cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Direct Determination of Primary Cosmic-Ray Alpha-Particle Energy Spectrum by New Method

The flux of cosmic-ray alpha particles has been measured at $\ensuremath{\lambda}=41\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{N} \mathrm{and} 55\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{N}$ and the energy spectrum in the region 883-285 Mev/nucleon has been determined by the use of a combination of a scintillation and \ifmmode \check{C}\else \v{C}\fi{}erenkov counter. This spectrum is not dependent on geomagnetic theory. It has been found that the integral alpha spectrum can be fitted with the function ${J}_{0\ensuremath{\alpha}}(E)=\frac{431}{{(1+E)}^{1.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2}}\mathrm{particles}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{c}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{d},$ and ${J}_{0\ensuremath{\alpha}}({E}_{1})=87\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}9 \mathrm{particles}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{c}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{d}, \ensuremath{\lambda}=41\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{N},$ ${J}_{0\ensuremath{\alpha}}(0.285 \mathrm{Bev})=292\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}25 \mathrm{particles}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{c}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{d}, \ensuremath{\lambda}=55\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{N}.$ ${J}_{0\ensuremath{\alpha}}(E)$ is the flux of $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ particles at the top of the atmosphere with kinetic energy $\ensuremath{\geqq}E$ (in Bev/nucleon). ${E}_{1}$ is the cutoff energy/nucleon for $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ particles at 41\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}N. An absorption mean free path ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}}=45\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}7$ g/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ has been measured for alpha particles. The properties of this new detector are discussed and a study is made of the energy response of the \ifmmode \check{C}\else \v{C}\fi{}erenkov counter to fast multiply-charged particles.
Global increase of atmospheric molecular hydrogen

IT is now well known that levels of atmospheric CO2, CH4, N2O and CO are increasing at substantial rates as a result of human activities. Here we report that levels of another trace gas, molecular hydrogen, are also increasing. Our systematic measurements between 1985 and 1989 show that the concentration of H2 increased at an average rate of 3.2 ± 0.5 parts per 109 by volume per year (a relative increase of 0.6 ± 0.1% yr−1). These increases originate from anthropogenic sources. Higher levels of hydrogen will add more water vapour to the stratosphere, where it can affect stratospheric ozone.
Rec-8 dimorphism affects longevity, stress resistance and X-chromosome nondisjunction in C. elegans, and replicative lifespan in S. cerevisiae

A quantitative trait locus (QTL) in the nematode C. elegans, “lsq4”, was recently implicated by mapping longevity genes. QTLs for lifespan and 3 stress-resistance traits coincided within a span of <300 kbp, later narrowed to <200 kbp. A single gene in this interval is now shown to modulate all lsq4-associated traits. Full-genome analysis of transcript levels indicates that lsq4 contains a dimorphic gene governing expression of sperm-specific genes, suggesting effects on spermatogenesis. Quantitation of allele-specific transcripts encoded within the lsq4 interval revealed significant, 2- to 15-fold expression differences for 10 of 33 genes. Fourteen genes, implicated by both position and expression, were tested for RNA-interference effects on QTL-linked traits. In a strain carrying the shorter-lived allele, knockdown of rec-8 (encoding a meiotic cohesin) reduced its transcripts 4-fold, to a level similar to the longer-lived strain, and extended lifespan 25–26% whether begun before fertilization or at maturity. The short-lived lsq4 allele also conferred sensitivity to oxidative and thermal stresses, and lower male frequency, traits reversed uniquely by rec-8 knockdown. A strain bearing the longer-lived lsq4 allele, differing from the short-lived strain at <0.3% of its genome, derived no lifespan or stress-survival benefit from rec-8 knockdown. We consider two possible explanations: high rec-8 expression may include increased “leaky” expression in mitotic cells, leading to deleterious destabilization of somatic genomes; or REC-8 may act entirely in germ-line meiotic cells to reduce aberrations such as nondisjunction, thereby blunting a stress-resistance response mediated by innate immunity. Replicative lifespan was extended 20% in haploid S. cerevisiae (BY4741) by deletion of REC8, orthologous to nematode rec-8, implying that REC8 disruption of mitotic-cell survival is widespread, reflecting antagonistic pleiotropy and/or balancing selection.
Changes in body composition in women following treatment of overt and subclinical hyperthyroidism.

