cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transitional Care of Service Members With Genitourinary Injury.

Objective To improve urotrauma care by describing veterans' current demographics and needs assessment during transitional care to the Veteran Health Administration (VHA) system. Methods We utilized our previously identified cohorts obtained from the DoD Trauma Registry data for male service members injured in theater linked with VHA electronic health records. We included veterans who received care at VHA at least once from October 2001 through September 2011 for chart review. We investigate demographics, opportunities for care, combat-related trauma, disability, and associated mental health or urologic conditions specifically at the initial encounter with a VHA healthcare provider. Results We queried 580 veterans' records in VHA from the linked databases. We idenfied that 141 (24.4%) veterans received addional care outside VHA and 17.1% (n = 99) of charts had insufficient data for injury validation. Reference to the urotrauma was mentioned in 72% of VHA initial visits (n = 416/580). The most common urotrauma occurred to the lower/external genitourinary injury (298, 51%). Of all the veterans identified with genitourinary trauma, approximately 28% (n = 160) were referred for urologic consultation, but only 14% were related to the original urotrauma. Ninety percent (522/580) of service members with urotrauma also had a mental health diagnosis, largely post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD, 70.8%). Conclusions The majority of men with urotrauma did have contact with VHA, yet there is no systematic approach to baseline assessment or long-term care strategy. However, only a small proportion of DoD-documented urotrauma requires ongoing care. We identified that coordinating care with mental health pathways (PTSD/traumatic brain injury) may be an opportunity to evaluate the long-term effects of urotrauma.
Questions and Discussions

(1916). Questions and Discussions. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 23, No. 7, pp. 263-266.
State Innovation on Climate Change: Reducing Emissions from Key Sectors While Preparing for a New Normal

Climate change is a global phenomenon that is causing sea levels to rise, floods and droughts to become more severe, and countless other impacts. States are implementing many innovative initiatives that are helpful models for other state and federal action—catalyzing changes well beyond their borders. State and local governments possess important legal authorities in areas such as utilities regulation, infrastructure investment, and land use—governing important policies, programs and investments that have long-term consequences in the fight against climate change. More recently, states have begun to undertake efforts to prepare for the consequences of climate change—developing “adaptation plans” aimed at increasing resilience to extreme weather events, fires, and rising seas. Given the multiple causes and contributors to climate change, action at the state and local level is necessary—though clearly not sufficient—to address this global challenge. More comprehensive national policies are needed as well as successful international agreements that curb emissions. This article describes the efforts of states to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from two major sectors (transportation and electricity) and to prepare for the impacts of climate change. By examining state innovation, lessons can be shared with other states and the federal government to inform decisions regarding future national and international efforts to curb climate change and adapt to its consequences.
Effectiveness of VR-based training on improving construction workers’ knowledge, skills, and safety behavior in robotic teleoperation

Abstract The emergence of construction robotics and automation has produced an urgent and vast need for construction workers to reskill and upskill for the future of work. Virtual Reality (VR)-based training has been considered and investigated as a safe and cost-effective training method that allows workers to be exposed to hazardous tasks with negligible actual safety risks in comparison to existing training methods (hands-on, lecture-based, apprenticeship training). This paper aims to investigate the impact of VR-based training on construction workers’ knowledge acquisition, operational skills, and safety behavior during robotic teleoperation compared to the traditional in-person training method. Fifty construction workers were randomly assigned to complete either VR-based or in-person training for operating a demolition robot. We used quantitative and qualitative data analyses to answer our research questions. Our results indicate that VR-based training was associated with a significant increase in knowledge, operational skills, and safety behavior compared to in-person training. Our findings suggest that VR-based training not only provides a viable and effective option for future training programs but a valuable option for construction robotics safety and skill training.
SU-E-J-213: Visualization of Scans and Metrics for Longitudinal Informatics

Purpose: To present new tools for visualizing scans across multiple timepoints alongwith changes in critical metrics. Method: MR scans for a Lung cancer patient were acquired at four different timepoints. A display consisting of 2×2 panels was developed to show the four scans in Transverse, Sagittal or Coronal cut-planes. In order to make sure the user is looking at the same scan-section at different timepoints, two kinds of registration modes were built in: (1) Anatomical registration: Scans at different time points are rigidly registered to the first timepoint. Here, regular anatomical structures like bones are used to drive the registration. (2) Matching tumor mid-plane plane: In this mode the mid-planes of the tumors are matched to register the scans. This mode is useful to users who are interested in looking at the tumor shrinkage/growth longitudinally. Once image registration is performed according to the selected mode, the user can scroll across scan slices together at different timepoints. It is possible to make fine adjustments to the image registration by nudging a particular timepoint by few slices. It is also possible to evaluate the accuracy of registration by using the spotlight tool that highlights the region selected on one of the timepoints, on all the timepoints. Linear interpolation from the neighboring scan slices is used to display a cut-plane located in between slices. The visualization is further improved using the sinc upsampling filter. Once the scans at different timepoints are registered, it is possible to extract metrics for the structures of interest. Currently, statistical features and the first and second order texture features could be extracted at different timepoints. Results: The new features and updates are built into CERR. Conclusion: The tool developed would help visualize scans taken longitudinally along with providing insight into how the critical metrics change over time.
Summary, Conclusions, Future Research

