cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fingerprints, sex, state, and the organization of the Tell Leilan ceramic industry

The goal of this research is to elucidate the organization of ceramic production at Tell Leilan, Northeast Syria with respect to gender roles from 3400 to 1700 BCE through a study of fingerprint impressions on pottery. Using the distribution of epidermal ridge densities, a technique has been developed and tested to determine the proportion of men and women who formed and finished vessels in a ceramic assemblage. Analysis of 106 fingerprints preserved on sherds indicates that there is a discrete change in the sex ratio of potters at Leilan coincident with the rise of urbanism and state formation in northern Mesopotamia. No change in this pattern, however, are yet correlated with other political shifts, such as changes in the various regimes that had hegemony over the site during the Early and Middle Bronze Age. These results provide new information about the effect of state authority on the public and private organization of crafts as well as the division of society along gender lines. Surprisingly, this transformation in gender roles, which coincides with the rise of the state at Tell Leilan, is not visible at village sites in the Tell Leilan Regional Survey. This indicates that the changes in social fabric that occurred at urban sites with the establishment of state institutions did not occur to the same extent in smaller settlements even though the state did control some of the ceramic production at these sites, at least during the Akkadian period. This methodology and research has implications beyond northern Mesopotamia and provides an innovative technique to empirically test the highly theoretical literature on the relationship of gender to craft production in the archaeological record.
Integration of screen-printing and rapid thermal processing technologies for silicon solar cell fabrication

For the first time, the potentially cost-effective technologies of rapid thermal processing (RTP) and screen-printing (SP) have been combined into a single process sequence to achieve solar cell efficiencies as high as 14.7% on 0.2 /spl Omega/-cm FZ and 14.8% on 3 /spl Omega/-cm Cz silicon. These results were achieved without application of a nonhomogeneous (selective) emitter, texturing, or oxide passivation. By tailoring the RTP thermal cycles for emitter diffusion and firing of the screen-printed silver contacts, fill factor values >0.79 were realized on emitters with a sheet resistance (/spl rho//sub s/) of /spl sim/20 /spl Omega///spl square/ and grid shading <6%. Such high fill factors clearly demonstrate that screen-printed contacts can be fired on extremely shallow RTP emitters (x/sub j/=0.25-0.3 /spl mu/m) without shunting cells. IQE analysis depicts a strong preference for shallow emitter junction depths to achieve optimal short wavelength response of these unpassivated emitters. In some cases, front contacts were printed through plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposited (PECVD) SiN/SiO/sub 2/ dielectrics which prevented the shunting of shallow emitters by serving as partial barriers minimizing the diffusion of metallic species from the contacts. The firing of screen-printed contacts through these PECVD films, achieved the multiple purposes of contact formation, efficient front surface passivation due to annealing of the SiN, and high quality antireflection (AR). Research is presently underway to further optimize the RTP emitter design for screen-printing and develop techniques for implementing selective emitter and oxide passivation technologies for higher efficiency cells.
Interactive technology and authoring tools: A historical review and analysis

Computer systems, interactive technologies, and the software tools for authoring multimedia programs have evolved over the past several decades. The evolution of multimedia technology is discussed and current alternatives for authoring multimedia programs are described. Issues related to analyzing authoring tool requirements and selecting software are presented and trends in the evolution of authoring tools are identified. Many factors affecting the selection and use of authoring software are exogenous to the technology itself. Both technological trends and market forces must be considered.
Dual mechanisms for change in myocardial signal intensity by means of a single MR contrast medium: dependence on concentration and pulse sequence.

To determine whether gadodiamide injection can provide sufficient enhancement on both T1- and T2-weighted spin-echo magnetic resonance (MR) images of the heart and skeletal muscles, anesthetized rats were divided into five groups. Groups 1-3 received 0.1 (n = 9), 0.3 (n = 8), or 0.5 (n = 8) mmol/kg gadodiamide injection, respectively, and T1-weighted images were obtained. Groups 4 and 5 received 0.3 or 0.5 mmol/kg gadodiamide injection, respectively, and T2-weighted images were obtained. Gadolinium concentration was measured in myocardium by means of inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy. On T1-weighted images, the 0.1 and 0.3 mmol/kg doses produced a dose-dependent increase in myocardial signal intensity proportional to gadolinium concentration. A dose of 0.5 mmol/kg, which correlated with higher gadolinium concentration and did not further increase myocardial signal intensity, prolonged the imaging window. On T2-weighted images, the 0.3 mmol/kg dose caused a transient decrease in myoca...
Validation of a simple potato growth model in the North Central United States

