cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A pin permutation algorithm for improving over-the-cell channel routing

In standard cell design, some of the cell terminals and gates are permutable. Therefore, it is important for an over-the-cell channel router to take advantage of this so as to obtain better results. A greedy algorithm is presented to determine proper gate and terminal positions such that, when over-the-cell routers are used, the area above and below the channel can be utilized more effectively and the maximal channel density can be greatly reduced. Experimental results show that our proposed algorithm indeed considerably reduces the maximal channel density. >
Metalloproteinase-9 deficiency protects against hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury.

Leukocyte transmigration across endothelial and extracellular matrix protein barriers is dependent on adhesion and focal matrix degradation events. In the present study we investigated the role of metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9/gelatinase B) in liver ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury using MMP-9-deficient (MMP-9−/−) animals and mice treated with a specific anti-MMP-9 neutralizing antibody or with a broad gelatinase inhibitor for both MMP-9 and metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2/gelatinase A). Compared to wild-type mice, MMP-9−/− mice and mice treated with an anti-MMP-9 antibody showed significantly reduced liver damage. In contrast, mice treated with a broad gelatinase inhibitor showed rather inferior protection against I/R injury and were characterized by persistent ongoing liver inflammation, suggesting that MMP-2 and MMP-9 may have distinct roles in this type of injury. MMP-9 was mostly detected in Ly-6G and macrophage antigen–1 leukocytes adherent to the vessel walls and infiltrating the damaged livers of wild-type mice after liver I/R injury. Leukocyte traffic and cytokine expression were markedly impaired in livers of MMP-9−/− animals and in livers of mice treated with anti-MMP-9 antibody after I/R injury; however, initiation of the endothelial adhesion cascades was similar in both MMP-9−/− and control livers. We also showed that MMP-9-specific inhibition disrupted neutrophil migration across fibronectin in transwell filters and depressed myeloperoxidase (MPO) activation in vitro. Conclusion: These results support critical functions for MMP-9 in leukocyte recruitment and activation leading to liver damage. Moreover, they provide the rationale for identifying inhibitors to specifically target MMP-9 in vivo as a potential therapeutic approach in liver I/R injury. (HEPATOLOGY 2007.)
Towards optimal distributed consensus

In a distributed consensus protocol all processors (of which t may be faulty) are given (binary) initial values; after exchanging messages all correct processors must agree on one of them. The quality of a protocol is measured here using as parameters the total number of processors n, number of rounds of message exchange r, and maximal message length m, with optima, respectively, of 3t+1, t+1, and 1. Although no known protocol is optimal in all these three aspects simultaneously, the protocols that take further steps in this direction are presented. The first protocol has n>4t, r=t+1, and polynomial message size. The second protocol has n>3t, r=3t+3, and m=2, and it is asymptotically optimal in all three quality parameters while using the optimal number of processors. Using these protocols as building blocks, families of protocols with intermediate quality parameters, offering better tradeoffs than previous results, are obtained. All the protocols work in polynomial time and have succinct descriptions. >
An abdominal left ventricular assist device (ALVAD): perspective and prospects.

In the early 1960s, the National Institutes of Health began to fund research programs for the design and development of implantable circulatory support devices, which were studied experimentally in animal models. In 1963, the first implantable circulatory support device was implanted at Baylor College of Medicine for temporary support of a post-cardiotomy patient. This device was developed under the auspices of Dr. Michael DeBakey to improve post-cardiotomy support. A later iteration of this technology successfully supported a similar patient for 10 days in 1966.
Victims of sexual assaults: The experiences of Ghanaian women

The present study utilized a subsample of 72 respondents to investigate sexual assault victims' reporting behavior and their experiences with the reporting process in a setting which is highly understudied. Using data collected in Accra, Ghana, the study found many reasons explaining why female sexual assault victims reported incidents to the police. The most important reason cited by victims was that they wanted offenders to be caught and punished. Reasons for not reporting included perpetrators being known to the victims as well as family solving the problem. A multivariate analysis showed that sexual assault type, education, and age were significantly correlated to reporting of sexual assault to the police by victims. Policy recommendations of the findings are discussed. Language: en
Triage tables

The author considers the application of the principle of triage to computer graphics to speed up certain types of algorithms. He describes a very simple data structure that he has used to keep track of triage information in several situations. He applies his method to Warnock's algorithm and to a hidden-line-elimination problem. >
Changes in peripheral plasma progesterone during the rat 4-day estrous cycle: an adrenal diurnal rhythm.

