cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Changes in the Body Image and Relationship Scale following a one-year strength training trial for breast cancer survivors with or at risk for lymphedema

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of a twice-weekly strength training intervention on perceptions of body image in 234 breast cancer survivors (112 with lymphedema) who participated in the Physical Activity and Lymphedema (PAL) trial. The study population included two hundred and thirty-four women randomly assigned to twice-weekly strength training or control group that completed the 32-item Body Image and Relationships Scale (BIRS) at baseline and 12 months. Percent change in baseline to 12-month BIRS total and subscale scores, upper and lower body strength, and general quality of life (QOL) were compared by intervention status. A series of multiple linear regression models including indicator variables for subgroups based on age, marital status, race, education, BMI, and strength change were used to examine differential intervention impact by subgroup. Strength and QOL variables were assessed as mediators of the intervention effect on BIRS. Results: Baseline BIRS scores were similar across intervention and lymphedema status. Significantly greater improvement in BIRS total score was observed from baseline to 12 months in treatment vs. control participants (12.0 vs. 2.0%; P 50 years old) in the treatment group (P = 0.03). Significantly greater improvement was observed in bench and leg press among treatment group when compared to control group participants, regardless of lymphedema. Observed intervention effects were independent of observed strength and QOL changes. Twice-weekly strength training positively impacted self-perceptions of appearance, health, physical strength, sexuality, relationships, and social functioning. Evidence suggests the intervention was beneficial regardless of prior diagnosis of lymphedema. Strength and QOL improvements did not mediate the observed intervention effects.
Efimov states in a Bose-Einstein condensate near a Feshbach resonance.

Recent experiments with Bose-Einstein condensates of $^{85}\mathrm{R}\mathrm{b}$ atoms near a Feshbach resonance have produced evidence for a condensate of diatomic molecules coexisting with the atom condensate. It should also be possible to create condensates of the triatomic molecules predicted by Efimov coexisting with the atom and dimer condensates. The smoking gun for the trimer condensate would be oscillatory dependence of observables on the binding energy of the trimer. It may also be possible to deduce the existence of the trimer condensate from the spectra of the bursts of atoms and dimers created in the disappearance of the trimers.
Achievement dynamics: The interaction of motives, cognitions, and emotions over time.

Abstract The history of research on achievement striving has been characterized by the development of several separate lines of inquiry in relative isolation, one from the other. Three themes are most notable: research on need achievement (motivation), formulations of test anxiety (emotion), and the exploration of information-processing (cognitive) factors with special attention given to the organization of effective study skills. In the absence of a unified approach to an understanding of achievement behavior, research has been largely confined to attempts to establish simple one-to-one correspondences between various organizing constructs, say, test anxiety, and the achievement outcomes they are thought to influence. For instance, a veritable flood of studies beginning at the turn of the century has demonstrated the existence of a negative relationship between level of anxiety arousal and performance across a variety of testing and assessment conditions (for a review, see Heinrich & Spielberger, 1982). ...
Applications of multiple recapture sampling in market research

Abstract Biologists frequently use multiple recapture sampling to estimate the size of mobile and difficult to observe animal populations when standard survey sampling methods cannot be applied. Multiple recapture sampling can be applied in market research studies to estimate the size of specific market segments or to estimate the number of advertising facts stored in memory. The multiple recapture sampling method promises to be an important new tool in market research.
Torsional wave propagation in reinforced concrete columns

Abstract Using a semi-analytical finite element (FE) method, the torsional phase velocity spectra of elastic waves were investigated for reinforced concrete (RC) columns with and without exterior composite layers. An examination of the spectra of these two types of columns shows that the retrofitted columns have a slightly smaller phase velocity in their first mode. In addition, the first mode shapes exhibit marked warping induced by the vertical bars. Comparisons of the exact phase velocity of the first mode with those calculated from elementary theories indicate that the elementary theories give a poor prediction of the torsional wave speed even at the long wavelength limit. This inaccuracy, which comes from not including the effect of warping, can be overcome by computing the torsional rigidity utilizing Saint-Venant's semi-inverse method for torsional warping.
Sequential intracoelomic and intrabursal immunization of chickens with inactivated Mycoplasma gallisepticum bacterin and iota carrageenan adjuvant.

