cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 92 Dislocations and Plasticity in bcc Transition Metals at High Pressure

Abstract Using first-principles electronic-structure calculations, quantum-based atomistic simulations, and atomistically informed dislocation dynamics (DD) simulations, we have studied individual dislocation behavior and the multiscale modeling of single-crystal plasticity in the prototype bcc transition metals Ta, Mo, and V under both ambient and high-pressure conditions. The primary focus in this work is on the pressure-dependent structure, mobility, and interaction of a/2〈1 1 1〉 screw dislocations, which dominate the plastic deformation properties of these materials. At the electronic scale, first-principles calculations of elasticity, ideal strength, and generalized stacking-fault energy surfaces have been used to validate quantum-based multi-ion interatomic potentials. At the atomistic scale, these potentials have been used in flexible Green's function boundary condition simulations to study the core structure, Peierls stress τP, thermally activated kink-pair formation and mobility below τP, and phonon-drag mobility above τP. These results have then been distilled into analytic velocity laws and used directly in predictive microscale DD simulations of flow stress and resolved yield stress over wide ranges of pressure, temperature, and strain rate.
Simulation of space charge fields in unbounded geometries

The authors present a numerical technique based on the combined method of charge simulation and the method of characteristics to evaluate fields in unbounded geometries. The numerical procedure utilizes a nonrigid grid structure which, after convergence to a self-consistent solution, is a map of the field lines and equipotential contours. The numerical procedure is applied to a rod-to-plane geometry, and the simulation predictions are compared with experimental data. >
Characterization of Bubble Column Slurry Phase Iron Fischer-Tropsch Catalysts

Abstract The cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (XTEM) method and x-ray diffraction (XRD) were used for phase analysis of bubble column slurry phase iron Fischer-Tropsch catalysts. For the deactivated LGX-171, the carbide phase shows mono-dispersion characteristic. The carbide particles have well-defined shape, spherical or rectangular, and give a distinctive χ-carbide XRD pattern. The average particle size, 39.4 nm, by XRD was in good agreement with statistical value of 37.5 nm by TEM. On the other hand, two carbide phases are found to coexist in the active catalyst: big twisted particles (20-40 nm) and highly dispersed carbide particles (less than 10 nm). High resolution TEM work shows that the big distorted carbide particles belong to e’-carbide, while the highly dispersed carbide phase is most probably a mixture of e’-carbide and χ-carbide. For this particular set of iron catalysts, big faceted magnetite single crystals were found to be present in the catalyst both at the active and deactivated states. From these, we conclude that the e’-carbide must represent the active phase in Fe F-T catalysts.
Neural Crest Cells from Dual SMAD Inhibition

Neural crest (NC) cells are migratory multipotent progenitors that delaminate from the neural tube during embryonic development and give rise to various cell types in different organs. These cells are a transient embryonic cell population and therefore difficult to obtain from primary sources. Deriving NC from human pluripotent stem cells offers an alternative way to provide large-scale human NC cells for developmental and disease-related studies. In recent years, the protocols to make these cells have matured, incorporating the efficient conversion of pluripotent stem cells to neural cells through dual SMAD inhibition and early Wnt activation to increase the yield of NC cells. Here, we provide a minor variation to this NC protocol that has been successful for many in our laboratories.
Smad4 cooperates with lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1/T cell-specific factor to increase c-myc expression in the absence of TGF-β signaling

The c-myc protooncogene is a key regulator of cell proliferation whose expression is reduced in normal epithelial cells in response to the growth inhibitory cytokine TGF-β. Smad4 mediates this inhibitory effect of TGF-β by forming a complex with Smad3, E2F4/5, and p107 at the TGF-β inhibitory element (TIE) element on the c-myc promoter. In contrast, cell proliferation and c-myc expression are increased in response to Wnt ligands; this effect is mediated through the lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1/T cell-specific factor (LEF/TCF) family of transcription factors on the c-myc promoter LEF/TCF-binding elements (TBE1 and TBE2). We report that a peptide aptamer designed to inhibit the binding between Smad4 and LEF/TCF reduced c-myc expression and the growth rate of HepG2 cells. Further analysis demonstrated that, in the absence of TGF-β, Smad4 was bound to the positive regulatory element TBE1 from the c-myc promoter and activated c-myc promoter activity. Smad4 binding to the positive TBE1 c-myc element was reduced by TGF-β, consistent with Smad4's inhibitory role on c-myc expression in response to TGF-β. Reduction of Smad4 levels by RNAi knockdown also reduced c-myc expression levels and sensitized hepatocytes to cell death by serum deprivation. Two tumor-derived mutant Smad4 proteins that fail to mediate TGF-β responses were still competent to cooperate with LEF1 to activate the c-myc promoter. These results support a previously unreported TGF-β-independent function for Smad4 in cooperating with LEF/TCF to activate c-myc expression.
Research questions concerning hepatitis C virus: report from a workshop at the Harvard Center for Cancer Prevention

