cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Three-dimensional architecture of the calcium channel/foot structure of sarcoplasmic reticulum

THE calcium channel responsible for the release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle during excitation–contraction coupling has recently been identified and purified1–4,21. The isolated calcium channel has been identified morphologically with the 'foot' structures1,2 which are associated with the junctional face membrane of the terminal cisternae of sarcoplasmic reticulum. In situ, the foot structure extends across the gap of the triad junction from the terminal cisternae of the reticulum to the trans-verse tubule5. We describe here the three-dimensional architecture (3.7 nm resolution) of the calcium channel/foot structure from fast-twitch rabbit skeletal muscle, which we determined from electron micrographs of isolated, non-crystalline structures that had been tilted in the electron microscope. The reconstruction reveals two different faces and an internal structure in which stain accumulates at several interconnected locations, which could empty into the junctional gap of the triad junction. The detailed architecture of the channel complex is relevant to understanding both the physical path followed by calcium ions during excitation–contraction coupling and the association of the terminal cisternae and the transverse tubules in the triad junction.
Changing epidemiology of bacterial meningitis

Immunization against the most common meningeal pathogens is the leading factor associated with decreased incidence of bacterial meningitis in countries where routine vaccination is available. This is most dramatically illustrated by the reduction in the incidence of Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis. The incidence of bacterial meningitis has decreased by 55% since the introduction of the H. influenzae type b conjugate vaccine in 1990. H. influenzae occurred primarily in children younger than 5 years of age, and so the median age of patients with bacterial meningitis has now increased to 39 years of age in the United States, and the leading pathogen is currently Streptococcus pneumoniae. Three other control measures (ie, universal screening and antibiotic prophylaxis of pregnant women for Group B streptococci and the implementation and availability of the S. pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitidis conjugate vaccines) have likely further decreased the incidence of these meningeal pathogens. Lastly, the worldwide emergence of multidrug-resistant pneumococci has complicated the empiric therapy of bacterial meningitis.
Development and Validation of a Simple Conversion Model for Comparison of Intracerebral Hemorrhage Volumes Measured on CT and Gradient Recalled Echo MRI

Background and Purpose— Gradient recalled echo MRI (GRE) has been shown to be as accurate as CT for the detection of acute intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). However, because of the differences in the signal parameter being detected, apparent hemorrhage size is expected to vary by imaging modality, with GRE providing larger volumes attributable to susceptibility effects. Methods— Image data from patients participating in 3 ICH studies were retrospectively reviewed. Patients with acute ICH were included if (1) concurrent MRI and CT were performed within 72 hours of symptom onset, and (2) each modality was performed within 240 minutes of each other. ICH volumes were calculated using a semiautomated image analysis program. The least squares method was used to develop a conversion equation based on a linear regression of GRE volume on CT volume. Results— Thirty-six patients met inclusion criteria. MRI was performed first in 18, CT first in 18. Mean hemorrhage volume was 25.2cc (range 0.1 to 83.9cc) on CT and 32....
The interaction of Cl− with a gramicidin-like channel

Molecular dynamics simulations have been used to study the interaction of Cl- with a gramicidin-like channel. The results suggest that there is a high-energy barrier at the entrance of the channel, which would correspond to a permeability 10(-9)-times that of a cation of the same size. This could account for the cationic selectivity of the gramicidin channel and indicates that valence selectivity is kinetically controlled.
Toward evidence-based teaching: evaluating the effectiveness of two teaching strategies in an associate degree nursing program

Abstract The need for evidence-based teaching has become an important ideology for nurse educators who are frequently encouraged to expand their teaching strategies based on recent advances in technology and student learning styles. Traditional lecture is often preferred by students, yet the literature encourages case study methodology for the development of critical thinking. A pilot study was conducted comparing learning outcomes using two different teaching strategies: lecture and case study instruction. Recommendations for using case study as a teaching methodology are offered.
Application of composite invisible image watermarks to simplify detection of a distinct watermark from a large set

Earlier, we presented a highly robust invisible watermarking technique for digitized images having a payload of one bit - indicating the presence or absence of the watermark. Other invisible watermarking techniques also possess this property. This family of techniques may be used to watermark a source image with distinct marks, perhaps to indicate the identity of the recipient, resulting in a set of many near-copies of the source image. Then, the problem of detecting a distinct watermark in an image from the set may imply attempting detection of all possible watermarks. In this paper we will present a technique using composite watermarks which reduces the number of attempts necessary for distinct watermark detection. If the number of images in the set is m to the power n, then the number of attempted detections is never more than m times n. Thus, for m=10 and n=3, a set of 1000 distinctly watermarked near-copies can be produced, but instead of 1000 attempted detection's to insure identification of a particular watermark, only thirty are required. The techniques used for constructing composite watermarks will be detailed and limitations of this approach will be discussed. Results of a successful detection of a distinct watermark from a large set will be presented.
Auxostats for continuous culture research

