cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Components and Timing of the ILDA Evaluation

The independent living donor advocate (ILDA) evaluation must be initiated early in the living donor’s evaluation in order to effectively protect and promote the well-being of the prospective donor. Ongoing assessment and evaluation of the donor candidate’s motivation for donation and their understanding of the inherent medical, psychosocial, and financial risks are essential components. Open-ended questions and a safe environment promote honest disclosure of information from donors. The ILDA must assess for any signs of coercion or undue influence or any type of compensation, tangible or intangible, related to living donation, as these are criteria for exclusion. Identifying areas that require additional education or exploration allows the ILDA to ensure that the prospective donor receives the necessary tools to make an informed decision that is right for the donor.
Cavity QED with Strong Coupling - Toward the Deterministic Control of Quantum Dynamics

Many of the current efforts to control the dynamics of individual quantum systems take place within the setting of cavity quantum electrodynamics (QED). The coupling of an atomic dipole to the mode of an optical resonator has historically produced important quantum effects in the regime of weak coupling between dipole and cavity mode; more recent experiments access the regime of strong coupling and begin to enable control of the quantum states of single atoms and single-photon fields through a coherent coupling that exceeds dissipative rates in the system. We briefly review the historicl path to strong coupling and the variety of experiments involving single-quantum cavity QED. Current achievements and future challenges are illustrated through further discussion of two ongoing experiments in out group: one pursuing quantum feedback to trap single atoms in a cavity mode with single photons, the other building capability for quantum logic by using a FORT to hold atoms within a cavity mode. [Note that the presentation on which this paper is based can be accessed at http://www.its.caltech.edu/qoptics/cqed.html]
Multi-Model Threat Assessment Involving Low Probability High Consequence Events

This paper describes a multi-model threat prediction scheme for autonomous agents making decisions in dynamic environments. The proposed multi-layered scheme utilizes argumentation, Transferrable Belief Model, Anytime Decision Making, rule-based techniques, and Choquet Integral based decision theory for situational awareness and action selection. We discuss theoretical foundations and provide high level architecture of an agent. We illustrate the scheme with an example scenario.
Collusion and Cynicism at the Urban Margins

This article examines the clandestine connections between participants in the illicit drug trade and members of state security forces to understand how they impact everyday understandings of the law. Drawing on a unique combination of long-term ethnographic fieldwork in a poor, high-crime district in Argentina and wiretapped conversations drawn from a court case involving a drug trafficking group active in the same area, we find that traffickers use illicit relationships to maintain economic control of the territory, and that collusion fosters widespread cynicism about law enforcement among residents. This article expands the literature on the covert relationships between drug trade participants and agents of the state by detailing the inner workings of collusion. Furthermore, it analyzes residents’ perceptions of police complicity as an underexplored source of legal cynicism. Finally, it offers a methodological blueprint of how to access and analyze data that capture state actions usually hidden from public view. Resumen Este articulo examina las conexiones clandestinas entre participantes en el trafico de drogas ilegales y miembros de las fuerzas de seguridad del estado a los efectos de entender como esas relaciones impactan en la manera en que la ley es entendida en la vida cotidiana. Combinando trabajo etnografico en un barrio pobre con altos niveles de criminalidad y escuchas telefonicas registradas en un expediente judicial que involucra a un grupo de traficantes de la misma zona, encontramos que: a) los traficantes utilizan esas relaciones clandestinas para mantener control economico del territorio, y b) la colusion entre agentes del estado y traficantes alimenta un cinismo legal generalizado entre los residentes de la zona. Este articulo hace tres contribuciones. En primer lugar, expande la literatura sobre relaciones encubiertas entre participantes en el mercado de drogas ilicitas y los agentes del estado al detallar el funcionamiento de la colusion. En segundo lugar, analiza las percepciones sobre la complicidad policial como una fuente no estudiada de cinismo legal. Por ultimo, ofrece una estrategia metodologica para acceder y analizar datos sobre acciones del estado que suelen estar ocultas.
An Examination of PTSD and Criminal Responsibility among US Servicemembers.

Introduction This retrospective study evaluated the prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnosis among military servicemembers referred for Sanity Boards (n = 229), which is a military evaluation for competence to stand trial (CST) and criminal responsibility (CR). This study further explored the degree to which PTSD was considered a "severe mental disease or defect," the degree to which PTSD was associated with an opinion of not criminally responsible (NCR), and the degree to which PTSD was associated with incompetence to stand trial (IST). Material and methods Completed Sanity Board evaluations were the source of data. This study used an empirical approach to reviewing the Sanity Boards. Results Sanity Boards diagnosed 13.1% of referrals with PTSD. Of those diagnosed with PTSD, no participants (0%) were opined to meet criteria for incompetence to stand trial (IST), 30% were opined to meet the insanity criteria of "severe mental disease or defect," and one person (0.4%) was found not criminally responsible (NCR) based on PTSD. In the single case in which the person was recommended as NCR based on PTSD, the criminal behavior was deemed to be related to dissociation. Conclusions PTSD is often considered a "severe mental disease or defect" during Sanity Board evaluations, which differs from the legal standard for "severe mental disease or defect" used by the military justice system. Forensic practitioners consulting with the military justice system acknowledge that PTSD is a "severe mental disease or defect" often, but they rarely opine that PTSD renders a servicemember NCR. In the rare instance where PTSD was opined to render a servicemember NCR, the symptom of dissociation caused an inability to appreciate the nature and quality or wrongfulness of the action.
Developing Evidence-Based Design Guidelines for Medical/Surgical Hospital Patient Rooms That Meet the Needs of Staff, Patients, and Visitors.