The Harvard Center for Cancer Prevention (HCCP) convened a symposium on April 23, 1999 in Boston, MA. The objectives of the meeting were to provide a broad overview of the natural history, pathogenesis, and treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, to provide a forum for discussion of future research priorities, and to encourage the formation of a HCV working group among interested participants.
THE SECRET CHAIN: A LIMITED DEFENSE OF SYMPATHY

This paper responds to criticisms of sympathy-based approaches to ethics made by Jesse Prinz, focusing on the criticism that emotions are too variable to form a basis for ethics. I draw on the idea, articulated by early sentimentalists such as Hutcheson and Hume, that proper reliance on sympathy is subject to a corrective procedure in order, in part, to avoid the variability problem.
Considering the Need for Empirically Grounded Drug Court Screening Mechanisms

A primary threat to the operative effectiveness of drug courts is high failure rates. Empirically supported screening devices could aid drug court administrators in maximizing resources, either through client selection or by helping to target problem clients in need of specialized assistance. Drawing from South Carolina county-level drug court records, success rates for participants with particular background characteristics were examined to identify correlations contributing to drug court success. Risk factors for drug court members were identified using chi-square and discriminant function analysis. Recidivism, crack as drug of choice, existence of criminality before drug use, and prior drug treatment were significantly related to drug court failure. These variables, as well as social stability variables, are argued to be vital elements in screening mechanisms.
Abstract 362: Dysregulation of CPT2 Splicing in Diabetic Heart Disease

Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases that are caused by elevated blood glucose levels. Individuals with diabetes have an increased risk of cardiovascular complications that include diabetic cardiomyopathy, hypertension, and coronary artery disease. Research has shown that hyperglycemia causes metabolic abnormalities in the heart such that cardiomyocytes are unable to utilize glucose for energy production due to reduced glucose intake, instead they solely depend on fatty acid oxidation for energy. Eventually, fatty acids accumulate and cause cardiac lipotoxicity, a presumed factor in the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Carnitine Pamitoyl Transferease 2 (CPT2) is one of the enzymes responsible for the transport of long-chain fatty acids into the mitochondria for fatty acid oxidation and energy production. CPT2 activity is elevated in diabetic hearts by mechanisms that are unclear. CPT2 is composed of 5 exons; the largest, exon 4 contains the transferase domain and is alternatively spliced in diabetes. In normal hearts, half of the CPT2 transcripts include exon 4 representing the active form of the enzyme. Through RNA sequencing analysis assay, we discovered that CPT2 is mis-spliced in diabetic hearts in a way that 70% of total CPT2 transcripts include the functional domain exon 4. The splicing change in CPT2 results in increased expression of the active CPT2 isoform in diabetic hearts. In summary, we identified a functionally important alternative splicing event in the CPT2 gene that may contribute to increased fatty acid oxidation and lipotoxicity in the diabetic heart.
“Union Differentiates”: Pierre Teilhard de Chardin’s Philosophy Applied to Couple Relationships

Philosopher, scientist, and theologian Pierre Teilhard de Chardin used his scientific and theological knowledge to devise philosophical ideas to explain the development of humans and their continuing evolutionary development of the noosphere—the thinking and conscious layer of his evolutionary model. This article extends Teilhard’s thoughts into the realm of committed couple relationships. Couples in relationships that use dialogical communication to work through difficulties and to seek understanding are operating at a level of increased complexity in an effort to re-image the relationship and, thus, add to their conscious, relational knowledge. Teilhard’s theories are briefly explained and then expanded into couple relationships with some suggestions on how the couple therapist can use this theory in their practice.
Analysis and modeling of flexural deformation of laminated steel

Steel/polymer/steel laminate sheets, commonly known as laminated steels, received attention for their superior noise damping properties in automotive applications. Published work indicates that the tensile properties of the laminated steel follow the prediction of the rule of mixtures. The flexural response of the laminated steel, however, depends on the type of the sandwich configuration. The flexural rigidity of the vibration-damping type of laminated steel is lower than the value calculated using beam theory. In industrial scale numerical simulations, automotive body panels are usually represented by using a single layer of shell element. Limited research work on finite element (FE) modeling of laminated steel has indicated that the vibration-damping type of laminated steel is better represented by using two layers of shells. It is logical to relate the simplest FE representation to the way the flexural rigidity of the laminated steel that conforms to the prediction using the beam theory. This paper examines the flexural response of the vibration-damping type of laminated steel through the comparison of beam theory predictions with the experimental results for cantilever beam and three-point bending configurations. It was found that the analytical solution for the split beam is in good agreement with the experimental results. This finding confirms the FE model that represents the vibration-damping type of laminated steel using two layers of shell with tied interface. The simulations using this method yielded good correlations with the experimental results for the two flexural loading cases studied in this paper.
A Broadened Sales Curriculum: Exploratory Evidence

