cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Association between changes in oestradiol and follicle-stimulating hormone levels during the menopausal transition and risk of diabetes

Aim To investigate the association between changes in oestradiol and follicle-stimulating hormone levels during the menopausal transition and incident diabetes. Methods We followed 1407 pre-menopausal women, aged 42–52 years at baseline, who experienced natural menopause, from baseline to the 12th annual follow-up visit in the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN). Diabetes was defined based on fasting glucose level, medication use and self-report of physician diagnosis. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to evaluate the associations of incident diabetes with three components of the rate of change in hormones: the intercept (pre-menopausal levels) and two piece-wise slopes representing change during the early and late transition, respectively. Results During 15 years of follow-up, 132 women developed diabetes. After adjusting for potential confounders, a higher oestradiol intercept, but not its rate of change, was borderline significantly associated with lower risk of diabetes [hazard ratio for an interquartile range increase (75.2 pmol/L) 0.53, 95% CI 0.27–1.06]. For follicle-stimulating hormone, a greater rate of increase in the early transition, but not the intercept or late transition, was significantly associated with lower risk of diabetes [hazard ratio for an interquartile range increase (5.9 IU/L/year) 0.31, 95% CI 0.10–0.94]. Conclusions Lower pre-menopausal oestradiol levels and a slower rate of follicle-stimulating hormone change during the early transition were associated with higher risk of developing diabetes. Given that obesity plays an important role in diabetes risk and in the levels and changes in oestradiol and follicle-stimulating hormone over the menopausal transition, weight control in earlier mid-life is important to prevent future diabetes development.
Is the Military’s Century-Old Frontline Psychiatry Policy Harmful to Veterans and Their Families? Part Three of a Systematic Review

The explicit mission of the military’s 100-year-old frontline psychiatry doctrine is to ensure that upwards to 95% of deployed service members diagnosed with war stress injury and/or psychiatric disorder are prevented from leaving war zones, unless they are either grossly incapacitated or pose imminent safety risks to self or others. In the final segment of this comprehensive three-part review, we examine systematically evidence that the military’s mental health policies may be harmful to veterans and their families in order to address unanswered clinical, moral, and legal questions. Our analysis reviews, empirical studies on the health effects from cumulative exposure to war stress, previously classified reports on frontline psychiatry, prevalence and treatment of mental health conditions among deployed personnel, risk and protective factors of combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and prospective deployment research on health outcomes. There has not been the proper research undertaken comparing in situ treatment vs. evaluation, so conclusions are limited. Nevertheless, results show there is a body of evidence that repeated exposure to war stress appears associated a wide variety of long-term adverse medical, psychiatric, and social outcomes. The current findings, combined with our two previous reviews, provide support for the conclusion that veterans and their families appear possibly more likely to be harmed than helped by the US military’s policies and procedures. In this regard, it appears that frontline psychiatry is perhaps contributing to a generational cycle of self-inflicted wartime behavioral health crises. Several corrective actions including possible class action, as has happened in the UK, and a call for national independent inquiries with congressional oversight should be done.
Nation of Cowards: Black Activism in Barack Obama's Post-Racial America

Introduction: Is America a Nation of Cowards or Has Attorney General Eric Holder Lost His Mind?1. The Teaching Moment that Never Was: Henry Louis Gates, Barack Obama, and the Post-Racial Dilemma2. "I Know What's in His Heart": Enlightened Exceptionalism and the Problem with Using Barack Obama as the Racial Litmus Test for Black Progress and Achievement3. The Audacity of Reverend Wright: Speaking Truth to Power in the 21st Century4. Setting the Record Straight: Why Barack Obama and America Cannot Afford to Ignore a Black Agenda5. Pull Yourself Up by Your Bootstraps: Barack Obama, the Black Poor, and the Problems of Racial Common SenseIndex
Percutaneous Coronary Interventions for Chronic Total Occlusions: As the Technology Expands, Our Responsibilities Increase.

Opposing Viewpoint, see p 1382 > “ T o a man with a hammer, the world looks like a nail.” > > —Mark Twain The continuing evolution of new technologies has resulted in a noted improvement in procedural outcomes in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) for chronic total occlusions (CTO). We now have an expansive selection of interventional tools and techniques to successfully perform these complex interventional procedures. Coronary guide wires specifically engineered to facilitate crossing almost any CTO lesion are now available. We have developed plaque modification tools, devices facilitating directed subintimal tracking and reentry, and retrograde CTO techniques resulting in previously unimagined procedural success rates approaching >80% in the hands of experienced operators. These tools have allowed us to expand the group of patients that we now consider approachable, although CTO PCI currently represent only 3% to 4% of all PCI procedures performed in the United States.1 Similarly, procedural complication rates continue to decline, although other factors such as radiation exposure, contrast volume, and the increased use of costly resources remain problematic. Overall, these observations underscore the need for the cardiac interventional community to more objectively understand the risks and benefits of CTO PCI. Although a possible mortality benefit for most patient populations undergoing PCI has been extensively investigated, a clear mortality benefit has only been clearly demonstrated in patients presenting with acute coronary syndromes, …
Parent Training and Skill Acquisition and Utilization Among Spanish- and English-Speaking Latino Families