In this book we hoped to convince the reader that Monte Carlo methods can be useful in generating approximate solutions to fuzzy optimization problems. In a Monte Carlo procedure we randomly produce N possible (feasible) solutions to an optimization problem, subject to some criteria we keep only the “best” feasible solutions, and as N grows larger and larger we converge to an optimal solution. Having a feasible solution usually means it satisfies the constraints to the problem and these constraints usually involve equalities and inequalities. Monte Carlo methods are known to be very inefficient and are seldom used in crisp optimization problems since these problems usually have their own efficient solution algorithms. However, fuzzy optimization problems usually do not have their own efficient solution algorithms so Monte Carlo methods become more important in fuzzy optimization.
Tools for coproducing multiple proteins in mammalian cells.

Structural and functional studies of many mammalian systems are critically dependent on abundant supplies of recombinant multi-protein complexes. Mammalian cells are often the most ideal, if not the only suitable host for such experiments. This is due to their intrinsic capability to generate functional mammalian proteins. This advantage is frequently countered by problems with yields in expression, time required to generate over-expressing lines, and elevated costs. Co-expression of multiple proteins adds another level of complexity to these experiments, as cells need to be screened and selected for expression of suitable levels of each component. Here we present an efficient fluorescence marking procedure for establishing stable cell lines that over-express two proteins in co-ordination, and we validate the method in the production of recombinant monoclonal antibody Fab fragments. This procedure may readily be expanded to systems of greater complexity, comprising more then two components.
An architecture and interface for VLSI sensors

A VLSI sensor interface was designed for use in bus-organized sensor-driven process control systems where high accuracy and high reliability are important. The interface permits 12-b digital sensor data to be communicated to the host processor over a bidirectional parallel data bus which includes parity checking. The sensor can be self-testing and uses digital compensation of cross-parameter sensitivities. The interface has been implemented using discrete commercial components and has been designed in monolithic form in 3- mu m single-metal double-poly CMOS technology. The chip has a die area of 10.8 mm*8.5 mm before compaction and has a simulated power dissipation of 75 mW. The on-chip microprocessor operates at 4 MHz and the 12-bit ADC (analog-to-digital converter) has a conversion time of 14 mu s. >
Tyrosine phosphorylation of phospholipase C-II in vitro by the epidermal growth factor receptor

In a number of cell lines, epidermal growth factor (EGF) rapidly stimulates the breakdown of inositol phospholipids. Phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PLC), therefore, plays an important role in this biological response to EGF, but the mechanism by which EGF-receptor complexes modulate the activation of PLC is not understood. We have previously suggested that tyrosine phosphorylation of PLC or an unknown PLC-associated protein by the EGF receptor is involved in the activation process (Wahl, M. I., Daniel, T. O., and Carpenter, G. (1988) Science 241, 968–970) and have recently shown by immunoprecipitation that the addition of EGF to 32P-labeled cells increases tyrosine and serine phosphorylation of PLC-II (Wahl, M. I., Nishibe, S., Suh, P.-G., Rhee, S. G., and Carpenter, G. (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 86,1568–1572). In this communication we demonstrate that PLC-II (Mr = 145,000) purified from bovine brain can be phosphorylated in vitro in an EGF-dependent manner by the tyrosine kinase activity of the purified EGF receptor. While PLC-II is an efficient phosphorylation substrate for the purified EGF receptor, PLC-I is a poor substrate and PLC-IH is not phosphorylated to any detectable extent. Though all three PLC isozymes possess typical tyrosine phosphorylation sequences, the EGF receptor is surprisingly selective in vitro for the phosphorylation of PLC-II. High performance liquid chromatography comparison of tryptic phosphotyrosyl peptides from PLC-II phosphorylated in vivo and in vitro indicated a similar pattern of multiple tyrosine phosphorylation sites. These findings show that the EGF receptor can directly phosphorylate PLC-II in an efficient and selective manner.
Structure of Catalysts

The ability to engineer desired functions into particles is perhaps the ultimate achievement of the catalyst designer. In many cases, direct and obvious procedures are sufficient; in others, more subtle and innovative measures are called for. Although catalyst designs tend to evolve slowly as process experience accumulates, anticipating future problems will decrease development time.
Blood flow and gaseous metabolism of the rabbit uterus during pregnancy

Abstract Using indwelling plastic catheters, blood samples were drawn from an artery and a uterine vein of anesthetized and unanesthetized rabbits at selected stages in gestation. Oxygen content and oxygen capacity were determined on the samples. The coefficient of oxygen utilization by the uterus increased from an average value of 15 per cent early in gestation to 63 per cent in the last few days of the gestation period. The antipyrine method was employed for measuring the rate of blood flow per kilogram of tissue. Uterine blood flow was high in early pregnancy and decreased as gestation advanced. The rate of O 2 consumption per kilogram remained unchanged from the eleventh week onward; the average value was 7.42 c.c. per kilogram per minute.
A Sharp Look at Stories of Smell

