cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Atomistic simulation of hydrocarbon diffusion in silicalite

Abstract Molecular dynamics simulation using a burchart-DREIDING force field has been employed to determine the self-diffusion coefficients of methane, ethane, propane, n-butane, isobutane, benzene, and pyridine in silicalite at 300 K. In the case of the alkanes, Einstein diffusion was observed early in a 500-ps simulation. Values of the diffusion coefficient for the alkanes ranged from about 9 × 10−4 cm2 s−1 for methane to 2 × 10−6 cm2 s−1 for isobutane at a loading of 0.5 molecule per unit cell (mpuc) or 2 molecules per simulation box. For the alkanes, there is good agreement between the results of simulation and experimental values of the self-diffusion coefficient obtained by microscopic techniques such as pulsed-field gradient NMR measurements. In the case of benzene and pyridine, anomalous diffusion was observed for time scales up to 9 ns and apparent diffusion coefficients (range of 10−11 to 10−8 cm2 s−1) calculated form the Einstein relation increased with increased loading (up to 3.75 mpuc) and, as shown for pyridine, with increasing temperature. In the case of benzene where experimental data was available, the apparent diffusion coefficients calculated at high loadings were within an order of magnitude of experimental values. Heats of adsorption were calculated by a canonical Monte Carlo method. For the alkanes (methane, ethane, propane, and n-butane), the magnitude of the heats of adsorption linearly increased with the number of alkane carbons in qualitative and quantitative agreement with experimental data. Heats of adsorption calculated for isobutane and benzene also agreed well with experimental values. No experimental values were available for pyridine for comparison.
Differential regulation of K8 gene expression in immediate-early and delayed-early stages of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus

KSHV-encoded bZip protein, namely K8, is a regulatory protein with multiple functions in immediate-early and delayed-early stages of viral life cycle. Here we report that K8 gene is expressed in both immediate-early and delayed-early phases and the transcription in different phases is controlled by distinct promoters, yielding two transcripts, an immediate-early mRNA of 1.5 kb and a delayed-early mRNA of 1.3 kb. The transcription from the immediate-early promoter is inducible by sodium butyrate or 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), but not responsive to ORF50 (Rta). The delayed-early promoter of K8 shows little response to sodium butyrate and TPA, but can be fully induced by ORF50 (Rta). In the immediate-early promoter, a 20-bp region containing two consensus Sp-1 binding sites was found to be crucial for the basal transcription and sodium butyrate induction of the promoter. In addition, mutagenesis analyses identified three ORF50 (Rta) responsive elements (RREs) in the delayed-early promoter and their roles in ORF50-dependent transactivation were investigated. The differential regulation of K8 gene expression may represent a strategy in that the virus fine-tunes the levels of K8 protein in different stages or for distinct functions. The elucidation of K8 gene expression regulation helps in understanding roles of K8 in viral replication and pathogenicity.
Geriatric Assessment to Improve Risk Stratification in Older Patients Undergoing Coronary Revascularization

Within the next 20 years, nearly one quarter of the population will be aged ≥65 years.1 Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality rise rapidly after age 65, and this group accounts for 60% of myocardial infarction-related deaths.2 The high burden of comorbid conditions and concomitant lower physiological reserve render this group more complex and fundamentally different from its younger counterparts. Article see p 496 The concept of frailty has gained general acceptance in geriatric medicine as an important prognostic indicator for a range of adverse outcomes. According to current views, frailty can be defined as a physiological state of increased vulnerability to stressors that results from decreased physiological reserves. This reduction in reserve capacity results in difficulty maintaining homeostasis in the face of perturbations, including injury, acute illness, and invasive procedures.3 Although a consensus definition and corresponding assessment tool do not exist yet,4 a widely used operational phenotype for frailty includes 5 criteria: exhaustion, weight loss, low physical activity, weak hand grip, and slow gait speed.5 There is emerging interest in understanding the role of frailty as it pertains to acute coronary care in elderly persons. A previous systematic review found that the prevalence of frailty was >50% among patients with severe coronary artery disease or heart failure and that …
Gold nanoparticles: the importance of physiological principles to devise strategies for targeted drug delivery

Nanotechnology and its promise for clinical translation to targeted drug delivery with limited accompanying toxicity provide exciting research opportunities that demand multidisciplinary approaches. To make rapid progress in the design of nano-platforms for drug delivery and toward their use in the clinic, basic and mechanistic studies must first be tested in vitro and then progress to in vivo studies in animal models, incorporating an understanding of body functioning. Recently, gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) have gained much attention as model drug delivery platforms because of their advantageous surface characteristics that allow easy functionalization with chemical and biological molecules and also due to their apparently low toxicity. In this study we review recent in vitro and in vivo research progress with Au NPs as drug delivery platforms and suggest experimental strategies for future studies for efficacious, targeted delivery.
Shh and Gli3 regulate formation of the telencephalic–diencephalic junction and suppress an isthmus-like signaling source in the forebrain

