cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Peer Rejection and Aggression and Early Starter Models of Conduct Disorder

Peer rejection and aggression in the early school years were examined for their relevance to early starting conduct problems. The sample of 657 boys and girls from 4 geographical locations was followed from 1st through 4th grades. Peer rejection in 1st grade added incrementally to the prediction of early starting conduct problems in 3rd and 4th grades, over and above the effects of aggression. Peer rejection and aggression in 1st grade were also associated with the impulsive and emotionally reactive behaviors found in older samples. Being rejected by peers subsequent to 1st grade marginally added to the prediction of early starting conduct problems in 3rd and 4th grades, controlling for 1st grade ADHD symptoms and aggression. Furthermore, peer rejection partially mediated the predictive relation between early ADHD symptoms and subsequent conduct problems. These results support the hypothesis that the experience of peer rejection in the early school years adds to the risk for early starting conduct problems.
Recent results on SN 1987A

The results from observational studies of SN 1987A are reviewed. The evolution of the blue supergiant pre-supernova star is examined, including the composition and core structure of the star and nitrogen enhancements. The study of heavy elements and isotopes in the ejecta is discussed. Also, consideration is given to possible mixing of supernova composition in velocity space, the profiles of observed IR lines and their red-shifted wings, and the question of what happened to the neutron star.
Backscattering Mueller-matrix photopolarimeter with nonreciprocal polarizing-analyzing optics.

To measure all 16 elements of a backscattering Mueller matrix, a polarimeter of the return-path configuration must be used with nonreciprocal polarizing-analyzing optics. Nonreciprocity is essential to make the same optics behave differently for the forward and backward waves. A design of this type is described in which the speed of rotation of a quarter-wave retarder is made to appear different for the incident and backscattered beams by use of Faraday cells with appropriate excitations. The same performance as of a previously described single-path polarimeter [Opt. Lett. 2, 148 (1978)] is realized. Applications are anticipated in polarization lidar studies and also to extend perpendicular-incidence ellipsometry to the characterization of depolarizing (e.g., rough) anisotropic surfaces.
Scientists and the Policy Process.

Alan T. Waterman (retired Director of the National Science Foundation and past president of the A.A.A.S.) recently insisted that there is a considerable difference between observations and perceptual images of scientists' behavior in governmental and policy-making situations when made by scientists and when they are made by persons "outside of science."' Waterman went on to say that most natural scientists would prefer to write on "science" rather than "scientists" in policy-making. Reflection on the implications of these distinctions raises several fascinating questions. In what senses may there be a political science of science? Are only natural and biological scientists equipped to investigate and interpret the behavior of scientists in non-laboratory, public policy-formulating situations? Is it necessary to have separate "natural-scientific" and "socialscientific"-to say nothing of any number of "humanistic"-views of the political role of science? What does it mean to say that the proper focus of study is the representation of science, rather than scientists in government? The foregoing questions could be analyzed and argued philosophically; but that is not my purpose here-beyond conveying the reminder that "science makes progress largely by redefining the key questions and problems." The present paper, based on selective interviews and intensive examination of the growing literature on science-government relations, attempts instead to do three things: (1) to identify the principal concepts and models that postulate the separation, but at the same time the vital connection, between the political framework of coercive public authority and the voluntary, established organization of scientific effort in society, and in so doing to make explicit certain attributes and characteristics of science and scientists viewed as a political constituency; (2) to report some findings from a study of scientists in the Executive Office of the President, including an appraisal of the conditions attached to accepting responsibility for shaping controversial decisions of public policy;
Cdc42-induced actin filaments are protected from capping protein.

Abstract Each actin filament has a pointed and a barbed end, however, filament elongation occurs primarily at the barbed end. Capping proteins, by binding to the barbed end, can terminate this elongation. The rate of capping depends on the concentration of capping protein [1], and thus, if capping terminates elongation, the length of filaments should vary inversely with the concentration of capping protein. In cell extracts, such as those derived from neutrophils, new actin filaments can be nucleated by addition of GTPγS-activated Cdc42 (a small GTPase of the Rho family). To determine whether elongation of these filaments is terminated by capping, we manipulated the concentration of capping protein, the major calcium-independent capping protein in neutrophils, and observed the effects on filament lengths. Depletion of 70% of the capping protein from extracts increased the mean length of filaments elongated from spectrin–actin seeds (very short actin filaments with free barbed ends) but did not increase the mean length of filaments induced by Cdc42. Furthermore, doubling the concentration of capping protein in cell extracts by adding pure capping protein did not decrease the mean length of filaments induced by Cdc42. These results suggest that the barbed ends of Cdc42-induced filaments are protected from capping by capping protein.
Discordance between pain and radiographic severity in knee osteoarthritis: Findings from quantitative sensory testing of central sensitization

Objective Radiographic measures of the pathologic changes of knee osteoarthritis (OA) have shown modest associations with clinical pain. We sought to evaluate possible differences in quantitative sensory testing (QST) results and psychosocial distress profiles between knee OA patients with discordant versus congruent clinical pain reports relative to radiographic severity measures.
Investigating the performance of TCP in mobile ad hoc networks

