cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The “Yemen Model” as a Failure of Political Imagination

In The Idea of Justice, Amartya Sen offers an interpretation of the biblical Good Samaritan according to which the Samaritan stops not because he recognizes the need of his neighbor, but because through the act of stopping he enters into a neighborly relation. Practice similarly helped to constitute neighborly relations for Yemeni activists who forged new solidarities through their experiences during the eleven-month uprising of 2011 and its aftermath. Yemeni activists across the political spectrum—from Marxists to Islamists to liberal constitutionalists—have remarked that late nights spent in the squares writing slogans, making posters, and preparing and serving meals fundamentally altered their sense of self in relation to differently situated others. Rather than articulating a single national(ist) project, however, many activists speak of solidarities made in difference, or what political philosopher Iris Marion Young described as “a relationship among separate and dissimilar actors who decide to stand together, for one another.” These solidarities resulted in new and concrete forms of activism, which the formal transitional process has severely undermined. The experiences of Yemeni activists stand as an important reminder to scholars to attend to the intersection of formal and informal in our analysis of the politics of the Arab uprisings.
Unlubricated sliding and rolling/sliding wear behavior of continuously cooled, low/medium carbon bainitic steels

Abstract The development of low and medium carbon bainitic steels for railroad track applications is traced through investigations to understand wear behavior. Carbide-free bainite consisting of bainitic ferrite laths, with or without lath boundary retained austenite, has emerged as the best microstructure. Cast and wrought 0.25%C, 1.75%Si, MoB steels have exhibited wear resistance comparable with that of Hadfield's austenitic steel under severe rolling/sliding contact.
A multiuser detection method for overlay CDMA systems

To provide new and/or higher rate wireless services with limited bandwidth resources, frequency overlay has been proposed to host heterogeneous traffic in common band, where one CDMA system is involved due to its noise-like nature. In the paper, we address multiuser detection problem for overlay scenarios where there exist multiple CDMA systems. We propose a linear parallel interference cancellation (PIC) structure where interference due to overlaid systems is captured and subtracted by means of its subspace. Simulation results validated our solution and show that the proposed receiver has better performance in various aspects than the conventional MMSE receiver.
A kinetic model for methanogenesis from whey permeate in a packed bed immobilized cell bioreactor

The fermentation kinetics of methane production from whey permeate in a packed bed immobilized cell bioreactor at mesophilic temperatures and pHs around neutral was studied. Propionate and acetate were the only two major organic intermediates found in the methanogenic fermentation of lactose. Based on this finding, a three-step reaction mechanism was proposed: lactose was first degraded to propionate, acetate, CO(2), and H(2) by fermentative bacteria; propionate was then converted to acetate by propionate-degrading bacteria; and finally, CH(4) and CO(2) were produced from acetate, H(2), and CO(2) by methanogenic bacteria. The second reaction step was found to be the rate-limiting step in the overall methanogenic fermentation of lactose. Monod-type mathematical equations were used to model these three step reactions. The kinetic constants in the models were sequentially determined by fitting the mathematical equations with the experimental data on acetate, propionate, and lactose concentrations. A mixed-culture fermentation model was also developed. This model simulates the methanogenic fermentation of whey permeate very well.
Ablation of cardiac myosin-binding protein-C accelerates contractile kinetics in engineered cardiac tissue.

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) caused by mutations in cardiac myosin–binding protein-C (cMyBP-C) is a heterogenous disease in which the phenotypic presentation is influenced by genetic, environmental, and developmental factors. Though mouse models have been used extensively to study the contractile effects of cMyBP-C ablation, early postnatal hypertrophic and dilatory remodeling may overshadow primary contractile defects. The use of a murine engineered cardiac tissue (mECT) model of cMyBP-C ablation in the present study permits delineation of the primary contractile kinetic abnormalities in an intact tissue model under mechanical loading conditions in the absence of confounding remodeling events. We generated mechanically integrated mECT using isolated postnatal day 1 mouse cardiac cells from both wild-type (WT) and cMyBP-C–null hearts. After culturing for 1 wk to establish coordinated spontaneous contraction, we measured twitch force and Ca2+ transients at 37°C during pacing at 6 and 9 Hz, with and without dobutamine. Compared with WT, the cMyBP-C–null mECT demonstrated faster late contraction kinetics and significantly faster early relaxation kinetics with no difference in Ca2+ transient kinetics. Strikingly, the ability of cMyBP-C–null mECT to increase contractile kinetics in response to adrenergic stimulation and increased pacing frequency were severely impaired. We conclude that cMyBP-C ablation results in constitutively accelerated contractile kinetics with preserved peak force with minimal contractile kinetic reserve. These functional abnormalities precede the development of the hypertrophic phenotype and do not result from alterations in Ca2+ transient kinetics, suggesting that alterations in contractile velocity may serve as the primary functional trigger for the development of hypertrophy in this model of HCM. Our findings strongly support a mechanism in which cMyBP-C functions as a physiological brake on contraction by positioning myosin heads away from the thin filament, a constraint which is removed upon adrenergic stimulation or cMyBP-C ablation.
Population structure and connectivity in the Atlantic scleractinian coral Montastraea cavernosa (Linnaeus, 1767)

