cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Therapeutic Potential for Targeting the Suppressor of Cytokine Signalling-1 Pathway for the Treatment of SLE.

Although the specific events dictating systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) pathology remain unclear, abundant evidence indicates a critical role for dysregulated cytokine signalling in disease progression. Notably, the suppressor of cytokine signalling (SOCS) family of intracellular proteins, in particular the kinase inhibitory region (KIR) bearing SOCS1 and SOCS3, plays a critical role in regulating cytokine signalling. To assess a relationship between SOCS1/SOCS3 expression and SLE, the goals of this study were to (1) evaluate the time kinetics of SOCS1/SOCS3 message and protein expression based on SLE-associated stimulations, (2) compare levels of SOCS1 and SOCS3 present in SLE patients and healthy controls by message and protein, (3) relate SOCS1/SOCS3 expression to inflammatory markers in SLE patients and (4) correlate SOCS1/SOCS3 levels to current treatments. We found that SOCS1 and SOCS3 were most abundant in murine splenic samples at 48 h subsequent to stimulation by anti-CD3, LPS or interferon-gamma. In addition, significant reductions in SOCS1 and SOCS3 were present within PMBCs of SLE patients compared to controls by both mRNA and protein expression. We also found that decreased levels of SOCS1 in SLE patients were correlated with enhanced levels of inflammatory markers and upregulated expression of MHC class II. Finally, we show that patients receiving steroid treatment possessed higher levels SOCS1 compared to SLE patient counterparts and that steroid administration to human PBMCs upregulated SOCS1 message in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Together, these results suggest that therapeutic strategies focused on SOCS1 signalling may have efficacy in the treatment of SLE.
Heavyweight airdrop pitch flight control law design based on feedback linearization theory and variable structure control

The new controller is designed for the problem that the inner cargo moving and extraction exerts serious influence upon the safety of the aircraft which combined with feedback linearization and variable structure. The nonlinear system is linearized by input-output feedback linearization theories. On this basis, the system robustness is promised by the exponentially approaching rule of the variable structure theory. The whole flight control system is integrated the inner loop system for velocity and attitude tracking control using variable structure theory with the outer loop flight altitude control based on tradition PID. The simulation results show that this method is feasible and useful.
Video cognitive radio networks for tactical scenarios

We examine the performance of uplink video transmission over a mobile cognitive radio (CR) system operating in a hostile environment where an intelligent adversary tries to disrupt communications. We investigate the optimal strategy for spoofing, desynchronizing and jamming a cluster-based CR network with a Gaussian noise signal, over a Rayleigh fading channel. The adversary can limit access for secondary users (SUs) by either transmitting a spoofing signal in the sensing interval, or a desynchronizing signal to disrupt code acquisition by SUs or the cluster head. By jamming the network during the transmission interval, the adversary can reduce the rate of successful transmission. We also propose cross-layer resource allocation algorithms and evaluate their performance under disruptive attacks.
Thermodynamic models of biotite pseudomorphs after staurolite

Muscovite-bearing pelites near Rangeley, Maine. The proportion of muscovite-rich to biotite-rich pseudomorphs in the model is a function of the initial proportions of muscovite, plagioclase and staurolite, which govern the proportion of staurolite that is enclosed by sillimanite segregation mantles.--Modified journal abstract.
Confucian Moral, Phenomenology of Saying, and Multiple Modernities

This chapter aims at examining Confucianism as a public religion, undertaking a comparative study of moral politics of Confucianism, its rationality, and social system for late modernity. It seeks to reexamine the limitation of Weber’s comparative study of Confucian rationalism and its ethical evaluation. A study of basic features of Confucian ideas and its ethics shall be taken care of in a comprehensive manner in dealing with the Confucian contribution to a reality of alternative modernity and civil society. It includes a critical debate with Yearly’s comparative virtue study of Aquinas and Mencius. A special concern in this chapter is performed in response to Robert Bellah’s study of Mencius in terms of vox Dei and vox Populii. Thus, this inquiry is given its religious and humanistic system and develops its prophetic–moral orientation for the sake of religious humanism and the good society. In conclusion, a special elaboration of Mencius’ ethics of rectification is to be explicated in a phenomenological approach to vox Dei as vox Populii as the source of ethics of solidarity in its influential effect in Zhu Xi’s and Wang Yangming’s development toward a postcolonial theory of religion.
An in-situ simulation-based educational outreach project for pediatric trauma care in a rural trauma system.

