cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Non-vertical excitation energies for low-lying singlet states of butadiene and hexatriene

Abstract Results are presented from ab initio CI calculations for three low-lying singlet states of all-trans-butadiene and -hexatriene. Using estimates of relaxed (planar) excited-state geometries we have calculated 0-0 excitation energies for the 1 1 B u and 2 1 A g states for each molecule. We obtain good agreement with experimental 0-0 transition energies for the 1 1 B u , states. For both molecules the 1 1 B u , and 2 1 A g 0-0 transition energies are found to be essentially equal. The energies of the 2 1 A g states are shown to be highly sensitive to geometric variations.
Comparison of dark pixels observed by VIS and UVI in dayglow images

Frank and Sigwarth [1997a] claim that the dark pixels observed in dayglow images obtained by the Earth sensor of the Visible Imaging System (VIS) are due to bombardment of Earth by 20 to 40 ton cosmic snowballs. We have independently studied the VIS data and compared the dark pixels from the VIS images to those obtained from the overlapping images from the Ultraviolet Imager (UVI). We find the occurrence distributions of the dark pixels, single and multiple, from VIS and UVI are nearly identical. The distributions also do not show any altitude dependence. A search for evidence of spacecraft “wobble” motion, whose presence would indicate that the source is external to the camera, has found that pairs of dark pixel clusters are uniformly distributed in orientation and no preference is observed in the wobble direction. Instrument artifacts as the source of the dark pixels is the most likely explanation for these results. The conclusion of this study is that neither VIS nor UVI provide any scientific evidence that the dark pixels are geophysical.
RNA-based antiviral immunity

In eukaryotic RNA-based antiviral immunity, viral double-stranded RNA is recognized as a pathogen-associated molecular pattern and processed into small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) by the host ribonuclease Dicer. After amplification by host RNA-dependent RNA polymerases in some cases, these virus-derived siRNAs guide specific antiviral immunity through RNA interference and related RNA silencing effector mechanisms. Here, I review recent studies on the features of viral siRNAs and other virus-derived small RNAs from virus-infected fungi, plants, insects, nematodes and vertebrates and discuss the innate and adaptive properties of RNA-based antiviral immunity.
An outbreak of phaeohyphomycosis in rainbow trout caused by Scolecobasidium humicola

A previously undescribed host for the opportunistic dematiaceous hyphomycete, Scolecobasidium humicola, is reported. Several epizootics among rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, occurred in a Tennessee fish hatchery from 1969 to 1973. Symptoms included surface lesions, blisters and abscesses. The kidneys and other internal organs were invaded by the mycelium of S. humicola. Tissue morphology of the fungus was typical of that associated with phaeohyphomycosis Experimental infections were reproduced in fingerling rainbow trout after intraperitoneal inoculation of S. humicola. Following a change in the hatchery's water supply, no new epizootics have occurred.
Properties of maximum likelihood estimators of variance components in the one-way classification, balanced data

We studied properties of maximum likelihood estimators (MLEs) of the variance components obtained from balanced data of the one-way classification. Exact and asymptotic expected values and variances of these MLEs were derived under the usual normality assumptions. Numerical studies illustrate these expected values and variances, and also illustrate the probability of obtaining a negative solution to the maximum likelihood (ML) equation for the between-class variance component. Simulations were used to study the robustness of the ML estimators under non-normal distributions.
Stable inversion and parameter variations

Abstract As part of the process of automatically guiding an aircraft, we have been successful in using stable inversion to compute a desired bounded state trajectory and corresponding bounded control. In addition to this feedforward control, we must also construct a regulator to address modeling errors and disturbances. With respect to modeling errors we find that the stable inversion procedures used are so accurate that the regulator can assume a simple form, say a linear regulator about the desired trajectory. We show that under the appropriate assumptions, the bounded state trajectory and bounded control computed through stable inversion depend continuously on the parameters of the system. This is a consequence of a mathematical result that we prove about the continuous dependence of the “particular solution” of a time varying nonlinear system driven by a bounded input. This is distinct from the usual continuous dependence of the initial value problem for systems.
Optimal Myocardial Protection with Fluosol Cardioplegia

