cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A new interpretation of the electronic spectrum of ethylene from 6–8 eV

Abstract The traditional assignment of the electronic spectrum of ethylene in terms of a π−π ∗ N-V excitation and an overlapping π-3s Rydberg excitation is shown to be widely inconsistent with the oscillator strengths calculated for these transitions. A spectral intensity calculation based on intersecting N-V (B1u) and π-3py (B1g) surfaces, as proposed by Petrongolo et al., is shown to result in a vibronic spectrum in reasonably good agreement with experiment. This revised assignment provides much better overall agreement between theory and experiment than the traditional assignment for which, it is argued, there is no convincing evidence.
Disabled-2 Protein Facilitates Assembly Polypeptide-2-independent Recruitment of Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator to Endocytic Vesicles in Polarized Human Airway Epithelial Cells

Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is a cAMP-activated Cl− channel expressed in the apical plasma membrane of fluid-transporting epithelia, where the plasma membrane abundance of CFTR is in part controlled by clathrin-mediated endocytosis. The protein networks that control CFTR endocytosis in epithelial cells have only been partially explored. The assembly polypeptide-2 complex (AP-2) is the prototypical endocytic adaptor critical for optimal clathrin coat formation. AP-2 is essential for recruitment of cargo proteins bearing the YXXΦ motif. Although AP-2 interacts directly with CFTR in vitro and facilitates CFTR endocytosis in some cell types, it remains unknown whether it is critical for CFTR uptake into clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs). Disabled-2 (Dab2) is a clathrin-associated sorting protein (CLASP) that contributes to clathrin recruitment, vesicle formation, and cargo selection. In intestinal epithelial cells Dab2 was not found to play a direct role in CFTR endocytosis. By contrast, AP-2 and Dab2 were shown to facilitate CFTR endocytosis in human airway epithelial cells, although the specific mechanism remains unknown. Our data demonstrate that Dab2 mediates AP-2 independent recruitment of CFTR to CCVs in polarized human airway epithelial cells. As a result, it facilitates CFTR endocytosis and reduces CFTR abundance and stability in the plasma membrane. These effects are mediated by the DAB homology domain. Moreover, we show that in human airway epithelial cells AP-2 is not essential for CFTR recruitment to CCVs.
Direct measurement of local and global contributions in the binding of coformycin to bovine adenosine deaminase.

A general method is outlined that determines quantitatively the extent to which tight ligand binding to an enzyme active site is facilitated by the adoption of a stabler macromolecular conformation in the complex. The method therefore rejects the general assumption that competitive inhibitor binding to enzyme active sites involves only local (active site) interactions. The procedure involves comparing the unfolding transition state free energies of the free and complexed enzyme from physiological conditions. For the interaction of the transition state analog coformycin with bovine adenosine deaminase we observed that the binding free energy by the physiological enzyme was ~92% due to the assumption of a stabler enzyme conformation in the complex. The significance of these findings in terms of general enzyme catalysis is discussed.
Design methods for attaining IBM System z9 processor cycle-time goals

Cycle-time targets were set for the IBM System z9TM processor subsystem prior to building the system, and achieving these targets was one of the biggest challenges we faced during hardware development. In particular, although the processor-subsystem cycle-time improvement was driven primarily by the technology migration from CMOS 9S (130-nm lithography) for the prior IBM System z990 to CMOS IOSO (90-nm lithography) for the new system, the cooling capability for the System z9 resulted from a direct migration of the System z990 implementation with very limited improvements. The higher device current leakage and power associated with the technology migration, combined with the fixed cooling capability, created a technology challenge in which the subsystem cycle time and performance were potentially limited by cooling capability. Our solution emphasized silicon technology development, chip design, and hardware characterization and tuning. Ultimately, the System z9 processor subsystem achieved operation at 1.7 GHz, which exceeded the original target.
Sudden stretching of a four-layered composite plate

