cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantifying Blood Loss and Transfusion Risk After Primary vs Conversion Total Hip Arthroplasty.

Abstract Background Primary total hip arthroplasty (THA) and conversion THA may result in substantial blood loss, sometimes necessitating transfusion. Despite the complexities of the latter, both are grouped in the same category for quality assessment and reimbursement. This study's purpose was to compare both blood loss and transfusion risk in primary and conversion THA and identify their associated predictors. Methods A total of 1616 patients who underwent primary and conversion THA at a single hospital from 2009-2013 were reviewed (primary THA = 1575; conversion THA = 41). Demographics, comorbidities, and perioperative data were collected from electronic records. Blood loss was calculated using a validated method. Transfusion triggers were based on standardized criteria. Separate multivariable regression models for blood loss and transfusion were performed. Results Conversion THA patients were younger ( P = .002), had lower age-adjusted Charlson scores ( P = .006), longer surgeries ( P P P P P = .002), and venous thromboembolism prophylaxis ( P = .01). Compared to primary THA, conversion THA had an average 478.9 mL higher blood loss ( P = .003) and increased adjusted odds ratio of 3.2 ( P = .019) for transfusion. Conclusion Conversion THA leads to higher blood loss and transfusion compared with primary THA. These differences were quantified in the present study and showed consistent results between the 2 metrics. The differences between these procedures should be addressed during quality assurance because conversion THA is associated with higher resource utilization, which is important in the allocation of resources and tiered reimbursement strategies.
Age Validation of Brown Trout in Driftless Area Streams in Wisconsin using Otoliths

AbstractAccurate age estimation is important for understanding salmonid population dynamics and managing fisheries. In this study, we validated the age of Brown Trout Salmo trutta in four Driftless Area streams of southwestern Wisconsin using otoliths from known-age fish. We tagged and released known age-1 Brown Trout with coded wire tags in spring 2010–2015. Age-1 Brown Trout were identified by length and verified by identifying a single annulus in a subsample of otoliths. Brown Trout were recaptured 1 to 5 years after tagging to extract otoliths for aging and coded wire tags to identify known age. We used three readers to independently estimate age using otoliths for 249 Brown Trout, and we quantified bias and precision. Complete agreement (all readers assigned the same age) was 74%, partial agreement (at least two readers assigned the same age) was 98%, and consensus agreement with known age (all readers agreed on a consensus on age when assigned ages differed) was 93% with a coefficient of variation o...
Communication for Development and Social Change: influencing social norms for an inclusive society in Montenegro

UNICEF and the Government of Montenegro implemented a communication strategy «It’s about ability» to challenge the existing, exclusionary practices and promote new, inclusive social norms for children with disability. Drawing on communication for development principles and social norms theory, a 2010-2013 nation-wide campaign mobilized disability rights NGOs, parents associations, media and private sector to stimulate inclusive attitudes and practices towards children with disabilities. As a result, the percentage of citizens who find it acceptable for a child with disability to attend the same class with theirs increased from 35 before the campaign to 80 percent at the end of it. Similarly, the percentage of Montenegrin citizens who find it acceptable for a child with disability to be the best friend of their child increased from 22 before the campaign to 51 percent at the end of it. The campaign was participatory, audience-centred and guided by the key communication planning principles.
Prospective relations between intrusive parenting and child behavior problems: Differential moderation by parasympathetic nervous system regulation and child sex.

Abstract This study examined children's parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) regulation, which was indexed by respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) during rest, reactivity, and recovery episodes, and sex as moderators of predicted relations between observed intrusive parenting and later observer-rated child behavior problems. Child-caregiver dyads (N = 250; 50% girls; 46% Latino/a) completed a series of laboratory assessments yielding independent measures of intrusive parenting at age 4, PNS regulation at age 6, and child behavior problems at age 8. Results indicated that intrusive parenting was related to more internalizing problems among boys who showed low RSA reactivity (i.e., PNS withdrawal from pre-startle to startle challenge), but RSA reactivity did not moderate this relation among girls. Interestingly, RSA recovery (i.e., PNS activation from startle challenge to post-startle) moderated these relations differently for boys and girls. For girls with relatively low RSA post-startle (i.e., less recovery), intrusive parenting was positively related to both internalizing and externalizing problems. However, the reverse was true for boys, such that there was a significant positive relation between intrusive parenting and later externalizing problems among boys who evidenced relatively high RSA post-startle (i.e., more recovery). Findings provide evidence for the moderation of intrusive caregiving effects by children's PNS regulation while highlighting the differential patterning of these relations across distinct phases of the regulatory response and as a function of child sex.
Robust Respondents and Lost Limitations: The Implications of Nonrandom Missingness for the Estimation of Health Trajectories.

