cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An η1-Aldehyde Complex and the Role of Hydrogen Bonding in Its Conversion to an η1-Imine Complex

2-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde displaces Me2CO from [IrH2(Me2CO)2(PPh3)2]+ to give a chelating N,O-bound product containing an η1-O-bound aldehyde group. This is converted to the η1-N-bound imine complex with a variety of substituted amines. When the amine contains a suitably positioned −OH group, intramolecular O−H···H−Ir dihydrogen bonds are detected in the products. This hydrogen bonding influences the relative rates of product formation from 2- and 4-aminophenol (rate ratio 6:1), where only the 2-isomer is capable of forming an intramolecular H-bond.
Myasthenia Gravis: Management of Myasthenic Crisis and Perioperative Care

Myasthenic crisis may be defined as respiratory failure or delayed postoperative extubation for more than 24 hours resulting from myasthenic weakness. Myasthenic crisis results from weakness of upper airway muscles leading to obstruction and aspiration, weakness of respiratory muscles leading to reduced tidal volumes, or from weakness of both muscle groups. About one-fifth of patients with myasthenia gravis experience crisis, usually within the first year of illness. Over the last four decades, prognosis from myasthenic crisis has dramatically improved from a mortality rate of 75% to the current rate of less than 5%. Common precipitating factors for myasthenic crisis include respiratory infections, aspiration, sepsis, surgical procedures, rapid tapering of immune modulation, beginning treatment with corticosteroids, exposure to drugs that may increase myasthenic weakness, and pregnancy. Myasthenic crisis should not be fatal, as long as patients receive timely respiratory support and appropriate immunotherapy to reduce myasthenic weakness of the upper airway and respiratory muscles. Myasthenic patients with oropharyngeal or respiratory muscle weakness should receive preoperative plasma exchange or intravenous immunoglobulin therapy to a minimal level of weakness to prevent postoperative complications.
Introduction of trimethoprim: A mixed blessing

Trimethoprim recently has been released by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) exclusively for the treatment of acute symptomatic uncomplicated bacterial urinary tract infections. The compound compares favorably with alternative standard agents, such as ampicillin and cephalexin, for the therapy of women with acute symptomatic urinary tract infections caused by Escherichia coli. Trimethoprim should not be prescribed for the pregnant woman. Indiscriminate administration of the drug could foster the emergence of strains resistant to trimethoprim and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Trimethoprim has not been approved by the FDA for the treatment of recurrent, bacterial urinary tract infections.
Neural Network based calibration of atmospheric density models

Abstract Atmospheric density is the most important factor for accurate estimation of the drag force exerted on spacecraft at Low Earth orbits. Empirical models provide the most accurate estimation of the density currently available, although they still suffer from estimation errors. This work presents a novel approach based on Neural Networks for reducing the error in the density estimated by empirical models, along the orbit of a spacecraft. The Neural Networks take as inputs the density estimated by DTM-2013, NRLMSISE-00 and JB2008, three of the latest empirical atmospheric models available. Density estimated from the accelerometers of the CHAMP and GRACE missions are used as targets for the training, validation and testing of the Neural Networks. In addition, this work studies the use of the spacecraft׳s average speed as an input to the Neural Networks. The test results indicate that the Neural Networks produce density estimates with less error than the density from the three empirical models studied.
Simple Fabrication of Molecular Circuits by Shadow Mask Evaporation

We fabricate contacts to molecular circuits by evaporating metal through a nanoscale stencil mask etched in a free-standing silicon nitride membrane. In this way, contacts can be fabricated on as-g...
Estimation and control in the VLSI era

Abstract : The theme of this lecture is that the availability of very high density integrated circuits will be changing our approach and emphasis to several problems in estimation and control. For example, the minimality of realizations will be less significant than their modularity, local interconnectedness, area time complexity measures, etc. Similarly, good algorithms for serial processing may be poor candidates for parallel implementation. While it is hard for me in mid-August to predict exactly what I shall say in the lecture in mid-December, I think it might be useful to provide in written form some of the background material on which a good part of may talk will be based. Thus, at this meeting at least, I plan to illustrate the above points by several examples, including: (1) description of a parallel architecture for the measurement update step (in triangular array form) of the Kalman filter; (2) development of the Schur algorithm as a better candidate than the Levinson algorithm for VLSI implementation of Toeplitz equation solvers; (3) comparison of the Berlekamp-Massey-Rissanen and Lanczos algorithms in the problems of partial realization and of the decoding of BCH codes; and (4) development of minimal, but pipelined and orthogonally-cascaded, implementations of time-invariant, finite-dimensional (ARMA) systems.
Structure, spectra and biological significance of high-valent iron(IV,V) porphyrins

