cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Brain 18F-FDG PET of SIV-infected macaques after treatment interruption or initiation.

Although rates of severe HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders have declined in the post-antiretroviral treatment (ART) era, subtle deficits persist, possibly exacerbated by treatment non-adherence. The actual effects of ART interruption/initiation on brain glucose metabolism as a reflection of viral replication and neuroinflammation remain unclear. Our study investigates how treatment initiation and interruption alter brain glucose metabolism in SIV-infected macaques, using 18F-FDG PET in correlation with plasma and CSF viral loads (VL) and cytokine levels. SIV-infected macaques (n = 7) underwent ART initiation only, ART interruption only, or both. Five uninfected animals served as controls. 18F-FDG PET imaging was performed at baseline and 1, 3, and 6 months after treatment modification. Mean and maximum standardized uptake values (SUV) for the whole-brain and subregions were calculated. Plasma and CSF VL and cytokine levels were measured. Paired t tests evaluated acute changes in whole-brain SUV from baseline to 1 month, while mixed-effect linear regression models evaluated changes over multiple timepoints and correlated SUV values with disease markers. ART interruption was associated with increased SUVmean and SUVmax acutely, after 1 month (SUVmean 95% CI [0.044–0.786 g/ml], p = 0.037; SUVmax 95% CI [0.122–3.167 g/ml], p = 0.041). The correlation between SUV and time, however, was not significant when evaluated across all timepoints. Increased SUVmean and SUVmax correlated with decreased CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell counts and increased plasma VL. SUVmax was positively associated with increases in CSF VL, and there were borderline positive associations between SUVmax and IL-2, and between SUVmean and IL-15. The treatment initiation group showed no associations between imaging and disease biomarkers despite viral suppression, reduced cytokine levels, and increased CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell counts. ART interruption is associated with increased brain glucose metabolism within 1 month of treatment cessation, which, in concert with increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the CSF, may reflect neuroinflammation in the setting of viral rebound. Although we cannot assert neurologic damage in association with cerebral hypermetabolism, it is a concerning outcome of ART non-adherence. Treatment initiation, meanwhile, did not result in significant changes in brain metabolism. HIV-induced neuroinflammation may require a longer period to abate than our follow-up period allowed.
Visual Obstruction of Flow Indicator Increases Inspiratory Volumes in Incentive Spirometry

BACKGROUND: Incentive spirometers were developed to facilitate sustained maximum inspiration. In addition to a slow-rising float that indicates volume displacement, the incentive spirometers includes a sensitive, rapid-fluttering flow indicator. Achieving the target inspiratory volume is believed to be the most important factor in successful incentive spirometers use. This investigation hypothesized that patients focus on the rapid fluttering of the flow indicator rather than volume float during incentive spirometers use. The effects of adjusting hand positioning to cover the flow indicator on inspiratory volumes were evaluated. METHODS: A randomized, prospective, counter-balanced crossover analysis of postoperative subjects was completed. In alternating assignment, the subjects were randomized to 1 of 2 study groups: (A) with the flow indicator covered first followed by the flow indicator standard exposed, and (B) with the flow indicator standard exposed first, followed by the flow indicator covered. The subjects were asked to perform 2 inhalations on their incentive spirometers in the first flow indicator condition: covered or the standard exposed. After a 2-min delay, the subjects were then asked to perform an additional 2 inhalations with the alternate flow indicator condition. The difference between mean inspiratory volumes under covered and standard exposed conditions was evaluated for all subjects, within and between groups. RESULTS: A total of 42 subjects were evaluated. For all the subjects, there was a mean increase of 255.4 mL of inspired volume when the flow indicator was covered (1,869.0 vs 1,613.7 mL, P CONCLUSIONS: Covering the flow indicator during incentive spirometers significantly increased achieved inspiratory volumes. Increased volumes were generated, irrespective of flow indicator covering order, which strongly suggested that the covering effect was greater than any learning or condition order carry-over effects. Because achieving target inspiratory volumes is considered the most important factor in successful incentive spirometers use, these findings may have immediate applications for improving incentive spirometers protocols, patient education, and device design implications.
The Decline in Earnings of Childhood Immigrants in the United States

This article provides evidence that, like adult immigrants, male childhood immigrants in the United States, that is, those who arrived before age 18, have experienced a declining trend in their ear...
Minimax estimation of the L 1 distance

We consider the problem of estimating the L 1 distance between two discrete probability measures P and Q from empirical data in a nonasymptotic and large alphabet setting. We construct minimax rate-optimal estimators for L 1 (P,Q) when Q is either known or unknown, and show that the performance of the optimal estimators with n samples is essentially that of the Maximum Likelihood Estimators (MLE) with n ln n samples. Hence, we demonstrate that the effective sample size enlargement phenomenon, discovered and discussed in Jiao et al. (2015), holds for this problem as well. However, the construction of optimal estimators for L 1 (P,Q) requires new techniques and insights outside the scope of the Approximation methodology of functional estimation in Jiao et al. (2015).
Computational Fluid Dynamics Study of the Effects of Drill Cuttings on the Open Channel Flow