Coral reefs are increasingly threatened worldwide by a variety of biological and physical factors, including disease, bleaching and ocean acidification. Understanding levels of connectivity among widespread populations can assist in conservation efforts and the design of marine protected areas, as larval dispersal scales affect population demography. This study examined genetic connectivity and morphological variation of the broadcast spawning coral Montastraea cavernosa (L., 1767) among five locations in the Caribbean and Western Atlantic. Analysis of mtDNA and nuclear rRNA internal transcribed spacers, at both the local and regional scale, revealed that the majority of variation existed within locations rather than among them. Likewise, the majority of pairwise comparisons were non-significant between sites and locations. These results suggest that moderate to high gene flow occurs within and among populations of M. cavernosa in the Western Atlantic. The phylogeographic signature and significant pairwise comparisons among several locations, however, indicate that populations are also partially maintained through self-seeding and that gene flow may be restricted over large geographic distances. Additionally, while some anatomical variation is likely attributable to phenotypic plasticity, variations in skeletal morphology between Jamaica and other locations correspond with significant pairwise genetic distances and the presence of private sequence types (limited to a single location), suggesting selection to local environmental conditions.
EVALUATION of DIE SWELL and VOLUMETRIC EXPANSION IN CORN MEAL EXTRUDATES

A method to determine die swell in the presence of volumetric expansion due to moisture vaporization in extruded food products is proposed. the method is applied to twin screw extrusion of corn meal in a study to investigate the effects of extruder die parameter (exit capillary length and entrance cone angle), screw speed, and specific feeding load on die swell and volumetric expansion. the die swell results are compared with known effects for nonexpanded polymers. Die swell tended to decrease with increasing exit length, but had only a weak response to entrance angle. Increasing specific feeding load (SFL) increased die swell, where as increasing screw speed produced increases or decreases in die swell, depending on the SFL. Die swells ranged from approximately 1.2 to 1.7, accounted for approximately 10 to 22% of the total radial expansion, and for approximately 18 to 38% of the extrudate cross sectional area. Volumetric expansion increased with increasing die exit length, but was insensitive to entrance angle with a slight concave upward response. Increasing screw speed produced large increases in volumetric expansion, while increasing SFL produced only slight increases. Observations about die swell compare favorably with previous studies of nonexpanded polymers, suggesting that the proposed analysis method may be useful for food viscoelasticity evaluation studies.
Fusiform Bacterial Sepsis Metastases with Osteomyelitis and Hepatic Abscess Occurring in a Chaotic Family

Cases of fusiform bacteria sepsis have been reported infrequently in the pediatric literature. This case demonstrates the severe metastatic complications of fusiform bacterial sepsis including osteomyelitis, with multiple pathological fractures, sepsis, and abscesses of the liver. In the diagnostic evaluation of the etiology for this uncommon infection, child abuse was discovered in all children of this family. In children with uncommon infections and no underlying etiology, child abuse should be considered.
Local complexity adaptable trajectory partitioning via minimum message length

We present a minimum message length (MML) framework for trajectory partitioning by point selection, and use it to automatically select the tolerance parameter є for Douglas-Peucker partitioning, adapting to local trajectory complexity. By examining a range of є for synthetic and real trajectories, it is easy to see that the best є does vary by trajectory, and that the MML encoding makes sensible choices and is robust against Gaussian noise. We use it to explore the identification of micro-activities within a longer trajectory. This MML metric is comparable to the TRACLUS metric - and shares the constraint of abstracting only by omission of points - but is a true lossless encoding. Such encoding has several theoretical advantages - particularly with very small segments (high frame rates) - but actual performance interacts strongly with the search algorithm. Both differ from unconstrained piecewise linear approximations, including other MML formulations.
Mode filtering approaches to acoustic source depth discrimination

Mode filtering in passive sonar represents a class of linear beamforming approaches in which the steering vectors are parameterized by the depth-dependent mode functions and horizontal wavenumbers that characterize propagation in a shallow waveguide. In this work, a mode-filter beamformer is combined with different decision metrics for the purpose of classifying the depth of an acoustic source. The concept is based on the premise that deep and shallow sources robustly separate in mode space. Experimental results using SwellEx-96 vertical line array data is shown. Performance dependence on parameters such as frequency and aperture sampling is discussed.
WSN18-6: A Unifying Architecture for Maximal Connectivity in Heterogeneous Ad Hoc Networks

