cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Primary Care 2.0: A Prospective Evaluation of a Novel Model of Advanced Team Care With Expanded Medical Assistant Support.

PURPOSE Assess effectiveness of Primary Care 2.0: a team-based model that incorporates increased medical assistant (MA) to primary care physician (PCP) ratio, integration of advanced practice clinicians, expanded MA roles, and extended the interprofessional team. METHODS Prospective, quasi-experimental evaluation of staff/clinician team development and wellness survey data, comparing Primary Care 2.0 to conventional clinics within our academic health care system. We surveyed before the model launch and every 6-9 months up to 24 months post implementation. Secondary outcomes (cost, quality metrics, patient satisfaction) were assessed via routinely collected operational data. RESULTS Team development significantly increased in the Primary Care 2.0 clinic, sustained across all 3 post implementation time points (+12.2, +8.5, + 10.1 respectively, vs baseline, on the 100-point Team Development Measure) relative to the comparison clinics. Among wellness domains, only "control of work" approached significant gains (+0.5 on a 5-point Likert scale, P = .05), but was not sustained. Burnout did not have statistically significant relative changes; the Primary Care 2.0 site showed a temporal trend of improvement at 9 and 15 months. Reversal of this trend at 2 years corresponded to contextual changes, specifically, reduced MA to PCP staffing ratio. Adjusted models confirmed an inverse relationship between team development and burnout (P <.0001). Secondary outcomes generally remained stable between intervention and comparison clinics with suggestion of labor cost savings. CONCLUSIONS The Primary Care 2.0 model of enhanced team-based primary care demonstrates team development is a plausible key to protect against burnout, but is not sufficient alone. The results reinforce that transformation to team-based care cannot be a 1-time effort and institutional commitment is integral.
Dynamic Corporate Finance is Useful: A Comment on Welch (2013) ∗

Welch (2013) critiques recent work in dynamic corporate finance. We offer the contrasting view that there is no logical reason to dismiss entire research methodologies, and that many methods can be useful. We explain why dynamic models and structural estimation are useful research tools, as well as why the criticisms of this research paradigm in Welch (2013) are incorrect. Welch (2013) criticizes recent advances in dynamic corporate finance and emphasizes the importance of natural experiments for empirical work. Our primary goal in this paper is to respond to these claims and to demonstrate that they are irrelevant or based on an inaccurate interpretation of the literature. 1 Welch (2013) raises four main issues. First, he claims that dynamic models in corporate finance ignore many important variables that are relevant to the questions that they address. Second, he states that there is a large gap between the models and the tests of the models. Third, he
Comparing the Morphologies and Adsorption Behavior of Electrospun Polystyrene Composite Fibers with 0D Fullerenes, 1D Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes and 2D Graphene Oxides

Abstract Nanoscale adsorbents with unique engineered morphologies give them properties that can be transformative for water treatment. Unlike bulk-scale and top-down sorbents such as activated carbon, bottom-up nanoscale adsorbents dispersed into water are difficult to recover from water unless enmeshed in macro-scale architectures. Electrospinning is a facile and scalable method of immobilizing nanomaterials (NM) including fullerenes (C60), multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and graphene oxide (GO) into non-woven, flexible polymeric fabric architectures. In this study, electrospinning was used to compare three types of NM-polystyrene (PS) composites. The integration of NMs into electrospun fibers created pores, increased fiber diameter, decreased polymer beading and maintained fibers’ surface pore size distribution for all composites. The scanning electron microscopy inspection indicated that GO in electrospun PS coated the surface of the fibers. This was attributed to the 2D sheet like structure of GO that was pushed outside by the evaporating organic solvent during electrospinning. Phenanthrene adsorption experiments indicated that GO preserved adsorptive properties when incorporated into PS whereas MWCNT and C60 did not. The restricted adsorption of MWCNT and C60 was caused by the concealing of NMs within the PS filaments. On the other, partial exposure of GO surfaces enabled adsorption of phenanthrene by GO. Despite the similarities in pore formation and increased diameter when NMs are incorporated into electrospun PS, the type, and morphological properties of the NMs played a critical role on their application potential as an adsorbent for water treatment. Further advances in fiber synthesis are needed such as higher NM loadings in fibers, partial exposure without compromising the composite integrity and continuous pores that allow pollutant access to NM surfaces where adsorption occurs.
Characterization of the metalloproteome of Pseudoalteromonas (BB2-AT2): biogeochemical underpinnings for zinc, manganese, cobalt and nickel cycling in a ubiquitous marine heterotroph.

