cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sensory Perception II: Transmission Mechanisms

When a bacterium senses a gradient of a chemical attractant through a chemoreceptor, a signal that influences the direction of flagellar rotation must be transmitted to the flagellar basal body. The nature of the signal elicited by the chemoreceptor is not known; nor are the factors controlling the rotational direction of the bacterial flagellar filament understood. But, electrophysiologic studies with much larger eukaryotic cells have provided important insights into the transmission mechanisms that allow sensory receptors to control the activities of the responding organs or organelles. In all well-documented instances, the responses to sensory input are elicited by bioelectric signals. In this chapter, the nature of these signals and the responses elicited are examined.
The Potential Vorticity Structure and Dynamics of African Easterly Waves

AbstractThe dynamics of African easterly waves (AEWs) are investigated from the perspective of potential vorticity (PV) using data from global reanalysis projects. To a leading order, AEW evolution...
Imbedding pseudohermitian manifolds into a sphere

Let M be a smooth real hypersurface in complex Euclidean space ℂ n . Its tangent bundle TM ⊂ T ℂn \M contains a complex subbundle of T ℂn \M of rank n− 1, to be denoted HM· M, endowed with the bundle HM is a Cauchy-Riemann (CR for short) manifold. Let (M ′,HM ′) be another Cauchy-Riemann manifold. A differentiate mapping f: M → M′ is called a CR mapping if its differential df maps HM into HM′ and is complex linear between the fibres of HM and HM′.
Decreasing the Ratio of Dietary Linoleic to α-Linolenic Acid from 10 to 4 by Changing Only the Former Does Not Prevent Adiposity or Bone Deterioration in Obese Mice.

BACKGROUND Linoleic acid (LA; 18:2n-6) has been considered to promote low-grade chronic inflammation and adiposity. Studies show adiposity and inflammation are inversely associated with bone mass. OBJECTIVES This study tested the hypothesis that decreasing the dietary ratio of LA to α-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n-3), while keeping ALA constant, mitigates high-fat diet (HF)-induced adiposity and bone loss. METHODS Male C57BL/6 mice at 6 wk old were assigned to 4 treatment groups and fed 1 of the following diets ad libitum for 6 mo: a normal-fat diet (NF; 3.85 kcal/g and 10% energy as fat) with the ratio of the PUFAs LA to ALA at 6; or HFs (4.73 kcal/g and 45% energy as fat) with the ratio of LA to ALA at 10:1, 7:1, or 4:1, respectively. ALA content in the diets was kept the same for all groups at 1% energy. Bone structure, body composition, bone-related cytokines in serum, and gene expression in bone were measured. Data were analyzed using 1-factor ANOVA. RESULTS Compared with those fed the NF, mice fed the HFs had 19.6% higher fat mass (P < 0.01) and 13.5% higher concentration of serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) (P < 0.05), a bone resorption cytokine. Mice fed the HFs had 19.5% and 12.2% lower tibial and second lumbar vertebral bone mass, respectively (P < 0.01). Decreasing the dietary ratio of LA to ALA from 10 to 4 did not affect body mass, fat mass, serum TRAP and TNF-α, or any bone structural parameters. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that decreasing the dietary ratio of LA to ALA from 10 to 4 by simply reducing LA intake does not prevent adiposity or improve bone structure in obese mice.
Case of a Child with a Spinal Epidural Abscess

This is a case of a 4-year-old healthy male who presented with abdominal pain that evolved into abdominal and right buttock pain. This pain was initially thought to be from constipation but failed to respond to typical treatment. His parents reported low-grade fever, loss of appetite, no weight gain in 2 months, and pain that woke him from his sleep. The pain became so severe that he was refusing to walk or even to bear weight. He would frequently cry while grasping his abdomen and right buttock. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate was 44 mm/hr, and the urinalysis was unremarkable.
Metatranscriptomic analyses of the oral microbiome

Although the composition of the oral human microbiome is now well studied, regulation of genes within oral microbial communities remains mostly uncharacterized. Current concepts of periodontal disease and caries highlight the importance of oral biofilms and their role as etiological agents of those diseases. Currently, there is increased interest in exploring and characterizing changes in the composition and gene-expression profiles of oral microbial communities. These efforts aim to identify changes in functional activities that could explain the transition from health to disease and the reason for the chronicity of those infections. It is now clear that the functions of distinct species within the subgingival microbiota are intimately intertwined with the rest of the microbial community. This point highlights the relevance of examining the expression profile of specific species within the subgingival microbiota in the case of periodontal disease or caries lesions, in the context of the other members of the biofilm in vivo. Metatranscriptomic analysis of the oral community is the starting point for identifying environmental signals that modulate the shift in metabolism of the community from commensal to dysbiotic. These studies give a snapshot of the expression patterns of microbial communities and also allow us to determine triggers to diseases. For example, in the case of caries, studies have unveiled a potential new pathway of sugar metabolism, namely the use of sorbitol as an additional source of carbon by Streptococcus mutans; and in the case of periodontal disease, high levels of extracellular potassium could be a signal of disease. Longitudinal studies are needed to identify the real markers of the initial stages of caries and periodontal disease. More information on the gene-expression profiles of the host, along with the patterns from the microbiome, will lead to a clearer understanding of the modulation of health and disease. This review presents a summary of these initial studies, which have opened the door to a new understanding of the dynamics of the oral community during the dysbiotic process in the oral cavity.
Measuring simulated hydrogen diffusion in symmetric tilt nickel grain boundaries and examining the relevance of the Borisov relationship for individual boundary diffusion

