cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Resolving systemic financial crises efficiently

Systemic crises occur when governmental strategies for preventing and resolving financial-institution insolvencies fail massively. This paper outlines market-mimicking strategies for preventing and managing financial crises. Efficient prevention focuses on enforcing adequate levels of bank capital and being prepared to resolve institutional insolvencies expeditiously when they arise. Efficient crisis management requires officials to develop, staff, rehearse, update, promulgate, and commit themselves irrevocably to a market-mimicking plan for managing systemic banking disasters. By adopting these strategies, a government would make itself accountable for preventing, identifying, and resolving bank insolvencies at miminum long-run social cost. D 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. JEL classification: G21; K23
PATTERNS OF STEM VASCULATURE IN PHILODENDRON

A survey of 480 eolleetions of stem material of Philodendron has established five patterns of vascular organization. Species representing eaeh of these patterns were analyzed by cinematographic methods to allow a three-dimensional interpretation of the course of vascular bundles over extended distances. Pattern 1 has mainly collateral organization, but with some bipolar bundles. Pattern 2 has a majority of central bundles aggregated into compound (multipolar) bundles; Pattern 3 differs in that almost all bundles of the eentral cylinder are multipolar. Patterns 4 and 5 inelude eompound vaseular bundles in which the individual strands are not very diserete so that in Pattern 5, whieh is the most eommon in the genus, the bundles might be described as amphivasal. In Section Pteromischum, which has monopodial construetion, the majority of speeies exhibit Pattern 2 which is exelusive to this group. Other correlations with subgenerie groupings are emphasized. OUR RECENT general survey of vascular systems in the Araceae (French and Tomlinson, 1980, 1981a cl, 1983) suggested the need for a more detailed follow-up study of the large genus Philodendron because of its morphological diversity, with preliminary indication of comparable diversity in vascular organization. Here we examine stem vasculature of Philodendron at two levels: 1 ) a general screening of vascular anatomy in single transverse sections from stems of as many species and collections as possible (480 total collections, partly indicated in Table 1); 2) a more detailed three-dimen
IN-HOSPITAL CARDIOPULMONARY ARREST: QRS DURATION AS A PROGNOSTIC MARKER OF SURVIVAL TO DISCHARGE

In-hospital cardiopulmonary arrests (CA) account for up to 700,000 deaths annually in the US. Survival to discharge is less than 30p; with, at best, moderate improvement over the past 25 years. We report initial results from an observational study of telemetry monitoring of in-hospital CA,
Constructing Foreign Policy Crises: Interpretive Leadership in the Cold War and War on Terrorism

Over the past century, crises have often driven shifts in U.S. foreign policy, as a liberal tradition has been permissive of varying tendencies to isolationism, pragmatism, or a crusading internationalism. While materialist analyses emphasize the impacts of crises on the capabilities of state and societal agents, they obscure the role of agents in interpreting crises. In this paper, I therefore offer a constructivist analysis, stressing the role of presidential rhetoric in the construction of crises as events which legitimate shifts between variants of the American liberal tradition and definitions of the national interest. I specifically examine interpretations of the Cold War and War on Terror offered in the March 1947 Truman Doctrine speech and September 2001 Bush Doctrine speech. Truman and Bush each reinterpreted international challenges as pertaining to “ways of life,” transforming security and partisan debates in ways that delegitimated isolationism. In sum, this analysis highlights the enduring traditions and mass understandings which can themselves constrain elite debates.
Evaluating and improving the effectiveness and efficiency of design process communication

Project information management research enables the efficient exchange of information, but does not effectively communicate process. Design process management research effectively communicates processes, but with methods too inefficient to be adopted in practice. The lack of methods for effective and efficient design process communication manifests as a struggle for Architecture, Engineering, and Construction industry professionals to: (1) collaboratewithin projects, (2) share processes between projects, and (3) understand processes across projects to strategically invest in improvement. These struggles motivate the paper's first contribution: a research method for evaluating a design management methodology's ability to effectively and efficiently communicate design processes. As a second contribution, this paper validates the Design Process Communication Methodology (DPCM). DPCM specifies elements and methods for exchanging and organizing digital information to support knowledge-intensive design processes. Cloud computing enables the operationalization of DPCM as a tool that enables interaction with a project's information. Results from this operationalization demonstrate that designers employing DPCM accurately capture processes with little effort. When collaborating, improved process clarity and information consistency result in less rework, and positive iteration enables increased consideration of multi-disciplinary design trends. Designers share processes between project teams with fewer process mistakes. DPCM enables the understanding of processes providing more insights into the relationships between design integration and project performance; and more opportunities for strategic investment in improved processes.
Studies in the synthesis of control structures for chemical processes: Part IV. Design of steady‐state optimizing control structures for chemical process units

