cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Right ventricular kinetic energy: 4D flow MRI analysis of healthy volunteers and repaired Tetralogy of Fallot

Background Repaired Tetralogy of Fallot (rTOF) is currently monitored with Cardiovascular MR (CMR) to measure right ventricle (RV) volumes and function. However, these indices do not always reflect performance status or predict success following repair of pulmonary insufficiency. RV kinetic energy (KERV) may provide am ore robust measure of RV efficiency than RV end diastolic volume (EDV) index and function. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the feasibility of calculating KERV with 4D Flow MRI and assess differences between rTOF and healthy volunteers. Methods Ten subjects with rTOF and 9 healthy volunteers were scanned according to an IRB approved protocol. 4D flow MRI (Phase Contrast Vastly Undersampled Isotropic Projection Reconstruction PCVIPR) was performed on clinical MRI scanners (GE Healthcare, Waukesha, WI) after administration of gadolinium based contrast agents. PC VIPR parameters: FOV = 260-320 mm3, isotropic 1.3 mm spatial resolution, TR/TE = 8.8-10.9/2.83.7 ms (1.5T), and 6.2-3.7/2.0-2.2 ms (3.0T), Venc = 40400 cm/s, scan time: 9-17 minutes using respiratory and retrospective ECG gating. Post processing was done using Mimics (Materialise, Leuven, Belgium) and MatLab (The MathWorks, Natick, MA) to measure KERV and main pulmonary artery flow (QMPA) throughout the cardiac cycle. The KE of a voxel of blood was calculated from 1/2 mv^2, where the mass (m) represents the voxel volume multiplied by the density of blood (1.025 g/ml) and the velocity (v) of each voxel was determined from 4D flow MRI. KERV was determined from the sum of the KE of the voxels within the segmented RV volume at each phase of the cardiac cycle. Differences in peak systolic and diastolic KERV and the QMPA/KERV ratio, an indicator of RV-MPA coupling, between groups were assessed using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Results Three distinct KE peaks were observed in all subjects. Peak systolic (p = 0.0076) and diastolic (p = 0.0003 peak 1, p = 0.013 peak 2) were higher in rTOF than in healthy volunteers (Figures 1,2). The QMPA/KERV ratio was lower in rTOF (0.92 +/- 0.68 ml/cycle*mJ) than in healthy volunteers (6.92 +/- 4.16, p = 0.0002).
Solvent and temperature induced switching between structural isomers of Rh(I) phosphinoalkyl thioether (PS) complexes.

To develop functional systems based on the weak-link approach (WLA), it is important to understand how solvent and ligand binding strength alter the coordination geometry of complexes formed from this method. A series of phosphinoalkyl thioether (PS) hemilabile ligands with varying electron donating abilities were synthesized and incorporated into homoligated RhI(PS)2Cl complexes to help understand the effects of solvent and ligand binding strength on the preferred coordination modes. The switching between closed and semiopen structural isomers of these RhI(PS)2Cl complexes was studied by variable temperature 31P NMR spectroscopy in different solvent mixtures of CH2Cl2 and tetrahydrofuran (THF) to obtain thermodynamic parameters (ΔG°, ΔH°, TΔS°, and Keq). The isomers differ in the position of the chloride counterion. In the closed isomer, the Cl− anion occupies the outer coordination sphere, while in the semiopen isomer, the Cl− has moved inner sphere and displaced one of the Rh−S bonds. The closed isomer...
Effects of synthetic Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol on pregnancy and offspring in the rat☆

Abstract Synthetic Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol ( Δ 9 -THC) was administered sc to Long-Evans female rats daily on days 1–20 of gestation in doses from 0.01 to 200 mg/kg as a solution in olive oil. Over this 20,000-fold range of dose, Δ 9 -THC was not found to produce congenital abnormalities or stunting of offspring. Average litter size was reduced by doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg. At doses of 10 mg/kg and above, maternal weight gain during pregnancy was diminished and length of gestation was increased by 1–2 days. Doses above 25 mg/kg caused a marked postnatal mortality of pups apparently due to inadequate maternal lactation. Females sacrificed on day 21 after 100 and 200 mg/kg doses showed increases in the size of the adrenals, thyroid, and heart, while the mass of the liver was reduced. Thus, in contrast to published research with marihuana extracts, Δ 9 -THC does not appear to be grossly teratogenic in rats in doses up to 200 mg/kg given throughout gestation. The major effects noted were on the female rather than the progeny, and these appeared only with higher doses.
Voltammetry of Diffusing 2 nm Iridium Oxide Nanoparticles

The pH-dependent solution voltammetry (pH 1–13) of phosphate-stabilized, small (2 nm diameter) iridium oxide nanoparticles (IrIVOx NPs) is described and compared with that of (flocculated) films of...
Serum Phosphatase Activity in Hyperparathyroidism

