cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The TFTR 40 MW neutral beam injection system and DT operations

Since December 1993, TFTR has performed DT experiments using tritium fuel provided mainly by neutral beam injection. Significant alpha particle populations and reactor-like conditions have been achieved at the plasma core, and fusion output power has risen to a record 10.7 MW using a record 40 MW NB heating. Tritium neutral beams have injected into over 480 DT plasmas and greater than 500 kCi have been processed through the neutral beam gas, cryo, and vacuum systems. Beam tritium injections, as well as tritium feedstock delivery and disposal, have now become part of routine operations. Shot reliability with tritium is about 90% and is comparable to deuterium shot reliability. This paper describes the neutral beam DT experience including the preparations, modifications, and operating techniques that led to this high level of success, as well as the critical differences in beam operations encountered during DT operations. Also, the neutral beam maintenance and repair history during DT operations, the corrective actions taken, and procedures developed for handling tritium contaminated components are discussed in the context of supporting a continuous DT program.
Radiation-induced lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) production and signaling mediates early response to low doses of ionizing radiation in endothelial cells

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 47, 2006 4408 In endothelial cells, low doses of ionizing radiation cause activation of cell viability and inflammatory mediators. Since molecular mechanisms of this activation are not defined, we studied molecular events leading to formation of bioactive lipid second messengers that may contribute to radiation-dependent activation of Akt and ERK pathways. We employed primary Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVEC) as a model system for vascular endothelium. Cells were irradiated (2–5 Gy), and phospholipids were extracted 3 minutes after the beginning of irradiation. Lipids were identified using electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI MS/MS). Data analysis was performed using multiplexed statistical analysis followed by construction of Lipid Arrays. The exposure of HUVEC to low doses of radiation caused statistically significant increase in several species of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) 3 minutes after the beginning of irradiation. The absolute amount of LPC species in HUVEC was determined using LPC 13:0 as a standard, which was exogenously added to the samples before MS (75 ng per sample). It ranged from 6-30 ng in untreated cells to 11–50 ng in irradiated cells demonstrating 2-fold increase in radiation-induced LPC. exogenously added LPC (10 μM), as well as radiation, led to activating phosphorylation of Akt and ERK1/2 with maximal effect occurring 15 to 30 minutes after stimuli. Addition of LPC to HUVEC also affected expression of P-selectin, a known marker for radiation-induced inflammation, resulting in increased amount of P-selectin localized on cell surface. Moreover, inhibition of cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) attenuated IR-induced production of LPC and prevented IR-dependent activation of ERK1/2, suggesting that low doses of IR trigger cPLA2 activation followed by increased production of LPC and consequent activation of ERK1/2 signaling. We surmise that LPC is one of the mediators of radiation-dependent signaling pathways. LPC and molecules involved in its IR-induced signaling, such as cPLA2, could present novel molecular therapeutic target for tumor sensitization to radiotherapy.
Algebraic sub-structuring for electromagnetic applications

Algebraic sub-structuring refers to the process of applying matrix reordering and partitioning algorithms to divide a large sparse matrix into smaller submatrices from which a subset of spectral components are extracted and combined to form approximate solutions to the original problem. In this paper, we show that algebraic sub-structuring can be effectively used to solve generalized eigenvalue problems arising from the finite element analysis of an accelerator structure.
Mechanism of the decrease in hexose transport by mouse mammary epithelial cells caused by fasting.

The basal carrier-mediated uptake of 0.5 mM-3-O-methylglucose by mammary epithelial cells from lactating mice was calculated to be 227 +/- 9 pmol/min per microgram of DNA (mean +/- S.E.M., n = 11). Fasting the mice for 16 h overnight resulted in a decrease in this rate to 65 +/- 4 pmol/min per microgram of DNA (n = 10). Refeeding the fasted mouse for 3 h before isolation of the cells restored the transport activity to 230 +/- 12 pmol/min per microgram of DNA (n = 12). The Vmax. for equilibrium exchange entry of 3-O-methylglucose by intact cells was decreased from 6.6 +/- 0.4 to 0.9 +/- 0.2 nmol/min per microgram of DNA (mean +/- S.E.M., n = 3) by fasting. The number of D-glucose-inhibitable cytochalasin-B-binding sites in a plasma-membrane-enriched fraction of the cells was also decreased from 5.7 +/- 1.5 to 1.7 +/- 0.1 pmol/mg of membrane protein (mean +/- S.E.M., n = 3). Again, refeeding the fasted mouse for 3 h reversed both these effects. These results are consistent with a decrease in the number of functional glucose carriers in the plasma membrane of the mammary epithelial cells. Since the restoration of transporter activity after refeeding does not appear to require the synthesis of new protein, the effect of fasting probably involves not a loss of transporters, but a change in their orientation within the plasma membrane or a redistribution within the cell.
Epidemiologic Studies Assessing the Role of the Epstein-Barr Virus in Hodgkin's Disease

