cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alterations in rat liver microsomal and lysosomal β-glucuronidase by compounds which induce hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes

Abstract Chlordane, dieldrin, piperonyl butoxide, and benzpyrene, which induce the hepatic microsomal mixed function oxidases and UDP glucuronyltransferases, decreased activity of smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum β-glucuronidase. The reduction occurred when either p-nitrophenyl β- D -glucuronide or phenolphthalein mono-β-glucuronide was used as the substrate. Chlordane or dieldrin pretreatment of rats for 3 days resulted in a 2.5-fold reduction in endoplasmic reticulum activity while the reduction was less for piperonyl butoxide or benzpyrene. On the other hand, aminopyrine demethylase and UDP glucuronyltransferase were increased 2-fold by chlordane or dieldrin pretreatments. Decreases in microsomal β-glucuronidase activity might be directly or indirectly involved in the induction process since decreases in β-glucuronidase activity are quantitatively similar to increases in activity of the drug-metabolizing enzymes. Lysosomal β-glucuronidase also decreased following pretreatment of rats with inducing agents, but the reduction was less than that observed in the endoplasmic reticulum fractions. Analysis of pH optima, temperature optima, Km values, heat denaturation data, and effects of Triton X-100 on activities of various liver fractions suggests that β-glucuronidase from the endoplasmic reticulum and lysosomes have similar properties.
The propagation of signals along a three-layered region: microstrip

The tangential components of the electric field on the air-substrate surface of a three-layered region such as microstrip are determined for the case when the source is a unit electric dipole on that surface. This is done by integrating the rigorous Hankel transforms subject to the condition k/sup 2//sub 0/ >
A prospective feasibility study of radiation and concurrent bevacizumab for recurrent endometrial cancer

Abstract Objectives To determine the toxicity and survival rates in a trial of concurrent bevacizumab and external beam radiation (EB) for patients with recurrent endometrial or ovarian cancer. Methods Nineteen women with recurrent endometrial ( n =15) or ovarian ( n =4) cancer with gross disease involving the vaginal cuff, and/or pelvic nodes and/or para-aortic nodes, cancer were enrolled between 2008 and 2010. All patients received bevacizumab during radiation. Toxicity was assessed at baseline, weekly during treatment and every 3months for at least 1year after treatment. Results All patients completed EB on schedule. For the 15 patients with recurrent endometrial cancer, the 1- and 3-year progression-free survival (PFS was) 80%/67% and overall survival (OS) was 93%/80%. Patients that had a vaginal cuff recurrence alone had a 1- and 3-year PFS of 75%/63% and OS of 100%/75%. Two patients with pelvic node involvement did not recur throughout the entire follow-up period. The 5 patients with para-aortic node involvement had a 1- and 3-year PFS of 80%/60% and OS of 80%/80%. Of the 4 ovarian cancer patients 3 relapsed with 1- and 3-year PFS of 80%/40% and OS of 100%/60%. Toxicities included thrombosis and 1 embolic event in the setting of metastastic disease. No gastrointestinal perforations were noted. Conclusions Delivering bevacizumab with concurrent radiation provides excellent local tumor control and survival for women with recurrent endometrioid endometrial cancer, particularly those with unresectable nodes. Caution must be used in those at highest risk of developing metastatic disease given the increased risk of thromboembolic events. This regimen may be considered for recurrent gynecologic malignancies in future trials.
AIDA: Adaptive application-independent data aggregation in wireless sensor networks

Sensor networks, a novel paradigm in distributed wireless communication technology, have been proposed for various applications including military surveillance and environmental monitoring. These systems deploy heterogeneous collections of sensors capable of observing and reporting on various dynamic properties of their surroundings in a time sensitive manner. Such systems suffer bandwidth, energy, and throughput constraints that limit the quantity of information transferred from end-to-end. These factors coupled with unpredictable traffic patterns and dynamic network topologies make the task of designing optimal protocols for such networks difficult. Mechanisms to perform data-centric aggregation utilizing application-specific knowledge provide a means to augmenting throughput, but have limitations due to their lack of adaptation and reliance on application-specific decisions. We, therefore, propose a novel aggregation scheme that adaptively performs application-independent data aggregation in a time sensitive manner. Our work isolates aggregation decisions into a module that resides between the network and the data-link layer and does not require any modifications to the currently existing MAC and network layer protocols. We take advantage of queuing delay and the broadcast nature of wireless communication to concatenate network units into an aggregate using a novel adaptive feedback scheme to schedule the delivery of this aggregate to the MAC layer for transmission. In our evaluation we show that end-to-end transmission delay is reduced by as much as 80p under heavy traffic loads. Additionally, we show as much as a 50p reduction in transmission energy consumption with an overall reduction in header overhead. Theoretical analysis, simulation, and a test-bed implementation on Berkeley's MICA motes are provided to validate our claims.
Yield Mapping to Document Goose Grazing Impacts on Winter Wheat

