cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sexually dimorphic development of the insect olfactory pathway

Abstract The antennal olfactory pathway in insects changes profoundly during postembryonic development. The immature larval system gives way to the adult pathway 1–5 , which is capable of detecting and processing information about odors that have behavioral significance for the adult. Notable among these important odors are the sexual pheromones, released by an insect to attract a receptive mating partner of the same species. Recent research efforts in several laboratories have focused on the pheromone-processing subsystem of the olfactory pathway of male moths and cockroaches, which controls orientation toward a female ‘calling' for a mate by releasing pheromone. We have probed this subsystem to explore several aspects of neural development, asking for example how sensory cells grow to and make appropriate connections with target cells in the maturing brain.
DISRUPTION OF MSX-1 AND MSX-2 REVEALS ROLES FOR THESE GENES IN CRANIOFACIAL, EYE, AND AXIAL DEVELOPMENT

In mouse embryos, the muscle segment homeobox genes, Msx-1 and Msx-2 are expressed during critical stages of neural tube, neural crest, and craniofacial development, suggesting that these genes play important roles in organogenesis and cell differentiation. Although the patterns of expression are intriguing, little is known about the function of these genes in vertebrate embryonic development. Therefore, the expression of both genes, separately and together, was disrupted using antisense oligodeoxynucleotides and whole embryo culture techniques. Antisense attenuation of Msx-1 during early stages of neurulation produced hypoplasia of the maxillary, mandibular, and frontonasal prominences, eye anomalies, and somite and neural tube abnormalities. Eye defects consisted of enlarged optic vesicles, which may ultimately result in micropthalmia similar to that observed in Small eye mice homozygous for mutations in the Pax-6 gene. Histological sections and SEM analysis revealed a thinning of the neuroepithelium in the diencephalon and optic vesicle and mesenchymal deficiencies in the craniofacial region. Injections of Msx-2 antisense oligodeoxynucleotides produced similar malformations as those targeting Msx-1, with the exception that there was an increase in number and severity of neural tube and somite defects. Embryos injected with the combination of Msx-1 + Msx-2 antisense oligodeoxynucleotides showed no novel abnormalities, suggesting that the genes do not operate in a redundant manner.
The effect of inelastic electron scattering on the conductivity of very thin wires

Abstract The behaviour of the conductivity of a thin wire is calculated in the regime in which inelastic scattering between localized states is beginning to limit the metallic conductivity apparent at higher temperatures. The implications of this for the experiments of Giordano et al. and of Chaudhari and Habermeier, and the possibility of using it to detect inelastic scattering of electrons when elastic scattering is dominant, are discussed.
The reported use of drugs to prevent diseases in beef cattle in Tennessee

Abstract The National Animal Health Monitoring System (NAHMS) (Round 2) for Tennessee collected baseline data on the preventive (as opposed to therapeutic) use of drugs from 60 beef cow-calf herds selected by a random, stratified, two-stage sampling plan. Counties were selected randomly with replacement for three herd-size strata, and herds were selected within countries by an area-frame method. Data were collected during monthly interviews for 1 year (1987–1988). Tennessee beef cattle were medicated with 31 drugs to prevent diseases. The drugs most frequently used were anthelmintics and insecticides. The diseases against which preventive drugs were most frequently used were external parasites, intestinal parasites, ‘pink eye’ (keratoconjunctivitis), anaplasmosis, and respiratory infections. Ivermectin was the most frequently used anthelmintic and the most frequently used drug. Levamisole, fenbendazole, and thiabendazole were also frequently used anthelmintics. The most frequently used insecticides were the organophosphates (including fenthion, dichlorvos, and stirofos). Antimicrobials seldom were used, suggesting that prophylactic antimicrobial use in Tennessee beef cattle may not be a major public-health concern.
ON THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF PROTON THERAPY IN PEDIATRIC CRANIOPHARYNGIOMA

Purpose Craniopharyngioma is a pediatric brain tumor whose volume is prone to change during radiation therapy. We compared photon- and proton-based irradiation methods to determine the effect of tumor volume change on target coverage and normal tissue irradiation in these patients. Methods and Materials For this retrospective study, we acquired imaging and treatment-planning data from 14 children with craniopharyngioma (mean age, 5.1 years) irradiated with photons (54 Gy) and monitored by weekly magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations during radiation therapy. Photon intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), double-scatter proton (DSP) therapy, and intensity-modulated proton therapy (IMPT) plans were created for each patient based on his or her pre-irradiation MRI. Target volumes were contoured on each weekly MRI scan for adaptive modeling. The measured differences in conformity index (CI) and normal tissue doses, including functional sub-volumes of the brain, were compared across the planning methods, as was target coverage based on changes in target volumes during treatment. Results CI and normal tissue dose values of IMPT plans were significantly better than those of the IMRT and DSP plans ( p p p 3 , and the mean increase in PTV was 11.3% over the course of treatment. The dose to 95% of the PTV was correlated with a change in the PTV; the R 2 values for all models, 0.73 (IMRT), 0.38 (DSP), and 0.62 (IMPT), were significant ( p Conclusions Compared with photon IMRT, proton therapy has the potential to significantly reduce whole-brain and -body irradiation in pediatric patients with craniopharyngioma. IMPT is the most conformal method and spares the most normal tissue; however, it is highly sensitive to target volume changes, whereas the DSP method is not.
Excitation energies, radiative and autoionization rates, dielectronic satellite lines, and dielectronic recombination rates for excited states of Na-like W from Ne-like W

