cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Accelerated white matter aging in schizophrenia: role of white matter blood perfusion.

Elevated rate of age-related decline in white matter integrity, indexed by fractional anisotropy (FA) from diffusion tensor imaging, was reported in patients with schizophrenia. Its etiology is unknown. We hypothesized that a decline of blood perfusion to the white matter may underlie the accelerated age-related reduction in FA in schizophrenia. Resting white matter perfusion and FA were collected using pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling and high-angular-resolution diffusion tensor imaging, respectively, in 50 schizophrenia patients and 70 controls (age = 18-63 years). Main outcome measures were the diagnosis-by-age interaction on whole-brain white matter perfusion, and FA. Significant age-related decline in brain white matter perfusion and FA were present in both groups. Age-by-diagnosis interaction was significant for FA (p < 0.001) but not white matter perfusion. Age-by-diagnosis interaction for FA values remained significant even after accounting for age-related decline in perfusion. Therefore, we replicated the finding of an increased rate of age-related white matter FA decline in schizophrenia and observed a significant age-related decline in white matter blood perfusion, although the latter did not contribute to the accelerated age-related decline in FA. The results suggest that factors other than reduced perfusion account for the accelerated age-related decline in white matter integrity in schizophrenia.
Calibration of saturated liquid helium weir flowmeter at Fermilab

The flow of saturated liquid helium at 4.2 K was studied in a unique weir flowmeter mounted inside a duct. The objective was to develop a calibration for helium flow rate in the weir, and thereby, making it a viable flowmeter. The weir flowmeter was tested in a liquid helium system at Fermi National Laboratory used for cooling the superconducting magnets in the experimental areas of the site. Unlike for open channel weir devices, the calibration of this flowmeter was influenced by both the liquid flow through the weir notch and the vapor flow over it. The results of this study and the calibration are presented taking into account effects of both liquid and vapor.
A computer-based multiparameter recording system for neutron resonance capture gamma-rays

Abstract Data acquisition for the HFBR chopper is accomplished by using a computer-controlled multiparameter magnetic tape recording system. The neutron time-of-flight and corresponding pulse height of the γ ray following neutron capture are encoded, stored on tape, and sorted to produce representative spectra for monitoring the experiment. Sorting and analysis of the resulting tapes is carried out in detail at a central computing facility. Such features as automatic gain monitoring, and the time-sharing of the computer between data collection and programming are described.
Suppression of Liver DNA Synthesis by Cortisone

The administration of cortisone to rapidly growing rats results in a prompt and virtually complete inhibition of liver DNA synthesis. This occurs early and at a time when there is a concomitant stimulation of synthesis of liver RNA, protein and glycogen. Inhibition of liver DNA synthesis is sustained for as long as hormone is administered and rapidly returns to normal upon cessation of hormone treatment. Inhibition can be observed in animals receiving as little as 0.3 mg of cortisone/100 g/day, and the doses required for inhibition of liver DNA synthesis and for suppression of somatic growth are similar. It is of particular interest that inhibition of liver DNA synthesis can be observed with doses of hormone close to the “physiological” range and that even very large doses of hormone fail to result in appreciable degradation of liver DNA. (Endocrinology 88: 1471, 1971)
Tax Evasion and the Time Consistency of the Government's Income Tax Policy

It is shown that it is not necessarily optimal for the government to tax capital income at a high rate even when capital is in fixed supply because the supply of capital for tax purposes may be elastic if capital income tax evasion occurs. An example is given where the wage tax rate is positive and greater than the interest income tax rate even though capital is in fixed supply. Conditions are also derived under which the capital income tax rate is lower in the closed-loop policy game, where capital is fixed, than in the open-loop game, where it is not. JEL Classification Numbers: E61, H26.
Structural characterization of clusters of perylene with argon and neon by rotational coherence spectroscopy

Abstract Rotational coherence spectroscopy has been used to measure rotational constants of the perprotonated and perdeuterated isotopomers of perylene—Ar, two isomers of perylene—(Ar)2, perylene—Ne, and perylene—(Ne)2. A structural analysis of the various species has been performed based on these results. A comparison of the geometries so obtained with those proposed by others based on potential energy calculations and vibronic frequency shifts confirms the validity of the latter approach for perylene—(rare gas)n species.
An Information-Processing Model of Crisis Management

This article develops a contingency model for managing a variety of corporate crises. It views crisis management as an information-processing situation and organizations that must cope with crises as information-processing systems. Depending on whether a crisis originates in the more immediate or relevant environment of a firm or in its more remote environment and whether it involves technical failure or sociopolitical failure, the information-processing requirements confronting a firm will vary. The model attempts to fit appropriate information-processing mechanisms to different categories of crises. To facilitate future research and empirical testing of the model, specific propositions are deduced from the conceptual framework.
Optical pumping experiments in the XUV regime

