cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
FATIGUE CRACK INITIATION AND GROWTH BEHAVIOR OF Cu‐16 at.% A1 SINGLE CRYSTALS

In an attempt to understand the fatigue crack initiation and growth behavior of planar slip alloys, studies have been carried out in strain control on Cu-16 at.% A1 single crystals oriented for easy glide. Alloy single crystals of Cu-16 at.% A1 do not show saturation like copper crystals, but harden slowly and steadily throughout life, for the whole range of amplitudes applied. Cracks, the initiation and growth of which were studied by the sharp corner technique, were found to initiate when the peak stress reached 32 MPa irrespective of strain amplitude. The distribution of crack sizes in Cu-16 at.% A1 single crystals was found to be more skewed to small cracks than that of copper. This behavior is attributed to the frequent migration of the bands of localized slip in this material. The fatigue lives of this alloy at low strain amplitudes (ypm < 6-7 × 10−3) were found to be longer than those of copper single crystals because the strain is distributed more homogeneously than in copper. At high strain amplitudes, however, they become shorter because of the higher peak stress. The fatigue lives of Cu-A1 crystals are predicted from those of copper on the basis of the different volume fractions of localized strain in the two materials; the prediction agrees well with the actual lives of Cu-Al crystals. By geometrical consideration of secondary slip planes with respect to a primary crack, it was found that the critical system (A6) is most favored for secondary cracking adjacent to a primary crack.
Centripetal settlement and segmentary social formation of the Banpo tradition

Abstract Creating a spatial environment to facilitate social operation is a common practice among human groups. Segmentary social formations have limited regulatory capacity due to the lack of formally sanctified authorities. The pressure is on the emergency of atternative mechanisms that regulate the practice of segmentary principles. The Neolithic site at Jiangzhai in North China is a classic archaeological example of using the centripetal plan and demarcated space to support the working of segmentary organization. The occupation was partitioned into three concentric divisions of the central plaza, residential and burial zones. The later two zones were further demarcated into spatially discrete areas for allocating the social segments comprising the community. The arrangement translated the abstract segmentary principles into tangible space where everyday practices played out. It created a spatiality that placed individual acts under the watch of the entire community, thus enabling the effective policing against deviated practices by public opinions. Analyses of the material remains distributed in the highly ordered built environment indicate that food sharing was practiced in the communal level, and craft production of the ceramics was likely organized in the household level. Patterns of monochrome paintings and etched signs on the ceramics suggest the sharing of symbolism in a pan-community network. The study also isolates the budding of non-conforming acts that would one day fracture the segmentary community.
A new holographic method for a posteriori image-deblurring restoration of ordinary photographs using ''extended-source'' lensless Fourier-transform holography compensation.

Abstract By using the image of the blurred instrumental spread function in place of the recording point source to illuminate the lensless Fourier-transform hologram of a blurred ordinary incoherent-light photograph, one extracts a greatly enhanced sharpened image.
The Principal and Computerized Instruction: A Six-Step Planning Model:

The model described here will enable principals to help teachers develop computer skills and overcome their hesitancy to use them in the classroom.
Reference measurement procedure development for C-reactive protein in human serum.

This paper describes the development of a reference measurement procedure to quantify human C-reactive protein (CRP) in serum using affinity techniques prior to tryptic digestion and liquid chromatography- tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for the certification of reference materials in clinically relevant ranges. The absence of a suitable internal standard for the CRP measurement, necessary to eliminate potential measurement bias in both the affinity purification and trypsin digestion steps, was addressed using the method of standard addition. The standard addition quantification approach was combined with affinity purification, using an anti-CRP monoclonal antibody conjugated to polystyrene beads, trypsin digestion of the purified protein, and LC-MS/MS analysis of CRP tryptic peptides. The effectiveness of intact protein affinity purification was evaluated through the measurement of CRP in several serum-based CRP control materials, yielding levels that were comparable to their expected mean concentrat...
A Comment on Measuring Horizontal Equity

Harvey Rosen [19781 recently presented an interesting empirical analysis of a notion of horizontal equity that is framed in terms of utility rather than income or some other standard measure of economic well-being. While carefully qualifying his methodology and results, he does suggest that "for those features of the tax system that have been studied [the federal income and payroll tax], there do not seem to be major departures from horizontal equity....". This comment addresses neither the conceptual problem of measuring and comparing utilities, nor Rosen's empirical estimates of utility functions. It takes issue with his two measures of departure from horizontal equity. The first is Spearman's rank correlation. The second is a related correlation coefficient. The latter is defective on conceptual grounds because it may indicate that a perfectly horizontally equitable tax exhibits departures from horizontal equity. The former suffers because its benchmark value for a "grossly inequitable" tax depends in an undesirable way on certain specific characteristics of the sample under study. Thus, Rosen's conclusion, while quite possibly valid, cannot be inferred from his empirical work.
Saving legacy with objects