The hypothesis that an infection plays a role in the etiology of Hodgkin's disease (HD) is suggested by both its clinical and histologic features. Its bimodal age-incidence pattern also suggests an infectious process among younger persons. In economically advantaged populations, the first peak occurs among young adults, while in disadvantaged populations, it occurs among children at a much lower frequency. It appears that the age distribution of HD shadows that of susceptibility to common childhood infections, such as the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV); furthermore, that risk of HD is increased among those susceptible to a relatively late infection, in parallel with infectious mononucleosis (IM), and it has been found that people who have had IM have about three times the expected rate of HD. Serologically, there is a consistent association between EBV and HD. As a group, patients have an altered antibody pattern against EBV which suggests chronic reactivation, both following and preceding diagnosis. This altered pattern is common to all age groups. Severity of infection may alter host control among younger people, while diminished cellular immunity with aging may allow similar reactivation among older persons. Whether the EBV plays a direct role or simply reflects the action of a more primary factor is unknown.
Comparison of the effect of carbon monoxide and of hypoxic hypoxia. I. In vivo metabolism, distribution and action of hexobarbital.

Previous experiments had shown that carbon monoxide inhalation prolonged the in vivo response zoxazolamine. However, CO was clearly less potent than an equivalent level of hypoxia induced by inhalation of lowered O2 content (hypoxic hypoxia). The present study revealed that both CO and hypoxic hypoxia also prolonged the pharmacologic response to a drug of vastly different structure and site of action, i.e., hexobarbital. In this case, CO was approximately equipotent to hypoxic hypoxia in prolonging sleeping time. In spite of a number of significant effects of the two types of hypoxia on factors such as rate of peritoneal absorption, distribution into the brain and brain sensitivity to the drug, their relative potencies in prolonging sleeping time appeared to reflect adequately their relative effects on in vivo rate of metabolism. This conclusion was based on their equipotencies in decreasing the rate of disappearance of hexobarbital from the blood. The observation that hypoxia induced by CO had no greater effect on hexobarbital metabolism than hypoxia induced by oxygen deprivation suggests that the binding of CO to cytochrome P-450 is not important in drug metabolism in vivo. CO would appear to act solely by inducing tissue hypoxia.
Understanding the Relationships Among HIV/AIDS‐Related Stigma, Health Service Utilization, and HIV Prevalence and Incidence in Sub‐Saharan Africa: A Multi‐level Theoretical Perspective

HIV-positive individuals often face community-wide discrimination or public shame and humiliation as a result of their HIV-status. In Sub-Saharan Africa, high HIV incidence coupled with unique cultural contexts make HIV-positive individuals particularly likely to experience this kind of HIV/AIDS-related (HAR) stigma. To date, there is a relatively small amount of high-quality empirical literature specific to HAR stigma in this context, supporting the notion that a better understanding of this phenomenon is needed to inform potential interventions. This paper provides a thorough review of the literature specific to HAR stigma in Sub-Saharan Africa, finding (a) qualitative support for the existence of important relationships between HAR stigma and health service utilization and barriers; (b) a need for more quantitative study of stigma and its relationships both to health service utilization and to HIV outcomes directly; and (c) a disconnect between methodological techniques used in this context-specific literature and well-known theories about stigma as a general phenomenon. This paper then draws from its empirical literature review, as well as from well-known theoretical frameworks from multiple disciplines, to propose a theoretical framework for the ecological and multilevel relationships among HAR stigma, health service utilization, and HIV outcomes in this context.
Illegal alcohol sales to obviously intoxicated patrons at licensed establishments.

Abstract: Background: Early studies assessing propensity of alcohol sales to underage youth found that, before intervention, likelihood of licensed alcohol establishments selling alcohol to underage youth was 50% or higher across many communities. Community-wide interventions successfully lowered underage alcohol sales rates in several communities. Across studies assessing propensity for alcohol sales to obviously intoxicated patrons, sales rate estimates ranged from 58% to 85% for on-premise establishments (e.g., bars). No previous studies have assessed likelihood of alcohol sales to obviously intoxicated patrons in off-premise establishments (e.g., liquor stores). One goal of this study was to assess propensity for illegal alcohol sales to obviously intoxicated patrons at on- and off-premise establishments. Another goal was to assess whether server and/or establishment characteristics were related to the likelihood of illegal sales. Results may inform future interventions to reduce illegal alcohol sales at licensed alcohol establishments. Methods: Trained actors attempted to purchase alcohol while acting out signs of obvious intoxication at a census of on- and off-premise alcohol establishments (n= 372) in 11 communities. The outcome variable was whether an establishment sold alcohol to a buyer. Independent variables included age and gender of server/clerk, type of establishment, area, exterior maintenance, type of license, and time of purchase attempt. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted. Results: Seventy-nine percent of the establishments sold alcohol to a buyer (83% and 76% at off- and on-premise establishments, respectively). Servers/clerks who appeared younger than age 31 and off-premise establishments were significantly more likely than older appearing servers and on-premise establishments to sell alcohol to buyers. Conclusions: The likelihood of alcohol sales to obviously intoxicated patrons in licensed alcohol establishments is very high. Interventions to reduce illegal alcohol sales to intoxicated patrons are needed.
A compact HBT device model based on a one-flux treatment of carrier transport

