cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Complex Case: LM and LCX

The patient is a 66-year-old female with a past medical history of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, anemia, obesity, and CAD with CABG in 1999 (LIMA to LAD). She presented with intermittent exertional chest pain. Diagnostic cardiac catheterization demonstrated LM distal 80%, LAD proximal 100% with a patent LIMA/LAD, LCX proximal 80% stenosis, and RCA ostial 50% stenosis. A nuclear stress test demonstrated a small- to medium-sized area of inferior ischemia and LVEF of 67%. She underwent PCI of the LM and LCX lesions using a 3.5 EBU guide catheter. A wire was advanced toward the diagonal branch, and rotational atherectomy with a 1.5 mm burr was performed in the left main. This was followed by wiring of the LCX; however, LCX lesion crossing with a balloon was unsuccessful, and the procedure was aborted due to concerns regarding the risk of local complications (Figs. 11.1 and 11.2 and Videos 11.1 and 11.2). The patient was referred for an additional PCI attempt. A BMW wire was used to cross the lesion facilitated with a Finecross micro-catheter. The micro-catheter did not cross the LCX lesion; however, a floppy Rota wire was advanced alongside the BMW wire successfully. The BMW wire was then removed. Rotational atherectomy using a 1.25 mm burr at a speed of 170–180 k was performed followed by a second run with a 1.5 mm burr. Pre-dilatation was performed with a 2.5 × 12 mm noncompliant balloon, followed by successful PCI of the proximal circumflex with a 3.25 × 12 mm drug-eluting stent, and successful PCI of the LM with 3.5 × 23 mm DES overlapping the LCX stent (Figs. 11.3 and 11.4 and Videos 11.3 and 11.4). Excellent angiographic results with TIMI III flow were noted. IVUS imaging confirmed optimal apposition and expansion of the treated lesion.
Self-Efficacy Among Unmarried Black Mothers and Fathers of Young Children: A Pilot Study

This pilot study investigated whether participation in a psychoeducation intervention focused on co-parenting and fathers’ involvement would be associated with improvements in self-efficacy beliefs in a sample of economically disadvantaged single black mothers and the nonresident fathers of their focal 3-year-old children. Of 19 couples who participated in the study, 9 were assigned randomly to a 12-session group intervention focused on mastery experiences, social modeling, and stress reduction (experimental condition) and 10 were assigned to a one-session informational group (control condition) about the importance of biological fathers’ involvement with their young children. Between–within subjects analyses of variance showed an improvement in perceived self-efficacy for mothers in the experimental group, but not for fathers whose feelings of efficacy decreased regardless of group assignment. The implications of these findings for future evidence-based interventions and research with larger samples are discussed.
Implications of the TIMI Trials.

The TIMI Trials consist of three primary studies plus numerous ancillary observations. TIMI I was the direct reperfusion comparison between streptokinase and TPA. The central observations were: Higher reperfusion rates with TPA; Equivalent frequencies of bleeding complications; No differences in clinical outcome parameters; Only early reperfusion produced LV function improvement. TIMI IIA compared routine post-IV lytic therapy (TPA) immediate PTCA with a delayed interventional approach at 18-48 hours post lysis. The study demonstrated: Equivalent outcome LV function; Equivalent mortality rates; More emergency CABG in the “immediate” group; More hemorrhagic complications in the immediate group. TIMI IIB compared delayed but routine interventional post-lytic care (PTCA) with a more conservative strategy. Additionally patients were secondarily randomized to acute administration of IV beta blocker (metoprolol) or delayed administration of beta blocker, starting on Day 6. The primay results of this investigation include: A very low early (2 week) mortality rate with either strategy (about 5%); preserved low mortality at the one year follow up for both groups; no dif­ference (routine intervention versus conservative strategy) in outcome LV function; no difference in comparative mortality rates; less recurrent ischemia in the routine PTCA group; 13% need for PTCA in the conservative group; no difference in LV function based upon beta blockade assignment but some decrease in mortality in acute beta blockade subgroups.
Barrow Innovation Center Case Series: Early Clinical Experience with Novel Surgical Instrument Used To Prevent Intraoperative Spinal Cord Injuries.

Objective The Barrow Innovation Center comprises an educational program in medical innovation that enables residents to identify problems in patient care and rapidly develop and implement solutions to these problems. Residents involved in this program noted an elevated risk of iatrogenic spinal cord injury during posterior cervical and thoracic procedures. The objective of this study was to describe this complication, and a novel solution was developed through a new innovation training program. Methods A case report demonstrates the risk of iatrogenic spinal cord injury during posterior cervical decompression and fusion. Solutions to this problem were developed at the innovation center via an iterative process of prototype creation, cadaveric testing, and redesign. Patent law students who partnered with the center wrote and filed a provisional patent protecting the novel prototype designs. Results The concept of a protective shield for the spinal cord was developed, and within only 6 weeks the devices were provisionally patented and used in the operating room. This device was named the Myeloshield. Initial clinical experience indicates that the Myeloshield can be used without impeding the flow of surgery and has the potential to prevent iatrogenic spinal cord injury; this experience is presented through 2 case reports demonstrating the use of Myeloshields in the operating room. Conclusions This report demonstrates how programs like the Barrow Innovation Center can provide neurosurgery residents with a unique educational experience in medical device innovation and intellectual property development and can serve as an avenue of surgical quality improvement and problem solving.
Hippocampal connectivity with sensorimotor cortex during volitional finger movements. II. Spatial and temporal selectivity