In southwestern Washington and western Oregon, increasing num-bers of wintering Canada geese (Branta canadensis) graze several farm crops including wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Our objectives were to develop methods to determine timing, intensity, and locations of grazing, and to measure the impact of grazing on grain yield. Aerial photography with ground-truth photography and repeated sampling worked well to determine timing, intensity, and locations of grazing. Exclosures served as nongrazed controls. A yield-mapping-system-equipped combine measured yields. All data collection points were spatially located via differential global positioning system (DGPS) technology, which allowed us to integrate all data spatially and temporally via geographical information system (GIS) technology. Based on yield-mapping-system data, goose grazing resulted in grain yield differences ranging from a 16% increase on part of one field to a 25% decrease on an area of a field heavily grazed in April, just before geese migrated north. Comparisons of exclosures (nongrazed controls) with paired plots provided variable results. Results from paired-plot comparisons for three fields during 1998 were 25% reduction, no difference, and 13% increase in grain yields in the paired plots available for grazing vs. enclosures. Based on yield-mapping-system data, the same three fields experienced 19, 7, and 5% grain yield reductions due to goose grazing with the extent of reduction depending on a combination of timing, intensity, and extent of grazing. Paired plots did not adequately represent grazing impacts on the fields. The yield-mapping system provided nearly complete coverage of the fields and adequately captured grazing impacts.
Size-Constancy in Children Measured by a Functional Size-Discrimination Task.

Abstract Since an instruction-produced attitude did not reliably affect the size-judgments of children below 10 years of age in a previous size-constancy task, a discrimination task for size at a distance was devised to compare the performance of three groups of children below the age of 10. With level of difficulty held constant for the three groups, there was no difference in the extent to which distance affected their size-discriminations. A college-age group did differ from the children, however. There was no simple relation between performance of the discrimination task and explicit attitudes about size-distance relationships, but the college-age group was better at size-discrimination, per se, and may have been attending to different aspects of the stimulus situation. There was no significant correlation for individual differences between the functional size-discrimination task and a more traditional size-constancy task.
Precipitation Growth Trajectories in a CCOPE Storm

Abstract The growth trajectories of precipitation particles that attain diameters from 0.5 to 2.0 cm are modeled within the wind field of a small, relatively steady-state, southeastern Montana thunderstorm. The trajectories are calculated backwards, from systematic arrays of particles of specified sizes at a level near cloud base. Using a simple set of criteria for rejecting the obviously impossible trajectories, the patterns of accepted trajectory end-points are compared with the radar echo patterns. Good agreement lends credence to the qualitative aspects of the trajectories. For a given size of precipitation particle, the method helps one to assign different trajectory types to specific regions within the horizontal plant on which the calculations were started. The relative importance of the different types of trajectories can thus be estimated. Particle origin mechanisms are discussed in terms of the regions in which the trajectories are found to start. The variety of successful trajectories leading t...
Magnetohydrodynamics of the early Universe and the evolution of primordial magnetic fields

We show that the decaying magnetohydrodynamic turbulence leads to a more rapid growth of the correlation length of a primordial magnetic field than that caused by the expansion of the Universe. As an example, we consider the magnetic fields created during the electroweak phase transition. The expansion of the Universe alone would yield a correlation length at the present epoch of 1 AU, whereas we find that the correlation length is likely of order 100 AU, and cannot possibly be longer than ${10}^{4}\mathrm{AU}$ for non-helical fields. If the primordial field is strongly helical, the correlation length can be much larger, but we show that even in this case it cannot exceed 100 pc. All these estimates make it hard to believe that the observed galactic magnetic fields can result from the amplification of seed fields generated at the electroweak phase transition by the standard galactic dynamo.
A Review of Phylogenetic and Metabolic Relationships Between the Acylamino Acids, N-Acetyl-l-Aspartic Acid and N-Acetyl-l-Histidine, in the Vertebrate Nervous System

N-Acetyl-L-histidine (NAH) and N-acetyl-L-aspartic acid (NAA) are major constituents of vertebrate brain and eye with distinct phylogenetic distributions. They are characterized by high tissue concentrations, high tissue/extracellular fluid gradients, and a continuous regulated efflux into the extracellular fluid. As a result of parallel investigations over the past three decades, evidence has accumulated that suggests that the metabolism of NAA in the CNS of both homeothermic and poikilothermic vertebrates and the metabolism of NAH in the CNS of poikilothermic vertebrates are related. Tissue distribution and concentrations are similar, as well as timing of appearance during embryological development and their synthetic and degradative biochemistry. Both amino acids appear to be involved in a rapid tissue-to-fluid-space cycling phenomenon across a membrane. Evidence accumulating for each amino acid suggests a dynamic and important role in the CNS and the eye of vertebrates. A genetic disease in humans, Canavan's disease, is associated with NAA aciduria and aspartoacylase deficiency with concomitant accumulation of NAA and a spongy degeneration of the brain. In this article, evidence linking NAA and NAH metabolism is reviewed, and the hypothesis that NAA and NAH complement each other and are metabolic analogues involved with membrane transport is developed. Their enzyme systems also appear to exhibit plasticity in relation to osmoregulatory forces on an evolutionary time scale, with an apparent interface at the fish-tetrapod boundary.
The Role of Breakdown of the Blood-Retinal Barrier in Cell-Injection Models of Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy

• Rabbits were given an intravitreous injection of 5.0 × 105rabbit retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, human RPE cells, or human dermal fibroblasts in one eye and an injection of vehicle alone in the other eye. Some rabbits were treated with retinal cryopexy or intravenous sodium iodate on the day before injection. Vitreous fluorophotometry (VFP) and fundus examinations were performed before and at various times after cell injections. Retinal detachments were graded by premortem ophthalmoscopic examinations and postmortem gross pathologic examinations. Eyes injected with cells had higher VFP readings than eyes injected with vehicle at all time points. Eyes injected with fibroblasts or rabbit RPE had significantly higher mean VFP values before the onset of retinal detachment than those injected with human RPE cells. Within each group, high levels of fluorescein leakage in the first week correlated well with severity of subsequent traction retinal detachment and the fibroblast and rabbit RPE groups had more severe detachments than the human RPE group. Treatment with cryopexy or sodium iodate resulted in higher VFP readings, a higher frequency of retinal detachments, and detachments that occurred earlier and that were more severe. These data demonstrate that intravitreous cells cause blood-retinal barrier breakdown in rabbits and that the amount and duration of this breakdown are important variables in retinal detachment formation.
Advancing Social-Communication and Play (ASAP): Development of a Supplemental Intervention for Public Preschools Serving Children With Autism

Research indicates that targeting social-communication and play in young children with autism can lead to improved long-term language outcomes. Thus, there is a critical need for school-based inter...
Cooperativity of Cdk4R24C and Ras in melanoma development

The importance of the CDK4 protein in human cancer first became evident following the identification of a germ line mutation in the Cdk4 locus that predisposes humans to melanoma. This mutation results in substitution of arginine with cysteine at position 24 (R24C). In an earlier study, we introduced the R24C mutation into the Cdk4 locus of mice using Cre-loxP-mediated "knock-in" technology and observed a very low incidence of spontaneous melanomas in Cdk4(R24C/R24C) mice. This suggested that additional oncogenic mutations might be required for development of melanomas. Here we report an increased incidence of spontaneous cutaneous melanoma in mice expressing the oncogene HRAS(G12V) in melanocytes on a Cdk4(R24C) background. Treatment of Tyr-HRas:Cdk4(R24C/R24C) mice with the carcinogen, DMBA/TPA resulted in a further increase in the number of nevi and melanomas developed when compared with Tyr-HRas:Cdk4(+/+) mice. In summary, in Tyr-HRas:Cdk4(R24C/R24C) mice, we observed that activated CDK4 cooperates with the oncogenic HRAS(G12V) protein to increase the susceptibility of melanoma development in vivo.
Guillain-Barré Syndrome due to Hypophosphatemia following Intravenous Hyperalimentation

This case report documents the additive effects of pregnancy, hyperemesis, cholecystitis, and intravenous nutrition in causing profound hypophosphatemia. This led to severe reversible neurological sequelae for the mother and fetal demise. The etiology of hypophosphatemia and management are discussed. (Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition12:414-416, 1988)
Subunit organization in cytoplasmic dynein subcomplexes

Because cytoplasmic dynein plays numerous critical roles in eukaryotic cells, determining the subunit composition and the organization and functions of the subunits within dynein are important goals. This has been difficult partly because of accessory polypeptide heterogeneity of dynein populations. The motor domain containing heavy chains of cytoplasmic dynein are associated with multiple intermediate, light intermediate, and light chain accessory polypeptides. We examined the organization of these subunits within cytoplasmic dynein by separating the molecule into two distinct subcomplexes. These subcomplexes were competent to reassemble into a molecule with dynein-like properties. One subcomplex was composed of the dynein heavy and light intermediate chains whereas the other subcomplex was composed of the intermediate and light chains. The intermediate and light chain subcomplex could be further separated into two pools, only one of which contained dynein light chains. The two pools had distinct intermediate chain compositions, suggesting that intermediate chain isoforms have different light chain–binding properties. When the two intermediate chain pools were characterized by analytical velocity sedimentation, at least four molecular components were seen: intermediate chain monomers, intermediate chain dimers, intermediate chain monomers with bound light chains, and a mixture of intermediate chain dimers with assorted bound light chains. These data provide new insights into the compositional heterogeneity and assembly of the cytoplasmic dynein complex and suggest that individual dynein molecules have distinct molecular compositions in vivo.
Crystal structure of high temperature strontium pyrovanadate

