cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Efficient Analysis of Large-Scale Power Grids Based on a Compact Cholesky Factorization

We present fast algorithms for the DC and transient analyses of large-scale power grids. We reveal a compact Cholesky factorization for the coefficient matrix of the system of linear equations encountered in power grid analysis problems. By exploiting this compact structure, we obtain techniques for fast matrix inversion and matrix-vector multiplication. This new method takes full advantage of the special structure of power grids. Experimental results show that our method is more than hundred times faster for DC analysis and around ten times faster for transient simulation compared to Hspice, with these gains continuing to increase with problem size
Work, Community, and Parenting Resources and Demands as Predictors of Adolescent Problems and Grades.

This article uses a resources and demands approach to examine the extent to which work, community, and parenting resources and demands are related to adolescents’ internalizing and externalizing problems and grades in school. The analysis is based on data from 489 married two-earner couples and adolescents aged 10 to 17 interviewed for the 1992-1994 National Survey of Families and Households. The results indicate that time in activities is not related strongly to adolescent problems and grades. Negative work spillover, peer-based school problems, and harsh parenting behaviors show the strongest and most consistent relationships with adolescent problems and grades. Friends’ planning college and nurturing parenting behaviors are positively related to grades. Thus, the findings support the resources and demands approach to varying degrees for the resources and demands included in the study.
Phase-sensitive optical coherence tomography characterization of pulse-induced trabecular meshwork displacement in ex vivo non-human primate eyes

Purpose. It is suspected that the abnormalities of aqueous outflow pump composed of trabecular meshwork (TM) and Schlemm’s canal (SC) results in the increased outflow resistance and then elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) in initial glaucoma. In order to explore the casual mechanism and the early diagnosis of glaucoma, the dynamic characterizations of aqueous outflow pump were explored. Methods. As a functional extension of optical coherence tomography (OCT), tissue Doppler OCT (tissue-DOCT) method capable of measuring the slow tissue movement was developed. The tissue-DOCT imaging was conducted on the corneo-scleral limbus of 4 monkey eyes. The eye was mounted in an anterior segment holder, together with a perfusion system to control the mean IOP and to induce the cyclic IOP transients with amplitude 3 mm Hg at frequency 1 pulse/second. IOP was monitored on-line by a pressure transducer. Tissue-DOCT data and pressure data were recorded simultaneously. The IOP-transient induced Doppler velocity, displacement and strain rate of TM and the normalized area of SC were quantified at 7 different mean IOPs (5, 8, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 mm Hg). Results. The outflow system, including TM, SC and CCs, was visualized in the micro-structural imaging. The IOP-transient induced pulsatile TM movement and SC deformation were detected and quantified by tissue-DOCT. The TM movement was depth-dependent and the largest movement was located in the area closest to SC endothelium (SCE). Both the pulsations of TM and SC were found to be synchronous with the IOP pulse wave. At 8 mm Hg IOP, the global TM movement was around 0.65μm during one IOP transient. As IOP elevated, a gradual attenuation of TM movement and SC deformation was observed. Conclusions. The observed pulsation of TM and SC induced by the pulsatile IOP transients was in good agreement with the predicated role of TM and SC acting as a biomechanical pump (pumping aqueous from anterior chamber into SC and from SC into CCs) in the aqueous outflow system. As the IOP elevated, the attenuated pulsation amplitude of the aqueous outflow pump indicated the failure of the mechanical pump and the increase of aqueous outflow resistance. The promising results revealed the potential of using the proposed tissue-DOCT for diagnosis and associated therapeutic guidance of the initial and progressive glaucoma process by monitoring the pulsation of the outflow pump.
Co-evolution of Bacterial Ribosomal Protein S15 with Diverse mRNA Regulatory Structures

RNA-protein interactions are critical in many biological processes, yet how such interactions affect the evolution of both partners is still unknown. RNA and protein structures are impacted very differently by mechanisms of genomic change. While most protein families are identifiable at the nucleotide level across large phylogenetic distances, RNA families display far less nucleotide similarity and are often only shared by closely related bacterial species. Ribosomal protein S15 has two RNA binding functions. First, it is a ribosomal protein responsible for organizing the rRNA during ribosome assembly. Second, in many bacterial species S15 also interacts with a structured portion of its own transcript to negatively regulate gene expression. While the first interaction is conserved in most bacteria, the second is not. Four distinct mRNA structures interact with S15 to enable regulation, each of which appears to be independently derived in different groups of bacteria. With the goal of understanding how protein-binding specificity may influence the evolution of such RNA regulatory structures, we examine whether examples of these mRNA structures are able to interact with, and regulate in response to, S15 homologs from organisms containing distinct mRNA structures. We find that despite their shared RNA binding function in the rRNA, S15 homologs have distinct RNA recognition profiles. We present a model to explain the specificity patterns observed, and support this model by with further mutagenesis. After analyzing the patterns of conservation for the S15 protein coding sequences, we also identified amino acid changes that alter the binding specificity of an S15 homolog. In this work we demonstrate that homologous RNA-binding proteins have different specificity profiles, and minor changes to amino acid sequences, or to RNA structural motifs, can have large impacts on RNA-protein recognition.
Effect of finite metallic grating size on Rayleigh anomaly-surface plasmon polariton resonances