Abstract A new approach to modeling the current vs voltage characteristics of heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) is introduced. Using McKelvey's flux method to treat carrier transport, provides a strong, physical basis for modeling the complex device physics in modern HBTs. We formulate the new model for general, double heterojunction bipolar transistors and show that the results reduce to those obtained by the conventional current balancing approach only under specific, simplifying conditions. We also extend the model to treat quasi-ballistic transport in short base HBTs.
High Surface Area Molybdenum Nitride Support for Fuel Cell Electrodes

Alternative supports for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells were synthesized and catalytic activity was explored using electrochemical analysis. High surface area, molybdenum nitride supports were synthesized by rapidly heating a gel of polyethyleneimine bound molybdenum in a tube furnace under a forming gas atmosphere. Subsequent disposition of platinum through an incipient wetness approach lead to dispersed crystallites of platinum on the conductive support. All the ceramic materials were characterized with XRD, SEM, TEM and electrochemical analysis. The supports without platinum are highly stable to acidic aqueous conditions and show no signs of oxygen reduction reactivity (ORR). However, once the 20 wt % platinum is added to the material, ORR activity comparable to XC72 based materials is observed.
Radiosynthesis of [11C]nifedipine and [11C]nicardipine

The radiosyntheses of the dihydropyridine (DHP) calcium channel blockers [11C]nifedipine and [11C]nicardipine by alkylation of the appropriate DHP 3-monocarboxylic acid anion with [11C]iodomethane are described. Isolated radiochemical yields of 30–50% were obtained 25 minutes after the end-of-bombardment, with specific activities of 400–1400 mCi/μmol at the end-of-synthesis. A variety of positron emitting DHPs with different ester side chains in the 3 and 5 positions on the DHP ring may be prepared by this approach using currently available labelled alkylating agents.
Isolation and tracking of a rare lymphoid progenitor cell which facilitates bone marrow transplantation in mice

Bone marrow cells are composed of pluripotent stem cells to terminally differentiated cells, with a wide variety of abundance of each cell type. In the past, many of the cell types within this heterogeneous population have been characterized either by expression of specific proteins or using functional markers. In spite of promising results obtained with the latter method, various cell types within bone marrow have not been well characterized due to the low abundance of a specific cell type. Considering the demand for a reliable technique to enrich cell types, a wide variety of approaches, ranging from simple nylon wool columns to high-speed cell sorting, have evolved. Only limited success has been obtained with approaches ranging from the detection of MHC antigen to positron emission tomography to track the ontogeny of specific bone marrow-derived cells in studies of syngeneic or allogeneic transplantation. The present study describes a relatively simple method to enrich and track a rare bone marrow cell (facilitating cell, FC), which can facilitate allogeneic bone marrow stem cell transplantation in mice. The isolation technique is comprised of enrichment of FC by magnetic activated cell sorting (MACS) system followed by purification through high-speed cell sorter. An initial inoculation of 30,000 FC obtained from male mice was detected in the thymus, spleen, and bone marrow of allogeneic female recipients, by using 32P-labeled dCTP in a specific PCR for Y-chromosome. This technique may improve the efficiency of isolation of other rare cells from the bone marrow.
Setting up a Web100-Dummynet testbed for research in transport layer protocols

With recent developments in technology broadening the complexity and performance issues of computer networks, more work is being put in to studying the behavior of network protocols under various new environments. As it stands today, TCP is the dominant protocol for communicating over the Internet. It has shown to be reliable and efficient in the relatively low-bandwidth networks it was designed for. With the increasing availability of high-speed optical, wireless, and ad hoc networks, more research is being done to study new TCP variants that will perform optimally under these new conditions. In order to perform such work, researchers require tools to test and observe the properties of the protocols they are studying. This is the case of Web100, a software patch that provides the instrumentation and tools to study and diagnose TCP variables, and Dummynet, a tool for shaping network traffic that can be used in conjunction with Web100 to emulate different environments and network conditions. Although these two powerful tools have gained a lot of attention lately, installing and setting up this testbed is not a straightforward task. In this paper, we address this aspect providing a guide to help researchers and educators reduce the implementation time. In addition, some results to show the research and educational potential of this testbed are included.
Monte Carlo Simulation of ${\rm Al}_{x}{\rm Ga}_{1-{x}}{\rm As}~(x\geq 0.6)$ Avalanche Photodiodes

