cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experience Counts: Mixed Member Elections and Mexico's Chamber of Deputies

This paper draws on the legislative politics literature to explain the composition of commission assignments in the Mexican Chamber of Deputies. Members are elected to the chamber via a mixed method electoral system. Grounded in the argument of an ‘electoral connection’ and based on experiences in the German Bundestag, New Zealand, Japanese and Scottish parliaments and the Welsh Assembly, the literature to date predicts that the different routes to the legislature will produce different behaviour once someone is elected to the chamber. This is not the case for the Mexican Chamber of Deputies. The Mexican constitutional prohibition of re-election for Mexican federal deputies presents a number of obstacles for the ‘electoral connection’ to work and, in consequence, there is much weaker evidence in support of electoral system effects.
A Technique for Deducing Wind Direction from Satellite Microwave Measurements of Wind Speed

Abstract A technique is presented to deduce wind direction from satellite microwave measurements of wind speed information. The technique, based on simple Ekman boundary layer dynamics, makes use of surface pressure fields routinely analyzed at the National Meteorological Center. To demonstrate its application, a three-day sample of altimeter and scatterometer wind speed data, taken from the Seasat satellite, was used to deduce wind directions. The deduced wind vectors are presented and compared with the NMC 1000 mb wind analyses, and with the subjectively edited vector winds. It is suggested that the technique proposed in this study could be applied to the ocean surface wind speed measurements derived from a satellite altimetric mission to produce a more useful parameter, namely, the ocean surface wind vector. This technique can also be used to objectively resolve potential ambiguities in scatterometer wind directions.
Environmental Applications and Implications of Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials

There exists many similar definitions for nanotechnology in various dictionaries and literature sources like ‘‘any technology on the scale of nanometers’’ ~Infoplease Dictionary!, ‘‘the art of manipulating materials on a very small scale in order to build microscopy machinery’’ ~Encarta World English Dictionary, North American Edition!, ‘‘the branch of engineering that deals with things smaller than 100 nanometers ~especially with the manipulation of individual molecules’’ ~Rhymezone!, and ‘‘the science and technology of building electronic circuits and devices from single atoms and molecules’’ ~The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition, 2000!. In all these definitions, the term nanotechnology is currently associated mainly with length in the nanometer scale ~1 nm is one billionth of a meter, 1 nm510 m), rather than any other physical property ~i.e., mass, volume!. In order to differentiate it from the term micro electro mechanical systems ~MEMS!, which are usually of larger dimensions, nanotechnology is also known with the term molecular nanotechnology. Although the concept of nanotechnology was first introduced in 1959 by Richard Feynman in his presentation ‘‘There’s plenty of room at the bottom’’ ~http:// www.zyvex.com/nanotech/feynman.html!, it was Erick K. Drexler in his 1986 book The Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology who introduced nanotechnology as a new paradigm for manipulating atoms and molecules in the atomic level to produce desirable substances or molecular-sized machines ~i.e., nanomachines!. Shortly after Feynman and Drexler’s conceptualization of orchestrating matter at the atomic and molecular level to produce useful nanoassemblies, nanodevices, and nanomaterials, the concept was applied in several studies of nanofabrication. While many disciplines in science and engineering have being applying and studying for several decades various aspects that are certainly incorporated in the term nanotechnology ~i.e., preparation and application of nanofiltration and reverse osmosis membranes, preparation and application of catalytic materials and adsorbents including zeolites, synthesis and applications of novel chemical structures, formation and fate of aerosol particles, and formation of particle aggregates in coagulation!, it was not until recently that nanotechnology has evolved into a new paradigm of technological innovation and opened new horizons of extreme engineering on the nanometer scale. During the last 5 years, nanotechnology has revolutionized the way we could do things, either in terrestrial or space applications, and developed into a new discipline of significant technological, economic, social, political, and cultural importance, both nationally and internationally. In the aurora of the anticipated era of nanotechnology, along ith many other nanotechnological inventions and breakthroughs
On squashing hierarchical designs [VLSI]

The problem of partially expanding a hierarchical VLSI design is examined, with the goal of reducing the number of levels of hierarchy while incurring minimal design-size expansion. While the general problem appears NP-hard, an important special case is considered, where the number of levels of hierarchy is reduced by one. For this special case, an exact algorithm is developed, based on network-flow techniques. Using this algorithm, a heuristic for the general problem is then developed and experimentally evaluated on a collection of VLSI designs. >
Thermoconvective Motion of Low Prandtl Number Fluids Within a Horizontal Cylindrical Annulus

Steady natural convection in very low Prandtl number fluids is investigated using a double perturbation expansion in powers of the Grashof and Prandtl numbers. The fluid is contained in a horizontal cylindrical annulus, the walls of which either are held at constant temperature or support a constant heat flux. In both cases the evolution of the flow for increasing Grashof number is of interest. It is found that the basic flow pattern consists of one eddy. For both boundary conditions the center of this eddy falls into the lower half of the annulus as the Grashof number increases. Such behavior is directly opposite to experimental results obtained in fluids of higher Prandtl number.
In vitro selection for Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia) resistance in wheat (Triticum aestivum)

The Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia) is a pest on wheat (Triticum aestivum) in many regions of the world. The aphid injects a phytotoxin when it feeds. Identification of somaclonal variants with phytotoxin resistance may shorten development time for resistance. Wheat calli from the susceptible cultivar ‘Stephens’ were exposed to an extract from the aphid. Five plants were regenerated from 100 treated calli. Resistance to the aphid was observed in both the R2 and R3 generations. One of the six R3 populations had improved resistance for leaf curling and leaf folding, while another had improved response for chlorosis damage. These results indicate that the use of aphid extract on wheat callus offers an alternate method for development of resistance to the Russian wheat aphid.
Inquiry Based And Problem Based Learning: How Similar are these Approaches to Nursing and Medical Education?

ABSTRACT ‐‐ Inquiry based learning is evolving as another curriculum model which may help to revitalize nursing and other professions education programs in the same way that problem based learning has rejuvenated medical education in the last 25 years. This paper briefly outlines both PBL and IBL approaches, and compares their philosophies, methods and context. Inquiry based learning may be more attractive to a wider range of vocational training and professions education programs because of its flexibility in choice of methods, less emphasis on teaching specific problem‐solving paradigms, and less reliance on resource‐intensive learning experiences.
ELEMENTARY TEACHERS' BELIEFS ABOUT READING AND KNOWLEDGE OF READING CONTENT: RELATIONSHIPS TO DECISION ABOUT READING OUTCOMES

Relationships between elementary teachers' beliefs about reading, knowledge of basic reading content, and decisions about the importance of students' reading behavior in relation to grade level were examined. Significant correlation coefficients were found for (1) knowledge of reading and reading behavior outcomes focusing on discrimination of sounds represented by consonants and consonant clusters and (2) student‐centered reading beliefs and reading behavior outcomes associated with making conclusions and drawing inferences about stories read. Significant negative correlations were noted for (1) knowledge of reading and outcomes dealing with comprehension of explicitly stated meaning and details in reading passages and (2) student‐centered reading beliefs and all reading outcomes focusing on basic decoding skills and literal comprehension of story information. The best predictor of teachers' identification of important reading behavior outcomes was knowledge of reading content. Reading behavior outcomes ...
Metal-centered oxidations facilitate the removal of ruthenium-based olefin metathesis catalysts

Abstract Commercially available catalysts (SIMes)(PCy3)Cl2Ru( CHPh) (2) and (SIMes)Cl2Ru( CH-o-O-i-PrC6H4) (3) (SIMes = 1,3-dimesitylimidazolin-2-ylidene) were found to display reversible Ru oxidations via a series of electrochemical measurements. The redox processes enabled the catalysts to be switched between two different states of activity in ring opening metathesis polymerizations and ring closing metathesis reactions, primarily through changes in catalyst solubility. Moreover, treating a solution of 2 dissolved in C6H6/CH2Cl2/[1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium][PF6] (6:1:1.1 v/v/v) with 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone was found to remove >99.9% of the catalyst, as determined by UV/vis spectroscopy. The methodology described herein establishes a new approach for controlling the activities displayed by commercially available olefin metathesis catalysts and for removing residual Ru species using redox-driven processes.
The Renal Vascular Response to Diabetes

Purpose of reviewDiabetes mellitus is the primary cause of end-stage renal disease, yet the mechanisms underlying diabetic nephropathy remain ill-defined. The widely accepted opinion holds that events occurring early during the course of diabetes engender the eventual decline in renal function. This
Optically detected magnetic resonance of α-deuterated 2-indanone

When 2-indanone is optically pumped into the phosphorescent triplet state, the excitation remains localized on the carbonyl moiety. Hence, the hydrogens at the α carbons play an important role in the electronic relaxation. Subtle perturbations can be introduced by exchanging these slightly acidic hydrogens with deuteriums. Various deuterated 2-indanone molecules were synthesized and the properties of their phosphorescent triplet state were experimentally determined by optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR). Theoretical calculations showed that the shifts in the observed zero-field splitting parameters as a function of deuteration are a result of spin–orbit coupling. Finally, unexpected features in the ODMR spectra are explained in terms of the molecule's crystal structure.
Effects of Equilibrium Exchange on Diffusion-Weighted NMR Signals: The Diffusigraphic "Shutter-Speed"

