cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diagenetic effects on uranium isotope fractionation in carbonate sediments from the Bahamas

Abstract Uranium isotope variations (δ238U) recorded in sedimentary carbonate rocks are a promising new proxy for the extent of oceanic anoxia through geological time. However, the effects of diagenetic alteration on the U isotopic composition in carbonate sediments, which are crucial to understand the accurate reconstruction of marine δ238U, are currently poorly constrained. Here we examine the effects of the aragonite-to-calcite transition in the Pleistocene Key Largo Limestone of South Florida, and assess the effects of vadose meteoric, phreatic meteoric, and phreatic marine diagenesis on U isotope fractionation in carbonate sediments from the Bahamas Transect, including the well-studied Clino, Unda, and ODP Site 1006 drill cores. Our results suggest that early diagenetic processes in Bahamas carbonate sediments fractionate U isotopes by an average of 0.27 ± 0.14‰ (1 SD) heavier than contemporaneous seawater. Downcore variations of δ238U in slope and basin sediments display little, if any, correlation with U concentration and common geochemical indicators of diagenesis (δ13C, δ18O, Mn/Sr, Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca), enrichments of redox-sensitive elements, or rare earth elements anomalies. We propose two possible mechanisms to interpret the positive change in the δ238U during carbonate diagenesis: authigenic enrichment of isotopically positive U(IV) in carbonates and preferential incorporation of isotopically positive aqueous U(VI) species into carbonates. These processes likely operate during early (syndepositional) diagenesis on the banktop. Further diagenesis during deeper burial is limited by the low solubility of U(IV) under reducing pore water conditions. The early diagenetic behavior of U isotopes in Bahamas carbonate sediments is likely broadly representative of carbonate diagenesis in the geological past. We suggest that the mean diagenetic offset determined in this study be applied when reconstructing seawater δ238U from ancient carbonates. Furthermore, early diagenesis induces significant statistical variability in sediment δ238U values, pointing to the need for large, high resolution data sets in order to average out stochastic variations in individual bulk sediment samples.
“Where I Have Been with my Camera”: Sergei Tret’iakov and Developing Operativity

Abstract Focusing primarily on his work after 1929, this article traces Sergei Tret’iakov as an “operative author”. Tret’iakov’s writing practice, shaped by the camera apparatus, embodied and dominated text and image production in the mid-1930s. The article brings Tret’iakov’s writing on photography and the ocherk, including his contributions to Sovetskoe foto, Pioner, and book-length collections featuring his photography, into dialogue with his contemporaries, especially Mikhail Prishvin and Leonid Leonov, and illustrates photography’s shifting role in the codification of Socialist Realism. It suggests the expansive reach of Tret’iakov’s “operative-eye” as a model practice beyond his death.
Short notes on a second tiger (Panthera tigris) from Late Pleistocene Borneo

The tiger (Panthera tigris) has an archaic past on the Malay Archipelago. Despite such, the tiger is poorly recorded on Borneo, with just a single partial metacarpal being previously reported. This...
Nature of the Correlated Insulator States in Twisted Bilayer Graphene

We use self-consistent Hartree-Fock calculations performed in the full $\ensuremath{\pi}$-band Hilbert space to assess the nature of the recently discovered correlated insulator states in magic-angle twisted bilayer graphene (TBG). We find that gaps between the flat conduction and valence bands open at neutrality over a wide range of twist angles, sometimes without breaking the system's valley projected ${\mathcal{C}}_{2}\mathcal{T}$ symmetry. Broken spin-valley flavor symmetries then enable gapped states to form not only at neutrality, but also at total moir\'e band filling $n=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}p/4$ with integer $p=1$, 2, 3, when the twist angle is close to the magic value at which the flat bands are most narrow. Because the magic-angle flat band quasiparticles are isolated from remote band quasiparticles only for effective dielectric constants larger than $\ensuremath{\sim}20$, the gapped states do not necessarily break ${\mathcal{C}}_{2}\mathcal{T}$ symmetry and as a consequence the insulating states at $n=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1/4$ and $n=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3/4$ need not exhibit a quantized anomalous Hall effect.
Newton–Ellipsoid polynomiography

This article introduces new ways of creating mathematical art through a novel iterative method for solving polynomial equations, dubbed Newton–Ellipsoid. Inspired by the ellipsoid method and Newton...
Answering the Call: Educating Future Nurses on LGBTQ HealthCare

The purpose of this population-focused educational strategy was to improve knowledge and attitudes of senior-level baccalaureate nursing students regarding LGBTQ health. Surveys were conducted to a...
Diagnostic body fluid testing

Abstract Body fluid testing is often requested by clinicians to help evaluate abnormal fluid collections and to establish or narrow suspected clinical diagnoses. This chapter aims to provide background around the regulations regarding body fluid testing and guidance for laboratories performing analytical validation of body fluid assays. Common body fluids are then discussed, including an introduction to the anatomy and pathophysiology for those body fluids frequently encountered in the clinical chemistry laboratories. Clinical presentation, symptomatology, differential diagnosis, and diagnostic approach through analysis of each body fluid are also reviewed.
Perception of Mothers among Cerebral Palsy Children with Disabilities in Tamil Nadu, India

