cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measurement of the Elastic Properties and Intrinsic Strength of Monolayer Graphene

We measured the elastic properties and intrinsic breaking strength of free-standing monolayer graphene membranes by nanoindentation in an atomic force microscope. The force-displacement behavior is interpreted within a framework of nonlinear elastic stress-strain response, and yields second- and third-order elastic stiffnesses of 340 newtons per meter (N m(-1)) and -690 Nm(-1), respectively. The breaking strength is 42 N m(-1) and represents the intrinsic strength of a defect-free sheet. These quantities correspond to a Young's modulus of E = 1.0 terapascals, third-order elastic stiffness of D = -2.0 terapascals, and intrinsic strength of sigma(int) = 130 gigapascals for bulk graphite. These experiments establish graphene as the strongest material ever measured, and show that atomically perfect nanoscale materials can be mechanically tested to deformations well beyond the linear regime.
Practical optimization of complex chemical processes with tight constraints

Abstract Stochastic optimization algorithms are introduced for complex chemical processes—using semicontinuous distillation with reaction in a middle vessel as a case study. The processes are dynamic, consisting of several operating modes, and have tight operating constraints to prevent weeping or flooding in the distillation column of the case study. Often intensification leads to fewer processing units, operated in many modes over a cyclic campaign, introducing tight operating constraints. The optimization algorithms examined include a modified univariate technique for N-dimensions, the particle swarm method, the simplex method, and others. These methods are used jointly in a bi-level algorithm, and are tested for speed and quality of result.
Methanation of carbon dioxide by hydrogen reduction using the Sabatier process in microchannel reactors

This paper describes the development of a microchannel-based Sabatier reactor for applications such as propellant production on Mars or space habitat air revitalization. Microchannel designs offer advantages for a compact reactor with excellent thermal control. This paper discusses the development of a Ru.TiO2-based catalyst using powdered form and its application and testing in a microchannel reactor. The resultant catalyst and microchannel reactor demonstrates good conversion, selectivity, and longevity in a compact device. A chemically reacting flow model is used to assist experimental interpretation and to suggest microchannel design approaches. A kinetic rate expression for the global Sabatier reaction is developed and validated using computational models to interpret packed-bed experiments with catalysts in powder form. The resulting global reaction is then incorporated into a reactive plug-flow model that represents a microchannel reactor. 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Habitat-dependent growth in a Caribbean sea urchin Tripneustes ventricosus : the importance of food type

The sea urchin Tripneustes ventricosus is a common, yet relatively poorly known, grazer of seagrass beds and coral reefs throughout the Caribbean. We compared the size and abundance of urchins between adjacent seagrass and coral reef habitats (where macroalgae are the dominant primary producers). We also conducted a laboratory experiment comparing the growth rate of juvenile urchins fed a diet of either macroalgae or seagrass. Reef urchins had significantly larger test diameter than those in the seagrass on some sampling dates. This size difference may be at least partially explained by diet, because laboratory-reared urchins fed macroalgae grew significantly faster than those fed seagrass. The seagrass population, however, was stable over time, whereas the reef population exhibited strong fluctuations in abundance. Overall, our study indicates that both the seagrass and coral reef habitats are capable of supporting healthy, reproductive populations of T. ventricosus. Each, however, appears to offer a distinct advantage: faster growth on the reef and greater population stability in the seagrass.
The nucleolar chromosome in embryos of Rana pipiens.

Karyotype analyses of prometaphases from medullary plate cells derived from mid-neurulae of Rana pipiens have led to the identification of the nucleolar chromosome and nucleolar organizing region, which is located on the longer arm of a small sub-metacentric chromosome (No. 10).
Near‐Earth thin current sheets and Birkeland currents during substorm growth phase

Two important phenomena observed during the magnetospheric substorm growth phase are modeled: the formation of a near-Earth (|X| {approx} 9 R{sub E}) thin cross-tail current sheet, as well as the equatorward shift of the ionospheric Birkeland currents. Our study is performed by solving the 3-D force-balance equation with realistic boundary conditions and pressure distributions. The results show a cross-tail current sheet with large current (J{sub {phi}} {approx} 10 nA/m{sup 2}) and very high plasma {beta} ({beta} {approx} 40) between 7 and 10 R{sub E}. The obtained region-1 and region-2 Birkeland currents, formed on closed field lines due to pressure gradients, move equatorward and become more intense (J{sub {parallel}max} {approx} 3 {micro}A/m{sup 2}) compared to quiet times. Both results are in agreement with substorm growth phase observations. Our results also predict that the cross-tail current sheet maps into the ionosphere in the transition region between the region-1 and region-2 currents.
To Solve the Hydropower Station Optimal Scheduling with Time-Varying Prices Based on Bees Algorithm

A new kind of intelligence optimization algorithm - Bees Algorithm (BA) is introduced, which is developed in recent years and is easy to realize, extremely quickly to convergence. Using the algorithm, the article solves optimal regulation of hydropower stations with time-varying price. Actual example proves the validity and fast astringency of BA. Thus, an additional method is proposed for solving optimal regulation of cascade hydropower stations.
Impurity Profiling of a Chemical Weapon Precursor for Possible Forensic Signatures by Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry and Chemometrics

