cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Detection of herpes simplex virus proteins in cultured cells by monoclonal antibodies and the avidin-biotin-immunoperoxidase complex method.

The distribution of 5 proteins of herpes simplex virus Type 1 was observed in cells that had been infected for various periods. The cells were stained with monoclonal antibodies to 1CP4, ICP5, ICP6, ICP8, and gB, using the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex (ABC) method. Each protein had a characteristic pattern of time of appearance and translocation by which it could be distinguished from the others. The sensitivity of the ABC technique, its ease of use, and the permanence of the preparations make this method well suited for the study of viral proteins.
Kitchen science investigators: promoting identity development as scientific reasoners and thinkers

My research centers upon designing transformative learning environments and supporting technologies. Kitchen Science Investigators (KSI) is an out-of-school transformative learning environment we designed to help young people learn science through cooking. My dissertation considers the question, 'How can we design a learning environment in which children discover the utility of science in their lives and their own scientific capabilities?’ I have explored this question in the context of designing and enacting KSI. We designed the environment (i.e., activities, facilitation, and technology support) so that in the midst of cooking, participants generate personal goals that they need science to achieve. Our design integrates software to promote scientific practices in a real world context. In my thesis research I analyze how learners are developing identity as scientific reasoners in this environment. I also make recommendations about the design of learning environments and technologies to help with scientific development. My dissertation study is a longitudinal study of individuals in our most recent implementation of KSI. My current analysis of KSI shows significant development of disposition and identity development among focal learners, as well as a set of causal factors. I found that as learners connected cooking and science, and as they participated in science socially with their friends, they began to increase their scientific participation in and outside of KSI. My findings suggest guidelines for software support, facilitation, and activities for getting learners engaged in scientific inquiry in ways that promote the development of scientific identities.
Multiple Roles and Well-Being Among Midlife Women: Testing Role Strain and Role Enhancement Theories

Methods. Data are from the 1992 wave of the Health and Retirement Study. Depressive symptomatology, measured by a subset of the CES-D scale, is the dependent variable. To assess the robustness of findings relative to different functional forms of the dependent variable, we estimate multiple regression, log-linear regression, and multinomial logit models. Independent variables include demographic characteristics, measures of role occupancy, role demands, and role satisfaction. Results. Although the number of roles women assume affects their reports of depressive symptoms, once the demand and satisfaction associated with these roles is controlled, number has no effect; that is, the effect of the number of roles is indirect. Discussion. Our results highlight the importance of women's perceptions of the quality of their roles in relation to their overall well-being. Future investigations of women's multiple roles should examine how roles may provide rewards, impose constraints, or generate conflict, as well as the extent to which the willingness to assume multiple roles and the reported levels of role satisfaction and mental well-being may be jointly endogenous.
A Fumbled Opportunity? A Case Study of Twitter’s Role in Concussion Awareness Opportunities During the Super Bowl:

Doctors, journalists, and other advocates are attempting to draw attention to the dangers of head trauma in football, and the popularity of social media has given them a new outlet to perform advocacy. This case study explores how advocates for concussion awareness in football used Twitter to help spread their message during the 2013 Super Bowl. A content analysis of tweets from 92 concussion advocates on the day of the Super Bowl was conducted. Analysis revealed that the advocates used Twitter for (a) linking to football concussion content, (b) Super Bowl game-related commentary, (c) non-concussion or non–Super Bowl related links or messages, (d) linking to non-football concussion content, (e) concussion-related commentary, (f) engagement, and (g) self or website promotion. Results demonstrate that while advocates have a tremendous opportunity to use the agenda-setting possibilities that are afforded through Twitter, concussion advocates did not utilize Twitter in this manner.
Movement Accuracy Changes Muscle-Activation Strategies in Female Subjects During a Novel Single-Leg Weight-Bearing Task

Objective Understanding of how female subjects learn to move accurately during a resisted weight-bearing task is limited. The purpose of this study was to examine the muscle activation patterns used by female subjects in learning a novel single-leg squat (SLS) task under visual and nonvisual conditions. Design Prospective training study. Setting University research setting. Participants Ten healthy young female participants. Intervention Subjects tracked a sinusoidal target (knee displacement) during a resisted SLS exercise during the course of 4 days, under eyes open (EO) and eyes closed (EC) conditions with the use of a custom-designed weight-bearing exercise device. Main Outcome Measurement The accuracy of performance in tracking the target and electromyographic activity (EMG) of 5 muscles around the knee were monitored. Results Subjects improved their accuracy of performance by day 2 (40% decrease in error) and retained the accuracy on day 4. Error during the EC condition was 3 times greater than EO condition. Quadriceps-to-hamstrings coactivation ratio increased with the improved accuracy from the learning. Absence of visual feedback was accompanied by a decrease in the quadriceps-to-hamstrings coactivation ratio for this task. Conclusion The muscle synergistic activity around the knee changes as the accuracy of the task improves during a resisted weight-bearing task. This activation pattern represents a feed forward control plan that the central nervous system adopted to optimize accurate weight-bearing knee displacement. Rehabilitation specialists should consider manipulating the visual feedback and accuracy of performance when developing weight-bearing rehabilitation training protocols to improve neuromuscular control in female patients.
Familial Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms and Dissections Genetic Heterogeneity With a Major Locus Mapping to 5q13-14

