cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Gas Content, Crystal Structure, and Hydrogen Absorption of Sputtered Nickel Films

With the use of a special deposition tube which allowed the withdrawal of the cathode without altering vacuum conditions, films of nickel have been sputtered in residual atmospheres of hydrogen, helium, nitrogen, and argon, and their gas content investigated. This is large, though in general not reaching one molecule per atom of metal. Upon heating, the gas is emitted copiously at 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}-400\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C, which is just the baking temperature range for which such films become magnetic and also much better conducting. As permeability is supposed to be a rapid inverse function of atomic distance it seems probable that the gas, by keeping the atoms apart, is primarily responsible for the abnormal magnetic and other properties of such films, although it is impossible to separate this effect entirely from the factor of crystal structure. Resistance measurements made during baking on a series of sputtered and evaporated films indicate that the evaporated film contains much less gas than the sputtered even when produced in the same gas pressure. This may be explained on the basis of the excitation or activation of the gas during the sputtering process, which promotes its occlusion---sometimes as a compound with the metal.When care is taken to avoid undue heating during sputtering the film may be amorphous, or, when produced in hydrogen or nitrogen may be crystalline with a lattice somewhat different from the normal, pointing to the existence of nickel hydrides and nitrides produced in the activated gas in sputtering. Definite evidence of helium or argon compounds is lacking. These films also possess to a remarkable extent the ability to absorb or "clean up" hydrogen when a certain critical temperature is exceeded. This temperature depends on the previous heat treatment given the film and may be as low as 100\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. The amount of hydrogen absorbed is many times that required for a monomolecular layer for the superficial area of the film. The hydrogen shows no effect on the crystal lattice and as the higher the baking temperature (i.e., the larger the crystals) the less the absorption, the gas is supposed not to enter the crystal structure but to be located in the inter-crystal region. This may be typical of gas absorption in general---excepting such cases as palladium-hydrogen.
Laboratory culture of Cellana exarata Reeve (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia, Patellidae)

Abstract Culture techniques developed for one of the commercially important endemic limpets of Hawaii, Cellana exarata Reeve, are presented. They include the procurement of gametes by spawning induction or gonad excision followed by artificial induction of gamete maturation and insemination, culture of pelagic larvae, induction of settlement and metamorphosis, and rearing juveniles to sexual maturity. Development is similar to that of other patellids. Fertilization is external, first cleavage starts 30 min to 1 h after fertilization, and development to pelagic larvae occurs after 8–10 h. The pre-torsional veliger stage is characterized by a short protoconch and an inability of the larva to retract into the shell. The post-torsional veliger stage is characterized by a longer, completely developed protoconch with a bilaterally symmetrical aperture, well developed foot and operculum, rapid growth of cephalic tentacles, and ability of the larva to retract into the shell. Induction of settlement and metamorphosis is accomplished by placing veligers which have achieved metamorphic competence in well aerated aquaria containing vertically arranged glass plates coated with microalgae and young thalli of green and bluegreen algae (settling plates). Management of macroscopically visible juveniles (mean length ∼ 1 mm), starting 2–3 weeks after settlement, requires weekly seawater changes, continuous, vigorous aeration, and illumination of aquaria to maintain algal growth on the settling plates. Juvenile growth rates increased from 1.73 mm during the first month to 3.71 mm during the sixth month. Survival rates were high during pelagic stages (98–82%) and lowest during metamorphic induction and post-metamorphic stages (22% and 10%, respectively). Juvenile survival between 1 and 3 months of age increased from 85.7% to 100%, indicating the possibility of higher survival with improved culture conditions. Sexual maturity was observed in one male at 6 months of age and 18 mm in shell length, suggesting that the onset of sexual maturity may be a function of size rather than age.
Of blood cells and the nervous system: hematopoiesis in the Drosophila larva.

Hematopoiesis is well-conserved between Drosophila and vertebrates. Similar as in vertebrates, the sites of hematopoiesis shift during Drosophila development. Blood cells (hemocytes) originate de novo during hematopoietic waves in the embryo and in the Drosophila lymph gland. In contrast, the hematopoietic wave in the larva is based on the colonization of resident hematopoietic sites by differentiated hemocytes that arise in the embryo, much like in vertebrates the colonization of peripheral tissues by primitive macrophages of the yolk sac, or the seeding of fetal liver, spleen and bone marrow by hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. At the transition to the larval stage, Drosophila embryonic hemocytes retreat to hematopoietic “niches,” i.e., segmentally repeated hematopoietic pockets of the larval body wall that are jointly shared with sensory neurons and other cells of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Hemocytes rely on the PNS for their localization and survival, and are induced to proliferate in these microenvironments, expanding to form the larval hematopoietic system. In this process, differentiated hemocytes from the embryo resume proliferation and self-renew, omitting the need for an undifferentiated prohemocyte progenitor. Larval hematopoiesis is the first Drosophila model for blood cell colonization and niche support by the PNS. It suggests an interface where innocuous or noxious sensory inputs regulate blood cell homeostasis or immune responses. The system adds to the growing concept of nervous system dependence of hematopoietic microenvironments and organ stem cell niches, which is being uncovered across phyla.
Processing of atmospheric organic matter by California radiation fogs