Objectives:This research investigated medical/surgical (Med/Surg) patient room design to accommodate the needs of hospital staff, while at the same time accommodating the needs of patients and thei...
Acoustic Nanomotors for Detection of Human Papillomavirus-Associated Head and Neck Cancer.

ObjectiveHuman papillomavirus (HPV)–associated oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) is a lethal disease with increasing incidence; however, technologies for early detection are limited. Nanomotors are synthe...
Transmission Line Identification via Impedance Inhomogeneity Pattern

This paper reports a new physical unclonable function (PUF) technology, namely, transmission line (TX-Line) PUF. We experimentally showed that using the intrinsic impedance inhomogeneity pattern, variation of characteristic impedance over distance, of any TX-Line, one can identify the TX-Line with high verification accuracy. The TX-Line PUF information can be extracted using either frequency domain reflectometry (FDR) or time domain reflectometry (TDR) methods. A coaxial cable as short as 2 cm was identified with an equal error rate (EER) of below 0.1%. The impact of TX-Line length, interrogation bandwidth, and environmental change toward the TX-Line PUF were experimentally studied. Different TX-Line PUF comparison algorithms were proposed and studied. A homodyne detection instrument was built to extract TX-Line PUF. A TDR-based PUF extraction method was also demonstrated. Twisted pair TX-Line PUF was demonstrated with similar performance as coaxial cable TX-Line PUF.
Association between antimicrobial drug class for treatment and retreatment of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) and frequency of resistant BRD pathogen isolation from veterinary diagnostic laboratory samples

Although 90% of BRD relapses are reported to receive retreatment with a different class of antimicrobial, studies examining the impact of antimicrobial selection (i.e. bactericidal or bacteriostatic) on retreatment outcomes and the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are deficient in the published literature. This survey was conducted to determine the association between antimicrobial class selection for treatment and retreatment of BRD relapses on antimicrobial susceptibility of Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, and Histophilus somni. Pathogens were isolated from samples submitted to the Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory from January 2013 to December 2015. A total of 781 isolates with corresponding animal case histories, including treatment protocols, were included in the analysis. Original susceptibility testing of these isolates for ceftiofur, danofloxacin, enrofloxacin, florfenicol, oxytetracycline, spectinomycin, tilmicosin, and tulathromycin was performed using Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Data were analyzed using a Bayesian approach to evaluate whether retreatment with antimicrobials of different mechanistic classes (bactericidal or bacteriostatic) increased the probability of resistant BRD pathogen isolation in calves. The posterior distribution we calculated suggests that an increased number of treatments is associated with a greater probability of isolates resistant to at least one antimicrobial. Furthermore, the frequency of resistant BRD bacterial isolates was greater with retreatment using antimicrobials of different mechanistic classes than retreatment with the same class. Specifically, treatment protocols using a bacteriostatic drug first followed by retreatment with a bactericidal drug were associated with a higher frequency of resistant BRD pathogen isolation. In particular, first treatment with tulathromycin (bacteriostatic) followed by ceftiofur (bactericidal) was associated with the highest probability of resistant M. haemolytica among all antimicrobial combinations. These observations suggest that consideration should be given to antimicrobial pharmacodynamics when selecting drugs for retreatment of BRD. However, prospective studies are needed to determine the clinical relevance to antimicrobial stewardship programs in livestock production systems.
A Dry Eye University Discussion about Dry Eye Related to Allergies, Exposure, and Contact Lens Wear

Dry eye disease is multifactorial and complex with multiple contributing factors. At Dry Eye University we try to focus on some of the most common types and sub-types of dry eye disease and discuss strategies to recognize and address these to promote better overall control of the disease. Allergies, exposure, and contact lens related dry eye are the focus of this excerpt from our program.
Informing the Management of Asymptomatic Nephrolithiasis: Markov Decision Analysis for the 1 cm Renal Stone

AbstractIntroduction:The management of an incidentally discovered, asymptomatic renal stone includes watchful waiting, shock wave lithotripsy, ureteroscopy with basket extraction of fragmented ston...
Interleukin (IL)-6: A Friend or Foe of Pregnancy and Parturition? Evidence From Functional Studies in Fetal Membrane Cells.