A three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) study was carried out for drilling fluid flow with drill cuttings in open channels. The flow is similar to the return flow when drilling, stream containing drilling fluid, and drill cuttings. The computational model is under the framework of the Eulerian multifluid volume of the fluid model. The Herschel–Bulkley rheological model was used to describe the non-Newtonian rheology of the drilling fluid, and the computational model was validated with experimental results for two-phase flow in the literature. The effect of flow depth and flow velocity in an open channel was studied for drill cutting size of up to 5 mm and for a solid volume fraction of up to 10%. For constant cross section and short open channels, the effect of drill cuttings on flow depth and mean velocity was found to be small for particle sizes less than 5 mm and solid volume fractions less than 10%. High momentum force in the downward direction can carry the solid-liquid mixture at higher velocities than a lower density mixture. Higher inclination angles mean that the gravity effect upon the flow direction is more significant than the particle friction for short channels.
Multiple Sclerosis Lesion Segmentation with Tiramisu and 2.5D Stacked Slices

In this paper, we present a fully convolutional densely connected network (Tiramisu) for multiple sclerosis (MS) lesion segmentation. Different from existing methods, we use stacked slices from all three anatomical planes to achieve a 2.5D method. Individual slices from a given orientation provide global context along the plane and the stack of adjacent slices adds local context. By taking stacked data from three orientations, the network has access to more samples for training and can make more accurate segmentation by combining information of different forms. The conducted experiments demonstrated the competitive performance of our method. For an ablation study, we simulated lesions on healthy controls to generate images with ground truth lesion masks. This experiment confirmed that the use of 2.5D patches, stacked data and the Tiramisu model improve the MS lesion segmentation performance. In addition, we evaluated our approach on the Longitudinal MS Lesion Segmentation Challenge. The overall score of 93.1 places the \(L_2\)-loss variant of our method in the first position on the leaderboard, while the focal-loss variant has obtained the best Dice coefficient and lesion-wise true positive rate with 69.3% and 60.2%, respectively.
Simulation case studies on period optimal power flow

Traditional optimal power flow describes the system performance only in a single snapshot while the resulting decisions are applied to an entire time period. Therefore, how well the selected snapshot can represent the entire time period is crucial for the effectiveness of optimal power flow. In this paper, period optimal power flow is proposed with a given time period partitioned into consecutive linear time intervals, in which bus voltages and power injections are linear mapping of time. The optimal and operational limits in each time interval are precisely represented by its median and two end snapshots, through which the system performance of the optimal power flow model is significantly improved. Case studies based on simulation of a modified IEEE 118-bus system have demonstrated the simplicity and effectiveness of the proposed model.
Assessing heterogeneity among single embryos and single blastomeres using open microfluidic design.

The process by which a zygote develops from a single cell into a multicellular organism is poorly understood. Advances are hindered by detection specificity and sensitivity limitations of single-cell protein tools and by challenges in integrating multimodal data. We introduce an open microfluidic tool expressly designed for same-cell phenotypic, protein, and mRNA profiling. We examine difficult-to-study—yet critically important—murine preimplantation embryo stages. In blastomeres dissociated from less well-studied two-cell embryos, we observe no significant GADD45a protein expression heterogeneity, apparent at the four-cell stage. In oocytes, we detect differences in full-length versus truncated DICER-1 mRNA and protein, which are insignificant by the two-cell stage. Single-embryo analyses reveal intraembryonic heterogeneity, differences between embryos of the same fertilization event and between donors, and reductions in the burden of animal sacrifice. Open microfluidic design integrates with existing workflows and opens new avenues for assessing the cellular-to-molecular heterogeneity inherent to preimplantation embryo development.
Effects of intravenous immunoglobulin therapy and Fc gamma receptor polymorphisms on BK virus nephropathy in kidney transplant recipients

BACKGROUND BK virus nephropathy (BKVN) is a major complication in kidney transplant patients. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy against persistent BKVN and to evaluate the association between persistent BKVN and Fc gamma receptor (FcγR) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). METHODS A total of 86 patients out of 279 kidney recipients with BKVN were investigated in a single-center retrospective study. The majority of 86 patients were Hispanic and Asian (69.8% and 17.4%). Patients were treated with adjunctive IVIG or standard therapy (controls). Subgroup analysis was performed between IVIG responders and non-responders. BK virus copy number and serum creatinine (SCr) were measured to evaluate the impact of IVIG. We analyzed the association between the response to IVIG and genotype at FcγR3A (rs396991) and FcγR2A (rs1801274) SNPs. RESULTS Viral load in IVIG non-responders was significantly higher than in responders at the time of diagnosis (219 271.8 vs 29 816.3 copies/mL, P = .015) and after 6 months of IVIG use (12 789.5 vs 1369.5 copies/mL, P < .001). However, analyses SNP of FcγR2A (OR = 0.807, CI = 0.435-1.496 P = .495) and FcγR3A (OR = 0.997, CI = 0.505-1.970, P = .993) SNPs showed no significant differences between the 2 groups. CONCLUSION IVIG appears to lower BK DNA viral load significantly in patients with persistent BKVN. However, no associations were identified between BKVN and FcγR2A or FcγR3A SNPs.
Meta-modeling of high-fidelity FEA simulation for efficient product and process design in additive manufacturing

