cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Costs and benefits of sociality in yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris): do noncolonial females have lower fitness?

Whether an animal lives alone or in a group may have fitness consequences. Among yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris), fitness is thought to be lower for noncolonial than for colonial females because juvenile survival, as indicated by trapping, is lower. Trapping, however, may not be an accurate estimate of survival. Low recapture rates of noncolonial juveniles may result from early dispersal due to maternal behavior, or higher mortality due to predation or inadequate resources for overwinter survival. Our objective was to determine if survival was lower for noncolonial than for colonial juveniles, and to determine the cause of the low recapture rate of noncolonial juveniles. Our results show that survival of noncolonial juveniles was not lower than that of colonial juveniles. Noncolonial juveniles were not more vulnerable to predation during the active season, nor was overwinter mortality higher. Some noncolonial juveniles did disperse early, and most moved away from the natal burrow to hibernat...
Facilitating Sponsorship Channels in the Business Model of Motorsports

The business model of motorsports has evolved to prominently feature corporate sponsorship as a business-to-business (B2B) exchange mechanism in both the supply and marketing channels. As a result, racing series managers and teams are often simultaneously positioned as a buyer and seller in relation to their corporate sponsors. The sustainability of this business model rests with the propensity for motorsports organizations to consistently deliver value to both business-to-consumer (B2C) and B2B firms and minimize potential role conflicts. This research highlights how actors in Formula One and NASCAR serve as channel facilitators to connect buyers and sellers within the motorsports sponsorship network.
Efficient and quantitative incorporation of diaminopimelic acid into the peptidoglycan of Salmonella typhimurium

Diaminopimelic acid is incorporated into the peptidoglycan of Salmonella typhimurium in an efficient and quantitative manner. The amount of DAP incorporated is similar to the number of molecules estimated to exist in the Salmonella cell wall. In contrast, strains of E. coli, including those most used for studies of cell wall synthesis, are much less efficient in the incorporation of diaminopimelic acid. The lysine-requiring strains of E. coli appear to excrete diaminopimelic acid related material during growth and this accounts, in part, for the inefficient incorporation of radioactive diaminopimelic acid into Escherichia strains. In addition, the Escherichia strains are much less permeable to DAP than Salmonella strains. Cysteine and cystine inhibit the incorporation of DAP into the cell and this result suggests that Salmonella uses the cystine uptake system to allow DAP into the cell.
Development of the Colle-Salvetti correlation-energy formula into a functional of the electron density

A correlation-energy formula due to Colle and Salvetti [Theor. Chim. Acta 37, 329 (1975)], in which the correlation energy density is expressed in terms of the electron density and a Laplacian of the second-order Hartree-Fock density matrix, is restated as a formula involving the density and local kinetic-energy density. On insertion of gradient expansions for the local kinetic-energy density, density-functional formulas for the correlation energy and correlation potential are then obtained. Through numerical calculations on a number of atoms, positive ions, and molecules, of both open- and closed-shell type, it is demonstrated that these formulas, like the original Colle-Salvetti formulas, give correlation energies within a few percent.
Personal mastery and psychological well-being among young grandmothers.

This study examined the association between relationship quality, personal mastery, and psychological well-being among 83 young Black and White American grandmothers in families with teenage mothers. Interviews were conducted during the early stages of adaptation to grandparenthood due to the birth of a baby to a teenage daughter. Findings indicated that the effects of the mother–daughter relationship are mediated through mastery. When grandmothers feel a sense of mastery, the conflict with the teenage mother is not as detrimental to their psychological health. Findings are discussed in the context of developing supportive services for grandmothers in families with teenage mothers.
Role of Whole-Day Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring in the Management of Hypertension

As we learn more about hypertension, it is becoming increasingly apparent that conventional blood pressure measurements are fraught with potential error. Noninvasive ambulatory blood pressure monitoring is proving to be extremely valuable in both diagnosis and treatment. Advancing medical technology has provided small, noninvasive, reliable systems what are well tolerated by patients. The commercial availability of these systems facilitates their use in both clinical practice and in research. There have been legitimate concerns that continuous blood pressure monitoring may add considerably to the costs of diagnosing and treating hypertension. These worries, however, may be misplaced. If there are indeed as many patients being treated unnecessarily as has been suggested by many studies, then the money saved on drugs may well cover the costs of prolonged blood pressure monitoring. Moreover, many subjects can be spared unnecessary therapy. Although much work needs to be done with larger groups of patients followed over longer periods of time, the early experiences with 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring have been extremely encouraging. These procedures have added to our understanding of hypertension and of the agents used in its treatment and are rapidly assuming an increasing importance in overall management.
CD1d restricted natural killer T cells are not required for allergic skin inflammation