Pseudoalteromonas (BB2-AT2) is a ubiquitous marine heterotroph, often associated with labile organic carbon sources in the ocean (e.g. phytoplankton blooms and sinking particles). Heterotrophs hydrolyze exported photosynthetic material, a component of the biological carbon pump, with the use of diverse metalloenzymes containing zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co) and nickel (Ni). Studies on the metal requirements and cytosolic utilization of metals for marine heterotrophs are scarce, despite their relevance to global carbon cycling. Here, we characterized the Zn, Mn, Co and Ni metallome of BB2-AT2. We found that the Zn metallome is complex and cytosolic Zn is associated with numerous proteins for transcription (47.2% of the metallome, obtained from singular value decomposition of the metalloproteomic data), translation (33.5%), proteolysis (12.8%) and alkaline phosphatase activity (6.4%). Numerous proteolytic enzymes also appear to be putatively associated with Mn, and to a lesser extent, Co. Putative identification of the Ni-associated proteins, phosphoglucomutase and a protein in the cupin superfamily, provides new insights for Ni utilization in marine heterotrophs. BB2-AT2 relies on numerous transition metals for proteolytic and phosphatase activities, inferring an adaptative potential to metal limitation. Our field observations of increased alkaline phosphatase activity upon addition of Zn in field incubations suggests such metal limitation operates in sinking particulate material collected from sediment traps. Taken together, this study improves our understanding of the Zn, Mn, Co and Ni metallome of marine heterotrophic bacteria and provides novel and mechanistic frameworks for understanding the influence of nutrient limitation on biogeochemical cycling.
18F-FDG-PET Imaging for Post-COVID-19 Brain and Skeletal Muscle Alterations

Scientific evidence concerning the subacute and long-term effects of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is on the rise. It has been established that infection by serious acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a systemic process that involves multiple organs. The complications and long-term consequences of COVID-19 are diverse and patients need a multidisciplinary treatment approach in the acute and post-acute stages of the disease. A significant proportion of COVID-19 patients experience neurological manifestations, some enduring for several months post-recovery. However, brain and skeletal muscle changes resultant from SARS CoV-2 infection remain largely unknown. Here, we provide a brief overview of the current knowledge, and usefulness, of [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18F-FDG-PET/CT) to investigate brain and skeletal muscles changes in Post-COVID-19 patients with persistent symptoms. Furthermore, a brief discussion of future 18F-FDG-PET/CT applications that might advance the current knowledge of the pathogenesis of post-COVID-19 is also provided.
A knowledge directory for identifying experts and areas of expertise

Individuals in organizations often need to access knowledge that is outside their own area of expertise. Doing so requires “know-who” knowledge–knowledge of who knows what inside (or outside) the organization. This paper develops the concept of a knowledge directory, a database that can be searched via query. The knowledge directory returns a list of individuals rank ordered by the mutual affinity between their own areas of expertise and the content of the query. The technology behind the matching of person and query is centering resonance analysis, which develops a knowledge map, representing objects embedded in text as a network graph. We also present a way to analyze a collection of knowledge maps so that clusters of people who have similar expertise may be identified. We apply these techniques to a group of ten university faculty from the areas of industrial engineering, operations management, and supply chain management. Experiments attempting to match queries to specific faculty members are presented and discussed, and clustering techniques are used to show how the faculty aggregate into cliques of similar content and methodological expertise. Extensions of the method are discussed.
Adoptive T cell therapy using rejuvenated antigen-specific T cells from induced pluripotent stem cells (VAC7P.1044)

Current approaches to adoptive T cell therapy for cancer and chronic viral infection are limited by the difficulty of obtaining sufficient numbers of antigen-specific T cells with optimized therapeutic features. We hypothesized that this limitation of adoptive T cell therapy could be overcome by using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) that self-renew, maintain pluripotency, and provide an unlimited source of phenotypically defined, functional, and expandable autologous T cells against targeted antigens for immunotherapy. We established iPSCs from pmel-1 T cell receptor (TCR) transgenic CD8+ T cells specific for the gp100 melanocyte differentiation antigen as a preclinical model of evaluating antitumor reactivity of rejuvenated antigen-specific T cells from iPSCs. Stably TCR retained pmel-1 T cell-derived iPSCs (pmel-1 iPSCs) were then differentiated into CD4+CD8+ double positive (DP) T cells in vitro. Stimulation of pmel-1 iPSC-derived DP T cells with the gp100 antigen generated a large number of CD8+ T cells with high antigen-specific cytokine production and cytolytic activity in vitro. Furthermore, adoptive transfer of pmel-1 iPSC-derived cytotoxic CD8+ T cells significantly delayed tumor progression and improved survival in mice with established subcutaneous B16 melanoma expressing gp100. These findings suggest that rejuvenated antigen-specific T cells from iPSCs may be useful for adoptive T cell therapy.
Widening Integer Arithmetic

Some codes require computations to use fewer bits of precision than are normal for the target machine. For example, Java requires 32-bit arithmetic even on a 64-bit target. To run narrow codes on a wide target machine, we present a widening transformation. Almost every narrow operation can be widened by sign- or zero-extending the operands and using a target-machine instruction at its natural width. But extensions can sometimes be avoided, and our transformation avoids as many as possible. The key idea is knowing what each operation can accept in the high bits of its arguments and what it can guarantee about the high bits of its result. This knowledge is formalized using fill types, which drive the widening transformation.
Cutting Edge: CATERPILLER: A Large Family of Mammalian Genes Containing CARD, Pyrin, Nucleotide-Binding, and Leucine-Rich Repeat Domains

