cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification and Analysis of Behavioral Phenotypes in Autism Spectrum Disorder via Unsupervised Machine Learning

Abstract Background and objective Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heterogeneous disorder. Research has explored potential ASD subgroups with preliminary evidence supporting the existence of behaviorally and genetically distinct subgroups; however, research has yet to leverage machine learning to identify phenotypes on a scale large enough to robustly examine treatment response across such subgroups. The purpose of the present study was to apply Gaussian Mixture Models and Hierarchical Clustering to identify behavioral phenotypes of ASD and examine treatment response across the learned phenotypes. Materials and methods The present study included a sample of children with ASD (N = 2400), the largest of its kind to date. Unsupervised machine learning was applied to model ASD subgroups as well as their taxonomic relationships. Retrospective treatment data were available for a portion of the sample (n = 1034). Treatment response was examined within each subgroup via regression. Results The application of a Gaussian Mixture Model revealed 16 subgroups. Further examination of the subgroups through Hierarchical Agglomerative Clustering suggested 2 overlying behavioral phenotypes with unique deficit profiles each composed of subgroups that differed in severity of those deficits. Furthermore, differentiated response to treatment was found across subtypes, with a substantially higher amount of variance accounted for due to the homogenization effect of the clustering. Discussion The high amount of variance explained by the regression models indicates that clustering provides a basis for homogenization, and thus an opportunity to tailor treatment based on cluster memberships. These findings have significant implications on prognosis and targeted treatment of ASD, and pave the way for personalized intervention based on unsupervised machine learning.
Surgeon as Programmer: Overcoming Obstacles to the Use of Modern Internet Technology for Cardiothoracic Surgery.

Background Leveraging Internet technologies for academic activities can be complex and expensive, costing tens of thousands of dollars. This report describes an experience in eliminating financial barriers and realizing the potential for a new paradigm in applications for surgical education and practice. Methods After developing multiple surgical smartphone applications (apps), the report describes the acquisition of skill sets and resources to create state-of-the-art tools. Learning these techniques is nontrivial but is attainable and clearly defined. The report then discusses the trivial costs associated with complex software development, thereby opening new doors to creative uses of technology. Results Acquisition of coding skills for smartphones took approximately 100 hours. For a simple app without data storage, EuroSCORE (European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation), total programming time was 25 hours with no additional costs. The more complex autonomy evaluation app, Zwisch Me, was used to evaluate more than 1260 cases from 15 cardiothoracic surgery training programs between January 2016 and August 2018 by using smartphone apps for data collection and a Web dashboard for data reporting. During the first year, all enrollment and data reporting was done manually, at a cost of $124. Automating user enrollment and data reporting increased costs by roughly $240, for an annual expense of $364. Total programming time for this app was approximately 120 hours. Conclusions Mobile software is underused in the academic surgical arena. The historically large financial barriers to adoption can be overcome by acquisition of coding skills by surgical team members. Direct physician involvement will spawn previously undreamed-of creative applications to enhance practice and education.
Using simulation to quantify the reliability of control software

More than two decades ago, Butler and Finelli examined the problem of experimentally demonstrating the reliability of safety critical software and concluded that it was impractical. We revisit this conclusion in the light of recent advances in computer system virtualization technology and the capability to link virtualization tools to simulation models of physical environments. A specific demonstration of testing for reliability is offered using software that is part of a building control system. Extrapolating the results of this demonstration, we conclude that experimental demonstrations of high reliability may now be feasible for some applications.
Separating Einstein's separability

Abstract In this paper, I accomplish a conceptual task and a historical task. The conceptual task is to argue that (1) Einstein's Principle of Separability (henceforth “separability”) is not a supervenience principle and that (2) separability and entanglement are compatible. I support (1) by showing that the conclusion of Einstein's incompleteness argument would still follow even if one assumes that the state of a composite system does not supervene on the states of the subsystems, and by showing that what Einstein says in “Quantum Mechanics and Reality” (1948) strongly suggests that separability is not a principle about how subsystem states relate to the state of composite systems. I support (2) by showing that if separability was incompatible with entanglement, then Einstein's argument would be incoherent in a trivial way. Thus, by arguing for (1) and (2) I directly challenge what has been, and still is, a very common reading of separability. The historical task is to offer the first detailed review of the different ways in which separability has been defined by physicists and philosophers in the last 60 years. Among other things, such a review distinguishes three different definitions of the principle, and shows that since the 1990s and up until the present date, it became standard to take separability (as presented by Einstein) to be a supervenience principle.
Polysaccharide identification through oligosaccharide fingerprinting