Objective: We offer a strategy for quantifying the impact of mortality and attrition on inferences from later-life health trajectory models. Method: Using latent class growth analysis (LCGA), we id...
Durational cues to stress, final lengthening, and the perception of rhythm

Binary stress languages have a well-known asymmetry between their tolerance of initial versus final lapse; the former being extremely rare and the latter being quite common. Lunden (to appear) proposes that final lengthening plays a role in this asymmetry, as the additional inherent phonetic duration of the final syllable can contribute to the continuation of a perceived rhythm, even in the absence of actual final stress. She notes this effect of final lengthening should only be available in languages that use duration as a cue to stress. However, some languages are described as having different cues to primary and secondary stress, and it is not clear which is more important for this perceptual effect. The results of four new studies show that final lengthening contributes to the perceptual rhythm of the word even when only one level of stress is cued with duration.
Digital humanities, middleware, and user experience design for public health applications

Technical communicators should be conscious of how the algorithms that govern "middleware" (software that structures the presentation of data) constrain their ability to represent information. We use critical theory from the digital humanities to discuss how critical visual literacy allows designers to better present contextual information to enhance the user experience. We illustrate this approach with an example of medical communication by using social network analysis software to demonstrate the spread of Ebola in Africa.
Feeding dynamics of Northwest Atlantic small pelagic fishes

Abstract Small pelagic fishes represent a critical link between zooplankton and large predators. Yet, the taxonomic resolution of the diets of these important fishes is often limited, especially in the Northwest Atlantic. We examined the diets, along with stable isotope signatures, of five dominant small pelagic species of the northeast US continental shelf ecosystem (Atlantic mackerel Scomber scombrus, Atlantic herring Clupea harengus, alewife Alosa pseudoharengus, blueback herring Alosa aestivalis, and Atlantic butterfish Peprilus triacanthus). Diet analyses revealed strong seasonal differences in most species. Small pelagic fishes predominantly consumed Calanus copepods, small copepod genera (Pseudocalanus/Paracalanus/Clausocalanus), and Centropages copepods in the spring, with appendicularians also important by number for most species. Krill, primarily Meganyctiphanes norvegica, and hyperiid amphipods of the genera Hyperia and Parathemisto were common in the stomach contents of four of the five species in the fall, with hyperiids common in the stomach contents of butterfish in both seasons and krill common in the stomach contents of alewife in both seasons. Depth and region were also found to be sources of variability in the diets of Atlantic mackerel, Atlantic herring, and alewife (region but not depth) with krill being more often in the diet of alewife in more northerly locations, primarily the Gulf of Maine. Stable isotope data corroborate the seasonal differences in diet but overlap of isotopic niche space contrasts that of dietary overlap, highlighting the differences in the two methods. Overall, the seasonal variability and consumer-specific diets of small pelagic fishes are important for understanding how changes in the zooplankton community could influence higher trophic levels.
Psychodynamic Psychotherapy with Children

The term psychodynamic is used in this chapter to refer to all forms of psychotherapy that derive from classical psychoanalysis developed by (Sigmund Freud 1938). Briefly stated, In classical psychoanalysis, a client presents with a neurotic symptom that is the result of internal conflict operating out of the client’s conscious awareness due to the use of defense mechanisms. In the therapy sessions the client divulges material related to the areas of conflict, usually in the form of free associations. It is the therapist’s task to organize this material in a manner consistent with psychoanalytic personality theory, and to offer understanding of the client’s personality dynamics to the client in the form of interpretations. Once the client gains insight, and then works through the material interpreted by the therapist, alleviation of the neurotic symptom occurs. The client is then free to choose to make behavioral changes on the basis of greater self-understanding. p]As can be seen from this brief summary, psychoanalytic theory and practice tend to be bogged down by a language all of its own, which can seem intriguing at its best and undecipherable at its worst. The details of the model, including definitions of the italicized terminology, are presented in this chapter. The reader should be aware that the definition and use of many psychoanalytic terms vary from one psychoanalytic writer to another. What this chapter attempts to provide is an integrated, consensual view of the range of psychoanalytic and psychodynamic psychotherapies for children. In so doing, some liberties have been taken in simplifying the material presented.
Absence of Evidence Versus Evidence of Absence-SAPS-PD.

Abstract In this article we review the concerns raised by Schubmehl et al., about the validity of using the Schedule for Assessment of Positive Symptoms in Parkinson Disease (SAPS-PD) to gauge clinical efficacy of pimavanserin. We comment on the evidence base supporting or refuting the use of the SAPS-PD and frame the methodology by which the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) permits "Breakthrough Therapy" designations. Finally, we discuss the limitations of using randomized clinical trials in geriatric populations or disorders with multiple comorbidities, as a segue to propose an alternative, such as Practical Clinical Trials (PCTs).
Pelvic Exenteration and Ilioinguinal Lymph Node Dissection

Performance of exenterative pelvic surgery and groin dissections requires advanced knowledge of anatomy. For both operations, a specific operative setting and certain patient-preparation protocols are necessary. A thorough surgical exploration is mandatory before a final decision can be made to proceed with exenteration. Important technical elements of the operation are the lateral pelvic and perineal dissections. The technique for the ilioinguinal lymph node procedure incorporates dissection of superficial and deep inguinal nodes, as well as an iliac and obturator node dissection.
Assessment of ovulation synchronization protocols in goats and use of pregnancy specific protein B (PSPB) enzyme linked immunsorbent assay (ELISA) to determine kid number at birth.

