cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Role of High-Dose Beta-Blockers in Patients with Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction and Elevated Heart Rate.

Abstract Background Beta-blockers in high target doses are recommended for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) but not for preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Treatment benefits are often more pronounced in high-risk subgroups, and patients with HFpEF with heart rate ≥70 beats per minute have emerged as such a high-risk subgroup. We examined the associations of high-dose beta-blocker use with outcomes in these patients. Methods Of the 8462 hospitalized patients with heart failure with ejection fraction ≥50% in the Medicare-linked Organized Program to Initiate Lifesaving Treatment in Hospitalized Patients with Heart Failure (OPTIMIZE-HF) registry, 5422 had a discharge heart rate ≥70 beats per minute. Of these, 4537 had no contraindications to beta-blocker use, of which 2797 (2592 with dose data) received prescriptions for beta-blockers. Of the 2592, 730 received high-dose beta-blockers, defined as atenolol ≥100 mg/day, carvedilol ≥50 mg/day, metoprolol tartrate or succinate ≥200 mg/day, or bisoprolol ≥10 mg/day, and 1740 received no beta-blockers. Using propensity scores for the receipt of high-dose beta-blockers, we assembled a matched cohort of 1280 patients, balanced on 58 characteristics. Results All-cause mortality occurred in 63% and 68% of matched patients receiving high-dose beta-blocker vs no beta-blocker, respectively, during 6 years (median, 2.8) of follow-up (hazard ratio, 0.86; 95% confidence interval, 0.75-0.98; P = .027). The hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) for all-cause readmission and the combined endpoint of all-cause readmission or all-cause mortality associated with high-dose beta-blocker use were 0.90 (0.81-1.02) and 0.89 (0.80-1.00), respectively. Conclusions In patients with HFpEF and heart rate ≥70 beats per minute, high-dose beta-blocker use was associated with a significantly lower risk of death. Future randomized controlled trials are needed to examine this association.
Teriflunomide's Effect on Glia in Experimental Demyelinating Disease: A Neuroimaging and Histologic Study.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Teriflunomide reduces disability progression and brain atrophy in multiple sclerosis patients. The exact mechanism of action by which teriflunomide exerts these effects is currently unknown. We assessed the effect of teriflunomide on brain glial cells in the Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) by using a histological approach in combination with neuroimaging. METHODS Forty-eight SJL female mice received an intracerebral injection of TMEV at 6-8 weeks of age and were then treated with teriflunomide (n = 24) or placebo (n = 24) for 9 months. They were examined with MRI and behavioral testing at 2, 6, and 9 months postinduction (mPI). Of those, 18 teriflunomide-treated and 17 controls mice were analyzed histologically at 9 mPI to sample from different brain regions for myelination status, microglial density, and oligodendroglial lineage. The histological and MRI outcomes were correlated. RESULTS Corpus callosum microglial density was numerically lower in the teriflunomide-treated mice compared to the control group (141.1 ± 21.7 SEM vs. 214.74 ± 34.79 SEM, Iba1+ cells/mm2 , P = .087). Basal ganglia (BG) microglial density in the teriflunomide group exhibited a negative correlation with fractional anisotropy (P = .021) and a positive correlation with mean diffusivity (P = .034), indicating less inflammation and axonal damage. Oligodendroglial lineage cell and myelin density were not significantly different between treatment groups. However, a significant positive correlation between BG oligodendrocytes and BG volume (P = .027), and with N-acetyl aspartate concentration (P = .008), was found in the teriflunomide group, indicating less axonal loss. CONCLUSION Teriflunomide altered microglia density and oligodendrocytes differentiation, which was associated with less evident microstructural damage on MRI.
Maneuverability in Dynamic Vertical Climbing

In this paper, we examine the reduced order pendular dynamic climbing model with the addition of attachment windows based on prescribed body roll. With this model and on the new dynamic climbing platform, TAILS, we demonstrate dynamic downward climbing as well as identify distinct dynamic gaits within downward climbing. This, combined with the application of an asymmetric configuration of the rear legs enables strafing motions and thus dynamic maneuverability on walls in the vertical domain.
More than Just a Flock? The Independent and Interdependent Nature of Peer Self-Control on Deviance

The goal of this study is to test whether a peer’s self-control is related to deviance and whether it conditions the extent to which an actor’s self-control is related to deviance. To examine these...
Disentangling the American Christian Right: An Interview with Dr. Christopher Douglas | Decifrando a direita cristã norte-americana: uma entrevista com o Prof. Dr. Christopher Douglas

