cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Science of Connection

I began my career in 1994 as an interventional cardiologist, and I thought the world of medicine was totally mechanistic. My patient has a blocked artery; I have a stent and a statin in my toolbox; I fix the artery—end of story. There is nothing wrong with this approach in acute care. This type of medicine, the backbone of conventional medical education, can save lives. We were trained not to prevent disease but to treat acute problems. This training assumes patients are acutely ill and that the answer lies in some sort of “magic bullet.” They are not coming to us for preventive care.
Cabibbo’s theory and neutrino-induced reactions

The differential cross-sections for the reactionsOpen image in new window are discussed in the framework of Cabibbo’s theory, under the assumption that the ΔS=0 axial vector current is of the first class underG conjugation. It is pointed out that detailed studies of the differential cross-sections would permit, in principle, a test of the theory over a wide range of momentum transfers. Estimates for the probabilities of these reactions are given.
Work in progress — Intelligent project failure analysis

Sophisticated course projects in senior computer science classes have raised great challenges to educators. Students now have stronger needs for instant and individualized guidance when exposed to the complexity of software development. In this paper, we describe the application of Bayesian Network, a probabilistic graphic model, to automated project failure analysis. Students can make multiple project submissions to an automated grader before the project deadline. Each submission will be graded immediately, by running a collection of test cases prepared by instructors in advance. Then failure behaviors of test cases are piped to a Bayesian Network (BN) inference engine. The BN engine generates a report on the most probable failure causes, and helps students in removing software bugs. The analysis of the BN engine can be improved by parameter learning. A case study is presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the approach.
Prorating Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III summary scores.

The application of the nine-subtest prorated version of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III (WAIS-III) in estimating Verbal, Performance, and Full-Scale IQ scores was evaluated in a sample of 278 mixed clinical patients from two Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Centers. The composite reliabilities of the three prorated summary scores, which excluded Comprehension and Picture Arrangement, did not differ from reliabilities from the full WAIS-III. All three prorated IQ summary scores demonstrated good alternate forms reliability with the standard WAIS-III summary scores. Verbal Performance discrepancy scores were accurate for 86% of the cases. The results of this study appear to support the regular use of prorated WAIS-III summary scores in estimating full WAIS-III summary scores. The benefit of this system is that by giving all of the subtests required for the index scores, not only are the index scores derived, but a very close estimation of the summary scores are generated. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol 56: 807–811, 2000.
Meteorology of the upper atmosphere

The four-year period saw very active work on many aspects of upper atmosphere meteorology: energetics, imposition, thermal structure, and wind systems. Among the most notable achievements, I believe, were the solidification of tidal theory and its successful comparison with observations, the development of the theory of vertical propagation of Rossby waves, the beginnings of a plausible theory of the quasi-biennial escalation, and realistic new models of the structure of the thermosphere, including the effects of winds.
Acetaldehyde inhibits the anti-elastase activity of α1-antitrypsin

There are genetic and exogenous factors responsible for alpha 1-antitrypsin (alpha 1-AT) deficiency which may lead to cirrhosis of the liver and emphysema. The present study was initiated on a biochemical level in order to determine whether acetaldehyde, the major product of ethanol metabolism, is capable of influencing the physiological effect of alpha 1-AT upon elastase, an enzyme which is capable of inducing emphysema. The effects of acetaldehyde and ethanol upon elastase and alpha 1-AT were tested. Acetaldehyde at 0.3-M and 1.2-M concentrations inhibited the anti-elastase activity of alpha 1-AT. Acetaldehyde at 0.03-M and 0.07-M concentrations did not affect elastase activity and had a slight effect at 0.12-M levels. Equivalent amounts of ethanol were without influence upon elastase activity or alpha 1-AT function. These data provide biochemical support for the possibility that heterozygous males with lower than normal alpha 1-AT levels may be at much higher risk to develop liver disease, emphysema, and alpha 1-AT deficiency as a consequence of chronic exposure to ethanol and concomitant circulating acetaldehyde levels.
Similar Wear in Total Hip Arthroplasties with Metallic or Zirconia Femoral Heads

Ceramic femoral heads have been used in an attempt at reducing polyethylene wear of total hip arthroplasties. Clinical results with zirconia femoral heads have been mixed. This study was undertaken to compare the polyethylene wear and incidence of periprosthetic osteolysis in total hip replacements performed using a 28-mm zirconia versus a 28-mm cobalt chromium femoral head. Thirty-five hips with a 28-mm cobalt chromium head and 68 hips with a 28-mm zirconia head were evaluated after a minimum follow-up of 2 years (average, 4.0 years; range, 2.0 to 9.1 years). A monoblock acetabular component was used in all patients. Polyethylene wear was measured in serial radiographs from 58 of the hips utilizing a computer-assisted vector wear technique. Periacetabular osteolysis developed in three patients (two with a zirconia head and one with a cobalt chromium head). The total wear and the annual wear rate were 0.48 mm and 0.11 mm/year for the cobalt chromium heads and 0.53 mm and 0.14 mm/year for the zirconia heads, respectively. We found no benefit with respect to the rate of polyethylene wear or incidence of osteolysis with the use of zirconia femoral heads.
Modeling rotation and curvature effects within scalar eddy viscosity model framework