Large mammalian proteins containing a nucleotide-binding domain (NBD) and C-terminal leucine-rich repeats (LRR) similar in structure to plant disease resistance proteins have been suggested as critical in innate immunity. Our interest in CIITA, a NBD/LRR protein, and recent reports linking mutations in two other NBD/LRR proteins to inflammatory disorders have prompted us to perform a search for other members. Twenty-two known and novel NBD/LRR genes are spread across eight human chromosomes, with multigene clusters occurring on 11, 16, and 19. Most of these are telomeric. Their N termini vary, but most have a pyrin domain. The genomic organization demonstrates a high degree of conservation of the NBD- and LRR-encoding exons. Except for CIITA, all the predicted NBD/LRR proteins are likely ATP-binding proteins. Some have broad tissue expression, whereas others are restricted to myeloid cells. The implications of these data on origins, expression, and function of these genes are discussed.
Hand-off using fuzzy logic

The cellular industry is moving towards smaller cell sizes in order to increase channel reuse. One cell structure under consideration is the microcell. It has been articulated, however. That before the microcell can be deployed successfully there are two major issues to be resolved. These are: (i) the need for a fast, but stable hand-off algorithm which can clearly differentiate the boundary between adjacent cells and (ii) the need to find a hand-off algorithm which will respond quickly to the Manhattan Street Corner phenomenon-where the signal strength from the basestation to mobile station drop by over 20 dBs in a few meters after the mobile station turns a corner. The authors present two examples illustrating how fuzzy logic may be applied to resolving these hand-off issues. The first fuzzy hand-off algorithm uses the received signal strength and distance measurements to make a hand-off decision. While, the second uses the past signal history to predict a future value, and hence determine the hand-off initiation point.
Promoter Architecture of the Porphyromonas gingivalis Fimbrillin Gene

Porphyromonas gingivalis fimbriae can mediate adherence to many of the available substrates in the oral cavity. Expression of P. gingivalis fimbriae is regulated at the transcriptional level by environmental signals, such as temperature and hemin concentration. The arrangement of the upstream promoter and regulatory sequences required for transcription and control of the fimbrial structural gene (fimA) was investigated. Primer extension analysis demonstrated that the transcriptional start site of the fimA gene is located 41 bp upstream from the translational start codon. A region (upf) spanning 648 bp upstream of the start codon to 44 bp downstream of the translational start site was cloned upstream of a promoterless lacZ reporter gene. A series of deletion and base substitution mutations were then generated in the upf region. The constructs were introduced into the chromosome of P. gingivalis, and promoter activity measured by assaying levels of β-galactosidase. The results showed that fimA contains sequences resembling ς70 promoter consensus sequences, consisting of a −10 region (TATGAC) located at −18 to −23 and a −35 region (TTGTTG) located at −41 to −46 from the transcriptional start point. The AT-rich upstream sequences spanning bases −48 to −85 and bases −90 to −240 were required for full expression of the fimA gene, indicating the existence of positive regulation regions. Moreover, the −48 to −64 region may constitute an UP element, contributing to promoter activity in P. gingivalis. Thus, our data suggest that the P. gingivalis fimA gene has a transcription complex consisting of −10 and −35 sequences, an UP element, and additional AT-rich upstream regulatory sequences.
Use of a learning network to improve variation in interstage weight gain after the Norwood operation.

Background Growth failure is common in infants with single ventricle. This study evaluated the use of a learning network, the National Pediatric Cardiology Quality Improvement Collaborative (NPC-QIC), to spread optimized nutritional practices and improve infant growth. Methods A previously identified Nutritional Bundle was spread among NPC-QIC sites. Primary outcome interstage weight-for-age z-score change (ΔWAZ) between discharge from stage 1 palliation (S1) and stage 2 surgical palliation (S2). Variation among sites in interstage ΔWAZ was evaluated before (Period 1) and after (Period 2) spread of Nutritional Bundle. We performed an analysis of NPC-QIC registry infants presenting for S2 at sites previously shown to have significant variation in interstage patient growth. Results Four hundred seven infants from 15 sites underwent S2 between 2008 and 2013: 158 in Period 1 (December 2008-December 2010) and 249 in Period 2 (December 2010-April 2013). Median age at S2 was 4.9 months (2.6-12.8) with no difference between periods. There was significant variation in interstage ΔWAZ among sites in Period 1 (P = .01) but not in Period 2 (P = .39). More patients had an interstage ΔWAZ Conclusions Spread of optimal nutritional practices led to decreased variation in interstage growth with most improvement observed at sites with the worst baseline growth outcomes.
The modification of occupational safety behavior

