cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Constraint handling in genetic algorithms using a gradient-based repair method

Constraint handling is one of the major concerns when applying genetic algorithms (GAs) to solve constrained optimization problems. This paper proposes to use the gradient information derived from the constraint set to systematically repair infeasible solutions. The proposed repair procedure is embedded into a simple GA as a special operator. Experiments using 11 benchmark problems are presented and compared with the best known solutions reported in the literature. Our results are competitive, if not better, compared to the results reported using the homomorphous mapping method, the stochastic ranking method, and the self-adaptive fitness formulation method.
Chloroplast DNA variation within and among five Plantago species

Abstract Chloroplast DNA variation was studied within and among five Plantago species. We determined polymorphism by surveying 86% of the chloroplast genome using 9 or 11 restriction enzymes for intra or interspecific variation, respectively. All five species were polymorphic for both site and length mutations. The outcrossing P. lanceolata has six chloroplast haplotypes of which some were found in the Nether- lands as well as in the United States. The highly selfing P. major had five haplotypes and Dutch and United States populations were differentiated from each other in cpDNA. Pfantago species are highly differentiated from each other. Of 252 restric- tion-sites, 52% were variable among species. Most of this variation was localized in part of the large single copy region. We derived a molecular phylogeny of the five species from restriction-site variability using PAUP 3.0. P. coronopus and P. maritima form a group as do P. major and P. media. P. lanceolata is more distantly related to the other four species. In a consensus tree both P. major haplotypes and both P. media haplotypes were connected to one node.
Process Mapping: Tools, Techniques, & Critical Success Factors.

Process mapping is both an analytical tool and a process intervention that performance technologists can use to improve human performance by reducing error variance. In contrast to reengineering, process mapping is used for both incremental and radical change. The benefits of process mapping include simplified work flow, reduced cycle time, lowered costs, and improved job satisfaction. Process mapping involves constructing a macro-map, identifying and prioritizing bottlenecks in the existing process, constructing a micro-map to identify the root causes of the bottlenecks, and iterative redesign. Several critical success factors include organizational readiness, time commitment by participants, and the availability of a qualified facilitator. HPT practitioners add value to organizations by providing unique competence in task and needs analysis. To succeed in process mapping, however, the HPT professional must also possess sophisticated skills in facilitation as well as business knowledge, self-confidence, and interpersonal skills for interacting with senior management.
Wittgenstein and Davidson on the Sociality of Language

Wittgenstein's response to the problems associated with rule following and Davidson's treatment of the conditions necessary for interpretability and communication are interestingly related to each in providing arguments for an indispensable social dimension of language. But where the Wittgensteinian practice view takes us to agreement of judgment and action among practitioners, the Davidsonian interpretivist conception takes us to a relation of mutual recognition between speaker and hearer. This paper argues that Davidson is forced, by virtue of commitments internal to his methodology of interpretation and the challenge raised by the paradox of interpretation argument, to accommodate key features of the practice view. Charity proves to be Wittgensteinian agreement in judgment and the triangulation argument supports a community view of rule following at bedrock level.
DNA polymerases of leukaemic guinea-pig lymphoblasts

Abstract 1. 1. Leukaemic guinea-pig lymphoblasts contain two DNA polymerase activities—one located in cytoplasm and the other associated with nucleus. The nuclear enzyme has been solubilized by sonication. Both DNA polymerases have been partially purified. 2. 2. There are no qualitative differences between the nuclear and cytoplasmic enzymes. 3. 3. Both require Mg 2+ , a sulphydryl compound, and DNA template for optimal activity. 4. 4. They exhibit maximum activity at p H8.0. 5. 5. Both enzymes are inhibited by actinomycin-D, mitomycin-C, and high concentrations of NaCl. 6. 6. Activated DNA acts as the best template for both enzymes. 7. 7. The products of in vitro reaction of cytoplasmic and nuclear polymerases have been characterized by cesium chloride density gradient and by hydroxylapatite chromatography and have the properties of a partially single- and partially double-stranded DNA. The newly synthesized DNA have sedimentation coefficient of 3–4S in alkaline sucrose gradient.
Determinants of selenium in the toenail biomonitor

The evaluation of human nails as a measure of selenium intake and to assess selenium status in critical tissues is now being used routinely to investigate hypotheses relating selenium status to chronic disease, especially cancer. In this study we report on our observations of the major determinants of toenail selenium concentrations. Toenail specimens (3575) were, under a protocol we provided, self-collected by adult females (1940, 54.3%) and males (1635, 45.7%) living in 111 of Missouri's 114 counties. The health-conscious participants ranged in age from 18 to 94 years with means of 53.7±14.1 and 56.4±14.2 years for females and males, respectively. Selenium supplement use was over represented, 39.1% and 42.7%, and smoking was under represented, 7.5% and 7.8%, for females and males, respectively. The major determinants of toenail selenium concentration were supplement use, sex and cigarette smoking. We found no overall correlations with age, body mass index or diet selection.
The value of genetic information in selecting dairy replacements

