cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A micromechanical model for predicting the fracture toughness of functionally graded foams

In this paper, finite element method based micromechanical analysis is used to understand the fracture behavior of functionally graded foams. The finite element analysis uses a micro-mechanical model in conjunction with a macro-mechanical model in order to relate the stress intensity factor to the stresses in the struts of the foam. The stress intensity factor at the crack tip of the macro-mechanical model can be evaluated using either the J-contour integral or the stresses in the singularity-dominated zone. The fracture toughness is evaluated for various crack positions and length within the functionally graded foam. Then the relationship between the fracture toughness of the graded foam and the local density at the crack tip is studied. Convergence tests for both macro-mechanical and micro-mechanical model analysis were conducted in order to maintain adequate accuracy with reasonable computational time. Fracture toughness of homogenous foams and functionally graded foams for various cases are presented as a function of relative density. This study indicates that the fracture toughness of functionally graded foams mainly depends on the relative density at the crack-tip.
Acetabular cup positioning in revision total hip arthroplasty with Paprosky type III acetabular defects: Martell radiographic analysis

Purpose This study evaluates acetabular cup position in the setting of revision total hip arthroplasty (THA) with severe acetabular bone defects.
Complex hill's equation and the complex periodic korteweg‐de vries equations

On etudie la classe spectrale des operateurs differentiels L=d 2 /dx 2 +q, avec un potentiel q de periode un. On traite des potentiels complexes et des operateurs auto-adjoints
The conductance of 1:1 electrolytes in sulfolane in the presence of proton donors at 30 ˚C

Abstract The molar conductances of LiCl, LiNO3, KCHCl2COO and Na p-(NO2)C6H4O in sulfolane, in the presence of HCl, CH3COOH, CHCl2COOH and p-(NO)2C6H4OH have been determined. The data were analysed by the full Pitts equation and interpreted in terms of the ionic association constant (KA) of the salts K+A− and K+RHA−, and the heteroconjugation constant (Kf) of RHA−. Values of Kf have been calculated from the ratio of association constant KA(K+A−)/KA(K+RHA−).
Vanishing Lung Syndrome in a Patient with HIV Infection and Heavy Marijuana Use

Vanishing lung syndrome (VLS) is a rare and distinct clinical syndrome that usually affects young men. VLS leads to severe progressive dyspnea and is characterized by extensive, asymmetric, peripheral, and predominantly upper lobe giant lung bullae. Case reports have suggested an additive role of marijuana use in the development of this disease in young male tobacco smokers. We herein report a case of a 65-year-old Hispanic male previously diagnosed with severe emphysema and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), with a history of intravenous heroin use and active marijuana smoking who presents to the emergency department with severe progressive shortness of breath he was found to have multiple large subpleural bullae occupying more than one-third of the hemithorax on chest computerized tomography (CT), characteristic of vanishing lung syndrome. The patient was mechanically ventilated and later developed a pneumothorax requiring chest tube placement and referral for surgical bullectomy. Surgical bullectomy has shown high success rates in alleviating the debilitating symptoms and preventing the life threatening complications of this rare syndrome. This case further emphasizes the importance of recognizing VLS in patients with severe emphysema and heavy marijuana smoking.
CONTESTED BOUNDARIES: STATE POLICIES, FOREST CLASSIFICATIONS, AND DEFORESTATION IN THE GARHWAL HIMALAYAS

Prominent environmental scholars and activists in India have posited that environmental crises in the Indian Himalayas result primarily from adopting forestry practices that override local communities and argue that the region can be sustained only when the state allows local communities to practice indigenous forest management. This paper challenges those critiques: focusing on the Garhwal Himalayas, it shows that forestry practices involve contestation and negotiation between the state and local communities and argues that environmental scholars fail to recognize how particular classes have shaped forest use and management practices and played a central role in determining environmental sustainability for local communities.
Creativity: An Asian‐Euro‐African Perspective, edited by Ai‐Girl Tan. Singapore: Research Publishing Services, 2011. 226 pages, $56.00 (softbound), ISBN: 978‐9‐8108‐5467‐6

Social, cultural, economic, and political pressures emerging from operating in the context of a rapidly changing, resource limited world require creative thinking and behavior by a society's leaders, managers, professionals, and workers. Each needs to think and act creatively to solve seemingly intractable problems when tried-and-true methods for leading an organization, managing a business, training employees, or working on an assembly line, for example, are no longer viable in light of pressing environmental contingencies. Indeed, few would argue that the need for understanding the nature of creativity and how to foster it best throughout society has never been greater. Still, although creativity theorizing and research has increased markedly since Guilford's creativity research call in 1950, it may have been limited unnecessarily by the lack of focus on promising divergent cultural perspectives of creativity.
Communicating Shared Meaning in Social Pretend Play.

