cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Glaucoma-like Discs with Subsequent Increased Ocular Pressures

Four patients with glaucoma-like discs, normal visual fields, and normal ocular pressures (less than 21 mmHg), first detected by direct ophthalmoscopy, were followed without treatment. Increased ocular pressures (greater than or equal to 21 mmHg) subsequently developed in these patients at an average of 8.1 years after the recognition of their glaucoma-like discs. Before the increased ocular pressure developed, two patients showed retinal nerve fiber layer loss and one showed optic disc hemorrhages. There are two possible hypotheses to explain this sequence of events. The first is that the optic discs and nerve fiber layer defects were produced by abnormal diurnal levels of ocular pressures or levels of ocular pressure, although less than 21 mmHg, which may be abnormal for the optic disc. The second hypothesis is that there are two independent events, one producing abnormalities in the optic disc and nerve fiber layer and a second producing the increased ocular pressure.
Action research, simulation, team communication, and bringing the tacit into voice society for simulation in healthcare.

Background:In healthcare, professionals usually function in a time-constrained paradigm because of the nature of care delivery functions and the acute patient populations usually in need of emergent and urgent care. This leaves little, if no time for team reflection, or team processing as a collabor
Disjoint circuits on a Klein bottle and a theorem on posets

Abstract In this paper, we consider the problem of packing disjoint directed circuits in a digraph drawn on the Klein bottle or on the torus. We formulate a problem on posets which unifies all the problems considered by Ding et al. and by Seymour. Then we generalize all the results of their two papers by proving a theorem on our special posets.
Retrograde venous perfusion with hypothermic saline and adenosine for protection of the ischemic spinal cord

Abstract Purpose: Spinal cord injury and the resultant postoperative paraplegia are devastating complications of thoracic aortic surgery, for which no widely accepted protective interventions exist. We hypothesized that retrograde venous perfusion-cooling of the spinal cord with a hypothermic saline and adenosine solution would protect it from ischemic injury caused by thoracic aortic occlusion. Methods: Adult domestic swine of either sex (weight range, 20 to 30 kg) were intubated and ventilated. A left thoracotomy was performed. The accessory hemiazygous vein was divided, and a catheter was inserted distally. The aorta was clamped at the left subclavian artery. The venous catheter was not used in the animals in the control group (n = 7); in the animals in the experimental group (n = 7), a cold (4°C) saline and adenosine solution was infused into the accessory hemiazygous vein. After 30 minutes, the clamp and catheter were removed, and the chest was closed. A blinded observer evaluated the animals' hind-leg motor activity 24 hours later. The Tarlov scale was used: 0, complete paralysis; 1, minimal movement; 2, stands with assistance; 3, stands alone; 4, weak walk; 5, normal gait. The animals' rectal temperatures were measured at the end of the experiment, and blood pressure was measured throughout. Two other groups were studied to assess the effect of the intervention on spinal cord temperature. Results: The animals in the control group had a mean Tarlov score of 1.7 ± 0.6; the animals in the experimental group had a mean Tarlov score of 4.9 ± 0.1 ( P P Conclusion: Retrograde venous perfusion-cooling of the spinal cord with a hypothermic saline and adenosine solution protects the cord from ischemic injury caused by clamping of the thoracic aorta. (J Vasc Surg 2000;32:171-8.)
Perturbation approach to the classical one-component plasma

The two-particle correlation function for the classical one-component plasma in the high-density fluid phase is calculated from the correlation function of a short-range reference potential by a perturbation method based on the hypernetted chain equation (HNC). It is shown that the long-wavelength correlations are correctly described by this method. A technique for extending g (r) to infinity is shown to be valid and useful. The results are in excellent agreement with those obtained from the ''Ewald image'' Monte Carlo method. (AIP)
A Newton's algorithm for solving multicountry econometric models

Abstract This paper reports on the design and implementation of Newton's algorithm for solving extremely large multicountry econometric models. Compared with the Gauss-Seidel method generally used on this type of problem, the algorithm cuts the number of iterations by a factor of 3 and the computing cost by a factor larger than 2. These savings can be obtained because Newton's method exploits the structure of the problem and reduces the amount of overhead in the computational process. Newton's method is implemented in a simple yet efficient manner, without using sparse matrix techniques.
Use of the Fock expansion for 1S-state wave functions of two-electron atoms and ions.

The exact representation of a two-electron wave function near the origin is the Fock expansion, i.e., a double summation over powers of R and of lnR [where R\ensuremath{\equiv}(${r}_{1}^{2}$+${r}_{2}^{2}$${)}^{1/2}$] with coefficients dependent on the five remaining angular variables. Using a representation of hyperspherical harmonics, we present here the first numerical solution of the equations for the Fock coefficients. We present also a general procedure for matching a linear combination of Fock-series solutions onto a basis of adiabatic hyperspherical functions at a matching radius ${R}_{0}$. This matching procedure ensures that the proper asymptotic boundary conditions are satisfied. Exploratory numerical results are presented for $^{1}\mathrm{S}$ wave functions of He and ${\mathrm{H}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ in which four Fock-series solutions are matched onto the lowest $^{1}\mathrm{S}$ adiabatic hyperspherical wave function at a matching radius near the first antinode in the adiabatic wave function.
Responses of male mice to odors of females: effects of T- and H-2-locus genotype.

