cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rotation invariant roughness features for texture classification

In this paper, we introduce a rotational invariant feature set for texture classification, based on an extension of fractal dimension (FD) features. The FD extracts roughness information from images considering all available scales at once. In this work, a single scale is considered at a time so that textures with scale-dependent properties are satisfactorily characterized. Single scale features are combined with multiple scale features for a more complete textural representation. Directional wavelets are employed for the computation of roughness features, because of their ability to extract information at different resolutions and directions. The final feature vector is rotational invariant and retains the texture directional information. The roughness feature set results in higher classification rate than other feature vectors presented in this work, while preserving the important properties of FD, namely insensitivity to absolute illumination and contrast.
The Short N-terminal Domains of STIM1 and STIM2 Control the Activation Kinetics of Orai1 Channels

STIM1 and STIM2 are dynamic transmembrane endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ sensors, coupling directly to activate plasma membrane Orai Ca2+ entry channels. Despite extensive sequence homology, the STIM proteins are functionally distinct. We reveal that the short variable N-terminal random coil sequences of STIM1 and STIM2 confer profoundly different activation properties. Using Orai1-expressing HEK293 cells, chimeric replacement of the 43-amino-acid STIM1 N terminus with that of STIM2 attenuates Orai1-mediated Ca2+ entry and drastically slows store-induced Orai1 channel activation. Conversely, the 55-amino-acid STIM2 terminus substituted within STIM1 strikingly enhances both Orai1-mediated Ca2+ entry and constitutive coupling to activate Orai1 channels. Hence, STIM N termini are powerful coupling modifiers, functioning in STIM2 to “brake” the otherwise constitutive activation of Orai1 channels afforded by its high sensitivity to luminal Ca2+.
Kinesin spindle protein (KSP) inhibitors. Part 2: the design, synthesis, and characterization of 2,4-diaryl-2,5-dihydropyrrole inhibitors of the mitotic kinesin KSP.

Abstract The evolution of 2,4-diaryl-2,5-dihydropyrroles as inhibitors of KSP is described. Introduction of basic amide and urea moieties to the dihydropyrrole nucleus enhanced potency and aqueous solubility, simultaneously, and provided compounds that caused mitotic arrest of A2780 human ovarian carcinoma cells with EC50s
Changes in North American spring

Onset of the growing season in mid-latitudes is a period of rapid transition, which includes heightened interaction between living organisms and the lower atmosphere. Phenological events (seasonal plant and animal activity driven by environmental factors), such as first leaf appearance or flower bloom in plants, can serve as convenient markers to monitor the progression of this yearly shift, and assess longer-term change resulting from climate variations. We examined spring seasons across North America over the 1900–1997 period using modelled and actual lilac phenological data. Regional differences were detected, as well as an average 5–6 day advance toward earlier springs, over a 35-year period from 1959–1993. Driven by seasonally warmer temperatures, this modification agrees with earlier bird nesting times, and corresponds to a comparable advance of spring plant phenology described in Europe. These results also align with trends towards longer growing seasons, reported by recent carbon dioxide and satellite studies. North American spring warming is strongest regionally in the northwest and northeast portions. Meanwhile, slight autumn cooling is apparent in the central USA. Copyright © 2000 Royal Meteorological Society
Convergence Acceleration of Relaxation Solutions for Transonic Flow Computations Mohamed

The problem of how to speed up the convergence of currently available iterative methods for transonic flow computations with minimal alterations in computer programing and storage is considered. A cyclic iterative procedure applying nonlinear sequence transformations akin to those of Aitken and Shanks is developed. Based on the "power method," the errors in these sequence transformations are studied. Examples testing the procedure for model Dirichlet problems and for transonic thin airfoil problems show that savings in computer time of a factor of two to five, or more, is generally possible, depending on accuracy requirements and the particular iterative procedure used. I. Introduction M ANY current methods of fluid dynamic computations make use of relaxation procedures. There are several aspects of the computation that considerably limit the usefulness and potentiality of these programs. One is the slow convergence with respect to iterations of the flowfield calculation, and, hence, costly computer time. This paper presents studies on how to speed up the convergence of currently available iterative procedures with minimal alterations in computer programing and storage requirements. To see the need of the convergence acceleration, we may take as an example the finite-difference solution to Dirichlet's problem on a unit square. The convergence rate of practical iterative procedures (Jacob!, Gauss-Seidel, Successive Over
Cation–π interaction in a folded polypeptide

