cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clinical use of the radioreceptor assay for neuroleptics

Abstract The potential clinical utility of the radioreceptor assay for neuroleptics (NRRA) was examined. The NRRA was able to detect neuroleptic activity in blood specimens from patients receiving a variety of neuroleptic medications. For each medication, mean plasma neuroleptic activity was lower in patients showing a poor response to treatment than in those showing a good response. Because the range of plasma neuroleptic activities found was quite different from drug to drug. it appears that results obtained by the NRRA must be standardized for each drug.
Adhesion to Fibronectin Stimulates Inositol Lipid Synthesis and Enhances PDGF-induced Inositol Lipid Breakdown

The aim of these experiments was to investigate whether inositol lipids might mediate some of the effects of extracellular matrix (ECM) on cellular form and functions. The lipid phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate (PIP2) plays a role in cytoskeletal regulation while its hydrolysis products, diacylglycerol and inositol triphosphate, serve as second messengers. We therefore measured the effect of adhesion to fibronectin (FN) on PIP2 and its hydrolysis products, in the presence and absence of the soluble mitogen PDGF. PDGF induced a threefold increase in release of water-soluble inositol phosphates in C3H 10T1/2 fibroblasts when cells were attached to FN, but had little effect in suspended cells. Suppression of inositol phosphate release in unattached cells was not due to dysfunction of the PDGF receptor or failure to activate phospholipase C-gamma; PDGF induced similar tyrosine phosphorylation of PLC-gamma under both conditions. By contrast, the total mass of phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate (PIP2), the substrate for PLC-gamma, was found to decrease by approximately 80% when cells were detached from their ECM attachments and placed in suspension in the absence of PDGF. PIP2 levels were restored when suspended cells were replated on FN, demonstrating that the effect was reversible. Furthermore, a dramatic increase in synthesis of PIP2 could be measured in cells within 2 min after reattachment to FN in the absence of PDGF. These results show that FN acts directly to stimulate PIP2 synthesis, and that it also enhances PIP2 hydrolysis in response to PDGF. The increase in PIP2 induced by adhesion may mediate some of the known effects of FN on cell shape and cytoskeletal organization, while regulation of inositol lipid hydrolysis may provide a means for integrating hormone- and ECM-dependent signaling pathways.
Abstract C65: Drug-tolerant cancer cells show reduced tumor-initiating capacity: Depletion of CD44+ cells and evidence for epigenetic mechanisms

Abstract Cancer stem cells (CSCs) possess high tumor-initiating capacity and have been reported to be resistant to therapeutics. Vice versa, therapy-resistant cancer cells seem to manifest CSC phenotypes and properties. It has been generally assumed that drug-resistant cancer cells may all be CSCs although the generality of this assumption is unknown. Here, we chronically treated Du145 prostate cancer cells with etoposide, paclitaxel and some experimental drugs (i.e., staurosporine and 2 paclitaxel analogs), which led to populations of drug-tolerant cells (DTCs). Surprisingly, these DTCs, when implanted either subcutaneously or orthotopically into NOD/SCID mice, exhibited much reduced tumorigenicity or were even nontumorigenic. Drug-tolerant DLD1 colon cancer cells selected by a similar chronic selection protocol also displayed reduced tumorigenicity whereas drug-tolerant UC14 bladder cancer cells demonstrated either increased or decreased tumor-regenerating capacity. Drug-tolerant Du145 cells demonstrated low proliferative and clonogenic potential and were virtually devoid of CD44+ cells. Prospective knockdown of CD44 in Du145 cells inhibited cell proliferation and tumor regeneration whereas restoration of CD44 expression in drug-tolerant Du145 cells increased cell proliferation and partially increased tumorigenicity. Interestingly, drug-tolerant Du145 cells showed both increases and decreases in many ‘stemness’ genes. Finally, evidence was provided that chronic drug exposure generated DTCs via epigenetic mechanisms involving molecules such as CD44 and KDM5A. Our results thus reveal that 1) not all DTCs are necessarily CSCs; 2) conventional chemotherapeutic drugs such as taxol and etoposide may directly target CD44+ tumor-initiating cells; and 3) DTCs generated via chronic drug selection involve epigenetic mechanisms. Citation Format: Xin Chen, Izabela Fokt, Stanislaw Skora, Waldemar Priebe, Yongyi Bi, Dean G. Tang, Hong Yan, Qiuping Zhang, Jichao Qin, Hangwen Li, Can Liu, Tammy Davis, Luis D. Coletta, Jim Klostergaard. Drug-tolerant cancer cells show reduced tumor-initiating capacity: Depletion of CD44+ cells and evidence for epigenetic mechanisms [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Prostate Cancer Research; 2012 Feb 6-9; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(4 Suppl):Abstract nr C65.
Biomass accumulation rates of Amazonian secondary forest and biomass of old-growth forests from Landsat time series and the Geoscience Laser Altimeter System

