cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Investigating the Reactivity of the (η6-C6H5R)Cr(CO)2−(η2-C6H5R) [R = H, CH3, CF3] Bond: A Laser Flash Photolysis Study with Infrared Detection

The (η 6 -C 6 H 5 R)(Cr(CO) 2 -(η 2 -C 6 H 5 R) complexes (R = H, CH 3 , CF 3 ) are generated upon photolysis of (η 6 -C 6 H 5 R)Cr(CO) 3 in the appropriate arene. The energetics and mechanism of the displacement of the η 2 -coordinated arene from the metal center by piperidine are studied using the technique of laser flash photolysis. The substitution reaction is tentatively assigned as proceeding through an I d mechanism, and the activation enthalpy of 11.5 ′ 0.9 kcal/mol provides a lower limit for the strength of the (η 6 -C 6 H 6 )Cr(CO) 2 -(η 2 -C 6 H 6 ) bond. The substitution rate decreases as the metal center becomes more electron poor or the arene electron rich, suggesting that L→M a donation is the primary bonding interaction between the (η 6 -C 6 H 5 R)Cr(CO) 2 fragment and the arene ligand. This reactivity is different from that of the Cr-(η 2 -alkene) bond, where it was found that increasing the electron density on the metal center decreased the rate of substitution of cyclooctene from the (η 6 -C 6 H 5 R)Cr(CO) 2 -(η 2 -cyclooctene) complex by pyridine.
FEEL: A System for Frequent Event and Electrodermal Activity Labeling

The wide availability of low-cost wearable biophysiological sensors enables us to measure how the environment and our experiences impact our physiology. This creates a challenge: in order to interpret the longitudinal data, we require the matching contextual information as well. Collecting continuous biophysiological data makes it unfeasible to rely solely on our memory for contextual information. In this paper, we first present an architecture and implementation of a system for the acquisition, processing, and visualization of biophysiological signals and contextual information. Next, we present the results of a user study: users wore electrodermal activity wrist sensors that measured their autonomic arousal. These users uploaded the sensor data at the end of each day. At first, they annotated their events at the end of each day; then, after a two-day break, they annotated the data from two days earlier. One group of users had access to both the signal and the contextual information collected by the mobile phone and the other group could only access the biophysiological signal. At the end of the study, the users filled in a system usability scale and user experience surveys. Our results show that the system enables the users to annotate biophysiological signals at a greater effectiveness than the current state of the art while also providing very good usability.
Metal complexes of bilirubin and bilirubin dimethyl ester

Abstract A spectral study of bilirubin and bilirubin dimethyl ester complexes with a variety of metal ions indicates that bilirubin forms two different types of complexes, interacting either with the pyrrole nitrogens or with the propionic acid side chains. A combination of the two types is possible. The proposed structure of these complexes is in accord with the most recent structural information for bilirubin.
Aesthetics and Literature

1. The Nature of Literature 2. Artistic Uses of Language 3. The Nature of Fiction 4. Reading Fiction I: Truth in a Story 5. Reading Fiction II: Do Artistic Intentions Matter? 6. The Nature of Fictional Characters 7. Literature and the Emotions 8. The Cognitive Value of Literature 9. The Ethical Values of Literature 10. The Accountability of Literature.
REDfly v3.0: toward a comprehensive database of transcriptional regulatory elements in Drosophila

The REDfly database of Drosophila transcriptional cis-regulatory elements provides the broadest and most comprehensive available resource for experimentally validated cis-regulatory modules and transcription factor binding sites among the metazoa. The third major release of the database extends the utility of REDfly as a powerful tool for both computational and experimental studies of transcription regulation. REDfly v3.0 includes the introduction of new data classes to expand the types of regulatory elements annotated in the database along with a roughly 40% increase in the number of records. A completely redesigned interface improves access for casual and power users alike; among other features it now automatically provides graphical views of the genome, displays images of reporter gene expression and implements improved capabilities for database searching and results filtering. REDfly is freely accessible at http://redfly.ccr.buffalo.edu.
Single-Molecule Studies of Sol−Gel-Derived Silicate Films. Microenvironments and Film-Drying Conditions

Single-molecule spectroscopy is used to characterize the microenvironments found in silicate thin films dried under different conditions. Local film properties are assigned on the basis of the fluorescence emission characteristics of individual dopant (rhodamine B) molecules. The samples studied include those characterized immediately after being spin cast onto a glass substrate (fresh samples) and after drying at ≈80 °C in a vacuum oven for at least 12 h (dried samples). The single-molecule fluorescence spectra shift to the red for films dried under more rigorous conditions, reflecting increased average film polarity. The distribution of fluorescence emission maxima also broadens slightly with drying, reflecting an increase in film heterogeneity. Bimodal distributions in the widths of the emission maxima are observed. These distributions exhibit a narrowing of the single-molecule emission with drying, pointing to greater microenvironmental rigidity. Studies of the time-dependent emission characteristics ...
The Effects of Immigration on the Health Care System of South Florida