An approximate theory of laminated plates is developed by assuming that the extensioral and thickness mode of vibration are coupled. The mixed boundary value crack problem of a four layered composite plate is solved. Dynamic stress intensity factors for a crack subjected to suddenly applied stress are found to vary as a function of time and depend on the material properties of the laminate. Stress intensification in the region near the crack front can be reduced by having the shear modulus of the inner layers to be larger than that of the outer layers.
Effects of p-fluorophenylalanine on lactose-induced β-galactosidase synthesis in resting-cell suspensions of Escherichia coli

Abstract With lactose as the inducer, p -fluorophenylalanine retarded β-galactosidase induction in Escherichia coli B during the first hour but permitted the level of activity to exceed that of controls by 2–3 times after 3 hours. Incorporation of the analog into protein was demonstrated both with unlabeled and with fluorophenylalanine-C 14 . Decreasing the lactose concentration in the absence of analog had no effect on the total level of enzyme activity, but in the presence of analog a progressive increase in the initial lag period was observed. Preinduced cells showed no lag in enzyme formation upon addition of analog but still exhibited a stimulatory response. No lag was evident when thiomethyl-β- d -galactoside was employed as inducer, although the analog did cause a reduced level of enzyme activity. Decreasing the analog concentration at a constant level of lactose shortened the lag period and enhanced the stimulatory response. These and other data suggest that (1) the initial effect of analog is to retard formation of active galactoside permease, (2) analog supplies nitrogen, either directly or indirectly, thus forestalling onset of end-product repression of β-galactosidase formation, and (3) enzymic activity of β-galactosidase formed might be reduced in proportion to the amount of analog incorporated in the enzyme.
Genetic Control over the Initiation of the Synthesis of the Short Deoxynucleotide Chains in E. coli

IT is believed that the replication of both strands of bacterial DNA proceeds by the synthesis of short deoxynucleotide chains, Okazaki pieces, which are subsequently joined to large molecular weight DNA by the enzyme polynucleotide ligase (refs. 1 and 2; Gellert, personal communication). These observations led us to search for a gene whose product initiates the synthesis of short deoxynucleotide chains. Such a mutant should be unable to synthesize DNA. Shortly after expression of the mutant condition, synthesis of short deoxynucleotide chains should cease and the pieces should be chased into larger DNA. Synthesis of larger molecular weight DNA might continue for a short while, if the replication mechanism was able to extend chains which had already been initiated.
Error elimination in paired-associate learning

All-or-none models seem to account for some aspects of paired-associate data fairly well, yet nonstationarity of performance during precriterion trials is often observed, a finding not consistent with these models. This paper considers the possibility that an increase in guessing efficiency due to elimination of errors accounts for nonstationarity. A modified pairedassociates procedure allowing for a complete ranking of all response alternatives to each stimulus on every trial was used. Several statistics were developed which provide strong evidence for the existence of error elimination. Reexamination of the precriterion trials proved that nonstationarity was not removed when corrections were made for an error-elimination process.
Polymer-cushioned bilayers. II. An investigation of interaction forces and fusion using the surface forces apparatus.

We have created phospholipid bilayers supported on soft polymer "cushions" which act as deformable substrates (see accompanying paper, Wong, J. Y., J. Majewski, M. Seitz, C. K. Park, J. N. Israelachvili, and G. S. Smith. 1999. Biophys. J. 77:1445-1457). In contrast to "solid-supported" membranes, such "soft-supported" membranes can exhibit more natural (higher) fluidity. Our bilayer system was constructed by adsorption of small unilamellar dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) vesicles onto polyethylenimine (PEI)-supported Langmuir-Blodgett lipid monolayers on mica. We used the surface forces apparatus (SFA) to investigate the long-range forces, adhesion, and fusion of two DMPC bilayers both above and below their main transition temperature (T(m) approximately 24 degrees C). Above T(m), hemi-fusion activation pressures of apposing bilayers were considerably smaller than for solid-supported bilayers, e.g., directly supported on mica. After separation, the bilayers naturally re-formed after short healing times. Also, for the first time, complete fusion of two fluid (liquid crystalline) phospholipid bilayers was observed in the SFA. Below T(m) (gel state), very high pressures were needed for hemi-fusion and the healing process became very slow. The presence of the polymer cushion significantly alters the interaction potential, e.g., long-range forces as well as fusion pressures, when compared to solid-supported systems. These fluid model membranes should allow the future study of integral membrane proteins under more physiological conditions.
Evolution of thermograph parameters during the oxidation of extra virgin olive oil

