cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Superconductivity in the Close-packed Intermediate Phases of the VIr, NbIr, NbRh, TaRh, NbPt, TaPt, and Other Related Systems

The superconducting behavior of various close-packed low symmetry intermediate phases in the VIr, NbIr, NbRh, TaRh, NbPt, TaPt, HfRh, and HfIr systems was investigated. By considering the σ-phase as a close-packed phase, a smooth relationship was found between its superconducting transition temperature (Tc) and those of the other close-packed phases (of a given system) on the one hand and their composition on the other. In each system the σ-phase exhibited the highest Tc. The normal behavior of the close-packed phases of the pseudobinary systems “NbRu3”NbPt3. NbIr3NbPt3, “NbOs3”NbPt3, and ZrPt3NbPt3 down to 1.6°K is considered consistent with the model of Gusman and Brout [1]. Es wurde das Supraleitungsverhalten verschiedener dichtgepackter Zwischenphasen niedriger Symmetrie in VIr, NbIr, NbRh, TaRh, NbPt, TaPt, HfRh und HfIr-Systemen untersucht. Unter Berucksichtigung der σ-Phase als eine dichtgepackte Phase, wurde eine schwache Beziehung zwischen ihrer Supraleitungsubergangstemperatur (Tc) und derjenigen der anderen dichtgepackten Phasen (eines gegebenen Systems) einerseits und deren Zusammensetzung andererseits gefunden. In jedem System zeigte die σ-Phase das hochste Tc. Bis zu 1,6°K herab wird das normale Verhalten der dichtgepackten Phasen der pseudobinaren Systeme „NbRu3,”NbPt3, NbIr3,„NbOs3”NbPt3, und ZrPt3NbPt3 als ubereinstimmend mit dem Modell von Gusman und Brout [1] betrachtet.
Vasopeptidase inhibitor ilepatril (AVE7688) prevents obesity- and diabetes-induced neuropathy in C57Bl/6J mice

Previously we demonstrated that inhibition of neutral endopeptidase (NEP), a protease that degrades vaso- and neuro-active peptides, and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) with a vasopeptidase inhibitor improves vascular and neural function in diabetic rat models. The purpose of this study was to determine whether inhibition of NEP and ACE or deletion of NEP provides protection from nerve impairment caused by diabetes or diet induced obesity (DIO). To determine the role of NEP and ACE inhibition in neuropathy related to insulin-deficient diabetes or DIO we used C57Bl/6J mice treated with AVE7688, a vasopeptidase inhibitor, or NEP deficient (-/-) mice. Mice at 12 weeks of age were fed a high fat diet for 12 weeks or were diabetic for duration of 12 weeks following a single injection of high dose streptozotocin. Both a prevention and intervention protocol was used for AVE7688 treatment. Glucose utilization was impaired in DIO C57Bl/6J and NEP -/- mice. However, treating DIO C57Bl/6J or NEP -/- mice with AVE7688 improved glucose tolerance. Thermal hypoalgesia and nerve conduction slowing were present in both streptozotocin-diabetic and DIO C57Bl/6J mice but not in AVE7688 treated C57Bl/6J mice or NEP -/- mice exposed to either streptozotocin-induced diabetes or a high fat diet. Intraepidermal nerve fiber (IENF) profiles were decreased in the hindpaw of C57Bl/6J diabetic or DIO mice and this improved when the mice were treated with AVE7688. IENF profiles were not decreased in diabetic or DIO NEP (-/-) mice. These studies suggest that NEP plays a role in regulating nerve function in insulin-deficient diabetes and DIO.
The utility of climatic station data in making hourly potential evapotranspiration estimates for remote sensing studies

Abstract Regional estimates of evapotranspiration and soil moisture are often highly inaccurate due to a lack of representative meteorological data with which to calculate the moisture and energy fluxes. A procedure is outlined which uses available hourly climatic station data to estimate these moisture and energy fluxes. These hourly climatic station observations and synthesized radiation were compared to detailed meteorological and radiation flux measurements taken up to 100 km away. The two data sets compared well in both trend and magnitude. Solar and net radiation were modelled by using vapor pressure and observed cloud cover and compared well to values observed at the study sites. Hourly potential evapotranspiration estimates were made with both the micromet measurements and the climatic station data for each region, and also compared well. This study was performed for two areas of different climatic conditions, a natural prairie in Kansas and a bare soil in Beltsville, Maryland. Large-area estimates of hourly potential evapotranspiration made with climatic station data may be useful when combined with additional midday satellite observations in the thermal, visible, and near-infrared bands to estimate relevant vegetation parameters, actual evapotranspiration, and soil moisture.
Influence of Discharge Gas Pressure on Structural Properties of SnO2 Thin Films Deposited by Reactive Magnetron Sputtering

