cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neuronal properties of the neurosecretory cells in the fly Sarcophaga bullata

Endogene Erregungspotentiale wurden von den Perikarya der protozerebralen, neurosekretorischen Zellen der FleischfliegeSarcophaga bullata abgeleitet. Diese Potentiale scheinen nur teilweise in die Perikarya einzudringen. Erregungshemmende postsynaptische Potentiale wurden ebenfalls festgestellt. Sie scheinen ihren Ursprung nahe der Somata zu haben. Potentiale wurden selten von den geschwollenen Endungen der neurosekretorischen Neuriten des Corpus Cardiacum abgeleitet.
Heat Transfer Coefficient Prediction by FEM in the Hot Strip Rolling

It is necessary to know the heat transfer intensity for predicting temperature distribution in the hot strip rolling process. The HTC (heat transfer coefficient) was usually obtained by the experiments and mathematical model. In this paper the HTC prediction was discussed based on the measured or target temperature by the proposed finite element method (FEM). The temperature evolution and HTC in the hot strip rolling process according to a certain plant were analyzed by the iteration calculation. The result shows that the HTC between strip and work roll was much more than the value in the air cooling and water cooling process. Furthermore, the HTC value is lower in the air cooling process compared with that of water cooling. The maximum and minimum value of HTC were about 1.5×105 (W/m2.K) and 80(W/m2.K) respectively. The temperature in the rough rolling according to the predicted HTC has been solved and the calculated results have a good agreement to the meausred value. Therefore, the research could be used to control the temperature distribution accurately and optimize the parameters.
Validation of cytokeratin 5/6 as an effective substitute for keratin 903 in the differentiation of benign from malignant glands in prostate needle biopsies

Aims: Keratin 903 (also known as anti-cytokeratin antibody 34βE12) is widely used to differentiate benign glands from malignant glands in prostate needle biopsies. However, it is subject to considerable staining heterogeneity. We sought to evaluate the use of cytokeratin 5/6 (CK5/6) as an effective alternative to K903 in the evaluation of prostate needle biopsies in clinical practice. Methods and results: Thirty Hollandes-fixed prostate needle biopsies were randomly selected over a period of 2 months from the surgical specimens accessioned over that period of time. Twelve cases had diagnosed prostatic adenocarcinoma (Gleason scores 3 + 3, 3 + 4 and 4 + 4) and the remaining cases (n = 18) were negative for carcinoma. Four sequential sections were stained with H&E (×2), K903, and CK5/6. Care was taken to preserve tissue so that matching glands were evaluated on all four sections. All cases were run routinely over a period of 3 weeks on a daily basis with matching positive controls. All slides were evaluated in a blinded fashion independently by two pathologists using a semiquantitative analysis of staining: 75% and >95% of benign glands (verified on H&E). Cases that showed no staining were repeated to ensure no false negatives. Both observers agreed with respect to percentage of staining in 96% of the cases. Twenty-nine of 30 cases (97%) showed staining in >95% of benign glands with CK5/6. In contrast, K903 staining was seen in 75% in 10 of 30 (33%), with only two cases (7%) showing >95% staining for K903. In four cases (13%) the K903 failed to stain any tissue even after repeat staining. K903 was conspicuously negative in atrophic glands in three of 30 cases (10%). Neither K903 nor CK5/6 stained malignant glands. Using a cut-off of >75% staining in benign glands the sensitivity of CK5/6 and K903 was 97% and 40%, respectively. Conclusions: CK5/6 has superior sensitivity and reliability compared with that of K903 when evaluating routine prostate needle biopsies, including improved staining of atrophic prostatic glands. While K903 is traditionally used to differentiate benign glands from malignant glands, these results support the use of CK5/6 as an effective and reliable substitute for K903 in routine clinical practice.
Effects of Microbial Community Structure, Terminal Electron Accepting Conditions, and Molybdate on the Extent of U(VI) Reduction in Landfill Aquifer Sediments

Addition of an electron donor, such as ethanol, glucose, or acetate, to the subsurface in order to stimulate biological reduction of soluble U(VI) to insoluble U(IV) is an important strategy for uranium immobilization in contaminated aquifers. Electron donor addition typically results in anaerobic conditions and the respiratory process (sulfate-reducing, iron-reducing, and/or methanogenic) will depend on site geochemistry. Although previous studies have found that U(VI) reduction can occur under any of these conditions, the goal of this study was to examine the relative extent of U(VI) reduction under different geochemical conditions and the influence of the different microbial populations on the reduction process. Sulfate-reducing (SR), iron-reducing (FeR), and methanogenic (Meth) conditions were stimulated by electron donor addition in sediment batch microcosms, and 100 μM U(VI) was added upon depletion of alternate electron acceptors. Within seven days, 89, 96, and 66% of soluble U(VI) was immobilized ...
Ureteral obstruction in a patient with Burkitt's lymphoma and AIDS.

