cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Estrogen treatment decreases matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 in autoimmune demyelinating disease through estrogen receptor alpha (ERα)

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have a crucial function in migration of inflammatory cells into the central nervous system (CNS). Levels of MMP-9 are elevated in multiple sclerosis (MS) and predict the occurrence of new active lesions on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This translational study aims to determine whether in vivo treatment with the pregnancy hormone estriol affects MMP-9 levels from immune cells in patients with MS and mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) collected from three female MS patients treated with estriol and splenocytes from EAE mice treated with estriol, estrogen receptor (ER) alpha ligand, ERbeta ligand or vehicle were stimulated ex vivo and analyzed for levels of MMP-9. Markers of CNS infiltration were assessed using MRI in patients and immunohistochemistry in mice. Supernatants from PBMCs obtained during estriol treatment in female MS patients showed significantly decreased MMP-9 compared with pretreatment. Decreases in MMP-9 coincided with a decrease in enhancing lesion volume on MRI. Estriol treatment of mice with EAE reduced MMP-9 in supernatants from autoantigen-stimulated splenocytes, coinciding with decreased CNS infiltration by T cells and monocytes. Experiments with selective ER ligands showed that this effect was mediated through ERalpha. In conclusion, estriol acting through ERalpha to reduce MMP-9 from immune cells is one mechanism potentially underlying the estriol-mediated reduction in enhancing lesions in MS and inflammatory lesions in EAE.
Spatial mismatch, discrimination, and male youth employment in the Washington, DC area: Implications for residential mobility policies

Residential mobility policies are in part premised on the assumption that place and not race explains blacks' joblessness in central cities. The article investigates the potential effects of residential mobility programs by analyzing a “natural” black residential mobility process in the Washington, DC area, where black suburbanization has coincided with suburban job growth. Using data from the 1990 Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS), this article examines the relative contribution of place and race in explaining racial differences in employment for young men with a high school diploma or less. The results show that having a suburban residential location improves young males' spatial access to jobs, but that the employment benefits are greater for white than comparable black youth. Simulations point to racial discrimination in suburban labor markets being as important as having a suburban residential location as an explanation of white-black employment rate differences in the Washington, DC area. Thus, if residential mobility programs are to be fully effective in improving central city minorities' employment prospects, antidiscrimination enforcement efforts in suburban labor markets must be included in the policy package.© 1998 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management
Perylene/water clusters: some different trends in hydrogen-bonded structure induced by a large aromatic template

Abstract Measurements are reported of infrared-optical double-resonance spectra (3100–3800 cm −1 ) for jet-cooled perylene/(H 2 O) n clusters ranging up to n =8. Unusual patterns of OH-stretch resonances, which are particularly evident for the n =3–6 clusters, imply that some significant structural perturbations are taking place in the presence of the large aromatic molecule.
Protective effects of neurotrophin-4/5 and transforming growth factor-α on striatal neuronal phenotypic degeneration after excitotoxic lesioning with quinolinic acid

Lesioning of the mammalian striatum with the excitotoxin quinolinic acid results in a pattern of neuropathology that resembles that of post mortem Huntington's disease brain. Certain neurotrophic factors can rescue degenerating cells in a variety of lesion types, including those produced by neurotoxins. Several neurotrophic factors promote the survival of striatal neurons and/or are localized within the striatum. Of these factors, neurotrophin-4/5 and transforming growth factor-alpha were chosen for administration to rats lesioned with quinolinic acid. Adult rats received a single unilateral intrastriatal injection of quinolinic acid (120 nmol) and either trophic factors or the control protein cytochrome c for seven days thereafter. The pattern of phenotypic degeneration was assessed by immunocytochemical labeling of various striatal neuronal populations at five rostrocaudal levels. Quinolinic acid produced a preferential loss in the number of cells immunoreactive for glutamate decarboxylase, with a relative sparing of the number of choline acetyltransferase-immunoreactive cells and, to a lesser degree, calretinin-immunoreactive cells. None of these phenotypic populations was protected by either neurotrophin-4/5 or transforming growth factor-alpha. In contrast, when glutamate decarboxylase cells were alternatively identified by calbindin immunolabeling, both factors were found to have partially reversed the loss in the number of calbindin-positive cells induced by excitolesioning. In addition, the loss in the number of parvalbumin-immunopositive cells due to quinolinic acid was partially reversed by neurotrophin-4/5, while the loss in the number of NADPH-diaphorase-stained cells was partially reversed by transforming growth factor-alpha. These findings reveal a new population of striatal cells, calretinin neurons, that are relatively resistant to quinolinic acid toxicity and that neurotrophin-4/5 and transforming growth factor-alpha partially protect against the phenotypic degeneration of striatal cell populations in an in vivo animal model of Huntington's disease.
Turning up the volume on mutational pressure: Is more of a good thing always better? (A case study of HIV-1 Vif and APOBEC3)

