cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Constitutive Modeling and Soil-Structure Interaction

The purpose of these lecture notes is to discuss the topic of constitutive modelling for geological materials and interfaces, and their importance in problems involving soil-structure interaction. The presentation is covered in three parts. The first part discusses some commonly used constitutive models for solids with particular attention to laboratory testing and determination of constitutive parameters. The second part covers the subject of modelling for interfaces and determination of parameters from laboratory tests. Most of this presentation covers static loading, however, in the case of interfaces, consideration is also given to cyclic testing. The last part covers a number of applications involving solution of several boundary value problems. Here attention is given to the topic of verification of constitutive models, and selection of the most appropriate model for a given problem. Although relevant references have been cited at appropriate locations, a majority of these notes include recent research investigations performed by the author and his coworkers.
Excavating the Gendered Self: Digital Affordance and Photo-Auto|Biography

Based on a study of ordinary Chinese women's photo-auto|biographic practices, this article examines the excavating of a gendered self through the creation of digital photo archives, the curating, r...
Asymmetric monetary policy and the effective lower bound

Abstract We use the canonical New Keynesian model to study optimal discretionary policy when the nominal interest rate is constrained by the effective lower bound (ELB). We show that policymakers who seek to minimize a (symmetric) quadratic loss function involving deviations of inflation and output from targets will achieve an average inflation rate below target due to the contractionary effects associated with hitting the ELB. We also characterize optimal discretionary policy for policymakers who view output losses as asymmetric: they place weight on the output gap when output is below potential but place little or no weight on the gap when output is above potential. In comparison to optimal policy using the symmetric loss function, the average inflation rate is higher and closer to the central banks target. Moreover, in response to contractionary demand shocks that push the nominal interest rate to the effective lower bound, policymakers with an asymmetric loss function adopt a policy rate path that remains at the ELB longer but eventually rises more quickly than the path adopted by a policymaker with a symmetric loss function.
Physicians and medical students: factors affecting entry into public health.

We surveyed members of a recent master of public health (MPH) degree program to learn more about how, when, and why physicians and medical students decided to seek formal training in public health. We interviewed physicians and medical students to determine how and why these MPH students became involved in what they considered public health work; how and why they decided to attend public health school; and what their career plans were following completion of the degree program. All 47 medical students and physicians responded to the survey. Sixty-six percent described previous public health-related work experience. Only 5% decided prior to or during college to attend public health school. A personal contact directed 62% towards public health school. Those with previous public health work experience were more likely to pursue what they considered public health careers after completion of public health school than those without such previous work experience. The continuing need for qualified practitioners and leaders in public health challenges the medical community to characterize further those factors motivating medical students and physicians to formalize their training in public health. [Am J Prev Med 1994;10:238–9]
Upper-Extremity Extravasation: Evaluation, Management, and Prevention.

>> Delayed diagnosis and improper management of upper-extremity extravasation events result in long-term sequelae and are the basis of many medical litigation cases in the United States.>> The extent of the injury resulting from an extravasation event depends on the toxicity of the agent, the volume
Robust cycle bases do not exist for Kn,n if n≥8

Abstract A basis for the cycle space of a graph is said to be robust if any cycle Z of G is a sum Z = C 1 + C 2 + ⋯ + C k of basis elements such that (i) ( C 1 + C 2 + ⋯ + C l − 1 ) ∩ C l is a nontrivial path for each 2 ≤ l k . Hence, (ii) each partial sum C 1 + C 2 + ⋯ + C l is a cycle for 1 ≤ l ≤ k . While complete graphs and 2 -connected plane graphs have robust cycle bases, it is shown that regular complete bipartite graphs K n , n do not have any robust cycle basis if n ≥ 8 .
Regional Anesthesia for Breast Surgery

When a woman receives a diagnosis of breast cancer, concerns naturally turn towards survival, closely followed by the physical discomfort of treatment. These can emerge from surgical care, systemic therapies, as well as radiotherapy. The anesthesiologist can play an important role in minimizing discomfort during surgical care. For example, the woman who has undergone the physical loss of her breast through a mastectomy is spiritually injured as well. The first treatment of her spirit starts with providing maximal pain relief. No woman whose femininity and beauty are injured by necessary therapies needs to also suffer physical pain. Regional anesthesia, by offering total physical pain relief, can also be the start of spiritual pain relief. Regional anesthesia also offers decreased opiate requirements as this may fully abolish postoperative nausea.
Schopenhauer’s Two Metaphysics: Transcendental and Transcendent