Abstract The objective of this study was to empirically determine the economic value of genetic information in the selection of dairy replacements, and assess whether this value was sufficient to prompt producers to select replacements on this basis. The data set consisted of 1982 Michigan Holstein replacements in 115 herds. Each herd had a minimum of 10 replacements that were born in the last 6 months of 1992 and calved within the last 6 months of 1994. The data for each replacement included the estimated breeding value (EBV) for milk at the beginning and end of the rearing period, and the estimated lifetime profit corrected for the opportunity cost of postponed replacement (ELPCOC). The replacement selection decision for a profit-maximizing dairy producer selecting 70 or 80% of the replacements was modeled. We modeled three methods of selection: genetic, random and ex poste. Genetic selection was evaluated using the EBV milk available at the beginning or end of the rearing period. For each herd, the profit associated with each of the three methods of selection was simulated. The value of the genetic information and perfect information were the differences in herd profits of genetic selection and ex poste selection relative to random selection, respectively. The difference in value of the genetic information between the end of the rearing period and the beginning of the rearing period was the increase in value of the genetic information due to updating. The value of information was calculated as the average herd profit per replacement. The value of the genetic information ranged from $ 22/replacement to $ 30/replacement and was statistically greater than zero at a 95% confidence level. It is unclear whether this value is sufficient to prompt producers to select replacements on the basis of EBV milk as has been recommended. The negative value of EBV milk (from the end of the rearing period when selecting 80% of the replacements) for 32 herds was consistent with the noisiness of the genetic estimates as messages of ELPCOC. The increased value of the genetic information due to updating was approximately $ 5/replacement. This increased value is likely insufficient to warrant delaying replacement selection decisions solely to obtain the updated information. The value of EBV milk was approximately $ 4/replacement higher when selecting 70% of the replacements versus 80%. The genetic information captured between 15% (selecting 70% at the beginning of the rearing period) and 20% (selecting 80% at the end of the rearing period) of the value of perfect information.
Calibration of nanocrystal grain boundary model based on polycrystal plasticity using molecular dynamics simulations

Decohesion parameters are computed for the tilt grain boundaries through molecular simulations and the parameters are employed in a elastoplastic deformation model of a face centered cubic (FCC) nanocrystal. The calibrated continuum grain boundary model accounts for reversible elastic and irreversible inelastic separation sliding deformations. The intragranular plasticity was modeled using a rate independent single crystal plasticity model. Atomistic calculations are presented for a planar, copper grain boundary interface with a tilt lattice misorientation for cases of loading and unloading. The interface models are deformed to full separation and then relaxed to study inelastic behavior. Plots of stress versus displacement show a distinctly different deformation response between normal and tangential interface loading conditions. Two dimensional microstructures uniaxially loaded using the calibrated cohesive model indicate that the macroscopically observed nonlinearity in the mechanical response is mainly due to the inelastic response of the grain boundaries. Plastic deformation in the interior of the grains prior to the initiation of grain boundary cracks was not observed. Although key features of the molecular simulation results have been introduced in the cohesive model, a few discrepancies between the behavior of cohesive model when compared to molecular simulations are noted.
Leisure time physical activity of park visitors: Retesting constraint models in adoption and maintenance stages

This study extends the leisure constraints research. Specifically, the constraints-effects-mitigation model is examined in the context of park visitors' leisure time physical activity (LTPA). Model structure differences are tested between respondents in two stages of regular physical activity. Findings support the model where negotiation partially mediates the constraint-participation and motivation-participation relationships. Differences in the structural parameter estimates between respondents adopting and maintaining regular physical activity did not emerge. As such, the model applies to visitors in both stages. Results advance understanding of the relationships among factors that influence leisure participation, and particularly, park visitor LTPA.
Redshift of a galaxy near 4C11.50

NEAR the position of the radio source 4C11.50, Wampler et al.1 have found a pair of QSOs separated by 4.8 arc s, with redshifts of 0.4359 and 1.901, respectively. Hazard et al.2 have noted the presence of a 19-mag galaxy, 10 arc s west of the brighter, lower redshift QSO (4C11.50a); a plate obtained with the 224-cm telescope at Mauna Kea shows that this ‘galaxy’ is actually a close group of three galaxies. Several spectrograms have been obtained at 190 and 50 A mm−1, with the two brighter galaxies aligned along the slit at position angle 33°. There is a continuum break downwards to the blue at about 5,700 A, and an emission line at 5,344.9 A these features can be identified with the long wavelength edge of the H and K lines, and with the [O II] λ3,727 doublet, respectively. Assuming an average wavelength of 3,727.4 A for the [O II] doublet, the redshift is 0.4340 (not corrected for galactic rotation). The two galaxies on the slit are separated by about 2.5 arc s and are not well resolved on the spectrogram, so it is not certain to which one the redshift refers.
Primary signet ring cell adenocarcinomas of the lung: a clinicopathological study of 15 cases.

