cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structure and content in eighth‐graders' summary essays

The present study investigates eighth‐graders' summarizations of a scientific article used in their science class. Qualitative differences among students' summaries were found. Generally, the better summaries included significantly more information (in terms of details and key ideas); identified the dominant predicate more completely, and used more different rhetorical structures than did the poorer summaries. The most well‐written essays reflected the text organization of the input essay (i.e., the author's original text). Students appear to be sensitive to the text organization and semantic content of the input essay, and draw upon these structures to construct their summaries. This study also developed and tested a coding scheme which reflected both structure and content of the summaries.
Eleven polymorphic microsatellite loci in Lindera benzoin, Lauraceae

Microsatellite markers were developed for studies of the genetic diversity and population substructure of Lindera benzoin, Lauraceae (spicebush). Nuclear microsatellite sequences were obtained from DNA libraries that were enriched for (CA), (GA), (AAG) and (ATG) repeat motifs. From 69 microsatellite sequences, 20 primer sets were developed. Of these, 11 primer pairs resulted in amplified polymorphic loci. In 29 samples of eastern Pennsylvania spicebush plants, the number of microsatellite alleles ranged from two to 16 per locus with observed heterozygosity values ranging from 0.10 to 0.82.
Effects of steam environment on creep behavior of Nextel™720/alumina ceramic composite at elevated temperature

Abstract The tensile creep behavior of an oxide–oxide continuous fiber ceramic composite (CFCC) was investigated at 1000 and 1100 °C in laboratory air and in steam. The composite consists of a porous alumina matrix reinforced with laminated, woven mullite/alumina (Nextel™720) fibers, has no interface between the fiber and matrix, and relies on the porous matrix for flaw tolerance. The tensile stress–strain behavior was investigated and the tensile properties measured. The influence of the loading rate on tensile stress–strain response and on tensile properties at 1100 and 1200 °C in steam was also explored. A change in loading rate by four orders or magnitude had a profound effect on tensile strength. Tensile creep behavior was examined for creep stresses in the 80–150 MPa range. Primary and secondary creep regimes were observed in creep tests at all temperatures investigated. Creep rates increased with increasing temperature and creep stress. The presence of steam accelerated creep rates and dramatically reduced creep life. The detrimental effects of steam become progressively more pronounced with increasing temperature. At 1000 °C, creep run-out defined as 100 h at creep stress was achieved in all tests. At 1100 °C, creep run-out was achieved in all tests in air and only in the 100 MPa test in steam. The residual strength and modulus of all specimens that achieved run-out were characterized. Composite microstructure, as well as damage and failure mechanisms were investigated.
Using state-level simulations in a political economy model of US trade policy

Most analyses of US congressional votes on trade policy identify political and economic factors, and general economic conditions as significant factors. In this paper we examine whether simulated state-level impacts of trade policy changes obtained from an applied general equilibrium model explain recent US Senate votes on trade bills. We find that simulated gross state product effects are good predictors of recent trade-policy votes. Our model-based measures of trade sensitivity perform slightly better in statistical terms than the more traditional economic measures. For the Senate as a whole, import considerations have a larger impact on senate voting than export considerations.
Significance analysis by minimizing false discovery rate

False discovery rate (FDR) control is widely practiced to correct for multiple comparisons in selecting statistically significant features from genome-wide datasets. In this paper, we present an advanced significance analysis method called miFDR that minimizes FDR when the number of the required significant features is fixed. We compared our approach with other well-known significance analysis approaches such as Significance Analysis of Microarrays [1–3], the Benjamini-Hochberg approach [4] and the Storey approach [5]. The results of using both simulated data sets and public microarray data sets demonstrated that miFDR is more powerful.
Expanding the pleuromutilin class of antibiotics by de novo chemical synthesis

New pleuromutilin-like compounds were synthesized in approximately 11 steps from 3-allylcyclopent-2-enone by a strategy featuring sequential carbonyl addition reactions. Several analogs possessing the C14 tiamulin ester side chain displayed activity in a Mycobacterium tuberculosis mc(2)7000 assay. The results described herein provide a basis for further efforts to expand the structural and stereochemical diversity of the pleuromutilin class of bacterial protein synthesis inhibitors through advances in chemical synthesis.
Evaluating the reach of universal newborn hearing screening in Colorado.

Background Children's language and developmental delays can result from a late diagnosis of hearing loss. To improve population-based prevention efforts to reduce such delays, Colorado's early hearing detection and intervention program examined the determinants of receiving timely newborn hearing screening to better support early identification and treatment of hearing loss. Methods In 2006–2007, data were examined from the state's electronic birth certificate regarding hospital, infant, and maternal characteristics. From January 2002 through December 2004, there were 204,694 hospital births; 98% of newborns were screened for hearing loss. Of those receiving a positive (failed) result, 82% then received outpatient follow-up screening. Results Newborns with normal Apgar scores were ten times more likely than infants with low Apgar scores to receive initial hearing screening; newborns with normal birth weights were four times more likely than newborns with low birth weights to receive initial hearing screening. Outpatient follow-up screening was associated with hospitals' screening performance and mothers' education. One urban safety-net hospital substantially reduced the state's follow-up screening disparities. Conclusions While newborns with low Apgar scores and birth weights are more likely to have a higher risk of hearing loss than infants with normal Apgar scores and birth weights, they are substantially less likely to receive screening to identify it.
Treatment and outcomes for chronic myelomonocytic leukemia compared to myelodysplastic syndromes in older adults

