cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The surface chemistry of propylene adsorbed on Mo(100), oxygen-covered Mo(100) and MoO2

Ethylene adsorbed on Mo(100) and oxygen-covered Mo(100) can thermally decompose to yield hydrogen and adsorbed carbon, desorb molecularly, self-hydrogenate to produce ethane or dissociate to form adsorbed C1 species which can hydrogenate to form methane. Complete thermal decomposition of the ethylene is proposed to take place on the four-fold sites on Mo(100) since the hydrogen yield decreases linearly with oxygen coverage. The ethylene desorption activation energy increases with increasing oxygen coverage suggesting that ethylene bonds to Mo(100) predominantly by donation of π electrons to the molybdenum surface. The ethylene hydrogenation activation increases as a function of oxygen coverage in accord with this effect. The yield of methane also varies with oxygen coverage so that no methane desorption is detected for clean Mo(100) but the yield increases with oxygen coverage reaching a maximum at a coverage of ≈0.6 ML and decreasing at higher coverages. Photoelectron spectroscopy results suggest that adsorbed oxygen increases the dissociative probability of ethylene. In addition, experiments in which carbenes are grafted onto the surface by decomposing methylene iodide show that carbenes are stabilized by the addition of oxygen to the surface. These effects both explain the increase in methane yield as a function of increasing oxygen coverage. The decrease at higher coverage is likely due, at least in part, to the lack of hydrogen. The ethane yield also decreases at higher coverages due to a similar effect.
Box fractal dimension as a measure of statistical homogeneity of jointed rock masses

Abstract A written computer programme to estimate the box fractal dimension (DB) is verified by estimating DB of the triadic Koch curve for which the theoretical D is known. The influence of a number of input parameters of the box-counting method on the accuracy of estimated DB is evaluated using the same Koch curve. The employed size range of the applied box networks was found to be the parameter which has the strongest influence on the accuracy of estimated DB. This indicated the importance of finding the range of self-similarity or self-affinity for the object considered to select the proper range for the box sizes and, in turn, to obtain accurate estimates of DB. By calculating DB for different block sizes sampled from three generated two-dimensional joint patterns, it is shown that DB can capture the combined effect of joint-size distribution and joint density on the statistical homogeneity of rock masses. The spatial variation of DB along a 350 m stretch of a tunnel in the shiplock area of the Three Gorges dam site is computed using the joint data mapped on the walls and the roof of the tunnel. This spatial variation of DB is used, along with the visual geological evaluation of the joint trace maps of the tunnel, in making decisions about statistical homogeneity of the rock mass around the tunnel. The results obtained on statistically homogeneous regions were found to be quite similar to the results obtained from a previous statistical homogeneity investigation which incorporated the effect of number of joint sets and their orientation distributions, but not the spatial variation of DB. It is recommended that the spatial variation of DB is used, along with the results of other methods such as contingency table analysis and equal area plots, which incorporate the effect of joint orientation distribution, in addition to the geology of the site, in determining the statistically homogeneous regions of jointed rock masses.
Transactional skew and assured fitness return models fail to predict patterns of cooperation in wasps.

Abstract: Cooperative breeders often exhibit reproductive skew, where dominant individuals reproduce more than subordinates. Two approaches derived from Hamilton’s inclusive fitness model predict when subordinate behavior is favored over living solitarily. The assured fitness return (AFR) model predicts that subordinates help when they are highly likely to gain immediate indirect fitness. Transactional skew models predict dominants and subordinates “agree” on a level of reproductive skew that induces subordinates to join groups. We show the AFR model to be a special case of transactional skew models that assumes no direct reproduction by subordinates. We use data from 11 populations of four wasp species (Polistes, Liostenogaster) as a test of whether transactional frameworks suffice to predict when subordinate behavior should be observed in general and the specific level of skew observed in cooperative groups. The general prediction is supported; in 10 of 11 cases, transactional models correctly predict p...
The Szemerédi-Trotter type theorem and the sum-product estimate in finite fields

We study a Szemeredi-Trotter type theorem in finite fields. We then use this theorem to obtain a different proof of Garaev's sum-product estimate in finite fields.
Release of Fenamiphos, Atrazine, and Alachlor into Flowing Water from Granules and Spray Deposits of Conventional and Controlled-Release Formulations

The release into water of active ingredients from spray deposits or granules of fenamiphos, atrazine, and alachlor was measured for commercial and experimental controlled-release formulations. Granules or spray mixtures of the pesticides were mixed with coarse sand and dried if necessary, and the mixture was placed in 5 mm × 35 mm stainless steel cylinders through which distilled water was then pumped for 24 h. Pesticide concentrations in the eluate were determined by HPLC analysis. The conventional formulations (emulsifiable concentrates, granulars, and dispersible granules) gave total release in 5−24 h and in some cases appeared to release particles into contacting water. Controlled-release starch-encapsulated formulations gave between 5% and 94% release in 24 h. Clay/alginate and clay/alginate/linseed oil formulations gave 0.3−100% release in 24 h, depending mainly on the aqueous solubility and lipophilicity of the pesticide. This simple technique provides comparative insights into the amounts and rate...
Fracture analysis of full-scale pipe experiments on stainless steel flux welds☆

