cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the krull-schmidt-azumaya theorem for integral group rings

We show that the torsion free Krull-Schmidt-Azumaya Theorem holds for the integral group ring Z D 8 Were D 8 is the group of order 8, but torsion free cancellation (and hence also the torsion free Krull-Schmidt-Azumaya theorem) fails for the integral group ring Z D 32 We summarize the cases for which the integral group ring Z G is known to satisfy the torsion free Krull-Schmidt-Azumaya Theorem, Z D 16 being the only open case.
Molecular dynamics simulation of adrenocorticotropin (1-10) peptide in a solvated dodecylphosphocholine micelle.

Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) (1-10), an adrenocorticotropin hormone fragment, has been studied by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation in an NPT ensemble in an explicit dodecylphosphocholine (DPC) micelle. Two starting configurations of the peptide/micelle system, corresponding to the insertion and surface-binding modes, were used. A common equilibrated configuration, in which the peptide lies parallel to the micellar surface, was reached from both simulations. In the initial part of the simulations, distance restraints derived from NMR nuclear Overhauser enhancements were incorporated before the peptide reached an equilibrium configuration with respect to the micelle. Analyses of the trajectories from the subsequent free (unrestrained) MD simulation showed that ACTH (1-10) does not conform strictly to a helical structure. The loss of the helical structure is due to decreased intramolecular hydrogen bonding accompanied by an increase of hydrogen bonding between the amide protons of the peptide and the micellar head groups. However, the extent of the latter interaction is less pronounced than in the negatively charged SDS micelle. The final structure enhances the amphipathic nature of the peptide, facilitating better interactions at the water-hydrophobic interface. The primary hydrophobic interactions with the micelle came from the side chains of Met4, Phe7, and Trp9. All peptide bonds were either hydrated or were involved in intramolecular hydrogen bonding. The interactions with the DPC micelle, the conformation of the bound peptide, and the dynamics of the peptide, as revealed by the time correlation functions of the N-H bonds, were compared with those of the ACTH (1-10)/SDS system studied previously by MD simulations.
Culture, Beauty, and Therapeutic Alliance

Through the narratives of three female therapists from Brazil, Mexico, and Turkey, this manuscript aims to describe how the standards of beauty are shaped in the Western World, how they get transmitted to other cultures through colonialism and media, and how they subsequently impact beauty ideals globally. Further, through a locational feminist framework, researchers seek to raise awareness about how therapists’ personal narratives regarding physical appearance and beauty are shaped and how they impact the therapeutic relationship.
The effects of television form and violent content on boys' attention and social behavior

An experiment is reported that examined the independent effects of television content (violence) and television formal features (action level) on children's attention to programs and their postviewing social behavior. Pairs of preschool boys participated in two experimental sessions in which they saw animated and live television programs that varied in violent content (high or low) and formal features (high or low action level). They then played with toys that contained cues for either aggressive or prosocial interaction. Rapid character action facilitated visual attention to the programs; violent tv content did not facilitate attention. On measures of social behavior, strong effects of toy cues were found independently of television treatment effects. Aggressive toys produced aggressive behavior, and prosocial toys produced prosocial behavior; these patterns included some nonspecific, generalized influences in addition to direct demands of the play materials. Violent tv content led to changes in subjects' style of interaction and was also associated with increases in some prosocial behaviors. Television action level had no systematic effects on subjects' behavior. Results are discussed within the theoretical frameworks of observational learning and general arousal. Implications for children's television programming are also discussed.
Cure monitoring of the liquid composite molding process using fiber optic sensors

Fluorescence has been demonstrated to be an accurate tool for monitoring resin cure. It is measured using an evanescent wave fiber-optic sensor. An economical optical fiber sensor has been developed with a refractive index greater than 1.6, permitting evanescent wave monitoring of epoxy resins. The fluorescence wavelength-shift, which has been correlated with monomer conversion, is monitored during the liquid molding process. Unidirectional glass fabrics with volume fractions from 40% to 60% were injected with epoxy resin at a variety of driving pressures and cured at several temperatures. Several composite parts were fabricated to test the effects of vacuum pressure, injection rate, cure temperature, and fiber fraction on the performance of the sensor. The sensitivity of the evanescent wave fluorescence sensor to the condition of the resin system was also examined. Two sets of resin / hardener samples were subjected to rigorous chemical analysis to determine the extent of their differences.
The kinetics of field adsorption

Abstract In an applied field of ∼ 1 V/A or higher, gas atoms and molecules near the electrode surface can be attracted to the surface and be field adsorbed there. Field adsorption can occur at a temperature much higher than that in ordinary physical adsorption. For example, field adsorption of He and Ne on metal surfaces can occur at a temperature above 100 K. The kinetic of field adsorption on spherical, cylindrical and field ion emitter surfaces are discussed. Methods for measuring the field adsorption energy, the gas supply constant, and other physical parameters using the pulsed-laser time-of-flight atom-probe are described. These parameters are essential for describing the kinetics of field adsorption. We consider field adsorption and desorption of both atomic and molecular gases. In molecular gases, field dissociation of field desorbed species can occur. A proper account of this effect has to be included in the data analysis. A case with two adsorption states at different adsorption sites is also considered. Field adsorption must play an important role in the early stages of cloud formation, and in the adsorption-desorption and catalytical reactions on the surface of interstellar particles, etc.
Diamide decreases deformability of rabbit erythrocytes and attenuates low oxygen tension-induced ATP release