We estimate the age of humid lowland tropical forests in Rondonia, Brazil, from a somewhat densely spaced time series of Landsat images (1975-2003) with an automated procedure, the Threshold Age Mapping Algorithm (TAMA), first described here. We then estimate a landscape-level rate of aboveground woody biomass accumulation of secondary forest by combining forest age mapping with biomass estimates from the Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS). Though highly variable, the estimated average biomass accumulation rate of 8.4 Mg ha-1 yr-1 agrees well with ground-based studies for young secondary forests in the region. In isolating the lowland forests, we map land cover and general types of old-growth forests with decision tree classification of Landsat imagery and elevation data. We then estimate aboveground live biomass for seven classes of old-growth forest. TAMA is simple, fast, and self-calibrating. By not using between-date band or index differences or trends, it requires neither image normalization nor atmospheric correction. In addition, it uses an approach to map forest cover for the self-calibrations that is novel to forest mapping with satellite imagery; it maps humid secondary forest that is difficult to distinguish from old-growth forest in single-date imagery; it does not assume that forest age equals time since disturbance; and it incorporates Landsat Multispectral Scanner imagery. Variations on the work that we present here can be applied to other forested landscapes. Applications that use image time series will be helped by the free distribution of coregistered Landsat imagery, which began in December 2008, and of the Ice Cloud and land Elevation Satellite Vegetation Product, which simplifies the use of GLAS data. Finally, we demonstrate here for the first time how the optical imagery of fine spatial resolution that is viewable on Google Earth provides a new source of reference data for remote sensing applications related to land cover.
Buffer layer-assisted growth of Ge nanoclusters on Si

In the buffer layer-assisted growth method, a condensed inert gas layer of xenon, with low-surface free energy, is used as a buffer to prevent direct interactions of deposited atoms with substrates. Because of␣an unusually wide applicability, the buffer layer-assisted growth method has provided a unique avenue for creation of nanostructures that are otherwise impossible to grow, and thus offered unprecedented opportunities for fundamental and applied research in nanoscale science and technology. In this article, we review recent progress in the application of the buffer layer-assisted growth method to the fabrication of Ge nanoclusters on Si substrates. In particular, we emphasize the novel configurations of the obtained Ge nanoclusters, which are characterized by the absence of a wetting layer, quasi-zero dimensionality with tunable sizes, and high cluster density in comparison with Ge nanoclusters that are formed with standard Stranski-Krastanov growth methods. The optical emission behaviors are discussed in correlation with the morphological properties.
Hospital restructuring and the changing nature of the physical therapist's role.

Background and Purpose. This study was conducted to identify role behavior changes of acute care physical therapists and changes in the organizational and professional context of hospitals following restructuring. Methods. A Delphi technique, which involved a panel of 100 randomly selected acute care physical therapy managers, was used as the research design for this study. Responses from rounds 1 and 2 were synthesized and organized into exhaustive and mutually exclusive categories for round 3. Data obtained from round 3 were used to develop a comprehensive perspective on the changes that have occurred. Results. Changed role behaviors in patient care and professional interaction, including increased emphasis on evaluation, planning, teaching, supervising, and collaboration, appeared to be extensions of unchanged role behaviors. Reported changes in the structural and professional context of physical therapy services included using critical pathways to guide care, providing services system-wide, and using educational activities and meetings to maintain a sense of community. The importance of professionalism to physical therapists' work was identified and related to specific role behavior changes. Conclusion and Discussion. The changing role of physical therapists in acute care hospitals includes an increased emphasis on higher-level skills in patient care and professional interaction and the continuing importance of professionalism.
Vance Haynes and Paleoindian Geoarchaeology and Geochronology of the Great Plains

Geoarchaeological and geochronological research has been an intimate component of Paleoindian investigations on the Great Plains for more than 70 years. Current ideas on the geologic, chronologic, and environmental context of the Paleoindian occupation of the region are based on decades of research by many individuals, but no single investigator has been more directly involved and made more substantive contributions to this geoarchaeological research than Vance Haynes. He was the first and still remains one of the few geoscientists to systematically investigate the stratigraphy and geochronology of Paleoindian sites (and late Pleistocene and early Holocene settings in general) throughout the region. In particular, his work at the Hell Gap site, Wyoming, provided the first comprehensive Paleoindian geochronology for the Northern Great Plains, and his initial investigations at the Clovis site, New Mexico, resulted in the first well-dated Paleoindian chronology for the Southern Great Plains. More broadly, his study of the southwestern “alluvial chronology” (1968) is a classic study in regional late Quaternary stratigraphy and environmental reconstructions, a landmark in understanding semiarid alluvial systems, and a stratigraphic and geochronologic model specifically oriented toward geoarchaeology. More than 30 years later, the Paleoindian geoarchaeology and geochronology of the Great Plains that Vance worked out, though much refined (largely through his own efforts), still holds and is the basic framework within which we continue to work. 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The use of ice to enrich the environment of pigs housed indoors.