� Objective: To determine changes in weight, body composition, and bone density after treatment of overt hyperthyroidism (OH) and subclinical hyperthyroidism (SCH) in women. � Methods: Women with OH and SCH referred to the Mayo Clinic Thyroid Clinic were recruited. Hyperthyroid patients and euthyroid control women were matched for age (within decade) and body mass index. Patients with OH and SCH were treated to normalize thyroid function test results and were restudied after 6 months of normal thyroid function. Baseline and posttreatment studies included measurement of height, weight, bone density, lean mass, fat mass, and thigh muscle cross-sectional area. All participants had normal thyroid function test results for at least 6 months before completion of the posttreatment studies. � Results: Twenty-four patients with OH, 21 patients with SCH, and 36 control patients were studied. In the OH group, fat-free mass increased from a mean of 36.8 kg (95% confidence interval [CI], 34.8-38.8) to 40.4 kg (95% CI, 38.5-42.3); in the SCH group, fat-free mass increased from a mean of 40.3 kg (95% CI, 38.1-42.5) to 42.2 kg (95% CI, 39.7-44.7). In both groups, fat mass increased to approximately the same extent, and both groups experienced significant weight gain with no change in percent body fat. Thigh muscle cross-sectional area increased in both groups—from 100.6 cm 2 (95% CI, 92.7-108.5) to 113.3 cm 2 (95% CI, 105.5-121.1) in the OH group and from 106.1 cm 2 (95% CI, 96.7-115.5) to 112.2 cm 2 (95% CI, 102.0-122.4) in the SCH group. Bone density increased in patients with OH (P<.01) and in patients with SCH (P<.05). � Conclusions: Treatment of OH and SCH leads to increases in muscle area and bone density. Weight gain reflects increases in both fat and fat-free mass. While these results provide some support for actively treating SCH in women, further prospective studies are needed to determine whether the changes documented translate into real patient benefit. ( Endocr Pract. 2008;14:973-978)
Nestmate recognition and the ontogeny of acceptability in the ant, Leptothorax curvispinosus

In social insects, there is often a brief period following eclosion when workers are highly acceptable in alien nests of their own or other species. This study tested for such an “acceptance period” in the facultatively polygynous ant, Leptothorax curvispinosus, and compared the duration and effectiveness of this period for conspecific and heterospecific introductions. Workers that eclosed and aged for 1–70 h or 30 days in isolation were introduced into either their parental nests (n=24), alien conspecific nests (n=265), or nests of the closely related and biologically similar species, L. longispinosus (n=341). In alien conspecific nests, acceptance was maximal for workers aged 1–12 h at introduction (67.7% not attacked, 75.8% adopted) and gradually decreased until the level of nonaggression (after 60 h) and adoption (after 36 h) were not significantly different from 30-day-old workers (5.9% not attacked, 17.6% adopted). In heterospecific nests, acceptance was maximal for workers aged 1–4 h at introduction (34.8% not attacked, 37.0% adopted) but thereafter was not significantly different from 30-day-old workers (5.6% not attacked, 8.3% adopted). In their parental nests, workers were generally accepted regardless of age (4–56 h posteclosion, 95.8% not attacked, 100% adopted); a result that is consistent with previous research on older workers (38–157 days posteclosion). This study demonstrates an acceptance period that is more effective and of longer duration within than between these species but that, under uniform laboratory conditions, is often not necessary for the integration of workers into their parental colonies. Within colonies, acceptance periods might only be important during relatively brief periods in a colony's life history when eclosing workers produce genetically based nestmate recongition cues that are not already represented in the colony and must be learned by colony members (e.g., during early colony growth or following adoption of queens), or when young workers must acquire environmentally based nestmate recognition cues to achieve and maintain acceptability.
Human Xeroderma Pigmentosum Group A Protein Interacts with Human Replication Protein A and Inhibits DNA Replication

Human replication protein A (RPA; also known as human single-stranded DNA binding protein, or HSSB) is a multisubunit complex involved in both DNA replication and repair. While the role of RPA in replication has been well studied, its function in repair is less clear, although it is known to be involved in the early stages of the repair process. We found that RPA interacts with xeroderma pigmentosum group A complementing protein (XPAC), a protein that specifically recognizes UV-damaged DNA. We examined the effect of this XPAC-RPA interaction on in vitro simian virus 40 (SV40) DNA replication catalyzed by the monopolymerase system. XPAC inhibited SV40 DNA replication in vitro, and this inhibition was reversed by the addition of RPA but not by the addition of DNA polymerase alpha-primase complex, SV40 large tumor antigen, or topoisomerase I. This inhibition did not result from an interaction between XPAC and single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), or from competition between RPA and XPAC for DNA binding, because XPAC does not show any ssDNA binding activity and, in fact, stimulates RPA's ssDNA binding activity. Furthermore, XPAC inhibited DNA polymerase alpha activity in the presence of RPA but not in RPA's absence. These results suggest that the inhibitory effect of XPAC on DNA replication probably occurs through its interaction with RPA.
Evaluation of a Methyl Anthranilate‐Based Bird Repellent: Toxicity to Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus and Effect on Great Blue Heron Ardea herodias Feeding Behavior

