cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of a technology transfer score to inform the selection of a research proposal

Against a backdrop of changing US energy strategies, which includes increased research investments in clean energy, the utility industry needs to respond to unprecedented technology challenges. These challenges include an aging infrastructure, a growing population, and aggressive energy efficiency targets. The utility industry is investing in research to identify solutions. However, it's not enough to just develop a technology that solves an energy related problem. In order for a solution to be effective and have an impact, the technology needs to be applied - without the technology transfer component, energy strategies cannot be realized. Therefore, there is a need to understand the difficulties associated with technology transfer. This research will focus the development of a technology transfer score (TTS) that can be used to inform the selection of a research proposal. The paper includes a comprehensive literature review, development of the TT score decision model, and implementation of the score through a pilot demonstration. This research will provide valuable information to the energy industry. Knowledge is power - by identifying those attributes which contribute to successful technology transfers, the industry could take a proactive approach by ensuring that those elements are implemented and effective in their organizations. While the focus of this research is on the utility industry, the model can easily be applied to any organization that solicits technology research proposals.
A framework for deterministic primality proving using elliptic curves with complex multiplication

We provide a framework for using elliptic curves with complex multiplication to determine the primality or compositeness of integers that lie in special sequences, in deterministic quasi-quadratic time. We use this to find large primes, including the largest prime currently known whose primality cannot feasibly be proved using classical methods.
The real challenge is to make e-cigarettes accessible for poor smokers--Author's reply.

Based on her Comment on e-cigarettes, it is hard to avoid the impression that Lucie Kalousova would be happier if there was more smoking-related disease, providing it was more evenly distributed. That poorer groups face barriers to realising the benefi ts of substituting cigarettes for e-cigarettes is indisputable, but that is a reason to address those barriers, not to argue that e-cigarettes are of no value to poor smokers. By saving money, improving wellbeing, relieving chronic illness, and reducing risks of serious disease, a switch from smoking to vaping could be a major life-enhancing option for the poorest smokers. Low-income status is associated with a greater degree of nicotine dependence, and although the lowest income smokers are just as likely to try to quit smoking, they are about half as likely to succeed as the highest. It follows that a strategy to reduce harm to continuing nicotine users is a promising opportunity for poorer smokers, and not one that should be discarded because it is also popular with more affl uent smokers. Throughout the world, the public sector has approached this opportunity with denial or equivocation, apparently unable to break away from a medical model of smoking cessation. That is beginning to change, at least in England, with the publication of constructive guidance on e-cigarettes from the National Centre for Smoking Cessation and Training together with Public Health England. Further gains could be made through more proactive concern for the welfare of poor smokers: clear statements by trusted bodies affi rming that vaping is likely to have at least a 95% lower risk of serious disease than smoking; the availability of high quality, easily accessible guidance on how to get started; assistance with the upfront microinvestment necessary to access the more effective vaping products with much lower overall costs; and, fi nally, creation of a supportive policy environment that does not penalise low-income e-cigarette users by imposing a blanket ban on vaping in public places and does not obstruct e-cigarettes from competing with the entrenched cigarette trade.
Alterations in Network Dynamics Following Blast-Induced Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (P5.314)

OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to investigate the changes in functional connectivity between resting state functional brain networks following blast-induced mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). BACKGROUND: Blast-induced mTBI commonly goes undetected by computed tomography and conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Using independent component analysis (ICA) of functional MRI (fMRI) data, we previously reported cortical network activity and connectivity alterations in a blast-induced mTBI cohort. The reported functional connectivity measures, however, were strictly correlational, and the directionally causal inter-network interactions across time were not investigated. DESIGN/METHODS: Granger causality was used to investigate the dynamics of ICA-derived resting state fMRI networks. Attention, default-mode, and frontal networks (14 total) were compared between 13 blast-induced mTBI subjects and controls in terms of directional Granger causalities exhibited by each network pair. RESULTS: Out of the 91 possible combinations, 12 network pairs exhibited significantly affected Granger causalities between the two groups at a false discovery rate corrected p = 0.05 threshold. All but one pair exhibited decreased Granger causalities in the mTBI group. CONCLUSIONS: The impairments of functional inter-network communications observed in blast-induced mTBI patients suggest white matter damage as a possible consequence of blast exposure, warranting further analyses using sensitive diffuse tensor imaging techniques. Given that our previous findings included both hypoactive and hyperactive cortical regions in blast-induced mTBI subjects relative to controls, the present findings may also be due to reorganization of functional networks in an attempt to compensate for damaged cortical regions. Study Supported by: Naval Health Research Center, Office of Naval Research, through project funding manager Mr. James Mackiewicz. Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-program laboratory managed and operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Corporation, for the United States Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000. Disclosure: Dr. Vakhtin has nothing to disclose. Dr. Taylor has nothing to disclose. Dr. Ford has received personal compensation for activities with Teva Neuroscience, Biogen Idec, and Novartis. Dr. Ford has received research support from Acorda Therapeutics, Biogen Idec, Genzyme Corp., Novartis, Ono Pharmaceutical, Roche Diagnostics Corp., Sanofi-Aventis Pharmaceuticals Inc., EMD Serono, and Teva Neuroscience.
Chapter 3 Functional Hot Spot at the C-20’ Position of Vinblastine