The influence of discharge gas pressure on the structural properties of SnO2 thin films deposited by reactive magnetron sputtering at room temperature was investigated by X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and by the measurement of film density and physical adsorption isotherms. As the pressure increased, the grain size increased and the crystallite size decreased; simultaneously, a void structure developed, and the film became porous, indicating a lower film density. According to the results of physical adsorption isotherms, the effective surface area and the porosity increased with increasing discharge gas pressure.
Distribution of adduct-formation inhibitors between phases in spent water/urea slurry

1. The bulk of the inhibitor material in spent water/urea slurry is present in the dissolved state; only a very small part is adsorbed on the urea crystals. 2. The optical density of the urea solution is related to the concentration of inhibitors in the solution. 3. The inhibitors of adduct formation are thermally stable and do not distill over with the water.
Diagnostic criteria of sexual dysfunctions: Need for a change

The DSM diagnostic criteria of sexual dysfunctions have been widely used by clinicians, researchers and in pharmaceutical trials. However, these diagnostic criteria do not reflect the developments in the field of sexual medicine. These criteria are vague and do not include many of the criteria used in other mental disorders classified in the DSM. Better defined operational criteria are needed to define more homogenous population samples and to help answer some basic research questions.Some of the issues that need to be addressed in the new revision of the sexual dysfunctions diagnostic criteria include the duration of sexual dysfunction, intensity and frequency of sexual dysfunction, the use of distress as a diagnostic criterion, whether there are specific differences in diagnosing female and male sexual dysfunction, validity of some diagnostic entities (e.g., sexual aversion disorder), reclassifying some sexual dysfunctions (e.g., dyspareunia as a pain disorder), and the overlap of diagnoses.Further deliberation of sexual dysfunction classification should also include two core questions: a) when does a sexual problem become a sexual dysfunction, and related to that b) what do we consider “normal” and/or what is a biological variation of sexual functioning (e.g., are rapid ejaculation and extremely delayed ejaculation dysfunctions or normal variants of sexual performance at the very ends of the spectrum?).This presentation will review in detail the deficiencies of the standing diagnostic criteria and will provide suggestions for improvement of these criteria based on evidence from the literature and on recommendations of expert panels.
A Survey of Early Design Risk and Reliability Methods and Their Impediments to Move Into Practice

This research surveys early design risk and reliability methodologies and discusses the impediments of moving these research methods into practice. Reliability engineering techniques exist primarily to help engineers better meet the needs of customers by extending design life and reducing the number of failures observed throughout the intended life. These efforts look at system components and functions, critical events, failure modes, and system characteristics to assess risk and reliability during the early design phase before detailed design has begun. Surveying early design reliability to identify underdeveloped areas of research contributes to an ongoing effort to increase the presence of reliability engineering earlier in design. In addition, this improves a researchers’ understanding of key consideration that need to be addressed during the development of the research so that it is useful in practice. Throughout this paper, four fundamental methods are identified and described including Event Tree Analysis, Fault Tree Analysis, Reliability Block Diagrams, and Failure Modes and Effects Analysis. Related methods, or those developed to solve limitations of the fundamental methods, are presented and compared to the fundamental methods. Finally, the impediments of moving research methods into practice are surveyed, then discussion is provided for the factors that improve this transition of research.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Interpretation of the Sources of the Satellite-determined Gravity Field

Anomalies in the Earth's gravity field are probably due to density differences in layers below the lithosphere, and agree with the tectonic model of sea-floor spreading.
Getting More out of Team Projects: Incentivizing Leadership to Enhance Performance

This study addresses changes in student perceptions when team leaders are incentivized. Although the benefits of groupwork have been thoroughly studied and documented, minimizing dysfunctional teamwork may prove difficult because of leadership incentives, social loafing, and organizational justice implications. Using an innovative pedagogical design, this study found that team members experienced fewer dysfunctional behaviors, and teams with incentivized leaders had better performance. These findings may have implications for management educators.
CHEETAH virtual label switching router for dynamic provisioning in IP optical networks

Enabling new IP-based services such as triple and quad-play, as well as eScience applications at predetermined quality of service (QoS) measures, require the provisioning of guaranteed bandwidth pipes at varying granularities (e.g. from few Mbps to several Gbps and above). Dynamic provisioning of bandwidth pipes, whereby a connection is dynamically setup and released upon signalling, is a cost-effective method of enabling such services. Dynamic provisioning is a new paradigm in network control and management (NC&M) that requires the introduction of control plane (i.e. routing and signaling) capabilities within network elements such as routers, layer 2 switches and layer 1 cross-connects. In this paper we share our experience in the design and deployment of a Generalized Multiple Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) control plane for layer 2 switches in the experimental Circuit-Switched High-Speed End-to-End Transport Architecture (CHEETAH). We call this software engine CHEETAH Virtual Label Switching Router (CVLSR). CVLSR allows non-GMPLS devices (e.g. Ethernet switches, routers and other cross-connects) to participate in the dynamic provisioning of end-to-end bandwidth-guaranteed connections. It extends the dynamic provisioning of connections to the end-users across different administrative domains. We have successfully deployed the CVLSR in CHEETAH optical network across HOPI/DRAGON network. The interoperability of the CVLSR with commercial GMPLS SONET-based cross-connect switches has been demonstrated.
The effects of video game play on young children's aggression, fantasy, and prosocial behavior