Energy levels, radiative transition probabilities, and autoionization rates for 1s22s22p53l′nl,1s22s2p63l′nl(n=3–7,l⩽n-1) and 1s22s22p54l′nl,1s22s2p64l′nl(n=4–6,l⩽n-1) states in Na-like tungsten (W63+W63+) are calculated. Cowan’s relativistic Hartree–Fock method, the relativistic multiconfiguration method implemented in the Hebrew University Lawrence Livermore Atomic Code, and the relativistic many-body perturbation theory method, are used. Autoionizing levels above the threshold 1s22s22p61s22s22p6 are considered. It is found that configuration mixing [3sns+3pnp+3dnd],[3snp+3pns+3pnd+3dnp] plays an important role for all atomic characteristics. Also strong mixing between states with 2s2s and 2p2p holes (1s22s22p53l1nl2+1s22s2p63l3nl4)(1s22s22p53l1nl2+1s22s2p63l3nl4) occurs. Branching ratios relative to the first threshold and intensity factors are calculated for satellite lines, and dielectronic recombination (DR) rate coefficients are determined for the excited 1s22s22p6nl(n=3–7,l⩽n-1) states. It is shown that the contribution of the highly excited states is very important for calculation of total DR rates. Contributions from the autoionizing states 1s22s22p53l′nl,1s22s2p63l′nl(n⩾8) and 1s22s22p54l′nl,1s22s2p64l′nl(n⩾7) to the DR rate coefficients are estimated by extrapolation of all atomic parameters. The orbital angular momentum (l ) distribution of the rate coefficients shows a peak at l=2l=2. The total DR rate coefficient is derived as a function of electron temperature. The dielectronic satellite spectra of W63+W63+ are important for L-shell diagnostics of very high-temperature laboratory plasmas such as future ITER fusion plasmas.
On a steady, laminar, premixed hydrogen—bromine flame

Abstract A simple model is proposed for the steady, laminar, premixed hydrogen—bromine flame, and the results of a numerical integration of the equations for this model are compared with the available experimentally determined structure. The calculated mass flow rates are slightly larger than that of the experimental flame: 4 per cent greater for the case of adjusted Johnson and Britton bromine dissociation-recombination kinetics, and 6 per cent greater for the Givens and Willard kinetics of this reaction. The simulated flames are thinner than the experimental one, consistent with their higher burning rates. Their heat release rates occur somewhat late, however, and their corresponding maximum temperatures are higher than measured. The deviations between the experimental and the simulated flames are probably due to inadequate property data and to thermal diffusion of the hydrogen molecule. Chemical steady-state with respect to the H atom appears good at least to a first approximation. The Br atom flux to the flame holder, modeled as the Curtiss—Hirschfelder type, is significantly greater than that given by equilibrium in the cold gases. It is suggested that chemical interaction of this flame with the flame holder in the form of heterogeneous catalytic recombination of Br atoms is an important mechanism in its stabilization.
On optimal infinite impulse response edge detection filters

The authors outline the design of an optimal, computationally efficient, infinite impulse response edge detection filter. The optimal filter is computed based on Canny's high signal to noise ratio, good localization criteria, and a criterion on the spurious response of the filter to noise. An expression for the width of the filter, which is appropriate for infinite-length filters, is incorporated directly in the expression for spurious responses. The three criteria are maximized using the variational method and nonlinear constrained optimization. The optimal filter parameters are tabulated for various values of the filter performance criteria. A complete methodology for implementing the optimal filter using approximating recursive digital filtering is presented. The approximating recursive digital filter is separable into two linear filters, operating in two orthogonal directions. The implementation is very simple and computationally efficient. has a constant time of execution for different sizes of the operator, and is readily amenable to real-time hardware implementation. >
Propagation of jet engine noise near a porous surface

Acoustic measurements, except those made in anechoic chambers, are often complicated by the characteristics of bounding surfaces. For example, in jet aircraft engine noise measurements, a frequency-dependent pattern of maxima and minima results from interference of direct and reflected waves. When the surface is hard, like concrete, this pattern is readily computed, but over dirt and grass rather puzzling results are often obtained. It is shown that these apparently anomalous effects, sometimes called “ground absorption” or “extra-atmospheric attenuation” can be explained by adding to conventional interference frequency computations the phase delay introduced on neargrazing reflection. This phase delay can be computed after the analysis of Rudnick or Ingard if impedance and propagation constants are known.
SUBJECTIVE INDICATORS AND DISTRIBUTIONAL RESEARCH ON PUBLIC SERVICES

This article uses data from 15 U.S. cities to explore the ways in which the use of subjective measures of service satisfaction can redirect distributional research from the question of who gets how much to the more policy-relevant question of who gets how much of what is needed. It suggests a useful approach to the use of subjective indicators to provide more valid and meaningful measures in distributional research.
Architecture support for accelerator-rich CMPs

