cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deconvolution and simulation of backscattering and reaction spectra

Abstract The analysis of backscattering and reaction spectra in order to study depth profiling of implanted and diffused ions, ion channeling, and other ion solid interactions is hampered by lack of resolution. Detector resolution, beam energy spread, and ion straggling are sources of poor resolution. Resolution loss may be reduced provided the shape of the spreading function is known, by fitting results with a simulated yield curve or by deconvolving the spectrum. We now show that nonlinear deconvolution algorithms have many advantages over both simulation and linear deconvolution, and require less a priori information.
The use of hepatotoxic signals to predict the safety of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists.

Numerous peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonists are currently under development for various therapeutic indications, such as Type 2 diabetes. Although hepatocarcinogenicity was ...
Off-center electron transport in resonant tunneling diodes due to incoherent scattering

Coherent transport through resonant tunneling diodes at high bias is determined by the transfer of carriers described by momentum and energy from a bath in the emitter through a central resonance to the collector. Simplified treatments of coherent carrier transport assume the transverse carrier dispersions to be identical and parabolic in the emitter and central device. This results in a carrier transport that is dominated by carriers at the r zone center. Other work has shown that more realistic dispersions result in off-zone center current flow. Incoherent scattering adds more degrees of freedom to match the emitter energy and momentum (E e m ,k e m ) with the resonance energy and momentum (E r e s ,k r e s ) with (ΔE s c a t t ,Δk s c a t t ). It is shown analytically and numerically that this additional degree of freedom redirects carriers in energy and momentum space resulting in an off-zone center current for large voltage regions. Interface roughness, polar optical phonon, and acoustic phonon scatterings are explicitly considered.
Women s Magazines and the Equal Rights Amendment: Friend or Foe?

Editorial policy, circulation, and class of readership linked to amount of magazine coverage, hut not necessarily advocacy, of ERA.
Dilemmas and Incommensurateness

Gerald H. Paske has recently criticized some of the conclusions of my work on moral dilemmas. Paske's argument turns on the intriguing idea that right-making properties are incommensurate. In this essay, I argue that even if basic values are incommensurate, we need not endorse the possibility of genuine moral dilemmas.
Finding avian health information.

Abstract This article explores informational resources and basic search strategies used to locate documents for practicing evidence-based avian medicine. It discusses selected databases that are available for locating articles and documents relating to avian health, which would include companion birds, avian wildlife, and birds maintained in zoological collections. Tables are incorporated to identify which electronic databases contain specific avian journals and subsequent number of avian veterinary documents appearing in each listed publication.
Instrumental assessment of the sensory quality of juices

Abstract: Sensory properties, mainly colour, aroma and taste, are major factors affecting quality perception and consumer’s acceptance of fruit and vegetable juices. Colour and appearance are the initial quality attributes attracting us; nevertheless, the flavour (the overall combination of oral and nasal stimulation) may have the largest impact on acceptability and desire to consume it again. Due to the importance not only on the consumer’s acceptability but also on other specific factors, the juice industry needs to control the organoleptic characteristics of their products. The sensory properties can be assessed by organoleptic analysis, but this is a subjective description. For this reason, the objective instrumental methods to measure them described in this chapter are sometimes preferred.
Temperature and the regulation of enzyme activity in homeo- and heterothermic tissues of arctic marine mammals: Some regulatory properties of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase from adipose tissue of the spotted

Abstract 1. 1. Electrofocusing of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-PG deh.) from flipper (heterothermic) and deep (homeothermic) adipose tissues of the spotted seal (Phoca vitulina) shows two enzyme variants to be present in each tissue with isoelectric points of 5·91–5·96 and 5·34–5·40. However, the relative activities of both components are markedly different in each tissue. 2. 2. A decrease in temperature causes a large decrease in the apparent Km for substrate (6-PG) in the homeothermic (deep) 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase. In contrast, in the heterothermic (flipper) enzyme Km for substrate is relatively independent of thermal change. 3. 3. Affinity of the homeothermic 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase for its inhibitor TPNH is powerfully enhanced by a decrease in temperature, a finding which would make this enzyme unsuited for heterothermic function. On the otherhand, affinity of the flipper 6-PG deh. for TPNH is conspicuously insensitive to temperature. 4. 4. These results suggest formal mechanisms for continued function and thermal independence of regulation of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase in heterothermic tissues from an Arctic marine mammal.
The Ontolingua Server

Reusable ontologies are becoming increasingly important for tasks such as information integration, knowledge-level interoperation and knowledge-base development. We have developed a set of tools and services to support the process of achieving consensus on commonly shared ontologies by geographically distributed groups. These tools make use of the World Wide Web to enable wide access and provide users with the ability to publish, browse, create and edit ontologies stored on anontology server. Users can quickly assemble a new ontology from a library of modules. We discuss how our system was constructed, how it exploits existing protocols and browsing tools, and our experience supporting hundreds of users. We describe applications using our tools to achieve consensus on ontologies and to integrate information.The Ontolingua Server may be accessed through the URLhttp://ontolingua.stanford.edu
A Research Framework for the Impact of Cultural Differences on IT Outsourcing