Rayleigh anomalies (RAs) and surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) on subwavelength metallic gratings play pivotal roles in many interesting phenomena such as extraordinary optical transmission. In this work, we present a theoretical analysis of the effect of finite metallic grating size on RA-SPP resonances based on the combination of rigorous coupled wave analysis and finite aperture diffraction. One-dimensional arrays of gold subwavelength gratings with different device sizes were fabricated and the optical transmission spectra were measured. As the grating size shrinks, the broadening of the RA-SPP resonances is predicted by the theoretical model. For the first order RA-SPP resonances, the results from this model are in good agreement with the spectra measured from the fabricated plasmonic gratings.
Importance of Policy

In general, social policy refers to the rules governing the behavior of individuals in a particular setting. Sometimes, the rules are fixed such as in regulations or laws; at other times, the rules are more flexible such as a policy that authorizes new services but does not specify exactly service delivery or eligibility. At a very fundamental level, social policies serve as guidelines in managing relationships and distributing available resources among individuals, groups, institutions, and communities.
Relationship Between Modality Preference and Performance

The Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities was administered to 166 second graders who were classified as auditory or visual learners on the basis of discrepancies in individual test profiles. Four controlled instructional procedures were presented in classroom settings. Two procedures were primarily auditory, and two primarily visual. The 5 percent of the subjects showing greatest preference for visual tests performed equally well on visual and auditory learning tasks. Auditory learners performed equally well on auditory and visual tasks.
The case for single-case studies in treatment research-comments on Howard, Best and Nickels "Optimising the design of intervention studies: critiques and ways forward".

Howard, Best, and Nickels (2014) provide an informative state-of-the-art summary of the evolution of single-case treatment research design and some welcome suggestions for designs and statistics to...
The Pneumatic Lift as an Aid to Positioning the Strength-Compromised Patient

Developmental positions can be used to strengthen a patient's limbs and trunk. Difficulty arises, however, when an adult patient is too weak to assume these positions. The method presented was used to position a tall, moderately obese male patient with Guillain-Barre syndrome, who had grossly Poor upper extremity muscle strength and Trace to Zero trunk and lower extremity muscle strength when admitted for rehabilitation. Because of the patient's size and lack of strength, three therapists were required to help him assume developmental positions. The method used to achieve easier positioning consisted of modifying a portable pneumatic lift, a lift normally used to transfer patients in a sitting position.* We placed the patient prone on a raised mat table. (A clearance of 9 in under the table was required to accommodate the base of the pneumatic lift.)…
An angular momentum conserving affine-particle-in-cell method

We present a new technique for transferring momentum and velocity between particles and grid with Particle-In-Cell (PIC) [1] calculations which we call Affine-Particle-In-Cell (APIC). APIC represents particle velocities as locally affine, rather than locally constant as in traditional PIC. We show that this representation allows APIC to conserve linear and angular momentum across transfers while also dramatically reducing numerical diffusion usually associated with PIC. Notably, conservation is achieved with lumped mass, as opposed to the more commonly used Fluid Implicit Particle (FLIP) [2,3] transfers which require a full mass matrix for exact conservation. Furthermore, unlike FLIP, APIC retains a filtering property of the original PIC and thus does not accumulate velocity modes on particles as FLIP does. In particular, we demonstrate that APIC does not experience velocity noise that is characteristic of FLIP in a number of Material Point Method (MPM) hyperelasticity calculations. Lastly, we demonstrate that when combined with the midpoint rule for implicit update of grid momentum that linear and angular momentum are exactly conserved.
Exploring the “Black Box” of Programming: Applying Systematic Implementation Evaluation to a Structured Camp Curriculum

Camp scholars have designed structured curricula to engender specific outcomes and to break down the “black box” of programming. Implementation evaluation explores how well a program operates when delivered, further breaking down the black box. The purpose of this study was to explore the implementation of a new structured camp curriculum. The unit of analysis was a pilot camp program, Teens Leading & Connecting (TLC). Methods for this study included two direct observation tools and facilitator interviews. The findings suggest that TLC was implemented with quality and fidelity, and that a variety of mechanisms and contexts supported the implementation of TLC. Understanding these mechanisms and contexts can inform the implementation of TLC, and similar programs, in new camp environments. Furthermore, the results of this study demonstrate that implementation evaluation can inform program delivery in an intentional manner in camp and other youth-serving program contexts.
Influence of geomorphology and surface features on the genetic structure of an important trogloxene, the secret cave cricket (Ceuthophilus secretus)

