cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predictors and Correlates of Fatigue in HIV/AIDS

Variation in the intensity of fatigue according to selected demographic, cultural, and health/illness variables was explored in 372 patients with HIV/AIDS, and the contribution of fatigue to physical and mental health in this population was investigated within the UCSF Symptom Management Model (UCSF-SMM). The sample included 73% African Americans and 63% males. Moderate to severe fatigue intensity was reported by 58% of the total sample. Women, Hispanics, the disabled and those with inadequate income or insurance reported higher fatigue intensity scores. Two hierarchical regression models explored the contributions of fatigue to physical and mental health. Fatigue contributed 2% to the total variance (37.4%) in physical health, but did not contribute as an independent predictor of the total variance (23.2%) in mental health. The results of this study imply the need for further gender and ethnic-specific fatigue research, as well as symptom cluster research.
Analysis of chemotactic bacterial distributions in population migration assays using a mathematical model applicable to steep or shallow attractant gradients

The mathematical model developed by Riveroet al. (1989,Chem. Engng Sci. 44, 2881–2897) is applied to literature data measuring chemotactic bacterial population distributions in response to steep as well as shallow attractant gradients. This model is based on a fundamental picture of the sensing and response mechanisms of individual bacterial cells, and thus relates individual cell properties such as swimming speed and tumbling frequency to population parameters such as the random motility coefficient and the chemotactic sensitivity coefficient. Numerical solution of the model equations generates predicted bacterial density and attractant concentration profiles for any given experimental assay. We have previously validated the mathematical model from experimental work involving a step-change in the attractant gradient (Fordet al., 1991Biotechnol. Bioengng.37, 647–660; For and Lauffenburger, 1991,Biotechnol. Bioengng,37, 661–672). Within the context of this experimental assay, effects of attractant diffusion and consumption, random motility, and chemotactic sensitivity on the shape of the profiles are explored to enhance our understanding of this complex phenomenon. We have applied this model to various other types of gradients with successful intepretation of data reported by Dalquistet al. (1972,Nature New Biol. 236, 120–123) forSalmonella typhimurum validating the mathematical model and supportin the involvement of high and low affinity receptors for serine chemotaxis by these cells.
Morphometric changes associated with the reproductive cycle and behaviour of the intertidal-nesting, male plainfin midshipman Porichthys notatus

Morphometric changes in body condition, liver, sonic muscle and gonadal development associated with the annual reproductive cycle and behaviour of the intertidal-nesting male plainfin midshipman Porichthys notatus were investigated. Body condition of type I males rapidly increased during the pre-nesting (PN) period, peaked at the beginning of the summer nesting cycle and then gradually declined to lowest levels during the non-reproductive (NR) period. The gonado-somatic index of type I males peaked during PN and then declined during the summer nesting cycle to lowest levels at the end of the nest cycle and during NR. Indices of sonic muscle and liver of type I males were lowest during NR, gradually increased during PN and then peaked during the summer nesting cycle. Results indicate that body condition and fecundity of type I males were positively correlated with body mass at the end of the nest cycle. These findings as they relate to the annual reproductive cycle and behaviour of the type I male P. notatus are discussed.
Phase I evaluation of hyperthermia equipment– University of Utah Institutional Report

At the University of Utah Medical Center the thrusts of the effort with respect to the NCl Hyperthermia Equipment Evaluation Contract have been threefold. The first objective was the development of a reliable thermometry system for collecting temperature information as a function of space as well as time. The second objective was the evaluation and comparison of a number of hyperthermia devices, particularly with respect to deep-heating devices, and specifically as pertains to the BSD annular phased array system (AA) and its various configurations. The third objective was to develop methodology for analysing hyperthermia data which could be easily adapted toward device comparison. In the period from 10/81-1/86, a total of 137 patients were treated with one or more of 10 devices, totalling 199 device evaluations at the University of Utah Medical Center or the subcontracting institution, LDS Hospital. Of these, 132 device evaluations involved deep-seated tumours. The AA was found to be feasible for deep pelvic regional hyperthermia, although the frequency of reversible acute toxicity was high, and achievement of desired temperatures was frequently limited by one of several factors. The radiative electromagnetic wave applicators which were evaluated for treatment of superficial tumours were found to be mostly feasible for tumours of the thoracic and extremities regions, although the heating patterns were frequently too shallow or too small in area, when compared with the size of the lesion.
Subclavian artery disruption following first rib dislocation

We report a case of disruption of the subclavian artery following dislocation of the first rib. The case report and mechanism of trama are discussed.
Tip based robotic precision micro/nanomanipulation systems

