cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Signalling pathway for RKIP and Let-7 regulates and predicts metastatic breast cancer

Tumour metastasis suppressors are inhibitors of metastasis but their mechanisms of action are generally not understood. We previously showed that the suppressor Raf kinase inhibitory protein (RKIP) inhibits breast tumour metastasis in part via let-7. Here, we demonstrate an integrated approach combining statistical analysis of breast tumour gene expression data and experimental validation to extend the signalling pathway for RKIP. We show that RKIP inhibits let-7 targets (HMGA2, BACH1) that in turn upregulate bone metastasis genes (MMP1, OPN, CXCR4). Our results reveal BACH1 as a novel let-7-regulated transcription factor that induces matrix metalloproteinase1 (MMP1) expression and promotes metastasis. An RKIP pathway metastasis signature (designated RPMS) derived from the complete signalling cascade predicts high metastatic risk better than the individual genes. These results highlight a powerful approach for identifying signalling pathways downstream of a key metastasis suppressor and indicate that analysis of genes in the context of their signalling environment is critical for understanding their predictive and therapeutic potential.
Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Brief Review and Suggested Clinical Algorithm.

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a dynamic state between normal cognition and dementia, where interventions can be taken to stop or delay the progression to dementia. It is broadly of 2 types—amn...
Effect of gate-oxide breakdown on RF performance

The degradation of S-parameters of 0.16-/spl mu/m nMOS devices due to gate-oxide breakdown is examined. An equivalent circuit model for MOSFETs after gate-oxide breakdown is proposed. The influence of nMOSFET gate-oxide breakdown on the performance of a low-noise amplifier is studied using the equivalent circuit model. Depending on which device and how many fingers break down, the circuit continues to work, despite the fact that the performance of S-parameters and noise figure degrades significantly.
Five-year outcome from eating disorders: relevance of personality disorders.

In order to assess the relationship of personality disorder and eating disorder outcome 30 eating disordered patients were followed up 4–5 years after taking part in a study examining the prevalence of personality disorders in eating disordered individuals. Subjects with personality disorders did not differ from those without personality disorders in the amount of symptomatic change over time, although their psychopathology generally remained more severe. The relationship of personality disorder and clinical outcome ratings varied depending on the personality measure. SCID-II personality disorder diagnoses were not significantly associated with outcome ratings, but were related to a greater likelihood to be hospitalized and treated with psychotropic medications. Results with a new personality measure, the Wisconsin Personality Inventory, did display an association between personality disturbance and eating disorder outcome ratings and also suggested that borderline personality was a significant predictor of outcome. © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A leagile inventory-location model: formulation and its optimisation

Leagility is defined as the capability of deploying lean and agile paradigms simultaneously. This paper uses transshipments (i.e. monitored movements of stocks among locations at the same echelon) as a strategic tool to achieve leagility in an inventory-location model. Authors have coined a new term 'leagile inventory-location model (LILM)' that addresses leagility by managing inventory at numerous locations. In this paper, LILM is first formulated as a non-linear integer programme and then solved in real time with the aid of genetic algorithm (GA), genetic algorithm with chromosome differentiation (GACD) and virus-evolutionary genetic algorithm (VEGA). These algorithms are tested on a simulated 88-retailer problem with rigorous analyses of the results. It is found that, in three out of 13 instances, total costs obtained by VEGA is minimum; while in the remaining, GACD outperforms both the VEGA and the GA. Conversely, performance of GA dominates in terms of CPU time. Impact of various parameters on the results is also scrutinised and reported accordingly.
Cyclic variation of uterine metabolic activity in the golden hamster.

Changes in uterine metabolism which occur during the normal estrous cycle of the golden hamster have been evaluated. Between days 2 and 4 of the cycle there is an increase in activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, rate of 14CO2 production from labeled glucose, proportion of glucose being metabolized via the hexose monophosphate pathway (C-l/C-6 ratio) and incorporation of 14C from glucose-6-14C into lipid, protein and DNA. Increase in C-l/C-6 ratio is highly correlated with the rate of lipid synthesis. These increases parallel the rising estrogen level occurring at this time and closely resemble those seen in the uterus of the mature ovariectomized rat after administration of 5.0 μg of estradiol-17β. (Endocrinology 80: 714, 1967)
Agile Digital Detector for RFI Mitigation

A new type of microwave radiometer detector has been developed that is capable of identifying low level radio frequency interference (RFI) and of reducing or eliminating its effect on the measured brightness temperature. The agile digital detector (ADD) can discriminate between RFI and natural thermal emission signals by directly measuring other moments of the signal than the variance that is traditionally measured. ADD performance has been experimentally verified in two field deployments, one while connected to a ground based L-band radiometer operating near an ARSR-1 commercial air traffic control radar and the other while connected to an airborne C-band radiometer (the NOAA/ETL PSR) installed on a NASA WB-57 flying over major urban centers. The ADD digitizes its pre-detection radiometer signal, performs digital sub band filtering, and then measures the first four moments of the signal's probability density function for each sub band. The second central moment reproduces the square law output of a conventional analog detector. Algorithms that utilize higher order moments are used to detect the presence of RFI
A Robust Multi-Classifier Decision Fusion Framework for Hyperspectral, Multi-Temporal Classification