Schopenhauer positions himself squarely within the tradition of Kant’s transcendental idealism , and his first sense of the metaphysical comprises the synthetic cognition a priori that makes experience possible. This is Schopenhauer’s transcendental metaphysics. As he developed philosophically however, Schopenhauer devised a second sense of the metaphysical. This second sense also depends, albeit negatively, on transcendental idealism because its central claim—that the thing in itself should be identified with will—looks like precisely a species of transcendent metaphysics, a claim that goes beyond the possibility of experience into the cognitively forbidden realm of things in themselves. I shall argue however that this second sense of the metaphysical can be formulated much more independently of transcendental idealism , following a recent similar interpretation of Kant due to Rae Langton, and that this makes for some surprising connections to contemporary metaphysics.
Dietary approaches to treat MS-related fatigue: comparing the modified Paleolithic (Wahls Elimination) and low saturated fat (Swank) diets on perceived fatigue in persons with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Fatigue is one of the most disabling symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS) and contributes to diminishing quality of life. Although currently available interventions have had limited success in relieving MS-related fatigue, clinically significant reductions in perceived fatigue severity have been reported in a multimodal intervention pilot study that included a Paleolithic diet in addition to stress reduction, exercise, and electrical muscle stimulation. An optimal dietary approach to reducing MS-related fatigue has not been identified. To establish the specific effects of diet on MS symptoms, this study focuses on diet only instead of the previously tested multimodal intervention by comparing the effectiveness of two dietary patterns for the treatment of MS-related fatigue. The purpose of this study is to determine the impact of a modified Paleolithic and low saturated fat diet on perceived fatigue (primary outcome), cognitive and motor symptoms, and quality of life in persons with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). This 36-week randomized clinical trial consists of three 12-week periods during which assessments of perceived fatigue, quality of life, motor and cognitive function, physical activity and sleep, diet quality, and social support for eating will be collected. The three 12-week periods will consist of the following: Because fatigue is one of the most common and disabling symptoms of MS, effective management and reduction of MS-related fatigue has the potential to increase quality of life in this population. The results of this study will add to the evidence base for providing dietary recommendations to treat MS-related fatigue and other symptoms associated with this disease. ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02914964 . Registered on 24 August 2016.
Arrest etiology among patients resuscitated from cardiac arrest.

Abstract Introduction Cardiac arrest etiology is often assigned according to the Utstein template, which differentiates medical (formerly “presumed cardiac”) from other causes. These categories are poorly defined, contain within them many clinically distinct etiologies, and are rarely based on diagnostic testing. Optimal clinical care and research require more rigorous characterization of arrest etiology. Methods We developed a novel system to classify arrest etiology using a structured chart review of consecutive patients treated at a single center after in- or out-of-hospital cardiac arrest over four years. Two reviewers independently reviewed a random subset of 20% of cases to calculate inter-rater reliability. We used X2 and Kruskal-Wallis tests to compare baseline clinical characteristics and outcomes across etiologies. Results We identified 14 principal arrest etiologies, and developed objective diagnostic criteria for each. Inter-rater reliability was high (kappa = 0.80). Median age of 986 included patients was 60 years, 43% were female and 71% arrested out-of-hospital. The most common etiology was respiratory failure (148 (15%)). A minority (255 (26%)) arrested due to cardiac causes. Only nine (1%) underwent a diagnostic workup that was unrevealing of etiology. Rates of awakening and survival to hospital discharge both differed across arrest etiologies, with survival ranging from 6% to 60% (both P Conclusions Arrest etiology was identifiable in the majority cases via systematic chart review. “Cardiac” etiologies may be less common than previously thought. Substantial clinical heterogeneity exists across etiologies, suggesting previous classification systems may be insufficient.
Congenital Methylmalonic Aciduria-Homocystinuria With Megaloblastic Anemia: Observations on Response to Hydroxocobalamin and on the Effect of Homocysteine and Methionine on the Deoxyuridine Suppression Test

Abstract Congenital methylmalonic aciduria-homocystinuria, a disorder with an incompletely defined cobalamin abnormality, has not been accompanied by megaloblastosis in most of the initially described cases. This has raised questions about the exact role of cobalamin in relation to megaloblastic anemia. Therefore, we present our observations on a patient with this syndrome whose manifestations conformed to current concepts of cobalamin function and on her response to hydroxocobalamin. In addition to the megaloblastic anemia (and other hematologic abnormalities) she developed severe neurologic impairment shortly after birth. Hydroxocobalamin injections diminished her methylmalonic acid and homocys-tine excretion and corrected her megaloblastosis, though mild neutrophil nuclear hypersegmentation has persisted even after a year. Clinical status also improved, particularly physical growth and neurologic development. However, she remains neurologically impaired following an unexplained clinical catastrophe. We documented her megaloblastic process by demonstrating abnormal deoxyuridine suppression test results in her initial bone marrow aspirate and normal results after treatment. Furthermore, the abnormal deoxyuridine suppression was corrected in vitro by folic acid, but not by methyltetrahydrofolic acid, cyanocobalamin, adenosylcobalamin, methylcobalamin, or methionine. Homocysteine slightly worsened the deoxyuridine suppression pattern. Subsequent studies showed that, in contrast to previous reports, homocysteine had no beneficial effect in other normoblastic or megaloblastic marrows either. The findings in our patient are compatible with the “methyltetrahydrofolate trap” hypothesis. Why this syndrome presents such a wide spectrum of manifestations is not entirely clear, nor is it clear why it should differ so from other disorders of cobalamin. These aspects are reviewed. Severity of the defect, differences in tissue susceptibility, or possibly even other factors such as ability to retain cobalamin intracellularly may influence the manifestations of this metabolic disorder.
Laminated Fiberglass Composites for Cryogenic Structures in Underground Superconductive Energy Storage Magnets