Pigs used in research are often housed in barren environments. The effects of ice as a simple enrichment tool for newly weaned pigs were investigated. Four replicates of 120 pigs were separated into 3 groups. One group was given free access to blocks of ice (ice group), another group had access to Classic Kong toys (Kong group), and a 3rd group did not receive any enrichment (control group). The behavior of each group was observed every 5 min from 08:00 hr to 12:00 hr during 4 consecutive days. Pigs were motivated to explore the ice blocks (4.85% ± 1.34) over the Classic Kong toys (2.03% ± 0.59). No differences in other behaviors were found between treatments. Ice is an effective and easy-to-replace enrichment device. Blocks of ice can be used as enrichment devices for pigs housed in research facilities.
Measurements of Aquifer‐Storage Change and Specific Yield Using Gravity Surveys

Pinal Creek is an intermittent stream that drains a 200-square-mile alluvial basin in central Arizona. Large changes in water levels and aquifer storage occur in an alluvial aquifer near the stream in response to periodic recharge and ground-water withdrawals. Outflow components of the ground-water budget and hydraulic properties of the alluvium are well-defined by field measurements; however, data are insufficient to adequately describe recharge, aquifer-storage change, and specific-yield values. An investigation was begun to assess the utility of temporal-gravity surveys to directly measure aquifer-storage change and estimate values of specific yield. The temporal-gravity surveys measured changes in the differences in gravity between two reference stations on bedrock and six stations at wells; changes are caused by variations in aquifer storage. Specific yield was estimated by dividing storage change by water-level change. Four surveys were done between February 21, 1991, and March 31, 1993. Gravity increased as much as 158 microGal ± 1 to 6 microGal, and water levels rose as much as 58 feet. Average specific yield at wells ranged from 0.16 to 0.21, and variations in specific yield with depth correlate with lithologic variations. Results indicate that temporal-gravity surveys can be used to estimate aquifer-storage change and specific yield of water-table aquifers where significant variations in water levels occur. Direct measurement of aquifer-storage change can eliminate a major unknown from the ground-water budget of arid basins and improve residual estimates of recharge.
Mixing Metaphors: Skinner, Chomsky, and the analysis of Verbal Events

Moerk’ s analysis of the similarities between Skinner’ s and Chomsky’ s position fails to deal adequately with the major philosophical differences between cognitive and behavior analytic accounts. In so doing, the degree of overlap is greatly exaggerated. In addition, Moerk’ s formulation of language as an acquired skill, while congenial to a behavioral approach, fails to grapple with the nature of verbal phenomena.
25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels Inversely Associate with Risk for Developing Coronary Artery Calcification

Vitamin D deficiency associates with increased risk for cardiovascular events and mortality, but the mechanism driving this association is unknown. Here, we tested whether circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration associates with coronary artery calcification (CAC), a measure of coronary atherosclerosis, in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. We included 1370 participants: 394 with and 976 without chronic kidney disease (estimated GFR <60 ml/min per 1.73 m2). At baseline, CAC was prevalent among 723 (53%) participants. Among participants free of CAC at baseline, 135 (21%) developed incident CAC during 3 yr of follow-up. Lower 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration did not associate with prevalent CAC but did associate with increased risk for developing incident CAC, adjusting for age, gender, race/ethnicity, site, season, physical activity, smoking, body mass index, and kidney function. Further adjustment for BP, diabetes, C-reactive protein, and lipids did not alter this finding. The association of 25-hydroxyvitamin D with incident CAC seemed to be stronger among participants with lower estimated GFR. Circulating 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D concentrations among participants with chronic kidney disease did not significantly associate with prevalent or incident CAC in adjusted models. In conclusion, lower 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations associate with increased risk for incident CAC. Accelerated development of atherosclerosis may underlie, in part, the increased cardiovascular risk associated with vitamin D deficiency.
An Investigation of the Effect of the Swamping Phenomenon on Several Block Procedures for Multiple Outliers in Univariate Samples

In its broadest sense, this paper reviews the general outlier problem, the means available for addressing the discordancy (or lack thereof) of an outlier (or outliers), and possible strategies for dealing with them. Two alternate approaches to the multiple outlier problem, consecutive and block testing, and their respective inherent weaknesses, masking and swamping, are discussed. In addition, the relative susceptibility of several tests for outliers in normal samples to the swamping phenomena is reported.
Brief report : deficiency of a dystrophin-associated glycoprotein (adhalin) in a patient with muscular dystrophy and cardiomyopathy

Cardiac muscle is commonly affected in muscular dystrophies.1–4 X-linked Duchenne's muscular dystrophy and Becker's muscular dystrophy are caused by mutations in the gene encoding dystrophin,5,6 a membrane cytoskeletal protein.7 In skeletal and cardiac muscle, dystrophin is associated with a large oligomeric complex of sarcolemmal glycoproteins.8,9 This dystrophin–glycoprotein complex is composed of five glycoproteins (35, 43 doublet, 50, and 156 kd) and two proteins (25 and 59 kd). It spans the sarcolemma to provide linkage between the subsarcolemmal cytoskeleton and laminin, a major component of the extracellular matrix.9,10 In Duchenne's and Becker's muscular dystrophies, the primary deficiency . . .
Paecilomyces javanicus Endocarditis of Native and Prosthetic Aortic Valve