We evaluated the methyl anthranilate-based bird repellent, ReJeX-iT TP-4IYf'" (TP-40), for 1) its toxicity to channel catfish fingerlings (catfish), lctalurus punctatus; 2) its effect on great blue heron (heron), Ardea herodias feeding behavior; 3) its efficacy in reducing heron pre­ dation on catfish; and 4) its effects on catfish growth. TP-40 effectively maintained MA con­ centrations near the water's surface and below toxic levels for catfish in the water column. Water samples collected from 0.03 and 0.35 m below the surface of catfish rearing tanks (6,664 L) treated at application rates up to the equivalent of 200 kglha contained less than 5 ppm active ingredient, which is less than the no observable effect limit for catfish fry. No treatment-related mortality of catfish was observed. Handling times of catfish fingerlings captured by herons from tubs treated with TP-40 initially increased at application rates of 19.6 kglha or greater but decreased as a function of the number of catfish captured. Under simulated aquaculture conditions, TP-40 did not affect the number of catfish eaten by herons from ponds treated at surface application rates of 0, 2, 22, and 220 kglha. TP-40 had no affect on the time herons spent handling live or dead catfish. Ponds treated with TP-40 at 220 kglha had a 46% increase in visibility (secchi disk method) and a 58% reduction in total suspended solids, suggesting the formulation was phytotoxic. TP-40 did not affect fish growth. Analysis of individual behavior showed that herons may have habituated or become indiffer­ ent to the effects of the repellent after repeated exposure. Under the conditions of the study, herons did not maintain their body weight unless catfish were made available by disease or supplemental feeding, suggesting that herons may be inefficient at capturing healthy catfish. Surface applications of TP-40 at 20 to 220 kglha were not effective in limiting predation by herons.
Comparisons of global cloud ice from MLS, CloudSat, and correlative data sets

[1] Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) version 2.2 (V2.2) and CloudSat R04 (release 4) ice water content (IWC) and partial-column ice water path (pIWP) measurements are analyzed and compared to other correlative data sets. The MLS IWC, representing an average over ∼300 × 7 × 4 km3 volume, is retrieved at 215–268 hPa with precision varying between 0.06 and 1 mg/m3. The MLS pIWP products, representing the partial columns over ∼100 × 7 km2 area with the bottom at ∼8, ∼6, and ∼11 km for 115, 240, and 640 GHz, have estimated precisions of 5, 1.5, and 0.8 g/m2, respectively. CloudSat, on the other hand, shows a minimum detectable sensitivity of −31 dBZ in the reflectivity measurement at 94 GHz. CloudSat IWC is an average over ∼1.8 × 1.4 × 0.5 km3 volume, and its precision varies from 0.4 mg/m3 at 8 km to 1.6 mg/m3 at 12 km. The estimated single-profile precision for CloudSat IWP is ∼9 g/m2. However, these measurements are associated with relatively large systematic error, mostly due to uncertainties in the retrieval assumptions about microphysics, which lead to relatively poor accuracy compared to measurement precision. To characterize systematic differences among various observations and those derived from models, we employ the normalized probability density function (pdf) in the comparisons. CloudSat IWC shows generally consistent slopes of pdf distribution with in situ observations, particularly at ∼12 km where the in situ data come mostly from long-leg flights. Despite similar IWC morphology found between MLS and CloudSat observations, CloudSat R04 IWC retrieval is higher compared to MLS, especially at 14–17 km where the MLS technique is not limited by sensitivity saturation. The MLS and CloudSat IWC pdf's agree well in the overlapped sensitivity range with relative difference 500 g/m2.
Effect of chilling on bacteria in aqueous suspension.

CEBTAIN bacteria in the logarithmic growth phase become non-viable when chilled in aqueous suspension. The phenomenon has been observed with strains of Escherichia coli1, Pseudomonas pyocyanea2 and Aerobacter aerogenes3. Loss of viability of logarithmic phase A. aerogenes suspended in chilled phosphate-saline is accompanied by the leakage of endogenous solutes, and the leakage products, in sufficient concentration, protect the bacteria against the lethal effect3. Thus, loss of viability is greater the sparser the population and is insignificant in chilled suspensions containing more than 5 × 109 organisms/ml. Correlation between loss of viability and leakage of endogenous solutes has now been obtained by observing the effects of chilling on three Gram-negative bacteria.
Galen and the beginnings of Western physiology

Galen (129–c. 216 AD) was a key figure in the early development of Western physiology. His teachings incorporated much of the ancient Greek traditions including the work of Hippocrates and Aristotl...
Academic vs. practitioner systems planning and analysis

The gap between academic and practitioner research focus and time perspectives inhibits the education and training of systems analysts and undermines systems planning and performance.
Combined Imaging and Chemical Sensing Using a Single Optical Imaging Fiber

Despite many innovations and developments in the field of fiber-optic chemical sensors, optical fibers have not been employed to both view a sample and concurrently detect an analyte of interest. While chemical sensors employing a single optical fiber or a noncoherent fiberoptic bundle have been applied to a wide variety of analytical determinations, they cannot be used for imaging. Similarly, coherent imaging fibers have been employed only for their originally intended purpose, image transmission. We herein report a new technique for viewing a sample and measuring surface chemical concentrations that employs a coherent imaging fiber. The method is based on the deposition of a thin, analyte-sensitive polymer layer on the distal surface of a 350-microns-diameter imaging fiber. We present results from a pH sensor array and an acetylcholine biosensor array, each of which contains approximately 6000 optical sensors. The acetylcholine biosensor has a detection limit of 35 microM and a fast (< 1 s) response time. In association with an epifluorescence microscope and a charge-coupled device, these modified imaging fibers can display visual information of a remote sample with 4-microns spatial resolution, allowing for alternating acquisition of both chemical analysis and visual histology.
Crystal structure of the sulfotransferase domain of human heparan sulfate N-deacetylase/ N-sulfotransferase 1.