The purpose of the study is to check the perception of mothers of cerebral palsy children with disabilities in Tamil Nadu. Data, from India, on perceptions about Cerebral palsy disability are scant. This study explored mother’s knowledge, social well-being and awareness of treatment rendered. During the development of the questionnaire, review of the literature has been primarily made; during developing the questionnaire personal and social values were considered. The questionnaire was emerged with 9 themes, Knowledge of disability condition, Parental stress, Community support, Child ability, Mothers Confidence, Improvement, Health status, Benefits & Belief. Data were collected from mothers of both male and female children with cerebral palsy aged between 1 to 18 years. 220 mothers, averaged 33.44 + 6.14years, of children with CP were randomly selected for this study. Data was collected from mothers attending rehabilitation centers from different institution and special schools in Tamil Nadu. Mothers can hold both a fatalistic view of disability and a belief in the course of disability.The raw data was tabulated and analyzed by using SPSS 17 version software. Cronbach’s Alpha was calculated, the results showed that its Cronbach’s Alpha was extremely good (r=0.96). Our results suggest that there is significance difference with in the mother’s perception towards types of disability in Parental stress, child’s ability, mother’s confidence, improvement, health status, benefits and belief.Mothers should be motivated to maximize rehabilitation services in order to improve their children’s functional capacity. The appreciation of this phenomenon could move towards a model for the delivery of rehabilitation that integrates and harmonizes such beliefs.
Order-Disorder Ferroelectric Transition of Strained SrTiO 3

${\mathrm{SrTiO}}_{3}$ is an incipient ferroelectric that is believed to exhibit a prototype displacive, soft mode ferroelectric transition when subjected to mechanical stress or alloying. We use high-angle annular dark-field imaging in scanning transmission electron microscopy to reveal local polar regions in the room-temperature, paraelectric phase of strained ${\mathrm{SrTiO}}_{3}$ films, which undergo a ferroelectric transition at low temperatures. These films contain nanometer-sized domains in which the Ti columns are displaced. In contrast, these nanodomains are absent in unstrained films, which do not become ferroelectric. The results show that the ferroelectric transition of strained ${\mathrm{SrTiO}}_{3}$ is an order-disorder transition. We discuss the impact of the results on the nature of the ferroelectric transition of ${\mathrm{SrTiO}}_{3}$.
On the Concept and Conservation of Critical Natural Capital

Ecological economics is an interdisciplinary science that is primarily concerned with developing interventions to achieve sustainable ecological and economic systems. While ecological economists ha...
Cover Feature: Rational Design of a Uranyl Metal–Organic Framework for the Capture and Colorimetric Detection of Organic Dyes (Chem. Eur. J. 61/2020)

Author(s): Surbella, Robert G; Carter, Korey P; Lohrey, Trevor D; Reilly, Dallas; Kalaj, Mark; McNamara, Bruce K; Schwantes, Jon; Abergel, Rebecca J
HDAC3 inhibitor RGFP966 controls bacterial growth and modulates macrophage signaling during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.

Abstract Rationale Host-directed therapeutics for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) offer potential strategies for combatting antibiotic resistance and for killing non-replicating bacilli. Phenylbutyrate, a partially selective histone-deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, was previously shown to control Mtb growth and alter macrophage inflammatory pathways at 2–4 mM concentrations. Objective To identify a more potent and selective HDAC inhibitor that modulates macrophage responses to mycobacteria and has direct antibacterial effects against Mtb. Methods We used cellular approaches to characterize the role of pharmacologic inhibition of HDAC3 on Mtb growth and Mtb-induced peripheral and alveolar macrophage immune functions. Measurements and main results RGFP966, an HDAC3 inhibitor, controlled Mtb, BCG and M. avium growth directly in broth culture and in human peripheral blood monocyte-derived and alveolar macrophages with an MIC50 of approximately 5–10 μM. In contrast, RGFP966 did not inhibit growth of several other intracellular and extracellular bacteria. We also found that RGFP966 modulated macrophage pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion in response to Mtb infection with decreased IL6 and TNF secretion. Conclusions We identified a potent and selective small molecule inhibitor of HDAC3 with direct antimicrobial activity against Mtb and modulation of macrophage signaling pathways.
Abstract P507: Clot Ingestion Leads to the Highest First Pass Complete Recanalization Rates in a Human Brain Model of Large Vessel Occlusion Stroke

Introduction: Suction catheters and stent retrievers are based on the classical paradigm of “en bloc” removal of emboli by generation of tensile forces by vacuum or device withdrawal. However, in t...
Staying Connected: Alternative Transportation Use, Neighborhoods, and Social Participation among Older Americans.

