cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transition from phase slips to the Josephson effect in a superfluid 4 He weak link

The rich dynamics of flow between two weakly coupled macroscopic quantum reservoirs has led to a range of important technologies. Practical development has so far been limited to superconducting systems, for which the basic building block is the so-called superconducting Josephson weak link1. With the observation of quantum oscillations2 in superfluid 4He near 2 K, we can now envision analogous practical superfluid helium devices. The characteristic function that determines the dynamics of such systems is the current–phase relation Is(ϕ), which gives the relationship between the superfluid current Is flowing through a weak link and the quantum phase difference ϕ across it. Here we report the measurement of the current–phase relation of a superfluid 4He weak link formed by an array of nano-apertures separating two reservoirs of superfluid 4He. As we vary the coupling strength between the two reservoirs, we observe a transition from a strongly coupled regime in which Is(ϕ) is linear and flow is limited by 2π phase slips, to a weak-coupling regime where Is(ϕ) becomes the sinusoidal signature of a Josephson weak link.
Irradiation disinfestation of apple maggot (Diptera: Tephritidae) in hypoxic and low-temperature storage.

Apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh), is a quarantine pest of apples, Malus domestica Borkhausen, and pears, Pyrus communis L., shipped from much of the United States and Canada. As such, these fruits shipped from infested areas to uninfested areas must undergo a quarantine disinfestation treatment. The objective of this research was to develop irradiation quarantine treatments against apple maggot considering that fruit hosts may be stored under hypoxic or cold conditions when they are irradiated. Hypoxia increased from 30.5 to 35.7 Gy (17%) the estimated dose to achieve 99% prevention of the full pupal stage from irradiated third instars in apples compared with ambient atmospheres. However, 50 Gy completely prevented the full pupa in 22,360 and 15,530 third instars, respectively, irradiated in apples in ambient and hypoxic atmospheres. There was no difference in development to the full pupal stage in apple maggot third instars held at 1 or 24°C when irradiated with 20 Gy. Because the maximum dose measured when 50 Gy was sought was 57 Gy, the latter should be the dose recommended for quarantine disinfestation of host fruits of the apple maggot. Apples and pears tolerate much higher doses.
Causes of Mortality in Chickens that Regressed a Rous sarcoma Virus-Induced Tumor

Rous sarcomas were induced in 6-week-old chickens of several genetically different stocks: inbred lines C, 6(1), 6(3), and 7(2); crosses of inbred lines (6(3) X 7(2)) F4 and (6(1) X 15(1)) F2 X 6(1); and reciprocal crosses (15(1) X 100) F1 X 15(1) and (15(1) X 100) F1 X 100. The resulting tumors were scored for size six times during a 10-week period. Females that had completely regressed their sarcomas were placed in individual laying cages and examined weekly for reappearance of a tumor. After death, the probable cause was determined by necropsy. The major causes of death in the pooled sample of 49 females were fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome (24.6%), reproductive disorder (14.2%), Marek's disease (12.2%), and lymphoid leukosis (6.1%). Elapsed time between tumor regression and death from any cause ranged from 21 days to 1930 days (5.3 years). One tumor recurred, this in a bird which eventually died with a massive sarcoma in the left wingweb and Rous metastasis in liver tissue. These data provide evidence of specific resistance to neoplastic disease.
E-Expectancy and the Role of Awareness in Verbal Conditioning:

Different groups of Es were led to expect that verbal conditioning either could or could not occur without awareness. Both groups tested independent sets of 19 Ss who constructed 100 sentences beginning with one of six pronouns and containing a past tense verb. For experimental Ss sentences beginning with I or We were reinforced by the word “good.” Conditioning effects were as predicted by the expectancies of Es. Ss who were unaware of the correct contingency conditioned only in the group tested by Es who were led to expect that result.
Human Adaptation to Levels of Environmental Stimulation

This paper examines the environment as a source of dimensions of stimulation that are directly related to the individual's affective response to his environment, and his behavioral adaptation to it. The concept of an optimal level of stimulation is introduced, along with a view of environmental stress as resulting from conditions of excessive deviation from such optimal levels, with particular reference to variations in intensity, diversity, and patterning of the stimulus input. This analysis provides the framework for a consideration of behavioral adaptation to the environment by reference to the concept of adaptation level. Levels of adaptation to particular environmental dimensions, established as a function of past exposure, are shown to act as potent determiners of the individual's evaluation of his environment, as well as representing a plausible basis for the optimal level of stimulation principle itself. The presentation proceeds to an examination of the process of adaptation to the environment as a multilayered process, and to a discussion of the concept of the cost of adaptation as it applies in the behavioral realm. Finally, adaptation is contrasted with an alternative mechanism, adjustment, involving active alteration of the environment by the individual, and the relative place to be accorded to these two processes in the individual's relation to the environment is considered.
Fish, omega-3 long-chain fatty acids, and all-cause mortality in a low-income US population: results from the Southern Community Cohort Study