SummaryA diurnal rhythm exists in peripheral plasma progesterone concentrations during the 4-day estrous cycle of rats. Peak values in this rhythm were obtained during the early morning hours (0100-0500), whereas in the afternoon plasma concentrations of the steroid were at a nadir. Ovarian progesterone secretion rates within this same period remained unaltered, suggesting that the adrenal glands were responsible for these fluctuations.
ASTROVIRUSES AS A CAUSE OF GASTROENTERITIS IN CHILDREN

Background. Infection with astroviruses has been associated with gastroenteritis in children, and serologic surveys indicate that this infection may be frequent. The importance of astroviruses as agents of gastroenteritis has not been shown in a controlled study, however. Methods. We used monoclonal antibody-based enzyme immunoassays to detect astroviruses, enteric adenoviruses, and rotaviruses in stool samples obtained from age-matched children with and children without gastroenteritis. The samples were obtained in two studies, three years apart, among patients attending an outpatient clinic in Bangkok, Thailand. Results. In the first study, astroviruses were detected in 8.6 percent (96 of 1111 ) of the children with gastroenteritis and in 2.0 percent (19 of 947) of the children without gastroenteritis. In the second study the rates were 8.6 percent (50 of 580) and 2.1 percent (11 of 512), respectively. For both studies combined, enteric adenoviruses were detected in 2.6 percent of those with gastroenter...
Restricted Inference in Circular-Linear and Linear-Circular Regression

In this paper, we investigate restricted inference on two types of circular regression, called circular-linear and linear-circular. Our aim in this paper is to propose an alternative method which is necessary to apply where one observes a weak association between circular dependent and linear predictor variables, or between linear dependent and circular predictor variables, having clear knowledge about the sign of slope. We illustrate that restricted inference is particularly useful for those circular regressions, which is due to weak association. Comparison between our proposed restricted inference and the unrestricted inference are given by using two examples, one from ecological study and the other from environmental study
Epidemiological Analysis of 11 Cases of Rabies

Objective To perform epidemiological analysis of rabies in Huangmei county. The aim is to identify the factors affecting the disease occurrence and to develop preventive measures of rabies in the county. Methods Descriptive epidemiological study was performed to analyze rabies reported by the state "report disease monitoring information management system" in this county. Results A total of 11 cases of rabies, accounting for the annual incidence rate of 1.15/100,000, was reported in 2006. The median age of the patients was 60 years old, and most of the victims were the elderly and the children. The incidence rate of male to female was 5︰1. Most of the victims were the farmers, and the primary carriers were dogs. Conclusion Low immunization rate and an increasing the number of dogs, delayed in receiving rabies vaccine after bittern by the rabid dogs, and the lack of general education in the disease prevention are the risk factors for rabies transmission in this county.
Traumatic Disruption of the Ureteropelvic Junction Managed by Ileal Interposition

AbstractThe use of ileal interposition in the management of a patient with delayed diagnosis of traumatic disruption of the ureteropelvic junction is presented. The unusual presentation of this problem, potential options in reconstructing the ureter and successful outcome are discussed.
GaAsP solar cells on GaP/Si with low threading dislocation density

GaAsP on Si tandem cells represent a promising path towards achieving high efficiency while leveraging the Si solar knowledge base and low-cost infrastructure. However, dislocation densities exceeding 108 cm−2 in GaAsP cells on Si have historically hampered the efficiency of such approaches. Here, we report the achievement of low threading dislocation density values of 4.0–4.6 × 106 cm−2 in GaAsP solar cells on GaP/Si, comparable with more established metamorphic solar cells on GaAs. Our GaAsP solar cells on GaP/Si exhibit high open-circuit voltage and quantum efficiency, allowing them to significantly surpass the power conversion efficiency of previous devices. The results in this work show a realistic path towards dual-junction GaAsP on Si cells with efficiencies exceeding 30%.
Structure and Chemistry of Bone Mineral

Many of the properties unique to the calcified tissues of vertebrates can be ascribed to the mineral salts investing the interstitial spaces of these structures. By far the most distinctive of these properties, hardness, can be attributed directly to the ultra-structural interrelations between the mineral and the organic, fibrous extracellular matrix. To many, however, this hardness implies inertness and passivity, especially of the mineral component itself. But, the mineral salts of bone are far from chemically inactive, for in addition to their mechanical function, these salts play an important role in the dynamic physiological chemistry of living hard tissue. It is this dual mechanical and physiological character that makes the study of the mineral component of bone a fascinating subject; and it is challenging to try to understand how the mineral can fulfill its two disparate, yet complementary roles. This chapter will attempt to summarize the most recent progress in the description of this component and to review the current concepts concerning its origin and its physiological-structural functions. Emphasis will be placed on the mineral itself, alluding to the organic and cellular components only in reference to their involvement in the formation, maintenance, and function of the mineral component.
Evaluation of risk factors for fatal acute pancreatitis in dogs.