Christopher Douglas is one of the most prominent scholars who has studied the rise of the conservative Christian Right in the American political arena and the links of this complex movement to American culture. Prof. Douglas taught at the University of Toronto and, for five years, at Furman University, South Carolina before transferring to University of Victoria in 2004. He teaches American literature, particularly contemporary American fiction, religion and literature, multicultural American literature, postmodernism, and the Bible as Literature. In the interview below, Prof. Douglas talks about his research and the idea behind his book “If God Meant to Interfere”, published in 2016; the explanatory concepts of Christian Multiculturalism and Christian Postmodernism; the spread of fake news, conspiracy theories, and alternative facts among Christian fundamentalists; the American political context. Prof. Douglas also offers interesting comments on the current Brazilian situation. His critical insights provide interesting and new perspectives that give fresh vitality to the debates about Christian fundamentalism. Prof. Douglas is committed to “public-scholar engagement” that is, research-based critical writings for non-academic audiences.Links to his public academic activity are inserted throughout the interview.
Role of Changes in Magnetic Resonance Imaging or Clinical Stage in Evaluation of Disease Progression for Men with Prostate Cancer on Active Surveillance.

Abstract Background Active surveillance (AS) protocols rely on rectal examination, prostate-specific antigen, imaging, and biopsy to identify disease progression. Objective To evaluate whether an AS regimen based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or clinical stage changes can detect reclassification to grade group (GG) ≥2 disease compared with scheduled systematic biopsies. Design, setting, and participants We identified a cohort of men initiated on AS between January 2013 and April 2016 at a single tertiary-care center. Patients completed confirmatory testing and prostate MRI prior to enrollment, then underwent laboratory and physical evaluation every 6 mo, MRI every 18 mo, and biopsy every 3yr. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis MRI results were evaluated using composite Likert/Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System v2 scoring. MRI and clinical changes were assessed for association with disease progression. Univariable and multivariable regression models were used to predict upgrading on 3-yr biopsy. Results and limitations At 3yr, of 207 men, 66 (32%) had≥GG2 at biopsy: 55 (83%) with GG2, 10 (15%) with GG3, and one (1.5%) with GG4. Among patients with a 3-yr MRI score of ≥3, 41% had≥GG2 disease, compared with 15% with an MRI score of Conclusions An AS strategy that uses MRI or clinical changes to trigger prostate biopsy avoids many biopsies but misses an unacceptable amount of clinically significant disease. Prostate biopsy for men on AS should be performed at scheduled intervals, regardless of stable imaging or examination findings. Patient summary An active surveillance strategy for biopsy based only on increases in magnetic resonance imaging score or clinical stage will avoid many biopsies; however, it will miss many patients with clinically significant prostate cancer.
LY6K promotes glioblastoma tumorigenicity via CAV-1–mediated ERK1/2 signaling enhancement

Background Lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus K (LY6K) is a putative oncogene in various cancers. Elevated expression of LY6K is correlated with poor patient prognosis in glioblastoma (GBM). The aim of this study is to advance our understanding of the mechanism by which LY6K contributes to GBM tumor biology. Methods Bioinformatic data mining was used to investigate LY6K expression in relation to GBM clinical outcome. To understand the role of LY6K in GBM, we utilized patient-derived glioma stemlike cells (GSCs) and U87 cells and employed immunoblotting, immunofluorescent staining, radiation treatment, and orthotopic GBM xenograft models. Results Our results show that increased expression of LY6K inversely correlates with GBM patient survival. LY6K promotes tumorigenicity in GBM cells both in vitro and in vivo. The mechanism underlying this tumorigenic behavior is enhancement of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) signaling. Interestingly, we observed that tumor-promoting LY6K-ERK1/2 signaling is mediated by the interaction of LY6K with caveolin-1, rather than through oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinase-mediated signaling. Moreover, association of LY6K with the cell membrane is crucial for its tumorigenic functions. Finally, DNA methylation maintains LY6K silencing, and hypomethylation of the LY6K promoter increases its expression. In GSCs, ionizing radiation leads to demethylation of the LY6K promoter, thereby increasing LY6K expression and GSC resistance to radiation. Conclusions Our study highlights the importance of the contribution of LY6K to GBM tumor biology and suggests LY6K as a potential membrane target for treating GBM.
The Impact of Podcasts on Special Education Administrators’ Understanding of Adapted Physical Education Services

Special education administrators need an understanding of adapted physical education (APE) educational service delivery in order to properly supervise APE service delivery to students with disabili...
A voter-centric explanation of the success of ideological candidates for the U.S. house

Abstract In recent years, ideological candidates for the U.S. House have become increasingly successful, to the point where their chances of being elected are indistinguishable from moderates. However, scholars have still not uncovered exactly why this is happening. Using survey data from the American National Election Studies, I find that voter-centric explanations of vote choice – a voter's partisanship, ideology, and presidential approval rating – have increasingly predicted their vote choice in U.S. House elections from 1980 to 2016. Using data on candidate ideology, I find that candidate ideology is an increasingly poor predictor of individual vote choice over time. Original experimental data supports these claims, finding only a small electoral advantage for moderates, compared to ideologues of their own party, and evidence suggesting that, at least among Democrats, ideological candidates are rated more favorably than moderates. Taken together, these results suggest that the increased electoral success of ideological candidates can be attributed to changes in voters' decision calculus, rather than structural or candidate-centric explanations.
Schistosoma mansoni infection induces long-lived sex-specific metabolic reprogramming of the myeloid lineage

