cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hidden ferromagnetic secondary phases in cobalt-doped ZnO epitaxial thin films

The origin of ferromagnetism is investigated in epitaxial Co:ZnO thin films which become weakly ferromagnetic after annealing in Zn vapor. Conventional characterization techniques indicate no change after treatment. However, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy depth profiling clearly indicates the presence of Co(0) in the Zn-treated films; x-ray absorption fine structure is utilized to identify the secondary phase as ferromagnetic CoZn. This work demonstrates that the potential for ferromagnetic secondary phases must be thoroughly discounted, through painstaking materials characterization, before claims of intrinsic ferromagnetism can be made.
Maternal Dialogics in Toni Morrison's fiction

(1995). Maternal Dialogics in Toni Morrison's fiction. Lit: Literature Interpretation Theory: Vol. 6, Toni Morrison, pp. 73-88.
Hydrogen-bonded 1:1 adduct of 1,1'-(p-phenylene)dipyridin-4(1H)-one with terephthalic acid.

Cocrystallization of l,l'-(p-phenylene)dipyridin-4(lH)-one (4,4'-dpy) and terephthalic acid (tpa) affords the hydrogen-bonded 1:1 title complex, C 16 H 12 N 2 O 2 ·C 8 H 6 O 4 . Both molecules are symmetrically disposed about independent symmetry centers. Strong O-H···O hydrogen bonds between tpa carboxyl groups and 4,4'-dpy carbonyl groups produce one-dimensional zigzag infinite chains. Each chain is linked to four surrounding chains via weak C-H···O interactions, resulting in a three-dimensional molecular framework.
Bone fractures associated with luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonists used in the treatment of prostate carcinoma.

BACKGROUND Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonists (LHRH-a) have become an established treatment for certain patients with prostate carcinoma. LHRH-a are known to decrease bone mineral density. The purpose of this study was to determine the risk of bone fracture in men receiving LHRH-a for prostate carcinoma. METHODS A retrospective chart review and phone interviews were conducted to determine the incidence of bone fractures occurring in patients receiving LHRH-a for the treatment of prostate carcinoma. Abstracted data included the number of monthly LHRH-a injections, age, clinical stage of disease, sites of metastases, and bone fracture history. RESULTS Twenty of the 224 patients (9%) treated with LHRH-a for prostate carcinoma between 1988 and 1995 at 3 teaching hospitals had at least 1 bone fracture during treatment with LHRH-a. The duration of treatment to the time of fracture ranged from 1 to 96 months (mean, 22.2 months). Seven fractures (32%) were osteoporotic in nature (i.e., vertebral compression fractures or hip fractures after a fall from standing), whereas 8 fractures (36%) were associated with a significant traumatic event (i.e., a motor vehicle accident, boxing, etc.) and 5 were of mixed etiology. Two of 22 fractures (9%) were pathologic. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated a 9% fracture incidence in a cohort of patients receiving LHRH-a for prostate carcinoma for up to 96 months. The incidence of osteoporotic fractures was 5%. Cancer 1997; 79:545-50. © 1997 American Cancer Society.
Psychological Consequences of Obesity in African American Women

Abstract Results from the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale (TSCS) and a social well-being questionnaire administered to obese African American are described. Fifty four subjects were recruited via flyers in churches, community centers and media advertisements. Subjects had to meet four criteria: 1) define themselves as African American; 2) had body mass indices (BMI: kg/m 2 ) greater than 27; 3) be between 20 and 60 years of age, and 4) not be involved in a weight loss program. The TSCS and the social well-being instruments solicited information about self perceptions, general social perceptions and mental/emotional health relative to being overweight. Each subject completed the questionnaires prior to completing a clinical/biochemical assessment. The mean BMI of the population was 34.5. The women expressed dissatisfaction with their physical appearance, felt unattractive by the opposite sex, felt some dissatisfaction with themselves, were unhappy with their weight, had a negative perception of self, and had experienced rejection by others. The findings suggest that various social and psychological stressors are experienced by obese African American women. The presence of these stressors may influence weight loss and maintenance success. The complexity of these stressors strongly suggest the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to weight management and inclusion of a therapeutic alliance and an empathic supportive relationship.
Recovery of Uranium from Seawater: A Review of Current Status and Future Research Needs

The recovery of uranium (U) from seawater has been investigated for over six decades in efforts to secure uranium sources for future energy production. The majority of the research activities have focused on inorganic materials, chelating polymers, and nanomaterials. Previous studies of uranium adsorption from aqueous solutions, mainly seawater, are reviewed here with a focus on various adsorbent materials, adsorption parameters, adsorption characterization, and marine studies. Continuous progress has been made over several decades, with adsorbent loadings approaching 3.2 mg U/g adsorbent in equilibrium with seawater. Further research is needed to improve first, the viability including improved capacity, selectivity, and kinetics, and second, the sorbent regeneration for multicycle use. An overview of the status of the uranium adsorption technology is provided and future research needs to make this technology commercially competitive are discussed.
It's not just a phase: crystallization and X-ray structure determination of bacteriorhodopsin in lipidic cubic phases