A general picture is presented of the implications for diffusionweighted NMR signals of the parsimonious two-site-exchange (2SX) paradigm. In particular, it is shown that the diffusigraphic “shutter-speed,” -1 q 2 (DA –D B), is a useful concept. The “wave-number” q has its standard definition (given in the text), and DA and DB are the apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs) of molecules in the two “sites,” A and B, if there is no exchange between them. At low gradient strengths (center of q-space), -1 is less than rate constants for intercompartmental water molecule exchange in most tissue cases. Thus, the exchange reaction appears fast. However, q is increased during the course of most experiments and, as it is, the shutter-speed becomes “faster” and the exchange reaction, the kinetics of which do not change, appears to slow down. This causes a multiexponential behavior in the diffusion-weighting dimension, b, which also has its standard definition. This picture is found to be in substantial agreement with a number of different experimental observations. It is applied here to literature 1 H2O data from a yeast cell suspension and from the human and the rat brain. Since the equilibrium transcytolemmal water exchange reaction appears to be in the fast-exchange-limit at small b, the initial slope represents the weighted-average of the ADCs of intra- and extracellular water. Of course, in tissue the former is in the significant majority. Furthermore, a consideration of reasonable values for the other 2SX parameters suggests that, for resting brain tissue, the intracellular water ADC may be larger than the extracellular water ADC. There are some independent inferences of this, which would have ramifications for many applications of diffusion-weighted MRI. Magn Reson Med 49:
Acquisition of literate discourse: Bowing before the master?

(1992). Acquisition of literate discourse: Bowing before the master? Theory Into Practice: Vol. 31, Literacy and the African-American Learner/The Struggle Between Access and Denial, pp. 296-302.
Tetrahydrouridine, cytidine analogues, and hemoglobin F

5-Azacytidine (azaC) has previously been shown to raise Hb F levels in the repeatedly phlebotomized baboon (PCV: around 20%). The administration of tetrahydrouridine (THU), an inhibitor of the enzymatic conversion of azaC to 5-azauridine, made it possible to reduce the amount of azaC and also of 2-deoxy-5-azacytidine (d-azaC) by more than 90% and still achieve maximal Hb F elevations. However, the granulocytopenia, usually occurring after 5-azaC, was not altered by the lowering of the dosages in the presence of THU. Thus, the granulocytopenia is not due to 5-azauridine or other catabolic products resulting from deamination. It is also unlikely that it is caused by a direct influence of azaC on RNA since d-azaC also causes granulocytopenia. The persistence of reticulocytosis throughout the treatment with azaC or d-azaC makes it appear likely that the observed increase in Hb F levels to more than 60% of total hemoglobin is not due to a cytotoxic effect on erythropoiesis resulting in a shift of cell populations toward greater immaturity, but to a direct influence of the drug on the regulation of gamma globin chain production.
A Submicron Coulter Counter for Enumeration of Viruses and Nanoparticles

The ability to detect, identify, and enumerate particles on the scale of tens or hundreds of nanometers with a point-of-care device would enable great strides forward in treating and preventing infectious diseases, especially in resource-limited settings. Here we demonstrate the ability of a submicron Coulter counter to enumerate nanoparticles in buffer including synthetic beads and several species of virus. Furthermore, we investigate modifications to basic Coulter counting that may enable the determination of structural characteristics of certain viruses or even specific virus identity. This technology complements previous work on a microfluidic cytometer for the enumeration of CD4+ T cells [1] and can lead to the development of a novel, point-of-care diagnostic device to facilitate the treatment of HIV/AIDS in resource-limited settings. The direct counting of particles of around 100 nm can also be extended to the detection of human exosomes with several potential applications in disease diagnosis [2]. In the future, additional techniques will be developed for the interrogation of viruses and exosomes in whole blood samples.1. Watkins, NN, et al. Lab Chip. 2011, 11, 1437-47.2. Record, M, et al. Biochem Pharmacol. 2011, 81, 1171-82.
Postchromatographic electrochemical detection of carbohydrates at a silver oxide electrode

Silver electrodes, when conditioned at sufficiently positive potentials in the presence of a strong base, can be made to form a silver(I) oxide or silver(II) oxide surface. In the presence of this oxide surface, carbohydrates may be oxidized and quantitated by means of an electrocatalytic scheme. The current which flows to reoxidize the charge-transfer mediator (silver oxide) is directly related to concentration of carbohydrate. Rectilinear response is obtained over at least two decades of concentration (104 M to 10−6 M). Design of a prototype electrochemical cell and studies of optimum cell conditions are discussed. The application of a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) detector for the separation of some common sugars is illustrated.
Intromissive Stimulation from the Male Increases Extracellular Dopamine Release from Fluoro-Gold-Identified Neurons within the Midbrain of Female Hamsters

Extracellular concentrations of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens were monitored using microdialysis in ovariectomized female Syrian hamsters hormonally primed with estradiol and progesterone or with a similar regimen of oil injections. Some females in each of these groups had their vaginas occluded with tape, whereas the remaining females' vaginas stayed unoccluded. When exposed to a male, both groups of hormonally primed females showed high levels of lordosis. However, only in the hormone-primed, unoccluded females were there significant elevations of dialysate dopamine during the sexual interactions with the male. There were no significant elevations in dopamine levels in the oil-treated females during interactions with the male. These data suggest that nucleus accumbens dopamine is responsive to stimuli associated with the vaginocervical stimulation received by the female during intromissions by the male. Histological analyses were based on Fluoro-Gold efflux through the probes combined with immunocytochemistry for tyrosine hydroxylase. Probe placements in the rostral accumbens, caudal accumbens, or rostral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis were not distinguishable based on analyses of basal dopamine levels, volume of Fluoro-Gold injection sites, or Fluoro-Gold labeling of midbrain, tyrosine hydroxylase-stained neurons. The number of midbrain neurons containing Fluoro-Gold was positively related to basal dopamine levels, indicating that the amount of dopamine recovered from the nucleus accumbens in microdialysis studies is a function of the number of neurons contributing to the terminal field in the region of the probe.
Fact in fiction? The relative costs of steam and water power: a simulation approach