Prior studies have investigated patients' characteristics, treatments, and outcomes for older adults with myelodysplastic syndromes, but most failed to distinguish chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. Recognizing potentially important differences between the diseases, we undertook a population-based comparison of baseline characteristics, treatments, and outcomes between older adults with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia and myelodysplastic syndromes. The patients' data were obtained from Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results registry data from 2001-2005, linked to Medicare claims. Baseline characteristics, treatment (red blood cell transfusions, hematopoietic growth factors, hypomethylating agents, chemotherapy or transplantation), progression to acute myeloid leukemia, and overall survival were compared using bivariate techniques. Multivariate logistic regression estimated differences in treatments received. Cox proportional hazard models estimated the effects of chronic myelomonocytic leukemia relative to myelodysplastic syndromes on progression-free survival. A larger proportion of patients with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (n=792), compared to patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (n=7,385), failed to receive any treatment (25% versus 15%; P <0.0001), or only received red blood cell transfusions (19.8% versus 16.7%; P =0.037). A larger percentage of patients with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia progressed to acute myeloid leukemia (42.6% versus 15.5%, respectively; P <0.0001), with shorter time to progression. Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia patients had a shorter median survival (13.3 versus 23.3 months; P <0.0001) and lower 3-year survival rate (19% versus 36%; P <0.0001). Adjusted estimates, controlling for baseline characteristics and selected treatments, indicate that chronic myelomonocytic leukemia was associated with an increased risk of progression to acute myeloid leukemia or death (HR 2.22; P <0.0001), compared to myelodysplastic syndromes. In conclusion, chronic myelomonocytic leukemia is less frequently treated in older adults and is associated with worse outcomes, even after controlling for the patients' baseline characteristics and selected treatments. Our data suggest the need for continued evaluation of the biological differences between these diseases and clinical trials targeting chronic myelomonocytic leukemia.
Restricting activation-induced cytidine deaminase tumorigenic activity in B lymphocytes.

DNA breaks play an essential role in germinal centre B cells as intermediates to immunoglobulin class switching, a recombination process initiated by activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID). Immunoglobulin gene hypermutation is likewise catalysed by AID but is believed to occur via single-strand DNA breaks. When improperly repaired, AID-mediated lesions can promote chromosomal translocations (CTs) that juxtapose the immunoglobulin loci to heterologous genomic sites, including oncogenes. Two of the most studied translocations are the t(8;14) and T(12;15), which deregulate cMyc in human Burkitt’s lymphomas and mouse plasmacytomas, respectively. While a complete understanding of the aetiology of such translocations is lacking, recent studies using diverse mouse models have shed light on two important issues: (1) the extent to which non-specific or AID-mediated DNA lesions promote CTs, and (2) the safeguard mechanisms that B cells employ to prevent AID tumorigenic activity. Here we review these advances and discuss the usage of pristane-induced mouse plasmacytomas as a tool to investigate the origin of Igh–cMyc translocations and B-cell tumorigenesis.
The relationship between negative affect and paranormal belief

Abstract Two experiments investigated the hypothesis that there is a relationship between negative affect and reported level of paranormal belief. In Experiment 1, participants completed Watson, Clark, and Tellegan’s [Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegan A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative effect: the PANAS Scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063–1070.] Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS) as well as Tobacyk’s [Tobacyk, J. (1988). A Revised Paranormal Belief Scale. Unpublished manuscript. Louisiana Tech University.] revised Paranormal Belief Scale (PBS). Both questionnaires were printed on red, white, or blue paper. Participants that completed the questionnaires on blue paper showed greater negative affect as well as greater paranormal belief. In Experiment 2, participants that completed the PANAS immediately following completion of the PBS demonstrated a higher level of negative affect compared to participants that completed only the PANAS, or that completed the Locus of Control Scale prior to the PANAS. Both experiments are consistent with the hypothesis that negative affect is positively correlated with level of paranormal belief.
Electrostatic charge generation during impeller mixing of used transformer oil

