cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Burr Red Blood Cells (BC) In Patients with Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

Abstract Abstract 5141 Burr red blood cells (BC) in patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Background: Angiopathic hemolysis with schistocytes occurs in a minority of DIC patients. Burr cells (BC), are morphologically homogeneous, with a serrated membrane resembling that of red cells (RBC) in a hypertonic medium. They are associated with acute renal insufficiency, and have been observed in DIC. Methods: Criteria for patient inclusion were sepsis, often with multi-organ failure and hypotension. Of the 39 patients studied, 20 had DIC, based on platelet counts Results: Five of the 20 DIC patients succumbed to their acute illness, while 15 recovered without developing renal insufficiency. The BC%'s of the 20 DIC patients ranged from 0–80%, with a median of 18% and a mean of 27%; in the 19 patients without DIC the range was 0–45%, the median 6.4% and the mean 11% (p=0.046). The schistocyte percentages in patients with and without DIC ranged from 0.20–17, and 0–78; the respective medians and means were 1.1% and 1.0%, and 3.0–5.8%. The median and mean [Hb]'s of the patients with and without DIC were 9.3 and 11, and 9.6 and 10.3, respectively. BC% did not correlate with the [Hb]. The median creatinine levels of patients with and without DIC were 0.92 and 0.93 mg/dl, though the DIC patients' BUN's were higher (medians 31 vs 15). The BC% correlated with neither the BUN nor the BUN/creatinine ratio. The median and mean serum sodium levels in patients with and without DIC were 137. Conclusion: BC's are significantly more frequent in septic patients with DIC than in those without it. BC% did not correlate with anemia, implying that BC do not cause significant hemolysis, though there was a trend to lower [Hb] in the DIC patients. BC% was much higher than that of schistocytes in both groups, and schistocyte percentages did not correlate with DIC or BC%. Because of the DIC patients' higher BUN's and BUN/creatinine ratio's, we cannot exclude a role for the factors, which caused pre-renal azotemia in BC formation. BC formation may prove to be a criterion for DIC. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Enhancement of the rotordynamic performance of a shaft supported by air foil bearings with vibration damper

Air foil bearings (AFBs) have found many successful applications in small high-speed oil-free turbomachinery over the past decades. AFBs are made of a thin top foil serving as the bearing surface, and an underlying mechanical structure that provides structural support and damping. AFBs offer better rotor stability than the rigid-walled gas bearings because of the damping. However, improvements in the damping and the rotordynamic stability are still active areas of research in the AFBs. Researchers have suggested different solutions for improving the stability such as hydrodynamic preload, pressurized air injection, forced axial flow, different material structures, etc. This study investigates the effect of the added bump foil damper around the bearing sleeve on the rotordynamic performance of a rigid rotor (3.91 kg) supported by AFBs (49mm in diameter and 37.5mm in length). Simulation studies involve transient time-domain simulation of the rotor’s vibrational motion under the imbalance excitation with different sleeve masses and different stiffness of the bump foil damper. From the simulation results, the beneficial effect of the added bump foil damper on the rotordynamic performance of the rotor was observed. By reducing the stiffness of the damper, the stability increases and the onset speed of the subsynchronous vibration pushes to the higher speeds. Also, a heavier bearing sleeve reduces the magnitude of the vibration at the critical speed. Two radial AFBs with the damper around the bearing sleeve support the rotor. Two different bump foil dampers were manufactured using different material thicknesses, and two sets of bearing sleeves were made from different materials with identical geometries to investigate the effect of the bearing sleeve mass on the rotordynamic performance.Copyright © 2016 by ASME
Yttrium-90 Radioembolization with Resin Microspheres without Routine Embolization of the Gastroduodenal Artery.

Abstract Purpose To evaluate safety of resin microsphere radioembolization (RE) without prophylactic embolization of the gastroduodenal artery (GDA). Materials and Methods Between July 2013 and April 2015, all patients undergoing RE with resin microspheres for liver-dominant metastatic disease were treated without routine embolization of the GDA. Selective embolization of distal hepaticoenteric vessels was performed if identified by digital subtraction angiography, cone-beam computed tomography, or technetium-99m macroaggregated albumin scintigraphy. Resin microspheres were administered using 5% dextrose flush distal to the origin of the GDA in lobar or segmental fashion, with judicious use of an antireflux microcatheter in recognized high-risk situations. Gastrointestinal toxicity was evaluated by the performing physician for at least 3 months. Results RE with resin microspheres was performed in 62 patients undergoing 69 treatments. During planning angiography, embolization of 0 or 1 vessel (median, 1; range, 0–4) was performed in 86% of patients, most commonly the right gastric and supraduodenal arteries. Prophylactic embolization of the GDA was performed in only 2 patients (3%). In 6 treatments (9%), adjunctive embolization was required immediately before RE, and an antireflux microcatheter was used in 14% of treatments. Clinical follow-up was available in 60 of 62 patients (median, 134 d; range, 15–582 d). No signs or symptoms of gastric or duodenal ulceration were observed. Conclusions RE using resin microspheres without embolization of the GDA can be performed safely.
Biomarkers of chondriome topology and function: implications for the extension of healthy aging.