Abstract From the ecological perspective of human development the emergence of significant media may affect children's behavior. It has been suggested that the home computer has the potential to affect young children's behavior, but no published data currently exist to support this hypothesis. However, home computer games have features similar to television. In that vein, research on television and aggression lends itself as a paradigm for studying the effects of video games on young children's behavior. From past television research it may be hypothesized that exposure to violent video games will increase children's aggressive behavior. Twenty-eight children, age 4 to 6 years were observed in a free play setting at baseline, after watching a violent cartoon and after playing “Space Invaders”. Results indicated significant differences in aggressive behavior, relative to baseline behaviors, after watching television and after playing video games. There was no difference between the television and video game conditions. It was concluded that violent video games arouse children in much the same way as violent television cartoons.
The transfer of65Zn and 59Fe along a Fucus serratus (L.)→ Littorina obtusata (L.) food chain

In marine organisms the fresh-weight concentrations of the trace metals zinc and iron are 102–105 times the concentrations in sea water. Study of the transfer of these metals along marine food chains is of interest because of the possibility of their being pollutants of the marine environment. Also65Zn and 65Fe are released to the marine environment and have been found, in many instances, to be the predominant radionuclides in food chains leading to man (Lowman, Palumbo & South, 1957; Lowman, 1960; Osterberg, Pearcy & Curl, 1964; Preston, 1967). The transfer of these metals along marine food chains is thus of interest also in the context of human radiation exposure.
Two-fluid model of two-phase flow in a pin bundle of a nuclear reactor

Abstract By considering two-phase flow as a field which is subdivided into two turbulent single-phase regions with moving boundaries separating the two constituent phases, such that the differential balances for three-dimensional turbulent flow hold for each subregion and for the interface, we perform the Eulerian area averaging over the cross-sectional area of each phase in a given channel and segment averaging of transverse momentum equation along the phase intercepts at the interchannel boundaries. To simplify the governing equations obtained as a result of these operations, we invoke the assumption that the motion of the fluid in each phase is dominantly in axial direction, that is the transverse components of velocity are small compared to axial components. We further assume that the variation of axial component of velocity within a channel is much stronger than the variation along the axial direction. We also assume that similar arguments can also be applied to the variation of enthalpy in a channel. As a result of these considerations, we obtain two sets of continuity, momentum, and energy equations describing motion of each phase in the axial direction. The phasic interaction terms which appear in these equations are governed by interfacial transfer conditions obtained from interface balances. The segment-averaged transverse-momentum equation for each phase provides the governing equation for cross flow.
Mechanism of phosphorylation catalyzed by chloroplast coupling factor 1. Stereochemistry

The reaction mechanism and substrate specificity of soluble chloroplast coupling factor 1 (CF1) from spinach were determined by using the purified isomers of chromium-nucleotide complexes either as substrates for the enzyme or as inhibitors of the Ca2+-dependent ATPase activity. The isolation of CrADP( [32P]Pi) formed upon the addition of the enzyme to [32P]Pi and lambda-bidentate CrADP and the observation that the lambda-bidentate CrADP epimer was 20-fold more effective in inhibiting the Ca2+-dependent ATPase activity than was the delta epimer suggest that the substrate of phosphorylation catalyzed by CF1 is the lambda-bidentate metal ADP epimer. Tridentate CrATP was hydrolyzed by soluble CF1 to CrADP(Pi) at an initial rate of 3.2 mumol (mg of CF1)-1 min-1, indicating that the tridentate metal ATP is the substrate for ATP hydrolysis. From these results a mechanism for the phosphorylation of ADP catalyzed by coupling factor 1 is proposed whereby the bidentate metal ADP isomer associates with the enzyme, phosphate inserts into the coordination sphere of the metal, and the oxygen of the beta-phosphate of ADP attacks the inorganic phosphate by an SN2 type reaction. The resulting product is the tridentate ATP ligand.
Membrane distillation as an online concentration technique: application to the determination of pharmaceutical residues in natural waters

Membrane distillation (MD) is presented for the first time as a real-time, online concentration technique, where the aqueous matrix is removed from the sample to enhance analyte enrichment. Therefore, MD is a universal method for a wide range of compounds and is unlike conventional membrane extractions that rely on the permeation of the solute into an extractant phase. The MD process showed excellent precision with relative standard deviation between 3% and 5%, linear calibration, and the detection limits for pharmaceutical compounds in the range of 0.01 to 20 mg L−1 by HPLC-UV analysis. The temperature and flow rate of the feed solution were found to be important variables.
Joint Entity Resolution