INTEREST in the metabolism of phosphorus and particularly the relationship of inorganic phosphate to phosphoric esters has been steadily increasing since Grosser and Husler (1) discovered that hydrolysis of such esters in the animal organism is governed by an enzymatic system. Although phosphatase activity is exhibited by a variety of tissues, the greater part of investigative work has been centered on the role phosphatase plays in the metabolism of bone. It has been determined that the phosphatase involved shows optimum activity at pH 9 to 9.5, and thus might properly be termed alkaline′ phosphatase. Quantitative phosphatase studies on tissue may be made by various means such as specific staining technique and tissue extraction. While such procedures permit excellent comparative studies on specific tissue, they are not generally adaptable for clinical laboratory work due to the inaccessibility of most of the tissues involved. However, marked variations in local phosphatase activity are commonly reflected...
Somatostatin Is a Regulator of Thyrotropin Secretion in the Perinatal Rat

The perinatal rat exhibits low serum TSH levels in the presence of very low concentrations of T3 and T4. We had reported previously that this animal does not require endogenous TRH for TSH release. We investigated here whether the inhibitory hormone somatostatin (SS) has a role in maintaining the low TSH secretory set-point. To study the effect of SS in the immature model, we passively immunized pregnant rats with SS antiserum to neutralize endogenous SS. Acute iv administration of 0.3 ml SS antiserum to pregnant rats (day 20 of pregnancy) resulted in a significant serum TSH elevation in both mother and fetus 60 min after injection compared to the control values [maternal TSH, 62 +/- 6 muU/ml vs. control, 43 +/- 4 (mean +/- SE; P less than 0.05); fetal TSH, 95 +/- 8 vs. control, 66 +/- 6 (P less than 0.02)]. The binding capacity of the AS in the fetal serum far exceeded the circulating SS in the fetus. Similar results were obtained when neonates 5 and 10 days of age were injected with 0.1 ml AS, ip. Further experiments were done with the use of synthetic SS. Acute iv injection of synthetic synthetic SS (1 microgram) to pregnant rats made hypothyroid by feeding of a low iodine-propylthiouracil diet for the last week of gestation suppressed the elevated serum TSH level in both mother and fetus 15 min after the injection [maternal TSH, 102 +/- 11 vs. control, 163 +/- 22 (P less than 0.05); fetal TSH, 99 +/- 9 vs. control, 143 +/- 13 (P less than 0.02)]. Similar results were obtained when hypothyroid neonates 5 and 10 days of age were injected with 1 microgram SS, ip. These findings suggest that there is similarity in the effects of SS on TSH secretion (suppression) in mother, fetus, and neonate and dependence of the perinatal TSH on SS, in contrast to TRH. It is, then, likely that TSH secretion in the perinatal rat is under the inhibitory influence of endogenous SS.
Asymmetry In U.S. State Unemployment Rates

This paper examines the nature of asymmetry of U.S. state unemployment rates using the time reversibility test developed by Ramsey and Rothman (1996). These authors and others have found asymmetry in aggregate unemployment rates in this study we examine whether or not these results extend to state level unemployment series. Alaska, District of Columbia, Hawaii, Louisiana, Missouri, Montana, and Puerto Rico, exhibit changes in unemployment rates that are symmetric. California, Georgia, Kansas, and North Carolina, show evidence of asymmetry of the change in unemployment rates due to non-linearity in the model. Unemployment rate asymmetry documented in other states is attributable to non-Gaussian errors. Asymmetric patterns documented in most states are consistent with the fast-up and slow-down dynamics observed in aggregate unemployment data.
Imaging the Photoionization of Individual CdSe/CdS Core-Shell Nanocrystals on n- and p-Type Silicon Substrates with Thin Oxides

The low-intensity photoionization of individual semiconductor nanocrystals, at 23 °C in dry nitrogen, is time-resolved over many hours for both S (532-nm excitation) and P (395-nm excitation) nanocrystal excited states using electrostatic force microscopy. Over 7000 calibrated charge measurements have been made on 14- and 21-A-thick oxide layers. Photoexcited electrons tunnel across the oxide into the silicon, and multiple charges can build up on individual nanocrystals at intensities of only 0.1−0.01 W/cm2. The silicon dopant type influences the net nanocrystal charging via the interfacial band bending; P-type subtrates show a faster nanocrystal reneutralization rate due to their higher interfacial electron concentration. There is a huge range of photoionzation behavior for individual nanocrystals. This behavior is different for 395- and 532-nm excitation in the same nanocrystal. This individuality seems in part to reflect tunneling through spatially localized defect states in the oxide. The line widths ...
Budget institutions and political insulation: why states adopt the item veto

Abstract Forty-three of the fifty states of the United States have granted item veto authority to their governors as part of state constitutions. In this paper, I test explanations of why and when a legislature would cede institutional power. Using data from 1865 to 1994, I show that these measures are most likely proposed by fiscal conservatives who fear the loss of power in the future; in order to protect their interests for those periods when they will be in the minority, they implement institutions such as the item veto which will limit future, liberal legislatures. The results therefore shed light on two important substantive areas. First, by showing how the choice of budgetary institutions is endogenous to the political process, it clarifies that political factors must be considered in addition to social efficiency to understand the adoption of budget institutions. Second, it provides evidence in support of theories that have posited that electorally weak groups will heavily ‘insulate’ policies in periods in which they momentarily hold power (e.g. Moe, 1989 , de Figueiredo, 2002 ).
JPEG encoding on the Intel MXP5800: a platform-based design case study