The paper reports results of a study commissioned by the South Florida Hospital Association for the purpose of effecting positive changes in resource allocation for immigrant health care, and in the ability of health care providers to deliver efficient and effective care in a culturally appropriate manner. The history of immigration to South Florida over the past five decades is discussed. The major health care needs of immigrants from the Caribbean and Latin and Central America are presented, and the evolution of health care facilities to meet those needs is discussed. Twenty health care providers representing a cross-section of facilities providing immigrant health care, and 201 immigrants receiving care in community-based and hospital clinics were interviewed regarding health care needs. Multiple concerns were cited by immigrants about language barriers, negative staff attitudes, long waiting periods, transportation, and organizational "red tape". Eight major recommendations are made to address the con...
A novel recombinant vaccine which protects mice against ricin intoxication.

Abstract Ricin toxin (RT) is a plant-derived toxin of extraordinary toxicity; a single molecule successfully internalized into the cytoplasm of a cell is lethal for that cell. An estimated dose of 1–10 μg/kg is lethal to humans, making aerosolized ricin a potential agent for bioterrorism. Vaccination against ricin using either denatured toxin or its modified A chain subunit (RTA) has been successful in experimental animals but both vaccines have potential toxicities. Recombinant (r) RTA has not been evaluated as a vaccine. However, the advantage of such a vaccine is that these potential toxicities can be deleted by appropriate mutations. In this study we have generated three mutants and shown that two lack toxicity as compared to the wild type rRTA. These mutants induce protective humoral immune responses in mice. One or both should be considered for use in humans.
Mutation of the Dominant Endocytosis Motif in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 gp41 Can Complement Matrix Mutations without Increasing Env Incorporation

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmembrane glycoprotein (TM) is efficiently endocytosed in a clathrin-dependent manner. Internalization is mediated by a tyrosine-containing motif within the cytoplasmic domain, and replacement of the cytoplasmic tyrosine by cysteine or phenylalanine increased expression of mutant glycoprotein on the surface of transfected cells by as much as 2.5-fold. Because interactions between the cytoplasmic domain of Env and the matrix protein (MA) have been suggested to mediate incorporation of Env in virus particles, we examined whether perturbation of endocytosis would alter incorporation. Proviruses were constructed to contain the wild-type or mutant Env in conjunction with point mutations in MA that had previously been shown to block Env incorporation. These constructs were used to evaluate the effect of glycoprotein endocytosis on incorporation into virus particles and to test the necessity for a specific interaction between Env and MA to mediate incorporation. Viruses produced from transfected 293T cells were used to infect various cell lines, including MAGI, H9, and CEMx174. Viruses encoding both a disrupted endocytosis motif signal and mutations within MA were significantly more infectious in MAGI cells than their counterparts encoding a mutant MA and wild-type Env. This complementation of infectivity for the MA incorporation mutant viruses was not due to increased glycoprotein incorporation into particles but instead reflected an enhanced fusogenicity of the mutated Env proteins. Our findings further support the concept that a specific interaction between the long cytoplasmic domain of TM and MA is required for efficient incorporation of Env into assembling virions. Alteration of the endocytosis signal of Env, and the resulting increase in cell surface glycoprotein, has no effect on incorporation despite demonstrable effects on fusion, virus entry, and infectivity.
An inverse problem design method for branched and unbranched axially symmetrical ducts

This paper concerns the potential flow design of axially symmetrical ducts of both circular and annular cross section with or without wall suction or blowing slots. The objective of the work was to develop a method by which such ducts could be designed with directly prescribed wall pressure variation. Previous axially symmetrical design methods applied only to circular cross sectional ducts and required that the pressure distribution be prescribed along the duct centerline and not along the duct wall. The present method uses an inverse problem approach which extends the method of Stanitz to the axially symmetrical case, and an approximation is used to account for the stagnation point in branched duct designs. Two examples of successful designs of diffusers with suction slots are presented.
Liver tyrosine kinase activation during early stages of chemical hepatocarcinogenesis.

Protein phosphorylation at tyrosine residues is believed to be involved in several important cellular processes because tyrosine-specific protein kinase activation is associated with stimulation of cellular proliferation by hormones and growth factors, embryogenesis, and retroviral cell transformation. Because cell proliferation is thought to be an essential component of chemical carcinogenesis, liver tyrosine-specific protein kinase activity was examined during the early stages of the Solt and Farber chemical hepatocarcinogenesis model. Rats were given diethylnitrosamine in one dose (200 mg/kg, IP) followed by 2 weeks of dietary 0.02% 2-acetylamino-fluorene starting at day 14 after diethylnitrosamine, followed by partial hepatectomy on day 21. By day 32 this regimen produces a relatively synchronized population of hyperplastic liver nodules up to 1.5 mm in diameter. Rats were sacrificed on day 32, their livers were perfused with cold normal saline, homogenized, and centrifuged at 1,000g for 10 min. The resulting supernatant was centrifuged at 30,000g for 30 min and the pellet was assayed for tyrosine kinase activity using the synthetic peptide [Val5]angiotensin II as substrate. Rats that received the complete regimen had a 2.6-fold increase in their liver tyrosine kinase activity as compared to sham controls (2.4 pmoles/min/mg protein vs 6.4 pmoles/min/mg protein, P less than .05). In contrast, rats that received a partial regimen (ie, partial hepatectomy, or 2-acetylaminofluorene + partial hepatectomy, or diethylnitrosamine + 2-acetylaminofluorene) did not have elevated tyrosine kinase activity nor did they have hyperplastic nodules. These preliminary data suggest that activation of liver tyrosine kinase is associated with the very early stages of chemical hepatocarcinogenesis.
Ion Joule heating as a function of electric field scale size