In human holoprosencephaly (HPE), the forebrain does not separate fully into two hemispheres. Further, the border between the telencephalon and diencephalon, the telencephalic/diencephalic junction (TDJ), is often indistinct, and the ventricular system can be blocked at the third ventricle, creating a forebrain ‘holosphere’. Mice deficient in Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) have previously been described to show HPE and associated cyclopia. Here we report that the third ventricle is blocked in Shh null mutants, similar to human HPE, and that characteristic telencephalic and diencephalic signaling centers, the cortical hem and zona limitans intrathalamica (ZLI), are merged, obliterating the TDJ. The resulting forebrain holosphere comprises Foxg1-positive telencephalic- and Foxg1-negative diencephalic territories. Loss of one functional copy of Gli3 in Shh nulls rescues ventricular collapse and substantially restores the TDJ. Characteristic regional gene expression patterns are rescued on the telencephalic side of the TDJ but not in the diencephalon. Further analysis of compound Shh;Gli3 mutants revealed an unexpected type of signaling center deregulation. In Shh;Gli3 mutants, adjacent rings of Fgf8 and Wnt3a expression are induced in the diencephalon at the ZLI, reminiscent of the Fgf8/Wnt1-expressing isthmic organizer. Neither Shh nor Gli3 single mutants show this forebrain double ring of Fgf/Wnt expression; thus both Shh and Gli3 are independently required to suppress it. Adjacent tissue is not respecified to a midbrain/hindbrain fate, but shows overgrowth, consistent with ectopic mitogen expression. Our observations indicate that the separation of the telencephalon and diencephalon depends on interactions between Shh and Gli3, and, moreover, demonstrate that both Shh and Gli3 suppress a potential Fgf/Wnt signaling source in the forebrain. That optional signaling centers are actively repressed in normal development is a striking new insight into the processes of vertebrate brain development.
Operative treatment for spinal deformities in cerebral palsy

The higher the functional impairment, the more likely patients with cerebral palsy (cP) are to develop a scoliotic deformity. This is usually long-sweeping, C-shaped, and progressive in nature, since the causes of the deformity, such as muscular weakness, imbalance, and osteoporosis, persist through adulthood. In contrast to idiopathic scoliosis, not only is the spine deformed, the patient is also sick. This multimorbidity warrants a multidisciplinary approach with close involvement of the caregivers from the beginning. Brace treatment is usually ineffective or intolerable in light of the mostly stiff and severe deformities and the poor nutritional status. The pros and cons of surgical correction need to weighed up when pelvic obliquity, subsequent loss of sitting balance, pressure sores, and pain due to impingement of the rib cage on the ileum become issues. General risks of, for example, pulmonary or urogenital infections, pulmonary failure, the need for a tracheostoma, permanent home ventilation, and death add to the particular surgery-related hazards, such as excessive bleeding, surgical site infections, pseudarthrosis, implant failure, and dural tears with leakage of cerebrospinal fluid. The overall complication rate averages around 25 %. From an orthopedic perspective, stiffness, marked deformities including sagittal profile disturbances and pelvic obliquity, as well as osteoporosis are the main challenges. In nonambulatory patients, long fusions from T2/T3 with forces distributed over all segments, low-profile anchors in areas of poor soft tissue coverage (sublaminar bands, wires), and strong lumbosacropelvic modern screw fixation in combination with meticulous fusion techniques (facetectomies, laminar decortication, use of local autologous bone) and hemostasis can be employed to keep the rate of surgical and implant-related complications at an acceptably low level. Excessive posterior release techniques, osteotomies, or even vertebrectomies in cases of very severe short-angled deformity mostly prevent anterior one- or two-stage releases. Despite improved operative techniques and implants with predictable and satisfactory deformity corrections, the comorbidities and quality-of-life related issues demand a thorough preoperative, multidisciplinary decision-making process that takes ethical and economic aspects into consideration.
On the nature of the "lipovirus".

Experiments designed to elucidate the nature of the "lipovirus" are described. The development of characteristic nuclear lesions in human cells in vitro depended on the presence of an ameboid cell in the inoculum. The spatial separation of the ameboid cells from the human cells by a membrane filter 150 µ in thickness was sufficient to prevent the development of nuclear lesions. Nuclear lesions appeared to be the primary change of the affected human cells. This development of nuclear lesions was partially suppressed by FUDR and the suppression was reversed by thymidine. Time-lapse microcinematography showed that a 30 min intermittent contact between an ameboid cell and a human cell resulted in the retraction of both progenies of the human cell after a lapse of about 36 hr. Other human cells not in contact with the ameboid cell remained polygonal and continued to divide. Radioautography of the ameboid cell revealed the presence in the cytoplasm of thymidine-containing DNAse-sensitive materials. The development of antigens related to the ameboid cell within the cytoplasm of the human cell is described in the accompanying report (4).
Specific heat and thermal conductivity of low-stress amorphous Si–N membranes