Abstract The construction of the Tesla Test Facility at DESY, a short pulse tunable soft X-ray free electron laser (FEL) source based on the self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE) process, will provide a major advance in the capability for dense plasma-related and warm dense matter research. This source will provide 1013 photons in a 200 fs duration pulse that is tunable from ∼6 to 100 nm . Laser-based plasma spectroscopic techniques have been used with great success to determine the line shapes of atomic transitions in plasmas, study the population kinetics of atomic systems embedded in plasmas, and look at the redistribution of radiation. However, the possibilities for optical lasers end for plasmas with n e ⩾10 22 cm −3 as light propagation is severely altered by the plasma. Since an XUV-FEL will not have this limitation the entire field of high density plasma kinetics in laser produced plasma will then be available to study with the tunable source. Thus, one will be able to use these X-ray sources to pump individual transitions creating enhanced population in the excited states that can be easily monitored. We show two case studies illuminating different aspects of plasma spectroscopy.
THE OCULAR MOTOR NERVES

Recent articles in the scientific literature have described major advances in our understanding of the anatomy and vascular relationships of the three ocular motor nerves (cranial nerves III, IV, and VI) and of the diagnosis and treatment of a variety of pathologic processes that damage these nerves, including ischemia, inflammation, and compression.
Het gebruik van e-mail bij psychotherapie

Het gebruik van e-mail door hulpverleners en patienten groeit in hoog tempo. Uit een recent Amerikaans onderzoek bleek een derde van de 10.000 ondervraagde artsen e-mailberichten met hun patienten uit te wisselen. Onderzoekers stelden vast dat een deel van de patienten minder moeite heeft zich per e-mail te uiten of vragen te stellen over pijnlijke onderwerpen dan in directe contacten1. Het lijkt erop dat e-mail mogelijkheden schept voor degenen die in organisaties en relaties minder de boventoon voeren. Met het gebruik van e-mail komen bovendien andere aspecten van mensen aan bod dan in directe contacten2. Toch vond ik in literatuuronderzoek bij Medline en Psychinfo slechts een paar artikelen over dit onderwerp3. Dit artikel gaat in op mijn ervaringen met het gebruik van e-mail bij therapie (van patienten met eetstoornissen) en de voor ’ en nadelen daarvan.
Activity of the Chromium-Aluminium Oxide Catalyst System in the Nitrile-Diene and n-Heptane Cyclizations

THE chromium–aluminium oxide catalyst system is one most commonly used in the aromatization of paraffinic hydrocarbons. In practice, mixtures containing up to 20 per cent chromium oxide are used, this being regarded as the region of greatest catalytic activity. The work of Eischens and Selwood1 on this catalyst system established the close relation between the activity, magnetic susceptibility, and state of dispersion of the chromium oxide on the alumina. It was shown that at low chromium oxide content, the chromium oxide aggregates into clusters or islands which build up into two and even three layers in thickness, and which have high magnetic susceptibility and high catalytic activity.
Insights into the Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Pink Bollworm Resistance to Cry Toxins

Abstract. Transgenic crops producing Becillus thuringiensis (Bt) Berliner (Bacillales: Bacillaceae) toxins target key insect pests in cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., and maize, Zea mays L., cropping systems. The pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is currently the target of an area-wide eradication program with the purpose to eliminate pink bollworm from cotton-producing areas of the U.S. and adjacent areas of northern Mexico. Transgenic Bt cotton is a key component of the program. Evolution of resistance to Bt cotton could jeopardize the eradication program and diminish success of long-term control of pink bollworm populations. Molecular monitoring for known resistance alleles and bioassays indicated that pink bollworm resistance to Bt cotton in the U.S. remains rare. However, recent discovery of field-evolved resistance to Bt cotton in India emphasizes the need for diligent resistance monitoring and stewardship of the Bt transgenic technology. Resistance to Cry1...
Accurate Oxidation Potentials of Benzene and Biphenyl Derivatives via Electron-Transfer Equilibria and Transient Kinetics

Nanosecond transient absorption methods were used to determine accurate oxidation potentials (Eox) in acetonitrile for benzene and a number of its alkyl-substituted derivatives. Eox values were obtained from a combination of equilibrium electron-transfer measurements and electron-transfer kinetics of radical cations produced from pairs of benzene and biphenyl derivatives, with one member of the pair acting as a reference. Using a redox-ladder approach, thermodynamic oxidation potentials were determined for 21 benzene and biphenyl derivatives. Of particular interest, Eox values of 2.48 ± 0.03 and 2.26 ± 0.02 V vs SCE were obtained for benzene and toluene, respectively. Because of a significant increase in solvent stabilization of the radical cations with decreasing alkyl substitution, the difference between ionization and oxidation potentials of benzene is ∼0.5 eV larger than that of hexamethylbenzene. Oxidation potentials of the biphenyl derivatives show an excellent correlation with substituent σ+ values...
Baker's yeast assay procedure for testing heavy metal toxicity

Baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) is microorganism which is commercially available and sold as packaged dry pellets in any food store at low cost. Studies have been undertaken on the effects of organic xenobiotics as well as heavy metals on yeast metabolism. This type of study has been generally useful in examining the mechanism(s) of chemical toxicity. However, a rapid and quantitative toxicity test using S. cerevisiae as the test organism has not been developed. The purpose of this study was to develop a toxicity assay for heavy metals, using commercial dry yeast as the test microorganism. This rapid and simple procedure is based on the reduction of 2-(p-iodophenyl)-3-(p-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyltetrazolium chloride (INT) to INT-formazan by the yeast electron transport system. The scoring of active cells following exposure to heavy metals was undertaken according to the MINT (malachite green-INT) method developed by Bitton and Koopman.
Phospholipids of subcellular fractions from the housefly, Musca domestica L.☆

The phospholipids of subcellular fractions from the housefly, Musca domestica L., have been studied. The analyses show that there are variations in the distribution of some phospholipids among these fractions. The most unusual is the microsomal fraction which contains only 36 per cent phosphatidylethanolamine whereas the other fractions contain 50 to 59 per cent of this phosphatide. The microsomal fraction also differs from other fractions in its higher content of phosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidylethanolamine, and ethanolamine sphingolipid. Mitochondria contain 5 per cent cardiolipin, whereas the microsome and residue fractions contain 4 and 3 per cent respectively. The supernatant fraction contains only 7 per cent of the total phospholipids, most of this being in the form of phosphatidylethanolamine.
The equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) IR3 transcript downregulates expression of the IE gene and the absence of IR3 gene expression alters EHV-1 biological properties and virulence.

Abstract The IR3 transcript of equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) harbors 117 nts antisense to the immediate-early (IE) mRNA, suggesting it plays a regulatory role. Here, we show that the IR3 transcript downregulates IE gene expression and that the absence of IR3 expression altered EHV-1 biological properties and virulence in mice. Reporter assays revealed that the IR3/IE overlapping sequences [IR3(+ 226/+342)] and an additional IR3(+ 343/+433) region are necessary for the IR3 RNA to downregulate IE expression. Experiments with the ΔIR3 EHV-1 showed that the IR3 gene is dispensable for EHV-1 replication. Protein expression of the IE and representative EHV-1 genes was increased in cells infected with ΔIR3 EHV-1 as compared to that of cells infected with wt EHV-1. The ΔIR3 EHV-1 exhibited increased virulence in mice as compared to the parent virus. The finding that the IR3 transcript affects IE gene expression extends the role of RNA as a regulatory molecule in alphaherpesvirus infection.
Lasing in a gain-guided index antiguided fiber

Experimental demonstration is presented of lasing in a gain-guided index antiguided Nd3+-doped phosphate glass core fiber. This type of lasing remains in its lowest-order mode even when pumped well above threshold, leading to excellent beam quality.
Evidence for a light dependent increase of phosphoglucomutase activity in isolated, intact spinach chloroplasts.

Phosphoglucomutase (PGM) activity was measured in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) chloroplasts. Initial enzyme activity in a chloroplast lysate was 5 to 10% of total activity measured with 1 micromolar glucose 1,6-bisphosphate (Glc 1,6-P2) in the assay. Initial PGM activity increased 2- to 3-fold when chloroplasts were illuminated for 10 minutes prior to enzyme measurement and then decreased slowly in the dark. Measurements of total enzyme activity were unchanged by prior light treatment. Initial PGM activity from light treated chloroplasts was sufficient to account for in vivo rates of starch synthesis. Changes in PGM activity were affected by stromal pH and orthophosphate concentration. Photosynthetic inhibitors, dl-glyceraldehyde, glycolaldehyde, and glyoxylate, decreased and 3-phosphoglyceric acid increased light induced changes of PGM activity. Dark preincubation of chloroplasts with 10 millimolar dithiothreitol had no effect upon initial PGM activity, suggesting that light effects did not involve a sulfhydryl mechanism. Hexose monophosphate levels increased in illuminated chloroplasts. Activation of PGM in a chloroplast lysate by Glc 1,6-P2 was maximal between pH 7.5 and 8.5. Stromal concentrations of Glc 1,6-P2 were between 20 and 30 micromolar for both light and dark incubated chloroplasts and these levels should saturate PGM activity. Light dependent alterations of enzyme activity may be due to changes of phosphorylated PGM levels in the stroma or are the result of changes in residual activity by the dephosphorylated form of the enzyme. The above results indicate that PGM activity in spinach chloroplasts may be regulated by light, stromal pH, and Glc 1,6-P2 concentration.
Configuration prefetching techniques for partial reconfigurable coprocessor with relocation and defragmentation

One of the major overheads for reconfigurable computing is the time it takes to reconfigure the devices in the system. This overhead limits the speedup possible in this paradigm. In this paper we explore configuration prefetching techniques for reducing this overhead. By overlapping the configuration loadings with the computation on the host processor the reconfiguration overhead can be reduced. Our prefetching techniques target to the reconfigurable systems containing a Partial Reconfigurable FPGA with Relocation + Defragmentation (R+D model) since the R+D FPGA showed high hardware utilization. We have investigated various techniques including static configuration prefetching, dynamic configuration pre-fetching, and hybrid prefetching. We have developed prefetching algorithms that significantly reduce the reconfiguration overhead.
Economic Growth and Environmental Degradation

