cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neuroblast migration along the anteroposterior axis of C. elegans is controlled by opposing gradients of Wnts and a secreted Frizzled-related protein

The migration of neuroblasts along the anteroposterior body axis of C. elegans is controlled by multiple Wnts that act partially redundantly to guide cells to their precisely defined final destinations. How positional information is specified by this system is, however, still largely unknown. Here, we used a novel fluorescent in situ hybridization methods to generate a quantitative spatiotemporal expression map of the C. elegans Wnt genes. We found that the five Wnt genes are expressed in a series of partially overlapping domains along the anteroposterior axis, with a predominant expression in the posterior half of the body. Furthermore, we show that a secreted Frizzled-related protein is expressed at the anterior end of the body axis, where it inhibits Wnt signaling to control neuroblast migration. Our findings reveal that a system of regionalized Wnt gene expression and anterior Wnt inhibition guides the highly stereotypic migration of neuroblasts in C. elegans. Opposing expression of Wnts and Wnt inhibitors has been observed in basal metazoans and in the vertebrate neurectoderm. Our results in C. elegans support the notion that a system of posterior Wnt signaling and anterior Wnt inhibition is an evolutionarily conserved principle of primary body axis specification.
Are Providers More Likely to Contribute to Healthcare Disparities Under High Levels of Cognitive Load? How Features of the Healthcare Setting May Lead to Biases in Medical Decision Making

Systematic reviews of healthcare disparities suggest that clinicians' diagnostic and therapeutic decision making varies by clinically irrelevant characteristics, such as patient race, and that this variation may contribute to healthcare disparities. However, there is little understanding of the particular features of the healthcare setting under which clinicians are most likely to be inappropriately influenced by these characteristics. This study delineates several hypotheses to stimulate future research in this area. It is posited that healthcare settings in which providers experience high levels of cognitive load will increase the likelihood of racial disparities via 2 pathways. First, providers who experience higher levels of cognitive load are hypothesized to make poorer medical decisions and provide poorer care for all patients, due to lower levels of controlled processing (H1). Second, under greater levels of cognitive load, it is hypothesized that healthcare providers' medical decisions and interpersonal behaviors will be more likely to be influenced by racial stereotypes, leading to poorer processes and outcomes of care for racial minority patients (H2). It is further hypothesized that certain characteristics of healthcare settings will result in higher levels of cognitive load experienced by providers (H3). Finally, it is hypothesized that minority patients will be disproportionately likely to be treated in healthcare settings in which providers experience greater levels of cognitive load (H4a), which will result in racial disparities due to lower levels of controlled processing by providers (H4b) and the influence of racial stereotypes (H4c).The study concludes with implications for research and practice that flow from this framework.
Experiments with a heuristic theorem-proving program for predicate calculus with equality

Abstract A new theorem-proving program to solve problems expressed in the first-order predicate calculus with equality has been implemented and extensively tested. The basic algorithm employs resolution and paramodulation as its rules of inference, and uses set-of-support and input strategies. It has been augmented by numerous heuristics, some newly devised, enabling the successful solution of a large number of problems with widely differing characteristics. Among the heuristics, a sequencing table and other means of taking into account user-supplied information about hypotheses when deciding on the next step to perform have proved to be most powerful. Without them, satisfactory performance would not have been attained. Different heuristics were found to be more effective for different classes of problems. The paper discusses the significance of this research, gives a complete description of the program, and presents a detailed account of the experiments which have been conducted.
Dependence of tetanic hyperpolarization on pump conductance in the cyanide-treated Xenopus node.

Prolonged exposure to cyanide leads to a delayed but reversible disappearance of tetanic hyperpolarization in theXenopus node (G. M. Schoepfle,Am. J. Physiol. 231, 1033–1038, 1976). This effect is attributed to a pronounced decline in the absolute values of the ATP and ADP concentrations, such that the ATP-driven ion translocation is no longer possible, regardless of the existing values for (Na)i, (K)i and the (ATP)/(ADP) ratio. Mathematically, this would imply a vanishing of a constant pump conductance gp in the exression for electrogenic pump current densitityJ p, whereJ p=g p (V m −E p) in whichV m is membrane potential andE p is an ATP-and sodium-dependent e.m.f.
New agents in development for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

Since its introduction 10 years ago, the anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody rituximab has benefited numerous patients with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL). However, rituximab is not effective in all patients, and many patients who initially respond ultimately develop resistance. Several strategies have been implemented to improve upon the efficacy of rituximab, including radiolabeled anti-CD20 antibodies, second-generation engineered anti-CD20 antibodies with various potential improvements over rituximab, and novel monoclonal antibodies directed against other B-cell antigens. This review describes results from early clinical trials in lymphoma patients for many of these new agents, including the anti-CD20 antibodies ofatumumab and hA20, the anti-CD22 antibodies epratuzumab and CMC-544, the anti-CD80 antibody galiximab, and the anti-CD40 antibody SGN-40. These therapies are promising, and many are currently being evaluated with rituximab in clinical trials to determine the optimal combination therapies for lymphoma patients.
Mixed lymphocyte culture reactivity and H-2 histocompatibility loci differences

