cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Learning and transfer in everyday cognition

Abstract This theoretical article deals with the interrelations and sociocultural origins of everyday cognition, formal reasoning, and transfer in cognitive development. Sociocultural origins are analyzed in terms of modes of informal education and formal schooling. After reviewing studies carried out in a wide variety of cultures, we propose the development of a model that integrates structural accounts of individual development with cultural and situation-bound functionalism. The notion of representation provides a key theoretical link between sociocultural context and individual cognitive constructions. Representation of cultural instruments and cultural goals is presented as the theoretical link between individual cognition and sociocultural context, both in everyday cognition and formal reasoning. Abstract schema representations are seen as crucial to generalized transfer. The conditions that foster abstract schemas include (a) the use of a tool or procedure in a variety of problem-solving contexts, (b) reflection on the structural similarity of problems and their solutions from diverse domains, and (c) exploration of problems and their solutions under conditions of low goal specificity. When these conditions are not present, transfer is less likely to occur. This is the case for both school-based learning and everyday cognition.
Ultrastructure and histochemistry of the rudimentary gut of male Asplanchna sieboldi (Rotifera)

The fine structure of the rudimentary gut of male Asplanchna sieboldi in late stage embryos and at o, 12 and 24 hours after birth is described. The results of histochemical tests for acid phosphatase and glycogen indicate that glycogen, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and nuclei are subjected to autolysosomal breakdown, while glycogen remains as the major component of the gut in old males.
CD8+ T-cell tolerance induced by delivery of antigen to the anterior chamber is not the result of de facto intravenous or mucosal administration of antigen.

Purpose: We tested whether antigen administration via the anterior chamber (a.c.) was equivalent to intravenous (i.v.) or mucosal administration of antigen. Methods: Ovalbumin (OVA)-specific CD8+ T cells (OT-I) were enumerated in lymphoid tissues of C57Bl/6 (B6) mice via adoptive transfer after the same amount of antigen was administered via a.c., i.v., or mucosal routes. Lytic activity was measured in B6 and γδT cell-deficient B6 mice given OVA via a.c., i.v, or mucosal routes after injection with OVA in adjuvant. Results: OVA a.c. induced a pattern of T-cell proliferation distinct from i.v. or mucosal administration. A.c. and i.v., but not mucosal, OVA induced cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL) tolerance. The inhibition of CTL responses was significantly greater in mice given OVA a.c. rather than i.v. γδT cells contributed to a.c.–, but not i.v.-, induced CTL tolerance. Conclusions: A.c. administration of antigen is not de-facto i.v. or mucosal administration of antigen.
Real-time electrical detection of nitric oxide in biological systems with sub-nanomolar sensitivity

Real-time monitoring of nitric oxide concentrations is of central importance for probing the diverse roles of nitric oxide in neurotransmission, cardiovascular systems and immune responses. Here we report a new design of nitric oxide sensors based on hemin-functionalized graphene field-effect transistors. With its single atom thickness and the highest carrier mobility among all materials, graphene holds the promise for unprecedented sensitivity for molecular sensing. The non-covalent functionalization through π-π stacking interaction allows reliable immobilization of hemin molecules on graphene without damaging the graphene lattice to ensure the highly sensitive and specific detection of nitric oxide. Our studies demonstrate that the graphene-hemin sensors can respond rapidly to nitric oxide in physiological environments with a sub-nanomolar sensitivity. Furthermore, in vitro studies show that the graphene-hemin sensors can be used for the detection of nitric oxide released from macrophage cells and endothelial cells, demonstrating their practical functionality in complex biological systems.
Mo1536 Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS) Guided Pancreatic Duct Intervention: Outcomes of a Single Tertiary Referral Center Experience

discriminate malignant PLGs from benign PLGs with regard to the vessel and perfusion images. Methods: Between November 2010 and August 2012, a total of 76 patients with PLGs more than 10 mm in size who underwent CH-EUS and subsequent cholecystectomy were prospectively enrolled. SonoVue® (Bracco, Milan, Italy), a second-generation ultrasound contrast agent (UCA), was used as a contrast agent. CH-EUS was performed by using a radial echoendoscope and the extended pure harmonic detection mode. Two blinded reviewers classified the perfusion images into three categories as follows; diffuse enhancement, perfusion defect or nonenhancement. The vessel images were categorized as having a regular spotty vessel pattern, a irregular tortuous vessel pattern, or no vessels. Results: Irregular tortuous vessels were observed in 29 of 31 patients with malignant PLGs and 1 of 45 benign PLGs. Perfusion defects were found in 28 of 31 patients with malignant PLGs and 2 of 45 benign PLGs. A CH-EUSdetermined irregular tortuous vascular pattern could diagnose malignant PLG with a sensitivity and specificity of 96.6% and 95.6%, respectively. The presence of perfusion defects, determined by CH-EUS, was calculated to diagnose malignant PLG with a sensitivity and specificity of 93.3% and 93.4%, respectively. Defining biliary sludge by avascular-nonenhancement pattern showed a sensitivity and specificity of 100% and 100%, respectively. Conclusions: The presence of irregular tortuous vessels or perfusion defects on CH-EUS are sensitive and accurate predictors of malignant PLGs. CH-EUS can most accurately distinguish biliary sludge from other PLGs.
Synthesis of an NR Robot With Four-Bar Constraining Modules