This paper surveys the history of tip based micro/nanomanipulation systems and the contributions of the authors in this topic. Atomic force microscope or scanning tunnerling microscope type of microscopes has been used as nanorobotic manipulation systems since 1990. Using single or multiple tips, many mechanical, electrical, and chemical micro/nanomanipulation applications have demonstrated. The authors contributed to teleoperated and automated control of such systems and also developed new tip based micro/nanomanipulation methods to draw polymer micro/nanofibers and create nanowires on substrates precisely and repeatedly.
Fibrous dysplasia with cartilaginous differentiation (“fibrocartilaginous dysplasia”): a review, with an illustrative case followed for 18 years

A 21-year-old man with an 18-year history of progressive, and deforming, monomelic fibrous dysplasia with massive cartilaginous differentiation (fibrocartilaginous dysplasia) is described. A review is made of all prior reported examples of this entity in the English language medical literature. The radiologic and histologic differential diagnoses are described, distinguishing the lesion from chondrosarcoma and from fibrocartilaginous mesenchymoma.
Renal Artery Aneurysm Treated With Ex Vivo Reconstruction and Autotransplantation

A 64-year-old former heavy smoker with a history significant for hypertension was found to have a 2.2-cm left renal artery aneurysm. Computed tomographic arteriography with 3-dimensional reconstruction determined the management of this patient, who ultimately underwent successful ex vivo left renal artery aneurysm repair with autotransplantation.
Modulatory effects of preoptic stimulation on hypothalamically-elicited attack in cats.

Abstract Previous ablation studies implicate the preoptic area as having an inhibitory influence on emotional behavior, while stimulation studies have elicited attack from the preoptic region. In the present investigation, stimulation of the medial preoptic area and a restricted, medial, portion of the lateral preoptic area elicited directed attack on a rat while periventricular preoptic stimulation elicited at most pupil dilation. Concurrent stimulation of medial or mediolateral preoptic sites, and sites in the lateral hypothalamus from which attack could be elicited, facilitated attack. Pairing periventricular preoptic with hypothalamic stimulation suppressed attack, increasing latencies during both individual hypothalamic and concurrent stimulation trials, thus having a long-term effect.
Novel Highly Fluorescent Triphenylamine-Based Oligothiophenes†

A homologous series of novel amorphous oligothienyl-triphenylamines, comprised of head-to-tail coupled oligo(3-hexylthiophene)s covalently linked to a triphenylamine core, are disclosed. These hybrid systems, which differ by the length of the oligothiophene units from a monothiophene up to a quaterthiophene, were created via palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions in good yields. The optical and electrochemical properties of these compounds were thoroughly investigated and are compared to the corresponding parent linear non-functionalized oligothiophenes, clearly demonstrating that these newly synthesized hybrid systems are characterized by outstanding absorption and emission properties. These molecules exhibit fluorescence quantum yields as high as 65%, which is unexpectedly high for thiophene-based materials. Based on this available data set, structure−property relationships were established, providing a deeper insight into the electronic nature of these materials and in this respect elucidating el...
A Comparative Study of Sibship Tests of Linkage and/or Association

Population-based tests of association have used data from either case-control studies or studies based on trios (affected child and parents). Case-control studies are more prone to false-positive results caused by inappropriate controls, which can occur if, for example, there is population admixture or stratification. An advantage of family-based tests is that cases and controls are well matched, but parental data may not always be available, especially for late-onset diseases. Three recent family-based tests of association and linkage utilize unaffected siblings as surrogates for untyped parents. In this paper, we propose an extension of one of these tests. We describe and compare the four tests in the context of a complex disease for both biallelic and multiallelic markers, as well as for sibships of different sizes. We also examine the consequences of having some parental data in the sample.
Decreased Sodium and Increased Transient Outward Potassium Currents in Iron-Loaded Cardiac Myocytes Implications for the Arrhythmogenesis of Human Siderotic Heart Disease

Background—Patients with chronic iron overload may develop a cardiomyopathy manifested by ventricular arrhythmias and heart failure. We hypothesized that iron-loaded cardiomyocytes may have abnormal excitability. Methods and Results—We examined a new model of human iron overload, the Mongolian gerbil given repeated injections of iron dextran. In ventricular myocytes, we measured iron concentration and distribution, action potential, sodium and potassium currents, and sodium channel protein. We showed for the first time that (1) the iron content of gerbil ventricular cardiomyocytes was increased to amounts similar to those of patients with iron-induced cardiomyopathy; (2) the overshoot and duration of the cardiac action potential decreased; (3) sodium current was reduced, steady-state inactivation was enhanced, and single-channel currents were unchanged; and (4) transient outward potassium current was increased, but inwardly rectifying potassium current was unchanged. Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes incubated ...
Contraceptive use and efficacy in a genetically counseled population.

