cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Emotion dysregulation and social competence: stability, change and predictive power

Background Social difficulties are closely linked to emotion dysregulation among children with typical development (TD). Children with developmental delays (DD) are at risk for poor social outcomes, but the relationship between social and emotional development within this population is not well understood. The current study examines the extent to which emotion dysregulation is related to social problems across middle childhood among children with TD or DD. Method Children with TD (IQ ≥ 85, n = 113) and children with DD (IQ ≤ 75, n = 61) participated in a longitudinal study. Annual assessments were completed at ages 7, 8 and 9 years. At each assessment, mothers reported on children’s emotion dysregulation, and both mothers and teachers reported on children’s social difficulties. Results Children with DD had higher levels of emotion dysregulation and social problems at each age than those with TD. Emotion dysregulation and social problems were significantly positively correlated within both TD and DD groups using mother report of social problems, and within the TD group using teacher report of social problems. Among children with TD, emotion dysregulation consistently predicted change in social problems from one year to the next. However, among children with DD, emotion dysregulation offered no unique prediction value above and beyond current social problems. Conclusions Results suggested that the influence of emotion regulation abilities on social development may be a less salient pathway for children with DD. These children may have more influences, beyond emotion regulation, on their social behaviour, highlighting the importance of directly targeting social skill deficits among children with DD in order to ameliorate their social difficulties.
Emerging aquatic insects as predators in terrestrial systems across a gradient of stream temperature in North and South America

Summary 1. Empirical and theoretical research over the past decade has demonstrated the widespread importance of aquatic subsidies to terrestrial food webs. In particular, adult aquatic insects that emerge from streams and lakes are prey for terrestrial predators. While variation in the magnitude of this subsidy is clearly important, the potential top-down effects of the predatory adults of some aquatic insects in terrestrial food webs are largely unknown. 2. I used published data on benthic insect density (as a proxy for emergence) in North and South America to explore how the proportion of benthic insects that are predatory as adults varies across a gradient of mean annual stream temperature. 3. The proportion of benthic insects that are predatory as adults varied widely across sites (0–12% by abundance; 0–86% by biomass). There was a positive relationship between mean annual stream temperature and the proportion of predatory adults across all sites, driven largely by the greater abundance/biomass of predatory taxa (e.g. odonates), relative to non-predators (e.g. midges, mayflies, caddisflies), in tropical than in temperate streams. 4. The ‘trophic structure’ (i.e. the proportion of predators) of emerging adult aquatic insects is an understudied source of variation in aquatic–terrestrial interactions. Incorporation of trophic structure in future studies is needed to understand how future modification of fresh waters may affect adjacent terrestrial food webs through both bottom-up and top-down effects.
Time Consistency of Track Prediction Aids for Western North Pacific Tropical Cyclones

Abstract The time consistency of three tropical cyclone track prediction aids available at the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC), Guam is examined by comparison of successive cross-track and along-track errors relative to the best track (postseason analysis) positions. The cross-track errors are divided into three groups (terciles) that are referred to as Left, Center or Right categories. Generally, the aids have more time consistency when the error in the previous forecast is in the Right category than in the Left category. A forecast verification within the Center category of 24-b path errors generally is followed by equal chances of Left, Center or Right error categories within 24–48 h. The One-way influence Tropical Cyclone Model (OTCM) provides the most consistent forecasts in time. In general, the Climatology and Persistence (CLIPER) 24-h verification provides little information as to how the subsequent CLIPER forecast wig verify. The wobble about the actual track is defined as the difference in c...
Neutrino-two-photon vertex.

We consider the flavor-diagonal neutrino--two-photon vertex in the standard model. Whereas for massless neutrinos this vertex is of order {ital G}{sub {ital F}}{alpha}{ital p}{sub {nu}}/{ital m}{sub {ital W}}{sup 2}, for massive neutrinos a contribution to this amplitude of order {ital G}{sub {ital F}}{alpha}{ital m}{sub {nu}}/{ital m}{sub {ital e}}{sup 2} is identified and calculated. This contribution can be thought of as arising from a triangle graph containing electrons. The neutrino--two-photon vertex also gets a significant contribution from a second-order effect if the electromagnetic moments are anomalously large, as recently proposed to solve the solar-neutrino problem. The effects of the neutrino--two-photon vertex on neutrino-photon scattering and on photon pair annihilation into neutrinos are calculated for situations that may be of astrophysical or cosmological interest. The long-range force between a neutrino and a charge arising from two-photon exchange is also discussed.
Does Moral Judgment Go Offline When Students Are Online? A Comparative Analysis of Undergraduates' Beliefs and Behaviors Related to Conventional and Digital Cheating