The modulated differential scanning calorimetry (M-DSC) was used as a rapid and effective method to characterize the olive oil at different levels of oxidation. Thermograph parameters have been related to oxidative degradation of the triglycerides. In this study, their relation to the characteristic off-flavor compounds, correlated to the oxidative degradation of the oil, was also investigated. Extra virgin olive oil samples were subjected to the following oxidation treatments: a) purged with air using glass washing bottles at two flow rate values, b) heated in a conventional oven at two area/oil mass ratios, and c) heated in a microwave oven also at two area/oil mass ratios. Samples were withdrawn and analyzed at predetermined intervals. Flavor and off-flavor compounds were isolated using a dynamic thermal stripping apparatus and transferred into a gas chromatograph by using a thermal desorption unit. All oil samples were analyzed by M-DSC during cooling from 25 °C to −60 °C at 7 °C/min, and heating back to 40 °C at 10 °C/min. High correlation values were obtained between various M-DSC thermograph parameters and certain volatile compounds. Results showed that M-DSC could be used as a simple method to indicate compositional changes in olive oil during oxidation.
Evidence for intrinsic expression of enkephalin-like immunoreactivity and opioid binding sites in cat superior colliculus.

Abstract We have investigated the cellular localization of opioid peptides and binding sites in the cat's superior colliculus by testing the effects of retinal deafferentation and intracollicular excitotoxin lesions on patterns of enkephalin-like immunostaining and opiate receptor ligand binding. In normal cats, enkephalin-like immunoreactivity marks a thin tier in the most dorsal stratum griseum superficiale, small neurons of the stratum griseum superficiale, and patches of fibers in the intermediate and deeper gray layers. Eliminating crossed retinotectal afferents by contralateral eye enucleation had little immediate effect on this pattern, although chronic eye enucleation from birth did reduce immunoreactivity in the superficial layers. By contrast, fiber-sparing destruction of collicular neurons by the excitotoxins N -methyl- d -aspartate and ibotenic acid virtually eliminated enkephalin-like immunoreactivity in the neuropil of the upper stratum griseum superficiale, presumably by killing enkephalinergic cells of the superficial layers. Such lesions did not eliminate the patches of enkephalin-like immunoreactivity in the deeper layers. In normal cats, opiate receptor ligand binding is dense in the stratum griseum superficiale, particularly in its upper tier, and moderately dense in the intermediate gray layer. Contralateral eye removal had no detectable effect on the binding pattern, but excitotoxin lesions of the colliculus dramatically reduced binding in both superficial and deep layers. Some ligand binding, including part of that in the upper stratum griseum superficiale, apparently survived such lesions. Similar effects were observed in the lateral geniculate nucleus: enucleation produced no change in binding, whereas excitotoxin lesions greatly reduced specific opiate binding. We conclude that in the superficial collicular layers, both enkephalin-like opioid peptides and their membrane receptors are largely expressed by neurons of intrinsic collicular origin. The close correspondence between the location of these intrinsic opioid elements and the tier of retinal afferents terminating in the upper stratum griseum superficiale further suggests that opiatergic interneurons may modulate retinotectal transmission postsynaptically.
Effects of sucrose on egg white protein and whey protein isolate foams: Factors determining properties of wet and dry foams (cakes)