Exposure of erythrocytes to reduced oxygen (O(2)) tension activates the heterotrimeric G-protein Gi, resulting in the accumulation of cyclic AMP (cAMP) and release of ATP. The mechanism by which exposure of erythrocytes to reduced O(2) tension activates Gi is not known. Here we investigate the hypothesis that, in rabbit erythrocytes, ATP release in response to exposure to reduced O(2) tension is linked to erythrocyte membrane deformability. If this hypothesis is correct, then decreasing the deformability of the erythrocyte membrane should decrease the release of ATP in response to reduced O(2) tension. We report that treating erythrocytes with diamide, a compound that decreases erythrocyte deformability, inhibits low O(2) tension-induced ATP release. Treating erythrocytes with diamide does not, however, interfere with cAMP accumulation or ATP release in response to a direct activator of Gi (mastoparan 7) or in response to receptor-mediated activation of Gs (the prostacyclin analog, iloprost). These results demonstrate that diamide (100 micromol/L) does not directly inhibit the signaling pathways for ATP release from rabbit erythrocytes and support the hypothesis that low O(2) tension-induced ATP release from these cells is linked to membrane deformability.
SETTING UP A PROBABILISTIC NEURAL NETWORK FOR CLASSIFICATION OF HIGHWAY VEHICLES

Many neural network methods used for efficient classification of populations work only when the population is globally separable. In situ classification of highway vehicles is one of the problems with globally nonseparable populations. This paper presents a systematic procedure for setting up a probabilistic neural network that can classify the globally nonseparable population of highway vehicles. The method is based on a simple concept that any set of classifiable data can be broken down to subclasses of locally separable data. Hence, if these locally separable data can be identified, then the classification problem can be carried out in two hierarchical steps; step one classifies the data according to the local subclasses, and step two classifies the local subclasses into the global classes. The proposed approach was tested on the problem of classifying highway vehicles according to the US Federal Highway Administration standard, which is normally handled by decision tree methods that use vehicle axle information and a set of IF-THEN rules. By using a sample of 3326 vehicles, the proposed method showed improved classification results with an overall misclassification rate of only 2.9% compared to 9.7% of the decision tree methods. A similar setup can be used with different neural networks such as recurrent neural networks, but they were not tested in this study especially since the focus was for in situ applications where a high learning rate is desired.
Selection of aphidicolin-resistant CHO cells with altered levels of ribonucleotide reductase.

Chinese hamster ovary cells were initially selected for resistance to aphidicolin at 0.3 μg/ml. Serial cultivation with aphidicolin at concentrations up to 5.0 μg/ml yielded a series of mutants with increasing resistance. The most resistant mutant isolated was 44 times more resistant to aphidicolin than the parental CHO. The α-polymerases, assayed in the cytoplasmic extracts of the mutants, did not increase in specific activity or differ from the parental CHO in their sensitivity to aphidicolin. When cultured in the presence of deoxythymidine, deoxyadenosine, and 1-β-d-arabinofuranosyl cytosine (araC) the mutants showed considerably more resistance to these inhibitors than did the parental CHO. The intracellular pools of all four deoxynucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs) in the mutants increased with increasing resistance to aphidicolin. The elevated dNTP pools in the mutant most resistant to aphidicolin appear to be the result of a 4- to 8-fold increase in the level of ribonucleotide reductase (2′-deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate: oxidized thioredoxin 2′- oxidoreductase, EC 1.17.4.1).
COMPLEX PANCREATIC INJURIES

Pancreatic injuries continue to challenge those caring for traumatized patients. Owing to the retroperitoneal location of the pancreas and its proximity to major vascular structures, associated injuries play a significant role in morbidity and mortality. In the past, considerable controversy existed over the proper management of pancreatic wounds. In regard to minor injuries, this debate has recently diminished somewhat thanks to a number of clinical reviews that have served to standardize management protocols for such injuries. 5,16,20 Despite some degree of ideologic unity, clinicians are still often faced with diagnostic and technical dilemmas when dealing with the more complex pancreatic injuries. Yet, by establishing an early and accurate diagnosis and by judicious yet adequate management, acceptable morbidity and mortality can be obtained in most settings. Pancreatic injuries comprise approximately 12% of the injuries to victims of abdominal trauma. 12,16 Two thirds of these injuries are penetrating in nature. 12,15,33 Blunt injuries, although less common, often present diagnostic challenges due in part to the retroperitoneal location of the organ and the nondescript early clinical signs and symptoms of injury. It appears that an important factor contributing to morbidity is failure of proper recognition of a main pancreatic ductal injury. This determination also often dictates operative management and thereby must be done early so that appropriate but not overzealous management can proceed expeditiously. The methods used to definitely determine the presence or absence of ductal injury remain controversial, although once the proper determination has been made management techniques are fairly standardized. Management in recent years has shifted to reflect a conservative approach; that is, resective therapy is used judiciously, pancreaticoenteric anastomosis has been all but abandoned, and external drainage is the mainstay of therapy. 9 Mortality in victims of pancreatic trauma ranges from 12% to 30% and is often determined by associated injuries and occurs early in the clinical course, most frequently as a result of penetrating trauma. Late deaths usually result from uncontrolled pancreatic sepsis precipitated by inappropriate initial management or delayed management of complications. Major morbidity can usually be related to the presence of pancreatic ductal injury or associated duodenal injury. 39 Overzealous resection and inappropriate pancreaticoenteric anastomoses are preventable causes of morbidity which can often be avoided by adherence to strict management guidelines.
A Nebulin Ruler Does Not Dictate Thin Filament Lengths