Despite strong evidence that helminth infections are protective against the development of metabolic disease, a major gap exists in understanding the mechanism(s) underlying this. We have previously found that Schistosoma mansoni induces profound alterations to the metabolic transcriptome of hepatic macrophages and protects male ApoE -/- on high fat diet from the development of obesity, glucose intolerance, and atherosclerosis. Here we demonstrate that macrophages derived from the bone marrow (BMDM) of S. mansoni infected male ApoE -/- mice have dramatically increased mitochondrial respiration and mitochondrial mass compared to those from uninfected mice. This change is accompanied by increased glucose and palmitate shuttling into TCA cycle intermediates and decreased accumulation of cellular cholesterol esters. The systemic effects of metabolic modulation by schistosome infection are a function of biological sex, where schistosome infection protects ApoE -/- male mice from obesity, glucose intolerance, and increased serum triglycerides, but not female mice. The sex-dependent effects of infection extend to myeloid cells specifically, where metabolic reprogramming leads to opposite cholesterol phenotypes in BMDM from infected females and males. Finally, we demonstrate that the metabolic reprogramming of male myeloid cells is transferrable via bone marrow transplantation to an uninfected host, indicating maintenance of reprogramming in the absence of ongoing schistosome antigen exposure. This work provides strong evidence that S. mansoni systemically reprograms the metabolism of the myeloid compartment in a sex-dependent manner.
An Approximate Labelling Algorithm for the Dynamic Assignment Problem

We develop a solution strategy for the dynamic assignment problem, an important class of routing and scheduling problems with many applications in transportation and logistics. A label setting rolling horizon algorithm (LASER) was developed for the solution of the dynamic assignment problem. An extensive numerical analysis on a variety of randomly generated and real world problems was conducted in order to evaluate the algorithm. The breadth-first LASER algorithm was compared with a depth-first tour construction algorithm and an LP-optimal Dantzig-Wolfe column generation procedure. The LASER algorithm proved to be effective when compared to the other solution procedures from a solution quality and computational efficiency standpoin t for most problems.
Cutaneous immune-related adverse events to checkpoint inhibitors.

The development of immunotherapy has led to a paradigm shift in the treatment of both solid and hematologic malignancies. As immunomodulatory therapies are employed with increasing frequency, a greater number of immune-related adverse reactions are being reported, and the majority of these involve the skin. As a result, dermatologists are increasingly becoming involved in the management of these cutaneous adverse reactions-often providing critical recommendations regarding ongoing cancer treatment. Cutaneous immune-related adverse reactions can vary significantly from patient to patient, making early recognition and timely intervention imperative to mitigate associated morbidity and potential treatment interruption. Although there is considerable overlap in the cutaneous adverse events caused by these immune checkpoint inhibitors, specific eruptions are characteristically associated with particular checkpoint inhibitors. In addition, a patient's comorbidities or immune status can play a significant role in the presentation and management of such adverse reactions. This review characterizes and provides management guidelines for the various cutaneous toxicities associated with checkpoint inhibitor therapy, including CTLA-4 inhibitors, PD-1 inhibitors, and PD-L1 inhibitors. © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
On Effective Stochastic Mechanisms for On-The-Fly Codebook Regeneration

This paper proposes an effective mechanism for stochastic codebook generation for lossy coding, using source examples. Earlier work has shown that the rate-distortion bound can be asymptotically achieved by a "natural type selection" (NTS) mechanism which iteratively considers asymptotically long source strings (from given distribution P) and regenerates the codebook according to the type of the first codeword to "dmatch" the source string (i.e., satisfy the distortion constraint), where the sequence of codebook generating types converges to the optimal reproduction distribution. While ensuring optimality, earlier results had a significant practical flaw, due to the order of limits at which the convergence is achieved. More specifically, NTS iterations indexed by n presume asymptotically large, but the codebook size grows exponentially with l. The reversed order of limits is practically preferred, wherein most codebook regeneration iterations involve manageable string lengths. This work describes a dramatically more efficient mechanism to achieve the optimum within a practical framework. It is specifically shown that it is sufficient to individually encode many source strings of short fixed length l, then find the maximum likelihood estimate for the distribution Q n+1 that would have generated the observed sequence of d-matching codeword strings, then use Q n+1 to generate a new codebook for the next iteration. The sequence of distributions Q 1 ,Q 2 ,… converges to the optimal reproduction distribution $Q_\ell ^{\ast}(P,d)$, achievable at finite length l. It is further shown that $Q_\ell ^{\ast}(P,d)$ converges to the optimal reproduction distribution Q∗(P,d) that achieves the rate-distortion bound R(P,d), asymptotically in string length l.
Promoting Productive Political Dialogue in Online Discussion Forums