The design of the steady-state optimizing control for a single unit is formulated within the framework of the nonlinear mathematical programming theory. Alternative implementational strategies are developed and a multilevel screening procedure is proposed to arrive at the best optimizing control configuration. Numerical examples on a fluid catalytic cracking unit and a distillation column demonstrate the systematic design and the synthesis of the most promising optimizing control structures for these systems.
Biosensors: their role in detection systems for cargo inspection

The techniques used to detect, measure and monitor chemicals in liquids, gases and solids are being developed in response to the demand for greater sensitivity and specificity needed to detect trace chemicals. Biosensors and immunoassays, due to their inherent sensitivity and specificity are excellent candidates for inclusion in inspection systems. This discussion will review the fundamentals of biosensors and immunoassays, their advantages and disadvantages, the current state-of-the-art as indicated by published research and how and where they can be included in cargo inspection technologies.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
ON OBTAINING REACTIVE POTENTIAL ENERGY SURFACES FROM TRANSITION STATE PHOTODETACHMENT SPECTRA. II. INVERSION OF SPECTRA IN MODEL SYSTEMS

We present a method for determining reactive potential energy surfaces from experimental photodetachment spectra. The variations of the theoretical photodetachment spectrum with respect to potential parameters (the “derivatives” of the spectrum) are calculated. These derivatives are used in an iterative Levenberg−Marquardt-based algorithm to find the optimal values of the potential parameters, i.e., those yielding the theoretical spectrum that best matches the experimental one. Applications of the method to one- and two-degrees-of-freedom model systems are presented, and accurate results are obtained with a small number of iterations. Prospects for treating realistic systems are discussed.
Magnon-Phonon Coupling in Metallic Films

The method of standing spin-wave resonance, which sensitively detects periodic changes in the transverse magnetization through the film thickness, has been used to study magnetoelastic coupling in several metallic films. The effect was recorded as a function of $\ensuremath{\Delta}{\overline{H}}_{p}$, the deviation of the magnetic field for resonance of the $p\mathrm{th}$ spin-wave mode in the presence of magnetoelastic coupling from the magnetic field for resonance of the same mode in the absence of coupling. The film compositions varied from the 81% Ni-19% Fe nonmagneto-strictive alloy to a 65% Ni-35% Fe alloy. The film thicknesses were of the order of 6000 \AA{}. The frequency range of the experiment was 57 to 62 GHz. A calculation which combined the strain-wave equations with the equations of motion for the transverse magnetization $m$ allowed for the solution of $m$ as a product of a complex susceptibility $\ensuremath{\chi}$ and the magnitude of the cavity-produced rf magnetic field. In the calculation, trigonometric solutions were used for $m$ and for the strain. For the sake of simplicity, the boundary conditions were taken to be $m=0$ (spin pinning) and zero stress at the film surfaces. $\mathrm{Re}\ensuremath{\chi}$ described the dispersion, and was solved for $\ensuremath{\Delta}{\overline{H}}_{p}$. The presence of a phonon relaxation time was crucial in that it kept $\ensuremath{\Delta}{\overline{H}}_{p}$ finite. In fitting the theoretical $\ensuremath{\Delta}{\overline{H}}_{p}$ to the experimental data, values were obtained for the speed of transverse phonons (\ensuremath{\approx}3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{5}$ cm/sec) in the film at the microwave frequency, for the magnitude of the magnetoelastic coupling constant (\ensuremath{\approx}6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{7}$ erg/${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$) at 77\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, and for the phenomenological phonon relaxation time (\ensuremath{\approx}1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}10}$ sec). The comparison of the calculated $\ensuremath{\Delta}{\overline{H}}_{p}$ with the data showed excellent agreement in the region near the crossover point. The agreement was less satisfactory away from the crossover point. Examination of $|\mathrm{Im}\ensuremath{\chi}|$, which is proportional to the power absorbed in the film, explains the qualitative behavior of the resonances in the crossover region, again indicating the important role played by the phonon relaxation time in the explanation of the effect of magnetoelastic coupling in metallic films.
A system of conservation laws exhibiting a parabolic degeneracy on two intersecting lines

On considere l'existence et l'unicite des solutions pour le probleme de Riemanp pour une classe de systemes de lois de conservation non strictement hyperboliques: U t +F(u) x =0 ou U=(u/v) et F=(f(v)/f(u)) qui presente une degenerescence parabolique sur l'ensemble Σ={u=0}∪{v=0} et une degenerescence lineaire dans une famille de vecteurs propres droits
Plant biotechnology: A case study ofBacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and its application to the future of genetic engineered trees