Multimedia systems are becoming increasingly complex and concurrent. The platform-based design (PBD) methodology (Keutzer et al., 2000) tackles these issues by recommending the use of formal models, carefully defined abstraction layers and the separation of concerns. Models of computation (Lee and Sangiovanni-Vincentelli, 1998) (MoCs) can be used within this methodology to enable specialized synthesis and verification techniques. In this paper, these concepts are leveraged in an industrial case study: the JPEG encoder application deployed on the Intel MXP5800 imaging processor. The modeling is carried out in the Metropolis (Balarin et al., 2003) design framework. We show that the system-level model using our chosen model of computation allows performance estimation within 5% of the actual implementation. Moreover, the chosen MoC is amenable to automation, which enables future synthesis techniques.
Asthma phenotypes and the use of biologic medications in asthma and allergic disease: The next steps toward personalized care

Traditionally, asthma and allergic diseases have been defined by broad definitions and treated with nonspecific medications, including corticosteroids and bronchodilators. There is an increasing appreciation of heterogeneity within asthma and allergic diseases based primarily on recent cluster analyses, molecular phenotyping, biomarkers, and differential responses to targeted and nontargeted therapies. These pioneering studies have led to successful therapeutic trials of molecularly targeted therapies in defined phenotypes. This review analyzed randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trials of molecularly targeted therapies in defined allergic disease and asthma phenotypes. IgE was the first successful biological target used in patients with allergic disease and asthma. This review shows that therapies targeting the canonical type 2 cytokines IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 have shown consistent efficacy, especially in asthmatic patients with evidence of TH2/type 2 inflammation ("type 2 high"). As of yet, there are no successful trials of targeted therapies in asthmatic patients without evidence for type 2 inflammation. We conclude that further refinement of type 2 therapies to specific type 2 phenotypes and novel approaches for patients without type 2 inflammation are needed for asthma and allergic disease treatment.
Use of bisphosphonates in the prevention of bone loss and fractures

The bisphosphonates, formerly diphosphonates, are a class of synthetic analogues of pyrophosphate, with a phosphate-calcium-phosphate (PCP) instead of a phosphate-oxygen-phosphate (POP) backbone, which renders them resistant to hydrolysis [l]. They are poorly absorbed and bind avidly to bone mineral and are either retained in mineralized tissue or excreted in the urine. Many members of the class have been synthesized and tested in animals, and some have been used in human subjects. All bisphosphonates are capable of inhibiting bone mineralization and bone resorption [l], but with more recent compounds, the relative potency has shifted in favor of inhibition of resorption; the ambiguity of this term will be explained later. The mechanisms of action are poorly understood, and the profile of mechanisms is probably different for each member of the class [Z]. Bisphosphonates are retained in bone by at least two mechanisms. Like other bone-seeking substances, they are irreversibly trapped at sites of new bone formation, a property that has permitted their use as bone-scanning agents. With prolonged administration, all bone adjacent to the cancellous surface will eventually contain the drug to an average depth of approximately 50 pm and at a concentration that depends on the average blood level. A steady state will be attained when resorbed bone contains as much bisphosphonate as the new bone formed in its place. The time taken to attain this steady state will depend upon the prevailing rate of remodeling activation and whether the drug is given continuously or intermittently. The drug will also be reversibly bound to the most superficial layer of mineral that is accessible to exchange with the extracellular fluid. When administration is halted, the surface-bound drug will diffuse out of bone back into the circulation, in accordance with adsorptionidesorption kinetics [3], and most of the surface-bound bisphosphonate will have left the bone within a week. There is evidence for binding to some constituent of bone matrix [4], and small
Effects of respiratory muscle work on exercise performance

The normal respiratory muscle effort at maximal exercise requires a significant fraction of cardiac output and causes leg blood flow to fall. We questioned whether the high levels of respiratory mu...
Stroke in a Biracial Population The Excess Burden of Stroke Among Blacks

Background and Purpose— Excess mortality resulting from stroke is an important reason why blacks have higher age-adjusted mortality rates than whites. This observation has 2 possible explanations: Strokes occur more commonly among blacks or blacks have higher mortality rates after stroke. Our population-based epidemiological study is set in the Greater Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky region of 1.31 million people, which is representative of the US white and black populations with regard to many demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. Methods— Hospitalized cases were ascertained by International Classification of Diseases (ninth revision) discharge codes, prospective screening of emergency department admission logs, and review of coroner’s cases. A sampling scheme was used to ascertain cases in the out-of-hospital setting. All potential cases underwent detailed chart abstraction by study nurses, followed by physician review. Race-specific incidence and case fatality rates were calculated. Results— We identified 3136 strokes during the study period (January 1, 1993, to June 30, 1994). Stroke incidence rates were higher for blacks at every age, with the greatest risk (2- to 5-fold) seen in young and middle-aged blacks ( Conclusions— Excess stroke-related mortality in blacks is due to higher stroke incidence rates, particularly in the young and middle-aged. This excess burden of stroke incidence among blacks represents one of the most serious public health problems facing the United States.
Role of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 1 in Murine Allergen–Induced Airway Remodeling and Exacerbation by Carbon Nanotubes