Abstract Two approaches to incorporate the effects of rotation and curvature in scalar eddy viscosity models are explored. One is the “Modified coefficients approach” – to parameterize the model coefficients such that the growth rate of turbulent kinetic energy is suppressed or enhanced. The other is the “Bifurcation approach” – to parameterize the eddy viscosity coefficient such that the equilibrium solution bifurcates from healthy to decaying solution branches. Simple, yet, predictive models in each of these two approaches are proposed and validated on some benchmark test cases characterized by profound effects of system rotation and/or streamline curvature. The results obtained with both the models are encouraging.
Metabotropic glutamate receptor activation causes a rapid redistribution of AMPA receptors.

Electrophysiology, immunostaining and time lapse imaging techniques were employed to study the mechanism of long-term depression (LTD) induced by DHPG, a specific group I metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) agonist. Experiments were performed in primary hippocampal culture or in the CA1 area of acute rat hippocampal slices. In agreement with previous results by others, we show that DHPG (200 μM, 10 min) can induce LTD (DHPG-LTD) in acute slices, in the presence or absence of synaptic inhibition. In addition, in voltage clamp whole cell experiments we find that accompanying the reduction in the evoked excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC), miniature EPSC amplitude and frequency are reduced. Similar results were obtained in cultured neurons. Immunostaining and time lapse imaging showed a long-lasting loss of AMPA receptors from the membrane surface of cultured neurons after DHPG treatment, which appears to occur in only a subset of the puncta. Further electrophysiological recordings on slices showed that blocking postsynaptic endocytosis by introducing a blocking peptide named D15 in recording pipettes abolished the DHPG-LTD. In conclusion, these data suggest that LTD induced by mGluR activation is due to a rapid removal of AMPA receptors from the postsynaptic membrane.
RPL11, an R Factor of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Determining Carbenicillin and Gentamicin Resistance

Abstract R factor RPL11 from Pseudomonas aeruginosa determines multiple drug resistance including resistance to gentamicin and carbenicillin. The host range and incompatibility properties of RPL11 are those of incompatibility group P-2. Strains harboring the factor are not altered with respect to the major immunotypes 1 through 7 of Parke-Davis, or with respect to pyocin type by using the 18 indicators of Jones and co-workers. Analytical ultracentrifugation of crude extracts of R factor-containing strains shows a band of satellite DNA with a buoyant density of 1.717 g/cm3.
The BLyS family of ligands and receptors: an archetype for niche-specific homeostatic regulation

Discovery and characterization of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family member B-lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS) has opened a novel chapter in the role of TNF family members in the homeostatic control of lymphocyte populations. BLyS and its sister cytokine APRIL (a proliferation-inducing ligand) act primarily as soluble trimers and serve to regulate the steady-state numbers of nearly all B-cell compartments. This homeostatic regulation is accomplished through the regulation of B-cell production rates, selection thresholds, and lifespan. Differential expression of the three BLyS receptors during differentiation and activation provides related yet distinct homeostatic niches for follicular, marginal zone, and memory B-cell subsets.
Registration of camera captured documents under non-rigid deformation

Document registration is a problem where the image of a template document whose layout is known is registered with a test document image. Given the registration parameters, layout of the template image is superimposed on the test document. Registration algorithms have been popular in applications, such as forms processing where the superimposed layout is used to extract relevant fields. Prior art has been designed to work with scanned documents under affine transformation. We find that the proliferation of camera captured images makes it necessary to address camera noise such as non-uniform lighting, clutter, and highly variable scale/resolution. The absence of a scan bed also leads to challenging non-rigid deformations being seen in paper images. Prior approaches in point pattern based registration like RANdom SAmple Consensus (RANSAC) [4], and Thin Plate Spline-Robust Point Matching (TPS-RPM) [5, 6] form the basis of our work. We propose enhancements to these methods to enable registration of cell phone and camera captured documents under non-rigid transformations. We embed three novel aspects into the framework: (i) histogram based uniformly transformed correspondence estimation, (ii) clustering of points located near the regions of interest (ROI) to select only close by regions for matching, (iii) validation of the registration in RANSAC and TPS-RPM algorithms for non-rigid registration. We consider Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) [8] and Speeded-Up Robust Features (SURF) [1] as our features. Results are reported as comparing prior art with our method on a dataset that will be made publicly available.
Improving inconsistency resolution with side-effect evaluation and costs