Agricultural productivity may be raised in a sustainable way by many different technologies such as biological fertilizers, soil and water conservation, biodiversity conservation, improved pest control, and changes in land ownership and distribution. Of these measures, biotechnology applications probably hold the most promise in augmenting conventional agricultural productivity, because biotechnology applications give not only the need to increase production, but also protect the environment and conserving natural resources for future generations. Biotechnology applications will have the possibilities to increase productivity and food availability through better agronomic performance of new varieties, including resistance to pests; rapid multiplication of disease-free plants; ability to obtain natural plant products using tissue culture; diagnosis of diseases of plants and livestock; manipulation of reproduction methods increasing the efficiency of breeding; and the provision of incentives for greater participation by the private sector through investments. Insect resistance through the transfer of a gene for resistance fromBacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is one of the most advanced biotechnology applications already being commercialized in many parts of the world. This paper reviews the development and the status ofBt technology and application ofBt transgenic plants in current agriculture, and discusses specific issues related to the transfer of the technology to the future of genetic engineered trees with emphasis on conifers.
Modulating HIV Infection by Controlling the Kinetics of SEVI Fibrillization

Despite the rapid progress of the AIDS pandemic, HIV is a surprisingly weak pathogen in vitro. The large difference between in vitro and in vivo infection rates suggests that cofactors absent in vitro but essential for the natural transmission of the virus may be responsible for this discrepancy. A recently identified peptide in human semen, PAP248-286, has emerged as a candidate for the missing cofactor as it dramatically enhances the infectivity of HIV by up to five orders of magnitude. The PAP248-286 peptide fragment has been shown to only induce its synergistic effect with HIV infection when in the form of amyloid fibers. Amyloid formation by PAP248-286 into the active SEVI form is a slow process during which it is susceptible to being degraded and inactivated. Therefore, initiators of this fibrillization process would be an indirect cause of the increase in viral infectivity. For this reason, we have searched for possible inhibitors and enhancers of SEVI amyloid formation including metals, lipids, other amyloids, and polyphenolic inhibitors. The effects of the metals are metal specific, with some enhancing kinetics, while others either inhibit or have little effect. High resolution structures of PAP248-286 and the green tea extract compound epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) show binding to the monomer subunit through the lysine side-chains and inhibiting fiber growth, which could prove as an effective preventative measure for HIV infection. In contrast, amyloidogenic fibers produced by E. coli are seen to strongly enhance the kinetics of SEVI formation and HIV infectivity, indicating that bacterial infection could enhance the probability of HIV transmission. This phenomenon appears to be quite general and could be an important seeding mechanism for other amyloid proteins.1) Biophysical. Journal (2009), 97(9), 2474-2483.2) Biochemica et Biophysica Acta, Biomembranes (2011), 1808(4), 1161-1169.
DAF-16/FOXO targets genes that regulate tumor growth in Caenorhabditis elegans

Cancer is an age-related disease, and inhibiting insulin/insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) signaling extends lifespan and increases tumor resistance in C. elegans and mammals. To investigate how the insulin/IGF-1 pathway couples these two processes, we analyzed putative transcriptional targets of the C. elegans FOXO transcription factor DAF-16, which promotes both longevity and tumor resistance. Twenty-nine of 734 genes tested influenced germline-tumor cell proliferation or p53-dependent apoptosis. About half of these genes also affected normal aging, thereby linking these two processes mechanistically. Many of these 29 genes are orthologs of known human tumor suppressors or oncogenes, suggesting that others may be as well. Our findings implicate nuclear-pore modification in p53-dependent cell death, because inhibiting nuclear-pore genes that are upregulated by DAF-16 blocks p53-dependent cell death in the tumor, but not normal, p53-independent, germline cell death.
A New Source for Peer-Reviewed Health Education Teaching Resources

Review of : MedEdPORTAL website by the Association of American Medical Colleges and the American Dental Education Association.
Clinical and economic outcomes of multivessel coronary stenting compared with bypass surgery: a single-center US experience.

surgery (CABG) have demonstrated similar rates of death and myoc ardial infarction but higher rates of repeat revascularization after stenting. The impact of these alternative strategies on overall medical care costs is uncertain, particularly within the US heal th care system. METHODS: We performed a retrospective, matched cohort study to compare the c linical and economic outcomes of multivessel stenting and bypass surgery. The stent group consisted of 100 consecutive patients who underwent stenting of >or=2 major native coronary arteries at ou r institution. The CABG group consisted of 200 patients who underwent nonemergent isolated byp ass surgery during the same time frame, matched (2:1) for age, sex, ejection fraction, diabetes m ellitus, and extent of coronary disease. Detailed clinical follow-up and resource utilization data were collected for a minimum of 2 years. Total costs were calculated by use of year 2000 unit prices. RES ULTS: Over a median follow up period of 2.8 years, there were no significant differences in al l-cause mortality rates (3.0% vs 3.0%), Q-wave myocardial infarction (5.1 % vs 4.0%), or the composite of death or myocardial infarction (7.1% vs 7.0%) between the stent and CABG groups (P = not significant for all comparisons). However, at 2-year follow up, patients with stents were more likely to require >or=1 repeat revascularization procedure (32.0% vs 4.5%, P <.001). The initial cost of multivessel stenting was 43% less than the cost of CABG (11,810 dollars vs 20,574 dollars, P <.001) and remained 27% less (17,634 dollars vs 24,288 dollars, P =.005) at 2 year s. CONCLUSIONS: Multivessel st enting and CABG result in comparable risks of death and myocardial infarction. Despite a higher rate of repeat revascularization, multivessel stenting was significantly less costly than CABG through the first 2 years of follow-up.
Refinements to the geometry factor used in the AAPM Task Group Report No. 43 necessary for brachytherapy dosimetry calculations

