cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How We Might See the End of the Information Age

Let’s head straight to the core issue—artificial intelligence, computing that does human-like thinking and action, makes decisions, and ultimately is supposed to be smarter than we mortals. AI as it is called in computer circles has been hyped for over 70 years and for the longest time was the most underperforming, disappointing information technology that never met expectations. Today it seems every book publisher has a book out on AI and every computing journal is discussing it. Yet, it had—and still has—among its defenders some of the smartest human beings, and not all of them crowded together into buildings at their home bases at such universities as the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cal Tech, and Carnegie-Mellon; they were (are) also nested in other universities and inside computer manufacturing firms around the world. AI’s high priests occupied a universe wedged somewhere between serious scientific disciplines and science fiction, seemingly weaving back and forth between the two based on how windy the AI hype and discourse was in any particular decade. It seemed in all those years that AI loomed in the background poised almost ready to spring on society. Serious nonfiction books and movies never kept the topic far away from millions of people. But it never pounced, or has it? Hint: Today all manner of firms and government agencies are hiring AI experts; the demand for such skills is borderline insatiable on both sides of the Atlantic, in Russia, and in China and Japan. So, we have to understand what it is, then its implications for people.
The Rise of Content Cartels

The fear that a single actor can decide what can or cannot be said in large parts of the online public sphere has led to growing calls for measures to promote competition between digital platforms. At the same time, others are demanding greater cooperation between the custodians of the public sphere. These pressures are not necessarily at odds, but some work needs to be done to reconcile them. To what extent should platforms have consistent content moderation policies? If standards and guardrails are imposed on the public sphere, should platforms work together to ensure that the online ecosystem as a whole realizes these standards, or would society benefit more if it is every platform for itself? The concerns behind these questions has led to the rise of "content cartels:" arrangements between platforms to work together to remove content or actors from their services without adequate oversight. These come in various guises; they can be demanded, encouraged, participated in, or unheeded by regulators. But they share the characteristic that they compound the existing lack of accountability in platform content moderation. This paper begins in Part I by tracing the origin and spread of content cartels, showing that content cartels are the proposed response to an increasing number of pathologies in online discourse. Part II examines the impulses behind demands for greater cooperation and the ways in which such cooperation can be beneficial. Part III explores the failures of the current arrangements and the threats they pose to free speech. Part IV sets an agenda for developing the tools to create productive and legitimate cooperation between platforms in those areas where it can be beneficial or has become inevitable. This paper has two goals. The first is to raise the alarm about a possible future coming into view, of unaccountable content cartels making decisions about the parameters of online discourse in a way that is just as problematic as an unaccountable monopoly. The second is to explore what can be beneficial about collaborative efforts and what might redeem them. This is a pivotal moment in the management of public discourse, and the structures built now should serve enduring values. We need not settle for institutions that stick band-aids on some problems but do not serve the deeper goal of building trust in online speech governance.
Polyazamacrocycle ligands facilitate 89Zr radiochemistry and yield 89Zr complexes with remarkable stability

Over the last three decades, the chemistry of zirconium has facilitated antibody development and the clinical management of disease in the precision medicine era. Scientists have harnessed its reactivity, coordination chemistry, and nuclear chemistry to develop antibody-based radiopharmaceuticals incorporating zirconium-89 (89Zr: t1/2 = 78.4 h, β+: 22.8%, Eβ+max = 901 keV; EC: 77%, Eγ = 909 keV) to improve disease detection, identify patients for individualized therapeutic interventions. and monitor their response to those interventions. However, release of the 89Zr4+ ion from the radiopharmaceutical remains a concern, since it may confound the interpretation of clinical imaging data, negatively affect dosimetric calculations, and hinder treatment planning. In this report, we relate our novel observations involving the use of polyazamacrocycles as zirconium-89 chelators. We describe the synthesis and complete characterization of zirconium 2,2',2″,2‴-(1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclotridecane-1,4,7,10-tetrayl)tetraacetic acid (Zr-TRITA), zirconium 3,6,9,15-Tetraazabicyclo[9.3.1] pentadeca-1(15),11,13-triene-3,6,9-triacetic acid (Zr-PCTA), and zirconium 2,2',2″-(1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4,7-triyl)triacetic acid (Zr-NOTA). In addition, we elucidate the solid-state structure of each complex using single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Finally, we found that [89Zr]Zr-PCTA and [89Zr]Zr-NOTA demonstrate excellent stability in vitro and in vivo and provide a rationale for these observations. These innovative findings have the potential to guide the development of safer and more robust immuno-PET agents to improve precision medicine applications.
Analytic calculation of 1-jettiness in DIS at $ \mathcal{O}\left({\alpha}_s\right) $

We present an analytic $$ \mathcal{O}\left({\alpha}_s\right) $$ calculation of cross sections in deep inelastic scattering (DIS) dependent on an event shape, 1-jettiness, that probes final states with one jet plus initial state radiation. This is the first entirely analytic calculation for a DIS event shape cross section at this order. We present results for the differential and cumulative 1-jettiness cross sections, and express both in terms of structure functions dependent not only on the usual DIS variables x, Q 2 but also on the 1-jettiness τ. Combined with previous results for log resummation, predictions are obtained over the entire range of the 1-jettiness distribution.
( O 16 , N 15 ) Reaction on 2 s − 1 d - and 1 f − 2 p - Shell Nuclei