Consistency management is a major requirement in software engineering. Although this problem has attracted significant attention in the literature, support for inconsistency resolution is still not standard for modeling tools. In this paper, we introduce explicit side-effect expressions for each inconsistency resolution and costs for each inconsistency type. This allows a fine-grained evaluation of each possible inconsistency resolution for a particular inconsistent model. We further show how an inconsistency resolution module for a modeling tool can be designed and implemented based on our approach. We demonstrate the applicability of our approach for resolution of inconsistencies between object life cycles and process models.
Polar Motion and Earth Tides from Laser Tracking

The paper discusses techniques available for measuring polar motion, earth rotation and earth tides with laser tracking of satellites. In a discussion of future prospects, it is noted that when the Laser Geodynamics Satellite is launched, a network of laser stations is projected to be able to achieve better than 10 cm from each coordinate from less than one day of tracking.
THE MYSTERY OF GOD AND THE SUFFERING OF HUMAN BEINGS1

The proper theological response to the problem of reconciling human suffering with the Christian belief in a God of infinite wisdom, power, and goodness is not to try to solve the unsolvable, but to preserve the mystery of God. The concept ‘mystery’ as attributed to God signifies intelligibility — inexhaustible intelligibility — not contradiction. Mystery suggests the range and limits of a human being's knowledge of God. We cannot know why God permits suffering in this particular instance or the character of God's response to someone in the throes of suffering. We can know in a general way the necessary conditions of the possibility for the realization of God's purpose because we know the purpose of God's activity through revelation. This paper argues that if God created the universe so that creatures could share in the fullness of God's life, God could not have achieved God's purpose without any human suffering. This argument upholds the inexhaustible intelligibility of God's activity and thus preserves the mystery of God, for if God could have achieved God's purpose without any suffering, yet willed the suffering of creatures, then the eternal plan of providence and the actual unfolding of salvation history would be arbitrary and irrational.
Simulation of transport and removal processes of the Saharan dust

A planetary boundary layer (PBL) model has been modified to include a Saharan air layer containing the bulk of Saharan dust. The Saharan air layer is recognized as a deep mixed layer, which extends up to 4-6 km during hot summer months and is characterized by high potential temperature and high dust concentration. Microphysical processes of particle coagulation and sedimentation have been coupled with dynamic processes to simulate the evolution of dust particles. In agreement with observations, simulations indicate that dust particles greater than 10 micron radius can be produced and transported in the Sahara air layer across the Atlantic Ocean, while dust concentrations in the PBL over the Atlantic Ocean are smaller by a factor of two or more than in the Saharan air layer.
The Assessment of a Complex Problem: The Bungee Jump Project

This article describes a course project used to assess students' capacity to make mathematical connections. Students created simulations of a bungee jump and applied graphic differentiation to investigate connections among the displacement, velocity, and acceleration of the bungee jumper. The responses of three groups of students are described and analyzed to portray their graphical models and characterize their ability to connect essential elements of the model. The key factor distinguishing the three student groups was the degree of completeness and consistency in their connections among the physical elements of the model—displacement, velocity, and acceleration—and its mathematical elements—algebra, geometry, and calculus. A scoring rubric generated from the thinking of the three groups illustrates a means of assessing complex problems like the bungee-jump project.
SKRM: Where security techniques talk to each other

Achieving complete and accurate cyber situation awareness (SA) is crucial for security analysts to make right decisions. To facilitate cyber SA, existing security tools, algorithms, and techniques like attack graph, should be integrated together to extract the most critical information and synthesize knowledge from different areas. Based on existing theories of situation awareness, a cyber SA model and an SKRM (Situation Knowledge Reference Model) model are constructed to enhance the coupling of current techniques to situation awareness to enable security analysts' effective analysis of complex cyber-security problems.
Barriers and Enhancements to Physician-Psychologist Collaboration

Have you ever wondered why it is so difficult to establish and maintain good relationships with physicians who could be good referral sources for you? Physicians in 2 multispecialty practices that include psychologists reveal what they want from psychologists and what most concerns them about working with psychologists. Strategies are outlined that psychologists can adopt to promote physician– psychologist collaboration, including seeing physicians as their customers and marketing services with an eye toward customer satisfaction. Psychologists practicing in a medical clinic sometimes wonder why some physician colleagues refer more patients than others. Psychologists in medical settings may feel as if they are marginal people in a dominant medical culture and cannot quite get a handle on what physicians want and need from them. What are the barriers to collaboration, and what are some ingredients for successful teamwork? How can psychologists better serve the needs of physicians in a multispecialty medical group practice? What current beliefs do physicians hold about psychologists and the profession of psychology? This study answers these questions. Although there is some overlap, there are strong cultural differences embedded in the two professions of medicine and psychology. Failure to understand and adjust to cultural differences in approaches to patient care can undermine even the most wellintentioned efforts at collaboration. Hamberger, Ovide, and Weiner (1999) highlighted the following four areas that they believe represent significantly different sets of values or approaches to learning and professional practice between the medical and mental health professions: (a) role of theory in practice, (b) teaching focus and learning orientation, (c) problem-solving styles, and (d) expectations for consultations. Several authors have speculated on possible barriers to collaboration (Bray, 1996; Bray & Rogers, 1995; Mauksch & Leahy, 1993; Wickramasekera, 1989), which include proximity of providers, insurance reimbursement, and patient resistance as hindering factors to referral. Drotar (1993) noted the following:
Rosette Inhibitory Factor: T‐Lymphocyte Subpopulation Specificity and Potential Immunoregulatory Role in Hepatitis B Virus Infection