Abstract This paper reports contraceptive use and efficacy rates among 648 married women aged 15 to 44 who had received genetic counseling six months previously. Over half (53.5 per cent) of the counseled population were using non‐surgical contraception; 20 per cent were pregnant or postpartum; 10 per cent were seeking to become pregnant; 11 per cent were sterilized. Only 4.5 per cent were neither using contraceptives nor seeking to become pregnant. Women who were certain about their reproductive intentions after counseling utilized contraceptives effectively, with only two pregnancies at six months among those seeking to delay wanted pregnancies and only one pregnancy among those seeking to prevent pregnancy. This represents six‐month contraceptive failure rates of 4.3 and 2.1 per cent respectively for the two groups, rates similar to those with comparable intentions in the U. S. population at large. A distinguishing characteristic of the genetically counseled group was that 32 per cent of contraceptive ...
Coping behavior, punishment and gastric secretion in the rat

One group of rats could avoid continuous grid shock by depressing a treadle manipulandum. In another group, the escape response was punished by shock administered via the treadle. Chronic gastric cannulas allowed the collection of gastric secretion. Total acid output was not significantly different between shock yoke control rats and their respective experimental mates. Gastric secretion and total acid output were significantly depressed during the shock period as compared to the preshock period, and rats whose coping response was punished secreted less acid as compared to rats which were not punished for eliciting the coping response. Gastric secretion, as a response to environmental stress, is discussed.
Aqueous dissolution of crystalline and amorphous amylose-alcohol complexes

Complexes of amylose, the linear starch polysaccharide, with linear alcohols having chain lengths varying from 4 to 8 carbon atoms, were prepared. Either crystalline or amorphous complexes could be formed depending on preparation conditions. Crystalline complexes gave sharp X-ray diffraction patterns, characteristic of the VH form of amylose, whereas no observable pattern was obtained from the amorphous form. Thermal dissociation of the complexes occurred at increasing temperatures with increasing alcohol chain length. Crystalline complexes dissociated at temperatures approximately 23°C higher than their amorphous counterparts and the enthalpy of dissociation was also greater for the crystalline samples. Enthalpy values were independent of alcohol chain length. Differences in thermal behaviour of the two types of complex may be described in terms of the polymer crystal lattice energy and may explain the variability of reported results for complex dissociation in the literature.
Direct observation of cell wall glucans in whole cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by magic-angle spinning 13C-nmr

Intact cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were examined as an aqueous paste by 13C-nmr spectroscopy with direct polarization and magic-angle spinning. The spectra obtained were highly resolved, showing numerous resonances in the 60-105 ppm range that were assigned to carbons of a liquid-like domain of the cell wall glucan. Assignments were confirmed by running the spectrum of S. cerevisiae in which the cell wall glucans were labeled with [13C] by feeding the cell [13C ] galactose. The spectra indicate that the glucan in the cell wall of intact S. cerevisiae assumes a helical conformation and suggest that strain 17A fed with galactose preferentially incorporates the resulting glucose into β(1 3)-linkages. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Rigidity results for wreath product II1 factors

Abstract We consider II 1 factors of the form M = ( ⊗ ¯ G B ) ⋊ G , where either (i) B is a non-hyperfinite II 1 factor and G is an ICC amenable group or (ii) B is a weakly rigid II 1 factor and G is ICC group and where G acts on ⊗ ¯ G B by Bernoulli shifts. We prove that isomorphism of two such factors implies cocycle conjugacy of the corresponding Bernoulli shift actions. In particular, the groups acting must be isomorphic. As a consequence, we can distinguish between certain classes of group von Neumann algebras associated to wreath product groups.
The physiology of lipoproteins.

The seminal studies of Brown and Goldstein (Science 1986;232:34-47) coupled with the findings of the Framingham study revolutionized our understanding of the metabolic basis for vascular disease. These studies led to the widespread use of the coronary risk lipid profile, which uses the total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein (HDL) ratio (or low-density lipoprotein [LDL]/HDL ratio) in predicting risk for vascular disease and as a tool for therapeutic management of patients at risk for vascular disease. However, although these methods are predictive of coronary artery disease (CAD) in general, it is also well known that the extent of occlusive disease and CAD varies greatly between individuals with similar cholesterol and HDL lipid profiles. For this reason, the National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel revised these guidelines and now recommends monitoring LDL and HDL cholesterol in the context of coronary heart disease risk factors and “risk equivalents. ” In addition, more recent findings indicate that specific alterations in individual lipoprotein subclasses may account for the variations in CAD in subjects with similar lipid profiles. For example, a preponderance of small, dense LDL particles correlates with a marked increase in risk for myocardial infarction independent of LDL levels. In particular, the association of small, dense LDL with elevated triglycerides (large, less dense VLDL) and reduced HDL has been defined as the atherogenic lipoprotein profile, and the key metabolic defect driving this profile may be elevated levels of triglycerides, specifically large, less dense VLDL. In an attempt to explain the physiologic basis for lipoprotein variations, this review describes the basic metabolic scheme underlying the traditional view of lipoprotein metabolism and physiology. It then examines the identity and role of the various lipoprotein subfractions in an attempt to distill a working model of how lipoprotein abnormalities might account for vascular disease in general and the metabolic syndrome in particular. (J Nucl Cardiol 2002;9:638-49.)
Retention of proteins and metalloproteins in open tubular capillary electrochromatography with etched chemically modified columns