The ($^{16}\mathrm{O}$, $^{15}\mathrm{N}$) reaction has been studied on targets of $^{24}\mathrm{Mg}$, $^{27}\mathrm{Al}$, $^{28}\mathrm{Si}$, $^{45}\mathrm{Sc}$, and $^{46,\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}48}\mathrm{Ti}$ and finite-range distorted-wave calculations have accounted well for the extreme $Q$ dependences (arising from angular momentum mismatch) of the cross sections, yielding spectroscopic factors in good agreement with spectroscopic factors extracted from light-ion-induced reactions. This agreement is interpreted as an indication that the heavy-ion-induced proton transfer reaction - when it populates states of strong single-particle character - can be well understood within the framework of the distorted-wave theory.
Creativity support system for concurrent product design

This paper describes the general architecture of the Creativity Support System, an expert system for assisting users in specific domains requiring creative solutions. The bilevel structure of the system consists of a Domain-Independent Module containing general tools and techniques for creative problem solving, and a Domain-Dependent Module incorporating knowledge specific to particular fields of application. The utility of this approach is illustrated in the realm of concurrent product design by demonstrating a Concurrent Design Advisor within the general architecture of the system. We describe the stages of product design — from product specification to design optimization — as well as the particular techniques incorporated in the Concurrent Design Advisor. By providing these domain-dependent decision rules along with domain-independent creativity tools, the Creativity Support System is designed to guide the user through the entire problem resolution process in the desired domain.
A Review of “Temptations in the Office: Ethical Choices and Legal Obligations”

Stephen Goldman is a law professor at the Catholic University of America Columbus School of Law where he teaches ethics and law courses. He attended the University of Michigan Law School where he o...
The Use of Damping Screens for the Reduction of Wind-Tunnel Turbulence

The effect of a damping screen in reducing the turbulence of an air stream is found to depend on the pressure-drop coefficient, k, of the screen. According to a plausible theory, which has been experimentally confirmed, the intensity of the turbulence is reduced in the ratio + k by a single screen and in the ratio 1/(1 -f* k)^ by n identical screens in series. These relations show tha t for the same power expenditure a greater turbulence reduction can be obtained with a number of screens of small k than with a single screen of coefficient nk. Factors tha t place a lower limit on velocity fluctuations are turbulence produced by the screens themselves and tunnel noise.
Radiographic and radiological assessment of laminitis

Summary Radiographic studies are an essential component in evaluation of horses with laminitis. The standard radiographs that should be obtained to aid assessment of horses with laminitis are the lateromedial, horizontal dorsopalmar and dorsal 45° proximal palmarodistal oblique views. This article will summarise the assessment of these 3 projections in the laminitic horse as well as discuss the prognostic significance of common radiological abnormalities in horses with laminitis.
Vicarious Processes: A Case of No-Trial Learning1

Publisher Summary The vicarious-learning experiences and response-guidance procedures involving both symbolic and live models are utilized extensively in social learning to short-circuit the acquisition process, and to prevent one-trial extinction of the organism in potentially hazardous situations. This chapter is mainly concerned with the theoretical analysis of the process of no-trial learning, and behavioral effects of exposure to modeling stimuli. While, the perceptual and cognitive aspects of vicarious learning are given emphasis, the motivational and reinforcement variables may influence indirectly the level of response acquisition by augmenting or reducing the occurrence of requisite observing responses and facilitative covert rehearsal. Further to response learning, witnessing the reinforcement contingencies of a model is highly influential in modifying the extent to which similar existing patterns of social behavior can be exhibited by observers. The strength of inhibitory responses may likewise be significantly altered, and emotional responses may be vicariously conditioned and extinguished as a function of observing the reinforcing consequences to a model and his attendant affective reactions. The chapter identifies some of the social-learning variables determining the diverse behavioral effects on observers of exposure to socially modeled stimulus events.
Spore Fine Structure in Clostridium cochlearium

The fine structure of Clostridium cochlearium was examined by use of thin sections, negative stains, and carbon replicas. Particular attention was given to details of the sporulation process and to fine structure of the spores. Spore coat formation was well advanced before the first evidence of cortex formation was noted. Three distinct spore coats were detected, the outermost of which was composed of seven layers. In addition, the spores possessed tubular appendages of variable length attached to one end of the spore. These differed in a number of respects from those described for other clostridia.
Legacy of a Minority Religion: Christians and Christianity in Contemporary Japan

Though Christianity has been practiced in Japan for over 400 years, its status as an oft-persecuted religion practiced by a minority of Japanese has long presented challenges for Japanese Christians. Since the early years of its establishment in the sixteenth century, government officials have tended to view Christianity with suspicion as they question the compatibility of a “foreign” religion with loyalty to the state. Restrictions on Christianity were lifted in the late nineteenth century, but again it became a target of political suppression when Japan began a disastrous 15-year war that brought it into conflict with Europe, the United States and much of the Asia-Pacific region. Though the past 60 years of peaceful government have allowed Christians to assume a more or less untroubled place within mainstream Japanese culture, they continue to face challenges ranging from oppressive policies to new social and political currents that compel them to examine their beliefs. This chapter focuses on the forces that have shaped Christianity since its introduction to Japan in the sixteenth century, examining in particular what changes have occurred in Japanese Christianity since 1945 and how Christians have addressed issues including sexism, homosexuality, the role of the Internet in worship, and how they see themselves in relation to contemporary Japanese trends, such as the “spiritual boom.”
Simplified design of 6∶1 PUMA arrays