To generate force, striated muscle requires overlap between uniform-length actin and myosin filaments. The hypothesis that a nebulin ruler mechanism specifies thin filament lengths by targeting where tropomodulin (Tmod) caps the slow-growing, pointed end has not been rigorously tested. Using fluorescent microscopy and quantitative image analysis, we found that nebulin extended 1.01–1.03 μm from the Z-line, but Tmod localized 1.13–1.31 μm from the Z-line, in seven different rabbit skeletal muscles. Because nebulin does not extend to the thin filament pointed ends, it can neither target Tmod capping nor specify thin filament lengths. We found instead a strong correspondence between thin filament lengths and titin isoform sizes for each muscle. Our results suggest the existence of a mechanism whereby nebulin specifies the minimum thin filament length and sarcomere length regulates and coordinates pointed-end dynamics to maintain the relative overlap of the thin and thick filaments during myofibril assembly.
Distribution of Tyrosine Hydroxylase-Expressing Interneurons with Respect to Anatomical Organization of the Neostriatum

We have recently shown in vitro that striatal tyrosine hydroxylase-expressing interneurons identified in transgenic mice by expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein (TH-eGFP) display electrophysiological profiles that are distinct from those of other striatal interneurons. Furthermore, striatal TH-eGFP interneurons show marked diversity in their electrophysiological properties and have been divided into four distinct subtypes. One question that arises from these observations is whether striatal TH-eGFP interneurons are distributed randomly, or obey some sort of organizational plan as has been shown to be the case with other striatal interneurons. An understanding of the striatal TH-eGFP interneuronal patterning is a vital step in understanding the role of these neurons in striatal functioning. Therefore, in the present set of studies the location of electrophysiologically identified striatal TH-eGFP interneurons was mapped. In addition, the distribution of TH-eGFP interneurons with respect to the striatal striosome-matrix compartmental organization was determined using µ-opioid receptor (MOR) immunofluorescence or intrinsic TH-eGFP fluorescence to delineate striosome and matrix compartments. Overall, the distribution of the different TH-eGFP interneuronal subtypes did not differ in dorsal versus ventral striatum. However, striatal TH-eGFP interneurons were found to be mostly in the matrix in the dorsal striatum whereas a significantly higher proportion of these neurons was located in MOR-enriched domains of the ventral striatum. Further, the majority of striatal TH-eGFP interneurons was found to be located within 100 µm of a striosome-matrix boundary. Taken together, the current results suggest that TH-eGFP interneurons obey different organizational principles in dorsal vs. ventral striatum, and may play a role in communication between striatal striosome and matrix compartments.
Periodic motility of normal and spinal chick embryos between 8 and 17 days of incubation.

Previous studies of the spontaneous cyclic motility of the chick embryo were extended to incubation day 17. The activity and inactivity phases of the cycle were recorded on a polygraph, for a 15-minute observation period. The percentage of time spent in activity rises steadily from less than 10% at the beginning of motility at three and one-half days to 80% at day 13. This peak is maintained up to day 17; subsequently, motility declines. The mean duration of activity phases increases and that of the inactivity phases decreases until the high plateau is reached, though both values change independently of each other. In order to study the effect of the brain on spontaneous motility, spinal embryos were obtained by extirpation of part of the cervical cord in two-day embryos. The spinal embryos retain their capacity for cyclic motility. However, the activity is reduced by approximately 10–20% at all stages between the eighth and the seventeenth day. The brain influence asserts itself in a lengthening of the duration of the activity phases and in a shortening of the inactivity phases. An inhibitory effect was not observed at any stage.
Discriminative stimulus properties of fenfluramine: Evidence for serotonergic involvement