Mobile ad hoc networks have several inherent characteristics (e.g. dynamic topology, time-varying and bandwidth constrained wireless channels, multi-hop routing, and distributed control and management). The goal of this work is to investigate the impact of these characteristics on the performance of TCP. First, we investigate throughput performance of TCP as a function of path length (i.e. multiple wireless hops), node mobility, and traffic intensity. Next, we examine the 'fairness' of the ad hoc network with regard to equal sharing of network bandwidth among multiple TCP flows. Third, we evaluate the impact of two on-demand routing protocols (i.e. AODV and DSR) on the throughput of TCP. Finally, a factorial design experiment is conducted to quantify the effects and interactions of three factors, which influence the throughput of TCP. These factors include routing, node speed, and node pause time. Two key results were observed. Results show that traffic intensity (e.g. number of concurrent flows) is significantly affects TCP throughput, suggesting the need for congestion control, scheduling and traffic management schemes. Second, source routing achieves higher throughputs while also generating significantly less routing overhead than AODV. Results also show that in some instances, the fairness of the network is very uneven among concurrent TCP flows, resulting in several sending stations achieving very little or no throughput.
Interleukin-1 induces rapid and transient expression of the c-fos proto-oncogene in isolated pancreatic islets and in purified β-cells

Abstract The effect of interleukin-1β (IL-1) on expression of c-fos mRNA in isolated rat pancreatic islets was examined. Accumulation of c-fos mRNA was demonstrable after 30 min of exposure to IL-1, peaked by 60 min, and declined thereafter. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) of dispersed islet cells was employed to localize the accumulation of c-fos mRNA to the β-cell. Cycloheximide did not influence the induction of c-fos mRNA by IL-1. Accumulation of c-fos mRNA therefore appears to be an early signal transduction event in the β-cell and a component of the cellular mechanism(s) by which IL-1 influences β-cell function.
Anemia and ischemia: how low can you go?

In this issue of Blood , Bernaudin et al have identified the rate of acute anemic events (AAEs) and extracranial internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis as risk factors for silent cerebral infarcts (SCIs) in children with sickle cell anemia (SCA).[1][1] SCIs refer to permanent brain lesions, usually
Methylphenidate and cocaine: the same effects on gene regulation?

Methylphenidate (Ritalin), a psychostimulant used in the treatment of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, has pharmacological effects similar to cocaine and amphetamine. Clinical use of methylphenidate, as well as diversion and abuse, have significantly increased during the past 10–15 years, heightening concerns regarding the long-term effects of methylphenidate on the developing brain. Here we review the effects of acute and repeated methylphenidate treatment on molecules of neuronal signaling and neuroplasticity (including transcription factors, neuropeptides, and components of second messenger cascades) and compare these molecular effects with those produced by cocaine and amphetamine. Some molecular changes, such as altered transcription factor gene regulation, are similar to those of cocaine and amphetamine. Other effects, notably those on the expression of opioid peptides and postsynaptic density molecules (Homer 1a), differ between methylphenidate and cocaine or amphetamine treatment. These differences support the notion that methylphenidate produces less neuroadaptations than cocaine and amphetamine, and might provide a molecular basis for reduced addiction liability of methylphenidate compared with these other psychostimulants.
Serotonin oxidation by rat brain monoamine oxidase: Inhibition by 4-chloroamphetamine

Abstract 4CAmph was found to be a potent inhibitor of the oxidation of serotonin by rat brain mitochondrial MAO in vitro . On the basis of the levels of 4CAmph and of serotonin in brain, nearly complete inhibition of serotonin oxidation in vivo would be expected. This may account for the lowered 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid levels in brain after 4CAmph administration. 4CAmph probably exerts a dual action on brain serotonin: release of bound amine and inhibition of its metabolism by MAO.
Three years of follow-up of bone marrow-augmented organ transplant recipients: the impact on donor-specific immune modulation.

The discovery of the presence of previously unsuspected microchimerism in successful longterm liver and kidney transplant recipients prompted us to postulate that these cells are essential for graft acceptance and the induction of donor-specific hyporeactivity.1–3 This observation provided the basis for the initiation of a new therapeutic strategy which involved infusion of donor bone marrow (BM) cells under conventional immunosuppressive treatment with tacrolimus and prednisolone.4 The initial outcome of sequential in vitro immunologic evaluations performed to determine the development of donor-specific hyporeactivity in the first 15 BM-augmented and 16 contemporaneous controls has been described previously.5,6 We report here the immune profile of 102 BM-augmented and 57 control patients who were at least 6 months posttransplantation.
Frog lysozyme. I. Its identification, occurrence as isozymes, and quantitative distribution in tissues of the leopard frog, Rana pipiens.

