cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fine structure of the testicular spermatozoa from the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus.

The morphology of the spermatozoa from the testes of the catfish Ictalurus punctatus was studied by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The spermatozoa are of the primitive type with short round heads but with no acrosomes. They are biflagellated and have elaborate midpieces. The axonemes have a 9 + 2 pattern but lack the typical accessory structures. Both centrioles function as basal bodies. A centriolar cap extends from the proximal end of each centriole while satellitelike structures surround the distal portion. Microtubules that extend from the satellites radiate throughout the length and width of the midpiece. Double-walled invaginations, appearing as vacuoles in section, are distributed throughout the midpiece. The mitochondria are located at the periphery of the midpiece with no direct connection to the flagellar apparatuses. Speculations as to the functional significance of these observations are made.
Spectrum of water vapor in the 1.9 and 2.7μ regions

Abstract The rotational structure of the ν 1 , ν 3 , 2 ν 2 , ν 1 + ν 2 , and ν 2 + ν 3 bands of water vapor has been recorded using a high resolution vacuum infrared spectrograph. Values for the energy levels of the ground vibrational state and of the upper states of these bands have been determined. Several intensity anomalies have been observed in lines previously assigned to the ν 1 , ν 3 , and 2 ν 2 bands. Experimental results for these intensity anomalies have been presented.
The doctor's dilemma: challenges for the primary care physician caring for the child with special health care needs.

Objective.—To identify barriers to providing quality primary care to children with special health care needs (CSHCN). Methodology.—Descriptive cross-sectional needs assessment of primary care physicians caring for CSHCN. The population consists of 30 physicians from 2 health centers and 4 private offices participating in an intervention study designed to enhance primary care for CSHCN and 20 physicians from comparable sites (2 health centers, 5 private offices). An 86-item questionnaire was administered to participants. Results.—Among these physicians who care for large numbers of CSHCN, over 70% were satisfied with specialist care, emergency room, and hospital care. By contrast, fewer than 50% reported satisfaction with mental health services, information available for families, access to case managers, and resources for transition-to-adult services. Seventy-one percent reported that compensation systems affected care, and more than half the physicians reported needing more time or staff to provide optimal care for CSHCN. Conclusions—Experienced physicians providing primary care for large numbers of CSHCN report that their care is adversely affected by compensation systems. There is extensive dissatisfaction with the availability of mental health services, access to community resources, transition services, and availability of written information for families.
DNA polymerase and simian virus 40 infection of resting monkey cells: induction of aphidicolin resistant α-polymerase

Abstract Tightly confluent monkey cell lines BSC-1 and CV-1 held in stale medium for several days exhibited an extremely low level of thymidine incorporation into cellular DNA. Yet, these cells contained a level of alpha-polymerase equal to about 15% of the level in rapidly dividing cells, and they still were capable of supporting replication of SV40 DNA. SV40 infection and culture in stale medium resulted in a four-fold induction of alpha-polymerase in CV-1 cells, whereas no change in alpha-polymerase level was observed in BSC-1 cells. Characterization of alpha-polymerase partially purified from infected CV-1 cells revealed that 80-90% of the enzyme activity was aphidicolin resistant. SV40 DNA replication in resting CV-1 cells, however, was aphidicolin sensitive. SV40 infection of resting CV-1 cells may induce an aphidicolin-resistant enzyme or lead to a modified alpha-polymerase species.
The influence of external potassium on the inactivation of sodium currents in the giant axon of the squid, Loligo pealei.

Isolated giant axons were voltage-clamped in seawater solutions having constant sodium concentrations of 230 mM and variable potassium concentrations of from zero to 210 mM. The inactivation of the initial transient membrane current normally carried by Na+ was studied by measuring the Hodgkin-Huxley h parameter as a function of time. It was found that h reaches a steady-state value within 30 msec in all solutions. The values of h∞, τh, αh,and βh as functions of membrane potential were determined for various [Ko]. The steady-state values of the h parameter were found to be inversely related, while the time constant, τh, was directly related to external K+ concentration. While the absolute magnitude as well as the slopes of the h∞ vs. membrane potential curves were altered by varying external K+, only the magnitude and not the shape of the corresponding τh curves was altered. Values of the two rate constants, αh and βh, were calculated from h∞ and τh values. αh is inversely related to [Ko] while βh is directly related to [Ko] for hyperpolarizing membrane potentials and is independent of [Ko] for depolarizing membrane potentials. Hodgkin-Huxley equations relating αh and βh to Em were rewritten so as to account for the observed effects of [Ko]. It is concluded that external potassium ions have an inactivating effect on the initial transient membrane conductance which cannot be explained solely on the basis of potassium membrane depolarization.
Determining the Transference Number of H+(aq) by a Modified Moving Boundary Method: A Directed Study for the Undergraduate Physical Chemistry Laboratory

