cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparing Patterns of Recurrence and Survival in Conventionally Fractionated Radiation With Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy for Early-Stage NSCLC

Comparing Patterns of Recurrence and Survival in Conventionally Fractionated Radiation With Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy for Early-Stage NSCLC Early-Stage Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer F. Shaikh, A. Foster, Z. Zhang, K. Woo, S.U. Din, D. Gelblum, E.D. Yorke, K. Rosenzweig, A.J. Wu, and A. Rimner; Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Commack, NY, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
Cougar Exploitation Levels in Utah: Implications for Demographic Structure, Population Recovery, and Metapopulation Dynamics

Abstract Currently, 11 western states and 2 Canadian provinces use sport hunting as the primary mechanism for managing cougar (Puma concolor) populations. Yet the impacts of sustained harvest on cougar population dynamics and demographic structure are not well understood. We evaluated the effects of hunting on cougar populations by comparing the dynamics and demographic composition of 2 populations exposed to different levels of harvest. We monitored the cougar populations on Monroe Mountain in south-central Utah, USA, and in the Oquirrh Mountains of north-central Utah from 1996 to 2004. Over this interval the Monroe population was subjected to annual removals ranging from 17.6–51.5% (mean ± SE = 35.4 ± 4.3%) of the population, resulting in a >60% decline in cougar population density. Concurrently, the Oquirrh study area was closed to hunting and the population remained stationary. Mean age in the hunted population was lower than in the protected population (F = 9.0; df = 1, 60.3; P = 0.004), and in a poo...
A NEW SPECIES OF DICTYOSTELIUM FROM HAWAII

A B S T R A C T A new species of Dictyostelium, isolated from a decaying ear of corn in Hawaii, is described. Because of the numerous irregularities in its developmental morphology and general appearance, it is being named D. irregularis. Aggregation is by amoebal streaming, and the aggregation mass commonly segments into several pseudoplasmodia, each of which produces a sorocarp in situ or after migration. During migration stalk material is laid down behind the pseudoplasmodium. The mature sorocarps, which do not exceed 1 mm in height, have very irregular stalks and globularto-elongate sori with elliptical spores that measure 3.5-7 X 4.8-9.8,u. Cyst formation was not observed. The new species is of particular interest from the standpoin-t of its probable primitive position in the genus.
Relation of brain sensitivity and hepatic metabolism of hexobarbitone to dose-response relations in infant and young rats.

The dose-response relation to hexobarbitone of infant (5 day) and young (44 day) male rats was examined, and the relative contribution of hepatic metabolism (measured in vitro) and changes in brain sensitivity to the overall response were evaluated. The infant rat shows a parallel shift to the left in its dose-response curve with the relative potency of hexobarbitone almost 5 times greater than for the 44 day old animal. The slope of the curves show marked changes at the first lethal dose level of drug. This and other evidence suggest that death may not be merely an extension of the mechanism causing hypnosis. Infant rats exhibited a shorter increment in sleep time for increasing doses of hexobarbitone than is predictable from their low rate of in vitro metabolism. Although this is also true for the young rats, the two values are in much closer agreement than for the infant animals. Brain concentrations of hexobarbitone, measured upon regaining of the righting reflex, were lower in the infant than in the young rat. This suggests the central nervous system of the infant rat has an increased sensitivity to the drug.
Manganese superoxide dismutase in Meloidogyne incognita isolates selected for virulence on Mi-1-carrying tomato: gene expression and enzyme activity

Root knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are important pests of a wide range of crops, including tomato. Resistance of tomato to root-knot nematodes is conferred by the single dominant gene Mi-1, which currently is present in all commercially available resistant tomato cultivars. However, several resistance-breaking populations are being collected worldwide. Two isolates coming from the same standard population of Meloidogyne incognita, one selected for virulence against Mi-1 (SM1) and the other left avirulent (avr1), have been used in this study. qRT-PCR was used to detect transcript levels of the manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) gene from (a)virulent pre-parasitic second-stage juveniles (J2). Over-expression of the Mn-SOD gene was found in the virulent isolate compared with the avirulent counterpart. The enzyme activity of membrane-bound mitochondrial Mn-SOD was assayed in J2 and adult females as the fraction of total SOD activity insensitive to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). J2 from SM1 showed about a two-fold higher enzyme activity than J2 from avr1; conversely, no difference was found when adult females were tested. Proteins of J2 extracts were separated by n-PAGE on special mini-gels and stained for SOD. One slow migrating and three fast migrating bands were stained. SOD activity of the slow migrating band was H2O2-insensitive and enriched by treatment with the detergent Triton X-100. J2 survival was monitored in suspensions provided or not provided with the cell oxygen radical generator paraquat, at high concentration. Virulent J2 responded to paraquat treatment by increasing life extension with respect to control conditions; by contrast, avirulent J2 suffered major mortality in the presence of paraquat. Mn-SOD gene expression is discussed in relation to nematode fitness in oxidative stresses and vir phenotype.
Experimental Studies of Liquid Weeping and Bubbling Phenomena at Submerged Orifices