Chickens immunized by sequential intracoelomic (analogous to intraperitoneal route in mammals) and intrabursal (i.c./i.b.) routes with inactivated Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) bacterin mixed with 0.2% iota carrageenan (iCGN) as an adjuvant were resistant to airsacculitis induced by a subsequent aerosol challenge with virulent R strain MG. In contrast, immunization by the i.c./i.b. routes with inactivated bacterin without the adjuvant or with 0.2% iCGN did not confer significant protection. Chickens immunized by the i.c./i.b. routes with the adjuvanted bacterin had increased levels of circulating and local anti-MG IgG but not IgM or IgA. Tracheal populations of MG were reduced when compared with unimmunized controls.
Mass transport and surface reactions in lévêque's approximation☆

Abstract This paper addresses the general problem of multicomponent transport and heterogeneous reaction in Leveque's approximation. The problem always admits an analytic solution when the surface reactions are first order in the concentrations. Here, explicit expressions for the concentration distributions are found for the case of a single reversible surface step, but the procedure equally applies to arbitrarily complex sequences of such steps. The behavior of the solution depends mainly on the value of a dimensionless axial parameter. Aside from axial distance and mean velocity, it involves all diffusion coefficients, reaction rate constants and stoichiometric coefficients. For small values of this parameter the solution behaves as if the surface were a source of constant flux; for large values, as if the surface were at constant concentration. Thus the solution exhibits a continuous change from a Neumann to a Dirichlet problem.
HDAC inhibitors and decitabine are highly synergistic and associated with unique gene-expression and epigenetic profiles in models of DLBCL

Interactions between histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs) and decitabine were investigated in models of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). A number of cell lines representing both germinal center B-like and activated B-cell like DLBCL, patient-derived tumor cells and a murine xenograft model were used to study the effects of HDACIs and decitabine in this system. All explored HDACIs in combination with decitabine produced a synergistic effect in growth inhibition and induction of apoptosis in DLBCL cells. This effect was time dependent, mediated via caspase-3 activation, and resulted in increased levels of acetylated histones. Synergy in inducing apoptosis was confirmed in patient-derived primary tumor cells treated with panobinostat and decitabine. Xenografting experiments confirmed the in vitro activity and tolerability of the combination. We analyzed the molecular basis for this synergistic effect by evaluating gene-expression and methylation patterns using microarrays, with validation by bisulfite sequencing. These analyses revealed differentially expressed genes and networks identified by each of the single treatment conditions and by the combination therapy to be unique with few overlapping genes. Among the genes uniquely altered by the combination of panobinostat and decitabine were VHL, TCEB1, WT1, and DIRAS3.
Levee Failures and Social Vulnerability in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta Area, California

This paper examines the spatial variability in the social vulnerability of residents to potential levee failures in the Sacramento Delta region. To determine the likely flood exposure, levees of concern to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and California's Department of Water Resources were mapped. The HAZUS-MH loss estimation software and 100-year protection standard were used to hypothetically breach levees to determine a coarse approximation of the level and spatial extent of inundation. To assess the differential social consequences of such an event, a social vulnerability index was computed at the census tract level for San Joaquin, Sacramento, and Yolo counties following the vulnerability metrics developed by Cutter et al. in 2003. When integrated with the flood exposure data, there is a clustering of high social vulnerability zones within high risk flood areas. While the spatial pattern is not uniform throughout the tricounty area, these pockets of high vulnerability (largely driven by social factors) warrant management concern about the disproportionate impact of catastrophic levee failures on these populations and the level of local, state, and federal preparedness to cope with such an event.
Violence against children: a global report

In 2003 I was appointed by the UN Secretary-General as his Independent Expert to conduct a study with the support of the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), UNICEF and WHO. The study will provide an in-depth global picture of violence against children and propose clear recommendations for the improvement of legislation, policy and programmes relating to the prevention of and responses to violence against children. The study will document the magnitude, incidence and consequences of various types of violence against children
Surface energetics of the hydroxyapatite nanocrystal-water interface: a molecular dynamics study.

Face-specific interfacial energies and structures of water at ionic crystal surfaces play a dominant role in a wide range of biological, environmental, technological, and industrial processes. Nanosized, plate-shaped crystals of calcium phosphate (CaP) with nonideal stoichiometry of hydroxyapatite (HAP, ideal stoichiometry Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) comprise the inorganic component of bone and dentin. The crystal shape and size contribute significantly to these tissues’ biomechanical properties. Plate-shaped HAP can be grown in the presence of biomolecules, whereas inorganically grown HAP crystals have a needlelike shape. Crystal morphology reflects the relative surface areas of the faces and, for an ideal inorganically grown crystal, should be governed by the surface energies of the faces with water. Interfacial energies and dynamics also affect biomolecule adsorption. Obtaining face-specific surface energies remains experimentally challenging because of the difficulty in growing large HAP single crystals. Here we...
Investigation of Long-Distance Overwater Tropospheric Propagation at 400 MC

