cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Physiologic determinants of biliary calcium secretion in the dog

Studies were carried out to define the origins and physiologic determinants of biliary calcium secretion in the dog. Canalicular bile flow was varied by infusions of several bile acids or a canalicular choleretic agent, SC2644. Three natural bile acids (cholyltaurine, chenodeoxycholyltaurine, and ursodeoxycholyltaurine) that have a low critical micellar concentration and a synthetic hydroxy-oxo bile acid (12-dehydrocholyltaurine) with a much higher critical micellar concentration were used. Calcium output, bile acid output, and bile flow were determined; canalicular bile flow was assessed by measurement of erythritol clearance. Calcium output increased linearly with bile acid output for all three natural bile acids (r = 0.94; 0.026-0.035 mumol delta calcium/mumol delta bile acid), but chenodeoxycholyltaurine and ursodeoxycholyltaurine infusions induced a slightly greater secretion of calcium for a given bile acid output and bile flow than cholyltaurine. Calcium output also increased linearly with bile flow, whether bile flow was induced by the canalicular choleretic SC2644 (r = 0.93; 0.0018 mumol delta calcium/microliter delta water) or the hydroxy-oxo bile acid (r = 0.99; 0.0021 mumol delta calcium/microliter delta water). Because the calcium output induced by the three micelle-forming bile acids was greater than that which could be explained by the induced increase in bile flow per se, it was deduced that canalicular calcium has two origins: a micellar component that is dependent on the presence of micelles or micelle-forming bile acids and an osmotic component that is dependent on osmotic forces, e.g., caused by secretion induced by SC2644 or bile acid molecules and possibly bile acid micelles. A small bile acid-independent output of calcium was also detected and should contribute to the osmotic fraction. To determine whether ductular modification of bile flow influenced biliary calcium secretion, ductular secretion was induced by secretin and ductular absorption was induced by somatostatin. Changes in calcium output followed water movements, increasing with ductular secretion and decreasing with ductular absorption. The relationship between changes in ductular bile flow and calcium output was identical during induced ductular secretion (r = 0.83; 0.0016 mumol delta calcium/microliter delta water) or induced ductular absorption (r = 0.91; 0.0019 mumol delta calcium/microliter delta water). Thus calcium movements in relation to water movements were identical for the osmotic component of canalicular bile and the ductular component of bile.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Convex piecewise-linear fitting

We consider the problem of fitting a convex piecewise-linear function, with some specified form, to given multi-dimensional data. Except for a few special cases, this problem is hard to solve exactly, so we focus on heuristic methods that find locally optimal fits. The method we describe, which is a variation on the K-means algorithm for clustering, seems to work well in practice, at least on data that can be fit well by a convex function. We focus on the simplest function form, a maximum of a fixed number of affine functions, and then show how the methods extend to a more general form.
Whose Control? A Discussion of Henry Kronengold's “Hey Toy Man”

In response to Dr. Kronengold's absorbing presentation of a two-year play therapy with a 6 year old girl, questions are raised and discussed about the nature and role of control in psychotherapy with children. While Dr. Kronengold appears to cede control to his patient, an argument is made here for the importance of the center of control residing within the therapist, even when the subjective experiences of patient and therapist are otherwise. Thoughts about the role of knowing and of knowledge are also discussed, including speculation about the unique meaning of “knowing” for this particular patient in this particular treatment.
Teaching Pharmacy Students the Relevance of Spirituality in Patient Care

ABSTRACTThis pilot program sought to design, implement, and evaluate the importance of teaching spirituality in patient care to pharmacy students. Sixty-six pharmacy students participated in a case-based teaching program about spirituality and healing. At its end, students wrote a paper discussing whether they believed that a knowledge of patients' spiritual beliefs affected the care they provided patients. Participating students and faculty evaluated the program based on content, presentation style, and applicability to patient care. Results showed that 94 percent of students believed knowledge of spiritual beliefs is important to caring for patients. All students wanted to learn more about spirituality and its relationship to patient care. Faculty believed that this pilot program would enhance patient care skills among pharmacy students and they recommended the addition of this program to the patient-based portion of our curriculum.
Franklin D. Roosevelt, Electric Utilities, and the Power of Competition