A directed study for the undergraduate physical chemistry laboratory for determining the transference number of H+(aq) using a modified moving boundary method is presented. The laboratory study combines Faraday’s laws of electrolysis with mole ratios and the perfect gas equation. The volume of hydrogen gas produced at the cathode is monitored and the perfect gas equation is applied to determine the amount of H2(g) produced. The transference number of H+(aq) is then determined from the volume of HCl(aq) swept by the boundary, the molarity of HCl(aq), and the amount of H2(g) produced. The cell is directly powered by 9 V batteries and involves no electronic circuit or a milliammeter. Preparation of the electrochemical cell, experimental procedure, and results of the experiment are presented.
Electrothermal modeling, fabrication and analysis of low-power consumption thermal actuator with buckling arm

This paper reports on a novel thermal actuator with sub-micron metallic structures and a buckling arm to operate with low voltages and to generate very large deflections, respectively. A lumped electrothermal model and analysis were also developed to validate the mechanical design and easily predict the temperature distribution along arms of the sub-micron actuator. The actuator was fabricated via the combination of electron beam lithography to form actuator arms with a minimum feature size of 200 nm and lift-off process to deposit a high aspect ratio nickel structure. Reproducible displacements of up to 1.9 μm at the tip were observed up to 250 mV under confocal microscope. The experimentally measured deflection values and theoretically calculated temperature distribution by the developed model were compared with finite element analysis results and they were in good agreement. This study shows a promising approach to develop more sophisticated nano actuators required larger deflections for manipulation of sub-micron scale objects with low-power consumption.
Strategy for ventricular septal defect closure after prior gastric pull-through

A 9-year-old boy was referred with a perimembranous ventricular septal defect. At birth, he had undergone a right thoracotomy with ligation of a tracheoesophageal fistula, cervical esophagostomy, and feeding gastrostomy. At 2 years of age, he had gastric tube reconstruction with a pull-through retrosternally, anterior to the heart, and an end-to-end esophagogastric anastomosis. Via a right anterolateral thoracotomy through the previous scar, the entire gastric tube was mobilized away from the sternum to facilitate a median sternotomy. With the patient supine, a median sternotomy was performed without difficulty, and the ventricular septal defect was closed under cardiopulmonary bypass.
Interconnects exhibiting enhanced electromigration short-length effects by line width variation

A novel model and approach for obtaining improved electromigration short-length effects are reported. The results for a structure with Dual Damascene copper-based metallization and two width regions demonstrate that increasing the line width for a portion of the line length generates longer electromigration lifetimes. Moreover, the lifetimes are accurately characterized by introducing an equivalent length for the structure that depends on the width and length of each region. The results are explained in terms of a modulation of the stress profile in the structure with more than one width region. A consequence of these findings is increased design flexibility since more options are available to improve the electromigration reliability of short interconnects.
Spectrochemical Method for the Analysis of Miscellaneous Materials

A spectroehemical method was developed for the analysis of solid waste products and other miscellaneous inorganic materials. Copper oxide and graphite are employed as diluents, and excitation is by means of a sustaining ac arc in a controlled atmosphere for the determination of minor and trace elements. A complementary procedure using spark excitation of a rotating pellet prepared from the same material as used for the arc method provides for the determination of major constituent elements. Relative standard deviations are about ±10% and the accuracy is in the same range. The methods have been successfully applied to the analysis of iron and steel, aluminum, zinc, lead, and copper alloys, fly ash, fume deposits, and silicates.
Bridging the Divides: The Need for a Pragmatic Semiotics of Teacher Knowledge Research

In this essay, we consider four approaches to research on teacher knowledge: the scholarship of teaching, action research and teacher research, narrative inquiry, and critical-cultural teacher research. Similarities and differences among these four approaches are highlighted. The most salient difference lies in the way each approach identifies different discourses as sources of distortion in teacher knowledge research. Although some divergence within a field of study can be a valuable source of debate and dialogue, we believe the differences identified here risk dividing the field of teacher knowledge research in unproductive ways. What is needed, we propose, is a semiotic theory that acknowledges the way teacher knowledge is irreducibly mediated by multiple discourses while preserving a commitment to the idea that individual teachers’ experiences can be a source of novel and useful knowledge. We examine two semiotic theories — French poststructuralism and Charles Sanders Peirce's pragmatic semiotics — and critically assess how they might facilitate more constructive dialogue among differing conceptions of teachers’ knowledge research.
Pupillary response as a general measure of activation

Pupil size was measured while 30 male college students undertook five tasks respectively concerning, (a) muscle tension induced by the lifting of weights, (b) fear induced by threat of a gunshot, (c) intense stimulation induced by loud pure tones, (d) heightened attention from viewing novel pictures, and (e) pleasantness and unpleasantness in reaction to pictures that differed in terms of their affect-inducing characteristics. Highly regular relationships were found between pupil size and degree of muscle strain and between pupil size and the temporal ordering of events during threat of a gunshot. Significant effects on pupil size also were found for the other three types of stimulation.
Quantum mechanical calculations and experimental measurement of N‐terminal charge effects on 1HN and 1HCα chemical shifts in peptides

Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopists are increasingly utilizing chemical shifts to characterize the secondary structure of proteins. The present study addresses the effects that the positively charged amino group at the N-terminus of a peptide has on 1HN and 1HC alpha chemical shifts along the chain. This information is necessary for interpreting chemical shift data for proteins and/or for peptides that are used as models for protein structure. The chemical shifts for the 1H resonances of four peptides that differ only in the location of their N-terminii are assigned using two-dimensional nmr spectroscopy. The peptides have sequences derived from the beta subunit of the glycoprotein hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG-beta). Comparison of the 1HN and the 1HC alpha chemical shifts for residues common to all four peptides reveals downfield shifts for 1HN and the 1HC alpha resonances within three residues of the N-terminus compared with chemical shifts in the interior of the peptide. The magnitude of the downfield shift is larger for resonances nearer the N-terminus. Quantum mechanical calculations of the 1HN and 1HC alpha chemical shifts in peptides constructed with six alanine units also predict a significant terminus effect. The calculations agree both qualitatively and quantitatively with the experimental data. The inductive nature of the end effect is confirmed in the calculations by Mulliken population analysis. End effects should be taken into account in determining protein secondary structures from chemical shifts.
INFECTIOUS DISEASES SOCIETY OF AMERICA AND CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL : SUMMARY OF A WORKSHOP ON SURVEILLANCE FOR CONGENITAL CYTOMEGALOVIRUS DISEASE

Each year in the United States, 30,000 to 40,000 infants are born congenitally infected with cytomegalovirus (CMV), and more than 9,000 of these children suffer permanent sequelae. The purpose of this workshop was to present and discuss current information on the epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of CMV disease in mothers and their infants. The participants concluded that congenital CMV disease is a significant public health problem that, to date, has been largely ignored. They also agreed that certain child-rearing practices, such as the common use of day-care centers and breast-feeding, have changed the epidemiology of CMV in the United States and that the next decade may bring an increase in congenital CMV disease in certain groups. Therefore, a national system for surveillance of congenital CMV disease was established; its goals are to characterize trends over time, to identify risk groups, and to lay the groundwork for evaluation of future intervention programs. In addition, the surveillance system will be used to educate the medical and lay communities about congenital CMV disease and to facilitate collaborative efforts in research.
Utility of disease-specific measures and clinical balance tests in prediction of falls in persons with multiple sclerosis.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:: The sensory and motor deficits associated with multiple sclerosis (MS) contribute to falls with the majority of persons with MS falling at least once annually. To appropriately direct treatment, accurate fall prediction measures are needed. In this study of community-dwelling individuals with MS followed for 12 months, we sought to determine frequency of falls, utility of clinical balance tests to predict falls, and accuracy of participants' retrospective recall of fall events. METHODS:: Independently ambulatory persons with MS underwent 5 clinical balance tests including Activities-specific Balance Confidence, Berg Balance Scale, Functional Reach, Timed Up and Go, and Dynamic Gait Index, and one disease-specific measure of disability (Expanded Disability Status Scale) and then were followed for 1 year. Participants were queried monthly by phone to determine the number of fall events that had occurred. Accuracy of fall prediction was determined by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis and comparison of balance test performance between fallers and nonfallers. RESULTS:: Sixty-one percent of the 38 participants were classified as fallers at 12-month follow-up. Only the Berg Balance Scale, Dynamic Gait Index, and the Activities-specific Balance Confidence demonstrated clinically useful levels of accuracy. In addition, participants were generally poor in their accurate recall of fall events relative to their monthly fall reports. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS:: The majority of participants fell during a 1-year prospective follow-up. Only 2 balance performance measures and 1 balance confidence measure accurately distinguished between fallers and nonfallers as well as possessed clinically useful levels of sensitivity and specificity. These results also emphasized the inaccuracy of retrospective fall history in an MS sample.Video Abstract available (see Supplemental Digital Content 1, http://links.lww.com/JNPT/A55) for more insights from the author. Language: en
IMMUNOLOCALIZATION OF ANDROGEN RECEPTOR AND ESTROGEN RECEPTORS α AND β IN HUMAN FETAL TESTIS AND EPIDIDYMIS

ABSTRACTPurpose:: Expression and cellular localization of the androgen receptor (AR) and estrogen receptor (ER) isoforms were determined using antibodies specific to these receptors and to specific cell types.Materials and Methods:: Gonads and genitourinary structures were removed from 5 human male fetuses 7 to 22 weeks of gestational age. Sections were stained with antibodies to AR, ERα and ERβ, P450 scc and smooth muscle actin.Results:: AR was present in undifferentiated gonadal cells, peritubular myoid cells and in some Leydig and stromal cells at 7 weeks of gestation. The number of AR positive peritubular myoid cells remained constant through 22 weeks of gestation but the number of AR positive stromal cells continued to increase through 22 weeks. ERα was apparent by 12 weeks of gestation with perinuclear staining of Leydig cells, peaked at 16 weeks and then diminished. ERβ was first observed at 7 weeks in undifferentiated gonadal cells. By 12 weeks of gestation ERβ was apparent in germ cells, PTMC and...
Concentrations and sources of organic carbon aerosols in the free troposphere over North America

