cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Site‐specific Valence X‐ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy

Here Ej is the binding energy of the electron in the solid (corrected for the work function), and E^in is the kinetic energy of the photoelectron in the vacuum that is determined by its final-state wave vector ky, Et,n = Wkft-lim. Consequently, an XPS experiment is conducted by bombarding a sample with monochromatic photons of known energy and energy analyzing the resulting photoelectron spectrum. In this way, the electronic structure of a material may be determined uniquely [1]. Typical XPS measurements are performed with X-ray excitation sources that are taken to be monochromatic plane waves. As the intensity of a plane wave is constant over the dimensions of a crystalline unit cell, the photoemission technique itself possesses no inherent spatial sensitivity on this length scale. A standard photoemission experiment therefore cannot discern the individual atomic contributions to a crystal valence band that is composed of all the valence electrons in the solid. Because this information has been so important to advance our understanding of how chemical bonding results in the solid-state electronic structure, previous experiments have attempted to overcome this limitation of the XPS technique by exploiting the atomic properties of the individual atoms of the unit cell. These experiments have used either the photon-energy dependence (Cooper [2] minimum) of the atomic cross sections or their Fano [3] resonant behavior (resonant photoemission) that occurs near a core-ionization threshold.
More-than-Representational Knowledge/s of the Countryside: How We Think as Bodies

The empirical hypothesis that is explored in this article is: if we think with our bodies then we must think about the countryside with our bodies too. Working toward this end, the article begins by briefly reviewing the literature on embodied knowledge. From here, attention turns to the rough, empirical ground of everyday life. Before doing this, however, discussion centres briefly on methods, where the methodological implications of studying the ‘more-than-representational’ are discussed. The remainder of the article is devoted to examining the findings of fieldwork conducted in rural Iowa. In this discussion, attention centres specifically on how understanding the countryside is an embodied, lived event.
From the Schools of Public Health

In 2001, the Association of Schools of Public Health (ASPH) and the American Legacy Foundation teamed up on the Scholarship, Training, and Education Program for Tobacco Use Prevention (STEP UP). This five-year project seeks to accomplish three goals: (1) to increase the number of graduate students and faculty in public health who specialize in tobacco studies and research; (2) to better integrate tobacco-related issues into graduate public health education; and (3) to build a stronger infrastructure for tobacco-related education in schools of public health. The ASPHLegacy partnership aims to increase the visibility of tobacco control topics within the graduate public health educational setting. STEP UP’s ultimate goal is to create sustainable academic environments for training students and to support post-doctoral and faculty development in tobacco prevention and control. This project is consistent with the ASPH’s mission to support and promote research, teaching, service, and practice excellence in the member schools of public health.
The New Insurgencies: Anti-communist Guerrillas in the Third World

The appearance of ideologically motivated anti-communist insurgent groups in the Third World is an important new phenomenon that has received little serious attention. Analysis has focused on American attitudes, while the indigenous roots and motivations of such groups have remained largely unexplored. Michael Radu fills in the gap in "The New Insurgencies, "with case studies and contributions from Anthony Arnold, Paul Henze, Justus van de Kroef, and Jack Wheeler. As the authors show, more often than not, Third World anti-communist insurgencies express a general rejection of values and ideologies from outsiders. Many of these insurgencies reflect violent opposition to regimes installed by the Soviets during the 1970s, yet they only rarely articulate a struggle for liberal democracy. Nationalism, religion, or the preservation of traditional political and economic patterns are more often the true motivations. And while insurgents often apply military and occasionally political methods used by successful Marxist-Leninist insurgencies of this century, they tend to be rural based and close to the aspirations of the peasant masses rather than directed by the educated and urbanized elites. "The New Insurgencies "includes case studies of major anti-communist movements today, including those in Afghanistan, Cambodia, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Angola, and Nicaragua. It shows that in each, the role of local powers such as South Africa, Thailand, and Pakistan rather than direct U.S. support has been critical to the insurgents' effectiveness. In part this may be because the old bipartisan Washington consensus based on anti-communism has evaporated; and Radu explores why this has occurred. Regardless of Washington's support, the new insurgencies are likely to persist. Their impact on U.S., Soviet, and world policy will be profound. "The New Insurgencies "combines extensive use of firsthand data, including personal knowledge of some of the major personalities involved, with extensive bibliographic information. It is an essential tool for specialists in international relations, military affairs, and U.S. foreign policy, as well as those interested in understanding changes in Soviet domestic and international policy.
Effects of thromboxane synthase and cyclooxygenase inhibition on PAF-induced changes in lung function and arachidonic acid metabolism.