The results of an investigation of overwater tropospheric propagation under both summer (July, 1955) and winter (February, 1956) conditions are presented. Transmissions were from a point on the south shore of Massachusetts, near New Bedford, to a ship traveling along great circle courses to a maximum distance of 630 nautical miles (724 statute miles) from the transmitter. A 10-kw, 385.5-mc transmitter feeding a 28-foot paraboloid antenna was used for the summer phase. For the winter investigation, this same facility was used, supplemented by a 40-kw transmitter feeding a 60-foot paraboloid for use at the greater distances. The frequency used for the winter was 412.85 mc. The receiving antenna aboard the ship was a 17-foot paraboloid for both series of tests. All antennas were horizontally polarized and approximately 100 feet above sea level. The data obtained are presented to show the median path loss vs distance. The strip chart recordings of the received signal levels were analyzed with respect to fading characteristics in an effort to separate out those transmissions which were enhanced by superrefractive conditions. The fast fading signals, which were well represented by the Rayleigh distribution, were assumed to be unaffected by superrefractive conditions. The data for the fast-fading Rayleigh type signals appear to show a cyclic variation of the attenuation rate with distance although there is no substantial deviation from a linear rate of between 0.16 and 0.18 db per nautical mile.
Dilanthanum dioxymonosulfate as a recycle reagent and recycle substrate for the sulfur dioxide-iodine thermochemical hydrogen cycle

Abstract Insoluble dilanthanum oxide-sulfite-sulfate-hydrates were prepared by reacting dilanthanum dioxymonosulfate with sulfur dioxide in aqueous media. These compositions reacted with iodine to yield sulfate in the solid phase and hydrogen iodide in the gas phase. Highest yields of hydrogen iodide were measured at 660 K for a reaction time of a few seconds. Yields also depended on the sulfite content of the hydrate compositions and were highest when the dilanthanum dioxymonosulfate was 60% neutralized. Higher yields of hydrogen iodide were obtained by a second iodine oxidation after separation of the first solid product. A water splitting thermochemical cycle using these reactions is described in which hydrogen is produced by catalytic decomposition of hydrogen iodide and oxygen results from thermal decomposition of the solid product.
Nipecotic acid: systemic availability and brain delivery after nasal administration of nipecotic acid and n-butyl nipecotate to rats.

Purpose. The purpose of this research was to characterize nipecotic acid pharmacokinetics in blood and brain after intravenous (i.v.) and nasal administration of nipecotic acid and its n-butyl ester.
Electric Fields and Interference Effects inside Noncentrosymmetric Multilayer Films at Electrode Surfaces from Electrochemically Modulated Surface Plasmon Resonance Experiments

The electric field profile inside a self-assembled noncentrosymmetric zirconium phosphonate (ZP) multilayer film at a gold electrode is determined by the in situ optical technique of electrochemically modulated surface plasmon resonance (EM-SPR). In these experiments, changes in the index of refraction (Δn) of a ZP film during potential modulation are measured via the EM-SPR differential reflectivity curves. Modulated SPR experiments on the ZP films incorporated into air-gap capacitors are used to relate Δn to changes in the electric field strength (ΔE) inside the film. The noncentrosymmetric ZP films utilize the nonlinear optical chromophores [5-[4-[[4-[(6-hydroxyhexyl)sulfonyl]phenyl]azo]phenyl]pentoxy]phosphonic acid (HAPA) and [1-[4-[4-[(N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-N-methyl)amino]phenyl]azo](5-phosphonopentyl)]pyridinium bromide (PY-AZO). For a 6.7 nm ZP HAPA film, a change in electrode potential (Δφm) of 50 mV corresponds to a change in electric field strength (ΔE) of 1.4 × 104 V/cm. EM-SPR experiments on mix...
Processing factors for high critical current density in Bi-2223/Ag tapes

Abstract Ten factors relating to Bi-2223/Ag tape production and thermomechanical processing have been examined in a statistically designed study to determine optimal parameter values for high critical current density J c in rolled tapes. The study indicates that low fill factor, narrow tapes processed for long times yield the best J c values, and that strain rate, as was expected, is not a significant factor. The major microstructural conclusion is that macrocracking, even at the early stages of tape processing, should be avoided, as these cracks cannot easily be healed.
The free‐settling of solid cylindrical particles in the turbulent regime

Experimental measurements have been conducted to establish a correlation for the settling velocities of cylindrical particles whose length to diameter ratios varied from 10 to 1/10 and Reynolds numbers between 200 and 60,000. It was found that separate correlations exist for cylinders of L/D > 1.0 and for L/D < 1.0. These relationships are expressed analytically and were found to be independent of the Reynolds number. In addition, a qualitative description of the motion generated by the particle during settling has been discussed for cylinder of L/D less than, equal to, and greater than one. On a fait des mesures experimentales pour etablir une correlation dans le cas des velocites de sedimentation de particules cylindriques, dont les rapports entre la longueur et le diametre variaient de 10 a 0.10 et dont les nombres de Reynolds etaient echelonnes entre 200 et 60,000. On a trouve qu'il existe des correlations distinctes dans le cas des particules cylindriques dans lesquelles le rapport entre la longueur et le diametre est plus grand ou plus petit que l'unite. On a exprime ces relations analytiquement et trouve qu'elles etatient independantes du nombre de Reynolds. On a egalement fait une description qualitative du mouvement produit par les particules durant leur sedimentation, dans le cas de particules cylindriques dont le rapport entre la longueur et le diametre est inferieur, egal ou superieur a l'unite.
Measurement of stresses by line-focus acoustic microscopy