Developers of application software must often work with “legacy systems.” These are systems that have evolved over many years and are considered irreplaceable, either because it is thought that duplicating their function would be too expensive, or because they are trusted by users. Because of their age, such systems are likely to have been implemented in a conventional language with limited use of data abstraction or encapsulation. The lack of abstraction complicates adding new applications to such systems and the lack of encapsulation impedes modifying the system because applications depend on system internals. We describe our experience providing and using an object-oriented interface to a legacy system.
Controlled Growth of Highly Ordered Carbon Nanofibers from Y Zeolite Supported Nickel Catalysts

The use of Y zeolite supported Ni to grow ordered carbon nanofibers from an ethylene/hydrogen feedstock has been investigated where Ni was incorporated into the aluminosilicate framework by ion exc...
Security in grid computing: A review and synthesis

This paper provides an extensive survey of the different methods of addressing security issues in the grid computing environment, and specifically contributes to the research environment by developing a comprehensive framework for classification of these research endeavors. The framework presented classifies security literature into System Solutions, Behavioral Solutions, Hybrid Solutions and Related Technologies. Each one of these categories is explained in detail in the paper to provide insight as to their unique methods of accomplishing grid security, the types of grid and security situations they apply best to, and the pros and cons for each type of solution. Further, several areas of research were identified in the course of the literature survey where more study is warranted. These avenues for future research are also discussed in this paper. Several types of grid systems exist currently, and the security needs and solutions to address those needs for each type vary as much as the types of systems themselves. This research framework will aid in future research efforts to define, analyze, and address grid security problems for the many varied types of grid setups, as well as the many security situations that each grid may face.
The fetus and maternal depression: implications for antenatal treatment guidelines.

The conventional package label warningthat “use in pregnancy is not recommendedunless the potential benefits justify the po-tential risks to the fetus” is of little value un-less those potential benefits and risks are in-deed understood. Recognizing the discon-nect between such warnings and clinicaldecision-making, one investigator has ar-gued, with an unmistakable measure ofcynicism, that “when manufacturers and of-ficial agencies warn against drug treatmentduring pregnancy, their warnings serve toprotect themselves and are of little use toclinically responsible physicians.”
Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of intravenous doxapram in horses

The pharmacokinetics and metabolism of doxapram in horses administered intravenous (iv) doses of 0.275, 0.55 and 1.1 mg doxapram/kg bodyweight (bwt) were investigated. Plasma doxapram concentrations decreased rapidly after drug administration and the disappearance of doxapram from plasma was best described by a polyexponential equation. Median values of total body clearance were 10.9, 10.6 and 10.9 ml/min/kg bwt for the three doses and were independent of dose. The steady-state volume of distribution was approximately 1,200 ml/kg bwt and the median biological half-life ranged from 121 to 178 mins. Plasma protein binding of doxapram ranged from 76.0 to 85.4 per cent. The blood:plasma doxapram concentration ratio was approximately 0.8 and the affinity of the red blood cells for doxapram ranged from 2.0 to 2.8 indicating sequestration of doxapram in erythrocytes. Renal clearance of doxapram was a minor route of elimination. Metabolic clearance of doxapram appeared to be a major route of elimination. Four metabolites of doxapram were isolated from urine and were identified. The metabolites were: a) 1-ethyl-4-[(2-hydroxyethyl) amino]ethyl-3,3-diphenyl-2-pyr-rolidinone, b) a glucuronic acid or sulphuric acid conjugate of 1-ethyl-3-(hydroxyphenyl)-4-(2-morpholinoethyl)-3-phenyl-pyrrolidinone, c) 3,3-diphenyl-4-(2-morpholinoethyl)-2-pyrrolidinone and d) 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3,3-diphenyl-4-(2-morpholinoethyl)-2-pyr-rolidinon e. The rapid disappearance of doxapram from plasma immediately after iv administration was attributed to redistribution of the drug from plasma to other tissues. The short duration of clinical effect from doxapram may be attributed to redistribution of the drug from plasma and other well-perfused tissues, such as the brain, to less well-perfused tissues such as the skeletal muscles and adipose tissue. Continuous or repeated administration of doxapram could prolong the duration of clinical effect because re-distribution is less important as steady-state conditions are approached.
Local sustainability programmes in comparative perspective: Canada and the USA

Abstract This paper seeks to explore Canada's response to the global dialogue over sustainable development on two dimensions: policy articulation at the federal and provincial levels and policy implementation at the municipal level. In order to accomplish these goals, this analysis begins by outlining a critical framework for understanding and assessing local sustainable development. Next, it examines the evolution of Canadian federal and provincial policies supportive of sustainable development, including the role played by non‐governmental organisations (NGOs) in enhancing this process. It then contrasts the Canadian promise and experience with that of the USA. In analysing local responses to the call for sustainable communities, it offers a case study of the Hamilton‐Wentworth Vision 2020 sustainable community programme—a North American showcase of sustainable community initiatives.
Reversible collapse of the Langmuir films of a series of triphenylsilyl ether-terminated amphiphiles