Objective Protection of the fetus within the amniotic sac is primarily attained by remodeling fetal membrane (amniochorion) cells through cyclic epithelial to mesenchymal and mesenchymal to epithelial (EMT and MET) transitions. Endocrine and paracrine factors regulate EMT and MET during pregnancy. At term, increased oxidative stress forces a terminal state of EMT and inflammation, predisposing to membrane weakening and rupture. IL-6 is a constitutively expressed cytokine during gestation, but it is elevated in term and preterm births. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that IL-6 can determine the fate of amnion membrane cells and that pathologic levels of IL-6 can cause a terminal state of EMT and inflammation, leading to adverse pregnancy outcomes. Methods Primary amnion epithelial cells (AECs) were treated with recombinant IL-6 (330, 1,650, 3,330, and 16,000 pg/ml) for 48 h (N = 5). IL-6-induced cell senescence (aging), cell death (apoptosis and necrosis), and cell cycle changes were studied using flow cytometry. Cellular transitions were determined by immunocytochemistry and western blot analysis, while IL-6 signaling (activation of signaling kinases) was measured by immunoassay. Inflammatory marker matrix metalloproteinase (MMP9) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) concentrations were measured using a Fluorokine E assay and ELISA, respectively. Amniotic membranes collected on gestational day (D) 12 and D18 from IL-6 knockout (KO) and control C57BL/6 mice (N = 3 each) were used to determine the impact of IL-6 on cell transitions. Fold changes were measured based on the mean of each group. Results IL-6 treatment of AECs at physiologic or pathologic doses increased JNK and p38MAPK activation; however, the activation of signals did not cause changes in AEC cell cycle, cellular senescence, apoptosis, necrosis, cellular transitions, or inflammation (MMP9 and GM-CSF) compared to control. EMT markers were higher on D18 compared to D12 regardless of IL-6 status in the mouse amniotic sac. Conclusion Physiologic and pathologic concentrations of IL-6 did not cause amnion cell aging, cell death, cellular transitions, or inflammation. IL-6 may function to maintain cellular homeostasis throughout gestation in fetal membrane cells. Although IL-6 is a good biomarker for adverse pregnancies, it is not an indicator of an underlying pathological mechanism in membrane cells.
Does early childhood education enhance parental school involvement in second grade?: Evidence from Midwest Child-Parent Center Program.

Abstract This paper examines the impact on parent involvement in second grade in the Midwest Child-Parent Centers (MCPC), a high-quality preschool-to-third-grade school reform model. A new focus of research on early childhood programs is understanding how early childhood learning gains can be sustained. Two-generation programs that provide diverse family services may be one approach. The MCPC expansion was implemented for a cohort of over 2000 Chicago and Saint Paul students beginning in preschool. Based on a comparison of the program and usual-service comparison groups matched at the school level via propensity scores, ratings were obtained for a subset of the sample by teachers and parents on parent involvement in school in second grade. After accounting for potential attrition bias via multiple imputation and propensity score weighting, results indicated that MCPC participation was associated with significantly higher parent involvement in school at the end of second grade both in the aggregate sample (Effect Size = 0.19 SD) and in Chicago (ES = 0.24). Differences in Saint Paul, however, were small (ES = 0.15) and not statistically significant. Robustness testing using different model specifications revealed similar results. Implications for assessing and sustaining early childhood learning gains are discussed with a focus on recognizing that parental involvement is an integral component of high-quality programs.
Building and Strengthening Communities: What Works? What Doesn’t?

Building and strengthening communities is a part of the community development process. In this chapter, we discuss community development from the perspective of the ecological framework of human development that takes a systems approach to understanding development initiatives. The objectives of this chapter are first, examine community development approaches through a discussion of relevant inter-disciplinary literature; second, apply the ecological framework to understand the mutual interactions and influences among the various layers of the system; and finally, discuss how various structures and institutions are involved in building resilient communities. We argue that community development should be context specific and customized to the local historical, social, and cultural requirements. This can be accomplished when the process is participatory and collaborative with continuous feedback from the local households, change champions, and community-based organizations. In order to effect long-term sustainable community development, policy makers and practitioners need to work with local stakeholders and be cognizant of the influences of the various structures in the ecological context.
Maize Endochitinase Expression in Response to Fall Armyworm Herbivory

A large percentage of crop loss is due to insect damage, especially caterpillar damage. Plant chitinases are considered excellent candidates to combat these insects since they can degrade chitin in peritrophic matrix (PM), an important protective structure in caterpillar midgut. Compared to chemical insecticides, chitinases could improve host plant resistance and be both economically and environmentally advantageous. The focus of this research was to find chitinase candidates that could improve plant resistance by effectively limiting caterpillar damage. Five classes of endochitinase (I-V) genes were characterized in the maize genome, and we isolated and cloned four chitinase genes (chitinase A, chitinase B, chitinase I, and PRm3) present in two maize (Zea mays L.) inbred lines Mp708 and Tx601, with different levels of resistance to caterpillar pests. We also investigated the expression of these maize chitinases in response to fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda, FAW) attack. The results indicated that both chitinase transcript abundance and enzymatic activity increased in response to FAW feeding and mechanical wounding. Furthermore, chitinases retained activity inside the caterpillar midgut and enzymatic activity was detected in the food bolus and frass. When examined under scanning electron microscopy, PMs from Tx601-fed caterpillars showed structural damage when compared to diet controls. Analysis of chitinase transcript abundance after caterpillar feeding and proteomic analysis of maize leaf trichomes in the two inbreds implicated chitinase PRm3 found in Tx601 as a potential insecticidal protein.
Who Speaks for Peace? Women and Interreligious Peacemaking