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of varying conductivity and turbulent impeller mixing intensity on charge generation of used Shell Diala ® transformer oil. The oil was mechanically agitated by a pitched six-bladed impeller in a 1.5 quart fully baffled cylindrical vessel at impeller Reynolds numbers between 5 000 and 10 000. The electrical current generated from the mixing operation was measured on the wall of the mixing tank and also in the internal vapor space on a 1 cm 2 target disk positioned approximately 1.5″ above the free liquid surface. Fluid electrical conductivity was varied using different concentrations of two types of commercially available antistatic additives (Shell ASA-3 and DuPont Stadis 450). A generalized dimensional analysis performed by using the Buckingham Pi theorem showed that a dependent dimensionless group, π 1 , which contains the measured wall current and other fluid dynamic and electrical variables was found to be dependent on six independent groups. Four of these groups were related to modified Reynolds numbers based on impeller diameter and width, and tank diameter and fluid depth or tank height. The two remaining independent groups were related to the mass transfer Schmidt number and the impeller rotational speed. The mean particle diameter from a Malvern ZetaSizer and π 1 were plotted versus fluid conductivity to investigate the functional dependence of these parameters. The dimensionless group π 1 was also plotted for different impeller Reynolds numbers. These different plots show results that appear to illustrate inverse dependencies. The current versus conductivity data for different impeller Reynolds numbers also show similar behavior to published data for both laminar and turbulent flow through capillaries (i.e., current first increases with increasing conductivity, hits a maximum and then decreases with further increases in conductivity). This apparently demonstrates that a single charge transport mechanism is responsible for the behavior in two different charge-generation situations for different geometrical conditions.
Hardware design issues for a mobile unit for next generation CDMA systems

This paper addresses hardware design issues of a mobile receiver for future generation direct sequence CDMA wireless communication systems. In the design of a mobile unit, fixed-point hardware is an attractive alternative because of increased speed, reduced power consumption, and reduced hardware cost. In this paper, we focus on the fixed-point implementation of 'blind' algorithms, wordlength requirements, and the operation count required for implementation of such algorithms, wordlength requirements, and the operation count required for implementation of such algorithms are evaluated. Our results show that the blind maximum likelihood channel estimation along with the blind MMSE detection algorithm can achieve approximately five times improvement in performance over the conventional correlator based receivers. These newer algorithms require slightly higher worklength but similar computational complexity.
Clinical Dilemma of Positive Histologic Chorioamnionitis in Term Newborn

Background: Although histologic chorioamnionitis (HCA) is known to be associated with poor outcomes in preterm infants, its clinical significance among term infants is not clearly known.Objectives: To investigate the utility of HCA in determining early onset clinical sepsis (EOCS) among term newborns.Methods: The incidence of HCA and EOCS in term infants born during 2008-2009 was evaluated in a single-center retrospective study (n = 3417). The predictive value of HCA for determining EOCS in term infants admitted to the NICU for suspected sepsis (n = 388) was quantified. Outcome of otherwise healthy term infants in the nursery with HCA was also investigated.Results: Overall, 11% of term infants with HCA also had EOCS. HCA was associated with increased risk for EOCS (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.6-4.2, p Conclusions: Although HCA in term infants is associated with EOCS, it didn’t improve the ability of C-reactive protein and immature to total neutrophil ratio to predict EOCS. Routine placental examination may not contribute to the diagnosis of EOCS in term infants.
248 DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES IN FATTY ACID OXIDATION IN NEWBOEN GUINEA PIG HEART

School of Medicine. Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia. Fatty acids (FA) are important substrates for the myocardium and liver in adult mammals. Developmental changes have been demonstrated in FA oxidation in newborn rat and guinea pig liver. The purpose of this study was to determine if similar changes occur in guinea pig heart. In vitro rates of FA oxidation were determined using homogenates of heart from near term fetuses delivered by C-section, from newborn pups, and adult guinea pigs. Rates of 14 CO2 production from [1-14C] palmitate (.75mM) at 35°C over 30 minutes are expressed as uM/hr/gm tissue. At 6 hours of age, 2 spontaneously born guinea pigs had FA oxidation rates of 1.79 and 1.09uM/hr/gm. These findings indicate that in the newborn guinea pig heart there is a 3 fold increase in the capacity to oxidize FA. This developmental change occurs post-natally. The sites of limitation and regulatory mechanisms are yet to be determined. These findings may have implications in the nutrition of premature infants.
Dispatch Operator Training Program Utilizing the Hybrid Simulator Facility

Electric Power Systems are larger, more interconnected and are forced to operate with lower capacity reserves than in the past. These trends place a much larger burden on the operator to insure a high degree of reliability. At present there is considerable interest and concern about the training of bulk power system dispatch operators. This paper describes a dispatch operator training program utilizing the hybrid simulator facility developed under the support of the Electric Power Research Institute
Energy harvesting, reuse and upgrade to reduce primary energy usage in the USA

Abstract Two-thirds of input energy for electricity generation in the USA is lost as heat during conversion processes. Additionally, 12.5% of primary fuel and 20.3% of electricity are employed for space heating, water heating, and refrigeration where low-grade heat could suffice. The potential for harnessing waste heat from power generation and thermal processes to perform such tasks is assessed. By matching power plant outlet streams with applications at corresponding temperature ranges, sufficient waste heat is identified to satisfy all USA space and water heating needs. Sufficient high temperature exhaust from power plants is identified to satisfy 27% of residential air conditioning with thermally activated refrigeration, or all industrial refrigeration and process heating from 100 to 150 °C. Engine coolant and exhaust is sufficient to satisfy all air conditioning and 68% of electrical demands in vehicles. Overall, this study demonstrates the potential to reduce USA primary energy demand by 12% and CO2 emissions by 13% through waste heat recovery. A detailed analysis of thermal energy demand in pulp and paper manufacturing is conducted to demonstrate the methodology for improving the fidelity of this approach. These results can inform infrastructure and development to capture heat that would be lost today, substantially reducing USA energy intensity.
MOLECULAR MODELING INDICATES THAT HOMODIMERS FORM THE BASIS FOR INTERMEDIATE FILAMENT ASSEMBLY FROM HUMAN AND MOUSE EPIDERMAL KERATINS