Abstract The Langmuir films of a series of triphenylsilyl ether (TPSE)-terminated amphiphiles were investigated in order to explore the bulge amphiphile model developed by Haycraft et al. [Thin Solid Films, 515 (2007) 2990]. The TPSE series was examined using surface pressure–surface area isotherms over a range of temperatures (287–298 K) with simultaneous acquisition of Brewster angle microscopy images. The Langmuir films of the TPSE series exhibit the reversible collapse process characteristic of bulge amphiphiles, including an observation consistent with the reversed cybotactic cluster model and increased entropy upon collapse. No solid-like monolayer phases were found over the temperature range studied. The reversed cybotactic clusters displayed for these films show domain growth and coalescence that differ from those observed by Haycraft et al.
Potential Influence of Migration Bias in Birth Cohort Studies

Objective To assess the potential bias, due to migration from the community, in a birth cohort study of learning disability in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Material and Methods The 1976 through 1982 birth cohort consisted of 8,548 children born to mothers who were residents of Rochester, Minnesota, at the time of delivery. The current status of all children was determined for the 1995 to 1996 school year with the resources of Independent School District #535, the Rochester Epidemiology Project, and the Rochester Reading Center. Information from birth certificates was compared between migrants and nonmigrants with use of standard statistical tests. Results The cumulative probability of migration by age 5 years was 32.2% (95% confidence interval, 31.2 to 33.2%). When migrants were compared with nonmigrants, the distributions of Apgar scores, father's age, gestational age at birth, and number of children in the family were virtually identical. In contrast, migrants were more likely to be nonwhite (6% versus 2%), be born to a single parent (11% versus 7%), and have a congenital defect noted at birth (1.5% versus 0.7%). When considered simultaneously in a logistic regression model, the parents of migrants were more highly educated, migrant mothers were younger and had fewer prenatal visits, and migrant children were more likely to be black. Conclusion This report demonstrates the extreme effort that must be made to assemble a birth cohort in our mobile society. Furthermore, the results suggest that only slight differences exist between migrants and nonmigrants; these are unlikely to compromise the future results of the ongoing learning disability study.
Leprosy, Domesticity, and Patient Protest: The Social Context of a Patients' Rights Movement in Mid-Century America

Historians strongly associate the 1960s as marking the beginnings of radical changes in patients' orientation toward their rights. Yet the social and political context of the decades prior to the Second World War distinctly shaped the patient experience in much the same fashion that it gave form to the Civil Rights Movement. The patient struggle for autonomy at the US Public Health Service Hospital in Carville, Louisiana, in particular, must be located in the postwar period. Against the backdrop of how the institution was organized and administered from the 1920s to the 1930s, I focus in this paper on the conflict between patients and hospital administrators over control of institutional life in the 1950s. Their encounters exposed tension between Carville as home and as hospital. Given this focus, the patient challenge to the institutions, which reached a national audience, began to coalesce around the home in general and the kitchen in particular, mirroring the growing prominence of the political dimensions of suburban domesticity as a powerful democratic ideal. At Carville, the private "surburban" home represented freedom from the state.
A Developmental Approach to Work with Disorganized Families

Abstract A developmental assessment of the ego capacities of the children and parents of disorganized families gives one a basis for understanding the family members' adaptive capacities and areas of psychosocial malfunctioning. The assessment also permits a task-oriented approach toward helping family members attempt to remediate individual and family conflicts. The co-therapists' work and the close monitoring of the family's efforts at task completion are described. A developmental task-oriented approach has been successful in effecting durable behavior changes in all members of a number of disorganized families.
Protection and Exchange Rates in a Small Open Economy

In a small-open-economy model with two tradables and one nontradable, if a price index of these three goods is stabilized and the exchange rate is flexible, conditions are obtained in the cases of two and of three or more factors for an export subsidy or an import tariff to result in currency appreciation. In the case of three or more factors, conditions are obtained under which either an export-subsidy or an import-tariff policy (or a combination) can take the place of a flexible exchange rate in accommodating the necessary resource allocation to an exogenous capital outflow, generalizing Keynes’s 1931 proposition.
Singular Spacetime Itô's Integral and a Class of Singular Interacting Branching Particle Systems

In Wang,8 a class of interacting measure-valued branching diffusions $\{\mu^\varepsilon_t, t\ge 0\}$ with singular coefficient were constructed and characterized as a unique solution to ℒe-martingale problem by a limiting duality method since in this case the dual process does not exist. In this paper, we prove that for any e ≠ 0 the superprocess with singular motion coefficient is just the super-Brownian motion. The singular motion coefficient is handled as a sequential limit motivated by Antosik et al.1 Thus, the limiting superprocess is investigated and identified as the motion coefficient converges to a singular function. The representation of the singular spacetime Ito's integral is derived.
ED syndromic surveillance for novel H1N1 spring 2009

