cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measurement of bacterial random motility and chemotaxis coefficients: II. Application of single‐cell‐based mathematical model

A quantitative description of bacterial chemotaxis is necessary for making predictions about the migratory behavior of bacterial populations in applications such as biofilm development, release of genetically engineered bacteria into the environment, and in situ bioremediation technologies. The bacterial chemotactic response is characterized by a mathematical model which relates individual cell properties such as swimming speed and tumbling frequency to population parameters, specifically the random motility coefficient and the chemotactic sensitivity coefficient. Our model includes a nonlinear dependence of the chemotactic velocity on the attractant gradient as well as a dependence of the random motility coefficient on the temporal and spatial attractant gradients, both of which previous analyses have neglected. As we will show, these aspects are critical for interpreting the results from experiments like those performed in the stopped-flow diffusion chamber (SFDC) because the initial temporal and spatial gradients are very steep. Our analysis demonstrates that values for the random motility coefficient and chemotactic sensitivity coefficient can be obtained from experimental plots of net cell redistribution from initial conditions versus the square root of time. Values for these parameters are determined from experimental measurements of bacterial population distributions in the SFDC as described in the companion article. Using parameter values determined from independent experiments, mu = 1.1 +/- 0.4 +/- 10(-5) cm(2)/s and chi(0) = 8 +/- 3 +/- 10(-5) cm(2)/s, excellent agreement is found between theoretically predicted bacterial density profiles and actual experimental profiles for Escherichia coli K12 responding to fucose over two orders of magnitude in initial attractant concentration. Thus, our model captures the concentration dependence of this behavioral response satisfactorily in terms of cell population parameters which are derived from individual cell properties and will therefore be useful for making predictions about the migratory behavior of bacterial populations in the environment.
Optimization of Buckling and Yield Strengths of Laminated Composites

Theme F laminates possess two important features highly desirable in aerospace structural applications. These are: 1) the high stiffness to weight ratio, and 2) the anisotropic property which can be tailored through the variation of fiber orientations and the stacking sequence. The latter feature provides the structural designer with an additional dimension in the constraint space that could lead to a substantial change in the design procedure. Furthermore, as a result of the additional variables, the structural optimization becomes an integral part of a good design work involving laminates of advanced composite materials. Under in-plane loads, a laminated plate can fail as a result of structural instability (buckling) or material yielding. In this report we are concerned with the optimum fiber orientation for a set of combined loadings. The laminates considered are the angle-ply laminates with symmetric layups. A direct search technique is employed to solve the optimization problems. Although the optimum fiber directions are determined independently according to the buckling and the strength constraints, the results can be easily placed in the respective regions where they are meaningful. The buckling loads for a plate depend on the geometry and size of the structure, while the strength criterion usually depends only on the state of stress at a point. It is conceivable that, for practical purposes, a marginal size for the laminated plate can be defined so that when the plate is larger than this size the laminate should be optimized according to the buckling criterion. For a plate size smaller than the marginal size, the strength criterion should be followed. This design procedure is discussed in some detail in this report.
Reported Sildenafil Side Effects in Pediatric Pulmonary Hypertension Patients

Background: Sildenafil, a phosphodiestase type 5 inhibitor, was approved in 2005 for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in adults, and is commonly used off-label for pediatric patients. Little is known, however, about sildenafil’s side effects in this population. Methods: Single institution, longitudinal survey-based study performed in an outpatient pediatric cardiology clinic. Pediatric patients on sildenafil (alone or in combination with other PH therapies) completed questionnaires regarding frequency of vascular, gastrointestinal, neurologic and hematologic side effects. Results: Between January 2011 and May 2014, 66 pediatric patients with PH on sildenafil filled out 214 surveys, 32 patients (96 surveys) on monotherapy, and 43 patients (118 surveys) on sildenafil plus an endothelin receptor antagonist (bosentan or ambrisentan) and/or a prostacyclin (epoprostenol or treprostinil). Overall, 30% of respondents identified at least one side effect. For all patients on sildenafil, incidence of side effects by system was 37% gastrointestinal, 35% vascular and 22% neurologic. For patients on sildenafil monotherapy, incidence of side effects by system was 24% gastrointestinal, 21% vascular and 18% neurologic compared to patients on combination therapy who reported an incidence of 48% gastrointestinal, 45% vascular and 25% neurologic. Conclusion: Incidence of vascular, gastrointestinal and neurologic side effect in pediatric patients on sildenafil therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension was 30%. Side effects were more common in patients on combination therapy with an endothelin receptor antagonist and/or prostacyclin than in patients on sildenafil monotherapy.
Optical second-harmonic susceptibilities: Frequency-dependent formulation with results for GaP and GaAs.