Abstract Considerable effort has been put into characterizing the ionic composition of fogs and clouds over the past twenty-five years. Recently it has become evident that clouds and fogs often contain large concentrations of organic material as well. Here we report findings from a series of studies examining the organic composition of radiation fogs in central California. Organic compounds in these fogs comprise a major fraction of total solute mass, with total organic carbon sometimes reaching levels of several tens of mg/L. This organic matter is comprised of a wide variety of compounds, ranging from low molecular weight organic acids to high molecular weight compounds with molecular masses approaching several hundred to a thousand g/mole. The most abundant individual compounds are typically formic acid, acetic acid, and formaldehyde. High concentrations are also observed of some dicarboxylic acids (e.g., oxalate) and dicarbonyls (e.g., glyoxal and methylglyoxal) and of levoglucosan, an anhydrosugar characteristically emitted by biomass combustion. Many other compounds have been identified in fog water by GC/MS, including long chain n-alkanoic acids, n-alkanes, PAH, and others, although these compounds typically comprise a total of only a few percent of fog TOC. Measurements of fog scavenging of organic and elemental carbon reveal preferential scavenging of organic carbon. Tracking of individual organic compounds utilized as source type markers suggests the fogs differentially scavenge carbonaceous particles from different source types, with more active processing of wood smoke than vehicle exhaust. Observations of high deposition velocities of fog-borne organic carbon, in excess of 1 cm/s, indicate that fogs in the region represent an important mechanism for cleansing the atmosphere of pollution.
On the Relationship between Thermal Diffusion and Molecular Interaction Energy in Binary Mixtures

Characterizing thermal diffusion processes caused by a temperature gradient in binary mixtures is difficult. The classic theory employed to interpret the experimental data does not fully explain the physical meaning of the Soret coefficient and its sign change. In this study, a new thermal diffusion equation is derived based on thermal dynamic theory. The new equation relates thermal diffusion to the net molecular interaction energy of the components in a mixture. It was also demonstrated that the Soret coefficient is a simple function of the difference between the enthalpy of a component in the mixture and its enthalpy at reference state in the mixture. Theoretical analysis of experimental data obtained by other researchers shows that the new equations quantitatively explain the influence of molecular interactions on the Soret effect. Additionally, they qualitatively explain why the Soret coefficient changes its sign as molar fraction increases from 0 to 1 in the mixtures.
Photoelastic modulator for the 0.55–13-μm range

An improved photoelastic modulator (PEM) employing two piezoelectric transducers and incorporating a new ir zinc selenide (ZnSe) optical element is described. The 0.64-cm thick PEM is capable of obtaining quarter-wave retardation from 0.55 μm to 13.0 μm. Previously no single, high quality, low static strain PEM element existed for this wavelength range. We have also constructed other PEM’s using optical elements composed of fused quartz, calcium fluoride, and KRS-5. The important optical and mechanical properties are measured and compared.
Effects of temperature on the experimental reliability of the isolated rat phrenic nerve/diaphragm preparation.

Influence de la temperature sur la neurotransmission et les fonctions in vitro de preparations de nerf phrenique-diaphragme de rat. Etude du taux et de la force des reponses a une stimulation directe du muscle ainsi que du nerf de preparations exposees a temperature ambiante puis dans un bain a temperature corporelle
Endogenous fluorescence of coupling factor 1 from spinach chloroplasts.

Abstract Highly purified coupling factor 1 (CF 1 ) from chloroplasts was found to contain 3.6 mol tryptophan/mol of enzyme. Although the α, β, γ, and δ subunits of the enzyme are devoid of tryptophan, the ϵ subunit was found to contain two tryptophans per mole. These results support a stoichiometry of two ϵ per mole of CF 1 . Two classes of tyrosine and tryptophan were detected in CF 1 and evidence for a correlation between activation of the ATPase activity of CF 1 and a quenching of tryptophan fluorescence is given. Tryptophan should be a useful marker for the ϵ subunit and its fluorescence and modification should provide a probe for its function.
Changing Patternsn of Negro Employment

Summary Although the Negro worker has been vulnerable to forces which have made him the “last hired, first fired” in the American labor market, he has at times been highly regarded and sought out by employers. A considerable ebb and flow of job opportunities for Negroes has been the result. Recognition of his recently acquired political power may provide the means for stabilizing his position.
Patterns of DNA structural polymorphism and their evolutionary implications