Abstract Purpose The aim of this study is to demonstrate the use of emergency department (ED) syndromic surveillance in the setting of a novel and unexpected H1N1 influenza outbreak. Basic Procedures Data collection from ED electronic medical records was used to track initial chief complaint and discharge International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, codes related to influenza-like illness (ILI). An alert threshold was generated using cumulative sum sequential analysis technique. The data were retrospectively analyzed to identify alerts that correlated with novel influenza H1N1 illness. Main Findings Our system alerted for ILI earlier than both the official national Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) press release for novel H1N1 and the first laboratory confirmed case in our county. Principal Conclusions Emergency department syndromic surveillance can be used to detect unexpected ILI before laboratory confirmation and serve as an adjunct to traditional laboratory-guided public health alerts. Early identification may allow for more efficient laboratory testing and early implementation of respiratory isolation precautions.
The Role of Accent Salience and Joint Accent Structure in Meter Perception

Previous research indicates that temporal accents (TAs; accents due to time changes) play a strong role in meter perception, but evidence favoring a role for melodic accents (MAs; accents due to pitch changes) is mixed. The authors claim that this mixed support for MAs is the result of a failure to control for accent salience and addressed this hypothesis in Experiment 1. Listeners rated the metrical clarity of 13-tone melodies in which the magnitude and pattern of MAs and TAs were varied. Results showed that metrical clarity increased with both MA and TA magnitude. In Experiment 2, listeners were asked to rate metrical clarity in melodies with combinations of MA and TA patterns to allow the authors to ascertain whether these two accent types combined additively or interactively in meter perception. With respect to the additive or interactive debate, the findings highlighted the importance of (a) accent salience, (b) scoring methods, and (c) conceptual versus statistical interpretations of data. Implications for dynamic attending and neuropsychological investigations are discussed.
Searching for the missing link: discovering implicit structure in spatial hypertext

Hypertexts may be implicitly structured, based on either node content or context. In this paper, we examine implicit structures that rely on the interpretation of node’s spatial context. Hypertext authors and readers can perceive and understand these idiosyncratic structures, but, because they are implicit, they cannot be used by the system to support users’ activities. We have explored spatially structured hypertext authored in three different systems, and have developed heuristic recognition algorithms based on the results of our analyses of the kinds of structures that people build. Our results indicate that (1) recognition of implicit structures in spatial hypertext is feasible, (2) interaction will be important in guiding such recognition, and (3) the hypertext system can provide layout facilities that will render later systematic interpretation much easier. Found structures can be used as a basis for supporting information management, as a straightforward way of promoting knowledge-base evolution, as a way of solving representational problems endemic to many hypertext systems, or as a basis for collaboration or interaction.
New chemiluminescent derivatizing agent for the analysis of aldehydes and ketones by high-performance liquid chromatography with peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence

Abstract Three methods of reductive amination have been investigated for the derivatization of aldehydes and ketones with a new chemiluminescent agent, 3-aminofluoranthene. Use of a borane-pyridine complex was found to give the highest product yield. Analytes were separated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and detected by peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence. Detection limits were in the fmol range, chemiluminescence detectability being thirty times better than fluorescence.
Multisystem physiological dysfunction is associated with depressive symptoms in a population-based sample of older adults.

Objective To evaluate the association between multisystem physiological dysfunction and depressive symptom severity in the US older adults. Methods We examined 2405 adults of age 60 years and older by using the data from the 2005–2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. We constructed a summary score of “physiological dysfunction,” encompassing cardiovascular function, glucose regulation, liver function, and renal function. Overall depressive symptoms were obtained from the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire depression scale, and factor analysis was used to derive affective and somatic symptom scores. We employed multiple linear regression models to estimate associations between physiological dysfunction scores and affective, somatic, and overall depressive symptoms, while adjusting for demographic, socioeconomic factors, and other potentially confounding factors. Results Greater multisystem physiological dysfunction scores were associated with an increased severity of overall, affective, and somatic depressive symptoms. These associations persisted after adjusting for all covariates: beta = 0.23 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.13, 0.32); beta = 0.08 (95% CI = 0.04, 0.11); beta = 0.12 (95% CI = 0.06, 0.18), respectively. Conclusions Our results suggest that the multisystem physiological dysfunction is associated with late-life depressive symptoms. Additional longitudinal studies of links between allostatic load, psychosocial stress events throughout the life course, and late-life depressive symptoms may shed further light on this association. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Texture synthesis using asymmetric 2-D noncausal AR models