This research examined young children's use of communicative strategies to structure and create shared meaning in social pretend play. Forty children, aged 2, 3, 4, and 5 years old (five pairs per age group) were observed and audiotape recorded in same-age and same-sex dyads while playing with a fantasy toy. Transcribed play dialogues were examined for episode length, seven communicative strategies, and social pretend play complexity. Results suggested a developmental progression in children's ability to use the seven communicative strategies to structure social pretend play and to facilitate shared meaning. Two-year-olds relied on calls for attention and repetitions to suggest play topics, attract attention, and draw their partners into simple social pretend play sequences. Three-year-olds were able to coordinate pretense using paralinguistic cues and semantic ties. Four- and 5-year-olds relied on descriptions of action, semantic ties, and tags to develop long bouts of complex pretend play. The creation of shared meaning appears to be a dynamic process. Young children construct shared meaning spontaneously during interactive play from the shared knowledge about everyday activities they bring to the play setting and by responding to, and building on, their partner's ideas and actions as the play unfolds.
Decentralized stabilization of a class of non-linear interconnected systems†

Decentralized stabilization of a class of non-linear interconnected systems is considered. Local high gain state feedback stabilizing control laws are derived. It is discussed how large the feedback gains should be in order for the closed-loop system to possess certain stability properties.
A scanning algorithm for condensed-phase CARS and folded BOXCARS

A scanning algorithm for condensed-phase CARS and folded BOXCARS along with the necessary optical alignment hardware for folded BOXCARS have been developed. Due to the unique geometry of the folded BOXCARS beams, the CARS signal is sufficiently isolated from the pump and Stokes beams such that extended spectra with a lower frequency limit of 70 cm−1 have been obtained.
Facilitation of periphyton production by tadpole grazing: functional differences between species

1. This study examined how interactions between resources that vary in edibility, and herbivores that vary in ability to acquire resources, control primary productivity. In a northern California river, grazing on Cladophora glomerata, a relatively inedible filamentous green alga, and its more nutritious epiphytic diatoms, was manipulated by exposing cobbles to tadpoles (Rana boylii or Hyla regilla) or excluding tadpoles. 2. Rana indirectly facilitated Cladophora by removing diatoms, whereas Hyla did not significantly change biomass relative to controls. Algal ash-free dry mass on cobbles in Rana treatments was 65 and 72% greater than on controls in two years of investigation (1991 and 1993). Rana decreased epiphytic diatom biovolume by 56% and detritus by 87%. 3. Because nitrogen excretion rates of Hyla and Rana were similar, the differences in effect between the two species were probably due to their roles as consumers rather than as recyclers. 4. The net effect of Rana on periphyton was a 10% increase in areal specific primary productivity (mg O2 h–1 m–2);Hyla caused an 18% decrease. Rana decreased biomass-specific productivity (mg O2 h–1 g–1) 44%;Hyla had no effect. 5. In tadpole exclosures, grazers such as baetid mayfly larvae (mostly Centroptilum sp.) were 4.7 (1991) and 1.8 (1993) times more abundant, and midge larvae (Chironomidae) were 2.5 (1991) and 2 (1993) times more abundant than in Rana enclosures. Invertebrate assemblages in Hyla enclosures, however, were similar to exclosures. Few predatory insects and fish colonized Rana enclosures. Path analyses indicated that Rana affected macroinvertebrates via both interference and exploitation of epiphytic diatoms.
Three classes of pyramidal neurons in layer V of rat perirhinal cortex

Whole-cell recordings from 140 pyramidal neurons in layer V of rat perirhinal cortex (PR) revealed three distinct firing patterns: regular spiking (RS, 76%), burst spiking (BS, 9%), and late spiking (LS, 14%). LS neurons have not previously been reported in layer V of any cortical region. LS cells in layer V of PR exhibited delays of up to 12 s from onset of a depolarizing current step to spike threshold, followed by sustained firing. In contrast, pyramidal cells in layer V of other cortical regions contain only RS and BS cells. Within PR, the percentage of LS neurons in layer V differs markedly from what we previously observed in layers II/III (50% LS) and VI (90% LS). Morphologically, BS neurons in layer V of PR had thick primary apical dendrites that terminated in a tuft within layer I, whereas RS and LS cells had relatively thin primary apicals that terminated either diffusely or in a layer I tuft. At holding potentials near rest, PR neurons exhibited small (approximately 15 pA), inward, spontaneous postsynaptic currents (PSCs) that were indistinguishable among the three cell types. Currents evoked by minimal stimulation of layer I were about 2.8 times larger than the spontaneous PSCs. Evoked currents had unusually long onset latencies with little variation in latency, consistent with monosynaptic responses evoked by stimulation of unmyelinated fibers. The prevalence of LS cells in combination with the long-latency monosynaptically evoked PSCs suggested that PR is not a region of rapid throughput. This is consistent with anatomical data suggesting that PR is a higher-level association cortex. These data further advance an emerging picture of PR as a cortical region with a unique distribution of cell types different from other cortical regions.
The role of active site residue arginine 218 in firefly luciferase bioluminescence.