Male wild house mice (Mus musculus) were given a choice of odors of females whose T-locus genotype was +/ + or +/t. Males showed strong preferences for the odors of +/ + females. However, when males were tested with odors of recombinant females whose genotype differed at the T locus but which carried similar haplotypes at the H-2 locus, the preference for odors of +/+ females was not manifested. Consequently, differences in female odor production that are responsible for male odor preference are not due specifically to the female genotype at the T locus.
Heart Rate Reactivity and Type A Behavior as Modifiers of Physiological Response to Active and Passive Coping

We examined the long term predictivity of heart rate reactivity (HRR) and its relation to cardiovascular and biochemical activity during rest and during tasks requiring active and passive coping. HRR was determined in 28 young men by measuring peak heart rate change to cold pressor one year after performing tasks eliciting active and passive coping. Heart rate change to cold pressor was significantly correlated with change to active coping (r= .65, p<.01) and to passive coping (r= .53, p<.01). Responses to the tasks were equivalent for Type A and B subjects. On the other hand, high HRRs were significantly more reactive than low HRRs with the effect being most apparent during active coping. HRR appeared to be a trait stable over one year which predicted enhanced cardiac, neuroendocrine, and neuromuscular response.
SERS intensity optimization by controlling the size and shape of faceted gold nanoparticles

In this work, we experimentally investigated the surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) activity of faceted gold nanoparticles, which have been theoretically predicted to yield giant enhancements. Glycine was used to determine the SERS activity as a function of pH and ionic strength and to estimate the corresponding enhancement factor (EF). By optimizing the synthesis conditions of the flat prismatic nanoparticles, it was possible to control their size and shape. We demonstrate that the maximum SERS intensity increases with the edge length of the triangle, reaching a maximum EF of ∼1013 for 1.9 µm triangles (the largest tested). The corresponding glycine detection limit was as low as 10−12M, close to the single-molecule threshold. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prenylated stilbenes from peanut root mucilage

Seven prenylated stilbenes were identified by combined HPLC-PAD-APCI/MSn analysis of an extract of mucilage isolated from peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) root tips. The principal constituent was assigned the structure 4-(3-methyl-but-1-enyl)-3, 5-dimethoxy-4'-hydroxy-trans-stilbene. The common name mucilagin A is proposed for this novel compound. Its concentration in the mucilage was estimated at 250 microg/g (wet weight basis). The large body of literature on the anti-microbial properties of plant-derived stilbenes suggests that compounds detected in peanut mucilage may play a role in regulating root-soil pathogen interactions.
Spin—orbit induced orbital angular momentum in monolayers

Abstract We calculate spin—orbit induced orbital angular momentum in ferromagnetic monolayers of Fe, Co and Ni. For Fe the induced momentum is moderate leading to a spectroscopic splitting factor of 2.06. This is slightly smaller than the value 2.09 measured in bulk Fe. Values in this range are also observed in Fe overlayers on inert substrates. For Co the induced momentum is larger and gives a spectroscopic splitting factor of 2.25, somewhat larger than the bulk Co value of 2.19. For Ni the induced momentum is large: comparable to the spin moment itself. This leads to a prediction of spectroscopic splitting factors as large as 3.06 (for a monolayer with the lattice constant of Ag). Bulk Ni is 2.18. No measurements of the spectroscopic splitting factor for Co or Ni overlayers have been reported.
NMR probe of band tail states in a-Si:H

Abstract We measured the dipolar spin–lattice relaxation time (T1d) of the bonded hydrogen in hydrogenated amorphous silicon at low temperature. At 15 K, after the sample is irradiated by λ=6500 A light for 2 s, T1d is reduced by about one order of magnitude. The reduction of T1d is attributed to the cross-relaxation between the hydrogen and localized paramagnetic band tail states that are induced by the light. Within experimental error, T1d is proportional to the inverse of the square of the density of the paramagnetic states, consistent with a previously proposed model.
Yielding, crazing, and fracture of polymers. II. Studies of the retraction of crazed and drawn films

Optical, mechanical, and thermal data on cold- and hot-drawn as well as crazed films of bisphenol A polycarbonate suggest that three separate processes occur during deformation. These processes are a volume change, a preferential orientation of the molecules along the deformation axis, and a configurational change within the molecules (ordering). An attempt is made to correlate these processes with the various types of experimental data. It is suggested that the ordering process is activated by surface, bulk, or external stresses, which are dependent upon molecular weight, processing history, and sample geometry.
Modeling and representation of geometric tolerances information in integrated measurement processes