Abstract Oxoferryl(IV) porphyrins such as OFe (TPP) were prepared for the first time by laser photolysis (406.7 nm) of the corresponding dioxygen adducts in O2 matrices at 15 K. Their resonance Raman spectra show the v (FeO) vibrations at 852 cm∗u$1  l$1 and the porphyrin core vibrations which indicate the Fe atoms to be in the low-spin and +IV state. The π-cation radical OFe (TPP − d·+8) exhibits the v(FeO) band at 815 cm−1. The structure of an intermediate formed during the epoxidation reaction of ethylene by OFe (TPP) was elucidated based on the v(FeO) (804 cm−1) band of OFe (TPP) − C2H4 in O 2 C 2 H 4 matrices. Oxoferryl-porphyrin, OFe (TMP), can be produced via the cleavage of the O  O bond of its peroxo dimer in toluene solution at low temperatures. The v(FeO) vibrations of six-coordinate complexes, OFe (por) L, are in the range from 820 to 750 cm−1 depending on the nature of the axial ligand (L). Complexes containing Fe(V) are rare. However, intridoiron(V) porphyrin, NFe (OEP), can be prepared via laser photolysis of the corresponding azido complex (thin film, 30 K). Resonance Raman spectra show the v(FeN) vibration at 876 cm−1 and the oxidation state marker band at 1384 cm−1 which is higher than those of Fe(IV) complexes. It is expected to be high spin because NFe (OEP) is isoelectronic with the well-known high-spin complex OMn (por). The v(FeN) band disappears and a set of new bands emerges when NFe (OEP) is irradiated by the 413.1 nm line. These bands are attributed to the nitrido dimer (OEP) Fe  N  Fe (OEP), which shows the symmetric v(Fe  N  Fe) vibration at 438 cm−1. The biological significance of these high-valant iron (IV,V) porphyrins is discussed in relation to cytochome P-450, horseradish peroxidase and cytochrome P-450-LM3,4.
Fluorescence Photoconversion Kinetics in Novel Green Fluorescent Protein pH Sensors (pHluorins)

Genetically encoded pH-sensitive green fluorescent proteins (GFPs) offer significant control over localization, spectral properties, and environmental sensitivity for cell biology and neuroscience applications. Quantitative analysis of biological applications and full exploitation of novel GFP properties rely on a fundamental understanding of their molecular photophysics. In this contribution, the ground- and excited-state fluorescence properties of Ecliptic and Ratiometric pHluorins, two pH-sensitive GFP probes of presynaptic activity, are presented and compared with Sapphire, a neutral phenol GFP mutant. Molecular dynamics have been characterized using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) and time-correlated single-photon counting (TCSPC) as a function of pH, excitation wavelength (including 405 nm), detection wavelength, and illumination intensity. As a cellular pH indicator, Ecliptic (EcGFP) is particularly well-suited to the physiological pH range (pKa = 7.2 ± 0.2) compared with Sapphire (H9; ...
GROWTH OF GERM TUBES OF ERYSIPHE SPORES IN DEUTERIUM OXIDE

INTEREST IN the effects of deuterium oxide, or heavy water, on living organisms has been increasing rapidly during the three years that this homologue of water has been available for research. The present paper describes detailed observations on the influence of D20 on the elongation of the conidial germ tubes of Erysiphe graminis tritici, the fungus that produces the powdery mildew disease of wheat. High concentrations of D 20 have been found in a number of cases to exert a depressing action on the growth of plants and animals (Lewis, 1933, 1934; Harvey, 1934; Klar and Zickler, 1934; Lucke and Harvey, 1935; Reitz and Bonhoeffer, 1935b; Ussing, 1935). Several investigators, however, have reported that D20 had little influence on the biological materials which they studied (Melot, 1934; Rea and Yuster, 1934; Suguira and Chesley, 1934a, 1934b; Woglum and Weber, 1934; Hansen and Blegen, 1935). The literature indicates that the sensitiveness of different species of organisms to D20 varies considerably, and is not clearly correlated with their phylogenetic positions. Dilute heavy water (less than 1 per cent) has been reported as stimulating the growth of yeast and fungi (Richards, 1933, 1934; Meyer, 1934; Ewart, 1935) and as retarding the growth of some green plants (Macht and Davis, 1934; Ewart, 1935). Other studies, however, have revealed no significant difference between the effect of dilute heavy water and that of ordinary water on the growth of living organisms (Harvey, 1934; Castellani, 1935; Curry, Pratt, and Trelease, 1935; Riviere and Roux, 1935). The objects of the work reported in this paper were (1) to determine the effect of D20 over a wide range of concentrations on the amount and rate of germ-tube growth; (2) to find out whether the germ tubes may be permanently injured by contact with D,0; and (3) to determine whether the sensitivity of the germ tubes to D20 changes with their phase of development. The work was done in the laboratory of plant physiology of Columbia University, and I wish to express my appreciation of helpful suggestions from Prof. Sam F. Trelease and Dr. James Curry during the course of the study and the preparation of the manuscript. METHODS.-Preparation of D20 and H20. The D20 used in this work was prepared in the Department of Chemistry of Columbia Universitv by the method described by Brown and Dagget (1935). To eliminate metallic impurities, the last step was an electrolysis and a recombination of D2 and 0, (with excess OW). This " heavy "'. water was then distilled in our laboratory four times in a Pyrex glass system fitted with efficient spray traps. Distillations one and two were from alkaline permanganate and phosphoric
Direct evidence that HSV DNA damaged by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation can be repaired in a cell type-dependent manner