The identification of polysaccharide structures in complex samples remains a unique challenge complicated by the lack of specific tools for polymeric mixtures. In this work, we present a method that depolymerizes polysaccharides to generate diagnostic oligosaccharide markers that are then analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-QTOF MS). Rapid identification of food polysaccharides was performed by aligning the identified oligosaccharides with a library of oligosaccharide markers generated from standard polysaccharides. Measurements of standard and food polysaccharides were performed to obtain the contributions of the identified polysaccharides using percent peak coverage and angle cosine methods. The method was validated using a synthetic mixture of standard polysaccharides while the reproducibility was confirmed with experimental triplicates of butternut squash samples, where standard deviation was less than 3% for the relative abundance of oligosaccharides. The method was further employed to examine diverse set of food samples.
AGE/RAGE/DIAPH1 axis is associated with immunometabolic markers and risk of insulin resistance in subcutaneous but not omental adipose tissue in human obesity

The incidence of obesity continues to increase worldwide and while the underlying pathogenesis remains largely unknown, nutrient excess, manifested by “Westernization” of the diet and reduced physical activity have been proposed as key contributing factors. Western-style diets, in addition to higher caloric load, are characterized by excess of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), which have been linked to the pathophysiology of obesity and related cardiometabolic disorders. AGEs can be “trapped” in adipose tissue, even in the absence of diabetes, in part due to higher expression of the receptor for AGEs (RAGE) and/or decreased detoxification by the endogenous glyoxalase (GLO) system, where they may promote insulin resistance. It is unknown whether the expression levels of genes linked to the RAGE axis, including AGER (the gene encoding RAGE), Diaphanous 1 (DIAPH1), the cytoplasmic domain binding partner of RAGE that contributes to RAGE signaling, and GLO1 are differentially regulated by the degree of obesity and/or how these relate to inflammatory and adipocyte markers and their metabolic consequences. We sought to answer this question by analyzing gene expression patterns of markers of the AGE/RAGE/DIAPH1 signaling axis in abdominal subcutaneous (SAT) and omental (OAT) adipose tissue from obese and morbidly obese subjects. In SAT, but not OAT, expression of AGER was significantly correlated with that of DIAPH1 (n = 16; $$\hat \beta = 0.719$$ , [0.260, 1.177]; q = 0.008) and GLO1 (n = 16; $$\hat \beta = 0.773$$ , [0.364, 1.182]; q = 0.004). Furthermore, in SAT, but not OAT, regression analyses revealed that the expression pattern of genes in the AGE/RAGE/DIAPH1 axis is strongly and positively associated with that of inflammatory and adipogenic markers. Remarkably, particularly in SAT, not OAT, the expression of AGER positively and significantly correlated with HOMA-IR (n = 14; $$\hat \beta = 0.794$$ , [0.338, 1.249]; q = 0.018). These observations suggest associations of the AGE/RAGE/DIAPH1 axis in the immunometabolic pathophysiology of obesity and insulin resistance, driven, at least in part, through expression and activity of this axis in SAT.
Stepwise genetic engineering of Pseudomonas putida enables robust heterologous production of prodigiosin and glidobactin A.

Abstract Polyketide synthases (PKS) and nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS) comprise biosynthetic pathways that provide access to diverse, often bioactive natural products. Metabolic engineering can improve production metrics to support characterization and drug-development studies, but often native hosts are difficult to genetically manipulate and/or culture. For this reason, heterologous expression is a common strategy for natural product discovery and characterization. Many bacteria have been developed to express heterologous biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) for producing polyketides and nonribosomal peptides. In this article, we describe tools for using Pseudomonas putida, a Gram-negative soil bacterium, as a heterologous host for producing natural products. Pseudomonads are known to produce many natural products, but P. putida production titers have been inconsistent in the literature and often low compared to other hosts. In recent years, synthetic biology tools for engineering P. putida have greatly improved, but their application towards production of natural products is limited. To demonstrate the potential of P. putida as a heterologous host, we introduced BGCs encoding the synthesis of prodigiosin and glidobactin A, two bioactive natural products synthesized from a combination of PKS and NRPS enzymology. Engineered strains exhibited robust production of both compounds after a single chromosomal integration of the corresponding BGC. Next, we took advantage of a set of genome-editing tools to increase titers by modifying transcription and translation of the BGCs and increasing the availability of auxiliary proteins required for PKS and NRPS activity. Lastly, we discovered genetic modifications to P. putida that affect natural product synthesis, including a strategy for removing a carbon sink that improves product titers. These efforts resulted in production strains capable of producing 1.1 g/L prodigiosin and 470 mg/L glidobactin A.
Naturally Occurring Mutations to Muscle-Type Creatine Kinase Impact Its Canonical and Pharmacological Activities in a Substrate-Dependent Manner In Vitro.