Abstract The objective of this paper is to verify the ability of current fracture analysis methods to predict loads and displacement for circumferential, through-wall-cracked, stainless steel, flux-welded (i.e. submerged-arc weld and shielded-metal-arc weld) pipes under pure bending. Crack initiation and maximum load predictions were made using five different J -estimation schemes, the Net-Section-Collapse analysis, and the ASME Section XI IWB-3640 flaw evaluation criteria. The predicted loads were compared with the observed crack initiation and maximum loads from four full-scale pipe fracture experiments involving 152.4 mm (6 in) and 711.2 mm (28 in) nominal diameters at 288 °C (550 °F). In some cases, load-displacement relationships predicted by the estimation methods were also compared with the actual test record. The experiments were conducted under the Degraded Piping and Short Cracks in Piping and Piping Welds Programs. The results show that both LBB.ENG2 and LBB.ENG3 methods, which were previously developed by the authors, provide more accurate predictions than other analysis methods considered in this study. The comparisons with pipe fracture data also reveal that differences in the weld thickness and procedure between the pipes and compact tension specimens can provide widely different fracture toughness characteristics and hence, can significantly influence predictions of the pipe's load-carrying capacity by the J -estimation methods.
Nucleotide sequence of the yeast 5S ribosomal RNA gene and adjacent putative control regions.

IN bacteria, the sequence of several promoters has been determined and some of the features of their interaction with RNA polymerase, repressors and other regulatory molecules are beginning to be determined1,2. In eukaryotes, however, the isolation and analysis of the DNA structures involved in the regulation of transcription has not yet been achieved. Recent advances in techniques for cloning eukaryotic DNA in bacterial plasmids3 have allowed the isolation of genetic segments whose structure and function can be studied in detail. Using these methods we have isolated a DNA fragment containing the 5S ribosomal RNA gene. The 5S RNA seems to be a primary transcript in yeast4–6; therefore the flanking regions of the 5S gene should contain the putative promoter and termination regions. We report here the nucleotide sequence of Saccharomyces cerevisiae 5S DNA and these flanking regions.
NONCUSTODIAL FATHERS SPEAK ABOUT THEIR PARENTAL ROLE

This article reviews the findings of five recent qualitative studies on noncustodial fathers' views that could be found in the literature. Several common topics and themes were identified, including the following: These fathers experienced considerable divorce-related emotional distress; they were dissatisfied with their custody, visitation, and child support arrangements; they perceived the divorce proceedings to be unfair; and they had ongoing conflicts with their former spouses. Although these findings are not altogether new, collectively they increase one's awareness and understanding of the perceived circumstances of numerous noncustodial fathers. Based on these findings, the author challenges professionals to give renewed attention to helping noncustodial fathers overcome some of the major obstacles to their parenting.
Quantum theory of longitudinal dielectric response properties of a two-dimensional plasma in a magnetic field

Abstract An analysis of dynamic and nonlocal longitudinal dielectric response properties of a two-dimensional Landau-quantized plasma is carried out, using a thermodynamic Green's function formulation of the RPA with a two-dimensional thermal Green's function for electron propagation in a magnetic field developed in closed form. The longitudinal-electrostatic plasmon dispersion relation is discussed in the low wavenumber regime with nonlocal corrections, and Bernstein mode structure is studied for arbitrary wavenumber. All regimes of magnetic field strength and statistics are investigated. The class of integrals treated here should have broad applicability in other two-dimensional and finite slab plasma studies. The two-dimensional static shielding law in a magnetic field is analyzed for low wavenumber, and for large distances we find V( r ) ∼ Q k 0 2 r 3 . The inverse screening length k 0 = 2πe 2 ∂ϱ ∂ξ (ϱ = density, ξ = chemical potential) is evaluated in all regimes of magnetic field strength and all statistical regimes. k0 exhibits violent DHVA oscillatory behavior in the degenerate zero-temperature case at higher field strengths, and the shielding is complete when ξ = r′ l z.shtsls; ω , but there is no shielding when ξ ≠ r′ l z.shtsls; ω c . A careful analysis confirms that there is no shielding at large distances in the degenerate quantum strong field limit l z.shtsls; ω c > ξ . Since shielding does persist in the nondegenerate quantum strong field limit l z.shtsls; ω c > KT , there should be a pronounced change in physical properties that depend on shielding if the system is driven through a high field statistical transition. (It should be noted that the static shielding law of semiclassical and classical models has no dependence on magnetic field in two dimensions, as in three dimensions.) Finally, we find that the zero field two-dimensional Freidel-Kohn “wiggle” static shielding phenomenon is destroyed by the dispersal of the zero field continuum of electron states into the discrete set of Landau-quantized orbitals due to the imposition of the magnetic field.
Exercise thallium-201 scintigraphy and prognosis in typical angina pectoris and negative exercise electrocardiography