A simple potato growth model was validated in 1985 and 1986 at two dryland sites, Grand Forks, ND and Rosemount, MN, and one irrigated site, Hancock, WI. At each site, Russet Burbank potatoes were grown to maximize yield. Leaf area index and leaf, stem, root, and tuber biomass data were collected from replicated experiments every two weeks. Soil matric potentials, minimum and maximum temperatures, and solar radiation also were measured. Among sites, crop development rates and solar radiation receipts were similar, but final tuber yields differed by as much as 35 Mg/ha. Model predictions of leaf, stem, and tuber dry weights were similar to observed data both in terms of maximum values attained and seasonal development except for the experiment in Grand Forks in 1986 where the model over-estimated final tuber yield by 23 Mg/ha (115%). Soil aeration or salinity, factors not currently modeled, may account for this discrepancy. Modeled yield responses to defoliation were compared with field data from one of the experimental locations. At levels of defoliation below fifty percent, proportional yield reductions were similar between observed and modeled crops.
Low temperature epitaxial growth of Ge on CaF2 buffered cube-textured Ni

Abstract Quasi-single crystal Ge films were grown on cube textured Ni substrate at a temperature of 350 °C using an insulating buffer layer of CaF 2 . A direct deposition of Ge on Ni at 350 °C was shown to alloy with Ni. From x-ray pole figure analysis, it was shown that Ge grew epitaxially with the same orientation as CaF 2 and the dispersions in the out-of-plane and in-plane directions were found to be 1.7±0.1° and 6±1°, respectively. In the out-of-plane direction, Ge[111]‖CaF 2 [111]‖Ni[001]. In addition, the Ge consisted of four equivalent in-plane oriented domains such that two mutually orthogonal directions: Ge〈211〉 and Ge〈011〉 are parallel to mutually orthogonal directions: Ni〈110〉 and Ni〈110〉, respectively, of the Ni(001) surface. This was shown to originate from the four equivalent in-plane oriented domains of CaF 2 created to minimize the mismatch strain between CaF 2 and Ni in those directions.
32P-Postlabeling analysis of adducts generated by peroxidase-mediated binding of N-hydroxy-4-acetylaminobiphenyl to DNA

32 P-Postlabeling analysis of the bisphosphate derivatives was conducted to characterize the DNA adducts generated from the peroxidase-mediated activation of N-hydroxy-4-acetylaminobiphenyl (N-OH-AABP). Autoradiography of the D1 chromatogram of the postlabeled DNA hydrolysate revealed a major adduct (adduct 1) that migrated at R f 0.15. An adduct with similar chromatographic characteristics was also obtained by postlabeling the products generated by chemical interaction of : (i) 2',6'-dichloro-benzoyloxy-4-acetylaminobiphenyl with the 3'-monophosphate of deoxyguanosine, and (ii) N-acetoxy-4-acetylamino-biphenyl (N-OAc-AABP) with calf thymus DNA. The adduct derived from chemical reaction exhibited the same mobilities on two-dimensional TLC as that obtained from the peroxidase-mediated DNA binding of N-OH-AABP. Moreover, on HPLC analyses, these bisphosphate derivatives exhibited identical retention times, suggesting that structurally they might be the same. Furthermore, adduct 1 was insensitive to digestion with nuclease P1. In addition to adduct 1, another minor adduct (adduct 2) was also detected in the peroxidase-mediated DNA binding of N-OH-AABP. The adduct 2 in D1 exhibited an R f of 0.66. Adduct 2 was also observed in the DNA sample chemically interacted with N-OAc-AABP. Both these adducts retained the acetyl moiety, which was confirmed by the presence of radioactivity in the hydrolysate of DNA derived by interaction with N-OAC-[ 14 C-acetyl]AABP (labeled at the N-acetyl group). Based on proton NMR and MS analyses of the 5'-phospho analogs of adducts 1 and 2, the structures of these have been identified as 3-(deoxyguanosin-N 2 -yl)-4-acetylaminobiphenyl (dG-N2-AABP) and N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-4-acetylaminobiphenyl (dG-C8-AABP). Analyses of the DNA samples obtained from human uroepithelial cells following exposure to N-OH-AABP revealed primarily the non-acetylated derivative N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-4-aminobiphenyl (dG-C8-ABP) with trace amounts of dG-N2-AABP. These results suggest that in the target cells for 4-aminobiphenyl carcinogenesis, the prevalence of the peroxidase mediated activation reaction of N-OH-AABP is relatively minor compared to the acetyltransferase pathway.
The dissolved O2-CO2-13C system in the eastern equatorial pacific

In situ rates of oxygen utilization and CO2 production in the deep water are calculated by using the vertical diffusion-advection model to fit observed profiles of dissolved oxygen and total CO2. The average oxygen consumption rates calculated range from 0.03 to 0.14 (μmoles kg−1)a−1. The resulting production rates are shown to be consistent with the expected oxidative ratio ΔCO2/ΔO2 = 0·77. The13C profiles show that the production of eCO2 is due principally to oxidation of organic matter, with approximately 30% of the total production contributed by solution of calcium carbonate.
Characterisation of colony-stimulating activity in the avian T cell-derived factor, Salmonella enteritidis-immune lymphokine.

