cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Visualizing feedstock siting in biomass production: Tradeoffs between economic and water quality objectives

Abstract New domestic, renewable energy resources must be considered to increase energy security in the U.S. Ethanol production through second-generation (cellulosic) feedstocks will help the U.S. meet the legislative Renewable Fuel Standard, which mandates 36 billion gallons of renewable fuels by 2022. However, conversion of cropland to meet the cellulosic feedstock production goals may have unforeseen environmental consequences. Using Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) outputs and National Agricultural Statistics Service (USDA NASS) economic data, we conducted a spatial optimization of bioenergy feedstock introduction into the Arkansas White-Red River Basin based on water quality and economic objectives, subject to constraints on total land conversion. Results displayed tradeoffs between bioenergy yield for three crops (switchgrass, sorghum and poplar) and land rent objectives. Optimal solutions tended to prioritize conversion of land in eastern AWR subbasins where yield and water quality objective improvements were greatest. A small number of subbasins contributed to basin-wide water quality improvements, whereas subbasins contributing to economic benefits were more spatially dispersed, indicating that water quality responses are more likely to constrain feedstock placement. Biomass production targets can be met vianumerous spatial arrangements, whereas marginal improvement in water quality objectives can best be achieved by selectively siting perennial feedstocks in the eastern half of the region.
Analysis of Magnetizing Inrush Current of Yy10 Transformer Based on RTDS

Misoperation of the transformer protection device caused by the closing inrush current is one of the important problems that affect the safe operation of the transformer. The research on the mechanism of inrush current, the identification method of inrush current and the research of transformer no-load inrush current have been made some achievements. However, the studies mainly focus on the inrush current of Yd transformer , and rarely discuss the inrush current of Yy10 transformer with no-load closing and line fault coincidence. But the transformer of Yy10 structure transformer is widely used in Shanghai area. Based on the principle of single phase transformer closing magnetizing inrush current, considering the typical Yy10 structure of 110kV voltage level transformer in some area, the operation equation of Yy10 double winding transformer based on this principle is deduced, and the dynamic transformer model based on RTDS is established. The simulation results provide reference for relay protection and engineering application.
Baby Products: How to Evaluate Them for Potential Safety

The safest place for an infant to sleep is in a new crib, bassinet, portable crib, or play yard. A new play yard or portable crib is preferable to a used crib. Used or older cribs may not meet current safety standards and/or may have loose screws or missing hardware, which also make them unsafe. Use of outdated or damaged cribs, bassinets, and play yards can lead to entrapment, suffocation, or strangulation. Sleep areas other than a new crib, bassinet, portable crib, or play yard are not recommended; these include car seats (unless in transit), swings, sofas, chairs, and pillows. The crib mattress should be firm and not indent when the infant is sleeping on it. The only other item in the sleep environment should be a fitted sheet, which should fit snugly on the mattress and wrap around to the bottom of the mattress on all four sides. All other objects, including pillows, stuffed toys, quilts, comforters, and mattress toppers, should be removed. The safety of swaddling and swaddle sacks is not clear, and swaddling should be discontinued when the infant begins to show signs of trying to roll over (usually around 2–4 months). Baby monitors do not reduce the risk of SIDS. Parents should use caution in purchasing any infant sleep products which purport to reduce SIDS or to make an otherwise unsafe sleep practice (e.g., non-supine positioning) safe; at this time, there is no research to support any of those products’ claims of superior safety over using a crib, bassinet, portable crib, or play yard.
A Designed Life: Contemporary American Textiles, Wallpapers, and Containers & Packaging, 1951-54: by Margaret Re, Baltimore: University of Maryland Baltimore County, Fine Arts Gallery, 2020, 122pp. PB ISBN 9780960088508. $35.00/£30.00

In A Designed Life: Contemporary American Textiles, Wallpapers, and Containers & Packaging, a catalog that accompanies a traveling exhibition of the same name organized by the Center for Art, Desig...
Unsupervised Translation Disambiguation for Cross-Domain Statistical Machine Translation.

Most attempts at integrating word sense disambiguation with statistical machine translation have focused on supervised disambiguation approaches. These approaches are of limited use when the distribution of the test data differs strongly from that of the training data; however, word sense errors tend to be especially common under these conditions. In this paper we present different approaches to unsupervised word translation disambiguation and apply them to the problem of translating conversational speech under resource-poor training conditions. Both human and automatic evaluation metrics demonstrate significant improvements resulting from our technique.
Negative Tangible Equity

About 40% of the S&P 500 firms reported negative tangible equity (NTE) in 2019, a significant increase from the 10% level two decades ago. We find that debt-fueled NTE firms are associated with larger market caps with more stock buybacks and acquisitions of intangibles. NTE firms’ higher credit ratings and lower bond yields in the latest decade suggest that they are viewed as less risky by debtholders than previously. We also find that their stock prices increase (decrease) immediately after the Federal Reserve’s monetary policy action decreased (increased) interest rates. In addition, NTE firms’ stock returns outperform by 3.77% and 3.65% in the first and the second year after portfolio formation in 2011–2019, but such outperformance is not accompanied by higher earnings expectations. Our results contradict Graham and Dodd’s (1940) advice to avoid NTE firms but raise questions about their valuations, should interest rates rise in the future.
Framework for predicting the fractionation of complex liquid feeds via polymer membranes