A 41-year-old diabetic woman developed endocarditis of the aortic valve caused by Paecilomyces javanicus six years after insertion of a porcine mitral valve heterograft. The patient died shortly after aortic valve replacement. Autopsy revealed vegetations of the aortic heterograft, valve ring abscess and ascending aortitis due to Paecilomyces. There was no involvement of the mitral valve heterograft. Lesions due to mycotic emboli were found in the kidneys, spleen, and brain. Cultures of the surgically removed aortic valve and of the kidney at autopsy produced rapid growth of P. javanicus . The gross and microscopic pathologic and cultural characteristics of this organism are described with a review of the literature. Previously reported cases of Paecilomyces endocarditis occurred only in prosthetic heart valves. This is the first known report of P. javanicus endocarditis of a native valve and its prosthetic heart valve heterograft.
Authors’ Reply to “Comments on ‘Design of Highly Efficient Broadband Class-E Power Amplifier Using Synthesized Low-Pass Matching Networks”’

The authors appreciate the comments made by Cheng et al. [1] that point out an error in [2, eq. (11)] . In [2] , this equation was formed to transform the shunt lumped capacitors into distributed representation with suspended open-ended transmission-lines. As discussed in [1] , the expression of [2, eq. (11)] should be corrected to
Nesting and brood-rearing characteristics of Chukars in west central Idaho

We analyzed attributes from 23 nests (10 renests) and 46 brood locations of radio-marked Chukars ( Alectoris chukar ) in the lower Salmon River canyon of west central Idaho in 1995 and 1996. Nesting effort was 100%, apparent nest success was 45%, and estimated time from destruction or abandonment of a nest to initiation of laying a subsequent nest averaged 13 ± 5 days s x . Average clutch size for 1st nests (14.5 ± 1.0) was greater ( P = 0.017) than renests (10.4 ± 1.1). Cover types used by nesting Chukars included grass/forb (48% of nests), rock (43%), and shrub (9%), whereas the most common structure used for nests was rock outcrop (57%). Chukars did not use yellow starthistle ( Centaurea solstitialis ) habitats differently from what was expected ( P = 0.08) for nesting, but birds with broods selected areas with less starthistle ( P < 0.001). Chukar broods, which averaged 12.0 ± 1.1 chicks, used shrub and grass/forb cover types approximately equally (43% and 47% of locations, respectively) but rock habitats infrequently (11%).
Donor Derived Exosomes Expressing Lung Associated Self-antigens (Collagen V and K alpha 1 Tubulin) in Acute and Chronic Rejection Following Human Lung Transplantation

Conclusion: Significant regional variation exists in the use of 1A status exceptions, suggesting differences in listing strategies between HTx centers. This practice has the potential to introduce bias into a system designed to be equitable. Waitlist survival in patients listed using a status exception is similar to those listed status 1B, indicating these patients are lower acuity and may not require 1A status. While pending changes to the allocation system may eliminate the need for some previously utilized 1A exceptions, developing a consensus on “acceptable” 1A exceptions may even their use across regions and improve equity. Careful review of pediatric heart allocation policies is needed to optimize patient outcomes and ensure a fair and unbiased allocation system.
Urban enhancement of PM10 bioaerosol tracers relative to background locations in the Midwestern United States

Bioaerosols are well-known immune-active particles that exacerbate respiratory diseases. Human exposures to bioaerosols and their resultant health impacts depend on their ambient concentrations, seasonal and spatial variation, and co-pollutants, which are not yet widely characterized. In this study, chemical and biological tracers of bioaerosols were quantified in respirable particulate matter (PM10) collected at three urban and three background sites in the Midwestern United States across four seasons in 2012. Endotoxins from gram negative bacteria (and a few gram positive bacteria), water-soluble proteins, and tracers for fungal spores (fungal glucans, arabitol and mannitol) were ubiquitous and showed significant seasonal variation and dependence on temperature. Fungal spores were elevated in spring and peaked in summer, following the seasonal growing cycle, while endotoxins peaked in autumn during the row crop harvesting season. Paired comparisons of bioaerosols in urban and background sites revealed significant urban enhancements in PM10, fungal glucans, endotoxins and water-soluble proteins relative to background locations, such that urban populations have a greater outdoor exposure to bioaerosols. These bioaerosols contribute, in part, to the urban excesses in PM10. Higher bioaerosol mass fractions in urban areas relative to background sites indicate that urban areas serve as a source of bioaerosols. Similar urban enhancements in water-soluble calcium and its correlation with bioaerosol tracers point towards wind-blown soil as an important source of bioaerosols in urban areas.
Study on Dependablity of Lethal Factor of Leptospirosis in Guangxi

Objective To identify pathogenesy of leptospirosis in Guangxi,to know the lethal factor and its dependabllity factors so as to draw off strategies for leptospirosis control.Methods Case investigation tables of cases died of leptospirosis in Guangxi from 2003 to 2005 were collected to carry out retrospective analysis.Results Of the 7 deaths,6 died of pulmonary hemorrhage and 1 of DIC with renal involvement.All of the cases had contacted with contaminated soil and water,and presented with typical signs and symptoms like fever,weakness and tenderness of calf muscles.Conclusions The lethal factor of leptospirosis is relative to seasonality,contact history and Herxheimer reaction.
Air Quality Assessment of Four Models of Compartments in Winter