Tenofovir (TFV) is a key component of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). TFV is a nucleotide analog reverse-transcriptase inhibitor prodrug that requires two separate phosphorylation reactions by intracellular kinases to form the active metabolite tenofovir-diphosphate (TFV-DP). Muscle-type creatine kinase (CKM) has previously been demonstrated to be the kinase most responsible for the phosphorylation of tenofovir-monophosphate (TFV-MP) to the active metabolite in colon tissue. Because of the importance of CKM in TFV activation, genetic variation in CKM may contribute to interindividual variability in TFV-DP levels. In the present study, we report 10 naturally occurring CKM mutations that reduced TFV-MP phosphorylation in vitro: T35I, R43Q, I92M, H97Y, R130H, R132C, F169L, Y173C, W211R, V280L, and N286I. Interestingly, of these 10, only 4—R130H, R132C, W211R, and N286I—reduced both canonical CKM activities: ADP phosphorylation and ATP dephosphorylation. Although positions 130, 132, and 286 are located in the active site, the other mutations that resulted in decreased TFV-MP phosphorylation occur elsewhere in the protein structure. Four of these eight mutations—T35I, R43Q, I92M, and W211R—were found to decrease the thermal stability of the protein. Additionally, the W211R mutation was found to impact protein structure both locally and at a distance. These data suggest a substrate-specific effect such that certain mutations are tolerated for canonical activities while being deleterious toward the pharmacological activity of TFV activation, which could influence PrEP outcomes. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Muscle-type creatine kinase (CKM) is important to the activation of tenofovir, a key component of HIV prophylaxis. This study demonstrates that naturally occurring CKM mutations impact enzyme function in a substrate-dependent manner such that some mutations that do not reduce canonical activities lead to reductions in the pharmacologically relevant activity. This finding at the intersection of drug metabolism and energy metabolism is important to the perspective on pharmacology of other drugs acted on by atypical drug-metabolizing enzymes.
Summer Research Internships Prepare High School Students for 21st Century Biomedical Careers

STEM internships for both high school and college students provide early opportunities for students to discover careers of interest and career paths they may not otherwise experience. For over 25 years, the University of Alabama at Birmingham’s (UAB) Center for Community OutReach Development (CORD) has provided rising high school seniors with opportunities to conduct research in federally-funded laboratories under the mentorship of UAB faculty. This paper evaluates CORD’s High School Summer Science Institute III Program (SSI III) and its impact on participants’ STEM career trajectories. Outcomes were tracked for SSI III participants over an eight-year period, and former interns’ perceptions of the program reported. Over 99% of surveyed interns (N=102) chose a STEM undergraduate major, and 97% of the former interns reported they were pursuing STEM careers. Nearly all interns indicated their SSI-III experience was very positive and influenced their career decision. Over half of the interns matriculated into an undergraduate STEM major at UAB, providing the university with return (more excellent students) on their investment in the program. These results highlight the importance of high school student involvement in STEM internships as a pathway that leads towards STEM careers.
New Directions in Space Dosimetry

Future missions in space will involve longer durations in more hostile environments than earlier missions and will require improved radiation dosimetry to monitor the radiation environments encountered. The dynamic nature of the environments and the fact that microelectronic systems as well as astronauts are at risk complicates the dosimetry problem requiring new approaches.
Cubic Curves over Finite Fields

In this chapter we look at cubic equations over a finite field, the field of integers modulo p. We denote this field by \(\mathbb{F}_{p}\). Of course, now we cannot visualize things, but we can look at polynomial equations $$\displaystyle{C: F(x,y) = 0}$$ with coefficients in \(\mathbb{F}_{p}\) and ask for solutions (x, y) with \(x,y \in \mathbb{F}_{p}\). More generally, we can look for solutions \(x,y \in \mathbb{F}_{q}\), where \(\mathbb{F}_{q}\) is an extension field of \(\mathbb{F}_{p}\) containing q = p e elements. We call such a solution a point on the curve C. If the coordinates x and y of a solution lie in \(\mathbb{F}_{p}\), we call it a rational point.
C1 Inhibitor-Mediated Protection from Sepsis

C1 inhibitor (C1INH) protects mice from lethal Gram-negative bacterial LPS-induced endotoxin shock and blocks the binding of LPS to the murine macrophage cell line, RAW 264.7, via an interaction wi ...
Parallel Computing by Xeroxing on Transparencies

We illustrate a procedure for solving instances of the Boolean satisfiability (SAT) problem by xeroxing onto transparent plastic sheets. Suppose that m clauses are given in which n variables occur and that the longest clause contains k literals. The associated instance of the SAT problem can be solved by using a xerox machine to form only n+2k+m successive transparencies. The applicability of this linear time algorithm is limited, of course, by the increase in the information density on the transparencies when n is large. This same scheme of computation can be carried out by using photographic or other optical processes. This work has been developed as an alternate implementation of procedures previously developed in the context of aqueous (DNA) computing.
Robert Bruce Sloane, MD, 1923–2007

Dr Robert Bruce Sloane, a member of the college since 1961 and Fellow Emeritus, died on February 1, 2007, after a long bout of Alzheimer's disease. He was born on March 28, 1923, in Yorkshire, but named Robert Bruce after the fourteenth-century Scottish hero. He obtained his medical degree from London University and proceeded to take his Boards in internal medicine at the age of 23 and later his MD by thesis and the Diploma in Psychological Medicine (London).
Factors predicting depression among persons with spinal cord injury 1 to 5 years post injury