This paper uses coupler-path synthesis to design four-bar linkage modules that constrains the movement of links in an nR serial chain. The goal is to formulate a general procedure for path-synthesis of a robotic system using four-bar linkages. A desired end-effector trajectory is transformed into a secondary trajectory that is used for nine-point synthesis of a constraining four-bar linkage. This procedure constrains an nR chain to become a 4n-2 bar linkage. An example presents the constraint of a 2R chain to a six-bar that has a prescribed trajectory for an end-effector point.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Incidence of hypercalcemia in patients with malignancy referred to a comprehensive cancer center

Background. Hypercalcemia is a serious and not infrequent complication of malignant diseases; precise information about the incidence of hypercalcemia is not readily available. The study was designed to determine the incidence of hypercalcemia in patients with cancer. Methods. Retrospective analysis was done of laboratory data from 7667 patients registered at M. D. Anderson Cancer Center for the first time during 1989 for whom serum calcium levels were determined during the first 2 months after registration. Results. Severe hypercalcemia (serum calcium level of more than 12.0 mg/100 ml) was present in 40 patients (0.52%); it occurred most often in patients with renal cell cancer (1.42%) and non-small cell lung cancer (1.03%). Less frequent diagnoses were multiple myeloma (0.79%), leukemia (0.63%), non-Hodgkin lymphoma (0.26%), and cancer of the gastrointestinal tract (0.20%). Moderate hypercalcemia (calcium levels of 10.8–12.0 mg/100 ml) was present in 48 patients (0.63%); it occurred most often in patients with renal cell cancer (3.30%) and multiple myeloma (2.38%). Less frequent diagnoses were non-small cell lung cancer (0.89%), non-Hodgkin lymphoma (0.79%), leukemia (0.63%), and cancer of the gastrointestinal tract (0.51%). The presence of hypercalcemia was associated with increased frequency of distant metastases, bone metastases, and increased mortality consistent with other studies of the prognostic effect of this complication. Conclusions. Hypercalcemia may appear as a frequent complication in patients with cancer at some time during the course of their disease, but its incidence is relatively low.
Modeling therapeutic benefit in the midst of uncertainty: therapy for hepatitis C.

Randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trials are the gold standard for medical therapy. When a disease is rare or slowly progressive over many years, such a trial may not be feasible. Decision analysis provides a bridge between current studies with short-term surrogate markers and a large, longitudinal clinical trial. With decision analysis, results of current studies can be summarized and the outcome of a long-term study projected under explicit assumptions. Chronic hepatitis C is a disease that is slowly progressive, and the requirements of a longitudinal clinical study could be prohibitive. Therefore, we review the basic steps of decision analysis, apply these steps to two recent decision analyses evaluating the use of interferon-α2b (IFN) in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C, and discuss possible implications of decision modeling for this disease. The estimated marginal cost per year of life gained from IFN therapy ranged from approximately $3000 to $55,000 in these two studies. The wide range is based on different estimates of treatment costs and disease progression. This analysis has identified gaps in the current knowledge regarding the natural progression of hepatitis C and has established criteria to evaluate new developments and their impact on chronic hepatitis C.
Thermosetting Cellular Elastomers Reinforced with Carbon Black and Silica Nanoparticles

Closed-cell materials were prepared from two types of thermosetting elastomers: carboxyacrylonitrile-butadiene copolymer (nitrile) and isobutylene-isoprene copolymer (hutyl) filled with nanometer-size particles of carbon black and silica for the purpose of reinforcing. A chemical-blowing agent, p,p'-oxybis(benzene-sulfonyl hydrazide), which decomposes rapidly between 153° and 160°C with a release of nitrogen, and a low-pressure compression molding process were used in the fabrication. The resulting cellular materials had a density range of 0.7 to 0.8 g/cc. A balance between the cure and the blow rates is needed to provide satisfactory processing. The curing characteristics of the formulations were studied with an oscillating disk rheometer. Viscoelastic properties were gathered with a dynamic mechanical analyzer over a --90° to 80°C temperature interval. Glass transition temperatures were determined with a differential scanning calorimeter. Other properties, such as thermal stability, abrasion resistance, tensile strength, tear strength, and hardness, were also determined. The data indicate that the cellular nitrile materials should excel in applications where wear-durability is needed, with nitrile materials containing carbon black being more abrasion resistant than those reinforced with silica; butyl cellular materials, on the other hand, either with carbon black or silica, should excel in applications where good flexibility and energy dissipation at temperatures below -40°C are desired.
A simple, cheap alternative to 'designer convertible isonitriles' expedited with microwaves