Abstract Finite element analysis (FEA) has been widely adopted to identify potential defects in additive manufacturing (AM) processes. For personalized product realization, it is necessary to validate a number of heterogeneous product and process designs before or during manufacturing by using FEA. Multi-fidelity FEA simulations can be readily implemented with different capabilities in terms of simulation accuracy. However, due to its complexity, high-fidelity FEA simulation is time-consuming and decreases the efficiency of product realization in AM, while low-fidelity FEA simulation has fast computation speed yet limited capability. Hence, our objective is to improve the capability of FEA by providing an efficient data-driven model. In this research, a Gaussian process-constrained general path model is proposed to approximate the high-fidelity FEA simulation results based on low-fidelity results voxel-by-voxel. The proposed model quantifies the heterogeneous discrepancies between low- and high-fidelity FEA simulation results by incorporating the product design information (e.g., Cartesian coordinates of deposition sequence) and process design information from inputs of FEA simulation (e.g., input heat). Therefore, it enables the validation of new product and process designs based on the simulation results with the desired capability in a timely manner. The advantages of the proposed method are illustrated by FEA simulations of the fused deposition modeling (FDM) process with two levels of fidelity (i.e., low- and high-fidelity).
The observation of side effects and immunogenicity for the application of domestic lyophilized non-adjuvanted rabies Vero-cell vaccine against rabies for the post-exposure group

Objective To observe the vaccination reactions and immunogenicity of the application of lyophilized Vero cell rabies vaccine without adjuvant in a way of low-dose intradermal injection for post-exposure group. Methods Conducting post-exposure immunization for 256 persons with the class Ⅱ level exposure to rabies. Based on a randomized, single-blind principle, all subjects were divided into intradermal injection (ID) group (n= 128),injected 0.1 ml for each site in accordance with 0,3,7,28,90 d,2 sites,2 sites,2sites,1 site,1 site respectively, and intramuscular injection(IM) group(n= 128) in accordance with 0,3,7,14,28 d in full-volume (0.5ml) PVRV Deltoid injection. The local and systemic vaccination reactions were observed for the different injection ways. The indirect sandwich ELISA assay was used to analyze the antibody levels. Results For the intradermal injection group, the incidence rates for local redness and swelling, induration, pain, itch were 1.27%, 0.29% ,0.49% ,11.43% respectively,for the intramuscular group, the incidence rates were 1.09% ,0. 16% ,2. 81% ,1.41% respectively. From the point of systemic reactions,the incidence rates of fever,rash,headache,fatigue and weakness were 0.31 % ,0. 16% ,0. 31 % , 1.09% respectively in the intradermal injection group,and the rates were 0.31% ,0.31% ,0.63% , 1.09% respectively in intramuscular group. All the adverse effects often occurred following the 1st,2nd injection. The seroconversion rates for intradermal injection and intramuscular were 94.53% ,95.31% following 14 d immunization respectively,the rates were 96. 83% ,97.64% following 42 d immunization respectively. For the post-exposure group,no statistical difference in significance was found between the two seroconversion rates. Conclusion For the application of domestic lyophilized Vero cell rabies vaccine,its adverse reactions are mild,and immunogenicity is good. Key words: Rabies; Lyophilized Vero cell rabies vaccine; Immunogenicity
Management of Pancreaticoduodenal Artery Aneurysms Based on a Single-Institution Experience.

Objectives:Pancreaticoduodenal artery aneurysms (PDAAs) are rare and have a high propensity for rupture. Historically, management of PDAAs included surgical reconstruction but has evolved with adva...
Perceptions of Endocrine Therapy in African-American Breast Cancer Survivors: Mixed Methods Study.

Background: Although the incidence of breast cancer is lower in African-American women than in White women, African-American women have a decreased survival rate. The difference in survival rate may stem from poor endocrine therapy adherence, which increases breast cancer recurrence. Therefore, accessible and culturally sensitive interventions to increase endocrine therapy adherence are necessary. Objective: The purpose of this concurrent convergent mixed methods study was to provide further data to guide the development of the proposed culturally sensitive mHealth app, STORY+ for African-American women with breast cancer. Methods: We recruited 20 African-American women diagnosed with estrogen-positive breast cancer and currently prescribed endocrine therapy. We used a concurrent convergent data collection method to (1) assess the use of smartphones and computers related to health care and (2) identify foundational aspects to support endocrine therapy adherence for incorporation in a mobile health app. Results: Overwhelmingly, the participants preferred using smartphones to using computers for health care. Communicating with health care providers and pharmacies was the most frequent health care use of smartphones, followed by exercise tracking, and accessing the patient portal. We identified 4 aspects of adherence to endocrine therapy and smartphone use for incorporation in app development. The factors that emerged from the integrated qualitative and quantitative data were (1) willingness to use, (2) side effects, (3) social connection, and (4) beliefs about endocrine therapy. Conclusions: Further research is needed to develop a culturally sensitive app for African-American women with breast cancer to improve adherence to endocrine therapy. Our work strongly suggests that this population would use the app to connect with other African-American breast cancer survivors and manage endocrine therapy.
Justice Scalia and the Art of Rhetoric