Abstract The pattern of sites within purified DNA that are highly susceptible to double-stranded cleavage by micrococcal nuclease has been analyzed in the vicinity of over 20 genes from widely separated loci in Drosophila. These genes have uniformly exhibited a distinctive organization of cleavage sites such that at early times of digestion major sites are observed in the spacer regions surrounding the genes, but not within the protein coding regions themselves. Examples examined include Drosophila genes for heat-shock proteins, cytoplasmic actin, ribosomal protein 49, alcohol dehydrogenase, Sgs 4 glue protein, and other developmentally regulated transcripts, a human β-globin gene, and mouse α3-globin pseudogene. It seems probable that this gene/spacer pattern will be a general one in the genomes of eucaryotes, but not in the genomes of procaryotes, since neither pBR322 nor phage λ DNA display such a pattern. One observes a nonrandom spacing of strong cleavage sites in Drosophila DNA, with the most frequent intervals being 195 bp and 411 bp. Such a pattern of variation in DNA structure may have evolved to facilitate the packaging of eucaryotic DNA into chromatin.
Dynamics of a non-linear spatial trade model

This paper deals with n nonlinear economic model consisting of a collection of suppliers and markets. The markets and suppliers are assumed to be separated by a constant transport cost. A social payoff function is proposed. The existence, uniqueness, and stability of equilibrium states are related to the properties of the optimal social payoff.
Contribution of P2X4 receptors to ethanol intake in male C57BL/6 mice.

P2X receptors (P2XRs) are a family of cation-permeable ligand-gated ion channels activated by synaptically released extracellular adenosine 5′-triphosphate. The P2X4 subtype is abundantly expressed in the central nervous system and is sensitive to low intoxicating ethanol concentrations. Genetic meta-analyses identified the p2rx4 gene as a candidate gene for innate alcohol intake and/or preference. The current study used mice lacking the p2rx4 gene (knockout, KO) and wildtype (WT) C57BL/6 controls to test the hypothesis that P2X4Rs contribute to ethanol intake. The early acquisition and early maintenance phases of ethanol intake were measured with three different drinking procedures. Further, we tested the effects of ivermectin (IVM), a drug previously shown to reduce ethanol’s effects on P2X4Rs and to reduce ethanol intake and preference, for its ability to differentially alter stable ethanol intake in KO and WT mice. Depending on the procedure and the concentration of the ethanol solution, ethanol intake was transiently increased in P2X4R KO versus WT mice during the acquisition of 24-h and limited access ethanol intake. IVM significantly reduced ethanol intake in P2X4R KO and WT mice, but the degree of reduction was 50 % less in the P2X4R KO mice. Western blot analysis identified significant changes in γ-aminobutyric acidA receptor α1 subunit expression in brain regions associated with the regulation of ethanol behaviors in P2X4R KO mice. These findings add to evidence that P2X4Rs contribute to ethanol intake and indicate that there is a complex interaction between P2X4Rs, ethanol, and other neurotransmitter receptor systems.
Survey of trace metals in drinking water supplied to rural populations in the eastern Llanos of Venezuela.

To ascertain the water quality for human consumption, chemical parameters such as pH, conductivity and total dissolved calcium, magnesium, iron, aluminum, zinc, copper and manganese were measured during four sampling periods (November 2002; March, May and July 2003) in drinking water wells which supply several forest camps and rural populations located in the eastern Llanos of Venezuela. Copper levels in drinking water in November 2002 were found to be significantly higher (P < 0.05) than the other assessed periods. Temporal variations of the other parameters considered were not statistically significant. Calcium and magnesium concentrations were found to be extremely low (mean concentration ± S.D. of 0.27 ± 0.25 mg/l for Ca and 0.219 ± 0.118 for Mg) during the four sampling periods, probably because of the carbonate bearing scarcity in the soils lithic component. The rest of the metals complied with the Venezuelan and International guidelines of quality criteria for drinking water.
UV‐INDUCED ELEVATION OF SKIN GLYCOSAMINOGLYCAN LEVELS I: RAPID MEASUREMENT OF SKIN GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS BY TITRATION WITH ACRIDINE ORANGE*

— We have developed a simple, rapid, sensitive procedure for measuring polyanionic glycosaminoglycans (GAG) in unfixed defatted lyophilizedSK–1 hairless mouse skin by means of quantitative measurement of uptake of the fluorescent dye acridine orange (AO), which was shown to be GAG-specific under the conditions of these experiments. This method is suitable for detecting and estimating elevations in steady skin GAG levels due to UV irradiation.
Needed Changes in the Farmers Home Administration Lending Programs: Discussion

Barry's paper provides an excellent synopsis of the development of FmHA through time and of the many factors that influenced that development. He raises many important program issues. I applaud his plea for a more comprehensive and long-term agricultural policy with better coordination between credit and other programs. I am not sure that I share his high expectations for the improvement in management and control that will result from new OMB procedures, but they are a step in the right direction. In general, I agree with most of the points made by Barry. However, his list of "needed changes" is rather modest, and I do believe that some ideas need more
Micro four-sensor probe measurement of interfacial area transport for bubbly flow in round pipes

Abstract A newly developed micro four-sensor conductivity probe is presented, which is capable of acquiring the time-averaged local two-phase flow parameters of various types of bubbles. The data acquired by the probe are categorized into two groups in view of the two-group particle transport; namely spherical/distorted bubbles as group 1 and cap/Taylor bubbles as group 2. The good agreement in the benchmark experiments employing the image analysis method validates the new method. The data obtained by the probe in the bubbly and bubbly to slug transition condition is compared with the one-group interfacial area transport equation. The model and the data agree well within the measurement error of ±10%.
Diabetes and female sexuality: a review of the literature.