This article describes research aimed at aligning education offerings with practitioner views of what topics should be offered in a marketing education. Data were collected across two investigation...
The President's Council on Physical Fitness and the Systematisation of Children's Play in America

This article examines the influence of physical education philosophies on the shift in policies aimed at augmenting the physical fitness of children in the United States during the Cold War. While the existing historiography on federal sport initiatives during this period astutely recognises the broader shift in focus from mass fitness programmes during the Eisenhower and Kennedy administrations to elite sport development under Nixon and Ford, the literature often overlooks significant nuances between the mass fitness policies enacted by Eisenhower and Kennedy. When Eisenhower's ‘total fitness’ approach fell out of favour politically, and the philosophical terrain within the field of physical education shifted towards the quantification of exercise, the Kennedy administration established a utilitarian, systematised sport and fitness policy based on measurable performance standards. This tack was a significant departure from the policy focus under Eisenhower, which emphasised play-oriented, sports-based pr...
A (R)evaluation of Nietzsche's Anti-Democratic Pedagogy: The Overman, Perspectivism, and Self-Overcoming.

In this paper, I argue that Friedrich Nietzsche’s concept of self-overcoming has been largely misinterpreted in the philosophy of education journals. The misinterpretation partially stems from a misconstruction of Nietzsche’s perspectivism, and leads to a conception of self-overcoming that is inconsistent with Nietzsche’s educational ideals. To show this, I examine some of the prominent features of the so-called “debate” of the 1980s surrounding Nietzsche’s conception of self-overcoming. I then offer an alternative conception that is more consistent with Nietzsche’s thought, and provides a more nuanced understanding of Nietzsche’s “anti-democratic” pedagogy. Ultimately, I argue that while Nietzsche’s educational philosophy is not egalitarian, it can be effectively utilized in “democratic” classrooms, assuming his concept of self-overcoming is properly construed.
Temperature distribution in SFCLs based on Au/YBCO films during quenches

Abstract We investigated temperature distribution in SFCLs based on Au/YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 (YBCO). SFCLs were fabricated by patterning Au/YBCO thin films grown on sapphire substrates into meander lines by photolithography. A gold film grown on the back side of the substrate was patterned into a meander line, and used as a thermometer. The front meander line was subjected to simulated AC fault currents, and the back line to DC current. Resistance of the front and back meander lines were measured and analyzed. The SFCLs were immersed in liquid nitrogen during the experiment for effective cooling. The temperature at the back side was close to that at the front side, and was closer at lower temperatures. This was observed at all stripes. The oscillatory component of the resistance of the back meander line is smaller than, and out-of-phase with that of the front meander line, which was more pronounced at higher temperatures. These results were analyzed quantitatively with the concept of heat transfer within the SFCL and to surroundings. Solutions for a heat equation explained the temperature distribution in SFCLs quantitatively: data coincided well with the solutions. In addition, quench development near the quench start point could be understood better than before, using the results.
Defective DNA repair and cell cycle arrest in cells expressing Merkel cell polyomavirus T antigen

The pathways by which Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV) infection contributes to the formation of Merkel cell carcinomas are important for understanding the pathogenesis of these cancers. We hypothesized that MCV T antigen suppresses normal responses to ultraviolet radiation (UVR)-induced DNA damage. An MCV-infected cell line (MKL-1) exhibited UVR hypersensitivity, impaired repair of DNA lesions and cell cycle arrest after UVR, as well as reduced levels of the DNA damage recognition protein, XPC. When ectopically expressed in uninfected UISO cells, mutant but not wild-type T antigen resulted in loss of repair of UVR-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers and reductions in XPC, p53 and p21 levels, whereas both wild-type and mutant T antigen inhibited cell cycle arrest after UVR. Similarly, only mutant T antigen in normal fibroblasts inhibited DNA repair and XPC expression, while both mutant and wild-type T antigens produced cell cycle dysregulation. Wild-type T antigen expression produced large T, 57 kT and small T antigens while mutant T antigen was only detectable as a truncated large T antigen protein. Expression of wild-type large T antigen but not small T antigen inhibited the G1 checkpoint in UISO cells, but neither wild-type large T nor small T antigens affected DNA repair, suggesting that large T antigen generates cell cycle defects, and when mutated may also impair DNA repair. These results indicate that T antigen expression by MCV can inhibit key responses to UVR-induced DNA damage and suggest that progressive MCV-mediated abrogation of genomic stability may be involved in Merkel cell carcinogenesis.
All-electron embedded correlated wavefunction theory for condensed matter electronic structure

Abstract We present an extension of our embedded configuration interaction method [P. Huang, E.A. Carter, J. Chem. Phys. 125 (2006) 084102], which models localized phenomena in metallic crystals as a finite cluster, embedded in an effective potential derived from orbital-free density functional theory. Here we extend the previous pseudopotential implementation to a frozen core, all-electron description of the background. Benchmark studies of the all-electron formulation are presented and compared with pseudopotential-based embedding for a Cu2 dimer in Cu(1 1 1) and a Co adatom on Cu(1 1 1). Although we find subtle differences between the two methods, the same conclusions are reached, thereby validating the new all-electron formulation.
Track degradation assessment using Gage Restraint Measurements