Infection of permissive cells, in tissue culture, with herpes simplex virus (HSV) has been reported to induce host DNA damage repair responses that are necessary for efficient viral replication. However, direct repair of the damaged viral DNA has not, to our knowledge, been shown. In this report, we detect and determine the amount of damaged HSV-1 DNA, following introduction of experimentally damaged HSV genomes into tissue cultures of permissive Vero, NGF differentiated PC12 cells and primary rat neurons, using a method of detection introduced here. The results show that HSV-1 strain 17 DNA containing UV-induced DNA damage is efficiently repaired, in Vero, but not NGF differentiated PC12 cells. The primary rat neuronal cultures were capable of repairing the damaged viral DNA, but with much less efficiency than did the permissive Vero cells. Moreover, by conducting the experiments with either an inhibitor of the HSV polymerase (phosphonoacetic acid [PAA]) or with a replication defective DNA polymerase mutant virus, HP66, the results suggest that repair can occur in the absence of a functional viral polymerase, although polymerase function seems to enhance the efficiency of the repair, in a replication independent manner. The possible significance of varying cell type mediated repair of viral DNA to viral pathogenesis is discussed.
Comment: Duhem's middle way

Duhem attempted to find a middle way between two positions he regarded as extremes, the conventionalism of Poincare and the scientific realism of the majority of his scientific colleagues. He argued that conventionalism exaggerated the arbitrariness of scientific formulations, but that belief in atoms and electrons erred in the opposite direction by attributing too much logical force to explanatory theories. The instrumentalist sympathies so apparent in Duhem's writings on the history of astronomy are only partially counterbalanced by his view that science is progressing toward a ‘natural classification’ of the world.
A method to design high SNR nanoscale magnetic sensors using an array of tunnelling magneto-resistance (TMR) devices

This paper presents a systematic method to design and calculate tunnelling magneto-resistance (TMR) sensors with high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The sensing module consists of four TMR devices arranged in a Wheatstone-bridge configuration. Closed-form equations were obtained to calculate TMR sensor current, array output voltage, magneto-resistance ratio, overall noise (thermal and shot) and SNR for a given bandwidth. Using this technique we were able to maximize the SNR by tuning the many parameters of the TMR devices. Typical SNR values are in excess of 45 dB.
1121 ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC EVIDENCE FOR IMPAIRED MYOCARDIAL PERFORMANCE IN CHILDREN WITH TYPE I DIABETES MELLITUS

1121 ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC EVIDENCE FOR IMPAIRED MYOCARDIAL PERFORMANCE IN CHILDREN WITH TYPE I DIABETES MELLITUS
Metabolomic signatures in guinea pigs infected with epidemic-associated W-Beijing strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

With the understanding that the laboratory propagated strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv is of modest virulence and is drug susceptible, in the present study, we performed a nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolomic analysis of lung tissues and serum obtained from guinea pigs infected by low dose aerosol exposure to clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. High Resolution Magic Angle Spinning NMR coupled with multivariate statistical analysis of 159 lung tissues obtained from multiple locations of age-matched naive and 30 and 60 days of infected guinea pig lungs revealed a wide dispersal of metabolic patterns, but within these, distinct clusters of signatures could be seen that differentiated between naive control and infected animals. Several metabolites were identified that changed in concert with the progression of each infection. Major metabolites that could be interpreted as indicating host glutaminolysis were consistent with activated host immune cells encountering increasingly hy...
Effects of herbivory and plant conditioning on the population dynamics of spider mites

Plants vary in their resistance to tetranychid spider mites, and this can have profound effects on spider-mite population dynamics. Such variation can be attributable to many factors. In this review, however, we focus on how previous or concurrent feeding by phytophagous hervivores influences expression of plant resistance to spider mites.
Automatic registration for inspection of complex shapes

With the increase in computing power, new ways of inspecting manufactured parts can be realized. The availability of computing power allows computational alignment between measurements and computer aided design (CAD) models using registration algorithms. The present paper proposes a new inspection approach that removes a constraint of traditional inspection processes related to part alignment. Traditional techniques require a fixture to align the part so the inspection machine can establish a common coordinate system between the measurement and the CAD model. Removing the need of a fixture aids automating the inspection process. The proposed approach employs an automated registration methodology based on two main stages. First, a part measurement in an arbitrary coordinate system is transformed to approximately fit the shape of the CAD model. Then, this approximation is iteratively refined until its convergence. To demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed method, results are demonstrated on measurement...
Treating sexual dysfunction associated with prior sexual trauma

Abstract Negative, confusing, guilt-inducing, or traumatic sexual experiences are almost universal for both females and males. Guidelines are presented for assessing sexual trauma using the medium of the detailed sexual history. The cognitive-behavioral treatment strategy considers past trauma in the context of the present sexual dysfunction rather than an issue to be dealt with first or separately. The guiding principles are to teach the person to be a “survivor” rather than a “victim” and to help the couple develop a functional and satisfying sexual style because “living well is the best revenge.”
Effects of pH on the structure of vesicular stomatitis virus