[1] In an earlier work we described a laboratory-based experimental series that demonstrated the transition from velocity-shear-driven ion cyclotron wave heating to ion Joule heating as a function of ion-neutral collision frequency. As part of this effort, we demonstrated the ability to control the magnitude and direction of the electric field (or the sign of potential change) in space in a simulated ionospheric environment. In the results presented here we have calculated the electric field by differentiation of a fit to the potential profile and have used the full width at half maximum of this field as a marker for the size of the region. In the case of the ion temperature measurements, which are derived from energy analyzer data by conventional techniques, we demonstrate increased ion temperature consistent with increasing electric field region length. We also have been able to demonstrate a peak in the ion temperature as a function of collision frequency and the Joule heating rate. The data suggest that for approximately constant pressure and electric field strength, the normalized ion temperature increase will be limited for a given scale size. Finally, we argue that these observations are consistent with the notion of a limit to ion heating based on a comparison of the scale length of the region to the mean free path for ion-neutral collisions.
Sampling Cocoon Populations of Bathyplectes spp. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) in Kentucky Alfalfa Fields

Random counts of Bathyplectes curculionis (Thomson) cocoon populations in Kentucky alfalfa fields conformed to an overdispersed spatial disposition. Both Taylor's power law and Iwao's m * - m model accounted for 93 and 94% of the variation in the distribution of this species, respectively. However, for B. anurus (Thomson) only Taylor's model presented an adequate description of the data. Because of the large standard error of the regression coefficient, aggregation or lack of it could not be demonstrated conclusively for this species. There was no statistically significant difference in the aggregation index between species. Also, no intraspecific differences in space and time were detected. Two transformations are offered for stabilizing the variance of B. curculionis cocoon counts. A study of sampling variations for both parasites showed that intersample variance was the major source of population variation. Block and plot differences were rarely significant. When sample size (Log Y ) was related to mean density (Log X ), a linear relationship of the form Log Y = Log a + b (1/ X ⅓) was obtained for both species. An exponential function, Y = ae bX −⅛ was derived from the linear model to plot the predicted relationship between sample size and mean density in the original scale for 3 levels of sampling precision.
Laparoscopic repair of acute volvulus in a neonate with malrotation

This report describes the laparoscopic repair of acute volvulus in a neonate with malrotation.
Internal fields in magnetic materials and superconductors

Abstract This Paper reviews some of the concepts needed for the correct analysis of magnetization data, both for magnetic materials and superconductors. Demagnetization factors, initial susceptibilities and hysteresis losses are discussed.
Self-consistent Hamiltonian dynamics of wave mean-flow interaction for a rotating stratified incompressible fluid

Abstract We derive a hierarchy of approximate models of wave mean-flow interaction (WMFI) by using asymptotic expansions and phase averages either in Euler's equations for a stratified rotating inviscid incompressible fluid, or in Hamilton's principle for these equations. Two small dimensionless parameters are used in these expansions. The first parameter is the ratio of time scales between internal waves at most wave numbers and the mesoscale mean flow of the fluid. This “adiabatic ratio” is small and is comparable to the corresponding ratio of space scales for the class of initial conditions that support internal waves. The other small parameter used in these expansions is the ratio of the amplitude of the internal wave to its wavelength. An application of Noether's theorem to the phase-averaged Hamilton's principle shows that the resulting equations conserve the wave action, convect a potentional vorticity and can, depending on the order of approximation, convect wave angular momentum. Passage from the phase-averaged Hamilton's principle to the Hamiltonian formulation brings the WMFI theory into the Lie-Poisson framework in which formal and nonlinear stability analysis may be applied. This framework also suggests a two-fluid model of the interaction of waves and mean flow similar to that for the superfluid and normal fluid components of liquid He 4 without vortices. We also discuss the relations of these results to the Charney-Drazin nonacceleration theorem, Whitham averaging, WKB stability theory, and Lagrangian-mean fluid equations for prescribed wave displacements.
Versatile grafting chemistry for creation of stable molecular layers on oxides