Background and objectives A wealth of empirical evidence documents improved health among older adults who participate in social activities. Alternative transportation can serve as a bridge linking older adults to social activities and improving person-environment fit. Research design and methods Using Waves 1-8 of the National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS), this research examines whether alternative transportation use is associated with participation in diverse social activities among a sample of Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 or older. Additionally, this research explores whether the effect of transportation use varies across neighborhood environments. We analyzed individual trajectories of participation in social activities by estimating two-level growth curve models. Results The use of public transportation, paratransit, getting a ride, or walking/using wheelchair/scooter to get places was associated with participating in more types of social activities. Respondents who used alternative transportation had less steep declines in participation. The effect of getting rides and using paratransit services was more pronounced among respondents living in disordered neighborhoods. Discussion and implications This research underscores the importance of alternative transportation use and the neighborhood context for participation among older adults. Age-friendly initiatives aimed at fostering greater community engagement should think broadly about the role of multiple forms of transportation.
STRENGTH HOMOGENIZATION FOR COHESIVE-FRICTIONAL COMPOSITES: A LINEAR COMPARISON COMPOSITE APPROACH

In this work, we address the homogenization of cohesive-frictional strength properties of composite materials through the application of the Linear Comparison Composite (LCC) theory. The LCC methodology is implemented in a multiscale strength model relevant to geomaterials with heterogeneities associated with pore spaces and rigid-like grains. The proposed micromechanics solutions offer quantitative assessments of the effects of grain-scale properties and microstructure on the overall strength of the composite material
A Kinetic Study of DDGS Hemicellulose Acid Hydrolysis and NMR Characterization of DDGS Hydrolysate

Liquid hot water (LHW) extraction was used as a pretreatment method to separate the hemicellulose fraction from dried distiller's grain with solubles (DDGS) into liquid phase. Acid hydrolysis using 3.264 % w/w sulfuric acid at 130 °C was performed to convert polysaccharides in LHW extract to monosaccharides. The structure characterization of DDGS in anomeric carbon region based on proton NMR and heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) during acid hydrolysis was studied in this work. It reveals that the sugar units in DDGS hemicelluloses are constructed with (1-4)-β-D-xylopyranose and α-L-arabinofuranosyl residues. A kinetic model is included to explain the changing concentration of monomer, oligomer, and sugar units. The model was further tested based on the changing concentration of five carbon sugar units during hydrolysis.
Dielectric behavior of polyelectrolytes: IV. Electric polarizability of rigid biopolymers in electric fields

The equilibrium Kerr effect of a system of mobile charges constrained to the surface of biomacromolecules is calculated. Cylindrical and spherical geometries are considered. For the cylinder we determine the anisotropy of electric polarizability as a function of length, temperature, and number of charged species in the low-field regime, and the fraction of the maximum induced dipole in the field direction for higher electric fields. The results are compared to experimental data for DNA oligomers taken from the literature. With spherical geometry we calculate the fractional induced dipole moment as a function of electric field strength and from this deduce the orientation function. The field dependence of the orientation function is compared to experimental data in the literature for bovine disk membrane vesicles.
Effects of opioids and anesthetic drugs on body temperature in cats

Abstract Objective To determine which class of opioid alone or in conjunction with other anesthetic drugs causes post-anesthetic hyperthermia in cats. Study design Prospective, randomized, crossover study. Animals Eight adult, healthy, cats (four spayed females and four castrated males weighing 3.8 ± 0.6 kg). Methods Each cat was instrumented with a wireless thermistor in the abdominal cavity. Temperature in all phases was recorded every 5 minutes for 5 hours. Population body temperature (PBT) was recorded for ∼8 days. Baseline body temperature is the final 24 hours of the PBT. All injectable drugs were given intramuscularly. The cats were administered drugs in four phases: 1) hydromorphone (H) 0.05, 0.1, or 0.2 mg kg −1 ; 2) morphine (M) (0.5 mg kg −1 ), buprenorphine (BUP) (0.02 mg kg −1 ), or butorphanol (BUT) (0.2 mg kg −1 ); 3) ketamine (K) (5 mg kg −1 ) or ketamine (5 mg kg −1 ) plus hydromorphone (0.1 mg kg −1 ) (KH); 4) isoflurane in oxygen for 1 hour. Fifteen minutes prior to inhalant anesthetic, cats received either no premed (I), hydromorphone (0.1 mg kg −1 ) (IH), or hydromorphone (0.1 mg kg −1 ) plus ketamine (5 mg kg −1 ) (IHK). Results Mean PBT for all unmedicated cats was 38.9 ± 0.6 °C (102.0 ± 1 °F). The temperature of cats administered all doses of hydromorphone increased from baseline ( p p p p Conclusions and clinical relevance All of the opioids tested, alone or in combination with ketamine or isoflurane, caused an increase in body temperature. The increase seen was mild to moderate (
Vermont Yankee 2: Can the State of Vermont Win its Federalism Showdown Against the Nuclear Regulatory Commission?