Abstract Grain boundaries are known to act as important diffusion pathways in metals. Here we examine how hydrogen diffusion in nickel grain boundaries is affected by different grain boundary types. We simulate 26 [ 1 0 0 ] symmetric tilt grain boundaries at several temperatures and develop a modified mean squared displacement method for isolating the grain boundary diffusivity from the bulk diffusivity. We analyze the diffusivity data for the different boundaries and find the grain boundary diffusivity to be higher than the bulk diffusivity up to a temperature where the two converge. We test a model developed by Borisov et al. (Phys. Met. Metallogr. 17, 1964, 80-84) that relates grain boundary diffusion to grain boundary interfacial energy. Despite the fact that the Borisov relationship has never been used to examine solute interstitial diffusion before, it fits the simulated diffusion data well for temperatures where the grain boundary diffusivity is higher than the bulk diffusivity. Some parameters in the Borisov relationship, related to the geometry of the grain boundary and its activated states, have always taken on assumed values because they are hard to measure or acquire. The fit of the simulated data provides estimates for these values that are physically realistic and provides evidence that the use of the traditionally assumed values should be reconsidered. This work also demonstrates that while there is a need for further validation, the Borisov relationship can reasonably relate solute interstitial diffusivity of hydrogen to the interfacial energy of individual [ 1 0 0 ] symmetric tilt nickel grain boundaries, whereas in the past it has been used to relate self diffusion and interfacial energy of a grain boundary network as a whole.
Schumpeterian Fade: Has It Become Harder For Newer Firms To Join The Elite?

A Schumpeterian perspective on sustained superior firm performance contrasts two classes of contestants. Entrepreneurs in newer firms take risks and pursue fresh discoveries in the hope of developi...
Discovery of an Antarctic Ascidian-Associated Uncultivated Verrucomicrobia with Antimelanoma Palmerolide Biosynthetic Potential.

The Antarctic marine ecosystem harbors a wealth of biological and chemical innovation that has risen in concert over millennia since the isolation of the continent and formation of the Antarctic circumpolar current. Scientific inquiry into the novelty of marine natural products produced by Antarctic benthic invertebrates led to the discovery of a bioactive macrolide, palmerolide A, that has specific activity against melanoma and holds considerable promise as an anticancer therapeutic. While this compound was isolated from the Antarctic ascidian Synoicum adareanum, its biosynthesis has since been hypothesized to be microbially mediated, given structural similarities to microbially produced hybrid nonribosomal peptide-polyketide macrolides. Here, we describe a metagenome-enabled investigation aimed at identifying the biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) and palmerolide A-producing organism. A 74-kbp candidate BGC encoding the multimodular enzymatic machinery (hybrid type I-trans-AT polyketide synthase-nonribosomal peptide synthetase and tailoring functional domains) was identified and found to harbor key features predicted as necessary for palmerolide A biosynthesis. Surveys of ascidian microbiome samples targeting the candidate BGC revealed a high correlation between palmerolide gene targets and a single 16S rRNA gene variant (R = 0.83 to 0.99). Through repeated rounds of metagenome sequencing followed by binning contigs into metagenome-assembled genomes, we were able to retrieve a nearly complete genome (10 contigs) of the BGC-producing organism, a novel verrucomicrobium within the Opitutaceae family that we propose here as "Candidatus Synoicihabitans palmerolidicus." The refined genome assembly harbors five highly similar BGC copies, along with structural and functional features that shed light on the host-associated nature of this unique bacterium. IMPORTANCE Palmerolide A has potential as a chemotherapeutic agent to target melanoma. We interrogated the microbiome of the Antarctic ascidian, Synoicum adareanum, using a cultivation-independent high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatic strategy. The metagenome-encoded biosynthetic machinery predicted to produce palmerolide A was found to be associated with the genome of a member of the S. adareanum core microbiome. Phylogenomic analysis suggests the organism represents a new deeply branching genus, "Candidatus Synoicihabitans palmerolidicus," in the Opitutaceae family of the Verrucomicrobia phylum. The Ca. Synoicihabitans palmerolidicus 4.29-Mb genome encodes a repertoire of carbohydrate-utilizing and transport pathways, a chemotaxis system, flagellar biosynthetic capacity, and other regulatory elements enabling its ascidian-associated lifestyle. The palmerolide producer's genome also contains five distinct copies of the large palmerolide biosynthetic gene cluster that may provide structural complexity of palmerolide variants.
Electroweak Interactions with Nuclei [Lectures 1 and 2] Quantum Hadrodynamics (QHD) [Lectures 3 and 4]