Abstract The separation of complex liquid hydrocarbon mixtures was recently demonstrated using the glassy polymer SBAD-1, showing that small molecule fractionation is possible by such organic membrane materials. Here, we develop a framework that will enable workable predictions of permeate flux and composition in complex hydrocarbon liquids through intrinsically porous glassy polymers. The predictions are made by incorporating experimentally-derived unary sorption and diffusion parameters in a Maxwell-Stefan framework coupled with multicomponent sorption models and various distinct diffusion phenomena. Across the range of sorption and diffusion phenomena considered, both the conventional Flory-Huggins model and the proposed Langmuir + Flory-Huggins sorption model combined with a simple average guest diffusivity or a more complex free-volume theory-based transport resulted in the lowest prediction error for three chosen multicomponent separations. The proposed Maxwell-Stefan framework simply requires pure component transport parameters to allow a fast approximation of the separation of multicomponent liquid hydrocarbon feeds that can potentially be extended to more complex feeds such as crude oil fractions.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Neural and Pulmonary Vascular Function: A Dissertation

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has emerged as the imaging modality of choice in a wide variety experimental and clinical applications. In this dissertation, I will describe novel MRI techniques for the characterization of neural and pulmonary vascular function in preclinical models of disease. In the first part of this dissertation, experimental results will be presented comparing the identification of ischemic lesions in experimental stroke using dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) and a well validated arterial spin labeling (ASL). We show that DSC measurements of an index of cerebral blood flow are sensitive to ischemia, treatment, and stroke subregions. Further, we derived a threshold of cerebral blood flow for ischemia as measured by DSC. Finally, we show that ischemic lesion volumes as defined by DSC are comparable to those defined by ASL. In the second part of this dissertation, a methodology of visualizing clots in experimental animal models of stroke is presented. Clots were rendered visible by MRI through the addition of a gadolinium based contrast agent during formation. Modified clots were used to induce an experimental embolic middle cerebral artery occlusion. Clots in the cerebral vasculature were visualized in vivo using MRI. Further, the efficacy of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (r-tPA) and the combination of r-tPA and recombinant annexin-2 (rA2) was characterized by clot visualization during lysis. In the third part of this dissertation, we present results of the application of hyperpolarized helium (HP-He) in the characterization of new model of experimental
Community Partner Perceptions About Community Engagement Experiences For Nursing Students

This study explored community agency staff perceptions about community engagement learning experiences for nursing students. Focus groups with staff from eleven health-related community organizations revealed seven themes that will contribute to effective curriculum development and implementation for community engagement: (a) agency expectations for students, (b) orientation, (c) schedule of student experiences, (d) invested student participation, (e) student match with agencies, (f) projects envisioned, and (g) effective interactions with the population. Practice implications for developing community engagement learning experiences are suggested.
Mission at the Second Vatican Council 1962-1965

This article, originally given as one of the “Rediscovering Vatican II” Lectures at Catholic Theological Union in Fall, 2012, puts the Council’s Decree on the Church’s Missionary Activity ( Ad Gentes ) in the context of the entire Council’s concern for the church’s mission. It then sketches the tortured history of the document, offers a short summary of its six chapters, and lays out a few contemporary directions for missionary thinking and practice in conclusion.
Nuclear Localization of E-Cadherin Expression in Merkel Cell Carcinoma

Abstract Context.—Cadherins are cell-cell adhesion proteins that act as tumor suppressor genes and have a critical role in cell sorting and tissue formation during organogenesis. The pattern of cadherin expression constitutes a useful diagnostic and prognostic tool in the evaluation of tumors and for determining the histogenesis of tumor cells. We have previously characterized the cell types of several tumors based on the expression of individual cadherins. Objective.—To investigate the expression of cadherins in Merkel cell carcinomas. Design.—Paraffin immunohistochemical analysis of the 3 best-studied cadherins was performed on 35 cases of Merkel cell carcinoma. Results.—E-cadherin was expressed in 34 (97%) of 35 Merkel cell carcinomas examined, N-cadherin was expressed in 22 (63%) of 35 cases, and P-cadherin was expressed in 15 (43%) of 35 cases. This frequency of cadherin expression was similar to a group of small cell and neuroendocrine tumors from other primary sites. Interestingly, the localization...
Effect of acute lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in intracerebroventricular-streptozotocin injected rats