Rats were trained to discriminate 3 mg/kg fenfluramine (FEN) from saline using a milk-reinforced (FR 10 schedule) two-lever operant task. To assess the involvement of the serotonin (5-HT) system in elicitation of the FEN cue, 5-HT compounds were tested for their ability to substitute for or to antagonize the the discriminative stimulus produced by FEN. Following acquisition, the FEN cue was dose-dependent, had a rapid onset (10 min) and a long duration (12 h), and was stereospecific. The putative 5-HT receptor antagonists methysergide and cinanserin antagonized the FEN discriminative stimulus, while chlordiazepoxide, an indirect inhibitor of 5-HT turnover, did not. The FEN cue was also antagonized by the selective 5-HT reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine. Norfenfluramine, p-fluoroamphetamine, and p-chloroamphetamine, compounds structurally and pharmacologically similar to FEN, substituted for FEN, whereas fluoxetine cinanserin, methysergide, and chlordiazepoxide did not. The 5-HT precursor 5-hydroxytryptophan partially generalized to the FEN cue. It was further shown that the discriminative stimulus properties of FEN are not based on its anorectic action. These results suggest that the cue properties of FEN might be partially mediated through an interaction with the 5-HT system.
A comparison of parental verbal behavior with stuttering and nonstuttering children

Abstract Theorists have related parental verbal behavior to the acquisition and maintenance of stuttering in children. If parental verbal behavior is thus related to stuttering, at least two hypotheses can be formulated: first, different patterns should be observed between parents speaking to their stuttering children and parents speaking to their nonstuttering children. Second, if therapy were successful, parallel changes in the parents' verbal behavior should be observed. To test these hypotheses, a quantitative method of analyzing parental verbal behavior was devised and applied to conversational speech samples between control parents speaking to their nonstuttering children and between subject parents speaking to their stuttering children at the beginning of therapy and at the end of therapy or most recent session. Results indicated significant differences between the control parents and subject parents before therapy (subject parents being more negative) and between subject parents at the beginning and end of therapy (subject parents became more positive). Thus, both hypotheses were confirmed. Clinical implications are discussed.
Composite films of polyaniline and molybdenum oxide formed by electrocodeposition in aqueous media

Composite films of polyaniline (PANI) and molybdenum oxide (MoOx) were afforded through a convenient route of electrocodeposition from aniline and (NH4)6Mo7O24. The composite films showed characteristic redox behaviors of PANI and MoOx, respectively, on the cyclic voltammograms. Chlorate and bromate were catalytically electroreduced with an enlarged current on the composite film at a potential ca. 0.2 V more positive than that on MoOx. The potential window for the composite film to display pseudocapacitive properties in 1.0 mol·dm−3 NaNO3 was −0.6 ∼ 0.6 V vs SCE. The cathodic potential limit shifted at least 0.4 V negatively from that of polyaniline (PANI)-based materials reported so far. The specific capacitance was 363.6 F·g−1 when the composite film was charged–discharged at 1.5 mA·cm−2, about two times of that of the similarly prepared PANI. The composite film was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Molybdenum existed in a mixed state of +5 and +6 in the composite film based on XRD and XPS investigations.
Cubitus valgus and tardy ulnar nerve palsy due to an intracapsular ulnar nerve

Background We describe a patient with tardy ulnar neuropathy and cubitus valgus deformity found to have an intracapsular ulnar nerve.
The MIP family of integral membrane channel proteins: sequence comparisons, evolutionary relationships, reconstructed pathway of evolution, and proposed functional differentiation of the two repeated halves of the proteins.

The major intrinsic protein (MIP) of the bovine lens fiber cell membrane was the first member of the MIP family of proteins to be sequenced and characterized. It is probably a homotetramer with tra...
Rheology of wood plastics melt, part 3: Nonlinear nature of the flow

The nonlinear rheology of HDPE/maple melt in both shear and extensional flow was studied using a rotational parallel plate rheometer and the hyperbolic die technique, respectively. Nonlinear features were found in oscillatory shear tests at strain levels far below the values for neat polymer melt. The shear stress relaxation tests revealed the time–strain factorizability, and the damping function was found to follow the sigmoidal-type relation. The nonlinear nature of the shear flow was further observed as the shear stress growth function from step rate tests as compared to the prediction based on linear viscoelasticity. Extensional stress growth functions of the filled HDPE was build through the viscosity data based on hyperbolic dies with different Hencky strain. The comparison with prediction based on linear viscoelasticity and the Trouton's law further indicated significant damping owing to the particulate suspension nature of the wood plastics melts. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 46:114–121, 2006. © 2005 Society of Plastics Engineers
Low energy electron diffraction study of the (100) face of silver, gold, and palladium

Abstract The clean (100) surfaces of silver, gold, and palladium were studied as a function of temperature from 25–830 °C. Several surface structures, ordered and disordered, were found which are stable only within well-defined temperature ranges. The ordered surface structures form during annealing after ion bombardment. They are parallel to the substrate surface and are characterized by lattice parameters which are integral multiples of the substrate lattice parameter. The properties of these ordered surface structures can be explained by assuming they are comprised of ordered arrays of vacancies situated in the first atomic plane. The structures are produced as stable intermediates during annealing of the greatly disordered surface. The disordered surface structures are characterized by either ring-like diffraction patterns or the appearance of new diffraction spots. They appear at high temperatures above the stability range of the ordered surface structure. They are stable and can only be removed by ion bombardment. Apparent interatomic distances assigned to the disordered surface structures are always larger or smaller than the nearest-neighbor distance in the substrates. Good correlations have been found between the properties of the surface structures of gold and platinum and of silver and palladium, respectively.
1302 SPECTRUM OF FINDINGS IN PREGNANCIES WITH SUSPECTED FETAL ANOMALIES