A formula for frequency-dependent optical second-harmonic susceptibilities for insulating crystals, including local-field corrections, is presented. In analogy to a formula given previously for the static limit, the formula is analyzed in terms of ``virtual electron'' (ccv) and ``virtual hole'' (vvc) terms to obtain a numerically stable form. Numerical results for GaP and GaAs agree with most of the experimental values suggested in a recent review article by Roberts. Miller's ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}}_{\mathit{M}}$ is predicted to vary by 13% from the laser lines at 10.6 to 1.32 \ensuremath{\mu}m for GaP.
Sexual dimorphism and age dependence of osteocyte lacunar density for human vertebral cancellous bone

The sexual dimorphism in age-related loss of human vertebral cancellous bone is not fully understood and could be related to dimorphism in the bone cell populations. The objective of this study was to investigate age- and gender-related differences in the osteocyte population and its relationship with bone volume fraction for human vertebral cancellous bone. Histomorphometric techniques were used to quantify osteocyte lacunae (a measure of osteocyte population) and bone volume fraction in male and female human T12 vertebrae, the most common site of vertebral fracture. Two measures of osteocyte population [number of osteocytes per bone area (OtLcDn) and number of osteocytes per total area (OtLcN/TA)] and their relationships with age and bone volume fraction were found to be sexually dimorphic. Dimorphism in osteocyte density may explain the dimorphic patterns of bone loss in human vertebrae due to the sensory and signal communication functions that osteocytes perform. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
NON-LINEAR PLASMA OSCILLATIONS IN SEMICONDUCTOR AND GRAPHENE CHANNELS AND APPLICATION TO THE DETECTION OF TERAHERTZ SIGNALS

The conduction channel of a semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (FET) or a heterostructure High Electron Mobility Transistor (HEMT) can act as a plasma wave resonator for density oscillations in electron gas, at frequencies significantly higher than the transistor cut-off frequency in a short channel device. The hydrodynamic model predicts a resonance response to electromagnetic radiation at the plasma oscillation frequency. In particular, the hydrodynamic nonlinearities produce a constant source-to-drain voltage when gate-to-channel voltage has a time-harmonic component. In the Dyakonov-Shur detector a short channel HEMT is used for the resonant tunable detection of terahertz radiation. Starting with the quasi-classical Boltzmann equation for a semiconductor and graphene channels, we derived the viscous hydrodynamic model with temperature dependent transport coefficients in both cases. We evaluated the detector response function and in the case of semiconductor channel we also obtained the temperature dependence of the quality factor of the plasma resonance. The present treatment extends the theory of Dyakonov-Shur plasma resonator and detector to account for the temperature dependence of viscosity. In the case of semiconductor channels the treatment here also includes the energy balance equation into the analysis. The numerical results are given in cases of GaAs and GaN channels. We showed that in high mobility semiconductor channels at low temperature the quality of the resonance is strongly limited by the viscosity of the electron fluid. In the case of graphene channel the hydrodynamic model derived here accounts both for electrons and holes, and includes the related diffusion currents. When the gate voltage is a few volts, the Fermi temperature of the electron-hole liquid is considerably higher than the room temperature. In such cases the diffusion currents can be ignored, and from the simplified hydrodynamic equations we evaluated the non-linear response of the plasma in graphene channel to the external perturbation. The results are of interest in potential application to graphene based detectors due to potential of obtaining a channel with the room temperature mobility considerably higher than the mobility in semiconductor channels.
Cycle-slipping effects on the output signal of a phase-locked demodulator

Experimental results are presented to show the energy distribution of the output signal of a phase-locked loop when used as an FM demodulator. This effect is related to the cycle-slipping phenomena and the modeling of equivalent circuits.
Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy of α-nitrogen ice

We use terahertz time domain spectroscopy to study the absorption (0.2–2 THz) of cubic α-N 2 from 10–30 K. These experiments observe a strong absorption feature at 1.47 THz that cannot be explained by purely induced dipole absorption. We study the influence of impurities on this absorption.
Application of the T-matrix method to determine the structure of spheroidal cell nuclei with angle-resolved light scattering

We demonstrate an inverse light-scattering analysis procedure based on using the T-matrix method as a light-scattering model. We measure light scattered by in vitro cell monolayers using angle-resolved low-coherence interferometry (a/LCI) and compare the data to predictions of the T-matrix theory. The comparison yields measurements of the equal volume diameter and aspect ratio of the spheroid cell nuclei with accuracy comparable to quantitative image analysis of fixed and stained samples. These improvements represent a significant upgrade for the a/LCI technique, expanding both the range of tissue in which it is applicable and potentially increasing its value as a diagnostic tool.
High-energy behavior of jet and lepton-pair production

Abstract The cross section for jet and lepton-pair production at large transverse momenta has been studied to all orders in QCD perturbation theory. Appropriate moments of these cross sections are seen to factorize short-distance from long-distance dependence, and scale breaking is governed by the anomalous dimensions of twist-two operators.
Cerebral Oxygen Metabolism in Neonates with Congenital Heart Disease Quantified by MRI and Optics