Objective To identify risk factors associated with fatal acute pancreatitis in dogs. Design Case-control study. Animals 70 case dogs with clinical evidence and histopathologic confirmation of fatal acute pancreatitis and 104 control dogs that had trauma, underwent necropsy, and did not have histologic evidence of acute pancreatitis. Procedure Information on signalment, weight, body condition, medical history, concurrent disease, and results of histopathologic examination was obtained by reviewing medical records. Logistic regression analysis included calculation of univariate and multivariate (adjusted) odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Dogs with fatal acute pancreatitis were largely middle- to older-aged dogs. Risk of developing fatal acute pancreatitis was increased by overweight body condition, diabetes mellitus, hyperadrenocorticism, hypothyroidism, prior gastrointestinal tract disease, and epilepsy. Additionally, Yorkshire Terriers were at increased risk, and Labrador Retrievers and Miniature Poodles were at decreased risk, of developing fatal acute pancreatitis. Males and neutered females appeared to have an increased risk of developing fatal acute pancreatitis, compared with sexually intact females. Thrombus formation was more likely in dogs that developed fatal acute pancreatitis than in control dogs.
What Are We Listening For? (Participatory Action) Research and Embodied Social Listening to the Permanence of Anti-Black Racism in Education

Drawing on critical bodies studies, the author conceptualizes “embodied social listening” as a senses-driven engagement with the structures and ideologies of anti-Black racism and how these mark and reshape human life. The author argues that it is through embodied social listening that education researchers can strengthen their intentionalities to documenting materially and discursively absorbed racism in the social spaces of Black lives. Connecting embodied social listening to participatory action research (PAR) suggests that its purpose is not be treated as an activity separate from the PAR process, but rather to be exercised as a central anticipatory type of action that implicates individual co-researcher with anti-Black racism, with each other, and with the research process. The author concludes with a few points of deliberation that apply Chela Sandoval’s notion of radical love to listening in PAR to fight anti-Black racism with political education and social mobilization.
Glucose Peaks and the Risk of Dementia and 20-Year Cognitive Decline

OBJECTIVE Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), a measure of average blood glucose level, is associated with the risk of dementia and cognitive impairment. However, the role of glycemic variability or glucose excursions in this association is unclear. We examined the association of glucose peaks in midlife, as determined by the measurement of 1,5-anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG) level, with the risk of dementia and 20-year cognitive decline. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Nearly 13,000 participants from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study were examined. Dementia was ascertained from surveillance, neuropsychological testing, telephone calls with participants or their proxies, or death certificate dementia codes. Cognitive function was assessed using three neuropsychological tests at three visits over 20 years and was summarized as z scores. We used Cox and linear mixed-effects models. 1,5-AG level was dichotomized at 10 μg/mL and examined within clinical categories of HbA1c. RESULTS Over a median time of 21 years, dementia developed in 1,105 participants. Among persons with diabetes, each 5 μg/mL decrease in 1,5-AG increased the estimated risk of dementia by 16% (hazard ratio 1.16, P = 0.032). For cognitive decline among participants with diabetes and HbA1c CONCLUSIONS Among participants with diabetes, glucose peaks are a risk factor for cognitive decline and dementia. Targeting glucose peaks, in addition to average glycemia, may be an important avenue for prevention.
Beyond PSA: Promising New Markers for Prostate Cancer

The discovery of new biomarkers for prostate cancer (CaP) far outstrips the validation and approval of new biomarkers. Thus, PSA remains the only validated and approved CaP biomarker at this time, but two others appear to be nearing FDA approval: PCA3, a gene grossly over-expressed by CaP tissue and found in urine of men with the disease, and -2proPSA, an analog of PSA, which helps impart CaP specificity to total PSA. Gene fusion products such as TMPRSS2:ERG are of keen interest. At the tissue level the methylation marker GST-P1 and the proliferation index Ki-67 appear potentially valuable.
Shear Localization and Shear Bands Patterning in Heterogeneous Materials

Shear localization plays an important role in the process of high-speed metal cutting, armor resistance to high-velocity impact, and in the break-up of penetrators. The high-strain-rate plastic flow of fractured ceramics during the ballistic impact of ceramic armor plays an important role in governing the depth of penetration, as was shown in the model calculations by Curran, Seaman, Cooper, and Shockey [1993]. Another example is initiation by shear bands of energetic materials under high-strain-rate plastic flow, which is unstable at high strains for most materials.
Consumer tendency to regret, compulsive buying, gender, and fashion time-of-adoption groups

ABSTRACTThe consumer’s emotional state after purchase/non-purchase is affected by regret, a negative emotion leading to dissatisfaction, negative word of mouth, and diminished intention to buy the brand again. This study compared tendency to regret and compulsive buying tendency among fashion time-of-adoption groups and by gender. Participants were US university students. A questionnaire measured demographics, compulsive buying tendency, fashion innovativeness and opinion leadership, and tendency to regret. Participants were divided into four time-of-adoption groups and two compulsive buying tendency groups. Findings support that in post-purchase evaluation, earlier (vs later) fashion adoption groups and those higher (vs lower) in compulsive buying tendency had a greater tendency to regret not purchasing. Earlier (vs later) fashion adoption groups had higher compulsive buying tendency. No gender differences existed in compulsive buying tendency. There were no significant results for consumer tendency to r...
Non-Citizens and Civil Liberties