Economists, ecologists, private industries and government decision-makers have long been interested in the relationships between economic growth and environmental quality. These relationships are often the subject of intense public policy debates such as the current debate surrounding global climate change issues. From an ecological or environmental perspective, the argument is often made that economic growth is bad for the environment. But, what story do the data tell? In order to address the question, a estimable model was used to analyze the effects between gross domestic product (GDP) and environmental indications for air pollution in over 100 metropolitan statistical areas in the United States from 2001-2005. The analysis is then expanded to examine the estimable relationship at the state level. The air pollution indicators include ozone, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and particulate matter. The results are mixed results. This study finds a statistically significant U-shaped relationship for some of the pollutants; however, the evidence is pretty weak with the exception of ground level ozone. This study does not find evidence to support the traditional EKC inverse U-shaped relationship. These results are compared and contrasted to previous studies providing insight into unresolved theoretical and empirical estimation issues and future research needs.
Gulag Tourism: Khrushchev's “Show” Prisons in the Cold War Context, 1954–59

After Stalin's death, his heirs engaged in a substantive transformation of the Gulag that dramatically lowered the number of prisoners in the Soviet Union while placing heavy emphasis on re-education rather than economic extraction. Meanwhile, however, the release and repatriation of foreigners from the Gulag in the 1950s resulted in a wave of bad publicity for the Soviet penal system, and by extension the Soviet system as a whole, just as it was beginning to reform. To counter negative press reports abroad, the Ministry of Internal Affairs in the mid- to late-1950s led dozens of foreign delegations on tours of working penal institutions, especially Moscow's notorious Butyrka Prison and a corrective-labor colony in the Moscow suburb of Kriukovo. The tours were closely managed, but they represented a sharp break from the 1937–53 era when virtually all discussion of Soviet imprisonment was kept secret. This paper, drawing on a variety of archival and published sources, analyzes in detail the tours themselves and the subsequent accounts published in the West as the Soviet Union attempted to demonstrate to the world, using the Gulag itself as evidence, the superiority of its social system. It argues that the institutions visited were not Potemkin villages and it was precisely this tangible genuineness that helps explain the favorable reports produced by visitors. Ultimately, however, these accounts could not overcome the Cold War narrative of the Gulag as both a system of slavery and a synecdoche for a larger system of slavery, the Soviet Union itself.
Implementing Parent Engagement Policy in an Increasingly Culturally Diverse Community of New Immigrants: How New is “New”?

The Ontario Ministry of Education announced the Parent Engagement Policy for Ontario Schools in 2010. This policy aims to support parent engagement and provides a vision of its implementation at schools, boards, and the ministry. This mixed methods case study sheds light on its implementation and thus its implication by exploring the parent engagement experiences of parents and teachers. The study results reveal that the actual and desired levels of engagement are different between new immigrants and the established or non-immigrant families, and that teacher education in parent engagement is desirable in optimizing parent partnerships.
An accelerometry-based methodology for assessment of real-world bilateral upper extremity activity.

Background The use of both upper extremities (UE) is necessary for the completion of many everyday tasks. Few clinical assessments measure the abilities of the UEs to work together; rather, they assess unilateral function and compare it between affected and unaffected UEs. Furthermore, clinical assessments are unable to measure function that occurs in the real-world, outside the clinic. This study examines the validity of an innovative approach to assess real-world bilateral UE activity using accelerometry. Methods Seventy-four neurologically intact adults completed ten tasks (donning/doffing shoes, grooming, stacking boxes, cutting playdough, folding towels, writing, unilateral sorting, bilateral sorting, unilateral typing, and bilateral typing) while wearing accelerometers on both wrists. Two variables, the Bilateral Magnitude and Magnitude Ratio, were derived from accelerometry data to distinguish between high- and low-intensity tasks, and between bilateral and unilateral tasks. Estimated energy expenditure and time spent in simultaneous UE activity for each task were also calculated. Results The Bilateral Magnitude distinguished between high- and low-intensity tasks, and the Magnitude Ratio distinguished between unilateral and bilateral UE tasks. The Bilateral Magnitude was strongly correlated with estimated energy expenditure (ρ = 0.74, p<0.02), and the Magnitude Ratio was strongly correlated with time spent in simultaneous UE activity (ρ = 0.93, p<0.01) across tasks. Conclusions These results demonstrate face validity and construct validity of this methodology to quantify bilateral UE activity during the performance of everyday tasks performed in a laboratory setting, and can now be used to assess bilateral UE activity in real-world environments.
FEEDING EFFECTS OF ISCHNODEMUS VARIEGATUS (HEMIPTERA: BLISSIDAE) ON PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND GROWTH OF HYMENACHNE AMPLEXICAULIS (POACEAE)