We have observed the disappearance of rosette inhibitory factor (RIF) from the serum of 19 patients with acute hepatitis B virus infection. This occurred at a time coinciding with the detection of anti-HBs. In addition, levels of RIF activity were significantly greater (P less than 0.001) in 35 HBsAg carriers who lacked anti-HBs when compared to 15 carriers who regularly demonstrated this antibody. In all instances, RIF effect was partial affecting some, but not all, T-lymphocytes from healthy donors were separated into TM (helper), TG (suppressor), and T0 (null) subpopulations by an immunoglobulin-ox-cell rosette depletion method. The effect of RIF on erythrocyte rosette formation and Fc-receptor expression in these subpopulations was assessed. TG-lymphocytes were found to be refractory to RIF-mediated suppression of erythrocyte rosette formation while TM-lymphocytes demonstrated an enhanced sensitivity to RIF. Incubation of TG-lymphocytes, potential TM-percursor cells, with RIF resulted in a decreased expression of new IgM-Fc receptors. In order to determine if any functional significance could be derived from these findings, the effect of RIF on in vitro immunoglobulin secretion was tested. Using pokeweed mitogen-stimulated mononuclear cell cultures, purified RIF-low density lipoprotein was shown to suppress IgM, IgG, and IgA secretion by 75.3, 74.3, and 59.3%, respectively. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that RIF is a potential immunoregulatory protein which could contribute to the lack of anti-HBs noted during the acute phase of hepatitis B and in the majority of HBsAg carriers.
Mechanisms of electrospray ionization of singly and multiply charged salt clusters

Abstract Electrosprays of solutions of tetraheptyl ammonium bromide (A + B − ) in formamide and propanol are investigated with a differential mobility analyzer (DMA) and a particle size magnifier (PSM) detector able to count single ions and to infer their charge state. The DMA can analyze all the charged species present, covering a vast range of masses and charge states, from (A + ) z (A + B − ) n clusters ( z =1,2,3…; n =0,1,2,…,18,…), up to highly charged salt nanoparticles with diameters of tens of nanometers. Each charge state z appears only in a limited range of aggregation n , with n max ( z −1) ∼ n min ( z ), which leads to a regular pattern of ordered modulations in the mobility spectra of the neutralized clusters ( z reduced to 1). Coulomb explosions of the electrosprayed drops can be suppressed at will in solvents with electrical conductivities K higher than 1 S/m, as confirmed independently via energy analysis of the spray drops in a vacuum. The mobility spectra then change drastically, showing only singly charged clusters with n =0,1,…,5 (evidently field-evaporated) and large residues, with no traces of doubly or triply charged clusters in between. Coulomb explosions are therefore, responsible for the formation of all multiply charged clusters of intermediate sizes, covering the vast range from (A + ) 2 (A + B − ) 4 up to relatively large nanoparticles. But ion evaporation determines the charge state of all these residues. The resulting curves n max ( z ) and n min ( z ) hence carry key quantitative information on the kinetics of ion evaporation. This includes the dependence of the solvation energy Δ( R , z ) on drop radius R and charge, which is also modelled theoretically in the Appendix A .
Algorithms and sensors for small robot path following

Tracked mobile robots in the 20 kg size class are under development for applications in urban reconnaissance. For efficient deployment, it is desirable for teams of robots to be able to automatically execute path following behaviors, with one or more followers tracking the path taken by a leader. The key challenges to enabling such a capability are (1) to develop sensor packages for such small robots that can accurately determine the path of the leader and (2) to develop path following algorithms for the subsequent robots. To date, we have integrated gyros, accelerometers, compass/inclinometers, odometry, and differential GPS into an effective sensing package. The paper describes the sensor package, sensor processing algorithm and path tracking algorithm we have developed for the leader/follower problem in small robots and shows the results of performance characterization of the system. We also document pragmatic lessons learned about design, construction, and electromagnetic interference issues particular to the performance of state sensors on small robots.
Accidents and complexity

Solar System Evolution: A New Perspective. By Stuart Ross Taylor. Cambridge University Press: 1993. Pp. 307. £35, $49.95.
Architectural support for software-based protection