Abstract The efficacy of several protocols for ovulation synchronization and timed artificial insemination (TAI) in goats was examined. In addition, the relationship between levels of pregnancy specific protein B (PSPB) during gestation assessed with a commercially available ELISA and the number of offspring at birth was determined. In Experiment 1, 70 does were randomized into four treatments: (1) breed by estrus [BBE], (2) 6-d treatment with a new [C6N], (3) once-used [C61], or (4) twice-used Controled Internal Drug Release (CIDR) device [C62)]. BBE does received two 15 mg doses of prostaglandin-F2α (PGF) at a 10-d interval and were bred 12 h after estrus onset. CIDR groups received a CIDR for 6 d with 15 mg PGF given at CIDR removal. TAI was performed 48 h after CIDR removal and does were given 50 μg GnRH. All does were inseminated with a single dose of frozen semen using a non-surgical, transcervical technique. Pregnancy rates for the BBE, C6N, C61 and C62 treatment groups were 39% ± 12%, 64% ± 12%, 77% ± 12% and 57% ± 12%, respectively, and did not differ. Reuse of CIDRs, even with reuse extending for a total of 21 d, was as effective as new CIDRs for synchronization of ovulation. In Experiment 2, 68 does were randomized into four treatments: (1) BBE, (2) C6N, (3) NC.Synch [NCS], (4) modified NCS [NCSM]. The BBE and C6N groups were as described for Experiment 1. The NCS and NCSM groups received 15 mg PGF on Day 1, 50 μg GnRH on Day 8 and 15 mg PGF on Day 15 (NCS) or Day 15.5 (NCSM). Does were bred by TAI at 72 h (NCS) or 60 h (NCSM) after the second PGF injection. All does in the NCS and NCSM groups received 50 μg GnRH at TAI. Pregnancy rates were 53% ± 12%, 30% ± 11%, 50% ± 11% and 41% ± 12% for does in the BBE, C6N, NCS and NCSM group, respectively, and did not differ. In Experiment 3, 62 does pregnant to TAI were bled at Days 48 and 85 post-insemination for PSPB. Data on kid numbers and birth weights were subsequently recorded. At Day 48 of gestation, PSPB levels for does birthing singletons were lower than for does birthing twins or triplets (25.0 ± 0.1a, 28.8 ± 0.1b and 30.7 ± 0b ng/mL, respectively, abP
Social motivation for the use of social technologies An empirical examination of social commerce site users

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the nature of the underlying social motivation, including collective norm and subjective norm, which shapes users’ decisions to revisit a social commerce site.,Structural equation modeling was used to evaluate the research model using data from a survey of 531 social commerce users.,Results support the importance of subjective and collective norms as measures of social norm. Both norms were combined to: develop a parsimonious higher order measure of social motivation, and examine the consequent impact on social commerce continuance behavior. In addition, the authors demonstrate that the factors that influence the social impact theory variables, specifically time spent during each visit, affective experience and gender can moderate the impact of social norm on social commerce continuance use intention.,Social commerce website designers can provide visibility of the number of a user’s close contacts (or contacts that the user either interacts with or follows) as well as the total number of people using the same technology as a visual cue to encourage user retention on the site.,The results indicate that customers’ social commerce revisit intentions are strongly influenced by a combination of how they perceive the behavior as endorsed both by their friends and by the majority view in their social network.,This study examines and validates sources of social influence that affect continuance use intention with social technologies such as social commerce sites.
Storage Time and Temperature on the Sensory Properties Broccoli

Typically, broccoli arrives at the store within 7–14 days of harvest and is kept refrigerated until purchased or considered waste. To date, information has been limited on how this time on the shelf or storage temperature affects the sensory attributes that contribute to broccoli purchase or repurchase. In this study, 100 consumers performed acceptance tests and a check-all-that-apply (CATA) section to characterize sensory changes in two cultivars of broccoli (‘Diplomat’ and ‘Emerald Crown’) stored at two temperatures (0 °C and 4 °C) over five time points: 0, 14, 21, 28, and 42 days. Due to quality degradation during storage, the overall liking of broccoli decreased regardless of holding temperature and variety. This was in accordance with a decrease in sweetness and an increase in bitterness intensity. However, there were differences between varieties in which Diplomat had more sensory changes at higher temperatures and only Emerald showed negative changes to its appearance in color. Lastly, the CATA data revealed the attributes responsible for modulating the consumer acceptance of broccoli such as tastes, colors and flavors (e.g., grassy, musty, dirt-like). This information can be used to better inform shelf-life determinations of broccoli. Additionally, these changes in taste, odor, texture, and color can inform those interested in investigating the biochemical processes related to broccoli storage.
Generalizable Architectures and Principles of Informatics for Scalable Personalized and Precision Medicine (PPM) Decision Support

Critical to the clinical success of precision medicine is the ability to deliver personalized decision support to millions of patients through interoperable, reliable and performant informatics systems. This chapter introduces general concepts and methods for creating such decision support systems at large (state and even national level) scales.
In Situ Imaging of Zinc with Synthetic Fluorescent Probes