Abstract Single crystals of the high-temperature phase of strontium pyrovanadate, α-Sr 2 V 2 O 7 , were grown from a melt in the Bi-Sr-V-O system. This compound crystallizes in the triclinic system in space group P1 (#2) with α = 7.0936(4) A , b = 12.986(2) A , c = 7.046(1) A , α = 93.78(1)°, β = 90.877(7)°, γ = 99.447(7)°, V = 638.6(1) A 3 and Z = 4. The structure can be described as the packing of four Sr 2 V 2 O 7 layers that are approximately normal to the b axis or as the stacking of two zigzag chains. Two different types of (V 2 O 7 ) 4− anions are present. Three reported X-ray powder patterns are indexed with the cell parameters from this work. The α-to-β polymorphic transition temperature is about 645°C.
Evidence for multiple protein kinase C isoforms in the leukocytes of a marine teleost, Sciaenops ocellatus

Abstract The protein kinase C (PKC) family of isozymes mediates a diverse range of cellular functions, including activation of vertebrate lymphocytes through membrane-bound antigen receptors. The complex role of PKC in mammalian cells may be orchestrated in part by the presence of multiple isoforms, each of which displays a distinctive tissue distribution, substrate specificity and pattern of regulation. In the present study, PKC isoforms were identified in peripheral blood leukocytes of the marine teleost fish Sciaenops ocellatus by immunoprecipitation and Western blot using antibodies to mammalian isoforms. Functional activity was monitored by evaluating translocation of the teleost isoforms from membrane to cytosol in response to phorbol ester treatment. Teleost conventional isoforms PKCα and PKCβ (82 kDa) completely translocated out of the cytosol in response to phorbol ester. Phorbol ester did not induce translocation of teleost atypical isoform PKCζ (67 kDa), as has been shown for its mammalian homologue. Although their identity as distinct isoforms is less clear, proposed teleost novel PKCδ (84, 86 kDa) and PKCη (83, 85 kDa) also translocated out of the cytosol. The presence of multiple isoforms representing each of the three major classes of PKC in red drum leukocytes implies that the complexity of signal transduction pathways in vertebrates is highly conserved.
On a class of elastodynamic motions in a neo-Hookean elastic solid

In this paper we study a class of inhomogeneous motions of an incompressible neo-Hookean solid. The form of solution sought leads to a system of uncoupled ordinary differential equations that can be analyzed in great detail with regard to issues concerning boundedness and periodicity of solutions.
Materials for elevated-temperature applications

Abstract Recent studies have been conducted in an effort to expand the current capabilities of superalloys and to explore materials which may extend application temperatures well beyond the celestial limits of the high temperature materials currently in use. Work on very high melting (melting temperature Tm > 1650 °C) intermetallics has, to some extent, validated the potential of these materials. Specifically, Cr2Nb has been shown to possess both a very high strength at temperatures to 1300 °C and an excellent creep resistance. Efforts directed at intermetallic-intermetallic composite systems such as beryllide-reinforced Fe-40 wt.%Al have shown that the problem of interdiffusional degradation can be significantly inhibited through the formation of a “diffusional lock”. Finally, it has been found that electron beam cold-hearth can significantly enhance performance. Indeed, it has been found that electron beam cold-hearth refining of Inconel 718 resulted in a virtual elimination of inclusions anda sixfold increase in low cycle fatigue life.
Contributions of sodium and chloride to ultrastructural damage after dendrotomy.

To determine the contributions of sodium and chloride to ultrastructural changes after mechanical injury, we amputated primary dendrites of cultured mouse spinal neurons in low calcium medium in which sodium chloride had been replaced with either choline chloride or sodium isethionate or sodium propionate. Uninjured cultured neurons were also exposed to the sodium ionophore, monensin. A third set of neurons was injured in medium in which all sodium and calcium chloride had been replaced with sucrose. Neurons injured in low-calcium, low-sodium medium exhibited few ultrastructural changes, except very near the lesion, where there was some dilation of mitochondria and cisternae of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER). Mitochondria in other regions of the neurons developed an electron opaque matrix, and those nearer to the lesion converted to the condensed configuration, characterized by expanded intracristal spaces as well as a dense matrix. If sodium but not chloride was present in the medium, there was some dilation of the Golgi cisternae after injury, as well as some increased electron opacity of the mitochondria. Monensin treated neurons also exhibited dilation of the Golgi cisternae. Neurons injured in sucrose-substituted medium showed none of the changes associated with injury in normal culture medium. These results indicate that sodium influx through the lesion is involved in the dilation of the SER, which is seen even in low-calcium medium, and that a permeant anion, such as chloride, is also involved. This dilation of the SER may result from uptake of calcium released from mitochondria in response to elevated cytosolic sodium. Dilation of the Golgi cisternae appears to be a response only to elevated intracellular sodium. Condensation of the mitochondria after injury is thought to be due to increased demands for ATP synthesis and may involve a “futile cycling” of calcium across the mitochondrial membrane, involving sodium-mediated calcium release in response to elevated intracellular calcium.
A Newly Energy-Saving Movable Piezoelectric Carpet