In this paper, a Monte Carlo model is used to investigate the impact ionization properties of AlxGa1-xAs with a high composition of Al (x ≥ 0.6). Two Geiger-mode avalanche photodiode (APD) structures using AlxGa1-xAs as the multiplication region are studied. Simulations show a strong link between the APD properties and the electric field profile. It was also found that Al9.6Ga0.4As APD structure has higher excess noise and more abrupt breakdown probability compared to Al0.8Ga0.2As.
The transtheoretical model and exercise adherence: examining construct associations in later stages of change

Abstract Objective Over 40% of Americans are sedentary and of those beginning an exercise program, 50% will drop out within 6 months. The Transtheoretical Model (TTM) is commonly used to describe exercise behavior and develop interventions for the initiation of exercise behavior. Less is known, however, about maintenance of exercise behavior and the construct associations for the action, maintenance, and termination stages of change. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine which of the TTM constructs (i.e. decisional balance, processes of change, barriers-efficacy, and temptation) best distinguishes between the action, maintenance, and termination stages of change for men and women. Methods Questionnaires measuring each of the TTM constructs were collected from 330 men ( M age=27.14 years) and 380 women ( M age=24.80 years). Data were examined for sex differences and subsequently, two forward logistic regressions were conducted for each sex such that the dependent variables for the regressions were action/maintenance and maintenance/termination. Results Compared to men, women reported significantly less barriers-efficacy ( p =.04), greater pros of exercise ( p =.004), and greater use of behavioral ( p =.001) and experiential ( p p =.02), while barriers efficacy ( p =.001), environmental evaluation ( p =.02), and affect temptation ( p =.03) were associated with maintenance/termination. For the women, environmental reevaluation ( p =.02) and social liberation ( p =.05) were associated with action/maintenance, while barriers-efficacy ( p =.003) was the only construct correlated with maintenance/termination. Conclusions Stage and gender specific considerations are warranted when designing stage-matched exercise interventions for long-term maintenance of exercise behavior.
Mechanical activation of mammalian target of rapamycin pathway is required for cartilage development

Mechanical stress regulates development by modulating cell signaling and gene expression. However, the cytoplasmic components mediating mechanotransduction remain unclear. In this study, elimination of muscle contraction during chicken embryonic development resulted in a reduction in the activity of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in the cartilaginous growth plate. Inhibition of mTOR activity led to significant inhibition of chondrocyte proliferation, cartilage tissue growth, and expression of chondrogenic genes, including Indian hedgehog (Ihh), a critical mediator of mechanotransduction. Conversely, cyclic loading (1 Hz, 5% matrix deformation) of embryonic chicken growth plate chondrocytes in 3-dimensional (3D) collagen scaffolding induced sustained activation of mTOR. Mechanical activation of mTOR occurred in serum-free medium, indicating that it is independent of growth factor or nutrients. Treatment of chondrocytes with Rapa abolished mechanical activation of cell proliferation and Ihh gene expression. Cyclic loading of chondroprogenitor cells deficient in SH2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (Shp2) further enhanced mechanical activation of mTOR, cell proliferation, and chondrogenic gene expression. This result suggests that Shp2 is an antagonist of mechanotransduction through inhibition of mTOR activity. Our data demonstrate that mechanical activation of mTOR is necessary for cell proliferation, chondrogenesis, and cartilage growth during bone development, and that mTOR is an essential mechanotransduction component modulated by Shp2 in the cytoplasm.—Guan, Y., Yang, X., Yang, W., Charbonneau, C., Chen, Q. Mechanical activation of mammalian target of rapamycin pathway is required for cartilage development.
Antonin Scalia's Jurisprudence: Text and Tradition – By Ralph A. Rossum

The author of this book sets out to write a “sympathetic” account of Justice Scalia, one that “understand(s) Scalia as he understands himself” (ix). He accomplishes that goal but fails to provide a...
Extended critical vawes of the multivariate extreme deviate test for detecting a single spurious observation

The Institute of Mathematical Statistics has published a table of critical values for the multivariate extreme deviate test. However, the critical values, derived by a Monte Carlo simulation, are given for only the dimensions 2 through 5. We present new critical values for the dimensions 6 through 10, 12, 15, and 20. The results are presented in both table and graphical form. All critical values for the test statistic have been generated by a Monte Carlo simulation using 10,000 observations per case. An example is presented using the new critical values.
Theories of Personality and Theories of Art: A Budding Consilience

Abstract Echoing the effort put forth during the 1960s by art historians Gombrich and Panofsky demonstrating that much could be learned about theories of art from theories of human behavior, the author attempted to re-cross the boundary between these disciplines to explore the reverse of this notion. Included in this effort are a review of four major conceptualizations of art, an attempt to bridge art and personality theory by proposing that what applies to paintings applies to people and vice–versa, the presentation of evidence in support of “theory of response” being common to both the perception of art and person perception, and a recasting of the nature of “self” as an emotion. Following theoretical and methodological discussion of a proposed multiplex conceptualization of personality deriving from an adaptation of a Brunswikian lens model, an effort is made to consider the manner in which the empiricism characteristic of personality research might be applied in the historically nonempirical study of painting and sculpture.
Fast Monte Carlo full spectrum scene simulation