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the C-20' modifications, and molecular constraints of congener activity of vinblastine (VBL). VBL and vincristine (VCR) are known spindle poisons, and their efficacy against rapidly growing tumors, such as leukemias and lymphomas, by attack at the cellular division cycle, is demonstrated by work with patients and by cytotoxicity studies with cultured tumor cell lines. The alkyl modification at the C-20' position of the VBL molecule is function sensitive for all and each of the three basic reactions of the drug with microtubules in vitro. The complex interactions between the VBL molecule and tubulin or microtubules can be modified by structural alteration. The various, concentration-dependent reactions of VBL with the microtubule system in vitro are sensitive to subtle modifications at a single molecular locus. In addition, these reactions are distinctive on a mechanistic level as seen from the unique activity profiles of most of the C-20' alkyl congeners.
Fast Pass-Transistor Simulation for Custom MOS Circuits

This approach uses the Yorktown Simulation Engine to bridge the gap between electrical and gate-level simulators. It is well-suited to fault simulation and design verification.
Combining spectral super-elements, genetic algorithms, and massive parallelism for computationally efficient flaw detection in complex structures

An iterative method to determine the location and size of flaws using dynamic response measurements is presented. The solution procedure combines frequency-domain problem solving methods (deconvolution and the spectral element method) with a stochastic iterative search technique based on a genetic algorithm. Experimentally measured acceleration and strain responses from example structures are used to verify the method.
Correlation Lengths, Inclusive Transverse-Momentum Distributions, and Multiperipheralism

Transverse-momentum distributions in the pionization region of the single- and the two-particle inclusive reactions are studied using multiperipheral models. We find that the slope of the diffraction peak for the elastic scattering can be used to set the scale of transverse momenta. The same reasonings also lead to a "broadening" of $〈q_{\ensuremath{\perp}}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}〉$ for the single-particle distribution and to a positive correlation, peaking at $cos\ensuremath{\varphi}=\ensuremath{-}1$, for the two-particle distribution. The latter effect is due to the existence of a lower $J$-plane singularity (a branch point for a multi-Regge model), thus having a correlation length ${({\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{v}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{c})}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. These general results are then verified by calculations based on an explicit multi-Regge model. We suggest that our predictions are applicable to $a+b\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}+{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}+\mathrm{anything}$, and $a+b\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}+{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}+\mathrm{anything}$, where the two detected final particles have exotic quantum numbers.
Rehearsing for confrontation

Social confrontation is a particular kind of communication episode which may be initiated when one actor signals another actor that his or her behavior has violated (or is violating) a rule or expectation for appropriate conduct within the relationship or situation (Newell & Stutman, 1988). This paper explores the decision, structure and process of rehearsing for confrontation. Intensive interviews with 75 actors followed by a questionnaire administered to 99 others revealed that confronters maintain two strands of confrontative goals: strategic and performance goals. Strategic goals for confronters include (a) influence, (b) catharsis, (c) relational maintenance, (d) retribution, and (e) enhanced understanding of the other. While these goals lead to different tactical outcomes, actors also hold intentions related to performance goals. Two performance goals are of central concern to some actors: (a) the desire to be argumentatively complete, and (b) the desire to maintain the position of the confronter rather than the confrontee. An analysis of the data revealed that differences in goal configurations guided both the decision to rehearse and the process of this rehearsal.
Development of a dedicated positron emission tomography system for the detection and biopsy of breast cancer

Dedicated positron emission mammography breast imaging systems have shown great promise for the detection of small, radiotracer-avid lesions. Our group (a collaboration consisting of West Virginia University, Jefferson Lab and the University of Washington) is extending this work by developing a positron emission mammography-tomography (PEM-PET) system for imaging and biopsy of breast lesions. The system will have four planar detector heads that will rotate about the breast to acquire multi-view data suitable for tomographic reconstruction. Each detector head will consist of a 96x72 array of 2x2x15 mm{sup 3} LYSO detector elements (pitch=2.1 mm) mounted on a 3x4 array of 5x5 cm{sup 2} flat panel position-sensitive photomultiplier tubes. PEM-PET is expected to have approximately two-millimeter resolution and possess the ability to guide the needle biopsy of suspicious lesions seen on the PET images. Initial tests of the scintillator arrays yielded excellent results. Pixel maps for all four scintillator arrays demonstrated that separation of the LYSO elements was very good; all of the LYSO array elements were observed, even in areas between individual PSPMTs. System energy resolution was measured to be 25% FWHM at 511 keV. Future work includes the use of field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) to replace the current VME-basedmore » data acquisition system, a PSPMT gain normalization procedure to help improve response uniformity and energy resolution, and the addition of an x-ray source and detector to produce multi-modality PEM-PET-CT images of the breast.« less
Perturbed quantization steganography