This article examines Justice Scalia's judicial opinions from a literary perspective rather than a legal one to demonstrate that he is a master of metaphor and other belletristic flourishes. Focusing on the style rather than the substance of his writing, the article uses examples from various Scalia opinions to illustrate that he wields a wicked poison pen, peppers his opinions with creative lists of examples, and is wont to drop in a bon mot here and there, not to mention an arcane foreign phrase that sends lesser mortals rushing to their Latin, French, or German dictionaries. Along the way, the article reveals some fascinating information about the tropes and allusions that Justice Scalia uses. And between the lines, the article offers criticism of Scalia's conservative philosophy.
Invited Paper: The Case for Small-Scale, Mobile-Enhanced COVID-19 Epidemiology

Our understanding of COVID-19 pandemic epidemiology has many gaps, with many challenges arising on a global scale. This paper looks at the problem at a smaller geographical scale, the extent of the campus of a large organization. Equipped with an asymptomatic testing program and rough location data from the campus wireless network, we make the case that epidemiological models may be informed from this new source of data, which offers fidelity at the temporal resolution of seconds and spatial resolution of a Wi-Fi cell size, in particular for the tasks of pinpointing clusters of cases and contexts of infection transmission. We sketch the design of a system that fuses the two foregoing information streams and explain how the result can be incorporated into standard epidemiological models of communicable disease, both for better parameter estimation in elementary models, as well as for providing spatial inputs into more sophisticated models. We conclude with logistical and privacy considerations we have encountered in an associated ongoing study, to inform similar efforts at other organizations.
Flavor-SU(3) tests from D0→K0K−π+ and D0→K¯0K+π− Dalitz plots

Abstract The processes D 0 → K 0 K − π + and D 0 → K ¯ 0 K + π − involve intermediate vector resonances whose amplitudes and phases are related to each other via flavor-SU(3) symmetry. Dalitz plots for these two processes can shed light on the usefulness of this symmetry in studying charm decays. Until this year the only available data on this process came from a conference report in 2002 by the BaBar Collaboration, but now an independent data sample of higher statistics has become available from the CLEO Collaboration. The goal is to predict Dalitz plot amplitudes and phases assuming flavor-SU(3) symmetry and compare them with experiment. An SU(3) fit can account for the relative magnitudes of the amplitudes for the decays D 0 → K ⁎ − K + and D 0 → K ⁎ + K − , but neither the current BaBar sample (based on an integrated luminosity of 22 fb−1) nor the CLEO analysis has significant evidence for the decays D 0 → K ⁎ 0 K ¯ 0 and D 0 → K ¯ ⁎ 0 K 0 . At this level one is unable to compare magnitudes and phases with theoretical predictions. The purpose of this Letter is to advocate an analysis using the full BaBar sample (more than 20 times the 2002 value). It should definitively determine whether predicted magnitudes and phases agree with experiment. A similar analysis should be possible with an even larger sample of events collected by the Belle Collaboration at KEK-B.
What’s in a Word: Coming to Terms with Reference, Part Two

The reference librarian aims to know the reference collection like the back of his or her hand. This knowledge of knowledge can be characterized as encyclopedic, in that it enables the reference librarian to comprehend the unity that exists within the branches of knowledge—the subject categories as outlined in the Library of Congress (LC) classification and represented in the reference collection. Comprehending this unity further enables the reference librarian to make those intelligent leaps, uncanny connections, and creative combinations between subject categories, whether closely or distantly related or even entirely unrelated. This metaknowledge and the fluency with the collection it supports define at its most fundamental level what reference is and what reference does. Despite its ease, speed, and convenience, the algorithm is no replacement for the mind of the reference librarian. Critical acceptance of this fact is in evidence when the simple, spontaneous one-on-one encounter at the reference desk...
Caring about prognosis: A validation study of the caring criteria to identify hospitalized patients at high risk for death at 1 year