Abstract Interest in designer convertible isonitriles has increased in recent years with the growing recognition that isonitrile-based multi-component reactions (IMCRs) are highly effective in rapidly accessing, new and pharmacologically relevant diversity space. This Letter reports on the novel use of n -butylisonitrile as a cheaper and more atom-economical alternative to currently reported ‘designer convertible isonitriles’, facilitated by the advent of microwave-assisted organic synthesis (MAOS).
Effect of clay type on morphology and thermal stability of PMMA–clay nanocomposites prepared by heterocoagulation method

Abstract Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)–clay nanocomposites were prepared by a heterocoagulation method. A cationic PMMA emulsion was prepared by emulsion polymerization using a cationic initiator in the presence of free surfactant, cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTABr), followed by mixing with an aqueous clay slurry. Clays used in present research included montmorillonite (MMT), synthetic hectorites and fluorohectorites (with two different sizes). WAXD results and TEM images indicate that the morphologies of these nanocomposites depend on clay colloid stability as well as clay loadings. WAXD and TEM results also indicate the good morphology preservation of the nanocomposites during solution and melt processing. Thermal stability of these nanocomposites was studied by TG–DTG analyses; the mechanism of thermal stability improvement is discussed based on experimental results.
Modernization and Medical Care

The introduction of modern medicine into developing societies is an important topic for social-scientific analysis. Here I draw upon modernization theory to illuminate this topic. Using Peter Berger's notion of “carriers of modernity,” I discuss health care as such a carrier. Compared with premodern modes of health care, modern health care has a calculable, “commodity” character. Its production has become a major and increasingly systematized sector of the economy. In addition to its manifest clinical benefits, health care conveys the symbolic meanings of modernity. It participates in the broad though uneven passage of technology and values from Western societies to metropolitan areas in developing societies and thence to the hinterland. Health care as the focus of demodernization strains is also examined, through case examples drawn from Amish and Islamic contexts.
Cellular distribution of 5‐lipoxygenase and leukotriene receptors in postsurgical peritoneal wound repair

Products of the eicosanoid pathways, namely prostaglandins and leukotrienes, are known to play a key role in inflammatory and immune responses, as well as other wound cellular activities of wounded tissue. The objective of this study was to determine whether surgically induced intraperitoneal and incisional wounds in the rat express 5-lipoxygenase and contain binding sites for leukotrienes and whether their levels change during the course of healing. With the use of a specific monoclonal antibody generated against 5-lipoxygenase, the enzyme was immunohistochemically localized in various wound cells during postsurgical days 2 to 35. The inflammatory cells within the wound were the major cell types containing 5-lipoxygenase immunoreactive protein, followed by fibroblasts in the incisional and peritoneal fibrous adhesions, striated muscle, and the vasculature. The greatest level of immunostaining was observed during the first 2 weeks after surgery, which decreased to near unwounded levels by day 35. Light microscope autoradiographic binding studies using (3)H-leukotrienes indicated that the peritoneal/incisional wounds and unwounded tissues contain specific (3)H-leukotriene C(4) and (3)H-leukotriene D(4) but not (3)H-leukotriene B(4) binding sites. Quantitative grain analysis (net grain density/100 microm(2)), representing specific (3)H-leukotriene C(4) and (3)H-leukotriene D(4) binding sites calculated for different cell types in the wound and unwounded regions showed that (3)H-leukotriene C(4) binding was highest over the striated muscle proximal to the injury and incisional and peritoneal granulation tissue fibroblasts. The net grain density over these cells increased by 3-, 2.5-, and 2-fold by day 14, respectively, and declined to the control values by day 21 after injury (p < 0.05). The pattern of (3)H-leukotriene D(4) binding was similar to that observed for (3)H-leukotriene C(4), but with a lower density. The grain density for (3)H-leukotriene C(4) and (3)H-leukotriene D(4) in arteriolar endothelial and smooth muscle cells remained unchanged. These data suggest that the products of the lipoxygenase pathway through the presence of their specific receptors may play an important role in peritoneal wound repair and adhesion formation.
Fluorometric scanning of fluorescamine-labeled proteins in polyacrylamide gels.

Abstract A very rapid and sensitive fluorescence technique has been described for detecting and quantitatively assaying proteins in polyacrylamide gels. Proteins were labeled with fluorescamine, subjected to SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and scanned for fluorescence with a modified Gilford 2410-S linear transport. The fluorescence signal was linear with the concentration of protein over a range of 0.5–7 μg (myoglobin), 9 μg (chymotrypsinogen A), and at least 12.5 μg (ovalbumin). The limits of sensitivity were not determined but as little as 6 ng myoglobin could be measured accurately. Several applications for fluorescence gel scanning were discussed.
Progress toward developing high-performance 193-nm single-layer positive resist based on functionalized poly(norbornenes)

In this paper, we have shown the progress we have made in improving reactive-ion-etch stability and lithographic performance of IBM 193 nm resist materials. Using selectively functionalized cyclicolefins, we have developed 193 nm resists with etch stability and post-etch surface roughness comparable to those of the matured, state-of-the-art DUV resists. Furthermore, we have also demonstrated dramatically improvement in dense line (100 nm 1:1 L/S) and semi-dense line (< 100 nm 1:2, 1:3 L/S) resolution using resolution enhancement techniques such as alternate phase shift mask.
Dependence of the superconducting transition temperature on electron per atom ratio and lattice deformation in noble metal alloys