Historical verdicts on the economic effects of Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal have been decidedly mixed. This article examines the New Deal's impact on the electric utility industry. In contrast to Roosevelt's cartel-like policies toward other sectors, his approach to the electric utilities involved the infusion of various forms of direct and indirect competition. Statistical evidence and econometric analysis suggest that Roosevelt's procompetitive strategy produced superior outcomes relative to traditional "natural monopoly" approaches to electric utility regulation. During the 1932 presidential campaign, Franklin D. Roosevelt lashed out repeatedly at the nation's investor-owned electric utility industry, accusing it of exploiting ratepayers and slowing national economic development through monopoly pricing practices, facilitated by ineffective state-level regulation. The Democratic nominee also decried the growing economic and political power and alleged financial abuses of utility holding companies, which controlled over three-quarters of the industry's electricity generation. As president, Roosevelt's response to the "utility problem" included New Deal legislation designed to fund major federal power projects, bolster the threat of municipal competition, and dismantle holding company systems. How accurate was Roosevelt's diagnosis of the U.S. electric utility sector, and how appropriate were his "corrective" policy initiatives? Rigorous evaluation of these questions has plagued researchers for years because of the extreme heterogeneity of electricity supply and demand conditions across service areas. The most comprehensive study to address the period, the Twentieth Century Fund's Electric Power and Government Policy, provides useful descriptive information yet offers statistical comparisons that provide few controls for the underlying diversity of the data. Although the economics literature contains numerous empirical studies of regulation, ownership, and competition
Inversion of Circular Averages using the Funk Transform

In radar, when the wavelength of the transmitted electromagnetic wave is considerably larger than the dimension of the antenna, the received signal is modeled as the integral of the mean reflectivity function of the illuminated scene over the intersection of spheres centered at the transmitter location and the surface topography. When the surface topography is flat the received signal becomes integral of the mean reflectivity function over circles which is also referred to as circular averages of the mean reflectivity function. Thus, reconstruction of the ground reflectivity from synthetic aperture radar data requires inversion of the circular averages. Apart from radar, circular averages inversion also arises in thermo-acoustic tomography and sonar. In this paper, we present a new inversion method for the circular averages that uses the relationship between the circular averages, hyperbolic X-ray and the Funk transforms. The method is exact and numerically efficient as compared to standard filtered backprojection algorithms. Numerical simulations demonstrate that the approach is practical.
EFFECT OF ULTRASOUND TRANSMIT POWER ON LIVER ENHANCEMENT WITH IMAGENT US, A PFC-STABILIZED MICROBUBBLE CONTRAST AGENT

The pressure of the ultrasound wave may limit the longevity of microbubble-based contrast agents. This study evaluated liver enhancement over time as a function of transmit power after the administration of AFO145 (Imagent® US; Alliance Pharmaceutical Corp., San Diego, CA). Eight rabbits with an avascular liver lesion created by percutaneous injection of 1.0 ml of ethyl alcohol 7 days prior to scanning were imaged with an Acuson 128XP/10 at 7 MHz before and after four separate intravenous injections of 0.25 ml of AFO145 spaced at least 1 h apart. The avascular lesion served as an internal standard against which liver enhancement could be compared. After contrast injection, scanning over the same plane was either continuous at (a) maximum or (b) minimum transmit power (9 dB below maximum), or intermittent at (c) minimum power for 5 s every 15 s, or (d) for 5 s every 60 s. Each session was terminated after 15 min or when contrast was no longer visible in the hepatic parenchyma and blood vessels. Videodensitometry was used to assess liver-to-lesion intensity difference over time. Both the degree and duration of liver enhancement were dependent on the transmit power. Liver enhancement with imaging at minimum power for 5 s/min was nearly two times greater and persisted nearly eight times longer (P < 0.01) than at maximum power and continuous insonation. Ultrasound transmit power affects both the peak and duration of liver enhancement. A lower power and shorter insonation time after AFO145 administration dramatically lengthens the imaging window for liver lesion detection. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 8, 82–88, 1997
Evaluation of the optimal recall period for disease symptoms in home-based morbidity surveillance in rural and urban Kenya

BACKGROUND In African settings with poor access to health care, surveillance and surveys of disease burden are often done through home visits. The optimal recall period to capture data on symptoms and health utilization is unknown. METHODS We collected illness data among 53 000 people during fortnightly home visits in rural and urban Kenya. Dates of cough, fever and diarrhoea in the past 2 weeks and health-seeking behaviour were recorded. Incidence rates were modelled using Poisson regression for data collected from 1 July 2006 to 30 June 2007. RESULTS Incidence rates were higher in days 0-6 before the home visit than in days 7-13 before the home visit for all three symptoms, for the rural and urban sites, for children and adults, for self- and proxy-reported symptoms and for severe and non-severe illness in children. Recall decay was steeper in the rural than the urban sites, and for proxy- than self-reported symptoms. The daily prevalence of symptoms fell 3 days before the home visit for children and >4 days for persons > or =5 years of age. Recall of previously documented clinic visits, and prescriptions of antimalarials and antibiotics also declined by approximately 7, 15 and 23% per week, respectively, in children aged <5 years, and 6, 20 and 16%, respectively, in older persons (P < 0.0001 for each decline). CONCLUSIONS A 2-week recall period underestimates true disease rates and health-care utilization. Shorter recall periods of 3 days in children and 4 days in adults would likely yield more accurate data.
An analysis of the kangaroo care intervention using neonatal EEG complexity: A preliminary study

