cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intestinal Immunoglobulin A: Role in Host Defense

The major source of stimulation of the entire immune system is the external environment, comprising potentially pathogenic microorganisms, many species of the commensal mucosal microbiota, food antigens, and allergens, all of which are encountered primarily at mucosal surfaces that cover an enormous surface area. Majority of antibodies are produced in mucosal lymphoid tissues, particularly in the intestine, rather than in the spleen, lymph nodes, or bone marrow, and more than half of total antibodies produced appear in the secretions of mucosal tissues and their associated glands. Quantitative studies of the origin of immunoglobulin A (IgA) in the human intestinal lumen have convincingly demonstrated that ~99% is of local origin and only trace amounts are derived from the circulation. The constant regions of IgA2 heavy chains each contain four or five N-linked glycan chains compared to two in IgA1, and the hinge region of each IgA1 heavy chain also contains three to five short O-linked glycan chains. The most widely recognized protective mechanism of S-IgA antibodies against pathogens at mucosal surfaces is inhibition of adherence. Several medically important bacteria produce highly specialized proteases that cleave human IgA1 at one of the Pro-Ser or Pro-Thr bonds in the hinge region, yielding Fabα and Fcα fragments. The predominant isotype of Ig found in this location, both at the surface and within the mucosal tissues, is IgA, and its essentially noninflammatory nature is of great importance for the maintenance of the integrity of the mucosae.
An Exploratory Study of High School Students' Intrinsic Motivation and Perceived Competence to Cook: Development of a Culinary Skills Curriculum and Survey Instrument

Adolescents' lack of motivation and competence to cook may hinder consumption of a healthy diet; however, tools to estimate these behaviors are lacking. A survey to determine adolescents' intrinsic...
Gender and Science

The requirements of ... correctness in practical judgements and objectivity in theoretical knowledge ... belong as it were in their form and their claims to humanity in general, but in their actual historical configuration they are masculine throughout. Supposing that we describe these things, viewed as absolute ideas, by the single word ‘objective’, we then find that in the history of our race the equation objective = masculine is a valid one (George Simmel, quoted by Horney, 1926, p. 200).
Rule-Based Semantics for an Extended Lambda-Calculus

Many implementation techniques proposed for functional languages in the literature are based on lambda-calculus and the theory of combinators [5, 12, 14]. The main advantage of functional languages over the more conventional programming languages is their lack of side-effects which makes their semantics much simpler [2].
Global Identifiability under Uncorrelated Residuals

Suppose in each equation, not counting covariance restrictions, we need one more restriction to meet the order condition. If we now add to each equation a restriction that its structural residual is uncorrelated with the residual of some other equation, is the parameter of the new model identifiable globally? That is the question. In general the answer is no. The parameter could remain either not identifiable or is locally identifiable, possibly globally under additional inequality restrictions. In this paper we find families of models for which the answer to the question is yes without the help of inequalities. The families share common characteristics. First, the sufficient condition for local identifiability must hold. Secondly, the string of zero correlations between residuals contains a closed cycle of length at least four. Thirdly, with the variables, equations and residuals all numbered as they are in the cycle, the odd numbered variables must satisfy a kinship relationship and lastly, the structural residuals can not all be uncorrelated. There are also differences in families, but these come from the difference in the required kinship relationship. When there are four or more equations containing external variables, the variety of models with uniquely identifiable parameter under a string of uncorrelated residuals is considerable. In particular, when correlated inverse demand shocks are uncorrelated with correlated supply shocks, our results show that many flexible inverse demand and supply equations reproducing exactly the observed price and quantity moments are members of the above families.
Dual or dueling culture and commitment: The impact of a tri-hospital merger.

Objectives This article addresses differences in RNs' commitment to their employing hospital versus the umbrella corporate organization, and the role of organizational culture during a tri-hospital merger. This study is the first to investigate the construct of dual commitment in healthcare organizations. Background Fiscal restraints, decreasing reimbursement, and increasing competition have made organizational mergers and acquisitions prevalent. As corporate culture changes, organizational variables previously related to organizational commitment may no longer apply. Methods RNs employed on general nursing units at 3 hospitals involved in a merger process completed 2 versions of Mowday's Organizational Commitment Questionnaire. Commitment to hospital and corporate system were examined. Semi-structured interviews, participant observation, and analysis of company documents assessed the organizational culture changes that have occurred. Results Thirty-one percent of the nurses returned completed questionnaires; 9 were interviewed. RNs from the acquiring hospital demonstrated a significantly stronger commitment to the corporate system than the nurses from the acquired hospitals. The RNs at all 3 hospitals showed significantly greater commitment to their own particular hospital than to the umbrella corporate system. Conclusions Moderate level of commitment reflected uncertainty of job status, work overload, and feelings of unappreciation. These attitudes prevent nurses from exerting efforts on behalf of the organization.
Exploring Gendered Notions: Gender, Job Hunting and Web Searches