Abstract The effects of sucrose on the physical properties of foams (foam overrun and drainage ½ life), air/water interfaces (interfacial dilational elastic modulus and interfacial pressure) and angel food cakes (cake volume and cake structure) of egg white protein (EWP) and whey protein isolate (WPI) was investigated for solutions containing 10% (w/v) protein. Increasing sucrose concentration (0–63.6 g/100 mL) gradually increased solution viscosity and decreased foam overrun. Two negative linear relationships were established between foam overrun and solution viscosity on a log–log scale for EWP and WPI respectively; while the foam overrun of EWP decreased in a faster rate than WPI with increasing solution viscosity (altered by sucrose). Addition of sucrose enhanced the interfacial dilational elastic modulus (E′) of EWP but reduced E′ of WPI, possibly due to different interfacial pressures. The foam drainage ½ life was proportionally correlated to the bulk phase viscosity and the interfacial elasticity regardless of protein type, suggesting that the foam destabilization changes can be slowed by a viscous continuous phase and elastic interfaces. Incorporation of sucrose altered the volume of angel food cakes prepared from WPI foams but showed no improvement on the coarse structure. In conclusion, sucrose can modify bulk phase viscosity and interfacial rheology and therefore improve the stability of wet foams. However, the poor stability of whey proteins in the conversion from a wet to a dry foam (angel food cake) cannot be changed with addition of sucrose.
Immunochemical analyses of cellular DNA

Abstract A goat antiserum was prepared against the base thymine covalently linked to albumin. The antiserum was specific for thymine, complexing only with DNA and not RNA unless the base thymine was present as in E coli transfer RNA. [125I]-DNA was prepared with high specific activity. When reacted against goat antiserum in an Ouchterlony assay the labeled DNA gave several bands which concentrated near the antigenic wells. Similarly, denatured DNA gave several precipitin lines, but with varying diffusion rates. Both iodinated and denatured DNA competed out [125I]-DNA for the goat antiserum in a radioimmunoassay. Absorption of the antiserum with ribosomes did not decrease the binding of DNA. Using this assay, nanogram quantities of DNA were estimated in small samples of tissue.
Inactivation of Microorganisms Using Electrostatic Fields

This research investigated whether electrostatic fields can be used to inactivate surface-borne and airborne microorganisms. Vegetative cells of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis var. niger were deposited on filters and subjected to electrostatic fields of different strengths and polarities for controlled time periods. In addition, P. fluorescens bacteria, which represent sensitive species, were aerosolized and exposed to electrostatic fields of up to +/- 10 kV/cm. The results have shown that more than 90% of the P. fluorescens cells deposited on the surface of nonconductive filters are inactivated when fields of 15 kV/cm are applied for 30 min or longer. Similar effects were observed when P. fluorescens were exposed to fields of 5 and 10 kV/cm for 2 h. In contrast, the culturability of B. subtilisvar. niger cells exposed under the same conditions did not substantially decrease. Exposure of airborne P. fluorescens to +/- 10 kV/cm for 30 s also did not result in a significant reduction of culturability. This research has shown that specific combinations of electrostatic field strength and exposure time can be used to effectively inactivate certain bacterial cells deposited on nonconductive surfaces. For the investigated conditions, the treatment was not effective for bacteria in the airborne state.
Congo Red as an Inhibitor for Quaternary Ammonium Compounds

Summary Congo red, a synthetic, certified acidic dye, showed possibilities for application as a neutralizing agent for quaternary ammonium compounds. A ratio of congo red to quaternary of 10:1 seemed as satisfactory as higher concentrations of the inhibitor. Congo red, in concentrations as great as 400 ppm. and during incubation periods as long as 2 hr., was not found to be significantly toxic to the two types of bacteria used. A comparison of congo red and lecithin as inhibitors for quaternary ammonium compounds indicated that congo red was slightly more effective than lecithin. The action of this anionic dye as an inhibitor for cationic compounds appeared to be that of neutralizing residual quaternary, thus preventing further action on bacteria. The use of congo red as a quaternary neutralizer after sanitization of milk cans with a quaternary resulted in the recovery of larger numbers of viable bacteria per can than in cases where the dye was not used.
Trends in child maltreatment literature.

