cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Constraints on Anaerobic Respiration in the Hyperthermophilic Archaea Pyrobaculum islandicum and Pyrobaculum aerophilum

Pyrobaculum islandicum uses iron, thiosulfate, and elemental sulfur for anaerobic respiration, while Pyrobaculum aerophilum uses iron and nitrate; however, the constraints on these processes and their physiological mechanisms for iron and sulfur reduction are not well understood. Growth rates on sulfur compounds are highest at pH 5 to 6 and highly reduced ( -210-mV) conditions. Growth on iron expands the known pH range of growth for both organisms. P. islandicum differs from P. aerophilum in that it requires direct contact with insoluble iron oxide for growth, it did not produce any extracellular compounds when grown on insoluble iron, and it lacked 2,6-anthrahydroquinone disulfonate oxidase activity. Furthermore, iron reduction in P. islandicum appears to be completely independent of c-type cytochromes. Like that in P. aerophilum, NADH-dependent ferric reductase activity in P. islandicum increased significantly in iron-grown cultures relative to that in non-iron-grown cultures. Proteomic analyses showed that there were significant increases in the amounts of a putative membrane-bound thiosulfate reductase in P. islandicum cultures grown on thiosulfate relative to those in cultures grown on iron and elemental sulfur. This is the first evidence of this enzyme being used in either a hyperthermophile or an archaeon. Pyrobaculum arsenaticum and Pyrobaculum calidifontis also grew on Fe(III) citrate and insoluble iron oxide, but only P. arsenaticum could grow on insoluble iron without direct contact.
Panting in the emu causes arterial hypoxemia.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of heavy thermal panting on arterial oxygen (Pa O 2 ) and carbon dioxide (Pa CO 2 ) tension in emus. The birds showed no significant change in body temperature during a 3–4 h heat stress caused by increasing ambient air temperature from 21 to 46°C. However, the emus increased their respiratory frequency 10-fold (from 5.3 to 52.9 breaths · min −1 ). The high respiratory frequency resulted in a slight but significant decrease in Pa CO 2 (from 33.5 to 29.8 mm Hg), coupled with a slight increase in pH (from 7.449 to 7.469). Paradoxically, these changes were accompanied by a significant decrease in the arterial oxygen tension (from 99.7 to 84.6 mm Hg). The arterial hypoxia suggests hypoventilation while the hypocapnia suggests hyperventilation of the lungs. This could result from various spatial and/or temporal changes in ventillation/perfusion ratios.
Extracellular aspartate concentration increases in nucleus accumbens after cocaine sensitization

Rats were sensitized to cocaine (15 mg/kg, i.p.) by 6 daily injections followed by a 48 h withdrawal prior to cocaine challenge. Involvement of excitatory amino acids in behavioral sensitization was assessed by comparing extracellular levels of aspartate and glutamate in the core of the nucleus accumbens in response to the first cocaine injection and the final cocaine challenge. Intracerebral microdialysis of the nucleus accumbens in freely moving awake rats allowed the comparison of behavioral state with extracellular aspartate and glutamate concentrations. Increased nucleus accumbens extracellular concentration of aspartate, but not glutamate, was observed in rats exhibiting behavioral sensitization to cocaine.
Physicochemical and adsorptive properties of fast-pyrolysis bio-chars and their steam activated counterparts.

BACKGROUND: This study investigated steam-activation as a technology for adding value to fast-pyrolysis bio-chars. Due to short residence times in the fluidized-bed pyrolyzer, required to maximize bio-oil production, the bio-char structure tends to be underdeveloped thereby impacting its full potential application as a value-added co-product. RESULTS: The bio-chars of several substrates from a fluidized-bed fast pyrolyzer and their respective corresponding steam-activated counterparts were characterized for their surface areas and metal ion adsorption (copper, cadmium, nickel and zinc). Surface areas increased with activation from negligible to 136–793 m2 g−1 of material, with concomitant pore development evidenced by scanning electron microscopy and mathematical modeling. Affinity to Cu2+ was highest with adsorption efficiencies for 1 mmol L−1 solutions ranging from 60–85%. Metal ion adsorption performance was feedstock dependent and increased with activation, possibly due to improved access to highly reactive adsorption sites associated with the inorganic material in the feedstock. CONCLUSION: Because of their higher yields and metal ion uptake, broiler litter and alfalfa stems could be the feedstock of choice when considering upgrading fast pyrolysis bio-char for metal ion uptake. However, if the development of large surface areas is required, guayule bagasse and soybean straw could be the preferred feedstock. Published 2010 by John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.
Observation of Fractional Charge of ( 1 3 ) e on Matter

Measurements on niobium spheres which show unambiguously the existence of fractional charges of $\frac{1}{3}e$ are reported. Charge changes of $\frac{1}{3}e$ on particular spheres when they contact other surfaces are continually observed. Of 21 new measurements, four charges of $+\frac{1}{3}e$, four of $\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{3}e$, and thirteen of zero are found. Extensive measurements and critical analyses have assured us that the background forces are either negligible or have been measured and taken fully into account.
Environmental impact of accelerated clinical care in a high-volume center