The author investigates the suitability of two-dimensional (2-D), noncausal, autoregressive (AR) models with possibly asymmetric support for synthesis of images visually similar to natural textures. These models characterize the gray level at an image pixel as a linear combination of gray levels at nearby locations in all directions and an additive non-Gaussian, higher-order white noise variable. Existing results based upon the second-order statistics of the images assume that the model support is symmetric, whereas the author exploits higher-order statistics of the image to fit AR models with possibly asymmetric support. Experimental results of synthesis of 128*128 textures visually resembling several real life textures in the Brodatz album (and other sources) are presented. The synthetic textures are generated using models obtained from real images via inverse filter criteria. >
Star Formation in R136: A Cluster of O3 Stars Revealed by Hubble Space Telescope Spectroscopy*

The R136 cluster in 30 Doradus is the prototype super star cluster, and the only example sufficiently close that its massive star content can be studied directly. We have used the Hubble Space Telescope to obtain spectra of 65 of the bluest, most luminous stars in R136 and find that the majority of these stars are of type O3, the hottest, most luminous, and most massive stars known. The total number of O3 stars in this one cluster exceeds the total number known elsewhere in the Milky Way or Magellanic Clouds. The highest luminosity stars found are O3 If*, O4 If+, O3 If/WN6-A, and H-rich WN stars, with masses in excess of 120 ?, the highest masses for which appropriate evolutionary tracks are currently available. In accord with de Koter, Heap, & Hubeny, we conclude that these WN stars must be core H-burning stars whose spectra are WR-like because of high luminosity, and we find that their individual luminosities are a factor of 10 higher than is normal for WN stars of similar type but are like those found in the Galactic cluster NGC 3603, which they also resemble spectroscopically. Our spectroscopy does include stars as late as B0 V and samples most stars in the core of the R136 cluster with masses >50 M?. The spectroscopy has been combined with HST photometry to study the star formation history and initial mass function of the R136 cluster. The young age (<1-2 Myr) for the highest mass stars, combined with what was previously known for the intermediate-mass populations, suggests that the lower mass stars began forming 4-5 Myr ago and continued forming until the high mass stars formed, consistent with the paradigm in which the formation of massive stars shuts down further star formation in the molecular cloud. Despite the unique preponderance of the highest mass and luminosity stars ever seen, the initial mass function (IMF) is found to be completely normal, with a slope ? = -1.3 to -1.4. The number of high-mass stars is in good accord with that predicted by the IMF of the intermediate-mass stars, suggesting that a Salpeter-like IMF holds over the mass range 2.8-120 ? within the R136 cluster. The fact that the IMF slope in R136 is indistinguishable from those of Galactic and Magellanic Cloud OB associations suggests that star formation produces the same distribution of masses over a range of ~200 times in stellar density, from that of sparse OB associations to that typical of globular clusters. The large number of O3 stars in R136 is then simply a consequence of its youth (<1-2 Myr) and its richness, suggesting that the upper mass cutoff to the IMF seen in OB associations may simply be the result of their sparcity.
Direct Democracy and Subjective Well-Being: The Initiative and Life Satisfaction in the American States

This paper considers the effect of direct democracy on quality of life in the American States. Specifically, it seeks to determine to what extent the use of the initiative affects satisfaction with life. The theoretical discussion draws upon traditional arguments over direct democracy, along with contemporary research on the quality of representation in the United States. The empirical results suggest that satisfaction varies positively with the extent to which initiatives are used. We also find that this relationship is mediated by income, such that the positive effects of direct democracy are most pronounced for those with the lowest income. The consequences for our understanding of direct democracy, public policy, and the study of life satisfaction are discussed.
Bioactive alkaloids in vertically transmitted fungal endophytes

Summary Plants form mutualistic symbioses with a variety of microorganisms including endophytic fungi that live inside the plant and cause no overt symptoms of infection. Some endophytic fungi form defensive mutualisms based on the production of bioactive metabolites that protect the plant from herbivores in exchange for a protected niche and nutrition from the host plant. Key elements of these symbioses are vertical transmission of the fungus through seed of the host plant, a narrow host range, and production of bioactive metabolites by the fungus. Grasses frequently form symbioses with endophytic fungi belonging to the family Clavicipitaceae. These symbioses have been studied extensively because of their significant impacts on insect and mammalian herbivores. Many of the impacts are likely due to the production of four classes of bioactive alkaloids – ergot alkaloids, lolines, indole-diterpenes and peramine – that are distributed in different combinations among endophyte taxa. Several legumes, including locoweeds, are associated with a toxic syndrome called locoism as a result of their accumulation of swainsonine. Species in two genera were recently found to contain previously undescribed endophytic fungi (Undifilum spp., family Pleosporaceae) that are the source of that toxin. The fungi are strictly vertically transmitted and have narrow host ranges. Some plant species in the morning glory family (Convolvulaceae) also form symbioses with endophytic fungi of the Clavicipitaceae that produce ergot alkaloids and, perhaps in at least one case, lolines. Other species in this plant family form symbioses with undescribed fungi that produce swainsonine. The swainsonine-producing endophytes associated with the Convolvulaceae are distinct from the Undifilum spp. associated with locoweeds and the Clavicipitaceous fungi associated with Convolvulaceae. In the establishment of vertically transmitted symbioses, fungi must have entered the symbiosis with traits that were immediately useful to the plant. Bioactive metabolites are likely candidates for such pre-adapted traits which were likely useful to the free-living fungi as well. With future research, vertically transmitted fungi from diverse clades with narrow host ranges and that produce bioactive compounds are likely to be found as important mutualists in additional plants.
Toward an Intercultural Stance: Teaching German and English through Telecollaboration.