Discussion is a crucial component for learning in a college classroom. Increasingly, university and college faculty are using online learning management systems to facilitate and assess course disc...
Interpretation of expert consensus on continuous blood purification in the treatment of neonatal acute kidney injury

我国新生儿行连续性血液净化治疗需求不断增高，但相较于成人，新生儿进行连续性血液净化治疗面临的挑战更大。中华医学会儿科学分会新生儿学组组织撰写了“连续性血液净化治疗新生儿急性肾损伤专家共识”，旨在逐步规范新生儿急性肾损伤中的连续性血液净化治疗技术，改善患儿预后，减少并发症。本文对此共识进行解读。.
Does the Trimester of Smoking Matter in the Association between Prenatal Smoking and the Risk of Early Childhood Caries

Introduction Development of the primary tooth bud commences at the end of the 5th week of gestation, with mineralization starting at about the 13th week and continuing throughout pregnancy to the end of the first year of life. During this critical period, exposure to maternal lifestyle factors, specifically, prenatal smoking can negatively affect the quality (i.e., tooth calcification and mineralization) and timing of tooth eruption. Methods This study evaluated the association between the trimester of smoking and offspring caries experience at 3 time points (31, 43, and 61 months) by analyzing data from 1,429 mother-offspring participants in the 1991/92 Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, conducted in Bristol, England. Prenatal smoking in the first, second, and third trimesters were self-reported during pregnancy while offspring caries experience was determined by clinical oral examinations. Adjusted for confounders, log-binomial regression estimated the risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of the association between trimester of smoking and the risk of offspring caries. Results Twenty percent smoked in the first trimester of their pregnancy, 15% in the second, and 17% in the third. Forty-six percent of children whose mothers smoked during pregnancy had caries experience (i.e., dmft ≥1) with a mean dmft count of 1.58, versus children whose mothers did not smoke during pregnancy (33% of whom had dmft ≥1 with a mean dmft count of 0.33). Smoking in the first, second, and third trimesters were independently associated with a higher adjusted RR (95% CI) of caries experience at 61 months, i.e., 1.16 (0.93-1.43), 1.11 (0.75-1.65), and 1.60 (1.09-2.32), respectively. Conclusions Within the limitations of covariates adjusted for, with the caveat that residual confounding and bias from unmeasured covariates are likely present, our findings suggest that smoking during pregnancy may be harmful to the oral health of the offspring irrespective of the trimester during which the smoking occurred. Nevertheless, these results should be interpreted cautiously because the findings might not generalize broadly.
Electronic Protection Mitigation Techniques Against Transmit Waveform Shaped Noise Jammers

In this paper, we develop electronic protection (EP) receiver techniques to mitigate the false alarm and detection effects generated by transmit waveform shaped noise jammers (TWS-NJ). Unlike traditional wideband NJ (WB-NJ) and narrowband NJ (NB-NJ) that produce spectral densities almost uniformly distributed across their respective bandwidths, a TWS-NJ assumes apriori knowledge of signal spectral shape, thereby utilizing waveform’s dominant bands in generating jammer noise. For illustration in this paper, we utilize the basic rectangular and Hamming pulses as transmit waveforms to evaluate the detection performance effects of the TWS-NJ waveforms. The bandwidths of the TWS-NJs are parameterized to reflect the effect of practical narrowband constraints. The performance effect of various jammers, including TWS eigenjammer, on detection performance is also investigated. To mitigate these jammers, we develop a generalized EP matched filter for this family of jammers and evaluate performance improvement.
Increased adoption of best practices in ecological forecasting enables comparisons of forecastability

Near-term iterative forecasting is a powerful tool for ecological decision support and has the potential to transform our understanding of ecological predictability. However, to this point, there has been no cross-ecosystem analysis of near-term ecological forecasts, making it difficult to synthesize diverse research efforts and prioritize future developments for this emerging field. In this study, we analyzed 178 near-term (≤10-year forecast horizon) ecological forecasting papers to understand the development and current state of near-term ecological forecasting literature and compare forecast accuracy across scales and variables. Our results indicate that near-term ecological forecasting is widespread and growing: forecasts have been produced for sites on all seven continents and the rate of forecast publication is increasing over time. As forecast production has accelerated, a number of best practices have been proposed and application of these best practices is increasing. In particular, data publication, forecast archiving, and workflow automation have all increased significantly over time. However, adoption of proposed best practices remains low overall: for example, despite the fact that uncertainty is often cited as an essential component of an ecological forecast, only 45% of papers included uncertainty in their forecast outputs. As the use of these proposed best practices increases, near-term ecological forecasting has the potential to make significant contributions to our understanding of forecastability across scales and variables. In this study, we found that forecastability (defined here as realized forecast accuracy) decreased in predictable patterns over 1-7 day forecast horizons. Variables that were closely related (i.e., chlorophyll and phytoplankton) displayed very similar trends in forecastability, while more distantly related variables (i.e., pollen and evapotranspiration) exhibited significantly different patterns. Increasing use of proposed best practices in ecological forecasting will allow us to examine the forecastability of additional variables and timescales in the future, providing a robust analysis of the fundamental predictability of ecological variables.
A Serial Mediation Model of Gratitude on Life Satisfaction in People with Multiple Sclerosis: The Intermediary Role of Perceived Stress and Mental Health Symptoms