We demonstrate that hydroxyl containing bipyridine-based molecules can be efficiently grafted onto SiO2 and TiO2 substrates to create a stable monolayer. These surface-grafted ligands are relevant to several optoelectronic applications as well as catalysis since many metal–bipyridine complexes have been used as dye sensitizers, light emitters, and catalysts. Control experiments were carried out to infer that the grafting occurs through the formation of an ether link with available hydroxyl groups on the surface. The coverage was found to be a function of annealing temperature, annealing time, and availability of surface hydroxyl groups. Further complexation with rhenium salts resulted in a rhenium–bipyridine complex, a common electron injector in dye-sensitized solar cells. All samples were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS). This simple grafting method leads to monolayer coverage on the surface, effectively avoiding crosslinking, and shows good stability in acetonitrile and aqueous solutions for at least four weeks. We further expand the scope of this approach by grafting an electroactive ferrocene unit onto indium tin oxide. Based on these results, the formation of an ether bond via thermal annealing of small molecules offers a versatile strategy for preparing stable organic layers on a variety of oxide surfaces, and therefore, expands the tool box for functionalizing organic/inorganic interfaces.
Corticotropin-releasing factor from the rat brain measured by protein immunoblot.

The ability to measure changes in brain levels of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is an important step toward understanding the role of this neuropeptide in mood states. Here, we report for the first time that the protein (Western) immunoblot assay can be used to detect and quantify CRF (4.7 kDa) from the rat brain. Intracerebroventricular (ICV) injections of the neuronal transport-inhibitor colchicine (0, 7.5, 15 and 75 μg) produced a dose-dependent increase in CRF levels within the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus with a concomitant and dose-dependent decrease in CRF levels within the median eminence (ME). These data provide a positive validation for the use of the immunoblot assay to detect treatment-induced changes in brain CRF levels.
Fracture Mechanisms of Bone: A Comparative Study between Antler and Bovine Femur

In this study, fracture toughness of North American elk (Cervus elaphus canadensis) antler and bovine femur were measured using four-point bending tests on single-edge notched compact samples (ASTM C1421). Tests were conducted on crack growth directions longitudinal and transverse to the long axis of antler and bone in both dry and hydrated conditions to study the effects of fiber orientation and hydration. Fracture toughness results in the transverse orientation were much higher than that in the longitudinal orientation and increased with degree of hydration for both antler and bovine femur. The fracture toughness of antler was ∼ 50% higher than that of bovine femur. The highest fracture toughness value was obtained from the hydrated antler in the transverse orientation, which reached 10.31 MPa·m1/2 compared to that measured from bovine femur, which was 6.35 MPa·m1/2. The crack propagation and fracture surface were characterized using scanning electron microscopy. Toughening mechanisms, including crack deflection by osteons, uncracked ligament bridging, and microcracks formation, are observed and discussed. Comparisons between antler and bone are made.
Effect of nephrotoxic drugs on the development of radiation nephropathy after bone marrow transplantation

Abstract Purpose : Chronic renal failure is a significant cause of late morbidity in bone marrow transplant patients whose conditioning regimen includes total body irradiation (TBI). Radiation is a major cause of this syndrome (bone marrow transplant nephropathy), but it may not be the only cause. These studies use a rat syngeneic bone marrow transplant model to determine whether nephrotoxic agents used in conjunction with bone marrow transplantation (BMT) could be enhancing or accelerating the development of radiation nephropathy. Methods and Materials : Rats received 11–17 Gy TBI in six fractions over 3 days followed by syngeneic bone marrow transplant. In conjunction with the bone marrow transplants, animals received either no drugs, cyclosporine, amphotericin, gentamicin, or busulfan. Drugs were given in schedules analogous to their use in clinical bone marrow transplantation. Drug doses were chosen so that the drug regimen alone caused detectable acute nephrotoxicity. Animals were followed for 6 months with periodic renal function tests. Results : Gentamicin had no apparent interactions with TBI. Amphotericin increased the incidence of engraftment failure, but did not enhance radiation nephropathy. Cyclosporin with TBI caused late morbidity that appeared to be due to neurological problems, but did not enhance radiation nephropathy. Busulfan resulted in a significant enhancement of radiation nephropathy. Conclusion : Of the nephrotoxins used in conjunction with bone marrow transplantation only radiation and busulfan were found to be risk factors for bone marrow transplant nephropathy.
Factors associated with reduction in use of neoadjuvant androgen suppression therapy before radical prostatectomy.

