cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photochemistry of aqueous C60 clusters: evidence of 1O2 formation and its role in mediating C60 phototransformation.

The expected rapid expansion of nanotechnology industries has raised concern over the environmental fate and effects of materials created by these industries, including carbon-based fullerenes. In this study, the reaction mechanism responsible for the photochemical transformation of aqueous C60 clusters (nC60) in sunlight has been examined. Evidence is presented that under lamps that emit light only within the solar spectrum, 1O2 is produced via aqueous nC60 suspensions, using furfuryl alcohol (FFA) as an indicator. In air-equilibrated suspensions, the losses of 0.2 mM FFA and 0.8 mg/L C60 were >90% and 70% after 15 h, while removing oxygen, the precursor of 1O2, stopped both reactions, indicating that 1O2 was produced and mediated nC60 phototransformation. Similar reactions performed in deuterium oxide and with added azide ion resulted in accelerated and slowed loss of FFA, respectively, as expected if 1O2 is a reaction intermediate. 1O2 production (as measured by FFA loss) increased with time as more wa...
Use of an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay to Monitor the Control of Staphylococcus aureus Mastitis

Abstract Conventional culture methods were used to evaluate the ability of an ELISA to identify Staphylococcus aureus IMI. The test was 96% accurate; sensitivity was 90%, and specificity was 97%. The test was used to screen preserved milk samples rapidly in 10 cooperator herds. Prevalence of IMI was >10% in 6 herds at the first test. Average prevalence of cows scoring +2 (suspect) and +3 (positive) was 12.6%. Prevalence declined during the 12-mo study. Incidence of new IMI decreased from 7.9% at 6 mo to 3.6% at 12 mo. Rinsing teat cup liners with a 25-ppm iodophor or 100-ppm chlorine solution reduced the presence of S. aureus on the milking machine liners by 97%. Elevated scores were correlated with increases in lactation number. Milk antibody concentrations changed quadratically with increasing SCC. The SCC increased as milk antibody concentration increased. In 38 dairy herds, bulk tank antibody tests reflected herd prevalence of S. aureus infection. The average prevalence was 15.0% in 87 herds in which all lactating cows were tested.
Large Deflection Analysis of a Biomimetic Lobster Robot Antenna due to Contact and Flow

Lobsters use their antennae to navigate among obstacles along the ocean floor Effective ambulation requires that the lobster, or a biomimetic lobster robot whose behavior is patterned after a real lobster must distinguish between antenna bending due to contact and bending due to flow. The analysis presented here shows that the key feature appears to be the taper of the antennae. The curvature of a tapered antenna due to an end-load is nearly constant whereas the curvature distribution due to flow is nearly a quadratic function of the arc-length measured from the tip of the antenna.
Community attitudes toward the Attica prison riot - a mini-study

This study examined the attitudes of the people who lived and worked in Attica, New York, toward the disturbance at the correctional facility. An open-ended questionnaire and semantic differential asked for opinions about the riot, its causes, and the prison itself. Results indicated that most o f the people interviewed viewed the guards, correctional facilities, and general physical treatment as good, fair, and valuable, while the riot was viewed uniformly as bad, worthless, and unfair. Younger interviewees felt humanitarian reform was important slightly more often than oMer residents. However, the general homogeneity o f the sample's attitudes toward the riot and its effects is discussed.
Efficient extreme event screening for power systems using constrained and unbalanced partitioning

In this paper, we design and implement an efficient algorithm for extreme event screening for power systems based on constrained and unbalanced partitioning. The proposed methodology directly addresses the cutsize and power-imbalance oriented partitioning problem. This problem has two objectives: minimization of the cutsize and maximization of the power-imbalance between partitions. The proposed algorithm uses the well known hMetis partitioner as a core partitioning engine. The main advantages of the proposed screening methodology are scalability, efficiency, and ease of implementation. The average CPU runtime is less than 0.1 s and 1.5 s for systems with 2,383 buses and 43,501 buses, respectively. The quality of the partitioning solution is similar to that achieved by the algorithm studied in [7] for the 30-bus system.
Writing To Learn in Teacher Education: Theme

Stover develops a research-based rationale for using writing as a teaching strategy in teacher education. She specifies categories of uses for writing as well as principles for developing as signme...
Measures of economic well-being as predictors of psychological well-being

This research indicates that a comprehensive measure of economic well-being based on permanent income, annuitized net worth, and household economic demands, performs better as a predictor of psychological well-being than conventional measures of economic well-being, particularly current reported income. Statistically, the results are significant yet the percentage of psychological well-being variance explained by the measures of economic well-being is very small. The average level of happiness varied only a small amount across quintile categories of each of the measures of economic well-being. That is to say, a substantial number of respondents in the lowest and next lowest quintiles of the measures of economic well-being expressed as high a level of happiness as respondents in the upper two quintiles of economic well-being.
Percutaneous Myocardial Biopsy of the Left Ventricle Experience in 198 Patients