Abstract PAF was administered as an intravenous bolus (0.1 μg/kg) to eight chronically instrumented awake sheep. The effects of pretreatment with an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase (meclofenamate) on PAF-induced changes in lung function were compared to those observed with a specific inhibitor of thromboxane synthase (DP1904). Each animal was studied four times in varied order: PAF alone, PAF + DP1904, PAF + meclofenamate, and DP1904 alone. Saline alone (control), DP1904 alone, and meclofenamate alone did not cause changes in any of the measured variables. DP1904 and meclofenamate significantly attenuated the PAF-induced fall in lung compliance, elevation in peak pulmonary artery pressure, and increased lung lymph flow. Both drugs abolished the PAF-induced increases in lung lymph thromboxane B 2 concentrations. Meclofenamate, but not DP1904, blocked the rise in lymph 6-keto-PGF 1α . Although meclofenamate blocked the rise in lymph PGE 2 , DP1904 resulted in levels 2.7 times higher than PAF alone. We conclude that: (1) inhibition of thromboxane synthase is as effective as inhibition of cyclooxygenase in attenuating PAF-induced changes in lung function, and (2) thromboxane synthase inhibition results in augmented production of PGE 2 following PAF administration in vivo .
Reducing impacts of nonpoint source pollution from agriculture: A review

Abstract Nonpoint source pollution from agriculture affects both surface water and ground‐water quality. Water quality degradation is caused by erosion and sediment, animal wastes, fertilizers and pesticides. Best management practices that control runoff and erosion will reduce particulate nitrogen and phosphorus loads but may increase nitrate losses in subsurface drainage. Only applying enough nutrients to meet crop needs will reduce nitrogen and phosphorus losses. Nonpoint source pollution from animal agriculture may result from animals grazing, open animal confinement feedlots, and manure disposal areas. In most cases pollution from feedlots is greater than from manure application sites or grazing areas. Pesticides with solubilities of greater than 10 ppm are lost mainly in the water phase of runoff. Runoff and erosion control best management practices will reduce pesticide losses in surface runoff.
Localization of the limit set of trajectories of the Euler-Bernoulli equation with control

We investigate a differential equation in a Hilbert space that describes vibrations of the Euler-Bernoulli elastic beam with feedback control. The relative compactness of positive semitrajectories of the considered equation is proved. Constructing a Lyapunov functional in explicit form and using the invariance principle, we obtain representations of limit sets.
Water usage and microclimate

Energy and water budget analyses are employed as methods for assessing the effects of vegetation type, cultivation practices, and irrigation methods on the microclimate. A comparison is made of vegetation types that employ water received from (1) natural precipitation and (2) irrigation.
Endovaginal pulsed and color doppler in first-trimester pregnancy

Abstract Endovaginal pulsed and color Doppler techniques were used to evaluate 23 unselected first-trimester pregnancies prior to elective abortion. Mean estimated gestational age was 8.9 ± 1.6 weeks (range = 6.6–13.0). Low impedance, high velocity peritrophoblastic flow was seen in all cases. Mean peak systolic and end-diastolic velocities were 41.0 ± 19.7 and 22.9 ± 6.5 cm/s; mean resistance index (RI) was 0.41 ± 0.10. Forty-five uterine arteries were evaluated with mean peak systolic and end-diastolic velocities of 44.1 ± 14.7 and 7.6 ± 4.3 cm/s; mean RI was 0.81 ± 0.10. The peritrophoblastic and uterine artery velocities did not correlate with gestational age. Both ovaries were evaluated in 14 patients. One had no detectable flow in either ovary. For the active ovary in the other 13 patients, mean peak systolic and end-diastolic velocities were 27.4 ± 9.9 and 15.2 ± 5.9 cm/s; mean RI was 0.44 ± 0.09. The corresponding values for the inactive ovary were 8.9 ± 3.8 cm/s, 2.0 ± 2.0 cm/s, and 0.76 ± 0.22. These results can be used as a baseline for future studies of abnormal pregnancies.
Development of a Multiple Absorption Coefficient Zonal Method (MACZM) for Application to Radiative Heat Transfer in Multi-Dimensional Inhomogeneous Non-Gray Media

The formulation of a multiple absorption coefficient zonal method (MACZM) is presented. The method can be directly applied to a fine-grid finite-difference or finite-element computation and is thus an effective approach to generate accurate assessment of the importance of radiative heat transfer in multi-dimensional inhomogeneous, non-gray media. The feasibility of the method is demonstrated by calculating the radiative exchange between a high temperature (∼3000 K) molten nuclear fuel (UO2 ) and water (with a large variation in absorption coefficient from the visible to the infrared) in a highly 3-D and inhomogeneous environment simulating the premixing phase of a steam explosion.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
An event gate module for spark chamber experiments

Abstract The instrument described is designed for spark chamber experiments in which more than one event per beam spill is to be recorded. It generates gate pulses that turn off selected logic and scaling circuits during the intervals between beam spills, during each spark chamber discharge and during film advance or on-line data processing. Thus, well defined artificial “dead times” are introduced. Timing pulses denoting the beginning and end of each beam spill must be supplied externally, but the other artificial “dead times” can be determined either internally or externally. The instrument also provides trigger pulses for spark chamber drivers and recording circuitry.
Minimum alveolar concentration for halothane in the rat is resistant to effects of forebrain ischemia and reperfusion