Neonatal congenital heart disease (CHD) is associated with altered cerebral hemodynamics and increased risk of brain injury. Two novel noninvasive techniques, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and diffuse optical and correlation spectroscopies (diffuse optical spectroscopy (DOS), diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS)), were employed to quantify cerebral blood flow (CBF) and oxygen metabolism (CMRO2) of 32 anesthetized CHD neonates at rest and during hypercapnia. Cerebral venous oxygen saturation (SvO2) and CBF were measured simultaneously with MRI in the superior sagittal sinus, yielding global oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) and global CMRO2 in physiologic units. In addition, microvascular tissue oxygenation (StO2) and indices of microvascular CBF (BFI) and CMRO2 (CMRO2i) in the frontal cortex were determined by DOS/DCS. Median resting-state MRI-measured OEF, CBF, and CMRO2 were 0.38, 9.7 mL/minute per 100 g and 0.52 mL O2/minute per 100 g, respectively. These CBF and CMRO2 values are lower than literature reports for healthy term neonates (which are sparse and quantified using different methods) and resemble values reported for premature infants. Comparison of MRI measurements of global SvO2, CBF, and CMRO2 with corresponding local DOS/DCS measurements demonstrated strong linear correlations (R2=0.69, 0.67, 0.67; P<0.001), permitting calibration of DOS/DCS indices. The results suggest that MRI and optics offer new tools to evaluate cerebral hemodynamics and metabolism in CHD neonates.
Studies on the synthesis of the quartromicins: partial stereochemical assignment of quartromicins A3 and D3 and diastereoselective synthesis of the endo- and exo-spirotetronate subunits

Abstract A partial stereochemical assignment of quartromicins A3 and D3 is presented, along with diastereoselective syntheses of the endo- and exo-spirotetronates 1 and 2 , corresponding to the galacto and agalacto fragments of the proposed quartromicin stereostructure. The key steps of these syntheses are highly enantio- and diastereoselective Lewis acid catalyzed Diels–Alder reactions of 1,1,3,4-tetrasubstituted diene 24 .
Least-Cost Avoiders in Online Fraud and Abuse

Web users face considerable fraud, malfeasance, and economic harm that system operators could prevent or mitigate. Although the legal system can respond, regulations have mixed results. The author examines the applicable legal rules that constrain online fraud and the economic underpinnings to identify whether those rules assign responsibility to the parties best positioned to take action.
THE TYPE OF PHAGOCYTIC CELL AND ITS RELATIVE PROPORTIONS IN HUMAN BONE MARROW AND SPLEEN, AS IDENTIFIED BY THE SUPRAVITAL TECHNIQUE, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO PERNICIOUS ANEMIA

In general, there is a reversal of the normal in the ratio of clasmatocytes in the spleen to clasmatocytes in the bone marrow in pernicious anemia, with a marked tendency toward the phagocytosis of young, immature, nucleated red blood cells in the bone marrow. The peripheral blood picture suggests that these cells had never been in circulation. The observations made do not indicate that the spleen takes any directly active part in an increased destruction of blood in pernicious anemia.
Acute Suppurative Otitis Media in Children Diversity of Clinical Diagnostic Criteria

Practicing pediatricians were surveyed via mailed questionnaire and a review was made of the pertinent literature in an attempt to identify suitable criteria for making the clinical diagnosis of acute suppurative otitis media (ASOM) in children. Clinical diagnostic criteria were described in only 26 of the 43 studies reviewed; 18 different sets of criteria were used. Use of identical criteria in more than one study was usually the result of multiple publications by particular authors rather than agreement between two investigators. One hundred and sixty-five questionnaire respondents proposed 147 different sets of criteria. Only 11 criteria sets were proposed by more than one respondent, and no single set was listed by more than six respondents. Greater standardiza tion of clinical diagnosis is desirable, but difficult to achieve and will require additional studies to correlate clinical findings with objective measures of diagnosis, such as tympanocentesis.
Quantitative feedback theory (QFT) for chattering reduction and improved tracking. in sliding mode control

Sliding mode control is a robust control technique with chattering as a major drawback. Chattering is undesirable because it can excite unmodeled high frequency dynamics of the system. One way to reduce chattering is to introduce a boundary layer around the sliding surface and keep the boundary layer attractive. However, the introduction of the boundary layer does not make the sliding surface to converge to zero but rather to oscillate around zero or on the boundary layer. In this paper, we design a QFT controller to reduce the oscillations within the boundary and make the sliding surface converge to zero. An example is provided to illustrate the proposed method.
What Influences Believing Child Sexual Abuse Disclosures? The Roles of Depicted Memory Persistence, Participant Gender, Trauma History, and Sexism

This vignette study investigated factors that influence believing child sexual abuse disclosures. College student participants (N = 318) in a university human subject pool completed measures about their own trauma history and responded to questions about sexist attitudes. Participants then read vignettes in which an adult disclosed a history of child sexual abuse, rated disclosures for accuracy and believability, and judged the level of abusiveness. Continuous memories were believed more than recovered memories. Men believed abuse reports less than did women, and people who had not experienced trauma were less likely to believe trauma reports. Gender and personal history interacted such that trauma history did not impact women’s judgments but did impact men’s judgments. Men with a trauma history responded similarly to women with or without a trauma history. High sexism predicted lower judgments of an event being abusive. Hostile sexism was negatively correlated with believing abuse disclosures. Results are considered in light of myths about child sexual abuse.
Aspects of approximate reasoning applied to unsupervised database mining