What the Nose Knows. The Science of Scent in Everyday Life. By Avery Gilbert. Crown, New York, 2008. 304 pp. $23.95, C$27.95. ISBN 9781400082346. The author provides a wide-ranging and well-grounded account of the science and culture of smell.
The Electronic Structure of Icosahedral Boron Clusters

The one-electron energy levels of icosahedral boron clusters have been calculated as a function of intericosahedral spacing maintaining the intraicosahedral spacing of α-boron. For crystalline lattice constants greater than 1.25 times the equilibrium one, band overlap occurs with concomitant metallic behavior. At smaller lattice constants, orbitals(bands) associated with bonds to adjacent icosahedra are lowered and orbitals(bands) associated with “antibonds” are raised. Four bands which were three quarters full become empty, while three bands which were empty become filled. This leads to an energy gap between the filled states and the empty states which accounts for the experimentally observed insulating behavior of this elemental material with three valence electrons per atom.
Carbamyl phosphate and acetyl phosphate synthesis in Escherichia coli: analysis of associated enzyme activities by an antibody to acetokinase.

Brzozowski, Thomas H. (Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, Calif.), and Sumner M. Kalman. Carbamyl phosphate and acetyl phosphate synthesis in Escherichia coli: analysis of associated enzyme activities by an antibody to acetokinase. J. Bacteriol. 91:2286–2290. 1966.—Earlier studies have shown that the carbamyl phosphate synthesis from ammonia in cell extracts of wild-type Escherichia coli is due to at least two enzymes, acetokinase and the glutamine-dependent carbamyl phosphate synthetase. Partial purification of the glutamine-dependent carbamyl phosphate synthetase and acetokinase fails to separate from these enzymes this ammonia-dependent activity. An antibody to the partially purified acetokinase was prepared and used to determine the distribution of the ammonia-dependent activity in wild-type organisms and single-step arginine-uracil-requiring mutants with respect to the two enzymes. Such a study was possible because the antibody inhibits acetokinase but not the glutamine-utilizing carbamyl phosphate synthetase. Enzyme inhibition obtained by the stepwise addition of the antibody to cell extracts indicates that all of the ammonia-dependent carbamyl phosphate synthesis observed in the arginine-uracil-requiring mutants is due to a protein in the acetokinase fraction, presumably acetokinase itself, since acetyl phosphate and carbamyl phosphate synthesis were inhibited in a parallel fashion. In wild-type organisms, there is only partial inhibition of the ammonia-dependent activity, even when enough antibody is added to produce maximal inhibition of acetokinase. It is suggested that this residue is due to the glutamine-dependent carbamyl phosphate synthetase, for the ratio of the antibody insensitive to antibody sensitive ammonia-dependent activity present in cell extracts of the two wild-type organisms reported is qualitatively proportional to the level of carbamyl phosphate synthetase present relative to acetokinase.
FPL TIMBER BRIDGE DECK RESEARCH

The Forest Products Laboratory (FPL) in collaboration with the Forest Service Division of Engineering, has a continuing research program to improve timber bridge design and performance. The program covers field evaluations of existing bridges, laboratory evaluations of new or revised design criteria, and experimental field bridge studies. Much of the engineering research was concentrated on the design of vertically glued laminated wood panels for bridge decks. The results of both laboratory evaluations and experimental field bridge studies have indicated a glued system to be structurally superior to the conventionally used nailed-laminated decking. The use of glued panels should result in an overall economic saving in bridge costs and will greatly extend the service life of timber bridges.
Facilitating Improvements in Laboratory Report Writing Skills with Less Grading: A Laboratory Report Peer-Review Process

Incorporating peer-review steps in the laboratory report writing process provides benefits to students, but it also can create additional work for laboratory instructors. The laboratory report writing process described here allows the instructor to grade only one lab report for every two to four students, while giving the students the benefits of peer review and prompt feedback on their laboratory reports. Here we present the application of this process to a sophomore level genetics course and a freshman level cellular biology course, including information regarding class time spent on student preparation activities, instructor preparation, prerequisite student knowledge, suggested learning outcomes, procedure, materials, student instructions, faculty instructions, assessment tools, and sample data. T-tests comparing individual and group grading of the introductory cell biology lab reports yielded average scores that were not significantly different from each other (p = 0.13, n = 23 for individual grading, n = 6 for group grading). T-tests also demonstrated that average laboratory report grades of students using the peer-review process were not significantly different from those of students working alone (p = 0.98, n = 9 for individual grading, n = 6 for pair grading). While the grading process described here does not lead to statistically significant gains (or reductions) in student learning, it allows student learning to be maintained while decreasing instructor workload. This reduction in workload could allow the instructor time to pursue other high-impact practices that have been shown to increase student learning. Finally, we suggest possible modifications to the procedure for application in a variety of settings.
EARLY CHILDHOOD PREDICTORS OF ASTHMA