Objectives: Estimate changes in prevalence of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) 1 to 5 years post spinal cord injury (SCI); Identify demographic, injury, and discharge factors associated with MDD at 1 and 5 years post-injury; Identify modifiers of changes in MDD. Design: Retrospective. Setting: Model Spinal Cord Injury System. Participants: 2,256 adult participants enrolled in the National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center between 1999 and 2004. Main Outcome Measure: MDD as determined by the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Results: Prevalence of MDD was 11.9% at 1 year and 9.7% at 5 years post SCI. Odds of MDD decreased signifi cantly 1t o 5 years post-injury (odds ratio = 1.26, 95% confidence interval = 1.02, 1.56). At 1 year post-injury, the odds of MDD was greater for persons 35-55 years old at injury, unemployed, having an indwelling catheter or voiding bladder management at discharge, and higher scores on ASIA motor index. At 5 years post-injury, the odds of MDD were greater for females, persons 35-55 years old at injury, those with a high school education or less, those having an indwelling catheter, voiding, and no bladder management at discharge, and higher scores on ASIA motor index. Sex was the only significant modifier. Conclusions: MDD occurs commonly 1 to 5 years post SCI. Sociodemographic, injury, and discharge factors are associated with the development and changes in depression. Future research should expand upon current findings in order to identify, prevent, and reduce the prevalence of MDD after SCI.
Trapping indirect excitons in a GaAs quantum-well structure with a diamond-shaped electrostatic trap.

We report on the principle and realization of a new trap for excitons---the diamond electrostatic trap---which uses a single electrode to create a confining potential for excitons. We also create elevated diamond traps which permit evaporative cooling of the exciton gas. We observe the collection of excitons towards the trap center with increasing exciton density. This effect is due to screening of disorder in the trap by the excitons. As a result, the diamond trap behaves as a smooth parabolic potential which realizes a cold and dense exciton gas at the trap center.
Daren C. Brabham, Crowdsourcing

the next medium, whatever it is—it may be the extension of consciousness—will include television as its content, not as its environment, and will transform television into an art form. A computer as a research and communication instrument could enhance retrieval, obsolesce mass library organization, retrieve the individual’s encyclopedic function and flip into a private line to speedily tailored data of a saleable kind. (p. 293)
A criteria-based course and instructor evaluation system: recent experiences in development and utilization

This paper describes the development and utilization of a criteria-based course and instructor evaluation system that has been deployed by the School of Electrical & Computer Engineering at Purdue University. The various forms are described along with the criteria used to evaluate both lecture and lab oriented courses. The software used to analyze the scannable forms and the variety of report formats generated is described along with faculty and student comments about the new evaluation system.
Effects of temperature on Renibacterium salmoninarum infection and transmission potential in Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum)

Renibacterium salmoninarum is a significant pathogen of salmonids and the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease (BKD). Water temperature affects the replication rate of pathogens and the function of the fish immune system to influence the progression of disease. In addition, rapid shifts in temperature may serve as stressors that reduce host resistance. This study evaluated the effect of shifts in water temperature on established R. salmoninarum infections. We challenged Chinook salmon with R. salmoninarum at 12 °C for 2 weeks and then divided the fish into three temperature groups (8, 12 and 15 °C). Fish in the 8 °C group had significantly higher R. salmoninarum-specific mortality, kidney R. salmoninarum loads and bacterial shedding rates relative to the fish held at 12 or 15 °C. There was a trend towards suppressed bacterial load and shedding in the 15 °C group, but the results were not significant. Bacterial load was a significant predictor of shedding for the 8 and 12 °C groups but not for the 15 °C group. Overall, our results showed little effect of temperature stress on the progress of infection, but do support the conclusion that cooler water temperatures contribute to infection progression and increased transmission potential in Chinook salmon infected with R. salmoninarum.
Winter litter disturbance facilitates the spread of the nonnative invasive grass Microstegium vimineum (Trin.) A. Camus

Abstract We investigated the impacts of winter litter disturbance on the spread of the nonnative invasive plant Microstegium vimineum (Trin.) A. Camus through experimental removals. We hypothesized that light penetration through the litter layer facilitates the spread of M. vimineum in forested systems. Our objective, therefore, was to quantify M. vimineum spread following litter removal. Linear spread and cover expansion from established M. vimineum patches was documented for one growing season under intact, undisturbed hardwood canopies within plots receiving one of two treatments. Treatments included litter removal (hereafter “removal”) and no litter removal (hereafter “undisturbed”). After one growing season, plots receiving the removal treatment experienced a spread of M. vimineum 4.5 times greater than plots receiving the undisturbed treatment (P
Variability and Accuracy of Target Displacement from Nonlinear Static Procedures

