cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Maps in Newspapers: Approaches to Study and Practices in Portraying War since the 19th Century, by André Reyes Novaes: Brill Research Perspectives in Map History, 1.1. Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2019. ISBN 978-90-04-39882-5 (paper); ISBN 978-90-04-39883-2 (e-book). Pp. vi, 118. Euro €70.00; US $85.00 (paper).

In 1947, the U.S. State Department’s official geographer, S. W. Boggs, wrote in Scientific Monthly of an increasing ‘cartohypnosis’ that was deluding the masses. And he did not mince his words, wri...
Radiofrequency Ablation Through Previously Effective Deep Brain Stimulation Leads for Parkinson Disease: A Retrospective Series.

Background Although deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) or globus pallidus internus (GPi) is the surgical method of choice to treat the canonical symptoms of Parkinson disease, occasionally surgical sites become infected or the hardware erodes, necessitating explantation. Usual practice is to remove and reimplant replacement leads after tissue healing, leaving patients without the clinical benefits of DBS for several months, and at risk for DBS withdrawal in some, and some patients are no longer good surgical candidates for reimplantation. Radiofrequency ablation through the DBS lead is an option for these patients. Methods We performed a retrospective chart review of all patients who underwent radiofrequency ablation of the STN or GPi through indwelling DBS leads performed before hardware removal at our institution. We generated patient-specific anatomic models to determine lesion locations and volumes. Results Six patients underwent radiofrequency ablation of the STN (n = 4) and GPi (n = 2) through indwelling DBS leads. All 6 of these patients initially showed comparable motor symptom relief to that experienced with DBS before lesioning, with 4 patients sustaining meaningful long-term (≥2 years) improvement. Better outcomes were achieved in those patients with a higher percentage of the planned target lesioned. Conclusions Radiofrequency ablation through indwelling DBS leads before explantation could be considered a viable alternative to subsequent reimplantation or stereotactic lesion in patients with Parkinson disease in whom hardware explantation is necessary, if the patient achieved substantive symptom relief with DBS. This approach avoids symptom exacerbation while awaiting revision surgery.
Response by Shread to “Representing experiential knowledge”

At Smith College in Massachusetts, USA, in January 2020, I noticed some striking posters at the library entrance: images of iconic Black figures with the statement “If you’re not Black, don’t use t...
CT Assessment of Dental Implant Planning

SUMMARY The dental CT software program has become a valuable tool for assessing implant candidates. It provides clear multiplanar images of the jaw which identify the position of the inferior alveolar canal and maxillary sinuses and the area of maximal bone height and width. With this type of information the dentist and surgeon are now better able to develop a successful treatment plan. In addition, the patient can be better informed of the potential risks and complications. This should improve patient satisfaction and help reduce unrealistic expectations.
The use of whole-body fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography integrated with computed tomography for accurate staging and surveillance in the case of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue

We present the case of a 79-year-old male, who was initially treated for mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma (MALT lymphoma) of the right eyelid, and later for disease relapse in the stomach. During follow up, he was noted to have developed left arm nodules just medial to the proximal biceps muscle, which were found to be multiply enlarged lymph nodes on subsequent ultrasound imaging. Excisional biopsy of these nodes revealed MALT lymphoma. He was initially referred for consideration of radiation, but a restaging F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography integrated with computed tomography (F-18 FDG PET/CT) further identified a focus of suspicious uptake in left calf, which was later also biopsy proven to be MALT lymphoma. His disease was upstaged as the result of this later finding, and the overall recommendation for treatment changed to favor systemic treatment with Rituximab.
Do Public Sector Contacts and Policy Towards Small Firms Matter? Evidence From Women Business Enterprises

This paper provides an empirical investigation of the agency relationship between the public sector and small firms targeted for assistance by examining micro and macro data for a cross section of eligible women business enterprises (WBEs). Using hedonic sales and employment indices we find that 2 percent of firm sales is lost to negative gender externality. We show that under asymmetric information public sector transfers neither compensate for this loss of sales nor increases employment. When we impose transfer restrictions under perfect information, sales is unaffected and firms respond by increasing the amount of part-time employees hired but do not increase full time employment. Moreover, we show that WBE presence at the state level depend on prime-contractor-sub-contractor relationships and that if the long-term contracts are offered then business risks are reduced and firms increase employment levels because of securitized sales. Further, formation of new WBEs are directly proportional to the amount of new small business loans provided in the economy after controlling for size and population effects. The evidence suggests that after the signing of Executive Order 11625 the velocity of new WBE formation is approximately 39% of the difference between policy targets and actual realization. We introduce an entrepreneurial reaction function which shows that firms react to private and public sector funding incentives but not to the level of education attainment and overall business formation in the economy. We find that the incidence of adverse selection in current transfer programs are as high as 60 percent in some instances; imposes an asymmetric residual loss on the public sector; and contary to the goals of benevolent policy, transfers are skewed in favor of less needy firms.
Evaluating the Use of Technology Readiness Levels (TRLs) for Cybersecurity Systems