Abstract A device that uses the rate of feeding to control a state variable in continuous culture is termed an auxostat. The organisms establish their own dilution rate. While the well-known chemostat is stable and simple for investigating continuous cultivation at low to moderate dilution rates, an auxostat tends to be much more stable at high dilution rates. Population selection pressures in an auxostat lead to cultures that grow rapidly. Practical applications include high-rate propagation, destruction of wastes with control at a concentration for maximum rate, open culturing because potential contaminating organisms cannot adapt before washing out, and operation of processes that benefit from careful balance of the ratios of nutrient concentrations.
11.2.2 The Systems Project: Life Cycle Development/Management of as Many as Four Interrelated Systems

Work presented at this Conference previously proposed the Producing System (or enabling system) as a mechanism for organizing and managing the enabling resources in the development of a Product System (Alias, required system, system-of-interest, intervention system, end product, operational system, etc.). It presented the producing system as separate from, but closely related to, the product system. Specifically, the relationship was equated to that of a parent: child (producing system: product system) relationship.(Paul and Yerace 2004) This paper explores current practices regarding the identification and processing of systems that interact with, or have some form of involvement in the life cycle of, the product system. The primary focus is, of course, the interrelationship between the product system and the enabling resources or producing system; however, studies have identified diverse interactions with competing systems, context systems, collaborating systems, containing systems, and others. This paper identifies the similarities and differences among the various perspectives. Finally, the paper expands on these concepts by introducing the Systems Project as a family of up to four closely related systems whose interactions are focused on the life cycle (birth to death) of the product system. Specifically, the Systems Project is a framework for packaging and conducting all of the systems engineering activities associated with developing/managing the product system, the producing system, the Existing System (if there is one in place, if applicable [I/A]), and the Maintenance and Support System through the life cycle of the product system.
Seawater Sr isotopes at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary

Abstract Seawater 87 Sr/ 86 Sr values increase abruptly by 28 × 10 −6 across the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary (KTB). This small, but rapid shift is superimposed on the larger scale structure of the seawater Sr isotope curve. The time scale of radiogenic Sr addition appears to be too rapid to reconcile with sources associated with volcanism, and we show that the amount of Sr required to produce even this small increase is too large to be derived from: (1) a KT bolide of the size constrained by the Ir anomaly, (2) continental crust ejecta from the impact of such a bolide, (3) soot from global wildfires initiated by an impact, or (4) any combination of these sources. The probable source of the radiogenic Sr is enhanced continental weathering, but the high rate of increase appears to rule out processes such as sea level regression, glaciation or tectonism. A plausible mechanism for rapid addition of radiogenic Sr to the oceans is enhanced weathering associated with globally distributed acid rain (pH ∼ 1) which is a proposed by-product of a bolide impact [51, EPSL Vol. 83].
Genetics, subcellular localization, and molecular characterization of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase isozymes in tomato.

Three independent genes are responsible for 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGDH) activity in tomato. 6Pgdh-2, located on chromosome 12, codes for subunits of an active dimer which is restricted to the plastids. 6Pgdh-1, chromosome 4, and 6Pgdh-3, chromosome 5, code for subunits which form three dimers—two homodimers and an intergenic heterodimer. The latter three isozymes are found in the cytosol. 6Pgdh-1, 6Pgdh-2, and 6Pgdh-3 code for subunits with estimated molecular weights of 49,500, 50,500, and 51,200, respectively. The intergenic heterodimer encoded by 6Pgdh-1 and 6Pgdh-3 is thus composed of subunits that differ in length by approximately 15 amino acid residues. Divergence in the length and primary subunit structure may account for the lower thermal stability of the intergenic heterodimer compared with the corresponding homodimers. A limited survey of other solanaceous plant species suggests that the duplication of cytosolic 6PGDH-coding genes found in tomato may be widespread in the family.
Expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein by immature oligodendroglia and its implications

Correlative immunocytochemical and electron-microscopic studies of the subpial region of the human fetal spinal cord between 12-18 weeks of ovulation age revealed immature oligodendroglial cells showing immunoreactive GFAP within both the cytoplasm and its processes. By 17-18 weeks, however, GFAP immunoreactivity is no longer evident within such cells. The expression of GFAP by immature oligodendroglial cells in the developing human fetal spinal cord prior to the formation of compact myelin sheaths supports the hypothesis that oligodendrocytes, along with astrocytes, are ultimately derived from radial glial cells.
Geometric specification of scheduling constraints: A simplified approach to multiprocessing

Abstract As multiprocessors become commercially available, a great deal of concern is being focused on the problems involved in writing and debugging software for such machines. Earlier work described the use of monitors implemented by macro processors to attain portable code. This work formulates a general-purpose monitor which simplifies the programming of a wide class of numeric algorithms. In this paper, we propose a straightforward programming paradigm for describing ‘schedulable units of computation’ that allows the description of many algorithms with very little effort.
Dual-pump vibrational/rotational femtosecond/picosecond coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering temperature and species measurements.