Abstract The influence of Ischnodemus variegatus feeding on photosynthesis and growth of the invasive semi-aquatic grass, Hymenachne amplexicaulis, was investigated in field and greenhouse environments. In the field, carbon dioxide assimilation of infested plants was approximately 35% less than that of non-infested plants, and the rate of assimilation was related to I. variegatus density. The relative growth rate of infested plants in the greenhouse was 77% of that of non-infested plants, and biomass of infested plants was significantly less than for non-infested plants 79 days after infestation. The value of I. variegatus as a fortuitous biological control agent of H. amplexicaulis is discussed.
From serosocial to sanguinary identities: Caste, transnational race science and the shifting metonymies of blood group B, India c. 1918–1960

A serendipitous encounter during the Great War left a brilliant Polish–Jewish scientist and his wife stranded at a Greek outpost with a small contingent of British and French Imperial troops. This ...
Longitudinal diffusion tensor imaging and neuropsychological correlates in traumatic brain injury patients.

Traumatic brain injury often involves focal cortical injury and white matter (WM) damage that can be measured shortly after injury. Additionally, slowly evolving WM change can be observed but there is a paucity of research on the duration and spatial pattern of long-term changes several years post-injury. The current study utilized diffusion tensor imaging to identify regional WM changes in 12 TBI patients and 9 healthy controls at three time points over a four-year period. Neuropsychological testing was also administered to each participant at each time point. Results indicate that TBI patients exhibit longitudinal changes to white matter indexed by reductions in fractional anisotropy (FA) in the corpus callosum, as well as FA increases in bilateral regions of the superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF) and portions of the optic radiation. FA changes appear to be driven by changes in radial (not axial) diffusivity, suggesting that observed longitudinal FA changes may be related to changes in myelin rather than to axons. Neuropsychological correlations indicate that regional FA values in the corpus callosum and sagittal stratum correlate with performance on finger tapping and visuomotor speed tasks (respectively) in TBI patients, and that longitudinal increases in FA in the sagittal stratum (SS), SLF and optic radiation (OR) correlate with improved performance on the visuomotor speed (SS) task as well as a derived measure of cognitive control (SLF, OR). The results of this study showing progressive WM deterioration for several years post-injury contribute to a growing literature supporting the hypothesis that TBI should be viewed not as an isolated incident but as a prolonged disease state. The observations of long-term neurological and functional improvement provide evidence that some ameliorative change may be occurring concurrently with progressive degeneration.
A low-power design of quantization for H.264 video coding standard

Low-power quantization architecture for H.264/AVC is presented and implemented on VLSI. The multiplication operation is replaced with shifts and additions. Similar designs were proposed which had 75.2% area and 76.3% power on average saved compared with original H.264 quantization scheme, along with an error percent within 6.4% range. In this paper, the improved architecture has error percent within 2.4% range. The power and area saved on average is ~8% compared to designs of similar architecture.
A frequency selective adaptive controller

It has been established that currently available adaptive control algorithms may become unstable in the presence of high frequency unmodeled dynamics and additive sinuosidal disturbances [1]-[3]. It is argued here that these problems can be overcome by using a controller which is adaptive for some frequency range but fixed for another frequency range which includes high frequencies. One candidate for such a frequency selective adaptive controller is presented and tested by simulation.
A review of intermittent subcutaneous apomorphine injections for the rescue management of motor fluctuations associated with advanced Parkinson's disease.

Background: As Parkinson's disease (PD) progresses, despite optimized pharmacotherapy, patients experience more frequent fluctuations between symptomatic improvement ("on" times) and the return of motor features ("off" times). Apomorphine, the first injectable dopamine agonist available in the United States, is indicated for the acute treatment of "off" episodes (eg, endof-dose wearing-off episodes, unpredictable "on/off" episodes) in patients with advanced PD who are receiving medically optimal antiparkinsonian therapy. Objective: This article reviews the pharmacology, clinical efficacy, and tolerability of intermittent subcutaneous apomorphine injections for the management of "off" episodes in patients with PD. Methods: MEDL1NE (1966-July 2005), the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970-July 2005) were searched for original research and review articles published in English. The search terms were apomorphine and Parkinson's disease. The reference lists of articles were also consulted, as was selected information provided by the manufacturer of apomorphine. All relevant identified studies on intermittent subcutaneous administration of apomorphine were included in the review; trials of continuous subcutaneous infusion and nonsubcutaneous administration of apomorphine were excluded. Results: Intermittent subcutaneous administration of apomorphine produced consistent rescue from "off" episodes in patients with advanced PD, with a symptomatic motor improvement between the predose "off" state and postdose "on" state similar to that achieved with levodopa. The onset of effect occurred within 20 minutes, and the duration of effect was -100 minutes. The therapeutic rescue dose ranged from 2 to 6 mg. During the clinical development program for subcutaneously injected apomorphine, patients required a mean of -3 rescue doses per day. Common adverse effects occurring in ---20% of patients were injection-site reaction, yawning, dyskinesias, drowsiness, nausea and vomiting, dizziness or postural dizziness, and rhinorrhea. Conclusions: The available clinical studies indicate that apomorphine is effective in providing prompt and consistent rescue from "off" episodes in patients with PD. Antiemetic prophylaxis and close medical supervision are recommended when initiating apomorphine therapy. (Clin Ther. 2005;27:1710-1724) Copyright © 2005 Excerpta Medica, Inc.
A Comparison of Forensic Hard Drive Imagers: A Time Analysis Comparison Between the ICS Image MASSter-Solo III and the Logicube Talon