Background “Fast-track” surgery, involving multimodal care, improves efficiency and short-term outcomes in patients undergoing bowel resection. The sustainability of the benefits and the “drag” effect on non-participating surgeons through changed nursing and resident practice is undetermined. Methods 297 consecutive elective colon resections (DRG149) within three study periods (pre-change, immediate post-change, long-term post-change) were retrospectively reviewed. Two surgeons began to “fast-track” their patients in 1999 independently from the other surgeons in the hospital. Surgeons were grouped into “fast-track surgeons,” “high-volume surgeons,” (≥10 cases per year) and “low-volume surgeons,” ( Results Mean DOS for colon resection significantly decreased among the “fast-track” surgeons and among all the other surgeons in the hospital, from 6.3 ± 0.3 days, down to 3.7 ± 0.1 days. We found no significant difference in mortality or readmission rates between the study periods. 15% of the cases were performed laparoscopically, and the improvements in outcome were independent of surgical technique. Control group analyses demonstrated that the environmental impact on outcome was independent of hospital-wide or regional improvement efforts. Conclusions Implementation of a new practice pattern in a shared environment leads to improved outcomes for patients of other surgeons within the same environment. Dissemination and cross-pollination of new methods through resident, nurse, and case manager practice pattern modification creates a favorable force for change and this impact is sustained over a 3-year period.
A long form of the skate IgX gene exhibits a striking resemblance to the new shark IgW and IgNARC genes

Differential screening has been used to identify cDNAs encoding a long form of IgX in Raja eglanteria (clearnose skate). Comparisons of the IgX long form with the previously described short-form IgX cDNAs and the genomic IgX locus indicate that the V and two 5′C regions of the short and long forms of IgX are >90% identical at the nucleotide level. Differences between the V sequences of the long- and short-form IgX genes are concentrated in complementarity determining regions, suggesting that these forms are derived through alternative splicing of the same genomic loci or transcription of highly related loci. The extreme conservation of nucleotide sequence, including third position codons, among different cDNAs as well as the near identity of nucleotide sequence in the intervening sequences of germline IgX, IgX short-form sterile transcripts and IgX long-form sterile transcripts indicate that the multiple IgX loci are recently diverged from one another and/or are under intense gene correction. Phylogenetic analyses of the known cartilaginous fish immunoglobulin loci demonstrate that the long form of IgX is orthologous to IgW/IgNARC (NARC) and is most consistent with: 1) the divergence of the IgX/IgW/NARC and IgM-like loci from a common ancestral locus prior to the divergence of the cartilaginous/bony fish lineages and 2) the divergence of the NAR locus from the IgX/IgW/NARC gene(s) after the cartilaginous/bony fish split but prior to the shark/skate split, approximately 220 million years ago.
Collagen type IX: evidence for covalent linkages to type II collagen in cartilage.

Abstract A major site of pyridinoline cross-linking in bovine type IX collagen was traced to a tryptic peptide derived from one of the molecule's HMW chains. This peptide gave two amino acid sequences (in 2 1 ratio) consistent with it being a three-chained structure. The major sequence matched exactly that of the C-telopeptide of type II collagen from the same tissue. A second HMW chain that contained pyridinoline cross-links also gave two amino-terminal sequences, one from its own amino terminus, the other matching exactly the N-telopeptide cross-linking sequence of type II collagen. We conclude that type IX collagen molecules are covalently cross-linked in cartilage to molecules of type II collagen, probably at fibril surfaces.
On the design of three-ply nonlinearly elastic composite plates with optimal resistance to buckling

The optimal design of symmetric three-ply sandwich plates is studied in the context of finite deformation incompressible nonlinear elasticity. The overall shape of the plate is dictated, fixed amounts of two materials are at our disposal, and performance is defined solely in terms of resistance to buckling. The problem is characterized by three parameters: the volume ratio of the two materials, the stiffness ratio of the two (neo-Hookean) materials, and one of the aspect ratios of the plate. Two competing constructions are considered: one in which the stiffer material is used in the outer plies and the other in which the stiffer material is used for the central ply. It is found that if the material volume ratio and the material stiffness ratio are fixed, then there is a single aspect ratio dependent transition in the optimal design. The configuration with the stiffer material used for the central ply is the optimal design for plates that are sufficiently short in the direction of thrust, while the configuration with the stiffer material used for the outer plies is the optimal design for plates that are sufficiently long in the direction of thrust.
The theory of the labor-managed firm from the membership's perspective with implications for marshallian industry supply

Abstract The partial-equilibrium literature on labor-managed (L-M) firms argues that the property-rights structure inhibits economic efficiency and induces perverse responses to price parameters in the short run. But recent general-equilibrium literature demonstrates equivalence of equilibria between L-M and capitalist market economies with the relevant welfare results therefore applying to the L-M economy. Once the L-M firm's maximand is modified to incorporate members' property rights, the short-run industry supply curves of the two economics, under quasi-market conditions consistent with recent Yugoslav reforms, are seen to be equivalent. Hence, the property-rights structure in the L-M economy is compatible with efficiency and normal short-run price responses.
The Effects of Fuel Bound Nitrogen Concentration and Water Injection on NOx Emissions From a 75-MW Gas Turbine