Abstract Introduction: To identify possible gaps in the child maltreatment literature the present study examined the development of the child maltreatment literature over a 22-year period, including temporal trends for child maltreatment types, the characteristics of the research participants, and sources of participant recruitment. Method: Child maltreatment articles ( N =2090) published from 1977 to 1998 (inclusive) in six specialty journals were coded on type of article, type of child maltreatment, gender and parental status of participants, abuse role of participants, and recruitment source of participants. Results: Across the period studied the annual percentage of quantitative articles (articles with inferential statistics) increased, whereas the annual percentage of theoretical articles decreased. The annual percentage of articles examining child physical abuse (CPA) decreased, whereas the annual percentage of articles examining child sexual abuse (CSA) increased. The percentages of articles examining child neglect (CN) or child emotional abuse (CEA) remained consistently low. Distinguishing child maltreatment types in research articles increased. Males were underrepresented in CPA perpetration and CPA adult victimization articles, but adequately represented in CSA perpetration and CPA child victimization articles. Females were adequately represented in CPA perpetration and CSA child and adult victimization articles. Recruitment from universities and outpatient mental health facilities increased; recruitment from medical settings decreased. Conclusions: CN and CEA literatures need to be developed first by theoretical, then by quantitative works. In addition, the publication of more research on male subjects for CPA perpetration and adult CPA victimization is needed.
Life domain statisfactions and personal social integration

Data from a sample of northwestern Wisconsin residents were analyzed to identify the contribution of specific life domain satisfactions to the prediction of satisfaction with social integration. The results show the dominant impact of family satisfaction across the sample and its sub-populations of age, sex and income. The contribution of satisfactions with spare time activities and organizational involvement is also fairly uniform over the various groups. The impact of satisfactions with work, spiritual life and the remaining domains, on the other hand, is highly selective for different subpopulations. The results support the hypothesis of greater family and community centeredness among the lower income individuals and the elderly, and of the greater impact of organizational involvement, spare time activities and national affairs on the high income individuals. The differential impact of some of the resource and consumption domains across the subpopulations underlines the prominence of alternate consumption orientations and different resource instrumentalities for attaining the feelings of social integration.
Atomistic thermodynamics study of the adsorption and the effects of water-gas shift reactants on Cu catalysts under reaction conditions

Abstract Density-functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed to determine the structure and stability of oxygen, carbon monoxide and sulfur adsorption on Cu(111), (100) and (110) surfaces that are in equilibrium with a water–gas shift (WGS) reactive environment of H 2 , H 2 S, H 2 O and CO. An atomistic thermodynamic framework based on DFT was used for describing the phase behaviors of the adsorbates on different Cu facets. Phase diagrams of each possible adsorbate on each surface were constructed as a function of the corresponding chemical potential which showed sulfur poisoning occurs even at ppm levels of H 2 S in the environment at low temperatures. Under reaction conditions relevant to WGS at low temperature, CO and S adsorbed surface structures were found to be more stable then the clean catalyst surfaces. At high temperatures and high hydrogen pressures, a poisoned surface can be regenerated back to a clean surface. The shapes of a Cu nanoparticle in the WGS reaction conditions under various sulfur chemical potentials were determined using the Wulff construction. We found that the crystal shape changes significantly from one dominated by (111) and (100) facets at very low sulfur chemical potentials to a shape dominated by (110) facets at higher sulfur chemical potentials, suggesting that reactive site distributions may change under reaction conditions.
Establishment of a university course in electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)

The establishment, content, and experience with an undergraduate course in electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) in an electrical engineering program is described. The course has met with very favorable student reaction and enthusiasm. Current college/university curricula do not generally contain such a course although the material is rapidly becoming fundamental aspect of electrical engineering design. The means for implementing the course into an already crowded curriculum along with the use of several brief laboratories to motivate the students are discussed. >
The Visual Syntax of Algebra.

A structured system of visual features can be seen to parallel the propositional hierarchy of operations usually associated with the parsing of algebraic expressions. Some students (proportionately more women than men) were found to depend on these visual cues in their syntactic decision making. Others were found to have access to sound propositional rules. Possible causes and consequences of these different syntactic representation styles are discussed.
Mechanisms for fluoride-promoted dissolution of bayerite [β-Al(OH)3(s)] and boehmite [γ-AlOOH]: 19F-NMR spectroscopy and aqueous surface chemistry