[1] Aircraft measurements of water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) aerosol over NE North America during summer 2004 (ITCT-2K4) are simulated with a global chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) to test our understanding of the sources of organic carbon (OC) aerosol in the free troposphere (FT). Elevated concentrations were observed in plumes from boreal fires in Alaska and Canada. WSOC aerosol concentrations outside of these plumes average 0.9 ± 0.9 μg C m−3 in the FT (2–6 km). The corresponding model value is 0.7 ± 0.6 μg C m−3, including 42% from biomass burning, 36% from biogenic secondary organic aerosol (SOA), and 22% from anthropogenic emissions. Previous OC aerosol observations over the NW Pacific in spring 2001 (ACE-Asia) averaged 3.3 ± 2.8 μg C m−3 in the FT, compared to a model value of 0.3 ± 0.3 μg C m−3. WSOC aerosol concentrations in the boundary layer (BL) during ITCT-2K4 are consistent with OC aerosol observed at the IMPROVE surface network. The model is low in the boundary layer by 30%, which we attribute to secondary formation at a rate comparable to primary anthropogenic emission. Observed WSOC aerosol concentrations decrease by a factor of 2 from the BL to the FT, as compared to a factor of 10 decrease for sulfate, indicating that most of the WSOC aerosol in the FT originates in situ. Despite reproducing mean observed WSOC concentrations in the FT to within 25%, the model cannot account for the variance in the observations (R = 0.21). Covariance analysis of FT WSOC aerosol with other measured chemical variables suggests an aqueous-phase mechanism for SOA generation involving biogenic precursors.
Identification of clay minerals in coal by selective cation saturation

Abstract The accurate identification of clay minerals in coal is important because of their high relative abudance and because they give an indication of the environment of coal deposition. In addition, there is evidence that clay minerals may act catalytically in several coal liquefaction processes. Current methods used for identification of clay minerals in coal are shown to be subject to errors because the method of separation of the clay fraction leaves the clay partially or totally saturated with sodium. The sodium-saturated clay makes identification of smectite, vermiculite, and interstratified clay minerals very difficult, especially where one or more co-exist in the clay fraction. A method based upon selective cation saturation with potassium and magnesium is shown to allow identification of several additional clay species in the low-temperature ash of coal not detectable using the sodium-saturated clay.
Age‐related and gender‐related occurrence of pituitary adenomas

Objective To evaluate the various types of pituitary adenomas according to sex and age group. Few studies have attempted such an analysis, and most have focused on specific age groups, especially children. Recent data suggest that the frequency of different types of pituitary adenomas varies according to age and sex. Design A retrospective review of the records of 2230 patients who underwent surgery for a pituitary adenoma at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), between January 1969 and June 1993. Methods The distribution of tumours was analysed according to age at surgery, sex, and the clinical phenotype of the tumour. Age groups were defined as the decades of life. Results Prolactinomas were the most common tumours (39%), followed by endocrine-inactive adenomas, growth-hormone-releasing adenomas, and adrenocorticotrophic hormone-releasing adenomas causing Cushing's disease; ACTH-releasing adenomas causing Nelson's syndrome and thyrotrophin (TSH)-releasing adenomas were rare. The female-to-male ratio differed considerably between the various adenoma types and between age groups. Prolactinomas, ACTH-releasing adenomas, and TSH-releasing adenomas occurred mostly in females; endocrine-inactive and GH-releasing adenomas occurred mostly in males. In older age groups, all adenoma types, except for endocrine-inactive adenomas, tended to assume a more balanced gender distribution. Among patients with prolactinomas, endocrine-inactive, ACTH-releasing, and to a lesser extent GH-releasing adenomas, the greatest discrepancy in gender distribution seemed to coincide with the peak occurrence of each tumour type. The peak occurrence was from the second to the fifth decade of life for prolactinomas and from the fourth to the eighth decade for endocrine-inactive adenomas. GH-releasing, ACTH-releasing, and TSH-releasing adenomas were more evenly distributed throughout the adult life span. Conclusions The frequency of pituitary adenomas varies greatly according to age and sex. The various adenoma types have their peak occurrence in distinctly different age groups and differ greatly in their female-to-male ratios. The female-to-male ratio for a given adenoma type varies greatly with age.
Further studies on the intracellular distribution of phosphorus during synchronous growth of Chlorella pyrenoidosa

Abstract After synchronization by intermittent illumination, the intracellular distribution of phosphorus in Chlorella pyrenoidosa was followed for several successive synchronous growth cycles in continuous light. The synchronization procedure induced nonrecurrent periodism in the concentrations of acid-insoluble inorganic polyphosphate and total nucleic acid phosphorus during early stages of growth in the first growth cycle. Periodism in the levels of acid-soluble phosphates and phospholipids was similar throughout the first and second synchronous growth cycles, but deviated from established trends at the beginning of the third cycle. The deviations in the periodism of these two cellular fractions are discussed in reference to the synchronization procedure and to the accumulation of metabolic waste products from the first two growth cycles. A study was also made of the effects of freezing and storage of cells at −15° on the intracellular distribution of phosphorus.
SU-GG-T-48: Impact of Seed Localization On Post-Implant Dosimetry in Prostate Brachytherapy