Abstract Cognitive control refers to brain processes involved in regulating behavior according to internal goals or plans. This study examines whether hippocampal connectivity with sensorimotor cortex during paced movements shows a pattern of spatial and temporal selectivity required for cognitive control. Functional magnetic resonance imaging activity was recorded from thirteen right-handed subjects during a paced, non-mnemonic (repetitive tapping) motor task. Connectivity was examined from psychophysiological interactions in hippocampal activity during two analyses: the first identified motor interactions relative to rest, whereas the second identified differential motor activity between adjacent fingers. Connectivity was observed in both pre- and postcentral gyrus, but only postcentral connectivity was topographical, coincident with finger representations identified in a previous study. Differences in the magnitude of connectivity were observed between finger representations, representing spatial selectivity for the target of movements; the postcentral representation of the moving finger invariably showed greater connectivity than adjacent fingers. Furthermore, the magnitude of connectivity within a pre- or postcentral finger representation was largest when its finger moved, representing temporal selectivity for movement. While the hippocampus is known to be sensitive to spatial and temporal features of the environment, consistent with its role in learning and memory, the pattern of spatial and temporal selectivity of hippocampal connectivity observed in this study occurred during volitional movements in the absence of motor learning or recall. Spatial and temporal selectivity of connectivity during volitional movements meets the criteria for cognitive control adapted from oculomotor studies, suggesting a role for the hippocampus in motor control.
Family Complexity and Kinship

Increases in parental cohabitation, separation or divorce, and re‐partnering or remarriage have generated an increase in the complexity of family and kinship ties. As a result, many scholars claim ...
Faster Transition From Intravenous to Oral Antihypertensives Associated With Improved Outcomes After Aortic Dissection

Background: After stabilization with intravenous (IV) antihypertensives, the impact of speed-of-transition from IV to enteral (PO) medications in the intensive care unit (ICU) is unknown. Objective: To assess ICU length of stay (LOS) based on transition time from IV to PO antihypertensive therapy. Methods: Retrospective study of aortic dissection patients admitted from June 2013 to July 2017 at a tertiary teaching hospital. Patients were grouped based on achieving full transition to PO medications in either ≤72 hours or >72 hours from the first PO dose. Secondary end points included hospital LOS, IV infusion volume, medication cost, and time spent with arterial/central lines. Results: A total of 56 patients transitioned completely from IV to PO therapy in ≤72 hours, and 72 patients required more than 72 hours. Demographics, IV and PO medication choices, and timing of first PO medication administration were similar between groups. ICU LOS was shorter in the group transitioned in ≤72 hours compared with those who took longer to transition (3.6 vs 10.5 days; P < 0.001). Hospital LOS, IV infusion volume, and cost were also significantly lower in the ≤72-hour group (P < 0.001). The rapid transition group also spent less time with arterial lines (44 vs 156 hours, P < 0.001) and central lines (45 vs 242 hours, P < 0.001). Conclusion and Relevance: In this cohort, transitioning to PO antihypertensives in ≤72 hours was associated with shorter ICU LOS and improvement in other measured outcomes. These observational data are the first to describe a potentially critical juncture in postdissection care; a prospective study is warranted.
Desegregation of City Parks and the Civil Rights Movement: The Case of Oak Park in Montgomery, Alabama:

This article analyzes the history of desegregation of city parks in Montgomery, Alabama. The article chronicles the sixteen-year legal battle to desegregate parks in Montgomery and the efforts of c...
Site-Specific Profiling of the Dental Mycobiome Reveals Strong Taxonomic Shifts during Progression of Early-Childhood Caries