Patients with a history of typical angina but negative exercise electrocardiography represent a subgroup with an intermediate likelihood of having coronary artery disease and future cardiac events. A retrospective study of the prognostic utility of stress-redistribution thallium-201 scintigraphy was performed in 190 such patients. A second group of 203 patients with typical angina and a positive exercise electrocardiogram were analyzed for comparative scintigraphic purposes. The cardiac event rate for the 144 negative exercise electrocardiogram patients with normal thallium results was 5 vs 15% in the 46 patients with abnormal thallium results (p = 0.01). These patients were further stratified into high (14 to 18%), intermediate (9%) and low (<2%) risk groups for future cardiac events based on combining the thallium results with the percentage of maximal predicted heart rate achieved. A multivariate analysis revealed that an abnormal thallium result was the only significant correlate of future cardiac events. Mechanisms responsible for the discordant finding of a negative exercise electrocardiogram in patients with typical angina include (1) false-positive angina symptomatology in low prevalence coronary artery disease groups in whom the thallium test is negative, and (2) “electrocardiographically silent” ischemia in patients in whom the thallium test is positive. These findings reveal that thallium stress-redistribution scintigraphy can be used to stratify 1-year prognosis in this subgroup of patients with typical angina and negative exercise electrocardiograms.
Magnetic soft X-ray microscopy: Imaging spin dynamics at the nanoscale

Abstract Time-resolved magnetic X-ray microscopy combines in a unique way spatial resolution down to 15 nm with a temporal resolution of less than 100 ps. The former is enabled through state-of-the-art Fresnel zone plates used as X-ray optical elements and the latter is limited by the inherent time structure of current synchrotron radiation X-ray sources. Using a stroboscopic pump and probe scheme spin dynamics in magnetic systems of confined geometries can be imaged with great detail. The magnetization of the elements is excited with fast electronic pulses with a rise time of 100 ps that are launched into waveguide structures. Varying the delay time between the pump and the X-ray probing pulses one can image in real space the temporal evolution of the magnetic configuration in nanoscale elements. This paper is based on an invited talk given at the ICM2006 conference and provides an overview of the current status of time-resolved soft X-ray microscopy. Studies of vortex dynamics in rectangular structures are reported as a specific example.
Prognostic discrimination of subgrouping node-positive endometrioid uterine cancer: location vs nodal extent

The 2009 International Federation of Gynecologists and Obstetricians elected to substage patients with positive retroperitoneal lymph nodes as IIIC 1 (pelvic lymph node metastasis only) and IIIC 2 (paraaortic node metastasis with or with positive pelvic lymph nodes). We have investigated the discriminatory ability of subgrouping patients with retroperitoneal nodal involvement based on location, number, and ratio of positive nodes. For 1075 patients with stage IIIC endometrioid corpus cancer abstracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results databases for 2003–2007, Kaplan–Meier analyses, Cox proportional hazard models, and other quantitative measures were used to compare the prognostic discrimination for disease-specific survival (DSS) of nodal subgroupings. In univariate analysis, the 3-year DSS were significantly different for subgroupings by location (IIIC 1 vs IIIC 2; 80.5% vs 67.0%, respectively, P=0.001), lymph node ratio (⩽23.2% vs >23.2%; 80.8% vs 67.6%; P 5; 79.5, 75.4, 62.9%, P=0.016). The ratio of positive nodes showed superior discriminatory substaging in Cox models. Subgrouping of stage IIIC patients by the ratio of positive nodes, either as a dichotomized or continuous parameter, shows the strongest ability to discriminate the survival, controlling for other confounding factors.
Einstein A coefficient, integrated band intensity, and population factors: application to the a O2 band

Abstract Literature values of the Einstein A coefficient for spontaneous emission for the a 1 Δ g →X 3 Σ g − (0,0) band of O 2 differ by as much as a factor of 2. The corresponding integrated band intensity values found in the literature show maximum differences of a factor of 4. The reason for these differences is not only the spread in the measured absorption band intensities but also in the improper use of population factors relating the Einstein A value to the line intensity or integrated band intensity. Here, the relationships between the Einstein A coefficient for spontaneous emission and the integrated band intensity and line intensity are developed with application to the a 1 Δ g ←X 3 Σ g − bands of O 2 . These relationships serve to eliminate the previously demonstrated confusion about the proper use of the lower and upper state population factors, with some using a ratio of 3 : 1 and the others 3 : 2 . A slightly modified expression for the line intensity in terms of the integrated band intensity is proposed which corrects for some approximations used in earlier expressions. Finally, recommendations are made for the most accurate values of the electronic–vibrational Einstein A coefficient and integrated band intensity for the a 1 Δ g (0)←X 3 Σ g − (0) band of O 2 .
Developmental regulation of cytosine methylation in the nuclear ribosomal RNA genes of Pisum sativum