Abstract Objective Skin-to-skin contact (SSC) promotes physiological stability and interaction between parents and infants. Temporal analyses of predictability in EEG-sleep time series can elucidate functional brain maturation between SSC and non-SSC cohorts at similar post-menstrual ages (PMAs). Methods Sixteen EEG-sleep studies were performed on eight preterm infants who received 8weeks of SSC, and compared with two non-SSC cohorts at term ( N =126) that include a preterm group corrected to term age and a full term group. Two time series measures of predictability were used for comparisons. Results The SSC premature neonate group had increased complexity when compared to the non-SSC premature neonate group at the same PMA. Discriminant analysis shows that SSC neonates at 40weeks PMA are closer to the full term neonate non-SSC group than to the premature non-SSC group at the same PMA; suggesting that the KC intervention accelerates neurophysiological maturation of premature neonates. Conclusions Based on the hypothesis that EEG-derived complexity increases with neurophysiological maturation as supported by previously published research, SSC accelerates brain maturation in healthy preterm infants as quantified by time series measures of predictability when compared to a similar non-SSC group. Significance Times series methods that quantify predictability of EEG sleep in neonates can provide useful information about altered neural development after developmental care interventions such as SSC. Analyses of this type may be helpful in assessing other neuroprotection strategies.
Procedures for screening out inaccurate reports of dietary energy intake.

Objective To review existing methods and illustrate the use of a new, simple method for identifying inaccurate reports of dietary energy intake (rEI). Design Comparison of rEI with energy requirements estimated by using total energy expenditure predicted (pTEE) from age, weight, height and sex using a previously published equation. Propagation of error calculations was performed and cut-offs for excluding rEI at plus or minus two standard deviations (+/-2 SD) and +/-1 SD for the agreement between rEI and pTEE were established. Setting Dietary survey in a US national cohort: the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994-96. Subjects Men and non-pregnant, non-lactating women aged 21-45 years in the CSFII who provided two multiple-pass 24-hour recalls, height and weight (n = 3755). Results Average rEI was 77% of pTEE in men, and 64% of pTEE in women. Calculated cut-offs were rEI 160% of pTEE (+/-2 SD) and 130% of pTEE (+/-1 SD), respectively. Use of only the +/-1 SD cut-offs, not the +/-2 SD cut-offs, resulted in a relationship between rEI and body weight similar to what was expected (based on an independently calculated relationship between rEI and measured TEE). Exclusion of rEI outside either the +/-2 SD (11% of subjects) or +/-1 SD (57% of subjects) cut-offs did not affect mean reported macronutrient intakes, but did markedly affect relationships between dietary composition and body mass index. Conclusions When examining relationships between diet and health, use of +/-1 SD cut-offs may be preferable to +/-2 SD cut-offs for excluding inaccurate dietary reports.
Accelerated Self‐Replication under Non‐Equilibrium, Periodic Energy Delivery

Self-replication is a remarkable phenomenon in nature that has fascinated scientists for decades. In a self-replicating system, the original units are attracted to a template, which induce their binding. In equilibrium, the energy required to disassemble the newly assembled copy from the mother template is supplied by thermal energy. The possibility of optimizing self-replication was explored by controlling the frequency at which energy is supplied to the system. A model system inspired by a class of light-switchable colloids was considered where light is used to control the interactions. Conditions under which self-replication can be significantly more effective under non-equilibrium, cyclic energy delivery than under equilibrium constant energy conditions were identified. Optimal self-replication does not require constant energy expenditure. Instead, the proper timing at which energy is delivered to the system is an essential controllable parameter to induce high replication rates.
Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) CD8+ T-Lymphocyte Reactivity during Combination Antiretroviral Therapy in HIV-1-Infected Patients with Advanced Immunodeficiency

The long-term efficacy of combination antiretroviral therapy may relate to augmentation of anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) CD8(+) T-cell responses. We found that prolonged treatment of late-stage HIV-1-infected patients with a protease inhibitor and two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors failed to restore sustained, high levels of HIV-1-specific, HLA class I-restricted, cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte precursors and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) production by CD8(+) T cells. In some patients, particularly those initiating three-drug combination therapy simultaneously rather than sequentially, there were early, transient increases in the frequency of anti-HIV-1 CD8(+) T cells that correlated with decreases in HIV-1 RNA and increases in T-cell counts. In the other patients, HIV-1-specific T-cell functions either failed to increase or declined from baseline during triple-drug therapy, even though some of these patients showed suppression of plasma HIV-1 RNA. These effects of combination therapy were not unique to HIV-1 specific T-cell responses, since similar effects were noted for CD8(+) T cells specific for the cytomegalovirus pp65 matrix protein. The level and breadth of CD8(+) cell reactivity to HLA A*02 HIV-1 epitopes, as determined by IFN-gamma production and HLA tetramer staining after combination therapy, were related to the corresponding responses prior to treatment. There was, however, a stable, residual population of potentially immunocompetent HIV-1-specific T cells remaining after therapy, as shown by tetramer staining of CD8(+) CD45RO(+) cells. These results indicate that new strategies will be needed to target residual, immunocompetent HIV-1-specific CD8(+) T cells to enhance the effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy in patients with advanced immunodeficiency.
Hurricane wind field estimation from seawinds at ultra high resolution