How little is known about the effects of diabetes on female sexuality is described in this article. In the past, female sexuality and diabetes were discussed only in relation to reproduction. The more recent classical studies that do address sexual functioning, however, are inadequate to describe the effects of diabetes, for these studies are couched in misinformation and misunderstanding of female sexuality with much of the information being extrapolated from data collected from male subjects. Finally, suggestions for future research are made that would integrate current theory on female sexuality and the effects of diabetes.
Simulations Comparing the Effectiveness of Various Stored-Grain Management Practices Used to Control Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae)

A simulation model for the population dynamics of Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) was used to compare the effectiveness of various stored-wheat management programs in controlling this insect in the United States. Infestations on day 365 were reduced 88 times when wheat was harvested and stored in August instead of June, 34 times by aerating the grain in September instead of November, 20 times by storing grain at 10% instead of 14% moisture content, 18 times by fumigating in August or September instead of July, four times when wheat was stored at 27°C instead of 32°C, and approximately three times when malathion was used as a protectant. The model simulations provide an overview of the relative advantages of various approaches to managing stored-grain insects in various geographic localities.
Induction of tandem-base change mutations.

Abstract Four databases with sequence changes for 12 000 mutations in mammalian and bacterial cells were searched for genotoxic agents inducing tandem mutations, in which two adjacent base pairs are changed. Ultraviolet light induces about one CC > TT per 10–20 mutations, and other tandem-base changes at about half that frequency. There is strong evidence that cis -diammine dichloroplatinum (II) induces tandems. These results suggest that tandem-base changes are induced by agents that damage two adjacent base pairs in DNA. Tandems, particularly CC > TT, can be used as indicators of exposure to ultraviolet light, as in genes in skin cells exposed to sunlight. Oxidizing agents such as superoxide and ionizing radiation do not induce a significant level of tandem-base changes (such as CC > TT) in double-strand DNA, so much mutations are not a useful indicator of exposure to mutagens of this type. All conclusions are equally valid for bacterial and mammalian cells.
Catecholamines, insulin and ACTH increase quantal size at the frog neuromuscular junction

The size of miniature end-plate potentials (m.e.p.p.s) and miniature end-plate currents (m.e.p.c.s) at frog neuromuscular junctions was increased by a factor of two or more following treatment with norepinephrine, epinephrine, a cAMP derivative, insulin or ACTH. The increase in size was reversible. These agents do not appear to alter the ACh noise spectrum or the reversal potential of the end-plate. They do not alter the binding of alpha-bungarotoxin. Therefore they may increase the quantity of acetylcholine (ACh) in a quantum.
Expression of human 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase ( hOGG1 ) in follicular lymphoma

The human homologue of the yeast DNA repair enzyme 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (hOGG1) repairs oxidatively damaged guanosine nucleotides in DNA. This enzyme is highly expressed in reactive germinal centers, where lymphoid cells are under oxidative stress, and has been thought to protect lymphocytes from mutation. As a first step to investigate the role of hOGG1 in lymphomagenesis, we evaluated hOGG1 expression in follicular lymphoma. Immunohistochemistry was performed on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue of 28 follicular lymphoma cases (16 grade 1, seven grade 2, and five grade 3) to evaluate the expression of hOGG1 in neoplastic follicles. Reactive germinal centers of non-neoplastic tonsil and lymph node tissue were also examined. Fluorescent-in-situ hybridization (FISH) was performed using a DNA probe from BAC clone RP11-266J6 corresponding to 3p25, where the hOGG1 gene resides, to evaluate for the presence or absence of a deletion. In reactive germinal centers, the majority of centroblasts and centrocytes were positive for hOGG1. In contrast, the majority (21 of 28 or 75%) of follicular lymphoma cases showed absent/minimal expression of hOGG1. Only four of 28 (14%) follicular lymphoma cases revealed the same levels of hOGG1 expression as reactive germinal centers. There was no correlation between hOGG1 expression and histologic grade. None of the 16 cases evaluated by FISH showed a deletion of hOGG1. Furthermore, absent/minimal hOGG1 expression was observed in four of six Bcl-2-negative follicular lymphoma cases. Our findings suggest that absent/minimal hOGG1 expression occurs in the majority of follicular lymphomas. The downregulation of hOGG1 does not appear to be due to a deletion of the hOGG1 locus. Additionally, finding absent/minimal hOGG1 expression in a subset of Bcl-2-negative follicular lymphomas suggests that hOGG1 may have utility in diagnosing Bcl-2-negative follicular lymphomas.
Set of New Traffic-Responsive Ramp-Metering Algorithms and Microscopic Simulation Results