Abstract Prominent features of the cytosine methylation pattern of the Pisum sativum nuclear ribosomal RNA genes have been defined. Cytosine methylation within the C-C-G-G sequence was studied using the restriction enzymes HpaII and MspI and gel blot hybridizations of the restriction digests. The extent to which particular features of the methylation pattern change during seedling development has also been determined. Total cellular DNA, purified from defined sections of pea seedlings grown under different lighting conditions, was analyzed with DNA hybridization probes derived from different portions of a cloned member of the nuclear rRNA gene family. By use of an indirect end-labeling technique, a map of 23 cleavable HpaII and/or MspI sites in genomic rDNA was constructed. The map covers about 90% of the rDNA repeat including the entire non-transcribed spacer region and most of the rRNA coding sequences. One notable feature of the map is that the most prominent HpaII site, located about 800 base-pairs upstream from the 5′ end of the mature 18 S rRNA, is cleaved only in one of the two most abundant rDNA length variants (the short variant). With a gel blot assay specific for cleavage at this site, we estimated the HpaII sensitivity of DNA preparations from several stages of pea seedling development. We find that, while methylation is generally low in young seedlings, DNA obtained from the apical buds of pea seedlings is highly methylated. Further, the methylation level of rDNA within the pea bud decreases as the buds are allowed to develop under continuous white light. Our data, taken together with published studies on pea seedling development, indicate that cytosine methylation levels may be related to the regulated expression of the nuclear rRNA genes in pea.
Specific pro-apoptotic fibronectin fragments modulate proteinase expression in periodontal ligament cells.

523 Background: During inflammation and periodontal disease, the extracellular matrix protein fibronectin (FN) is degraded into fragments whose activities differ from those of the intact molecule. In periodontal ligament cells in vitro, some fragments elevate the expression of matrix metalloproteinases and serine proteinases, while others induce apoptosis through a mechanism regulated by caspase proteases and specific signaling pathways. In this study, we investigated whether the pro-apoptotic V + H − fibronectin fragment modulates proteinase expression as part of the apoptotic mechanism in periodontal ligament cells. The importance of this study is that a structurally similar fibronectin fragment found in vivo (40-kDa) is associated with periodontal disease status. However, the recombinant V + H − FN protein which is structurally and functionally similar to the in vivo 40-kDa fragment was chosen as the focus of these studies over the in vivo fragment because of the ability to readily produce and purify large quantities of recombinant fragments for detailed studies. Thus, findings from this study relate to our understanding of how the extracellular matrix of the periodontal ligament in an inflamed environment may contribute to periodontal disease and its progression. Methods: We used substrate zymography, reverse zymography, proteinase inhibitors, and partial sequencing to investigate whether the pro-apoptotic V + H − fibronectin fragment modulates proteinase expression as part of this apoptotic mechanism. Results: Incubation with the V + H − fragment reduced the expression of all gelatinolytic proteinases and inhibitors commonly expressed by periodontal ligament cells. In the presence of caspase inhibitors, inhibitors known to suppress apoptosis, however, the reduced proteinase profile was rescued, showing that caspase inhibitors were able to reverse the reduced proteinase profile and indicating that caspase-mediated pathways are pertinent to fibronectin-fragment-mediated matrix metalloproteinase expression. In addition, the V + H − fragment also triggered the expression of a unique high molecular weight gelatinolytic proteinase of approximately 200 kDa. This proteinase was a serine proteinase, whose identity is not known. Conclusion: These findings suggest that matrix-degrading proteinases may be involved in apoptosis as part of a unique mechanism of periodontal tissue breakdown, in which novel proteinases may help execute the dissolution of the extracellular matrix. J Periodontol 2004;75:523-530.
Energy Absorption by Expanded Bead Polystyrene Foam: Dependence on Fracture Toughness and Bead Fusion

The energy absorbed, during compression of low density polystyrene bead foam by a rectangular indenter, increased with increasing fracture toughness because compression induced fracture was reduced. Shorter cracks correlated with increased fracture toughness and energy absorption through increased load spreading from the trapezoidal region to the bulk specimen. The fracture toughness increased with increasing molding time, steam, pressure (i.e. temperature), and decreasing foam density because bead fusion increased. Bead fusion was evaluated from the fracture surface as the “cellular fracture” area fraction which increased with increasing toughness.
Hybrid modeling in pattern recognition and control

Four technologies are discussed: fuzzy pattern recognition (numerical and syntactic), computational neural networks, and fuzzy control. The paper assesses the maturation of these disciplines by giving two examples of crossfertilization between control and pattern recognition. First, the use of pattern recognition (fuzzy clustering and feed forward neural networks) to help develop and represent fuzzy controllers is illustrated. Second, an example of waveform analysis by syntactic pattern recognition that uses the fuzzy control paradigm is given. The paper concludes with some ideas about what should happen next, and what may happen next, in terms of hybridization between the four disciplines.
Dielectric and13C NMR studies of the carbon monoxide clathrate hydrate