This paper compares the target displacement estimate from four current nonlinear static procedures—FEMA-356 CM, ASCE-41 CM, ATC-40 CSM, and FEMA-440 CSM—with the value derived from recorded motions of five strongly shaken reinforced concrete buildings.This comparison provides useful insight into two important questions: (1) how much does the target displacement vary among the four nonlinear static procedures? and (2) can the engineering profession “accurately” predict the response of a real building during an earthquake event using currently available modeling techniques and pushover analysis procedures? It is shown that these procedures may lead to significantly different estimates of the target displacement, particularly for short-period buildings responding in the nonlinear range. Furthermore, various nonlinear static procedures applied to nonlinear models developed using generally accepted engineering practice provide either significant over estimation or under estimation of the target roof displacement when compared to the value derived from recorded motions.
Optical rotation of helical polymers: End effects

The optical rotation of a large helical polymer is discussed for a simple exciton model. It is shown that the use of periodic boundary conditions is valid, and leads to a simpler formation.
Oral agents for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: Pharmacology, toxicity, and treatment

Currently available oral agents for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus include a variety of compounds from 5 different pharmacologic classes with differing mechanisms of action, adverse effect profiles, and toxicities. The oral antidiabetic drugs can be classified as either hypoglycemic agents (sulfonylureas and benzoic acid derivatives) or antihyperglycemic agents (biguanides, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, and thiazolidinediones). In this review, a brief discussion of the pharmacology of these agents is followed by an examination of the adverse effects, drug-drug interactions, and toxicities. Finally, treatment of sulfonylurea-induced hypoglycemia is described, including general supportive care and the management of pediatric sulfonylurea ingestions. The adjunctive roles of glucagon, diazoxide, and octreotide for refractory hypoglycemia are also discussed.
Low frequency vibrational spectrum of Tutton's salts

Abstract The infrared absorption spectrum of a representative member of the Tutton's double sulfates, K 2 Co(SO 4 ) 2 ·6H 2 O, has been recorded in the region 50–800 cm −1 . The stretching vibrational frequencies of the OH⋯O bonds of these sulfates have been calculated, making use of the Lippincott and Schroeder potential function and the hydrogen bond lengths in these crystals reported in he crystal structure investigations. These data along with the Raman spectral data are compared and discussed in relation to the vibrational frequencies of the octahedral water complex, Co(H 2 O) 6 , present in the crystal and also with respect to the lattice oscillations. Group theoretical analyses of the external vibrations of the unit cell and the vibrational spectrum of Co(H 2 O) 6 have been made. Tentative assignments of the vibrational frequencies are reported.
PARTIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE CHLOROPLAST GENOME FROM THE CHROMOPHYTIC ALGA SYNURA PETERSENII (SYNUROPHYCEAE)1

Hoechst dye 33258-CsCl density gradients were used to isolate two satellite DNA species from Synura petersenii Korsh. sensu lato, a member of the Synurophyceae. One satellite DNA was identified as the chloroplast genome. The chloroplast genome is the smallest (91.5 kb) published for any chromophyte and approximates the size of the smallest functional chlorophyte chloroplast genome (Codium fragile, 89 kb). The second satellite DNA was small (34.5 kb), and its origin is undetermined. The potential of using the S. petersenii chloroplast genome in comparative studies for evaluating organellar evolution and algal systematics is discussed.
Numerical modeling of flow characteristics in a rotating annular flume

Abstract A rotating annular flume (RALF) has been constructed at the Center of Coastal and Land-Margin Research (CCALMR) to study the biogeochemistry of sediment–water interfaces. The flume was designed to allow for evolving, integrated measurements of physical, chemical, and biological parameters, as often as possible in a real-time, computer-controlled mode. Several numerical models have or are being developed/applied to provide a virtual representation of the flume, with the dual objective of assisting the design of experiments and of assessing our level of understanding of processes and process interactions. We will concentrate here on the characterization of the flow in the flume, a basic but interestingly complex problem. The operational challenge is to minimize secondary circulation and lateral variability of shear stress, factors that prevent the flume flow to match the idealized concept of an endless channel flow. Satisfactory minimization of these factors can be achieved by allowing both the top and the bottom rings of the flume to rotate in contrary directions, a concept introduced by earlier research efforts and verified in RALF via Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV) measurements and 3D numerical modeling. Once logistics (e.g., in the form of the size of the ADV's sampling volume and of the vertical discretization of the numerical grids) are appropriately handled, observations and model results show good agreement. This agreement legitimates the use of the model as a design and investigative tool, in particular to define optimal rotation ratios of the top and bottom rings. The ratios that minimize secondary flow and lateral variability of shear stress are distinct. This is a logical (generating mechanisms are different) but often not recognized aspect of the operation of annular flumes.
An analysis of the economic impact of north sea oil activity on the scottish economy in 1973

There was no production of crude oil and natural gas in 1973. However, exploration and preparatory production work were well underway. The paper examines the impact within Scotland in 1973 of the expenditure required to supply these activities. The data used for the study are those contained in or associated with the 1973 Scottish Input Output tables and the analysis uses input-output techniques. The pattern of crude oil consumption within the Scottish economy in 1973 is also examined.
Magnetic field amplification by shocks in turbulent fluids