Abstract This investigation was designed to characterise the specific cytokine activity from the conditioned medium of concanavalin A-stimulated avian T cells derived from Salmonella enteritidis -immune chickens, S enteritidis -immune lymphokine ( ILK ). Studies were designed to determine first, whether colony-stimulating activity was present in ILK , second, the type(s) of colonies from the bone marrow that were supported in vitro by the potential colony-stimulating factors in ILK and, third, whether colony-stimulating activity was present in serum from chicks treated with ILK and challenged with S enteritidis , and to use physicochemical treatment as a means of identifying the potential colony-stimulating factor(s) in ILK . Both ILK alone and serum from chicks treated with ILK and challenged with S enteritidis caused significant increases in the number of colony-forming units (CFU) from the bone marrow in vitro. After 10 days of incubation, ILK alone supported the in vitro growth of granulocytic bone marrow colonies. The colony-stimulating activity from serum derived from chicks treated with ILK and challenged with S enteritidis peaked two hours after the challenge. When ILK was either heated at 100°C or treated with trypsin or acid and then injected into chicks, all the chicks responded with significant increases in circulating polymorphonuclear leucocytes ( PMNS ). However, when assayed for in vitro colony-stimulating activity, only trypsinisation destroyed the activity in ILK . The results indicate that a colony-stimulating factor which preferentially supported the growth of granulocytic bone marrow colonies was present in ILK and that the factor was stable to heat and acid but sensitive to trypsin.
Proso Millet Yield and Residue Mass following Direct Harvest with a Stripper-Header

Proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) (PM) is an important crop for dryland rotations in the central Great Plains. The crop is traditionally swathed before combining to promote uniform drying of the panicle and to minimize seed shattering losses. Direct harvesting of PM with a stripper-header would eliminate the swathing operation resulting in cost savings, and increased standing crop residues to enhance erosion protection, snow catch, and precipitation storage efficiency. This study was conducted to determine yield differences between conventionally swathed and stripper-header harvested PM and to compare PM residue mass and orientation following the two harvest techniques. The study was conducted over four growing seasons at Akron, CO. Proso millet was harvested either by swathing and then picking up the swath with a combine, or by direct harvesting with a stripper-header attached to the combine. Seed yields and moisture contents at harvest were not significantly different between treatments. About 20% more seed was found on the ground with the stripper-header harvest than with the conventionally swathed harvest, but the increased shattering resulted in only about 1% loss of the average final yield. Using a stripper-header resulted in both the standing residue mass and the silhouette area index following harvest to be four times greater than in conventionally swathed PM. A stripper-header can be used to successfully direct harvest PM thereby reducing harvest costs and increasing surface crop residues following harvest.
Ultrastructural localization of acetylcholinesterase in the renal nerves.

Acetylcholinesterase activity is present in the renal nerves of the monkey. At the ultrastructural level the precipitate appears extracellularly around axons and varicosities. No linear deposits at the area of contact between the nerve endings and the effector cells were observed. The density of the deposits is more pronounced around the axons than around the varicosities. This pattern is shared by all nerves present around a given arteriole. The topographic distribution and extent of acetylcholinesterase-positive innervation observed by electron microscopy corresponds to those of the catecholamine-containing fibers observed by the fluorescent histochemical technique. This and the fact that in some animals all the nerves observed are acetylcholinesterase-positive leads us to believe that most of them are adrenergic but rich in acetylcholinesterase.
PREDICT: an important resource for the science of security

The Protected Repository for the Defense of Infrastructure Against Cyber Threats (PREDICT) was established by the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Science and Technology Directorate (S&T) to provide real network operational data and to provide a trusted framework within which to share that data with the cyber security research community. PREDICT was conceived as a distributed repository to provide secure, centralized access to multiple sources of data and to promote data-sharing methods that protect the privacy of the data producers and the security of their networks. It also opened new research programs into the ethics of information and communication technology research [1] and disclosure control. [2] PREDICT initially took a conservative approach to its legal framework, applying the strictest requirements to all data classes regardless of the data's inherent sensitivity. Building on lessons learned through three phases of development, a less cumbersome framework has evolved and access to data for vital cyber security research has increased.
The elderly Type 2 diabetic patient: special considerations

Diabetes mellitus is a common disease in older people, with almost 50 % of Type 2 diabetic patients being over 60 years of age; despite this, half of older people with frank diabetes are not diagnosed. While insulin resistance is common in older people, large numbers also have impaired insulin secretion. Age, body habitus and physical activity all play a role in the pathogenesis of hyperglycaemia associated with diabetes mellitus. Leptin levels relate to insulin resistance in older people and amylin secretion is associated with delayed return of glucose levels to baseline. Depression, impaired cognitive function, and lack of recognition of thirst and subsequent dehydration are important factors to be taken into account in the management of older diabetic patients, who may also have impaired physical function, an increased rate of injurious falls, and increased prevalence of pressure ulcers, amputations and tuberculosis. Hyperglycaemia can result in a decreased pain threshold and incontinence. Dietary management plays less of a role in older diabetic patients but exercise, with a particular emphasis on balance and stability, is an important component of the management and treatment of older diabetic patients. The use of metformin as a treatment should be avoided in patients over 80 years of age because of declining kidney function. Insulin therapy is an option but as hypoglycaemia is related to advancing age, patients should be monitored carefully for the development of hypoglycaemia. Care providers also play an important role in the management of older people with diabetes mellitus. Glycaemic control can be obtained with minimal side-effects in most older diabetics including those patients in nursing homes. Copyright © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Note on the Brand Names for “Bath Salts”