Cave ecosystems supporting a variety of endemics depend on the carbon, nitrogen, and nutrients brought into caves by trogloxenic species, such as the secret cave cricket (Ceuthophilus secretus). Surface movements of trogloxenes may comprise the strongest ecological connections among caves. Our objective was to better understand dispersal patterns in C. secretus in order to inform management of this species and the cave endemics that depend upon them. We used microsatellite loci to estimate gene flow and genetic diversity among 42 karst features supporting C. secretus on the Fort Hood Military Reserve, Texas, USA. This sampling was used to assess the influences of karst topography and other landscape features on genetic diversity and population structure. Cave populations did not exhibit evidence of recent bottlenecks and genetic diversity was similar among sites, with the exception of one sample from an isolated cave. Samples exhibited a strong pattern of isolation by distance, but karst topology was also influential, with genetic differentiation being much higher between samples from separate ridges than among those on the same ridge. It appears that co-location on a ridge was an important factor facilitating dispersal among karst features. There was little evidence that other surface features such as forest cover, roads or streams influenced gene flow and genetic differentiation. The low genetic connectivity among ridges suggests that isolated caves on ridges where cricket habitat is uncommon or degraded might not be easily recolonized after extinction events, with potentially negative consequences for associated cave communities.
Goethe, Freiheit und Sturm-und-Drang

Gewohnlich charakterisieren literarhistorische Betrachtungen den Sturm-und-Drang als eine dichterisch-weltanschauliche Revolution, die in wuchtiger Auflehung gegen die Aufklarung fur die Freiheit des Gefuhls, der Individualitat und der literarischen Form kampfte. Dabei wird Goethe, dem Dichter des Gotz, Urfaust, Werther und anderer artverwandter Dichtungen eine fuhrende Rolle zugeschrieben. In seinem klassischen Werke Geist der Goethezeit hat Korff eingehend den philosophischen Hintergrund fur diese Bewegung gezeichnet und nachgewiesen, wie sie sich in der Dichtung im Sinne politischer, sozialer, metaphysischer und formaler Freiheit ausgewirkt hat.
THE STRUCTURE OF A POLYSPECIES HYBRID SWARM IN LIATRIS.

Biotically sympatric flocks containing more than two species afford special media for complex hybridization because of the multitude and broad array of recombinants which may be produced and because of the many avenues available for gene flow. The potential for hybridization in polyspecies populations, however, is limited, for species weakly differentiated in their ecological demands often are strongly isolated by incompatibility and sterility barriers (Stebbins, 1950). The relationship between close spatial association and strong reproductive isolation is readily seen in the genus Liatris. The genus, which extends throughout much of the eastern United States east of the Rocky Mountains and in southern Canada and northern Miexico, forms extensive areas of polyspecies sympatry, and in many such areas three or more species coexist. In accordance with the general rule referred to above, hybridization within such flocks is practically nonexistent. An exception to the rule, found in a sand prairie in northern Illinois, provided an opportunity to study polyspecies hybridization. The flock in question is composed of L. aspera Michx., L. cylindracea Michx., L. spicata Willd. and L. ligulistylis (Nels) K. Sch. The present paper represents an interpretation of this assemblage. The specific goals of this investigation were (1) to determine the extent and direction of gene flow and (2) to establish the identity of F1, advanced generation and backcross hybrids.
Study on the temporal-spatial analysis of HIV infection among injecting drug users in Yunnan Province from 2004 to 2011

Objective To analyze the spatial and temporal cluster of HIV infection among injecting drug users( IDUs) in Yunnan province from 2004 to 2011. Methods Data on HIV/AIDS among IDUs reported in Yunnan Province from 2004 to 2011 were analyzed using spatial autocorrelation and temporal-spatial scan. The value of relative risk,log likelihood ratio result,general and local spatial autocorrelation index were calculated. Results The spatial autocorrelation of HIV infection among IDUs in Yunnan Province was strong. Thirteen areas,such as Kaiyuan City,Longchuan Prefecture, Mengzi Prefecture and Gejiu City were hot spots during the period of 2004- 2011. In temporal-spatial scan analysis of SatScan,five significant clusters were found. The most likely clusters were located in Ruili City,Yingjiang Prefecture, Mang City and Longchuan prefecture( RR = 12. 98,LLR = 4 901. 22). The second 1ikely clusters consisted of Gejiu City and Kaiyuan City( RR = 12. 11,LLR = 3 468. 14). Dali City and Dongchuan District of Kunming City were the third and the fifth likely clusters. Fumin Prefecture,Xishan District,Wuhua District,Panlong District,Anning City and Guandu District were the fourth likely clusters and there were the only clusters from 2008 to 2011. Conclusions The prevalence of HIV/AIDS among injecting drug users in Yunnan Province have alleviated preliminarily. The strategy of prevention can be adjusted accordingly. Spatial and temporal analysis can be used to analyze the surveillance data of HIV/AIDS and provide evidence for judging the trend of HIV/AIDS infection and evaluating the efficiency of prevention program.
Epidemiology and Clinical Manifestations of Cutaneous T-cell Lymphoma

Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) encompasses a constellation of diseases of malignant clonal T lymphocytes that present initially in the skin. Within this disease spectrum, mycosis fungoides, and the Sezary syndrome are best known. Progress in the understanding of the T-cell malignancies now places other clinical entities within this disease classification. The authors review the epidemiology and clinical manifestations of CTCL.
Estimating Lagged and Cumulative Effects of Customer Service Variables in the Marketing Mix