Firefly luciferase catalyzes the highly efficient emission of yellow−green light from substrate firefly luciferin by a sequence of reactions that require Mg-ATP and molecular oxygen. We had previously developed a working model of the luciferase active site based on the X-ray structure of the enzyme without bound substrates. In our model, the side chain guanidinium group of Arg218 appears to be located in close proximity to the substrate's hydroxyl group at the bottom of the luciferin binding pocket. A similar role for Arg337 also has been proposed. We report here the construction, purification, and characterization of mutant luciferases R218A, R218Q, R218K, R337Q, and R337K. Alteration of the Arg218 side chain produced enzymes with 15−20-fold increases in the Km values for luciferin. The contrasting near-normal Km values for luciferin determined with the Arg337 enzymes support our proposal that Arg218 (and not Arg337) is an essential luciferin binding site residue. Bioluminescence emission studies indicat...
Effect of gold compounds on the activity of adenylyl cyclase in human lymphocyte membranes

Objective. To determine the effects of aurothioglucose, aurothiomalate, and auranofin on basal and forskolin-activated adenylyl cyclase activity in human total lymphocyte membranes, and in membranes of T and B lymphocyte subsets. Methods. Membranes were isolated from human total lymphocytes and T and B cell subsets. The effects of gold compounds on basal and forskolin-stimulated activity of adenylyl cyclase were measured by radioassay. Results. The gold compounds inhibited adenylyl cyclase activity. This inhibitory effect required the presence of both the sulfhydryl ligands and aurous cation. Conclusion. Regulation of lymphocyte adenylyl cyclase by gold compounds represents a potential mode of action of these drugs in rheumatic diseases.
Directionality of generalized acoustic sensors of arbitrary order

For several decades there has been a great deal of interest in acoustic sensors that can make multiple measurements at a single point in the ocean. The order of such sensors has been defined by linking it to the order of the Taylor series approximation of the pressure field at that point. Following this definition, the pressure, vector, and dyadic sensor is of order zero, one, and two, respectively. For this theoretical study, a multichannel three-dimensional spatial filter is derived for a directional acoustic sensor of arbitrary order. Explicit formulas are found for the filter coefficients that maximize the array gain (directivity index) of the filter as well as an explicit expression for the maximum array gain (directivity index). This process is repeated for the case of a first-order null placed in the direction opposite to the look direction of the multichannel filter. Finally, an example is presented which tracks the array gain and beamwidth of a third-order acoustic sensor as the order of the null is assigned values 0, 1, 2, and 3.
Interaction of dislocations and structures in cyclically strained aluminum alloys

Abstract The effect of cyclic straining on the microstructure of Al-4 wt. % Cu and Al-15 wt. % Ag alloys in the solution treated and aged conditions has been studied by electron transmission microscopy. During the cyclic straining of these alloys, the copper and silver solute atoms limit the substructure formation and alter the nature of the loops generated in contrast to the complex dislocation tangles and well-developed cell structure produced in pure aluminum. The interaction of the dislocations produced by cyclic straining with the metastable hardening structures in these age hardening alloys can generate soft regions in the microstructure where the probability of crack nucleation will be increased. In the Al-4 wt. % Cu, the G.P. II zones undergo reversion whereas in Al-15 wt. % Ag, the nucleation and growth of transition structures with concomitant dissolution of G.P. zones is promoted by the cyclic straining. It is concluded that the disproportionately low ratio of endurance limit to tensile strength of the high strength aluminum alloys probably is due to the instability of the strengthening structures of the alloys during cyclic straining.
Reclaiming over-the-IP-block routing resources with buffering-aware rectilinear Steiner minimum tree construction

In this paper, we study an often overlooked but very important and practical problem of building Buffering-aware Over-the-Block rectilinear Steiner minimum tree (BOB-RSMT). In most previous works, the routing resources over the IP blocks were simply treated as routing blockages, resulting in significant waste of routing resources on higher metal layers not utilized by internal intra-block routing. On the other hand, routing over large IP blocks needs special attention as there is no way to insert buffers inside hard IP blocks, which can lead to unresolvable slew/timing violations. In this paper, we propose a novel BOB-RSMT algorithm which helps reclaim the "wasted" over-the-block routing resources while meeting user-specified slew constraints. Our algorithm incrementally and efficiently migrates initial tree structures with buffering-awareness to meet slew constraints while minimizing wire length. It can handle complex blocks including rectilinear shapes. Our experiments on various benchmarks demonstrate very promising results. By utilizing over-the-block routing resources intelligently, we can save the outside-block wire length as well as the total wire length significantly compared with the conventional obstacle-avoiding rectilinear Steiner minimum tree (OA-RSMT) algorithms. BOB-RSMT also reduces the repeater count/area needed to satisfy slew constraints, which is very important for modern design closure.
Patterns of herbaceous plant diversity in southeastern Louisiana pine savannas