We consider the effect of preexisting, large-scale, broadband turbulent density fluctuations on propagating hydromagnetic shock waves. We present results from several numerical simulations that solve the two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic equations. In our simulations, a plasma containing large-scale, low-amplitude density and magnetic field turbulence is forced to flow into a rigid wall, forming a shock wave. We find that the density fluctuations not only distort the shape of the shock front and lead to a turbulent postshock fluid, but they also produce a number of important changes in the postshock magnetic field. The average downstream magnetic field is increased significantly, and large fluctuations in the magnetic vector occur, with the maximum field strength reaching levels such that magnetic stresses are important in the postshock region. The downstream field enhancement can be understood in terms of the stretching and forcing together of the magnetic field entrained within the turbulent fluid of the postshock flow. We suggest that these effects of the density fluctuations on the magnetic field are observed in astrophysical shock waves such as supernova blast waves and the heliospheric termination shock.
Serial position effects in immediate serial recall

Summary This study examined the effects of serial position and length of series on immediate serial recall. Arrangements of either 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9 English consonants were presented according to latin-square designs to groups, respectively, of 20, 18, 21, 24, and 18 women college students. Bowed serial position curves of recall typical of serial anticipation learning were obtained on the first trial for each of the series of different lengths, except for the 5-consonant series, for which recall was perfect. Recall was poorer and bowing of the serial position curve was greater as the length of series increased. Attention was directed to the similarity between the serial effects of immediate memory and rote serial learning.
Interpretation of verb phrase anaphora: Influences of task and syntactic context

When listeners hear a sentence like "Will Carey do it?" they must find an interpretation of the phrase "do it", which is an anaphor replacing a full verb phrase (VP). To accomplish this task, listeners may use two sources of information: finding a recent VP that is syntactically appropriate, or using pragmatics to find a recent discourse event that plausibly completes the sentence. One theory of anaphor comprehension says that listeners use both sources of information in a competition for the best antecedent. Another theory says that listeners use only one of those sources, depending on the syntactic class of anaphor. Two experiments are reported, one using a reading time technique and one a sensicality judgement task. The experiments varied the distance of the antecedent from the anaphor, the material that intervened between the antecedent and anaphor, and the syntactic class of the anaphor. In the reading task, the results followed the predictions of the two-source competition theory, as a number of effects were observed, but none of them depended on the anaphor's syntactic class. In the judgement task, however, the type of anaphor did influence judgement time. The overall results suggest that there are important differences between simple comprehension tasks and metalinguistic judgements, and that past empirical conflicts may be explicable on this basis.
On the scheduling of leak detection personnel

Due to recent environmental regulations concerning the release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), a virtual army of testing personnel has been assigned the task of detecting and repairing faulty equipment leaks. In this work, we develop a strategy for the cost-effective allocation of these testing personnel. The proposed scheme finds a grounding in the probabilistic theory of reliability analysis and culminates with the formulation of a Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) optimization problem. The goal of this optimization problem is to find a testing schedule that achieves minimum cost while maintaining a bound on the expected number of leaks. The formulation is general enough to capture time-varying failure characteristics (i.e. equipment age), quality/cost variations inherent to different testing methods as well as personnel availability considerations. Finally, the algorithm can be applied in a feedback framework to incorporate recent information (such as test results and maintenance actions) into an updated testing schedule.
SSZ-33: A Promising Material for Use as a Hydrocarbon Trap

SSZ-33 is tested for possible application as a hydrocarbon trap by investigating the temperature-programmed desorption behavior of toluene (used as a probe molecule) and the results are compared to those obtained with zeolites β, Y, mordenite, and ZSM-5. SSZ-33 shows higher adsorption capacity than the other zeolites at the conditions used here, and as well as better hydrothermal stability than zeolite β, and is therefore identified as a promising candidate for use as a hydrocarbon trap in cold-start emission control.
Another Look at Downslope Windstorms. Part I: The Development of Analogs to Supercritical Flow in an Infinitely Deep, Continuously Stratified Fluid.

Abstract Numerical simulations are conducted to examine the role played by different amplification mechanisms in the development of large-amplitude mountain waves. It is shown that when the static stability has a two-layer structure, the nonlinear response can differ significantly from the solution to the equivalent linear problem when the parameter Nh/U is as small as 0.3. In the cases where the nonlinear waves are much larger than their linear counterparts, the highest stability is found in the lower layer and the flow resembles a hydraulic jump. Simulations of the 11 January 1972 Boulder windstorm are presented which suggest that the transition to supercritical flow, forced by the presence of a low-level inversion, plays an essential role in triggering the windstorm. The similarities between breaking waves and nonbreaking waves which undergo a transition to supercritical flow are discussed.
Interactions of Interleukin-8 with the Human Chemokine Receptor CXCR1 in Phospholipid Bilayers by NMR Spectroscopy