Technology readiness levels (TRLs) are used to evaluate and convey the readiness status of aerospace technologies for mission use. The TRL system was pioneered by NASA; however, the European Union and other U.S. federal agencies – including the United States departments of Homeland Security, Defense and Energy – have also developed related systems. This paper proposes the use of a cybersecurity capability readiness level system to assess and characterize the readiness status of cybersecurity systems for use. It discusses the existing readiness level systems as well as the Cybersecurity Maturity Model, comparing and contrasting them. A new system, based on the TRL system, is proposed and its levels are defined and discussed.
Fractures of the Wrist – Scaphoid Fracture: Waist

The scaphoid is the most frequently fractured carpal bone, with the waist being the most common fracture location (Tait et al. JBJS Rev 4(9), 2016). The mechanism of injury is often a fall onto an outstretched hand. Despite the scaphoid’s predominantly retrograde blood supply, scaphoid waist fractures have a high union rate when properly treated (Tait et al. JBJS Rev 4(9), 2016). Our preferred surgical procedure for acute scaphoid fractures is headless compression screw fixation, either with a dorsal approach (antegrade) or a volar approach (retrograde), each approach having its own unique benefits and limitations.
Deep Learning-Assisted Multiphoton Microscopy to Reduce Light Exposure and Expedite Imaging in Tissues With High and Low Light Sensitivity.

Purpose Two-photon excitation fluorescence (2PEF) reveals information about tissue function. Concerns for phototoxicity demand lower light exposure during imaging. Reducing excitation light reduces the quality of the image by limiting fluorescence emission. We applied deep learning (DL) super-resolution techniques to images acquired from low light exposure to yield high-resolution images of retinal and skin tissues. Methods We analyzed two methods: a method based on U-Net and a patch-based regression method using paired images of skin (550) and retina (1200), each with low- and high-resolution paired images. The retina dataset was acquired at low and high laser powers from retinal organoids, and the skin dataset was obtained from averaging 7 to 15 frames or 70 frames. Mean squared error (MSE) and the structural similarity index measure (SSIM) were outcome measures for DL algorithm performance. Results For the skin dataset, the patches method achieved a lower MSE (3.768) compared with U-Net (4.032) and a high SSIM (0.824) compared with U-Net (0.783). For the retinal dataset, the patches method achieved an average MSE of 27,611 compared with 146,855 for the U-Net method and an average SSIM of 0.636 compared with 0.607 for the U-Net method. The patches method was slower (303 seconds) than the U-Net method (<1 second). Conclusions DL can reduce excitation light exposure in 2PEF imaging while preserving image quality metrics. Translational Relevance DL methods will aid in translating 2PEF imaging from benchtop systems to in vivo imaging of light-sensitive tissues such as the retina.
Der Verfremdungseffekt von Brecht bis Handke

ions. For him, alienation is not merely a matter of method, it is immanent in the theme. Through analysis of five of Handke 1 s plays the development of his methods becomes evident. Beginning with Publikumsbeschimpfung, the rhetorical present~tion of an idea, Handke avoids conventional plots and roles. It is followed by Kaspar: the pr~sentation of a learning process from the aspect of language, which is reiterated in ~ Mttndel ~ Vormun$ ~ from the aspect of gesture. He stretches the familiar gesture and through this process points to the potential danger inherent in the relationship between teacher and pupil. The extended gesture develops into games in Der ~ ~ ~ Bodensee which focuses upon the relationship of language and convention upon the con-
Introduction to Deep-Sea Microbiology

The science of deep-sea life has come a long way since the naturalist Edward Forbes formulated his azoic hypothesis in the mid-19th century. Based on dredging studies in the Aegean Sea, he postulated that no marine life could exist in the deep sea below a depth of about 550 m. Today it is clear that the species richness at depth could be many times greater than that present in the better-understood and -appreciated tropical rainforests and shallow-coral reef environments, both of which teem with biodiversity. The German scientist Fisher was also active in deep-sea microbiology during the same general period. One of the great discoveries of the 20th century was the discovery of abundant life in and around hydrothermal vents. Pressure plays critical roles in deep-sea vents, not the least of which is to keep many gaseous substrates for metabolism in solution at high temperature. It also provides an opportunity for chemical reactions to occur under supercritical water conditions. Future advances in the understanding of piezophiles, as with many branches of biology, will benefit from advances in genome technology and its innovative application.
Vug waves: A mechanism for coupled rock deformation and fluid migration

[1] Vug waves are a joint deformation/fluid-migration mechanism in which a rock deforms by the movement of a penny-shaped, fluid-filled crack dislocation across a plane of shear, with migration of the crack and fluid driven by the release of elastic shear strain energy. Vug waves (here so named because a “vug” is a hole in the Earth and “wave” implies that it moves) may provide an effective means for (1) rapidly migrating and focusing relatively isolated batches of melt to mid-ocean ridge axes, (2) a possible origin for weakness and rheological and seismic anisotropy of Earth's asthenosphere, and (3) the origin of large, weak shear zones within Earth's mantle and crust. The existence of vug waves would also imply that in many geologic environments the strain-energy release from migrating a fluid-filled crack through a stressed solid may play a larger role in shaping fluid migration than the buoyancy of the fluid with respect to its host rock.
Anycast in Locality-Aware Peer-to-Peer Overlay Networks