In the U.S., there is a growing Latino population, in which parents primarily speak Spanish to their children. Despite the evidence that language preference is associated with level of acculturation and influences parenting practices in these families, no study has compared how Spanish- and English-speaking Latino families acquire and utilize the skills taught during parent-training programs such as Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT). Twenty-seven mother-infant Latino dyads received a home-based adaptation of the Child-Directed Interaction (CDI) phase of PCIT as part of a larger randomized control trial. Most infants were male (63%), and their average age was 13.7 months (SD = 1.43). Most families (52%) lived below the poverty line. The Dyadic Parent-Child Interaction Coding System-Third Edition (DPICS-III) was employed to evaluate PCIT skills at baseline and post-treatment, as well as at 3- and 6-month follow-up, assessments. We conducted multiple linear regression analyses among Spanish-speaking (55%) and English-speaking (45%) families to examine differences in acquisition and utilization of do and don’t skills at each assessment while controlling for mother’s education. Results yielded no group differences in the acquisition rate of do or don’t skills at any time point. However, Spanish-speaking mothers used significantly more don’t skills than English-speaking mothers at each assessment. Specifically, Spanish-speaking families used significantly more commands at baseline, post-treatment, and the 6-month follow-up assessments, as well as more questions at post-treatment and at the 6-month follow-up assessments. These findings highlight the importance of addressing cultural values such as respeto to ensure culturally robust parent-training programs for Latino families.
Self-directed vitamin/mineral supplementation in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients: Does it impact survival and quality of life?

1403 Background: Previous studies report that 80% of cancer patients take multivitamin and/or mineral supplements. To our knowledge, the consequences of such self-directed supplementation on survival and quality of life have not been examined previously in NSCL patients. Objective: To determine whether vitamin/mineral supplementation is associated with improved survival and quality of life in a cohort of NSCLC patients. Design: Retrospective analysis of prospectively gathered data. Patients: NSCLC patients or their proxies who responded to a questionnaire on vitamin/mineral use. Main Outcome Measures: Survival and quality of life. Results: A total of 1129 patients or their proxies responded to a vitamin/mineral questionnaire. 714 were vitamin/mineral users of either multivitamins or other specific vitamin/mineral supplements, and the rest non-users. Median survival was 4.3 versus 2.0 years for vitamin/mineral users and non-users, respectively. A Cox proportional hazards model showed a relative risk of death of 0.54 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.44, 0.65); p
Parenting in context: Revisiting Belsky’s classic process of parenting model in early childhood

Abstract Jay Belsky’s process of parenting model, published in 1984, continues to be widely referenced within the scientific literature. The main premise of this model is that parenting is multiply determined and is influenced by characteristics of the parent, child, and social context. In this review, we survey the theoretical and empirical literature that has accumulated related to the model within the past 30 years, with a focus on interactions among contextual factors and the applicability of the process model to the parenting of fathers. Specifically, we review in depth the domains of parental personality, parental depression, child negative emotionality, and marital quality, with more concise overviews of literature covering parental developmental history and social support. In line with Belsky’s original article, we focus on predictors of parenting during infancy and the early childhood period (i.e., birth to 5 years). Although in many ways the process model has stood the test of time and continues to be supported empirically, we recommend ways the model could be expanded based on updated current theory and research on the process of parenting in early childhood.
Thrombospondin in essential thrombocythemia

Essential thrombocythemia is a myeloproliferative disorder characterized by frequent bleeding and thrombotic complications. On a molecular level, two abnormalities of platelet thrombospondin have been identified: abnormal glycosylation of the intact 185,000-dalton chain has been detected and a shortened form of the thrombospondin chain is present. We have used two monoclonal antibodies and Lens culinaris lectin to probe the structure of thrombospondin in the platelets from three patients with essential thrombocythemia; one patient with polycythemia vera and two patients with secondary thrombocytosis. The presence of abnormal thrombospondin fragments with molecular weights of 160,000 and 30,000 was detected in the intact platelets and in the supernatant from thrombin-treated platelets, in all of the individuals except one of the secondary thrombocytosis patients. Monoclonal antibody binding studies indicate that both fragments are produced by proteolysis at a single site, which results in the removal of a 30,000- dalton fragment from the NH2-terminal. Lens culinaris lectin-binding studies revealed that some of the carbohydrate moieties of thrombospondin are near this cleavage site. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the abnormal thrombospondin fragments observed under conditions of increased platelet production are due to increased susceptibility to proteolysis which, in turn, may be due to defective glycosylation.
Interpolation of Horizontal Transmissivity Anisotropy from Head and Flowpath Observations