Many religious communities continue to prioritize male leadership, to the exclusion of women in the most public interfaith roles, including interreligious dialogues and peacemaking. By looking at diverse models of interfaith work, this article highlights the alternative spaces in which women have been agents of peacemaking and peacebuilding. If “interreligious peacemaking” is conceptualized as complex actors embedded in localized material, social and political realities struggling across religious lines in the promotion of human well-being, then we might see more clearly women already at work.
Murine monoclonal antibodies against RBD of SARS-CoV-2 neutralize authentic wild type SARS-CoV-2 as well as B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 viruses and protect in vivo in a mouse model in a neutralization dependent manner

After first emerging in December 2019 in China, severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has since caused a pandemic leading to millions of infections and deaths worldwide. Vaccines have been developed and authorized but supply of these vaccines is currently limited. With new variants of the virus now emerging and spreading globally, it is essential to develop therapeutics that are broadly protective and bind conserved epitopes in the receptor binding domain (RBD) or the whole spike of SARS-CoV-2. In this study, we have generated mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against different epitopes on the RBD and assessed binding and neutralization against authentic SARS-CoV-2. We have demonstrated that antibodies with neutralizing activity, but not non-neutralizing antibodies, lower viral titers in the lungs when administered in a prophylactic setting in vivo in a mouse challenge model. In addition, most of the mAbs cross-neutralize the B.1.351 as well as the B.1.1.7 variants in vitro. ImportanceCrossneutralization of SARS-CoV-2 variants by RBD-targeting antibodies is still not well understood and very little is known about the potential protective effect of non-neutralizing antibodies in vivo. Using a panel of mouse monoclonal antibodies, we investigate both of these aspects.
A Psychological Approach for the Path Planning of Human Evacuations in Contaminated Indoor Environments

Abstract This work considers a level-set based algorithm for guiding evacuees in indoor environments. The algorithm considers the accumulated inhalation of a hazardous substance such as carbon monoxide and attempts to provide an optimal path to ensure survivability. The algorithm also considers psychological decision making of evacuees. The most significant psychological contribution to overall evacuation time is the tendency of evacuees to underreact, causing decision making delays. During an emergency evacuees with high risk perception will be directly incentivized to make evacuation decisions, while those with low risk perception will likely continue to delay decision making. This work models this phenomenon by simulating an initial accumulated concentration before the evacuee begins moving. Earlier work has shown that level-set based paths are much more likely to lead an evacuee to safety than a constant angle path, because they ensure the evacuee’s peak exposure to the hazardous substance remains low. After including the psychological delay, this work supports these results. Additionally, a higher initial concentration (i.e. a longer psychological delay) decreases the chances of survival more significantly than does a higher instantaneous concentration of the field itself.
Tri-Aperture Monocular Laparoscopic Objective for Stereoscopic and Wide Field of View Acquisition

This paper presents a manufacturable monocular laparoscopic objective lens design that acquires simultaneous stereoscopic views via two apertures and a custom prism and an additional wider field of view via a central third aperture.
A Shear-Wave Microprobe Utilizing Surface-Wave Mode Conversion

A very small aperture ultrasonic probe for detecting shear waves was desired for ultrasonic shear-wave field mapping [1–3]. Several designs of such a probe were developed and evaluated. During the course of probe development, a very interesting phenomenon was observed and was used to build an improved shear-wave microprobe that is unique in design and capability. This report describes design evolution, advantages, and applications of this new probe.
Neutron Scattering with a Triple-Axis Spectrometer: Basic Techniques

1. Introduction 2. Scattering formulas 3. Elements of a three-axis instrument 4. Inelastic scattering and the resolution function 5. Phonons and magnons 6. Spurious peaks 7. Bragg diffraction 8. Polarized neutrons Appendices Index.
Lectures on Localization

In almost all problems in solid state physics disorder plays some part. For a perfect solid we can discuss Bloch waves for the electrons and the normal modes that give phonons, and that is sufficient for a discussion of equilibrium thermal properties, for the cyclotron resonance and oscillatory behavior in a magnetic field that show the structure of the Fermi surface. However, disorder is essential in any discussion of electrical or thermal conductivity, and without disorder thermal equilibrium would never be established. In the usual theory of metals the disorder acts as a small perturbation on the ideal system, causing transitions between electron eigenstates and broadening energy levels. Much of transport theory is based on the idea that such transitions occur independently of one another.
Infinity in Greek Mathematics