Modeling and representation of geometric tolerances information across an enterprise is viable due to the advances in Internet technologies and increasing integration requirements from industry. In Integrated Measurement Processes (IMP), geometric tolerances data model must support different models from several well-defined standards: including ASME Y14.5M-1994, STEP, DMIS and others. In this paper, we propose a layered conformance level geometric tolerances representation model. This model uses the widely applied ASME Y14.5M-1994 as its foundation layer by abstracting most information from this standard. The additional geometric tolerances information defined by DMIS and STEP is incorporated into this model to form corresponding conformance layers that support IMP. Thus, different application domains in an enterprise can use this data model to exchange product information. This model is further transformed with XML Schema that can be used to generate XML instance file to satisfy geometric tolerances representation requirements in IMP.
Evaluation of a rat model for assessing interventions to salvage ischaemic myocardium: effects of ibuprofen and verapamil

Coronary ligated rats were administered intraperitoneal injections of 6.24, 12.52, and 25.00 mg . kg-1 ibuprofen and 5.00 and 10.00 mg . kg-1 verapamil 1 h before ligation, 1 h after ligation, and then every 8 h for 48 h. Ibuprofen at 50.00 mg . kg-1 was administered 1 h before ligation, 1 h after ligation and 5 h after ligation. Infarct size was determined either by weighing the stained excised infarcted area or by measuring the creatine kinase activity from the excised left ventricle. Ibuprofen and verapamil treatment resulted in less myocardial damage after 48 h than placebo treatment but the differences were generally not statistically significant. The reduction in infarct size was greater in the ibuprofen treated animals compared with verapamil treated rats. In addition, there was a lower mortality with ibuprofen treatment than for either verapamil or placebo. This rat model was useful as a screening tool for the initial evolution of therapeutic interventions to reduce myocardial infarct size. It required substantially less time than large animal models and can be used to examine a variety of treatment doses. These experiments also demonstrated the importance of randomisation to treatment and control groups because of the possibility of disproportionate mortality affecting infarct size.
Response to self antigen imprints regulatory memory in tissues

Thymus-derived regulatory T cells are activated by recognition of peripheral self antigen, persist in the target tissue on cessation of antigen exposure, and respond to re-exposure to self antigen with enhanced functional activity. Many autoimmune diseases become less severe with repeated bouts, or even resolve. A mechanism contributing to this phenomenon, termed regulatory memory, has now been identified. In an in vivo mouse model, thymus-derived regulatory T (Treg) cells are shown to be activated by recognition of peripheral antigen, to persist in the target tissue on cessation of antigen exposure, and to respond to re-exposure to self antigen with enhanced activity. This indicates that Treg cells, like effector T cells, give rise to memory. Immune homeostasis in tissues is achieved through a delicate balance between pathogenic T-cell responses directed at tissue-specific antigens and the ability of the tissue to inhibit these responses. The mechanisms by which tissues and the immune system communicate to establish and maintain immune homeostasis are currently unknown. Clinical evidence suggests that chronic or repeated exposure to self antigen within tissues leads to an attenuation of pathological autoimmune responses, possibly as a means to mitigate inflammatory damage and preserve function. Many human organ-specific autoimmune diseases are characterized by the initial presentation of the disease being the most severe, with subsequent flares being of lesser severity and duration1. In fact, these diseases often spontaneously resolve, despite persistent tissue autoantigen expression2. In the practice of antigen-specific immunotherapy, allergens or self antigens are repeatedly injected in the skin, with a diminution of the inflammatory response occurring after each successive exposure3. Although these findings indicate that tissues acquire the ability to attenuate autoimmune reactions upon repeated responses to antigens, the mechanism by which this occurs is unknown. Here we show that upon expression of self antigen in a peripheral tissue, thymus-derived regulatory T cells (Treg cells) become activated, proliferate and differentiate into more potent suppressors, which mediate resolution of organ-specific autoimmunity in mice. After resolution of the inflammatory response, activated Treg cells are maintained in the target tissue and are primed to attenuate subsequent autoimmune reactions when antigen is re-expressed. Thus, Treg cells function to confer ‘regulatory memory’ to the target tissue. These findings provide a framework for understanding how Treg cells respond when exposed to self antigen in peripheral tissues and offer mechanistic insight into how tissues regulate autoimmunity.
Length of life and treatment intensity in infants diagnosed prenatally or postnatally with congenital anomalies considered to be lethal.

The objectives of this study were (1) to compare age at death and the intensity and cost of medical treatment for infants diagnosed prenatally or postnatally with congenital anomalies considered to be lethal. (2) To determine whether greater treatment intensity is associated with longer life. This is a retrospective cohort study of all fetuses and neonates with congenital anomalies classified as lethal who were diagnosed or treated at the University of North Carolina Hospitals from January 1998 to December 2003. The cohort consisted of 192 fetuses and infants: 160 were diagnosed prenatally, 2 were diagnosed perinatally, and 30 were diagnosed postnatally. In all, 115 (72%) pregnancies were terminated. Of the liveborn infants, 75% died before 10 days of age and 90% before 4 months of age. Compared with postnatally diagnosed infants, prenatally diagnosed infants received less intense treatment (median average daily Neonatal Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System score 8.3 versus 14.0; P=0.02), at less cost (median direct cost of hospitalization $1550 versus $8474; P=0.03) and died sooner (median age at death <1 day versus 4 days; P=0.01). Greater treatment intensity did not correlate with longer survival (r=−0.04; P=0.66). Although some kinds of medical therapy may be appropriate for newborns with lethal congenital anomalies, highly aggressive interventions did not prolong survival and should not be offered. Even when pregnancy termination is not elected, infants diagnosed prenatally receive less intense care.
The Effects of Hydrostatic Pressure on Living Aquatic Organisms VII. Size and Pressure Effects