Abstract At pH 13, the glycoprotein surface projections of vesicular stomatitis virus are removed in a single structure which sediments at 200 S. At pH 1.5, the nucleoprotein core separates from the viral envelope, which is composed of glycoprotein projections and membrane proteins.
Improved R and s control charts for monitoring the process variance

The Shewhart R control chart and s control chart are widely used to monitor shifts in the process spread. One fact is that the distributions of the range and sample standard deviation are highly skewed. Therefore, the R chart and s chart neither provide an in-control average run length (ARL) of approximately 370 nor guarantee the desired type I error of 0.0027. Another disadvantage of these two charts is their failure in detecting an improvement in the process variability. In order to overcome these shortcomings, we propose the improved R chart (IRC) and s chart (ISC) with accurate approximation of the control limits by using cumulative distribution functions of the sample range and standard deviation. Simulation studies show that the IRC and ISC perform very well. We also compare the type II error risks and ARLs of the IRC and ISC and found that the s chart is generally more efficient than the R chart. Examples are given to illustrate the use of the developed charts.
Measuring Policy Change in the U.S. Supreme Court

Measuring the U.S. Supreme Court's policy changes is complicated by change in the content of the cases that come before the Court. I adapt from earlier scholarship a method to correct for changes in case content and use this method to measure change in the Court's support for civil liberties in the 1946–85 terms. Analysis based on this method indicates that because of changes in case content, the average difficulty of reaching a pro-civil liberties result varied during that period. With corrections for case difficulty, the Warren Court of the 1950s appears to have been more conservative, and the Burger Court more liberal, than patterns of case outcomes themselves suggest. This method, while imperfect, has utility for the measurement of policy change in the Supreme Court and other institutions and thus can serve as a building block in analyses of the processes and determinants of change.
'Passive stabilization' of striatal extracellular dopamine across the lesion spectrum encompassing the presymptomatic phase of Parkinson's disease: a voltammetric study in the 6-OHDA- lesioned rat

Symptoms of Parkinson’s disease do not present until the degeneration of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons is nearly complete. Maintenance of dopaminergic tone governing striatal efferents is postulated to preserve motor control during the presymptomatic phase, but the neuroadaptation responsible for normalization is not completely understood. In particular, the prevailing view that surviving dopaminergic neurons compensate by up-regulating release has been difficult to demonstrate directly. Here we investigate dopaminergic neurotransmission in the hemiparkinsonian rat using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry at carbon-fiber microelectrodes. Electrical stimulation was used to elicit extracellular dopamine levels mimicking the steady-state dynamics of tonic dopaminergic signaling. In agreement with microdialysis studies, evoked steady-state dopamine levels remained constant over the entire lesion spectrum (0 to � 85%) observed during the presymptomatic stage. Kinetic analysis of the voltammetric recordings demonstrated that evoked dopamine concentrations were normalized without plasticity of dopamine release and uptake, suggesting that the primary mechanisms controlling ambient levels of extracellular dopamine were not actively altered. In the present study, we formalize this neuroadaptation as ‘passive stabilization’. We further propose that passive stabilization is mediated by the simple physical principles of diffusion and steady state, is predicated on extrasynaptic transmission, and forms the basis for a new
The German Imperial Tax on the Unearned Increment

Recent development of this form of taxation in Germany, 683. — The action of the Reichstag, 684. — The law of Feb. 14, 1911, 685. — Exemptions, 685. — Computation of unearned increment, 686. — Original cost and permanent improvements, 687. — Retroactive provisions, 689. — Additions allowed to cost of improvements, 693. — Allowance for change in purchasing power of money, 695. — Selling price and deductions therefrom, 695. — Tax rates, 696. — Summary illustration of working, 697. — Revenue divided among Empire, states, and cities, 700. — Treatment of existing taxes of the same kind, 704. — Administration, 706. — Probable revenue, 707. — Conclusion, 708.
Warrantless Cell Phone Searches Incident to Arrest: Why the Founding Fathers are Turning in Their Graves and Why the End May Finally Be in Sight

This Article argues that, under both the First and Fourth Amendments, warrantless cell phone searches incident to arrest are unconstitutional. The second Part of this Article will discuss the Supreme Court’s search incident to arrest doctrine, beginning with the seminal case of Chimel v. United States. This Part seeks to lay the foundation for analysis of subsequent cases where lower courts have grappled with the constitutionality of warrantless cell phone searches. The third Part explores the conflict between various esteemed appellate courts that have weighed in on the issue. This Part also discusses the manner in which the Court’s search incident to arrest cases were applied. The fourth and fifth Parts address the First and Fourth Amendments, their history, and their application. These Parts demonstrate that the Founding Fathers would have mandated protection against warrantless searches of cell phones. The sixth Part argues that combinations of the First and Fourth Amendments mandate that warrantless cell phone searches incident to arrest are unconstitutional. Finally, the seventh Part concludes that when the Supreme Court examines this issue, it will affirm United States v. Wurie and hold that warrantless cell phone searches incident to arrest are unconstitutional.
Functional regulation of oestrogen receptor pathway by the dynein light chain 1.