Abstract Heparan sulfateN-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase (HSNST) catalyzes the first and obligatory step in the biosynthesis of heparan sulfates and heparin. The crystal structure of the sulfotransferase domain (NST1) of human HSNST-1 has been determined at 2.3-A resolution in a binary complex with 3′-phosphoadenosine 5′-phosphate (PAP). NST1 is approximately spherical with an open cleft, and consists of a single α/β fold with a central five-stranded parallel β-sheet and a three-stranded anti-parallel β-sheet bearing an interstrand disulfide bond. The structural regions α1, α6, β1, β7, 5′-phosphosulfate binding loop (between β1 and α1), and a random coil (between β8 and α13) constitute the PAP binding site of NST1. The α6 and random coil (between β2 and α2), which form an open cleft near the 5′-phosphate of the PAP molecule, may provide interactions for substrate binding. The conserved residue Lys-614 is in position to form a hydrogen bond with the bridge oxygen of the 5′-phosphate.
Default Priors for Neural Network Classification

Feedforward neural networks are a popular tool for classification, offering a method for fully flexible modeling. This paper looks at the underlying probability model, so as to understand statistically what is going on in order to facilitate an intelligent choice of prior for a fully Bayesian analysis. The parameters turn out to be difficult or impossible to interpret, and yet a coherent prior requires a quantification of this inherent uncertainty. Several approaches are discussed, including flat priors, Jeffreys priors and reference priors.
Dilemmas in Creating an Intern/Field Instructor Supervision Group in a School Setting: Thoughts on Role and Authority

ABSTRACT Being guests in a host system, a school-based health program (SBHP), presents social workers with complex challenges that underscores the need for regular, supportive supervision. Group supervision is especially useful in bridging this gap, reducing isolation, and uniting a social work team dispersed across four different schools. This article reports on efforts to strengthen a social work component in a four-unit SBHP through the creation of a bi-weekly supervision group. Due to the hierarchical mixed membership of field instructors, interns and program administrator, this group addressed challenges and opportunities around role, authority, and power dynamics.
Towards the Realization of a Conveyor Platform for Microparts Employing a Deformable Surface

Various approaches ranging from micro-sized air-nozzles to direct manipulation through bimetallic actuators have been proposed to displace/orient sub-millimeter sized parts for automatic assembly of homogeneous and/or heterogeneous microdevices Keeping in view the micromanipulation requirements, based on the concept of active surface, a new approach for micromanipulation has been proposed by the authors which comprises of controlled deformation of a flexible continuous surface [1]. A single actuator system has limited micropart translocation capability and multiple sequential actuators need to be used if the required translocation distance is more than the capability of an actuator. For a single actuator system, the parameters of the system and their influence on the system output (translocation distance or travel distance) have already been discussed as function of the input frequency, actuator stroke, surface roughness and deformation wavelength [2]. In a multiactuator system, the subsequent actuators engage the micropart with a finite initial velocity and at some position relative to the actuator. Therefore, a sequential array of actuators exhibits a different set of overall operational characteristics. This manuscript describes the operational characteristics of sequential actuators towards a microconveyor system over a range of actuator frequencies and other system parameters and estimates the system output i.e. the micropart distance travelled or translocation. The discussion is based on a two actuator system with the conclusions generalized for a multi-actuator system.© 2012 ASME
MATERNAL AGE AT DELIVERY AND AT FIRST BIRTH: INDEPENDENT DETERMINANTS OF CHILD'S SELF-SUFFICIENCY AT AGE 27-33 YEARS? • 89

MATERNAL AGE AT DELIVERY AND AT FIRST BIRTH: INDEPENDENT DETERMINANTS OF CHILD'S SELF-SUFFICIENCY AT AGE 27-33 YEARS? • 89
Hepatitis E virus infection in developed countries

Hepatitis E was considered to be endemic infectious disease in developing countries in tropical or subtropical regions with poor sanitary conditions. Large, previously reported outbreaks were mainly due to contaminated water or heavy flooding. Prototype hepatitis E viruses of genotypes I and II were obtained from such endemic cases. In developed countries, in contrast, hepatitis E was rare and diagnosed only in travelers or imported cases. However, the development of accurate diagnostic tests, mainly PCR detection elucidated that autochthonous hepatitis E in developed countries is far more common than previously thought. Although the main route of transmission is food-borne, other routes including blood-borne have been suggested. Recent developments of gene-based diagnostic assays and molecular epidemiology have disclosed the significance of hepatitis E virus infection in developed countries.
Dihydrotestosterone may inhibit hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal activity by acting through estrogen receptor in the male mouse