Entity resolution (ER) is the problem of identifying which records in a database represent the same entity. Often, records of different types are involved (e.g., authors, publications, institutions, venues), and resolving records of one type can impact the resolution of other types of records. In this paper we propose a flexible, modular resolution framework where existing ER algorithms developed for a given record type can be plugged in and used in concert with other ER algorithms. Our approach also makes it possible to run ER on subsets of similar records at a time, important when the full data is too large to resolve together. We study the scheduling and coordination of the individual ER algorithms in order to resolve the full data set. We then evaluate our joint ER techniques on synthetic and real data and show the scalability of our approach.
Is it time for a world currency unit

A supranational currency, the World Currency Unit (Wocu), has recently been introduced. It creates potential opportunities for currency and risk management for businesses involved with international transactions. The authors look at the issues of a world currency, including how corporate treasurers can use it. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Resonance frequencies of piezoelectric plates surrounded by solid and fluid half-spaces

Abstract The design of ultrasound transducers, resonators and other piezoelectric devices usually requires the calculation of the resonance frequencies of piezoelectric plates. Recent studies have shown that the resonance frequencies for plates in vacuum correspond to frequencies where the waveguide group velocity vanishes (zero-group-velocity points). However, those studies are limited to vacuum boundary conditions. The objective of the present study is to analyze the resonance frequencies of layered piezoelectric plates in contact with solid and fluid half-spaces and their relation to the dispersion behavior of the elastic guided wave propagation. Theoretical analysis using partial-wave approach of leaky Lamb waves is performed to study wave propagation in, and resonance behavior of, multilayered plates in contact with solid and fluid half-spaces. A novel observation resulted from this analysis is that, for plates in contact with solid and fluid half-spaces, the resonance frequencies occur at points where the magnitude of the wavenumber reaches a minimum. This frequency is named as a ‘transition frequency’. Such observations are important because they allow an easy identification of resonance frequencies with high amplitude response directly from the dispersion curves. This study will be helpful for the design of piezoelectric components used for resonators and sensors.
Kinetic study of the concentration dependence of the mass transfer rate coefficient in enantiomeric separation on a polymeric imprinted stationary phase

Kinetic data previously acquired on the enantiomeric separation of L- and D-phenylalanine anilide (PA) on a polymeric stationary phase imprinted with L-PA were reinterpreted. The parameters characterizing the mass transport processes active in the column, i.e., axial dispersion, fluid-to-particle mass transfer, intraparticle diffusion, and adsorption/desorption were calculated. Intraparticle diffusion was shown to have a dominant contribution to band broadening. The surface diffusion coefficient (Ds) showed a positive concentration dependence which could explain the dependence of the lumped mass transfer rate coefficient on the enantiomer concentration. It is likely that the positive concentration dependence of Ds could be explained by the heterogeneity of the surface of the stationary phase and that the distribution of adsorption energy on the surface of the imprinted polymer has an exponential decay profile.
Impact fees and single-family home construction

The development community has argued that impact fees that finance public infrastructure are a tax on residential development, which reduces the construction of new homes. Our theoretical model shows that impact fees may expand housing construction within suburban areas by reducing exclusionary regulations and increasing the percentage of proposed projects receiving local government approval. Using panel data estimation techniques that allow us to control for unobservable heterogeneity and potential endogeneities, we find that impact fees earmarked for public services other than water and sewer system improvements increase the construction of small homes within inner suburban areas and of medium and large homes within all suburban areas.
P‐108: Robust Polymer Stabilization for Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Reflective Displays

We have developed a robust way to stabilize cholesteric liquid crystal materials for reflective display applications. Using a photolithographic-type exposure process we enclose cholesteric liquid crystal in cylindrical containers to create a film that is extremely robust for flexible and conformable display applications. We discuss the influence of cylindrical containment on the cholesteric liquid crystal configuration and its influence on the electro-optic properties.
Genetically modified probiotics in foods

Probiotics have many potential therapeutic uses, but have not been universally accepted because of a lack of understanding of their action. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have been modified by traditional and genetic engineering methods to produce new varieties. Modern techniques of molecular biology have facilitated the identification of probiotic LAB strains, but only a few LAB have been modified by recombinant-DNA technology because of consumer resistance to their introduction to markets, especially in Europe.
Understanding spatial homophily: the case of peer influence and social selection