Based on analysis of a series of interviews, this chapter suggests that in looking for jobs online, women confront gendered notions of the Internet as well as gendered notions of the jobs themselves. It argues that the social and cultural contexts of both the search tools and the search tasks should be considered in exploring how Web-based technologies serve women in a job search. For these women, the opportunities and limitations of online job-search tools were intimately related to their personal and social needs, especially needs for part-time work, maternity benefits, and career advancement. Although job-seeking services such as Monster.com were used frequently by most of these women, search services did not completely fulfill all their informational needs, and became an — often frustrating — initial starting point for a job search rather than an end-point.
Distributed spirals: A new class of three-dimensional k-space trajectories

This work presents a new class of three-dimensional spiral based-trajectories for sampling magnetic resonance data. The distributed spirals trajectory efficiently traverses a cylinder or sphere or intermediate shape in k-space. The trajectory is shown to be nearly as efficient as a conventional stack of spirals trajectory in terms of scan time and signal-to-noise ratio, while reducing coherent aliasing in all three spatial directions and reducing Gibbs ringing due to the nature of collecting data from a sphere in k-space. The trajectory uses a single two-dimensional spiral waveform with the addition of a single orthogonal waveform which is scaled with each repetition, making it relatively easy to implement. Blurring from off-resonance only occurs in two dimensions due to the temporal nature of the sampling. Magn Reson Med 70:413–419, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
"This is My Community": Reproducing and Resisting Boundaries of Exclusion in Contested Public Spaces.

The way that public space is structured has significant implications for identity, social interaction, and participation in society. For those experiencing homelessness, with no or limited private space, survival hinges on the accessibility and livability of public space. However, the increasing privatization of public space in the United States has contributed to the implementation of anti-homeless ordinances in cities, restricting sitting, standing, panhandling, and sleeping in public. This study analyzes data from interviews with housed and unhoused community members, text from a local policy document, and ethnographic observations to explore how boundaries between “insiders” and “outsiders” are drawn in public space and mediated through individual discourse. Our findings suggest that boundaries of exclusion are constructed through dominant narratives that portray the unhoused as a threat to safety and economic vitality, thus justifying the need for regulation and punishment through the criminalization of homelessness. Yet, informants also demonstrate resistance to this narrative by discussing how criminalization of homelessness perpetuates dehumanization, violence, and economic inequality. Policy implications for the regulation of public space are discussed.
Parental Efficacy and Role Responsibility for Assisting in Child’s Healthful Behaviors

The epidemic of childhood obesity, and its subsequent impact on negative health outcomes, continues to plague the United States. Better health outcomes have been linked to increased child achieveme...
Hyperfine Structure of the 8 P 1 2 2 State of Cs 133

The hyperfine structure of the $8^{2}P_{\frac{1}{2}}$ state of ${\mathrm{Cs}}^{133}$ has been measured by rf spectroscopy. The accidental coincidence between the Cs $8^{2}P_{\frac{1}{2}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}6^{2}S_{\frac{1}{2}}$ transition and the helium 3888.65-\AA{} line has been used to obtain a large pumping rate of the $8^{2}P_{\frac{1}{2}}$ state. We find, for the magnetic-dipole coupling constant, $A(8^{2}P_{\frac{1}{2}})=+42.97\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.10$ MHz. The positive sign of $A$ has been ascertained by the decoupling technique.
Negotiating the tension between two integrities: a richer perspective on conscience.

Conscientious objection by healthcare professionals, in particular physicians, is not necessarily a recent phenomenon but of late there have been efforts to vastly expand this concept in the clinic...
Halogen bonding of substituted iodobenzenes with potential solvent molecules: A comparison of binding energies

Abstract Results of a series of MP2 calculations on the halogen bonding interactions of a variety of oxygen and chlorine containing Lewis bases with iodobenzene, monofluoroiodobenzenes, pentafluoroiodobenzene, and p-iodophenol are reported. The O-containing bases, for the most part, gave binding energies that correlated with basicity, but there were exceptions. The calculated values for the binding energy were on the order of 1 kcal/mol for the Cl bases, but varied from 1 to 8 kcal/mol for O bases. The effect of higher order correlation effects (MP4 and CCSD) on the energies was relatively minor. Calculations using a PCM to simulate solvent showed that in all cases, this effect lowers the binding energy of the halogen bond even though the computed halogen bond distance decreased. This work also compared multiple binding sites on the p-iodophenol system in complexes with H2O; two hydrogen bonding, one π bonding, and the halogen bonding site to the iodine atom. It was found that although the halogen binding yields a significant BE of about 1–2 kcal/mol, this value is far below the hydrogen bonding sites.
Specific opiate receptors on isolated mammalian gastric smooth muscle cells.