Background—Aneurysms and dissections affecting the ascending aorta are associated primarily with degeneration of the aortic media, called medial necrosis. Families identified with dominant inheritance of thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections (TAA/dissections) indicate that single gene mutations can cause medial necrosis in the absence of an associated syndrome. Methods and Results—Fifteen families were identified with multiple members with TAAs/dissections. DNA from affected members from 2 of the families was used for a genome-wide search for the location of the defective gene by use of random polymorphic markers. The data were analyzed by the affected-pedigree-member method of linkage analysis. This analysis revealed 3 chromosomal loci with multiple markers demonstrating evidence of linkage to the phenotype. Linkage analysis using further markers in these regions and DNA from 15 families confirmed linkage of some of the families to 5q13-14. Genetic heterogeneity for the condition was confirmed by a h...
Latex allergy in the workplace: an overview of where we are

INTRODUCTION Allergy to natural rubber latex has become the most common cause of occupational rhinoconjunctivitis and asthma among health care workers.1 In questionnaire-only surveys, up to 53% of responding health care workers2 self-report some type of reaction to rubber gloves. In surveys involving both questionnaires and either latex skin testing or immunoassays for latexspecific IgE antibodies, 5%3 to 17%4,5 of various hospital employee groups were documented as latex-sensitive. The high variation of prevalences reported is due to use of different skin test materials, small sample populations, and use of selected populations.
Dynamic model of the vergence eye movement system: Simulations using MATLAB/SIMULINK

A dynamic model of the vergence eye movement system was developed and simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK. The model was based on a dual-mode dynamic model previously written in FORTRAN. It consisted of a fast open-loop component and a slow closed-loop component. The new model contained several important modifications. For example, in the fast component, a zero-order hold element replaced the sampler and the target trajectory estimator in the earlier model to provide more stable and accurate responses. Also, a periodicity detector was added to automatically detect periodicity in the stimulus waveform. The stored periodic stimulus, with a reduction in latency, was used to drive the fast component output. Moreover, a connection representing the efference copy signal was added from the fast component output to the disparity input to provide an accurate estimate of the stimulus waveform. Further, Robinson's model of the extraocular muscles replaced the earlier 2nd-order plant to provide more realistic muscle dynamics. The entire model, containing the fast and slow components, was simulated using a variety of stimuli such as pulses, positive and negative ramps, square-wave, and sine-wave. The responses showed dynamic characteristics similar to experimental results. Thus, this new MATLAB/SIMULINK program provides a relatively easy-to-use, versatile, and powerful simulation environment for investigating the basic as well as clinical aspects of vergence dynamics. Moreover, the simulation program has general characteristics that can be modified to represent other oculomotor systems such as the versional and accommodation systems. This provides a framework for future investigation of dynamic interactions between oculomotor systems.
The rubber hand illusion in children with autism spectrum disorders: delayed influence of combined tactile and visual input on proprioception

In the rubber hand illusion, perceived hand ownership can be transferred to a rubber hand after synchronous visual and tactile stimulation. Perceived body ownership and self-other relation are foundational for development of self-awareness, imitation, and empathy, which are all affected in autism spectrum disorders (ASD). We examined the rubber hand illusion in children with and without ASD. Children with ASD were initially less susceptible to the illusion than the comparison group, yet showed the effects of the illusion after 6 minutes. Delayed susceptibility to the illusion may result from atypical multisensory temporal integration and/or an unusually strong reliance on proprioception. Children with ASD who displayed less empathy were significantly less likely to experience the illusion than those with more intact ability to express empathy. A better understanding of body representation in ASD may elucidate neural underpinnings of social deficits, thus informing future intervention approaches.
What type of diabetes do young people have

Although type 1 diabetes remains the most common type of diabetes in the pediatric population, there has been a dramatic rise in type 2 diabetes in youth. Clinical distinctions between these two major types have become blurred. As genetic and biochemical measures become more affordable and available, practical applications of these measures to better understand diabetes type in youth and the implications of diabetes type on the evolution of the disease are needed.
Molecular Epidemiology of Avian Leukosis Virus Subgroup J and Evolutionary History of Its 3′ Untranslated Region

