cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamic Modeling of the Thrust Force and Torque for Drilling

Discrete time dynamic models relating the drilling process outputs of thrust force and torque to feed input are presented in this paper. Drilling to depths of greater than a few drill diameters with conventional twist drills, the torque and thrust force tend to increase due to difficulties with chip evacuation. This could lead to undesirable events such as increased wear rates, fracture of the cutting edges, or catastrophic tool failure. Closed loop control of thrust force or torque is a possible solution to this problem. To do this, dynamic models relating the controllable inputs of feed and speed to outputs of thrust force and torque are required. Transient responses of the thrust force and torque to command changes in spindle speed and feed were recorded. Using this experimental data, batch and recursive least squares estimation techniques were used to estimate the prameters of first order models. Variations in spindle speed had no observable effect on either thrust force or torque. By using actual feed as the input, these models are independent of the machine tool drive system. These models can be utilized for closed loop control of thrust force or torque by manipulating the drilling feed.
Dynamic Response Computations

This chapter focuses on a detailed presentation of the methods available for the determination of the dynamic response of linear structural dynamic systems. Three particular situations are considered: free response, forced harmonic response, and forced response to an arbitrary loading. Approaches to determine these three different responses are presented for both classically and nonclassically damped systems using modal/eigenvector expansions. They transform multi-degree-of-freedom systems into uncoupled second-order (for classically damped systems) and first-order (for nonclassically damped systems) differential equations the solution of which is presented and discussed. The determination of the steady-state response to a harmonic loading through a frequency dependent impedance matrix is also demonstrated and the pros and cons of this method and the modal expansion strategy are discussed. The numerical evaluation of the response to an arbitrary loading from Duhamel's formula and by using step-by-step algorithms is discussed in details and some of the key properties of these methods are highlighted. It is finally demonstrated how to extend the previous discussion when the structure is excited by the motion of its supports. The finite element model of a wing is considered to exemplify the above methods and concepts. Keywords: free response; forced response; modal superposition; decoupling; numerical integration; steady-state response; transient response
Capillary Impregnation of Aligned Fibrous Beds: Experiments and Model:

Capillary flow affects the amount of air entrapped between fiber reinforced composites during the impregnation. This paper investigates the permeability of aligned fiber bundles by capillary flow in both longitudinal and transverse directions. Experiments measure capillary flow by the rate of weight gain of fiber-filled tubes having one end in contact with a fluid at atmospheric pressure. The driving force for this flow is capillary pressure only; no external driving pressure is applied during impregnation. Permeabilities obtained under these conditions are slightly lower than those measured under conditions of positive external pressure. The Kozeny constant for longitudinal flow are found to be 1.06, and for transverse flow to be about 8.A simple model is derived to illustrate the role of capillary flow along fiber reinforcements during wetting. While capillary flow is insignificant with high injection rates, it is significant at low injection rates. The model indicates that for a specified fiber volume ...
Electron-hole Liquid Condensation in Semiconductors

A description is given of the basic energetics and thermodynamics of the condensation of excitons into electron-hole liquid in semiconductors. The ground state energetics is reviewed, and recent work on the thermodynamics of the condensation, especially those features which can be related simply to the basic energetics, is described. In particular, theoretical approaches to the condensation phase diagram and to its critical point are given, and simple scaling relations between the ground state properties and the critical parameters are developed.
Advisory considerations on the scientific basis of the food safety evaluation of transgenic animals Daniel

Advances in animal biotechnology, and transgenic animals in particular, present many new challenges to society and governments in areas such as bioethics, patenting, food quality, food safety, and possible environmental effects. Our agency has co-sponsored conferences on a number of technical and societal issues in animal biotechnology (Burke, 1993; McGloughlin, 1994). It is evident from such conferences that scientific, environmental, and other interest groups often have divergent views on these issues, making it difficult to develop coherent public policies. One mechanism that has proven useful in the United States for organizing policy input from diverse interest groups and in building public confidence in new technologies is the use of Federal advisory committees.
A Number Sense Assessment Tool for Identifying Children at Risk for Mathematical Difficulties

Publisher Summary Although number sense has been defined differently and sometimes is used loosely in connection with math, researchers generally agree that number sense in the 3- to 6-year-old period involves interrelated abilities involving numbers and operations, such as subitizing quantities of 3 or less quickly, without counting; counting items in a set to at least five with knowledge that the final count word indicates how many are in the set; discriminating between small quantities; comparing numerical magnitudes and transforming sets with totals of 5 or less by adding or taking away items. Arguably, number and associated operational knowledge is the most important area of mathematical learning in early childhood. Number sense has three components that include counting, number knowledge and number operations. Counting is a crucial tool for learning about numbers and arithmetic operations, and counting weaknesses have consistently been linked to mathematics difficulties. Early difficulties in counting are precursors for later problems with math operations. Weak number sense can result in poorly developed counting procedures, slow fact retrieval, and inaccurate computation, all characteristics of math learning disabilities. It is difficult to memorize arithmetic ‘facts' by rote, without understanding how combinations relate to one another on a mental number line. Accurate and efficient counting procedures can lead to strong connections between a problem and its solution. It has been suggested that basic number sense is a circumscribed cognitive function and relatively independent from general memory, language and spatial knowledge.
Decoupling the equations of regularized tomography