Background Invariant T-cell receptor–positive natural killer ( i NKT) cells have been shown to be essential for the development of allergen-induced airway hyperreactivity (AHR). Objective We examined the role of i NKT cells in allergic skin inflammation using a murine model of atopic dermatitis (AD) elicited by epicutaneous sensitization with ovalbumin (OVA). Methods Wild-type (WT) and natural killer T-cell–deficient CD1d –/– mice were epicutaneously sensitized with OVA or normal saline and challenged with aerosolized OVA. i NKT cells in skin and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were analyzed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting, and cytokine mRNA levels were measured by quantitative RT-PCR. AHR to methacholine was measured after OVA inhalation. Results Skin infiltration by eosinophils and CD4 + cells and expression of mRNA encoding IL-4 and IL-13 in OVA-sensitized skin were similar in WT and CD1d –/– mice. No significant increase in i NKT cells was detectable in epicutaneously sensitized skin. In contrast, i NKT cells were found in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from OVA-challenged epicutaneously sensitized WT mice, but not CD1d –/– mice. Epicutaneously sensitized CD1d –/– mice had an impaired expression of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 mRNA in the lung and failed to develop AHR in response to airway challenge with OVA. Conclusion These results demonstrate that i NKT cells are not required for allergic skin inflammation in a murine model of AD, in contrast with airway inflammation, in which i NKT cells are essential. Clinical implications Understanding the potential role of i NKT cells in AD will allow us to have a more specific target for therapeutic use.
What is the nature of knowledge development in lesson study

‘Lesson study’ is a professional learning approach in which teachers work together to: formulate goals for student learning and long‐term development; collaboratively plan a ‘research lesson’ designed to bring to life these goals; conduct the lesson in a classroom, with one team member teaching and others gathering evidence on student learning and development; and discuss the evidence gathered during the lesson, using it to improve the lesson, the unit, and instruction more generally. A lesson study case from a Japanese elementary school is presented. Three types of knowledge developed by the teachers in the case are discussed: knowledge of the subject matter and its teaching‐learning; development of the interpersonal relationships among teachers; and development of teachers' personal qualities and dispositions. The case suggests that development of a professional knowledge base for teaching may be an even more complicated endeavor than generally recognized, since it entails development of the knowers as ...
Microglial responses after focal radiation-induced injury are affected by α-difluoromethylornithine

Abstract Purpose : The objective of this study was to quantify microglial and astrocytic cell responses after focal 125I irradiation of normal brain and to determine the effects of an intravenous infusion of α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) on those responses. Methods and Materials : Adult beagle dogs were irradiated using high activity 125I sources. Saline or DFMO (75 mg/kg/day) was infused for 18 days, and 1 to 10 weeks later brain tissues were collected. Immunohistochemical stains were used to label phagocytes and amoeboid microglia (lectin RCA-1), astrocytes (GFAP), and cells synthesizing deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) (BrdU). Cell densities (cells/mm2) and BrdU labeling indices were quantified. Results : In dogs infused with saline, increases in phagocytes and amoeboid microglia were observed at 1–2 weeks and 4 weeks, respectively. The labeling indices for phagocytes and amoeboid microglia peaked at 4 weeks with maximum values of 4.8 and 13.4%, respectively. Astrocyte cell numbers increased from 2–6 weeks following irradiation; increased labeling incides were observed after 2 weeks. An infusion of DFMO significantly suppressed BrdU labeling and delayed the increase in cell numbers for phagocytes and amoeboid microglia. In both treatment groups, the proportion of total BrdU labeling accounted for by phagocytes was maximum 1 week after irradiation and then decreased. The proportion of total BrdU labeling accounted for by amoeboid microglia and astrocytes was zero for 2 weeks and then increased. Conclusions : Microglial reactions after focal irradiation involve the phagocytic and amoeboid cell forms and are characterized by increased BrdU uptake and increased cell number. DFMO significantly alters these responses. Changes in astrocyte cell number and BrdU labeling may be related to changes in microglia. Studies of cell responses and their modification may lead to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of radiation injury, and to new strategies to optimize the use of therapeutic irradiation.
Reconsidering Findings of "No Effects" in Randomized Control Trials: Modeling Differences in Treatment Impacts.

The primary technique that many researchers use to analyze data from randomized control trials (RCTs)—detecting the average treatment effect (ATE)—imposes assumptions upon the data that often are not correct. Both theory and past research suggest that treatments may have significant impacts on subgroups even when showing no overall effect. Giving primacy to ATEs thus may lead to the rejection of treatments that in fact are helpful to some people. Using simulations, I examine the power of ATEs to detect treatment impacts when treatment impacts vary. Models that allow for varying impacts accurately measure the treatment effect in the simulation and are robust in a variety of circumstances. However, a focus on ATEs often fails to find the known treatment effects.
Study of fluorine doping during vapour-phase axial deposition sintering process