Utilization of lipidic cubic phases in the crystallization of bacteriorhodopsin (bR) has yielded long sought after crystals that diffract X-rays to 2 A resolution. The resulting structure provides new information on the protein conformation and the mechanism of proton translocation. Crystallization of bR via lipidic cubic phases may be a harbinger of new membrane protein crystallization strategies.
Effect of combined INTERLEUKIN-1-alpha (IL1-A), Cyclophosphamide (Ctx) Treatment on hematopoietic stem cell function and numbers

Abstract As a result of improved LD 50 /LD 90 rates, acceleration of marrow and peripheral neutrophil recovery, and diminished acute toxicity, IL-1 when used with chemotherapeutic agents is said to spare hematopoietic stem cells. However, the impact on, or ability to spare the most primitive hematopoietic stem cell (PHSC) has not been studied to any great degree. Using the competitive repopulation assay, we examined the effect of IL1 with CTX on PHSC function, computing repopulating units (RU): RU=(%) (# of 10 5 competitor cells used)/(100 − %), where % is percentage donor cell type. C57B6/J (B6) mice, 8–12 weeks old, were injected with 1 μg IL1-α, subcutaneously, 20 hours before administration of 200 mg/kg CTX intravenously; or with CTX alone; IL1 alone; or no drug (control). Four biweekly doses were given and mice were sacrificed 4–6 weeks later. Their marrow (BM) cells were mixed with equal numbers (10 6 each) of competitor (B6- Hbb d Gpi1 a ) cells; equal aliquots of this mixture were injected into lethally-irradiated B6 recipients. The number of mice in each group ranged from 8 to 21, with experiments repeated three times. At 150 days, the percentages of B6 BM were: control 49 ± 3; IL1 only, 66 ± 4; CTX, 32 ± 2; IL1/CTX, 22 ± 3. Differences were significant between control and CTX or IL1/CTX groups (p
Are Gifted Girls Motivationally Disadvantaged? Review, Reflection, and Redirection

Over the past 2 decades, much research on gifted girls has revolved around the issue of whether they, compared to gifted boys, are motivationally disadvantaged in achievement settings. While resear...
Involvement of the N-terminal B-box domain of Arabidopsis BBX32 protein in interaction with soybean BBX62 protein.

Previous studies have demonstrated that Arabidopsis thaliana BBX32 (AtBBX32) represses light signaling in A. thaliana and that expression of AtBBX32 in soybean increases grain yield in multiple locations and multiyear field trials. The BBX32 protein is a member of the B-box zinc finger family from A. thaliana and contains a single conserved Zn2+-binding B-box domain at the N terminus. Although the B-box domain is predicted to be involved in protein-protein interactions, the mechanism of interaction is poorly understood. Here, we provide in vitro and in vivo evidence demonstrating the physical and functional interactions of AtBBX32 with another B-box protein, soybean BBX62 (GmBBX62). Deletion analysis and characterization of the purified B-box domain indicate that the N-terminal B-box region of AtBBX32 interacts with GmBBX62. Computational modeling and site-directed mutagenesis of the AtBBX32 B-box region identified specific residues as critical for mediating the interaction between AtBBX32 and GmBBX62. This study defines the plant B-box as a protein interaction domain and offers novel insight into its role in mediating specific protein-protein interactions between different plant B-box proteins.
Using large data bases for interactive problem solving

Interactive problem solving involves user-machine dialogues to solve unstructured problems, such as selecting marketing strategies and planning mass transit routes. A characteristic of most interactive problem solving systems is that they operate on data bases that are special purpose subsets derived from a large data base. The problem solving system must include code for interfacing with this data base, or the data must be converted to the formats required by the problem solving system. Effective interactive problem solving requires a data management system which provides flexibility in accessing a large data base and fast performance for the problem solving system. This paper describes a method, called data extraction, for interfacing large data bases with interactive problem solving systems. Figure 1 shows the basic components in the interface. A large data base management system is used to maintain and protect a set of data files. Data extraction is used to aggregate and subset from this set to provide information for problem solving. In addition to an I/O interface, data extraction provides interactive data description and presentation functions. For more details on the functional requirements of the data extraction components see [2].
Diffraction by an imperfectly conducting half-plane at oblique incidence

The exact solution is obtained for the problem of a plane wave incident at an oblique angle on a half-plane of large but finite conductivity. The usual approximate boundary conditions are applied and lead to coupled Wiener-Hopf integral equations from which to determine the currents excited on the surface of the sheet. The resulting expressions for the field components are found to be entirely different from those which would have been obtained by applying the technique used for the derivation of three-dimensional solutions in the case of perfectly conducting structures, and, indeed, not one component is given to the required accuracy by this technique.
The mechanism of stimulation of NADPH oxidation during the mechanism-based inactivation of cytochrome P450 2B1 by N-methylcarbazole: redox cycling and DNA scission.