Abstract Burkitt's lymphoma presenting as an intrinsic ureteral mass is rare. We report on an immunocompromised patient with hydronephrosis sceondary to direct involvement of the ureter by this non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. This ease illustrates one of the manifestations of AIDS and the treatment o f this manifestation. The relationship of AIDS and its sequela to the genitourinary system is discussed.
Population models in almost periodic environments

We establish the basic theory of almost periodic sequences on ℤ+. Dichotomy techniques are then utilized to find sufficient conditions for the existence of a globally attracting almost periodic solution of a semilinear system of difference equations. These existence results are, subsequently, applied to discretely reproducing populations with and without overlapping generations. Furthermore, we access evidence for attenuance and resonance in almost periodically forced population models.
Theoretical proton velocity distributions in the flow around the magnetosphere

Kinetic theory-plasma dynamics theory calculations of magnetospheric solar wind proton velocity distribution as function of particle speed
Sexual function in adult spina bifida patients

Purpose To evaluate the sexual function (SF) in adult spina bifida patients and its impact on quality of life (QOL). Material and methods Between March 2005 and May 2006, 76 adult patients with spina bifida (34 women, 42 men), mean age 24.4 years (range 18-37), were seen in our institution. Following IRB approval, data were collected from medical records and validated questionnaires (Watts sexual function questionnaire [WSFQ] to assess SF and Medical Outcomes Study 36-item Short-Form [SF36] to assess QOL) were completed. Results 18 of 76 patients (24%, 9 women, 9 men) have had sexual intercourse at least once within the last two months. There was no difference regarding age and gender distribution in sexually active (SA) versus not sexually active (NSA) patients (25.8±4.2 vs. 24±4.5 years, p = 0.13). All levels (thoracic [T] to sacral [S]) of myelomeningoceles (MMC) were seen in both groups with a significant tendency to more caudal levels of neurological impairment in SA patients (T: 22%, S: 22%) compared to the NSA group (T: 42%, S: 3%; p Conclusions In our cohort, 24% of adult spina bifida patients are sexually active. Sexual activity is not related to gender, urinary incontinence or physical disability, but is more likely in patients with more caudal levels of neurological impairment. No difference in WSFQ scores in SA patients is observed between men and women. Sexual function seems not to affect health related QOL in these patients.
Literacy, myths, and legacies: lessons from the past/thoughts for the future

Sketching broadly to suggest the power of the past in shaping how we think about, use, and even abuse the skills of literacy, “Literacy: Myths and Lessons” draws practical and theoretical instruction from the history of literacy. Its goal is to suggest new perspectives on literacy and literacies today and tomorrow in part by probing the connections tying past to present and both to possible futures.
Spending more through “cost control”: Our obsessive quest to gut the hospital

The data presented by Katharine Levit and colleagues in "Health Care Spending in 1994: Slowest in Decades ''1 are both reassuring and puzzling. On the one hand, they confirm that the growth of national health care spending has descended markedly from the Congress iona l Budget Office's (CBO's) dire forecast of 1993, according to which health spending in 1994 would have exceeded 15 % of gross domestic product (GDP) (instead of the actual estimated 13.7%)} There is reason to believe that by the year 2000 health spending will remain much below the alarming 18.9% of GDP that had been forecast by the CBO only 3 years ago. At the same time, however, one wonders why the United States still spends close to 14% of its huge GDP on health care, when all other industrialized nations had succeeded in stabilizing that ratio below 10% as early as 1980 and have remained at those much lower levels so far) Much is made in this country of California's
Prolactin induces the formation of inositol bisphosphate and inositol trisphosphate in cultured mouse mammary gland explants.

Abstract The effect of prolactin on [ 3 H]inositol metabolism in cultured mouse mammary gland explants derived from 12–14-day pregnant mice was determined. In mammary gland explants that were prelabeled by culturing the tissues with 3 μCi/ml myo -[ 3 H]inositol for 48 h, the levels of 3 H in inositol derivatives were determined. The temporal effect of prolactin on the quantity of 3 H present in phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylinositol monophosphate (PIP), phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate (PIP 2 ) and various inositol phosphate containing fractions were examined. Prolactin significantly stimulated the accumulation of 3 H label in inositol monophosphate (IP 1 ), inositol bisphosphate (IP 2 ) and inositol trisphosphate (IP 3 ) 1–3 h after addition of prolactin. An effect of prolactin on the accumulation of inositol derivatives was not apparent at prolactin-exposure periods of less than 60 min; nor was an effect of prolactin apparent when exposure periods of 4 h or longer were employed. Prolactin did not significantly decrease the 3 H label in PI, PIP or PIP 2 except at 1 and 2 h. These data when considered with other apropos studies are compatible with the conclusion that the turnover of inositol lipid derivatives may be involved in the mechanism by which prolactin regulates metabolic processes in the mammary gland. The primary action of prolactin on mammary cells, however, would not appear to involve its action on the metabolism of the inositol derivatives in view of the extended time required (1 h) before effects of prolactin on perturbations of inositide metabolism are manifested.
A thermal analysis study of recycled portland cement concrete (RPCC) aggregates