Devices using disparate wireless technologies often cannot communicate directly with each other. However, in many practical scenarios such as disaster management and public safety crises, communication amongst dissimilar wireless networks may become a necessity. We investigate the problem of communication in an ad hoc heterogeneous network comprising of several underlying homogeneous networks. Our proposed solution introduces special multi-interface devices, called drones, that enable communication between dissimilar networks. The optimal placement of drones with accompanying network interfaces is determined by a new placement and interface selection algorithm (PISA). The algorithm is validated, considering example scenarios, using MATLAB simulations. Solutions achievable using PISA result in high connectivity in the heterogeneous network with minimal number of drones and network interfaces.
Spin dynamics in AGS and RHIC

A fundamental aspect of particle physics is the spin of the particles. With polarized beams, the internal structure of the proton may be probed in ways that are unattainable with unpolarized beams. The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) has the unique capability of colliding protons with both transverse and longitudinal polarization at center-of-mass energies up to 500 GeV. In this paper we examine the methods used to accelerate and manipulate polarized proton beams in RHIC and its injectors. Special techniques include the use of a partial Siberian snake and an ac dipole in the AGS. In RHIC we use four superconducting helical Siberian snakes (two per ring) for acceleration, and eight superconducting helical rotators for independent control of polarization directions at two interaction regions.
Considerations for Accurate Identification of Adult Culex restuans (Diptera: Culicidae) in Field Studies

Understanding the ecology and behavior of different mosquito species (Diptera: Culicidae) is essential for identifying their role in disease transmission cycles and public health risk. Two species of Culex mosquitoes in the northeastern United States, Culex pipiens L. and Culex restuans Theobald, have been implicated in enzootic transmission of West Nile virus (family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus, WNV). Despite the difficulty of differentiating these two species as adults, many public health workers and vector biologists collecting adults in the field separate these species based on external morphology. This approach is often used rather than examination of dissected male genitalia or polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based diagnostics due to time or cost constraints. We evaluated the reliability of seven published morphological characters to differentiate adults of these species by comparing blindly scored morphology with PCR-based confirmations. Our study demonstrates that morphological identification of Cx. pipiens is marginal and often not reliable for Cx. restuans. We also examined error rates with molecular-based approaches. DNA samples were contaminated with as little as one leg from another species. We conclude that to fully understand the respective roles of Culex species in the epidemiology of WNV and other pathogens, more attention should be paid to these considerations for accurate species identification.
Effect of Bleomycin on Deoxyribonucleic Acid Synthesis in Toluene-Treated Escherichia coli Cells

The antibiotic bleomycin stimulates deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis in toluene-treated Escherichia coli cells. The increase in synthesis is linear with bleomycin concentration. Bleomycin-stimulated DNA synthesis is independent of replication and dependent on DNA polymerase I. Replication is spared as the DNA polymerase I-dependent DNA synthesis increases. Bleomycin does not appear to have any effect on purified E. coli DNA polymerases I or II. Our results suggest that bleomycin causes nicking of the bacterial chromosome with subsequent DNA synthesis catalyzed by DNA polymerase I.
Incorporation of terminal constraints in the FDTD analysis of transmission lines

A method of incorporating lumped terminal conditions into a finite-difference, time-domain (FDTD) analysis of multiconductor transmission lines is given. The method provides an exact solution of the transmission-line equations via the FDTD technique when the line discretization, /spl Delta/t, and the time discretization, /spl Delta/t, are chosen such that /spl Delta/t=/spl Delta/z/v where v is the phase velocity of propagation on the line. Examples are given to show that in the case of a multiconductor line in an inhomogeneous medium where the mode velocities are not identical, the method gives accurate results with a minimum of computational effort. >
A Random Biogeochemical Walk into Three Soda Lakes of the Western USA: With an Introduction to a Few of Their Microbial Denizens

Soda lakes are by definition both saline and alkaline, thereby immediately fulfilling the basic requirements of an environment exhibiting multiple forms of extreme conditions to which the biota are routinely exposed. Herein I will discuss three closed basin soda lakes located in Nevada (Big Soda Lake) and California (Mono and Searles Lakes) that have been investigated over the past three decades. While they represent extreme environments in these two primary dimensions, they are augmented in this category by considerations of their natural abundances of toxic elements (i.e., arsenic and boron), their paucity of important divalent cations (i.e., magnesium and calcium), the presence of hot spring microbial niches in their basins, and the perennial or occasional occurrences of meromixis, a hydrological stratification feature that results in exceptionally high levels of sulfide occurring in their hypolimnia. I will also discuss the microbes and microbial processes observed in these lakes and how they are adapted to some of the above-mentioned extreme conditions.
HIV-1 Dynamics in the Host Cell: A Review of Viral- and Host- Protein Interactions and Potential Therapeutic Targets for HIV-1 Infection