The design and construction feasibility of cryogenic structures (struts) of laminated composites for superconductive energy storage magnets1 is considered. Energy storage magnets are in the form of large solenoids in deep underground tunnels with stored energies of 1000 MWh to 10 000 MWh. The composite structures support the large solenoid and transmit the magnetic forces to bedrock. Capital cost considerations dictate the choice of low-cost fiberglass composites.
On matters that matter in the curriculum studies: an interview with Ian Westbury

This semi-structured interview is an attempt to examine how an experienced scholar (Ian Westbury) of curriculum might interpret both recent developments and the current atmosphere of curriculum by ...
Declarative Logic Programming: Theory, Systems, and Applications

Logic Programming (LP) is at the nexus of knowledge representation, AI, mathematical logic, databases, and programming languages. It allows programming to be more declarative, by specifying “what” to do instead of “how” to do it. This field is fascinating and intellectually stimulating due to the fundamental interplay among theory, systems, and applications brought about by logic. Several books cover the basics of LP but they focus mostly on the Prolog language. There is generally a lack of accessible collections of articles covering the key aspects of LP, such as the well-founded vs. stable semantics for negation, constraints, object-oriented LP, updates, probabilistic LP, and implementation methods, including top-down vs. bottom-up evaluation and tabling. For systems, the situation is even less satisfactory, lacking expositions of LP inference machinery that supports tabling and other state-of-the-art implementation techniques. There is also a dearth of articles about systems that support truly declarative languages, especially those that tie into first-order logic, mathematical programming, and constraint programming. Also rare are surveys of challenging application areas of LP, such as bioinformatics, natural language processing, verification, and planning, as well as analysis of LP applications based on language abstractions and implementations methods. The goal of this book is to help fill in the void in the literature with state-of-the-art surveys on key aspects of LP. Much attention was paid to making these surveys accessible to researchers, practitioners, and graduate students alike.
Chemical and Physiological Features of Mitochondrial Acylation.

Growing appreciation of the diversity of post-translational modifications (PTMs) in the mitochondria necessitates reevaluation of the roles these modifications play in both health and disease. Compared to the cytosol and nucleus, the mitochondrial proteome is highly acylated, and remodeling of the mitochondrial "acylome" is a key adaptive mechanism that regulates fundamental aspects of mitochondrial biology. It is clear that we need to understand the underlying chemistry that regulates mitochondrial acylation, as well as how chemical properties of the acyl chain impact biological functions. Here, we dissect the sources of PTMs in the mitochondria, review major mitochondrial pathways that control levels of PTMs, and highlight how sirtuin enzymes respond to the bioenergetic state of the cell via NAD+ availability to regulate mitochondrial biology. By providing a framework connecting the chemistry of these modifications, their biochemical consequences, and the pathways that regulate the levels of acyl PTMs, we will gain a deeper understanding of the physiological significance of mitochondrial acylation and its role in mitochondrial adaptation.
Factors Associated With Use of Sipuleucel-T to Treat Patients With Advanced Prostate Cancer

Importance Sipuleucel-T is an immunotherapy that has been approved for use in patients with asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). However, sipuleucel-T may not be available to some patients because of logistics, cost, and practice structure. Objective To identify factors associated with the adoption of sipuleucel-T across the United States. Design, Setting, and Participants In this retrospective cohort study, patients with prostate cancer who received therapy for mCRPC (docetaxel, abiraterone acetate, enzalutamide, cabazitaxel, radium 223, or sipuleucel-T) from January 1, 2010, through June 30, 2016, were identified in a large claims database of commercially insured patients. Patients who received sipuleucel-T were compared with patients who received any of the other treatments for mCRPC but did not receive sipuleucel-T. Data were analyzed from May 3, 2018, to February 24, 2019. Exposures Sipuleucel-T treatment. Main Outcomes and Measures Patterns of treatment that involved the use of sipuleucel-T were elucidated, and binomial logistic regression was conducted to determine patient and physician factors that were associated with the use of sipuleucel-T and whether patients received sipuleucel-T in isolation or concurrently with other therapies. Results Among 7272 patients who received a treatment for mCRPC, 730 (10.0%) received sipuleucel-T. Mean (SD) age of patients in the entire cohort was 73.2 (9.2) years; 6739 (92.7%) were non-Hispanic and 975 (13.4%) were black. In multivariable analysis, patients who were Hispanic (odds ratio [OR], 0.57; 95% CI, 0.38-0.86) or lived in the Pacific region (OR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.45-0.97) had lower odds of receiving sipuleucel-T than patients who were not Hispanic or who lived in the South Atlantic region. Patients with higher incomes had greater odds of receiving sipuleucel-T than patients with incomes of less than $50 000 (OR, 1.29 [95% CI, 1.04-1.61] for $50 000-$99 000; OR, 1.43 [95% CI, 1.10-1.85] for >$99 000). Patients treated by a urologist had greater odds of receiving sipuleucel-T than patients not treated by a urologist (OR, 8.89; 95% CI, 7.10-11.11). Sixty-seven patients received concurrent therapies with sipuleucel-T, most commonly abiraterone or enzalutamide, but no factors were independently associated with patients receiving sipuleucel-T concurrent with other therapies for mCRPC. Conclusions and Relevance In this study, 1 of 10 patients with prostate cancer who were treated for mCRPC received sipuleucel-T, with several variables associated with its use. Identifying disparities in receipt of sipuleucel-T may affect future access to this and other highly specialized cancer therapies by defining barriers to treatment that could be addressed in future studies.
The Buffalo Trunk Technique for Aortic Arch Reconstruction.