Primary signet ring cell adenocarcinomas of the lung: a clinicopathological study of 15 cases Aims: We describe the clinicopathological characteristics of 15 cases of primary signet ring cell adenocarcinoma of the lung and highlight the importance of recognizing that not all adenocarcinomas with signet ring cell features represent metastatic adenocarcinomas. Methods and results: We evaluated the clinicopathological and immunohistochemical features of 15 cases of signet ring cell adenocarcinoma of the lung. The patients were 12 men and three women, age 30–75 years (mean 52.5 years). No evidence of a primary tumour elsewhere could be found on thorough clinical examination. Nine patients underwent resection and the remainder were biopsied. The tumours ranged from 18 to 80 mm in greatest dimension. Microscopically, two distinct patterns of growth were recognized: acinar and diffuse. The tumours were characterized by the presence of >75% signet ring cells. Periodic acid–Schiff and mucicarmine showed strong intracellular positive staining. Immunohistochemical stains for TTF-1 (6/6) and CEA (9/9) showed strong positive reaction in all cases evaluated. Three out of six cases were also positive for cytokeratin 7. All the tumours (6/6) were negative for cytokeratin 20, ER, PR and GCDFP-15. Follow-up information was obtained in 11 patients; six patients died within 1 year and five patients were alive from 3 to 36 months after initial diagnosis. Conclusion: These cases highlight an unusual histological growth pattern of primary lung adenocarcinoma that may be mistaken for a metastasis from an occult primary. The recognition of this pattern of lung tumours is important for proper treatment.
New directions in the chemistry of natural products: the organic chemist as a pathfinder for biochemistry and medicine.

Im Ruckblick und Ausblick wird anhand einiger ausgewahlter Arbeiten aus dem Laboratorium des Verfassers gezeigt, wie die Ziele und Methodologie der modernen Naturstoff-Forschung sich im Laufe der letzten 20 Jahre geandert haben. Noch immer kommen die unerwartetsten Anregungen fur ungewohnliche Strukturen aus der Natur, so zum Beispiel die neuen Tier-AlkaloideHistrionicotoxin und seine Begleiter, die an einem Spiro-cyclohexyl-piperidin-Skelett, Azetylen- und Allen-Seitenketten enthalten. Mehr noch als die Struktur interessiert beimBatrachotoxin die selektive Wirkung auf den passiven Transport von Natrium-Ionen durch Membranen elektrogener Gewebe, ein Effekt, der durchTetrodotoxin reversibel aufgehoben werden kann. Heute zahlt man auch die Eiweiss-Stoffe zu den wichtigen Naturprodukten. Ihre Erforschung wurde durch die Einfuhrung selektiver Spaltungsmethoden ermoglicht und erleichtert, was am Beispiel desImmunoglobulins und desKollagens gezeigt wird. Diese Spaltungsmethoden beruhen auf der Ausnutzung benachbarter Gruppen-Effekte, die weiterhin auch als Basis zum Ausbau von Enzym-Modellen dienen. Die Beschaftigung mit der Chemie der Ubertragersubstanzen der Nervenfortleitung, wie Dopamin und Noradrenalin, fuhrte zur Auffindung von6-Hydroxydopamin, das zum ersten Mal selektiv «chemische Sympathektomie» erlaubt. In der physiologischen Inaktivierung dieser Nervenhormone spielt dieBrenzkatechin O-Methyltransferase eine grosse Rolle im Stoffwechsel, der man durch Reindarstellung und Beschreibung des Enzyms naherzukommen versucht. Im Stoffwechsel von aromatischen Substraten bedeutet die ersteIsolierung eines Arenoxyds einen wichtigen Fortschritt. Ein derart labiles Stoffwechselprodukt spielt in der langfristigen Toxikologie aromatischer Arzneimittel und in der Atiologie von Krebs durch cancerogene Kohlenwasserstoffe eine Rolle. Zum Studium von Oxydationsmechanismen mikrosomaler oder Modell-Hydroxylierungen wird als Kriterium mehr und mehr die sogenannteNIH-Verschiebung herangezogen.
Differential sensitivity of Dugesia dorotocephala and Cheumatopsyche pettiti to water acidification: ecological implication for predator-prey interactions.

The initial hypothesis that predation pressure should decrease with decreasing pH in aquatic macrobenthic communities if predatory invertebrates are more sensitive to water acidification than prey invertebrates is tested. Short-term toxicity bioassays were conducted in soft water (average value of total hardness 38.0 mg CaCO3/L) to determine the differential sensitivity of the predator, Dugesia dorotocephala (Turbellaria, Tricladida), and the prey, larvae of Cheumatopsyche pettiti (Insecta, Trichoptera), to low pH. Test pH solutions were prepared with sulfuric acid (H2SO4). Test species were also exposed to high concentrations of sulfate ion (95 mg SO4=/L for D. dorotocephala and 340 mg SO4=/L for C. pettiti) as sulfate toxicity controls, using potassium sulfate (K2SO4). No mortality was observed during these toxicity controls, indicating that toxic effects generated by low pH were fundamentally due to H+ ions. The 72 and 96-h LC50s (as pH values) and their 95% confidence limits were 4.88 (4.72–5.05) and 5.04 (4.89–5.21) for D. dorotocephala, and 3.25 (3.00–3.51) and 3.48 (3.24–3.73) for C. pettiti. Net-spinning caddisfly larvae migrated from their retreat nets and protruded their anal papillae before dying. After short-term bioassays, predation-pressure laboratory experiments were performed for 6 days. The cumulative mortality of C. pettiti by predation of D. dorotocephala decreased with decreasing sublethal pH values. The average predation rates at mean pH values of 7.7, 7.7, 6.6, 6.5, 6.2 and 6.0 were 2.5, 2.0, 1.33, 1.17, 0.67 and 0.33 larvae/day, respectively. The major biotic factor affecting predation pressure appears to be the reduction in the physiological activity of triclads at low pH. It is concluded that predation pressure can decrease in aquatic macrobenthic communities if prey are more tolerant to water acidification than predators.
An adapter to promote reusability of CORBA components in COBOL

Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) is an enabling technology that supports heterogeneous applications to work together over networks. However, the implementation of CORBA components suffers from high interaction complexities in the component that seriously degrades the component independence for reuse. In this paper, we are presenting an adapter for implementing CORBA components in COBOL for reuse. The adapter is used to isolate, encapsulate, and manage a component's interactions outside the component. The use of adapters increases the reusability of components and also simplifies the integration of the components to an application. In addition, for organizations using an open-source implementation of CORBA, the work discussed in this paper helps them improve their CORBA middleware implementations to support COBOL interoperability and reuse.
The Accidental Architecture

Every interesting software-intensive system has an architecture. While some of these architectures are intentional, most appear to be accidental. Philippe Kruchten has observed that "the life of a software architect is a long and rapid succession of suboptimal design decisions taken partly in the dark." The journey between vision and ultimate executable system is complex, and for every interesting software-intensive system that path is marked by myriad decisions, some large and some small, some of which advance progress while others represent vestigial dead ends or trigger points for scrap and rework. As Philippe also observes, the architecture of classical systems comes primarily from theft, whereas the architecture of unprecedented systems comes largely from intuition carried out in the context of a controlled exploratory process. The fact that this is so for software-intensive systems shouldn't come as a surprise, for as Henry Petroski explains in his book To Engineer Is Human (Vintage, 1992), all sound engineering disciplines advance by building on past successes while simultaneously mitigating causes of observable failure.Thus, having an accidental architecture is not necessarily a bad thing, as long as the decisions that make up that architecture are made manifest and the essential ones are made visible as soon as they are instituted and then allowed to remain visible throughout the meaningful life of that system. Insofar as we can then name these architectures after they're formed, we can use these names and their associated semantics to communicate decisions using a common language, just as we can do now with design patterns, and perhaps even reuse these architectural patterns in future systems. In other words, by naming these accidental architectures, we again raise the level of abstraction by which we can describe and reason about a system.
Modeling magnetic materials with the complete moving hysteresis model

Abstract The identification problem of the complete moving hysteresis model is discussed. It is shown that, although the formulation of the model is the same, the identification algorithms are different for medium-hard and soft magnetic materials. Parametric and non-parametric identification algorithms are discussed and analyzed. It is shown that parametric identification methods are experimentally much more accurate and robust than non-parametric methods.
Uncoupler antagonism of valinomycin induced bilayer membrane conductance

Abstract We have found that an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation, tetrachloro-2-trifluoromethylbenzimidazole (TTFB), can block valinomycin induced potassium ion, (K+), conductance through bilayer membranes. Blocking is most pronounced at high K+ concentration, (≥ 0.1 M), and at a pH greater than the pK of TTFB. A blocking mechanism involving competition for membrane sites, together with association of oppositely charged species within the membrane, is proposed.
Mathematical modeling of the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in lithium ion battery cycling

Abstract Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) has been widely utilized as an experimental method for understanding the internal mechanisms and aging effect of lithium ion battery. However, the impedance interpretation still has a lot of difficulties. In this study, a multi-physics based EIS simulation approach is developed to study the cycling effect on the battery impedance responses. The SEI film growth during cycling is coherently coupled with the complicated charge, mass and energy transport processes. The EIS simulation is carried out by applying a perturbation voltage on the electrode surface, and the numerical results on cycled cells are compared with the corresponding experimental data. The effect of electrical double layer, electrode open circuit potential as well as the diffusivity of binary electrolyte are simulated on battery impedance responses. The influence of different SEI growth rate, thermal conditions and charging-discharging rate during cycling are also studied. This developed method can be potentially utilized for interpretation and analysis of experimental EIS results.
Wetting of octadecylsilylated silica in methanol-water eluents.