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is often used to investigate the exacerbatory effects of an immune-related challenge in transgenic models of various neurodegenerative diseases. However, the effects of this inflammatory challenge in an insulin resistant brain state, as seen in diabetes mellitus, a major risk factor for both vascular dementia (VaD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD), is not as well characterized. We investigated the effects of an LPS-induced inflammatory challenge on behavioral and biological parameters following intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of streptozotocin (STZ) in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Subjects received a one-time bilateral ICV infusion of STZ (25 mg/mL, 8 μL per ventricle) or ACSF. One week following ICV infusions, LPS (1 mg/mL, i.p.) or saline was administered to activate the immune system. Behavioral testing began on the 22nd day following STZ-ICV infusion, utilizing the open field and Morris water maze (MWM) tasks. Proteins related to immune function, learning and memory, synaptic plasticity, and key histopathological markers observed in VaD and AD were evaluated. The addition of an LPS-induced immune challenge partially attenuated spatial learning and memory deficits in the MWM in STZ-ICV injected animals. Additionally, LPS administration to STZ-treated animals partially mitigated alterations observed in several protein levels in STZ-ICV alone, including NR2A, GABA(B1), and β-amyloid oligomers. These results suggest that an acute LPS-inflammatory response has a modest protective effect against some of the spatial learning and memory deficits and protein alterations associated with STZ-ICV induction of an insulin resistant brain state.
A methodology for validating software reliability

A significant problem associated with fault tolerant computer system design is how to insure that there are no embedded software errors, so that an avionics computer system meets the required reliability level. To accomplish this, it is necessary to associate a 'probability of failure' with the operational flight program. It would be more correct to say that the probability of excitation of existing latent design errors within the program is required. In this sense, latent software errors are like latent hardware faults, and techniques that were previously used to measure the probability of failure of hardware due to fault latency can be used to measure the probability of failure of the software. A methodology was developed and applied to a flight control program that was known to operate in a well defined environment. The results indicated that the technique could be used to provide a final validation of the software to a specified reliability level and to evaluate the role of flight test in software validation.
Symptomatic cardiac dysfunction in children with human immunodeficiency virus infection

Abstract Eight children with human immunodeficlency virus (HIV) infection had symptomatic cardiac dysfunction. The median age was 1.4 years (range 0.2 to 7.9 years). All had hepatospienomegaly, fever, pneumonia with tachypnea, and tachycardia ascribed to infection and anemla. An S3 gallop was present in six of elght. All had normal creatine phosphokinase values. Chest x-rays did not ald in the diagnosis of cardiac dysfunction. ECG showed flattened T waves in flve of eight with left ventricular hypertrophy, right ventricular hypertrophy, or both in seven of eight. Results of echocardiography showed decreased left ventricular function in all eight, despite anemia, with dilated left ventricular myopathy in six, concentric left ventricular wall thickening in two of eight, an enlarged right ventricle in two, and paricardial fluld in three. Medical therapy improved cardiac function in all. All patients subsequently died of noncardiac causes. Results of autopsies on four of eight patients showed focal myocarditis in two (with cytomegalovirus inclusions in one) and dilated cardiomyopathy in two others. We conclude: (1) Preexistent hepatosplenomegaly, fever, infection, and anemia result in physical findings that mimic findings of heart fallure, thereby masking the occurrence of cardiac dysfunction; (2) an S3 gallop may indicate the presence of impaired heart function when other clinical signs are masked; (3) confirmation of cardiac compromise may be accomplished by noninvasive evaluation with echocardiography and (4) medical therapy can improve cardiac dysfunction in HIV-infected children.
The MR appearance of endovascular embolic agents in vitro with clinical correlation.

Abstract A spectrum of embolic agents including PVA, avitene, gelfoam, ethanol, IBCA, silicone microspheres, metal and platinum coils, and balloons containing contrast of HEMA were imaged in vitro at 0,3 Tesla using spin echo, gradient echo, and inversion recovery sequences. Signal intensities associated with these agents and changes created by addition of blood are presented. The in vitro model is also correlated with clinical MR material. Recognition of embolic materials is important to avoid confusion with persistent flow void, hemorrhage, or thrombus.
Differential saturation study of radial and angular modulation mechanisms of electron spin—lattice relaxation for trapped hydrogen atoms in sulfuric acid glasses

Abstract A differential ESR saturation study of allowed transitions and forbidden proton spin-flip satellite transitions for trapped hydrogen atoms in sulfuric acid glasses indicates that angular modulation dominates the spin—lattice relaxation mechanisms and suggests that the modulation arises from motion of the H atom.
An effect of hindsight on predicting bankruptcy with accounting information

Abstract A decision maker (DM) must make decisions with a given amount of information (called pre-outcome knowledge). Later, if a person (judge) is asked to evaluate the accuracy of those decisions, the judge frequently has an additional piece of information available to him/her that wasn't available to the DM: knowledge of the outcome (hindsight). Hence, the judge's (post-outcome) knowledge includes both pre-outcome knowledge and hindsight. Research in other areas has shown that judges, when attempting to evaluate decisions that were made with only pre-outcome knowledge, are unable to separate their knowledge of the outcome from pre-outcome knowledge. In effect, they infer that knowledge of the outcome should have been apparent from the pre-outcome information. This current research shows that the same phenomenon can exist in the public accounting environment; several implications for accounting are discussed.
Models and methodologies in current theoretical high-energy physics