Abstract An oxygenated perfluorocarbon cardioplegic solution was examined, utilizing a blood-perfused canine model. Twenty-one animals were divided into three equal groups, and each animal received Fluosol cardioplegia at one of three infusion temperatures: 20°C, 10°C, or 4°C. All hearts underwent 90 minutes of ischemia, during which time 150 ml of the cardioplegic solution was infused every 30 minutes. Myocardial oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions (PmO 2 and PmCO 2 ) were monitored continually using mass spectrometry, and myocardial oxygen consumption was calculated with each cardioplegic injection. The mean increase in PmO 2 was 7.1 ± 0.9 mm Hg with 20°C Fluosol infusions, 31.1 ± 4.7 mm Hg with 10°C Fluosol injections, and 22.2 ± 4.7 mm Hg with infusions of 4°C Fluosol. Average myocardial oxygen consumption, expressed as cubic centimeters of oxygen per 100 gm of left ventricle (wet weight), was 21.2 ± 0.5 with 20°C Fluosol, 22.8 ± 1.3 for 10°C Fluosol, and 19.6 ± 1.0 for 4°C Fluosol. Mean myocardial temperatures with infusions of 20°C, 10°C, and 4°C solutions were 21.4 ± 0.1°C, 16.9 ± 0.4°C, and 15.9 ± 0.5°C, respectively. After 45 minutes of reperfusion, maximum rate of rise of left ventricular pressure, expressed as percentage of preischemic control, was 70.9 ± 3.9% for 20°C Fluosol, 90.9 ± 3.2% for 10°C Fluosol, and 90.4 ± 2.3% for 4°C Fluosol ( p
Abstract 624: Novel interaction of RECQ1 with Ku70/80 and its potential role in non-homologous end joining.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Genomic instability is a known precursor to cancer and aging. The RecQ helicases are a highly conserved family of DNA-unwinding enzymes that play key roles in maintaining genome stability in all living organisms. Human RecQ homologs include RECQ1, BLM, WRN, RECQL4, and RECQ5β, three of which have been linked to disease with elevated risk of cancer and growth defects (Bloom Syndrome and Rothmund-Thomson Syndrome) or premature aging (Werner Syndrome). RECQ1, the first RecQ helicase discovered and the most abundant in human cells, is the least well understood of the five human RecQ homologs. We have previously described that knockout of RECQ1 in mice or knockdown of its expression in HeLa cells results in elevated frequency of spontaneous sister chromatid exchanges, chromosomal instability, increased load of DNA damage and heightened sensitivity to ionizing radiation. We have now obtained evidence implicating RECQ1 in the nonhomologous end-joining pathway of DNA double strand break repair. We show that RECQ1 interacts directly with the Ku70/80 subunit of the DNA-PK complex, and depletion of RECQ1 results in reduced end-joining in cell free extracts. In vitro, RECQ1 binds and unwinds the Ku70/80 bound partial duplex DNA substrate efficiently. Linear DNA is co-bound by RECQ1 and Ku70/80, and DNA binding by Ku70/80 is modulated by RECQ1. Collectively, these results provide the first evidence for a role of RECQ1 in nonhomologous end-joining, perhaps through interaction with Ku70/80. Citation Format: Swetha Parvathaneni, Robert M. Brosh, Sudha Sharma. Novel interaction of RECQ1 with Ku70/80 and its potential role in non-homologous end joining. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 624. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-624
Inelastic Neutron Scattering from bcc He 4

Inelastic neutron scattering experiments were carried out on large single crystals of the quantum solid bcc $^{4}\mathrm{He}$. The crystals were oriented in the [011] zone and had volumes larger than 5 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$. Both transverse and longitudinal excitations were studied with propagation vectors along the [100], [111], and [011] principal symmetry directions. Dispersion relations along these three symmetry directions are presented and discussed within the context of the results of recent theories for this highly anharmonic solid. The data, which present clear evidence for strong phonon relaxation, are also compared with theoretical linewidth estimates. The elastic constants calculated from these data are $\frac{{c}_{11}}{\ensuremath{\rho}}=1.77\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.32$, $\frac{{c}_{12}}{\ensuremath{\rho}}=1.58\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.35$, and $\frac{{c}_{44}}{\ensuremath{\rho}}=1.07\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.10$ in units of ${10}^{5}$ ${\mathrm{m}}^{2}$/${\mathrm{sec}}^{2}$, in good agreement with the results obtained from ultrasonic and thermodynamic measurements. When the amplitude of the scattering vector $|\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{Q}}|$ approaches $1.6{a}^{*}=2.44$ ${\mathrm{\AA{}}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, where ${a}^{*}$ is the reciprocal-lattice vector of length 1.525 ${\mathrm{\AA{}}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, some extra intensity is observed near an energy of 1.4 meV. Evidence that this intensity is indeed real and anomalous, some four times as much as expected from single-phonon scattering, is presented. The physical origin of this extra scattering is not presently known.
Evaluation of an asymmetric screen-film system for chest radiography.

To evaluate the potential utility of an asymmetric screen‐film system for chest radiography, its image quality and detail visibility compared with a conventional screen‐film system are investigated. The basic imaging properties were evaluated by measuring Hurter and Driffield curves, resolution properties, and noise Wiener spectra. The visibility of simulated anatomical and pathological details in radiographs of a chest phantom and normal anatomy in chest radiographs of patients were evaluated subjectively. The dynamic range of each system is comparable, though the asymmetric screen‐film system can provide an advantage over the conventional system due to a relative dose reduction of approximately 35% and higher resolution properties at high optical densities. The noise level of the asymmetric screen‐film system is slightly greater at low optical densities and much greater at high optical densities. However, the visibility of lung details with the asymmetric screen‐film system is slightly superior to the conventional screen‐film system despite the increase in noise. Mediastinal and retrodiaphragmatic details are similar, though marginally superior with the asymmetric screen‐film system. It is concluded that the asymmetric screen‐film system provided slightly superior image quality to the conventional screen‐film system for chest radiography, provided the average lung density is maintained at a higher level than is customary with conventional systems.
Constitutive Model of Biodegradable Non-Linear Polymeric Materials for Applications in the Biomedical Field