A novel switching traffic-responsive ramp-metering controller adapts to different traffic dynamics under different congestion conditions: free-flow or congested. The approach of multirate linear quadratic control with integral action is used to compensate for disturbances and to accommodate the difference between the model sampling time and the metering-rate update interval. In addition, a queue length regulator is designed to prevent the queue from exceeding the ramp storage capacity and yield improved performance over the current ad hoc queue override scheme. Subsequently, a queue length estimator is designed to provide feedback to the queue length regulator with the queue-detector speed data that are available in the field. A local ramp-metering control strategy is proposed to achieve the control goal of reducing the spatial and temporal span of the congestion, while satisfying the on-ramp storage capacity constraints, by using locally available information. Test results on a calibrated microscopic traffic simulator demonstrate the performance and effectiveness of the switching ramp-metering controller, the queue length estimator and regulator, and the overall control strategy. The total vehicle and passenger congestion delays are both reduced by 16%, and the total travel time is improved by 5.6%. As a comparison, simulation results of ALINEA are also presented.
Aggregation‐Enhanced Fluorescence and Two‐Photon Absorption in Nanoaggregates of a 9,10‐Bis[4′‐(4″‐aminostyryl)styryl]anthracene Derivative

This paper reports the design, synthesis, and theoretical modeling of two-photon properties of a new class of chromophore that exhibits enhanced two-photon absorption (TPA) and subsequently generated strong up-converted emission in nanoaggregate forms. This chromophore utilizes the basic structural unit of 9,10-bis[4′-(4″-aminostyryl)styryl]anthracene that exhibits large internal rotation in the monomer form in organic solvents, whereby the fluorescence is greatly reduced. In nanoaggregates formed in water, the internal rotation is considerably hindered, leading to significant increases of TPA and fluorescence quantum yield. Theoretical modeling of the conformational structure and dynamics has utilized a semiempirical pm3 formalism. The TPA cross sections of the monomer and the aggregate states have been calculated on the basis of the quadratic response theory applied to a single-determinant self-consistent field reference state making use of a split-valence 6-31G* basis set.
A contaminated binormal model for ROC data

Rationale and Objectives. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) data with false-positive fractions of 0 are often difficult to fit with standard ROC methods and are sometimes discarded. Some extreme examples of such data were analyzed to evaluate the nature of these difficulties. Materials and Methods. Rating reports of fracture for single-view ankle radiographs were analyzed with the binormal ROC model and with two ROC models that keep the ROC curve from crossing the chance line. Because fractures were almost never reported that were not present, some views and locations yielded only ROC points with false-positive fractions of 0, while others yielded at least one ROC point with a non-0 false-positive fraction. Results. The models tended to yield ROC areas close to or equal to 1. ROC areas of 1 imply a true-positive fraction close to 1; yet the data contained no such fractions. When all false-positive fractions were 0, the true-positive fraction could be much higher for one view than another for all observers. ROC areas gave little or no hint of these unmistakable differences in performance. Conclusion. These data challenge the validity and robustness of current ROC models. A key aspect of ankle fractures is that some may be visible on one view but not at all visible on another.
The Legal Environment Component of an Oil Spill Cleanup Model

ABSTRACT An oil spill and its cleanup can be viewed as occurring within a legal environment separable into categories including legal aspects of planning, response action, environmental protection, liability, and compensation. Each may provide enabling rules and constraints that affect the delegation of authority and responsibility to a range of actors. These include the spiller, terminal/facility owner, local emergency cleanup personnel, the Coast Guard, other government officers, volunteers, cleanup contractors, equipment manufacturers, and those damaged by the spill. This paper describes the legal components of an oil spill cleanup model being developed in a Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Sea Grant College Program project involving several representative actors from the above categories. It focuses on the relevant existing legal environment in the United States and its relationship to the different actors. It explores how these relationships, expressed as enabling rules or constraints, may...
Administration, Globalization, and the Arab States

Globalization involves risks and opportunities for the Arab world. Realistic knowledge of these possibilities is essential for adaptation of governance and reform of public administration to deal more effectively with the unfolding processes of globalization. To be participants rather than mere subjects, the Arab states have to recognize opportunities and limit potential negative consequences. Success requires good governance and professional public management. Public administration in the Arab world has to transform traditional methods of command and control and nepotism into a more collaborative management that relies on institutional capabilities and practicing managerial values of accountability, performance evaluation, transparency, and ethics.
Impact of a Mixed Oxide’s Surface Composition and Structure on Its Adsorptive Properties: Case of the (Fe,Cr)3O4(111) Termination of the α-(Fe,Cr)2O3(0001) Surface

Characterization of an α-(Fe0.75,Cr0.25)2O3(0001) mixed oxide single crystal surface was conducted using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), low-energy electron diffraction (LEED), and temperature-programmed desorption (TPD). After sputter/anneal cleaning in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV), the mixed oxide surface became terminated with a magnetite-like (111) structure based on the presence of (2 × 2) spots in LEED and Fe2+ in XPS. The composition of the surface was close to that of M3O4 based on XPS, with the metal (M) content ratio of Fe2+/3+ and Cr3+ being close to 1.4:1, despite the film’s bulk being prepared with a 3:1 ratio of these cations. Enrichment of the surface with Cr was not altered by high temperature oxidation in UHV but could be partially reversed by exposure to air. Adsorption of various probe molecules (NO, O2, CO2, and H2O) was used in an effort to identify the active cation sites present on the (Fe,Cr)3O4(111)-terminated surface. Although both XPS an...
HISTORY AS PHILOSOPHY

