cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DRIVING AND SIDE TASK PERFORMANCE: THE EFFECTS OF DISPLAY CLUTTER, SEPARATION, AND MODALITY

In-vehicle technologies (IVTs) create additional tasks for the driver. To the extent that these devices degrade driving performance, there will be safety concerns. This study examines the effects of display clutter from overlay, display separation, and modality on driving and IVT task performance. In a fixed-base simulator, 22 drivers drove different routes and responded to infrequent, unexpected road hazards while engaging in a phone number task presented by different displays. Visual displays were located on a head-up (overlaid on the visual horizon or adjacently, just above the vehicle hood) or head-down display (HDD) located near the midconsole. Alternatively, digits were presented auditorily. In general, there were no differences in performance for the adjacent and overlay displays; however, there were costs associated with the HDD and auditory display for some measures. In particular, responses to hazard events were slowed when drivers used the HDD. Overall, the adjacent display best supported performance on all relevant tasks. Potential applications of this research include the design of IVTs with respect to location and modality.
A hierarchical utility model for the dynamic acquisition of heterogeneous items

This paper develops a model for situations in marketing and elsewhere in which an individual decision maker acquires multiattributed items that belong to several classes over time. The model captures the dynamic acquisition of heterogeneous items. Measurement and parameter estimation methods are described and illustrated with a small set of experiment data involving the acquisition of durable goods by households. Future research steps are also outlined.
Temperature measurements in convective heat transfer flows using dual-broadband, pure-rotational coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS)

Abstract This paper describes the use of dual-broadband, pure-rotational coherent anti-Strokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS) as a non-intrusive temperature diagnostic for convective-heat-transfer flows. The characteristics of the dual-broadband, pure-rotational CARS technique are discussed, and the technique is compared to other temperature measurement methods. Dual-broadband, pure-rotational CARS was used to measure mean temperature profiles in a low-Reynolds-number, turbulent boundary layer. The results are presented in wall units and compared to the thermal law of the wall for zero-pressure-gradient boundary layers. Temperature data were acquired as close as 50 μm (±25 μm) to the wall, with a spatial resolution of 50 μm normal to the heat transfer surface, and a 2 σ precision limit of ±4 K. The spatial resolution of this experimental method provides detailed information in complex thermal boundary layers and allows for an estimation of the convective heat flux to within an estimated uncertainty of −5% to +25%. Single-laser-shot temperature data were acquired in a gas cell, and the potential for measurement of rms temperature fluctuations is discussed in terms of the resulting probability density functions.
Determination of 8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine in Biological Tissue by Liquid Chromatography/Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry/Mass Spectrometry

Abstract A method based on liquid chromatography (LC) combined with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry for the analysis of the frequency of formation of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (80HdGuo), a biomarker of oxidative damage to DNA, has been developed. This analytical technique has the advantage over gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry of not requiring analyte derivatization, and over LC combined with ultraviolet and electrochemical detection of being chemospecific. The method was evaluated by determining increased frequency of formation of 80HdGuo in male Sprague-Dawley rats given a single intraperitoneal dose of Adriamycin compared to control rats. Detection of one oxidized deoxyguanosine per 5 x 10(5) deoxyguanosines was readily achieved.
Improving Sedative-Hypnotic Prescribing in Older Hospitalized Patients: Provider-Perceived Benefits and Barriers of a Computer-Based Reminder

Background Older adults are commonly prescribed sedative-hypnotic (SH) medications when hospitalized, yet these drugs are associated with important adverse effects such as falls and delirium.
Large mass expansion of quasi-normal modes in AdS5

Abstract We calculate analytically the asymptotic form of quasi-normal frequencies for massive scalar perturbations of large black holes in AdS 5 . We solve the wave equation, which reduces to a Heun equation, perturbatively and calculate the wave-function as an expansion in 1/ m , where m is the mass of the mode. The zeroth-order results agree with expressions derived by numerical analysis. We also calculate the first-order corrections to frequencies explicitly and show that they are of order 1/ m .
The effects of habenular and medial forebrain bundle lesions on sexual behavior in female rats