A computational approach is shown for unsupervised, reactive, database mining. This approach is dependent on soft computing techniques. Database mining seeks to discover noteworthy, unrecognized associations between data items in a database. Both crisp and non-crisp data are subject to discovery. Another aspect of uncertainty is the metric that controls discovery. Research issues involve: coherence measures, granularization, user intelligible results, unsupervised recognition of interesting results, and concept formation.
Preliminary Design, Simulation and Modeling of a Series Hybrid Commuter Vehicle with a Minimal IC Engine

This paper presents a method for designing battery capacity and output power for series plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. The simulation is based on the model of the dynamic equation of vehicle motion along the longitudinal direction. Besides the rolling resistance, aerodynamic drag and vehicle acceleration, the choice of chemical battery and the potential energy change with altitude, are also important factors for the simulation results.
Synthesis of the First Tellurium-Derivatized Oligonucleotides for Structural and Functional Studies

We report here the first synthesis of Te-nucleoside phosphoramidites and Te-modified oligonucleotides. We protected the 2'-tellurium functionality by alkylation and found that the Te functionality is compatible with solid-phase synthesis and that the Te oligonucleotides are stable during deprotection and purification. In addition, the redox properties of the Te functionalities have been explored. We found that the telluride and telluoxide DNAs are interchangeable by redox reactions. At elevated temperature, the Te-DNA can also be site-specifically fragmented oxidatively or reductively when 2'-TePh functionality is present, whereas elimination of the nucleobase is observed in the presence of 2'-TeMe. Moreover, the stability of the DNA duplexes derivatized with the Te functionalities has been investigated. Our Te derivatization of nucleic acids provides a novel approach for investigating DNA damage as well as for structure and function studies of nucleic acids and their protein complexes.
Enhancement of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) immunoreactivity in residual dendritic spines in the caudate-putamen nucleus after chronic haloperidol administration.

Glutamate receptors of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) subtype in the caudate-putamen nucleus (CPN) have been implicated in the adverse motor effects produced by chronic administration of the typical antipsychotic drug haloperidol. To determine the functionally relevant sites, we examined the electron microscopic immunocytochemical localization of the R1 receptor subunit (NMDAR1) in the dorsolateral CPN of rats receiving 4 months of biweekly depot intramuscular injections of either haloperidol or vehicle. In all animals, NMDAR1 immunoreactivity was seen mainly in dendritic spines, but was also present in a few somata and dendrites of spiny neurons, axon terminals, and glia. In comparison with controls, the dissector stereological analysis showed a significant reduction in the numerical density of total NMDAR1-labeled and unlabeled dendritic spines in the dorsolateral CPN after haloperidol administration. When labeled spines were identified separately based exclusively on the presence of immunoreactivity within a single plane of section, there was, however, a significant increase in the numerical density of NMDAR1-containing spines in haloperidol vs. control animals. This increase was not seen using a classic dissector, suggesting that the enhancement was mainly attributed to more frequent detection of spines having higher levels of NMDA immunoreactivity. Our results are the first to identify dendritic spines in the dorsolateral CPN as preferential sites for the regulated expression of NMDA receptors following chronic administration of haloperidol.
Superghost Fields in N = 2 Superconformal Algebra

The representation of the N = 2 superconformai algebra in terms of BRST super-ghosts is considered. We attempt to apply the Miura transform — or the Feigin-Fuchs contruction — to the ghost field representation of the N = 2 superconformai algebra. We find that although it is possible to have such a construction, it is equivalent to the unshifted representation.
Alzheimer and Frontotemporal Pathology in Subsets of Primary Progressive Aphasia

Objective To identify predictors of Alzheimer's disease (AD) versus frontotemporal lobar degeneration pathology in primary progressive aphasia (PPA), and determine whether the AD pathology is atypically distributed to fit the aphasic phenotype. Methods Neuropsychological and neuropathological analyses of 23 consecutive PPA autopsies. All had qualitative determination of neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) density. Additional quantitation was done in four of the PPA/AD cases and four AD cases with the typical amnestic dementia of the Alzheimer type. Results The sample contained mostly logopenic, agrammatic, and mixed forms of PPA. All six agrammatics had frontotemporal lobar degeneration (five of six with tauopathy). Seven of the 11 logopenics had AD. In logopenics, lower memory scores increased the probability of AD, but there were exceptions. The PPA/AD group showed predominance of entorhinal NFT typical of the amnestic dementia of the Alzheimer type. In the small subgroup examined quantitatively, neocortical NFTs were more numerous in the left hemisphere of PPA/AD. However, the asymmetry was low and inconsistent. Neuritic plaques did not display consistent asymmetry. Apolipoprotein E4, a major risk factor for typical AD, did not predict AD pathology in PPA. Interpretation Subtyping PPA helps to predict AD versus frontotemporal lobar degeneration pathology at the group level. However, our results and the literature also indicate that no clinical predictor is completely reliable in individual patients. The inconsistent concordance of NFT distribution with the asymmetric atrophy and the nonamnestic phenotype also raises the possibility that the AD markers encountered at autopsy in PPA may not always reflect the nature of the initiating neurodegenerative process. Ann Neurol 2008
Association of the arboreal forage lichen Bryoria fremontii with Abies magnifica in the Sierra Nevada, California