Control-Flow Integrity (CFI) is a property that guarantees program control flow cannot be subverted by a malicious adversary, even if the adversary has complete control of data memory. We have shown in prior work how CFI can be enforced by using inlined software guards that perform safety checks. The first part of this paper shows how modest Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) support can replace such guard code with single instructions.On the foundation of CFI we have implemented XFI: a protection system that offers fine-grained memory access control and fundamental integrity guarantees for critical system state. XFI can be seen as a flexible, generalized form of software-based fault isolation (SFI). In the second part of this paper we present ISA support for XFI, in the form of simple bounds-check instructions.CFI and XFI can significantly increase the security and integrity of software execution. Our results indicate that support for CFI and XFI is a straightforward, simple addition to hardware architectures. Compared to software guards, such hardware support increases the efficiency and simplicity of enforcement.
Going-concern Opinions in Failing Companies: Auditor Dependence and Opinion Shopping

Contrary to public expectations, companies usually receive clean audit opinions shortly prior to failure. This study examines whether audit reports in failing companies are affected by auditor dependence or opinion shopping. I find audit fees, auditor size, auditor-client tenures and dominant directors are not significantly associated with going-concern opinions. This suggests audit reports are not affected by auditor dependence. I also find companies strategically appoint auditors who are less likely to issue going concern opinions. This suggests failing companies successfully engage in opinion shopping.
Structural Prediction of Membrane‐Bound Proteins

A prediction algorithm based on physical characteristics of the twenty amino acids and refined by comparison to the proposed bacteriorhodopsin structure was devised to delineate likely membrane-buried regions in the primary sequences of proteins known to interact with the lipid bilayer. Application of the method to the sequence of the carboxyl terminal one-third of bovine rhodopsin predicted a membrane-buried helical hairpin structure. With the use of lipid-buried segments in bacteriorhodopsin as well as regions predicted by the algorithm in other membrane-bound proteins, a hierarchical ranking of the twenty amino acids in their preferences to be in lipid contact was calculated. A helical wheel analysis of the predicted regions suggests which helical faces are within the protein interior and which are in contact with the lipid bilayer.
On "psychometric properties of the outpatient physical therapy improvement in movement assessment log..." Riddle DL, Stratford PW, Carter TL, et al. Phys Ther. 2013;93:672-680.

[ Editor's Note: Both the letter to the editor by Guccione and Mielenz and the response by Riddle and colleagues are commenting on the accepted but unedited author manuscript version of this article that was published ahead of print on February 7, 2013 .] We read the article by Riddle et al1 regarding the Outpatient Physical Therapy Improvement in Movement Assessment Log (OPTIMAL)2 with great interest. The efforts of this research team to extend our work on this instrument are commendable. However, the theoretical framework behind OPTIMAL and the population of patients on whom the analyses were conducted were misinterpreted, leading to inferences about the psychometric properties of OPTIMAL with which we cannot totally concur. The OPTIMAL instrument was characterized by Riddle et al as a measure of “activity limitation,”1 which is not consistent with the explication of function provided in the 2005 publication. Based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health 3 (ICF) model of functioning and disability, the originators of OPTIMAL specifically identified 3 key points: (1) basic and instrumental activities of daily living are predicated on the successful accomplishment of actions or movements, (2) sensorimotor performance underlies the organized pattern of behaviors that we conceptualize as “function,” and (3) an individual's ability to perform actions is an essential construct related to functional status.2(p517) Therefore, in the early 2000s, the originators of OPTIMAL proposed to develop and test an instrument that could capture changes in mobility as a proximate outcome of “physical therapy intervention before the intervening and moderating effects of physical and social environments on the performance”2(p517) of basic and instrumental activities of daily living. Thus, it is inaccurate to characterize OPTIMAL as an “activity limitation” instrument in any traditional sense of that term without qualification as to how “activity” …
A compact high resolution piezoresistive digital tactile sensor

A tactile sensor has been developed which provides a 256-element tactile image to a host computer. The sensor contains all required circuitry to scan the sensor array and provide eight-bit digitized data as well as synchronization signals. The sensing area is 0.5 in.*0.5 in., providing spatial resolution of 0.031 in. The overall package measures 0.8 in.*0.8 in.*0.25 in., making it small enough to be located on a fingertip. The circuitry is located inside the package on a hybrid microcircuit which measures 0.5 in.*0.5 in. The sensing elements are force-sensing resistors with a wide usable force range. >
Multi-layer ratio Semi-Definite Classifiers

We develop a novel extension to the Ratio Semi-definite Classifier, a discriminative model formulated as a ratio of semi-definite polynomials. By adding a hidden layer to the model, we can efficiently train the model, while achieving higher accuracy than the original version. Results on artificial 2-D data as well as two separate phone classification corpora show that our multi-layer model still avoids the overconfidence bias found in models based on ratios of exponentials, while remaining competitive with state-of-the-art techniques such as multi-layer perceptrons.
"To see today with the eyes of tomorrow": A history of screening mammography.