Abstract We present values of the specific heat and thermal conductivity from 3–300 K of low-stress amorphous silicon-nitride thin-films determined from measurements using a membrane-based microcalorimeter. The thermal conductivity has a temperature dependence often seen in amorphous solids, but the magnitude is large, with the expected plateau occurring at significantly higher temperatures than seen in other amorphous systems. Specific heat measurements show that the expected ‘peak’ in the vibrational spectrum also occurs at relatively high temperatures. The estimated phonon mean-free-path at 300 K is ≈5 A, comparable to the inter-atomic spacing, as seen in other amorphous solids. Below ≈ 20 K the mean free path is comparable to or exceeds the thickness of the membrane, indicating that surface scattering dominates the thermal transport. This surface scattering is found to be either specular or diffuse, depending on details of the membrane processing, which affects both the thermal conductivity and specific heat below 10 K.
Atomic Layer Deposition Overcoating: Tuning Catalyst Selectivity for Biomass Conversion

The terraces, edges, and facets of nanoparticles are all active sites for heterogeneous catalysis. These different active sites may cause the formation of various products during the catalytic reaction. Here we report that the step sites of Pd nanoparticles (NPs) can be covered precisely by the atomic layer deposition (ALD) method, whereas the terrace sites remain as active component for the hydrogenation of furfural. Increasing the thickness of the ALD-generated overcoats restricts the adsorption of furfural onto the step sites of Pd NPs and increases the selectivity to furan. Furan selectivities and furfural conversions are linearly correlated for samples with or without an overcoating, though the slopes differ. The ALD technique can tune the selectivity of furfural hydrogenation over Pd NPs and has improved our understanding of the reaction mechanism. The above conclusions are further supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculations.
Diagnosis and Monitoring of Hepatic Injury. II. Recommendations for Use of Laboratory Tests in Screening, Diagnosis, and Monitoring

Purpose: To review information on the use of laboratory tests in screening, diagnosis, and monitoring of acute and chronic hepatic injury. Data Sources and Study Selection: A MEDLINE search was performed for key words related to hepatic diseases, including acute hepatitis, chronic hepatitis, alcoholic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and etiologic causes. Abstracts were reviewed, and articles discussing use of laboratory tests selected for review. Additional articles were selected from the references. Guideline Preparation and Review: Drafts of the guidelines were posted on the Internet, presented at the AACC Annual Meeting in 1999, and reviewed by experts. Areas requiring further amplification or literature review were identified for further analysis. Specific recommendations were made based on analysis of published data and evaluated for strength of evidence and clinical impact. Recommendations: Although many specific recommendations are made in the guidelines, only some summary recommendations are listed here. In acute hepatic injury, prothrombin time and, to a lesser extent, total bilirubin are the best indicators of severity of disease. Although ALT is useful for detecting acute and chronic hepatic injury, it is not related to severity of acute hepatic injury and only weakly related to severity of chronic hepatic injury. Specific tests of viral markers should be the initial differential tests in both acute and chronic hepatic injury; when positive, they are also useful for monitoring recovery from hepatitis B and C.
The Educated West Bank Palestinians

Palestinians have traditionally placed a high value on education and taken advantage of opportunities to secure it for themselves and their families. As a result an estimated 10 percent of all Arab university graduates are Palestinians. "In terms of overall ratios, Palestinian university students represent about 11 for each 1000 of the Palestinian population, a figure reached only in Lebanon among the Arab countries."' (The comparable rates are 5.7/1000 in Egypt, 30/1000 in the US and 8/1000 in England.) For Palestinians, education has proven to be a means of survival and insurance against future uncertainties. For those uprooted, displaced and dispossessed, education is a portable, transferable commodity and, as it happens, one of special value to less well-endowed, rapidly developing Arab communities where educated, trained manpower is at a premium and in great demand. This paper is primarily a descriptive profile of one group of Palestinians educated on the West Bank at Bir Zeit College. Its secondary purpose is to relate elements of this profile to aspects of development, education and manpower on the West Bank. To the extent that the following discourse is descriptive and contributes to understanding the heretofore undocumented experience of educated Palestinians on the West Bank, it fills a gap in existing research. Data for this paper come from independent research carried out at Bir
Seeking treatment options: consumers' search behaviors and cognitive activities

As people increasingly search the Internet for health-related topics like treatment options, it is important to understand how they construct their searches, and how they understand the results. In this paper, we report results from an exploratory lab study with 40 cross-sectional participants and follow-up interviews with eleven of them about their use of search engines to find treatment options. While corroborating prior research concerning basic consumer health information search behaviors (e.g., query length and evaluation of results), our findings also extend the current understanding of health information searching by suggesting that the process of seeking treatment options is shaped by consumers' propensity for familiar and confirming information as well as their desire to seek novel information. Furthermore, our findings suggest an under-investigated idea of the importance of a search timeline: that is that a consumer is likely to look for confirming or novel information depending on where they are in a particular timeline during their search. The results indicate that search systems can better support consumers in finding novel information about treatment options, but that it would be best to introduce novel information after satisfying consumers search for general and familiar information.
The osmotic sensitivity of netropsin analogue binding to DNA.