The current trend in hard drive technology rapidly increasing in capacity presents a challenge for the analysis of digital evidence. Forensic investigators must sift through enormous amounts of data to discover information useful to an investigation. However, before this analysis can be conducted, an authenticated working copy of all suspect hard drives must be obtained. With the size of hard drives increasing rapidly, the time taken to produce identical copies of those drives is also increasing. This paper explores the current state of the practice in hard drive duplication and presents the results of a timing analysis conducted on two of the foremost hard drive imagers.
Automated Long Range Acoustic Modeling

This paper describes recent advances in the development of models that are designed to couple automatically to Navy data bases in order to provide environmentally sensitive predictions of acoustic signal propagation, noise and reverberation, while requiring only minimal inputs from the operator. The model has been installed on large laboratory mainframe Vax computers as well as on smaller shipboard systems to
Efficient Large-Scale Distributed Training of Conditional Maximum Entropy Models

Training conditional maximum entropy models on massive data sets requires significant computational resources. We examine three common distributed training methods for conditional maxent: a distributed gradient computation method, a majority vote method, and a mixture weight method. We analyze and compare the CPU and network time complexity of each of these methods and present a theoretical analysis of conditional maxent models, including a study of the convergence of the mixture weight method, the most resource-efficient technique. We also report the results of large-scale experiments comparing these three methods which demonstrate the benefits of the mixture weight method: this method consumes less resources, while achieving a performance comparable to that of standard approaches.
Prostate specific antigen (PSA)-based screening.

‘The Japanese Urological Association guidelines on prostate specific antigen (PSA)-based screening for prostate cancer and ongoing cluster cohort study in Japan’ is published on pages 763–768 in the present issue of International Journal of Urology. Currently, there is controversy surrounding PSA-based screening in clinical practice. In order to widely discuss PSA-based screening, this Editorial was planned. In the first section, summaries of the five most recent articles on prostate cancer screening in International Journal of Urology are introduced. The second section is ‘AUA-JUA joint statement on screening for prostate cancer’ accompanied by an additional comment from Professor Robert C Flanigan (Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA). The third section has been published as an Appendix in the Japanese Urological Association guidelines on screening for prostate cancer. The answers and opinions follow as Guest Editorials. International Journal of Urology is inviting submissions in response to any part of this Editorial, including views that oppose this Editorial. You are invited to submit Letters to the Editor by 31 January 2009. Please submit at: http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/iju.
Abandoning the Middle: The Bush Tax Cuts and the Limits of Democratic Control

The 2001 and 2003 tax cuts represent dramatic legislative breakthroughs. Taken together, they have fundamentally reshaped the nation's fiscal landscape. In view of the voluminous and largely sanguine literature on American democratic responsiveness, one might assume that this policy turnaround was broadly consistent with voters' priorities. In this article, we show that—in contradiction to this prevailing view, as well as the claims of Larry Bartels in this issue—the substance of the tax cuts was in fact sharply at odds with public preferences. Tax policy was pulled radically off center, we argue, by the intersection of two forces: (1) the increasing incentives of political elites to cater to their partisan and ideological “base”; and (2) the increasing capacity of politicians who abandon the middle to escape political retribution. In accounting for these centrifugal forces, we stress, as others have, increasing partisanship and polarization, as well as the growing sophistication of political message-control. Yet we also emphasize a pivotal factor that is too often overlooked: the deliberate crafting of policy to distort public perceptions, set the future political agenda, and minimize the likelihood of voter backlash. By showing how politicians can engineer policy shifts that are at odds with majority public preferences, we hope to provoke a broader discussion of voters' capacity to protect their interests in America's representative democracy.Jacob S. Hacker is Peter Strauss Family Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yale University (jacob.hacker@yale.edu) and author of The Divided Welfare State: The Battle over Public and Private Social Benefits in the United States and The Road to Nowhere: The Genesis of President Clinton's Plan for Health Security. Paul Pierson is Professor of Political Science at the University of California, Berkeley (pierson@berkeley.edu), where he holds the Avice Saint Chair in Public Policy. He is the author of Politics in Time: History, Institutions and Social Analysis and Dismantling the Welfare State? Reagan, Thatcher, and the Politics of Retrenchment. The authors are grateful for the comments and suggestions of Akhil Amar, Daniel Carpenter, Peter Hall, Michael Heany, Jennifer Hochschild, Richard Kogan, Theodore Marmor, Andrew Martin, David Mayhew, Nolan McCarty, Bruce Nesmith, Peter Orszag, Eric Schickler, Theda Skocpol, Richard Vallely, Robert van Houweling, Joseph White, and three anonymous reviewers, as well as participants in a workshop at Harvard University sponsored by the Russell Sage Foundation. Rachel Goodman, Pearline Kyi, Joanne Lim, and Alan Schoenfeld provided able research assistance. A previous version of this paper was presented at the 2003 annual meeting of the American Political Science Association.
Soft MOUSETRAP: A Bundled-Data Asynchronous Pipeline Scheme Tolerant to Random Variations at Ultra-Low Supply Voltages