To investigate potential risk factors for the development of childhood asthma, the authors undertook a longitudinal study using a cohort of 770 children aged 5-9 years from East Boston, Massachusetts, that has been under study since 1975. The disease outcome considered was age at first onset of asthma, as determined by parental or self-reporting of a physician's diagnosis. Potential risk factors were evaluated specifically in relation to their presence antecedent to a diagnosis of asthma. Standardized questionnaires were used to obtain childhood illness histories, environmental exposures, and the asthmatic and atopic statuses of first-degree relatives. Ninety-one cases of asthma were identified from 1975 to 1988 (57 males and 34 females). Significant sex-adjusted relative risk estimates were seen for antecedent pneumonia, bronchitis, hay fever, sinusitis, parental asthma, and parental atopy. Neither bronchiolitis, eczema, croup, personal cigarette smoking, maternal smoking, paternal smoking, nor delivery complications bore an apparent relation to the development of asthma. A history of parental asthma or parental atopy did not significantly alter the sex-adjusted relative risk estimates for pneumonia, bronchitis, hay fever, or sinusitis. These results support the hypothesis that asthma is a multifactor disease whose expression is dependent on both familial and environmental influences.
“The Label Mental Illness” or “It's Showing Its Ugly Head…”: Mothers’ Conceptualizations of Mental Illness in Their Children

This grounded theory study examined the metaphors mothers used for mental illness when they had children who were. Two metaphor types were found: static and dynamic. Static metaphors for mental illness emphasized their unchanging qualities and problem-solving or learning strategies were highlighted as ways to approach them. Dynamic metaphors for mental illness highlighted how they were changeable. Positioning the diseases in a storyline, in which one could “try again tomorrow,” was one of the primary ways participants described approaching them. Clinical implications of this research may increase family engagement with treatment.
A simple synthesis of Geiparvarin

Abstract A simple, efficient (nine steps, 22% overall yield) synthesis of geiparvarin is described.
Applying complexity science to new product development: Modeling considerations, extensions, and implications

Abstract We extend the popular NK model of complex landscapes to incorporate two realities of NPD: (1) complementary vs. conflicting dependencies in a project and (2) predominantly incremental design changes to components in evolutionary NPD projects. We show, through stylized projects that the nature of dependencies among system elements moderate the effect of system complexity. Our study highlights that NPD development times may be longer than the original NK model suggests. We offer a modeling framework that can be used to test hypotheses regarding actual systems. Finally, we discuss promising directions for future research.
Identifying strategies to decrease infectious complications of gastroschisis repair.

Abstract Purpose We describe the infectious complications of gastroschisis in order to identify modifiable factors to decrease these complications. Methods Data from 155 gastroschisis patients (2001–2013) were reviewed. Complicated gastroschisis (intestinal atresia, necrotic bowel, or perforation) were excluded, leaving 129 patients for review. Patient demographics, surgical details, postoperative infections and complications, and length of stay were reviewed. We used CDC definitions of infectious complications. Results The average gestational age of patients was 35.97 weeks. Silos were used in 46% of patients (n = 59) for an average of 7.4 days. Thirty-one patients (24%) acquired an infection within the first 60 days of life. Patients who developed an infection were born earlier in gestation (P = 0.02), weighed less (P = 0.01), required silos more often (P = 0.01), and received a sutured repair (P = 0.04). Length of stay of patients with an infection was longer than in patients without infection (P = 0.01). Conclusions Infectious complications following gastroschisis repair are common. Subsets of gastroschisis patients at increased risk of infection include patients with silos, preterm delivery, low birth weight, and sutured repair. Based on our findings, our recommendation would be to carry gastroschisis patients to term and advocate against the routine use of silos, reserving their use for those cases when primary closure is not possible.
Mucous cyst in horseshoe kidney.

Abstract This is a case history of an unusual renal tumor in a horseshoe kidney that was noted serendipitously. No similar tumor is reported in the literature. Cystic lesions of the renal parenchyma are discussed.
Comparisons among Equations Used for Retinol Isotope Dilution in the Assessment of Total Body Stores and Total Liver Reserves