Some reactions that control the dissolution of bayerite [β-Al(OH)3(s)] and boehmite [γ-AlOOH] were identified by comparing the adsorption chemistry, the dissolution rates, and solid-state 19F-NMR spectra of the reacting surfaces. The 19F-NMR spectra of bayerite distinguish two sites for fluoride reaction that vary in relative concentration with the total adsorbate density. One resonance at −131 ppm is assigned to fluoride bridges and the other resonance at −142 ppm is assigned to fluoride at terminal sites. These same resonances are observed on boehmite, in addition to a third resonance at −151 ppm that is tentatively assigned to aqueous AlFn(H2O)6−n(3−n)+(aq) complexes in pores. Peak broadening due to dipolar coupling between surface fluorides at high loading indicates that these sites are in close proximity. A consistent picture of dissolution is derived by considering the 19F-NMR results, the aqueous experiments, and information derived from the studies of aqueous complexes, particularly studies of the dissociation mechanisms of aqueous multimers. Both fluoride and adsorbed protons enhance the dissolution rates via a series of pathways that may be coupled to one another, and there is a profound dependence of the rate on the concentration of adsorbed protons and adsorbed fluorides. Particularly important are fluoride-substituted bridges and sites where aluminum atoms are bonded to several terminal fluorides or hydroxyls. These results illustrate that it is possible to test hypotheses about molecular-scale processes if adsorption studies are coupled to spectroscopy and ligand-promoted dissolution experiments where reaction via different pathways can be distinguished.
The Design and Estimation of a Bi-National Bond to Finance Strategic Infrastructure along the U.S.–Mexico Border

The magnitude of funds needed to improve infrastructure along the U.S.–Mexico border has substantially outstripped the sources, resulting in a deteriorating environment and border security and placing the inhabitants at risk. Traditionally, the federal government in each country allocates a small budget to the North American Development Bank (NADB), a bi-national institution that manages infrastructure development. This article defines a bi-national bond that can be issued by the NADB in U.S. dollars and/or Mexican pesos and estimates the spread for default risk and premiums for the built-in hedge against adverse movements in interest rates and exchange rates. As of May 2012, the authors estimate a B rated, two-year zero, bi-national bond denominated in pesos will yield 9.645% without the hedge and 2.86% with the interest rate and exchange rate hedges. The structured feature of the bond helps in lowering the cost of financing.
Company culture vs. personal style: Finding the perfect match: Understanding corporate cultures will help you choose a work environment that suits your personal style

If you are representative of the majority of engineering students, the following is a list of the major criteria you would use in selecting a company you would want to work for: • State-of-the-art technology • Quality products • Type of industry • Company growth and stability • Career advancement opportunities • Size of company • Salary
Comment on calculations of electric polarization in crystals

A calculation of lattice dynamical effective charges by Bennett and Maradudin is shown to be based upon an incorrect expression for the electric polarization produced by displacement of the atoms. The basic point is that the polarization of a crystal cannot be derived solely in terms of the charge density in a unit cell in an infinite periodic crystal. The correct polarization is most readily evaluated from well-known finite-wave-vector expressions.
Retroperitoneal teratoma presenting as an abscess in childhood

Retroperitoneal teratomas are rare, representing only 1% to 11% of primary retroperitoneal neoplasms. They typically present as an asymptomatic abdominal mass but can grow to enormous size. This case describes a patient who initially presented in childhood with an acute abdomen because of an abdominal abscess that was treated with surgical drainage and antibiotics. Fifteen years later, the patient had a recurrence of symptoms and the abscess was ultimately recognized to be an infected retroperitoneal teratoma. There have been reports of intraabdominal and pelvic teratomas presenting as abscesses in adults. However, to our knowledge, there has been no prior description of this phenomenon in children. In an otherwise healthy child who presents with an unexplained abscess in the sacrococcygeal area, gonads, mediastinum, or retroperitoneum, one should entertain the diagnosis of teratoma.
Cloning of the rat Gadd45 cDNA and its mRNA expression in the brain

Abstract We cloned the rat Gadd45 (growth arrest and DNA damage inducible) cDNA and examined its mRNA induction by y-ray irradiation in the rat brain. The rat Gadd45 cDNA sequence was highly homologous to the previously published human and hamster cDNAs, and was partially similar to the 28S rRNA gene. The mRNA encoding rat GADD45 was induced in the brain after γ-ray irradiation. This finding indicates that Gadd45 is an inducible gene following the ionizing radiation, not only in cultured cells in vitro, but also in animal tissues in vivo.
Age of initiation, smoking patterns, and risk in a population of working adults.