BACKGROUND Identifying patients, at the time of hospital admission, who are at high risk for 1-year mortality is an ideal opportunity to introduce palliative interventions into the hospital care plan. The CARING (C = primary diagnosis of cancer, A = ≥2 admissions to the hospital for a chronic illness within the last year; R = resident in a nursing home; I = intensive care unit admission with multiorgan failure, NG = noncancer hospice guidelines [meeting ≥2 of the National Hospice and Palliative Care Organization's guidelines] criteria is a practical prognostic index developed and validated in the Veteran's Administration hospital setting that identifies patients at high risk of death within 1 year, although its effectiveness in a broader patient population is unknown. OBJECTIVE To validate the CARING criteria in a university and safety-net hospital setting. DESIGN Retrospective observational cohort study. SETTING Inpatient. PATIENTS Adults admitted to medical and surgical inpatient services during the study period of July 2005 through August 2005. MEASUREMENTS Mortality at 1 year following the index hospitalization was the primary end point. The CARING criteria were abstracted from the chart using only medical data available at time of admission. RESULTS At total of 1064 patients were admitted during the study period. Primary diagnosis of cancer (odds ratio [OR) = 7.23 [4.45-11.75]), intensive care unit admission with multiple organ failure (OR = 6.97 [2.75-17.68]), >2 noncancer hospice guidelines (OR = 15.55 [7.28–33.23]), and age (OR = 1.60 [1.32-1.93]) were predictive of 1-year mortality (C statistic = 0.79). One-year survival was significantly lower for those who met ≥1 of the CARING criteria. CONCLUSIONS The CARING criteria are a practical prognostic tool validated in a broad inpatient population that can be utilized on hospital admission to estimate risk of death in 1 year, with the goal of identifying patients who may benefit most from incorporating palliative interventions into their hospital plan of care. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2013;8:696–701. © 2013 Society of Hospital Medicine
Economically important production relationships in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) foodfish production

The catfish industry (Ictalurus punctatus), the largest segment of aquaculture in the USA, has declined in the number of operations, total yield and sales in recent years. This has led to a call for innovations to improve production efficiency and to lower the cost of production. This paper reviewed the literature on management parameters that affect economically important production parameters under the control of an individual catfish farmer. Stocking density, size of fish at stocking, duration of culture, cropping systems, feeding strategies and aeration were shown to significantly affect the economically important parameters of investment costs, yield and feed conversion ratio. Additional work is needed to quantitatively model the effects of multiple parameters and to develop user-friendly versions to assist catfish farmers in decision making.
Genetics of Personality

This article is a revision of the previous edition article by N.L. Pedersen, volume 9, pp. 6116–6118, © 2001, Elsevier Ltd.
The Most Recent Take on 'Take': U.S. v. Apollo Energies & the Migratory Bird Treaty Act

Feathers continue to fly as courts debate just how far the Migratory Bird Treaty Act’s talons extend, most recently when applied to the industry sector. This note examines the possible implications of requiring the government to prove proximate cause under the misdemeanor provision of the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA). The Tenth Circuit is the most recent federal appeals court to analyze the misdemeanor takings provision of the MBTA in United States v. Apollo Energies, Inc. Absent a proximate cause element, the court held the MBTA misdemeanor provision violated the Due Process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution. To understand the implications of Apollo, the first part of this note will provide the statute’s history and provisions, including the general interpretation of the MBTA’s misdemeanor provision as a strict liability offense. The second part will explore two energy cases decided prior to Apollo, in which the courts refused to convict oil companies under the MBTA. In the third section, I will discuss the recent Apollo decision whose proximate cause requirement purports to solve many of the concerns expressed by the prior courts. These concerns include: fear that the MBTA will be used to prosecute absurd bird deaths resulting from collisions with cars and windows; a lack of statutory notice as to what may lead to MBTA prosecution; and too much reliance on prosecutorial discretion when deciding whether to charge an MBTA violation. The fourth section explores whether Apollo really does solve such concerns and whether requiring the government to prove proximate cause actually dulls the MBTA’s talons and goes against legislative intent. Lastly, proposals are offered which could help Congress and the Fish and Wildlife Service (the agency tasked with enforcing the statute) to clarify their statutory intent. These include amending the MBTA itself, raising the misdemeanor penalty, imposing an industry wide bird fee, and adding a permit provision for bird takings within the energy industry.
Retention of Fluoride with Time in Man

Fluoride retention is high during fluoride supplementation and increases with increasing fluoride intake. When large amounts of fluoride were given for several months the retention of fluoride was about the same as in the initial phase of fluoride supplementation, whether the supplemental dose of fluoride was 10, 20, or 45 mg per day. The rapid return of the fluoride balance to control values after the high fluoride intake was discontinued indicates that there is not only a tendency for continued retention of fluoride during the high fluoride intake but also after large amounts of fluoride have already been retained.
Delivery of picosecond lasers in multimode fibers for coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering imaging

We investigated the possibility of using standard commercial multimode fibers (MMF), Corning SMF28 fibers, to deliver picosecond excitation lasers for coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) imaging. We theoretically and/or experimentally analyzed issues associated with the fiber delivery, such as dispersion length, walk-off length, nonlinear length, average threshold power for self-phase modulations, and four-wave mixing (FWM). These analyses can also be applied to other types of fibers. We found that FWM signals are generated in MMF, but they can be filtered out using a long-pass filter for CARS imaging. Finally, we demonstrated that MMF can be used for delivery of picosecond excitation lasers in the CARS imaging system without any degradation of image quality.
Pulse velocities in cylindrical, tapered and curved anisotropic elastic arteries