Deferring discretization can occasionally change our perspective on imaging problems. To illustrate, we offer a reformulation of regularized computed tomography (CT) in which the large system of coupled equations for the unknown smoothed image is decoupled into many smaller and simpler equations, each for a separate projection. Regularized CT thus becomes a two-stage process of (nonhomogeneous) smoothing of the projections followed by filtered backprojection. As a by-product, the repeated forward and backprojections common in iterative image reconstruction are eliminated. Despite the computational simplification, we demonstrate that this method can be used to reduce metal artifacts in X-ray CT images. The decoupling of the equations results from postponing the discretization of image derivatives that realize the smoothness constraint, allowing for this constraint to be analytically "transferred" from the image domain to the projection, or Radon, domain. Our analysis thus clarifies the role of image smoothness: it is an entirely intra-projection constraint.
Modulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase expression by sumoylation

In astrocytes, the inflammatory induction of Nitric Oxide Synthase type 2 (NOS2) is inhibited by noradrenaline (NA) at the transcriptional level however its effects on specific transcription factors are not fully known. Recent studies show that the activity of several transcription factors including C/EBPβ, which is needed for maximal NOS2 expression, is modulated by conjugation of the small molecular weight protein SUMO. We examined whether the expression of SUMO Related Genes (SRGs: SUMO-1, the conjugating enzyme Ubc9, and the protease SENP1) are affected by inflammatory conditions or NA and whether SUMO-1 regulates NOS2 through interaction with C/EBPβ. Bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used to induce inflammatory responses including NOS2 expression in primary astrocytes. The mRNA levels of SRGs were determined by QPCR. A functional role for SUMOylation was evaluated by determining effects of over-expressing SRGs on NOS2 promoter and NFκB binding-element reporter constructs. Interactions of SUMO-1 and C/EBPβ with the NOS2 promoter were examined by chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. Interactions of SUMO-1 with C/EBPβ were examined by immunoprecipitation and Western blot analysis and by fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) assays. LPS decreased mRNA levels of SUMO-1, Ubc9 and SENP1 in primary astrocytes and a similar decrease occurred during normal aging in brain. NA attenuated the LPS-induced reductions and increased SUMO-1 above basal levels. Over-expression of SUMO-1, Ubc9, or SENP1 reduced the activation of a NOS2 promoter, whereas activation of a 4 × NFκB binding-element reporter was only reduced by SUMO-1. ChIP studies revealed interactions of SUMO-1 and C/EBPβ with C/EBP binding sites on the NOS2 promoter that were modulated by LPS and NA. SUMO-1 co-precipitated with C/EBPβ and a close proximity was confirmed by FRET analysis. Our results demonstrate that SUMOylation regulates NOS2 expression in astrocytes, and point to modification of C/EBPβ as a possible mechanism of action. Targeting the SUMOylation pathway may therefore offer a novel means to regulate inflammatory NOS2 expression in neurological conditions and diseases.
p-SPA, a peripheral adenosine A1 analogue, reduces sleep apneas in rats

The actions of N6-p-sulfophenyladenosine (p-SPA), a novel peripherally selective adenosine A1 agonist, were assessed on spontaneous and postsigh central sleep apneas in freely moving, unanesthetized rats by simultaneously monitoring sleep and respiration. Intraperitoneal administration of 0.1, 0.3, and 1.0 mg/kg of the drug significantly decreased postsigh and spontaneous sleep apnea index (AI). This effect persisted throughout the 6-h recording period. Doses of 0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg did not affect sleep efficiency, whereas 1.0 mg/kg of p-SPA reduced it to 60% of baseline value.
Fluorescent DNAs printed on paper: sensing food spoilage and ripening in the vapor phase

The monitoring of food spoilage is important to human health. Here we tested the ability of DNA-based oligodeoxyfluoroside (ODF) dyes to sense volatiles as they arise from spoilage, and employed a new platform for fluorescence sensing by inkjet printing of varied dyes on cellulose paper. ODFs are a class of short DNA-like oligomers with fluorophores replacing DNA bases. Six tetrameric ODFs of distinct sequences were printed on cotton paper using a commercial inkjet printer; printing methods and additives were evaluated for optimal fluorescence and response. ODFs were exposed via headspace volatiles in a closed container to a variety of foods as they spoiled over a period of days. We observed fluorescence intensity and/or color changes during exposure to meats (ground beef and shrimp), dairy (milk and cheese), fruit (orange juice), grain (bread), and vegetable (lettuce) sources. The printed sensors were imaged under an epifluorescence microscope and the signals were quantified using digital values from red (R), blue (B), green (G), and luma (L) channels, creating “fingerprints” for each headspace volatile mixture. This set of ODF sensors yielded a general fluorescence increase for protein-rich foods (ground beef, shrimp, and milk), while each food could be distinguished by the relative difference among RGB channels. Incubation temperature affected volatiles produced from spoiling ground beef, as storage at 4 °C yielded weaker signals. Spoilage of foods with low water activity (bread and cheese) also produced responses distinct from high-moisture foods, but similar to one another. Ripening of fruits (banana, tomato, and peach) was also tested. Monitoring the spoilage of ground beef (room temperature and 4 °C) and milk (room temperature) revealed that the composition of volatiles changes dynamically during the fifteen-day period, suggestive of shifts in bacterial populations.
Clinical studies of blood lipid metabolism I. normal blood lipid variations of phospholipids, neutral fats, total lipids, and lipid fraction percentages