Synthetic biodegradable polymers have seen a dramatic increase in their availability and utilization over the last few decades. The first reported biomedical application of biodegradable polymers was during the 70s in biodegradable sutures and to date, it remains as the most widespread usage of this family of materials. Biodegradable polymers have also been proven to be effective carriers in local drug delivery therapies and are widely used as a primary constituent of scaffolds in tissue engineering applications.© 2007 ASME
Isotopic apportionment of atmospheric and sewage nitrogen sources in two Connecticut rivers.

We used the dual isotope approach to identify sources of nitrate (NO3-) to two mixed land-use watersheds draining to Long Island Sound. In contrast to previous work, we found that sewage effluent NO3- was not consistently enriched in 15N. However, these effluents followed a characteristic denitrification line in δ15N−δ18O space, which could be used as a source signature. We used this signature, together with those of atmospheric deposition and microbial nitrification, to calculate ranges of possible contributions from each of these sources. These estimates are unaffected by any denitrification that may have taken place in soils or streams. Our estimates for atmospheric nitrogen only include unprocessed atmospheric deposition, i.e., NO3- that is not taken up in watershed soils before being delivered to rivers. Using this method, the contribution of atmospheric NO3- could be assessed with good precision and was found to be very low at all our sampling sites during baseflow. During a moderate storm event, at...
Monitoring the effect of glucosamine and glyceraldehyde glycation on the secondary structure of human serum albumin and immunoglobulin G : An analysis based on circular dichroism, thermal melting profiles and UV-fluorescence spectroscopy

Glucosamine and glyceraldehyde can nonenzymatically interact with proteins to form advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs). The objective of this investigation was to determine the effects of nonenzymatic glycation by glucosamine and glyceraldehyde on the secondary structure of human serum albumin (HSA) and human IgG and to also demonstrate the in vitro formation of AGEs by these two sugars under different conditions. The formation of AGEs was monitored by capillary electrophoresis, UV and fluorescence spectroscopy. The changes in the secondary structure of HSA and IgG were determined by circular dichroism (CD) and thermal melting (Tm) profiles of the native and glycated proteins. CD and Tm studies revealed that at 40 mM sugar concentration, glucosamine had a stabilizing effect on HSA and destabilized IgG whereas glyceraldehyde destabilized both the α-helical and β-pleated conformations of HSA and IgG, respectively. HSA and IgG structures were also negatively impacted with 40 mM glucose.
SVM optimization: inverse dependence on training set size

We discuss how the runtime of SVM optimization should decrease as the size of the training data increases. We present theoretical and empirical results demonstrating how a simple subgradient descent approach indeed displays such behavior, at least for linear kernels.
TEACHING CHILDREN WITH READING PROBLEMS TO DECODE: PHONICS AND “NOT‐PHONICS” INSTRUCTION

Although children with reading problems tend to receive more instruction in phonics than children without reading problems, they tend to have greater problems in decoding than in comprehension. In this article I suggest that children often get confusing or conflicting instruction that possibly exacerbates initial problems. After reviewing approaches to teaching children with reading problems to decode, including research on the Orton‐Gillingham, Distar, compare‐contrast, and other approaches, I conclude that effective phonics instruction for children with reading problems is both novel and systematic. I recommend a two‐pronged solution: first, provide one clear and consistent program of phonics instruction, and second, provide copious amounts of reading of connected text, possibly through supported contextual reading of material well above the children's instructional levels.
Influence of classical pump noise on long-pulse multiorder stimulated Raman scattering in optical fiber

We present a combined experimental and theoretical study of the effect of pump pulse noise on the growth and statistics of multiorder stimulated Raman scattering in optical fiber. Because of the intensity dependence of stimulated Raman scattering, fluctuations in the detailed temporal structure of the pump pulse amplitude strongly affect the growth and statistics of the Stokes orders, even when dispersive effects are not important. By comparing experimental results with a detailed model including the frequency dependence of the Raman gain and the pump pulse temporal structure, we show that the pump pulse temporal fluctuations play a pivotal role in determining the growth and pulse energy statistics of the Stokes orders.
Frequency Shifts Due to Hydrogen-Hydrogen Spin-Exchange Collisions

The thermal-average cross section $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ for shifts of the ground-atomic-state hydrogen hyperfine transitions caused by electron spin-exchange collisions between radiating hydrogen atoms has been measured at 308\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K by two related techniques using atomic-hydrogen masers. The result is $\ensuremath{\lambda}=+(4.1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.0)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}16}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ and is consistent with calculations relating the hydrogen interaction potentials to the atomic-hydrogen-maser oscillation frequency to within this 70% confidence limit.
A generalized galerkin-kantorovich treatment of transient evaporation through a finite region