This paper describes an investigation into the effects of fuel bound nitrogen concentration water injection rate, and operating conditions on NOx emissions from a 75-MW industrial gas turbine equipped with a currently conventional combustion system. The gas turbine was operated over the normal firing temperature range at two compressor inlet guide vane angles to determine the effect of fuel air ratio and combustor air mass flow rate on NOx yield. Number 2 distillate fuel was doped with pyridine to simulate bound nitrogen fuels ranging in nitrogen concentration from 0.01 to 0.55 percent by weight Water was injected into the combustor primary zone for NOx control at rates depending upon the firing temperature and combustor air mass flow rate. The results of over 130 test points are presented which show the effects of bound nitrogen concentration and water injection rate on the yield of NOx It is concluded that as fuel bound nitrogen concentration increases, the effectiveness of water injection in suppressing NOx emissions decreases due to the change in NOx yield and the increase in fuel flow rate. For fuels containing high levels of bound nitrogen, such as those derived from coal, it is anticipated that non-conventional combustion systems will be required if some of the current NOx codes are to be met.Copyright © 1978 by ASME
Symmetries of resistive two-fluid magnetohydrodynamics under reversals of toroidal field, current, and rotation

The discrete symmetries of time-dependent, non-axisymmetric, two-fluid magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) equations are considered. Solutions of the time-independent, axisymmetric, ideal-MHD equations remain solutions under reversals of the toroidal field, current density, or rotation. Introducing non-axisymmetry, resistivity, and two-fluid effects into the equations each break different symmetries. Symmetry groups for solutions possessing up-down spatial symmetry, and the effect of flipping the magnetic geometry across the horizontal midplane, are also considered. It is shown that poloidal velocity may or may not be reversed under a simultaneous reversal of the toroidal field and a vertical reflection of the magnetic geometry, depending on the symmetry of the velocity. Because the symmetry groups of ideal, resistive, and two-fluid MHD are distinct, it may be possible to ascertain the dominant physical mechanism of various phenomena through empirical observations of symmetry-breaking. These results, which hold fo...
Thorstein Veblen and His European Contemporaries, 1880–1940: A Study of Contemporary Sociologies

Of scholars dealing with ideas advanced by Thorstein Veblen, and the rich legacy these offer us, Rick Tilman registers as among the finest of the finest. Integral to his contributions as a Veblen s...
Large Eddy Simulation for Prediction of Entropy Generation in a Nonpremixed Turbulent Jet Flame

Local entropy generation in a turbulent nonpremixed jet flame (Sandia Flame D) is predicted using large eddy simulation (LES) with inclusion of entropy transport. The filtered form of entropy transport equation contains several unclosed source terms which represent irreversibilities due to viscous dissipation, heat conduction, mass diffusion, and chemical reaction. The subgrid scale (SGS) closure is accounted for by the entropy filtered density function (En-FDF) methodology to include complete statistical information about SGS variation of scalars and entropy. The En-FDF provides closed forms for the chemical reaction effects. The methodology is applied for LES of Sandia Flame D and predictions are validated against experimental data. Entropy statistics are shown to compare favorably with the data. All individual irreversible processes in this flame are predicted and analyzed. It is shown that heat conduction and chemical reaction are the main sources of entropy generation in this flame.
Molecular Beam Epitaxy Studies Of α-Sn/CdTe Superlattices

ABSTRACT Angular- resolved synchrotron radiation photoemission spectroscopyand reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED) are used tostudy the MBE growth and the thermal stability of a- Sn /CdTe(110) and CdTe /a- Sn(110) interfaces. Both interfaces are found to be sta- ble, nonreactive, and abrupt for growth temperatures up to 100 C.At the a- SnlCdTe interface we measured a valence band offset of DEv = 1.1eV. Shifts in the Sn4d core level and valence band spec- tra suggest a bandgap in a 50 monolayer (ML) thick a -Sn film of at least DE5 > 200meV. Stable superlattices of a- Sn /CdTe(110) have been grown at 100 C. The surface quality of the superstructuredegrades after the growth of several a- SnlCdTe periods. After the growth of 10 periods each 50 ML thick, the RHEED pattern showsmainly three dimensional bulk diffraction, indicating increased sur-face and interface roughness. 1. INTRODUCTION Recent developments in the growth of thin superlattice structures ofgroup IV and III -V semiconductors will bring significant advancesto the performances of novel electro- optical devices. The electronicproperties of superstructures differs from that of the individual su-perlattice constituents since the additional periodicity produces sub -bands by forcing the Brillioun zone to fold back on itself and the banddiscontinuities at the interfaces between the two materials give rise tospacially confined quantum well states for both electrons and holes.'The electronic properties of the two superlattice components deter-
Further experiments on probability learning in goldfish

The performance of goldfish in 70:30 and 50:50 visual and spatial problems was studied again under conditions like those employed in recent reversal experiments which provided the first unambiguous evidence of progressive improvement in goldfish. Random matching was found in the visual problems but not in the spatial problems, spatial choices proving rather insensitive to reinforcement ratio. The relation of random matching to the various other outcomes of such experiments is considered.
Effects of distributed and centralized stormwater best management practices and land cover on urban stream hydrology at the catchment scale