1. Serum lipid fractions as lipid phosphorus, phospholipids, cholesterol, cholesterol as oleate (esterined), neutral fats, and total lipids were defined and determined in normal male and female patients, twentytwo to seventy-two years of age. These serum lipid fractions must be determined to reflect the true blood lipid state. 2. There is a marked variation from the arithmetic mean of the normal serum lipid fractions. 3. Neither total cholesterol alone nor cholesterol and phospholipid determinations reflect high blood lipid changes. 4. The ratio of phospholipid to cholesterol above 1.00 may be encountered in older individuals and below 1.00 in the young age group. 5. One must determine the arithmetic mean values as a base line, because of the variations of the normal serum lipid fraction percentage, the difference in technique, and the variation in the terminology of certain blood lipid constituents.
Three-dimensional surface segmentation using multicolored illumination

We introduce a method for segmenting surfaces of three- dimensional objects using two images of the object obtained from the same viewpoint under different illumination conditions. The method al- lows the surface spectral reflectance to vary from point to point and requires only weak conditions on the uncalibrated illumination configura- tion. The algorithm is based on the local recovery of an illumination change matrix that depends on surface geometry but not on the spectral reflectance of the surface. We show that for typical sensor noise levels, this technique can be used for the reliable detection of surface orienta- tion changes of a few degrees. This approach can be generalized using a calibrated setup to recover a dense set of surface orientation estimates from two images. We present a set of experiments demonstrating the capability of the algorithm for the segmentation of planar surfaces in the presence of spatially varying spectral reflectance. © 1998 Society of Photo- Optical Instrumentation Engineers. (S0091-3286(98)01505-0)
Transonic buffet characteristics of a 60-deg swept wing with design variations

Wind-tunnel tests of a typical swept wing fighter aircraft were conducted to determine the improvement in the buffet-onset lift coefficient CL^, resulting from wing camber and from leading and trailing edge deflection. The coefficient CLB was determined from trailing edge pressure, wing-root bending moment, fluorescent oil flow photographs, and force data. All four types of data are arranged in a composite graphical form to insure proper CLB selection and to identify the location on the wing where separation first occurs. Results at Mach 0.9 showed that 0.2 increase in camber (airfoil design lift coefficient) increased CLB approximately 0.08; a 5° leading edge droop 0.15; and a 5° inboard trailing edge flap 0.12. Analysis of design trends shown by previous experimental results are described for the effects of wing thickness ratio, sweep, aspect ratio, and camber on CLBSpecific buffet problems related to variable swept wings are discussed.
Self-learning finite elements for inverse estimation of thermal constitutive models

In this work, a new methodology for inverse estimation of thermal constitutive models is introduced. This new methodology combines computational intelligence with finite element analysis for solving inverse heat transfer problems. A neural network (NN) representation of thermal constitutive behavior and its implementation in non-linear finite element analysis are presented. The self-learning methodology uses a novel concept for developing material models using experimental data and iterative finite element analyses. The proposed methodology searches for complete thermal constitutive models as opposed to identifying parameters in predetermined functional forms. The application of this new methodology is illustrated using a simulated steady-state heat conduction problem. It was found in simulated experiments that the self-learning finite element method can inversely recover accurate NN representations of thermal constitutive models using simple temperature measurements. Moreover, the method showed stability in the presence of imperfect or noisy data. It is shown that the use of a NN representation of the constitutive model improves the stability of solutions naturally due to the imprecision tolerance of NN.
Setting Up a Robotic Surgery Program: A Nurse's Perspective

Robotic surgery is a growing field that has introduced a new range of instruments, procedures, and protocols into the standard OR suite. The safety and efficiency of robotic assistance in surgical practice depend significantly on the presence of a consistent, trained, and experienced nursing staff and OR team. Establishing a robotic coordinator position goes a long way in optimal OR scheduling, timely procurement of instruments, training of nursing staff, and in collaborating between surgeons across multiple services.
Percolation, relaxation halt, and retarded van der Waals interaction in dilute systems of iron nanoparticles

We find three unanticipated features in the magnetic response of dilute systems of highly monodisperse Fe nanoparticles. Above a spin freezing temperature ${(T}_{f})$ the remanent magnetization relaxes smoothly to zero, but below ${T}_{f}$ the relaxation halts abruptly at a nonzero value. The distribution of relaxation rates changes at a percolation temperature ${(T}_{p}),$ consistent with chainlike structures above ${T}_{p}$ and three-dimensional clusters below ${T}_{p}.$ The blocking temperature ${(T}_{b})$ varies inversely proportional to particle diameter, opposite to the behavior of the N\'eel-Brown model for individual domains, but consistent with a type of Casimir-Polder interaction expected between dilute nanometer-scale particles.
Compensating for distortion caused by marker susceptibility in MR images