In this report we present the feasibility of using analytical and chemometric methodologies to reveal and exploit the chemical impurity profiles from commercial dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) samples to illustrate the type of forensic information that may be obtained from chemical-attack evidence. Using DMMP as a model compound of a toxicant that may be used in a chemical attack, we used comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC x GC/TOF-MS) to detect and identify trace organic impurities in six samples of commercially acquired DMMP. The GC x GC/TOF-MS data was analyzed to produce impurity profiles for all six DMMP samples using 29 analyte impurities. The use of PARAFAC for the mathematical resolution of overlapped GC x GC peaks ensured clean spectra for the identification of many of the detected analytes by spectral library matching. The use of statistical pairwise comparison revealed that there were trace impurities that were quantitatively similar and different among five of the six DMMP samples. Two of the DMMP samples were revealed to have identical impurity profiles by this approach. The use of nonnegative matrix factorization indicated that there were five distinct DMMP sample types as illustrated by the clustering of the multiple DMMP analyses into five distinct clusters in the scores plots. The two indistinguishable DMMP samples were confirmed by their chemical supplier to be from the same bulk source. Sample information from the other chemical suppliers supported the idea that the other four DMMP samples were likely from different bulk sources. These results demonstrate that the matching of synthesized products from the same source is possible using impurity profiling. In addition, the identified impurities common to all six DMMP samples provide strong evidence that basic route information can be obtained from impurity profiles. Finally, impurities that may be unique to the sole bulk manufacturer of DMMP were found in some of the DMMP samples.
In Vivo Microdialysis Study of Brain Ethanol Concentrations in Rats Following Oral Self‐Administration

Using intracerebral microdialysis, the time-course of ethanol absorption was determined in the striatum of rats after oral self-administration of an ethanol solution. Microdialysis samples were collected every 10 min for 1 hr before and 1 hr after consumption of ethanol over a 5-min period. Substantial levels of ethanol were detected in the brain in the first sample taken after self-administration although these levels did not correlate with the amount of ethanol consumed. Striatal ethanol levels reached maximum or near maximum by the second sample and remained constant for the time points between 20 and 60 min; at these times, brain ethanol levels correlated significantly with the amount consumed. This study demonstrates that oral consumption of ethanol leads to measurable brain levels within a relatively short time. Results suggest that experimental animals may experience the central effects of ethanol during the course of drinking and this could play a role in alcohol preference or avoidance behavior.
Interpersonal problem-solving competency: Review and critique of the literature

Abstract Interpersonal problem-solving skill has been identified as one subset of socially competent behavior which is highly correlated with, and predictive of, successful life adjustment. The present paper reviews the theoretical and research-based evidence underlying cognitive/behavioral interpersonal problem-solving training. Current assessment strategies, treatment techniques, and the methodological shortcomings in the existing literature are critically evaluated. The assessment and treatment implications which extend from the review are discussed and suggestions for future research directions are offered.
Spin-polarized conductance induced by tunneling through a magnetic impurity.

Using the zero mode method, we compute the conductance of a wire consisting of a magnetic impurity coupled to two Luttinger liquid leads characterized by the Luttinger exponent $\ensuremath{\alpha}(\ensuremath{\ge}1)$. We find for resonance conditions, in which the Fermi energy of the leads is close to a single particle energy of the impurity, that the conductance as a function of temperature is $G\ensuremath{\sim}({e}^{2}/h)(T/{T}_{F}{)}^{2(\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{-}2)}$, whereas for off-resonance conditions the conductance is $G\ensuremath{\sim}({e}^{2}/h)(T/{T}_{F}{)}^{2(\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{-}1)}$. By applying either a gate voltage or a magnetic field or both, one of the spin components can be in resonance while the other is off resonance causing a strong asymmetry between the spin-up and spin-down conductances.
MRI screening before standard tissue plasminogen activator therapy is feasible and safe

Background and Purpose— MRI screening for thrombolytic therapy may improve patient selection. Alternatively, it may excessively delay treatment and thereby lead to worse outcomes. We hypothesized that times to treatment and outcomes in a stroke center with immediate MRI access and interpretation would not differ from those of the typical clinical practice. Methods— We compared the results of 120 consecutive patients treated with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) within 3 hours of onset at our center with those of the 2 largest multicenter registries of tPA use.5,6 In addition to standard criteria, MRI specific eligibility criteria were applied in 97 patients. MRI was not performed in 23 patients because of contraindications to MRI or late patient arrival (>2.5 hours). Outcomes were the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) obtained at 3 months. Results— Times to treatment (median door-to-needle time 81.5 minutes; median onset-to-needle time 135 minutes) and outcomes (mRS 0 to 1, 40.8%; mRS 0 to 2, 47.5...
Semiconductor microcavity lasers