The relationship between the major histocompatibility systems as defined serologically and by the mixed leukocyte culture (MLC) test is one which has received attention in both man (1) and mouse (2). In man, studies within families suggest that cells of siblings who inherit the same HL-A chromosomes from their parents and thus are serologically identical at HL-A do not stimulate in the MLC test. Cells of siblings who inherit different HL-A chromosomes do stimulate. This, combined with the finding that cells of all of several hundred unrelated pairs stimulate in the MLC test, suggests that a single genetic system controls reactivity in MLC, that this system is highly polymorphic and either the same as that coding for the HL-A antigens or very closely linked to the HL-A (1). Similarly, differences at the H-2 system in the mouse result in MLC activation (2). The H-2 system in the mouse can be divided into two separate regions, H-2K and H-2D (3). Recently Rychlikova et al. (4) studied a series of mouse recombinant strains that differed only for the H-2D region or only for the H-2K region and other inbred strains that differed at both the H-2D and the H-2K regions. Their findings suggested that differences for H-2K alone or for both H-2K and H-2D resulted in MLC activation. Differences for the H-2D region alone. however, did not result in MLC activation in their study. We have repeated these studies using a number of recombinant strains tested in
Impersonal indexicals: one , you , man , and du

Impersonal pronouns are pervasive in the world’s languages; boundaries between personal and impersonal paradigms are porous. Thus, in many languages, 2nd-person pronouns can be impersonal (i), and vary under the influence of quantificational adverbs like always and rarely. (i) In those days, you always/usually/rarely lived to be 60.
Voice immunity of tone operated switching centers

Tone operation of electronic switching centers is the natural outgrowth of 4-wire operation of communication systems using a radio link. The radio circuit may be anywhere between the subscriber and the switching center or between switching centers.
Three-dimensional structure of Escherichia coli initiator tRNA/f//Met/

The crystal structure of Escherichia coli tRNAfMet an initiator transfer RNA, has been determined. While grossly similar to that of the chain-elongating yeast tRNAPhe, there are three major differences. One involves the folding of the anticodon loop; in particular, the position of the constant uridine, U33. This difference was unexpected and may be of functional significance.
Arithmetic and the Categories

On its conceptual side, mathematics as Kant understands it involves in an essential way the categories of quantity. This much should be obvious to readers of the Critique of Pure Reason. To trace this connection in more detail, however, has not been a main concern of interpreters of Kant’s philosophy of mathematics, at least recent ones. No doubt it has been thought that the connection is bound up with traditional logic and with a conception of mathematics more restrictive than what has come to prevail since the rise of set theory and abstract mathematics. The questions concerning Kant’s conception of intuition and of construction of concepts that have dominated the literature on Kant’s philosophy of mathematics are more directly connected with philosophical debates of recent times.
Improving the Performance of the Extreme-Scale Simulator

Investigating the performance of parallel applications at scale on future high-performance computing (HPC) architectures and the performance impact of different architecture choices is an important component of HPC hardware/software co-design. The Extreme-scale Simulator (xSim) is a simulation-based toolkit for investigating the performance of parallel applications at scale. xSim scales to millions of simulated Message Passing Interface (MPI) processes. The overhead introduced by a simulation tool is an important performance and productivity aspect. This paper documents two improvements to xSim: (1) a new deadlock resolution protocol to reduce the parallel discrete event simulation management overhead and (2) a new simulated MPI message matching algorithm to reduce the oversubscription management overhead. The results clearly show a significant performance improvement, such as by reducing the simulation overhead for running the NAS Parallel Benchmark suite inside the simulator from 1,020% to 238% for the conjugate gradient (CG) benchmark and from 102% to 0% for the embarrassingly parallel (EP) and benchmark, as well as, from 37,511% to 13,808% for CG and from 3,332% to 204% for EP with accurate process failure simulation.
TDP-43 in ALS: stay on target…almost there.

ALS is associated with RNA processing impairments involving the RNA-binding protein TDP-43. Pioneering a novel RNA beacon to illuminate RNA trafficking in neurons, Alami et al. (2014) discover a cytoplasmic function for TDP-43, suggesting a new disease mechanism.
GeAs thiophosphate glasses: properties and NMR spectroscopy

Stoichiometric GeAsP sulphide glasses containing 50–90 mol% GeS2 and 4–25 mol% P2S5 have been investigated to determine the compositional and structural dependence of physical properties. The latter vary monotonically with increasing P2S5 concentration: at constant GeS2 content, the thermal expansion coefficient increases, whereas refractive index, isokom temperatures and density decrease as P2S5 replaces As2S3. The introduction of P is marked by absorption bands in the 900–1400 cm−1 range that are absent in P-free glasses. The compositional dependence of optical properties and molar volume indicates that the dominant P species in these glasses is the tetrahedral SPS3/2 group. This interpretation of the local P environment is confirmed by 31P MAS NMR spectral data, which further indicate that the latter species tend to have AsS3 groups as next-nearest neighbors.
High‐sensitivity TFA‐free LC‐MS for profiling histones