The oxidation rate of NADPH is markedly stimulated during the mechanism-based inactivation of cytochrome P450 2B1 by N-methylcarbazole (NMC) in a reconstituted system consisting of NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase, cytochrome P450 and phospholipid. The stimulation of NADPH oxidation in this system is due to 1-hydroxy-N-methylcarbazole (1-OH-NMC), one of the major metabolites of NMC. The 1-OH-NMC is further metabolized in an NADPH-dependent manner by the reconstituted system or by purified NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase to give a more polar metabolite which has been isolated by HPLC. The conversion of 1-OH-NMC to this product was inhibited by superoxide dismutase (SOD), and incubation of the 1-OH-NMC with hypoxanthine-xanthine oxidase resulted in the formation of the same product, suggesting that the superoxide anion was involved in the metabolism of 1-OH-NMC by the reductase. Redox cycling activity during the metabolism of 1-OH-NMC by reductase has been demonstrated. The oxidation of NADPH by the reductase in the presence of 35 microM 1-OH-NMC was enhanced approximately 23-fold [240 nmol of NADPH oxidized/(min.nmol of reductase)] relative to control levels in the presence of 500 microM NMC [10.5 nmol/(min.nmol of reductase)]. 1-OH-NMC (35 microM) caused a 40-fold increase in the rate of formation of superoxide during its metabolism by reductase. The rapid rates of NADPH oxidation and superoxide formation were inhibited by the addition of reduced glutathione (GSH) to the reaction mixture. Neither SOD nor GSH inhibited the reductase activity directly.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Social behaviors of gifted and typical preschool children in laboratory school programs

The social behaviors of preschool children identified as intellectually gifted and children not identified as intellectually gifted were compared. Subjects were 35 children ages three through five who participated in a university laboratory school day care or gifted program. The social behaviors of the children were assessed using the Social Development Scale and a social observation instrument based on Parten ‘s (1932) levels of play. No significant differences were found between the two groups when comparing their Social Development Scale scores. Differences were significant in terms of type of play observed, with the gifted group exhibiting cooperative play to a much greater extent. The relationship between the two measures of social behavior was not significant. The article summarizes research conducted at Texas A&M University. The author wishes to thank her doctoral committee members, William R. Nash, Patricia A. Alexander, Michael J. Ash, and James F. McNamara for their assistance and encouragement.
LEVERAGE, RISK‐SHIFTING INCENTIVE, AND STOCK‐BASED COMPENSATION

Outstanding risky debt provides risk-shifting incentives for managers fully aligned with stockholders. Earlier research shows that the risk-shifting incentive can be eliminated by using a stock-based compensation design to align managers' and stockholders' interests. I show that stock options as well as compensation designs that align managers' and bondholders' interests eliminate the risk-shifting incentive. Although a stock-based compensation design is not a unique mechanism to eliminate the pure risk-shifting incentive, it is essential where managers of levered firms are known to consume a portion of the investment outlay as perquisites.
An extended Drake's equation, the longevity-separation relation, equilibrium, inhomogeneities and chain formation

Abstract Drake's equation implies that the number of galactic communities technologically more advanced than our own is proportional to the average longevity of a community. But if there are significantly different kinds of community such a simple equation may not be adequate for estimating numerical values. Extra terms are needed for each different kind. Spatial inhomogeneity of coexisting communities is also critical and is not reflected by a single universal average. Information flow resulting from contacts between accidentally close-spaced communities could be important in extending life to those communities. Spatial inhomogenity or other factors leading to temporal nonequilibrium could be dominant in determining the number of superior galactic communities exant today. The plus-or-minus on estimates of population by Drake's equation spans a number of cases where different courses of action on our part are implied. It is therefore unavoidable in practice to identify the various regimes case by case and to consider corresponding plans for action.
Frequency and Extent of Water Limitation to Primary Production in a Mesic Temperate Grassland

The frequency and extent of water limitation to aboveground net primary production (ANPP) in a mesic grassland in NE Kansas (Konza Prairie, USA) was assessed with an 8-year irrigation experiment. Since 1991, transects spanning upland and lowland sites in annually burned, ungrazed tallgrass prairie were provided with supplemental water to satisfy evapotranspirational demands. This protocol minimized water limitations during the growing season, as well as interannual variability in water stress. Irrigation of this mesic grassland increased ANPP in 6 of 8 years by an average of 26% when compared to control transects. Although interannual variation in ANPP was greater in uplands than lowlands at nominal levels of precipitation, reducing interannual variability in water availability via irrigation eliminated topographic differences; the irrigation protocol also reduced interannual variability in ANPP by as much as 40%. The addition of supplemental water enabled us to extend the relationship between annual precipitation and ANPP in grasslands to precipitation levels (average, 1153 mm; maximum, 1346 mm) similar to those experienced by more mesic grasslands that today exist only as remnants several hundred kilometers east of Kansas. This relationship was linear (r 2= 0.81), with maximum ANPP (738 g/m2) similar to values reported for sites in Illinois and Wisconsin. After 8 years of irrigation, production of the C3 forb component was twice that in control sites. These results indicate that water limitations in grasslands at the western edge of the presettlement extent of tallgrass prairie affect ANPP in most years and that this high frequency of water limitation may lead to greater dominance of the C4 grasses than is seen in more eastern grassland sites.
Group Confidence Pressures in Iterative Decisions