Modified Moens-Korteweg formulae have been developed for the pulse velocities in anisotropic elastic arteries of varying geometries. In particular, cylindrical straight, tapered and curved tubes have been considered. Numerical results indicate that the cylindrical tube formula can be applied in all cases and that the circumferential elastic modulus is the dominant elastic parameter.
Electron Back-Bombardment and Mitigation in a Short Gap, Thermionic Cathode RF Gun

When an un-gated thermionic cathode is operated in a radio-frequency gun, some fraction of the emitted electrons will return to the cathode due to the change in sign of the electric field in the gun. This back-bombardment current causes heating of the cathode, and this reduces the ability of the cathode heater to control the bunch charge. In this paper, we investigate the fundamental factors in single-frequency back-bombardment for a short-gap electron gun. Simulations revealed that the back-bombardment power depends strongly on the operating frequency and the bunch charge. Additionally, the use of a two-frequency TM010/TM020 electron gun to mitigate this effect was investigated which revealed that the effectiveness of this technique depends strongly upon single-frequency back-bombardment power but with the optimal reduction in back-bombardment power (62% of the baseline) occurring in the low-frequency limit.
The products of electrolysis of sodium amide-potassium amide eutectic mixture

Abstract The electrolytic products of decomposition of sodium amide-potassium amide-potassium amide eutectic mixture were investigated. The only possibilities of the products at the cathode were sodium metal and potassium metal, hence these were not the main subject of investigation. The anodic products were separated, collected, and identified. The main products identified were ammonia and nitrogen, but positive identification was made of trace amounts of hydrazine. The effect of catalysts present in the molten amides was considered, and potassium amide was prepared without the use of catalytic agents. The electrode material used was graphite of a very high purity, which has no known catalytic effect.
ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY FOR ANESTHESIOLOGISTS

Communication within the nervous system involves rapid changes in the membrane potential, which are called action potentials ( see Appendix for a glossary of terms). Any changes in the cell's electrical excitability, the ability of neurons to generate action potentials, affect neuronal function. Thus, the nerve cell's function may be affected by alterations in its ionic and pharmacologic environment, as well as by chemical, electrical, or mechanical stimuli. These changes may become manifest clinically as seizures or coma. This article describes the general principles by which excitable cells generate action potentials, illustrate how some pharmacologic agents and physical conditions alter excitability, and explain the principles essential for monitoring excitable organ systems, especially the brain. A complete review of the electrophysiology of nervous and muscular systems is beyond the scope of this article, and interested readers are referred to reviews significantly more detailed than this one. 1,12,18,27
Right upper lobectomy twenty years after left pneumonectomy. Preoperative evaluation and follow-up.

Quantitative perfusion lung scanning coupled with spirometry and balloon occlusion of the pulmonary artery supplying the lung to be resected have been used to predict the potential operability of patients being considered for pneumonectomy. These techniques were adapted for the lobar level prior to performing a right upper lobectomy in a 59-year-old man who had undergone a left pneumonectomy 20 years previously. This case demonstrates how physiologic reserve can be predicted in patients who require sequential pulmonary resection. (Chest 1990; 97:248-50)
"Why don't you see what you can do?.

IN ALL LIKELIHOOD, Brandt Steele’s career in psychiatry may have come naturally, for he always seemed to have had an ability to talk with people about their troubles. We have heard that when he was a fairly young boy, his father occasionally said, on leaving for work in the morning, “Brandt, your mother seems a bit worried about something. Why don’t you see what you can do.” Or occasionally his mother might say, “Brandt, your father seems to have something on his mind. Why don’t you see what you can do.” The role of calm listener and wise confidant seems to have been part of his early endowment which has remained an integral part of his life. His ability to remain warmly interested, uncritical, but realistically helpful, has caused him to be sought out and trusted by as many worried professionals as by tough prison inmates. Brandt’s background was closely related to natural and cultural life of Indiana. The studio of his grandfather, painter Theodore C. Steele, near Bloomington is now a state memorial park; his grandfather spent winters as artist-in-residence at Indiana University. Brandt’s father was an architect and his mother of a Quaker family; both parents had their origins in the four countries of the British Isles. One of three sons, Brandt spent summers while in college working as a ranger in Indiana state parks. His interests as a naturalist later took him to the deserts of the Southwest, on safari to Africa and on trips to Baja, California and South America. An unofficial review of the curriculum vitae of a variety of extraordinary physicians we know reveals one consistent finding: Their first publication failed to predict the area for which they would subsequently become internationally known. Brandt Steele is no exception. In 1927 at the age of 20, he published “Notes on the Feeding Habits of Carrion Beetles” in The Journal of the New York Entomological Society. One could imagine Brandt walking through the woods with Alfred Kinsey, his biology professor at Indiana, saying, “Why don’t we see what we can do to find out more about these carrion beetles.” Following his undergraduate education at Indiana, Brandt completed his MD there in 1932. He spent the next 15 years in internal medicine. He did a research fellowship at the Thorndike Laboratory at Harvard, residencies at the Harvard service at Boston City Hos-
Overview of studies on liver carcinogenesis in English sole from Puget Sound ; evidence for a xenobiotic chemical etiology I : pathology and epizootiology