In the wake of the tragic collapse of the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant in 2011 and more than twenty five years after the nuclear meltdown in Chernobyl (1986), nuclear safety is again a top policy priority in the US. The United States is the world’s largest supplier of commercial nuclear power, with more than sixty nuclear power plants governed by a complex framework of federal and state administrative, health and safety and environmental laws and regulations. Adding to the complexity of the regulatory maze, a large number of American nuclear power plants are privately owned and operated, often by large utility companies headquartered out-of-state from the sites of the power plants. This raises the issue: to what extent can state governments intervene in, or otherwise restrict, the licensure of nuclear power plant operations - a sphere traditionally thought of as preempted by the federal Nuclear Regulatory Commmission? Over the past year, this question has assumed more than academic interest. Developments in the State of Vermont over the renewal of the operating license for the Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Plant ("VY") have come to a dramatic head in February 2011, with the Vermont Senate and the Governor of Vermont vowing to block further extensions of the operating permit by all means necessary, including legal challenges. In March 2011, however, the NRC renewed the operating license for VY for an additional twenty year term (until 2032). This Article analyzes a likely federalism showdown in the US courts between the State of Vermont and the NRC, considering the possible outcomes were the case to reach the US Supreme Court. Part one examines the merits of Vermont’s opposition to the extension of the operating permit, including an overview of the legislative and regulatory framework governing nuclear power generation in the US. Part two considers likely legal arguments the State of Vermont would raise to challenge the NRC. The Article concludes with an examination of the likely outcome of a legal challenge in light of the present composition of the Court, including judicial and non-judicial remedies available to the State of Vermont to address the safety concerns it has identified in the continued operation of the VY plant. In light of growing public opposition to the expansion of the nuclear industry in the US, the analysis here may illustrate the viability of legal challenges not merely in the context of VY, but in broader applications, such as the continued debate over the Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository and subsequent initial licensure applications.
Chapter 8 Micro LC/MS Coupling

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) coupling. Combined on-line high-performance LC/MS has been demonstrated in a variety of novel ways. The seemingly difficult successful marriage of a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to a mass spectrometer (MS) has reached to the point where it has become an established, albeit not universally accepted, laboratory technique. The most important difference (and problem) between the techniques of modern gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and LC/MS is the mobile phase utilized. The LC/MS interface must either rapidly remove large portions of the LC eluent, which may include components as diverse as water and buffers, or allow direct introduction of the LC effluent into the high-vacuum system of a mass spectrometer. Thus, unlike the problem encountered with GC/MS, the LC/MS interface must unite an instrument that normally operates in the liquid phase with another instrument that normally operates at high vacuum.
Future Research Prioritization: Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Therapy in Older Patients.

Background Although the implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) is highly effective therapy for preventing sudden cardiac death, there is considerable uncertainty about its benefits and harms in older patients, especially in the presence of factors, other than old age, that increase the risk of death.
The Development of Morality

Moral development is examined from the perspective of the major theoretical approaches. The chapter begins with discussion of historical roots of the psychology of morality. The issues accorded greatest emphasis in each approach organize the remainder of the chapter. The first section reviews conceptions of morality based on the idea that character traits constitute morality. The next section deals with approaches emphasizing emotions and processes of internalization of morality. Then comes a discussion of theories proposing that there are substantive differences between females and males in moral orientations. Next attention is given to approaches emphasizing cultural differences in individualism and collectivism, which result in the acquisition of moralities based on the centrality of individuals and rights or the group and duties. Much of the rest of the chapter focuses on approaches that emphasize the role of judgments in the development of morality defined in terms of welfare, justice, and rights. This work has examined how children's multifaceted experiences result in the development of distinct domains of judgment, including the moral, social conventional, and personal domains. The implications of the development of different domains of reasoning for contextual variations and heterogeneity within cultures are considered. Keywords: collectivism; constructivism; contexts; domains; individualism; internalization; justice; morality of care; reciprocal interactions; rights; welfare
A TEST FOR CONCENTRATION OF ELECTROLYTES IN SWEAT IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS OF THE PANCREAS UTILIZING PILOCARPINE BY IONTOPHORESIS

A method of performing the test for chloride or sodium in the sweat of patients with cystic fibrosis of the pancreas is presented. It utilizes pilocarpine by iontophoresis and has the advantage of being both rapid and painless. Data are presented to show that the method is reliable.
Next-Generation NAMPT Inhibitors Identified by Sequential High-Throughput Phenotypic Chemical and Functional Genomic Screens

Phenotypic high-throughput chemical screens allow for discovery of small molecules that modulate complex phenotypes and provide lead compounds for novel therapies; however, identification of the mechanistically relevant targets remains a major experimental challenge. We report the application of sequential unbiased high-throughput chemical and ultracomplex small hairpin RNA (shRNA) screens to identify a distinctive class of inhibitors that target nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase (NAMPT), a rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a crucial cofactor in many biochemical processes. The lead compound STF-118804 is a highly specific NAMPT inhibitor, improves survival in an orthotopic xenotransplant model of high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and targets leukemia stem cells. Tandem high-throughput screening using chemical and ultracomplex shRNA libraries, therefore, provides a rapid chemical genetics approach for seamless progression from small-molecule lead identification to target discovery and validation.
Development and spatial resolution characterization of a dedicated pulsed x-ray, cone-beam breast CT system