Advances in Planar Ultra-wideband Modular Antenna (PUMA) array architecture which have culminated into a 6∶1 bandwidth design without the use of an external backplane matching network are presented. This paper will examine the additional bandwidth-enhancing operational principles of the proposed dual-polarized 6∶1 PUMA array. A design and its respective full-wave simulations will then be presented, with results yielding a 6∶1 bandwidth with VSWR < 2 at broadside, VSWR < 2.6 scanning out to θ = 45°, and a diagonal plane cross-polarization greater than 15 dB at θ = 45° for the majority of the band.
P. J. Flory

I was born on 19 June, 1910, in Sterling, Illinois, of Huguenot-German parentage, mine being the sixth generation native to America. My father was Ezra Flory, a clergyman-educator; my mother, nee Martha Brumbaugh, had been a schoolteacher. Both were descended from generations of farmers in the New World. They were the first of their families of record to have attended college.
WE‐E‐BRC‐02: Real‐Time Deformable Registration Using Multi‐Pixel X‐Ray Technology for Image‐Guided Lung Radiotherapy

Purpose: To study the feasibility of a novel method, CLARET (correction in limited‐angle residues in external beam radiation), for supporting the Nanotube Stationary Tomosynthesis (NST) device to perform real‐time deformable registration in lungIGRT. Methods: We designed a method called CLARET that uses a machine learning strategy. CLARET is a two‐step process: training and IGRT. In the training stage it performs a patient‐specific training that generates sample images from a range of potential treatment deformations. Potential treatment deformations are generated from the principal variations of deformation, which are calculated between the respiratory‐correlated CTs (RCCTs) and their Frechet mean image by diffeomorphic registration. For each such sample image it generates 2D projections by re‐projecting on the image volume. It computes multi‐scale linear regressions between the deformation parameters and the differences between the projections of the deformed CTs and those of the Frechet mean CT. In the IGRT stage, the learned regressions are applied iteratively to the successive residues between the radiographs and those of the current estimated CT deformed by the previously predicted parameters. This iteration yields an accurate deformation field for treatment‐time 3D image generation. Results: We tested CLARET using four patients' lung RCCTs with two types of NST geometries: 1) the single‐source projection geometry and 2) the multiple‐source projection geometry. For each patient and geometry a total of 40 simulated treatment‐time NST projections were generated by reprojecting on the target CTs deformed from the patient's Frechet mean RCCT. The mean and standard deviation of the tumor CoG location difference before registration is 0.6792±0.3267 cm. After CLARET registration, results in all geometries yielded sub‐milimeter accuracy. The average computation time is 5 seconds. Conclusions: We have demonstrated the potential of our CLARET method in supporting the NST device to provide real‐time lungIGRT with few limited‐angle projection images. This research is partially sponsored by Siemens Medical Solutions.
Coincidence of Schwann cell-derived basal lamina development and loss of regenerative specificity of spinal motoneurons

The Schwann cell-derived basal lamina forms a tube around single peripheral axons or small groups of axons that is continuous from the spinal cord to the target. In bullfrog tadpoles (Rana catesbeiana), motor axons transected at early developmental stages regenerate to the appropriate hindlimb region. In the present paper, we found that at these stages Schwann tubes are absent by morphological criteria, and individual axons are separated only by occasional extensions of support cells. At stages when axons no longer regenerate to the correct hindlimb region, every axon is encased in a basal lamina tube. Schwann tubes persist in the distal stump after nerve transection, and regenerating axons grow within these tubes. These findings are consistent with previous results showing that the errors regenerating axons make in older animals are not random, but depend upon the course of the denervated Schwann tubes to which they have access. In order to determine whether formation of the Schwann tube itself or interaction of its molecular constituents with growing axons was associated with loss of regenerative specificity, the expression during development of two major constituents of the basal lamina, laminin and heparan sulfate proteoglycan, was investigated. Immunoreactivity to both constituents was present both before and after the transition from specific to nonspecific regeneration, indicating that their expression per se was not sufficient to limit regenerative specificity. These data support the hypothesis that the physical constraint imposed by the Schwann cell-derived basal lamina prevents regenerative specificity.
Methodology to Develop Median Barrier Warrant Criteria

Median design policies for high-speed, divided highways are investigated to assess existing median barrier warrant criteria. Safety and cost-effectiveness analyses were conducted to determine relationships between median-related crashes and geometric and traffic operational variables. Count regression models were used to estimate the safety performance of divided highway sections with and without longitudinal median barrier. Crash severity models of cross-median and median barrier crashes were estimated using logistic regression. Modeling results were incorporated into a benefit-cost model to assess median design practices using Pennsylvania Interstate highway data. Although varying with traffic volumes, the installation of median barrier along roadway sections with median widths up to 21.3 m (70 ft) wide can produce safety and economic benefits.
Multiple myeloma recurrence with optic nerve infiltration diagnosed by vitrectomy, immunohistochemistry, and in situ hybridization.