Gage restraint is an important indicator of track condition and safety. In 1999, approximately 13 percent of derailments were caused by reductions in gage restraint and the resulting widening of the track gage. Existing techniques for the measurement of gage restraint allow identification of track sections with weak lateral support. However, little has been done to investigate the change in, or weakening of, gage restraint over time as a function of track, traffic, and environmental parameters. A track degradation assessment study is under way to develop models that can be used to predict changes in gage restraint by using data obtained from the automated Gage Restraint Measurement System. The degradation models will be useful for forecasting the future condition of the track, determining the appropriate frequency and timing of track inspections, and evaluating the effectiveness of maintenance strategies. A literature review of track degradation models and previous work on gage restraint analysis is prese...
Metal enhanced fluorescence of Me-ADOTA·Cl dye by silver triangular nanoprisms on a gold film

Abstract In this Letter we discuss the plasmonic scattering and fluorescence enhancement properties of silver triangular nanoprisms synthesized by a chemical reduction method. Plasmonic platforms (PPs) were made by air-dried self-assembly of the silver triangular nanoprisms onto a gold mirror. Fluorescence enhancement was investigated using methyl-azadioxatriangulenium chloride (Me-ADOTA·Cl) dye in PVA deposited on PPs. Confocal microscopy results showed a 15-fold enhancement of the dye overall, with over 50-fold enhancements on ‘hot spot’ regions. The presence of silver nanoprisms significantly reduced the lifetime of the fluorophore. The preparation of silver triangular nanoprisms and observed emission data are highly reproducible.
Knowledge base refinement: A bibliography

Knowledge base refinement is a learning process aimed at adjusting a knowledge base for the purpose of improving the breadth, accuracy, efficiency, and efficacy of the associated knowledge-based system(s). This annotated bibliography gives an overview of this emerging field.
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction studies of the complex of Maclura pomifera agglutinin with the disaccharide Galβ1-3GalNAc

Abstract Single crystals of Maclura pomifera agglutinin, a seed lectin from the Moraceae family, complexed with the disaccharide Galβ1-3GalNAc have been obtained by the method of vapor diffusion with Li2SO4 as precipitant at pH 4.5. The crystals belong to the trigonal space group P3121 or P3221, with a = b = 67.4 A , c = 149.3 A . They contain two subunits per asymmetric unit and diffract beyond 2.7 A. This and other evidence indicate that both this lectin and the Artocarpus integrifolia lectin, jacalin, have dimeric structures rather than the tetrameric structures previously proposed.
The melting line for ethylene on graphite

Abstract Using the minimum in the nuclear magnetic spin-lattice relaxation time versus temperature as an indicator of melting we have mapped out the solid-fluid phase boundary for ethylene adsorbed on graphite. At low coverages the ethylene forms a self-bound monolayer solid with a melting temperature of about 68 K. The molecules in the solid retain orientational mobility down to 55 K, the lowest temperatures explored.
Centralized and Decentralized Language Planning

RESUMELa planification centralisee et decentralisee de la langueCet article differencie les processus d'organisation de langue centralisee et de langue decentralisee suivant trois criteres: le degre d'association; le degre d'adaptation a un plan; et l'importance relative accordee aux perspectives d'execution, qu'il s'agisse de macro ou de micro-perspectives. L'organisation d'une langue centralisee se caracterise par un systeme d'organisation dont les associations sont tres etroites, par une adaptation a un plan reduite et par une predominance de macro-perspective d'execution. L'organisation d'une langue decentralisee se caracterise par un systeme d'organisation dont les associations sont vagues, par un degre eleve d'adaptation a un plan et par une predominance de micro-perspective d'execution. Un bref apercu d'organisation de langues en Yougoslavie et en Union Sovietique illustre ces deux procedes. On traite de la notion de meta-organisation en relation a certains problemes inherents a l'organisation de langue decentralisee. Il faut, enfin, distinguer l'organisation d'une langue d'un procede apparente qu'on nomme: operation de mecanismes de marche.RESUMOLa centrigita kaj la necentrigita lingvoplanadoLa jena artikolo distingas inter la procedoj de la centrigita resp. la necentrigita lingvoplanado laŭ tri kriterioj: la grado de kunigo; la grado de adaptado de la planoj; kaj la relativa graveco de la perspektivoj de la makro- resp. mikrorealigo. La centrigitan lingvoplanadon karakterizas strikte kunligita plansistemo, malmulta adaptado de la planoj, kaj superregado de la perspektivo de la makrorealigo. La necentrigitan lingvoplanadon karakterizas loze kuplita plansistemo, alta grado de adaptado de planoj, kaj superregado de la perspektivo de la mikrorealigo. Mallonga resumo de la lingvoplanado en Jugoslavio kaj de tiu en Sovetunio ilustras tiujn du procedojn. La nocio de la meta-planado estas diskutata rilate al certaj problemoj, latentaj en la necentrigita lingvoplanado. Oni fine distingas inter la lingvoplanado kaj parenca procedo, kiun oni nomas la funkciadon de la merkataj mekanismoj.
cDNA and amino-acid sequences and organization of the gene encoding the Bβ subunit of fibrinogen from Xenopus laevis