Summary Urban stormwater runoff remains an important issue that causes local and regional-scale water quantity and quality issues. Stormwater best management practices (BMPs) have been widely used to mitigate runoff issues, traditionally in a centralized manner; however, problems associated with urban hydrology have remained. An emerging trend is implementation of BMPs in a distributed manner (multi-BMP treatment trains located on the landscape and integrated with urban design), but little catchment-scale performance of these systems have been reported to date. Here, stream hydrologic data (March, 2011–September, 2012) are evaluated in four catchments located in the Chesapeake Bay watershed: one utilizing distributed stormwater BMPs, two utilizing centralized stormwater BMPs, and a forested catchment serving as a reference. Among urban catchments with similar land cover, geology and BMP design standards (i.e. 100-year event), but contrasting placement of stormwater BMPs, distributed BMPs resulted in: significantly greater estimated baseflow, a higher minimum precipitation threshold for stream response and maximum discharge increases, better maximum discharge control for small precipitation events, and reduced runoff volume during an extreme (1000-year) precipitation event compared to centralized BMPs. For all catchments, greater forest land cover and less impervious cover appeared to be more important drivers than stormwater BMP spatial pattern, and caused lower total, stormflow, and baseflow runoff volume; lower maximum discharge during typical precipitation events; and lower runoff volume during an extreme precipitation event. Analysis of hydrologic field data in this study suggests that both the spatial distribution of stormwater BMPs and land cover are important for management of urban stormwater runoff. In particular, catchment-wide application of distributed BMPs improved stream hydrology compared to centralized BMPs, but not enough to fully replicate forested catchment stream hydrology. Integrated planning of stormwater management, protected riparian buffers and forest land cover with suburban development in the distributed-BMP catchment enabled multi-purpose use of land that provided esthetic value and green-space, community gathering points, and wildlife habitat in addition to hydrologic stormwater treatment.
Pharmacist self-reported antidepressant medication counseling.

Objectives To identify the extent of pharmacists' self-reported antidepressant counseling (SRAC) and to identify factors that may affect pharmacists' decisions to provide antidepressant counseling. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Alabama community pharmacies in 2011. Participants Full-time pharmacists from 600 community pharmacies. Intervention Self-administered survey; three mail contacts with alternate electronic surveys were used. Main outcome measures Pharmacists' SRAC behavior and its relationship with pharmacists' illness perceptions of depression, self-efficacy, and organizational and environmental influences. Results 600 surveys were sent; 22 were undeliverable, 1 was partially completed ( Conclusion Low rates of pharmacists' involvement in antidepressant counseling were reported. Pharmacists must become more involved in counseling patients about their antidepressant medications and overcoming barriers preventing greater involvement.
Experiments with Khellin. III. The Formation of Desmethylisokhellin from Khellin

Abstract The formation of desmethylisokhellin by the action of 48 per cent hydrobromic acid on khellin is reported. Experimental evidence is presented to show that desmethylisokhellin is 5-hydroxy-6-methoxy-2-methylfuro[2′: 3′: 7: 8] chromone. A route is suggested for the transformation of khellin to the diphenol corresponding to isokhellin.
Majorization and arrangement orderings in open queueing networks

Consider an open Jackson network of queues. Majorization and arrangement orderings are studied to order, respectively, various loading and server-assignment policies. It is shown that under these order relations, stochastic and likelihood ratio orderings can be established for the maximum and the minimum queue lengths and for the total number of jobs in the network. Stochastic majorization and stochastic orderings are also established, respectively, for the queue-length vector and the associated order-statistic vector. Implications of the results on loading and assignment decisions are discussed.
Public Policy and Psychotherapy: Can Evaluative Research Play a Role?.

The author reviews efforts of the 96th Congress to use evaluation data in considering whether to change policies about reimbursement for psychotherapy services.
Effect of humidity on swine at temperatures above optimum.

Twenty-seven groups of pigs of three each were raised in controlled-environment houses for 12 to 14 weeks. Three levels of humidity (% RH) were compared at temperatures of 22°, 28° and 33°C. Rate of gain and feed consumption decreased with increasing humidity at any of these temperatures, with effect of humidity increasing with increasing temperature. The rate-of-gain data were consistent with rates predicted from analysis of the effect of humidity on evaporative heat loss with respiration. Humidity had little effect on feed efficiency, rectal temperature, or skin temperature.
A local cellular model for snow crystal growth

Abstract Snow crystals have a rich diversity of forms with striking hexagonal symmetry. The two-dimensional types include dendrite, stellar, sector and plate forms. Physical studies have shown that the particular form of a snow crystal is dependent upon the temperature and saturation in the growth environment. We investigate a simple, local, two-dimensional model that has just two parameters exhibiting the desired diversity. The dendrite growth is especially realistic. We use the model to investigate the impact of varying conditions of growth.
Expression of human coagulation factor VIII in a human hybrid cell line, HKB11.