APOBEC3G and APOBEC3F are human cytidine deaminases that serve as innate antiviral defense mechanisms primarily by introducing C-to-U changes in the minus strand DNA of retroviruses during replication (resulting in G-to-A mutations in the genomic sense strand sequence). The HIV-1 Vif protein counteracts this defense by promoting the proteolytic degradation of APOBEC3G and APOBEC3F in the host cell. In the absence of Vif expression, APOBEC3 is incorporated into HIV-1 virions and the viral genome undergoes extensive G-to-A mutation, or "hypermutation", typically rendering it non-viable within a single replicative cycle. Consequently, Vif is emerging as an attractive target for pharmacological intervention and therapeutic vaccination. Although a highly effective Vif inhibitor may result in mutational meltdown of the viral quasispecies, a partially effective Vif inhibitor may accelerate the evolution of drug resistance and immune escape due to the codon structure and recombinogenic nature of HIV-1. This hypothesis rests on two principal assumptions which are supported by experimental evidence: a) there is a dose response between intracellular APOBEC concentration and degree of viral hypermutation, and, b) HIV-1 can tolerate an elevated mutation rate, and a true error or extinction threshold is as yet undetermined. Rigorous testing of this hypothesis will have timely and critical implications for the therapeutic management of HIV/AIDS, and delve into the complexities underlying the induction of lethal mutagenesis in a viral pathogen.
Advanced Psychometric Methods for Developing and Evaluating Cut-Point-Based Indicators

In this study, we offer some advice on the use of empirical techniques to create categorical indicators from responses to multiple survey questions that ostensibly compose scales. We discuss the use of advanced psychometric methods, including confirmatory factor analysis for ordered categorical measures (CFA-OCM) and item response theory (IRT), to expand 12 previously published criteria for cut-point development and evaluation offered by Moore et al. (Indicators of Child Well-Being: The Promise for Positive Youth Development. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. Special Issue: Positive Development: Realizing the Potential of Youth. 591:125–145, 2004). We present an application of this advice by developing categorical cut-points for the social skills and behavior problems subscales of the U.S. National Survey of Children’s Health (NSCH) Social Competence Scale. We used data from the 2007 NSCH, a large cross-sectional, random-digit-dial telephone survey of a representative sample of the noninstitutionalized population of U.S. children 0–17 years of age. Parents of children aged 6 to 17 years (n = 63,364) responded to 4 questions about their children’s behavior problems and 4 questions about their children’s positive social skills. IRT analyses indicated that IRT model-based scores of +1.8 and −0.7 provided suitable high and low cut-points, respectively, for the behavior problems subscale. These cut-points had marginal reliabilities of 0.70 and 0.67 respectively, and corresponded to raw subscale scores of 13 and 8 IRT analyses indicated that an IRT model-based score of −1.8 provided a suitable cut-point for identifying children with low levels of positive social skills. This cut-point had a marginal reliability of 0.63 and corresponded to a raw subscale score of 13. For both subscales and cut-point sets, frequency distributions demonstrated that the cut-points identified sufficient proportions of children generally as well as within demographic subgroups. Our findings indicate that analysts can use raw subscale scores and cut-points of 13 and 8 to identify children with high, moderate, and low levels of behavior problems. Our results demonstrate that, for the positive social skills subscale, the subscale’s psychometric properties only support a single cut-point of 13 that identifies children with low levels of positive social skills. Our study highlights the iterative, empirically-based process that cut-point development should follow and shows the value of modern test theory-based psychometric methods to inform this process.
Expression, purification, and characterization of a catalytically active human cytochrome P450 1A2:rat NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase fusion protein.

Abstract An enzymatically active human cytochrome P450 (P450) 1A2:rat NADPH-P450 reductase fusion protein was purified and partially characterized following heterologous expression inEscherichia coli. A cDNA was engineered to include the coding sequence for human P450 1A2 at its 5′ end (up to but not including the stop codon) fused in-frame to the coding sequence for a truncated (soluble) rat NADPH-P450 reductase at its 3′ end via an oligonucleotide sequence encoding the hydrophilic dipeptide Ser–Thr. This fusion plasmid was expressed inE. coliand the recombinant protein was purified from the detergent-solubilized membrane fraction via sequential DEAE, ADP–agarose, and hydroxylapatite chromatographies. The purified protein has the spectral characteristics of human P450 1A2 and cytochromecreduction activity comparable to rabbit NADPH-P450 reductase. The fusion protein catalyzed 7-ethoxyresorufinO-deethylation and phenacetinO-deethylation to appreciable levels in the presence of NADPH and phospholipid. While these activities were comparable to those of other such P450:NADPH-P450 reductase fusion proteins, they were lower than those of the system reconstituted from its individual hemoprotein and flavoprotein components. Nevertheless, the production of a functional, catalytically self-sufficient monooxygenase inE. colienhances the prospect of using bacterial systems for production and characterization of human P450 drug metabolites as well as for biodegradation of chemicals in the environment.
Automated L-Band Radar System for Sensing Soil Moisture at High Temporal Resolution