Experimental studies on the liquid weeping phenomenon at a submerged circular orifice have been conducted under a range of superficial orifice gas velocities (0.25 cm/s to 100 m/s), column and plate specifications, orifice sizes, fluid properties, and pressures up to 3.5 MPa. As the primary focus of this study, weeping rates and bubble formation at a single-orifice plate are investigated while operating within the bubbling regime at velocities of 0.25−100 cm/s. Upon monitoring of the pressure fluctuations within the plenum region, the bubbling frequency and nominal bubble size are determined to provide insight into the weeping phenomenon. Under similar scrutiny, weeping in the jetting regime, which is generally ignored or disregarded as trivial, is briefly considered for long-term consequences for industrial plants that typically operate over month or year periods.
Aortic glycopeptide sialic acid, hexose and hexosamine in a genetically selected (WC-2) strain of atherosclerosis-susceptible pigeon

The aortic content of glycopeptide sialic acid, hexosamine and hexose was studied in a genetically selected strain of White Carneau pigeons (WC-2) with significantly more severe atherosclerosis than randomly bred White Carneau pigeons (RBWC). Pigeons were fed an atherogenic diet for 3 months and examined to determine differences in content of glycopeptide-sugars between WC-2 and RBWC, changes with the progression of atherosclerosis and the relationship of aortic cholesterol to glycopeptide-sugar content. In animals with mainly normal aorta (cholesterol content of 0.2-0.3 mg/cm2-aorta) sialic acid was significantly lower in WC-2 pigeons. The progression of atherosclerosis was associated with increased aortic glycopeptide sialic acid (r = 0.78; p less than 0.05) in WC-2 pigeons whereas an inverse relationship was suggested in RBWC pigeons. In WC-2, but not RBWC pigeons, significant positive relationships were seen for aortic glycopeptide hexosamine and aortic cholesterol and for aortic glycopeptide hexose and aortic cholesterol. The findings implicate a possible role of aortic glycoproteins in either the initiation or modulation of atherosclerosis of the WC-2 pigeon.
Native American Popular Religion in New England's Old Colony, 1670-1770

In recent years, historians have turned their attention to the continued presence of Native Americans living ““behind the frontier”” in eighteenth-century New England. Where a previous generation of scholars once wrangled over the benignity of seventeenth-century Puritan ““praying towns”” and equated conversion with cultural suicide, current studies of Native religion in the decades preceding the American Revolution suggest that Indians preserved traditional culture by grafting Christianity onto a preexisting grid of beliefs and practices. A case study based on the writings of a lay missionary and civil magistrate named Josiah Cotton, this essay contributes to revisionist scholarship by examining Native American spirituality under the broader and more inclusive category of popular religion. Most Wampanoag families in New England9s ““Old Colony”” lived between cultures——neither fully integrated into English society nor fully traditional in their identities or worldview. The ambiguities of their colonial situation, in turn, facilitated the emergence of a diverse spectrum of religious beliefs and practices that, at times, transcended racial categories. English settlers consulted Native American shamans and cunning folk; rumors of witchcraft, ghosts, and spirits permeated all ranks of society; and Indians and their white neighbors shared a preoccupation with spiritual healing. A few core families aspired to all the trappings of English life; they internalized Puritan doctrine, engaged in sophisticated devotional routines, and joined local Indian churches. Others continued to live in traditional ways and simply ignored the pastoral labors of regional missionaries. But for the majority of Native Christians who lived and worked side-by-side with their English neighbors, religion remained an eclectic affair as they deployed a variety of spiritual resources to combat the vicissitudes and uncertainties of everyday life.
Thermoelectric cool-film flow sensor

Hemodynamics, specifically, fluid shear stress, plays an important role in the formation of arterial plaque known as atherosclerosis. For this application, hot-wire anemometers, being a robust and highly sensitive method for measuring flow properties, have a limitation in their sensitivity due to the effects of locally increasing temperature on nearby cell damage. Conversely, the effects of locally decreasing the temperature are diminutive and provide the capability for a larger temperature difference between the sensor and the ambient environment, thus increasing measurement sensitivity. In this abstract we show the new capability of using thermoelectrically-cooled sensors to detect flow rate. A flexible micro resistance-temperature-detector (RTD) was bonded to the surface of a thermoelectric cooler molded into the bottom of a flow channel using PDMS. The power required to maintain a constant surface temperature was increased as the flow rate through the channel was increased.
Electrophysiologic characterization and postnatal development of ventricular pre-excitation in a mouse model of cardiachypertrophy and Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome

AbstractObjectives: We sought to characterize an animal model of the Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome to help elucidate the mechanisms of accessory pathway formation.Background: Patients with m...
Two (+)-α,4-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexaneacetic acids: Hydrogen bonding in a terpenoid γ-keto acid and in a diastereomeric lactol