This work discusses a hardware architectural support for accelerator-rich CMPs (ARC). First, we present a hardware resource management scheme for accelerator sharing. This scheme supports sharing and arbitration of multiple cores for a common set of accelerators, and it uses a hardware-based arbitration mechanism to provide feedback to cores to indicate the wait time before a particular resource becomes available. Second, we propose a light-weight interrupt system to reduce the OS overhead of handling interrupts which occur frequently in an accelerator-rich platform. Third, we propose architectural support that allows us to compose a larger virtual accelerator out of multiple smaller accelerators. We have also implemented a complete simulation tool-chain to verify our ARC architecture. Experimental results show significant performance (on average 51X) and energy improvement (on average 17X) compared to approaches using OS-based accelerator management.
Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation for Patients with Relapsed Chemorefractory Aggressive Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas

Abstract Patients with chemorefractory aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL) generally have poor clinical outcomes with available therapies. Allogeneic transplantation may be curative, but few studies are available to guide transplant decision making in this setting. We examined allogeneic transplantation outcomes for 46 patients with chemorefractory, aggressive NHL patients who had either stable disease (SD; n=32) or progressive disease (PD; n=14), respectively, following last salvage treatment. The median age was 46 years (range: 22-63 years). Thirty-nine patients received matched sibling allografts, whereas 7 underwent unrelated donor transplantation. Diagnoses included diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (n = 18), Burkitt's lymphoma (n = 3), transformed B cell lymphoma (n = 5), mantle cell lymphoma (n = 11), and peripheral T cell lymphoma (n = 9). The median number of prior therapies was 3 (range: 2-8). Median follow-up of surviving patients is 5 years. Five-year overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and relapse rate for the whole cohort (n = 46) were 38%, 34%, and 35%, respectively. The rate of grade II-IV acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) was 43%. Of the 33 evaluable patients 75% developed chronic GVHD (cGVHD). Overall nonrelapse mortality (NRM) rate was 34%. The 5-year OS and PFS rates for patients with SD and PD were 46% versus 21% (P = .01; log-rank test), and 46% veruss 7% (P = .0002; log-rank test), respectively. This study confirms that allogeneic transplant is curative for a subset of chemorefractory patients with SD. However, patients with PD had uniformly poor outcomes following allografting with conventional conditioning approaches. Given the outcomes seen here in the setting of PD, such patients should proceed with transplant only in the setting of investigational therapy.
Direct projection of the corticospinal tract to the superficial laminae of the spinal cord in the rat

The anterograde transport of both wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase and the kidney bean lectin Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin was utilized to investigate the projection of primary sensorimotor corticospinal tract axons to the superficial laminae of the spinal dorsal horn in the rat. Both methods yielded qualitatively similar patterns of connectivity. Corticospinal tract axons were found to terminate within all laminae on the side contralateral to the injection site. Labeling was most dense within laminae I11 and IV and medial portions of laminae I, 11, and V in the cervical and lumbar enlargements. Labeling in the ventral horn, though present, was relatively less dense. I? vulgaris leucoagglutinin-labeled axons within laminae I and I1 exhibited boutons en passant and terminaux; many of these axons also terminated or were collaterals of axons that terminated in deeper dorsal horn laminae. Results are discussed with reference to the somatotopic organization of the spinal cord and to a possible role for the cortex in the modulation of nociception within the spinal cord. For a number of years it has been apparent that the corticospinal tract (CST) arising from the somatosensory cortex in the cat and monkey, and from the sensorimotor cortex in the rat and opossum, projects primarily to laminae 111-VI in the spinal dorsal horn (Chambers and Liu, '57; Kuypers, '60; Nyberg-Hansen and Brodal, '63; Liu and Chambers, '64; Goodman et al., '66; Martin and Fisher, '68; Petras, '68; Harting and Noback, '70; Brown, '71; Berrevoets and Kuypers, '75; Coulter and Jones, '77; Donatelle, '77; Flindt-Egebak, '77). Recent studies with more sensitive histological techniques that demonstrate the presence of anterogradely transported horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to HRP (WGA-HRP) show that the corticospinal projections to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord not only reach laminae 111-VI but also
1 Carbon 14-labeled palmitic acid metabolism in fasted, lactating goats following nicotinic acid administration.