New kinds of semiconductor microcavity lasers are being created by modern semiconductor technologies like molecular beam epitaxy and electron beam lithography. These new microcavities exploit 3D architectures possible with epitaxial layering and surface patterning. The physical properties of these microcavities are intimately related to the geometry imposed on the semiconductor materials. Among these microcavities are surface-emitting structures that have many useful properties for commercial purposes. This paper reviews the basic physics of these microstructured lasers.
Workshop on usable privacy & security for wearable and domestic ubiquitous devices (UPSIDE)

The primary goal is to bring together researchers and practitioners focusing on usable security and privacy for wearable devices (e.g., Google Glass, Fitbit) and other connected personal and domestic devices (e.g., Withings scale, sleep monitors) to identify and discuss fundamental research challenges and to start addressing them at the workshop. The secondary goal is to bootstrap collaboration amongst researchers from multiple disciplines (ubiquitous computing, security, HCI, systems) as these technologies are inherently multidisciplinary.
Recommendations on Administratively Required Dental Radiographs

The FDA recommendation on administratively required dental X-ray examinations states a principle that has been frequently endorsed by the American Dental Association. This recommendation, developed through a formal review process, reflects the views of dentists, educators, insurance carriers, professional societies, and other interested health professionals. Simply stated, it urges dentists to perform only X-ray examinations that are necessary for the patient's immediate dental needs. Dentists and others are urged to refer to this recommendation when presented with requests for radiographs considered unnecessary for patient care.
Evaluation of lower flammability limits of fuel-air-diluent mixtures using calculated adiabatic flame temperatures.

Abstract The lower flammability limit (LFL) of a fuel is the minimum composition in air over which a flame can propagate. Calculated adiabatic flame temperatures (CAFT) are a powerful tool to estimate the LFL of gas mixtures. Different CAFT values are used for the estimation of LFL. SuperChems™ is used by industry to perform flammability calculations under different initial conditions which depends on the selection of a threshold temperature. In this work, the CAFT at the LFL is suggested for mixtures of fuel–air and fuel–air–diluents. These CAFT can be used as the threshold values in SuperChems™ to calculate the LFL. This paper discusses an approach to evaluate the LFL in the presence of diluents such as N2 and CO2 by an algebraic method and by the application of SuperChems™ using CAFT as the basis of the calculations. The CAFT for different paraffinic and unsaturated hydrocarbons are presented as well as an average value per family of chemicals.
Etiology, evaluation, and outcome of jaundice in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

Although liver test abnormalities are frequently identified in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), the causes, evaluation, and outcome of jaundice in these patients have not been systematically evaluated. From August 1, 1990 through September 1, 1994, all human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients with liver test abnormalities seen by the gastroenterology service at a large, inner-city hospital were prospectively identified. Jaundice was defined as a serum bilirubin concentration > or = 3 mg/dL. The etiology of jaundice was determined by the pattern of liver biochemistry test abnormalities, radiographic studies, liver biopsy, clinical follow-up, and autopsy. During the study period, 541 HIV-infected patients (511 with AIDS) were evaluated for liver disease by our service; 36 of these patients had jaundice (7 percent). The most common causes of jaundice were drug-induced hepatitis, occurring in 11 patients (31 percent), and alcoholic liver disease, occurring in 5 (13 percent). Opportunistic infections or neoplasms were identified as the cause of jaundice in 11 patients (30 percent), with 4 having intrahepatic disease and 7 having extrahepatic disease. Multiple potential causes were seen in 3 patients. Abdominal ultrasonography (US) and computed tomography (CT) were helpful in suggesting the underlying cause of disease. The short-term mortality was high, with 9 patients dying during the hospitalization (25 percent) and 7 patients dying within 6 months of evaluation. Liver disease was the cause of death in 7 of these patients. In conclusion, jaundice is uncommon in AIDS and may result from a variety of both opportunistic and non-opportunistic etiologies. Drug-induced hepatitis is the most common cause and may be fatal. Long-term survival was poor.
Third Branchial Anomalies: Avoiding Recurrences

Lateral cervical cysts, sinuses, and fistulas have been described as anomalies of the normal development of the branchial apparatus. Third branchial apparatus anomalies are rare and constitute less than 1% of all such cases. Three cases of third branchial cleft cysts and sinus tracts are presented. Two patients had previously undergone multiple attempts at extirpation. Complete removal of recurrent branchial anomalies is difficult because of scarring and fascial plane disruption. Recurrences were often the result of inadequate excision, possibly of the tract communicating with the piriform sinus. To avoid this we advocate endoscopy prior to initial resection of a suspected branchial cleft anomaly to identify any pharyngeal communication. A combined, simultaneous endoscopic identification of the piriform sinus tract with a lateral external cervical dissection facilitates complete resection. In recurrent cases, wide-field extirpation of the cyst, tract, and scar tissue is necessary to ensure complete removal of the branchial cleft anomaly. A review of the literature and of branchial apparatus embryology is also presented.
Studies on insulin biosynthesis in the channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus).