A survey of the pressure resistance of aquatic animals in different stages of their life cycle shows that adults generally are more tolerant of pressure than the egg and nauplii, but older adults appear less pressure resistant than younger adults. Data on many species of aquatic animals of different size shows no correlation between size and pressure resistance. It is concluded that size is not a special determinant in the successful deep-sea colonization of shallow-water animals and this is consonant with the fact of occasional large deep-sea species whereas the average size is quite small in comparison with littoral species.
THE FLICKER RESPONSE CONTOUR FOR THE GECKO (ROD RETINA)

The flicker response contour for the gecko Sphaerodactylus (retina with only rods) agrees in all essential respects (intensity range, shape) with that for the turtle Pseudemys (cone retina), as determined under equivalent conditions with the same apparatus. With experimentally determined correction for the expansion of the iris at the very lowest intensities, the F - log I contour for the gecko is a simple probability integral. Its maximum F is lower than that for other animals; this means simply a smaller number of available sensory elements. The quantitative parallelism in the magnitudes of the intensities at the inflection of F - log I and the shape constants for rod and cone animals show that assumptions from comparative histological evidence concerning the properties of rods and cones in relation to visual performance may be quite misleading.
Prediction of bending limits in friction-stir-processed thick plate aluminum

Friction-stir processing (FSP) was used to modify surface microstructures, to enhance the bending of thick-plate 6061-T6 and 7050-T7451 aluminum alloys. Plates were bent at room temperature into a V-shaped die, to various angles. Bending performance in the friction-stir-processed plates was significantly better than that in the base plates, where processing caused localized softening of the pretensile surface of the plate. A finite-element model of the plate-bending process was developed, to predict the bending limits of both the unprocessed base plates and of the friction-stir-processed plates. For the friction-stir-processed plates, the model employed a mesh divided into two or more zones; one zone was for unprocessed base material and other zones were for the processed material or for material that was affected by the heat of processing. The model used both the von Mises and the Latham and Cockroft criteria to predict bending limits. The bending-limit predictions were reasonably accurate, provided the gradient in true stress-strain behavior through the plate thickness was well characterized.
Identification of thaumasite in concrete by Raman chemical imaging

Abstract Identification of thaumasite (CaSiO3·CaO3·CaSO4·15H2O) in concrete undergoing external sulfate attack by X-ray powder diffraction or by microscopic techniques is difficult due to its crystallographic and morphological similarity with ettringite. Widefield Raman chemical imaging via liquid crystal tunable filter (LCTF) technology has been used in a preliminary study to determine the presence of thaumasite in association with ettringite (3CaO·Al2O3·3CaSO4·32H2O) and gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O). Raman chemical imaging combines Raman spectroscopy with optical microscopy and digital imaging to provide images with molecular-based contrast. Thaumasite has three major peaks at 658, 990, 1076 cm−1 and three minor peaks at 417, 453, 479 cm−1. Ettringite has major peaks at 990, 1088 cm−1. Gypsum has a major peak at 1009 cm−1 and minor peaks at 417, 496, 621, 673, 1137 cm−1. When these minerals are presented together, Raman chemical imaging provides an excellent way to determine their molecular composition and spatial distribution within the sample.
Kinetics of the Transformation of Halogenated Aliphatic Compounds by Iron Sulfide

The transformation of nine halogenated aliphatic compounds by 10 g/L (0.5 m2/L) FeS at pH 8.3 was studied in batch experiments. These compounds were as follows: pentachloroethane (PCA), 1,1,2,2- and 1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethanes (1122-TeCA and 1112-TeCA), 1,1,1- and 1,1,2-trichloroethanes (111-TCA and 112-TCA), 1,1- and 1,2-dichloroethanes (11-DCA and 12-DCA), carbon tetrachloride (CT), and tribromomethane (TBM). 11-DCA, 12-DCA, and 112-TCA showed no appreciable transformation by FeS over approximately 120 days, but the other compounds were transformed with half-lives of hours to days. PCA and 1122-TeCA underwent dehydrohalogenation faster than FeS-mediated reductive dehalogenation reactions under the conditions of these experiments. The remaining compounds for which significant transformation was observed underwent FeS-mediated reactions more rapidly than hydrolysis or dehydrohalogenation. For 1112-TeCA, the dihaloelimination product (1,1-dichloroethylene) was the only reaction product detected. For 111-TC...
A New Endpoint for Blood Pressure Determination in the Rat's Tail.