A thin-walled Silverman needle has been used for 254 percutaneous punch biopsies of the left ventricle in 198 patients with closed chests at the Cleveland Clinic. The technic is described. The biopsy specimens were adequate for diagnosis in 192 patients. In all but three patients (who had lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, and chronic glomerulonephritis with congestive heart failure) cardiac catheterization and selective cardioangiographic studies were performed. There was angiographic evidence of primary myocardial disease, coronary atherosclerosis, or both, or rheumatic valvular disease in 175 patients. Cardiac catheterization and angiographic studies demonstrated no evidence of organic heart disease in 20 patients. Cardiac tamponade was a complication of myocardial biopsy in eight patients. Post-pericardiotomy syndrome occurred in four patients and ventricular fibrillation in one patient. Myocardium with no pathologic diagnosis and interstitial fibrosis or myocardial hypertrophy or both were the light microscopic findings in 165 patients. Representative sections of the biopsy in 27 patients demonstrated small-vessel disease, basophilic degeneration, focal interstitial myocarditis, amyloidosis, Aschoff9s nodules, or vacuolar degeneration. The current experience suggests that myocardial biopsy combined with selective cardioangiography is of experimental value, improves the accuracy of diagnosis, and plays a role in the management of some patients.
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis in Patients Younger Than 50 Years

OBJECTIVE To assess clinical, radiological, histopathologic, and prognostic differences in younger patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). PATIENTS AND METHODS This study consisted of patients younger than 50 years with IPF who were seen at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minn, from January 1, 1994, to December 31, 2000. Clinical, radiological, and histopathologic data were abstracted from clinical records. Total lung capacity using plethysmography, vital capacity, diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide using the single-breath method, and alveolar volume using single-breath neon wash-in were measured. RESULTS Our study population was composed of 16 men and 6 women with a median age of 45 years (range, 28-49 years). Median survival was 2.1 years, with 1- and 2-year survival rates of 68% and 53%, respectively. Of the 22 patients, 2 were current smokers, 14 were former smokers, and 6 had never smoked. Three patients had familial pulmonary fibrosis, 21 had bibasilar inspiratory crackles, and 10 had digital clubbing. Median total lung capacity was 56.2%, vital capacity was 51.0%, diffusing capacity was 45.5%, and alveolar volume was 65.0%. CONCLUSION Although previous studies have suggested that younger age is a favorable prognostic factor in patients with IPF, we found that younger patients have the same poor prognosis as do older patients with this disorder. We observed no distinguishing differences in the clinical, radiological, and histopathologic features compared with those in older patients in whom the disorder is more common. Lung transplantation should be considered early in the treatment of younger patients with IPF.
Film boiling on vertical surfaces

Abstract This paper presents the results of an experimental and theoretical study of heat transfer during film and transition boiling on vertical surfaces. The theoretical analysis is confined to natural convection saturated film boiling, while the experimental work shows the effect of bulk liquid velocity with saturated and with subcooled methanol. The theory is based on a new model of film boiling in which the time dependence of the phenomenon is taken into account. The predicted heat transfer coefficients show good agreement with data from different investigators covering a wide range of experimental conditions. With the experimental apparatus the liquid velocities which can be achieved are high enough and the subcooling large enough to clearly show the influence of both of these parameters on the heat transfer coefficient. It is found that as either or both subcooling and liquid velocity are increased, the condition of the heat transfer surface becomes progressively more important. Although no quantitative analysis is made for subcooled and/or forced convection film boiling, some qualitative comments on the mechanism of heat transfer in these cases are presented.
Employers’ Efforts To Measure And Improve Hospital Quality: Determinants Of Success

We examined eleven communities in which an employer coalition created a report card to compare the performance of the community’s hospitals. After interviewing employer coalition and hospital representatives from each community, we found great variability in report cards’ capacity to prompt quality improvement. Although some were successful, others had less impact because of conflicts between employer coalitions and hospitals. Areas of disagreement included selection of appropriate goals, methodology of quality measurement, whether report cards should be publicly released, and the use of economic incentives to improve quality. We describe these conflicts and offer recommendations for future hospital report cards.
Characterization of geostationary particle signatures based on the 'injection boundary' model

A simplified analytical procedure is used to characterize the details of geostationary particle signatures, in order to lend support to the 'injection boundary' concept. The signatures are generated by the time-of-flight effects evolving from an initial sharply defined, double spiraled boundary configuration. Complex and highly variable dispersion patterns often observed by geostationary satellites are successfully reproduced through the exclusive use of the most fundamental convection configuration characteristics. Many of the details of the patterns have not been previously presented. It is concluded that most of the dynamical dispersion features can be mapped to the double spiral boundary without further ad hoc assumptions, and that predicted and observed dispersion patterns exhibit symmetries distinct from those associated with the quasi-stationary particle convection patterns.
Triangular imbedding of Kn − K6

Abstract For n = 12s + 9 (s ≥ 4) we imbed Kn − K6 in an orientable surface of genus 12s2 + 11s.
Polymeric PARACEST MRI contrast agents as potential reporters for gene therapy