The (+)-(alphaS,1S,4R)-diastereomer of the title structure, C10H16O3, aggregates in the solid as non-symmetric dimers with disorder in both carboxyl groups [O...O = 2.710 (5) and 2.638 (5) A]. The two molecules constituting the asymmetric unit pair around a pseudo-twofold rotational axis and differ only slightly in their distances and angles, but one methyl group displays rotational disorder absent in the other molecule. Five intermolecular C-H...O close contacts exist, involving both ketone groups. The (+)-(alphaR,1R,4R)-diastereomer exists in the crystal in its closed-ring lactol form, (3R,3aR,6R,7aR)-2,3,3a,4,5,6,7,7a-octahydro-7a-hydroxy-3,6-dimethylbenzo[b]furan-2-one, C(10)H(16)O(3), and aggregates as hydrogen-bonded catemers that extend from the hydroxyl group of one molecule to the carbonyl group of a neighbor screw-related along b [O...O = 2.830 (3) A and O-H...O = 169 degrees]. One close intermolecular C-H...O contact exists involving the carbonyl group.
Bernstein polynomials and Milnor algebras

Abstract Let f be an analytic germ on Cn+1. Then there is an analytic linear partial differential operator P with polynomial dependence on s, and a polynomial b(s), such that Pfs+1 = b(s)fs. This paper contains a simple existence proof and geometric interpretation in the case when f has an isolated critical zero at the origin, and is contained in its Jacobian ideal of first partial derivatives.
Copper–sulfur complexes supported by N-donor ligands: Towards models of the CuZ site in nitrous oxide reductase

Abstract The distinctive structure of the [(his) 7 Cu 4 (μ-S)] n + cluster in the “Cu Z ” active site of nitrous oxide reductase and the intriguing mechanistic hypotheses for its catalytic reactivity provide inspiration for synthetic model studies aimed at characterizing relevant copper–sulfur compounds and obtaining fundamental insights into structure and bonding. In this brief review, we summarize such studies that have focused on the synthesis and characterization of a range of copper–sulfur complexes supported by N-donor ligands. Compounds with variable nuclearities and sulfur redox levels have been isolated, with the nature of the species obtained being dependent on the supporting ligand, sulfur source, and the reaction conditions. Spectroscopic data and theoretical calculations, often performed with a view toward drawing comparisons to oxygen analogs, have provided insight into the nature of the copper–sulfur bonding interactions in the complexes.
Surface ionization and complexation at the oxide/water interface. 3. Adsorption of anions

Abstract The site-binding model for the electrical double layer of hydrous oxides reported in a previous paper is applied to adsorption of anions from dilute solution. Generally, more than one stoichiometric surface reaction is needed to describe the adsorption behavior of divalent weak acid anions. If mass law equations for surface reactions are corrected for effects of the electrostatic field at the interface, the calculated adsorption density depends upon the type of surface species formed. It is shown that calculations which consider formation of surface complexes by protonated anionic forms, e.g., HCrO 4 − , HSeO 4 − , HSO 4 − , are more consistent with experimental adsorption data than complexation by bidentate surface sites. Modeling results predict that adsorbed anions are more easily protonated than those in bulk water, and a qualitative explanation for this phenomenon is presented. The model applies over a wide range of solute concentrations and accounts for effects of changes in composition of the supporting electrolyte. In addition calculated results for a shift in pH PZC upon specific adsorption of sulfate are in reasonable agreement with other experimental studies.
Reduced sun exposure does not explain the inverse association of 25-hydroxyvitamin D with percent body fat in older adults.

Context: Greater adiposity is associated with lower blood levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D]. The extent to which this results from reduced sun exposure among heavier individuals is unknown. Objectives: This analysis was conducted to determine whether sun exposure habits differ according to percent body fat (%FAT) in older adults and to what extent they explain the inverse association of adiposity with 25(OH)D in that population. Design: We performed a cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from a randomized trial of calcium and vitamin D supplementation to prevent bone loss. Setting: The study was performed at the Metabolic Research Unit at the Jean Mayer United States Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University. Participants: A total of 381 generally healthy male and female volunteers age 65 and older participated in the study. Exclusion criteria included vitamin D and calcium supplement use, and medical conditions and medications known to affect bone m...
Web-Based Template-Driven Communication Support Systems: Using Shadow netWorkspace to Support Trust Development in Virtual Teams

Teams whose interactions might be mediated entirely via Internet-based communication, virtual teams, are emerging as commonplace in business settings. Researchers have identified trust as a key ingredient for virtual teams to work effectively (Aubrey & Kelsey, 2003; Beranek, 2000; David & McDaniel, 2004; Iacono & Weisband, 1997; Jarvenpaa, Knoll, & Leidner, 1998). However, researchers have not identified scalable methods that consistently promote trust within virtual teams. Improved interface design for communication support systems used by virtual teams may contribute to solving this problem. Interface cannot solve the problem of members trusting each other, but it can support the type of activities that do. This paper describes the development and some initial experiences with a Web-based, template-driven, asynchronous communication support tool and how this system can be used to support trust development in virtual teams and performance goals of virtual teams. This article presents the capabilities and features of the communication support system. More detailed findings from an experimental study of this system’s use can be found in another publication (Remidez, 2003).
Variable temperature 13C NMR study of some L(CO)3FeH(SiR3) (L = CO, P(OPh)3; R = Ph, Me, Cl) species. X-ray crystal structure of P(OPh)3(CO)3Fe(H)SiPh3