In this paper, we use the recently proposed wet paper codes and introduce a new approach to passive-warden steganography called perturbed quantization. In perturbed quantization, the sender hides data while processing the cover object with an information-reducing operation that involves quantization, such as lossy compression, downsampling, or A/D conversion. The unquantized values of the processed cover object are considered as side information to confine the embedding changes to those unquantized elements whose values are close to the middle of quantization intervals. This choice of the selection channel calls for wet paper codes as they enable communication with non-shared selection channel. Heuristic is presented that indicates that the proposed method provides better steganographic security than current JPEG steganographic methods. This claim is further supported by blind steganalysis of a specific case of perturbed quantization for recompressed JPEG images.
HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION

Abstract The current generation of macroscopic and microscopic simulation packages do not have control algorithms that incorporate many of the advanced features now available in commercial traffic control hardware. Consequently, there is a need to develop cost effective procedures for evaluating state of the practice traffic signal control equipment so that informed deployment and design decisions can be made. These same procedures can also be used by researchers to develop new algorithms for applications such as transit priority or adaptive control. In order to achieve that objective, this paper presents the motivation for using hardware-in-the-loop simulation procedures. Hardware-in-the-loop simulation presents a new set of challenges for traffic engineering model developers as the “correctness” of a real-time model not only depends upon the numerical computation, but the timeliness with which the simulation model interacts with external control equipment. This paper reviews the state of practice, summarizes the fundamental technologies necessary for implementing such a system, and uses a simple statistical test for assessing the real-time errors introduced into a simulation model.
Fine structure of chromosomes in the mitotic prophase of ascites tumour cells.

A COMPLEX, linear structure along the axis of certain meiotic prophase chromosomes has been observed in several animal spermatocytes1–5. Such structure has never been detected in mitosis or other stages of meiosis. The present communication is concerned with an electron microscope study of prophase chromosomes of ascites tumour cells, in which an axial structure of the chromosomes has been revealed. Ascites tumour cells, Ehrlich ascites tumour cells and Yoshida sarcoma cells have been examined by the electron microscope following conventional osmium fixation and methacrylate or epoxy resin embedding.
The View from Le Château: USAID's Recent Decentralisation Programming in Uganda

This article makes three linked arguments. (i) USAID's decentralisation portfolio in Uganda was launched, ironically, at precisely the time when the government was reorienting itself toward recentralisation. (ii) Because of the prevalence of dehistoricised approaches to policy, design, practice and evaluation, USAID programmers could not fully assess the contextual situation of their decentralisation projects. (iii) Greater attention to historical context would have allowed USAID planners to design and assess their Uganda programmes more carefully – though it could not, of course, offer fixed prescriptions or guarantee project success.
Topography of the core–mantle boundary and lateral homogeneity of the liquid core

Separate inversions of travel-time residuals of waves reflected from and transmitted through the core-mantle boundary yield similar results in terms of spherical harmonic expansion of its topography up to degree and order 4. This indicates absence of detectable lateral heterogeneity in the liquid core. The relief of the boundary is ±6km but its flattening, determined by the c02 term, does not depart significantly from the hydrostatic theory.
Early Endosomal Antigen 1 (EEA1) Is an Obligate Scaffold for Angiotensin II-induced, PKC-α-dependent Akt Activation in Endosomes

Akt/protein kinase B (PKB) activation/phosphorylation by angiotensin II (Ang II) is a critical signaling event in hypertrophy of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Conventional wisdom asserts that Akt activation occurs mainly in plasma membrane domains. Recent evidence that Akt activation may take place within intracellular compartments challenges this dogma. The spatial identity and mechanistic features of these putative signaling domains have not been defined. Using cell fractionation and fluorescence methods, we demonstrate that the early endosomal antigen-1 (EEA1)-positive endosomes are a major site of Ang II-induced Akt activation. Akt moves to and is activated in EEA1 endosomes. The expression of EEA1 is required for phosphorylation of Akt at both Thr-308 and Ser-473 as well as for phosphorylation of its downstream targets mTOR and S6 kinase, but not for Erk1/2 activation. Both Akt and phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt) interact with EEA1. We also found that PKC-α is required for organizing Ang II-induced, EEA1-dependent Akt phosphorylation in VSMC early endosomes. EEA1 expression enables PKC-α phosphorylation, which in turn regulates Akt upstream signaling kinases, PDK1 and p38 MAPK. Our results indicate that PKC-α is a necessary regulator of EEA1-dependent Akt signaling in early endosomes. Finally, EEA1 down-regulation or expression of a dominant negative mutant of PKC-α blunts Ang II-induced leucine incorporation in VSMCs. Thus, EEA1 serves a novel function as an obligate scaffold for Ang II-induced Akt activation in early endosomes.
Class II HLA alleles and hepatitis B virus persistence in African Americans.