Ultrasound imaging can identify congenital anomalies prior to birth, but the sensitivity and specificity of this diagnostic technique in pregnancy are unknown. We have prospectively followed 172 pregnancies referred on the basis of abnormal ultrasound findings to a multidisciplinary program for evaluation and management of fetal anomalies. Our evaluation included repeat ultrasound examinations by sonologists specializing in fetal diagnosis. Our interpretation disagreed with the referring diagnosis in 41 cases (23%); we felt 27 were normal and 14 were abnormal but with a different diagnosis. Ultrasound revealed additional abnormalities in 46 cases (27%). Ninety-five percent of the diagnoses made by the program were confirmed at delivery. However, in 48 cases (28%), additional, unanticipated anomalies affecting either prognosis or therapy were also present. These included abnormalities previously reported as recognizable on ultrasound (i.e., congenital heart defects) and abnormalities unlikely to be seen (i.e., ambiguous genitalia). These results indicate that ultrasound diagnosis of fetal anomalies by experienced sonologists can be highly accurate in a referred population. Because this technique may be insensitive to some associated anomalies, management of abnormal pregnancies requires utilization of all available diagnostic modalities in both prenatal and postnatal periods.
Mechanics of Ventilation with Positive End-Expiratory Pressure

Abstract The effect of graded increments in positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) on arterial oxygen partial pressure (Pa o2 ) and shunt fraction (Q S /Q T ), oxygen delivery, and respiratory mechanics and work required to ventilate 8 critically ill patients is reported. The work required to ventilate the patients increases markedly with the application and progressive increase in the level of PEEP. However, improvement in lung mechanics lowers the net work of ventilating the lungs. At 20 cm H 2 O PEEP, the mean value for the work of ventilation in this group of patients is twice the mean value without PEEP. The increase in work of ventilation with PEEP is critical in the use of PEEP when patients are breathing spontaneously with or without intermittent mandatory ventilation.
Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Tubular Myelin

The lipid and protein components of pulmonary surfactant are synthesized by alveolar type II cells and stored in their secretory granules, the lamellar bodies. Tubular myelin is a highly ordered surfactant structure that is lung specific and produced in the alveolar airspace. Recent work identified Ca2+, surfactant apoproteins A and B, and saturated phospholipids as necessary for tubular myelin structure and function. We have used serial ultrathin sections from fetal rat lungs and reconstructed the three-dimensional structure of tubular myelin. The spheres of tubular myelin we viewed were 2-3 ixm in diameter and were surrounded by up to 20 lamellar bodies, each apparently simultaneously contributing material to the tubules. We measured a long-range symmetry of the tubules, which were folded about a central axis and showed a repeated crossing of invididual tubes from one side to the other of the large structure. The tubes appeared closed on their outer edges and there was a delay in the penetration of tubu...
Effect of nuclear irradiation on the internal friction and dynamic elastic modulus of stress-graphitized pyrolytic carbon

Abstract The effects of room temperature irradiation on the dynamic elastic modulus, E ', and the internal friction, Q −1 , of graphite have been investigated over a range of reactor radiation doses (~10 12 to 10 18 nvt − > 50 keV). Well-ordered graphite formed by stress-annealing pyrolytic carbon at high temperatures was used in the experiments. Tests were conducted at audio frequencies in the temperature range from 100° to 650°K. Modulus values increased with dose at all test temperatures.Irradiation to 1.4 × 10 18 nvt resulted in a modulus increase by a factor of × 8 in the 100°–400°K range. An inverse-annealing peak, present near 500°K at lower doses, became largely masked at higher doses (1.4× 10 18 nvt). Results also indicate that threshold for detection of radiation-induced changes is surprisingly low (10 12 nvt or less).This corresponds to a fractional displacement of ~ 10 -8 atoms/atom.Accompanying changes in the internal friction for various doses are presented and discussed.Results for a Co-60 irradiated specimen are also presented to illustrate that gamma radiation (140 Mrad) produces clearly detectable changes in E '.The overall research indicates that models for radiation damage in graphite may have to be altered to account for the effects.
Samuel Dowse Robbins' account of the origins of speech therapy in America

Abstract At the age of 75, five years before his death in 1968, Samuel Dowse Robbins recorded six hours of autobiographical material for Professor Luther F. Sies. Robbins, a contemporary of the late Robert West, contributed much to the growth of the speech and hearing profession. This article is an account of how speech therapy in the United States developed as reported by Robbins. Coming from a pioneer speech pathologist of Robbins' stature, this account of the origins of speech therapy should be of value to the profession. All the material that follows this introduction is Robbins' except that which is bracketed. The authors have edited the material lightly in order that Robbins' own viewpoint and personality would be retained.
Theory on the fringe patterns in the study of ferroelectric domain walls using electron holography