Abstract Avian leukosis subgroup J (ALV-J) causes a variety of tumors and mortality in meat-type chickens. Since its discovery in the late 1980s, ALV-J has spread to breeding stock produced by most primary breeding companies of North America, the European Union, and Asia. ALV-J seems to have been eradicated from elite breeding stock produced by most primary breeders, albeit ALV-J still circulates in some commercial poultry. This study was undertaken to examine the molecular epidemiology and evolution of ALV-J detected in breeding stock and broiler chickens representing eight primary breeding companies over a period of approximately 20 yr (1988–2007). The redundant transmembrane region of the envelope gene has been deleted in some isolates, suggesting that this region is dispensable for viral fitness. Within the 3′ untranslated region (3′ UTR), the direct repeat 1 was present in 100% of the ALV-J isolates studied. In contrast, the E element has undergone substantial deletions in >50% of the ALV-J proviruse...
Irregular Wave Runup and Overtopping

A cumulative frequency distribution function for the runup elevation of irregular waves is useful in the design of many coastal structures. Such a relationship would help a designer to quantify trade offs between structure geometry and allowable overtopping. The work of Saville and Battjes suggests that a Rayleigh distribution is a reasonable but somewhat conservative dierstribution for irregular wave runup elevations. This note gives a simple technique for establishing a Rayleigh runup distribution for given wave and structure characteristics and then extends the technique to estimate irregular wave overtopping rates.
Oil-Oil and Oil-Source Rock Correlations: Techniques

It is commonly accepted, with few exceptions, that crude oils have a biogenic origin and are formed as a result of the diagenetic and thermal conversion of organic matter deposited and preserved in various types of aquatic sedimentary environments (Hunt, 1979). A large amount of organic matter from living systems is incorporated into macromolecular structures (kerogen) prior to thermal degradation and formation of the mobile liquid products (Rullkotter and Michaelis, 1990). The organic matter responsible for the kerogen formation is predominantly derived from algal, microbial, and higher plant sources. The amount of the organic matter actually preserved, converted into kerogen, and ultimately available for conversion into fossil fuels will depend on a variety of conditions including various chemical and microbial aspects of the depositional environments.
Making Sense of Mass Atrocity: The Bureaucracy of Murder

The key challenges that criminal justice confronts in coping with mass atrocity, as we have seen, trace to a central dilemma: law and evidence permit liability far beyond the few individuals who can practically be prosecuted, but even these few can be convicted only through theories of liability that blame them for wrongs beyond their complete control or contemplation. This may first appear largely a practical concern about scarce resources: only a few of the big fish can be prosecuted (internationally, at least) for only a small fraction of the misconduct by a limited number of the small fry. Yet this practical problem quickly raises a vexing normative question about how to assess relative degrees of responsibility among an atrocity's myriad participants. Answering that question in turn requires determining what misconduct by which subordinates can be ascribed fairly to specific superiors and their peers. There often will be many such people arrayed along a chain of command, within a general staff, or among the members of an interbranch, policymaking committee. Differing answers to the preceding queries yield distinct choices about whom to prosecute, for which offenses. The scarcity of prosecutorial resources makes these challenges still more fraught with controversy. Prosecutors at the national and international levels have responded differently to these concerns. At the ICTY, prosecutors turn to enterprise participation because the doctrine readily reaches beyond army bureaucracies to informal power networks, enabling them to maximize convictions – even of lower echelons – and thereby further empowering their emergent professional field of international criminal law.
How do status beliefs develop ? The role of resources and interactional experience*

Status construction theory argues that interaction between people with unequal structural advantages is crucial in the development and spread of status value beliefs about people's distinguishing attributes. A central claim is that goal-oriented encounters between those who differ in material resources as well as in an easily observed nominal attribute create status beliefs about that attribute which favor the richer actors' attribute category. The authors conduct an experimental test using dyadic, same-sex encounters between participants who differ in pay level and a mere difference attribute; the claim is supported for males and females. Status beliefs are distinguished from own-group favoritism by their acceptance by those they disadvantage. A second experiment and other evidence suggest that the interactional hierarchy associated with pay and the distinguishing attribute in such doubly dissimilar encounters pressures low-pay subjects to accept beliefs that disadvantage them. This acceptance is key to the power of interaction to transform structural advantages into status beliefs
Infection mechanism of enterovirus 71

Identification of a specific viral receptor is important for understanding the virus infection mechanism. I identified P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) as one of the functional receptors for enterovirus 71 (EV71), a pathogen that causes hand, foot, and mouth disease. PSGL-1, which belongs to the sialomucin family, is a transmembrane protein mainly expressed on leukocytes. Tyrosine sulfation in the N-terminal region of PSGL-1 is critical for PSGL-1's capacity to bind EV71. The identification of EV71 receptors provides important mechanistic information about viral entry into cells and helps us understand viral pathogenesis and develop new anti-viral strategies.
Classifier Performance in Primary Somatosensory Cortex Towards Implementation of a Reinforcement Learning Based Brain Machine Interface

