cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Ethical Duty to Protect One’s Own Information Privacy?

People freely disclose vast quantities of personal and personally identifiable information. The central question of this Meador Lecture in Morality is whether they have a moral (or ethical) obligation (or duty) to withhold information about themselves or otherwise to protect information about themselves from disclosure. Moreover, could protecting one’s own information privacy be called for by important moral virtues, as well as obligations or duties? Safeguarding others’ privacy is widely understood to be a responsibility of government, business, and individuals. The “virtue” of fairness and the “duty” or “obligation” of respect for persons arguably ground other-regarding responsibilities of confidentiality and data security. But is anyone ethically required — not just prudentially advised — to protect his or her own privacy? If so, how might a requirement to protect one’s own privacy and to display ethical virtues of reserve, modesty and temperance properly influence everyday choices, public policy, or the law? I test the idea of an ethical mandate to protect one’s own privacy, while identifying the practical and philosophical problems that bear adversely on the case. I consider “conceptual” and “libertarian” objections to the view that each individual indeed has a moral obligation to safeguard his or her own privacy. Government and industry are not off the hook if privacy is a duty of self-care and self-respect: they have responsibilities and are freshly viewed as partners in moral agents’ quest for ethical goodness.
Taxation Without Representation

Poll taxes are unconstitutional and yet Americans continue to link political rights to economic status. When taxpayers claim, "We pay taxes and therefore should decide how public monies are spent," they claim a privileged position in society based on their monetary contributions to the state and federal fiscal position that, by implication, nontaxpaying Americans should not have. Not only do taxpayers claim they deserve special political privileges, but the law itself continues to couple political rights to taxpaying status in ways that legal scholars have largely left unexplored. This article examines a range of political benefits tied to the payment of federal taxes and concludes that various Tax Code provisions and judicial doctrines operate as a fee for political expression. In particular, the presidential election check-off, various tax benefits, and the taxpayer standing doctrine devised (and later revised) by the Supreme Court in Flast v. Cohen all function as hidden poll taxes in violation of current constitutional principles. This article investigates two legal reforms that would remedy the perceived constitutional infringements: Congress and the Court could repeal and overturn laws that award political benefits based on taxpaying status, thereby denying all individuals the benefits, alternatively, lawmakers could retain the existing legal benefits but link them to citizenship status rather than to taxpaying status. Practical and normative considerations will lead to preferring one approach over the other in each context, accordingly, this article explores the relevant factors and reaches tentative conclusions as to which approach should be pursued.
Foam Insulation Behavior in Void Space Under Fire Conditions

A fire contained within a room can spread into void spaces in the walls and ceiling through penetrations in the material that lines the compartment. Few studies have looked at how a room and contents fire transitions to a structural fire. One of the active areas of fire research is the coupling of the fire to the structure. Lightweight wood frame construction represents the majority of residential construction in the U.S. The construction details and choice of materials will affect the overall fire resistance of the structure. Because of the relative lack of knowledge on the fire penetration into wall spaces, this research examined how fire might penetrate into the void spaces of wood framed structures.In the U.S.A., a critical barrier to the penetration of hot gas products into void spaces is provided by the gypsum-board skin of the compartment. For most compartments, there are many penetrations within the compartment’s gypsum-board skin. Common potential access points include security system wiring (e.q. smoke detectors and cameras), ventilation fixtures, light switches, and electrical outlets among others. A hole in the gypsum may create opportunities for void space ignition. One of the purposes of this work is to develop a small scale testing system to characterize fire driven flow and heat transfer into a void space. With such an apparatus, one can rapidly identify materials that are prone to igniting for a given leakage geometry and fire size. Common materials found in void spaces include wooden structural members, plywood/oriented strand board, a variety of insulation types, and vapor barriers. This study discusses the characteristics of the small scale experimental system and preliminary tests on a range of void space construction materials.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
A Micromechanical Model for Predicting Fatigue Response of Metal Matrix Composites Subjected to Environmental Degradation

It has been observed in titanium matrix continuous fiber composites that structural life at elevated temperatures is significantly shorter in air than in inert gas. The physical reasons for this degradation in life are dependent on the titanium alloy considered. In this paper the metastable Ti-s 21S matrix alloy is considered, and is embedded with SCS-6 fibers to produce a four ply unidirectional laminate.
Neutrino-induced neutron spallation and the site of the r-process

All of the actinides and roughly half the natural abundance of elements with mass number A > 70 come from the rapid neutron capture process, or the r-process. If the r-process, as suggested by many, occurs deep in a supernova, then it is under the influence of an intense neutrino flux. Here we discuss the effects of both charged-current and neutral-current neutrino interactions on the r-process. We show that the multiple-neutron emission induced by both kinds of neutrino interactions can affect the observed r-process abundance pattern significantly. In particular, we find that five nuclei below the r-process abundance peak at A = 195 may be entirely attributed to the neutrino-induced neutron spallation processes following the r-process freeze-out. Furthermore, the deduced neutrino fluence agrees with the conditions in the recent supernova r-process model. These results strongly argue that the r-process occurs in supernovae. They also provide a sensitive probe for the conditions at the supernova r-process site.
Cyanotic congenital heart disease (CCHD): focus on hypoxemia, secondary erythrocytosis, and coagulation alterations