With the recent advancement of nanometer process technologies and the growing interest in scaled supply voltage operation, we are facing increasing challenges to robust design due to process, voltage, and temperature (PVT) variation. One promising direction is to consider asynchronous pipelines, which eliminate the need for fixed-rate clock distribution. However, while conventional single-rail bundled-data asynchronous pipeline styles can mitigate global and spatial variations by closely placing the delay elements to their corresponding pipeline stages, random variations are currently not effectively handled. In particular, timing margins must be added to the matched delay elements in each stage, resulting in reduced performance and increased leakage power consumption. Building upon a well-known asynchronous pipeline, MOUSETRAP, this paper proposes a scheme to mitigate the impact of random PVT variations over a range of supply voltages. We introduce the notion of soft latching for asynchronous pipelines: allowing data registers to latch their incoming data during a wider sampling window. As a result, the pipeline operates correctly even with random PVT variation-induced delay mismatch between a bundled delay and its corresponding pipeline stage. However, the inclusion of soft latching can exacerbate hold time violations, these are mitigated through a novel protocol modification. The new asynchronous soft-latching scheme shows significant energy-efficiency and performance improvement over the conventional margining approach, it also robustly operates down to 0.3V even in the presence of random process variations.
Compact model for carbon nanotubes interconnects using fourier series analysis

In current literature various equivalent circuit models and reduction techniques have been demonstrated to study the behavior and performance of carbon nano tubes (CNTs). However, most of these methods are very complex and predominantly use SPICE/HSPICE simulations resulting in high computational time. This paper presents a compact modeling approach for CNT interconnects. Results both in the time domain and frequency domain are provided using a Fourier series approach for the analysis of CNT interconnects. The results obtained are compared against other conventional methods. The percentage error in delay for both single walled CNT (SWCNT) and multi-walled CNT (MWCNT) interconnects is found to be less than 5% and the percentage error in overshoot estimation for both types of CNTs is also under 8%.
Extensible data features in the operating system language OSL/2

The extensible data facilities of OSL/2, an operating system language, are described. These facilities allow one to create new data types, such as queues, files, and tables, and describe complex access algorithms for these new types. When used in operating system codes, data type extension facilities help the programmer isolate macro and micro levels of complex data manipulation and provide logical places to insert and remove system measurement code. The implementation of these facilities is compatible with existing block structured languages like ALGOL 60 and PL/1 and can be accomplished in a straightforward manner.
Interaction of a highly potent dimeric enkephalin analog, biphalin, with model membranes

Abstract Biphalin, (Tyr– d -Ala–Gly–Phe–NH) 2 , is a highly potent dimeric analog of enkephalin. Its analgesic efficacy is due in part to its ability to permeate the blood–brain barrier. To aid in understanding the mechanism of the transmembrane movement we determined and analyzed the permeability and partition coefficients of biphalin and a series of analogues where F, Cl, I, NO 2 , or NH 2 were placed in the para position of the aromatic rings of Phe 4,4′ . Liposomes composed of neutral phospholipids and cholesterol were used as the model membrane. The overall good correlation between permeability and water-membrane partition coefficients suggests that the movement of biphalins across the model membrane is controlled by diffusion and depends on the water-membrane partition coefficient. To explain the observed correlation between permeability and the electron withdrawing/donating character of the substituents in the phenylalanine ring, we examined various folding patterns of Leu–enkephalin, an endogenous pentapeptide that exhibits affinities toward the same classes of opioid receptors (δ and μ). The observed permeabilities and partition coefficients of biphalin and analogues, as well as the tyrosine side chain accessibility, are consistent with the presence of the type of folding where the tyrosine and phenylalanine side chains are in a close contact. We propose that the aromatic ring interaction can promote the peptide permeability by stabilizing a more compact structure of biphalin that would minimize the number of hydrogen bonds with water and therefore enhances partitioning into the model membrane.
THE PRIMATE FRONTAL CORTEX - EXECUTIVE OF THE BRAIN

Publisher Summary The primate frontal lobe can be divided into three major parts: (1) the medial, defined by its projections from the anterior nuclear group; (2) the dorsolateral, defined by its projections from the microcellular portion of the medial thalamic nucleus; and (3) the posterior orbital, deriving projections from the midline of the thalamus and so heavily connected to the adjacent anterior insula, temporal pole, and periamygdaloid cortex. This chapter illustrates a model of inhibitory interactions that took place within the afferent channels. Collateral and recurrent afferent inhibitions were bucked against one another, forming a primary couplet of neural inhibition within afferent channels. Four forebrain mechanisms were assumed to provide efferent control on the primary couplet. Two of those—frontotemporal and sensory specific-intrinsic—influenced the couplet by regulating collateral inhibition whereas two others—hippocampal and polysensory motor—regulated recurrent inhibition. The frontal cortex appeared critically involved in implementing executive programs when those were necessary to maintain brain organization in the face of insufficient redundancy in input processing and in the outcomes of behavior.
The value of fourth and subsequent post treatment 18-FDG PET/CT scans in the management and survival outcome prediction of patients with lymphoma