Abstract Background We examined associations between fish and n-3 LCFA and mortality in a prospective study with a large proportion of blacks with low socio-economic status. Methods and results We observed 6914 deaths among 77,604 participants with dietary data (follow-up time 5.5 years). Of these, 77,100 participants had available time-to-event data. We investigated associations between mortality with fish and n-3 LCFA intake, adjusting for age, race, sex, kcal/day, body mass index (BMI), smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, income, education, chronic disease, insurance coverage, and meat intake. Intakes of fried fish, baked/grilled fish and total fish, but not tuna, were associated with lower mortality among all participants. Analysis of trends in overall mortality by quintiles of intake showed that intakes of fried fish, baked/grilled fish and total fish, but not tuna, were associated with lower risk of total mortality among all participants. When participants with chronic disease were excluded, the observed association remained only between intakes of baked/grilled fish, while fried fish was associated with lower risk of mortality in participants with prevalent chronic disease. The association between n-3 LCFA intake and lower risk of mortality was significant among those with diabetes at baseline. There was an inverse association of mortality with fried fish intake in men, but not women. Total fish and baked/grilled fish intakes were associated with lower mortality among blacks while fried fish intake was associated with lower mortality among whites. Effect modifications were not statistically significant. Conclusion Our findings suggest a modest benefit of fish consumption on mortality.
A Satisfactory Method of Shipping Dairy Bull Semen Long Distances

Summary A simple, dependable, and practical method of shipping semen long distances is described. The package consists of a small insulated ice cream shipper, a water-tight metal can to fit the shipper, crushed ice, and a vacuum bottle. Satisfactory semen storage temperatures (35 to 50° F.) were maintained in this shipper for 84 hours at atmospheric, temperature of 80° F. Results of inseminations with shipped semen requiring 48 to 72 hours in transit were very satisfactory for stored semen.
Bubble trajectories in rotating drops

The investigation summarized in this paper describes recent normal gravity experiments involving the behavior of compound drops in rotating flows and in particular, the subsequent migration of the less dense phase (air bubble) toward the rotation axis. The data are compared to two models. The first was developed to predict the trajectory of a fluid particle in an infinitely large drop in the presence of both gravitational and rotational fields at the limit of quasi-steady creeping flow. The second predicts the trajectory of a fluid particle in a compound drop in the presence of a rotational field and at the limit of creeping flow. Gravity has not yet been incorporated into this second model.
Plastic surgeons and the management of trauma: from the JFK assassination to the Boston Marathon bombing.

The fiftieth anniversary of the death by assassination of President John Kennedy is an opportunity to pay homage to his memory and also reflect on the important role plastic surgeons have played in the management of trauma. That reflection included a hypothetical scenario, a discussion of the surgical treatment of Kennedy (if he survived) and Governor Connally. The scenario describes the management of cranioplasty in the presence of scalp soft-tissue contracture, reconstruction of the proximal trachea, reconstitution of the abdominal wall, and restoration of a combined radius and soft-tissue defect. The development of diagnostic and therapeutic advances over the past 50 years in the care of maxillofacial trauma is described, including the evolution of imaging, timing of surgery, and operative techniques. Finally, contemporary measures of triage in situations involving mass casualties, as in the Boston Marathon bombings, complete the dedication to President Kennedy. Language: en
Peroxynitrite stimulates vascular smooth muscle cell cyclic GMP synthesis.

Peroxynitrite stimulated the synthesis of cyclic GMP by rat aortic smooth muscle in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Peak formation of cyclic GMP occurred at 1 min with 100 μM peroxynitrite and was inhibited by oxyhemoglobin. Peroxynitrite was less potent than nitric oxide in stimulating cyclic GMP synthesis. Peroxynitrite also enhanced endothelial-dependent cyclic GMP synthesis, via generation of a long-lived substance, which was prevented by inhibition of glutathione synthesis. These data show that peroxynitrite stimulates cyclic GMP synthesis, inferring production of low yields of nitric oxide or associated derivatives. Additionally, vascular exposure to peroxynitrite potentiates endothelial-dependent activation of guanylate cyclase.
ANTIFERROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF THE IRON GROUP TRIFLUORIDES

A neutron diffraction study has been made of the trifluorides of $3d$ transition group elements. The arrangement of the magnetic ions and the anions in these trifluorides is similar to that in the compounds $\mathrm{La}M{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ for which the antiferromagnetic properties have been studied earlier. No antiferromagnetic transition was observed in V${\mathrm{F}}_{3}$. In the compounds Cr${\mathrm{F}}_{3}$, Fe${\mathrm{F}}_{3}$, and Co${\mathrm{F}}_{3}$ the magnetic ions are observed to couple antiferromagnetically via the intervening anion to each of their six nearest neighbors. This is the same structure as that found in the compounds LaCr${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ and LaFe${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$. In the trifluorides the distortions from cubic symmetry have made it possible to determine the orientation of the spin moments relative to the crystallographic axes and in one case (Cr${\mathrm{F}}_{3}$) the antiferromagnetic domain properties have been studied with magnetic fields applied to the sample. In Mn${\mathrm{F}}_{3}$ an antiferromagnetic layer structure is found of the type previously observed for LaMn${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$. The indirect magnetic coupling in these compounds is correlated with the orbitals which result from the splitting of the $d$ levels by the crystalline field.
Surgery for focal cortical dysplasia.

Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) frequently is associated with medically intractable epilepsy.1–3⇓⇓ The advent of powerful neuroimaging technology has revolutionized the identification and management of this difficult group of disorders. Despite increasing awareness, surgery historically yields less-promising results than other well-recognized epilepsy syndromes.2–6⇓⇓⇓⇓ No universally accepted classification scheme exists. Cortical dysplasia, cortical malformation, neuronal migration disorder, and cortical dysgenesis all are appropriate terms in the correct setting. FCD, described by Taylor et al.1 in 1971, implies a pathologic diagnosis of disordered cerebral cortex with abnormal neurons (balloon cells). Neuronal migration disorder refers to a disturbance in cortical development resulting during the migration of neurons to their predestined cortical location. Other terms are less specific and imply abnormalities in cortical development occurring anytime during the differentiation, migration, and maturation of the cerebral cortex. The reader is referred to several excellent reviews of cortical development for more detailed information.3,7,8⇓⇓ Grading of cortical malformations based on histopathology and neuroimaging may be clinically relevant as a predictor of epileptogenicity and surgical outcome.6,9⇓ In addition, individual malformations may have different EEG signatures, ultimately requiring different surgical approaches. This may revolve around the presence or absence of balloon cells. Clinical investigations studying mechanisms of epileptogenicity in different subtypes of dysplasia are ongoing. The true incidence of FCD remains unclear. Before the availability of modern neuroimaging techniques, diagnosis depended solely on histopathology from surgical specimens of patients with epilepsy.10–12⇓⇓ A recent autopsy series of 7,374 brains found a 1.7% incidence of FCD in normal brains.13 The incidence was significantly higher (46.5%) in patients with epilepsy. Other centers report a 2 to 36% incidence in surgically treated epilepsy series.4,14⇓ In pediatric patients with intractable epilepsy, the incidence was 25% …
Rhodopsin of the blue crab Callinectes: evidence for absorption differences in vitro and in vivo.

Abstract Digitonin-extracted blue crab ( Callinectes ) rhodopsin has λ max at 477 ± 3 nm in a hydroxylamine difference spectrum. No metarhodopsin appears at room temperature during bleaching by light, and the chromophore seems to be retinaldehyde. Microspectrophotometry of single rhabdoms, on the other hand, indicates a visual pigment with ,λ max at 500 nm. On irradiation a stable metarhodopsin forms with absorption properties similar to those of the rhodopsin. As is the case with other crabs studied previously, rhabdoms can be more readily photobleached in 5% glutaraldehyde. The 500 nm pigment seen by microspectrophotometry accounts adequately for the spectral sensitivity of Callinectes . Evidence from the literature suggests that in at least some other crabs as well, extraction of rhodopsin into aqueous digitonin is accompanied by a shift of about 20 nm to shorter wavelengths.
DNA synthesis during the division cycle of rapidly growing Escherichia coli B/r.

Abstract The rate of DNA synthesis during the division cycle of Escherichia coli B r growing with doubling times between 22 and 40 minutes has been determined by the membrane-selection technique described previously (Helmstetter, 1967). The results indicate that the cell age at which rounds of DNA replication begin is variable and depends upon the growth rate, and that the time for a complete round of replication is constant and independent of the growth rate. It is suggested that in rapidly growing E. coli B r a new round of replication begins before the previous round has ended.
Strategic deliberation and truthful revelation: an impossibility result

In many market settings, agents do not know their preferences apriori. Instead, they may have to solve computationally complex optimization problems, query databases, or perform expensive searchesin order to determine their values for different outcomes. For such settings, we have introduced the deliberation equilibrium as the game-theoretic solution concept where the agents' deliberation actions are modeled aspart of their strategies.In this paper we lay out auction design principles for deliberative agents. We propose a set of intuitive properties which are desirable in auctions for deliberative agents. First, we propose that auctions should be non-deliberative: the auction should notactively do the deliberation for the agents. Second, auctions should be deliberation-proof: in equilibrium agents should not have anincentive to deliberate on each others' valuation problems. Third, the auction should be non-deceiving: agents should not have incentive to strategically misrepresent. We show that it is impossible to design interesting auctions which have these three properties.
Test Results Of A Prototype Serrodyne Closed-Loop Interferometric Fiber Optic Gyroscope

The test results of a prototype serrodyne closed-loop interferometric fiber optic gyroscope are reported. The rotation sensor used a low-coherence superradiant diode at 0.85 microns wavelength with a polarization-maintaining sensing coil, polarizer and loop coupler. A wide bandwidth Ti:LiNb0 3 phase modulator was used to provide bias modulation and serrodyne frequency shifting. Performance of the sensor before and after loop closure is discussed. No degradation of the random walk or bias stability was noted with loop closure. The scale factor and dynamic range were improved. Various contributors to scale factor error are discussed.
An evaluation of the behavior of the rare earth elements during the weathering of sea-floor basalt