Abstract Intramolecular rearrangement of (CO)4FeH(SiPh3) (I), (CO)4FeH(SiMe3) (II), (CO)4FeH(SiCl3) (III) and P(OPh)3(CO)3Fe(H)SiPh3 (IV), as studied by variable temperature 13C NMR spectroscopy, yielded activation enthalpies (kcal mol−1): 10.3±0.1, 10.4±0.4, 17.4±0.1 and 10.9±0.03, respectively, and activation entropies (cal deg−1 mol−1): −1.8 ± 0.5, −2.21 ± 0.1, 0.7 ± 0.5 and −2.2 ± 0.2, respectively. Crystal structure data for IV: C39H31FeO6PSi, OC-6-23-tricarbonylhydrido(triphenylphosphite)(triphenylphosphine)iron(II), triclinic, P 1 , a = 11.509(2), b = 14.403(3), c = 11.153(4) A, α = 108.04(2), β = 95.10(2), γ = 92.55(2)°, Z = 2, V = 1746(1) A3, final R factor 0.030. The structure is a highly distorted octahedron.
Observations of quasar host galaxies with laser guide star AO

ABSTRACT We report on observations of two quasar host galaxies made with the Lick Observatory adaptive optic systemusing a laser guide star tuned to the wavelength of the sodium D lines. A brief outline of the system is given, anda description of its performance when obtaining science data. We discuss techniques for obtaining calibration ofthe point spread function and the analysis steps required to obtain useful scientic results. We present H -bandimages of quasar host galaxies made with the system. Estimates of the host galaxy magnitudes and central blackhole masses were made from these data. These are the rst observations of quasar host galaxies with a sodiumlaser guide star.Keywords: Laser guide stars, quasar host galaxies 1. INTRODUCTION Detection of the faint host galaxies of bright quasars has been a long-standing problem in observational extra-galactic astronomy. Although the host galaxy and the bright, unresolved quasar nucleus typically have similartotal uxes, the diuse nature of the galaxy emission can frequently be confused with the extended wings ofa poorly-characterized PSF. Cosmological surface brightness dimming by a factor of (1 + z)
Soliton Collisions and Ghost Particle Radiation

This paper investigates the nature of particle collisions for three-soliton solutions of the Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation by describing mathematically the interaction of soliton particles and generation of ghost particle radiation. In particular, it is proven that a collision between any two soliton particles results in an exchange of particle identities and an emission of a ghost particle pair. Moreover, collisions between any two ghost particles results in their fusion and is accompanied by fission of the corresponding anti-ghost particle. Mass and momentum are conserved for both soliton particle decay and ghost particle interaction at all times.
Error in neutron activation analysis from recoil-implanted fission products from uranium in aluminum foil.

Commercial aluminum foil may contain a high concentration of uranium, up to 1.4 μg/g. Samples or sample tubes in contact with aluminum foil during neutron irradiation can be contaminated with recoil-implanted fission products of 235U from uranium in the foil. This can lead to errors in the determination of Zr, Mo, La, Ce, Nd in neutron activation analysis.
Pedagogical Design of Computer Mediated Communication Tasks: Learning Objectives and Technological Capabilities

It has been claimed that the recent emergence of internet-based communication constitutes a technological innovation with the potential to create a paradigmatic shift in teaching and learning second languages (e.g., Berge & Collins, 1995; Dede, 1993; Harasim, 1990). However, for this shift to happen, materials designers need to assess critically the effects of the techno-logical capabilities of Computer Mediated Communication (CMC) as well as the features that characterize a potentially new type of literacy. Such a critical assessment will have to be based on the analysis of how specific pedagogical objectives are achieved through the design and implementation of instructional activities in CMC environments. In this respect, the analysis of such theoretical constructs as the grounding criterion and the principle of least collaborative effort (Clark & Brennan, 1991) provides a useful framework for the examination of factors that affect the choice of communication medium. In particular, different learning objectives may be achieved with a variety of technological tools (e.g., from word processors to collaborative writing software) that exhibit a range of levels of technical sophistication.
Transmission of World Prices to Ugandan Coffee Growers in a Liberalised Economy

This article examines the transmission of world coffee prices to the price received by Ugandan coffee growers by means of Directed Acyclic Graphs which reveal the flow of information from the spot indicator price to the London futures price and then to the growers' price. A positive shock in the futures and indicator prices has respectively a positive and negative effect on the growers' price, and Forecast Error Variance Decomposition shows that uncertainty is attributable to own price, London futures price, and indicator price, in rank order. The article recommends that the Ugandan Coffee Development Authority should provide information on both futures and indicator prices to the growers.
FasT-Fix Versus Inside-Out Suture Meniscal Repair in the Goat Model