Mammalian epidermal keratin molecules adopt rod-shaped conformations that aggregate to form cytoplasmic intermediate filaments. To investigate these keratin conformations and the basis for their patterns of molecular association, graphical methods were developed to relate known amino acid sequences to probable spacial configurations. The results support the predominantly alpha-helical conformation of keratin chains, interrupted by short non-alpha-helical linkages. However, it was found that many of the linkages have amino acid sequences typical of beta-strand conformations. Space-filling atomic models revealed that the beta-strand sequences would permit the formation of 2-chain and 4-chain cylindrical beta-helices, fully shielding the hydrophobic amino acid chains that alternate with hydrophilic residues in these sequences. Because of the locations of the beta-helical regions in human and mouse stratum corneum keratin chains, only homodimers of the keratins could interact efficiently to form 2-chain and 4-chain beta-helices. Tetramers having the directions and degrees of overlap of constituent dimers that have been identified by previous investigators are also predicted from the interactions of beta-helical motifs. Heterotetramers formed from dissimilar homodimers could combine, through additional beta-helical structures, to form higher oligomers having the dimensions seen in electron microscopic studies. Previous results from chemical crosslinking studies can be interpreted to support the concept of homodimers rather than heterodimers as the basis for keratin filament assembly.
Applying the Theory of Work Adjustment to Clients With Symptoms of Anorexia Nervosa

As women have gained entry and status in the workforce over the past century, societal focus on female beauty and thinness has intensified, and rates of eating disorders have risen. In tandem with these trends, many career women have come to associate success at work with the ability to maintain strict control over body weight. This control becomes life-threatening, however, to the individual who develops symptoms of anorexia nervosa. This article uses Dawis and Lofquist’s theory of work adjustment (TWA) as a way to conceptualize the precarious person-environment correspondence sometimes achieved by women with anorexic symptoms in their work environments. Practical suggestions, based in TWA and cognitive-behavioral theory, are suggested for career counselors working with these clients.
Intrauterine gas in infected fibromyoma

Two patients were evaluated for enlarged uterus and septicemia. Infected leiomyoma containing gas was found in both cases. Since gas is an unusual finding in leiomyomata and could be confused with calcifications on ultrasound, the sonogram and CT images are presented with a discussion of the important diagnostic features.
A BER-Based Partitioned Model for a 2.4GHz Vehicle-to-Vehicle Expressway Channel

Statistical channel models based on BER performance are presented for a frequency- and time-selective vehicle-to-vehicle wireless communications link in an expressway environment in Atlanta, Georgia, where both vehicles traveled in the same direction. The models are developed from measurements taken using the direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) technique at 2.45GHz. A collection of tapped delay line models, referred to as a "partitioned" model in the paper, is developed to attempt to capture the extremes of BER performance of the recorded channel. Overall and partition models are compared to the recorded channel in terms of the BER statistics obtained when the channels are inserted in a dedicated short range radio (DSRC) standard simulation system. The quality of the match between synthesized and recorded channel BER statistics is analyzed with respect to type of modulation (fixed or adaptive), the frame length, and the length of the interval over which the BER was calculated.
Effect of tremorine and oxotremorine on aerobic glycolysis in rat brain.

Abstract Tremorine and oxotremorine at concentrations from 5 × 10 −8 to 5 × 10 −4 M stimulated aerobic glycolysis in slices of rat brain cortex. The addition of atropine blocked this stimulation. Acetylcholine in concentrations from 5 × 10 −8 to 5 × 10 −6 M failed to alter the rate of glycolysis in slices of cortex, but it inhibited glycolysis in concentrations of 5 × 10 −5 and 5 × 10 −4 M. In homogenates of rat brain cortex tremorine, oxotremorine and acetylcholine elicited no effect on aerobic glycolysis.
Cross-calibration of the Landsat-7 ETM+ and Landsat-5 TM with the ResourceSat-1 (IRS-P6) AWiFS and LISS-III sensors

Increasingly, data from multiple sensors are used to gain a more complete understanding of land surface processes at a variety of scales. The Landsat suite of satellites has collected the longest continuous archive of multispectral data. The ResourceSat-1 Satellite (also called as IRS-P6) was launched into the polar sun-synchronous orbit on Oct 17, 2003. It carries three remote sensing sensors: the High Resolution Linear Imaging Self-Scanner (LISS-IV), Medium Resolution Linear Imaging Self-Scanner (LISS-III), and the Advanced Wide Field Sensor (AWiFS). These three sensors are used together to provide images with different resolution and coverage. To understand the absolute radiometric calibration accuracy of IRS-P6 AWiFS and LISS-III sensors, image pairs from these sensors were compared to the Landsat-5 TM and Landsat-7 ETM+ sensors. The approach involved the calibration of nearly simultaneous surface observations based on image statistics from areas observed simultaneously by the two sensors.
High perfusate PO2 impairs thermosensitivity of hypothalamic thermosensitive neurons in slice preparations