A comparison was made of the effects of habenular and medial forebrain bundle lesions on female rat sexual behavior as measured by the lordosis-to-mount ratio, and by the fe­ male's avoidance of sexual contact. Results show that destruction of the habenulae causes a decreased lordosis response, and a greater avoidance of male sexual contacts. Medial forebrain bundle lesions had a less pronounced effect on the female's behavior. Few studies have reported the effects of subcortical destruction on copulatory behavior in the female rat. It is accepted that circumscribed destruction of the anterior hypothalamus causes female rats to become anovulatory and behaviorally nonreceptive (Flerko, 1963). In 1958, Law & Meagher noted that female rats refuse to mate subsequent to anterior hypothalamic destruction even when in a state of vaginal estrus. In addition, bilateral destruction of the medial habenulae has been reported to cause "frequent" mating in female rats during vaginal diestrus, while destruction of lateral habenulae is without effect (deGroot, 1962). No be­ havioral quantification is reported in these studies. Except for the few investigations on the anterior hypothalamus, habenula, and amygdala (see Goddard, 1964) there is little evidence on the effects of destroy­ ing other components of the limbic system on female rat sexuality. The medial forebrain bundle, which has been implicated in the ejaculatory pattern (Herberg, 1963; MacLean et aI, 1961) has not been studied in con­ nection with copulatory behavior in the female rat. The purpose of this study is to explore and evaluate in more detail female rat sexual behavior subsequent to lesions in the habenula and medial forebrain bundle. In this study, female rat sexual behavior is deter­ mined by the lordosis-to-mount ratio (Kuehn & Beach, 1962), and by a method which provides a measure of self-paced avoidance by the female of contact with sexually vigorous males (Bermant, 1961; Pierce & Nuttall, 1961). Method The Ss were 13 90-day-old, sexually naive, hooded female rats. All Ss were ovariectomized, and 10 days later sexual receptivity was induced by administration of 500 Ilg diethylstilbestrol (s.c.) followed 40 hr. later by 1 mg of progesterone. Six hr. afterthe progesterone injection, Ss received a 15 min. behavioral test (ex­ perienCing trial). The injection-trial sequence was re­ peated three times at one week intervals. Two weeks
Kinetic energy effects on morphology evolution during pulsed laser deposition of metal-on-insulator films

We report an experimental comparison of Volmer-Weber metal-on-insulator growth morphology in pulsed laser deposition (PLD) and thermal deposition under identical thermal, background, and surface preparation conditions for Ag on $\mathrm{Si}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ and mica. Films exhibit a characteristic morphological progression from isolated three-dimensional islands to elongated clusters to a percolating, electrically conducting film to a pinhole-free film. We observed this same progression for films deposited by PLD. Kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) simulations that take into account only the pulsed nature of the flux predict that PLD films should advance to percolation with less deposition than thermally deposited films under otherwise identical conditions. At low substrate temperatures, this prediction is confirmed. However, in situ resistance measurements and ex situ atomic force microscopy measurements demonstrate that at high substrate temperatures, PLD films require more deposition to reach percolation. PLD experiments performed at varying kinetic energy of the depositing Ag species suggest a regime in which increasing kinetic energy can delay the percolation transition. Comparison was made with KMC simulations of two-island coalescence in the presence of adatom-vacancy pair creation, which occurs with a greater-than-unity yield per incident ion at kinetic energy $g50\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$. A mechanism controlling the delayed percolation of PLD films in the high-temperature regime is proposed: (1) the energetic deposition results in a net uphill flux from adatom-vacancy pair creation, inducing a vertical shape change; (2) taller-than-equilibrium islands coalesce more rapidly; (3) the result is an extended time period over which coalescence is efficient compared to island-island impingement; (4) the percolation transition is delayed.
Command and control as a theory of interorganizational design

(1988). Command and control as a theory of interorganizational design. Defense Analysis: Vol. 4, Command and Control, pp. 229-252.
Artifacts in COSY

In order to demonstrate the efficiency of phase cycling in the control of repetition rate artifacts, COSY spectra which were acquired with a repetition rate six times faster than the longitudinal relaxation rate are presented here. A proton spectrum of the molecule chosen for this study, trans-stilbene, is mesured
Increasing the options for inflammatory bowel disease treatment

Abstract Curative treatment of an experimentally induced colitis by a CD44 variant V7-specific antibody Wittig, B. et al . (1998) J. Immunol . 161, 1069–1073
Product-to-plant allocation assessment in the automotive industry

Abstract This paper presents a product-to-plant allocation process and a decision support computer tool to accelerate and document the task of assessing the cost and time to allocate a new product to a manufacturing plant. The process and computer tool were designed in the context of the automotive industry, but the process and decision support tool's functionality apply to any industry that needs to make product-toplant allocations or make-or-buy decisions. The heart of the process is a list of descriptive plant and product characteristics, compiled from planners and manufacturing experts, whose comparison measures the cost and time to put a product into a plant. The process accelerates the allocation effort by iteratively screening plants while additional information is gathered so that incompatible plants can be eliminated from consideration before investing considerable time collecting detailed plant specifications or developing workarounds to incompatible characteristics.
Patterns of change in secondary and tertiary sex ratios of the Terebrantian thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis

Adult sex ratios (tertiary sex ratios) of the haplo-diploid Terebrantian thrips species, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) were examined from several native and introduced hosts in an apple (Malus spp.) ecosystem. The ratios were variable and most were female-biased, ranging from 0 to 61% males. Populations in apple bud clusters during early bloom were female-biased (0–10% males). At later bloom states, populations were less female-biased in open blossom clusters (up to 33% males) compared with those in either unopened buds or older petalless blossoms (<11% males). Changes in tertiary sex ratio in all hosts were associated with changes in resource quality, suggesting a possible effect of host quality on sex allocation. In contrast, larval (secondary) sex ratios within apples were slightly male-biased (57%) with little change across apple bud reproductive stages or over time, indicating little to no differential sex allocation. Sex ratios of populations in flight were less female-biased than those found on plants in 62 of 65 comparisons, which suggests that males are more likely to be in flight relative to females. The evidence supports that differential dispersal and distribution of sexes toward various host qualities together with a shorter longevity of adult males determines the pattern of adult sex ratios rather than any significant differential sex allocation.
DELETION OF THE PSAF POLYPEPTIDE MODIFIES THE ENVIRONMENT OF THE REDOX-ACTIVE PHYLLOQUINONE (A1). EVIDENCE FOR UNIDIRECTIONALITY OF ELECTRON TRANSFER IN PHOTOSYSTEM I

The issue of whether one or both branches of electron-transfer cofactors is active in Photosystem I (PS I) was studied using a strategy employing interposon mutagenesis and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. PS I complexes were isolated using n-dodecyl-β-d-maltoside (DM) or Triton X-100 (TX-100) from wild-type and mutant strains of Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 lacking specific PS I polypeptides. The principal values of the g-tensor of A1 were determined by Q-band (34.0 GHz) EPR spectroscopy of perdeuterated, wild-type PS I complexes as gxx = 2.0062, gyy = 2.0050, and gzz = 2.0021, and a stoichiometry of ≤1.0 A1- per P700+ was measured by spin quantitation of photoaccumulated, wild-type PS I complexes at illumination temperatures between 195 and 220 K. The characteristic anisotropic EPR spectrum of A1- was photoaccumulated in all mutant PS I complexes isolated with DM and most mutant PS I complexes isolated with TX-100; however, A0- was photoaccumulated in PS I complexes isolated with TX-100...
PREDICTING THE UNPREDICTABLE

A major difficulty for currently existing theories of inductive inference involves the question of what to do when novel, unknown, or previously unsuspected phenomena occur. In this paper one particular instance of this difficulty is considered, the so-called sampling of species problem. The classical probabilistic theories of inductive inference due to Laplace, Johnson, de Finetti, and Carnap adopt a model of simple enumerative induction in which there are a prespecified number of types or species which may be observed. But, realistically, this is often not the case. In 1838 the English mathematician Augustus De Morgan proposed a modification of the Laplacian model to accommodate situations where the possible types or species to be observed are not assumed to be known in advance; but he did not advance a justification for his solution. In this paper a general philosophical approach to such problems is suggested, drawing on work of the English mathematician J. F. C. Kingman. It then emerges that the solution advanced by De Morgan has a very deep, if not totally unexpected, justification. The key idea is that although ‘exchangeable’ random sequences are the right objects to consider when all possible outcome-types are known in advance, exchangeable random partitions are the right objects to consider when they are not. The result turns out to be very satisfying. The classical theory has several basic elements: a representation theorem for the general exchangeable sequence (the de Finetti representation theorem), a distinguished class of sequences (those employing Dirichlet priors), and a corresponding rule of succession (the continuum of inductive methods). The new theory has parallel basic elements: a representation theorem for the general exchangeable random partition (the Kingman representation theorem), a distinguished class of random partitions (the Poisson-Dirichlet process), and a rule of succession which corresponds to De Morgan's rule.
A Study of Real Area of Contact for Tire/Road Interface

This paper investigates some of the modeling techniques available for predicting the real area of contact between two surfaces. These models are then applied to an idealized case of a rubber block in contact with a rough surface representing a tire on the road. A description of how the models work is presented. The various contact models are compared and analyzed. Qualitatively the models compare very well. Several models also compare well quantitatively.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Advancements in the use of blood tests for cancer screening in women at high risk for endometrial and breast cancer

Several years ago, it was argued that the identification of serum biomarkers is one of the most promising approaches for the detection of early-stage malignant or even premalignant lesions. In this review, the need to establish better monitoring protocols is described for obese women who are at higher risk for the development of malignancies commonly associated with excess weight; specifically endometrial and postmenopausal breast cancer. These cancers have been chosen for this review article as our aim was to focus on female cancers that have been linked with obesity. Cancer screening is essential in detecting disease in its earliest stage in order to reduce morbidity and mortality; however, effective screening is not available for many cancer types. Even for cancers that have effective screening protocols available, there are barriers to screening in obese individuals, such as reduced mobility and embarrassment. These barriers often delay screening in these vulnerable population groups, leading to detec...
Effects of speech and language disorders on raters' perceptions

Using semantic differential scales with nine trait pairs, 465 students at two universities rated five descriptions, one portraying an individual without a disorder and four depicting communicative disorders. Statistical analyses indicated that the descriptions with no disorder and with a language disorder were rated significantly lower in ambition than those depicting stuttering, voice, or articulation disorders. Other differences emerged when the raters were divided by geographical location and age. Location was a significant factor in the responses for the traits of social adjustment, employability, and ambition. Age of respondent correlated significantly with ratings of tension and employability.
Embedding partial Mendelsohn triple systems