Abstract Background : Although prior research has explored the role of gratitude in individuals with disabilities, there is relatively limited research examining the positive influence of gratitude in decreasing psychological distress, promoting mental health, and ultimately improving well-being in the multiple sclerosis (MS) population. The study aimed to examine the cumulative mediating effect of perceived stress and mental health between gratitude and life satisfaction among people with MS. Methods : This study was cross-sectional. Participants were 373 individuals with MS. Descriptive statistics, correlation analyses, and a serial mediation analysis were performed in this study. Results : Gratitude was negatively associated with perceived stress and mental health symptoms, and was positively associated with life satisfaction. Perceived stress was positively associated with mental health symptoms and negatively associated with life satisfaction. Mental health symptoms were negatively associated with life satisfaction. The findings demonstrated that the relationship between gratitude and life satisfaction was partially mediated by perceived stress and mental health symptoms in individuals with MS. Conclusions : Findings provided implications on integrating gratitude interventions when working with people with MS. By increasing gratitude levels in people with MS, this may in turn lead to reduced perceived stress and mental health symptoms, which in turn may enhance their life satisfaction.
Case Studies in Context: A Review of Triumphs in Early Autism Treatment, edited by Ennio Cipani

Triumphs in Early Autism Treatment, edited by Ennio Cipani, describes seven “best-outcome” case studies of early and intensive behavioral intervention (EIBI) for children with autism, demonstrating the challenges that occur during various stages of treatment. The children whose stories are told in the book achieved normal functioning and lost their diagnosis of autism. Although outcomes are not this dramatic for all children, the book nevertheless serves a useful purpose in drawing attention to the favorable outcomes that some children may reach through EIBI. The book also contains accessible chapters describing the history of behavior analytic interventions for autism, and an overview of the published outcome research that forms part of the evidence base for EIBI.
A Review of “Raised to Rule: Educating Royalty at the Court of the Spanish Habsburgs, 1601–1634”

Martha K. Hoffman, who received her PhD from Yale, has given us, in Raised to Rule, an in-depth study of the training of the royal offspring of King Philip III of Spain. In eight chapters, she prov...
Analyzing the amalgamated electronic text: Bringing cognitive, social, and contextual factors of individual language users into CMC research

Abstract Claims that participants in computer-mediated “chat” (CMC) produce a kind of hybrid text seem technologically deterministic because of their inference toward technology as inevitably leading to the production of a particular text type and their subsequent failure to consider the unique contributions of individual language users in the production of those texts. This article stresses the importance of investigating the individual texts and writing practices of each participant in CMC studies to understand better what occurs when language users bring individual cognitive, social, and contextual factors with them to a computer-mediated discussion.
Turning off follicular dendritic cells

Follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) are specialized to display intact antigens for recognition by B cells. Here we show that inhibition of lymphotoxin α/β (LTα/β) leads to the disappearance of multiple markers on FDCs within one day, regardless of whether any immune reactions are taking place. Inhibition of the tumour necrosis factor (TNF) pathway was also effective, but only in the absence of a strong antigenic response. These treatments not only prevented trapping of newly formed immune complexes, but also eliminated previously trapped immune complexes on FDCs, rendering the FDC non-functional. Therefore lymphotoxin and/or TNF is required for the continual maintenance of FDC function.
Inhibition of IL-4 Responses After T Cell Priming in the Context of LFA-1 Costimulation Is Not Reversed by Restimulation in the Presence of CD28 Costimulation

Costimulation is one of several factors that influence the differentiation of CD4+ Th cell responses. Previously, we have shown that Ag presentation in the context of LFA-1 costimulation by fibroblasts transfected with class II and ICAM-1 (ProAd-ICAM) can drive naive CD4-positive T cells into cell cycle, but these T cells die by apoptosis 4–5 days after stimulation. In this report we show that the death of these cells can be prevented by the addition of exogenous IL-2 (20 U/ml) or by restimulation with Ag presented in the context of CD28 costimulation. Under these conditions, T cells go through extensive cell division and normal cell expansion. However, when T cells that have been primed by Ag presented in the context of LFA-1 costimulation are restimulated, they secrete IL-2 and IFN-γ, but little or no IL-4. The inability of ProAd-ICAM-primed T cells to produce IL-4 was restored by the addition of IL-4 to the priming culture. However, IL-4 responses were not restored by representation of Ag in the context of CD28 costimulation, even as early as 24 h after priming with Ag presented by ProAd-ICAM cells. These findings suggest that differential expression of B7-1 and ICAM-1 by APCs during the initiation of immune responses may alter the differentiation of Th populations.
Turbulent Diffusion of Rapidly Reacting Chemical Species