The material in these first two lectures is taken from Refs. 1, 2, and 3. In this short time I clearly cannot work through everything as I would like to; however, all the algebra is done in detail starting from scratch in Ref. 1, which also covers an extensive list of topics. If you are a student who wants to learn about electron scattering from nuclei and electromagnetic interactions, I strongly urge you to send for a copy of these notes. They are still available from Argonne. I will give two lectures on Part 1 and two lectures on Part 2. Lecture I is meant as a general introduction to the subject of electroweak interactions with nuclei.
Laser-Based Diagnostics for Hypersonic Flows

New laser-based diagnostic techniques, developed primarily within the combustion community, offer considerable promise for measurements in hypersonic flows. In this paper we overview three diagnostic methods under development at Stanford University: spectrally resolved line-of-sight absorption (LOSA), conducted with a wavelength-modulated semiconductor diode laser and applied to O2 in a shock tube flow; spectrally resolved single-point laser-induced fluorescence (SP LIF), conducted with a rapid-tuning ring dye laser and applied to NO in a supersonic underexpanded jet; and planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF), conducted with a tunable pulsed laser source and intensified CCD array camera, and applied to single-shot measurements of NO in a shock tunnel. These methods have unique capabilities for nonintrusive measurements of flowfield properties such as temperature, species concentration, velocity, density and pressure, as well as quantities derived from these properties such as mass flux (product of velocity and mass density).
Anatomically Modern Homo sapiens

Anatomically modern humans have relatively gracile skeletons and teeth, with crania exhibiting characteristic traits such as a vertical forehead, expanded parietal bones, a nonprojecting face, and the presence of a chin. Some of the distinctive characteristics of modern human behavior include more efficient hunting technology including prismatic blades and tools made of bone, ivory, and antler, broadening of diet, long-distance raw material procurement networks, use of symbolic elements such as ocher and personal decorations, and ceremonial burials. Genetic and fossil evidence shows that anatomically modern humans evolved in Africa around 200,000 years ago, and expanded out of Africa around 100,000 years ago. Analysis of fossil DNA shows that modern humans probably interbred with some local archaic populations, such as Neandertals.
Explaining General Ideas

Hume declared himself a scientist of man; his aim was to identify the principles according to which our impressions give rise to our thoughts, beliefs, passions and actions. He took it that there are things about these products of experience that need to be explained, and as a scientist of man he aimed to provide the needed explanation by finding principles that govern the operations of the mind. In what follows I want to consider Hume's account of general ideas, and I want especially to raise the question what it is about them that he wants to explain. In order to see what Hume thinks he should explain about our general ideas, we need first to see what sort of explanatory resources he thinks are available. In the introduction to the Treatise, he proposes to undertake a study of human nature, a study of the particular kind that he calls science of man. He is going to study the human mind using "careful and exact experiments"1 gleaned up from a "cautious observation of human life" as it appears in the "common course of the world" (T xix). The outcome will be the discovery of "principles," and Hume aims to render them "as universal as possible," "explaining all effects from the simplest and fewest causes" (T xvii). By itself this sounds awfully bland. How does it differ from the generalizations any of us might make about human mental life? On one common understanding of Hume, the answer is that he is studying objects we don't ordinarily talk about, using a method of observation we don't ordinarily use. He is studying what Locke called "ideas": the items of which a person is imme-
How Do Proximal Hydroxy or Methoxy Groups on the Bidentate Ligand Affect [(2,2′;6′,2"‐Terpyridine)Ru(N,N)X] Water‐Oxidation Catalysts? Synthesis, Characterization, and Reactivity at Acidic and Near‐Neutral pH

Water-oxidation catalysts (WOCs) can potentially be improved by installing pendant electron-donor groups that may also be proton donors or acceptors. We have modified one of the most well-studied WOCs with alkoxy or hydroxy substituents on the bidentate bipyridine ligand (N,N), thereby forming [(terpy)RuII(N,N)X] (X = Cl, H2O; terpy = 2,2′;6′,2"-terpyridine). A combination of NMR spectroscopy (particularly 15N chemical-shift data), UV/Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and oxygen evolution data point to interesting and beneficial effects of an oxygenated group proximal to X. A methoxy group on the 2,2′-bipyridyl (bipy) ring cis to X = Cl is shown to facilitate ionization of the chloride ligand in aqueous acetone, perhaps by acceptance of a hydrogen bond from the aquo ligand. Hydrogen-bond donation of a proximal hydroxy group to a bound aquo ligand is shown by X-ray diffraction. Distinct differences in pKa values for the 4,4′- and 6,6′-dihydroxy bipy complexes are seen. In water oxidation driven by ceric ammonium nitrate, the 6,6′-dimethoxy species is somewhat faster and longer-lived than the analogue that lacks the oxygenated groups [a turnover number (TON) of 215 instead of 138 in 10 h, and a turnover frequency (TOF) of 0.36 min–1 instead of 0.23 over the same time period]. Taken together, oxygenated groups near the WOC active site are promising electron or proton donors and/or hydrogen-bond acceptors, and are the subject of further scrutiny.
High-speed keyhole welding of steels using 2 lasers