The ground-based University of Florida L-band Automated Radar System (UF-LARS) was developed to obtain observations of normalized radar backscatter (\mmbσ0) at high temporal resolution for soil moisture applications. The system was mounted on a 25 m manlift with capabilities of antenna positioning for multi-angle data acquisition and ranging. The RF subsystem of UF-LARS was based upon the established designs for ground-based scatterometers employing a vector network analyzer with simultaneous acquisition of V- and H-polarized returns. System integration and automated data acquisition were enabled using a software control system. Fifteen-minute observations of \mmb σ0 collected over a growing season of sweet-corn and bare soil conditions in North Central Florida, were used to study the sensitivity of \mmbσ0 to growing vegetation and near-surface (0-5 cm) soil moisture (\mmbSM0 - 5). On average, \mmb σ\mmbVV0 were observed to be 23% higher than \mmbσ\mmbHH0 during the mid- and late-stages of crop growth due to the vertical structure of stems. The correlation between 3-day observations of \mmbSM0 - 5 and \mmbσ\mmbVV0 reduced by 55% compared to those obtained for ≤ 30-min observations. These findings suggested that data set at high temporal frequencies can be used to develop more realistic and robust forward backscattering models.
Meta-genomic surveillance of invasive species in the bait trade

There are a number of different pathways by which invasive species can enter aquatic ecosystems, including the relatively unstudied live bait trade. Through contaminated stocks, the bait trade vector has the potential to distribute species widely, and unknowingly, across a wide geographic area. These introductions can have large implications for the conservation of native biodiversity and habitats. Reliable techniques for monitoring for invasive species remains challenging, particularly due to a lack of taxonomic expertise by those using live bait. Here, we show that non-target species (i.e., rare; not intended to be purchased) can be detected based on environmental DNA (eDNA) collected in water samples from commercial bait vendors. Utilizing high-throughput DNA sequencing, we analyzed water samples collected from six different commercial bait shops, screening the resulting sequence data for presence of non-target, and potentially invasive species of fish. Our findings show that DNA from multiple non-target species was present in the collected samples, including DNA from at least one potentially harmful invasive species. Additionally, this work supports the use of eDNA surveillance for screening the bait shop vector for rare and potentially harmful aquatic invasive species.
Detection of determinate signals with a fixed false alarm probability in the case of autoregression model of interference with unknown parameters

The paper is devoted to investigation of nonadaptive detection of determinate signals with fixed false alarm probability in the case of unknown covariance matrix of interference components. The interference model represents the Gaussian model of random process of the first-order autoregression (AR-interference). Application of the method of projection in the N-dimensional Hilbert space permitted to formulate the conditions, when the low-rank detectors guaranteed fixed false alarm probability at an unknown covariance matrix of AR-interference. The efficiency of this detector is assessed by the simulation method. It is shown that for the first-order AR-interference an acceptable loss (as compared with the Neumann-Pearson optimal detector) can be achieved.
Spontaneous Tumor Lysis Syndrome in the Setting of B-Cell Lymphoma

Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) presenting in absence of chemotherapy is a rare occurrence. One of the true oncological emergencies, it can lead to significant morbidity and mortality. TLS is a phenomena usually associated with tumor cell death after treatment. The etiology of the spontaneous TLS is not well understood, which complicates the diagnosis. TLS is well known to oncologists but physicians outside of this specialty have little or no experience with this condition. Early recognition and treatment are the keys to limiting the sequela of the condition. Spontaneous tumor lysis syndrome is rare but presents added risks to the patient because of the potential for delayed diagnosis and no benefit of pretreatment. Diagnosis may be further delayed because this may be the first symptom of underlying malignancy. Therefore, it is imperative that all clinicians are familiar with the syndrome to assure timely recognition.
Mediobasal Hypothalamic p70 S6 Kinase 1 Modulates the Control of Energy Homeostasis

p70 S6 kinase 1 (S6K) is a major downstream effector of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), primarily implicated in the control of protein synthesis, cell growth, and proliferation. Here we demonstrate that specific bidirectional molecular targeting of mediobasal hypothalamic (MBH) S6K activity in rats is sufficient to significantly alter food intake, body weight, hypothalamic orexigenic neuropeptide expression, hypothalamic leptin sensitivity, and the metabolic and feeding responses to a fast. In addition, adenoviral-mediated constitutive activation of MBH S6K improved cold tolerance and protected against high-fat diet-induced overeating, fat deposition, and insulin resistance. Our results provide direct evidence that MBH S6K activity bidirectionally drives behavioral and metabolic determinants of energy balance and promote the assessment of MBH S6K activity as a therapeutic target in metabolic diseases.
Sibling Influences on Adolescent Drug Use: Older Brothers on Younger Brothers