SummaryA new endpoint for the indirect measurement of systolic blood pressure in the caudal artery of the rat has been described. The change in volume of the rat's tail which occurs when the pressure in an inflated cuff at the base of the tail is allowed to drop to arterial pressure is mechanically transferred to develop pressure on a carbon telephone transmitter button. The electrical resistance of the button is continuously observed, a decrease in resistance indicating the endpoint for the blood pressure measurement.
Base-Exchange: An Analytical Tool for Mixed-Layer Aggregates

Base-exchange determinations were made on selected clays of the montmorillonite-illite group to test this method as an analytical tool for the analysis of mixed-layer aggregates. The relatively rapid manganese method developed by Bower and Truog was used and its precision determined on monodisperse, monomineralic fractions and monodisperse fractions of prepared mixtures of illite and montmorillonite. The particle size range 1-0.25 micron was chosen for all determinations exclusive of those on bulk samples. To establish end members, determinations were made on a series of illites, finegrained muscovite and both natural and synthetic montmorillonites. In order to test the validity of this method, determinations were made on mixed-layer aggregates on which illite-montmorillonite percentages had been determined by other workers using x-ray techniques and chemical analysis.
1598 MUSCLE RELAXANTS-A POTENTIAL DANGER TO INFANTS AT RISK FOR INTRAVENTRICULAR HEMORHAGE

Goldberg recently reported an increased incidence of intraventricular hemorrhage(IVH) in infants receiving muscle relaxants(MR). The mechanism is unknown. We studied 11 infants (BW 850-2800gm) before and during administration of curare or pancuronium. The effects of an increase of 4cm. peak inspiratory pressure (↑PIP) and of leg raising(LR) were tested. Intracranial pressure(ICP) was measured. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was assessed by a doppler technique and expressed as pulsatility index (PI=systolic-diastolic/systolic) (Bada). Our results (Mean±SD): During MR, PI decreased, consistent with an increase in apparent CBF. There was no significant change in ICP due to MR alone. However, there was a significantly greater increase in ICP during ↑PIP and LR. Both observations suggest a loss of autoregulation during MR. We conclude, muscle relaxants affect cerebrovascular dqnamics and may be dangerous in infants at risk for IVH, particularly when high PIP is required.
Optical probes of photoexcitations in fullerene thin films from femtoseconds to milliseconds

We have studied photoexcitations in various fullerene thin films using transient photomodulation and photoluminescence from 100 fs to 50 ms and absorption-detected magnetic resonance (ADMR). We show that singlet Frenkel type excitons are the primary photoexcitations; their recombination kinetics in the picosecond time domain are dispersive as a result of inhomogeneity. The long-lived photoexcitations, however, are shown to be triplet excitons and charged polarons, identified by the correlation found between their associated optical transitions and ADMR signals with spin 1 and 1/2, respectively.
Succession as an alternative to the concept of product life cycle

Product life cycle (PLC) is shown to be a special case of a more general concept, ecological succession, itself a special case of general succession. The attributes of ecological succession are described in both biological and social—economic spheres. PLC behavior is analyzed using attributes of ecological succession and it is demonstrated to be a special case of succession.
Bioactive surface modification for neurite development

A combination of photolithographic and chemical techniques were used to prepare biologically active patterned substrates to guide the development of neurons in culture. A synthetic peptide, derived from the B2 chain of laminin was chemically attached to patterned silicon surfaces to promote the development and guidance of embryonic rat hippocampal neurons. On parallel lines, neurons developed a mature bipolar morphology. These modified surfaces may be an important element of future biosensors and neural prosthetic devices. >
Prospects for Oocyte Banking and In Vitro Maturation

There is little debate about the desirability of human oocyte ("egg") banking but plenty of discussion about its prospects. Egg banking is needed by young cancer patients before they undergo potentially sterilizing treatment and is a desirable alternative to in vitro fertilization and embryo cryopreservation. However, egg banking is inefficient-oocytes are sensitive to chilling, often fail to survive freeze-thawing, and are susceptible to cytoskeletal damage and aneuploidy. Currently, even the most optimistic success rates offer patients only a slim chance of pregnancy if few oocytes are available. Ultra-rapid freezing with vitrification may offer advantages over conventional equilibrium cooling protocols and needs to be investigated further. Likewise, freezing immature oocytes followed by in vitro maturation offers practical and theoretical advantages, but this method is still inefficient. Nevertheless, all these technologies are improving, and egg banking will eventually become an option for patients seeking fertility preservation.
GALDOS’ PRELIMINARY SKETCHES FOR TORQUEMADA Y SAN PEDRO

The purpose of this brief study is to examine three character sketches, almost medical case histories, which Galdos prepared prior to writing the last novel in his Torquemada series, Torquemada y San Pedro.
Serotonin-induced pulmonary venous spasm demonstrated by selective pulmonary phlebography

Abstract Selective pulmonary phlebography before and after infusion of serotonin has graphically demonstrated active in vivo pulmonary venomotion for the first time. The evidence of venous constriction was of two types: (1) decreased retrograde pulmonary venous, capillary, and arterial filling, and (2) distinct changes in the caliber of the veins, with kinking and narrowing. These findings add further weight to the accumulating evidence of other types which indicates that the pulmonary veins are not merely passive channels, but serve an important hemodynamic function.
Use of carbohydrases in corn-soybean meal based grower-finisher pig diets