We discuss the challenges of Web-based teaching for language teachers and then describe in detail an extended episode of misunderstanding that occurred between 2 students discussing their versions of history during a classroom-based, asynchronous telecollaborative project between learners of German in the United States and learners of English in Germany. We argue that discussion of such moments of miscommunication can be valuable learning opportunities for both students and teachers. They open up for explicit discussion what usually remains invisible in cross-cultural communication: the nature of the subject matter, the conditions of cross-linguistic exchanges, the nature of language as discourse, and the goals of foreign language education. Our analysis suggests that as students explore the nature of language and communication across cultures through their technology-mediated interactions, teachers are pivotal in helping them take an intercultural stance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Serum Calcitonin Precursors in Sepsis and Systemic Inflammation

High serum levels of the calcitonin (CT) prohormone, procalcitonin (pro-CT), and its component peptides occur in systemic inflammation and sepsis. Using two different assays, we undertook a prospective study to determine the utility of serum precalcitonin peptides (pre-CT) as markers in this condition. Twenty-nine patients meeting criteria for the systemic inflammatory response syndrome were studied daily in two intensive care units. Sera were collected, and APACHE II scores were determined until recovery or death. All patients had markedly elevated serum pre-CT. Prognostically, peak values were the most important. The highest values portended mortality, and a lower level could be ascertained below which all patients survived. Peak pre-CT levels were significantly higher in patients with infection documented by blood cultures than in those patients with no documented infection from any source (P < 0.05). Mature CT remained normal or only moderately elevated. Compared with the serum pre-CT levels, receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed that the APACHE II scores, although more cumbersome, were better overall predictors of mortality. Thus, pre-CT is an important serum marker for systemic inflammatory response syndrome and is predictive of outcome. It also provides data concerning the presence of severe infection and may prove to be clinically useful for proactive patient care.
The Life and Career of Noreen M. Clark

2014 Noreen M. Clark’s career as practitioner and professor of health behavior and health education spanned many years in the field, and her extensive writings on management of chronic disease, self-regulation, physician care education, and translation and dissemination have greatly contributed to the shift in emphasis from medical solutions to self-management of chronic illness. Noreen often pointed out that over half of the population worldwide lives with at least one chronic disease, and that most everyone will be touched either directly or indirectly by the effects of a chronic illness. The financial and human costs of chronic disease are tremendous. Noreen also noted that Americans have a tendency to medicalize health-related problems, and to depend on physicians and drugs to solve them, even though in many instances this has not been an effective approach (Clark, 2009). Researchers and practitioners have made numerous calls for enhancing capacity to increase the critical role that individuals and their families play in the management of chronic disease, and the need for our health systems to educate and support individuals (and their families) to manage their disease on their own (Clark, 2009). Noreen clearly voiced the need to shift our focus to self-management programs if we want to have a major effect on improving quality of life, reducing unnecessary health care use, and cutting health care expenditures (Clark, 2009). In addition, Noreen’s influence extended beyond the United States and spanned other topics such as addressing social determinants of health through community and coalition approaches worldwide. This tribute issue contains eight selected publications written by Noreen and her colleagues over the 31-year period from 1982 to 2013 to represent some of the key areas of her work. The purpose of compiling this collection of her writings is both to honor her legacy and to bring attention to the influence of Noreen’s work on the field of public health and health care. We hope this compilation will make available to present and future generations of health educators the theoretical principles, self-management perspective, and focus on vulnerable populations that Noreen so strongly advocated and advanced. We recognize that one volume alone, however, cannot capture adequately the extensive reach she has had on the theory, research, and practice of health education.
Excitation of the brain stem pedunculopontine tegmentum cholinergic cells induces wakefulness and REM sleep.