BACKGROUND Because glutamate antagonists can substantially alter the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of volatile anesthetics, glutamate has been implicated as an important neurotransmitter in processes contributing to the anesthetic state. Cerebral ischemia profoundly alters glutamatergic neurotransmission and thus may also alter halothane MAC. METHODS Fasted rats were surgically prepared for forebrain ischemia. One half of the animals served as operative shams (n = 24). Remaining rats underwent 10 min of bilateral carotid occlusion combined with systemic hypotension (n = 24). In animals in both groups brain circulation was restored for 1 h, 24 h, or 7 days (n = 8). At each of these intervals, MAC for halothane was determined by the tail-clamp method. Histologic damage in the hippocampus, cortex, caudoputamen, and thalamus was measured in animals allowed to survive 7 days. RESULTS Blood pressure, arterial blood gas tensions and pH, pericranial temperature, and plasma glucose values measured immediately before ischemia were similar among groups. Neither ischemia nor duration of reperfusion significantly altered halothane MAC as compared with operative shams (sham 1 h = 0.9 +/- 0.1 vol%, 24 h = 1.0 +/- 0.1 vol%, 7 days = 1.0 +/- 0.2 vol%; ischemia 1 h = 0.9 +/- 0.1 vol%, 24 h = 0.9 +/- 0.1 vol%, 7 days = 1.0 +/- 0.2 vol%). Histologic damage in the hippocampus and caudoputamen was severe in the ischemic group of animals. Mild injury was observed in the motor and cingulate cortex as well as the thalamus. There was no evidence of histologic injury in sham-operated animals. CONCLUSIONS The absence of effect of ischemic forebrain injury on halothane MAC is consistent with findings made in other models of supratentorial cerebral injury. These results support the contention that anatomic foci for motor responses elicited during MAC determination are localized at levels caudal to the forebrain.
Paleomagnetic inclinations in DSDP Hole 417D reconsidered: Secular variation or variable tilting?

[1] In Deep Sea Drilling Program (DSDP) Hole 417D in the western central North Atlantic, dips of pillow margins measured in the upper and lower part of basement correlate with tilts predicted from paleomagnetic inclinations in the corresponding parts of the hole. A ∼40° westward dip of the seafloor around 417D matches the tilt predicted from inclinations and pillow margin dips in the uppermost lavas. The correlation suggests that most of the large long-wavelength inclination variation in Hole 417D is caused by variable tilting about an axis more or less parallel to the paleo rift rather than by secular variation. The variable tilt in Hole 417D is interpreted as the sum of rotation due to lava loading along the Mesozoic paleo rift and a later block rotation of ∼40° in the rift valley walls. This interpretation allows a reconstruction of the paleo rift environment in which the 417D upper crust formed.
Nickel—Its intrinsic acidity and its effect on the hydrogenolysis of 1,1-dimethylcyclopropane and ethylcyclopropane

Abstract The selectivity of hydrogenolysis of 1,1-dimethylcyclopropane and ethylcyclopropane has been studied at 80–150 °C in a pulse-microreactor at atmospheric pressure in the presence of hydrogen and nickel containing catalysts. The method of preparation of the catalysts and the supports used can influence the selectivity of 1,2- and 2,3-ring rupture. In the hydrogenolysis of 1,1-dimethylcyclopropane it was found that nickel oxide catalyst reduced at 400 °C yielded a ratio of neopentane/isopentane equal to 0.9 and 3.6, at 80 and 120 °C, respectively. A similar catalyst containing 0.05% Na + gave ratios of 5.4 and 10.1. Nickel-kieselguhr 6% catalyst gave a ratio of neopentane/isopentane of 1.3 at 80 °C. With catalyst containing 0.1% Na + the ratio was 6.1, and with 1.0% Na + it amounted to 10.5. The incorporation of 0.05% of alumina to 6% nickel-silica catalyst greatly enhances the 1,2-ring scission. Ethylcyclopropane is less sensitive to the changes in the properties of the nickel catalyst. Mechanism of reaction is discussed and it was shown that the enhancement of 1,2-ring scission can be attributed to the intrinsic acidic sites of the catalysts.
"Dear Tupac, You speak to me.": Recruiting hip-hop as curriculum at a school for pregnant and parenting teens

This article provides a rich representation of how in-school practices that recruit students' “out-of-school” literacies, such as hip hop, can be used as critical bridges in students' learning. Hip hop, conceptualized in this article as an “out-of-school” literacy, works as a vehicle for curricular change at Eastview School for Pregnant and Parenting Teens. In so doing, such literacy learning can be a tool for social action. Because the literacy learning of “at risk” students, as the students who attend Eastview School for Pregnant and Parenting Teens are labeled, is often described through remedial or basic skills models of instruction, it is imperative that researchers document curricular change that challenges prevailing assumptions about the learning of “at risk” students.
A Study on Performance and Emissions of a 4-Stroke IC Engine Operated on Landfill Gas With Syngas Addition