ABSTRACT Dental caries is one of the most common diseases worldwide. Bacteria and fungi are both commensals in the oral cavity; however, most research regarding caries has focused on bacterial impacts. The oral fungal mycobiome associated with caries is not well characterized, and its role in disease is unclear. ITS1 amplicon sequencing was used to generate taxonomic profiles from site-specific supragingival plaque samples (n = 82) obtained from 33 children with different caries status. Children were either caries free (CF), caries active with enamel lesions (CAE), or caries active with dentin lesions (CA). Plaque samples were collected from caries-free surfaces (PF) and from enamel (PE) and dentin (PD) lesions. Taxonomic profiles representing the different categorizations (CF-PF, CAE-PF, CAE-PE, CA-PF, CA-PE, and CA-PD) were used to characterize the mycobiome and its change through disease progression. A total of 139 fungal species were identified. Candida albicans was the most abundant species, followed by Candida dubliniensis. We found that severely progressed plaque communities (CA-PD) were significantly different from healthy plaque communities (CF-PF). A total of 32 taxa were differentially abundant across the plaque categories. C. albicans, C. dubliniensis, Nigrospora oryzae, and an unclassified Microdochium sp. were correlated with caries, whereas 12 other taxa were correlated with health. C. dubliniensis increased steadily as caries progressed, suggesting that C. dubliniensis may play an important role in caries pathogenicity. In contrast, four health-associated fungal taxa have the potential to antagonize the cariogen Streptococcus mutans via xylitol production, suggesting a possible fungal mechanism that could contribute to maintenance of dental health. IMPORTANCE Early-childhood caries is one of the most prevalent diseases in children worldwide and, while preventable, remains a global public health concern. Untreated cavities are painful and expensive and can lead to tooth loss and a lower quality of life. Caries are driven by acid production via microbial fermentation of dietary carbohydrates, resulting in enamel erosion. While caries is a well-studied disease, most research has focused on bacterial impacts, even though fungi are commensal organisms living within the plaque biofilm. There is very little known about how fungi impact caries pathogenicity. The elucidation of fungal taxa involved in caries disease progression is necessary for a more holistic view of the human oral microbiome. Data from this study will improve our understanding of how the fungal community changes as disease progresses and provide insight into the complex etiology of dental caries, which is necessary for the development of treatment plans and preventative measures.
Management Analysis: A Mathematical Model for Determining the Staffing Requirements of a Forensic Science Laboratory System

A staffing model was developed for use by the U.S. Army Criminal Investigation Laboratory Command in determining the number of personnel required to staff the 15 technical divisions of its three forensic science laboratories adequately. Regression analysis was used to develop formulas for predicting the number of technical man-hours required to process a predicted evidence work load. Techniques were adopted for estimating the requirements for nontechnical man-hours. A forecasting system was designed to project future work load requirements. The model links these components to predict manpower requirements based upon year-to-year changes in case submissions.
Assets-Based Learning Abroad: First-Generation Latinx College Students Leveraging and Increasing Community Cultural Wealth in Costa Rica

This qualitative study counters deficit narratives about first generation Latinx students by exploring multi ple forms of community cultural wealth (CCW; Yosso, 2005) that 25 students leveraged and increased during service activities and homestays in Costa Rica. Through longitudinal data and with CCW as a conceptual framework, three key themes emerged First, s tudents were able to leverage their linguistic and familial capital to connect quickly and meaningfully with locals. Additionally, students drew upon their linguistic, familial, aspirational, and resistant capital while abroad to deepen their engagement. Finally, student interaction with their forms of CCW appeared to deepen their bicultural identities, strengthen their resistance to injustice, and instill a strong desire to inspire other Latinx students to pursue international education. Implications fo r practice include an integrated approach to recognizing and rewarding students’ CCW related capital in the advising, application and preparation processes. Implications underscore the importance of using strengths based pedagogies in the design of educat ion abroad programs.
A risk score for postoperative nausea and/or vomiting in women undergoing cesarean delivery with intrathecal morphine

Abstract Background Postoperative nausea and/or vomiting affects up to 80% of parturients undergoing cesarean delivery, but there is a lack of obstetric-specific risk-prediction models. We performed this study to identify postoperative nausea/vomiting risk factors in parturients undergoing cesarean delivery, formulate an obstetric-specific prediction model (Duke score), and compare its performance against the Apfel score. Methods A post-hoc analysis of data from two randomized controlled trials studying nausea/vomiting in women undergoing cesarean delivery with intrathecal morphine. Potential risk factors for postoperative nausea/vomiting within 24 h of surgery with univariate associations with P ≤0.20 were considered for inclusion in the multivariable analysis. After identifying the final multivariable model, we derived our Duke score by assigning points to the selected factors. We then tested the association of the Duke and Apfel scores with postoperative nausea and vomiting, and compared the area-under-the-receiver operating characteristic curve. Results Analysis included 260 parturients, of whom 146 (56.2%) experienced postoperative nausea/vomiting. Non-smoking during pregnancy (OR 2.29 [95% CI 1.12 to 4.67], P=0.023), and history of postoperative nausea/vomiting after cesarean delivery and/or morning sickness (2.09 [1.12 to 3.91], P=0.021) were independent predictors of postoperative nausea/vomiting and included in the Duke score. Both Duke and Apfel scores trended linearly with postoperative nausea/vomiting risk (Duke P=0.001; Apfel P=0.049) and had comparable areas-under-the-receiver operating characteristic curve (Duke 0.63 [0.57 to 0.70]; Apfel 0.59 [0.52 to 0.65], P=0.155). Conclusions Both Duke and Apfel scores exhibited similar but poor predictive performance. Until better tools are developed, routine prophylactic anti-emetics appears to be a reasonable approach in this patient population.
Medication Education Pilot Program for Heart Transplant Patients