Abstract This paper presents an approximate solution of transient evaporation through a finite region. A generalized Galerkin-Kantorovich method is employed to obtain the approximate solutions. Exactness and convergence properties of the approximate solutions are established by comparison with exact solutions for two special cases. The approximate solutions appear to be converging to the exact as the order of approximation is increased. Furthermore, accurate solutions are obtained for a computationally feasible order of approximation (the fifth). The physical aspects of the approximate solutions are presented and discussed.
Acid sphingomyelinase, cell membranes and human disease: Lessons from Niemann–Pick disease

Acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) plays an important role in normal membrane turnover through the hydrolysis of sphingomyelin, and is one of the key enzymes responsible for the production of ceramide. ASM activity is deficient in the genetic disorder Types A and B Niemann-Pick disease (NPD). ASM knockout (ASMKO) mice were originally constructed to study this disorder, and numerous defects in ceramide-related signaling have been shown. Studies in these mice have further suggested that ASM may be involved in the pathogenesis of several common diseases through the reorganization of membrane microdomains. This review will focus on the role of ASM in membrane biology, with a specific emphasis on what a rare genetic disorder (NPD) has taught us about more common events.
The impulsive phase of solar flares. II - Characteristics of the hard X-rays

The results of an investigation into the electron distribution in the general non-thermal models of solar flares were used to calculate the characteristics of the impulsive hard X-rays. The height distribution, the spectrum, the polarization, and directivity of the X-rays were observed and how these X-ray characteristics are affected by the parameters defining the model was investigated. An expression is obtained for the X-ray intensity as a function of source height which is an excellent fit under certain constraints. Some available data with spatial resolution are examined and it is shown that it is possible to reproduce these data adequately with the non-thermal model and to determine the values of the parameters describing the flares.
Molecular basis of the copulatory plug polymorphism in Caenorhabditis elegans

Heritable variation is the raw material for evolutionary change, and understanding its genetic basis is one of the central problems in modern biology. We investigated the genetic basis of a classic phenotypic dimorphism in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Males from many natural isolates deposit a copulatory plug after mating, whereas males from other natural isolates?including the standard wild-type strain (N2 Bristol) that is used in most research laboratories?do not deposit plugs1. The copulatory plug is a gelatinous mass that covers the hermaphrodite vulva, and its deposition decreases the mating success of subsequent males2. We show that the plugging polymorphism results from the insertion of a retrotransposon into an exon of a novel mucin-like gene, plg-1, whose product is a major structural component of the copulatory plug. The gene is expressed in a subset of secretory cells of the male somatic gonad, and its loss has no evident effects beyond the loss of male mate-guarding. Although C. elegans descends from an obligate-outcrossing, male?female ancestor3,4, it occurs primarily as self-fertilizing hermaphrodites5,6,7. The reduced selection on male?male competition associated with the origin of hermaphroditism may have permitted the global spread of a loss-of-function mutation with restricted pleiotropy.
Teaching and learning ethics in computer science: walking the walk

The author shares techniques used in a successful "Ethics and Professionalism" class at California State University, San Bernardino. Ethical issues played a part in designing the class. The author describes active learning and holistic grading. Ethics demanded a novel way to post grades on the web without exposing personal data. This was evaluated by students. The author points out some improvements he has made, or will make.
Sex role identification and young women's irrational beliefs

The present study was designed to examine the relationship between young women's beliefs about approval, frustration, and dependency and their sex-role identification. Sixty-six college women responded to a questionnaire which contained the Irrational Beliefs Test (Jones, 1969) and the Multidimensional Sex Role Inventory (MSRI; Bernard, 1981). As predicted, women who score high in irrational beliefs concerning approval, frustration, and dependency also scored higher on the MSRI scale pertaining to anxiety and neuroticism than did their more rational counterparts. Also, the high irrational group scored lower than did the low irrational group on the MSRI scale measuring instrumental-agentic traits. These results have two implications for feminist RET psychotherapists. First, they clarify the value of using instruments to assess both irrational beliefs and sex role identification in treatment planning. Secondly, they sensitize the psychotherapist to the impact of sex-role socialization and identification on the psychological adjustment of young women.
Determinants of oligomerization of the bifunctional protein DCoHα and the effect on its enzymatic and transcriptional coactivator activities