Abstract Question: How diverse are Louisiana pine savanna plant communities and how is diversity affected by time since burn and removal of a competitively dominant species? Location: Lake Ramsay, southeastern Louisiana, USA. Methods: Species-area curves were constructed from nine nested quadrats in open savanna differing in time since burn (6, 18 and 30 months). Species frequency was determined for 100 1-m2 quadrats. The dominant grass, Andropogon virginicus, was removed with herbicide from moist and dry sites to test for possible effects of competition. Results: Slopes of log-log species-area relationships were steep (0.195 to 0.379). Time since burn did not affect the richness of herbaceous plants, only woody species. More than half of all species recorded (43/79, 54 %) were infrequent (in < 10 % of quadrats). After two years, there were no differences in species richness and composition for plots with and without A. virginicus. Conclusions: The high species diversity is typical of other savannas acros...
Determination of Contact Area During Small-Scale Friction Experiments by Means of Continuous Stiffness Measurements

Despite the hallmark observation of the almost linear relationship between friction force and contact area in the case of “dry” friction, the direct measurement of this dependency is an area of active research [1, 2]. In this study, a new approach to the measurement of contact area during friction experiments is proposed. The method is based on the well known proportionality between the contact area and the contact stiffness raised to the second power [3]. The main benefit of the proposed method is its broad applicability. Preliminary measurements of the dependence between friction and contact area are discussed.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Reply to Waldorf

searchers of the evolutionary biology of social behavior accept the social, methodological, and philosophical rules that constitute scientific discourse. These rules are brought to bear on the type of speculations discussed in our paper. We were concerned with the use of some aspects of sociobiological theory in a field of discourse located outside of science. A study of the use of sociobiological concepts in popular discourse is not a rejection of the discipline's scientific status. We believe the scientific community's judgment on the validity of sociobiology will be made on scientific grounds, independent of the success of sociobiology in popular discourse. We note, on the other hand, that the rejection of an idea by the scientific community does not automatically extinguish the idea from popular discourse. This is demonstrated by the resilience of the essentialistic concept of race in the Western world.
An upper bound for the k-barycentric Davenport constant of groups of prime order

Let G be a finite abelian group and let k>=2 be an integer. A sequence of k elements a"1,a"2,...,a"k in G is called a k-barycentric sequence if there exists [email protected]?{1,2,...,k} such that @?"i"="1^ka"i=ka"j. The k-barycentric Davenport constant BD(k,G) is defined to be the smallest number s such that every sequence in G of length s contains a k-barycentric subsequence. In this paper, we prove that if p>=5 is a prime, then BD(k,Z"p)=
Political violence in Algeria

It is estimated that over 20,000 people have died in civil conflict in Algeria since January, 1992, and no resolution is in sight. This article analyzes the current state of civil violence in Algeria in terms of a theory of collective rebellious behaviour stressing falsification of public preferences, adapted from the work of Timur Kuran. The theory links social and psychological factors to explain why the outcome of the political challenge mounted by radical Islamic groups has been stalemate rather than an Islamic revolution or the restoration of stable authoritarianism. It suggests that the outcome of the struggle in Algeria is unpredictable.
Generating electrospray from microchip devices using electroosmotic pumping.

A method of generating electrospray from solutions emerging from small channels etched on planar substrates is described. The fluids are delivered using electroosmotically induced pressures and are sprayed electrostatically from the terminus of a channel by applying an electrical potential of sufficient amplitude to generate the electrospray between the microchip and a conductor spaced from the channel terminus. No major modification of the microchip is required other than to expose a channel opening. The principles that regulate the fluid delivery are described and demonstrated. A spectrum for a test compound, tetrabutylammonium iodide, that was continuously electrophoresed was obtained by coupling the microchip to an ion trap mass spectrometer.
Hepatic glucocorticoid receptors and the H-2 locus.

VARIOUS inbred strains of mice exhibit different degrees of susceptibility to both spontaneous and glucocorticoid-induced cleft palate1,2, and specific genetic and biochemical factors that may be responsible for these differences have been identified. At the genetic level, variations at the H–2 locus have been associated with susceptibility to glucocorticoid-induced cleft palate3,4, while at the biochemical level, evidence suggests that numbers and characteristics of glucocorticoid receptors in murine embryonic facial mesenchyme cells differ in the various strains. Specifically, Salomon and Pratt showed that facial mesenchyme cells cultured from fetuses of the A/J strain (which is highly susceptible to glucocorticoid-induced cleft palate) contain twice as many glucocorticoid receptors as do such cells from C57BL/6J, a low susceptibility strain5. They also reported that the glucocorticoid receptor of the A/J strain has a lower affinity for dexamethasone (KD = 1.7 × 10−8 M) than does that of the C57BL/6J strain (KD = 7.9 × 10−9M) (ref. 5). In an attempt to relate steroid receptor activity to H–2 haplotype, Goldman et al. used 3H-cortisol and isoelectric focusing to study glucocorticoid receptors in facial mesenchyme cells of these and several other strains6. They concluded that “a product of a gene in or near the H–2 locus seems to be the glucocorticoid receptor, the level of which must be increased for a congenital malformation to occur”. Such conclusions must be questioned, however, because the experimental procedure required microelectrofocusing of isolated protein–cortisol complex for 40 h. Receptor binding is reversible, and in the absence of free steroid, the half life of the receptor–cortisol complex is only about 1 h at 0 °C (ref. 7). It is unlikely that a peak of radioactivity detected by isoelectric focusing after 40 h represents binding to a specific receptor. Thus an association between H–2 haplotype and glucocorticoid receptor activity has not been established definitively. However, the possibility that H–2 might determine hormone receptor levels or characteristics is exciting. We have explored the relationship between H–2 and glucocorticoid receptors by examining the level of specific glucocorticoid-binding activity in liver cytosols prepared from different mouse strains.
The Grounding of a Discipline: Cognition and Instruction in Technology Education