AbstractContracting Global Virtual Teams as part of global IT outsourcing is currently en vogue. As might be expected when virtual team members are from different countries, cultural factors play an important role in the success of outsourcing. However, there have been very few studies that assess the effect of culture on IT outsourcing and virtual teams. This conceptual paper addresses this oversight by looking at the effect of cultural differences on IT outsourcing and virtual teams' performance. The applicable literature on outsourcing, virtual teams and culture is analyzed and a framework of offshore outsourcing success is developed. This framework includes the concept of psychic distance to better understand the phenomenon of virtual teams and outsourcing success. Adding this as a key research component provides a more realistic way of researching global virtual teams. Future directions for research based on the developed framework are also provided. By assessing the cultural differences of virtual t...
Sensitive measurements of two-dimensional birefringence distributions using near-circularly polarized beam

Image processing algorithms for measuring two-dimensional distributions of linear birefringence using a pair of variable retarders are proposed. Several algorithms using from 2 to 5 recorded frames allow to make fast or real time measurements, increase sensitivity and suppress measurement errors. Moreover, the described algorithms can be applied for proposed birefringence imaging systems with fixed retarders and/or Faraday rotators, including systems with images acquired in time sequences or as sets of parallel images.
Thinking about Morality and Moral Thinking: Is There a Distinction?

ABSTRACT A recent exchange with Shaffer (this issue) reveals several points of agreement underscoring the utility of our subject-based approach to understanding moral thought. Shaffer's latest reply raises the interesting question of whether thinking about morality, the focus of our study, constitutes moral thinking. Our response underscores how Shaffer's approach to studying moral thought differs from our own. More important, we emphasize how disagreements over what constitutes moral thinking can and should be settled empirically.
A wrinkly phononic crystal slab

The buckling induced surface instability is employed to propose a tunable phononic crystal slab composed of a stiff thin film bonded on a soft elastomer. Wrinkles formation is used to generate one-dimensional periodic scatterers at the surface of a finitely thick slab. Wrinkles’ pattern change and corresponding stress is employed to control wave propagation triggered by a compressive strain. Simulation results show that the periodic wrinkly structure can be used as a transformative phononic crystal which can switch band diagram of the structure in a reversible behavior. Results of this study provide opportunities for the smart design of tunable switch and elastic wave filters at ultrasonic and hypersonic frequency ranges.
Common and Uncommon Understory Species Differentially Respond to Restoration Treatments in Ponderosa Pine/Douglas‐Fir Forests, Montana

Restoration treatments have been widely advocated to address declining conditions in Pinus ponderosa forests throughout the western United States. However, few studies have examined treatment effects on individual plant species or whether responses differ for common species and uncommon species (those with low abundance in the community)—information that may be critical in managing for long-term biodiversity. We investigated understory species responses to restoration treatments in ponderosa pine/Douglas-fir forests using a randomized block experimental design with three blocks and four treatments (control, burn-only, thin-only, and thin-burn). Understory vegetation was sampled before treatment and for three consecutive years after treatment. We used richness and an index of uniqueness to compare responses of common and uncommon native understory species among treatments, and indicator species analysis to identify individual species that responded to each treatment. Treatments that included thinning had significantly more unique species assemblages than the control. The thin-only treatment increased common native species richness, whereas all active treatments significantly increased uncommon native species richness over the control, especially the thin-burn. Generally, life-forms did not explain the responses of individual species, though in the final sampling year several graminoids were exclusively indicative of treatments that included thinning. Very few species had reduced abundance in the thinning and burning treatments by the final sample year, whereas many uncommon and short-lived species benefited from active treatments, especially the combined thin-burn treatment. Active restoration treatments in these forests may foster plant diversity by minimally impacting common species while significantly benefiting disturbance-dependent native species.
Rapid deposition of fluvial sediment in the Eel Canyon, northern California

Abstract The head of the Eel Canyon was investigated to understand the nature of sedimentation associated with winter floods from the Eel River, located about 10 km to the east. Efforts were focused on the winter of 1997/1998 with cores collected in January and March, which was a period with several typical winter flood events from the river ( 3 /s), relatively intense wave resuspension, and seaward transport by currents over the shelf. Cores collected from the head of the canyon in January showed little evidence of recent flood sediment (e.g., no 7 Be). In contrast, March cores had clear signatures indicating flood layers (high 7 Be activities, large 7 Be inventories, low 210 Pb activities and high clay content) that extended 6–8 cm in the seabed and were characterized by physical stratification. The flood signatures show a gradual intensification upward within the layer. These signatures may reflect a mixed supply of recent ( 200 days) shelf sediment resuspended and transported by strong waves and currents on the adjacent shelf, with the Eel flood sediment becoming more dominant through the winter. The emplacement history of canyon flood layers is different than that for flood deposits formed on the shelf, and produces less abrupt changes in flood signatures. Observations below the surface region of Eel Canyon cores show an older record of multiple layers demonstrating flood signatures (low 210 Pb activities, high clay content), which probably indicate preservation of past flood events within the last century. Deposition of thick flood layers suggests that the canyon is an important part of the Eel River dispersal system, although observations in deeper portions of the canyon are needed for a better understanding of the canyon's role in the fluvial sediment budget.
Cascade regulation of Caulobacter flagellar and chemotaxis genes