The wetting of an octadecylsilylated silica in methanol−water mixtures was studied by optical transmittance, visual observations, and measurements of the retention of model compounds. The octadecylsilylated silica particles remain wetted as the methanol content is decreased from 100% (v/v) to 20% (v/v). With the methanol content in the range of 20% (v/v) to 10% (v/v), the octadecylsilylated silica particles are still wetted, but the degree of solvation of the C18 chains decreases with decreasing methanol concentration. The octadecylsilylated silica particles are not wetted when the methanol content in the mobile phase is lower than 10% (v/v). After equilibration with water, the octadecylsilylated silica particles remain nonwetted until the methanol content reaches 65% (v/v). The nonwetted phase showed significantly reduced chromatographic retention. A much longer equilibration time is required when the octadecylsilylated silica particles are not well solvated or nonwetted. The retentive behavior of the co...
Dynamic effects in spinodal decomposition

Abstract We present a preliminary study of wave propagation in elastic media which can undergo spinodal decomposition. Spinodal decomposition is a phase separation process which takes place by non-linear diffusion. The induced deformation gradients, however, can remain small and the theory of linear elasticity usually suffices for their determination. In this work, attention is confined to initial stages of spinodal decomposition where the dynamic counterpart of the linear coupled diffusion-deformation theory earlier developed by Aifantis seems to be appropriate in analyzing the relevant phenomena.
Apparent molar volumes of aqueous decyl- and dodecyltrimethylammonium bromides from 74 to 176°C at 10 and 320 bar☆☆☆

Abstract A vibrating-tube densimeter has been used to measure the difference in density between aqueous solutions of decyltrimethylammonium bromide and dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide and a refeence fluid from 74.4 to 175.8°C and at approximately 10 and 320 bar. The data has been fitted using cubic splines. Values of the apparent molar volumes and apparent molar compressibilities at infinite dilution have been obtained. A qualitative description of the negative values of the average volume of micellization observed above 100°C is given.
The Queen of Sheba and Solomon Exploring the Shebanization of Knowledge

The objective of this article is to explore intuitive knowledge as a source of wisdom. The archetype for this knowledge paradigm is the Queen of Sheba. The Queen of Sheba ruled a country that was the sole source of the precious commodities of frankincense and myrrh. She sent Tamrin, her trusted advisor, to make arrangements with King Solomon to secure trade routes. When Tamrin returned he told her stories of Solomon's wealth, power, and wisdom. The Queen of Sheba decided to make a long and arduous trip "to prove him with hard questions." She wanted to gain more insight and wisdom. The article will stress the importance of focusing on the logic of the intellect and on the wisdom of the larger, more holistic, intuitive inner self.
Transbronchial lung biopsy in diffuse pulmonary disease.

The paper by Claude W. Smith and associates, “The role of transbronchial lung biopsy in diffuse pulmonary disease” (p 54, this issue) is unusual because it is presented by a group of thoracic surgeons who traditionally have favored open-lung biopsy. Their success in obtaining an apparently correct diagnosis in 34 of 40 patients (85%) compares very favorably with the results of open-lung biopsy, especially when the additional ”morbidity related to general anesthesia, chest tubes, and postoperative pain” (in addition to hospitalization and expense) is considered. Their success also compares very favorably with that of others who have used the transbronchoscopic technique. Our own success in obtaining diagnostic tissue using this technique in diffuse pulmonary diseases is 83% in 814 patients. We perform our procedures just a bit differently. We do not use roentgenological guidance for placement of forceps in diffuse bilateral pulmonary diseases. If lower lobes are involved equally as much as the upper lobes, we still prefer to use the rigid bronchoscope because the size of the forceps allows a larger biopsy. Our pathologists prefer to receive as much tissue as possible, short of the entire lung, which is hardly possible with this procedure. When the disease is limited to or maximal in the upper lobes, however, we do not hesitate to use the flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope even though the cup of the forceps is smaller. Our greatest number of failures among the 17% in whom diagnostic tissue was not obtained has been in the group with interstitial pneumonitis and fibrosis, particularly in the advanced phase of this disease when the lung is very fibrotic. In reviewing this group we have discovered characteristics that allow a diagnosis without biopsy. Early classic interstitial pneumonitis with fibrosis begins in the lower portions of the lungs. Roentgenographically, it starts in the supradiaphragmatic portions with the costophrenic angles involved. Late in the disease there is involve-
Energy Dissipation in Chemical Reactions on Ultrafast Timescales

A series of picosecond experiments and computer simulations will be presented that test collisional and hydrodynamic models for vibrational relaxation in liquids. The relationships between isolated binary collision models (IBC) and stochastic dynamics will be presented. The appropriateness of IBC theory in describing vibrational relaxation in liquids will also be discussed.
Highwire Function at the Drosophila Neuromuscular Junction: Spatial, Structural, and Temporal Requirements

Highwire is a huge, evolutionarily conserved protein that is required to restrain synaptic growth and promote synaptic transmission at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction. Current models of highwire function suggest that it may act as a ubiquitin ligase to regulate synaptic development. However, it is not known in which cells highwire functions, whether its putative ligase domain is required for function, or whether highwire regulates the synapse during development or alternatively sets cell fate in the embryo. We performed a series of transgenic rescue experiments to test the spatial, structural, and temporal requirements for highwire function. We find that presynaptic activity of highwire is both necessary and sufficient to regulate both synapse morphology and physiology. The Highwire RING domain, which is postulated to function as an E3 ubiquitin ligase, is required for highwire function. In addition, highwire acts throughout larval development to regulate synaptic morphology and function. Finally, we show that the morphological and physiological phenotypes of highwire mutants have different dosage and temporal requirements for highwire, demonstrating that highwire may independently regulate the molecular pathways controlling synaptic growth and function.
A quasi-steady-state pollutant flux methodology for determining sediment quality criteria