Small-molecule synthetic fluorescent probes represent powerful tools for interrogating labile zinc pools in biology. Transported into cells through passive diffusion, they are particularly well suited for visualizing dynamic changes of zinc in living systems. When employing fluorescent probes for visualizing biological zinc, there are important limitations that differentiate this approach from quantitative microanalytical techniques. Notably, fluorescent probes engage in a competitive exchange equilibrium with endogenous ligands and proteins and thus detect changes of labile Zn(II) pools rather than total cellular zinc levels. Focusing on design approaches and photophysical concepts, this chapter offers an overview of the most widely employed fluorogenic and ratiometric probes for the detection of Zn(II) in a biological environment, discusses concepts relevant for the design and application of Zn(II)-responsive probes for two-photon excitation microscopy, and outlines current challenges and limitations of their application in biological systems.
13 – Personal Computing

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the history of personal computing. The chapter reviews the components, capabilities, and applications of personal computers (PCs). A PC is a complete computer system for personal use at work or at home by one or more people. It is small enough to fit on a desktop. A PC should be able to run the huge variety of applications software available. The key development that made the PC possible was the development of the microprocessor in 1971 by Intel Corporation. In the early 1970s, hobbyists and researchers began integrating these chips into devices they called computers. In 1975, Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak built first PC, which they called Apple. Apple Computer was born with $1300 in capital. Its first widely marketed product was Apple II. The Apple II became equated with the term PC. The Apple IIe, an enhanced version of the II, sold 100,000 units in December 1983 alone.
U-meager sets when the cofinality and the coinitiality of U are uncountable

We prove that every countably determined set C is U-meager if and only if every internal subset A of C is U-meager, provided that the cofinality and coinitiality of the cut U are both uncountable. As a consequence we prove that for such cuts a countably determined set C which intersects every U-monad in at most countably many points is U-meager. That complements a similar result in [KL]. We also give some partial solutions to some open problems from [KL]. We prove that the set , where H is an infinite integer, cannot be expressed as a countable union of countably determined sets each of which is U-meager for some cut U with min{cf(U), ci(U)} ≥ ω1. Also, every Borel, or countably determined set C which is U-meager for every cut U is a countable union of Borel, or countably determined sets respectively, which are U-nowhere dense for every cut U. Further, the class of Borel U-meager sets for min{cf(U),ci(U)} ≥ ω1 coincides with the least family of sets containing internal U-meager sets and closed with respect to the operation of countable union and intersection. The same is true if the phrase “U-meager sets” is replaced by “U-meager for every cut U.”
The Neoliberal Record: Growth: A Second Look

"The Neoliberal Record: Growth: A Second Look" is a follow-up to analyses the author published in 2018 and 2019. It specifically reexamines the available time series' on Gross World Product for the sake of fuller evaluation of the performance of the neoliberal era within the longer-run of modern economic history (1870-); the significance of even minor adjustment of the era's starting date (in particular the use of 1979 as against 1973); and the data's adjustment or non-adjustment for Purchasing Power Parity; as well as what the data suggest about growth, and the overall effects of policy, in light of studies using the Genuine Progress Indicator, and claims for reductions in extreme poverty and technological advance over the period.
Transcavernous Approach for Microsurgical Clipping of Ruptured Right Superior Cerebellar Artery Aneurysm with Cadaveric Stepwise Video Illustration

Superior cerebellar artery (SCA) aneurysms are rare. The management options are not well defined. There is increasing role of endovascular treatment for all aneurysms, especially for aneurysms of the posterior circulation. However in some situations (wide base, dysmorphic features) coiling is not feasible. The surgical management of these aneurysms has its own distinct complexity and requires careful planning. The classic pterional or subtemporal approaches had its own limitation in proper visualization of the neurovascular anatomy. In this video, we describe the technical nuances of transcavernous sinus approach for microsurgical clipping SCA and A-comm aneurysms. We present the case of a 67-year-old RHF who presented with ruptured right-sided SCA aneurysm. She complained of Headache, confusion, and double vision. On physical examination, she had no focal deficits and was Hunt and Hess grade 3. A brain computed tomography (CT) scan revealed a subarachnoid hemorrhage Fisher's grade 4. A brain CT angiography (CTA) demonstrated an aneurysm at the origin of right SCA. The patient had failed attempt of endovascular coiling and she underwent microsurgical clipping. Stepwise demonstration of the approach with cadaveric anatomical dissection is illustrated. The technique presented here allows for safe clipping of the aneurysm through the cavernous sinus. The approach allows for good exposure of the aneurysm and the surrounding structures. Care is taken to visualize the perforators to avoid any devastating brain stem infarction during the clipping. The transcavernous sinus is a robust approach with good visualization of the neurovascular structures allowing safe aneurysm clipping in this location. The link to the video can be found at: https://youtu.be/oE-HyDASiKM .
The Value of Data