Abstract Livers of wild English sole (Parophrys vetulus) from polluted waterways and embayments of Puget Sound, Washington, are affected by a spectrum of multiple, co-occurring idiopathic hepatic lesions, including neoplasms, putative preneoplastic foci of cellular alteration, and unique degeneration conditions. Results from a statistical analysis of the patterns of co-occurrence of these lesions in wild English sole indicate that these lesions represent morphologically identifiable steps leading to the development of hepatic neoplasms. This sequence parallels the lesion progression in experimental models of chemically induced liver carcinogenesis in rodents. The hypothesis that these lesions in wild English sole can be caused by exposure to certain xenobiotic hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic compounds in Puget Sound is based on: a) statistical associations between levels of aromatic hydrocarbons (Σ AHs) an sediment and prevalences of these idiopathic liver lesions, b) the contribution of Σ AHs in accounting for the variability in hepatic neoplasm prevalence in a logistic regression model, c) elevated odds ratios for several idiopathic hepatic lesion types in sole from polluted sites in Puget Sound, d) significant correlations between prevalences of idiopathic hepatic lesions and levels of fluorescent metabolites of aromatic compounds (FACs) in bile of English sole, and e) experimental induction of putatively preneoplastic focal lesions in English sole injected with a PAH-enriched fraction of an extract from a contaminated urban sediment from Puget Sound, that were morphologically identical to lesions found in wild English sole from the same site.
Local strong uniqueness

Abstract A study of local strong uniqueness is given. Concepts of local strong uniqueness and directional local strong uniqueness of at best, at worst, or exact rate o are introduced. The relation of local strong uniqueness to the “conditioning” of the approximation problem and to the modulus of convexity of the underlying space are noted. Special emphasis is given to L p approximation. Of particular interest here is that a continuum of local strong uniqueness rates is possible for L p , 1 p p
Career Assessment and the Career Beliefs Inventory

The Career Beliefs Inventory (CBI; Krumboltz, 1991, 1992, 1994) is a counseling tool to identify career beliefs and assumptions that may block clients from taking constructive action. Here we answe...
Open Reduction-Internal Fixation of a Talar Body Fracture via Posterior Tibial Malleolar Osteotomy: A Case Report

Posterior talar fractures are rare and usually represent an isolated fracture of either the medial or lateral tubercle. Posterior talar body fractures can be difficult to fixate and reduce secondary to limited exposure. This single case study demonstrates an unusual posterior body talar fracture that was encroaching on the neurovascular structures. Because of the unusual fracture location and pattern, a posterior approach using a posterior malleolar osteotomy was used for exposure and open reduction-internal fixation (ORIF). To the best of the author's knowledge, this is the first report of a posterior malleolar osteotomy being used to assist talar fracture reduction and fixation. The purpose of this case report is to demonstrate this unusual talar body fracture and the utility of this posterior osteotomy approach. Level of Evidence: 4
Difficulties in screening for adjustment disorder, Part II: An attempt to develop a novel self-report screening instrument in cancer patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation.

Objective: Screening for adjustment disorder (AD) in cancer patients presents a significant clinical challenge. As seen in Part I of this research, conventional, existing measures are rather poor at detecting this most common of psychiatric diagnoses. Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) has a high level of morbidity that can cause significant stress for patients faced with the procedure.Methods: A sample of 95 BMT patients completed a semistructured interview and a novel self-report instrument, the Coping Flexibility Scale for Cancer (C-Flex), to determine if it could identify patients with adjustment disorder in need of further assessment and intervention.Results: The screen yielded four factors but was not predictive of AD. However, the C-Flex was significantly related to the presence of any disorder (r = −0.44, p < 0.001) in this sample. In addition, Factor I of the screen was found to be correlated to the presence of any diagnosis (r = −0.44, p < 0.001) and to have adequate sensitivity (81.63%) and specificity (76.09%).Significance of results: Either because of problems with the scale or the amorphous nature of the AD category, or both, rapid identification of patients with this common problem has proven to be elusive.
Asked, But Not Answered: A Second Reply to Stafford and Canary

This reply is merely the latest installment in a set of disagreements begun with Ragsdale's (1996) study. That being the case, it might be helpful to reflect again on that article. It was an effort...
An integrative model of speech motor control: A response to Ziegler

Background : Ziegler (2003) reviews neural and behavioural evidence to support a task-dependent model of motor control, whereby motor speech disorders represent impairment of a sensory-minor system...
Comparative genomic analysis of genogroup 1 (Wa-like) rotaviruses circulating in the USA, 2006-2009.