In the course of examining the etiology of the Lucke renal adenocarcinoma of the frog, Rana pipiens, it was found that organs of the normal adult contain bacteriolytic enzymes. These enzymes all satisfied the six criteria for the identification of lysozymes and at least eight forms were separable by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Their qualitative and quantitative distribution was organ-specific. All eight isozymes were found in normal kidney, while liver and spleen contained seven forms; skin, six; ovarian egg, five; and serum, two. In quantitative assays using a radial diffusion test, spleen had the greatest lysozyme concentration, followed in descending order by kidney, liver, skin, and ovary. Serum contained very low amounts. In terms of enzyme activity per animal, ovary was the highest ranking organ. As such a large number of lysozyme isozymes has not been reported in any other organism, their origins and functions are considered in the context of their presence in an ectotherm.
Measurement of rain parameters by optical scintillation

We describe a technique for measuring path-averaged rain parameters by analyzing the rainfall-induced scintillations of a laser beam. From the time-lagged covariance function of two vertically spaced line detectors, we determine the average rainfall rate and drop-size distribution along the optical path. This technique requires no prior assumption of the form of the drop-size distribution. Sample measurements on a 140-m path confirm that the path-averaged drop-size distribution of a steady rain follows a Marshall-Palmer distribution. The optically measured path-averaged rain rate also shows good agreement with conventional tipping-bucket rain-gauge data.
Content and Reliability of Discrepancy-Defined Self-Awareness in Multisource Feedback

Although researchers have documented multiple antecedent and outcome correlates of the self-awareness construct, relatively little work has focused on placing the construct within a nomological network. Using item response theory (IRT) analyses of differential item functioning (DIF), the authors compared the relationships between observed and latent performance domains on a 360° assessment for high- and low-self-aware individuals. The reliability of discrepancy-defined self-awareness was assessed and deemed adequate, and indices of graded response model fit to 360° data were recorded. As an initial step toward defining this discrepancy-defined construct within a larger nomological network, extant constructs of personal warmth, self-promoting, and self-monitoring were identified as potential contributors to self-awareness using the DIF investigative framework.
A computer program for the direct analysis of protein binding data obtained from dynamic dialysis

Abstract A procedure which allows for the direct analysis of protein binding data obtained via dynamic dialysis is presented. The method avoids some of the problems previously encountered in data analysis, requires minimal user input, and can be readily applied to a variety of experimental conditions. Binding parameters are obtained through use of a Regula-Falsi algorithm run in conjunction with a standard nonlinear least-squares regression program (NONLIN). Although a simple one-binding-site model is presented, the equations can readily be extended to describe more complex binding behavior.
Entamoeba gingivalis identified in a left upper neck nodule by fine- needle aspiration: A case report

We present a unique case of a 37-yr-old patient who underwent a left partial glossectomy, modified neck dissection, and radiation therapy in December 1990. In June 1991 the patient developed a 0.6 cm erythematous nodule in the left upper portion of her neck adjacent to the surgical scar. A fine-needle aspiration (FNA) of the nodule was performed. Cytologic examination revealed the presence of numerous organisms morphologically consistent with Entamoeba gingivalis. Although E. gingivalis can be found in specimens from the oral cavity, especially following radiation, it is rare to find these organisms within lesions of the head and neck region. In this case, it is believed that the patient had an increased number of organisms within her oral cavity secondary to radiation therapy. Radiation therapy also may have contributed to the formation of a fistula tract between the oral cavity and the surgical incision site which resulted in the formation of a small inflammatory nodule in the upper portion of the neck. The organisms could then travel from the oral cavity to the nodule in the neck thus explaining their presence in the FNA material.
Next Generation Wearable Devices: Smart Health Monitoring Device and Smart Sousveillance Hat using D2D Communications in LTE Assisted Networks

The next generation wearable devices are Smart health monitoring device and Smart sousveillance hat which are capable of using wearable sensors for measuring physiological information, sousveillanace, navigation, as well as smart device to smart device communications over cellular coverage. Smart health monitoring device collect and observe different health related information deploying biosensors and can predict health problems. Smart sousveillance hat provides the brainwaves based fatigue state, training and sousveillance around the wearer. The next generation wearable smart devices deploy the device to device communications in LTE assisted networks with D2D server, D2D Application server and D2D enhanced LTE signalling for D2D service management, spectrum utilization and broad cellular coverage, which make them portable, social, commercial and sustainable. Thus, the wearable device technology will merge with the smart communications besides the health and wellness. Furthermore, the simulation and performance evaluation shows that LTE-D2D wearable smart device communications provides two times more energy efficiency than LTE-UEs cellular communications. The LTE-D2D data rate is also found significantly higher with higher D2D-SINR for lower relative mobility = 30m/s and lower D2D distance <400m between devices.
A review of intermediate filament biology and their use in pathologic diagnosis