Technology education has long struggled to establish itself as an equal partner in general education and often struggled to gain recognition for the value of its instruction. Frequently technology educators tout the effectiveness of their programs based on anecdotal evidence gathered from their classroom experiences on how their instructional methods empower students to learn. Although technology education originated without any meaningful input from cognitive science research, it appears that technology education instruction methods are remarkably consonant with findings from cognitive science that define good instruction. Specifically, there is considerable accord between how instruction in technology education and cognitively based instructional models such as collaborative learning, socially distributed expertise, design/engineering, and project-based instruction can be connected. The role of the cognitive research findings on instruction could inform a long over-due theoretical grounding of instruction in technology education. The absence of research on learning and instruction in technology education could be attributed to a lack of theoretical grounding in this relatively new field. This paper examines four cognitively based models of instruction and reviews the relationships between research in the cognitive sciences on learning and instruction in technology education. The consonance between the research recommendations from the cognitive sciences and practice in technology education instruction could serve to stimulate debate on the theoretical grounding of an emerging field of study.
Reservoir bank erosion caused by ice

Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate the documented and potential importance of ice erosion along reservoir banks. The evaluation is based on a literature review and on inferences drawn from field observations and experience. Very little is known about the amount of reservoir bank erosion caused by ice action, although considerable information exists on ice erosion processes along the shorelines and beaches of oceans, rivers and lakes. The importance of ice-related erosion along a reservoir bank would depend primarily on water level, but ice conditions and bank sediment characteristics would also be important. If the reservoir water level is at bank level, ice could directly erode a bank face. If the water is below the bank, ice would have no direct effect on it. However, ice could indirectly increase bank instability by disrupting and eroding nearshore and beach zones, which could lead to bank erosion.
Earthquake in Chile triggers tremors and slips in Mexico

Scientists recently observed that large earthquakes often trigger tremors in places far away, sometimes thousands of kilometers, from the epicenter. In a new study, researchers have now shown that a major earthquake in Chile in 2010 also could have triggered “slow slips”—events during which large parts of continents move undetected, without leaving any trail in seismograms. Zigone et al. show that the Maule earthquake in Chile (Mw 8.8) on 27 February 2010 generated surface waves (S waves) that within hours induced tremors in the Guerero region of Mexico. They also observed that GPS stations in the region started moving southward coincident with the arrival times of the S waves and the starting of the seismic tremors. The tremors and the southward movement of GPS stations continued for several months following the earthquake.
Refractory materials likely to be used in the NET divertor armour

Abstract Ten refractory molybdenum and tungsten base metals and alloys, which are likely to be used in the NET divertor, are studied. Microstructural observations, hardness and tensile tests, strain hardening by hot-working, and the alloying effects by dispersed phases and solid solution are given prominence. TZM, MoRe 41, and WRe 26 alloys show high mechanical resistance with 15% to 20% elongation.
Substituent effects in the benzene dimer are due to direct interactions of the substituents with the unsubstituted benzene.

The prevailing views of substituent effects in the sandwich configuration of the benzene dimer are flawed. For example, in the polar/π model of Cozzi and co-workers (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 5729), electron-withdrawing substituents enhance binding in the benzene dimer by withdrawing electron density from the π-cloud of the substituted ring, reducing the repulsive electrostatic interaction with the nonsubstituted benzene. Conversely, electron-donating substituents donate excess electrons into the π-system and diminish the π-stacking interaction. We present computed interaction energies for the sandwich configuration of the benzene dimer and 24 substituted dimers, as well as sandwich complexes of substituted benzenes with perfluorobenzene. While the computed interaction energies correlate well with σm values for the substituents, interaction energies for related model systems demonstrate that this trend is independent of the substituted ring. Instead, the observed trends are consistent with direct elect...
Getting into medical school in the good old days: good for whom? The first Nicholas E. Davies Memorial Lecture.