Abstract Superconducting transition temperature measurements of the α-phase alloys CuSi, CuGe, AgGe, AgAl, AuGe, and AuZn are reported. It is found that for alloys with the same electron per atom ratio, Tc values are highest when the pure metal lattice is deformed the least by the solute.
Territoriality and adaptation

Evolutionary Ecology. Edited by Bernard Storehouse and Christopher Perrins. Pp. vi+310. (Macmillan: London, 1977.) £12.95.
The economic and energy costs of dust handling in the cement industry

Abstract The production of waste dust is a major problem in the cement industry in terms of monetary, energy, environmental and resource costs. This is particularly so for wet process plants. The monetary and energy costs of returning the dust are more than outweighed by the savings attained by recovering the partially processed raw materials. Proper handling and return of dust can save a typical wet process plant approximately $16 to $32 and 13 to 14 GJ per hour for each kiln. A new technique, briquetting of the dust before its return, shows promise for plants which formerly had little success in dust recovery. This technique might also be used to process the piles of dust generated by some plants over the years. These piles are a large potential source of partially processed raw materials.
Cryptosporidiosis and the challenges of chemotherapy

Cryptosporidium parvum is a protozoan parasite that infects the epithelial cells of the small intestine causing diarrheal illness in humans. Cryptosporidium has a worldwide distribution and is considered an emerging zoonosis. Despite intensive efforts to develop workable experimental models, and the evaluation of over 200 chemotherapeutic agents, adequate therapies to clear the host of these parasites are still lacking. The reasons for the lack of drug efficacy are probably manifold and may include the unusual location of the parasite in the host cell, distinct structural and biochemical composition, or its ability to either block import or rapidly efflux drug molecules. Understanding some of the basic mechanisms by which drugs are transported to the parasite and identifying unique targets is a first step in developing effective therapeutic agents.
DNA-repair in mammary tumor cell lines with different X-ray sensitivities.

2 murine mammary tumor cell lines with different radiosensitivities (D0=65 and 92 rad) showed no significant differences in levels of unscheduled DNA-synthesis following X-ray or UV-exposure.
The rotation of the body in walking

The rotation of the body as a whole during movement may be studied by determining the angular momentum. In walking, the angular momentum about the lateral axis is larger than the other two components. It also differs from them in that it goes through a complete cycle of change for each step, instead of a cycle for each two steps.
The Interaction of Nerve Growth Factor with Its Specific Receptors

Although it has long been known that the development of nerve cells is influenced by interactions with target cells and surrounding nonneuronal cells, it is only recently that the problem has been explored at the molecular level. It is becoming increasingly clear that at least some of these interactions are mediated by macromolecular substances, usually proteins, secreted by one or more of the cell types (Varon and Bunge, 1978; Gottlieb and Glaser, 1980). The classic example of such substances is nerve growth factor (NGF). Although originally described for its role in regulating the development of sympathetic and some sensory neurons (Levi-Montalcini and Angeletti, 1968), NGF is equally involved in target cell-neuron communication, which controls the growth of axons and the maintenance and metabolic state of the differentiated neuron (Thoenen and Barde, 1980). Different experimental protocols have been used to define these various roles of NGF. Thus, removal of circulating NGF with anti-NGF antibody completely inhibits the development of sympathetic neurons in newborn rats or mice (Levi-Montalcini and Angeletti, 1968) or partially inhibits sensory-neuron development in the fetus (Gorin and Johnson, 1979). Growing sympathetic axons recover from transection only if sufficient NGF is available at the site of injury (Hendry, 1975). Injection of [125I]-NGF into a target organ, e.g., the smooth muscle of the iris, demonstrates the specific uptake of the labeled NGF by sympathetic terminals and its retrograde flow to the neuronal cell body, while biochemical analyses of these cell bodies reveals the regulation of neurotransmitter synthesis by the transported NGF (Thoenen and Barde, 1980).
Piezo-photovoltaic device operations

We consider thin-film PV operations in a situation when one of the films possesses piezo- (pyro-) electric properties. Two types of such systems are CdTe and CIGS PV, both using well-known piezoelectric material CdS as a part of their structure. We model device operation for two cases of CdS layer polarization in a range of realistic values of electric field and compare it with standard p-n junction picture. Behavior of major PV parameters and practical ways of device optimization are discussed. We show that field reversal in piezo- (pyro-) photovoltaics is generally beneficial and makes the PV technology more forgiving and reliable.
Prognostication of upper tract urothelial carcinoma: what do we really need?