Increasingly accurate control of prosthetic limbs has been made possible by a series of advancements in brain machine interface (BMI) control theory. One promising control technique for future BMI applications is reinforcement learning (RL). RL based BMIs require a reinforcing signal to inform the controller whether or not a given movement was intended by the user. This signal has been shown to exist in cortical structures simultaneously used for BMI control. This work evaluates the ability of several common classifiers to detect impending reward delivery within primary somatosensory (S1) cortex during a grip force match to sample task performed by a nonhuman primate. The accuracy of these classifiers was further evaluated over a range of conditions to identify parameters that provide maximum classification accuracy. S1 cortex was found to provide highly accurate classification of the reinforcement signal across many classifiers and a wide variety of data input parameters. The classification accuracy in S1 cortex between rewarding and non-rewarding trials was apparent when the animal was expecting an impending delivery or an impending withholding of reward following trial completion. The high accuracy of classification in S1 cortex can be used to adapt an RL based BMI towards a user's intent. Real-time implementation of these classifiers in an RL based BMI could be used to adapt control of a prosthesis dynamically to match the intent of its user.
Study on Monitorning the Sterile Medical Devices Cleanrooms' Cleanliness

Objective:To making the cleanrooms' cleanliness comply to requments,it's essential to monitor the sterile medical devices cleanrooms,Methods and Results:From two aspects,drugs and sterile medical devices,to find out the same influence to monitoring the sterile medical devices cleanrooms.Conclusion:Cleanrooms' design,contrustion,monitoring and management is important,to quarantee the sterile medical devices cleanrooms' cleanliness comply to requments.
Modifiable Risk Factors in Total Joint Arthroplasty: A Pilot Study.

UNLABELLED Strong evidence exists to suggest that morbid obesity, smoking, and poorly controlled diabetes mellitus are associated with poorer outcomes after total joint arthroplasty. To our knowledge, no study has reported the effect of the implementation of a risk reduction strategy. Risk factors, based on published data, were defined as Body Mass Index (BMI)>40, Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) >8.0, and use of any tobacco product. A retrospective pilot review was done of a 3-month period using this protocol in the practice of a single fellowship-trained academic arthroplasty surgeon (DRJ). Outcomes were evaluated in the subsequent 3-month period. Overall 19/29 (65.5%) patients identified to be "at risk" and offered support for modification followed up under the care of their index surgeon. 11/19 (57.9%) improved their risk factors and 8/19 (42.1%) ultimately met the specific goals set for surgery with 4 (21%) ultimately undergoing their replacement procedure during the 6-month study period. These initial results suggest that a significant proportion of our patients were willing and able to modify their risk before surgery. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III retrospective study. [Full article available at http://rimed.org/rimedicaljournal-2016-05.asp, free with no login].
3D treatment planning and intensity-modulated radiation therapy.

Three-dimensional (3D) image-based treatment planning and new delivery technologies have spurred the implementation of external beam radiation therapy techniques, in which the high-dose region is conformed much
Brown Algae (Phaeophyceae) in Rivers

Freshwater brown algae can be abundant in streams, but represent just seven species in the Phaeophyceae, a class of ~2000 species, most from marine environments. Freshwater species do not form parenchyma, but are based on one of the three filamentous growth forms: (1) uniseriate, creeping filaments infrequently or frequently branched; (2) complex branched forms producing basal and vertical series of filaments forming a crust; and (3) multiseriate, frequently branched forms. Their evolutionary history and relation to marine taxa is unclear, with molecular data suggesting some closely related to existing marine taxa, while others forming a separate clade of freshwater forms. Most species are known from few locations worldwide, with all but a few reports from sites in the northern hemisphere. All species are benthic and most colonize epilithic substrata, but a few are epiphytes on macrophytes or other algae. A key to all known species is provided.
Cable radiation from common mode signals and differential mode signals

IO cable radiation is believed to be mainly from the unintentional common-mode signals transmitting on the differential lines. In this paper, an example is given by simulation and measurement that the IO cable radiation can be from the intentional differential-mode signals. This explains why populating common mode chokes to mitigate radiation is not effective.
Examining the association between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and substance use disorders: A familial risk analysis