Sealed CO2 lasers at <500 watts power are widely used for cuttng and drilling, but their welding performance is less well known. The welding trials reported here address this by identifying welding performance for certain widely used ferrous and non-ferrous materials. Welds were made at a fixed average power and a range of laser parameters over a range of weld speeds. Conventional metallographic techniques were used for assessing weld dimensions and weld quality.© (2004) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The Assessment and Management of Agitation and Delirium in the General Hospital

The Psychiatric Consultation Service at Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) sees medical and surgical inpatients with comorbid psychiatric symptoms and conditions. Such consultations require the integration of medical and psychiatric knowledge. During their twice-weekly rounds, Dr Stern and other members of the Consultation Service discuss the diagnosis and management of conditions confronted. These discussions have given rise to rounds reports that will prove useful for clinicians practicing at the interface of medicine and psychiatry. Dr Stern is chief of the Psychiatric Consultation Service at MGH and is a professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School (HMS); Drs Celano and Gross are clinical fellows in psychiatry at HMS and fellows in adult psychiatry at MGH and McLean Hospital; Dr Huffman is director of Inpatient Psychiatry Services at MGH; Drs Freudenreich, Kontos, and Nejad are attending physicians on the Psychiatric Consultation Service at MGH; Ms Repper-DeLisi is a psychiatric nurse clinician on the Nursing Consultation Service at MGH; Dr Thompson is director of the Medical Intensive Care Unit at MGH and an associate professor of medicine at HMS. Dr Stern is an employee of the Academy of Psychosomatic Medicine; has served on the speaker's board of Reed Elsevier; is a stock shareholder in WiFiMed (Tablet MD); and has received royalties from Mosby/Elsevier and McGraw Hill. Dr Freudenreich has served as a consultant to Beacon Health Strategies and has received grant/research support from Pfizer and honoraria from Reed Medical Education. Drs Celano, Gross, Huffman, Kontos, Nejad, and Thompson and Ms Repper-DeLisi report no financial or other affiliations relevant to the subject of this article.
A 22-Year-Old Nonsmoker With Diffuse Cystic Lung Disease

A 22-year-old previously healthy woman was evaluated in pulmonary clinic for shortness of breath and cough that had been slowly progressive over 3 months. She otherwise reported being fully functional and attended her college graduation a week prior to evaluation. She had no history of smoking, illicit drug use, connective tissue disease, or noxious exposures.
Direct variational solutions for linear dissipative oscillator using Lagrangian with reverse time scales

A new Lagrangian with reverse time scales is used for direct variational approximation of the solution of a linear dissipative oscillator. Very accurate global approximations are obtained by polynomial test functions of low order. The main goal of the present work is to verify a novel method for variational formulation of dissipative systems. It is. concluded that the new Lagrangian is not only correct, but is also a reliable tool for direct variational solutions of both boundary-value and initial-value problems. >
LOEWNER CHAINS AND H OLDER GEOMETRY

The Loewner equation provides a correspondence between contin- uous real-valued functions t and certain increasing families of half-plane hulls Kt. In this paper we study the deterministic relationship between specic an- alytic properties of t and geometric properties of Kt. Our motivation comes, however, from the stochastic Loewner equation (SLE ), where the associated function t is a scaled Brownian motion and the corresponding domains HnKt are Holder domains. We prove that if the increasing family Kt is generated by a simple curve and the nal domain HnKT is a Holder domain, then the corresponding driving function has a modulus of continuity similar to that of Brownian motion. Informally, this is a converse to the fact that SLE curves are simple and their complementary domains are Holder, when 4. In the process, we establish general geometric criteria that guarantee that Kt has a Lip(1=2) driving function.
The Civic, Economic, and Political Consequences of Pentecostalism in Russia and Ukraine

In contemporary Russia and Ukraine, Pentecostalism carries with it commitments to civic engagement and democracy, strong bonds of social capital, and the embracing of an entrepreneurial spirit. In this article, the authors analyze the origins of Pentecostalism in Russia, Soviet methods of repression, and Pentecostal survival strategies. Continuing, the authors examine the political efficacy of Pentecostals, their civic commitments, their embracing of the free market, and the strength and nature of social capital among them. While the authors conclude that it is too soon to conclude that Pentecostalism will bring about democracy, civil society, and free markets in Russia and Ukraine, they argue that Pentecostalism is proving itself a popular choice in the contemporary religious marketplace and that choice is not without significant civic, economic, and political consequences.
Development of a Semi-Span Test Capability at the National Transonic Facility