Zigeuner et al reported on the prognostic significance of tumor necrosis in patients undergoing nephroureterectomy for urothelial carcinoma [1]. This large, multi-institutional study represents one of the more thorough attempts to identify prognostic factors for poor clinical outcome in upper tract tumors. Such studies have clinical value if they allow us to direct interventions to the patients who aremost likely to benefit. One way to accomplish this would be recommending adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with high-risk tumors. However, there are two arguments against adjuvant chemotherapy in upper tract urothelial cancer. The first argument is the lack of evidence of efficacy. Several retrospective studies of chemotherapy after nephroureterectomy have yielded variable results. Kwak et al reported on 43 patients with pT2 or greater disease and no evidence of distant metastases [2]. Thirty-two patients received cisplatin-based chemotherapy while 11 were not treated. After a median follow-up of 31 mo, disease-free survival was higher in the chemotherapy group than in the nonchemotherapy group. In a multivariate analysis, the use of adjuvant chemotherapy and node-negative status were strongly associatedwith survival. In contrast, Lee et al could not demonstrate any difference in recurrence-free survival between adjuvant and nonadjuvant groups [3]. This study was a retrospective review of 27 patients with pT3 urothelial cancer and node-negative disease. Sixteen patients received chemotherapy while 11 were observed. Five of the 16 patients in the adjuvant group had recurrence, compared with 4 of 11 patients in the surveillance group, and the disease-specific survival rates for the two groups were 75% and 71%, respectively. Similarly, Hellenthal et al could not identify any effect of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with upper tract cancer [4]. In a retrospective analysis of an international database, the authors identified
Shear and Bending Performance of a Novel Wood–Concrete Composite System

This paper introduces a new, structural wood-concrete composite system. The system is formed by joining a wood component, such as a floor beam or laminated plate, to a concrete slab utilizing a continuous steel mesh of which one half is glued into a slot in the wood while the other half is embedded into the concrete. Two series of tests were performed and are presented: static push-out tests to establish shear properties of the connector and a full scale bending test with a span of approximately 10 m. Test results reveal that the steel mesh performs favorably—as a stiff yet ductile shear connector between the wood and the concrete. Design equations, per European standards in absence of North American standards are described and used to predict the failure load of the bending test. Calculations indicate that the tested beam performs with near full composite action—specifically, 97% effective stiffness and 99% strength of that of a beam with full composite action. This is a marked improvement in the efficiency of wood-concrete systems developed to date. The system shows itself to be superior to alternative systems in its high structural efficiency as well as being relatively easy to install and economic.
Neuromuscular Contributions to Age-Related Weakness

THE well-described decline of skeletal muscle mass in older adults is a critical determinant of age-related weakness, which we define as reduced maximal voluntary joint torque or power production. Yet it is now clear that the relationship between weakness and muscle size in older adults is less robust than once believed (1). Indeed, longitudinal studies of older adults indicate that maintenance or even gain of muscle mass may not prevent weakness (2,3). Furthermore, there are a number of age-related changes in torque production capability that are not readily explained by a reduction in muscle mass, including reduced specific torque (torque per cross sectional area) (4,5) and slower rate of isometric torque production (expressed relative to peak torque or to body weight) (6,7). These findings may be at least partially accounted for by reduced intrinsic force-generating capacity or “muscle quality,” due to factors such as altered muscle fiber contractile and metabolic properties (8,9), accumulation of intramuscular lipids (5), and alterations in excitation–contraction coupling (10). Furthermore, the transfer of force between the muscular and skeletal systems may be affected by age-related changes in muscle architecture (11) and in the length and compliance of tendons (12,13). In addition to factors related to skeletal muscle mass and contractile function, a critical component of the weakness observed with aging may be altered neuromuscular activation. For the purpose of the present review, we define neuromuscular activation (henceforth referred to as “activation”) as the process by which muscular force is elicited via recruitment and rate coding of motor units. The goal of this brief review is to provide an introductory overview of the methodologies used to quantify activation, the contribution of agonist and antagonist activation to weakness, and some possible neurophysiological mechanisms that may underlie impaired activation in older adults. Throughout this review, we focus predominantly on studies that examine muscles of the lower extremity in order to maximize relevance to the serious problem of age-related mobility disability.
Migration of dispersive GPR data

Electrical conductivity and dielectric and magnetic relaxation phenomena cause electromagnetic propagation to be dispersive in earth materials. Both velocity and attenuation may vary with frequency, depending on the frequency content of the propagating energy and the nature of the relaxation phenomena. A minor amount of velocity dispersion is associated with high attenuation. For this reason, measuring effects of velocity dispersion in ground penetrating radar (GPR) data is difficult. With a dispersive forward model, GPR responses to propagation through materials with known frequency-dependent properties have been created. These responses are used as test data for migration algorithms that have been modified to handle specific aspects of dispersive media. When either Stolt or Gazdag migration methods are modified to correct for just velocity dispersion, the results are little changed from standard migration. For nondispersive propagating wavefield data, like deep seismic, ensuring correct phase summation in a migration algorithm is more important than correctly handling amplitude. However, the results of migrating model responses to dispersive media with modified algorithms indicate that, in this case, correcting for frequency-dependent amplitude loss has a much greater effect on the result than correcting for proper phase summation. A modified migration is only effective when it includes attenuation recovery, performing deconvolution and migration simultaneously.
Chelate-Modified Fenton Reaction for the Degradation of Trichloroethylene in Aqueous and Two-Phase Systems