This study provides a comparative analysis of students' self-reported beliefs and behaviors related to six analogous pairs of conventional and digital forms of academic cheating. Results from an online survey of undergraduates at two universities (N = 1,305) suggest that students use conventional means more often than digital means to copy homework, collaborate when it is not permitted, and copy from others during an exam. However, engagement in digital plagiarism (cutting and pasting from the Internet) has surpassed conventional plagiarism. Students also reported using digital “cheat sheets” (i.e., notes stored in a digital device) to cheat on tests more often than conventional “cheat sheets.” Overall, 32% of students reported no cheating of any kind, 18.2% reported using only conventional methods, 4.2% reported using only digital methods, and 45.6% reported using both conventional and digital methods to cheat. “Digital only” cheaters were less likely than “conventional only” cheaters to report assignmen...
Fundamental relations between LMS spectrum analyzer and recursive least squares estimation

The least-mean-square (LMS) spectrum analyzer of B. Widrow et al. has been shown to be a means for the calculation of the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) (ibid., vol.CAS-34, no.7, p.814-19, 1987). It uses N periodic complex phasors whose frequencies are equally spaced between DC and the sampling frequency. The phasors are weighted and summed to generate a reconstructed signal, the weights are adapted to provide a least-squares fit between the reconstructed signal and and the input signal whose spectrum is desired. Here, the LMS spectrum analyzer is shown to solve the problem of minimizing the exponentially weighted sum of errors, and results in a recursive estimator. A filter bank model is also deduced. >
Analytic evaluation of the expectation and variance of different performance measures of a schedule on a single machine under processing time variability

In this paper, we present closed-form expressions, wherever possible, or devise algorithms otherwise, to determine the expectation and variance of a given schedule on a single machine. We consider a variety of completion time and due date-based objectives. The randomness in the scheduling process is due to variable processing times with known means and variances of jobs and, in some cases, a known underlying processing time distribution. The results that we present in this paper can enable evaluation of a schedule in terms of both the expectation and variance of a performance measure considered, and thereby, aid in obtaining a stable schedule. Additionally, the expressions and algorithms that are presented, can be incorporated in existing scheduling algorithms in order to determine expectation-variance efficient schedules.
Oil Refining: Yield Coefficients and Actual Prices

I. Introduction, 400. — II. Cracking yield coefl&cients: general approach, 401. — III. Yield data: individual processes, 404. — IV. Yield coefficients and actual prices, 408. — V. Conclusions, 415.
Parameter estimation of three-parameter Weibull distribution based on progressively Type-II censored samples

In this paper, the estimation of parameters for a three-parameter Weibull distribution based on progressively Type-II right censored sample is studied. Different estimation procedures for complete sample are generalized to the case with progressively censored data. These methods include the maximum likelihood estimators (MLEs), corrected MLEs, weighted MLEs, maximum product spacing estimators and least squares estimators. We also proposed the use of a censored estimation method with one-step bias-correction to obtain reliable initial estimates for iterative procedures. These methods are compared via a Monte Carlo simulation study in terms of their biases, root mean squared errors and their rates of obtaining reliable estimates. Recommendations are made from the simulation results and a numerical example is presented to illustrate all of the methods of inference developed here.
The influence of minerals on decomposition of the n-alkyl-α-amino acid norvaline under hydrothermal conditions

Abstract Laboratory experiments were conducted to observe the effect of iron oxide and sulfide minerals on decomposition reactions of norvaline, a representative of a group of alkyl-α-amino acids observed in meteorites and prebiotic synthesis experiments. The primary products observed during heating of aqueous solutions of norvaline at temperatures of 156–186 °C in the presence of minerals included CO2, NH3, butyric acid, and valeric acid. The products indicated that norvaline predominantly decomposed by a combination of pathways that included both decarboxylation followed rapidly by oxidative deamination (norvaline → butanamide + CO2 → butyric acid + NH3) and deamination directly to valeric acid (norvaline → valeric acid + NH3). An experiment performed with alanine under similar conditions showed it decomposed by analogous reactions that produced acetic and propionic acids along with CO2 and NH3. For both amino acids, the presence of minerals accelerated decomposition rates as well as altered the final products of reaction, when compared with decomposition in the absence of mineral substrates. In addition, decomposition of norvaline was found to proceed much faster in the presence of the mineral assemblage hematite–magnetite–pyrite (HMP) than with the assemblage pyrite–pyrrhotite–magnetite (PPM), a trend that has been observed for several other organic compounds. The influence of minerals on decomposition reactions of these amino acids appears to be attributable to a combination of surface catalysis and production of dissolved sulfur compounds. Overall, the results indicate that minerals may exert a substantial influence on amino acid stability in many geologic environments, and emphasize the need to consider the impact of minerals when evaluating the lifetimes and decomposition rates of amino acids in terrestrial and planetary systems. Estimated half-lives for alkyl-α-amino acids based on the experimental results indicate that moderately hot hydrothermal environments (
Performance evaluation of evolutionary algorithms for road detection