Abstract We present rare earth element (REE) data for fresh and altered tholeiitic basalts sampled during a dredging transect at 23°N in the Atlantic Ocean and covering a time span of 0 to 57 million years. These data have been used to evaluate the behavior of the REE during low-temperature weathering processes. Compositional trends from altered basalt interiors to palagonitized rinds in individual pillow samples indicate significant mobility of the light REE: some elements are enriched by four orders of magnitude in rinds relative to interiors. The heavy REE show no selective mobilization and can be used in a normalization procedure which indicates that the light REE are enriched in altered interiors relative to fresh interiors of the basalts. Cerium behaves anomalously and accords with either its abundance in seawater or its fractionation from seawater during the formation of ferromanganese deposits. These results indicate that REE data from fresh glassy or crystalline basalt samples only may be used with confidence in petrological models.
A prospective, randomized, controlled trial of an emergency department–based atrial fibrillation treatment strategy with low-molecular-weight heparin * ** *

Abstract Study objective: We assess an alternative accelerated clinical pathway approach to the management of patients with newly diagnosed or new-onset atrial fibrillation (AF). Methods: A prospective, randomized pilot study of 2 AF disease-management strategies was conducted at a single university hospital. A traditional approach of hospital admission versus an accelerated emergency department–based strategy with low-molecular-weight heparin and early cardioversion to sinus rhythm was assessed in a cohort of patients with uncomplicated AF. The primary end points were length of stay and total actual direct costs. Results: Eighteen patients were randomized over a 15-month period. The accelerated treatment strategy in the ED resulted in a substantial decrease in length of stay (2.1±2.3 versus P =.15). The clinical outcomes (rate of sinus rhythm at discharge and follow-up and complications caused by AF) related to AF were similar in the 2 groups. Conclusion: A disease-management strategy for new, uncomplicated AF that uses an ED-outpatient treatment pathway results in a shorter length of stay at potentially lower cost. The results of this pilot study warrant further investigation. [Kim MH, Morady F, Conlon B, Kronick S, Lowell M, Bruckman D, Armstrong WF, Eagle KA. A prospective, randomized, controlled trial of an emergency department–based atrial fibrillation treatment strategy with low-molecular-weight heparin. Ann Emerg Med. August 2002;40:187-192.]
Advances in the management of psoriasis: monoclonal antibody therapies

Psoriasis is a common skin disorder characterized by erythematous, scaling plaques. Until recently, therapies for this disease have been aimed at reducing keratinocyte proliferation. We have learned that psoriasis is not primarily a disorder of keratinocyte hyperproliferation, but is an inflammatory disease. This knowledge, especially our current understanding of the role of activated T cells in psoriasis, has led to new therapeutic options and new areas of research. Immunosuppressive agents such as cyclosporine have proven very useful in the treatment of psoriasis, but their use is limited by toxicity. Monoclonal antibodies directed against key components of the inflammatory process have been studied in an attempt to produce safer, more selective immunosuppressive agents. This review summarizes much of the available literature describing the use of monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of psoriasis.
Role of Nociceptin/Orphanin FQ in Age-Dependent Cerebral Hemodynamic Effects of Brain Injury

ABSTRACT This study was designed to compare the role of the newly described endogenous opioid nociceptin/orphanin FQ (NOC/oFQ) in the reductions of cerebral blood flow (CBF) and pial artery diamete...
Protein Kinase A Deficiency Causes Axially Localized Neural Tube Defects in Mice

We have studied the function of protein kinase A (PKA) during embryonic development using a PKA-deficient mouse that retains only one functional catalytic subunit allele, either Cα or Cβ, of PKA. The reduced PKA activity results in neural tube defects that are specifically localized posterior to the forelimb buds and lead to spina bifida. The affected neural tube has closed appropriately but exhibits an enlarged lumen and abnormal neuroepithelium. Decreased PKA activity causes dorsal expansion of Sonic hedgehog signal response in the thoracic to sacral regions correlating with the regions of morphological abnormalities. Other regions of the neural tube appear normal. The regional sensitivity to changes in PKA activity indicates that downstream signaling pathways differ along the anterior-posterior axis and suggests a functional role for PKA activation in neural tube development.
Regulation and control of myosin-I by the motor and light chain-binding domains

Members of the myosin-I family of molecular motors are expressed in many eukaryotes, where they are involved in a multitude of critical processes. Humans express eight distinct members of the myosin-I family, making it the second largest family of myosins expressed in humans. Despite the high degree of sequence conservation in the motor and light chain-binding domains (LCBDs) of these myosins, recent studies have revealed surprising diversity of function and regulation arising from isoform-specific differences in these domains. Here we review the regulation of myosin-I function and localization by the motor and LCBDs.
Light inhibition of respiration is due to a dual function of the cytochrome b6-f complex and the plastocyanin/ cytochrome c-553 pool in Aphanocapsa