DCoH and DCoHalpha are bifunctional proteins that function as 4a-hydroxytetrahydrobiopterin dehydratases and as coactivators of HNF1alpha-dependent transcription. Although these isoforms share sequence and structural similarity and equivalent enzyme activities, DCoH is a hyperstable tetramer whereas DCoHalpha readily forms dimers. Differences in quaternary structure affect the formation of the DCoH(alpha):HNF1alpha complex. Because the interface used to bind HNF1alpha is masked in tetrameric DCoH, the DCoH:HNF1alpha complex is only formed in vivo, presumably by co-translational folding. Conversely, the DCoHalpha:HNF1alpha complex readily forms in vitro. We identified residues in DCoHalpha that differed from those in the dimer-dimer interface of tetrameric DCoH. Mutating these residues altered the quaternary state and concomitantly the ability of the mutated proteins to affect HNF1alpha-dependent DNA binding. Our results indicate that three residues, Asn61, Gln45, and Lys98 in DCoHalpha play a role in oligomeric flexibility, which enables DCoHalpha to more readily interact with HNF1alpha and increase DNA binding.
Adolescent Consumption of Sports and Energy Drinks: Linkages to Higher Physical Activity, Unhealthy Beverage Patterns, Cigarette Smoking, and Screen Media Use

Abstract Objective To examine patterns of adolescent sports and energy drink (SED) consumption and identify behavioral correlates. Design Data were drawn from Eating and Activity in Teens, a population-based study. Setting Adolescents from 20 middle and high schools in Minneapolis/St Paul, MN completed classroom-administered surveys. Participants A total of 2,793 adolescents (53.2% girls) in grades 6–12. Variables Measured Beverage patterns; breakfast frequency; moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA); media use; sleep; and cigarette smoking. Analysis Linear and logistic regression models were used to estimate associations between health behaviors and SED consumption, adjusting for demographics. Results Over a third of adolescents consumed sports drinks and 14.7% consumed energy drinks at least once a week. Among boys and girls, both sports and energy drink consumption were related to higher video game use; sugar-sweetened beverage and fruit juice intake; and smoking (P Conclusions and Implications Although sports drink consumption was associated with higher MVPA, adolescents should be reminded of recommendations to consume these beverages only after vigorous, prolonged activity. There is also a need for future interventions designed to reduce SED consumption, to address the clustering of unhealthy behaviors.
Domain structures and temperature-dependent spin reorientation transitions in c-axis oriented Co–Cr thin films

Highly c-axis oriented Co95Cr5 films with perpendicular anisotropy were grown epitaxially on Si (111), using an Ag seed layer, by physical vapor deposition. Films were characterized by x-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), selected area electron diffraction, and Lorentz microscopy in a TEM. The following epitaxial relationship was confirmed: (111)Si∥(111)Ag∥(0001)CoCr;[220]Si∥[220]Ag∥[1100]CoCr. Magnetic domain structures of these films were observed as a function of thickness; t, in the range, 200 A<t<700 A using a wedge-shaped sample, and temperature-dependent measurements were carried out by in situ resistance heating. Thickness was measured locally by electron energy loss spectroscopy. At room temperature, below a critical thickness, tc≈300 A, the magnetization was found to be effectively in-plane of the film, and above tc a regular, stripe-like domain pattern with a significant, alternating in sign, perpendicular component was observed. The spin reorientation transitions of th...
Structural identification of alkene isomers by photodissociation–photoionization mass spectrometry

Photodissociation-photoionization, mass spectrometry (PDPI/MS) is used to probe the neutral dissociation chemistry of branched alkenes and dienes. Molecules are photodissociated with an ultraviolet laser and the resulting neutral fragments are subsequently photoionized with coherent vacuum ultraviolet radiation. The neutral fragmen tation observed is useful for characterizing compounds which isomerize prior to ionic fragmentation. Unimolecular photodissociation of dienes and branched alkenes is dominated by cleavage of the β CC bond. In a few cases, α-cleavage is also observed. When two isomers produce isomass primary products, secondary fragmentation can be used to distinguish the structures. The primary and secondary product distributions are predictable and usually occur without iomerization. As a result, PDPI/MS can be used to determine the sites of branching and unsaturation in small (C5–C8) aliphatic compounds.
Understanding the co‐construction of inquiry practices: A case study of a responsive teaching environment

We set out to understand how different instantiations of inquiry emerged in two different years of one elementary teacher's classroom. Longitudinal observations from Mrs. Charles' 5th grade science classroom forced us to carefully and deliberately consider who exactly was responsible for the change in the class activities and norms. We provide empirical evidence to show how a focus on the teacher can easily overlook the complex dynamics of the classroom. The data reveal that students had a substantive and generative role in the class's arrival at the different instantiations of scientific inquiry—the nature and form of inquiry—that were constructed each year. We argue that, in an environment where a teacher carefully attends and responds to student thinking, the nascent resources students have for reasoning about phenomena can affect not only the conceptual ideas that emerge, but also influence what inquiry activities or practices become established as normative and productive over time. Our work with Mrs. Charles illuminates an important methodological concern with research on teacher development as well as the construct of teacher learning progressions; research accounts that focus primarily on the teacher may overlook the classroom norms that are negotiated between teacher and student, and thereby provide an incomplete portrayal of the teacher's activity within one classroom and the teacher's progress across multiple years. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 49: 429–464, 2012
Cognitive control processes during an anticipated switch of task