This paper discusses the formulation and implementation of an acceleration approach for the MCScene code, a high fidelity model for full optical spectrum (UV to LWIR) hyperspectral image (HSI) simulation. The MCScene simulation is based on a Direct Simulation Monte Carlo approach for modeling 3D atmospheric radiative transport, as well as spatially inhomogeneous surfaces including surface BRDF effects. The model includes treatment of land and ocean surfaces, 3D terrain, 3D surface objects, and effects of finite clouds with surface shadowing. This paper will review an acceleration algorithm that exploits spectral redundancies in hyperspectral images. In this algorithm, the full scene is determined for a subset of spectral channels, and then this multispectral scene is unmixed into spectral end members and end member abundance maps. Next, pure end member pixels are determined at their full hyperspectral resolution, and the full hyperspectral scene is reconstructed from the hyperspectral end member spectra and the multispectral abundance maps. This algorithm effectively performs a hyperspectral simulation while requiring only the computational time of a multispectral simulation. The acceleration algorithm will be demonstrated, and errors associated with the algorithm will be analyzed.
Valuing coral reef protection

Past economic valuations of tropical marine parks inaccurately measure their economic benefits because they value the resource protected and not the protection provided. Instead, the economic benefit of a marine park should be measured as the savings from avoided losses in reef value that would result in the absence of park protection, net of any costs of protection. Proponents of marine parks posit that reef quality will decline in the absence of active park protection. The economic benefit of the marine park is the value of avoided reef degradation. An economic framework is developed to show how marine parks and protected areas ought to be valued. An example using data from the Bonaire Marine Park is given.
Light Diffraction Studies of the Banded Texture in Hydroxypropyl Cellulose

Abstract In most liquid crystal polymers when a thin sample is sheared the polymer exhibits a periodic pattern or texture. While this phenomena has been widely noted, a complete and satisfactory explanation is not yet in hand. We present the results of a study of the dynamics of the formation of the banded texture in liquid crystalline polymers after shear. The data were collected by the diffraction of light from the texture. This approach directly provides the key parameters to characterize the texture without the ambiguity that is often involved with microscopy. It was found that the overall nature of the modulation that gives rise to the texture appears to not vary with time except in magnitude. Both thewavelength and the coherence length of the modulation remain fixed. While both shear rate and thickness of the sample have little effect upon the texture, concentration of the polymer has a very large effect.
Homeopathy or regular medicine? Cook County Hospital, Chicago, Illinois, 1882–1887: evidence, politics, customer choice and provider perceptions at work

> “The customer does not have to understand. The customer is the customer.” > > Philip Crosby 19801 > > “Quality isn’t asserted by the supplier; its perceived by the customer.” > > John Guaspari 19882 > > “Make a habit of discussing a problem on the basis of the data and respecting the facts shown by them.” > > Kaoru Ishikawa 19923 > > “We must trust to nothing but facts. These are presented to us by Nature and cannot deceive. We ought in every instance to submit our reasoning to the test of experiment.” > > Antoine Lavoisier 1743–17944 > > “The truth is that medicine … is sensitive to outside influences.” [… including politics.] > > Oliver Wendell Holmes 1809–18945 These five quotations relate to four forces that can shape medical care and its quality: the marketplace (voice of the customer), the scientific facts (two quotes), politics and provider perceptions. To understand the reality of healthcare delivery, we need to look for the interplay of root cause, social forces at work. These include patient choice in the marketplace, politics, data about the actual process and outcomes of care and provider perceptions. This series of articles has focused on individual martyrs and heroes. In this story there is no such person—and that is one of the points we want to make. It is rare that the often hidden forces of patient choice, politics, data and provider perception can be clearly seen. A century of hindsight helps us to understand what went on at Cook County Hospital in Chicago, Illinois, USA, which provided homeopathic and regular medicine services. Data from this hospital and modern statistical analysis allow for a unique comparison of these two forms of treatment in the 1880s. Homeopathy originated in Germany with the writings of Samuel Hahnemann (1755–1843). The basic work is his Principles of Rational Medicine , published in …
The salad days of on-line shopping

I have seen the future of on-line shopping, and it is green. The logos are green. The sweaters are green. Two people walking abreast look like two peas in a pod. This may take some explaining. There are many competing visions of on-line shopping. The most down-to-earth version goes like this. Consumers use their modem to examine the merchandise on their computer screen, order the goods, pay for them electronically, and specify a convenient delivery time to their door-all for a low fee. In this paper a case study illustrates innovative computing and what makes it work.
Pigeons learn to answer the question “where did you just peck?” and can report peck location when unexpectedly asked