Dedicated breast CT (bCT) technology may be useful for patients with high risk of developing breast cancer. Previous studies have shown that bCT outperforms mammography in the visualization of mass lesions, however mammography is superior in identifying microcalcifications. The Breast Tomography Project at UC Davis has led to development of three dedicated breast CT scanners that produce high resolution, fully tomographic images, overcoming tissue superposition effects found in mammography while maintaining an equivalent radiation dose. Over 600 patients have been imaged in an ongoing clinical trial. The first patient scan was performed on the latest bCT scanner developed at UC Davis, called Cambria, on April 12, 2012. The main differences between Cambria and the previous scanners are in using a pulsed xray source (generator and tube) instead of continuous x-ray sources, and also in using the non-binning mode of the flatpanel fluoroscopic detector. The spatial resolution characteristics of the new scanner were investigated and the results show significant improvement in the overall MTF properties. Based on these results, it was concluded that using the pulsed x-ray tube, we were able to restore the MTF degradation caused by motion blurring effect that exists in previous generations of bCT. Moreover, MTF analysis shows that using the detector in the native acquisition mode (1 x 1) results in superior spatial resolution which will likely bring considerable improvement to the delineation of microcalcifications.
A study of variations in the structure of the hen's egg2

Synopsis The objectives of this work were to determine variations in structure and chemical components of the hen's egg. Analyses were made relative to moisture, ether extract and nitrogen content of eggs from selected individual hens. Significant differences were found between hens for all chemical components. The variation in the egg yolk protein was less than variation in other components.
On the measure of algebraic independence of certain values of elliptic functions

Abstract We provide a measure for the algebraic independence of some special values of the Weierstrass elliptic function with complex multiplication and algebraic invariants. Specifically, suppose ℘(z) is such an elliptic function, u is a nontorsion algebraic point for ℘(z) , and β is an algebraic number which is cubic over the field of multiplications of ℘(z) . We then give the following result: For every e > 0 there exists a positive real number t ( e ) > 0 such that for any nonzero integral polynomial P ( X , Y ), with t ( P ) = deg P + log height P > t ( e ), log |P(℘(βu), ℘(β 2 u))| > − exp (t(P) 4 + e ) .
Evidence that changes in spine neck resistance are not responsible for expression of LTP.

From modeling studies it is known that changes in spine neck resistance can influence the shape of the non-linear curve relating synaptic current to synaptic conductance if the resistance of the neck approaches the synaptic input resistance. Such work also indicates that the effects of resistance will be much more pronounced for fast rather than slow synaptic currents. Accordingly, a reduction in neck resistance could produce an increase in the rapid responses generated by the quisqualate/AMPA class of glutamate receptors while only minimally affecting the slower NMDA receptor-mediated responses and thus account for the pattern of changes known to be associated with long-term potentiation (LTP). This hypothesis predicts that large reductions in synaptic conductance should have disproportionate effects on potentiated versus control responses. This was tested by using field potential recordings of synaptic currents in CA1 pyramidal cells in hippocampal slices in response to stimulation of Schaffer/commissural inputs that either received LTP-inducing stimulation or did not. Two manipulations were used to systematically reduce synaptic conductances: reductions of extracellular Ca++ and partial blockade of postsynaptic receptors. Reductions jof synaptic field potentials by 40–75% by either method at control synapses were accompanied by equivalent reductions at priviously potentiated synapses. These results suggest that LTP expression is not due to a predicted by the curves relating synaptic current to synaptic conductance as would be predicted by the spine resistance hypotheses.
Regulation of cell proliferation and growth by angiotensin II

The peptide hormone angiotensin II (AngII) has clearly defined physiologic roles as a regulator of vasomotor tone and fluid homeostasis. In addition AngII has trophic or mitogenic effects on a variety of target tissues, including vascular smooth muscle and adrenal cells. More recent data indicate that AngII exhibits many characteristics of the 'classical' peptide growth factors such as EGF/TGF alpha, PDGF and IGF-1. These include the capacity for local generation ('autocrine or paracrine' action) and the ability to stimulate tyrosine phosphorylation, to activate MAP kinases and to increase expression of nuclear proto-oncogenes. The type 1 AngII receptor, which is responsible for all known physiologic actions of AngII, has been cloned. Activation of this receptor leads to elevated phosphoinositide hydrolysis, mobilization of intracellular Ca2+ and diacylglycerol, and activation of Ca2+/calmodulin and Ca2+/phospholipid-dependent Ser/Thr kinases, as well as Ca2+ regulated tyrosine kinases. The existence of other AngII receptor subtypes has been postulated, but the function(s) of these sites remains unclear. In vascular smooth muscle, AngII can promote cellular hypertrophy and/or hyperplasia, depending in part on the patterns of induction of secondary factors that are known to stimulate (PDGF, IGF-1, basic FGF) or inhibit (TGF-beta) mitosis. Together, these findings have suggested that AngII plays important roles in both the normal development and pathophysiology of vascular, cardiac, renal and central nervous system tissues.
Localization and finiteness in link concordance

