cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The diversity of bacteria, eukaryotic cells and viruses in an oligotrophic lake

An in situ transmission electron microscopic study of biomass samples concentrated from oligotrophic lake water revealed a variety of virus-infected microbial cells and many free viruses and virus-like particles. The most abundant group of microorganisms in screened and filtered water-column samples were 2 μm or less in diameter, and included representatives of several oligotrophic genera, Prosthecomicrobium, Ancyclobacter, Caulobacter and Hyphomicrobium. Among the prokaryotic host cells, which included both heterotrophs and autotrophs, on the basis of electron microscope observations, approximately 17% were infected with bacteriophage or bore adherent phage particles on their surfaces. Several bacterial morphotypes were observed among the prokaryotic hosts. Water samples passed through a 20-μm Nitex screen allowed us to concentrate and examine the larger host cells as well, including several species of single-celled algae and two amoeba species. The infected algal cells included those Chlorella-like in appearance, photosynthetic flagellates and others that could not be positively identified. About one-third of the eukaryotic cells were infected by viruses that were larger (150–200 nm) and structurally more complex than bacteriophages (50–60 nm). None of the viruses have been isolated, but when 0.2 μm filtrate from a biomass sample was spotted onto lawns of four representative heterotrophs and a Chlorella, the clearing observed was taken as evidence of lysis. Cyanobacterial lawns showed no plaques. Thin sections of two amoeba showed food vacuoles containing what appeared to be virus particles of a type seen in certain prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells in the biomass.
Curvature effect on steady detonation wave

Abstract For the reactive Euler equations the analog of a shock wave is a detonation wave. Unlike a shock, in more than one dimension the wave speed of an underdriven diverging detonation depends on the curvature of the front. This property plays an important role in the steady state propagation of a detonation wave in a rate stick. We relate the diameter effect and failure diameter to the detonation velocity as a function of curvature. The boundary condition which express the confinement of the rate stick is determined by a shock polar analysis.
Two antigenically distinguishable subclasses of human A myeloma proteins differing in their heavy chains.

Two Antigenically Distinguishable Subclasses of Human A Myeloma Proteins differing in their Heavy Chains
“Those Who Labor for My Happiness”: Slavery at Thomas Jefferson's Monticello

Those Who Labor for My Happiness collects essays written between 1993 and 2010 by Lucia “Cinder” Stanton, the now retired Senior Historian at Thomas Jefferson’s Monticello. Although most have appea...
An Impregnation Model for the Preparation of Thermoplastic Prepregs

The penetration of the polymeric melt into the fine interstices (typically of the order of a few microns or less) between the fibers of a thermoplastic prepreg depends upon the shape, volume fraction and geometry of packing of the fibers, the rheology of the polymeric melt and the interfacial surface tension. A model for preimpregnation would help determine optimal processing variables. In this paper the methods currently used to prepare thermoplastic prepregs are briefly reviewed and a preimpregnation model (which is generic to most processes involving melt impregnation) for describing the flow of resin into fiber-tows is developed. Such flows are usually modelled using Darcy's Law, but the approach of this paper represents an improvement in that empirical parameters (like permeability) are not required and detailed flow profiles can also be calculated. The effect of different geometries of packing on processing variables (fiber spacing, impregnation time, pressure drop) and flow characteristics (velocit...
Oil interests and the law of the sea: The case of the philippines

Abstract In March 1976, after almost eighty years of unsuccessful oil exploration in the Philippines, a significant quantity of oil was discovered offshore and northwest of the island of Palawan in the South China Sea. Subsequent development of a commercially producing oil field there has stimulated renewed interest and investment in the development of her indigenous oil potential, both offshore and onshore. National interest in oil has become so great that the Philippines has intensified exploration efforts in highly disputed areas of the South China Sea, based on minimal geological evidence of hydrocarbon potential there, and despite strong protests from the other nations that hold conflicting territorial claims in that region. These efforts have been accompanied by extension of Philippine claims, occupation, and control over marine territory and resources in the disputed area. The Philippine bases for these actions are reviewed and several scenarios are explored as to how the Philippine oil interests m...
Institutionalized child abuse: The use of child soldiers

EnglishIn this article the practice of using child soldiers is examined in the light of the structural elements that facilitate and perpetuate this form of institutionalized child abuse. Based on n...
The Use of Staple-Line Reinforcement During Laparoscopic Gastric Bypass

Divided linear staple-lines are a mainstay of gastrointestinal surgery, and in particular, bariatric surgery. Staple-line failure, although uncommon, can result in significant morbidity and even mortality. Staple-line buttressing has been developed to improve staple-line strength, decrease bleeding and minimize the risk of leak. Many different products are currently available. However, most have not been proven in clinical trials. Bovine pericardial strips (BPS) are a buttressing material that fits onto the stapler device and gets "stapled" onto the tissue when the device is fired. The strips add thickness and potentially strength to the staple-line. Animal research has shown that staple-lines incorporated with BPS had higher burst pressures than those without. Human experience has suggested that BPS decreased the risk of acute staple-line failures in laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. This report reviews the clinical and research experience with this product.
Carcass Composition and Production Criteria of Surgical Capons As Affected by Nutrition