Abstract Fibrinogen, the major blood-clotting protein, is made up of three chains, Aα, Bβ and γ, which are synthesized and secreted by the liver. In this communication, we describe the complete cDNA sequence, deduced amino acid (aa) sequence and organization of the gene encoding the Bβ subunit of fibrinogen from Xenopus laevis (Xl) . The cDNA representing the predominant form of the Bβ mRNA comprises 2390 nucleotides (nt), with an open reading frame of 1467 nt coding for a 488-aa protein. The percent identity between Xl Bβ and that of other animals ranges from 50% for lamprey to 66% for human. The Xl Bβ gene consists of nine exons, one more than found in the human gene. The exon/intron boundaries in the frog and human Bβ genes are in exactly conserved positions, except for junctions in the highly variable fibrinopeptide-encoding regions. Three of the exon/intron boundaries in the Xl Bβ gene are also analogous to ones in Aα and γ genes of other species, supporting the notion of a close evolutionary relationship between the genes for all three subunits. This analysis of Bβ from an amphibian provides the first complete description of the arrangement of exons and introns in any fibrinogen subunit gene from a non mammal and gives insight into the most highly conserved aspects of fibrinogen protein structure and gene organization.
Gottfried Haberler on Inflation, Unemployment, and International Monetary Economics: An Appreciation

Few economists can match the volume and breadth of Gottfried Haberler's contributions to economic theory and policy analysis. At eighty, his flow of insightful analyses of the analytical foundations of contemporary macroand international economic policy issues shows no sign of diminishing. The full scope of Haberler's many contributions cannot be done justice in the short review piece presented here. In the following sections, however, I have tried to present the flavor of his work in two of the areas of his greatest continuing interest: the analysis of and solutions for the problems of inflation and unemployment, and issues of international monetary theory and policy. The companion pieces by Robert Baldwin and Lawrence Officer cover Haberler's important contributions to international trade theory and policy and to analysis of the business cycle.
Shielding of transmission lines against lightning

Abstract A simple geometric procedure to evaluate the shielding effect of earth wires on power transmission lines is discussed. The procedure is applicable not only to vertically moving lightning strokes but is valid also for strokes moving in any other direction. Correction factors are introduced in order to take into account the position and the cross-section of the earth wire relative to the phase conductors. The lightning-performances of three existing transmission lines (230 kv, 287 kv, and 345 kv) are compared with those predicted by the proposed method.
Digestion models: predicting the allergenic risk of novel food proteins

There is no definitive method to determine if a novel food protein will become an allergen. For this reason, the allergenic risk of a novel food protein is currently evaluated using a weight-of-evidence (WOE) approach. The components of this WOE approach were arrived at based on expert opinion rather than evidential science. Digestive stability is considered a physiochemical property of food allergens. For food allergens to interact with the immune system via the intestinal mucosa, they must survive the gastric digestion process in an immunoreactive state. An in-vitro assay based on simulated gastric fluid (SGF; 0.32% pepsin at pH 1.2) has been adapted for use with purified proteins to evaluate the stability of the primary structure of novel food proteins. SGF results are currently used as one component in a WOE approach for predicting the risk that a novel food protein will become an allergen. The SGF assay was adopted based an initial investigation that indicated several known allergens were more resistant to SGF compared with several non-allergens. Subsequent investigations have called this correlation into question. In addition, artifacts associated with interpretation of stability results using semi-quantitative approaches have been identified and more classical stability models have been used to enable quantitative comparisons among proteins; however, improved data interpretation has not supported a strong correlation between digestive stability in SGF and the allergenic status of food proteins. Potential interactions between proteins and food matrices have been identified as one factor that may contribute the poor predictive capability of this assay, as has the non-physiological conditions present in SGF. More physiological digestion models that include the food matrix have been suggested based on expert opinion, but as yet, no such assays have been shown to better discriminate food allergens from non-allergens compared with the SGF assay. More useful elements of the WOE approach include the source of the gene/protein, the prevalence of the protein in food, and the structural relationship with known allergens.
Measurement Tool for Dynamics of Soil Cracks