Abstract It is proved that a partial Mendelsohn Triple system on m symbols can be embedded in a Mendelsohn Triple System on t symbols for all admissible t ⩾4 m , where if t is even then m ⩾14.
Sleep patterns in 2-year-old children

Sleep disturbances in children tend to be diagnosed and treated on an empiricalbasis. Methods are now available for more objective treatment of these disturbances. The sleep patterns of 16 healthy 2-year-old children were analyzed with all night electroencephalography and electrooculography. The characteristic sleep patterns of this age group and the possible use of this information in clinical medicine are discussed. The relationship between sleep and dream patterns and chronological and mental age, as well as dreaming, in this age group is reported.
Doubly Radioiodinated Luteinizing Hormone: Preparation and Characterization

Bovine [l31I]Iodo-αLH-[l25I]iodo-βLH (**LH) has been prepared and shown to be physically and biologically equivalent to unmodified hormone. Theβ-subunit was modified with 125I, purified by adsorption to Concanavalin A-Sepharose and elution with methylmannoside, added to α-subunit, and allowed to reassociate to intact hormone. Iodination with 131I was then carried out in the reassociation mixture and **LH was isolated by gel filtration. Both gel electrophoresis and rechromatography on Sephadex G-100 showed that both radiolabels comigrated with unmodified hormone. Sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis showed that 131I was found in the α-subunit and 125I in the β-subunit; this result is in agreement with studies by others which show that the tyrosines of the β-subunit are nonreactive in intact hormone. In receptor-binding assays, both radiolabels were specifically displaced in a similar fashion by LH. Scatchard analysis showed high affinity binding (Ka ≅ 1.5 × 1O10 M-1) for both labels. Comparison of re...
Alternate Waiting List Strategies for Heart Transplantation Maximize Donor Organ Utilization

Background Alternate waiting list strategies have been promoted as a means to offer the benefit of heart transplantation to a greater number of candidates. We undertook the current study to evaluate our experience with transplantation in alternate list (AL) candidates. Methods Adults undergoing heart transplantation from January 1, 2001, through April 15, 2004, were evaluated. Selected patients who did not meet criteria for standard listing for heart transplantation were offered alternate listing. Primary posttransplant outcomes included 30-day, 90-day, and more than 90-day mortality, and determinants of perioperative morbidity. Results Thirty-seven patients (14.3%) met alternate list criteria. Among these alternate list patients, contraindications to standard listing included age greater than 65 years, amyloidosis, severe diabetes mellitus and peripheral vascular disease, human immunodeficiency virus, and high-risk retransplant. The average age of alternate list donors was 41.2 ± 13.9 years. Survival analysis revealed no posttransplant survival advantage for standard list recipients However, mean ventilatory support time was significantly ( p p = 0.03) were observed in the alternate list group (6 [16.2%]) compared with the standard group (13 [5.9%]). Conclusions The alternate list patients demonstrated comparable survival with standard list patients, but did exhibit more ventilatory dependence and sternal wound infections. More than half of alternate list donor organs in the future could be considered for standard list candidates as well. Use of the alternate list reinforces the assertion that, even today, our donor criteria remain too stringent.
Reinterpreting pericentromeric heterochromatin

In fission yeast, pericentromeric heterochromatin is directly responsible for the sister chromatid cohesion that assures accurate chromosome segregation. In plants, however, heterochromatin and chromosome segregation appear to be largely unrelated: chromosome transmission is impaired by mutations in cohesion but not by mutations that affect heterochromatin formation. We argue that the formation of pericentromeric heterochromatin is primarily a response to constraints on chromosome mechanics that disfavor the transmission of recombination events in pericentromeric regions. This effect allows pericentromeres to expand to enormous sizes by the accumulation of transposons and through large-scale insertions and inversions. Although sister chromatid cohesion is spatially limited to pericentromeric regions at mitosis and meiosis II, the cohesive domains appear to be defined independently of heterochromatin. The available data from plants suggest that sister chromatid cohesion is marked by histone phosphorylation and mediated by Aurora kinases.
Coordinated Control of Fuel Cell Air Supply System Using Model Predictive Control

Oxidant (air flow) control is an important aspect of fuel cell reactant control system which is designed to fulfill two purposes: air flow rate control and pressure control. These tasks require coordinated valve operation to reduce pressure variation and stabilize flow rate. In this paper, a nonlinear model describing filling dynamics of the supply and return manifolds is presented. The nonlinear model is then linearized around the stack operating point, based on which a model predictive controller is designed to maintain a constant supply and manifold pressures, as well as a constant pressure on the cathode side. Simulation studies demonstrate the model predictive controller is capable of not only regulating constant pressures during steady state operation, but also substantially reducing pressure variations during transient periods. Simulation also indicates that the control system has good robustness against model uncertainty.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
To see...the unseeable : confocal miniprobes for routine microscopic imaging during endoscopy