A methodology for estimating quasi-steady-state flux of pollutants from bed sediments to water and air is presented. This is illustrated using the example case of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in a sediment bed. The rate of transport from the bed sediment was found to be important in determining the concentration of TCDD along its pathway from sediment to air. The concentration in the water column that leads to exposure to aquatic species was found to scale in proportion to the flux from the sediment and not to the pollutant concentration in the sediment. The sediment-side processes were found to provide the dominant resistance to mass transfer of pollutant. Both transport (rates) and thermodynamics (equilibrium partition constants) are shown to be important in setting sediment quality criteria. These should be incorporated in the next generation of sediment quality criteria.
Courseware for teaching analytical reasoning principles: a hands-on laboratory

The Collaborative Reasoning Paradigm offers a new approach to teaching analytical reasoning principles across the computer science curriculum. The paradigm relies on computer-assisted teaching tools and collaborative learning exercises designed to excite and engage students, while providing the foundation necessary to develop high-quality software. This workshop will introduce participants to some of the latest software tools and classroom exercises for teaching analytical reasoning principles at key points in the undergraduate curriculum. The workshop will follow a laboratory-style design, providing hands-on experience. The goal is to enable educators to inject new reasoning modules into their existing courses.
Depth/diameter relations of fresh lunar craters: Revision from spacecraft data

The first systematic data from Apollo photogrammetry provide a high standard of accuracy for the depth/diameter relation of fresh lunar craters. Apollo depth-diameter results resemble results obtained by measuring shadows on Lunar Orbiter imagery. The depth-diameter distribution inflects at a crater diameter of 10 to 15 km. Lunar craters less than 15 km across are at least 50% deeper than older, telescopic data indicated, but larger craters are not much deeper. There is no marked depth-diameter difference between fresh upland and postmare craters. The new depth-diameter relation for small lunar craters resembles those of experimental and impact craters on earth.
An improved circuit for control of LED luminance

The light-emitting diode (LED) is becoming increasingly popular as a luminance source in behavioral research. We describe a simple, inexpensive LED driver circuit that produces luminances almost linearly proportional to an input voltage. Negative feedback provides a stable output. Unlike previous designs, the LED is ground referenced.
Evaluation of the Impact of User-Cognitive Styles on the Assessment of Text Summarization

Text summarization techniques have been found to be effective with regard to helping users find relevant information faster. The effectiveness and efficiency of a user's performance in an information-seeking task can greatly be improved if he/she needs to only look at a summary that includes the relevant information presented in his/her preferred manner. On the other hand, if the main idea is misrepresented and/or omitted altogether from a summary, it may take users more time to solve a target problem or, even worse, lead users to make incorrect decisions. There is an important need to design a personalized text summarization system that takes into account both what a user is currently interested in and how a user perceives information. The latter factor is referred to as a user's cognitive styles. Although there are some existing approaches that have employed a user's interests to help in the design of a personalized text summarization system, there has been inadequate focus on exploring cognitive styles. This paper aims at studying the impact of a user's cognitive styles when assessing multidocument summaries. In particular, we choose two dimensions of a user's cognitive style - the analytic/wholist and verbal/imagery dimensions - and study their impacts on how a user assesses a summary that was generated from a set of documents. In particular, the type of a document set refers to whether the set's content is loosely or closely related. We use a document set type to explore if there are any differences in the users' assessments of summaries that were generated from sets of different types. The results of this paper show that different users have different assessments with regard to information coverage and the way that information is presented in both loosely and closely related document sets. In addition, we found that the coherency ratings that were given to summaries from the two types of document sets were significantly different between the analytic and wholist groups. This result leads us to investigate the impact of a user's cognitive styles and the following two factors that directly relate to the coherence of a summary: 1) graph entropy and 2) the percentage of stand-alone concepts. We found that these two factors and a user's cognitive styles affect a user's ratings on the coherency of a summary.
A normal ray refinement technique for Cartesian-grid based Navier–Stokes solvers

In this work, a novel technique called normal ray refinement NRR is developed, implemented and investigated. Normal ray refinement is designed to allow for the viscous fluid flow simulations using an unstructured Cartesian grid framework in a computationally efficient manner. A key benefit of using a Cartesian grid method is that the grid can be automatically generated, thereby saving a vast amount of time and effort for complex geometries. The main drawback of using the Cartesian grid method is the large number of cells required to resolve viscous boundary layers, and it is this problem that the NRR approach addresses. The NRR approach relies on the use of refined normal rays of cells emanating from the body surface and spanning the boundary layer. Separating these rays along the body surface are relatively large cells too coarse to accurately capture viscous gradients. The heart of the NRR approach lies in the inter-ray communication strategies used between the normal rays that allow the accurate simulation of boundary layers even though the cells separating the rays are large. This yields a large reduction in the number of cells in the grid, which reduces the computational cost of simulation. This paper provides a background on different viscous Cartesian grid-based methods, followed by an explanation of the NRR approach, then some initial 2D results obtained using NRR for Reynolds numbers up to 1 million. It is shown that NRR can yield substantial reduction in computational cost relative to the standard Cartesian approach.
Efficacy of BloodSTOP iX, surgicel, and gelfoam in rat models of active bleeding from partial nephrectomy and aortic needle injury.