Etched chemically modified capillaries with two different bonded groups (pentyl and octadecyl) are compared for their migration behavior of several common proteins and metalloproteins as well as metalloproteinases. Migration times, efficiency and peak shape are evaluated over the pH range of 2.1 to 8.1 to determine any effects of the bonded group on the electrochromatographic behavior of these compounds. One goal was to determine if the relative hydrophobicity of the stationary phase has a significant effect on proteins in the open tubular format of capillary electrochromatography as it does in HPLC. Reproducibility of the migration times is also investigated.
Navigating Rough Waters: Alexander Kohut and the Hungarian Roots of Conservative Judaism

With these words, Alexander Kohut engaged the radical Reform stance of Kaufman Kohler in the spring of 1885. The exchange with Kohler crystallized Kohut's raison d'etre for Conservative Judaism: an authentic alternative to what he termed “stupid Orthodoxy and insane Reform.” Kohut articulated a fully developed version of this view in Ethics of the Fathers, a compilation of his polemics against Kohler that he published a few months later. This earned Kohut a place among the Conservative movement's pantheon of nineteenth-century founders, along with Sabato Morais, Benjamin Szold, and Marcus Jastrow.
The pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of high-dose methocarbamol in horses.

Summary The haemodynamic, respiratory and behavioural effects and pharmacokinetics of methocarbamol were studied in eight healthy, adult horses after intravenous (iv) and oral administration of large dosages. Heart rate, cardiac output, mean pulmonary arterial blood pressure, systolic, diastolic and mean aortic blood pressure, respiratory rate and arterial blood gases did not change after either iv (30 mg/kg bodyweight [bwt]) or oral (50 and 100 mg/kg bwt) dosages of methocarbamol. Mild to moderate depression was observed in five of eight horses administered iv methocarbamol, and in all horses administered oral methocarbamol. Plasma methocarbamol concentration declined very rapidly during the initial or rapid disposition phase after iv administration; the terminal elimination half-life ranged from 59 to 90 mins. Peak plasma methocarbamol concentrations following oral administration occurred within 15 to 45 mins and oral bioavailability ranged from 50.7 to 124 per cent.
Hydrolytic stability of silanated zirconia-silica-urethane dimethacrylate composites

SUMMARY The effect of the method of silanation of zirconia-silica hy 3-methacrylox ypropyItrimethoxysilane (MAPM) and 3-acryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (APM) on the diametral tensile and transverse strength of composites made from these silanated fillers and a urethane dimethacrylate was determined after 0-lOSh of hoiling in water. The water sorption of these composites was also measur-?d at times up to 108 h. Silanation with either silane significantly increased the tensile and transverse strengths and decreased water sorption relative to comparable unsilanated controls. Silanation with MAPM from ethaaol solution at three times the minimum uniform coverage gave the best overall results, and the tensile strength tests appeared to be most predictive of effectiveness of the silane treatments.
Nonlinear analysis techniques for shear band formation at high-strain-rates

One of the most striking manifestations of instability in solid mechanics is the localization of shear strain into narrow bands during high speed, plastic deformations of metals. According to one theory, the formation of shear bands is attributed to effective strain-softening response, which results at high strain rates as the net outcome of the influence of thermal softening on the, normally, strain-hardening response of metals. Our objective is to review some of the insight obtained by applying nonlinear analysis techniques on simple models of nonlinear partial differential equations simulating this scenario for instability. First, we take up a simple system, intended as a paradigm, that describes isothermal shear deformations of a material exhibiting strain softening and strain-rate sensitivity. As it turns out, for moderate amounts of strain softening strain-rate sensitivity exerts a dissipative effect and stabilizes the motion. However, once a threshold is exceeded, the response becomes unstable and shear strain localization occurs. Next, we present extensions of these results to situations where explicit thermal effects are taken into account. 35 refs., 2 figs.
Mastering Masques of Blackness: Jonson's Masque of Blackness, The Windsor text of The Gypsies Metamorphosed, and Brome's The English Moor

AbstractThis essay discusses the impact of blackface paint upon three early modern performances of racial change or racial masquerade: Ben Jonson's Masque of Blackness (1605) and The Gypsies Metamorphosed (1621) and Richard Brome's The English Moor (1637). Each production is shaped by the medium's often unruly materiality. When used as a device for disguise, blackface carries with it the possibility of aborted transformations, of misrecognition, of theatrical unpredictability—and, given early modern conceptions of the body, of worrisome physiological change. In The Masque of Blackness“the daughters of Niger” wish to change their skin color from black to white; the women remain black, however, at the masque's conclusion. This failure to show a racial transformation haunts Jonson's later and more successful masque, The Gypsies Metamorphosed. Richard Brome's The English Moor functions in effect as a comic revision of both of these earlier productions. Containing a failed “masque of Moors,” the play shows Bro...
Nanostructured thin-film materials with surface-enhanced optical properties