Asthma is characterized by a T helper type 2 phenotype and by chronic allergen-induced airway inflammation (AAI). Environmental exposure to air pollution ultrafine particles (i.e., nanoparticles) exacerbates AAI, and a concern is possible exacerbation posed by engineered nanoparticles generated by emerging nanotechnologies. Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 1 is a transcription factor that maintains T helper type 1 cell development. However, the role of STAT1 in regulating AAI or exacerbation by nanoparticles has not been explored. In this study, mice with whole-body knockout of the Stat1 gene (Stat1−/−) or wild-type (WT) mice were sensitized to ovalbumin (OVA) allergen and then exposed to multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) by oropharygneal aspiration. In Stat1−/− and WT mice, OVA increased eosinophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, whereas MWCNTs increased neutrophils. Interestingly, OVA sensitization prevented MWCNT-induced neutrophilia and caused only eosinophilic inflammatio...
Immunohistopathology of experimental uveitis induced by a non-ocular antigen.

Inflammation was induced in the eye by active and passive Arthus reactions using a non-ocular antigen and was examined by histologic and immunopathologic techniques. T cells were seen to infiltrate the eye when the inflammation occured in the active Arthus reaction and were not seen after passive immunization. The findings were compared to those of experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis.
Interaction of Health-care Professionals with Critically III Children and Their Parents

The stresses imposed on the emotional equilibrium of a team of health-care professionals by the serious illness of a child can disrupt communication among the team, the child, and the parents. Such stresses may be so severe as to interfere with the ability of the adults to meet the child's needs. Although the feelings and attitudes of critically ill children and their parents are well described in the medical literature, very little has been written about the psychosocial interaction among those responsible for the patient's care. Patterns of interaction which would be most beneficial to the child are still in doubt.The purpose of this article is to review available information, as well as experience at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, on the psychosocial interaction of the health-care team with crit ically ill children and their parents. An awareness of the difficulties of caring for such patients is essential in overcoming communication barriers, in reducing any interprofessional tensions that mig...
Cascaded Constructive Wave Amplification

A high-frequency amplifier technique is introduced based on traveling-wave amplification. As opposed to distributing amplifiers to support traveling waves, the proposed technique amplifies forward traveling waves while attenuating backward traveling waves through a cascade of stages that share a single transmission line. The behavior of the cascaded constructive wave amplifier is analyzed in terms of gain, bandwidth, stability, and noise figure. The amplifier is demonstrated in a 0.12-? m SiGe BiCMOS process with 12 cascaded amplification stages and achieves more than 26 dB of gain at 99 GHz with a 3-dB bandwidth of 13 GHz. The input and output return loss is better than 15 and 12 dB, respectively. The noise figure of the amplifier is 10.8 dB at 85 GHz. The output-referred P1 dB is -0.1 dBm and the amplifier consumes 113 mW, including current biasing.
Closed reduction for congenital dysplasia of the hip. Functional and radiographic results after an average of thirty years

The functional and radiographic results of closed reduction in 152 congenitally dislocated hips of 119 patients who had been managed between 1938 and 1969 were reviewed retrospectively. The average age of the patients at the time of the reduction was twenty-one months (range, one to ninety-six months). At the time of the latest follow-up evaluation, the average age was thirty-one years (range, sixteen to fifty-six years). The average duration of follow-up was thirty years (range, fifteen to fifty-three years). At the latest follow-up evaluation, the Iowa hip rating averaged 91 points (range, 38 to 100 points) and the Harris hip score averaged 90 points (range, 33 to 100 points). Thirty-five hips were rated Severin Class I; thirty-five, Class II; twenty-eight, Class III; fifty-three, Class IV; and one, Class VI. Disturbance of growth in the proximal end of the femur occurred in ninety-one hips (60 per cent). Eight contralateral hips that had appeared normal also demonstrated disturbance of proximal femoral growth. In many hips, partial physeal arrest could not be determined for ten to twelve years after the reduction. Seventeen hips (twelve patients) had a total replacement when the patients were an average age of thirty-six years (range, nineteen to fifty-three years). Sixty-five hips (43 per cent) had radiographic evidence of degenerative joint disease. Patients who did not have a growth disturbance of the proximal end of the femur or evidence of subluxation tended to function extremely well for many years despite a radiographic result that was less than anatomical. Function tended to deteriorate with time, even in the absence of disturbance of growth in the proximal end of the femur. Despite generally good function at the latest follow-up evaluation, the prognosis for these patients remained guarded.
Optogenetic Stimulation of Lateral Amygdala Input to Posterior Piriform Cortex Modulates Single-Unit and Ensemble Odor Processing