Purpose: To study the impact of seed localization, as performed by different observers using linked I‐125 seeds, on post‐implant dosimetry in prostate brachytherapy and to compare TRUS‐based with CT‐based approach for the dosimetric outcomes. Method and Materials: Permanent prostate implant is conducted using linked I‐125 seeds. Both post‐implant TRUS and CTimages were acquired and the prostate glands were delineated on each of those images by a single oncologist, who performed the seeding procedures for all 19 patients under study. Six observers then independently localized the seeds on both TRUS and CTimages, based on which the principle dosimetric parameters V100, V150 and D90 were directly calculated for each patient. A single‐factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) is first applied to determine inter‐observer variability in seed localization. A non‐parametric comparison of the approach using the two imaging modalities, TRUS and CT, is then carried out by the Wilcoxon paired‐sample test. Results: Analysis from the ANOVA for TRUS (V100: P=0.655; V150: P=0.994; D90: P=0.734) and CT (V100: P=0.901; V150: P=0.999; D90: P=0.99) shows that the null hypothesis for equal means, cannot be rejected for all six observers based on a significance level α=0.05. TRUS‐based and CT‐based approaches are then cross‐compared by the Wilcoxon paired‐sample test, which suggests that the null hypothesis is not rejectable for V100 and D90, but is for V150. Conclusion: Both TRUS and CTimaging modalities provide indistinguishable post‐implant dosimetry results as far as V100 and D90 are concerned. TRUS‐based seed localization has comparable observer independence as CT‐based seed localization for linked‐seed implant procedures. In view of other advantages that TRUSimaging modality has over CT in the evaluation of post‐implant dosimetry,TRUS can therefore be an alternative gold standard to CT and would be a preferred choice together with linked‐seed for intra‐operative procedures ins prostate brachytherapy.
Isotopically Induced Variation in the Stability of FMN-Wrapped Carbon Nanotubes

Isotopic, hydrogen-to-deuterium substitution has been an invaluable tool in the characterization of small molecules and biological nanostructures. The natural variability of most inorganic nanomaterials has hindered the use of isotopic substitution in gaining meaningful insights into their structure. The ideal helical wrapping of a flavin mononucleotide (FMN) around (8,6)-SWNTs (single-walled carbon nanotubes) is presently utilized to probe isotopically dependent intermolecular interactions. The facile proton-to-deuterium exchange of the imide group of FMN enabled us to alter the intermolecular stability of the helix depending on the surrounding solvent (i.e., H2O vs D2O). Our studies show that FMN-dispersed (8,6)-SWNTs exhibit greater stability in D2O than in H2O. The higher complex stability in D2O was verified on the basis of (i) FMN helix replacement with SDBS (sodium dodecylbenzenesulfate) and (ii) thermal- and (iii) pH-induced helix dissociation. This is in agreement with the previously observed str...
Theory vs. history: Reply to Horwitz

Analysts such as Steven Horwitz, with strong prior beliefs, are seldom impressed by mere fact and tend to explain away empirical deviations from their theories. The belief that markets are moved only by fundamentals and not by occasional faddism and overshooting rests on the assumption that market participants form their opinions independently, when in fact they are from time to time driven by emulation. The belief that markets are rational and well‐informed but government officials and central bankers incompetent is implausible on its face. The period since 1970 has seen bubble after bubble, some of which seemed likely to lead to financial crisis had it not been for the Federal Reserve.
Induction and repression of L-arabinose isomerase in Lactobacillus plantarum

Abstract The enzyme L -arabinose isomerase ( L -arabinose ketol-isomerase, EC 5.3.1.4) could be induced with the substrate L -arabinose in Lactobacillus plantarum in enriched medium only. There was a lag of a about 30 min before the synthesis of the enzyme could be detected. The enzyme level reached the maximum limit after 3 h. Catabolites like D -glucose, D -mannose, D -fructose and mannitol repressed the induction of the enzyme, whereas D -xylose, D -glycerol and D -glucuronate did not affect the induction process. Both actinomycin D and fluorouracil inhibited the process of enzyme induction, though the modes of inhibition were somewhat different.
Auditory transduction: A model for the role of intracellular calcium in short-term adaptation

Recently the authors developed a theoretical model of the membrane currents of an auditory hair cell based on the experimental work of Hudspeth and colleagues on bullfrog saccular hair cells. In this paper we briefly review this model, and then couple it to a model of an afferent synapse of the auditory hair cell. The model formulated here for the chemical synapse accounts for both exocytotic and endocytotic processes and identifies specific ionic dependencies in the combined hair cell-synapse system. Based on a calcium current stimulus, various numerical simulations of the model are made, and its post-synaptic firing rate response is compared with experiment. Qualitative agreement between experiment and model behavior is achieved for various single and double tone experiments. These tests include onset firing rate versus steady state firing rate, decrement response as a function of stimulus intensity, and the decrement response versus the time interval between test and adapting tones.
Symptom provocation studies in psychiatric disorders: scientific value, risks, and future