Historians have taken a beating in recent times from an array of critics troubled by our persistent unwillingness to properly theorize our work. This essay contends that their criticisms have generally failed to make headway among mainstream historians owing to a little noticed cognitive byproduct of our work that I call history as philosophy. In so doing I offer a novel defense of professional history as it has been understood and practiced in the Anglophone world over the last half-century or so while suggesting, in conclusion, that historians could not do other than they do without serious psychic and societal loss.
The Biphenyl Molecule as a Model Transistor

We study transport and charge control in a gated 4,4'-biphenyl diradical molecular transistor using self-consistent density-functional calculations. We track both electron-like and hole-like conduction and relate it to the field dependence of current-carrying pi-derived states. Owing to the coupling between the two benzene rings, the pi-states become segregated into extended, current-carrying states and localized states. Under application of the source/drain field, along the axis of the molecule, the localized pi-states become split, while the extended states become polarized and screen the field. The localized states act like isolated islands within the molecule--while they make a substantial contribution to the density of states, they make only a small contribution to transport.
American views on retirement.

Retirement has only recently become institutionalized in the United States. Earlier, most older men remained in the labour force, but today retirement is the overwhelming norm for the older American worker. The macroeconomic and microeconomic functions of retirement are distinguished. The ‘selling’ of retirement and the accompanying changes in attitude are illustrated by the treatment of retirement in the media, positive thinking being the dominant ideology. But retirees are often victims of cultural inconsistencies: changes in attitude to work and leisure lag behind changes in workforce participation.
Interaction of Host Stimuli in the Ovipositional Response of the Mediterranean Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Ovipositional preference of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann, was examined using artificial hosts. Females laid significantly more eggs in larger hosts, spherical hosts, green and blue hosts, and they avoided hosts with papaya extract. Patterns of oviposition in tests with pairwise combinations of different host attributes showed that these preferences are integrated hierarchically. The preferred host shape was chosen over the preferred color, and host color was selected over fruit extract. Host size was the most important characteristic involved in eliciting oviposition by medflies.
Public's and Police Officers' Interpretation and Handling of Domestic Violence Cases: Divergent Realities.

The public's and police officers'interpretation and handling of realistic hypothetical domestic violence cases and their stereotypic views about domestic violence are discussed. A sample of 131 experienced officers, 127 novice officers, and 157 adult laypersons were randomly assigned to read a domestic violence case. Experienced officers were more likely to arrest only the husband than were laypersons or rookie officers even when respondents inferred that the husband was primarily responsible or had used violence before. Experienced officers considered their stereotypic beliefs about battered women's propensity to use self-defense in arriving at their arrest decision whereas laypersons and rookie officers did not. These findings indicate that the public and police officers have not adopted the feminists' message that arrest is the best response to handle all domestic violence cases. Policy implications are discussed.
Beyond knowledge, toward linguistic competency: an experiential curriculum.

Introduction/Aims Training is essential for future health care providers to effectively communicate with limited English proficient (LEP) patients during interpreted encounters. Our aim is to describe an innovative skill-based medical school linguistic competency curriculum and its impact on knowledge and skills.
Intra-cavity frequency-doubling of a Nd:YAG laser passively Q-switched with GaAs

Abstract A simple and compact all-solid-state green-pulse laser source is described. A diode-pumped Nd:YAG laser is Q-switched by a GaAs saturable absorber and intra-cavity frequency-doubled by a KTP crystal. At 3.7 W of pump power the device produces high-quality 20.5-μJ, 25-ns pulses at a pulse repetition rate of 12 kHz. The dynamics of the pulse formation is described by rate equations and an energy-level model which accounts for the various energy-transfer processes in GaAs.
Probabilistic structural optimization

The objective of this review is to present a brief but comprehensive view of probabilistic structural optimization (PSO). An historical perspective is presented, basic concepts and various problem formulations are discussed, and recent developments focusing on practical applications are highlighted. A particular emphasis is placed upon the use of PSO based on consideration of life-cycle cost in the process of design selection for new structural systems and in the optimal operation of existing ones. Finally, conclusions are drawn and directions for further research are identified.
An automated filtration assay for protein kinase C ligands.