We report the rational design and development of nanostructured thin-film materials that are highly efficient for surface-enhanced optical processes such as surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). These materials consist of fractionated colloidal Ag particles in the size ranges of 30−50, 50−80, 80−100, and >100 nm. The basic rationale comes from correlated optical and topographic studies of single nanoparticles, which reveal a strong relationship between particle size and the excitation wavelength for efficient optical enhancement. The enhancement efficiencies are dependent on the particle size, the excitation wavelength, and the presence of activating ions such as Cl- and Br-. These nanostructured films provide a reproducible SERS substrate for ultrasensitive detection and spectroscopy of native biological molecules.
Viral-specific polypeptides associated with newly replicated vaccinia DNA.

Abstract Newly replicated vaccinia DNA can be isolated as a rapidly sedimenting complex primarily containing two viral-specific polypeptides designated A and B. We have examined the time course of vaccinia-specific polypeptide synthesis to determine the relationship between viral DNA synthesis and synthesis of the major complex-associated polypeptides. Quantitation of the relative rates of synthesis of polypeptides A and B reveals that synthesis of both polypeptides is controlled apparently differently than any other detectable viral-specific product. Polypeptide A synthesis increases 3-fold during the period of viral DNA synthesis and subsequently declines. In contrast to A, polypeptide B is produced at an approximately constant rate throughout the infectious cycle. Both polypeptides are made when viral DNA synthesis is blocked by fluorodeoxyuridine (FUdR). However, the relative rate of synthesis of A does not change under these conditions suggesting that viral DNA synthesis or a viral late function is required for the increase seen during a normal infection.
On Partially Debonded Circular Inclusions in Finite Plane Elastostatics of Harmonic Materials

We investigate a partially debonded circular elastic inclusion embedded in a particular class of harmonic materials by using the complex variable method under finite plane-strain deformations. A complete (or full-field) solution is derived. It is observed that the stresses in general exhibit oscillatory singularities near the two tips of the arc shaped interface crack. Particularly the traditional inverse square root singularity for stresses is observed when the asymptotic behavior of the harmonic materials obeys a constitutive restriction proposed by Knowles and Sternberg (1975, "On the Singularity Induced by Certain Mixed Boundary Conditions in Linearized and Nonlinear Elastostatics," Int. J. Solids Struct., 11, pp. 1173-1201). It is also found that the number of admissible states under finite plane deformations for given external loads can be two, one, or even zero.
Stepwise Incorporation of Nonpolar Polymers within Polyelectrolyte Multilayers

A method for incorporating uncharged, nonpolar polymers, polystyrene and poly[2-(6‘-cyano-6‘-methyl-heptyloxy)-1,4-phenylene] (CN-PPP), in the stepwise adsorption of polyelectrolyte multilayers is reported. Polystyrene and CN-PPP adsorbed irreversibly from toluene solution onto polyelectrolyte surfaces. The thickness of the adsorbed nonpolar layer was sufficient to cause the wettability of the surface to change from hydrophilic to hydrophobic but only attenuated subsequent polyelectrolyte adsorption and did not terminate it. Ultraviolet−visible spectroscopy provided evidence for the incorporation of the nonpolar polymers within the polyelectrolyte multilayers. The resultant composite film containing poly(styrene) displayed a reduced swellability by water vapor compared to a polyelectrolyte-only film, also consistent with the presence of the hydrophobic polymer within the film.
Microwave photonic link architectures

Fiber optic links with a low noise figure and high spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) at microwave frequencies are required for airborne antenna remoting applications. Compared to conventional electronic links operating over coaxial cable, fiber optic links can provide significant advantages in the areas of bandwidth, propagation loss, cable weight and immunity against electromagnetic interference. This paper describes multiple fiber optic link architectures and examines recent advances in performance.
Origins and relationships of primitive members of the Opisthobranchia (Mollusca: Gastropoda)