Background The frozen elephant trunk technique facilitates repair of aortic arch and proximal descending aortic pathologic processes. Commercially available hybrid grafts may simplify this approach by allowing for a single suture line, potentially streamlining the distal anastomosis and improving operative times. However, these devices are currently not readily available in United States. We developed a surgical technique, the Buffalo Trunk, to simplify the frozen elephant trunk procedure that obviates the need for a hybrid graft and decreases operating times. Methods Our technique uses a soft-branched graft along with a stent graft to create a distal anastomosis that incorporates the aorta, stent graft, and soft graft in a zone 2 arch reconstruction. Patient characteristics, operative times, and perioperative outcomes were analyzed. Results A total of 37 patients underwent the Buffalo Trunk procedure compared with 29 patients who underwent the traditional frozen elephant trunk. Bypass and circulatory arrest times were 34 and 18 minutes shorter, respectively, in the Buffalo Trunk group. Total blood transfusions were lower in the Buffalo Trunk group. The stroke rate was 5% and 30-day mortality occurred in 2 patients. No difference was noted in end-organ dysfunction, morbidity, and mortality between the two techniques. Conclusions The benefits of a hybrid approach to the frozen elephant trunk can be attained without the complex industry-available technology as presented by our technique, the Buffalo Trunk. Evolution of this approach has facilitated shorter circulatory arrest time and subsequently overall decreased operative times without compromising outcomes.
Sleep-Disordered Breathing in Pediatric Patients With Rett Syndrome

Study Objectives:Although respiratory abnormalities occurring during wakefulness are well recognized in patients with Rett syndrome (RS), less has been reported regarding sleep-disordered breathing...
Can We Predict Which Children With Autism Will Have Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Singer EV, Shelton AR, Malow BA. Can we predict which children with autism will have obstructive sleep apnea? J Clin Sleep Med. 2019;15(10):1389–1390.
Metabolic syndrome in overweight or obese children and adolescents based on own material Abstract Key words.

OBJECTIVE Aim: To assess the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) components in overweight or obese children and adolescents, as well as analyze the risk factors of its occurrence. PATIENTS AND METHODS Material and methods: The study was conducted in a group of 70 children and adolescents aged 5-18 hospitalized in the Department of Gastroenterology, Allergology and Pediatrics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital - Research Institute in Lodz (Poland) based on the results of medical histories, physical examination, biochemical investigation, and calculation of the Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) index. RESULTS Results: MS was diagnosed in 14 children (20%). The most common abnormalities besides obesity included: decreased High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C) levels (n=13, 92.9%), increased triglycerides (TG) concentrations (n=10, 71.4%) and arterial hypertension (n=10, 71,4%). Among all the children, insulin resistance was diagnosed in 29 subjects (41.4%). The results of univariate logistic regression showed that the occurrence of lipid disorders, obesity, hypertension and diabetes in their parents, as well as the duration of pregnancy, birth weight, or breastfeeding were not associated with the risk of MS development in the subjects (p>0.05). However, in the study group, 92.9% of subjects had one or more particular risk factor for MS development. CONCLUSION Conclusions: Besides visceral obesity, lipid disorders were the most frequently observed components of MS in the subjects analyzed, which may have prognostic significance. The occurrence of one or more MS risk factors in almost all of the children studied indicates the increased risk of cardiovascular diseases in the studied group in the future.
Bile acid composition regulates GPR119-dependent intestinal lipid sensing and food intake regulation in mice