Abstract We first present a philosophy which seeks to unify many of the invariants which have arisen in the study of the question “Which links are concordant to boundary links?”. We show that a link of 2-spheres in S 4 is null-concordant if and only if a certain obstruction vanishes in a bordism group associated to Vegel's localization E of a wedge of circles. We prove that, if at least one of H 3 ( π 1 ( E )) or H 5 ( π 1 ( E )) is non-zero, then there is a link which is not concordant to a boundary link (but has vanishing Milnor's invariants). We define a finiteness condition regarding the possible behavior of infinite families of surfaces in a classical link complement which, if satisfied, guarantees that a link is a sublink of a homology boundary link, and thus that all known invariants for distinguishing its concordance class from that of a boundary link, vanish. This finiteness condition may be equivalent to the vanishing of Milnor's μ-invariants.
Enhanced stability of αB-crystallin in the presence of small heat shock protein Hsp27

Abstract Lens α-crystallin, αA- and αB-crystallin, and Hsp27 are members of the small heat shock protein family. Both αA- and αB-crystallin are expressed in the lens and serve as structural proteins and as chaperones, but αB-crystallin is also expressed in nonlenticular organs where Hsp27, rather than αA-crystallin, is expressed along with αB-crystallin. It is not known what additional function Hsp27 has besides as a heat shock protein, but it may serve, as αA-crystallin does in the lens, to stabilize αB-crystallin. In this study, we investigate aspects on conformation and thermal stability for the mixture of Hsp27 and αB-crystallin. Size exclusion chromatography, circular dichroism (CD), and light scattering measurements indicated that Hsp27 prevented αB-crystallin from heat-induced structural changes and high molecular weight (HMW) aggregation. The results indicate that Hsp27 indeed promotes stability of αB-crystallin.
Self-consistent addition spectrum of a Coulomb island in the quantum Hall regime.

Coulomb interactions are shown to influence the addition spectrum of a small electron gas in the quantum Hall regime in ways that cannot be described by a classical charging energy. The interaction energy between electrons is observed to depend upon Landau-level index, and the evolution of the addition spectrum with magnetic field is found to depend strongly on Coulomb interactions. A self-consistent model of the island is introduced that can account for these results.
1157 A STANDARDIZED NEUROLOGICAL EXAMINATION FOR INFANTS: OPTIMALITY SCORES FOR A HIGH RISK GROUP

1157 A STANDARDIZED NEUROLOGICAL EXAMINATION FOR INFANTS: OPTIMALITY SCORES FOR A HIGH RISK GROUP
Action of pectic enzymes on oligogalacturonic acids and some of their derivatives.

Abstract Purified citrus pectinesterase (PE) does not hydrolyze the ester groups of ( a ) the diester of digalacturonic acid, ( b ) the diester of methyldigalacturonic acid, ( c ) the triester of methyltrigalacturonic acid, or ( d ) the half esters of digalacturonic acid. It readily attacks polygalacturonic acid polymethyl esters with D.P.'s of 10 and above. Purified fungal polygalacturonase (PG) does not hydrolyze the glycosidic galacturonide bonds of the three completely esterified oligogalacturonic acids, dimethyl ester of methyldigalacturonic acid, dimethyl ester of digalacturonic acid, or trimethyl ester of methyltrigalacturonic acid. It does not attack the glycosidic linkage of the half esters of digalacturonic acid. It hydrolyzes digalacturonic acid, methyl-α- d -digalacturonic acid, and trigalacturonic acid, but only at about 5% of the rate at which it attacks polygalacturonic acid. It attacks α- d -galacturonopyranosyl- l -galactonic acid. Thus PG attacks all polygalacturonide substrates which possess a glycosidic uronide bond between two adjacent free carboxyl groups, but fails to attack those where one or both of the adjacent carboxyl groups is esterified.
Fluorine sites in calcium and barium oxyfluorides: F-19 NMR on crystalline model compounds and glasses

Abstract As part of an ongoing effort to apply Fluorine-19 NMR to understanding the effects of fluoride on the structures and properties of silicate glasses and melts, the local environment of fluorine in several fluorosilicate and fluoroaluminate crystals was explored using 19 F MAS NMR. Upon combining this work with recent data, we found the chemical shift generally increases with the radius of the adjoining cation. Also, we found that, in F–La(n) and F–Ca(n) sites, increasing the coordination of the fluorine atom lowers the frequency of the chemical shift. In fluoroaluminates, however, increasing coordination increases the chemical shift. Using this compilation of crystalline data, we analyzed 19 F NMR spectra for several silicate and aluminosilicate glasses. The major feature in the Ba silicate glass was a broad peak assigned to F–Ba(n), and a low intensity shoulder was attributed to Si–F–Ba(n). It was impossible to assign the main peak in the Ba aluminosilicate glass to a particular structure, but it was clear that there was a negligible amount of F–Ba(n) present. The Ca aluminosilicate glass had F–Ca(n) units suggested by additional intensity in the higher frequency spinning sidebands, implying that Ca2+ is more effective than Ba2+ in competing with Al3+ for fluorine bonds.
Prevention of Drug Abuse