Perhaps the most interesting—and most modern—feature of Greek mathematics is its treatment of infinity. The Greeks feared infinity and tried to avoid it, but in doing so they laid the foundations for a rigorous treatment of infinite processes in 19th century calculus. The most original contributions to the theory of infinity in ancient times were the theory of proportions and the method of exhaustion. Both were devised by Eudoxus and expounded in Book V of Euclid’s Elements. The theory of proportions develops the idea that a “quantity” π (what we would now call a real number) can be known by its position among the rational numbers. That is, π is known if we know the rational numbers less than π and the rational numbers greater than π. The method of exhaustion generalizes this idea from “quantities” to regions of the plane or space. A region becomes “known” (in area or volume) when its position among known areas or volumes is known. For example, we know the area of a circle when we know the areas of the polygons inside it and the areas of polygons outside it; we know the volume of a pyramid when we know the volumes of stacks of prisms inside it and outside it. Using this method, Euclid found that the volume of a tetrahedron equals 1/3 of its base area times its height, and Archimedes found the area of a parabolic segment. Both of them relied on an infinite process that is fundamental to many calculations of area and volume: the summation of an infinite geometric series.
Percutaneous ureteral stent placement for the treatment of a benign ureteral obstruction in a Sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae).

A 15-year-old, 113 kg intact male Sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae) was evaluated for weight loss, polydipsia, and intermittent hematuria. The tiger was immobilized for diagnostic testing including blood work, urinalysis, and abdominal ultrasound. Laboratory testing demonstrated macro- and microhematuria, azotemia, and an increased urine protein:creatinine ratio. Abdominal ultrasound revealed bilateral ureterolithiasis as well as hydronephrosis and ureteral dilation. Ultrasonography performed 5 months later revealed worsening of the right-sided hydronephrosis and hydroureter and a decrease in the severity of dilation on the left side presumably from passage of the left-sided ureteral calculi. Nephroureteral decompression via the placement of a stent was elected. A pigtail ureteral catheter (8.2 French diameter) was placed in the right ureter via an antegrade percutaneous approach utilizing ultrasound and fluoroscopic-guidance. Following stent placement, macrohematuria resolved although microhematuria was noted in opportunistic urine samples. Five months after stent placement, the azotemia had mildly progressed, the urine protein:creatinine ratio was improved, the right hydronephrosis and hydroureter had completely resolved, and the ureteral stent remained in the appropriate position. The tiger had clinically improved with a substantial increase in appetite, weight, and activity level. Ureteral stenting allowed for nephroureteral decompression in the captive large felid of this report, and no complications were encountered. Ureteral stenting provided a minimally invasive method of managing ureteral obstruction in this patient and could be considered in future cases due to the clinical improvement and low morbidity. Zoo Biol. 34:193–197, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals Inc.
Effect of fentanyl target-controlled infusions on isoflurane minimum anaesthetic concentration and cardiovascular function in red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis).

Abstract Objective To determine the impact of three different target plasma concentrations of fentanyl on the minimum anaesthetic concentration (MAC) for isoflurane in the red-tailed hawk and the effects on the haemodynamic profile. Study design Experimental study. Animal population Six healthy adult red-tailed hawks ( Buteo jamaicensis ) of unknown sex with body weights (mean ± SD) of 1.21 ± 0.15 kg. Methods This study was undertaken in two phases. In the first phase anaesthesia was induced with isoflurane in oxygen via facemask and maintained with isoflurane delivered in oxygen via a Bain circuit. Following instrumentation baseline determination of the MAC for isoflurane was made for each animal using the bracketing method and a supramaximal electrical stimulus. End-tidal isoflurane concentration (E′Iso) was then set at 0.75 × MAC and after an appropriate equilibration period a bolus of fentanyl (20 μg kg −1 ) was administered intravenously (IV) in order to determine the pharmacokinetics of fentanyl in the isoflurane-anaesthetized red-tailed hawk. During the second phase anaesthesia was induced in a similar manner and E′Iso was set at 0.75 × MAC for each individual. Fentanyl was infused IV to achieve target plasma concentrations between 8 and 32 ng mL −1 . At each fentanyl plasma concentration, the MAC for isoflurane and cardiovascular variables were determined. Data were analyzed by use of repeated-measures anova . Results Mean ± SD fentanyl plasma concentrations and isoflurane MACs were 0 ± 0, 8.51 ± 4, 14.85 ± 4.82 and 29.25 ± 11.52 ng mL −1 , and 2.05 ± 0.45%, 1.42 ± 0.53%, 1.14 ± 0.31% and 0.93 ± 0.32% for the target concentrations of 0, 8, 16 and 32 ng mL −1 , respectively. At these concentrations fentanyl significantly ( p = 0.0016) decreased isoflurane MAC by 31%, 44% and 55%, respectively. Dose had no significant effect on heart rate, systolic, diastolic or mean arterial blood pressure. Conclusions and clinical relevance Fentanyl produced a dose-related decrease of isoflurane MAC with minimal effects on measured cardiovascular parameters in red-tailed hawks.
Inverse mode calculations of the incompressible turbulent boundary layer on an ellipsoid