CXCR1 is a receptor for the chemokine interleukin-8 (IL-8), a mediator of immune and inflammatory responses. Strategically located in the cell membrane, CXCR1 binds to IL-8 with high affinity and subsequently transduces a signal across the membrane bilayer to a G-protein-activated second messenger system. Here, we describe NMR studies of the interactions between IL-8 and human CXCR1 in lipid environments. Functional full-length and truncated constructs of CXCR1 and full-length IL-8 were uniformly (15)N-labeled by expression in bacteria followed by purification and refolding. The residues responsible for interactions between IL-8 and the N-terminal domain of CXCR1 were identified by specific chemical shift perturbations of assigned resonances on both IL-8 and CXCR1. Solution NMR signals from IL-8 in q=0.1 isotropic bicelles disappeared completely when CXCR1 in lipid bilayers was added in a 1:1 molar ratio, indicating that binding to the receptor-containing bilayers immobilizes IL-8 (on the ~10(5) Hz timescale) and broadens the signals beyond detection. The same solution NMR signals from IL-8 were less affected by the addition of N-terminal truncated CXCR1 in lipid bilayers, demonstrating that the N-terminal domain of CXCR1 is mainly responsible for binding to IL-8. The interaction is tight enough to immobilize IL-8 along with the receptor in phospholipid bilayers and is specific enough to result in well-aligned samples in oriented sample solid-state NMR spectra. A combination of solution NMR and solid-state NMR studies of IL-8 in the presence of various constructs of CXCR1 enables us to propose a model for the multistep binding process.
The Pastoral Role of the Roman Catholic Church in Pre‐Famine Ireland, 1750–1850 – By Emmet Larkin

In the three or four generations before the Great Famine of the late 1840s, the population of Ireland more than doubled, and this increase was especially evident among the majority Roman Catholic p...
Banks, firms and the relative pricing of tax-exempt and taxable bonds

Abstract The traditional analysis of the relative pricing of tax-exempt and taxable debt is a habitat theory of the term structure of interest rates. In the traditional analysis the preferences of investors for particular maturities of debt lead to unique pricing relations at every point on the yield curve which are indicative of investor marginal tax brackets. Recent work by Fama (1977) suggests that banks are potential arbitrageurs across tax-exempt and taxable bond markets which force a particular equilibrium on the pricing of short-term bonds. Miller (1977) suggests that the choice of debt or equity financing by firms in the aggregate forces a similar equilibrium on the pricing of all tax-exempt and taxable bonds. This paper exploits the institution of Regulation Q and its effects on the banking system to bring evidence to bear on the predictions of these three models.
Are They Family or Friends? Social Support Instrument Reliability in Studying Older Lesbians

We know little about the support needs and health of older lesbians because participant sexual identity has typically not been identified in aging studies. The Lubben Social Network Scale, Revised (LSNS-R) is found widely reliable for testing perceived social support among elders but has never been tested with an exclusively lesbian population. This pilot tested the instrument with an exclusively lesbian population in the Midwest. Our analysis suggests it may not be reliable with this population, even with minor modifications that were made. Further examination adding a category for “family of choice” is warranted and supported by the originator of the tool.
Effect of flow dynamics on the growth kinetics of CdS thin films in chemical bath deposition

Abstract During chemical bath deposition of CdS thin films, the solution is typically stirred to prevent unnecessary concentration gradient and precipitates sticking onto the film surface. Stirring rate changes the thickness of laminar boundary layer over the substrate, affecting the diffusion length of the reactants toward the substrate. It can also change hydrodynamic condition in the bath between laminar and turbulent flow. Interestingly, effect of stirring rate on the deposition kinetics of CdS thin films reported in the literature is conflicting. In this study, we showed that the diffusion-limited deposition kinetics has created a decreasing profile of film thickness along the sample as a function of boundary layer thickness when the substrate was under laminar flow and deposition temperature was between 45 °C and 63 °C. On the other hand, the deposition became feed-limited when the substrate was under turbulent flow and the deposition temperature was between 45 °C and 63 °C. While the hydrodynamic condition changed the deposition rate significantly, all the CdS films deposited showed a cubic crystal structure and the optical bandgap was slightly lower than that of single crystalline cubic CdS. The tensile stress in film probed by Raman spectroscopy can explain the low bandgap.
Detection of Single Biopolymers at High Current Bandwidth with Hafnium Oxide Nanopores

Hafnium oxide (HfO2) is a chemically and mechanically stable insulator that may be deposited via atomic layer deposition. These properties make it an ideal material for ultrathin, free-standing membranes. We fabricate these membranes by depositing HfO2 on a low stress silicon nitride (SiN) film, and then locally removing the SiN. We then fabricate a nanopore in this HfO2 membrane with a 200 kV transmission electron beam. Coupled with a megahertz-bandwidth current detection platform, nanopores in these <10 nm-thick HfO2 membranes can detect a wide variety of single biopolymers, including single-stranded DNA at a current blockage level comparable to that of the alpha-hemolysin biological nanopore. These HfO2 pores may be used for hours at a time and translocate tens of thousands of molecules without significant expansion. Interaction with the pore walls results in slow translocation times for nucleic acids. At the same time the thinness of the membrane increases the pore's electric field and confines the region of strong analyte-pore interaction to prevent clogging. These results indicate that HfO2 may be a superior material to SiN for single molecule nanopore experiments.
Determination of depth profiles from X-ray diffraction data