The binding of a netropsin analogue to random sequence DNA, monitored by CD, is seen dependent on the concentration of neutral solutes. The binding free energy decreases linearly with solute osmolal concentration and the magnitude of the effect is insensitive to the chemical identity of the solute fur betaine, sorbitol, and triethylene glycol. These solutes appear to modulate binding through their effect on water activity and changes in the hydration of the drug and DNA in the complex reaction, not through a direct interaction with the reactants or the product. The dependence of binding constant on solute concentration can be interpreted as an additional binding of some 50–60 extra solute excluding water molecules by the complex. A water sensitivity of drug binding is further seen from the dependence of binding constants on the type of anion in solution. Anions in the Hofmeister series strongly affect bulk water free energies and entropies. The differences in netropsin analogue binding to DNA with Cl−, F−, and CIO are consistent with the effect observed with neutral solutes. The ability to measure changes in water binding associated with a specific DNA interaction is a first step toward correlating changes in hydration with the strength and specificity of binding. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Trojan Horse method for direct and resonant reactions

The Trojan Horse method (THM) is a powerful indirect technique that provides information to determine astrophysical factors for binary rearrangement processes x + A → b + B at astrophysically relevant energies by measuring the cross section for the Trojan Horse (TH) reaction a + A → y + b + B in the quasifree kinematics. The theory of the THM both for direct and resonant binary subreactions is presented based on the few-body approach and Green's function formalism. The off-energy-shell effects and initial and final state interactions have been taken into account. To treat the resonance processes we developed the half-off-energy-shell R matrix approach. Examples are presented to demonstrate how THM works.
A new approach to risk: The implications of E3

The fundamental thesis of this paper is that no matter how much physical science and technology are involved in complex systems, no system is ever purely or solely physical or technical. Certainly no system of which we are aware is purely scientific or technical in its operation or management. Furthermore, while research on and the modeling of complex systems usually rely heavily on the consideration of technological variables and processes, they typically fail to consider the contributions of individual psychological, organizational and contextual factors. This paper argues that we need models that avoid committing errors of the third kind, solving the wrong problem precisely. The paper sets out a mechanism for developing models that include contextual as well as technological variables.
Collision-deformed Paleozoic continental margin of Alaska — Foundation for microplate accretion

Construction of a map of basement rocks of Alaska has revealed a complexly deformed, arcuate Paleozoic continental margin that is a northwestern extension of the western margin of North America. Three key areas in Alaska (Nation River, Livengood, and Terra Cotta Mountains) have similar sections of Ordovician to Devonian and locally younger Paleozoic siliceous shale and chert, interfingering with limestone and containing various turbidity-current and slope deposits. Microplates moving north from the Pacific basin have collided with this Paleozoic continental margin and deformed and collapsed the original shale-out facies. A similar south-facing collapsed continental margin of middle and late Paleozoic age can be traced across the western Brooks Range of northern Alaska. We believe that this continental margin in the Brooks Range, although it is mainly younger, may be an extension of the same margin in central Alaska. This continental margin has been offset to the Brooks Range along the Porcupine megashear.
Photonic Crystal Vertical Cavity Lasers With Wavelength-Independent Single-Mode Behavior

We report on two-dimensional photonic crystal designs in vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers that yield single-transverse mode operation over a wide range of wavelengths (780, 850, and 980 nm). These single-mode photonic crystal designs are consistent with predictions of a theoretical model that considers design parameters such as hole diameter, lattice constant, and etching depth. The single-mode lasers demonstrate side mode suppression of > 35 dB and > 1 mW output power using the same photonic crystal pattern.
Introduction to the Special Section: Pediatric Psychologists’ Experiences in Obtaining Reimbursement for the Use of Health and Behavior Codes

(JPP) was developed to provide a venue for practitioners from a range of settings to describe their collective experiences in application of and reimbursement for the H&B codes, to share strategies that have enhanced reimbursement, and consider approaches to advocate for policies to enhance effective use of the H&B codes. This introduction summarizes highlights from commentaries from a broad range of clinical programs that represent a cross-section of pediatric psychology services from various regions of the country, identifies implications, and clarifies next steps in future agenda for practice, advocacy, and research.
GENERALIZED RAY TRACING, CAUSTIC SURFACES, GENERALIZED BENDING, AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF A NOVEL MERIT FUNCTION FOR OPTICAL DESIGN.