The inventions is based on the principle of piezoelectric, using the changes of people walking in gravity driven linkage corresponding cutting magnetic lines to produce inductive current. It includes the two-way generation technology, and by parallel and assembly of generator, it finally realizes a newly energy-saving movable piezoelectric carpet. After analysis and calculation, when pressing one device, the power generation is about 75.843J. Taking a university for example, the average profits of a set of devices is up to 50000yuan. So it has high value both in economic and study.
Block-implicit multigrid calculation of two-dimensional recirculating flows

Abstract The performance of a recently developed calculation procedure for steady multidimensional fluid flows is assessed in four laminar two-dimensional recirculating flows representative of those in industrial equipment. The calculation procedure is based on a coupled solution of the momentum and continuity equations by the multigrid technique. The rate of convergence of the algorithm is critically assessed by varying the flow Reynolds number, the number of finite difference nodes, and the numerical underrelaxation factor. The procedure is observed to converge rapidly to an acceptable accuracy in all the flow situations.
Cerebral atrophy in bulimia

Abstract The extent of cerebral atrophy in 8 consecutively chosen unmedicated bulimics and 8 normal controls was determined by magnetic resonance imaging. There was no history of anorexia nervosa or alcoholism in either group. Measures obtained included the ratio of cerebral to cranial area at the midsagittal section, as well as maximum ventricle/brain ratio in the axial plane. Sagittal cerebral/cranial ratio was significantly less in the bulimic group than in controls [0.82 ± 0.04 (sd) versus 0.90 ± 0.03, Z = −2.74, p = 0.006, two-tailed Mann-Whitney U-test], whereas ventricle/brain ratio was not significantly different between groups. Implications for the occurrence of cortical atrophy in normalweight bulimics, as well as for the relative absence of ventricular enlargement in these patients, are discussed.
School Soft Drink Availability and Consumption Among U.S. Secondary Students

Background Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) such as soft drinks has been associated with significantly increased energy intake and body weight. One strategy used to reduce soft drink consumption among adolescents has been reducing availability in schools; however, research is limited on associations between availability of soft drinks in school and student consumption. Purpose This study examines associations between regular and diet soft drink availability in schools and student consumption using data from 329 secondary schools and 9284 students. Methods Data were obtained from two sources: (1) nationally representative cross-sectional samples of students in Grades 8, 10, and 12 from U.S. public and private schools in 2010 and 2011 in the Monitoring the Future study and (2) administrators of the same schools in the Youth, Education, and Society study. Multilevel modeling conducted in 2012 examined associations between school availability and student consumption controlling for student sociodemographics and school characteristics. Results In the total sample of more than 9000 students, regular and diet soft drink availability in school was not related to student consumption of these beverages in multivariate models. Yet, among African-American high school students, school regular and diet soft drink availability was significantly related to higher daily consumption (both before and after controlling for student and school factors). Conclusions Although removal of soft drinks from schools may not result in significantly lower overall student consumption, such actions may result in significant decreases in soft drink consumption for specific student groups.
Development of the KnowPain-12 pain management knowledge survey

Objective The purpose of this study was to develop a brief knowledge survey about chronic non-cancer pain that could be used as a reliable and valid measure of a provider’s pain management knowledge.
A contextual exploration of siblicide.

This article contextualizes the exploration of sibling homicide, or siblicide, a phenomenon that traditionally has received very little attention within the academic literature. Siblicide is examined in relation to other family homicides and other known homicides. Given the traditional frequency, duration, and intensity of youthful sibling relationships, juvenile homicides are disaggregated from adult homicides to reveal whether there are any differences. Although previous research has questioned the use of the Supplementary Homicide Reports for this type of analysis (Daly, Wilson, Salmon, Hiraiwa-Hasegawa, & Hasegawa 2001), the utility of the data set is demonstrated. The results of this exploration suggest that siblicide may be examined within the theoretical contexts of sociobiology and routine activities theory. Language: en
The involvement of the nervous system in sickle-cell anemia

Summary Central nervous system involvement is a frequent occurrence in sickle-cell anemia. Reports of six new cases, two with autopsy, are presented, and the available literature including twenty-five other cases is reviewed. The clinical manifestations and spinal fluid findings are summarized. The essential pathology in the brain in sickle-cell anemia is similar to the pathology in other organs. The lesions are multiple and widespread but are mainly localized in the peripheral cortex and meninges. We consider the lesions to be primarily intravascular and due to thrombosis, following which there are extension of the thrombotic process and hemorrhagic, degenerative, and atrophic changes. Prognosis is poor, but variable and unpredictable. No effective form of treatment has been found.
Proliferation, Apoptosis, and Survivin Expression in Keratinocytic Neoplasms and Hyperplasias