Datta, Subimal and Donald F. Siwek. Excitation of the brain stem pedunculopontine tegmentum cholinergic cells induces wakefulness and REM sleep. J. Neurophysiol. 77: 2975–2988, 1997. Considerable e...
Fleshing Out the Right of Association: The Problem of the Contribution Limits of the FECA

The Supreme Court has excluded the right of association from its understanding of campaign finance law. It has focused only on the restrictions on individuals. But the Court has not understood the way the legislation reallocates power among political associations.
Genomic approaches to DNA repair and mutagenesis

DNA damage is a constant threat to cells, causing cytotoxicity as well as inducing genetic alterations. The steady-state abundance of DNA lesions in a cell is minimized by a variety of DNA repair mechanisms, including DNA strand break repair, mismatch repair, nucleotide excision repair, base excision repair, and ribonucleotide excision repair. The efficiencies and mechanisms by which these pathways remove damage from chromosomes have been primarily characterized by investigating the processing of lesions at defined genomic loci, among bulk genomic DNA, on episomal DNA constructs, or using in vitro substrates. However, the structure of a chromosome is heterogeneous, consisting of heavily protein-bound heterochromatic regions, open regulatory regions, actively transcribed genes, and even areas of transient single stranded DNA. Consequently, DNA repair pathways function in a much more diverse set of chromosomal contexts than can be readily assessed using previous methods. Recent efforts to develop whole genome maps of DNA damage, repair processes, and even mutations promise to greatly expand our understanding of DNA repair and mutagenesis. Here we review the current efforts to utilize whole genome maps of DNA damage and mutation to understand how different chromosomal contexts affect DNA excision repair pathways.
Moving beyond end of life: The ethics of disorders of consciousness in an age of discovery and uncertainty

In a time of assured hopelessness, the vegetative state inspired the right to die movement. In the current age of discovery, diagnostic and prognostic uncertainty about disorders of consciousness prevails, while hopelessness is no longer certain. The social, ethical, and legal discourses about these disorders must move beyond end-of-life and right to die issues, to engage with the new uncertainty, and reconsider the status of these patients and the rights that follow from restoring them to humanity and personhood. A less speculative, more empirically informed approach to the ethics of disorders of consciousness—an ethics of uncertainty—is needed.
Notes on Boletes. VI

During the last three summers the senior author has unfortunately found himself in sections of the country in which the weather was extremely dry and unfavorable for the growth of fleshy fungi. Nevertheless, many interesting collections have been made and certain problems in the Boleti have been cleared up. In addition, specimens sent in by other collectors have provided valuable facts, as well as new species.
Some Temperature Coefficients for Insect Oviposition

Studies of the effect of temperature have shown that insect oviposition is limited by definite temperature extremes within which the rate of egg laying is accelerated to a maximum and then is retarded by increasingly higher temperatures. Other work has shown that the acceleration of different biological processes may vary in proportion to the temperature or according to more complex relationships. For this reason a quantitative analysis of the relative effect of different temperatures is generally essential in the proper measurement and interpretation of temperature as an environmental factor and also has an important relation to different theories on the nature of the effect of temperature on physiological processes. Since the effect of the same number of degrees difference in temperature may vary in different portions of the temperature gradient, the relations must ordinarily be determined by experimental studies of the relative influence of different intensities or controlled degrees of temperature. The fact that different temperatures may exercise a disproportionate effect shows that serious limitations may be involved in the analysis of variable temperature data in terms of mean temperatures. Curvilinear relations may be obscured and a spurious appearance of linearity may be produced, since in the use of mean temperatures in correlation there is a tacit assumption that temperatures above and below the mean are proportional in effect, as would be expressed by a straight-line graph.
VOCAL LEARNING IN GREY PARROTS (PSITTACUS ERITHACUS): EFFECTS OF SOCIAL INTERACTION, REFERENCE, AND CONTEXT

in the code, and the interactive aspect provides explicit training that is constantly adjusted to the level of the learner. To obtain information on the relative importance of these three aspects of input on learning in a mimetic species, I used three different conditions to train two juvenile Grey Parrots (Psittacus erithacus) to produce English labels to identify various common objects. Each bird experienced: (1) audiotaped tutoring, which was nonreferential, noninteractive, and did not demonstrate contextual applicability; (2) videotapes, which provided reference and limited information about context, but which were noninteractive; and (3) live human tutors, who interactively modeled the meaning and use of the labels to be learned. The birds learned only from the live tutors. A third parrot, trained on a separate set of labels by tutors who provided only limited reference and context for those vocalizations, learned to produce that set of labels without comprehension. The data suggest that, even for birds known for their mimetic abilities, social interaction, reference, and full contextual experience are important factors in learning to produce and comprehend an allospecific code. Received 22 April 1993, accepted 10 October 1993. IN THE LAST DECADE, studies have shown how
Long-term effects of boron supplementation on reproductive characteristics and bone mechanical properties in gilts.