This study investigated the effects of two group decision making techniques on a set of four problems in groups of sizes 3, 7, and 11. Participants included 192 male and 132 female undergraduates. Estimates that could be evaluated for accuracy for each of the problems were collected for a series of three trials. One set of groups received face-to-face verbal feedback from each other, while the other set received written feedback. These data were compared to mean estimates obtained from randomly selected, pooled individual estimates. The results suggested that the pooled individual estimates were somewhat more accurate than those obtained from either of the interacting groups. At the same time, all individuals became more confident of their answers, suggesting the possibility of groupthink. No effects for different group sizes were found, possibly due to the constraints imposed by the structured nature of the two techniques.
A developmental approach to the examination of friendship in leader-follower relationships

A developmental approach to the examination of the leader-follower relationship offers further insight into how the relationship evolves over time and the extent to which the presence of friendship contributes to effective versus ineffective working relationships. According to Graen and Uhl-Bien (1995), the development of a leader-member exchange relationship “is based on the characteristics of the working relationship as opposed to a personal or friendship relationship” (p. 237). This article provides a developmental model of the leader-follower relationship that incorporates both the literature on friendship formation from the field of social psychology and the approach to leadership represented by the leadermember exchange (LMX) model. Propositions and research questions are presented, as are implications for future research.
Development of Expected Conflict Value Tables for Unsignalized Three-Legged Intersections

A high percentage of highway crashes in the United States occur at intersections. These crashes result in property damage, lost productivity, injury, and even death. Identifying intersections associated with high crash rates is very important to minimize future crashes. Identifying the high-risk intersections before crashes occur is a challenge that every traffic/safety analyst faces. Traffic conflict technique is a solution to this problem. Extensive research efforts have been made to estimate mean and abnormal traffic conflict counts at four-legged intersections with varying lane and approach volume conditions. However, similar efforts on unsignalized three-legged intersections have been focused only on two-lane highways. Therefore, a thorough analysis of conflicts at unsignalized three-legged intersections with various lane combinations was necessary. The current study is part of a comprehensive research attempt to develop expected conflict value tables that can be easily used for different intersectio...
Bonding in Zintl phase hydrides: Density functional calculations for SrAlSiH, SrAl 2 H 2 , SrGa 2 H 2 , and BaGa 2 H 2

We investigate the bonding characteristics of SrAlSiH, ${\text{SrAl}}_{2}{\text{H}}_{2}$, ${\text{SrGa}}_{2}{\text{H}}_{2}$, and ${\text{BaGa}}_{2}{\text{H}}_{2}$ using density functional calculations. The mixed bonding characteristic of other families of Zintl phases is found, with the formation of covalent $s{p}^{2}$ bonds in the Al/Ga/Al-Si planes of the various compounds. On the other hand the Sr and Ba atoms occur as divalent cations, while the H is anionic. The results indicate that insulating SrSiAlH may be a switchable ferroelectric.
Isolation of a Neurotropic Type C Virus

A neurogenic paralysis of the lower limb can be induced and serially transmitted in mice by a nontransforming type C virus strain that originated in an embryo of a wild mouse. The virus exerted a neurotropic effect on the anterior horn neurons.
Is Ignorance Bliss? Consumer Accuracy in Judgments about Credit Ratings

There is considerable evidence to suggest that consumers are often misinformed about basic financial and economic principles. The purpose of this study was to examine the accuracy of consumers’ self-assessments of their credit ratings. Findings suggest that approximately 32 percent of consumers overestimate their credit ratings, while only 4 percent underestimate their credit ratings. Those who overestimate their credit quality are less knowledgeable about financial matters in general and are more likely to have acquired their financial knowledge from difficult past experiences. In addition, consumers who overestimate their credit ratings are less likely to budget, save, or invest regularly. There is considerable evidence to suggest that in general, consumers are unaware or misinformed about basic financial and economic principles— information they need in order to make important decisions such as buying a home and planning for retirement (Chen and Volpe 1998; Hogarth and Hilgert 2002; Lee and Hogarth 1999; Mandell 2006). This issue has gained more attention recently as a result of concerns about borrowers in the subprime market obtaining mortgages that they cannot afford. There is little known about the specific nature of this lack of awareness and misinformation. Credit scores are designed to measure credit risk at a particular point in time and are based on models that use information in consumer credit reportsmaintainedat thecredit reportingagencies topredictfuturepayment behavior(Fair Isaacs16). Lendersusecredit scores tohelp them makelending decisions, although each lender may differ in terms of the level of risk it finds acceptable, and this may even vary for different types of loans. Higher scores indicatelowercredit risks orhigher credit quality, althoughnosingle cutoff score is used by all lenders. Previous research on biases in judgment and decision making has shown that individuals tend to display overconfidence about their knowledge and
The trial of galileo: a game of motion graphs