Abstract Background Outcome disparities between urban and rural pediatric trauma patients persist, despite regionalization of trauma systems. Rural patients are initially transported to the nearest emergency department (ED), where pediatric care is infrequent. We aim to identify educational intervention targets and increase provider experience via pediatric trauma simulation. Methods Prospective study of simulation-based pediatric trauma resuscitation was performed at three community EDs. Level one trauma center providers facilitated simulations, providing educational feedback. Provider performance comfort and skill with tasks essential to initial trauma care were assessed, comparing pre-/postsimulations. Primary outcomes were: 1) improved comfort performing skills, and 2) team performance during resuscitation. Results Provider comfort with the following improved (p-values Conclusions Simulation-based education improves provider comfort and performance. Comparison of patient outcomes to evaluate improvement in pediatric trauma care is warranted. Level of evidence rating IV.
Age Hardenable Nickel-Based Alloy Developments and Research for New High Temperature Power Cycles

Advanced Ultrasupercritical (A-USC) steam Rankine cycles and Supercritical Carbon Dioxide (sCO2) Brayton cycles are under intensive development to enable low carbon generation of electricity. These high-efficiency power cycles, aimed at fossil and in some cases renewable energy, require higher temperatures and pressures compared to traditional steam cycles for pressuring retaining components such as tubing, piping, heat exchangers, and turbine casings. Extensive research and development to produce and characterize age-hardenable nickel-based alloys containing Al, Ti, and Nb in judicious amounts have allowed designers to now consider supercritical fluid temperatures up to ~760 °C which is much greater than today’s supercritical steam technology based on steel metallurgy up to ~610 °C. This paper will focus on the alloys developed around the world to enable these advanced power cycles, and a discussion on their key properties: long-term creep strength (100,000 h+), fabricability, and weldability/weld performance. Most of these alloys contain less than 25% gamma prime, such as alloy 740H, 263, and 282, due to the need for heavy section weldability, unique to these applications. While welding processes have now been developed for many of these alloys using a variety of filler metals and processes, key research questions remain on the applicability of processes to field power plant erection, the potential for cracking to occur during service, and the long-term weld creep and creep-fatigue performance.
Early pregnancy loss: A critical review of the evidence for embryo “wastage”

Approximately 10% of clinically recognized pregnancies end in miscarriage. Many authors suggest that this number greatly underestimates the death of early human embryos, commonly asserting that in addition to clinical pregnancy loss, as many as 60% of all conceptions are lost before a recognized pregnancy is established. However, a critical review of the literature indicates that previous analyses of early embryo loss have relied on inadequate data, unwarranted speculation and insufficient clarity about what constitutes a human embryo. Anovulation, fertilization failure and non-development (none of which entail embryo demise) make significant contributions to observed fecundity, yet have often been ignored. Although the actual percentage of early human embryo loss is not known with precision, based on multiple lines of evidence, preimplantation embryo loss is likely to be negligible (if it occurs at all). When all early pregnancy loss is considered, embryo wastage does not exceed 35%, and is likely to be lower than this maximum figure, possibly as low as 7%. In light of this conclusion, the relevance of embryo wastage to an assessment of the moral worth of the human embryo is briefly considered.
Effects of Exercise Interventions in Older Adults with Various Types of Dementia: Systematic Review

This comprehensive literature review analyzed relevant studies on the effects of exercise interventions for older adults with dementia. An extensive search of databases was conducted to identify re...
Synthesis of the 5-Fluoro-4-hydroxypentyl Side Chain Metabolites of Synthetic Cannabinoids 5F-APINACA and CUMYL-5F-PINACA

An efficient method for the construction of the 5-fluoro-4-hydroxypentyl side chain common to a number of synthetic cannabinoid metabolites was developed. A series of hydroxyl protecting groups was examined to assess the viability as orthogonal protecting groups for epoxidation and regioselective hydrofluorination. The 1-[5-fluoro-4-(diphenyl-tert-butylsilyloxy)]pentyl tosylate was prepared in 67% overall yield (six steps) from pent-4-en-1-ol and was employed for the synthesis of the 4-hydroxy metabolites of the synthetic cannabinoid 5F-APINACA and CUMYL-5F-PINACA.
Candida/Staphylococcal Polymicrobial Intra-Abdominal Infection: Pathogenesis and Perspectives for a Novel Form of Trained Innate Immunity

Polymicrobial sepsis is difficult to diagnose and treat and causes significant morbidity and mortality, especially when fungi are involved. In vitro, synergism between Candida albicans and various bacterial species has been described for many years. Our laboratory has developed a murine model of polymicrobial intra-abdominal infection with Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus, demonstrating that polymicrobial infections cause high levels of mortality, while monoinfections do not. By contrast, closely related Candida dubliniensis does not cause synergistic lethality and rather provides protection against lethal polymicrobial infection. This protection is thought to be driven by a novel form of trained innate immunity mediated by myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), which we are proposing to call “trained tolerogenic immunity”. MDSC accumulation has been described in patients with sepsis, as well as in in vivo sepsis models. However, clinically, MDSCs are considered detrimental in sepsis, while their role in in vivo models differs depending on the sepsis model and timing. In this review, we will discuss the role of MDSCs in sepsis and infection and summarize our perspectives on their development and function in the spectrum of trained innate immune protection against fungal-bacterial sepsis.
Power from nano-engineered wood

By chemically treating wood it is possible to fabricate a nanofluidic device for generating electricity from the harvesting of ubiquitous low-grade heat.
Using an Experimental Medicine Approach to Identify Novel Determinants of Addiction