In this paper we present the first comparative study of evolutionary classifiers for the problem of road detection. We use seven evolutionary algorithms (GAssist-ADI, XCS, UCS, cAnt, EvRBF,Fuzzy-AB and FuzzySLAVE) for this purpose and to develop better understanding we also compare their performance with two well-known non-evolutionary classifiers (kNN, C4.5). Further we identify vision based features that enable a single classifier to learn to successfully classify a variety of regions in various roads as opposed to training a new classifier for each type of road. For this we collect a real-world dataset of road images of various roads taken at different times of the day. Then, using Information Gain (I.G) and CfsSubsetMerit values we evaluate the efficacy of our features in facilitating the detection. Our results indicate that intelligent features coupled with right evolutionary technique provides a promising solution for the domain of road detection.
The Natural Course of Bulimia Nervosa and Eating Disorder not Otherwise Specified is not Influenced by Personality Disorders

Objective: To examine prospectively the natural course of bulimia nervosa (BN) and eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS) and to test the effects of personality disorder (PD) comorbidity on the outcomes. Method: Ninety-two female patients with current BN (N ¼ 23) or EDNOS (N ¼ 69) were evaluated at baseline enrollment in the Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorders Study (CLPS). Eating disorders (EDs) were assessed with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders. Personality disorders (PDs) were assessed with the Diagnostic Interview for DSM-IV PD (DIPD-IV). The course of BN and EDNOS was assessed with the Longitudinal Interval Follow-up Evaluation and the course of PDs was evaluated with the Follow-Along version of the DIPD-IV at 6, 12, and 24 months. Results: Probability of remission at 24 months was 40% for BN and 59% for EDNOS. To test the effects of PD comorbidity on course, ED patients were divided into groups with no, one, and two or more PDs. Cox proportional regression analyses revealed that BN had a longer time to remission than EDNOS (p < .05). The number of PDs was not a significant predictor of time to remission, nor was the presence of Axis I psychiatric comorbidity or Global Assessment of Functioning scores. Analyses using proportional hazards regression with time-varying covariates revealed that PD instability was unrelated to changes in ED. Conclusions: BN has a worse 24-month course (longer time to remission) than EDNOS. The natural course of BN and EDNOS is not influenced significantly by the presence, severity, or time-varying changes of co-occurring PDs, co-occurring Axis I disorders, or by global functioning. # 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 34: 319-330, 2003.
Recent Econometric Modeling of Crime and Punishment: Support for the Deterrence Hypothesis?

In this article we review some recent attempts to develop econometric models for assessing the deterrent effect of punishment on crime, as well as analyses carried out to validate these models. The formulation of the basic econometric model considered here is due to Becker, and the detailed specification of the model, along with much of the empirical work reviewed, has been carried out by Ehrlich. We find serious flaws with the Becker- Ehrlich model, with the data used in its empirical implementation, and with Ehrlich's conclusions regarding evidence to support the deterrent effect of punishment on crime. Indeed, we can find no reliable empirical support in the existing economics literature either for or against the deterrence hypothesis.
Experimental tumorigenesis in the hamster cheek pouch.

THE cheek pouch of the Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) has been used in many investigations involving circulation1–3, hetero- and homo-transplantability of normal tissues and neoplasms4–7, histochemistry8,9 and chemical carcinogenesis3,8–10. Salley10 showed that experimental squamous cell carcinomata could be produced in the hamster's cheek pouch by painting with 9,10-dimethyl-l,2-benzanthracene. Delarue et al.3 reported that they obtained fibrosarcomata nine months after subcutaneous implantation of paraffin pellets containing DMBA in the cheek pouch. We have reported11 that a single subcutaneous injection of 3,4,9,10-dibenzpyrene at the nape of the neck induced fibrosarcomata in the hamster. The primary purpose of this investigation was to determine whether the subcutaneous tissue of the hamster's cheek pouch was as susceptible to the action of the chemical carcinogen.
Interactive effects of age and cerebral disease on cognitive performances

A battery of mental tests was given to groups of younger (16–44 years) and older (48–60 years) control and cerebral diseased patients. Each patient in the younger cerebral diseased group was matched individually with an older cerebral diseased patient for type and side of lesion. Each patient with cerebral disease was matched individually with a control patient for age, educational level and sex. Differences in level of test performance related to age were generally greater for cerebral diseased than for control patients. Differences in level of test performance related to diagnostic category were generally greater for older than for younger patients. Analysis disclosed a significant overall interactive effect of age and cerebral disease on the performance of mental tests, supporting the hypothesis that acquired cerebral disease has more severe behavioral consequences in older than in younger persons.
Dendritic Growth of Cubically Ordered Nanoporous Materials through Self-Assembly

Self-assembled nanoporous materials have potential for many applications. Here we report unusual dendritic crystals from self-assembled nanoporous silicates and continuous morphological change of such materials through chemical means. We used hybrid organic silane and quaternary ammonium surfactants to prepare large dendritic nanoporous crystals. These self-assembled crystals have a cubic structure (Pm3m), 4-fold symmetry, and are oriented with the 〈100〉 direction perpendicular to the surface. Remarkably, the morphology of the crystals can change from highly branched, square-shaped dendrites to less branched structures, to nonbranched crosses, and finally to regular compact crystals when the Cl- counterions on the surfactant were gradually replaced by Br- while keeping the total surfactant concentration constant. The unusual dendritic crystals and their continuous morphology change suggest the importance to control diffusion and surface reactivity for self-assembled crystal growth under nonequilibrium con...
A generalization of hypercubic networks based on their chordal ring structures