Objective To determine whether the prescribing patterns for nonindicated androgen suppression therapy (AST), using neoadjuvant AST as the model, changed according to the prevailing clinical evidence, changes in reimbursement, or evidence of increased harm from treatment. Materials and Methods We identified 34,976 men with prostate cancer who had undergone radical prostatectomy within 12 months of diagnosis from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare data set (1992-2007), and their clinical and demographic parameters were assessed. We measured the Medicare claims for receipt of AST before radical prostatectomy and calculated the annual rates of neoadjuvant AST, which were adjusted for confounding variables using multivariate logistic regression analysis, and compared them with the prevailing published clinical data on the outcomes of neoadjuvant AST, changes in reimbursement, or published data on clinical harm from treatment. Results The use of neoadjuvant AST increased from 7.8% in 1992 to a peak of 17.6% in 1996 and then decreased steadily to 4.6% in 2007. This rate change was significant on multivariate regression analysis, with a single join point in 1996 ( P Conclusion Using neoadjuvant AST as the model for the nonindicated use of AST, physicians reduced AST use in response to high-level evidence showing a lack of benefit, despite the high reimbursement. This suggests that physicians adapt to emerging evidence and use evidence-based practice.
Following the caterpillar fungus: nature, commodity chains, and the place of Tibet in China's uneven geographies

Following caterpillar fungus as it travels from the Tibetan Plateau to wealthy Chinese consumers, this article makes several interventions into geographical studies of commodity chains. First, it argues for an expansion beyond the usual call to connect the political economy of production with cultures of consumption; the cultural politics of production and political economies of consumption must also be considered. Second, it argues for bringing together political economy and more-than-human analytical approaches to commodity chains, showing how nature and the nonhuman play a key role in an assemblage that has allowed Tibetans to navigate livelihoods in a rapidly changing economy. This challenges a tendency to assume a universal figure of ‘the human’ in more-than-human geographies. Third, by connecting the erasure of Tibetans from representations of various natures used to sell caterpillar fungus with the broader politics of Tibetans within the People's Republic of China, we show that commodity fetishism ...
Cervicovaginal interleukin-6 as a predictor of preterm birth in African American women.

Abstract Background Identification of women who will deliver preterm may reduce infant morbidity and mortality. In heterogeneous populations, fetal fibronectin (fFN) and interleukin-6 are excellent predictors of women who will not deliver within two weeks. African-Americans are at higher risk for preterm birth than Caucasians. This study compares the diagnostic utility of fFN and interleukin-6 in cervicovaginal fluid (CVF) to predict preterm birth within 14 days of sampling in African-American and Caucasian women. Methods Interleukin-6 was measured in 667 CVF samples from 580 women with and without symptoms of labor. The utility of CVF interleukin-6 and fFN to predict delivery was determined in the total population and in African-Americans and Caucasians separately. Results fFN positive (≥ 50 μg/l) results were associated with delivery in ≤ 14 days in African-Americans (Odds Ratios (OR) 8.7; Likelihood Ratio (LR) 3.7) (p Conclusions CVF interleukin-6 and fFN have similar diagnostic utilities in a diverse population. Interleukin-6 more accurately predicts delivery within 14 days in African-Americans, while fFN is more accurate in Caucasians.
Predicting Lane Utilization and Merge Behavior at Signalized Intersections with Auxiliary Lanes in Buffalo, New York

AbstractAlthough auxiliary through lanes (ATLs) are often used to increase the capacity at signalized intersections, their utilization by motorists tends to be significantly lower than continuous through lanes (CTLs). This study was designed to (1) determine whether recently proposed models for predicting lane-drop utilization are applicable to Buffalo, New York; (2) develop new models for predicting ATL utilization and for predicting drivers’ merge behavior at ATLs; and (3) assess the ability of microscopic traffic simulation models to reproduce observed merging behavior. To achieve this, geometric, traffic count, and merge data were collected from select sites in Buffalo. The study shows that lane utilization in Buffalo is a function of total through-traffic volume, right-turning volume, and upstream and downstream land-use types. The average merge distance, in contrast, tends to be a function of the ATL total length, the first lane-drop warning sign, the speed limit, and the total through-traffic volum...
Commitment: A Conceptual Structure and Empirical Application

A conceptual structure for commitment is presented, specifying and clarifying the various meanings of the term as it has been used by sociologists and social psychologists. The possible importance of the concept for social psychology is illustrated by the interpretation of a number of social psychological experiments in terms of commitment processes. The utility of the concept of commitment for the analysis of courtship systems is discussed and the application of the concept of commitment on the level of social systems is illustrated by the use of the proposed conceptual structure in research on cohabitation on a university campus. THE CONCEPT Of commitment, although in common use among sociologists and social psychologists, has not been subject to the conceptual specification or empirical grounding which is necessary to transform it from an intuitively appealing idea into a viable scientific variable. However, theoretical discussions of commitment may be found in the works of a number of authors writing in the interactionist tradition, and in 1960 Howard S. Becker took the first major steps toward meaningful specification of the concept. It is the purpose of this paper to expand upon these first attempts, formally specify a conceptional structure for commitment, and suggest a number of research areas in which the concept might prove to be important. In particular, the concept of commitment has arisen frequently in discussions of courtship and marriage, but has not as yet been pinned down to the extent that it could be used effectively in research in that area. Data will be presented which illustrate the potential utility of the proposed conceptual framework for commitment in the analysis of courtship systems.
Conventional energy and macronutrient variables distort the accuracy of children's dietary reports: illustrative data from a validation study of effect of order prompts.