Vitamin A plays an essential role in animal biology and has negative effects associated with both hypo- and hypervitaminosis A. Many notable interventions are being done globally to eliminate vitamin A deficiency, including supplementation, fortification, and biofortification. At the same time, it is important to monitor vitamin A status in nations where preformed vitamin A intake is high because of consumption of animal source foods (e.g., liver, dairy, eggs), fortified foods (e.g., milk, cereals, oil, sugar, margarine), or vitamin supplements (e.g., one-a-day multivitamins) to ensure the population does not reach hypervitaminosis A. To accurately assess population status and evaluate interventions aimed at improving vitamin A status, accurate assessment methods are needed. The primary storage site of vitamin A is the liver; however, routinely obtaining liver samples from humans is impractical and unethical. Isotope dilution using deuterium- or 13 C-labeled retinol is currently the most sensitive indirect biomarker of vitamin A status across a wide range of liver reserves. The major drawback to its application is the increased technicality in sample analysis and data calculations when compared to less sensitive methodology, such as serum retinol concentrations and dose response tests. Two main equations have emerged for calculating vitamin A body pool size or liver concentrations from isotope dilution data: the ‘‘Olson equation’’ and the ‘‘mass balance equation.’’ Different applications of these equations can lead to confusion and lack of consistency if the underlying principles and assumptions used are not clarified. The purpose of this focused review is to describe the evolution of the equations used in retinol stable-isotope work and the assumptions appropriate to different applications of the test. Ultimately, the 2 main equations are shown to be fundamentally the same and differ only in assumptions made for each specific research application. J Nutr doi: 10.3945/jn.114.208132.
New combination of techniques for determination of the ultrafine structure of magnetic minerals

Correlation of the petrographic and magnetic properties of the magnetic minerals contained in rocks is least ambiguous when both properties are determined on the same individual mineral grain. Petrographic properties of grains and structures at least as small as 0.05 μm can be obtained from a combination of conventional and modem techniques, including reflected-light microscopy, scanning-electron microscopy, x-ray energy spectrometry, x-ray diffraction analysis, and etching techniques. Our initial results indicate that naturally occurring magnetite commonly contains a rich variety of submicroscopic inclusions and structures, heretofore unobserved, which probably have considerable effect on the magnetic properties of their hosts. After petrographic characterization, the magnetic properties of the individual grain can be determined by the use of vibrating sample and small-reentrant cryogenic magnetometers, an A.F. demagnetization unit, and a sensitive Curie balance system.
A New Approach to the Surgical Management of Idiopathic Uveal Effusion Syndrome

Purpose To describe a new method for managing retinal detachment associated with idiopathic uveal effusion syndrome. Methods A 73-year-old man with idiopathic uveal effusion syndrome and total retinal detachment in the right eye underwent quadrantic partial-thickness sclerectomies in conjunction with pars plana vitrectomy, internal drainage of subretinal fluid, and fluid-gas exchange. Results In the right eye, the patient's retina remained attached for 1 year after the procedure, and visual acuity improved to 20/70 on final follow-up. Conclusion Internal drainage of subretinal fluid performed in conjunction with quadrantic partial-thickness sclerectomies may be a preferred method of treating secondary retinal detachment in idiopathic uveal effusion syndrome. This procedure hastens reattachment of the neurosensory retina and may thereby improve the visual outcome.
Aristotle and his “Meteorologica”

Abstract Aristotle was one of the forefathers in the history of the science of meteorology. His Meteorologica is the oldest comprehensive treatise on the subject of meteorology. This paper presents a brief summary of some of the interesting facets of this important work by Aristotle.
Titration curves of heavy and light meromyosin and the effect of some salts.

Titration curves of heavy and light meromyosin have been measured in the presence of KCl, KCNS, NaCl, MgCl2, and CaCl2 in different concentrations. The isoelectric point is found at pH 5.2 for heavy and 5.7 for light meromyosin. The shift of pH upon salt addition in the isoelectric point was measured for the same salts and for sodium dodecylsulfate. Conclusions were drawn regarding the electrostatic free energy, which has a low value compared to egg albumin and serum albumin. Turbidities were measured in different salts and different pH for heavy meromyosin. The results point to intermolecular electrostatic binding as the cause of the turbidity. The turbidity maximum in the presence of salts is not always the isoelectrical point.
Terminal functionalization of atactic polypropylene: a new soluble polymer support

The preparation of terminally functionalized atactic polypropylenes is described. Using standard organic transformations, an olefin terminated polypropylene oligomer could be converted into many other important functional groups. Such species can serve as useful polymer-bound building blocks for synthesis and catalysis. These supported derivatives exhibit high phase-selective solubility in nonpolar solvents, making them excellent candidates for use as supported reagents/catalysts.
Characterization of the genomic structure, promoter region, and a tetranucleotide repeat polymorphism of the human neurotensin receptor gene

In the present study, we have cloned the human neurotensin receptor (NTR) gene, determined its structure, demonstrated that its promoter is functional in transfection experiments, and identified the start site of transcription and a tetranucleotide repeat polymorphism that locates at less than 3 kilobase pairs from the gene. The gene contains three introns, all in the coding regions. Several differences in genomic clones and previously characterized cDNA sequences are reconciled. The 5ʹ regulatory region, which is rich in presumptive transcription factors, can drive luciferase expression in transfected CHO-K1 cells. Stepwise 5ʹ deletions identify a positive modulator between -782 and -1309 and a negative modulator between -1309 and -1563. Southern blot analyses demonstrate a single copy gene for the NTR. The tetranucleotide repeat polymorphism is highly informative with at least 23 alleles and might serve as a very useful marker for genetic study of the relationship between the NTR and neuropsychiatric disorders.
Effect of adenosine triphosphate and some anti-inflammatory agents on a purified lysosomal fraction having high acid phosphatase and labile β-glucuronidase activity

