cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The International Order of Liberal Humanitarian Intervention

Governing Disorder: UN Peace Operations, International Security, and Democratization in the Post-Cold War Era. By Laura Zanotti. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2011. 180 pp., $59.95 hardcover (ISBN-13: 978-0-271-03761-5). Humanitarian Intervention and the Responsibility to Protect: Who Should Intervene? By James Pattison. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010. 284 pp., $45.00 hardcover (ISBN-13: 978-0-19-956104-9). Insurrection and Intervention: The Two Faces of Sovereignty. By Ned Dobos. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011. 236 pp., $85.00 Hardcover (ISBN-13: 978-0-521-76113-0). A number of recent contributions to the academic literature on contemporary forms of international intervention have sought to outline the distinctive features of what has been termed the “international humanitarian order” (Barnett 2010), the “global peacebuilding, and state-building industry” (Richmond and Franks 2009), or simply “the liberal peace” (MacGinty 2011). These terms attempt to capture the common elements bringing together disparate international efforts involving peacekeeping, state-building, peacebuilding, international policing, and humanitarianism. At the same time, they endeavor to situate such efforts within an analysis of changing patterns of international order and rule. Importantly, they encourage us to consider that, while the political economy of militarism and war continues to vastly outweigh that of international peacemaking efforts, the gap, and more importantly the conceptual distinction between the two, may not be as sharp as traditional approaches to the study of International Relations (IR) would lead us to believe. This is particularly the case when one allows for some portion of the trillions that have been spent on the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq to count toward international efforts at state-building and peacebuilding. But even when these cases are excluded from the ledger of interventions with true humanitarian intentions—as the authors under review have done for the most part—the lines between the tools of war and those of peace, as well as the related distinction between international assistance in the fields of security and development, are increasingly blurred. To put it bluntly, the “international humanitarian order,” to use Barnett's terminology, has become big business and with it has emerged a global governance assemblage of state, intergovernmental, non-governmental, academic, civil society, and for-profit actors. Attendant to this assemblage has been a knowledge and report writing industry that draws together a disparate array of research institutes, training centers, not-for-profit, and for-profit research and consultancy …
The nucleolus: at the stem of immortality.

A nucleolar protein, nucleostemin, is now implicated in the control of stem and cancer cell proliferation. Nucleostemin may modulate p53 function through shuttling between the nucleolus and the nucleoplasm.
A Natural Ceramic/Polymer Layered Composite

The examination of natural materials at the microscopic and microchemical level from a materials science perspective can occasionally suggest advances in modern materials engineering. The present paper reports on such a case : an analytical study of the detailed structure and composition of sea urchin teeth.
Comparative bright field microscopy of isolated nucleosomes, ribosomes and histone aggregates.

Abstract Images of uranyl acetate stained biochemically and morphologically defined mononucleosomes or v -bodies were compared with those of pure histone aggregates consisting of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4, purified ribosomes and glutamate dehydrogenase, which form distinct organized structures [58]. Under conditions used for nucleosome storage, the histones formed regular sphere-like particles (average diameter 17±3.2 nm). These were clearly made up of smaller morphological units. The minimum unit was 2.9±0.3 nm in diameter. Some aggregates resembled viral coat protein aggregates [59, 60], others the toroidal shapes of mononucleosomes [13, 23–25], glutamate dehydrogenase and other similar proteins [35–37]. The study indicates that intense peripheral staining and central core staining are neither a peculiar property of the nucleosome nor are they indicative of the distribution of nucleic acid in the nucleosome. The central staining core is consistent with a structural void, rather than a shallow depression or cleft as in the case for ribosomes. Variation in staining conditions and time-dependent denaturation of ribosomes and nucleosomes indicate that the nucleosome is much more stable than the ribosome. Relaxation and denaturation of either macromolecule are characterized by a shift from negative to positive staining. The ribosome eventually forms histone-like giant, spherical aggregates, 20±3.8 nm diameter. Under similar conditions histones are not detectably released from the nucleosome. The latter unfolds to form linear arrays of relatively discrete hydrated globular units of about 18±6.6 nm long and 14±2.5 nm wide. The smallest nuclease resistant nucleoprotein fragment was 17 nm ±2.05 nm long. Extensive analysis indicates that there are about two globular units per mononucleosome.
kin classification as social structure: the Ambrym case

Anthropologists have tended to regard systems of kin classification as dependent structures, shaped primarily by the group structures of societies. It is suggested here that in some instances they shape both interpersonal and intergroup relations. The kinship systems of Ambrym Island (in the former New Hebrides), once described as the terminologies of six-class systems of marriage regulation, are reexamined; it is shown how they structure marriage possibilities, both between individuals and between lineages. [Ambrym, kin classification, marriage-class systems]
Salt disposal effects found small