Loss of coagulation factor VIII (FVIII) function results in a bleeding disorder, hemophilia A, which requires FVIII replacement therapy. Owing to its large size and complexity, the expression level of recombinant FVIII is two to three orders of magnitude lower than other recombinant proteins produced in mammalian cell lines. To understand cellular factors limiting FVIII expression, we studied the expression of FVIII in a human cell line, HKB11 (a hybrid cell line of HEK293 and a human B cell line). In comparison with other cell lines, such as HEK293 and BHK-21, HKB 11 showed increased FVIII expression levels. With unamplified, pooled stable cells, FVIII expression in HKB11 cells was 8-to 30-fold higher than the other cell lines tested. In this study, HKB11 clones expressing varying levels of FVIII were analyzed and FVIII secreted from these clones had similar specific activity. Characterization of these clones by immunofluorescence staining, Western blotting analysis, and flow cytometry showed that high-producing cells not only secreted more active FVIII but also accumulated more FVIII protein intracellularly FVIII expression appears to be controlled by the rates of transcription, translation, and secretion, but transcription and translation may play more important roles than secretion in determining expression level in HKB11 cells. FACS analysis of live cells showed that the high-producing clones also had more FVIII on the HKB11 cell surface than low-producing cells, thus opening the possibility of using FACS to select high-producing cell lines. Expression levels of the chaperone protein Hsp70 and antiapoptotic proteins such as Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL were similar among HKB11 clones with different FVIII productivity. In conclusion, HKB11 is an efficient host cell line for expression of FVIII and possibly other recombinant proteins. Systematic approaches, such as gene expression profiling by DNA microarray, will be necessary to understand the global changes in the cells producing recombinant proteins.
Link capacity assignment in dynamic hierarchical networks

The dynamic hierarchy, which is a generalization of the centralized, tree structured network, is introduced in this paper. First, a queueing network model of the dynamic hierarchy is formulated. Following the derivation of a network performance measure, probabilistic and heuristic assignment strategies are created. These strategies are compared through the use of analysis of variance procedures and preferred strategies are selected. It is found that a relatively simple heuristic strategy produces capacity assignments whose quality is comparable to that of the preferred probabilistic strategy.
Ultrasound predictors of placental invasion: the Placenta Accreta Index

Objective We sought to apply a standardized evaluation of ultrasound parameters for the prediction of placental invasion in a high-risk population. Study Design This was a retrospective review of gravidas with ≥1 prior cesarean delivery who received an ultrasound diagnosis of placenta previa or low-lying placenta in the third trimester at our institution from 1997 through 2011. Sonographic images were reviewed by an investigator blinded to pregnancy outcome and sonography reports. Parameters assessed included loss of retroplacental clear zone, irregularity and width of uterine-bladder interface, smallest myometrial thickness, presence of lacunar spaces, and bridging vessels. Diagnosis of placental invasion was based on histologic confirmation. Statistical analyses were performed using linear logistic regression and multiparametric analyses to generate a predictive equation evaluated using a receiver operating characteristic curve. Results Of 184 gravidas who met inclusion criteria, 54 (29%) had invasion confirmed on hysterectomy specimen. All sonographic parameters were associated with placental invasion ( P Conclusion Assignment of the Placenta Accreta Index may be helpful in predicting individual patient risk for morbidly adherent placenta.
Variations in planetary radiation belt fluxes and their radiative observations

Abstract The variations in the fluxes of the relativistic electrons in the planetary radiation belts are due to a set of different physical processes which violate one or more of the adiabatic invariants. We survey the mechanisms which break down these invariants and investigate the time scales for the processes and the resulting effects on the observed fluxes. The mechanisms include (a) sudden deformation of the magnetic field configuration, (b) radial diffusion due to low-frequency electromagnetic oscillations, (c) transit-time damping due to fast waves and (d) diffusion due to electromagnetic ion-cyclotron (emic) or whistler waves. It is indicated how the waves which interact resonantly with the relativistic electrons are responsible for enhancement in the radiative spectra of the gyrosynchrotron emissions in the GHz frequency range and the X-ray bremsstrahlung emissions at the MeV energy range.
Acute Pulmonary Toxicity from Thalidomide in a Patient with Multiple Myeloma.

We report a case of acute interstitial pneumonitis causing severe shortness of breath and hypoxemia from the use of thalidomide for treatment of multiple myeloma. It is known that thalidomide can increase the risk of thromboembolic events, such as deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, but there has only been one reported case of thalidomide alone causing interstitial pneumonitis. Our case is unusual in that our patient was on the thalidomide/dexamethasone protocol for multiple myeloma. Although our patient’s chemotherapy protocol included concurrent dexamethasone, his symptoms and imaging findings, did not show improvement until the thalidomide was discontinued. Thalidomide induced pulmonary toxicity should be considered in multiple myeloma patients who present with acute shortness of breath.
The effects of vicarious experience and stimulus intensity on pain termination and work avoidance.