Our understanding and effectiveness in treating addiction is not fully adequate. Therefore, perhaps developing a pragmatic theory for identifying novel determinants and potential interventions is needed. The experimental medicine approach, derived from Claude Bernard, proposes a methodology for inductive theory development and suggests interventions directed at targets closely aligned with the underlying mechanisms of the disorder. The steps of theory development under this approach are intended to (1) identify an intervention target; (2) develop assays to verify target measurement; (3) engage the target via experiment or intervention; and (4) test the degree to which target engagement produces other therapeutically useful changes in the disorder. In this article, we review these steps in detail using an example from our work. That is, shortened temporal windows (target) is frequently observed among those who are addicted. Delay discounting is an assay used to measure that target. We and others have demonstrated manipulation of the target, delay discounting, is associated with changing the drug valuation among those with addiction. We conclude with a culmination of the experimental medicine approach by proposing a recently developed hypothesis of substance use disorder, Reinforcer Pathology 2.0.
Random walks on jammed networks: Spectral properties.

Using random walk analyses we explore diffusive transport on networks obtained from contacts between isotropically compressed, monodisperse, frictionless sphere packings generated over a range of pressures in the vicinity of the jamming transition $p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$. For conductive particles in an insulating medium, conduction is determined by the particle contact network with nodes representing particle centers and edges contacts between particles. The transition rate is not homogeneous, but is distributed inhomogeneously due to the randomness of packing and concomitant disorder of the contact network, e.g., the distribution of the coordination number. A narrow escape time scale is used to write a Markov process for random walks on the particle contact network. This stochastic process is analyzed in terms of spectral density of the random, sparse, Euclidean and real, symmetric, positive, semidefinite transition rate matrix. Results show network structures derived from jammed particles have properties similar to ordered, euclidean lattices but also some unique properties that distinguish them from other structures that are in some sense more homogeneous. In particular, the distribution of eigenvalues of the transition rate matrix follow a power law with spectral dimension 3. However, quantitative details of the statistics of the eigenvectors show subtle differences with homogeneous lattices and allow us to distinguish between topological and geometric sources of disorder in the network.
Closed Form Variances for Variational Auto-Encoders.

We propose a reformulation of Variational Auto-Encoders eliminating half of the network outputs (the variances) in a deep network setting. While it is well known that the posterior is in general intractable, we show that the variances of Gaussian posteriors and likelihoods may be solved in closed form, producing improved variational lower bounds over their learned counterparts in experiments. The closed forms reduce to remarkably simple expressions -- in particular, one optimal choice for the posterior variance is simply the identity matrix. We arrive at these conclusions by analyzing the variational lower bound objective irrespective of any particular network architecture, deriving its partial derivatives and closed form solutions for all parameters but the posterior means. In deriving the closed form likelihood variance, we show that the objective is underdetermined, which we resolve by constraining the presumed information content of the data examples. Any of these modifications may be applied to simplify, and perhaps improve, any Variational Auto-Encoder.
Invariance of polymer partition functions under the geometric RSK correspondence

We prove that the values of discrete directed polymer partition functions involving multiple non-intersecting paths remain invariant under replacing the background weights by their images under the geometric RSK correspondence. This result is inspired by a recent and remarkable identity proved by Dauvergne, Orthmann and Virag which is recovered as the zero-temperature, semi-discrete limit of our main result.
Bacterial Variable Number Tandem Repeats

Repeated nucleotide sequences are less obvious in bacterial genomes but nevertheless are present, highly variable, and, in some cases, very important in biological processes. Variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) loci tend to be hypermutable through an insertion/deletion of short nucleotide repeat sequences. Great variation can be generated in this manner at mutation rates that are thousands, if not millions, of times faster than the rest of the genome. This variation not only has been used for high-resolution subtyping of bacterial pathogens but also can be involved in rapid phenotypic changes. Phase variation by pathogens to avoid host immune responses can be mediated by VNTR variation. Genomically localized hypermutability allows for selective rapid evolution, while avoiding secondary mutations that could lead to a genetic load upon the species.
A Miniaturized Printed UWB LPDA Antenna

A compact design of ultra-wide band (UWB) log-periodic dipole array (LPDA) antenna printed on FR-4 substrate is presented. The proposed design consists of array of printed dipoles fed by a coaxial cable. The dimensions of the printed dipoles and the spacing between the array elements are optimized by parametric simulations using full wave simulator. The size of the fabricated LPDA antenna is 0.9 $\lambda \times 0.33 \lambda (135 \times 50 mm^{2})$. The antenna has a fractional bandwidth of 133% and covers the band from 2.2 GHz to 11 GHz. The antenna exhibits a consistent end-fire radiation patterns over the whole operating band of 2.2-11 GHz with a maximum operating gain of 8.6 dBi.
Ovalbumin antigen-specific activation of T cell receptor closely resembles soluble antibody stimulation as revealed by BOOST phosphotyrosine proteomics