Group A rotaviruses (RVA) are double stranded RNA viruses that are a significant cause of acute pediatric gastroenteritis. Beginning in 2006 and 2008, respectively, two vaccines, Rotarix™ and RotaTeq®, have been approved for use in the USA for prevention of RVA disease. The effects of possible vaccine pressure on currently circulating strains in the USA and their genome constellations are still under investigation. In this study we report 33 complete RVA genomes (ORF regions) collected in multiple cities across USA during 2006–2009, including 8 collected from children with verified receipt of 3 doses of rotavirus vaccine. The strains included 16 G1P[8], 10 G3P[8], and 7 G9P[8]. All 33 strains had a Wa like backbone with the consensus genotype constellation of G(1/3/9)-P[8]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A1-N1-T1-E1-H1. From maximum likelihood based phylogenetic analyses, we identified 3–7 allelic constellations grouped mostly by respective G types, suggesting a possible allelic segregation based on the VP7 gene of RVA, primarily for the G3 and G9 strains. The vaccine failure strains showed similar grouping for all genes in G9 strains and most genes of G3 strains suggesting that these constellations were necessary to evade vaccine-derived immune protection. Substitutions in the antigenic region of VP7 and VP4 genes were also observed for the vaccine failure strains which could possibly explain how these strains escape vaccine induced immune response. This study helps elucidate how RVA strains are currently evolving in the population post vaccine introduction and supports the need for continued RVA surveillance.
High-brightness slab-coupled optical waveguide lasers

We have been developing a high power, high brightness semiconductor diode laser concept, the Slab-Coupled Optical Waveguide Laser (SCOWL). This laser concept is based upon slab coupling, in which a large, multimode waveguide is converted to a large, single mode waveguide by means of slab coupling of the higher order waveguide modes. SCOWL devices feature large, nearly circular mode sizes (a4 x 4 mm and larger) and low modal loss, leading to low gain per unit length, allowing for the construction of long (a1 cm cavity length) devices. These characteristics allow for high single mode output power. For 980-nm AlGaAs/InGaAs/GaAs-based SCOWL devices, we have demonstrated > 1 W CW output power in a single spatial mode, with brightness levels of > 100 MW/cm 2 -str. We have constructed high power arrays of SCOWL devices with bar widths of 1 cm and cavity lengths of 3 mm, and have demonstrated > 90 W under CW operation. By using the technique of wavelength beam combining (WBC), which is analogous to wavelength division multiplexing in optical communications, we have been able to combine the outputs from the elements of a SCOWL array to obtain 50 W peak power (30 W CW) with nearly diffraction-limited beam quality. These SCOWL arrays combined by WBC have demonstrated record single bar brightness levels, 3.6 GW/cm 2 - str. The WBC SCOWL approach is inherently scalable, and offers a route to obtaining kW-class, nearly diffraction limited output from an all-diode laser source. We have also recently extended single SCOWL devices to the multi-Watt regime, demonstrating 2.8 W CW output power from a 980-nm SCOWL with a novel design.
Working Together To Win: The 21st Century Acquisitions Department

This paper will discuss designing an academic library Acquisitions department from square one. Strategies will be examined for interacting with other library and campus units.
The role of leader personality in new product development success: an examination of teams developing radical and incremental innovations

Teams developing innovations work in a context ripe with uncertainty, and handling this uncertainty places special demands on the leaders of such teams. We empirically tested the role of leader personality in the success of two different types of New Product Development (NPD) teams: radical and incremental. Using the five-factor model of personality as a framework, results based on a sample of 116 NPD teams suggest that for NPD leaders, conscientiousness and emotional stability are important variables for NPD success. Additionally, depending upon the type of innovation, specific personality variables may be more important. Strong support was found for our proposal that NPD teams working on radical innovations would benefit from a more open leader. Radical NPD teams operate under conditions of market and technical uncertainty. More open leaders should be more easily able to encourage and handle new ideas that are necessary for managing radical innovations. Implications for selection and training of individuals to lead radical NPD teams are provided.
Galen on the temperaments.

(1947). Galen on the Temperaments. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 36, No. 1, pp. 45-64.
Is Ethical Behavior Good for Business

Is ethical behavior good for business? In pondering this question, consider what "good for business" actually means. Is it just increased profits, or something more? Does being known as an ethical IT professional offer a competitive advantage? Here, Keith Miller critically examines these and related questions.
Optimization of multi-constrained structures based on optimality criteria

A weight-reduction algorithm is developed for the optimal design of structures subject to several multibehavioral inequality constraints. The structural weight is considered to depend linearly on the design variables. The algorithm incorporates a simple recursion formula derived from the Kuhn-Tucker necessary conditions for optimality, associated with a procedure to delete nonactive constraints based on the Gauss-Seidel iterative method for linear systems. A number of example problems is studied, including typical truss structures and simplified wings subject to static loads and with constraints imposed on stresses and displacements. For one of the latter structures, constraints on the fundamental natural frequency and flutter speed are also imposed. The results obtained show that the method is fast, efficient, and general when compared to other competing techniques. Extensions to the generality of the method to include equality constraints and nonlinear merit functions is discussed.
Observations on the complexity of composable simulation

We consider the issue of composability as a design principle for simulation. While component based modeling is believed to potentially reduce the complexities of the modeling task, we describe a few of the complexities introduced through composability. We observe that these complexities might tend to offset the benefits of component based modeling on a large scale.