Abstract In this paper, line-focus acoustic microscopy has been used to determine local near-surface stresses in isotropic materials. Two surface wave modes, namely a leaky Rayleigh wave and a leaky surface-skimming longitudinal wave, have been excited by the acoustic microscope. It has been observed that the changes of the wave velocities are linearly proportional to the applied stresses, as predicted by acoustoelastic theory. The non-uniform stress field in a loaded specimen has been determined from wave velocity measurements by the use of acoustoelastic constants obtained from a calibration test. The measured stresses are in good agreement with the results calculated by a finite element method. A self-calibrating method, which determines the stress profile directly from velocity measurements without a calibration test, is proposed and the results are compared with experimental data.
Thermal decomposition of a fullerene mix

Experiments to characterize fullerene decomposition at temperatures above 973 K were conducted by spectroscopic analysis of samples heated in vacuo. The thermal decomposition can be described by first-order kinetics with an activation energy of 266±9 kJ/mol and a preexponential factor of 1.24×10^(9) s^-1. Though scanning electron micrographs display structures with a distinctly faceted appearance, x-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and transmission-electron microscopy all show that the material is composed of amorphous carbon and graphite, indicating that pyrolysis of the fullerite occurs without destroying crystal facets.
Starting a Geriatric Day Care Center within a state hospital.

: The establishment of a Geriatric Day Care Center at Trenton Psychiatric Hospital is described under the headings of physical environment, the program, staffing, and inter-staff relationships. The purpose of the Center is to provide more comprehensive and effective services for the elderly. The social reinforcement, physical care and psychiatric aspects of the program are geared toward the acquisition of new skills and the relearning of old ones, to create a strong self-image for the patient in dealing with the problems of old age and retirement.
Spirituality and Loss: Approaches for Counseling Grieving Adolescents.

The death of a loved one has serious implications for adolescent growth and development. The authors review relevant research on the grief process and spirituality in adolescence, and they give a rationale for integrating spirituality into adolescent grief work. By way of a case illustration, they draw implications for counselors’ use of spirituality in addressing adolescent grief.
Characterization of NarJ, a System-specific Chaperone Required for Nitrate Reductase Biogenesis in Escherichia coli

Abstract The narGHJI operon encodes the three subunits, α, β, and γ, of the respiratory nitrate reductase complex in Escherichia coli. A fourth open reading frame of the operon encodes a putative protein, NarJ, which is not present in purified nitrate reductase, but is required for biogenesis of the membrane-bound complex. NarJ was identified with a T7 expression system and was produced at significantly less than stoichiometric levels relative to the three enzyme subunits. A functional His-tagged NarJ fusion protein was overexpressed from a multicopy plasmid, purified by Ni2+ affinity chromatography, and characterized. Western blot analysis with antibodies raised against the fusion protein demonstrated that NarJ remained in the cytosol after assembly of the active membrane complex. The cytosolic αβ complex accumulated in anarJ insertion mutant was rapidly degraded after induction, but was stabilized by NarJ expressed from a multicopy plasmid. Overproduction of the His-tagged NarJ fusion protein in the same mutant led to the formation of an αβ·NarJ complex, which was resolved by Ni2+ affinity chromatography. The NarJ protein therefore has the properties of a system-specific (private) chaperone that reacts directly with and modifies the properties of the cytosolic αβ subunit complex, but remains in the cytoplasm after the assembly of the active αβγ complex in the membrane.
Serotonin-3 receptor and ethanol-stimulated dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens

The present study was undertaken to examine the involvement of activation of 5-HT3 receptors in the rat nucleus accumbens (Acb) on the effects of ethanol-induced increases of dopamine (DA) using the selective agonist 1-(m-chlorophenyl)-biguanide (CPBG). Perfusion of CPBG through the microdialysis probe concentration-dependently (3.3–100 μM) enhanced the extracellular levels of DA in the Acb. Extracellular DA concentrations increased as high as 1000% of baseline. The CPBG-induced increases in DA levels were Ca++ dependent and inhibited by local perfusion with the 5-HT3 antagonist ICS 205-930 (100 μM). In addition, CPBG at high concentrations caused significant decreases in the extracellular levels of DA metabolites. Intraperitoneal (IP) injection of 1 g/ kg ethanol produced no changes in extracellular DA levels in the Acb; coadministration of 1 g/kg ethanol (IP) and 5 μM CPBG (local) produced increases equal to 5 μM CPBG alone. Administration of 2 g/kg ethanol (IP) alone enhanced extracellular DA levels by ~60% above baseline, whereas local perfusion of 5 μM CPBG alone produced an increase of ~100% above baseline. The coadministration of 2 g/kg ethanol (IP) and 5 μM CPBG (local) enhanced DA levels by approximately 170% above baseline; this apparent additive enhancement was almost completely prevented when 100 μM ICS 205–930 was locally coperfused. Local administration of 3.3–100 μM CPBG did not alter the extracellular levels of serotonin or 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. The results support an involvement of 5-HT3 receptors in regulating DA release in the Acb, and also in mediating ethanol-induced DA release. However, the in vivo interaction of ethanol and 5-HT at the 5-HT3 receptor within the Acb is clearly not synergistic.
The effect of MCP-1 depletion on chemokine and chemokine-related gene expression: evidence for a complex network in acute inflammation.