Abstract [3H]Phorbol dibutyrate ([3H]PDBu) binding to soluble mouse brain protein kinase C (PKC) was established in a 96-well microtiter plate assay. [3H]PDBu-PKC receptor complexes were rapidly aspirated from wells, filtered, and washed onto glass fiber filter mats using an automated cell harvester. Results were compared to a modification of a previously described assay in which components were incubated in tubes, and manually delivered and washed onto filters with a manifold filtration apparatus. Both 96-well plate and tube assays gave qualitatively and quantitatively similar results since: (i) [3H]PDBu binding to PKC was phosphatidylserine (PS) dependent and calcium stimulatable; (ii) the amounts of [3H]PDBu bound by filters with each technique at receptors excess were similar, 3.2 ± 0.3 and 3.1 ± 0.4 pmol respectively; and (iii) the affinities of [3H]PDBu for PKC were comparable; Kd's were 1.95 ± 0.3 and 2.2 ± 0.55 n m , respectively. The 96-well plate assay was more accurate and rapid than the tube assay. The microtiter plate assay was adapted for use with [N,N-dimethyl-3H]N,N-dimethylstaurosporine ([3H]DMS). With [3H]PDBu and [3H]DMS as ligands, the 96-well plate method was used for the rapid discrimination of agents which bound selectively at the regulatory and/or catalytic domains of PKC.
Suppression of collagen-induced arthritis through adenovirus-mediated transfer of a modified tumor necrosis factor α receptor gene

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy of systemic and intraarticular adenoviral transfer of a modified tumor necrosis factor alpha receptor (TNF alphaR) gene and its expression in rat collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). METHODS Rats with CIA received injections of replication-deficient adenovirus containing either a TNF alpha inhibitor (TNFI) gene or a control beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) gene. The TNFI gene codes for a fusion protein consisting of the human 55-kd TNF alphaR and a mouse IgG heavy chain. Successful gene transfer was determined by serum TNF alphaR measurements and by histologic examination of injected joints with in situ blue staining. RESULTS Serum TNF alphaR levels were detectable for 8 days following systemic TNFI gene transfer. CIA severity was significantly suppressed by TNFI gene transfer, both prior to and following arthritis onset (P = 0.0001, by repeated-measures 2-factor analysis of variance). Direct synovial TNFI gene transfer was successful, but induced an inflammatory response without any net TNFI benefit. CONCLUSION Systemic adenoviral-mediated transfer of the TNFI gene suppressed CIA during its transitory expression. Intraarticular gene transfer was limited by an adenoviral synovitis that was not overcome by delivery of the TNFI gene. TNFI is an excellent protein candidate for further therapeutic study.
A parallelizable load balancing algorithm

We present a parallelizable load balancing algorithm for grid-based problems that employs a give and take concept among neighboring subdomains. The algorithm is found to converge very quickly to almost perfect load balance while minimizing the surface-to-volume ratio of the domains. The algorithm can be used for problems whose volume cost grows nonlinearly with the number of elements, because it measures continuously the computational cost to be incurred for each subdomain. This is an advantage over most algorithms currently in use (e.g., recursive subdivision), which assume a linear relationship between the computational cost and the number of elements.
Montreal Cognitive Assessment and Mini-Mental Status Examination compared as cognitive screening tools in heart failure.

Abstract Background Heart failure (HF) patients run four times the risk of developing cognitive impairment than does the general population, yet cognitive screening is not routinely performed. Methods This cross-sectional study enrolled 90 community-dwelling adults with HF aged 50 years and above. Participants took the Mini Mental Status Examination (MMSE) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), to measure cognitive function in persons with HF. Participants were predominately men (66%) and Caucasian (78%), aged 50-89 years (62 SD, 9 years), and 77% had an ejection fraction Results Fifty-four percent of participants scored ≤26 on the MoCA, suggesting mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 17% scored ≤22, suggesting moderate cognitive impairment, compared with 2.2% on the MMSE. The MoCA scores were lowest for visuospatial/executive domain, short-term memory, and delayed recall. These findings were similar to those in published reports. Conclusion These preliminary findings support the use of MoCA for cognitive screening in stable HF.
COLCHICINE-BINDING PROTEIN AND THE SECRETION OF THYROID HORMONE

The role of microtubules in the thyrotropin- or adenosine 3',5' cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP)-stimulated accumulation of cytoplasmic colloid droplets and secretion of iodine from the mouse thyroid gland has been investigated by means of different classes of agents that affect the stability of microtubules. The onset of inhibition of secretion by colchicine, the uptake of colchicine-(3)H by thyroid lobes, and the binding of colchicine-(3)H to thyroidal soluble protein are shown to have similar time courses Colloid droplet accumulation is also inhibited and does not readily resume upon removal of colchicine from the medium. This appears to be due to the slow washout of the drug (t((1/2)) approximately hr). Thyroids contain a soluble colchicine-binding protein that resembles microtubule proteins of other tissues with respect to apparent K(m) for colchicine, pH optimum, and stability characteristics Colchicine analogues inhibit iodine secretion and colchicine binding in a parallel manner and as a function of their antimitotic potencies. Microtubule-stabilizing agents such as hexylene glycol and D(2)O also inhibit secretion. Thus, inhibition of thyroid secretion by antimitotic agents appears to be mediated by an effect on microtubules. The inhibitory locus of colchicine inhibition occurs after the generation of cyclic AMP, since stimulation of secretion by this nucleotide is blocked by colchicine, whereas thyroid-stimulating hormone-induced accumulation of cyclic AMP is not affected. Thus, the functioning microtubule appears to play a role in the induction of colloid endocytosis.
Supplemental L-arginine enhances wound healing in diabetic rats