Abstract This study was designed to examine sibling influences on adolescent drug use. The sample was composed of 278 white, predominantly middle-class male college students and their oldest brothers. Self-administered questionnaires were taken separately by the students and their brothers. The findings indicated that the oldest brother's personality and the sibling relationship had an influence on the younger brother's drug use. Three hypothesized mechanisms that supported the findings, the Personality Influence Mechanism, the Genetic Temperament Connection, and the Environmental Reactive Mechanism were discussed. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry , 1991, 30, 6:958–966.
Translational repression: Not just a Puf of smoke

Proteins containing Puf domains interact with cofactors to form complexes that bind RNAs and control diverse developmental events. Recent studies have shed light on how the Puf family of proteins regulates mRNA activity.
The evaluation of determinants

The numerical evaluation of determinants with a modern computing machine is discussed. Various methods are presented and their relations to each other are indicated. The methods presented parallel those developed in the previous paper on “The Solution of Simultaneous Equations.” Especially emphasized are the Abbreviated Doolittle and the Compact methods. Additional topics include the evaluation of partially symmetric determinants by means of symmetric methods and the evaluation of determinantal ratios.
Synthesis and Structural Analysis of Branched-Chain Derivatives of Methyl Oleate

As part of a project to develop new value-added industrial applications for cottonseed oil (such as biodiesel, fuel additives, and lubricants), studies were conducted on the synthetic conversion of oleic acid to branched-chain fatty acid esters. In these studies, methyl oleate was brominated in the allylic position and subsequently treated with organocuprate reagents to produce novel branched-chain derivatives (methyl, n-butyl, phenyl). Original reaction conditions afforded only the branched methyl derivatives as major products. Modification of reaction conditions (lower temperature, less organocuprate reagent) afforded predominantly the desired n-butyl and phenyl derivatives and minimized products resulting from attack on the ester functionality. Details of the syntheses, characterization (especially by NMR), and the properties of the products (with emphasis on low-temperature properties) are discussed.
Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of lipids: differential line broadening due to cross-correlation effects as a probe of membrane structure

We have obtained proton-coupled carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of a variety of lipid-water and lipid-drug-water systems, at 11.7 T, as a function of temperature, using the "magic-angle" sample-spinning (MAS) NMR technique. The resulting spectra show a wide range of line shapes, due to interferences between dipole-dipole and dipole-chemical shielding anisotropy interactions. The differential line-broadening effects observed are particularly large for aromatic and olefinic (sp2) carbon atom sites. Coupled spectra of the tricyclic antidepressants desipramine and imipramine, in 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine-water mesophases, show well-resolved doublets having different line shapes for each of the four aromatic methine groups, due to selective averaging of the four C-H dipolar interactions due to rapid motion about the director (or drug C2) axis. 2H NMR spectra of [2,4,6,8-2H4]desipramine (and imipramine) in the same 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine-water mesophase exhibit quadrupole splittings of approximately 0-2 and approximately 20 kHz, indicating an approximate magic-angle orientation of the C2-2H(1H) and C8-2H(1H) vectors with respect to an axis of motional averaging, in accord with the 13C NMR results. Selective deuteration of imipramine confirms these ideas. Spectra of digalactosyl diglyceride [primarily 1,2-di[(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-9,12,15-trienoyl ]-3- (alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-1-6-beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-sn-glycerol]-H2O (in the L alpha phase) show a large differential line broadening for C9 but a reduced effect for C10, consistent with the results of 2H NMR of specifically 2H-labeled phospholipids [Seelig, J., & Waespe-Saracevic, N. (1978) Biochemistry 17, 3310-3315].(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The role of frequency selective reverberatory nets in cerebral function.

Abstract A possible neurological basis for visual discriminator mechanisms was described on the basis of prior work utilizing rhythmic photic stimulation. It was suggested, as a working hypothesis, that discriminator mechanisms employ frequency selective reverberatory nets of neurons which when activated produce specific behavior patterns. An experimental evocation of a GSR, which had been conditioned to color was accomplished by means of photic stimuli flickering at appropriate rates. Clusters of responses appeared at frequencies within which color illusions had been reported by the subjects and at approximate multiples and sub-multiples of these frequencies. The response patterns obtained supported the hypothesis that there is, in fact, a frequency selective mechanism associated with visual discrimination. Some further hypotheses with regard to the electroneural correlates of visual learning were suggested.
Incorporating cost-benefit analyses into software assurance planning

The objective is to use cost-benefit analyses to identify, for a given project, optimal sets of software assurance activities. Towards this end we have incorporated cost-benefit calculations into a risk management framework. The net result is the capability to rapidly explore the costs and benefits of sets of assurance decisions. We describe the cost-benefit aspects of our framework, and demonstrate them on a small illustrative example. We then address the issues raised by seeking to apply this approach to software assurance planning for large-scale software development efforts.
THE TRANSPORT OF SODIUM INTO HUMAN ERYTHROCYTES IN VIVO