We prove that the hypercube and cube-connected cycles (CCC) networks can be viewed as chordal rings with periodic connection patterns and show how the period, chord length, and network size are related in each case. It is well-known that CCC is a subgraph of the hypercube; i.e., it can be derived by pruning the latter. We formulate a more general pruning strategy that leads to a spectrum of useful networks ranging from the hypercube at one end to CCC and CCC-like structures at the other. The resulting unified view of a large class of networks with varying cost and performance parameters leads to better understanding of the networks, facilitates comparisons, explicates the available cost/performance/reliability tradeoffs, and allows the construction of portable parametrized algorithms that can run on each instance of the general architecture at optimal speed.
DIEL OSCILLATIONS IN THE PHOTOSYNTHESIS-IRRADIANCE RELATIONSHIP OF A PLANKTONIC MARINE DIATOM1

The amplitude of diel oscillations in photosynthesis as a function of irradiance varied with the growth phase in a marine phytoplankton species. The common centric diatom (Bacillariophyta), Ditylum brightwellii (West) Grun., showed strong periodicity in the photosynthesis-irradiance (P-I) relationship, which damped progressively from early to late exponential and stationary phase. These findings suggest that short-term temporal characteristics of phytoplankton production depend on factors which affect growth, and that the amplitude is most enhanced at maximal growth rates likely to be encountered in the natural environment.
Atomistic simulation of the deformation of gold nanopillars

Abstract We perform a series of molecular dynamics simulations of the uniaxial compression of cylindrical gold nanopillars. Yield occurs via Shockley partial dislocation nucleation at the surface. Dislocation nucleation is preceded, in some cases (depending on the interatomic potential), by an elastic instability of the nanopillars, either Euler buckling or shears folding. For some potentials, this buckling is related to compressive stress-driven face-centered cubic-hexagonal close-packed phase transitions in the bulk. In cases in which dislocation nucleation is not preceded by an elastic instability (this depends on the choice of the interatomic potential and loading direction), the yield stress is found to be either a parabolic (i.e. described by the relationship A - B T with A, B = const) or linear function of temperature, T. We suggest that Shockley partial dislocation nucleation at the surface of the nanopillar occurs at a critical strain, where the local strain has contributions from the homogeneous elastic strain and an atomic-level thermal strain (associated with the thermal vibrations). This model explains the observed temperature dependence of the yield stress of the compressed nanopillars.
Closed-Form Transient Response of Distributed Damped Systems, Part I: Modal Analysis and Green’s Function Formula

An analytical method is developed for closed-form estimation of the transient response of complex distributed parameter systems that are nonproportionally damped, and subject to arbitrary external, initial, and boundary excitations. A new modal analysis leads to the Green's function formula for the distributed system and an eigenfunction expansion of the system Green's function. The legitimacy of the modal expansion is also shown.
Effect of 2-deoxyglucose, α-methylglucoside, and glucosamine on aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus

The effects of 2-deoxyglucose (2-DOG), α-methylglucoside (α-MG), and glucosamine (GA) on aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus were studied using conidia-initiated and replacement cultures. In conidia-initiated, 2-DOG, α-MG, and GA supported varying amounts of growth when employed as sole carbon sources. In both conidia-initiated and replacement cultures, 2-DOG, but not α-MG nor GA, as sole carbon sources support toxin formation. None of the compounds inhibited aflatoxin production when used in combination with glucose. It appears that neither 2-DOG, α-MG, nor GA can be considered nonmetabolizable analogs of glucose in A. parasiticus.
Observable blueshifts near compact objects

We show that observable blueshifted radiation can emanate from material freely falling toward compact objects. Using a fully relativistic treatment and considering possible blocking of photon trajectories by a neutron star or black hole, we demonstrate that blueshifts are observable.
The autocorrelogram of randomly fading waves

Abstract The power spectrum returned by a completely rough ionosphere having a random motion superposed on a steady drift is deduced. The autocorrelograms of fading patterns corresponding to power spectra returned by the two extreme cases of this spectrum, i.e., pure drift and pure turbulence, are compared and the possibility of statistically distinguishing between them discussed. On the basis of a test of significance of autocorrelograms it is shown that a fading pattern need not contain more than 250 independent points to make a distinction between two possible types of autocorrelograms. The effect of antenna polar diagrams on the autocorrelograms is also discussed qualitatively.
Towards conservative helicopter loads prediction using computational intelligence techniques