Abstract It is shown that thermal analysis and XRD data can identify the component of RPCCA which may be hydrated cement or slag (generally considered as an aggregate component). The other coarse aggregates present may be gravel or limestone. The fine aggregate often referred to as sand may be quartz or limestone in origin. The limestone may be dolomite and/or calcite in nature. The TG reveals the extent of the hydration product portlandite [Ca(OH) 2 ] in the sample, the amount of CaCO 3 present, and the amount of dolomite. XRD studies confirm the presence of these materials. In old concrete samples, the portlandite may be partially carbonated. TG data in CO 2 allows the presence of dolomite to be identified.
On paradigms and recycled ideologies: Analogue research revisited

Bandura discusses how the traditional disease model, explicitly rejected by proponents of behavior modification, has been unwittingly endorsed in several different ways. The dichotomization of clinical and nonclinical populations, the global assessment of therapy outcome, and the methods of treatment delivery all embrace the traditional approach toward deviant behavior. Bandura illustrates how the notion of “analogue research” implies an adherence to the disease model. Analogue research ordinarily is viewed as a distinct category of research secondary to investigations with clinical populations in treatment settings. Yet, controlled research has several unique advantages, well illustrated by Bandura, and is central to developing effective therapy techniques. The present paper uses Bandura's position as a point of departure to elaborate the nature of so-called analogue research. The problems seemingly peculiar to analogue research are considered to characterize all experimental research. To criticize analogue studies in behavior modification is to fail to appreciate the purposes of experimental research in general. Moreover, laboratory investigation of a particular phenomenon does not entail any inherent restrictions on the external validity of the findings. External validity, or the generalizability of the results, is always an empirical question.
Remarks on the radiosensitivity of unicellular organisms.

SummaryThe communication consists of a brief review of some of the inheritable characteristics of radio-sensitivity. Radiation sensitivity as a function of ploidy is discussed in detail and developed as an approach other than the biochemical one to the problems pertaining to the mechanism of radiation effects and the questions of protection.ZusammenfassungDie Mitteilung besteht aus einem kurzen Uberblick uber die erblichen Charakteristika der Radiosensibilitat. Die Strahlenempfindlichkeit als eine Funktion der Chromosomenzahl wird eingehend besprochen und es wird versucht, anders als biochemisch an die Probleme heranzugehen, die fur den Mechanismus der Strahlenwirkungen und fur die Strahlenschutzfragen gelten.ResumeCette communication consiste en une breve etude de quelques caracteristiques hereditaires de la radiosensibilite. La radiosensibilite en tant que fonction de la ploidie est etudiee en detail et presentee comme une hypothese de travail, differente de l'hypothese biochimique, pour l'etude des pro...
DETERIORO DE LAS SEMILLAS DE Leucocoryne spp. EN FUNCIÓN DEL TIEMPO DE ALMACENAJE

El genero Leucocoryne es endemico de Chile y tiene un alto valor ornamental que lo hace un recurso genetico interesante como flor de corte y planta para maceta. Para conservar este germoplasma se hace necesario evaluar el deterioro de la calidad de la semilla durante el almacenaje. En este estudio se utilizaron semillas almacenadas entre 0,3 y 7,3 anos en condiciones ambientales no controladas y se incluyeron tres especies: L. coquimbensis, L. ixioides, L. purpurea y dos ecotipos. Se utilizo un modelo, p = A [1-exp{-k {t -t0 }}], cuyos parametros describen las curvas de germinacion. Se evaluo el porcentaje final de germinacion (A), el tiempo de germinacion de la primera semilla (t0), la extension del tiempo de germinacion (k) y la velocidad de germinacion 1/tA/2 dada por t0 + 0,693/k. Los parametros mas afectados por el tiempo de almacenaje fueron A y k. En el periodo 0,3-2,3 anos de almacenamiento A tuvo un valor promedio de 85%, un t0 de 9 dias, un k entre 0,82 y 0,15 por dia y una velocidad de germinacion entre 0,10 y 0,08 por dia. En el periodo 3,3-5,3 anos A no supero el 13%, t0 fue de 23 dias, k fue de 0,19 por dia y la velocidad de germinacion 0,04 por dia. A partir del sexto ano no hubo germinacion. Se determino que la calidad de la semilla de Leucocoryne bajo condiciones de almacenaje sin ambiente controlado se mantiene por un tiempo maximo de 2,3 anos. Para almacenaje por mas tiempo es preciso definir las condiciones de temperatura y humedad adecuadas.
The rank gradient and the lamplighter group