A method for simultaneous ro-vibrational and pure-rotational hybrid femtosecond/picosecond coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (fs/ps CARS) is presented for multi-species detection and improved temperature sensitivity from room temperature to flame conditions. N2/CH4 vibrational and N2/O2/H2 rotational Raman coherences are excited simultaneously using fs pump pulses at 660 and 798 nm, respectively, and a common fs Stokes pulse at 798 nm. A fourth narrowband 798 nm ps pulse probes all coherence states at a time delay that minimizes nonresonant background and the effects of collisions. The transition strength is concentration dependent, while the distribution among observed transitions is related to temperature through the Boltzmann distribution. The broadband excitation pulses and multiplexed signal are demonstrated for accurate thermometry from 298 to 2400 K and concentration measurements of four key combustion species.
A Powerdomain of Possibility Measures

Abstract We provide a domain-theoretic framework for possibility theory by studying possibility measures on the lattice of opens &#x1D4AA;(X) of a topological space X. The powerspaces P[0,∞] (X) and P[0,1] (X) of all such maps extend to functors in the natural way. We may think of possibility measures as continuous valuations by replacing ‘+’ with ‘V’ in their modular law. The functors above send continuous maps to sup-maps and continuous domains to completely distributive lattices; in the latter case they are locally continuous. Finite suprema of scalar multiples of point valuations form a basis of the powerdomains above if &#x1D4AA;(X) is the Scott-topology of a continuous domain. The notions of [0,1]- and [0,∞]-modules corresponds to that of continuous cones if addition on the reals and on the module is replaced by suprema. The powerdomain P[0,∞] (D) is the free [0, ∞]-module over a continuous domain D.
The Eddington Luminosity Limit for Multiphased Media

We consider the effective Eddington luminosity in a locally inhomogeneous medium by averaging out the coarse, small-scale behavior. We show that the ratio between the emitted flux and the average radiation force changes. The mean luminosity therefore can theoretically exceed the classical Eddington limit. It is further shown that acoustic modes are unstable under most relevant conditions, and they unavoidably grow in such a way that they change the effective limiting Eddington luminosity. The instability and the increased limiting luminosity can explain the observed super-Eddington luminosity phenomenon in novae.
A combined first-principles and experimental study of the lattice site preference of Pt in B2 NiAl

Abstract First-principles supercell calculations were undertaken to determine the site preference of Pt in the B2 NiAl lattice structure. The results from these calculations were compared to structural analysis results from high-energy X-ray diffraction experiments. The calculations showed that, at T = 0 K, Pt always has a preference for the Ni sublattice in B2 NiAl, with such a preference being quite strong in Al-rich NiAl, but relatively weak in Ni-rich and stoichiometric NiAl. To predict the site occupation of Pt in B2 NiAl at finite temperatures, a statistical–mechanical Wagner–Schottky model was used in which the formation enthalpies of point defects were determined from the present first-principles calculations. Calculations at T = 1273 K again showed a consistent preference of Pt for the Ni sublattice in Al-rich, Ni-rich and stoichiometric B2 NiAl. The results from these latter calculations were found to be in very good agreement with those from experiment.
BASES FOR DETERMINING RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THE MEDULLOSACEAE

MANY CHARACTERS have been used bv various investigators (Weber and Sterzel, 1896; Scott, 1899, 1923; DeFraine, 1912; Schopf, 1939; Steidtmann, 1944; Andrews, 1945; Baxter, 1949; Stewart, 1951) in an effort to clarify natural relationships among the Medullosaceae. Although there is general agreement as to what characters are of phyletic importance for the family, there is less agreement concerning their relative value. A major factor contributing to differences of opinion is the small number of fairly complete specimens which can be used as bases for comparison. As a result many problems concerning the relationships among the members of this perplexing group remain unsolved. A study of additional Medullosa material, recently acquired by the authors, indicates that present ideas (Schopf, 1939; Baxter, 1949; Stewart, 1951) of relationships among the family need further modification. Previously established diagnostic characters which are emphasized in this paper as applying to the Medullosaceae appear below. Stelar number.-Genera of the family have polystelic stems and as the study of this group progressed a typical number of steles was described for some species with three the common number for those of Medullosa and one for Sutclifjia. Several workers (Scott, 1899; DeFraine, 1912, 1914; Andrews, 1945; Baxter, 1949) have recognized that variability in stelar number may exist within an individual stem, and that stelar number may not be a dependable character. Yet, in spite of this recognized variability it has become increasingly apparent that within certain limits, to be explained later, stelar number is a valid diagnostic character for some species. Baxter (1949) believes those species with a relatively high and variable number (6-8) of small steles to be the most primitive. Accessory vascular structures.-Star rings, accessory steles, cambial or "periderm" rings, and subsidiary steles are conspicuous in certain species and notably absent in others. With few exceptions the authors listed under the literature citations for this paper have considered the various aspects of accessory vascular structures. Baxter (1949) has expressed the opinion that there may be homology among these seemingly diverse stem structuresan opinion shared by the present investigators. Leaf traces with associated secondary wood.Scott (1899), DeFraine (1912), Schopf (1939), Andrews (1945), Baxter (1949), and Stewart (1951) have discussed the relative merits of leaf traces with associated secondary wood as a character of phyletic importance. The majority interpret species which show this feature as primitive; those
Pathologic Fracture of Odontoid Process Secondary to Amyloid Deposition