Brine discharges into the Gulf of Mexico averaging more than 600,000 barrels per day for the past year have had ‘few significant effects‘ on the marine environment off the Texas coast, according to a preliminary analysis by scientists and engineers at the Texas A&M University. The brine, 8 times saltier than the surrounding seawater, is produced when salt from underground deposits on shore is dissolved and pumped into the Gulf as part of the Strategic Petroleum Reserve Program. Lead by Roy Hann, Jr., of the Texas Engineering Experiment Station, the team is analyzing discharge from Bryan Mound at Freeport, Tex., and from the West Hackberry site near Cameron, La. After a year of discharge off Freeport, the researchers found ‘no brine-caused differences in sediment temperatures and bottom-water dissolved-oxygen levels which accompany increased salinity,’ Hann said. In addition, overall compositions of fish and shrimp remained stable.
Treatment of advanced cancer of prostate with megestrol acetate.

Abstract Twenty patients (16 Stage D, 4 Stage C) with prostatic cancer were treated with megestrol acetate (Megace), 160 mg. daily. Of 9 previously untreated patients, 4 had partial objective regressions (average time fourteen months to date), 4 became objectively stable (average 11.5 months), and one showed objective progression of his disease on megestrol. Among 11 patients in relapse after hormonal and/or castration therapy, one showed partial objective regression for sixteen months, 8 became objectively stable for an average of 6.8 months, and 2 showed objective progression. Bone scans either improved (40 per cent) or were stable (60 per cent) in previously untreated patients who had partial objective regression or who were objectively stable on inegestrol. Serial bone scans showed progression of disease in all previously treated patients for whom this study was available. Increased prostatic acid phosphatase decreased to normal and remained within the normal range thereafter in 4 of 6 patients in the previously untreated group; plasma testosterone fell significantly in all patients over the first two months but “escaped” toward or into the normal range in many patients after,four to six months; plasma DHeA sulfate remained significantly decreased over a twelve to eighteen-month period of observation. Since megestrol appears to be effective therapy for previously untreated prostatic cancer and since it does not cause gynecoinastia, salt retention, or thromboembolism, it should be studied further as a possible first line drug in the treatment of Stage D prostatic cancer.
Molecular aspects of neuropeptide regulation and function in the corpus striatum and nucleus accumbens.

Abstract In the corpus striatum and nucleus accumbens, neuropeptides participate along with conventional neurotransmitters such as dopamine, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), acetylcholine and glutamate in the regulation of locomotor activity, stereotyped motor behaviors and neural events related to reward and affective state. The present review concerns itself with four major neuropeptide systems — enkephalin, dynorphin, tachykinins and neurotensin — and it summarizes neuroanatomical and functional studies as well as emphasizing regulatory interactions between neurotransmitters and neuropeptides at the level of neuropeptide gene expression. Dopaminergic transmission emanating from midbrain dopaminergic cell bodies of the substantia nigra and the ventral tegmentum regulates striatal and accumbens neuropeptide levels and their mRNAs. Evidence is presented for D1 or D2 receptor involvement as well as D1–D2 interactions that modulate neuropeptide and mRNA levels in striatum and accumbens neurons. Regulatory influences by GABAergic, serotonergic and cortical (glutamatergic) neurotransmission and via sigma receptors and circulating adrenal steroids are also described. The evidence gathered in many laboratories thus far indicates that these major basal ganglia peptidergic systems are modulated dynamically and sometimes in opposing ways by various neurochemical inputs which alter neuropeptide and neuropeptide mRNA levels over both short- and long-term. Neuropeptide systems are involved in the regulation and execution of motor programs and may also be involved in the control of mood and affect as well as self-administration behavior and behavioral sensitization, especially via the nucleus accumbens and its reciprocal connections with the midbrain, hippocampus and frontal cortex. Glucocorticoids modulate mood as well as self-adminstration behavior and influence locomotor activity and certain forms of stereotypy. The modulation of striatal proenkephalin and protachykinin mRNA levels by adrenal steroids is described along with distribution of adrenal steroid receptor subtypes. Adrenal steroid regulation of neuropeptide gene expression in striatum, accumbens and midbrain suggests that there may be a wider role for glucocorticoids and for other neuropeptide systems in environmental and drug influences on normal and abnormal behaviors involving the nigrostriatal and mesolimic systems.
Low Serum Levels of Mannose Binding Lectin Are a Risk Factor for Neonatal Sepsis