This Article, written as an Encyclopedia entry, summarizes some of the major decisions of the SCOTUS clarifying non-citizens' access to the Bill of Rights. The Article gives special attention to SCOTUS jurisdiction in the areas of free speech, Fourth Amendment, Fifth Amendment protections in deportation proceedings, and access to the Bill of Rights by aliens unlawfully present.
Right Hand Preference and Performance Biases in the Foraging Behavior of the Aye-Aye

Research on handedness in primates has revealed a leftward bias for prosimians (Forsythe, Milliken, Stafford, & Ward, 1988; Forsythe & Ward, 1988; Milliken, Forsythe, & Ward, 1989; Milliken, Stafford, Dodson, Pinger, & Ward, 1991; Sanford, Guin, & Ward, 1984; Stafford, Milliken, & Ward, 1993; Subramoniam, 1957; Ward, Milliken, Dodson, Stafford, & Wallace, 1990) and a rightward bias for anthropoid species (Bresard & Bresson, 1983; Beck & Barton, 1972; Deuel & Dunlop, 1980). The leftward preference seen in prosimians is related to the basic prehensile type of manual control whereby all fingers move in concert, and the right preference of anthropoids reflects a refinement in manual function that involves independent control of each finger.
Molecular Basis of Morphogenesis in Fungi

In fungi, cellular morphogenesis is driven by localized membrane expansion and cell wall deposition. Variation in the geometry of fungal cells likely arises through the precise temporal and spatial regulation of these processes. Nevertheless, these modes of regulation are not well understood in filamentous fungi. This review focuses on three key aspects of fungal cellular morphogenesis: symmetry breaking, polarity maintenance, and septum formation. The mechanisms underlying cellular morphogenesis are summarized, with an emphasis on comparison to the model yeasts. In addition, mechanisms that coordinate morphogenesis with the yeast cell division cycle are briefly outlined. It is proposed that to some extent, analogous mechanisms function during fungal development to alter cell shape and size.
Cultural Collective Efficacy, Social Capital and Place-Based Lawmaking: Revisiting the People Versus Place Debate

U.S. housing law is finally receiving its due attention. Scholars and practioners are primarily focused on the subprime mortgage and foreclosure crises. Yet, the current recession has also resurrected the debate about the efficacy of place-based lawmaking. Place-based laws direct economic resources to low-income neighborhoods to help existing residents remain in place and to improve those areas. Law-and-economists and staunch integrationists respectively attack place-based lawmaking on economic and social grounds. This Article examines the efficacy of place-based lawmaking through the underutilized prism of culture. Using a socio-legal approach, it develops a theory of cultural collective efficacy as a justification for place-based lawmaking. Cultural collective efficacy describes positive social networks that inner-city residents develop through participation in musical, artistic and other neighborhood-based cultural endeavors. Cultural collective efficacy can help inner-city residents mitigate the negative effects of living in a poor and segregated community as well as obtain more concrete benefits from urban revitalization. It provides a framework to examine important microdyanmics in the “inner-city” that many scholars and policymakers have ignored. This Article devises new combinations of place-based laws that might protect cultural collective efficacy such as: (1) historic districts with affordable housing protections secured through transferable development rights, (2) foreclosure prevention strategies, (3) techniques to mitigate eminent domain abuse, and (4) re-interpretations of the Fair Housing Act’s “affirmatively furthering” fair housing mandate. These examples of place-based lawmaking may more effectively promote equitable development and advance distributive justice in U.S. housing law and policy.
Van Name, Addison (1835–1922)

While holding the position of librarian of Yale University, Addison Van Name (1835–1922) made important contributions to the study of such diverse languages as Arabic, Japanese, and Chinese, but his contribution to modern linguistics was most important in terms of a relatively short treatise he published on several creole languages spoken in the Caribbean (Van Name, 1869–1870). Van Name was one of the earliest to recognize that creoles were qualitatively different from other languages, a distinct type, and in this article he anticipated much in the current debates on the origin and nature of creole languages.
Systems analysis and media — A perspective

To sum up, my reactions to the excellent papers presented by our five scientists as related to instructional media are these: 1. The concepts of systems research, particularly those concepts related to the more precise definition of the whole and a more definitive analysis of the factors that go to make up the whole are applicable to what appears to me to be a relatively neglected field of direct research in instructional media; namely, the refinement of our knowledge of the most fruitful and potent characteristics of the various media themselves within the relatively loosely defined context of the educational system. 2. Systems analysis seems clearly relevant to the application of what fairly sketchy knowledge we have concerning the educational implementation of newer approaches to the curriculum. In this connection, I have referred to new curriculums in science at the secondary level. It seems quite clear that the humanities and the social sciences are in the process of developing such curricula or are about to enter this process. Furthermore, I would assume that a thoroughgoing systems analysis approach applied to these curricular developments would result in modifications of the curriculums themselves, since, to a large extent, relevant considerations concerning media, learners, and methodology have been brought to bear on these curriculum development projects in a very sketchy or incidental fashion—if, indeed, they have been considered seriously at all. 3. Operations analysis might be applied appropriately to the total school system. Models of school systems could be constructed within the parameters defined by various objectives to be included and excluded from the public school domain. No aspect of such models would be more important than instructional media, which, in themselves, would need to be described with far greater precision than they have been up to now.
A discussion of Martian atmospheric dynamics