Abstract Objective . Validation-study data are used to illustrate that conventional energy and macronutrient (protein, carbohydrate, fat) variables, which disregard accuracy of reported items and amounts, misrepresent reporting accuracy. Reporting-error-sensitive variables are proposed which classify reported items as matches or intrusions, and reported amounts as corresponding or overreported. Methods . 58 girls and 63 boys were each observed eating school meals on 2 days separated by ≥ 4 weeks, and interviewed the morning after each observation day. One interview per child had forward-order (morning-to-evening) prompts; one had reverse-order prompts. Original food-item-level analyses found a sex-x-order prompt interaction for omission rates. Current analyses compared reference (observed) and reported information transformed to energy and macronutrients. Results . Using conventional variables, reported amounts were less than reference amounts ( p s t -tests); report rates were higher for the first than second interview for energy, protein, and carbohydrate ( p s ≤ 0.049; mixed models). Using reporting-error-sensitive variables, correspondence rates were higher for girls with forward- but boys with reverse-order prompts ( p s ≤ 0.041; mixed models); inflation ratios were lower with reverse- than forward-order prompts for energy, carbohydrate, and fat ( p s ≤ 0.045; mixed models). Conclusions . Conventional variables overestimated reporting accuracy and masked order prompt and sex effects. Reporting-error-sensitive variables are recommended when assessing accuracy for energy and macronutrients in validation studies.
Phylogenetic analysis of bacterial communities associated with ectoparasitic chewing lice of pocket gophers: A culture-independent approach

This study identifies the bacteria associated with ectoparasitic chewing lice that live in the fur of pocket gophers. Samples of chewing lice were collected from pocket gopher hosts in Florida, Missouri, New Mexico, and Costa Rica. We used a molecular sampling method whereby total community DNA was extracted from samples of chewing lice, and PCR was used to selectively amplify small-subunit rRNA genes from bacteria. This culture-independent method yielded ca. 35 distinct lineages representing eight widely divergent groups within the domain Bacteria. Phylogenetic analysis of two lineages (Acinetobacter and Staphylococcus) provides evidence that multiple species of each group are found in chewing lice. Phylogenetic analysis also demonstrated that diversification within chewing lice may be evident in both Acinetobacter and Staphylococcus. Some clones amplified from chewing louse hosts appeared to be distinct from known species of Acinetobacter and Staphylococcus. This diversification may be the result of the extreme isolation of populations of both chewing lice and their pocket gopher hosts.
Polymerization of ethylene over a chromium oxide catalyst at at mospheric pressure in absence of solvent

Polyethylene was prepared by the gas-phase polymerization of ethylene over a chromium oxide catalyst at ordinary pressure in absence of solvent at 110–180°.
Discontinuous Galerkin error estimation for linear symmetric hyperbolic systems

In this manuscript we present an error analysis for the discontinuous Galerkin discretization error of multi-dimensional first-order linear symmetric hyperbolic systems of partial differential equations. We perform a local error analysis by writing the local error as a series and showing that its leading term can be expressed as a linear combination of Legendre polynomials of degree p and p+1p+1. We apply these asymptotic results and solve relatively small local problems to compute efficient and asymptotically exact estimates of the finite element error. We present computational results for several linear hyperbolic systems in one, two and three dimensions.
SFC: a simple flow control protocol for enabling reliable embedded network systems reprogramming

To support reprogramming in embedded network systems (ENSs), we present SFC, a simple flow control protocol for communication between serial devices, which enables fast and reliable data transmission. The reprogramming strategy uses a boot loader, responsible for receiving the application program over a serial communication channel, storing it in the program memory space, and then initiating execution. SFC is used as the communication protocol for the boot loader. SFC uses a finite state automata to control the send and receive mechanisms, while introducing minimal protocol overhead. The automata utilizes synchronization and acknowledgment mechanisms to achieve high reliability. We first describe the boot loader design and the reprogramming strategy. We then describe the design and implementation of the SFC protocol and present experimental results to demonstrate its performance and efficacy.
Data driven bottleneck detection of manufacturing systems

Bottlenecks within a production line significantly reduce the productivity. Quick and correct identification of the bottleneck locations can lead to an improvement in the operation management of utilising finite manufacturing resources, increasing the system throughput, and minimising the total cost of production. Most of the current bottleneck detection schemes focus on the long-term bottleneck detection problem and an analytical or simulation model is usually needed. Due to recent developments, short-term process control and quick decision making on the plant floor have emerged as important qualities for operation management. This research proposes a new data driven method for throughput bottleneck detection in both the short and long term. The method utilises the production line blockage and starvation probabilities and buffer content records to identify the production constraints without building an analytical or simulation model. The method has been verified both analytically and by simulation. An in...
Airway Obstruction in Sarcoidosis: A Study of 123 Nonsmoking Black American Patients with Sarcoidosis