Objective To compare the bleeding time using 3 different hemostatic agents in a rat model of partial nephrectomy and aortic needle injury. Methods Bilateral partial nephrectomy was performed in 20 rats with a total bleeding surface of 1.5 cm2 without vascular clamping. Surgicel (n = 10) or BloodSTOP iX (n = 10) matrix was applied on each kidney cut surface. Finger pressure was applied to the parenchyma with transparent plastic bubble wrap to allow for visualization of the site and monitor the bleeding time. Pressure was applied until the bleeding stopped and then released to assess the presence of active bleeding for 5 minutes. An additional 24 rats underwent aortic trauma with a 25-gauge needle puncture, and the efficacy of the topical hemostatic agents were compared among Gelfoam (n = 8), Surgicel (n = 8), and BloodSTOP iX (n = 8). Results After partial nephrectomy, the mean bleeding time with BloodSTOP iX and Surgicel treatment was 83.70 ± 13.73 seconds and 168.8 ± 19.41 seconds, respectively, a statistically significant difference (P = .002). After aortic injury, the mean bleeding time was 157.5 ± 31.44 seconds, 187.5 ± 23.20 seconds, and 66.00 ± 13.74 seconds in the Gelfoam, Surgicel, and BloodSTOP groups, respectively, which was statistically significant (P = .004). Conclusion The BloodSTOP iX hemostatic surgical matrix was more effective in reducing the bleeding time than Surgicel in a rat model of partial nephrectomy. Similarly, in an aortic needle injury model, BloodSTOP iX achieved hemostasis faster than Gelfoam or Surgicel.
Heat transport and current crowding in IMPATT diodes

The current crowding due to the temperature dependence of avalanche breakdown is analyzed for the steady-state operation of an IMPATT diode mounted on a semi-infinite heat sink. The solution depends on a single new nondimensional number, the "Lambda" number, which we define here. This number can be determined from experimental data, and the current density and temperature distribution can then be determined from the results given in this paper. Experimental measurements of the I-V plot for a laboratory diode are shown to agree with the theoretical predictions. The theoretical model, which is based upon the assumption that the heat is entirely produced at the interface between the diode and the heat sink, is shown to agree with numerical results from a finite-difference program in which heat is introduced into a GaAs diode in a plane 0.5 µm above the interface. It is shown that electrical measurements of thermal resistance are related to an "effective" temperature which is about 15 percent below the temperature on the diode axis.
The CLEO III data acquisition system

The CLEO detector is a high energy physics experiment, located at Cornell University, Ithaca NY. It contains various components, which in total provide several hundred thousand data channels to measure reactions of particles inside the e/sup +/e/sup -/ storage ring CESR. In the upcoming upgrade, the total rate of recorded reactions will increase up to 1000 per second. A new data acquisition system has to provide the necessary performance to handle the throughput and possible bursts without interfering with the experiment in an intolerable way by incurring more than 2 % dead-time. Data taking with CLEO III is scheduled to start early 1998.
Resolution of presumed arachnoid cyst in utero

We present a case of presumed arachnoid cyst that was diagnosed at 18.5 weeks' gestation, developed a hematoma at 28 weeks and had virtually resolved by 32 weeks. Expectant management of antenatally diagnosed cases is suggested. Copyright © 1999 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Methods for identifying frost injury in immature maize seed

viii CHAPTER 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 Dissertation Organization 1 Literature Review 1 References 16 CHAPTER 2. DETERMINING THE EXTENT OF FROST DAMAGE IN MAIZE SEED USTING THE TETRAZOLIUM TEST 22 Abstract 22 Introduction 22 Production of Frost-Damaged Seed Corn 24 Description of Vigor Categories 26 Relationships among Tetrazolium, Standard Germination, and Saturated Cold Tests 28 Conclusions 29 Acknowledgements 29 Literature Cited 29 CHAPTER 3. SEED QUALITY TESTS FOR EARLY DETECTION OF FALL FROST DAMAGE IN IMMATURE MAIZE SEED 40 Abstract 40 Introduction 41 Materials and Methods 45
Non-contacting strain measurement for cement-based composites in dynamic tensile testing