Abstract We have computed radiative relaxation times for temperature perturbations in CO 2 with small admixtures of water vapor under conditions which are similar to those occurring in the martian atmosphere. Certain aspects of the influence of radiative transfer on dynamical phenomena in the martian atmosphere are discussed in terms of these radiative relaxation times. It is found that: (i) diurnal changes in the temperature profile will extend to considerably greater heights in the martian atmosphere than is the case on Earth; the diurnal wave will propagate more by radiative transfer than by turbulent diffusion; (ii) a non-negligible diurnal wind system exists on Mars; (iii) non-linear interactions between the motion field and the initial state of radiative equilibrium are much smaller on Mars than on Earth; (iv) radiative de-stabilization of regions with a negative lapse rate may be important in the upper martian atmosphere.
The Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation in north-central New Mexico–Linking Colorado Plateau stratigraphy to the stratigraphy of the High Plains

Most study of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation has focused on its spectacular and extensive outcrops on the southern Colorado Plateau. Nevertheless, outcrops of the Morrison Formation extend far off the Colorado Plateau, onto the southern High Plains as far east as western Oklahoma. Outcrops of the Morrison Formation east of and along the eastern flank of the Rio Grande rift in north-central New Mexico (Sandoval, Bernalillo, and San­ta Fe Counties) are geographically intermediate between the Morrison Formation outcrops on the southeastern Colorado Plateau in northwestern New Mexico and on the southern High Plains of eastern New Mexico. Previous lithostratigraphic correlations between the Colorado Plateau and High Plains Morrison Formation outcrops using the north-central New Mexico sections encompassed a geographic gap in outcrop data of about 100 km. New data on previously unstudied Morrison Formation outcrops at Placitas in Sandoval County and south of Lamy in Santa Fe County reduce that gap and significantly add to stratigraphic coverage. At Placitas, the Morrison Formation is about 141 m thick, in the Lamy area it is about 232 m thick, and, at both locations, it consists of the (ascending) sandstone-dominated Salt Wash Member, mudstone-dominated Brushy Basin Member, and sandstone-dominat­ed Jackpile Member. Correlation of Morrison strata across northern New Mexico documents the continuity of the Morrison depositional systems from the Colorado Plateau eastward onto the southern High Plains. Along this transect, there is significant stratigraphic relief on the base of the Salt Wash Member (J-5 unconformity), the base of the Jackpile Member, and the base of the Cretaceous strata that overlie the Morrison Formation (K unconfor­mity). Salt Wash Member deposition was generally by easterly-flowing rivers, and this river system continued well east of the Colorado Plateau. The continuity of the Brushy Basin Member, and its characteristic zeolite-rich clay facies, onto the High Plains suggests that localized depositional models (e.g., “Lake T’oo’dichi’) need to be re-eval­uated. Instead, envisioning Brushy Basin Member deposition on a vast muddy floodplain, with some localized lacustrine and palustrine depocenters, better interprets its distribution and facies.
2 Forensic Training and Practice

The field of forensic psychology, while relatively new, has developed rapidly over the past several decades. The first decade of the 21st century has included some very significant developments in the field, including recognition by APA of forensic psychology as a specialty, the development of training and education guidelines for forensic psychology, and a revision of the Specialty Guidelines for Forensic Psychologists. Forensic psychology has thus matured into a distinct area with specialized knowledge and skill bases. This chapter describes the current state of the field of psychology and law. It begins with a brief overview of the development of the field, and then broadly describes the domains of practice in both legal psychology and forensic psychology. Models of training at all levels (graduate, internship, postdoctoral, and continuing education) are described. In addition, the process and value of obtaining ABPP board certification in forensic psychology are discussed. Keywords: forensic psychology; legal psychology; education and training guidelines; board certification
Depletion of microglia immediately following traumatic brain injury in the pediatric rat: Implications for cellular and behavioral pathology.