A need for low-speed, high Reynolds number test capabilities has been identified for the design and development of advanced subsonic transport high-lift systems. In support of this need, multiple investigations have been conducted in the National Transonic Facility (NTF) at the NASA Langley Research Center to develop a semi-span testing capability that will provide the low-speed, flight Reynolds number data currently unattainable using conventional sting-mounted, full-span models. Although a semi-span testing capability will effectively double the Reynolds number capability over full-span models, it does come at the expense of contending with the issue of the interaction of the flow over the model with the windtunnel wall boundary layer. To address this issue the size and shape of the semi-span model mounting geometry have been investigated, and the results are presented herein. The cryogenic operating environment of the NTF produced another semi-span test technique issue in that varying thermal gradients have developed on the large semi-span balance. The suspected cause of these thermal gradients and methods to eliminate them are presented. Data are also presented that demonstrate the successful elimination of these varying thermal gradients during cryogenic operations.
microRNA Replacement Therapy for Cancer

microRNA are small noncoding RNAs that translationally repress their target messenger RNAs. Many microRNAs are expressed at reduced levels in tumors. microRNAs with reduced expression in cancer often regulate oncogenes, resulting in enhanced tumor growth. One therapeutic option is to restore microRNA levels in the tumor to that of the non-diseased tissue. This is possible by delivering microRNA to the tumor in the form of an oligonucleotide mimic or by expressing the microRNA in the cancer using a gene vector. This article surveys the field of oligonucleotide mimics and gene vector approaches to restore microRNA levels in tumors and reviews the literature on experimental and pre-clinical studies that have used these approaches to treat cancer.
Locating Critical Components of Regional Human Capital

Enormous attention has been devoted recently to the contributions of human capital in the strategic and competitive success of different regions. These advances by macroeconomists and trade theorists have important implications for understanding the influence of economic development programs in a rural environment. Drawing upon this research we argue that human capital concepts may offer a more effective basis for assessment of strategic resource needs and use within a rural setting. An approach using direct elicitation methods is outlined for developing human capital measures. One significant advantage of a human capital approach is the potential for creating indicators that bridge the interests of economic development and environmental programs.
Machine learning paradigms for utility-based data mining

In this talk, I will describe a number of machine learning paradigms that are relevant to utility-based data mining, and review some key techniques and results in each.
Computer simulation in sport and industry

The last several decades have brought decreases in the specific cost of computer memory and increases in processor throughput. As a result simulation has become correspondingly more important as a component of industrial design and as a method for the study of general biomechanics and sports techniques. This paper illustrates, by way of examples, several of the more important aspects of the application of computer simulation to dynamic problems. Topics include (1) the ideas of suitable model complexity and its tradeoff with interpretability; (2) the sequential and iterative nature of model building and the importance of experimental data in the modelling and validation process; (3) the essential role of user-friendly software and graphical interfaces in the interchange of information between simulation programs and the users; and 4) the role of computer simulation in learning feedback loops, both in the field and in the computer laboratory. Most industrial use of simulation is in the design process. A similar approach is equally valid in biomechanics and sport applications through the incorporation of design variables, which may be easily changed in the model experiment.
Freud: The First Evolutionary Psychologist?

An evolutionary perspective on attachment theory and psychoanalytic theory brings these two fields together in interesting ways. Application of the evolutionary principle of parent-offspring conflict to attachment theory suggests that attachment styles represent context-sensitive, evolved (adaptive) behaviors. In addition, an emphasis on offspring counter-strategies to adult reproductive strategies leads to consideration of attachment styles as overt manifestations of psychodynamic mediating processes, including the defense mechanisms of repression and reaction formation.
Hope without illusion: telling the story of democratic educational renewal

In this article, the author reflects on his participation in a project in democratic educational renewal in an inner‐city high school in Cincinnati, Ohio in the 1990s. He frames the case study within a number of broader questions in democratic educational research and theory having to do with the need to construct narratives of hope without illusion. Such research narratives, he argues, are rooted in a recognition that culture is contested and thus open rather than determined. Progressive stories open up possibilities for critical reflection and strategic action at various sites, and they cross the borders between ‘insider’ and ‘outsider’ accounts. To develop these ideas, he draws on a number of poststructural theorists, including most notably Gramsci and Foucault. He situates the case study within the context of an analysis of the new cultural politics of: corporate‐sponsored school reform, the surveillance and policing of urban youth, and the ‘othering’ of progressives voices in urban education.
ac-dc interference, complete mode locking, and origin of coherent oscillations in sliding charge-density-wave systems

We present the results of a detailed experimental study of ac-dc interference phenomena in charge-density-wave (CDW) transport. The dc I-V characteristic of high-quality ${\mathrm{NbSe}}_{3}$ crystals, measured in the presence of an applied ac voltage, exhibits a remarkable array of Shapiro steps, including at least 150 subharmonic steps between the dc threshold and the 1/1 harmonic step. The harmonic and low-order subharmonic steps mode lock completely for ac frequencies between 100 kHz and 300 MHz and for ac amplitudes from a fraction of the dc threshold voltage ${V}_{T}$ to 75${V}_{T}$. The form and magnitude of the Bessel-like oscillations of the harmonic step widths with ac amplitude are independent of applied frequency at frequencies above 20 MHz, demonstrating conclusively that periodic CDW pinning by impurities does not vanish at high fields and frequencies. Surprisingly, even though CDW's are randomly pinned many-degree-of-freedom systems, single-coordinate models reproduce nearly all qualitative features of the Shapiro steps. A comparison between our interference measurements and our earlier coherent oscillation (``narrow-band noise'') measurements yields strong evidence that both effects are of bulk origin. We also have observed mode locking in the frequency domain by measuring the coherent oscillation spectrum in the presence of an applied ac voltage. When mode locking occurs, the spectral width of the fundamental peak collapses dramatically, indicating that the CDW's motion becomes almost perfectly periodic with no fluctuations. However, the amplitude of the fundamental does not change, suggesting that phase correlations are not dramatically enhanced. A detailed understanding of these results should yield important insights into the dynamics of charge-density waves and of other many-degree-of-freedom systems.
Open pasture, silvopasture and sward herbage maturity effects on nutritive value and fermentation characteristics of cool‐season pasture