An experiment was conducted to determine long-term effects of dietary boron (B) on reproductive and bone characteristics in gilts. Weanling gilts (n = 50) were allotted to 10 pens based on weaning weight and litter origin. Pens were randomly assigned to receive one of two dietary treatments that consisted of a basal diet low in B (control) and the basal diet supplemented with 5 mg of B/kg diet as sodium borate. Gilts remained on their respective experimental diets throughout the nursery phase, growing-finishing phase, sexual maturity, breeding, gestation, and lactation. The day of first observed standing estrus was defined as puberty, and each pubertal gilt was bred via AI at the second observed standing estrus. Eight randomly selected gilts per treatment were slaughtered at d 35 of gestation for the assessment of embryonic and reproductive characteristics, bone characteristics, and tissue B concentrations. The remaining pregnant gilts (control, n = 11; 5 mg supplemental B/kg diet, n = 10) farrowed, and litter characteristics at farrowing and weaning were determined. Age at puberty was not affected (P = 0.72) by B, and neither were the number of corpora lutea on the ovaries (P = 0.44) or the total number of embryos (P = 0.95) at d 35 of gestation. Boron supplementation increased (P = 0.05) pig weaning weight and tended (P = 0.11) to increase pig birth weight; however, no other litter characteristics were affected (P > 0.12) by B. Extrinsic and intrinsic strength measures of bone were increased (P or = 0.19) by dietary B. Supplemental B increased (P < or = 0.06) the B concentrations of the muscle, liver, and reproductive tissues. Serum osteocalcin concentrations tended (P = 0.13) to be increased by dietary B, which may be related to increased bone turnover in B-supplemented gilts. Results indicate that B may have beneficial effects upon reproductive and bone characteristics.
Surgery in the elderly.

The geriatric patient with a remediable surgical lesion should not be denied the benefits of surgery, provided he has a thorough preoperative evaluation and correction of any physiologic imbalances and receives careful intraoperative and postoperative management. Surgery in these patients, however, does present problems such as those associated with anesthesia; peptic ulcer; biliary, colonic and rectal disease, and massive gastrointestinal bleeding.
Electrophysiological Studies of Normal and Neoplastic Cells in Tissue Culture

A number of tissue culture preparations have been extensively studied electrophysiologically, and this chapter will seek to summarize some of the observations which have been made on a number of continuous cell lines and on long-term cultures of normal, dissociated nerve and muscle cells. No attempt will be made to cover the valuable studies of nerve and muscle explants which have appeared over the past several years (Corner and Crain, 1972; Crain et al., 1970; Peterson and Crain, 1970).
Impurity Band Conduction in Germanium and Silicon: The Electrical Properties of Germanium Semiconductors at Low Temperatures‡‡Supported by a U.S. Signal Corps contract.

Low-temperature anomalies in the Hall effect—a steep maximum—and a change of the slope of the log resistivity versus 1/T curve in germanium semiconductors, which were first observed by Hung and Gliessman, have been re-investigated using single crystals of N- and P-type germanium of variouscarrier concentrations. By using cross-shaped samples, the influence of contacts was investigated. To estimate the effect of surface layers, varioussurface treatments have been tried and the ratio of surface area to bulkvolume has been changed. It was found that the effects cannot be explained bysurface conduction. To exclude electrical field effects at low temperatures(to about 1·50°K), fields as low as 3 mV/cm, well below breakdown field, have been used. The Hall effect was measured with varying magnetic fields ranging from 200 to 4300 gauss. In the same temperature region where Hall effect and resistivity become anomalous, the magneto-resistive ratio also shows drastic changes. In the temperature range before the Hall maximum is reached the magneto-resistive ratio changes only slowly with temperature, but starts to decrease sharply at the temperature where the Hall effect approaches the maximum and where the resistivity curve changes slope. The discussion of the results indicates that the observations can be described by a model which assumes conduction in two bands, the regular conduction band (valence band in the case of P-type material) and a band with a very small mobility. The sharp decrease of this mobility with decreasing impurity content suggests thatconduction in an impurity band is a plausible explanation of these phenomena
Partnering with Science: New Hope for the Effective Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes

Research scientists are exploring new physiological pathways and new therapeutics to regulate glucose in people living with type 2 diabetes. Studies have shown that fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21) has the ability to regulate blood glucose levels; however, these effects are temporary. In another promising development, activation of the fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 (FGFR-1) using a specifically designed antibody has shown to be effective in regulating glucose and is capable of long residence times in the blood. Scientists are also exploring the role of FGF-1, another member of the FGF family, in fat remodeling and glucose regulation. It is possible that the regulation of blood glucose levels by FGF-1 might actually involve regulation of a neural pathway (as opposed to a systemic metabolic pathway). People living with diabetes can have hope that scientists are close to developing novel therapeutics to regulate glucose over an extended period of time.
Two-dimensional materials: Printing functional atomic layers.

A new approach for the formulation of 2D-nanomaterial dispersions in water with additives, which allows layers to be printed on top of one another with distinctive interfaces, can enable inkjet-printed complex circuits.