HIV-1, the causative agent of AIDS, is a sophisticated retrovirus that has both evolved to invade the complex human immune system and adapted to utilize the host machinery for its own propagation. A dynamic interaction between the virus and host systems can be observed at every step of the HIV-1 lifecycle. Host factors are involved not only in mounting antiviral responses, but are also hijacked by the virus to enhance viral replication. Host factors are necessary for viral replication during entry, reverse transcription, nuclear import, integration, transcription, nuclear export, translation, assembly, and budding. Recently, a new class of host factors, called “host restriction factors,” has been identified that prevent retroviral replication in a specific host cell environment and constitute an important part of intracellular innate immunity against the virus. These restriction factors act as barriers to retroviral replication at various stages within the infected cell. Nevertheless, the HIV-1 virus has learned to subvert these antiviral responses and successfully propagate within the permissive host environment. This review article describes the identification and mechanism of action of several pro- and anti-HIV-1 host factors. It is likely that we are only beginning to get a glimpse of an ongoing complex battle between HIV-1 and the host, the understanding of which should provide valuable information for the development of novel therapeutic strategies against HIV-1.
Disruption of insulin receptor function inhibits proliferation in endocrine-resistant breast cancer cells

The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system is a well-studied growth regulatory pathway implicated in breast cancer biology. Clinical trials testing monoclonal antibodies directed against the type I IGF receptor (IGF1R) in combination with estrogen receptor-α (ER) targeting have been completed, but failed to show benefits in patients with endocrine-resistant tumors compared to ER targeting alone. We have previously shown that the closely related insulin receptor (InsR) is expressed in tamoxifen-resistant (TamR) breast cancer cells. Here we examined if inhibition of InsR affected TamR breast cancer cells. InsR function was inhibited by three different mechanisms: InsR short hairpin RNA, a small InsR-blocking peptide, S961 and an InsR monoclonal antibody (mAb). Suppression of InsR function by these methods in TamR cells successfully blocked insulin-mediated signaling, monolayer proliferation, cell cycle progression and anchorage-independent growth. This strategy was not effective in parental cells likely because of the presence of IGFR /InsR hybrid receptors. Downregulation of IGF1R in conjunction with InsR inhibition was more effective in blocking IGF- and insulin-mediated signaling and growth in parental cells compared with single-receptor targeting alone. Our findings show TamR cells were stimulated by InsR and were not sensitive to IGF1R inhibition, whereas in tamoxifen-sensitive parental cancer cells, the presence of both receptors, especially hybrid receptors, allowed cross-reactivity of ligand-mediated activation and growth. To suppress the IGF system, targeting of both IGF1R and InsR is optimal in endocrine-sensitive and -resistant breast cancer.
Herd outbreak of bovine tuberculosis illustrates that route of infection correlates with anatomic distribution of lesions in cattle and cats

An outbreak of bovine tuberculosis (TB) in a Michigan dairy herd resulted in quarantine, depopulation, pathology, and epidemiologic investigations. This herd, compared to other TB-infected herds in Michigan, was unusual in the long-term feeding of waste milk to its replacement calves. The herd had 80 cattle with positive results on caudal fold test or gamma interferon testing, which were reclassified as suspects because the herd had never been known to be tuberculous previously. Autopsy revealed striking variation in the anatomic distribution of gross anatomic lesions, microscopic lesions, and culture-positive lymph nodes between the adult cattle, the calves, and the domestic cats present on the farm. Adult cattle had lesions and culture-positive lymph nodes predominantly within the thoracic lymph nodes, whereas cats had 50% of their lesions and culture-positive lymph nodes in their abdomens, and 50% of positive calves had culture-positive lymph nodes in their abdomens. This difference in anatomic distribution correlated with the likely routes of infection, which are believed to be by direct airborne transmission in adult cattle and indirect ingestion of contaminated milk in both calves and cats. Although TB literature over the past 100-plus years states that the route of infection may manifest itself in differences in lesion anatomic distribution, our team has been working with TB for over 20 years, and we have never encountered such striking variation between different groups of animals on the same farm.
Functions of Multiple Instances for Learning Target Signatures

The functions of multiple instances (FUMI) approach for learning target and nontarget signatures is introduced. FUMI is a generalization of the multiple-instance learning (MIL) approach for supervised learning. FUMI differs significantly from standard MIL and supervised learning approaches because only data points which are functions of class concepts/signatures are available. In particular, this paper addresses the problem in which data points are convex combinations of target and nontarget signatures. Two algorithms, convex FUMI ( $c$ FUMI) and extended $c$ FUMI ( $e$ FUMI) , are presented and applied to the problem of hyperspectral unmixing and target detection. $c$ FUMI learns target and nontarget signatures (i.e., target and nontarget endmembers) , the number of nontarget signatures, and the proportion of each signature for every data point. The $e$ FUMI algorithm extends the $c$ FUMI to allow for additional “bag level” uncertainty in training labels. For these methods, training data need only binary labels indicating whether a data point (or some spatial area in the case of $e$ FUMI) contains or does not contain some proportion of the target; the specific target proportions for the training data are not needed. After learning the target signature using the binary-labeled training data, target detection can be performed on test data. Results for subpixel target detection on simulated and real airborne hyperspectral data are shown.
Performance optimization strategy research on ASP Web based on cache technology