Olfactory information is synthesized within the olfactory cortex to provide not only an odor percept, but also a contextual significance that supports appropriate behavioral response to specific odor cues. The piriform cortex serves as a communication hub within this circuit by sharing reciprocal connectivity with higher processing regions, such as the lateral entorhinal cortex and amygdala. The functional significance of these descending inputs on piriform cortical processing of odorants is currently not well understood. We have employed optogenetic methods to selectively stimulate lateral and basolateral amygdala (BLA) afferent fibers innervating the posterior piriform cortex (pPCX) to quantify BLA modulation of pPCX odor-evoked activity. Single unit odor-evoked activity of anaesthetized BLA-infected animals was significantly modulated compared with control animal recordings, with individual cells displaying either enhancement or suppression of odor-driven spiking. In addition, BLA activation induced a decorrelation of odor-evoked pPCX ensemble activity relative to odor alone. Together these results indicate a modulatory role in pPCX odor processing for the BLA complex, which could contribute to learned changes in PCX activity following associative conditioning.
The Effect of Marital Stability on the Labor Supply Response to Changes in Wage Rates and Taxes

This paper uses PSID data to analyze the effect of marital stability on the elasticity of labor supply in a life cycle setting. I estimate the Frisch elasticity or the intertemporal elasticity of substitution of the labor supply focusing on the impact of marriage. I find clear evidence that the elasticity of labor supply with respect to wages and taxes is affected by marriage decisions. The empirical results show that males who are continuously married to the same wife have a lower average Frisch elasticity than others.
Continuing nursing education: a partnership between learner and teacher

Learners and educators both need to be invested in making continuing nursing education a meaningful and rewarding experience.
Rapid Quantification of Soilborne Pathogen Communities in Wheat-Based Long-Term Field Experiments

Rainfed experiments operated continuously for up to 84 years in semiarid eastern Oregon are among the oldest agronomic trials in North America. Disease incidence and severity had been quantified visually but quantification of inoculum density had not been attempted. Natural inoculum of 17 fungal and nematode pathogens were quantified for each of 2 years on eight trials using DNA extracts from soil. Crop type, tillage, rotation, soil fertility, year, and their interactions had large effects on the pathogens. Fusarium culmorum and Pratylenchus thornei were more dominant than F. pseudograminearum and P. neglectus where spring crops were grown, and the opposite species dominances occurred where winter wheat was the only crop. Bipolaris sorokiniana and Phoma pinodella were restricted to the presence of spring cereals and pulse crops, respectively. Helgardia spp. occurred in winter wheat-fallow rotations but not in annual winter wheat. Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici was more prevalent in cultivated than noncultivated soils and the opposite generally occurred for Rhizoctonia solani AG-8. Densities of Pythium spp. clade F were high but were also influenced by treatments. Significant treatment effects and interactions were more prevalent in two long-standing (>50-year) annually cropped experiments (29%) than two long-standing 2-year wheat-fallow rotations (14%). Associations among pathogens occurred mostly in an 84-year-old annual cereals experiment. This survey provided guidance for research on dynamics of root-infecting pathogens of rainfed field crops and identified two pathogens (Drechslera tritici-repentis and P. pinodella) not previously identified at the location.
Analysis on Faults Prediction in Distribution Automation and Anti-Measures

New intelligent switches, such as recloser and section alizer are generally used in DA system. FUT, TTU are arranged in switches and distribution transformer to supervise the state of the switches and acquire parameters on systems. But the neglect of specification of distribution and mis-performance may always lead some unexpected faults. Analysis of these faults is presented. Some measures to solve these problems are put forward. Practice indicates that these measures are feasible.
Dual pathways regulate neurite outgrowth in enteric ganglia

Primary cultures of guinea pig myenteric plexus ganglia were used to examine the ability of agents that activate adenylate cyclase or mimic intracellular adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) to stimulate morphological growth. Dose-dependent increases in neurite length and density were produced in enteric neuronal cultures by forskolin (212% of control), cholera toxin (356% of control), or the permeant cAMP analogues 8-bromoadenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate and dibutyryl cAMP. (R)-p-adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphorothioate, an inhibitor of cAMP-dependent kinases, blocked the growth-promoting effects of cAMP analogues but not of nerve growth factor (NGF). Activation of cAMP-dependent signaling pathways also increased production of mRNA for alpha-tubulin and microtubule-associated protein 2. Dual pathways, regulated by NGF and cAMP-dependent protein kinases, influence growth signaling in enteric ganglia.
Die Spezifizität der Zellantigene