Multiple theories of aging (e.g., free radical, error catastrophe, mitochondrial) are complementary but fail to provide adequate models that comprehensively predict lifelong aging processes and that are valid across species. Hayflick (PLoS Genet 3(12):2351–2354, 2007) described six universal characteristics of aging that focus upon post-reproductive molecular entropy. Here we present a thermodynamic potential model of aging in which the energetic and topological properties of the mitochondrion drive functional and structural stabilities within living systems. Using multivariate regressions of physiological assessments from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, VO2 max consistently declined with age regardless of gender or race, although it had a significantly greater decline for African American females. Percent fat (negative), hematocrit (negative), and urine creatinine (negative) were strongly and significantly associated with VO2 max and male aging, although cholesterol (positive) was an additional factor for African American males. Bioenergetic measures such as VO2 max can be useful for physical assessments to promote healthy aging.
Effects of Inflow Disturbances on Spatially-Evolving Instability in Plane Channel Flow

A computational study examining the effects of varying inflow disturbance conditions on spatially evolving channel flow instability is presented. The inflow conditions consist of a 2-D perturbation wave coupled with a 3-D random noise field. The 2-D amplitude is varied in order to examine the resulting transition characteristics of the channel. At low 2-D amplitudes (A2d = 1.25%) H-type or subharmonic characteristics dominate while at higher amplitudes (A2d = 2.5% and 3.25%) mixed H-and K-type instabilities occur.
Molecular ``surgery'' on a 23-gold-atom nanoparticle

Compared to molecular chemistry, nanochemistry is still far from being capable of tailoring particle structure and functionality at an atomic level. Numerous effective methodologies that can precisely tailor specific groups in organic molecules without altering the major carbon bones have been developed, but for nanoparticles, it is still extremely difficult to realize the atomic-level tailoring of specific sites in a particle without changing the structure of other parts (for example, replacing specific surface motifs and deleting one or two metal atoms). This issue severely limits nanochemists from knowing how different motifs in a nanoparticle contribute to its overall properties. We demonstrate a site-specific "surgery" on the surface motif of an atomically precise 23-gold-atom [Au23(SR)16]- nanoparticle by a two-step metal-exchange method, which leads to the "resection" of two surface gold atoms and the formation of a new 21-gold-atom nanoparticle, [Au21(SR)12(Ph2PCH2PPh2)2]+, without changing the other parts of the starting nanoparticle structure. This precise surgery of the nanocluster reveals the different reactivity of the surface motifs and the inner core: the least effect of surface motifs on optical absorption but a distinct effect on photoluminescence (that is, a 10-fold enhancement of luminescence after the tailoring). First-principles calculations further reveal the thermodynamically preferred reaction pathway for the formation of [Au21(SR)12(Ph2PCH2PPh2)2]+. This work constitutes a major step toward the development of atomically precise, versatile nanochemistry for the precise tailoring of the nanocluster structure to control its properties.
Forensic public health: epidemiological and microbiological investigations for biosecurity

Abstract Deliberate dissemination of a biological agent via several different routes presents the latest challenge to global public health security. Novel pathogens and transmission methods can easily be exploited to cause disease outbreaks. Advancements in molecular biology that make it possible to genetically modify, edit, or disrupt the genome of pathogens increase the disease risk of an accidental or intentional release of pathogens with pandemic potential. The occurrence of a disease at more than an endemic level may stimulate an investigation to determine the source of the disease, who has the disease, when it occurred, and how it spreads. When intentional release of pathogens is suspected, investigators have the additional task of attributing the outbreak not only to a pathogen but also to a human source. The deliberate nature of such dissemination may be obvious. However, some forms of bioterrorism may be more covert, requiring molecular methods to uncover. The field of microbial forensics emerged following the anthrax attack in the United States in 2001 to extend epidemiologic principles to aid in the investigation of bioterrorism incidents. Microbial forensics combines epidemiology with genomic and microbiologic methods, to identify, characterize, and ascribe the cause of an incident resulting from the intentional or unintentional release of a harmful pathogen. Unlike routine epidemiologic investigations, microbial forensic investigations are undertaken when there is a potential crime due to the release of a pathogen with disease-causing potential. The investigation is conducted to attribute cause to a source based on indisputable evidence and is used to support criminal charges against the perpetrator(s). However, because bioterrorism may be unannounced, the initial investigation will start the same as to any public health incident of concern. This chapter discusses how epidemiology integrated with laboratory science can be used to identify the source of diseases caused by microorganisms or toxins—especially for attribution purposes.
Campaign Finance and Its Impact in the 2016 Presidential Campaign

This chapter explores the campaign finance issues in the 2016 presidential election. Because understanding campaign finance requires a grasp of federal election laws, this chapter provides a brief and understandable overview of campaign finance laws. Next, this chapter discusses the campaign expenditures and impact the hotly contested presidential primaries had for the general election campaign. This chapter provides a detailed analysis of the campaign fundraising and expenditures of the Clinton and Trump campaigns as well as joint fundraising committees and super-political action committees, and concludes with analysis of why Donald Trump lost the money contest, but won the presidential election in 2016.
What’s in your wallet? Not much green, but a whole lotta white