This study examines the relationship between customer service variables and sales while controlling for the effects of price and promotional expenditures• Factor analysis and regression are applied to historical data from a major corporation. The results indicate that several customer service factors are significant in explaining the variation in sales over time. Service factors also tend to exhibit effects which are both lagged and cumulative.
A RBF-WENO finite volume method for hyperbolic conservation laws with the monotone polynomial interpolation method

Abstract Essentially non-oscillatory (ENO) and weighted ENO (WENO) methods are efficient high order numerical methods for solving hyperbolic conservation laws designed to reduce the Gibbs oscillations. The original ENO and WENO methods are based on the polynomial interpolation and the overall convergence rate is uniquely determined by the total number of interpolation points involved for the approximation. In this paper, we propose non-polynomial ENO and WENO finite volume methods in order to enhance the local accuracy and convergence. The infinitely smooth radial basis functions (RBFs) are adopted as a non-polynomial interpolation basis. Particularly we use the multi-quadratic and Gaussian RBFs. The non-polynomial interpolation such as the RBF interpolation offers the flexibility to control the local error by optimizing the free parameter. Then we show that the non-polynomial interpolation can be represented as a perturbation of the polynomial interpolation. To guarantee the essentially non-oscillatory property, the monotone polynomial interpolation method is introduced as a switching method to the polynomial reconstruction adaptively near the non-smooth area. The numerical results show that the developed non-polynomial ENO and WENO methods with the monotone polynomial interpolation method enhance the local accuracy and give sharper solution profile than the ENO/WENO methods based on the polynomial interpolation.
Construct Validity of a Simple Laparoscopic Ovarian Cystectomy Model Using a Validated Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skills

Abstract Study Objective To determine the construct validity and interrater reliability of a laparoscopic ovarian cystectomy simulator using a global rating scale. Design Prospective blinded observational study (Canadian Task Force classification II.3). Setting Academic teaching hospital. Participants A total of 26 postgraduate year (PGY) 1 to 4 gynecology and obstetrics residents were recruited (15 junior residents, postgraduate year PGY 1–2 and 11 senior residents, PGY 3–4). Intervention We developed a simple, low-cost laparoscopic ovarian cystectomy simulator and incorporated it into our simulation curriculum. The simulation was directed at junior residents with instruction and immediate feedback in a scheduled simulation session once during the academic year. At the end of the year resident skills assessment, all levels were recorded with video using this model to assess the construct validity between junior and senior residents. Resident performance was later evaluated and scored by 2 blinded, experienced laparoscopists using a validated Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skills (OSATS). Measurement and Main Results Each resident received a unique identification number and the simulated laparoscopic ovarian cystectomy procedure was filmed during the end of the year assessment. Two blinded raters evaluated the video of each resident with the modified Global Rating Scale (OSATS), using 5 of the 7 domains (respect for tissue, time and motion, instrument handling, flow of operation and knowledge of specific procedure). An average of the 2 ratings was computed for each domain, and comparisons were made using the Mann-Whitney U test. Interrater reliability was calculated using the Kendall tau β correlation coefficient. Construct validity was determined by comparing the rank scores of the junior to senior residents in each domain. Construct validity and interrater reliability was demonstrated in all of the measured domains except for respect for tissue. Conclusion This simple, low-cost model can be used to teach important laparoscopic ovarian cystectomy skills. Construct validity discriminating between junior and senior residents was demonstrated using this model.
Big Role for a Tiny Genome

In this issue of Cell, Salem et al. demonstrate a remarkable instance of herbivory dependent on a co-evolved mutualism with specialized bacteria. Despite having a tiny genome and limited metabolic repertoire, the bacteria in Cassida beetles produce pectinases predicted to mediate degradation of plant cell walls in the insect diet.
Strained zigzag graphene nanoribbon devices with vacancies as perfect spin filters

The transport properties of zigzag graphene nanoribbons (zGNRs) were studied by density functional theory (DFT) in conjunction with Green's function analysis. In particular, spin transport through a zGNR (12,0) device was investigated under the constraint of ferromagnetic coordination of the ribbon edges. Several configurations with two vacant sites in the edge and the bulk region of the zGNR device were derived from this system. For all structures, magnetocurrent ratios (MCRs) were recorded as a function of the bias as well as the amount of strain applied longitudinally to the devices. ZGNR devices with vacancies in the edge regime turn out to exhibit perfect spin-filter activity for well-defined choices of the strain and the bias, carrying completely polarized minority spin currents. In the alternative structure, characterized by vacancies in the bulk regime, spin currents with majority orientation prevail. With respect to both the sign and the size, the MCR is seen to depend sensitively on the device parameters, i.e., the vacancy locations, the bias, and the amount of strain. These results are interpreted in terms of density-of-states distributions, transmission spectra, and transmission operator eigenstates.
Between two waves: Věra Chytilová and Jean-Luc Godard