Cationic and aromatic side chains from protein residues interact to stabilize tertiary structure. The stabilization energy originates in part from electrostatic attraction between the cation, and regions of high electron density in π-orbitals of the aromatic group, leading to the name cation–π interaction. The lysine and tyrosine containing peptide, N–acetyl–Pro–Pro–Lys–Tyr–Asp–Lys–NH2, has near uv CD characteristic of tyrosine in a structured environment. Nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE), coupling constant, and ring current chemical shift constraints obtained with 1H NMR confirm that the peptide (t6p) folds. Simulated annealing consistent with all NMR constraints produces a 40-structure ensemble for t6p with potential energies within one standard deviation of the lowest value observed. Calculated binding energies indicate that cation–π and cation–phenolic OH interactions exists between the Lys3 and Tyr4 side chains in most of the structures. The t6p peptide in solution is a model for these interactions in a protein. A perturbing electric field from the cationic ground state charge intermingles the excited states of the aromatic group. This intermingling effect may provide a cation–π signature effect in the tyrosine spectroscopy. The absorption and CD for the lowest energy electronic transitions of the tyrosine phenol were computed for the ensemble. Red-shifted peak energy and hypochromicity in the absorbance band, and decreasing rotational strength, correlates with increasing binding energy of the complex indicating the cation–π spectroscopic signature. The ensemble average spectroscopic signature effects in t6p are small and in agreement with observation. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biopolymers 63: 261–272, 2002; DOI 10.1002/bip.10070
Motivations for participating in ‘viral politics’ A qualitative case study of Twitter users and the 2012 US presidential election

This study explores the rationales by which citizens both embrace and resist the notion of using peer-to-peer digital platforms to circulate persuasive political messages. Drawing upon 25 in-depth interviews with US adults who used Twitter to link to the popular YouTube video Will the Real Mitt Romney Please Stand Up? I discuss the extent to which they imagine their online activities to be potentially influencing others in certain desired ways and thus constituting an instrumental form of political participation. The resulting analysis focuses on the complex and uneasy relationship between this media-spreading activity and a marketing-like model that positions social media users as microlevel participants in aggregate campaigns to shape public opinion. While some who engage in this activity enthusiastically embrace goals of persuasion, others opt for alternative conceptual frameworks, such as fostering citizenship by informing others and sparking deliberative dialogue, that seemingly avoid the manipulativ...
Effect of Heat Stress on Laying and Non-Laying Hens

Abstract INTRODUCTION A REVIEW of the literature indicates that comparisons between laying and non-laying hens under heat stress conditions are very limited. Huston et al. (1957) indicated that at high environmental temperature 32.2°C. (90°F.), nonlayers had 0.4°C. (0.7°F.) higher body temperature than layers, which was highly significant. The body temperature of layers and non-layers held in the variable temperature environment was identical. Hillerman and Wilson (1955) reported that layers had a higher body temperature than non-layers. However, most heat stress research has been reported with hens in which the laying condition was not mentioned. Wilson (1948), using Single Comb White Leghorns, indicated that if the air temperature was 40.6°C. (105°F.), it was impossible to keep all birds alive for more than six hours. Lee et al. (1945) and Wilson (1948) observed that a rectal temperature of 45°C. (113°F.) is the uppermost limit of safety for hens. Randall and Hiestard (1939), using…
Asymptotic performance analysis of hybrid ARQ protocols in slotted direct-sequence code division multiple-access networks

The performance of hybrid automatic repeat-request (ARQ) protocols in slotted direct-sequence code-division multiple-access networks is analyzed. A Markov model is used to derive throughput-delay expressions in terms of the channel cutoff rate and capacity. Network design parameters are identified and their dependency on systems parameters is examined in detail. It is shown that, for a given population size, traffic intensity, and ratio of bit energy to background noise, there is an optimal probability of retransmission, code rate, and processing gain that maximizes performance. The stability of the network is also discussed. >
A Spiritually Based Approach to Breast Cancer Awareness: Cognitive Response Analysis of Communication Effectiveness

The purpose of this study was to compare the communication effectiveness of a spiritually based approach to breast cancer early detection education with a secular approach, among African American women, by conducting a cognitive response analysis. A total of 108 women from 6 Alabama churches were randomly assigned by church to receive a spiritually based or secular educational booklet discussing breast cancer early detection. Based on the elaboration likelihood model (Petty & Cacioppo, 1981), after reading the booklets participants were asked to complete a thought-listing task, writing down any thoughts they experienced and rating them as positive, negative, or neutral. Two independent coders then used 5 dimensions to code participants' thoughts. Compared with the secular booklet, the spiritually based booklet resulted in significantly more thoughts involving personal connection, self-assessment, and spiritually based responses. These results suggest that a spiritually based approach to breast cancer awar...
THE SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF RESIDUAL DEFORMITIES OF THE SHOULDER FOLLOWING BIRTH INJURIES OF THE BRACHIAL PLEXUS