Abstract The expression of chemokines has been suggested to involve an interdependent network, with the absence of a single chemokine affecting the expression of multiple other chemokines. Monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1), a member of C–C chemokine superfamily, plays a critical role in the recruitment and activation of leukocytes during acute inflammation. To examine the effect of the loss of MCP-1 on expression of the chemokine network, we compared the mRNA expression profiles of MCP-1−/− and wild type mice during the acute inflammatory phase of excisional wounds. Utilizing a mouse cDNA array containing 514 chemokine and chemokine related genes, the loss of MCP-1 was observed to cause a significant upregulation of nine genes (Decorin, Persephin, IL-1β, MIP-2, MSP, IL1ra, CCR5, CCR3, IL-11) and significant downregulation of two genes (CCR4 and CD3Z) in acute wounds. The array data was confirmed by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. The effect of MCP-1 deletion on chemokine expression was further examined in isolated macrophages. Compared to wild type, LPS-stimulated peritoneal macrophages from MCP-1−/− mice showed a significant increase in the expression of RANTES, MIP-1β, MIP-1α and MIP-2 mRNA. The data suggest that loss of a single chemokine perturbs the chemokine network not only in the setting of acute inflammation but even in an isolated inflammatory cell, the macrophage.
Fate of λ DNA in a bacterial host defective in DNA synthesis

Abstract A temperature-sensitive mutant of Escherichia coli defective in DNA synthesis is also defective in the replication of phage λ DNA at 39 °C. Since this suggests that the bacterial and lambda replication processes have the thermolabile element in common, the fate of λ DNA in the bacterium was investigated. Experiments with density-labeled phage show that if any λ DNA replication occurs it is restricted to much less than one duplication. Nevertheless, a small number of phage particles are produced, indicating that all other essential phage functions must be expressed. 3 H-labeled λ DNA molecules infecting the mutant are converted to covalently closed duplex molecules as efficiently as they are in the wild type. However, molecules containing parental label which sediment faster than DNA from phage particles but slower than closed duplexes are not formed in the mutant as they are in the wild type. When λ development is induced in mutant cells lysogenic for λ, the production of phage is restricted at high temperature but the prophage appears to detach from the chromosome normally.
Totipotency: what it is and what it is not.

There is surprising confusion surrounding the concept of biological totipotency, both within the scientific community and in society at large. Increasingly, ethical objections to scientific research have both practical and political implications. Ethical controversy surrounding an area of research can have a chilling effect on investors and industry, which in turn slows the development of novel medical therapies. In this context, clarifying precisely what is meant by “totipotency” and how it is experimentally determined will both avoid unnecessary controversy and potentially reduce inappropriate barriers to research. Here, the concept of totipotency is discussed, and the confusions surrounding this term in the scientific and nonscientific literature are considered. A new term, “plenipotent,” is proposed to resolve this confusion. The requirement for specific, oocyte-derived cytoplasm as a component of totipotency is outlined. Finally, the implications of twinning for our understanding of totipotency are d...
Ascaris suum: Quantitative chemical analysis of eggs and larvae

Abstract Quantitative chemical and dry weight determinations were made upon known counts of Ascaris suum eggs and larvae, and also bouyant density and volume measurements upon known counts of eggs, in order to obtain per egg and per larva estimates of nitrogen, carbohydrates, lipids, solids, and total mass. The accuracy of sample counts and handling of eggs and larvae as well as the sensitivity of methods was tested by determining nitrogen, carbohydrate and organic solids in samples containing doubling amounts of larvae. Proportionate linear increases in these components were obtained from the test samples, in the region of the best sensitivity for the method. By all the methods, it was found that nitrogen, carbohydrates and lipids decreased progressively from unembryonated eggs to embryonated eggs to released larvae. These decreases were in good agreement with the dry weights obtained for each type: embryonated eggs contained 58% less dry weight and the larvae 81% less dry weight than the unembryonated eggs. The embryonated eggs had 25% less total mass and were 22% smaller in volume than the unembryonated eggs. The water content as calculated from bouyant density and dry weights was found to be 13% higher in the embryonated eggs. Mechanical methods are presented for the release from embryonated eggs and extraction of large numbers of larvae. Results of analysis of these extracts are reported.
Effect of bimodal particle size distributions on the toughening mechanisms in silica nanoparticle filled epoxy resin