Publisher Summary This chapter explains statistical mechanics of reactants in turbulence, which can be seen as a prospect for a useful application of the results to atmospheric transport. There are several special features of concentration as a random variable that must be taken into account while describing the turbulent diffusion of reacting species. A procedure developed by Orszag for turbulence dynamics, and subsequently shown to be inadequate for representing phase mixing, appears to be better suited for describing reactive decay. An alternative approach to the advection of reacting scalar fields in turbulence is to avoid moment formulations altogether and to study functional differential equations of the type already developed for the velocity field. For very rapidly reacting species, the reaction takes place in thin reaction zones separating species A from species B, and understanding the nature of these zones in turbulence is vital to understanding the role of turbulence on very fast reactions.
Integrated holographic memories

Summary form only given. We present a novel architecture for compact holographic random-access memories. Our design reduces the size of the optical system to that of a portable packaged device, while also allowing for data refreshing and updating. A single optoelectronic integrated circuit acts as spatial light modulator and detector. The need for imaging optics is eliminated by using a self-retracing reconstruction geometry.
Advanced coats' disease: A new finding

Abstract Computed tomographic imaging can be a crucial aid for determining the diagnosis in a child who presents with leukocoria. A case of a 6 1 2 -month-old child with advanced Coats' disease is presented in which a new finding on the computed tomographic scan helped confirm the diagnosis and distinguish it from retinoblastoma.
“Friedliche Imperialisten”: Deutsche Auslandsvereine und auswärtige Kulturpolitik, 1906–1918. By Jürgen Kloosterhuis. Peter Lang: Frankfurt am Main. 1994. Pp. 919. EUR 101.20. ISBN 3-631-46876-8.

Conference Group for Central European History of the American Historical Association Review: [untitled] Author(s): Margaret Lavinia Anderson Reviewed work(s): Friedliche Imperialisten : Deutsche Auslandsvereine und auswartige Kulturpolitik, 1906- 1918 by Jurgen Kloosterhuis Source: Central European History, Vol. 36, No. 4 (2003), pp. 607-610 Published by: Cambridge University Press on behalf of Conference Group for Central European History of the American Historical Association Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4547366 Accessed: 30/12/2009 14:59 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=cup. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. Cambridge University Press and Conference Group for Central European History of the American Historical Association are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Central European History. http://www.jstor.org
Localization of the FGR protooncogene on the genetic linkage map of human chromosome 1p

A restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) at the human FGR gene, a member of the src family of protooncogenes, has been identified and used to locate FGR on the genetic linkage map of human chromosome 1p. Single-copy sequences subcloned from a cosmid containing the human FGR gene were used to screen a panel of genomic DNAs for RFLPs. One plasmid, designated pB8, detected a high-frequency EcoRI RFLP (allele frequencies, 0.57/0.43). Analysis of a panel of somatic cell hybrids demonstrated that pB8 maps to the region 1p31-pter. Genetic linkage analysis of the 40 families provided by the Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain (CEPH) showed that FGR maps to a location 3.1 cM from the Rh blood group locus (RH), and falls in the 17.5-cM gap between alpha-fucosidase (FUCA1) and D1S57. The relative gene order of RH and FGR could not be determined unequivocally, but the most favored gene order was 1pter-PND-ALPL-FUCA1-FGR-RH-D1S57-MYCL.
Temperature Influence on Potato Leaf and Branch Distribution and on Canopy Photosynthetic Rate

Mature potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Kennebec) canopies are composed of leaves originating from main- and axillary-stem branches. Canopy leaf distribution and its corresponding contribution to wholecanopy photosynthetic rates have not been quantified. An experiment using SPAR (Soil–Plant–Atmosphere–Research) chambers maintained at 16-h day/night thermoperiods of 14/10, 17/12, 20/15, 23/18, 28/23, and 34/29C was conducted. Mature canopies were divided into three horizontal layers of equal depth. Canopies were defoliated at each layer, from the ground upward, on successive days. Response curves for photosynthetic rate vs. irradiance were obtained after each defoliation. Leaf area within each layer followed a quadratic relationship with temperature. The largest areas were between 16.6 and 22.1C. Main-stem leaves accounted for .50% of the total leaf area at temperatures ,22C, while the proportion of axillary-stem leaf area ineachlayerincreasedwithtemperature.Canopymaximumgrossphotosynthetic rates, AMAX, before harvest ranged from 9.5 to 34.8 mmol CO2 m 22 s 21 (production-area basis) and were higher at 14/10, 17/12, and 20/15C temperatures than at 23/18, 28/23, and 34/29C. These values were largely related to the quantity of leaf area in each chamber. The value of AMAX and canopy light use efficiency declined as successive canopy layers were removed, primarily due to decreases in canopy light interception. These results indicate that the relative proportion of main- or axillary-stem leaves are not as important for potato canopy modeling considerations as is the need to simulate the correct quantity of leaf area.
Determination and mapping of diameter and helicity for single-walled carbon nanotubes using nanobeam electron diffraction