Data is an essential input of many modern industries. Yet, its value is hard to establish, since formal markets for data are still lacking. We study what value different types of data have for a principal---e.g., an e-commerce intermediary---who uses it to mediate the interaction between multiple agents---e.g., buyers and sellers. Our solution formulates this mediation as an information-design problem and uses linear-programming duality to characterize the principal's willingness to pay for each type of data. This reflects externalities between datapoints, which arise from how the principal optimally garbles them. Building on this, we study how the principal values information that refines existing datapoints, which we show can be zero or even negative. Our work establishes basic properties of the "demand for data," a necessary step towards a full analysis of data markets and their welfare properties.
Graduated Driver Licensing for New Drivers: Effects of Three States' Policies on Crash Rates Among Teenagers

Background Evidence is mixed on the effects of graduated driver licensing (GDL) on motor vehicle crashes involving drivers aged 18 years. Purpose This study examined the effects of GDL on crashes involving drivers aged 18 years in three states: Maryland, where GDL applies to novice drivers of all ages, and Florida and Michigan, where GDL applies only to new drivers aged Methods Monthly rates for three levels of crash severity (fatal/disabling injury, nondisabling injury, and possible injury/property damage only [PDO]) for drivers aged 16, 17, and 18 years were calculated using crash records and census data. Data for Maryland spanned 1998 to 2009, for Florida 1990 to 2009, and Michigan 1992 to 2009. GDL’s effects on teen driver crashes by age were estimated using time-series analyses, conducted in 2012. Results Crash rates for drivers aged 16 and 17 years declined in all three states following implementation or revision of GDL. For drivers aged 18 years, revision of an existing GDL law in Maryland was followed by a 6.9% decrease in possible-injury/PDO crashes; in Michigan, GDL implementation was followed by a 3.6% increase in possible-injury/PDO crashes; and in Florida, GDL had no effect. Conclusions GDL led to expected declines in crash rates for drivers aged 16 and 17 years. However, the findings suggest that when GDL applies only to novice drivers aged
Steady state dendritic cells present parenchymal self-antigen and contribute to, but are not essential for, tolerization of naive and Th1 effector CD4 cells.

Bone marrow-derived APC are critical for both priming effector/memory T cell responses to pathogens and inducing peripheral tolerance in self-reactive T cells. In particular, dendritic cells (DC) can acquire peripheral self-Ags under steady state conditions and are thought to present them to cognate T cells in a default tolerogenic manner, whereas exposure to pathogen-associated inflammatory mediators during the acquisition of pathogen-derived Ags appears to reprogram DCs to prime effector and memory T cell function. Recent studies have confirmed the critical role of DCs in priming CD8 cell effector responses to certain pathogens, although the necessity of steady state DCs in programming T cell tolerance to peripheral self-Ags has not been directly tested. In the current study, the role of steady state DCs in programming self-reactive CD4 cell peripheral tolerance was assessed by combining the CD11c-diphtheria toxin receptor transgenic system, in which DC can be depleted via treatment with diphtheria toxin, with a TCR-transgenic adoptive transfer system in which either naive or Th1 effector CD4 cells are induced to undergo tolerization after exposure to cognate parenchymally derived self-Ag. Although steady state DCs present parenchymal self-Ag and contribute to the tolerization of cognate naive and Th1 effector CD4 cells, they are not essential, indicating the involvement of a non-DC tolerogenic APC population(s). Tolerogenic APCs, however, do not require the cooperation of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells. Similarly, DC were required for maximal priming of naive CD4 cells to vaccinia viral-Ag, but priming could still occur in the absence of DC.
Pyridine Nucleotide Synthesis PURIFICATION OF NICOTINAMIDE MONONUCLEOTIDE PYROPHOSPHORYLASE FROM RAT ERYTHROCYTES

Abstract In contrast to human erythrocytes, rat erythrocytes synthesize NAD directly from nicotinamide via NMN. 14C from nicotinamide appeared in NMN and NAD and to lesser extent in nicotinamide ribonucleoside and NADP. Mono- and dinucleotides formed were present solely within the cells, whereas nucleosides and the unchanged substrates readily passed through the cell membrane. NMN pyrophosphorylase, the first enzyme of this pathway, has been purified about 400-fold from rat erythrocytes and was shown to require ATP and Mg++, to have a pH optimum of 8.5 to 9.0 and to have Km values of 0.067 and 3.8 µm for nicotinamide and PP-ribose-P, respectively. The enzyme activity was increased 50% in the presence of 1 mm EDTA. Although NMN pyrophosphorylase cannot be measured in a buffer system of pH 7.4, due to the hydrolysis of the product by NAD glycohydrolase in the hemolysate, it can be readily measured at pH 8.8 where NAD glycohydrolase is not active. From radioactive nicotinic acid the major labeled products were nicotinic acid ribonucleotide, nicotinic acid ribonucleoside, and NAD with lesser amounts of label in nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide and nicotinamide. The results suggest that nicotinic acid is converted to NAD by the Preiss-Handler pathway while nicotinamide is metabolized via the parallel pathway through NMN.
The rate of flux pile-up magnetic reconnection in reduced MHD

The rate of two-dimensional flux pile-up magnetic reconnection is known to be severely limited by gas pressure in a low-beta plasma of the solar corona. As earlier perturbational calculations indicated, however, the pressure limitation should be less restrictive for three-dimensional flux pile-up. In this paper the maximum rate of reconnection is calculated in the approximation of reduced magnetohydrodynamics (RMHD), which is valid in the solar coronal loops. The rate is calculated for finite-magnitude reconnecting fields in the case of a strong axial field in the loop. Gas pressure effects are ignored in RMHD but a similar limitation on the rate of magnetic merging exists. Nevertheless, the magnetic energy dissipation rate and the reconnection electric field can increase by several orders of magnitude as compared with strictly two-dimensional pile-up. Though this is still not enough to explain the most powerful solar flares, slow coronal transients with energy release rates of order 1025– 1026 erg s−1and heating of quiet coronal loops are within the compass of the model.
Mutational analysis of autonomously functioning trans-activating peptides encoded by adenovirus E1A: evidence for two subdomains.