ABSTRACTOur initial prompt for this essay is taken from several points of contact between works by Jean-Luc Godard and Věra Chytilova at the close of the 1960s. Godard by this time had renounced hi...
Major chemical and physical features of cellulosic materials as substrates for enzymatic hydrolysis

This review emphasizes the structure and morphology of cellulose, which are pertinent to understanding the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose. Physical and chemical constraints on the susceptibility of cellulose to hydrolysis will be examined. In addition, the relationship between the capillary structure of cellulose fiber and enzymatic hydrolysis will be discussed.
Principles of Behavioral Teratology

James Wilson has undoubtedly done more to describe the general principles and mechanisms of teratogenic response than anyone else. These principles were most recently presented in 1977 (Wilson, 1977). Here, the principles of behavioral teratogenic response will be defined as an extension of Wilson’s concepts. Refinement and updating of our previous description of the principles of behavioral teratogenesis (Vorhees & Butcher, 1982) have also been undertaken below.
Stability and control of a parametrically excited rotating system. Part II: controls

In Part-I of this paper, the stability of a parametrically excited rotating system was analyzed. In this part the design of a feedback controller and an observer for the same mechanical system is considered. First, the time periodic system equations are transformed to a time invariant form which is suitable for an application of the standard techniques of linear control theory. A full-state feedback controller is designed in the transformed domain using the pole placement technique. Next, a Luenberger observer is constructed for estimating the unmeasurable states. Robustness of the observer is tested under the assumption that white noise is present in the measured states. Simulations for several combination of excitation and rotation parameters are provided.
Identification of the benztropine analog [125I]GA II 34 binding site on the human dopamine transporter

The dopamine transporter (DAT) is a neuronal membrane protein that is responsible for reuptake of dopamine (DA) from the synapse and functions as a major determinant in control of DA neurotransmission. Cocaine and many psychostimulant drugs bind to DAT and block reuptake, inducing DA overflow that forms the neurochemical basis for euphoria and addiction. Paradoxically, however, some ligands such as benztropine (BZT) bind to DAT and inhibit reuptake but do not produce these effects, and it has been hypothesized that differential mechanisms of binding may stabilize specific transporter conformations that affect downstream neurochemical or behavioral outcomes. To investigate the binding mechanisms of BZT on DAT we used the photoaffinity BZT analog [125I]N-[n-butyl-4-(4‴-azido-3‴-iodophenyl)]-4',4″-difluoro-3α-(diphenylmethoxy)tropane ([125I]GA II 34) to identify the site of cross-linking and predict the binding pose relative to that of previously-examined cocaine photoaffinity analogs. Biochemical findings show that adduction of [125I]GA II 34 occurs at residues Asp79 or Leu80 in TM1, with molecular modeling supporting adduction to Leu80 and a pharmacophore pose in the central S1 site similar to that of cocaine and cocaine analogs. Substituted cysteine accessibility method protection analyses verified these findings, but identified some differences in structural stabilization relative to cocaine that may relate to BZT neurochemical outcomes.
Toward Understanding Cerebral Blood Flow during Cardiopulmonary BypassImplications for the Central Nervous System

Factors and Their Influence on Regional Cerebral Blood Flow during Nonpulsatile Cardiopulmonary Bypass. By Govier AV, Reves JG, McKay RD, Karp RB, Zorn GL, Morawetz RB, Smith LR, Adams M, and Freeman AM. Ann Thorac Surg. 1984; 38:609-13. Reprinted with permission.In this study, we examined the relationship of regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) to mean arterial pressure, systemic blood flow, partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2), nasopharyngeal temperature, and hemoglobin during hypothermic nonpulsatile cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Regional CBF was determined by clearance of xenon 133 in 67 patients undergoing coronary bypass grafting procedures. There was a significant decrease in regional CBF (55% decrease) during CPB, with nasopharyngeal temperature and PaCO2 being the only two significant factors (p < 0.05). In a subgroup of 10 patients, variation of pump flow between 1.0 and 2.0 L/min/m2 did not significantly affect regional CBF. We conclude that cerebral autoregulation is retained during hypothermic CPB. Under the usual conditions of CPB, variations in flow and pressure are not associated with important physiologic or detrimental clinical effects.
Diversity of artists in major U.S. museums

The U.S. art museum sector is grappling with diversity. While previous work has investigated the demographic diversity of museum staffs and visitors, the diversity of artists in their collections has remained unreported. We conduct the first large-scale study of artist diversity in museums. By scraping the public online catalogs of 18 major U.S. museums, deploying a sample of 10,000 artist records comprising over 9,000 unique artists to crowdsourcing, and analyzing 45,000 responses, we infer artist genders, ethnicities, geographic origins, and birth decades. Our results are threefold. First, we provide estimates of gender and ethnic diversity at each museum, and overall, we find that 85% of artists are white and 87% are men. Second, we identify museums that are outliers, having significantly higher or lower representation of certain demographic groups than the rest of the pool. Third, we find that the relationship between museum collection mission and artist diversity is weak, suggesting that a museum wishing to increase diversity might do so without changing its emphases on specific time periods and regions. Our methodology can be used to broadly and efficiently assess diversity in other fields.
Impact of Particle Size on Droplet Coalescence in Solid-Stabilized High Internal Phase Emulsions.