Abstract Three strains of broiler type cockerels were used to evaluate capon rations. The three experiments involved different (1) protein levels, (2) energy levels and (3) feeding programs for surgically caponized birds. Among birds fed 14, 16, 18 and 20 percent protein, there was no significant difference in final weight, efficiency of feed utilization or muscle composition. The 14-percent group had a greater incidence of breast blisters. When diets with productive energy:protein ratios of 50:1, 55:1, 61:1 and 67:1 were fed, there was a significant increase in weight gains and efficiency of feed utilization, as the ratio increased. Also, as energy increased, moisture decreased in the breast and thigh muscles. Fat increased in the thigh muscle only, and protein was not affected. There was no consistent effect of energy level on the breast blister condition. The third trial, involving full-feeding, limit-feeding (manual and restricting caloric intake) and finishing diets, resulted in slightly better gain and efficiency with manual limit-feeding than with any of the other methods. This group did have the highest incidence of breast blisters, but the overall effect of these methods of feeding was inconsistent. It was concluded that 16 percent protein is adequate in capon rations after 6 weeks of age. An energy:protein ratio of at least 60:1 with a restricted feeding program was suggested by these trials. It also was concluded that diet or feeding program has little effect on the breast blister condition. In all three trials, mortality was not affected by any of the treatments.
Micronutrient malnutrition and the pathogenesis of malarial anemia

Malaria is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and anemia is a common and sometimes serious complication of Plasmodium falciparum infection. Although micronutrient malnutrition is usually highly prevalent in malaria endemic areas, the contribution of micronutrient deficiencies to malarial anemia is often overlooked. Recent investigation suggests that micronutrients such as vitamin A, vitamin E, and zinc, may improve the morbidity of malaria through immune modulation and alteration of oxidative stress. Micronutrients are also involved in the pathogenesis of anemia and likely play a role in malarial anemia, but many clinical trials have not specifically addressed the impact of micronutrient supplementation on malarial anemia. Further work is needed to assess the effect of both clinic and community-based micronutrient interventions on malarial anemia in infants, children, and pregnant women.
A Distraction Technique for Control of Burn Pain

Research has indicated that analgesics alone do not adequately relieve pain for 75% of patients with burns. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a distraction therapy, in which videos were used in combination with administration of analgesics, on intensity and quality of pain and on levels of anxiety in adults during burn dressing changes. The sample consisted of 17 patients who were randomly assigned to the treatment or the control group. The treatment group viewed video programs that were composed of scenic beauty accompanied by music. Each was asked to score his or her present pain intensity and pain rating index with the McGill questionnaire and anxiety with the Spielberger questionnaire before and after the dressing change. A nested general linear model using the "F" test in multiple regression analysis was adjusted for age, percent partial-thickness burn, and choice of topical agent demonstrated that the use of videos during the dressing changes significantly reduced pain and anxiety: present pain intensity (F = 8.69; p = 0.01), pain rating index (F = 5.57; p = 0.03), anxiety (F = 9.10; p = 0.01). It is recommended that the use of pain medication be augmented by use of videos during burn dressing changes.
Catalytic upgrading of the light fraction of a simulated bio-oil over CeZrOx catalyst

Abstract We present a catalytic strategy to upgrade the light fraction of a simulated bio-oil, consisting of acetic acid, acetol, and furfural. The acid content of the feed was significantly reduced by ketonization at 623 K over a ceria–zirconia (CeZrOx) mixed oxide catalyst. The presence of furfural decreased the ketonization activity; however, it was possible to regain the initial catalytic activity by removal of furfural from the feed. Acetol was highly reactive over the mixed oxide, and its presence did not influence the ketonization activity. The results from reaction kinetics measurements for conversion of acetol suggest that the primary products are pyruvaldehyde and 1,2-propylene glycol formed by transfer hydrogenation. These two primary products then undergo reactions in series and parallel to produce an array of C3–C6 carbonyl compounds, constituting an upgraded intermediate feed appropriate for further processing steps to obtain transportation fuel components.
Distributed application tamper detection via continuous software updates

We present a new general technique for protecting clients in distributed systems against Remote Man-at-the-end (R-MATE) attacks. Such attacks occur in settings where an adversary has physical access to an untrusted client device and can obtain an advantage from tampering with the hardware itself or the software it contains.In our system, the trusted server overwhelms the analytical abilities of the untrusted client by continuously and automatically generating and pushing to him diverse client code variants. The diversity subsystem employs a set of primitive code transformations that provide an ever-changing attack target for the adversary, making tampering difficult without this being detected by the server.
Early failure of the porous coated anatomic cemented unicompartmental knee arthroplasty

Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) is performed less frequently than total (tricompartmental) knee arthroplasty (TKA). This study examined the range of presenting symptoms and usefulness of diagnostic tests to determine the failure mode; the outcome of surgical revision of failed UKA is also reported. From a consecutive prospective series of 43 Porous Coated Anatomic (Howmedica, Rutherford, NJ) UKAs performed between 1985 and 1992 and followed for an average of 64 months, 12 cases have come to revision surgery (28%). The average time to failure was 37 months. Symptoms preceded revision surgery by an average of 10 months. The most common presenting symptom was pain (100%), followed by swelling (92%), reduced range of motion (42%), instability (42%), and clicking (17%). Failure was caused by polyethylene wear in 50%, loosening of the femoral component in 42%, and progression of patellofemoral arthritis in one patient. The combination of single leg standing anteroposterior radiographs and supine lateral radiographs detected most causes of UKA failure. A bone scan was confirmatory in every case of suspected loosening of the femoral component. Arthroscopy diagnosed polyethylene wear in two cases and progression of joint arthritis in one case and was not helpful in one case. Revision surgery was done with primary TKA components, and follow-up periods averaged 27 months. Bone stock deficiency was found in 58%, but required bone-grafting in only one case. Revision surgery successfully restored pain-free function and range of motion in all cases. Two-year postrevision Hospital for Special Surgery scores are equal to those for primary TKA. Survivorship analysis showed a 33% failure rate at 57 months after Porous Coated Anatomic UKA when revision was the endpoint and a 41% failure rate when unsatisfactory clinical status was the endpoint. Regular follow-up evaluation is suggested for the Porous Coated Anatomic UKA.
The Pathogenicity of Rothia dentocariosa Inoculated into Mice

A total of 32 mice received 0.3 ml injections of light suspensions of Rothia dentocariosa in the right thigh. Ten mice served as controls. Histologic studies demonstrated abscess formation at all experimental sites with healing at day 35. Bacteriologic samples taken up to day 13 provided live cultures.
The response of straight and circular fins to fluid temperature changes

Abstract Analytical expressions are developed to describe the transient response of a straight fin when changes occur in the temperature of the surrounding fluid. Initially, the fins may have the temperature of the surrounding fluid or they may be at some steady state. Results are presented for step and sinusoidal changes in the fluid temperature, but it is also shown how to simply extend the model so as to cover the cases when the fin is subjected to linear and higher order changes of fluid temperature. It was shown that the rate of heat removal is not enhanced by subjecting a fin to a periodically changing fluid temperature as opposed to a steady average temperature.
Asymptotic distributions of the sphericity test in a complex multivariate normal distribution

In this paper, asymptotic expansions of the null and non-null distributions of the sphericity test criterion in the case of a complex multivariate normal distribution are obtained for the first time in terms of beta distributions. In the null case, it is found that the accuracy of the approximation by taking the first term alone in the asymptotic series is sufficient for practical purposes. In fact for p - 2. the asymptotic expansion reduces to the first term which is also the exact distribution in this case. Applications of the results to the area of inferences on multivariate time series are also given.
Studies of solution deposited cerium oxide thin films on textured Ni-alloy substrates for YBCO superconductor

Cerium oxide (CeO{sub 2}) buffer layers play an important role for the development of YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7-x} (YBCO) based superconducting tapes using the rolling assisted biaxially textured substrates (RABiTS) approach. The chemical solution deposition (CSD) approach has been used to grow epitaxial CeO{sub 2} films on textured Ni-3 at.% W alloy substrates with various starting precursors of ceria. Precursors such as cerium acetate, cerium acetylacetonate, cerium 2-ethylhexanoate, cerium nitrate, and cerium trifluoroacetate were prepared in suitable solvents. The optimum growth conditions for these cerium precursors were Ar-4% H{sub 2} gas processing atmosphere, solution concentration levels of 0.2-0.5 M, a dwell time of 15 min, and a process temperature range of 1050-1150 deg. C. X-ray diffraction, AFM, SEM, and optical microscopy were used to characterize the CeO{sub 2} films. Highly textured CeO{sub 2} layers were obtained on Ni-W substrates with both cerium acetate and cerium acetylacetonate as starting precursors. YBCO films with a J {sub c} of 1.5 MA/cm{sup 2} were obtained on cerium acetylacetonate-based CeO{sub 2} films with sputtered YSZ and CeO{sub 2} cap layers.
Cantor: an actor programming system for scientific computing