An examination of possible prosobranch precursors of opisthobranchs and pulmonates suggests that archaeogastropods are poor candidates, as they lack the complex female glands which characterize all higher gastropods. Similarities between members of the Rissoacea and Cerithiacea with the Opisthobranchia and Pulmonata are here considered to be a result of parallel evolution. Much of the basis for suggesting phylogenetic aRinities between members of these taxa hinges on the supposition that pyramidellids are opisthobranchs. This contention is questioned, as the euthyneurous nervous system and hermaphroditic reproductive system share weak structural and positional homologies with opisthobranchs. The range of morphological variation within the Pyramidellidae should be more thoroughly investigated, as this taxon is poorly known. The reproductive system of members of the Littorinacea is largely homologous with that found in the least derived opisthobranchs and pulmonates. This, when considered in conjunction with other morphological and palaeontological evidence, suggests that the least derived mesogastropods, the Littorinacea, provide a more precise model of the opisthobranch-pulmonate ancestor among living prosobranchs. The specialization of the digestive system in littorinaceans suggests that morphological divergence has taken place following the cladogenesis of these taxa, and that a direct ancestor/descendent relationship cannot be implied from extant littorinaceans. The status of Acteon and other acteonids as archetypal opisthobranchs is questioned. Moditication 01 all morphological systems, with the exception of the shell and mantle complex, diminish the position of the Acteonidae as ancestral opisthobranchs. Members of the Ringiculidae more closely approach the ancestral form, but have undergone modification, as well. No extant opisthobranch retains all plesiomorphic character states. For this reason, in addition to the fact that contusion exists as to the plesiomorphic conditions of some characters within the Opisthobranchia, a hypothetical ancestral opisthobranch is characterized. It appears that parallel evolution, which confounds the relationships of certain prosobranchs and opisthobranchs, is also evident within the Opisthobranchia. Much of the confusion that has surrounded the determination of phylogenetic relationships within the Opisthobranchia relates directly to the high incidence of parallelism throughout the subclass.
Structure and evolution of the human involucrin gene

Involucrin is a keratinocyte protein that first appears in the cell cytosol, but ultimately becomes cross-linked to membrane proteins by transglutaminase. The gene for human involucrin has now been cloned and sequenced. The central segment of the coding region contains 39 repeats of a 30 nucleotide sequence whose ten encoded amino acids include three glutamines and two glutamic acids. This segment must have originated by successive duplications. Later duplications of modified sequences within the central segment can also be identified. Flanking the central segment lie shorter coding segments, a part of which must have given rise to the central segment. The flanking segments also show homology to a simpler 30 nucleotide sequence from which they likely originated. The evolution of involucrin as a substrate of transglutaminase and an envelope precursor was evidently made possible by this process of repeated mutation and duplication.
Induced homosexual behaviour in male house finches (Carpodacus mexicanus): the “Prisoner Effect”

We observed homosexual behaviour within a captive flock of male house finches (Carpodacus mexicanus) that was physically isolated from females for the duration of a breeding season. Male-male begging, allofeeding and copulation attempts were linked to social dominance rank within the group, as subordinate males begged from, were fed by, and attempted to copulate with dominant males. Levels of circulating testosterone were not significantly related to inter-male behaviour. Along with the assertion of dominance, we presume that the regulation of sociosexual tension is another potential function of the male homosexual behaviour observed in this study.
Equine viral arteritis

EVA is an important if uncommon disease of horses. Potential economic losses attributable to EVA include direct losses from abortion, pneumonia in neonates, and febrile disease in performance horses. Indirect losses are those associated with national and international trade/animal movement regulations, particularly those pertaining to persistently infected carrier stallions and their semen. However, EAV infection and EVA are readily prevented through serological and virological screening of horses, coupled with sound management practices that include appropriate quarantine and strategic vaccination.
Justification and conceptual design of solar-powered traffic signal systems

Several recent technology developments have established a set of conditions that currently justify the use of solar power for traffic signal systems sited at locations with adequate sunlight. This paper describes those favorable conditions, and how they justify solar-powered traffic signal systems, as they pertain to the state of Georgia, although they also apply more widely to many other states and countries. We also present a review of the state-of-the-art in powering road traffic systems from “green” sources, and a rough analysis of the cost-effectiveness of using solar and/or wind power generators to power traffic signal systems in Georgia. In addition, the results of our investigation into the issue of broadening the batteries' role, when they are required for Uninterruptible Power Supply purposes at critical intersections, are described. Finally, our proposal of a conceptual design of the dual-input power supply architecture required for a “greener” traffic signal system is presented, as are its key specifications. These set the stage for ongoing work to make solar-powered traffic signal systems a ubiquitous reality.
Transient heating of coal particles undergoing pyrolysis