Rocks are rarely equally permeable in all directions. Ground water does not flow directly downgradient through anisotropic aquifers, but deviates at an angle determined by the direction and magnitude of the major and minor transmissivities. We show a mathematical model whereby the orientation and ratio of major to minor transmissivities can be estimated by an analysis of the deviation of ground-water flow from the hydraulic gradient. The solution is derived from the construction of transmissivity ellipse where the hydraulic gradient and flow direction are known. An example is given using an ethylene dibromide contaminant plume at Nemo, South Dakota, where the plume has been deflected because of bedrock foliation.
Immunotherapy: The Current Role of Cytokines

Interferon-α and interleukin-2 are cytokine drugs that were dominant medical treatments of metastatic kidney cancer for a time. A fraction of patients had dramatically good results, but most did not. With the availability demonstrated, more frequent clinical impacts of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) axis inhibitors, and mammalian targets of rapamycin (mTOR) axis drugs on survival, more patients have visible cancer impacts from medical therapy, and more patients are on treatments with the newer groups of drugs than with cytokines. However, the unmistakable durability of some responses remains as a distinguishing feature for immune-based treatments. Processes for categorizing tumors and for understanding what makes an immune treatment more likely to work continue to evolve. Notwithstanding the mechanistic elegance of using synthetic proteins that interact with specific receptors on leukocytes, the fundamental potential for durable and complete responses has maintained cytokine therapies as part of the discussion for strategies to combat kidney cancer. In this chapter, highlights of the clinical trials’ experiences with interferon and with interleukin-2 in their use for kidney cancer treatment are reviewed in detail, as well as some other variant therapies incorporating cytokines.
A Survey of Middleware.

Classification is not new in this middleware area. Many authors have suggests classifying by various communication techniques, protocols (session versus sessionless), the programming interface, [5], specific categories included database-oriented, virtual system, middle-tier, gateways, and Web-enabled [25], communication with programming execution and number of participants [32], or ten specific categories [21]. While these classifications cover many aspects of middleware, we will describe a different approach. The term middleware has been used to describe many different types of software products. Middleware is essentially supplementary software that connects two or more software together. Since there is wide variety of software included under this big umbrella called middleware, categories need to be assigned to further describe and delineate each of these types. The current literature has provided several ways to classify these packages. These classifications seem to be conflicting and do not cover all the types of middleware available today. Difficulties in classifying middleware are further exasperated by the fact that some middleware can perform more than one service. We will show in this paper, a taxonomy based on the way each middleware either assists an application or helps with the integration of multiple software into a system. 2 TAXONOMY OF MIDDLEWARE In this proposed taxonomy of middleware, there are two major categories: integration type and application type. We further describe each of these subcategories in detail in the following subsections. Figure 1 displays this proposed taxonomy.
A Soft-Switched Four-Port DC-DC Converter for Renewable Energy Integration

This paper proposed a four-port DC-DC converter for multiple energy sources integration application. The proposed converter, derived from a phase-shift three-port half bridge DC-DC converter, is capable of integrating three different energy sources without adding extra semiconductor devices. This converter is suitable for the residential houses where two energy sources and battery are used. The soft switching technique make it possible to achieve higher efficiency at higher switching frequency and further lead to more compact design. A 1 kW prototype was built to interface a photovoltaic (PV) panel, a wind turbine generator (WTG), and battery to the load. The measured waveforms validate the working principle of the converter.
How Much Does a Readmission Cost the Bundle Following Primary Hip and Knee Arthroplasty

Abstract Background As alternative payment models increase in popularity for total joint arthroplasty (TJA), providers and hospitals now share the financial risk associated with unexpected readmissions. While studies have identified postacute care as a driver for costs in a bundle, the fiscal burden associated with specific causes of readmission is unclear. The purpose of this study is to quantify the additional costs associated with each of the causes of readmission following primary TJA. Methods We reviewed a consecutive series of primary TJA patients at our institution from 2015 to 2016 using claims data from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services and Medicare Advantage patients from a single private insurer. We collected demographic data, medical comorbidities, 90-day episode-of-care costs, and readmissions for all patients. Medical records for each readmission were reviewed and classified into 1 of 11 categories. We then compared the mean facility readmission costs, postacute care costs, and overall 90-day episode-of-care costs between the reasons for readmission. Results Of the 4704 patients, there were 325 readmissions in 286 patients (6.1%), with 50% being readmitted to a different facility than their index surgery hospital. The mean additional cost was $8588 per readmission. Medical reasons accounted for the majority of readmissions (n = 257, 79.1%). However, patients readmitted for revision surgery (n = 68, 20.9%) had the highest mean readmission cost ($15,356, P 75 years (odds ratio [OR], 1.85; P 35 kg/m2 (OR, 1.63; P = .004), history of congestive heart failure (OR, 2.47; P = .002), diabetes mellitus (OR, 2.0; P Conclusion Providers participating in alternative payment models should be cognizant of the increased bundle costs attributed to readmissions, especially due to revision surgery. Improved communication with patients and close postoperative monitoring may help minimize the large percentage of readmissions at different facilities.
Spatial distribution of biopsy cores and the detection of intra-lesion pathologic heterogeneity.