Abstract The purpose of the present investigation was to evaluate the role of vicarious experience in the acquisition of pain termination and work avoidance. Fifty-six experimental subjects were randomly assigned to view a film of a model who either terminated exposure to a pain stimulus and work task after 10 sec (high-avoidant) or 70 sec (low-avoidant). Following the film presentation, subjects were exposed to the pain stimulus and work task. Half of the subjects were randomly chosen to perform the task with a low-intensity pain stimulus (LP) and the other half performed the task while exposed to a high-intensity pain stimulus (HP). The results indicated that subjects in the high-avoidant model conditions (HA) did significantly less work and tolerated the pain stimulus for significantly fewer seconds compared to the low-avoidant model groups (LA). Subjects in the LP groups tolerated the pain stimulus significantly longer and did significantly more work compared to subjects in the HP groups. No significant interaction was observed. The results provide support for the hypothesis that behavioral reactions to pain can be acquired by vicarious experience. Implications for future research are discussed.
Meson-Nucleon Scattering and Asymptotic Conservation of Helicity

We have considered the validity and consistency of the hypothesis of asymptotic conservation of $s$-channel helicity, and the dynamical hypothesis that the ${P}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ Regge trajectory decouples from the $A$ amplitude in $\ensuremath{\pi}N$ and $\mathrm{KN}$ diffraction scattering. Sum rules which follow from these hypotheses are shown to be quite consistent with the experimental data.
Do People Who Intend to Get a Flu Shot Actually Get One

BACKGROUND Vaccination against seasonal influenza is far from universal among groups specifically recommended for vaccine. There is little research to guide communication with patients about vaccination.
Estimating Solids-Not-Fat and Protein in Milk from Different Sources Using Percentage Milk Fat, Protein, and Solids-Not-Fat

Summary The major components of milk were determined to compare the relative accuracy of indirectly estimating protein and solids-not-fat (SNF). The study included 2,842 monthly test-day samples from Guernsey, Holstein, and Jersey cows, 960 semimonthly composited samples from 40 herds, and 718 bulk milk samples from 64 herds representing one two-day composite monthly. Standard errors of estimate ( s y·x ) for within breed when using per cent milk fat to estimate per cent SNF were 0.53, 0.25, and 0.17% SNF, respectively, for monthly samples from individual cows, lactation averages, and two-day composites of herd milk; similarly compared, when per cent protein was used to estimate per cent SNF, the s y·x were, respectively, 0.47, 0.19, and 0.14% SNF. Percentage milk fat and per cent SNF (gravimetrically determined) were compared for indirectly estimating per cent protein. The within breed s y·x for monthly samples from individual cows, lactation averages, and two-day composites of herd milk were, respectively, 0.32, 0.16, and 0.17 for per cent milk fat and 0.29, 0.14, and 0.15 for per cent SNF. Correlations and regression equations from this study are compared with data of others. More attention should be given to breed, source of milk (cows or herds), length of composite period, and numbers of cows or herds involved when attempting to interpret the extensive literature on this subject.
A gradient theory of small-deformation isotropic plasticity that accounts for the Burgers vector and for dissipation due to plastic spin

Abstract This study develops a gradient theory of small-deformation viscoplasticity based on: a system of microforces consistent with its peculiar balance; a mechanical version of the second law that includes, via the microforces, work performed during viscoplastic flow; a constitutive theory that accounts for the Burgers vector through a free energy dependent on curl H p , with Hp the plastic part of the elastic–plastic decomposition of the displacement gradient. The microforce balance and the constitutive equations, restricted by the second law, are shown to be together equivalent to a nonlocal flow rule in the form of a coupled pair of second-order partial differential equations. The first of these is an equation for the plastic strain-rate E p in which the stress T plays a basic role; the second, which is independent of T, is an equation for the plastic spin W p . A consequence of this second equation is that the plastic spin vanishes identically when the free energy is independent of curl H p , but not generally otherwise. A formal discussion based on experience with other gradient theories suggests that sufficiently far from boundaries solutions should not differ appreciably from classical solutions, but close to microscopically hard boundaries, boundary layers characterized by a large Burgers vector and large plastic spin should form. Because of the nonlocal nature of the flow rule, the classical macroscopic boundary conditions need be supplemented by nonstandard boundary conditions associated with viscoplastic flow. As an aid to solution, a variational formulation of the flow rule is derived. Finally, we sketch a generalization of the theory that allows for isotropic hardening resulting from dissipative constitutive dependences on ∇ E p .
The affinity and phosphorylation constants of a series of branched-chain homologs of diethyl malaoxon and acetoxon with acetylcholinesterase☆

Abstract The affinity constants (K1a0) and the phosphorylation constants (kp) were determined for a series of homologs of diethyl malaoxon where the “leaving group” consisted of either mercaptomalonate, mercaptosuccinate, a-mercaptoglutarate or β-mercaptoglutarate esters. The Ka(mM) values with respect to acetylcholinesterase had the following order :succinate > β-glutarate > α-glutarate > malonate, and ranged from 3–6 for succinate to 0–15 for malonate. The order of kP(min−1) values was α-glutarate ⩾ malonate ⩾ succinate > β-glutarate and varied from 77 for α-glutarate to 0–5 for β-glutarate. The Ka values of the relevant acetoxon homologs were of the same order as those of the comparable malaoxon homologs, suggesting that only one carbethoxy group was necessary for initial binding. Compounds in this study which lacked an α-carbethoxy group were poor cholinesterase inhibitors because they were unable to phosphorylate the enzyme.
Gas-Phase 1H NMR Studies of Internal Rotation Activation Energies and Conformer Stabilities of Asymmetric N,N-Disubstituted Formamides and Trifluoroacetamides