Homophily is a phenomenon observed very frequently in social networks and is related with the inclination of people to be involved with others that exhibit similar characteristics. The roots of homophily can be subtle and are mainly traced back to two mechanisms: (i) social selection and (ii) peer influence. Decomposing the effects of each of these mechanisms requires analysis of longitudinal data. This has been a burden to similar studies in traditional social sciences due to the hardness of collecting such information. However, the proliferation of online social media has enabled the collection of massive amounts of information related with human activities. In this work, we are interested in examining the forces of the above mechanisms in the context of the locations visited by people. For our study, we use a longitudinal dataset collected from Gowalla, a location-based social network (LBSN). LBSNs, unlike other online social media, bond users' online interactions with their activities in real-world, physical locations. Prior work on LBSNs has focused on the influence of geographical constraints on the formation of social ties. On the contrary, in this paper, we perform a microscopic study of the peer influence and social selection mechanisms in LBSNs. Our analysis indicates that while the similarity of friends' spatial trails at a geographically global scale cannot be attributed to peer influence, the latter can explain up to 40% of the geographically localized similarity between friends. Moreover, this percentage depends on the type of locations we examine, and it can be even higher for specific categories (e.g., nightlife spots). Finally, we find that the social selection mechanism, is only triggered by places that exhibit specific network characteristics. We believe that our work can have significant implications on obtaining a deeper understanding of the way that people create friendships, act and move in real space, which can further facilitate and enhance applications such as recommender systems, trip planning and marketing.
Pressure oscillations and acoustic-entropy interactions in ramjet combustion chambers

A one-dimensional analytical model is presented for calculating the longitudinal acoustic modes of idealized "dump-type" ramjet engines. The model contains the matching required to place an oscillating flame sheet in the interior of a combustion chamber with mean flow. The linear coupling of the acoustic and entropy waves at the inlet shock, flame sheet, and exit nozzle along with acoustic admittances at the inlet and exit are combined to determine the stability of the system as well as the acoustic modes. Since the acoustic and entropy waves travel at different velocities, the geometry is a critical factor in determining stability. Typical values of the admittances will produce damped solutions when the entropy is neglected, but, as the ratio of the entropy to acoustic fluctuations is increased, the coupling can either feed acoustic energy into or out of different modes independently. This transfer of energy has a destabilizing or stabilizing effect on the acoustic modes of the system depending upon the phase of the energy transfer.
Evaluation of fluorescein-conjugated monoclonal antibody test to detect Chlamydia trachomatis endocervical infections in adolescent girls

We evaluated the fluorescein-conjugated monocional antibody (FA) test for screening for Chlamydia trachomatis endocervical infection in a general adolescent clinic. Three hundred sixty-three consecutive adolescent girls, ages 13 to 20 years (mean 17.3 years) were examined. Forty-five (12%) FA smears had insufficient cells. Reason for visit included non-lower genital tract-related disorders in 241 (76%) girls, and lower genital tract-related disorders in 77 (24%). C. trachomatis was isolated by tissue culture in 46 (14%) patients, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae by culture in 22 (7%), and Trichomonas vaginalis was identified by wet mount in 13 (5%). Compared with our tissue culture technique, the performance of the FA test was as follows: sensitivity 61% (28 of 46), specificity 97% (264 of 272), positive predictive value 78% (28 of 36), and negative predictive value 94% (264 of 282). There was no significant difference in test performance by race, although the sensitivity rate (64%) of the test in blacks was twice that (30%) in nonblacks. This apparent difference in test performance by race may actually represent variations in group characteristics, including exposure rate, susceptibility, and number of inclusion forming units available for tissue culture of Chlamydia in blacks compared with nonblacks. In our adolescent clinic, the tissue culture is superior to FA in detecting Chlamydia . We recommend that the FA test be used where tissue culture isolation for Chlamydia is not readily available, where known or predicted chlamydial infection rates are high, and where known or predicted numbers of inclusion forming units of Chlamydia in tissue culture are high.
Models of rationality and mental health rights.

The sudden and often controversial development of mental health rights may blind us to the fact that these rights have developed unevenly. For example, the right to treatment for those involuntarily committed to mental institutions has emerged much more quickly and comprehensively than has the right for these individuals to refuse treatment. Why is this the case? The emergence of rights is related to changes in ideologies. It is also related to the mobilization of legal resources. This article focuses on the link between ideological change and the uneven emergence of these two rights. The ideologies are based on psychiatrists’ beliefs and perceptions of mental patient rationality. The right to treatment and the right to refuse treatment respectively are related to two quite different models of rationality. Psychiatric textbooks and other general work in mainstream psychiatry show that the model of rationality consistent with the right to treatment has been far more prevalent and central to practicing psychiatry than has the model that is closer to the right to refuse. The first part of the paper briefly documents the uneven emergence of the two sets of rights. Part II develops the models of rationality and shows how the respective rights are related to the models. The third part demonstrates the prevalence and centrality of one of the models consistent with the right to treatment, while Part IV looks at how and why the other model is subordinated.
Theoretical investigations of [110] IV-VI lead salt edge-emitting lasers