The fluorine doping process of pure silica “soot” with various type of fluorine gases in the vapour-phase axial deposition (VAD) sintering process was investigated in detail. This investigation showed that the doping level is proportional to the 1/4 power of the concentration of the fluorine gas, and the achievable reduction of relative refractive index is −0.75% with this process. The kinetic investigation clarified that the fluorine doping process consists of the doping and dissociation reactions; the former reaction obeys the 1/2 power of the SiF4 partial pressure and the latter the two power of fluorine content [SiO1.5F], where SiO1.5F represents a silicon tetrahedron consisting of one fluorine and three bridging oxygen atoms in glass. The fluorine content is proportional to the 1/4 power of the SiF4 partial pressure at an equilibrium where the doping reaction is in competition with the dissociation reaction.
Numerical Investigation of Aerodynamic Performance of a Three-Bladed Vertical Axis Wind Turbine

As a pollution free source of energy, wind is among the most popular and fastest growing forms of electricity generation in the world. Compared to their horizontal axis counterparts, vertical axis wind turbines have lagged considerably in development and implementation. The University of Virginia Rotating Machinery and Controls laboratory has undertaken a systematic review of vertical axis wind turbine design in order to address this research gap, starting with establishment of a methodology for vertical axis wind turbine simulation using ANSYS CFX. A 2D model of a recently published Durham University vertical axis wind turbine was generated. Full transient CFD simulations using the moving mesh capability available in ANSYS-CFX were run from turbine start-up to operating speed and compared with the experimental data in order to validate the technique. A scalable k-e turbulence model transient CFD simulation has been demonstrated to accurately predict vertical axis wind turbine operating speed within 12% error using a two-dimensional structured mesh in conjunction with a carefully specified series of boundary conditions.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Deconstrucción sexual e intersexualidad en XXY de Lucía Puenzo

Este ensayo analiza como la pelicula de Lucia Puenzo XXY condena ‘la violencia simbolica’ (Bourdieu) que ejercen algunos discursos cientificos, practicas medicas, representaciones culturales e interacciones sociales sobre las personas intersexuales. Esta violencia nace de la imposicion de un entendimiento dicotomico (hombre/mujer) del cuerpo humano que presenta el cuerpo intersexual como ininteligible. A lo largo de este articulo, expongo como la negativa de Alex a posicionarse dentro de estas categorias generico/sexuales y su decision de dejar de tomar corticoides, que evitan la virilizacion de su cuerpo, muestran su resistencia a una nueva forma de control propia de una sociedad ‘farmaco-pornografica’ (Preciado). Asimismo, se analiza como la pelicula celebra el cuerpo intersexual, no como un estado transitorio, sino como un forma legitima de corporeidad, y rechaza la patologizacion de los individuos intersexuales y su representacion como ‘monstruos’.
Characterization of biodegradable drug delivery vehicles with the adhesive properties of leukocytes II: effect of degradation on targeting activity

The site-specific expression of selectins (P- and E-selectin) on endothelial cells of blood vessels during inflammation provides an opportunity for the targeted delivery of anti-inflammatory drugs to sites of chronic inflammation. It is well documented that the selectins mediate the initial interaction (rolling) of leukocytes in an inflamed vessel by binding to carbohydrate-presenting counter-receptors displayed on leukocytes. Previous work in our laboratory has shown that artificial capsules with the adhesive properties of leukocytes can be made by attaching leukocyte adhesive ligands to polymer microspheres (Biomaterials 23(10) (2002) 2167). Specifically, we showed that drug-loaded poly (lactic-co-glycolic-acid) (PLGA) microspheres coated with biotinylated-Sialyl LewisX (sLeX), a carbohydrate that serves as a ligand to selectins, mimic the adhesive behavior of leukocytes on selectins in flow chambers, displaying slow rolling under flow, suggesting that these drug-loaded particles can potentially target inflammatory sites in vivo. Since the effectiveness of this delivery system might depend on the degradation of polymer microspheres as well as the degradation of sLeX molecules, we measured the effect of polymer and ligand degradation on the adhesiveness of microspheres over time. We show that degrading sLeX microspheres maintain the ability to recognize selectin surfaces under flow for at least 2 weeks and that the ability to sustain recognition depends upon the extent at which microspheres are loaded. We also show that microsphere rolling velocity increases as microsphere degrade and that this increase is due to a combination of increase in average microsphere size and loss of sLeX molecules on microsphere surface--a result of microsphere degradation confirmed by flow cytometry. Control experiments show that microsphere, not sLeX, degradation limits the lifetime of our targeted delivery system; therefore, factors affecting degradation such as type of polymer, type of drug, extent of drug loading and microsphere size, provide an opportunity for engineering the time-scale of activity for the delivery system.
Paimary lymphoma of the male urethra

An elderly man presented with urinary outflow obstruction and a smooth mass arising from the bulbar urethra. Biopsy revealed large cell lymphoma, B cell subtype. A literature review revealed no previous cases of undisseminated lymphoma arising within the male urethra. The obstructing mass and symptoms resolved with multiagent chemotherapy.
Peanut Children's Sleepwear case

This article presents a case and teaching materials based upon a real-life situation. Tris, a flame-retarding chemical, was found in a number of children's pajamas years after the chemical was discovered to be carcinogenic and subsequently banned from use.
Cost-effectiveness analysis in heart disease, Part III: Ischemia, congestive heart failure, and arrhythmias.