Over the past decade or so, simulation modeling has become commonplace in the analysis of economic problems, where it can perform a number of important roles such as supplementing otherwise inadequate data, avoiding the difficulty of formulating a mathematical model to describe the behavior of a complex system, and predicting behavior or validating the model by facilitating statistical testing (Naylor, 1966). Economic historians, including cliometricians, however, have largely ignored this development despite the clear applicability of the method to historical analysis. This paper introduces a simulation model of wide applicability and demonstrates the power of simulation methods to illuminate difficult and complex historical problems. The simulation technique is applied to the analysis of historical, risky capital investments. Specifically, we are concerned with steam power and waterpower, in an attempt to determine the extent to which the relative costs of steam power and waterpower may have determined the rate at which steam power was adopted by manufacturing industry in America during the 19th century. This is part of a larger study into technological changes during the 19th and early 20th centuries. 1
Regulation of cyclopropane fatty acid biosynthesis by variations in enzyme activities.

Abstract It is proposed that cyclopropane fatty acid biosynthesis in Lactobacillus plantarum is regulated by in vivo variations in the activities of two enzymes acting sequentially. S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase relieves the end-product inhibition of cyclopropane synthetase by degrading a product (S-adenosyl-homocysteine) of the latter enzyme activity. Both enzymes show an abrupt increase and subsequent decrease in activity at a time during the bacterial growth cycle which corresponds to the period of most rapid synthesis of cyclopropane fatty acid in vivo .
Effect of Pocket Doping and Annealing Schemes on the Source-Pocket Tunnel Field-Effect Transistor

Low operating power is an important concern for sub-45-nm CMOS integrated circuits. Scaling of devices to below 45 nm leads to an increase in active power dissipation (CV2.f) and subthreshold power (IOFF.VDD)Hence, new device innovations are being explored to address these problems. In this paper, we simulate and experimentally investigate the source-pocket tunnel field-effect transistor (TFET), which is based on the principle of band-to-band tunneling, p-i-n and source-pocket TFETs are fabricated with different pocket conditions to observe the effect of the source-side pocket on device performance. Different annealing schemes (spike and conventional rapid thermal annealing) are used to study the effect of annealing conditions on TFET performance. The source-pocket TFET shows a higher ION (~10 times) and steeper subthreshold swing as compared to a p-i-n TFET. The ambipolar conduction is also reduced by using a low-doped drain extension. Low-temperature measurements of the source-pocket TFET were performed, and the subthreshold swing of the source-pocket TFET shows very little temperature dependence, which confirms the dominant source injection mechanism to be band-to-band tunneling.
Characterization of type A and type B CCK receptor binding sites in rat vagus nerve.

Abstract We employed quantitative receptor autoradiography to analyze pharmacological properties of125I-Bolton Hunter cholecystokinin (CCK-8)-labeled binding sites in sections of rat cervical vagus nerve that had been ligated 24 h prior to extraction. Binding densities were detected in segments of nerve proximal and distal to the ligature. Analysis was confined to proximal segments. Saturation and competitive binding studies were carried out using sulphated CCK-8 and two selective CCK receptor antagonists: MK-329, to define type-A (CCKA) binding sites; and, L-365,260, to define type-B (CCKB) binding sites. Sulphated CCK-8 was the most potent inhibitor of vagal125I-CCK binding (IC50 = 2nM). Nonlinear curve fitting analysis of the CCK binding data favored the presence of a single class of vagal CCK receptorsKDi = 1nM). However, both MK-329 (IC50 = 18nM) and L-365,260 (IC50 = 45nM) completed for vagal125I-CCK binding indicating the presence of CCKA and CCKB binding sites. Co-analysis of the antagonist binding data suggested that CCKA and CCKB receptors were transported in equal concentration within the vagus. MK-329 bound with high affinity to CCKA sites (Ki = 3nM) and low-affinity to CCKB sites (Ki = 462nM) while L-365,260 bound with high affinity to CCKB sites (Ki = 10nM) and low-affinity to CCKA sites (Ki = 775nM). These same ligands were used to characterize the specificity of125I-CCK binding in the medial and lateral divisions of the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), two regions innervated by primary vagal afferents carrying CCK receptors. Sulphated CCK-8 was the most potent inhibitor of125I-CCK binding in both regions of the NTS (IC50 = 0.6nM, medial;IC50 = 0.4nM, lateral). In the medial NTS, MK-329 was a potent inhibitor (IC50 = 21.8nM) while MK-329 was a weak inhibitor (IC50 = 341nM) of125I-CCK binding. In contrast, in the lateral NTS, L-365,260 was a potent inhibitor (IC50 = 21.8nM) while MK-329 was a weak inhibitor (IC> 1,0000 nM) of125I-CCK binding. These results are consistent with the existence of two populations of vagal afferent fibers projecting to different regions of the NTS. One, containing CCKA receptors, projects principally to the medial NTS, while the other containing CCKB receptors, projects principally to the lateral NTS.
The George W. Bush Administration and the Environment