A case study of the development of quantum field theory and of S-matrix theory, from their inceptions to the present, is presented. The descriptions of science given by Kuhn and by Lakatos are compared and contrasted as they apply to this case study. The episodes of the developments of these theories are then considered as candidates for competing research programs in Lakatos' methodology of scientific research programs. Lakatos' scheme provides a reasonable overall description and a plausible assessment of the relative value of these two programs in terms of progressive and degenerating problem shifts. Also discussed are the roles of various types of models as they have been used in these areas of theoretical high-energy physics.
Chemical modifications of Pokeweed antiviral protein: effects upon ribosome inactivation, antiviral activity and cytotoxicity

Pokeweed antiviral protein (PAP) is a protein known to inactivate eukaryotic ribosomes by an unknown enzymatic action and inhibit the production of mammalian viruses in tissue culture. This protein was subjected to a variety of chemical modifications to determine their effects upon ribosomal inactivation, antiviral action, and cytotoxicity. It was found that modifications of a number of different amino acid residues had similar effects upon all 3 activities. Also the inactivation of PAP with diethylpyrocarbonate was not due to its reaction with a histidine residue but to a modification of an unidentified amino acid residue.
Resting-State Functional Connectivity in Individuals with Down Syndrome and Williams Syndrome Compared with Typically Developing Controls

Abstract The emergence of resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) analysis, which examines temporal correlations of low-frequency (<0.1 Hz) blood oxygen level-dependent signal fluctuations between brain regions, has dramatically improved our understanding of the functional architecture of the typically developing (TD) human brain. This study examined rsFC in Down syndrome (DS) compared with another neurodevelopmental disorder, Williams syndrome (WS), and TD. Ten subjects with DS, 18 subjects with WS, and 40 subjects with TD each participated in a 3-Tesla MRI scan. We tested for group differences (DS vs. TD, DS vs. WS, and WS vs. TD) in between- and within-network rsFC connectivity for seven functional networks. For the DS group, we also examined associations between rsFC and other cognitive and genetic risk factors. In DS compared with TD, we observed higher levels of between-network connectivity in 6 out 21 network pairs but no differences in within-network connectivity. Participants with WS showed ...
Ranging-imaging spectrometer

An imaging spectrometer that can simultaneously obtain 3-D spatial and hyperspectral data has been developed. The Ranging-Imaging Spectrometer (RIS) is based on the Computed Tomographic Imaging Spectrometer (CTIS) developed at the Optical Science Center, and the Scannerless Laser Radar (LADAR) architecture developed at Sandia National Labs. The instrument acquires hyperspectral data in a single snapshot and spatial data in a series of snapshots. The system has 29 spectral bands, 1024 range samples, and approximately 80 x 80 spatial sampling. The RIS is discussed along with analysis of test data.
XPS Studies of Chromium Atoms Interacting with a PMDA-ODA Polyimide Surface

XPS data obtained during the initial stages of vapor deposition of chromium atoms onto a PMDA-ODA polyimide substrate is presented. Utilizing the results of molecular orbital calculations it is emphasized that the data is consistent with the formation of a charge transfer complex between the deposited metal atoms and the PMDA unit of the polymer.
On the spread of changes in marine low cloud cover in climate model simulations of the 21st century

In 36 climate change simulations associated with phases 3 and 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP3 and CMIP5), changes in marine low cloud cover (LCC) exhibit a large spread, and may be either positive or negative. Here we develop a heuristic model to understand the source of the spread. The model’s premise is that simulated LCC changes can be interpreted as a linear combination of contributions from factors shaping the clouds’ large-scale environment. We focus primarily on two factors—the strength of the inversion capping the atmospheric boundary layer (measured by the estimated inversion strength, EIS) and sea surface temperature (SST). For a given global model, the respective contributions of EIS and SST are computed. This is done by multiplying (1) the current-climate’s sensitivity of LCC to EIS or SST variations, by (2) the climate-change signal in EIS or SST. The remaining LCC changes are then attributed to changes in greenhouse gas and aerosol concentrations, and other environmental factors. The heuristic model is remarkably skillful. Its SST term dominates, accounting for nearly two-thirds of the intermodel variance of LCC changes in CMIP3 models, and about half in CMIP5 models. Of the two factors governing the SST term (the SST increase and the sensitivity of LCC to SST perturbations), the SST sensitivity drives the spread in the SST term and hence the spread in the overall LCC changes. This sensitivity varies a great deal from model to model and is strongly linked to the types of cloud and boundary layer parameterizations used in the models. EIS and SST sensitivities are also estimated using observational cloud and meteorological data. The observed sensitivities are generally consistent with the majority of models as well as expectations from prior research. Based on the observed sensitivities and the relative magnitudes of simulated EIS and SST changes (which we argue are also physically reasonable), the heuristic model predicts LCC will decrease over the 21st-century. However, to place a strong constraint, for example on the magnitude of the LCC decrease, will require longer observational records and a careful assessment of other environmental factors producing LCC changes. Meanwhile, addressing biases in simulated EIS and SST sensitivities will clearly be an important step towards reducing intermodel spread in simulated LCC changes.
High-throughput preparation methods of crude extract for robust cell-free protein synthesis