Abstract Cost-effectiveness analyses were reviewed in the following diagnostic and treatment categories: acute myocardial infarction (MI) and diagnostic strategies for coronary artery disease (CAD), coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), congestive heart failure (CHF), and arrhythmias. In the case of acute MI, coronary care units, as presently used, are rather expensive but could be made much more efficient with more effective triage and resource utilization; reperfusion via thrombolysis is cost-effective, as are β-blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors post-MI in appropriate patients. Cost-effectiveness of CAD screening tests depends strongly on the prevalence of disease in the population studied. Cost-effectiveness of CABG surgery depends on targeting; eg, it is highly effective for such conditions as left-main and three-vessel disease but not for lesser disease. PTCA appears to be cost-effective in situations where there is clinical consensus for its use, eg, severe ischemia and one-vessel disease, but requires further analysis based on randomized data; coronary stents also appear to be cost-effective. In preliminary analysis, ACE inhibition for CHF dominates, ie, saves both money and lives. Cardiac transplant appears to be cost-effective but requires further study. For arrhythmias, implantable cardioverter defibrillators are cost-effective, especially the transvenous device, in life-threatening situations; radiofrequency ablation is also cost-effective in patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome apart from asymptomatic individuals; and pacemakers have not been analyzed except in the case of biofascicular block, where results were variable depending on the situation and preceding tests.
Putting Professionalism Back into Teaching: Secondary Preservice and In-Service Teachers Engaging in Interdisciplinary Unit Planning

Recently, interdisciplinary instruction has come back to the educational scene, specifically supported through the Common Core State Standards. As teacher educators and former middle-level teachers, the authors see this as a positive move to enhance learning for adolescents. This qualitative study sought to answer: How do secondary preservice and in-service teachers respond to interdisciplinary instruction? Findings provide key insights into how interdisciplinary instruction, when implemented successfully within a content area literacy course, empowers preservice and in-service teachers, and brings about a more professional environment. That is, data shows designing interdisciplinary instruction provided the teachers space to take up an identity as teaching professional—acting as specialist, acting as agent, and acting as regulator. Based on the authors’ analysis, the authors believe interdisciplinary instruction has the potential to elevate the professional status for teachers, and teacher educators can ...
Heterogeneous processes affecting trace contaminant distribution in estuaries: The role of natural organic matter

Abstract Our objective in writing this paper is to frame the issues pertaining to the role of natural organic matter in affecting the speciation and transport (fate) of trace contaminants, which include hydrophilic trace metals and hydrophobic trace organics, within estuaries. In particular, we focus on one aspect of the problem: the partitioning of trace contaminants between organic and inorganic particles, colloids and solution. This paper is developed along three main lines. First, we review the literature with respect to trace metal sorption by metal oxides in the presence of organic ligands. Second, we examine the role of colloidal organic matter in regulating the estuarine behavior of trace contaminants. The focus of this portion of the paper is on the trapping of trace metals within colloidal and particulate organic matter and a re-examination of the ‘particle concentration effect’. Third, we propose a new conceptual model (the ‘percolator’ model) which links several processes (sorption, diffusion, coagulation) and which serves as a framework for evaluating the trapping of trace metals and organic matter within estuarine sediments. One conclusion derived from simulations of the diffusive flux of DOC from sediments is that the magnitude of sediment/water interfacial shear stress does not affect DOC flux until the shear stress is sufficient for the onset of bed erosion. The consequence is that interactions between DOC and sediment materials become the controlling factors in regulating the diffusive flux of DOC.
Adherence to guidelines for community-acquired pneumonia: does it decrease cost of care?

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a common diagnosis and care of CAP is responsible for significant healthcare expenditures, the majority of which are for patients who require hospitalisation. Studies have shown that significant variation exists among institutions with respect to antibacterial costs and length of stay (LOS) for CAP. These variations do not appear to be associated with significant differences in patient outcomes. This information has stimulated the development of practice guidelines and critical pathways to optimise the care of patients with CAP. The central focus of guidelines is recommendations for antibacterial therapy; critical pathways include recommendations for therapy, but focus on the process of care for patients with CAP. Guidelines and critical pathways are time consuming to develop and their implementation requires significant institutional resources. Therefore, it is essential that they are shown to be effective, and there has been significant interest in determining if guidelines and pathways can improve the cost effectiveness of care. In the past several years, a number of studies have evaluated the impact of treatment consistent with guidelines on outcomes for patients with CAP. These studies have shown that antibacterial therapy that is consistent with guidelines can reduce LOS, decrease costs, and several have shown a favourable impact on mortality. The majority of these studies have been retrospective reviews. One multicenter prospective, randomised trial of a critical pathway for CAP revealed significant reductions in the hospital admission of patients, LOS and cost of care. Other studies of processes of care have been mainly ‘before and after’ interventions; many have shown reductions in LOS and costs. Based on the available data, it is reasonable to expect that adherence to guidelines and critical pathways can reduce the cost of care for CAP; however, randomised controlled trials that include a formal cost-effectiveness analysis are needed. Even if the data to support the use of guidelines and pathways are robust, those who develop and implement them need to anticipate and understand barriers to physician adherence.
MULTIPLE OUTFLOWS AND PROTOSTARS IN BARNARD 1. II. DEEP OPTICAL AND NEAR-INFRARED IMAGES ∗,†