Purpose We present a case of multiple myeloma recurrence diagnosed by optic nerve infiltration. Methods Interventional case report with clinical, surgical, immunohistochemical, and fluorescence in situ hybridization correlation. Results A 51-year-old woman with a history of bilateral invasive ductal breast carcinoma and multiple myeloma, both in remission on maintenance bortezomib, was referred for sudden, painless loss of vision OS. Examination demonstrated anterior vitritis with severe optic disc elevation, with yellow-white thickening, peripapillary hemorrhages, and a retinal detachment inferiorly. Diagnostic vitrectomy showed CD138-positive and BRST2-negative cells. Fluorescence in situ hybridization was positive for del(13q) and p53 deletion and negative for CCND1/IGH. Conclusions This is the first report of optic nerve infiltration of multiple myeloma as evidence of recurrence while on maintenance chemotherapy. We demonstrate that diagnostic vitrectomy and immunohistochemistry of vitreous fluid is feasible for the diagnosis of recurrent multiple myeloma.
Post-purchase strategy: A key to successful industrial marketing and customer satisfaction

Abstract Customer satisfaction can be improved by adopting strategies for assisting the customer after the sale. From a description of both the behavior of customers before and after the sale, it is argued that opportunities exist for improving customer value. In addition to key articles, the recent experience of actual buyers have been explored to help develop strategy based on understanding of the buying process and its implications for customer satisfaction.
Organic thin film transistors from a soluble oligothiophene derivative containing thermally removable solubilizing groups.

A symmetrical α,ω-substituted sexithiophene derivative containing thermally removable branched ester solubilizing groups has been prepared. These oligomers can be solution cast into thin films and then thermolyzed to remove the solubilizing group, leaving short pendant alkene groups on the oligomer. Device testing of thin film transistors shows an increase in hole mobility from 1 × 10-5 cm2/(V s) with on/off ratios of ∼100 before thermolysis to 5 × 10-2 cm2/(V s) with on/off ratios >105 after thermolysis. This method offers an attractive route to easily processed and highly performing thiophene oligomers.
Assessing Spatial Dependence in Count Data: Winsorized and Spatial Filter Specification Alternatives to the Auto‐Poisson Model

The auto-Poisson probability model furnishes an obvious tool for modeling counts of geographically distributed rare events. Unfortunately, its original specification can accommodate only negative spatial autocorrelation, which itself is a rare event. More recent alternative reformulations, namely, the Winsorized and spatial filter specifications, circumvent this drawback. A comparison of their performances presented in this article reveals some of their relative advantages and disadvantages.
31P Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Imaging of Regions of Remodeled Myocardium in the Infarcted Rat Heart

Background The clinical course of a patient with a myocardial infarction (MI) depends largely on the ability of the noninfarcted region to remodel and compensate for the loss of the infarcted regio...
Observations of the 7 March, 1970 total solar eclipse at wavelengths of 3.2 and 8.3 mm

The 7 March, 1970 total solar eclipse was observed at wavelengths of 3.2 and 8.3 mm; the object being to use the knife edge of the Moon as it passed across the Sun to improve angular resolution on the Sun. This in turn would provide a radial brightness distribution of the Sun with an angular resolution of a few seconds of arc. Excellent eclipse curves were obtained at 3 mm; however, some external interference marred the 8 mm record near totality. The 8 mm brightness distribution is subject to some uncertainty, but tends to show limb brightening. The 3 mm brightness distribution shows a well defined complex limb brightening within about 1 arc min of the optical limb. The maximum brightening is approximately 30% above the average disc temperature.
Accelerated fibrosis and collagen deposition develop in the renal interstitium of angiotensin type 2 receptor null mutant mice during ureteral obstruction Rapid Communication

Accelerated fibrosis and collagen deposition develop in the renal interstitium of angiotensin type 2 receptor null mutant mice during ureteral obstruction. We examined the role of angiotensin in renal remodeling that is specifically channeled through the angiotensin type 2 receptor (AT 2 receptor). Previously, we observed that in mouse embryonic kidneys the AT 2 mRNA is predominantly expressed in the mesenchyme. We therefore chose a model of unilateral ureteral obstruction, characterized by activation of the renin-angiotensin system, while fibrosis develops prominently within the renal interstitium. Male wild-type mice ( Agtr2 -/Y) and mice null mutant for the AT 2 gene ( Agtr2 -/Y) were subjected to a complete unilateral ureteral ligation for 5 or 14 days. Obstructed kidneys of Agtr2 -/Y mice showed more severe interstitial fibrosis than those of Agtr2 +/Y mice, confirmed by increased collagen by point-counting on Masson trichrome stained sections, and increased α1(I) collagen mRNA expression by Northern blot. Immunohistochemistry staining for PCNA (a marker of cell proliferation), F4/80 (a marker of macrophages), vimentin (a marker of fibroblasts), and αSMA (a marker of myofibroblasts) revealed that, while the two groups were comparable in the degree of cell proliferation and macrophage infiltration, fibroblasts/myofibroblasts were present in a greater abundance in obstructed kidneys of Agtr2 -/Y mice than in Agtr2 +/Y at both 5 and 14 days after obstruction. Moreover, cells undergoing apoptosis were significantly less in Agtr2 -/Y than in Agtr2 +/Y. Thus, the AT 2 receptor significantly impacts the remodeling process within renal interstitium, potentially by regulating the population of collagen-producing cells.
Progressive Coding and Iterative Source-Channel Decoding in Wireless Data Gathering Networks