Abstract Four independent infusions of carbonlabeled palmitate were performed, two in each of two goats to allow examination of fatty acid metabolism following nicotinic acid administration to fasted, lactating goats. Nicotinic acid caused an initial inhibition of lipolysis followed by a rebound period of accelerated adipose fatty acid mobilization. Carbon-labeled palmitate was infused for approximately 4 h, beginning at 6.5 or 24.5 h following nicotinic acid, to coincide with the depression and rebound phases of lipolysis. During maximum depression, plasma nonesterified fatty acids and ketone bodies were generally less than 5 mg/100 ml with less than 25% of ketone body carbon originating from fatty acids, even under fasting conditions. Nonesterified fatty acid turnover rate was less than 1.0 mg/kg per min while turnover time was approximately 1.2 min. Transition from depressed to accelerated adipose lipolysis was characterized by increased fatty acid turnover rate, turnover time, and incorporation into ketone body carbon. The maximum rebound period displayed elevated plasma nonesterified fatty acids and ketone bodies, with 75 to 95% of ketone body carbon originating from fatty acids. Nonesterified fatty acid turnover rate generally exceeded 7.0 mg/kg per min while turnover time was 2.1 to 3.5 min. Fatty acid turnover rate, turnover time, and contribution to ketone body carbon were, in general, positively related to circulating plasma nonesterified fatty acid concentrations. This suggests that nicotinic acid has a marked effect on fatty acid release from adipose tissue but minimal effects on subsequent fatty acid metabolism. Label incorporation was slow for glycerides with negligible incorporation into cholesterol esters and phospholipids. Low specific activities in milk fat indicated minimal direct nonesterified fatty acid contribution.
Role of prolactin versus growth hormone on islet B-cell proliferation in vitro: implications for pregnancy.

This study investigated the effects of homologous rat PRL (rPRL) and rat GH (rGH) on islet growth as indicated by modifications in insulin secretion, islet cell proliferation, and islet volume with neonatal and adult rat islets in vitro. The number of proliferating cells was determined by immunocytochemical staining for 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporated into replicating DNA during the final 24 h of culture. When neonatal rat islets were examined by laser scanning confocal microscopy, more than 90% of the BrdUlabeled nuclei were observed in B-cells with insulin immunoreactitivity. In neonatal rat islets, rPRL was much more effective than rGH in increasing insulin secretion (3.7-fold vs. 1.4-fold) during the 10 days of culture. The number of BrdU-labeled nuclei per islet was increased from 2.9 ± 0.4 (n = 77) in control islets to 47.3 ± 2.7 (n = 95) with rPRL (16.3-fold) and 9.7 ± 0.8 (n = 84) with rGH (3.3-fold). The effects of rPRL and rGH on both insulin secretion and BrdU labeling were approxim...
Platinol (CDDP) and continuous intravenous infusion 5-fluorouracil in refractory stage IV breast cancer: a phase II study.

AbstractTwenty-four patients with refractory Stage IV breast cancer were teated with platinol (100 mg/m2 i.v. Day 1) and 5-fluorouracil (1000 mg/m2 as a continuous infusion over 24 h daily for 5 days). Objective responses occurred in 12 of 24patients (50%). The median duration of response was 4.9 months. Platinol and 5-fluorouracil in combination are active agents in patients with refractory breast cancer, and clinical trials are warranted in previously untreated patients.
Gefitinib maintenance in stage III non-small-cell lung cancer.

■■■ TOTHEEDITOR:Kellyetal 1 recentlyreportedinJournalofClinical Oncology that gefitinib maintenance after chemoradiotherapy and consolidation chemotherapy was associated with a significant decreaseinoverallsurvival(butonlyaslightdecreaseinprogression-free survival)comparedwithplaceboinstageIIInon‐small-celllungcancer(NSCLC).Theyofferpotentialexplanationsforthis,asdoKeedyet al 2 in an accompanying editorial. We would like to suggest an additional possible reason for this outcome. The flattening of the NSCLC dose-response curve at higher chemotherapy doses suggests that the most important factor in chemotherapy resistance is deficiency of factors required for efficacy. 3 Platinum-resistant cell lines may have decreased expression of a range of transporters that are important for cellular uptake of chemotherapy and nutrients. 4 In patients with a variety of resistant tumor types, we assessed tumor expression (by immunohistochemistry) of the copper transporter CTR1, which is also important in platinum uptake. CTR1 expression was significantly lower in tumors of patients who had received either chemotherapy or targeted therapies withintheprevious3monthsthanintumorsofpatientswithalonger interval off therapy. 5 The correlation with time from last chemotherapy or targeted therapy was stronger than the correlation with time from last cytotoxic therapy alone. This leads us to hypothesize that either chemotherapy or targeted therapy may result in a broad reduction in membrane transporters and that this, in turn, may generate broad cross resistance. This could, in part, explain why adding tyrosine kinase inhibitors to chemotherapy did not improve outcome in chemotherapy-naive advanced NSCLC patients 6 and might also predict that monoclonal antibodies (that do not require uptake across membranes) might add to chemotherapy even if small molecules did not. If correct, this would also predict that most other currentlyavailablesmallmoleculestargetingtumorcellswilladdlittle
ON THE VALIDATION OF MODELS

Traditional methods of evaluating geographic models by statistical comparisons between observed and simulated variates are criticized. In particular, it is suggested that the correlation coefficien...
A maximum entropy language model integrating N-grams and topic dependencies for conversational speech recognition