Confocal fluorescence high resolution imaging during standard endoscopic procedures has been presented as a very promising tool to enhance patient care and physician practice by providing supplementary diagnostic information in real-time. The purpose of this paper is to show not only potential, but convincing results of endoscopic microscopy using a catheter-based approach. Mauna Kea Technologies' core technology, Cellvizio, delivers dynamic imaging at 12 frames/second using confocal miniprobes inserted through the operating channel of regular endoscopes. Cellvizio is composed of 3 parts including (a) a Laser Scanning Unit, (b) Confocal Miniprobe TM with the following characteristics: 5-15 mm axial resolution, 2-5 mm lateral resolution, 15-100 mm depth of penetration, field of view of 600x500 mm and (c) a software package with onthe- fly processing capabilities. With several tens of patients examined during routine GI endoscopy procedures, the most relevant clinical parameters could be assessed in a doubled-blinded fashion between the endoscopist and a pathologist and results showing very high accuracy in the differentiation of neoplasia from normal and hyperplastic tissue were obtained. In the field of pulmonology, the micro-autofluorescence properties of tissues could be assessed and structures never before accessed in vivo were observed. Cellvizio® may be useful to study bronchial remodeling in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases. Using appropriate topical fluorescent dye, the Confocal Miniprobes may also make it possible to perform optical biopsy of precancerous and superficial bronchial cancers. Cellvizio® is as a new tool towards "targeted biopsies", leading to earlier, more reliable and cost effective diagnostic procedures. Other applications, specifically in molecular imaging are also made possible by the miniaturization of the probe (combination with biopsy needle for solid organs use or lymph node detection) and by the compatibility of the system with other imaging modalities (auto-fluorescence and narrow-band imaging endoscopy, MRI, PET, etc).
The discovery of the electric current

Abstract The first battery, the so called voltaic pile, turns out to be the only and hidden entrance to the world of electrodynamics. It was not until 20 years after Alessandro Volta's discovery that the realisation came that the sensational novelty of the voltaic pile was not the permanent voltage source but the current source. This was not to be expected, and had, therefore, not been searched for specifically, but, rather had been found through a great deal of luck and coincidence in experimentation.
Characterization and Simulation of MIMO Transport Systems in Tape

The potential for significant capacity and performance improvements in tape storage systems appears to be substantial [1],[2]. Advances in several areas, however, are necessary to foster increases in linear and track densities and consequently achieve higher cartridge capacities and improved performance [3],[4]. Reliable and precise tape transport and track-following servomechanisms are of fundamental importance to guarantee best read-channel performance on all parallel data channels during tape operation. In particular, tight control of tension and potentially of tape-dimensional stability (TDS) variations will be necessary for moving to thinner tape material, which in turn will enable an increase in volumetric density. Figure 1 shows the block diagram of conventional tape transport and track-following servomechanisms in a tape drive [5]. A digital dual servo channel provides estimates of the tape velocity, tape longitudinal position, and head lateral position, which are derived from signals read from dedicated servo bands [6]. Hall sensors provide tape velocity information from the individual reels, which typically is used in the absence of a valid velocity estimate from the servo channel. One of the main impairments affecting the performance of tape drives is the variation of tape tension [7],[8], which may be induced by, e.g., reel eccentricities.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
A recursive nonlinear predictor

Abstract A minimax one-step prediction problem is posed for a linear discrete-time invariant first-order plant. The plant is driven by an unknown bounded forcing function. Several major difficulties encountered in the solution to this problem are discussed and an ad hoc nonlinear recursive predictor is developed as a more easily implemented alternative to the true minimax procedure. A linearized version of this nonlinear ad hoc predictor is shown to be related to the well-known Kalman one-step predictor.
Recurrent nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and cirrhosis after liver transplantation

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) may progress to cirrhosis and lead to liver failure. Histologically, NASH is often indistinguishable from liver disease caused by alcohol use; the cause of NASH remains unknown. A subgroup of patients with NASH eventually develops fibrosis and/or cirrhosis, and in many cases, transplantation is performed for end- stage liver disease attributed to steatohepatitis in patients who do not consume alcohol. The patient described received a transplant for end-stage liver disease secondary to NASH with cirrhosis. Postoperatively she did well, with a bout of mild rejection treated successfully at week 9 with prompt normalization of liver tests. Weight and glycemic control were optimized, and steroid therapy was minimized as safely as possible. Repeat liver biopsy at week 66, however, for persistent mild elevation of alkaline phosphatase and γ-glutamyl- transferase surprisingly revealed the “recurrence” of NASH. Subsequent biopsy revealed NASH with cirrhosis by week 76 after transplantation. Subsequent biopsy at week 87 has confirmed cirrhosis. The patient does not consume alcohol. It is believed to be the first reporting of such a case.
Comparison of Octadecyl-Bonded Alumina and Other Stationary Phases for Lipophilicity Estimation by High Performance Liquid Chromatography