Abstract The thermosensitivity of neurons in the preoptic area (POA) of guinea pigs was examined in slice preparations during perfusion with artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF) gassed with 95% O 2 /5% CO 2 (95% O 2 -ACSF) or 21% O 2 /5% CO 2 74% N 2 (21% O 2 -ACSF). Perfusate P o 2 , P co 2 , and pH of 95% O 2 -ACSF measured in the incubation chamber were, respectively, 402.9 mmHg, 39.1 mmHg, and 7.38; those of 21% O 2 -ACSF were 154.0 mmHg, 33.1 mmHg, and 7.41. All the thermosensitive neurons ( n = 6) originally identified during perfusion with 95% O 2 -ACSF also exhibited their thermosensitivity when examined again in 21% O 2 -ACSF. However, 63% of the thermosensitive neurons ( n = 8) originally identified with 21% O 2 -ACSF lost their thermosensitivity in 95% O 2 -ACSF. The addition of Superoxide dismutase to 95% O 2 -ACSF prevented the loss of thermosensitivity in 88% of the neurons ( n = 8). These results suggest that oxygen toxicity due to free radical formation may account for the impairment of neuronal thermosensitivity in 95% O 2 -ACSF.
The Effects of Dietary Chromium(III) Picolinate on Growth Performance, Vital Signs, and Blood Measurements of Pigs During Immune Stress

This experiment used 24 pigs (26.0 kg) to investigate the effects of dietary chromium (Cr) on pigs challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Following 35 days of diet exposure, the immune stress treatments were: (1) phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) injection and no Cr, (2) LPS injection and no Cr, (3) LPS injection and Cr 1,000 ppb, and (4) LPS injection and Cr 2,000 ppb. At 0 h, PBS or LPS was injected intraperitoneally in each pig. During the first 12 h post-injection, pigs challenged with LPS lost 951 g, while the PBS group gained 170 g (p < 0.001). Compared with the PBS group, LPS-challenged pigs consumed less feed (p < 0.01) during the first 24 h. The LPS group had higher rectal temperature at 2 and 4 h and higher respiratory rate at 1.3 and 8.5 h than the PBS group (p < 0.05). Plasma collected at 3 h had higher cortisol (p < 0.001) and lower glucose (p < 0.05) concentrations in the LPS group than the PBS group. However, supplemental Cr did not affect the response variables. Overall, the LPS challenge affects growth performance, vital signs, and plasma variables, but dietary Cr is unable to moderate stress-related effects associated with an LPS challenge.
Antenatal insults modify newborn olfactory function by nitric oxide produced from neuronal nitric oxide synthase

Newborn feeding, maternal, bonding, growth and wellbeing depend upon intact odor recognition in the early postnatal period. Antenatal stress may affect postnatal odor recognition. We investigated the exact role of a neurotransmitter, nitric oxide (NO), in newborn olfactory function. We hypothesized that olfactory neuron activity depended on NO generated by neuronal NO synthase (NOS). Utilizing in vivo functional manganese enhanced MRI (MEMRI) in a rabbit model of cerebral palsy we had shown previously that in utero hypoxia-ischemia (H-I) at E22 (70% gestation) resulted in impaired postnatal response to odorants and poor feeding. With the same antenatal insult, we manipulated NO levels in the olfactory neuron in postnatal day 1 (P1) kits by administration of intranasal NO donors or a highly selective nNOS inhibitor. Olfactory function was quantitatively measured by the response to amyl acetate stimulation by MEMRI. The relevance of nNOS to normal olfactory development was confirmed by the increase of nNOS gene expression from fetal ages to P1 in olfactory epithelium and bulbs. In control kits, nNOS inhibition decreased NO production in the olfactory system and increased MEMRI slope enhancement. In H-I kits the MEMRI slope did not increase, implicating modification of endogenous NO-mediated olfactory function by the antenatal insult. NO donors as a source of exogenous NO did not significantly change function in either group. In conclusion, olfactory epithelium nNOS in newborn rabbits probably modulates olfactory signal transduction. Antenatal H-I injury remote from delivery may affect early functional development of the olfactory system by decreasing NO-dependent signal transduction.
Thermodynamic Aspects of Equilibrium Shape and Growth of Crystalline Films with Electromechanical Interaction

In recent decades, the theory and applications of the Gibbs equilibrium thermodynamics of heterogeneous systems have been advanced in several directions. In particular, the stability theory of heterogeneous systems with solid phases has already been proven valuable in many traditional and novel areas, including the ones where stress driven rearrangement destabilization is accompanied by electrostatic and magnetostatic fields. We believe that these areas would benefit from an appropriate extension of the Gibbs thermodynamic principles that combine nonlinear elastic effects with electrostatics and magnetostatics. We present the exact nonlinear equilibrium equations for heterogeneous systems with nonlinear phases. We then derive the second energy variation and present its applications to the problems of stability of heterogeneous systems with electromechanical interaction of solid components. In particular, we discuss the problems of equilibrium shapes and stability of deformable crystalline conductors, diel...
“Internal Control” and the Taking of Influenza Shots:

Expectancies about ability to control the environment and motivation to exert control were assessed among 510 college students, half of whom had voluntarily taken influenza inoculations. Inoculatio...
Acute effects of Aroclor 1254 on the feline cardiovascular system.