We have used deep optical (Hα and [S II]) and near-IR (H2 and KS ) images and catalogs of protostars based on optical and infrared data to follow up our previous observations and examine the protostellar outflow population in the Barnard 1 (B1) dark cloud. The deep images presented here link shocks at the low extinction periphery of the cloud to an outflow system that bisects the confused core of B1. In addition, we find that a deeply embedded infrared shock, previously identified as a protostar, is likely the impact of a flow on a submillimeter clump. In all, we detail nine outflow systems in this cloud, eight of which have clearly identified source protostars.
Unusual presentation of recurrent Wegener's granulomatosis

A 65-year-old woman presented with recurrent Wegener's granulomatosis following two years of immunosuppressive therapy and three years of complete remission. At her initial presentation, she had a characteristic x-ray picture showing multiple nodules with total resolution of these findings at three months. Five years later, at the time of clinical relapse, her chest x-ray film showed bilateral diffuse infiltrative disease. This change in radiologic presentation upon relapse of Wegener's has not previously been reported. Other unusual features include diffuse infiltrates as the pulmonary presentation and the long interval between cessation of therapy and relapse. We review the radiologic manifestations of Wegener's granulomatosis. (Chest 1991; 99:781–84)
Physicochemical Properties of Rice Dried in a Single Pass Using High Temperatures

ABSTRACT This study evaluated the physicochemical properties of high-temperature, single-pass dried rough rice. Pureline cultivars Wells (long grain) and Jupiter (medium grain) and hybrid cultivar CL XL729 (long grain), at initial moisture contents of 17.9–18.1% were dried in a single pass to approximately 12.5% moisture content with drying air temperatures of 60, 70, and 80°C and relative humidities of 13–83%. Immediately after drying, the samples were tempered for 1 h at the drying air temperatures in sealed plastic bags. Color, degree of milling, pasting viscosity, and thermal properties of the milled rice were evaluated. Results showed that color, degree of milling, and thermal properties were not affected by drying treatments. However, peak and final viscosities increased with increasing drying air temperatures in all three cultivars.
Nitric oxide in coronary artery disease : effects of antioxidants

In this review article we examine the main mechanisms leading to decreased nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability, and we present the current strategies available to increase NO levels, mainly by using antioxidants in patients with coronary artery disease. Decreased NO bioavailability in the vasculature is a key feature of all the classic risk factors for atherosclerosis, and it can be the result of NO's decreased synthesis and increased oxidative deactivation. Increased NO synthesis can be achieved by improving the intracellular redox state in endothelial cells, stabilizing endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) dimers, and maintaining sufficient intracellular levels of eNOS substrate L-arginine. Antioxidant treatment may have a dual role by increasing NO synthesis and decreasing its oxidative deactivation. However, in patients with coronary artery disease, although intracoronary infusions of vitamins or chronic vitamin treatment improve endothelial function, their effect on clinical outcome is questioned. In conclusion, in coronary artery disease, NO bioavailability can be increased mainly by reversing the causes of endothelial dysfunction via treatment of classic risk factors, while the use of antioxidant vitamins is controversial and the ideal antioxidant strategy is still unknown.
CopyCat: An American Sign Language game for deaf children

The CopyCat game is an interactive educational adventure game to help deaf children improve their language and memory abilities. As part of the CopyCat project, several computer-assisted language learning games have been designed, one of the games “Alien” is shown in Figure 1. Each game entails some sort of quest by the hero to collect items in order to solve a problem. In each quest, the child interacts with the hero (Iris the white cat) via American Sign Language (ASL) to warn her of a villain or identify where a hidden object is located. The child may view the tutor repeatedly if they so choose (see Figure 1). After the child talks to the hero, the child's signing is classified as correct or incorrect. If the child's signing is incorrect, a question mark appears above the hero's head to simulate misunderstanding by the hero, and the child must try again to communicate accurately. If the child's sign is correct, the hero, with the wave of a paw, “poofs” the villain, turning it into an innocuous item, and the hero continues on the quest.
Adaptive management institutions at the regional level: The case of Large Marine Ecosystems