Fiducial markers are used in image-guided surgery to register images to physical space. Submillimetric accuracy is achievable with CT, but with MR geometrical distortions may cause substantial error. Some anatomical regions may suffer minimal distortion, and the markers can be placed in areas of low distortion, but the marker's own magnetic susceptibility causes distortions of its shape and centroid, compromising the accuracy of its localization. General methods for correcting MR distortion require a second image acquisition. We show that it is possible to provide an accurate localization of marker position without a second image. Our method is to perform a simulation of MR imaging based on the known shape and contents of the marker and the known parameters of the imaging protocol. We compare simulated images at multiple candidate angles and positions to the acquired image. The centroid associated with the most similar image is the improved localization. We use a second simulator to provide ground truth, a binary marker model, and a 1-mm resolution for the candidate positions. For three orientations, the method recovered the correct centroid for signal-to-noise ratios as low as 10. For ratios of 5 and 7, we found an improvement in localization accuracy of 1.0±0.4 mm.
Apical ballooning syndrome (Takotsubo cardiomyopathy) presenting with typical left ventricular morphology at initial presentation and mid-ventricular variant during a recurrence.

![Figure][1] [![Graphic][3] ][3][![Graphic][4] ][4] A 65-year-old woman presented to the emergency room with a suspected acute coronary syndrome. Emergency coronary angiography revealed normal coronary arteries, and the left ventricular angiogram confirmed regional wall motion
Power and performance analysis of multimedia applications running on low-power devices by cache modeling

High processing speed is required to support computation intensive applications. Cache memory is used to improve processing speed by reducing the speed gap between the fast processing core and slow main memory. However, the problem of adopting cache into computing systems is twofold: cache is power hungry (that challenges energy constraints) and cache introduces execution time unpredictability (that challenges supporting real-time multimedia applications). Recently published articles suggest that using cache locking improves predictability. However, increased cache activities due to aggressive cache locking make the system consume more energy and become less efficient. In this paper, we investigate the impact of cache parameters and cache locking on power consumption and performance for real-time multimedia applications running on low-power devices. In this work, we consider Intel Pentium-like single-processor and Xeon-like multicore architectures, both with two-level cache memory hierarchy, using three popular multimedia applications: MPEG-4 (the global video coding standard), H.264/AVC (the network friendly video coding standard), and recently introduced H.265/HEVC (for improved video quality and data compression ratio). Experimental results show that cache locking mechanism added to an optimized cache memory structure is very promising to increase the performance/power ratio of low-power systems running multimedia applications. According to the simulation results, performance can be improved by decreasing cache miss rate down to 36 % and the total power consumption can be saved up to 33 %. It is also observed that H.265/HEVC has significant performance advantage over H.264/AVC (and MPEG-4) for smaller caches.
Similar withdrawal severity in adolescents and adults in a rat model of alcohol dependence.

Alcohol use during adolescence leads to increased risk of developing an alcohol use disorder (AUD) during adulthood. Converging evidence suggests that this period of enhanced vulnerability for developing an AUD may be due to the adolescent's unique sensitivity and response to alcohol. Adolescent rats have been shown to be less sensitive to alcohol intoxication and withdrawal susceptibility; however, age differences in ethanol pharmacokinetics may underlie these effects. Therefore, this study investigated alcohol intoxication behavior and withdrawal severity using a modified Majchrowicz model of alcohol dependence that has been shown to result in similar blood ethanol concentrations (BECs) despite age differences. Adolescent (postnatal day, PND, 35) and adult rats (PND 70+) received ethanol according to this 4-day binge paradigm and were observed for withdrawal behavior for 17 h. As expected, adolescents showed decreased sensitivity to alcohol-induced CNS depression as evidenced by significantly lower intoxication scores. Thus, adolescents received significantly more ethanol each day (12.3 ± 0.1 g/kg/day) than adults (9.2 ± 0.2 g/kg/day). Despite greater ethanol dosing in adolescent rats, both adolescent and adult groups had comparable peak BECs (344.5 ± 10.2 and 338.5 ± 7.8 mg/dL, respectively). Strikingly, withdrawal severity was similar quantitatively and qualitatively between adolescent and adult rats. Further, this is the first time that withdrawal behavior has been reported for adolescent rats using this model of alcohol dependence. A second experiment confirmed the similarity in BECs at various time points across the binge. These results demonstrate that after consideration of ethanol pharmacokinetics between adults and adolescents by using a model that produces similar BECs, withdrawal severity is nearly identical. This study, in combination with previous reports on ethanol withdrawal in adolescents and adults, suggests only a BEC-dependent effect of ethanol on withdrawal severity regardless of age.
Uniformity of Arsenic Dimer and Tetramer Fluxes from a Valved Arsenic Cracking Source in MBE