Abstract We have shown previously that a chemically synthesized adenovirus E1A region 3 peptide of 49 amino acids, protein domain 3 (PD3; residues 140 to 188 of the 289-amino-acid protein), trans activates viral genes in vitro and in vivo. To study structure-function relationships, we synthesized N-terminal deletion and cysteine substitution mutant peptides and tested their activities in a cell microinjection assay. Peptides lacking 1 to 12 N-terminal residues exhibited 5- to 50-fold-reduced molar specific activities, whereas those lacking 16 or 18 residues were inactive. Substitution of each of five PD3 cysteine residues with alanine resulted in substantial losses of activity: mutants in the PD3 N-terminal portion showed 40 to 55% of wild-type activity but required a 20-fold-higher concentration than PD3, whereas those in the C-terminal half were as much less active. These peptide mutant studies suggest the existence of two PD3 functional regions: one, localized in the C-terminal 70 to 75% of the molecule, is essential for trans activation; the other, localized in the N-terminal 25 to 30%, can be overridden to a significant extent at high peptide concentrations.
Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) antagonist attenuates adjuvant induced arthritis: role of CRH in peripheral inflammation.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether a corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) type 1-specific receptor antagonist, antalarmin, would alter the progression of inflammation in adjuvant induced arthritis (AIA) susceptible LEW/N rats by blocking local CRH mediated inflammatory responses or render AIA resistant F344/N rats more susceptible to AIA by blocking central CRH, thus reducing secretion of endogenous glucocorticoids. METHODS: F344/N and LEW/N rats were assigned to either drug or vehicle groups and treated with 20 mg/kg antalarmin or vehicle alone BID for 25 days by intraperitoneal injection. Arthritis was induced in both antalarmin and vehicle treated LEW/N and F344/N rats by subcutaneous injections at the base of the tail of incomplete Freund9s adjuvant containing 10 mg/ml heat killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Control F344/N and LEW/N rats were maintained on either antalarmin or vehicle. RESULTS: Chronic blockade of CRH-R1 with systemic antalarmin significantly ameliorated AIA in LEW/N rats, reducing the severity of inflammation in peripheral joints, evidenced by clinical and histopathology scores, and weight loss associated with disease onset. Antalarmin neither induced nor exacerbated arthritis expression in F344/N or LEW/N rats, despite suppression of levels of adjuvant induced corticosterone, the major antiinflammatory glucocorticoid in rats. CONCLUSION: Systemic blockade of CRH-RI appeared to predominantly block peripheral proinflammatory effects of immune CRH, rather than the systemic glucocorticoid mediated antiinflammatory effects of hypothalamic CRH. Results indicate that chronic treatment with a CRH antagonist attenuates progressive inflammation induced degeneration of synovia, cartilage, and bone in arthritic joints, suggesting that antalarmin may have therapeutic potential in treatment of human autoimmune and inflammatory disorders.
Evaluation of non‐traditional modelling techniques for forecasting salmon returns

Forecasting adult salmon abundance is problematic when the number of observations is small relative to the number of potential explanatory variables. Machine learning and other non-traditional techniques employ algorithms designed to prevent model overfitting. Data from 18 coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum), and seven Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tschawytscha (Walbaum), populations on the Oregon coast were used to evaluate the forecast performance of artificial neural networks, elastic net, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator, principal component regression (PCR) and ridge regression (RR) compared to several more traditional techniques. In general, the non-traditional modelling techniques evaluated in this study performed similarly to the traditional techniques with the exception of sibling regression. This suggests that they have merit for improving actual predictions. Among the non-traditional techniques, PCR resulted in the lowest prediction error for the coho salmon populations, and RR predicted Chinook salmon returns most accurately. The techniques explored are not an easy solution to a difficult problem. Spurious conclusions about the processes that generate salmon returns still may result as evidenced by the inclusion of an unrelated variable in many of the non-traditional models.
Pathological von Willebrand factor fibers resist tissue plasminogen activator and ADAMTS13 while promoting the contact pathway and shear-induced platelet activation