[Objective]To study the air quality in air-conditioned carriage in winter.[Methods]10 indicators such as microclimate,CO content,CO_2 content etc.in the air of all the 4 models of carriage were detected every four hours during entire journey,than analyzed with SPSS software.[Results]The air CO content,CO_2 content and inhalable particulate of model 25B were significantly different from the 25T.The total number of bacteria the models 25B,25G,and 25K were significantly different from the same values in model 25T(P0.05).The air formaldehyde content of model 25T was also significantly different from model 25K(P0.05).The air CO_2 content and the total number of becteria in the hard seat carriage were significantly different from hard berth and soft berth carriage(P0.05).Air formaldehyde content in soft berth carriage was significantly different from hard berth and hard seat carriage(P0.05).[Conclusion]The major pollutants in the models 25B,25G and 25K are bacteria in the air.The major pollutants in the model 25T is air formaldehyde.The major pollutants in hard seat carriage are CO_2 and bacteria in the air.The major pollutants in soft berth carriage is air formaldehyde.
Epidemiological Analysis on Newly Confirmed HIV Infector in Nanyang City in 2005

Objective Analyzing the current situation on epidemic and factors of newly confirmed HIV infector in the city in 2005,which provides the reference for effectively preventing and controlling HIV.Methods Analysis was made on the epidemiologic data of newly confirmed HIV infector collected in the city in 2005.Results A total of 684 HIV cases were newly confirmed in 2005,of which 64.6%(442/684) was infected by formal plasma donors;13.6%(93/684) was infected by transfusing blood;18.7%(128/684) was infected by sexual transmission,of which 51.6%(66/128) was infected by their spouse,48.4%(62/128) got HIV because of sexual behavior with ultra-marriage lover Of all the 684 newly confirmed HIV cases,59.1%(404/684) were founded by Voluntary Counseling and Testing(VCT).Conclusion It was fanded that the proportion by heterosexual transmission was increasing among the newly confirmed HIV cases;The HIV cases were mainly founded by VCT.We should stengthen the work on VCT.
Cause of morning surge hypertension

Objective To investigate risk factors for morning surge in hypertension.Methods 201 cases were divided into the morning surge group and the non-morning group.The levels of plasma rennin activity(PRA),angiotensin II(AngⅡ),aldosterone(ALD),growth hormone(GH) and cortisol(COR) were detected.The correlation between sleep-trough morning surge variability and levels of AngⅡ,ALD,GH and COR were analyzed.Results AngⅡ and ALD levels in the morning surge group are higher than those in the non-morning group(P0.05),GH and COR levels were also higher(P0.01).Sleep-trough morning surge had positive correlations with levels of AngⅡ(r=0.42,P0.01),ALD(r=0.28,P0.05),GH(r=0.45,P0.001) and COR(r=0.32,P0.01).Conclusion Morning surge hypertension is closely related to activation of the renin-angiotension system and levels of GH and COR.
Vulvar manifestations of systemic diseases.

The vulva is frequently involved in systemic disease processes that express themselves on the skin, e.g., lupus erythematosus, and more often in syndromes that affect the orogenital mucosa, such as Behcet's syndrome, Crohn's disease, and metabolic disorders such as acrodermatitis enteropathica and necrolytic migratory erythema. The true incidence of vulvar involvement is not known for certain, because it is not often considered. In general, by the time the vulva is involved, other parts of the integument also are involved. Occasionally, vulvar complaints may be the first sign of disease, such as aphthae heralding inflammatory disease and acute candida vaginitis that raises suspicions of diabetes. The chronic, nonvenereal infectious lesions must be differentiated from cancer. The major aim of this article is to familiarize the reader with some of the more common vulvar manifestations of systemic disease.
Protein synthesis rate is not suppressed in rat heart during senescence.

The purpose of these experiments was to determine whether mixed protein synthesis rates in hearts of Fischer 344 rats were decreased from maturity to senescence. When compared with 12-mo-old rat he...
Virginia Vassilevska: Fixing Tournaments

Now Virginia Vassilevska-Williams as the wife of Ryan of Chapter 24, she has revived several problems in graph and matrix combinatorics with unexpected algorithms. This chapter surveys her paper at the AAAI 2010 conference on the complexity of deciding, given rankings of players in a tournament and the outcomes of some played matches, it is possible for a certain player to be arranged as the winner.
Visualization of anisotropic-isotropic phase transformation dynamics in battery electrode particles

Anisotropy, or alternatively, isotropy of phase transformations extensively exist in a number of solid-state materials, with performance depending on the three-dimensional transformation features. Fundamental insights into internal chemical phase evolution allow manipulating materials with desired functionalities, and can be developed via real-time multi-dimensional imaging methods. Here, we report a five-dimensional imaging method to track phase transformation as a function of charging time in individual lithium iron phosphate battery cathode particles during delithiation. The electrochemically driven phase transformation is initially anisotropic with a preferred boundary migration direction, but becomes isotropic as delithiation proceeds further. We also observe the expected two-phase coexistence throughout the entire charging process. We expect this five-dimensional imaging method to be broadly applicable to problems in energy, materials, environmental and life sciences.
To What Extent is Gradual Retirement a Product of Financial Necessity