The programming notation Cantor is a research tool used at Caltech for ongoing experiments with fine-grain message-passing concurrent computers called multicomputers. Cantor is an actor-based language, and its semantics conform to the actor model of computation, as described by Agha [1]. A computation is expressed as a collection of objects that execute concurrently, and that synchronize and share data exclusively by message passing. The delivery of a message to an object causes the object to react to the message by first consuming the message, and then sending zero or more messages, creating zero or more new objects, and possibly modifying the local state of the object. These three fundamental operations correspond to the send, new, and become operations of actor semantics. Because message delivery is the only event that causes the global state of a computation to change, Cantor programs are said to be message driven. Message passing in Cantor is asynchronous and buffered, and message order is preserved between pairs of directly communicating objects. The only prerequisite for sending a message between two objects is that the sending object must contain a reference to the destination object. The concept of reference is captured in Cantor by the built-in data type, called reference. A data value of type reference is generated whenever a new object is created; this value can be shared between objects through message passing.
Development of diabetes mellitus post–renal transplantation is associated with poor short-term clinical outcomes

Abstract Background Although posttransplant diabetes mellitus (PTDM) is associated with poor long-term outcomes short-term outcomes are not well studied in renal transplant recipients (RTRs). Methods RTRs between January 1999 and December 2000 ( n = 181) stratified according to the occurrence of diabetes mellitus (DM), namely, non-DM ( n = 72), previous DM ( n = 88), and PTDM ( n = 21) were compared for infections, hospital readmissions, and graft rejections during the first 6 months posttransplantation. Results PTDM showed patients affected by a significantly higher rate of infections (57.1% vs 29.2%) and recurrent infections (28.5% vs 11.1%) compared to non-DM and a trend toward an increase compared to previous DM. PTDM patients had a significantly higher incidence of multiple readmissions compared to both previous DM (52.4% vs 20.5%) and non-DM (52.4% vs 23.6%). Subjects with PTDM showed a significantly higher occurrence of rejection (28.6% vs 9.1%) and recurrent rejection (14.3% vs 2.3%) than previous DM and a greater trend compared to non-DM. Conclusion PTDM is associated with poorer short-term outcomes than either non-DM or previous DM.
Tiling among stereotyped dendritic branches in an identified Drosophila motoneuron

Different types of neurons can be distinguished by the specific targeting locations and branching patterns of their dendrites, which form the blueprint for wiring the brain. Unraveling which specific signals control different aspects of dendritic architecture, such as branching and elongation, pruning and cessation of growth, territory formation, tiling, and self-avoidance requires a quantitative comparison in control and genetically manipulated neurons. The highly conserved shapes of individually identified Drosophila neurons make them well suited for the analysis of dendritic architecture principles. However, to date it remains unclear how tightly dendritic architecture principles of identified central neurons are regulated. This study uses quantitative reconstructions of dendritic architecture of an identified Drosophila flight motoneuron (MN5) with a complex dendritic tree, comprising more than 4,000 dendritic branches and 6 mm total length. MN5 contains a fixed number of 23 dendritic subtrees, which tile into distinct, nonoverlapping volumes of the diffuse motor neuropil. Across-animal comparison and quantitative analysis suggest that tiling of the different dendritic subtrees of the same neuron is caused by competitive and repulsive interactions among subtrees, perhaps allowing different dendritic compartments to be connected to different circuit elements. We also show that dendritic architecture is similar among different wildtype and GAL4 driver fly lines. Metric and topological dendritic architecture features are sufficiently constant to allow for studies of the underlying control mechanisms by genetic manipulations. Dendritic territory and certain topological measures, such as tree compactness, are most constant, suggesting that these reflect the intrinsic molecular identity of the neuron. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:2169–2185, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Wound complications after in situ bypass

Abstract In situ saphenous vein bypass presents unique problems in wound management. A retrospective analysis of wound complications occurring after in situ bypass was undertaken in 93 patients who had 98 operations. For purposes of statistical analysis, only the first procedure was considered in patients having bilateral bypass. Fifty-nine percent of patients were male, the average age was 69 years. Medical risk factors surveyed included diabetes (64%), hypertension (52%), and smoking (53%). Ninety-one percent of the procedures were done for limb salvage; the mean ankle-brachial index was 0.43. Sixty percent of bypasses were infrapopliteal, and the mean duration of surgery was 4.6 hours. Continuous incision was used to expose the vein in 59% of cases. Skin closure was effected with staples in 44% and with sutures or both in the remainder. The mean postoperative hospital stay was 27 days. Wound problems developed in 31 cases; 11 of which were major. The thigh was the most common location. There was a significant association between continuous incision and anterior tibial bypass and wound complications. Anterior tibial bypass and staple closure were found to be independent predictors of wound problems with the use of stepwise logistic regression. Postoperative hospital stay was significantly prolonged; two bypasses failed and three lower extremities were amputated because of incisional complications. A discussion of the technical aspects of wound management is presented.
The normal force exerted by creeping flow on a small sphere touching a plane