Although SeaWinds was not originally designed to observe tropical cyclones, new higher resolution products resolve much of the horizontal structure of these storms. However, these higher resolution products (reported at 2.5 km) are inherently noisier than the standard 25 km products and the high rain rates often associated with hurricanes corrupt the wind estimates. Fortunately, these storms have structure which can be exploited using a model. This paper develops a new procedure for hurricane wind field estimation from the SeaWinds instrument at ultra high resolution. We develop a simplified hurricane model to provide prior information to be used in maximum a posteriori probability (MAP) wind estimation. Using the hurricane model ameliorates the effects of rain and noise on the scatterometer measurements and directly provides useful hurricane parameters such as the eye center location and intensity.
Application performance and flexibility on exokernel systems

The exokernel operating system architecture safely gives untrusted software efficient control over hardware and software resou rces by separating management from protection. This paper describes an exokernel system that allows specialized applications to achieve high performance without sacrificing the performance of unm odified UNIX programs. It evaluates the exokernel architectur e by measuring end-to-end application performance on Xok, an exokernel for Intel x86-based computers, and by comparing Xok’s performance to the performance of two widely-used 4.4BSD UNIX systems (FreeBSD and OpenBSD). The results show that common unmodified UNIX applications can enjoy the benefits of exoker nels: applications either perform comparably on Xok/ExOS and the BSD UNIXes, or perform significantly better. In addition , the results show that customized applications can benefit subst antially from control over their resources (e.g., a factor of eight fo r a Web server). This paper also describes insights about the exokernel approach gained through building three different exokernel systems, and presents novel approaches to resource multiplexing.
Detection of the mycoplasma-like organism associated with lethal yellowing disease of palms in Florida by polymerase chain reaction

DNA amplification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used specifically to detect the mycoplasma-like organism (MLO) associated with lethal yellowing disease of palms in Florida, For PCR, a pair of oligonucleotide primers was synthesized according to partial sequences of a cloned 1-3 kbp fragment of lethal yellowing MLO-specific genomic DNA isolated from a diseased windmill palm (Trachycarpusfortunei). A DNA product of about 1 kbp was specifically amplified by PCR in reaction mixtures containing template DNA derived from either heart, inflorescence or leaf tissues of lethal yellowing-affected palms. PCR perfonned for 35 cycles with as little as 5 pg of DNA template, in some instances, was sufficient consistently to amplify the same lethal yellowing MLO DNA product from hearts of 11 species comprising 30 symptomatic palms. Similar reliable and reproducible detection of the lethal yellowing MLO in palm inflorescence spikelets was also achieved after 35 cycles of PCR. When template DNA for PCR was derived from tissues of the the most immature emerging leaf, a 40cycle reaction was suflicient for consistent foliar detection of the pathogen in all coconut palms including palms with earliest visible symptoms of disease.
A Response to Jason et al. (2009), “Evaluating the Centers for Disease Control’s Empirical Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Case Definition”:

The recent article by Jason, Najar, Porter, and Reh, “Evaluating the Centers for Disease Control’s Empirical Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Case Definition” (2009; Journal of Disability Policy Studies, 20:2, 93—100) attempted to critically explore several pertinent issues concerning diagnosing chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). Most of these issues have been brewing since international adoption of the 1994 CFS case definition by Fukuda et al., and it is high time to address them in a peer-reviewed and public forum.
Appraising Justice as Larger Loyalty

I examine Richard Rorty’s “justice as larger loyalty” proposal. He urges that we think of justice as a more capacious loyalty, rather than something altogether distinct from loyalty. While Rorty is right to reject the Kantian idea of a strict bifurcation between justice and loyalty, the former corresponding to reason the latter corresponding to sentiment, my argument is that it is nevertheless a mistake to follow Rorty in conceiving of justice as he recommends we should. This is not an endorsement of the rationalistic Kantian view Rorty rejects. Contrary to what Rorty sometimes implies, it is possible to be skeptical about the “justice as larger loyalty” thesis without thereby committing oneself to Kant’s view. There are compelling Rortyan reasons for rejecting the “justice as larger loyalty” proposal, which are not merely compatible with Rorty’s broader moral and political thinking, but paradoxically very much in its spirit.
A Developmental Psychopathology Perspective on the Cognitive Components of Child and Adolescent Depression