Persistence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is likely due to the interplay of the virus and host immune response. Given its critical role in antigen presentation, allelic differences in the HLA complex may affect HBV persistence. In a prospectively followed African American cohort, molecular class I and class II HLA typing was done on 31 subjects with persistent HBV infection and 60 controls who cleared the infection. HBV persistence was significantly associated with two class II alleles, DQA1*0501 (odds ratio [OR], 2.6; P = .05) and DQB1*0301 (OR, 3.9; P = .01), the two-locus haplotype consisting of these same two alleles (OR, 3; P = .005) and the three-locus haplotype, DQA1*0501, DQB1*0301, and DRB1*1102 (OR, 10.7; P = .01). In addition, HBV persistence was associated with class II allelic homozygosity. Several class I associations with persistence were also noted but were not statistically significant after correction for multiple comparisons. These results underscore the importance of the class II-mediated immune response in recovery from HBV infection.
Seasonal differences in foliar content of chlorogenic acid, a phenylpropanoid antioxidant, in Mahonia repens

To assess the possible physiological function of chlorogenic acid (CGA, 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid) in vivo, we characterized the free radical scavenging properties of pure phenylpropanoids and leaf extracts against two free radicals, superoxide and the 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical cation. CGA was found to be a highly efficient scavenger of these free radicals, surpassing the activity of all other phenylpropanoids tested, as well as the 'classical' antioxidant ascorbate, Seasonal differences in the leaf content of CGA were examined in field populations of the broadleaf evergreen Mahonia repens growing in different light environments. Leaves of fully sun-exposed plants contained significantly more (74 ± 10 mmol m -2 ) CGA in winter than leaves from plants growing under deeply shaded conditions (17 ± 2 mmol m -2 ). Sun-acclimated, but not shade-acclimated, leaves also produced high levels of anthocyanins in winter, suggesting a simultaneous increase in carbon flow through the phenylpropanoid and flavonoid pathways in response to high light and seasonal low temperature stress. In summer, high light-acclimated leaves contained 2-fold less CGA than in winter, whereas CGA levels were similar between seasons in shaded leaves. Consistent with the strong scavenging capacity of CGA measured in vitro, a linear correlation was observed between CGA content and the antioxidant activity of leaf extracts in both scavenging assays. On the basis of these results, we propose that CGA is a powerful hydrogen-donating antioxidant that may play an important role in mitigating the effects of oxidative stress in plants.
IBM POWER7+ processor on-chip accelerators for cryptography and active memory expansion

With the heightened focus on computer security, IBM POWER® server workloads are spending an increasing number of cycles performing cryptographic functions. Active memory expansion (AME), a technology to dynamically increase the effective memory capacity of a system by compressing and decompressing memory pages, is also enjoying increasing deployment in POWER server systems. Together, cryptography and AME consume enough central processing unit (CPU) cycles in a typical installation to warrant adding dedicated hardware accelerators on the processor chip to offload the compute-intensive parts of these functions from the processor cores. IBM POWER7+™ is the first POWER server to include on-chip hardware accelerators for symmetric (shared key) and asymmetric (public key) cryptography and memory compression/decompression for AME. A true random number generator (RNG) is also integrated on-chip. This paper describes the hardware accelerator framework, including location relative to the cores and memory, accelerator invocation, data movement, and error handling. A description of each type of accelerator follows, including details of supported algorithms and the corresponding hardware data flows. Algorithms supported include the Advanced Encryption Standard, Secure Hash Algorithm, and Message Digest 5 algorithm as bulk cryptographic functions; asymmetric cryptographic functions in support of RSA and elliptic curve cryptography; and a novel dictionary-based compression algorithm with high throughput supporting AME. A presentation of accelerator performance is included.
Patterning effects on poly (3-hexylthiophene) organic thin film transistors using photolithographic processes

Abstract We explore the effects of conventional photo lithographic patterning of the active layer of poly (3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) organic thin film transistors (OTFT) on device performance. The performance of the devices was monitored in each step of the patterning process. We successfully developed a patterning process which is compatible with plastic substrates and P3HT as the organic semiconductor. In this process, parylene and atomic layer deposition (ALD) Al 2 O 3 were used as capping layers. Al 2 O 3 and parylene/P3HT were etched using Al etchant and O 2 plasma reactive ion etching (RIE), respectively. The degradation occurred primarily during the ALD Al 2 O 3 deposition and capping layer etching. There was a 30% degradation in mobility, a 1–2× reduction in drive current, and an increase in threshold voltage after the ALD Al 2 O 3 deposition. In the capping layer etching, a near 50% degradation in mobility was observed. The patterned devices have a mobility of 0.02 cm 2 /V s, which is 1000× better than photo lithographically patterned P3HT OTFTs previously reported in the literature, and comparable to un-patterned P3HT devices.
If You Don't Know Where You Are Going, You Can't Tell If You Have Arrived: Defining Goals for Drug Safety Announcements