The hydrodynamic force experienced by a small solid sphere of radius ap resting on a solid plane wall in axisymmetric stagnation flow, , or in planar stagnation flow, v∞ = Ω(−z2iz + 2zxix), is computed on the basis of Stokes’ creeping flow equations. In both cases, as well as for any flow whose z component of velocity is −Ωz2, this force is found to be Fz = − 60·87μΩap3, where μ is the viscosity of the fluid. The uniform flow parallel to the line of centres of two touching spheres of arbitrary radii is also solved.
Vanadium Nitrogenase Reduces CO

Vanadium nitrogenase not only reduces dinitrogen to ammonia but also reduces carbon monoxide to ethylene, ethane, and propane. The parallelism between the two reactions suggests a potential link in mechanism and evolution between the carbon and nitrogen cycles on Earth.
Development of PCR-based markers linked to quantitative resistance to late blight in a diploid hybrid potato population of solanum phureja x S. stenotomum

A diploid hybrid Solanum phureja x S. stenotomum population that has shown relatively high levels of quantitative resistance to late blight was used to develop polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based markers for marker-assisted selection (MAS) of disease resistance in potato breeding. Two random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers, OPA03576 and OPA17559, were identified as being linked to partial resistance. OPA03576 was found to be associated in coupling phase while OPA17559 showed association in repulsion phase to resistance. These two markers, together with previously developed amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, were incorporated into an existing restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)-based chromosomal linkage map of this S. phureja x S. stenotomum population. Linkage analysis located the OPA17559 marker on chromosome III, 12 cM away from a major quantitative trait locus (QTL) that explained 23.4% of the total phenotypic variation for late blight resistance. Marker OPA03576 was located in the distal region of chromosome XII where several resistance genes are found clustered. A third PCR-based marker, GP198F-1, derived from the original RFLP marker GP198, was linked to the late blight resistance QTL on chromosome III that explained 23.4% of the total phenotypic variation in this population. The three PCR-based markers were used to screen for their presence in the mapping population and high correlations between the presence of these markers and late blight resistance were found. Our results suggest that these markers may be useful for MAS of late blight resistance in potato breeding programs.
Software infrastructure for prototyping evolving manufacturing control architecture

Control architectures for manufacturing span a broad range of categories from hierarchical at one extreme to purely hierarchical on the other. Such range covers broad spectrum of solutions, from quasi-hierarchical structures to self-organizing systems. This paper describes an agent-based framework that provides the tools and components for implementing a self-organizing system which blends the advantages of hierarchical and hierarchical architectures. Typical components include, for example, a generic agent for encapsulation of machine-level control, a configurable decision process for the agents, hierarchical or hierarchical control frameworks. Use of these predefined components enables rapid prototyping and instantiation of system-level control.
Automated Classification of Deep-Sea Sediments

ABSTRACT Meaningful synthesis of results from the Deep Sea Drilling Project is inhibited by the extreme variability of the data. An automated scheme to bring uniformity to the basic lithologic data is described and results of its application are discussed.
New technologies for diabetes: a review of the present and the future

This review summarizes the technologies in use and in the pipeline for the management of diabetes. The review focuses on glucose meters, continuous glucose monitoring devices, insulin pumps, and getting clinicians connected to technologies. All information presented can be found in the public domain, and was obtained from journal articles, websites, product review tables in patient publications, and professional conferences. The technology concerns, ongoing development and future trends in this area are also discussed.
Thermal radiation measurements in summer and winter Alaskan climates

Thermal characteristics of the summer and winter Alaskan climates were evaluated by two methods: (1) direct measurement of solar and low-temperature radiation exchange by means of the panradiometer (an absolute radiation-measuring device described briefly) and by computation from the measured values, the mean radiant temperature of the environment; and (2) the direct measurement of the mean radiant temperature of the environment with the thermo-radiometer (which instrument and method of use is also described briefly) and by computation from these measurements, the solar contribution to the total radiation. During the summer period, the solar radiant flux occasionally exceeded 800 kg cal/m2 hr. The mean radiant temperature of the environment varied from 8°C to 51°C undergoing large and sometimes rapid changes as the intensity of solar radiation varied with sky cover. During the winter period, the solar radiation attained only ten to 30 pet of the summer intensity. The mean radiant temperature varied from −3°C to −55°C and depended strongly on the radiant temperature of the sky, a concept introduced for simplification of the radiation-exchange problem. The latter temperature was greatly influenced by the water vapor content of the atmosphere.
Acquired Epileptic Aphasia Diagnostic Aspects of Progressive Language Loss in Preschool Children

A case of acquired epileptic aphasia presenting as language delay and hyperactivity is presented and clinical aspects reviewed. Acquired epileptic aphasia is a diffuse neurologic process of unknown etiology that presents in preschool children. Although progressive language loss and seizures are the major manifestations, deficits in attention and socialization may be noted. The electroencephalogram is usually diagnostic. While almost all (80%) children develop seizures, approximately half present as language delay without seizures. Recognition of the progressive and global nature of the language dysfunction may permit earlier diagnosis and intervention.
Review of Determining/Optimizing a Robot’s Process Capability