Because human performance is implicated in many of the accidents and injuries that occur in the workplace, behavior modification has much to offer. Using examination and analyses of contingencies of reinforcement and punishment to diagnose current problem situations and plan change, effective behavioral practice also emphasizes validity of safety targets and support from within the organization. Baselines, consisting of repeated measures of targeted performances, serve as a standard against which treatment effects can be judged, and can be incorporated within an overall experimental design. Effectively arranged positive reinforcement, supported by clear antecedents (e.g., goals, instructions and so on) that cue probability that the response will be reinforced, is the preferred method of modification. In cases of unsafe behaviors especially resistant to change, one can combine reinforcement of preferred alternatives with punishment of the offensive act. Effective feedback blends reinforcement, stimulus control and punishment in an optimal mix. Complex skills, or resistant habits can be modified by breaking the safe performance into small parts and heavily reinforcing improvements in the previously incorrect components or by using chaining or shaping. Especially amenable to objective evaluation of its outcomes, due to its objectivity, rigor of measurement and experimental conventions, behavior modification has begun to demonstrate its value as a powerful tool for promoting safety and health in the workplace.
Improving the preparation of school administrators: the National Policy Board's story 1

1. I would like to acknowledge my membership on the study group that was appointed by the National Policy Board for School Administration to draft the document discussed herein. I would also like to acknowledge my colleagues in that endeavour: David Clark, Patrick Forsyth, James Guthrie, Wayne Hoy, Karen Seashore‐Lewis and Cheryl Shakeshaft. My comments in this paper, however, are my own and are not meant to represent the position of either members of the study or the National Policy Board.
Interior meaning: Design of the Bourgeois home in the realist novel

(1994). Interior meaning: Design of the Bourgeois home in the realist novel. History of European Ideas: Vol. 18, No. 5, pp. 821-823.
A Bayesian maximum-likelihood sequence estimation algorithm for a priori unknown channels and symbol timing

It is shown that the optimum demodulator for the case of an a priori unknown channel and symbol timing can be approximated using a modified Viterbi algorithm (VA), in which the branch metrics are obtained from the conditional innovations of a bank of extended Kalman filters (EKFs). Each EKF computes channel and timing estimates conditioned on one of the survivor sequences in the trellis. It is also shown that the minimum-variance channel and timing estimates can be approximated by a sum of conditional EKF estimates, weighted by the VA metrics. Simulated bit error rate (BER) results and averaged-squared channel/timing error trajectories are presented, with estimation errors compared to the Cramer-Rao lower bound. The BER performance of the modified VA is also shown to be superior to that obtained using a decision-directed channel/timing estimation algorithm. >
Formation of a graphite-rich zone in centrifugally cast copper alloy graphite composites

The formation of the graphite-rich zone in centrifugally cast copper alloy containing originally 7 and 13 vol % graphite particles, cast at 800 and 1900 r.p.m. was studied as a function of the rotational speed of the mould and the volume fraction of graphite particles. The calculated recovery of graphite particles in copper alloys was found to be around 99% and 95%, for 7 and 13 vol% graphite particles originally added to the melts, respectively. The ratio of the thickness of graphite-rich zone to the casting thickness was observed to increase with increasing volume fraction of graphite particles and with decreasing rotational speed of the mould. These ratios were found to be between 0.56 and 0.76 for centrifugal casting of copper alloy containing 7 and 13 vol % graphite particles, respectively, cast at 800 r.p.m.; the corresponding ratios were between 0.42 and 0.71, respectively, for the alloys cast at 1900 r.p.m. The ratio of the thickness of the graphite-rich zone to the casting thickness has been discussed in terms of the velocity of the particle and the solid/liquid interface. © 1998 Chapman and Hall
Chondrules and the Protoplanetary Disk

AbstractMajor advances in deciphering the record of nebula processes in chondrites can be attributed to analytical improvements that allow coordinated isotopic and mineralogical studies of components in chondrites and to a wealth of new meteorites from hot and cold deserts. These studies have identified a few rare pristine chondrites that largely escaped heating and alteration in asteroids, which have matrices composed of submicrometer-sized grains of enstatite and forsterite and amorphous silicates, as found in comets. Isotopic analyses of components in pristine chondrites using short-lived nuclide chronometers, Pb-Pb dating, and oxygen isotopes aided by laboratory and theoretical studies of chondrites and differentiated meteorites have provided key constraints on the processes that shaped the early solar system. These processes were once thought to have followed one another sequentially over a period of several million years: chondrule formation; planetesimal accretion; alteration, metamorphism, and mel...
Palynological Investigation of a Core from the Biscay Abyssal Plain

An investigation of Quaternary, Tertiary, Mesozoic, and Paleozoic pollen and spores found in sediments of the Biscay Abyssal Plain provides data leading to the interpretation of the provenance of the lutite in which reworked plant microfossils occur. Owing to the difficulty of distinguish(Ag between Quaternary and reworked Tertiary pollen grains belonging to extant genera, caution is necessary in interpreting the pollen record in terms of Quaternary climatic changes.
The Grammar of Leadership Education