The predominant opioid peptides of the gut, Met-enkephalin and Leu-enkephalin are confined to neurones of the myenteric plexus1–4. Axonal projections from these neurones innervate the circular muscle layer running parallel to the smooth muscle cells5. An opioid tridecapeptide (dynorphin), first isolated from the porcine pituitary6, is found in neurones of the submucosal plexus in the guinea pig; axonal projections from these neurones also innervate the circular muscle layer7,8. Dynorphin consists of an N-terminal Leu-enkephalin sequence coupled to a C-terminal octapeptide by an Arg–Arg sequence. Neural receptors for all three opioid peptides and for opiate narcotics have been identified in the myenteric plexus where they cause hyper-polarization of neurones9,10, inhibition of acetylcholine (ACh) release11 and blockade of muscle contraction induced by field stimulation12–16. Measurements of motor activity in circular muscle where enkephalinergic fibres are most abundant, suggest that opiates also have a direct contractile action17–20. We have tested this possibility hi isolated gastric smooth muscle cells devoid of neural elements21,22, and report here the presence of specific high-affinity opiate receptors on such cells of the guinea pig. The receptors mediate contraction as measured by image-splitting micrometry, and exhibit a rank order of potency and absolute values similar to those reported for neural receptors of the myenteric plexus. In view of the distribution of enkephalinergic fibres predominantly to gut smooth muscle, our results strongly support a direct neuro- transmitter role for enkephalins in this region.
The Role of Public Comprehensive Universities in Closing the Innovation Deficit

An ambitious initiative by the University of North Carolina Wilmington demonstrates how public nonresearch universities can help close the US innovation deficit by encouraging local entrepreneurship and regional economic development. The Web extra at http://youtu.be/-FOmleTOlak is a video interview in which Computer magazine Advisory Panel member Alf Weaver interviews Chancellor Gary L. Miller about an ambitious initiative by the University of North Carolina Wilmington that demonstrates how public nonresearch universities can help close the US innovation deficit by encouraging local entrepreneurship and regional economic development.
Mechanistic Investigation of N-Homocysteinylation-Mediated Protein–Gold Nanoconjugate Assembly

Herein we report the use of protein−gold nanoconjugate (PGNs) as probes for elucidating mechanistic events involved in protein homocystamide detection with gold nanoparticles (GNPs), as was previou...
The Maquiladora Syndrome

Sociologist Gloria Gonzalez-Lopez offers her reflections about one of the most important lessons she learned about conducting sociological research inspired in feminism and intellectual activism in...
Atlantic Tropical Systems of 1989

Abstract The 1989 season produced 63 African waves, 15 tropical depressions and 11 tropical storms, 7 of which became hurricanes. All of the tropical storms developed from African waves. A comparison with the past 22 years is included.
Barriers For Copper Interconnections

The integration of Cu interconnections will require sophisticated structures to prevent Cu from coming into contact with devices. The barriers for Cu also must have good adhesion with dielectric and Cu, and yield desirable microstructure of Cu. This paper discusses several critical barrier requirements and compares the properties of Ta and Ti/TiN barrier systems.
Variability in an MHCMosa class II β chain-encoding gene in striped bass (Morone saxatilis)

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II B locus of the striped bass (Morone saxatilis) was found to contain multiple forms of the class II B gene. Seven complete MHC class II B cDNA clones were isolated and sequenced, identifying five unique allelic forms of a MHC class II B gene. Among three specimens, each representing a geographically distinct population (Chesapeake Bay, MD; Roanoke River, NC; and Santee-Cooper Reservoir, SC) extensive variability was detected in the β1 encoding domain, which corresponds with the functional peptide-binding region (PBR) of known MHC class II molecules. The location of variable amino acid residues in the β1 domains corresponds with polymorphic sites observed in other teleosts and higher vertebrates. The amino acid translated β2 domain encoding regions, transmembrane regions, and cytoplasmic regions of the five clones correlated well with those of known vertebrate MHC class II proteins. Seventy-one percent of the variability found within the presumed PBR encoded at the MHCMosa class II B locus corresponded with that of the PBR of a human MHC class II B gene. Overall, the Mosa sequences showed greatest similarity to the MHC class II B genes of cichlid fishes, as expected from phylogenetic relationships.
A method for the radioimmunoassay of large numbers of samples using quantitative autoradiography of multiple-well plates.

Abstract A double antibody assay for thyroxine using 125 I as label was carried out on 10-μl samples in Microtiter V-plates. After an additional centrifugation to compact the precipitates the plates were placed in contact with X-ray film overnight and the spots were scanned. In the 20 to 160 ng/ml rangs the average coefficient of variation for thyroxine concentration determined on the basis of film spot optical density was 11% compared to 4.8% obtained using a standard gamma counter. Eliminating the need for each sample to spend on the order of 1 min in a crystal well detector makes the method convenient for largescale applications involving more than 3000 samples per day.
Sex and experimenter interaction in serial learning

Forty-eight male and 48 female Ss learned a list of trigrams in an experiment designed to assess the effects of sex of S , sex of E , individual E , and reinforcement condition on serial verbal learning. A nested 2 × 2 × 3 design was used, one dimension representing sex of S , one representing sex of E , and one representing reward, neutral, and punishment reinforcement conditions. A special effort was made to reduce effects of individual differences among E s. Sex of S and reinforcement condition affected rate of learning. There was evidence of an interaction between sex of S and sex of E with females Ss learning more rapidly with a male E than with a female E . No evidence of an individual E effect was observed.
Differentiation-dependent chromatin rearrangement coincides with activation of human papillomavirus type 31 late gene expression.