Airframe structural integrity assessment is a major activity for all helicopter operators. The accurate estimation of component loads is an important element in life cycle management and life extension efforts. This paper explores continued efforts to utilize a wide variety of computational intelligence techniques to estimate some of these helicopter dynamic loads. Estimates for two main rotor sensors (main rotor normal bending and pushrod axial load) on the Australian Black Hawk helicopter were generated from an input set that consisted of thirty standard flight state and control system parameters. These estimates were produced for two flight conditions: full speed forward level flight and left rolling pullout at 1.5g. Two sampling schemes were attempted, specifically k-leaders sampling and a biased sampling scheme. Ensembles were constructed from the top performing models that used conjugate gradient, Levenberg-Marquardt (LM), extreme learning machines, and particle swarm optimization (PSO) as the learning method. Hybrid and memetic approaches combining the deterministic optimization and evolutionary computation techniques were also explored. The results of this work show that using a biased sampling scheme significantly improved the predictions, particularly at the peak values of the target signal. Hybrid models using PSO and LM learning provided accurate and correlated predictions for the main rotor loads in both flight conditions.
Luminescence of F and F+ centers in magnesium oxide.

Time-resolved spectra of luminescence from F and ${F}^{+}$ centers in MgO excited at 248 nm are reported over 8 decades of time and intensity, from 20 ns to 2 s. The decay time of F and ${F}^{+}$ luminescence has been measured at temperatures ranging from 90 to 573 K. The luminescence yield and spectra were studied as a function of excitation-power density at 248 nm over a span of 10 decades, from 1 mW/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ to 38 MW/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. Higher pump-power density favors F luminescence over ${F}^{+}$ luminescence in thermochemically reduced crystals, and the luminescence yield saturates above about 50 kW/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ of pump intensity. Transient absorption spectra were measured in the microsecond-to-seconds time range. The luminescence data show that the decay kinetics of excited F and ${F}^{+}$ centers are dominated by ionization from the excited state and charge recapture from traps which include the ${H}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ center in thermochemically reduced MgO. It is furthermore inferred that electrons are the charge carriers having primary influence on kinetics of both F and ${F}^{+}$ centers. This implies that the ${F}^{+}$ first-excited state lies close to the conduction-band edge. We confirm that excitation at 248 nm also causes release of valence holes, and propose a mechanism which may explain the hole release, the increase of the F-to-${F}^{+}$ intensity ratio with increasing pump intensity, and the saturation of luminescence with increasing pump intensity.
Testing and Counseling in Assisting Students in Career Selection

The Edwards Personal Preference Schedule (EPPS) evaluates 15 personality traits, which yields a personality profile. It is possible to construct a similar profile for various career or job environments. The profiles of various careers may be compared to an individual's personality profile to determine the best match. This, at least, helps students to objectively evaluate their career choices and produces more insight than most such tests.
Effect of intermittent acid and pepsin exposure on burned esophageal mucosa.

Abstract Purpose: To determine if gastroesophageal reflux affects the healing of esophageal mucosa damaged by alkaline substances. Materials and Methods: In a rabbit model, the effects of intermittent acid and pepsin exposure (thereby mimicking gastroesophageal reflux) on post-caustic-burn esophageal mucosa were examined. Exposures were group I (n = 9), sodium hydroxide exposure alone; group II (n = 9), daily acid and pepsin exposure; and group III (n = 8), sodium hydroxide, then daily acid and pepsin exposure. After 3 weeks, the animals were killed and their esophagi examined. Results: Grossly, specimens in group II appeared normal; specimens in groups I and III were abnormal, displaying some scar tissue, but were not significantly different. Histologically, the differences between groups I and III approached significance. Increased numbers of intraepithelial eosinophils were seen in those specimens exposed to reflux. Conclusions: Gastroesophageal reflux may retard the healing of injured esophageal mucosa and should be studied further in an effort to improve the care of patients who sustain alkaline esophageal burns.
Ensuring scientific integrity in research: Aspects of fairness and justice

The procedures established by the Public Health Service and the National Science Foundation reflect an inclination to keep lawyers and legalistic procedures out of scientific misconduct cases. Although misconduct cases resolved at the agencies’ Washington headquarters probably reflect a greater degree of concern with due process, their published procedures require institutions to resolve misconduct cases with virtually no guidance as to the demands of procedural due process. A number of deficiencies in the handling of misconduct cases under PHS rules at the institutional level are discussed anecdotally on the basis of the author's experience in representing both whistle blowers and accused scientists in misconduct cases. It is inevitable that some misconduct cases will be heard by the federal courts, and that some of the legalistic trappings of due process will be imposed by the courts. Lawyers and scientists should work together to develop techniques for resolving cases in a way that meets due process re...
Hydrogen from coal-derived methanol via autothermal reforming processes

This paper reports on an investigation of hydrogen production via reformation of coal-based methanol. Through chemical analysis, coal-based methanol has shown to have higher amounts of trace hydrocarbons than chemical grade methanol derived from natural gas. While these trace hydrocarbons are typically insignificant for some energy conversion devices, fuel cell applications require ultra pure hydrogen. An autothermal reformer was investigated to find the optimal hydrogen production method with the existence of such trace impurities. Based on previous experimental results, steam reforming of coal-based methanol has shown significant catalyst degradation caused by the trace impurities. Autothermal reformation processes using coal-derived methanol avoids degradation with the trace impurities due to a higher operating temperature generated by the oxidation step. Autothermal reformation can also avoid some of the energy penalties of steam reformation but generally has a lower output concentration of hydrogen due to the diluent nature of using air as the oxidizer. This investigation shows that hydrogen production from coal-derived methanol via autothermal reformation is feasible when considering fuel cell applications.
Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation reactions of the red beet plasma membrane ATPase studied in the transient state.