In Appalachian USA, silvopasture offers promise of increased farm productivity. A synchronized, temporal understanding of open pasture (OP) and silvopasture (SP) nutritive characteristics is essential for grazing system development. We examined pasture-type nutritive-value relationships when herbage was harvested based on morphological maturity rather than calendar date. Neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre (ADF and NDF) content were greater in silvopasture, while organic matter (OM) was lower (P < 0·05). Digestibility of SP herbage dry matter (DM) and OM tended (P = 0·10) to be lower (418 vs. 471 and 437 vs. 491 g kg−1 respectively). Neutral detergent fibre digestibility was greater (P < 0·05) for OP than SP forage (538 vs. 480 g kg−1), and ADF tended to be greater (P = 0·10; 551 vs. 501). Open-pasture forage fermentation effluent exhibited slightly higher microbial richness and Shannon diversity than SP. However, overall community composition of both bacteria and archaea did not differ between pasture types or sampling times. Pasture types show proximate analyses differences generally favourable to OP, although both have similar overall nutritive value. In addition, the SP sward exhibited a 4- to 6-days delay in reaching equivalent maturity. Conversion of farm woodlots to SP would increase overall herbage production and improve pasture management flexibility.
Elastic properties and phonon conductivities of Ti3Al(C0.5,N0.5)2 and Ti2Al(C0.5,N0.5) solid solutions

Herein we compare the lattice parameters, room temperature shear and Young’s moduli, and phonon thermal conductivities of Ti2AlC0.5N0.5 and Ti3Al(C0.5, N0.5)2 solid solutions with those of their end members, namely Ti2AlC, Ti2AlN, Ti3AlC2, and Ti4AlN2.9. In general, the replacement of C by N decreases the unit cell volumes and increases the elastic moduli and phonon thermal conductivities. The increase in the latter two properties, however, is sensitive to the concentrations of defects, most likely vacancies on one or more of the sublattices.
A bayesian analysis of the use of pooled coefficients in a structural regional economic model

Abstract This paper examines the performance of the model produced by Regional Economic Models, Inc. (REMI), which utilizes pooled econometric coefficients, in forecasting and simulating the Las Vegas, Nevada economy. Forecasts and simulations are performed using the REMI model and alternative sets of parameter estimates: REMI pooled estimates; estimates based on local data; and two sets of estimates that are calculated using Bayesian shrinkage techniques. The results reveal that the economic multipliers produced by the REMI model are sensitive to the set of estimates used to parameterize the model. Regarding forecasting performance, the REMI coefficients produce the most accurate long-run forecasts while one of the Bayesian shrinkage estimators produces the most accurate short-run forecasts.
Comparison of indirect probes of membrane potential utilized in studies of human neutrophils.

Four indirect probes of membrane potential, triphenylmethylphosphonium ion (TPMP+), 3,3′dipentyloxacarbocyanine [di-O-C5(3)], 3,3′ dipentylindocarbocyanine [di-I-C5(3)], and 3,3′ dipropylthiodicarbocyanine [di-S-C3(5)] have been used to study neutrophil (PMN) activation. The data extend previous studies indicating that the cyanine dye di-S-C3(5) not only exhibits a different fluorescence response mechanism from di-O-C5(3) [and di-I-C5(3)] but also that the fluorescence of di-S-C3(5) is destroyed by reactive oxygen products produced by neutrophils following stimulation. When these aspects of the probes are taken into account, the interpretations of the results using all three cyanine dyes are identical. Studies with the isotope TPMP+ indicate that long incubations are necessary for PMN to fully equilibrate during which time the PMNs depolarize. Use of TPB−, to shorten the TPMP+ equilibration time, produces results identical with those obtained using the cyanine dyes. The cyanine dyes and TPMP+/TPB− are toxic to neutrophil functions although they do not cause cell death. Toxicity can be avoided by using low concentrations of di-O-C5(3) and di-I-C5(3) but cannot be avoided with di-S-C3(5) or TPMP+/TPB−. Using di-O-C5(3) with the fluorescence-activated cell sorter, we demonstrate that heterogeneity of neutrophil responsiveness confuses the interpretation of studies characterizing the ionic basis of the fluorescence responses stimulated by certain stimuli. We conclude that some of the discrepancies currently reported in the literature using these probes are not due to inherent differences in the ability of the different probes to monitor the same event (i.e., PMN membrane potential) but instead are due to failure to correct for probe-specific problems or response heterogeneity.
Gas phase retention volume behavior of organic compounds on Carbotrap graphitized carbon