Abstract The inflammatory response is a significant component of the pathophysiology of pediatric traumatic brain injury. High levels of inflammatory mediators have been found in the cerebrospinal fluid of brain-injured children which have been linked to poor prognosis. Targeting aspects of the inflammatory response in the hopes of finding a viable post-injury therapeutic option has gained attention. Microglia are largely responsible for perpetuating the injury-induced inflammatory response but in the developing brain they play beneficial roles in both normal and disease states. Following closed head injury in the neonate rat, depletion of microglia with intracerebral injections of liposomes containing clodronate was associated with an increase in neurodegeneration in the early post-injury period (3 days) relative to those injected with empty liposomes suggestive of a decrease in clearance of dying cells. In sham-injured animals, microglia repopulated the clodrosome-mediated depleted brain regions over a period of 2–4 weeks and exhibited morphology typical of a resting phenotype. In brain-injured animals, the repopulated microglia in clodrosome-injected animals exhibited rod-like and amoeboid morphologies. However, fluoro-Jade B reactivity in these brain regions was more extensive than in empty liposome-injected animals suggesting that the active microglia may be unable to clear dying neurons. This was accompanied by an induction of hyperexcitability in the local cortical circuitry. Depletion of microglia within the white matter tracts and the thalamus did not affect the extent of injury-induced traumatic axonal injury. Increased neurodegeneration in the dorsal subiculum was not accompanied by any changes to injury-induced deficits in spatial learning and memory. These data suggest that activation of microglia may be important for removal of dying neurons in the traumatically-injured immature brain.
Understanding Idiopathic Spinal Cord Herniation – A Comprehensive Review of Imaging and Literature

Idiopathic spinal cord herniation (ISCH) is displacement of spinal cord through a dural or arachnoidal defect. Most patients present with back pain or myelopathy, paresthesia, and sensory or motor weakness. Imaging findings include anterior displacement of the cord with possible kink, no filling defect on CT myelography, and no restricted diffusion/mass lesion on magnetic resonance imaging. Abrupt kink in the spinal cord or widened cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) space can be caused by a variety of reasons. The differential considerations include arachnoid web, intradural extramedullary epidermoid or arachnoid cyst, abscess or cystic schwannoma. We discuss the features, imaging, differentials, and treatment of ISCH as a rare cause of such kink in the cord. While reading such cases, a radiologist should include the location, segments involved, cord signal abnormality, visible defect, scalpel sign or C-sign, ventral cord kink, nuclear trail sign, the ventral CSF space preservation, or obliteration and the type.
Hepatic Glycogenosis In Children: Spectrum Of Presentation And Diagnostic Modalities.

Background: Objectives of the study were to determine the clinical spectrum of presentation and various modalities helpful in the diagnosis of liver glycogenosis short of genetic analysis. Methods: All patients under 18 years of age presenting to Paediatric Gastroenterology unit of Children's Hospital, Lahore with suspicion of hepatic glycogen storage disease (GSD) were enrolled over a period of 18 months. Demographic profile and various factors under observation were recorded. Collected data was analysed using SPSS version 22. Results: Among 89 enrolled patients F:M ratio was (1.28:1). The most common GSD was type I (71, 79.7%) followed by III (13, 14.6%), II (3, 3.3%), IV (1, 1.1%) and IX (1, 1.1%). The Abdominal distension was the most common presentation in 89.5% followed by hepatomegaly in 86.5%, diarrhoea in 41.6%, doll’s like appearance in 31.5% and vomiting, acidotic breathing with convulsions in about 20% of children in GSD I. Hepatomegaly (100%), failure to thrive (85%), developmental delay (69%) and splenomegaly (92.3%) were leading presentation in GSD III. Elevated triglycerides (77.5%) followed by transaminesemia (56%), hypercholesterolemia (63%), hyperuricemia (32%) and hypoglycaemia (14%) were significant biochemical findings in GSD I. Consistently raised liver enzymes (92%) and creatinine phosphokinase (100%) in addition to hypertriglyceridemia (69%) were seen in GSD III. The presence of enlarged hepatocytes with clearing of cells favour GSD1 showed in 79% of children while fibrosis and steatosis usually seen in GSD-III (14.6%). Conclusion: Hepatic glycogen storage diseases are serious health issues and should be excluded in any patient who present with hepatomegaly, short stature and hyperlipidaemia to decrease the disease mortality and morbidity. Keywords: glycogen storage disease; children; presentation
Geographic Disparities in Access to Simultaneous Pancreas and Kidney Transplant in the Pre- and Post-Pancreas Allocation System Eras.

BACKGROUND The 2014 pancreas allocation system (PAS) intended to decrease geographic variability in listing practices for simultaneous pancreas and kidney (SPK) transplant and define eligibility criteria for those with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Our primary aims were to evaluate geographic disparities in access to SPK and assess T2DM SPK listings in the pre- and post-PAS eras. METHODS Adult listings for SPK and kidney transplant (pre-PAS, January 2010 to October 29, 2014; post-PAS, October 30, 2014, to June 2, 2017) were identified in the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients. Multivariable logistic regression models tested associations of geography and/or diabetes mellitus type on the likelihood of SPK versus kidney transplant listing pre- and post-PAS. Competing risk models tested the likelihood of SPK transplantation within 2 years of listing for SPK. RESULTS Among 41 205 listings (27 393 pre-PAS; 24 439 T2DM), univariate analysis showed reduced percentages for SPK post-PAS (22.1%-20.8%; P = 0.003). After adjusting for patient and center characteristics, geographic disparities declined slightly but persisted post-PAS (era by region interaction P < 0.001). The era by type of diabetes mellitus interaction effect was statistically significant (P = 0.039), reflecting that the proportions of SPK listings for T2DM increased in the post-PAS era (3.4%-3.9%; univariate P = 0.038), while those for type 1 diabetes mellitus remained statistically stable (47.9%-48.4%; univariate P = 0.571). Among people listed for SPK, geographic disparities in the cumulative incidence of transplantation within 2 years declined and the overall likelihood of transplantation increased in the post-PAS era (both P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Geographic disparities in access to SPK declined slightly but persisted post-PAS. With new allocation change proposals and elimination of listing criteria for T2DM, further monitoring is warranted.
Examining the Role of Motivation and Learning Strategies in the Success of Online vs. Face-to-Face Students