Abstract A global effort is underway by scientists, stakeholders, resource managers, and multisectoral ministerial representatives (e.g. fisheries, transportation, mining, energy, tourism, environment) from 110 economically developing countries to implement ecosystem-based management at the Large Marine Ecosystem scale. The effort is supported with $3.1 billion in financial assistance from the Global Environmental Facility and World Bank to assess and manage goods and services of Large Marine Ecosystems (LMEs) along the coasts of economically developing countries in Africa, Asia, Latin America and eastern Europe. Through a systematic spatial and temporal scaling across multiple jurisdictions (e.g. community, municipal, regional, national, and international) a generic suite of indicators is applied to monitor the annual changes in LME productivity, fish and fisheries, pollution and ecosystem health, socioeconomics, and governance. Ecosystem-based governance practices are being implemented by Commissions that serve as institutional frameworks for restoring and sustaining transboundary LME goods and services. Under activities guided by LME Commissions, the suites of indicators are analyzed in relation to drivers of change and the results are applied to adaptive management regimes to reduce coastal pollution, restore damaged habitats, recover depleted fisheries conserve biodiversity, control nutrient over-enrichment and ocean acidification, and mitigate and adapt to the effects of climate warming. Application of ecosystem-based adaptive management practices presently underway by the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Korea are discussed for the Yellow Sea LME.
Strain Is the Major Factor for Chondrocyte Death in Articular Cartilage Under Static Load

Several studies have shown that stress, strain, and stress/strain rate at certain levels can kill chondrocytes, but the major factor is unclear. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of strain and stress on chondrocyte death. Bovine cartilage explants (5 mm) at the age of 2 and 24 month were indented (3 mm) at 3.12, 6.25 and 12.5 MPa to reach a final strain of 15, 30, 45, 60 and 75%. Cell death in the center and on the edges of the indented region was assessed at 0, 3 and 7 days post-loading, and quantified using commercially available software. Our results showed cell death in the center region increased with strain (p<0.001) but decreased with age (p<0.001). Cell death at the edges of the indented region was greater than that of the center (p<0.001), and increased with strain (p<0.001). With post-load incubation, a decrease of cell death was found in the explant loaded with 60 and 75%. Cells with positive TUNEL-staining and positive M30-staining were consistently seen in the middle and deep zones in the center region 3 days after load removal. This suggests that two types of cell injury/death (necrosis and apoptosis) occur simultaneously. Linear regression and ANOVA suggest that strain is the major factor for chondrocyte death under static load.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Sarcosine Oxidase Contains a Novel Covalently Bound FMN

Sarcosine oxidase from Corynebacterium sp. P-1 is a heterotetrameric protein containing three different coenzymes: noncovalent FAD, noncovalent NAD+, and a covalently bound flavin which is released as 8α-(N 3-histidyl)riboflavin upon complete hydrolysis of the protein. The following results show that the covalent flavin is not at the FAD level, as previously proposed, but is rather an 8α-(N 3-histidyl)FMN coenzyme. First, no AMP is released when the protein moiety is treated with phosphodiesterase or subjected to mild acid hydrolysis. The enzyme contains a total of 5 mol of phosphate. Only one phosphate is covalently bound. The other four phosphates are noncovalent and attributed to noncovalently bound FAD and NAD+. The 31P NMR spectrum of native enzyme exhibits resonances due to a single phosphate monoester and two pyrophosphates. Only a resonance due to phosphate monoester is observed after removal of the noncovalent cofactors and proteolytic digestion of the protein moiety. The 8α-(N 3-histidyl)FMN fo...
Spectroscopic and structural characterization of reduced technetium species in acetate media

The reduction of ammonium pertechnetate by sodium borohydride in 0.1 M NaOH/glacial acetic acid has been studied. The reduction products (solids and solutions) have been characterized by UV–Visible spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy-dispersive X-ray emission spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), and X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy. UV–Visible spectra of the solution, after reduction, exhibit bands at 350 and 500 nm that have been attributed to the formation of polymeric Tc(IV) species. SEM/EDS on the solid (X-ray amorphous) indicates the absence of metallic Tc and the presence of oxygen. EXAFS measurements further indicate that the precipitate exhibits a [Tc(μ-O)2Tc] core structure. XANES is consistent with the formation of Tc(III) and/or Tc(IV). Results infer that reduction of aqueous Tc(VII) by borohydride in the presence of acetic acid does not produce metallic Tc, but a mixture of various oxidation states of Tc near Tc(III) and Tc(IV).
Wave propagation and dispersion in elasto-plastic microstructured materials

Abstract A Mindlin continuum model that incorporates both a dependence upon the microstructure and inelastic (nonlinear) behavior is used to study dispersive effects in elasto-plastic microstructured materials. A one-dimensional equation of motion of such material systems is derived based on a combination of the Mindlin microcontinuum model and a hardening model both at the macroscopic and microscopic level. The dispersion relation of propagating waves is established and compared to the classical linear elastic and gradient-dependent solutions. It is shown that the observed wave dispersion is the result of introducing microstructural effects and material inelasticity. The introduction of an internal characteristic length scale regularizes the ill-posedness of the set of partial differential equations governing the wave propagation. The phase speed does not necessarily become imaginary at the onset of plastic softening, as it is the case in classical continuum models and the dispersive character of such models constrains strain softening regions to localize.
Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer conjugate specifically activates the A3 adenosine receptor to improve post-ischemic/reperfusion function in isolated mouse hearts.