The assembly of a functional flagellum in the bacterium Caulobacter crescentus requires the protein products of approximately 30 genes expressed in a temporally discrete and spatially distinct manner. Our current understanding of this system has been limited by the fact that purified protein products are available for only about one-fifth of these genes. A genetically engineered transposon promoter probe, Tn5-VB32, containing a promoterless gene encoding neomycin phosphotransferase II (NPTase II) was used to generate a series of non-motile (fla-), kanamycin resistant strains of C. crescentus. These transcription-fusions allow the expression of NPTase II to be controlled by flagellar promoters, and thus questions of temporal regulation of flagellar genes can be addressed without the need to obtain purified protein products. The flagellar promoters accessed by Tn5-VB32 exhibited temporal regulation analogous to the known flagellar and chemotaxis gene products. The expression of NPTase II in these mutants is read from a chimeric mRNA that initiates in a chromosomal fla promoter and continues through the inserted NPTase II gene. Thus, temporal regulation is controlled by modulating either the initiation of transcription, or transcript turnover, at specific times in the cell cycle. Epistatic interactions between the genes accessed by the promoter probe and other flagellar loci were studied in double fla mutants generated by transducing the promoter-probe mutations into spontaneously derived second-site fla-mutant backgrounds. The synthesis of both natural fla gene products and the accessed NPTase II was assayed in these strains using antisera to purified components of the flagellum and to purified NPTase II. On the basis of these interactions, a trans-acting hierarchy of flagellar and chemotaxis gene expression is proposed.
Double hyperbolic splines on the real line

In this paper we extend the work in [2] on the existence and uniqueness of hyperbolic splines on R1 to double hyperbolic and higher-order generalized splines, utilizing a new representation of a spline of interpolation, in terms of several of its unknown derivatives at mesh points, rather than just one. We also show how this approach may be applied to higher order polynomial splines on R1. For the standard approach, see [l].
Robust multiperiod portfolio management in the presence of transaction costs

We study the viability of different robust optimization approaches to multiperiod portfolio selection. Robust optimization models treat future asset returns as uncertain coefficients in an optimization problem, and map the level of risk aversion of the investor to the level of tolerance of the total error in asset return forecasts. We suggest robust optimization formulations of the multiperiod portfolio optimization problem that are linear and computationally efficient. The linearity of the optimization problems is an advantage when complex additional requirements need to be imposed on the portfolio structure, e.g., limitations on positions in certain assets or tax constraints. We compare the performance of our robust formulations to the performance of the traditional single period mean-variance formulation frequently employed in the financial industry.
A new role for leptin as a direct satiety signal from the stomach

the prevalence of obesity and its secondary health risks have dramatically increased over the last two decades ([17][1]), and despite accelerated research and drug development by the pharmaceutical industry, no effective treatment is in sight ([5][2]). Although it is clear that sedentary lifestyle
Clinical outcome of stereotactic radiosurgery for central nervous system metastases from renal cell carcinoma.

Abstract Background Current treatment modalities for central nervous system (CNS) metastases from renal cell cancer (RCC) include surgical resection, stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS), and whole-brain radiotherapy. Existing studies describing treatment outcomes for CNS metastases include multiple tumor types and thus provide little insight into how RCC CNS metastases respond to these modalities. Materials and Methods RCC patients with brain metastases treated with SRS at the Cleveland Clinic between 1996 and 2010 were retrospectively identified. Radiosurgery and systemic therapy characteristics were recorded. Patients were followed up radiographically at 1 to 2 months after radiosurgery and every 3 to 6 months thereafter with magnetic resonance imaging scans. Results Of the 166 patients identified, local control was obtained in 90% of patients. In 38% of patients there were additional distant CNS metastases at a median of 12.8 months (95% CI, 8.5-21.1) after SRS. The median time to progression (either local or distant) was estimated to be 9.9 months (95% CI, 5.9-12.9). Higher (> 2.5) RCC-specific graded prognostic assessment (GPA) score was the only factor examined that was found to be a significant prognostic factor for improved outcome (P = .02); however, there was some suggestion that a single target lesion (P = .07) and age ≥ 60 years (P = .07) may also be associated with better CNS control. Conclusion Stereotactic radiosurgery for a limited number of CNS metastases from RCC is associated with excellent local control and is an effective if not preferred treatment modality.
Creative Responses to Separation: Israeli and Palestinian Joint Activism in Bil'in:

This article examines creative ways in which Israeli and Palestinian activists engage with each other and the powers seeking to separate them in their nonviolent struggles for a just and lasting peace. Using the geopolitical theory of territoriality, the article briefly examines a number of administrative, physical, and psychological barriers facing joint activism and the strategies activists use to counteract them. Drawing on nonviolent theory and practice, the article analyzes how activists exert power through the creative use of symbols and practices that undermine the legitimacy of occupation policies. Based on fieldwork conducted in 2004—05 and July 2006, the article explores the implications of this activism on conceptions of identity, and strategies for restarting a moribund peace process. The relative `success' of sustained joint action in Bil'in can provide scholars and policymakers with innovative approaches for addressing some of the outstanding issues needing to be addressed by official negoti...
Estimation of Stationary Stochastic Regression Parameters

Abstract This article considers repeated regression experiments wherein the regression parameters vary according to a stationary stochastic process with known covariance structure. Expressions are derived for best linear estimators and predictors of linear functions of the regression parameters.
Some congruences for Apéry numbers

Abstract Congruences for the Apery numbers are proved which generalize the results and conjectures of Chowla, J. Cowles, and M. Cowles.
Ribosome degradation in ultraviolet light-damaged bacteria starved for an amino acid.

Abstract Degradation of RNA and of 30-S and 50-S ribosomes occurred when Escherichia coli H/r 30R cells were exposed to 400 ergs/mm 2 of ultraviolet light and then incubated without arginine, a required amino acid. Under these conditions, the ribosomes remained stable for 1 h, but rapid breakdown began thereafter and eliminated the greater part of the ribosomes by 2 h. Arginine prevented most of the breakdown. Both the photoreversible pyrimidine dimer and non-photoreversible damage appeared to result in breakdown, but at this ultraviolet light dose most of the damage was not photoreversible. If 30 min of postirradiation incubation with arginine was allowed prior to incubation without the amino acid, little degradation occurred on subsequent arginineless incubation, indicating that dark repair processes dependent on protein synthesis are capable of removing the cause of the breakdown, presumably through repair of damage to DNA resulting in recovery of capacity for DNA replication.
Reactions of mononuclear transition metal carbonyl complexes with hydride donors. The reduction of coordinated carbon monoxide and a convenient synthesis of formyltetracarbonylferrate(O)salts

The reactions of Fe(CO)5, Fe(CO)4P(C6H5)3, M(CO)6 (M  W, Mo, Cr), and (CH3C5H4Mn(CO)3 with KH and several boron and aluminium hydrides were investigated. Iron pentacarbonyl was converted quantitatively to K+Fe(CO)4-(CHO) by hydride transfer from KBH(OCH3)3 allowing isolation of [P(C6H5)3]2-Nn+Fe(CO)4(CHO)− in 50% yield. Lower yields were obtained with LiBH(C2H5)3, and other hydride sources gave little or no formyl product. The stability of Fe(CO)4(CHO)− in THP was found to depend on the cation, decreasing in the order [P(C6H5)3]2N+ > K+ > Na+ > Li+. No formyl complexes were isolated and no spectroscopic evidence for formyl formation was observed in the reactions of the other transition metal carbonyls with several hydride sources. Fe(CO)4-P(C6H5)3 gave K2Fe(CO)4 when treated with KHB(OCH3)3. When treated with LiBH(C2H5)3, W(CO)6 gave a mixture of HW2(CO)10−and (OC)5W(COC2H5)−; the latter was methylated to give the carbene complex (OC)5WC(OCH3)C2H5.
Pediatric sudden sensorineural hearing loss: Diagnosed causes and response to intervention

Abstract Objective Sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) is an underappreciated issue in pediatric patient care. The goal of this study was to identify children who met the criteria for SSNHL and examine the etiologies, useful diagnostic studies, and treatment outcomes for these patients. Methods A retrospective medical records review was performed in patients meeting the criteria for SSNHL seen at a tertiary care pediatric hospital from 2007 to 2012. Information collected included age, gender, audiometric evaluations, onset and duration of hearing loss, additional symptoms, diagnostic studies and response to any medical management. The Institutional Review Board approved this project. Results 12/20 patients were male. Mean age was 11.41 years (3 months–24 years). Hearing loss was bilateral in 9/20 patients. Degree of hearing loss ranged from mild to profound across frequencies. Probable etiologies were viral of unknown type ( n = 12), late presentation of congenital CMV ( n = 1), noise-related ( n = 1), non organic ( n = 1), enlarged vestibular aqueduct (EVA) ( n = 1), one with both acute Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) and significant ototoxic exposure ( n = 1), one had significant ototoxic exposure and an inflammatory cerebrovascular incident ( n = 1), and unknown ( n = 2). Diagnostic studies included temporal bone computed tomography (CT) ( n = 15) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) ( n = 15), Lyme titers ( n = 9), streptococcal throat culture ( n = 1) and EBV ( n = 1) and mumps titers ( n = 1). Positive diagnostic studies included 1 MRI consistent with congenital CMV, and one CT that showed an EVA. 15/20 patients received systemic steroids, 3 received antivirals, and 4 got antibiotics. Response to steroids varied from complete resolution of SSNHL to worsening. Symptoms reported, in addition to the hearing loss included tinnitus ( n = 9), vertigo ( n = 9), sensation of a blocked ear ( n = 6), and otalgia ( n = 4). Conclusions The incidence of SSNHL in pediatric patients is unknown. Etiologies of SSNHL include viral, EVA, ototoxicity, noise, and non-organic. Most studies were non-diagnostic although 2/22 CT/MRI provided an etiology. Identification of other causes required careful history review. The incidence of SSNHL in the pediatric population needs to be studied, and the timing, dosage, route and efficacy of steroids further evaluated.
The pathogenesis of craniosynostosis in the fetus.