Generalized ray tracing is an algorithm for calculating the geometrical parameters of a wave front in the neighborhood of a traced ray. These calculations are applied, surface by surface, for each traced ray, to an optical system being designed. These calculations determine the two points of contact of each traced ray with the two sheets of a caustic surface. The caustic surfaces are, in fact, aberrated three-dimensional images of object points and therefore contain all information on the geometrical aberrations of the subject lens. Generalized bending is a procedure in which the curvature of a pair of adjacent spherical refracting surfaces, their separation, and the distance to the next succeeding or next preceding surface may be changed so that any paraxial ray is left invariant except at the two affected surfaces. In this study we show that the displacement of a caustic point caused by a generalized bending is in essentially a straight line, that the direction of the displacement is determined by which refracting surfaces are selected, and that the magnitude of the displacement is proportional to the logarithm of the bending parameter. This suggests that caustic surfaces can be used as a merit function in the optical design process, that the merit functions can be calculated by means of generalized ray tracing, and that generalized bending provides an effective means of optimizing the design when included in a feedback loop.
Early mobilization of patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a retrospective cohort study

Critical illness is a well-recognized cause of neuromuscular weakness and impaired physical functioning. Physical therapy (PT) has been demonstrated to be safe and effective for critically ill patients. The impact of such an intervention on patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has not been well characterized. We describe the feasibility and impact of active PT on ECMO patients. We performed a retrospective cohort study of 100 consecutive patients receiving ECMO in the medical intensive care unit of a university hospital. Of the 100 patients receiving ECMO, 35 (35%) participated in active PT; 19 as bridge to transplant and 16 as bridge to recovery. Duration of ECMO was 14.3 ± 10.9 days. Patients received 7.2 ± 6.5 PT sessions while on ECMO. During PT sessions, 18 patients (51%) ambulated (median distance 175 feet, range 4 to 2,800) and 9 patients were on vasopressors. Whilst receiving ECMO, 23 patients were liberated from invasive mechanical ventilation. Of the 16 bridge to recovery patients, 14 (88%) survived to discharge; 10 bridge to transplant patients (53%) survived to transplantation, with 9 (90%) surviving to discharge. Of the 23 survivors, 13 (57%) went directly home, 8 (35%) went to acute rehabilitation, and 2 (9%) went to subacute rehabilitation. There were no PT-related complications. Active PT, including ambulation, can be achieved safely and reliably in ECMO patients when an experienced, multidisciplinary team is utilized. More research is needed to define the barriers to PT and the impact on survival and long-term functional, neurocognitive outcomes in this population.
Do they do what they Believe they can? Group Efficacy and Group Effectiveness Across Tasks and Cultures

It is argued that the effects of group efficacy (a group's belief regarding its ability to perform effectively) are complex and moderated by several contingency factors. Findings from two intercult...
Transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis Corn Hybrid Performance Against Univoltine Ecotype European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in South Dakota

The performances of Bt-corn hybrids against univoltine ecotype European corn borer larvae were evaluated in South Dakota from 1997 to 1999. The corn hybrids were exposed to natural seasonal fluctuations of a univoltine ecotype European corn borer population. Larval injury parameters, grain yields, and gross incomes were quantified during the 3-yr study. In general, the Bt-corn hybrids had significantly higher yields than the untreated non-Bt isolines in 1997 and 1998 when corn borer pressures were high. However, most of the Bt-corn hybrids did not produce significant yield advantages in 1999 when the European corn borer pressure was low. Some of the Bt-corn hybrids even produced significantly lower yields than their untreated non-Bt counterparts in 1999. The performances of non-Bt isolines that were treated with permethrin granules at whorl stage were similar to Bt-corn hybrids in 1998 when the corn borer pressure was high and similar to the untreated non-Bt isolines in 1999 when the corn borer pressure was low. Injury-free corn produced by Bt-corn hybrids did not necessarily translate into higher yields in some hybrid groups. Grain moisture at harvest, which can result in moisture penalty or dockage, was significantly higher in most Bt-corn hybrids. Gross incomes of the Bt-corn hybrids were generally higher than the untreated non-Bt isolines when the corn borer infestation was high, but were either similar to or lower than the untreated non-Bt isolines when the corn borer infestation was low.
Missing spectrum-data recovery in cognitive radio networks using piecewise constant Nonnegative Matrix Factorization

In this paper, we propose a missing spectrum data recovery technique for cognitive radio (CR) networks using Nonnegative Matrix Factorization (NMF). It is shown that the spectrum measurements collected from secondary users (SUs) can be factorized as product of a channel gain matrix times an activation matrix. Then, an NMF method with piecewise constant activation coefficients is introduced to analyze the measurements and estimate the missing spectrum data. The proposed optimization problem is solved by a Majorization-Minimization technique. The numerical simulation verifies that the proposed technique is able to accurately estimate the missing spectrum data in the presence of noise and fading.
SUCCESSFUL RADICAL OPERATION FOR ELDERLY INCOMPLETE ENDOCARDIAL CUSHION DEFECT WITH PREOPEATIVE COMPLETE ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK

We report a successful radical open heart operation without any blood transfusion in a 63-year-old male who diagnosed an incomplete endocardial cushion defect (ECD) with complete atrioventricular block (AVB). This case was characterized by that complete AVB was noticed preoperatively. A review of the literature revealed that this tient may be the eldest among those having undergone open heart operation. A fact that complete AVB appears on natural history indicates that complete AVB is an unavoidable postoperative complication for incomplete ECD patient. Therefore we recommed the ready implantation of permanent pacemaker leading on the right ventricular wall at the time of radical operation especially for the elderly patients who need tricuspid valve replacement.
Mobile Phone Use and Human-Wildlife Conflict in Northern Tanzania.