Abstract Most of the studies reported to date have viewed the coal devolatilization process as occurring isothermally throughout the coal particle, and transient processes occurring in the interior of coal particle have been largely ignored. However, in pulverized coal combustion processes involving several heating rates and several particle sizes, large temperature gradients are often produced within the coal particles that are undergoing pyrolysis. Large temperature gradients inside the coal particle result in pyrolysis of the coal particle in the following manner. The pyrolysis front first initiated at the particle surface propagates inward into the particle, leaving behind a char layer that gradually thickens as the front moves inward. The present work uses the method of line to theoretically investigate the competition between the motion of the pyrolysis front and the intraparticle heating for coal particles as it undergoes heating and pyrolysis under the effects of heating rate, particle size, particle thermal conductivity, and heat of devolatilization. Two intraparticle heating mechanisms have been identified in this study. The first is the intraparticle diffusion heating where the motion of the pyrolysis front is faster than the rise in the surface temperature but is slower than the rise in the temperature of the unreacted core. As a result, the coal particle is totally pyrolized before the surface temperature reaches its oxidation value. The second mechanism is due to the thermal wave moving with the pyrolysis front where the motion of the pyrolysis front is faster than the rise in the temperature of the unreacted core but is slower than the rise in the coal surface temperature. This may lead to a situation where the surface temperature reaches its oxidation value and only a narrow outer layer close to the surface is pyrolized.
TU‐B‐BRB‐02: Monte Carlo — II: Application of Monte Carlo to Clinical IMRT Treatment Planning

The goal of this course is to familiarize participants with the clinical use of Monte Carlo(MC) dose calculation algorithms in IMRT photon‐beam treatment planning. Particular focus will be applied to the actual and potential clinical impact of MC dose calculation algorithms on patient treatments. Following a brief description of the integration of MC algorithms with commercial planning systems, MC dose re‐calculation results will be compared with plans computed using the conventional commercial treatment planning system algorithms. Specific patient examples where MC computed doses differ significantly from those computed with standard treatment planning system algorithms will be presented, with the causes of the dose discrepancies identified. With this background, the roles that MC has played in actual clinical practice will be described: as a QA tool to validate treatment planning system algorithms, as a QA tool to validate individual IMRT plans, and as a treatment planning tool to improve conformity between optimized and delivered IMRT plans. Strategies to minimize MC dose calculation time during IMRT optimization will be described. Educational Objectives: 1. To instruct clinical physicists regarding roles of Monte Carlo dose calculations for clinical IMRT patient treatment planning. 2. To describe the role of Monte Carlo in IMRTtreatment planning system and patient specific quality assurance. 3. To describe clinical cases where Monte Carlo dose calculation either resulted —or would have resulted— in a change in the clinical treatment. 4. To describe the applications of and impact of Monte Carlo dose calculations for IMRT optimization. 5. This work was sponsored in part by Philips Medical Systems and Varian Medical Systems.
Geriatric clinical training in medical schools

The primary purpose of geriatric training in medical school is to improve the care of the elderly by practitioners in every specialty, by increasing their knowledge base and fostering interest in older patients. A secondary goal is to interest some students in geriatrics as a career. For > 10 years, leaders in medicine and medical education have strongly recommended clinical geriatric training for medical students, but only a few programs have been implemented. Geriatrics educational experiences must be required; otherwise, not enough medical students will elect to take these courses. Although we still do not know which model best provides this experience, evaluations of existing programs suggest that geriatrics can be taught in both long-term care and acute settings, involving well-designed curriculum and interested faculty. More studies are needed, but exposure to well elderly and community-based programs may also improve attitudes toward the elderly and thereby further improve their medical care.
I Am What I Watch: Voyeurism, Sensation Seeking, and Television Viewing Patterns

This article investigates the role of viewers' personality traits, sensation-seeking, and voyeurism in relation to reported consumption of voyeuristic program content in various television genres. A uses and gratifications approach was employed to identify factors predicting appeal of particular TV programs. The study combines two types of media research: survey and content analysis. Results were combined to create the Voyeurism Television Consumption Index (VTCI) for each genre of TV programming. Both sensation-seeking and voyeurism predict media selection, with voyeuristic personality a better predictor of VTCI across genres. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Safe release of impacted pacemaker electrodes.

Abstract If the original electrode is damaged during pacemaker replacement for battery depletion, the operation becomes substantially more involved and hazardous. By drilling a hole in the back of the electrode connector housing and inserting an Allen wrench into the drill hole, an impacted electrode hub can be pushed free without placing stress on the electrode components. This technique is recommended whenever an electrode hub cannot be easily removed from a pacemaker during a replacement operation, as traction on the electrode not infrequently results in gross or occult damage to the Silastic sheath or conductive elements.
Surgical resection of the primary tumor is associated with increased long-term survival in patients with stage IV breast cancer after controlling for site of metastasis.

Background The benefit of surgical resection in patients presenting with metastatic breast cancer is not established. We hypothesized that surgical excision of primary tumors in patients with stage IV breast cancer would be associated with increased survival.
AROMATIC FLUORINATIONS SUITABLE FOR FLUORINE‐18 LABELING OF ESTROGENS

Two aromatic fluorination methods, the decomposition of aryl azides and the decomposition of aryltriazenes, were investigated as methods potentially suitable for fluorine-18 labeling of estrogens. The aryltriazene method gives moderate yields in many systems but fails with o-methoxy or (methanesulfonyl)osy groups. The aryl azide method gives good yields of p-fluoroanilines, which can be deamineated readily, but oxygen or large alkyl groups ortho to the azide interfere with the fluorination. The synthesis of m-fluorohexestrol via the aryltriazene decomposition approach is reported.
Mathematics intervention for prevention of neurocognitive deficits in childhood leukemia.