Abstract Studies of the respiratory electron transport pathway in the blue-green alga, Aphanocapsa , demonstrated the presence of cytochrome oxidase and a Cytochrome complex. The use of antimycin A showed only the occurrence of a plastidal type of cytochrome complex (the cytochrome b 6 - f complex), which is insensitive to this inhibitor. Determination of the extent of photooxidation of cytochromes c -553 and f -556 under conditions of high and low cytochrome oxidase activities indicated an electron flow through both cytochromes to cytochrome oxidase. Direct evidence for a common segment of photosynthetic and respiratory electron transport from plastoquinone via the cytochrome b 6 - f complex to the soluble plastocyanin/cytochrome c -553 pool, as well as a competition between cytochrome oxidase and Photosystem I for reductants in this pool in the light, was obtained by measurements of electron transport with suitable electron donors in this alga.
Flow of molten polymers through porous media

The flow of molten polymer through porous media has been investigated at constant temperatures and flow rates. Temperatures of 375°, 400°, and 425°F., flow rates from 12 to 60 g./min. and particle sizes from 0.054 in. to 6 mm. in diameter were studied. A modified Darcy's law was developed using the Metzner-Reed modification of the Mooney-Rabinowitsch relation. This form was then used to develop a modified friction factor plot which correlated the data with an average error of 5.02%. Calculated superficial velocities from the Darcy's law equation checked experimental values generally to within 10%. A technique for estimating shear rates when curved rheological flow curves occurred was also developed.
Activation of Trunk Muscles during End-Inspiration of Abdominal Breathing : Comparison among Four Different Positions

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to compare the activation of trunk muscles during end-inspiration of abdominal breathing among four different back exercise positions to investigate potential effects on the activation of trunk muscles. [Subjects] Sixty healthy male adults volunteered to participate in the study. [Methods] Each subject was instructed regarding abdominal breathing and the study procedure. While the maximal voluntary contraction and end-inspiration of abdominal breathing of individual muscles were being performed, the activity of the muscles was measured using surface electromyography. The activity of the muscles while performing end-inspiration of abdominal breathing was normalized to the percentage of maximal voluntary contraction (% MVC). [Results] Right and left erector spinae and external oblique showed significant differences among the positions between before and after end-inspiration of abdominal breathing(EIAB). The prone-on-elbows position demonstrated the greatest increase post-EIAB. [Conclusion] End-inspiration of abdominal breathing appears to be effective in the four different positions for activating the erector spinae and external oblique trunk muscles, but not rectus abdominis.
Dynamics of Calcium Sparks and Calcium Leak in the Heart

We present what we believe to be a new mathematical model of Ca2+ leak from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) in the heart. To our knowledge, it is the first to incorporate a realistic number of Ca2+-release units, each containing a cluster of stochastically gating Ca2+ channels (RyRs), whose biophysical properties (e.g., Ca2+ sensitivity and allosteric interactions) are informed by the latest molecular investigations. This realistic model allows for the detailed characterization of RyR Ca2+-release properties, and shows how this balances reuptake by the SR Ca2+ pump. Simulations reveal that SR Ca2+ leak consists of brief but frequent single RyR openings (∼3000 cell−1 s−1) that are likely to be experimentally undetectable, and are, therefore, “invisible”. We also observe that these single RyR openings can recruit additional RyRs to open, due to elevated local (Ca2+), and occasionally lead to the generation of Ca2+ sparks (∼130 cell−1 s−1). Furthermore, this physiological formulation of “invisible” leak allows for the removal of the ad hoc, non-RyR mediated Ca2+ leak terms present in prior models. Finally, our model shows how Ca2+ sparks can be robustly triggered and terminated under both normal and pathological conditions. Together, these discoveries profoundly influence how we interpret and understand diverse experimental and clinical results from both normal and diseased hearts.
TIME COMPONENTS OF COMMUNITIES

When surveying a modern community with a good fossil record, two components are recognizable: species with a fossil record (immigrants to the Recent, I) and species without a fossil record (originating in the Recent, O). How many species will emigrate into the future is, of course, unknown. If we treat a slice of time in the past as representing the “present”, older geologic time-slices as the past and younger geologic time-slices as the “future”, four components are recognizable. The I’s can be divided into immigrants which become emigrants, IE, and immigrants which become extinct, IX; while the O’s are those originating that emigrate, OE, and those originating which become extinct, OX. Thus, the total number of species observed is S = IE + IX + OE + OX. The “future” consists of emigrants in time, E = IE + OE. The question arises as to whether or not information gleaned from such an approach is transferable to modern communities. With this in mind, we selected five Cenozoic time-slices and examined these four components of benthic foraminifera in the Salisbury-Albemarle Embayment (SAE) of the North American Atlantic coastal plain. In all the fossil communities the species are distributed about equally (± 10%) between O and I components. The OX component averages about half of the O species and are often rare. These species can be regarded as failed “evolutionary trials” and are a minimum estimate for extinction. Of the five fossil communities, three are balanced where OE = IX so that I = E and the total number of extinctions is TX = IX + OX = O. In balanced communities all of the components can easily be predicted, if one is known. In the two unbalanced communities, OE > IX so that E > I. In these two cases, IX is small and, consequently, TX ≈ OX. Based on our observations of the fossil foraminiferal communities of the SAE, we would predict that about half of the observed species in a modern community will be extinct within two to three million years. A minimum estimate, the OX component, constitutes about a quarter of the observed species. While many of the OX species occur rarely, survivorship of species with a fossil record (I) cannot be predicted on the basis of abundance. Consideration of the time slices also indicates that the local foraminiferal community depends on continual transfer of species into and out of a regional species pool. Consequently, if other organisms behave like foraminifera, any conservation efforts must be directed toward a large geographic area.
Outcomes after cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy for peritoneal surface dissemination from ovarian neoplasms