High-throughput preparation methods of crude extract for robust cell-free protein synthesis
A linearly implicit predictor-corrector method for reaction-diffusion equations

Abstract A novel linearly implicit predictor-corrector scheme is developed for the numerical solution of reaction-diffusion equations. Iterative processes are avoided by treating the nonlinear reaction terms explicitly, while maintaining superior accuracy and stability properties compared to the well-known θ methods and linearly implicit Runge-Kutta methods. The proposed method allows the opportunity of solving large systems of reaction-diffusion equations by alleviating the necessity of solving the accompanying large linear systems of algebraic equations due to the natural parallelism which surfaces across the system. Numerical results confirm the enhanced stability, accuracy and efficiency of the method when applied to reaction-diffusion equations arising in biochemistry and population ecology.
Inhibitors of purine and pyrimidine synthesis: mycophenolate, azathioprine, and leflunomide

The major goal in the treatment of autoimmune blistering diseases has changed from simply keeping the patient alive to suppressing disease while maintaining quality of life and minimizing drug side effects. Researchers and clinicians are constantly seeking steroid-sparing agents that would allow a dose reduction in corticosteroids with no loss of benefit. Purine and pyrimidine base inhibitors are commonly used for this purpose. These drugs act by inhibiting cell division and inducing cell death. The pharmacologic and clinical aspects of azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil, and leflunomide are discussed in this review.
N-acetyl-L-tyrosine as a tyrosine source during total parenteral nutrition in adult rats.

ABSTRACT: The tyrosine content of parenteral solutions is limited by poor tyrosine solubility. N-acetyl-L-tyrosine has excellent solubility and is a potential source of intravenous tyrosine. Infusion of N-acetyl-U-14C-L-tyrosine as part of a total parenteral nutrition regimen in the rat at a level of 0.5 mmol/kg/day resulted in rapid labeling of tissue tyrosine pools, production of 14CO2, incorporation of Relabeled tyrosine into protein, and modest urinary losses (8.3%). Plasma tyrosine levels, however, remained at fasting values (73.8 ± 5.40 μ). Infusion of N-acetyl-L-tyrosine at 2 mmol/kg/day increased plasma tyrosine above fasting levels (141 ± 16.1 μ), resulted in a rapid labeling of tissue tyrosine pools, production of 14CO2, and incorporation of 14C-labeled tyrosine into protein. However, urinary losses were higher (16.8%). Rapid utilization of N-acetyl-L-tyrosine was noted at both infusion levels. Plasma-and tissue-free tyrosine pools were rapidly labeled, as was tissue protein. Radioactivity incorporated in tissue protein was shown to be tyrosine after acid hydrolysis.
Lattice modes in the ferroelectric perovskites (Pb1–x Srx) TiO3

In this paper we discuss the Raman data of the vibrational frequencies of the perovskite mixed system (Pb1–xSrx) TiO3, both at room temperature and at −160°C.
A framework to assess regional environmental impacts of dedicated energy crop production.

Numerous studies have evaluated air quality and greenhouse gas mitigation benefits of biomass energy systems, but the potential environmental impacts associated with large-scale changes in land-use patterns needed to produce energy crops have not been quantified. This paper presents a framework to assess the potential soil, water, and biodiversity impacts that may result from the large-scale production of dedicated energy crops. The framework incorporates producer economic decision models with environmental models to assess changes in land use patterns and to quantify the consequent environmental impacts. Economic and policy issues that will affect decisions to produce energy crops are discussed. The framework is used to evaluate erosion and chemical runoff in two Tennessee regions. The analysis shows that production of dedicated energy crops in place of conventional crops will significantly reduce erosion and chemical runoff.
The Description of Paul in the Acts of Paul and Thecla

In the Acts of Paul and Thecla (3, p. 237, 6-9 Lipsius) there is a description of Paul that seems to have no parallel in early Christian literature. Literally translated, it runs thus: "a man small in size, with a bald head and crooked legs; in good health; with eyebrows that met and a rather prominent nose; full of grace, for sometimes he looked like a man and sometimes he had the face of an angel." The words from 'full" to "angel" need not concern us. They are borrowed from the book of Acts, where they describe the martyr Stephen (Acts 6:8, 15). As for the rest, scholars used to suppose that vestiges of oral tradition persisted and gave reliable pictures, at least in part, of what Paul really looked like. W. Michaelis, cited in Hennecke-Schneemelcher-Wilson, offers a variant: "the typical portrait of a Jew, admittedly adapted to the eminence of the Apostle."' We shall show that it has nothing to do with either the apostle or a Jew, much with poetical and rhetorical ideas of the way leaders ought to look. First we should indicate, following B. Pick, how the description managed to live on or, at any rate, to be received in later Times. Malalas used it in the sixth century, the author of the Philopatris ascribed to Lucian, in the tenth, and the historian Nicephorus Callistus, in the fourteenth.2 It is thus not possible to say that "the AP through their reception by the Manichees fell completely into disrepute in the Church."3 As for the description itself, we should expect, following the guidance of Elizabeth Evans, to find it based on physiognomic considerations.4 This foundation, it appears, does not lie in a physiognomic manual of the kind edited by R. Foerster in his Scriptores physiognomonici (Leipzig 1893), even in the "Sylloge locorum physiognomonicorum" in the second volume. Instead, it lies in a fairly popular passage from the poet Archilochus (frag. 58 Bergk4), quoted by several second-century writers and paraphrased in the third from one in the second.'
Special computer architectures for robotics: tutorial and survey