This paper presents a 2D game designed to assist students in better understanding motion graphs. In this game the player's character is not controlled by a joystick or control pad. Instead the game employs a unique interface enabling the player to control the actions of a character by creating a motion graph. The motion graph represents the desired position, velocity, or acceleration of the player's character over time. The graph must be fashioned to move the character through various puzzle environments. Through trial and error the player may achieve a better understanding of what motion graphs depict in the real world.
Pilot study on bioavailability of coumarin and 7-hydroxycoumarin upon peroral administration of coumarin in a sustained-release dosage form

Prolonged-release tablets containing coumarin were compared to intravenous and peroral administration of coumarin solution in man. Unchanged coumarin, the Phase 1 metabolite 7-hydroxycoumarin, and the Phase II metabolite 7-hydroxycoumarin glucuronide were determined in whole blood. Upon peroral administration, only approximately 1 per cent coumarin was found unchanged in the systemic circulation. However, the amount of the glucuronide found indicates complete absorption with extensive first-pass effect. When the prolonged-release dosage form was compared to the peroral solution, the extent of bioavailability of coumarin was 35 per cent, whereas the 7-hydroxycoumarin glucuronide was totally available. This supports the hypothesis that coumarin might be a prodrug and 7-hydroxycoumarin the active moiety. The drug liberation of coumarin from the sustained-release tablets follows first-order kinetics. A linear correlation was found between per-cent of drug released in vitro and the area under the concentration-time curve, AUC (O-t), of total 7-hydroxycoumarin (7HC + 7HCG).
“I just want to do it right, but it's so hard”: A novice teacher's written feedback beliefs and practices

Abstract This case study investigated teacher feedback beliefs and practices of a pre-service L2 writing teacher over one academic semester. Kim, the focal participant, was a second year MA TESOL student and taught an English composition course to ESL students at the university level. Data sources included four sets of commented-on students’ essays, a reflective journal, two semi-structured interviews, and member checking with the teacher. Students’ essays were coded for four types of written corrective feedback (WCF) (direct, direct with explanation, indirect, indirect with explanation) and compared to Kim's beliefs, as discussed in her journals and interviews. The analyses show, among other findings, that Kim believed in providing feedback on global concerns and, to a lesser extent, on local issues and in offering explanations to WCF instances. However, a detailed analysis of her actual practices revealed some mismatches, such that local WCF (83.9%) significantly outnumbered global WCF (16.1%). Other beliefs included the following themes: Feedback needs to be contextualized, is time-consuming, is a process that requires practice, and can lead to better writing. Relevant pedagogical implications for L2 teacher education and recommended reflective tools to support teachers as they develop feedback practices are discussed in the paper.
The Derived Allele of ASPM Is Associated with Lexical Tone Perception

The ASPM and MCPH1 genes have been implicated in the adaptive evolution of the human brain [Mekel-Bobrov N. et al., 2005. Ongoing adaptive evolution of ASPM, a brain size determinant in homo sapiens. Science 309; Evans P.D. et al., 2005. Microcephalin, a gene regulating brain size, continues to evolve adaptively in humans. Science 309]. Curiously, experimental attempts have failed to connect the implicated SNPs in these genes with higher-level brain functions. These results stand in contrast with a population-level study linking the population frequency of their alleles with the tendency to use lexical tones in a language [Dediu D., Ladd D.R., 2007. Linguistic tone is related to the population frequency of the adaptive haplogroups of two brain size genes, ASPM and microcephalin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104]. In the present study, we found a significant correlation between the load of the derived alleles of ASPM and tone perception in a group of European Americans who did not speak a tone language. Moreover, preliminary results showed a significant correlation between ASPM load and hemodynamic responses to lexical tones in the auditory cortex, and such correlation remained after phonemic awareness, auditory working memory, and non-verbal IQ were controlled. As in previous studies, no significant correlation between ASPM and cognitive measures were found. MCPH1 did not correlate with any measures. These results suggest that the association between the recently derived allele of ASPM is likely to be specific and is tied to higher level brain functions in the temporal cortex related to human communication.
Long-term facilitation of genioglossus activity is present in normal humans during NREM sleep.

UNLABELLED Episodic hypoxia (EH) is followed by increased ventilatory motor output in the recovery period indicative of long-term facilitation (LTF). We hypothesized that episodic hypoxia evokes LTF of genioglossus (GG) muscle activity in humans during non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREM) sleep. We studied 12 normal non-flow limited humans during stable NREM sleep. We induced 10 brief (3 min) episodes of isocapnic hypoxia followed by 5 min of room air. Measurements were obtained during control, hypoxia, and at 5, 10, 20, 30 and 40 min of recovery, respectively, for minute ventilation (V(I)), supraglottic pressure (P(SG)), upper airway resistance (R(UA)) and phasic GG electromyogram (EMG(GG)). In addition, sham studies were conducted on room air. During hypoxia there was a significant increase in phasic EMG(GG) (202.7+/-24.1% of control, p<0.01) and in V (I) (123.0+/-3.3% of control, p<0.05); however, only phasic EMG(GG) demonstrated a significant persistent increase throughout the recovery. (198.9+/-30.9%, 203.6+/-29.9% and 205.4+/-26.4% of control, at 5, 10, and 20 min of recovery, respectively, p<0.01). In multivariate regression analysis, age and phasic EMG(GG) activity during hypoxia were significant predictors of EMG(GG) at recovery 20 min. No significant changes in any of the measured parameters were noted during sham studies. CONCLUSION (1) EH elicits LTF of GG in normal non-flow limited humans during NREM sleep, without concomitant ventilatory or mechanical LTF. (2) GG activity during the recovery period correlates with the magnitude of GG activation during hypoxia, and inversely with age.
The Measurement of Preference for Course Structure and Preference for Course Difficulty: The Instructional Preferences Inventory (IPI):