AbstractThis essay discusses a relatively recent phenomenon, namely, the sale and use of a synthetic chemical product known generically as “bath salts.” It then defines this term. Next, it discusses selectively the scientific literature on this product. Finally, it interprets the significance the brand names used to refer to the product and their referents within an onomastic and semiotic framework.
Manganese exposure is cytotoxic and alters dopaminergic and GABAergic neurons within the basal ganglia

Manganese is an essential nutrient, integral to proper metabolism of amino acids, proteins and lipids. Excessive environmental exposure to manganese can produce extrapyramidal symptoms similar to those observed in Parkinson's disease (PD). We used in vivo and in vitro models to examine cellular and circuitry alterations induced by manganese exposure. Primary mesencephalic cultures were treated with 10-800 microM manganese chloride which resulted in dramatic changes in the neuronal cytoskeleton even at subtoxic concentrations. Using cultures from mice with red fluorescent protein driven by the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) promoter, we found that dopaminergic neurons were more susceptible to manganese toxicity. To understand the vulnerability of dopaminergic cells to chronic manganese exposure, mice were given i.p. injections of MnCl(2) for 30 days. We observed a 20% reduction in TH-positive neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) following manganese treatment. Quantification of Nissl bodies revealed a widespread reduction in SNpc cell numbers. Other areas of the basal ganglia were also altered by manganese as evidenced by the loss of glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 in the striatum. These studies suggest that acute manganese exposure induces cytoskeletal dysfunction prior to degeneration and that chronic manganese exposure results in neurochemical dysfunction with overlapping features to PD.
Optimization of electric power circuitry examination management

A multi-objective mathematic model is presented, according to the synthetically analysis of electric power circuitry examination and reparation in Liaoning Province of China. And other conditions are taken into account. An improved ant colony algorithm has been used during optimization process, combining with the coloring problem of graph theory. The core of improved ant colony algorithm is the dynamic adjustment of pheromone on routes, which can make it prevented from partial optimization. Also the improved ant colony algorithm can advance the velocity of itself on the basis of getting the satisfactory solution. The results of simulation manifest that the improved ant colony algorithm is better than the originality.
Potential interaction and potential investigation of science center exhibits and visitors' interest

This research consisted of studying the characteristics of interaction and investigation potential present in museum or science center exhibits. Categories (strong and weak) for the characteristics of interaction potential and investigation potential were established. Fifteen exhibits were chosen from the Museum of Science (Ottawa) and from two science centers (Sudbury and Toronto); these were representative of the established characteristics and categories. A test was constructed that measured the interest in an exhibit in a museum or a science center. The final analysis of the test (20 items) reflects a coefficient of homogeneity (Cronbach alpha) of 0.97 (n = 278). In terms of the characteristics of interaction potential and investigation potential, a significant difference among the ranks of interest was not found once they were regrouped under the categories of strong and weak. The hypothesis of a relationship between the interaction potential and visitors' interest in an exhibit in a museum or science center and the hypothesis of a relationship between the investigation potential and the interest aroused were both rejected. In regards to the interaction potential, median ranks of interest in exhibits of 8.6 for the strong category and of 7.5 for the weak category were observed. In terms of the investigation potential, median ranks of interest of 7.0 for the strong category and of 9.1 for the weak category were observed. In the case of investigation potential, even if the difference is not significant, there is an indication that the strong investigation potential seems to have the effect of creating disinterest in the presentation of an exhibit in a museum or in a science center. In the context of new museum and science centers, the view of developing exhibits which are primarily objects which stimulate interest must be maintained. If this is done with exhibits that arc interactive and have an investigative approach, it is necessary for those in charge of museums and science centers to consider other characteristics in order to ensure capturing visitors' interest.
Secretory processes in follicular cells of the bat thyroid. III. The occurrence of extracellular vesicles and colloid droplets during arousal from hibernation

Ultrastructural changes that occur in follicular cells of the bat thyroid gland just prior to, and immediately after arousal from hibernation are discussed in relation to the known changes which occur in thyroid function during arousal from hibernation. The most distinctive ultrastructural change that takes place just before emergence from hibernation is the occurrence, extracellularly, of concentrations of small vesicles lying in the colloid near the cell's apical plasma membrane. Similar accumulations of vesicles are absent in the apical cytoplasm of the follicular cell. Other principal changes from the early hibernating state found at this time are an increase in the number of apical vacuoles, dense granules and multivesicular bodies. These changes are followed at arousal itself by the appearance of large numbers of intracytoplasmic colloid droplets, often intimately associated with dense granules. An unusual feature of these follicular cells is that although they are rich in colloid droplets, apical pseudopods cannot be found.
Protein Solubility, Water Retention, and Fat Binding of Corn Germ Protein Flour Compared with Milk Proteins