Objectives:The objective of this study was to determine if spatial distribution of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging–transrectal ultrasound (mpMRI-TRUS) fusion biopsy cores to the index le...
Physiological Performance and Stream Microhabitat use by the Centrarchids Lepomis megalotis and Lepomis macrochirus

Two centrarchids, Lepomis megalotis and L. macrochirus, were compared in laboratory studies of prey capture success, swimming endurance, morphology, hydrodynamic drag, and thermal tolerance, as well as field observations of focal point velocity and depth. For both species, capture of planktonic prey declined as current velocity increased, but L. megalotis was more efficient than L. macrochirus at higher current velocities. Capture of floating prey was not influenced by current velocity, but L. megalotis was more efficient overall at all velocities. Of the two species, L. megalotis was significantly more streamlined, had relatively lower hydrodynamic drag, and had higher swimming endurance in current. Both species had significantly higher critical thermal maxima (CTMax) in summer than in winter, but variance in CTMax was greater for L. megalotis than for L. macrochirus in both summer and winter. Differences between L. megalotis and L. macrochirus in performance and morphology may have direct influence on their relative abundances in small streams. Field observations showed L. megalotis was more common than L. macrochirus in faster, shallower microhabitats.
Near crises in world politics: A new dataset:

Crisis escalation to war is a subject of longstanding interest. Case studies, formal models and statistical analysis offer compelling explanations for why some crises escalate to war while others d...
Automated guided vehicle dispatching based on combinatorial optimisation to minimise job waiting time on shop floors

On manufacturing shop floors, automated guided vehicles (AGVs) have been widely adopted and configured for material handling, and they are dispatched to transport jobs between work centres. In this paper, two AGV dispatching strategies based on combinatorial optimisation are proposed. AGVs are assigned to work centres according assignment optimisation models to minimise the total waiting time of jobs. In the decision horizon, status of AGVs and jobs in or between work centres are predicted. The AGV dispatching strategies take future transportation requests into consideration and optimally configure transportation resources, such that material handling can be more efficient than those adopting classic AGV assignment rules in which only the current request is considered. The strategies were demonstrated in a case study and compared with classic AGV assignment rules including random assignment and nearest vehicle/shortest travel time rule. The results showed that the proposed dispatching strategies could better control job waiting time on the shop floors compared to classic AGV assignment rules.
Cancer, Aging, and Endogenous DNA Damage

Endogenous DNA damage from oxidation and methylation is discussed in relation to aging and cancer. Measurement of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (oh8 dG), thymine glycol and thymidine glycol in urine and oh8 dG in DNA is a means of assaying the background level of oxidant-induce DNA damage in vivo. The level of oxidative DNA damage as measured by oh8 dG in normal rat liver is shown to be extensive, especially in mtDNA (1/30,000 bases in nuclear DNA and 1/8,000 bases in mitochondrial DNA). oh8 dG is one of about 20 adducts found on oxidizing DNA, e.g., by radiation. We also discuss three hitherto unrecognized antioxidants in man.
Pearls & Oy-sters: Bilateral globus pallidus lesions in a patient with COVID-19

Neurologic complications are occurring in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and these patients should be monitored for neurologic symptoms.
Aptamer-based surface-enhanced resonance Raman scattering assay on a paper fluidic platform for detection of cardiac troponin I.