Abstract The corticosterone (CORT) response to environmental perturbation has been shown to be enhanced by estrogen but inhibited by the androgen dihydrotestosterone (DHT). However, the mechanism of androgen’s action has not been identified. This study examined the effects of estradiol benzoate (EB), the non-aromatizable androgen DHT, and the DHT metabolite 5α-androstan-3β, 17β-diol (3β-diol) on the corticosterone response to stress. Adult male CBB6/F1 mice were gonadectomized and injected subcutaneously (once a day for 4 days) with the above compounds (controls received oil vehicle injections). Animals (within treatments) were randomly assigned to stress or non-stress conditions. The non-stress animals were taken directly from their home cages and killed. Animals were stressed by a 30 min restraint prior to being killed. Hormone levels were determined in plasma via radioimmunoassay. In agreement with previous studies, the CORT response to immobilization was enhanced by EB and inhibited by DHT. Surprisingly, 3β-diol inhibited the CORT response similar to the effect of DHT. In a second study, concomitant injections of the androgen receptor antagonist flutamide only partially blocked DHT’s, but had no effect on 3β-diol’s, inhibitory action. In contrast, injections with the estrogen receptor antagonist tamoxifen completely blocked the effects of 3β-diol and partially blocked DHT’s effect. Taken together these studies suggest that DHT’s inhibitory effects may be, at least in part, via the estrogen receptor, through its conversion to 3β-diol. These studies also suggest that the DHT metabolites may be functionally relevant when considering hormonal responses to stress.
From sea lemons to c-waves

This review of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) physiology pays tribute to Anthony L. F. Gorman, who introduced the author to the giant neuron of Anisodoris nobilis (the sea lemon) and cellular neurobiology. The RPE is an epithelial monolayer with tight junctions, which controls the environment of the photoreceptor outer segments. The apical and basal membranes have different electrical properties and generate a standing potential across the eye. The RPE helps maintain adhesion between the retina and the wall of the eye. Adhesion is weakened by cyanide, low pH or low calcium, but enhanced by ouabain or acetazolamide. The RPE transports water from the subretinal space toward the choroid. This water movement is inhibited by hypoxia or cyanide but enhanced by ouabain or acetazolamide. The c-wave of the electroretinogram is a composite of a cornea-positive wave produced by hyperpolarization of the apical RPE membrane and a cornea-negative wave produced by the Muller cells, both in response to the fall in extracellular potassium that follows illumination of the photoreceptors. The "light response" of the standing potential is produced by depolarization of the basal membrane of the RPE. These examples illustrate how principles of cellular neurophysiology can be applied to questions of clinical relevance.
Cobaltocene-Doped Viologen as Functional Components in Organic Electronics

Given the energy level alignment between viologen and cobaltocene, cobaltocene readily transfers electrons to the intrinsically insulating viologen, resulting in the formation of an electron transfer complex with high electron density. When cobaltocene−viologen is incorporated as active layers in organic thin-film transistors, the output current of devices scales with increasing cobaltocene concentrations. We further demonstrate that cobaltocene−viologen makes effective electron transport layers in inverted polymer solar cells.
Interacting responses to crowded signals

Abstract A clear indication of PR was obtained with objective time certainty, under conditions which led to true RT responses to both signals. It was suggested that the large amount of PR found could be ascribed to the intensity of involvement with S 1 . Retroactive facilitation of R 1 by S 2 occurred, but was markedly diminished when no response to S 2 was required. This means that the processing of S 2 reached at least the initial aspects of organizing R 2 before it was subjected to PR. An appreciable amount of the retroactive effect was exerted on the processing of S 1 before final selection of R 1 had taken place. Information processing is not adequately described by an arrangement of neat priorities; it is rich in interactions.
The Total Irradiance Monitor (TIM): Instrument Calibration

The calibrations of the SORCE Total Irradiance Monitor (TIM) are detailed and compared against the designed uncertainty budget. Several primary calibrations were accomplished in the laboratory before launch, including the aperture area, applied radiometer power, and radiometer absorption efficiency. Other parameters are calibrated or tracked on orbit, including the electronic servo system gain, the radiometer sensitivity to background thermal emission, and the degradation of radiometer efficiency. The as-designed uncertainty budget is refined with knowledge from the on-orbit performance.
Factors Contributing to the Upward Transfer of Baccalaureate Aspirants Beginning at Community Colleges

This study examined factors associated with the upward transfer of baccalaureate aspirants beginning at community colleges. Based on data from the National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988 and the Postsecondary Education Transcript Study, a sequential logistic regression analysis was conducted to predict bachelor's degree-seeking community college entrants' transfer to four-year institutions.
On primitives, prototypes, and other semantic anomalies

ION. The tradition drawn from logic and linguistics is to view the elements of a semantic formalism as logical abstractions--predicates and constants within a logical system. The meaning of a word is a structure o f semantic elements which express the logical truth conditions determining its applicability. For example, if we analyze one sense of "bachelor" as having the semantic components HUMAN, MALE, and UNMARRIED, it is implied that any object to which that sense of the word could be properly applied will fit the truth conditions corresponding to those terms. If "kill" is analyzed as a structure of the form CAUSE(X, DIE(Y)), then we can safely deduce from the fact that "A killed B" that, among other things, B died.
Carbaryl synergism by substituted 1,3-benzodioxoles and related compounds and inhibition of mixed function oxidase.