This paper advocates implementing anycast in peer-to-peer (p2p) overlay networks. We argue that anycast in p2p overlays (exemplified by Pastry, Tapestry, Chord, CAN) combines the advantages of IP anycast and existing application-layer anycast services. We show that anycast can leverage the locality-awareness embedded in existing p2p overlays. The locality-awareness of the p2p routing substrates can be extended to support anycast and anycast is achieved as the result of the enhanced locality-aware routing. We have implemented anycast in Pastry, and experiments confirm that with high probability, a message addressed to an anycast group is routed to the closest node in the group according to the proximity metric. We also evaluate the performance of anycast using a realistic failure trace and the results show that our implementation of anycast is resilient to node failures.
Experimental study of electromagnetic Bessel-Gaussian Schell Model beams propagating in a turbulent channel

Abstract We report on experimental generation of Electromagnetic Bessel-Gaussian Schell-Model [EBGSM] beams via incoherent superposition of two mutually orthogonal electric field components, both originated from a laser source, whose phases are spatially modified by two nematic liquid crystal Spatial Light Modulators. The EBGSM beam is then passed through a weakly fluctuating turbulent channel and examined for contrast in its fluctuating intensity. It is demonstrated that after passing through turbulence the electromagnetic beam exhibits reduction in the scintillation index on the order of 50%, as compared with that for an equivalent scalar beam, in strong agreement with recent theoretical predictions.
Transport in Semiconductors, Dynamics of Carriers in Macroscopic and Mesoscopic Systems

The sections in this article are 1 Approximating the Dynamics of Real Electrons in Real Crystals 2 Time Scales in the Transport of Electrons in Semiconductors 3 Electronic Band Structure 4 Effective Mass of Carriers 5 Phonons and Lattice Dynamics 6 Scattering Phenomenon and Fermi “Golden Rule” 7 Scattering Relaxation Times 8 Scattering Rates from Fermi's Golden Rule 9 Mobility and Conductivity 10 Transport in Nano-Structures
High NaCl diet increases anterior hypothalamic α2-adrenoceptors in SHR

Abstract Previous studies carried out in our laboratories demonstrated that dietary NaCl supplementation induced an increase in blood pressure associated with a reduction in noradrenaline release in the anterior hypothalamic region of NaCl-sensitive spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). The present study tested the hypothesis that this reduction in noradrenaline release induces a compensatory increase in α 2 -adrenoceptor number in the anterior hypothalamic region of SHR. Low affinity p-[ 3 H]aminoclonidine(α 2 -adrenoceptor agonist) binding in the anterior hypothalamic region was increased significantly in SHR, but not in normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats on a high (compared to a basal) NaCl diet. Increased p-[ 3 H]aminoclonidine binding was present at 1 and 2 weeks following initiation of the diets. In contrast, in the posterior hypothalamic region of SHR, α 2 -adrenoceptors were significantly reduced following 1 week on the high (compared to basal) NaCl diet, and no difference between groups was observed following 2 weeks on the diets. The high NaCl diet did not alter α 2 -adrenoceptors in the medulla, nor did it affect α 1 - or β-adrenoceptors in any brain region studied in either SHR or WKY. In SHR, dietary Ca 2+ supplementation diminished the blood pressure elevation associated with high NaCl diets, and simultaneously prevented the NaCl induced increase in α 2 -adrenoceptors in the anterior hypothalamic region. These data support the hypothesis that, in susceptible individuals, changes in noradrenergic transmission in the anterior hypothalamic region contribute to the cardiovascular effects of dietary NaCl loading and Ca 2+ supplementation.
Latent structure of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test: A confirmatory factor analytic study.

The present study represents the first large scale confirmatory factor analysis of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). The results generally support the three factor solutions reported in the exploratory factor analysis literature. However, only the first factor, which reflects general executive functioning, is statistically sound. The secondary factors, while likely reflecting meaningful cognitive abilities, are less stable except when all subjects complete all 128 cards. It is likely that having two discontinuation rules for the WCST has contributed to the varied factor analytic solutions reported in the literature and early discontinuation may result in some loss of useful information. Continued multivariate research will be necessary to better clarify the processes underlying WCST performance and their relationships to one another.
Preparation and characterization of energetic Al-Mg mechanical alloy powders

Abstract Metals such as Al and Mg have high combustion enthalpies and they are widely used as additives in energetic materials for propellants, explosives, and pyrotechnics. However, long ignition delays and slow combustion kinetics limit their current applications. An approach suggested in this work is to design new metal-based materials in which pre-determined phase changes will occur and trigger ignition at a desired temperature and also accelerate the rate of heat release during combustion. As a first step, metastable solid solutions of Mg in Al (10–50% of Mg) have been produced by mechanical alloying. The ignition temperatures of the produced alloys in air were determined using digital imaging and three-color pyrometry of the electrically heated filaments coated with different alloy powders. Combustion of mechanical alloys in air was studied using a laminar, premixed flame aerosol burner. The ignition temperatures were around 1,000 K, much lower than the pure aluminum ignition temperature of about 2,300 K. The steady flames of mechanical alloy powders were produced at lower equivalence ratios and had higher propagation velocities than similar pure aluminum powder flames. Phase compositions of the combustion products were determined using X-ray diffraction. In addition to Al 2 O 3 and MgO, significant amounts of Al 2 MgO 4 were found in experiments.
Increased expression of the glioma-associated antigen ARF4L after loss of the tumor suppressor PTEN. Laboratory investigation.