Abstract Background. Early age of initiation is a significant risk factor for long-term dependent smoking and may also relate to other unhealthy behaviors and increased likelihood of illness, independent of duration of smoking. Methods. The current study assessed age of initiation in relation to cigarette dependence, interest in quit ting, social environment pertaining to smoking, behavioral risk factors, and current health problems. Subjects were 2120 current daily smokers in 24 worksites in the Minneapolis/St. Paul, Minnesota, metropolitan area. Results. Findings were surprisingly consistent with early age of initiation predicting more dependent smoking, less interest and confidence in ability to quit, poorer diet, less use of seat belts, more illness and hospitalization, and greater likelihood of smoking among partner/spouse, friends, and co-workers. Conclusions . The overall strength of the findings was unexpected. Early initiation of regular smoking predicted a significant constellation of risk factors throughout adulthood. Interventions that significantly delay smoking onset, even in the absence of permanent prevention, could have important public health implications.
Effects of turbulence model selection on the prediction of complex aerodynamic flows

Numerical simulations of viscous transonic flow over a circular-arc airfoil and in a diffuser are described. The simulations are made with a new computer program designed to serve as a tool in the development of improved turbulence models for complex flows. The program incorporates zero-, one-, and two-equation eddy viscosity models and includes a variety of subsonic and supersonic boundary conditions. The airfoil flow contains a shock-separated boundary-layer interaction that has resisted previous attempts at simulation. The diffuser flow also contains a shock-boundary-layer interaction, which has not been simulated previously. Calculations using standard turbulence models, developed originally for incompressible unseparated flows, are described. Results indicate that although there are interesting differences in predictions between the various models, none of them predict the flows accurately. Suggestions for improved turbulence models are discussed.
Market structure and U.S. trade flows

Abstract Using samples of input-output table detailed industries, we test the impact of various elements of market structure on U.S. trade flows, at the industry level, holding factor proportions constant. Industry demand characteristics and the extent of scale economies have significant impacts on trade flows. Labor intensity at the industry level has the effects on trade flows which are predicted by the factor proportions theory. Capital intensity increases both import and export flows; this result, together with certain others, suggests the importance of trade among industrialized countries in producer goods.
A multi-purpose low-pressure still

r e a s o n . Apparatus F i g u r e 1 shows a d iagram of the still assembly. The system consists of the still, a cold t rap, and a small mechanical pump as a source of vacuum. The still is constructed of p y r e x glass. This laboratory uses two sizes, the smaller for samples from about 10 ml. t o 200 ml. in volume, the la rge r from a b o u t 100 ml. to 1,500 ml. Good v a p o r contact over this wide range in charge volume is due t o the shape
Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses.

Summary Reasons for performing study: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. Objective: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. Methods: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. Results: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. Conclusions: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.
Phylogenetic evidence for loss of sound production and a shift in sexual recognition signals in Hamadryas butterflies (Nymphalidae: Biblidinae)

The neotropical butterfly genus Hamadryas Hubner comprises 20 species that exhibit an intriguing variation in their natural history traits. Although revised in 1983, no phylogenetic hypothesis was presented: the first phylogenetic hypothesis is estimated here based on 93 characters and including species from the three other genera in the tribe Ageroniini. The phylogeny is used to test the monophyly of the genus, establish the sister group of Hamadryas and identify its apomorphies. The tree allows the inference of patterns of character change in sound production and sexual dimorphism. Implied weights show that Hamadryas is monophyletic and corroborate Ectima Doubleday as a sister genus. Previously suggested subgenera for Hamadryas were non-monophyletic, with the exception of the laodamia clade, supported by the presence of a complete sterigma. Sound production is inferred to be a derived condition in Hamadryas that has been lost in the laodamia clade. This, plus the presence of androconial organs and sexual dimorphism in the laodamia clade, suggests a shift in sexual recognition signalling. Furthermore, the phylogeny indicates that the colour pattern of males in the laodamia clade is novel, supporting a Darwinian origin of sexual dimorphism.
Foundations of nabla fractional calculus on time scales and inequalities