Abstract A recently developed octadecyl-bonded alumina stationary phase (ODA) was evaluated for determining the lipophilicities of organic compounds by high performance liquid chromatography. Using a column packed with this material and mobile phases consisting of methanol and aqueous buffers, the correlation between the octanol-water partition coefficients (log P's) of compounds of various chemical classes and the logarithms of their chromatographic capacity factors (log k's) was found to be superior to that obtained using columns packed with octadecylsilica, poly butadiene-coated alumina or octadecyl-derivanzed polystyrene-divinylbenzene copolymer. In contrast to results obtained with other columns, phenols and other hydrogen-bonding compounds did not need to be treated as a separate data set on the ODA column to obtain good correlations between log k's and log P's. The resistance of ODA to degradation by alkaline solvents allowed the use of a basic mobile phase (pH > 10) for suppressing ionization and ...
Decomposition of methanol, formaldehyde, and formic acid on nonpolar (101̄0), stepped (505̄1), and (0001) surfaces of ZnO by temperature-programmed decomposition

Abstract The decompositions of methanol, formaldehyde, and formic acid were studied on a nonpolar (1010), a stepped (5051), and a Zn polar (0001) surface by temperature-programmed decomposition. The decomposition products on the (1010) and the (5051) surfaces were similar, but the coverage and the amount of products were consistently higher on the (5051) surface. On these two surfaces, methanol decomposed in two pathways. In one pathway, dissociatively adsorbed methanol decomposed into methane and adsorbed oxygen at 150 °C. In the other pathway, the methoxide was oxidized to a surface formate-like species which decomposed at 380 °C into CO, CO 2 , H 2 , and H 2 O. Formaldehyde and formic acid also decomposed via the surface formate. Thus the decomposition of methanol and formaldehyde was accompanied by surface reduction. No coverage dependence of product distribution was observed. On the Zn polar (0001) surface, methanol decomposed in two competitive pathways via a common formaldehyde intermediate. In one pathway, dehydrogenation of formaldehyde to CO occurred. In the other pathway, oxidation by lattice oxygen to a formate intermediate occurred which eventually decomposed into CO, CO 2 , H 2 , and H 2 O above 400 °C. The competition between dehydrogenation and oxidation depended on the coverage such that dehydrogenation was more favored for higher coverages. Within the dehydrogenation pathway, the selectivity for formaldehyde versus CO was lower for higher coverages. Within the oxidation pathway, the selectivity for CO versus CO 2 increased with higher coverages. Formaldehyde and formic acid also decomposed via the formate intermediate. The desorption of all decomposition products was reaction-limited except for water which was desorption-limited. The results indicated that the (0001) surface is more metallic in its behavior than the (1010) and (5051) surfaces. Comparison of the desorption temperatures of different compounds suggests that at room temperature, alcohols adsorb molecularly on the (0001) surface, but dissociatively on the other two surfaces. On the (0001), comparison among methanol, ethanol, and isopropanol suggests that the ease of dehydrogenation parallels the strength of the α cH bond.
Multispectral diffuse optical tomography with absorption and scattering spectral constraints

We present a new method to simultaneously reconstruct the images of oxyhemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin, and water concentrations, as well as the volume fraction images of the scattering particles using continuous wave multispectral diffuse optical tomography with the absorption and scattering spectral prior constraints. In this method, the nonlinear relationship between the reduced scattering coefficient and the volume fraction and the size of the particles is linearized, allowing direct reconstruction of the volume fraction of scattering particles in tissues. The method is validated by a series of numerical simulations, phantom experiments, and in vivo clinical experiments. The initial clinical results indicate that the volume fraction of scattering particles in a malignant tumor is higher than that in a benign tumor.
Müllerian-inhibiting substance inhibits cytochrome P450 aromatase activity in human granulosa lutein cell culture

Objective To investigate the effects of Mullerian-inhibiting substance (MIS) on cytochrome P450 aromatase (CYP19) gene expression in cultured human granulosa lutein cells (GLC). Design In vitro primary cell culture study. Setting Academic research laboratory and hospital-based fertility center. Patient(s) Eight normo-ovulatory patients undergoing IVF procedures due to male factor or tubal infertility. Intervention(s) Serum and follicular fluid (FF) collected and stored at −80°C until assayed. Granulosa lutein cells were harvested from follicular aspirates obtained during oocyte retrieval and cultured for 7 days with media in the presence or absence of MIS (10 ng/mL) or FSH 0.2 IU/mL. Main Outcome Measure(s) Serum and FF levels of E 2 and MIS, and E 2 production by GLC in culture. Levels of CYP19 mRNA in cultured GLC were determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and CYP19 protein by Western blot. Statistical comparison used ANOVA and post hoc Tukey tests. Result(s) Follicle-stimulating hormone significantly increased E 2 production in cultured GLC compared with control. The increase in E 2 production is associated with higher levels of CYP19 mRNA and protein in GLC. The presence of MIS significantly inhibited FSH-induced E 2 production, with concomitant reduction in CYP19mRNA and protein levels. Conclusion(s) Mullerian-inhibiting substance inhibits FSH augmentation of CYP19 enzyme activity and CYP19 gene expression in GLC. These findings may help to explain the association of high MIS levels and low FF E 2 levels reported in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).
Eulerian graphs and polynomial identities for sets of matrices.