Emphasizing the theory of leadership ("leadership" as noun) does not necessarily teach students the effective practice of leadership ("leadership" as verb). Emphasizing leadership practice to the exclusion of theory is also problematic. Consequently, leadership educators should first determine the objectives of a lecture, course, curriculum, or program, then design pedagogy accordingly. In the process, they should separate, and appropriately emphasize, constructs of "leadership" as noun and verb, keeping in mind the purpose and context of education, and the notion that mastery of one aspect of leadership does not necessarily contribute to mastery of the other. Whetten and Cameron's "managerial skills approach" is an example of a framework that effectively reconciles theory and practice.In time, an interpretive grammar for leadership education may evolve, not as replacement for traditional methods such as the managerial skills, lecture, or case approaches, but as an addition that better reflects the emergi...
A “dock, lock, and latch” Structural Model for a Staphylococcal Adhesin Binding to Fibrinogen

Gram-positive pathogens such as staphylococci contain multiple cell wall-anchored proteins that serve as an interface between the microbe and its environment. Some of these proteins act as adhesins and mediate bacterial attachment to host tissues. SdrG is a cell wall-anchored adhesin from Staphylococcus epidermidis that binds to the Bbeta chain of human fibrinogen (Fg) and is necessary and sufficient for bacterial attachment to Fg-coated biomaterials. Here, we present the crystal structures of the ligand binding region of SdrG as an apoprotein and in complex with a synthetic peptide analogous to its binding site in Fg. Analysis of the crystal structures, along with mutational studies of both the protein and of the peptide, reveals that SdrG binds to its ligand with a dynamic "dock, lock, and latch" mechanism. We propose that this mechanism represents a general mode of ligand binding for structurally related cell wall-anchored proteins of gram-positive bacteria.
Using topical imiquimod for the management of positive in situ margins after melanoma resection.

The treatment of melanoma in situ (MIS) is controversial with current standard of care being surgical excision with clear margins. Alternative topical therapy with imiquimod has been proposed in recent studies as a possible treatment for MIS. This study aimed to evaluate the use of topical 5% imiquimod as an alternative approach for the treatment of residual melanoma in situ after surgical resection of the primary lesion. A retrospective chart review of all patients treated with topical 5% imiquimod for residual MIS following standard resection with 5–10 mm margins at Yale-New Haven Hospital from 2008 through 2013 was performed. The pre- and posttreatment results were confirmed by diagnostic tissue biopsy. Twenty-two patients were included in the study. One of these 22 patients was lost to follow up. Twenty patients (95%) had complete resolution of their residual MIS and 1 patient did not respond to imiquimod (5%). No reports of recurrences were noted at the treatment sites. For patients with residual melanoma in situ after the initial excision, topical 5% imiquimod appears to be a reasonable alternative treatment with good clinical and histopathologic success rates.
The treatment of warts

Abstract Management of warts probably will be changed by genetic engineering; early preclinical and clinical trials indicate that a product obtained in this way will be useful in conferring protective immunity. 1 The characterization and immunopathology of warts have been discussed elsewhere in this monograph. The important consideration is that warts may disappear through immune mechanisms. Both cell-mediated and humoral immunity may be of significance. Warts must be treated in a gentle, nonscarring way, because there is considerable evidence that, by repeatedly irritating the wart, the cell walls of the wart may release antigen into the circulation, thus inducing antibody formation.
Sensitive and Selective Amplified Fluorescence DNA Detection Based on Exonuclease III-Aided Target Recycling

A limitation of many traditional approaches to the detection of specific oligonucleotide sequences, such as molecular beacons, is that each target strand hybridizes with (and thus activates) only a single copy of the relevant probe sequence. This 1:1 hybridization ratio limits the gain of most approaches and thus their sensitivity. Here we demonstrate a nuclease-amplified DNA detection scheme in which exonuclease III is used to "recycle" target molecules, thus leading to greatly improved sensitivity relative to, for example, traditional molecular beacons without any significant restriction in the choice of target sequences. The exonuclease-amplified assay can detect target DNA at concentrations as low as 10 pM when performed at 37 degrees C, which represents a significant improvement over the equivalent molecular beacon alone. Moreover, at 4 degrees C we can obtain a detection limit as low as 20 aM, albeit at the cost of a 24 h incubation period. Finally, our assay can be easily interrogated with the naked eye and is thus amenable to deployment in the developing world, where fluorometric detection is more problematic.
A case study of globalisation processes in the third world: A transnational agenda in Nicaragua

(1997). A case study of globalisation processes in the third world: A transnational agenda in Nicaragua. Global Society: Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 61-91.
Tumorigenicity of Nickel Subsulfide in Strain A/J Mice

ABSTRACTThe pulmonary tumor response of Strain A mice has been reported to be a rapid and efficient predictor of carcinogenic potential for a variety of chemicals. The route of exposure has usually been by intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) of solubilized materials. We compared intratracheal (i.t.) instillation as a more representative route typical of human exposures, with i.p. injection of nickel subsulfide, a potent animal carcinogen. Animals were sacrificed either 20 weeks after the first dosing, or were held until 45 weeks after the first dosing. Urethane, a positive control, produced a significant increase in pulmonary tumor response after it. instillation as well as i.p. injection. For nickel subsulfide treated animals, there was no evidence of a dose-related increase in pulmonary tumor response in any i.p. or i.t. treatment group when compared with age-matched controls.
Role of Cultural Lag in Marriage Decline for Japan's Boom and Bust Cohorts