The analysis of proteins by reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) commonly involves the use of TFA as an ion-pairing agent, even though it forms adducts and suppresses sensitivity. The presence of adducts can complicate protein molecular weight assignment especially when protein isoforms coelute as in the case of histones. To mitigate the complicating effects of TFA adducts in protein LC-MS, we have optimized TFA-free methods for protein separation. Protein standards and histones were used to evaluate TFA-free separations using capillary (0.3 mm id) and nanoscale (0.1 mm id) C8 columns with the ion-pairing agents, formic acid or acetic acid. The optimized method was then used to examine the applicability of the approach for histone characterization in human cancer cell lines and primary tumor cells from chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients.
Proteomics takes stem cell analyses to another level.

Proteomic analysis of post-translational modifications illuminates the system-wide properties of stem cell differentiation.
Determination of dissolved vanadium in natural waters by flow injection analysis with calorimetric detection

A flow injection technique for the determination of dissolved vanadium in natural waters has been developed. The technique utilizes the vanadium-catalyzed oxidation of Bindschedler's green leuco base by bromate with tiron and tartrate as reaction activators. The reaction product is quantified calorimetrically. A chelator column of immobilized 8-hydroxyquinoline reduces matrix effects but can be eliminated if samples with a constant matrix are being analyzed. By using the chelator column, 1 ml of sample can be analyzed in < 10 min with a detection limit of 0.2 nM. The method has been used successfully for the determination of dissolved vanadium in river and estuarine waters.
Trends in Regionalization of Inpatient Care for Urological Malignancies, 1988 to 2002

Purpose: Higher hospital and clinician volumes may be associated with improved patient outcomes for complex surgical and medical care, although the strength and consistency of this association varies markedly across specific conditions and procedures. Pressures from payors and policymakers exist to move complex care to high volume hospitals. The net effect of these pressures may be the regionalization of care. We quantified trends in the regionalization of inpatient care for urological oncology in a national administrative database.Materials and Methods: The Nationwide Inpatient Sample, a 20% stratified sample of United States community hospital admissions, was queried for surgical and nonsurgical admissions for bladder, renal and prostate cancer care between 1988 and 2002. Hospitals were grouped into tertiles by annual surgical volume. Trends over time in the annual discharge rate by hospital volume tertile, geographic region and insurance status were analyzed.Results: High volume hospitals were defined ...
Territorial behavior of the red admiral, Vanessa atalanta (Lepidoptera : Nymphalidae) I. The role of climatic factors and early interaction frequency on territorial start time

We examined the relative importance of climatic factors and population density to territorial start time ofVanessa atalanta males. Start time varies with solar altitude and therefore with seasons. We removed seasonal effects by converting start times to corresponding solar altitudes. Start time solar altitude correlates primarily with ambient temperature (T a) and secondarily with substrate temperature (T s), regardless of cloud cover. Overcast cloud cover resulted in later not earlier start times as expected from reduced solar radiation (R⊙) levels. R⊙ may affect start time indirectly by affectingT s and later start times under overcast skies may be a result ofT s. Start times under solid overcast but not under broken overcast were different than under clear skies, suggesting thatV. atalanta males can use dim sun or blue patches in broken overcast as a start time cue. Early interaction frequency is correlated withT a and wind direction, but not with start time itself, suggesting that male population density is unimportant compared with climatic factors. We conclude thatV. atalanta has a climate-dependent start time but, also, that maintaining a relatively fixed daily schedule is more important to males than is achieving an optimal body temperature while perching.
CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION AND STARCH GEL-UREA ELECTROPHORETIC CHARACTERIZATION OF ALBUMINS, GLOBULINS, GLIADINS, AND GLUTENINS IN SOFT WHEAT.

Abstract The major objectives of this investigation were: to develop improved chemical fractionation methods for albumins, globulins, gliadins, and glutenins and to characterize these proteins by starch gel-urea electrophoresis. Improved methods for chemical fractionation of soft wheat proteins based on solubilities have been developed and are presented schematically. The degree of purity of protein fractions obtained at each step in the chemical fractionation procedure employing various solvent systems, i.e., water, 1.0 M NaCl, 0.1% NaCl, 70% ethanol, and 0.01 N acetic acid was determined by SGUE. The optimum experimental conditions for SGUE were found to be: starch gel (9.24% starch) with aluminum lactate buffer, ionic strength 0.1, pH 3.1, and 7 M urea; potential gradient 10 volts/cm; 3.5 mg of lyophilized protein applied to the gel. No significant differences in SGUE patterns were found with either vertical or horizontal positioning of the gel, at room temperature or 5°C. The soft wheat proteins have been resolved into more than twenty different components by SGUE. There is in the literature a wide variety of nomenclature assigned to the various components of the wheat proteins. A system of identifying the albumins, globulins, gliadins, and glutenins based on SGUE has been proposed in which the prominent component bands in each fraction are numbered. The fastest band is number 1 and the starting slot is number 20. The soft wheat proteins have been classified as G f , A f , Base, G s , A s , and S-zone. This classification is based on electrophoretic mobilities and not on chemical compositions or solubility properties. Two major bands, 7 and 9, were found in the albumin, globulin, and gliadin proteins. These two components have been designated as “Base proteins”, and other bands are referred to as “A fast” or “G slow” etc., according to their positions before or following the base-protein zone. The base proteins may be protein-protein associations involving albumins, globulins, and gliadins.
Imagining solidarity: cosmopolitanism, constitutional patriotism, and the public sphere