Protein solubility (PS), water retention (WR), and fat binding (FB) of corn germ protein flour (CGPF), nonfat dry milk (NFDM), whey protein concentrate (WPC), and sodium caseinate (SC) were comparatively studied using response surface methodology. PS and WR of all samples were affected by pH except for WR of CGPF. PS and WR of all samples were not affected by incubation temperature except of WR of CGPF. Incubation temperature influenced FB of CGPF and WPC but not of NFDM and SC. Sample concentration significantly affected FB of all samples. CGPF was an effective protein source in terms of WR and FB. For FB, SC > CGPF = NFDM > WPC and for PS, WPC=NFDM=SC > CGPF.
Electron-impact-excitation cross sections for electronic levels in neon for incident energies between 25 and 100 eV

Absolute differential cross sections (DCS's) for electron-impact excitation of the lowest forty electronic levels in atomic neon have been determined for incident electron energies of 30 and 50 eV, for the four lowest levels at 25 eV, and two levels at 100 eV. The cross sections for these forty electronic levels are grouped into fifteen features, six of which represent excitation to resolved single electronic levels and the remaining nine which contain the unresolved contributions from two or more electronic levels. These DCS's were extrapolated to 0 deg and 180 deg and integrated to yield absolute integral cross sections as a function of incident electron energy. The results are compared to other experimental and theoretical results.
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis associated with necrotizing enterocolitis in premature newborns

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a systemic disease resulting from the excessive release of inflammatory cytokines by macrophages under prolonged antigenic stimulation. If untreated, it leads to multiorgan failure and death. Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) has not previously been associated with HLH. Here we report four preterm infants who were diagnosed with HLH associated with NEC. Two patients received chemotherapy and one survived. The other two infants succumbed to multiorgan failure. These results suggest that NEC may be a common clinical manifestation of HLH in premature neonates.
Marr, Gibson, and Gestalt: A Challenge:

Marr, Gibson, and the Gestalt school all offered different views on visual perception. In some cases, these views agree; in others they differ. Can a computational approach assimilate these different perspectives to yield one inclusive framework for vision?
Experimental and model transport and diffusion studies in complex terrain with emphasis on tracer studies

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Atmospheric Studies in Complex Terrain (ASCOT) program began in the fall of 1978 as a multiple DOE and other Federal Laboratory program devoted to developing a better physical understanding of atmospheric boundary layer flows in areas of complex terrain. The first technical challenge undertaken by the program was an investigation of atmospheric boundary layer phenomena associated with the development, continuation and breakup of nocturnal drainage wind flows. This paper discusses the general objectives the program has addressed during the past several years and focuses on results from a major field experiment conducted in 1980 in The Geysers area of northern California. Specifically, results from measurements of simultaneous tracer releases are compared to calculations from a mass-consistent wind field model coupled to a particle-in-cell transport and diffusion model. Results of these comparisons show that model calculations agree with measurements within a factor of 5 approximately 50 percent of the time. Part of the difficulty faced by the models in these comparison studies is associated with large variabilities between measurements made by samplers located one or two δx apart when compared to the resolution of the models. Space and time averaging improves the comparisons considerably, although the design of the field experiment did not allow the determination of optimum spacial and temporal averages.
Boundary Layer Flow Control With a One Atmosphere Uniform Glow Discharge Surface Plasma

Low speed wind tunnel data have been acquired for planar panels covered by a uniform, glow-discharge surface plasma in atmospheric pressure air known as the One Atmosphere Uniform Glow Discharge Plasma (OAUGDP). Streamwise and spanwise arrays of flush, plasma-generating surface electrodes have been studied in laminar, transitional, and fully turbulent boundary layer flow. Plasma between symmetric streamwise electrode strips caused large increases in panel drag, whereas asymmetric spanwise electrode configurations produced a significant thrust. Smoke wire flow visualization and mean velocity diagnostics show the primary cause of the phenomena to be a combination of mass transport and vortical structures induced by strong paraelectric electrohydrodynamic (EHD) body forces on the flow.
Faulkner's Totemism: Vardaman's “Fish Assertion” and the Language Issue in As I Lay Dying

Floyd Watkins and William Dillingham opened a dialogue on Vardaman Bundren by labeling him "an actual and not unintelligent child facing a real and human problem, " and more recently George Rooks has seen him as sensitive, but otherwise normal.1 While Faulkner criticism has not generally grouped Vardaman with Ike Snopes and Benjy Compson, there remains a fundamental reluctance to believe what he has to say. But Vardaman's third monologue (the " My mother is a fish" assertion) stands out as the shortest section of As I Lay Dying, and arguably the most pointed and direct statement made by any of the characters. When regarded as a performative statement of deracinated totemic identity, it provides a preemptive response to the "language verses action" issue announced by Addie in the novel's central section. Readers encounter Vardaman's third monologue a little more than a quarter of the way through the novel. Addie Bundren has died with her eyes on her youngest child, Vardaman. As part of his shocked, confused reaction to this frightening loss, the child thinks through a complex, although seemingly hysterical, line of reasoning that finally leads him to identify his mother with a large fish he had caught earlier in the day:
The dilemma of measuring perceived health status in the context of disability.