Children with cyanotic congenital heart disease (CCHD) have complex alterations in their whole blood composition and coagulation profile due to long-standing hypoxemia. Secondary erythrocytosis is an associated physiological response intended to increase circulating red blood cells and oxygen carrying capacity. However, this response is frequently offset by an increase in whole blood viscosity that paradoxically reduces blood flow and tissue perfusion. In addition, the accompanying reduction in plasma volume leads to significant deficiencies in multiple coagulation proteins including platelets, fibrinogen and other clotting factors. On the one hand, these patients may suffer from severe hyperviscosity and subclinical 'sludging' in the peripheral vasculature with an increased risk of thrombosis. On the other hand, they are at an increased risk for postoperative hemorrhage due to a complex derangement in their hemostatic profile. Anesthesiologists caring for children with CCHD and secondary erythrocytosis need to understand the pathophysiology of these alterations and be aware of available strategies that lessen the risk of bleeding and/or thrombosis. The aim of this review is to provide an updated analysis of the systemic effects of long-standing hypoxemia in children with primary congenital heart disease with a specific focus on secondary erythrocytosis and hemostasis.
Three decades of Wnts: a personal perspective on how a scientific field developed

Wnt genes and components of Wnt signalling pathways have been implicated in a wide spectrum of important biological phenomena, ranging from early organismal development to cell behaviours to several diseases, especially cancers. Emergence of the field of Wnt signalling can be largely traced back to the discovery of the first mammalian Wnt gene in 1982. In this essay, we mark the thirtieth anniversary of that discovery by describing some of the critical scientific developments that led to the flowering of this field of research.
Injections of insulin and changes of body weight

Abstract The effects of injections of long acting protamine zinc insulin (PZI) on body weight were studied on rats. Route of administration and dilution of PZI were parametrically varied. Results indicate that subcutaneous injections are more effective than intraperitoneal injections, and that concentrated insulin is more effective than dilute. Since insulin injections result in hypoglycemia and hyperphagia, a further series of experiments examining plasma glucose levels under various experimental conditions is reported. Intraperitoneal injections caused a more rapid decrease of glucose, and one which was quickly reversed, relative to subcutaneous injections. The results are discussed in terms of these changes of glucose.
Echocardiographic detection of aneurysms of the interventricular septum associated with ventricular septal defect: A method of noninvasive diagnosis and follow-up

Spontaneous closure of a ventricular septal defect is frequently accompanied by the formation of an aneurysm of the membranous septum. The exact anatomic basis for such an aneurysm varies. Some arise from redundant tissue from the endocardial cushions or from adherence of the tricuspid septal leaflet to the defect; the origin of others cannot be determined. Echocardiographic studies in 17 patients with the diagnosis of ventricular septal defect revealed in 7 an aneurysm of the membranous septum that was later confirmed by angiography. In no patient was an aneurysm missed or erroneously diagnosed in the echocardiographic study. Echocardiography can be a useful diagnostic and prognostic tool in the long-term management of patients with ventricular septal defect.
The three-dimensional structure of the Limulus acrosomal process: a dynamic actin bundle.

Limulus sperm contains a dynamic macromolecular structure that rapidly extends a 50 microm process called the true discharge. The core of this structure is a bundle of ordered filaments composed of a complex of actin, scruin and calmodulin. We determined its structure by electron crystallographic reconstruction. The three-dimensional map reveals an actin-scruin helix that is azimuthally modulated by the influence of the interactions of a filament with its neighbors. There are a variety of density connections with neighboring filaments involving scruin. Scruin commonly contacts one neighbor, but we observe up to three interfilament connections involving both domains of the 28 scruin molecules in the unit cell. Our structure indicates that promiscuous scruin-scruin contacts are the major determinants of bundle stability in the true discharge. It also suggests that rearrangements would be permitted, which can facilitate the transition from the coiled to the true discharge form.
THE DENSITY OF MOLTEN METAL FLUORIDES IN THE RANGE OF 1600-2500 K

Abstract Using a graphite crucible and a tungsten sinker, the liquid densities of the alkaline-earth and two rare-earth fluorides were determined by the immersed-sinker method, over the temperature range of 1600°–2500°K. The molar volumes and thermal coefficients of expansion were calculated from the liquid densities and were correlated with those of the alkali-metal fluorides. The liquid-molar volumes of the alkaline-earth fluorides exhibit a linear relationship when plotted against the period in the Periodic Table.
Circadian Rhythms in the Cell Division Rate of the Inner Enamel Epithelium and in the Uptake of 3H-Thymidine by the Root Tip of Rat Incisors

There is a daily (circadian) fluctuation in the division rate of ameloblasts in the inner enamel epithelium of rat mandibular incisors ; a rhythm also exists in the uptake of injected 3H-thymidine by the root tip of the opposite incisor. The observed "nesting" phenomenon of mitotic figures is discussed.
Principles, Hazards, and Precautions