Abstract Objective The main aim of this study was to use familial risk analysis to examine the association between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and substance use disorders (SUDs) attending to sex effects and the specificity of alcohol and drug use disorder risks. Methods Subjects were derived from two longitudinal case-control family studies of probands aged 6–17 years with and without DSM-III-R ADHD of both sexes and their first degree relatives followed from childhood onto young adult years. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate rates of ADHD and SUDs (any SUD, alcohol dependence, and drug dependence). Logistic regression was used to test both co-segregation and assortative mating. Results Our sample included 404 probands (ADHD: 112 boys and 96 girls; Control: 105 boys and 91 girls) and their 1336 relatives. SUDs in probands increased the risk for SUDs in relatives irrespective of ADHD status. The risk for dependence to drug or alcohol in relatives was non-specific. There was evidence that even in the absence of a SUD in the proband, ADHD by itself increased the risk of SUDs in relatives. Proband sex did not moderate the familial relationship between ADHD and SUDs. There was evidence of co-segregation between ADHD and SUD. Conclusions Findings indicate that various independent pathways are involved in the transmission of SUD in ADHD and that these risks were not moderated by proband sex. ADHD children and siblings should benefit from preventive and early intervention strategies to decrease their elevated risk for developing a SUD.
Report of Diurnal Activity in Mimallonoidea with Notes on the Sexual Behavior of Lacosoma chiridota Grote, 1864

ABSTRACT. We report diurnal behavior in the mimallonid Lacosoma chiridota Grote, 1864. Female pheromone releasing behavior was recorded in the late afternoon in Gainesville, Florida. A single diurnal male was recorded responding to a “calling” female at 1745 h. We discuss the unique case of sexual dimorphism exhibited by L. chiridota, such that most Mimallonidae generally do not display pronounced sexual dimorphism, and suggest that this may be related to the likewise unique diurnal behavior of this species.
The Burgeoning of Modern Plastics

A very short chapter drawing attention to the burgeoning of polymers of many types in the early 20th century. It is noted that annual production of the order of 300 million tonnes has caused unforeseen environmental problems.
Optically Controlled Semiconductor Spin Qubits and Indistinguishable Single Photons for Quantum Information Processing

Implementations of quantum information-processing systems based on optically controlled electron spins in semiconductor quantum-dots are particulary appealing due to several features. These features include inherent ultrafast gate operation times, reasonably long decoherence times, small optical control power, and natural ability to link to optical fiber communication networks. We will discuss the current state of the art in the experimental implementations of the main elements of semiconductor spin qubits: qubit initialization, single-qubit gates, two-qubit gates, entanglement distribution, projective measurement, quantum memory, and indistinguishable single-photon generation.
Toward the operationalization of visual metaphor

Many successful digital interfaces employ visual metaphors to convey features or data properties to users, but the characteristics that make a visual metaphor effective are not well understood. We used a theoretical conception of metaphor from cognitive linguistics to design an interactive system for viewing the citation network of the corpora of literature in the JSTOR database, a highly connected compound graph of 2 million papers linked by 8 million citations. We created 4 variants of this system, manipulating 2 distinct properties of metaphor. We conducted a between-subjects experimental study with 80 participants to compare understanding and engagement when working with each version. We found that building on known image schemas improved response time on look-up tasks, while contextual detail predicted increases in persistence and the number of inferences drawn from the data. Schema-congruency combined with contextual detail produced the highest gains in comprehension. These findings provide concrete mechanisms by which designers presenting large data sets through metaphorical interfaces may improve their effectiveness and appeal with users.
Development and Regeneration of Sensory Hair Cells

Hair cells are sensory receptors for hearing and balance, and for detection of water movement in aquatic animals. In mammals, the vast majority of hair cells are formed during embryogenesis and early postnatal development, whereas in other vertebrates hair cells are formed throughout life. Destruction of hair cells is caused by genetic, environmental, or aging factors and results in sensorineural deficits that are irreversible in humans. Research in the 1980s demonstrated that nonmammalian vertebrates fully replace hair cells after damage and recover function, suggesting hair cell regeneration may someday be coaxed in humans as a treatment for some forms of hearing and balance deficits. To facilitate this possibility, subsequent studies explored the molecular and cellular bases of hair cell formation during development and after damage in mature animals. This chapter reviews the findings in each of these areas, describing similarities and differences across species, sensory organs, and age. For instance, while mature mammals have a limited innate ability to regenerate hair cells in the vestibular inner ear, no hair cells are replaced in the cochlea. Further, although the transcription factor (Atoh1) drives cells toward a hair cell fate during development in all types of animals and in nonmammals after damage, it has limited ability to promote hair cell regeneration in mature mammals. Finally, we discuss some of the hurdles that remain, as well as new technologies that may be used to move the field forward.
Utility valuation of credit derivatives: Single and two-name cases

We study the effect of risk aversion on the valuation of credit derivatives. Using the technology of utility-indiffierence valuation in intensity-based models of default risk, we analyze resulting yield spreads for single-name defaultable bonds and a simple representative two-name credit derivative. The impact of risk averse valuation on prices and yield spreads is expressed in terms of “effective correlation.”
Early stage of crystallization of (Zr1-xHfx)62Ni38 metallic glasses