This paper addresses the problem of robot process capability (RPC) (or performance) testing. The RPC problem is outlined and terms are defined. Recent efforts to measure RPC are reviewed. Because many variables should be considered in determining/optimizing RPC, a sound methodology must be employed.
Regulation of B‐cell entry into the cell cycle

B cells are induced to enter the cell cycle by stimuli including ligation of the B-cell receptor (BCR) complex and Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists. This review discusses the contribution of several molecules, which act at distinct steps in B-cell activation. The adapter molecule Bam32 (B-lymphocyte adapter of 32 kDa) helps promote BCR-induced cell cycle entry, while the secondary messenger superoxide has the opposite effect. Bam32 and superoxide may fine tune BCR-induced activation by competing for the same limited resources, namely Rac1 and the plasma membrane phospholipid PI(3,4)P(2). The co-receptor CD22 can inhibit BCR-induced proliferation by binding to novel CD22 ligands. Finally, regulators of B-cell survival and death also play roles in B-cell transit through the cell cycle. Caspase 6 negatively regulates CD40- and TLR-dependent G(1) entry, while acting later in the cell cycle to promote S-phase entry. Caspase 6 deficiency predisposes B cells to differentiate rather than proliferate after stimulation. Bim, a pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family member, exerts a positive regulatory effect on cell cycle entry, which is opposed by Bcl-2. New insights into what regulates B-cell transit through the cell cycle may lead to thoughtful design of highly selective drugs that target pathogenic B cells.
Interdiffusion and grain isolation in Co/Cr thin films

In this work, interdiffusion and grain isolation in Co/Cr films have been investigated by studying the dependence of the magnetic properties on the substrate preheating temperature as well as on post-deposition annealing processes. By choosing pure Co instead of a Co-alloy, the possibility of grain isolation caused by the segregation of solute atoms from within the magnetic layer has been eliminated. It is found that both post-deposition thermal annealing and substrate preheating can effectively increase the isolation of the Co grains. >
Combined Linkage and Association Mapping of Quantitative Trait Loci by Multiple Markers

Using multiple diallelic markers, variance component models are proposed for high-resolution combined linkage and association mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTL) based on nuclear families. The objective is to build a model that may fully use marker information for fine association mapping of QTL in the presence of prior linkage. The measures of linkage disequilibrium and the genetic effects are incorporated in the mean coefficients and are decomposed into orthogonal additive and dominance effects. The linkage information is modeled in variance-covariance matrices. Hence, the proposed methods model both association and linkage in a unified model. On the basis of marker information, a multipoint interval mapping method is provided to estimate the proportion of allele sharing identical by descent (IBD) and the probability of sharing two alleles IBD at a putative QTL for a sib-pair. To test the association between the trait locus and the markers, both likelihood-ratio tests and F-tests can be constructed on the basis of the proposed models. In addition, analytical formulas of noncentrality parameter approximations of the F-test statistics are provided. Type I error rates of the proposed test statistics are calculated to show their robustness. After comparing with the association between-family and association within-family (AbAw) approach by Abecasis and Fulker et al., it is found that the method proposed in this article is more powerful and advantageous based on simulation study and power calculation. By power and sample size comparison, it is shown that models that use more markers may have higher power than models that use fewer markers. The multiple-marker analysis can be more advantageous and has higher power in fine mapping QTL. As an application, the Genetic Analysis Workshop 12 German asthma data are analyzed using the proposed methods.
Maturational modulation of endothelium-dependent vasodilatation in ovine cerebral arteries

To address the hypothesis that maturation enhances endothelial vasodilator function in cerebral arteries, relaxant responses to ADP and A-23187 were determined in ovine carotid and cerebral arterie...
Actomyosin-like protein in brain: subcellular distribution.

— An actomyosin-like protein (neurostenin) has been isolated from the synaptosomal fraction of bovine and rat brains. A similar protein could not be obtained from the mitochondrial, microsomal, myelin or supernatant fractions. The synaptosomal protein is a Mg2+ -Ca2+ -stimulated ATPase which exhibited the phenomenon of superprecipitation and viscosimetric sensitivity to ATP characteristic of actomyosins. It constituted 8–10 per cent of the total synaptosomal proteins. The protein could be dissociated into actin-like (neurin) and myosin-like (stenin) proteins by ultracentrifugation in sucrose gradients containing KI and ATP. The neurin, as well as muscle actin, stimulated the Mg2+ -ATPase activity of stenin and muscle myosin; the relative viscosities of the mixtures were increased and became sensitive to added ATP. The neurin contained 0.9 mol of 3-methylhistidine per 50,000 g of protein. The presence of these proteins in the synaptosomes suggests the possibility that they participate in nerve-ending functions, e.g. release of transmitter materials.
Asymptotic stability of two-dimensional digital filters with overflow nonlinearities