One of the responses available to drug regulators facing a potential drug safety issue is to release a "Dear Doctor" letter describing the problem. Although numerous such safety alerts are issued every year, we know almost nothing about their effectiveness in improving patient outcomes. The article by Reber et al. in this issue is important because it is one of the few studies to examine the effect of such safety alerts on physician behavior.
Finding test-and-treatment procedures using parallel computation

Abstract A parallel algorithm to generate optimum test-and-treatment decision trees is presented. Constructing such trees is NP-hard. The algorithm is designed for a machine whose number of connections is 3p/2, where p is the number of processing elements (PEs), and where the PEs are simple enough such that a machine with 220 PEs is currently implementable and a 230 PE machine is feasible. A speedup of O(p/(s log p)) over a sequential dynamic programming algorithm for this task is achieved, by paying careful attention to the communication problem, where s bits are used to represent costs. This algorithm is realized on the Boolean Vector Machine, a cube-connected-cycle system with 220 PEs which is currently running in prototype form, with 512 PEs. The algorithm is concrete, in that all processor allocation and other control issues have been solved. The particular NP-hard problem is of independent interest; it generalizes the binary testing problem by introducing treatments on an equal basis with tests. Applications of this test-and-treatment problem are found in medical diagnosis, systematic biology, machine fault location, laboratory analysis, and many other fields.
The role of glutathione, membrane sphingomyelin, and its metabolites in oxidative stress-induced calcium “dysregulation” in PC12 cells

Previous research showed that increasing membrane sphingomyelin (SPH) levels in rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells to the same extent as that seen in some brain regions with aging dramatically increases the vulnerability to oxidative stress (OS). These increases in vulnerability were determined by assessing deficits in the ability of these cells to extrude and/or sequester Ca2+ following 30 mM KCl-induced depolarization (recovery). The purpose of the present experiments was to discern whether increasing the levels of particular SPH metabolite(s), i.e., ceramide (Cer), sphingosine (Ssine), or sphingosine-1-phosphate (SPP), or indirectly increasing the concentrations of these metabolites with sphingomylinase (Sase), would interact with the cell’s sensitivity to OS induced by low (5 μM) or high (nonlethal, 300 μM) H2O2. In addition, the OS vulnerability was examined as above under decreased SPH levels by exposing the cells to L-cycloserine (Lcc), which prevents SPH synthesis. Both Sase and SPP significantly decreased Ca2+ recovery of PC12 cells after H2O2 exposure. Conversely, Lcc-treated cells showed no further OS-induced decrements in recovery below those seen in controls. SPP significantly decreased glutathione levels (GSH) in the absence of OS. Repletion of GSH with 20 mM N-acetylcysteine significantly attenuated the effect of 5 μM H2O2 on recovery in SPP-treated cells and decreased sensitivity of SPP-treated cells to low doses of OS. Overall, our results suggest a critical role for GSH and SPP in the regulation of OS vulnerability, especially as it relates to Ca2+ homeostasis.
Paravahlkampfia francinae n. sp. masquerading as an agent of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis.

Paravahlkampfia francinaen.sp.,a new species ofthe free-living amoebagenusParavahlkampfia, designated as CDC:V595, was isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid of a patient with headache, sore throat, and vomiting, typical symptoms of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) caused by Naegleria fowleri. The isolate grew at 331C, 371C, 401C, and 421C and destroyed mammalian cell cultures. However, it did not kill young mice upon intranasal inoculation. P. francinae does not produce flagellates and does not grow on agar plates coated with Gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli, the usual food source of Paravahlkampfia ustiana, the type species of the genus. The trophozoite at light microscopy exhibited eruptive locomotion and possessed a single vesicular nucleus. Ultrastructurally, the trophozoites had numerous mitochondria with discoidal cristae but did not have a Golgi apparatus. The trophozoites differentiated into cysts after consuming most of the monolayer. The cyst had an inner well-differentiated endocyst and an outer thin, wrinkled, and wavy ectocyst with no pores. During excystation trophozoites ruptured the cyst wall and emerged from the cysts. A unique feature seen in the cysts was the presence of bacterial endosymbionts, both in the endoplasm and within the cyst wall. Full-length sequencing analysis of the 18S and 5.8S RNA genes of P. francinae showed that they were distinct from those of other Paravahlkampfia species. The patient recovered within a few days indicating that some of the previously reported cases of PAM that survived may have been due to P. francinae.
Conceptual Analysis: A Method for Understanding Information as Evidence, and Evidence as Information

The utility of conceptual analysis for archival science is assessed by means of an exploratory evaluation in which the concept of evidence is analyzed. Usage of the term “evidence” in the philosophies of science, law, and history is briefly reviewed; candidates for necessary conditions of evidentiariness are identified and examined; and taxonomies are built of evidentiariness and of archival inference. Correspondences are shown to exist between the concepts of evidentiariness and relevance, and between the domains of archival science and social epistemology, thereby pointing in promising directions for further research. The tentative conclusion is reached that conceptual analysis may profitably be used to improve understanding of archival concepts.
Encapsulated graphene field-effect transistors for air stable operation