AbstractHere, I include parts of my personal positionality or story in terms of my privileges (white skin, cisgender, straight, educational attainment, ability, language) alongside my marginalities (low income). Specifically, I highlight how while I never had much green (i.e. cash/income), I have had lots of white (privilege). Relatedly, I explain how my social class complicates, but never extinguishes, whiteness; and how I strive to use those privileges and marginalities in the academy to critique and push back against the pervasiveness and ethos of white-centred norms and values.
DICOM Software Development

So, you are thinking about writing your own DICOM software? Very ambitious of you – bon courage! After spending some 15 years in DICOM software development myself, I can admire your determination and hope that it will bear you golden fruits. If you sense some light sarcasm in these words, please do not take it to heart. I truly wish you success, and I really wanted to write parts of this book to help you with this difficult task. Just one important, overall piece of advice: know what you are doing.
Die Kosten der Rassen- und Klassenausschlusses in „Bronzeville“

Nach langen Jahren in der Versenkung hat das Ghetto Mitte der 1980er Jahre ein erstaunliches Comeback auf der politischen Buhne und im amerikanischen Kollektivbewusstsein erfahren. Seit den Unruhen in den „langen heisen Sommern“ von 1964-68 (Fogelson 1971) war der schwarzen Armutsbevolkerung in der Metropolis nicht mehr so viel geballte Aufmerksamkeit seitens der Medien, Gelehrten und politischen Entscheidungstragern zuteil geworden. Die unerbittliche Zunahme chronischer Armut (vor allem unter Frauen und Kindern) und Strasenkriminalitat, der Zusammenbruch der patriarchalen Familie, der fortschreitende Verfall des offentlichen Wohnungsbaus und des offentlichen Schulsystems, die Erosion der Steuergrundlage der von grosen Ghettos und den Dilemmata der Gentrifizierung geplagten Stadte, die Ernuchterung der progressiven Krafte uber die Sozialfursorge und die weitreichende politische Offensive der Neuen Rechten – all das brachte die Bewohner der segregierten Stadtkerne zuruck ins Zentrum der offentlichen Debatte (Wilson 1987).
Did Tradable Quota Rights Really Affect Fleet Size? The Case of IFQ Programs in the Gulf of Mexico

After being in force ten and seven years respectively, the tradable fishing quota programs for red snapper and grouper-tilefish in the Gulf of Mexico have so far failed to bring about the expected reduction of the active fleet size and shedding of overcapacity. With the help of a microeconomic model of vessel participation that takes into account environmental and policy variables, we find that biomass and total allowable catch can help explain the observed fleet size evolutions. We also explain why, beyond the initial adjustment, the tradable fishing quota regime did not bring about a significant change to fleet size.
TDP-43 pathology in multiple system atrophy: colocalization of TDP-43 and α-synuclein in glial cytoplasmic inclusions.

Aims This study aimed to assess clinicopathologic features of transactive response DNA-binding protein of 43 kDa (TDP-43) pathology and its risk factors in multiple system atrophy (MSA). Methods Paraffin-embedded sections of the amygdala and basal forebrain from 186 autopsy-confirmed MSA cases were screened with immunohistochemistry for phospho-TDP-43. In cases having TDP-43 pathology, additional brain regions were assessed. Immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence double-staining and immunogold electron microscopy (IEM) were performed to evaluate colocalization of TDP-43 and α-synuclein. Genetic risk factors for TDP-43 pathology were also analysed. Results Immunohistochemistry showed various morphologies of TDP-43 pathology in 13 cases (7%), such as subpial astrocytic inclusions, neuronal inclusions, dystrophic neurites, perivascular inclusions and glial cytoplasmic inclusions (GCIs). Multivariable logistic regression models revealed that only advanced age, but not concurrent Alzheimer's disease, argyrophilic grain disease or hippocampal sclerosis, was an independent risk factor for TDP-43 pathology in MSA (OR: 1.11, 95% CI: 1.04-1.19, P = 0.002). TDP-43 pathology was restricted to the amygdala in eight cases and extended to the hippocampus in two cases. The remaining three cases had widespread TDP-43 pathology. Immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence double-staining and IEM revealed colocalization of α-synuclein and TDP-43 in GCIs with granule-coated filaments. Pilot genetic studies failed to show associations between risk variants of TMEM106B or GRN and TDP-43 pathology. Conclusions TDP-43 pathology is rare in MSA and occurs mainly in the medial temporal lobe. Advanced age is a risk factor for TDP-43 pathology in MSA. Colocalization of TDP-43 and α-synuclein in GCIs suggests possible direct interaction between the two molecules.
Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) of composites: techniques for civil structures