The reaction mechanism of the solubilized red beet (Beta vulgaris L.) plasma membrane ATPase was studied with a rapid quenching apparatus. Using a dual-labeled substrate ([γ-32P]ATP and [5′,8-3H]ATP), the presteady-state time course of phosphoenzyme formation, phosphate liberation and ADP liberation was examined. The time course for both phosphoenzyme formation and ADP liberation showed a rapid, initial rise while the timecourse for phosphate liberation showed an initial lag. This indicated that ADP was released with formation of the phosphoenzyme while phosphate was released with phosphoenzyme breakdown. Phosphoenzyme formation was Mg2+-dependent and preincubation of the enzyme with free ATP followed by the addition of Mg2+ increased the rate of phosphoenzyme formation 2.3-fold. This implied that phosphoenzyme formation could result from a slow reaction of ATP binding followed by a more rapid reaction of phosphate group transfer. Phosphoenzyme formation was accelerated as the pH was decreased, and the relationship between pH and the apparent first-order rate constants for phosphoenzyme formation suggested the role of a histidyl residue in this process. Transient kinetics of phosphoenzyme breakdown confirmed the presence of two phosphoenzyme forms, and the discharge of the ADP-sensitive form by ADP correlated with ATP synthesis. Potassium chloride increased the rate of phosphoenzyme turnover and shifted the steady-state distribution of phosphoenzyme forms. From these results, a minimal catalytic mechanism is proposed for the red beet plasma membrane ATPase, and rate constants for several reaction steps are estimated.
Spin trapping artifacts in DMSO.

Abstract Spin-trapping experiments in alkaline aqueous dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solution using sodium 3,5-dibromo-4-nitrosobenzenesulfonate (DBNBS) yielded a strong signal of the sulfur trioxide anion radical adduct. This radical adduct is identical to that obtained by the oxidation of sulfite with horseradish peroxidase/hydrogen peroxide and subsequent spin trapping with DBNBS. This radical adduct is very stable, and satellite peaks of the natural abundance 13C and 33S could be obtained. Apparently, under alkaline conditions DMSO decomposes in air to form the sulfur trioxide anion radical. A comparison with a recent publication shows that this DMSO-derived radical adduct has been misassigned as a uniquely stable spin adduct of superoxide ( Ozawa and Hanaki (1986) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 136, 657–664 ).
Chemical composition and efficacy of cephalic gland secretion ofArmitermes chagresi (Isoptera: Termitidae).

Soldiers of the neotropical humivorous termiteArmitermes chagresi have large ice-tong-like mandibles for mechanical defense and a moderate length nasus from which cephalic gland defensive secretions are discharged. Soldiers do not eject secretion, but ooze droplets which are held at the nasus tip by hairs. The chemical secretion is composed of C22–C26 macrocyclic lactones, including C24 and C26 and α- and β-hydroxylated lactones, with C24 macrolides predominating. The cephalic gland secretion has no pheromonal properties and does not induce alarm or attraction in soldiers or workers. Upon application, the secretion repels and is irritating to ants, but does not appear to act as an antihealant. The defensive behavior and chemistry ofA. chagresi is discussed in light of termite ecology and evolution.
Poco a poquito se van apagando: Teachers' Experiences Educating Latino English Language Learners With Disabilities

This article explores the nature of instruction provided to Latino English language learners (ELLs) with disabilities. The case of a bilingual teacher who worked with an ELL with disabilities is presented. This teacher's voice describes her practice, beliefs, and other factors influencing her work with ELLs with disabilities. Finally, the teacher's experiences are used as a lens to discuss implications for the education of ELLs with disabilities and the preparation of teachers to work with this student population.
Predicting the motion of phase defects in a traveling-wave convection pattern

Abstract A phase equation paradigm is used to analyze traveling-wave patterns in convection in a binary mixture of ethanol and water. The complex order parameter of the traveling-wave pattern is calculated and phase defects are identified. The locations and charges of the phase defects in the pattern are used as the basis of a reconstruction of the phase field of the pattern. The reconstruction requires the adjustment of a single free parameter, the pitch of the defects. The reconstructed phase field is similar to the measured field, but has a wider spectrum of wave numbers, suggesting another mechanism, such as phase diffusion, is required to relax the reconstructed field to the measured field. It is found that the defect velocity is correlated with the phase gradient of the complex order parameter. This makes it possible to predict the motion of the defects, and by extension the evolution of the patterns.
Class, race, ethnicity and information needs in post-treatment cancer patients.