Abstract Background Advances in the conceptual differentiation of health from disability have not been incorporated in popular measures of perceived health status. The inclusion of function in the measurement of health presents a dilemma for researchers assessing the perceived health of people with functional limitations. Objectives The purposes of the present paper are to identify this problem in health measurement, describe its implications for disability and health researchers, and outline potential strategies for future measure development of perceived health status. Methods Reflecting the International Classification of Function, Disability, and Health, distinctions among the concepts of health, function, and disability are reviewed. Implications of confounded health measurement are discussed in terms of monitoring health status, assessing health disparities, using health as a mediator or moderator of other outcomes, and assessing effectiveness of interventions. The problem of function confounded with health measurement is illustrated with findings using the SF-36 with persons with spinal cord injury. Results Recommendations are provided for developing function-neutral measures of perceived health status. Conclusion New measures of perceived health status are needed that do not confound function with health.
A compact, machine-independent peephole optimizer

Object code optimizers pay dividends but are usually ad hoc and machine-dependent. They would be easier to understand if, instead of performing many ad hoc optimizations, they performed a few general optimizations that give the same effect. They would be easier to implement if they were machine-independent and parametrized by symbolic machine descriptions. This paper describes such a compact, machine-independent peephole optimizer.
Regulation of the neuronal actin cytoskeleton by ADF/cofilin

Actin and microtubules are major cytoskeletal elements of most cells including neurons. In order for a cell to move and change shape, its cytoskeleton must undergo rearrangements that involve breaking down and reforming filaments. Many recent reviews have focused on the signaling pathways emanating from receptors that ultimately affect axon growth and growth cone steering. This particular review will address changes in the actin cytoskeleton modulated by the family of actin dynamizing proteins known as actin depolymerizing factor (ADF)/cofilin or AC proteins. Though much is known about inactivation of AC proteins through phosphorylation at ser3 by LIM or TES kinases, new mechanisms of regulation of AC have recently emerged. A novel phosphatase, slingshot (SSH), and the 14-3-3 family of regulatory proteins have also been found to affect AC activity. The potential role of AC proteins in modulating the actin organizational changes that accompany neurite initiation, axonogenesis, growth cone guidance, and dendritic spine formation will be discussed.
Cable grafting of the spinal accessory nerve for rehabilitation of shoulder function after radical neck dissection

From January 1981 through December 1985, 9 patients underwent radical neck dissection with sacrifice of the spinal accessory nerve for removal of metastatic cancer to cervical nodes followed by reconstruction of the spinal accessory nerve utilizing a cable graft from the greater auricular nerve. Shoulder function on the operated side was assessed postoperatively using a subjective questionnaire, objective strength testing, and EMG recordings. The group that had cable grafts of the spinal accessory nerve were compared to a group who had modified radical neck dissection with preservation of the spinal accessory nerve, and to a third group that had classical radical neck dissection with sacrifice of the spinal accessory nerve and no cable graft reconstruction. The group with cable grafts scored in a position intermediate between the modified neck dissection group and the classical radical neck dissection group on subjective and objective testing. Most of the patients with cable grafts demonstrated voluntary motor potentials in the trapezius muscle on postoperative EMG testing. Cable grafting of the spinal accessory nerve sacrificed during radical neck dissection results in improved shoulder function in the postoperative period. Indications and contraindications for the use of this rehabilitative procedure are presented.
A Mouse Model of Mitochondrial Disease Reveals Germline Selection Against Severe mtDNA Mutations

The majority of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations that cause human disease are mild to moderately deleterious, yet many random mtDNA mutations would be expected to be severe. To determine the fate of the more severe mtDNA mutations, we introduced mtDNAs containing two mutations that affect oxidative phosphorylation into the female mouse germ line. The severe ND6 mutation was selectively eliminated during oogenesis within four generations, whereas the milder COI mutation was retained throughout multiple generations even though the offspring consistently developed mitochondrial myopathy and cardiomyopathy. Thus, severe mtDNA mutations appear to be selectively eliminated from the female germ line, thereby minimizing their impact on population fitness.
Effects of Running on Moods: A Time Series Study:

The purpose of this study was to compare the mood variation in runners of differing ability and commitment to running and the time at which they ran. The subjects, 32 male and 27 female undergradua...
Characterization of an ADP electro-optic modulator in the near-IR