The atomic structures of 124 single-walled carbon nanotubes, described by their diameter and helicity or equivalently by the two chiral indices $(u,v)$ that define the perimeter of each nanotube, have been determined unambiguously by nanobeam electron diffraction. A mapping of 70 possible nanotubes in the range of 1.20--1.65 nm in diameter with all possible helicities has been constructed experimentally for a carbon nanotube sample produced by arc discharge. Among the total 124 nanotubes characterized experimentally, 58 nanotubes of different structure have been identified. By examining the histogram of occurring helicities, we find that, while certain nanotubes were observed slightly more often than others, the overall feature showed a rather uniform distribution in occurrence. Basing on a nucleation-and-growth model, we suggest that the uniform distribution of helicity be originated from the weak dependence on helicity of the formation energy of carbon nanotubes, while the growth prefers slightly the structure with helicity 15\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}--30\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} for which the addition of carbon dimers would facilitate the growth of carbon nanotubes.
Bluetooth: a new era of connectivity

The seemingly endless entanglement of data wires connecting today's electronic devices has become slightly less jumbled with the introduction. of Bluetooth technology and the creation of a wireless data link. If Bluetooth development can advance without having to confront any major hurdles, it will be poised to revolutionize and simplify the way in which electronic devices interact with one another.
Changes of electrooculogram (EOG) in Parkinson's disease

Twenty Parkinsonian patients and 20 control subjects were compared with respect to their electrooculographic findings. It was found that Parkinsonian patients are distinguished from controls by their significantly lower mean EOG ratios. L-dopa treatment restored EOG ratios to control values. The findings are interpreted as indicating an association of Parkinson's disease with metabolic changes in the melanin-containing cells of the pigment epithelium.
Automating Repetitive Tasks: Getting Started with Hotkeys

Many workplace tasks require the user to repeat a series of computer tasks in a specified order with a minimal amount of deviation or thought. While automating these tasks could increase speed and accuracy, the resources needed to apply a full-featured programming language may be prohibitive. Fortunately, there are a large number of solutions combining an easy learning curve, simple implementation, and low cost. This article demonstrates the use of hotkeys to perform certain common tasks.
Contour-following integrator for dynamic tracking of electromyographic data.

A circuit is described which provides a varying DC voltage proportional to the envelope of a raw electromyographic waveform. The design is inexpensive, employs readily available integrated circuitry, and includes selectable gain and integration time constants.
Physics-based feature mining for large data exploration

One effective way of exploring large scientific data sets is a process called feature mining. The two approaches described here locate specific features through algorithms that are geared to those features underlying physics. Our intent with both approaches is to exploit the physics of the problem at hand to develop highly discriminating, application-dependent feature detection algorithms and then use available data mining algorithms to classify, cluster, and categorize the identified features. We have also developed a technique for denoising feature maps that exploits spatial-scale coherence and uses what we call feature preserving wavelets. The examples presented demonstrate our feature mining approach as applied to steady computational fluid dynamics simulations on curvilinear grids.
Time Series Analysis of ENR Construction Cost Index

Every month, Engineering News-Record (ENR) publishes the construction cost index (CCI), which is a weighted aggregate index of the 20-city average prices of construction activities. Although CCI increases over the long term, it is subject to considerable short-term variations, which make it problematic for cost estimators to prepare accurate bids for contractors or engineering estimates for owner organizations. The ability to predict construction cost trends can result in more-accurate bids and avoid under- or overestimation. This paper summarizes and compares the applicability and predictability of various univariate time series approach for in-sample and out-of-sample forecastings of CCI. It is shown that the seasonal autoregressive integrated moving-average model is the most-accurate time series approach for in-sample forecasting of CCI, while the Holt-Winters exponential smoothing model is the most-accurate time series approach for out-of-sample forecasting of CCI. It is also shown that several time s...
A Mössbauer study of the ferrimagnetic Fe1−xCrxBO3 system

Mossbauer effect measurements were made on solid solution Fe1−xCrxBO3, with 0⩽x⩽0.60, at room and at liquid nitrogen temperatures and on Fe0.50Cr0.50BO3 at temperatures from 82.5 to 150 K. The hyperfine field strength at Fe3+ sites decreases with increased Cr content. The isomer shift increases appreciably in samples containing Cr at low concentrations. The Mossbauer linewidth increases with increasing Cr content and exhibits a shoulder at 0.40⩽x⩽0.60. The data suggest that the presence of Cr3+ ions disrupts the magnetic superexchange interaction. Variations in the isomer shift, magnetic hyperfine splitting and linewidth as a function of increasing temperature in samples of Fe0.50Cr0.50BO3 suggest that a significant antiferromagnetic component is present in samples with Cr concentrations 0.40⩽x⩽0.60.
Investigation of Strut Crack Formation in Open Cell Alumina Ceramics