The primary objective of this research was to model and understand the chelate-modified Fenton reaction for the destruction of trichloroethylene (TCE) present in both the aqueous and organic (in the form of droplets) phases. The addition of a nontoxic chelate (L), such as citrate or gluconic acid, allows for operation at near-neutral pH and controlled release of Fe(II)/Fe(III). For the standard Fenton reaction at low pH in two-phase systems, an optimum H(2)O(2):Fe(II) molar ratio was found to be between 1:1 and 2:1. Experimentation proved the chelate-modified Fenton reaction effectively dechlorinated TCE in both the aqueous and organic phases at pH 6-7 using low H(2)O(2):Fe(II) molar ratios (4:1 to 8:1). Increasing the L:Fe ratio was found to decrease the rate of H(2)O(2) degradation in both Fe(II) and Fe(III) systems at near-neutral pH. Generalized models were developed to predict the concentration of TCE in the aqueous phase and TCE droplet radius as a function of time using literature-reported hydroxyl radical reaction kinetics and mass transfer relationships. Additional aspects of this work include the reusability of the Fe-citrate complex under repeated H(2)O(2) injections in real water systems as well as packed column studies for simulated groundwater injection.
Fast Magnetization Switching With Circularly Polarized Fields and Short Pulses

In this paper, we study the magnetization reversal process of single-domain Stoner-Wohlfarth particles subject to circularly polarized fields and short pulses using analytical and numerical models. We investigate the effect of short unipolar, bipolar field, and circularly polarized field pulses, which are applied perpendicular to the uniaxial magnetocrystalline anisotropy axis, on the magnetization switching dynamics.
"Professional Feeling": One early childhood educator's emotional discomfort as a teacher and learner

Using feminist and poststructuralist accounts of teacher emotion, the analysis presented in this article examines one teacher’s emotion as she participated in a 6-month ethnographic study of emotio...
High speed low swing dynamic circuits with multiple supply and threshold voltages

A new low voltage swing circuit technique based on a dual threshold voltage CMOS technology is presented in this paper for simultaneously reducing active and standby mode power consumption and enhancing evaluation speed and noise immunity in domino logic circuits. The proposed circuit technique modifies both the upper and lower boundaries of the voltage swing at the dynamic node. Meanwhile, full voltage swing signals are maintained at inputs and outputs for robust and high speed operation. Power supply, ground, and threshold voltages are simultaneously optimized to minimize the power-delay product (PDP). The proposed technique reduces the PDP by up to 51.9% as compared to standard full-swing circuits in a 45nm CMOS technology. The active mode power consumption is reduced by up to 40.4% due to lower switching power required to charge/discharge the dynamic node. Furthermore, the evaluation speed and noise immunity are enhanced by up to 19.4% and 39.1%, respectively, as compared to standard full-swing circuits. The proposed low swing technique also reduces the idle mode leakage power consumption by up to 84.2% in the high fan-in domino gates.
Relaxation solution of the full Euler equations

A numerical procedure for the relaxation solution of the full steady Euler equations is described. By embedding the Euler system in a second-order surrogate system, central differencing may be used in subsonic regions while retaining matrix forms well suited to iterative solution procedures and convergence acceleration techniques. Hence, this method allows the development of stable, fully-conservative differencing schemes for the solution of quite general inviscid flow problems. Results are presented for both subcritical and shocked, supercritical internal flows. Comparisons are made with a standard time-dependent solution algorithm.
Wafer-Level Packaging With Soldered Stress-Engineered Micro-Springs

Micro-springs for integrated circuit test and packaging are demonstrated as soldered flip chip interconnects in a direct die to printed circuit board package. The spring interconnects are fabricated with thin film metallization as the last step in a wafer-scale process. The z-compliance of the interconnects can be used to test and/or burn-in parts in wafer form. After the parts are diced from the wafer, the springs then become the first-level (and often the last-level) interconnect between the chip and the board. The xy-compliance of the interconnect enables considerably large die to be soldered to an organic printed circuit board without underfill using a surface mount compatible process. To demonstrate this concept, daisy chain test vehicles were fabricated on die measuring 11.5 mm times 6.5 mm with 48 spring contacts on a 0.8 mm times 0.65 mm grid array, each spring measuring 400 mum times 100 mum. The parts were placed onto organic boards with screen printed solder paste using a pick and place machine. The parts were reflowed to complete the solder connection to each spring using eutectic and lead-free solder. Assembled parts have undergone >20 000 hot plate thermal cycles and >1000 oven thermal cycles without failure.
Wegener’s Granulomatosis

Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (GPA), formerly known as Wegener’s Granulomatosis, is a multisystem disease that predominantly involves the respiratory tract and the kidneys. The pathological hallmarks are necrotizing granulomatous lesions and vasculitis of small and/or medium vessels. It is difficult to diagnose because its presentation is similar to many common diseases such as upper respiratory tract infections, pneumonia, and asthma. Understanding the signs and symptoms, laboratory findings, and biopsy results are key to making the diagnosis of Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis. A heightened degree of clinical suspicion for this rare disease will often lead to the correct diagnosis.
Influence of NCI Cancer Center Attendance on Mortality in Lung, Breast, Colorectal, and Prostate Cancer Patients

Some evidence links cancer outcomes to place of service, but the influence of NCI (National Cancer Institute) cancer centers on outcomes has not been established. We compared mortality for NCI cancer center attendees versus nonattendees. This retrospective cohort study included individuals with incident cancers of the lung, breast, colon/rectum, or prostate from 1998 to 2002 (N = 211,084) from SEER (Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results)—Medicare linked data, with claims through 2003. We examined the relation of NCI cancer center attendance with 1- and 3-year all-cause and cancer-specific mortality using multilevel logistic regression models. NCI cancer center attendance was associated with a significant reduction in the odds of 1- and 3-year all-cause and cancer-specific mortality. The mortality risk reduction associated with NCI cancer center attendance was most apparent in late-stage cancers and was evident across all levels of comorbidities. Attendance at NCI cancer centers is associated with a ...
Avoiding Vice and Pursuing Virtue: Kant on Perfect Duties and ‘Prudential latitude’

To fulfill a perfect duty an agent must avoid vice, yet when an agent refrains from acting on a prohibited maxim she still must do something. I argue that the setting of morally required ends ought to consistently inform an agent's judgment regarding what is to be done beyond compliance with perfect, negative duties. Kant's assertion of a puzzling version of latitude of choice within his discussion of perfect duties motivates and complicates the case I make for a more expansive interpretation of the duty to pursue virtue.
Sedation challenges in the pediatric ICU: is dexmedetomidine the solution?

The pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) poses unique pain and sedation management challenges. Treatment of pain and anxiety in the PICU has historically been accomplished with opioids and benzodiazepines. More recently, drug therapy has been complemented with sedation scales and nonpharmacologic treatment measures, such as parental presence at the bedside and psychologic interventions (i.e. distraction, redirection, etc.), to help create more effective sedation practices and less-threatening PICU environments(1). Even with these measures, critically ill children often need prolonged sedation to facilitate respiratory management, treatment of multi-organ system dysfunction and/or performance of invasive procedures. The consequence is escalating dosages, physiologic tolerance and subsequent development of withdrawal when these agents are discontinued(2). These sedation challenges drive many PICU clinicians to seek alternative pharmacologic agents (even volatile anesthesia) to provide comfort to critically ill children(1).
Line Integrals and Harmonic Functions

In Sections 1 and 2 we review multivariable integral calculus in order to prepare for complex integration in the next chapter. The salient features are Green’s theorem and independence of path for line integrals. In Section 3 we introduce harmonic functions, and in Sections 4 and 5 we discuss the mean value property and the maximum principle for harmonic functions. Sections 6 and 7 include various applications to physics. The student may proceed directly to complex integration in the next chapter after paging through the review of multivariable calculus in Sections 1 and 2 and reading about harmonic conjugates in Section 3.
Renal Complications of Intravenous Drug Abuse and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

In the 1970s, the nephropathology of drug addiction was dominated by diseases related to the use of heroin. In the 1980s, nephropathies related to infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) emerged, and the relative incidence of these two types of nephropathies sharing intravenous drug use as a risk factor completely changed. Heroin-associated nephropathy essentially disappeared. In fact, the author has not seen a single example of heroin-associated nephropathy (HAN) at the University of Miami/Jackson Memorial Medical Center since 1985. On the other hand, nephropathies related to HIV infection have become an important problem in large medical centers. We, therefore, will provide only an outline of intravenous (I.V.) drug abuse-related nephropathies to remind the reader of the various types of renal diseases that can occur with drug addiction and concentrate on the renal complications associated with HIV infection.
/sup 30/Si(/sup 16/O,/sup 16/O')/sup 30/Si* reaction at 60 MeV

Data were taken for /sup 30/Si + /sup 16/O elastic scattering and inelastic scattering to the first excited 2/sup +/ state of /sup 30/Si. Good fits to the data were obtained in coupled channels calculations. It was not found possible to discriminate between small and ''standard'' value of the imaginary diffuseness.
A Certain Mongrel Court: Congress's Past Power and Present Potential to Reinforce the Supreme Court