Craniosynostosis occurs in approximately 1:2000 live births. It may affect the coronal, sagittal, metopic and lambdoid sutures in isolation or in combination. Although non-syndromic synostoses are more common, over 150 genetic syndromes have been identified. Recent advances in genetic mapping have linked chromosomal mutations with craniosynostotic syndromes. Despite the identification of these genetic mutations, the fundamental biomolecular mechanisms mediating cranial suture biology remain unknown. Today, many laboratories are investigating murine cranial suture biology as a model for human cranial suture development and fusion. Normal murine cranial suture biology is very complex, but evidence suggests that the dura mater provides the biomolecular blueprints (e.g. the soluble growth factors), which guide the fate of the pleuripotent osteogenic fronts. While our knowledge of these dura-derived signals has increased dramatically in the last decade, we have barely begun to understand the fundamental mechanisms that mediate cranial suture fusion or patency. Interestingly, recent advances in both premature human and programmed murine suture fusion have revealed unexpected results, and have generated more questions than answers.
Sliding wear and transfer

Abstract It is well known that transfer of material from one component of a sliding pair to the other occurs in many tribological systems. In the present paper the authors describe their observations on transfer material and on debris particles. Detailed structural and chemical information has been obtained by using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning TEM and fluorescence analysis using energy-dispersive techniques (energy-dispersive analysis of X-rays) and wavelength analysis. The results show a clear connection between the transfer layer and the generation of loose wear debris for both unlubricated and lubricated sliding. Evidence of delamination of base material has not been observed in this work.
Electrochemical heparin sensing at liquid/liquid interfaces and polymeric membranes

The monitoring of heparin and its derivatives in blood samples is important for the safe usage of these anticoagulants and antithrombotics in many medical procedures. Such an analytical task is, however, highly challenging due to their low therapeutic levels in the complex blood matrix, and it still relies on classical, indirect, clot-based assays. Here we review recent progress in the direct electrochemical sensing of heparin and its analogs at liquid/liquid interfaces and polymeric membranes. This progress has been made by utilizing the principle of electrochemical ion transfer at the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES) to voltammetrically drive the interfacial transfer of polyanionic heparin and monitoring the resulting ionic current as a direct measure of heparin concentration. The sensitivity, selectivity, and reproducibility of the ion-transfer voltammetry of heparin are dramatically enhanced compared to those of traditional potentiometry. This voltammetric principle was successfully applied for the detection of heparin in undiluted blood samples, and was used to develop highly sensitive ion-selective electrodes based on thin polymeric membranes that are intended for analytical applications beyond heparin detection. The mechanism of heparin recognition and transfer at liquid/liquid interfaces was assessed quantitatively via sophisticated micropipet techniques, which aided the development of a powerful ionophore that can extract large heparin molecules into nonpolar organic media. Moreover, the reversible potentiometric detection of a lethal heparin-like contaminant in commercial heparin preparations was achieved through the use of a PVC membrane doped with methyltridodecylammonium chloride, which enables charge density dependent polyanion selectivity.
Osteoid osteoma of the hand and wrist

The average age of 19 patients with osteoid osteoma of the hand or wrist was 23 years (range, 8 to 70 years). Nine lesions were in the proximal phalanx, four in the distal phalanx, one in a middle phalanx, and one in a metacarpal. Two lesions were in the capitate, one of the hamate, and one in the triquetrum. The average time from onset of symptoms to successful treatment was 16 months. Fifteen of the 19 patients had had treatment elsewhere; 14 had had unsuccessful operative procedures, usually related to incorrect diagnoses. Sixteen patients had a minimum follow-up of 5 months (range, 5 months to 31 years; mean, 11 years) after operation. Surgical failure occurred in four patients with phalangeal lesions (two proximal and two distal). Three of the four patients subsequently were cured by reoperation, and the other patient obtained further treatment elsewhere.
Comparative studies of the effects on liver and liver microsomal drug-metabolizing enzyme system by the fungicides captan, captafol and folpet in rats.