Dr. Wickstrom, Dr. Haslam, and Dr. Hutchinson have requested that correction be made of an error in their article "The Surgical Management of Residual Deformities of the Shoulder Following Birth Injuries of the Brachial Plexus" as it appeared in the January 1955 issue of The Journal . On page 34, paragraph 2, the sentence beginning on line two should be changed to: "Open reduction of the dislocation, with release of the subscapularis, as described by Fairbank, was performed, but the operation was modified by completely releasing the pectoralis major instead of nicking or notching the upper margin of this tendon (done to facilitate the localization of the long head of the biceps before dividing completely the subscapularis tendon) and by transfixing the humeral head . . . after operation (Fig. 7)". The legend for Figure 7, page 33, should read: "Schematic drawing of modification of Fairbank's opens reduction . . after four weeks".
Recent Advances in the Development of Antineoplastic Agents Derived from Natural Products

Through years of evolutionary selection pressures, organisms have developed potent toxins that coincidentally have marked antineoplastic activity. These natural products have been vital for the development of multiagent treatment regimens currently employed in cancer chemotherapy, and are used in the treatment of a variety of malignancies. Therefore, this review catalogs recent advances in natural product-based drug discovery via the examination of mechanisms of action and available clinical data to highlight the utility of these novel compounds in the burgeoning age of precision medicine. The review also highlights the recent development of antibody-drug conjugates and other immunotoxins, which are capable of delivering highly cytotoxic agents previously deemed too toxic to elicit therapeutic benefit preferentially to neoplastic cells. Finally, the review examines natural products not currently used in the clinic that have novel mechanisms of action, and may serve to supplement current chemotherapeutic protocols.
Pre-Frontal Cortex Activity of Male Drivers in the Presence of Passengers During Simulated Driving: An Exploratory Functional Near- Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) Study

Adolescents are more likely to be involved in motor vehicle crashes in the presence of peer passengers, and risky driving behaviors of male teenagers increase in the presence of male peer passengers. There could be several mechanisms of the influence of peer passengers, however it is evident that the male teenage driver with a male peer passenger makes riskier decisions than when alone. The developing teenage brain’s activity is different from that of adults during decision-making, especially in regions associated with impulse control, response inhibition, and risk taking. This study tested the feasibility of using functional nearinfrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), a non-invasive brain imaging method that allows in vivo measurements of oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin in cortical tissue, to study drivers’ brain activation during simulated driving. Cortical activity was measured in participants driving alone and in the presence of a passenger. When at a dilemma zone at a signalized intersection participants showed increased activation in regions of the left and right medial pre-frontal cortex when driving with a passenger as compared to when driving alone.
Rapid degradation of azo dye methyl orange using hollow cobalt nanoparticles

A rapid and efficient method for methyl orange degradation using hollow cobalt (Co) nanoparticles is reported. Hollow Co nanoparticles were fabricated by a galvanic replacement reaction using aluminum (Al) nanoparticles as the template material. The methyl orange degradation characteristics were investigated by measuring the time dependent UV-Vis absorption of the dye solution, which showed a very fast degradation rate under acidic conditions. At an initial methyl orange concentration of 100 mg/L (pH = 2.5) and Co nanoparticle dosage of 0.5 g/L, the azo dye degradation efficiency reached up to 99% within 4 min, and the degradation constant rate was up to 2.444 min(-1), which is the highest value among other studies. A comparison of the decolorization rates at similar conditions with several other azo dyes, including Congo red, Amaranth, and Orange G, showed that the dye with a simpler structure and lower molecular mass decolorized considerably faster than the ones having a more complicated structure (higher molecular mass). The methyl orange degradation was also conducted using hollow nickel (Ni) nanoparticles and commercially available solid spherical Co and Ni nanoparticles. The results showed that Co-based nanoparticles outperformed Ni-based nanoparticles, with the hollow Co nanoparticles exhibiting the fastest degradation rate. Using the hollow Co nanoparticles is a very promising approach for the remediation of methyl orange dye containing wastewater due to the fast degradation rate and high degradation efficiency. In addition, these hollow Co nanoparticles are easily recycled because of their magnetic property.
Power and Overcoming Obstacles: Implications for Disobedience and Bystander Intervention

We suggest that power enables individuals to defy obstacles in their environment and continue to pursue their goals, unfettered by constraints. The first two experiments test whether the powerful defy instructions from authority (Experiment 1) and ignore social constraints against helping in emergencies (Experiment 2). The final two experiments test whether the powerful are aware of obstacles but disregard them or if power blinds its bearers to potential challenges they face. Support for the latter proposition emerges as both experiments show that the powerful are less likely to consider potential obstacles in goal pursuit (Experiment 3), and that even when presented with obstacles, they are less likely to attend to and remember them (Experiment 4).
Growth of Campylobacter incubated aerobically in fumarate-pyruvate media or media supplemented with dairy, meat, or soy extracts and peptones ☆