Cache technology is one of the most important method which improves the response speed of Web application.Three common cache technologies are introduced,and then the selection method of cache strategies is provided,which helps to improve the efficiency of the Web application system.
Phantoms for Neutron Capture Therapy Dosimetry

A water-filled head phantom and a wax body part phantom that have been designed for experimental and Monte Carlo based dosimetry for boron neutron capture therapy are described. The head phantom is ellipsoidal, based on the Snyder head model. Body part phantoms are molded directly from the patient’s body. The composition of the head phantom is designed to simulate the neutron slowing down properties of the human skull and brain; and the body part phantom emulates the muscle. The relevant dose components may be mapped in three-dimensions, either experimentally using activation foils and paired ionization chambers, or theoretically using the Monte Carlo based radiation transport code MCN P. Dose-versus-depth profiles of the NCT relevant dose components, as measured experimentally and calculated by Monte Carlo are generally in good agreement.
The Weeding Handbook: A Shelf-by-Shelf Guide: edited by Rebecca Vnuk, Chicago, IL: American Library Association, 2015.

Space, or the lack of space, in libraries has become an increasingly difficult problem to address. Libraries are called upon, rightfully so, to provide more spaces for learning, studying, or collab...
Ethnic Differences in Insulin Resistance as a Mediator of Cancer Disparities

Ethnic differences in the incidence and prevalence of certain obesity-related cancers are well established. African Americans have increased risk of prostate, breast (premenopausal), and colorectal cancer and myeloma, compared to Caucasians with the lowest rates in Latinos, Asians, and Native Americans. Prior work in this area suggests that there are distinct ethnic differences in obesity-related metabolic risk factors for cancer, insulin resistance in particular, that are evident early in life, and may help explain ethnic differences in the incidence and prevalence of obesity-related cancers. The focus of this chapter is to review and discuss ethnic differences in insulin resistance and its link with other cancer-related metabolic risk factors including hyperinsulinemia, insulin-like growth factors, body fat distribution, adipose tissue biology, low-grade inflammation, non-esterified fatty acids, and oxidative stress. This chapter places a particular emphasis on ethnic differences between African Americans and Latinos for two reasons: (1) African Americans and Latinos are the two largest ethnic minority groups in the USA, and (2) these populations share a similar propensity for obesity and insulin resistance but markedly different profiles for obesity-related cancers, creating an informative comparative contrast. Although the literature is limited by an inconsistency in the terminology used for various ethnicities, in most cases we refer to Caucasian for any study using the terms Caucasian, White, or non-Hispanic White; Latino to describe people of Hispanic, Latino, or Mexican-American descent; African American to describe people of African, African American, or Black-Caribbean descent; Asian to describe people of Asian, South Asian, East Asian, and Southeast Asian descent or any other specific Asian ethnicity; and Native American to describe people of American Indian, Pima Indian, Aboriginal, First Nation, or Alaska Native ethnicity. We also recognize that there may be variation within these subgroups; however, comprehensive review of this literature is beyond the scope of this chapter.
I-5 Skagit River Bridge Collapse Review

AbstractOn May 23, 2013, a truck-tractor with a flatbed semitrailer hauling an oversized container was traveling south on Interstate 5 (I-5) near Mount Vernon, Washington. While crossing the Skagit River, the oversized container struck portions of the through-truss bridge, which resulted in a 49-m (160-ft) simple-span section of the 339-m (1,112-ft) bridge collapsing into the river. This collapse occurred even though the oversized container had a permit authorizing the travel route and was being escorted by a pilot vehicle. This paper (1) identifies some key transportation issues related to this scenario, e.g., permitting, route databases, signage, buffer between posted and actual clearance, insurance coverage, and pilot car requirements/operation; and (2) presents a structural analysis of the impact that provides insight into the truss design, damage sequence, failure mode, and potential techniques to increase the robustness of this class of bridge.
Learn to Live: Simple and Practical Activities to Promote Health, Nutrition and Physical Fitness in the K-8 Curriculum

Current health education and physical fitness programs have failed to prevent the youth obesity epidemic. The diminishing emphasis placed on such programs due to curricular and budgetary constraints results in few opportunities to promote students’ active participation in regular physical activity and health education programs. Findings indicate that a successful program to promote healthy nutrition, an active lifestyle, and regular physical exercise requires that the information is easily accessible, and presented in a clear and concise format. Readers are introduced to a comprehensive program, easily adjustable throughout the K-8 curriculum. It is designed to complement regular classroom activities by introducing a series of stand-alone lessons and activities to educate students on the benefits of regular exercise and healthy lifestyle. This program can be used in any community and can offer the youth population the information they need to create healthy habits that will last a lifetime.
Observation of quantum Zeno blockade on chip