Abstract Operating principles of the electrosurgical apparatus used daily by the urologist is often taken for granted. An understanding of these principles is necessary to recognize the potential for injury and thereby avoid its occurrence. The hazards of explosion, thermal injury, electrocation, and muscle excitation are reviewed, and their causes and prevention discussed.
High-quality electron beams from a helical inverse free-electron laser accelerator

Electrons moving in strongly curved paths emit radiation that is used in free-electron laser designs. Here, the authors demonstrate the inverse force principle, where a laser light field is used in a compact experimental design to accelerate electrons to produce high-quality electron beams.
Synthesis and structure of functional spherosilicate building block molecules for materials synthesis

Abstract Cubic, trialkyl tin functionalized spherosilicates Si8O20(SnR3)8 (R = Me, nBu) and the pentagonal prismatic tin-spherosilicate Si10O25(SnMe3)10 have been synthesized and characterized. Single crystal X-ray structures were obtained for Si8O20(SnMe3)8 (I), Si8O20(SnMe3)8 · 4H2O (I · 4H2O), and Si10O25(SnMe3)10 · 4H2O (II). Structural metrics for the silicate cores observed in these structures were compared to other Si8O12 and Si10O25 cores reported in the CSD database. A pronounced tetragonal distortion of the Si8O20 cage leads to Si–O–Si bond angles that are considerably distorted in I · 4H2O when compared to other analogous Si8O12 structures described in the literature. These octameric stannylated spherosilicates readily react with metal chlorides to produce mesocopically interesting metal oxide and hybrid materials. An illustration of this is found in the reaction of the octameric anhydrous tin compound I with titanocene dichloride to give the octatitanocene derivative Si8O20(Cp2TiCl)8 · 3CH2Cl2 (III). The single crystal structure of III is also described.
Influence of Thiol Self‐Assembled Monolayer Processing on Bottom‐Contact Thin‐Film Transistors Based on n‐Type Organic Semiconductors

The performance of bottom-contact thin-film transistor (TFT) structures lags behind that of top-contact structures owing to the far greater contact resistance. The major sources of the contact resistance in bottom-contact TFTs are believed to reflect a combination of non-optimal semiconductor growth morphology on the metallic contact surface and the limited available charge injection area versus top-contact geometries. As a part of an effort to understand the sources of high charge injection barriers in n-channel TFTs, the influence of thiol metal contact treatment on the molecular-level structures of such interfaces is investigated using hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS)-treated SiO2 gate dielectrics. The focus is on the self-assembled monolayer (SAM) contact surface treatment methods for bottom-contact TFTs based on two archetypical n-type semiconductors, α,ω-diperfluorohexylquarterthiophene (DFH-4T) and N,N′bis(n-octyl)-dicyanoperylene-3,4:9,10-bis(dicarboximide) (PDI-8CN2). TFT performance can be greatly enhanced, to the level of the top contact device performance in terms of mobility, on/off ratio, and contact resistance. To analyze the molecular-level film structural changes arising from the contact surface treatment, surface morphologies are characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). The high-resolution STM images show that the growth orientation of the semiconductor molecules at the gold/SAM/semiconductor interface preserves the molecular long axis orientation along the substrate normal. As a result, the film microstructure is well-organized for charge transport in the interfacial region.
Further Studies on the Labile Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide of Heart Muscle Preparations

IT was observed by Massey and Swoboda1 that on storage at 4° of Keilin–Hartree preparations isolated by centrifugation at pH 5.4 a gradual breakdown of FAD to FMN occurs. Immediately after isolation such preparations contained up to 95 per cent of the acid-extractable flavins in the form of FAD, but this quantity decreased to about 70 per cent over a period of several days. These authors concluded that in strictly fresh Keilin–Hartree preparations and in mitochondria, within experimental error, all the acid-extractable flavin may be in the form of FAD, and suggested, therefore, that FMN enzymes isolated from these sources might be artefacts.
Alpha-MSH and MCH are functional antagonists in a CNS auditory gating paradigm

The peptides alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) and melanin concentrating hormone (MCH; rat and salmon sequence) were administered to anesthetized rats by intracerebroventricular infusion. Depth recordings were carried out in the dorsal hippocampus, and auditory gating was assessed. Auditory gating in this paradigm refers to the decrease in amplitude of the second of two tone-evoked CNS potentials that can be measured when pairs of identical tones are presented 500 ms apart. Alpha-MSH increases auditory gating, whereas MCH has the opposite effect. When MCH was administered prior to alpha-MSH, the ability of alpha-MSH to increase auditory gating was blocked. Thus, the two peptides appear to be functional antagonists.
Topological groundwater hydrodynamics

Topological groundwater hydrodynamics is an emerging subdiscipline in the mechanics of fluids in porous media whose objective is to investigate the invariant geometric properties of subsurface flow and transport processes. In this paper, the topological characteristics of groundwater flows governed by the Darcy law are studied. It is demonstrated that: (i) the topological constraint of zero helicity density during flow is equivalent to the Darcy law; (ii) both steady and unsteady groundwater flows through aquifers whose hydraulic conductivity is an arbitrary scalar function of position and time are confined to surfaces on which the streamlines of the flow are geodesic curves; (iii) the surfaces to which the flows are confined either are flat or are tori; and (iv) chaotic streamlines are not possible for these flows, implying that they are inherently poorly mixing in advective solute transport.
A Left-Handed Parallel β Helix in the Structure of UDP-N-Acetylglucosamine Acyltransferase

UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 3-O-acyltransferase (LpxA) catalyzes the transfer of (R)-3-hydroxymyristic acid from its acyl carrier protein thioester to UDP-N-acetylglucosamine. LpxA is the first enzyme in the lipid A biosynthetic pathway and is a target for the design of antibiotics. The x-ray crystal structure of LpxA has been determined to 2.6 angstrom resolution and reveals a domain motif composed of parallel β strands, termed a left-handed parallel β helix (LβH). This unusual fold displays repeated violations of the protein folding constraint requiring right-handed crossover connections between strands of parallel β sheets and may be present in other enzymes that share amino acid sequence homology to the repeated hexapeptide motif of LpxA.
Evaluation of intracranial aneurysm coil embolization in phantoms and patients using a high resolution microangiographic fluoroscope (MAF)

Intracranial aneurysm (IA) embolization using Gugliemi Detachable Coils (GDC) under x-ray fluoroscopic guidance is one of the most important neuro-vascular interventions. Coil deposition accuracy is key and could benefit substantially from higher resolution imagers such as the micro-angiographic fluoroscope (MAF). The effect of MAF guidance improvement over the use of standard Flat Panels (FP) is challenging to assess for such a complex procedure. We propose and investigate a new metric, inter-frame cross-correlation sensitivity (CCS), to compare detector performance for such procedures. Pixel (P) and histogram (H) CCS's were calculated as one minus the cross-correlation coefficients between pixel values and histograms for the region of interest at successive procedure steps. IA treatment using GDC's was simulated using an anthropomorphic head phantom which includes an aneurysm. GDC's were deposited in steps of 3 cm and the procedure was imaged with a FP and the MAF. To measure sensitivity to detect progress of the procedure by change in images of successive steps, an ROI was selected over the aneurysm location and pixel-value and histogram changes were calculated after each step. For the FP, after 4 steps, the H and P CCSs between successive steps were practically zero, indicating that there were no significant changes in the observed images. For the MAF, H and P CCSs were greater than zero even after 10 steps (30 cm GDC), indicating observable changes. Further, the proposed quantification method was applied for evaluation of seven patients imaged using the MAF, yielding similar results (H and P CCSs greater than zero after the last GDC deposition). The proposed metric indicates that the MAF can offer better guidance during such procedures.
Parathyroid hormone stimulation of phosphate uptake by rat liver mitochondria.

Abstract During the course of our studies upon the effect of parathyroid hormone upon mitochondrial metabolism, it was noted that the parathyroid hormone stimulated non-phosphorylative oxidation. This effect, which was highly specific for this peptide hormone, required the presence of an oxidizable substrate, magnesium ions, inorganic phosphate and external ATP (Fang et , al ., 1962). The dependence upon inorganic phosphate immediately suggested the possibility that the hormonal stimulation of respiration might be related to an alteration of phosphate exchange in the mitochondria. This possibility was further suggested by a recent report describing a phosphate transport system in heart mitochondria coupled to respiration ( Brierley, Bachmann and Green, 1962 ). It is the purpose of this paper to report an effect of parathyroid hormone upon the uptake of inorganic phosphate by liver mitochondria.
Effect of Ribose Cysteine Pretreatment on Hepatic and Renal Acetaminophen Metabolite Formation and Glutathione Depletion

Ribose cysteine (2(R,S)-D-ribo-(1',2',3',4'-tetrahydroxybutyl)thiazolidine-4(R)-carboxylic acid) protects against acetaminophen-induced hepatic and renal toxicity. The mechanism for this protection is not known, but may involve inactivation of the toxic electrophile via enhancement of glutathione (GSH) biosynthesis. Therefore, the goal of this study was to determine if GSH biosynthesis was required for the ribose cysteine protection. Male CD-1 mice were injected with either acetaminophen or acetaminophen and ribose cysteine. The ribose cysteine cotreatment antagonized the acetaminophen-induced depletion of non-protein sulfhydryls in liver as well as GSH in kidney. Moreover, ribose cysteine cotreatment significantly increased the concentration of acetaminophen-cysteine, hepatic acetaminophen-mercapturate in liver and renal acetaminophen-GSH metabolites in kidney 4 hr after acetaminophen. To determine whether protection against acetaminophen-induced liver and kidney damage involved ribose cysteine dependent GSH biosynthesis, buthionine sulfoximine was used to selectively block gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (gamma-GCS). Plasma sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) activity and blood urea nitrogen from mice pretreated with buthionine sulfoximine and challenged with acetaminophen indicated that both liver and kidney injury had occurred. While co-treatment with ribose cysteine had previously protected against acetaminophen-induced liver and kidney injury, it did not diminish the acetaminophen-induced damage to either organ in the buthionine sulfoximine-treated mice. In conclusion, ribose cysteine serves as a cysteine prodrug that facilitates GSH biosynthesis and protects against acetaminophen-induced target organ toxicity.
Assessment of thallium scintigraphy and echocardiography during dobutamine infusion for the detection of coronary artery disease.