Wireless data gathering networks are often tasked to gather correlated data under severe energy constraints. The use of simple channel codes with source-channel decoding can potentially provide good performance with low energy consumption. Here we consider progressive coding in multi-hop networks, where an intermediate node decodes its received noisy codewords. The estimated information is concatenated with the node's own information word and encoded; the resulting progressively- encoded codeword is then transmitted to the next node. In non- progressive coding, the node simply forwards the received noisy codewords along with its own encoded data. Here we compare the performance of two codes with low decoding complexity, Repeat- Accumulate (RA) and Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) codes, in combination with two progressive coding schemes. Progressive channel coding uses only channel decoding at the intermediate node, while progressive source-channel coding uses source- channel decoding, exploiting the probabilistic dependency of the information words (caused by the correlation structure of the data) jointly with the deterministic dependency induced by channel coding. Two decoding schemes are considered at the data center: channel decoding only and iterative source-channel decoding. In simulation experiments, we consider a line network topology with systematic RA and LDPC coding. Results show that progressive coding performs better than non-progressive coding, and RA codes perform better with lower computational complexity than LDPC codes, both for channel-decoding-only and iterative source- channel decoding.
A restricted subarachnoid hemorrhage in the cortical sulcus in cerebral amyloid angiopathy: could it be a warning sign?

Abstract Background Cerebral amyloid angiopathy is a well-known disease that is predominantly recognized in elderly people and repeatedly causes large subcortical hemorrhages. These hemorrhages may be derived from vessel wall weakness because of Aβ depositions in the wall of the cortical and leptomeningeal arteries. Although vessel ruptures in CAA have been thought to occur in cortical arteries, it was recently demonstrated that the primary hemorrhage occurs in the subarachnoid space, particularly the cerebral sulci, as a result of multiple ruptures of meningeal arteries in some cases of subcortical hematoma caused by CAA. Case Description Case patient 1 was a 74-year-old woman who presented with epileptic seizure. A restricted SAH in the right frontal lobe was observed on MRI. Thirty-three days later, left hemiparesis occurred suddenly and a huge subcortical hematoma was observed in the right frontal lobe on CT. The hematoma was removed, and the patient was pathologically diagnosed with amyloid angiopathy. Case patient 2 was a 73-year-old man who presented with epileptic seizure. A restricted SAH in the right frontal lobe was observed on MRI. Twenty days later, left hemiparesis occurred suddenly and a huge subcortical hematoma was observed in the right frontoparietal area on CT. Hematoma removal was performed on both patients, and they were diagnosed pathologically with amyloid angiopathy. Conclusions We report on the cases of 2 patients with CAA who presented with epileptic seizure and were found to have a restricted subarachnoid hematoma in the cerebral sulcus on MRI before their subcortical hemorrhages occurred. Both cases were diagnosed pathologically. This demonstrated that vessel ruptures in CAA can occur in the subarachnoid space, particularly the cerebral sulci, as a result of ruptures of meningeal arteries. A restricted SAH on CT/MRI could be a warning sign of a huge subcortical hemorrhage in CAA.
A Study on the Enzymatic Mechanism of Guinea-pig Hepatic-Microsomal Bilirubin Glucuronyl Transferase

1 Initial velocity studies for the two-substrate system of bilirubin glucuronyl transferase were performed with Triton X-100 as an activator. These studies were performed by varying the concentration of bilirubin in the presence of different concentrations of uridine 5′-diphosphate glucuronic acid (UDP-GlcUA) and gave an intersecting pattern (characteristic of a sequential mechanism) when the data were graphed as double-reciprocal plots. 2 Competitive inhibition was observed for UDP-GlcUA and noncompetitive inhibition for bilirubin when UDP (product) or UMP (dead end) were used as inhibitors. Alternate product inhibition with phenolphthalein glucuronide produced noncompetitive inhibition for both UDP-GlcUA and bilirubin. 3 It was concluded that the reaction under study probably has an ordered mechanism although the iso-Theorell-Chance mechanism is still a possibility. 4 Kinetic constants (mean for 3 animals) for a sequential mechanism yielded 52.3 μM as the apparent Km for bilirubin, 2.3 mM as the apparent Km for UDP-GlcUA and 20.2 nmol bilirubin conjugated per mg of microsomal protein per 30 min as the V for this reaction.
Sandstone Diagenesis in Mixed Siliciclastic-Carbonate Sequences: Quadrant and Tensleep Formations (Pennsylvanian), Northern Rocky Mountains