The life cycle of human papillomaviruses (HPVs) is tightly linked to the differentiation status of the host cell. While early genes are expressed during the initial stages of viral infection, late gene expression occurs in the suprabasal layers of the cervical epithelium. Late genes encode E1^E4, a cytosolic protein, and capsid proteins L1 and L2. We have mapped over 30 initiation sites for late transcripts and show that the transcripts initiate in a 200-nucleotide region within the E7 open reading frame. The mechanisms regulating the activation of late gene expression, however, are not yet understood. DNase I hypersensitivity analysis of HPV-31 chromatin in cell lines that maintain viral genomes extrachromosomally indicates that a major shift in nuclease digestion occurs upon differentiation. In undifferentiated cells, hypersensitive regions exist in the upstream regulatory region proximal to the E6 open reading frame. Upon differentiation, a region between nucleotides 659 and 811 in the E7 open reading frame becomes accessible to DNase I. These results indicate that the late transcript initiation region becomes accessible to transcription factor binding upon differentiation. Several complexes mediate chromatin rearrangement, and we tested whether histone acetylation was sufficient for late transcript activation. Treatment with the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A was found to be insufficient to activate late gene expression in undifferentiated cells. However, it did activate expression of early transcripts. These results suggest that chromatin remodeling around the late promoter occurs upon epithelial differentiation and that mechanisms in addition to histone deacetylation contribute to activation of late gene expression.
Modulation of the local density of states within the d -density wave theory of the underdoped cuprates

The low temperature scanning tunneling microscopy spectra in the underdoped regime is analyzed from the perspective of coexisting $d$-density wave and d-wave superconducting states. The calculations are carried out in the presence of a low concentration of unitary impurities and within the framework of the fully self-consistent Bogoliubov-de Gennes theory, which allows local modulations of the magnitude of the order parameters in response to the impurities. Our theory captures the essential aspects of the experiments in the underdoped BSCCO at very low temperatures.
Halomethyl-metal compounds XXVII. The Reaction of Phenyl(Dihalomethyl)Mercury Compounds with Organosilicon Hydrides: A Preparation of Halomethyl-Silicon Compounds☆☆☆

Abstract Phenyl(dihalomethyl)mercury compounds, PhHgCBr 2 H and PhHgCClBrH, have been found to transfer CHBr and CHCl, respectively, to organosilicon hydrides forming (bromomethyl)- and (chloromethyl)silanes. Such reactions appear to be of preparative utility only in the case of alkylsilicon hydrides. (Bromomethyl)triethylgermane also was prepared in moderate yield by this procedure. (Dibromomethyl)mercuric bromide by itself was not a CHBr transfer agent, but did become effective in this application when an equivalent of diphenylmercury was added to it. It was found that diphenylmercury “activates” (dibromomethyl)mercuric bromide by reacting with it to form phenylmercuric bromide and phenyl(dibromomethyl)mercury.
Multi-domain parallel computation of wake flows

Abstract We present a new, multi-domain parallel computational method for simulation of unsteady flows involving a primary object, a long wake region and, possibly, a secondary object affected by the wake flow. The method is based on the stabilized finite element formulation of the time-dependent Navier—Stokes equations of incompressible flows. In the multi-domain computational method the entire simulation domain is divided into an ordered sequence of overlapping subdomains. The flow data computed over the leading subdomain is used for specifying the inflow boundary conditions for the next subdomain. The subdomain corresponding to the wake would not involve any objects, hence the mesh constructed over this domain would be structured. A special-purpose finite element implementation for structured meshes is used for the wake domain to achieve much higher computational speeds compared to a general-purpose implementation. We present verification studies for the multi-domain method and special-purpose implementation, followed by two numerical examples. The first example is the wake behavior behind a circular cylinder. The second one is the aerodynamic effect of tip vortices released from a leading wing on a trailing wing placed in the far wake.
QR-like algorithms for the nonsymmetric eigenvalue problem

Hybrid codes that combine elements of the QR and LR algorithms are described. The codes can calculate the eigenvalues and, optionally, eigenvectors of real, nonsymmetric matrices. Extensive tests are presented as evidence that, for certain choices of parameters, the hybrid codes possess the same high reliability as the QR algorithm and are significantly faster. The greatest success has been achieved with the codes that calculate eigenvalues only. These can do the task in 15% to 50% less time than the QR algorithm.
Prolactin, growth hormone, and luteinizing hormone in the maintenance of testicular luteinizing hormone receptors.