Immunocyte dyscrasias have increasingly been reported in patients with gammopathy-associated systemic amyloidosis. In “primary” amyloidosis, deposits occur in heart, smooth and skeletal muscle, bones and joints, skin, lungs and peripheral nerves. The formation of amyloid fibrils appears related to the lambda light chains in these monoclonal gammopathies. A 72-year-old white man is reported who developed massive deposits of amyloid in joints and bones, as well as other tissues. Twenty percent of his bone marrow population was comprised of plasma cells in various maturational stages, without forming solitary masses diagnostic of myeloma. Lambda light chains were the sole contributors to a selective increase in IgD, with a concomitant reduction of IgA, IgG, and IgM. The patient sustained a pathologic fracture through a deposit of amyloid in the odontoid. While he suffered severe posterior nuchal and occipital pain, no clinical features of compression myelopathy were evident. Postmortem examination revealed a minor degree of posterior column degeneration and an axonal reaction of anterior horn cells of the C-1 spinal cord segment. This case represents the second to be reported with amyloidosis of the vertebral column, pathologic fracture, and a spinal cord lesion.
Uric acid in chronic heart failure: a measure of the anaerobic threshold

The anaerobic threshold (AT) is a measure of the balance between aerobic and anaerobic cellular metabolism. Hyperuricemia occurs in conditions that involve an imbalance between cellular oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production, such as chronic heart failure (CHF). We therefore hypothesized that in CHF, serum uric acid might be related to the AT. Patients with CHF (n=40, aged 58.7+/-1.9 years; New York Heart Association Class I-IV; maximal oxygen consumption [MVO2], 18.7+/-01.1 mL/kg/min; left ventricular ejection fraction, 26%+/-2%) and 10 age-matched healthy controls underwent measurement of the serum uric acid level at rest and assessment of the AT. This was derived from MVO2 and the regression slope relating minute ventilation to carbon dioxide output (VE - VCO2) during a maximal treadmill exercise test. Compared with the healthy controls, patients with CHF had a lower AT (11.8+/-0.7 v 16.9+/-1.1 mL/kg/min, P < .001) and a higher serum uric acid concentration (493.8+/-22.4 v 308.7+/-21.5 micromol/L, P < .001). In univariate analyses of the CHF group, the AT correlated with serum uric acid (r=-.56, P < .001; AT=19.93 - (0.016 x uric acid), R2=.31, P < .001) and plasma creatinine (r=-.43, P < .01), but not with the diuretic dose. In stepwise regression analyses of the CHF group, serum uric acid emerged as a predictor of the AT (standardized coefficient=-.56, P < .001), whereas the diuretic dose and plasma creatinine failed to enter into the final models (multiple R2=.31, P < .001). In conclusion, in CHF there is an inverse relationship between the AT and the resting serum uric acid concentration. This is consistent with the known links between uric acid production and the imbalance in aerobic/anaerobic metabolism that occur in CHF. These findings provide the basis for using the simple measurement of the serum uric acid level as a surrogate measure of the AT.
Identification and Expression Profile of a Novel Alternative Splicing of Pax7 in Chick Skeletal Muscle

Abstract Pax7 is essential for skeletal muscle myogenesis. The alternative splicing forms of Pax7 were found in human and mouse. In this study, we identified a new alternative splicing of chick Pax7. We named it Pax7–2 and localized it in the nucleus of chick myoblast. In Pax7–2 mRNA, exon 8 of chick Pax7 gene was spliced out. That led to a 22-amino acid deletion in the COOH terminal of Pax7–2 protein compared with Pax7 protein. Luciferase assays demonstrated that chick Pax7 could act as a transactivator and the deleted 22 amino acids in Pax7–2 may belong to the transactivation domain of Pax7. Pax7–2 lost transactivation ability. We detected the expression levels of Pax7–2 in chick pectoralis muscles at different developmental stages and found that the expression of Pax7–2 was at its peak in d-12 chick embryos. The expression levels of Pax7 and Pax-2 in chick pectoralis muscles at different developmental stages had a similar trend across the period under study, although the changes of their expression levels were different. As chicks grew up, Pax7 and Pax7–2 were expressed at much lower levels.
Coordination of leaf N, anatomy, photosynthetic capacity, and hydraulics enhances evergreen expansive potential

Reduced leaf longevity, N-fixation, and enhanced hydraulic capacity combined support greater shifts in seasonal photosynthetic capacity of an expansive understory evergreen woody species relative to co-occurring less expansive evergreen species. Physiological functioning typically declines with increased leaf life span. While an evergreen leaf habit is generally associated with reduced leaf N, physiological capacity, and slower growth, most expansive woody species are evergreens and/or N fixers. An evergreen leaf habit enables year-round activity and less investment in carbon and nutrients, while N-fixation enhances photosynthetic capacity. Our objective was to compare anatomy and physiology of three woody evergreens Ilex opaca Aiton (Aquifoliaceae), Kalmia latifolia L. (Ericaceae), and Myrica cerifera (Myricaceae) of varying leaf longevity, N-fixation capability, and known expansive potential in a deciduous forest understory to determine if seasonal physiological performance integrated these factors. We hypothesized that I. opaca (non-expansive) and K. latifolia (moderately expansive), which have longer leaf longevities, would have reduced physiological performance compared to M. cerifera (expansive), which has shorter leaf longevity, and symbiotically fixes atmospheric N. Stomatal conductance to water vapor, photosynthetic and hydraulic capacities, specific leaf area, and leaf %N decreased with increasing leaf life span; however, trends among species were not consistent seasonally. While hydraulic capacity remained constant throughout the year, photosynthetic capacity did not. During the growing season, M. cerifera displayed photosynthetic capacity similar to deciduous species, yet, during the winter, photosynthetic capacity was similar to the slower-growing evergreens. Reduced leaf life span, enhanced hydraulic capacity, and nitrogen fixation support the seasonal shift in photosynthetic capacity observed in M. cerifera. This “hybrid” strategy enables M. cerifera to maximize productivity during months of optimal conditions, thereby promoting rapid growth and expansion in the understory.
E. Coli F1Fo ATP Synthase Subunit C: Solution NMR Structure by CS-Rosetta