The aim of this study is to investigate the suitability of landfill gas (LFG) as an alternative fuel for an internal combustion (IC) engine and how to reduce pollutants emissions from LFG operations by adding syngas to LFG. The effect of CO2 fractions in LFG on the engine performance and exhaust emissions such as CO, UHC and NOx are experimentally determined, and a simulated LFG (50% CH4 and 50% CO2 ) mixed with a simulated syngas consisting of H2 and CO (H2 /CO = 2) is also studied. The Honda GC160E engine connected with a small generator which functions as different electrical loads is used for this study. When CO2 fraction in LFG changes from 0% to 50% at 0.8 kW load condition, CO and UHC emissions increase from 241.8ppm to 802.1ppm and from 35.6ppm to 113.4ppm respectively, while NOx emission decreases from 126.7ppm to 99.8ppm. In case of LFG (50% CH4 and 50% CO2 )-syngas (H2/CO = 2) mixtures, 5% addition of syngas to LFG at 0.8 kW load condition reduces CO, UHC and NOx emissions from 802.1ppm to 203.1ppm, from 113.4ppm to 11.1ppm and from 99.8ppm to 64.5ppm, respectively. However, when more syngas is added to LFG (10% and 15% syngas in fuel mixture) it does not measurably reduce these emissions any further.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
AN ANALYSIS OF 583 GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TESTS

SINCE 1931 every case of glycosuria found on routine examination of stU 'dents at the University of Minnesota Students' Health Service has been further studied by means of a glucose tolerance test. This report covers an analysis of 583 such cases studied from 1931 to 1937, inclusive. Determination of presence of glycosuria. A positive reaction to the standard Bene'diet qualitative test was taken as evidence of glycosuria. No known diabetics were included in this study. History and physical examinations. All individuals presenting themselves for glucose tolerance tests because of glycosuria were questioned regarding the following. (a) Presence or absence of family history of diabetes. (b) Frequency of urination, e.g., polyuria and nocturia. (c) Increased thirst and appetite or rapid gain or loss of weight. (d) History of fatigue, acute or chronic infections, boils, carbuncles and previous glycosuria. (e) The type of diet the patient was eating previous to finding of glycosuria.
Is participation in Head Start associated with less maternal spanking for boys and girls

Head Start includes family-oriented services to enhance parent-child relationships, but little is known about the effect of Head Start on parenting practices. Using data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Birth Cohort (n ≈ 7,000), we examined whether participation in Head Start was associated with maternal spanking, with particular attention to whether the association differed by child gender. We found that Head Start participation was associated with lower likelihood that mothers spanked their child in the past week at both preschool and kindergarten entry as well as lower likelihood that mothers would use spanking in a hypothetical situation, among boys but not girls. These beneficial effects of Head Start participation on mothers' use of spanking among boys were not reduced by additionally including maternal depression and child behavior problems.
Bax is required for resection-induced changes in apoptosis, proliferation, and members of the extrinsic cell death pathways ☆

Abstract Background & Aims: To define better the homeostatic mechanisms contributing to small intestinal adaptation following partial resection, the relative contributions of apoptosis, cell proliferation, and enterocyte migration and the comparative roles of the intrinsic (mitochondrial) and extrinsic (death receptor-mediated) apoptotic pathways were assessed. Methods: After 50% jejunoileal resections or transections, adaptation was analyzed in duodenal-jejunal and ileal segments from C57BL/6 Bax +/+ (16, 48, and 168 hours postoperative) and Bax −/− mice (168 hours). Results: Basal apoptotic rates were equivalent in all mice. By 1-week postresection, villus heights and crypt depths were increased in the duodenal-jejunal and ileal remnants of both genotypes. In Bax +/+ mice, adaptation occurred in concert with increased crypt proliferative and apoptotic indices. Bax −/− mice did not show increases in proliferation or apoptosis, yet adaptive increases in villus height were enhanced relative to Bax +/+ mice. Enterocyte migration increased in both genotypes. Postresection, the expression of caspases and genes involved in death receptor-mediated apoptosis was decreased in Bax −/− compared with Bax +/+ mice. Conclusions: Postresection adaptation involves parallel changes in crypt proliferation and apoptosis, but, as observed in Bax −/− mice, it can occur without increased proliferation. These studies demonstrate that spontaneous gut apoptosis is Bax independent, whereas adaptation-related apoptosis is Bax-dependent. Differences between resected Bax +/+ and Bax −/− mice suggest that apoptosis in the adapting gut utilizes the extrinsic pathway, but this requires linkage to the mitochondrial pathway via Bax. The increased adaptive response in Bax −/− mice indicates that modulation of apoptosis may be useful for enhancing adaptation.
Cold War Studies and New Archival Materials on Stalin

The field of Cold War history has grown exponentially since the opening of Soviet-period archives in 1991-92. The Cold War International History Project, run out of the Wilson Center, recently celebrated its tenth anniversary with a conference in Washington, DC, attended by some 120 scholars representing a wide variety of institutions and projects related to research on the Cold War. In addition to the Cold War International History Bulletin, put out by the Project, two new English-language scholarly journals have been founded: The Journal of Cold War Studies, edited by Mark Kramer at the Davis Center at Harvard, and Cold War History, edited by Odd Arne Westad in London. New opportunities for publishing scholarly work on the Cold War are apparently necessary; according to the editors of Diplomatic History, there has in fact been an ongoing "glut" of submissions of manuscripts on Cold War topics.' The publication and collection of documents from the Soviet period have also multiplied along with greater access to Russian archives. In its "Annals of Communism" series, Yale University Press has already published at least a dozen volumes of documents from the Russian archives on the Soviet period, some of them related to the history of the Cold War. The Hoover Institution Archives at Stanford have become a major repository of collections of Cold War-era documents microfilmed from the Russian archives. In addition to its central task of declassifying American intelligence and foreign policy documents from the Cold War period, the National Security Archive, headquartered at George Washington University, has contributed to the declassification and copying of documents from Russia, China, Viet Nam, and elsewhere. Among European institutions, the Feltrenelli Foundation in Italy has particularly distinguished itself by sponsoring a number of significant document publication projects.2
Interactions at the 2 and 5 positions of 5-phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate are essential in Salmonella typhimurium quinolinate phosphoribosyltransferase.