High internal phase emulsions (HIPEs) comprise highly faceted droplets separated by thin films of fluid. Though surfactants are traditionally used in formulating HIPEs, growing interest in solid-st...
Rapid transcriptional bursts upregulate the X chromosome.

Upregulation of the X chromosome compensates for the presence of a single active X chromosome in mammals, but this has been difficult to measure and to understand mechanistically. A study now demonstrates that increased burst frequency boosts the transcriptional output of X-linked genes in male and female cells with a single active X chromosome. Interestingly, female embryonic stem cells lack increased burst frequency, which is established only after inactivation of the X chromosome takes place; this finding reveals a switch that can modulate transcriptional bursting.
Hybridisation between House Martin Delichon urbicum and Sand Martin Riparia riparia – a comment

Photographs of a martin trapped for ringing at Gibraltar Point, Lincolnshire, on 11 September 2013 and thought by the ringer to be a hybrid House Martin × Sand Martin were published recently, in th...
Data openness and democratization in healthcare: an evaluation of hospital ranking methods

Abstract The democratization of data in healthcare is subsequently becoming one of the most impacting hurdles in patient service, hospital operations, and the entire medical field. Controversy among healthcare data has brought challenges to many medical case studies including legal rights to data, data ownership, and data bias. The experiment performed in this chapter shows thorough hospital quality metrics and provides a new ranking system that compares hospitals and identifies which ones are best for a potential patient, based on their needs and medical status.
Familial hypercholesterolemia class II low-density lipoprotein receptor response to statin treatment.

LDL receptor (LDLR) mutations are the primary cause of familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). Class II LDLR mutations result in a misfolded LDLR retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). We have developed a model of FH class II and CRISPR corrected induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) capable of replicating mutant and repaired LDLR functions. We show here that iPSC and derived hepatocyte-like cells (HLC) replicate misfolded LDLR accumulation and restoration of LDLR function in CRISPR corrected cells. It was reported that model cells overexpressing class II LDLR mutants result in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) accumulation of immature LDLR and activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR). We show here that statins induce a similar accumulation of immature LDLR that is resolved with class II correction. We also demonstrate that though capable of UPR induction with tunicamycin treatment, unlike overexpression models, statin treated class II iPSC and derived hepatocyte like cells (HLC) do not induce the common UPR markers Grp78 or spliced-XBP1 (XBP1 (S)). Because statins are reported to inhibit UPR, we utilized lipoprotein deficient serum (LPDS) media but still did not detect UPR induction at the Grp78 and XBP1 (S) levels. Our report demonstrates the recapitulation of mutant and corrected class II LDLR function and suggests that overexpression models may not accurately predict statin mediated class II protein biology.
Correction to: Treatment of adults with intracranial hemorrhage on apixaban or rivaroxaban with prothrombin complex concentrate products.

The article “Treatment of adults with intracranial hemorrhage on apixaban or rivaroxaban with prothrombin complex concentrate products”, written by Renee Castillo, Alissa Chan, Steven Atallah, Katrina Derry, Mark Baje, Lara L. Zimmermann, Ryan Martin, Leonid Groysman, Sara Stern-Nezer, Anush Minokadeh, Alan Nova, WanTing Huang, William Cang, Kendra Schomer, was originally published electronically on the publisher’s internet portal on 4 June 2020 without open access
An early introduction to surgical skills: Validating a low-cost laparoscopic skill training program purpose built for undergraduate medical education

Abstract Background Medical student exposure to laparoscopy is limited to observation despite the prevalence of minimally invasive techniques in practice. The high cost of laparoscopic simulation equipment, commonly called “box trainers”, limits undergraduate exposure to skill training. Methods Students at a Midwestern medical school were recruited to participate in an experimental laparoscopic skill training program. One cohort (n = 17) used a DIY box trainer design freely available on MedEdPORTAL. A second cohort (n = 17) used a commercially available equivalent. Pre- and post-training attempts for four tasks were scored and the difference was calculated. The average differences for each cohort were then contrasted statistically. Results Significant performance improvements (pre- and post-training) were demonstrated regardless of group allocation. The difference in performance between the cohorts was not significant for any task (p > 0.05). Conclusions This low-cost training program using DIY box trainers is as effective as commercially available equivalent box trainers for introducing laparoscopic skills to medical students.
Effect of trunk control training on plantar pressure in patients with lumbar disc herniation

Background/aims Chronic spinal disc disease leads to disorders in postural movement coordination. An incorrect asymmetrical movement pattern for lower limb loading impairs proprioception and deteri...
Positive Tests for Lyme Disease and Emergency Department Visits for Bell's Palsy Patients.