Four experiments were conducted to determine the effects of carbohydrase (CS) sup- plements in pig diets on ileal digestibility and ammonia emission. The CS used in this study is composed of the enzymes obtained from Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus oryzae during their fermentation process. The major active enzymes were α-1,6-galactosidase, β-1,4-mannanase, and β-1,4-mannosidase that target flatulence producing compounds in soybean meals. In experience 1 (Exp. 1), 8 cannulated barrows (93.9 ± 2.0 kg) were fed diets with CS supplementation (0.00, 0.05 and 0.10%) in order to measure ileal nutrient digestibility. Ileal digestibilities of lysine, threonine, and tryptophan were improved (P 0.05) were observed for ADG, feed intake, and gain:feed between the pigs fed a low-energy diet with CS and the control during the entire 4-wk. In experience 3 (Exp. 3), 100 pigs (64.1 ± 1.7 kg) were fed either a control diet (3 277 Mcal ME per kg diet) or a low-energy diet (3 168 Mcal ME per kg diet) with 0.05% CS for 4-wk. Barrows fed the diet with CS grew faster and had an increased gain:feed (P < 0.05) than the control, whereas growth rate and gain:feed of the gilts was not improved by CS. In experience 4 (Exp. 4), 60 pigs (23.1 ± 1.7 kg) were fed either a control diet or a 0.05% CS supplemented diet (3 replicates per treatment with 10 pigs per pen). The pigs in each pen were moved to an environ- mental chamber and aerial ammonia levels were measured for 66 h at 5 min intervals but the first 18-h was regarded as an acclimation period and the last 48-h was regarded as the data collection period. There was no difference (P = 0.436) in the average ammonia concentration between the treatments. However, the increase in ammonia concentration was slower (P < 0.05) from pigs fed 0.05% CS than from pigs fed the control diet. These experiments indicate that the CS supplemen- tation improves nutrient digestibility and could reduce at least 3% of ME in swine diets without adverse effects on growth performance. ammonia / carbohydrase / ileal digestibility / pigs / soybean meal
Technology-Mediated Caring: Building Relationships Between Students and Instructors in Online k-12 Learning Environments

Caring is an important component of K-12 teaching and learning. An increasing number of K-12 students are enrolling in online courses. The physical separation of students and teachers in the online medium requires a change in the way caring relationships are formed. In this chapter we examine how teachers worked to develop caring relationships with students at the Open High School of Utah, an online charter high school in the United States. Data collection consisted of 22 interviews with 11 instructors. Interviews were transcribed and analysed using constant comparison coding methods. Findings indicate that teachers were able to implement all aspects of Nodding's model of moral education in ways unique to online contexts, and at times with more depth than experienced in a face-to-face context.
Temperature Responsive Solution Partition of Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-Coated Mesoporous Silica Nanospheres

A series of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-coated mesoporous silica nanoparticle materials (PNiPAm-MSNs) has been synthesized by a surface-initiated living radical polymerization with a reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) reaction. The structure and the degree of polymerization of the PNiPAm-MSNs has been characterized by a variety of techniques, including nitrogen sorption analysis, {sup 29}Si and {sup 13}C solid-state NMR spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD). The thermally induced changes of the surface properties of these polymer-coated core-shell nanoparticles have been determined by examining their partition activities in a biphasic solution (water/toluene) at different temperatures.
Effects of age at first substance use and psychiatric comorbidity on the development of substance use disorders

In this paper, we examine the effects of age at first substance use, and history of psychiatric disorders, on the development of substance use disorder (SUD) by age 16. We use a prospective, longitudinal design to disaggregate the effects of age at first use and time since first use on the development of adolescent SUD. Second, we test the hypothesis that adolescent SUD is an unlikely progression from early substance use unless children also show other early conduct problems. A population sample of 1,420 children from the Great Smoky Mountains Study (GSMS) was assessed annually between ages 9 and 16. Logistic regression models were applied within the hierarchical Bayesian framework, where the covariate effects were described by time-varying parameters having a first-order auto-regressive prior distribution. Posterior analyses based on a Gibbs sampling approach revealed that, controlling for years of exposure, the risk of transition to SUD increased with age at onset for onsets before age 13, but began to fall for onset at 14. Among users, use alone, without early conduct problems, led to a 11% prevalence of SUD by age 16. Past conduct disorder (CD) had a strong additive effect at ages 13-15, but at age 16, when substance use and abuse became more normative, the excess risk from prior CD decreased. Boys, but not girls, with a history of depression were at increased risk of SUD. Anxiety increased the risk of SUD in girls at age 16, but not before that. Results only partially support the study hypothesis; early use was a major predictor of adolescent SUD even in the absence of CD.
Effective Potentials of Two-Dimensional Wigner Crystal: Low Temperatures and Strong Magnetic Fields

Abstract We derive an effective potential for a two-dimensional Wigner crystal that not only leads to the correct partition function but also describes the dynamical properties of the system accurately in the low temperature and the strong magnetic field limits.
Determinants of change in bone mineral density and fracture risk during bisphosphonate holiday