This article will review seven major areas of environmental protection and the policies and actions taken in those areas by the Bush Administration. By examining the approach taken in such areas as water, air, natural resources, hazardous and nuclear waste, energy, environmental justice, and international environmental law, a pragmatic and comprehensive approach arises which is interconnected to the realities that the Bush Administration must deal with on a day-to-day basis. While this approach departs from the command and control regiment, it is one that seeks to implement new regulatory mechanisms that will lead to environmental progress, environmental enforcement, and ultimately a more realistic and more functional approach to environmental protection.
Cheating husbands and other stories: A case study of knowledge, action, and communication

The relationship between knowledge and action is a fundamental one: a processor in a computer network (or a robot or a person, for that matter) should base its actions on the knowledge (or information) it has. One of the main uses of communication is passing around information that may eventually be required by the receiver in order to decide upon subsequent actions. Understanding the relationship between knowledge, action, and communication is fundamental to the design of computer network protocols, intelligent robots, etc. By looking at a number of variants of thecheating husbands puzzle, we illustrate the subtle relationship between knowledge, communication, and action in a distributed environment.
The toxicology and biological properties of laureth 9 (a polyoxyethylene lauryl ether), a new spermicidal agent

Laureth 9, and ethoxylated lauryl ether, is a light yellow, viscous liquid soluble in water. It was lethal to human spermatozoa within 20 seconds in a final concentration of 1:2000. The acute oral LD50 ± SE of laureth 9 for Swiss mice was 3050 ± 480 mg/kg, and the acute intravenous LD50 ± SE was 100 ± 7 mg/kg. The 5-day oral subacute LD50 ± SE for albino rats was 1190 ± 146 mg/kg. Laureth 9 was well tolerated by albino rats when administered intragastrically at dose levels of 195 and 390 mg/kg once daily 18 times in 22 days. Laureth 9 produced no cutaneous irritation when applied as 15 and 20% aqueous solutions to normal and abraded skin of rabbits. The undiluted material produced slight irritation of intact skin and moderate irritation of unbraded skin. Undiluted laureth 9 failed to induce vaginal or cervical irritation in dogs when introduced in 5-ml quantities once daily, 5 days a week for 2 weeks. Neither immediate nor delayed irritant effects or sensitivity reactions were observed in seven guinea pigs which received ten daily intracutaneous prechallenge injections followed by a challenge injection 2 weeks later. Repeated patch tests indicated that aerosol preparations containing 10, 15, and 20% laureth 9 were as well tolerated by 53 subjects as a commercially available contraceptive foam formulation, and they were better tolerated than a commercially available contraceptive vaginal cream. Repeated application of all five preparations induced a mild erythema reaction in most subjects. This type of reaction was interpreted as the “skin fatigue” described by Draize (1955). It occurred most frequently with the commercially available vaginal cream which has had an acceptable seven-year market history. None of the 51 subjects challenged with the five preparations tested reacted with edema, vesiculation, eczematization, or pruritus indicative of sensitization.
Risk of Injury and Fatality in Single Vehicle Rollover Crashes: Danger for the Front Seat Occupant in the “Outside Arc”

Background: Rollover crashes are responsible for a large portion of motor vehicle occupant injuries and fatalities. Objectives: To examine if there is an increased risk of injury or death for either front seat occupant depending on the direction the vehicle rolled over. Methods: Between 1992 and 2002, crash data were collected and analyzed from the National Accident Sampling System Crashworthiness Data System (NASS/CDS) database of police reported tow-away crashes in the United States. These data were limited to information concerning single vehicle crashes with right or left initial rollover, in which both driver and front seat passenger were present and secured with lap-shoulder belts. The “outside arc” occupant was defined as the occupant who underwent the greatest degree of initial rotational torque during the rollover. Crashes involving sport utility vehicles (SUVs) were further evaluated for risks of injury or death based on the direction of the initial rollover. The location of roof crush and the types of injuries were also analyzed for these rollovers. This weighted database allows for the calculation of mortality and injury prevalence in the population. Results: There was a significantly higher fatality rate for outside arc occupants than inside arc occupants in rollover crashes. The weighted percentage fatality for the occupant on the outside arc for all classes of light passenger vehicles was 0.38%, while the percentage fatality for the occupant on the inside arc was 0.23% (odds ratio [OR], 1.64; p = 0.04). As a subgroup, the SUV class showed a weighted outside arc fatality percentage of 0.23%, while the inside arc fatality percentage was 0.02% (OR, 10.69; p = 0.06). Additionally, in SUVs, the weighted percentage having an Injury Severity Score of 9–75 was 0.99% for the outside arc passengers but only 0.19% for the inside arc passengers (OR, 5.42; p = 0.04). Roof crush was located more commonly on the outside arc of the rollovers than on the inside arc (42% vs. 26.3%; p < 0.01). There was a trend toward increased head and neck injuries in the fatal rollover crashes when compared with fatalities in the entire NASS/CDS database (91% vs. 58%; p = 0.06). Conclusions: The risk of death for outside arc occupants was higher than for inside arc occupants in rollovers. In addition, outside arc occupants in SUV rollover crashes were more likely to incur moderate or severe traumatic injuries. Roof crush occurs more commonly on the outside arc, and head and neck injuries were more prevalent in rollover crashes.
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-induced lipid peroxidation in hepatic and extrahepatic tissues of male and female rats.