Multiple pathways lead to the development of depression, and myriad factors account for its maintenance and recurrence. For some youth, cognitive factors are central to the development, maintenance, and/or recurrence of their depression (e.g., Asarnow & Bates, 1988); these youth are the primary focus of this chapter. Depressed youth, even those for whom cognitive factors are not the most salient component of their presentation, typically evidence cognitive correlates of their depression; therefore, this discussion is relevant to them as well. As Garber (1992) aptly points out, it is essential that attention be paid to examining the cognitivediathesis-stress models in children, rather than just focusing on the link between a specific cognitive process and depression. According to these models, individuals with a cognitive vulnerability to depression are most likely to evidence depression in the face of stress. This emphasis on cognitive-diathesis-stress models needs to incorporate a developmental perspective in order to ascertain the extent and nature to which there is a cognitive-diathesis x stress interaction in predicting depression for youth at different developmental stages.
Fluency Enhancement in Stutterers

Stuttering is a uniquely human communications disorder that occurs in about 1% of the general population (Bloodstein, 1981). It is found approximately four times more often in males than in females (Andrews & Harris, 1964; Bloodstein, 1981). The median age of stuttering onset is 4 years, and approximately 95% of those who stutter will do so by the age of 7 years (Andrews & Harris, 1964). Most children who stutter (in the vicinity of 75%) “outgrow” the problem by the onset of puberty (Andrews & Harris, 1964; Bloodstein, 1981). Stuttering tends to run in families, with first-degree relatives of stutterers being over three times more likely to stutter than persons in the general population (Andrews, Craig, Feyer, Hoddinot, and Neilson, 1983). Observed familial patterns of stuttering can be accounted for by single major locus and multifactorial genetic models (Kidd, 1980). There is no evidence from the controlled study of unselected populations that stutterers are different from non-stutterers on measures of anxiety or neuroticism (Andrews et al., 1983). Some evidence exists suggesting that stutterers exhibit more problems with social adjustment than nonstutterers (Andrews et al., 1983); however, it seems likely that these results can best be explained by viewing stuttering as the antecedent factor (Prins, 1972).
The adolescent overdose. Evaluation and referral

Guidelines are provided for distinguishing between an accidental overdose, a suicidal gesture, and an attempted suicide. Emergency physicians are the primary contacts for overdosed adolescents and are responsible for both the acute medical care and the initial psychosocial evaluation. The physician must refer the patient to the appropriate acute and long-term support programs that facilitate the process of maturation.
A Case Survey of Bureaucratic Effectiveness in U.S. Cabinet Agencies: Preliminary Results

The question of bureaucratic effectiveness has been an issue of great concern and disagreement in the field of American politics and public administration. Various "schools of thought" and competing hypotheses vie for acceptance, while case studies are the primary method of empirical investigation. In this article, I use the case survey method to aggregate the collective judgements of previous case-study researchers regarding bureaucratic effectiveness and other key characteristics of U.S. cabinet agencies. I then conduct a preliminary test of competing theories using Maximum Likelihood Estimation. The processes accounted for by the "Political Theory of the Firm" prove most likely to be the correct model of bureaucratic effectiveness. The collection of more data will permit greater sophistication in the analysis and will give us more precise and reliable insights into the factors that systematically produce sound or poor performance in the agencies of America's federal government.
Older Women Veterans in the Women's Health Initiative

The number of women in the military has been increasing steadily over the past 30 years and their roles are expanding. By 2016 women will be eligible to serve in all military positions including previously limited combat roles (U.S. Government Accountability Office, 2015 ). To join the military, women need to be at least 17 years of age, have no more than two dependents, have successfully completed education and aptitude tests, and meet physical, mental, and moral standards. Military women serve around the globe and with each assignment, deployment, and conflict, they are introduced to opportunities and risks. When individuals complete discharge documents and separate from the military, they transition to Veteran status and are thus eligible to receive VA health care services and other benefits based on their service, disabilities, and financial need. Today, more than 2 million of the almost 22 million U.S. Veterans are women who have earned America’s gratitude and respect for their military contributions. Included are the 400,000 women serving during the World War II era, the 120,000 serving during the Korean conflict and the 265,000 who volunteered to serve during the Vietnam era (America’s Women Veterans, 2012; Women in Military Service, 2015). Their early military roles were in nursing, technical, mechanical, communication, clerical, and service positions. The absolute number of women Veterans older than 65 years is expected to grow rapidly in the next 10 years. Figure 1 shows the projected 10% increase in all women Veterans from 2014 to 2025 and the striking 83% increase in women Veterans older than 65 years (from 332,000 women Veterans in 2014 to more than 608,000 in 2025) (U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, National Center for Veterans Analysis and Statistics, 2014).
Validation of a volume-averaged fiber-scale model for the oxidation of a carbon-fiber preform

The oxidation of FiberForm, an industrial carbon-fiber preform, has been studied in an oxidation reactor. The microscopic oxidation behavior of the fibers has been analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. The carbon fibers ablate showing progressive reduction of their diameter. The overall material recession occurs when the fibers are consumed. A reaction/diusion -convection competition is shown to drive the oxidation process and control the depth of oxidation. A fiber-scale model is proposed for the prediction of carbonfiber preform oxidation. A macroscopic model is derived by volume-averaging the microscopic model and a porous-medium formulation is used to model mass transport in the preform. The proposed model has been implemented in a Carbon Oxidation Analysis Code based on OpenFOAM (COACO). Using inverse analysis, it was possible to estimate the intrinsic fiber reactivity and then validate the model. The reactivity obtained is surprisingly high compared to literature data. This is explained by the fact that the carbon fibers contain traces of calcium and potassium, which are known to be catalysts for oxidation. They progressively accumulate at the surface in the form of combustion residues.
The controversial role of the surgeon-anesthetist: lessons learned from oral and maxillofacial surgery.