Activation of T cell receptors (TCR) leads to a network of early signaling predominantly orchestrated by tyrosine phosphorylation in T cells. TCR are commonly activated using soluble anti-TCR antibodies, but this approach is not antigen-specific. Alternatively, activating the TCR using specific antigens of a range of binding affinities in the form of peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) is presumed to be more physiological. However, due to the lack of wide-scale phosphotyrosine (pTyr) proteomic studies directly comparing anti-TCR antibodies and pMHC, a comprehensive definition of these activated states remains enigmatic. Elucidation of the tyrosine phosphoproteome using quantitative pTyr proteomics enables a better understanding of the unique features of these activating agents and the role of ligand binding affinity on signaling. Here, we apply the recently established Broad-spectrum Optimization Of Selective Triggering (BOOST) to examine perturbations in tyrosine phosphorylation of TCR triggered by anti-TCR antibodies and pMHC. Our data reveals that high-affinity ovalbumin (OVA) pMHC activation of the TCR triggers a largely similar, albeit potentially stronger, pTyr-mediated signaling regulatory axis compared to anti-TCR antibody. Signaling output resulting from OVA pMHC variants correlates well with their weaker affinities, enabling affinity-tunable control of signaling strength. Collectively, we provide a framework for applying BOOST to compare pTyr-mediated signaling pathways of T cells activated in an antigen-independent and antigen-specific manner. Abstract Graphic O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=108 SRC="FIGDIR/small/436968v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1"> View larger version (26K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@9ff610org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1d3c5fforg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@6bfbbforg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@15cf349_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG
Kennedy's Disease

X-linked spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) (Kennedy's disease) is an inherited neuromuscular disorder characterized by lower motor neuron degeneration. Patients exhibit signs of androgen insensitivity, which led to the evaluation of the androgen receptor (AR) gene and identification of cytosine-adeonsine-guanine (CAG) repeat expansions in the first coding exon of the AR gene as the cause of this disorder. Motor neuron degeneration only occurs in males, as female carriers are protected by low levels of testosterone. Studies of disease pathogenesis indicate that a polyglutamine-expanded AR protein promotes accumulation and aggregation of the mutant protein, altering transcription regulation in the central nervous system (CNS) and possibly also in the muscle. Highly representative mouse models have been generated and now provide a proving ground for testing novel therapies, including strategies aimed at reducing the function of the mutant protein (antiandrogens) or decreasing the expression of the mutant protein by targeting the ribonucleic acid for destruction (knockdown).
Pathogenicity of Bibersteinia trehalosi in cattle

Bibersteinia trehalosi causes disease in ruminants worldwide, and is associated with pneumonia or septicemia in sheep. Although infection with B. trehalosi is uncommon in cattle, it is a potential pathogen responsible for bovine respiratory disease (BRD). Anecdotal reports of increasing prevalence of B. trehalosi isolated from cattle with severe disease have heightened producer and veterinary awareness.
Pediatric aortic valve repair: Any development in the material for cusp extension valvuloplasty?

Background Aortic cusp extension is a technique for aortic valve (AV) repairs in pediatric patients. The choice of the material used in this procedure may influence the time before reoperation is required. We aimed to assess postoperative and long-term outcomes of patients receiving either pericardial or synthetic repairs. Methods We conducted a single-center, retrospective study of pediatric patients undergoing aortic cusp extension valvuloplasty (N = 38) with either autologous pericardium (n = 30) or CorMatrix (n = 8) between April 2009 and July 2016. Short- and long-term postoperative outcomes were compared between the two groups. Freedom from reoperation was compared using Kaplan-Meier analysis. Degree of aortic stenosis (AS) and aortic regurgitation (AR) were recorded at baseline, postoperatively, and at outpatient follow-up. Results At 5 years after repair, freedom from reoperation was significantly lower in the CorMatrix group (12.5%) compared to the pericardium group (62.5%) (p = .01). For the entire cohort, there was a statistically significant decrease in the peak trans-valvar gradient between preoperative and postoperative assessments with no significant change at outpatient follow-up. In the pericardium group, 28 (93%) had moderate to severe AR at baseline which improved to 11 (37%) postoperatively and increased to 21 (70%) at time of follow-up. In the biomaterial group, eight (100%) had moderate to severe AR which improved to three (38%) postoperatively and increased to seven (88%) at time of follow-up. Conclusion In terms of durability, the traditional autologous pericardium may outperform the new CorMatrix for AV repairs using the cusp extension method.
Depressive Symptoms Among Adolescents: Testing Vulnerability-Stress and Protective Models in the Context of COVID-19.