A strong positive association exists between Bryoria fremontii (Tuck.) Brodo & D. Hawksw. and red fir (Abies magnifica A. Murray) in mixed-conifer forest of the south-central Sierra Nevada in Calif...
Integration of Simulation, Learning and Optimization to Support Engineering Design

Abstract This Paper presents knowledge processing system, called AIMS (Adaptive and Interactive Modeling System), which integrates simulation, learning, and optimization techniques to perform multi-objective model formation and model utilization tasks. The system is aimed at improving the utility of simulation programs for analysis and synthesis during various stages of design. In this paper, we demonstrate the use of AIMS with an internal combustion engine simulator. A set of models, which trade off accuracy with speed, are induced by AIMS based on examples generated from the simulator. When comparing induced models with the original simulator, we observe orders of magnitude improvement in mode's execution speed with only a minor compromise in model's predictive accuracy.
A Study on Moisture Absorption and Swelling in Bio-Based Jute-Epoxy Composites

Woven jute fibers, a class of affordable and biodegradable ‘green’ fibers, are being increasingly used as a substitute for the artificial glass and carbon fibers used in polymer composites. However, all natural fiber composites absorb water and swell in a moist environment. For the first time, the swelling and weight gain behavior of bio-based composites made from jute fibers and bio-based or ordinary epoxy is presented in this experimental characterization study. Several such composites specimens were made using a low-pressure resin injection process similar to resin transfer molding; the specimens were made according to ASTM D 570 consisted of three compositions: pure resin, pure resin with a single jute fabric layer, and pure resin with two jute fabric layers. The effects of number of layers on moisture absorption, thickness swelling, volume swelling, and density were measured as a function of immersion time. It is observed that the moisture diffusion rate into composites increases with an increase in the jute-fiber-to-epoxy ratio. The type of epoxy used as the matrix appeared to have an influence on the moisture absorption percentages of the composites – the study showed that both water absorption and swellings were higher in the bio-epoxy parts compared to the epoxy parts. The swelling of composites was correlated with an increase in diameters of jute fiber in water and possibilities for the appearance of micro-cracks around fibers in composites were discussed. The data on moisture absorption, thickness swelling, and volume swelling of bio-based composites made from woven jute fibers, and bio-based and ordinary epoxies presented in this article will lead to a better understanding of how these composites react in wet environmental conditions.
Relationship among Seasonal Cycles, Low-Frequency Oscillations, and Transient Disturbances as Revealed from Outgoing Longwave Radiation Data

Applying harmonic analyses to outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) data at a 2.5° longitude-latitude resolution over a tropical belt between 45°N and 45°S, the harmonics (m = 1–15) were computed for each year in 1975–1977 and 1970–1983. The sum of the first three harmonics (m = 1–3), which is referred to as Y(t), corresponds to the seasonal cycles. The sum of m = 4–15 represents low-frequency oscillations, denoted as L(t), with an approximate period range of 24 to 91 days.
Problems of Fertility Control in Under-developed Areas

Because the size, distribution and rate of increase of population are closely related to questions of national power and economic development, population has long been a topic of interest for most nations. The science of demography, moreover, has a long and distinguished history within the social sciences. It is all the more surprising, then, that until the past few years scientific research on motivational aspects of demographic problems has been virtually nonexistent. In a science dealing with three of the most basic human events and processes — birth, death, and migration — psychological, social, and cultural factors have been all but ignored as objects of scientific inquiry. It is probably fair to say, even now, that we know more about what people expect, want, and do with respect to planting wheat or purchasing TV sets than with respect to having babies.
Abstract 192: Intra-Placental Gene Transfer of Human Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Reprograms Fetal Predisposition to Obesity in Intra-uterine Growth Restriction