Purpose As a high volume solid organ transplant center, we implemented a medication education didactic (MED) pilot program as a quality improvement initiative to enhance patient knowledge, increase patient and provider engagement, reduce medication errors, and identify target patient populations for more intense education interventions. Methods After reviewing our current practice of medication education, we initiated a MED program incorporating auditory, visual and kinesthetic teaching materials and enrolled 31 patients. Pharmacist-led educational interventions included a sample discharge medication list, medication flashcards, and a pre and post teaching assessment. Provider interventions included implementation of virtual rounding, coordinated discharge medication handoff between multidisciplinary staff, and creation of patient education videos. Results Our primary outcome analyzed patients’ pre and post education assessment scores, with a mean pretest score of 55.11 + 15.523 and a mean posttest score of 90.46 + 10.167. Post test scores comparing English versus non-native English speakers were 93.32% and 75.94%, respectively. To assess patient and provider engagement, we administered surveys to staff and a cohort of patients. After MED program, 93.33% of patients reported feeling moderately to extremely knowledgeable about their medications. 70% of staff observed a positive change in provider engagement and 90% reported that new virtual rounding has been at least moderately beneficial. Chart reviews for each patient demonstrated no recorded medication errors in their first 30-days post discharge. Conclusion Our study suggests intensive teaching from a dedicated pharmacist greatly increases patient medication knowledge. We identified non-native English-speakers would benefit from more intensive education sessions prior to discharge and are developing additional translated written materials and videos. Our initial data also suggests the MED program to be a highly effective method for improving patient outcomes and quality of care. Further research is ongoing to fully characterize the benefits of MED program implementation. Due to the overwhelming success of this pilot study, MED program initiatives have expanded across our institution's solid organ transplant programs.
Note: Individually Focused Deterrence: A Proposed Incentives-Based Non- Prosecution Strategy for Second Chances and its Constitutional Hurdles

The United States of America is home to just five percent of the world’s population, and yet it holds twenty-five percent of the world’s prisoners. Conservative politicians around the nation tend to capitalize on a fervor of anti-crime sentiments to boost themselves to higher office and position themselves as ‘tough on crime.’ Liberal and libertarian politicians tend to focus the conversation on reducing prison populations through vague promises of criminal justice reform. But new penalties seem to materialize every day as legislators criminalize a wide array of behaviors and prosecutors prioritize enforcement of a greater amount of offenses. Rather than reinforcing the classic provisions of Focused Deterrence which revolves around an intense aim against individual- or group-selected subjects for prosecution, this Note seeks to re-center the discussion on alternative non-prosecution strategies that aim to reintegrate potential and past offenders through incentive-based programs. Further, this Note points to the societal success of other anti-recidivist programs, akin to general probation programs, that buttress the case for Focused Deterrence.
A hierarchical on-line path planning scheme using wavelets

We present an algorithm for solving the shortest (collision-free) path planning problem for an agent (e.g., wheeled vehicle, UAV) operating in a partially known environment. The agent has detailed knowledge of the environment and the obstacles only in the vicinity of its current position. Far away obstacles or the final destination are only partially known and may even change dynamically at each instant of time. We obtain an approximation of the environment at different levels of fidelity using a wavelet approximation scheme. This allows the construction of a directed weighted graph of the obstacle-free space in a computationally efficient manner. In addition, the dimension of the graph can be adapted to the on-board computational resources. By searching this graph we find the desired shortest path to the final destination using Dijkstra's algorithm, provided that such a path exists. Simulations are presented to test the efficiency of the algorithm using non trivial scenarios.
Long-term evaluation of a non-hermetic micropackage technology for MEMS-based, implantable pressure sensors

This paper reports long-term evaluation of a micropackage technology for an implantable MEMS pressure sensor. The all-polymer micropackage survived > 160 days when subjected to accelerated lifetime testing at 85°C in a 1% wt. saline solution. The package exhibited minimum impact on sensitivity and linearity, which deviated by less than 5% and 0.3%, respectively. A 6-month in vivo evaluation of 16 MEMS-based pressure sensors showed that the micropackage exhibits good biocompatibility and provides excellent protection. To the best of our knowledge, these results establish new lifetime records for devices packaged using an all-polymer micropackaging approach.
Why Integrity Still Constitutes the Driving Force Behind Ethical Standards, the Sarbanes Oxley Act and Other Legislation (Key Note Speech)

Whilst the benefits and potentials of the dual roles assumed by external auditors are emphasized, as well as the need to ensure that safeguards operating to guard against a compromise of objectivity and independence are in place, this paper also highlights the fact that even though such dual roles are appropriate in certain cases – as illustrated by justifications for limitations imposed by the Sarbanes Oxley Act and other relevant and applicable legislation – instances also persist where section 201 of Sarbanes-Oxley, with regard to internal audit outsourcing, may have been over-reactionary and may continue to hinder both companies and their auditors.
Overview of Fuel Cell Technology

The fuel cell is an electrochemical device which converts the free-energy change of an electrochemical reaction (AGO) into electrical energy. One may thus write the expression $$\Delta G^ \circ = nFE_r^ \circ$$ (2.1) , where \(E_r^ \circ\) is the reversible potential of the cell. The simplest and most commonly encountered fuel cell reaction is $${\text{H}}_2 + \frac{1} {2}{\text{o}}_2 = {\text{H}}_2 {\text{o}}$$ (2.2) .
Multiple Genetic Alterations in Hamster Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinomas

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas induced in the Syrian golden hamster (SGH) by N -nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine share many similarities with the human disease, including mutations of the K- ras oncogene. In vitro carcinogenesis studies with immortal SGH pancreatic duct cells indicate that neoplastic transformation in this system can occur without mutational inactivation of p53 suppressor gene. In this study we extend the genetic analysis of the in vivo SGH model to increase the number of cases analyzed for the status of K- ras and to determine further the spectrum of alterations involved; we have studied the status of the p53, DCC, and Rb-1 suppressor genes and the status of the mdm2 oncogene, which can involve p53 indirectly. The partial SGH-coding sequence of mdm2 and DCC was determined. K- ras mutation in the second position of codon 12 was present in 17 of 19 (90%) of tumors. Immunohistochemistry and single strand conformation polymorphism analysis showed no evidence of p53 mutation in 21 tumors. RNase protection assays showed overexpression of mdm2 in 5 of 19 (26%) tumors. Semiquantitative reverse transcription-PCR analysis showed a complete or partial loss of DCC expression in 10 of 19 (53%) neoplasms and of Rb-1 (42%) expression in 8 of 19 tumors when compared to matched controls. Deregulation of these genes appears to be significant in SGH pancreatic carcinogenesis as indicated by their frequencies. However, the fact that 6 tumors showed either only a K- ras mutation or the absence of alterations of the 5 genes analyzed indicates that additional as yet unstudied or unknown genes are also involved in SGH pancreatic duct carcinogenesis.
POSTCONCEPTUAL AGE (PCA) AS A BASIS FOR SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE (SBP) NORMS IN LOW BIRTHWEIGHT (LBW) INFANTS

POSTCONCEPTUAL AGE (PCA) AS A BASIS FOR SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE (SBP) NORMS IN LOW BIRTHWEIGHT (LBW) INFANTS
The effect of extremely rapid rotation on stellar activity: The case of gliese 890

We present an analysis of broad-band photometry and of the H-alpha emission line profile of the active, rapidly rotating (P = 0.43 days) single M-dwarf star Gleise 890. Our analysis suggests that the (presumed dark) spots and the bright emission regions are confined to high latitudes on the star. We combine our results with published work on other rapidly rotating single stars which indicate that such activity is generally confined to the polar regions of such stars, and we contrast that to rapidly rotating active components in binary systems where the active regions do not appear to be confined to the polar latitudes. Noting that solar activity is confined to lower latitudes and seems unable to affect polar latitudes, we suggest that extremely rapid rotation may ater the convective turnover time in the equatorial latitudes, and that strong tidal coupling may restore it to normal values in spite of rapid rotation. The evidence suggests that even though radiative power losses due to activity may be comparable in single and binary stars, the driving mechanisms may differ appreciably.
The hand-mouth reflex of Babkin in premature infants.

The hand-mouth reflex of Babkin consisting of head flexion and rotation with opening of the mouth in response to pressure on the palms of both hands was studied in 57 newborn infants. All but eight of these infants were premature, weighing less than 2,500 gm at birth. Only two infants did not respond at any time. One hundred seventy-nine tests were done, with 153 (85.4%) positive. Of the latter, 105 (68%) showed head flexion, 81 (53%) head rotation, and 106 (68.6%) mouth opening. The responses seemed to be more easily obtained in the smaller premature infants, but the intensity was greater in the larger infants. Since there was also some indication that the test is state-dependent, especially in the larger infants, it is proposed that possibly the smaller premature infants have a narrower range of state from sleep to alertness. Thus the smaller infants might be expected to always give some degree of response regardless of state, whereas the large infants would only respond if in a somewhat aroused state, including light sleep. The reflex seems to be very primitive in nature, since it was obtained in one very premature infant of 26 weeks gestation weighing 580 gm as well as in all but two of the other premature infants. No definite correlation of the absence of response or degree of response could be made with lesser degrees of neurological disorders in the newborn period. However, babies who were critically ill or in coma did not respond, or only responded weakly. The hand-mouth reflex of Babkin is still another of several primitive reflexes relating the hand and mouth in a sensory motor relationship. These are discussed.
America's Assembly Line. By David E. Nye. (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2013. Pp. xii, 338. $29.95.)