Abstract Channel catfish islets were incubated in a defined medium containing radiolabeled isoleucine and/or tryptophan. Peptides with molecular weights near 9300 and 6100 were labeled selectively with radiolabeled isoleucine, which is a component of all known species of insulin and proinsulin but not any glucagon-related proteins. The two peptides had electrophoretic mobilities similar to anglerfish proinsulin and insulin, respectively, and exhibited insulin immunoreactivity. Pulse-chase incubations demonstrated a precursorproduct relationship between the two. it was concluded that these two peptides were catfish proinsulin and insulin.
Central measures on compact simple Lie groups

The convolution algebra of central measures on a connected compact simple Lie group G is analyzed. It is shown that the radical of the ideal of central L1-functions contains all continuous central measures. From this, examples of singular measures with absolutely continuous convolution square are constructed. Also, the spectrum of the algebra is determined and the continuous central measures are identified as those measures whose (central) Fourier-Stieltjes transform tends to zero at infinity in G. Finally, all the central idempotent measures are explicitly determined and it is shown that there are no infinite (central) Sidon sets in G.
Biological engineering applications of feedforward neural networks designed and parameterized by genetic algorithms

Two neural network (NN) applications in the field of biological engineering are developed, designed and parameterized by an evolutionary method based on the evolutionary process of genetic algorithms. The developed systems are a fault detection NN model and a predictive modeling NN system. An indirect or 'weak specification' representation was used for the encoding of NN topologies and training parameters into genes of the genetic algorithm (GA). Some a priori knowledge of the demands in network topology for specific application cases is required by this approach, so that the infinite search space of the problem is limited to some reasonable degree. Both one-hidden-layer and two-hidden-layer network architectures were explored by the GA. Except for the network architecture, each gene of the GA also encoded the type of activation functions in both hidden and output nodes of the NN and the type of minimization algorithm that was used by the backpropagation algorithm for the training of the NN. Both models achieved satisfactory performance, while the GA system proved to be a powerful tool that can successfully replace the problematic trial-and-error approach that is usually used for these tasks. for these tasks.
Thermodynamic Study of Nonstoichiometric Niobium Pentoxide

The partial pressure of oxygen in equilibrium with a niobium dioxide-niobium pentoxide mixture was determined from electrochemical cell measurements over the range 800° to 1070°C and from thermogravimetric gas-equilibrium measurements at 1000° and 1200°C. These measurements compare favorably with those of previous investigators. An isopiestic technique was used to determine the composition at 100°C intervals for nonstoichiometric Nb2O5 in equilibrium with NbO2 between 900° and 1100°C. The departure from stoichiometry for Nb2O5 decreased from Nb2O4.81 at 1090°C to Nb204.887 at 889°C. The partial pressure of oxygen in equilibrium with different compositions of nonstoichiometric Nb2O5 was determined from electrochemical cell measurements over the range 800° to 1070°C and from thermogravimetric measurements by equilibrating the nonstoichiometric Nb2O5 specimen with an H2/H2O gaseous mixture at 900° to 1200°C. Th_e relative partial molar enthalpy of oxygen, ΔII O2 for the Nb2O5 -χ phase (calculated from the cell measurements) was independent, within experimental error, of both temperature and composition, the average value being -164 kcal/ mole. These equilibrium measurements were compared with the therrnogravimetric study of nonstoichiometric Nb2O5 by Kofstad and Anderson and a departure from their relation χ (Nb2O5-χ) ∝pO2-1/6 was observed at the low oxygen end of the homogeneous phase field.
Issues in solid-organ transplantation in children: Translational research from bench to bedside

In this review, we identify important challenges facing physicians responsible for renal and cardiac transplantation in children based on a review of the contemporary medical literature. Regarding pediatric renal transplantation, we discuss the challenge of antibody-mediated rejection, focusing on both acute and chronic antibody-mediated rejection. We review new diagnostic approaches to antibody-mediated rejection, such as panel-reactive antibodies, donor-specific cross-matching, antibody assays, risk assessment and diagnosis of antibody-mediated rejection, the pathology of antibody-mediated rejection, the issue of ABO incompatibility in renal transplantation, new therapies for antibody-mediated rejection, inhibiting of residual antibodies, the suppression or depletion of B-cells, genetic approaches to treating acute antibody-mediated rejection, and identifying future translational research directions in kidney transplantation in children. Regarding pediatric cardiac transplantation, we discuss the mechanisms of cardiac transplant rejection, including the role of endomyocardial biopsy in detecting graft rejection and the role of biomarkers in detecting cardiac graft rejection, including biomarkers of inflammation, cardiomyocyte injury, or stress. We review cardiac allograft vasculopathy. We also address the role of genetic analyses, including genome-wide association studies, gene expression profiling using entities such as AlloMap®, and adenosine triphosphate release as a measure of immune function using the Cylex® ImmuKnow™ cell function assay. Finally, we identify future translational research directions in heart transplantation in children.
An isotopic assay for uridine phosphorylase.