Abstract Several lines of investigation have contributed to the increasing recognition of the biological basis of psychiatric disorders. Symptom provocation studies have made important contributions toward this. With the emergence of novel methodologies, the role of symptom provocation studies has come under increasing scrutiny and debate. The scientific contributions and risks of symptom provocation studies are discussed using the psychostimulant paradigm in schizophrenia research as the prototypical study. The application of studies in other areas of medicine that carry risks similar to those associated with symptom provocation studies, are also reviewed. The authors draw on the parallel of cardiac stress testing to highlight risks:benefits issues. Finally, the authors discuss the future of symptom provocation studies and emphasize that these studies will need to meet the highest scientific standards, ethical standards and safeguards.
Better Birth through Games: The Design of the Prepared Partner and Digital Birth

Childbirth is a complex and multidimensional experience for the mother, riddled with unforgettable emotions and sensations. In today's cultural climate in California, a mother's primary attendant for social support throughout labor is usually her partner. Preparing the partner is an integral step to making sure that the mother is well-supported in her birth. Because the mother's experience is influenced by the support she receives, and because birth partners need more support than is recognized, the author targets birth partners with a learning intervention. The author investigates video games as a vehicle for knowledge transfer to the birth partner, both as currently available and as a positive learning tool. To address the problem of limited access to childbirth preparation methods, especially for under-served Californians, the author investigated, designed, created, and evaluated two tools: The Prepared Partner and Digital Birth. The Prepared Partner is an online Flash game, and Digital Birth is a free iPhone application that is still undergoing revision and testing. Both games allow the user to practice various supportive actions in the realm of childbirth support for a mother in labor. The author found that players met the learning goals due to The Prepared Partner, and answered positively on the survey questions about their enjoyment of the game.
The Human Equation: Building Profits by Putting People First

The article reviews the book “The Human Equation: Building Profits by Putting People First,” by Jeffery Pfeffer.
Antidepressant use in pregnancy: new concerns, old dilemmas.

Mood disorders, such as depression, are common, especially among women who overall have a lifetime prevalence of major depressive disorder that is 70% higher than in males [1]. Furthermore, the lif...
Molecular and cellular analysis of B-cell populations in the rainbow trout using Pax5 and immunoglobulin markers

To date, the trout B-cell is poorly defined, as many essential molecular markers are not yet available for this species. In mammalian systems, the transcription factor Pax5, expressed from pre-B through plasmablast stages, provides an important marker for B-cell differentiation. In a previous study we showed that Pax5 is expressed in the trout. Here we identify trout B-cell populations that vary in expression of Pax5, membrane and secreted Ig. Immune tissues were separated based on concentration of surface IgM, and analyzed by qPCR and flow cytometry. Results suggest that spleen and PBL contain mostly resting B cells, which lack secreted Ig. While the great majority of splenic B cells become strongly activated upon LPS stimulation, PBLs do not. Additionally, anterior kidney contains both developing B and Ig-secreting B-cell populations, but few resting, mature B cells. Lastly, posterior kidney contains multiple B-cell populations in various states of activation. We conclude that trout immune tissues contain multiple, developmentally diverse and tissue-specific B-cell populations as defined by their relative expression of Pax5, surface IgM, and secreted IgM.
IT governance, architectural competency, and the Vasa

Purpose – Aims to discuss the role of information technology (IT) governance in corporate strategy.Design/methodology/approach – Examines the four elements of IT governance, including value delivery, managing risk, maintaining accountability, and measurement of ongoing programs and activities, in the context of a case study of a warship, the Vasa, commissioned by King Gustavus, that sank shortly after it sailed.Findings – The legacy of the Vasa helps in understanding the elements of value, risk, and measurement in the broader context of governance and management. The Vasa illustrates the significance of alignment and architectural competency to an enterprise.Originality/value – Shows that managements' commitment and involvement with IT development at the senior management level, the IT management level, and the project management level significantly enhances the probability of success.
A discrete optimization model for seasonal merchandise planning

Abstract Buyers in retail chains typically plan promotional markdowns and accompanying advertising for the complete season, subject to budgetary and scheduling constraints. Because of the large number of possible alternatives and the difficulty of predicting the sales responses to novel plans, promotional plans are currently prepared through trial and error, by modifying previous years' plans. This paper proposes a methodology for developing an optimal promotional plan that maximizes total season profit, subject to promotional resource constraints and a set of possible market scenarios, by selecting from a discrete set of candidate ads and markdowns. The benefit of the optimization model is illustrated by applying it to promotional data from a major department store chain and comparing the results to plans previously implemented by the buyers.
Use of technetium antigranulocyte monoclonal antibody Fab' fragments for the detection of osteomyelitis