The development and psychometric characteristics of the Instructional Preferences Inventory, a measure of "classroom" personality, are described. This instrument was designed to measure preference for course structure (PCS) and preference for course difficulty (PCD). Statistical findings supported the instrument's reliability and factorial validity.
Squalene emulsion potentiates the adjuvant activity of the TLR4 agonist, GLA, via inflammatory caspases, IL‐18, and IFN‐γ

The synthetic TLR4 agonist glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant (GLA) is a potent Th1-response-inducing adjuvant when formulated in a squalene oil-in-water emulsion (SE). While the innate signals triggered by TLR4 engagement are well studied, the contribution of SE remains unclear. To better understand the effect of SE on the adjuvant properties of GLA-SE, we compared the innate and adaptive immune responses elicited by immunization with different formulations: GLA without oil, SE alone or the combination, GLA-SE, in mice. Within the innate response to adjuvants, only GLA-SE displayed features of inflammasome activation, evidenced by early IL-18 secretion and IFN-γ production in memory CD8(+) T cells and neutrophils. Such early IFN-γ production was ablated in caspase-1/11(-/-) mice and in IL-18R1(-/-) mice. Furthermore, caspase-1/11 and IL-18 were also required for full Th1 CD4(+) T-cell induction via GLA-SE. Thus, we demonstrate that IL-18 and caspase-1/11 are components of the response to immunization with the TLR4 agonist/squalene oil-in-water based adjuvant, GLA-SE, providing implications for other adjuvants that combine oils with TLR agonists.
Erythropoiesis in infants of diabetic mothers.

ABSTRACT. Neonatal polycythemia is a well-established perinatal complication in infants of diabetic mothers (IDM). To investigate the regulation of erythropoiesis in these infants, we measured cord blood erythropoietin (EP) levels by a sensitive radioimmune assay and examined the growth of erythroid progenitor colonies in a series of IDM and control infants. Fifteen of 18 diabetic mothers were managed on a protocol emphasizing careful glycemic control throughout pregnancy; 10 had glycosolated hemoglobin values within the normal, nondiabetic range during the third trimester. Cord blood EP was elevated in one of 18 IDM and in two of 13 controls (p=NS). In IDM, cord blood EP values were higher in infants delivered following maternal labor and were inversely correlated with umbilical artery pH (r=-0.72; p=0.006). Growth of burst forming units-erythroid was similar in IDM and controls in the presence of 0.1 to 2.0 U of exogenous EP per ml of methylcellulose medium. Individual infants tended to respond consistently over the entire range of EP doses tested. The number of burst forming units-erythroid observed did not correlate with cord blood EP, birth weight, or neonatal hematocrits. We conclude that: (a) umbilical cord blood EP levels are generally normal in IDM delivered by mothers in whom good glycemic control is maintained throughout gestation, (b) cord blood EP values are strongly influenced by perinatal events, and (c) the response of erythroid progenitors to EP is intrinsically normal in IDM. These data suggest that polycythemia is an adaptive response in IDM and is not associated with a primary abnormality in erythropoiesis. In addition, because perinatal stress appears to acutely increase cord blood EP, elevated levels in cord blood may not accurately reflect baseline EP release in utero.
Interferometer Design for Elevation Angle Estimation

Radars that are developed for the purpose of monitoring aircraft landings in the terminal air traffic control system can be designed to exploit the relatively high signal-to-noise ratio that characterizes the power budgets calculated for such a link. An interferometer using a pair of low gain antennas can be used to obtain passive coverage over a targe azimuth and elevation sector. A large baseline can be used to obtain the desired elevation angle estimation accuracy. In this paper an optimal tradeoff between the width of the subarray aperture and the width of the interferometer baseline is performed that achieves a specified elevation angle estimation error while minimizing the overall height of the interferometer configuration. The algorithm searches through the class of antenna patterns that can be synthesized from so-called finite impulse response, linear phase digital filters. For the specific problem of designing an elevation sensor for monitoring landing aircraft on final approach, the elevation angle can be estimated with no more than 1-mrad rms error when the aircraft is within ± 60° azimuth, 2.5° to 40° elevation, using two 7-wavelength subarray antennas spaced 8 wave-lengths apart. The design of a separate sensor for resolving the interferometer ambiguities is formulated as a hypothesis testing problem and solved using statistical decision theory. A bound on the probability of an ambiguity error is derived that accounts for the effects of ground reflection multipath and receiver noise.
Flow pattern in a close packed cubic array of spheres near the critical Reynolds number