Abstract Background Few data exist on the treatment of peritoneal surface dissemination (PSD) from ovarian cancer (OC) with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC). This work represents a review of the authors' institution's experience with HIPEC for PSD from OC. Methods Fifty-one patients with OC treated with HIPEC between 1996 and 2009 were identified in a prospectively managed database. All patients underwent maximal tumor debulking followed by HIPEC with mitomycin C, carboplatin, or paclitaxel. Results The median survival in this cohort was 29 months. When stratified by resection status, patients undergoing R0 and R1 resections experienced longer median survival than those who underwent R2 resections (47 vs 12 months, P = .0002). Intraoperative blood loss ≤ 400 mL resulted in greater 5-year survival than blood loss > 400 mL (60% vs 15%, P = .025). Conclusions This experience demonstrates that long-term survival is anticipated in patients who undergo complete cytoreduction followed by HIPEC for PSD from OC. These findings not only highlight the potential utility of HIPEC in the treatment of OC but also underscore the importance of maximal cytoreduction followed by HIPEC in this cohort of patients.
Sizable concentration-dependent frequency shifts in solution NMR using sensitive probes.

With the growing use of high fields and ultrasensitive probes, radiation damping emerges as a significant feedback interaction in modern solution NMR. Motivated by recent observations of mysterious concentration-dependent frequency shifts, experiments carried out on a cryoprobe at 600 MHz have revealed a time-averaged frequency shift of up to +83/−81 Hz. The sizable frequency shifts arise from deviations in the phase of the radiation damping field from perfect orthogonality relative to the net transverse magnetization. The frequency shift is shown to depend on the longitudinal magnetization and probe tuning conditions through experiments and numerical simulations. Such unexpected shifts in the solvent precession frequency provide a physical explanation for the empirical practice of adjusting the irradiation frequency of the saturating B1 field in solvent presaturation to achieve optimal suppression. Additional applications of the radiation damping induced frequency shift to solvent suppression and NMR met...
Sovereignty and its Presuppositions: Before 9/11 and after:

Is the modern states system in terminal decline? Are we witnessing a great transformation in that regard? Are the events of 9/11 indicative of that? Or is state sovereignty evolving, yet again, in response to scientific, technological, economic and social changes – as it has done throughout the post-medieval era of its existence? That latter line of argument is put forward in this essay.
Interrelationships in the urinary excretion of creatine, creatinine, free alpha amino acid nitrogen, and total nitrogen in premature infants.

Summary 1. The urinary excretion in milligrams per kilogram per 24 hours for creatine, creatinine, free alpha amino acid nitrogen, and total nitrogen have been recorded for a group of premature infants 2 to 12 weeks of age in both single voidings and in 24-hour pools. 2. A considerable range was noted in the excretion coefficients (milligrams per kilogram per 24 hours) of all the components of urinary nitrogen investigated, not only between different infants but between single voidings and 24-hour pools of the same infant. The only significantly constant interrelationship was between free alpha amino nitrogen and total nitrogen in the 24-hour samples. 3. The practice of expressing the urinary excretion of a substance of premature infants in terms of the creatinine ratio is likely to lead to erroneous conclusions, particularly where this is done on single voidings.
Cardiovascular applications of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy has great potential for defining noninvasively the metabolic status of the heart and skeletal muscle. This technique uses the spin properties of certain nuclei (such as phosphorus-31, hydrogen-1 and carbon-13) to measure high energy phosphates, intracellular pH, lactate and glycogen. Animal studies have formed the basis for human investigations and have demonstrated well-defined changes in high energy phosphates during myocardial ischemia and reperfusion, as well as in cardiomyopathies. Human studies have been limited by issues of sensitivity and localization, although techniques such as rotating frame, depth-resolved surface coil spectroscopy, image-selected in vivo spectroscopy and spectroscopic imaging have been used to acquire phosphorus-31 spectra from the human heart. The few human studies of patients with disease have demonstrated elevated inorganic phosphate peaks after myocardial infarction and abnormal phosphodiester peaks in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Studies of patients with heart failure have shown that these patients acidify their peripheral muscles with exercise more easily than do control subjects. Clinical application of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy will depend on technical advances and the demonstration of sensitivity of metabolic changes with disease.
The HRD real-time hurricane wind analysis system