The dysregulation of apoptosis occurs in many cutaneous disease states. Several apoptosis inhibitors have been shown elevated in neoplasms and in some inflammatory conditions, but their relation to proliferative and apoptotic states has not been defined. We examined the expression of the apoptosis inhibitor survivin in a panel of keratinocytic neoplasms and hyperproliferative skin lesions using both immunohistochemistry and a newly developed in situ hybridization technique. Proliferation and apoptotic indices were also assessed by immunohistochemical staining for proliferating cell nuclear antigen and TUNEL, respectively. We found the highest rate of proliferation in verrucae and psoriasis followed by actinic keratosis, squamous and basal cell carcinoma, lichen simplex chronicus, and seborrheic keratosis; all were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than normal skin. Apoptotic rate was increased in squamous (P = 0.05) and basal cell carcinoma (P = 0.03), but not significantly different from normal skin in the other lesions tested. Survivin expression was seen in most neoplasms and hyperproliferative lesions, but not normal skin. Survivin expression was often restricted to the upper third of the epidermis in psoriasis and lichen simplex chronicus, whereas all the other lesions stained diffusely. Survivin expression appears to be a consistent feature of keratinocytic neoplasms and hyperproliferative lesions and may contribute to the formation of epidermal hyperplasia seen in all of these disease states.
Characterizations and o-statistic representations of lu-statistics

The LU-statistics, that is, the class of all L-statistics that are also U-statistics, are characterised both via conditions on their coefficients and as linear combinations of the 0-statistics, which generalize the usual sample order statistics. The explicit computational formulas provided can be used to decide whether a given L-statistic is an LU-statistic and, if so, to find its kernel and its simplest 0-statistic representation.
DEMAND AND SUPPLY IN THE POLITICAL MARKET

Price theory has traditionally analyzed resource allocation in the money‐exchange market. In all modern economies, however, governments also allocate resources. The process which resolves competing claims on government‐allocated resources has been called the political market. In the political market, groups compete for resources by voting and by lobbying through expenditures of effort and money.
Fuel-soluble biocides for control ofCladosporium resinae in hydrocarbon fuels

Five fuel-soluble biocides — a benzimidazole fungicide, an organoboron, a pyridinethione and two isothiazolone products — were evaluated for inhibition of a typical hydrocarbon fuel contaminant,Cladosporium resinae, in fuel/water systems. The biocides exhibited marked differences in anti-fungal activity with storage and in the presence of sludge. A methylchloro/methyl-isothiazolone mixture prevented growth of the fungus at a concentration of one part per million and, in contrast to other biocides tested, showed no tendency to be inactivated by storage or the presence of sludge.
Age of Achievement of Gross Motor Milestones in Infancy and Adiposity at Age 3 Years

Early life physical activity may help prevent obesity but is difficult to measure. The purpose of this study was to examine associations of age of achievement of gross motor milestones in infancy with adiposity at age 3 years. Seven forty one mother/infant dyads participated in a longitudinal study in Massachusetts. Exposures were age of attainment of 4 gross motor milestones—rolling over, sitting up, crawling, and walking. Outcomes were 3-year sum of subscapular and triceps skinfold thickness (SS + TR) for overall adiposity, their ratio (SS:TR) for central adiposity, and body mass index (BMI) z-score. We used linear regression models adjusted for confounders to examine motor milestone achievement and later adiposity. Rolling over (0.04, 95% CI: 0.008, 0.07) and sitting up (0.02, 95% CI: 0.001, 0.05) at ≥6 months were associated with increased SS:TR compared with attainment before 6 months. Walking at ≥15 months was associated with 0.98 mm higher SS + TR (95% CI: 0.05, 1.91) compared with walking before 12 months. Age at crawling was not associated with the outcomes. None of the milestones were associated with BMI z-score. Age of motor milestone achievement was only a modest predictor of adiposity. Later rolling over and sitting up were associated with greater central adiposity, and later age at walking was associated with greater overall adiposity at age 3 years. Although we controlled for birth weight and 6-month weight-for-length in our models, more detailed assessment of early adiposity prior to achievement of motor milestones is needed to help determine causality.
The Effects of Computer-Assisted Feedback Strategies in Technology Education: A Comparison of Learning Outcomes.

This study investigated the effects of computer-assisted feedback strategies that have been utilized by university students in a technology education curriculum. Specifically, the study examined the effectiveness of the computer-assisted feedback strategy “Knowledge of Response feedback” (KOR), and the “Knowledge of Correct Responses feedback” (KCR) strategy, and compared them with “No feedback” (NR) on students' learning outcomes in technology education. Three intact classes were assigned to one of three conditions: KOR, KCR, or NR (control group). The dependent measure consisted of a 40-item learning outcome test. Learning outcome pretest and posttest data were obtained through the web-based surveys during a 4-week period of instruction. Results showed that using computer-assisted feedback of KOR or KCR in practice exercises as a supplemental strategy is as effective as NR in practice exercises. Technology education instruction with computer-assisted feedback strategies could be a viable option for lear...
Acquired Aplastic Anemia in Children

This article provides a practice-based and concise review of the etiology, diagnosis, and management of acquired aplastic anemia in children. Bone marrow transplantation, immunosuppressive therapy, and supportive care are discussed in detail. The aim is to provide the clinician with a better understanding of the disease and to offer guidelines for the management of children with this uncommon yet serious disorder.
Risk and protective factors for poor school adjustment in lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) high school youth: Variable and person-centered analyses