We have studied the uniformity of the arsenic flux from a commercially available valved arsenic cracker source for MBE. There are many epitaxial structures that require a uniform arsenic flux distribution for rotated epitaxial growth and, in the non-rotated case, for RHEED. For non-stoichiometric GaAs growth at low substrate temperatures, which results in arsenic precipitates being formed during the in-situ anneal process, a specific As/Ga ratio must be used to maintain high crystalline quality and to achieve the desired electrical properties. Also, in the growth of InGaAsP the As/P ratio is equally important for lattice match and quality device results. We report on the uniformity of amorphous arsenic (a-As) films condensed on the surface of 3′ diameter sapphire wafers slightly below room temperature. Sapphire substrates were used in place of GaAs wafers to facilitate the use of x-ray fluorescence for the measurement of the arsenic film uniformity. Uniformity maps will be presented for rotated and non-rotated a-As depositions of As2 and As4. Results indicate the uniformity of a-As, As4, films to have a standard deviation of < 2.5% across a 3′ diameter substrate for the rotated case. Characteristics of the non-rotated case will be presented.
The diversion of lactose carbon through the tagatose pathway reduces the intracellular fructose 1,6-bisphosphate and growth rate of Streptococcus bovis

Twenty strains of Streptococcus bovis grew more slowly on lactose (1.21 ± 0.12 h−1) than on glucose (1.67 ± 0.12 h−1), and repeated transfers or prolonged growth in continuous culture (more than 200 generations each) did not enhance the growth rate on lactose. Lactose transport activity was poorly correlated with growth rate, and slow growth could not be explained by the ATP production rate (catabolic rate). Batch cultures growing on lactose always had less␣intracellular fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (Fru1,6P 2) than cells growing on glucose (6.6 mM compared to 16.7 mM), and this difference could be explained by the pathway of carbon metabolism. Glucose and the glucose moiety of lactose were metabolized by the Embden-Meyerhoff-Parnas (EMP) pathway, but the galactose moiety of lactose was catabolized by the tagatose pathway, a scheme that by-passed Fru1,6P 2. A mutant capable of co-metabolizing lactose and glucose grew more rapidly when glucose was added, even though the total rate of hexose fermentation did not change. Wild-type S. bovis grew rapidly with galactose and melibiose, but these galactose-containing sugars were activated by galactokinase and catabolized via EMP. On the basis of these results, rapid glycolytic flux through the EMP pathway is needed for the rapid growth (more than 1.2 h−1) of S.␣bovis.
Colour-switching effect of photoluminescent silicon after spark-processing in oxygen

We report on a new colour-switching effect of photoluminescing spark-processed silicon which was prepared in pure oxygen. Whereas as-prepared specimens display an orange PL peaking at 655 nm (1.89 eV), the PL changes to a more intense blue emission centred at 475 nm (2.61 eV) when the sample is subjected to a lower pressure. The same blue PL band is observed after heat treatments up to . Moreover, at annealing temperatures above a third radiative transition emerges in the infrared and eventually dominates the spectrum. A model is suggested that links ozone molecules, generated during spark-processing and incorporated into the sp-matrix, to the orange PL band. The results of heat treatments and temperature-dependent PL measurements allow for the relationship of the 2.61 eV band to oxygen deficiency centres, created by out-driven ozone molecules. The IR band is discussed in the light of luminescing properties of porous silicon and silicon oxides. The experiments demonstrate that the UV/blue (3.25 eV) and green (2.36 eV) PL bands for Si spark-processed in air cannot be related to radiative transitions in silicon oxides.
Comparative prospective evaluation of the responsiveness of single-item pediatric pain-intensity self-report scales and their uniqueness from negative affect in a hospital setting.

Abstract Evaluating pain in verbal children in the hospital setting is done primarily through serial assessments of pain intensity using single-item measures. However, little remains known about intensity scales' relative responsiveness and uniqueness from negative affect in this clinical setting. In the present study, a total of 411 assessments using 3 common pediatric pain intensity measures (the Faces Pain Scale-Revised, a verbally presented numeric rating scale, and a visual analog scale) were obtained over a period of 3 days from 29 children ages 9 to 18 years following a relatively standardized surgical procedure. Hierarchical linear models were used to compare the 3 scales on responsiveness over postoperative recovery time, invariance across baseline variables (age, sex, and baseline mood), and distinctiveness from changes in negative affect. Results showed that all 3 pain-intensity measures were highly interrelated, varied similarly with age and baseline state anxiety, and were comparably related to contemporaneous changes in affect. However, patients tended to rate pain intensity higher on the Numerical Rating Scale, and only this scale failed to reflect a decreasing trend in pain scores with elapsed surgical recovery time. Potential implications for clinical practice are discussed. Perspective This article presents data comparing the responsiveness over time and association with negative affect of 3 single-item pediatric pain-intensity scales commonly used in hospital settings. The results can help inform the selection of self-report measures when serially evaluating pain and treatment response in hospitalized children.
Effect of Toxic Doses of 4,4′-Diamidino-Stilbene (Stilbamidine) on the Electrocardiogram in Mice,