Globalization and the coming of postnational and transnational society are often presented as matters of necessity. Globalization appears as an inexorable force—perhaps of progress, perhaps simply of a capitalist juggernaut, but in any case irresistible. European integration, for example, is often sold to voters as a necessary response to the global integration of capital. In Asia, Latin America, and elsewhere, a similar economistic imaginary is deployed to suggest that globalization moves of itself, and governments and citizens have only the option of adapting. Even where the globalist imaginary is not overwhelmingly economistic, it commonly shares in the image of a progressive and imperative modernization. Many accounts of the impact and implications of information technology exemplify this. Alternatives to globalization, on the other hand, are generally presented in terms of inherited identities and solidarities in need of defense. Usually this means nations and cultural identities imagined on the model of nations; sometimes it means religions, civilizations, or other structures of identity presented by their advocates as received rather than created. The social imaginary of inherited cultural tradition and social identity is prominent in ideologies like Hindutva and
SEARCHING FOR MULTIPLE TARGETS SIMULTANEOUSLY: IS IT REALLY POSSIBLE?

In an attempt to clarify the findings of Neisser and his associates with respect to parallel processing of multiple target items in a visual search task, subjects were tested in a multiple-target search situation in which the various target sets were not nested. 20 sessions were run for each subject with 12 trials per day. The targets used were geometric forms, allowing for manipulation of the number of features in each form. The results do not confirm those of Neisser, in fact, the interaction of session × target-set size was in a direction opposite to that predicted by a parallel scan model. These findings indicate that what Neisser reported as parallel preattentive processing may in fact have reflected a tendency for subjects to scan for a master set of targets, regardless of which subset of that set was actually present on a given set.
Repeated Episodes of Ethanol Withdrawal Potentiate the Severity of Subsequent Withdrawal Seizures: An Animal Model of Alcohol Withdrawal “Kindling”

Prior experience with ethanol (EtOH) withdrawal may sensitize an individual to subsequent withdrawal episodes. It has been hypothesized that the progressive intensification of the EtOH withdrawal syndrome following repeated episodes of EtOH intoxication and withdrawal may represent the manifestations of a "kindling" mechanism. The purpose of this study was to develop an animal model of EtOH withdrawal that is sensitive to the effects of prior withdrawal experience. Adult male C3H mice were chronically exposed to EtOH vapor in inhalation chambers prior to withdrawal testing. A multiple withdrawal (MW) group received 3 cycles of 16 hr EtOH vapor separated by 8-hr periods of abstinence; a single withdrawal (SW) group received a single bout of EtOH exposure (16 hr); a third group (SW-CONT) experienced a single withdrawal episode after receiving the equivalent amount of EtOH intoxication as the MW group (16 x 3 = 48 hr), but in a continuous (uninterrupted) fashion; and a fourth group (C) served as controls, not receiving any EtOH exposure throughout the study. Severity of the withdrawal response was assessed by scoring handling-induced convulsions hourly for the first 10 hr and then at 24 hr postwithdrawal. The results indicated that the severity of EtOH withdrawal seizures was significantly greater in animals that had a prior history of withdrawal episodes (MW group) in comparison to a separate group of animals that were tested following a single withdrawal from the same 16-hr intoxication period (SW group).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Arginine-427 in the Na+/glucose cotransporter (SGLT1) is involved in trafficking to the plasma membrane.

To investigate the role of charged intramembrane residues in the function of the rabbit Na+/glucose cotransporter (rbSGLT1) we substituted arginine-427 (R427) by alanine in the putative domain M9 SGLT1. This residue is conserved in all the members of the SGLT1 family. The mutant protein (R427A) was expressed in Xenopus oocytes and, although Western blot analysis revealed that it was produced in amounts comparable to wildtype, no function was measured. Freeze-fracture analysis showed that R427A SGLT1 was not in the plasma membrane while immunocytochemical experiments localized the transporter to just beneath it. These results indicate that arginine-427 plays a critical role in SGLT1 trafficking to the plasma membrane.
Effect of Long Term Deprivation of Luteinizing Hormone on Leydig Cell Volume, Leydig Cell Number, and Steroidogenic Capacity of the Rat Testis*