Von den Antikorpern gegen Zellen wurden die auf Bakterien und rote Blutkorperchen wirkenden Agglutinine und Lysine am eingehendsten studiert1. Die Bakterienagglutinine fanden vielfache Anwendung in der Mikrobiologie und Medizin; sie dienen dazu, Bakterien mit Hilfe bekannter Immunseren zu erkennen und Infektionskrankheiten dadurch zu diagnostizieren, das man, wie bei der Gruber-Widalschen Typhusreaktion, das Serum der Kranken auf bestimmte Bakterien ein wirken last. Die Einfuhrung dieser Methode erschlos der Bakteriologie neue Gebiete als, zuerst an Vibrionen2, die Entdeckung gemacht wurde, das scheinbar einheitliche Arten in eine grose Zahl verschiedener Stamme zu zerlegen sind (s. S. 42). Die Hamolysine und Hamagglutinine waren der Gegenstand zahlreicher Untersuchungen uber allgemeine Fragen der Serologie, da die Auflosung der roten Blutkorperchen ihres Farbstoffgehaltes wegen leicht nachweisbar ist, und homogene, fur die Agglutininreaktionen geeignete Aufschwemmungen der Zellen sich bequem herstellen lassen.
Optical Properties of Eu3+-Doped Aluminophosphate Glass with a High Concentration of Silver and Tin

The optical properties of Eu3+-doped aluminophosphate glass containing a high concentration of Ag2O and SnO co-dopants (8 mol% of each) are reported. Glass preparation is carried out by melt-quenching, and a subsequent in situ monitored heat treatment (HT) is carried out for the reduction of ionic silver to Ag nanoparticles (NPs) via reducing agent tin(II). An enhanced ultraviolet broadband excitation range for Eu3+ ions is realized for the melt-quenched glass, likely due to the creation of molecule-like silver species such as Ag+–Ag+ dimers. The real-time optical monitoring of the glass during isothermal HT shows the steady development of the surface plasmon resonance peak of Ag NPs near 420 nm. Concurrently exciting Eu3+ ions in situ at 420 nm unveils the plasmonic diluent effect manifested through the quenching of Eu3+ luminescence. The decay times of the 5D0 emitting state in Eu3+ ions in the melt-quenched and NP-doped glasses are measured and discussed.
Abstract 76: Ablation of Parkin Attenuates Acute Cardiotoxicity of Doxorubicin Associated with Mitophagy

Parkin is an E3 ubiquitin ligase expressed in heart, skeletal muscle and brain. However, the function of Parkin in the heart is largely unknown. We previously showed in cardiomyocytes and the ische...
Molecular Targets for Therapy

Defining potential molecular targets for sepsis therapeutics has proven to be a real challenge in translating laboratory findings into effective clinical treatments. A myriad of possible targets have been proposed from preclinical studies but they often have overlapping pathologic functions, can differ depending upon the causative microbial pathogen, site of infection, and status of the immune response of the host at the time of treatment is initiated. When attempting to modulate the host response in critically ill patients during an ongoing systemic infection, the capacity to do harm is substantial and the net effects of such interventions on host defenses and antimicrobial clearance mechanisms in individual patients are highly variable. Finding a final common pathway that drives sepsis pathophysiology has been elusive and has limited progress in developing new sepsis therapeutics. Current aims to improve outcomes in sepsis are now focused upon regulation of the coagulation system; maintenance and repair of endothelial surfaces and the blood compartment; epithelial membrane integrity; regulating the dysfunctional systemic immune response in sepsis; and bolstering host defenses against microbial toxins and virulence.
Treatment Options for Severe Obesity in the Pediatric Population: Current Limitations and Future Opportunities

Objective Severe obesity is the only obesity classification increasing in prevalence among children and adolescents. Treatment options that produce meaningful and sustained weight loss and comorbidity resolution are urgently needed. Methods The purpose of this review is to provide a brief overview of the current treatment options for pediatric severe obesity and offer suggestions regarding future opportunities for accelerating the development and evaluation of innovative treatment strategies. Results At present, there are three treatment options for youth with severe obesity: lifestyle modification therapy, pharmacotherapy, and bariatric surgery. Lifestyle modification therapy can be useful for improving many chronic disease risk factors and comorbid conditions but often fails to achieve clinically meaningful and sustainable weight loss. Pharmacotherapy holds promise as an effective adjunctive treatment but remains in the primordial stages of development in the pediatric population. Bariatric surgery provides robust weight loss and risk factor/comorbidity improvements but is accompanied by higher risks and lower uptake compared to lifestyle modification therapy and pharmacotherapy. New areas worth pursuing include combination pharmacotherapy, device therapy, identification of predictors of response aimed at precision treatment, and interventions in the postbariatric surgical setting to improve long-term outcomes. Conclusions Treating pediatric severe obesity effectively and safely is extremely challenging. Some progress has been made, but substantially more effort and innovation are needed in the future to combat this serious and ongoing medical and public health issue.
Coping with disjunctions in temporal constraint satisfaction problems

Path-consistency algorithms, which are polynomial for discrete problems, are exponential when applied to problems involving quantitative temporal information. The source of complexity stems from specifying relationships between pairs of time points as disjunction of intervals. We propose a polynomial algorithm, called ULT, that approximates path-consistency in Temporal Constralllt Satisfaction Problems (TCSPs). We compare ULT empirically to path-consistency and directional path-consistency algorithms. When used as a preprocessing to backtracking, ULT is shown to be 10 times more effective then either DPC or PC-2.
What Contribution Did Economic Evidence Make to the Adoption of Universal Newborn Hearing Screening Policies in the United States