ABSTRACT Sandstones in the Quadrant and Tensleep Formations are well to extremely well sorted and compositionally mature (mean = Q98). Out of 9 cements, 4 have special significance: 1) anhydrite (earliest), 2) dolomite, 3) quartz, and 4) calcite (latest). The distribution of major cement types was strongly influenced by vertical location within sandstone units. Early anhydrite and dolomite are principally responsible for pore space reduction near sandstone-carbonate contacts. These cements were precipitated from pore fluids with compositions controlled by depositional setting and proximity to enclosing carbonate sediments. The later precipitation of quartz overgrowths preferentially occluded pore space toward the middle of sandstone beds. Calcite, sporadically distributed throughout sandstones, represents a late-stage, passive pore-filling event. The middle 50% (thickness) of sandstone bodies exhibits porosities averaging about two times greater than lower and upper portions of sandstone units. Hence, Quadrant and Tensleep sandstones are highly stratified on a relatively small scale as to cement and porosity distribution. Estimates of starting porosity and measurements of intergranular volume show that, regardless of the location within sandstone bodies of the Quadrant, cementation dominates over compaction in terms of intergranular porosity destruction. This relation also holds for the base and top of sandstone units in the Tensleep. Only within the middle portion of sandstones of the Tensleep does compaction equal or dominate over cementation in destruction of pore space.
β-Carotene and selenium supplementation enhances immune response in aged humans

Background: Nutritional research has focused on the effects of specific nutrients' ability to cause or prevent cancer. While beta-carotene and selenium (both important for antioxidant systems) have cancer prevention capabilities, their antineoplastic mechanism(s) remains to be elucidated. Methods: In a prospective, randomized study design we evaluated immunological changes in free-living, healthy aged humans (57-84 years of age) given a placebo, beta-carotene (45 mg/day), and/or selenium (400 µg/day) supplement for 6 months and after 2 months of discontinuation. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were evaluated and subtyped using flowcytometry. Natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity was determined by a fluorescent method. Plasma diene conjugates were assessed to evaluate changes in oxidative stress. Results: Selenium and selenium plus beta-carotene supplementation caused an increase in total T cells by 27% and 31%, respectively (p <.05). The only group that was different (in T lymphocytes) from the controls (placebo group) after 6 months of supplementation (p <.05) was the selenium-supplemented group (+65%). Much of this increase was the result of an increase in CD4(+) T-cell subsets. Selenium or beta-carotene supplementation for 3 months increased NK cell cytotoxicity over pretreatment levels by 58% and 34%, respectively; however, these levels returned to +12% and -6% of pretreatment levels after 6 months supplementation. Selenium plus beta-carotene supplementation caused an increase in the percentage of NK cell by 121% and 161% at 3 and 6 months, respectively. However, the increased numbers of NK cells were not correlated with NK cell activity. Conclusions: We found that selenium enhanced immune function (NK cell cytotoxicity) and phenotypic expression of T-cell subsets, whereas beta-carotene affected only immune function. Increased NK cell cytotoxicity may last for only a short period of supplementation and was not sustained throughout the 6 months of supplementation. Supplemental selenium and beta-carotene seemed to affect immune function in aged subjects by different mechanisms.
The Headmaster as Administrator of the School Community

A school is an organisation. As such it is worthy of study, as is the job of its senior administrator, since it is his task to make educational resources effective. The fundamental objectives of the organisation must be clearly understood; its organisational structure clearly thought out. Attention needs to be paid to delegation, which not only gets work done, but develops the people who do it; to co‐ordination, whose best springs are found in staff involvement; to control, where there is no substitute for personal observation; to communication, upon which not only efficiency but morale, depend; to assessment, which measures the extent of the achievement of fundamental objectives. When a teacher takes charge of a school, he becomes an administrator, which will involve his learning new basic lessons, especially in the task of plain, undelegatable leadership.
Thermal Effects and Free-Energy Barrier Differences in the Ion Selectivity Mechanism of KcsA

The ion selectivity mechanism has been studied for decades, but still lacked details on how thermal fluctuations of water, ions and carbonyl oxygen atoms of the KcsA selectivity filter (KSF) interplay. Here, we apply a step-wise pulling protocol to address the thermal effects and evaluate free-energy profiles based on Jarzynski's Equality. To pull an ion (K+ or Na+) from the vestibule (z = 0) through KSF, we use a harmonic potential, which couples an ion's z-coordinate with the center of the potential λ. Our protocol uses 24 discrete pulling steps with increments of 1.0 from λ = 0 A, and requires relaxation times τ at each step. The relaxation time permits collection of thermal fluctuations to identify stable positions, and to calculate work distributions, which are used to compute free-energy profiles. From the minima of the free-energy profiles, the most stable positions are identified as = 5.5 A, below KSF, and = 7.1 A, inside KSF, with respect to the center-of-mass of the system, z = 0. These positions clearly indicate that KSF selects K+ more preferentially than Na+. The corresponding free-energy minima are −7.0 and −7.8 ± 1.0 kcal/mol for Na+ and K+, respectively. Beyond these positions, the ions experience different free-energy barriers. With increasing relaxation times τ, the first free-energy-barrier difference between the ions converges to 3.7 kcal/mol at τ ∼ 9-11 ns, representing a higher free-energy barrier for Na+ than for K+, as the ions further enter KSF. These differences in free-energy minimum positions and barriers are due to (1) the distinguishable flexibility and coordination of the carbonyl oxygen atoms for different binding to the ions, and (2) significantly smaller thermal fluctuations of the first water shell for Na+ than for K+.
Note concerning possible mechanisms for non‐double‐couple earthquake sources