Object Despite recent advances in cancer immunotherapy, cellular mechanisms controlling expression of tumor-associated antigens are poorly understood. Mutations in cancer cells, such as loss of PTEN, may increase expression of tumor-associated antigens. The authors investigated the relationship between PTEN status and the expression of a glioma-associated antigen, adenosine diphosphate–ribosylation factor 4–like (ARF4L) protein. Methods Human glioma cell lines with confirmed PTEN status were examined by Northern blot analysis and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Western blot analysis was used to measure ARF4L protein levels across multiple cell lines. Results The loss of PTEN was shown to lead to increased levels of ARF4L protein but no change in transcript levels. Cell lines with serial mutations, including activation of Ras and Akt pathways, also demonstrated increased levels of ARF4L protein, which decreased after treatment with rapamycin. The ARF4L transcript preferentially localized to the pol...
New developments in silicon Czochralski crystal growth and wafer technology

An overview of recent progress in large-diameter crystal pulling and associated new wafer preparation technologies is given. A clear trend can be observed that, with increasing crystal diameter, the average oxygen concentration and the density of intrinsic grown in defects is reduced. Oxygen reduction and control is achieved by using magnetic fields, while bulk defect reduction requires sophisticated hot zone engineering. New growing methods currently under development result in new crystal types with a high density of interstitials in the outer area and a lower density of vacancies in the center. In addition, crystals are grown under near-equilibrium conditions so the super-saturation of the intrinsic point defects remains below the critical value required for clustering of the point defects into larger agglomerates . Geometry and light point defects/localized light scatter requirements for future wafer generations are becoming more stringent with each decrease in design rule. This leads to the necessity of novel wafer surface preparation methodologies such as advanced single side polishing, double side polishing and plasma assisted chemical etching with local wafer surface treatment. Finally, the trend toward low thermal budget integrated circuit processes leads to the necessity of having oxygen precipitation tuning and gate oxide integrity tuning, as well as the creation of a denuded zone by the silicon wafer manufacturer. New approaches to meet these requirements are annealing at high temperature and/or rapid thermal processing. The development of the new epitaxial wafer types is highlighted.
Computational modeling of porous shape memory alloys

In this study the mesoscopic behavior of porous shape memory alloys has been simulated with particular attention to the mechanical response under cyclic loading conditions. A recently developed constitutive law, accounting for full martensite reorientation as well as phase transformation, was implemented into the commercial finite element code ABAQUS. Due to stress concentrations in a porous microstructure, the constitutive law was enhanced to account for the development of permanent inelasticity in the shape memory matrix. With this simulation method, the complex interaction between porosity, local phase transformation and macroscale response has been evaluated. The results have implications for use of porous SMAs in biomedical and structural applications.
Understanding the competitive dehydroalkoxylation and dehydrogenation of ethers with Ti–C multiple bonds

The divergent reactivity of a transient titanium neopentylidyne, (PNP)TiCtBu (A) (PNP = N[2-PiPr2-4-methylphenyl]2−), that exhibits competing dehydrogenation and dehydroalkoxylation reaction pathways in the presence of acyclic ethers (Et2O, nPr2O, nBu2O, tBuOMe, tBuOEt, iPr2O) is presented. Although dehydrogenation takes place also in long-chain linear ethers, dehydroalkoxylation is disfavoured and takes place preferentially or even exclusively in the case of branched ethers. In all cases, dehydrogenation occurs at the terminal position of the aliphatic chain. Kinetics analyses performed using the alkylidene-alkyl precursor, (PNP)TiCHtBu(CH2tBu), show pseudo first-order decay rates on titanium (kavg = 6.2 ± 0.3 × 10−5 s−1, at 29.5 ± 0.1 °C, overall), regardless of the substrate or reaction pathway that ensues. Also, no significant kinetic isotope effect (kH/kD ∼ 1.1) was found between the activations of Et2O and Et2O-d10, in accord with dehydrogenation (C–H activation and abstraction) not being the slowest steps, but also consistent with formation of the transient alkylidyne A being rate-determining. An overall decay rate of (PNP)TiCHtBu(CH2tBu) with a t1/2 = 3.2 ± 0.4 h, across all ethers, confirms formation of A being a common intermediate. Isolated alkylidene-alkoxides, (PNP)TiCHtBu(OR) (R = Me, Et, nPr, nBu, iPr, tBu) formed from dehydroalkoxylation reactions were also independently prepared by salt metatheses, and extensive NMR characterization of these products is provided. Finally, combining theory and experiment we discuss how each reaction pathway can be altered and how the binding event of ethers plays a critical role in the outcome of the reaction.
Rate of Information Acquisition in Concept Attainment