Marriage rates declined rapidly in Japan during the economic boom of the late 1980s. Existing theories of marriage, derived from an economic perspective, do not adequately explain the case of Japan. Applying Ogburn's cultural lag theory, in this article we argue that Japanese women changed their views of gender roles during the boom and that male–female differences in role expectations might have contributed to marriage decline. Using the subsample data from the Japanese General Social Survey 2005 (n = 809), we analyze gender gaps in views of gender roles and find that the gap is larger for the boom cohort than for the subsequent (bust) cohort. We argue for the inclusion of Ogburn's concepts of cultural lag and adaptation in building a theory of marriage.
Fiber degeneration after lateral hypothalamic lesions in the rat.

Fiber degeneration in the rat following lesions of the lateral hypothalamic area was studied by the method of Nauta and Gygax ('54). Ascending degeneration in the medial forebrain bundle enters the preoptic area and the medial and fimbrial nuclei of the septum. Less dense degeneration is found in the lateral septal nucleus and a few fibers bypass the septum and reach the cingulate cortex. Descending degeneration in the medial forebrain bundle enters the ventral tegmental area of Tsai giving off a few fibers to the mammillary bodies on the way. In the midbrain fibers turn dorsomedially to enter the raphe nuclei and the central gray and dorsolaterally to enter the nucleus mesencephalicus profundus pars lateralis. A small group of fibers leaves the anterior part of the lateral hypothalamus in a dorsomedial direction and passes through the inferior thalamic peduncle and stria medullaris to enter the lateral habenular nucleus. Another bundle leaves the posterior part of lateral hypothalamus in a dorsomedial direction and passes through the posterior midline thalamus to enter the central gray. No degeneration was found in the ventromedial hypothalamus in rats with lateral hypothalamic lesions. Our ability to stain fine degenerating fibers in this region was demonstrated in rats with medial hypothalamic lesions.
The bartender as a mental health service gatekeeper: a role analysis.

Efforts to expand mental health manpower have taken three major directions: (1) increased use of consultation, (2) creating entirely new roles, and (3) offering training to persons engaged in roles or occupations presumably at strategic points of contact between the public and the mental health system. Among such roles are clergy, police, hairdressers, and bartenders. Little effort has been made to analyze systematically this third approach to assess its true utility for mental health service. In this paper the role of the bartender is analyzed along four dimensions: personality component, functional centrality, role distance, and nonperson status. Functional centrality appears as a clear asset. Role distance and nonperson status have mixed value depending on the activity envisioned. These role attributes will be generally incompatible with relationships requiring sustained intimacy but could facilitate initial opening up and revelation of sensitive personal information. The lack of protracted professional socialization poses some risk with respect to obtrusion of personal idiosyncracies.
Behavioral Control in Alcohol Use Disorders: Relationships With Severity

Objective:The current study examined the relationship between severity of alcohol use disorders (AUDs) and the neural circuits that underlie response inhibition and error monitoring. In addition, we explored pre- and post-inhibition trial processes to determine the potential causal mechanisms responsible for disinhibition in AUDs.Method:One hundred sixty-four individuals with a range of drinking from non-treatment-seeking adults with problematic alcohol use to treatment-seeking adults with alcohol dependence completed a Go/NoGo task while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging.Results:Correlations between signal change during response inhibition and a composite measure of AUD severity revealed significant negative relationships in right insula/inferior frontal gyrus, pregenual anterior cingulate cortex, and inferior parietal lobe. Relationships with error monitoring-related response largely overlapped with that of correct inhibitions but also included rostral anterior cingulate cortex and left i...
CHROMOSOME PAIRING AND POLLEN FERTILITY IN INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDS OF SPECIES OF PARTHENIUM (ASTERACEAE)

Meiotic analyses and pollen viability tests were performed on F1 hybrids between diploid guayule (Parthenium argentatum Gray 2n = 36), P. rollinsianum Rzedowski (2n = 36), P. alpinum var. tetraneuris Bariieby (2n = 36), and P. alpinum var. alpinum Nutt. (2n = 36). Parthenium chromosomes are small and karyomorphologically similar, and meiotic analysis is difficult because of chromosome clumping. However, cytogenetic studies at metaphase I indicated univalents can be seen in a lateral view of the metaphase plate. Chromosome pairing and the number of univalents varied within and between the interspecific hybrids, with an average univalent number of 1.54 for the P. rollinsianum hybrids, 2.36 for the P. alpinum var. tetraneuris hybrids, and 2.46 for the P. alpinum var. alpinum hybrids. Pollen viability tests for the parental species and the hybrids were conducted by germination of pollen grains on stigmas. The percent of viable pollen recorded for the diploid guayule hybrids with P. rollinsianum, P. alpinum var. tetraneuris, and P. alpinum var. alpinum are 21.94, 13.47, and 1 1.17, respectively. The degree of chromosome pairing and pollen viability is striking because there are many morphological differences between the parents. The chromosome homology of these species based on their pairing behavior allows for the design of a backcross breeding program that would permit the transfer of the desirable characteristics from these species into diploid guayule.
Space traffic control: a view of the future