Much has been written about the invention of the assembly line and its role in American automotive history. To many scholars, it marks the high‐water mark of mass production and the advent of consu...
Response to Review by Marion Gold

Kudos to Ms. Gold for a concise and insightful analysis of my book, Practical Pedagogy for the Jewish Classroom: Classroom Management, Instruction and Curriculum Development. Not only does she provide a much needed historical review of the origins of modern Jewish day school education, but she appropriately notes with disappointment my lack of corroborating contemporary pedagogical scholarship. Ms. Gold writes, "I had an expectation that the author would be revisiting the world of Jewish day school education within the broad context of scholarship and research as well as from his own personal perspective." How ironic that I could not agree with Ms. Gold more! Perhaps it is an apt commentary on the state ofJewish education today that I am not more familiar with this literature. As a rabbi, I am valued by Jewish schools as a "master teacher" of Jewish texts, yet I am woefully ignorant of the fruits of modern educational scholarship. My sole academic background in educational theory and practice consists of the two required education classes that I took while in rabbinical school (on curriculum development and classroom instruction). Indeed, I myself despair of my own lack of greater academic training to better prepare me for a life-long career of teaching the Jewish tradition. But it is precisely because of this gap in my own pedagogic education that I wrote this book. I do not want to believe that my educational successes are merely the result of my own unique personal strengths as an individual-but perhaps this is indeed the case. Although it is obvious that some teachers are better than others, I shy away from claiming any such personal status as a "master teacher." I would prefer to understand my own successes as based on definable and acquirable skills and techniques. I learned how to teach through trial and error, experimenting in the classroom, seeing what worked and what did not. For every effective classroom management technique or successful lesson plan I created, I can sadly share many frustrating anecdotes of classroom failures and frustrated students.
Disseminated intravascular coagulation in the neonatal period

Abstract Disseminated intravascular coagulation in the neonatal period is a secondary process triggered by a primary disease state. It is a disruption in the hemostatic balance of the coagulation and fibrinolytic systems. This results in a contradictory state of hypercoagulability with systemic microthrombi simultaneously occurring with systemic hemorrhage. The clinical manifestations, treatment, and outcome are largely dependent on the primary disease process.
Factors influencing the transport and fate of contaminants in the subsurface

The present status of research on the transport and fate of contaminants in the subsurface will be briefly reviewed. The discussion will center on solution-phase processes; other equally important processes (e.g., transformation reactions, vapor-phase processes, immiscible liquid-phase processes) are discussed in other papers presented in this issue.
Charging and coagulation during flame synthesis of silica

Abstract The effect of charging during flame synthesis of silica particles is investigated. These particles are made by SiCl4 oxidation/hydrolysis in a premixed, CH4O2N2 flat flame. Unipolar and bipolar DC electric fields are created across the flame axis using various combinations of needle and plate electrodes. Needle electrodes create highly focused electric fieldds resulting in the onset of convection (iOnic wind) across the flame. As a result, these electric fields not only charge the newly formed particles, but they also reduce the flame temperature and the particle residence time at high temperatures. However, the field created with this configuration is not stable. Using a plate as one of the electrodes increases the stability of the electrc field. Using a plate/plate electrode configuration suppresses the onsset of the ionic wind, so the effect of field charging on particle growth may be separated from that of convection (ionic wind). A negative electric field creates the most drasctic effect on the characteristics of the product particles. The primary particles size decreases with increasing field strength regardless of polarity or electrode configuration. Repulsion of the charged particles resulted in electrostatic dispersion, slower coagulation and smaller primary particle sizes. Transmission electron micrographs show that the extent of agglomeration is greatly influenced by electrode polarity and configuration during electrically assisted flame synthesis of silica powders.
Airglow variations associated with nonideal ducting of gravity waves in the lower thermosphere region

A numerical full-wave model is used to study the response of the O2 atmospheric airglow to ducted gravity waves in the mesopause region. For an isothermal, quasi-adiabatic, and motionless background atmosphere the calculated phase differences between airglow brightness fluctuations and fluctuations of temperatures derived from the airglow, as given by Krassovsky's ratio, are in good agreement with the predictions of published theory. Significant departures from the predictions of the basic theory are obtained when we consider ducting in the presence of the eddy and molecular diffusion of heat and momentum in a nonisothermal background atmosphere. Wind shears also affect the phase difference between airglow brightness fluctuations and temperatures derived therefrom. Nonisothermal effects and the effects of diffusion and winds are largest for the slower waves we consider. Only the fastest of the ducted waves considered conform to the basic theory, while the airglow signatures associated with slower, more weakly ducted waves may be easily misinterpreted as being due to propagating waves. We conclude that for the short horizontal wavelength waves observed in the airglow, the phase of Krassovsky's ratio may be useful to identify wave ducting only for the shortest period, fastest waves. Therefore identification of ducted waves using Krassovsky's ratio will be difficult even if the required high temporal resolution measurements become available.
A comparative study between the PAM and the laser interferometer in cataracts

We conducted a prospective study on 35 consecutive eyes undergoing cataract extraction to compare the Guyton-Minkowski Potential Acuity Meter (PAM) and the Laser Interferometer (LI) in determining potential visual acuity. The eyes were divided into: group A, which had good visualization of optic disc details, and group B, whose media allowed only disc outline or less to be seen. We found that in group A eyes, both instruments were reliable (with accuracies of 94% for the PAM and 88% for the LI). However, in group B eyes (advanced cataracts), both instruments were unreliable (accuracies of 33% for the PAM and 53% for the LI). Interestingly, in a subgroup of high myopes (axial length >29 mm) with moderate cataracts and poor visual acuties, both instruments were very reliable and helpful in determining how much of the vision loss was due to the cataracts. We therefore strongly recommend potential acuity testing in high myopes with moderate cataracts and poor visual acuity.
The Treatment of Co-Occurring PTSD and Substance Use Disorders Using Trauma-Focused Exposure Therapy.