We have shown that intra placental adenoviral mediated gene transfer of (Ad hIGF1) corrects birth weight in a new surgical mouse IUGR model. Evidence shows that IUGR offspring are predisposed to increased risk of adult diseases. We hypothesized that intraplacental Ad hIGF1 not only restores birth weight in this IUGR model but prevents adult onset obesity through fetal reprogramming Laparotomy was done at day 18 on time pregnant C57BL/6J mice, divided into 3 groups. Control: Sham operated; IUGR: birth weight <10% for gestational age; Treated: IUGR+IGF1; n= 16. Pups were delivered on day 20, cross fostered to surrogate CD1 mice, sorted by gender at 4 weeks and followed up to 24 weeks. Body weight, fat pad weight, fasting serum leptin and food consumption were measured. Data analyzed by Chi-square or ANOVA Compared to SHAM, IUGR significantly reduced birth weight, restored to normal in IUGR+IGF-1 (1.12± .1vs 0.9± .1 vs 1.09± .1 g, p= .001). At 8 weeks, IUGR achieved mean body weight equivalent to SHAM and IUGR+IGF-1. By week 21, regardless of sex, IUGR significantly increased weight (obesity) compared to sham and IUGR+IGF-1 (fig A). Total fad pad weights were significantly higher in IUGR compared to SHAM but were restored to normal in IUGR+IGF1 (fig B). IUGR significantly increased fasting serum leptin, compared to Sham and restored to normal in IUGR+IGF1 ( .6± .4vs 5.7± 1.1 vs .8± .4 pg/ug, p= .01). No difference in food consumption amongst the groups Intra placental gene transfer of Ad hIGF1 corrects birth weight in IUGR mice model and attenuates the risk of postnatal obesity, This support the concept that in utero reprogramming of fetal predisposition to obesity is a novel approch to treatment of IUGR. ![Graphic][1] [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif
Physics based models for metal hydride particle morphology, distribution, and effective thermal conductivity

This paper describes a modeling approach to target aspects of heat conduction in metal hydride powders that are essential to metal hydrides as viable H2 storage media, including particle morphology distribution, size distribution, particle packing properties at specified solid fraction, and effective thermal conductivity. An isotropic fracture model is presented that replicates features of particle size and shape distributions observed experimentally. The discrete element method is used to simulate evolution of metal hydride particle contact networks during quasi-static consolidation of decrepitated metal hydride powders. Finally, the effective thermal conductivity of such a powder is modeled assuming that contact conductance is the same for each interparticle contact.
Acquisition of Morphological Rules: Effects of Frequency of Item-Type and Rehearsal Strategy in Paired-Associate Learning:

Summary.-Paired-associate items which followed an association rule were presented in a mixed list with a smaller number of irregular items which deviated from the rule but were presented for study more frequently. On test lists new stimulus items were presented for which the correct response followed the rule. In learning the items 30 subjects were instructed to use either maintenance rehearsal or elaborative operations. The prediction that the elaboration strategy would facilitate performance was confirmed. However, the expectation that maintenance rehearsal would produce equal ease of learning on irregular items was not upheld. All subjects performed best on irregular items, probably because they were more frequently presented and contained unusual response elements which may have stood out. Palermo and Eberhart (2) studied morphological rule acquisition by instructing subjects to learn a paired-associate list in which two-digit numbers were stimuli and two-letter consonants were responses. Item pairs either followed a rule in which the stimulus digits were associated with particular letters and positions or were irregular. Subjects were tested on both items presented for study and new ones to which they could apply the rule. More frequently presented irregular items were quickly learned, that rules were learned and generalized to produce responses to non-presented stimulus items, and that when learned, rules were overgeneralized to cause errors on previously correct irregular items. Craik and Watkins (1) have distinguished two types of rehearsal processes, elaborative operations and maintenance rehearsal. They hypothesize that the demands of the iearning situation will govern which process is superior for storing items in memoty. Elaborative operations will facilitate the acquisition of materials which must be stored for long periods and which can be organized in meaningful ways such as Palermo and Eberhart's (2) regular items. Maintenance rehearsal may be the superior strategy when remembering less meaningful materials for short periods. Instructions emphasizing elaborative operations should facilitate acquisition of items which followed a rule but be equal to maintenance rehearsal in learning irregular items since there was no obvious rule for the learner to discover. It was also hypothesized that a learning strategy which emphasized rule extraction, such as elaborative operations, would lead to more generalization of responses when novel items were presented. Thirty volunteers from a course in introductory psychology served as subjects.
Fischer−Tropsch Synthesis: Influence of Mn on the Carburization Rates and Activities of Fe-Based Catalysts by TPR-EXAFS/XANES and Catalyst Testing

Fe-based catalysts containing different amounts of Mn were tested for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis using a stirred tank reactor at 270 C, 1.21 MPa, and H{sub 2}:CO = 0.7. Catalyst activation by carburization with 10% CO/He was followed by Temperature Programmed Reduction/X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (TPR-EXAFS/XANES) from room temperature to 300 C. {gamma}-Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3} was converted into iron carbides, whereas MnO{sub x} was reduced to oxygen deficient MnO. Mn hindered Fe carburization, such that the carburized catalyst displayed higher Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4} content than the catalyst without Mn. EXAFS fitting indicates that the carburized catalyst contained a mixture of Hgg carbide, Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4}, and Mn oxides. Increasing Mn content led to higher CH{sub 4} and light product selectivities, and lower light olefin selectivities. Higher and stable conversions were obtained with a catalyst containing an almost equimolar Fe/Mn ratio relative to the catalyst without Mn. Selectivity trends are attributed to the higher WGS rates observed on the FeMn catalysts, consistent with the structural differences observed.
Grading model of seed cotton based on fuzzy pattern recognition