Abstract This paper provides an overview of a system for providing reliable, ongoing, timely situational awareness services to satellite operators. Such services would include close approach warnings, warnings of potential radio frequency interference, and other offerings designed to help make operators aware of possible threats to the safe operation of their spacecraft and measures they can take to lessen these threats. The paper discusses current trends, proposes operational requirements, and speculates on the type of organization that may emerge to provide space traffic control services. It highlights how the detailed information required for such services may affect the evolution of the use of space.
Decisions for Others Are More Creative Than Decisions for the Self

Four studies investigate whether decisions for others produce more creative solutions than do decisions for the self and if construal level explains this relation. In Study 1, participants carried out a structured imagination task by drawing an alien for a story that they would write, or alternatively for a story that someone else would write. As expected, drawing an alien for someone else produced a more creative alien. In Studies 2a and 2b, construal level (i.e., psychological distance) was independently manipulated. Participants generated more creative ideas on behalf of distant others than on behalf of either close others or themselves. Finally, in Study 3, a classic insight problem was investigated. Participants deciding for others were more likely to solve the problem; furthermore, this result was mediated by psychological distance. These findings demonstrate that people are more creative for others than for themselves and shed light on differences in self—other decision making.
Drinking-induced alterations in reward pathways: an in vivo autoradiographic analysis

Abstract An in vivo autoradiographic technique permitted the visualization of discrete neuroanatomical changes in opiate receptor binding as a result of 23-h water deprivation and drinking. Two groups of rats ( n = 5) were placed on a 23-h water deprivation schedule for 10 days. On the last day, one group was given access to water for 15 min. These groups, plus a matched ad libitum water control group ( n = 5), received an injection of 0.002 mg/kg [ 3 H]diprenorphine ([ 3 H]Dpr) through chronically implanted jugular catheters followed by preparation for opiate receptor autoradiography. Relative cerebral blood flow was estimated non-quantitatively by the injection of 75 μCi/kg iodo-[ 14 C]antipyrene into 3 additional groups identically treated. Results indicated that water-deprivation stress increased [ 3 H]Dpr binding in the claustrum, lateral hypothalamus, amygdala and ventral tegmental area while decreasing binding in the medial frontal cortex, lateral septum, dorsolateral thalamus and central gray. All effects of water deprivation were reversed in animals receiving water. Observations of changes in relative blood flow were shown to have no correlation with changes in opiate receptor binding. It appears that water deprivation stress causes a reduction in opioid release in areas along the mesotelencephalic dopamine pathway which may contribute to a drive state. Water intake may then reduce or otherwise alter the drive state through the release of opioids along these pathways, contributing to the perception of reward.
Calculations on laser-induced collisional energy transfer

We examine theoretically the behavior of cross sections for laser-induced collisional energy transfer (LICET) over a wide range of detunings and laser intensities for the two-atom pairs Li-Sr and Eu-Sr which have been previously studied experimentally. These two cases are complementary in that the laser and collisional interactions enter in opposite orders, and their level structures are such as to give weak-field line shapes of opposite asymmetry and intensity shift. A three-state model is used and the Bambini-Berman formula for the weak-field quasistatic wing is verified. At high intensities the peak cross section is found to go through a maximum and the LICET profile is found to become symmetric about a shifted center with notable departures from a uniform falloff in the far quasistatic wing, apparently arising from radiative collisional interference effects.
Vasoactive intestinal peptide distribution and colocalization with dopamine-β-hydroxylase in sympathetic chain ganglia of pig

The extent to which vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) occurs in postganglionic cells of the sympathetic chain and whether these cells are noradrenergic, cholinergic, or neither is unknown. We have (1) established the extent of VIP-containing cell bodies and fibers in all levels of the sympathetic chain in pig and (2) determined the coexistence of VIP and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) using immunofluorescence. Weanling pigs were perfusion fixed. Alternate serial frozen sections of cervical, thoracic and lumbar paravertebral ganglia were processed for immunofluorescence with antisera to VIP or DBH. VIP-immunoreactive cells were most evident in thoracic ganglia with a few occurring in stellate and lumbar ganglia. While the cells were distributed throughout individual thoracic ganglia, intensely stained cells consistently occurred just proximal to exiting fiber bundles and sent long processes into these bundles. VIP-immunoreactive fibers occurred in all ganglia. Fiber density varied at each level. Varicose fibers with VIP staining were found to be especially evident from the caudal cervicothoracic ganglion through upper lumbar ganglia, in many cases forming networks of beaded varicosities around principal ganglion cells. Fibers and cells were associated with both interganglionic connectives and rami. A majority of neurons in all ganglia were DBH-immunoreactive but with varying intensities. VIP- and DBH-immunoreactivity coexisted in the same perikarya in some cells in thoracic ganglia, preferentially in cells moderately DBH-immunoreactive. We conclude that VIP-immunoreactive cells are distributed primarily in the thoracic sympathetic chain ganglia and that fibers containing VIP are found at all ganglia levels. Additionally, some VIP-immunoreactive postganglionic neurons in paravertebral ganglia may be noradrenergic.
Familial aggregation of sinonasal polyps correlates with severity of disease.