The relative Na24 specific activity of red cells and plasma was measured at periods up to 30 hours following a single intravenous injection of Na24 in normal healthy young adults. The average specific activity of the red cells relative to that of the plasma at 24 hours and beyond was found to average 0.83 ± 0.05 in a series of five normal individuals, significantly different from 1.0. This indicates that all the intracellular Na is not exchangeable in 24 hours, and confirms earlier in vitro results. The red cell Na concentration in man was shown to be 12.1 ± 1.1 m.eq. Na/liter red cell, as measured in a series of nineteen normal healthy young adults. A theoretical analysis of the data on exchangeable cell Na suggests that the red cell Na (5.3 m.eq. Na/liter blood) is divided into a fast compartment comprising 4.25 m.eq. Na/liter blood, and a slow compartment comprising 1.07 m.eq. Na/liter blood. If these compartments are arranged in parallel, the flux between plasma and fast compartment is 1.32 m.eq. Na/liter blood hour, and that between plasma and slow compartment is 0.016 m.eq. Na/liter blood hour. Results of experiments on two patients with congenital hemolytic jaundice suggest that the fraction of slowly exchanging Na may increase with the age of the red cell.
Multi-scale fusion algorithm comparisons: Pyramid, DWT and iterative DWT

An advanced discrete wavelet transform (aDWT) for image fusion was recently proposed and the aDWT algorithm was further optimized with an iterative procedure utilizing quantitative fusion metrics - the image quality index (IQI) and ratio spatial frequency error (rSFe), respectively. In this paper, a modified rSFe metric by considering the first-order and second-order gradients (denoted as rSFe_2nd) is presented. Using rSFe_2nd and normalized mutual information (NMI) as optimization metrics, two new iterative aDWT (aDWTi) algorithms are developed. For comparison purpose, Laplacian pyramid and regular DWT are also implemented. Spatial frequency and entropy are used as quantitative evaluation metrics. For visual examination, three frequently-used image pairs were analyzed and presented. From the experimental results, it is found that (1) the aDWTi-rSFe or aDWTi-rSFe_2nd algorithm is the best; (2) the aDWTi-IQI provides us a smoothed fusion; (3) the aDWTi-NMI algorithm is unsatisfied; and (4) Laplacian pyramid is better than regular DWT but poorer than iterative DWT algorithms.
Genetically engineered mice: tools to understand craniofacial development.

In this review, we provide a survey of the experimental approaches used to generate genetically engineered mice. Two specific examples are presented that demonstrate the applicability of these approaches to craniofacial development. In the first, a promoter analysis of the Msx2 gene is presented which illustrates the cis regulatory interactions that define cell-spe- cific gene expression. In the second, a mouse model of the human disease craniosynostosis, Boston type, has been created by misregulation of the Msx2 gene product. Finally, we present a formulary of spontaneously occurring and genetically engineered mice that exhibit defects in developmental processes affecting the craniofacial complex. The purpose of this review is to pro- vide insight into the experimental approaches that are used to create genetically engineered mice and to impress upon the reader that genetically engineered mice are well-suited to address fundamental questions pertaining to the development, maintenance, and regeneration of tissues and organs.
Parenting Practices and Peer Group Affiliation in Adolescence

Social scientists have often assumed that parental influence is sharply curtailed at adolescence because of the rising counterinfluence of peer groups, over which parents have little control. The present study tested a conceptual model that challenged this view by arguing that parents retain a notable but indirect influence over their teenage child's peer associates. Data from a sample of 3,781 high school students (ages 15–19) indicated that specific parenting practices (monitoring, encouragement of achievement, joint decision making) were significantly associated with specific adolescent behaviors (academic achievement, drug use, self-reliance), which in turn were significantly related to membership in common adolescent crowds (jocks, druggies, etc.). Findings encourage investigators to assess more carefully parents' role in adolescents' peer group affiliations.
Receivers for CDMA communication over time-varying Rayleigh fading channels

We study multiuser receiver design and analysis for synchronous CDMA channels with time-varying Rayleigh fading. Starting from an error probability criterion, we first derive a receiver for this channel that admits a detector-estimator decomposition, has certain asymptotic optimality properties and a complexity which is horizon independent. The performance of this detector is analytically characterised and contrasted with that of the single-user (or conventional) detector as well as the optimal multiuser detector for the time-invariant CDMA Rayleigh fading channel when it is implemented over the time-varying channel. Notable among our conclusions is the fact that, unlike the time-invariant channel multiuser detector, the time-varying channel detector is able to withstand not only the estimated interference from the other system users, but also, the residual (unestimatable) interference arising out of imperfect estimation of the interferer fading parameters. >
Optimal Control Applied to Rift Valley Fever