Overexpression and phosphorylation of dynein light chain 1 (DLC1) have been shown to promote the growth of breast cancer cells. However, the role of DLC1 in the action of the oestrogen receptor (ER) remains unknown. Here, we found that oestrogen induces the transcription and expression of DLC1. DLC1 facilitated oestrogen-induced ER transactivation and anchorage-independent growth of breast cancer cells. We show that DLC1 interacts with ER, and such interaction is required for the transactivation-promoting activity of DLC1. Further, DLC1 expression led to enhanced recruitment of the DLC1–ER complex to the ER-target gene chromatin. Conversely, DLC1 downregulation compromised the ER-transactivation activity and also its nuclear accumulation, suggesting a potential chaperone-like activity of DLC1 in the nuclear translocation of ER. Together, these data define an unexpected upregulation of DLC1 by oestrogen and a previously unrecognized DLC1–ER interaction in supporting and amplifying ER-initiated cellular responses in breast cancer cells.
MOTOR VEHICLE AND ROADWAY FACTORS IN PEDESTRIAN AND BICYCLIST INJURIES : AN EXAMINATION BASED ON EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT DATA

Information on 2558 persons treated for injuries incurred while bicycling or walking was collected from eight hospital emergency departments over approximately a one-year time period. The emergency departments represented a mix of urban and suburban/rural sites in three states--California, New York, and North Carolina. The data were collected on special survey forms and included detailed information about the location of the injury event. Results show that, overall, 70% of the reported bicycle injury events and 64% of the reported pedestrian injury events did not involve a motor vehicle. In addition, 31% of the bicyclists and 53% of the pedestrians were injured in non-roadway locations such as sidewalks, parking lots, or off-road trails. Although pedestrians and bicyclists struck by motor vehicles in the roadway were generally the most seriously injured, they represented less than a third of the reported cases. Increased knowledge of non-roadway and non-motor vehicle pedestrian and bicyclist injury events can contribute to more effective program and countermeasure development to improve pedestrian and bicyclist safety.
Effects of Interface Roughness on Residual Stresses in Thermal Barrier Coatings

Using a newly developed object-oriented finite-element analysis method, both an actual microstructure and model microstructures of a plasma-sprayed thermal barrier coating system were numerically simulated to analyze the full-field residual stresses of this coating system. Residual stresses in the actual microstructure were influenced by both the irregular top-coat/bond-coat interface and cracks in the top coat. By treating the microcracked top coat as a more-compliant solid microstructure, the effects of the irregular interface on residual stresses were examined. These results then could be compared to results that have been obtained by analyzing a model microstructure with a sinusoidal interface, which has been considered by some earlier investigators.
Is magnetic reconnection intrinsically transient or steady-state? The Earth's magnetopause as a laboratory

In terms of universality, few physical processes rival magnetic reconnection. It is thought to be responsible for a wide variety of astronomical, solar, and laboratory plasma phenomena. In astrophysics, for example, transient emissions from compact X ray sources in binary systems are thought by some to originate in magnetic reconnection between a neutron star's magnetosphere and the surrounding accretion disk. In solar physics, it has long been thought that magnetic reconnection is at the root of the enormous energy release found in flares, and may also play an important role in causing coronal mass ejections. At the opposite extreme of size scales, laboratory plasma experiments show that magnetic reconnection is important in the stability, and instability, of reverse field pinches, spheromaks and tokamaks.
One-Step Generation of Mice Carrying Reporter and Conditional Alleles by CRISPR/Cas-Mediated Genome Engineering

SUMMARY The type II bacterial CRISPR/Cas system is a novel genome-engineering technology with the ease of multiplexed gene targeting. Here, we created reporter and conditional mutant mice by coinjection of zygotes with Cas9 mRNA and different guide RNAs (sgRNAs) as well as DNA vectors of different sizes. Using this one-step procedure we generated mice carrying a tag or a fluorescent reporter construct in the Nanog, the Sox2, and the Oct4 gene as well as Mecp2 conditional mutant mice. In addition, using sgRNAs targeting two separate sites in the Mecp2 gene, we produced mice harboring the predicted deletions of about 700 bps. Finally, we analyzed potential off-targets of five sgRNAs in gene-modified mice and ESC lines and identified off-target mutations in only rare instances.
Measuring prehistoric mobility strategies based on obsidian geochemical and technological signatures in the Owens Valley, California