Universal newborn hearing screening (UNHS), when accompanied by timely access to intervention services, can improve language outcomes for children born deaf or hard of hearing (D/HH) and result in economic benefits to society. Early Hearing Detection and Intervention (EHDI) programs promote UNHS and using information systems support access to follow-up diagnostic and early intervention services so that infants can be screened no later than 1 month of age, with those who do not pass their screen receiving diagnostic evaluation no later than 3 months of age, and those with diagnosed hearing loss receiving intervention services no later than 6 months of age. In this paper, we first document the rapid roll-out of UNHS/EHDI policies and programs at the national and state/territorial levels in the United States between 1997 and 2005. We then review cost analyses and economic arguments that were made in advancing those policies in the United States. Finally, we examine evidence on language and educational outcomes that pertain to the economic benefits of UNHS/EHDI. In conclusion, although formal cost-effectiveness analyses do not appear to have played a decisive role, informal economic assessments of costs and benefits appear to have contributed to the adoption of UNHS policies in the United States.
Experiences That Predict Employment for Students with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities in Federally Funded Higher Education Programs.

The Transition and Postsecondary Program for Students with Intellectual Disabilities (TPSID) model demonstration program, funded by the U.S. Department of Education’s Office of Postsecondary Educat...
The potential economic value of sputum culture use in patients with community-acquired pneumonia and healthcare-associated pneumonia.

Abstract Objective Despite numerous studies, the clinical value of sputum cultures in the management of pneumonia remains controversial; therefore, understanding the economic value of sputum cultures may help decision makers determine their appropriate use in patient management. Methods We developed a decision model to determine the economic and clinical value of using sputum cultures in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and healthcare-associated pneumonia (HCAP) from the hospital perspective under various conditions. Results For both CAP and HCAP patients, obtaining sputum cultures resulted in similar costs compared to no culture, even if cultures cost $0. Given current clinical practices, obtaining cultures cost $539–631 more per CAP patient and $13–170 per HCAP patient compared to no culture use. However, cultures saved $8–202 per HCAP patient with a 40% probability the pathogen was the true cause (75% reduction in adverse outcomes, greater length of hospital stay (LOS) increase) to a 70% probability the pathogen was the true cause (25% reduction in outcomes and greater LOS increase and a 75% reduction in outcomes and all LOS increases). Additionally, obtaining sputum cultures had no impact on the number of adverse outcomes (i.e., adverse drug events, Clostridium difficile infection, pneumonia readmissions, additional hospitalization days). When all patients were treated with antibiotics empirically, obtaining cultures saved $4–342. Conclusions Overall, obtaining sputum cultures does not provide significant clinical or economic benefits for CAP or HCAP patients; however, it can reduce costs and shorten overall LOS under some circumstances. Clinicians should consider their local conditions when making decisions about sputum culture use.
Aging and Coping With Mortality: Understanding Attitudes About Aging and Age-Related Differences in Coping With Death

Abstract The aging process is associated with numerous and inevitable changes in physical, cognitive, and social functioning, and these changes are further complicated by humans’ awareness that the passage of time into middle and late adulthood represents nearing death, and that even if they engage in health-promoting behaviors and are fortunate enough to avoid severe health problems, they will eventually die. Thus aging is intimately associated with awareness of death, and age influences one’s attitudes and expectations about death as well as one’s responses to mortality salience. Using terror management theory, we consider existential concerns related to age and ageism. In doing so, we review research concerning the effects of mortality salience on people’s attitudes about older adults and how mortality salience effects differ in later life. We also discuss applications which may help people adaptively address existential concerns related to mortality as they grow older and closer to death.
Vat Photopolymerization 3D Printing of Ceramics: Effects of Fine Powder

Abstract The objective of this work is to test a novel approach to increase the bulk density of ceramic parts made by vat photopolymerization. It is hypothesized that the bulk density of the resultant ceramic parts increases by introducing a small amount of fine powder to the suspension feedstock. A commercial 3D printer was used to produce samples from different suspensions. The printed samples then underwent debinding and sintering processes, after which density and porosity measurements and microstructural characterization were carried out. It could be summarily concluded that the substitution of a small volume of a coarser (0.8 µm) powder with a finer powder (0.3 µm or 0.5 µm) in the suspension markedly increased the bulk density and decreased apparent porosity of the printed and sintered parts without worsening the printability of the suspension. Scanning electron microscopy showed the fine powder improved the necking during sintering, contributing to the increased density and decreased porosity.
Dispossession and Dishonour in the Polarized Metropolis: Reactions and Recommendations

I am thankful to the participants of the Sheffield conference “Rethinking Urban Inequality, with Loic Wacquant” and to the contributors to the present volume for extending, revising, and questioning my work on polarization and marginality in the city. In this response, I spotlight points of agreement and zones of divergence. I stress in turn the need to clearly distinguish folk from analytic concepts; the fruitfulness of bringing gender, family, and social work into the picture of the urban precariat; the epistemic priority of the macro-structural over the micro-phenomenological level of analysis; the centrality of formal and informal housing in determining the life chances of the dispossessed; the lattice of street-level strategies of social agents embedded in objective webs of relations; and the anatomy and workings of the “delegated penal state.”
Daily Context for Abusive and Neglectful Behavior in Family Caregiving for Dementia