Objectives Lipid mediators in the GI tract regulate satiation and satiety. Bile acids (BAs) regulate the absorption and metabolism of dietary lipid in the intestine, but their effects on lipid-regulated satiation and satiety are completely unknown. Investigating this is challenging because introducing excessive BAs or eliminating BAs strongly impacts GI functions. We used a mouse model (Cyp8b1–/– mice) with normal total BA levels, but alterations in the composition of the BA pool that impact multiple aspects of intestinal lipid metabolism. We tested two hypotheses: BAs affect food intake by (1) regulating production of the bioactive lipid oleoylethanolamide (OEA), which enhances satiety; or (2) regulating the quantity and localisation of hydrolysed fat in small intestine, which controls gastric emptying and satiation. Design We evaluated OEA levels, gastric emptying and food intake in wild-type and Cyp8b1–/– mice. We assessed the role of the fat receptor GPR119 in these effects using Gpr119–/– mice. Results Cyp8b1–/– mice on a chow diet showed mild hypophagia. Jejunal OEA production was blunted in Cyp8b1–/– mice, thus these data do not support a role for this pathway in the hypophagia of Cyp8b1–/– mice. On the other hand, Cyp8b1 deficiency decreased gastric emptying, and this was dependent on dietary fat. GPR119 deficiency normalised the gastric emptying, gut hormone levels, food intake and body weight of Cyp8b1–/– mice. Conclusion BAs regulate gastric emptying and satiation by determining fat-dependent GPR119 activity in distal intestine.
The Forgotten Consort: The Goddess and Kāmadeva in the Early Worship of Tripurasundarī

This article examines continuities between the Hindu Tantric tradition of Tripurasundarī, which later came to be known as Śrīvidyā, and the antecedent tradition of Nityās. A prominent role of Kāmadeva (the god of love) as the consort of the principal goddess in the antecedent tradition of Nityās provides important clues for later development of the worship of Tripurasundarī. Continuities between the worship of Tripurā and the Nityā tradition include a triangle at the heart of the Śrīcakra (the principal ritual diagram), names of subordinate goddesses that clearly demonstrate a historical connection with Kāmadeva, and elements of iconography of the principal goddess modeled after visualizations of the god of love. Practices in the antecedent Nityā tradition, outlined in the Nityākaula Tantra, and the early tradition of Tripurasundarī in the Vāmakeśvarīmata were meant exclusively for a male audience, a stance that was revised in the later Śrīvidyā. Furthermore, propitiation of Tripurasundarī in the ritual sections of the Vāmakeśvarīmata served primarily to satisfy desire by means of rituals of attraction (ākarṣaṇa) and subjugation (vaśīkaraṇa). Although Kāmadeva was no longer propitiated in the Vāmakeśvarīmata, his prominent role in the ritual system of the antecedent tradition illuminates features that remained at the core of the worship of Tripurasundarī for more than a millennium.
Minicells as a potential chassis for engineering lineage-agnostic organisms

ABSTRACT Background Genomes encode for organisms and thus genome synthesis implies the possibility of organismal synthesis, including the synthesis of organisms without constraint to lineage. Current genome-scale engineering projects are focused on minimization, refactoring, or recoding within the context of existing natural lineages. Minicells arise naturally as anucleate cells that are devoid of heritable genetic material but are capable of gene expression. Thus, minicells may serve as a useful starting point for developing lineage-agnostic organisms encoded by newly-designed synthetic genomes. However, the composition and expression capacity of minicells is fixed at the time of their formation. The possibility of reestablishing cellular growth and division starting from minicells and entirely heterologous synthetic genomes is unknown. Results We observed expression and segregation of functional proteins among mixed populations of reproducing cells and so-derived anucleate minicells via fluorescence microscopy. By adapting and integrating established methods of preparation and purification we were able to isolate minicells from a growing population of progenitor cells with a purity of at least 500 minicells per progenitor. We then used heterologous expression of plasmid-encoded green fluorescent protein to estimate the absolute expression capacity of minicells. We found that minicells can support the formation of 4.9 ± 4.6 × 108 peptide bonds prior to exhausting their initial intrinsic expression capacity. Conclusions Minicells can be produced in large numbers with high purity and can also harbor and express engineered plasmids. The observed variation in minicell gene expression capacity suggests that about 13% of gene-expressing minicells can support the formation of more than one-billion peptide bonds, an amount sufficient to replicate known prokaryotic proteomes. Stated differently, while most minicells would require a sophisticated genetic ‘boot’ program to first increase minicell-specific expression capacity sufficient to instantiate newly reproducing lineages, a subset of minicells may be able to directly support whole genome, lineage-agnostic organism engineering.
Historical Trends in Children Living in Multigenerational Households in the United States: 1870–2018

Over the last two decades, the share of U.S. children under age 18 who live in a multigenerational household (with a grandparent and parent) has increased dramatically. Yet we do not know whether this increase is a recent phenomenon or a return to earlier levels of coresidence. Using data from the decennial census from 1870 to 2010 and the 2018 American Community Survey, we examine historical trends in children's multigenerational living arrangements, differences by race/ethnicity and education, and factors that explain the observed trends. We find that in 2018, 10% of U.S. children lived in a multigenerational household, a return to levels last observed in 1950. The current increase in multigenerational households began in 1980, when only 5% of children lived in such a household. Few differences in the prevalence of multigenerational coresidence by race/ethnicity or education existed in the early part of the twentieth century; racial/ethnic and education differences in coresidence are a more recent phenomena. Decomposition analyses do little to explain the decline in coresidence between 1940 and 1980, suggesting that unmeasured factors explain the decrease. Declines in marriage and in the share of White children most strongly explained the increase in multigenerational coresidence between 1980 and 2018. For White children with highly educated parents, factors explaining the increase in coresidence differ from other groups. Our findings suggest that the links between race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status and multigenerational coresidence have changed over time, and today the link between parental education and coresidence varies within racial/ethnic groups.
The Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model