Leydig cells atrophy, losing cytoplasmic volume and the capacity for testosterone secretion, within 1-2 weeks of LH deprivation. We investigated the effects of long term (0-16 weeks) LH deprivation on the volume of an average Leydig cell, the volume of Leydig cells per testis, the number of Leydig cells per testis, and testosterone secretion by in vitro perfused testes. Endogenous LH was suppressed in adult rats by testosterone/ estradiol-filled (TE) Silastic implants. The presence of Leydig cells in testes was verified by 1) morphological examination using light and electron microscopy, 2) histochemical localization of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity (3βHSD), and 3) conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone by in vitro perfused testes. Marked quantitative differences existed in Leydig cell morphology among control and treated rats. The volume of an average Leydig cell and the total volume of Leydig cells per testis decreased (P < 0.01) rapidly and progressively after TE implantation. At 16 week...
irrational self-censure: the problem and its correction

To a high degree, negative evaluation of the self by counseling clients is seen as being the outcome of various kinds of irrational, unreasonable, or illogical thinking. Counseling practice and logical considerations, both based on an analysis of such thinking, suggest principles and points of view that might be taught to students for the purpose of correcting or avoiding such thinking.
Instability analysis of saddle points by a local minimax method

The objective of this work is to develop some tools for local instability analysis of multiple critical points, which can be computationally carried out. The Morse index can be used to measure local instability of a nondegenerate saddle point. However, it is very expensive to compute numerically and is ineffective for degenerate critical points. A local (weak) linking index can also be defined to measure local instability of a (degenerate) saddle point. But it is still too difficult to compute. In this paper, a local instability index, called a local minimax index, is defined by using a local minimax method. This new instability index is known beforehand and can help in finding a saddle point numerically. Relations between the local minimax index and other local instability indices are established. Those relations also provide ways to numerically compute the Morse, local linking indices. In particular, the local minimax index can be used to define a local instability index of a saddle point relative to a reference (trivial) critical point even in a Banach space while others failed to do so.
Improving the estimate of the effective elastic modulus derived from three-point bending tests of long bones.

Three-point bending tests are often used to determine the apparent or effective elastic modulus of long bones. The use of beam theory equations to interpret such tests can result in a substantial underestimation of the true effective modulus. In this study three-dimensional, nonlinear finite element analysis is used to quantify the errors inherent in beam theory and to create plots that can be used to correct the elastic modulus calculated from beam theory. Correction plots are generated for long bones representative of a variety of species commonly used in research studies. For a long bone with dimensions comparable to the mouse femur, the majority of the error in the effective elastic modulus results from deformations to the bone cross section that are not accounted for in the equations from beam theory. In some cases, the effective modulus calculated from beam theory can be less than one-third of the true effective modulus. Errors are larger: (1) for bones having short spans relative to bone length; (2) for bones with thin vs. thick cortices relative to periosteal diameter; and (3) when using a small radius or “knife-edge” geometry for the center loading ram and the outer supports in the three-point testing system. The use of these correction plots will enable researchers to compare results for long bones from different animal strains and to compare results obtained using testing systems that differ with regard to length between the outer supports and the radius used for the loading ram and outer supports.
Analysis Of The Response Of Geothermal Reservoirs Under Injection And Production Procedures

The response of a liquid-dominated geothermal reservoir to injection and production from a single well is studied. Different injection-production schemes are analyzed to explore how to minimize temporary cooling around the injection well and to optimize thermal recovery. The pressure response is also calculated, and found to be affected significantly by temperature-dependent viscosity variations. This will have implications on well-test methods for geothermal reservoirs. Vertical consolidation of the geothermal system during fluid withdrawal is also discussed, showing the need to establish previous stress history before attempting to predict the reservoir deformation. The transport of heat and fluid through a porous reservoir is computed using a numerical model. The one-dimensional consolidation theory of Terzaghi has been coupled to the heat and fluid flow to calculate reservoir compaction. No attempt is made of model chemical reactions or precipitation that might occur when waters of a different temperature and salinity are injected into the reservoir.
Estimation of soil properties and deformations in staged constructions based on mcmc method

This paper presents a Bayesian probabilistic framework to assess soil properties and model uncertainty to better predict excavation-induced deformations using field deformation data. The potential correlations between deformations at different depths are accounted for in the likelihood function needed in the Bayesian approach. The proposed approach also accounts for inclinometer measurement errors. The posterior statistics of the unknown soil properties and the model parameters are computed using the Delayed Rejection (DR) method and the Adaptive Metropolis (AM) method. As an application, the proposed framework is used to assess the unknown soil properties of multiple soil layers using deformation data at different locations and for incremental excavation stages. The developed approach can be used for the design of optimal revisions for supported excavation systems. © 2010 ASCE.
THE EQUIVALENCE OF TWO METHODS FOR COMPUTING THE ACTIVATION ENTROPY FOR DISLOCATION MOTION