Summary In a retrospective analysis of 208 osteoporotic patients followed during a bisphosphonate holiday, lower body weight and risedronate use were associated with a more rapid decline in bone mineral density during the bisphosphonate holiday, while bone mineral density (BMD) trends were similar in patients who sustained vs. did not sustain a fracture.
Internal models for interpreting neural population activity during sensorimotor control

To successfully guide limb movements, the brain takes in sensory information about the limb, internally tracks the state of the limb, and produces appropriate motor commands. It is widely believed that this process uses an internal model, which describes our prior beliefs about how the limb responds to motor commands. Here, we leveraged a brain-machine interface (BMI) paradigm in rhesus monkeys and novel statistical analyses of neural population activity to gain insight into moment-by-moment internal model computations. We discovered that a mismatch between subjects' internal models and the actual BMI explains roughly 65% of movement errors, as well as long-standing deficiencies in BMI speed control. We then used the internal models to characterize how the neural population activity changes during BMI learning. More broadly, this work provides an approach for interpreting neural population activity in the context of how prior beliefs guide the transformation of sensory input to motor output.
Returning to the Bedside Notes From a Clinical Educator

Over the past 3 decades, teaching rounds have drifted away from the bedside in favor of management discussions in a conference room or hallway. As a result, patients and families--2 of the most valuable resources in health care--are being left out of the loop. This trend is now being reversed by bedside presentations of newly admitted patients and structured interdisciplinary bedside rounds.
Actualidad cosmopolita del concepto de “proximidad” de Yolanda Oreamuno

A los setenta anos, casi, de “El ambiente tico y los mitos tropicales”, de Yolanda Oreamuno, conviene releer este ensayo y comprobar su sorprendente frescura. No solo son vigentes sus observaciones respecto de la democracia, como se vive aqui, en sentido de estatismo parasitario, con choteo y un paralizante miedo a los demas por parte del individuo. Tambien, ya en sentido positivo, mantiene tremenda actualidad su postulado de concebir la proximidad, no solo en el sentido fisico, sino en una dimension mas constructiva de solidaridad entre ciudadanos
A Cost-Benefit Framework for Analyzing the Economic and Fiscal Impacts of State-Level Immigration Policies

This report uses a cost-benefit framework to classify the potential impacts of specific state-level immigration policies, identifying the potential domains of impact and how different stakeholders in the public and private sectors would be affected; assembles empirical evidence of the expected impacts; and assesses the rigor and relevance of existing studies of the fiscal and economic impacts of specific state-level immigration policy actions.
Abstract 3384: Depletion of NEDD9 destabilizes Aurora A kinase and augments efficacy of inhibitors.

Aurora A Kinase (AURKA) is overexpressed in 96% of human cancers and is considered an independent marker of poor prognosis. While the majority of tumors have elevated levels of AURKA protein, only few have AURKA gene amplification; therefore, posttranscriptional mechanism regulating AURKA protein levels are significant. In this study, we show that the known activator and binding partner of AURKA, NEDD9, is directly involved in AURKA stability. Analysis of comprehensive breast cancer tissue microarray revealed a tight correlation between expression of both proteins and significantly increased prognostic value. A decrease in AURKA proteins, concomitant with increased ubiquitination and proteasome-dependent degradation, occurs due to depletion or knockout of NEDD9 proteins. Re-expression of wild type (WT) NEDD9 was sufficient to rescue the observed phenomenon. Binding of NEDD9 to AURKA is critical for AURKA stabilization. Mutation of S296E was sufficient to disrupt the binding and reduce the level of AURKA protein. Mechanistically, NEDD9 stabilizes AURKA by limiting the binding of cdh1-substrate recognition subunit of APC/C Ubiquitin Ligase to AURKA. Moreover, depletion of NEDD9 in tumor cells increased their sensitivity to AURKA inhibitors. Combinational therapy using NEDD9 shRNAs and AURKA inhibitors had a profound inhibitory effect on tumor initiation and later, metastasis in lungs of human tumor xenografts. Our findings provide evidence for successful application of AURKA inhibitors for treatment of solid tumors, which often overexpress NEDD9. Citation Format: Ryan J. Ice, Sarah McLaughlin, Mark Culp, Erik Eddy, Ryan Livengood, Elena Pugacheva. Depletion of NEDD9 destabilizes Aurora A kinase and augments efficacy of inhibitors. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3384. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-3384
Using CFD/RBD Results to Generate Aerodynamic Models for Projectile Flight Simulation

A method to efficiently generate a complete aerodynamic description for projectile flight dynamic modeling is described. At the core of the method is an unsteady, time accurate computational fluid dynamics simulation that is tightly coupled to a rigid projectile flight dynamic simulation. A set of short time snippets of simulated projectile motion at different Mach numbers is computed and employed as baseline data. For each time snippet, aerodynamic forces and moments and the full rigid body state vector of the projectile are known. With time synchronized air loads and state vector information, aerodynamic coefficients can be estimated with a simple fitting procedure. By inspecting the condition number of the fitting matrix, it is straight forward to assess the suitability of the time history data to predict a selected set of aerodynamic coefficients. The technique it is exercised on an exemplar fin stabilized projectile with good results.
Dropping Highly Collinear Variables from a Model: Why it Typically is Not a Good Idea*