Objective Investigate familial aggregation of sinonasal polyps (NP) and correlate the severity of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) with a family history of NP. Study design and setting A questionnaire documenting NP, asthma, or aspirin intolerance was completed by 174 CRS patients. Severity of sinus disease was stratified as isolated NP, NP with concomitant asthma, and Samter’s triad (polyps, asthma, and aspirin intolerance). Results Compared to controls, CRS patients had a higher incidence of a family history of NP. Additionally, patients stratified with severe CRS had a higher incidence of relatives with NPs. Conclusions Familial aggregation of NP is demonstrated in CRS patients and correlates with disease severity. EBM rating: B-2b
Non-medical use of prescription drugs and sexual risk behavior in young adults.

article i nfo Available online xxxx In recent years, the non-medical use of prescription drugs (without a doctor's prescription) has increased dramatically, particularly in young adults. Previous work has noted associations between the non-medical use of prescription drugs and the use of illicit drugs, and associations between the use of illicit drugs and sexual risk behavior. Investigations examining associations between the non-medical use of prescription drugs (NMUPD) and sexual risk behavior are sparse. In the present study, undergraduate students (n=435) ages 18-25 completed an instrument assessing these behaviors. Overall, 35.6% of participants reported NMUPD. Individuals who reported NMUPD were more likely to also report the use of alcohol, marijuana, ecstasy, cocaine, methamphetamine, and poppers. Participants who indicated they had used prescription medications without a doctor's consent had significantly higher rates of sexual risk behavior, including more sexual partners and more instances of unprotected sex in the previous 3 months. Results suggest that a significant minority of young adults are using prescription medication recreationally and are risking negative consequences, including the potential for addiction, dangerous interactions between prescription and recreational drugs, and greater risk for contracting sexually transmitted infections.
Investigating microbial transformations of soil organic matter: synthesizing knowledge from disparate fields to guide new experimentation

Abstract. Discerning why some soil organic matter (SOM) leaves soil profiles relatively quickly while other compounds, especially at depth, can be retained for decades to millennia is challenging for a multitude of reasons. Simultaneous with soil-specific advances, multiple other disciplines have enhanced their knowledge bases in ways potentially useful for future investigations of SOM decay. In this article, we highlight observations highly relevant for those investigating SOM decay and retention but often emanating from disparate fields and residing in literature seldom cited in SOM research. We focus on recent work in two key areas. First, we turn to experimental approaches using natural and artificial aquatic environments to investigate patterns of microbially mediated OM transformations as environmental conditions change, and highlight how aquatic microbial responses to environmental change can reveal processes likely important to OM decay and retention in soils. Second, we emphasize the importance of establishing intrinsic patterns of decay kinetics for purified substrates commonly found in soils to develop baseline rates. These decay kinetics – which represent the upper limit of the reaction rates – can then be compared to substrate decay kinetics observed in natural samples, which integrate intrinsic decay reaction rates and edaphic factors essential to the site under study but absent in purified systems. That comparison permits the site-specific factors to be parsed from the fundamental decay kinetics, an important advance in our understanding of SOM decay (and thus persistence) in natural systems. We then suggest ways in which empirical observations from aquatic systems and purified substrate–enzyme reaction kinetics can be used to advance recent theoretical efforts in SOM-focused research. Finally, we suggest how the observations in aquatic and purified substrate–enzyme systems could be used to help unravel the puzzles presented by oft-observed patterns of SOM characteristics with depth, as one example of the many perplexing SOM-related problems.
Resolution and sensitivity of high field nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

The arrival of very high field magnets and cryogenic circuitries, and the development of relaxation-optimized pulse sequences have added powerful tools for increasing sensitivity and resolution in NMR studies of biomacromolecules. The potential of these advances is not fully realized in practice, however, since current experimental protocols do not permit sufficient data sampling for optimal resolution in the indirect dimensions. Here we analyze quantitatively how increasing resolution in indirect dimensions affects the S/N ratio and compare this with currently used sampling routines. Optimal resolution would require sampling up to approximately 3 R (2)(-1), and the S/N reaches a maximum at approximately 1.2 R (2)(-1). Currently used data acquisition protocols rarely sample beyond 0.4 R (2)(-1), and extending evolution times would result in prohibitively long experiments. We show that a general solution to this problem is to use non-uniform sampling, where only a small subset of data points in the indirect sampling space are measured, and possibly different numbers of transients are collected for different evolution times. Coupled with modern methods of spectrum analysis, this strategy delivers substantially improved resolution and/or reduced measuring times compared to uniform sampling, without compromising sensitivity. Higher resolution in the indirect dimensions will facilitate the use of automated assignment programs.