Abstract Aroclor 1254 was administered intravenously at 30-minute intervals to anesthetized cats at a dosage of 100 mg/kg body weight. Arterial and venous blood samples were taken at 10-minute intervals for determination of oxygen tension (pO 2 ), carbon dioxide tension (pCO 2 ), and pH. Electrocardiograms, blood pressure, and respiration were recorded as well. The pO 2 of the blood was reduced rapidly and markedly with concurrent changes in pCO 2 and pH characterizing a respiratory acidosis. Respiratory rate increased to a sizable degree with development of cardiac arrhythmias. All animals died within 60 minutes following initial dosing. Severely hemorrhagic lungs in conjunction with edema were observed in all cats at necropsy.
Atypical mycobacterium infection treated with dialyzable leukocyte extracts: evidence for antigenic specificity.

Abstract A patient had infection with Mycobacterium intracellulare and anergy. Antituberculous chemotherapy proved ineffective. Repeated administration of dialyzable leukocyte extract (DLE) produced a sequential appearance of delayed type hypersensitivity in response to several antigens, as well as definitive clinical improvement. Unfortunately, the patient died from an Aspergillus fumigatus brain abscess. At autopsy, no evidence of active mycobacterial infection was found. DLE therapy may be indicated for the treatment of M. intracellulare infections which are unresponsive to chemotherapy. The disparity between the onset and course of skin test reactivities to different antigens suggests that DLE enhanced cellular immunity on an antigen-specific basis.
The magic sigma

With the explosion in the usage of mobile devices and other smart electronics, embedded devices are becoming ubiquitous. Most such embedded architectures utilize fixed-point rather than floating-point computation to meet power, heat, and speed requirements leading to the need for integer-based processing algorithms. Operations involving Gaussian kernels are common to such algorithms, but the standard methods of constructing such kernels result in approximations and lack a property that enables efficient bitwise shift operations. To overcome these limitations, we present how to precisely combine the power of integer arithmetic and bitwise shifts with intrinsically real valued Gaussian kernels. We prove mathematically that there exist a set of what we call “magic sigmas” for which the integer kernels exactly represent the Gaussian function whose values are all powers-of-two, and we discovered that the maximum sigma that leads to such properties is about 0.85. We also designed a simple and precise algorithm for designing kernels composed exclusively of integers given any arbitrary sigma and show how this can be exploited for Gaussian filter design. Considering the ubiquity of Gaussian filtering and the need for integer computation for increasing numbers of embedded devices, this is an important result for both theoretical and practical purposes.
Antenna with an anisotropic sheath inside a parallel-plate waveguide—Theoretical and experimental studies

Closed-form expressions for the current distribution and impedance of an antenna with a magnetised ferrite sheath inside a parallel-plate waveguide have been obtained by a modal-expansion technique. Numerical results have been obtained with a model 7090 computer, for applied direct magnetic fields below resonance. Particular emphasis has been paid to studying the following aspects of the problem:(a) the effect of the birefringent properties of the magnetised-ferrite sheath on the current and charge distribution of the antenna(b) the behaviour of the antenna at waveguide-mode cutoff frequency, and at ferromagnetic resonance(c) the effect of the feed-point singularity on antenna characteristics.In order to verify some of the theoretical predictions, experiments have been made at 1 Gc/s using a Mg-Mn-Al ferrite sample. The experimental results agree qualitatively with theory. A description of the apparatus is included in the paper. Utilising the duality between ferrites and plasmas, the properties of the magnetoplasma-coated antenna at the Pythagoras and plasma-resonance frequencies are also discussed briefly.
Induction of fluconazole metabolism by rifampin: in vivo study in humans.