Some earthquake sources are not double couples, i.e, they are not due solely to slip along a simple, planar fault surface. One possible explanation for such sources is that they occur because of source complexity, namely, they consist of simultaneous or time-separated double-couple subevents along different fault surfaces. For intermediate depth earthquakes consisting of only two subevents, we illustrate how non-double-couple earthquakes might occur (1) near the edges of subducting lithospheric slabs; or (2) in the interior of a slab if an earthquake with a downdip P (or T) axis triggers a “bending” subevent along the inside (outside) of the slab. We can choose between an edge, inside-bending or outside-bending interpretation by comparing the downdip direction of the Wadati-Benioff zone and the orientation of the moment tensor axes. While slip along a curved fault surface can produce a non-double-couple source, this can occur only for a limited class of slip and fault geometries. Non-double-couple sources can never be produced by double-couple subevents if (1) the subevents occur along parallel fault planes; (2) the subevents occur on a cylindrical fault surface, with slip due to rotation about the cylinder axis; or (3) the subevents occur on a cylindrical fault surface, with slip parallel to the axis.
Interplay among recovery time, signal, and noise: series- and parallel-tuned circuits are not always the same

The quality factor, Q, of the magnetic resonance probe and the manner in which the probe is coupled to the spectrometer play important roles in the quality of the obtained experimental data, affecting the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), the probe recovery time, radiation-damping, and the coupling between multiple coils. For example, high SNR often requires a high-Q probe, while a short recovery time to observe of broad signals generally requires low Q. Here, we discuss effecting a compromise between SNR and recovery time by adjusting the coupling of the probe and preamplifier by mismatching their impedances. Unlike the more common impedance-matched case, the conditions for optimum performance for parallel- and series-tuned probes are found to differ significantly. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson 12: 125–136, 2000
Quantitative production of xylitol from D-xylose by a high-xylitol producing yeast mutant Candida tropicalis HXP2

Xylitol was produced as a metabolic by-product by a number of yeasts when grown on medium containing D-xylose as carbon and energy sources. Among the yeast strains tested, a mutant strain of Candida tropicalis (HXP2) was found to produce xylitol from D-xylose with a high yield (>90%). Ethanol was also produced by HXP2 when D-glucose, D-fructose, or sucrose were used as substrates. The high-xylitol-producing yeast mutant is a good organism for the production of xylitol from biomass that contains D-xylose.
Projectilelike fragment momentum distributions from 86Kr+Al at 70 MeV/nucleon.

Projectilelike residue yields and momentum distributions from the reaction of 70 MeV/nucleon [sup 86]Kr with [sup 27]Al at 0[degree] were studied. The data is compared with a model developed originally for higher energies ([gt]200 MeV/nucleon), data from prior experiments performed at both higher and lower bombarding energies, and a semiempirical parametrization derived from high energy systematics.
Factor Analysis of Post-WWII U.S. Foreign Policy

This paper attempts to explain American foreign policy by identifying the relative importance of domestic, transnational and external factors at different levels of analysis that influence and constrain the conduct of American foreign policy. In its more contemporary context, a meaningful parallel analogy may be drawn between the current U.S. foreign policy issues and the cases examined here within.
Varicella-Zoster Virus Transcription in Human Trigeminal Ganglia

Our laboratory previously reported in situ hybridization analyses showing varicella-zoster virus (VZV)-specific RNA transcripts in latently infected human trigeminal ganglia. These transcripts were found exclusively in non-neuronal cells and emanated from at least three separate regions of the VZV genome, those encompassing restriction fragments BamHI-EY, EcoRI-B, and BamHI-J. Extending these in situ studies, we now report that VZV RNAs colinear with open reading frames (ORFs) 29 and 62 are demonstrable in non-neuronal cells; however, neither VZV RNA colinear with ORF 28 nor antisense RNAs of ORFs 29 and 62 are detected. Northern hybridization analyses of poly(A)+ RNA from human trigeminal ganglion pools also reveal VZV-specific transcripts corresponding to ORFs 29 and 62, but not those of ORFs 28 or 61. The ORF 29- and 62-specific transcripts are similar to those expressed in productive infection, with regard to size and polyadenylation. The cumulative findings suggest that VZV latency is characterized by selected expression of multiple genes, which appear to include some but not all putative immediate-early and early genes.
SYNTHESIS OF TUNGSTEN CARBONYL AND NITROSYL COMPLEXES OF MONODENTATE AND CHELATING ARYL-N-SULFONYLPHOSPHORAMIDES, THE FIRST MEMBERS OF A NEW CLASS OF ELECTRON-WITHDRAWING PHOSPHINE LIGANDS. COMPARATIVE IR AND 13C AND 31P NMR STUDY OF RELATED PHOSPHORUS COMPLEXES