Mannose binding lectin (MBL) is a soluble pattern recognition receptor of innate immunity that binds a wide range of pathogens and exerts opsonic effects. We investigated the association between serum MBL levels and development of sepsis in infants admitted to neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). Serum MBL levels on admission were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 206 neonates consecutively admitted to an NICU of whom 138 did not develop hospital-acquired sepsis and 68 did. Of these 68, 40 had confirmed sepsis with positive blood cultures, 19 clinically suspected sepsis, with negative blood cultures, and nine had clinically suspected sepsis with blood culture yielding coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS). Serum MBL levels on admission were significantly lower in infants with sepsis [0.45 μg/mL; interquartile range (IQR) 0.09–1.68], particularly in those with confirmed sepsis (0.17 μg/mL; IQR 0.05–0.96), compared with infants without sepsis (1.45 μg/mL; IQR 0.43–3.52), and infants with CoNS-positive blood culture (1.70 μg/mL: IQR 0.85–3.60). After adjusting for duration of exposure gestational age (GA) and birth weight (BW), the association of low MBL levels with development of sepsis was maintained [odds ratio (OR) = 0.52; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.36–0.75]. The measurement of serum MBL levels on admission in NICU may help to identify neonates at higher risk of developing sepsis.
Levels of 33 S excited by α-capture reactions

Highly excited levels of33S populated by α-particle capture in29Si have been investigated forE α=1.962 MeV to 4.287 MeV. Excitation curves measured with Ge(Li) and BF3 detectors are reported. More than fifty resonances can be identified with levels in33S. (α, γ) angular distributions measured on five strong resonances have yieldedJ π values 1/2+, 3/2 +, 5/2−, 5/2−, 5/2− and 3/2+ respectively, for theE x =10.054, 10.466, 10.523, 10.721, 10.758 and 10.776 MeV levels in33S. Elastic scattering experiments have been performed and theJ π assignments are found to be consistent with thel-values inferred from the elastic scattering data. Decay schemes from the above33S levels have been proposed. A new level at 9.245 MeV is also suggested and theJ π values for the 4.425 and 2.87 MeV states are shown to be consistent with 7/2+ and 3/2+ assignment, respectively. Nuclear Reactions29Si(α, γ) and29Si(α, α),E α=1.962-4.287 MeV. Measured relative σ(E). DeducedJ π andE γ of33S levels. New33S level atE x =9.245 MeV. Enriched targets.
DTPA: The effects of extraction techniques on Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn extraction from dredged materials and correlations with plant metal uptake

Abstract Transporting dredged spoil inland for use in reconditioning adjacent waterway lands marginally suited for agricultural production may be an attractive alternative to current open water and land containment disposal practices. Levels of plant “available”; metals in the dredged materials must be estimated to prevent excessive, detrimental additions of metals to the soil. This work demonstrates the variability that often occurs when the widely used DTPA extraction procedure is used for the prediction of excessive metal levels in dredged materials. The effects of equilibration time (2, 4, and 24 hours) and soil: solution ratio (1: 2, 1: 5, and 1: 10, and 1: 20) on the quantities of Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn extracted by DTPA were studied. The best correlations between the quantities of Cu, Ni, and Zn extracted and metal absorption by barley and ryegrass occurrred with a 24 hour equilibration time. The best estimations of plant available Cu and Zn occurred when sediments were extracted in a 1: 10 soil: solut...
Historical continuity in the methodology of modern medical science: Leonardo leads the way

Early modern medical science did not arise ex nihilo, but was the culmination of a long history stretching back through the Renaissance, the Middle Ages, Byzantium and Roman times, into Greek Antiquity. The long interval between Aristotle and Galen and Harvey and Descartes was punctuated by outstanding visionaries, including Leonardo, the ultimate Renaissance man. His attitude and mindset were based on Aristotelian pursuit of empirical fact and rational thought. He declared himself to be a "man without letters" to underscore his disdain for those whose culture was only mnemonics and philosophical inferences from authoritative books. Leonardo read the Book of Nature with the immense curiosity of the pioneering scientist, ushering in the methodology of modern medical science with help from forerunners. He left no publications, but extensive personal Notebooks: on his scientific research, hydrodynamics, physiological anatomy, etc. Apparently, numerous successors availed themselves of his methodologies and insights, albeit without attribution. In his Notebooks, disordered and fragmentary, Leonardo manifests the exactitude of the engineer and scientist, the spontaneous freshness of one speaking of what he has at heart and that he knows well. His style is unrefined, but intensely personal, rich with emotion and, sometimes, poetic. Leonardo, the visionary anatomist, strived consistently not merely to imitate nature by depicting body structures, but to perceive through analysis and simulations the intimate physiologic processes; i.e., the biomechanics underlying the workings of all bodily organs and components, even the mysterious beating heart. It is fitting to regard him as the first modern medical scientist.
Electronic Mail as the Medium of Managerial Choice