In this work, we report the fabrication of encapsulated graphene field effects transistors (GFETs) with excellent air stability operation in ambient environment. Graphene's 2D nature makes its electronics properties very sensitive to the surrounding environment, and thus, non-encapsulated graphene devices show extensive vulnerability due to unintentional hole doping from the presence of water molecules and oxygen limiting their performance and use in real world applications. Encapsulating GFETs with a thin layer of parylene-C and aluminum deposited on top of the exposed graphene channel area resulted in devices with excellent electrical performance stability for an extended period of time. Moisture penetration is reduced significantly and carrier mobility degraded substantially less when compared to non-encapsulated control devices. Our CMOS compatible encapsulation method minimizes the problems of environmental doping and lifetime performance degradation, enabling the operation of air stable devices for next generation graphene-based electronics.
New physics at ATLAS and CMS experiments with the first data

A new era in particle physics is about to begin. The long-awaited pp collisions at LHC will take place later this year. The two general purpose experiments, ATLAS and CMS, will collect first physics data in collisions of 5 TeV proton beams, by which ∼200 pb −1 total data is expected to be delivered by the end of the first 2009-2010 run. The ATLAS and CMS detectors are designed as discovery machines for the missing piece in Standard Model – the Higgs boson – and for physics beyond the Standard Model. Both experiments have conducted detailed analyses to show the discovery potential for new physics, including SUSY, extra dimensions, and new heavy resonances. In this note, after giving a brief overview of the status of the two experiments, I will present results from ATLAS and CMS studies for the expected new physics reach with early LHC data.
Study of Neutral Final States in K − p Interactions at Center-of-Mass Energies from 1580 to 1720 MeV

The results reported in this paper come from a ${K}^{\ensuremath{-}}p$-formation experiment performed in the Argonne-Michigan 40-in. heavy-liquid bubble chamber. About 500 000 pictures were taken in a mixture of 80% propane (${\mathrm{C}}_{3}$${\mathrm{H}}_{8}$) and 20% Freon (C ${\mathrm{F}}_{3}$Br) with ${K}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ beam momenta between 730 and 900 MeV/c. Cross sections for the pure isospin states ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{0}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$, ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}^{0}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$, and ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{0}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$ in the center-of-mass energy ranging from 1580 to 1720 MeV were measured. Cross-section measurements of the ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}^{0}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$, ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}^{0}{\ensuremath{\eta}}^{0}$, ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}^{0}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, and ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{0}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ final states were compared with previous data obtained using hydrogen bubble chambers to check the validity of our techniques. The cross-section normalization was performed using $\ensuremath{\tau}$ decays to determine the kaon flux. The angular distributions for ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}^{0}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$ and ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{0}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$ are also presented and compared with previous measurements in hydrogen bubble chambers. A check of the technique used previously in hydrogen-bubble-chamber experiments to obtain the ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{0}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$ angular distributions suggests some contamination in the hydrogen data from the multiple ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$ final states. Our data are consistent with the ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}^{0}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$ final state being produced almost entirely through $\ensuremath{\Sigma}(1385)\ensuremath{\pi}$, and the ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{0}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$ data with almost total $\ensuremath{\Lambda}(1405)\ensuremath{\pi}$ production.
Abstract 1644: Sunitinib primarily acts on tumor endothelium but not tumor cells to inhibit renal cell carcinoma tumor growth

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Sunitinib, a small-molecule inhibitor of multiple receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), is considered the standard of care for first line therapy of advanced clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). However, a complete understanding of its targets and mechanism of action in the treatment of ccRCC remains incomplete. We aimed to evaluate the primary targets of sunitinib in the treatment of ccRCC (i.e. tumor cells versus endothelial cells) and to determine which RTK(s) specifically contribute to the therapeutic effect of sunitinib. Microarray gene expression profiling of human ccRCC samples showed that, of the known RTK targets of sunitinib, only PDGFR-β and VEGFR-2 were overexpressed in ccRCC relative to normal tissues. Western blotting of ccRCC and endothelial cell lines confirmed that PDGFR and VEGFR, but not other sunitinib targets, were expressed in these cells. In vitro studies found that sunitinib was unable to inhibit survival or proliferation of ccRCC cells at pharmacologically relevant concentrations (∼0.1 μM) which inhibit RTK targets. In contrast, sunitinib inhibited endothelial cell proliferation and invasion at these concentrations through suppression of VEGFR-2 signaling. Sunitinib inhibited growth of ccRCC xenografts and decreased tumor microvessel density as soon as 12 hours post-treatment; however, sunitinib showed no significant effects on tumor cell proliferation or apoptosis after up to 72 hours post-treatment. Our studies indicate that sunitinib inhibits ccRCC growth primarily through an anti-angiogenic mechanism and not through direct targeting of ccRCC tumor cells. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1644.
Measurement and mechanical aspects of the microbond pull-out technique for obtaining fiber/resin interfacial shear strength