Abstract: This chapter presents the basic theory and applications of modern NDE techniques for testing of composite structural components such as beams, columns, and bridge decks. The use of infrared thermography and ground penetrating radar is discussed in detail using results from several laboratory and field tests. In addition, localized testing using digital tap hammer is discussed. The chapter also presents discussions on issues and challenges on the use of NDE for civil structures, in addition to future trends and sources for further information.
Are Citations to Academic Journal Articles a Measure of Quality or Something Else? An Exploratory Analysis with Emphasis on Design Science and IS Technical Research

One pervasive belief about scholarly citations that underlies several studies appearing in the IS literature is that the number of citations to a paper reflects the quality of the study. For example, a paper that receives 200 citations is perceived as having higher quality than another study that receives 50 citations. While most experts acknowledge that there are other factors that drive citations, such as the number of years a paper was available to be cited – or possibly “gaming” of citations by authors who cite themselves frequently (author self-citations) or over-zealous editors who incent prospective authors to cite their journals (journal self-citations), there is an underlying assumption that, barring such unscrupulous behavior, citations are a measure of research quality. This paper critically examines this assumption using a validated typology identifying 13 distinct subject areas that characterize IS research. Results show that papers on some topics (e.g., IT adoption and use; new measurement development and validation) consistently receive more citations than average – while some topics consistently receive below-average citation rates (e.g., IS development; IT project/risk management). Unless one assumes that all papers on a given topic are consistently of higher quality than all papers on other topics, our data suggest that a key driver of citations are the subject area of the study and, in turn, the size of the research community that conducts research on the topic.
The future of microbial insecticides as vector control agents

Insect vectors of human diseases are subject to diseases of their own caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoans, and nematodes. Over the past 30 years, many members of these groups have been evaluated as vector control agents, particularly for mosquito control. Most pathogens and nematodes occur primarily in larvae, and are only effective against this stage. The principal candidate control agents studied include iridescent and nuclear polyhedrosis viruses, the bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus sphaericus, the fungi Lagenidium giganteum, Culicinomyces clavosporus, and species of the genus Coelomomyces, the protozoan Nosema algerae, and the mermithid nematode Romanomermis culicivorax. Of these, the only one considered an operational success is the bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (B.t.i.), which has proven useful for control of both mosquito and blackfly larvae in programs where larviciding has been traditionally employed as a vector control tactic. The reasons for the success of B.t.i. are its cost-effectiveness and relative ease of use, which are due, respectively, to the ability of B.t.i. to be grown on artificial media and the development of formulations that can be applied using conventional insecticide application technology. Because few microbial insecticides are cost-effective, and those that are are only effective against larvae, these agents will likely play only a minor, but in some cases important, role in most future vector control programs.
Active Synthetic Aperture Radar and Scatterometer Systems

This chapter discusses the active synthetic aperture radar and scatterometer systems. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) was developed as a special active microwave system to produce high-spatial-resolution surface images. The shuttle imaging radar (SIR) system has produced SAR research results. In synthetic aperture imaging from space, the backscattered Doppler signal from the earth's surface is processed with a time delay signal to generate a high-resolution image location of the surface being illuminated by the space radar beam. The imaging radar beam looks down to one side of the spacecraft and transmits short pulses of coherent microwave energy toward the earth's surface. The strength of the returned radar signal determines the brightness of the surface. The ground resolution of imaging radar depends on antenna size; a large antenna produces high ground resolution and a small antenna produces low resolution. A short antenna can be used by mounting it on a moving spacecraft and adding successive radar pulses to synthesize a long antenna.
Oral manifestations of systemic genetic disorders. 3.

In many genetic diseases and syndromes the involvement of the structures of the mouth is only a small part of the overall picture of multiple systemic involvement with a wide range of symptoms, congenital defects and deficiencies. The combinations of features in some of the syndromes give affected persons a distinctive, unforgettable appearance.
Efficient PUF Error Correction through Response Weighting

Reliability is an important performance metric of physical unclonable function (PUF) based authentication. This paper proposes a novel methodology that incorporates error rates into PUF response error correction to improve the overall performance. The proposed method first obtains the PUF circuit parameters by using machine learning techniques, which are then used to estimate the corresponding error rates. Then, we assign PUF response bits with different degrees of error-tolerance, according to their estimated error rates. Response weighting algorithm is proposed to determine the optimal weight assignment for each PUF response bit, which is formulated as an integer optimization problem. Experimental results show that the proposed response weighting algorithm can reduce not only the false negative from 20.6% to 8.3% under a noisy environment, but also the false positive rate by 58% for a PUF-based authentication with 127-bit response and 13-bit error correction.
Treatment outcomes in 3 modes of orthodontic practice

This study examined differences in pretreatment severity and treatment outcome among orthodontic patients treated in 3 different practice-management modes. Samples of pretreatment (T1) and end of treatment (T2) study casts were selected from traditional private practices (TPP, 3 offices, 81 cases), a dental corporation (COMP, 2 offices, 53 cases), and a dental management service organization (DMSO, 1 office, 36 cases). Orthodontic specialists had treated all patients. Cases were initially selected on a consecutive start basis. From each practice, the first 30 cases satisfying the study criteria were included in the sample. The T1 and T2 study casts were evaluated with the PAR and HLD indexes. The PAR and HLD indexes showed a high level of agreement on T1 cast scores but not on the T2 casts. Mean T1 scores were highest in the COMP cases, followed by the DMSO and the TPP cases. T2 scores were lowest in the TPP cases, followed by the DMSO and the COMP cases. The percentage of PAR score reduction showed that, in all 3 modes, patients were treated to a high standard.
Effects of Sterilization With Hydrogen Peroxide and Chlorine Dioxide on the Filtration Efficiency of N95, KN95, and Surgical Face Masks.