Quantum Zeno blockade offers a distinct approach to signal manipulation and logic operations in a counterintuitive “interaction-free” implementation. Previous experimental studies have used nonlinear waveguides and optical cavities, both in bulk-optics settings. We report the observation of quantum Zeno blockade in a chip-integrable platform, whose results point to all-optical information processing on a single photon level.
The Semantic Proto-Role Linking Model

We propose the semantic proto-role linking model, which jointly induces both predicate-specific semantic roles and predicate-general semantic proto-roles based on semantic proto-role property likelihood judgments. We use this model to empirically evaluate Dowty’s thematic proto-role linking theory.
Differential Diagnosis of Clival and Spinal Tumors

Abstract Chordomas and chondrosarcomas are distinct pathological entities that share many clinical–radiological similarities. Furthermore, a variety of different tumors may also be a part of their differential diagnosis. These include other primary osseous tumors, cartilaginous, soft tissue, and central nervous system neoplasms as well as congenital, nonneoplastic, and metastatic secondary lesions. Proper management of cranial base and spinal tumors depends, among other factors, on accurate diagnosis. A multidisciplinary team of physicians with significant experience with complex skull base and spinal pathologies should, ideally, evaluate these patients so as to decrease the likelihood of diagnostic errors and treatment delays. This chapter discusses the clinical, radiological, and histological characteristics of cranial base and spinal tumors by which they can be distinguished from chordomas and chondrosarcomas.
EFFECT OF ACETYLCHOLINE ON THE RELEASE OF 3H-NOREPINEPHRINE BY NICOTINE AND POTASSIUM CHLORIDE FROM RAT BRAIN SLICES

Publisher Summary This chapter elaborates the effect of acetylcholine on the release of 3H-norepinephrine by nicotine, and potassium chloride from rat brain slices. Studies were carried out in Sprague–Dawley rats weighing 150–200 g. The effect of nicotine in a concentration of 1 mM on the release of 3H-NE from the superfused slice of rat hypothalamus alone, and in the absence of extracellular Ca2+, and presence of acetylcholine is shown. It can be seen that nicotine produces a marked increase in the efflux of 3H-NE which is blocked by the removal of extracellular Ca2+, or in the presence of acetylcholine. A similar effect is seen in slices obtained from the cerebellar cortex when potassium chloride is the releasing agent. The present data is quite consistent with observations made on peripheral adrenergic neurons, and suggests that acetylcholine can decrease the release of NE to depolarizing, and pharmacological influences from neurons in the central nervous system.
Synthesis of Actinide Oxides

This chapter describes the most appropriate syntheses of actinide oxides on the laboratory scale in terms of reliability, efficiency, and purity. The text is arranged from lowest to highest oxidation state of binary oxides, followed by “hydrates” (actinyl hydroxides), nonstoichiometric oxides, peroxides, and complex oxides. The reader is encouraged to consult the original literature for synthetic details and product characterization.
Building community together: A study of inter-neighborhood collaboration and development in Cincinnati, Ohio

AbstractThis study focuses on the joint development efforts of two neighborhoods in Cincinnati, Ohio, US. Focusing on the initial stages of the joint development process, this article analyzes the first three collaborative meetings linking the two communities together. This study demonstrates short-term outcomes from each meeting, as well as longer term data – both quantitative and qualitative – from a survey of nearly 60 participants. Findings demonstrate that the meetings resulted in the identification of assets and challenges in both neighborhoods, as well as strategies and ideas for improving them. In addition, the survey found that the inter-neighborhood meetings enhanced not only participants’ interest in community engagement, but also their actual behavior in terms of attending community events, shopping local, and informing friends and neighbors about the community. Further, many survey respondents observed improvements in the overall relationship between the two neighborhoods.
Adversarial domain adaptive subspace clustering

We propose a novel method for clustering a collection of data that comes from several domains. Since members of the same class might look very different across different domains and because in a clustering problem we have no side information such as labels, the main challenge in a domain adaptive clustering problem is to group the data into different clusters regardless of their domain. We approach this problem by finding mappings that can transfer the data points between the domains. We use adversarial networks to approximate these mapping functions, and form a paired representation at each domain by mapping the data onto their counter domains. Finally, we employ a multimodal subspace clustering type algorithm to cluster the paired representations with respect to their subspaces. Various experiments on datasets with domain shifts show that our method performs significantly better than many competitive domain adaptive subspace clustering methods.
Response Surface Methodology: Process and Product Optimization Using Designed Experiments, 2nd Edition

(2003). Response Surface Methodology: Process and Product Optimization Using Designed Experiments, 2nd Edition. Journal of Quality Technology: Vol. 35, No. 4, pp. 428-429.
An Interview with Richard Smith Vice President and Chief Information Officer, Wabtec Corporation

Richard Smith is Wabtec Corporation’s Vice President and Chief Information Officer. Westinghouse Air Brake Technologies is a global firm in the freight rail, passenger transit, and industrial produ...
Genre as textual agency: Using communicative relationality to theorize the agential-performative relationship between human and generic text