A compact language model which incorporates local dependencies in the form of N-grams and long distance dependencies through dynamic topic conditional constraints is presented. These constraints are integrated using the maximum entropy principle. Issues in assigning a topic to a test utterance are investigated. Recognition results on the Switchboard corpus are presented showing that with a very small increase in the number of model parameters, reduction in word error rate and language model perplexity are achieved over trigram models. Some analysis follows, demonstrating that the gains are even larger on content-bearing words. The results are compared with those obtained by interpolating topic-independent and topic-specific N-gram models. The framework presented here extends easily to incorporate other forms of statistical dependencies such as syntactic word-pair relationships or hierarchical topic constraints.
Cigarette smoking status has a modifying effect on the association between polymorphisms in KALRN and measures of cardiovascular risk in the diabetes heart study

All manifestations of cardiovascular disease (CVD) are substantially more common in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) than in non-diabetic individuals. The current study evaluated KALRN, a gene previously linked to CVD, as a contributor to CVD in a sample enriched for T2DM. Specifically, the potential modifying effect of cigarette smoking was examined. A total of 28 SNPs in KALRN were genotyped in 1001 European Americans from 369 Diabetes Heart Study (DHS) families, as well as 762 population-based controls. The association between each SNP and both qualitative and quantitative CVD disease phenotypes was determined using generalized estimating equations and variance component models, respectively. Selected KALRN SNPs were found to be associated with both the qualitative (T2DM, CVD, metabolic syndrome) and quantitative traits (C-reactive protein and abdominal aortic calcified plaque). Interaction analysis and stratification were then used to test whether smoking modulates the genetic effects of KALRN. The strongest evidence of a modifying effect of smoking status was observed for rs9289231 and intima-media thickness (p=9.0x10−4) and abdominal aortic calcified plaque (p=3.0×10−4). Overall, following stratification by smoking status, the evidence of association with quantitative traits was more pronounced in smokers compared to non-smokers. The strongest association for smokers was between rs1720960 and abdominal aortic calcified plaque (p=2.6x10−5), while in non-smokers there was no observed association. KALRN variants are associated with measures of CVD and T2DM in the DHS sample with smoking status observed to have a significant modifying effect on these associations.
Breath Figures as a Dynamic Templating Method for Polymers and Nanomaterials

This review describes the use of breath figures as a templating method for the fabrication of self-assembled polymeric- and nanoparticle-based micro- and nanostructures. If moist air is blown over a solution of a polymer or stabilized nanoparticles in an organic solvent, such as carbon disulfide, benzene, or chloroform, evaporative cooling leads to the formation of water droplets on the liquid surface. The monodisperse droplets arrange into a hexagonal array and sink into the polymer solution. Removal of the solvent and the water leaves an imprint of the water droplets as a hollow, air-filled, hexagonally ordered, polymeric bubble array. Progress in the field of breath-figure formation is reviewed. The application of breath figures for the generation of functional structures in chemistry and materials science is discussed.
Effect of vesicular stomatitis virus matrix protein on transcription directed by host RNA polymerases I, II, and III.

isolated from persistently infected cells), and tsO82 viruses on poly(A) 1 and poly(A) 2 RNA synthesis were measured by incorporation of [ 3 H]uridine. v6 and tsO82 viruses, which contain M-gene mutations, had a decreased ability to inhibit synthesis of both poly(A) 1 and poly(A) 2 RNA. Nuclear runoff analysis showed that VSV inhibited transcription of 18S rRNA and a-tubulin genes, which was dependent on RNAPI and RNAPII, respectively, but infection with wt virus enhanced transcription of 5S rRNA by RNAPIII. The effect of M protein alone on transcription by RNAPI-, RNAPII-, and RNAPIII-dependent promoters was measured by cotransfection assays. M protein inhibited transcription from RNAPI- and RNAPII-dependent promoters in the absence of other viral gene products. RNAPIII-dependent transcription of the adenovirus VA promoters was also inhibited by M protein. However, as observed during wt VSV infection, M protein enhanced endogenous 5S rRNA transcription, indicating that the inhibition of transcription by RNAPIII was dependent on the nature of the promoter. Infection of cells with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) results in a rapid and potent shutoff of host macromolecular synthesis, including the inhibition of host DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis. The ability of VSV to inhibit host transcription has been examined extensively and is known to occur at the level of initiation by host RNA polymerases (30). VSV infection inhibits activity of all three host RNA polymerases (RNA polymerase I [RNAPI], -II, and -III), but genes transcribed by RNAPII appear to be more sensitive to the effects of virus infection than those transcribed by RNAPI and RNAPIII (28, 30). Previous experiments have revealed that viral transcription is essential for shutoff of host transcription by VSV (29) and have implicated leader RNA as being involved. However, more recently, the viral matrix (M) protein has been found to play a role in the cytopathic effects associated with VSV infection. M protein is a major structural protein that normally functions in viral assembly by binding the ribonucleoprotein core of the virus to the host plasma membrane during the budding process (reviewed in reference 21). However, M protein causes the cell rounding characteristic of VSV infection when expressed in the absence of other viral components (5, 23, 31). In addition, M protein is capable of inhibiting host-directed transcription of RNAPII-dependent promoters in vivo in the absence of other viral gene components (2, 3, 11, 25). The ability of M protein to inhibit host transcription is quite potent, as 1,000fold-more M protein is produced in infected cells than is necessary for 50% inhibition of target gene expression by M protein (22). The mechanism by which M protein inhibits host transcription is not known. Further evidence for the role of M protein in inhibition of host gene expression has been provided by the conditionally temperature-sensitive VSV mutant, tsO82 (9). tsO82 virus is
Smoke suppressants for plasticized poly(vinyl chloride)