Resolution des equations de couche limite pour un ecoulement turbulent, incompressible, tridimensionnel par une methode inverse
Rate of progression in familial Alzheimer's disease

The clinical course of early-onset, dominantly inherited, familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) was contrasted with late-onset, sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD). Eight FAD and 23 sporadic AD patients were followed over a mean of 63 months from estimated disease onset. The two groups did not differ notably in duration of symptoms from onset, global disease severity, or degree of cognitive deficits on initial evaluation. The Kaplan-Meier lifetable method was used to assess time from estimated disease onset to dependence in self-care, institutionalization, and death. A greater percentage of FAD patients became dependent in self-care and died earlier than did sporadic AD patients. The lifetable results suggest that FAD may have a more rapid course than does late-onset sporadic AD.
Noise in Permeable Base Transistors (PBTs)

Abstract We discuss in this paper the low-frequency noise and the high frequency operation PBTs. For an enhancement mode devices the noise is 1/f noise with a turn-over frequency of 20–30 MHz, for the depletion mode device the turnover frequency is much larger. The noise at constant VBE varies as IC2 for low VCE as expected for any fluctuating resistor or FET. The noise at constant VCE decreases rapidly with increasing VBE due to electron injection from the source. At high frequencies the noise should be thermal noise. A cut-off frequency fT can be defined; at that frequency the minimum noise figure is less than 6dB. Finally fT is expressed in terms of device parameters.
Team Performance as a Function of Task Difficulty in a Computer Game

Specialized military field training can be expensive, time-consuming and dangerous. Computer games provide a safe, cost effective, and controlled method for geographically dispersed military units to develop decision-making skills while rehearsing a specific task. Military units can rehearse building clearing, search and rescue, or navigation using computer games. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between task difficulty and team task performance during a team search task using a modified version of a popular video game. Results showed that task difficulty decreased the speed with which the task was completed. The present research demonstrates successful manipulation of task difficulty in a virtual environment. There were performance differences based on the sex composition of the teams. Same sex teams performed better than opposite sex teams. This research suggests researchers and trainers can modify game characteristics, such as task difficulty, to design and implement traini...
Augmentation of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 activity in plasma by thrombosis and by thrombolysis.

Abstract Both activation of platelets and elevation of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) activity in plasma have been associated with acute myocardial infarction. Growth factors from platelet alpha-granules have been shown to increase PAI-1 synthesis in liver and endothelial cells in culture. The present study was designed to determine whether activation of platelets in vivo increases PAI-1 activity in plasma, thereby potentially attenuating thrombolysis. Carotid arteries in rabbits were stimulated with transluminal anodal current to initiate thrombosis manifested initially by cyclic flow variations known to reflect platelet activation. Flow was monitored with Doppler flow probes. Plasma PAI-1 activity (mean ± SEM) assayed spectrophotometrically increased from 6.8 ± 0.8 arbitrary units (AU)/ml to a peak of 19.1 ± 2.9 AU/ml (n = 15) 4.8 ± 0.6 h after the onset of cyclic flow variations. The magnitude of peak PAI-1 values correlated closely with the frequency and duration of antecedent cyclic flow variations. Complete thrombotic occlusion did not elevate PAI-1 beyond that seen with severe, repetitive partial occlusions (18.7 ± 4.6 vs. 19.6 ± 3.8 AU/ml). However, when recanalization of completely occluded vessels was induced with tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA), plasma PAI-1 increased more markedly (from 5.6 ± 0,7 to 112.8 ± 22.3 AU/ml, n = 11), exceeding the increase after corresponding intervals in animals in which t-PA failed to induce recanalization (from 5.2 ± 1.1 to 28.3 ± 6.1 AU/ml, n = 6). Thus, activation of platelets accompanying thrombosis or thrombolysis or both, markedly increases PAI-1 activity in plasma. Our results are consistent with the view that release of products from activated platelets in the setting of thrombolysis can increase synthesis of PAI-1, thereby attenuating thrombolysis. They suggest that optimal pharmacologic thrombolysis will require concomitant inhibition of activation of platelets or obviation of augmented synthesis of PAI-1, or both.
University Student Affairs Staff and Their Spiritual Discussions with Students

University student affairs professionals are in a unique position to provide outlets for students to grapple with spirituality issues outside the formal classroom setting. But, how do their feelings about spirituality affect their interactions with students? The purpose of this research is to examine how student affairs professionals' comfort level with spirituality affects their interactions with students. Based on interviews with 70 student affairs professionals, this study identifies a range of ways spiritual discussions may occur.
Liver fatty acid-binding protein expression in transfected fibroblasts stimulates fatty acid uptake and metabolism.