Adolescents who experience negative life events may be at risk for depression, particularly those with psychosocial vulnerabilities. We investigate longitudinally the impact of vulnerability/protective factors on the relation between a large-scale negative life event, the COVID-19 pandemic, and depressive symptoms. Adolescents (N = 228, Mage = 14.5 years, 53% female, 73% white) self-reported depressive symptoms 2–4 months before the pandemic (Time 1), and again 2 months following stay-at-home orders (Time 2). At T2, adolescents also completed measures of vulnerability, protective factors, and COVID-19-related distress. Depressive symptoms increased at T2, and COVID-19 distress interacted with resilience and negative cognitive style in predicting increases in T2 depression. Focusing on vulnerability and protective factors in adolescents distressed by large scale negative life events appears crucial.
Offshore Paradise? Taxation of United States Citizens In Costa Rica and Tax Policy Commentary of Its Implications

This paper employs a hypothetical tandem application of both the Costa Rican and United States tax systems. It provides comments on the formalities of both, and considers the treatment of an individual who is subject to taxation under both regimes. The paper determines the benefits and detriments of having both systems apply regularly. Moreover, the author hypothesizes that Costa Rica should not be considered a tax haven. Throughout its sections, public policy comments and critiques are highlighted by the author.
Why Women Protest: WOMEN DEFEND LIFE: MASS PROTESTS AND THE WOMEN'S MOVEMENT

Chileans tend to associate the March of the Empty Pots with the women who mobilized against Allende. During the dictatorship, however, those who opposed the regime, men as well as women, banged on empty pots and pans to demonstrate against Pinochet. The empty pot became a powerful symbol of opposition to the military, just as it had signified opposition to Allende during the Popular Unity (UP) years. The cacerolas sounded again during the Days of National Protest, a series of mass demonstrations against the military regime that took place every month between 1983 and 1986. During these protests, a wide array of organizations representing labor, students, the poor, white-collar professionals, and women took the streets to denounce the regime. The center-left opposition parties embraced mass mobilization as a conscious strategy to overthrow Pinochet. Initially, the fall of the regime seemed imminent, but within a few months, the military had regained control and showed no signs of collapse. Moderate middle-class sectors withdrew their support for the protests as violence escalated in the shantytowns, and divisions within the opposition parties reemerged. The reappearance of political parties in the public arena marked an important moment in the possibility for democratization. The opposition political parties formed two competing coalitions, the Democratic Alliance (AD) and the Popular Democratic Movement (MDP). The formation of these alliances constituted a moment of political realignment. Yet conflicts between the two coalitions threatened to derail return to civilian rule. In late 1983, the moment at which people believed the prospects for overthrowing Pinochet were high, debates over strategy plagued the opposition parties and prevented them from forming a united front against the dictatorship.
Linear First-Time Derivation of Verbs and Consonant Cluster Preservation in Israeli Hebrew

Following a rather complex and somewhat controversial reconstruction process,Wexler (1990) claims that “genetically speaking,” Modern Hebrew is in fact not a Semitic language, but rather a Slavic one. One of the pieces of evidence he brings forth for the “latent non-Semitic traits” of the language is the derivation of xaver ‘friend’ > hitxaver ‘befriended, became friend,’ rather than the expected hitxaber (an independent item meaning ‘joined, intr.’). Since by definition, all verb forms are discontinuously derived in a Semitic language, this type of linear derivation, Wexler argues, betrays the underlying non-Semitic nature of Modern Hebrew.
Propelling force measured during tethered swimming in the four competitive swimming styles.

Abstract The average propelling force exerted during 3-min. tethered swims was measured electrically by use of a force transducer in 26 highly trained college swimmers in each of the four competitive swimming styles. The swimmers were attached to a pulley and counterweight system by means of a restraining line atttached to a canvas belt worn around the swimmer's waist. A force transducer was placed in the restraining line just above the weight rack. The tethered swimming test consisted of 3-min. swims with a 3–5 min. rest between each work level. The work load was increased each swim period by 1.14 kg until the swimmer could no longer support the counterweight during the 3-min. swim. Breaststroke swimmers recorded the highest average values for force exerted during 3-min. tethered swims. The average propelling force recorded for back crawl, front crawl, and butterfly tethered swimming did not appear to differ greatly. In breaststroke swimming, the work of the legs makes a much larger contribution to the t...
Cosmic Metabolism: The Origin of Macromolecules

Three possible routes for the synthesis of macromolecules--geochemical, biochemical, astrochemical--are shown to be directed by water, hydrogen cyanide and silicates, respectively.
Ultrasonic flowmeters in determination of correlation functions of velocity and ultrasound wave fluctuations in grid-generated turbulence.

Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, 01609 The paper is devoted to the experimental investigation of the statistical characteristics of the grid-generated turbulence produced in a wind tunnel. Ultrasonic time-of-flight method using dual transducers is utilized to develop a methodology for determination of the correlation functions of turbulent velocity and sound speed fluctuations. The ultrasonic flowmeter equation is considered in the form that includes effects of turbulent velocity and sound speed fluctuations. The influence of temperature inhomogeneities on ultrasonic wave propagation is investigated using a set of experiments with a heated grid. Utilization of high-speed digital data acquisition cards and LabView software for the experiments allows collecting a significant amount of statistical data.
Conference on long-term care for the elderly: Issues and options. Center for health economics and law university of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, Wisconsin May 6, 1987