Addition of plasticizers to poly(vinyl chloride) generally increases its flammability and frequently increases smoke production during its burning. Flame retardants added to plasticized PVC can reduce flammability, but increase smoke production. This study shows that proper choice of combined use of other polymers, phosphate plasticizers, fillers and other flame retardants, produces measured synergistic improvements in flame retardance and smoke suppression which could benefit applications such as PVC wire and cable insulation.
Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes and Response to Platinum in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

OS. 12-14 In the BIG (Breast International Group) 2-98 trial, for patients with TNBC and 50% TILs, 5-year DFS and OS rates were 92%, representing a significantly decreased risk for both relapse (hazard ratio, 0.3; 95% CI, 0.11 to 0.81) and death (hazard ratio, 0.3; 95% CI, 0.09 to 0.92) compared with patients with lower levels of TILs. 14 Higher pCR rates are also seen after neoadjuvant anthracycline and taxane-based chemotherapy in TN and HER2-positive breast cancer with higher levels of TILs. 15-17 Limited data exist regarding the prognosticvalueofTILsintheabsenceofchemotherapy;afewstudieshave reported that an increase in expression of immune markers in breast cancer is associated with decreased risk of relapse. 18
Experiences of family members after a suicide.

BACKGROUND. Survivors of suicide are the family members and significant others in the life of the person who commits suicide. A recent study by the author explored the life experiences of survivors of suicide, affirmed the severity of postsuicide bereavement, and revealed the critical role of the family physician in intervention. METHODS. Thirty-five adult survivors participated in in-depth audiotaped interviews during the 3- to 9-month period after the suicide death of a family member. Demographic data and the transcribed interview data were analyzed through descriptive statistics and systematic methods of qualitative data analysis. RESULTS. Subjects stressed the importance of the family physician understanding the nature of their experiences in order to intervene effectively. All survivors experienced profound disruptions in their lives, including changes in physical, emotional, cognitive, and social functioning. Variations among survivors of suicide, based on the survivor's perception of the victim before his or her death, were evident and are illustrated by three case studies. Interventions for the family physician, including specific suggestions from survivors, are proposed. CONCLUSIONS. Survivors of suicide experience a very severe bereavement, yet significant variations exist among their responses. The family physician is identified as the key individual to initiate and ensure follow-up care for this bereaved population. Language: en
Thrombospondin-4 Is Required for Stretch-Mediated Contractility Augmentation in Cardiac Muscle

Rationale: One of the physiological mechanisms by which the heart adapts to a rise in blood pressure is by augmenting myocyte stretch-mediated intracellular calcium, with a subsequent increase in contractility. This slow force response was first described over a century ago and has long been considered compensatory, but its underlying mechanisms and link to chronic adaptations remain uncertain. Because levels of the matricellular protein thrombospondin-4 (TSP4) rapidly rise in hypertension and are elevated in cardiac stress overload and heart failure, we hypothesized that TSP4 is involved in this adaptive mechanism. Objective: To determine the mechano-transductive role that TSP4 plays in cardiac regulation to stress. Methods and results: In mice lacking TSP4 ( Tsp4 −/− ), hearts failed to acutely augment contractility or activate stretch-response pathways (ERK1/2 and Akt) on exposure to acute pressure overload. Sustained pressure overload rapidly led to greater chamber dilation, reduced function, and increased heart mass. Unlike controls, Tsp4 −/− cardiac trabeculae failed to enhance contractility and cellular calcium after a stretch. However, the contractility response was restored in Tsp4 −/− muscle incubated with recombinant TSP4. Isolated Tsp4 −/− myocytes responded normally to stretch, identifying a key role of matrix-myocyte interaction for TSP4 contractile modulation. Conclusion: These results identify TSP4 as myocyte-interstitial mechano-signaling molecule central to adaptive cardiac contractile responses to acute stress, which appears to play a crucial role in the transition to chronic cardiac dilatation and failure.
Rephasing invariant formulation of CP violation in the Kobayashi-Maskawa framework

A formulation of CP violation is given which is manifestly invariant under rephasing the quark fields (or, equivalently, under rephasing the states) in the Kobayashi-Maskawa framework.
Segmentation of Endpoint Trajectories Does Not Imply Segmented Control