Prevention efforts in alcohol and drug abuse have typically focused on the general population. However, most individuals who abuse addictive drugs either terminate consumption voluntarily or do not progress to a clinical diagnosis of psychoactive substance use disorder (PSUD). Because PSUD has such adverse effects on costs to society, prevention research and practice should emphasize the development and implementation of interventions for individuals who are at high risk for this disorder. This article proposes a conceptual framework for better understanding of the etiology of PSUD and for implementing prevention efforts that are targeted to specific vulnerabilities of an individual. These vulnerabilities are discussed with respect to their spatial organization (i.e., manifestations across multiple levels of biobehavioral organization) and temporal organization (i.e., manifestations across an individual's life span).
Hadronic fragmentation initiated by pointlike probes

Isotopic ratios of fast mesons produced in the target-fragmentation r\'egion in reactions initiated by pointlike probes should resemble those seen in ordinary hadronic reactions when the probe removes sea partons from the target but should show dramatic changes once the probe knocks out valence partons. We use simple parton-fusion models to predict the shapes and magnitudes of inclusive meson spectra (${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$,${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$,${K}^{+}$,${K}^{\ensuremath{-}}$) in the target-fragmentation region of $\ensuremath{\mu}p$, $\ensuremath{\nu}p$, and $\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}p$ semi-inclusive scattering and in the inclusive production of mesons in association with a massive lepton pair: $\mathrm{pp}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{MX}$ or $p\overline{p}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{MX}$. Our predictions are in agreement with the limited existing data on these reactions and indicate areas where experiments may shed light on the correlated distribution of several partons in the nucleon.
Nanoelectrospray Emitter Arrays Providing Interemitter Electric Field Uniformity

Arrays of electrospray ionization (ESI) emitters have been reported previously as a means of enhancing ionization efficiency or signal intensity. A key challenge when working with multiple, closely spaced ESI emitters is overcoming the deleterious effects caused by electrical interference among neighboring emitters. Individual emitters can experience different electric fields depending on their relative position in the array, such that it becomes difficult to operate all of the emitters optimally for a given applied potential. In this work, we have developed multi-nanoESI emitters arranged with a circular pattern, which enable the constituent emitters to experience a uniform electric field. The performance of the circular emitter array was compared to a single emitter and to a previously developed linear emitter array, which verified that improved electric field uniformity was achieved with the circular arrangement. The circular arrays were also interfaced with a mass spectrometer via a matching multicapi...
Penetration of ozone into columns of stored grains and effects on chemical composition and processing performance

Abstract Previous investigations have indicated the effectiveness of ozonation to control insects and fungi in stored grain. To further evaluate the efficacy of ozone for pest control, the current study investigated the flow characteristics of ozone through a less porous grain than maize such as wheat, and the effects of long exposure to a high ozone concentration (50 ppm) on grain quality for end-users of the grain. The flow of ozone through a 3-m column of wheat was similar to that previously observed for maize, having a Phase 1 in which the ozone rapidly degraded as the ozone front moved through the grain and a Phase 2 in which the ozone moved freely through the grain with little degradation. Increasing the velocity of ozone flow from 0.02 to 0.04 m/s facilitated deeper penetration of wheat in a Phase 1 state. Treatment of grains with 50 ppm ozone for 30 d had no detrimental effect on popping volume of popcorn, fatty acid and amino acid composition of soybean, wheat, and maize, milling characteristics of wheat and maize, baking characteristics of wheat, and stickiness of rice. These data indicate that, if repeated ozone treatments are needed, such treatment should not decrease the quality of grain for end-users.
Esthetics and the edentulous patient

Most individuals undergo some degree of psychological shock, depression, and loss of self-esteem after the loss of their teeth. Optimum success in the treatment of the edentulous patient can no longer be limited to the proper fit, function, speech, selection, and arrangement of teeth. In addition, today's dentists must use treatment strategies that include proper psychological management, caring, and recognition of the importance of the patient's perception of what is personally esthetic. This article addresses the esthetic considerations of this restorative challenge.
Synthesis and antiparasitic and antitumor activity of 2, 4-diamino-6-(arylmethyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinazoline analogues of piritrexim.

Nineteen previously undescribed 2,4-diamino-6-(arylmethyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinazolines (5a−m, 10−12) were synthesized as part of a larger effort to assess the therapeutic potential of lipophilic...
Oculomotor reflexes after semicircular canal plugging in cats

Abstract The horizontal ocular reflexes of cats were studied before and after plugging all 6 semicircular canals (2 cats) or the horizontal canals only (2 cats). After plugging, the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) was virtually absent in the cats with all canals plugged; a small phase-advanced VOR was detectable only at high velocities of rotation. There was no VOR recovery over several months. A compensatory cervico-ocular reflex (COR) appeared within a few days of plugging in all cats, and increased in gain slowly over time. The cats with horizontal canals plugged had little VOR during yaw rotation with the head pitched near 30° down from the stereotaxic plane. When the head was pitched nose up from this null plane, a horizontal VOR appeared and increased as the sine of pitch angle, indicating that the cats relied on normal or increased coupling of vertical canals to horizontal eye movers for generation of compensatory eye movements. Periods of compensatory and anticompensatory eye movements were recorded during downward pitched yaw.
Superconducting proximity effect in single-wall carbon nanotubes