Significance: Cardiac troponin I (cTnI) is a primary biomarker for diagnosis of myocardial infarction (MI). In contrast to central laboratory tests for cTnI, point-of-care (POC) testing has the advantage of providing results when the patient is first encountered, which helps high-risk patients to be treated more rapidly and low-risk patients to be released in a timely fashion. A paper fluidic platform is good for POC testing because the paper is abundant, low cost, and disposable. However, current cTnI assays on paper platforms use antibodies as the recognition element, which has limitations due to the high cost of production and antibody stability issues at the POC. Aim: To develop an aptamer-based assay on a paper strip using surface-enhanced resonance Raman spectroscopy (SERRS) for detection of cTnI in the clinically relevant range at the POC. Approach: Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were functionalized with a Raman reporter molecule, malachite green isothiocyanate. The functionalized AuNPs were encapsulated in a silica shell and provided a SERRS signal using a handheld Raman system with a 638-nm excitation wavelength. A primary aptamer and a secondary aptamer of cTnI were used in a sandwich assay format to bind the cTnI on a test line of a paper fluidic platform. By measuring the SERRS signal from the test line, the concentration of cTnI was quantitatively determined. Results: The aptamer-based SERRS assay on a paper strip had a detection range of 0.016 to 0.1 ng / ml for cTnI, had good selectivity for cTnI compared to three other markers, had good stability over 10 days, and had good performance in the more complex serum sample matrix. Conclusions: The aptamer-based SERRS assay on a paper strip has the potential to provide a sensitive, selective, stable, repeatable, and cost-effective platform for the detection of cTnI toward eventual use in diagnosis of MI at the POC.
Opportunities for broadening the application of cell wall lytic enzymes

In light of emerging antibiotic resistance, bacterial cell wall lytic enzymes are promising antimicrobial agents that degrade bacterial peptidoglycan while specifically recognizing the target bacterium. The efficacy of lytic enzymes against several multi-drug-resistant pathogens infecting humans has led to many efforts focused on in vivo therapeutic applications. However, the potential for lytic enzymes to combat bacterial contamination in environments outside the human body is underexplored. The persistence of pathogenic bacteria, in either planktonic or biofilm states and on various surfaces, has facilitated the spread of bacterial infections, necessitating the development of robust strategies for detecting and killing resistant bacteria in diverse environments. Here, we present an overview of the current state-of-the-art of exploiting lytic enzymes for non-therapeutic applications including pathogen decontamination in social infrastructures and food decontamination, as well as pathogen detection. KEY POINTS: • Lytic enzymes are effective antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and sporicidal agents. • Pathogen detection using lytic enzyme-binding domains is rapid and highly sensitive. • Domain engineering is required for enhanced enzyme activity in complex environments.
Interferon stimulated genes mark pathogenic cells of the emergency myelopoietic response to sterile tissue injury in mice and humans

ABSTRACT Sterile tissue injury recruits myeloid cells (neutrophils and monocytes) from the bone marrow by stimulating a process known as emergency myelopoiesis. It is commonly assumed that myeloid cells activate proinflammatory signaling pathways within the injured tissue after sensing innate immune-activating molecules in the local microenvironment. Here, we show that pathogenic innate immune signaling in myeloid cells begins far from the site of injury, at their origins in the bone marrow. Using myocardial infarction (MI) as a model of sterile injury, we profiled single cell transcriptomes of >50,000 myeloid cells and found evidence of type I interferon signaling characterized by expression of interferon stimulated genes (ISGs) in a subset of neutrophils and monocytes in the heart, blood, and bone marrow after MI. We validated the findings in humans by quantifying ISG-expression in myeloid cells of patients presenting with acute MI, which revealed ISG levels far exceed that of healthy subjects and are comparable to patients with the interferon-associated autoimmune disease, systemic lupus erythematous. The identification of remote innate immune education raises important questions about how distant tissue injury activates interferon signaling in the hematopoietic compartment. Clinically, our data provide a strategy for quantifying pathogenic subsets of emergency myelopoietic cells in the blood as a biomarker that may identify patients who have disproportionately worse outcomes or who may benefit from immune modulatory therapy after acute MI.
Ethics for the AI-enabled warfighter — the human 'Warrior-in-the-Design'

Can a victor truly be crowned in the great power competition for artificial intelligence? According to Russian President Vladimir Putin, “whoever becomes the leader in this sphere will become the ruler of the world.” But the life of a state, much like that of a human being, is always subject to shifts of fortune.To better prepare the U.S. for sustainable leadership in AI innovation and military ethics, I recommend a set of principles to guide human warfighters in employing lethal autonomous weapon systems — armed robots.
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation to Remediate Age-Related Cognitive Decline in Healthy Older Adults.

Background Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been proposed as a possible method for remediating age-associated cognitive decline in the older adult population. While tDCS has shown potential for improving cognitive functions in healthy older adults, stimulation outcomes on various cognitive domains have been mixed. Methods A systematic search was performed in four databases: PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and PsychInfo. Search results were then screened for eligibility based on inclusion/exclusion criteria to only include studies where tDCS was applied to improve cognition in healthy older adults 65 years and above. Eligible studies were reviewed and demographic characteristics, tDCS dose parameters, study procedures, and cognitive outcomes were extracted. Reported effect sizes for active compared to sham group in representative cognitive domain were converted to Hedges' g. Main results A total of thirteen studies involving healthy older adults (n=532, mean age=71.2+5.3 years) were included in the meta-analysis. The majority of included studies (94%) targeted the prefrontal cortex with stimulation intensity 1-2 mA using various electrode placements with anodes near the frontal region. Across all studies, we found Hedges' g values ranged from -0.31 to 1.85 as reported group effect sizes of active stimulation compared to sham. Conclusion While observed outcomes varied, overall findings indicated promising effects of tDCS to remediate cognitive aging and thus deserves further exploration. Future characterization of inter-individual variability in tDCS dose response and applications in larger cohorts are warranted to further validate benefits of tDCS for cognition in healthy older adults.
Operationalizing the Salience of Race to State Social Policy: A Comparison of Approaches with Application to TANF