If pigeons are trained on matching-to-sample with differential responding required to the two samples, there is evidence that the differential responding can control comparison choice. We asked whether similar responding required at two different locations could also serve as the basis for comparison choice. Pigeons were pretrained to report the location that they had pecked. To reduce the likelihood that they could use the presence of differential proprioceptive cues at the time of their report, a common response was required between the location response and the comparison choice. They were then given experience with a conditional discrimination in which location of the comparison response varied randomly and was incidental to the choice of comparison. On test trials, after the pigeons had made their comparison choice, they showed a significant tendency to choose the appropriate test comparison when they were unexpectedly asked to report the location of their previous pecking response. These results have implications for the demonstration of episodic-like memory in pigeons because they suggest that pigeons have the capacity to recall, unexpectedly, specific details about their past experiences.
Individualizing Job-Entry Skills.

(1985). Individualizing Job-Entry Skills. Teaching of Psychology: Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 102-103.
Muscarinic cholinergic stimulation of exogenous phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis is regulated by guanine nucleotides in rabbit brain cortical membranes

Rabbit brain cortical membranes, which have been extracted with 2 M KCl, hydrolyze exogenously added [3H]phosphatidylinositol [( 3H]PI) in a guanine nucleotide- and carbachol-dependent manner. Both oxotremorine-M and carbachol are full agonists with EC50 values of 8 and 73 microM, respectively. Pirenzepine and atropine inhibit carbachol-stimulated [3H]PI hydrolysis. The hydrolysis-resistant guanine nucleotide analog guanosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) (GTP gamma S) is the most potent in supporting carbachol-stimulated hydrolysis of PI. There is no effect of carbachol in the absence of guanine nucleotides or in the presence of 100 microM adenosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate), adenosine-5'-(beta, gamma-imido)triphosphate, or sodium pyrophosphate. Guanylyl-5'-(beta,gamma-imido)triphosphate [Gpp(NH)p] in the presence of carbachol also stimulates PI hydrolysis although much less than that seen with GTP gamma S. GDP and Gpp(NH)p are potent antagonists of the GTP gamma S-dependent carbachol response. Optimal stimulation by carbachol and GTP gamma S was observed at 0.3-1 microM free Ca2+ and 6 mM MgCl2. Limited trypsinization resulted in loss of receptor-regulated PI breakdown and a slight decrease in basal activity. These results demonstrate that phospholipase C hydrolysis of exogenous PI by rabbit cortical membranes may be stimulated by carbachol in a guanine nucleotide-dependent manner.
Cytochalasin B binding to Ehrlich ascites tumor cells and its relationship to glucose carrier.

Abstract Cultured Ehrlich ascites tumor cells equilibrate d -glucose via a carrier mechanism with a K m and V of 14 mM and 3 μmol/s per ml cells, respectively. Cytochalasin B competitively inhibits this carrier-mediated glycose transport with an inhibition constant ( K i ) of approx. 5·10 −7 M. Cytochalasin E does not inhibit this carrier function. With cytochalasin B concentrations up to 1·10 −5 M, the range where the inhibition develops to practical completion, three discrete cytochalasin B binding sites, namely L, M and H, are distinguished. The cytochalasin B binding at L site shows a dissociation constant ( K d ) of approx. 1·10 -6 M, represents about 30% of the total cytochalasin B binding of the cell (8·10 6 molecules/cell), is sensitively displaced by cytochalasin E but not by d -glucose, and is located in cytosol. The cytochalasin B binding to M site shows a K d of 4–6·10 −7 M, represents approx. 60% of the total saturable binding (14·10 6 molecules/cell), is specifically displaced by d -glucose with a displacement constant of 15 mM, but not by l -glucose, and is insensitive to cytochalasin E. The sites are membrane-bound and extractable with Triton X-100 but not by EDTA in alkaline pH. The cytochalasin B binding at H site shows a K d of 2–6 · 10 −8 M, represents less than 10% of the total sites (2 · 10 6 molecules/cell), is not affected by either glucose or cytochalasin E and is of non-cytosol origin. It is concluded that the cytochalasin B binding at M site is responsible for the glucose carrier inhibition by cytochalasin B and the Ehrlich ascites cell is unique among other animal cells in its high content of this site. Approx. 16-fold purification of this site has been achieved.
Acquisition of immunity to Eimeria maxima in newly hatched chickens reared on new or reused litter

The acquisition of immunity by chickens infected 18 h post-hatch with 100 oocysts of Eimeria maxima and reared in floor-pens in contact with their droppings was investigated. In the first experiment, birds were placed on new litter and immunity was measured at 2, 3, 4, and 5 weeks by calculation of weight gain from days 0 to 7 following challenge with 100000 oocysts or by oocyst production in the faeces from days 5 to 8 following challenge with 500 oocysts. In the second experiment, birds were placed on new litter or reused litter from the first experiment (1 week after birds from the first experiment had been removed when 6 weeks of age), and were challenged at 1, 2, and 3 weeks of age. In the first experiment, immunity had developed in birds challenged at 3, 4, and 5 weeks, judged by weight gain and oocyst production, but immunity was not complete at 2 weeks. In the second experiment, immunity had developed in birds challenged at 1, 2, and 3 weeks measured by either criterion. In both experiments, birds...
Role of the orbital cortex in cardiac dysfunction in unanesthetized rhesus monkey