Multi-source data fusion in the context of automatic target recognition (ATR) involves the fusion of multiple, independent observations of a phenomenon. If the collection of sources is diverse, the resulting classification system is expected to perform better than one based on any one source. In recent work, the authors have demonstrated the use of such decision fusion strategies in alleviating the over-dimensionality and small-sample-size problems associated with hyperspectral data. Multi-temporal hyperspectral recognition and classification tasks are even more prone to over-dimensionality of features and small training sample size problems. In this work, the authors will extend their previously proposed framework to multi-temporal, hyperspectral target recognition / classification problems. The performance of the proposed system will be compared against that of conventional hyperspectral feature extraction techniques. The efficacy of the proposed system is quantified by overall recognition accuracies.
The Effects of Gender on the Neural Substrates of Pitch Memory

Imaging studies have indicated that males and females differ anatomically in brain regions thought to underlie language functions. Functional studies have corroborated this difference by showing gender differences in terms of language processing with females relying on less lateralized processing strategies than males. Gender differences in musical functions might show similar differences in functional asymmetries, although no detailed study has been performed. The current study employed a pitch memory task while acquiring functional magnetic resonance images to investigate possible differences in hemispheric processing between males and females. Gender differences were found in the time course of activation (during the first four imaging time points after the end of the auditory stimulus—"perceptual phase"—and the subsequent three imaging time points after the end of the auditory stimulus—"memory phase") in both anterior and posterior perisylvian regions. Male subjects had greater lateralized activations (left > right) in anterior and posterior perisylvian regions during the "perceptual" as well as during the "memory" phase. There was a trend for males to have more cerebellar activation than females. Females showed more prominently posterior cingulate/retrosplenial cortex activation compared to males. Although activation patterns differed, there was no difference in the behavioral performance between both genders. These data indicate that similar to language studies, males rely more on left lateralized hemispheric processing even for basic pitch tasks.
The Influences of Orography on Large-scale Atmospheric Flow Simulated by a General Circulation Model

The role of orography on the atmospheric general circulation has been a scientific problem of considerable interest to meteorologists during the past few decades. Different facets of this issue have been examined by numerous investigators using model tools of varying degree of complexity. Among the most sophisticated models used for this purpose is the fully nonlinear general circulation models (GCMs) incorporating a wide array of dynamical and physical processes. To date, the most detailed analyses of orographic influences on the circulation features appearing in a grid-point GCM are probably those reported by Manabe and Terpstra (1974) and Kasahara et al. (1973), who examined simulations of relatively limited durations (say, one or two seasons). The rationale for reexamining this problem in the present study is three-fold:
It Looks Like Chicken Scratch to Me (or Making the Most of Today’s Technology): A Practical Guide for the Bedside Nurse to Optimize Amplitude-Integrated EEG Monitoring

Abstract Neurological concerns in the neonate presenting as abnormal electrical activity in the brain can be difficult to identify, yet may have profound lifelong sequelae. Traditional video EEG is the gold standard for diagnosis, but is usually outside the scope of most neonatal providers to interpret. The development of amplitude-integrated electroencephalography (aEEG) gives neonatal providers a unique bedside opportunity to trend and interpret real-time neurologic activity to better care for the infants in the NICU. However, the interpretation is only as reliable as the information the monitor provides. It is critical for the nursing staff to correctly place aEEG monitor leads, assess for proper function, and troubleshoot potential concerns. Based on published information plus my own experiences working with aEEG monitors as well as teaching its use to almost 200 staff nurses in two Level III/IV NICUs, I will present a concise, approachable guide covering lead placement, troubleshooting, and basic interpretation.
Line Integrals, Surface Integrals, and Volume Integrals

This chapter contains sections titled: Differential Length, Area, and Volume Classification of Line Integrals Classification of Surface Integrals Classification of Volume Integrals
Occurrence of a multimeric high-molecular-weight glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in human serum

Cellular glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is a phylogenetically conserved, ubiquitous enzyme that plays an indispensable role in energy metabolism. Although a wealth of information is available on cellular GAPDH, there is a clear paucity of data on its extracellular counterpart (i.e., the secreted or extracellular GAPDH). Here, we show that the extracellular GAPDH in human serum is a multimeric, high-molecular-weight, yet glycolytically active enzyme. The high-molecular-weight multimers of serum GAPDH were identified by immunodetection on one- and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis using multiple antibodies specific for various epitopes of GAPDH. Partial purification of serum GAPDH by DEAE Affigel affinity/ion exchange chromatography further established the multimeric composition of serum GAPDH. In vitro data demonstrated that human cell lines secrete a multimeric, high-molecular-weight enzyme similar to that of serum GAPDH. Furthermore, LC-MS/MS analysis of extracellular GAPDH from human cell lines confirmed the presence of unique peptides of GAPDH in the high-molecular-weight subunits. Furthermore, data from pulse-chase experiments established the presence of high-molecular-weight subunits in the secreted, extracellular GAPDH. Taken together, our findings demonstrate the presence of a high-molecular-weight, enzymatically active secretory GAPDH in human serum that may have a hitherto unknown function in humans.
Abstract 5373: Modulation of temozolomide-mediated DNA damage in glioblastoma multiforme by the HDM2 antagonist, nutlin3