The intermediate filaments (IFs) form a supergene family of proteins which are part of the cytoskeleton and karyoskeleton of eukaryotic cells. Early ultrastructural observations identified three classes of filamentous structure within the cytoplasm. This series included tubulin polymers (22-25 nm in diameter), microfilaments of actin (5-7 nm), and a third group of filaments (with diameters of 7-22 nm) which, because of their intermediate size, were simply called intermediate filaments [l ]. In the late 1970s, two investigators described autoantibodies in human patients [2] and rabbits [3] which decorated an elaborate cytoplasmic system of filaments which turned out to be the previously described intermediate filaments. The subsequent production of specific antibodies made against insoluble cytoplasmic fractions ushered in a new era of basic biologic investigation and diagnostic development. Subsequent investigations utilizing specific monoclonal antibodies and more recently, recombinant DNA, have identified a large multigene family of immunologically distinct cytoskeletalkaryoskeletal proteins that form the intermediate filaments of the cytoplasm [4, 5] and the nuclear lamina [6]. It is now known that these proteins are the product of individual genes and their expression follows carefully regulated rules during cell differentiation. Currently at least nine distinct types of IFs have been described based on their individual chemistry and the various pathways of differentiation. These types include: cytokeratins occurring in various epithelia; the neurofilament triplet occurring in neurons and certain other cells of the peripheral neuroendocrine system; nestin in neuronal stem cells [7]; peripherin in certain differentiated neuronal cells [8]; alphainternexin occurring in the axons of most neurons [9]; glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in astrocytes and certain nonglial cells; desmin in myogenic cells; vimentin in mesenchymal cells; and lamins, which are structural components of the nuclear lamina of all cells (Table 1) [5, 10, 11 ]. As these filaments are produced in cell lineage dependent expression patterns, which are recapitulated with great fidelity even in neoplastic transformation, they have become very useful in pathologic diagnosis, particularly of undifferentiated tumors.
MORE CHROMOSOME STUDIES IN COMPOSITAE

Chromosome observations, including number, from meiotic cells from 155 collections (most from Chiapas, Mexico) representing 138 species from 76 genera of Compositae provide taxonomically useful information, especially first counts (for Espejoa [n = 9], Gymnolaena [n = 13], and RoVasianthe [n = 191 and for 39 species in other genera) and counts that differ from other reports. Pollen stainabilities do not always correlate with meiotic irregularities.
Open treatment of elbow degenerative arthritis in the young patient

Abstract Elbow arthritis impairs function of the entire limb. Pain and loss: of motion limit the ability to participate in activitiesof daily living. The operative management of elbow arthritis requires a thorough physical examination, sufficient imaging, preoperative planning, and meticulous surgical technique. Early arthritis causes mild to moderate pain and limits terminal flexion and extension. Resection of the osteophytes along the coronoid and olecranon combined with removal of the bone within the distal humerus fossa results in resolution of pain. Progressive arthritis leads to increased joint eburnation and results in further limitation of motion secondary to osteophyte enlargement, joint wear, and capsular hypertrophy. Debridement of the arthritic bone and capsular resection enhances elbow motion and diminishes pain. Advanced arthritis and marked joint degeneration further restricts elbow motion and augments pain. Joint resurfacing by interposition arthroplasty removes the offending joint surfaces and lessens the pain.
Glutaraldehyde fixation of isolated eucaryotic nuclei. Evidence for histone-histone proximity.

Isolated chicken erythrocyte nuclei have been incubated with dilute concentrations of the bifunctional cross-linking agent glutaraldehyde (0–20 mM) in order to stabilize histone-histone interactions within the native nucleus. The kinetics of the disappearance of acid-soluble histones, free amino groups, and of individual histones have been observed to be pseudo first-order. Apparent first-order rate constants for the disappearance of individual histones correlate with the lysine mole percent of that fraction and follow the ranking, kapp: F1 > F2C > F2B ≥ F2A2, F2A1, F3. Histone polymers were observed to form very rapidly during the fixation reaction. Partial fractionation and amino acid analyses of these polymers support the view that they are composed principally of cross-linked (F2C)n molecules (where n = 2 to ∼8). The rate of glutaraldehyde reaction with free amino groups in histones is drastically reduced in solvents that promote chromatin decondensation (i.e., low ionic strengths in the absence of divalent cations) whereas the formation of cross-linked F2C polymers is less severely reduced. It is proposed that some F2C histones exist in close proximity within the isolated erythrocyte nucleus.
Parsing silhouettes: the short-cut rule.