The ability of Campylobacter to grow aerobically in media supplemented with fumarate-pyruvate or with dairy, meat, or soy extracts or peptones was examined. Optical densities (OD) of Campylobacter cultured in basal media, media supplemented with fumarate-pyruvate or with 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, or 7.5% beef extract was measured. Growth was also compared in media supplemented with other extracts or peptones. Finally, cfu/mL of Campylobacter recovered from basal media or media supplemented with fumarate-pyruvate, casamino acids, beef extract, soytone, or beef extract and soytone was determined. Results indicated that OD of cultures grown in media supplemented with fumarate-pyruvate or with 5.0 or 7.5% beef extract were higher than OD of isolates grown in basal media or media supplemented with lower concentrations of beef extract. Highest OD were produced by isolates grown in media supplemented with beef extract, peptone from meat, polypeptone, proteose peptone, or soytone. Also, more cfu/mL were recovered from media with fumarate-pyruvate, beef extract, soytone, or beef extract-soytone than from basal media or media with casamino acids. Findings indicate that media supplemented with organic acids, vitamins, and minerals and media supplemented with extracts or peptones containing these metabolites can support aerobic growth of Campylobacter.
Determination of impurities in boron nitride by ICP-AES.

窒化ホウ素粉末試料中の不純物(10元素)のうちSiを除く9元素の定量にはフッ化水素酸-塩酸により加圧酸分解処理した試料溶液を,Siの定量にはメタホウ酸リチウムによって融解処理した試料溶液を対象とした.試料溶液のマトリックス成分であるホウ酸やLiは一部測定元素の測定波長のバックグラウンドを増加させ,すべての元素の発光強度を5～10%減少させた.そのため,試料溶液とマトリックスをマッチングさせた標準溶液を用いて各元素の検量線を作成する必要があった.実試料の分析を行った結果,本法は窒化ホウ素の品質管理のための分析法として有用であることが分かった.
Nonlandmark classification in paleobiology: computational geometry as a tool for species discrimination

Abstract. One important and sometimes contentious challenge in paleobiology is discriminating between species, which is increasingly accomplished by comparing specimen shape. While lengths and proportions are needed to achieve this task, finer geometric information, such as concavity, convexity, and curvature, plays a crucial role in the undertaking. Nonetheless, standard morphometric methodologies such as landmark analysis are not able to capture in a quantitative way these features and other important fine-scale geometric notions. Here we develop and implement state-of-the-art techniques from the emerging field of computational geometry to tackle this problem with the Mississippian blastoid Pentremites.We adapt a previously known computational framework to produce a measure of dissimilarity between shapes. More precisely, we compute “distances” between pairs of 3D surface scans of specimens by comparing a mix of global and fine-scale geometric measurements. This process uses the 3D scan of a specimen as...
Rest decay of calcium transients and contractility in feline ventricular myocytes

To define the respective contributions of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release and action potential-dependent Ca2+ influx to the activator Ca2+, rest decay of the cytosolic free Ca2+ (Ca2+i) transient and contractility was measured in feline ventricular myocytes loaded with the Ca2(+)-sensitive fluorescent dye indo-1. Myocytes were stimulated to a steady state and then rested for periods ranging from 2 to 120 s. Rest decay was assayed with both resumption of stimulation and rapid extracellular applications of caffeine. The protocol was then repeated after exposure to ryanodine. Ryanodine changed the Ca2+i transients during steady-state stimulation from large, rapidly rising transients starting near the resting Ca2+i level to small, slowly rising Ca2+i transients superimposed on an elevated diastolic Ca2+i. Under control conditions the stimulation- and caffeine-induced Ca2+i transients exhibited slow monotonic rest decay with similar time constants of decay (180 and 202 s, respectively, from a representative cell). After ryanodine, the rest decay of stimulation-induced Ca2+i transients was seemingly no different. However, no Ca2+i transient could be elicited by caffeine after 15 s of rest. These results suggest that 1) under normal conditions the primary source of activator Ca2+ is the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and 2) the rest decay of contractility seen in feline ventricular myocytes results from time-dependent loss of Ca2+ from this organelle.
Population regulation and the life history studies of LaMont Cole.

Transformative changes marked the growth of mid-twentieth century American ecology. This included redirection of the scholarly focus of the discipline, espe cially on the role evolutionary theory and "levels of selection," and increased visibility of ecologist as public figures in the environmental movement with special knowledge of how natural systems work. Cornell ecologist LaMont Cole is an important figure to examine both of these trends. Like many of his contemporaries, Cole was devoted to a perspective on natural selection operating at levels above the individual. However, because of his in fluential mathematical treatment of animal demography he has been historically subsumed into a group of scholars that views the events in the life course as adaptations to the maxi mization of individual fitness - life history theory. Cole's popular writings and lectures, which consumed his later career, extend his scholarly portrayal of natural populations as tending toward stable and homoeostatic equilibrium, with the goal of drawing contrasts with the deviance of rapid human population growth. In both regards, Cole serves as a topical and temporal extension of the well-documented and analyzed ecology of his men tors - Alfred Emerson, Thomas Park, and Warder Allee - in the University of Chicago Zoology Department.
Beliefs about Childhood Vaccination in the United States: Political Ideology, False Consensus, and the Illusion of Uniqueness