Development of efficacious strategies for eradication of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) remains a significant challenge. While treatment of GBM with radiation and temozolomide (TMZ) has improved clinical outcome, lack of long-term efficacy can be due to the ability of GBM to acquire resistance to therapy by modulation of signaling pathways that control DNA repair and cell survival. The HDM2 antagonist, Nutlin3, blocks interactions of HDM2 with key signaling molecules such as p53, p73α, and HIF1α, and modulates their downstream effector function. A panel of human GBM cell lines is currently being used to monitor the extent to which Nutlin3 can sensitize cells to TMZ. In vitro survival assays indicate that Nutlin3 potentiates TMZ-mediated cell death; analysis of cell survival data using Dose Effect CalcuSyn software indicates that the combination index value was 6 -methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) and proteins involved in base-excision repair (BER). In vivo target-validation studies using GBM.10 xenografts confirmed that repair of TMZ-mediated DNA damage is modulated in the presence of Nutlin3. GBM.10 xenografts were treated with vehicle, TMZ, nutlin3, or TMZ/Nutlin3 and modulation of critical targets determined by Western analyses. Increases in total p53, p53 phosphorylated at residue serine16, p73α, and substantial decreases in MGMT and the BER protein, APE-1, were observed following treatment with Nutlin3/TMZ compared to vehicle or single-agent exposure. Busso et al (Oncogene 2009) recently reported that HDM2 can monoubiquitinate APE-1 leading to proteosomal-mediated degradation. In addition, recombinant activity assays in our laboratory indicate that HDM2 directly monoubiquitinates recombinant MGMT and may play a role in its degradation. These data suggest that DNA repair proteins required for repair of TMZ-mediated DNA damage can be downregulated by altering HDM2-mediated signaling. Combination therapy that targets the p53-HDM2 E3 ligase network and DNA repair represents a novel approach towards improving treatment of GBM. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5373.
The immune response of bursaless birds as influenced by antibiotics and age.

SummaryFeeding antibiotics to chemically bursectomized (CB) birds has demonstrated that immunological incompetence in CB birds is a direct result of embryonic bursectomy and not secondary to growth rate or factors that increase mortality. Mature CB birds appear to produce normal amounts of agglutinin to sheep red blood cells, but are still deficient precipitin producers. Apparently, the chicken is capable of adapting immunologically to the altered internal environment produced by embryonic bursectomy.
Geräusche von Freizeitanlagen

Nach Erfahrungen des Bayerischen Landesamtes fur Umwelt treten in der Praxis Probleme bei der Abgrenzung von Freizeitanlagen gegenuber Sportanlagen auf. Seit Jahren gibt es keine eindeutige und abschliesende Zuordnung, trotzdem existieren unterschiedliche Beurteilungsvorschriften. Zur schalltechnischen Beurteilung von Sportanlagen ist die 18. BImSchV (Sportanlagenlarmschutzverordnung) heranzuziehen. Zur schalltechnischen Beurteilung von Freizeitanlagen wird in vielen Bundeslandern die vom Landerausschuss fur Immissionsschutz erarbeitete Freizeitlarm-Richtlinie empfohlen oder vorgeschrieben. Sie weicht zwar, wie nachfolgende Gegenuberstellung aufzeigt, in Einzelpunkten von der 18. BImSchV deutlich ab. Ein Vergleich der nach beiden Vorschriften ermittelten Endergebnisse fur ein und denselben Einzelfall fuhrt aber unter Berucksichtigung aller Beurteilungskriterien oftmals zu einem unbedeutenden Unterschied. Dieser rechtfertigt es nicht, zwei unterschiedliche Vorschriften aufrecht zu erhalten.
The Effect of Firing Temperature on Structure and Electrical Properties in Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramics

Abstract An LTCC tape dielectric (A6M) was fired stepwise from 775°C – 925°C using standard industry profiles. The fired tapes were investigated for shrinkage, density, crystallization (XRD), composition distribution (SEM/EDS), and high frequency (10 GHz) electrical properties. The tape consists of a glassy material that undergoes crystallization upon firing. Two crystalline phases were observed along with residual glass. Both crystallized phases appear to alter their unit cell dimensions with firing temperature. Fired tape density and XY-shrinkages were stable over the temperature range studied. Electrical properties (ϵr, tan δ) were stable above 825°C including and up to the maximum temperature studied.
Perceptions of tourism revenue sharing impacts on Volcanoes National Park, Rwanda: a Sustainable Livelihoods framework