We compare the organization of obsidian flaked stone technologies in two different time periods at CA-INY-30, a village site in southern Owens Valley, eastern California. Previous archaeological studies suggest a reorganization in settlement patterns between the Newberry (ca. 3500e1500 BP) and Marana (ca. 650-contact) periods, from a highly mobile to a more residentially sedentary one. New geochemical data, based on laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) analyses of obsidian artifacts associated with discrete house floors, support this basic settlement model, but reveal new detail in how people moved across the landscape and accessed, extracted, reduced and used obsidian resources. In the earlier Newberry period, there is no relationship between flake size and distance-to-source, and the falloff curve relating frequency of obsidian against distance is more gradual, as expected, but contrary to our expectations, source diversity is not higher. These factors suggest extremely high mobility, but also selective extraction of particular sources. Newberry obsidian may have been acquired by groups of hunters who embedded quarrying within long-distance trips to distant hunting grounds, and subsequently transported bifacial cores to base camps. By contrast, Marana patterns show strong relationships between flake size and distance from source and steeper fall-off curves, suggesting groups acquired their obsidian primarily from closer sources, likely via exchange networks. At the same time, geochemical diversity, especially among smaller resharpening flakes, is higher in the Marana period, highlighting the wide-ranging conveyance systems through which obsidian moved. 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Trace Analysis of Explosives in Soil: Pressurized Fluid Extraction and Gas and Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

Soil samples are collected from the former Open Burn/Open Detonation Unit, Makua Military Reservation, on the island of Oahu, Hawaii. The soil is the Helemano series. The soil samples are fortified with eight explosives for development of the analytical method. These analytes are 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene; 1,3-dinitrobenzene; 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT); hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX); nitrobenzene (NB); octogen; 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene; and 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene. The analytes are recovered with pressurized fluid extraction and measured with liquid chromatography (LC), LC-mass spectrometry (MS), and gas chromatography-MS. Average recoveries of the seven analytes, except for NB, range from 67% to 110% from freshly fortified samples. The procedure fails to extract NB in soil. The average recoveries decrease from 67-110% to 41-81% as the soil is aged for 1 day to 6 months after fortification of the soil with the seven explosives. The field samples are analyzed for the presence of explosives, of which DNT and RDX are indeed detected. The results obtained with this procedure agree well with those obtained by an independent laboratory following the standard U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) method SW-846 8330. Compared with the EPA method, this new method provides MS confirmation of the analytes, and the extraction requires approximately 15 min, rather than 18 h by the EPA method.
Genetic Variation Throughout the Folate Metabolic Pathway Influences Negative Symptom Severity in Schizophrenia

Low serum folate levels previously have been associated with negative symptom risk in schizophrenia, as has the hypofunctional 677C>T variant of the MTHFR gene. This study examined whether other missense polymorphisms in folate-regulating enzymes, in concert with MTHFR, influence negative symptoms in schizophrenia, and whether total risk allele load interacts with serum folate status to further stratify negative symptom risk. Medicated outpatients with schizophrenia (n = 219), all of European origin and some included in a previous report, were rated with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. A subset of 82 patients also underwent nonfasting serum folate testing. Patients were genotyped for the MTHFR 677C>T (rs1801133), MTHFR 1298A>C (rs1801131), MTR 2756A>G (rs1805087), MTRR 203A>G (rs1801394), FOLH1 484T>C (rs202676), RFC 80A>G (rs1051266), and COMT 675G>A (rs4680) polymorphisms. All genotypes were entered into a linear regression model to determine significant predictors of negative symptoms, and risk scores were calculated based on total risk allele dose. Four variants, MTHFR 677T, MTR 2756A, FOLH1 484C, and COMT 675A, emerged as significant independent predictors of negative symptom severity, accounting for significantly greater variance in negative symptoms than MTHFR 677C>T alone. Total allele dose across the 4 variants predicted negative symptom severity only among patients with low folate levels. These findings indicate that multiple genetic variants within the folate metabolic pathway contribute to negative symptoms of schizophrenia. A relationship between folate level and negative symptom severity among patients with greater genetic vulnerability is biologically plausible and suggests the utility of folate supplementation in these patients.
An overview of the relationships between mimicry and crypsis

There have been many different and conflicting definitions of mimicry. Some of the definitions of mimicry include crypsis and others do not. Each definition includes different groups of phenomena and uses different criteria to distinguish mimetic from non-mimetic phenomena. The confusion is eliminated by a consideration of the criteria of all definitions. This shows that there are in fact three major criteria dividing six phenomona, rather than a single dichotomy between mimicry and crypsis (Table 2). The criteria are defined by the results of a mistake in discrimination between the model and mimic: (a) the mistake does or does not depend upon relationship between mimic and background; (b) the mistake has or has no effect on the population dynamics or evolution of the model and (c) the mistake affects dynamics or evolution of one or of many models. The main reason for the contusion about mimicry and crypsis is that each author's definition includes differing and partially overlapping subsets of the six classes: crypsis; masquerade; Batesism; Mullerism; polymorphism and convergence.
Photoinduced parental control of seed germination and the spectral quality of solar radiation