Several new 1,3-benzodioxole derivatives were synthesized and examined for synergism of carbaryl toxicity to houseflies, Musca domestica L., and for inhibition of aldrin epoxidation by rat liver microsomal oxidase. Synergism data for several of the derivatives confirmed predictions made earlier by another worker. Several of the 4,5-disubstituted-1,3-benzodioxoles were outstanding in their effectiveness in synergizing the toxicity of carharyl. A direct relationship between synergistic activity and inhibition of microsomal aldrin epoxidation was not observed. Data on inhibition of microsomal oxidase revealed that the catechols are often more potent inhibitors than the related 1, 3-benzodioxoles.
The continuity factor in retail store display

While future research is necessary to determine the variation in findings by such factors as store type, merchandise type, degree of self-selection, etc., these data do indicate that there is much to be said in favor of display continuity. This, of course, assumes that increased sales per minute is a desirable goal. The desirability of increasing sales per minute should be reviewed from the customer’s point of view as well as from a management’s frame of reference. If the shopping task is viewed as relatively unpleasant, then speed of purchasing becomes a real factor. However, should the customer feel that the shopping act is more one of entertainment relative to procurement, then purchase proficiency is less relevant.
Trust in technology-mediated collaborative health encounters: constructing trust in passive user interactions with technologies.

The present study investigated factors that explain patient trust in health technology and the relationship between patient trust in technology and trust in their care provider. Sociotechnical systems theory states that changes in one part of the system are likely related to other parts of the system. Therefore, attitudes about technologies, like trust, are likely related to other aspects of the system. Contributing to appropriate trust at the technological, interpersonal, and system levels can potentially lead to positive health outcomes. The study described in this manuscript used data collected from 101 patients with a Trust in Medical Technology instrument. The instrument measured patients’ trust in (1) their providers, (2) the technology, and (3) how their providers used the technology. Measure 3 was positively associated with measures 1 and 2, while measures 1 and 2 were not positively or negatively associated with one another. These results may indicate that patient assessments of the trustworthine...
Apply low-temperature plasma in the rework procedure of Al film structure to prevent pattern collapsed and CuAl 2 precipitation

In a conventional lithography process with Al film structure, the photo resist pattern is removed by two methods: wet etch or wet etch combine with dry strip process. There were some problems in these kinds of processes. Pattern collapsed after wet etch process due to the photo resist (PR) adhesion capability reduced. Contact angle can be the index to measure the adhesion capability. So as to prevent the pattern collapsed issue, a high-temperature plasma treatment step was added after wet etch. But it induces another issue. IC devices fabrication in Al interconnect process, 0.5wt% Cu is generally used in Al film deposition for better Al electron migration performance. The high-temperature Plasma with high potentiality of CuAl 2 precipitation, which will form a residue cause the metal line bridge induce yield loss. In this paper, we modify the rework procedure and lower the plasma processing temperature to the "room temperature" to prevent the pattern collapsed issue and the CuAl 2 precipitation. The modified rework procedure is not only improved the defect, WAT and yield, but also reduce the cycle time of resist remove process.
Violent behaviors in early adolescent minority youth: results from a "middle school youth risk behavior survey".

Objectives: To describe the prevalence and characteristics of violence and violence-related behaviors among six populations of U.S. minority adolescents in grades 6–8. Methods: Six thousand four hundred non-White adolescents were recruited from six sites that were part of a collaborative project. Surveys were administered either during the school day or at community facilities. All students at each site were asked 10 questions about recent violence-related behaviors (including use of threats, fighting, weapon carrying, and weapon use). Prevalence of each violence-related behavior was reported within and across sites, and stratified by race/ethnicity, gender, age, and other characteristics expected to influence the behaviors. Results: Sixty-six percent (66%) of the middle school students sampled reported being involved in some type of recent fighting and/or weapon-related behaviors. Sixty-one percent (61%) indicated some form of fighting behavior in the past 3 months (threatening to beat someone up, physical fighting, and/or being hurt in a fight). Thirty percent (30%) of participating youth reported one or more weapon-related behaviors (threatening to use a weapon, carrying a weapon, using a weapon, and/or being cut, stabbed or shot at). Reported gun carrying among males varied depending upon site, but was as high as 20%. Grade in school was positively associated with reported violent behaviors. Adolescents who reported living full-time with a parent or parent figure, and those who reported religious observance or beliefs, were less likely to report violence involvement. All violence-related behaviors were more common among male than female adolescents. Conclusions: Violence prevention efforts should begin in elementary school and continue throughout adolescence. Programs should be prepared to provide services or referrals to victims of violence, implement programs tailored toward females as well as males, and build partnerships with churches and other community organizations in which youth are involved.
Family Interactions During Three Programs Contextualist Observations