Abstract The realization of electron holography provides a new powerful tool to probe the subtle and local changes of electric and magnetic fields inside a crystal structure through the phase variation of electron wave function. For a ferroelectric system the interference fringe patterns across a domain wall are very strongly affected by the presence of surface charge compensations. If the compensation is incomplete, residue depolarization field will be present in the direction parallel to the electron beam, which can induce kink-like fringe bending. Earlier reported holographic images of ferroelectric domain walls revealed an asymmetry fringe bending. This behavior is explained through phase shifts induced by both the depolarization field and the strain field.
Preparation and properties of PLZT films from metallo-organic precursors

Abstract Crack free and dense PLZT (8/65/35) films 0.4 to 2.5 μm thick were prepared by spinning a solution of metallo-organic compounds of lead, lanthanium, zirconium and titanium onto sapphire substrates, and firing and annealing the films in air in the range 600 to 850°C. These firing temperatures resulted in films with grain sizes from 0.2 to 1.2 μm. Films fired at 650°C had a dielectric constant of 1800 and a dissipation factor of 2% at 1 kHz, and a spontaneous polarization of 5 μC/cm2. The linear and quadratic electro-optic coefficients were 30 × 10−12 m/V and 50 × 10−18 (m/V)2, respectively.
A chemical basis for the antitumor activity of chloroethylnitrosoureas

Abstract A comparison of the aqueous decomposition products of several haloethylnitrosoureas has led to a suggested mode of decomposition and antitumor effect for these compounds. 1,3-Bis-chloroethyl-1-nitrosourea (BCNU), 1-chloroethyl-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU), 1,3-bis-fluoroethyl-1-nitro-sourea (BFNU) and 1-chloroethyl-1-nitrosourea (CNU) decompose in buffered aqueous solution to yield haloethanol, vinyl halide, dihaloethane and acetaldehyde. Evidence is presented that these products are derived from an intermediate haloethyl carbonium ion. On the other hand, 1-chloroethyl-3,3-dimethyl-1-nitrosourea decomposes slowly in aqueous solution, generates acetaldehyde, but not the other volatile compounds described above, and is not toxic to murine L1210 leukemia cells in vitro . In contrast to the disubstituted nitrosoureas, chloroethylnitrosourea does not generate an organic isocyanate on aqueous decomposition, but is a very active antitumor agent both in vitro and in vitro . These observations support the hypothesis that the antitumor activity of the chloroethylnitrosoureas is due to the facile decomposition of the parent molecule to form a chloroethyl carbonium ion (or diazonium precursor).
Analysis of a quenched lattice-QCD dressed-quark propagator

Quenched lattice-QCD data on the dressed-quark Schwinger function can be correlated with dressed-gluon data via a rainbow gap equation so long as that equation's kernel possesses enhancement at infrared momenta above that exhibited by the gluon alone. The required enhancement can be ascribed to a dressing of the quark-gluon vertex. The solutions of the rainbow gap equation exhibit dynamical chiral symmetry breaking and are consistent with confinement. The gap equation and related, symmetry-preserving ladder Bethe-Salpeter equation yield estimates for chiral and physical pion observables that suggest these quantities are materially underestimated in the quenched theory; $|〈\overline{q}q〉|$ by a factor of 2 and ${f}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}$ by $30%.$
Large-scale structure evolution and sound emission in high-speed jets: real-time visualization with simultaneous acoustic measurements

This investigation presents a unique and elaborate set of experiments relating the generation of noise to the evolution of large-scale turbulence structures within an ideally expanded, Mach 1.28, high-Reynolds-number jet. The results appear to indicate many similarities between the noise generation processes of high-speed low-Reynolds-number and high-speed high-Reynolds-number jets. Similar to the rapid changes observed in theregion of noise generation in low-Reynolds-number jets in previous experimental and computational work, a series of robust flow features formed approximately one convective time scale before noise emission and then rapidly disintegrated shortly before the estimated moment of noise emission. Coincident with the disintegration, a positive image intensity fluctuation formed at the jet centreline in a region that is immediately past the endof the potential core. This indicates mixed fluid had reached the jet core. These results are consistent with the formation of large-scale structures within the shear layer, which entrain ambient air into the jet, and their eventual interaction and disintegration apparently result in noise generation. These results are quite different from the evolution of the jet during prolonged periods that lacked significant sound emission. The observations presented in this work were made through the use of well-established technique that were brought together in an unconventional fashion. The sources of large-amplitude sound waves were estimated in time and three-dimensional space using a novel microphone array/beamforming algorithm while the noise-generation region of the mixing layer was simultaneously visualized on two orthogonal planes (one of which was temporally resolved). The flow images were conditionally sampled based on whether or not a sound wave wascreated within the region of the flow while it was being imaged and a series of images was compiled that was roughly phase-locked onto the moment of sound emission. Another set of images was gathered based on a lack of sound waves reaching the microphone array over several convective time scales. Proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) was then used tocreate a basis for the flow images and this basis was used to reconstruct the evolution of the jet.
Variational dynamic background model for keyword spotting in handwritten documents