ABSTRACTTourism revenue sharing (TRS) has become a popular strategy for integrated wildlife conservation and rural development in Africa. In Rwanda, 5% of tourism revenue is invested annually in communities adjacent to protected areas. However, the conservation impact of the TRS strategy has been challenged. Previous studies have revealed structural constraints of TRS, which partially explain TRS shortfalls. The TRS application is complex and needs deeper understanding of both conceptual and structural constraints. In this paper, we examine local perceptions of TRS, and use the Sustainable Livelihoods framework to conceptually understand the livelihood capability, equity and sustainability constraints of TRS at Volcanoes National Park (VNP). Results suggest that TRS has had minimal conservation impact due to acute food insecurity and limited livelihood capabilities among the poorest residents in proximity to VNP. This is exacerbated by several TRS structural constraints, such as the association membership...
Neurosis and Assimilation: Contemporary Revisions on The Life of the Concept

The following research shows Johns grappling with problems of conceptual adaptation and evolution and how it differs greatly from physical/biological theories of evolution. The research also introduces the problem of technology and how such does not necessarily give us a positivistic/rational account of knowledge and experience. Johns then introduces his blend of psychology and technological determinism in order to analyse and discern the psychic and physical responses of the human in his/her environment.
A caching strategy in mobile ad hoc named data network

Named data network(NDN) is a new Internet architecture. Content-centering named data makes NDN flexible in physical and logic, which can reduce the impact of dynamic topology. Introducing NDN to mobile ad hoc network could improve the network performance. We implement the design of NDN on the simulator and explore the content density on network performance. Based on evaluation of the design on performance metric, we can choose the proper parameter of to control content density for a special mobile ad hoc network.
Using the Basys-3 Trainer to support VHDL in Digital Logic Fundamentals course

The “bring your own experiment” movement is being incorporated in universities all over the world. This movement is centered on students purchasing low cost hardware for use in their courses. This paper discusses the inclusion of the Basys-3 FPGA Trainer available through Digilent in a lecture only, sophomore year, Digital Logic Fundamentals course. The enhancements to this course also include the introduction of a hardware description language, VHDL, which is becoming an integral part of the Electrical and Computer Engineering curricula. This paper describes the redesign of the course in Spring 2016 as well as the studies to be completed at the end of the semester.
Radiosensitization with a COX2 inhibitor with chemoradiation for head and neck cancer

5582 Background: Cyclo-oxygenase 2 (COX2) inhibitors have shown promise as radio- and chemosensitizers. We conducted a phase IB/II study to evaluate the toxicity and efficacy of celecoxib, a selective COX2 inhibitor, administered concurrently with carboplatin, paclitaxel, and radiation for locally advanced or recurrent head and neck cancer. Methods: Patients with stage III/IV or recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx, oral cavity, hypopharynx, or larynx were eligible. Primary endpoints were toxicity, local control and survival. Patients were treated with weekly carboplatin (AUC = 2.0), paclitaxel (30 mg/m2) and concurrent radiation (70 Gy). Celecoxib (400 mg bid) was started 1 week prior to the initiation of radiotherapy and was given for a total of 2 years. In 12/04, the study closed due to concerns of cardiotoxicity with COX-2 inhibitors. Celecoxib was discontinued in all patients. The study restarted in 5/06 with the modification that celecoxib would be given only during radiation. Results...
Heterotopic Ossification Following Upper Extremity Injury

Heterotopic ossification (HO) presents a substantial barrier to rehabilitation for patients with severe burns or trauma. Although surgical excision is a mainstay of management for this condition, this is unable to address the chronic sequelae of HO, including chronic pain, joint contractures, nerve dysfunction, and open wounds. Current therapeutic modalities are aimed at excision and the prevention of recurrence using nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or radiation therapy. Research is now focused on identifying alternative strategies to prevent the initial occurrence of HO through NSAIDs and novel inhibitors of the bone morphogenetic protein signaling pathway.
Effect of Combined Anticancer Drugs Treatment on Heterogeneous Brain Tumors

In this paper, we developed mathematical models to investigate the effects of concurrent application of radiotherapy and chemotherapy in a homogeneous and heterogeneous brain tumor. The objective of this research is to understand whether added chemotherapy, as an independent source to radiotherapy enhances the process of destroying tumor cells and also improve the radiation response. We have developed a finite element method to solve the pressure and convection diffusion equations to analyze the combined effects of both radiotherapy and chemotherapy and also to predict the effect of spatial distribution of base line vascular, tissue, and drugs transport parameters of uniform base line values. We calculated two dimensional spatial interstitial fluid flows, the interstitial fluid velocity, interstitial fluid pressure, and the drug concentration within a spherical tumor. The results are compared with published data. The sensitivity analysis is performed and indicates that the spatial distribution of base line simulation of vascular, tissue, and drugs transport parameters is considerable. The results suggest that chemotherapy improves the therapeutic efficacy of radiation in brain tumor, mostly when administered concurrently. More clinical studies and further model developments are required to validate this prediction.
THE SNAKE AND THE ROUNDABOUT: ETHICAL PARTICULARISM AND THE PATTERNS OF NORMATIVE INDUCTION A SERPENTE E A ROTUNDA: PARTICULARISMO ÉTICO E OS PADRÕES DA INDUÇÃO NORMATIVA