Abstract Measurement and mechanical aspects of the microbond pull-out technique for measuring fiber/resin interfacial shear strength have been examined to determine the origins of the consistent variability in bond strength results. Improved instrumentation for measuring fiber diameters and debonding loads make it possible to rule out these measurements as a significant cause of bond strength variability. Bond failure under the microbond shearing conditions is catastrophic. Variations in droplet contour near its intersection with the fiber are a consequence of the variations of contact angle between the two surfaces. Since the contact angle is less than 90°, a compressive force which acts against the shearing process must be generated, but the variability of bond strength values cannot be accounted for by this contact angle-dependent compressive loading. Shear stress distributions along the fiber/droplet interface and contact angle variations make it vital that the shearing plates be as close as possible to the intersection of the fiber and resin surfaces. The results presented in this paper reinforce the idea that the principal cause of bond strength measurement variability lies in the inherent nonuniformity of fiber surfaces.
Recent developments in molecular beam epitaxy

In this review, progress in MBE (molecular beam epitaxy) synthesis of a diverse range of materials is discussed. These include tilted GaAs-AlxGa1-xAs superlattices, oxide superconductors, fluorides, magnetic metal multilayers and buried metals in semico nductors.
Olfactory development in gerbil pups.

In a 2-choice situation, Mongolian gerbil pups show a preference for home-cage bedding odor that appears during the 2nd postnatal week and is consistently high between Days 8 and 14. Pups show responses to certain nonanimal odors as early as Day 4, indicating that the motor capacity to orient to odors precedes the emergence of nest odor preference. Increases in pups' nest odor preference appear to parallel increases in the frequency of maternal nest-building, an activity which can eject pups from the nest. This coincidence suggests that olfaction helps displaced pups to return to their nests.
Current treatment of obesity exemplified in a case study.

Abstract In a single case study, a 29-year-old man was successfully treated for obesity using a behavior therapy approach. He was taught to monitor his eating, exercise, correct misconceptions and develop appropriate strategies to change these in order to achieve the desired weight loss and develop a healthier lifestyle. As a result of significant changes in eating and exercise habits, significant weight loss occured during treatment, and continued at 6-month follow up.
Modeling non-quasi-static effects in channel thermal noise and induced-gate noise in MOS field-effect transistors

Classical active transmission-line analysis of channel thermal noise and induced-gate noise in a MOSFET is extended to include non-quasi-static effects. For long-channel MOSFETs this results in simple analytical expressions exhibiting a frequency-squared correction to channel thermal noise, a fourth power in frequency correction to induced-gate noise and a new real part to the correlation coefficient between the two varying linearly with frequency. Using the channel segmentation approach the results are verified using Spice simulations. The expressions can be extended to include the induced substrate current noise and incorporated in compact models.
Selective Tryptophan Modification with Rhodium Carbenoids in Aqueous Solution

A new transition metal-based reaction has been developed for the selective modification of tryptophan residues on protein substrates. After activation of vinyl-substituted diazo compounds by Rh2(OAc)4, the resulting metallocarbenoid intermediates were found to modify indoles in aqueous media despite competing reactions with water. Both N- and 2-substituted indole products were observed in the reaction. Following initial small-molecule studies, the reaction was performed on two protein substrates. Both myoglobin and subtilisin Carlsberg were modified readily in aqueous solution, and the tryptophan selectivity of the reactions was confirmed through MS analyses of trypsin digest fragments. It was also demonstrated that myoblobin concentrations as low as 10 muM still led to appreciable levels of modification. Reconstitution experiments confirmed that myoglobin retained its ability to bind heme following modification.
Computing the canonical height on K3 surfaces

Let S be a surface in P 2 × P 2 given by the intersection of a (1,1)-form and a (2,2)-form. Then S is a K3 surface with two noncommuting involutions σ x and σ y . In 1991 the second author constructed two height functions h + and h - which behave canonically with respect to σ x and σ y , and in 1993 together with the first author showed in general how to decompose such canonical heights into a sum of local heights Σ υ λ±(.,υ). We discuss how the geometry of the surface S is related to formulas for the local heights, and we give practical algorithms for computing the involution, σ x , σ y ; the local heights λ + (.,υ), λ - (.,υ), and the canonical heights h + , h - .
Symmetry-breaking commensurate states in generalised Frenkel-Kontorova models