Lyapunov's second method is used to establish several sufficient conditions for the global asymptotic stability of the trivial solution of 2D quarter plane state-space digital filters which are endowed with a general class of overflow nonlinearities. The authors' results are generalized to a class of m-D (multi-dimensional) digital filters endowed with overflow nonlinearities. Two specific examples are considered to demonstrate the applicability of their results. >
Gasdynamic Measurements for the LASL Intense Neutron Source

Measurements made on a two-dimensional simulation of the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory (LASL) Intense Neutron Source (INS) experiment are discussed. The purpose of this work was to characterize the supersonic INS channel flow under conditions of large amounts of energy deposition. Nozzle channel wall pressure measurements, cold flow leakage rates, vacuum channel pressure and Mach number, leakage flow rates with mass addition to and momentum extraction from the main flow, and flow visualization photographs are given. Energy addition up to thirty percent of the theoretical maximum was achieved via mass addition to and momentum extraction from the main channel flow. In this range, both a weak and strong regime for leakage flow were identified. These regimes differed by about twenty percent in leakage flow rates.
A unified method for iterative computation of modular multiplication and reduction operations

In this paper, a unified methodology is introduced for the computation of modular multiplication and reduction operations, which are fundamental to numerous public-key cryptography systems. First, a general theory is presented which aides the construction of arbitrary most-significant-digit first and least-significant-digit first iterative modular reduction methods. Utilizing this foundation, new methods are presented which are not premised in division techniques. The resultant class of algorithmic techniques, which we dub iterative residue accumulation (IRA) methods, are robust, accommodating general radixes. Furthermore, forms supporting both most-significant-digit or least-significant-digit first evaluation are presented. Significantly, in comparison to earlier methods, IRA effectively replaces quotient-digit evaluation and quotient-modulus multiplication steps encountered in techniques such as Montgomery's method with a single-step residue evaluation, thereby permitting efficiency improvements. Forms suitable for either lookup or multiplication-based evaluation are explored. Precomputation overhead is minimal and the methods are suitable for VLSI implementation.
Satellite communications 2010

Some believe that the radical breakthroughs in fiber optic transmission technology during the 1990s and the dramatic gains now promised by dense wave division multiplexing spells the doom of satellite communications. Nothing could be further from the truth. Satellites, terrestrial wireless and fiber optic transmission systems will grow in a complementary fashion in coming decades. From year-end 2000 to year-end 2010, annual satellite revenues globally are likely to grow from $30 billion (US) to over $100 billion (US). This means that satellites' share of global telecommunications revenues will increase from about 2.75% to around 4.00% of all communications services. Global telecommunications capabilities and related revenues are like an exploding sphere. Satellites, as well as new high altitude platform systems (HAPS), or stratospheric platforms will be a key part of this explosion. Worldwide transmission and sharing of information has changed more radically in the past thirty years than it has over the previous century. In the past three decades, the size and scope of international communications has increased by some 500 times. Totally new global telecommunication applications have appeared over the last 15 years. The rate of innovation only continues to increase. Currently, transmission speeds for fiber optic systems are doubling every 12 months. This is even faster than the 18 month doubling of computer speeds predicted by Moore's Law that has held true for the past two decades. Satellites have the technical capability to keep pace, and the special capacity to offer unique multicasting and digital video broadcasting with return channel by satellite (DVB-RCS).
Advanced Vehicle Testing Activity: Overview of Advance Technology Transportation; Update for CY 2003

Report offers the latest statistics and an overview of the advanced vehicle technology market.
Prevalence of Hypertension among Navajo Indians: Findings from the Navajo Health and Nutrition Survey

Hypertension and other chronic diseases are becoming increasingly important health problems for many Native American people, including the Navajo. A community-based survey that included three standardized measurements of blood pressures, was conducted during 1991-92 on the Navajo Reservation. Among the 780 adults examined, the overall age-standardized prevalence of hypertension, defined as an elevated systolic (> or = 140 mm Hg) or diastolic (> or = 90 mm Hg) blood pressure, or possession of prescription antihypertensive medications, was 19% (24% among men and 15% among women). The prevalence of hypertension increased with age and relative weight, and among men, was associated with diabetes mellitus. Among women, hypertension was associated with a central distribution of body fat, cigarette smoking, self-reported diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance. Although only 50% of the persons found to have elevated blood pressure at the examination reported they had been previously told that they had hypertension, persons who had been previously diagnosed with hypertension had a slightly higher rate (approximately 60%) of blood pressure control than that seen in the general U.S. population. On the basis of these results, the prevalence of hypertension among the Navajo appears to have substantially increased since the 1930s. Improved prevention and management of hypertension, especially for overweight and diabetic individuals, may reduce morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular and renal disease.
ASTM Standards for Reactor Dosimetry and Pressure Vessel Surveillance