We introduce the notion of the rank gradient function of a descending chain of subgroups of finite index and show that the lamplighter group Z2oZ has uncountably many 2-chains (that is, chains in which each subsequent group has index 2 in the previous group) with pairwise different rank gradient functions. In doing so, we obtain some information on subgroups of finite index in the lamplighter group.
THE PERCENT OF BIOPSY CORES POSITIVE FOR CANCER IS A PREDICTOR OF ADVANCED PATHOLOGICAL STAGE AND POOR CLINICAL OUTCOMES IN PATIENTS TREATED WITH RADICAL PROSTATECTOMY

ABSTRACT Purpose: We examined if the percent of positive biopsies is associated with features of biologically aggressive prostate cancer, biochemical progression and development of distant metastases in patients undergoing radical prostatectomy (RP). Materials and Methods: Multivariate analyses of preoperative features in 605 consecutive patients who underwent RP for clinically localized disease were evaluated to determine the association between the percent positive biopsy cores (PosBx), pathological stage and grade, and biochemical progression following RP. The percent of PosBx cores was defined using the formula, (number of positive biopsy cores/total number of biopsy cores) × 100. Results: The mean number of biopsy cores and percent PosBx cores ± SE was 8.8 ± 6.0 and 31.4 ± 21.1, respectively. Higher percent PosBx was significantly associated with higher preoperative prostate specific antigen (PSA), extracapsular extension, seminal vesicle invasion, positive surgical margins, higher final Gleason sum, lymphovascular invasion, perineural invasion and metastases to regional lymph nodes. On multivariate analyses adjusted for the effects of standard preoperative features percent PosBx was associated with nonorgan confined disease, seminal vesicle invasion and biochemical progression after surgery (p = 0.049, 0.050 and 0.006, respectively). Percent PosBx retained its independent association with PSA progression after adjustment for the effects of postoperative pathological features (p = 0.015). Higher percent PosBx was associated with shorter PSA doubling time after PSA progression, and an increased risk of distant metastases and overall mortality (p = 0.039, 0.001 and 0.018, respectively). Conclusions: Percent PosBx is associated with established pathological features, biochemical progression, distant metastases and overall death in patients who undergo RP for clinically localized disease. Percent PosBx should be included in preoperative predictive models for prognosticating outcomes after primary treatment and it may assist in selecting patients for inclusion in neoadjuvant and/or adjuvant therapy trials.
The Influence of Consensus Information and Prior Expectations on Dispositional and Situational Attributions

Summary The impact of consensus information (i.e., information about how most people behave) on causal inferences was investigated. In a questionnaire format, 165 men and women university undergraduates recorded their expectations about the likelihood of target behaviors, received consensus feedback, and made judgments about the dispositional and situational causes of the behaviors. Three kinds of dependent measures (separate rating scales, mutually exclusive choices, and weighted choices) were included in order to explore the influence of different response alternatives on attributional judgments. Dispositional attributions (from the rating scales) produced a significant linear trend—they were largest in the low consensus condition and smallest in the high consensus condition, with the control condition falling between the two extremes. In contrast, situational attributions were unaffected by the consensus manipulation. As predicted, prior expectations mediated the relationship among target behavior, con...
Selective Photocatalytic Decomposition of Nitrobenzene Using Surface Modified TiO2 Nanoparticles

Adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of nitrobenzene (NB) in the presence and absence of phenol (Ph) over UV-illuminated arginine-modified TiO2 colloids have been investigated by infrared absorption, electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry were used for monitoring degradation conversion rates and byproduct identification. It was found that photodegradation of NB and Ph strongly depends on the nature of the TiO2 surface. Through the use of the HPLC peak area ratio before and after illumination, the photocatalytic decomposition rate of NB and Ph individually using bare TiO2 is nearly identical (1.7 and 1.5, respectively) and occurs via oxidative mechanism. Through the use of arginine-modified TiO2 nanoparticles, a three-fold increase in the NB decomposition rate is observed while no Ph decomposition is observed. Furthermore, the degradation pathway using the arginine-modified ...
ON THE USE OF STANDARD TABLES TO OBTAIN DODGE-ROMIG LTPD SAMPLING INSPECTION PLANS

Procedures are described which yield single and double sample Dodge-Romig [1] lot tolerance percent defective (LTPD) rectifying inspection plans. For the determination of such plans only a desk calculator and standard tables of the discrete probability distributions are required. Some advantages gained by using these procedures rather than the Dodge-Romig table include: (a) The Consumer's Risk is not limited to 0.10. (b) More choices of LTPD are available. (c) Smaller average total inspection is achieved by using a plan designed for specific “process average” and lot size rather than a compromise plan designed to cover intervals on these two parameters.
Caffeine enhances real-world language processing: evidence from a proofreading task.