Co-morbidity between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance use disorders (SUD) is high and there is a need for empirically validated treatments designed to address PTSD among SUD patients. One effective PTSD treatment that may be useful in treating PTSD-SUD is exposure therapy. This paper reviews the relationship between comorbid PTSD and SUD, the basics of exposure therapy for PTSD, and reviews preliminary work assessing the utility, safety, and tolerability of exposure therapy for PTSD-SUD. Although more research is needed, preliminary studies suggest that exposure therapy for PTSD-SUD is safe and tolerable and shows promise as an efficacious treatment.
Response of somatosensory cerebral neurons to stimulation of dorsal and dorsolateral spinal funiculi.

Abstract Cerebral responses were studied after direct stimulation of the dorsal and the dorsolateral funiculi at C4–C5; precautions were taken to prevent stimulus current spread from one funiculus to the next. Observations were made in the forepaw foci of somatosensory area I and area II, and of the postcruciate site. The surface potentials evoked by dorsolateral funicular stimulation were small and usually monophasic, and they were abolished by lesions aimed at the spinocervical tract. They became comparable in size and shape to the response evoked by dorsal funicular stimulation when stimulus current was allowed to spread into the dorsal funiculus. Using shock to the contralateral forepaw as a hunting stimulus, 283 cortical neurons were studied. All responded readily to stimulation of the dorsal funiculus, whereas only 70 could be affected by stimulation of the dorsolateral funiculus. Among these 70 neurons, few responded well to dorsolateral funicular stimulation; consecutive response latencies ranged from 6 to 40 msec for some, and the average response probability was about 0.5. Only 5% of the small-field neurons could be affected by dorsolateral funicular stimulation, whereas 72% of the wide-field neurons were affected. Though a small corticofugal reflex discharge followed each dorsolateral funicular stimulus, no corticospinal neurons were found that could be excited by this input. The possible role of the spinocervical pathway in producing these results is discussed.
Single-layer “domino” diodes via optofluidic lithography for ultra-low Reynolds number applications

Autonomous fluidic components are critical to the advancement of integrated micro/nanofluidic circuitry for lab-on-a-chip applications, such as point-of-care (POC) molecular diagnostics and on-site chemical detection. Previously, a wide range of self-regulating microfluidic components, such as fluidic diodes, have been developed; however, achieving effective functionality at ultra-low Reynolds number (e.g., Re <; 0.05) has remained a significant challenge. To overcome this issue, here we introduce single-layer microfluidic “domino” diodes, which utilize free-standing rotational microstructures - constructed in situ via optofluidic lithography - in order to passively regulate the fluidic resistance based on the flow polarity, thereby enabling flow rectification under ultra-low Re conditions. COMSOL simulation results revealed a theoretical Diodicity (Di) of 31 for a singular domino diode component. Experimental results (for systems with four microstructures) revealed Di's ranging from 13.0±1.9 to 25.4±1.9 corresponding to 0.025 <; Re <; 0.030 and 0.010 <; Re <; 0.015 flow, respectively, which represent the largest Di's reported for Re <; 0.05 fluid flow.
The synthesis of disaccharide-L-asparagine compounds: derivatives of N-(L-aspart-4-oyl)-4-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-β-D-glucopyranosylamine (lactosyl-L-asparagine), 2-acetamido-N-(L-aspart-4-oyl)-2-deoxy-4-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-β-D-glucopyranosylamine (N-acetyllactosaminyl-L-asparagine), and 2-acetamido-N-(L-aspart-4-oyl)-2-deoxy-6-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-β-D-glucopyranosylamine

Abstract Three asparagine derivatives serving as intermediates in the synthesis of glycopeptides have been synthesized. 2,3,6-Tri-O-acetyl-N-[1-benzyl N-(benzyloxy-carbonyl)- L -aspart-4-oyl]-4-O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β- D -galactopyranosyl)-β- D -glucopyranosylamine and the 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β- D -glucopyranosylamine analog were respectively obtained from the fully acetylated lactose and lactosamine (2-amino-2-deoxy-4-O-β- D -galactopyranosyl- D -glucose) via the halides, azide, and amine, followed by condensation with 1-benzyl N-(benzyloxycarbonyl)- L -aspartate. 2-Acetamido-2-deoxy-β- D -glucopyranosyl azide was tritylated at O-6, the product was fully acetylated, the azide was reduced to the amine, and this was condensed with 1-benzyl N-(benzyloxycarbonyl)- L -aspartate; the resulting asparagine derivative was detritylated, and the product was condensed with 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-α- D -galactopyranosyl bromide, to give 2-acetamido-N-[1-benzyl N-(benzyloxy-carbonyl)- L -aspart-4-oyl]-2-deoxy-3,4-di-O-acetyl-6-O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β- D -galactopyranosyl)-β- D -glucopyranosylamine.
Market share, profits and business strategy

Research into the correlation between market share and profitability has led to debate over whether the observed association is direct or spurious. The fundamental question remains whether the pursuit of market share is an appropriate strategy. This paper reports the results of a structural equations model which provides the clearest test to date of the competing viewpoints. The direct association between market share and profitability depends upon restrictive statistical assumptions. When these assumptions are relaxed, the results show that there is no direct association between market share and profitability.
Dynamic buckling of morphoelastic filaments.