Quinolinate phosphoribosyltransferase (QAPRTase, EC 2.4.2.19) catalyzes an unusual phosphoribosyl transfer that is linked to a decarboxylation reaction to form the NAD precursor nicotinate mononucleotide, carbon dioxide, and pyrophosphate from quinolinic acid (QA) and 5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate (PRPP). Structural studies and sequence similarities with other PRTases have implicated Glu214, Asp235, Lys153, and Lys284 in contributing to catalysis through direct interaction with PRPP. The four residues were substituted by site-directed mutagenesis. A nadC deletant form of BL21DE3 was created to eliminate trace contamination by chromosomal QAPRTase. The mutant enzymes were readily purified and retained their dimeric aggregation state on gel filtration. Substitution of Lys153 with Ala resulted in an inactive enzyme, indicating its essential nature. Mutation of Glu214 to Ala or Asp caused at least a 4000-fold reduction in kcat, with 10-fold increases in Km and KD values for PRPP. However, mutation of Glu21...
Extinction and spontaneous recovery of a conditioned flavor preference based on calories

Abstract After rats were conditioned to prefer a flavor (CS+) paired with sucrose over another flavor (CS−) paired with saccharin, this conditioned flavor preference was extinguished by presenting the CS+ flavor without sucrose. These results were replicated in a second experiment in which spontaneous recovery of the extinguished flavor preference was demonstrated 7, 14, and 21 days after the extinction test. This is the first clear demonstration of the extinction and spontaneous recovery of a conditioned flavor preference based on calories. The implications of these results for our understanding of the mechanism underlying the conditioning of flavor preferences are explored.
Some aspects of the charge and discharge processes in lead-acid storage batteries

THE equilibrium relations of lead-acid storage batteries have been extensively studied. The double-sulfate theory proposed by Gladstone and Tribe1 has been substantiated by analytical methods,2 thermodynamic studies,3 and electromotive force measurements of galvanic cells simulating the charged state of the electrochemical system.4 It is well recognized that on discharge one equivalent each of lead dioxide and lead and two equivalents of sulfuric acid are consumed and that two equivalents of lead sulfate and two equivalents of water are formed per faraday. It is known that the reverse occurs on charge and that the lead-acid storage battery may be subjected to many cycles of charge and discharge. The battery is reversible in that chemical and electric energy may be interconverted in repeated cycles. In practice, reversibility in the thermodynamic sense is not completely realized and the voltage during discharge is somewhat lower than the reversible electromotive force. Likewise the charging voltage is correspondingly higher. The more rapid the charging and discharging the greater is the deviation from thermodynamic reversibility and the greater is the loss in energy efficiency.
Characterization of adrenocortical cell lines produced by genetically targeted tumorigenesis in transgenic mice

Using transgenic mice, we targeted SV40 T antigen and the bacterial neomycin resistance gene to steroidogenic tissues using a human P450 cholesterol side-chain cleavage promoter. Expression of SV40 T antigen resulted in adrenocortical tumors. Adrenocortical cell lines from one of these tumors (ST5R) was previously characterized. We have now obtained clonal lines from the second more differentiated tumor. After dispersion of the left adrenal tumor, ST5L parental cells were selected with G418 and subcloned. The resulting adrenocortical subcloned cell lines are more highly differentiated than those cell lines resulting from the right adrenal tumor (ST5R). ST5L cell lines secrete progesterone and corticosterone to varying degrees, whereas ST5R cells secrete only progesterone. One of the clonal cell lines, ST5Lc16, expresses both P450c11 beta and P450c11AS mRNAs, which normally are regionally distributed in different zones of the adrenal cortex. Thus, ST5Lc16 cells may be progenitor cells for both glomerulosa and fasciculata cells and may provide clues to the cellular and molecular events leading to the differentiation of the glomerulosa and the fasciculata-reticularis. Other ST5Lc cell lines are more representative of the fasciculata-reticularis, because they express P450c11 beta mRNA and secrete corticosterone, and they neither express P450c11AS mRNA nor do they secrete aldosterone. All cell lines also have 21-hydroxylase activity, but none express P450c21, indicating that some other, as yet unidentified, enzyme has this activity. In all cell lines, steroid secretion is regulable by cAMP stimulation but not by ACTH stimulation. All ST5L cell lines also express mouse renin-1 mRNA. In addition to their utility in studies of adrenal steroidogenesis, these cell lines may also be useful in studying the etiology of adrenocortical tumors.
Maximum likelihood ensemble filter applied to multisensor systems