We propose a bayesian framework for keyword spotting in handwritten documents. This work is an extension to our previous work where we proposed dynamic background model, DBM for keyword spotting that takes into account the local character level scores and global word level scores to learn a logistic regression classifier to separate keywords from non-keywords. In this work, we add a bayesian layer on top of the DBM called the variational dynamic background model, VDBM. The logistic regression classifier uses the sigmoid function to separate keywords from non-keywords. The sigmoid function being neither convex nor concave, exact inference of VDBM becomes intractable. An expectation maximization step is proposed to do approximate inference. The advantage of VDBM over the DBM is multi-fold. Firstly, being bayesian, it prevents over-fitting of data. Secondly, it provides better modeling of data and an improved prediction of unseen data. VDBM is evaluated on the IAM dataset and the results prove that it outperforms our prior work and other state of the art line based word spotting system.
Retinoblastoma in a Dog

Objectives: To describe and classify a retinal tumor found in a dog that histologically resembles human retinoblastoma and to discuss the molecular mechanisms of retinal oncogenesis. Methods: A dog eye with a retinal tumor was examined histologically. Studies including immunocytochemical analysis for retinal S-antigen and glial fibrillary acidic protein, enzyme histochemical analysis for carbonic anhydrase, and nick-end DNA labeling were used to characterize the tumor. Normal retina from another dog and other tumors from dogs, including 2 ciliary body medulloepitheliomas and a brain medulloepithelioma, were examined as controls. Results: The retinal tumor disclosed characteristics typical of human retinoblastoma, including Flexner-Wintersteiner rosettes. It showed strong immunoreactivity with S-antigen and glial fibrillary acidic protein. Carbonic anhydrase activity also could be shown in the tumor. Apoptosis was found to be the predominant method of cell death as shown by nick-end DNA labeling. In contrast to the other tumors examined, this tumor contained areas with retinal photoreceptor and glial differentiation. Conclusion: The histopathologic findings and differential staining characteristics in this retinal tumor are compatible with retinoblastoma, making this, to our knowledge, the first documented case of spontaneous retinoblastoma in an animal.
Identifying high-level salt marshes using a palynomorphic fingerprint with potential implications for tracking sea level change

Abstract Palynomorph assemblages from South Carolina salt marshes were analyzed from high marsh, low marsh, and salt panne zones. High marsh zones, dominated by Juncus roemerianus , consistently had a distinctive palynomorphic signature, whereas this was not the case for assemblages from low marsh and salt panne zones. The Juncus environment was distinguishable from all others by the following parameters: 1) higher palynomorph diversity (nearly double the taxonomic diversity present in the other types), 2) the presence of a high percentage (over 10% of the palynomorph count) of Fungal Spore Type A, and 3) the presence of Atrotorquata lineata , a fungal species that was found solely in sediments beneath Juncus marshes. Locating the positions of Juncus environments in cores should allow one to trace the rise and fall of sea level over time.
Impact of censoring on sample variances in a bivariate normal model

Suppose a bivariate normal random sample of size n is subjected to Type II censoring on one of the variates so that only a set of p order statistics and their concomitants are observed. For singly and symmetrically censored samples, we obtain close approximations to the distributions of sample variances of the observed order statistics and their concomitants by gamma distributions. We use simulation, method of maximum likelihood and moment matching techniques to express the gamma parameters involved as explicit functions of n and p, and in the case of concomitants, also the correlation coefficient. We examine the goodness-of-fit of these gamma approximations and the accuracy of the associated estimates of the percentiles of the two sample variances.
The effects of isolation on chondrocyte gene expression.

Tissue engineering of articular cartilage usually requires the isolation and culture of chondrocytes. Previous studies have suggested that enzymatic isolation may alter the metabolic activity and growth rate of chondrocytes. This study examined the effects of 4 common isolation protocols on chondrocyte gene expression, morphology, and total cell yield immediately following the digest (t = 0) and after 2 culture periods (24 h and 1 week). Cartilage explants were digested using 1 of 4 protocols: (1) 6-h collagenase digest, (2) 22-h collagenase digest, (3) 45-min trypsin digest followed by a 3-h collagenase digest, or (4) 1.5-h pronase digest followed by a 3-h collagenase digest. Gene expression levels for glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, type I collagen, type II collagen, aggrecan, superficial zone protein, matrix metalloproteinase- 1, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 were measured at t = 0 h, 24 h, and 1 week using quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. In this st...
Effects of a post-partum separation on maternal responsiveness in primiparous and multiparous domestic goats

Abstract This study assessed the effects of a two-hour post-partum separation on the development of maternal behavior in the domestic goat. Results contrasted with previous findings and indicate that goat mothers may display maternal caretaking behavior towards their kids despite an immediate post-partum separation of mother and young. The duration of unsolicited maternal responsiveness varied between individuals; in particular, a marked difference was observed in the responses of experienced and non-experienced goat mothers to the separation. The data suggest that previous reproductive experience may serve to increase the likelihood of activation and maintenance of maternal responsiveness in domestic goats.
Expressed emotion and the treatment of borderline personality disorder