This paper reports a directly observable correlation between the chemical short-range order and the electrical resistivity in metallic glasses. The phase transition corresponding to the first exotherm observed in a differential-scanning-calorimetry (DSC) scan on (Zr1-xHfx)62Ni38 is peculiar in a sense that, contrary to usual metallic glasses, this transition is associated with an increase in electrical resistivity, and x-ray diffraction measurements taken just after the DSC peak shows only the broad diffuse band characteristic of the glassy phase. Electrical resistivity, differential scanning calorimetry, low-temperature superconducting measurements, high-angle x-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and Mossbauer spectroscopy are used to study this transition in detail.
Mega-Development Trends in the Amazon: Implications for Global Change

This paper describes four global-change phenomena that are having major impacts on Amazonian forests. The first is accelerating deforestation and logging. Despite recent government initiatives to slow forest loss, deforestation rates in Brazilian Amazonia have increased from 1.1 million ha yr−1 in the early 1990s, to nearly 1.5 million ha yr−1 from 1992–1994, and to more than 1.9 million ha yr−1 from 1995–1998. Deforestation is also occurring rapidly in some other parts of the Amazon Basin, such as in Bolivia and Ecuador, while industrialized logging is increasing dramatically in the Guianas and central Amazonia.
Advanced Computational Simulations of Surface Impingement of a Train of Ethanol Drops: A Pathway to Developing Spray-Wall Interaction Submodels

The authors present a computational study of drop-train impingement on a smooth, initially dry surface, with the aim of providing a high-quality dataset to develop reliable spray-wall interaction submodels for engine simulations. Such submodels require information at micron scales, which is unfeasible to obtain experimentally under high-pressure engine conditions. However, supercomputing and high-resolution simulations can resolve thin liquid structures and their breakup, yielding accurate datasets for liquid splashing and film deposition. The current study employs an MPI-parallel multiphase flow solver to simulate surface impingement of a train of ethanol drops. Comparing its results to the experiments, the solvers capability in accurately capturing the sharp splashing threshold and splashed mass ratio was demonstrated. Through a computational technique that tags individual drops, further insight into the splashing dynamics postimpingement was gained, which could be used to formulate more sophisticated spray-wall interaction submodels.
W2, p Estimates for the Monge–Ampère Equation

Our purpose in this chapter is to prove Caffarelli’s interiorLPestimates for second derivatives of solutions to the Monge—Ampere equation. That is, solutionsutoMu = fwithfpositive and continuous have second derivatives inLP,for 0 <p <∞, Theorem 6.4.2. The origin of these estimates goes back to Pogorelov [Pog71] who proved that convex solutions to detD 2 u = 1on a bounded convex domain Q withu =0 onasatisfy theL ∞ estimate $$ {C_1}(\Omega ',\Omega )Id \leqslant {D^2}u(x) \leqslant {C_2}(\Omega ',\Omega )Id$$ (6.0.1) , forxE Q’, where Q’ is a convex domain with closure contained in S2,Id isthe identity matrix, andCiare positive constants depending only on the domains. The estimates (6.0.1) have been proved in Chapter 4, and they follow as a consequence of Lemma 4.1.1; see (4.2.6).
Photometric Stereopsis for 3D Reconstruction of Space Objects

The use of photometric stereopsis approaches to estimate the geometry of a resident space object (RSO) from image data is detailed. The set of algorithms and methods for shape estimation form an integral element of a Dynamic Data Driven Application System (DDDAS) for enhancing space situational awareness, where, sensor tasking and scheduling operations are carried out based upon the RSO orbital and geometric attributes, as estimated from terrestrial and space-based sensor systems. Techniques for estimating the relative motion between successive frames using image features are used for data alignment before surface normal estimation. Mathematical models of photometry and imaging physics are exploited to infer the surface normals from images of the target object under varied illumination conditions. Synthetic images generated from physics based ray-tracing engine are used to demonstrate the utility of the proposed algorithms.The proposed framework results in a estimates of the surface shape of the target object, which can subsequently used in forward models for prediction, data assimilation and subsequent sensor tasking operations. Sensitivity analysis is used to quantify the uncertainty of reconstructed surface.
Primordial Circular Polarization in the Cosmic Microwave Background

Abstract Circular (“V-mode”) polarization is expected to be vanishing in the CMB, since it is not produced in Thomson scattering. However, considering that the conventional CMB anisotropies are generated via an early universe mechanism such as inflation or a bouncing scenario, it is possible that circular polarization could be primordially produced and survive to the surface of last scattering. We study this in detail, and find a large class of inflationary models that produce a nearly scale invariant spectrum of scalar V-mode anisotropies. We study the inflationary production and subsequent evolution via the Boltzmann hierarchy, and show that V-mode polarization present in the CMB is suppressed by a factor of at least 10 10 13 relative to the primordial V, consistent with expectation of negligible V-mode polarization from inflation. We consider alternative possibilities for sourcing V primordially, such as the V-mode polarization induced by circularly polarized primordial gravitational waves, or producing V after inflation, via new interactions at recombination.
Facile one-pot synthesis of NiCo2Se4-rGO on Ni foam for high performance hybrid supercapacitors