The USA’s system of dual federalism affords states substantial discretion over the design and implementation of important social welfare programs. Social theory posits causal mechanisms through which the politics of race and racism might influence state policy, and a substantial body of empirical scholarship links the salience of race in state politics to policy design. There is no single accepted method for operationalizing the salience of race to policy and policymaking in quantitative studies, however. How do different measures relate, and what are the implications for analysis? I compare multiple possible variables for measuring racial salience in state policy, including measures of population and social program demographics and measures of White racial attitudes. Attitudinal measures are constructed using both disaggregation and multi-level regression and post-stratification. I consider their convergent and discriminant validity through correlations and use them as predictors in models of state Temporary Assistance for Needy Families policy. The predictors generally, though not exclusively, demonstrate high convergent validity and lead to similar inferences in empirical modeling. The high convergence of most measures means studies of the relationship between race and policy at the state level will often lead to similar conclusions regardless of method used to operationalize racial salience. By extension, however, it is difficult to evaluate theories regarding underlying causal mechanisms.
Nonlinearity, Automation, and Reliable Cyberphysical Systems

The challenge of reliable cyberphysical system (CPS) engineering requires design automation methods that fully exploit algorithmic and datadriven approaches to NP-hard problem solving. Full-stack synthesis tools that integrate design, implementation, and certification are crucial for developing future generations of CPSs with rigorous functionality and reliability guarantees.
An Early History of the Heritability Coefficient Applied to Humans (1918–1960)

Fisher’s 1918 paper accomplished two distinct goals: unifying discrete Mendelian genetics with continuous biometric phenotypes and quantifying the variance components of variation in complex human characteristics. The former contributed to the foundation of modern quantitative genetics; the latter was adopted by social scientists interested in the pursuit of Galtonian nature-nurture questions about the biological and social origins of human behavior, especially human intelligence. This historical divergence has produced competing notions of the estimation of variance ratios referred to as heritability. Jay Lush showed that they could be applied to selective breeding on the farm, while the early twin geneticists used them as a descriptive statistic to describe the degree of genetic determination in complex human traits. Here we trace the early history (1918 to 1960) of the heritability coefficient now used by social scientists.
Supportive Therapy: A Psychodynamic Approach

What Is Psychodynamic Supportive Therapy? Theoretical Considerations The Supportive-Exploratory Continuum Supportive Therapy: A Historical Review Supportive Therapy: A Developmental View (Ann H. Appelbaum) Indications and Contradications Technical Aspects Goals, Strategies, and Techniques Transference Countertransference Resistance The Therapeutic Alliance Working Through and Termination Supportive Therapy in Practice: Clinical Material The Phases of Treatment Psychodynamically Oriented Supportive Therapy In Context Mechanisms of Therapeutic Action Choosing the Appropriate Supportive-Exploratory Mix Psychopharmacology and Supportive Psychotherapy Education and Other Issues (with Ann H. Appelbaum).
Closing the gap between ecosystem management and ecosystem research

There exists a large gap between the operational needs of those responsible for ecosystems management and the knowledge required to meet those needs. The gap exists generally despite numerous calls to align resource and environmental management with essential natural and biological scienti¢c realities. More surprisingly, the gap persists even where notable eiorts have been made to close it. Describing a vision for ecosystem management and research and then comparing this to reality reveals several basic problems. A poor appreciation for the durability of human organizations and routines, and a consequent need to plan and execute their termination, is commonplace. Inconsistent, unreliable, or questionable environmental measurements of such key concepts as ecosystem health or sustainability do little to inform, much less improve, managerial decisions and performance (Calow, 1995; Lele and Norgaard, 1995). Inadequate attention to speci¢c contextual details, including diierences between ecosystems and changes occurring within them over time, is another serious matter. Moving beyond honest diagnosis to ¢nd ways to close the gap between ecosystem management and the knowledge it requires to operate is a demanding task. It is also absolutely essential if science is indeed ever going to serve in the fashion it must. What’s the vision? The concepts of ecosystem management and ecosystem research are at once both simple and remarkably complicated, the latter point being made in a growing body of literature in many diierent disciplines and ¢elds. Complications and diierences aside, simple de¢nitions are possible and general principles can be derived to clarify a vision linking ecosystem management and research (Gordon, 1994).
Mucosubstances in the chicken aorta