The ATP synthase is the main source of ATP in cells, whose function is to inter-convert chemical energy and transmembrane electrochemical potential difference. The enzyme contains two domains: a soluble F1 domain where ATP is synthesized/hydrolyzed and a transmembrane FO domain, which functions as an ion pump. Multiple (9-15) copies of subunit c form an oligomeric ring in the FO domain. The ion translocation activity takes place at the interface of c-ring and subunit a where an essential acidic residue in middle of the outer helix in subunit c undergoes a protonation/deprotonation process, which couples with the relative rotation of c-ring to subunit a. Although high-resolution X-ray structures of the c-rings from several organisms have been solved, the mechanism of ion translocation still needs to be clarified at atomic resolution.We aim to solve the structures of E. coli subunit c at both protonation states of the essential Asp61 and elucidate any conformational changes at the active site during the ion translocation process. Due to the difficulty of obtaining unambiguous long-range NOE constraints in membrane proteins, traditional solution NMR methods were unsuccessful in this case. We employed CS-Rosetta, which utilizes minimal NMR constraints, in our study.Our study of the subunit c in the protonated state shows that the choice of proper scoring weights is essential in the application of CS-Rosetta to membrane proteins. Using limited NMR restraints this method converges on a structure for E. coli subunit c that is similar to the X-ray structures of subunit c from other organisms. Further improving the quality of the structure may be achieved by optimizing the weights in the calculation. We are also using this approach on deprotonated subunit c and hoping to model the c-ring from our results.
Anation of laccase type 2 copper by azide and thiocyanate ions.

A mechanistic study of the anation of type 2 Cu(II) in fully oxidized laccase by azide and thiocyanate ions (X-) is reported. The rate data support a mechanism involving rapid formation of an outer-sphere complex (laccase . X-) followed by rate-limiting dissociative interchange to give the inner-sphere complex (laccase-X-) product: (formula; see text) Rate parameters for the laccase-azide reaction are k'2 = 1.25 X 10(-1) s-1 and k'-2 = 1.50 X 10(-2) s-1; those for the laccase-thiocyanate reaction are k'2 = 2.0 X 10(-2) s-1 and k'-2 = 1.1 X 10(-2) s-1 (25 degrees C, pH 6.1 phosphate buffer, I = 0.5 M). Although the rate law for anation of type 2 Cu(II) by N3- in 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid (Mes) or acetate medium (kobsd = k3 + k4[N3-]) differs from that observed in phosphate buffer, the data may still be accounted for in terms of the above mechanism, with Kos[N3-] much less than 1 [in Mes, k3 = 2.2 X 10(-2) s-1 and k4 = 3.3 X 10(-1) M-1 s-1; in acetate, k3 = 2.1 X 10(-2) s-1 and k4 = 3.4 X 10(-1) M-1 s-1 (25 degrees C, pH 6.0, I = 0.25 M)]. The equilibrium and spectroscopic characteristics of the laccase type 2 Cu(II)-N3- complex are compared with those of low molecular weight copper(II)-azide species, and the factors responsible for the very low substitutional reactivity of the type 2 cupric ion are discussed.
Caught in the evolutionary act: precise cis-regulatory basis of difference in the organization of gene networks of sea stars and sea urchins.

The regulatory control of otxβ1/2 in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus and the sea star Asterina miniata provides an exceptional opportunity to determine the genomic basis of evolutionary change in gene regulatory network (GRN) architectures. Network perturbation analyses in both taxa show that Otx regulates the transcription factors gatae and krox/blimp1 and both of these transcription factors also feed back and regulate otx. The otx gene also autoregulates. This three way interaction is an example of a GRN kernel. It has been conserved for 500 million years since these two taxa last shared a common ancestor. Amid this high level of conservation we show here one significant regulatory change. Tbrain is required for correct otxβ1/2 expression in the sea star but not in the sea urchin. In sea urchin, tbrain is not co-expressed with otxβ1/2 and instead has an essential role in specification of the embryonic skeleton. Tbrain in these echinoderms is thus a perfect example of an orthologous gene co-opted for entirely different developmental processes. We isolate and test the sea star otxβ1/2 cis-regulatory module and demonstrate functional binding sites for each of the predicted inputs, including Tbrain. We compare it to the logic processing operating in the sea urchin otxβ1/2 cis-regulatory module and present an evolutionary scenario of the change in Tbrain dependence. Finally, inter-specific gene transfer experiments confirm this scenario and demonstrate evolution occurring at the level of sequence changes to the cis-regulatory module.
Motivation and strategy use in science: Individual differences and classroom effects