Abstract A lysosomal fraction (P-2), with 6- to 7-fold increase in acid phosphatase and a 2-fold decrease in β-glucuronidase content has been isolated and partially purified from rat liver homogenates. This fraction showed an excessive loss of β-glucuronidase but not acid phosphatase in the presence of ATP, which stabilized crude mitochondriallysosomal fractions. The anti-inflammatory agents, hydrocortisone (10 −4 M), chloroquine (10 −4 M) and phenylbutazone (10 −4 M) showed no lysosomal membrane stabilizing activity when tested at pH 7.4 and pH 5.0. Instead, hydrocortisone and chloroquine enhanced the rate of release of acid phosphatase whereas the latter drug also enhanced the release of β-glucuronidase.
Sequence evolution in and around the mitochondrial control region in birds

By cloning and sequencing 3.4 kilobases of snow goose mtDNA we found that the ND5 gene is followed by the genes for cytochrome b, tRNAThr, tRNAPro, ND6, tRNAGlu, the control region, tRNAPhe, and srRNA. This order is identical to that of chicken, quail, and duck mtDNA but differs from that of mammals and a frog (Xenopus). The mean extent of difference due to base substitution between goose and chicken is generally closer to the same comparison between rat and mouse but less than that between human and cow. For one of the nine regions compared (tRNAGlu), the bird differences appear to be anomalous, possibly implicating altered functional constraints. Within the control region, several short sequences common to mammals are also conserved in the birds. Comparison of the goose control region with that of quail and chicken suggests that a sequence element with similarity to CSB-1 duplicated once prior to the divergence of goose and chicken and again on the lineage leading to chicken. Between goose (or duck) and chicken there are four times more transversions at the third positions of fourfold-degenerate codons in mitochondrial than in nuclear genes.
Incremental model evolution and reusability of supervisors for discrete event systems

System evolution, such as addition or replacement of a component, reconfiguration upon a diagnosed failure, or process changes leading to new requirements on the system behavior, may often invalidate the existing supervisors for a discrete event system. While redesigning these supervisors for the evolved system is always an option, it is often an expensive and time-consuming task. A more practical approach is to attempt, if possible, to reuse these supervisors for enforcing the original set of specifications. The objectives of this work are to: (i) study conditions on the evolution of the system model under which it is possible to reuse the existing supervisors, and (ii) propose a systematic method for this reuse of the supervisors, based on the automatic synthesis of input and output ''interfaces'', when the conditions identified in (i) hold.
The Literature of Labor and the Labors of Literature: Allegory in Nineteenth-Century American Fiction

The Literature of Labor and the Labors of Literature juxtaposes representations of labour in fictional texts and non-fictional texts in order to trace the intersections between aesthetic and economic discourse in nineteenth-century America. Both allegory and the new forms of labour produced a version of personhood that seemed frighteningly flat, a flatness that attacked the substance of the work ethic and, indeed, the very foundations of American individualism. Using this contextualized model of allegory, Weinstein argues that texts by Hawthorne, Melville, Twain and Adams are best understood both as allegories of labour (that is, the allegorical representations of the nature and cost of being a labouring being) and labours of allegory (that is, the visibility of the author's work of representation). Weinstein revolutionizes the notion of allegorical narrative, which is exposed as a literary medium of greater depth and consequence than has previously been implied - a working authorial vehicle for engaged and at times socially turbulent thought.
Shot-Noise Limited Single-Molecule FRET Histograms: Comparison between Theory and Experiments†

We describe a simple approach and present a straightforward numerical algorithm to compute the best fit shot-noise limited proximity ratio histogram (PRH) in single-molecule fluorescence resonant energy transfer diffusion experiments. The key ingredient is the use of the experimental burst size distribution, as obtained after burst search through the photon data streams. We show how the use of an alternated laser excitation scheme and a correspondingly optimized burst search algorithm eliminates several potential artifacts affecting the calculation of the best fit shot-noise limited PRH. This algorithm is tested extensively on simulations and simple experimental systems. We find that dsDNA data exhibit a wider PRH than expected from shot noise only and hypothetically account for it by assuming a small Gaussian distribution of distances with an average standard deviation of 1.6 A. Finally, we briefly mention the results of a future publication and illustrate them with a simple two-state model system (DNA h...
CYP Induction-Mediated Drug Interactions: in Vitro Assessment and Clinical Implications