Seeds of many species have light-sensitive germination responses controlled by the plant pigment phytochrome. A brief exposure to red or far-red radiant energy may potentiate or inhibit subsequent germination when all other environmental factors are favorable for germination. When parent plants are grown under white light containing markedly different proportions of red and far-red energy, the seeds harvested have altered germination responses. For example, seed produced under light energy rich in wavelengths greater than 700 nm is most sensitive to subsequent red induction. Seed produced under light of wavelengths less than 700 nm requires up to 104 times as much energy to achieve the same percent level of germination. The seed which requires more energy germinates readily in the dark. The data support the conclusion that phytochrome in the parent plant is involved in regulating the sensitivity to subsequent light exposures. This fact raises the question of the importance of spectral distribution of natural daylight in controlling plant development. Measurements taken of the solar disc near sunrise and sunset indicate rapid changes in the far red/red irradiance ratio which may be used as control signals by plants. Localization experiments indicate that the response is strictly localized in the immature seed, and there is no transmission of a controlling factor from other parts of the the plant. The hypothesis that control is exerted by the level of physiologically active phytochrome, maintained by a given spectral distribution, appears to be valid.
Reply to Hymes's Comment on Prague Functionalism

Lest it sound as if we were reinventing the wheel, it was certainly not our intention to "announce Prague Functionalism" in our comment (AA 83:375-377, 1981) on the Keesing article "Communicating Language and Culture as Knowledge" (AA 81:14-36, 1979). We refer to Prague Functionalism as "new" to distinguish post-1930s Praguian linguistics from the structural approach of the 1930s. We agree with Hymes's comment on our comment that Prague Functionalism (as well as Structuralism) has played a significant role in American linguistic anthropology for more than two decades. Where Hymes has made use of the ideas of Prague scholars in his "ethnography of speaking," we were suggesting in our comment that Keesing might use the specific Praguian notion of organizational structure (and the concepts of rheme and theme) to describe the relationship of linguistic knowledge and cultural knowledge that is necessary for communication to be understood. That is, our suggestion was that at the micro-level of the utterance in context, rather than at the macro-level of the speech event in a speech situation of a speech community, a functional approach might be useful. We are in agreement, then, with the editor's introduction to Language in Society (1972) cited by Hymes that a Prague perspective can be of use in formulating "means of speech and their meaning to those who use them." We hope Keesing might be too.
Effect of hyperthermia on cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (rhodamine 123)2[tetrachloroplatinum(II)] in a human squamous cell carcinoma line and a cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II)-resistant subline.

Abstract The effect of concomitant hyperthermia on the cytotoxicities of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (CDDP), a newly synthesized drug, Pt(Rh-123)2, and its chemical components, K2PtCl4 and rhodamine 123, was examined in vitro in a squamous cell tumor line of human origin (SCC-25) and in a CDDP-resistant subline (SCC-25/CP). No difference in the cytotoxicity of hyperthermia alone was observed between these cell lines. The dose-dependent cytotoxicities of 1-h exposures to CDDP and Pt(Rh-123)2 were markedly increased at 42°C and 43°C in comparison to 37°C, and this effect was of the same magnitude in both cell lines (enhancements of approximately 1.5 logs at 42°C and 2.5 logs at 43°C for CDDP and 1.5 logs at 42°C and >3 logs at 43°C for Pt(Rh-123)2). The use of hyperthermia with CDDP, however, did not lower survivals in the SCC-25/CP cells even to the levels seen in the parent line at 37°C. The cytotoxicities of K2PtCl4 and rhodamine 123 were essentially the same in the CDDP-sensitive and -resistant cells at all temperatures tested. The magnitude of the temperature effect was significantly greater for Pt(Rh-123)2 than for its chemical components. No significant effect on CDDP or Pt(Rh-123)2 accumulation was observed at 42, 43, 44 or 45°C in either cell line. DNA lesions, measured by alkaline elution, were significantly enhanced for CDDP in the SCC-25 cells at 42°C. These results suggest that treatment with hyperthermia and either CDDP or Pt(Rh-123)2 should result in supraadditive anti-tumor effects, although the efficacy of CDDP plus hyperthermia will be significantly less once resistance to CDDP has developed. Since resistance to CDDP does not imply cross-resistance to Pt(Rh-123)2, and since the effect of hyperthermia is somewhat greater for Pt(Rh-123)2 than for CDDP at 43°C, Pt(Rh-123)2 may be more selectively toxic to tumor cells when used with local hyperthermia versus normal cells outside the treated area, especially if resistance to CDDP has already developed.
Self-configuring universal linear optical component

We show how to design an optical device that can perform any linear function or coupling between inputs and outputs. This design method is progressive, requiring no global optimization. We also show how the device can configure itself progressively, avoiding design calculations and allowing the device to stabilize itself against drifts in component properties and to continually adjust itself to changing conditions. This self-configuration operates by training with the desired pairs of orthogonal input and output functions, using sets of detectors and local feedback loops to set individual optical elements within the device, with no global feedback or multiparameter optimization required. Simple mappings, such as spatial mode conversions and polarization control, can be implemented using standard planar integrated optics. In the spirit of a universal machine, we show that other linear operations, including frequency and time mappings, as well as nonreciprocal operation, are possible in principle, even if very challenging in practice, thus proving there is at least one constructive design for any conceivable linear optical component; such a universal device can also be self-configuring. This approach is general for linear waves, and could be applied to microwaves, acoustics, and quantum mechanical superpositions. © 2013 Chinese Laser Press OCIS codes: (220.1080) Active or adaptive optics; (130.6750) Systems; (230.3120) Integrated optics devices.
Towards an understanding and definition of academic misconduct in online learning environments