Conclusions1. Stilbamidine administered intraperitoneally to mice in doses of 4 to 20 mg (160 to 800 mg/kg) caused cessation of respirations in 4 to 6.5 minutes, accompanied by progressive and varying degrees of sinoauricular, auriculo-ventricular and intraventricular block eventuating in death. No significant ST-T changes occurred.2. The constancy and reproducibility of the electrocardiogram in the normal mouse indicates that the effect of drugs upon the electrocardiogram may profitably be studied in this animal.
Channel-containing structures generated from linear coordination polymer chains containing N,N′-bidentate ligands and Cu–Cu dimetal units

Abstract Four new one-dimensional coordination polymers containing the dimetal cluster Cu2(OAc)4 have been synthesized by reacting Cu(OAc)2 ⋅ H2O with two different N , N ′ -bidentate ligands. Reaction of the flexible ligand, 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethane (L1), with the copper starting material produced two, co-crystallizing coordination polymers: catena-Poly[Cu2(OAc)4(L1)] ⋅ 2H2O (1) and catena-Poly[Cu2(OAc)4(L1)]. In the solid state, 1 (monoclinic, C2/c, a = 24.9471 ( 17 ) A , b = 13.3539 ( 9 ) A , c = 8.8050 ( 6 ) A , β = 93.6480 ( 10 ) ° , V = 2927.4 ( 3 ) A 3 , Z = 4 ) features linear chains which are organized into layers. These layers stack along the crystallographic c-axis forming small hexagonal channels occupied by the solvent of crystallization. Compound 2 (triclinic, P-1, a = 7.6263 ( 6 ) A , b = 8.5283 ( 6 ) A , c = 9.8633 ( 6 ) A , α = 74.1070 ( 10 ) ° , β = 68.2160 ( 10 ) ° , γ = 74.0090 ( 10 ) ° , V = 561.96 ( 7 ) A 3 , Z = 1 ) also features linear chains of the coordination polymer, but differs from 1 in that the chains are packed so as to leave no significant channels. Reaction of the rigid ligand, 1,4-bis(4-pyridyl)buta-1,3-diyne (L2), with the copper starting material also afforded two co-crystallizing coordination polymers: catena-Poly[Cu2(OAc)4(L2)] (3) and catena-Poly[Cu2(OAc)4(L2)] ⋅ solvents (4). 3 (monoclinic, P21/m, a = 9.8065 ( 9 ) A , b = 12.3793 ( 11 ) A , c = 9.9408 ( 9 ) A , β = 107.6009 ( 17 ) ° , V = 1150.29 ( 18 ) A 3 , Z = 2 ), like 2, features linear chains and contains no significant solvent accessible void space. 4 (monoclinic, C2/c, a = 28.9810 ( 16 ) A , b = 12.9301 ( 7 ) A , c = 8.6954 ( 5 ) A , β = 98.8010 ( 10 ) ° , V = 3220.0 ( 3 ) A 3 , Z = 4 ) also consists of linear chains of the coordination polymer. However, the overall topology of 4 is identical to that of 1, with the generated hexagonal channels containing crystallographically unidentifiable solvents of crystallization. Compounds 1 and 2 and compounds 3 and 4 are pairs of polymorphic coordination polymers neglecting the solvents of crystallization in 1 and 4. The compounds, which represent four new examples of coordination polymers containing dimetal units, have been characterized by IR, elemental analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis in addition to X-ray crystallography.
Materials issues in electronic interconnects and packaging

Electronic packages consist of metallic, polymeric, and sometimes ceramic materials as integral entities. Individual physical and mechanical properties of these constituents, and their influence on each other's behavior, affect the overall reliability of the electronic packages. The most common failures in electronic interconnects arise from thermomechanical fatigue of the solder joints. Mismatches in coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) that exist between these constituent materials are the main cause of such failures. Several approaches such as alloying and composite methodology are being explored to improve the reliability of the solder, which is metallic in nature, by improving its mechanical attributes. Other avenues such as matching the CTE of the constitutent materials are also being considered. In addition, the metallization of the electrical components and electrically non-conducting polymeric/ceramic layer to make it solderable has also been a source of concern regarding the joint reliability. Another concern relates to the high CTE of polymeric boards. This can cause significant CTE mismatch problems if silicon chips are directly mounted on them. Some of our significant findings in these respects are presented.
Sensor classification and obstacle detection for aircraft external hazard monitoring

This paper introduces a sensor-modeling framework to support the test and evaluation of External Hazard Monitor configurations and algorithms within the Intelligent Integrated Flight Deck (IIFD). The paper, furthermore, examines various runway hazards that may be encountered during aircraft approach procedures and classifies sensors that are suited to detect these hazards. The work performed for this research is used to evaluate sensing technologies to be implemented in the IIFD, a key component of NASA's Next Generation Air Transportation System. To detect objects on or near airport runways, an aircraft will be equipped with a monitoring system that interfaces to one or more airborne remote sensors and is capable of detection, classification, and tracking of objects in varying weather conditions. Physical properties of an object such as size, shape, thermal signature, reflectivity, and motion are considered when evaluating the sensor most suitable for detecting a particular object. The results will be used to assess the threat level associated with the objects in terms of severity and risk using statistical methods based on the sensor's measurement and detection capabilities. The sensors being evaluated include, airborne laser range scanners, forward looking infrared (FLIR), three dimensional imagers, and visible light cameras.
Tibial tunnel placement in ACL reconstruction.