Abstract An isotopic assay for measurements of uridine phosphorylase activity has been presented. Uracil-2- 14 C and uridine-2- 14 C, which would serve either as substrate or product for this reversible reaction, were complexed with borate and separated on an ion-exchange column, making possible their quantitation with the radioactivity in each fraction. Separation of these compounds with 0.7 × 2.5 cm columns was achieved with recoveries of 96 to 101%. The uridine nucleotides UMP, UDP, and UTP were retained on the column and subsequently removed individually or collectively with the appropriate eluent. The method recommended for the assay of crude enzyme is based on utilization of uracil-2- 14 C as a substrate. Incorporation of radioactivity into uridine and uridine nucleotides would then be measured separately or collectively.
Lawful but awful: 'Legal Corporate Crimes'

Abstract By concentrating on what is officially defined as illegal or criminal, a more serious threat to society is left out. This threat is caused by corporate practices that are within the letter of the law and yet have multiple adverse social consequences. Thus, just when more effective regulatory action and oversight is imperative, the global neo-liberal agenda and practice promotes de-regulation and a further reduction of the role of the state. Not only does this have criminogenic consequences of its own, it furthers types of misconduct undermining democratic processes and sustainable economic growth.
The indivisibility of self, mind, and intelligence

(1998). The indivisibility of self, mind, and intelligence. Roeper Review: Vol. 20, Perspectives on the Self of the Gifted, pp. 199-203.
Platelet imipramine binding in endogenous depressed patients and controls: relationship to platelet MAO and 5HT uptake during successful imipramine treatment.

Abstract Platelet imipramine binding was measured in 25 unmedicated depressed patients and 25 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. In the patients, the measurement was repeated after 3 weeks and 2 months of imipramine treatment leading to clinical recovery. No significant differences in imipramine binding were found between controls and unmedicated patients. In the latter, imipramine administration produced a progressive change in the binding characteristics, increasing the apparent K d and decreasing the number of binding sites ( B max ). The results suggest that platelet imipramine binding is not altered in depression and that changes in this parameter are the consequence of the presence of imipramine in the blood stream. However, such changes accompany changes in other biological parameters, such as platelet monoamine oxidase and serotonin uptake, seen in the same patients througout imipramine treatment, suggesting that the drug acts on a wide range of normal or altered serotonin-related cellular mechanisms while it accelerates the clinical recovery from depression.
An optical brain computer interface for environmental control

A brain computer interface (BCI) is a system that translates neurophysiological signals detected from the brain to supply input to a computer or to control a device. Volitional control of neural activity and its real-time detection through neuroimaging modalities are key constituents of BCI systems. The purpose of this study was to develop and test a new BCI design that utilizes intention-related cognitive activity within the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex using functional near infrared (fNIR) spectroscopy. fNIR is a noninvasive, safe, portable and affordable optical technique with which to monitor hemodynamic changes, in the brain's cerebral cortex. Because of its portability and ease of use, fNIR is amenable to deployment in ecologically valid natural working environments. We integrated a control paradigm in a computerized 3D virtual environment to augment interactivity. Ten healthy participants volunteered for a two day study in which they navigated a virtual environment with keyboard inputs, but were required to use the fNIR-BCI for interaction with virtual objects. Results showed that participants consistently utilized the fNIR-BCI with an overall success rate of 84% and volitionally increased their cerebral oxygenation level to trigger actions within the virtual environment.
An analysis of chronic osteomyelitis of the tibia in a pre‐columbian human population using radiographic–pathological correlation

Radiologic-pathologic correlation is employed in pre-Columbian tibia specimens as a means of understanding the characteristic alterations induced by untreated chronic osteomyelitis.
Laparoscopic incidence of contralateral patent processus vaginalis in boys with clinical unilateral inguinal hernias

In 38 boys with clinical unilateral inguinal hernias (CUIH), the contralateral processus vaginalis was examined laparoscopically before surgical manipulation at the time of elective inguinal herniorrhaphy. General anesthesia was used in each case, and a 30 degrees, 2.7-mm laparoscopic was introduced using standard techniques. Positive laparoscope findings prompted surgical exploration. The age range was 2 to 134 months. Twenty-four had a right CUIH, and 14 had a left CUIH. Overall, the contralateral processus vaginalis was patent in 52.6%, with 58.3% and 42.8% patency on the nonclinical left and right sides, respectively. In boys under 2 years of age, 50% of those with a right CUIH had a contralateral patent processus vaginalis, as did 60% of those with a left CUIH. In two of these 38 patients in whom there was no clinically proven hernia, the only patent processus vaginalis was on the side opposite the one with a clinical history. Laparoscopic examination of the internal inguinal ring provided accurate information useful in determining the need for contralateral inguinal exploration in these 38 children.
Impact of Efficacy at the μ-Opioid Receptor on Antinociceptive Effects of Combinations of μ-Opioid Receptor Agonists and Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists

Cannabinoid receptor agonists, such as Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), enhance the antinociceptive effects of μ-opioid receptor agonists, which suggests that combining cannabinoids with opioids would improve pain treatment. Combinations with lower efficacy agonists might be preferred and could avoid adverse effects associated with large doses; however, it is unclear whether interactions between opioids and cannabinoids vary across drugs with different efficacy. The antinociceptive effects of μ-opioid receptor agonists alone and in combination with cannabinoid receptor agonists were studied in rhesus monkeys (n = 4) using a warm water tail withdrawal procedure. Etorphine, fentanyl, morphine, buprenorphine, nalbuphine, Δ9-THC, and CP 55,940 (2-[(1R,2R,5R)-5-hydroxy-2-(3-hydroxypropyl) cyclohexyl]-5-(2-methyloctan-2-yl)phenol) each increased tail withdrawal latency. Pretreatment with doses of Δ9-THC (1.0 mg/kg) or CP 55,940 (0.032 mg/kg) that were ineffective alone shifted the fentanyl dose-effect curve leftward 20.6- and 52.9-fold, respectively, and the etorphine dose-effect curve leftward 12.4- and 19.6-fold, respectively. Δ9-THC and CP 55,940 shifted the morphine dose-effect curve leftward only 3.4- and 7.9-fold, respectively, and the buprenorphine curve only 5.4- and 4.1-fold, respectively. Neither Δ9-THC nor CP 55,940 significantly altered the effects of nalbuphine. Cannabinoid receptor agonists increase the antinociceptive potency of higher efficacy opioid receptor agonists more than lower efficacy agonists; however, because much smaller doses of each drug can be administered in combinations while achieving adequate pain relief and that other (e.g., abuse-related) effects of opioids do not appear to be enhanced by cannabinoids, these results provide additional support for combining opioids with cannabinoids to treat pain.
A modified collagenase assay method based on the use of p-dioxane.

Abstract Radioactive collagen synthesized by human skin fibroblasts in monolayer culture was used as a substrate for collagenase. The high specific activity of this substrate (75,000 cpm/μg) and the use of p -dioxane as a precipitant of the undigested collagen permit this enzyme to be assayed with collagen in solution at 35°C and pH 7.5. The dilutions used are sufficient to prevent the collagen molecules from aggregating, thus precluding the use of inhibitors of gel formation which tend to decrease the activity of the enzyme. Using a 1-h incubation, the procedure is reproducible (SD ± 2.3%) and linear over the range from 10 to 100 ng of bacterial collagenase. Vertebrate collagenase activity is also easily measured with this method.
Surface oxidation of single-walled carbon nanotube paper with oxygen atoms

Single-walled carbon nanotube paper was surface oxidized with gaseous oxygen atoms produced by low-pressure: (1) vacuum UV (λ = 104.8 and 106.7 nm) photo-oxidation and (2) downstream microwave plasma discharge of an Ar–O2 mixture. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to detect the carbon- and oxygen-containing functional groups in the top 2–5 nm of the sample’s surface. Both methods produced a saturation level of ca. 12 at.% oxygen with the predominant formation of the epoxide/ether groups.
Flight Patterns among Eleven Species of Diurnal Lepidoptera

Flights (movements from place to place) were studied in 11 species of Lepidoptera which differed in size, mate—locating behavior, food plants of larvae and adults, oviposition behavior, population size, areal extent of populations, and habitat features possibly limiting flights. and population size were quantified. Mate—locating behavior influences the difference in flights of ♂ ♂ and ♀ ♀; males tend to remain in sites favorable for mating, while ♀ ♀ tend to disperse more than ♂ ♂. Multibrood polyphagous species feeding on early successional plants had the farthest flights. Conversely, single—brood species feeding as larvae on perennial trees or shrubs had short flights. There is apparently a genetic component to flight distances; taxonomically similar species had similar distances, flights of several species were similar in successive years, and flights of reared individuals were similar to those of native individual. Two species in different superfamilies occupying the same habitat convergently developed similar flight distances. A migratory species had more unidirectional flight than the nonmigrants. There is a strong positive correlation between the size of the area in which the majority of individuals of a population are concentrated and flight distances for the 11 species. No correlation exists with population size, but mean densities are inversely correlated with flight distances. The significance of these correlations is discussed. It ispostulated that heritable behavioral mechanisms and local extinction influence the relationships between flights, area, and density.
Potential role of apoptotic macrophages in pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis

Induction of apoptosis has been associated with a variety of exposures which result in inflammatory and fibrotic lung disorders. Macrophages are key regulatory cells in the lung; however, the role of apoptotic macrophages in those pulmonary disorders is not well characterized. In the present investigation, apoptotic macrophages were instilled into the lungs of rats to study directly the pulmonary responses to apoptotic cells. The effects of apoptotic macrophages on lung inflammation and fibrosis, as well as associated protein expression of TNF-alpha, TGF-beta, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) were examined. Induction of macrophage apoptosis was carried out in vitro using a variety of known apoptosis inducers. Intratracheal administration of apoptotic macrophages (5 x 10(6) cells/rat) into the lung of rats caused an increase in pulmonary infiltration of macrophages and lung cell apoptosis 4 weeks after the treatment as indicated by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) assay. In contrast, pulmonary instillation of saline or normal control macrophages had no effect. Histological analysis of lung sections showed collagen deposition and fibrotic lesions after apoptotic cell treatment but not in control groups. Immunohistochemical studies revealed increased expression of TNF-alpha, TGF-beta, MMP2, and MMP9 in the treatment group 4 weeks after the treatment. These results suggest a role for macrophage apoptosis in the initiation of these lung disorders. This study provides direct evidence that apoptotic macrophages can induce lung inflammation and fibrosis and that this induction may be associated with increased expression of TNF-alpha, TGF-beta, MMP2, and MMP9. Published 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Deformation mechanisms in nylon 6/ABS blends

The deformation mechanisms during fracture of a Nylon 6/ABS blend compatibilized with an imidized acrylic polymer were compared to those of an uncompatibilized blend. A postmortem examination of deformed zones in samples loaded to failure in a double-notch four-point-bend geometry was made using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). For the compatibilized blend, cavitation of the rubber particles followed by massive shear yielding of the polyamide matrix was concluded to be the sequence of events leading to toughness; while, for the brittle uncompatibilized blend, the evidence indicated that a lack of adhesion at the Nylon-ABS interface prevented the rubber particles from cavitating and the subsequent plastic deformation of the polyamide matrix. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
EXPRESSION OF A CYTOPLASMICALLY EPITOPE‐TAGGED, HUMAN GOLGI GLYCOSYLTRANSFERASE IN HOMOLOGOUS CELLS RESULTS IN MISLOCALIZATION OF MULTIPLE GOLGI PROTEINS

We have compared the effect of mislocalization of a Golgi glycosyltransferase in heterologous and homologous cell systems on the distribution of other Golgi-associated proteins. Myc-spacer-human N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I (NAGT-I), an N-terminally epitope-tagged NAGT-I, in which the first added negatively charged amino acid is in position 13, localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by immunofluorescence when expressed in monkey (Vero) or human (HeLa) cells. When myc-spacer-human NAGT-I was expressed in Vero cells, the distribution of the Golgi-associated coat protein, β-COP, was concentrated juxtanuclearly and undisturbed relative to control. When myc-spacer-human NAGT-I was expressed in HeLa cells, however, both endogenous β-COP and GalT were no longer concentrated in a juxtanuclear manner but were rather cytoplasmically distributed as was the myc-tagged human NAGT-I. Based on these observations, we suggest that extensive interactions between proteins that normally show overlapping distributions between the medial Golgi stack and trans Golgi/TGN are possible. Moreover, we suggest that small differences in sequence may play a large role in potentiating interactions of Golgi complex proteins.
Guanethidine evokes vasodilatation in guinea pig mesenteric artery by acting on sensory nerves.

Abstract In precontracted, endothelium-free guinea pig mesenteric artery rings, in which adrenergic vasoconstrictor responses had been eliminated, guanethidine (1–30 μM) produced a vasodilatation of 69.3±4.4%. The vasodilatation was reduced 89% by capsaicin (10 μM) or 55% by tetrodotoxin (10 μM), indicating mediation of this effect by primary sensory nerves. The nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N ω -nitro- l -arginine (100 μM, 30 min) but not its stereoisomer reduced the guanethidine vasodilatation by 70%. Blockade of monoamine uptake with ouabain (25 μM, 15 min) or cocaine (5 μM, 5 min) reduced the guanethidine-induced vasodilatation by 85 and 67%, respectively. These results suggest that guanethidine produced vasodilatation by being transported into capsaicin-sensitive primary sensory nerves where it functioned as a substrate for nitric oxide synthase to generate a vasodilatory substance.
Tethered thiazolidinone dimers as inhibitors of the bacterial type III secretion system.

Abstract Disruption of protein–protein interactions by small molecules is achievable but presents significant hurdles for effective compound design. In earlier work we identified a series of thiazolidinone inhibitors of the bacterial type III secretion system (T3SS) and demonstrated that this scaffold had the potential to be expanded into molecules with broad-spectrum anti-Gram negative activity. We now report on one series of thiazolidinone analogs in which the heterocycle is presented as a dimer at the termini of a series of linkers. Many of these dimers inhibited the T3SS-dependent secretion of a virulence protein at concentrations lower than that of the original monomeric compound identified in our screen.
An empirical investigation on the dynamic processes of activity scheduling and trip chaining