Changes in the retirement income landscape over the past 30 years have left older Americans more exposed to market forces than prior generations, and more reliant on earnings to ensure their financial stability at older ages. These earnings come from a variety of nontraditional paths to retirement. Most older Americans reduce hours in career employment, change employers later in life, reenter the labor force after an initial retirement, or follow some combination of these 3 paths. The many pathways to retirement are undoubtedly the product of a flexible labor market and may be good news on balance; however, for some these job changes may reflect hardship, as vulnerable populations seek whatever employment they can find to prevent falling into poverty at older ages. We assess the magnitude of this segment of older workers using data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), a large, nationally-representative longitudinal survey of older Americans that began in 1992. We find that bridge job prevalence among those with little or no financial assets resembles that of individuals in the middle of the wealth distribution, implying that financial insecurity does not appear to be a main driver of gradual retirement transitions among career workers. Bridge employment among those with little or no financial assets is, however, more likely to consist of full-time wage-and-salary work. With the prospect of increased financial insecurity among older Americans, this analysis suggests that gradual retirements consisting of short-term, full-time wage-and-salary employment may become more prevalent in the years ahead.
Persistent Dysphagia After Induction Chemotherapy in Patients with Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Predicts Poor Post-Operative Outcomes

Preoperative therapy is frequently employed in the management of esophageal adenocarcinoma. However, many patients are found to have advanced pathologic stage and have poor outcomes. A prognostic factor which identifies this patient population before surgery would be desirable, as alternative treatment strategies may be warranted. Between 2/08 and 1/12, 60 evaluable patients with locally advanced esophageal adenocarcinoma enrolled in single-arm phase II trial of induction chemotherapy, surgery, and post-operative adjuvant chemo-radiotherapy (CRT). A clinical stage of T3, N1, or M1a (AJCC 6th) was required for eligibility. Induction chemotherapy with epirubicin 50 mg/m2 d1, oxaliplatin 130 mg/m2 d1, and fluorouracil 200 mg/m2/day continuous infusion for 3 weeks, was given every 21 days for 3 cycles and was followed by surgical resection. Adjuvant CRT consisted of 50–55 Gy @ 1.8–2.0 Gy/day and 2 cycles of cisplatin (20 mg/m2/day) and fluorouracil (1000 mg/m2/day) given as 96-h infusions during weeks 1 and 4 of radiotherapy. Dysphagia was assessed at baseline and after induction chemotherapy. Persistent dysphagia was associated with worse distant metastatic control [HR 3.48 (1.43–8.43), p = 0.006], recurrence free survival [HR 3.04 (1.34–6.92), p = 0.008], and overall survival [HR 3.31 (1.43–7.66), p = 0.005]. Persistent dysphagia was associated with more advanced pathologic T descriptor (pT) (p = 0.048) and N descriptor (pN) (p = 0.002), a greater median number of involved lymph nodes (3 v 1, p = 0.003), and greater residual tumor viability (p = 0.05). No patients with persistent dysphagia had pT0-T2 or pN0 disease. Persistent dysphagia after induction chemotherapy is associated with more advanced pathologic stage and inferior outcomes.
Tribal Allegiance and the Overstated Role of the Colonial State

Chapter 7 evaluates the second major claim of the proponents of the concept of ethnicity in SSA. Similarly to the evaluation of the first major claim of these proponents (see Chapters 5 and 6), using the conceptual, historical, empirical, and comparative evidence, this chapter argues against assigning the paternity of tribal allegiance in SSA to the colonial and postcolonial states. It examines many of the cases often exhibited as “ethnic” outcomes of colonial rule and shows that the role of colonial rule in such cases was minimal. Rather, tribes in SSA evolved on their own. Their tribal allegiances predated colonial rule. In many instances, it was actually the profusion of tribes that dictated tribal policies to the colonial state, and not the other way around. This chapter shows that the role of the postcolonial state in fostering tribal allegiance has also been overstated.
Advisory Review: The Reincarnation of the Notwithstanding Clause

The notwithstanding clause is the cornerstone of our Canadian constitutional architecture. It has a high ambition to reconcile constitutionalism with democracy. But the notwithstanding clause finds itself conceptually situated between illegitimacy and desuetude in a constitutional purgatory. This is not a promising portrait. Nonetheless, it is a blessing in disguise. The tragic failure of the notwithstanding clause is a fortuitous opportunity to create a new process that will allow us to achieve its objectives while also remaining loyal to the intentions of its creators. This new process - which the author calls advisory review - is a new form of judicial review that is uniquely Canadian, born of Canadian roots, and consistent with Canadian constitutional traditions.
Pose estimation with lidar odometry and cellular pseudoranges

A pose estimation framework by fusing light detection and ranging (lidar) odometry measurements and cellular pseudoranges using an extended Kalman filter is proposed. Iterative closest point (ICP) is used to solve for the relative pose between lidar scans. A maximum likelihood estimator is developed for lidar scan registration. The proposed framework works with few ICP iterations; hence, can be used for real-time applications. The framework is tested experimentally, and it is demonstrated that the two-dimensional position root mean square error obtained with ICP only can be reduced by 93.58% by fusing lidar odometry and cellular pseudoranges.
NY-ESO-1 Vaccination in Combination with Decitabine Induces Antigen-Specific T-Lymphocyte Responses in Patients with Myelodysplastic Syndrome