Several contagious diseases were nearly eradicated through childhood vaccination, but some parents have decided in recent years not to fully vaccinate their children, raising new public health concerns. The question of whether and how beliefs about vaccination are linked to political ideology has been hotly debated. This study investigates the effects of ideology on perceptions of harms and benefits related to vaccination as well as judgments of others’ attitudes. A total of 367 U.S. adults (131 men, 236 women; Mage = 34.92 years, range = 18–72) completed an online survey through Mechanical Turk. Results revealed that liberals were significantly more likely to endorse pro-vaccination statements and to regard them as “facts” (rather than “beliefs”), in comparison with moderates and conservatives. Whereas conservatives overestimated the proportion of like-minded others who agreed with them, liberals underestimated the proportion of others who agreed with them. That is, conservatives exhibited the “truly false consensus effect,” whereas liberals exhibited an “illusion of uniqueness” with respect to beliefs about vaccination. Conservative and moderate parents in this sample were less likely than liberals to report having fully vaccinated their children prior to the age of two. A clear limitation of this study is that the sample is not representative of the U.S. population. Nevertheless, a recognition of ideological sources of potential variability in health-related beliefs and perceptions is a prerequisite for the design of effective forms of public communication.
Alcoholic Liver Disease : High Risk or Low Risk for Developing Hepatocellular Carcinoma?

In this review we critically assess the literature to evaluate the level of risk posed by alcohol as both a primary etiology of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and as a cofactor in its development. Although there have been conflicting findings, based on the body of evidence to date, it appears that the linkage between compensated alcoholic liver disease-associated cirrhosis and HCC is best characterized as medium-high risk, with the risk increasing with age and with quantity and duration of alcohol consumption and is more pronounced in females. While abstinence is the most effective way to reduce HCC risk, its effect seems largely dependent on the severity of liver damage at the point of cessation. Alcohol clearly interacts with other etiologies and conditions including viral hepatitis B and C, hereditary hemochromatosis, diabetes, and obesity to increase the risk for developing HCC, either synergistically or additively. Continued progress in genetics, especially through mechanistic-based and genome-wide association studies may ultimately identify which single nucleotide polymorphisms are risk factors for the onset of alcoholic liver disease and its progression to HCC and lead to the development of targeted therapeutics which may help providers better manage at-risk patients.
Identifying Chiral Molecules and their Enantiomeric Excesses in Extraterrestrial Samples: An Experimental Journey

Extraterrestrial materials have showered the Earth since it formed and may be as diverse as small presolar grains of stellar origins, larger bodies made of dust and water, such as km-sized comets, and stony meteorites of various sizes and composition broken off asteroids. Between these, carbonaceous chondrites have the distinction of containing up to 30 % carbon, most of which is present as organic material. This review follows studies over nearly half a century, and in particular, chronicles the progress toward understanding the enantiomeric distributions in some of their chiral organic molecules through innovative methodologies, from the seminal design of chiral stationary phases for GC columns by Gil-Av to the optimization of their use through compound-specific isolation and derivatization techniques developed for meteorite samples.
Discharge planning and home follow-up by advanced practice nurses reduced readmissions of elderly patients

Source Citation Naylor MD, Brooten D, Campbell R, et al. Comprehensive discharge planning and home follow-up of hospitalized elders. A randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 1999 Feb 17;281:613-20.
First-Person Perspectives on Prescriber–Service User Relationships in Community Mental Health Centers

Objective:Because of changes in health care, there is a greater focus on brief medication management visits as the primary method of providing psychiatric care in community mental health settings. Research on the first-person perspectives of service users and prescribers in these settings is limited. The objective of this study was to describe first-person perspectives on medication management visits and the service user–prescriber relationship.Methods:Researchers conducted qualitative interviews as part of a larger comparative effectiveness trial at 15 community mental health centers, researchers interviewed service users (N=44) and prescribers (N=25) about their perspectives on the typical elements of a medication management visit and asked service users about their relationship with their prescriber.Results:Both service users and prescribers described medication management visits as very brief encounters focused on medication and symptoms. Most service users reflected on the service user–prescriber rel...
Los "diez principales" problemas presentados en el moldeo por inyección. Parte II

Se continua con la descripcion de metodos sencillos de identificacion y prevencion de los principales problemas en el moldeo por inyeccion que se inicio en el Vol 63 del 2001.
Cancer Chemoprevention: What Have we Learned?