Using two examples of ethical choice, Philippa Foot’s snake and the traffic roundabout, this paper offers an account of normative induction that characterizes particularism and generalism as stages of normative inquiry, rather than rival accounts of moral knowledge and motivation. Ethical particularism holds that the evaluative cannot be “cashed out” in propositional form, and that it is descriptively “shapeless.” Drawing on examples from law, this paper claims that, while individual normative inquiry may be viewed as encountering a shapeless particularist context of seem-ingly unlimited nonmoral properties, normativity is driven by repe-tition of similar situations toward shared practices and descriptive predication. Rather than retention of epistemic status by defeated reasons, this illustrates retirement of relevant properties and ac-companying reasons, transformation of the reasons environment, and a pluralist normative ontology.
Integrative Medicine Strategies for Changing Health Behaviors: Support for Primary Care

Until system reforms allow adequate time and reimbursement for primary care providers to focus on lifestyle change to prevent and mitigate chronic disease, primary care providers need a manageable, defined role to support lifestyle change. The authors suggest this role is to serve as a catalyst, priming the patient for change; educating and pointing the patient to appropriate, evidence-based resources for additional guidance and hands-on support; and providing ongoing encouragement throughout the long journey of change while patients work more intensely with health coaches or allied health providers.
The power of symbolic automata and transducers

Symbolic automata and transducers extend finite automata and transducers by allowing transitions to carry predicates and functions over rich alphabet theories, such as linear arithmetic. Therefore, these models extend their classic counterparts to operate over infinite alphabets, such as the set of rational numbers. Due to their expressiveness, symbolic automata and transducers have been used to verify functional programs operating over lists and trees, to prove the correctness of complex implementations of BASE64 and UTF encoders, and to expose data parallelism in computations that may otherwise seem inherently sequential. In this paper, we give an overview of what is currently known about symbolic automata and transducers as well as their variants. We discuss what makes these models different from their finite-alphabet counterparts, what kind of applications symbolic models can enable, and what challenges arise when reasoning about these formalisms. Finally, we present a list of open problems and research directions that relate to both the theory and practice of symbolic automata and transducers.
Surface-Enhanced Resonance Raman Scattering from Cytochromes Cand P-450 on Bare and Phospholipid-Coated Silver Substrates

Surface-enhanced resonance Raman scattering (SERRS) studies of cytochrome c (cyt c) have demonstrated that the native integrity of this heme-containing protein is preserved in the presence of citrate-reduced sols. Cyt c SERRS spectra exhibit similar spin and oxidation markers as the resonance Raman scattering (RRS) signals displayed by the native protein solution. Previous SERRS investigations of cyt c showed that the protein denatures at the substrate surface. This hemoprotein denaturation was attributed to an electrostatic interaction between the porphyrin and the SERRS-active substrate. The results presented in this study suggest that the citrate ions prevent the biomolecule from directly interacting with the silver-sol surface. The native state of cyt c is also retained with the addition of phosphatidylcholine and/or phosphate buffer. Although the SERRS bandshifts correlate with the RRS spectra, the relative intensities of specific cyt c frequencies change in the presence of adsorbed citrate, phosphate buffer, and phosphatidylcholine. These compounds may influence the orientation of the protein at the substrate surface, which would account for the spectral intensity differences. In order to study the orientation effects further, additional studies of cyt c adsorbed onto silver electrodes and thin silver films were conducted. A comparison of the SERRS relative band intensities and frequency bandshifts shows that the spectra of the protein adsorbed onto phospholipid-coated substrates closely correspond to the RRS cyt c solution spectra. In contrast to the behavior exhibited by cyt c, cytochrome P-450 (cyt P-450) adsorbed onto a phosphatidylcholine silver-sol substrate leads to a low to high spin-state conversion. The shifts in the spin-state markers are ascribed to a strong interaction of the cyt P-450 with the phospholipid coating.
Epidemiology of dementia : Concepts and overview

This article reviews current knowledge about the prevalence and incidence of dementia and the risk and protective factors for dementia. Relevant epidemiologic concepts and methodological issues are reviewed, focusing on the implications of designing and interpreting epidemiologic studies of dementia and illustrating the integrative role of epidemiology.
Social Institutions and the Development Process: Using Cross-Disciplinary Insights to Build an Alternative Aid Architecture