This study examined the relations between school climate and school adjustment among 101 lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) high school students and the moderating influence of social support on those relations. Students completed surveys to assess three aspects of the school climate (the school's exclusion/inclusion of LGB people, personal victimization in school for being LGB, and social support from teachers) as well as social support from family and close friends. Criterion variables were GPA, school belonging, and discipline problems. School climate variables explained significant amounts of variance in all criterion variables, after controlling for prior GPA, and there were no moderating effects of parent or friend support. Cluster analyses revealed one small group (n = 14) of highly vulnerable youth who were the least adjusted, most victimized, and least supported. Implications for teachers, counselors, and future research are discussed. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 42: 159–172, 2005.
Nitrate in public water supplies and the risk of renal cell carcinoma

Drinking water and dietary sources of nitrate and nitrite can react in vivo with amines and amides to form N-nitroso compounds (NOC), potent animal carcinogens. Nitrate is a widespread contaminant of drinking water supplies especially in agricultural areas. We conducted a population-based case–control study of renal cell carcinoma in 1986–1989 in Iowa, a state with elevated levels in many public water supplies. We collected a lifetime water source history, but due to limited monitoring data, most analyses focused on the subpopulation, who used Iowa public supplies with nitrate measurements (actual or imputed data) for ≥70% of their person-years since 1960 (201 cases, 1,244 controls). We computed the average nitrate level and years using a public supply with nitrate levels >5 and >10 mg/l. Dietary nitrate and nitrite were estimated from a 55-item food frequency questionnaire. There was no association of renal cell carcinoma with the average nitrate level and years using public supplies >5 and >10 mg/l nitrate-nitrogen (10+ years >5 mg/l odds ratio (OR) = 1.03, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.66, 1.60). However, higher nitrate exposure was associated with an increased risk among subgroups with above the median red meat intake (10+ years >5 mg/l OR = 1.91, 95% CI 1.04–3.51) or below the median vitamin C intake (10+ years >5 mg/l OR = 1.90, 95% CI 1.01, 3.56), dietary factors that increase the endogenous formation of NOC. Exclusion of long-term Des Moines residents, a large proportion of the high exposure categories, attenuated the association. These findings deserve additional study in populations with high water nitrate intake and information on dietary intakes.
Hot News on the Common Cold

Inhibiteurs de decapsidation des rhinovirus, immunite et pathogenie, action de l'air humide sur le rhume banal
Emerging evidence for emotion context insensitivity in depression

Depression is defined as a mood condition. One key problem in depression's clinical description is determining how persistent mood changes influence emotional reactivity to ongoing environmental stimuli. Repeatedly, depressed individuals have been observed to exhibit diminished reactivity to change in the emotional context. These observations have spawned a theory called emotion context insensitivity (ECI). In this article we: (1) discuss the genesis of ECI theory, (2) consider recent convergent and divergent evidence that bears on ECI and related constructs, (3) sketch a synthesis out of these observations, and (4) outline several future directions that will consolidate our understanding of emotional functioning in depression.
Mutation of a putative nuclear receptor binding site abolishes activity of the nestin midbrain enhancer

Regional differences in gene expression are critical to the proper development of specialized cell types in the nervous system. The ventral midbrain is the prominent source of dopaminergic neurons, which are affected in Parkinson's disease. We have recently identified a gene regulatory element that is specifically active in ventral midbrain neuroepithelium of developing embryos. This 204-bp transcriptional enhancer is conserved within the second intron of mammalian nestin genes and contains a putative binding site for a protein of the nuclear receptor family. Our present study shows, by mutagenesis and reporter gene assay in transgenic mice, that this site is essential for enhancer function in the developing midbrain. The characterization of regulatory sites and transcription factors with specific activity in the ventral midbrain provides insight into the molecular mechanisms by which neural progenitor cells become specified towards particular neuronal differentiation pathways.
Kaizen: The leading edge in cost management strategy

Where is strategic cost management today and where is it going? The author believes a Japanese term—kaizen—sums it all up. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Mechanism of DNA flexibility enhancement by HMGB proteins

The mechanism by which sequence non-specific DNA-binding proteins enhance DNA flexibility is studied by examining complexes of double-stranded DNA with the high mobility group type B proteins HMGB2 (Box A) and HMGB1 (Box A+B) using atomic force microscopy. DNA end-to-end distances and local DNA bend angle distributions are analyzed for protein complexes deposited on a mica surface. For HMGB2 (Box A) binding we find a mean induced DNA bend angle of 78°, with a standard error of 1.3° and a SD of 23°, while HMGB1 (Box A+B) binding gives a mean bend angle of 67°, with a standard error of 1.3° and a SD of 21°. These results are consistent with analysis of the observed global persistence length changes derived from end-to-end distance measurements, and with results of DNA-stretching experiments. The moderately broad distributions of bend angles induced by both proteins are inconsistent with either a static kink model, or a purely flexible hinge model for DNA distortion by protein binding. Therefore, the mechanism by which HMGB proteins enhance the flexibility of DNA must differ from that of the Escherichia coli HU protein, which in previous studies showed a flat angle distribution consistent with a flexible hinge model.
Astringency of Persimmons (Diospyros kaki, L.)