Structurally related fungicides, captan, captafol and folpet are broad-spectrum, non-persistent fungicides widely used for the control of various fungus diseases of seeds, fruits and vegetable crops. The following studies were carried out in rats to compare the in vivo biochemical effects of these fungicides on liver and liver monooxygenases
The Contribution of the Potential for Evaluation to Coaction Effects

Previous research on social facilitation (e.g. Harkins, 1987) has made it clear that the potential for evaluation plays a role in producing coaction effects, but has left unclear the source of thes...
“It Is a Strict Law That Bids Us Dance”: Cosmologies, Colonialism, Death, and Ritual Authority in the Kwakwaka'wakw Potlatch, 1849 to 1922

In the century since Franz Boas began his field work on the Northwest Coast, the Kwakwaka'wakw1 potlatch has proved irresistible to the anthropological imagination. It has been variously interpreted as an interest-bearing investment of property (Boas 1897), as a demonstration of a paranoid, megalomaniacal personality (Benedict 1934), as a substitution for warfare (Codere 1950), as a means of distributing food (Piddcocke 1965; Vayda 1961), as a phenomenon of social morphology (Levi-Strauss 1969; Rosman and Rubel 1971), and as a religious event (Goldman 1975; Walens 1981). Indeed, an intellectual history of anthropology can now be written simply by examining how the Kwakwaka'wakw potlatch has served the various theoretical schools (see Michaelson 1979). If anything unites such disparate accounts, however, I suggest it is an underestimation of the impact of European colonization on Kwakwaka'wakw society.2 Our understanding of the nineteenth-century potlatch has been limited by a tendency to exclude Kwakwaka'wakw cosmology from the colonial power dynamic. This study contributes, then, to the longrunning, and at times vociferous, scholarly discourse on the potlatch by focusing directly on the cultural repercussions of the colonial experience. Consequently, it is not an analysis simply of the funding or logistics of exchange: This essay attempts to situate the cosmologies behind the gift in their changing historical context in order to assess the socio-cultural impact of the colonial encounter on native systems of belief.
The renaissance of field experimentation in evaluating interventions.

Most experiments are done in laboratories. However, there is also a theory and practice of field experimentation. It has had its successes and failures over the past four decades but is now increasingly used for answering causal questions. This is true for both randomized and—perhaps more surprisingly—nonrandomized experiments. In this article, we review the history of the use of field experiments, discuss some of the reasons for their current renaissance, and focus the bulk of the article on the particular technical developments that have made this renaissance possible across four kinds of widely used experimental and quasi-experimental designs—randomized experiments, regression discontinuity designs in which those units above a cutoff get one treatment and those below get another, short interrupted time series, and nonrandomized experiments using a nonequivalent comparison group. We focus this review on some of the key technical developments addressing problems that previously stymied accurate effect es...
Process and device optimization of an analog complementary bipolar IC technology with 5.5-GHz f/sub T/ pnp transistors

An analog complementary bipolar IC process has been developed featuring 9.0-GHz f/sub T/ npn and 5.5-GHz f/sub T/ pnp transistors. Process conditions for emitter, base, and collector of pnp transistors are optimized in order to achieve the best performance tradeoff between current gain, Early voltage, and cutoff frequency. With the optimized process conditions, the H/sub FE//spl times/V/sub A/ of pnp transistors is 350 V with f/sub T/ of 5.5 GHz and f/sub max/ of 8.5 GHz. These high performance pnp transistors have been integrated into an existing 9.0-GHz f/sub T/ npn bipolar process without introducing excessive additional process complexity and manufacturing costs. In addition, Schottky diodes, p-channel junction FET's and laser wafer trimmable precision NiCr resistors have been integrated into the process to enhance analog circuit design capability. >
Plant physiological influences on the fluxes of oxygenated volatile organic compounds from ponderosa pine trees

elevation), with a fully automated relaxed eddy accumulation system coupled to a dual gas chromatograph-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) system. These measurements were initially reported by Schade and Goldstein [2001]. Here we further analyze these data to explore the physiological controls on emissions of 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol (MBO), ethanol, and acetaldehyde. Measured MBO fluxes were compared to fluxes predicted by a detailed leaf-level emission model. Although the match was very good in general, the model failed to predict a declined emission potential on cooler days following a very cold night. It also consistently overpredicted fluxes in the morning, while underpredicting fluxes in the afternoon, particularly on warm days. We conclude that the ponderosa pine MBO emission potential changes in response to recent environmental temperatures on diurnal and daily timescales, similar to changes reported for isoprene emissions. Though ambient temperature appeared to be the most important driver of ethanol and acetaldehyde fluxes, vapor pressure deficit strongly influenced ethanol emissions from ponderosa pine, suggesting that stomatal opening impacts emissions. Ethanol emissions were also found to increase after high ozone deposition fluxes, which supports the theory that ozone-induced stress may trigger fermentation processes in the leaves. INDEX TERMS: 0315 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Biosphere/atmosphere interactions; 0322 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Constituent sources and sinks; 0365 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere— composition and chemistry; KEYWORDS: VOC emissions, methylbutenol, ethanol, ponderosa pine, physiology
Measuring Risk: Computer Security Metrics, Automation, and Learning