The effect of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)2 administration to rats on lipid peroxidation (microsomal malondialdehyde formation and hepatic malondialdehyde content) was determined by the thiobarbituric acid method. The results demonstrate that dose and time-dependent lipid peroxidation occurs in hepatic as well as extrahepatic tissues. A 3–4 fold increase in hepatic lipid peroxidation was observed following the oral administration of TCDD. Lipid peroxidation also increases in other tissues as kidney and thymus, which are target tissues of TCDD. Sex differences exist with respect to the induction of lipid peroxidation by TCDD. A greater and more rapid induction of hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) formation in response to TCDD is observed in female rats. When using arachidonic acid as an oxidizable substrate, more MDA was formed with hepatic, kidney and testes microsomes from TCDD-treated rats as compared to microsomes from control animals. No difference was found in the iron content of whole liver following TCDD administration. However, a 47% increase occurred in hepatic mitochondrial iron content, while a 52% decrease was observed in microsomal iron content per mg protein. The addition of ferrous ion to microsomes from control and treated animals resulted in a proportionally greater increase in MDA formation by control microsomes. Desferrioxamine addition to microsomes from control and TCDD-treated rats resulted in a decrease in MDA formation to the same basal level. The increase in MDA production by microsomes from TCDD-treated rats may be due, in part, to an increase in free ferrous ion.
Noninvasive Imaging of Lipid Nanoparticle–Mediated Systemic Delivery of Small-Interfering RNA to the Liver

Mouse models with liver-specific expression of firefly luciferase were developed that enable a noninvasive and longitudinal assessment of small-interfering RNA (siRNA)–mediated gene silencing in hepatocytes of live animals via bioluminescence imaging. Using these models, a set of lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) with different compositions of cationic lipids, polyethylene glycol (PEG), and cholesterol, were tested for their abilities in delivering a luciferase siRNA to the liver via systemic administration. A dose-dependent luciferase knockdown by LNP/siRNA assemblies was measured by in vivo bioluminescence imaging, which correlated well with the results from parallel ex vivo analyses of luciferase mRNA and protein levels in the liver. RNA interference (RNAi)–mediated target silencing was further confirmed by the detection of RNAi-specific target mRNA cleavage. A single dose of LNP02L at 3 mg/kg (siRNA) caused 90% reduction of luciferase expression and the target repression lasted for at least 10 days. With identical components, LNPs containing 2% PEG are more potent than those with 5.4% PEG. Our results demonstrate that these liver-luciferase mouse models provide a powerful tool for a high-throughput evaluation of hepatic delivery platforms by noninvasive imaging and that the molar ratio of PEG lipid can affect the efficacy of LNPs in silencing liver targets via systemic administration.
Power Profile Obfuscation Using Nanoscale Memristive Devices to Counter DPA Attacks

Side channel attacks (SCAs), such as differential power analysis (DPA), are considered as one of the most competent attacks to obtain the secure key of a cryptographic algorithm. Conventional countermeasures for DPAs are focused on hiding and masking techniques at different levels of design abstraction, associated with high power or area cost. However, emerging technologies such as resistive random access memory (RRAM), offer unique opportunities to mitigate SCAs/DPAs with their inherent device characteristics such as variability in write time, ultra low power (0.1–3 pJ/bit), and high density ( $4F^2$ ). In this research, DPA attacks are mitigated by obfuscating the power profile using inverse RRAM modules. The state memory transaction power traces are balanced when the inverse memory is accessed in tandem with the memory module based on a peripheral balancing logic block. A baseline RTL architecture for the 128-bit AES cryptoprocessor is designed and implemented in CMOS technology. Balancing using RRAM and CMOS memory modules is compared against this baseline architecture. A customized simulation framework is developed for extracting the power traces using Synopsys and Cadence tool suites along with a Hamming weight DPA attack module implemented in Python. The attack mounted on the baseline architectures was successful and the full key was recovered. However, DPA attacks mounted on the inverse CMOS and RRAM-based AES cryptoprocessor yielded unsuccessful results with no keys recovered, demonstrating the resiliency of the proposed architecture against DPA attacks. More importantly, the power consumed with the RRAM balancing logic block is one order lower than the corresponding pure CMOS implementation.
Evolution of Porosity and Morphology in Alkylene-Bridged Polysilsesquioxane Xerogels as a Function of Gel Aging Time