SummaryBackground Under severe stenotic conditions, von Willebrand factor (VWF) multimerizes into large insoluble fibers at pathological shear rates. Objective Evaluate the mechanics and biology of VWF fibers without the confounding effects of endothelium or collagen. Methods Within a micropost-impingement microfluidic device, > 100-μm long VWF fibers multimerized on the post within 10 min using EDTA-treated platelet-free plasma (PFP) perfused at wall shear rates > 5000 s−1. Results von Willebrand factor fiber thickness increased to > 10 μm as a result of increasing the shear rate to 10 000 s−1. In a stress-strain test, fibrous VWF had an elastic modulus of ~50 MPa. The insoluble VWF fibers were non-amyloid because they rapidly dissolved in trypsin, plasmin or 2% SDS, but were resistant to 50 nm ADAMTS13 or 100 nm tissue plasminogen activator in plasma. Following fiber formation, perfusion of low corn trypsin inhibitor (CTI)-treated (4 μg mL−1), recalcified citrated plasma at 1500 s−1 caused fibrin formation on the VWF fibers, a result not observed with purified type 1 collagen or a naked micropost. During VWF fiber formation, contact pathway factors accumulated on VWF because the use of EDTA/D-Phe-Pro-Arg chloromethylketone (PPACK)/apixaban/high CTI-treated PFP during VWF fiber formation prevented the subsequent fibrin production from low-CTI, recalcified citrated PFP. VWF fibers displayed FXIIa-immunostaining. When PPACK-inhibited whole blood was perfused over VWF fibers, platelets rolled and arrested on the surface of VWF, but only displayed P-selectin if prevailing shear rates were pathological. Platelet arrest on VWF fibers was blocked with αIIbβ3 antagonist GR144053. Conclusions We report VWF fiber-contact pathway crosstalk and mechanisms of thrombolytic resistance in hemodynamic settings of myocardial infarction.
Stationary sunspot equilibria in a finance constrained economy

Abstract Stationary sunspot equilibria are shown to exist in a production economy with infinite lived agents, when it is not possible to borrow against future wage income. Equilibrium fluctuations exhibit persistence over time scales of the same order of magnitude as observed “business cycles.” An active fiscal policy that stabilizes aggregate money expenditures can prevent such fluctuations.
Seasonal variations of methane fluxes from an unvegetated tidal freshwater mudflat (Hammersmith Creek, GA)

Wetlands are estimated to contribute nearly 40 % of global annual methane (CH4) emissions to the atmosphere. However, because CH4 fluxes from these systems vary spatially, seasonally, and by wetland type, there is a large uncertainty associated with scaling up the CH4 flux from these environments. We monitored seasonal patterns of CH4 cycling from tidal mudflat wetland sediments adjacent to a vegetated freshwater wetland in coastal Georgia between 2008 and 2009. CH4 emissions were significantly correlated with CH4 production and sediment saturation state with respect to CH4 but not with temperature. CH4 cycling displayed distinct seasonal patterns. Winter months were characterized by low CH4 production and emissions. During the spring, summer and fall, CH4 fluxes exceeded CH4 production in the top 40 cm. Comparison of CH4 sources and sinks in conjunction with the interpretation of CH4 concentration profiles using a 1D reactive transport model indicated that CH4 delivered via lateral tidal pumping likely provided additional CH4 to the upper sediment column. Seasonally high CH4 ebullition rates reflected increased CH4 production and decreased CH4 solubility. The annual CH4 flux was estimated to be on the order of 10 mol CH4 m−2 y−1 which is 2–4 times the global average for wetland CH4 emissions. Thus, even though tidal freshwater mudflats are of limited spatial extent, these environments may serve as globally significant sources of CH4 to the atmosphere. This study highlights the importance of these dynamic environments to the global CH4 cycle and their relevance to climate change.
tint Maps to Mouse Chromosome 6 and May Interact With a Notochordal Enhancer of Brachyury

At the proximal part of mouse chromosome 17 there are three well-defined genes affecting the axis of the embryo and consequently tail length: Brachyury, Brachyury the second, and the t-complex tail interaction (T1, T2, and tct). The existence of T1 and tct in fact defines the classical "t-complex" that occupies approximately 40 cM of mouse chromosome 17. Their relationship to each other and various unlinked interacting genes has been enigmatic. The tint gene was the first of the latter to be identified. We report here its genetic mapping using a microsatellite scan together with outcrosses to Mus spretus and M. castaneous followed by a subsequent testcross to T, T1, and T2 mutants. Surprisingly, tint interacts with T2 but not with T1. The implications of our data suggest that T2 may be part of the T1 regulatory region through direct or indirect participation of tint.
Responding to Roommate Troubles: Reconsidering Informal Dyadic Control

Existing analyses of informal control within dyadic relations neglect the nonpenal responses that characterize many such control efforts, and they give minimal attention to the interactional and interpretive processes that characterize such responses. And while dispute transformation provides a well-developed model of the development of dyadic disputes, this model is limited in prespecifying “injury” as the starting point for these processes and in neglecting informal reactions other than “claiming.” Integrating theories of informal control and dispute transformation, this article provides a case study analyzing the nature and processes of informal reactions to troubles involving college roommates, identifying three general categories of such response: managerial reactions, which involve unilateral, nonconfrontational efforts to manage the consequences or implications of the trouble or to change indirectly the troubling behavior; complaint-making reactions, where the troubled party attempts to get the other to change the disturbing behavior; and distancing and punitive reactions, which are relationally despairing responses marked by open confrontation and hostility.
Butterfly migration: are synoptic-scale wind systems important?