Gene therapy is a potentially powerful treatment approach that targets molecular remedies for disease. Among other challenges it remains difficult to monitor gene delivery and its downstream metabolic consequences. Approaches to MRI gene reporters have been reported but few have the potential for translation beyond isolated cell systems. Herein, we report a polycationic polymer MRI contrast agent that binds to DNA in a ratio of one monomer unit per phosphate group of DNA. Significantly, this binding event diminishes the MR contrast signal from the agent itself potentially providing a platform for imaging delivery and release of a gene into cells and tissues. Importantly, we demonstrate here the proof of concept that a positively charged polymeric contrast agent can also act as a transfection agent, delivering the gene for encoding green fluorescent protein into cells. These observations provide support for the radical, new idea of creating a combined transfection/imaging agent for monitoring gene delivery in real time by MRI.
Ultrasonographic demonstration of systemic artery feeding extrapulmonary sequestration

An extralobar pulmonary sequestration in an infant was diagnosed by ultrasound. The sequestration appeared as an echogenic mass interpositioned between the liver and the right lung. The main feeding vessel of the sequestration was demonstrable. Ultrasound should be the first diagnostic modality used for evaluation of a supraphrenic chest mass seen on chest roentgenogram in childhood.
Discharge of negatively charged micrometer size particles in an electrodynamic balance due to radioactivity

Abstract The radiation dose rate of the combined natural sources of both cosmic rays and terrestrial radioactivity was measured from the discharge of a negatively charged 10.2 μ m diameter polystyrene particle levitated in an electrodynamic balance, giving good agreement with the predicted natural dose. This measurement was based upon a series of discharge experiments of these particles due to the influence of a cesium 137 gamma ray radioactive source for various cases of amplitude V ac (800–2000 V) and frequency f (200–700 Hz) of the alternating potential applied to the balance's ring electrode, covering a full range of possible operating V ac and f values for the balance. These set of measurements revealed an interesting complex behavior of discharge rates. Effects of the initial amount of charge on the particle and the density of gamma rays were also studied as well. A least squares logarithmic second order equation was fitted to these measured discharge data, which easily offered a method of measuring the activity of the natural sources at V ac = 800 V and f = 700 Hz .
The National Environmental Respiratory Center (NERC) experiment in multi-pollutant air quality health research: I. Background, experimental strategy and critique

AbstractThe National Environmental Respiratory Center Program was initiated as an experiment to explore strategies for identifying the components of complex air pollution mixtures that cause health effects associated statistically with air pollution. A strategy involving multivariate analysis of a composition-concentration-response database was adopted. A novel database was created by exposing rodents daily for up to six months to one of four combustion-related mixtures and measuring respiratory, cardiovascular and general toxicological responses after one week or six months of exposure. The mixtures included multiple concentrations of diesel and gasoline engine exhaust, hardwood smoke and simulated downwind coal combustion emissions. After reporting the biological effects of each mixture and comparing effects among them, 47 significant effects were selected for multiple additive regression tree analysis to identify putative causal components. Although the four mixtures provided a database marginally suff...
Field evaluation of a nuclear-polyhedrosis virus in the control of Heliothis zea and Heliothis virescens on cotton

Abstract A randomized small plot test was used to compare the effectiveness of a nuclear-polyhedrosis virus and toxaphene-DDT, a standard insecticide for Heliothis control on cotton. There was no significant difference in Heliothis control between the four virus treatments of 1.2 × 10 11 , 3.0 × 10 11 , 6.0 × 10 11 , and 18.0 × 10 11 polyhedral inclusion bodies (PIB)/acre. All four virus treatments compared favorably with the insecticide in controlling Heliothis zea or Heliothis virescens on cotton.
Invited Discussion Paper Resampling Methods in Sample Surveys

This article reviews the applications of three resampling methods, the jackknife, the balanced repeated replication, and the bootstrap, in sample surveys. The sampling design under consideration is a stratified multistage sampling design. We discuss the implementation of the resampling methods; for example, the construction of balanced repeated replications and approximated balanced repeated replication estimators; four modified bootstrap algorithms to generate bootstrap samples; and three different ways of applying the resampling methods in the presence of imputed missing values. Asymptotic properties of the resampling estimators are discussed for two types of important survey estimators, functions of weighted averages and sample quantiles.
Guest Editors' Introduction: Online Health Communication

Early scholarly inquiries into online health information focused primarily on questions of accuracy and credibility. In recent research, however, we are seeing an expansion in this initial focus, to include issues such as the usability, design, and ethics of online health information. This special issue contains five articles that contribute to scholarly inquiry in these emerging areas of interest.
The Signaling Functions of the Adhesion Molecule L-Selectin in Leukocytes Are Modulated by Surfactant

The Signaling Functions of the Adhesion Molecule L-Selectin in Leukocytes Are Modulated by Surfactant
Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication by nonionic block polymer surfactants.