Aging of silica gels before drying is known to result in significant changes in xerogel morphology, porosity and properties. In this study, the influence of aging gels on the porosity and morphology of alkylene-bridged polysilsesquioxane xerogels was examined. Gels of hexylene-, heptylene, octylene, nonylene, and decylene-bridged polysilsesquioxanes were prepared by the sol-gel polymerization of the respective bis(trimethoxysilyl)alkane monomers under acidic or basic conditions in methanol and in tetrahydrofuran. The gels were aged 3, 7, 14, 28, 35, 42, 49, and 56 days before drying to afford xerogels. The xerogels were characterized by nitrogen sorption porosimetry. Xerogels prepared in THF were non-porous. Those prepared and aged under basic conditions in methanol or tetrahydrofuran exhibited coarsening of porosity with aging time. With the exception of the hexylene-bridged gels, those prepared and aged in acidic methanol showed little change with aging. The surface area of the hexylene-bridged xerogels nearly tripled with aging times of up to several weeks, then decreased, for the gels aged for more than two weeks, to around 100 meters squared per gram.
Cloning and Characterization of ELL-associated Proteins EAP45 and EAP20 A ROLE FOR YEAST EAP-LIKE PROTEINS IN REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION BY GLUCOSE

RNA polymerase II elongation factor ELL was recently purified from rat liver as a component of a multiprotein complex containing ELL and three ELL-associated proteins (EAPs) of approximately 45 (EAP45), approximately 30 (EAP30), and approximately 20 (EAP20) kDa (Shilatifard, A. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273, 11212-11217). Cloning of cDNA encoding the EAP30 protein revealed that it shares significant sequence similarity with the product of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae SNF8 gene (Schmidt, A. E., Miller, T., Schmidt, S. L., Shiekhattar, R., and Shilatifard, A. (1999) J. Biol. Chem. 274, 21981-21985), which is required for efficient derepression of glucose-repressed genes. Here we report the cloning of cDNAs encoding the EAP45 and EAP20 proteins. In addition, we identify the S. cerevisiae VPS36 and YJR102c genes as potential orthologs of EAP45 and EAP20 and show that they are previously uncharacterized SNF genes with properties very similar to SNF8.
Framework for developing a regional system architecture for intelligent transportation systems

Defining an architecture for intelligent transportation systems (ITS) at the regional level, where most ITS deployment occurs, is constrained by jurisdictional, institutional, financial, political, and regulatory factors. These constraints provide opportunities for the architecture that go beyond its traditional role as a guiding tool for technology implementation to a newer role of reorienting institutional relationships. An architecture development approach is proposed that considers regional transportation needs and characteristics so as to increase the benefits from implementing ITS locally. It also provides a new way of thinking about the importance of the National ITS System Architecture in the context of regional ITS deployments. The development approach was tested by considering how regional architectures in New York, Boston, and Houston address regional needs. Findings and implications of the regional ITS architectures of the case study areas are presented.
Silicon Nitride–Silicon Carbide Nancocomposites Fabricated by Electric-Field-Assisted Sintering

Starting with Si-C-N(-O) amorphous powders, and using the electric field assisted sintering (EFAS) technique, silicon nitride/silicon carbide nanocomposites were fabricated with yttria as an additive. It was found that the material could be sintered in a relatively short time (10 min at 1600°C) to satisfactory densities (2.96-3.09 g/cm 3 ) using 1-8 wt% yttria. With decreasing yttria content, the ratio of SiC to Si 3 N 4 increased, whereas the grain size decreased from ∼150 nm to as small as 38 nm. This offers an attractive way to make nano-nanocomposites of silicon nitride and silicon carbide.
Family and friendship informal support networks and social anxiety disorder among African Americans and Black Caribbeans.

This study explores relationships between Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) and quality and frequency of involvement with family and friends. Data are from a nationally representative sample of African American and Black Caribbean adults (n = 5191), the National Survey of American Life. SAD was assessed using the DSM-IV World Mental Health Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Findings indicated that among both populations, close supportive ties with family members and friends are protective against meeting criteria for SAD. Negative interactions with family (e.g., conflicts), however, are a risk factor for SAD among both African Americans and Black Caribbeans. For African Americans, an interaction indicates that the relationship between negative interaction and social anxiety is much stronger among African Americans who are not emotionally close to their families. For Caribbean Blacks, an interaction suggests that the odds of meeting criteria for SAD were higher among Black Caribbeans who had high negative interaction with family as well as low levels of friendship closeness. The cross-sectional nature of the study does not allow for causal attributions for findings. This study demonstrates that SAD may impact black ethnic subgroups differently, which has important implications for understanding the nature, etiology, and treatment of this disorder.
Laws of the Iterated Logarithm for Triple Intersections of Three Dimensional Random Walks

Let $X = X_n, X' = X'_n$, and $X'' = X''_n$, $n\geq 1$, be three independent copies of a symmetric three dimensional random walk with $E(|X_1|^{2}\log_+ |X_1|)$ finite. In this paper we study the asymptotics of $I_n$, the number of triple intersections up to step $n$ of the paths of $X, X'$ and $X''$ as $n$ goes to infinity. Our main result says that the limsup of $I_n$ divided by $\log (n) \log_3 (n)$ is equal to $1 \over \pi |Q|$, a.s., where $Q$ denotes the covariance matrix of $X_1$. A similar result holds for $J_n$, the number of points in the triple intersection of the ranges of $X, X'$ and $X''$ up to step $n$.
Gender-specific differences in the urinary expression of aldosterone, IL-1α and IL-1β.