This study examines individual and classroom-level differences in motivation and strategy usage in sixth- and seventh-grade middle school science. Results suggest that students who experience academic difficulties differ from both high achieving and special education students on measures of self-efficacy, goal orientation, expectancy, value, and self-concept of ability in science, with students who experience academic difficulties occasionally demonstrating less adaptive patterns of motivation and cognition than special education students in science. We used hierarchical linear modeling to examine between-classroom differences in learning-focused goal orientation. Findings indicate that students who have science teachers that use ability-focused instructional practices (e.g., pointing out the best students as an example to others) are less learning focused, and exhibit a diminished relation between self-concept of ability and being learning focused in science. Implications for science education reform are discussed.
Traffic signal timing at isolated intersections using simulation optimization

Two innovative stochastic traffic signal optimization techniques for isolated intersections are discussed. The objective is to determine the optimum cycle and green phase lengths for signalized isolated traffic intersections. Determination of optimum cycle and green phase lengths is based on minimization of the total average delay at the intersection for a given period of observation. Traffic signal timing is formulated as a stochastic inventory problem, which is then solved by a combination of simulation and dynamic programming. The suitability of the optimization techniques for undersaturated and oversaturated flow conditions; and steady state and nonstationary queue conditions are discussed. The advantages of the techniques over most widely used signal optimization methods, and the application of the simulation optimization method in state dependent server-vacation signal timing are also discussed.
Integrating social science and design inquiry through interdisciplinary design charrettes : An approach to participatory community problem solving

Interdisciplinary collaborations that aim to facilitate meaningful community outcomes require both the right mix of disciplinary knowledge and effective community participation, which together can deepen collective knowledge and the capacity to take action. This article explores three interdisciplinary design charrettes, intensive participatory workshops that addressed specific community problems and provided a context for integrating design and social science inquiry with local community knowledge. Evaluation data from the charrettes shed light on how students from the design and social science disciplines experienced the charrettes, and on their interactions with community members. Key advantages to this interdisciplinary, community-based collaboration included expanded knowledge derived from the use of multiple modes of inquiry, particularly the resulting visualization tools that helped community members understand local issues and envision novel solutions. Key drawbacks included difficulties in balancing the two disciplines, the tendency for social scientists to feel out of place on designers' turf, and the increased disciplinary and interpersonal conflicts arising from a more diverse pool of participants.
Role of the Interfacial Thermal Barrier in the Effective Thermal Diffusivity/Conductivity of SiC-Fiber-Reinforced Reaction-Bonded Silicon Nitride

Experimental thermal diffusivity data transverse to the fiber direction for composites composed of a reaction bonded silicon nitride matrix reinforced with uniaxially aligned carbon-coated silicon carbide fibers indicate the existence of a significant thermal barrier at the matrix-fiber interface. Calculations of the interfacial thermal conductances indicate that at 300 C and 1-atm N2, more than 90 percent of the heat conduction across the interface occurs by gaseous conduction. Good agreement is obtained between thermal conductance values for the oxidized composite at 1 atm calculated from the thermal conductivity of the N2 gas and those inferred from the data for the effective composite thermal conductivity.
The international dimensions of democratization in Slovakia and Croatia

International influences were instrumental in the shaping of democratic outcomes in post-communist countries. The cases of Slovakia and Croatia demonstrate that international actors can play a transformative role during crucial moments in a country’s trajectory (or ‘critical junctures’) by de-legitimizing support for the authoritarian alternatives, shaping choices and resources available to elites, and building consensus on the democratic course at the elite and societal levels. Slovak and Croatian politics show the impact of external factors on the September 1998 and January 2000 parliamentary elections, respectively, that ended the legacy of a previous critical juncture and began a new path-dependent process.
Seed germination and seedling vigor of weevil-damaged acorns of red oak

Acorn weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) are well-known predators of oak acorns in the eastern hardwood forest region of the United States. We examined the germination percentage of seeds, as well...
Structure and Properties of High Stability Geminal Dicationic Ionic Liquids

Thirty-nine geminal dicationic ILs were synthesized and characterized in terms of their surface tensions, densities, melting points, refractive indices, viscosities, and miscibilities with a polar and nonpolar solvent. Two imidazolium or pyrrolidinium cations were joined via different length hydrocarbon linkage chains (from 3 to 12 carbons long). The various geminal dications were paired with up to four different anions. The effect of the dication type, linkage chain, alkyl substituents, and anion type on the physicochemical properties of these compounds was examined. Among the more interesting findings for this class of compounds was that their liquid and thermal stability ranges generally exceeded those of the more conventional, better known ILs. Indeed, this range was from -4 to >400 degrees C for one of the pyrrolidinium-based geminal dicationic liquids. X-ray crystallography of the smaller solid ionic compounds indicated that there may be a correlation between the configurational degrees of freedom of the ILs and their melting points/glass transition temperatures. In one case, the crystal structure showed that a dicationic moiety had three distinct conformations in an asymmetric unit cell. The solvation properties of the geminal dicationic ILs tend to be similar to those of their monocationic analogues.
Duplication of the ZIC2 gene is not associated with holoprosencephaly