Investigation of the dynamic processes of activity scheduling and trip chaining has been an interest of transportation researchers over the past decade because of its relevance to the effectiveness of congestion management and intelligent transportation systems. To empirically examine the processes, a computerized survey instrument is developed to collect household activity scheduling data. The instrument is unique in that it records the evolution of activity schedules from intentions to final outcomes for a weekly period. This paper summarizes the investigation on the dynamic processes of activity scheduling and trip chaining based on data collected from a pilot study of the instrument. With the data, ordered logit models are applied to identify factors that are pertinent to the scheduling horizon of activities. Results of the empirical analysis show that a daily schedule often starts with certain activities occupying a portion of the schedule and other activities are then arranged around these pre-occupants. Activities of shorter duration are more likely to be opportunistically inserted in a schedule already anchored by their longer duration counterparts. Persons with children often expect more constraining activities than those with no children. The analysis also shows that female respondents tend to be more structured in terms of how the week is planned. Additionally, analysis of travel patterns reveals that many trip-chains are formed opportunistically. Travel time required to reach an activity is positively related to the scheduling horizon for the activity, with more distant stops being planned earlier than closer locations.
Crop credit insurance in the agricultural credit system: The Mexican case

Abstract This study uses oval diagramming to analyze the complex organizational, economic and climatologie relationships which affect the operations of the Mexican crop credit insurance program. Our study demonstrates how the analysis of only a few components of an agricultural credit system can lead to an unduly pessimistic evaluation of the effectiveness of crop credit insurance programs.
Characterization of lead in US workplaces using data from OSHA's integrated management information system.

Background Lead hazards continue to be encountered in the workplace. OSHA's Integrated Management Information System (IMIS) is the largest available database containing sampling results in US workplaces. Methods Personal airborne lead sampling results in IMIS were extracted for years 1979–2008. Descriptive analyses, geographical mapping, and regression modeling of results were performed. Results Seventy-nine percent of lead samples were in the manufacturing sector. Lead sample results were highest in the construction sector (median = 0.03 mg/m3). NORA sector, year, OSHA region, number of employees at the worksite, federal/state OSHA plan, unionization, advance notification, and presence of an employee representative were statistically associated with having a lead sample result exceed the PEL. Conclusions Lead concentrations within construction have been higher than any other industry. Lead hazards have been most prevalent in the north and northeastern US. IMIS data can be useful as a surveillance tool and for targeting prevention efforts toward hazardous industries. Am. J. Ind. Med. 54:356–365, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Canonical representations for tissues and textures

Histologic evidence revealed by the light microscope has remained a cornerstone of medical diagnosis, and presents a significant visual in formation processing burden in clinical medicine. Computer technology can obviate the personal equation of traditional visual microscopy, and may lead to medical decision-making systems having a reliability, consistency and accuracy that can earn for them the rubric, "intelligent machine." This paper lays theoretical foundations for computer-based automation of histology. Graph-theoretic and syntactic models for tissues and other natural textures, and statistical models which complement them, provide canonical representations for analysis, discrimination, and synthesis of histologic patterns. Examples are selected from epithelium and muscle.
Reflectance at 610 nanometers estimates oxymyoglobin content on the surface of ground beef

This research evaluated the utility of direct (K/S 610÷K/S 525) and indirect (100%−% deoxymyoglobin+% metmyoglobin) methods for estimation of oxymyoglobin (OMb) on the surface of ground beef. Direct estimation was highly correlated to visual color scores (r=−0.93), indirect determination of OMb (r=0.98), and % metmyoglobin (r=−0.98). Since indirect OMb was based partially on % deoxymyoglobin, which was poorly correlated to visual color scores, the accuracy of the subtraction method may be limited. Both direct and indirect methods produced similar variability when estimating OMb. All calculations for pigment forms produced outliers, which were adjusted to 0 and 100% to more precisely represent surface pigment concentrations. This work suggests that the K/S 610÷K/S 525 method is accurate and repeatable and can be used to quantify surface OMb concentration and discoloration of ground beef.
One- and two-level densities for rational families of elliptic curves: evidence for the underlying group symmetries

Following Katz-Sarnak [KS1], [KS2], Iwaniec-Luo-Sarnak [ILS], and Rubinstein [Ru], we use the 1and 2-level densities to study the distribution of low lying zeros for oneparameter rational families of elliptic curves over Q(t). Modulo standard conjectures, for small support the densities agree with Katz and Sarnak’s predictions. Further, the densities confirm that the curves’ L-functions behave in a manner consistent with having r zeros at the critical point, as predicted by the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture. By studying the 2-level densities of some constant sign families, we find the first examples of families of elliptic curves where we can distinguish SO(even) from SO(odd) symmetry.
Asymptotic Behavior of Finite-Time Ruin Probability in a By-Claim Risk Model with Constant Interest Rate

This study investigates the ruin probability of a r enewal risk model with constant interest rate and b y-claim parts. We assume that the claim size and the inter- arrival time satisfy a certain dependent structure with some additional assumptions on their distribution f unctions. In particular, we study the asymptotic be havior of P(R * δ (t, x) >x), which holds uniformly in a finite interva l. In this way, we significantly extend the Li’s result regarding the pairwise strong quasi-asymptot ically independent random variables.
Wnt signaling promotes reprogramming of somatic cells to pluripotency

Document S1. Supplemental Experimental Procedures, Supplemental References, One Table, and Three FiguresxDownload (.35 MB ) Document S1. Supplemental Experimental Procedures, Supplemental References, One Table, and Three Figures