Aims: This pilot investigation examined the possibility of using urine specimens to explore the difference between the expression of several biomarkers based on gender. These biomarkers include several associated with cardiac damage, oxidative stress and inflammation. Materials & methods: Urine specimens were assayed for total protein, aldosterone, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, myeloperoxidase and IL-1α and -1β using ELISA. Results: We observed significant differences between the sexes for aldosterone and IL-1α and -1β. Conclusion: The presence of gender-based differences in the urinary expression of these biomarkers may be important for establishing normal baseline values in males and females, and may prove to be of value in the development of rapid noninvasive ways to assess inflammatory and oxidative injury during routine urinalysis.
The Zilcha criterion for dynamic inefficiency

This paper reexamines the condition $E\{\ln r\} < \ln $ (1 + n), which Zilcha (1991) presents as a necessary and sufficient condition for dynamic inefficiency of stationary allocations in overlapping generation models with stochastic production. We show that this condition is necessary but not sufficient for a stationary allocation to be dynamically inefficient by Zilcha’s definition. We also show that there is a narrow but widely studied class of specifications in which the Zilcha test is both necessary and sufficient for dynamic inefficiency of stationary competitive equilibrium allocations. Outside this class, however, counterexamples can be constructed relatively easily.
Impingement Air Cooling With Synthetic Jets Over Small and Large Heated Surfaces

Increasing heat loads and the need for improving natural convection heat transfer has brought micro fluidic technology into the thermal management of electronics. A maximum air velocity of 90 m/s from an 800 μm hydraulic diameter orifice was achieved through specially designed synthetic jets. The resonance frequency for a particular jet was determined through the effect of exit velocity magnitude, as well as power consumption. During the experiments, the operating frequency for the jet was varied between 3000 and 5000 Hz. Heat transfer augmentation experiments were performed on two heaters with different sizes to understand the size effect. A microscopic infrared thermal imaging technique was used to acquire fine scale temperature measurements. While an earlier study focused on a heater with a surface area of 160 mm2 , the current study used a heater with a surface area of 1450 mm2 , which is approximately 9 times larger. The effect of jet-location, driving-voltage, frequency and heater-power were studied during the experiments. A heat transfer coefficient enhancement over natural convection of 10 times, with the smaller heater, and 5 times, with the larger heater was measured. This paper was also originally published as part of the Proceedings of the ASME 2005 Heat Transfer Summer Conference.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Magnetohydrodynamic modeling of the solar corona

The ideal and resistive magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model is used to examine the dynamics and structure of the solar corona. When the coronal magnetic field is deformed by photospheric flow it can evolve to states that become unstable to ideal MHD modes. The nonlinear evolution of these instabilities can lead to the generation of current sheets, field line reconnection, and energy release. The disruption of an arcade field and the kinking of coronal loops is described. The braiding of the large-scale coronal field by convective photospheric motions develops fine-scale structure in the magnetic field and leads to the development of intense current filaments. The resistive dissipation of these currents can provide an efficient coronal heating mechanism.
Evaluating students in systems development group projects

Evaluating students in group projects is difficult. Both the end products of the group and the individual contributions of each group member must be evaluated in a fair manner. This paper will describe a set of evaluation procedures for a systems development group project. The procedures have three main features. First, the procedures structure the evaluation by partitioning the project grading into small components. Second the procedures incorporate the use of grading sheets for the group documentation at each project milestone. Third, the procedures provide for an interaction between the performance of the group and the performance of individual students in determining each individual's project grade. These procedures provide periodic feedback, allow students to clearly see how the project evaluation will be done, and encourage some objectivity and consistency in the grading process.
Changes in Rhinovirus Protein 2C Allow Efficient Replication in Mouse Cells

Rhinovirus type 16 was found to replicate in mouse L cells that express the viral receptor, human intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1). However, infection of these cells at a low multiplicity of infection leads to no discernible cytopathic effect, and low virus titers are produced. A variant virus, 16/L, was isolated after alternate passage of rhinovirus 16 between HeLa and ICAM-1 L cells. Infection of mouse cells with 16/L leads to higher virus titers, increased production of RNA, and total cytopathic effect. Three amino acid changes were identified in the P2 region of virus 16/L, and the adaptation phenotype mapped to two changes in protein 2C. The characterization of a rhinovirus host range mutant will facilitate the investigation of cellular proteins required for efficient viral growth and the development of a murine model for rhinovirus infection.