Fifty-two Ss solved six conjunctive concept attainment problems. All problems had 2 relevant and 5 irrelevant attributes which were presented in a 6 by 6 random replicated Latin square design. All stimulus cards were continuously in S's view. Each stimulus card choice of S was recorded. From the protocols of S's card choices a record was made of the rate at which information about the concept became available. It was found that S's potential acquisition of information was efficient early in concept attainment but decreased in efficiency as the amount of information to be retained about the concept increased.
Salicylate Functions as an Efflux Pump Inducer and Promotes the Emergence of Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Campylobacter jejuni Mutants

ABSTRACT Salicylate, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory compound, has been shown to increase the resistance of Campylobacter to antimicrobials. However, the molecular mechanism underlying salicylate-induced resistance has not yet been established. In this study, we determined how salicylate increases antibiotic resistance and evaluated its impact on the development of fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter mutants. Transcriptional fusion assays, real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR), and immunoblotting assays consistently demonstrated the induction of the CmeABC multidrug efflux pump by salicylate. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays further showed that salicylate inhibits the binding of CmeR (a transcriptional repressor of the TetR family) to the promoter DNA of cmeABC, suggesting that salicylate inhibits the function of CmeR. The presence of salicylate in the culture medium not only decreased the susceptibility of Campylobacter to ciprofloxacin but also resulted in an approximately 70-fold increase in the observed frequency of emergence of fluoroquinolone-resistant mutants under selection with ciprofloxacin. Together, these results indicate that in Campylobacter, salicylate inhibits the binding of CmeR to the promoter DNA and induces expression of cmeABC, resulting in decreased susceptibility to antibiotics and in increased emergence of fluoroquinolone-resistant mutants under selection pressure.
A comparison of latewood pits, fibril orientation, and shrinkage of normal and compression wood of giant sequoia

Giant sequoia latewood compression wood (CW) tracheids had pit canals that flared toward the lumen with extended poorly defined inner apertures that paralleled the fibrils in the S2 walls. Boiling and drying of CW and normal wood (NW) blocks induced split extensions at the CW pit aperture grooves but not at the NW pit apertures. These split extensions of the CW pit apertures were present also in longitudinal microsections. The mean fibril angle of 21 to 25 degrees of this well-defined CW was appreciably below the 45 degrees frequently reported. The CW tangential/radial shrinkage ratio of about 1 was distinetly lower than NW (1.6 and 2.1), and appeared to be the result of much lower tangential shrinkage. Both NW and CW specimens when dried quickly in an oven at 100° C had higher shrinkage (long., tang. and rad.) than when air-dried first at lower temperature and higher relative humidity.
Monomethoxy-4-aminoazobenzenes: a computational study

Abstract The structural and electronic properties of the positional isomers of monomethoxy-4-aminoazobenzene (n-OMe-AAB) have been investigated using density functional theory with a basis set that includes polarization functions on all the atoms. These azo dyes are of interest because their carcinogenic activities depend dramatically on the position (n) of the methoxy group, e.g. 3-OMe-AAB is a potent hepatocarcinogen in the rat, whereas 2-OMe-AAB is a noncarcinogen. While it is generally believed that the various isomers of OMe-AAB require metabolic activation via N-hydroxylation prior to reaction with cellular macromolecules, we have shown that there are structural and electronic features present in these isomers that correlate with their carcinogenic behavior.
Alias-free image subsampling using Fourier-based windowing methods

An antialiasing image subsampling method using Fourier-based windowing is presented. To reduce resolution, directly subsampling an image results in aliased data. To avoid aliasing, the original image has to be low-pass filtered within the bandwidth of the subsampled image prior to subsampling. However, applying a simple rectangular filter causes ringing effect (ripples), which is also called the Gibbs phenomenon. Conventional finite impulse response (FIR) or infinite impulse response (IIR) filters use spectral windows (e.g., Gaussian, Hamming, Hanning, or Butterworth windows, etc.) to yield a smooth transition band at the cutoff frequency. Yet this approach attenuates the higher frequency contents of the subsampled image and results in the widening of the transition band of the impulse response. An alias-free image subsampling method is developed using a power window to reduce the spatial domain ringing effect and to preserve most of the spatial frequency contents of the subsampled image.
Applications of the fast wavelet transform

The fast wavelet transform is an order-N algorithm, due to S. Mallat, which performs a time and frequency localization of a discrete signal. It is based on the existence of orthonormal bases ( for the space of finite-energy signals on the real line) which are constructed from translates and dilates of a single fixed function, the "mother wavelet" (the Haar system is a classical example of such a basis; recent continuous examples with compact support are due to I. Daubechies). We discuss the derivation of the Mallat wavelet transform, give some examples showing its potential for use in edge detection or texture discrimination, and finally discuss how to generate Daubechies' orthonormal bases.
Razian Authority and its Implications for Legal Ethics