Abstract The graphitized carbon material Carbotrap is often used for sampling gaseous organic compounds. Knowledge of the retention volumes of the compounds of interest on Carbotrap is required to design sampling protocols. Published data are examined here to develop correlation equations between retention volume and both vapor pressure and boiling point. The 38 compounds considered included ethane, butane, 1,2-dichloroethane, benzene, trichloroethene, 1,1,2-trichloroethane, phenol, toluene, chlorobenzene, n-butylamine, 4-heptanone, p-dichlorobenzene, decane, n-butylbenzene, biphenyl, n-dodecane, n-tetradecane. The correlation equations are examined in terms of gas—solid adsorption theory. They allow prediction of retention behavior for compounds for which experimental retention data are not yet available.
High-power picosecond mid-infrared optical parametric amplifier for infrared Raman spectroscopy

A high-power (50-MW), kilohertz, picosecond, mid-IR optical parametric amplifier that is pumped by an amplified Ti:sapphire laser and also produces a fixed-frequency visible pulse is described. Mid-IR pulse energies of 40–55 µJ with 0.6–0.8-ps durations and 35-cm-1 bandwidths are reported in the 3650–2800-cm-1 range. The combination of picosecond mid-IR and visible pulses is useful for two-color spectroscopies, which require simultaneous time and frequency resolution. To illustrate the above, we present vibrational relaxation data for the polyatomic molecule nitromethane, using time-resolved infrared Raman spectroscopy.
Contractible circuits in 3-connected graphs

Abstract We show that any 3-connected graph other than K4 or K5 contains a contractible circuit or contains one of two simple configurations. This leads to a new recursive construction of the 3-connected graphs.
Insights into catalysis by gold nanoparticles and their support effects through surface science studies of model catalysts.

One important aid in understanding catalysis by gold nanoparticles would be to understand the strength with which they bond to different support materials and the strength with which they bond adsorbed intermediates, and how these strengths depend on nanoparticle size. We present here new measurements of adsorption energies by single crystal adsorption calorimetry, and new analyses of other recent measurements by this technique in our lab, which imply that: (1) small nanoparticles of metals like Au bind much more strongly to supports like titania and iron oxide which are generally observed to be effective in making Au nanoparticles active in catalysis than to supports like MgO which are considered less effective, (2) the thermodynamic stability of adsorbed intermediates for catalytic reactions can either increase strongly or decrease strongly with decreasing metal nanoparticle size below 8 nm, depending on the system, and (3) the reaction to insert O2 into the Au–H bond of adsorbed H on the Au(111) surface to make Au–OOH (O2,g + Had → OOHad) is exothermic by ∼80 kJ mol−1. This adsorbed hydroperoxy species is thought to be a key intermediate in selective oxidation reactions over Au nanoparticle catalysts, but its production by this reaction may also provide a route for O2 activation in less demanding reactions (like CO oxidation) as well. Its stability would be even higher on Au nanoparticles below 3 nm in diameter, but even there it is too unstable to be formed by combining adsorbed OH with an O adatom (OHad + Oad → OOHad), which is estimated to be endothermic by 175 kJ mol−1. The implications of the stability of metal nanoparticles versus particle size on different supports and of the stability and potential reactions of OOHad in Au catalysis will be discussed.
Contrast Echocardiography: Experience in a Clinical Echocardiography Laboratory

Although 2-dimensional echocardiography with adjunct intravenous contrast media improves endocardial visualization and enhances quality of spectral Doppler signals, widespread use of contrast agents has not occurred for various reasons. Results from this study indicate that discretionary use of contrast media will enhance endocardial and Doppler signal visualization scores without an impact on total procedure duration, lending credence to an argument for a lower threshold for discretionary use of contrast media.
Variational path-integral theory of quantum crystals

Abstract We present a theory of the thermodynamics of solids which, for the first time, successfully accounts quantitatively for the entire temperature range without perturbation expansion. Quantum effects are absorbed into an effective potential using a variational path-integral method. This potential is used in a classical Monte Carlo calculation.
Resource-based foundations of strategic human resource management: a review and extension

This manuscript reviews and extends the contribution of the Resource-Based View (RBV) to the field of Strategic Human Resources Management (SHRM). After reviewing the RBV foundations, we address the evolving RBV controversies and limitations. We extend the traditional RBV perspective to include the normative pressures, rent appropriation, and human resource architecture as important considerations influencing SHRM effects on the firm performance. In conclusion, implications and recommendations are offered to more clearly understand the relationship between human resources management, human capital, and organisational performance.
Ionic conductivity and the phase transitions in Na2SO4.