The concept of the surgeon who administers anesthetic agents to achieve an altered state of anxiety or consciousness to perform a desired surgical procedure is well known in oral and maxillofacial surgery. As the safety of non-anesthesiologists delivering sedation or general anesthesia in an outpatient setting continues to be debated, it is important to consider the present influences on the specialty and the evolution of the "surgeon-anesthetist" as this concept pertains to oral and maxillofacial surgery. Forces within the specialty and external forces within dentistry and the larger medical community have helped to define anesthesia delivery within the oral and maxillofacial surgery office. As anesthesia administration by non-anesthesiologists (including gastroenterologists and radiologists) as well as certified registered nurse anesthetists (CRNAs) continues to be examined, the current status and lessons learned in developing anesthesia practices for oral surgeons are valuable as a potential model for establishing principles for other specialties. Factors that influence and have helped to evolve the practices of oral and maxillofacial surgeons, will be reviewed.
INTERACTIONS OF RADIOACTIVE AND STABLE CESIUM WITH HYDROXY-INTERLAYERED VERMICULITE GRAINS IN SOILS OF THE SAVANNAH RIVER SITE, SOUTH CAROLINA, USA

Sorption and fixation of Cs by the upland soils of the US Department of Energy’s Savannah River Site (SRS) have been attributed to micaceous grains consisting mostly of hydroxy-interlayered vermiculite (HIV). Results of experiments to characterize SRS soil samples, to examine aspects of their radiocesium sorption, and to determine how much of their natural Cs is accessible for chemical extraction and isotope dilution are presented in support of mechanistic hypotheses to explain Cs sorption and fixation in HIV grains. The HIV is responsible for most of the soil cation exchange capacity, and concentrations of naturally occurring Cs, Rb, and K in soil samples are closely related to the concentration of HIV. Experiments with 137Cs to examine (1) sorption kinetics, (2) blocking of exchange sites with silver thiourea, and (3) susceptibility of sorbed 137Cs to chemical extraction, support the idea that added Cs is sorbed at different kinds of cation exchange sites in HIV grains. Sites highly selective for Cs but relatively few in number are inferred to exist in interlayer wedge zones within such grains. Little of the naturally occurring Cs in the soil samples was extractable by chemical agents that would remove Cs from ordinary cation-exchange sites and from within non-silicate soil components. Furthermore, most of the natural Cs was inaccessible for isotope dilution under slightly acidic conditions approximating the natural soil environment. These observations support the idea that most of the Cs in these soils has become effectively fixed in the narrower parts of interlayer wedge zones. Control of Cs uptake and fixation by highly Csselective interlayer wedge sites would account for the large distribution coefficients found for 137Cs at the low aqueous Cs concentrations typical of environmental systems and also for the relatively large concentrations of stable Cs in the SRS soils.
Arbovirus Replication in Mosquito Cell Lines (Singh) Grown in Monolayer or Suspension Culture

SummarySingh's mosquito cell line derived from larval A. albopictus was grown in spinner cultures with a doubling time of 24-30 hr at 23 or 28°. It was found to be adaptable to various partially defined growth media. The typical chromosome count was 6, with 12 chromosomes appearing in 25% of figures. Infection of the cells with Sindbis virus or type 2 dengue virus at multiplicities of 1 or 2 pfu/cell and maintenance at 28° yielded viral growth cycles similar in timing to those seen in infected vertebrate cells at 37°. Cells chronically infected with Sindbis virus yielded virus at the rate of 1 pfu/cell/-day 7 weeks after infection. Sindbis virus production by cells exposed to actinomycin-D was unaffected by noncytotoxic doses. CPE due to actinomycin occurred at concentrations similar to those affecting vertebrate cells.
Abstract 143: Breast cancer incidence rate in american women started to increase: Trend analysis from 2000 to 2009.