As new technologies that support managerial communication become widely used, the question of how and why managers, especially senior managers, use them increases in importance. This paper examines how and why managers use electronic mail. Today, one of the more influential theories of media choice in organization and information science is information richness theory, which has stimulated much empirical research on media selection and has clear implications for how managers should use media. Despite numerous modifications and elaborations, information richness theory remains an individual-level rational choice explanation of behavior, and as such it differs fundamentally from theories that emphasize the social context of managers' communication and media choice behavior. While the weight of informed opinion seems to be shifting toward social theories of media selection and use, much empirical research continues to test individual-level rational choice models. A multi-method investigation was designed to assess the power of information richness theory, relative to alternative social theories, to explain and predict managers' use of email. Managers were found to perceive various media in ways that were relatively consistent with information richness theory, but to use email more and differently than the theory predicted. In particular, effective senior managers were found to use email heavily and even for equivocal communications tasks. These results cannot be explained by information richness theory or by simple modifications of the theory. Rather, they suggest that the adoption, use, and consequences of media in organizations can be powerfully shaped by social processes such as sponsorship, socialization, and social control, which require social perspectives to understand them. These processes can result in differences across organizations and other social units in the patterns of using traditional media like the telephone, but such differences are even more likely for new media, like electronic mail.
Simulation and Calculation to Segregation of High Nitrogen Steels Solidification Process Based on PROCAST Software

Segregation and liberation occur easily in high nitrogen stainless steels, which can result in the formation of pores and the discarding of the steels. So it is very important to investigate the segregation and liberation theory during the solidification process of high nitrogen stainless steels. In the manuscript, the pouring and solidification progress of high nitrogen steels ingots were simulated through Pro Engineer and PROCAST software. The dynamic variation of temperature field and pressure field were obtained. With the results of PROCAST, the macrosegregation of 20kg weight ingot and 1.7 tons weight ingot were predicted using mathematical model of zone segregation. The predicted results show that 20kg weight ingot has no obvious macrosegregation and 1.7 tons weight ingot has obvious macrosegregation, which is consistent with measuring results. It shows that the accuracy of simulation and calculation to segregation of high nitrogen steels solidification process based on PROCAST software is high.
Membranes of mammary gland. IV. Glycosidase activity of milk fat globule membranes.

Abstract Milk fat globule membranes contained glycosidase activity capable of hydrolyzing uridine diphosphogalactose and uridine diphosphoglucose with nearly equal facility. The activity was stimulated by Triton X-100 and by Mg ++ but was inhibited by Hg ++ and Ca ++ . With uridine diphosphoglucose as substrate the enzyme displayed a pH optimum of 10.0 and a K m of .5mM. The fat globule membrane lacked activity in galactosyl transferases capable of utilizing glucose, N-acetylglucosamine, or endogenous protein as acceptors.
An examination of the content of high school teachers' humor in the classroom and the development of an inductively derived taxonomy of classroom humor

This study presents an examination of high school teachers’ humor in the classroom and an inductively derived taxonomy of teacher humor. High school teachers completed a questionnaire designed to assess their frequency of humor use in the classroom, their perceptions of the appropriateness of several different kinds of classroom humor, and their reasons for using humor in the classroom. Also, participants’ descriptions of their last use of classroom humor were coded to create a typology. Results indicated that high school teachers generally use less humor than college teachers, perceive college teacher humor as appropriate, and use humor as a learning facilitator rather than a learning strategy. In addition, a 20‐item classification scheme of teacher humor is presented that is more reflective of the content of classroom humor than previously developed typologies.
Health of children adopted from Ethiopia.

Objectives Since 2000, American families have adopted 1,700 children from Ethiopia. Little is known about the health and development of these children. Patients and Methods Retrospective chart review of the arrival health status of all 50 (26F:24M) children from Ethiopia/Eritrea seen in the International Adoption Clinic. Results Prior to adoption, most children resided with relatives; 36% were >18 months old prior to entry into care. More than 50% were true orphans, often due to HIV. Arrival age ranged from 3 months to 15 years (mean ± SD 4 years ± 43.8 months). At arrival, growth z scores were near-average (weight −.59, height −.64, head circumference −.09); significantly better than adopted children Guatemala, China, or Russia seen in our clinic. However, some Ethiopian children were significantly growth delayed (WAZ ≤−2, 8%, HAZ 12%, HCZ 18%). Age at adoption did not relate to growth delays. Medical issues on arrival included intestinal parasites (53%, [14% with ≥3 types]), skin infections (45%), dental caries (25%), elevated liver transaminases (20%), latent tuberculosis (18%), and hepatitis B (2%). Age-appropriate vaccines had been administered in 15–77% of children (depending on specific vaccine). Behavior problems were uncommon. Gross/fine motor and cognitive skills were ∼86% of expected for age. Age correlated inversely with developmental scores for cognition (r = −.49, P = .003). Five children had age reassignments. Conclusions Ethiopian/Eritean adoptees differ from other groups of internationally adopted children: they reside for relatively long periods of time with relatives prior to institutionalization, often have uncertain ages, exhibit few behavioral problems at arrival, have better growth, and may have less severe developmental delays. Whether these differences at arrival predict better outcomes for the Ethiopian/Eritrean children is unknown.
The Applicability of the Modified Bivariate Plotting Procedure to Subjects with Functional Hearing Loss