Eight block copolymers of hydrophilic polyoxy-ethylene and hydrophobic polyoxypropylene were examined for their effects on the replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in H9 cells. Although the polymers decreased cellular replication, they did not appear to be toxic to the cells; rather, they seemed to arrest cellular growth. Three triblock copolymers were found to inhibit HIV replication at low concentrations. Maximum inhibition was achieved at concentrations of 50 μUg/ml by day 5 following infection. The combination of azidothymidine with both HIV-1-inhibitory and noninhibitory copolymers resulted in antagonistic effects, with an increase in viral replication, compared to treatment with copolymers or azidothymidine alone. These copolymers should be useful in the study of the mechanism of HIV replication in cell cultures and may yield clinically useful compounds in combination therapies for HIV infection. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Crop Residue Mass Needed to Maintain Soil Organic Carbon Levels: Can It Be Determined?

Corn’s (Zea mays L.) stover is a potential nonfood, herbaceous bioenergy feedstock. A vital aspect of utilizing stover for bioenergy production is to establish sustainable harvest criteria that avoid exacerbating soil erosion or degrading soil organic carbon (SOC) levels. Our goal is to empirically estimate the minimum residue return rate required to sustain SOC levels at numerous locations and to identify which macroscale factors affect empirical estimates. Minimum residue return rate is conceptually useful, but only if the study is of long enough duration and a relationship between the rate of residue returned and the change in SOC can be measured. About one third of the Corn Stover Regional Partnership team (Team) sites met these criteria with a minimum residue return rate of 3.9 ± 2.18 Mg stover ha−1 yr−1, n = 6. Based on the Team and published corn-based data (n = 35), minimum residue return rate was 6.38 ± 2.19 Mg stover ha−1 yr−1, while including data from other cropping systems (n = 49), the rate averaged 5.74 ± 2.36 Mg residue ha−1 yr−1. In broad general terms, keeping about 6 Mg residue ha−1 yr−1 maybe a useful generic rate as a point of discussion; however, these analyses refute that a generic rate represents a universal target on which to base harvest recommendations at a given site. Empirical data are needed to calibrate, validate, and refine process-based models so that valid sustainable harvest rate guidelines are provided to producers, industry, and action agencies.
Estimation of disease probabilities conditioned on symptom variables

Abstract The use in single-stage medical diagnosis of a recent, nearly assumption-free method of statistical discrimination is explored. The method involves the application of Bayes' theorem to linearly smoothed, joint-symptom-probability estimates. The linear smoothing filter is optimized by an empirical performance-scoring technique that employs a single sample for both development and verification. Advantages of the method: acceptability of a wide variety of nonnormal symptom variables, ranging from dichotomous to seemingly continuous; lack of necessity for independence of symptom variables; simultaneous use of a large number of variables, on the order of magnitude of the number of patients observed; capacity to handle missing observations by creating for each incompletely observed variable a dichotomous dummy variable that indicates the missing values. Disadvantage: lack of automatic identification of important variables, as is obtained when the standard discriminant-function method applies.
Tandem queues with subexponential service times and finite buffers

We focus on tandem queues with subexponential service time distributions. We assume that number of customers in front of the first station is infinite and there is infinite room for finished customers after the last station but the size of the buffer between two consecutive stations is finite. Using (max, +) linear recursions, we investigate the tail asymptotics of transient response times and waiting times under both communication blocking and manufacturing blocking schemes. We also discuss under which conditions these results can be generalized to the tail asymptotics of stationary response times and waiting times.
Islam and infant feeding.

Few physicians in the United States receive formal education related to principles of infant care in Islamic families. Breastfeeding has a religious basis in Islam and it is recommended that the mother suckle her offspring for 2 years if possible. Weaning from the breast before that period is allowed if mutually decided on by both parents. The infant's father has an obligation to support his wife through any circumstances that may affect breastfeeding and, in case of divorce, provide shelter and financial support to the mother–infant dyad for as long as breastfeeding continues. By showing understanding and respect of Islamic beliefs related to infant feeding, clinicians can help support healthy early feeding of Muslim infants.
Heat transfer through a vertical enclosure with convective boundary conditions

Analyse numerique de la variation en hauteur des temperatures des parois laterales d'une fenetre a double vitrage et de l'influence de ces variations sur la convection dans l'intervalle d'air et sur le transfert de chaleur a travers celui-ci. Discussion des differences qualitatives lorsqu'un flux thermique constant est impose sur une paroi alors que l'autre est maintenue a temperature constante
Symmetry perception in humans and macaques

The human ability to detect symmetry has been a topic of interest to psychologists and philosophers since the 19th century, yet surprisingly little is known about the neural basis of symmetry perception. In a recent fMRI study, Sasaki and colleagues begin to remedy this situation. By identifying the neural structures that respond to symmetry in both humans and macaques, the authors lay the groundwork for understanding the neural mechanisms underlying symmetry perception.
Tumor interaction with the fibrinolytic system