This paper was presented at a plenary session on jurisprudence and legal ethics at the Fourth International Legal Ethics Conference, held at Stanford Law School in July 2010. The question considered in the session was whether the concern of legal ethics is the morality of law, the morality of clients, or the morality of lawyers. The response I have been pursuing, in my book and elsewhere, is that all of these moral concerns are tied together in the lawyer’s role. The morality of law, clients, and lawyers are interrelated, but the political perspective is primary. The law serves a political purpose, of making public life possible despite first-order moral pluralism. When people disagree, either at the level of moral principles or over the facts that bear on the resolution of some issue, they can resolve their disagreement by force, deception, or coercion; by an ongoing process of debate (as deliberative democrats recommend); or by using some kind of procedural mechanism to establish a collective resolution of the problem, which supersedes the considerations over which there was disagreement. Public life in a liberal democracy is largely structured by the framework of legal norms and institutions that enables citizens to coexist and cooperate, despite their disagreements. Of course there are many considerations apart from law to which people refer in their dealings with one another. To the extent the lawyer’s role has any normative significance, however, its significance is bound up with the law’s function of settling moral and empirical conflict. This paper defends that conception of the relationship between law and morality, using Joseph Raz's two-level structure of practical reasoning.
Tolerance to the procholinergic action of the D1 receptor full agonist dihydrexidine

It has been well established that dopamine D1 receptor agonists increase acetylcholine (ACh) release in the brain, an effect that has been suggested to contribute to their procognitive properties. We sought to examine whether the ACh-releasing action of the D1 receptor full agonist dihydrexidine HCl (DHX) is altered after repeated administration. DHX dose-dependently (3, 9, 18, and 36 mg/kg, i.p.) increased ACh efflux in the hippocampus of freely moving rats through D1 receptor stimulation, as the D1 receptor antagonist SCH 23390 (0.3 mg/kg, i.p.) abolished the effect of DHX (18 mg/kg, i.p.). Daily injections of DHX (18 mg/kg, i.p.) over 14 days did not significantly affect basal hippocampal ACh concentrations, but they significantly curtailed the stimulatory action of a challenge injection of DHX (18 mg/kg, i.p.) on ACh efflux. Tolerance to the procholinergic action of DHX develops with repeated administration.
Heat Flow through the Floor of the Eastern North Pacific Ocean

THE flow of heat through the earth's crust has been measured many times at various continental locations, and is usually found to lie1 within 50 per cent of 1.2 × 10−6 cal. cm.−2 sec.−1. Because of the absence of granitic rocks, with their relatively high radioactivity, in the crust under the oceans, it has been suggested that the heat flow through the deep-sea floor might be considerably smaller; but the only data available from oceanic areas have been two measurements of the thermal gradient in deep-sea sediments reported by Pettersson from the Swedish Albatross expedition2.
Learning from rejection: what transplantation teaches us about (other) vascular pathologies.

Abstract Allograft vasculopathy is an accelerated intimal hyperplastic lesion leading to progressive vascular stenosis; it represents the major long-term limitation to successful solid organ transplant. Although allograft vasculopathy is not formally an autoimmune disease, nor does it constitute a major cause of cardiovascular disease on a purely numerical basis, its pathogenesis provides an important window on the mechanisms by which immune injury can drive more common vascular pathologic entities. Thus, insights gleaned from vascularized solid organ transplants can shed new mechanistic (and therapeutic) light on: 1) the intimal vascular responses accompanying typical atherosclerosis and other inflammatory vessel diseases (e.g., scleroderma); 2) the pathogenesis of vascular stenosis versus aneurysm formation; 3) the sources of intimal smooth muscle cells in the healing of any vascular injury; and 4) the mechanisms by which smooth muscle cells are recruited into intimal lesions. Indeed, research on allograft vasculopathy has led to the understanding that interferon-γ plays a similar pathogenic role in a host of vascular stenosing lesions—and that Th2 cytokines can drive vascular remodeling and aneurysm formation. Moreover, circulating precursors (and not just medial smooth muscle cells) contribute to the intimal hyperplasia seen in atherosclerosis and in-stent restenosis. That non-vessel smooth muscle cells can be recruited to sites of vessel injury further suggests that chemokine and adhesion molecule interactions may be viable targets to limit vascular stenosis in a wide range of vascular lesions. This review will describe the pathogenesis of allograft vasculopathy, and will relate how understanding the underlying pathways informs our understanding of both human transplant-associated disease, as well as other human vascular pathologies.
FMR determination of damping constants in magnetic tapes

Abstract FMR spectra have been measured in a series of CrO 2 tapes, three metal evaporated tapes and a highly-viscous γ-Fe 2 O 3 tape in order to extract the damping constants. For CrO 2 the damping constant was approximately independent of orientation and coercivity. A strong correlation has been found between the damping constant of these and previously measured tapes and switching speed measurements made by other investigators.
A versatile chiral selector for determination of enantiomeric composition of fluorescent and nonfluorescent chiral molecules using steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy.