This quality improvement study examines the effects of sterilization with hydrogen peroxide and chlorine dioxide on the filtration efficiency of N95, KN95, and surgical face masks.
Quantum Steering Ellipsoid Volume as a Measure on the Two-Qubit States and Associated Separability and Absolute Separability Ratios

Employing the volume of quantum steering ellipsoids (QSEs) as a measure on the fifteen-dimensional convex set of two-qubit states, we estimate the ratio of the integral of the measure over the separable states to its integral over all (separable and entangled) states to be 0.0288. This can be contrasted with the considerably larger separability ratios (probabilities) of $\frac{8}{33} = \frac{2^3}{3 \cdot 11} \approx 0.242424$ and $\frac{25}{341}=\frac{5^2}{11 \cdot 31} \approx 0.0733138$ that various forms of evidence point to with the use of the prominent Hilbert-Schmidt and Bures measures, respectively. The questions of whether the ratio in the QSE setting can be more precisely obtained or even exactly computed, as well as whether a metric can be constructed, the volume element of which yields the measure, remain to be addressed. We also investigate related issues pertaining to absolute separability. Further, we examine the behavior of the separability probability--constant in the Hilbert-Schmidt case and decreasing in the Bures--as a function of the Bloch vector norm in the QSE instance. It appears to increase approaching the pure state boundary.
Outcomes in patients with newly diagnosed TP53-mutated acute myeloid leukemia with or without venetoclax-based therapy

Background Venetoclax (VEN) in combination with a hypomethylating agent (HMA) has become the standard of care for patients aged >75 years and for those not eligible for intensive chemotherapy who have newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The benefit of VEN-based therapy in patients who have newly diagnosed AML with mutations in the TP53 gene (TP53mut ) over standard therapy is undefined. Methods In this single-institutional, retrospective analysis, the authors assessed the clinical outcomes of 238 patients with newly diagnosed TP53mut AML and compared the clinical characteristics, response to different therapies, and outcomes of those who received VEN-based (n = 58) and non-VEN-based (n = 180) regimens. Results Patients who received VEN-based regimens were older (aged >65 years: 81% vs 65%; P = .02) and had higher response rates (complete remission, 43% vs 32%; P = .06) than those who received non-VEN-based regimens. Compared with patients who received non-VEN-based regimens, no difference in overall survival (median, 6.6 vs 5.7 months; P = .4) or relapse-free survival (median, 4.7 vs 3.5 months; P = .43) was observed in those who received VEN-based regimens, regardless of age or intensity of treatment. Conclusions The addition of VEN to standard treatment regimens did not improve outcomes in younger or older patients who had TP53mut AML. These data highlight the need for novel therapies beyond VEN to improve the outcome of patients with TP53mut AML.
Early Introduction of Food Allergens and Risk of Developing Food Allergy

There is increasing evidence that early introduction of allergenic foods may decrease the risk of developing IgE-mediated food allergy. Patterns of food introduction before the 2015 publication of the Learning Early about Peanut Allergy (LEAP) trial are not well-studied, but are important as a baseline for evaluating subsequent changes in infant feeding practices and potentially food allergy. We performed a retrospective longitudinal study using data from a multicenter cohort of infants hospitalized with bronchiolitis between 2011-2014. The primary outcomes were IgE-mediated egg or peanut allergy by age 3 years. Of 770 participants included in the analysis, 635 (82%) introduced egg, and 221 (27%) introduced peanut by age 12 months per parent report. Four participants had likely egg allergy, and eight participants had likely peanut allergy by age 3 years. Regular infant egg consumption was associated with less egg allergy. The association was suggestive for infant peanut consumption with zero peanut allergy cases. Overall, our results suggest that early introduction of peanut was uncommon before 2015. Although limited by the small number of allergy cases, our results suggest that early introduction of egg and peanut are associated with a decreased risk of developing food allergy, and support recent changes in practice guidelines.
Nuclear-cytoplasmic balance: whole genome duplications induce elevated organellar genome copy number.