A facile, innovative synthesis for the fabrication of NiCo2Se4-rGO on a Ni foam nanocomposite via a simple hydrothermal reaction is proposed. The as-prepared NiCo2Se4-rGO@Ni foam electrode was tested through pxrd, TEM, SEM, and EDS to characterize the morphology and the purity of the material. The bimetallic electrode exhibited outstanding electrochemical performance with a high specific capacitance of 2038.55 F g−1 at 1 A g−1. NiCo2Se4-rGO@Ni foam exhibits an extensive cycling stability after 1000 cycles by retaining 90% of its initial capacity. A superior energy density of 67.01 W h kg−1 along with a high power density of 903.61 W kg−1 further proved the high performance of this electrode towards hybrid supercapacitors. The excellent electrochemical performance of NiCo2Se4-rGO@Ni foam can be explained through the high electrocatalytic activity of NiCo2Se4 in combination with reduced graphene oxide which increases conductivity and surface area of the electrode. This study proved that NiCo2Se4-rGO@Ni foam can be utilized as a high energy density-high power density electrode in energy storage applications.
Minimally Invasive Posterior Cervical Foraminotomy and Discectomy

Cervical radiculopathy is a common problem typically encountered by spinal surgeons. It is defined as a syndrome of pain and/or sensorimotor deficits due to compression of a cervical nerve root. Common causes of the syndrome include cervical disc disease, spondylosis, instability, trauma, and tumors. Most patients (75–90%) with cervical radiculopathy will have symptomatic improvement with conservative, nonoperative management, which includes treatments such as physical therapy, cervical traction, and epidural steroid injections. However, when patients either fail conservative management or begin to experience progressive neurologic deficits, surgical intervention is warranted. The two most common procedures are anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) and posterior cervical foraminotomy (PCF).
The progress and outlook of bioelectrocatalysis for the production of chemicals, fuels and materials

Bioelectrocatalysis is a green, sustainable, efficient method to produce value-added chemicals, clean biofuels and degradable materials. As an alternative approach to modern biomanufacturing technology, bioelectrocatalysis fully combines the merits of both biocatalysis and electrocatalysis to realize the green, efficient production of target products from electricity. Here, we review the development status of bioelectrocatalysis, discussing the current challenges and looking toward future development directions. First, we detail the structure, function and modification methods of bioelectrocatalysis. Next, we describe the mechanism of electron transfer, including mediated electron transfer and directed electron transfer. Third, we discuss the impact of the electrode on bioelectrocatalysis. Then we analyse and summarize the application of bioelectrocatalysis methods in the production of chemicals, biofuels and materials. Finally, we detail future developments and perspectives on bioelectrocatalysis for electrosynthesis. Electrochemical reactions can provide necessary redox equivalents for biocatalysis. In this Review, Minteer and co-workers summarize the current status and challenges of enzymatic and microbial bioelectrocatalysis for the green and efficient production of target products using electricity.
Where are the market devices? Exploring the links among regulation, markets, and technology at the securities and exchange commission, 1935–2010

This article examines regulation’s understanding of technology in American financial markets as means for rethinking the contours and institutional limits of governance in the age of financialization. The article identifies how the Securities and Exchange Commission perceived markets and their conceptual relation to technology throughout much of the long twentieth century by distilling the “ontologies” expressed by the agency’s leadership. Despite the fact that SEC’s commissioners recognized technologies as playing a central role in the market’s current and future operations, these were never effectively brought under regulatory scrutiny even when such action fell under the commission's jurisdictional remit. Rather than regulating technologies as constitutive of markets, the governance of the material devices of finance was discursively kept at arm's-length by presenting them as intractable objects that were external to financial innovation. Triangulating across several techniques of computational text analysis, this article shows how this interpretation of technology mirrored distinct shifts in how regulators understood markets, from being physical trading sites populated by agents that required vetting and certification to a distributed, multi-sited system surveilled through transparency and disclosure. Throughout these ontological transitions, technology’s inscrutability remained, limiting the capacity of the state and its regulatory agencies to shape the evolution of finance and its underlying infrastructures.
Punishing status and the punishment status quo: Solitary confinement in U.S. Immigration prisons, 2013–2017:

This study provides the first systematic, nationally representative analysis of administrative records of solitary confinement placements in any carceral setting. We examine patterns in who experie...
Influence of driver personal characteristics on vehicle velocity

