of available metrics (e.g. objective vs subjective measures). The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of objective measures of workload associated with direct care delivery in tertiary healthcare settings, with a focus on measures that can be obtained from electronic records to inform operationalization of workload measurement.,Relevant papers published between January 2008 and July 2018 were identified through a search in Pubmed and Compendex databases using the Sample, Phenomenon of Interest, Design, Evaluation, Research Type framework. Identified measures were classified into four levels of workload: task, patient, clinician and unit.,Of 30 papers reviewed, 9 used task-level metrics, 14 used patient-level metrics, 7 used clinician-level metrics and 20 used unit-level metrics. Key objective measures of workload include: patient turnover (n=9), volume of patients (n=6), acuity (n=6), nurse-to-patient ratios (n=5) and direct care time (n=5). Several methods for operationalization of these metrics into measurement tools were identified.,This review highlights the key objective workload measures available in electronic records that can be utilized to develop an operational approach for quantifying workload. Insights gained from this review can inform the design of processes to track workload and mitigate the effects of increased workload on patient outcomes and clinician performance.
Synthesis and electrocatalytic applications of flower-like motifs and associated composites of nitrogen-enriched tungsten nitride (W2N3)

We have sought to improve the electrocatalytic performance of tungsten nitride through synthetic control over chemical composition and morphology. In particular, we have generated a thermodynamically unstable but catalytically promising nitrogen-rich phase of tungsten via a hydrothermal generation of a tungsten oxide intermediate and subsequent annealing in ammonia. The net product consisted of three-dimensional (3D) micron-scale flower-like motifs of W2N3; this architecture not only evinced high structural stability but also incorporated the favorable properties of constituent two-dimensional nanosheets. From a performance perspective, as-prepared 3D W2N3 demonstrated promising hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activities, especially in an acidic environment with a measured overpotential value of −101 mV at a current density of 10 mA/cm2. To further enhance the electrocatalytic activity, small amounts of precious metal nanoparticles (such as Pt and Au), consisting of variable sizes, were uniformly deposited onto the underlying 3D W2N3 motifs using a facile direct deposition method; these composites were applied towards the CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR). A highlight of this series of experiments was that Au/W2N3 composites were found to be a much more active HER (as opposed to either a CO2RR or a methanol oxidation reaction (MOR)) catalyst.
Abstract P6-08-14: Assessing the effectiveness of the NCCN genetic testing guidelines in identifying African American breast cancer patients with deleterious genetic mutations

Purpose: Approximately 10% of breast cancers are hereditary. Identifying women at high risk for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer allows for early detection, prevention, and individualized disease management for those diagnosed with breast cancer. There is limited data about breast cancer genetic risks among African Americans (AA) as the majority of the large studies have been conducted in European Americans. We examined the distribution of deleterious genetic mutations in AA breast cancer patients, and evaluated the effectiveness of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines for identifying AA women at high risk for deleterious genetic mutations. Methods: AA participants with breast cancer underwent an interview regarding health and family history, and a 30-gene saliva test. Medical records were accessed to determine whether participants had received prior genetic testing as part of usual care, results of previous testing, and cancer characteristics. Results: Two hundred and fifty participants were enrolled between February 2016 and May 2018. Twenty (8.0%) had a deleterious mutation in one of the 30 genes; BRCA2 had the highest frequency (40.0%). 187 (74.8%) met eligibility for testing based on NCCN guidelines. Only 110 (58.8%) of participants eligible for genetic testing, according to guidelines, had received prior testing as part of routine care. Using the 30-gene test, we identified deleterious mutations in 17 of 187 (9.1%) of those who met NCCN criteria for testing, and three of 63 (4.8%) of those who did not meet criteria for testing nonetheless had a deleterious mutation associated with breast cancer. Conclusions: Our results indicate that a large proportion of African American breast cancer patients who meet criteria for genetic testing do not receive it as part of routine care. Even in women who do not meet testing guidelines, nearly 5% have a known deleterious mutation associated with breast cancer. Citation Format: Foluso O Ademuyiwa, Patricia Salyer, Yinjiao Ma, Sherri Fisher, Graham Colditz, Katherine Weilbaecher, Laura J Bierut. Assessing the effectiveness of the NCCN genetic testing guidelines in identifying African American breast cancer patients with deleterious genetic mutations [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2019 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2019 Dec 10-14; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P6-08-14.
Cone's Consistency: Reflections from a Teaching Assistant

Beyond his academic contribution of Black Liberation Theology to the church and academy at large, James Cone should be remembered on a personal level as one who prioritized the task of teaching his students, placed the student perspective and the development of independent student voices at the center of his pedagogy, pushed his students to take classroom learning out into the world, maintained exemplary standards of consistency in his theological work and moral character, and contributed to the legacy of his home institution Union Theological Seminary in immeasurable ways. This is one of several short essays presented by recent students at a public forum at Union Theological Seminary after his death in 2018.
A Comparison of an Enzyme Immunoassay, DNA Hybridization, Antibody Immobilization, and Conventional Methods for Recovery of Naturally Occurring Salmonellae from Processed Broiler Carcasses.

Three hundred and ninety raw processed broiler carcasses were obtained from four processing plants and evaluated for the presence of salmonellae by the whole bird rinse procedure. Enzyme immunoassay (Salmonella-Tek™), colorimetric DNA hybridization (GENE-TRAKR), and antibody immobilization (1–2 Test™) methods were compared to the Food Safety Inspection Service (FSIS) culture method for detection of salmonellae. All samples were preenriched in buffered peptone water incubated at 37°C then transferred to and enriched in TT broth (Difco, Detroit, MI) incubated at 42°C for 24 h. After enrichment, manufacturer's instructions were then followed for “rapid” procedures and the FSIS recovery and confirmation scheme was followed for the cultural method. For each sample, if discrepant results were observed between the four procedures, selective plates were streaked from both the TT selective broth and the GN postenrichment broth (Difco). All samples which were positive after initial sampling of TT broth plus additio...