Abstract The HRD real-time wind analysis system is currently undergoing evaluation in the operational forecasting environment of the National Hurricane Center. The system is an object-oriented, distributed, three-tiered client–server application that assimilates disparate observations and processes the data into a common framework for exposure, height and averaging time. The data are then examined collectively or by type, quality controlled and passed on to a scale-controlled objective analysis algorithm. Several products are derived from the analysis wind field and storm track, yielding effective tools for disaster assessment, emergency management, and recovery.
RIGID-BODY KINEMATICS AND SINGLE-TOOTH DISPLACEMENTS

T h e branch of physics known as mechanics has influenced analyses and designs of orthodontic appliances and has contributed to the prediction of tooth movement. The form of the orthodontic displacement of the tooth is related to the characteristics of the mechanical action delivered by the appliance; the biomechanical relationship, although not fully understood, is a source of sustained'interest in the mechanics of physics applied to orthodontics. The focus of this article excludes the forcedisplacement relationship; rather, the emphasis is on a response to the mechanical action: the displacement and its description. The branch of mechanics (of physics) that pertains to the movements of particles or bodies, without references to causes, is known as kinematics.1 Orthodontists were describing the movements of teeth "by" their appliances before they realized that mechanics, the applied science, could offer a means of advancing knowledge within the specialty. As the understanding of the mechanics of appliances and the relationships to tooth movement developed within the discipline, the language of mechanics became intertwined with orthodontic jargon in the descriptions of displacements. This mixing of terminology unfortunately has led to incompletely descriptive, often vague, and sometimes mechanically incorrect usage of words and phrases. In submitting this manuscript to the Journal, the need for a review of kinematics applied to orthodontics, specifically, with reference to the description of the displacement of a single tooth is suggested. To begin a review of single-tooth kinematics, several concepts and reasonable assumptions are presented. First, the individual tooth is essentially nondeformable; crown and root(s) cannot move independently. The distance, then, between any two specific points of the tooth is a constant, independent of time, tooth position, or orientation. Second, a reference frame is necessary from which to describe any displacement. The appropriate reference is the familiar, "local" framework for a single tooth consisting of three mutually perpendicular and intersecting axes; faciolingual, mesiodistal, and occlusoapical describe their directions. The location and angulation of the frame should define the ideal position and
Phonon- and Auger-assisted tunneling from a quantum well to a quantum dot

We investigate phonon- and Auger-assisted tunnelings from an adjacent quantum well coupled to a quantum dot by Fermi's golden rule. The filling of quantum-well states is included, and we obtain an average tunneling lifetime depending on the concentration in the quantum well. Depending on the barrier width between the quantum dot and quantum well, both mechanisms can result in a tunneling time of a few to several hundred picoseconds. For the condition of high concentration of carriers in a quantum well, the typical time scale of the net increase of carriers in a quantum dot due to phonon-assisted tunneling can be in sub-picosecond range, which agrees with the recent experimental observation.
Ozone Does Not React with Human Erythrocyte Membrane Lipids

Ozone was applied to sealed red cell ghost membranes at the rate of 95 nmol/min for periods up to 20 min. Acetylcholine esterase, on the outer face of the membrane, was inhibited up to 20%. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, on the inner surface of the membrane, was inhibited up to 87%. These differences reflected the inherent susceptibilities of the two enzymes and the presence or absence of the membrane barrier. Analysis of the total lipids of the ozone-treated ghosts showed no significant change in the distribution of lipid classes and no significant change in the fatty acid composition. There was no significant change in the fatty acid composition of the phosphatidylcholine fraction. There was a slight increase in 18:0 and 20:2 + 20:3 in the phosphatidylethanolamine fraction. There was no change in the molecular species distribution of the phosphatidylcholine or the phosphatidylethanolamine fraction. There was no evidence for the formation of the phospholipid ozonolysis product, 1-acyl-2-(9-oxo-nonanyl) derivatives of glyceryl-phosphoryl choline. There was no decline in the amount of cholesterol in the lipids derived from ozone-treated red cell membranes. Treatment of red cell ghost membranes and, by implication, the plasma membrane of cells by ozone therefore oxidizes peripheral proteins before it oxidizes lipids.
Effects of Strip Tillage and Production Inputs on Soil Biology across a Spatial Gradient