Cytogenetic testing using genomic microarrays presents a clinical challenge when data regarding the phenotypic consequences of the genomic alteration are not available. We describe a chromosome 13q32.3 duplication discovered by microarray testing in a fetus with a prenatally detected apparently balanced de novo translocation 46,XY,t(2;13)(q37;q32). Microarray analysis on the fetal DNA showed duplications of 384 kb and 564 kb at the breakpoint regions on chromosomes 2q37.3 and 13q32.3, respectively. There were no disease-associated genes in the duplicated region on chromosome 2q37. The duplicated region on chromosome 13q contains the ZIC2 gene. Haploinsufficiency of ZIC2 is known to cause holoprosencephaly and other brain malformations. Studies in the mouse models have suggested that over expression of ZIC2 may also lead to brain malformations. Fetal MRI of the brain was normal and the family elected to continue the pregnancy. An apparently normal baby was born at term. At 3 months of age a physical exam showed no abnormalities and no developmental delay. This report shows that duplication of ZIC2 is not necessarily associated with brain malformations. We also describe the phenotype from four additional patients with duplications of the region of chromosome 13 containing ZIC2 and three previously described patients with supernumerary marker chromosomes derived from distal chromosome 13. None of the eight patients had holoprosencephaly or brain malformations, indicating that duplication of ZIC2 is not associated with brain anomalies. This information will be useful for counseling in other occurrences of this duplication identified by microarray.
Estimation of Reliability from Multiple Independent Grouped Censored Samples with Failure Times Known

Failure times of one type aircraft-engine component were recorded. In addition, life times are periodically recorded for unfailed engine components. The data are considered as multiple s-independent grouped censored samples with failure times known. The assumed failure model is the 2-parameter Weibull distribution. Maximum likelihood estimates are derived. The exponential model is used for comparison. Monte Carlo simulation is used to derive s-bias and mean square error of the estimates. The asymptotic covariance matrix was computed for the sampling conditions studied. The maximum likelihood estimates of the reliability were obtained as a function of component operating time since overhaul.
Oriented active shape models for 3D segmentation in medical images

Active Shape Models (ASM) have been applied to various segmentation tasks in medical imaging, most successfully in 2D segmentation of objects that have a fairly consistent shape. However, several difficulties arise when extending 2D ASM to 3D: (1) difficulty in 3D labeling, (2) the requirement of a large number of training samples, (3) the challenging problem of landmark correspondence in 3D, (4) inefficient initialization and optimization in 3D. This paper addresses the 3D segmentation problem by using a small number of effective 2D statistical models called oriented ASM (OASM). We demonstrate that a small number of 2D OASM models, which are derived from a chunk of a contiguous set of slices, are sufficient to capture the shape variation between slices and individual objects. Each model can be matched rapidly to a new slice by using the OASM algorithm 1 . Our experiments in segmenting breast and bone of the foot in MR images indicate the following: (1) The accuracy of segmentation via our method is much better than that of 2DASM-based segmentation methods. 2 (2) Far fewer landmarks are required compared with thousands of landmarks needed in true 3D ASM. Therefore, far fewer training samples are required to capture details. (3) Our method is computationally slightly more expensive than the 2D method2 owing to its 2 level dynamic programming (2LDP) algorithm.
Altered potassium flux and myocardial dysfunction during sepsis

Untreated septic shock results in depletion of extracellular fluid, cellular swelling, increased intracellular sodium, and decreased intracellular potassium concentrations in primate skeletal muscle. The Langer rabbit heart interventricular septal preparation was used to determine whether similar changes occur in cardiac muscle during sepsis. Rabbit septa (n = 17) were perfused with control and septic rabbit plasma plus red blood cells. Tissue contractility (developed tension [DT] and rate of tension change [dPdt]) was followed, plasma cations were measured (Na+, K+, Ca2+, H+), perfusion pressure (PP) was monitored, and 42K efflux was determined. The effect on 42K efflux caused by the addition of potassium chloride to control plasma was determined. During perfusion with septic plasma there was significant decline of septal function (P < 0.001). In 1217 experiments DT fell 77.8 ± 21.4% and frsol|dP/dt fell 75.8 ± 24.8% from control values (means ± 1 SD). All septa recovered when perfusion with control plasma was resumed. If [K+] was increased in control plasma during 42K washout, the percentage increase of effluent counts per minute per minute correlated with the percentage rise of control plasma [K+] (r = 0.95, P < 0.001). During perfusion with septic plasma there was no similar correlation (r = 0.277). 42K efflux increased during septic plasma perfusion independent of the differences between control and septic plasma [K+], demonstrating abnormal myocardial K+ efflux. An abnormal efflux of K+ is seen during septic plasma perfusion similar to that described in primate skeletal muscle. It is associated with and may be a mechanism of action for the observed fall of contractility.
Surface lipids of social waspPolistes melricus say and its nest and nest pedicel and their relation to nestmate recognition