The development process in any society fundamentally transforms social institutions – i.e. our identities, kinship systems, community organizations, religious sensibilities, norms, languages and networks. These transformations often occur in rather unsettling ways over non-linear trajectories, and thereby routinely (and perhaps inherently) defy technocratic attempts to anticipate, understand and respond to them. In both poor and rich countries alike, rising (and falling) wealth alters how people see themselves, how they regard strangers, the terms on which they relate to their families and communities, the accommodations and legitimacy they confer upon elites, and how the ‘social contract’ binding citizens and the state is structured and negotiated. Our contemporary international aid architecture, however, was not designed to address social institutional concerns, and often struggles to engage with them now that it finds itself needing to do so. For communities, nations and regions to prosper in ways that are (and are broadly perceived to be) legitimate and inclusive, a rather different approach to development is needed. Insights from theories and methods across the social sciences are giving rise to such alternatives (examples are provided); initial results are promising but it remains to be seen whether and how these can gain a more secure foothold.
Adult Education through a Cosmopolitanism Lens: A Review of the Research Literature.

This review of the literature offers an analysis of ways in which the theory and pedagogical concepts of cosmopolitanism have been employed across research in adult education contexts. Twenty-nine ...
High-intensity Interval Training and Continuous Aerobic Exercise Interventions to Promote Self-initiated Quit Attempts in Young Adults Who Smoke: Feasibility, Acceptability, and Lessons Learned From a Randomized Pilot Trial.

Objectives While exercise significantly reduces craving for cigarettes, the effect of exercise on self-initiation of quit attempts is less known. Therefore, this randomized pilot study explored the effect of starting an exercise program on self-initiated quit attempts, and also the feasibility and acceptability of a novel exercise intervention, high-intensity interval training (HIIT), as compared with a more traditional continuous aerobic (CA) exercise intervention. Methods Participants smoked (≥5 cigarettes/d), were aged 18 to 40 years, and wanted to increase their exercise. Participants were randomized into 1 of 3 groups: HIIT, CA, and delayed control. All participants attended follow-up visits at weeks 4, 8, and 12. Outcomes included measures of feasibility (eg, visit attendance) and acceptability (eg, satisfaction), and also changes in smoking behavior (eg, quit attempts during follow-up) and proxies to quit attempts (eg, positive affect). Results Overall, there were no differences in terms of feasibility and acceptability between the HITT (n = 12) and CA (n = 9) groups. Based on both self-report and objective measurement, the exercise groups (HIIT and CA) increased their physical activity as compared with the delayed treatment group (n = 11). Compared with HIIT and delayed control, CA (n = 9) had significant favorable changes in positive affect (eg, at week 8, HIIT: +0.25 ± 2.21, delayed control: -5.11 ± 2.23, CA: +5.50 ± 2.23; P = 0.0153). Conclusions These observations suggest that HIIT is as feasible and acceptable as CA, though CA may have a more favorable effect on proxies to quit attempts (eg, positive affect). Fully powered studies are needed to examine the effect of HIIT versus CA on quit attempts.
Thermally Affected Flows in Power Plants

Thermo-fluid dynamics plays an important role in power plant operations. A typical fossil-powered or nuclear power plant uses a working fluid as a medium to transport heat around the plant system. As heat is added to or rejected from the fluid, thermal gradients develop in the system and, under certain conditions, natural circulation can be induced. In another situation, hot and cold fluids may come in contact with each other, creating thermal stratification, which can cause thermal fatigue on the piping materials. As a further example, fluid is also discharged from power plants into the surrounding reservoir or estuaries, the thermal effluent dispersing over a wide area and possibly impacting on the ecological system around the power plant.
Plant Mitochondrial DNA: Unusual Variation on a Common Theme

There are two unusual features of the plant mitochondrial genome that seemingly distinguish it from the mitochondrial genome in all other eukaryotes. First, the size of the genome is very large — embarassingly so — and can be extremely variable even among closely related species. And second, the circular DNA molecules obtained from plant mitochondria are not easily related to the size of the genome as inferred from reassociation kinetics measurements or from restriction enzyme analyses. The circles are heterogeneous in size, do not approach the size of the genome inferred from the other methods, and do not amount to more than a few per cent of the molecules obtained from mitochondria of intact plant tissues, although they can be obtained in much greater yield from cultured cells. The unusual properties of the circles have led to the speculation that the mitochondrial genome in plants is organized differently than it is in other eukaryotes with the genes borne on different linkage groups of chromosomes, as is found in the nucleus (discussed in Bendich, 1982). The large size of the genome has led to the suggestion that there may be more — perhaps many more — genes in plant mtDNA than in mtDNA of other eukaryotes (Leaver and Gray, 1982; Grivell, 1983; Levings, 1983; Hack and Leaver, 1983). It will be the purpose of this article to briefly review the information concerning genome size and DNA circularity for plant mitochondria and to ask whether the limited data for plants do in fact point to a fundamental genetic difference between the mitochondria of plants and other eukaryotes.
Randomized Trial of Hypofractionated, Dose-Escalated, Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) Versus Conventionally Fractionated IMRT for Localized Prostate Cancer.