Abstract Background Etiologies for Bell's palsy include herpes viruses and Lyme disease, with highest incidence in the colder and warmer months, respectively. In New Jersey, a Lyme-endemic area, the months with the most Lyme disease (80% of cases) are May through October (“Lyme months”). Objective Our aim was to determine whether positive tests for Lyme disease and visits are greater in the Lyme months than the rest of the year for patients with Bell's palsy in New Jersey emergency departments (EDs). Methods We conducted a retrospective chart review from two New Jersey suburban EDs with consecutive patients from February 1, 2013 to January 31, 2018.We identified patients having Bell's palsy using the emergency physician diagnosis. We tabulated positive Lyme tests and visits for Bell's palsy by month of year. We calculated the ratio of positive tests and visits between the Lyme months and the rest of the year along with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results There were 442 visits for Bell's palsy, 359 (81%) of these patients were tested for Lyme disease and 57 (16%) of the tests were positive. The Lyme months had 7.1 (95% CI 3.5–14.4) times more positive tests and 1.3 (95% CI 1.1–1.4) times more Bell's palsy visits than the rest of the year. Both measures peaked in July. Conclusions In a Lyme-endemic area, positive Lyme tests and ED visits for Bell's palsy are greatest in the Lyme months, peaking in July. This finding can help guide testing and treatment for patients in the ED with Bell's palsy during various months of the year.
Evaluation of digital micromirror devices for use in space-based multiobject spectrometer application

The astronomical community continues to be interested in suitable programmable slit masks for use in multiobject spectrometers (MOSs) on space missions. There have been ground-based MOS utilizing digital micromirror devices (DMDs), and they have proven to be highly accurate and reliable instruments. This paper summarizes the results of a continuing study to investigate the performance of DMDs under conditions associated with space deployment. This includes the response of DMDs to accelerated heavy-ion radiation, to the vibration and mechanical shock loads associated with launch, and the operability of DMD under cryogenic temperatures. The optical contrast ratio and a study of the long-term reflectance of a bare device have also been investigated. The results of the radiation testing demonstrate that DMDs in orbit would experience negligible heavy-ion-induced single event upset (SEU) rate burden; we predict an SEU rate of 5.6 micromirrors/24 h. Vibration and mechanical shock testing was performed according to the NASA General Environmental Verification Standard; there were no failed mirrors in the devices tested. The results of low temperature testing suggest that DMDs are not affected by the thermal load and operate smoothly at temperatures at least as low as 78 K. The reflectivity of a bare DMD did not measurably change even after being exposed to ambient conditions over a period of 13 months even. The measured contrast ratio (“on state” versus “off state” of the DMD micromirrors) was greater than 6000∶1 when illuminated with an f/4 optical beam. Overall DMDs are extremely robust and promise to provide a reliable alternative to microshutter arrays to be used in space as remotely programmable slit masks for MOS design.
Selenium status of 12 herds of Indiana dairy cattle

Ten of twelve herds of dairy cattle in Indiana that were surveyed were determined to have adequate selenium (Se) status (serum Se concentration >0.040 μg/ml); two herds had marginal Se status (serum Se concentration between 0.020-0.040 μg/ml). In 6 herds where Se supplementation was not given, mean serum Se concentration in lactating cows was 0.051 μg/ml (n=25) and in dry cows was 0.043 μg/ml (n=5). In 6 herds giving Se supplementation, mean serum Se concentration in lactating and dry cows were 0.071 μg/ml (n=26) and 0.049μg/ml ((n=14), respectively. Serum Se concentration had significant positive correlation to Se content of concentrate mixture but not to Se content of hay or corn silage. Two herds that were given no Se supplementation and had adequate Se status reported a high frequency (>20%) of placental retention but the incidence decreased to normal rates over the following year; one herd used no Se supplementation during this decline and a controlled field study of selenium-vitamin E prepartum injection in the other herd had similar decline in frequency of placental retention in cows either with or without selenium-vitamin E supplementation.
Evaluation of the Human Vocal Fold Lamina Propria Development Using Optical Coherence Tomography.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Identifying distinctive features of the vocal fold (VF) during development could have significant clinical implications for treating voice disorders. This study investigates the structural organization of the VF microanatomy across gender and age groups using optical coherence tomography (OCT). STUDY DESIGN Prospective clinical trial. MATERIALS AND METHODS In vivo OCT images were acquired from 97 patients (58 males and 39 females) aged between 6 weeks and 27 years. All patients showed no signs of vocal fold pathology on endoscopy. Morphological features were extracted from OCT images and statistically compared between age groups. This study was performed at Massachusetts Eye and Ear between 2017 and 2019. RESULTS All OCT acquisitions show a stratified microanatomy across age groups, even in newborns suggesting the presence of a superficial lamina propria (SLP) at birth. Furthermore, the optical scattering in the VF lamina propria changes according to age, suggesting subepithelial maturation. Although the epithelium thickness was relatively constant across age groups, the SLP showed a significant linear relationship between age and thickness (P = .016). Furthermore, a significant difference (P = .002) in SLP thickness was found between young adult males and females. The overall thickness of the entire mucosa did not change significantly with age. CONCLUSION OCT is a noninvasive imaging modality capable of providing quantitative morphological features to describe the VF development. A stratified structure can be observed in OCT from newborns to young adults. Further investigations could combine OCT, acoustic measurements, and molecular sensitive techniques to provide a complete interpretation of the VF development. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA Laryngoscope, 131:E2558-E2565, 2021.
Resistance to Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors: the Achilles heel of their success story in lymphoid malignancies