Determination of the geometry factor is necessary for brachytherapydosimetry calculations as recommended by the AAPM Task Group No. 43 (TG-43). The equivalence and errors associated with use of a point source approximation for an extended line segment source are examined. For all angles, the error using the point source approximation is less than 2% for distances in which the ratio of radius to active source length, (r/L), exceed about 3.6. A novel approach to determining the geometry factor using Monte Carlo methods is discussed in which the particle flux emanates from the active source and streams with no interactions occurring within the source or phantom. This method was performed for determining the geometry factor along the transverse axis for six brachytherapy sources. Differences in the geometry factor exceeding 2% between the point source approximation and that obtained using Monte Carlo methods occurred at distances ranging from 0.5 to 5 mm from the source center along the transverse plane. The merits of the Monte Carlo approach for solving the geometry factor are discussed in light of using a point or line source approximation for calculating additional brachytherapydosimetry parameters.
A five-year experience with fragile X screening of high-risk gravid women.

Abstract Objective: We sought to compare our 5-year program of fragile X screening of high-risk gravid women with our program of fragile X testing of affected individuals (probands). Study Design: All women referred to the prenatal genetics clinic from 1994 to 1998 who had a family history of unspecified mental retardation or learning or behavioral disorders (known fragile X families excluded) were offered fragile X screening. Results were compared with those of probands with the same diagnoses who underwent fragile X testing during the same time period. Results: We counseled 12,349 prenatal patients from 1994-1998, of whom 263 (2.1%) had a positive family history and underwent fragile X screening. No mutations or premutations were identified. In contrast, 31 (1.9%) of 1637 affected probands who underwent fragile X testing during the same time period had positive results, which was a significant difference (0/263 vs 31/1637; P Conclusions: Testing the affected proband is superior to screening the pregnant relative of the proband for identification of families at risk for fragile X syndrome. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;181:789-92.)
What makes interdisciplinary research original? Integrative scholarship reconsidered

This paper focuses on the scholarship of integration in the field of education and argues that although it has gradually been moving into the mainstream of educational research, it is all too often judged on the basis of criteria more applicable to assess the scholarship of discovery. First, I examine the questions: what constitutes original research in education and what makes the scholarship of integration ‘original’. I assert that the reluctance on the part of many educators to consider integrative scholarship as original research is in part a result of the prevailing conception of originality that is too limiting and often not relevant to evaluate this form of scholarship. Such a conception is incompatible with the valuable lessons that constructivism has taught us about knowledge and learning. Finally, I propose a number of criteria to evaluate integrative research studies, ones which are different from those that apply to other forms of scholarship.
Wind Energy Guide for County Commissioners

One of the key stakeholders associated with economic development are local government officials, who are often required to evaluate and vote on commercial wind energy project permits, as well as to determine and articulate what wind energy benefits accrue to their counties. Often these local officials lack experience with large-scale wind energy and need to make important decisions concerning what may be a complicated and controversial issue. These decisions can be confounded with diverse perspectives from various stakeholders. This project is designed to provide county commissioners, planners, and other local county government officials with a practical overview of information required to successfully implement commercial wind energy projects in their county. The guidebook provides readers with information on the following 13 topics: Brief Wind Energy Overview; Environmental Benefits; Wind Energy Myths and Facts; Economic Development Benefits; Wind Economics; The Development Process; Public Outreach; Siting Issues; Property Tax Incentives; Power System Impacts; Permitting, Zoning, and Siting Processes; Case Studies; and Further Information. For each of the above topics, the guidebook provides an introduction that identifies the topic, why local government should care, a topic snapshot, how the topic will arise, and a list of resources that define and assess the topic.
Rovibronic state to rovibronic state reaction dynamics: O(3P)+HCl(v=2,J)→OH(v′,N′)+Cl(2P)

We report an experimental investigation of the reaction O(3P)+HCl(v=2,J)→OH(v′=0 and 1,N′)+Cl(2P), where HCl is prepared in a single rovibronic level using a tunable optical parametric oscillator and the rovibronic levels of the OH reaction product are monitored using laser‐induced fluorescence. The nascent rotational state distributions in OH(v′=0 and 1) have been measured as a function of the initial rotational state J of HCl(v=2). These distributions are substantially rotationally excited and exhibit a shift towards higher N′ as J is increased. Comparable branching into OH(v′=0) and OH(v′=1) is observed. The reaction cross section is found to increase markedly with reagent rotation: the increase is approximately a factor of 3 over the range J=1–10 of HCl(v=2), but is not necessarily monotonic for low J.
Domain specificity in relationship history, social-information processing, and violent behavior in early adulthood.