Abstract Objective Health information-seeking behaviors (HISBs) are associated with active participation in cancer care decisions which, in turn, may positively impact health outcomes. The goal of this study was to develop a taxonomy of topics for which post-treatment cancer patients sought information, and to explore HISB patterns by sociodemographic factors and cancer type. Methods We examined how health information seeking is associated with social determinants in a survey of 521 post-treatment cancer patients. Results Four major topics of interest were found: disease/treatment, self-care management, health services, and work/finance. Assessment of the relationship between social determinants and these four topics showed associations for (1) HISBs on disease/treatment topics decreased with age and increased with education; (2) HISBs on self-care management increased with education and varied by cancer type; (3) HISBs on health services increased with education; and (4) HISBs on work/finance decreased with age and wealth, but increased with debt. Conclusion These results demonstrate one pathway through which social determinants may drive communication inequalities, which may result in increased disparities in health outcomes. Practice implications Further exploration of the relationship between social determinants and information-seeking among post-treatment cancer patients may contribute to the development of strategies to reduce health disparities.
Improved protein kinetics and albumin synthesis by branched chain amino acid-enriched total parenteral nutrition in cancer cachexia. A prospective randomized crossover trial

A prospective randomized crossover trial was conducted to determine the effect of a branched chain amino acid (BCAA)-enriched solution on whole body leucine kinetics and fractional rates of albumin synthesis in patients with intra-abdominal metastatic adenocarcinoma. Ten malnourished cancer patients were provided isonitrogenous amounts of both a conventional total parenteral nutrition (TPN) formula containing 19% BCAA and a BCAA-enriched TPN formula containing 50% of the amino acids as BCAA in a random order. Whole body protein turnover was determined by a 10 hour continuous infusion of leucine 14C. Increased whole body leucine flux (68 +/- 5 mumols/kg BW/hr versus 145 +/- 11; mean +/- SEM; P less than 0.001) and oxidation (13 +/- 2 mumols/kg BW/hr to 46 +/- 5; P less than 0.001) were determined on the BCAA-enriched TPN. Increased whole body protein synthesis (2.2 +/- 0.2 g protein/kg BW/day versus 3.9 +/- 0.3; P less than 0.005) and leucine balance (2.5 +/- 0.4 g leucine/d versus 6.5 +/- 0.6; P less than 0.001) were also observed in patients receiving the BCAA-enriched TPN solution. Leucine release from protein breakdown was not statistically elevated (1.65 +/- 0.18 g protein/kg BW/d versus 2.48 +/- 0.40; P greater than 0.05) but, incorporation of leucine 14C into plasma albumin was significantly elevated (2.37 +/- 0.23 mumols/g/hr to 4.21 +/- 0.33; P less than 0.001) when the patients received BCAA-enriched TPN. Despite the better leucine balance, the improvement in the 24-hour urinary nitrogen balance was not statistically significant (6.6 +/- 3.9 g protein/d versus 11.4 +/- 2.9; control versus BCAA-enriched; P = 0.15). BCAA-enriched formulas improve whole body leucine kinetics, fractional rates of albumin synthesis, and leucine balance, and thus may favorably influence protein metabolism in cancer cachexia.
Is the CH 4 , H 2 and CO venting from submarine hydrothermal systems produced by thermophilic bacteria?

Submarine hydrothermal vents are a major source of methane to the oceans1,2. The methane, as well as H2 and CO, are generally believed to result from degassing of the mantle or from abiogenic water–rock reactions1, a conclusion supported by direct correlations between 3He and CH4, and generally between CH4, H2 and CO and dissolved silicate in hydrothermal waters2,3. An alternative source for these gases might be microbiological. This would imply that active bacterial communities exist in deep-sea hot water environments, some of which have temperatures exceeding 100 °C; this inference is without precedent. We have now found that the super-heated waters emanating from sulphide chimneys at 21 °N along the East Pacific Rise and samples from the sulphide chimneys themselves harbour complex communities of bacteria capable of growing with generation times of 37–65 min, producing CH4, CO, H2 and traces of N2O in media containing S2O2−3, Mn2+ and Fe2+ as energy sources, and oxidizing CH4, at 100 ± 2 °C at 1 atm. These microbial communities consist of three to five morphologically distinct types and include both oxidative and anaerobic species. These mixed cultures will not grow at temperatures below 70–75 °C. Even though some of the communities originated from water of temperatures >300 °C, it is not known if they can grow and produce CH4, CO and H2 in super-heated waters kept liquid due to hydrostatic pressure. The discovery of these obligately thermophilic, gas-producing and consuming bacterial communities associated with submarine volcanic environments has interesting and important implications for prokaryotic evolution, marine geochemistry, industrial microbiology and exobiology.
Endoscopic observations of hemobilia.