Abstract The role of cytosolic liver fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP) in fatty acid uptake and metabolism was examined using cultured L-cell fibroblasts transfected with the cDNA encoding for L-FABP. [ 3 H]Oleic acid was used to determine the effects of intracellular esterification on fatty acid uptake and to determine esterified fatty acid localization to specific lipid classes. cis -Parinaric acid, a poorly esterified fatty acid, was used to determine uptake in the absence of any appreciable esterification. High-expression L-cells had a 80% and 50% greater initial uptake rate for both [ 3 H]oleic acid and cis -parinaric acid, respectively compared to low-expression L-cells. Maximal uptake of [ 3 H]oleic acid did not plateau because of intracellular esterification. In high-expressing cells, maximal cis -parinaric acid uptake rapidly plateaued at a level 34% higher than in low-expression cells. After 1 min of incubation, the majority of cellular [ 3 H]oleic acid was unesterified, with the bulk of the esterified portion preferentially localized to phospholipids. After 5 and 30 min, cells expressing L-FABP esterified,a significantly greater amount of [ 3 H]oleic acid into both the neutral lipid and phospholipid fractions than did low-expression cells. L-FABP expression also selectively stimulated [ 3 H]oleic acid incorporation into choline glycerophospholipids. Thus, L-FABP expression not only stimulated fatty acid uptake at all time points, but also stimulated intracellular esterification into specific lipid pools. These results show in detail for the first time using an intact cell culture system that L-FABP expression not only stimulated fatty acid uptake, but also increased intracellular esterification of exogenously supplied fatty acids.
Mind's eye wide shut

The Invisible Gorilla by Chabris and Simons is a lucid and engaging presentation of the illusions, or erroneous intuitions, that we hold about our mental capacities, and of the potentially devastating consequences such illusions can have on our health and day-to-day life.
The partitioning of arsenic during pulverized coal combustion

An important issue facing the coal-fired electric utility industry is the environmental impact resulting from the release of arsenic contained in the coal. Depending on the forms of occurence in the coal and transformation mechanism involved, arsenic-containing compounds may exit the furnace in the vapor, as part of submicron size aerosol particles, or as part of larger, supermicron particles. The specific path by which arsenic transforms from the vapor phase to the condensed phase is important in assessing the toxicity of the waste product. This paper documents research exploring the partitioning of arsenic during the combustion of five well-characterized pulverized coals under commercially relevant conditions in a welldescribed laboratory combustion environment. Insight is gained into the timing of partitioning because this combustions system allows comparison of furnace vapor and particulate at different locations in the furnace. The partitioning of arsenic is governed primarily by the extent of arsenic volatilization during combustion. Volatilized arsenic will heterogeneously transform to both submicron and supermicron particles primarily by reaction with active cation sites. For many coals, arsenic appears to be highly reactive with active calcium sites to form calcium arsenates. The transformation process is typically dominated by surface reactivity rather than by gas film diffusion. Due to the similarities in the solubility characteristics of As 2 O 3 and calcium arsenate, leaching studies provide little insight into the form of arsenic present on fly ash surfaces.
Attachment Anxiety and Avoidance in Coping with Bereavement: Two Studies

Although attachment theory has become one of the primary paradigms for understanding bereavement adaptation, there has been surprisingly little empirical work on this topic. Two studies investigated the role of attachment in coping with the loss of a loved one. Study 1 examined the unique contribution of attachment anxiety and avoidance in prolonged grief symptomatology (PCS) in a sample of 656 recently bereaved young adults. When accounting for demographic factors (age, ethnicity, gender) and loss-related circumstances (relationship to deceased, violent versus natural loss), higher levels of attachment-related anxiety were associated with more PCS but avoidance failed to produce a unique effect. Study 2 investigated the role of attachment insecurities in the context of violent death bereavement. Participants were grouped by those who experienced a violent loss in the past two years (accident, suicide, homicide; n = 191) and a matched control group who had not experienced a loss (n = 191). Individuals wit...
Moisture Diffusion Inside Paper Materials in the Hygroscopic Range and Characteristics of Diffusivity Parameters

Abstract Some current models for moisture diffusion in paper in the hygroscopic range are analyzed. In general, two types of diffusion models can be recognized. Models of the first type treat paper as a homogeneous medium with moisture flux that is proportional to the gradient in moisture content. Although useful in some instances this approach fails frequently because it homogenizes the internal dynamics and relaxation processes occurring within the paper material. Recent studies have shown that a subtler approach which treats paper as a composite of fibers and void spaces is more successful at describing moisture transport dynamics. A review of these studies along with a generalization of this approach to three dimensions is considered here. The parameters appearing in such models can be identified with the physical processes of diffusion through the void space and through the fiber matrix. Diffusivities in these individual phases are supplemented by a local kinetic coefficient representing moisture flu...
Death and Redemption: The Gulag and the Shaping of Soviet Society

Steven A. Barnes’s Death and Redemption is a fascinating and important contribution to our understanding of the role of the infamous Gulag in the Soviet Union. It focuses on the records and practic...
Myosin-IXA Regulates Collective Epithelial Cell Migration by Targeting RhoGAP Activity to Cell-Cell Junctions