The plant genome is partitioned across three distinct subcellular compartments: the nucleus, mitochondria, and plastids. Successful coordination of gene expression among these organellar genomes and the nuclear genome is critical for plant function and fitness. Whole genome duplication events (WGDs) in the nucleus have played a major role in the diversification of land plants and are expected to perturb the relative copy number (stoichiometry) of nuclear, mitochondrial, and plastid genomes. Thus, elucidating the mechanisms whereby plant cells respond to the cytonuclear stoichiometric imbalance that follow WGDs represents an important yet underexplored question in understanding the evolutionary consequences of genome doubling. We used droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) to investigate the relationship between nuclear and organellar genome copy numbers in allopolyploids and their diploid progenitors in both wheat and Arabidopsis. Polyploids exhibit elevated organellar genome copy numbers per cell, largely preserving the cytonuclear stoichiometry observed in diploids despite the change in nuclear genome copy number. To investigate the timescale over which cytonuclear stoichiometry may respond to WGD, we also estimated organellar genome copy number in Arabidopsis synthetic autopolyploids and in a haploid-induced diploid line. We observed corresponding changes in organellar genome copy number in these laboratory-generated lines, indicating that at least some of the cellular response to cytonuclear stoichiometric imbalance is immediate following WGD. We conclude that increases in organellar genome copy numbers represent a common response to polyploidization, suggesting that maintenance of cytonuclear stoichiometry is an important component in establishing polyploid lineages.
Trends in Hospital Lawsuits Filed Against Patients for Unpaid Bills Following Published Research About This Activity.

Importance Suing patients and garnishing their wages for unpaid medical bills can be a predatory form of financial activity that may be inconsistent with the mission of a hospital. Many hospitals in the state of Virginia were discovered to be suing patients for unpaid medical bills, as first presented in a 2019 research article that launched 2.5 months of media attention on hospital billing practices and a grassroots public demand for hospitals to stop the practice. Objective To evaluate the association of a research publication and subsequent media coverage with the number of hospital lawsuits filed against patients for unpaid medical bills. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study of Virginia hospitals that sued patients for unpaid medical bills used an interrupted time series analysis. Data on hospitals suing patients for unpaid medical bills were collected during a preintervention period (June 25, 2018, to June 24, 2019), an intervention period (June 25, 2019, to September 10, 2019), and a postintervention period (September 11, 2019, to September 10, 2020). Exposures Publication of a research article and subsequent media coverage. Main Outcomes and Measures The total number of warrant in debt and wage garnishment lawsuits filed by Virginia hospitals and the frequency of those lawsuits filed before, during, and after the intervention period on a weekly basis. Results A total of 50 387 lawsuits, filed by 67 Virginia hospitals, were included; 33 204 (65.9%) were warrant in debt lawsuits, and 17 183 (34.1%) were wage garnishment lawsuits. From the preintervention period to the postintervention period, there was a 59% decrease in the number of lawsuits filed (from 30 760 lawsuits to 12 510 lawsuits), a 55% decrease in the number of warrant in debt cases filed (from 19 329 to 8651), a 66% decrease in the number of wage garnishments filed (from 11 431 to 3859), and a 64% decrease in the dollar amount pursued in court (from $38 700 209 to $13 960 300). During the study period, 11 hospitals banned the practice of suing patients for unpaid medical bills. The interrupted time series analysis showed a significant decrease of 5% (incidence rate ratio, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.94-0.96) in the total weekly number of lawsuits in the postintervention period. Conclusions and Relevance The findings of this study suggest that research leading to public awareness can shift hospital billing practices.
Consulting "Dr. YouTube": A content analysis of YouTube videos related to hidradenitis suppurativa treatments.

Currently, YouTube is the second largest search engine with nearly 5 billion videos streaming daily. Given its omnipresence in our lives, YouTube can serve as a powerful conduit for dissemination of health information to the general public. Ideally, the social media platform should deliver high quality content to empower and engage patients. Here, we aimed to assess the quality, understandability, and evidence-based content of YouTube videos discussing hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) treatments.
School library advocacy literature in the United States: An exploratory content analysis

Abstract This exploratory conceptual content analysis describes the published school library advocacy literature in the United States from 2001–2011. In 47 articles, the advocacy efforts undertaken, the responsible parties, the target populations, and goals and reasons for advocacy were examined. In all, 372 separate advocacy efforts were found. Of these, 168 efforts outlined tangible results of advocacy efforts while 204 efforts described strategies or techniques for advocacy but did not identify an outcome. The general school community was the most predominant target population for advocacy. Advocacy efforts specifically targeting school administrators and teachers were an infrequent target. The advocacy goal mentioned most frequently in the literature was enhancing awareness. Most (83%) advocacy activities were initiated by school librarians or an individual in the school library field. School library researchers should address the dearth of empirical and theoretical work on both the practice and impact of advocacy on the profession.
Hospital-associated Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infections.