To elucidate further pituitary influence on testicular function, we studied the effect of PRL, GH, and LH alone or in various combinations on the maintenance of testicular LH receptor concentration and testosterone synthesis in response to LH (testicular responsiveness) in hypophysectomized adult rats. Hypophysectomy reduced LH receptor concentration by 80% and testicular responsiveness to LH by 70% 7 days after surgery. Treatment with PRL (75 or 150 μg/day) or with GH (75 or 150 μg/day) initiated within 6 h after surgery and continued twice daily for 6 days partially prevented the loss of LH receptors. The effect of PRL (150 μg/day) plus GH (150 μg/day) on LH receptor concentration was additive. The combination of LH (5 μg/day), PRL, and GH prevented any loss of LH receptors after hypophysectomy. A positive effect of LH on its receptor occurred in the presence of PRL. Treatment of hypophysectomized rats with 5 /μg LH plus 150 /μg PRL enhanced the effect observed with PRL alone (1.31 pmol/testis vs. 1.68 ...
The mitochondrial and cytoplasmic valyl tRNA synthetases in Tetrahymena are indistinguishable

Abstract The mitochondrial and cytoplasmic valyl tRNA synthetases from Tetrahymena pyriformis are indistinguishable. These synthetases cannot be differentiated through hydroxylapatite, DEAE-cellulose, or phosphocellulose column chromatography. Both enzymes show the same mean sedimentation coefficient of 5.9 S in sucrose gradient centrifugation analysis; when bound with tRNA, they are relatively stable and sediment at 7.8 S. The temperature optimum for aminoacylation reaction is 27.5 °C, the optimum Mg 2+ concentration is 4.4 m m , and substrate affinities ( K m values) for valine and ATP in aminoacylation are the same for both enzymes at 1.0 μ m and 2.5 m m , respectively. These enzymes show identical specificities for acylation of different tRNA species, i.e., Tetrahymena and rat liver tRNAs can be equally well recognized, but no significant acylation can be observed with Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces tRNAs. These observations suggest the probable molecular identity of mitochondrial and cytoplasmic valyl tRNA synthetases in Tetrahymena .
Climate teleconnections related to El Niño winters in a lake-effect region of west-central New York

A 64-year climatological record for the cold season in Syracuse, New York is analyzed for temperature and snowfall. Evidence suggests that El Nino winters are characterized by warmer temperatures and below normal snowfall during the first month of winter followed by colder temperatures and above normal snowfall for the second month of winter. Major snow events were more than five times more likely to occur for El Nino winters compared to climatology. It is suggested that the greater frequency of heavy snowfalls is related to both favorable dynamics and warmer lake/ocean temperatures which follow the mild early winter period. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society
Implementing On-Line Learning Environments.

THIS PAPER reviews the implementation of an on-line course and discusses student perceptions of the virtual classroom experience. Students cited numerous reasons for enrolling in an on-line course including its flexibility and convenience. Course work was completed at a time and place that better accommodated students and the on-line environment provided learners more control over the pace of instruction. It was also conducive for thoughtful analysis of class questions and commentary.
Event order versus syntactic structure in recall of adverbial complex sentences.

Two experiments using recall of sentences examined two contrasting principles of clause ordering in a type of complex sentences: the main-clause-first (syntactic) principle and the event-order (or temporal-causal order) prir ciple. In Experiment 1, these two principles were studied in complex sentences with a main clause and a subordinate adverbial clause-e.g., “When she heard the thunder, she stopped playing Frisbee.” In sentences of this type the subordinate clause typically describes a temporally or causally antecedent event, while the main clause describes a subsequent event in the temporal-causal sequence. These two principles make opposite predictions on what is the psychologically simpler or preferred order of the two clauses in this type of complex sentence. Results of Experiment 1 showed an overall preference in memory for main-clause-first order. In Experiment 2, complex sentences with a main clause and a subordinate clause not temporally or causally related were also used in a sentence recall task. Similar results were obtained. The implication of these findings for the determinants of linguistic structures was discussed.
Outcomes of patients with reduced exercise capacity at time of exercise echocardiography.

Objective To characterize the prognostic implications of exercise echocardiography in patients who have reduced exercise capacity at the time of testing. Patients and Methods We examined the outcomes of 941 patients at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minn, between January 1, 1990, and December 31, 1995, who had reduced exercise capacity on exercise echocardiography (women, Results For patients with normal exercise echocardiograms (n=282), the rate of cardiac death or nonfatal myocardial infarction was 0.9% per person-year of follow-up, and previous coronary revascularization was the only predictor of the time to cardiac event. For patients with abnormal exercise echocardiograms (n=659), the cardiac event rate was 4.4%. Independent predictors of outcome were exercise left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (risk ratio, 1.44 per 10% decrement; 95% confidence interval, 1.2-1.7; P P =.01). Conclusion Exercise echocardiographic findings have important prognostic implications for patients who have reduced exercise capacity on testing. Echocardiographic descriptors of LV systolic function and dysfunction obtained immediately after exercise can be used to stratify cardiac risk of patients who do not achieve a level of exercise ordinarily considered to be of "diagnostic" value.
A novel method for efficient drug delivery