The structure of the MSSM is reviewed. We first motivate the particle content of the theory by examining the quantum numbers of the known standard model particles and by the requirement of anomaly cancellation. Once the particle content is fixed we can write down the most general renormalizable superpotential. However such a superpotential will contain terms breaking lepton and baryon number which leads us to the concept of R-parity conservation. The question of supersymmetry breaking is discussed next. We list the possible soft breaking terms. However the Lagrangian involving the most general soft breaking terms is phenomenologically intractable because of the appearance of many new parameters. It also leads to some unacceptable predictions. To reduce the number of parameters we restrict ourselves to the case with universal soft breaking terms at the GUT scale. We motivate the need for universal soft breaking terms by the apparent unification of gauge couplings in the MSSM and by the absence of flavor ch...
Self-Organization and Maintenance of Simulated Nocturnal Convective Systems from PECAN

Abstract The Plains Elevated Convection at Night (PECAN) field project was designed to explain the evolution and structures of nocturnal mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) and relate them to specific mechanisms and environmental ingredients. The present work examines four of the strongest and best-organized PECAN cases, each numerically simulated at two different levels of complexity. The suite of simulations enables a longitudinal look at how nocturnal MCSs resemble (or differ from) more commonly studied diurnal MCSs. All of the simulations produce at least some surface outflow (“cold pools”), with stronger outflows occurring in environments with more CAPE and weaker near-ground stability. As these surface outflows emerge, the lifting of near-ground air occurs, causing each simulated nocturnal MCS to ultimately become “surface-based.” The end result in each simulation is a quasi-linear convective system (QLCS) that is most intense toward the downshear flank of its cold pool, with the classical appearance of many afternoon squall lines. This pathway of evolution occurs both in fully heterogeneous real-world-like simulations and horizontally homogeneous idealized simulations. One of the studied cases also exhibits a back-building “rearward off-boundary development” stage, and this more complex behavior is also well simulated in both model configurations. As a group, the simulations imply that a wide range of nocturnal MCS behaviors may be self-organized (i.e., not reliant on larger-scale features external to the convection).
Administration of 3% Sodium Chloride Through Peripheral Intravenous Access: Development and Implementation of a Protocol for Clinical Practice

Background Patients with traumatic brain injury, cerebral edema, and severe hyponatremia require rapid augmentation of serum sodium levels. Three percent sodium chloride is commonly used to normalize or augment serum sodium level, yet there are limited data available concerning the most appropriate route of administration. Traditionally, 3% sodium chloride is administered through a central venous catheter (CVC) due to the attributed theoretical risk of phlebitis and extravasation injuries when hyperosmolar solution is administered peripherally. CVCs are associated with numerous complications, including arterial puncture, pneumothorax, infection, thrombosis, and air embolus. Peripherally infused 3% sodium chloride may bypass these concerns. Aims To explore the evidence for peripherally infused 3% sodium chloride and to implement the findings. Methods The Iowa Model of Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) was used to guide the project. A multidisciplinary team was established, and they developed an evidence-based protocol for the administration of 3% sodium chloride using peripheral intravenous catheters (PIVs), identified potential barriers to implementation, and developed targeted education to implement this practice change in a large academic medical center. Results Of the 103 patients in this project, only three (2.9%) identified adverse events. Two were associated with continuous infusions, and one was associated with a bolus infusion. Linking action to evidence This is the first study to describe a multidisciplinary protocol development and implementation process for the administration of 3% sodium chloride peripherally. Utilizing a multidisciplinary team is critical to the success of an EBP project. Implementing an evidence-based PIV protocol with stringent monitoring criteria for the administration of 3% sodium chloride has the potential to reduce adverse events related to CVC injury.
Assessing spatio-temporal patterns of sugarcane aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) infestations on silage sorghum yield using unmanned aerial systems (UAS)