Abstract Epoxy formulations containing mixtures of two different size distributions of silica-based particles (micron-size and nanometer-size) were explored for possible synergistic toughening effects. The influence of bimodal particle size distribution and silica particle content on the glass transition temperature ( T g ), coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), Young's modulus (E), tensile yield stress ( σ y ), and fracture toughness were investigated. Interestingly, fracture toughness improved by approximately 30% when mixtures of microparticles and nanoparticles were used. The origins for these improvements in toughness were explored using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission optical microscopy (TOM). These techniques revealed that the toughness improvements were due to the debonding of the microparticles and subsequent plastic void growth of the matrix, as well as more void growth due to a high fraction of debonded nanoparticles. The improvements in toughness were higher when the volume fraction of microparticles was less than the volume fraction of nanoparticles (overall filler content was fixed at 10 vol% in this study). The increased toughness in epoxies with mixtures of particles can be explained by summing the contribution of microparticle-induced matrix void growth, nanoparticle-induced matrix void growth and nanoparticle-induced matrix shear banding.
Chronic effects of reduced dissolved oxygen on Daphnia magna

Daphnia magna, initially exposed when less than 48 h old, were maintained at reduced dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations for 26 days. Exposure was accomplished in a continuous flow recirculating water system. Number of days to first brood, number of young in the first brood, total number of young produced, and dry weight were parameters measured. Statistical analyses show the Daphnia exposed to the lowest DO concentration tested (1.8 mg l−1) had significantly reduced responses for all parameters measured. In addition, the organisms exposed to 2.7 mg l−1 O2 gained less weight than did the controls.
Calculated Electron Dynamics in a Strong Electric Field.

The {ital dynamics} of an electron wave attached to Rb{sup 1} is calculated when the atom is in a strong electric field. The dynamic motion of the electron is generated by exciting Rb from its ground state using a weak, pulsed laser. We compare the quantum results for {ital m}=0 to recent experiments. The comparison requires a calculation of the electron flux at a macroscopic distance from the atom. We discuss some of the interesting aspects of this problem including trimming autoionizing states, interference patterns down field, and suppression of downfield scattering. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
Entanglement of two superconducting qubits in a waveguide cavity via monochromatic two-photon excitation

We report a system where fixed interactions between noncomputational levels make bright the otherwise forbidden two-photon |00}→|11} transition. The system is formed by hand selection and assembly of two discrete component transmon-style superconducting qubits inside a rectangular microwave cavity. The application of a monochromatic drive tuned to this transition induces two-photon Rabi-like oscillations between the ground and doubly excited states via the Bell basis. The system therefore allows all-microwave two-qubit universal control with the same techniques and hardware required for single qubit control. We report Ramsey-like and spin echo sequences with the generated Bell states, and measure a two-qubit gate fidelity of F(g)=90% (unconstrained) and 86% (maximum likelihood estimator).
The ultimate MOSFET and the limits of miniaturization

After forty years of progress in integrated circuit technology, microelectronics is undergoing a transformation to nanoelectronics. Modern MOSFETs have channel lengths of less than 50 nm, and billion transistor logic chips have arrived. An intensive effort is underway across the world to push MOSFET as short as possible. What are the practical and fundamental limits to MOSFET scaling? To address these questions, we need a sound, conceptual understanding of the nanoscale MOSFET. The conceptual framework that we still use to understand FETs is remarkably similar to the one developed over 40 years ago. In this talk, the author argues that to really understand nanoscale FETs, we should complement traditional FET theory with a new approach. He focuses on the nanoscale MOSFET and describe a very simple but very sound way to understand the device. He examined the practical limits of MOSFETs, whether changing from silicon to something else would change those limits, and whether novel structures, such as nanowire and nanotube MOSFETs, can help. Finally, the fundamental limits of MOSFETs will be identified and the question: "Is there anything better than a silicon MOSFET for digital electronics?" is addressed.
Plant community richness and microbial interactions structure bacterial communities in soil

Plant species, plant community diversity and microbial interactions can significantly impact soil microbial communities, yet there are few data on the interactive effects of plant species and plant community diversity on soil bacterial communities. We hypothesized that plant species and plant community diversity affect soil bacterial communities by setting the context in which bacterial interactions occur. Specifically, we examined soil bacterial community composition and diversity in relation to plant "host" species, plant community richness, bacterial antagonists, and soil edaphic characteristics. Soil bacterial communities associated with four different prairie plant species (Andropogon gerardii, Schizachyrium scoparium, Lespedeza capitata, and' Lupinus perennis) grown in plant communities of increasing species richness (1, 4, 8, and 16 species) were sequenced. Additionally, soils were evaluated for populations of antagonistic bacteria and edaphic characteristics. Plant species effects on soil bacterial community composition were small and depended on plant community richness. In contrast, increasing plant community richness significantly altered soil bacterial community composition and was negatively correlated with bacterial diversity. Concentrations of soil carbon, organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium were similarly negatively correlated with bacterial diversity, whereas the proportion of antagonistic bacteria was positively correlated with soil bacterial diversity. Results suggest that plant species influences on soil bacterial communities depend on plant community diversity and are mediated through the effects of plant-derived resources on antagonistic soil microbes.
Dissociation of Ovalbumin in Urea Solvent