Dobutamine infusion was performed in 16 patients following cardiac catheterization, and non-invasive assessment was performed with thallium SPECT and echocardiography. Dobutamine thallium scintigraphy was abnormal in 93% of patients with significant coronary artery disease. In addition, individual epicardial vessel involvement was identified by a corresponding perfusion defect with 88% sensitivity and 93% specificity. Dobutamine echocardiography revealed segmental wall motion abnormalities in 62% of patients with significant coronary disease. However, in six patients baseline segmental wall motion abnormalities on echocardiography improved during dobutamine infusion. Dobutamine thallium SPECT is a safe and useful test for the detection and localization of coronary artery disease. Dobutamine echocardiography is less useful in screening for coronary disease, but may detect areas of abnormally functioning myocardium having retained viability. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Dynamics of Transversal Hot Zones in Shallow Packed-Bed Reactors†

Infrared thermography was used to study the evolution and dynamics of hot zones on the top of a shallow packed-bed reactor (10 cm in diameter), packed with spherical catalyst pellets (Pd/Al2O3). The test reaction, the atmospheric oxidation of carbon monoxide, was run under conditions for which steady-state multiplicity exists. Slow cooling of the vessel housing the reactor close to its extinction temperature shifted the reactor from a fully ignited state to one with a hot region, separated by a sharp temperature front from the adjacent colder region (ΔT = 75 °C for a feed of 6 vol % CO). The hot zone exhibited one of three qualitatively different motions: a breathing motion, an antiphase (standing wave) motion, or a hopping motion. In breathing motion, a the sharp temperature front moved back-and-forth. The breathing frequency increased upon cooling of the reactor. In antiphase motion, the hot zone moved rapidly and periodically from one side of the reactor to the other. In hopping motion, the hot zone r...
POLYNUCLEAR BORANE ANIONS AS MILD REDUCING AGENTS. 2. THE OCTAHYDROTRIBORATE(1‐) ANION IN THE PRESENCE OF PROMOTERS

Abstract A variety of metal compounds are shown to be effective promoters for the tetra-n-butylammonium octahydrotriborate (1-) reduction of carbonyl compounds in THF at room temperature.
Development and validation of a breeder-friendly KASPar marker for wheat leaf rust resistance locus Lr21

Development and utilization of genetic markers play a pivotal role in marker-assisted breeding of wheat cultivars with pyramids of disease resistance genes. The objective of this study was to develop a closed-tube, gel-free assay for high-throughput genotyping of leaf rust resistance locus Lr21. Polymorphism identified from re-sequencing of a 2.4-kb fragment covering the functional region of the Lr21 gene from the second to the fourth indels was targeted for assay development. The generated sequence data revealed the 88- or 105-bp indel in the first intron of the Lr21 gene in the selected resistant cultivars compared to susceptible US spring and winter wheat cultivars. Allele-specific primers for a KASPar assay were designed around the junction of the indel at position 1,346 bp. The marker was tested on a panel of 384 US wheat lines and found to be effective in differentiating resistant and susceptible genotypes.
Performance of a small, permanent-magnet, single-electrode pair,

Abstract The performance of a 6″, permanent-magnet, single-electrode pair, E × B velocity filter as a mass separator in a 10 to 125 keV production ion implantation system is described. The design of this separator produces a nearly round beam spot (≈ mm for ≈ 20 μA of boron) and is capable of good separation of boron from the other components of BCl3 or phosphorus from the other components of PF5 at 40 cm from the exit. The separator requires only one simple power supply, and is of simple, reliable, and economical design. Mass spectra are shown for beam energies of 60 and 10 keV; 11B+ and 10B+ are resolved at energies above about 40 keV. The resolving power of this mass separator is 15.
An accurate microassay for measuring filtration rates of small invertebrates using latex beads

Abstract 1. 1. An indirect approach of measuring nitration rates by the clearance of uniform latex (polyvinyltoluene) beads from suspension is described. 2. 2. Aliquots of suspensions are dried at 95°C. These dried samples are stable indefinitely. 3. 3. Dried samples are eventually extracted with dioxane and read spectrophotometrically at 267 mμ. 4. 4. Described approach lends itself to accurate measurements on small suspension feeders in small volumes and to the simultaneous running of multiple experimental chambers.
Emergency department cardiopulmonary bypass in the treatment of human cardiac arrest

Objective To study the use of emergency department (ED) femoro-femoral cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in the resuscitation of medical cardiac arrest patients. Design Prospective, uncontrolled trial. Setting Urban academic ED staffed with board-certified emergency physicians (EPs). Participants Ten patients with medical cardiac arrest unresponsive to standard therapy. Interventions Femoro-femoral CPB instituted by EPs. Results The time of cardiac arrest prior to CPB (mean±SD) was 32.0±13.6 min. The cardiac output while on CPB was 4.09±1.03 L/min with an average of 229±111 min on bypass. All 10 patients had resumption of spontaneous cardiac activity while on CPB. Seven of these were weaned from CPB with intrinsic spontaneous circulation. Of these, six patients were transferred from the ED to the operating room for cannula removal and vessel repair while the other patient died in the ED soon after discontinuing CPB. Mean survival was 47.8±44.7 h in the six patients leaving the ED. Although these patients had successful hemodynamic resuscitation, there were no long-term survivors. Conclusion CPB instituted by EPs is feasible and effective for the hemodynamic resuscitation of cardiac arrest patients unresponsive to advanced cardiac life support therapy. Future efforts need to focus on improving long-term outcome.
On a theorem of Brauer and Wielandt