Using prospective longitudinal data, we tested 5 hypotheses: (a) that the relation between earlier developmental experiences (peer social rejection and victimization in a romantic relationship) and adult violent behavior toward peers and romantic partners is specific to relationship domain; (b) that the relation between social-information processing (SIP) biases and subsequent violence is also specific to relational domain (romantic partner vs. peer); (c) that the relation between developmental experiences and SIP biases is domain specific; (d) that domain-specific SIP mediates the impact of earlier developmental experiences on later violent behavior; and (e) that harsh parenting early in life is a domain-general predictor of SIP and later violent behavior. Harsh parenting was assessed through interviews with parents when their children were age 5 years. Classroom sociometric assessments indexing peer rejection were completed in elementary school, and self-report of victimization by romantic partners was provided at age 18 years. SIP was assessed via interview at age 22 years, and violent behavior was measured via self-and partner report at ages 23 years and 24 years. Structural equation analyses revealed specificity in the relation between developmental experiences and violence and in the prediction to and from SIP in the peer domain, but not in the romantic-relationship domain. The impact of early harsh treatment on violence toward peers was mediated by SIP biases in the peer domain. These findings provide support for domain specificity in the peer domain but for cross-domain generality in the romantic relationship domain in the development of violent behavior in early adulthood.
Frequency scaling of molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 ) two-dimensional (2D) nanomechanical resonators

Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is a layered material that has attractive potential for enabling ultrascaled two-dimensional (2D) nanostructures and nanosystems for future electronics, optoelectronics, and sensors applications. It also has superb mechanical properties, being ~30 times stronger than steel and has intrinsic strain limit up to ~10-20%. These make MoS2 a particularly interesting material for building novel 2D nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS). Here we demonstrate ultrathin 2D NEMS resonators based on drumhead-structured MoS2 diaphragms suspended on circular microtrenches, vibrating at high and very high frequencies (HF & VHF). We show that the resonance frequency can be tuned by adjusting parameters such as built-in tension and dimensions of the MoS2 devices. In combination with analytical and computational modeling, we identify in these devices the elastic transition regime between the membrane and plate limits, which leads to a clear roadmap for frequency scaling of MoS2 NEMS resonators.
Determination of adrenal response after oral administration of multiple doses of methylprednisolone.

ORMAL cortisol production by the adrenals has a circadian rhythm, and many studies1-6 have shown a variation of plasma cortisol with the time of day. Migeon et al.7 showed that the diurnal variation of plasma levels of 17-hydroxycorticosteroids in night workers and blind persons was the same as that in normal subjects. Hellman et al.8 showed that cortisol was secreted intermittently rather than continuously. Fluorescence,9 competitive protein binding,’#{176}radioimmunoassay,11 and enzymelabeled immunoassay12 have all been used to measure plasma levels of cortisol. Highpressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analysis has obtained considerable attention recently for the determination of steroids in biologic fluids and pharmaceutical products.’3-16 In our laboratory, an HPLC assay was developed for simultaneous determination of both hydrocortisone and methyiprednisolone in plasma using
Low-velocity impact of nanocomposite and polymer plates

Nanocomposites are more widely studied today because of higher stiffness, decreased permeability, thermal stability, and many other properties superior to those of regular polymers. However, manufacturers are concerned about implementing nanocomposites because of their lower impact properties with respect to the base polymer. This study focused on low-velocity impact tests of a thermoplastic olefin by itself and with 5 wt % nanoclay. The impact tests were conducted at −40, 23.9, and 65.6°C until the polymer and nanocomposite plates experienced complete striker penetration. The force–time and force–deflection responses obtained from the impact testing provided a means of comparing the impact performances of the two materials. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 2309–2315, 2005
Heuristic approaches for mine planning and production scheduling

Traditional methods and opimization methods for mine planning and production scheduling have failed to provide easy to use tools that yield improved results. Two new approaches, each combining the best of the traditional and the optimization, are described.
Cache memory design: An evolving art: Designers are looking to line size, degree of associativity, and virtual addresses as important parameters in speeding up the operation