Rift Valley Fever (RVF) virus is a mosquito-born pathogen that infects livestock but it also has the capability to infect humans through direct or indirect contact with blood or organs of infected animals and by bites from infected mosquitos. The economic and social cost of the disease to rural populations can lead to a cascade of negative effects on the sustainability of animal and human populations. Vaccines exist to protect against this disease. Through a compartment model depicting the interactions leading to the spread of RVF in Aedes and Culex mosquitos and a livestock population, an optimal control problem is developed to minimize the number of vaccinated livestock at the final time while minimizing the negative effects of the infected Aedes and Culex mosquitos and the cost of the vaccination process. The unique optimal vaccination strategy is produced for given high transmission parameters and numerical results portray that vaccination depends on the level of effectiveness of the protocol.
The Neotropical caddisfly genus Tolhuaca (Trichoptera: Glossosomatidae)

The caddisfly genus Tolhauca Schmid 1964 (Glossosomatidae: Protoptilinae) is diagnosed and discussed in the context of other protoptiline genera, and a review of its taxonomic history is provided. A new species, Tolhuaca brasiliensis, from southeastern Brazil, is described and illustrated, and the type species, Tolhuaca cupulifera Schmid 1964, from Chile, is redescribed and illustrated. Additionally, females of the genus are described and illustrated for the first time. Characters of the female genitalia, wing venation, and thorax suggest that Tolhuaca is more primitive than any other protoptiline genus and probably deserves a basal placement within the subfamily. The genus shows a broadly disjunct distribution perhaps reflecting an ancient southern Gondwana pattern.
Side effects of common acne treatments

Introduction: A variety of acne treatments exist, including topical benzoyl peroxide, topical retinoids, topical antibiotics, oral antibiotics, hormonal therapy, isotretinoin, and procedural therapies, such as light and laser therapies. Although each of these treatment modalities confer various benefits for the management of acne, it is important for healthcare providers to be aware of their potential side effects, including ones that are most common and most serious, so that these medications can be prescribed in a safe manner. Areas covered: A systematic literature review was performed to identify publications discussing the side effects of the different treatment modalities used for acne vulgaris. Acne treatments reviewed included benzoyl peroxide gel, topical retinoids, topical antibiotics, oral antibiotics, hormonal therapy, isotretinoin, and light/laser treatments. Expert opinion: A comprehensive overview of acne treatments' side effects is imperative for healthcare professionals and scientists work...
Faulty Deployments: Persuading Women and Constructing Choice in Egypt

The aim of this paper is to discuss how in the wider context of capital expansion and accumulation in the late twentieth century development initiatives in general, and family planning in particular, have helped to train and produce new bodies and selves.' Using the Egyptian case as an example, I argue that family planning programs do not just reduce the number of children and regulate reproduction; they also introduce or foster notions of individual choice and responsibility, risk aversion, and personal independence. In short, they help to construct a new kind of individuality which is guided by legal constructs of citizenship rather than by communitarian and familial control. Such a construction must be further situated within the global political economy that reorganizes markets and labor relations, and subsequently requires individuals to
Calibration of the pass-through magnetometer—I. Theory

Summary By studying a simple model of a pass-through magnetometer we show that there are circumstances in which misleading results might arise if the spatial sensitivity of the instrument is not properly corrected. For example, if the core sample is not correctly centred, or the magnetometer itself is misaligned, serious distortion can appear in the inferred inclination distribution. The possibility of such errors warrants a thorough study of laboratory instruments and, as a first step, we require a spatial calibration, that is, an estimate of the sensitivity of the various coils to samples placed anywhere in the sensing region. Only when this information is available for laboratory magnetometers will it be possible to calculate suitable corrections. The fact that laboratory magnetometers employ superconducting material makes inferring the response from the geometry of the coils impractical because the field from a specimen is modified inside the instrument by image currents flowing in the superconducting elements. To overcome this obstacle we treat a very general calibration problem. We show that the sensitivity of a particular coil as a function of position obeys Laplace’s equation, and therefore the description in space of the sensitivity is mathematically exactly the same as modelling the geomagnetic field. A calibration experiment consists of several hundred measurements performed on a tiny dipole sample, systematically positioned throughout the sensing volume of the instrument. From such observations we aim to construct a harmonic interpolating function that represents the response in the measurement region. The natural geometry for the problem is that of a cylinder, so we work from the cylindrical harmonic expansion of an equivalent magnetic field. Cylindrical harmonic expansions take the form of an infinite set of unknown functions, not just a collection of coefficients as with spherical harmonics. To build a suitable interpolating function from them we appeal to the principles of spline interpolation by constructing a model that minimizes some measure of response complexity. We examine in detail two such measures. The first corresponds to magnetic field energy; the second is a more abstract norm that smoothes more heavily than the energy norm, and whose Gram matrix elements can be found without recourse to lengthy numerical procedures. The second norm promises to form the basis of a practical programme of calibration.
Effect of left ventricular aneurysmectomy on exercise performance