For successful negotiation of our environment, humans must be readily able to switch from one task to another. This ability relies on 'executive control' processes and despite extensive efforts to detail the nature of these processes, there is little consensus as to how the brain achieves this critical function. Behavioural studies show that as subjects are given more time to prepare to switch task, performance improves; yet even with the longest preparation intervals, there remains an ineradicable performance cost on switch trials. As such, some elements of the switching process must wait until the stimulus to be acted upon has actually been presented. Here, using the methods of high-density mapping of brain potentials, we show that early visual processes are substantially different on switch trials than on later trials. Our data show that while there is clearly a degree of preparatory processing that occurs prior to a predictable switch of task, some elements of switching are only achieved after the switch stimulus has been presented. Our findings are discussed in the context of a new model of executive control processes that suggests that preparing to switch task may not be a separate (control) process per se, but rather, the beginning of a competition between the potentially relevant tasks, a competition that is ultimately resolved during the switch trial. Language: en
PERSONS AND THE EXTENDED‐MIND THESIS

. The extended-mind thesis (EM) is the claim that mentality need not be situated just in the brain, or even within the boundaries of the skin. Some versions take “extended selves” be to relatively transitory couplings of biological organisms and external resources. First, I show how EM can be seen as an extension of traditional views of mind. Then, after voicing a couple of qualms about EM, I reject EM in favor of a more modest hypothesis that recognizes enduring subjects of experience and agents with integrated bodies. Nonetheless, my modest hypothesis allows subpersonal states to have nonbiological parts that play essential roles in cognitive processing. I present empirical warrant for this modest hypothesis and show how it leaves room for science and religion to coexist.
Influence of Solution pH, Anion Concentration, and Temperature on the Corrosion Properties of Alloy 22

We introduce an acid addition technique for the rapid assessment of the influence of solution pH, anion (such as chloride) concentration, and temperature on the dissolution of metals. We demonstrate the technique with the characterization of the dissolution of alloy 22 (Ni-22Cr-13Mo-3W-3Fe) exposed to chloride-containing hydrochloric, sulfuric, and nitric acid environments as a function of pH (from pH 5 to pH -1) and temperature (25-90°C). A combination of electrochemical techniques (electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and linear polarization resistance) and atomic force microscopy are used to characterize the influence of the various solutions on the dissolution of alloy 22. Below 50°C, corrosion rates are less than 1 μm/yr independent of acid type, pH, and temperature. In contrast, between 50°C and the upper explored limit of 90°C, dissolution rates in sulfuric and hydrochloric acid scale approximately linearly with temperature at rates that depend on the solution pH. In nitric acid, corrosion rates are lower at comparable pH values due to the oxidizing effects of nitrates. An increase in the open-circuit potential in conjunction with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy data suggests that nitrates promote a stable passive oxide film that inhibits alloy dissolution in all environments tested.
Video transport over multi-hop directional wireless networks

Exploiting directional antenna technology in wireless networks has become an attractive option for multimedia applications because of the potential capacity increase through spatial reuse. However, it has also been recognized that multi-hop directional networks may suffer long transmission delays and frequent link breakages if conventional routing protocols (e.g., AODV and DSR) are used. This is mainly caused by ‘node deafness’ in directional transmission. To address this problem, we propose a multi-path routing scheme which focuses more on minimizing per-hop delays instead of traditional route length. In this paper, an analytical and numerical analysis of link breakages in multi-hop directional network is presented, along with an introduction to our multi-path routing scheme and two implementations based on AODV and DSR protocols. We further propose a differentiated service (DiffServ) framework for layered video transport over multi-hop directional network using QoS aware multi-path routing. Both network layer and application layer simulation results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed video transport scheme over directional networks. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the universality and computation of Feigenbaum's δ

Abstract Universal properties of maps on the unit interval with a single zero minimum and unit maximum are shown to depend on the product of the powers describing the behavior of the function at its minimum and at its maximum. A rapidly convergent algorithm for computing δ is presented.
Sensitivity Analysis Of Evanescent Fiber Optic Sensors

Evanescent fiber optic sensors are being developed for remote in situ immunoassay. The single reflection total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) geometry can serve as a well-defined model against which evanescent waveguide devices can be compared and evaluated. This paper addresses the problem of optimizing the sensitivity of an evanescent fiber optic sensor (EFOS). Two aspects are discussed: (1) the modes of exciting laser light in the fiber have an effect on the sensor efficiency and signal-to-noise ratio; (2) in a fiber biosensor, there is generally a protein layer attached to the core surface; the thickness of the layer is at least 5nm. If the refractive index of the protein layer can be made equal to the refractive index of the core, we can get a new fiber waveguide in which the core also contains the protein layer. The fluorescent emission sources are thus inside the core region and generate the highest signal collection efficiency. We also discuss the situation when the refractive index of the protein layer is larger or smaller than that of the optical fiber core.
THE HYPOTHALAMO-HYPOPHYSEAL NEUROSECRETORY SYSTEM OF THE RING-NECKED SNAKE, DIADOPHIS PUNCTATUS.