The structure I clathrate hydrate of carbon monoxide has been studied using dielectric measurements and13C NMR spectroscopy. Broad, weak dielectric absorption curves with maxima at 2.2–3.8 K yieldEa = 0.14 kJ mol−1 for the average Arrhenius activation energy associated with the reorientation of the low polarity guest. Except for H2S this represents the fastest reorienting polar guest known among the clathrate hydrates. The low temperature dielectric absorption curves can best be fitted with a Cole-Davidson asymmetric distribution of relaxation times and activation energies (withθ = 0.06 at 4 × 106 Hz), which at 107 Hz has been resolved into a double symmetric distribution of discrete relaxation times for CO in the small and large cages. The cross-polarization magic angle spinning13C NMR spectra indicate identical chemical shifts for CO in the small and large cages, in contrast to other hydrates. The static spectra show that the CO molecules undergo anisotropic reorientation in the large cages and that there is still considerable mobility at 77 K. One possible model for the anisotropic motion has the CO rapidly moving among sites over each of the 14 faces of the cage with the CO axis orientated towards the cage centre. The cage occupancy ratio at 220 K,θs/θL = 1.11, indicates slightly greater preference of CO for the small cage.
Meeting the Mental Health Needs of Older Adults in All Practice Settings

ABSTRACTIntegration of mental health services in occupational therapy practice with older adults, meaning evaluation and intervention for mental health concurrent with rehabilitation for physical disabilities, is critical to providing quality care. This approach has been suggested in the context of primary care, but should be carried out across practice settings. Although mental health conditions have detrimental effects on the well-being of elders, seniors do not commonly seek out mental health services. For elders with late life and mild depressive symptoms, medications have only modest effects creating a strong need for nonpharmacological interventions. Although there are therapists addressing mental health in conjunction with treatment for physical disabilities, this is not the norm. In this issue/opinion paper, I argue for better integration of physical and mental health services in occupational therapy practice with older adults and in the education of occupational therapy practitioners.
Simulation of diblock copolymer melts by Dissipative Particle Dynamics

Abstract Dissipative Particle Dynamics (DPD), a recently developed mesoscopic simulation technique, is used to model the morphology and dynamical behavior of short-chain diblock copolymer melts. The two blocks, A and B, of the copolymer chain are represented by particles of different DPD “phases”, and composition is varied by varying the number of beads in each block. As composition is varied from 0–50% A, the predicted morphology changes, progressively, from a disordered system to BCC spherical domains of A, and then to cylindrical domains and lamelae. These predicted phase structures are in agreement with experimental and theoretical results from the literature. Steady shear flow is simulated by means of Lees–Edwards boundary conditions to investigate the effect of shear flow on morphology, and to evaluate viscosity and normal stresses under shearing. The predicted effects of shear flow include flow-induced microstructural transitions, and enhanced rheological properties for systems having the BCC equilibrium microstructure.
Electronic States of the Quasilinear Molecule Propargylene (HCCCH) from Negative Ion Photoelectron Spectroscopy

We use gas-phase negative ion photoelectron spectroscopy to study the quasilinear carbene propargylene, HCCCH, and its isotopologue DCCCD. Photodetachment from HCCCH– affords the X(3B) ground state of HCCCH and its a(1A), b (1B), d(1A2), and B(3A2) excited states. Extended, negatively anharmonic vibrational progressions in the X(3B) ground state and the open-shell singlet b (1B) state arise from the change in geometry between the anion and the neutral states and complicate the assignment of the origin peak. The geometry change arising from electron photodetachment results in excitation of the ν4 symmetric CCH bending mode, with a measured fundamental frequency of 363 ± 57 cm–1 in the X(3B) state. Our calculated harmonic frequency for this mode is 359 cm–1. The Franck–Condon envelope of this progression cannot be reproduced within the harmonic approximation. The spectra of the a(1A), d(1A2), and B(3A2) states are each characterized by a short vibrational progression and a prominent origin peak, es...
Zircaloy oxide thickness measurement by ellipsometry

Abstract Ellipsometry can be used to measure the thickness of Zircaloy oxide to 5 μm at a measuring wavelength of 3.39 μ to an accuracy of about 10%. If we assume that the extinction coefficient remains relatively constant between 3 and 10 μm wavelength, thicknesses of up to 15 μm should be measurable at the latter wavelength. In addition to thickness measurements, ellipsometry could be used effectively for in situ kinetic point-by-point studies of Zircaloy oxide film growth in closed systems involving a variety of experimental conditions so long as the ambient medium in the system allows reflection from the specimen. Automation of the ellipsometer would make it possible to measure rapid changes in film thickness.
Protein diet and hypercalciuria

To the Editor: In an interesting study in a recent issue of Kidney International, Amanzadeh et al1 reported that a high animal protein diet in rats decreased urinary pH and citrate excretion, and increased urinary calcium and phosphate excretion and bone resorption. The authors concluded that both the kidney and bone contributed to the pathogenesis of hypercalciuria during animal protein excess.
Tamm-Horsfall protein protects urothelial permeability barrier.