Abstract Profiles of pressure, velocity gradient, and local mass transfer rate on the surface of a sphere in a close packed cubic array are interpreted in terms of visual studies which determine the singularities of the limiting streamlines. Contact points are found to play an important role and studies of flow through a single layer of spheres are used to help determine their influence. On the basis of these experiments, a flow pattern is suggested for Reynolds numbers close to that for a transition to unsteady flow. Some of the problems associated with applying boundary layer theory are discussed.
Technique for Aortic Valve Replacement With Bioprosthetic and Prosthetic Valves

This article illustrates my technique for aortic valve replacement with a bioprosthesis and a bilcaflet prosthetic valve. The technique is based on sound surgical principles and on extensive personal experience, and has been used by many cardiothoracic surgeons xdth excellent results. The primary surgical goal is to provide exposure of the aortic valve so that valve excision, complete debridement, and secure imldantation can be accomplished. Standard exposure of the heart for aortic valve replacement is through a median sternotomy. The pericardium is opened lon~tudinally in the midline from the reflection over the aorta to the diaphragm, where it is opened to either side. The pericardial edges are sutured to tim sternotomy wound, creating a pericardial cradle. In the past several years, less-invasive incisions have been used for operations on the aortic valve and ascending aorta. After trials with parasternal, transternal, and intercostal incisions, I lmve found that an upper ministernotomy with the sternal incision deviating into the right 3 ra or 4 th intercostal space (Fig. 1) provides the best exposure with minimal destruction to the chest wall anti minimal postoperative discomfort. Essentially, all aortic root procedures, as well as ascending and/or transverse arch aortic aneurysm resections, with or without circulatory arrest can be performed througll this incision. All aortic valve procedures also can be performed, inchtding the Ross procedure and homograft root placement. To enhance exposure of the puhnonary artery when performing the Ross procedure, deviating the sternal incision into the left 3 ~a or 4 th interslmce as well as the right side is helpful. This approach preserves and usually protects the internal thoracic arteries. Cannulation for cardiopuhnonary bypass is per
Low-temperature precipitation titration of perchlorate and tetrafluoroborate with tetraphenylarsonium chloride and ion-selective electrodes

Abstract Perchlorate and tetrafluoroborate have been determined at low concentrations by precipitation titration with tetraphenylarsonium chloride, the appropriate anionselective electrodes being used to follow the course of the titration potentiometrically. A low temperature, 2°, was employed to sharpen the titration curves, thus resulting in greater accuracy and lower limits of analysis. As little as 0.05 mmol of perchlorate and 0.25 mmol of tetrafluoroborate have been determined to within 1% relative accuracy. These limits could easily be extended by a factor of 10 by using a miniaturized titration apparatus.
Gd3+ EPR study of phase transitions in A NH4Nd(SO4)2·4H2O single crystal and superposition-model calculation of the zero-field splitting parameters

Abstract The phase transitions undergone by a NH 4 Nd(SO 4 ) 2 ·4H 2 O (ANST) single crystal have been studied via the EPR of the Gd 3+ ion between 3.8 and 304 K. Three first-order phase transitions, at 280±0.5 K, at 176±0.5 K and at 19±1 K have been found to occur, as indicated by the behaviour of the overall splittings of EPR lines and that of the EPR linewidths. The spin-Hamiltonian parameters for Gd 3+ at room temperature have been evaluated from the positions of the allowed EPR lines by the use of a least-squares fitting procedure. The local symmetry of the Gd 3+ ion in an ANST host lattice has been deduced to be monoclinic, with the two-fold symmetry axis parallel to the magnetic z axis. The absolute sign of the zero-field splitting parameter b 0 2 for the Gd 3+ ion in ANST has been determined to be positive by using the superposition model of Newman; the intrinsic parameters, b 2 and b 4 , for Gd 3+ in the ANST crystal have been calculated to be -5.263 and 0.021 GHz, respectively, with t 2 = 8.5, t 4 = 14.0, associated with an angular distortion of Δθ = 1.5° of the ligand ion positions.
Disclosing the Design of an African American Educational Technology: Bridge: A Cross Culture Reading Program

Produced in 1977, Bridge: A Cross Culture Reading Program could have transformed what we presently know as urban education. However, Bridge met with the disapproval of parents, communities, and school districts. The execution of a truly transformative curriculum died as an experimental project implemented in urban school districts. This article documents the transformative nature of Bridge as an educational technology that could have better educated African American youth. Bridge was designed as an intervention reading program that sought to improve the reading levels of black junior and senior high school students in America’s public schools. The program was normed for “inner city” black students in grades 7-12 who were reading between 2nd and 4th grade levels. A text and context analysis and interviews with the designers are offered to provide details surrounding the construction of Bridge: A Cross Culture Reading Program . This is the story of its design, designers, and dormancy.
An Alternate Approach to Studying Beliefs about Developmentally Appropriate Practices