The equilibrium shapes of biological structures as diverse as plant tendrils and bacterial filaments can be altered by externally imposed stresses of sufficient duration. We study the simplest model for this morphoelasticity\char22{}a filament whose intrinsic curvatures relax to the local curvatures\char22{}and illustrate its properties in the context of dynamic Euler buckling and writhing. When a thrust or twist is ramped in time the effective elastic properties of the filament depend on the load rate. Slow ramps interrupted by removal of the external forces can leave in equilibrium any of a whole continuum of buckled shapes. Morphoelastic relaxation can also allow a filament to bypass a bifurcation.
Use of Washington Estuaries by Subadult and Adult Green Sturgeon

Green sturgeon, Acipenser medirostris, are the most marine-oriented of North American sturgeons. However, their estuarine/marine distribution and the seasonality of estuarine use are largely unknown. We used acoustic telemetry to document the timing of green sturgeon use of Washington estuaries. In the summers of 2003 and 2004, uniquely coded acoustic transmitters were surgically implanted in green sturgeon captured using commercial gillnets. All sturgeon tagged were greater than 1.2 m total length. They were caught, tagged, and released in both Willapa Bay (n = 49) and Columbia River (n = 11) estuaries. We deployed an array of four fixed- site acoustic receivers in Willapa Bay to detect the estuarine entry and exit of these and any of over 100 additional green sturgeon tagged in other systems during 2003 and 2004. Green sturgeon occurred in Willapa Bay in summer when estuarine water temperatures exceeded coastal water temperatures by at least 2°C. They exhibited rapid and extensive intra- and inter- estuary movements and green sturgeon from all known spawning populations were detected in Willapa Bay. We hypothesize that green sturgeon optimize their growth potential in summer by foraging in the relatively warm, saline waters of Willapa Bay and we caution that altering the quality of estuarine habitats could negatively affect this species throughout its range.
The milk debate goes on and on and on

To the Editor .— The observations by Goldberg et al1 regarding milk’s possible contribution to diabetes and gastrointestinal disturbances merit comment. First, however, it may be useful to recognize what should be common ground for all concerned about children’s health: although milk’s potential risks are investigated, a sensible policy would provide that, in addition to vigorously promoting breastfeeding, we should, at a minimum, encourage all nutritional programs serving children to offer nondairy alternatives for those who request them. With regard to type 1 diabetes, Goldberg et al speculate that perhaps only genetically susceptible children are at risk after …
The Effects of Shape Reconfiguration on Morphing Aircraft in Perching Maneuvers

This paper focuses on a novel morphing aircraft capability called perching: the ability of an aircraft to make a planted landing using primarily aerodynamic forces in lieu of high thrust. Specifically, the modeling of the perching aircraft’s aerodynamics and the problem of computing and optimizing a perching trajectory using this model are presented. The aerodynamic model discussed herein is designed using empirical and analytical methods in both separated and attached flow regimes, including nonlinear and time-varying effects such as flow separation and dynamic stall. This vehicle model is used to optimize the landing trajectory with respect to its spatial boundaries; these include the maximum undershoot — or dip below the landing point — and the required starting distance from the landing site. Optimal solutions of varying thrust-to-weight ratio and center of gravity location are compared. Additionally, perching trajectories that compare stalled versus un-stalled and morphing versus fixed-configuration aircraft are presented in order to demonstrate the effects of relaxed constraints on flight envelope and shape reconfiguration, respectively. The available control for disturbance rejection is distinguished between morphing and fixed-configuration aircraft. These results show that vehicle morphing increases the controllability of the aircraft throughout the maneuver as well as decreases the spatial requirements of the optimal perching trajectory.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
A friction coefficient, series-parallel channel model for transcapillary flux of nonelectrolytes and water

Abstract The local flux-force equations of nonequilibrium thermodynamics in friction coefficient form are integrated for a solvent and a nonelectrolyte solute flowing in a uniform channel between two well-mixed reservoirs. The entrance and exit of the channel are represented by potential energy discontinuities across which equilibrium thermodynamic boundary conditions are satisfied. The resulting global equations yield concentration-dependent filtration, permeability, osmotic reflection, and solvent drag reflection coefficients. Under relatively mild dilute solution assumptions, but not necessarily small volumetric flow, the preceding coefficients approach concentration-independent values, and the osmotic reflection coefficient becomes equal to the solvent drag reflection coefficient (global Onsager reciprocity). The additional assumption of small volumetric flow yields linear solute flux and volumetric flow equations which resemble the Kedem and Katchalsky equations. The linear equations are combined for series-parallel channel arrangements to yield overall equations of similar form and for which global Onsager reciprocity holds.