The applicability of the modified bivariate plotting procedure proposed by Silman, Silverman, Showers, and Gelfand, 1984, was evaluated on a group of functional hearing-loss subjects under age 44 years. The false-positive rate was 17% and the false-negative rate was 0% for both significant and mild or high frequency sensorineural hearing loss.
Premature refutation of a human-mediated marine species introduction: the case history of the marine snail Littorina littorea in the northwestern Atlantic

The European periwinkle snail, Littorina littorea was discovered in Pictou, NS, Canada in 1840. This snail’s subsequent rapid, conspicuous spread south from Pictou along the Canadian maritime coast and then along the New England and mid-Atlantic coast to New Jersey, its virtual absence in pre-European contact deposits, and its close association with human mechanisms of transport from Europe are among the clearest evidence for a human-mediated introduction. However, molecular genetic data have been proposed as evidence that L. littorea’s occurrence in North America was not the result of a human introduction by Wares et al. (Ecol Lett 5:577–584, 2002). Reexamination of these genetic data and reexamination of all other data available reveal that a human-mediated introduction of L. littorea is the simplest explanation of its occurrence in North America. The refutation of the human-mediated introduction of L. littorea was premature.
Is social desirability associated with self-reported physical activity?

Abstract Background. Physical activity has been considered to be a socially desirable behavior that might be overreported because of a social desirability bias. This study involved an examination of the possible influence of social desirability on self-report measures of physical activity. Methods. Participants were male and female college students ( N = 782) who completed the Lie scale of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (L-scale), Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale (SDS), Godin Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire (GLTEQ), and Stanford Usual Activity Questionnaire. Results. Scores from the Lie scale were not significantly correlated with scores from either the Godin Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire or the Stanford Usual Activity Questionnaire. With the Social Desirability Scale, there were statistically significant, but weak correlations with scores from the Godin Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire and the Stanford Usual Activity Questionnaire. There was no influence of the Lie scale and Social Desirability Scale on the magnitude of the correlations between scores from the two measures of physical activity. Conclusions. This study provides minimal evidence of an influence of social desirability on scores from two self-report instruments for measuring physical activity in young adults.
A study of mobile internet user's service quality perceptions from a user's utilitarian and hedonic value tendency perspectives

Although a few studies have focused on mobile value from the distinctive feature of a mobile technology perspective, limited attempts have been made from a mobile user's value tendency perspective. In this study, building upon prior research on productivity-oriented and pleasure-oriented nature of systems, we categorize mobile values as having utilitarian and hedonic use. Based on these two values, we conceptualize types of tendency of mobile users' application use namely utilitarian tendency and hedonic tendency. The goal of this study is to examine the relationships between mobile consumers' value tendency and their perceptions of mobile Internet service quality in terms of three different mobile quality dimensions (i.e., connection quality, design quality, and information quality). In addition, drawing upon the "digital divide" literature, the relationships between mobile users' personal dispositions (i.e., maturity and socio-economic status) and their mobile value tendency are also tested. The empirical results of the study, the interpretation of the results, research contributions, and limitations are discussed.
Surface–gas interaction effects on nanoscale gas flows

Molecular dynamics (MD) method is used to simulate shear driven argon gas flows in the early transition and free molecular flow regimes to investigate surface effects as a function of the surface–gas potential strength ratio (ewf/eff). Results show a bulk flow region and a near wall region that extends three molecular diameters away from the surfaces. Within the near wall region the velocity, density, and shear stress distributions exhibit deviations from the kinetic theory predictions. Increased ewf/eff results in increased gas density, leading toward monolayer adsorption on surfaces. The near wall velocity profile shows reduced gas slip, and eventually velocity stick with increased ewf/eff. Using MD predicted shear stress values and kinetic theory, tangential momentum accommodation coefficients (TMAC) are calculated as a function of ewf/eff, and TMAC values are shown to be independent of the Knudsen number. Presence of this near wall region breaks down the dynamic similarity between rarefied and nanoscale gas flows.
Electrorheological Phenomena in Polyhedral Silsesquioxane Cage Structure/PDMS Systems

It is shown, for the first time, that mixtures of sulfonated polyhedral silsesquioxane cage structures (sPOSS) and poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) with silicone oil exhibit significant electrorheological (ER) activity. At low sPOSS concentrations, less than 10 wt %, the viscosity is enhanced by ∼100, which is comparable to the viscosity enhancements exhibited by conventional ER fluids, under the influence of comparable applied electric fields, E = 2 kV/mm. Measurements of the shear stress, σ, dependencies on E, the conductivities, and relative permittivities reveal that the properties of these POSS/PDMS systems cannot be reconciled with theory developed to explain the behavior of conventional ER fluids.
Induction of HHV-8 lytic cycle replication by inflammatory cytokines produced by HIV-1-infected T cells.

Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) is a γ2-herpesvirus consistently identified in Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), primary effusion lymphoma, and multicentric Castleman's disease. Although HHV-8 infection appears to be necessary, it may not be sufficient for development of KS without the involvement of other cofactors. One potentially important cofactor is HIV-1. HIV-1-infected cells produce HIV-1-related proteins and cytokines, both of which have been shown to promote growth of KS cells in vitro . Though HIV-1 is not absolutely necessary for KS development, KS is the most frequent neoplasm in AIDS patients, and AIDS-KS is recognized as a particularly aggressive form of the disease. To determine whether HIV-1 could participate in the pathogenesis of KS by modulating HHV-8 replication (rather than by inducing immunodeficiency), HIV-1-infected T cells were cocultured with the HHV-8-infected cell line, BCBL-1. The results demonstrate soluble factors produced by or in response to HIV-1-infected T cells induced HHV-8 replication, as determined by production of lytic phase mRNA transcripts, viral proteins, and detection of progeny virions. By focusing on cytokines produced in the coculture system, several cytokines known to be important in growth and proliferation of KS cells in vitro , particularly Oncostatin M, hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor, and interferon-γ, were found to induce HHV-8 lytic replication when added individually to BCBL-1 cells. These results suggest specific cytokines can play an important role in the initiation and progression of KS through reactivation of HHV-8. Thus, HIV-1 may participate more directly than previously recognized in KS by promoting HHV-8 replication and, hence, increasing local HHV-8 viral load.
Fourier-PARMA Models and Their Application to River Flows

For analysis and design of water resource systems, it is sometimes useful to generate high-resolution (e.g., weekly) synthetic river flows. Periodic autoregressive moving average (PARMA) time series models provide a powerful tool for generating synthetic flows. Periodically stationary models are indicated when the basic statistics (mean, variance, and autocorrelation) of the time series exhibit significant seasonal variations. Parameter estimation for high-resolution PARMA models involves numerous parameters, which can lead to overfitting. Thus, this paper develops a parsimonious method of parameter fitting for high-resolution PARMA models, using discrete Fourier transforms to represent the set of periodic autoregressive and moving average model coefficients. Model parameters are computed via the innovations algorithm, and the asymptotic distributions of the discrete Fourier transform coefficients are obtained. Those asymptotic results are useful to determine the statistically significant Fourier coeffici...
Changes in global gravitational energy induced by earthquakes

Besides operating its own energy budget, an earthquake acts as an agent transferring a much greater amount of energy among the Earth's rotation, elastic field, gravitational field, and internal heat.
GABRA2 and KIBRA genotypes predict early relapse to substance use.

Abstract Background Numerous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within different genes have been associated with alcohol and drug involvement or known risk factors for involvement, such as impaired cognitive control. The ability of these SNPs to predict re-involvement, defined here as abstinence failure during treatment, has not been thoroughly tested. Methods We studied a small sample ( n = 146; 49% female) of residential substance abuse treatment program patients who had maintained 2–6 months of abstinence. They were followed for 4 months thereafter for the purpose of counting days until the first abstinence violation. The analysis used logistic and Cox regression methods to evaluate the contributions of age; sex; number of intake alcohol, drug use, and depression symptoms; and either GABRA2 , CHRM2 , ANKK1 , BDNF , or KIBRA SNP genotypes to outcome. Results GABRA2 and KIBRA genotypes, as well as the number of intake drug abuse problems and a younger age, were associated with an increased risk of relapse. Importantly, these genotypes were found to add value to relapse prediction: the χ 2 statistic evaluating their residual contribution, after age and the number of previous drug use problems were entered, was significant. Conclusions Genetic analyses may add value to outcome prediction. Future studies should evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of GABRA2 and KIBRA genotypes for this purpose in other racial/ethnic groups and treatment settings.
Rytov approximation of the irradiance covariance and variance of a retroreflected optical beam in atmospheric turbulence

The irradiance (intensity) covariance and variance functions associated with a reflected Gaussian-beam wave from a glint target (retroreflector) are calculated and compared with similar results based on a specular target (smooth finite mirror). Detailed results are presented for the normalized irradiance variance, or scintillation index, of the reflected wave for both types of reflector in an improved model of atmospheric turbulence that incorporates a high-wave-number rise just before the dissipation range in addition to inner–outer-scale parameters. Numerical comparisons show that values of the normalized irradiance variance based on the improved model of refractive-index fluctuations (henceforth called the modified spectrum) can be up to 32% greater than those predicted by the Kolmogorov power-law spectrum when the inner scale is comparable in size with the first Fresnel zone. All analytic expressions derived here are based on weak-fluctuation theory using generalized spectral representations of the complex phase perturbations.
Mapping DigiPlace: Geocoded Internet Data and the Representation of Place