Background: Recent all-inside meniscal repair devices are available, but in vivo studies with these devices are sparse.Hypothesis: The FasT-Fix has inferior meniscal healing compared with the inside-out suture technique in the goat model.Study Design: Controlled laboratory study.Methods: After Institutional Review Board approval, 73 male castrated goats (Capra hircus) underwent a 2-cm meniscal incision and subsequent repair with the FasT-Fix device on one knee and inside-out meniscal repair on the contralateral knee. Both repairs used a vertical mattress suture technique. Access to the menisci was via an open technique with an extra-articular osteotomy of the medial collateral ligament origin on the femur. The animals were then allowed to ambulate unrestricted in a pasture after a 7-day stay in cages. Necropsy was carried out 6 months postoperatively, and the menisci and articular cartilage were studied with gross and microscopic inspection.Results: Nine of the 73 animals were excluded before necropsy. A ...
Williams and Kant on Integrity

For some time now ethical debates have been fought on a field whose boundaries are the historical theories of Kant's deontology and Mill's utilitarianism. Recently, however, several have chosen to leave the battlefield entirely—to suggest, in various ways, that both of the major ethical theories share a common, flawed outlook. Thomas Nagel, for example, has argued that founding ethics on the sole ground of interpersonal obligations (a common feature of Kantianism and utilitarianism) unnecessarily “fragments” human value. Such an account has the effect of pitting one species of human value (duties to others) against other quite legitimate values (personal goals and special relationships). Or approaching the matter from quite another direction, Philippa Foot also holds that morality, as a system of interpersonal obligations, is too limiting. However, she proposes to counter the advancing forces of modern ethics by championing an Aristotelian doctrine of virtue.
An alternative approach to avionics diagnostics algorithms

A methodology for designing avionics system diagnostics has been developed that uses an automated failure syndrome approach coupled with a partial-pattern matching algorithm to simplify diagnostics design and to provide improved diagnostic performance. The method was validated by performing experiments using a flight control failure simulation and a simulation of the proposed diagnostics. Results demonstrate significantly improved failure isolation performance using diagnostic algorithms of modest size and complexity. The approach described is particularly applicable to emerging highly integrated systems such as modular avionics. >
Facilitators of Knowledge Transfer in University-Industry Collaborations: A Knowledge-Based Perspective

Using the knowledge-based view of the firm as our theoretical underpinning, we study partnerships between industrial firms and university research centers (URCs) in order to identify facilitators of knowledge transfer, particularly focusing on how firms learn from URCs. Data for this study were obtained from senior-level executives from a random sample of one hundred and seventy-three firms located in the northeastern US. Results indicate that social connectedness, trust, URC technology transfer-intellectual property policies, technological relatedness and technological capability are significant facilitators of knowledge transfer. We also found that the type of knowledge transferred, i.e., explicit versus tacit, moderated these relationships. We conclude with implications for future research and R&D policy
ANALOGS OF CERAMIDE THAT INHIBIT GLUCOCEREBROSIDE SYNTHETASE IN MOUSE BRAIN

In a search for potent inhibitors of glucocerebroside biosynthesis, we synthesized aromatic analogs of the enzyme's substrate, ceramide, many of which have not previously been described in the literature. Mouse brain and spleen, rat brain, and human placenta and spleen were all found to be susceptible to inhibition by a variety of compounds, although to differing extents. The most potent inhibitor was 2-decanoylamino-3-morpholino-1-phenylpropanol. The dehydro version of this compound (2-decanoylamino-3-morpholinopropiophenone) was less effective but it produced inactivation of the enzyme, probably by covalent reaction with the enzyme's active site. Examination of the various effects seen leads us to suggest that the active region of the enzyme contains four recognitional sites: an anionic moiety that may bind the glucose in activated form, an oxygen-binding region oriented toward the third carbon atom of ceramide, a narrow region that binds the alkyl chain of the fatty acid moiety, and a less narrow region that binds the hydrocarbon chain of the sphingoid base moiety.
A new troglobitic species of Anelpistina (Hexapoda: Zygenyoma: Nicoletiidae) from Yextla cave, Guerrero, México

ABSTRACT We describe a new species of cave adapted Anelpistina from Yextla cave, Guerrero, Mexico. The species has evolved a highly modified troglobitic morphology, despite being derived from a group that was previously blind and depigmented.
Competitive Inhibition of High-Affinity Oryzalin Binding to Plant Tubulin by the Phosphoric Amide Herbicide Amiprophos-Methyl