Abstract In this paper it is shown that the equation for the entropy of activation for dislocation motion, derived previously by the authors, is in accordance with the classical definition of that quantity. The proof is presented in three stages. First, the entropy to form a dislocation in a linear elastic solid, to which no external tractions are applied, is calculated using both approaches. It is shown that both methods yield the same result. In the second stage, the entropy associated with the motion of a dislocation from a ground to an activated state, in a solid subjected to a uniform applied stress, is formulated. It is proven that the entropy of activation in this case is given by the difference between the formation entropies of the ground and activated states. This result illustrates that the entropy of activation is determined entirely by the internal stress states, and is independent of stresses produced by the applied tractions. Finally, a more general proof of the identity of the two methods is presented.
EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL STUDIES OF PLASTIC WAVE PROPAGATION IN METALLIC COMPOSITES

Observation du comportement d'une poutre d'un composite metallique renforce par des fibres sous l'effet d'un impact transversal. Analyse du probleme en supposant que la matrice metallique se comporte comme un corps rigide plastique avec ecrouissage et que les fibres sont inextensibles. Calcul pour un temps de charge nul de la propagation de l'onde plastique transversale et de la distribution finale de la deformation plastique. Comparaison avec les resultats experimentaux
Reflections on Translation

Reflections on Translation is a collection of 39 short essays, spanning the decade between 2000 and 2010. Most were first published in ITI Bulletin, the journal of the Institute of Translation and ...
War and Democratization: Lessons from the Portuguese Experience

The literature on democracy suggests that new democracies should have difficulty emerging during war or in the aftermath of armed struggle, yet Portugal's current democracy emerged simultaneously with the end of the nation's unsuccessful war in Africa. This article addresses the reasons and argues that democracy triumphed not simply in spite of the war but also, in part, because of it. The costs and geography of the war itself, the capacity and rootedness of the state that waged the war, the political culture of the regime's military officers, and the war-related timing of Portugal's first elections all helped prevent the emergence of an anti-democratic coalition and contributed to ensuring a successful transition to democracy. The article ends with three ideas that merit closer examination: that different sorts of wars leave different legacies for democracy; that wars that leave state bureaucracies intact or stronger are more likely to be followed by lasting democracy than those which do not; and, finall...
Maternal effects on some biochemical characteristics of the blastocyst in the domestic rabbit.

Blastocysts from nulliparous, multiparous, superovulated, post-partum, and lactating rabbits were recovered five to nine days post-coitum (p. c.), weighed, and dissected in order to obtain the blastocoelic fluid for analysis of glucose, lactic acid, and nitrogen. The largest daily percentage of increase in the volume of blastocoelic fluid occurred between five to six days p. c., whereas, the largest absolute increase occurred between seven and eight days p. c. The weight of the blastocyst and trophoblast, and the volume of fluid was higher in the multiparous and post-partum does than in others. At eight days p. c., the concentration of glucose in the blastocoelic fluid reached a maximum comparable to the maternal blood level; subsequently a decline occurred. Lactic acid levels were similar to those of glucose. The amount of protein increased dramatically until seven days p. c. The amount of non-protein-N to total-N reached a peak at six days p. c., then declined. The chemical composition of blastocoelic fluid was influenced by the maternal condition, i. e., glucose and lactic acid were higher in superovulated (good response), overcrowded and multiparous groups than in others. While protein was lower in the overcrowded, post-partum and superovulated groups, it was higher in others.
Effects of Diet Fermentability on Efficiency of Microbial Nitrogen Production in Lactating Dairy Cows

Effect of diet fermentability on efficiency of microbial N production was evaluated. Eight ruminally and duodenally cannulated Holstein cows (55 +/- 15.9 days in milk; mean +/- SD) were used in a duplicated 4 x 4 Latin square design with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Experimental diets contained either ground high moisture corn (HM) or dry ground corn (DG) at two dietary starch concentrations (32 vs. 21%). All diets were formulated for 18% CP, and the sources of dietary protein were alfalfa silage (50% of forage at DM basis), soybean meal, distillers grain, and blood meal. The amount of OM truly fermented in the rumen varied from 7.7 (DG at 21% dietary starch) to 11.3 kg/d (HM at 32% dietary starch) among treatments, and was greater for high starch diets and HM treatments compared with low starch diets and DG treatments, respectively. Microbial N flow was greater for high starch diets compared with low starch diets, but was not affected by corn grain treatment. Microbial efficiency was lower for HM compared with DG treatment (39.7 vs. 48.4 g of microbial N/kg of true ruminally degraded OM), but was not affected by dietary starch concentration. Microbial efficiency was positively correlated with rate of passage for OM and starch (r = 0.77 and 0.75, respectively). Rapid passage rate may have decreased microbial turnover in the rumen, enhancing microbial efficiency. Microbial efficiency was negatively correlated with rate of starch digestion (r = -0.55), consistent with the energy spilling theory. However, energy spilling did not appear to be from lack of ammonia or low ruminal pH. Microbial efficiency was not related to ruminal ammonia concentration, daily mean ruminal pH, or minimum ruminal pH. Rate of starch availability and rates of passage for starch and OM from the rumen are important determinants of efficiency of microbial protein synthesis in vivo.
Normal modes and soliton resonance for vortices in 2D classical antiferromagnets.