Purpose: Treatment options are limited for patients with high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). The azanucleosides, azacitidine and decitabine, are first-line therapy for MDS that induce promoter demethylation and gene expression of the highly immunogenic tumor antigen NY-ESO-1. We demonstrated that patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) receiving decitabine exhibit induction of NY-ESO-1 expression in circulating blasts. We hypothesized that vaccinating against NY-ESO-1 in patients with MDS receiving decitabine would capitalize upon induced NY-ESO-1 expression in malignant myeloid cells to provoke an NY-ESO-1-specific MDS-directed cytotoxic T-cell immune response.Experimental Design: In a phase I study, 9 patients with MDS received an HLA-unrestricted NY-ESO-1 vaccine (CDX-1401 + poly-ICLC) in a nonoverlapping schedule every four weeks with standard-dose decitabine.Results: Analysis of samples serially obtained from the 7 patients who reached the end of the study demonstrated induction of NY-ESO-1 expression in 7 of 7 patients and NY-ESO-1-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocyte responses in 6 of 7 and 4 of 7 of the vaccinated patients, respectively. Myeloid cells expressing NY-ESO-1, isolated from a patient at different time points during decitabine therapy, were capable of activating a cytotoxic response from autologous NY-ESO-1-specific T lymphocytes. Vaccine responses were associated with a detectable population of CD141Hi conventional dendritic cells, which are critical for the uptake of NY-ESO-1 vaccine and have a recognized role in antitumor immune responses.Conclusions: These data indicate that vaccination against induced NY-ESO-1 expression can produce an antigen-specific immune response in a relatively nonimmunogenic myeloid cancer and highlight the potential for induced antigen-directed immunotherapy in a group of patients with limited options. Clin Cancer Res; 24(5); 1019-29. ©2017 AACRSee related commentary by Fuchs, p. 991.
Caring Enough to Teach Science: Helping Pre-Service Teachers View Science Instruction as an Ethical Responsibility.

The goal of this project was to motivate pre-service elementary teachers to commit to spending significant instructional time on science in their future classrooms despite their self-assessed lack of confidence about teaching science and other impediments (e.g., high-stakes testing practices that value other subjects over science). Pre-service teachers in science methods courses explored connections between science and ethics, specifically around issues of ecological sustainability, and grappled with their ethical responsibilities as teachers to provide science instruction. Survey responses, student “quick-writes,” interview transcripts, and field notes were analyzed. Findings suggest that helping pre-service teachers see these connections may shape their beliefs and dispositions in ways that may motivate them to embark on the long road toward improving their science pedagogical content knowledge and ultimately to teach science to their students more often and better than they otherwise might. The approach may also offer a way for teachers to attend to the moral work of teaching.
A 42pJ/decision 3.12TOPS/W robust in-memory machine learning classifier with on-chip training

Embedded sensory systems (Fig. 31.2.1) continuously acquire and process data for inference and decision-making purposes under stringent energy constraints. These always-ON systems need to track changing data statistics and environmental conditions, such as temperature, with minimal energy consumption. Digital inference architectures [1,2] are not well-suited for such energy-constrained sensory systems due to their high energy consumption, which is dominated (>75%) by the energy cost of memory read accesses and digital computations. In-memory architectures [3,4] significantly reduce the energy cost by embedding pitch-matched analog computations in the periphery of the SRAM bitcell array (BCA). However, their analog nature combined with stringent area constraints makes these architectures susceptible to process, voltage, and temperature (PVT) variation. Previously, off-chip training [4] has been shown to be effective in compensating for PVT variations of in-memory architectures. However, PVT variations are die-specific and data statistics in always-ON sensory systems can change over time. Thus, on-chip training is critical to address both sources of variation and to enable the design of energy efficient always-ON sensory systems based on in-memory architectures. The stochastic gradient descent (SGD) algorithm is widely used to train machine learning algorithms such as support vector machines (SVMs), deep neural networks (DNNs) and others. This paper demonstrates the use of on-chip SGD-based training to compensate for PVT and data statistics variation to design a robust in-memory SVM classifier.
The Normative Matrix of Social Costs: Linking Hayden’s Social Fabric Matrix and Kapp’s Theory of Social Costs

One of the most promising applications of Gregory F. Hayden’s Social Fabric Matrix is within the context of policymaking to counter environmental degradation and social costs. Developing his institutional theory of social costs since the 1930s, K. William Kapp proposed policymaking that is very similar to Hayden’s approach. Both aim at minimizing social costs by working with primary and secondary criteria based on systems principles, such as openness, negative and positive feedbacks. By presenting Kapp’s “normative economics” this paper shows how primary and secondary criteria serve policymaking as a basis to evaluate social costs in a nonutilitarian way and to avoid the theoretical and practical limitations of the purely formal Coasian and Pigouvian frameworks. The paper concludes that Hayden’s SFM provides the tool box for putting Kapp’s normative economics to work in policymaking.
ON πi DIFF Mn