The recent development of web-based services that combine spatial coordinates and indexes of online material allows any web user to conduct geographically referenced Internet searches. In this paper we characterize the resulting hybrid space as DigiPlace—that is, the use of information ranked and mapped in cyberspace to navigate and understand physical places. We review relevant theories of hybrid combinations of physical and virtual space, how software (code) automatically produces space, and how the politics of code (particularly map generating code) shape the representation of places. The paper concludes with a case study of the DigiPlace created by GoogleMaps that utilizes the same code which powers Google's index of cyberspace. A central argument advanced by the case study concerns how the interactions between culture, code, information, and place construct DigiPlace and shade perceptions of the places that are mapped.
Adrenal cortical neoplasms producing cushing's syndrome. A clinicopathologic study.

The clinical and pathologic findings in 12 women with Cushing's syndrome due to adrenal cortical neoplasms have been reviewed. The neoplasms were classified as adenomas or adenocarcinomas on the basis of the patient's ultimate clinical course and histologic study was then made retrospectively. Those patients with an adenocarcinoma manifested more rapid progression of their disease and had a higher incidence of androgenic hirsutism and acne than did those with benign tumors. The most reliable biochemical index of malignancy was the great elevation of urinary 17-ketosteroids in patients with an adenocarcinoma. The malignant neoplasms, at the time of operation, were uniformly larger than the benign ones. Moreover, none of the adenomas manifested hemorrhage or broad areas of recent necrosis. Capsular invasion was found to be a consistent histologic criterion of malignancy. Other reliable criteria of malignancy included increased and abnormal mitotic activity and severe nuclear pleomorphism. If adequate and representative tissue is submitted for microscopic examination, assessment of malignancy should be possible with a high degree of accuracy.
Evidence for a "pro-relaxin" in porcine relaxin concentrates.

SummaryFrom 5 to 10% of the biological activity of a porcine relaxin concentrate is contained in a fraction with a molecular weight which is considerably higher (∼42,000 daltons) than that of relaxin itself. Exposure of this material to a low concentration of trypsin results in the appearance of native relaxin, as judged by an increase in biological activity and changes in its chromatographic and electrophoretic properties.Presented at the 67th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Biological Chemists. San Francisco, California, June 6-10, 1976. From a thesis submitted by Li-An Yeh in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the M.S. degree. Supported in part by a research grant from Hynson, Westcott, and Dunning, Inc., Baltimore, Maryland.
The reliability of distributed wind generators

Abstract This paper explores the data and models necessary to evaluate the reliability of wind generators that are geographically distributed in a utility system. A case study is conducted using California data. Results on capacity credit are found to depend upon the size of the region, the reliability of the wind regime, the existing power system generator mix, and the penetration of the wind generators.
A Two-Sided Optimization for Theater Ballistic Missile Defense

We describe JOINT DEFENDER, a new two-sided optimization model for planning the pre-positioning of defensive missile interceptors to counter an attack threat. In our basic model, a defender pre-positions ballistic missile defense platforms to minimize the worst-case damage an attacker can achieve; we assume that the attacker will be aware of defensive pre-positioning decisions, and that both sides have complete information as to target values, attacking-missile launch sites, weapon system capabilities, etc. Other model variants investigate the value of secrecy by restricting the attacker's and/or defender's access to information. For a realistic scenario, we can evaluate a completely transparent exchange in a few minutes on a laptop computer, and can plan near-optimal secret defenses in seconds. JOINT DEFENDER's mathematical foundation and its computational efficiency complement current missile-defense planning tools that use heuristics or supercomputing. The model can also provide unique insight into the value of secrecy and deception to either side. We demonstrate with two hypothetical North Korean scenarios.
Ultrafast laser fabrication of Bragg waveguides in chalcogenide glass

Bragg waveguides are fundamental components in photonic integrated circuits and are particularly interesting for mid-IR applications in high index, highly nonlinear materials. In this work, we present Bragg waveguides fabricated in bulk chalcogenide glass using an ultrafast laser. Waveguides with near circularly symmetric cross sections and low propagation loss are obtained through spatial and temporal beam shaping. Using a single-pass technique, the waveguide and Bragg structure are formed at the same time. First through sixth order gratings with strengths of up to 25 dB are realized, and performance is evaluated based on the modulation duty cycle of the writing beam.
Adherence of academic geriatric practitioners to osteoporosis screening guidelines