Borderline personality disorder is a severe form of Axis II pathology characterized by disturbed interpersonal relationships. Widely regarded as being very difficult to treat, problematic family interactions are thought to be central to the etiology and maintenance of the disorder. Recently, empirical research has suggested that higher family levels of emotional overinvolvement might be associated with borderline clients doing better clinically and staying out of the hospital. This article describes a family-based approach to the treatment of borderline personality disorder based on the expressed emotion construct. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
My Thymus: Still Here When I Need You the Most

When times are tough, you count on tapping into your reserves to carry you through. But, during acute infection, the thymus—the reservoir for new T cells—actually involutes. Ross et al. investigate the infection-induced contraction of this organ, which is responsible for replenishing the peripheral T cell pool. Their results from mice with targeted genetic deficiencies challenge our current understanding of the mechanism for thymic atrophy and show that the shrunken organ actually still keeps its promise to make new T cells, even during the hard times of infection. Ross et al. tested (and refute) two leading hypotheses to explain thymic contraction. The first was that infection-induced T cell expansion negatively regulates thymic mass. By showing that thymic involution occurs even in mice without peripheral T cells, they eliminated this explanation. Because high doses of steroids can, independently, precipitate thymic involution, endogenous steroids also have been posited to cause thymic cell loss. The authors showed that mice with targeted disruption of steroid metabolism still developed infection-induced thymic involution. Their conclusion: Endogenous stress-steroids are an unlikely cause of thymic involution during infection. Next, by meticulously calculating cell numbers during thymic contraction, Ross et al . found that most thymic T-cell precursor populations did contract, but two key cell types were largely maintained. The cells that enter the thymus to become T cells—early thymic precursors—and the all-important cells that leave the thymus to join the peripheral T cell pool—recent thymic emigrants—were comparatively preserved after infection. So, to its credit, the thymus doesn’t give up when the going gets tough. By careful analysis in a relevant clinical model, Ross et al . revealed that the most critical function of the thymus (T cell generation) is preserved, despite involution, and ruled out two likely causes of involution. This thorough study shows that our friend the thymus remains active, even during hard times. E. A. Ross et al ., Thymic function is maintained during Salmonella -induced atrophy and recovery, J. Immunol . 189 , 4266–4274 (2012). [[Online Journal]][1] [1]: http://www.jimmunol.org/cgi/doi/10.4049/jimmunol.1200070
THE COUNSELOR'S HANDBOOK: A PRACTICAL A?Z GUIDE TO PROFESSIONAL AND CLINICAL PRACTICE.

(2001). THE COUNSELOR'S HANDBOOK: A PRACTICAL A?Z GUIDE TO PROFESSIONAL AND CLINICAL PRACTICE. Issues in Mental Health Nursing: Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 225-227.
How reliable are amphibian population metrics? A response to Kroll et al.

Abstract Kroll et al. [Kroll, A.J., Runge, J.P., MacCracken, J.G., 2009. Unreliable amphibian population metrics may obfuscate more than they reveal. Biological Conservation] criticized our recent advocacy for combining readily attainable metrics of population status to gain insight about relationships between terrestrial plethodontid salamanders and forest succession [Welsh, Jr., H.H., Pope, K.L., Wheeler, C.A., 2008. Using multiple metrics to assess the effects of forest succession on population status: a comparative study of two terrestrial salamanders in the US Pacific Northwest. Biological Conservation 141, 1149–1160]. They argue that each of our metrics has the potential to be biased or flawed and, therefore, any inferences so derived are likely to be uncertain and misleading. One of our main goals was to highlight the value of combining multiple quantitative approaches with logic, knowledge of species’ biology and parsimony when interpreting findings, as a means to counter uncertainty that might occur with any single metric. We applied a sampling design that minimizes the chance of bias in detections and counts, included multiple statistical methods to test relationships, and incorporated past research and species’ biology when interpreting findings. We disagree with Kroll et al. [Kroll, A.J., Runge, J.P., MacCracken, J.G., 2009. Unreliable amphibian population metrics may obfuscate more than they reveal. Biological Conservation] that the potential biases associated with the individual metrics mean that the inferences from the study are too uncertain to be useful by managers. We examined metrics that are more informative than simple site occupancy, including relative abundance, life stage distributions, and body condition, to inform our knowledge of population status. Combining metrics allows us to use readily attainable data to yield deeper insights into population structure and related spatial aspects. We agree on the value of having the most detailed and accurate data possible, but do not believe this standard should limit one to conducting only intensive experimental studies to provide detailed information on vital rates of terrestrial salamanders. The controlled experiment approach is extremely difficult and would be considerably less feasible than using population metrics to assess the status of plethodontid salamanders on forest landscapes at scales relevant to land management in the Pacific Northwest.