Many researchers have proposed that, for the purpose of recognition, human vision parses shapes into component parts. Precisely how is not yet known. The minima rule for silhouettes (Hoffman & Richards, 1984) defines boundary points at which to parse but does not tell how to use these points to cut silhouettes and, therefore, does not tell what the parts are. In this paper, we propose the short-cut rule, which states that, other things being equal, human vision prefers to use the shortest possible cuts to parse silhouettes. We motivate this rule, and the well-known Petter’s rule for modal completion, by the principle of transversality. We present five psychophysical experiments that test the short-cut rule, show that it successfully predicts part cuts that connect boundary points given by the minima rule, and show that it can also create new boundary points.
Protection against concanavalin A–induced hepatocyte apoptosis by molsidomine is time-dependent

Abstract Background Viral hepatitis and autoimmune liver diseases cause hepatocyte apoptosis. Concanavalin A (Con A)–induced hepatitis resembles human viral hepatitis and autoimmune hepatitis. The role of nitric oxide (NO) in liver injury was controversial in different liver injury models. We hypothesize both endogenous and exogenous NO protect liver against Con A–induced liver injury. Molsidomine is metabolized into SIN-1 by the liver, and SIN-1 subsequently generates NO. So, molsidomine was used as a NO donor in this study. Study design To study a protective role of endogenous NO in Con A–induced liver injury, mice were pretreated with a specific inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibitor, L-N 6 -(1-iminoethyl)-lysine (L-NIL), before Con A challenge. To study a time-dependent protection against Con A–induced liver injury, animals were either given molsidomine, a NO donor, before or after Con A administration. Serum alanine aminotranferase (ALT) was analyzed. Liver samples were subjected to DNA fragmentation assay, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase–mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling stain, Western blot analysis, and caspase activity assays. Results Animals pretreated with L-NIL had significantly increased serum ALT levels compared with those challenged with Con A alone; but pretreatment with molsidomine dramatically decreased ALT levels in L-NIL–pretreated animals or in animals that received Con A alone. Administration of molsidomine 30 minutes before or 1, 2, and 3 hours after Con A injection significantly reduced serum ALT levels and attenuated hepatocyte apoptosis from caspase inactivation. The ALT reduction was associated with inhibition of both caspase-3 and caspase-8 activation and reduction of hepatocyte apoptosis. Conclusions Endogenous NO plays an important protective role against Con A–induced liver injury by reducing hepatocyte apoptosis. Administration of a NO donor early after Con A injection protects the liver from injury. This is the first study demonstrating a time-dependent inhibition of liver injury induced by Con A administration.
A correlation of catecholamine and vasoactive Peptide release with hemodynamics in patients undergoing resection of arteriovenous malformations.

Introduction: Control of blood pressure can be a problem for intracranial procedures. To investigate the relationship between hemodynamic variables and endogenous vasoactive substances, we studied patients undergoing resection of arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). Methods: This was a nonrandomized, prospective study of six patients who had resection of an intracranial AVM and six patients who had clipping of an intracranial aneurysm (ICA) that had not bled. Operative and postoperative blood pressure was controlled with sodium nitroprusside. Heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, and cardiac index (CI) were measured after induction of anesthesia; before, during, and after hypotensive anesthesia; immediately postoperatively; and at 12, 24, and 36 hours postoperatively. Blood samples were drawn simultaneously in the AVM group to measure levels of norepinephrine, epinephrine, renin, aldosterone, vasopressin, angiotensin I, and angiotensin II and correlated with significant hemodynamic changes. Results: HR and CI increased significantly among patients with AVMs compared with patients with ICAs (p<0.001 and p=0.05, respectively). HR was significantly correlated with renin (r=0.60), norepinephrine (r=1.00), and vasopressin (r=0.66). CI was significantly correlated with epinephrine (r=1.00), renin (r=0.77), angiotensin II (r=0.71), and vasopressin (r=0.82). Patients with AVMs had a hyperdynamic state characterized by increases in HR and CI. These increases were accompanied by increased renin, norepinephrine, vasopressin, epinephrine, and angiotensin II serum concentrates. Conclusions: There were no significant differences in blood pressure changes between patients who had resection for AVM and those who had clipping of ICA, probably due to the use of sodium nitroprusside in the AVM group. Patients with AVMs had a hyperdynamic state with increases in epinephrine, norepinephrine, angiotensin II, plasma renin activity, and vasopressin. Whether this hyperdynamic state is caused by the resection of the AVM or the use of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) cannot be concluded. Blockage of these mediators preoperatively may help control blood pressure without sodium nitroprusside.
The brittle-ring test for graphite

Abstract Strength estimates of materials like graphite, with flaw size distributions giving large variances in strength testing, must be carefully considered. Because flaw size distributions with large variances will yield large differences in strength estimates dependent on specimen stress-volume, strength estimates using small stress-volume specimens can misrepresent actual component strength. It was shown that the stress volume effect on strength can be clearly demonstrated by brittle-ring testing using a range of specimen sizes. Test results were also compared with other conventional mechanical test results and test results of accompanying c-ring specimens. It was shown that testing a few different size brittle-ring specimens will yield good estimates of variance as well as mean strength. Analysis demonstrates that brittle-ring test results yield realistic estimates of strength for actual components. Examples of using brittle-ring test results in development programs and in evaluating the effect of oxidation on strength are also given.
Regional and temporal changes in the acoustic properties of fracture callus in secondary bone healing.