The role of cache memories and the factors that decide the success of a particular design are examined. The operation of a cache memory is described. The specification of cache parameters is considered. Also discussed are the size of a cache, cache hierarchies, fetching and replacing, cache organization, updating the main memory, the use of two caches rather than one, virtual-address caches, and cache consistency.
Multiple functions of segment polarity genes in Drosophila

l(1)dishevelled (l(1)dsh) is a late zygotic lethal mutation that exhibits a rescuable maternal effect lethal phenotype. l(1)dsh/Y embryos, derived from females possessing a homozygous l(1)dsh germline clone, exhibit a segment polarity embryonic phenotype. Analysis of the development of these embryos indicates: (1) that segmental boundaries do not form although the correct number of tracheal pits is formed; (2) that pockets of cell death occur between the tracheal pits; and (3) that engrailed expression becomes abnormal during germ band shortening. We propose that, in the absence of both maternal and zygotic expression of l(1)dsh+, cells from each posterior compartment die. Subsequently, cells from the anterior compartment must rearrange their positional values to generate the segment polarity phenotype. We have compared the phenotype of five other segment polarity loci: four embryonic lethals [l(1)armadillo, l(2)gooseberry, l(2)wingless, and l(3)hedgehog]; and the late zygotic lethal, l(1)fused. Only l(2)wingless embryos exhibit early segmentation defects similar to those found in l(1)dsh/Y embryos derived from homozygous germline clones. In contrast, segmentation is essentially normal in l(1)armadillo, l(2)gooseberry, l(3)hedgehog, and l(1)fused embryos. The respective maternal and zygotic contribution and the roles of the segment polarity loci for the patterning of the embryo and the adult are discussed.
Band-limited angular-spectrum approximation to a spherical scalar wave field

The spherically symmetric scalar field eikr/r is studied in a band-limited angular-spectrum approximation. The field is represented by Weyl’s integral as an expansion into an angular spectrum of plane waves, the evanescent portion of the spectrum is discarded, and the remaining homogeneous part of Weyl’s integral is evaluated over a region within a few wavelengths around the source, by numerical integration. The modified field differs markedly from the complete spherical wave field over this region. The contribution of the evanescent plane waves to the spherical field does not decay away from the origin along the Z axis. Thus, a frequent approximation that involves neglect of evanescent plane waves in an angular-spectrum representation over the Z ≥ 0 half-space cannot be used near the Z axis with the spherical field. The close relation between this field and a well-known image field due to a well-corrected lens will be described.
Survivorship and longevity of Diamesa mendotae Muttkowski (Diptera: Chironomidae) under snow

Diamesa mendotae Muttkowski commonly grow and emerge from groundwater dominated streams in winter. Previous estimates of longevity for adults of D. mendotae collected from the snow surface averaged 18.6 days post-collection, with 76.9% of individuals dying between Day 10 and Day 30 post-collection and 4.4% surviving over 40 days. Maximum longevities for males and females were 48 and 54 days, respectively. In this paper, we report survivorship and longevity of fieldcollected adults of D. mendotae kept at ambient snow temperature conditions. Adults (n=140) were collected in February from snow along groundwater-dominated sections of the Kinnickinnic River (Wisconsin, USA). All individuals were placed in vials, buried in snow, and retrieved in batches of 10 males and 10 females at 4-day intervals for 28 days. Once retrieved, adults were maintained at 6°C in controlled environmental chambers to determine survivorship and longevity. All individuals survived snow burial treatment, indicating they are capable of surviving sub-freezing field conditions for at least 28 days. Estimates of adult maximum longevity were as high as 66 days, higher than previous estimates for this genus. Our results suggest adults of D. mendotae can persist under snow cover, with high survivorship and longevity, potentially increasing their probability of successful reproduction in regions where lethal winter air temperatures occur.
Gelatin shells strengthen polyvinyl alcohol core–shell nanofibers

Abstract In this study, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and gelatin are coaxially electrospun into core–shell nanofibers to derive mechanical strength from PVA and bioactivity from gelatin. The core–shell nanofibers with PVA in the core and gelatin in the shell display an increased Young's modulus, improved tensile strength, and reduced plastic deformation than PVA nanofibers. When the order of gelatin and PVA is reversed in the core–shell nanofibers, however, the mechanical strengthening effects disappear. It thus suggests that the bioactive yet mechanically weak gelatin shell improves the molecular alignment of PVA in the core and transforms the weak, plastic PVA into a strong, elastic PVA. The use of a gelatin shell as a biological coating and a protecting barrier to strengthen the core in electrospinning presents a new strategy for fabricating advanced composite nanofibers.
Sex, God, and Liberalism