While it is generally assumed that complex movements consist of a sequence of simpler units, the quest to define these units of action, or movement primi- tives, remains an open question. In this context, two hy- potheses of movement segmentation of endpoint trajec- tories in three-dimensional human drawing movements are reexamined: (1) the stroke-based segmentation hy- pothesis based on the results that the proportionality co- efficient of the two-thirds power law changes discontinu- ously with each new "stroke," and (2) the segmentation hypothesis inferred from the observation of piecewise planar endpoint trajectories of three-dimensional draw- ing movements. In two experiments human subjects per- formed a set of elliptical and figure eight patterns of dif- ferent sizes and orientations using their whole arm in three dimensions. The kinematic characteristics of the endpoint trajectories and the seven joint angles of the arm were analyzed. While the endpoint trajectories pro- duced similar segmentation features to those reported in the literature, analyses of the joint angles show no obvi- ous segmentation but rather continuous oscillatory pat- terns. By approximating the joint angle data of human subjects with sinusoidal trajectories, and by implement- ing this model on a 7-degree-of-freedom (DOF) anthro- pomorphic robot arm, it is shown that such a continuous movement strategy can produce exactly the same fea- tures as observed by the above segmentation hypotheses. The origin of this apparent segmentation of endpoint tra- jectories is traced back to the nonlinear transformations of the forward kinematics of human arms. The presented results demonstrate that principles of discrete movement generation may not be reconciled with those of rhythmic movement as easily as has been previously suggested, while the generalization of nonlinear pattern generators to arm movements can offer an interesting alternative to approach the question of units of action.
Dogs, humans and island ecosystems: the distribution, antiquity and ecology of domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) on California's Channel Islands, USA

Archaeologists have made significant contributions to our understanding of ancient island environ- ments, including the timing and implications of the introduction of non-native animals (pigs, chickens, rats, etc.) by humans. Here, we focus on the historical ecology and biogeography of domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) on California's Channel Islands during the Holocene. Dogs are the only animal known unequivocally to have been introduced by Native Americans to the islands, but relatively little is known about their distribution, antiq- uity or influence on native island fauna and flora. We identified a minimum of 96 dogs from 42 archaeological sites on six of the eight islands. Dogs were present for at least 6000 years and appear to have increased in abun- dance through time. Our analysis suggests that dogs, along with humans and island foxes (Urocyon littoralis), would have had an impact on native animals and ecosystems, especially breeding birds and marine mammals. Dogs and island foxes likely competed with one another for food, however, and the impacts of dogs on island ecosystems may have been reduced by the presence of island foxes and the symbiotic relationship between dogs and humans. Dogs have been removed from all but one of the islands today, eliminating one of the few terres- trial carnivores present for most of the Holocene.
Targeted Antiproliferative Drug Delivery to Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells With a Magnetic Resonance Imaging Nanoparticle Contrast Agent Implications for Rational Therapy of Restenosis

Background—Restenosis is a serious complication of coronary angioplasty that involves the proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from the media to the intima, synthesis of extracellular matrix, and remodeling. We have previously demonstrated that tissue factor–targeted nanoparticles can penetrate and bind stretch-activated vascular smooth muscles in the media after balloon injury. In the present study, the concept of VSMC-targeted nanoparticles as a drug-delivery platform for the prevention of restenosis after angioplasty is studied. Methods and Results—Tissue factor–targeted nanoparticles containing doxorubicin or paclitaxel at 0, 0.2, or 2.0 mole% of the outer lipid layer were targeted for 30 minutes to VSMCs and significantly inhibited their proliferation in culture over the next 3 days. Targeting of the nanoparticles to VSMC surface epitopes significantly increased nanoparticle antiproliferative effectiveness, particularly for paclitaxel. In vitro dissolution studies revealed that nanoparticle drug release persisted over one week. Targeted antiproliferative results were dependent on the hydrophobic nature of the drug and noncovalent interactions with other surfactant components. Molecular imaging of nanoparticles adherent to the VSMC was demonstrated with high-resolution T1-weighted MRI at 4.7T. MRI 19 F spectroscopy of the nanoparticle core provided a quantifiable approach for noninvasive dosimetry of targeted drug payloads. Conclusions—These data suggest that targeted paramagnetic nanoparticles may provide a novel, MRI-visualizable, and quantifiable drug delivery system for the prevention of restenosis after angioplasty. (Circulation. 2002;106:2842-2847.)
Variation in General Esterase Activity within a Population of Haematobia irritans (Diptera: Muscidae)

Control of the horn fly, Hematobia irritans (L.), is generally dependent on chemical insecticides. However, the biology and behavior of the horn fly favors rapid development of insecticide resistance. To prolong the effectiveness of the insecticide option, information is required regarding the mechanisms of insecticide resistance. Metabolic hydrolysis of insecticides by esterases is a detoxification mechanism in many insect species. Measurement of general esterase activity within populations of horn flies may provide a diagnostic tool for resistance management. In this study we evaluated the amount of variation in general esterase activity within female and male horn fly samples from a population that had not been exposed to insecticides for 8 yr. We found considerable variation in general esterase activity within samples of each sex, with females demonstrating the greater variation. The observed variation is thought to be the result of age-structure dynamics within the population. The amount of inherent variation makes it difficult to detect small mean differences between populations, thus limiting the utility of general esterase assays. Thus, effective diagnosis of esterase-mediated resistance mechanisms can only be achieved by the identification of specific detoxification esterases and the design of assays, either biochemical or molecular, for their detection and measurement.
An Investigation of Perceived Risk at the Brand Level

Perceived risk is conceptualized in terms of expected negative utility associated with automobile brand preferences. Empirical evidence supports the notion that importance of loss is more useful as...
Abstract LB-336: A novel pathway for CXCR3-B-mediated growth inhibitory signals in renal cancer