PurposeHypofractionated radiotherapy delivers larger daily doses of radiation and may increase the biologically effective dose delivered to the prostate. We conducted a randomized trial testing the hypothesis that dose-escalated, moderately hypofractionated intensity-modulated radiation therapy (HIMRT) improves prostate cancer control compared with conventionally fractionated IMRT (CIMRT) for men with localized prostate cancer.Patients and MethodsMen were randomly assigned to 75.6 Gy in 1.8-Gy fractions delivered over 8.4 weeks (CIMRT) or 72 Gy in 2.4 Gy fractions delivered over 6 weeks (HIMRT, biologically equivalent to 85 Gy in 1.8-Gy fractions assuming prostate cancer α-to-β ratio of 1.5). Failure was defined as prostate-specific antigen (PSA) failure (nadir plus 2 ng/mL) or initiation of salvage therapy. Modified Radiation Therapy Oncology Group criteria were used to grade late (≥ 90 days after completion of radiotherapy) GI and genitourinary toxicity.ResultsMost of the 206 men (72%) had cT1, Gleason ...
Benefits of a family-centered approach to pediatric induction of anesthesia.

Abstract Background/Purpose We initiated a pediatric surgical program including a caregiver for the induction of anesthesia. We measured preoperative midazolam administration, preoperative time, induction time, and program satisfaction. Methods Families with children undergoing surgery during the study period were included. Preoperative midazolam administration, preoperative time, and induction time were compared between participants and controls. Satisfaction surveys were given to participating caregivers and staff. Results The rate of preoperative midazolam use decreased from 41% (392/964) to 13% (16/118) among participants vs controls (p Conclusions Opponents of similar programs suggest familial presence slows care and is disruptive. Our program decreased utilization of preoperative anxiolytics with no effect on operating room efficiency. Both hospital staff and participants felt the program was beneficial to the patient. Perceived caregiver and child anxiety was reduced. Type of study Treatment study. Level of evidence Level III.
A sulfide perspective on iron isotope fractionation during ocean island basalt petrogenesis

Abstract Iron isotopic compositions are demonstrably powerful tracers of foundational planetary processes, including crust and core formation. In many volcanic environments, however, geochemical vestiges of these processes are obscured by the effects of magmatic differentiation on Fe isotopic compositions. Recent decades have witnessed continued refinement of observational and experimental approaches to Fe isotope fractionation during silicate differentiation. In contrast, the influence of sulfide fractionation on Fe isotopic compositions in terrestrial environments is known only from theoretical approaches and limited experimental data for relatively siliceous magmatic systems. One reason for this may be that sulfide fractionation is difficult to definitively trace using traditional major and minor element variation patterns. We utilize well-characterized lavas and cumulate xenoliths from Piton de la Fournaise and Piton des Neiges, Reunion Island, that have previously been examined for their highly siderophile element (HSE: Os, Ir, Ru, Pt, Pd, Re) contents to investigate the effect of sulfide fractionation on Fe isotopes. The Fe isotopic compositions of the basalts range from δ56Fe values of 0.04 to 0.15‰ (average: 0.10‰) and the compositions of the cumulate xenoliths range from δ56Fe values of −0.07 to 0.08‰ (average: 0‰). In the absence of metal, HSE preferentially partition into sulfide phases, making them important tracers of sulfide segregation during magmatic differentiation. We find that commonly-observed co-variations between Fe isotopic compositions and major element oxide abundances are relatively underdeveloped for Reunion lavas. The correlation between Fe isotopic composition and MgO, for example, has a similar statistical significance to the correlation between Fe isotopic composition and Pd/Ir ratios, suggesting an important role of sulfides during Fe isotopic fractionation. After accounting for sulfide segregation, we determine that the parental magma Fe isotopic composition calculated for Piton de la Fournaise would be overestimated by 0.04‰ (within propagated error, 0.01–0.06‰) when considering silicate differentiation alone. An analogous calculation for Kilauea Iki basalts, for which there is available Fe isotopic and HSE data, yields a somewhat smaller difference of 0.02‰ (0–0.03‰). These differences may partially explain Fe isotopic compositions in other settings that could not previously be reconciled with a dominantly peridotitic and/or chondritic mantle source. This discovery may warrant discussion of the apparent decoupling between Fe and radiogenic isotopes in ocean island basalts, where the latter shows significant global variations and the former may show little or none. Our work highlights the need for additional constraints on the behavior of Fe isotopes during crustal recycling processes and reinforces the notion that consideration must be given to the effect of magmatic differentiation on Fe isotopic compositions.
Automatic Verification of the Gradient Table in Diffusion-Weighted MRI Based on Fiber Continuity

In diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI), the coordinate systems where the image and the diffusion gradients are represented may be inconsistent, thus impacting the quality of subsequent fiber tracking and connectivity analysis. Empirical verification of the reconstructed fiber orientations and subsequent correction of the gradient table (by permutation and flipping), both time-consuming tasks, are therefore often necessary. To save manual labor in studies involving dMRI, we introduce a new automatic gradient-table verification approach, which we propose to include in the dMRI processing pipeline. To that end, we exploit the concept of fiber continuity – the assumption that, in the fibrous tissue (such as the brain white matter), fiber bundles vary smoothly along their own orientations. Our tractography-free method tries all possible permutation and flip configurations of the gradient table, and in each case, assesses the consistency of the reconstructed fiber orientations with fiber continuity. Our algorithm then suggests the correct gradient table by choosing the configuration with the most consistent fiber orientations. We validated our method in 185 experiments on human brain dMRI data form three public data sources. The proposed algorithm identified the correct permutation and flip configuration for the gradient table in all the experiments.
Separated After a Disaster: Trust and Privacy Issues in Sharing Children's Personal Information.