This research was designed as an initial test of a model that posits that family interactions during television viewing are partially determined by the interaction of interests of different family members in the program being viewed and the roles assumed by each family member. Thirteen two-parent families with two male children between the ages of 3 and 6 were observed in their homes while watching three television programs: the evening national news, the Pink Panther cartoon show, and the Muppet show. Time-sampled data were collected on attention and verbalizations for each family member, and event-recorded data were collected on managing and question-asking sequences during each program. Family interaction differed across the three programs. Children were less responsive during the cartoon show, while fathers were less interactive during the news. Mothers maintained a responsive parenting role across programs. The findings provide initial support for the proposed model.
Tiling Assembly: a new tool for reference annotation-independent transcript assembly and novel gene identification by RNA-sequencing

Annotation of the rice (Oryza sativa) genome has evolved significantly since release of its draft sequence, but it is far from complete. Several published transcript assembly programmes were tested on RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) data to determine their effectiveness in identifying novel genes to improve the rice genome annotation. Cufflinks, a popular assembly software, did not identify all transcripts suggested by the RNA-seq data. Other assembly software was CPU intensive, lacked documentation, or lacked software updates. To overcome these shortcomings, a heuristic ab initio transcript assembly algorithm, Tiling Assembly, was developed to identify genes based on short read and junction alignment. Tiling Assembly was compared with Cufflinks to evaluate its gene-finding capabilities. Additionally, a pipeline was developed to eliminate false-positive gene identification due to noise or repetitive regions in the genome. By combining Tiling Assembly and Cufflinks, 767 unannotated genes were identified in the rice genome, demonstrating that combining both programmes proved highly efficient for novel gene identification. We also demonstrated that Tiling Assembly can accurately determine transcription start sites by comparing the Tiling Assembly genes with their corresponding full-length cDNA. We applied our pipeline to additional organisms and identified numerous unannotated genes, demonstrating that Tiling Assembly is an organism-independent tool for genome annotation.
Differential hysteresis modeling of a shape memory alloy wire actuator

In this paper, we develop a complete mathematical model of a shape memory alloy (SMA) wire actuated by an electric current and a bias spring. The operation of the SMA actuator involves different physical phenomena, such as heat transfer, phase transformation with temperature hysteresis, stress-strain variations and electrical resistance variation accompanying the phase transformation. We model each of these phenomena in a modular fashion. A key feature of the proposed model is that one or more of its modules can be extended to fit other SMA applications. At the heart of the proposed model is a differential hysteresis model capable of representing minor hysteresis loops. We generate the temperature profile for the hysteresis model using lumped parameter analysis. We extend the variable sublayer model to represent actuator strain and electrical resistance. This model can be used to develop a position control system for the actuator. Simulation results from the model are found to be in good agreement with experimental data.
Orbits, tunes and chromaticities for the BNL SXLS storage rings

The lattice of the SXLS (Superconducting X-ray Lithography Source) has been analyzed by direct integration of the equations of motion through TOSCA-generated fields of the 18 degrees bending magnets to obtain the central trajectory, off-momentum closed orbits, and tunes for small-amplitude oscillations. The first- and higher-order chromaticities, betatron functions, and synchrotron radiation integrals have been obtained. The present six-coil configuration exhibits an order-of-magnitude improvement in higher-order chromaticity relative to an earlier two-coil design by addition of a correction coil. Lattice parameters near the central orbit are in good agreement with earlier calculations. >
Finding pearls: psychometric reevaluation of the Simpson–Troost Attitude Questionnaire (STAQ)

The Simpson–Troost Attitude Questionnaire (STAQ) was developed as part of a study to assess adolescent commitment to and achievement in science. For this psychometric reappraisal of the 57-item STAQ, data were analyzed from a convenience sample of 1,754 secondary students. Confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses were applied, and results suggested that the STAQ can be shortened from 57 to 22 items spanning five revised dimensions. These five dimensions were arranged into an exploratory structural equation model, which showed some grade and gender differences and strong associations among classroom environment, self-directed effort, and science affect. Findings raise the potential for teacher professional development to improve science classroom activities, and influence student self-directed effort and science affect. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed92:1076–1095, 2008
In Vitro Reaction of Formaldehyde with Fenfluramine: Conversion to N-Methyl Fenfluramine