In order to analyze the relationship between driver personal characteristics and vehicle velocity,the method of combining personal attribute survey and real vehicle test was carried out,and the vehicle velocity record data of 80 drivers were obtained.According to the ratio of over speed time and total travel time for driver,the section of over speed selection behavior for driver was divided into 4 small sections.By using disaggregate theory,the personal characteristics of driver such as sex,age,personality,education level and driving age were taken as influence factors,the 4 small sections were taken as alternative parts,the influence measurement model of the personal characteristics of driver on vehicle velocity was set up,and the sensitivity of each influence factor was analyzed based on elasticity theory.Analysis result shows that all the 6 elasticity values of sex,age,education level,corrected vision,professional driver,traffic accident occurrence are less than 1.000,so the above 6 influence factors are short of elasticity to speed selection behavior.In the 4 small sections,the elasticity values of driving age are 6.287,3.211,3.438 and 2.450 respectively,the elasticity values of personality are 1.249,1.045,2.033 and 3.672 respectively,the 2 influence factors are rich in elasticity to speed selection behavior,and their effects are significant.8 tabs,11 figs,18 refs.
Reproducibility of cavity-enhanced chemical reaction rates in the vibrational strong coupling regime

One of the most exciting and debated aspects of polariton chemistry is the possibility that chemical reactions can be catalyzed by vibrational strong coupling (VSC) with confined optical modes in the absence of external illumination. Here, we report an attempt to reproduce the enhanced rate of cyanate ion hydrolysis reported by Hiura et al. [chemRxiv:7234721 (2019)] when the collective OH stretching vibrations of water (which is both the solvent and a reactant) are strongly coupled to a Fabry-Perot cavity mode. Using a piezo-tunable microcavity, we reproduce the reported vacuum Rabi splitting but fail to observe any change in the reaction rate as the cavity thickness is tuned in and out of the strong coupling regime during a given experiment. These findings suggest that there are subtleties involved in successfully realizing VSC-catalyzed reaction kinetics and therefore motivate a broader effort within the community to validate the claims of polariton chemistry in the dark.
A Cross-Sectional Study of SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence between Fall 2020 and February 2021 in Allegheny County, Western Pennsylvania, USA

Seroprevalence studies are important for understanding the dynamics of local virus transmission and evaluating community immunity. To assess the seroprevalence for SARS-CoV-2 in Allegheny County, an urban/suburban county in Western PA, 393 human blood samples collected in Fall 2020 and February 2021 were examined for spike protein receptor-binding domain (RBD) and nucleocapsid protein (N) antibodies. All RBD-positive samples were evaluated for virus-specific neutralization activity. Our results showed a seroprevalence of 5.5% by RBD ELISA, 4.5% by N ELISA, and 2.5% for both in Fall 2020, which increased to 24.7% by RBD ELISA, 14.9% by N ELISA, and 12.9% for both in February 2021. Neutralization titer was significantly correlated with RBD titer but not with N titer. Using these two assays, we were able to distinguish infected from vaccinated individuals. In the February cohort, higher median income and white race were associated with serological findings consistent with vaccination. This study demonstrates a 4.5-fold increase in SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence from Fall 2020 to February 2021 in Allegheny County, PA, due to increased incidence of both natural disease and vaccination. Future seroprevalence studies will need to include the effect of vaccination on assay results and incorporate non-vaccine antigens in serological assessments.
Traumatic exposure of college freshmen to primary scientific literature: How to avoid turning students off from reading journal articles

Abstract Proficiency in reading primary literature is increasingly recognized as a skill that students should begin to achieve early in their college studies. Here, I report on a multi-year, department-wide effort at incorporating primary scientific literature into introductory biology courses at a liberal arts college. I found that requiring too much primary literature too soon can leave students confused, frustrated, and disenchanted with scientific research at a stage in their education when it is vital to foster a passion for science. I conclude with suggestions for a gentler, more productive entree into primary literature for students in introductory science courses.
Hellenistic agricultural economies at Ashkelon, Southern Levant

Agricultural economies of the Hellenistic era (323–30 bce) are poorly understood from primary plant and animal remains despite the extent of sites and rich historical records dating to this period. Here we present archaeobotanical remains from Hellenistic Ashkelon, an urban centre on the Mediterranean coast of the southern Levant, in comparison with a survey of the extant literature on Hellenistic archaeobotany across the eastern Mediterranean. Agricultural systems at Ashkelon focused on the cultivation of cereals, pulses, grapes, and figs, as did those of many other Hellenistic sites. We identify Triticum dicoccum (emmer) as a core component of agriculture at Ashkelon, a new finding for the period. Re-examination of other published Hellenistic assemblages from the southern Levant additionally suggests that T. dicoccum cultivation has been underappreciated to date and may have been regionally widespread, a legacy of Ptolemaic Egyptian control of the region in the early Hellenistic. A spatial and diachronic analysis of archaeobotanical remains in conjunction with the archaeological evidence at Ashkelon indicates a shift in practices of domestic food preparation towards increasing commercialization of food preparation. Further detailed archaeobotanical study of other Hellenistic cities is needed to establish whether this trend extends beyond Ashkelon during the period.