Cancer is a major disease worldwide and different approaches are needed to reduce its risk. Previous laboratory studies suggested that cancer can be prevented by many naturally occurring and synthetic chemicals. In human cancer prevention studies, however, most of the successful examples are the repurposing of existing drugs, such as tamoxifen and aspirin. Epidemiological studies have established associations between certain dietary patterns or nutrient insufficiencies with elevated cancer risk. Laboratory research has also shown impressive results on the cancer preventive activities of constituents from food and beverages. However, such cancer preventive activities have not been demonstrated in many human intervention trials. This article reviews the advances in this field and discusses the reasons for the discrepancies between laboratory studies and human trials. Lessons learned for cancer prevention research in the past decades will be illustrated using studies with β-carotene, vitamin E, green tea polyphenols, tamoxifen, and aspirin as examples. In future studies, more interdisciplinary collaboration in the integration of laboratory and human studies are needed to advance the field of cancer chemoprevention.
Quantifying the benefits of a building retrofit using an integrated system approach: A case study

Abstract Building retrofits provide a large opportunity to significantly reduce energy consumption in the buildings sector. Traditional building retrofits focus on equipment upgrades, often at the end of equipment life or failure, and result in replacement with marginally improved similar technology and limited energy savings. The Integrated System (IS) retrofit approach enables much greater energy savings by leveraging interactive effects between end use systems, enabling downsized or lower energy technologies. This paper presents a case study in Hawaii quantifying the benefits of an IS retrofit approach compared to two traditional retrofit approaches: a Standard Practice of upgrading equipment to meet minimum code requirements, and an Improved Practice of upgrading equipment to a higher efficiency. The IS approach showed an energy savings of 84% over existing building energy use, much higher than the traditional approaches of 13% and 33%. The IS retrofit also demonstrated the greatest energy cost savings potential. While the degree of savings realized from the IS approach will vary by building and climate, these findings indicate that savings on the order of 50% and greater are not possible without an IS approach. It is therefore recommended that the IS approach be universally adopted to achieve deep energy savings.
A Critical Look at Perspectives of Access and Mission at High Latinx-Enrolling Urban Universities

This article examines administrators’ perspectives related to embracing and fulfilling a diversity- and access-centered mission at urban-serving universities with high Latinx enrollment. Considering today’s context of higher education—whereby access and opportunities for Latinx and other marginalized populations has become increasingly stratified—this timely work seeks to foster dialogue regarding how to best uphold an access-centered mission. To achieve this, we framed the study using a critical lens that defines leadership for access as a leadership model that must focus on transformation for the greater good. Our critical lens also critically interrogates the meaning and implementation of “diversity” agendas on America’s college campuses. Organizational sensemaking offers an analytical frame to situate administrators’ accounts and trigger sensemaking processes, particularly with respect to identity and enactment of the environment. The study analyzes interviews with 21 administrators across four urban campuses within the same state and examines the administrators’ commitment to and fulfillment of an access- and diversity-centered mission. The study categorizes the administrators’ perspectives into three key areas: 1) diversity as an assumed identity as a by-product of situation within a diverse region; 2) diversity as a double-edged sword; and 3) enactment of a diversity- and access-centered mission.
Open Common Bile Duct Exploration

Open common bile duct exploration is a useful method of treating choledocholithiasis. Indications include lack of endoscopic access to the ampulla, large calculi, and concurrent procedure in patient undergoing laparotomy. This chapter describes the principles and methods for performing an open common bile duct exploration.
Block Preconditioners for Saddle Point Problems

A general purpose block LU preconditioner for saddle point problems is presented. A major difference between the approach presented here and that of other studies is that an explicit, accurate approximation of the Schur complement matrix is efficiently computed. This is used to obtain a preconditioner to the Schur complement matrix which in turn defines a preconditioner for the global system. A number of variants are developed and results are reported for a few linear systems arising from CFD applications.
Characteristics of precollege sexual violence victimization and associations with sexual violence revictimization during college

Objective: To examine the prevalence and characteristics of precollege sexual victimization (SV) experiences and associations with revictimization and recent substance use behaviors among a sample of college students who reported precollege SV. Participants: A sub-sample of 931 college students who reported precollege SV at baseline data collection for an ongoing multi-site clinical trial. Methods: Data were collected via electronic surveys between September 2015 and March 2017. Measures included precollege and during college SV, recent substance use, and alcohol-related harm reduction behaviors. Results: Precollege SV characteristics associated with revictimization included: Nonpenile penetration (aOR: 1.51, 95%CI: 1.04-2.19); pressured sex (aOR: 1.46, 95%CI: 1.06-2.01); and stranger assault (aOR: 2.03, 95%CI: 1.22-3.40). Past 30-day binge drinking was also associated with revictimization (aOR: 1.86, 95%CI: 1.36-2.54). Conclusions: The relationship between precollege SV and alcohol, especially binge drinking, may require a more integrated approach to preventing subsequent revictimization.
China, Like the US, Faces Challenges in Achieving Inclusive Growth through Manufacturing