The author provides an overview of recent research into specially designed computer architectures which can provide enhanced computational capabilities to meet the special needs of real-time control of robots and other automation systems. He reviews standard techniques for improving computational power through parallelism and special hardware and then considers how these approaches can be applied to problems in robot control, sensing, and coordination. It is noted that parallel and concurrent computing architectures offer several promising routes for achieving performance improvements, but they must meet the criteria of practical implementability, including connectability, performance, and cost. Some proposed architectures for performance improvements are surveyed, several of which have already achieved some degree of implementation. This survey is intended both to highlight significant progress to date and to provide an overview of the emerging trends for the development of specialized computer architectures in this field of application. >
VI. Electrophysiological assessment of monoamine synaptic function in neuronal circuits of seizure susceptible brains

The following report reviews evidence suggesting a role for the monoamines, norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin (5-HT), in the pathophysiology of seizure disorders and outlines a strategy for electrophysiologically evaluating monoaminergic function at the synaptic level in central neuronal circuits of two animal models of epilepsy.
CD62L is required for the priming of encephalitogenic T cells but does not play a major role in the effector phase of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.

CD62L (l-selectin, mel 14) regulates naive T cell homing into lymph nodes and the migration of leucocytes to sites of inflammation. The requirement of CD62L in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis, has been demonstrated previously. However, it remains controversial as to whether CD62L is required for the induction or the effector phase of EAE. It is also unclear whether other non-T effector cells need CD62L to enter the central nervous system (CNS) parenchyma and exert their damaging effects on myelin. We report that mice with a targeted mutation of CD62L are resistant to Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide-induced EAE. CD62L-deficient mice had no peptide-specific T cell responses in the draining lymph nodes and had lower levels of peptide-specific T cell responses in spleens at a later time point. Adoptive transfer studies showed that CD62L-deficient mice were fully susceptible to adoptive transfer EAE induced by either wildtype or CD62L-deficient T cells. Moreover, CD62L-deficient, F4/80(+) macrophages can be efficiently recruited into the CNS parenchyma. These data suggest that CD62L is required for the induction of encephalitogenic T cells during EAE development, but is not required by T and non-T effector cells to attack the CNS parenchyma.
Ethanol and trichloroethanol alter gating of 5-HT3 receptor-channels in NCB-20 neuroblastoma cells.

Abstract Alcohol potentiation of 5-HT3 receptors was examined in NCB-20 neuroblastoma cells using whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiological techniques. Activation of the receptor with the weak partial agonist dopamine (DA) was used to examine alcohol effects under conditions of full agonist occupancy, but low probability of channel opening. Dopamine activation of the receptor increased in a concentration-dependent manner (EC50=0.28 mM), and on average maximal responses to DA were 8.0±0.8% of the maximal response to 5-HT. Ethanol (EtOH) and trichloroethanol (TCEt) potentiated DA-activated ion current mediated by 5-HT3 receptors. Potentiation of responses to a maximally effective dopamine concentration averaged 52.0±8.0% for EtOH and 567±43% for TCEt, which was comparable to the potentiation observed when receptors were activated by a low concentration of 5-HT. The alcohols increased both the potency and efficacy with which dopamine activated the receptor. The observation that alcohols increase the maximal efficacy of dopamine activation of the receptor indicates that one action of alcohols on the 5-HT3 receptor is to increase the probability of channel opening independent of any effect on agonist affinity.
Possible new well-logging tool using positron Doppler broadening to detect total organic carbon (TOC) in hydrocarbon source rocks

Abstract The use of well-logging tools has proven to be a cheap, effective method of formation evaluation in potential petroleum basins. One of the few remaining unanswered questions of economic importance is the amount of organic matter available to produce oil and gas in source rocks. Using Doppler broadening spectroscopy, we measured the S -parameter along the length of a shaly source rock with known TOC values. The S -parameter was observed to correlate well with the geochemically derived organic carbon weight percent values.
RISING FOOD PRICES, SOCIAL MOBILIZATIONS, AND VIOLENCE: CONCEPTUAL ISSUES IN UNDERSTANDING AND RESPONDING TO THE CONNECTIONS LINKING HUNGER AND CONFLICT