The effects of rifampin on the pharmacokinetics of fluconazole were analyzed in an open-label, placebo-controlled, parallel study. Sixteen healthy male volunteers, randomized into two groups, received 200 mg of oral fluconazole on days 1 and 22. On days 8 through 27, group I received oral rifampin, 600 mg/d, and group II received placebo. Fluconazole in serum was analyzed by HPLC. On days 1 and 22, respectively, the AUC (micrograms.hr/mL) (mean +/- SD) was 160.5 +/- 19.5 and 124 +/- 22.2 in group I, 152 +/- 25 and 152.8 +/- 33.9 in group II; the Kel (hr-1) was .0211 +/- .0030 and .0264 +/- .0040 in group I, .0219 +/- .0036 and .0216 +/- .0053 in group II. Cmax and Tmax did not change significantly in either group. Urinary 6 beta-hydroxycortisol/cortisol increased from 3.47 +/- 1.04 to 15.2 +/- 5.07 in group I, but was unchanged (3.54 +/- 1.33-4.26 +/- 2.36) in group II on days 1 and 22, respectively. The findings in this study indicate that rifampin induces the metabolism of fluconazole.
Observed energy savings from appliance efficiency standards

Abstract No country has directly measured the actual energy savings resulting from efficiency standards, but many studies—mostly in North America—have indirectly observed savings. Methodological and practical obstacles to observing savings include the difficulty of defining baseline energy use and isolating the impact of technical improvements in efficiency from other changes in usage patterns. Laboratory measurements are cheaper and faster than field measurements, but they still must be calibrated to field use. Energy savings resulting from refrigerator efficiency improvements have been the most closely examined. Savings have been observed through laboratory comparisons, field measurements, and utility bill analysis. Actual savings correspond closely to those predicted in laboratory tests. Reductions in energy use from improvements in efficiency have also been observed for both heating and cooling equipment. Laboratory-measured differences in efficiency generally give accurate estimates of percentage savings, but give poor estimates of absolute savings. Energy savings from efficiency improvements have also been observed for freezers, water heaters, and showerheads. The generally large percentage savings observed in North America may also apply to Europe and Japan although the absolute savings will be smaller. Savings from new standards created in these countries must be verified.
D-Galactosamine Ire atotoxicit Is Associated With Endotoxin Sensitivity and Mediated by Lymphoreticular Cells in Mice

Two strains of mice (C57BL/10ScN and C3H/HeJ) that carry the same mutant lipopolysaccharide gene (Lps d ) which makes them resistant to the toxic effects of endotoxin (LPS) are also partially resistant to the hepatotoxic effects of D-galactosamine. As measured by serum alanine aminotrans f erase, the degree of liver injury induced by D-galactosamine ih the LPS-resistant strains is only 10%–30% that of closely related strains of LPS-sensitive mice. Similarly, histopathologic changes are less pronounced in the endotoxin-resistant strains than in LPS-susceptible mice. By transferring spleen cells from LPS-susceptible strains to lethally irradiated, LPS-resistant mice, we established that susceptibility to D-galactosamine is mediated by lymphoreticular cells. Radiation-resistant spleen cells transferred D-galactosamine sensitivity, suggesting a role for macrophages. We did not exclude the possibility that lymphocytes can also transfer the response to D-galactosamine. These results establish that in mice, D-galactosamine sensitivity is associated with endotoxin sensitivity and that the former is mediated by lymphoreticular cells, not by hepatocytes.
Cowpox Virus Inhibits Human Dendritic Cell Immune Function By Nonlethal, Nonproductive Infection

Orthopoxviruses encode multiple proteins that modulate host immune responses. We determined whether cowpox virus (CPXV), a representative orthopoxvirus, modulated innate and acquired immune functions of human primary myeloid DCs and plasmacytoid DCs and monocyte-derived DCs (MDDCs). A CPXV infection of DCs at a multiplicity of infection of 10 was nonproductive, altered cellular morphology, and failed to reduce cell viability. A CPXV infection of DCs did not stimulate cytokine or chemokine secretion directly, but suppressed toll-like receptor (TLR) agonist-induced cytokine secretion and a DC-stimulated mixed leukocyte reaction (MLR). LPS-stimulated NF-κB nuclear translocation and host cytokine gene transcription were suppressed in CPXV-infected MDDCs. Early viral immunomodulatory genes were upregulated in MDDCs, consistent with early DC immunosuppression via synthesis of intracellular viral proteins. We conclude that a nonproductive CPXV infection suppressed DC immune function by synthesizing early intracellular viral proteins that suppressed DC signaling pathways.
Accidental acute alcohol intoxication in infants: review and case report.

Background Acute alcohol intoxication in children younger than 18 months old is both rarely documented and rarely fatal. Previous case reports suggest hypoglycemia and faster than normal rates of alcohol elimination found in children with acute alcohol intoxication compared with adults, but data are lacking. Case report A 2-month-old infant presented with a decreased mental status after accidental ingestion of alcohol. He was diagnosed with acute alcohol intoxication, with a blood alcohol level of 330 mg/dL and was hyperglycemic (167 mg/dL). Alcohol elimination rate was calculated to be 21.6 mg/dL/h, similar to that in adults. To our knowledge, this case is the second youngest documented patient with accidental alcohol intoxication via ingestion in the United States. We present a rare case report of acute alcohol intoxication in an infant and a review of the literature. WHY SHOULD AN EMERGENCY PHYSICIAN BE AWARE OF THIS?: Although rare in the literature, poison control data suggests that alcohol poisoning in very young children is not rare. Emergency physicians should be prepared for the management of infants with alcohol poisoning. This case report and review brings attention to this subject and briefly discusses ethanol metabolism in infants.
Temporal scale-induced uncertainty in load duration curves for instream-dissolved oxygen