Admission to medical school became selective in the 1920s and by the 1960s became increasingly expensive for applicants. The stories of three applicants, a white man who easily walked into medical ...
Detection of Differences in Surface-charge-associated Properties of Cells by Partition in Two-polymer Aqueous Phase Systems

WHEN aqueous solutions of two polymers are mixed in certain proportions they may form two-phase systems1,2 which can be buffered and used to partition and separate cells, particles and macromolecules by countercurrent distribution (CCD). Partition generally depends on polymer composition and concentration, the ionic composition and the charge sign of the material being partitioned. Such systems have been used to separate erythrocytes from white cells and erythrocytes on the basis of age. Changes in the surface properties of cells resulting from enzyme treatment or storage have also been demonstrated by this means3. Higher cell partition often accompanies increasing electrophoretic mobility which suggests that surface charge may be an important factor in partitioning4–6. An apparent exception to this is the increased partition of stored human erythrocytes as compared with fresh7, as opposed to the mean electrophoretic mobility of both cell populations which remain identical8.
THP-Amide Flame-Retardant Finish: Rot and Weather Resistance

Desized, scoured, and bleached sateen and printcloth were applied by pad, dry, and cure in laboratory and pilot-plant. Fabrics were treated with THP-amide. Tests were made of breaking strength, flame resistance, and durability to launder ing. Rot and weather resistance were made of both oxidized and unoxidized fabrics.
Tau Net a neural network for modeling temporal variability

Abstract The ability to handle temporal variation is important when dealing with real-world dynamic signals. In many applications, inputs do not come in as fixed-rate sequences, but rather as signals with time scales that can vary from one instance to the next; thus, modeling dynamic signals requires not only the ability to recognize sequences but also the ability to handle temporal changes in the signal. This paper discusses ‘Tau Net’, a neural network for modeling dynamic signals, and its application to speech. In Tau Net, sequence learning is accomplished using a combination of prediction, recurrence and time-delay connections. Temporal variability is modeled by having adaptable time constants in the network, which are adjusted with respect to the prediction error. Adapting the time constants changes the time scale of the network, and the adapted value of the network's time constant provides a measure of temporal variation in the signal. Tau Net has been applied to several simple signals: sets of sine waves differing in frequency and in phase [1], a multidimensional signal representing the walking gait of children [2], and the energy contour of a simple speech utterance [3]. Tau Net has also been shown to work on a voicing distinction task using synthetic speech data [4]. In this paper, Tau Net is applied to two speaker-independent tasks, vowel recognition (of {/ae/, /iy/, /ux/}) and consonant recognition (of {/p/, /t/, /k/}) using speech data taken from the TIMIT database. It is shown that Tau Nets, trained on medium-rate tokens, achieved about the same performance as networks without time constants trained on tokens at all rates, and performed better than networks without time constants trained on medium-rate tokens. Our results demonstrate Tau Net's ability to identify vowels and consonants at variable speech rates by extrapolating to rates not represented in the training set.
Formaldehyde production by Tris buffer in peptide formulations at elevated temperature

This technical note provides evidence for the degradation of Tris buffer in a peptide formulation stored at elevated temperature (70 degrees C). The buffer degrades to liberate formaldehyde, which is shown to react with the peptide tyrosine residue. Those involved in peptide/protein formulation should be aware of the possible instability in this common biological buffer.
Bacteremia following intraoral suture removal

Following dental extractions, prophylactic antibiotic protection of patients at high risk of cardiovalvular infection is usually discontinued before suture removal. To determine whether bacteremia is created upon removal of intraoral sutures, twenty healthy patients who required extractions of at least five erupted teeth and placement of several sutures were selected without regard to sex, age, or race. Blood samples were drawn preoperatively, immediately after the extractions, before suture removal, and immediately following removal of the intraoral silk sutures. The samples were cultured in prereduced and aerobic media suitable for quantitative colony counts. Fourteen of 16 patients yielded positive blood cultures following tooth extractions. One of 20 patients yielded a positive blood culture following suture removal. Even though the incidence of bacteremia following intraoral suture removal is relatively low (5%), this study suggests that intraoral suture removal is not a benign procedure for those persons who are considered high-risk cardiac patients.
Cells and Gels: A Comparison of Indentation Behavior

Understanding and modeling the mechanical behavior of biological systems requires high quality experimental data to be acquired and analyzed. Conventional indentation tests assume homogeneous linear elastic material properties, and therefore are of limited use in characterizing inhomogeneous biological tissues that generally exhibit complex nonlinear elastic response. Despite their shortcomings, the Hertzian models commonly applied in the analysis of the indentation of soft materials are accurate for determining the quasi-static elastic properties of many synthetic gels when applied within their restrictions, including small strain deformation. The lack of practicable, nonlinear elastic contact mechanics models has compelled the application of the Hertz theory to the indentation of biological soft matter, including cells, often with erratic results. We evaluated the accuracy and limitations of the Hertz equation of spherical contact as it pertains to the AFM indentation of chemically crosslinked poly(vinyl alcohol) gels and murine chondrocytes. We then derived and validated via numerical and experimental methods, nonlinear elastic contact equations based on different hyperelastic strain energy functions. The data were reanalyzed using the new models. The results revealed that the linear elastic limit of the cells is dramatically smaller than that of the synthetic gels. All hyperelastic models considered capably described the mechanical response of the gels while only the Fung and Ogden phenomenological models proved suitable for the chondrocytes, which exhibited pronounced strain stiffening even at small deformations. We propose the use of these mathematically simple alternatives to the Hertz theory for modeling the indentation of intrinsically nonlinear soft materials, including live cells and soft tissues, at strains exceeding the Hertzian regime.
Advection of a Passive Scalar over a Finite-Amplitude Ridge in a Stratified Rotating Atmosphere