Background and objectives The purpose of this study was to identify risk and protective factors for abusive and neglectful behavior in the context of daily caregiving. Research design and methods Family caregivers who co-reside with a care recipient with Alzheimer's disease and related dementia, recruited from social media, completed 21-days of diaries. Multilevel modeling with days (n = 831) nested within caregivers (N = 50) was used to evaluate relationships between hypothesized risk and protective factors and the odds of an abusive or neglectful behavior on a given day. Results Disruptions in the daily routine and stress of the caregiver related to behavioral symptoms of the care recipient are significant risk factors for abusive and neglectful behavior. Participating in a meaningful activity with the care recipient when it occurs twice in a day is a significant protective factor against use of a neglect behavior (OR = 0.19; CI 0.06-0.64; p = .01), but not for abusive behavior. Hypotheses that spending the full day together would increase risk, and that receipt of instrumental support and caregiver participation in self-care would decrease risk, were not supported. Discussion and implications Findings demonstrate that risk of an abusive or neglectful behavior varies from day-to-day in the presence and absence of contextual factors, and that the majority of the variance in the odds an abusive or neglectful behavior occurring is related to day-level factors. Findings demonstrate that diary surveys are critical to identifying ecologically valid modifiable risk and protective factors for abusive and neglectful behaviors that can be targeted in future interventions.
Changes in Nup62 content affect contact-induced differentiation of cultured myoblasts

Differentiation of cultured skeletal myoblasts is induced by extrinsic signals that include reduction in ambient mitogen concentration and increased cell density. Using an established murine myoblast cell line (C2C12), we have found that experimental reduction of the nucleoporin p62 (Nup62) content of myoblasts enhances differentiation in high-mitogen medium, while forced expression of Nup62 inhibits density-induced differentiation. In contrast, differentiation of myoblasts induced by low-mitogen medium was unaffected by ectopic Nup62 expression. Further analyses suggested that Nup62 content affects density-induced myoblast differentiation through a mechanism involving activation of p38 MAP kinase. Nuclear pore complex (NPC) composition, in particular changes in NUP62 content, may be altered during viral infection, differentiation, and in neoplastic growth. The results support a functional role for changes in Nup62 composition in NPCs and density-induced myogenic differentiation, and suggest a link between loss of Nup62 content and induction of an intracellular stress signaling pathways.
Predicting the Future: Art and Algorithms

Predictive algorithms are replacing the art of human judgement in rapidly growing areas of social life By offering pattern recognition as forecast, predictive algorithms mechanically project the past onto the future, embracing a peculiar notion of time where the future is different in no radical way from the past and present, and a peculiar world where human agency is absent Yet, prediction is about agency, we predict the future to change it At the individual level, the psychological literature has concluded that in the realm of predictions, human judgement is inferior to algorithmic methods At the sociological level, however, human judgement is often preferred over algorthms We show how human and algorithmic predictions work in three social contexts—consumer credit, college admissions and criminal justice—and why people have good reasons to rely on human judgement We argue that mechanical and overly successful local predictions can result in self-fulfilling prophecies and, eventually, global polarization and chaos Finally, we look at algorithmic prediction as a form of societal and political governance and discuss how it is currently being constructed as a wide net of control by market processes in the USA and by government fiat in China
Antitrust, Non-Competition, and No-Poach Agreements in Digital Industries

The use of NCAs is currently regulated under state law. These laws embody diverse approaches to the regulation of NCAs which generally limit enforcement of NCAs to those with reasonable and narrowly tailored terms. State law also incorporates various approaches to mitigating the negative effects NCAs might have on workers, including requiring adequate disclosure, consideration, and banning their use in certain employment contracts. These diverse approaches can leave regulatory gaps in certain states and can result in overregulation in others. But this can also be a feature—diverse approaches to legal regulation of NCAs at the state level takes advantage of the laboratory of the states to generate information that will allow economic research to better evaluate the effects of these diverse legal approaches without exposing the entire nation to potential mistakes. There has also been a growing and robust literature that has examined state variation in the regulation of NCAs and the effect of these laws on worker welfare. However, current evidence does not yet suggest a reliable and predictable link between the use of NCAs and the effect on employee welfare. Moreover, changes in employee welfare can be negatively correlated to changes in consumer welfare. Any antitrust rule that broadly prohibits the use and enforcement of NCAs would be based on incomplete evidence, would interfere with the current operation of the balanced and nuanced state by state approach to regulating NCAs, and would potentially be at odds with the antitrust laws’ focus on consumer welfare.
Abstract 14099: Beta-blockers Reduce Mortality in Patients With Heart Failure or Ischemic Heart Disease and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Introduction: In patients with heart failure (HF) and ischemic heart disease (IHD), beta-blockers (BB) are associated with improved mortality. However, in patients with co-morbid chronic obstructiv...