Electro-optic modulators (EOM's) can be used for polarization modulation of light at frequencies up to hundreds of megahertz and are therefore strong candidates for high speed effipsometer systems. The characteristic of this device is the half wave voltage, V ,which is a function of the wavelength of light and the temperature. A description of the particular ADP EOM we are using, and a discussion of the effect of laser linewidth and temperature on the measurement of V,, is presented. For the laser diode wavelength of )t = 830 nm, V, and the extinction ratio are measured at different temperatures.
All-carbon composite for photovoltaics

Graphitic nanomaterials such as graphene, carbon nanotubes (CNT), and C60 fullerenes are promising materials for energy applications because of their extraordinary electrical and optical properties. However, graphitic materials are not readily dispersible in water. Strategies to fabricate all-carbon nanocomposites typically involve covalent linking or surface functionalization, which breaks the conjugated electronic networks or contaminates functional carbon surfaces. Here, we demonstrate a facile surfactant-free strategy to create such all-carbon composites. Fullerenes, unfunctionalized single walled carbon nanotubes, and graphene oxide sheets can be conveniently co-assembled in water, resulting in a stable colloidal dispersion amenable to thin film processing. The thin film composite can be made conductive by mild thermal heating. Photovoltaic devices fabricated using the all-carbon composite as the active layer demonstrated an on-off ratio of nearly 106, an open circuit voltage of 0.59V, and a power conversion efficiency of 0.21%. This photoconductive and photovoltaic response is unprecedented among all-carbon based materials. Therefore, this surfactant-free, aqueous based approach to making all-carbon composites is promising for applications in optoelectronic devices.
Gas-phase interference-free analysis of protein ion charge-state distributions: Detection of small-scale conformational transitions accompanying pepsin inactivation

Analysis of protein ion charge-state distributions in electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectra has become an indispensable tool in the studies of protein dynamics. However, applications of this technique have been thus far limited to detection of large-scale conformational transitions, which typically change the extent of multiple charging in a very significant way. However, more subtle conformational changes often elude detection, since the resulting changes of the extent of multiple charging are often smaller than the charge-state shifts caused by other external factors. Proton-transfer reactions involving protein ions and residual solvent molecules are the major extrinsic factors causing changes of charge-state distributions unrelated to conformational transitions. Since the extent of such reactions depends on the amount of various solvent components transferred to the ESI interface, profound changes of solvent composition may affect protein ion charge-state distributions not only by affecting protein higher order structure in solution but also through modulation of the efficiency of proton-transfer reactions in the gas phase. Here we demonstrate that it is possible to choose experimental conditions in such a way that the influence of gas-phase ion chemistry on protein ion charge-state distributions is not altered over a wide pH range. This methodology (gas-phase interference-free analysis of protein ion charge-state distributions, or GIFPICS) is sensitive enough to allow detection of pepsin inactivation under mildly acidic conditions. Pepsin is active and tightly folded in its native strongly acidic environment. Inactivation of pepsin at mildly acidic pH is not accompanied by global unfolding, as spectroscopic measurements suggest the protein remains compact. GIFPICS provides a means to observe this small-scale conformational transition that does not result in protein unfolding and may in fact elude detection by traditional spectroscopic techniques.
Child Abuse by Percutaneous Insertion of Sewing Needles

A Te report a case of factitious insertion of sewing needles and tacks into a child's feet and perineum. The child had several associated findings of physical abuse, and the foreign bodies were discovered on a radiographic skeletal survey. This patient illustrates the subtlety with which abusive injury to children can present, as well as the importance of thorough medical evaluation in cases of suspected child abuse.
Promise and pitfalls in immunocytochemistry

Abstract Light and electron microscopic study of immunocytochemical preparations have proved remarkably powerful tools in neurobiology. In a single preparation, one can learn about shape, position, and biochemical composition. This review is intended for non-immunocytochemists, and points out potential sources of error in commonly-used immunocytochemical methods and some of the problems in interpretation. Hopefully an awareness of limitations can serve as a solid basis for a real appreciation of the power of immunocytochemistry.
The Underwater Shock-Wave Initiation of Cast Pentolite

The initiation of cast pentolite underwater by shock wave was facilitated by combined frontal and lateral influences. Initiation did not occur exclusively at the front end of the receptors. When the receptors were beyond about 3$\cdot $5 radii from the centre of the spherical cast pentolite primer, the initial low-velocity propagation in the receptors proceeded longer than 15 or 20 $\mu $s and seldom developed into high-velocity detonation. Shearing of the receptors at the edges or at the boundaries of different backing materials contributed negligibly to initiation. Abnormally dense receptors tended to react longer in a low-velocity propagation even when fairly near a primer.
Application of the De Minimis concept in risk management