Load duration curves were developed using the Hydrological Simulation Program FORTRAN (HSPF) for dissolved oxygen (DO) for the Amite River in Louisiana, USA. The concept of ‘dissolved oxygen reserve’, defined as the total quantity of DO, is introduced. The effect of temporal resolution on duration curves of DO reserve was examined using duration curves developed based on daily, weekly, biweekly, and monthly average data. Duration curves for DO exhibited high variability in the load estimated using daily data as compared to those based on biweekly and monthly data. A seasonal analysis revealed the trend in the DO reserve. The daily DO reserve for the Amite River at Port Vincent was 44,049.31 kg when daily summer data were used and 74,255.15 kg for daily annual data. A surplus of 10,691 kg of DO reserve was shown in the monthly data during critical summer months. The coefficient of variation (CV), used to define the temporal scale-induced uncertainty, was found to be linearly and inversely correlated with the logarithm of the time scale. Regression equations were developed to extrapolate near real-time flow and water quality data, greatly simplifying flow and water quality monitoring and reducing the cost involved in flow and water quality monitoring.
Interactive online archive for short-period variable stars

We report initial results from a project to design an interactive on-line data archive for short-period variable stars. Our goal is to provide an easily accessible set of web pages for use by a researcher at the telescope. The first step is to provide the researcher with convenient access to data archives for a variety of short-period variable stars. In addition to the basic data archive, there is a page for each star that contains positional information, the most recent epoch and period data, basic physical parameters, and a set of helpful journal references. We also include a page for each of the program variables with a finder chart and a selection of comparison stars for use in differential photometry. Additionally, one entry point in the system is a phase calculator that will sort through the data and return a list of stars that are observable from various user input locations during a variety of time periods. The current system has a partial data set in place for over one hundred short-period variable stars. We intend to continue to expand this set to include a large number of complete data files. We are also considering a similar archive of galaxy images for comparison use in student conducted supernova searches. We find this system improves the scientific return form our two small telescopes at the West Mountain Observatory. We believe this model can also be employed to optimize data management and scientific return for a wide variety of projects from the new generation of large ground-based telescopes.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Reliability Considerations in the Design and Fabrication of Polysilicon Fusable Link Prom's

This paper describes some of the design and fabrication considerations in a 1024 bit programmable read only memory. The memory element in the PROM is a fusible link consisting of a notched stripe of poly crystalline silicon., A portion of the array is shown in Figure 1 depicting approximately eight cells. Each cell consists of a fusible link and a bipolar transistor. A cross section of the transistor and fuse is shown in Figure 2. Fabrication of the array follows the normal bipolar processing through the emitter step. At that point the poly crystalline silicon is deposited by standard silicon gate MOS techniques. The thickness is nominally 3KA After deposition, the fusible links are delineated with normal photo lithography with a notch width target of 2 microns. By suitable process control, including visual inspection of each wafer, this fuse dimension is routinely achievable. As an aid to width control, a resolution pattern is included on the photo mask. The fuse is then doped to the desired resistivity and the remaining processing again follows a standard flow of contact and metallization steps.
The Timing of Divorce: Effects on Parent-Child Relationships in Later Life

The National Survey of Families and Households was used to assess the effects of marital status on contact with adult children (N = 1,929). Respondents were 55 years of age or older, had been married at least once, and had a biological child aged 19 years or older from the first marriage, who was not residing in the home. As hypothesized, divorce had a negative effect on interaction with adult children, and this effect is much greater for men than for women. In particular, those men who divorced when their children were younger had the lowest rates of interaction. These data suggest that the long-term effects of divorce for men are particularly deleterious in terms of interaction with their children.
A Compact W-Band CMOS Power Amplifier With Gain Boosting and Short-Circuited Stub Matching for High Power and High Efficiency Operation

Using cascode cell, inductance gain boosting and source degeneration techniques in 90 nm CMOS process, a two-stage power amplifier operating at 80 GHz with a minimum chip area of 0.35 mm2 demonstrates gain of 18 dB, linear output power of 10.8 dBm, saturated power of 13.3 dBm, and PAE greater than 11.8% when the amplifier is biased at Vd = 3 V and Vg = 1 V.
Tenotomy and Tendon Transfer About the Forefoot, Midfoot and Hindfoot

Tendon lengthening and transfer are essential surgical procedures for every foot and ankle surgeon to master, because they are useful in restoring balance and correcting flexible foot deformities. These techniques are even more useful in treating the high-risk patient, because they involve minimal soft-tissue injury and maximum preservation of vascularity. The primary goal of this article is to supplement the foot and ankle surgeon's options for treating static and dynamic foot deformities in the high-risk patient by discussing useful tendon lengthening and transfer procedures about the forefoot, midfoot, and hindfoot.
Nitrogen and carbon nutrient and metabolite signaling in plants.

The effect of nutrients on plant growth and development has been studied for over 350 years since the experiments of van Helmont in 1648 (6). Recent studies on nutrient effects in plants have involved separating their role as building blocks of organic matter or cofactors from their potential role