Local delivery of anti-thrombotic and anti-restenotic drugs is desired to achieve high concentrations of agents which may be rapidly degraded systemically or which exhibit very short half-lives in vivo. In this article, the operating characteristics of a novel local drug delivery method are described and its effectiveness demonstrated computationally and experimentally. Computational models used a finite volume method to determine the concentration field. Optical dye density measurements of Evans blue in saline were performed in an in vitro steady flow system. Modeling parameters were kept in the physiologic range. Experimental flow visualization studies demonstrated high concentrations of infusate near the vessel wall. Computational studies predicted high, clinically significant drug concentrations along the wall downstream of the infusion device. When the radial infusion velocity is large (infusion flow rate, Qinf>0.5% of the main flow rate, Q), the wall concentration of the infused drug remains high, e.g., levels are greater than 80% of the infusate concentration 5 cm downstream of the infusion device. At lower infusion rates (Qinf<0.001Q), the drug concentration at the wall decreases exponentially with axial distance to less than 25% of the infusate concentration 5 cm downstream of the infusion device, although therapeutic drug levels are still readily maintained. The near wall drug concentration is a function of flow conditions, infusion rate, and the drug diffusivity. Good agreement was obtained between computational and experimental concentration measurements. Flow simulation and experimental results indicate that the technique can effectively sustain high local drug concentrations for inhibition of thrombosis and vascular lesion formation.
A method for experimental production of gradual occlusion of the portal vein.

Conclusions1. The fibroplastic response in the outer half of the vein wall and in the periportal tissues is similar to the reaction seen in the aorta following application of Polythene and tantalum.2. At least 6 to 8 weeks are required for complete occlusion of the portal vein by Polythene-induced fibroplasia.3. The gradual occlusion of the portal vein produced by irritative Polythene may be valuable in preparing for elective ligation of the portal vein and in the experimental study of decreased portal blood flow.
Effect of diazepam on the speed of mental rotation.

The effect of diazepam on spatial visualization was studied using a double-blind crossover design. Diazepam 10 mg (or placebo) was given orally to 12 healthy young men at bedtime, followed again by 10 mg (or placebo) the next morning. One hour after the administration of the morning dose, the subjects performed a mental rotation task. Diazepam effects were analyzed in terms of an information processing model previously constructed to account for performance of the task. Using this method, the slope and intercept parameters of a linear function relating reaction time to task condition (i.e., angular difference in orientation between two identical stimulus figures) were computed for diazepam and placebo conditions. Diazepam significantly increased the slope and intercept of the mental rotation function (P<0.05). These results suggest that diazepam impairs spatial visualization ability.
Evidence for an independent luminance channel

There is a discrepancy between several studies that have shown the human luminous-efficiency function to vary with surround color and a recent study that failed to find this dependence. Data are presented that show that this discrepancy can be explained by differences in the matching techniques. Luminous efficiency measured by direct heterochromatic brightness matching does depend on surround color, whereas luminous efficiency measured by the flicker method does not. The independence of luminous efficiency as measured by flicker is evidence for an independent luminance channel.
Digital Holographic Display Of Medical CT Images

The advent of the computer aided tomographic x-ray scanning system (CT scanner) has marked a new era of medical imaging modalities being developed for radiology departments of the future. Two fundamental elements common to all of these rapidly developing technologies are the ability of the technology to collect data over an entire three-dimensional volume of interest and the necessity for a digital computer to convert the acquired data into useful images. Our intention is to explore the advantages and limitations of a general digital holographic approach to the display of the reconstructed volume data. In this paper we: 1) describe a model of the three-dimensional data volume; 2) derive an algorithm to independently compute portions of the Fresnel diffraction pattern of the model; 3) discuss the com-putational and recorder requirements to produce the hologram; 4) show examples of holograms computed by our method and 5) discuss these results.
A curvilinear approach to teaching learning effects for cost estimation

Abstract Where learning induced improvement is present, the learning curve describes an empirical relationship between output quantities and labor hours consumed. Even though estimating the learning curve is an important aspect of cost estimation, most managerial and cost accounting textbooks do not perform an analysis of historical data in specifying the learning model and its learning rate to predict labor hours consumed. Most textbooks introduce the log-linear learning curve model and then use variations of it to predict labor hours for specified output quantities given a common learning rate. While the logarithmic linear transformation of the underlying mathematical power function can be taught with spreadsheets, the more direct and appealing curvilinear data analysis of the innate power function can be just as easily performed. The analysis of curvilinear data to formulate a power function for learning and to estimate a learning rate makes the student acutely aware that not all cost behavior is linear. The Akamai Missile Company case illustrates a realistic and enriching data analysis for learning curves and their impact on cost estimation.
Tobacco smoke exposure and bombesin-like peptides in guinea pigs

Bombesin-like peptides (BLPs) are associated with tobacco smoke (TS)-induced diseases. We sought to determine if acute TS exposure releases BLPs into the pulmonary circulation. Sensitized and non-sensitized guinea pigs were chronically exposed to TS or compressed air. Thereafter, the lungs were acutely challenged with TS while perfused. Perfusates were analyzed for BLPs. TS increased BLPs in non-sensitized guinea pigs. A separate study determined daily bombesin exposure increased lung cell counts but not airway hyperresponsivensess. TS exposure releases BLPs into the pulmonary circulation but can be modified by host factors and bombesin itself does not induce airway hyperresponsiveness.
Towards an all-polymer robot for search and rescue