Summary Background Epithelial tissues undergo extensive collective movements during morphogenesis, repair, and renewal. Collective epithelial cell migration requires the intercellular coordination of cell-cell adhesions and the establishment of anterior-posterior polarity, while maintaining apical-basal polarity, but how this is achieved at the molecular level is not well understood. Results Using an RNA interference-based screen to identify Rho family GTPase regulators required for the collective migration of human bronchial epithelial cells, we identified myosin-IXA (gene name: Myo9a ). Depletion of myosin-IXA, a RhoGAP and actin motor protein, in collectively migrating cells led to altered organization of the actin cytoskeleton and tension-dependent disruption of cell-cell adhesions, followed by an inability to form new adhesions resulting in cell scattering. Closer examination revealed that myosin-IXA is required during the formation of junction-associated actin bundles soon after cell-cell contact. Structure-function analysis of myosin-IXA revealed that the motor domain is necessary and sufficient for binding to actin filaments, whereas expression of the RhoGAP domain partially rescued the cell scattering phenotype induced by myosin-IXA depletion. Finally, a fluorescence resonance energy transfer biosensor revealed a significant increase in Rho activity at nascent cell-cell contacts in myosin-IXA depleted cells compared to controls. Conclusion We propose that myosin-IXA locally regulates Rho and the assembly of thin actin bundles associated with nascent cell-cell adhesions and that this is required to sustain the collective migration of epithelial cells.
A cubic B-spline-based hybrid registration of lung CT images for a dynamic airway geometric model with large deformation

The goal of this study is to develop a matching algorithm that can handle large geometric changes in x-ray computed tomography (CT)-derived lung geometry occurring during deep breath maneuvers. These geometric relationships are further utilized to build a dynamic lung airway model for computational fluid dynamics (CFD) studies of pulmonary air flow. The proposed algorithm is based on a cubic B-spline-based hybrid registration framework that incorporates anatomic landmark information with intensity patterns. A sequence of invertible B-splines is composed in a multiresolution framework to ensure local invertibility of the large deformation transformation and a physiologically meaningful similarity measure is adopted to compensate for changes in voxel intensity due to inflation. Registrations are performed using the proposed approach to match six pairs of 3D CT human lung datasets. Results show that the proposed approach has the ability to match the intensity pattern and the anatomical landmarks, and ensure local invertibility for large deformation transformations. Statistical results also show that the proposed hybrid approach yields significantly improved results as compared with approaches using either landmarks or intensity alone.
Maximizing Yield per Area of Highly Parallel CMPs Using Hardware Redundancy

The manufacturing yield of chip multiprocessors (CMPs) has become a significant problem as more transistors are integrated onto a single die and the defect rate keeps increasing for “end-of-Moore” nano-scale CMOS technologies. Since such CMP designs usually have significant structural symmetry, adding spare copies to these should be an effective method for increasing yield per area, as is the case for memories. However, a systematic approach to add spare copies to optimize CMP yield per area has never been developed, primarily due to the lack of: 1) a general model of CMP architectures and 2) a practically-useable model for computing areas of chip versions with different configurations of spare copies. This paper develops such models and, in conjunction with a systematic approach for enumerating a wide range of spare configurations, uses these to compute the area overhead and yield for each configuration. In particular, this paper proposes a general spare cores sharing technique to maximize yield per area of any CMP by efficiently traversing the design space for adding spare cores. Experimental results show that the advantage of the proposed approach over traditional approaches increases with continued technology scaling. Specifically, the proposed approach achieves \(2\times \) yields per area over previous approaches for 32 nm and 22 nm technologies. Also, the obtained yield per area values provided by our approach are around 70% of that obtained for the ideal scenario where defect density is zero and no redundancy is added.
Cartilage Stem Cells: Regulation of Differentiation

The developing limb bud is a useful source of cartilage stem cells for studies on the regulation of chondrogenesis. In high density cultures these cells can progress through all stages of chondrogenesis to produce mineralized hypertrophic cartilage. If the cells are maintained in a spherical shape, single stem cells can progress through a similar sequence. The actin cytoskeleton is implicated in the regulation of chondrogenesis since conditions that favor its disruption promote chondrogenesis and conditions that favor actin assembly inhibit chondrogenesis. Since a number of extracellular matrix receptors mediate effects of the extracellular matrix on cytoskeletal organization and some of these receptors are developmentally regulated, it is proposed that matrix receptor expression plays a central role in the divergence of connective tissue cells during development.
MECHANISTIC STUDIES ON THE EXTRACTION OF PALLADIUM(II) WITH DIOCTYL SULPIDE

Abstract ABSTRACT The equilibrium and kinetics of the extraction of palladiura(II) ion with dioctyl sulfide (R-S) in chloroform have been studied at 25 C and an ionic strength of 1.0 M. The extracted species was found to be pdcl2 (R2S) and to have an extraction constant log Kex. =9.84 The observed rate expression for the extraction: -d[Pd]T/dt = k [Pd]T[R2S]o/[cl-], supports a mechanism in which the rate-determining step is the reaction of PdCl3(H2O) - with R2 S in the aqueous phase.