A fluorescent chiral molecular micelle (FCMM), poly (sodium N-undecanoyl-L-phenylalaninate) (poly-L-SUF), was developed as a chiral selector for enantiomeric recognition and determination of enantiomeric composition of four fluorescent and four nonfluorescent chiral molecules by use of steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy. The influence of FCMM concentration, buffer pH and complexation medium on FCMM-analyte host–guest complexation, and the emission spectral properties of the resulting complexes were investigated. The chiral interactions of the analytes,1,1′-binaphthyl-2,2′-diamine, 1-(9-anthryl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethanol, propranolol, naproxen, chloromethyl menthyl ether (CME), citramalic acid, tartaric acid, and limonene (LIM), in the presence of poly-L-SUF were based on diastereomeric complex formation. The figures of merit obtained from the partial-least-squares regression modeling of the calibration samples suggested good prediction ability for the validation of six of the eight chiral analytes. Better host–guest complexation of the more hydrophobic molecules, CME and LIM, were obtained in methanol/water mixtures, resulting in better predictability of the regression models. Prediction ability of the models was evaluated by use of the root-mean-square percent relative error (RMS%RE) and was found to range from 1.77 to 15.80% (buffer), 1.26 to 7.95% (25:75 methanol/water), and 1.21 to 4.28% (75:25 methanol/water). Chirality, 2009. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Programmed cell death of retinal ganglion cells during experimental glaucoma

The death of retinal ganglion cells during glaucoma is thought to result from damage to their axons as they exit the eye through the lamina cribrosa. In this study, intraocular pressure in the rat was increased to twice the normal average by cauterizing two limbal-derived veins. To investigate whether retinal ganglion cells in the glaucomatous eye follow an apoptotic type of death, DNA breaks in nuclei were labeled in situ, using a method that specifically incorporates biotinylated deoxynucleotides by exogenous terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase to the 3'-OH ends of DNA. The active nature of the death mechanism was demonstrated by the reduction in numbers of biotin-labeled nuclei after administration of the protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide. Our results suggest that retinal ganglion cells of the adult rat die through apoptosis when the intraocular pressure is markedly increased. This raises new possibilities in the treatment of glaucomatous damage to the retina, by the potential interruptibility of a program for neuronal death.
Learning and the motivation to eat: forebrain circuitry.

Appetite and eating are not only controlled by energy needs, but also by extrinsic factors that are not directly related to energy balance. Environmental signals that acquire motivational properties through associative learning—learned cues—can override homeostatic signals and stimulate eating in sated states, or inhibit eating in states of hunger. Such influences are important, as environmental factors are believed to contribute to the increased susceptibility to overeating and the rise in obesity in the developed world. Similarly, environmental and social factors contribute to the onset and maintenance of anorexia nervosa and other eating disorders through interactions with the individual genetic background. Nevertheless, how learning enables environmental signals to control feeding, and the underlying brain mechanisms are poorly understood. We developed two rodent models to study how learned cues are integrated with homeostatic signals within functional forebrain networks, and how these networks are modulated by experience. In one model, a cue previously paired with food when an animal was hungry induces eating in sated rats. In the other model, food-deprived rats inhibit feeding when presented with a cue that signals danger, a tone previously paired with footshocks. Here evidence will be reviewed that the forebrain network formed by the amygdala, lateral hypothalamus and medial prefrontal cortex mediates cue-driven feeding, while a parallel amygdalar circuitry mediates suppression of eating by the fear cue. Findings from the animal models may be relevant for understanding aspects of human appetite and eating, and maladaptive mechanisms that could lead to overeating and anorexia.
NADPH-diaphorase activity in the olfactory system of the hamster and rat

A comparative analysis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-diaphorase activity in the olfactory bulb was conducted in the hamster and rat. The distribution and morphological features of NADPH-stained neurons were compared to those of glutamic acid decarboxylase-like (GAD-LI) and tyrosine hydroxylase-like (TH-LI) immunoreactive somata in order to relate NADPH-staining to neuronal classes with specific biochemical properties. Intense NADPH-staining was located in primary nerve fibers of the accessory and main olfactory systems, producing dense staining of individual glomeruli. The entire vomeronasal nerve and all glomeruli were stained in the accessory olfactory bulb, but olfactory nerve and glomerular staining were restricted to the dorsal half of the main olfactory bulb. The glomerular layer of the main olfactory bulb of both animals contained numerous small NADPH-stained neurons. The range of somal areas of these neurons was relatively narrow and averaged about 60 microns2 (ca. 8 x 11 microns). Most neurons possessed ovoid somata and monoglomerular intraglomerular dendrites. Previous Golgi studies indicate that such features characterize periglomerular cells. The somal areas of GAD-LI somata in the glomerular layer overlapped that of the NADPH-stained neurons, providing additional evidence that these neurons are probably periglomerular cells. The range of somal areas of TH-LI somata in the glomerular layer was broader and included both small and large neurons that usually possessed intraglomerular dendritic tufts. The smaller TH-LI somata corresponded in size to both the NADPH-stained and GAD-LI somata, suggesting an interrelationship among periglomerular cells, GAD-LI, TH-LI, and NADPH-diaphorase activity. The larger TH-LI somata were probably external tufted cells. In the external plexiform layer of the hamster, oriented NADPH-stained neurons were observed that possessed an intraglomerular dendrite. These neurons appeared to be middle tufted cells. Lightly stained and smaller neurons were occasionally seen in the mitral body and internal plexiform layers, corresponding in somal area and morphological features to those of type III granule cells. No internal tufted or mitral cells were stained. The largest NADPH-stained neurons were located in the inner half of the granule cell layer and were classified as Golgi cells. Their somata averaged 125 microns2 (ca. 10 x 17 microns). Many NADPH-stained neurons were observed in all subdivisions of the anterior olfactory nucleus, the anterior hippocampal rudiment, anterior and posterior levels of the piriform cortex, and the vertical and horizontal limbs of the diagonal band of Broca, all of which are known to provide centrifugal inputs to the olfactory bulb.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Effect of Propylene Glycol Dosage During Feed Restriction on Metabolites in Blood of Prepartum Holstein Heifers