Magnon modes in the presence of solitons (vortices) in two-dimensional (2D) easy-plane antiferromagnets are studied. The vortex-magnon scattering matrix is obtained numerically. The analysis shows the presence of a new localized mode with a well-defined frequency determined by the strength of the anisotropy. It may be possible to observe this mode in resonance experiments for quasi-2D magnetic materials with a finite density of vortices.
Lexical inference mechanisms for text understanding and classification

This paper describes a framework for building story traces (compact global views of a narrative) and story projections (selections of key elements of a narrative) and their applications in text understanding and classification. Word and sense properties are extracted from documents using the WordNet lexical database enhanced with Prolog inference rules and a number of lexical transformations. Inference rules are based on navigation in various WordNet relation chains (hypernyms, meronyms, entailment and causality links, etc.) and derived relations expressed as Boolean combinations of node and edge properties used to direct the navigation. The resulting abstract story traces provide a compact view of the underlying narrative's key content elements and a means for automated indexing and classification of text collections. Ontology driven projections act as a kind of “semantic lenses” and provide a means to select a subset of a narrative whose key sense elements are subsumed by a set of concepts, predicates and properties expressing the focus of interest of a user. Finally, we discuss applications of these techniques in text understanding, classification of text collections and answering questions about a text.
Obligation to the Other in Levinas and the Experience of the Sublime in Kant

In an interview with Philippe Nemo, Emmanuel Levinas makes a very revealing comment about what he was trying to accomplish in his ethical philosophy. In response to a question about the ‘starting-point’ of his ethics, Levinas protests: ‘My task does not consist in constructing ethics; I only try to find its meaning … One can without doubt construct an ethics in function of what I have just said [in describing his philosophy up to this point in the interview], but this is not my own theme’ (El 95–9/90).
Diffusion coefficients of endogenous cytosolic proteins from rabbit skinned muscle fibers.

Efflux time courses of endogenous cytosolic proteins were obtained from rabbit psoas muscle fibers skinned in oil and transferred to physiological salt solution. Proteins were separated by gel electrophoresis and compared to load-matched standards for quantitative analysis. A radial diffusion model incorporating the dissociation and dissipation of supramolecular complexes accounts for an initial lag and subsequent efflux of glycolytic and glycogenolytic enzymes. The model includes terms representing protein crowding, myofilament lattice hindrance, and binding to the cytomatrix. Optimization algorithms returned estimates of the apparent diffusion coefficients, D(r,t), that were very low at the onset of diffusion (∼10(-10) cm(2) s(-1)) but increased with time as cytosolic protein density, which was initially high, decreased. D(r,t) at later times ranged from 2.11 × 10(-7) cm(2) s(-1) (parvalbumin) to 0.20 × 10(-7) cm(2) s(-1) (phosphofructose kinase), values that are 3.6- to 12.3-fold lower than those predicted in bulk water. The low initial values are consistent with the presence of complexes in situ; the higher later values are consistent with molecular sieving and transient binding of dissociated proteins. Channeling of metabolic intermediates via enzyme complexes may enhance production of adenosine triphosphate at rates beyond that possible with randomly and/or sparsely distributed enzymes, thereby matching supply with demand.
Refinements in the prediction of microbial growth curves

Abstract Two landmark approaches to modeling microbial growth were studied. A synthesis of features of both approaches is shown to be a refinement of each one, and is recommended as a paradigm for furture analyses. Analysis of the Gompertz and logistic models finds additional reasons to prefer the Gompertz. Corrections are shown to formulas for the maximum upturn and downturn of the Gompertz model.
Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia and Benign Retinal Pigmentation

A 17-year-old boy had progressive external ophthalmoplegia, normal visual acuity, and a pigmentary retinopathy. Neurologic evaluation showed an abnormal electroencephalogram with diffuse slow (theta) waves. Myasthenia gravis was excluded. Fluorescein angiography showed a normal vascular pattern with diffuse hyper- and hypopigmentation. Results of retinal testing, including color vision, visual fields, electroretinography, and dark adaptometry, were within normal limits except for a slightly subnormal electroretinogram with normal implicit times. Progressive external ophthalmoplegia may be associated with either progressive or non-progressive pigmentary retinopathies, and adequate evaluation of retinal function in these cases must be obtained.
Faceting and reconstruction of stepped Au(111)