Mammography represents an interesting chapter in the history of American medical technology. Throughout much of the 20th century, physicians showed little interesting in using x-rays to help diagnose breast cancer. But beginning in the 1960s, with the growing interest in early detection, the professionalization of radiology and cancer activism, and the increasing allure of visual imagery in medicine, screening mammograms became the centerpiece of efforts to lower mortality from breast cancer. Despite its popularity, however, mammography remains highly controversial as physicians, statisticians and the public have continued to debate its actual clinical value. Mammography well exemplifies how cultural, ideological and political factors influence both the dissemination and evaluation of medical technologies.
Opportunistic multipath for bandwidth-efficient cooperative multiple access

Within a new paradigm, where wireless user cooperation is viewed as a form of (opportunistic) multipath, we exploit the unique capabilities of direct-sequence spread spectrum transmissions in handling multipath to design a novel spectrally efficient protocol for wireless cooperative networks. We show how and why our proposed system achieves diversity without increasing bandwidth. After analyzing its performance, we deduce that user capacity can be significantly improved with respect to existing third generation cellular systems in the uplink
Location effects of a reporter gene on expression levels and on native protein synthesis in lactococcus lactis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The engineering of industrially important genetically modified organisms by the integration of heterologous genes into the chromosome is often the method of choice for several reasons concerned with long-term stability, homogeneous population distribution, and the enabling of selection without the addition of antibiotics. However, integration may disrupt endogenous gene expression, giving rise to increased levels of toxic metabolic byproducts or activating otherwise silent genes. The position of integration of a foreign gene in the chromosome can also influence its expression levels, and this effect will be of relevance in terms of optimizing protein production parameters. In this study, we determine how the random integration of a foreign reporter gene might affect expression levels and assess the use of proteome analysis to investigate possible effects on synthesis of endogenous proteins in two important food-relevant microorganisms, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Lactococcus lactis. Eleven L. lactis integrants carrying the gusA gene were analyzed, and expression levels were found to vary by a factor of threefold in contrast to expression levels of lacZ in 18 S. cerevisiae integrants, which showed a 14-fold variation. Of relevance to industry is whether any changes in expression levels might occur as a consequence of storage of the modified strains. Here it is also shown that the above differences in expression levels were not significantly affected by storage of frozen cultures over a period of several months. Analysis of the protein composition of the yeast and lactococcal integrant strains by separation on one-dimensional (1D) and 2D gels showed no significant variations in position beyond those observed in control samples.
Chemical cross-linking of porcine luteinizing hormone: location of the cross-link and consequences for stability and biological activity

To study the interaction between the subunits of LH and determine which amino acid residues are involved in this interaction, porcine and ovine LH (pLH and oLH) were cross-linked with 0.02 M 1-ethyl-(3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide to generate one specific intersubunit cross-link. The cross-linked hormone was separated from the noncross-linked dissociated subunits by gel filtration on a Sephadex G-75 column. The position of the cross-link in cross-linked pLH (X-pLH) was determined by sequencing peptide fragments that were generated by digestion with endoproteinase Arg-C. In accordance with previous data for bovine LH, the position of the cross-link was between alpha-Lys49 and beta-Asp111, indicating that these residues are at the subunit-subunit interface. The biological activity of cross-linked hormone was tested by radioreceptor binding assay. The receptor-binding activity of X-pLH was slightly reduced to 84%, suggesting that the conformational stability of X-pLH is similar to that of pLH as a res...
Molecular identification of Pilobolus species from Yellowstone National Park

Pilobolus, a widely distributed coprophilous fungus, grows on herbivore dung. Species of Pilobolus traditionally are described with imprecise morphological characteristics potentially leading to misidentification. In this study we used PCR analysis of taxonomically informative sequences to provide more consistent species identification from isolates obtained in Yellowstone National Park. We collected Pilobolus park-wide from six taxa of herbivores over 9 y. Multiple transfers of single sporangium isolates provided pure cultures from which DNA was extracted. Sequence analysis of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of DNA that code for rRNA genes were used to distinguish among similar species. We describe several species of Pilobolus associated with herbivores in various habitats, including two species not previously reported, P. heterosporus and P. sphaerosporus. Our results show that phylogenetic species identification of Pilobolus based on sequence analysis of pure culture isolates provides a more reliable means of identifying species than traditional methods.
Labor Responses to Trade Liberalization in a Rural Economy

How do labor markets in a low-income country with a predominantly rural economy respond to trade liberalization? This study investigates changes in labor participation, market wages and annual hours worked by rural adults in response to higher rice prices attributed to national and international market integration of Vietnam’s rice sector between 1993 and 1998. Over this interval, market and trade reforms brought about a significant increase in the real price of rice, rising over 30 percent on average. I find that increases in real producer rice prices led to higher real agriculture wages in Southern Vietnam primarily benefiting households with little or no land. In reacting to higher rice prices, rural households in Northern Vietnam reduced their participation in the agriculture sector and increased their involvement in the non-agriculture sector while households in the South raised their participation in own-farm cultivation. The findings show that the response of labor supplied to price variations either for wages or household production, varies by region and by gender and does not unambiguously point to a shift in time away from household work towards wage employment with the expansion of markets.
Geography and Sovereignty