Abstract Objectives To test whether the presence of Tamm-Horsfall protein (THP) can limit the injury caused by low-molecular-weight (LMW) urinary cations using an in vivo rat bladder injury model. Previous studies have shown that normal urine contains LMW cations toxic to cultured bladder cells and that THP, a ubiquitous urinary glycoprotein, protects against this cytotoxic effect. THP may sequester and subsequently neutralize these toxic urinary cations. Methods A dialysis product of LMW (greater than 100 but less than 3500) was prepared from pooled 24-hour urine samples from healthy volunteers and evaluated for urothelial cell cytotoxicity. The LMW toxic factor (TF) was instilled into the bladders of Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 9) after recording the baseline urodynamic parameters, primarily nonvoiding contractions (NVCs). We also evaluated the ability of THP to block abnormal physiologic activity indicative of bladder injury caused by exposure to the TF (greater than 100 but less than 3500 molecular weight) by co-instillation of the TF with THP. Results The TF had a significant cytotoxic effect in cultured rat ( P P P Conclusions Normal urine contains a cationic factor that appears to increase urothelial permeability by injuring the mucosa, allowing potassium ions to penetrate the urothelium and depolarize underlying nerves and muscle. THP appears to neutralize the LMW fraction electrostatically and attenuate urothelial damage, resulting in suppression of potassium chloride-mediated bladder hyperactivity.
Representations of nature of science in high school chemistry textbooks over the past four decades

This study assessed the representations of nature of science (NOS) in high school chemistry textbooks and the extent to which these representations have changed during the past four decades. Analyses focused on the empirical, tentative, inferential, creative, theory-driven, and social NOS, in addition to the myth of “The Scientific Method,” the nature of scientific theories and laws, and the social and cultural embeddedness of science. A total of 14 textbooks, including five “series” spanning one to four decades, were analyzed. The textbooks commanded significant market shares in the United States and were widely used in some of the most populace states. Relevant textbook sections were scored on each of the target NOS aspects on a scale ranging from −3 to +3, which reflected the accuracy, completeness, and manner (explicit versus implicit) in which these aspects were addressed. The textbooks fared poorly in their representations of NOS. Additionally, with a few exceptions, textbook scores either did not change or decreased over the past four decades. These trends are incommensurate with the discourse in national and international science education reform documents, which has witnessed an increasing emphasis on the centrality of NOS to scientific literacy and pre-college science education during the same time period. Assessment and evaluation strategies, and policies need to be targeted if substantial and desired changes in the ways NOS is addressed in science textbooks are to be effected. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 45: 835–855, 2008
What's Going on in Gym?

(2005). What's Going on in Gym? Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 76, No. 4, pp. 6-8.
Decision variables for selecting prototyping in information systems development: a Delphi study of MIS managers

Abstract The use of prototyping in the information systems development process is frequently advocated by both practitioners and academics; however, the decision variables that must be assessed when prototyping is considered have not been well defined. A literature review produced nineteen variables that potentially matter. Then a Delphi panel of MIS managers from Computerworld's Premier 100 firms, who are currently using prototyping, identified and ranked variables they consider when deciding whether to include prototyping in their systems development project. After three Delphi rounds, ten important decision variables emerged as most important, including one added during the process by the panel. Seven variables frequently cited in the literature were ranked low and hence are considered unimportant.
Total shoulder arthroplasty: Glenoid component design

Although Charles Neer's original glenoid component underwent several modifications, the all-polyethylene, keeled component with a radius of curvature that conformed to the humeral radius of curvature and that was implanted with cement became the glenoid implant of choice. Neer reported approximately a 30% incidence of radiolucent lines; however, only 2 of 615 glenoids were revised for loosening. Other surgeons have reported radiolucent lines in up to 90% of glenoid components and have correlated symptoms with increasing radiolucencies. This has led to the development of alternative glenoid components for unconstrained total shoulder arthroplasty. Variations in component design include component shape, articular conformity, method of fixation, and material composition. The purposes of this presentation are to review the performance of the original Neer design, as well as other more recent glenoid designs, to identify factors that may influence the performance of glenoid components, and to provide a rationale for future changes in glenoid component design.
High-temperature electrical characteristics of GaAs MESFETs (25-400 degrees C)

The effects of elevated ambient and substrate temperatures (25 degrees C up to 400 degrees C) on the electrical characteristics of integrated GaAs MESFETs in a state-of-the-art commercial technology are reported. The focus is on the large- and small-signal parameters of the transistors. The existence of zero-temperature-coefficient drain currents is demonstrated analytically and experimentally for enhancement- and for depletion-mode GaAs MESFETs. The data show that, while GaAs MESFETs generally display degradation mechanisms similar to those of silicon MOSFETs with increasing temperature, they incur several additional effects, prominent among which are increased gate leakage currents, lowered Schottky-barrier height, decreased large- and small-signal (gate) input resistances, decreased sensitivity to sidegating and backgating up to approximately 200 degrees C, and increased small-signal drain resistance. >
Symmetry of Quadrupolar Arrangements in Crystals