Abstract In 1987, 30 million people—one in every eight in the United States—was over 65. Forty years from now, that number will grow to more than 65 million, and more than one in every five Americans. As the population ages, the issue of long-term care of the elderly is certain to become a public policy question. Responding to the growing concern, the Center for Health Economics and Law sponsored a conference on Long-Term Care for the Elderly: Issues and Options on May 6, 1987 in Madison, Wisconsin. The conference provided the opportunity for prominent economists, policymakers, and industry representatives to discuss: (1) current and future long-term care needs of the elderly; (2) methods now being used by the elderly to meet and finance their long-term care needs; (3) economic and political factors impeding the development of private long-term care insurance; and (4) reform options to improve the current and future performance of the long-term care system.
Bases teóricas en la conformación de la terapia cognitiva en la Argentina

The author reflects on the emergence of cognitive psychotherapy in Argentina, reviewing the theoretical basis that led to the emergence of this model and the subsequent founding of the Argentine Association of Cognitive Therapy. In this context, he recreates the discussions between the professional associations in the international context, regarding the role of cognition in psychological treatments. Through open interviews with the firsts cognitive therapists from Argentina, he investigates the theoretical basis and personal experiences that contributed to its development in this field. In turn, he describes the influences of psychological authors that contributed to the development of this model in Argentina, as is the case
Hepatitis C screening.

ABSTRACT Background: Hepatitis C screening is now recommended for all individuals born between the years 1945-1965 in addition to individuals who have high-risk factors. Although most clinicians have extensive experience with the diagnosis and treatment of the disease, they have limited experience screening for it. Methods: We report current screening guidelines and methods. Results: By identifying the disease as early as possible, screening and treatment can reduce morbidity and mortality. Conclusion: Screening for hepatitis C leads to the appropriate evaluation and treatment of individuals chronically infected with the hepatitis C virus and prevents the progression of liver disease to cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and the associated morbidity and mortality. Screening for hepatitis C is also cost effective.
Calcium Signaling in Single Peripheral Sensory Nerve Terminals

Peripheral sensory nerve terminals (PSNTs) have a dual function: reporting normal and abnormal sensations and releasing trophic factors to maintain the structure and function of epithelial cells. Although it is widely considered that intracellular Ca2+ plays a critical signaling role for both functions, the role of Ca2+ signaling has never been studied in PSNTs, primarily because of their small size and anatomical inaccessibility. Here, using epifluoresence microscopy and a fluorescent Ca2+ indicator, we report that action potentials or chemical irritation can elicit transient rises in [Ca2+]i (Ca2+ transients) in PSNTs within the corneal epithelium of the rat. In vitro electrical stimulation of the ciliary nerves in the eye, or electrical field stimulation of the cornea, evoked Ca2+ transients with a magnitude that was proportional to the number of stimuli applied over the range of 1-10 stimuli. Ca2+ transients were significantly blocked by 1 mm lidocaine, 4.1 microm saxitoxin (STX), or L-type Ca2+ channel antagonists (1 mm diltiazem or 20 microm nifedipine). The nociceptive agonist capsaicin (1 microm) elicited Ca2+ transients in all nerve terminals studied. Capsaicin-evoked Ca2+ transients were completely blocked by the vanilloid receptor 1 antagonist capsazepine (100 microm). In contrast, capsaicin-evoked Ca2+ transients were not attenuated by preincubation with 4.1 microm STX or 20 microm nifedipine. These findings demonstrate, for the first time, that nerve impulses or chemical stimulation promote Ca2+ entry into PSNTs, including nociceptors.
The primary structure of rat ribosomal protein S3.

Abstract The amino acid sequence of rat ribosomal protein S3, which has been reported to form part of the binding site for initiation factors, was deduced from the sequence of nucleotides in a recombinant cDNA. Ribosomal protein S3 contains 243 amino acids and has a molecular weight of 26,643. Rat S3 and Xenopus laevis ribosomal protein S1 are homologous: There are 62 identities in 63 consecutive residues in the carboxyl-terminal amino acid acid sequence of rat S3 and in a partial sequence of Xenopus S1. Hybridization of rat S3 cDNA to digests of nuclear DNA suggests that there are 8–10 copies of the S3 gene. The mRNA for the protein is about 950 nucleotides in length.
Hybrid molecular-continuum simulations using smoothed dissipative particle dynamics

We present a new multiscale simulation methodology for coupling a region with atomistic detail simulated via molecular dynamics (MD) to a numerical solution of the fluctuating Navier-Stokes equations obtained from smoothed dissipative particle dynamics (SDPD). In this approach, chemical potential gradients emerge due to differences in resolution within the total system and are reduced by introducing a pairwise thermodynamic force inside the buffer region between the two domains where particles change from MD to SDPD types. When combined with a multi-resolution SDPD approach, such as the one proposed by Kulkarni et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 138, 234105 (2013)], this method makes it possible to systematically couple atomistic models to arbitrarily coarse continuum domains modeled as SDPD fluids with varying resolution. We test this technique by showing that it correctly reproduces thermodynamic properties across the entire simulation domain for a simple Lennard-Jones fluid. Furthermore, we demonstrate that this approach is also suitable for non-equilibrium problems by applying it to simulations of the start up of shear flow. The robustness of the method is illustrated with two different flow scenarios in which shear forces act in directions parallel and perpendicular to the interface separating the continuum and atomistic domains. In both cases, we obtain the correct transient velocity profile. We also perform a triple-scale shear flow simulation where we include two SDPD regions with different resolutions in addition to a MD domain, illustrating the feasibility of a three-scale coupling.
The role of prior information in updating regional input-output models