Maximum Likelihood Ensemble Filter (MLEF) is an alternative deterministic ensemble based filter technique that optimizes a non-linear cost function along with a Maximum Likelihood approach. In addition to the common use of ensembles for calculating error covariance, the ensembles in MLEF are exploited to efficiently calculate Hessian preconditioning and the gradient of the cost function. This study is divided into two segments. The first part presents a one sensor approach, were MLEF is compared to different filters using Lorenz 63 system. These filters are: Extended Kalman Filter, Ensemble Kalman Filter. The second part develops a multi-sensor system. Here we study a moving particle on an orbit obtained from the same Lorenz system. We analyze the information content of MLEF's ensemble subspace for each sensor and consider the effects of different number of ensembles on the fusion process. In practice, when using ensemble based filtering techniques, a large ensemble size is required to obtain the best results. In this study we show that MLEF can obtain similar results using a smaller ensemble size by utilizing an information matrix, where essential characteristics are captured. This is a vital consideration when working with multi-sensor data fusion systems.
Synthesis of specific membrane proteins is a function of DNA replication and phospholipid synthesis in Caulobacter crescentus

Abstract Analysis of the effects on membrane function and protein composition of altering phospholipid synthesis in Caulobacter crescentus showed that, like other bacteria, C. crescentus continues to induce a lactose transport system and to synthesize most membrane proteins. However, we show that the incorporation of a set of outer membrane proteins primarily synthesized in stalked cells is dependent on DNA replication which, in turn, is dependent on membrane phospholipid synthesis. Furthermore, the incorporation of another set of membrane proteins, two of which are synthesized primarily in the swarmer cell, appears to be independent of the replication of the chromosome but to be directly dependent on phospholipid synthesis. We have also found that when phospholipid synthesis is blocked, the synthesis of the flagellar proteins is inhibited and that this effect may be mediated by the primary inhibition of DNA replication. Newton has presented evidence that the synthesis of flagellar proteins is dependent on specific execution points in DNA replication and that this connection serves as a temporal regulator of differential protein synthesis (Osley et al. , 1977; Sheffery & Newton, 1981). We suggest here that a direct link between the replicating chromosome and the growing membrane might serve, in turn, to dictate the site of membrane assembly of newly synthesized gene products.
Overcoming Redundancy: An RNAi Enhancer Screen for Morphogenesis Genes in Caenorhabditis elegans

Morphogenesis is an important component of animal development. Genetic redundancy has been proposed to be common among morphogenesis genes, posing a challenge to the genetic dissection of morphogenesis mechanisms. Genetic redundancy is more generally a challenge in biology, as large proportions of the genes in diverse organisms have no apparent loss of function phenotypes. Here, we present a screen designed to uncover redundant and partially redundant genes that function in an example of morphogenesis, gastrulation in Caenorhabditis elegans. We performed an RNA interference (RNAi) enhancer screen in a gastrulation-sensitized double-mutant background, targeting genes likely to be expressed in gastrulating cells or their neighbors. Secondary screening identified 16 new genes whose functions contribute to normal gastrulation in a nonsensitized background. We observed that for most new genes found, the closest known homologs were multiple other C. elegans genes, suggesting that some may have derived from rounds of recent gene duplication events. We predict that such genes are more likely than single copy genes to comprise redundant or partially redundant gene families. We explored this prediction for one gene that we identified and confirmed that this gene and five close relatives, which encode predicted substrate recognition subunits (SRSs) for a CUL-2 ubiquitin ligase, do indeed function partially redundantly with each other in gastrulation. Our results implicate new genes in C. elegans gastrulation, and they show that an RNAi-based enhancer screen in C. elegans can be used as an efficient means to identify important but redundant or partially redundant developmental genes.
Management of congenital neck lesions in children

Summary Introduction A retrospective clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the clinical features and treatment outcomes and to determine the incidence of complications in children with congenital neck lesions (CNLs) treated at our institution with a special emphasis on thyroglossal duct remnant (TGDR), branchial cleft anomaly (BCA), and dermoid cyst (DC). Materials and methods This series had 72 patients with CNL. The diagnosis of CNL was made by physical examination, ultrasound (US) in most, and for a potential extension of the mass computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in a few patients and confirmed by histopathological examination in all of the children. Results Of the patients in this series, 39 (54.2%) children had thyroglossal duct remnant (TGDR). The most common surgical procedure ( n = 36) in these children was Sistrunk's procedure. Four children (10.3%) with TGDR had associated anomalies including Turner syndrome and Morgagni hernia. During the study period, 25 (34.7%) children with branchial cleft anomaly (BCA) were treated and most of these were second branchial anomalies. There were eight children (11.1%) with dermoid cyst (DC). Conclusion TGDR is the most common CNL and is presented clinically rather late with regard to BCA and DC in this series. Surgical resection is optimal choice of therapy in CNLs not only for aesthetic reasons but also for the recurrent infections and the potential danger of malignancy. Definitive surgery may be associated with high morbidity, especially recurrence. Associated anomalies may be observed, especially in children with TGDR. Although the Sistrunk's procedure is a safe and successful technique, life-threatening complications should also be kept in mind during the management of these lesions and early and adequate surgical treatment is suggested.
Reinvestigation of the Phase Diagram for the System Titanium–Oxygen