This paper discusses two components suitable for construction of an all-polymer robot, namely a Synthetic Neural Network and water hammer based actuation. A new data processing element, termed Synthetic Neural Network, or SNN, based on a concept of a polymer-based bistable memory device and a conventional transistor made from polymers, is proposed. A phenomenon known as the water hammer effect is described for the purposes of propulsion of the serpentine robot constructed from polymer tubing. Arresting the flow of water in the tube causes it to lurch forward. A relationship between the shape of the hose and the direction of propulsion is investigated with the goal of using the SNN to learn to control the forward progress of the robot based on polymer bend sensors.
Spectroscopy of high-frequency phonons

It has recently become possible to observe experimentally the spectral, spatial and temporal evolution of non-equilibrium phonon distributions in solids. The author reviews those techniques which are applicable to high-frequency (>or approximately=200 GHz) phonon propagation. Each technique is analysed for the physical principles involved, its characteristic parameters, and its range of applicability. The physical phenomena, to which the techniques have been applied, are discussed and the experimentally obtained results are compared to theoretical predictions whenever possible. It is shown that, although no universally applicable phonon spectrometer has so far been devised, those spectrometers presently in use are applicable to a broad range of phenomena inherent in phonon transport.
A theoretical study of the H+SO2 reaction

Ab initio UHF and MP2 calculations have been used to characterize the relative stabilities, equilibrium geometries, and harmonic frequencies of the intermediates involved in the H+SO2 reaction. Calculations for the entrance channel potentials at the MP2/DZP level of theory indicate pure repulsion for planar attack (2A′ surface) by the H atom on the S atom of SO2 and an 11 kcal/mol barrier to the nonplanar (2A″ surface) attack. Much larger barriers are predicted for the formation of the HOSO adducts on this surface. Implications to experiments involving the reaction of SO2 with translationally hot H atoms are discussed.
Newton polygons of jacobian pairs

Abstract A pair of elements f, g ∈ C [i,y] is a jacobian pair if ( ∂f ∂x )( ∂g ∂y ) − ( ∂f ∂y )( ∂g ∂x ) is a nonzero element of C . The two-variable case of the Jacobian problem asks if every jacobian pair f, g is an automorphic pair. Abhyankar shows in his 1977 Tata notes that an affirmative answer is equivalent to showing that the Newton polygons of a jacobian pair are triangles. In this paper we prove that the Newton polygons of a jacobian pair are similar (a result first presented by Abhyankar in the early 1970's); and that an affirmative answer to the Jacobian problem is equivalent to eliminating the possibility of naving edges of positive slope in the Newton polygons of jacobian pairs. In this connection, we investigate ω-related pairs f. g ∈ C [i,y] when ω = (ω 1 , ω 2 ) ∈ Z 2 with ω1ω2
The IMOMO and IMONM methods for excited states. A study of the adiabatic S0 → T1,2 excitation energies of cyclic alkenes and enones

Abstract The recently proposed integrated MO + MO (IMOMO) and MO + MM (IMOMM) methods have been applied to excited states of large molecules, i.e., the adiabatic triplet excitation energies of cyclic alkenes and enones. The IMOMO methods with G2MS as High level and HF or MP2 as Low level agree well with pure MO benchmarks and experiments. The substituent shifts have been discussed in the IMOMO analysis. The geometries of a testosterone derivative with more than 50 atoms were optimized for the lower triplet excited states with the IMOMM(HF:MM3) method and their energies were calculated using IMOMO and IMOMM methods.
Effects of limiting access to prey on development of first zoeal stage of the brachyuran crabs Cancer magister and Hemigrapsus oregonensis

We tested the influence of limiting access to prey on larval development of the crabs Cancer magister and Hemigrapsus oregonensis by raising their Stage 1 larvae in the laboratory on different prey densities and with various periods of access to prey. Experiments were conducted in 1995 and 1996 at the Shannon Point Marine Center in Anacortes, Washington, USA. Our results show that crab larvae do not require continuous access to prey for optimal development nor do they appear to require light for prey capture. Survival and duration of Stage 1 C. magister fed continuously on only one-fourth the amount of the control density of prey and those fed at the control density for only 6 h per day were the same as for larvae fed continuously at the control density (20 ml−1). Larvae with cyclic access to prey at the control density for 24 h and then starved for 72 h showed significantly lower survival and longer instar duration to Stage 2. Experiments on Stage 1 H. oregonensis which investigated a combination of prey density, period of access to prey and light/dark conditions during feeding revealed that survival decreased with decreasing prey density or with decreasing feeding period, but no differences were observed during periods of limited prey availability as a function of light or dark conditions. Stage duration was not affected by reduced prey density nor by the light/dark condition at the time of feeding, but it was prolonged when the period of access to prey was limited. The period of access to prey did not affect the weight of Day 1 Stage 2 larvae. Larvae fed high densities of prey for 4 h followed by 20 h of reduced-density diet exhibited the same survival and stage duration as controls that were continuously fed high-density prey. Our results define sub-optimal diets that can be used experimentally to determine the nutritional contributions made by naturally-occurring prey organisms during larval development in the two species. In nature, larvae may satisfy nutritional requirements through periodic encounters with dense prey patches during vertical migrations by day or night.
Improved techniques for scoring TLC plates.