Controlled fractures were created in the right femora of 17 male Sprague-Dawley rats. The fractured limbs were harvested at 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks after fracture, fixed, and embedded in polymethylmethacrylate. Midsagittal sections from each animal were evaluated with a scanning acoustic microscope, a device that generates an acoustic impedance map of the scanned material. The impedance of the fracture callus was measured in six regions on each specimen. These regions were chosen in an effort to distinguish between the impedance of the callus formed through intramembranous or endochondral ossification, and we found that the time course of increasing impedance differed for the fracture callus formed through the two pathways. Additionally, we found a significant difference in the mean impedance of the callus at each time period (p ≤ 0.0013 for all comparisons), which resulted in an extremely linear relationship (r2 = 0.999) between mean callus impedance and healing time. This experimental model has become a popular choice for the investigation of fracture healing. As such, an accurate determination of the mechanical properties of the fracture callus is often sought. We propose that the implementation of scanning acoustic microscopy in the study of fracture healing may determine the changes in the material properties more accurately than conventional testing methods.
Finite element simulation and experimental validation of residual stresses in high speed dry milling of biodegradable magnesium-calcium alloys

Abstract Magnesium–calcium (Mg–Ca) alloys have become attractive biodegradable orthopedic biomaterials recently. Residual stresses are proven to be very influential on the degradation rate of an Mg–Ca implant in the human body. Due to the time and cost reasons, development of finite element models to predict residual stress profiles in cutting of Mg–Ca implants is highly desirable. In this study, a finite element simulation model of orthogonal cutting without explicit chip formation has been developed by using the plowing depth approach in order to predict process-induced residual stresses in high speed dry cutting of Mg–Ca0.8 (wt%) alloy using diamond tools. Mechanical properties of Mg–Ca0.8 biomaterial at high strain rates and large strains were determined using the split-Hopkinson pressure bar test. The internal state variable (ISV) plasticity model has been implemented to model the dynamic material behavior under cutting regimes. The residual stress evolution and effects of plowing speed and plowing depth on residual stress profiles are studied. Residual stress measurements were also performed utilizing the X-ray diffraction technique for validation purposes.
Thermodynamics of Oxygen Chemistry on PbTiO 3 and LaMnO 3 (001) Surfaces

We present a first principles thermodynamic study of O ad-atom and vacancy formation on the AO- and BO 2 -terminated (001) surfaces of the PbTiO 3 (PTO) and LaMnO 3 (LMO) cubic perovskites. Our results show that, owing to the highly energetically unfavorable nature of O vacancy formation on these surfaces, O vacancies appear only at high temperatures and practically irrelevant low pressures on the (T, p) surface phase diagram. In contrast, effortless formation of O ad-atoms on the surfaces is encountered at practically achievable pressures and temperatures. Above room temperature and close to atmospheric pressures, we predict clean PbO and TiO 2 -terminated (001) PTO surfaces as the stable surface phases while partially or fully O ad-atom covered surfaces are found to be more stable for LMO. These results are consistent with the observation that LMO is far more active towards oxidation catalysis than PTO.
Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Nav1.6 Is Modulated by p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase

Nav1.6 is the major sodium channel isoform at nodes of Ranvier in myelinated axons and, additionally, is distributed along unmyelinated C-fibers of sensory neurons. Thus, modulation of the sodium current produced by Nav1.6 might significantly impact axonal conduction. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are expressed in neurons and are activated after injury, for example, after sciatic nerve transection and hypoxia. Although the role of MAPK in signal transduction and in injury-induced regulation of gene expression is well established, the ability of these kinases to phosphorylate and modulate voltage-gated sodium channels has not been reported. Sequence analysis shows that Nav1.6 contains a putative MAP kinase-recognition module in the cytoplasmic loop (L1), which joins domains 1 and 2. We show in this study that sodium channels and p38 MAP kinase colocalize in rat brain tissue and that activated p38alpha phosphorylates L1 of Nav1.6, specifically at serine 553 (S553), in vitro. None of the other cytoplasmic loops and termini of the channel are phosphorylated by activated p38alpha in these assays. Activation of p38 in the neuronal ND7/23 cell line transfected with Nav1.6 leads to a significant reduction in the peak Nav1.6 current amplitude, without a detectable effect on gating properties. The substitution of S553 with alanine within L1 of the Nav1.6 channel prevents p38-mediated reduction of Nav1.6 current density. This is the first demonstration of MAPK phosphorylation and modulation of a voltage-gated sodium channel, and this modulation may represent an additional role for MAPK in regulating the neuronal response to injury.
Who's Talking?

You pick up your smartphone and hear someone speak. Without visual contact, you immediately try to discern whether the caller is male or female, young or old, happy or sad, mom or a stranger. You want to know who is speaking and what they are saying. How do you derive two distinct impressions from that single auditory event? Voice recognition (the Who) and speech perception (the What) involve primarily the right and left hemisphere of the brain, respectively. But the tidy notion that two neural modules are independently working to decipher Who and What is challenged by Perrachione et al. ( 1 ). On page 595 of this issue, the authors propose that the brain regions underpinning Who and What are functionally integrated.
Photoinduced oxidation of InP(110) with condensed O2 at 25 K.