In 2008, the world confronted food-insecurity situations that provoked political demonstrations in more than 50 countries. The alleged sources were production failures and spiking food prices because of bad weather and flawed food and development policies. But additional contributors were the legacies of food wars, armed conflicts in which one or both sides use food (or hunger) as a weapon and in which hunger persists as a consequence of conflict and its attendant social-economic disruptions. This article argues that UN and NGO international and national agencies responding to food insecurity challenges in particular places must consider food-and-conflict scenarios, and adopt conflict-concerned strategies, which are sensitive to the ways in which past foodwars have stymied increases in agricultural production, marketing, and livelihood diversification. Policy makers should also be attentive to political-geographic-ethnic-religious (PGER) divisions that can skew government distributions and access to aid and potentiate additional conflict.
Comparison of proxy records of climate change and solar forcing

The role of solar variability as a cause of decadal-centennial scale climate change continues to be a topic of debate. Herein we compare two estimates of solar variability since 1600 with two estimates of northern hemispheric temperature change. Sun-climate correlations vary between 0.57–0.74 and are significant at the 95% level. However, the small number of oscillations in the time series suggests to us that longer records are needed for a more convincing demonstration of a significant sun-climate linkage. Forcing of an energy balance model with the solar time series indicates that modest amounts of solar variability and climate sensitivity yield temperature variations that represent a significant fraction of the inferred changes during the Little Ice Age. This latter result further supports the hypothesis that solar variability may be significantly contributing to climate change on decadal-centennial time scales.
Consultation with the specialist. Familial nephritis/Alport syndrome.

1. Laurie Fouser, MD* 1. 2. *Assistant Professor, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine; Attending Nephrologist, Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Children’s Hospital and Medical Center, Seattle, WA. Alport syndrome, also known as familial or hereditary nephritis, is a genetic disease of the kidneys that also may involve the eyes, ears, and other organ systems. Although patients who have severe forms of this disease develop deafness and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) by young adulthood, the earliest detectable abnormality in the child who has Alport syndrome is isolated hematuria. Therefore, knowledge of the etiology, pathology, and diagnosis of this disorder is important to pediatricians who encounter hematuria frequently. The earliest clinical finding in the child who has Alport syndrome is isolated, persistent microscopic hematuria. Intermittent gross hematuria also may be observed, particularly with upper respiratory tract infections. The hematuria is related to ultrastructural abnormalities in the renal basement membranes (Figure). The glomerular basement membrane (GBM) appears thin on electron microscopy, and it is believed that attenuation or rupture of the abnormal GBM permits passage of red blood cells into the urine. Males who have X-linked Alport syndrome or children of either gender who have the rarer autosomal recessive form of familial nephritis exhibit progression of the kidney lesion over time, as the GBM thickens and develops a lamellate appearance. Onset of hypertension and proteinuria accompany the irregular thickening of the GBM. Individuals who have these clinical findings are likely to progress to ESRD during adulthood. Evidence of extrarenal involvement is rare in the very young child, but auditory abnormalities are common as the patient who has Alport syndrome grows older. Sensorineural hearing loss occurs in approximately 50% of Alport kindreds and is more common among males. Most affected boys develop deafness by adolescence, and females who have X-linked disease may suffer hearing impairment in later life. Little is known of the mechanisms that cause deafness and …
Nifedipine influence on mineral nutrient uptake by sorghum primary root tips

Abstract Seedling sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. cv GP‐10, SC283, SC574, and Funk G522DR] primary root tips (1‐cm) content of calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), zinc (Zn), boron (B), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), and copper (Cu) in response to a Ca2+‐channel blocker (nifedipine 0, 0.01, 0.1, or 1 μM) was measured after a 1‐hr exposure to Hoagland and Arnon complete mineral nutrient solution. Content of ions was significantly different among the cultivars. Responses to nifedipine were element‐cultivar‐blocker concentration dependent.
Low Fidelity DNA Synthesis by a Y Family DNA Polymerase Due to Misalignment in the Active Site

Sulfolobus solfataricus DNA polymerase IV (Dpo4) is a member of the Y family of DNA polymerases whose crystal structure has recently been solved. As a model for other evolutionarily conserved Y family members that perform translesion DNA synthesis and have low fidelity, we describe here the base substitution and frameshift fidelity of DNA synthesis by Dpo4. Dpo4 generates all 12 base-base mismatches at high rates, 11 of which are similar to those of its human homolog, DNA polymerase κ. This result is consistent with the Dpo4 structure, implying lower geometric selection for correct base pairs. Surprisingly, Dpo4 generates C·dCMP mismatches at an unusually high average rate and preferentially at cytosine flanked by 5′-template guanine. Dpo4 also has very low frameshift fidelity and frequently generates deletions of even noniterated nucleotides, especially cytosine flanked by a 5′-template guanine. Both unusual features of error specificity suggest that Dpo4 can incorporate dNTP precursors when two template nucleotides are present in the active site binding pocket. These results have implications for mutagenesis resulting from DNA synthesis by Y family polymerases.
Novel B12-Dependent Acyl-CoA Mutases and Their Biotechnological Potential