My aim is to understand the liberal's commitment to religious and sexual liberty. Liberal theorists characteristically try to generalize from these paradigm cases to a broader social agenda. First of all, I try to understand the claim that these liberties are not subject to any calculus of social interests. I argue that the two most prominent arguments to that effect in the liberal tradition, those of Locke and Rawls, uphold various liberties only on the basis of unacceptable background assumptions. I then propose an alternative account which, by holding there is more to being a person than liberal theorists usually acknowledge, better explains the higher-order value liberal activists attach to religious and sexual liberty. Liberals are distinguished from their political opponents less by their determination to respect persons than by their viewing religious communion and sexual expression as an unchosen feature of the nature of persons. So conceived, liberalism turns out to be a less robust, and a more p...
Simulation and embedded software development for Anton, a parallel machine with heterogeneous multicore ASICs

Anton, a special-purpose parallel machine currently under construction, is the result of a significant hardware-software codesign effort that relied heavily on an architectural simulator. One of this simulator's many important roles is to support the development of embedded software (software that runs on Anton's ASICs), which is challenging for several reasons. First, the Anton ASIC is a heterogeneous multicore system-on-a-chip, with three types of embedded cores tightly coupled to special-purpose hardware units. Second, a standard 512-ASIC configuration contains a total of 6,656 distinct embedded cores, all of which must be explicitly modeled within the simulator. Third, a portion of the embedded software is dynamically generated at simulation time.This paper discusses the various ways in which the Anton simulator addresses these challenges. We use a hardware abstraction layer that allows embedded software source code to be compiled without modification for either the simulation host or the hardware target. We report on the effectiveness of embedding golden-model testbenches within the simulator to verify embedded software as it runs. We also describe our hardware-software cosimulation strategy for dynamically generated embedded software. Finally, we use a methodology that we refer to as concurrent mixed-level simulation to model embedded cores within massively parallel systems. These techniques allow the Anton simulator to serve as an efficient platform for embedded software development.
Thermal death kinetics and heating rate effects for fifth-instar Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Abstract Thermal death kinetic parameters of fifth-instar codling moths ( Cydia pomonella (L.)) and the effect of three heating rates (1°C min −1 , 10°C min −1 , and 18°C min −1 ) on larval mortality were determined by a heating block system. The insects were heated to four temperatures (46°C, 48°C, 50°C, and 52°C) held for predetermined periods followed by 24 h storage at 4°C before mortality evaluation. Thermal death kinetics for fifth-instar codling moths followed a 0.5th order of kinetic reaction. Minimum time required to achieve 100% mortality of a given population decreased with temperature in a semi-logarithmic manner. No larval survival was observed in samples of 600 insects after exposure to 46°C, 48°C, 50°C, and 52°C for 50, 15, 5, and 2 min, respectively. Activation energy for thermal kill of fifth-instar codling moths at the heating rate of 18°C min −1 was estimated to be about 472 kJ mol −1 . The lethal time accumulated during the ramp period was about 1.8, 0.2, and 0.1 min for the heating rates of 1°C min −1 , 10°C min −1 , and 18°C min −1 , respectively.
Methodological Challenges in Research with Vulnerable Families

Researchers studying vulnerable families can face formidable impediments. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of methodological challenges commonly encountered in research with vu...
Longitarsus warchalowskianus , a new species from Chihuahua, Mexico (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae)

Longitarsis warchalowskianus is a new species to science from Chihuahua, Mexico. It contains a unique combination of dorsal coloration, punctation and shape that differentiates it from other species. All specimens are flightless and apterous. It feeds on Packera bellidifolia (Asteraceae) that contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids.
Performance of a new annealing schedule

A new simulated annealing schedule has been developed; its application to the standard cell placement and the traveling salesman problems results in a two to twenty-four times speedup over annealing schedules currently available in the literature. Since it uses only statistical quantities, the annealing schedule is applicable to general combinatorial optimization problems.
Relationships Between Physicochemical Properties of Nonfish Protein and Textural Properties of Protein‐incorporated Surimi Gel

The physicochemical properties of nonfish proteins were correlated with textural properties of nonfish protein gels and nonfish protein-incorporated surimi gels. Both cold and thermal hydration ability (by centrifugation) of nonfish proteins strongly correlated with compressive force (cohesiveness) of nonfish protein-incorporated surimi gel (r = 0.94 for cold; r = 0.95 for thermal). Hydrophobic amino acid groups in nonfish protein inversely correlated with compressive force (r =−0.88) and penetration force (r =−0.78) of nonfish protein-incorporated surimi gel. Thermal behavior of nonfish protein affected the gel characteristics of nonfish protein and surimi with nonfish protein-incorporated.
Design of wireless portable systems

The InfoPad project explores the infrastructure and devices required for portable wireless access to the national information infrastructure. The InfoPad model emphasizes high-bandwidth wireless connectivity and moves the computing power of the portable device into the backbone network, where we can provide not only full internet access, but increased computing power as well. By concentrating on I/O for the pad we reduce its cost, weight and power requirements, and increase the effective bandwidth through the greater error tolerance of I/O traffic such as video. We describe the InfoPad model, its infrastructure, and the results of the first prototype. This prototype proved the feasibility of the basic model and developed key technologies such as low-power design methodology and protocols for wireless connections. We also discuss the next generation InfoPad and our future plans.
Sex influences immune responses to viruses, and efficacy of prophylaxis and treatments for viral diseases