Due to the predominance of positivism in the twentieth century, many researchers have been trained to use traditional research methods. The use of these methods determines how research questions are framed, data are collected, results are analyzed, and hence, what conclusions are drawn. This article uses the concept of developmentally appropriate practices to explore some of the limitations of traditional research methods and to describe an alternate method of research that has been found to be useful in explicating subjective phenomena. This method, known as Q-methodology, has been used in such diverse fields as political science, communication science, medicine, psychiatry, psychology, sociology, and linguistics, but has received little attention in education. The method has developed over a period of 65 years and takes into account cultural and contextual factors when providing multiple stories or narratives about an issue. Intelligence is a concept. As such, trying to define intelligence has been the bane of psychologists for at least a century. During a debate in 1923, the psychologist Edwin Boring said that 'intelligence is what the intelligence test measures.' Little has changed since then, and one reason for the difficulty in measuring such an elusive concept is the confusion between objective information and subjective communication. Objective pieces of information are synonymous with providing facts about a situation. So, if our subject, Gwen, scores 130 on an IQ test, an objective fact might be that she scored higher than approximately 98% of the normed sample of people she was compared to. Using this information, an educator or psychologist may decide to place Gwen in a gifted education program, just as they would place a child who scored relatively low on an IQ test in a special education program. In contrast to this type of objective information, subjective communication about
Processing Reflexives and Pronouns in Picture Noun Phrase

Binding theory (e.g., Chomsky, 1981) has played a central role in both syntactic theory and models of language processing. Its constraints are designed to predict that the referential domains of pronouns and reflexives are nonoverlapping, that is, are complementary; these constraints are also thought to play a role in online reference resolution. The predictions of binding theory and its role in sentence processing were tested in four experiments that monitored participants' eye movements as they followed spoken instructions to have a doll touch a picture belonging to another doll. The instructions used pronouns and reflexives embedded in picture noun phrases (PNPs) containing possessor phrases (e.g., Pick up Ken. Have Ken touch Harry's picture of himself). Although the interpretations assigned to pronouns were generally consistent with binding theory, reflexives were frequently assigned interpretations that violated binding theory. In addition, the timing and pattern of eye movements were inconsistent with models of language processing that assume that binding theory acts as an early filter to restrict the referential domain. The interpretations assigned to reflexives in PNPs with possessors suggest that they are binding-theory-exempt logophors, a conclusion that unifies the treatment of reflexives in PNPs.
The Cost of Virtualization: Software developers need to be aware of the compromises they face when using virtualization technology.

Virtualization can be implemented in many different ways. It can be done with and without hardware support. The virtualized operating system can be expected to be changed in preparation for virtualization, or it can be expected to work unchanged. Regardless, software developers must strive to meet the three goals of virtualization spelled out by Gerald Popek and Robert Goldberg: fidelity, performance, and safety.
Direct Selection for Transduction of Suppressor Mutations and Linkage of supD to fla Genes in Salmonella

A general method is presented for the direct selection of transductional clones of Salmonella containing suppressor mutations. The supD locus is about 40% cotransducible with the closest fla markers examined. The probable map order is: supD501-(flaD42-flaB36)-(flaA41-flaA37).
Examination of the Psychometric Properties of the Measurement Skills Assessment

This article introduces the Measurement Skills Assessment (MeSA), which was designed to evaluate the mastery of measurement in elementary school students. The primary objectives for the MeSA include covering a broad range of measurement concepts, distinguishing between major subtypes of measurement, and constructing a continuum of items varying in complexity. This article investigates the psychometric properties of scores from this new test. A series of principal components analyses helps distinguish between two major categories of measurement items—those tapping formula-based/ analytical skills and those tapping spatial/conceptual skills. Rasch analysis provides evidence for the existence of a unidimensional structure of item complexity within each measurement category. The MeSA can be used by psychologists and educators to determine which aspects of measurement present the greatest difficulties for individuals as well as groups of children and to evaluate the effectiveness of different instructional app...
Perioperative Outcomes for Open Distal Pancreatectomy: Current Benchmarks for Comparison

Open distal pancreatectomy (ODP) outcomes have largely relied on single-institution data from high-volume, tertiary centers. To provide contemporary, national benchmarks of ODP outcomes, we examined the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP) database. Using the ACS-NSQIP database (2005–2007), we identified 868 cases of ODP. Operative time, intraoperative transfusion, and length-of-stay (LOS) data were compiled. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed adjusting for age, body mass index, diagnosis, creatinine, albumin, hematocrit, and American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification for likelihood of any postoperative complication and severe complication (composite endpoint: organ space surgical site infection, reoperation, or death). Thirty-day overall complication, severe complication, and mortality rates were 27.2%, 11.6%, and 1%, respectively. Mean operative time was 206 min (±86), 18.1% patients required intraoperative red blood cell transfusion (median 2 units), and median LOS was 6 days. Predictors of any complication or severe complication were renal insufficiency, hypoalbuminemia, and worsening ASA classification. Malignant diagnosis was not associated with poorer outcomes. ODP remains the gold standard for lesions of the pancreatic body or tail. The current analysis reflects nationwide data that may serve as current benchmarks for both open and laparoscopic techniques.