be faced with a dilemma as to whether to attempt snareloop biopsy or multiple forceps biopsies. In our case the endoscopic appearance of the ureterocolonic anastomosis was suggestive of a malignant polyp. The decision to attempt to remove the lesion in toto, although mistaken, was easier to take because we did not realize that it was the enlarged ureteric orifice. The site of the lesion in the descending colon led us to believe that it was not related to the previous surgery which we thought had been performed in the sigmoid colon. In fact, the ureter had been re-implanted in the descending colon at the time of the initial operation following an operative sigmoid colon perforation. These operative details were not available to us at the time of endoscopy. The histopathology of the stomal enlargement in our case was that of inflammatory tissue of colonic origin without evidence of neoplasm. Although forceps biopsies would presumably have given the same information, surgical excision and re-implantation of the stoma would probably have been the logical course in view of its sinister appearance and its bleeding tendency. Although the operation of ureterocolonic anastomosis has been largely replaced by the use of isolated ileal loops, those patients with ureterosigmoidostomies will have a high cancer risk for a long time. Anyone performing colon-
The effect of residual contamination on Marangoni convection in a spherical liquid system

The thermocapillary convection which results from both a temperature field as well as residual contamination applied at the surface of a spherical liquid system in a microgravity environment has been studied both analytically and numerically. Such an investigation is relevant to containerless materials processing in a microgravity environment. The analysis is linear. Temperature and concentration fields are steady, but have a non-axisymmetric spatial variation. The compound fluid drop system as well as the simple drop system are studied. Results are compared to those of Marangoni flow, driven only by a thermal field.
Differential aging of the medial temporal lobe: A study of a five-year change

Objective: To test the hypothesis that entorhinal cortex (EC) volume decreases at a slower rate than the hippocampal (HC) volume in healthy adults, and to examine whether the rate of shrinkage increases with age. Methods: Volumes of the HC and EC were measured twice on MRI scans of 54 healthy adults (aged 26 to 82 years), with an average interval of 5 years. Results: Markedly different age trends were noted in the examined regions. The EC showed no age-related differences on both occasions and only minimal age-related change (0.33%/y). By contrast, the HC exhibited significant age-related differences at baseline and at follow-up evaluation and decreased at a faster pace of 0.86%/y. Older participants (aged ≥50 years) showed increased annual shrinkage of the HC (1.18%) and EC shrinkage (0.53%/y). The rate of HC volume loss significantly exceeded that of the EC. No EC shrinkage and modest HC volume reduction were observed in people aged Conclusions: Age-related shrinkage occurs in the medial temporal lobes of healthy adults, with significant hippocampal decline and minimal entorhinal changes. In both regions, the rate of decline accelerates with age, although the role of pathologic factors in age-related increase of volume loss merits further investigation.
A sublinear algorithm for the recovery of signals with sparse Fourier transform when many samples are missing

Abstract We present a sublinear randomized algorithm to compute a sparse Fourier transform for nonequispaced data of a special type. More precisely, we address the situation where a signal S is known to consist of N equispaced time samples, of which only L N samples are available. If the ratio p = L / N is much smaller than 1, the available data typically look like nonequispaced samples, with little or no visible trace of the equispacing of the full set of N samples. We extend an approach for equispaced data that was presented in [J. Zou, A.C. Gilbert, M. Strauss, I. Daubechies, Theoretical and experimental analysis of a randomized algorithm for sparse Fourier transform analysis, J. Comput. Phys. 211 (2006) 572–595]; the extended algorithm reconstructs, from the incomplete data, a near-optimal B-term representation R with high probability 1 − δ , in time and space poly ( B , log ( N ) , log ( 1 / δ ) , e −1 ) , such that ‖ S − R ‖ 2 2 ⩽ ( 1 + e ) ‖ S − R opt B ‖ 2 2 , where R opt B is the optimal B-term Fourier representation of signal S. The sublinear poly ( log N ) time is compared to the superlinear O ( L 1 + ( d − 1 ) / β log L ) time requirement of the present best known inverse nonequispaced fast Fourier transform (INFFT) algorithms, in the sense of weighted norm with the number of dimensions d and smoothness parameter β. Numerical experiments support the advantage of our algorithm in speed over other methods for sparse signals: it already outperforms the INFFT for large but realistic size N and works well even in the situation of a large percentage of missing data and in the presence of large noise.
Crystal level continuum modelling of phase transformations: the α epsi transformation in iron

We present a crystal level model for thermo-mechanical deformation with phase transformation capabilities. The model is formulated to allow for large pressures (on the order of the elastic moduli) and makes use of a multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient. Elastic and thermal lattice distortions are combined into a single lattice stretch to allow the model to be used in conjunction with general equation of state relationships. Phase transformations change the mass fractions of the material constituents. The driving force for phase transformations includes terms arising from mechanical work, the temperature dependent chemical free energy change on transformation, and the interaction energy among the constituents. Deformation results from both these phase transformations and elasto-viscoplastic deformation of the constituents themselves. Simulation results are given for the α to phase transformation in iron. Results include simulations of shock-induced transformation in single crystals and of compression of polycrystals. Results are compared with available experimental data.