Abstract Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors (BTKi) have significantly changed the treatment landscape for patients with B-cell malignancies, including chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia, mantle cell lymphoma, and marginal zone lymphoma. Unfortunately, patients with BTKi-resistant disease have shortened survival. Clinical and molecular risk factors, such as number of prior therapies and presence of TP53 mutations, can be used to predict patients at the highest risk of developing BTKi resistance. Many mechanisms of BTKi resistance have been reported with mutations in BTK and phospholipase C γ2 supported with the most data. The introduction of venetoclax has lengthened the survival of patients with BTKi-resistant disease. Ongoing clinical trials with promising treatment modalities, such as next-generation BTKi and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy, have reported promising efficacy in patients with BTKi-resistant disease. Continued research focusing on resistance mechanisms and methods of how to circumvent resistance is needed to further prolong the survival of patients with BTKi-resistant B-cell malignancies.
Guarding a Target Set from a Single Attacker in the Euclidean Space.

This paper addresses a two-player target defense game in the $n$-dimensional Euclidean space where an attacker attempts to enter a closed convex target set while a defender strives to capture the attacker beforehand. We provide a complete and universal differential game-based solution which not only encompasses recent work associated with similar problems whose target sets have simple, low-dimensional geometric shapes, but can also address problems that involve nontrivial geometric shapes of high-dimensional target sets. The value functions of the game are derived in a semi-analytical form that includes a convex optimization problem. When the latter problem has a closed-form solution, one of the value functions is used to analytically construct the barrier surface that divides the state space of the game into the winning sets of players. For the case where the barrier surface has no analytical expression but the target set has a smooth boundary, the bijective map between the target boundary and the projection of the barrier surface is obtained. By using Hamilton-Jacobi-Isaacs equation, we verify that the proposed optimal state feedback strategies always constitute the game's unique saddle point whether or not the optimization problem has a closed-form solution. We illustrate our solutions via numerical simulations.
Current Urologic Management of Cloacal Exstrophy

Purpose Since 1980 the authors have treated 12 infants with cloacal exstrophy (10 classical and 2 variants). Eleven patients had repair, and are all surviving. The initial phases of management that led to improved survival have previously been reported. Quality of life is now a major focus for the cloacal exstrophy patient. During the past 10 years, nine of the 11 patients had lower urinary tract reconstructive procedures. This review evaluates experience with reconstructive efforts to achieve bowel and bladder control and to improve the quality of life in this complex group of patients.
A Preliminary Investigation of the Quadrants of Recycling Model

Dealing with recycling in strategic terms is not always adequate since circumstances exist where recycling is not discretionary and must occur. To accomodate such situations, a continuum ranging from the familiar ‘backward channel’ concept (which is strategic in nature) to its obligatory opposite, the ‘retrieval channel’ will be established. By intersecting this construct with a second continuum portraying macromarketing and micromarketing as polar opposites, a four-fold typology of recycling can be conceptualized. The implications to marketing will be discussed.
Natural history of definitive diverticular hemorrhage based on stigmata of recent hemorrhage and colonoscopic Doppler blood flow monitoring for risk stratification and definitive hemostasis

Background and Aims Few prospective reports describe the short-term natural history of colon diverticular hemorrhage based on stigmata of recent hemorrhage, and none include blood flow detection for risk stratification or as a guide to definitive hemostasis. Our purposes were to report the 30-day natural history of definitive diverticular hemorrhage based on stigmata and to describe Doppler probe blood flow detection as a guide to definitive hemostasis. Methods Different cohorts of patients with severe diverticular bleeding and stigmata on urgent colonoscopy are reported. For 30-day natural history, patients were treated medically. If severe rebleeding occurred, they had surgical or angiographic treatment. We report natural history with major stigmata (active bleeding, visible vessel, or adherent clot) and no stigmata or flat spots after clots were washed away. We also report Doppler probe detection of arterial blood flow underneath stigmata before and after hemostasis in a recent cohort. Results For natural history, patients with major stigmata treated medically had 65.8% (25/38) rebleeding rates, and 44.7% (17/38) had intervention for hemostasis. Patients with spots or clean bases had no rebleeding. A Doppler probe detected arterial blood flow in 92% of major stigmata—none after hemostasis—and there was no rebleeding. Conclusions (1) Patients with major stigmata treated medically had high rates of rebleeding and intervention for hemostasis. (2) Patients with clean diverticula or only flat spots had no rebleeding. (3) High rates of arterial blood flow were detected under major stigmata with a Doppler probe, but with obliteration by hemostasis no rebleeding occurred.