Amiprophos-methyl (APM), a phosphoric amide herbicide, was previously reported to inhibit the in vitro polymerization of isolated plant tubulin (L.C. Morejohn, D.E. Fosket [1984] Science 224: 874-876), yet little other biochemical information exists concerning this compound. To characterize further the mechanism of action of APM, its interactions with tubulin and microtubules purified from cultured cells of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv Bright Yellow-2) were investigated. Low micromolar concentrations of APM depolymerized preformed, taxol-stabilized tobacco microtubules. Remarkably, at the lowest APM concentration examined, many short microtubules were redistributed into fewer but 2.7-fold longer microtubules without a substantial decrease in total polymer mass, a result consistent with an end-to-end annealing of microtubules with enhanced kinetic properties. Quasi-equilibrium binding measurements showed that tobacco tubulin binds [14C]oryzalin with high affinity to produce a tubulin-oryzalin complex having a dissociation constant (Kd) = 117 nM (pH 6.9; 23[deg]C). Also, an estimated maximum molar binding stoichiometry of 0.32 indicates pharamacological heterogeneity of tobacco dimers and may be related to structural heterogeneity of tobacco tubulin subunits. APM inhibits competitively the binding of [14C]oryzalin to tubulin with an inhibition constant (Ki) = 5 [mu]M, indicating the formation of a moderate affinity tubulin-APM complex that may interact with the ends of microtubules. APM concentrations inhibiting tobacco cell growth were within the threshold range of APM concentrations that depolymerized cellular microtubules, indicating that growth inhibition is caused by microtubules depolymerization. APM had no apparent effect on microtubules in mouse 3T3 fibroblasts. Because cellular microtubules were depolymerized at APM and oryzalin concentrations below their respective Ki and Kd values, both herbicides are proposed to depolymerize microtubules by a substoichiometric endwise mechanism.
Effects of photographic composition on landscape perception

(1983). Effects of photographic composition on landscape perception. Landscape Research: Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 22-23.
Low-cost methods for error detection in multi-core systems

There is broad consensus among academic and industrial researchers in computer architecture that hardware faults, both transient and permanent, will become significantly more frequent as CMOS feature sizes continue to shrink. Circuit-level techniques alone are insufficient to overcome this problem, and therefore system designers have begun to add fault tolerance features to processor micro-architectures and memory systems. Many of the techniques used today were developed in a time when fault coverage was the primary optimization target; hardware, power, and performance costs were only secondary concerns. These priorities do not accurately reflect the needs of today's commodity systems, which are very sensitive to manufacturing and performance costs and can trade-off some amount of fault coverage to reduce these costs. In my dissertation work I have developed novel error detection techniques with significantly lower area and performance costs than those traditionally used in high availability designs. These savings were made possible by a guiding principle of verifying high-level system tasks rather than checking correct operation of specific low-level components. This high-level, end-to-end approach to error-detection has distinct advantages over checking low-level components in terms of applicability to a wide range of systems, coverage of complex component interactions, and implementation cost. The major challenge in developing end-to-end checkers is to find high-level tasks that are both relevant and verifiable at runtime. I approached this problem by decomposing system-level tasks into sub-tasks that are more easily verifiable and, when combined, are sufficient to ensure correctness of a high-level task. Such a decomposition is a step back from a full end-to-end design and requires additional assumptions about the underlying system, but I found the resulting cost and complexity benefits to outweigh the loss in flexibility that comes with them. I have applied the ideas of task decomposition and high-level checking to processor cores, memory systems, and the I/O system, in order to develop low-cost checkers for each of these subsystems. The checking mechanisms resulting from this work are highly effective in detecting errors and incur lower hardware and performance cost than mechanisms with comparable error coverage proposed in the past.
Expression of Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus-like env Gene Sequences in Human Breast Cancer'

We have reported previously (Wang et al, Cancer Res., 55: 5173-5179, 1995) the presence of a 660-bp sequence that is 90-98% homologous to the env gene of mouse mammary tumor virus in 38% of 314 unselected breast cancer samples, in some breast cancer cell lines, and in 1.8% of the 107 normal breast specimens from reduction mammoplasties. In this communication, we have investigated whether the 660-bp sequence or a smaller 256-bp sequence within the 660 bp were expressed in breast tumors, normal breasts, and breast cancer cell lines by means of reverse transcription-PCR. The results indicated that expression of the 660-bp sequence was detected in 66% of the sequence-positive breast tumors studied and in none of the negative tumors or normal breasts and that the 256-bp sequence was expressed in all of the env-positive breast cancer cell lines tested. Sequence analysis revealed that the expressed 660-bp sequence is 98% homologous to the env gene of mouse mammary tumor virus with only one small stretch of 46 bp homologous to endogenous viral sequences. The presence and expression of this sequence is related to a group of human breast cancers in which the concept of a retroviral etiology can be entertained.
ARTIFICIAL MAINTENANCE MEDIA FOR CELL AND ORGAN CULTIVATION : I. THE CULTIVATION OF FIBROBLASTS IN ARTIFICIAL AND SERUMLESS MEDIA

Several media designed for maintaining the life of cells and organs outside the body have been described. Cultures from a pure strain of fibroblasts have been maintained in these media in vital condition and with little or no proliferation for periods varying from 43 to 56 days. One of these media is very simple, inexpensive, and easy to prepare; and one is serumless.
Characterizing and predicting search engine switching behavior