Abstract The research reported here focuses on several issues: (1) the specification and measurement of errors in single region input-output models and their impacts on the construction of new models from survey and nonsurvey sources and the updating of existing models; (2) the problems of errors in input-output models when the latter are incorporated into more extensive social accounting systems and (3) linkages between the aggregation issue, error analysis and micro-to-macro modelling within an input-output framework. Empirical analysis is conducted on many of these issues by reference to the State of Washington input-output models for 1963, 1967 and 1972.
Distribution of opal and quartz on the ocean floor of the subtropical southeastern Pacific

The distribution patterns of opal and quartz on the ocean floor of the subtropical southeastern Pacific have been defined by analyzing 59 surface-sediment samples. The opal distribution resembles that of primary productivity in the surface waters, except along the Peruvian and northern Chilean coasts, where dilution reduces opal values. The distribution pattern of quartz represents both eolian and fluvial transport. Quartz distribution extends out as a tongue in the same direction and position as the prevailing southeast trade winds. Along the South American coast, high quartz concentrations are found in patches near shore and decrease rapidly seaward.
Sequence Analysis of Peptides Presented to the Immune System by Class I and Class II MHC Molecules

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) are an arm of the immune system concerned with recognition of host cells that express new antigens as a result of viral infection. CTL do not recognize new antigens directly, but only as short peptides bound to cell surface class I molecules of the major histocompatability complex (MHC) (Germain, 1986; Monaco, 1992; Morrison et al., 1983). It is thought that a small fraction of newly synthesized self and viral proteins are degraded into small peptides in the cytoplasm, and these are then transported into a subcellular compartment, the endoplasmic reticulum, where they become bound to a groove on the top of class I molecules, and are subsequently transported to the cell surface for presentation to cytotoxic lymphocytes. Class I molecules are glycoproteins consisting of light (12 kDa) and heavy (47 kDa) chains. Each cell presents up to 105 copies of six different class I molecules. Since the cell is also synthesizing several thousand different proteins, each type of class I molecule is expected to present several thousand peptide fragments to the immune system at any particular moment. CTL bind to the class I molecules and check the nature of the peptides being presented. If they are of foreign origin, the CTL become activated, multiply, and lyse the infected cell. If only self peptides are presented, the CTL remain inactive and continue their surveilance of other cells in the neighborhood.
Gene organization and primary structure of a ribosomal RNA operon from Escherichia coli

The primary structure of the Escherichia coli rrnB ribosomal RNA operon has been determined. The sequence contains the genes for 16 S, 23 S and 5 S ribosomal RNAs, the secondary prophage site for phage λ, the transcriptional initiation and termination signals, as well as the spacers separating the various genetic elements. The entire sequence, ultimately derived from a 7508 base-pair BamHI fragment from the transducing phage λrifd18, is compared to homologous regions from other E. coli ribosomal RNA operons so far available. The main structural features of rRNA promoters and processing signals are shown to be conserved; rrnB has, however, two potential transcriptional termination sites, in contrast to rrnC. Comparison of the sequence of λrifd18 with sequences from other isolates of the rrB operon provides direct evidence for structural rearrangements within rRNA operons. Finally, two potential open reading frames for hitherto uncharacterized polypeptide chains have been found in the sequence closely flanking the rrnB operon.
Abundance exchange models of fish assemblages along the Hudson River Estuary Gradient, New York.

The spatially explicit abundance exchange model (AEM) was built for four fish species: winter flounder ( Pseudopleuronectes americanus ), Atlantic silverside ( Menidia menidia ), eastern silvery minnow ( Hybognathus regius ), and striped bass ( Morone saxatilis ) along the Hudson River estuary gradient, New York. The fish and habitat data during 1974–1997 were used to develop and calibrate the AEM; and the fish data during 1998–2001 was used to validate the model. Preference indexes of fish species for dissolved oxygen, salinity, water temperature, and bottom substrates along the gradient were estimated; and these were used to compute habitat preference (HP) of the associated fish species. The species HP was a key variable in the AEM to quantify abundance and distribution patterns of the associated species along the gradient. The AEM could efficiently predict abundance and distribution patterns of all modeled species except striped bass. The model ability for predicting a local distribution range of a fish species with broad tolerance on changing environment like striped bass should be improved.
An approximate solution for two dimensional laminar plumes including magnetic effects