The hypothalamo-hypophyseal neurosecretory system was studied in the ring-necked snake Diadophis punetatus. The appearance of neurosecretory material in the hypothalamus, median eminence and pars nervosa is described on the basis of sections stained with Gomori's aldehyde fuchsin. Intraperitoneal injections of sodium chloride caused marked depletion of neurosecretory material in the nucleus paraventricularis, hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract, and pars nervosa. No corresponding change was observed in the nucleus supraopticus. Snakes dehydrated by withholding water and subjected to forced air for several days showed a distinct decrease in neurosecretory material. In animals injected with vasopressin and oxytocin, increases in stainable material were seen in all parts of the system. There was also an increase in the number of cells containing secretory material in the paraventricular nuclei, with groups of cells becoming especially evident in the peripheral areas of the nuclei. These results suggest that the hypothalamic centers, in particular, the paraventricular nuclei, function in salt and water metabolism in Diadophis punctatus.
The Correlation Between the Electrocardiographic Patterns of Ventricular Hypertrophy and the Anatomic Findings

The correlation of the electrocardiogram with anatomic evidence of ventricular hypertrophy, while laden with numerous pitfalls, still remains the best available means of determining the accuracy of the electrocardiographic diagnosis of ventricular hypertrophy. In 100 instances of isolated left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) demonstrated at autopsy, a positive electrocardiographic diagnosis was made in 85 per cent by use of conventional criteria. However, in other studies designed to test the reliability of these criteria, it was found that a false-positive diagnosis was made in 10 to 15 per cent of the cases. The electrocardiographic diagnosis of right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) is more difficult. In electrocardiographic studies, confirmed by autopsies, the correlation has ranged from 23 to 100 per cent, while the number of false-positive diagnoses has been as high as 33 per cent. The correct electrocardiographic diagnosis is more frequent in RVH due to congenital heart disease than to acquired heart disease. The significance of the rSR9 pattern in right precordial leads is discussed. Its occurrence in anatomic RVH and the problem of the electrocardiographic diagnosis of RVH in the presence of right bundle-branch block (RBBB) are reviewed. Combined ventricular hypertrophy (CVH) is frequently missed in the electrocardiogram, the diagnosis having been made in only 8 to 26 per cent of cases proved at autopsy. The unreliability of the electrocardiographic diagnosis of LVH in the presence of left bundle-branch block (LBBB) is documented. The precise electrophysiologic phenomena that occur in ventricular hypertrophy are still largely conjectural. The more commonly accepted hypotheses are reviewed. The lack of close correlation between ventricular wall thickness or respective ventricular muscle mass and the individual electrocardiographic patterns is emphasized. The possible explanations for some of these discrepancies are presented.
Sex Differences in Influenceability Toward Specifying the Underlying Processes

Sex differences in influenceability have emerged in the past when discrepant advocacies w ere accompanied by greater expertise in the subject matter by men or Women. Similarly we found that when men and women were asked if they agreed with another person's inaccurate (attitude-discrepant) evaluation, resistance was greater when prior knowledge was high. However, men agreed less than women, regardless of prior knowledge, when the other person's evaluation Was a(curate (attitude-congruent). These results suggest that for attitude-congruent advocacies, gender role influences socially' acceptable levels of agreeableness. Agreement with attitude-discrepant advocacies, however, appears to be more content-based.
Web accessibility at academic libraries: standards, legislation, and enforcement

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to clarify the standards, guidelines, and laws which affect web accessibility for academic library web sites in the USA as well as an explanation of the mechanism by which accessibility is enforced.Design/methodology/approach – Along with the current W3C standards, the current Federal codes and regulations were examined, and in the case of codes and regulations, reaffirmed by the Department of Education's Office for Civil Rights.Findings – Despite the absence of an explicit connection between Section 504 and Section 508, public and private academic colleges and universities libraries must provide accessible web sites, as guaranteed by the “effective communication” standard found in Section 504 as interpreted by the Department of Education's Office for Civil Rights, as well as Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act.Research limitations/implications – Having the authority to withhold Federal funding, the Department of Education's Office for Civil Rights has su...
Carbon-13 relaxation in doubly labeled sodium acetate

Abstract Carbon-13 longitudinal relaxation times of singly and doubly 13C-labeled sodium acetates are presented and compared. In this system, in which the 13C indirect coupling is weak, the effect of the second 13C is just that expected on introduction of the 13C13C dipolar interaction as an additional relaxation mechanism. This effect is quite small, and dipolar cross relaxation between 13C's is negligible.
The op-ed as a strategic tool of public diplomacy: Framing of the 2011 Egyptian revolution

Abstract The current study examines how the op-ed section of two prominent international newspapers were used for the articulation of public diplomacy issue stands by international experts who made an attempt to influence both government policy and public opinion abroad.
End-user debugging for e-commerce