Risk management is widely seen as the basis for cybersecurity in contemporary organizations, but practitioners continue to dispute its value. This article analyzes debate over computer security risk management in the 1970s and 1980s United States, using this debate to enhance our understanding of the value of computer security metrics more generally. Regulators placed a high value on risk analysis and measurement because of their association with objectivity, control, and efficiency. However, practitioners disputed the value of risk analysis, questioning the final measurement of risk. The author argues that computer security risk management was most valuable not because it provided an accurate measure of risk, but because the process of accounting for risks could contribute to organizational learning. Unfortunately, however, organizations were sorely tempted to go through the motions of risk management without engaging in the more difficult process of learning.
3-D motion estimation and object tracking using B-spline curve modeling

The problem of tracking a moving object having markings on its surface in front of a static camera is addressed. In this case, the motion analysis reduces to the problem of tracking these markings from frame to frame. The markings are modeled by B-splines. The problem of establishing the correspondence between the image markings points in the various frames is bypassed by relating the B-spline parameters of the same marking viewed at different frames. Implicit in this relationship are the motion parameters. The complexity of the problem is significantly reduced by first acquiring the 3-D object curve structure before the usual motion estimation. >
Reactions of acyl nitroso compounds with amines: Production of nitroxyl (HNO) with the preparation of amides

Oxidation of hydroxamic acids in the presence of amines generates nitrous oxide (N2O) and the corresponding amide. The identification of N2O suggests the intermediacy of nitroxyl (HNO). Retro-Diels Alder dissociation of cyclopentadiene-acyl nitroso compound cycloadducts releases N2O with amide formation.
Consideration-set heuristics ☆

Abstract Consumers often choose products by first forming a consideration set and then choosing from among considered products. When there are many products to screen (or many features to evaluate), it is rational for consumers to use consider-then-choose decision processes and to do so with heuristic decision rules. Managerial decisions (product development, marketing communications, etc.) depend upon the ability to identify and react to consumers' heuristic consideration-set rules. We provide managerial examples and review the state-of-the-art in the theory and measurement of consumers' heuristic consideration-set rules. Advances in greedoid methods, Bayesian inference, machine-learning, incentive alignment, measurement formats, and unstructured direct elicitation make it feasible and cost-effective to understand, quantify, and simulate “what-if” scenarios for a variety of heuristics. These methods now apply to a broad set of managerial problems including applications in complex product categories with large numbers of product features and feature-levels.
Atg23 Is Essential for the Cytoplasm to Vacuole Targeting Pathway and Efficient Autophagy but Not Pexophagy

Cells must regulate both biosynthesis and degradation to ensure proper homeostasis of cellular organelles and proteins. This balance is demonstrated in a unique way in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which possesses two distinct, yet mechanistically related trafficking routes mediating the delivery of proteins from the cytoplasm to the vacuole: the biosynthetic cytoplasm to vacuole targeting (Cvt) and the degradative autophagy pathways. Several components employed by these two transport routes have been identified, but their mechanistic interactions remain largely unknown. Here we report a novel gene involved in these pathways, which we have named ATG23. Atg23 localizes to the pre-auto-phagosomal structure but also to other cytosolic punctate compartments. Our characterization of the Atg23 protein indicates that it is required for the Cvt pathway and efficient autophagy but not pexophagy. In the absence of Atg23, cargo molecules such as prApe1 are correctly recruited to a pre-autophagosomal structure that is unable to give rise to Cvt vesicles. We also demonstrate that Atg23 is a peripheral membrane protein that requires the presence of Atg9/Apg9 to be specifically targeted to lipid bilayers. Atg9 transiently interacts with Atg23 suggesting that it participates in the recruitment of this protein.
Co-Simulation of Building Energy and Control Systems with the Building Controls Virtual Test Bed

This article describes the implementation of the Building Controls Virtual Test Bed (BCVTB). The BCVTB is a software environment that allows connecting different simulation programs to exchange data during the time integration, and that allows conducting hardware in the loop simulation. The software architecture is a modular design based on Ptolemy II, a software environment for design and analysis of heterogeneous systems. Ptolemy II provides a graphical model building environment, synchronizes the exchanged data and visualizes the system evolution during run-time. The BCVTB provides additions to Ptolemy II that allow the run-time coupling of different simulation programs for data exchange, including EnergyPlus, MATLAB, Simulink and the Modelica modelling and simulation environment Dymola. The additions also allow executing system commands, such as a script that executes a Radiance simulation. In this article, the software architecture is presented and the mathematical model used to implement the co-simulation is discussed. The simulation program interface that the BCVTB provides is explained. The article concludes by presenting applications in which different state of the art simulation programs are linked for run-time data exchange. This link allows the use of the simulation program that is best suited for the particular problem to model building heat transfer, HVAC system dynamics and control algorithms, and to compute a solution to the coupled problem using co-simulation.
Representations of self and other in the narratives of neglected, physically abused, and sexually abused preschoolers