Airway obstruction in sarcoidosis is infrequent; however, its exact incidence is not known. The extent and severity of the functional impairment are governed by genetic, racial and environmental factors. In order to test the validity of this assumption we studied 123 black American, nonsmoking patients. Airway obstruction was present in 78 (63 percent) of the patients, considerably higher than the white European and American, and the Japanese patients.
Neuronal Injury Increases Retrograde Axonal Transport of the Neurotrophins to Spinal Sensory Neurons and Motor Neurons via Multiple Receptor Mechanisms

We investigated the retrograde axonal transport of 125I-labeled neurotrophins (NGF, BDNF, NT-3, and NT-4) from the sciatic nerve to dorsal root ganglion (DRG) sensory neurons and spinal motor neurons in normal rats or after neuronal injury. DRG neurons showed increased transport of all neurotrophins following crush injury to the sciatic nerve. This was maximal 1 day after sciatic nerve crush and returned to control levels after 7 days. 125I-BDNF transport from sciatic nerve was elevated with injection either proximal to the lesion or directly into the crush site and after transection of the dorsal roots. All neurotrophin transport was receptor-mediated and consistent with neurotrophin binding to the low-affinity neurotrophin receptor (LNR) or Trk receptors. However, transport of 125I-labeled wheat germ agglutinin also increased 1 day after sciatic nerve crush, showing that increased uptake and transport is a generalized response to injury in DRG sensory neurons. Spinal cord motor neurons also showed increased neurotrophin transport following sciatic nerve injury, although this was maximal after 3 days. The transport of 125I-NGF depended on the expression of LNR by injured motor neurons, as demonstrated by competition experiments with unlabeled neurotrophins. The absence of TrkA in normal motor neurons or after axotomy was confirmed by immunostaining and in situ hybridization. Thus, increased transport of neurotrophic factors after neuronal injury is due to multiple receptor-mediated mechanisms including general increases in axonal transport capacity.
First pseudorotaxane-like [3]complexes based on cryptands and paraquat: self-assembly and crystal structures.

A new cryptand, bis(1,3,5-phenylene)tri(1,4,7,10-tetraoxadecyl) (3a), has been synthesized in good yield from bis(5-hydroxy-1,3-phenylene)-26-crown-8 (2a) and tri(ethylene glycol) ditosylate using pseudo-high dilution conditions. 3a forms a strong 1:1 complex with paraquat (1) in acetone solution with a high apparent association constant, 1.4 × 104 M-1. A stoichiometry of 1:1 was also observed by mass spectrometry in the gaseous state. However, in the solid state, as determined by X-ray crystallography, the two complexes of 3a and the previously reported homologous cryptand, bis(1,3,5-phenylene)tri(1,4,7,10,13-pentaoxatridecyl) (3b), with paraquat (1) have 2:1 stoichiometry. A unique feature of these trimolecular pseudorotaxane-like complexes is that the guest occupies parts of the cavities of two cryptand molecules. For the first time it was found that in cryptand-based complexes, different stoichiometries are possible for the same host−guest pair.
MD-2 expression is not required for cell surface targeting of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)

The cell surface receptor complex formed by TLR4 and myeloid differentiation 2 (MD-2) is engaged when cells are exposed to LPS. Recent studies suggested that surface localization of functional mouse TLR4 (mTLR4) depends on the simultaneous expression of MD-2. As we did not observe a similar requirement, we conducted a comparative study of human TLR4 and mTLR4 surface expression in immune cells derived from the MD-2 knockout mouse and LPS-responsive cell lines and in cells that ectopically express TLR4. Our results indicate that in the human and mouse models, neither TLR4 function nor TLR4 surface targeting requires MD-2 coexpression. Accordingly, we report on one human cell line, which constitutively expresses functional TLR4 on the cell surface in the absence of MD-2 expression.
Protonation of the reduced species in irradiated acetonitrile

Abstract The rate of the reaction of the radiolytically produced reduced species in acetonitrile with various protic solutes (alcohols and water) was measured by the competition method and by directly following the rate of disappearance of the reduced species in pulse radiolytic experiments. The rate constants thus obtained were correlated with the pKa of the protic additives. This correlation leads to the conclusion that the reaction occurs via a proton transfer. Temperature effect studies on the rate of this reaction lead to the conclusion that the reactive species is the dimer anion radical (CH3CN)-2.
Generalized local gauge symmetry and the Ward-Takahashi identities in unified field theories

We discuss the symmetry basis of unified field theories, i.e., the generalized concept of local gauge symmetry, and its physical implications. The generalized Ward-Takahashi identities and the explicit constraints among renormalization constants are derived by using the path integral in a specific model. These constraints are confirmed at the one-loop level.
Testing to determine the underlying distribution using incomplete observations when the life time determine is proportionally related to the censoring time distribution

In this paper we consider a one sample goodness of fit test to a specified survival distribution. It is an adaptation of one proposed by Hollander and Proschan (1979). The adaptation involves changing the statistic in a way that would be more appropriate if it is assumed that the failure distribution and censoring distribution had hazard functions that are proportional.
Generation of configuration space obstacles: the case of a moving sphere