Abstract A basic uniform current flows over a two-dimensional finite-amplitude ridge of characteristic male L and amplitude ϵ. The disturbance field is constrained by the geostrophic momentum approximation, by uniform potential vorticity (uniform Brunt-Vaisala frequency N) and by the constant Coriolis parameter f. Solutions are represented as the sum of a steady disturbance, recently found by Blumen and Gross, and a relatively weak translating disturbance. The translating disturbance is a passive scalar that is advected by the steady mountain circulation. The propagation speed over a ridge in an unbounded atmosphere is shown to increase with the parameter ϵ/D, where D=fL/N is the deformation depth. The steady mountain circulation produces frontolysis in the disturbance field on the windward slope and frontogenesis on the leeward slope. These frontogenetical features are primarily controlled by the steady horizontal velocity, which is divergent on the windward side and convergent in the Ice. The steady mou...
Polarization effects in quantum coherences probed by two-color, resonant four-wave mixing in the time domain

We present a combined theoretical and experimental study of the effects of laser polarization on optical coherences produced in two-color, resonant four-wave mixing (TC-RFWM). A time-dependent model incorporating diagrammatic perturbation theory and spherical tensor formalism is used to interpret observations of quantum beats due to molecular hyperfine structure in time-resolved TC-RFWM in nitric oxide. Good agreement is found between the model and the observed time-resolved signals for two distinct excitation schemes and a variety of polarization configurations including both polarization and population gratings. Measured hyperfine energy intervals are reported for the $X{}^{2}{\ensuremath{\Pi}}_{1/2},$ $v=0$ ground state and the $A{}^{2}{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{+},$ $v=0$ excited state of NO. The experimental results demonstrate that TC-RFWM can be used to perform state-selective, quantum beat spectroscopy in three-level systems by suitably designing three experimental features: the excitation scheme for the matter-field interaction, the time ordering of the laser pulses, and the polarization of the incident laser beams.
SU‐E‐T‐226: Clinical Implementation of a Gravity‐Oriented Wedge for Total Body Irradiation

Purpose: To describe a TBI technique designed within the limits of a small‐room geometry and its clinical implementation. Methods: Following construction of the universal treatment devices, including the double‐wedge, beam spoiler table, and patient support table, commissioning consists of measurements to determine the output, tissue‐phantom ratio, effective source distance, and off‐axis factor. Dose is calculated by applying these factors per patient‐specific measurements to arbitrary point in the patient. Typically, ten calculation points are located at mid‐separation along the mid‐sagittal plane from the head to the ankles. When areas of unacceptably high dose are calculated, custom compensators are constructed from 5‐mm sheets of PMMA and placed over the patient on top of the beam spoiler table. The typical dose homogeneity of the planning calculations is within 2% of the prescribed dose.Results: To verify the accuracy of the technique, an anthropomorphic phantom was simulated and treated. In total, 128 thermoluminescent dosimeters(TLDs) were irradiated within the phantom. Concentrations of TLDs were located in the planes of selected calculation points, i.e. the head, neck, sternum, lung, umbilicus, and pelvis. Results showed the average dose to these locations differed from the intended dose by −3.5%, 3.4%, 2.6%, 9.5%, 2.8%, and 0.5%, respectively. Due to its heterogeneous material, a higher discrepancy in the lungdose was anticipated. To demonstrate the dosimetric size of the radiation field, ionization chamber measurements were taken on one lateral side of the treatment area at a constant depth of 5 cm. A few measurements on the contralateral side were within 1 %, verifying the field's lateral symmetry. The approximate treatment area for the current technique is approximately 180×50 cm. Conclusions: We have demonstrated a small‐room technique capable of meeting the dosimetric goal of TBI. To improve the dosimetriccharacteristics, new universal treatment devices are currently being designed and constructed.
Recent advances in crayfish biology, ecology, and conservation

Brian Helms, Zachary J. Loughman, Bryan L. Brown, AND James Stoeckel 1 Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849 USA 2 Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, West Liberty University, West Liberty, West Virginia 26074 USA 3 Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061 USA 4 School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849 USA
Optimal QAM constellations with nonuniform sources on AWGN and Rayleigh fading channels