Abstract Tumor activation and inhibition of fibrinolysis appear to be related to the pathophysiology of metastatic tumor spread. Our data demonstrate a correlation between the incidence of tumor metastases and both increasing tumor fibrinolytic activator activity and decreasing tumor fibrinolytic inhibitory activity. Nonmalignant lesions and normal tissue, other than liver, had activation/inhibition ratios of zero. Most malignant neoplasms without metastatic spread had activation/inhibition ratios less than 7, while most tumors with metastatic spread had activation/inhibition ratios greater than 7. Calculation of mean activation/inhibition ratios for tumors with and without metastatic spread demonstrated a statistically significant difference between their activation/inhibition ratios ( P = 0.001). Therefore, tumor activation/inhibition ratios would appear to have statistical reliability as biologic markers for the presence or absence of metastatic tumor spread. These data have significant clinical and therapeutic implications with respect to the utilization of tumor activation/inhibition ratios as biologic markers of tumor spread, and they also warrant further investigation into the mechanisms of tumor interaction with the fibrinolytic system.
Tidy Noether lattices

A Noether lattice ℒ satisfying the union condition on primes which is not a domain and in which every nonzero principal element is integrally closed is characterized in terms of its direct summands. It is shown that either: (1) ifℒ has no proper nonzero direct summands, then every nonzero principal element ofℒ is integrally closed if and only if ℒ is a local Noether lattice whose maximal element is principal and has square zero; or (2) ifℒ has a proper nonzero direct summand, then every nonzero principal element ofℒ is integrally closed if and only if for each minimal direct summandA ofℒ, the quotient lattice [0,A] is an integrally closed domain.
FANCJ/BACH1 Acetylation at Lysine 1249 Regulates the DNA Damage Response

BRCA1 promotes DNA repair through interactions with multiple proteins, including CtIP and FANCJ (also known as BRIP1/BACH1). While CtIP facilitates DNA end resection when de-acetylated, the function of FANCJ in repair processing is less well defined. Here, we report that FANCJ is also acetylated. Preventing FANCJ acetylation at lysine 1249 does not interfere with the ability of cells to survive DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs). However, resistance is achieved with reduced reliance on recombination. Mechanistically, FANCJ acetylation facilitates DNA end processing required for repair and checkpoint signaling. This conclusion was based on the finding that FANCJ and its acetylation were required for robust RPA foci formation, RPA phosphorylation, and Rad51 foci formation in response to camptothecin (CPT). Furthermore, both preventing and mimicking FANCJ acetylation at lysine 1249 disrupts FANCJ function in checkpoint maintenance. Thus, we propose that the dynamic regulation of FANCJ acetylation is critical for robust DNA damage response, recombination-based processing, and ultimately checkpoint maintenance.
Minimizing Anomalies in Reflectance Measurements with the Beckman Quartz Spectrophotometer

The Beckman spectrophotometer Model DU has proved to be a useful instrument for measuring spectral directional reflectance. Like other spectrophotometers it is subject to slit-width and stray-energy errors. The magnitude of these errors and techniques for minimizing them are discussed. The viewing geometry and an adaptor for four-inch square specimens are described.
Combining snow water equivalent data from multiple sources to estimate spatio-temporal trends and compare measurement systems

Owing to the importance of snowfall to water supplies in the western United States, governmentagencies regularly collect data on snow water equivalent (the amount of water in snow) over this region. Several differentmeasurementsystem, of possibly different levels of accuracy and reliability, are in operation: snow courses, snow telemetry, aerial markers, and airborne gamma radiation. Data are available at more than 2,000 distinct sites, dating back a variable number of years (in a few cases to 1910). Historically, these data have been used primarily to generate flood forecasts, and short-term (intra-annual) predictions of streamflow and water supply. However, they also have potential for addressing the possible effects of long-term climate change on snowpack accumulations and seasonal water supplies. We presenta Bayesian spatio-temporalanalysis of the combined snow water equivalent (SWE) data from all four systems that all ows for systematic differences in accuracy and reliability. The primary objectives of our analysis are (1) to estimate the long-term temporal trend in SWE over the western U.S. and characterizehow this trend variesspatially, with quantifiable estimates of variability, and (2) to investigate whether there are systematic differences in the accuracy and reliability of the four measurement systems. We find substantial evidence of a decreasing temporal trend in SWE in the Pacific North west and northern Rockies, but no evidence of a trend in the intermountain region and southern Rockies. Our analysis also indicates that some of the systems differ significantly with respect to their accuracy and reliability.
Resection of the metatarsal head for diabetic foot ulcers