The ASTM standards provide guidance and instruction on how to field and interpret reactor dosimetry. They provide a roadmap towards understanding the current ''state-of-the-art'' in reactor dosimetry, as reflected by the technical community. The consensus basis to the ASTM standards assures the user of an unbiased presentation of technical procedures and interpretations of the measurements. Some insight into the types of standards and the way in which they are organized can assist one in using them in an expeditious manner. Two example are presented to help orient new users to the breadth and interrelationship between the ASTM nuclear metrology standards. One example involves the testing of a new ''widget'' to verify the radiation hardness. The second example involves quantifying the radiation damage at a pressure vessel critical weld location through surveillance dosimetry and calculation.
Integrated interface circuits for chemiresistor arrays

Integrated circuits customized to transduce resistance information from small footprint composite polymer chemiresistor arrays are presented. The circuits are designed to fit underneath the sensor platform itself, therefore enabling 100% fill factor of the chemically active area as a percentage of total sensor surface area. Two approaches to transducing very small changes in resistance on top of a large baseline resistance are presented. Both seek to transduce small changes in resistance, typical to composite polymer chemiresistors in practical applications, to a usable output with high sensitivity, detection limit, and resolution. The circuits have been simulated, fabricated, and tested in an integrated array underneath an array of sensor platforms in a CMOS process. Resolution for the resistance-to-digital circuit exceeds the noise characteristics of the chemiresistor while the resolution for the resistance-to-frequency circuit allows for the detection of changes in resistance as low as 0.02% of the baseline resistance.
Effects of habitat degradation, microsite, and seed density on the persistence of two native herbs in a subtropical shrubland

PREMISE OF THE STUDY Species in degraded ecosystems may interact differently with their surroundings from those under historic conditions. Understanding factors affecting variation in early life history stages of plants is fundamental to assessing their persistence in intact and degraded habitats, and the value of degraded lands. We evaluated the effect of seed density on the seed dynamics of two herbaceous species (annual, biennial), and considered how seed availability may influence population dynamics in different habitats (degraded, intact Florida scrub) and microsites (bare sand, leaf litter, shrub). METHODS We used data on responses to experimental treatments (seed removal, seedling emergence, establishment) and models to evaluate how effects of these factors may change over time since the last disturbance. KEY RESULTS Probability of any seed removal, emergence, and establishment per unit increased with seed density, although proportion removal for Chamaecrista fasciculata, proportion emergence for Balduina angustifolia, and proportion establishment for both species decreased with density. When animals were given selective access to seeds, invertebrates were primarily responsible for seed removal of both study species. Models with dynamics changing with time-since-disturbance for both species predicted that population growth may decrease slightly if local available seed density increases. CONCLUSIONS Detailed demographic comparisons of populations in intact and degraded conditions can be used to understand the way that environmental conditions (habitat, microsite) combine with seed density effects to influence population dynamics of herb species. Degraded habitat may act as a transitional state in a trajectory toward intact conditions for some species, or as refugia for other native species.
Ideological Contention: Antonio Gramsci and the Connection Between Race and Social Movement Mobilization in Early Twentieth-Century Italy

This article introduces the concept “ideological contention” into the study of social movements and demonstrates the concept through an analysis of the relationship between race and mobilization in modern national contexts. The analysis links the emergence of scientific racism to the period of large nation state consolidation and the development of liberal political ideologies across Western nations. The paper demonstrates that movement struggles within the context of a national ideological framework impact the organization, process of ideological elaboration, and strategic choices a movement makes. I explore how ideology organizes, coordinates, and mobilizes movement members in political processes through a study of Sardinian worker, peasant, and communist struggles in the context of a modernized and industrialized Italy (1917–1920). I argue that reevaluating the theoretical and empirical relationship between ideology and the frame perspective could strengthen analyses of social movement struggles.
Contact with stroke

In this issue of Blood , Langhauser and colleagues report that kininogen knockout mice (KNG −/− ) are protected from stroke induced by transient mechanical occlusion of the middle artery (MCAO). 1 KNG −/− mice develop smaller infarcts, less neurologic impairment, and exhibit lower mortality than wild-type (WT) mice studied at 24 hours and beyond. Benefit was retained in elderly mice and was conferred through reduction in microvascular thrombosis, preservation of blood-brain-barrier function, and attenuation of inflammation. These are important findings because they provide insight into the pathophysiology of stroke and identify potential novel targets for intervention.
Fungus Spores in East African Lake Sediments. V.

(1967). Fungus Spores in East African Lake Sediments. V. Mycologia: Vol. 59, No. 3, pp. 397-404.