1361 Objectives Coverage of more than three FDG PET scans to guide subsequent management and treatment strategy after completion of initial anticancer therapy, for each cancer type, in each patient is limited and shall be determined by the local Medicare Administrative Contractors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of the fourth and subsequent follow up PET/CT scans in patients with lymphoma. Methods Retrospectively all biopsy-proven lymphoma patients who had more than three follow up scans after completion of primary treatment were included. Overall survival (OS) was evaluated using Kaplan-Meier plots with a Gehan-Breslow-Wilcoxon test or Log-rank test. Multivariate Cox regression model was also employed that included clinical covariates and imaging results. Results Total of 118 patients (77 NHL, 41 HD) with 391 fourth and subsequent follow up FDG PET/CT scans were eligible and included in the study. Most of the positive scans (78.6%, 48/61) were those that were done with prior clinical suspicion for recurrence, while most of the routine follow up scans were negative (75.8%, 250/330). Clinicians changed patient management after 17.3% (68/391) scans and continued the same planned treatment or observation without treatment after 72.6% (284/391) scans. A total of 96 patients (81.4%) survived and 22 patients (18.6%) had died. On multivariate analysis, age (p Conclusions Fourth and subsequent follow up PET/CT scans affect the treatment and management of lymphoma patients and adds value to clinical management of these patients.
A Comprehensive Evaluation Method of New Rural Low-Voltage Distribution Networks Based on Analytic Hierarchy Process

It is very necessary for rural distribution networkplanning to analyze and evaluate new rural low voltagedistributions in China systemically and scientifically, and acomprehensive evaluation indices system of new ruralow-voltage distribution networks based on analytic hierarchyprocess is established. According to probability distribution, themarking criterion for single item is determined, and by meansof 0-10 scaling method the comprehensive weight of the indexfor single item is determined, thus the combination of experexperience with quantitative and qualitative evaluation resultsare realized. Practical case analysis results show that theproposed method possesses practicable and effectivesignificance and plays directive role which is theoretic andpractical for rural low voltage distribution network planning inthe near future.
Role of Mycobactin in the Growth and Virulence of Tubercle Bacilli

Tubercle bacilli failed to grow in iron-void media enriched with solutions of iron-containing transferrin (Tr) or ferritin (F) because these substances do not provide the bacilli with iron, which is essential for their growth. Animal serum and macrophages possessed no iron carrier with an ability to satisfy the need of the bacteria for the metal. Mycobactin (M), the growth-product of tubercle bacilli, removed iron from Tr and F and supplied the metal for bacillary utilization. The role of M in the growth of tubercle bacilli was influenced by nonionic surfactants which inhibited bacillary growth by removing M from the bacillary cells and interfering with the absorption of M-iron complexes. Experiments with Tween 80, Triton WR-1339, and lecithin showed that avirulent bacilli lose M at lower concentrations of the surfactants than virulent bacilli. Since avirulent and virulent bacilli possess the same amount of M, these findings indicate that M is bound more firmly to lipid-rich virulent than lipid-poor avirulent cells. These findings indicate that the resistance of virulent bacilli to the M-removing activity of the surfactants is an indicator of their ability to multiply in the infected host and may be used as a measure of bacillary virulence.
R is for Rebecca: A Consonant and Consummate Haunting

In Daphne du Maurier’s Rebecca (1938), the narrator, a second wife, is haunted by her predecessor’s first initial. A towering R is the signature mark of the infamous Rebecca, a woman presumed to have drowned, but revealed to have been murdered. The most visible manifestation of Rebecca’s ghostly presence is her omnipresent initial. So impactful is the R on the narrator’s psyche, that the initial consumes her own given name, of which not a single letter is revealed. Reasons for the narrator’s concealed name are considered. These include her need for protection from a malevolent spirit, her desire for anonymity, and her obsession with her ethereal rival, who appears not as a disembodied haunting, but as the very tangible letter R.
Groups of order 4p, twisted wreath products and Hopf–Galois theory

Abstract The work of Greither and Pareigis details the enumeration of the Hopf–Galois structures (if any) on a given separable field extension. We consider the cases where L / K is already classically Galois with Γ = Gal ( L / K ) , where | Γ | = 4 p for p > 3 a prime. The goal is to determine those regular (transitive and fixed point free) subgroups N of Perm ( Γ ) that are normalized by the left regular representation of Γ. A key fact that aids in this search is the observation that any such regular subgroup, necessarily of order 4p, has a unique subgroup of order p. This allows us to show that all such N are contained in a ‘twisted’ wreath product, a subgroup of high index in Perm ( Γ ) which has a very computationally convenient description that allows us to perform the aforementioned enumeration.