Background When stimulated by small molecular agonists, the A3 adenosine receptor (AR) mediates cardioprotective effects without inducing detrimental hemodynamic side effects. We have examined pharmacologically the protective properties of a multivalent dendrimeric conjugate of a nucleoside as a selective multivalent agonist for the mouse A3AR.
Sterilization of Conduction‐Heated Foods in Oval‐Shaped Containers

A finite difference approximation of the differential equation for transient heat conduction in three dimensions was used to evaluate thermal processes for foods in oval-shaped containers. A sensitivity analysis on the basis of thiamin retention was used to select the time increment and the size of the volume elements required by the numerical method. Estimations of the temperature for the center of the oval container were in close agreement with an analytical solution valid for sufficiently long times, constant boundary conditions, and uniform initial temperature. To validate the model, published experimental data for the retention of thiamin, chlorophyll and betanin were compared with values predicted by the numerical method.
The Global Food Industry and “Creative Capitalism”: The Partners in Food Solutions Sustainable Business Model

Rising global food prices have driven 44 million additional people into extreme poverty—and malnutrition—in developing countries since June 2010. Partners in Food Solutions (PFS), a nonprofit social enterprise affiliated with General Mills, is proposed as the conduit for food industry managers, engineers, and scientists to initially advise small- and medium-sized African mills and food processors—and later other developing countries—on improving supply chain management by addressing manufacturing problems, developing products, improving packaging, extending product shelf, and finding new product markets. In this article, the “creative capitalism” model of sustainability and social and environmental responsibility is applied to the food manufacturing industry's efforts supporting PFS. Furthermore, the evolution of the sustainable business model developed by PFS is thoroughly described, explained, and analyzed as a generic model of social enterprise to be “scaled up” by the global food manufacturing industry. A summary of salient points conclude the article.
Thermal denaturation of DNA molecules: A comparison of theory with experiment

Abstract Experimental and theoretical results on the helix-coil transition of DNA are reviewed. The theoretical model of the transition is described, and the influence of heterogeneous base pair stacking, and strand dissociation on the predicted melting transition is examined. New experimental transition data on seven DNAs, 154–587 base pairs (bp) long, are reported and compared with theoretical calculations. We review and evaluate previous studies on long DNAs (≥1000 bp) as well as previous and recent results on short DNAs. The comparison of theory with equilibrium melting curves of short DNAs indicates that base pair sequence has a relatively small influence on the stacking free energy. Excellent agreement is obtained between theory and equilibrium transitions of 14 out of 15 fragments 80–587 pb. The deviation between theory and experiment for a 516 bp DNA can be attributed to the formation of stem-loop structures. This may provide the explanation for inconsistent results observed with long DNAs. The effect of single base pair changes on DNA transitions is discussed. Current views on fluctuational opening of base pairs at temperatures below the transition are described.
Academic Harassment: Sex and Denial in Scholarly Garb

Although much has been written concerning the sexual harassment of university students, no research has yet directly examined the behaviors of university professors themselves. The present study de...
TCR Scanning of Peptide/MHC through Complementary Matching of Receptor and Ligand Molecular Flexibility

Although conformational changes in TCRs and peptide Ags presented by MHC protein (pMHC) molecules often occur upon binding, their relationship to intrinsic flexibility and role in ligand selectivity are poorly understood. In this study, we used nuclear magnetic resonance to study TCR-pMHC binding, examining recognition of the QL9/H-2L(d) complex by the 2C TCR. Although the majority of the CDR loops of the 2C TCR rigidify upon binding, the CDR3β loop remains mobile within the TCR-pMHC interface. Remarkably, the region of the QL9 peptide that interfaces with CDR3β is also mobile in the free pMHC and in the TCR-pMHC complex. Determination of conformational exchange kinetics revealed that the motions of CDR3β and QL9 are closely matched. The matching of conformational exchange in the free proteins and its persistence in the complex enhances the thermodynamic and kinetic stability of the TCR-pMHC complex and provides a mechanism for facile binding. We thus propose that matching of structural fluctuations is a component of how TCRs scan among potential ligands for those that can bind with sufficient stability to enable T cell signaling.
Rapid Emotion Regulation After Mood Induction: Age and Individual Differences

Previous research has suggested that emotion regulation improves with age. This study examined both age and individual differences in online emotion regulation after a negative mood induction. We found evidence that older adults were more likely to rapidly regulate their emotions than were younger adults. Moreover, older adults who rapidly regulated had lower trait anxiety and depressive symptoms and higher levels of optimism than their same-age peers who did not rapidly regulate. Measuring mood change over an extended time revealed that older rapid regulators still reported increased levels of positive affect over 20 min later, whereas young adult rapid regulators’ moods had declined. These results highlight the importance of considering individual differences when examining age differences in online emotion regulation.
Learning Structures of Negations from Flat Annotations