First published in Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society in volume 136, issue 11, published by the American Mathematical Society.
Informational Influence and the Ambiguity of Product Experience: Order Effects on the Weighting of Evidence

This article examines how others’ opinions can influence a consumer's evaluation of a product. This influence is said to be informational when the consumer accepts it as evidence of the product's true nature. An anchoring and adjustment process is proposed to explain how information from others is combined with direct experience when consumers form a global evaluation of a product. Two experiments are conducted to test this explanation. Findings from the two experiments suggest that when others offer their opinions about the quality of a product, the opinions have the most potential to influence a consumer who has tried the product when the opinions are considered before the consumer considers the evaluative implications of his or her own product experience. Findings from a third experiment suggest that others’ opinions about product quality have limited potential to influence a consumer who has had an unambiguous experience with the product, even when conditions are most favorable for an influence to occur. The 3 experiments suggest that informational social influence obeys information processing principles associated with other kinds of private judgments.
Oscillation Theorems for Second Order Nonlinear Differential Equations with Damping

In this paper, we present some new criteria for the oscillation of the differential equation with damping where p(t) and q(t) are allowed to change signs on [t0 ∞]. These criteria are obtained by using an integral averaging technique and can be applied in some special cases in which other classical oscillation results are not applicable.
High-speed homoepitaxy of SiC from methyltrichlorosilane by chemical vapor deposition

Abstract Silicon carbide was deposited homoepitaxially at high growth rates (up to 90 μm/h) with methyltrichlorosilane (MTS) as the precursor in chemical vapor deposition. The substrates were 6H- and 4H-SiC (0 0 0 1) wafers with different misorientation ( 1 1 2 ¯ 0 ). At a growth temperature of 1400 °C, the grown film was composed of faceted grains and the surface was very rough. As the growth temperature increased, the crystal grains were enlarged and the films’ surfaces became smoother and smoother. At 1600 °C, on 8° misoriented substrate, a very smooth film with mirror-like surface was generated. Raman spectroscopy showed that the polytypes of the films were affected by the substrate misorientation. When the 6H-SiC substrates were well oriented, i.e. with the offset angle of less than 0.5°, 3C-SiC was deposited with numerous triangular stacking faults (TSFs). When the offset angle of substrates was 3.5°, mixtures of 3C- and 6H-SiC polytypes were deposited. When the offset angle was 8°, the epitaxial growth perfectly replicated the substrates’ polytypes, i.e. high-quality 6H- and 4H-SiC epilayers were generated on the 6H- and 4H-SiC substrates, respectively. The full-width half-maximum (FWHM) of X-ray diffraction rocking curves for the c -plane of pure smooth 6H- and 4H-SiC layers was in the range of 15–20 arcsecs. Photoluminescence (PL) confirmed the polytypes of 6H- and 4H-SiC layers: Both exhibited clear near-band edge emission at room temperature. These results demonstrate that MTS is a suitable precursor for the rapid, high quality SiC epitaxy.
Seed Banks of Drained Floodplain, Drained Palustrine, and Undrained Wetlands in Iowa, USA

In the prairie pothole region, it is often assumed that relict seed banks in restored wetlands contain the seeds needed to re-establish their predrainage vegetation. This hypothesis was tested by comparing the composition of the seed banks of drained wetlands with those previously reported in undrained wetlands. Most of the species whose seeds were found in drained wetlands were annual or perennial herbs that are also found in undrained wetlands, primarily on exposed mudflats during drawdowns. Very few seeds of the emergent, free-floating or submersed species that dominate the seed banks and vegetation of undrained wetlands were found in the seed banks of drained wetlands. A second hypothesis was tested: the seed banks of drained floodplain wetlands have more species and seeds than those of drained palustrine wetlands. The seed banks of drained floodplain wetlands were significantly larger (mean total 1,660 seeds per sample, n = 10) than those in the drained palustrine wetlands (460 seeds per sample, n = 10). There was, however, no significant difference in the mean total number of species (26 and 29) or mean number of wetland species (18 and 18). The species composition of seed banks varied significantly among drained floodplain wetlands and among drained palustrine wetlands.
Conservation of antigen 3G6: a crystalline cone constituent in the compound eye of arthropods.