For more than three decades the goal of becoming “the factory of the world” has been at the core of China's development strategy. This strategy, in combination with high rates of domestic investment and low rates of consumption, has made Chinese production the most manufacturing intensive in the world. But as its wages have risen, China's competitiveness in the most labor‐intensive manufacturing industries has eroded. Its ability to assemble products remains a major source of its exports, but it has also tried to shift toward more sophisticated value‐added production domestically. Chinese domestic spending has shifted away from investment toward consumption as citizens' income has grown. Like Americans, Chinese are also spending more on services than on manufactured goods. All of these changes are fundamentally altering the structure of China's production, reducing the role of manufacturing and increasing the skill levels of workers in manufacturing. This paper reviews the challenges posed by these developments for China's long‐term goal of achieving more inclusive growth. It presents evidence that the commonly held perceptions that Chinese manufacturing employment growth is robust are wrong. In fact, such growth has peaked and China is now following a pattern of structural change that is typical of a more mature emerging economy, in which the share of employment in manufacturing declines as workers are increasingly employed in services.
Mouth-Level Nicotine Intake Estimates from Discarded Filter Butts to Examine Compensatory Smoking in Low Nicotine Cigarettes.

Background: A mandated reduction in the nicotine content of cigarettes could reduce smoking rate and prevalence. However, one concern is that smokers may compensate by increasing the intensity with which they smoke each cigarette to obtain more nicotine. This study assessed whether smokers engage in compensatory smoking by estimating the mouth-level nicotine intake of low nicotine cigarettes smoked during a clinical trial. Methods: Smokers were randomly assigned to receive cigarettes with one of five nicotine contents for 6 weeks. An additional group received a cigarette with the lowest nicotine content, but an increased tar yield. The obtained mouth-level nicotine intake from discarded cigarette butts for a subset of participants (51–70/group) was estimated using solanesol as described previously. A compensation index was calculated for each group to estimate the proportion of nicotine per cigarette recovered through changes in smoking intensity. Results: There was no significant increase in smoking intensity for any of the reduced nicotine cigarettes as measured by the compensation index (an estimated 0.4% of the nicotine lost was recovered in the lowest nicotine group; 95% confidence interval, −0.1 to 1.2). There was a significant decrease in smoking intensity for very low nicotine content cigarettes with increased tar yield. Conclusions: Reductions in nicotine content did not result in compensatory changes in how intensively participants smoked research cigarettes. Impact: Combined with data from clinical trials showing a reduction in cigarettes smoked per day, these data suggest that a reduction in nicotine content is unlikely to result in increased smoke exposure.
Comparison of accelerated diagnostic pathways for acute chest pain risk stratification

Background The History Electrocardiogram Age Risk factor Troponin (HEART) Pathway and Emergency Department Assessment of Chest pain Score (EDACS) are validated accelerated diagnostic pathways designed to risk stratify patients presenting to the emergency department with chest pain. Data from large multisite prospective studies comparing these accelerated diagnostic pathways are limited. Methods The HEART Pathway Implementation is a prospective three-site cohort study, which accrued adults with symptoms concerning for acute coronary syndrome. Physicians completed electronic health record HEART Pathway and EDACS risk assessments on participants. Major adverse cardiac events (death, myocardial infarction and coronary revascularisation) at 30 days were determined using electronic health record, insurance claims and death index data. Test characteristics for detection of major adverse cardiac events were calculated for both accelerated diagnostic pathways and McNemar’s tests were used for comparisons. Results 5799 patients presenting to the emergency department were accrued, of which HEART Pathway and EDACS assessments were completed on 4399. Major adverse cardiac events at 30 days occurred in 449/4399 (10.2%). The HEART Pathway identified 38.4% (95% CI 37.0% to 39.9%) of patients as low-risk compared with 58.1% (95% CI 56.6% to 59.6%) identified as low-risk by EDACS (p Conclusions EDACS identifies a larger proportion of patients as low-risk than the HEART Pathway, but has a higher missed major adverse cardiac events rate at 30 days. Physicians will need to consider their risk tolerance when deciding whether to adopt the HEART Pathway or EDACS accelerated diagnostic pathway. Trial registration number NCT02056964.
Employing Skilled Expatriates: Benchmarking Skilled Immigration Regimes Across Economies