Cytochrome P450 (CYP) induction-mediated interaction is one of the major concerns in clinical practice and for the pharmaceutical industry. There are two major issues associated with CYP induction: a reduction in therapeutic efficacy of comedications and an induction in reactive metabolite-induced toxicity. Because CYP induction is a metabolic liability in drug therapy, it is highly desirable to develop new drug candidates that are not potent CYP inducer to avoid the potential of CYP induction-mediated drug interactions. For this reason, today, many drug companies routinely include the assessment of CYP induction at the stage of drug discovery as part of the selection processes of new drug candidates for further clinical development. The purpose of this article is to review the molecular mechanisms of CYP induction and the clinical implications, including pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic consequences. In addition, factors that affect the degree of CYP induction and extrapolation of in vitro CYP induction data to in vivo situations will also be discussed. Finally, assessment of the potential of CYP induction at the drug discovery and development stage will be discussed.
Identification of Global Alteration of Translational Regulation in Glioma In Vivo

Post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression contributes to the protein output of a cell, however, methods for measuring translational regulation in complex in vivo systems are lacking. Here, we describe a sensitive method for measuring translational regulation in defined cell populations from heterogeneous tissue in vivo. We adapted the translating ribosome affinity purification (TRAP) methodology to measure the relative occupancy of individual mRNA transcripts in translating ribosomes in the Olig2-positive tumor cell population in a genetically engineered mouse model (GEM) of glioma. Global measurement of paired ribosome-bound and total cellular mRNA populations from tumor cells in vivo identified a broad distribution of relative ribosome occupancies amongst mRNA species that was highly reproducible across biological samples. Comparison of the translation state of glioma cells to non-transformed oligodendrocyte progenitor cells in normal brain identified global alteration of translation in tumor, and specifically of genes involved in cell division and synthetic metabolism. Furthermore, investigation of alteration in steady state translational efficiencies upon loss of PTEN, one of the most frequently mutated and deleted tumor suppressors in glioma, identified differential translation of proteins involved in cellular respiration, canonically regulated by PI3K/Akt signaling, and cellular glycosylation profiles, deregulation of which is known to be associated with tumor progression. Application of the translation efficiency profiling method described here to other biological contexts and conditions would extend our knowledge of the scope and impact of this important mode of gene regulation in complex in vivo systems.
Novel security techniques for online systems

By ensuring entry to subsystems (zones) with different facilities and security levels, log-in procedures can do more than simply delay illicit access.
Alternative Designs of a High Efficiency, North-facing, Solid Particle Receiver

Abstract Falling solid particle receivers can enable increased working-fluid temperatures for central receiver power plants, but will need to have high thermal efficiencies. This can increase power-cycle efficiencies and reduce thermal storage costs. A previous north- facing solid particle receiver (SPR) design was estimated to have a thermal efficiency of 72.3%. This design included a large aperture (17 m x 17 m), a slight downward facing nod (20°), a high-sloping ceiling to accommodate the beam angles from the closest heliostats, and particles released near the back wall of the receiver. Receiver design modifications have been introduced to achieve a thermal efficiency of >90% as stated in the SunShot initiative. Design changes including a reduced aperture size, bottom lip on aperture, increased nod angle, deeper cavity, reduced ceiling slope angles, and more specular walls resulted in higher thermal efficiency designs. DELSOL was used to determine viable receiver dimensions, aperture sizes, and nod angles for a desired power output. The optimum receiver parameters were 10.63 m x 10.63 m aperture size, 50° nod angle, and a tower height of 194.7 m. The new aperture size had a higher concentration ratio and provided maximum incident power on the particles with minimum radiative loss. An aperture with a lip, nod angle of 50°, and extended back wall prevented buoyant hot air from leaving the receiver. A ceiling with higher reflectivity allowed more incident radiation to be reflected onto the particles rather than absorbed and thermally re-emitted.
Water-stabilized cavitands.

Tetrabenzimidazole cavitands 4 were prepared by condensation of ortho esters with octaamino cavitand 3 in 70−80% yield. Molecular modeling predicted that no intramolecular hydrogen bonds are possible between the imidazole fragments in the vase conformation of 4. Instead, this conformation provides four perfect binding sites for hydroxyl-containing molecules through an N−H---O−H---N pattern. Such interactions provide the means for sealing the cavitand's cavity. Accordingly, dry compounds 4 are not soluble in dry CDCl3 but readily dissolve upon addition of small amounts of alcohols or by saturation of the solution with water. 1H NMR spectroscopy revealed that in these solutions molecules 4 adopt a vase conformation while 1D GOESY experiments revealed their monomeric nature. In water-saturated CDCl3, these cavitands 4 form kinetically stable 1:1 inclusion complexes with tetramethylphosphonium bromide and triethylammonium chloride in which the cation is incorporated into the π-basic cavity. Thus, cavitands 4 ...
Applicability of the Group Personality Projective Test within a prison population.