Abstract Different doses of propylene glycol were compared for lowering plasma NEFA concentration during restricted feed intake. Eight Holstein heifers, averaging 90 d prior to calving at initiation of the trial, were in a 4 × 4 Latin square design with 12-d periods. Heifers consumed alfalfa silage on an ad libitum basis during d 1 to 7 of each period. During d 8 to 12, heifers were gradually restricted to 50% of ad libitum intake. Heifers received an oral drench of 0, 296. 592, or 887ml of propylene glycol once daily at 6h prior to feeding on d 8 to 12. Propylene glycol linearly increased glucose and insulin and decreased BHBA and NEFA in blood. Quadratic effects of propylene glycol on plasma glucose, BHBA, and NEFA also occurred; response per milliliter of propylene glycol was greatest at the lowest dose. The highest dose of propylene glycol returned blood glucose, insulin, and NEFA concentrations to those prior to feed restriction. Ruminal acetate to propionate ratio decreased as propylene glycol dose was increased, indicating ruminal conversion of propylene glycol to propionate. A dose of 296ml of propylene glycol was almost as effective as a dose of 887ml in reducing lipid mobilization during restricted feed intake.
UMBILICAL VEIN BLOOD BIOCHEMICAL DATA AND NEONATAL CONDITION.

The physical status of 145 unselected newborn infants was correlated with the lactate/pyruvate ratio, total lactate, and pH of their umbilical vein bloods. Neonatal depression, as indicated by a one-minute Apgar score below 8, occurred in 14 of 130 infants with normal umbilical vein blood biochemical data (10.8 per cent) and in 8 of 15 infants with abnormal biochemical status of the umbilical vein blood (53.3 per cent). With progressive degrees of impairment of the oxygen supply, the incidence and severity of depression were significantly increased. When acidosis was manifest as well, depression was profound and recovery was slow.
The left temporal pole is important for retrieving words for unique concrete entities

Background: The neuroanatomical basis of lexical retrieval has been studied intensively. The current review focuses on the special case of proper nouns. Aims: This article reviews a programme of research that has used both lesion‐deficit and functional‐imaging (PET) approaches to investigate the neuroanatomical basis for lexical retrieval of proper nouns. In lesion‐deficit studies we found that damage to the left temporal polar (TP) region leads to reliable and specific impairments in naming famous persons (e.g., “George Clooney”) and famous landmarks (e.g., “Golden Gate Bridge”). In functional‐imaging studies we found that when participants name famous persons and landmarks they produce specific activation (increases in regional cerebral blood flow) in the left TP region. Main Contribution: These findings converge with lesion and functional‐imaging data from other laboratories to support the idea that the left TP region is important for the retrieval of names for unique concrete entities, persons and lan...
Properties of a novel periplasmic catalase-peroxidase from Escherichia coli O157:H7

A subset of catalase-peroxidases are distinguished by their periplasmic location and their expression by pathogens. Kinetic and spectral properties have not been reported for any of these enzymes. We report the cloning, expression, isolation, and characterization of KatP, a periplasmic catalase-peroxidase from Escherichia coli O157:H7. Absorption spectra indicated a mixture of heme states dominated by the pentacoordinate and hexacoordinate high-spin forms. Apparent k(cat) values for catalase (1.8x10(4) s(-1)) and peroxidase (77 s(-1)) activities were greater than those of other catalase-peroxidases. However, apparent K(M) values for H2O2 were also higher (27 mM for catalase and 3 mM for peroxidase). Ferric KatP reacted with peracetic acid to form compound I (8.8x10(3) M(-1) s(-1)) and with CN(-) to form a ferri-cyano complex (3.9x10(5) M(-1) s(-1)) consistent with other catalase-peroxidases. The isolation and characterization of KatP opens new avenues to explore mechanisms by which the periplasmic catalase-peroxidases may contribute to bacterial virulence.
Shoemaker crater as the source of most ejecta blocks on the asteroid 433 Eros

The loose material--regolith--on the surfaces of asteroids is thought to represent ballistically emplaced ejecta from impacts but the identification of source craters and the detailed study of the regolith modification have been hampered by the limited spatial resolution and area coverage of the few asteroids imaged by spacecraft. Here we report the results of global mapping of the asteroid 433 Eros from high-resolution images obtained by the NEAR-Shoemaker spacecraft. Based on the images and ejecta-emplacement models, we suggest that most large ejecta blocks on Eros originate from a relatively young 7.6-km-diameter crater. A large fraction of the ejecta from impacts pre-dating that crater has apparently been buried or eroded. The images also show evidence for the action of a variety of sorting environments for regolith particles after they are deposited on the surface.