Accurate early diagnosis of osteomyelitis is critical for optimal clinical management. Conventional radiology (X-rays, CT) and nuclear medicine scans (bone, gallium, and technetium/indium white blood cell [WBC]) have limitations and drawbacks. The monoclonal antibody (MAb) ImmuRAIDTM-MN3 (Immunomedics Inc., Morris Plains, NJ), a 99m-Tc Antigranulocyte Fab' fragment, recognizes a surface glycoprotein NCA-90/95 shared by granulocytes, carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA), and meconium antigen (MA). Intravenous injection of radiolabeled MAb enables in vivo labeling of human granulocytes and targets infected lesions in the bone and throughout the body. Technetium labeled Fab' fragments rapidly clear the blood pool and high-quality images can be obtained the same day, as early as 1 h postinjection.
Men's race-based mobility into management: Analyses at the blue collar and white collar job levels

Abstract There are few theoretical perspectives that address the dynamics of race-based mobility in the American workplace. The “particularistic mobility thesis” fills this gap: it maintains that even when groups work in similar jobs, discriminatorily induced dynamics associated with the relative inability of minorities to demonstrate informal characteristics—such as loyalty and sound judgment—constitute a handicap in mobility into managerial positions. Findings based on the 2004–2010 waves of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics support theory and indicate that from both white collar and blue collar job levels African American and Latino men, relative to White gender counterparts, are disadvantaged: they have lower rates of mobility, are restricted to a formal route to reach managerial positions that is less dependent on a traditional range of stratification-based causal factors including background status, human capital, and job/labor market characteristics, and take longer to reach management. Further, as predicted by theory, along all issues differences, relative to Whites, are greater among African Americans than Latinos and greater among those tracked from blue collar jobs than white collar jobs. Implications of the findings for understanding short-term and long-term minority disadvantage in the American labor market are discussed.
An Inside Look at LEED: Experienced Practitioners Reveal the Inner Workings of LEED

Abstract LEED is leading the building industry towards a greener future. A clever acronym for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, the LEED Rating System is a voluntary, consensus-based, ...
Foldback Analysis: A Method to Reduce Bias in Behavioral Health Research Conducted in Cross-Cultural Settings

Although quantitative methods used in epidemiology and biostatistics are useful for assessing health care needs and the effects of research interventions on improved health status, qualitative methods have long been advocated as the approach of choice to assess health behaviors. Unfortunately, many qualitative methods used are cumbersome and not easily measurable. The author presents an approach, foldback analysis, that combines better the rich detail provided by qualitative studies with the numerical preciseness of quantitative analysis. The individual methods used in the foldback process are not new, but the multimethod combination and sequence is distinct. This article presents the methodology discussing each subprocess and describing the experiences of the author using foldback analysis in health behavior research in cross-cultural settings.
The incidence and types of medication errors in patients receiving antiretroviral therapy in resource-constrained settings.

Purpose This study assessed the incidence and types of medication errors, interventions and outcomes in patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART) in selected HIV treatment centres in Nigeria. Methods Of 69 health facilities that had program for active screening of medication errors, 14 were randomly selected for prospective cohort assessment. All patients who filled/refilled their antiretroviral medications between February 2009 and March 2011 were screened for medication errors using study-specific pharmaceutical care daily worksheet (PCDW). All potential or actual medication errors identified, interventions provided and the outcomes were documented in the PCDW. Interventions included pharmaceutical care in HIV training for pharmacists amongst others. Chi-square was used for inferential statistics and P<0.05 indicated statistical significance. Results Of 6,882 participants, 67.0% were female and 93.5% were aged ≥15years old. The participants had 110,070 medications filling/refilling visits, average (±SD) of 16.0 (±0.3) visits per patient over the observation period. Patients were followed up for 9172.5 person-years. The number of drug items dispensed to participants was 305,584, average of 2.8 (±0.1) drug items per patient. The incidence rate of medication errors was 40.5 per 100 person-years. The occurrence of medication errors was not associated with participants’ sex and age (P>0.05). The major medications errors identified were 26.4% incorrect ART regimens prescribed; 19.8% potential drug-drug interaction or contraindication present; and 16.6% duration and/or frequency of medication inappropriate. Interventions provided included 67.1% cases of prescriber contacted to clarify/resolve errors and 14.7% cases of patient counselling and education; 97.4% of potential/actual medication error(s) were resolved. Conclusion The incidence rate of medication errors was somewhat high; and majority of identified errors were related to prescription of incorrect ART regimens and potential drug-drug interactions; the prescriber was contacted and the errors were resolved in majority of cases. Active screening for medication errors is feasible in resource-limited settings following a capacity building intervention.
Asymptotic interaction between He, H, H2 and a graphite surface

Abstract An atom or molecule far from a surface experiences an interaction V ~ −C3z−3, where z is the distance to the surface. We compute the coefficient C3 for He, H, and H2 interacting with a graphite surface. The calculation utilizes measured frequency dependent values of the polarizabilities and dielectric function. Comparison is made with C3 values deduced from surface scattering and adsorption experiments.
Shock structure in classical magnetohydrodynamics