We carry out a new group-theoretical classification of all possible static quadrupolar arrangements in a crystal: We define normal quadrupolar configurations and classify them according to the irreducible representations of the space group of the crystal. This method is a generalization of the representation analysis of magnetic structures, and is equivalent to the method recently proposed by Felsteiner, Litvin, and Zak.
Fermionic string field theory of c = 1 two-dimensional quantum gravity

Abstract The matrix model representation of c = 1 matter coupled to two-dimensional quantum gravity is analyzed as a string theory. It is shown that a natural representation of the string field theory is that of free, two-dimensional Dirac fermions. One of the dimensions is that of the target space, the other arises from the space of the eigenvalues of the matrices and is identified with the zero mode of the Liouville field. The higher-order contributions to the correlation functions of the observables arise from translationally non-invariant corrections to the fermion kinetic energy. We discuss the integrability of this model and present some calculations of correlation functions using this formalism.
Litter decomposition across an air-pollution gradient in the San Bernardino Mountains

Although N deposition rates have not been deterAir pollution may affect forest ecosystems by altering nutrient cycling rates. The objective of this study was to compare decomposition rates of L-layer litter of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderusu Laws.) and Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeflreyi Grev. & Balf,) collected from across an air-pollution gradient in the San Bernardino Mountains in southern California. Litter from the more polluted western areas decomposed at a significantly (P = 0.01) faster rate than litter from plots in areas exposed to moderate or low pollution levels. The Shannon diversity index values for litter fungi were 1.41, 1.84, and 2.25 for plots in areas exposed to low, moderate, and high pollution levels. Nitrogen content of litter was greatest in the high pollution plots and was positively correlated with litter decomposition rate. Higher N and lower Ca content of litter at the more polluted western sites suggest that litter in the western plots originates from younger foliage than litter at the less polluted sites, possibly because of ozone (0,)-induced needle abscission. Possible factors contributing to increased decomposition and fungal diversity in the western plots include: higher litter nutrient content because litter originates from younger foliage, higher soil N levels which may result in higher foliar N content, greater input of N from air pollution, and O3 damage to needles creating favorable sites for microbial decomposers.
Extractive Summaries for Educational Science Content

This paper describes an extractive summarizer for educational science content called COGENT. COGENT extends MEAD based on strategies elicited from an empirical study with domain and instructional experts. COGENT implements a hybrid approach integrating both domain independent sentence scoring features and domain-aware features. Initial evaluation results indicate that COGENT outperforms existing summarizers and generates summaries that closely resemble those generated by human experts.
Interactive Control of Rhodobacter capsulatus Redox-Balancing Systems during Phototrophic Metabolism

In nonsulfur purple bacteria, redox homeostasis is achieved by the coordinate control of various oxidation-reduction balancing mechanisms during phototrophic anaerobic respiration. In this study, the ability of Rhodobacter capsulatus to maintain a balanced intracellular oxidation-reduction potential was considered; in addition, interrelationships between the control of known redox-balancing systems, the Calvin-Benson-Bassham, dinitrogenase and dimethyl sulfoxide reductase systems, were probed in strains grown under both photoheterotrophic and photoautotrophic growth conditions. By using cbb(I) (cbb form I operon)-, cbb(II)-, nifH-, and dorC-reporter gene fusions, it was demonstrated that each redox-balancing system responds to specific metabolic circumstances under phototrophic growth conditions. In specific mutant strains of R. capsulatus, expression of both the Calvin-Benson-Bassham and dinitrogenase systems was influenced by dimethyl sulfoxide respiration. Under photoheterotrophic growth conditions, coordinate control of redox-balancing systems was further manifested in ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase and phosphoribulokinase deletion strains. These findings demonstrated the existence of interactive control mechanisms that govern the diverse means by which R. capsulatus maintains redox poise during photoheterotrophic and photoautotrophic growth.
Multicovering bounds from supercodes

Let m be a positive integer. The m-covering radius R/sub m/(C) of a code C is the smallest r/spl isin/Z such every set of m binary vectors of length n is a subset of at least one ball of radius r around a codeword in C. We derive new lower bounds on R/sub m/(C) for certain C. We consider a fixed linear code C/spl acute/ and derive lower bounds on the sizes of codes contained in C/spl acute/ that have given m-covering radius r. This then says that any explicit code C that is contained in C/spl acute/ and is smaller than the given bound must have m-covering radius greater than r. The sphere bound for multicovering radius is a lower bound on the size of a code with given covering radius. We can generalize it by considering only m-tuples that are contained in a linear supercode of C.
Adaptive Binary Slepian-Wolf Decoding using Particle Based Belief Propagation