abstract This paper presents the development of a test procedure and application of non-contacting strain mea-surement for cement-based composites under moderately high strain rate tensile tests. The strain timehistories of test specimens measured by a laser extensometer in high speed mode were derived by aphase-shift technique based on zero-crossing method. The accuracy of the linear variable differentialtransformer (LVDT) of the actuator in a servo-hydraulic high rate testing machine was veriﬁed by imageanalysis using sisal ﬁber reinforced cement composite at a strain rate of 25 s 1 . The same procedure wasthen applied to Alkaline Resistant (AR) glass fabric reinforced cement composite tested at an averagestrain rate of 17 s 1 . Comparison between the strain values measured by the laser extensometer andthe LVDT shows a good agreement between these two measurement techniques. The test results showthat the Young’s modulus, tensile strength, maximum strain, and toughness of the AR-glassfabric–cement composite increase with increasing strain rate. However, under both static and dynamicloadings the composite has similar behavior: multi-crack development and one dominant crack leadingto ﬁnal failure. In order to ensure the accuracy of dynamic tensile test procedures, non-contacting devicesand techniques should be used as an independent means of veriﬁcation of test results. The accuracyrequired in quantifying relative improvements in mechanical properties necessitates the various meth-ods of measuring the displacement and strain rate properties. 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Experimental study of physiological pulsatile flow in a curved tube

In this paper, an experimental determination of the three-dimensional velocity distribution due to the physiological pulsatile flow of a Newtonian, incompressible fluid at various locations in a curved tube of circular cross-section is presented. Our results show four interesting features of the pulsatile flow development in the curved tube. First is the presence of a reversed flow along the inner wall of the tube during the diastolic (deceleration) phase of the pulsatile flow cycle. Second is that the flow does not appear to be fully developed in the curved tube through the cross-section whose L/a ratio is equal to 16·9, the final location at which measurements were made in this study, where L is the axial length and a is the radius of the curved tube. A third feature observed is the vacillation of the peak axial velocity across the horizontal diameter of the tube from the upstream to the downstream region in the curved tube. In the upstream region (L/a = 3·4), the maximum axial velocity measured occurred nearest to the outer wall. The maximum axial velocity shifted towards the inner wall in the middle of the tube (L/a = 10·2), while in the downstream region (L/a = 16·9), the maximum axial velocity measured was again near the outer wall. Finally, trapped vortical motions are observed to occur at the inner wall of the tube in the downstream region.
Instrumental neutron activation analysis of brain aluminum in Alzheimer disease and aging

Instrumental neutron activation analysis procedures were used to determine the aluminum content of various brain regions in histologically verified Alzheimer disease (AD) and in controls. The grand mean aluminum level for 74 AD specimens was 0.372 +/- 0.058 microgram/gm and for 137 adult controls, 0.467 +/- 0.033 microgram/gm, both on a wet weight basis. No difference was found at the bulk sample level between AD and adult controls, corrected for age and sex, or when frontal, temporal, and hippocampal specimens were compared. Control specimens (infancy to 85 years) showed an increase in brain aluminum concentration with age. Comparison of freeze-dried to wet weight ratios of AD and controls revealed a small increase in water content in AD brains.
Estrogen, progesterone, and HER‐2 receptor immunostaining in cytology: The effect of varied fixation on human breast cancer cells

The ASCO/CAP Expert Panel recommends that all invasive breast carcinomas and breast cancer recurrences be tested for ER, PR and HER-2 expression. The guidelines for testing of surgical specimens by immunohistochemistry (IHC) are well defined, whereas they are lacking for cytological samples. We evaluated various fixation protocols for optimal receptor testing by immunohistochemistry and immunocytochemistry (ICC) of human breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 (ER/PR positive) and SKBR-3 (overexpressing HER-2). The cells were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin or Saccomanno Fixative (SF) for various time points, and either embedded in paraffin as cell blocks or prepared as cytospins. ER and PR slides were assigned a proportion score (PS; 0-5), an intensity score (IS; 0-3) and a total score (TS = PS + IS). Standard DAKO scoring system ranging from 0 to 3+ was used for the evaluation of HER-2 staining. Human breast cancer cells stained successfully for ER, PR and HER-2 when fixed in formalin and prepared as cell blocks. The optimal fixation time for formalin-fixed cells ranged from 2 to 96 hours. Cells fixed in SF from 2 to 96 hours also stained well for ER and PR. However, SF produced variable results for HER-2 staining; particularly, SF fixation beyond 24 hours caused false negative results. The interpretation of HER-2 staining on cytospins was not feasible irrespective of the fixative and fixation time. In summary, formalin fixation from 2 to 96 hours and preparation of cells as cell blocks produces optimal results for ER, PR, and HER-2 testing in human breast cancer cells.
The Influence of Political Dynamics on Southern Lynch Mob Formation and Lethality

Existing literature focuses on economic competition as the primary causal factor in Southern lynching. Political drivers have been neglected, as findings on their effects have been inconclusive. We show that these consensus views arise from selection on a contingent outcome variable: whether mobs intent on lynching succeed. We constructed an inventory of averted lynching events in Georgia, Mississippi, and North Carolina—instances in which lynch mobs formed but were thwarted, primarily by law enforcement. We combined these with an inventory of lynching and analyzed them together to model the dynamics of mob formation, success, and intervention. We found that low Republican vote share is associated with a higher lethality rate for mobs. Lynching is better understood as embedded in a post-conflict political system, wherein all potential lynching events, passing through the prism of intervention, are split into successful and averted cases.