Samples of the titanium oxides with O/Ti ratios between 0.5 and 1.67 were prepared by heating mixtures of Ti and TiO2 in high vacuum to 1500°C and annealing them in silica ampuls at 900° to 1100°C. Results of chemical and X-ray analyses are combined with previously published data to form a complete phase diagram. The melting points of Ti2O3 and Ti3O5 were 1839°° 10°C and 1774°° 10°C, respectively.
Differential induction of genes in liver and brown adipose tissue regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α during fasting and cold exposure in acyl-CoA dehydrogenase-deficient mice

Abstract Mice deficient for either long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (LCAD−/−) or very-long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (VLCAD−/−) develop hepatic steatosis upon fasting, due to disrupted mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. Moreover, neither mouse model can maintain core body temperature when exposed to cold. We investigated the effects of fasting and cold exposure on gene expression in these mice. Non-fasted LCAD−/− mice showed gene expression changes indicative of fatty liver, including elevated mRNA levels for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) and genes involved in lipogenesis. In LCAD−/− and VLCAD−/− mice challenged with fasting and cold exposure, expression of fatty acid oxidation genes was elevated in liver, consistent with increased PPARα activity. This effect was not seen in brown adipose tissue, suggesting that expression of these genes may be regulated differently than in liver. The effect of acute cold exposure on expression of fatty acid oxidation genes was measured in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α-deficient mice (PPARα−/−) and controls. In PPARα−/− mice, basal expression of the acyl-CoA dehydrogenases was reduced in liver but was not altered in brown adipose tissue. While cold altered the expression of PPARγ, sterol-regulatory element binding protein-1 (SREBP-1), ATP citrate lyase, and the uncoupling proteins in brown adipose tissue from both PPARα−/− and control mice, fatty acid oxidation genes were unaffected. Thus, while fatty acid oxidation appears critical for non-shivering thermogenesis, expression of the acyl-CoA dehydrogenases is not influenced by cold exposure. Moreover, mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation genes are not regulated by PPARα in brown adipose tissue as they are in liver.
Information age technologies for surgeons: overview.

This overview summarizes the revolutionary changes that are occurring in medicine today and looks beyond medicine to the other disciplines of science that contribute to the overall revolution of the Information Age. The concept of "information equivalent," representing real objects within a computer as information, is explained. The application of today's emerging information technologies is divided into the components of patient care-diagnosis, consultation, treatment, and education-and illustrations are given of how information sciences are changing the practice of surgery.
The processing of case in near-native Spanish

This article reports a study that sought to determine whether non-native sentence comprehension can show sensitivity to two different types of Spanish case marking. Sensitivity to case violations w...
Growth, development, and gene expression by in vivo- and in vitro-produced day 7 and 16 bovine embryos.

The effects of the embryo production system on growth and transcription rate of day 7 and 16 bovine embryos were investigated. In vivo- (controls) and in vitro-produced (IVP) embryos were transferred to female recipients on day 7 of development, and were allowed to develop in a synchronous uterine environment to day 16. Embryonic transcripts for insulin-like growth factors-1 and -2 (IGF-1 and -2), their receptors (IGF-1r and -2r), facilitative glucose transporters-1 and -3 (Glut-1 and -3), and interferon-τ (IFN-τ) were determined by real-time quantitative PCR (TaqMan®); gender diagnosis was performed on day 16 concepti only. On day 7, IVP embryos presented lower mRNA levels than controls (P < 0.05), but these differences were generally reduced on day 16. No IGF-1 transcripts were detected on day 7, but a low IGF-1 mRNA level was observed in day 16 embryos. In the IVP group, IFN-τ mRNA levels were lower on day 7 (P < 0.05), but higher than controls on day 16 (P < 0.05). Control embryos showed a temporal decrease in the relative transcription from day 7 to 16 (P < 0.05), except IGF-1 mRNA. On day 16, IVP concepti were shorter and displayed smaller embryonic discs (P < 0.05). Female concepti were generally smaller than males, and IGF-2r mRNA and growth were negatively correlated. The in vitro production of bovine embryos negatively affected the amount of gene expression on day 7 and the rate of development on day 16. Physical traits and transcriptional activity on day 16 were associated with one another, which appeared to be significant for growth and development. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 63: 318–328, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Polypeptides encoded by varicella-zoster virus unique short sequences.

Abstract The SalI-I and K DNA fragments which lie within the unique short sequences (Us) and contain a portion of the inverted repeat sequences (IRs/TRs) of varicellazoster virus (VZV) DNA were cloned in an in vitro transcription vector system (pGEM-2). RNA was transcribed from both strands, translated in vitro and analyzed by SDS-PAGE. The results showed that SalI-I and K each codes for three primary translation products. Polypeptides with M r s of 19000 (19K), 47K, 93K/90K are encoded by SalI-I and polypeptides of 12K 19K and 50K are encoded by SalI-K. These results are consistent with the predicted genetic expression of the VZV SalI-I and SalI-K DNA fragments.
Early orchiopexy restores fertility in the Hoxa 11 gene knockout mouse.