Abstract In the U.S. since 2013, the sugarcane aphid is a perennial pest to all types of sorghum. Rating sugarcane aphid population density, plant damage, and other traits in sorghum requires a large amount of labor and ratings, especially damage ratings, may vary by evaluator. Thus Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS)–based imagery may be exceedingly useful to more accurately quantify the effects on sorghum caused by sugarcane aphids. This study quantified the dynamic nature of sugarcane aphid infestations on silage sorghum varieties using UAS-based imagery data, and demonstrated the UAS-based measurements correlated to ground measurements. Two UAS platforms equipped with RGB (red, green, and blue) and multispectral cameras respectively were used to evaluate the silage sorghum variety trials during the growing seasons of 2019 and 2020. For the purpose of high throughput phenotyping in sorghum breeding, a new workflow scheme was developed including UAS image processing, raster calculation, DTM (digital terrain model) and CHM (canopy height model) generation, image extraction of sorghum plants, and tabular dataset generation from zonal statistics for further statistical analyses. Ground-based measurements included aphid sampling, aphid damage ratings, plant height, and biomass yields. The normalized difference red edge index (NDRE) and canopy cover collected by the UAS showed negative linear relationship with aphid damage ratings in both trials (R2 = 0.55–0.64). In addition to assessing spatial differences among the varieties in 2019, temporal change in both NDRE and canopy cover from the baseline sampling date in 2020 better estimated aphid damage, R2 of 0.68 and 0.79 respectively, than using the spatial difference of NDRE (R2 = 0.55) and canopy cover (R2 = 0.57) before harvest. Plant height (R2 = 0.84, Root-Mean-Square Error (RMSE) = 0.16 m) can be estimated with efficiency and precision using UAS-derived measurements during high throughput phenotyping of sorghum. Fresh yield estimates for the primary harvests were consistent in both years, but green yield estimates differed among harvests and need to be improved. Future development of UAS-based high throughput phenotyping would benefit from increased temporal resolutions of growth parameters and vegetation indices throughout a growing season.
Mechanical Causation of Biological Structure: Productive Pulls Produce Persistent Filaments in a Human Fibroblast Model of Matrix Development

During development, mesenchymal cells direct the elaboration of extracellular matrix that shapes the initial animal Bauplan which subsequently grows to produce mechanically-competent structure. To gain insight into the processes that initiate matrix formation at the cellular level, high temporal and spatial resolution videos were obtained from a primary human corneal fibroblast (PHCF) cell culture system known to produce an organized, collagenous stroma similar to a human cornea. The videos were taken over a 4-day period as the culture was approaching confluency, which permitted a clear view of cell kinematics and any elaborated filaments. The movies reveal an active cellular system in which the PHCFs execute five types of high-velocity and high extensional strain-rate "pulls" that produce persistent filaments. In four of the pull types, average maximum strain rates ([~]0.1-0.33 s-1) were adequate to induce aggregation and/or crystallization in crowded biopolymer systems. The results demonstrate that PHCFs have the capacity to mechanically induce the formation of biopolymer structures intercellularly and in the path of force.
The Influence of Arbitrator Background and Representation on Arbitration Outcomes

We study the role of arbitrator background in securities arbitration. We find that arbitrator background is correlated with arbitration outcomes. Specifically, industry experience, prior experience as a regulator, and status as a professional arbitrator are correlated with statistically significant differences in arbitration awards. We find that the impact of these characteristics is affected by whether the arbitrator in question serves as the panel chair and by whether the parties to the arbitration are represented by counsel. Our findings offer some preliminary insights into the debate over arbitrator bias. On the one hand, they suggest that the party selection process is relatively effective in screening for potential bias. FINRA has imposed increasingly more rigorous qualification requirements, specifically with respect to the independence of public arbitrators, but our study suggests that these requirements are unlikely to affect outcomes in most cases. On the other hand, party selection appears to be most effective when the parties are represented by counsel. Our findings highlight the importance of legal representation in the arbitration process.
Seeing the Forest for the Treaties - Evolving Debates on CDM Forest and Forestry Project Activities 10 Years After the Kyoto Protocol

The framework and starting point for analyzing forest and forestry project activities under the clean development mechanism (CDM) is the historical legal and scientific international recognition of the role carbon "sinks" and "reservoirs" can play in mitigating climate change. The analysis takes off by differentiating the international legal status of forest. In delineating the scope of the study, two possible approaches to forests and forestry activities are presented: accounting with domestically forestry activities; or through jointly project-based activities. The focus lies on the latter, specifically on project activities under the CDM. Since the 1992 mother Convention, a great amount of progress was achieved. A comprehensive and analytical review of subsequent COPs and MOPs is useful research tool for further analysis. Concomitantly, those project activities undertaken during the AIJ pilot phase, showed experiences gained, the evolution of knowledge, and how this mechanism led the Parties to agree upon flexible mechanism. Based on this historical and analytical overview, assessments are possible on current obstacles, and positive and negative impacts related to CDM forests and forestry project activities. Legal and political obstacles impeding the evolution includes the United States resistance in ratifying the Kyoto Protocol, EU refusal to accept CDM forests and forestry project activities under the EU Emissions Trading Scheme, and the limitation of CDM forest and forestry project activities to afforestation and reforestation. Following this track, environmental, socio-economic, social and cultural downsides and upsides can also be assessed. With that, perspectives to overcoming obstacles and adverse impacts of CDM forests and forestry project activities in upcoming commitment periods can be drawn aiming at maximizing the utilization of the CDM. This would serve not only the purposes of achieving the objective of the climate change Convention, but also the goals of other major conventions and international forums.
Fibrillary astrocytes proliferate in response to brain injury: A study combining immunoperoxidase technique for glial fibrillary acidic protein and radioautography of tritiated thymidine