Search engine switching describes the voluntarily transition from one Web search engine to another. In this paper we present a study of search engine switching behavior that combines large-scale log-based analysis and survey data. We characterize aspects of switching behavior, and develop and evaluate predictive models of switching behavior using features of the active query, the current session, and user search history. Our findings provide insight into the decision-making processes of search engine users and demonstrate the relationship between switching and factors such as dissatisfaction with the quality of the results, the desire for broader topic coverage or verification of encountered information, and user preferences. The findings also reveal sufficient consistency in users' search behavior prior to engine switching to afford accurate prediction of switching events. Predictive models may be useful for search engines who may want to modify the search experience if they can accurately anticipate a switch.
Clinical use of FDG PET

Abstract Introduction 2-[18F]-Fluoro-2-deoxy- d -glucose (FDG) has a wide range of possible clinical imaging applications in neurology, oncology and cardiology; however, there is also a large difference in the volume of actual clinical use between these applications. Three clinical questions are proposed and applied to the various clinical applications of FDG to understand this difference: (a) Are there competing tests? (b) Is there a cost-effective role in the clinical management? (c) Is the interpretation of the imaging study easy? Methods Each clinical application using FDG was reviewed with the three clinical questions proposed and the technical factor that may have contributed to addressing that question. The review of the application was based on the current practice of neurology, oncology and cardiology, and the contributing factors were based on the properties of FDG and the capabilities of the technology of current positron emission tomography scanners. Results A favorable answer was obtained for all three questions in oncology imaging with FDG. In cardiology and neurology, one of the three questions had an unfavorable outcome. Conclusion Three clinical questions are proposed and applied to clinical FDG imaging in neurology, cardiology and oncology with the intent of better understanding the variation of clinical use.
Increased lung resistance after diesel particulate and ozone co-exposure not associated with enhanced lung inflammation in allergic mice

Exposure to diesel exhaust particulate matter (DEP) exacerbates asthma. Likewise, similar effects have been reported with exposure to the oxidizing air pollutant ozone (O(3)). Since levels of both pollutants in ambient air tend to be simultaneously elevated, we investigated the possible synergistic effect of these agents on the exacerbation of allergic airways disease in mice. Male BALB/c mice were sensitized ip with ovalbumin (Ova) or vehicle only, then exposed once per week for 4 wk via nose-only inhalation (4 h) to the PM(2.5) fraction of DEP (2 mg/m(3)), O(3) (0.5 ppm), DEP and O(3), or filtered air, and then challenged with aerosolized ovalbumin. Ova sensitization in air-exposed mice enhanced pulmonary inflammatory cell infiltration, several indicators of injury in the lung (lactate dehydrogenase, albumin and total protein), and lung resistance (R(L)) and elastance (E(L)) in response to methacholine (MCh) aerosol challenge. DEP exposure did not enhance the Ova-induced increase in pulmonary cell infiltration, indicators of injury, or R(L) and E(L). O(3) exposure enhanced the Ova-induced increase in inflammatory cell infiltration and N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAG) in the lung, but had no effect on R(L) or E(L). DEP co-exposure significantly attenuated the O(3)-induced increase in cell infiltration and indicators of injury; co-exposure had no effect on E(L) relative to air-exposed Ova-sensitized mice. However, only DEP-O(3) co-exposure significantly increased the Ova-induced increase in R(L). Thus, O(3) and DEP co-exposure exacerbated airways hyperresponsiveness, a response that was not associated with parallel increases in pulmonary inflammation and one that may be mediated by a unique mechanism.
Performance under Failures of DAG-based Parallel Computing

As the scale and complexity of parallel systems continue to grow, failures become more and more an inevitable fact for solving large-scale applications. In this research, we present an analytical study to estimate execution time in the presence of failures of directed acyclic graph (DAG) based Scientific Applications and provide a guideline for performance optimization. The study is four fold. We first introduce a performance model to predict individual subtask computation time under failures. Next, a layered, iterative approach is adopted to transform a DAG into a layered DAG, which reflects full dependencies among all the subtasks. Then, the expected execution time under failures of the DAG is derived based on stochastic analysis. Unlike existing models, this newly proposed performance model provides both the variance and distribution. It is practical and can be put to real use. Finally, based on the model, performance optimization, weak point identification and enhancement are proposed. Intensive simulations with real system traces are conducted to verify the analytical findings. They show that the newly proposed model and weak point enhancement mechanism work well.
A Vocation for Industrial Transformation: Ideology, Organizational Isomorphism, and Upgrading in the Guatemalan Sugar Industry

Between the late 1970s and the 2000s, the Guatemalan sugar industry transitioned from a production model with deplorable labor conditions and low productivity to a highly efficient model with improved conditions. This paper traces the origin and diffusion of this upgraded model to a small team of managers motivated by Elite Solidarism, an interpretation of the Vatican II Catholic Social Doctrine. It suggests that this ideology played the central causal role in this process of industrial transformation, as managers drew upon it to define the specific practices of the new model at one particular mill and then encouraged its diffusion.
T cell response in murine Leishmanial mexicana amazonensis infection: production of interferon‐γby CD8+ cells