ABSTRACTThis study proposes an explanation for textual performance grounded in communicative relationality. Specifically, genre is theorized as a form of textual agency whereby generic texts and or...
Marker (X)-Linked Mental Retardation

The American Association of Mental Deficiency defines mental retardation as “sub-average general intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period and is associated with impairment in adaptive behavior.”
Chapter 28 Headaches and sleep disorders

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses headaches and sleep disorders. Headache and sleep disturbances are among the most common neurologic complaints. The intermittent nature of sleep and almost all headache syndromes suggest the possibilities that sleep might affect headaches and headaches in turn affect sleep. In fact complex interactions do occur, although the mechanisms involved have not been well delineated to date. Several classifications of these relationships have been suggested. A logical, empiric approach is to consider headache as the result of disturbed nocturnal sleep, headache resulting in a disturbance of nocturnal sleep, and headache syndromes intrinsically related to sleep by common anatomic, biochemical, and physiologic mechanisms. Migraine headaches may originate during the day or the night and in some patients sleep seems to precipitate attacks. Five patients with migraine who reported that more than 75% of their naps would result in a headache were allowed to take a nap at 1 p.m. for up to 2 hours for 3–5 consecutive days.
Classification of spectral imagery using genetic programming

This paper describes an initial use of genetic programming as a discovery engine that derives two sets of information from hyper-spectral imagery. The first consists of a set of classification algorithms learned from the data. The second consists of reduced subsets of the most germane bands for use in a given classification, since not all spectral bands are of use in deriving a particular classification algorithm. Currently, there are only a few techniques to discover which bands would be the most useful for a specific classification task. We describe the design of a prototype system and discuss its efficacy on a novel data set from an imaging system that uses an acoustically tuned optical filter. The data preprocessing, training data extraction, training data formatter, GP implementation, and classification image generation tasks are detailed.
Security Council Mediation and the Kashmir Dispute: Reflections on Its Failures and Possibilities for Renewal

India and Pakistan's conflict over the legal status of Kashmir threatens the security of the entire region. In its early mediation efforts, the Security Council attempted, but failed, to bring about a permanent resolution. This Note argues that one reason for the failure was the Security Council's view of the dispute as primarily a political dispute without referring sufficiently to the legal framework of Indian and Pakistani claims to Kashmir. This Note further argues that, in light of this earlier failure, the Security Council could reinsert itself as a mediator by understanding this failure and by reengaging India, which has become resistant in the last thirty years to international mediation in Kashmir.
From Stress to Anhedonia: Molecular Processes through Functional Circuits

Converging evidence across species highlights the contribution of environmental stress to anhedonia (loss of pleasure and/or motivation). However, despite a clear link between stress and the emergence of anhedonic-like behavior in both human and animal models, the underlying biological pathways remain elusive. Here, we synthesize recent findings across multiple levels, from molecular signaling pathways through whole-brain networks, to discuss mechanisms through which stress may influence anhedonia. Recent work suggests the involvement of diverse systems that converge on the mesolimbic reward pathway, including medial-prefrontal cortical circuitry, neuroendocrine stress responses, homeostatic energy regulation systems, and inflammation. We conclude by emphasizing the need to disentangle the influences of key dimensions of stress on specific aspects of reward processing, taking into account individual differences that could moderate this relationship.
Carfentrazone-ethyl resistance in an Amaranthus tuberculatus population is not mediated by amino acid alterations in the PPO2 protein

To date, the only known mechanism conferring protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase (PPO)-inhibitor resistance in waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus) is a glycine deletion in PPO2 (ΔG210), which results in cross-resistance to foliar PPO-inhibiting herbicides. However, a metabolism-based, HPPD-inhibitor resistant waterhemp population from Illinois (named SIR) was suspected of having a non-target site resistance (NTSR) mechanism due to its resistance to carfentrazone-ethyl (CE) but sensitivity to diphenylethers (DPEs). In greenhouse experiments, SIR sustained less injury than two PPO inhibitor-sensitive populations (WCS and SEN) after applying a field-use rate of CE, and after initial rapid necrosis, regrowth of SIR plants was comparable to a known PPO inhibitor-resistant population (ACR) possessing the ΔG210 mutation. Dose-response analysis determined 50% growth reduction rates in CE-resistant (SIR and ACR) and sensitive (SEN) waterhemp populations, which showed SIR was 30-fold resistant compared to SEN and two-fold more resistant than ACR. Deduced amino acid sequences derived from SIR PPX2 partial cDNAs did not contain the ΔG210 mutation found in ACR or other target-site mutations that confer PPO-inhibitor resistance previously reported in Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri). Although several SIR cDNAs contained amino acid substitutions, none were uniform among samples. Additionally, SIR plants treated with malathion and CE showed a significant reduction in biomass accumulation compared to CE alone. These results indicate robust CE resistance in SIR is not mediated by amino acid changes in the PPO2 protein, but instead resistance may be conferred through a NTSR mechanism such as enhanced herbicide metabolism.
A Europe of creditor and debtor states: explaining the north/south divide in the Eurozone