We propose a novel method to learn negation expressions in a specialized (medical) domain. In our corpus, negations are annotated as ‘flat’ text spans. This allows for some infelicities in the mark-up of the ground truth, making it less than perfectly aligned with the underlying syntactic structure. Nonetheless, the negations thus captured are correct in intent, and thus potentially valuable. We succeed in training a model for detecting the negated predicates corresponding to the annotated negations, by re-mapping the corpus to anchor its ‘flat’ annotation spans into the predicate argument structure. Our key idea—re-mapping the negation instance spans to more uniform syntactic nodes—makes it possible to re-frame the learning task as a simpler one, and to leverage an imperfect resource in a way which enables us to learn a high performance model. We achieve high accuracy for negation detection overall, 87%. Our re-mapping scheme can be constructively applied to existing flatly annotated resources for other tasks where syntactic context is vital.
Draft Genome Sequence of the Alga-Aggregating Bacterium Bacillus sp. Strain RP1137

Bacillus sp. strain RP1137 is a bacterium that is able to rapidly and efficiently aggregate biofuel-producing microalgae. By 16S rRNA gene sequencing, it was found to be related to the industrially important Bacillus megaterium. Here, we report the draft genome sequence of Bacillus sp. strain RP1137.
Spatial correlations in time-resolved terahertz speckle patterns

We describe observations of the angular correlations in speckle patterns formed by a terahertz pulse propagating in a random medium. We obtain a direct measurement of spatial coherence from time- and angle-resolved measurements.
Radiation-induced middle ear and mastoid opacification in skull base tumors treated with radiotherapy

Purpose To assess the incidence of middle ear (ME) pathology in patients treated with radiotherapy (RT) for skull base tumors. Methods and Materials A retrospective analysis of 61 patients treated with RT between 2003 and 2008 for skull base tumors was conducted. Clinical outcomes and demographics were reviewed. Dose–volume histogram analysis was performed on the eustachian canal (EC), ME, mastoid air cells, vestibular apparatus, cochlea, internal auditory canal, lateral and posterior nasopharynx, and temporal lobes to relate doses to symptoms and radiographic change. Otomastoid opacification was rated 0 (none), 1 (mild), 2 (moderate), and 3 (severe) by a neuroradiologist blinded to clinical outcomes and doses. Results The median prescribed dose was 50.4 Gy (range, 14–74 Gy). The ME mean dose was 14 Gy and 34 Gy for Grade 0–1 and 2–3 opacification, respectively ( p p p = 0.0001). Otomastoid opacification resolved in 17 of 40 patients (42.5%), at a mean of 17 months after RT (range, 2–45 months). Otomastoid opacification persisted in 23 of 40 patients (57.5%), with a mean follow-up of 23 months (range, 2–55 months). Multivariate analysis showed that mastoid dose >30 Gy (odds ratio=28.0, p 30 Gy (odds ratio=4.9, p = 0.009) were associated with Grade 2–3 effusions, whereas other factors including dose to EC and ME were not significant. Conclusions A mean RT dose >30 Gy to the mastoid air cells or posterior nasopharynx is associated with increased risk of moderate to severe otomastoid opacification, which persisted in more than half of patients at 2-year follow-up.
Fiber type composition and maximum shortening velocity of muscles crossing the human shoulder

A study of the fiber type composition of fourteen muscles spanning the human glenohumeral joint was carried out with the purpose of determining the contribution of fiber types to overall muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) and to estimate the maximum shortening velocity (V(max)) of those muscles. Muscle biopsies were procured from 4 male cadavers (mean age 50) within 24 hr of death, snap frozen, mounted, and transversely sectioned (10 microm). Slides were stained for myofibrillar ATPase after alkaline preincubation. Photoimages were taken of defined areas (100 fibers) using the Bioquant system, and fiber type and CSA were measured from these images. Staining for mATPase produced three different fiber types: slow-oxidative (SO), fast-oxidative-glycolytic (FOG), and fast-glycolytic (FG). On average, the muscle fiber type composition ranged from 22 to 40% of FG, from 17 to 51% of FOG, and from 23 to 56% of SO. Twelve out of the 14 muscles had average SO proportions ranging from 35 to 50%. V(max) was calculated from the fiber type contribution relative to CSA and shortening velocity values taken from the literature. The maximum velocities of shortening presented here provide a physiological basis for the development of human shoulder musculoskeletal models suitable for predicting muscle forces for functionally relevant tasks encompassing conditions of muscle shortening and lengthening.
Surface emitting lasers for optical clock distribution by selective area epitaxy

Summary form only given. We have demonstrated the feasibility of integrating a diode laser to an optical distribution network, which could be used for distributing an optical clock signal to a CMOS circuit.
A Nonrandomized Unconditional Test for Comparing Two Proportions in 2×2 Contingency Tables

It is shown that the “usual” nonrandomized, conditional test for comparing proportions using independent binomial samples, is very conservative in the sense that the actual significance level attributable to an outcome is often one-fourth to one-half of the anticipated value. A nonrandomized unconditional test is proposed, and for sample sizes up to 15, tables are given in an appendix which specify one-sided critical regions of size less than or equal to the nominal values 0.05, and 0.01 (two-sided critical regions are also given). Numerical examples illustrating the use of the tables and a brief description of the algorithm used to generate the tables are included.