A monoclonal antibody (MAb), 3G6, highly selective for neuropil glia in the CNS of the house cricket Acheta domesticus, also demonstrates remarkable selectivity for the nonneuronal crystalline cone cells of the compound eye. MAb 3G6 labels cone cells in eucone eyes throughout Insecta, from ancestral forms such as the bristle tail to the more recent honeybee; eucone structures are also recognized in Crustacea. Analogous nonneural structures found in pseudocone or acone eyes also express detectable 3G6 immunoreactivity. Immunoblot analysis demonstrates that MAb 3G6 binds to similar Mr 85 kDa glycoproteins in the cricket CNS and retina, corresponding to the glial and crystalline cone forms of the antigen. Further, polypeptides of similar relative mass are also recognized in the eucone eye of the butterfly Pieris and the pseudocone eye of the fly Calliphora. The properties and function of glycoprotein 3G6 in the CNS and retina are yet to be explored. However, the finding that a unique antigen is highly conserved within the crystalline cone or analogous regions of the retina throughout the Arthropoda lends support at the molecular level to the notion that the arthropod compound eye has a monophyletic origin.
Acceptance and Rejection of Pets and Parasocial Others Cause Corresponding Changes in the Self's Perceived Relational Value

Four studies tested whether a person's perceived relational value is influenced by other people's evaluations of his or her auxiliary companions (e.g., pets, favorite TV shows). Participants were exposed to their favorite media (Studies 1 and 2) or pets (Studies 3 and 4) being socially accepted, rejected, or neither. Participants' state self-esteem and satisfaction of basic needs (e.g., belonging, control) were measured before and after the manipulation to determine if social evaluations of their favorite media and pets changed their own relational value. The results revealed that participants' perceived relational value was influenced by social evaluations of their auxiliary companions, although positive changes (e.g., enhanced self-esteem) were found more reliably than negative changes. Inclusion of the pet or media entity in the self did not moderate the results. In conclusion, nonreciprocated (i.e., parasocial) and nonhuman relationships are meaningful and potent enough to influence one's feeling of s...
Fusion and blast wave studies in laser-heated cluster media

We study the heteronuclear dynamic enhancement model for Coulombic explosion of clusters under intense irradiation. The explosion dynamics of deuterated methane clusters are compared to methane and pure deuterium clusters. We also present studies of radiative blast wave evolution and the laser machining of cluster media to seed instability growth.
Structures, Magnetic Properties, and Reactivity Studies of Salts Containing the Dinuclear Anion [M2Cl6]2- (M = Mn, Fe, Co)

Salts of the edge-sharing bitetrahedral anion [M2Cl6]2- with M = Mn, Fe, and Co were prepared in high yields by reaction of MCl2 with 1 equiv of chloride ion. The anion [Fe2Cl6]2- was isolated with five different cations, namely, [PPh4]+ (1), [Et4N]+ (2), [ppn]+ (3), [AsPh4]+ (4), and [H-TMPP]+ (5) ([H-TMPP]+ = tris(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)phosphonium; [ppn]+ = bis(triphenylphosphonium)iminium chloride). The Mn and Co compounds were isolated as [ppn]+ salts, [ppn]2[Co2Cl6] (6) and [ppn]2[Mn2Cl6] (7). The compounds were characterized by single-crystal X-ray analysis and subjected to variable-temperature and field-dependent magnetic measurements. These magnetic data were analyzed from a spin Hamiltonian that contains an isotropic exchange term supplemented by a zero-field-splitting term to account for the single-ion anisotropy of the interacting spins. By using this approach, the [Fe2Cl6]2- salts (1−5) were shown to exhibit magnetic behavior dominated by single-ion anisotropy of the spin S = 2 of the tetrahe...
Evaluation of a breast cancer risk prediction model expanded to include category of prior benign breast disease lesion

Background Benign breast diseases (BBD) encompass a number of histologic subtypes, with varying risks of subsequent breast cancer. Information on previous benign breast disease biopsies has been incorporated into breast cancer risk prediction models; however, the type of histologic lesion has not been taken into account. Given the substantial heterogeneity in breast cancer risk dependent on type of benign lesion, we evaluated whether incorporating this level of detail improves the discriminatory power of risk classification models.
Cardiovascular Effects of Acute and Chronic Cocaine Administration in Pregnant and Nonpregnant Rabbits

Abstract The effects of cocaine administration on cardiovascular parameters were studied in anesthetized nonpregnant and pregnant rabbits with no prior exposure to cocaine and in pregnant rabbits repeatedly administered cocaine (4 mg/kg, bid, iv) for 15–20 days prior to the experiment. Rabbits were instrumented to determine the effects of cocaine on blood pressure, heart rate, and organ blood flows. Administration of the 1 and 2 mg/kg doses of cocaine increased blood pressure and decreased heart rate in both pregnant and nonpregnant rabbits. In contrast, the 4 mg/kg dose of cocaine caused reductions in both blood pressure and heart rate. Cocaine (1, 2, and 4 mg/kg, iv) also caused dose-dependent reductions in organ blood flows. Interestingly, cocaine did not affect uterine blood flow in the nonpregnant rabbits, whereas uterine and placental flows were markedly reduced in both groups of pregnant rabbits. Chronic treatment with cocaine caused a significant increase in the basal blood flow to the placenta and spleen, and a more precipitous decrease in blood flow in both organs in response to an acute injection of cocaine. The chronically treated rabbits also had a greater incidence of cardiac arrhythmias in response to an acute injection of cocaine (4 mg/kg, iv). Rabbits that received repeated administrations of cocaine experienced more prolonged reductions in blood flow than rabbits with no prior exposure to cocaine. These studies show that cocaine has marked effects on organ blood flows and that pregnancy and repeated prior administrations of cocaine can enhance these effects.
Behavioral effects of stimulating positive reward sites in the central tegmentum of rhesus monkeys.