ABSTRACTPurpose: We investigated whether infertility could be reversed in cryptorchid mice (with disrupted expression of the homeobox gene Hoxa 11) by orchiopexy and mating such animals with females of proven fertility.Materials and Methods: Hoxa 11 mutant and WT male mice were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction. Surgery (orchiopexy or sham operation) was performed at age 18 days and fertility was assessed at ages 6 to 8 weeks. Animals were sacrificed at ages 6 to 9 months and computer assisted semen analysis was performed on fluid obtained by epididymal puncture.Results: Five of 28 mutant mice proved fertile following orchiopexy versus 0 of 22 after sham operation (p <0.05). Values in WT mice were 18 of 35 and 25 of 33, respectively (p <0.01). Mean spermatozoa counts ± SEM were 21.7 ± 5.9 × 106/ml in 8 mutant mice with orchiopexy, 2.78 ± 1.59 × 106/ml in 8 sham operated mutant mice (p <0.002), 15.6 ± 4.9 × 106/ml in 7 WT mice with orchiopexy and 36.3 ± 10.5 × 106/ml in 9 sham operated WT mice (p <0.0...
A therapeutic dose of zolpidem reduces thalamic GABA in healthy volunteers: A proton MRS study at 4 T

Zolpidem is a nonbenzodiazepine sedative/hypnotic that acts at GABAA receptors to influence inhibitory neurotransmission throughout the central nervous system. A great deal is known about the behavioral effects of this drug in humans and laboratory animals, but little is known about zolpidem’s specific effects on neurochemistry in vivo. We evaluated how acute administration of zolpidem affected levels of GABA, glutamate, glutamine, and other brain metabolites. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS) at 4 T was employed to measure the effects of zolpidem on brain chemistry in 19 healthy volunteers. Participants underwent scanning following acute oral administration of a therapeutic dose of zolpidem (10 mg) in a within-subject, single-blind, placebo-controlled, single-visit study. In addition to neurochemical measurements from single voxels within the anterior cingulate (ACC) and thalamus, a series of questionnaires were administered periodically throughout the experimental session to assess subjective mood states. Zolpidem reduced GABA levels in the thalamus, but not the ACC. There were no treatment effects with respect to other metabolite levels. Self-reported ratings of “dizzy,” “nauseous,” “confused,” and “bad effects” were increased relative to placebo, as were ratings on the sedation/intoxication (PCAG) and psychotomimetic/dysphoria (LSD) scales of the Addiction Research Center Inventory. Moreover, there was a significant correlation between the decrease in GABA and “dizzy.” Zolpidem engendered primarily dysphoric-like effects and the correlation between reduced thalamic GABA and “dizzy” may be a function of zolpidem’s interaction with α1GABAA receptors in the cerebellum, projecting through the vestibular system to the thalamus.
Animating human dressing

Dressing is one of the most common activities in human society. Perfecting the skill of dressing can take an average child three to four years of daily practice. The challenge is primarily due to the combined difficulty of coordinating different body parts and manipulating soft and deformable objects (clothes). We present a technique to synthesize human dressing by controlling a human character to put on an article of simulated clothing. We identify a set of primitive actions which account for the vast majority of motions observed in human dressing. These primitive actions can be assembled into a variety of motion sequences for dressing different garments with different styles. Exploiting both feed-forward and feedback control mechanisms, we develop a dressing controller to handle each of the primitive actions. The controller plans a path to achieve the action goal while making constant adjustments locally based on the current state of the simulated cloth when necessary. We demonstrate that our framework is versatile and able to animate dressing with different clothing types including a jacket, a pair of shorts, a robe, and a vest. Our controller is also robust to different cloth mesh resolutions which can cause the cloth simulator to generate significantly different cloth motions. In addition, we show that the same controller can be extended to assistive dressing.
Composition of the essential oil of Lepidium meyenii (Walp).

The essential oil profile of maca (Lepidium meyenii) obtained from Lima, Peru, was examined. Steam distillates of the aerial parts of L. meyenii were continuously extracted with pentane and the pentane extracts analyzed by GC/MS. Retention indices and mass spectral data were used to identify 53 oil components. Phenyl acetonitrile (85.9%), benzaldehyde (3.1%), and 3-methoxyphenylacetonitrile (2.1%) were the major components of the steam distilled oil. The oil of L. meyenii was tested for phytotoxic, cyanobactericidal, and antitermite activity. The oil was selectively toxic towards the cyanobacterium Oscillatoria perornata compared to the green alga Selenastrum capricornutum, with complete growth inhibition at 100 μg/ml. Mortality of the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus, was numerically, but not significantly, higher when held on filter paper treated with maca oil. At 1% (w/w), maca oil also appeared to act as a feeding deterrent to termites. Several minor components of the essential oil of maca including 3-methoxyphenylacetonitrile and benzylthiocyanate were significantly active against the Formosan termite. This is the first report on the essential oil composition of L. meyenii.
In Vivo Absorption and Disposition of Cefadroxil After Escalating Oral Doses in Wild-Type and PepT1 Knockout Mice

Purpose To determine the effect of PepT1 on the absorption and disposition of cefadroxil, including the potential for saturable intestinal uptake, after escalating oral doses of drug.