Congress has considerable power - or at least more power than experts on continuity of government have recognized - to pass laws designed to keep the Supreme Court in business in the event that several Justices are killed or incapacitated. The conventional view is that the constitutional mandate that [t]he judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme Court, precludes legislation creating some sort of back-up Court. This reading is rooted in the idea that the word one in "one Supreme Court must be read to mean one [indivisible]. As Chief Justice Morrison R. Waite expressed it, Certainly such a provision carries with it the strongest implication that when this court acts, it must act as an entirety, and that its judgments shall be the judgments of the court sitting judicially as one court and not as several courts. Thus, says convention, an amendment to the Constitution is necessary before Congress can act to back up the Supreme Court. But early Congresses did not treat the Constitution's one Supreme Court terms as an absolute bar to all subdivision of the structure of the Court. And the Court itself went along with the legislature. The most striking and long-lived example is the one-Justice rump Supreme Court that sat at a special August Term from 1802 to 1838 - a Court whose proceedings, records, and even an opinion by Chief Justice Roger Taney sitting as the one-Justice Court were treated as an integral part of the Supreme Court's business. The rump Court of 1802 and the constitutional provision of one Supreme Court can be reconciled, and the result gives some clues to Congress's heretofore unappreciated latitude to fiddle with the structure of the Court - perhaps to improve continuity of its operations in the wake of calamity. Novel examples include a body of semi-permanently recused Justices and a body of qualifiedly pre-qualified Justices, all constitutionally cleared and ready to go in the event of a crisis, and yet precluded from meddling in the work of the normal one Supreme Court so long as it has a quorum to sit and serve. None of this means that Congress should exercise whatever power it may have in this area, but it does mean that it has a responsibility to decide whether to act or not. Congress should not base or excuse inaction on an erroneous presumption of complete, uninterrupted, and constitutionally-compelled legislative impotence.
Cost-Effective Conceptual Design for Information Extraction

It is well established that extracting and annotating occurrences of entities in a collection of unstructured text documents with their concepts improves the effectiveness of answering queries over the collection. However, it is very resource intensive to create and maintain large annotated collections. Since the available resources of an enterprise are limited and/or its users may have urgent information needs, it may have to select only a subset of relevant concepts for extraction and annotation. We call this subset a conceptual design for the annotated collection. In this article, we introduce and formally define the problem of cost-effective conceptual design where, given a collection, a set of relevant concepts, and a fixed budget, one likes to find a conceptual design that most improves the effectiveness of answering queries over the collection. We provide efficient algorithms for special cases of the problem and prove it is generally NP-hard in the number of relevant concepts. We propose three efficient approximations to solve the problem: a greedy algorithm, an approximate popularity maximization (APM for short), and approximate annotation-benefit maximization (AAM for short). We show that, if there are no constraints regrading the overlap of concepts, APM is a fully polynomial time approximation scheme. We also prove that if the relevant concepts are mutually exclusive, the greedy algorithm delivers a constant approximation ratio if the concepts are equally costly, APM has a constant approximation ratio, and AAM is a fully polynomial-time approximation scheme. Our empirical results using a Wikipedia collection and a search engine query log validate the proposed formalization of the problem and show that APM and AAM efficiently compute conceptual designs. They also indicate that, in general, APM delivers the optimal conceptual designs if the relevant concepts are not mutually exclusive. Also, if the relevant concepts are mutually exclusive, the conceptual designs delivered by AAM improve the effectiveness of answering queries over the collection more than the solutions provided by APM.
Metastasis to Neck from Unknown Primary Tumor

The records of 54 consecutive patients who were irradiated for metastatic disease in the neck from an unknown primary tumor were reviewed. The overall survival results are comparable to those of other reported series. Patients with high or posterior cervical lymph node involvement were irradiated with fields including the nasopharynx and oropharynx. Patients with high neck nodes had a better survival rate than those with low neck nodes. The size of the neck tumors and the local control after treatment also have prognostic significance.
Family Cultural Socialization Practices among International Adoptive Families

Abstract Within the field of international adoption, little research has examined the involvement of fathers in cultural socialization practices. Using secondary data analysis with a sample of 332 international adoptive fathers and mothers, the present study examined international adoptive fathers’ cultural socialization practices and compared these practices with those of international adoptive mothers. The results indicated that 1) family cultural socialization practices mainly engaged in by fathers were those that require little to no integration with people of the children’s race and/or ethnicity, and 2) fathers’ awareness or practices were found to be similar to those of mothers. This study illustrates the importance of continuing research on fathers’ beliefs, attitudes, and practices in relation to the race and birth culture of their internationally adopted children. Keywords International adoption, fathers’ awareness and involvement, cultural socialization practices International Journalof Human Ecology
MECHANISMS OF HISTAMINE RELEASE BY POLYMERIC COMPOUNDS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the mechanisms of histamine release by polymeric compounds. It also describes the effect of dextran on histamine release from peritoneal cells. Dextran alone even at a concentration of 6 mg/ml had no effect, because the amount of histamine appearing in the supernatant was the same as in control tubes. Increasing amounts of brain acetone powder supernatant alone caused increasing amounts of histamine to be released. The addition of dextran to cells pretreated with brain powder supernatant caused a considerable increase in the amount of histamine released. It was found important in these experiments to add the brain powder supernatant just before the dextran. The two solutions could be mixed and added together, a procedure that tended to increase somewhat the amount of histamine released. In some experiments, ovomucoid was substituted for dextran with very similar results. On the other hand, polivinylpyrrolidone had no effect. Preliminary experiments indicate that pieces of rat skin extracted with acetone and homogenized in saline give results similar to those with brain powder.