Theoretical simulations on a new [110]-orientated IV-VI lead-salt midinfrared (IR) edge-emitting laser are performed in comparison with the conventional [100] orientated laser. The modal gain of quantum-well (QW) structure on [110] orientation is significantly higher than that on the [100] orientation. Light versus current (L-I) characteristics at different operation temperatures are simulated by solving the coupled rate equations. The maximum operation temperature of [110] laser is 70 degree higher than that of conventional [100] laser. To further improve the laser performance a new Si/sub 3/N/sub 4/ clad laser structure is proposed to improve the heat dissipation. The effects of other parameters on the performance of the lasers, such as Auger recombination, Schockley-Read recombination, facet reflectivity and cavity length, are also investigated. The simulated results show that with optimized laser structure and modestly reduced Auger recombination [110] IV-VI lead-salt edge-emitting laser could produce output power of about 10 mW at room temperature.
Gaseous messengers in oxygen sensing

The carotid body is a sensory organ that detects acute changes in arterial blood oxygen (O2) levels and reflexly mediates systemic cardiac, vascular, and respiratory responses to hypoxia. This article provides a brief update of the roles of gas messengers as well as redox homeostasis by hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) in hypoxic sensing by the carotid body. Carbon monoxide (CO) and nitric oxide (NO), generated by heme oxygenase-2 (HO-2) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), respectively, inhibit carotid body activity. Molecular O2 is a required substrate for the enzymatic activities of HO-2 and nNOS. Stimulation of carotid body activity by hypoxia may reflect reduced formation of CO and NO. Glomus cells, the site of O2 sensing in the carotid body, express cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE), an H2S generating enzyme. Cth −/− mice, which lack CSE, exhibit severely impaired hypoxia-induced H2S generation, sensory excitation, and stimulation of breathing in response to low O2. Hypoxia-evoked H2S generation in the carotid body requires the interaction of CSE with HO-2, which generates CO. Carotid bodies from Hif1a +/− mice with partial HIF-1α deficiency do not respond to hypoxia, whereas carotid bodies from mice with partial HIF-2α deficiency are hyper-responsive to hypoxia. The opposing roles of HIF-1α and HIF-2α in the carotid body have provided novel insight into molecular mechanisms of redox homeostasis and its role in hypoxia sensing. Heightened carotid body activity has been implicated in the pathogenesis of autonomic morbidities associated with sleep-disordered breathing, congestive heart failure, and essential hypertension. The enzymes that generate gas messengers and redox regulation by HIFs represent potential therapeutic targets for normalizing carotid body function and downstream autonomic output in these disease states.
Detailed heat transfer distributions under an array of orthogonal impinging jets

Detailed heat transfer distributions are presented for an array of in-line jets impinging orthogonally on a target plate with different crossflow orientations. A transient liquid crystal technique was used to measure the detailed heat transfer coefficients on the target surface. Different crossflow directions are created by changing the test section open ends. For each exit orientation, measurements are made at four flow Reynolds numbers between 4.8 x 10 3 and 1.83 X 10 4 . Results show that the now exit crossflow direction significantly affects the flow and heat transfer coefficient distributions on the target plate. Local heat transfer coefficient increases with an Increase in average jet Reynolds number over the entire impingement target surface. Highest heat transfer coefficients are obtained for a crossflow orientation where flow exits in both directions. Nusselt number results are correlated for the various exit flow orientations
Efficient implementation and the product-state representation of numbers

The relation between the requirement of efficient implementability and the product-state representation of numbers is examined. Numbers are defined to be any model of the axioms of number theory or arithmetic. Efficient implementability (EI) means that the basic arithmetic operations are physically implementable and the space-time and thermodynamic resources needed to carry out the implementations are polynomial in the range of numbers considered. Different models of numbers are described to show the independence of both EI and the product-state representation from the axioms. The relation between EI and the product-state representation is examined. It is seen that the condition of a product-state representation does not imply EI. Arguments used to refute the converse implication, EI implies a product-state representation, seem reasonable; but they are not conclusive. Thus this implication remains an open question.
An update on the treatment of canine atopic dermatitis

Remarkable progress has been made in recent years concerning our understanding of the pathogenesis of canine atopic dermatitis (AD). As our understanding improves, the therapeutic approach evolves. Of utmost importance is the documentation of skin barrier impairment in canine AD: ceramides deficiency leads to increased permeability and increased allergen penetration and sensitization. It is currently unknown whether this dysfunction is primary and genetically inherited or secondary to inflammation but it is accepted that skin barrier deficiency plays an important role in either starting or minimally exacerbating canine AD. Thus, the therapeutic approach has changed from focusing on the control of the inflammation to a combined approach that includes therapies aimed at skin barrier repair. The issue of skin barrier repair has been addressed both with oral administration of essential fatty acids and the topical application of products containing a combination of ceramides and fatty acids. These strategies are most helpful as adjunctive treatments and would be best used in young patients that have not developed chronic skin changes. Importantly, treatment for canine AD is multimodal and tailored to the individual patient, the age, and the duration of the disease. Client education plays an important role in explaining the importance of a long-term approach to minimize flare-ups and, in this context, topical therapy to correct skin barrier can be of great benefit. This is an area still in infancy and much work is needed to identify the best formulation. In human medicine, long-term use of moisturizers can have a profound effect on skin barrier and gene expression of proteins involved in skin barrier. This effect is variable depending on the formulation used. It is reasonable to speculate that the same may be true in dogs; thus, it is very important to identify the correct ingredients and formulation to use.
In memoriam: Oscar Sternbach, JurD, December 13, 1904-October 25, 1999.