Academic misconduct (AMC) has become a top priority in many academic institutions. This has been exacerbated as a result of the pervasive use of the technology and the Internet. The lack of established guidelines on acceptable practices and misconceptions about the definition of academic misconduct causes confusion. This paper provides an overview of the common aspects of AMC and proposes a standard definition based on the findings of this study for online learning environments.
Noms, récits et mémoire au Nunavut : note de recherche

Dans ce texte, j’explore les liens entre histoire et memoire qui caracterisent les pratiques d’attribution des noms et les recits autobiographiques. Ces pratiques et les relations d’homonymie qu’elles engendrent revelent une forme de memoire culturelle specifique aux Inuit. Cette forme transcende le dualisme cartesien qui separe le corps et l’esprit ainsi que la cosmologie chretienne qui rejette le transfert des âmes entre les morts et les vivants. Je discute la signification donnee par les Inuit aux pratiques d’attribution des noms et la facon dont ces dernieres participent a la construction des histoires individuelles et communautaires au Nunavut. Dans la seconde partie de l’article, j’illustre la facon dont la memoire d’une personne et l’histoire de sa vie sont constamment modifiees par les changements affectant les etats emotionnels et les conditions sociales.
Fiber coupled ultra high Q microsphere resonators

Summary form only given. Whispering gallery modes (WGMs) of silica microspheres have attracted considerable attention owing to their enormous quality factors (Q's of nearly 10 billion have been measured). In early work, optical coupling to the WGMs was achieved through frustrated total internal reflection from the back face of a prism. More recently, direct coupling from optical fiber has been reported using either half-block couplers or fiber in which a narrow tapered region has been prepared (typically a few microns in diameter). Of these methods fiber taper coupling has been shown to produce an excellent coupling efficiency of 99.8% in cavities that are near critically coupled.
Surviving the breakup: the DNA damage checkpoint.

AbstractIn response to even a single chromosomal double-strand DNA break, cells enact the DNA damage checkpoint. This checkpoint triggers cell cycle arrest, providing time for the cell to repair damaged chromosomes before entering mitosis. This mechanism helps prevent the segregation of damaged or mutated chromosomes and thus promotes genomic stability. Recent work has elucidated the molecular mechanisms underlying several critical steps in checkpoint activation, notably the recruitment of the upstream checkpoint kinases of the ATM and ATR families to different damaged DNA structures and the molecular events through which these kinases activate their effectors. Chromatin modification has emerged as one important component of checkpoint activation and maintenance. Following DNA repair, the checkpoint pathway is inactivated in a process termed recovery. A related but genetically distinct process, adaptation, controls cell cycle re-entry in the face of unrepairable damage.
A filtering approach to electrocardiography volume conductor inverse source problems

The authors summarize the application of several signal processing techniques. These include: (1) reconstructing the electrical potential on an active layer of cells from surface measurements using 2-D filtering; (2) identifying locations of still-active layers following myocardial infarction using a multiple-hypothesis generalized likelihood ratio test; and (3) estimating the location of a single still-active layer by maximum likelihood estimation, and determining the Cramer-Rao bound for the mean-square estimator error. >
Design of pipelined lattice IIR digital filters

A pipelining method in lattice digital filters is introduced. This pipelining method is based on a constrained IIR (infinite impulse response) digital filter design method by which pipelined direct-form filters are designed. These direct-form filters are transformed to pipelined lattice digital filters. It is shown that the roundoff error and the number of multiply/add operations of the resulting pipelined lattice filters are smaller than those of the pipelined lattice filters obtained by applying look-ahead on direct-form nonpipelined digital filters. >
Regional blood flow of exercise-trained younger and older cold-exposed rats.

O2 consumption (thermogenesis) and regional blood flows (measured using radioactively labeled microspheres) were evaluated in younger (12 mo) and older (24 mo) sedentary and exercised male Fischer 344 (F-344) rats. These variables were measured at rest and during exposure to 6 degrees C. Exercise-trained rats were run on a motor-driven treadmill 5 days/wk, 1 h/day, at 20 m/min for 6 mo. Resting rates of O2 consumption did not differ with age or exercise training. However, thermogenesis during cold exposure was significantly greater in the older exercised rats than in the other three groups. This difference did not reflect a greater contribution from brown fat as indicated by the fact that total blood flow to the brown fat depots during cold exposure was not greater in the older exercised vs. the other rat groups. Neither exercise training nor age had a significant effect on specific resting blood flow (expressed as ml.min-1.g tissue mass-1) to most of the organs measured, including heart, kidney, brown fat, white fat, and skeletal muscle. The notable exception to this was in the spleen of the older sedentary animals where flow was diminished compared with that in the older exercised animals. We conclude that aging, between 12 and 24 mo of age, and/or exercise training have only a minor effect on regional blood flow of F-344 rats during rest or cold exposure and that the enhanced thermogenesis seen in cold-exposed older exercised vs. sedentary F-344 rats cannot be explained by a greater contribution from brown fat.