Abstract Rhesus monkeys with electrodes chronically implanted in reward sites in central tegmentum were given telemetered brain stimulation while they were free ranging alone or with cagemates. Stimulation seemed to induce a relaxed positive affect as measured by increased huddling, increased lipsmacking, reduced muscle tone, increased solicitation of grooming and increased grooming of other monkeys. Stimulation did not increase dominant/submissive interactions and seemed to have no effect on aggression or fear. These results are very different from those obtained from an anterolateral hypothalamic self-stimulation site and indicate that fibers which provide input from this area to anterolateral hypothalamus are not solely responsible for effects obtained in the anterolateral hypothalamic area.
Effect of fracture fixation on cortical bone blood flow

Because internal and external fixation devices alter blood flow, and thus the transport of nutrients to the cortical bone of a healing fracture, we studied the effects of a fluted intramedullary rod (IMR), a half-frame external fixator (EF), and a compression plate (PL) on the cortical bone directly adjacent to the fracture site at 4 and 48 h and 14 and 90 days after fixation. Three specific areas of cortical bone were studied: endosteal cortex, periosteal cortex, and subplate cortex (cortical bone under the compression plate). The fractures fixed with IMR had the lowest blood flow at all time periods studied. At 4 h, the difference between IMR and PL or EF was statistically significant in the endosteal cortex (p less than 0.01 or p less than 0.05, respectively); also, the difference between the IMR and EF in the subplate cortical bone region was significant (p less than 0.05). At 14 days, the blood flow to the endosteal cortex was still significantly lower with IMR than with EF (p less than 0.025). At 90 days, the blood flow to the subplate region of cortical bone was significantly (p less than 0.02) higher with PL than with IMR but there was no significant difference in bone remodeling with the different fixation devices.
Evidence-Based Pharmacotherapy for Pediatric Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Chronic Tic Disorders

In recent years, much progress has been made in pharmacotherapy for pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and chronic tic disorders (CTDs). What were previously considered relatively intractable conditions now have an array of efficacious medicinal (and psychosocial) interventions available at clinicians' disposal, including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, atypical antipsychotics, and alpha-2 agonists. The purpose of this review is to discuss the evidence base for pharmacotherapy with pediatric OCD and CTDs with regard to efficacy, tolerability, and safety, and to put this evidence in the context of clinical management in integrated behavioral healthcare. While there is no single panacea for these disorders, there are a variety of medications that provide considerable relief for children with these disabling conditions.
Simple Scaling of Catastrophic Landslide Dynamics

Catastrophic landslides involve the acceleration and deceleration of millions of tons of rock and debris in response to the forces of gravity and dissipation. Their unpredictability and frequent location in remote areas have made observations of their dynamics rare. Through real-time detection and inverse modeling of teleseismic data, we show that landslide dynamics are primarily determined by the length scale of the source mass. When combined with geometric constraints from satellite imagery, the seismically determined landslide force histories yield estimates of landslide duration, momenta, potential energy loss, mass, and runout trajectory. Measurements of these dynamical properties for 29 teleseismogenic landslides are consistent with a simple acceleration model in which height drop and rupture depth scale with the length of the failing slope.
Protein-folding simulations in generalized ensembles

We demonstrate that modern simulation techniques such as the generalized-ensemble approach allow one to study secondary structure formation and folding in peptides and small proteins. Two systems are investigated. For the simple artificial peptide, Ala10-Gly5-Ala10, we research the relation between helix formation and folding. The 36-residue villin headpiece peptide HP-36 is used to study the structure prediction of proteins with our techniques. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2002
π - Capture by He 3 and the Two-Nucleon Capture Model

The rates of capture of ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ mesons by ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ leading to the final states $d+n$ and $p+n+n$ are calculated using a phenomenological two-nucleon Hamiltonian for the capture interaction $\ensuremath{\pi}\mathrm{NN}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{NN}$, obtained previously by Eckstein from an analysis of the experimental data on the inverse process of one-pion production in nucleon-nucleon collisions. Both $S$- and $P$-orbit captures are considered and it is shown that $P$-orbit capture does not compete with the $P\ensuremath{\rightarrow}S$ radiative transition. The radiative capture rate ${W}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$ (for final state ${\mathrm{H}}^{3}$+$\ensuremath{\gamma}$) is computed in terms of the photoproduction amplitude of Chew, Goldberger, Low, and Nambu and is used to deduce the nucleonic absorption rate ${W}_{\mathrm{abs}}={W}_{d}+{W}_{p}$ from the ratio $\frac{{W}_{\mathrm{abs}}}{{W}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}}$ measured experimentally. The agreement between calculation and experiment for ${W}_{\mathrm{abs}}$ is satisfactory. Our conclusion is that the form of close pair correlations in nuclei is essentially the same as that for the "free" nucleon-nucleon interaction and is comparatively insensitive to the presence of other nucleons.