The intensity and prevalence of viral infections are typically higher in males, whereas disease outcome can be worse for females. Females mount higher innate and adaptive immune responses than males, which can result in faster clearance of viruses, but also contributes to increased development of immunopathology. In response to viral vaccines, females mount higher antibody responses and experience more adverse reactions than males. The efficacy of antiviral drugs at reducing viral load differs between the sexes, and the adverse reactions to antiviral drugs are typically greater in females than males. Several variables should be considered when evaluating male/female differences in responses to viral infection and treatment: these include hormones, genes, and gender-specific factors related to access to, and compliance with, treatment. Knowledge that the sexes differ in their responses to viruses and to treatments for viral diseases should influence the recommended course of action differently for males and females.
Managing Technology in a 2.0 World

Technology managers must prepare for a shift in organizational structure and governance as businesses transition to a centralized infrastructure with decentralized business applications and new approaches to innovation, driven by the need for agility, globalization, and new budgeting models.
Frequency Selective Surfaces offer new possibilities as reflectance filters in the NIR/visible spectrum

Frequency Selective Surfaces (FSS) are comprised of periodic, geometric, metallic patterns that act like an array of horizontal antennas. They were originally designed as band-pass/band-block filters. Nanofabrication techniques allow for the realization of FSS structures that operate in the near infrared (NIR) and visible portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Thus it is possible to create arrays of light antenna filters possessing optical properties that are unlike those of dye, dielectric, or holographic filters that are in common use today. Recent studies of arrays of gold, dipole nanoantennas by our group and others offer an opportunity to compare modeled FSS response with experimental results elucidating the unique, off-normal reflectance stability of frequency selective surfaces operating in the NIR/visible portion of the spectrum.
Dietary cholesterol and cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background Dietary cholesterol has been suggested to increase the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), which has led to US recommendations to reduce cholesterol intake. Objective The authors examine the effects of dietary cholesterol on CVD risk in healthy adults by using systematic review and meta-analysis. Design MEDLINE, Cochrane Central, and Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau Abstracts databases were searched through December 2013 for prospective studies that quantified dietary cholesterol. Investigators independently screened citations and verified extracted data on study and participant characteristics, outcomes, and quality. Random-effect models meta-analysis was used when at least 3 studies reported the same CVD outcome. Results Forty studies (17 cohorts in 19 publications with 361,923 subjects and 19 trials in 21 publications with 632 subjects) published between 1979 and 2013 were eligible for review. Dietary cholesterol was not statistically significantly associated with any coronary artery disease (4 cohorts; no summary RR), ischemic stroke (4 cohorts; summary RR: 1.13; 95% CI: 0.99, 1.28), or hemorrhagic stroke (3 cohorts; summary RR: 1.09; 95% CI: 0.79, 1.50). Dietary cholesterol statistically significantly increased both serum total cholesterol (17 trials; net change: 11.2 mg/dL; 95% CI: 6.4, 15.9) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (14 trials; net change: 6.7 mg/dL; 95% CI: 1.7, 11.7 mg/dL). Increases in LDL cholesterol were no longer statistically significant when intervention doses exceeded 900 mg/d. Dietary cholesterol also statistically significantly increased serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (13 trials; net change: 3.2 mg/dL; 95% CI: 0.9, 9.7 mg/dL) and the LDL to high-density lipoprotein ratio (5 trials; net change: 0.2; 95% CI: 0.0, 0.3). Dietary cholesterol did not statistically significantly change serum triglycerides or very-low-density lipoprotein concentrations. Conclusion Reviewed studies were heterogeneous and lacked the methodologic rigor to draw any conclusions regarding the effects of dietary cholesterol on CVD risk. Carefully adjusted and well-conducted cohort studies would be useful to identify the relative effects of dietary cholesterol on CVD risk.
Grain‐Boundary Migration in Nonstoichiometric Solid Solutions of Magnesium Aluminate Spinel: I, Grain Growth Studies

The grain-boundary mobility in magnesium aluminate spinel (MgO · nAl2O3) of magnesia-rich (n 1) compositions has been measured from normal grain growth in dense, hot-pressed samples. Over the temperature range 1200° to 1800°C, the mobility in magnesia-rich compositions is found to be greater than that in alumina-rich compositions by a factor of 102 to 103. Within the alumina-rich field, the mobility varies by less than a factor of 10 over the composition range 1 > n > 1.56. Nearly stoichiometric spinels (1 < n < 1.07) form a variety of sources and starting materials exhibit boundary mobilities within a factor of 5 at fixed temperature, showing an impurity tolerance which has not been found in other ionic solids.