Electrocardiographic abnormalities in patients suffering from subarachnoid hemorrhage in the ventral forebrain region have been reported. The orbital cortex of the ventral forebrain plays a role in modulation of the cardiovascular system and is at present the only known cortical region to possess vagal representation. This cortical region was studied with regard to hemodynamic changes elicited by electrical stimulation, but no attempt was made to study morphologic changes in the myocardium which might occur as a result of electrical stimulation of the orbital cortex. Ten rhesus monkeys were implanted with stimulating electrodes in the orbital cortex and with aortic catheters. After recovery from the surgical instrumentation, they were stimulated in the unanesthetized, conscious state to evaluate hemodynamic responses and possible morphologic changes in the myocardium. Five of seven stimulated monkeys studied at autopsy demonstrated multifocal cardiac necrosis as a result of electrical stimulation of the orbital cortex. Three sham-operated control monkeys had normal hearts. As part of the limbic system, the orbital cortex is known to be implicated in emotional disorders, and influenced by subarachnoid hemorrhage and cerebral tumors. Our experimental results have implications for the possible role of the orbital cortex in neurogenically induced cardiopathy.
Angiotensin converting enzyme (kininase II) mRNA production and enzymatic activity in human peripheral blood monocytes are induced by GM-CSF but not by other cytokines.

Abstract Peripheral blood monocytes (PBM) do not possess angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity in the inactive state. However, measurable PBM ACE activity is found in patients with certain inflammatory disease. We have examined the effect of cytokines likely to be present during granulomatous inflammation on the regulation of ACE mRNA in PBM. The presence of ACE mRNA in human PBM cultured in vitri with various cytokines for up to 6 days was analyzed using polymerase chain reaction. PBM not exposed to cytokines did not express ACE mRNA, while incubation of PBM with recombinant human GM-CSF resulted in high levels of ACE mRNA expression after 72 h of cell culture, which persisted through day six. Increased ACE mRNA expression occurred concommitantly with phenotypic changes in cell size and shape consistent with cell activation. A 5-fold increase in ACE enzymatic activity also occurred. Incubation of PBM with all other cytokines tested failed to induce ACE mRNA expression. Alveolar macrophages expressed ACE mRNA immediately following their isolation, but mRNA expression decreased markedly during a 24-h period of incubation and was only partially reversed with exogenous GM-CSF. We conclude that GM-CSF enhances ACE mRNA levels in human PBM, but not in alveolar macrophages.
Scalability of Localized ARC Filament Plasma Actuators

Temporal flow control of a jet has been widely studied in the past to enhance jet mixing or reduce jet noise. Most of this research, however, has been done using small diameter low Reynolds number jets that often have little resemblance to the much larger jets common in real world applications because the flow actuators available lacked either the power or bandwidth to sufficiently impact these larger higher energy jets. The Localized Arc Filament Plasma Actuators (LAFPA), developed at the Ohio State University (OSU), have demonstrated the ability to impact a small high speed jet in experiments conducted at OSU and the power to perturb a larger high Reynolds number jet in experiments conducted at the NASA Glenn Research Center. However, the response measured in the large-scale experiments was significantly reduced for the same number of actuators compared to the jet response found in the small-scale experiments. A computational study has been initiated to simulate the LAFPA system with additional actuators on a large-scale jet to determine the number of actuators required to achieve the same desired response for a given jet diameter. Central to this computational study is a model for the LAFPA that both accurately represents the physics of the actuator and can be implemented into a computational fluid dynamics solver. One possible model, based on pressure waves created by the rapid localized heating that occurs at the actuator, is investigated using simplified axisymmetric simulations. The results of these simulations will be used to determine the validity of the model before more realistic and time consuming three-dimensional simulations are conducted to ultimately determine the scalability of the LAFPA system.
Visualization and Quantification of Forced in-Plane Flow Through Deformed Porous Media