Abstract BACKGROUND: Diabetic foot ulceration is a worldwide health problem. Approximately 15% of the 10 million diabetic patients in the United States will develop a foot ulceration at some time in their lives. The presence of a foot ulcer in this population is extremely debilitating and dramatically increases the risk of lower extremity amputation, accounting for approximately 67,000 lost limbs each year. Additionally, the costs associated with treating foot ulcers in diabetic patients is a major expense in the overall care of this patient group. METHODS: An 11-year retrospective study was conducted to evaluate 101 consecutive patients with diabetic ulcers of the forefoot who were treated using resection of the metatarsal head as the primary means of obtaining wound closure. RESULTS: The results indicate that 88% of the ulcers were healed by using this technique, and relatively more rapidly than would be expected when compared with historical norms. CONCLUSIONS: Resection of the metatarsal head is a safe and relatively inexpensive procedure that facilitates closure of the lesion, helps to control infection, and prevents countless and costly amputations.
Hypercholesterolemia Alters the Gene Expression of Novel Components of the Extracellular Matrix in Experimental Vein Grafts

The success rate of vascular bypass procedures is limited by the development of intimal hyperplasia (IH). Hypercholesterolemia has been shown to accelerate IH in both arteries and experimental vein grafts; however the mechanism remains uncertain. Hyaluronic acid synthase (HAS-1) is a transmembrane enzyme responsible for the formation of hyaluronan; an important constituent of extracellular matrix (ECM). The integrin receptor for hyaluronan is CD-44. Both CD-44 and HAS-1 have been studied in the development of ECM of wounds but have yet to be examined in the ECM of IH within vein grafts. The purpose of this study was to determine if the expression of CD-44 and HAS-1 is increased during the early stages of IH and how cholesterol supplementation affects these genes. Forty white male New Zealand rabbits were divided into two groups: cholesterol supplemented (1% cholesterol chow) and noncholesterol supplemented. Each set of 20 rabbits was then divided into four additional groups (n = 5); a nonoperative group (control) and three operative groups that underwent a right interposition carotid bypass using jugular vein. Grafts were harvested at 3, 7, and 21 days after surgery for molecular studies and histology. Ribonuclease protection assays were performed using 32P-labeled riboprobes for HAS-1, CD-44, and 18s rRNA. Densitometric analysis is expressed as a ratio (riboprobe/rRNA). Cholesterol levels differed significantly between cholesterol supplemented and nonsupplemented groups (1419 ± 130 mg/dl and 48 ± 12 mg/dl) (p < 0.01). There was a significant increase in the expression of HAS-1 and CD-44 in the vein grafts compared to normal jugular vein. Cholesterol supplementation caused a further increase in CD-44 gene expression versus nonsupplemented vein grafts. These data demonstrate a role for CD-44 and HAS-1 transcription in vein graft intimal hyperplasia, which is further altered by cholesterol supplementation. Lastly, these results could explain differences seen in the development of IH with hypercholesterolemia and ultimately provide for improved therapies in alleviating this process.
Steady-State Failure Equilibrium and Deformation of Intraplate Lithosphere

We present a simple conceptual model in which the entire lithosphere is in steady-state failure equilibrium-brittle failure in the upper crust and ductile creep in the lower crust and upper mantle-in response to finite, buoyancy-related plate tectonic forces. We demonstrate that, in the context of finite plate driving forces, high crustal strength provides a first-order constraint on the rate at which intraplate lithosphere deforms. For strike-slip stress states and moderate intraplate heat flow (~60 ± 6 mW m-2), average strain rates are less than 10-17 s-1, consistent with the upper bounds imposed by rigid-plate assumptions inherent in plate tectonic reconstructions as well as with average intraplate strain rates measured by very long baseline interferometry (VLBI). Because regions of higher heat flow are characterized by low effective viscosity in the lower crust and upper mantle, the available plate driving forces are sufficient to cause faster creep at depth (and higher seismicity rates in the overlyi...
3D hyperpolarized He-3 MRI of ventilation using a multi-echo projection acquisition.

A method is presented for high-resolution 3D imaging of the whole lung using inhaled hyperpolarized (HP) He-3 MR with multiple half-echo radial trajectories that can accelerate imaging through undersampling. A multiple half-echo radial trajectory can be used to reduce the level of artifact for undersampled 3D projection reconstruction (PR) imaging by increasing the amount of data acquired per unit time for HP He-3 lung imaging. The point spread functions (PSFs) for breath-held He-3 MRI using multiple half-echo trajectories were evaluated using simulations to predict the effects of T2* and gas diffusion on image quality. Results from PSF simulations were consistent with imaging results in volunteer studies showing improved image quality with increasing number of echoes using up to 8 half-echoes. The 8-half-echo acquisition is shown to accommodate lost breath-holds as short as 6 sec using a retrospective reconstruction at reduced resolution and also to allow reduced breath-hold time compared with an equivalent Cartesian trajectory. Furthermore, preliminary results from a 3D dynamic inhalation-exhalation maneuver are demonstrated using the 8-half-echo trajectory. Results demonstrate the first high-resolution 3D PR imaging of ventilation and respiratory dynamics in humans using HP He-3 MR. Magn Reson Med 59:1062–1071, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Development of control-oriented charge mixing model and experimental validation using graphical analysis