Summary The mucosubstances and cholesterol in the aorta of male and female white Leghorn chickens, ranging in age from 3 to 36 months, were studied. The glycoproteins and collagen in the thoracic and abdominal aortas increased with age in both male and female birds. On the other hand, the elastin and AMPS decreased with age. The abdominal segment of the aorta contained more collagen and glycoproteins than the thoracic portion , while the converse was true for elastin and mucopolysaccharides. The abdominal aorta undergoes marked changes in its composition with aging. The serum protein-bound carbohydrate showed a gradual rise in the early stages and then changed little as the chickens grew older. The total cholesterol concentration of the two aortic segments was higher in the female than in the male. Total cholesterol of the aortic tissue had a tendency to increase as the birds grew older. The free cholesterol patterns in both male and female paralleled the total cholesterol changes. The total and free cholesterol content in the plasma of females increased with aging while a decrease was observed in the case of the male.
The Effect of Guanosine Triphosphate, Other Nucleotides, and Aminoacyl Transfer Ribonucleic Acid on the Activity of Transferase I and on Its Binding to Ribosomes

Abstract Transferase I loses activity slowly when incubated in Tris buffer with MgCl2 and NH4Cl at 37°; when GTP is added to these incubations, the enzyme loses activity rapidly. In the presence of GTP, aminoacyl-transfer RNA protects transferase I completely against inactivation while, in the absence of the nucleotide, aminoacyl-transfer RNA protects only partly against the temperature-dependent loss of activity. All of the nucleoside diphosphates and 5'-guanylyl-methylenediphosphonate inhibit the aminoacyl transfer reaction. GDP, 5'-guanylyl-methylenediphosphonate, and to some extent UDP, which are competitive inhibitors, also catalyze the rapid nucleotide-stimulated loss of activity of transferase I. Whereas transferase I is protected against inactivation when aminoacyl-transfer RNA is incubated with 5'-guanylylmethylenediphosphonate (as with GTP), aminoacyl-transfer RNA has no effect on the GDP-stimulated loss of activity. Other nucleoside triphosphates have no significant effect on aminoacyl transfer or on the activity of transferase I. When ribosomes, transferase I, GTP, and aminoacyl-transfer RNA are incubated, the ribosomes sedimented from the reaction mixture catalyze aminoacyl transfer in the absence of added transferase I. This observation, which suggests that transferase I is bound to ribosomes, also occurs with 5'-guanylyl-methylenediphosphonate but not with GDP, ATP, or with stripped transfer RNA.
Intrauterine fetal transfusion: Five years of experience

Abstract In a five-year period, 25 fetuses were subjected to intrauterine fetal transfusion 41 times, with a 48 per cent survival rate. Of the 13 fetuses dying, 6 were temporally related to the intrauterine transfusion itself. Of the 6 survivors followed, one is mentally retarded.
The Impact of Overfitting and Overgeneralization on the Classification Accuracy in Data Mining

Many classification studies often times conclude with a summary table which presents performance results of applying various data mining approaches on different datasets. No single method outperforms all methods all the time. Furthermore, the performance of a classification method in terms of its false-positive and false-negative rates may be totally unpredictable. Attempts to minimize any of the previous two rates, may lead to an increase on the other rate. If the model allows for new data to be deemed as unclassifiable when there is not adequate information to classify them, then it is possible for the previous two error rates to be very low but, at the same time, the rate of having unclassifiable new examples to be very high. The root to the above critical problem is the overfitting and overgeneralization behaviors of a given classification approach when it is processing a particular dataset. Although the above situation is of fundamental importance to data mining, it has not been studied from a comprehensive point of view. Thus, this chapter analyzes the above issues in depth. It also proposes a new approach called the HomogeneityBased Algorithm (or HBA) for optimally controlling the previous three error rates. This is done by first formulating an optimization problem. The key development in this chapter is based on a special way for analyzing the space of the training data and then partitioning it according to the data density of different regions of this space. Next, the classification task is pursued based on the previous partitioning of the training space. In this way, the previous three error rates can be controlled in a comprehensive manner. Some preliminary computational results seem to indicate that the proposed approach has a significant potential to fill in a critical gap in current data mining methodologies.
The electrocardiogram in congenital heart disease and mitral stenosis; a correlation of electrocardiographic patterns with right ventricular pressure, flow, and work.