To the Editor: Assiri et al. (Aug. 1 issue)1 provide valuable information about a hospital outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection. However, the authors do not describe the infection-control measures used in the hospital, and they do not discuss the possibility of aerosol transmission of MERS-CoV, a coronavirus similar to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARSCoV). MERS-CoV can cause severe or fatal disease, and there is no prophylaxis or specific treatment. If the form of transmission is not understood, health care professionals should adhere to the precautionary principle that reasonable steps to reduce risk should not await scientific certainty. It is for this reason that the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommended airborne precautions (the use of respirators rather than surgical masks), in addition to standard and contact precautions, for all patients with MERS-CoV. There is evidence that SARS-CoV was transmitted by respiratory aerosols,2-4 and surgical masks do not provide adequate protection against inhalation of aerosols.5 Health care workers have already been infected with MERS-CoV. It would be prudent for hospitals with the resources to do so to provide a higher level of protection (i.e., respirators) for their health care workers. Kathleen Harriman, Ph.D., M.P.H.
Fullerenes in Meteorites and the Nature of Planetary Atmospheres

We address the hypothesis that fullerenes are an important carrier phase for noble gases in carbonaceous chondrite meteorites. Unlike other proposed carbon carriers, nanodiamond, SiC, graphite and phase Q, fullerenes are extractable in an organic solvent. It is this unique property, in fact, this may be why fullerene molecules or fullerene-related compounds were overlooked as a carrier phase of noble gases in meteorites. To further evaluate how fullerenes trap noble gases within their closed-cage structure, we compared the natural meteorite fullerenes to synthetic “Graphitic Smokes” soot. High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy used to directly image the fullerene extracted residues clearly showed that C60 and higher fullerenes, predominantly C > 100, are indeed the carrier phase of the noble gases measured in the Tagish Lake, Murchison and Allende carbonaceous chondrite meteorites, and synthetic “Graphitic Smokes” material. The implication for the role of fullerenes, which trap noble gases condensed in the atmosphere of carbon-rich stars, is that the true nature of terrestrial planetary atmospheres is presolar in origin. Fullerene, like other carbon carriers, were then transported to the solar nebula, accreted into carbonaceous chondrites and delivered to the terrestrial planets.
Place and Route for Secure Standard Cell Design

Side channel attacks can be effectively addressed at the circuit level by using dynamic differential logic styles. A key problem is to guarantee a balanced capacitive load at the differential outputs of the logic gates. The main contribution to this load is the capacitance associated with the routing between cells. This paper describes a novel design methodology to route a design in which multiple differential pairs are present. The methodology is able to route 20K+ differential routes. The differential routes are always routed in adjacent tracks and the parasitic effects between the two wires of each differential pair are balanced. The methodology is developed on top of a commercially available EDA tool. It has been developed as part of a secure digital design flow to protect security applications against Differential Power Analysis attacks. Experimental results indicate that a perfect protection is attainable with the aid of the proposed differential routing strategy.
Effect of chronic ethanol consumption on microsomal lipid peroxidation. Role of iron and comparison between controls.

Microsomes isolated from chronic ethanol-fed rats displayed elevated rates of malondialdehyde production when compared to pair-fed controls, but lower rates when compared to chow-fed controls. These differences did not correlate with total content of cytochrome P-450 or activity of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase. Titration curves with the potent iron-chelating agent desferrioxamine revealed that the content of iron was greater in microsomes from the chow-fed and lowest in microsomes from the pair-fed control. However, other variables must also exist since even when excess iron was added to the microsomes, the order of malondialdehyde production remained chow-fed > chronic ethanol > pair-fed control. The variabilities associated with the different controls and the role and content of transition metals such as iron probably contribute towards the divergent effects of ethanol on lipid peroxidation.
Characteristics of Clinical Studies Conducted Over the Total Product Life Cycle of High-Risk Therapeutic Medical Devices Receiving FDA Premarket Approval in 2010 and 2011.

Importance The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approves high-risk medical devices, those that support or sustain human life or present potential unreasonable risk to patients, via the Premarket Approval (PMA) pathway. The generation of clinical evidence to understand device safety and effectiveness is shifting from predominantly premarket to continual study throughout the total product life cycle. Objective To characterize the clinical evidence generated for high-risk therapeutic devices over the total product life cycle. Design and Setting All clinical studies of high-risk therapeutic devices receiving initial market approval via the PMA pathway in 2010 and 2011 identified through ClinicalTrials.gov and publicly available FDA documents as of October 2014. Main Outcomes and Measures Studies were characterized by type (pivotal, studies that served as the basis of FDA approval; FDA-required postapproval studies [PAS]; or manufacturer/investigator-initiated); premarket or postmarket; status (completed, ongoing, or terminated/unknown); and design features, including enrollment, comparator, and longest duration of primary effectiveness end point follow-up. Results In 2010 and 2011, 28 high-risk therapeutic devices received initial marketing approval via the PMA pathway. We identified 286 clinical studies of these devices: 82 (28.7%) premarket and 204 (71.3%) postmarket, among which there were 52 (18.2%) nonpivotal premarket studies, 30 (10.5%) pivotal premarket studies, 33 (11.5%) FDA-required PAS, and 171 (59.8%) manufacturer/investigator-initiated postmarket studies. Six of 33 (18.2%) PAS and 20 of 171 (11.7%) manufacturer/investigator-initiated postmarket studies were reported as completed. No postmarket studies were identified for 5 (17.9%) devices; 3 or fewer were identified for 13 (46.4%) devices overall. Median enrollment was 65 patients (interquartile range [IQR], 25-111), 241 patients (IQR, 147-415), 222 patients (IQR, 119-640), and 250 patients (IQR, 60-800) for nonpivotal premarket, pivotal, FDA-required PAS, and manufacturer/investigator-initiated postmarket studies, respectively. Approximately half of all studies used no comparator (pivotal: 13/30 [43.3%]; completed postmarket: 16/26 [61.5%]; ongoing postmarket: 70/153 [45.8%]). Median duration of primary effectiveness end point follow-up was 3.0 months (IQR, 3.0-12.0), 9.0 months (IQR, 0.3-12.0), and 12.0 months (IQR, 7.0-24.0) for pivotal, completed postmarket, and ongoing postmarket studies, respectively. Conclusions and Relevance Among high-risk therapeutic devices approved via the FDA PMA pathway, total product life cycle evidence generation varied in both the number and quality of premarket and postmarket studies, with approximately 13% of initiated postmarket studies completed between 3 and 5 years after FDA approval.
Chapter 61 Using Randomization in Development Economics Research: A Toolkit ★