. 1. If synoptic-scale wind systems are important in determining long-distance movements of butterflies, a portion of the variation in daily counts of migrants at a site should be explainable by prior winds. 2. Using special flight traps near Gainesville, Florida, U.S.A., from 29 August until 12 November 1978, we made replicated, continuous counts of four migrant species: Phoebis sennae, Urbanus proteus, Agraulis vanillae and Precis coenia. 3. Significant SSE-ward flights occurred for one or more of the four species on 47 days between 5 September and 6 November (Fig. 1). 4. Seasonal changes in numbers of migrants were similar for the four species (Fig. 1). Median fall migrants were trapped between 22 September (A.vanillae) and 1 October (U.proteus and P.sennae). 5. Daily fluctuations in total numbers of migrants were largely attributable to local weather, viz temperature, wind speed and cloud cover (Fig. 2). 6. Neither local wind direction (Fig. 3) nor back-tracking the positions of air parcels (Fig. 4) helped explain the daily fluctuations. 7. The characteristic autumn weather patterns of south-eastern U.S.A. and the day-to-day steadiness of the numbers of migrants are incompatible with the hypothesis that synoptic-scale wind systems are important in determining butterfly migrations through Gainesville, Florida, in the autumn.
The Effect of Political Structures On the Socioeconomic Characteristics of Urban City Council Members

The merits and drawbacks of different kinds of political structures are frequently debated and much less frequently subjected to empirical tests. In this article we explore some hypotheses concerni...
Changes in the abundance of individual apoproteins of light-harvesting chlorophyll ab-protein complexes of Photosystem I and II with growth irradiance in the marine chlorophyte Dunaliella tertiolecta

Abstract The marine chlorophyte Dunaliella tertiolecta responds to increased growth irradiance (in the range 70–1900 μmol quanta·m −2 ·s −1 ) by decreasing its cellular content of reaction centers I and II by as much as 75% (Sukenik, A., Bennett, J. and Falkowski, P.G. (1987) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 891, 205–215). We have used Western blot techniques and antibodies raised against homologous pea proteins to examine changes in the concentration of the corresponding light-harvesting antenna complexes, LHC I and LHC II. Three LHC I apoproteins (22, 27.5 and 32 kDa) and four LHC II apoproteins (24.5, 28.5, 30 and 31 kDa) were detected. With increasing growth irradiance, the 22 and 27.5 kDa LHC I apoproteins and the 30 and 31 kDa LHC II apoproteins declined in parallel with RC I and RC II. In contrast, the 32 kDa LHC I apoprotein remained equally abundant per cell at all irradiances and the 28.5 kDa II apoprotein declined by only 30%. The fact that purified LHC II extracted from high-light cells (1200 μmol quanta·m −2 ·s −1 ) contained a lower chlorophyll (Chl) b content than LHC II purified from low-light cells (70 μmol quanta·m −2 ·s −1 ) suggests that the LHC II apoproteins differ in their capacity to bind Chl b . We conclude that photo-adaptive changes in pigment composition in D. tertiolecta are brought about not only by changes in the total abundance of LHC I and LHC II, but also by differential accumulation of individual LHC I and LHC II apoproteins. A simple procedure for detecting irradiance-dependent changes in the light-harvesting apparatus of other green algae is presented.
Attention and learning processes in the identification and categorization of integral stimuli.

The relationship between subjects' identification and categorization learning of integral-dimension stimuli was studied within the framework of an exemplar-based generalization model. The model was used to predict subjects' learning in six different categorization conditions on the basis of data obtained in a single identification learning condition. A crucial assumption in the model is that because of selective attention to component dimensions, similarity relations may change in systematic ways across different experimental contexts. The theoretical analysis provided evidence that, at least under unspeeded conditions, selective attention may play a critical role in determining the identification-categorization relationship for integral stimuli. Evidence was also provided that similarity among exemplars decreased as a function of identification learning. Various alternative classification models, including prototype, multiple-prototype, average distance, and "value-on-dimensions" models, were unable to account for the results. This article seeks to characterize performance relations between the two fundamental classification paradigms of identification and categorization. Whereas in an identification paradigm people identify stimuli as unique items (a one-to-one stimulus-response mapping), in a categorization paradigm people classify items into groups (a many-to-one stimulus-response mapping). The present study of the identification-categorization relationship is motivated by the recent "exemplar view" of categorization proposed by investigators such as Brooks (1978), Hintzman and Ludlam (1980), and Medin and Schaffer (1978). According to the exemplar view, people represent categories by storing individual category exemplars in memory. Classification decisions are based on the similarity of stimuli to the stored exemplars. This view contrasts with some other approaches that assume that people form category "summary" representations such as a prototype or a rule. A suggestion that follows from the exemplar view is that there may be highly regular and systematic relations between identification and categorization performance. Presumably, when subjects learn to identify stimuli, a unique representation of each stimulus is stored in memory. Furthermore, the extent to which individual stimuli are confused during identification is