Caffeine has become the most prevalently consumed psychostimulant in the world, but its influences on daily real-world functioning are relatively unknown. The present work investigated the effects of caffeine (0 mg, 100 mg, 200 mg, 400 mg) on a commonplace language task that required readers to identify and correct 4 error types in extended discourse: simple local errors (misspelling 1- to 2-syllable words), complex local errors (misspelling 3- to 5-syllable words), simple global errors (incorrect homophones), and complex global errors (incorrect subject-verb agreement and verb tense). In 2 placebo-controlled, double-blind studies using repeated-measures designs, we found higher detection and repair rates for complex global errors, asymptoting at 200 mg in low consumers (Experiment 1) and peaking at 400 mg in high consumers (Experiment 2). In both cases, covariate analyses demonstrated that arousal state mediated the relationship between caffeine consumption and the detection and repair of complex global errors. Detection and repair rates for the other 3 error types were not affected by caffeine consumption. Taken together, we demonstrate that caffeine has differential effects on error detection and repair as a function of dose and error type, and this relationship is closely tied to caffeine’s effects on subjective arousal state. These results support the notion that central nervous system stimulants may enhance global processing of language-based materials and suggest that such effects may originate in caffeine-related right hemisphere brain processes. Implications for understanding the relationships between caffeine consumption and real-world cognitive functioning are discussed.
Synchrony and desynchrony in integrate-and-fire oscillators

Due to many experimental reports of synchronized neural activity in the brain, there is much interest in understanding synchronization in networks of oscillators and using these systems for perceptual organization. The authors examine locally coupled networks of integrate-and-fire oscillators and, contrary to a recent report by Hopfield and Herz (1995), they find that they can quickly synchronise. Moreover the authors find that time to achieve synchrony increases logarithmically with the system size. Inspired by LEGION dynamics with relaxation oscillators, the authors are able to reliably desynchronize different oscillator groups in a network of integrate-and-fire oscillators using a global inhibitor.
Proper Methodology and Methods of Collecting and Analyzing Slavery Data: An Examination of the Global Slavery Index

The Global Slavery Index aims to, among other objectives, recognize the forms, size, and scope of slavery worldwide as well as the strengths and weaknesses of individual countries. An analysis of the Index’s methods exposes significant and critical weaknesses and raises questions into its replicability and validity. The Index may prove more valuable in the future if proper methods are implemented, but the longer improper methods are used the more damage is done to the public policy debate on slavery by advancing data and policy that is not based on sound methodology. To implement proper methods, a committee of sophisticated methodologists needs to develop measurement tools and constantly analyze and refine these methods over the years as data is collected.
Effectiveness of directional vibrotactile cuing on a building-clearing task

This paper presents empirical results to support the use of vibrotactile cues as a means of improving user performance on a spatial task. In a building-clearing exercise, directional vibrotactile cues were employed to alert subjects to areas of the building that they had not yet cleared, but were currently exposed to. Compared with performing the task without vibrotactile cues, subjects were exposed to uncleared areas a smaller percentage of time, and cleared more of the overall space, when given the added vibrotactile stimulus. The average length of each exposure was also significantly less when vibrotactile cues were present.
Circumferential External Counterpressure by Abdominal Wrapping and Its Effect on Simulated Intra-abdominal Hemorrhage

Intra-abdominal hemorrhage was simulated by abdominal aortic cannulation through the femoral artery with shunting of blood into the peritoneal cavity via a transabdominal Foley catheter. Intravenous isotonic crystalloid fluid was administered to replace the blood lost. Hemorrhage was allowed to proceed to homeostasis with a compressive abdominal bandage in five dogs and without a bandage in three dogs. Placement of the compressive bandage decreased the fall in mean arterial pressure, slowed or stopped hemorrhage, slowed the rate of hemodilution, and increased survival time compared with unbandaged control dogs. Increases in pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure were not observed. Total peripheral resistance was elevated following wrapping. Cardiac index decreased in the bandaged group over time, but the change was not statistically significant. Cardiac index was significantly higher in the wrapped dogs. No gross abdominal organ damage was found. Compressive abdominal wraps composed of common bandaging materials were found to be effective in limiting blood loss and supporting mean arterial pressure in dogs with massive intra-abdominal hemorrhage. LTHOUGH FIRST investigated in 1903,' pneumatic
Differences in vegetation indices for simulated Landsat-5 MSS and TM, NOAA-9 AVHRR, and SPOT-1 sensor systems