Strip tillage results in soil disturbance levels similar to those of conventional tillage systems in the row locations (strip) and properties of no-till in the interrow (between-row) locations. In this study, biological and physical soil properties in the region spanning the row to interrow were investigated and results were compared among strip-tillage systems utilizing different inputs (conventional fertilizer and pesticides vs. USDA-approved organic inputs) and rota- tion regimes (continuous tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) vs. a 3-yr vegetable rotation). Bulk density was signifi cantly greater in the interrow locations. Soil respiration potential was greatest in the interrow and least in the row locations, and greater in treatments receiving organic inputs relative to synthetic inputs. No differences in soil N mineralization potential were determined. Microbial biomass C and N were greatest in interrow and least in row loca- tions. Total soil C and N values did not vary from row to interrow locations or as a result of synthetic vs. organic inputs. The data suggest that organically managed production systems are less biologically stratifi ed than conventional input systems under strip-tillage manage- ment. Although net C mineralization was similar between chemical and organically managed systems, greater microbial biomass values in the organic treatment systems may have been the result of continuous additions of weed biomass during the summer. The hypothesis of a gradient effect for biological activity in strip-tillage systems from row to interrow appears to be true in systems managed with synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, but not true of organi- cally managed systems.
Medical management to full recovery in patients with severe ischemic cardiomyopathy

The role of coronary artery bypass grafting in the treatment of patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy and heart failure has not been clearly established. A few studies have suggested that patients with multivessel coronary artery disease and severe left ventricular dysfunction may have superior outcomes with surgery than with medical management. In this report we describe three patients with multivessel coronary artery disease, severe ischemic cardiomyopathy and advanced heart failure who experienced full and sustained clinical and echocardiographic recovery with medical management alone, without revascularization. These cases constitute “proof of concept” indicating that aggressive medical management may be an appropriate first-line therapy for such patients.
Optimal control of the linear regulator with constant disturbances

An optimal control problem for a linear regulator with constant external disturbance is formulated. It is shown that, for a suitably selected quadratic-type performance index, the optimal control is not an explicit function of the external disturbance. Moreover, the optimal control can be synthesized as a time-invariant linear function of the state plus the first time integral of a certain other time-invariant linear function of the state.
THE IMPACT OF SAME‐DAY SETTLEMENT ON THE VARIABILITY OF THE FEDERAL FUNDS RATE

This paper explores the resiliency of financial markets by examining the impact of change in institutional arrangements on the Federal funds rate. Insight into market resiliency is gained from a study of the impact of a recent institutional change: the switch in October 1981 to same day settlement from next day settlement by the Clearing House Interbank Payment System (CHIPS). A finding of increased rate volatility means that factors other than the 1979 Federal Reserve policy shift were responsible for some of the greater volatility of Federal funds rates in recent years.
Effect of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Crystallization, Polymorphic Transformation and Stability of Tripalmitin Solid Lipid Nanoparticle Suspensions

We examined the effect of lipid phase composition on the crystallization, polymorphic transition and stability of solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN) suspensions. A series of fine-disperse oil-in-water emulsions was prepared at an elevated temperature (75 °C) from a lipid phase containing different amounts of a high melting lipid (tripalmitin) and a low melting lipid (fish oil). These emulsions were cooled to induce crystallization and form SLN suspensions. In the absence of fish oil, the SLN suspensions formed a gel after the emulsified tripalmitin crystallized, which was attributed to particle shape changes leading to aggregation and network formation. Light scattering and rheology measurements indicated that incorporation of fish oil into the lipid phase (≥10 wt %) increased the stability of SLN to aggregation. DSC measurements suggested that crystallization, melting, and polymorphic transitions of SLN were influenced by the amount of fish oil incorporated. The rate of α- to β-polymorphic transitions of tri...
Assessment of Communications and Collaborative Learning in Civil Engineering Education

Recently, employers have indicated that they are not totally satisfied with the individualistic approach of the average engineering graduate. This may be due to the fact that, today, in many companies, team goals, team contributions, and team rewards often supersede individual actions. In fact, some authorities believe that the development of critical thinking, collaborative learning, communication, and leadership skills is vital for engineering programs, as well as for students. The findings of this study suggest that students have accepted the concept of collaborative teaching and learning. As an example, the evaluation of student-teaching presentations was found to be above average with scores greater than “B” for all categories. In addition, comments indicate that a course utilizing the concepts of collaborative learning and teamwork was interesting and informative and could be of assistance to respondents in future endeavors. Studies also indicate that undergraduates prefer classroom discussion and p...
A probabilistic version of the stable marriage problem

A new interpretation of the stable marriage problem posed by Gale and Shapley is presented. This approach enables one to solve efficiently this version of the assignment problem when it is known that the preference information is inaccurate or when there is a need to reduce the computational requirements of the problem. Savings on the order of 30% for CPU time have been demonstrated in test cases.
The differential effects of negated word associations on ability to recall traumatic and non-traumatic stimulus words.

(1958). The Differential Effects of Negated Word Associations on Ability to Recall “Traumatic” and Non-Traumatic” Stimulus Words. Journal of Projective Techniques: Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 55-63.
Stretched-pulse mode-locked all-fiber erbium ring laser with low-nonlinear negative-dispersion single mode fiber

We report a self-starting stretched-pulse mode-locked all-fiber erbium ring laser with high output pulse energy. In this laser, to increase the output pulse energy a piece of positive-dispersion singlemode fiber with large core diameter is used to lower the nonlinearity in the positive dispersion section of the laser cavity. Pulses with ~0.6 nJ single-pulse energy and less than 100 fs was achieved.