We present the results of an x-ray scattering study of the structure and morphology of a stepped Au(111) surface between 480 and 1225 K. At the highest temperatures studied, the surface phase separates to form three distinct orientational phases, each of which is reconstructed. These consist of (111) facets and two stepped phases, the latter differing in the polar and azimuthal orientations of their surface normal directions. The temperature-dependent reconstructions of the (111) facets are similar to those observed on the Au(111) surface. Specifically, the (111) facets exhibit a discommensuration-fluid phase above 700 K and a chevron phase, consisting of ordered discommensurations and kinks, below. The transformation from the discommensuration fluid phase to the chevron phase is remarkably slow, requiring on the order of tens of hours to complete. At the highest temperatures, the terraces of both stepped domains are uniaxially compressed, resulting in a series of well-ordered linear discommensurations. In one of the stepped phases the discommensurations intersect the step edges at 60\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, while in the other, they lie orthogonally to the step edges. On cooling, the latter stepped phase becomes unreconstructed below 985 K and vanishes below 775 K, resulting in a surface comprised of (111) facets in coexistence with a single reconstructed stepped phase.
The plant closing issue arrives at the bargaining table

During the first three years of the 1980s, the United States has watched its economy undergo immense dislocations. Technological obsolescence, declining competitiveness in world markets, a severe recession, and other factors have combined to force drastic structural changes in many sectors, particularly in the heavy industries. Steel, automobiles, machine tools, textiles, and rubber have provided a strong foundation for the American economy for over half a century, but now they find their very survival is at stake. Associated with these industries’ efforts to adjust is the movement of capital in pursuit of new priorities and the consequent economic disruption associated with plant closings.
Palladium(II) and platinum(II) complexes containing hydrophilic pyridinylimine-based ligands

Reaction of the unsymmetrical hydrophilic pyridinylimine ligands 1a – e with either PdCl 2 (C 6 H 5 CN) 2 or PtCl 2 (C 6 H 5 CN) 2 affords the square-planar d 8 dichloride complexes 2a – e and 3 , respectively. Formation of these divalent species effectively stabilizes the reactive imine bond towards hydrolysis. All of the Pd(II) and Pt(II) complexes were characterized by 1 H and 13 C NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The solid-state structure of 2a was established by X-ray crystallography and reveals relatively little delocalization of the imine CN bond upon metallacycle formation.
Motivation for HPV Vaccination Among Young Adult Men: Validation of TTM Decisional Balance and Self-Efficacy Constructs.

Abstract Purpose. In the United States, 36% of human papillomavirus (HPV)–related cancers occur among men. HPV vaccination can substantially reduce the risk of HPV infection; however, the vast majority of men are unvaccinated. This study developed and validated transtheoretical model–based measures for HPV vaccination in young adult men. Design. Cross-sectional measurement development. Setting. Online survey of young adult men. Subjects. Three hundred twenty-nine mostly college-attending men, ages 18 to 26. Measures. Stage of change, decisional balance (pros/cons), and self-efficacy. Analysis. The sample was randomly split into halves for exploratory principal components analysis (PCA), followed by confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) to test measurement models. Multivariate analyses examined relationships between scales. Results. For decisional balance, PCA revealed two uncorrelated five-item factors (pros α = .78; cons α = .83). For the self-efficacy scale, PCA revealed a single-factor solution (α = .83)....
Period Life Tables: A Resource for Quantitative Literacy

A period life table provides an estimate of the probability that a person will die at a particular age. Using data available online, we examine tables of expected years to live for males and females against age for three populations: the United States in 2007, the U.S. at the turn of the twentieth century, and the Roman Empire. Scatter plots of males and females for each population show how life expectancy increases with age (e.g., U.S. 2007: 50 year-old female > 40 year-old female > 45 year-old male). The three data sets allow historical comparisons (e.g., of gender disparity, larger now; of infant mortality, smaller now). Regression lines for the linear portion of the plots (ages 5 to 70) show the annual increase in the years to live (e.g., U.S. 2007: 0.11 years for men, 0.07 years for women). Residual plots show that, even though the coefficients of determination of the line exceed 0.99, a concave-up, decreasing function would be a better model. The residual plots also reveal a curious inflection for the males that is not evident for the females. Such examples from period life tables might be presented in a discussion of life expectancy; alternatively, one or more could add to an introduction to regression, particularly illustrating the value of residual plots in understanding a data set.
Rates of corolla growth in tobacco determined with the plastochron index.

The growth of vegetative and reproductive shoots of Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Xanthi is analyzed with the plastochron index to estimate the relationship between corolla growth and time. The plastochron of leaves 9 through 20 declines steadily at each successive node. The flower plastochron increases steadily during the growth of an individual cyme, with the most distal flower to open having the longest plastochron. Variation in the flower plastochron is the result of variation in the rate of flower initiation, not the growth rate of individual flowers. The corolla has an extended phase of approximately constant relative growth in length (between 0.2 · d−1 and 0.3 · d−1) until a peak of growth (0.5 · d−1) 2–3 d before anthesis. Corollas also have periodic peaks and troughs of growth that are low in amplitude (0.1 · d−1), but persist throughout most of corolla development. The pattern of corolla expansion contrasts strongly with earlier reports of the pattern of tobacco leaf growth.