In this paper, we shall indicate some recent results on rational homotopy groups of the diffeomorphism groups of discs, spheres, aspherical manifolds and differentiate Spherical space forms.
Case 4: Acute Onset of Fever, Jaundice, and Hyponatremia in a 17-year-old Boy

1. Kelly Kovaric, MD* 2. Coburn H. Allen, MD† 1. *Department of Pediatrics, St. David’s Children’s Hospital, Austin, TX 2. †Department of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Dell Children’s Medical Center of Central Texas, Austin, TX A 17-year-old previously healthy boy presents with scleral icterus for 1 day. For approximately 10 days previously, he has had fever, arthralgias, and headache. He additionally complains of eye pain with movement, stiff neck, excessive thirst (drinking 64 oz of water a day), back pain, and nausea. He denies rash, sore throat, cough, and congestion. He has not traveled anywhere. He has been taking approximately 8 g of acetaminophen daily for the past 2 weeks for joint pain. On physical examination the patient's vital signs are normal except for fever (to 101.7°F [38.7°C]). He has scleral icterus, no periorbital swelling or edema, no meningismus, no hepatomegaly or splenomegaly, no swelling of the joints, and insect bites on his ankles but no rash. Laboratory evaluation reveals the following values: sodium, 126 mEq/L (126 mmol/L); white blood cell count, 14,600/μL (14.6 × 109/L), with 75.5% neutrophils and 22% lymphocytes; hemoglobin, 12.6 g/dL (126 g/L); platelet count, 79,000 × 103/μL (79,000 × 109/L); acetaminophen level, less than 2 μg/mL (<13.23 μmol/L); total bilirubin, 8.9 mg/dL (152.2 μmol/L); direct bilirubin, 5.8 mg/dL (99.2 μmol/L); lipase, 1,278 U/L (21.3 μkat/L); aspartate aminotransferase, 252 U/L (4.2 μkat/L); alanine aminotransferase, 241 U/L (4.0 μkat/L); alkaline phosphatase, 267 …
Interorgan Regulation of Post-Pollination Events in Orchid Flowers

Pollination of many flowers initiates a sequence of precisely regulated developmental events that include senescence of the perianth and development of the ovary. The plant hormones ethylene and auxin are known to play key roles in regulating the biochemical and anatomical changes that constitute the pollination syndrome. The Phalaenopsis orchid flower provides a unique system to study pollination events because the pollination syndrome is especially well developed and does not overlap temporally with age-related senescence programs. We have chosen to begin study of the pollination syndrome by examining the spatial and temporal location of ethylene biosynthesis within the orchid flower as it relates to the observed developmental events, and how this biosynthesis is regulated by factors that influence expression of genes that encode two major enzymes in the ethylene biosynthesis pathway. This information leads to a model of how ethylene production is modulated within the flower to control the pollination syndrome.
Models of hydration and nutrition require environmental data.

OBJECTIVE To recognize the causality of environmental factors (i.e. temperature, humidity and sun exposure) on nutritional variables, specifically body water balance and water-seeking behaviour. DESIGN Author perspective. SETTING Global. PARTICIPANTS Not applicable. RESULTS A free-standing code supplement is provided to facilitate investigators in accessing meteorological data for incorporation into analyses related to nutrition and hydration. CONCLUSIONS Analytical models related to human hydration should account for the environment de rigueur.
A population-based measure of chronic disease severity for health planning and evaluation in the United States

In the healthcare sector, patients can be categorized into clinical risk groups, which are based, in part, on multiple chronic conditions. Population-based measures of clinical risk groups for population health planning, however, are not available. Using responses of working-age adults (19-64 years old) from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System for survey years 2015-2017, a population-based measure of chronic disease severity (CDS) was developed as a proxy for clinical risk groups. Four categories of CDS were developed: low, medium-low, medium-high, and high, based on self-reported diagnoses of multiple chronic conditions, weighted by hospitalization costs. Prevalence estimates of CDS were prepared, by population demographics and state characteristics, and CDS association with perceived health-related quality of life (HRQOL) was evaluated. Age-adjusted CDS varied from 72.9% (95% CI: 72.7-73.1%) for low CDS, to 21.0% (95% CI: 20.8-21.2%), 4.4% (95% CI: 4.3-4.5%) and 1.7% (95% CI: 1.6-1.8%) for medium-low, medium-high, and high CDS, respectively. The prevalence of high CDS was significantly greater (p < 0.05) among older adults, those living below the federal poverty level, and those with disabilities. The adjusted odds of fair/poor perceived HRQOL among adults with medium-low or medium-high/high CDS were 2.39 times (95% CI: 2.30-2.48) or 6.53 times (95% CI: 6.22-6.86) higher, respectively, than adults with low CDS. Elevated odds of fair/poor HRQOL with increasing CDS coincided with less prevalence of high CDS among men, minority race/ethnicities, and adults without insurance, suggesting a link between CDS and risk of mortality. Prevalence of high CDS was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in states with lower population density, lower per capita income, and in states that did not adopt the ACA. These results demonstrate the relevance of a single continuous population-based measure of chronic disease severity for health planning at the state, regional, and national levels.