Objectives To examine the bone mineral density (BMD) testing habits of geriatricians and geriatric fellows at the University of Connecticut fellowship training program to evaluate their adherence screening guidelines.
The Existence and Construction of (K5∖e)-Designs of Orders 27, 135, 162, and 216

The problem of the existence of a decomposition of the complete graph into disjoint copies of has been solved for all admissible orders n, except for 27, 36, 54, 64, 72, 81, 90, 135, 144, 162, 216, and 234. In this paper, I eliminate 4 of these 12 unresolved orders. Let Γ be a -design. I show that divides 2k3 for some and that . I construct -designs by prescribing as an automorphism group, and show that up to isomorphism there are exactly 24 -designs with as an automorphism group. Moreover, I show that the full automorphism group of each of these designs is indeed . Finally, the existence of -designs of orders 135, 162, and 216 follows immediately by the recursive constructions given by G. Ge and A. C. H. Ling, SIAM J Discrete Math 21(4) (2007), 851–864.
Arithmetic Operations for Digital Computers Using a Modified Reflected Binary Code

The reflected binary or Gray code has been used chiefly in analog-to-digital conversion devices because its code sequences, representing any two consecutive integral numbers, differ in only one digit. This paper presents a method for performing the arithmetic operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division using a modified reflected binary code. The modification for integral numbers is essentially the addition of an even parity check bit to the Gray code representation. This facilitates both the arithmetic operations and the detection of errors?in the arithmetic process as well as in transmission. An adder using this code requires circuitry which is more complex than that of a conventional binary adder by a factor of about two or three. However, the adder can be used also for subtraction with little additional circuitry and without complementation. In applications where reliability requirements justify the extra circuitry needed for arithmetic error detection, the modified reflected binary code may compare favorably with the conventional binary.
Crafting Qualitative Research Morgan and Smircich 30 Years On

The purpose of this article is to revision Morgan and Smircich's typology, taking into account the changes in organization and management theory over the intervening 30 years. Developments in metatheoretical perspectives, organization theory, research methods, and ways of theorizing mean our choices about qualitative research have become more complex. In addition, the 1980 typology was based on a now contested subject–object distinction. I replace this continuum with three problematics—intersubjectivism, subjectivism, and objectivism—and examine the ontological, epistemological, and methodological assumptions of each. I offer examples and resources for qualitative researchers, arguing that considering our metatheoretical positioning provides a basis for building crafted, persuasive, consistent, and credible research accounts.
A two dimensional shock capturing, hydrodynamic model of the Venus ionosphere

A two-dimensional, time-dependent, shock capturing single-species (O+) hydrodynamic model of the Venus ionosphere, which solves the coupled continuity, momentum and energy equations for the altitude range of 150–500 km and the solar zenith angle range of 0°–180° has been developed and is presented in this paper. It was again demonstrated that the introduction of topside heat inflows leads to calculated dayside electron and ion temperatures, which are consistent with the measured values. In order to reproduce the measured electron temperatures, which are roughly constant over all SZA's, the heat inflows had to be reduced significantly over the nightside compared to the dayside values. The calculated transterminator ion flows are supersonic and relatively close to the observed average values. The model predicts a deceleration shock at a SZA of about 135°, consistent with the ion temperature and velocity observations.
Real-time Interactive Visualization of Information Hierarchies

An information hierarchy is a collection of relational information that is arranged in a ranking organization where each entity is subject to a single other entity, except for the top (root) element. The usefulness of a visualization of an information hierarchy depends on its capability of conveying the information quickly and clearly. The interaction with the information hierarchy allows a user to further analyze its underlying structures and relationships, which is essential for the effectiveness of the visualization. In this paper we present a novel method to interactively visualize information hierarchies in real-time. We use the World Wide Web as an application example of our techniques. The result is a novel Web browsing and visualization method with an innovative combination of features: (i) Web data is retrieved and displayed in real-time (i.e. Web data is not pre-recorded), (ii) browsing and visualization are synchronized together in the same interface, (iii) tree-based visualization engine, and (iv) space-efficient display of visualization. Our study shows that users are able to orient themselves better in cyberspace and locate Web pages of interest faster.
MIDAS-a functional simulator for mixed digital and analog sampled data systems

The operation of MIDAS is described. First, the simulation algorithm is discussed, and a first-order sigma-delta ( Sigma Delta ) modulator is used as an example to describe the reordering and execution algorithms. The MIDAS input file, which specifies the configuration of the simulated system and the analyses to be performed, is introduced. The Sigma Delta modulator example is used to illustrate how the block diagram of a system is converted into the input file format. The means by which new functional blocks can be added to MIDAS are presented. All functional blocks in MIDAS are defined in model files, which are compiled directly into the program. As an example, the model file for a summation block is shown. A brief description is given of the enhancements proposed for future versions of MIDAS. >