Abstract We investigate electronic transport through single-wall carbon nanotubes connected to Nb electrodes. At 4.2 K, we find that the transparency of the Nb/nanotube contact is increased by applying a negative voltage to a nearby gate electrode and that the nanotube differential resistance has a dip at low bias when the transparency is tuned to be high. Our results demonstrate a gate-controllable superconducting proximity effect in nanotubes.
Variables influencing one-zero and instantaneous time sampling outcomes

Previous studies have shown that instantaneous time sampling results are more highly correlated with true duration than are one-zero sampling results. One-zero results, however, reflected a composite of both duration and frequency better than did instantaneous results. It is shown in this analysis that these outcomes are the logical result of the definitions of the two sampling modes. When interval lengths meet specific requirements, correct frequency counts can be obtained with either mode and systematic duration error with one-zero sampling can be eliminated by subtracting frequency from the number of intervals scored ‘one.’
“@Work in cyberspace”: Exploring practitioner use of the PRForum

Abstract This study explores the impact of PRForum, a subscription-based newsgroup on the Internet, on the public relations community by examining the nature, function, and content of the online communicative exchanges and by probing the uses and gratifications associated with participation. A descriptive content analysis of 292 postings to the group during a 15-day period found that although a broad range of topics are discussed, nearly half of messages posted to the newsgroup focus on the Internet and its applications of the field. A small nucleus of senior practitioners contributed nearly one in every five of these messages to the group, often dominating many of the diverse conversation threads. A survey of participants indicated that the forum is used for three primary functions: to facilitate the exchange of information and advice; to create a forum to debate issues affecting the profession; and to cultivate and foster a sense of self-validation and enhanced efficacy both at a personal and professional level.
LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF EARLY HOME VISITATION ON RATES OF STATE-VERIFIED CASES OF CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT. • 606

LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF EARLY HOME VISITATION ON RATES OF STATE-VERIFIED CASES OF CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT. • 606
Unreliability of simultaneously determining kchem and Dchem via conductivity relaxation for surface-modified La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3 − δ

Abstract Electrical conductivity relaxation (ECR) was utilized to determine the oxygen surface exchange coefficient, k chem , and bulk diffusion coefficient, D chem , for La 0.6 Sr 0.4 Co 0.2 Fe 0.8 O 3 − δ (LSCF 6428) solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) cathodes. Measurements were performed at 1073 K in the 100% to 3.3% p O 2 range. Both k chem and D chem were nearly one order of magnitude larger than previously reported values. This discrepancy is attributed to the low reliability, yet commonly utilized, two-parameter fit procedure that seeks to simultaneously determine k chem and D chem from a single measurement. The value of k chem is shown to vary by almost one order of magnitude depending on the number of terms chosen in the data fit, while the fit quality, S R , remained constant throughout. Polished LSCF 6428 samples were also individually surface-doped with La, Sr, Co, and Fe, as well as with LSCF 6428 nanoparticles (25–50 nm) to investigate trends in k chem and D chem . Fe surface doping caused a decrease in k chem , while La, Sr, Co and nanoparticle doping did not affect the oxygen surface exchange or bulk diffusion coefficients.
Wolves in Sheep's Clothing: Men's Enlightened Sexism & Hegemonic Masculinity in Academia

In the spring of 2008, I presided over and served as discussant for a session on hegemonic masculinity at a regional sociology conference. Going into the 8:30 a.m. session, my primary concern was t...
A9) Search and Rescue Underestimated

BackgroundSearch and rescue plays a major role in today's society. Whether lost at sea, stranded in a remote area, or trapped in a confined space, countless rescuers and volunteers will attempt to find you and get you to safety.Discussion and ObservationsRescue teams consist of highly trained professionals including firefighters, EMT's, paramedics and other local volunteers who are willing to risk their lives to help others. Special teams and robotics were sent into ground zero after 9/11, locating and providing immediate extrication to those who were injured. The U.S Coast Guard's search and rescue efforts during Katrina were crucial saving countless lives in New Orleans.
Analysis of flow on cones and cylinders using discrete vortex methods

Discrete vortex methods have been developed to investigate the vortex flows on cones and two-dimensional cylinders. The cone problem was solved by assuming that, to meet conical flow and zero-force conditions, the vortices move radially away from the body at a given cross-section. The two-dimensional cylinder problem was solved by limiting the velocity along the zero streamline surrounding the vortex field to two times freestream velocity and by limiting the lateral movement of the vortices. Variations in vortex position and strength with time were determined by taking into account the rate at which circulation is generated at separation points on the body. The calculated vortex positions and strengths were in good agreement with available experimental data. Viscous effects could be accounted for by adding empirically determined damping terms to the velocity equations. The models indicate that different types of asymmetry occur for the cone and two-dimensional cylinder. Asymmetry onset boundaries determined by the discrete vortex method show the same trend as experiment.