A direct method is described for determining depth profiles ( z -profiles) of diffraction data from experimentally determined τ -profiles, where z is the depth beneath the sample surface and τ is the 1/ e penetration depth of the X-ray beam. With certain assumptions, the relation between these two profile functions can be expressed in the form of a Laplace transform. The criteria for fitting experimental τ -data to functions which can be utilized by the method are described. The method was applied to two τ -data sets taken from the literature: (1) of residual strain in an A1 thin film and (2) of residual stress in a surface ground A1 2 O 3 /5vol% TiC composite. For each data set, it was found that the z -profiles obtained were of two types: oscillatory and nonoscillatory. The nonoscillatory profiles appeared to be qualitatively consistent for a given data set. The oscillatory profiles were considered to be not physically realistic. For the data sets considered, the nonoscillatory z -profiles were found to lie consistently above the corresponding τ -profiles, and to approach the τ -profiles at large z , as expected from the relation between the two.
Activation of fibrinolysis by apolipoproteins of high density lipoproteins in man.

Abstract The effects on fibrinolysis of purified normal human plasma lipoproteins and their apolipoproteins (apo) were assessed in an in vitro system containing urokinase, plasminogen, and fibrin. High and very low density lipoproteins (HDL and VLDL, respectively) but not low density lipoproteins (LDL) significantly increased lysis of radiolabeled fibrin or lysis area of plated fibrin compared to controls. Apo HDL, apo HDL 2 , apo HDL 3 , apo VLDL (buffer soluble apo), apo AI and AII activated fibrinolysis by 1.3 – 1.4 fold of control values, whereas apo B (as a narrow density cut of LDL) and non-lipoprotein control proteins (albumin and myoglobin) did not. Addition of HDL in the absence of urokinase failed to activate fibrin lysis. These data demonstrate that the major proteins of HDL — apo AI and apo AII — and possibly certain minor constituent(s) common to HDL and VLDL participate in the fibrinolytic process.
Measuring Educational Sustainability.

There are many definitions that are attributable to the meaning of sustainability. Sustainability can be viewed as long-lasting, effective result of a project, venture, action, or investment without consuming additional future resources. Because of the wide nature of its applicability, universal measure of sustainability is hard to come by. This paper proposes that in addition to the often explored four types of economic, financial, social, and environmental sustainability the need exists for a fifth aspect of sustainability viz. educational. The fifth aspect proposed in this paper is extremely important to educational institutions which form future workforce. The paper proposes a universal model to measure sustainability, continues with simulating sustainability as a function of several factors.
The Magnetic Moments of the Proton and the Deuteron. The Radiofrequency Spectrum of H 2 in Various Magnetic Fields

The molecular-beam magnetic-resonance method for measuring nuclear moments has been applied to the proton and the deuteron. In this method the nuclear moment is obtained by observing the Larmor frequency of precession ($\ensuremath{\nu}=\frac{\ensuremath{\mu}H}{\mathrm{hI}}$) in a uniform magnetic field. For this purpose HD and ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$ molecules are most suitable because they are largely in the state of zero rotational momentum. Very sharp resonance minima are observed which makes it possible to show that the observed values of $\frac{\ensuremath{\nu}}{H}$ are independent of $H$, and to make a very accurate determination of the ratio $\frac{{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{P}}{{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{D}}$. With molecules of orthohydrogen in the first rotational state a radiofrequency spectrum of six resonance minima was obtained. This spectrum when analyzed yields a set of nine energy levels from which are obtained (1) the proton moment from its Larmor precession frequency; (2) the proton moment from the magnitude of the dipole interaction between the two proton magnetic moments (the directly measured quantity is $\frac{{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{P}}{{r}^{3}}$); and (3) the value of the spin orbit interaction constant of the proton moment with the rotation of the molecule or the magnetic field ${H}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ produced by the rotation of the molecule at the position of the nucleus. The numerical results are ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{P}=2.785\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02$ nuclear magnetons; ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{D}=0.855\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.006$ nuclear magneton; $(\frac{{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{P}}{{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{D}})=3.257\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.001$; ${H}^{\ensuremath{'}}=27.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3$ gauss; $\frac{{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{P}}{{r}^{3}}=34.1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3$ gauss which gives ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{P}=2.785\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03$ nuclear magnetons. To within experimental error there is no disagreement of the results of these direct measurements with those from atomic beam measurements of the h.f.s. $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\nu}$ of the ground states of H and D.