Ground states of classical, one-dimensional systems consisting of atoms connected with harmonic springs subject to a periodic, symmetric potential are studied. It is shown that some choices of the periodic potential yield periodic (commensurate) ground states lacking the reflection symmetry of the Hamiltonian. The phase diagram of the ground states of a specific model which exhibits asymmetric commensurate phases is studied in detail. The transition from an asymmetric commensurate state to an incommensurate state is mediated by two types of solitons (discommensurations), while that from a symmetric one is mediated by a single type of soliton. Solitons are symmetric or asymmetric depending on the model parameters. First- and second-order transitions between symmetric and asymmetric states with the same period occur as the strength of the potential is varied. The soliton that mediates transitions from a commensurate to an incommensurate state changes its character infinitely many times as a first-order transition line is approached.
Theoretical Study of the Interaction of Fe + with Silene

The reaction between Fe+ in the ground 6D and excited 4F states and silaethylene have been studied using multiconfigurational (CASSCF) wave functions and multiconfigurational wave functions augment...
Surface mass diffusion and step stiffness on an anisotropic surface; Mo(0 1 1)

Abstract Results of step fluctuation experiments for Mo(0 1 1), using low-energy electron microscopy, are re-examined using recently developed procedures that offer accurate coefficients of surface mass diffusion. By these means, surface diffusion D s is documented at T / T m ∼ 0.5, while the crossover to relaxation driven by bulk vacancy diffusion is inferred for T / T m ∼ 0.6. Here, T m is the melting temperature T m = 2896 K. We obtain D s = 4 × 10 −4 exp(−1.13 eV/ k B T ) cm 2 /s for the temperature interval 1080–1680 K. Possible indications of diffusion along step edges appear for T / T m ∼ 0.4. The same measurements of step fluctuation amplitudes determine also the step stiffness, which by symmetry is anisotropic on Mo(0 1 1). It is shown that three independent procedures yield mutually consistent step stiffness anisotropies. These are (1) step fluctuation amplitudes; (2) step relaxation rate anisotropies; and (3) the observed anisotropies of islands in equilibrium on the Mo(0 1 1) surface. The magnitude of the step stiffness obtained from step edge relaxation is consistent with earlier measurements that determine diffusion from grain boundary grooving.
Assessment of the Red Cell Proteome of Young Patients with Unexplained Hemolytic Anemia by Two-Dimensional Differential In-Gel Electrophoresis (DIGE)

Erythrocyte cytosolic protein expression profiles of children with unexplained hemolytic anemia were compared with profiles of close relatives and controls by two-dimensional differential in-gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE). The severity of anemia in the patients varied from compensated (i.e., no medical intervention required) to chronic transfusion dependence. Common characteristics of all patients included chronic elevation of reticulocyte count and a negative workup for anemia focusing on hemoglobinopathies, morphologic abnormalities that would suggest a membrane defect, immune-mediated red cell destruction, and evaluation of the most common red cell enzyme defects, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and pyruvate kinase deficiency. Based upon this initial workup and presentation during infancy or early childhood, four patients classified as hereditary nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia (HNSHA) of unknown etiology were selected for proteomic analysis. DIGE analysis of red cell cytosolic proteins clearly discriminated each anemic patient from both familial and unrelated controls, revealing both patient-specific and shared patterns of differential protein expression. Changes in expression pattern shared among the four patients were identified in several protein classes including chaperons, cytoskeletal and proteasome proteins. Elevated expression in patient samples of some proteins correlated with high reticulocyte count, likely identifying a subset of proteins that are normally lost during erythroid maturation, including proteins involved in mitochondrial metabolism and protein synthesis. Proteins identified with patient-specific decreased expression included components of the glutathione synthetic pathway, antioxidant pathways, and proteins involved in signal transduction and nucleotide metabolism. Among the more than 200 proteins identified in this study are 21 proteins not previously described as part of the erythrocyte proteome. These results demonstrate the feasibility of applying a global proteomic approach to aid characterization of red cells from patients with hereditary anemia of unknown cause, including the identification of differentially expressed proteins as potential candidates with a role in disease pathogenesis.
Superconducting transitions in orthorhombic RBa2Cu3Oy (R=Yb, Er)

Shot quenched orthorhombic non-superconducting samples are found to transform at room temperature into bulk superconductors by means of a thermally activated oxygen rearrangement mechanism. Against expectation, the smaller rare earth size and corresponding increased lattice pressure causes a relatively fast transformation from an initial orthorhombic three-fold oxygen coordinated Cu chain site into partly four-fold coordinate Cu chain site.
Chemical Properties of Equine Pituitary Follicle-Stimulating Hormone

Purified equine pituitary follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) was analyzed for protein and carbohydrate contents, amino acid composition, and NH2- and COOH—terminal amino acid residues. The results indicate that equine FSH is a glycoprotein having 74.9% protein, 9.3% hexose, 9.1% hexosamine, 4.7% sialic acid and 1.3% fucose. The amino acid composition was characterized by high levels of half—cystine, threonine, lysine and aspartic and glutamic acids, and a low level of methionine. Phenylalanine and aspartic acid were identified as NH2—terminal amino acids while the COOH—terminal residues were found to be isoleucine and glutamic acid. (Endocrinology 91: 1418, 1972)