Algebraic algorithms are presented for generating the boundary of configuration space obstacles arising from the motion of a sphere among obstacles. The boundaries of the obstacles are given by patches of algebraic surfaces. Algorithms are given for both implicit and parametric surface patches. Both convex and nonconvex obstacles are considered. In the case of convex obstacles, the topology of convolution faces is the same as the adjacency graph of faces, edges, and vertices of the obstacle. Further, there are no redundancies in the convolution faces. Redundancies on the convolution can occur in the case of nonconvex obstacles. It is possible to detect these redundancies from the the intersections and self-intersections of convolution faces. Simple solids are also considered. >
Genetic and Epigenetic Mechanisms Underlying Vernalization

Plants have evolved a number of monitoring systems to sense their surroundings and to coordinate their growth and development accordingly. Vernalization is one example, in which flowering is promoted after plants have been exposed to a long-term cold temperature (i.e. winter). Vernalization results in the repression of floral repressor genes that inhibit the floral transition in many plant species. Here, we describe recent advances in our understanding of the vernalization-mediated promotion of flowering in Arabidopsis and other flowering plants. In Arabidopsis, the vernalization response includes the recruitment of chromatin-modifying complexes to floral repressors and thus results in the enrichment of repressive histone marks that ensure the stable repression of floral repressor genes. Changes in histone modifications at floral repressor loci are stably maintained after cold exposure, establishing the competence to flower the following spring. We also discuss similarities and differences in regulatory circuits in vernalization responses among Arabidopsis and other plants.
Enhanced Photodynamic Selectivity of Nano-Silica-Attached Porphyrins Against Breast Cancer Cells.

The synthesis and characterization of bare silica (4 nm in diameter) nanoparticle-attached meso-tetra(N-methyl-4-pyridyl)porphine (SiO2–TMPyP, 6 nm in diameter) are described for pH-controllable photosensitization. Distinguished from organosilanes, SiO2 nanoparticles were functionalized as a potential quencher of triplet TMPyP and/or singlet oxygen (1O2) at alkaline pH, thereby turning off sensitizer photoactivity. In weak acidic solutions, TMPyP was released from the SiO2 surface for efficient production of 1O2. By monitoring 1O2 luminescence at 1270 nm, quantum yields of 1O2 production were found to be pH-dependent, dropping from ∼0.45 in the pH range of 3–6 to 0.08 at pH 8–9, which is consistent with the pH-dependent adsorption behavior of TMPyP on the SiO2 surface. These features make bare SiO2-attached cationic porphyrin a promising candidate for use in PDT for cancer treatment in which efficient 1O2 production at acidic pH and sensitizer deactivation at physiological pH are desirable. The enhanced therapeutic selectivity was confirmed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) tests and trypan blue exclusion tests of cell viability in breast cancer cell lines. Bimolecular quenching rate constants of 1O2 by free TMPyP, SiO2 and SiO2–TMPyP nanoparticles were also determined.
AT&T in early broadcasting

According to Harry Newton's dictionary (H. Newton, 1991), radio is the "science of communicating over a distance by converting sounds or signals to electromagnetic waves and radiating them through the air or through space". Does that process seem familiar? A basic definition of telephone transmission could be the same except that telephone signals were originally sent over wire. The difference that the signals are audible tones (dots and dashes or intelligible voices) and the media (air or wire) through which the signals pass have determined the history of broadcast radio, its government regulations, and the companies involved with it in the US. The purpose of the paper is to provide some of that history from around the year 1900 to about 1930. This history could be examined from several viewpoints. Certainly one could look at the progress of the industry from a standpoint of scientific invention and the development of technical devices from the Hertzian waves through the Pupin coil to the Audion tube. Another view could be from a personality standpoint, from Marconi through de Forest to Sarnoff. Yet another might be a regulatory view which could start with the Kingsbury Commitment, through the Radio Act of 1927, to the creation of the FCC. Each of these strategies for presentation is appealing and any story of radio cannot be told without reference to technology, people and regulation, but the paper presents the history of radio and AT&Ts involvement through an examination of the workings of three other companies and the interaction of the federal government.
CHIRP Doppler radar

The idea of combining the clinical procedure known as Reconstruction Tomography, and the radar processing for linear FM pulse compression, in order to map radar backscatter energy, is explained. A possible configuration is described.
Topology of Class A G Protein-Coupled Receptors: Insights Gained from Crystal Structures of Rhodopsins, Adrenergic and Adenosine Receptors

Biological membranes are densely packed with membrane proteins that occupy approximately half of their volume. In almost all cases, membrane proteins in the native state lack the higher-order symmetry required for their direct study by diffraction methods. Despite many technical difficulties, numerous crystal structures of detergent solubilized membrane proteins have been determined that illustrate their internal organization. Among such proteins, class A G protein-coupled receptors have become amenable to crystallization and high resolution X-ray diffraction analyses. The derived structures of native and engineered receptors not only provide insights into their molecular arrangements but also furnish a framework for designing and testing potential models of transformation from inactive to active receptor signaling states and for initiating rational drug design.