Shrinkage cracks in soil function as a dominant control on the partitioning and distribution of moisture fluxes in the vadose zone. Their dynamics influence the moisture balance and control water availability for runoff, deep infiltration, and near-surface storage. We present a new low-cost field instrument to monitor the temporal change in crack volume as affected by shrinkage and swelling cycles. The proposed crack-o-meter is composed of a sealed impermeable bag connected by a hose to a standpipe. An automated level logger records changes in the water level in the standpipe, which correspond to volumetric changes of the crack. The results from two laboratory experiments showed that the volume change observed by the crack-o-meter instrument scales linearly with the actual volume change, with an average error of 3%. The instrument was then used in a field experiment in Chile, where it measured the closing of cracks due to soil swelling.
Robust Maximum Lifetime Routing and Energy Allocation in Wireless Sensor Networks

We consider the maximum lifetime routing problem in wireless sensor networks in two settings: (a) when nodes&#x2019; initial energy is given and (b) when it is subject to optimization. The optimal solution and objective value provide optimal flows and the corresponding predicted lifetime, respectively. We stipulate that there is uncertainty in various network parameters (available energy and energy depletion rates). In setting (a) we show that for specific, yet typical, network topologies, the actual network lifetime will reach the predicted value with a probability that converges to zero as the number of nodes grows large. In setting (b) the same result holds for all topologies. We develop a series of robust problem formulations, ranging from pessimistic to optimistic. A set of parameters enable the tuning of the conservatism of the formulation to obtain network flows with a desirably high probability that the corresponding lifetime prediction is achieved. We establish a number of properties for the robust network flows and energy allocations and provide numerical results to highlight the tradeoff between predicted lifetime and the probability achieved. Further, we analyze an interesting limiting regime of massively deployed sensor networks and essentially solve a continuous version of the problem.
Academic Skills: A Concise Guide to Grant Writing

We are pleased to offer another brief article for our series on Academic Skills. This series aims at providing short, concrete, and practical tips on how to conduct and improve your life in academia. Whether beginner or fully trained investigator, we share the same challenges in succeeding in our professions, challenges which schooling never prepared us for. Perhaps grant writing, the subject of this article, is the most mysterious, fear-provoking and misunderstood type of skill needed in our careers. In fact, for these reasons, some people have never dared adventure into grant writing. Yet, this activity is not only essential for running our research but also for other numerous purposes including training people, buying equipment, getting a job, and being granted tenure. The tips provided here are widely applicable if you are interested in writing a grant, regardless of your country of origin. Therefore, it is my hope that these tips increase your chances of success in grantmanship along with the satisfaction that may come from achieving all the goals that these funding aids make possible.
Formalizing the design of embedded software using sequence diagrams and abstract state machines

The latest specification of the Unified Modeling Language (UML) 2.x revised completely the structure and elements of sequence diagrams by expanding their modularity via interaction fragments. These fragments are based on a set of operators that can simplify the diagram's structure or alter the order of events in the diagram. Unfortunately, the new revision introduced a significant degree of ambiguity in the interpretation of these diagrams. This ambiguity is exacerbated by the fact that different styles of sequence diagrams can be used for different purposes of modeling and analysis. To address this ambiguity, this paper presents a formal model in operational semantics based on Abstract State Machines (ASM) to define the semantics of sequence diagrams. Specifically, update rules are devised for ASMs to handle important behaviors present in most embedded software operating in distributed or parallel environments. The approach in this paper assumes that lifeline processes in a sequence diagram act as autonomous agents that communicate by exchanging messages among each other in asynchronous and distributed manner. This formal model can be readily extended to define the semantics of the remaining operators including information about time intervals and constraints.
Measurement of chemically induced cell proliferation in rodent liver and kidney: a comparison of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine and [3H]thymidine administered by injection or osmotic pump.

Different labeling methods for quantitating cell proliferation were evaluated in livers and kidneys of control and chemically treated mice and rats. The percentage of cells in S-phase (labeling indices) were compared in tissues of animals given either 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BRDU) or [3H]thymidine. These DNA precursor labels were delivered either by a single i.p. injection 2 h prior to killing the animals or via the s.c. implanted osmotic pump for 3 or 6 days. B6C3F1 mice and male F344 rats were exposed to either a peroxisome proliferator and hepatocarcinogen, Wy-14,643 (WY), in the diet at 0.1% for up to 5 days, or a non-genotoxic mouse liver and male rat kidney carcinogen, 1,4-dichlorobenzene (DCB), in corn oil by gavage for up to 5 days in mice (600 mg/kg/day) or up to 3 weeks in rats (300 mg/kg/day, 5 days per week). Labeling indices (LIs) in the liver and kidney were similar in BRDU- and [3H]thymidine-labeled mice and rats. Cell proliferation was increased in livers of both species of WY- and DCB-treated animals when compared to controls. After 4 days of chemical treatment with continuous administration of a DNA precursor label during the last 3 days of treatment, LIs in controls, DCB- and WY-treated mouse livers were 0.7, 19 and 17% for BRDU and 0.9, 15 and 13% for [3H]-thymidine respectively. Furthermore, BRDU and [3H]-thymidine labeled the same population of cells as revealed by similar patterns of cell labeling in the livers and kidneys of treated animals. The LI for BRDU- and [3H]thymidine-labeled renal proximal tubular cells was 7.7 and 8.0% respectively, in rats receiving DCB for 4 days and DNA precursor label during the last 3 days of treatment, while the LI for controls was 4.3 and 3.7% respectively. The renal proximal tubular cell LI increased to 11% in BRDU-labeled rats treated with DCB for 3 weeks. LIs in both liver and kidney were greatest in control and treated animals that received the DNA precursor label via osmotic pumps for 6 days, and least in 2 h pulse-labeled animals. However, induction of hepatic LI in treated over control animals was greatest for treated animals labeled for 3 days. These results demonstrate comparable cell labeling of cells in S-phase with either BRDU and [3H]thymidine labeling methods. BRDU presents no radioactive containment problems, and results are obtained more rapidly than [3H]thymidine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Induction of deer antlers by transplanted periosteum: III. Orientation