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the different wavelength bands of the Landsat-5 MSS and TM, NOAA-9 AVHRR, and SPOT-1 sensors on two vegetation indices, the normalized difference (ND) and near IR to red ratio (RATIO). The study also demonstrates how vegetation indices for the Landsat-5 MSS and TM, and SPOT-1 systems may be estimated with NOAA-9 AVHRR data. Agronomic and spectral reflectance measurements of corn (Zea mays L.) canopies were acquired with an Exotech 20C spectroradiometer in field experiments at Purdue University (W. Lafayette, IN). The reflectance factor data were averaged into 10 nm bands over the 400–2400 nm wavelength interval. Each experiment included four rates of nitrogen fertilization (0, 67, 134, and 202 kg/ha) and three replicates. The vegetation indices were computed i) for ground-based sensors by integrating the reflectance factor data over the visible and near-IR bands of the four sensors and ii) for simulated satellite-based sensors by modifying the reflectance factors with the filter response of each sensor, atmospheric transmittance, and solar irradiance at the Earth's surface in each 10 nm waveband. Variability in the RATIO between the four sensor systems was greatest during mid-season when maximum amounts of green vegetation were present. Variability in ND for the four sensors was considerably less than for the RATIO and nearly constant for most of the growing season. Comparisons of predicted agronomic variables indicated that AVHRR data can estimate both of the vegetation indices of the MSS, and subsequently, agronomic variables as effectively as direct use of the vegetation indices of the MSS. The vegetation indices of all four systems were associated with similar amounts of variation in the examined agronomic variables. Thus, under similar viewing conditions, the AVHRR may complement measurements of the other sensor systems for monitoring surface features of the Earth. Studies are encouraged that address the effects of the dissimilar viewing conditions (orbital characteristics, spatial resolution, off nadir views, etc.) of these sensor systems on their respective vegetation indices.
Utility of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded liver biopsy specimens for global proteomic analysis in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis

Purpose: To compare the proteomic profiles of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) liver biopsy material and matched frozen liver tissue from patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Experimental design: A label-free mass spectrometry-based approach was used to profile global protein expression in FFPE and frozen liver biopsy specimens from five patients with NASH. Results: Eight hundred and sixty proteins were identified with >75% confidence: 225 common proteins were identified in both the FFPE and frozen tissues, and an additional 142 and 493 proteins were identified in the FFPE and frozen tissues, respectively. Functional analyses revealed a general, nonspecific reduction in the number of proteins identified in FFPE tissue compared with frozen tissue. No bias toward proteins located in any specific subcellular compartments or implicated in any particular biological functions was observed. The relative abundance of several proteins with functions relating to the pathogenesis of NASH (peroxiredoxin-1, fatty acid binding protein 1, fatty acid synthase, vimentin, catalase, and glutathione S-transferase A1) was similar in FFPE and frozen liver tissues. Conclusions and clinical relevance: FFPE liver biopsy material from NASH patients can be used for global proteomic analysis and biomarker identification studies, although a universal reduction in the number of identified proteins compared with frozen tissue is likely.
Critical Language Awareness in the United States: Revisiting Issues and Revising Pedagogies in a Resegregated Society

As scholars examine the successes and failures of more than 50 years of court-ordered desegregation since Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, and 25 years of language education of Black youth since Martin Luther King Elementary School Children v. Ann Arbor School District Board, this article revisits the key issues involved in those cases and urges educators and sociolinguists to work together to revise pedagogies. After reviewing what scholars have contributed, the author suggests the need for critical language awareness programs in the United States as one important way in which we can revise our pedagogies, not only to take the students’ language into account but also to account for the interconnectedness of language with the larger sociopolitical and sociohistorical phenomena that help to maintain unequal power relations in a still-segregated society
Mean-field theory of the morphology transition in stochastic diffusion-limited growth.

We propose a mean-field model for describing the averaged properties of a class of stochastic diffusion-limited growth systems. We then show that this model exhibits a morphology transition from a dense-branching structure with a convex envelope to a dendritic one with an overall concave morphology. We also construct an order parameter that describes the transition quantitatively. The transition is shown to be continuous, which can be verified by noting the nonexistence of any hysteresis.
Após Jacques Derrida vem o futuro

This text shows how deconstruction has survived itself after Derrida´s ethical and theological turning of the early nineties. It ends by invoking the deconstructive approach to the future (as well as the future of the deconstructive approach) as that which allows deconstruction to live after or in its own death. Keywords : Derrida. Deconstruction. Ethics. Theology.
Charcoal accumulation following a recent fire in the Cascade Range, northwestern USA, and its relevance for fire-history studies

Stratigraphic records of macroscopic charcoal particles (125 m in diameter) are widely used as a means of reconstructing past fire events, yet fire-history studies rest on assumptions about the processes by which charcoal is transported and deposited in lake sediments. In order to clarify the interpretation of charcoal data, charcoal abundance in sediment cores was examined from 36 lakes within and near the 1996 Charlton Burn, a large stand-replacing fire in the central Cascade Range of Oregon. Stratigraphic variations in charcoal abundance provided strong evidence that macroscopic charcoal recorded a signal of local fire and that prevailing winds affected charcoal transportation, increasing charcoal abundance in lakes downwind of the fire. Charcoal abundance in the uppermost sediments (0-2 cm depth) was related primarily to whether or not a site had burned and secondarily to the surface area of the lake. At the Charlton Burn area, other variables that may influence the transportation of charcoal after a fire, such as relative position of unburned lakes, distance of the lake from the centre of the fire, maximum adjacent slope, and width of riparian vegetation, were not statistically significant. These results support the assumption in charcoal analysis that there is a relationship between the occurrence of local fire and peaks in macroscopic charcoal. Confirming this relationship strengthens the interpretation of long-term fire-history records.
Effects of Functionalized Gold Nanoparticle Size on X-ray Attenuation and Substrate Binding Affinity

Gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) have attracted interest as an X-ray contrast agent due to exhibiting high X-ray attenuation, colloidal stability, vascular retention, and facile surface functionalization for targeted delivery to cells and tissues. However, the effects of Au NP size on X-ray attenuation and binding affinity to a targeted surface are not well-understood. Therefore, the effect of Au NP size on X-ray attenuation was investigated by preparing mercaptosuccinic acid functionalized Au NPs exhibiting a mean particle diameter of 5, 13, 35, or 76 nm, as well as chloroauric acid control, at gold concentrations up to ∼50 mM (∼10 g/L). The X-ray attenuation of Au NP and chloroauric acid solutions increased with decreased photon energy and increased linearly with increased gold concentration, but was independent of the particle diameter. The effects of Au NP size on substrate binding affinity were investigated by preparing bisphosphonate functionalized Au NPs exhibiting a mean particle diameter of 5, 13, 35,...
Parametric imaging using a clinical scanner

Ultrasonic scatterer size estimation and imaging has proven to be both feasible and useful for monitoring, diagnosis, and study of disease. We are implementing scatterer size imaging and attenuation coefficient imaging on a clinical scanner equipped with a research interface. The interface provides radio frequency echo data over the image of a sample, which are then analyzed offline. Echo data from a reference phantom, acquired using the same transducer and scanner settings, accounts for system dependencies on the data. Backscatter coefficient and attenuation coefficients are estimated for small regions. Scatterer size images are generated by performing, a modified least squares fit of the backscatter estimate to a theoretical model, which relates backscatter to scatterer size. Tests in well-characterized phantoms to demonstrate the accuracy of the method have revealed limitations. Ultrasonic scatterer size estimates generally have large variances due to the inherent noise of the spectral estimates used to calculate size. Compounding partially correlated size estimates associated with the same tissue, but produced with data acquired from different angles of incidence, is an effective way to reduce the variance without making dramatic sacrifices in spatial resolution. Initial compound acquisitions on the clinical system have been done using manually generated scripts supported by the research interface. Results confirm theoretical expectations of the improvement in signal-to-noise ratio of scatterer size estimations with selected compounding parameters. Additional parameters, including the attenuation coefficient, may also be derived.
Modeling Information Diffusion in Implicit Networks

Social media forms a central domain for the production and dissemination of real-time information. Even though such flows of information have traditionally been thought of as diffusion processes over social networks, the underlying phenomena are the result of a complex web of interactions among numerous participants. Here we develop the Linear Influence Model where rather than requiring the knowledge of the social network and then modeling the diffusion by predicting which node will influence which other nodes in the network, we focus on modeling the global influence of a node on the rate of diffusion through the (implicit) network. We model the number of newly infected nodes as a function of which other nodes got infected in the past. For each node we estimate an influence function that quantifies how many subsequent infections can be attributed to the influence of that node over time. A nonparametric formulation of the model leads to a simple least squares problem that can be solved on large datasets. We validate our model on a set of 500 million tweets and a set of 170 million news articles and blog posts. We show that the Linear Influence Model accurately models influences of nodes and reliably predicts the temporal dynamics of information diffusion. We find that patterns of influence of individual participants differ significantly depending on the type of the node and the topic of the information.
Judicial Tenure on the U.S. Supreme Court, 1790-1868: Frustration, Resignation, and Expiration on the Bench

Though scholars have found that modern justices are frequently motivated to step down by political circumstances, we believe that their long-departed predecessors rarely had such a luxury. Specifically, we suggest that the focus on political factors often present in this literature is inappropriate in the period prior to the Judiciary Act of 1869 (16 Stat. 44). The absence of pensions and the rigors of circuit duty prevented early justices from reacting to political stimuli in the same manner as recent justices. In support of this proposition, we examine the effects of personal, institutional, and political factors on Supreme Court turnover, positing that departure behavior prior to the advent of judicial pensions was driven primarily by justices' personal and institutional, rather than political, circumstances.
Crystal Structures of Two FGF-FGFR Complexes Reveal the Determinants of Ligand-Receptor Specificity

To elucidate the structural determinants governing specificity in fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling, we have determined the crystal structures of FGF1 and FGF2 complexed with the ligand binding domains (immunoglobulin-like domains 2 [D2] and 3 [D3]) of FGF receptor 1 (FGFR1) and FGFR2, respectively. Highly conserved FGF-D2 and FGF-linker (between D2-D3) interfaces define a general binding site for all FGF-FGFR complexes. Specificity is achieved through interactions between the N-terminal and central regions of FGFs and two loop regions in D3 that are subject to alternative splicing. These structures provide a molecular basis for FGF1 as a universal FGFR ligand and for modulation of FGF-FGFR specificity through primary sequence variations and alternative splicing.
Scheduling for reduced CPU energy