L-arginine has been shown to enhance wound strength and collagen deposition in rodents and humans. Diabetes mellitus, which impairs wound healing, is accompanied by a reduction in nitric oxide at the wound site. The amino acid L-arginine is the only substrate for nitric oxide synthesis. We sought to determine whether supplemental L-arginine can restore the impaired wound healing of diabetic rats. Fifty-six male Lewis rats were used in this study, of which twenty-nine rats were rendered diabetic 7 days prior to surgery with intraperitoneal streptozotocin. Twenty-seven untreated rats served as controls. Animals underwent a dorsal skin incision with implantation of polyvinyl-alcohol sponges. Sixteen diabetic and 14 normal rats received 1 g/kg/day of L-arginine by injection, while the remainder received saline injections only. Animals were euthanized 10 days postwounding, and their wounds were analyzed for breaking strength. The wound sponges were assayed for total hydroxyproline and nitrite/nitrate content. Plasma and wound fluid concentrations of L-arginine, ornithine, and citrulline were determined. Wound sponge RNA was extracted and subjected to Northern blot analysis for procollagen I and III. Diabetic wounds had greatly decreased breaking strengths compared with controls. L-arginine significantly enhanced wound breaking strengths in both control (+23%) and diabetic animals (+44%), and also increased wound hydroxyproline levels in both diabetic (+40%) and control animals (+24%) as compared to their saline-treated counterparts. mRNA for procollagen I and III were elevated by L-arginine treatment in both diabetic rats and controls. Treatment with L-arginine significantly increased wound fluid nitrite/nitrate levels in diabetic animals. The data show that the impaired healing of diabetic wounds can be partially corrected by L-arginine supplementation, and that this effect is accompanied by enhanced wound nitric oxide synthesis.
Chemical Bath Deposition of CdS Thin Films: Growth and Structural Studies

Chemical-bath-deposited CdS thin films from an ammonia-thiourea solution have been studied by x-ray diffraction, surface profilometry, ellipsometry, and other techniques. The compactness of the CdS films, structural properties of the films, and the growth mechanism have been investigated. For the deposition conditions used, we found that the film compactness reaches its maximum at a deposition time of 35 minutes. Films grown at longer deposition times are less compact, consistent with the CdS duplex layer structure proposed previously. This transition from compact layer growth to porous layer growth is important for depositing CdS films in solar cell applications. Based on x-ray diffraction (XRD) studies, we were able to determine the crystal phase, lattice constant, and other structural properties.
Creep fatigue of a directionally solidified Ni‐base superalloy – smooth and cylindrically notched specimens

Turbine blade life modelling is complicated by the presence of notches, dwells, high temperatures, thermal cycles and temperature gradients. Furthermore, directionally so- lidified (DS) Ni-base superalloys are highly anisotropic. This work seeks to characterize the response of the DS Ni-base superalloy CM247LC subjected to isothermal low cycle fatigue at either 750 or 950 °C. This study considers the effects of strain rate, dwells at the maximum temperature, and stress concentrations. Experiments were conducted under uniaxial loading on smooth and cylindrically notched round-bar specimens in both longitudinal and transverse orientations. The location of the creep-fatigue crack is at the maximum Hill's effective stress in the notched specimens. In addition, the notch behaviour is discussed in light of finite element analysis using an anisotropic elastic-crystal viscoplastic material model.
Hybrid survivor path architectures for Viterbi decoders

A new approach to survivor path architectures for Viterbi decoders is proposed based on hybrid architectures that combine the classical register-exchange and trace-back methods. Two classes of hybrid architecture are proposed: the hybrid pretrace-back architecture and the hybrid trace-forward architecture. Pretrace-back is a preprocessing of the add-compare-select (ACS) decisions to increase the effective trace-back recursion rate, while trace-forward is a concurrent processing of the decisions to initialize the trace-back recursion. Both of these architectures can be implemented using a single compact memory, typically twice the survivor path length in size, without any loss in throughput compared with conventional trace-back architectures. Based on area estimates for common decoding problems the hybrid architectures reduce the required chip area by up to 40% compared with the popular k-pointed trace-back architecture. >
Metal dusting problem with metallic interconnects for solid oxide fuel cell.

Metallic interconnects in the solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) are oxidized on the cathode side by air and carburized on the anode side by natural gas. Metallic alloys can be attacked by metal dusting corrosion in carbonaceous gases of high carbon activity in the temperature range of 350–1000°C. Under these conditions, pits form on the alloy surface and can become large holes through the alloy plate, with subsequent disintegration into a powdery mixture composed of carbon, fine particles of metal, and carbide. Fe and Ni-base alloys were tested in carbonaceous gases around the SOFC operating temperature. It was found that the oxide scales on the alloy surface prevent metal dusting corrosion. If the major phase in the oxide scale is chromic oxide, the alloys have good resistance to metal dusting corrosion. However, the alloys are easily attacked if the major phase is spinel.