Objective To change the common practice of eliminating independent variables from models because they produce multicollinearity in an independent variable of special interest. Methods I supplement my presentation, which is based on the purposes of regression analysis, by using Venn diagrams, simple formulas, and two small simulations. Results Independent variables that when removed from a model substantially change the statistics associated with the independent variable(s) of most interest are variables that should typically be kept in the model. Multicollinearity is not a sufficient reason to drop variables from a model. Conclusion I argue against the routine dropping of variables that cause multicollinearity in an independent variable of interest from regression models. A more important criterion to consider when contemplating dropping a variable from a model is “model influence.”
Head external analysis, head raising analysis or matching analysis? Let's ask experimental syntax

Abstract This paper aims to discover the structure of relative clauses in Basque. Three conflicting analyses have been proposed for Basque RCs: the Head External Analysis ( Oyharcabal, 1988; Artiagoitia, 1992; Rebuschi, 2003 ), the Head Raising Analysis ( Vicente, 2002 ) and the Matching Analysis ( de Rijk, 1972 ). The results of the experimental data collection confirm that Basque follows the head raising strategy to build RCs with an ergative or absolutive gap. These data were obtained through four experiments in which 32 Basque native speakers (16 male/16 female) participated. The first test is a grammaticality judgment task to test island-sensitivity. The second one is an interpretation task to test idiom interpretation. The third and fourth are an associated pictures match task to test scope interaction and interpretation of adjectival modifiers respectively. Additionally, native speaker introspection and grammaticality judgment under direct elicitation show that Basque also uses the head raising strategy to construct RCs with a dative or inessive gap.
Disparities in Uveal Melanoma: Patient Characteristics

Uveal melanoma is the most common intraocular malignancy in adults. Despite excellent rates of local control, half of all patients with uveal melanoma ultimately go on to develop fatal metastatic disease. This review focuses on disparities and differences in the underlying characteristics of the patients, and how these patient characteristics impact the development of metastasis and subsequent patient survival. Specifically, we detail disparities in epidemiology and risk factors as they relate to the development of primary uveal melanoma, to the development of metastasis, and to patient survival following metastasis.
86 TRICHOSTATIN A DIFFERENTIALLY REGULATES PATHOLOGIC AND PHYSIOLOGIC HYPERTROPHY.

Background For prognostic purposes, cardiac hypertrophy has been classified as either physiologic/normal or pathologic/abnormal. Although gross inspection of the heart is identical in these two conditions, the gene program is not and serves as a marker of pathologic stress. Specifically, physiologic hypertrophy is characterized by an increase in adult-specific genes such as αMHC and SERCA, while pathologic growth is typified by induction of fetal genes like βMHC and repression of adult-specific genes. Although a wealth of data exists on specific transcription factors involved in this process, chromatin modification by the histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs) has only recently been shown to play a substantive role in regulating cardiomyocyte genes. Generally, HAT activity is associated with a more differentiated gene program and HDAC activity is associated with a less differentiated phenotype. Since the pathologic gene program could be viewed as less differentiated, we hypothesized that inhibiting HDACs might cause a re-differentiation to the adult phenotype in the context of pathologic hypertrophy. Methods and Results Neonatal rat ventricular myocytes in cell culture were treated with increasing concentrations of trichostatin A (TSA, 0-50 nM) in the presence or absence of phenylepherine (PE, 10 μM), a pathologic hypertrophic agent, or thyroid hormone (T3, 100 nM), a physiologic agonist. Growth was measured by radiolabeled protein analysis and gene program evaluated by ribonuclease protection assay. As expected, PE induced fetal genes and myocyte growth but decreased adult-specific genes. Although co-treatment with TSA had no effect on the PE growth response, it blunted repression of both SERCA and αMHC. In contrast, TSA inhibited the T3 growth response but did not alter induction of the adult-specific genes by this agent. Conclusions Chromatin modification plays a vital role in the regulation of cardiac growth and gene program. Interestingly, HDAC inhibition uncouples the growth response from gene expression in models of pathologic and physiologic hypertrophy. This differential regulation could be exploited in the future treatment of pathologic myocardial growth.
The Production of Niacin by Microorganisms Isolated from Fermenting Corn Meal

Twenty-eight microorganisms, which were isolated from a natural fermentation of corn meal, were screened for niacin production in Difco niacin assay medium. Bacillus licheniformis strains 6, 9, and 10 grew in the synthetic medium free from niacin, indicating that these strains are indeed able to synthesize niacin. The amount of niacin was assayed according to a microbiological assay procedure using Lactobacillus plantarum ATCC 8014 as the assay organism. The three strains of B. licheniformis produced almost the same amount of niacin. When corn meal was fermented with pure cultures of B. licheniformis strains 9 and 10, the niacin content significantly (p<0.05) increased as compared to the nonfermented corn meal. Strain 10 produced the largest quantity of niacin in fermented corn meal at pH 7 and 35°C.