Background:After disasters, unaccompanied children may present to an emergency department requiring reunification. An effective reunification system depends on the willingness of guardians to utilize it.Objective:Assess guardian willingness to share children’s personal information for reunification purposes after a disaster, perceived concerns and beliefs, and trust in reunification agencies.Methods:Guardians of children presenting to 2 pediatric emergency departments were approached to participate in a survey-based study. Willingness to share their children’s personal information was scored on a scale of 1 to 19 (1 point per item). Perceived concerns about and importance of sharing information, level of trust in reunification agencies, and guardian demographics were collected. Chi-square was used to compare trust and attitudes/beliefs. Multivariate linear regression was used to determine factors associated with willingness to share information.Results:A total of 363 surveys were completed (response rate, 80%). Most guardians (95.6%) were willing to share at least some information (mean, 16 items; range, 1-19). Half were concerned about protection (55.4%) or abuse (52.3%) of their child’s information. Hospitals were trusted more than other reunification agencies (P < .001). Perception of reunification importance was associated with willingness to share (P < .001).Conclusions:Guardians are willing to share their children’s information to facilitate reunification after disasters, but have privacy concerns.
Social isolation stress in adolescence, but not adulthood, produces hypersocial behavior in adult male and female C57BL/6J mice

Chronic stress during the developmental period of adolescence increases susceptibility to many neuropsychiatric diseases in adulthood, including anxiety, affective, and alcohol/substance use disorders. Preclinical rodent models of adolescent stress have produced varying results that are species, strain, sex, and laboratory-dependent. However, adolescent social isolation is a potent stressor in humans that has been reliably modeled in male rats, increasing adult anxiety-like and alcohol drinking behaviors, among others. In this study, we examined the generalizability and sex-dependence of this model in C57BL/6J mice, the most commonly used rodent strain in neuroscience research. We also performed a parallel study using social isolation in adulthood to understand the impact of adult social isolation on basal behavioral phenotypes. We found that six weeks of social isolation in adolescence beginning at postnatal day (PD) 28 produced a hypersocial phenotype in both male and female adults in multiple assays and a female-specific anxiolytic phenotype in the elevated plus maze, but it had no effects in other assays for avoidance behavior, fear conditioning, alcohol drinking, reward or aversion sensitivity, novel object exploration, or forced swim behavior in either sex. In contrast, social isolation in adulthood beginning at PD77 produced an anxiogenic phenotype in the light/dark box but had no effects on any other assays. Altogether, our results suggest that 1) adolescence is a critical period for social stress in C57BL/6J mice, producing aberrant social behavior in a sex-independent manner and 2) chronic individual housing in adulthood does not alter basal behavioral phenotypes that may confound interpretation of behavior following other laboratory manipulations.
Machine) learning parameter regions

Abstract How many random points from an identified set, a confidence set, or a highest posterior density set suffice to describe them? This paper argues that taking random draws from a parameter region in order to approximate its shape is a supervised learning problem (analogous to sampling pixels of an image to recognize it). Misclassification error – a common criterion in machine learning – provides an off-the-shelf tool to assess the quality of a given approximation. We say a parameter region can be learned if there is an algorithm that yields a misclassification error of at most ϵ with probability at least 1 − δ , regardless of the sampling distribution. We show that learning a parameter region is possible if and only if its potential shapes are not too complex. Moreover, the tightest band that contains a d -dimensional parameter region is always learnable from the inside (in a sense we make precise), with at least max ( 1 − ϵ ) ln 1 ∕ δ , ( 3 ∕ 16 ) d ∕ ϵ draws, but at most min { 2 d ln ( 2 d ∕ δ ) , exp ( 1 ) ( 2 d + ln ( 1 ∕ δ ) ) } ∕ ϵ . These bounds grow linearly in the dimension of the parameter region, and are uniform with respect to its true shape. We illustrate the usefulness of our results using structural vector autoregressions. We show how many orthogonal matrices are necessary/sufficient to evaluate the impulse responses’ identified set and how many ‘shotgun plots’ to report when conducting joint inference on impulse responses.
The Role of Household Saving in the Economic Rise of China

The saving rate in China is high by historical and international norms. The high saving rate has funded capital accumulation which in turn has been the primary driver of China’s economic growth. We review the evidence on Chinese household saving and conduct a small study to assess the importance of the precautionary motive for saving.