This article contrasts the constitutional treatment of two types of territorially defined political subdivisions: local governments and electoral districts. The Supreme Court treats racially segregated electoral districts as constitutionally suspect, while generally insulating more severely segregated local governments from constitutional scrutiny. An analysis of recent opinions involving both reapportionment and local government reveals the reason for this discrepancy: the Court generally understands the role of government in electoral reapportionment as the active creation of subdivisions, while it understands the state's role in local government formation as the passive recognition of private associational decisions. The article argues that, although superficially plausible, this dualism does not distinguish the electoral districts the Court attacks from the local governments it fails to scrutinize, nor should it be constitutionally relevant. The article argues that the disparate treatment of racially defined electoral districts and similarly defined local governments actually reflects a deeper tension in normative political thought between the desire for sub-group integration and the desire for sub-group representation through political solidarity. Because both desires are important, the goal of reform should not be "consistency" but rather a more informed effort at mediating the tension between them. An analysis of social geography and normative political theory suggests a very different approach than the one the Court has adopted: allow racially defined electoral districts, wherein the dominant group must still negotiate with a broader political community at the legislative level in order to wield political power, and severely scrutinize racially defined local governments, wherein the dominant group exercises state power directly without the tempering influence of a broader political conversation.
Robust Planning for the Earth Observing-1 (EO-1) Mission

We have developed a robust optimization-based technique for EO-1 image scheduling that uses Air Force Weather Agency (AFWA) Stochastic Cloud Forecast Model (SCFM) forecasts of cloud cover as an explicit input. This paper presents the details of the technique and demonstrates, using simulated operations based on actual EO-1 sites, historical ephemeris, and archived SCFM data, that using the technique significantly increases steady state value of the catalog of images.
Skeletal muscle capillary hemodynamics from rest to contractions: implications for oxygen transfer.

Muscle contractions evoke an immediate rise in blood flow. Distribution of this hyperemia within the capillary bed may be deterministic for muscle O2diffusing capacity and remains unresolved. We de...
Save the Last Bath for Me: Conveying Everyday Knowledge to a Colleague

Author’s note: I have given my colleague a pseudonym. I rely on my own observations from the trip for evidence of what Veronica thought, and all the conclusions are my own. I did not interview Veronica for her version of events or her thinking at the time. All mistaken inferences are mine and mine alone.
Formation of Spheroplasts of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by Lysozyme Treatment.

SummarySummary. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain H37Ra) has been converted into osmotically fragile spheroplasts by growth in a medium containing lysozyme and EDTA. These spherical forms were stabilized in the presence of sucrose and Mg++.
Reduction in Arthropod Predator Populations in Cotton Fields Treated with Insecticides for Heliothis Spp. Control

The impact of fenvalerate and American Cyanamid AC-222,705 [(±)-cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl(+)-4-(difluromethoxy)-α-(1-methylethyl)benzeneacetate)], both of which are pyrethroids, toxaphene + methyl parathion, and monocrotophos on arthropod predator populations in cotton was observed in 1978 and 1979. Two or more spray treatments of the pyrethroids at concentrations of 0.11 and 0.056 kg of AI/ha essentially eliminated most predator species. The toxaphene + methyl parathion and monocrotophos at recommended rates had the same effect on arthropod predator populations.
Perioperative Care of Children with Cancer

Cancer is the major cause of pediatric mortality and morbidity. It is the second most common cause of death in children less than 15 years of age [1, 2]. Although the 5-year survival rates exceed 80 %, this leaves chronic and debilitating sequelae for many of these children [3, 4]. The incidence and types of cancer differ with age and differ dramatically from adults (Table 16.1). The pediatric anesthesiologist must be prepared to manage the various conditions associated with cancer patients, as well as the consequences of cancer therapy modalities. Children with cancer can have serious multisystem disease and are prone to various toxicities from chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy and the associated pharmacological treatment.
Diagnostic Study of Dual-slice Spiral CT in the Sub-segment Renal Artery

Objective To investigate the dual-slice spiral computed tomography angiography (DSCTA)in diagnostic value of main renal artery and sub-segment renal artery. Methods 43 patients of renal disease were examined by DSCTA,whole volume to be scanned in one continuous run.Interactive viewing of axial images serves as the basis for making a diagnosis while all kinds of 3D display techniques.Results In the 43 cases,98 renal arteries were visualized by DSCT,all of the main renal arteries were clear.The reveal rate of grade 3 renal artery was 95.3%,grade 4 was 67.1%,grade 5 was 32.9%,only 60%,5%,0% was showed respectively on the sigle slice CT.Conclusion DSCTA can improve the reveal rate of the sub-segment renal arteries than the single-slice CT angiography,so that it can improve the diagnostic value of the sub-segment renal artery stenosis and renal tumor
Three filtering methods for gyro signal in system

The speed matching between big-inertia mirror and fast-steering mirror is very important in staring and scanning system.The output noise of the gyro has direct effect on the speed matching,thus the filtering of the output signal of gyro becomes the most important.We studied three filtering methods,and the simulation result indicated that wavelet shrinking de-noising has the best effect on separating signal from noise.
Digging up the Dirt on User Generated Content Consumption.