Reaction of N,N‘-bis(tolylsulfonyl)-1,2-diaminoethane with PhPCl2 gives in 62% yield the phosphonous diamide 2-phenyl-1,3-bis(p-tolylsulfonyl)-1,3,2-diazaphospholidine (4, “TosL”) and with Ph2PCl in 43% yield the diphosphinous amide N,N‘-bis(diphenylphosphino)-N,N‘-bis(p-tolylsulfonyl)-1,2-ethanediamine (5, “diTosL”). Reaction of 4 with (THF)W(CO)5 gives (TosL)W(CO)5 (6) in 77% yield, and reaction of 5 with trans-BrW(CO)4NO gives cis, cis, trans-(diTosL)W(CO)2(NO)Br (8) in 86% yield. The IR, 13C NMR, and 31P NMR spectra of 4, 5, 6, and 8 are compared to those of a variety of compounds including LW(CO)5 (L = PMe3, PPh3, PPh(NEt2)2, P(OMe)3, P(CF3)3), L2W(CO)2(NO)Br (L2 = Ar2PCH2CH2PAr2 (Ar = Ph (diphos), C6F5 (diphos-F20)), (CH3CN)2), and the free ligands as appropriate. The IR data are interpreted to suggest a relative ordering of ligand acceptor ability of P(CF3)3 > 4 ≈ P(OMe)3 > PPh3 ≈ PPh(NEt2)2 and a relative ordering of ligand donor ability of PPh(NEt2)2 ≥ P(OMe)3 > PPh3 > 4 > P(CF3)3. The chelating ...
Can We Have a Public Bioethic

This essay examines the viability of a publically held, articulated, and enacted bioethic in America's democratic regime. The essay takes the writings of several thinkers associated with the President's Council on Bioethics as its point of departure. The essay draws attention to some of the enduring moral, political, religious, and intellectual currents inherent in American civil society that will continue to provide both resources for and obstacles to any publicly held bioethic in America.
An Introduction to Stanley Greenspan's Clinical Thinking: Autism as an Intention Deficit Disorder

ON FIRST ENCOUNTERING STANLEY GREENSPAN'S WORK, ONE IS likely to become quite overwhelmed with its scope. At least this was one of my initial reactions to being introduces to his work about 20 year...
Sub-μHz MOSFET 1/f noise measurements

The 1/f noise in integrated NMOS transistors at sub-μHz frequencies was measured by developing a simple and inexpensive common-mode noise-cancellation technique to attenuate the effects of temperature fluctuations. The noise has a power-law spectrum with slope −1.2 and an approximately Gaussian amplitude distribution.
Genetic diversity of near genome-wide hepatitis C virus sequences during chronic infection: evidence for protein structural conservation over time.

Infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) is one of the leading causes of chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and end-stage liver disease worldwide. The genetics of HCV infection in humans and the disease course of chronic hepatitis C are both remarkably variable. Although the response to interferon treatment is largely dependent on HCV genotypes, whether or not a relationship exists between HCV genome variability and clinical course of hepatitis C disease still remains unknown. To more thoroughly understand HCV genome evolution over time in association with disease course, near genome-wide HCV genomes present in 9 chronically infected participants over 83 total study years were sequenced. Overall, within HCV genomes, the number of synonymous substitutions per synonymous site (dS) significantly exceeded the number of non-synonymous substitutions per site (dN). Although both dS and dN significantly increased with duration of chronic infection, there was a highly significant decrease in dN/dS ratio in HCV genomes over time. These results indicate that purifying selection acted to conserve viral protein structure despite persistence of high level of nucleotide mutagenesis inherent to HCV replication. Based on liver biopsy fibrosis scores, HCV genomes from participants with advanced fibrosis had significantly greater dS values and lower dN/dS ratios compared to participants with mild liver disease. Over time, viral genomes from participants with mild disease had significantly greater annual changes in dN, along with higher dN/dS ratios, compared to participants with advanced fibrosis. Yearly amino acid variations in the HCV p7, NS2, NS3 and NS5B genes were all significantly lower in participants with severe versus mild disease, suggesting possible pathogenic importance of protein structural conservation for these viral gene products.
Bis(arene) complexes of RuII. Synthesis, crystal structure and electrochemical behavior of [bis(η6-p-isopropyltoluene)Ru][BF4]2

Abstract Cleavage of the chloro-bridged Ru II dimer, [( p -isopropyltoluene)Ru(Cl) 2 ] 2 with AgBF 4 in acetone and refluxing the product in trifluoroacetic acid with an excess of p -isopropyltoluene leads to the formation of the dicationic bis(arene) Ru II complex, [( p -isopropyltoluene) 2 Ru][BF 4 ] 2 , in nearly quantitative yield. Strong upfield shifts are observed in the 13 C NMR spectrum of the arene carbon atoms of p -isopropyltoluene following coordination and an investigation of the electrochemistry of this complex shows that it undergoes an irreversible reduction in nitromethane solvent at −0.78 V versus an Ag/AgCl reference electrode. An X-ray crystal structure determination of the complex shows that the complex consists of a Ru II center located between two p -isopropyltoluene ligands that are coordinated in an η 6 manner. The arene rings are separated by a distance of 3.450 A and are essentially coplanar with a dihedral angle of 178.4°. The crystals are monoclinic, space group P 2 1 / n wth lattice constants a = 10.094(2) A, b = 12.996(3) A, c = 17.371(3) A, β = 94.90(1)° and V = 2270.4(8) A 3 . Convergence to conventional R values of R = 0.0711 and R w = 0.0854 with a goodness-of-fit of 1.15 was obtained for 280 variable parameters and 2976 reflections with I > 0σ( I ).