The energy usage of computer systems is becoming more important, especially for battery operated systems. Displays, disks, and cpus, in that order, use the most energy. Reducing the energy used by displays and disks has been studied elsewhere; this paper considers a new method for reducing the energy used by the cpu. We introduce a new metric for cpu energy performance, millions-of-instructions-per-joule (MIPJ). We examine a class of methods to reduce MIPJ that are characterized by dynamic control of system clock speed by the operating system scheduler. Reducing clock speed alone does not reduce MIPJ, since to do the same work the system must run longer. However, a number of methods are available for reducing energy with reduced clock-speed, such as reducing the voltage [Chandrakasan et al 1992][Horowitz 1993] or using reversible [Younis and Knight 1993] or adiabatic logic [Athas et al 1994].What are the right scheduling algorithms for taking advantage of reduced clock-speed, especially in the presence of applications demanding ever more instructions-per-second? We consider several methods for varying the clock speed dynamically under control of the operating system, and examine the performance of these methods against workstation traces. The primary result is that by adjusting the clock speed at a fine grain, substantial CPU energy can be saved with a limited impact on performance.
Adoption of health information technologies

The objective of this paper is to measure prevalence of HIT capabilities in Patient-Centered Medical Homes and their impact on delivery of care, with a focus on Patient Registries. The paper had the following research questions
High-throughput screening strategies for targeted identification of therapeutic compounds in colorectal cancer

Recent advancements in understanding the role of both genetics and molecular pathways in the formation and progression of colorectal cancer have allowed the identification of factors that may be targeted for drug discovery. During the past decade, various approaches have been developed to target specific steps or components of these pathways in order to prevent the development and progression of colorectal cancer and to treat this disease. The innovation and optimization of high-throughput screening methods, as well as the recent emphasis from the NIH on translational sciences, have enabled rapid progress in drug discovery in many fields, including colorectal cancer. Here we present a summary of the recent efforts of targeted high-throughput drug discovery directed at pathways affected in colorectal cancer.
Adaptive Set-Based Methods for Association Testing

With a typical sample size of a few thousand subjects, a single genome-wide association study (GWAS) using traditional one single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-at-a-time methods can only detect genetic variants conferring a sizable effect on disease risk. Set-based methods, which analyze sets of SNPs jointly, can detect variants with smaller effects acting within a gene, a pathway, or other biologically relevant sets. Although self-contained set-based methods (those that test sets of variants without regard to variants not in the set) are generally more powerful than competitive set-based approaches (those that rely on comparison of variants in the set of interest with variants not in the set), there is no consensus as to which self-contained methods are best. In particular, several self-contained set tests have been proposed to directly or indirectly "adapt" to the a priori unknown proportion and distribution of effects of the truly associated SNPs in the set, which is a major determinant of their power. A popular adaptive set-based test is the adaptive rank truncated product (ARTP), which seeks the set of SNPs that yields the best-combined evidence of association. We compared the standard ARTP, several ARTP variations we introduced, and other adaptive methods in a comprehensive simulation study to evaluate their performance. We used permutations to assess significance for all the methods and thus provide a level playing field for comparison. We found the standard ARTP test to have the highest power across our simulations followed closely by the global model of random effects (GMRE) and a least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO)-based test.
Calcium-sensing receptor activation induces intracellular calcium oscillations.

Parathyroid hormone secretion is exquisitely sensitive to small changes in serum Ca2+concentration, and these responses are transduced via the Ca2+-sensing receptor (CaR). We utilized heterologous ...
Longitudinal Compliance with Annual Screening for Fecal Occult Blood

In a randomized, controlled trial of fecal occult blood screening for colorectal cancer, the Minnesota Colon Cancer Control Study carried out 11 annual mail screens in two phases between 1976 and 1992. This long-term compliance record of 15,476 individuals is summarized and related to demographic characteristics as well as to the screening experience of the participants. There was a strong and consistent effect of age, with peak compliance among participants about 70 years old, and lower compliance among the youngest ( or = 80 years) participants. There was a significantly higher rate of screen compliance among participants who lived with other participants, compared with households where only one individual participated in the study. Finally, participants who underwent a diagnostic colorectal examination with negative results had significantly lower odds of compliance.
A Euclidean Construction

1] D. M. Burton, Elementary Number Theory, Allyn and Bacon, Boston, 1976. (2] I. Niven and H. S. Zuckerman, An Introduction to the Theory of Numbers, Wiley, New York, 1966. (3] 0. Ore, Number Theory and Its History, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1948. (4] A. J. Pettofrezzo and D. R. Byrkit, Elements of Number Theory, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1970. (5] B. M. Stewart, Theory of Numbers, Macmillan, Boston, 1964.
Ready Librarian One

ABSTRACTThe growth in academic programs devoted to the development of video games and the increased use of video gaming in education have led some academic libraries to build their own video game collections, as well as provide video game-related services, space, and equipment. This column outlines several examples of academic library video game collections and services, provides information on building and maintaining video game-related collections, and addresses a few of the challenges of providing services for this rapidly evolving industry.