In eight replicate laboratory tests wherePolistes metricus adults were allowed to choose between their own nest, a second nest, and neither nest, they selected their own nest 66% of the observed time. When the surface hydrocarbons had been extracted from the nests, the wasps chose their own nest only 8% of the time, but after the hydrocarbons were reapplied to the surface of the respective nests, they selected their own nest 47% of the time. These changes are significant. The cuticular lipids were analyzed from individualP. metricus adult females collected from 13 colonies. Surface lipids were recovered from the paper and pedicels of their nests. Eighteen hydrocarbons were identified in these lipid fractions. The major components of the wasp cuticular lipids weren-heptacosane,n-nonacosane, methylhentriacontane, and methyltritriacontane. Factor analysis revealed that extracts of pedicels are all similar in composition, while cuticle and paper extracts vary, sometimes similarly according to colony identity.
South-east Asia archival materials

(1969). South-east Asia archival materials. International Library Review: Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 359-368.
Synthesis, Molecular Structure and Derivatization of the Triruthenacarborane Cluster Compound [1-SMe2-2,2-(CO)2-7,11-(Μ-H)2-2,7,11-{Ru2(CO)6}-closo-2,1-RuCB10H8]*

In toluene at reflux temperatures [Ru3(CO)12] and 7-SMe2-nido-7-CB10H12 give the charge-compensated cluster complex [1-SMe2-2,2-(CO)2-7,11-(μ-H)2-2,7,11-Ru2(CO)6-closo-2,1-RuCB10H8] (1) . Treatment of 1 with dppm in THF affords [1-SMe2-2,2-(CO)2-7,11-(μ-H)2-2,7,11-Ru2(μ -dppm)(CO)4-closo-2,1-RuCB10H8] (2) [dppm = bis(diphenylphosphino)methane; THF = tetrahydrofuran]. The latter complex on heating in THF with [ $${\hbox{NBu}^{n}}_{4}$$ ]F yields the salt [ $${\hbox{NBu}^{n}}_{4}$$ ][1-SMe-2,2-(CO)2-7,11-(μ-H)2-2,7,11-Ru2(μ -dppm)(CO)4-closo-2,1-RuCB10H8] (3). Reaction of 3 with [AuCl(PPh3)] and Tl[PF6] gives the neutral zwitterionic complex [1-S(Me)Au (PPh3)-2,2-(CO)2-7,11-(μ-H)2-2,7,11-Ru2(μ-dppm)(CO)4-closo-2,1-RuCB10H8] (4). The structures of 1, 3 and 4 were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies.
Evidence that somatotroph differentiation during chicken embryonic development is stimulated by a blood-borne signal

We reported previously that GH-secreting cells differentiate by day 16 of chicken embryonic development. In the present study, primary cultures of anterior pituitary cells from 10-, 12-, 14-, and 16-day-old chicken embryos were incubated for 2 or 6 days in serum-free medium or medium supplemented with serum from day 12 or day 16 embryos (1% serum by volume). After this culture period, the pituitary cells were recovered and subjected to reverse hemolytic plaque assays for chicken GH. GH-secreting cells did not differentiate spontaneously in serum-free cultures derived from any of the embryonic ages tested, indicating that differentiation of somatotrophs does not occur based only on the relative age of the presumptive GH cell. However, we found that treatment for as little as 2 days with serum from day 16 (but not day 12) embryos stimulated somatotroph differentiation in cultures derived from day 12, 14, and 16 embryos. These results indicate that an activity capable of stimulating GH cell differentiation i...
C-Mo And C-Zr Alloys For Space Power Systems

The C-Mo and C-Zr alloy systems were investigated as possible candidates for high temperature applications in extraterrestrial power systems. Alloys containing 0 to 6 weight percent carbon were produced using induction melting techniques. The Zr-C alloys produced were found to be composed of alpha-Zr and gamma (ZrC), while the Mo-C alloys were composed of theta (Mo 2 C) and the eutectic mixture of Mo plus theta. The volume fraction of carbide increased as the carbon content was increased. Half of all alloys produced were annealed. The Mo-C alloys were heat treated in a vacuum furnace at 1370°C / 1 hr. / FC while the Zr-C alloys were annealed at 1000°C / 1 hr. / FC> Room temperature compression tests were performed on both the as-cast and annealed material. The results of these tests are described as a function of the volume fraction of the primary carbide phase present. The indicated a decrease in strength and a decrease in ductility as the volume fraction of carbide increased. Annealing was found to improve the properties over those of the as-cast materials. Microhardness of ZrC increased but all other phases seemed to be relatively independent of the carbide or C-content.
Storm-chasing drones

Unmanned aircraft systems. Aerial robots. Drones. Regardless of the name, this new technology is being developed to revolutionize the sampling and understanding of complex atmospheric phenomena.
Design of an implantable intracortical microelectrode system for brain-machine interfaces

The long-term goal in the design of Brain-Machine Interfaces is to restore communication and control to unrestrained individuals. One of the great challenges in this effort is to develop implantable systems that are capable of processing the activity of large ensembles of cortical neurons. Here, we present the design, fabrication, and testing of a flexible microelectrode array that can be hybrid-packaged with custom electronics in a fully implantable form factor. The design specifications and process flow for incorporating flip-chip bonding of an amplifier die are discussed.