Administered the Group Personality Projective Test (GPPT) to 60 male offenders incarcerated in a state penitentiary. A board of 10 prisoners selected inmates who clearly had demonstrated one of three patterns of assaultive behavior: undercontrolled aggressives, overcontrolled aggressives, and over controlled psychopaths. A control group was chosen randomly from the prison population, as well. Results failed to support the hypothesis that GPPT scores significantly differ among relatively homogeneous prisoner subgroups or between these groups and the control group of non-assaultive prisoners. Language: en
Stable-isotopes of groundwaters from the Albuquerque, New Mexico, basin: one decade later

In the spring of 1995, 24 samples were collected from a widely distributed system of municipal water wells in Albuquerque, N.M., and analyzed for hydrogen (δD) and oxygen (δ18O) isotopic compositions. δD values for 15 of these samples are largely similar to those reported by Yapp in 1985, but have locally become more negative by as much as 5 per mil (o). δD–δ18O data define two endmembers that are well aligned along the familiar meteoric water line (MWL): (1) the eastern domain (mountain precipitation runoff), having δD>–86o (similar to the criteria of Yapp) and δ18O>–12.1o (this work); and (2) a central basin domain, which may be in part derived from water seepage from the Rio Grande, having δD<–95o and δ18O<–13.2o. Only a few wells across the basin have δD values near the "baseline" value of the Rio Grande, defined by Yapp as –92o. The proximity of these wells to the Rio Grande is consistent with recharge by seepage from the river bed under baseline conditions. Extensive pumping in the eastern domain and West Mesa areas may be partly responsible for an apparent expansion of the central-basin regime of water more depleted in δD, much as a plume migrating in response to transient perturbations in original hydraulic gradients. Vertically stacked groundwater occurrences having limited interconnection are inferred from the significant differences in isotopic compositions of samples from two wells screened at multiple depths. The central and western parts of the basin are little influenced by contributions from the eastern domain. Some groundwaters from the western part of the basin plot below the MWL and clearly cannot be mixtures solely of the eastern domain and central basin endmembers. The origins of these western groundwaters and the most depleted central basin groundwaters are as yet unknown, but we speculate they may have received recharge under climatic conditions different from the present.
Effect of overlap on semiempirical potentials derived from tight binding.

Overlap must explicitly be included when empirical interatomic potentials for use in environments of low symmetry are derived using tight-binding theory. We derive a simplified real-space total-energy expression that takes into account the first and second moments of the density of states including overlap. It uses the extended Hueckel theory and Taylor and Pade truncations for the inverse of the overlap matrix. Our approximate expression is tested for an [ital s]-band nearest-neighbor model by carrying out numerical integrations over exact densities of states for many lattices of different dimensionality and coordination number. Within a two-body simplification the inclusion of overlap leads to a new functional form for use in developing embedded-atom functionals. Quantitative accuracy is improved, however, when the three-body Pade-approximation-derived form is used.
Adhesion of polysilicon microbeams in controlled humidity ambients

The authors characterize in-situ the adhesion of surface micromachined polysilicon beams subject to controlled humidity ambients. Beams were freed by supercritical CO{sub 2} drying. Consistent adhesion results were obtained using a post-treatment in an oxygen plasma which rendered the microbeams uniformly hydrophilic. Individual beam deformations were measured by optical interferometry after equilibration at a given relative humidity (RH). Validation of each adhesion measurement was accomplished by comparing the deformations with elasticity theory. The data indicates that adhesion increases exponentially with RH from 30% to 95%, with values from 1 mJ/m{sup 2} to 50 mJ/m{sup 2}. Using the Kelvin equation, the authors show that the data should be independent of RH if a smooth interface is considered. By modeling a rough interface consistent with atomic force microscopy (AFM) data, the exponential trend is satisfactorily explained.
TRANSCRIPTIONALLY ACTIVE XENOPUS LAEVIS SOMATIC 5 S RIBOSOMAL RNA GENES ARE PACKAGED WITH HYPERACETYLATED HISTONE H4, WHEREAS TRANSCRIPTIONALLY SILENT OOCYTE GENES ARE NOT

Abstract The relationship between histone acetylation and transcription of the Xenopus laevis oocyte and somatic 5 S ribosomal RNA genes was investigated. Chromatin fragments from aX. laevis kidney cell line were immunoprecipitated with an antibody specific for hyperacetylated histone H4. The DNA from the hyperacetylated chromatin was probed with both oocyte- and somatic gene-specific sequences, and the results showed that the upstream, nontranscribed region of the transcriptionally active somatic genes is packaged with acetylated histone H4. In contrast, the corresponding region of the transcriptionally silent oocyte genes is packaged with hypoacetylated histone H4 in this cells line. Further study also showed that this region of the oocyte genes was less sensitive to digestion with the enzyme, micrococcal nuclease. Together these results suggest that, as described for both RNA polymerase I and II transcribed genes, there is a correlation between histone acetylation and transcription of the RNA polymerase III transcribed 5 S ribosomal RNA genes in X. laevis.
Models for the theory of the hydrogen bond: Linear H3/−

An analogy is drawn between the hydrogen bond and the interaction of H2 with H− as a prototype. The energy surface for linear H3/− is calculated using a minimal basis set of 1s orbitals and complete configuration interaction. The appearance of single and double minimum potentials on this surface is discussed.