In risk regulation and management, de minimis refers to the general theme that some risks are too small to be of societal concern. It is easy to show that all organizations with risk management responsibilities use some type of de minimis approach, since risk management resources are always finite, and the supply of very small risks virtually inexhaustible. To cite just one example, the prohibition of carcinogenic food additives under both the Delaney Clause and earlier food safety laws is commonly cited as a “zero risk” policy statement that is as protective as any risk policy on the federal level. Even so, no serious consideration has ever been given to the idea that the Food and Drug Administration should ban food additives that contain a radioactive molecule or two, since that would include virtually all substances. While all organizations with risk management responsibility follow some pragmatic de minimis approach, there has been a series of proposals (see Chapter 13 and Davis1 for a general review of the issue) for explicit adoption of the de minimis concept by regulatory agencies.
Localized changes in apoplastic and cytoplasmic pH are associated with root hair development in Arabidopsis thaliana

Morphogenesis in plants is characterized by highly regulated cell enlargement. However, the mechanisms controlling and localizing regions of growth remain essentially unknown. Root hair formation involves the induction of a localized cell expansion in the lateral wall of a root epidermal cell. This expanded region then enters a second phase of localized growth called tip growth. Root hair formation therefore provides a model in which to study the cellular events involved in regulating localized growth in plants. Confocal ratio imaging of the pH of the cell wall revealed an acidification at the root hair initiation site. This acidification was present from the first morphological indications of localized growth, but not before, and was maintained to the point where the process of root hair initiation ceased and tip growth began. Preventing the wall acidification with pH buffers arrested the initiation process but growth resumed when the wall was returned to an acidic pH. Cytoplasmic pH was found to be elevated from approximately 7.3 to 7. 7 at the initiation site, and this elevation coincided with the acidification of the wall. Preventing the localized increase in cytoplasmic pH with 10 mM butyrate however did not inhibit either the wall acidification or the initiation process. In contrast, there was no detectable gradient in pH associated with the apex of tip growing root hairs, but both elevated apoplastic pH and butyrate treatment irreversibly inhibited the tip growth process. Thus the processes of tip growth and initiation of root hairs show differences in their pH requirements. These results highlight the role of localized control of apoplastic pH in the control of cell architecture and morphogenesis in plants.
Chemostratigraphy of deep-sea Quaternary sediments along the Northern Gulf of Mexico Slope: Quantifying the source and burial of sediments and organic carbon at Mississippi Canyon 118

Abstract This study investigates late Pleistocene to Holocene sedimentation, sedimentary geochemistry, and organic-carbon burial near the Mississippi Canyon 118 (MC118) gas-hydrate and cold-seep field at 890 m water depth – the first National Gas Hydrate Seafloor Observatory. The depositional history is reconstructed, producing a paleoenvironmental context for ongoing geochemical and geophysical monitoring at MC118. A chemostratigraphy is established from sediments that were recovered in 10 shallow gravity cores surrounding the MC118 field on the Northern Gulf of Mexico Slope. Geochemical data (from X-ray fluorescence core scanning, CO 2 coulometry, and inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry) are evaluated within the context of a detailed chronostratigraphy to map geochemical burial fluxes across MC118 during distinct stratigraphic intervals, each of which represents substantial changes in the depositional environment. These measurements are accompanied by Rock Eval pyrolysis data to aid in the evaluation of organic matter source contributions. The new dataset provides a means to quantitatively assess temporal and spatial changes in geochemistry and deposition surrounding the MC118 field. Results indicate that terrigenous sediment burial flux is the primary control on temporal changes in sediment composition and organic carbon burial, which are linked to sea level change and Mississippi delta lobe switching. Terrigenous proxy burial fluxes (titanium and insoluble residue) and organic carbon accumulation (primarily “type III” organic matter) are elevated during the interval spanning 14 to 9.5 kilo-years BP, compared to more recent deposition at MC118. Conversely, CaCO 3 accumulation (due to pelagic biogenic sources) is more consistent through time, although CaCO 3 concentration displays pronounced changes due to variable dilution by clay. The gas-hydrate and cold-seep field itself forms a bathymetric high due to salt diapirism, which is reflected in spatial patterns recorded in the chemostratigraphy. Analyses of geochemical burial fluxes indicate an increase of all sedimentary components (pelagic and terrigenous, including total organic carbon) with increased distance from the field. The results suggest a relatively stable spatial pattern of sedimentation with respect to MC118 during the latest Pleistocene and Holocene, but also a dynamic nature of deposition near the salt diapirism-induced bathymetric high, which contains the present day gas-hydrate deposits and active cold seeps.
Combined phase-readout and self-calibration of MEMS gyroscopes

This paper presents a gyroscope interface architecture that combines readout and self-calibration functions in a reconfigurable fashion. The phase readout and calibration operation relies on the phase shifts observed at the gyroscope outputs with respect to the applied excitations. The proposed electrostatic calibration obviates the use of any additional moving parts or calibration stage. The significance of this work is having shared interface electronics between the readout and calibration configurations, which inherently compensates for the sources of drift in the electronics, resulting in improved calibration accuracy. Experimental data is presented that supports the theoretical analysis of the proposed readout and self-calibration schemes.