Summary In reconstructing the ACL, ideal tibial tunnel placement requires an understanding of the unique anatomy of the ACL tibial footprint and its relationship to the PCL, lateral meniscus, and medial tibial part of the spine. In addition to precise placement of the tibial tunnel, its length and angulation are factors to consider. Using consistent anatomic landmarks with attention to detail, the tibial tunnel can be reproducibly placed in a manner that is not detrimental to the graft.
Heme deficiency and phosphorylation of ribosome-associated proteins.

Phosphorylation of proteins in the protein-synthesizing complex from rabbit reticulocyte lysates was examined under conditions of optimal protein synthesis and during inhibition of protein synthesis by hemin deprivation. A creatine phosphate–ATP–GTP–Pi exchange system was used to maintain [γ-32P]ATP and [γ-32P]GTP at high, constant specific activity. Phosphate incorporation into proteins in the 0.5 M KCl wash fraction and in salt-washed ribosomes was examined before and after inhibition of protein synthesis in hemin-deprived lysates and compared to phosphorylated proteins observed in hemin-supplemented lysates. Two of the phosphoproteins in the 0.5 M KCl wash fraction showed a twofold to fourfold increase in phosphate incorporation prior to inhibition of protein synthesis under conditions of hemin deprivation. One of these phosphoproteins was identified as the small subunit of initiation factor 2 (eIF-2), the initiation factor involved in the GTP-dependent binding of Met-tRNAf to 40-S ribosomal subunits. A second protein, with a molecular weight of 55000, did not correspond to any of the highly purified initiation factors from reticulocytes, but was a major constituent of the salt-wash fraction. No changes in phosphate incorporation into the major phosphorylated 40-S ribosomal protein, S6, were observed; however, several minor components, which were not completely removed by the high-salt wash, showed alterations in phosphorylation. Protein synthesis and phosphorylation were also examined in intact reticulocytes. When iron and the iron-transporting protein, transferrin, were present, protein synthesis was linear for at least 2 h. When the cells were incubated in the nutritional media from which iron and transferrin had been omitted, inhibition occurred between 15 min and 30 min. Cells incubated in the absence of iron and transferrin showed increased phosphorylation of two proteins in the high-salt-wash fraction. These had molecular weights of 38000 and 55000 and corresponded to the two proteins showing increased phosphorylation in the lysate system in the absence of hemin.
British plated dinosaurs (Ornithischia, Stegosauridae)

ABSTRACT All specimens of the Stegosauridae from England are described. The material from the lower and upper Bathonian (Middle Jurassic) of Oxfordshire and Gloucestershire is the earliest record of the family. The holotype femur of Omosaurus vetustus Huene is tentatively referred to the genus Lexovisaurus Hoffstetter as L.? vetustus (Huene). Lexovisaurus durobrivensis (Hulke) includes Omosaurus durobrivensis Hulke, O. leedsi Seeley, and Stegosaurus priscus Nopcsa; it is represented by two partial skeletons and isolated bones from the Lower Oxford Clay (middle Callovian, Middle Jurassic) of Northamptonshire and Cambridgeshire. The dermal armor of Lexovisaurus consisted of large, thin plates with the height more than twice the anteroposterior width, in addition to at least one pair of parasacral spines. The holotype femur of Omosaurus phillipsi Seeley (Oxfordian, Upper Jurassic, Yorkshire) is from a juvenile individual and is generically and specifically indeterminate. Dacentrurus armatus (Owen) includes O...
Mid-Cenozoic volcano-tectonic troughs in central Nevada

Two large east-west—elongate, fault-bounded troughs were sites of intense rhyolitic to andesitic volcanism and coeval faulting in the central part of the Great Basin during Oligocene and early Miocene time. The orientation and age of these volcano-tectonic features fit within a regional pattern of south-southwest migration of calc-alkalic volcanism that lasted from 42 to 18 m.y. ago. The troughs and many smaller calderas predate crustal extension from Basin and Range faulting, which began subsequent to the migration of calc-alkalic activity in middle Miocene time.
Effective toughness of heterogeneous media

We propose a versatile approach to computing the effective toughness of heterogeneous media. This approach focusses on the material property independent of the details of the boundary condition. The key idea is what we call a surfing boundary condition, where a steadily propagating crack opening displacement is applied as a boundary condition to a large domain while the crack set is allowed to evolve as it chooses. The approach is verified and used to study examples in brittle fracture. We demonstrate that effective toughness is different from effective or weighted surface area of the crack set. Furthermore, we demonstrate that elastic heterogeneity can have a profound effect on fracture toughness: it can be a significant toughening mechanism and it can lead to toughness asymmetry wherein the toughness depends not only on the direction but also on the sense of propagation. The role of length-scale is also discussed.
Remission of type 2 diabetes after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass is associated with greater weight loss.