The goal of this paper is to compare the motivations and learning strategies of online and face-to-face students, utilizing the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (Pintrich et al., 1993). Prior research (Crede & Phillips, 2011) suggest that motivation variables play a larger role in predicting student success in online courses compared to the specific learning strategies that are used, but little research has directly compared online students to face-to-face students. Results of this study found that while online students reported lower levels of motivation compared to face-to-face students, motivation variables were more strongly correlated with course performance than learning strategies, particularly for online courses. The results are discussed with implications for how to build student motivation to succeed, particularly in an online format, as well as different considerations for lower-level or upper-level students.
Robiot: A Design Tool for Actuating Everyday Objects with Automatically Generated 3D Printable Mechanisms

Users can now easily communicate digital information with an Internet of Things; in contrast, there remains a lack of support to automate physical tasks that involve legacy static objects, e.g. adjusting a desk lamp's angle for optimal brightness, turning on/off a manual faucet when washing dishes, sliding a window to maintain a preferred indoor temperature. Automating these simple physical tasks has the potential to improve people's quality of life, which is particularly important for people with a disability or in situational impairment. We present Robiot -- a design tool for generating mechanisms that can be attached to, motorized, and actuating legacy static objects to perform simple physical tasks. Users only need to take a short video manipulating an object to demonstrate an intended physical behavior. Robiot then extracts requisite parameters and automatically generates 3D models of the enabling actuation mechanisms by performing a scene and motion analysis of the 2D video in alignment with the object's 3D model. In an hour-long design session, six participants used Robiot to actuate seven everyday objects, imbuing them with the robotic capability to automate various physical tasks.
The Best of Both Worlds: An Odyssey of Medicine and Music

Aging brings a variety of changes to our professional life, both expected and unexpected. These will affect a career in varying ways. Performing artists usually will find methods of modifying their art and allowing it to continue as long as possible.
A Lie symmetries interpretation of the neutron diffusion equation

Abstract The neutron diffusion equation has, in the time since its initial development during the 1940s, become firmly established as the mathematical centerpiece through which thousands of nuclear engineers have been introduced to and trained in the physics and phenomenology of neutron transport. Analytical solutions of this equation, when made available through a variety of simplifying assumptions, serve numerous valuable purposes ranging from their stark illumination of basic, underlying physical processes to their use as benchmarks for computational physics simulation software. Given these general motivations for studying analytical solutions, the purpose of this work is to explore their generation and properties using symmetry analysis techniques, as originated by S. Lie in the late nineteenth century. The outcomes of this program of study are fourfold: 1) conditions may be derived for whether or not a given diffusion equation admits symmetries, and so may be solved in closed-form, 2) established solutions of the diffusion equation may be categorized according to the symmetry groups that give rise to them, 3) new solutions to certain non-standard diffusion equations may be derived, and 4) on the basis of their symmetry properties, diffusion equation solutions featuring elementary functions may be differentiated from counterparts featuring non-elementary functions. The final result of these developments is a more robust physical and geometric picture of the neutron diffusion equation than has been previously disseminated.
Effect of random pinning on nonlinear dynamics and dissipation of a vortex driven by a strong microwave current

We report numerical simulations of a trapped elastic vortex driven by a strong ac magnetic field $H(t)=Hsin\ensuremath{\omega}t$ parallel to the surface of a superconducting film. The surface resistance and the power dissipated by an oscillating vortex perpendicular to the film surface were calculated as functions of $H$ and $\ensuremath{\omega}$ for different spatial distributions, densities, and strengths of pinning centers, including bulk pinning, surface pinning, and cluster pinning. Our simulations were performed for both the Bardeen-Stephen viscous vortex drag and the Larkin-Ovchinnikov (LO) drag coefficient $\ensuremath{\eta}(v)$ decreasing with the vortex velocity $v$. The local residual surface resistance ${R}_{i}(H)$ calculated for different statistical realizations of the pinning potential exhibits strong mesoscopic fluctuations caused by local depinning jumps of a vortex segment as $H$ increases, but the global surface resistance ${\overline{R}}_{i}(H)$ obtained by averaging ${R}_{i}(H)$ over different pin configurations increases smoothly with the field amplitude at small $H$ and levels off at higher fields. For strong pinning, the LO decrease of $\ensuremath{\eta}(v)$ with $v$ can result in a nonmonotonic field dependence of ${R}_{i}(H)$ which decreases with $H$ at higher fields, but cause a runaway instability of the vortex in a thick film for weak pinning. It is shown that overheating of a single moving vortex can produce the LO-like velocity dependence of $\ensuremath{\eta}(v)$, but can mask the decrease of the surface resistance with $H$ at a higher density of trapped vortices.
Metastasectomy versus radiation of secondary sites in stage IV breast cancer.