The effects of rotating, inverting, or mincing grafts of presumptive pedicle/antler periostea have been investigated in young male fallow deer. When discs of frontal periosteum were rotated 180° and replaced onto their pedicle regions, half of the resultant antlers grew in reversed orientation, while the others gave rise to appendages of indeterminate polarity. Transplantation of periosteal discs upside down beneath scalp or foreleg skin induced antlers of normal proximodistal orientation. Grafts inverted on top of intact pedicle protuberances with their anterior-posterior and medial-lateral axes in register produced antlers of normal lengths but with more points than in controls. If the antlerogenic periosteum is minced and scrambled before transplantation back onto the pedicle region, it is capable of producing an organized antler. It is concluded that the histogenesis of pedicle and antler resides in the frontal periosteum, and that the anterior-posterior axis of antler orientation is determined by this tissue. The proximodistal axis of elongation is established in relation to the overlying skin. Other morphogenetic influences as yet to be identified contribute to the normalization of antler size and shape in the prospective sites of antlerogenesis on the head.
Future perspectives and recent advances in stimuli-responsive materials

Abstract Interest in stimuli-responsive polymers has persisted over many decades, and a great deal of work has been dedicated to developing environmentally sensitive macromolecules that can be crafted into new smart materials. However, the overwhelming majority of reports in the literature describe stimuli-responsive polymers that are sensitive to only a few common triggers, including changes in pH, temperature, and electrolyte concentration. Herein, we aim to highlight recent results and future trends that exploit stimuli that have not yet been as heavily considered, despite their unique potential. Many of the topics represent clear opportunities for making advances in biomedical fields due to their specificity and the ability to respond to stimuli that are inherently present in living systems. Recent results in the area of polymers that respond to specific antigen–antibody interactions, enzymes, and glucose are specifically discussed. Also considered are polymeric systems that respond to light, electric, magnetic, and sonic fields, all of which have potential in the area of controlled release as a result of their ability to be applied in a non-invasive and easily controlled manner. Thiol-responsive and redox-responsive polymers are also highlighted, with particular attention being devoted to their reversible dynamic covalent chemistry. It is our goal to emphasize these underutilized adaptive behaviors so that novel applications and new generations of smart materials can be realized.
Fantastic reconstructions or reconstructions of the fantastic? Tracking and presenting ambiguity, alternatives, and documentation in virtual worlds

Abstract This paper considers the presence of ambiguity, evidence, and alternatives in virtual reconstructions of ancient, historic, and other no-longer-existing environments. Because the foundation of these reconstructions is data coupled to interpretations, virtual intellectual products can be grounded through critique and citations. The real-world basis for a virtual world may include multiple sources of evidence. This paper will demonstrate a methodology for making ambiguity, the quality of the evidence, and alternative reconstructions dynamically transparent to a user. This methodology harnesses the dynamism and perceptual expectations of multimedia-literate users. In our experiments, we have mainly used Flash and rollovers to create a static version of a “self-tour” that lets the viewer engage ambiguity and evidence in a virtual world dynamically and interactively so that the level of confidence can be mediated and adjusted as desired. By creating these tools, reconstructions can be explicitly linked to the real world while maintaining the flexibility, experience, and interactivity of the multimedia environment. Most importantly, the virtual rendition offers researchers the ability to show a complex set of variables dynamically, thereby allowing them to be intuitively and interactively grasped in combination, a process that is not presently possible using standard techniques of static research presentation.
The BC rings of taxol by [4+4] photocycloaddition

Abstract Intramolecular photocycloaddition of 2-pyridones joined by a four-carbon chain will form the fused 8-6 ring system of taxol with both of the quaternary carbons. A C-7 silyloxy group on the tether fully controls stereogenesis to give the photoproduct as a single isomer.
Class Conflict and Economic Development in Chile, 1958-1973