The Employing Skilled Expatriates indicators analyze the skilled immigration regime relevant for foreign direct investment across 93 economies to provide comparable information about this regulatory space. The indicators focus on restrictions that control the inflow of skilled immigrants (quotas); the ease of hiring skilled expatriates (time and procedural steps to obtain a temporary work permit, existence of online application systems, availability of a one-stop shop and fast-tracking option); and the existence of a path to permanent residency and citizenship as well as the existence of spousal work permits. As governments increasingly seek to attract foreign direct investment as a driver of long-term development, reforming the investment climate -- including the skilled immigration regime -- is one policy option to consider. This analysis shows a positive correlation between the Employing Skilled Expatriates index and foreign direct investment inflows. As measured by the Employing Skilled Expatriates index, there is room for economies with a need for skilled workers to improve their immigration regimes as one means of attracting more foreign direct investment. In Singapore and the Republic of Korea, it only takes ten days on average to obtain a temporary work permit. In Honduras, the same process can take up to 22 weeks. The global average to obtain a temporary work permit is eight weeks. The process is the fastest in the East Asia and the Pacific region where it takes five weeks. With 11 weeks, the processing time in the Middle East and North Africa region is the slowest.
Why Family Medicine Program Directors Leave Their Position.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Family medicine residency program directors (PD) oversee the training of every new family physician in the United States. The median tenure of family medicine PDs is 4.5 years, and factors relating to length of tenure and reasons for departure are not well known. This exploratory study examined why family medicine PDs leave their position. METHODS We conducted in-depth interviews with family medicine PDs who recently left their director position. Semistructured and structured questions asked about their PD experience and factors contributing to stepping away from the PD role. We analyzed answers quantitatively and qualitatively. RESULTS When comparing cases with longer (>6 years) and shorter tenures (≤6 years), 25 PDs described differing pathways but few major differences in why they left the position. The two groups were distinguished more by their similarities than their differences. The majority left voluntarily due to a combination of factors, not a single factor. Most PDs left the position because of their desire and opportunities to move up, move over, or move on, and not because of dissatisfaction with the job. Succession plans helped with PD decisions to leave the position, knowing that the program was in good hands. CONCLUSIONS Family medicine PDs left the position due to multiple factors primarily related to career pathway choices and not solely due to demands of the job. Additional research with PDs of very short tenures and long tenures may yield further details about sustaining PDs in residency education to successfully train the next generation of family physicians.
Posterior-approach total shoulder arthroplasty: a case series with a minimum of 2-year outcomes.

Background A posterior approach to shoulder arthroplasty has been described that may improve exposure to the retroverted glenoid and spare the rotator cuff. The purpose of this study was to evaluate posterior total shoulder arthroplasty (PTSA) at a minimum of 2 years. Methods Between September 2016 and October 2017, 28 patients (30 shoulders) who underwent PTSA were retrospectively identified. Patients were monitored at baseline and at 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, and a minimum of 2 years after surgery for range of motion, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) and Simple Shoulder Test scores, radiographic outcomes, complications, and patient satisfaction. Radiographs were assessed for head height, neck-shaft angle, humeral head centering, and the presence or absence of glenoid-component cement lines. Repeated-measures analysis-of-variance models were implemented to compare the means for each outcome variable over time. Results Of the 28 patients (30 shoulders), 24 patients (26 shoulders) (87%) were available for follow-up at a minimum of 2 years (average, 31.2 months; range, 23-40 months). At latest follow-up, the average ASES pain score was 45.2 (standard deviation [SD], 10.9; range, 20-50; 95% confidence interval [CI], 40.8-49.6); average ASES function score, 42.3 (SD, 8.9; range, 21.7-50; 95% CI, 38.7-45.8); average ASES total score, 87.5 (SD, 18.8; range, 31.7-100; 95% CI, 79.8-95.1); and average Simple Shoulder Test score, 10.2 (SD, 2.0; range, 5-12; 95% CI, 9.4-11.0). Average forward flexion was 164° (SD, 13.9°; range, 130°-180°; 95% CI, 158.3°-170.4°); average external rotation, 78° (SD, 9.2°; range, 55°-90°; 95% CI, 74.3°-82.3°); and average internal rotation, T10 (SD, 2; range, L3 to T6; 95% CI, T10 to T8). The average head height was 0.86 mm above the greater tuberosity (range, –6.5 to 6.9 mm), the average neck-shaft angle was 128° (range, 113°-148°), and the average implant placement was 0.12 mm superior to the center of the neck cut (range, –3.3 to 3.5 mm). Six implants were considered malpositioned based on the criterion of >5 mm of head height above or below the tuberosity or >2 mm off-center. Glenoid cement lines were present in 7 shoulders. Two patients experienced complications: 1 patient had symptomatic glenoid loosening 29 months postoperatively that required revision to an anterior reverse total shoulder arthroplasty, and 1 patient had postoperative weakness that resolved by 6 months. Conclusion PTSA is safe and efficacious at 2 years, spares the rotator cuff, and may improve early postoperative function. PTSA is more easily performed with stemless arthroplasty. Challenges with creation of the humeral head osteotomy and identification of the center of the cut humeral head surface can affect the accuracy of implant positioning. Further improvements in technique will likely improve the feasibility of this approach.