Summary When channels created by score lines either extended into the solvent mixture or were less than 1.0 cm above it, edge effects interfered with thin layer chromatographic resolution of amino acids. Score lines terminating at 1.5 cm from the lower edge (1.0 cm above the solvent surface) or higher permitted satisfactory resolution of amino acids. Chipped lane edges and resultant erratic baselines in spectrodensitometric output became more severe as the hardness and hence the brittleness of silica gel thin layers increased. This problem was circumvented by scoring all layers several times with gentle pressure.
Acquisition of Digestive Enzymes by Siricid Woodwasps from Their Fungal Symbiont

Larvae of the woodwasp, Sirex cyaneus, contain midgut digestive enzymes that enable them to utilize the major fungal and plant polysaccharides found in their food. At least two classes of enzymes, the C(chi)-cellulases and the xylanases, are not produced by the larvae. Instead, larvae acquire these enzymes while ingesting tissue of Amylostereum chailletii, the fungal symbiont that occurs in the wood on which the larvae feed.
Deamidation of Asn-143 of gammaS crystallin from protein aggregates of the human lens

Purpose. Determine if gammaS crystallin is preferentially deamidated in the high molecular weight aggregate fraction of old human lenses. Methods. The high molecular weight aggregate and lower molecular weight fractions were prepared from water soluble proteins of old human lenses. Synthetic peptides corresponding to expected amidated and deamidated tryptic fragments of gammaS crystallin, together with reverse phase chromatography, were used to resolve and quantitate possible deamidation of glutamine-92, glutamine-96 and asparagine-143 from this protein. Results. Analyses of the high molecular weight aggregate from lenses of different ages consistently demonstrated deamidation of asparagine-143, with no deamidation of glutamine-92 or glutamine-96, while analyses of the lower molecular weight fraction from the same lenses showed no detectable deamidation of any of these three residues. Conclusions. Preferential deamidation of asparagine-143 of gammaS crystallin is present in the high molecular weight fract...
Pathogen Host Switching in Commercial Trade with Management Recommendations

Global wildlife trade exacerbates the spread of nonindigenous species. Pathogens also move with hosts through trade and often are released into naive populations with unpredictable outcomes. Amphibians are moved commercially for pets, food, bait, and biomedicine, and are an excellent model for studying how wildlife trade relates to pathogen pollution. Ranaviruses are amphibian pathogens associated with annual population die-offs; multiple strains of tiger salamander ranaviruses move through the bait trade in the western United States. Ranaviruses infect amphibians, reptiles, and fish and are of additional concern because they can switch hosts. Tiger salamanders are used as live bait for freshwater fishing and are a potential source for ranaviruses switching hosts from amphibians to fish. We experimentally injected largemouth bass with a bait trade tiger salamander ranavirus. Largemouth bass became infected but exhibited no signs of disease or mortality. Amphibian bait ranaviruses have the potential to switch hosts to infect fish, but fish may act as dead-end hosts or nonsymptomatic carriers, potentially spreading infection as a result of trade.
METABOLIC AND EMOTIONAL IMPACT OP AN ELEMENTARY DIET IN CYSTIC FIBSOSIS (CF)

Parents of CF children are often over-enthusiastic to any new modality of management. This study reports adverse metabolic and psychological effects of a liquid formula in 4 children (ages 16, 13, 8 and 5 yrs) with CF who were placed on the diet by their parents. The 16 yr old developed recurrent hypoglycemia while the 13 yr old developed hyperglycemia and glycosuria, all of which disappeared upon returning to a conventional diet. Simultaneous determinations of blood glucose (BG), immuno-reactive insulin (IRI), and immune-reactive glucagon (IRG) over a 5 hr period following the formula were compared with those following a standard glucose tolerance test (GTT). An exaggerated hyperglycemia (peak 226-486 vs 136-288 mg%) at 60' was followed by a 2nd peak at 2-4 hrs (120-178 vs 61-103 mg%). The IRI and IRG were all low and flat except in the 16 yr old, who had high levels. It is postulated that the high carbohydrates (85%) in the diet precipitated the higher peak of BG and that rapid absorption of aminoacids (8%) and fat (7%) may account for the prolonged hyperglycemia through continuous conversion to glucose. Only the 16 yr old consented to repeat tests on and off the formula. The 13 yr old refused to resume the diet. Parental fears prohibited the testing of the 8 and 5 yr olds on the conventional diet lest the children not return to the formula. All chlldren accepted the diet to please their parents. However, both adolescents felt “trapped between the diet and death” and were relieved when the formula was discontinued for “metabolic” reasons.