Throughout the developing world, mobile phones are spreading rapidly into rural areas where subsistence livelihoods, biodiversity conservation, and human–wildlife conflict (HWC) are each common. Despite this trend, little is known about the relationship between mobile phones and HWC in conservation landscapes. This paper examines this relationship within ethnically Maasai communities in northern Tanzania on the border of Tarangire National Park. Mixed qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection and analysis are used to (1) describe how Maasai agro-pastoralists use phones to manage human–wildlife interactions; and (2) assess the relationship between phone use and measures of HWC, controlling for other factors. The findings indicate that households use phones to reduce the number and severity of HWC events and that the relationship between phones and HWC varies according to the type of HWC.
Group B Streptococcus in a General Hospital

Eighty-six percent of 707 p-hemolytic streptococci isolated in a general hospital and excluded by presumptive tests from groups A and D were identified serologically as group B. More than 70% of the group B isolates were from urine cultures, the female genital tract, or newborn infants. Types III and II were the most common group B serotypes from most sources. However, types Ia, Ib, and Ic were more commonly isolated from the respiratory tract than from other sites, and type III was responsible for most serious neonatal infections. All group B streptococci were sensitive in vitro to comparable levels of penicillin G, ampicillin, and cephalothin and were highly resistant to kanamycin. Seventy-two percent were resistant to tetracycline but only 1%-2% to erythromycin, clindamycin, and chloramphenicol. Despite consistent sensitivity to penicillin G, the minimal inhibitory concentrations were significantly higher for group B than for group A streptococci.
Investigation of under-reporting of death in newly added disease surveillance points in Jiangsu from 2011 to 2012

Objective To describe the characteristics of under-reporting of death cases in 14 newly added disease surveillance points system(DSP)from 2011 to 2012in Jiangsu.Methods According to average level of mortality,population and economic indicators were proximal,1township/community was selected in 3DSP.Household survey about family member death was conducted to calculate under-reporting rate,and the result was compared with that was reported by DSP.Results Of the total10 231 death cases(5 628 male and 4 603female)survey,181 were determined as under-reporting cases(105male and 76female),the overall under-reporting rate of death was 1.77%.Crude mortality was 7.22‰and corrected mortality was 7.35‰.Under-reporting rate in the 16-59-year age group,northern Jiangsu(P0.001)and died not locally increased obviously(P0.001),proportion of dying from injury and poisoning(P0.001)added significantly by comparing with the routine under-reporting system in DSP.Conclusion The surveillance data showed satisfaction in completeness.While under-reporting still not to be neglected and complete death registration system solidly.Addressing quality control of surveillance system is needed.
Mindful Mates: A Pilot Study of the Relational Effects of Mindfulness‐Based Stress Reduction on Participants and Their Partners

Very little is currently known about how increases in dispositional mindfulness through mindfulness training affect the quality of participants' romantic relationships, and no previous studies have examined how increases in specific facets of mindfulness differentially contribute to relationship health. Additionally, even less is known about how an individual's development of mindfulness skills affects the relationship satisfaction of his or her romantic partner. Thus, the purpose of this pilot study was to examine associations between changes in facets of mindfulness and relationship satisfaction among participants enrolled in a Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) course and their nonenrolled romantic partners. Twenty MBSR participants and their nonenrolled partners (n = 40) completed measures of mindfulness and relationship satisfaction pre- and post-enrolled partners' completion of an MBSR course. RESULTS indicated that enrolled participants significantly improved on all facets of mindfulness and relationship satisfaction, while nonenrolled partners did not significantly increase on any facet of mindfulness or relationship satisfaction. Moreover, enrolled participants' increases in Acting with Awareness were positively associated with increases in their own and their nonenrolled partners' relationship satisfaction, whereas increases in enrolled participants' Nonreactivity were positively associated with increases in their nonenrolled partners' (but not their own) relationship satisfaction. These results suggest that increasing levels of mindfulness (particularly specific aspects of mindfulness) may have positive effects on couples' relationship satisfaction and highlight mindfulness training as a promising tool for education and intervention efforts aimed at promoting relational health.© 2016 Family Process Institute. Language: en
Recurrent Transcortical Motor Aphasia—Another CNS Infectious Syndrome Associated with Herpes Virus Infection