Abstract Background Physiologic studies in rodents and preliminary human studies have suggested that Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) improves type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) by way of metabolic changes, long before the bariatric or weight loss effects occur, leading to the concept of "metabolic surgery." To test this hypothesis, we studied patients with insulin-dependent T2DM who underwent RYGB to determine whether T2DM remission in this treatment-resistant subgroup occurred independent of weight loss. Methods Of all the patients undergoing RYGB from 2000 to 2006 (n = 1546) with ≥12 months of follow-up, 318 had T2DM (21%), and 75 (24%) of these were insulin dependent. Of the 75 patients, 4 were found to have T1DM (5.3%) and were excluded, leaving a study population of 71 patients. The patients who achieved remission, defined as a cessation of diabetic medications with a hemoglobin A1c level of P t test, chi-square test, and logistic regression analysis, as appropriate. Results After RYGB, all 71 patients with insulin-dependent T2DM had achieved a reduction in the dose and/or number of medications at 29.6 ± 17.0 months. Of these 71 patients, 35 (49%) demonstrated a remission of T2DM. The preoperative body mass index, age, number of medications, and hemoglobin A1c level did not differentiate between those who attained remission and those who still required diabetic medication. From the multivariate analysis, the significant factors associated with remission were the preoperative insulin dose and the percentage of excess weight loss. The percentage of excess weight loss was greater in the remission patients as early as 3 months postoperatively ( P = .04) and also at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months. Conclusion RYGB uniformly improved the medication requirements of patients with insulin-dependent T2DM. Although physiologic mechanisms likely contributed, early rapid weight loss was associated with the remission of T2DM.
Structure of Escherichia coli AlkA in complex with undamaged DNA

Because DNA damage is so rare, DNA glycosylases interact for the most part with undamaged DNA. Whereas the structural basis for recognition of DNA lesions by glycosylases has been studied extensively, less is known about the nature of the interaction between these proteins and undamaged DNA. Here we report the crystal structures of the DNA glycosylase AlkA in complex with undamaged DNA. The structures revealed a recognition mode in which the DNA is nearly straight, with no amino acid side chains inserted into the duplex, and the target base pair is fully intrahelical. A comparison of the present structures with that of AlkA recognizing an extrahelical lesion revealed conformational changes in both the DNA and protein as the glycosylase transitions from the interrogation of undamaged DNA to catalysis of nucleobase excision. Modeling studies with the cytotoxic lesion 3-methyladenine and accompanying biochemical experiments suggested that AlkA actively interrogates the minor groove of the DNA while probing for the presence of lesions.
To Connect More Equitably

Research on the ways people learn and share information about health and science, Southwell argues, suggests that systematic reliance on social networks will increase inequity.
Parents: Psychotherapy's scapegoats

In this article the author reviews the assumption made popular in self-help literature that parents are to blame for most failings in life. She traces the assumption's occurrence in writings of pioneer theorists and practitioners, and then cites researchers who describe a more complex understanding of human distress. She concludes by suggesting an approach to counseling which is supportive to parents.
Balancing the quality cycle: tackling the measurement-improvement gap in health care. Part II.

Our growing ability to measure quality has not been accompanied by a complementary advance in our understanding of the strategies that can be applied to quality improvement. This is clearly illustrated by a number of studies on subjects ranging from postmyocardial infarction care to patient safety that have documented our ability to describe quality problems and inability to act on them. In this second installment of a twopart series, I discuss the reasons that the measurement–improvement gap exists and what can be done about it.
Accounting in other wor(l)ds: a feminism without reserve

Abstract Feminist theory offers a rich array of discourses of value in reflection upon the shape and character of accounting theory and accounting practices. This essay has the dual purpose of broadening the available field of feminist discourse for accounting and demonstrating the relevance of one particular feminist theorist (Luce Irigaray) to accounting. In particular, we appropriate Irigaray's feminist deconstruction of Freudian and Lacanian notions of sexual difference in order to similarly deconstruct some dominant notions of accounting's relation to value, to subjectivity, to intersubjectivity and to sexuality. What emerges is a disfiguration of accounting as an embodied practice and an appeal for quite speculative refigurations consistent with Irigaray's notion of the feminine imaginary, a pre-discursive space of possible difference. Such accounting imaginaries raise new questions about accounting's relation to value, to subjectivity, to intersubjectivity and to sexuality.
Investigation of the properties of UV-curing acrylate-terminated unsaturated polyester coatings by utilizing an experimental design methodology

The effect of the extent of internal unsaturation and branching on the properties of the acrylated polyester films was investigated. Polyester acrylate resins were prepared based on adipic acid, maleic anhydride, neopentyl glycol, trimethylolpropane, and acrylic acid. As the reactive diluent, trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA) was used. Experiments were planned according to the three-factor, three-level Box-Behnken design. Coating film properties were evaluated in terms of the independent variables, amount of branching, internal unsaturation, and reactive diluent.