Abstract Let the standard identity of degree m be given by [Formula: see text] Then the minimum standard identity is determined for the set of all n × n skew-symmetric matrices over a field of characteristic 0.
Probing Surface Electronic Potentials and Photovoltaic Effects of Self-Assembled Multilayers of Metal Phthalocyanine and Oligomeric Viologen on Conductive Substrates

To probe the effects that self-assembled multilayers may have on electronic properties of a conductive surface, we carried out layer-by-layer depositions of organic/polymeric thin films on indium tin oxide (ITO) substrates. The organic/polymeric thin films were prepared by alternatively dipping ITO substrates in an oligomeric viologen or oligo(hexylene 4,4‘-bipyridinum dibromide) solution and a macrocyle NiPc or nickel phthalocyanine solution. A linear relationship, between the optical absorption at 634 nm from NiPc and 274 nm from oligomeric viologen and the number of depositions, was observed in the UV−vis spectra. The multilayer structures were characterized with X-ray reflectometry, which yielded an average mean thickness of 1.5−2.0 nm per layer-pair. Taking advantage of the conductive surfaces, we performed surface infrared (IR) spectroscopy on oligomeric viologen and NiPc multilayers at an external grazing-angle reflection configuration. IR spectra with polarization perpendicular to the conductive I...
Algorithms for generating large-scale clustered random graphs

Real-world networks are often compared to random graphs to assess whether their topological structure could be a result of random processes. However, a simple random graph in large scale often lacks social structure beyond the dyadic level. As a result we need to generate clustered random graph to compare the local structure at higher network levels. In this paper a generalized version of Gleeson's algorithm G(VS, VT, ES, ET, S, T) is advanced to generate a clustered random graph in large-scale which persists the number of vertices |V|, the number of edges |E|, and the global clustering coefficient CΔ as in the real network and it works successfully for nine large-scale networks. Our new algorithm also has advantages in randomness evaluation and computation efficiency when compared with the existing algorithms.
Magnetism and atomic clustering in Au-Fe alloys

Abstract a.c. magnetic susceptibility measurements are used to investigate atomic clustering in Au-Fe alloys near 15 at. pct. Fe. The highest degree of disorder is obtained by quenching from 550C. Quenching from higher temperatures leads to inhomogeneous states. Changing the degree of clustering has qualitatively the same effect on the magnetic properties as changing the chemical concentration.
Benzo(a)pyrene and X-rays induce reversions of the pink-eyed unstable mutation in the retinal pigment epithelium of mice.

Abstract The pink-eyed unstable (pun) mutation is the result of a 70 kb tandem duplication within the murine p gene. Homologous deletion/recombination of the locus to wild-type occurs spontaneously in embryos and results in pigmented spots in the fur and eye that persist for life. Such deletion events are also inducible by a variety of DNA damaging agents, as we have observed previously with the fur spot assay. Here, we describe the use of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) of the eye to detect reversion events induced with two differently acting agents. Benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) induces a high frequency, and X-ray exposure a more modest increase, of pun reversion in both the fur and the eye. The eye-spot assay requires fewer mice for significant results than the fur spot assay. Previous work had elucidated the cell proliferation pattern in the RPE and a position effect variegation phenotype in the pattern of pun reversions, which we have confirmed. Acute exposure to B(a)P or X-rays resulted in an increased frequency of reversion events. The majority of the spontaneous reversions lie toward the periphery of the RPE whereas induced events are found more centrally, closer to the optic nerve head. The induced distribution corresponds to the major sites of cell proliferation in the RPE at the time of exposure, and further advocates the proposal that dividing cells are at highest risk to develop deletions.
Language and spatial frames of reference in mind and brain

Abstract Some language communities routinely use allocentric reference directions (e.g. ‘uphill–downhill') where speakers of European languages would use egocentric references (‘left–right'). Previous experiments have suggested that the different language groups use different reference frames in non-linguistic tasks involving the recreation of oriented arrays. However, a recent paper argues that manipulating test conditions produces similar effects in monolingual English speakers, and in animals.
Arthroscopic treatment of posterior shoulder instability: results in 33 patients.