This account of the interplay of politics and economics in Chile in three successive administrations ending with the 1973 coup suggests that social class plays a major role in determining the outcome of economic policies in Latin America. As the author demonstrates, the nature of the class alliance that controls the state apparatus in Chile, together with the actions of foreign capital, determines not only the type of economic policies followed, but their outcomes as well. A comparison of the three regimes of Jorge Alessandri (1958-64), Eduardo Frei (1964-70), and Salvador Allende (1970-73) is especially important because they represent the main approaches to economic development available to all Third World countries today. The three regimes are compared in terms of policies on property relations, government expenditure, credit, investment, wages, prices, employment, and foreign investment. The outcomes are analyzed through data on economic growth and income distribution. In a concluding chapter, the author comments on the meaning of the Chilean experience for other countries.
Corticosteroid Usage: Observations at a Community Hospital

Corticosteroids have revolutioni2led the medical treatment of many diseases. However, their value is limited by substantial potential adverse effects. Therefore, the authors reviewed their clinical use at their community Medical center by comparing physician decisions about therapeutic management with the indications published in the current medical literature. They retrospectively reviewed 100 consecutive charts of patients from 1993 to 1994 who received corticosteroid therapy during their hospital stay. They found that 36 patients received appropriate corticosteroid intervention, 49 received partially appropriate corticosteroid intervention, and 15 received inappropriate corticosteroid intervention when compared with current medical literature recommendations for patients with the corresponding diagnoses. Ninety-five percent of patients given “partially appropriate” corticosteroid therapy and 73% given “inappropriate” corticosteroid therapy experienced medication-related side effects compared with 19% of patients given appropriate corticosteroid therapy intervention (P < 0.05). No patient records addressed the possibility of steroid-related osteoporosis. There were no significant differences in the clinical course of the three groups of patients treated with corticosteroids. On the basis of these data, the majority of hospitalized patients given corticosteroids did not receive them entirely in accordance with literature recommendations; these patients experienced increased medication toxicity and did not receive prophylaxis for osteoporosis. These limited observations suggest opportunities to improve patient care.
Monitoring of the islet graft

The Edmonton trials have brought about a marked improvement in the short-term rate of success of islet transplantation with rates of insulin-independence of 80% at 1-year being reported by several institutions worldwide. Unfortunately, this rate consistently decreases to 10-15% by 5 years post-transplantation. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain this apparent 'islet exhaustion', but are difficult to pinpoint in a given patient. Understanding the reasons for islet graft exhaustion and its kinetics is a prerequisite for the improvement of islet transplantation outcome. In this regard, efficient monitoring tools for the islet graft have been conspicuously lacking and are required to detect islet damage and diagnose its mechanisms in a timely fashion, so as to initiate salvage therapy such as antirejection treatment. Tools for the monitoring of the islet graft include follow-up of metabolic function but mostly indicate dysfunction when it is too late to take action. Progress is likely to arise in the fields of immune monitoring, molecular monitoring and islet imaging, notably thanks to magnetic resonance (MR) or positron emission tomography (PET) technologies.
Physical Activity and Function in Adolescents With Chronic Pain: A Controlled Study Using Actigraphy

Abstract Physical functioning is often impaired in adolescents with chronic pain, which has largely been demonstrated through subjective self-report measures. Actigraphy uses motion monitoring as an objective means for assessing one dimension of physical functioning; physical activity level. This study used subjective and objective measures to assess multiple dimensions of physical functioning in a clinical sample of adolescents with chronic pain (n = 78) and a comparison group of healthy adolescents (n = 59). Individual and pain characteristics were also examined as predictors of actigraphy variables within the chronic pain sample. Results indicated that adolescents with chronic pain demonstrate significant impairment in subjective measures of physical functioning and evidence lower levels of physical activity. Actigraphic measures of physical activity were moderately correlated with self-report measures of physical functioning. Individual characteristics, including adolescent age, sex, and Body Mass Index percentile, were associated with physical activity levels among adolescents with chronic pain. Physical activity represents a distinct dimension of physical functioning. Assessing physical activity may provide additional description of physical functioning among adolescents with chronic pain, and may help identify targets for intervention in this population. Perspective This study demonstrates that adolescents with chronic pain have lower physical activity levels, as measured objectively via actigraphy, as well as poorer subjective reports of physical functioning, compared to healthy adolescents. Actigraphic measurement of physical activity provides objective source data about one dimension of physical functioning.
The metabolism of tropinone in intact Datura innoxia plants

Abstract [ methyl - 14 C]Tropinone was synthesized by reaction of nortropinone with [ 14 C]methyl iodide. This labelled ketone was administered to intact Datura innoxia plants (3–4-month-old) by addition to the nutrient solution in which the roots were growing. The resultant alkaloids isolated from the plants after two days were radioactive with high specific incorporations: hyoscyamine (2.5 %), scopolamine (7.3 %). Degradations of these alkaloids indicated that essentially all of the activity was present in their basic moieties and located on their N -methyl groups. These results are, thus, consistent with the hypothesis that tropinone is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of tropine from ornithine. The higher level of activity in the scopolamine indicates that the hyoscyamine is rapidly oxidized to this alkaloid.