Knowledge-sharing online social networks are becoming increasingly pervasive and popular. However, consumption of user generated content in these networks has not been studied extensively despite its signicant inuence on many social network behaviors. In this work, we study data gathered from digg.com and ireport.com for studying the creation and consumption behavior. We build on our prior work to explore how and why individuals consume content. We also extract creation and consumption features and construct a simple classication model for predicting whether a submission will be consumed in the future.
Fifteen-year experience with surgical repair of truncus arteriosus.

From 1965 until March, 1982, 167 patients underwent surgical repair of truncus arteriosus. The age at operation ranged from 18 days to 33 years (mean 6 years). There were 48 hospital deaths (28.7%). The following factors had a positive correlation with the possibility of a surgical death: age at operation less than 2 years (p
Vasopressin- and cAMP-induced changes in ultrastructure of isolated perfused inner medullary collecting ducts.

Studies were performed to correlate arginine vasopressin (AVP)-induced changes in epithelial ultrastructure with changes in osmotic water permeability in isolated perfused rat terminal inner medullary collecting ducts (tIMCD). The tubules were perfused in three time periods, i.e., a 40-min basal period, a 40-min period with 0.1 nM AVP in the bath, and a 60-min withdrawal period. In each phase, the osmotic water permeability (Pf) was measured, and the perfused tubules were fixed for electron microscopy. AVP caused a four- to eightfold increase in Pf and induced several ultrastructural changes as follows: increased cell height of IMCD cells, expansion of the intercellular spaces, formation of large vacuoles, and increased coated pit density in the apical plasma membrane [from 0.6 +/- 0.2 (n = 6) to 2.9 +/- 0.3 (n = 7) pits/100 microns membrane length]. During AVP withdrawal, Pf decreased toward the basal value in association with partial reversal of the ultrastructural changes including a decrease in coated pit density to 1.0 +/- 0.2 (n = 4). Stimulation with 8-bromoadenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (8-bromo-cAMP) (0.1 mM) produced similar changes in Pf. Coated pit density increased to 2.1 +/- 0.4 (n = 4) after cAMP stimulation and after cAMP withdrawal decreased to 1.2 +/- 0.2 (n = 6). In contrast to stimulation with AVP, cAMP stimulation did not result in dilated intercellular spaces or formation of large vacuoles. The only ultrastructural feature that directly correlated with the water permeability was the density of coated pits in the apical membrane. Organelles involved in the endocytic pathway were studied with cationized ferritin or albumin-gold in the luminal perfusate. At the end of 40 min basal perfusion or AVP stimulation, luminal tracer was found almost exclusively in large multivesicular bodies (MVB). Tubules perfused with tracer during AVP withdrawal demonstrated rapid tracer accumulation in small vesicles and small MVB within 3-5 min, a time point corresponding to the rapid phase of Pf decrease. Later (30-60 min) the label was mainly confined to large MVB. Occasionally during AVP stimulation or withdrawal, small coated vesicles and smooth vesicles with coated extensions were noted to contain tracer. The data demonstrate AVP-mediated coated pit formation and cellular changes and show very rapid internalization of apical membrane after AVP withdrawal.
Complementary and Alternative Therapies

This chapter provides an overview of the use of selected alternative and complementary medicine therapies that may be relevant for individuals with intellectual disabilities. The field of complementary and alternative medicine encompasses a wide variety of approaches, many of which have not specifically been studied, or have not been studied thoroughly, in individuals with intellectual disabilities, but are nonetheless used by clinicians and parents. Most often, these approaches have been studied in individuals with diagnoses that may occur in association with intellectual disability such as autism spectrum disorders, cerebral palsy, and learning disorders, or in elderly individuals with cognitive decline. The chapter begins with a definition of complementary and alternative therapies and characteristics of their use. Specific approaches are divided into two broad categories: those that involve dietary/nutritional modifications and those that involve physical agents or training. Given the number of therapies that could be considered for inclusion, choices were limited to those that were most common, and were neither so well-documented as to be considered “standard” by some nor so convincingly disproven as to not warrant consideration. Since the therapies selected for inclusion are currently under active investigation, the authors provide a framework to assist the reader with evaluating future research results as well as providing current practice recommendations. The goal of this chapter is to provide the reader with sufficient background knowledge to assist clients in evaluating the effects of the complementary and alternative therapies they may choose to use.