Grade classification of seed cotton is a major issue that has a significant impact on the agricultural economy.According to the characteristics such as impurities,yellowness and brightness extracted from images of seed cotton,fuzzy pattern recognition was used to improve the classification of cotton grade.A classification model of seed cotton was constructed based on the fuzzy nearness.Fuzzy mathematics was combined with artificial neural network to build up a well improved model and algorithm.Statistical distribution was used to calculate and select the model parameter method.Eventually,the numbers of impurities of different sizes were worked out by using the Euler's numbers of the image.Based on the method of selecting model parameters,the proposed algorithm could be optimized step by step.After full learning,seed cotton classification accuracy rate reached 92%.The experimental results show that the presented algorithm satisfies the actual application needs.
Identification of pollutants in the air of HTPB propellants laboratory

The pollutant samples in air of mixing,casting and vulcanizing sections of small-scale HTPB propellant processing line were taken by use of activated carbon.After desorption with ultrasonic,the samples were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry(GC/MS).A lot of pollutants were found,among which the major varieties are ethyl acetate,4-vinylcyclohexen?1,5-cyclooctadiene and 1,2-divinylcyclobutane.Small molecular by-products during HTPB manufacturing are the major air pollutants of mixing and casing section.
Preservation of fertility in the cancer patient.

Treatment of malignancies in young women has improved significantly to the extent that patients are increasingly consulting physicians before undergoing cancer treatment to discuss what can be done to preserve their fertility. Proper counseling of these patients requires a detailed knowledge of the impact of the specific chemotherapeutic agent or radiotherapy dose on fertility. Some agents may have little or no impact and, therefore, no specific intervention is required other than counseling. Others, such as alkylating agents, have a profound effect. Several options are available to a young woman who is at high risk for damage to her ovaries by cancer treatment. The most commonly used drug for preservation of fertility in the cancer patient is a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa). The concept is to induce hypogonadism before starting chemotherapy, although the efficacy of the therapy is controversial. GnRHa is not used for protection from radiotherapy-induced damage but may be useful if chemotherapy is used with the radiotherapy, which is often the case. The other forms of treatment to preserve fertility require assisted reproductive technologies, such as oocyte or embryo freezing. These procedures require some time to stimulate the ovary to produce oocytes. This time may not be available. If there is no partner, oocytes can be cryopreserved, although the results are not as good as those achieved with embryo cryopreservation. Another option is to remove ovarian tissue, cryopreserve it, and then transplant it back into the patient when the therapy is complete and the patient is ready to have children. However, only 1 patient has had a successful pregnancy with this procedure, and it is still considered experimental. One of the oldest methods of preserving fertility is ovarian transposition, the subject of the case report by Farber and colleagues. It has been reported for decades with mixed results. The advantage of laparoscopic access is that it allows a quick recovery that permits initiation of radiotherapy sooner than laparotomy. The technique described by Farber and colleagues is that of transposition to the paracolic gutters, which has been previously achieved with laparotomy. Fortunately, the 5-fluorouracil used in this case does not carry a high risk of gonadal toxicity. The patient's menstrual cycle resumed normally with luteal phase progesterone compatible with ovulation. The proper time to measure FSH and estradiol to assess ovarian reserve is in the early part of the cycle, usually Day 3, and not in the luteal phase. Although the patient did not attempt pregnancy in this case, successful pregnancies have been reported with laparotomy and laparoscopy. The report by Farber and colleagues highlights one option among several that are available to women with malignancies who are seeking to preserve their fertility.
MO-FG-202-05: Identifying Treatment Planning System Errors in IROC-H Phantom Irradiations

Purpose: Treatment Planning System (TPS) errors can affect large numbers of cancer patients receiving radiation therapy. Using an independent recalculation system, the Imaging and Radiation Oncology Core-Houston (IROC-H) can identify institutions that have not sufficiently modelled their linear accelerators in their TPS model. Methods: Linear accelerator point measurement data from IROC-H's site visits was aggregated and analyzed from over 30 linear accelerator models. Dosimetrically similar models were combined to create “classes”. The class data was used to construct customized beam models in an independent treatment dose verification system (TVS). Approximately 200 head and neck phantom plans from 2012 to 2015 were recalculated using this TVS. Comparison of plan accuracy was evaluated by comparing the measured dose to the institution's TPS dose as well as the TVS dose. In cases where the TVS was more accurate than the institution by an average of >2%, the institution was identified as having a non-negligible TPS error. Results: Of the ∼200 recalculated plans, the average improvement using the TVS was ∼0.1%; i.e. the recalculation, on average, slightly outperformed the institution's TPS. Of all the recalculated phantoms, 20% were identified as having a non-negligible TPS error. Fourteen plans failed current IROC-H criteria; the average TVS improvement of the failing plans was ∼3% and 57% were found to have non-negligible TPS errors. Conclusion: IROC-H has developed an independent recalculation system to identify institutions that have considerable TPS errors. A large number of institutions were found to have non-negligible TPS errors. Even institutions that passed IROC-H criteria could be identified as having a TPS error. Resolution of such errors would improve dose delivery for a large number of IROC-H phantoms and ultimately, patients.
Positive Green’s Functions for Boundary Value Problems with Conformable Derivatives