Herpes simplex encephalitis is an acute/subacute illness that causes both general and focal signs of cerebral dysfunction with fever, headache, and confusion as cardinal features. Recurrent herpes simplex meningitis, also known as Mollaret's meningitis, is another manifestation of central nervous system herpetic infection with recurrent episodes of fever, headache, and nuchal rigidity associated with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) evidence of active herpes simplex infection. Bell's palsy is yet another manifestation of a herpes virus infection in at least some reported cases documented by CSF analysis. We report a case of a 70-year-old male who presented with acute transcortical motor aphasia initiating a stroke work-up that was negative. Physical examination revealed genital vesicles, and the CSF was consistent with active herpes simplex infection.
A Guide to Purchasing a Fluorescence Microscope

When purchasing a fluorescence microscope to fulfill the needs of the laboratory, it is imperative that one consider the following factors before making a .final decision: the procedures to be performed; the type of microscope that would best perform these procedures; the interaction of the individual components of the microscope; the total cost of the complete system; and, finally, the actual performance of the system in evaluation of a variety of clinical specimens.
A Novel Treatment Schedule for Rapid Completion of Surgery and Radiation in Early-Stage Breast Cancer

Data support the use of accelerated partial-breast irradiation (APBI) for early-stage breast cancer. We initiated a prospective protocol for intraoperative APBI catheter placement using a multi-lumen strut-based device. We hypothesized that with intraoperative pathology assessment of margins and sentinel nodes, all locoregional treatment (surgery and APBI) could be completed within 10 days with acceptable complication rates and cosmesis. Eligible patients included women age 50 years or older with clinical T1 estrogen receptor positive (ER+) sentinel lymph node (SLN)-negative invasive ductal cancer or pure ductal carcinoma in situ. Patients were prospectively registered. Cosmesis was assessed using photographs graded independently by three investigators for patients with photos taken 6 months or longer after treatment. From October 2012 to August 2015, we enrolled 123 patients; 110 (90 %) underwent intraoperative catheter placement, whereas 13 did not due to intraoperative pathology findings. 109 APBI patients (99 %) completed their prescribed radiotherapy within 5 days, and all their locoregional therapy within 9 days, whereas one patient with a delayed positive SLN received only boost radiotherapy via catheter followed by conventional whole breast radiation. The 30-day complication rate was 6 %. In 81 patients with at least one-year followup, complications occurred in 14 (17 %) (including infection in five patients and symptomatic seroma in five patients) and correlated with device size (p = 0.05) but not with tumor size or location. The local recurrence rate was 1.8 % (two patients). Scored cosmesis was excellent or good in 88 % and fair in 12 % of patients. A protocol for intraoperative strut-based APBI catheter placement using careful patient selection and intraoperative pathology assessment can deliver efficient, effective treatment for early breast cancer.
Political Parties and Electoral Politics

Mexican authorities after 1983 repeatedly invoked bipartidismo, roughly two-party competition, as an undesirable, exotic notion promoted largely by the United States and other hostile forces to eliminate the left and undermine national sovereignty. The historical record — not only in Mexico but in other countries of the region as well — shows that the United States sees no inconsistency in both favouring democratisation and using out-parties to pressure governments. Throughout the Mexican Revolution the United States played one faction off against another, now granting or now withholding recognition, in order to advance its interests. Although this vivid memory coincides nicely with the PRI-government’s project of maintaining hegemonic power, realism suggests that the United States would work through a major opposition party in Mexico. This should be kept in mind when we consider the PRI’s special efforts to prop up the partisan left as a political counterweight to the PAN and the threat from the right.
α-Helical Glycopeptide Analgesics: β-Endorphin Mimics with Good in vivo Potency

Glycopeptide enkephalins [1] show potent analgesic activity in vivo [2], and are capable of penetrating the blood-brain barrier [3]. The opioids themselves represent a broad class of centrally acting ligands that may target the δ, κ, or μ opioid receptors in the brain or the spinal column in order to produce pain relief, or other effects.
TRANSCRIPTION OF THE HISTONE mRNA PRECURSOR DURING THE CELL CYCLE

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a study conducted to analyze transcription of the histone mRNA precursor during the cell cycle. Radiolabeled histone mRNA from mouse myeloma cells was quantitatively isolated by hybridization to plasmid DNA, carrying the histone genes from sea urchin, covalently bound to phosphocellulose. Nonpolyadenylated 9S RNA from the cytoplasm of S-phase mouse myeloma cells bound to the resin, but not cytoplasmic RNA from cells in Gl or G2. The labeled histone RNA found after short pulses (5–30 minutes) with 3H-uridine had very different properties from the cytoplasmic histone mRNA. Synthesis during the cell cycle was monitored by 5 minute pulses with 3H-uridine and by the ability of isolated nuclei to synthesize histone RNA. Transcription of the histone genes was 5–10-fold higher in early S phase, compared to late S, G1, or G2. It was concluded that histone gene transcription yields a large, potentially polycistronic, primary transcript. Transcription of histone genes is activated during early S phase.
Influence of nutritional restriction during late gestation on production measures and passive immunity in beef cattle.