Background Despite evidence that CNS treatment is associated with cognitive and academic impairment, interventions to prevent or mitigate these problems are limited. The purpose was to determine if early intervention can prevent declines in mathematics abilities. Procedures Fifty-seven children with ALL were enrolled and randomized to a Mathematics Intervention or Standard Care. Subjects completed neurocognitive assessments prior to the intervention, post-intervention, and 1 year later. Parents received written results and recommendations for use with their school. The Mathematics Intervention was based on Multiple Representation Theory and delivered individually over 1 year. Results Thirty-two of 57 subjects completed the study and were included in data analyses. These 32 subjects completed all neurocognitive assessments and, for those in the Intervention Group, 40–50 hours of the Mathematics Intervention. There were no group differences on relevant demographic variables; risk stratification; number of intrathecal methotrexate injections; or high dose systemic methotrexate. Significant improvements in calculation and applied mathematics from Baseline to Post-Intervention (P = 0.003 and 0.002, respectively) and in visual working memory from Baseline to 1 year Follow-up (P = 0.02) were observed in the Intervention but not the Standard Care Group. Results from repeated measures ANOVA demonstrated significant between group differences for applied mathematics [F(2,29) = 12.47, P < 0.001] and visual working memory [F(2,29) = 5.53, P = 0.009]. Conclusions The Mathematics Intervention improved mathematics abilities and visual working memory compared to standard care. Future studies are needed to translate the Mathematics Intervention into a “virtual” delivery method more readily available to parents and children. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012;59:278–284. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Risk perceptions and their relation to risk behavior.

Background: Because risk perceptions can affect protective behavior and protective behavior can affect risk perceptions, the relations between these 2 constructs are complex and incorrect tests often lead to invalid conclusions. Purpose: To discuss and carry out appropriate tests of 3 easily confused hypotheses: (a) the behavior motivation hypothesis (perceptions of personal risk cause people to take protective action), (b) the risk reappraisal hypothesis (when people take actions thought to be effective, they lower their risk perceptions), and (c) the accuracy hypothesis (risk perceptions accurately reflect risk behavior). Methods: Longitudinal study with an initial interview just after the Lyme disease vaccine was made publicly available and a follow-up interview 18 months later. Random sample of adult homeowners (N = 745) in 3 northeastern U.S. counties with high Lyme disease incidence. Lyme disease vaccination behavior and risk perception were assessed. Results: All 3 hypotheses were supported. Participants with higher initial risk perceptions were much more likely than those with lower risk perceptions to get vaccinated against Lyme disease (OR = 5.81, 95% CI 2.63–12.82, p < .001). Being vaccinated led to a reduction in risk perceptions, χ 2 (1, N = 745) = 30.90, p < .001, and people vaccinated correctly believed that their risk of future infection was lower than that of people not vaccinated (OR = .44, 95% CI .21–.91, p < .05). Conclusions: The behavior motivation hypothesis was supported in this longitudinal study, but the opposite conclusion (i.e., that higher risk led to less protective behavior) would have been drawn from an incorrect test based only on cross-sectional data. Health researchers should take care in formulating and testing risk-perception-behavior hypotheses.
iTunes: How Copyright, Contract, and Technology Shape the Business of Digital Media - A Case Study

In this paper, the Berkman Center's Digital Media Project has conducted an exploratory case study on Apple's iTunes Online Music Store from a legal and business perspective. The objective of this analysis is twofold: First, it seeks to gain advanced knowledge of the relationships among copyright law, contract law, digital rights management schemes and business modeling processes in the Post-Napster world. Understanding such interactions is crucial when attempting to balance the divergent interests of consumers, artists, the entertainment industry, and technology manufacturers through regulatory mechanisms such as law, code market mechanisms, and adjustment of social norms. Second, the paper is intended as a further step toward expanding the knowledge base of the Digital Media Project beyond U.S. law to include a more detailed coverage of the legal and regulatory frameworks of other countries. The focus of the comparative law analysis conducted in this initial study is on European jurisdictions and selected nations in the Asia-Pacific.
Support vector machine-based short-term wind power forecasting

This paper proposes a support vector machine (SVM)-based statistical model for wind power forecasting (WPF). Instead of predicting wind power directly, the proposed model first predicts the wind speed, which is then used to predict the wind power by using the power-wind speed characteristics of the wind turbine generators. Simulation studies are carried out to validate the proposed model for very short-term and short-term WPF by using the data obtained from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Results show that the proposed model is accurate for very short-term and short-term WPF and outperforms the persistence model as well as the radial basis function neural network-based model.