Abstract 1.1. Mean levels of right ventricular pressure, flow, and work, but particularly mean levels of right ventricular work, are considerably higher in congenital heart disease than in mitral stenosis. 2.2. In congenital heart disease only abnormal electrocardiograms appeared above a mean right ventricular systolic ejection pressure of 30 mm. Hg. In mitral stenosis normal or borderline electrocardiograms appeared frequently up to a mean pressure level of 60 mm. Hg. 3.3. In congenital heart disease almost all electrocardiograms were abnormal above a right ventricular work load of 1 kg. M./min./sq.M. In mitral stenosis, normal electrocardiograms often occurred at work levels above 1 kg. M./min./sq. M. 4.4. In both mitral stenosis and congenital heart disease, the pattern of partial right bundle branch block appeared at almost all levels of right ventricular pressure and work, and thus this pattern appeared to be almost as significant as the classic pattern of right ventricular hypertrophy in the detection of right ventricular hypertension and presumptive right ventricular hypertrophy. 5.5. Gross electrocardiographic differences between congenital heart disease and mitral stenosis were present in all precordial leads; this was most marked in V 3R and V 1 , where the R wave in congenital heart disease was three to four times as tall as the comparable R wave in mitral stenosis. 6.6. In congenital heart disease, the electrocardiogram is remarkably accurate (91 per cent of cases) in the detection of right ventricular hypertrophy. In this disease no definite correlation was present between abnormalities of individual waves such as the height of R or RS ratio over the right precordium and levels of pressure or work. 7.7. The electrocardiogram in mitral stenosis is less diagnostic (51 per cent of cases) in the detection of right ventricular hypertrophy. But when the electrocardiogram is abnormal, a definite correlation is present between the height of R and RS ratios over the right precordium and levels of right ventricular pressure and work. 8.8. These differences in the total electrocardiographic picture suggest fundamental differences in the genesis of right ventricular hypertrophy in the two diseases.
The Challenge of Originalism: On Pluralism within Originalism

The existence of multiple modalities of constitutional argumentation in judicial and legal practice has fed skepticism about the viability of originalist theories of constitutional interpretation. Why should we convert a pluralistic social practice in which there are multiple available forms of constitutional argument into an exclusionary one, in which originalist arguments trump all others? This paper attempts to clarify the place of pluralism within originalism. Originalism need not imply the irrelevance or inappropriateness of other forms of constitutional argumentation, and the existence of a pluralistic discourse in constitutional interpretation does not by itself suggest that originalism is radically at odds with current practice. Originalists should, in principle, be open to the use of various forms of constitutional argumentation so long as such arguments are disciplined to the overarching goal of discovering and implementing the original meaning of the Constitution. What they must resist is the appeal to alternative modes of constitutional arguments as possible trumps to known constitutional meaning, but they can embrace a variety of forms of constitutional argumentation that can supplement and help illuminate original meaning.
Planning Community Health Interventions

Public health as a discipline came into being in the mid-19th century and soon led to improvements in the prevention of infectious, nutritional, and parasitic diseases, mainly through amelioration in living conditions for the poorer segments of society. Medical treatment also improved during the same period with the development of better training for physicians and scientific discoveries in nutrition, bacteriology, and other basic sciences (Duffy, 1979). These successes helped to bring about what Omran (1980) has termed the epidemiological transition. This term was coined to describe the change in patterns of human illness from a time when most morbidity and mortality was caused by infectious and communicable diseases to a period when chronic diseases became the leading causes of deaths. Unfortunately, this change has created new challenges for prevention efforts in that oftentimes chronic disease risk is highly associated with certain lifestyle behaviors that may be difficult to change.
"Real Talk": Enhancing Critical Thinking Skills through Conversation in the Classroom.

(1993). “Real Talk”: Enhancing Critical Thinking Skills through Conversation in the Classroom. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas: Vol. 66, No. 3, pp. 181-184.
AUTOMATIC SCHEDULING OF HYPERMEDIA DOCUMENTS WITH ELASTIC TIMES

The problem of automatic scheduling hypermedia documents consists in finding the optimal starting times and durations of objects to be presented, to ensure spatial and temporal consistency of a presentation while respecting limits on shrinking and stretching the ideal duration of each object. The combinatorial nature of the minimization of the number of objects whose duration is modified makes it the most difficult objective to be tackled by optimization algorithms. We formulate this scheduling problem as a mixed integer programming problem and report some preliminary investigations. We propose an original approach to the minimization of the number of objects which are shrinked or stretched. A simple primal heuristic based on variable fixations along the solution of a sequence of linear relaxations of the mixed integer programming formulation is described. Computational experiments on realistic size problems are reported. The effectiveness of the heuristic in finding good approximate solutions within very small processing times makes of it a quite promising approach to be integrated within existing document formatters to perform compile time scheduling or even run time adjustments. We also discuss results obtained by Lagrangean relaxation and propose a dual heuristic using the modified costs, which consistently improves the solutions found by the primal heuristic.