Chemokines and their receptors are classically known to be involved in tumor cell migration playing a critical role in tumor metastasis. However, their role in regulating direct tumor growth is under appreciated. Although chemokine receptor CXCR3 and their ligands have tumor inhibitory properties, some recent reports suggest that they may also promote tumor growth. We recently reported that this controversy in the function of CXCR3, in terms of tumor inhibition vs. progression, is in part related to the observation that CXCR3 is alternatively spliced producing two variants called CXCR3-A (promoting cell proliferation) and CXCR3-B (mediating growth inhibition). Previously, we observed that the expression of CXCR3-B is markedly downregulated in human renal cancer and overexpression of CXCR3-B in renal tumor cells inhibited endogenous tumor cell proliferation. We hypothesize that CXCR3-B-mediated growth inhibitory signals are one of the crucial factors for the renal cancer cell proliferative response. To dissect the inhibitory signals mediated by CXCR3-B, we first overexpressed CXCR3-B in renal cancer cells (Caki-1 and 786-O) using an overexpression plasmid, and validated the overexpression of CXCR3-B at both mRNA and protein levels by realtime PCR and FACS analysis. As CXCR3-A is known to mediate its proliferative signals through Akt, we first evaluated the status of phospho-Akt in CXCR3-B overexpressed cells compared to control by western blot analysis. We did not find any significant change in the phospho-Akt level in our CXCR3-B overexpressed cells. However, we observed marked cell death (apoptosis) in these CXCR3-B overexpressed cells especially under stress, like serum deprivation. To further understand the anti-proliferative or pro-apoptotic signals through CXCR3-B, we checked the expression pattern of 24 different genes that are related to either cell death or survival by performing a protein array. We found the selective reduction of cytoprotective hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1) or Heat Shock Protein-32 (HSP-32) gene expression in CXCR3-B overexpressed cells compared with control cells. We also validated the downregulation of HO-1 protein expression by western blot analysis. HO-2 and some important genes directly related to apoptosis (DR4 and DR5) remained unaltered in these CXCR3-B overexpressed cells. Together, HO-1 is known to promote cell survival under stress-induced responses; in this condition, CXCR3-B overexpression may inhibit renal cancer cell proliferation/survival through downregulation of HO-1 expression. Thus, our study defines a novel mechanism of CXCR3-B mediated cell death in human renal cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-336.
Freedom of Religion and The Land Ordinance of 1785

In 1785 a proposal in opposition to true freedom of religion almost became public policy in the Land Ordinance for the Northwest Territory. While historians have often emphasized the importance of the Land Ordinance of 1785 in setting federal prece dent for scientific township surveys of the national domain and for granting land for the support of public education, few have noted that federal support of religion was almost provided for in that same document.1 An investigation into the politics of the Ordinance of
The varicocele: elevated serotonin and infertility

Serotonin is known to be toxic to testicular function. In a series of canine studies serotonin was found to be elevated in both spermatic veins after creation of a varicocele by partial ligation of the left renal vein. A total of 42 consecutive infertile male patients with a palpable varicocele and a seminal stress pattern had peripheral and spermatic vein serotonin levels determined at the time of high spermatic vein ligation. Of these patients 27 (64 per cent) had spermatic vein serotonin levels equal to or greater than peripheral levels. These patients demonstrated significantly lower sperm motility, percentage of live sperm and elevated percentages of immature and tapered sperm forms compared to those patients with lower spermatic vein serotonin levels. The interrelationships among the varicocele, premature sloughing of immature sperm and serotonin are discussed.
PHENIX Results on Heavy Flavor Physics

The PHENIX experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider has measured a suite of observables for open and closed heavy flavor in a variety of collision systems, p+p, d+Au, Cu+Cu, Au+Au, U+U, and at different beam energies. These results indicate substantial modification in the yields of quarkonia, including J/ψ, ψ′, and ϒ states, and a substantial redistribution in momentum space of open heavy flavor quarks. We discuss the latest results and comparisons to theoretical interpretations.
CHAPTER 39 – The Parathyroids in Renal Disease: Pathophysiology

The pathogenesis of hyperparathyroidism in chronic renal disease is multifactorial. The major factors involved are the retention of phosphorus and the decreased levels of calcitriol that set in motion, a series of events resulting in a state of disordered calcium-regulated parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion. It was originally proposed that a transient small increase in serum phosphorus would occur early in the course of renal insufficiency as a consequence of decreased ability of the failing kidney to excrete phosphorus. This transient episode of hyperphosphatemia would result in a small decrease in the levels of ionized calcium in blood, which would consequently result in an increase in PTH secretion to restore the serum calcium to normal. The kidney is the major site for the production of calcitriol, thus it follows that a decrease in renal mass asrenal disease progresses may lead to a decrease in the ability of the diseased kidney to produce calcitriol, an important metabolite of vitamin D. Though each of these factors may contribute to the development of hyperparathyroidism in a variety of ways, the relative role of each of these mechanisms in the development of hyperparathyroidism may vary from patient to patient.