1094Background: Prospective trials have yielded mixed results on the utility of surgery in metastatic breast cancer (mBC). Thus far, however, studies have focused primarily on the impact of lumpect...
Endocrine disruptors of sex hormone activities.

Abstract Sex hormones, such as androgens, estrogens and progestins are naturally occurring compounds that tightly regulate endocrine systems in a variety of living organisms. Uncontrolled environmental exposure to these hormones or their biological and synthetic mimetics has been widely documented. Furthermore, water contaminants penetrate soil to affect flora, fauna and ultimately humans. Because endocrine systems evolved to respond to very small changes in hormone levels, the low levels found in the environment cannot be ignored. The combined actions of sex hormones with glucocorticoids and other nuclear receptors disruptors creates additional level of complexity including the newly described “dynamic assisted loading” mechanism. We reviewed the extensive literature pertaining to world-wide detection of these disruptors and created a detailed Table on the development and current status of methods used for their analysis.
Freedom of Contract Under State Supervision

This study investigates the theoretical obstacles freedom of contract brings to an economy where state ownership is pervasive while the market is not sufficiently competitive such as China. Contrary to the arguments made by existing literatures that attributed all the conflicts of interest between state and private investors and related agency problems to the state ownership and dual role of state as a regulator and market player, and that adoption of unitary treatments to state and private ownerships alike as the solution, I attribute most of the obstacles in the contract law theories to the absence of a free market. In my view, scholarships have neglected the reason for the different corporate governance standards and structure in a country like China - the absence of a competitive market. Furthermore, the literatures did not address the negative implications of the theoretical difficulties in corporate governance such as conflicts of interest and incentive incompatibility that state-owned enterprises had brought to the freedom of contract. I would like to argue, within the contemporary Chinese economic framework, barring sudden massive privatization and introduction of a competitive market, the absence of competitive market requires judiciary to assume a more paternalistic role and to exercise enhanced judicial review of substantive fairness of contracts when circumstances raise the assumptions of asset striping by state-owned enterprises managers or an SOE avoiding a contract to renege a bad bargain in the name of protection of state assets. In both circumstances, I propose that only validly expressed wills could be protected by the theories of freedom of contract. The expressions of wills to strip state assets or for the state to renege a bad bargain shall not be held valid. Freedom of contract, if protected as in the West, will be abused by SOE managers for the purposes of asset stripping, and if denied solely to give SOEs a free way out of a bad bargain, will harm transactional safety and market capitalization. In both circumstances, the expression of the wills shall not be protected.
SU-E-T-537: Local Multi-Criteria Optimization for Clinical Tradeoff Decision Guidance in RT Planning

Purpose: We present a novel method for generating a local segment of Pareto surface around the best achievable plan predicted by a knowledge model. This local-MCO will provide an efficient method to enable clinically viable tradeoff decisions in IMRT planning tailored to the patient’s specific needs. Methods: Multi-criteria optimization (MCO) methods provide physicians and planners the ability to explore tradeoff options in RT planning. However, generic MCO methods are often time consuming because a global Pareto surface (PS) need to be explored if patient-specific clinical conditions and planners’ planning experiences are not taken into consideration. We have developed a local-MCO approach, which incorporates the knowledge model prediction based on the individual patient’s features and planning experience into the generation of a local PS around a predicted plan. In the proposed method, the starting points of clinical relevant organ sparing objectives are predicted by the knowledge models, and then a local PS is searched near the model predictions. As an initial assessment, the local PS is compared with the global PS generated for two prostate cancer cases. The mean minimum distance from each plan on the local PS to the global PS and the range of clinical acceptable dosimetric parameters covered by the local and global PS are calculated. Results: The local PS agrees well with the global PS. The mean minimum distance between the local and global PS in the PTV-bladder-rectum dose objective space are about 3% and 1% of prescription dose for the two plans, respectively. Although the local PS is only a small portion of the global PS, they cover most of the clinically relevant dose range. Conclusion: The local MCO results in a smaller but clinically more relevant PS. It is an efficient method to provide physicians with guidance of patient-specific trade-off options based on practice experience. Partially supported by NIH/NCI under grant #R21CA161389 and a master research grant by Varian Medical Systems.