Background: Recent report showed that breast cancer incidence rate in the US stabilized after a sharp reduction in 2002 and 2003. It is important to continue monitoring breast cancer incidence rates according to age group, race/ethnicity, estrogen receptor (ER), and tumor stage. Methods: Age-standardized breast cancer incidence rates were calculated using data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) 18 registries from 2000 to 2009, among 677,774 female breast cancer patients aged 20 and above. Jointpoint regression models were used to fit a series of joined straight lines on a log scale to the trends of annual age-standardized rates. Results: The overall breast cancer incidence significantly increased for non-Hispanic black from 2005 to 2009 (annual percentage change, APC =2.0%, p=0.01) and Asian/Pacific Islanders from 2000 to 2009 (APC 1.2%, p=0.02). Since 2004, incidence rates in women age 40-49 significantly increased for all racial/ethnic groups (overall APC = 1.1%, p=0.001). Incidence rate of carcinoma in situ significantly increased in all racial/ethnic groups (APC ranges from 2.3%-3.0%, p Conclusions: Recent incidence of breast cancer appears to be increasing in certain subgroups, including non-Hispanic black, Asian/Pacific Islanders, women 40-49 years old, low-stage breast cancer, and estrogen-receptor positive breast cancer. These changes are unlikely due to mammography screening rate that has remained stable in recent years, but may be partially explained by the transition from film to digital mammography, which has higher sensitivity to detect breast cancer, especially young-onset breast cancer. It deserves further investigation on why the rate of estrogen receptor negative breast cancer declined. Citation Format: Ningqi Hou, Dezheng Huo. Breast cancer incidence rate in american women started to increase: Trend analysis from 2000 to 2009. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 143. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-143
Geography of College Opportunity The Case of Education Deserts

When students choose where to attend college, they often stay in close proximity to home and work. Much of the college choice literature, however, does not engage with the importance of geography in shaping educational destinations. Using county and commuting zone data from various federal sources, this study finds that the number of local colleges varies along lines of race and class. Communities with large Hispanic populations and low educational attainment have the fewest alternatives nearby, while White and Asian communities tend to have more. These can result in education deserts, or places where opportunities richly available for some communities are rare (or even nonexistent) in others.
Talking About School Bullying: News Framing of Who Is Responsible for Causing and Fixing the Problem:

Our content analysis examines how American news media have framed the question of who is responsible for causing and solving the school bullying problem. We identified presence of considerable vict...
Delay Analysis for Adaptive Hybrid ARQ Protocol

This paper analyzes transmission delavs of an adaptive hybrid ARQ communications protocol used with a discrete-time two-state Markovian channel; this channel miodel allows for both time-varying noise levels and memory. The protocol adapts to changes in channel state, i.e., changes in noise level, by selecting one of two block error-correction codes for each packet according to an estimate of the next channel state; the estimate, based on the error pattern in the previous packet, is fed back to the transmitter via the acknowledgment. Our analysis shows that for some channels with moderate or long dwell times, i. e., infrequent changes of channel state, the adaptive hybrid ARQ protocol can dramatically reduce transmission delays; the regime of channel parameters for which this protocol is useful is thus wider than indicated by previous analyses of throughput improvement alone. For some channels evaluated, both the mean and standard deviation of the delay were reduced by factors of more than 3 (the reduction in the standard deviation was sometimes more than 4).
Older Prisoners and the Physical Health Effects of Solitary Confinement

In this article, the author examines the physical health effects of solitary confinement. Particular focus is given to how this relates to older prisoners. Additional topics discussed include the former prisoner Albert Woodfox, who spent more than 40 years in solitary confinement, the impact that solitary confinement can have on the mentally ill and the role that exercise and sunlight play in disease prevention.
Role of lumbar drains in contemporary endonasal skull base surgery: Meta-analysis and systematic review.

BackgroundHistorically, lumbar drains (LD) have played a prominent role in endonasal skull base surgery. Over the past few decades, advancements in techniques have augmented our ability to successf...
INDIGENOUS MEDIA FROM U-MATIC TO YOUTUBE: MEDIA SOVEREIGNTY IN THE DIGITAL AGE

This article covers a wide range of projects from the earliest epistemological challenges posed by video experiments in remote Central Australia in the 1980s to the emergence of indigenous filmmaking as an intervention into both the Australian national imaginary and the idea of world cinema. It also addresses the political activism that led to the creation of four national indigenous television stations in the early 21st century: Aboriginal People's Television Network in Canada; National Indigenous Television in Australia; Maori TV in New Zealand; and Taiwan Indigenous Television in Taiwan); and considers what the digital age might mean for indigenous people worldwide employing great technological as well as political creativity.
Future Paradigms of HCV Management with Resistance Testing

Following an overview of HCV resistance terminology and epidemiology, approaches to managing hepatitis C virus (HCV) resistance-associated substitutions (RASs) are presented according to the HCV treatment regimen being considered, with a focus primarily on NS5A inhibitor-associated RASs. Research on the impact of HCV RASs has recently focused on identifying specific patient populations most impacted by the presence of baseline RASs. The available treatment regimens each have unique considerations based on viral and patient specific factors. Effective treatment strategies for the retreatment of patients who have failed DAA regimens are now being evaluated. RASs to NS5A inhibitors are the most clinically relevant, particularly in patients with genotypes 1a and 3. The greatest impact of NS5A inhibitor RASs is seen in patients with cirrhosis and/or patients who are treatment experienced. Effective interventions in the setting of resistance include the addition of ribavirin, extension of therapy, and/or selection of alternative HCV treatment regimens. However, the intervention for a given patient will also depend on other factors such as the presence or absence of cirrhosis and the treatment regimen(s) being considered.
Core Knowledge, Language, and Number

The natural numbers may be our simplest, most useful, and best-studied abstract concepts, but their origins are debated. I consider this debate in the context of the proposal, by Gallistel and Gelm...
A simple and economical strategy for obtaining calibration plots for relative quantification of positional isomers of YYX/YXY triglycerides using high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.