One of the biggest unaddressed challenges for the digital economy is what to do when electronic transactions go wrong. Consumers are frustrated by interminable phone menus, and long delays to problem resolution. Businesses are frustrated by the high cost of providing quality customer service.We believe that many simple problems, such as mistyped numbers or lost orders, could be easily diagnosed if users were supplied with end-user debugging tools, analogous to tools for software debugging. These tools can show the history of actions and data, and provide assistance for keeping track of and testing hypotheses. These tools would benefit not only users, but businesses as well by decreasing the need for customer service.
Actions taken to prevent hypertension among adults with self-reported normotension. American Heart Association Consumer Survey, June & December 2012

Actions taken to prevent hypertension among adults with selfreported normotension. American Heart Association Consumer Survey, June & December 2012 Eunice Neeley, Carma Ayala, Rashon Lane, Karen Robb. American Heart Association, Washington, DC, United States; Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
Raman spectroscopy under pressure in semiconductor nanoparticles

A brief survey of recent high-pressure Raman investigations and associated studies of nanoparticle systems is given, and the consequences for understanding the vibrational properties and stability of these systems are reviewed. The results of new pressure-Raman experiments on colloidal ZnSe nanorods, high-purity bulk 68 Zn 76 Se crystals, and colloidal InP/CdS core/shell nanoparticles are presented. The nanorod and bulk ZnSe spectra are compared for similar pressure cycles. Evidence is found for the early stages of nucleation of the zincblende-rocksalt transition in the bulk crystals, and for the effects of non-uniform surface contact forces in the nanorod ensemble. Similarities and differences between the post-transition spectra of both types of samples are discussed. The InP/CdS core/shell nanoparticles exhibit a structured Raman line-shape that contains contributions from LO- and TO-like modes of the InP cores and from an overlapping manifold of CdS shell modes. Our results indicate that pressure acts to decrease this overlap. Cross-interface mechanical coupling is considered for describing the pressure-induced line-shape changes.
IDeA: a program whose time has come.

From the title “A controversial IDeA to shrink the biomedical gap” and this News Focus article's teaser “How should NIH help states that do poorly in the race for federal research dollars? A new and growing program draws criticism” (J. Mervis, 21 Sept., p. [2195][1]), one would never know
Using a Cache Scheme to Detect Misbehaving Nodes in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks

This paper presents a hardware based cache scheme to detect misbehaving nodes in mobile ad hoc network. In this scheme, the hardware monitors the activities of the upper-layer software and reports the misbehavior of the software to other mobile nodes in the network. The hardware cache stores the identity information of recently received packets. The detection mechanism uses the cache to detect packet dropping and packet misrouting. The simulation results show that the cache scheme can detect nearly 100% misbehaving nodes with nearly 0% false positive in the packet dropping scenario. In the packet misrouting scenario, the detection has nearly 0% false positive and more than 90% detection rate. The detection result could be used by other nodes to protect the network.
High density multilayer structures

Multilayer polyimide (MLP) structures are discussed. Recently, a low-mechanical-stress, low-dielectric-constant polyimide material has become commercially available. It can be processed using standard integrated-circuit (IC)/hybrid technologies and equipment. The material is ideally suited for use in high-density multilayer interconnect structures. The processing of thick (18- mu m) polyimide layers with buried metal layers is described. Applications of single-layer and multilayer polyimide structures can be designed into existing packaging products as an enhancement or be used as an added packaging structure for high-performance devices. >
Convergence of the conjugate Gram-Schmidt method

A version of the conjugate Gram-Schmidt method (devised by Hestenes), which requires only function evaluations, is considered. It is shown thatN-step superlinear convergence to a minimum is possible when applying that method to nonquadratic functions.
Comparisons of actin filament disruptors and Rho kinase inhibitors as potential antiglaucoma medications.

Dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton in the trabecular meshwork play a crucial role in the regulation of trabecular outflow resistance. The actin filament disruptors and Rho kinase inhibitors affect the dynamics of the actomyosin system by either disrupting the actin filaments or inhibiting the Rho kinase-activated cellular contractility. Both approaches induce similar morphological changes and resistance decreases in the trabecular outflow pathway, and thus both have potential as antiglaucoma medications. Although the drugs might induce detrimental changes in the cornea following topical administration, lower drug concentrations in larger volumes as used clinically, but not higher drug concentrations in smaller volumes as used experimentally, could minimize corneal toxicity. Additionally, developments of trabecular meshwork-specific actin filament disruptors or Rho kinase inhibitors, prodrugs and new drug-delivery methods might avoid the drugs’ toxicity to the cornea. Gene therapies with cytoskeleton-modul...
APACHE III outcome prediction in patients admitted to the intensive care unit after liver transplantation: a retrospective cohort study.

Background The Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) III prognostic system has not been previously validated in patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). We hypothesized that APACHE III would perform satisfactorily in patients after OLT