On etudie l'oxydation photoinduite de InP(110) a 25 K par la photoemission et on montre que la structure locale de l'oxyde forme sur la surface est de type InPO 4
Use of prostaglandin E1 for papaverine-failed erections

Abstract The use of prostaglandin E, is introduced as a pharmacologic agent that can produce artificial erections in patients who have failed the initial papaverine test or who were on self-injection programs and later lost rigidity.
Predictors of participation in a smoking cessation intervention group among low-income women

The predictors of participation in a smoking cessation group among low-income women were examined. Fifty smokers were recruited from a Midwestern community primary care setting serving an uninsured, underinsured, and Medicaid population. Participants completed a questionnaire before the intervention, and eleven women chose to participate in the 6-week sessions. There were few differences between the control group (nonparticipants) and the intervention group. The intervention group had significantly higher intention-to-quit scores. Logistic regression analysis was used to predict group membership with age, self-efficacy, optimism, social support, nicotine dependence, intention-to-quit, and other smokers in the home as the predictor variables. The only two significant predictors of participation in the cessation intervention were self-efficacy and intention-to-quit smoking. The higher the intention-to-quit score and the lower the self-efficacy score (the belief that one can be successful in not smoking); the more likely these women were to participate in the group intervention. Results are discussed in terms of their clinical relevance as well as future research in the area.
Acyl silicates and acyl aluminates as activated intermediates in peptide formation on clays

Glycine reacts with heating on dried clays and other minerals to give peptides in much better yield than in the absence of mineral. This reaction was proposed to occur by way of an activated intermediate such as an acyl silicate or acyl aluminate analogous to acyl phosphates involved in several biochemical reactions including peptide bond synthesis. The proposed mechanism has been confirmed by trapping the intermediate, as well as by direct spectroscopic observation of a related intermediate. The reaction of amino acids on periodically dried mineral surfaces represents a widespead, geologically realistic setting for prebiotic peptide formation via in situ activation.
DNA-Based Population Demographics of Black Bears in Coastal North Carolina and Virginia

Noninvasive genetic sampling has become a popular method for obtaining population parameter estimates for black (Ursus americanus) and brown (U. arctos) bears. These estimates allow wildlife managers to develop appropriate management strategies for populations of concern. Black bear populations at Great Dismal Swamp (GDSNWR), Pocosin Lakes (PLNWR), and Alligator River (ARNWR) National Wildlife Refuges in coastal Virginia and North Carolina, USA, were perceived by refuge biologists to be at or above cultural and perhaps biological carrying capacity, but managers had no reliable abundance estimates upon which to base population management. We derived density estimates from 3,150 hair samples collected noninvasively at each of the 3 refuges, using 6–7 microsatellite markers to obtain multilocus genotypes for individual bears. We used Program MARK to calculate population estimates from capture histories at each refuge. We estimated densities using both traditional buffer strip methods and Program DENSITY. Estimated densities were some of the highest reported in the literature and ranged from 0.46 bears/km2 at GDSNWR to 1.30 bears/km2 at PLNWR. Sex ratios were male-biased at all refuges. Our estimates can be directly utilized by biologists to develop effective strategies for managing and maintaining bears at these refuges, and noninvasive methods may also be effective for monitoring bear populations over the long term.
Hospital governing boards

Few modern enterprises are more complex than the hospitals in which many emergency physicians practice. As competition increases in medicine and the criteria for reimbursement become stringent, marked changes will continue to occur in hospital structure and function. It is, therefore, necessary for the hospital based practitioner to understand the main player in determining the hospital’s organization-the hospital governing board. Variously called a Board of Trustees, Board of Governors, Board of Directors, or Commissioners, depending on the ownership and control of the hospital, this governing board “has the ultimate authority and responsibility for patient care and overall quality of service in the hospital.“’ Sitting at the apex of the organizational chart in every hospital, the members of this body hold the hospital and its resources in trust for the community. The members of this board have been charged legally, as in the Darling case,2 and traditionally with the ultimate responsibility and control for the operation of the hospital. This includes the standards of patient care, the conduct of hospital services and responsibility to the community.3.4 This sense of responsibility has been heightened by the increasing concern regarding the members’ legal liability-which has paralleled the medical malpractice crisis.5,6 There is, however, less than complete uniformity on many of the aspects of the board, including its composition, membership selection and continuity, organization, and tasks. Even where there is agreement, reality frequently does not follow the ideal.
Mutational analysis of the direct tandem repeat sequences at the origin of DNA replication of porcine circovirus type 1