A major difficulty that plagues the practical use of Slepian-Wolf (SW) coding (and distributed source coding in general) is that the precise correlation among sources needs to be known a priori. To resolve this problem, we propose an adaptive asymmetric SW decoding scheme using particle based belief propagation (PBP). We explain the adaptive scheme for asymmetric setup in detail and then further extend it to the non-asymmetric setup based on the code partitioning approach. Moreover, we introduce a Metropolis-Hastings (MH) algorithm in the resampling step, which efficiently decreases the number of simulation iterations. We show through experiments that the proposed algorithm can simultaneously reconstruct the compressed sources and estimate the joint correlation among sources. Further, comparing to the conventional SW decoder based on standard belief propagation, the proposed approach can achieve higher compression under varying correlation statistics.
Online control techniques for optimal management of bandwidth over shared infrastructure networks

In this paper, we provide an online monitor and control approach to manage bandwidth allocations on a shared network infrastructure in a QoS-aware application setting. Accurate management of bandwidth allocations with a goal of maximizing the revenues is quite complex, due to the interactions among various data flows that dynamically share the network bandwidth. We adopt a heuristics-aided control strategy that iteratively adjusts the bandwidth allocation based on the observed packet loss rate and delays. The paper first demonstrates the existence of a globally optimal operating point that minimizes the total bandwidth cost over a large number of flows while keeping the end-to-end packet delays within a prescribed limit. We then provide an algorithmic framework to search for this optimal point with an imprecise knowledge of the overall system model. Our optimization strategy for the QoS adaptation problem offers a unified management framework that considers both the bandwidth cost and the end-user QoS - and is hence useful for connectivity service providers.
Apportioning Sacred Space in a Moroccan City: The Case of Tangier, 1860–1912

In late 19th century Morocco, ideological issues such as nationalism, secularization, and colonialism came to bear on urban society and on the relations among ethnic groups in the city. This study focuses on inter–communal relations in the coastal city of Tangier, the main port for European entry into Morocco, as an example of a "traditional" Islamic city undergoing rapid modernization. Using archival sources and contemporay ethnographic studies, this article examines how the Muslim and Jewish communities of Tangier responded to the coming of modernity by articulating zones of ethnically and religiously marked space that came to be perceived of as critical to each group's expression of self-identity. [Colonialism, sacred space, Morocco, Muslim-Jewish relations]
Location-Aware Affinity Propagation Clustering in Wireless Sensor Networks

Clustering has become a crucial operation in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Affinity Propagation (AP) is a relatively new clustering technique that has been shown to possess several advantages over long-standing algorithms such as K-means, particularly in terms of quality of clustering and multi-criteria support. However, the original AP algorithm is computationally intensive making it unsuitable for clustering in WSNs. A hierarchical decentralized variation of AP (Hi-WAP) has been recently proposed to reduce the processing cost of AP while minimizing the potentially negative effect of distribution (due to the lack of a global view) on clustering quality. In this paper, we explore the suitability of Hi-WAP for clustering in WSNs. We employ the level of distortion and the processing time as evaluation metrics. We propose an extension to Hi-WAP, termed LAP; Location-aware Affinity Propagation, where clustering is performed while being cognizant of nodes’ locations. Simulation results reveal that LAP, in general, outperforms Hi-WAP. We further study the optimization of LAP parameter values with the objective of minimizing processing time while maintaining a desirable low level of distortion.
Compact wilkinson power divider on multilayer org anic substrate

We present the design and development of a compact Wilkinson power divider on a multilayer organic Liquid Crystal Polymer (LCP) substrate. The experimental results demonstrate that the power divider has achieved a size reduction of 97.5% compares to conventional microstrip Wilkinson power divider design at a center frequency of 1.1 GHz. Based on a 15- dB input return-loss criterion, the power divider has a measured bandwidth from 0.95 to 1.25 GHz or 27.3% fractional bandwidth. The size of the power divider is 4.4 mm × 5.0 mm × 0.35 mm. This power divider achieves largest size reduction percentage reported to date in planar PCB technology.
Employment-based abstinence reinforcement as a maintenance intervention for the treatment of cocaine dependence: Post-intervention outcomes

Aims Due to the chronicity of cocaine dependence, practical and effective maintenance interventions are needed to sustain long-term abstinence. We sought to assess the effects of long-term employment-based reinforcement of cocaine abstinence after discontinuation of the intervention.
Teaching Scientific Practices: Meeting the Challenge of Change

This paper provides a rationale for the changes advocated by the Framework for K-12 Science Education and the Next Generation Science Standards. It provides an argument for why the model embedded in the Next Generation Science Standards is seen as an improvement. The Case made here is that the underlying model that the new Framework presents of science better represents contemporary understanding of nature of science as a social and cultural practice. Second, it argues that the adopting a framework of practices will enable better communication of meaning amongst professional science educators. This, in turn, will enable practice in the classroom to improve. Finally, the implications for teacher education are explored.