Activation parameters and conformational stabilities characterizing the internal rotation about the peptide bond in a series of N,N-asymmetric dialkylformamides (HCONR1R2: R1 = CH3, R2 = propyl, butyl, and isopropyl) and N,N-asymmetric dialkyltrifluoroacetamides (F3CCONR1R2: R1 = CH3, R2 = propyl, butyl, and isopropyl) are determined from temperature-dependent gas-phase 1H NMR spectra. Conformer free energy differences, ΔG0298(syn−anti), in cal mol-1, and activation free energies, ΔG⧧298, in kcal mol-1 , for the formamides are −83(14)/19.4(0.1) for R2 = propyl, −80(14)/19.3(0.1) for R2 = butyl, and −91(13)/19.1(0.1) for R2 = isopropyl and for the trifluoroacetamides 178(24) /16.8(0.1) for R2 = propyl, 191(53)/16.6(0.1) for R2 = butyl, and 218(29)/16.3(0.1) for R2 = isopropyl. The preferred conformer in both the gas and liquid phases has the N-methyl group syn to the carbonyl oxygen in the formamide systems and the N-methyl group anti to the carbonyl oxygen in the trifluoroacetamides. The gas-phase resul...
Posterior thoracic laminoplasty with dorsal, intradural identification of ventral defect and transdural discectomy for a spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid leak: case report.

Spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) has been increasingly reported in the literature concomitant with the improved sensitivity of imaging modalities. Although typically associated with meningeal weakening, a handful of cases of SIH secondary to thoracic disc osteophytes have been reported. Five of 7 reported cases were treated with epidural blood patch (EBP) alone while 2 required surgical management. There is no standard operative approach; both anterior and posterolateral approaches can be cumbersome and associated with morbidity, particularly in young, healthy patients. The authors report a case of SIH in which a ventral dural tear secondary to a calcified thoracic disc was repaired via posterior thoracic laminoplasty with dorsal durotomy and intradural exposure of the ventral defect with transdural discectomy followed by primary closure. A 34-year-old man presented with low-pressure headaches following axial load injury from a ski accident 5 years earlier. The patient's symptoms were refractory...
Predicting Secure Detention Placement for African-American Juvenile Offenders: Addressing the Disproportionate Minority Confinement Problem

Disproportionate minority contact and confinement (DMC) are significant problems within the juvenile justice system in the United States. Minority youth are more often arrested, court referred, placed in locked facilities, and transferred to adult criminal courts. In fact, African American youth are 6 times more likely than White youth to experience a secure facility placement. Standardized risk assessments have been used, in part, to reduce these biased placement outcomes. The purpose of this article is to determine if DMC impacts secure detention placement even when a standardized risk assessment is used to determine youths’ risks and needs in 1 Midwest county's juvenile court population over a 17-month time frame. Multivariate binary logistic regression results indicated and confirmed that African American youth were 2 times more likely to receive secure detention center placement than non–African American youth even when a standardized risk assessment was used. Practical applications and recommendatio...
Old Rb-Sr whole-rock isochron apparent ages from Lower Cambrian psammites and metapsammites, southeastern New York

Samples from two outcrops of Poughquag Quartzite and an outcrop of Lowerre Quartzite yield nearly linear arrays of points on Rb-Sr whole-rock isochron diagrams, but the apparent ages range between 600 and 1,000 m.y. If the Lowerre Quartzite and the Lower Cambrian Poughquag Quartzite are correlative, these ages may be interpreted as maximum deposition ages that are no younger than the time of deposition and no older than the age of the source terrane (provenance age). This behavior of metamorphosed psammitic rocks contrasts with the behavior of metamorphosed pelitic rocks in southeastern New York which tend to yield minimum depositional ages bounded by the time of deposition and the time of metamorphic closure. The difference in age is believed to be a function of (1) the abundance, in the initial sediment, of unaltered detritus versus altered and diagenetic materials, and (2) the hydrous phase present during metamorphism. Unaltered detrital grains will tend to retain provenance Rb-Sr ages, whereas diagenetic minerals and weathered grains will tend to re-equilibrate during sedimentary processes and subsequent metamorphism. During metamorphism, water produced by dehydration reactions will promote the open-system behavior of rubidium, strontium, and strontium isotopes. Psammitic rocks that lack hydrous phases are more likely to remain closed systems on the scale of a hand sample during metamorphism than pelitic rocks, allowing them to retain their premetamorphic Rb-Sr age pattern. Thus the apparent age of metasedimentary rocks can have a variety of geological interpretations. The Rb-Sr whole-rock isochron method must be applied cautiously to metamorphic rocks of uncertain origin, even where the array of analyzed points on an isochron diagram is linear.
Fasziendistorsionsmodell (FDM) nach Typaldos

Zusammenfassung Im Jahr 1991 entdeckte der US-amerikanische Arzt und Osteopath Stephen P. Typaldos eine neuartige Diagnose bei einer Patientin mit Nackenschmerzen. Er ging der Sache auf den Grund und entwickelte ein vollig eigenstandiges Konzept von Diagnose und Therapie, das sich seither weltweit sowohl in der osteopathischen als auch in der medizinischen Fachwelt verbreitet hat. Die Prinzipien des Fasziendistorsionsmodells (FDM) und seine historische Entwicklung werden in diesem Artikel beschrieben.
Personality, intelligence, and spatial visualization: correlates of mental rotations test performance