The recent spate of discoveries of novel acyl-CoA mutases has engendered a growing appreciation for the diversity of 5'-deoxyadenosylcobalamin-dependent rearrangement reactions. The prototype of the reaction catalyzed by these enzymes is the 1,2 interchange of a hydrogen atom with a thioester group leading to a change in the degree of carbon skeleton branching. These enzymes are predicted to share common architectural elements: a Rossman fold and a triose phosphate isomerase (TIM)-barrel domain for binding cofactor and substrate, respectively. Within this family, methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MCM) is the best studied and is the only member found in organisms ranging from bacteria to man. MCM interconverts (2R)-methylmalonyl-CoA and succinyl-CoA. The more recently discovered family members include isobutyryl-CoA mutase (ICM), which interconverts isobutyryl-CoA and n-butyryl-CoA; ethylmalonyl-CoA mutase, which interconverts (2R)-ethylmalonyl-CoA and (2S)-methylsuccinyl-CoA; and 2-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA mutase, which interconverts 2-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA and (3S)-hydroxybutyryl-CoA. A variant in which the two subunits of ICM are fused to a G-protein chaperone, IcmF, has been described recently. In addition to its ICM activity, IcmF also catalyzes the interconversion of isovaleryl-CoA and pivalyl-CoA. This review focuses on the involvement of acyl-CoA mutases in central carbon and secondary bacterial metabolism and on their biotechnological potential for applications ranging from bioremediation to stereospecific synthesis of C2-C5 carboxylic acids and alcohols, and for production of potential commodity and specialty chemicals.
In vivo venular changes with the development of one-kidney, one-clip hypertension in the rat.

Television microscopy was used to quantify in vivo resting venular diameters and the responses to topically applied norepinephrine in the cremaster muscle of two groups of urethan-chloralose anesthetized rats: normotensive rats (NT) and onekidney, one-clip Goldblatt hypertensive rats (1K1C). Observations were made two weeks after the surgery which was used to induce renovascular hypertension. At this stage, we have previously observed an increase in arteriolar reactivity (1). In the current study, mean arterial blood pressures for 1K1C (149±5 mmHg) were significantly higher than pressures for NT (102±3 mmHg). Venules were categorized by branching order and venular diameters were measured at three different levels of the microcirculation: first (1V), second (2V), and third order (3V) venules. Reactivity to norepinephrine at all venular levels in the 1K1C group was similar to that recorded for the NT group. Resting venular luminal diameters, however, were significantly smaller (20%) for large (1V) venules o...
Polymer catalysts. X. Vanadium complexes of bipyridine‐based polyureas for epoxidation of alkenes

In this article we report on the epoxidation of olefins with hydroperoxides in the presence of a polymer-anchored vanadium catalyst. Incorporation of vanadium (V) into polar, bipyridine-based polyureas and the evaluation of the activity and selectivity of the catalyst were investigated.
Raltegravir for HIV-1 infected children and adolescents: efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics.

Raltegravir was the first HIV integrase strand-transfer inhibitor to be approved by the US FDA, in October 2007, for the treatment of HIV-1 infection in combination with other antiretroviral agents. Raltegravir can be used in treatment-naive and -experienced patients, as well as for the treatment of multidrug-resistant infection. Raltegravir exists in two formulations: a film-coated tablet administered orally at 400 mg twice daily, and a chewable tablet administered orally at 300 mg twice daily. In 2011, raltegravir was also approved for the treatment of children and adolescents, ages 2–18 years. For adolescents (ages 12–18 years), the recommended dose is 400 mg twice daily (film-coated tablet). If children (ages 6–12 years) weigh at least 25 kg, the film-coated tablet is recommended at 400 mg twice daily. Otherwise, patients receive the chewable tablet according to weight-based dosing at approximately 6 mg/kg/dose. Studies are ongoing for children ages 4 weeks to 2 years, and preliminary efficacy and safety data are promising. This article reviews current studies on the efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of raltegravir in the pediatric population and the challenges of treating HIV in children and adolescents.
A Stateful Approach to Testing Monitors in Multithreaded Programs

A monitor is a commonly used synchronization construct in multithreaded programs. Ensuring the correctness of each monitor in a multithreaded program is a critical step towards ensuring the correctness of the entire program. A monitor’s correctness can be checked by executing two or more test threads that call the monitor’s methods. Reach ability testing can be used to automatically exercise every possible sequence in which the test threads can enter the monitor. Reach ability testing is a stateless testing technique, which allows it to avoid the high storage cost associated with saving states in memory. However, stateless reach ability testing allows large portions of a program’s state space to be visited multiple times, since it is not possible to recognize states that have been visited before. This inefficiency can create a “sequence explosion” problem that causes reach ability testing to take too much time. In this paper, we show how to store and recognize visited states when reach ability testing is applied to a single monitor and its test threads. We also show how to use state pruning to avoid storing all of the visited states at once. The results of an empirical study show that adding states to reach ability testing significantly reduces execution time without significantly increasing storage costs.