In this paper we show how to optimize QAM signal constellation which minimizes bit error probabilities with nonuniform sources on AWGN and Rayleigh fading channel. The optimal signal constellation is not equally spaced. We show that the optimal system has a lower error probability than a conventional system, i.e., a system with source coding, equiprobable symbols, and equal space constellation. In several cases presented in this paper the error probability of the optimal system is significantly lower than in the conventional system. We prove that even with equal symbol probabilities the equal space constellation is not optimal for 16QAM, but only asymptotically optimal. Finally, we evaluate the robustness of constellations to estimation error in symbol probabilities.
Exploiting DRAM restore time variations in deep sub-micron scaling

Recent studies reveal that one of the major challenges in scaling DRAM in deep sub-micron regime is its significant variations on cell restore time, which affects timing constraints such as write recovery time tWR. Adopting traditional approaches results in either low yield rate or large performance degradation. In this paper, we propose schemes to expose the variations to the architectural level. By constructing memory chunks with different accessing speeds and, in particular, exploiting the performance benefits of fast chunks, a variation-aware memory controller can effectively compensate the performance loss due to relaxed timing constraints. Our experimental results show that, comparing to traditional designs such as row sparing and ECC, the proposed schemes help to improve system performance by up to 10.3% and 12.9%, respectively, for 20nm and 14nm tech nodes on a 4-core multiprocessor system.
Immediate-Early Gene Expression in Ovine Brain After Hypothermic Circulatory Arrest: Effects of Aptiganel

Abstract Background . Altered gene expression occurs in the brain after global ischemia. We have developed a model to examine the effects of cardiopulmonary bypass and hypothermic circulatory arrest (HCA) on the induction of the immediate-early gene c-fos in the brains of neonatal lambs. We then tested the effects of the noncompetitive N -methyl-d-aspartate antagonist, aptiganel hydrochloride (Cerestat), on c-fos expression and neuronal injury. Methods . Neonatal lambs (weight, 4 to 6 kg) anesthetized with isoflurane were supported by cardiopulmonary bypass, subjected to 90 or 120 minutes of HCA at 15°C, and rewarmed on bypass to 38°C. One hour after cardiopulmonary bypass was terminated, the brains were perfusion fixed and removed for in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical analysis. Some animals survived 3 days before their brains were removed to examine for neuronal necrosis. One group of lambs (n = 20) received aptiganel (2.5 mg/kg). A second group (n = 25) received saline vehicle only. Results . Increasing duration of HCA induced a corresponding increase in c-fos messenger RNA expression throughout the hippocampal formation and cortex. However, Fos protein synthesis peaked after 90 minutes of HCA and decreased significantly ( p p c-fos messenger RNA expression and Fos protein synthesis after 90 minutes of HCA and preserved Fos protein synthesis after 120 minutes of HCA. Neuronal necrosis was observed in the brains of vehicle-treated lambs after 120 minutes of HCA but was significantly decreased ( p Conclusions . These experiments indicate that the transcriptional processes of immediate-early genes remain intact, whereas translational processes are impaired after prolonged HCA. The inability to synthesize Fos proteins after 120 minutes of HCA was associated with neuronal degeneration. Aptiganel preserved translational processes and caused a significant improvement in the neurologic outcome.
Azulene Analogs of Pharmacologic Agents II: Amides

The paper describes the synthesis of nine azulene analogs of the benzenoid pharmacologic agent lidocaine, as part of a study of the pharmacodynamic effects of nonbenzenoid aromatic compounds. Two series of compounds were prepared: 1-azulyl amides and 1-amido-3-acetyl azulenes.
Research on organizational issues in health care social work.

A rich body of knowledge spans organizational topics relevant to the practice, conceptual development and planning of social work health care services. At a time when health care organizations are experiencing major changes in their structure and financing, organizational research informs both the system adjustments and leadership which social work can offer the health care field. Organizational research on health care social work is grouped into three categories: management and administrative issues; interprofessional and interorganizational relations; and service delivery topics. Within each category, the major issues are presented with single site and multi-site research reviews. Recommendations to improve the contributions of this body of research include greater attention to methodologicazl rigor in designing and implementing research projects.
Ethical beliefs and practices of AAPB members

Ethical codes and principles and laws govern the behavior of health-care professionals. Yet, the impact that ethical codes and laws have on the actual moral behaviors of health-care professionals is relatively unknown. A survey on the ethical beliefs and practices of health-care professionals was sent to the United States membership of the Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback. AAPB's heterogeneous membership offers a unique opportunity to compare the ethical beliefs and behaviors of professionals across various health-care professions, educational levels, licensure and certification statuses, age, years in practice, and gender. The survey examined the respondents' ethical beliefs and practices in the domains of confidentiality, dual relationships, and professional practice. Five hundred thirty-six surveys were returned completed. The results of the survey indicate that all respondents have substantially the same reported ethical beliefs and practices across the three domains. There were no statistically significant differences between the reported ethical beliefs or practices when compared across disciplines, educational levels, licensure or certification statuses, age, or years in practice. Statistically significant gender differences were found.