The divide in the Eurozone between a small set of core economies with strong international financial positions (North) and a set of debtor states that show periodic vulnerability in international f...
Towards Automatic Inference of Inductive Invariants

Distributed systems are notoriously difficult to design and implement correctly. Formal verification provides correctness proofs, and has recently been successfully applied to various distributed systems. At the heart of a typical formal verification is a computer-checked proof with an inductive invariant. Finding this inductive invariant is the hardest part of the proof: a part that is currently undertaken manually by the developer and is responsible for most of the effort associated with formal verification. In this paper, we present a new approach: Incremental Inference of Inductive Invariants (I4), to automatically generate inductive invariants for distributed protocols. We start from a simple idea: the inductive invariant of a finite instance of the protocol must be an instance of a general inductive invariant for the infinite distributed protocol. In I4, we instantiate a finite instance of the protocol, work out the finite inductive invariant of this instance, then figure out the general inductive invariant as a generalization of the finite invariant. Our experiments show that I4 can finish the general proof of correctness of several systems with minimal human effort.
5xFAD Mice Display Sex-Dependent Inflammatory Gene Induction During the Prodromal Stage of Alzheimer's Disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology consists of extracellular deposits of amyloid-β peptides (Aβ) and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles. These pathological alterations are accompanied by a neuroinflammatory response consisting of increased expression of inflammatory mediators. An anti-inflammatory strategy designed to prevent or delay the development of AD would benefit from knowing when neuroinflammation appears in the transgenic models during prodromal disease stages relative to Aβ pathology. We investigated the expression patterns of inflammatory mediators in the brain of 5xFAD mice in comparison to development of Aβ deposition. Expression changes in inflammatory mediators and glial markers are more robust in female mice starting at three months of age, in contrast to males in which there is no clear trend through five months. Female and male 5xFAD mice also displayed an age-dependent increase in cortical Aβ deposition congruent with neuroinflammation. Thus, in the 5xFAD mouse model of AD, administration of an anti-inflammatory agent would be most efficacious when administered before three months of age.
Economic Evaluation of Changes in Reimbursement for Medications Purchased Through the 340B Drug Pricing Program.

Background: The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) implemented changes to the reimbursement scheme for 340B-acquired medications on January 1, 2018, reducing payments by approximately...
Peter Berger on Religion as Choice Rather than Fate

Is there a connection between biography and sociology for Peter Berger? The short answer, as demonstrated by his own memoir, Adventures of an Accidental Sociologist, is “yes.” But in his book, he traces this connection to his own arrival and training at the Graduate Faculty of the New School. I would like to suggest that the process begins earlier in his life. Known for his work on the sociology of knowledge, the examination of how “society influences thought,” I suggest an examination of how one’s biography influences thought, the environment in which Berger grew played a major role in his self-awareness, adjustment, human development, and identity. The paper applies this approach, along with Berger’s concept of the sociology of knowledge to sketch a possible understanding of his ideas and work that emerge as a product of his life experiences. The idea here is that people’s lives help frame and explain their own thinking and the way they see the world. Who one is, where and how one has lived and those with whom one has interacted create not only one’s personality and identity but also epigenetically the blueprint of one’s way of perceiving reality and shaping ideas. The intersection of the social and biographical facts of one’s life create the person and his ideas, both the objective and subjective structures of meaning.
Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome: Deep Brain Stimulation

Tourette syndrome (TS) is a disorder manifested by motor and vocal tics, frequently associated with other behavioral disorders. While TS frequently improves as patients age, a subset of patients remain disabled by their condition and are candidates for surgical intervention. DBS has been shown to be effective in refractory TS patients, although the most appropriate target remains a subject of debate, with multiple intracranial DBS targets demonstrating similar clinical efficacy. We discuss the underlying physiology of TS, a history of neurosurgical intervention for this condition beginning with lesioning and proceeding to DBS, and review surgical technique, complications, and outcome.
Cytoskeletal tension forces mitohormesis

Mitochondria control eukaryotic cell fate by producing the energy needed to support life and the signals required to execute programmed cell death. The biochemical milieu regulates mitochondrial function and contributes to the dysfunctional mitochondrial phenotypes implicated in cancer and the morbidities of ageing. Extracellular matrix stiffness and cytoskeletal tension are also altered in cancer and in aged tissues. We determined that cytoskeletal tension elicits a mitochondrial stress response that modifies mitochondrial function via SLC9A1-dependent ion exchange and HSF1-dependent transcription. Our data indicate that this cytoskeletal tension-induced mitochondrial stress response, termed mitohormesis, adaptively tunes mitochondrial metabolism and facilitates oxidative stress resilience. These findings demonstrate that cytoskeletal tension regulates mitochondrial function and suggests that mechanical forces influence tissue behavior by modulating mitochondrial metabolism.