We use a newly introduced conformable derivative to formulate several boundary value problems with three or four conformable derivatives, including those with conjugate, right-focal, and Lidstone conditions. With the conformable differential equation and boundary conditions established, we find the corresponding Green’s functions and prove their positivity under appropriate assumptions.
Finding requests in social media for disaster relief

Natural disasters create an uncertain environment in which first responders face the challenge of locating affected people and dispatching aids and resources in a timely manner. In recent years, crowdsourcing systems have been developed to exploit the power of volunteers to facilitate humanitarian logistic efforts. Most of the current systems require volunteers to directly provide input to them and do not have the capability to benefit the large number of disaster-related posts that are published on social media. Hence, many social media posts in the aftermath of disasters remain hidden. Among these hidden posts are those that need immediate attention, such as requests for help. Hence, we have implemented a system that detects requests on Twitter using content and context of tweets.
The role of extrinsic factors in industrial task-specific uncertainty

Abstract The measurement of large components using portable measuring equipment is important to many industries, including ship-building and aerospace. Portable measuring instruments – such as laser trackers, laser radar, indoor GPS, and other systems – are used to obtain measurement data for process control, assembly alignment, or geometric conformance decisions. Traditional uncertainty estimations often focus on the measuring instrument and its performance as a primary contributor to the overall uncertainty for specific measurands. The research reported here focuses on the uncertainty contributors that are due to extrinsic effects such as part deformation due to gravitational loads and thermal distortion of the workpiece, where the uncertainty contribution from the instrument is considered insignificant in comparison.
Indoor and Outdoor 5G Diffraction Measurements and Models at 10, 20, and 26 GHz

This paper presents diffraction measurements, analysis, and signal strength prediction models around objects such as corners, pillars, and irregular objects, at 10, 20, and 26 GHz. The diffraction measurements were conducted indoors and outdoors by using a continuous wave (CW) channel sounder with three pairs of identical directional horn antennas at the transmitter and receiver. The measurement results are compared with theoretical predictions based on the Knife Edge Diffraction (KED) in order to determine how well the theoretical model compares to real-world measurements. The KED model is shown to work well for indoor environments, and an empirical linear model with a fixed reference point is also presented and provides a better fit to the measured data around rounded corners in the outdoor environment. Diffraction loss is shown to increase with frequency in outdoor scenarios, but less so inside buildings due to reflection and transmission between walls. The model validation and new models will be useful for designing and calibrating ray-tracers and other wireless network simulators by simulating potential channel loss from diffraction around objects and understanding the impact of diffraction at centimeter-wave and millimeter-wave frequencies in indoor and outdoor environments.
Who Deserves Endoscopic Screening for Esophageal Neoplasia

Despite the availability of safe and effective endoscopic treatment of Barrett's esophagus (BE)-related dysplasia and neoplasia, the incidence and mortality from esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) have continued to increase. This likely stems from the large population of patients that develop EAC outside of a BE screening and surveillance program. Identification of BE with screening followed by enrollment in an appropriate surveillance/risk stratification program could be a strategy to address both the incidence of and mortality from EAC. This article summarizes the rationale and challenges for BE screening, the risk factors for BE, and the currently described BE risk assessment tools.
Voices and Votes in the Fields of Settler Society: American Indian Media and Electoral Politics in 1930s Wisconsin

In 1939, Wisconsin readers of a weekly newspaper column by Mitchell Redcloud, a member of the Ho-Chunk Indian community settled within the rural township of Komensky, were greeted with a set of headlines from the imaginary “Komensky News” about an actual local event. The headlines reported that despite opposition from local whites, Ho-Chunk people had successfully elected a Ho-Chunk candidate to the township board. This article draws on studies of Indigenous media and recent efforts to develop field-theoretic accounts of social action to understand the interdependence of Redcloud's headlines and the Ho-Chunk vote as part of an incipient project of Indigenous political action. Using census records, I first describe the positions in the everyday field of race and class relations that Ho-Chunk people occupied in Komensky, based on their incomes, educations, and occupational statuses. I then draw on this description to understand Redcloud's position-taking strategies before the election. I next examine Redcloud's writing career in the newspaper to understand his strategy of self-positioning as a marked Indian voice within a print-based discursive field that denigrated other Ho-Chunk voices. I finish by examining new position-taking strategies manifest in the 1939 vote and in Redcloud's turn to headline register. I argue that both media and electoral mechanisms offered relatively autonomous fields that made these experiments with Indigenous action possible despite the absence of tribal political institutions necessary to transform the positions Ho-Chunk people occupied in their everyday lives. Together, the headlines and the election suggest the interdependence of activism carried out in media and in governmental structures in the production of transformative acts of political self-representation.