In the context of a longitudinal study of cognitive and personality development, I examined various correlates of spatial visualization ability, as measured by Vandenberg's Mental Rotations Test, in order to elaborate the meaning of the known sex difference on this factor. Spatial visualization ability in females was correlated with verbal IQ and various aspects of personality. These relations were absent in males. Within each sex, measures of cognitive abilities obtained in childhood predicted spatial visualization ability at age 18. Hypotheses designed to explain the sex difference in spatial visualization must be sensitive to the different implications of this factor in males and females.
Angioscopically monitored saphenous vein valvulotomy.

Abstract Angioscopy was used during in situ saphenous vein bypass grafting in seven patients. We were able to visualize valve incision, immediately identify and correct incomplete valvulotomy, identify side branches as potential arteriovenous fistulas, and assess distal anastomotic integrity. We encountered no retained valve cusps after angioscopy, as verified by Doppler ultrasound and completion angiography. Angioscopy verified distal anastomotic integrity in all patients with distal vein grafts large enough to accept the angioscope. Angioscopy requires minimal time, is relatively easy to use, serves as an adjunct to Doppler ultrasound and completion angiography, and has future potential as a therapeutic tool. (J VASC SURG 1986;4:360-4.)
Slide structure and role of gas hydrate at the northern boundary of the Storegga Slide, offshore Norway

The Storegga Slide off the coast of Norway is one of the largest underwater slide complexes known and has been proposed as a significant source of past methane release into the atmosphere. We present pre-stack depth-migrated images from a new multichannel seismic data set in the Storegga Slide. The northern scarp of the Storegga Slide has previously been interpreted as a single, large recent slope failure; however, our images show strong evidence for a composite structure consisting of a much older event and recent slumping. We observe onlapping features onto slide deposit highs, and layer thickening as post-slide sediments fill in accommodation space created at the slide scarp, both of which support this conclusion. Displaced fault blocks are overlain by undeformed, flat-lying sediments, also indicating considerable time between slide events. According to dating of the base of the Naust at this location, this older slide event occurred at a minimum of ∼250 ka. The causes of submarine slope failure are poorly understood, but previous studies have proposed both earthquakes and dissociation of gas hydrates as triggering mechanisms. Pressure/temperature modeling shows that, assuming steady-state conditions, the bottom simulating reflector (BSR) would have been deeper than the glide plane at the time of slope failure. The base of the gas hydrate stability zone, and any gas that may have been present, likely played only a minor role, if any, in slide initiation at this locale.
Mechanistic aspects of signaling through Ras in NIH 3T3 cells

Serum and growth factors can increase the proportion of Ras in the active guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-bound form. Growth factors might stimulate guanine nucleotide exchange or decrease the activity of the guanosine triphosphatase-activating proteins GAP and neurofibromin (NF1). In NIH 3T3 cells that overexpress the mutant Ras protein His116, which releases bound guanine nucleotide at a constitutively high rate and retains sensitivity to GAP and NF1, the proportion of GTP bound to the His116 protein was not altered by serum or platelet-derived growth factor. However, these mitogens increased the proportion of Ras in the GTP-bound form in cells that overexpressed control Ras proteins with a normal intrinsic rate of guanine nucleotide release. The amount of GTP-bound His116 or control Ras proteins was higher in cells at low density than in cells at high density, which have more GAP-like activity. The lower proportion of GTP-bound Ras in NIH 3T3 cells at high density may result from increased GAP-like activity. By contrast, serum and platelet-derived growth factors appear to stimulate guanine nucleotide exchange.
Insight into ribonuclease A domain swapping by molecular dynamics unfolding simulations.

Bovine pancreatic ribonuclease (RNase A) deserves a special place among the numerous proteins that form oligomers by three-dimensional domain swapping. In fact, under destabilizing conditions and at high protein concentrations, it can swap two different domains, the N-terminal α-helix or the C-terminal β-strand, leading to dimers with different quaternary structures. With the change in the unfolding conditions, the relative abundance of the two dimers varies, and the prevalence of one dimer over the other is inverted. To investigate the dynamic behavior of the termini, four independent 10 ns high-temperature molecular dynamics simulations of RNase A were carried out at two different pH values in an attempt to reproduce the experimental conditions of neutral and very low pH that favor the formation of the N- and C-terminal domain-swapped dimers, respectively. In agreement with experimental data, under mild unfolding conditions, a partial or complete opening of the N-terminal arm is observed, whereas the di...
Observation of the helical structure of the bacterial polysaccharide acetan by atomic force microscopy

A method has been developed that has been found to give reproducible images of uncoated polysaccharides by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). Aqueous solutions of the polysaccharide are deposited as drops onto freshly cleaved mica surfaces, air dried, and then imaged under butanol. The method has been used to obtain images of the bacterial polysaccharide acetan. In regions within the deposited sample, where the molecules are aligned side-by-side, it has been possible to observe a periodic structure along the polysaccharide chain, attributable to the helical structure of acetan.