A two-zone control-oriented charge mixing model is developed to describe charge mixing with thermodynamic interaction between fresh charge and residual gas during the intake stroke. This work enables operating range of homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) to be extended without loss of stability. Cylinder volume is divided into two zones with a fictitious divider. In the mixed zone, fresh charge and residual gas expelled from the unmixed zone are mixed homogeneously. Otherwise, the unmixed zone contains rest of the residual gas burned in the previous cycle and trapped by early close of exhaust valves. Incoming fresh charge with high speed expels some of residual gas from the unmixed zone to the mixed zone by force. In this perspective, mass transfer represents charge mixing between two zones. For model validation, optical engine test is carried out. Optical access to the engines with an infrared (IR) camera allows graphical analysis to estimate thermodynamic states of two zones.
Homeless Violence and the Informal Rules of Street Life

Successful adaptation to street life requires that risk of violence, an often present aspect of this lifestyle, be reduced to as low a level as possible. This means knowing the informal rules which permit avoiding the pitfalls of street life. It is argued in this paper that safety and security are a function of interactions occurring within a specific place, with particular associates, and involving safe and unsafe behavior. Carelessness with respect to any of these factors can result in victimization. These issues are discussed using survey and ethnographic data collected in Chattanooga.
The rise of general theories in contemporary science

The developmental trend in many fields of contemporary science is toward integrated general theories. These trends are viewed as essential components of the nature of science rather than expressions of arbitrary preferences of scientists. The law-like factors which lead science toward reliance on general theories include empirical as well as rational components. A model is proposed which exhibits the balance of the relevant factors as calling for increasing use of theories the primitive terms of which are progressively more abstract and general, though no less precise and empirically adequate.
Preparation of inner salt polymers from vinylimidazolium sulphobetaines

Abstract The preparation and properties of ampholytic polymers has been a relatively unexplored area. In this work are discussed the syntheses of monomeric vinylimidazolium sulphobetaines, a class of aromatic inner salt monomers, their free radical polymerizations, and the properties of the resulting polymeric inner salts. Several of the ampholytic polymers prepared were shown to have hydrogel characteristics.
Hypotensive effects of thioridazine in an elderly patient with traumatic brain injury

Neuroleptics have been used to help control agitation, restlessness, and hostility in patients with traumatic brain injury. However, there are many reported side-effects with the use of neuroleptics after brain injury, including memory and other cognitive impairments, as well as slowed neural recovery. Alpha-1 adrenergic blockade with resultant hypotensive and sedating effects has also been reported. This is a case report of a 70-year-old gentleman with traumatic brain injury and cardiovascular disease. Thioridazine was used to control severe behavioural problems but had to be discontinued secondary to marked hypotension. This case illustrates the need for awareness of the significant alpha-1 receptor interaction of some neuroleptics, especially in the elderly population with pre-existing heart disease.
Meningioma presenting as stroke: report of two cases and estimation of incidence

Meningioma is the most common extra-axial brain tumour in adults and frequently originates in the suprasellar, frontobasal, temporobasal, sphenoid wing, or petroclival regions.1,2 Tumours situated in these locations often involve an intracranial portion of the internal carotid artery (ICA) and may compromise cerebral blood flow.1 While transient cerebral ischaemia has been recognised as a complication of skull base meningiomas,3–7 to our knowledge, there are no documented cases of a meningioma causing stroke by ICA occlusion. We report two cases of meningioma presenting with cerebral infarction as a result of carotid artery compression and estimate the incidence of meningioma related cerebral ischaemia by this mechanism at our institution. ### Patient 1 A 49 year old right handed man experienced two weeks of left upper extremity weakness. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) reportedly revealed a right sided mass involving the cavernous sinus, and the patient was referred for a neurosurgical consultation. Two days later the patient noted a sudden increase in symptom severity and presented to an outside hospital. Neurological examination showed a left facial droop, left hand weakness of 2/5 (MRC scale), left proximal upper extremity weakness of 4/5, and decreased sensation on the left hand. Brain MRI demonstrated a subacute right middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory infarct. In addition, there was a mass in the right cavernous sinus, consistent with a meningioma, which encased the ICA (fig 1A). Cerebral angiography demonstrated occlusion of the right cavernous ICA with radiographic …
Spontaneous diabetic BB rat: studies of cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate phosphodiesterase and calmodulin

Uncontrolled diabetes in man is associated with increased plasma and tissue levels of cAMP and decreased cAMP phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity. Spontaneously diabetic BB rats (SDR) were used in these experiments. Specific tissues (i.e. liver and epididymal fat) were studied without therapeutic insulin. Another group of normal animals were rendered diabetic by streptozotocin (STZ) and killed without benefit of insulin therapy. Calmodulin (CM), a small molecular weight protein essential for activation of specific cAMP PDE was assayed. STZ diabetes is associated with a decrease (58%) in CM biological activity and in immunoreactive CM in fat (69%) and liver (13%) tissues Similarly, SDR rats and the nondiabetic genetic controls (NDR) demonstrate decreased CM bioactivity in fat (76% and 56%, respectively) and decreased CM immunoreactivity in liver (68% and 74%, respectively) compared to normal control rats. In addition, maximum velocity (Vmax) of the low Michaelis- Menten constant (Km) cAMP PDE is decreased in ...
CHLOROPHYLL‐SENSITIZED REDUCTION OF SAFRANINE