THE physical molecule in solution is that unit which will acquire from thermal vibrations an average of 1/2 kT ergs of energy for each of three translational degrees of freedom. It is becoming increasingly evident that the weights of protein molecules defined in this way may change with solvent temperature, dielectric constant, protein or salt concentration, and other factors. Numerous studies from this Laboratory have demonstrated the effect of change of pH of the solvent medium in the dissociation and association of the molecules comprising the fundamental component.
Copyright: Fair Use Under the Law

In recent decades, the reproduction of copyrighted materials has become a subject of controversy, due in large part to the advent of photocopiers. Legislators, authors, publishers, educators, and librarians often differ in their interpretations of copyright law. In this article, Jean E. Koch explains the Copyright Revision Act of 1976 and illuminates the debate over its meaning.
Social Competence in Children At Risk Due to Prenatal Cocaine Exposure: Continuity Over Time and Associations with Cognitive and Language Abilities

The continuity of social competence between 36 months and first grade was examined in a sample of children at risk due to prenatal exposure to cocaine (N = 92). Parent report data on social competence were collected at 36 months of age and both parent and teacher report data were collected when children were in first grade. Regression analyses indicated that 36-month social competence significantly predicted first-grade parent ratings of social competence, even after controlling for cognitive ability. Thirty-six month social competence also predicted first-grade teacher ratings of competence, but these relations were mediated by child gender and cognitive ability. Early social competence was also a significant predictor of first-grade language ability, after controlling for 36-month language. These findings emphasize the importance of early social competence for later development.
Influence of mixed culture conditions on yeast‐wall hydrolytic activity of Bacillus circulans WL‐12 and on extractability of astaxanthin from the yeast Phaffia rhodozyma

Okagbue, R.N. & Lewis, M.J. 1985. Influence of mixed culture conditions on yeast-wall hydrolytic activity of Bacillus circulans WL-12 and on extractability of astaxanthin from the yeast Phaffia rhodozyma. Journal of Applied Bacteriology59, 243–255. In mixed culture Bacillus circulans WL-12 hydrolysed cell walls of Phaffia rhodozyma and rendered astaxanthin extractable from the yeast. pH control was critical to survival and lytic activity of the bacillus; the optimum range was 6.2–6.8. The optimum range of temperature was 20–24dC. Glucose (1–2%) was efficient in minimizing catabolite repression of the lytic enzyme complex of the bacillus. Slow-feeding of glucose improved ultimate yields of lytic enzyme but did not acclerate yeast cell wall modification. A relatively high inoculum level of B. circulans accelerated modification of P. rhodozyma in the mixed culture: when the bacterial inoculum was four times that of the yeast, over 80% of total astaxanthin was extractable in 48 h. High bacterial inoculum size also stimulated yeast autolysis and necessitated early harvest of the mixed culture. Results obtained in shake flasks were duplicated in 5-litre fermentors and suggest that the mixed culture has potential industrial value for producing a biomass containing biologically-available astaxanthin. Extractability of astaxanthin was also achieved when mixed culture filtrate was incubated with pure cultured Phaffia cells. When suitably fortified with nutrients, the filtrate also supported simultaneous yeast growth and modification of the yeast cell walls. A scheme incorporating mixed culture with B. circulans WL-12 and re-use of culture filtrate has been proposed for enzymatic processing of Phaffia rhodozyma for inclusion in animal diets.
Magnetic-field-induced optical transmittance in colloidal suspensions.

Through simulation and experiment we demonstrate that when a magnetic field is applied to a suspension of magnetic particles, the optical attenuation length along the direction of the field increases dramatically, due to the formation of chainlike structures that allow the transmission of light between the strongly absorbing particles. This phenomenon is interesting for two reasons; first, there might be practical applications for this effect, such as optical-fiber-based magnetic field sensors, and second, measuring the time evolution of the optical attenuation length enables us to determine the kinetics of structure formation, which can be compared to the predictions of simulation and theory. In agreement with both simulation and theory, the optical attenuation length increases as a power of time, but much less light is actually transmitted than expected, especially at higher particle concentrations. We conclude that particle roughness, which is not included in either theory or simulation, plays a significant role in structural development, by pinning structures into local minima. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}
Message framing strategies for new and mature products