We performed pre- and post-operative exercise testing on 12 patients with coronary artery bypass surgery and ventricular aneurysmectomy and 2 patients with ventricular aneurysmectomy alone. Most patients showed better exercise performance, higher double product, better work capacity and were able to exercise longer. Two patients who had ventricular aneurysmectomy alone showed similar changes. Most patients showed improved New York Heart Association functional classification and exercise performance after surgery.
A disagreement count scheme for inference of constrained Markov networks

This paper describes a form of Markov chain, called a constrained Markov network, and its inference from finite-length sequences over a finite alphabet as a structural/statistical model of a class of strings for purposes of pattern analysis and recognition. In particular, we describe how the inference can be based on string alignments computed optimally by dynamic programming using an integer frequency-count disagreement cost function. We also discuss systematic reduction of network size by “pruning away” stages associated with low probability of observable symbols. Empirical results are reported for sequences representing band patterns in human chromosomes.
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Primary Immunodeficiencies

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has been shown to be curative for well-described as well as newly discovered immunodeficiencies. However, it is difficulty to define a universal transplant regimen given the rarity of these disorders and the varied pathophysiology these disorders encompass. This article discusses those primary immunodeficiencies most commonly treated by hematopoietic stem cell transplant and describes the transplant issues specific to these disorders.
Coupled equations for transient water flow, heat flow, and deformation in hydrogeological systems

Hydrogeological systems are earth systems influenced by water. Their behaviors are governed by interacting processes, including flow of fluids, deformation of porous materials, chemical reactions, and transport of matter and energy. Here, coupling among three of these processes is considered: flow of water, heat, and deformation, each of which is represented by a diffusion-type of partial differential equation. One side of the diffusion-type equation relates to motion of matter or energy, while the other relates to temporal changes of state variables at a given location. The coupling arises from processes that govern motion as well as those that relate to change of state. In this work, attention is devoted to coupling arising from changes in state. Partial derivatives of equations of state constitute the capacitance terms of diffusion-type equations. Of the many partial derivatives that are mathematically possible in physical systems characterized by several variables, only a few are physically significant. Because the state variables are related to each other through an equation of state, the partial derivatives must collectively satisfy a closure criterion. This framework offers a systematic way of developing the coupled set of equations that govern hydrogeological systems involving the flow of water, heat, and deformation. Such systems are described in terms of four variables, and the associated partial derivatives. The physical import of these derivatives are discussed, followed by a description of partial derivatives that are of practical interest. These partial derivatives are then used as the basis to develop a set of coupled equations. A brief discussion is presented on coupled equations from a perspective of energy optimization
Social Justice in New Reproductive Techniques

A woman hoping to conceive and bear a child learns from her physician that she is infertile. She undergoes corrective surgery, but the procedure is unsuccessful.1 In vitro fertilization (IVF) offers this individual the opportunity to carry and deliver a child who would be genetically her own. Yet, she faces several obstacles to obtaining the procedure: a clinic waiting list of 3,000 patients2; approximate costs of $5,000–$7,500 for a 10%–20% chance of successful pregnancy3; complete or partial lack of insurance coverage for the service4; and the clinic’s eligibility requirement that she demonstrate her sincere interest in parenthood and her membership in a stable marriage.5
Cue-induced dopamine release predicts cocaine preference: positron emission tomography studies in freely moving rodents.

Positron emission tomography studies in drug-addicted patients have shown that exposure to drug-related cues increases striatal dopamine, which displaces binding of the D2 ligand, [11C]-raclopride. However, it is not known if animals will also show cue-induced displacement of [11C]-raclopride binding. In this study, we use [11C]-raclopride imaging in awake rodents to capture cue-induced changes in dopamine release associated with the conditioned place preference model of drug craving. Ten animals were conditioned to receive cocaine in a contextually distinct environment from where they received saline. Following conditioning, each animal was tested for preference and then received two separate [11C]-raclopride scans. For each scan, animals were confined to the cocaine and/or the saline-paired environment for the first 25 min of uptake, after which they were anesthetized and scanned. [11C]-raclopride uptake in the saline-paired environment served as a within-animal control for uptake in the cocaine-paired environment. Cocaine produced a significant place preference ( p = 0.004) and exposure to the cocaine-paired environment decreased [11C]-raclopride binding relative to the saline-paired environment in both the dorsal (20%; p < 0.002) and ventral striatum (22%; p < 0.05). The change in [11C]-raclopride binding correlated with preference in the ventral striatum ( R 2 = −0.87; p = 0.003). In this region, animals who showed little or no preference exhibited little or no change in [11C]-raclopride binding in the cocaine-paired environment. This noninvasive procedure of monitoring neurochemical events in freely moving, behaving animals advances preclinical molecular imaging by interrogating the degree to which animal models reflect the human condition on multiple dimensions, both biological and behavioral.
Bayesian Macromodeling for Circuit Level QCA Design