Fluid flow in liquid molding processes and in other applications involving porous media is often characterized with a permeability tensor and modeled by d'Arcy's law. The permeability is a sensitive function of pore structure, which, in deformable materials, is influenced by compression and extension. The majority of previous permeability measurements on composite reinforcement fabrics did not account for deformations imposed on them by corners and curves in the mold. In the present study, transparent molds were designed with a single 90° bend in which the gap between plates was held constant throughout the flow path. Thus, the effects of fabric curvature on permeability were investigated independently of the effects of fabric compression in the thickness direction. A new experimental system was developed to visualize and quantify fluid flow in fabrics mounted in transparent molds. The reported measurements were conducted with fluid flowing through a (vertical) flat region of fabric, around the 90° curve, and then along a second (horizontal) flat region. Permeability was found to be reduced by the imposed curvature for a nonwoven polyester and three-dimensional woven glass fabric. We were able to quantify the effect of curvature on permeability for the former, but not for the latter because of an enduring, dominant nonlinear entrance resistance. For the glass, comparison of two flow rates indicates that the faster flow is characterized by a two stage filling process, whereas, at the slower rate, the liquid front fills all pores at the same time.
Enhancement of Glucocorticoid and Mineralocorticoid Receptor Density in the Microcirculation of the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat

Objective: Elevated blood pressure and abnormal physiological parameters in the microcirculation of the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) can be normalized by adrenalectomy. Thus glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids may have major control over blood pressure status and organ injury mechanisms in SHRs. As background, this study was designed to examine the distribution of the glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors in a microvascular network.Methods: Mature SHR and their normotensive controls, the Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rat, were studied. An immunohistochemical method was developed that provides a comprehensive display of the receptors in all segments of the mesentery microcirculation and the surrounding tissue parenchyma.Results: All cells in the mesentery exhibit immunolabeling of the glucocorticoid receptor with predominant expression in the nuclei of parenchymal and endothelial cells. The mineralocorticoid receptor is expressed also in most cells of the microcirculation and adjacent parenchymal ...
Resonance energy transfer between sites in rat liver glutathione S-transferase, 1-1, selectively modified at cysteine-17 and cysteine-111.

Monobromobimane (mBBr) can label both Cys111 and Cys17 of rat liver glutathione S-transferase, 1-1 (GST 1-1). However, selective modification of Cys111 was achieved by the maleimide-based sulfhydryl reagents N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) and fluorescein 5-maleimide (NFM). Incubation of GST 1-1 with 5 mM NEM for 30 min at pH 7.5 and 25 °C leads to the formation of modified enzyme with 92% residual activity toward 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene and completely blocks Cys111 from subsequent reaction with either NFM or mBBr. Reaction of GST 1-1 with 0.2 mM NFM under the same conditions affords a modified enzyme with only 14% residual activity even though NFM and NEM target the same Cys111. The results indicate that when the bulky fluorescein is covalently bound to Cys111, the ligand projects into both the xenobiotic binding site and the glutathione site. After NEM or NFM modification of GST 1-1, the enzyme was further modified by monobromobimane at Cys17 with loss of activity. Together with the only tryptophan (Trp20), ...
Delay of gratification, locus of control, and eating patterns in obese and nonobese children

Abstract Two studies were conducted investigating the behavioral concomitants of childhood obesity. In the first study assessment of the internal-external dimensions of personality style by means of delay of gratification and locus of control tasks yielded no significant effects for obese vs nonobese children. However, the consumption of a snack varied for the two groups. The obese children ate the snack at a faster rate than did the nonobese children. Study 2 was directed at further describing the obese eating style in children over a total of three cafeteria meals. The results of this study again supported a distinctive eating style for the obese children who consumed a greater proportion of the food on their plates and also displayed a greater number of intervals with multiple eating responses. These results are discussed with regard to the social validation of an obese eating style in children and the inclusion of instructions to modify eating style in weight management programs for obese children.
Translation of poliovirus RNA in vitro: Studies on n-formylmethionine-labeled polypeptides initiated in cell-free extracts prepared from poliovirus infected HeLa cells

Abstract Previous studies in our laboratory have provided evidence that cell-free systems translating the Mahoney strain of poliovirus type I RNA utilize two unique initiation sites. This study shows it is possible to resolve two major n -formyl[ 35 S]methionin [ 35 S]fmet) polypeptides by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the relative proportions of which show a Mg 2+ concentration dependence which correlates with that shown by the two previously identified amino terminal tryptic peptides. Tryptic peptide analysis of fmet-labeled polypeptides recovered from SDS-gel confirms this correlation, showing that tryptic peptide II is the amino terminal tryptic peptide of a high molecular polypeptide (115,000 daltons) and that tryptic peptide I is the amino terminus of a low molecular weight polypeptide (5–10,000 daltons). In this study ribosomal salt wash was added to the reaction mixtures to stimulate incorporation. We find that ribosomal salt wash prepared from mock-infected HeLa cells stimulates the in vitro translation of both polypeptides while salt wash prepared from poliovirus infected cells preferentially stimulates the utilization of the initiation site defined by tryptic peptide I.
Immiscibililty of Bulk Liquid 3He with 3He Contained in a Porous Glass

Abstract Magnetic susceptibility and pressure measurements on 3zzHe flow through porous Vycor glass show that bulk 3He and the 3He in the Vycor are immiscible fluids with an interfacial tension of ∼ 10−4 ergs/cm2.