An investigation was made into the source of strut cracking during the fabrication process of open cell ceramics that are produced by coating a polymeric foam. Several sources for the stress that produces these cracks were considered, viz., differential drying, thermal expansion mismatch between the polymer and the green ceramic coating, and the gas pressure produced by pyrolysis of the organic skeleton. Thermogravimetric analysis of the polymeric foam was used to estimate the gas evolution rate associated with the pyrolysis process, but this was found to be very low compared to the pressures required to cause strut damage. SEM observations on samples taken by interrupting the fabrication procedure showed the cracks were not produced during drying but rather at a temperature near the melting/decomposition point of the polymer and prior to pyrolysis. It was then deduced that the differential thermal expansion between the polymer and the ceramic coating was the source of the stress. The strut cracking is observed to occur primarily in the region of the highly curved strut edges of the polymer foam, at which the ceramic coating is often rather thin. Techniques to change the processing procedure to overcome the strut cracking are discussed.
Segmentation And Compression Of Gray Level Images Using Piecewise Gradient Models

The piecewise gradient image modeling algorithm provides a multi-level relational graph representation of an image where the nodes describe regions of constant intensity gradient and the arcs provide structural information about the image. A set of statistical attributes is associated with each node to further describe the image characteristics. The paper describes the algorithm's six major steps, presents a set of examples, and discusses its, usefulness in two major vision problems: classification and interpretation of scenes with 3-D objects.
Role of iNO in the modulation of pulmonary vascular resistance.

Inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) has quickly become a standard therapy for term and near-term infants with hypoxic respiratory failure and persistent pulmonary hypertension. Its effect on the lung is believed to be through the stimulation of soluble guanylyl cyclase and the increased production of cyclic guanosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cGMP). However, in addition to pulmonary vasodilation and a decrease in pulmonary vascular resistance, nitric oxide (NO) shows several additional potential beneficial effects on the lung. This article reviews NO mechanisms of action, early clinical trial of iNO and clinical aspects for the use of iNO in acute respiratory failure of the term and near-tem neonates.
Multiple Comparisons with the Best Treatment

Abstract Let π1, π2, …, π k be k ≥ 2 sources of observations (treatments, populations) and suppose the “goodness” of treatment π i is characterized by the size of an unknown real-valued parameter θ i . Let θ[k] = max1≤i≤k θ i . If π i is preferred to π j when θ i > θ j , the parameters δ i = θ[k] — θ i , i = 1, 2, …, k reflect in an inverse sense the “goodness” of each treatment relative to the “best” treatment. A general technique for obtaining simultaneous confidence intervals on the δ i is demonstrated with several examples. This technique can be applied in any setting where comparison-with-control intervals can be computed regarding any π j as the control. These results have special importance in ranking and selection problems in that the process of generating upper bounds on the δ i generates traditional confidence statements of both the indifference zone and the subset selection schools, simultaneously, as established by Hsu (1981).
Questionable Intent: Documentary Cinema and the Authorial Fallacy

AbstractThis article examines the relationship between intention and meaning in documentary cinema. It argues that audience assumptions about the film-maker's intentions have limited the interpretation of documentary more than any other category of film. Evidence is drawn from Luis Bunuel's Land with Bread (1932), Leni Riefenstahl's The Triumph of the Will (1934), Michael Moore's Roger and Me (1989) and Arlene Bowman's Navajo Talking Picture (1986).
Computerized stress management training for HIV+ women: a pilot intervention study

HIV+women have unique psychosocial stressors, but few interventions have been designed for this population. To address this gap in the literature, we developed a brief, theory-guided, computer-administered, stress management intervention for HIV+ women. To obtain initial evidence of the intervention's efficacy, we recruited 60 HIV+ female participants (70% African American) and randomized them to an immediate or delayed intervention condition. Psychological functioning, perceived stress, coping self-efficacy, and stress management knowledge were assessed at baseline and at a one month follow-up. Compared with the delayed treatment control group, women who received the intervention demonstrated improved stress management knowledge at the follow-up (p 0.05). Computerized psychosocial interventions require continued refinement to meet the needs of HIV+ women.
Panrefinal Photocoagulation Influence on Vitrectomy Results for Complications of Diabetic Retinopathy

Abstract Despite panretinal photocoagulation (PRP), some diabetic eyes develop complications that are correctable with vitrectomy. The results of vitrectomy performed on 80 eyes having previtrectomy PRP are compared with 402 eyes without photocoagulation. The preoperative findings and operative procedures were almost identical, except the PRP cases had a slightly higher incidence of preoperative iris rubeosis and traction macular detachments, and more surgical membrane peeling. Six months after vitrectomy, the PRP eyes had slightly better visual acuities and fewer detached maculas, but were otherwise almost identical to the non-photocoagulated eyes. There was no evidence that pre-vitrectomy PRP prevents postoperative iris rubeosis.