Our lives are the product of our times. Unlike most people, Oscar Strenbach had two lives: one, in the Vienna in which he was born, grew up, and became a lawyer, and the other in New York, where, as a refugee from the Nazis, he became a psychoanalyst. Dr. Oscar Sternbach was Viennese and a Jew. He bridged two cultures, the Jewish ghetto of the Leopoldstadt where he first lived, an area that teemed with new arrivals from the sprawling Austro-Hungarian Empire—thus a multicultured ghetto—and Vienna, a cosmopolitan city that almost rivaled Paris. Oscar was a part of both these worlds: the world of Jewish ritual of observant Jews, and the world of the intellectual free-thinkers. His Vienna was the world of Freud and psychoanalysis; the writings of Zweig, Schnitzier, and Kraus; the music of Beethoven, Mozart, and Strauss. The city burgeoned with intellect and culture, and Oscar absorbed this milieu. There were many facets to Oscar: He was not only an amateur opera singer, pianist, and painter, but also a political activist. He was a member of the Student Socialist Organization at the University of Vienna, and he dreamed, as did a number of the Viennese analysts (Otto Fenichel, Annie and Wilhelm Reich) of a successful socialist revolution. Oscar hoped for a new world order in which he could play a significant role. Though Oscar was cognizant of psychoanalysis, both because it permeated the Viennese atmosphere and because he was a distant relative of Freud, his first love was law. He clerked for a number of judges, but at the point of his beginning a very successful law career, the Nazis invaded Austria. Thus, as Oscar
The Phoenix Mars Lander Robotic Arm

The Phoenix Mars Lander Robotic Arm (RA) has operated for 149 sols since the Lander touched down on the north polar region of Mars on May 25, 2008. During its mission it has dug numerous trenches in the Martian regolith, acquired samples of Martian dry and icy soil, and delivered them to the Thermal Evolved Gas Analyzer (TEGA) and the Microscopy, Electrochemistry, and Conductivity Analyzer (MECA). The RA inserted the Thermal and Electrical Conductivity Probe (TECP) into the Martian regolith and positioned it at various heights above the surface for relative humidity measurements. The RA was used to point the Robotic Arm Camera to take images of the surface, trenches, samples within the scoop, and other objects of scientific interest within its workspace. Data from the RA sensors during trenching, scraping, and trench cave-in experiments have been used to infer mechanical properties of the Martian soil. This paper describes the design and operations of the RA as a critical component of the Phoenix Mars Lander necessary to achieve the scientific goals of the mission.
International capital flows and the development of the American West

When the Chairman asked me to undertake this paper he reminded me that the general theme was the West as an underdeveloped area and suggested that some comparison be made with underdeveloped areas today. However, it should be made clear at the outset that the problems of the development of the American West in the nineteenth century are very different from the problems of achieving sustained growth in the underdeveloped areas today. The underdeveloped areas today are most typically characterized by a factor combination of abundant labor with scarce capital and land (and resources), usually complicated by a social and political structure not geared to economic advance. America in the nineteenth century, in contrast, was characterized by scarce labor and capital combined with seemingly endless land (and natural resources) set in a framework of social and political institutions that was highly favorable to economic growth.
Polymer crystallization and precipitation‐induced wrapping of carbon nanofibers with PBT

Carbon nanofibers (CNFs) have attracted significant interest because of their excellent mechanical, electrical, and physical properties. Recent advances in chemical functionalization strategies are anticipated to extend their utility in various applications. In this study, noncovalent methods of CNF functionalization utilizing solution crystallization and precipitation techniques were used to create hybrid nanostructures consisting of CNFs and poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT). Key to this study is the finding that o-chlorophenol can be used as a suita- ble solvent to dissolve PBT to generate these nanostruc- tures. PBT crystallization was documented via wide- angle X-ray analysis and differential scanning calorimetry and was due to the nucleation effect of the CNFs. The sizes of the PBT crystals could be manipulated by alter- ing the polymer concentration. The solution crystalliza- tion and precipitation techniques provide an alternative strategy to alter and control the nanostructure/polymer interface. The resulting nanohybrid structures may poten- tially find use in a broad range of applications including electronic devices, sensors, and as reinforcing agents in a polymer matrix. V C 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 114: 1312-1319, 2009
Evaluation of biofilms in gram-negative bacteria isolated from the equine uterus