Abstract This paper is a practical guide (a toolkit) for researchers, students and practitioners wishing to introduce randomization as part of a research design in the field. It first covers the rationale for the use of randomization, as a solution to selection bias and a partial solution to publication biases. Second, it discusses various ways in which randomization can be practically introduced in a field settings. Third, it discusses designs issues such as sample size requirements, stratification, level of randomization and data collection methods. Fourth, it discusses how to analyze data from randomized evaluations when there are departures from the basic framework. It reviews in particular how to handle imperfect compliance and externalities. Finally, it discusses some of the issues involved in drawing general conclusions from randomized evaluations, including the necessary use of theory as a guide when designing evaluations and interpreting results.
Automating Partial Period Bond Valuation With Excels Day Counting Functions

An Excel model for calculating the actual price of bonds under a 30 day/month, 360 day/year day counting assumption by nesting the DAYS360 function within the PV function is developed. When programmed into an Excel spreadsheet, the model can accommodate annual and semiannual payment bonds sold on or between interest dates using six fundamental inputs, including the bond’s par value, maturity date, annual stated rate of interest, and payment frequency, the annual market rate of interest, and the settlement date. Thus, the model can be applied across the business curriculum in a variety of introductory and more advanced level courses.
Steve Jobs, Romantic Individualism, and the Desire for Good Capitalism

The Hollywood biographical drama Steve Jobs retells a story that first emerged in the 1980s, a story that over the decades has repeatedly offered the public details about Jobs’ oracular marketing style, rock-star arrogance, and business successes, debates about the exact nature of his “genius,” and a fascination with his bad behaviors. This essay explains how that story and its repetition tell us more about the culture than the man. Building on previous work about the rise of “romantic individualism” as an organizing mechanism for high-tech capitalism, this essay focuses on the latest outpouring of discourse about Jobs since his death in 2011, analyzing both its continuities with past cultural forms and what it is about the present moment that has intensified the discourse—especially the post-2008 crisis of confidence in financial capitalism. Among other things, the tale offers the appealing, if ultimately unrealistic, hope of a capitalism with integrity, of a one-percenter who deserves it.
The Weighted Moving Average Technique

In this tutorial, the weighted moving average (WMA) is discussed. WMA is often used for smoothing irregular fluctuations (i.e., noise) in a time series to permit the data analyst to better reveal trend/cycle patterns over time. Additionally, WMA is frequently used to compute short-term forecasts of time series (e.g., sales and stocks). Some common applications of WMA in the management science and quality engineering disciplines are discussed. Further, some properties of WMA, such as the expected value, variance, and one-step ahead prediction variance, are also discussed. Keywords: moving average; weighed moving average; statistical process control; time-series forecast; sales demand
UPTAKE AND METABOLISM OF RETINOL (VITAMIN A) IN THE ISOLATED PERFUSED RAT LIVER.

The isolated perfused liver was employed to study various aspects of retinol-C14 metabolism. The rate of uptake of retinol, retinal, retinoic acid, and retinol acetate was rapid (first-order rate constant, k = 0.12–0.16 min−1) during the first 3–10 min of perfusion, and then decreased quickly. After 1 hr of perfusion, 50–60% of perfusate retinal-C14, 25–30% of retinol-C14, and 20% of retinol-C14 acetate were found in the liver as retinol-C14 ester, and about 10% of the original perfusate radioactivity appeared in the bile as a group of water-soluble metabolites. The amount of retinol ester formed in the liver during 1 hr was linearly dependent on the concentration of retinol in the perfusate over the range of 3 to 1000 μg/100 ml. Serum, bile salt, or prior injections of India ink had no apparent effect on the formation and storage of retinol ester during perfusion. Only the water-soluble metabolites, but not retinol and its associated derivatives, were released into the perfusate and bile. After 1 hr of perfusion, about 20% of the retinoic acid-C14 was found in the liver as free retinoic acid, and 5% was present in a nonionic fraction.