Abstract A convenient approximate solution is presented for the steady, laminar plume above a line heat source. The solution is applicable for low magnetic Reynolds number flows in similarity transverse magnetic fields as well as for nonmagnetic cases. The range of validity in Prandtl number is from 0.01 to 100.
An investigation of the temperature variations in Neptune’s upper stratosphere including a July 2008 stellar occultation event

Abstract We extracted physical atmospheric parameters from a 23 July 2008 single-chord stellar occultation of the star USNO-B1.0 0759-0739128 (I-band magnitude of 12.60) by Neptune using a light curve model fitting technique. We observed the occultation using the Agile CCD camera mounted on the Astrophysical Research Consortium 3.5 m telescope at Apache Point Observatory. We found isothermal temperatures of 116.5 ± 12.0 K and 154.0 ± 13.0 K for the immersion and emersion light curve profiles, respectively. We compare the stratospheric temperatures derived from the 2008 occultation to published temperatures of Neptune at similar atmospheric pressures derived from previous stellar occultations observed in the 1980s, and from long-term photometric measurements made routinely since the 1983–1990 occultation campaign. No obvious long-term temporal variation in stratospheric isothermal temperature is present. Fluctuations in the fitted isothermal temperature values, on the order of 20 K, is evident. We explore several hypotheses to explain the observed temperature variability of Neptune’s stratosphere, including seasonal variability, variations in the Lyman- α flux received at Neptune due to the 11-year solar cycle, diurnal variations, varying insolation due to heliocentric variability, IR and UV heating by hydrocarbons, aerosol precipitation, inertia-gravity wave dissipation, and effects due to atmospheric tidal perturbations by Triton. We investigate the effects of these mechanisms on the gradual temporal changes of Neptune’s stratospheric temperature and conclude that local variations in stratospheric temperature during each event, on the order of 20 K, are dominated by viscous dissipation of inertia-gravity waves.
An Intelligent Object Recognizer And Classification System For Astronomical Use

An account is given of an image-processing system based on AI concepts, which allows input images produced by the CCT/Transit Instrument to be compared with a standard-object hierarchylike network of prototypes presented within the computer as 'frames'. Each frame contains information concerning either a standard object or the links among such objects. This method, by comparison to conventional, statistically-based pattern recognition systems, classifies data as an astronomer would and thereby lends credibility to its conclusions; it also furnishes a natural avenue for the machine's serendipitous discovery of new classes of objects.
Reveal codes: A new lens for examining and historicizing the work of secretaries

Abstract Using some autobiographical information from my own life and that of my grandmother when we were both secretaries, I argue that we in the academy lack language to describe low-status, gendered and classed work. In order to fairly measure the work that women do with technology as secretaries, and the literacy skills they need to perform this work, we need to shift our perspective and better recognize how we measure knowledge in workplace settings. I investigate some history of secretarial work in America, its relationship to similar female-dominated occupations and its relationship to educational programs promoting literacy. Reveal Codes—a reference to a command in early W ord P erfect software programs that allowed typists to view the formatting they had done such as indenting and underlining text—is a metaphor for framing this project as an interrogation of both our work as scholars and the work of secretaries.
Rapid adhesive bonding of advanced composites and titanium

Rapid adhesive bonding (RAB) concepts utilize a toroid induction technique to heat the adhesive bond line directly. This technique was used to bond titanium overlap shear specimens with 3 advanced thermoplastic adhesives and APC-2 (graphite/PEEK) composites with PEEK film. Bond strengths equivalent to standard heated-platen press bonds were produced with large reductions in process time. RAB produced very strong bonds in APC-2 adherend specimens; the APC-2 adherends were highly resistant to delamination. Thermal cycling did not significantly affect the shear strengths of RAB titanium bonds with polyimide adhesives. A simple ultrasonic non-destructive evaluation process was found promising for evaluating bond quality.
A theory of aspects as latent topics

After more than 10 years, Aspect-Oriented Programming (AOP) is still a controversial idea. While the concept of aspects appeals to everyone's intuitions, concrete AOP solutions often fail to convince researchers and practitioners alike. This discrepancy results in part from a lack of an adequate theory of aspects, which in turn leads to the development of AOP solutions that are useful in limited situations. We propose a new theory of aspects that can be summarized as follows: concerns are latent topics that can be automatically extracted using statistical topic modeling techniques adapted to software. Software scattering and tangling can be measured precisely by the entropies of the underlying topic-over-files and files-over-topics distributions. Aspects are latent topics with high scattering entropy. The theory is validated empirically on both the large scale, with a study of 4,632 Java projects, and the small scale, with a study of 5 individual projects. From these analyses, we identify two dozen topics that emerge as general-purpose aspects across multiple projects, as well as project-specific topics/concerns. The approach is also shown to produce results that are compatible with previous methods for identifying aspects, and also extends them. Our work provides not only a concrete approach for identifying aspects at several scales in an unsupervised manner but, more importantly, a formulation of AOP grounded in information theory. The understanding of aspects under this new perspective makes additional progress toward the design of models and tools that facilitate software development.