A 2-yr study was conducted to examine the effects of nutritional restriction of beef cows during the last 90 d of gestation on neonatal immunity and production. Cows were fed corn silage, soybean meal diets; dietary treatments consisted of 1) control (CO), 100% of the NRC (1984) requirements for protein and energy, or 2) restricted (RS), 57% of the NRC requirements for energy and protein. All cows received adequate amounts of this diet postpartum. Each year, 26 Angus cows were grouped by age and weight:height ratio (WT:HT) and allotted randomly to treatments. Calves born to dams within each nutritional treatment group were allotted to one of two colostral treatments: 1) colostrum from their dam, or 2) colostrum from a cow from the other nutritional treatment group. Calves from restricted dams had higher cortisol (33.8 vs 26.1 ng/ml) and lower triiodothyronine (T3) (3.82 vs 4.01 ng/ml) concentrations (P less than .05). Maternal nutrition did not affect either colostrum immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentration (43.0 vs 39.5 mg/ml for RS and CO, respectively) or the calves' serum IgG concentration (19.06 vs 20.17 mg/ml IgG at 24 h for RS and CO, respectively). Yet, calves fed colostrum from restricted cows tended to have lower serum IgG concentration (17.2 vs 22.0 mg/ml IgG at 24 h).
Lactoferrin protects gut mucosal integrity during endotoxemia induced by lipopolysaccharide in mice

The hypothesis that lactoferrin protects mice against lethal effects of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the subject of experimental investigations described in this article. Lipopolysaccharide is a powerful toxin produced by gram negative bacteria that when injected into humans or experimental animals reproduce many of the pathophysiologic and immune responses caused by live bacteria. Lactoferrin administered intraperitoneally 1 hr prior to injection of LPS significantly enhanced the survival of mice, reducing LPS-induced mortality from 83.3% to 16.7%. Changes in locomotor and other behavioral activities resulting from LPS injection were not present in mice treated with lactoferrin. Also, histological examination of intestine revealed remarkable resistance to injury produced by LPS if mice were pretreated with lactoferrin. Severe villus atrophy, edema and epithelial vacuolation were observed in LPS-treated animals but not in lactoferrin-treated counterparts. Electrophysiological parameters were used to assess secretory and absorptive functions in the small intestine. In mice treated with LPS, transmural electrical resistance was reduced and absorption of glucose was increased. Lactoferrin treatment had no significant influence on basal electrophysiological correlates of net ion secretion or glucose absorption nor on changes induced by LPS. Collectively, these results suggest that lactoferrin attenuates the lethal effect of LPS and modulates behavioral and histopathological sequela of endotoxemia.
The Influence of Closeness Centrality on Lexical Processing.

The present study examined how the network science measure known as closeness centrality (which measures the average distance between a node and all other nodes in the network) influences lexical processing. In the mental lexicon, a word such as CAN has high closeness centrality, because it is close to many other words in the lexicon. Whereas, a word such as CURE has low closeness centrality because it is far from other words in the lexicon. In an auditory lexical decision task (Experiment 1) participants responded more quickly to words with high closeness centrality. In Experiment 2 an auditory lexical decision task was again used, but with a wider range of stimuli characteristics. Although there was no main effect of closeness centrality in Experiment 2, an interaction between closeness centrality and frequency of occurrence was observed on reaction times. The results are explained in terms of partial activation gradually strengthening over time word-forms that are centrally located in the phonological network.
Normal Developmental Milestones of Toileting

The age at which children should begin toilet training is a question that concerns many parents. Although there is no universally accepted timeline for toileting skills, researchers have suggested general age ranges during which these abilities are likely to emerge. The current chapter discusses normal toileting milestones and when they tend to occur in typically developing children. Necessary developmental precursors, such as physiological and psychological maturity, are described. This chapter also considers factors that influence age at successful toileting, such as gender and cultural differences. Finally, the authors attempt to dispel some of the common misconceptions regarding toilet training. There has been a great deal of media attention surrounding certain trends in toileting practices, and these methods often deviate from those recommended by researchers and clinicians. The elimination communication method in particular has gained popularity in the United States in recent years, and the implications and feasibility of this method are explored.
Hidden Desires: Cinematic Representations of Man/Boy Love

Although queerness has been represented on film, in varying ways, from the advent of the medium to the present day, the subject of man/boy love has only quite rarely been explicitly explored, at least in part because it is believed that the clear majority of potential viewers automatically assume that all such relationships are inherently abusive. This chapter challenges that assumption by exploring groundbreaking representations of gay youth and man/boy love as contained in the feature-length films For a Lost Soldier (dir. Roeland Kerbosch, 1992) and Eban and Charley (dir. James Bolton, 2000). In doing so, it incorporates a queer theoretical perspective in order to begin making sense of a phenomenon that lies dramatically outside the mainstream status quo, as it is communicated in two of the most noteworthy (albeit potentially quite controversial) queer coming-of-age films in the history of world cinema to date.