Abstract To determine whether fibrillary astrocytes proliferate in response to brain injury, cells identified as fibrillary astrocytes using immunoperoxidase technique for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were examined for uptake of radiolabeled thymidine by autoradiography. In injured mouse brain, autoradiographic label was present over nuclei of immunoreactive fibrillary astrocytes in the lesion site 1 hr following injection of radiolabeled thymidine. The data suggest that fibrillary astrocytes which are sufficiently differentiated to accumulate GFAP retain the capacity to proliferate in response to injury.
Intermolecular association of the p185neu protein and EGF receptor modulates EGF receptor function

We have used cross-linking reagents on cell lines expressing both p185neu and EGFR. The lysates of the cells were precipitated with anti-p185neu or anti-EGFR antibodies. These precipitates included a high molecular weight complex that was identified as an EGFR-p185neu heterodimer. Heterodimerization was found to be induced by exposure to EGR. The EGFR of these cells displayed three affinity states for EGF: low (Kd, approximately 10(-9) M), high (Kd, 10(-9) to 10(-10) M), and very high (Kd, 10(-11) M), as determined by Scatchard analyses. Relatively small levels of EGF had a dramatic biological effect on cells expressing very high affinity EGFR. The very high affinity EGFR disappeared after the cells were treated with anti-p185neu monoclonal antibodies that selectively down-regulated p185neu. EGF and TPA had differential effects on down-modulation of the EGFR in cells that express either one or both species of receptor proteins.
A two-dimensional representation of relative orientations of α-helix residues

Simple rules for constructing a two-dimensional representation of relative orientations of alpha-helix residues are presented. The repeat units in tropomyosin and haemagglutinin, together with their interrelationships, are also illustrated.
The cellular and signaling networks linking the immune system and metabolism in disease

It is now recognized that obesity is driving the type 2 diabetes epidemic in Western countries. Obesity-associated chronic tissue inflammation is a key contributing factor to type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, and a number of studies have clearly demonstrated that the immune system and metabolism are highly integrated. Recent advances in deciphering the various cellular and signaling networks that participate in linking the immune and metabolic systems together have contributed to understanding of the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases and may also inform new therapeutic strategies based on immunomodulation. Here we discuss how these various networks underlie the etiology of the inflammatory component of insulin resistance, with a particular focus on the central roles of macrophages in adipose tissue and liver.
Earth-orbit-approaching comets and their theoretical meteor radiants☆

Abstract Sixteen comets produce recognizable meteor showers that are found in A. F. Cook's (1973, In Evolutionary and Physical Properties of Meteoroids (C. L. Hemenway, P. M. Millman, and A. F. Cook, Eds.), pp. 183–191, U.S. Govt. Printing Office, Washington, D.C. ), working list of meteor streams. Of these, five are long period, including one in a parabolic and one in a hyperbolic orbit. The largest Earth-comet orbit miss distance is 0.20 AU for P/Encke and the Northern and Southern Taurids. Using this is an upper limit for meteor showers from comets, all comets which approach the Earth's orbit to within 0.20 AU were extracted from the Catalogue of Cometary Orbits ( B. G. Marsden, 1979. 3rd ed., Central Bureau of Astronomical Telegrams, IAU SAO, Cambridge, Mass. ). A compilation of such comets is presented by date minimum approach, along with the distance of closest approach and the theoretical geocentric radiants and velocities of possible associated meteor showers. Both pre- and postpperihelion encounters with the Earth's orbit are considered. There are 240 entries for 178 long-period comets, and 36 for 28 short-period comets. It is noted that all short-period comets that have approached the Earth's orbit to within 0.08 AU have produced meteors, except P/Lexell, P/Finlay, P/Denning-Fujikawa, and P/Grigg-Skjellerup. Attention is called to the favorable observing conditions for detecting meteors from P/Grigg-Skjellerup in April 1982, and for the possibility of another great Draconid storm from P/Giacobini-Zinner in October 1985. A comparison is made between observed sporadic meteor rates and the distribution of theoretical radiants throughout the year, from which it is concluded that the currently known comets can account for sporadic meteors. A criterion is developed to test whether or not an observed meteor shower can be associated with a given theoretical radiant. Based on known examples, a qualitative model for comet/meteor relationships is also presented.
Fatigue crack growth of surface cracks in the rail web

Abstract The analytical prediction of surface cracks in the rail web is investigated by two different approaches. The first approach uses engineering fracture mechanics principles with elementary beam theory (i.e., one dimensional) stress analysis. The second approach applies the strain energy density criterion to a three dimensional finite element stress analysis of the rail web. Results are presented in terms of crack size as a function of accumulated tonnage for variations in loading (tangent or curved track), support conditions (foundation modulus), and assumed levels of residual stress. The results of both models are consistent in that the predicted growth rates are fairly slow when compared to other types of rail defects (for example, the detail fracture in the rail head).