Rational Positional analysis of intact triglycerides could provide greater insights into the link between fatty acid position and lipotoxic diseases. However, this methodology has been impeded by lack of commercial availability of positionally pure triglycerides. This work reports on a strategy for defining calibration plots for YXY/YYX triglyceride systems based on the product ion intensities in the collisional-induced dissociation spectra of ammoniated parent ions. Methods A set of triglycerides were synthesized and analyzed by electrospray tandem mass spectrometry using an ion trap mass spectrometer. The product ion spectra of the ammoniated parent ions were collected for 42 triglyceride systems of the form YXY/YYX, where Y represents C16:0, C18:1(c-9) and C20:4(cccc-5,8,11,14). Three-point calibration plots were prepared by plotting the relative abundance of the YY+ product ion vs. the relative abundance of the YYX positional isomer. Results The calibration plots were shown to give relative abundances of positional isomers accurate to within ±0.02 for most systems. Using an ion trap, under a controlled set of collision parameters, the slopes of the calibration plots can be used to compare the sensitivities of the product ion intensities to fatty acid position for various triglyceride systems. The average slopes of the calibration plots for the C16:0, C18:1(c-9) and C20:4(cccc-5,8,11,14) systems were 0.29±0.05, 0.21±0.05 and 0.045±0.005, respectively. Conclusion While the presence of multiple unsaturated fatty acids tends to slightly decrease the slopes of the calibration plots, the data suggest that the sensitivities are sufficient for performing positional analysis of most triglyceride systems. However, the presence of unsaturated fatty acids that contain double bonds close to the carbonyl group, such as arachidonic acid, tends to dramatically decrease positional sensitivity
The Effect of Time, Roasting Temperature, and Grind Size on Caffeine and Chlorogenic Acid Concentrations in Cold Brew Coffee

The extraction kinetics and equilibrium concentrations of caffeine and 3-chlorogenic acid (3-CGA) in cold brew coffee were investigated by brewing four coffee samples (dark roast/medium grind, dark roast/coarse grind, medium roast/medium grind, medium roast/coarse grind) using cold and hot methods. 3-CGA and caffeine were found at higher concentrations in cold brew coffee made with medium roast coffees, rather than dark roast. The grind size did not impact 3-CGA and caffeine concentrations of cold brew samples significantly, indicating that the rate determining step in extraction for these compounds did not depend on surface area. Caffeine concentrations in cold brew coarse grind samples were substantially higher than their hot brew counterparts. 3-CGA concentrations and pH were comparable between cold and hot brews. This work suggests that the difference in acidity of cold brew coffee is likely not due to 3-CGA or caffeine concentrations considering that most acids in coffee are highly soluble and extract quickly. It was determined that caffeine and 3-CGA concentrations reached equilibrium according to first order kinetics between 6 and 7 hours in all cold brew samples instead of 10 to 24 hours outlined in typical cold brew methods.
Particle Tracking by Repetitive Phase-Shift Interferometric Super Resolution Microscopy

Accurate and rapid particle tracking is essential for addressing many research problems in single molecule and cellular biophysics and colloidal soft condensed matter physics. We developed a novel three-dimensional interferometric fluorescent particle tracking approach that does not require any sample scanning. By periodically shifting the interferometer phase, the information stored in the interference pattern of the emitted light allows localizing particles positions with nanometer resolution. This tracking protocol was demonstrated by measuring a known trajectory of a fluorescent bead with sub-5 nm axial localization error at 5 Hz. The interferometric microscopy was used to track the RecA protein in Bacillus subtilis bacteria to demonstrate its compatibility with biological systems.
Anti-Capitalism and Libertarian Political Economy

This chapter begins by laying out the major features of capitalism as analysed by anarchists historically, noting similarities and differences arising from the various tendencies within the libertarian milieu. Defining anarchist contributions to political economy through identification and analysis of wage labour/exploitation, private property, markets, class society, and states allows for an engagement with historical and contemporary voices within anarchism that highlights these analytical commonalities and differences. Next, the chapter examines the ideological structures and cultural mechanisms through which capitalism is naturalised and defended. Finally, this chapter will outline some anarchist objections to visionary thinking in political economy and the tendency for some in the milieu to think in pluralist terms when it comes to visionary proposals.