The MacArthur Story Stem Battery was used to examine maternal and self-representations in neglected, physically abused, sexually abused, and nonmaltreated comparison preschool children. The narratives of maltreated children contained more negative maternal representations and more negative self-representations than did the narratives of nonmaltreated children. Maltreated children also were more controlling with and less responsive to the examiner. In examining the differential impact of maltreatment subtype differences on maternal and self-representations, physically abused children evidenced the most negative maternal representations; they also had more negative self-representations than nonmaltreated children. Sexually abused children manifested more positive self-representations than neglected children. Despite these differences in the nature of maternal and self-representations, physically and sexually abused children both were more controlling and less responsive to the examiner. The investigation adds to the corpus of knowledge regarding disturbances in the self-system functioning of maltreated children and provides support for relations between representational models of self and other and the self-organizing function that these models exert on children's lives.
A characteristic-conservative model for Darcian advection

A numerical method based on the modified method of characteristics is developed for incompressible Darcy flow. Fluid elements modeled as grid cells are mapped back in time to their twisted forms and a strict equality of volumes is imposed between the two. These relations are then cast in terms of potentials using Darcy's law and a nonlinear algebraic problem is solved for potentials. Though a general technique for obtaining Darcy flow, this method is most useful when the solute advection problem also is solved with the modified method of characteristics. The combined technique (referred to as the characteristic-conservative method) using the same characteristics to obtain both velocities and concentrations is then a direct numerical approximation to the Reynolds transport theorem. The method is implemented in three dimensions and a few sample problems featuring nonuniform flow-fields are solved to demonstrate the exact mass conservation property. Inflow and outflow boundaries do not cause any problems in the implementation. In all cases, the characteristic-conservative method obtains velocities that preserve fluid volume and, concentrations that achieve exact local and global mass balance; a desirable property that usually eludes characteristics based methods for solute advection in multidimensional, nonuniform flow-fields.
Eilat virus displays a narrow mosquito vector range

Most alphaviruses are arthropod-borne and utilize mosquitoes as vectors for transmission to susceptible vertebrate hosts. This ability to infect both mosquitoes and vertebrates is essential for maintenance of most alphaviruses in nature. A recently characterized alphavirus, Eilat virus (EILV), isolated from a pool of Anopheles coustani s.I. is unable to replicate in vertebrate cell lines. The EILV host range restriction occurs at both attachment/entry as well as genomic RNA replication levels. Here we investigated the mosquito vector range of EILV in species encompassing three genera that are responsible for maintenance of other alphaviruses in nature. Susceptibility studies were performed in four mosquito species: Aedes albopictus, A. aegypti, Anopheles gambiae, and Culex quinquefasciatus via intrathoracic and oral routes utilizing EILV and EILV expressing red fluorescent protein (−eRFP) clones. EILV-eRFP was injected at 107 PFU/mL to visualize replication in various mosquito organs at 7 days post-infection. Mosquitoes were also injected with EILV at 104-101 PFU/mosquito and virus replication was measured via plaque assays at day 7 post-infection. Lastly, mosquitoes were provided bloodmeals containing EILV-eRFP at doses of 109, 107, 105 PFU/mL, and infection and dissemination rates were determined at 14 days post-infection. All four species were susceptible via the intrathoracic route; however, replication was 10–100 fold less than typical for most alphaviruses, and infection was limited to midgut-associated muscle tissue and salivary glands. A. albopictus was refractory to oral infection, while A. gambiae and C. quinquefasciatus were susceptible only at 109 PFU/mL dose. In contrast, A. aegypti was susceptible at both 109 and 107 PFU/mL doses, with body infection rates of 78% and 63%, and dissemination rates of 26% and 8%, respectively. The exclusion of vertebrates in its maintenance cycle may have facilitated the adaptation of EILV to a single mosquito host. As a consequence, EILV displays a narrow vector range in mosquito species responsible for the maintenance of other alphaviruses in nature.
Multi-rate transformation of directional affine recurrence equations

There has been an increased attention to the synthesis of algorithmic specific pipeline arrays such as systolic arrays. Most of the existing synthesis techniques are based on a transformation of the algorithm from a class of Recurrence Equations such as Uniform Recurrence Equations (UREs). However, many algorithms cannot be transformed to a URE and the temporal locality of systolic arrays results in additional delay time. The temporal locality constraint can be removed by using the multi-rate array (MRA) structure. In MRA the variables are propagated at different rates. By allowing data transmission at different clock rates, transparent data or ones with small delays are propagated. It is shown that using MRA, a broader class of REs termed directional affine recurrence equation (DARE) can be mapped onto pipeline arrays. The authors provide the definition and a synthesis technique for mapping DAREs on multi-rate array. Conditions for mapping AREs onto MRA is given and the corresponding timing and allocation functions are derived. Applications of multi-rate arrays for signal processing algorithms is also presented. >