Purpose – This paper aims to investigate the effectiveness of message framing and source credibility on attitudes, intentions and beliefs about attributes of teeth whitening products. Although each of these variables, message framing and credibility, has been explored individually, few attempts have been made to investigate them jointly. This study aims to base itself on a full factorial design that allows for testing of interaction effects. Similar investigations in marketing limit their inquiries primarily to attitudes and intentions as dependent variables. This study goes further in that it also aims to investigate the effect of framing and credibility on the salient attributes of products. Third, the market for whitening products is maturing, resulting in a target market that is gaining knowledge about these products. Thus, the paper seeks to use knowledge as a covariate in the above investigation to determine if the communication strategy should be changed as the product moves from introduction to ma...
Investigation of national policy shifts to impact orbital debris environments

Abstract Low earth orbit has become increasingly congested as the satellite population has grown over the past few decades, making orbital debris a major concern for the operational stability of space assets. This congestion was highlighted by the collision of the Iridium 33 and Cosmos 2251 satellites in 2009. This paper addresses the current state of orbital debris regulation in the United States and asks what might be done through policy change to mitigate risks in the orbital debris environment. A brief discussion of the nature of orbital debris addresses the major contributing factors including size classes, locations of population concentrations, projected satellite populations, and current challenges presented in using post-mission active debris removal to mitigate orbital debris. An overview of the current orbital debris regulatory structure of the United States reveals the fragmented nature of having six regulating bodies providing varying levels of oversight to their markets. A closer look into the regulatory policy of these agencies shows that, while they all take direction from The U.S. Government Orbital Debris Mitigation Standard Practices, this policy is a guideline with no real penalty for non-compliance. Various policy solutions to the orbital debris problem are presented, ranging from a business as usual approach to a consolidated regulation system which would encourage spacecraft operator compliance. The positive aspects of these options are presented as themes that would comprise an effective policy shift towards successful LEO conservation. Potential economic and physical limitations to this policy approach are also addressed.
The effects of category use on learned categories

Frequently, people learn to classify instances of a concept and later learn additional information about the concept. What is the effect of this later learning on the original classification? In five experiments, this issue was investigated with a common classification paradigm in which symptom sets were classified into disease categories. After learning to classify these sets, the subjects learned to use the category to decide what treatment should be given for a symptom set. The symptoms that were important for the treatments were later classified by disease more accurately and were generated earlier from the disease name. However, this effect occurred only if the category representation was activated during the learning of the treatments. Thus, later learning about a particular use of the concept can sometimes affect the original classification.
Development of a high-throughput screen and its use in the discovery of Streptococcus pneumoniae immunoglobulin A1 protease inhibitors

Streptococcus pneumoniae relies on a number of virulence factors, including immunoglobulin A1 protease (IgA1P), a Zn2+ metalloprotease produced on the extracellular surface of the bacteria, to promote pathogenic colonization. IgA1P exhibits a unique function, in that it catalyzes the proteolysis of human IgA1 at its hinge region to leave the bacterial cell surface masked by IgA1 Fab, enabling the bacteria to evade the host’s immune system and adhere to host epithelial cells to promote colonization. Thus, S. pneumoniae IgA1P has emerged as a promising antibacterial target; however, the lack of an appropriate screening assay has limited the investigation of this metalloprotease virulence factor. Relying on electrostatics-mediated AuNP aggregation, we have designed a promising high-throughput colorimetric assay for IgA1P. By using this assay, we have uncovered inhibitors of the enzyme that should be useful in deciphering its role in pneumococcal colonization and virulence.
Sustained Emerging Spatio-Temporal Co-occurrence Pattern Mining: A Summary of Results

Sustained emerging spatio-temporal co-occurrence patterns (SECOPs) represent subsets of object-types that are increasingly located together in space and time. Discovering SECOPs is important due to many applications, e.g., predicting emerging infectious diseases, predicting defensive and offensive intent from troop movement patterns, and novel predator-prey interactions. However, mining SECOPs is computationally very expensive because the interest measures are computationally complex, datasets are larger due to the archival history, and the set of candidate patterns is exponential in the number of object-types. We propose a monotonic interest measure for mining SECOPs and a novel SECOP mining algorithm. Analytical and experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is correct, complete, and computationally faster than related approaches. Results also show the proposed algorithm is computationally more efficient than na?ve alternatives.
Ratings of interpersonal conduct in small groups by aggregated peers and self: replicated factor analyses.

Abstract After participating in 32 small, interpersonal learning groups, 258 young adult, U.S. students twice rated each same-group member's conduct on brief, bipolar measures of self-acceptance and acceptance of others. These ratings had medium effect-size shifts toward the expressive, shows feelings, dominant, active, and warm anchors of the bipolar subscales. Separate principal components analyses of how the men and women were rated at each time by both aggregated others and self revealed very similar factorial structures, despite the shifts, the gender and status (leader vs. member) effects, the largely positive intermeasure correlations, and the intervening discussions of the first sets of ratings. Wholly composed of subscales addressing self-acceptance, Factor I was best marked by active vs. passive, and the Accepts Others vs. Rejects Others subscale best marked Factor 2. These measures appear to have a robust internal structure and to represent the 2 salient dimensions of interpersonal behavior.