The immune response to Leishmania major has been the subject of many investigations. However, Leishmania includes many species with different clinical manifestations. In this report, we studied the T cell response to L. mexicana amazonensis, a New World species, in a murine model. We found that, similar to L. major, an Old World species, resistant C57BL/6 mice produced a high level of IFN-gamma and a low level of IL-4. Conversely, susceptible BALB/c mice produced a much lower level of IFN-gamma and higher level of IL-4. Although IFN-gamma is one of the important lymphokines that mediate macrophage activation and thus the destruction of the intracellular parasites, which lymphocyte subsets are producing the IFN-gamma is still a controversy. Much evidence including the isolation of protective, IFN-gamma-producing, CD4+ cell lines have confirmed the participation of CD4+ Th1 cells unequivocally. However, both CD4+ and CD8+ cells produced IFN-gamma. Recently, an increasing body of evidence has appeared suggesting that CD8+ cells also play a role in the resolution of murine L. major infection. We found that in the L. m. amazonensis model, when CD8+ lymphocytes from resistant C57BL/6 mice were eliminated by anti-CD8 antibody and complement-mediated lysis, the IFN-gamma production was reduced by 77%. This indicated that CD8+ cells produced a significant amount of the IFN-gamma. However, our results also indicate that IFN-gamma production by CD8+ cells was dependent on CD4+ cells.
Bidirectional roadway detection for traffic surveillance using online CCTV videos

This paper presents a robust roadway detection method by direction using online CCTV videos. In traffic surveillance using video/image processing, the roadway detection in the traffic scene not only improves efficiency of vehicle detection and tracking, but also reduces detection errors caused by objects peripheral to the roadway. The proposed method detects each traffic direction of the roadway separately in order to provide traffic information of both directions in a step-wise procedure. First, a roadway mask image of a traffic scene is created by accumulating moving parts in a difference image between two consequence input images. Next, a center line of the roadway is identified and used to divide the roadway mask into two parts. Roadways with different geometry types and traffic condition were studied. Experimental results show that the proposed method successfully separated the roadway directions
An example-based introduction to graph grammars for modeling

Using classic management science models, the author introduces attributed graphs and graph grammars as a basis for a modeling environment called a graph-based modeling system. Since many types of graphs are used to model different situations, a modeling environment that promotes the use of different types of graphs appears attractive. Such an environment, however, must provide the capability to support semantic (structural) constraints on the appropriate structure of a graph, e.g. acyclicity, bipartiteness. Graph grammars provide a rigorous, yet practical, means to support such semantic constraints. Furthermore, since they can be represented as a graph, a visual language is possible for developing graph-based modeling environments. The prototype environment, GBMS, is described, and some examples are used to illustrate the applicability of this approach to management science modeling. >
The Digital Economy and Variegated Capitalism

This article sets out to conceptualize the ways in which the development of the digital economy (Malecki & Moriset, 2007) can be understood within the framework of variegated capitalism (Peck & Theodore, 2007). In doing so, it explores the question of how communication technologies interact with place-specific institutional, political, and economic configurations to shape the geographically differentiated construction of an economy centred on the production, distribution, and consumption of digital information. These interactions are examined through the development of geolocation technologies and their impact on a variety of approaches to jurisdiction over the Internet. Cet article conceptualise les moyens dont on peut comprendre le developpement de l’economie numerique dans le cadre du capitalisme panache (variegated capitalism). Il explore ainsi comment les technologies de la communication interagissent avec des configurations institutionnelles, politiques et economiques axees sur le lieu afin d’assurer la construction geographiquement differenciee d’une economie centree sur la production, la distribution et la consommation d’informations numeriques. Il examine ces interactions par rapport aux technologies de geolocalisation et leur impact sur une diversite d’approches envers la juridiction d’internet.
Presidential Rhetoric and Bureaucratic Enforcement

Do presidents exercise leadership through their public rhetoric and bureaucratic appointees? To address this question, we investigate fair housing policy and enforcement during the Clinton administration. President Clinton is often thought of as a civil rights advocate, and we expected to find that he provided leadership against housing discrimination, an important civil rights issue. To test this expectation, we examine two quantitative indicators of presidential leadership in fair housing: Clinton’s presidential statements and the degree of aggressive enforcement by HUD and DOJ under Clinton’s appointees. Our analysis, however, reveals few indications of leadership in Clinton’s public rhetoric and limited evidence of aggressive enforcement of fair housing policy by his appointees at HUD and DOJ. Our conclusions suggest possible explanations for these findings and our likely direction in the next stage of this research.
Tissue weights of the rat. II. Changes following 700 r total body x-irradiation.

SummaryThe weight changes observed in 15 tissues at 9 different periods following total body irradiation with an LD50 dose (700 r) of x-ray have been described and statistically evaluated. The loss of muscle mass explains the major portion of the body weight loss which is seen in the rat during the first 4-6 days following irradiation. Though the percentage weight loss was greater in spleen, thymus and marrow, these tissues are too small to have an appreciable effect upon total body weight change.