The electrical conductivity of single crystals of ${\mathrm{Na}}_{2}$${\mathrm{SO}}_{4}$ has been measured along the three principal crystallographic axes at temperatures in the range 160\char21{}400 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. The measurements reveal a hitherto unsuspected large anisotropy in the ${\mathrm{Na}}^{+}$ ion conduction in the stable room-temperature orthorhombic phase (V) of the as-grown crystals. The conductivity is restricted largely to the (010) crystallographic plane and is attributed to open tunnels in the [101] and [101\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}] directions that form an interconnected network facilitating ${\mathrm{Na}}^{+}$ ion diffusion. On heating, a pretransition region of sample-dependent conductivity occurs at 226 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C followed by a sluggish but major structural transition at 241 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C to a hexagonal phase (I). The microscopic details of this atypical irreversible transition are discussed. On cooling, further transitions to phase II (at 234 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C) and phase III (at 229 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C) occur, while on heating phase III transforms directly to phase I (at 249 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C). The conductivity in phase I, II, and III is nearly isotropic and the activation energies are essentially independent of crystal orientation in each phase.
The National Cancer Data Base report on endometrial cancer

Background Previous Commission on Cancer data from the National Cancer Data Base (NCDB) have examined time trends in stage of disease, treatment patterns, and survival for selected cancers. The most current (1992) data for endometrial cancer are described here. Methods Four calls for data have yielded a total of 560,455 cancer cases diagnosed in 1986–1987, and 599,597 cancer cases diagnosed in 1992, from hospital cancer registries across the United States. Results Data were received for 36,341 endometrial cancer patients. No significant change in stage distribution for patients who were staged was noted with time, however, markedly fewer patients were reported with unknown stage in 1992 (15.6%) compared with 1986–1987 (45.1%). Blacks and low income groups were more likely to present with advanced stage disease. A 12.6% increase in patients undergoing nodal dissection as part of their surgical treatment occurred during this time period. More patients received surgery only as part of their treatment in 1992 (53.8% vs. 42.6%). Advancing age, minority status, low income, and increasing grade all had a negative impact on survival. Blacks experienced a 25% reduction in survival compared to non-Hispanic Whites and Hispanics. Conclusions Lack of improvement in detecting early disease indicates the lack of an acceptable screening methodology for this disease. Blacks present with more advanced disease and subsequently have a decreased survival compared to non-Hispanic Whites. Time trends indicate that nodal dissection is becoming a more common surgical practice in this disease, and that radiation therapy is utilized less often. The current American Joint Committee on Cancer staging accurately reflects differences in prognosis by stage. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The characteristic polynomials of subarrangements of Coxeter arrangements

Abstract We apply a lattice point counting method due to Blass and Sagan to compute the characteristic polynomials for k-equal subspace arrangements, the interpolations between the Coxeter hyperplane arrangements B n, D n, and A>−1 and the related l, h-equal and l, h, f-equal subspace arrangements. Our proofs provide combinatorial interpretations for the characteristic polynomials of these subspace arrangements. As a result, we are able to explore the interesting properties of these polynomials.
Writing/Righting Images of the West A Brief Auto/Historiography of the Black Cowboy (Or “ I Want to Be a (Black) Cowboy” . . . Still)

This short performative essay is a series of images and remembrances that offer an initial attempt at writing and righting the Black cowboy into the historiography of the West. Establishing a somewhat queer orientation to the West and Westerns, the essay situates a longstanding desire to be a cowboy.
Changing of the Guard [Point of View]

I have been the Editor-in-Chief (EIC) of the Proceedings of the IEEE for six years and my term has just expired. A new EIC has now assumed the position with this January 2013 issue. The end of my term coincides with the centennial year of the Proceedings, an event for which we?ve been celebrating all year. In particular, I hope all our readers are enjoying the Centennial issue, published in May 2012 as a 13th issue of the Proceedings, and dedicated to celebrating our one hundredth year of publication. The special issue includes a series of papers exploring our past, as well as a look into the future. The papers give a good overview of how our profession has evolved and developed over the past century, and some of the directions we will take in the future. Together, the volunteer and IEEE publications staff form an excellent and coordinated team of dedicated professionals. This journal is well staffed and positioned to continue to provide our readers with the highest quality publication possible. As H. Joel Trussell, the new EIC, assumes duties in 2013, he will find a very well-managed journal with an excellent support team. The future is bright!
PROFILE: Examining Hazard Mitigation Within the Context of Public Goods.

/ This paper presents a case study of an American barrier island devastated by a hurricane to show how it is addressing the free-riding problem and protecting its public goods, thereby contributing to hazard mitigation. It examines hazard mitigation and the free-riding problem within the public goods framework. Free-riding is a term used in the public choice theory and common pool resource literature. It is a term used for describing the actions of rational individuals who freely exploit a collective or public good at the expense of others. Free-riding is a major problem faced by public goods. The problem very frequently occurs in the context of hazard mitigation and coastal resource management. Very little is known about the factors that contribute to the promotion of hazard mitigation. This paper identifies some of the important factors that help local institutions provide and sustain hazard mitigation measures. Theoretical and practical implications for hazards research and disaster management policy are presented. Language: en