Biofilm is an extracellular matrix produced by bacteria that provides resistance to antimicrobials. It has been proposed that biofilms play an important role in chronic bacterial endometritis, and anti-biofilm treatments with acetylcysteine and TRIS-EDTA have been recommended. However, very little is known about biofilms produced by bacteria associated with equine endometritis. Isolates of E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and P. aeruginosa from equine uterine cultures were obtained during the 2013 breeding season. Static in vitro biofilm formation was determined for each organism by culturing the bacteria in Nunc Bacti 96 well plates containing 98 ml lysogeny broth and 2 ml bacterial organism, incubated at 37 C for 24 hours, biofilm biomass was determined by staining with crystal violet and absorbance quantified using a microplate reader. Isolates were considered to be positive for a biofilm if the 95% confidence interval for the isolate did not overlap with the negative
New time-frequency representations: higher order warped Wigner distributions

We propose a new higher order time-frequency representation (TFR), the higher order generalized warped Wigner distribution (HOG-WD), by warping the higher order Wigner distribution. The HOG-WD is important for analyzing signals with dispersive instantaneous frequency characteristics. In this paper, we (i) provide a HOG-WD formulation, (ii) give important special cases of the HOG-WD based on different warpings, (iii) discuss alternative HOG-WD formulations in terms of a 1-D generalized transform and in terms of a generalized higher order ambiguity function, (iv) discuss some desirable properties of the HOG-WD, and (v) define a higher order, generalized (alternating sign) frequency-shift covariant class of TFRs based upon smoothed versions of the HOG-WD.
Poetry play: a method of communication with pediatric clients.

In pediatric nursing practice, the potential exists for cognitive dissonance between child and nurse. Our application of developmental theory, especially that related to cognitive development, e.g., Piaget, has failed to consider that communicable disorders may develop as a result of the interaction of a nurse and a child who may be at very different stages of cognitive maturation. The ability to comprehend and communicate with the child is essential to achieving maximal desired therapeutic outcome. As in other human interactions, communication is an important component of pediatric nursing practice. This article will review the existing sociodramatic tools utilized to facilitate communication in pediatrics and proposes a new tool, poetry play, to promote greater communication between the nurse and children.
Use of multiple doses of epinephrine in food-induced anaphylaxis in children.

Background Food allergy is the most common cause of anaphylaxis outside the hospital setting. Objective We sought to determine the rate, circumstances, and risk factors for repeated doses of epinephrine in the treatment of food-induced anaphylaxis in children. Methods Anonymous questionnaires were distributed to families of children with food allergies during allergy outpatient visits to a food allergy referral center. Demographic information, allergy and reaction history, and details regarding the last 2 anaphylactic reactions requiring epinephrine were collected. Results A total of 413 questionnaires were analyzed. Seventy-eight children (median, 4.5 years of age; range, 0.5-17.5 years) reported 95 reactions for which epinephrine was administered. Two doses were administered in 12 (13%) and 3 doses in an additional 6 (6%) reactions treated with epinephrine. Peanut, tree nuts, and cow's milk were responsible for >75% of reactions requiring epinephrine. Patients receiving multiple doses of epinephrine more often had asthma ( P = .027) than children receiving a single dose. The amount of food ingested or a delay in the initial administration of epinephrine were not risk factors for receiving multiple doses. The second dose of epinephrine was administered by a health care professional in 94% of reactions. Conclusion In this referral population of children and adolescents with multiple food allergies, 19% of food-induced anaphylactic reactions were treated with more than 1 dose of epinephrine. Prospective studies are necessary to identify risk factors for severe anaphylaxis and to establish rational guidelines for prescribing multiple epinephrine autoinjectors for children with food allergy.
Identification of case clusters and counties with high infective connectivity in the 2001 epidemic of foot-and-mouth disease in Uruguay

Objective—To evaluate the influence of individual spatial units (ie, counties) on the epidemic spread of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus. Sample Population—163 counties in Uruguay where there was an outbreak of FMD between April 23 and July 11, 2001. Procedure—A geographically referenced database was created, and the distance between counties (13,203 county pairs), road density of counties (163 counties), and time when cases were reported in those counties (11 weeks of the epidemic) were considered to assess global spatial and spatial-temporal autocorrelation, determine the contribution of links connecting pairs of counties with infected animals, and allow us to hypothesize the influence for spread during the epidemic for counties with greater than the mean infective link contributions. Results—Case clusters were indicated by the Moran Iand Mantel tests during the first 6 weeks of the epidemic. Spatial lags between pairs of counties with infected animals revealed case clustering before and after vaccin...