Mutational analysis was conducted to investigate the role of the nucleotide sequences flanking the stem-loop palindromic structure at the origin of DNA replication of porcine circovirus type 1 (PCV1) with respect to self-DNA replication and progeny virus generation. The results demonstrated that the A-rich sequence to the left of the palindrome is non-essential for virus replication. Although a set of four hexanucleotide (H) sequences to the right of the palindrome (organized in two tandem repeats: the proximal H1/H2 and the distal H3/H4) are binding sites for the viral Rep-associated proteins in vitro, only a proximal tandem (H/H or h-like/H) is essential for PCV1 DNA replication. In the presence of H1/H2, mutations engineered into H3/H4 were preserved in the progeny viruses. Mutations engineered into H1/H2 were invariably deleted so that the downstream H3/H4 was placed next to the palindrome. Viral genome with mutations engineered into both H1/H2 and H3/H4 underwent extensive nucleotide reorganization to yield progeny viruses containing either H3/H4, h-like/H4, or h-like/H3/H4 sequences.
Superconformal anomalies and the effective lagrangian for pure supersymmetric QCD

We discuss the extent to which the superconformal anomalies constrain the effective lagrangian for pure N = 1 Yang-Mills theory. Assuming that the order parameter describing the model is a single chiral superfield (and allowing its derivatives) we find a larger class of possible models than had been previously noted. We give a detailed analysis of a particularly interesting example and find that it leads to the possibility of spontaneous breakdown of supersymmetry. Thus we conclude that the anomaly constraints by themselves are not sufficient to protect supersymmetry. Some unusual features which seem characteristic of such higher derivative theories are noted. A number of related topics, including the question of gluon condensation, are discussed.
Lazaroid and pentoxifylline suppress sepsis-induced increases in renal vascular resistance via altered arachidonic acid metabolism.

Early sepsis leads to renal hypoperfusion, despite a hyperdynamic systemic circulation. It is thought that failure of local control of the renal microcirculation leads to hypoperfusion and organ dysfunction. Of the many mediators implicated in the pathogenesis of microvascular vasoconstriction, arachidonic acid metabolites are thought to be important. Vasoconstriction may be due to excess production of vasoconstrictors or loss of vasodilators. Using the isolated perfused kidney model, we describe a sepsis-induced rise in renal vascular resistance and increased production of key arachidonic acid metabolites, both vasoconstrictors and vasodilators, suggesting excessive production of vasoconstrictors as a cause for microcirculatory hypoperfusion. There is evidence of increased enzymatic production of arachidonic acid metabolites as well as nonenzymatic, free radical, catalyzed conversion of arachidonic acid. Pentoxifylline (a phosphodiesterase inhibitor) and U74389G (an antioxidant) both have a protective effect on the renal microcirculation during sepsis. Both drugs appear to alter the renal microvascular response to sepsis by altering renal arachidonic acid metabolism. This study demonstrates that sepsis leads to increased renal vascular resistance. This response is in part mediated by metabolites produced by metabolism of arachidonic acid within the kidney. The ability of drugs to modulate arachidonic acid metabolism and so alter the renal response to sepsis suggests a possible role for these agents in protecting the renal microcirculation during sepsis.
Circulant Markov chains as digital signal sources

This paper is concerned with the class of Markov chains with circulant transition matrices. We show that such chains generate random processes whose spectral densities are of a particularly simple form, and that they provide a partial solution to the problem of synthesizing Markov chains that generate processes with given spectral densities.
Hypopyon uveitis following LASIK in a patient with ulcerative colitis.

PURPOSE To present a case of unilateral hypopyon uveitis that began 15 days after uneventful bilateral LASIK in a 24-year-old man with an undisclosed history of ulcerative colitis. METHODS Case report. RESULTS The hypopyon uveitis completely resolved after treatment with aggressive topical and oral steroid agents in combination with topical antibiotic coverage. CONCLUSIONS Although rare, visually significant hypopyon uveitis may arise after LASIK in the setting of ulcerative colitis and positive human leukocyte antigen (HLA) B27. Early recognition and treatment can result in an excellent outcome. The exact relationship between hypopyon uveitis and LASIK is impossible to ascertain.
Choosing from redundant designs of power systems using system outage rate and cost

Abstract The push for high availability is on. As customers keep telling computer manufacturers, any outage to their operations is unacceptable. For those involved at the design stage, this usually means that functions within a computer's subsystems, like power, must be made fault-tolerant, or redundant. In its simplest form, redundancy replaces one component with two, so that the first failure will have no impact on the customer. More generally, a K -out-of- N design calls for N components to do the job of N − K + 1, so that the first K − 1 failures can be tolerated but the K -th failure causes a system outage. In this paper, we relate our own experience with power subsystems: how we chose from among different shades of redundancy by concentrating on outage rate and cost. To further simulate real life, we also considered the service strategy, i.e. whether (and when) to preventively replace a component whose failure did not cause the system to go down. A key result of the paper shows that a redundant design coupled with a well-chosen service strategy yields advantages beyond what either one alone would provide. The combination not only decreases the design's already low system outage rate, it makes the outage rate essentially constant—so that ease of predictability is ensured. Three power subsystem designs are outlined, as are the reliability and outage rate functions associated with them. Cost and service strategy are then considered, to help decide which is the optimal design based on total program cost projections and reliability objectives.