We present a probabilistic methodology to model and abstract the behavior of quantum-dot cellular automata circuit(QCA) at “ circuit level” above the current practice of layout level. These macromodels provide input-output relationship of components (a set of QCA cells emulating a logical function) that are faithful to the underlying quantum effects. We show the macromodeling of a few key circuit components in QCA circuit, such as majority logic, lines, wire-taps, cross-overs, inverters, and corners. In this work, we demostrate how we can make use of these macromodels to abstract the logical function of QCA circuits and to extract crucial device level characteristics such as polarization and low-energy error state configurations by circuit level Bayesian model, accurately accounting for temperature and other device level parameters. We also demonstrate how this macromodel based design can be used effectively in analysing and isolating the weak spots in the design at circuit level itself.
Local Outcomes in Ductal Carcinoma In Situ Based on Patient and Tumor Characteristics

The term ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) encompasses a heterogeneous group of lesions that differ in their clinical behavior. Clinical factors such as symptomatic presentation and young age are associated with an increased risk of local recurrence in patients with DCIS managed with breast-conserving therapy. Treatment factors such as wider surgical margins, the use of radiation therapy, and the use of tamoxifen reduce the local recurrence risk. Pathological characteristics such as larger lesion size, high nuclear grade, comedo necrosis, and involved margins are associated with an increased risk of local recurrence in many studies. However, there are complex interactions between these pathological risk factors and other parameters such as treatment and length of follow-up. In fact, the magnitude of the effect of these pathological features on local recurrence risk is modified by these other factors. Analysis of genetic and molecular alterations as well as study of the microenvironment associated with DCIS are important avenues of research that may provide new insights into DCIS recurrence and progression risk, and this in turn may lead to new strategies for treatment and prevention.
cGMP Binding to Noncatalytic Sites on Mammalian Rod Photoreceptor Phosphodiesterase Is Regulated by Binding of Its γ and δ Subunits

Abstract The binding of cGMP to the noncatalytic sites on two isoforms of the phosphodiesterase (PDE) from mammalian rod outer segments has been characterized to evaluate their role in regulating PDE during phototransduction. Nonactivated, membrane-associated PDE (PDE-M, αβγ2) has one exchangeable site for cGMP binding; endogenous cGMP remains nonexchangeable at the second site. Non-activated, soluble PDE (PDE-S, αβγ2δ) can release and bind cGMP at both noncatalytic sites; the δ subunit is likely responsible for this difference in cGMP exchange rates. Removal of the δ and/or γ subunits yields a catalytic αβ dimer with identical catalytic and binding properties for both PDE-M and PDE-S as follows: high affinity cGMP binding is abolished at one site (K D >1 μm); cGMP binding affinity at the second site (K D ∼60 nm) is reduced 3–4-fold compared with the nonactivated enzyme; the kinetics of cGMP exchange to activated PDE-M and PDE-S are accelerated to similar extents. The properties of nonactivated PDE can be restored upon addition of γ subunit. Occupancy of the noncatalytic sites by cGMP may modulate the interaction of the γ subunit with the αβ dimer and thereby regulate cytoplasmic cGMP concentration and the lifetime of activated PDE during visual transduction in photoreceptor cells.
Drug Eruptions of the Scalp

Cutaneous drug eruptions are common, compromising approximately 2 % of all drug reactions. Reaction types vary and can be skin-limited or life-threatening. Cutaneous reactions can involve any part of the skin; this section will focus on drug eruptions of the scalp. Adverse cutaneous reactions involving the scalp can be caused my many medications, including those that are topical or systemic, as well as prescription and over-the-counter. Most of the scalp drug eruptions are limited to the skin and can be treated with discontinuation of the agent or, if symptomatic, topical agents. They can be classified as psoriasiform, pustular, folliculitis, contact dermatitis, eczematous, erythematous, and hair-loss.
Collaboration for a Curriculum of Caring: The Zeitgeist Is Right.

Recent catastrophic school shootings have drawn worldwide attention to issues of gun control and mental health. In the wake of these tragedies, more and more schools have begun to adopt school-wide social and emotional learning (SEL) programs. However, we have few examples of what it looks like to integrate SEL skills into content curricula. What's more, teachers and support professionals are ill-equipped to engage in the collaborative work necessary to effectively integrate the teaching of SEL into academic content. The collaboration described herein highlights an interdisciplinary collaboration among university faculty and graduate students from school psychology and English education to collaboratively design and evaluate standards-based secondary English curricula that foreground SEL and themes of care. Language: en
A Review of Herbert Simon's Review of My View of the Discipline

way. 2. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, (1950) 1991. 3. New York: The Free Press, 3rd edition, 1976. 4. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1983. 5. New York: Basic Books, 1991. 6. A review of the articles in the March 1992 issue (other than two essays on the history of theory) shows those by Warren, Swank, Huckfeldt and Sprague, Mouw and Mackuen, and Weatherford to be behavioral, while those by Lake, Abramson, et al., and Green belong to the public choice stream. To quantify, the score is 5 to 3. 7. "Human Nature in Politics: The Dialogue of Psychology with Political Science," APSR, 79: 293-305 (1985). A Review of Herbert Simon