BackgroundPosterior shoulder instability is a relatively rare condition and a surgical challenge. Arthroscopic techniques have allowed for a potential improvement as well as diagnosis and management of this condition.PurposeTo evaluate the outcomes of arthroscopic posterior shoulder stabilization and to evaluate preoperative and intraoperative variables as predictors of success.Study DesignCase series; Level of evidence, 4.MethodsThirty-three consecutive patients with a mean age of 25 years (range, 19-34 years) who underwent posterior arthroscopic shoulder stabilization with suture anchors (mean, 3 anchors) or suture capsulolabral plication (mean, 5.3 stitches) or both were reviewed at a mean follow-up of 39.1 months (range, 22-60 months). Shoulder outcomes rating scores were determined using the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Rating Scale, the Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index, the Subjective Patient Shoulder Evaluation, and the Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation.ResultsThere were 7 fail...
Macronutrient analysis of binge eating in bulimia

In a laboratory study of binge eating behavior 21 normal-weight women who met DSM-IIIR criteria for bulimia identified and rank-ordered items on a Foods Attribution Rating Scale as either “safe” or “forbidden.” Macronutrient compositional analyses of foods in each attribution category found the most marked difference in the higher fat content of forbidden food items (p<0.000). Forbidden foods were also found to have a higher caloric density (p<0.000). Analyses of 11 days of 24-hour food intake records found that 69% of binge eating episodes consisted of forbidden foods, compared to 15% of episodes classified by subjects as nonbinge intervals. These results are consistent with previous studies describing nutrient content of alternating bouts of overconsumption and dietary restraint. They also point to a strong association between dichotomous attitudes about specific foods and the content of binge and nonbinge episodes, thus providing support for such cognitive models of eating behavior in bulimia as the abstinence violation effect.
Adjusting the Religious Autobiography Course for the Postmodern Classroom

Religious autobiography as an introductory course is popular yet problematic. Often, it lacks methodological breadth and functions to ensconce Western notions of subjectivity which elide difference, locatedness, and the reality of multiple or shifting identifications. These problems can be addressed by incorporating into the course a community-based learning exercise in which each student is paired with a local senior citizen, conducts a series of interviews with the elder, and then writes an (auto-)biography based on the interviews. Students are thus given a real-life situation in which to test the applicability of theories and definitions of religion, as well as a relationship to a subject whose locatedness and relatively unprivileged “I” allow for the problematization of autobiography as a genre as well as an appreciation for the contextual nature of religiosity. This exercise transforms the religious autobiography course into a pedagogically fruitful, intellectually defensible, and institutionally savvy introductory course.
Aggregation of ligand-modified liposomes by specific interactions with proteins. I: Biotinylated liposomes and avidin.

The aggregation of biotin-modified phospholipid vesicles (liposomes) induced by binding the protein avidin in solution is analyzed experimentally and theoretically. Avidin has four binding sites that can recognize biotin specifically, and is able to cross-link the liposomes to form large aggregates. The aggregation kinetics were followed using quasi-elastic light scattering (QLS) to measure the mean particle size, and by measuring the solution turbidity. The rate and extent of aggregation were determined as a function of vesicle concentration, protein concentration, and the biotin density on the surface of the liposomes. A model based on Smoluchowski kinetics, fractal concepts, and Rayleigh and Mie light scattering theory was developed to analyze the experimental observations. Small aggregates (<7800 A diameter) may be treated as globular ; however, the fractal nature of larger particles must be taken into account. Parameters in the model are taken from molecular simulations, or fit to the experimental observations. The aggregation kinetics are primarily determined by the biotin density on the liposome surface, the stoichiometric ratio of avidin molecules to liposomes, and the liposome concentration. Good agreement is found between the model and the experimental results.
An unusual transcranial Doppler waveform associated with vessel distortion in giant intracranial aneurysms

Although the shapes of velocity waveforms obtained with transcranial Doppler examination can indicate such abnormalities as increased intracranial pressure and proximal arterial compromise, the significance of unusual waveform morphologies is often obscure. In this report, we describe four cases in which an unusual waveform morphology was obtained from vessels distorted and narrowed by intracranial masses. The appearance of this unusual morphology as an isolated signal within a transcranial Doppler examination should, therefore, suggest a structural deformation of the insonated vessel to those who interpret transcranial Doppler studies.
Pyrometric Gas and Surface Temperature Measurements

A multiwavelength pyrometer possessing advantages over the one- and two-wavelength designs is described. Results of its application to surface temperature measurements of ceramics is presented. Also described is a probe suitable for gas temperature measurements to temperatures > 2600 K. The design of the probe includes a multiwavelength pyrometer with fiber optic input.
Treatment of squamous cell carcinoma with intralesional 5-Fluorouracil.

Background. 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) has been used topically and intralesionally to treat lesions related to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) such as actinic keratosis, Bowen's disease, and keratoacanthoma. Objective. We sought to determine whether intralesional 5-FU might be effective in treating a patient with SCC. Methods. A patient with SCC at the junction of the right alar crease and right nasolabial fold was treated with eight weekly injections of 5-FU, with doses ranging from 0.8 to 2.4 mL. Results. A repeat biopsy after the eighth treatment showed total clearance of the cancer, and the patient has remained free of recurrence during a 5-month follow-up period. Conclusion. This modality may provide patients with SCC in cosmetically important locations or in areas that require complex surgery the advantage of a nonsurgical cure.