How the structure of coplanar MHD fast and slow shocks depends upon the relative magnitudes of the dissipation coefficients contained in classical magnetohydrodynamics is examined. An asymptotic method is used in which the scale lengths for resistivity, thermal conduction, and viscosity are widely separated, and the qualitative dependence of the shock solutions upon the ordering of the scales is studied. Upper limit Mach numbers for both fast and slow shocks are defined at which resistivity and thermal conduction taken together can provide all the shock dissipation and at which viscosity is not needed.
A 20 GS/sec Analog-to-Digital Sigma-Delta Modulator in SiGe HBT Technology

This paper presents a monolithic continuous-time 2nd-order analog-to-digital sigma-delta modulator implemented in third-generation, 200 GHz SiGe HBT technology. The modulator can operate at a sampling rate of 20 GS/sec with SNRs of 30.5 dB over a signal band from DC to 312.5 MHz, and 51 dB over 1 MHz bandwidth. Operating off a +3.5 V power supply, the modulator dissipates a total of 490 mW. The die occupies an area of 1.58 times 1.7 mm2
The Permeability of Rabbit Oviduct to Proteins Present in the Serum

The protein concentration, the osmolality and the permeability of proteins from the serum into oviduct fluid continuously collected by the intraabdominal flask technique was followed in estrus and pseudopregnant rabbits. The results indicate that proteins transudated from the serum do not change in concentration as a function of hormonal state, rather only the total amount changes, correlating to a decreased volume under progesterone domination. Further, the penetration of specific proteins from serum into oviduct fluid is likely to be controlled by their molecular size.
INTERSTITIAL BRONCHOPNEUMONIA : I. SIMILARITY OF A TOXIN PNEUMONIA TO THAT PRODUCED BY THE VIRUSES

Bacterial toxins can produce a pneumonia similar to that caused by viruses, and the presence of a toxin-producing bacterium in the lungs may account for some of the interstitial bronchopneumonias observed in diseases other than those caused by viruses.
Coupled Analytical Sensitivity Analysis and Optimization of Three-Dimensional Nonlinear Aeroelastic Systems

We consider the problem of optimizing for steady-state conditions a given nonlinear aeroelastic system, by varying both aerodynamic and structural parameters. We model the structure by e nite elements and predict the aerodynamic loads by a three-dimensional e nite volume approximation of the Euler equations. We present a complete optimization methodology whose key components are a computer aided geometric design method for representing the design, an analytical approach for sensitivity analysis, a gradient-based optimization algorithm and two staggered schemes for evaluating the aeroelastic responses and solving the coupled sensitivity equations. We illustrate our methodology and demonstrate its potential with various aeroelastic optimizations of idealized and builtup wing structures.
Unsupervised Clustering using Multi-Resolution Perceptual Grouping

Clustering is a common operation for data partitioning in many practical applications. Often, such data distributions exhibit higher level structures which are important for problem characterization, but are not explicitly discovered by existing clustering algorithms. In this paper, we introduce multi-resolution perceptual grouping as an approach to unsupervised clustering. Specifically, we use the perceptual grouping constraints of proximity, density, contiguity and orientation similarity. We apply these constraints in a multi-resolution fashion, to group sample points in high dimensional spaces into salient clusters. We present an extensive evaluation of the clustering algorithm against state-of-the-art supervised and unsupervised clustering methods on large datasets.
Phase retrieval in x-ray lensless holography by reference beam tuning

We show the ability to determine the relative phase between the object and a reference scatterer by tuning the overall intensity and phase of the reference wave. The proposed reference-guided phase retrieval algorithm uses the relative phase as a constraint to iteratively reconstruct the object and the reference simultaneously, and thus does not require precisely defined reference structures. The algorithm also features rapid and reliable convergence and overcomes the uniqueness problem. The method is demonstrated by a soft-x-ray coherent imaging experiment that utilizes a large micrometer-sized reference structure that can be turned on and off, yielding an object image with resolution close to the reconstruction pixel size of 21 nm.
Use of Prescription Pain Medications Among Medical Cannabis Patients: Comparisons of Pain Levels, Functioning, and Patterns of Alcohol and Other Drug Use

Objective:Management of chronic pain is one of the most common reasons given by individuals seeking medical cannabis. However, very little information exists about the concurrent use of cannabis and prescription pain medication (PPM). This study fills this gap in knowledge by systematically comparing medical cannabis users who use or do not use PPM, with an emphasis on understanding whether concurrent use of cannabis and PPM is associated with more serious forms of alcohol and other drug involvement.Method:Data from this study were collected from a medical cannabis clinic in southwestern Michigan (N = 273). Systematic comparisons were made on measures of sociodemographics, reasons for substance use, pain, functioning, and perceptions of PPM and medical cannabis efficacy.Results:PPM users tended to be older and reported higher levels of pain and lower levels of functioning. The overall sample exhibited higher lifetime and past-3-month rates of alcohol and other noncannabis drug use than did the general pop...