Embalming is common, and it can create problems for the forensic scientist if a drug has been the cause death and this drug is also reactive toward the embalming fluid. Previous studies have focused on the tricyclic amines nortriptyline and desipramine. In the presence of formaldehyde, a typical component of embalming fluid, either of these two compounds can be rapidly converted to their methylated derivatives amitriptyline and imipramine, respectively. We have begun a larger project designed to determine the reactivity and reactions of a wide range of drugs with formaldehyde. We report here our results from fenfluramine, which, like the tricyclic amines, is reactive towards formaldehyde and is converted into its N-methyl derivative. The rate of conversion is dependent upon pH and formaldehyde concentration. Up to 100% conversion in 24 h was observed. In addition, we have also devised a simplified procedure for monitoring this process that may be useful for others working in this area. Finally, we note that the reactions of fenfluramine studied here and of amines in general with formaldehyde need to be considered when performing postmortem/postembalming forensic analysis.
Africa, Empire, and Anthropology: A Philological Exploration of Anthropology's Heart of Darkness

▪ Abstract As an artifact of imperial culture, Africanist anthropology is historically associated with the colonization of Africa in ways that undermine the subdiscipline's claims of neutrality and objectivity. A critical literature on the ideological and discursive inventions of Africa by the West challenges the very possibility of Africanist anthropology, to which a variety of responses have emerged. These range from historical reexaminations of imperial discourses, colonial interactions, and fieldwork in Africa, including dialogical engagements with the very production of ethnographic texts, to a more dialectical anthropology of colonial spectacle and culture as it was coproduced and reciprocally determined in imperial centers and peripheries. Understood philologically, as an imperial palimpsest in ethnographic writing, the colonial legacy in Africanist ethnography can never be negated, but must be acknowledged under the sign of its erasure.
A Descriptive Analysis of State Government Debt-Related Derivatives Policies

The increasing use of debt-related derivatives over the last 10 years, combined with the recent global financial crisis' impact on these instruments, greatly affected the finances of many state and local governments in the United States. Some observers believe the negative effects could have been minimized had governments established prudent financial risk management policies governing these products. This research describes and analyzes debt-related derivatives policies at the state level. It finds that while 30 states used debt-related derivatives between 2005 and 2010, only 20 states have policies guiding financial derivative practices, with the policies being of varying breadth and depth.
Amphiphysin I Antisense Oligonucleotides Inhibit Neurite Outgrowth in Cultured Hippocampal Neurons

Amphiphysin I is an SH3 domain-containing neuronal protein, enriched in axon terminals, which was reported to act as a physiological binding partner for dynamin I in synaptic vesicle endocytosis. Rvs167 and Rvs161, the yeast homologs of amphiphysin I, have been implicated in endocytosis, actin function, and cell polarity. Now we have explored the possibility that amphiphysin I also may have a role in actin dynamics and cell polarity by testing the effect of amphiphysin I suppression on neurite outgrowth. Freshly plated hippocampal neurons were exposed to antisense oligonucleotides via a new delivery system based on a polycationic amphipathic polymer, PS980. Western blot analysis revealed that amphiphysin I levels steadily increased with neuronal differentiation, whereas in antisense-treated cultures amphiphysin I levels were reduced to ∼10% of control levels at 48 hr. Concomitantly, a collapse of growth cones and a severe inhibition of neurite outgrowth and axon formation were observed. A similar effect was observed previously after dynamin I suppression in the same culture system (Torre et al., 1994). We also have found that amphiphysin I and dynamin I colocalize in developing neurons at all developmental stages and that a pool of both proteins is colocalized with actin patches at the leading edge of growth cones. Our findings suggest a conserved role of the amphiphysin protein family in the dynamics of the cortical cell cytoskeleton and provide new evidence for a close functional link between amphiphysin I and dynamin I.
Extensive mosaic structure revealed by the complete genome sequence of uropathogenic Escherichia coli

We present the complete genome sequence of uropathogenic Escherichia coli, strain CFT073. A three-way genome comparison of the CFT073, enterohemorrhagic E. coli EDL933, and laboratory strain MG1655 reveals that, amazingly, only 39.2% of their combined (nonredundant) set of proteins actually are common to all three strains. The pathogen genomes are as different from each other as each pathogen is from the benign strain. The difference in disease potential between O157:H7 and CFT073 is reflected in the absence of genes for type III secretion system or phage- and plasmid-encoded toxins found in some classes of diarrheagenic E. coli. The CFT073 genome is particularly rich in genes that encode potential fimbrial adhesins, autotransporters, iron-sequestration systems, and phase-switch recombinases. Striking differences exist between the large pathogenicity islands of CFT073 and two other well-studied uropathogenic E. coli strains, J96 and 536. Comparisons indicate that extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli arose independently from multiple clonal lineages. The different E. coli pathotypes have maintained a remarkable synteny of common, vertically evolved genes, whereas many islands interrupting this common backbone have been acquired by different horizontal transfer events in each strain.
Lossless non-arbitrated address-event coding

A new address-event coding technique for off chip communication in neuromorphic and other perceptual systems is presented. Unlike all known solutions for address-event communication, our technique is able to individually identify a plurality of colliding events without arbitration thus preventing loss due to collisions. The proposed encoder is based on the error correction coding theory. The technique enables precise event timing by producing codes at a very fine time scale (e.g., 10ns).