— The kinetics of the direct photoreduction, and the chlorophyll-sensitized reduction, of safranine by ascorbic acid in aqueous pyridine was studied. In darkness following illumination, safranine was reformed from the colorless reduced derivative by a first order reaction. In light, however, the photostationary concentration of reduced safranine was proportional to the square root of the absorbed illumination, indicating a second order back reaction. The spectrum of reduced safranine, the inhibition of chlorophyll photoreduction by safranine, and the quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence by safranine were also measured. While other mechanisms of sensitization are conceivable, the simplest explanation of the results seems to be one involving the formation of the triplet state of safranine at the expense of the triplet state of chlorophyll.
Cytoreductive Surgery and Intraperitoneal Hyperthermic Chemotherapy for Peritoneal Surface Malignancy: Experience with 501 Procedures

Background Peritoneal dissemination of abdominal malignancy (PSD) has a clinical course marked by bowel obstruction and death. We have been using aggressive cytoreductive surgery with intraperitoneal hyperthermic chemotherapy (IPHC) to treat PSD. The purpose of this article was to review our experience with IPHC. Study Design A prospective database of patients undergoing IPHC has been maintained since 1991. Patients were uniformly evaluated and treated. Demographics, performance status, resection status, primary site, and experience quartile were compared with outcomes. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. Results A total of 460 patients underwent 501 IPHC procedures. Average age was 53.0 years, and 50.4% were women. The 30-day mortality rate was 4.8%, the complication rate was 43%, and median hospital stay was 9 days. Median followup was 55.4 months, median survival was 22.2 months, and 5-year survival rate was 27.8%. Factors correlating with improved survival were performance status (p=0.0001), primary tumor (p=0.0001), resection status (p=0.0001), complications (p=0.002), previous IPHC (p=0.006), and experience quartile (p=0.031). On multivariate analysis, primary tumor site, performance status, resection status, and development of complications (p Conclusions Our experience demonstrated that preoperative criteria for better outcomes include primary tumor site and performance status. Completeness of resection and development of postoperative complications are also crucial, and outcomes have improved over time. Cytoreductive surgery and IPHC represent substantial improvements in outcomes compared with historic series and best-available systemic therapy. Longterm survival is possible for selected patients who undergo the procedure.
SiGe HBT reliability issues associated with operation in extreme environments

Electronics operating in harsh surroundings falling outside the domain of conventional circuit specifications are called "extreme environment" electronics. Extreme environments include, for instance, very low (cryogenic) temperatures (e.g., 77K = -196/spl deg/C), very high temperatures (e.g., 200/spl deg/C), and radiation (e.g., in space). SiGe HBTs are uniquely suited to such extreme environment applications, and in this paper we discuss the reliability issues that are necessarily encountered when using SiGe technology under these conditions.
High-frequency ambient noise and its impact on underwater tracking ranges

A theoretical model for the vertical directionality and depth dependence of high frequency (8 to 50 kHz) ambient noise in the deep ocean is developed. The anisotropic noise field at a variety of depths and frequencies is evaluated and displayed. It was found that at high frequencies and deep depths, a bottom-mounted hydrophone receives the maximum noise energy from overhead rather than from the horizontal. This leads to the consideration of an oblate hydrophone receiving response pattern for underwater tracking ranges that would provide a constant signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for an acoustic source located anywhere in a circular area centered above the hydrophone. Two of the desirable characteristics of this type of pattern are the increase in receiving range of a bottom-mounted sensor and the decrease of the dynamic range of signals that a signal processor must handle.
Measurement of optical refraction across the Chesapeake Bay

Over a thousand measurements of optical refraction across the Chesapeake Bay were made between November 1999 and June 2001. A survey station was placed on the western side of the bay south of Chesapeake Beach MD and used to view lights on Tilghman Island MD on the eastern side at a range of 16.2 km. In addition, the survey station viewed buoys at ranges of 690, 1420, 2050, 2790, 3440, and 4180 m. The heights for the survey station measurements were 2.3, 3.5, 5.4, 12.7, 27.7, and 37 m above the mean water level and the lights were located at 4.7, 9.5, 13.7, 27.0 m above the water level. When weather and work schedules permitted, observations were made twice a day (just after sunrise and at noon). Survey station measurements of the closest buoy are used to estimate the water level. Observations of air-sea temperature difference measured by the mid-bay buoy in the Chesapeake Bay Observing Station (CBOS) are compared with the elevation angles. The elevation angles and air-sea temperature differences (ASTD) are analyzed over an annual cycle. The elevation angles and the non-dimensional curvature of the refractive rays are compared with the ASTD.