IT is a well-known fact that unripe persimmons which are fully coloured but firm are astringent, and that on ripening the astringency disappears concomitant with a softening of the fruit into a jelly-like consistency.
Viscoelastk Properties of Polymer Solutions in High-Viscosity Solvents and Limiting High-Frequency Behavior. I. Polystyrene and Poly(α-methylstyreste)

Storage (G′) and loss (G″) moduli were measured for dilute solutions of polystyrene (PS) and poly(α-methylstyrene) (PMS) in Aroclor (chlorinated diphenyl) with the modified Birnboim transducer. The molecular weights (M) were 5.1×104, 8.2×104, and 2.67×105 for PS and 3.55×105 and 8.7×105 for PMS, and the ranges of concentration (c) were 1.5×10−2 to 7.6×10−2 g/ml for PS and 1.5×10−2 to 4.6×10−2 for PMS, respectively. The solvent viscosity ηs varied from 5000 to 9.3 poise over the temperature range of 10 to 35°C employed. The frequency range was 0.02 to 630 Hz. The limiting value of the dynamic viscosity at high frequency η∞′ is described by an equation ln(η∞′/ηs)=[η′]∞c over the whole range of concentration, where [η′]∞ is a constant independent of M and is 14.3 and 22.2 ml/g for PS and PMS, respectively. The limiting value of G′ at high frequency is approximately proportional to c. The time–temperature reduction rule was successfully applied to G′ and G″−ωηs and the shapes of frequency dependence curves of the reduced moduli were described well by the theory of Peterlin.
Geminal 2JCCH Spin−Spin Coupling Constants as Probes of the φ Glycosidic Torsion Angle in Oligosaccharides

Two-bond 13C−1H NMR spin−spin coupling constants (2JCCH) between C2 and H1 of aldopyranosyl rings depend not only on the relative orientation of electronegative substituents on the C1−C2 fragment but also on the C−O torsions involving the same carbons. The latter dependencies were elucidated theoretically using density functional theory and appropriate model pyranosyl rings representing the four relative configurations at C1 and C2, and a 2-deoxy derivative, to probe the relationship between 2JC2,H1 magnitude and sign and the C1−O1 (phi, φ) and C2−O2 (α) torsion angles. Related calculations were also conducted for the reverse coupling pathway, 2JC1,H2. Computed J-couplings were validated by comparison to experimentally measured couplings. 2JCCH displays a primary dependence on the C−O torsion involving the carbon bearing the coupled proton and a secondary dependence on the C−O torsion involving the coupled carbon. These dependencies appear to be caused mainly by the effects of oxygen lone pairs on the C−H...
Operant force-band differentiation by rats using two different response topographies

The ability of laboratory rats to differentiate the peak force of operant response was assessed for two distinct response topographies. One group of 8 rats was trained to reach through an aperture in the front panel of an operant chamber and exert downward vertical pressure on a force-sensing circular disk. A second group of 9 animals was similarly shaped to grasp and pull a wire bail attached to a force transducer located outside a second chamber. Following measurement of initial force levels during continuous reinforcement (CRF) for all responses, various force-band requirements were imposed on both groups. Only responses whose peak force amplitude fell within the band requirement (both lower and upper peak force criteria) were reinforced. Evidence for force differentiation was observed in varying degrees for both response topographies, even though the pull topography initially produced forces much higher than those emitted by the press response. The results are discussed in terms of both qualitative and quantitative changes in response characteristics, which occurred across force requirements and topographies.
Stability of Superflow inHe3-A

The stability condition is derived for uniform bulk superflow along a uniform texture in $^{3}\mathrm{He}$--$A$. The weak-coupling free-energy parameters in the dipole-locked Ginzburg-Landau regime give stable flow, but a 10% departure from these values can give instability. When present, the instability can reflect the absence of any activation-energy barrier against decay of the superflow through the appearance of vortex textures near the surface. We relate these conclusions to the hydrodynamic instability reported by Hook and Hall.
The mean free path of dislocations in nanoparticle and nanorod reinforced metal composites and implication for strengthening mechanisms

Abstract The mean free path length of dislocations plays an important role in the plastic behavior of metals, which may be significantly enhanced by the addition of nanoparticles. The effects of particle distribution pattern, particle size, shape and volume fraction on the dislocation mean free path length and average obstacle distance are analyzed in two- and three-dimensional models. As the particle volume fraction increases, the dislocation mean free path length and average distance between dislocations obstacles can be significantly reduced, implying enhancement of strength. The random particle distribution exhibits the best combination of dislocation mean free path length and average obstacle distance. In addition, both dislocation mean free path and average obstacle distance can be significantly reduced by changing the particle shape from nanosphere to nanorod. The present analysis may provide useful information for designing the particle enforced composite materials.