Here we develop the nabla fractional calculus on time scales. Then we produce related integral inequalities of types: Poincare, Sobolev, Opial, Ostrowski and Hilbert-Pachpatte. Finally we give inequality applications on the time scales R, Z.
Distinctiveness in Recognition and Free Recall: The Role of Recollection in the Rejection of the Familiar

Abstract Dual process models of recognition have identified two underlying processes which contribute to recognition performance: recollection, which involves the retrieval of qualitative information regarding an event occurrence, and familiarity, which represents a generalized feeling of prior occurrence. It has been proposed that recognition and free recall may be related because both involve the retrieval of qualitative event information. To examine this possibility, we compared recognition and free recall under different levels of word frequency, presentation frequency, and distinctiveness of semantic encoding. All three variables dissociated across recognition and recall. Most importantly, shifting the semantic orienting task between preexposure and study lists greatly facilitated recognition, yet left free recall unaffected. This benefit occurred primarily because the shift enabled subjects to more efficiently reject distractors that were familiar as a result of preexposure, but not encoded on the appropriate dimension. Since subjects in recall conditions were not prone to intrusions as a function of preexposure, and, in fact, could not intentionally provide sizable numbers of these items, such a selection mechanism was unnecessary. The current findings, in conjunction with those from process dissociation studies, emphasize the role of recollection in terms of selective responding in the presence of highly familiar competitors. Retrieved information which is not distinctive cannot serve as a basis for excluding alternative sources, and therefore will not contribute to performance nor be reflected in estimates of recollection. As a result, recollection estimates may often diverge from free recall performance.
Understanding American Judaism : revisiting the concept of social justice

This paper uses the 1991 Survey of New York Area Jews to reexplore the “social justice” concept developed by Sklare and Greenblum. It is supportive of Sklare and Greenblum who noted the tendency of Jews to have a broad concern for humankind and secular causes but to focus their behavior concerning social justice primarily on Jews. Bivariate analysis indicates that the Orthodox identify most strongly with the concept, although their view of social justice is “inward” and directed primarily at fellow Jews. This finding is confirmed in a multiple regression analysis. The level of charitable contributions is used as a surrogate for social justice. In contrast, denomination is of no explanatory value in explaining philanthropic contributions to secular charities. Rather, the dependent variable is predicted most strongly by income.
Taboo, emotionally valenced, and emotionally neutral word norms

Although taboo words are used to study emotional memory and attention, no easily accessible normative data are available that compare taboo, emotionally valenced, and emotionally neutral words on the same scales. Frequency, inappropriateness, valence, arousal, and imageability ratings for taboo, emotionally valenced, and emotionally neutral words were made by 78 native-English-speaking college students from a large metropolitan university. The valenced set comprised both positive and negative words, and the emotionally neutral set comprised category-related and category-unrelated words. To account for influences of demand characteristics and personality factors on the ratings, frequency and inappropriateness measures were decomposed into raters’ personal reactions to the words versus raters’ perceptions of societal reactions to the words (personal use vs. familiarity and offensiveness vs. tabooness, respectively). Although all word sets were rated higher in familiarity and tabooness than in personal use and offensiveness, these differences were most pronounced for the taboo set. In terms of valence, the taboo set was most similar to the negative set, although it yielded higher arousal ratings than did either valenced set. Imageability for the taboo set was comparable to that of both valenced sets. The ratings of each word are presented for all participants as well as for single-sex groups. The inadequacies of the application of normative data to research that uses emotional words and the conceptualization of taboo words as a coherent category are discussed. Materials associated with this article may be accessed at the Psychonomic Society’s Archive of Norms, Stimuli, and Data, www.psychonomic.org/archive.
The effect of oxygen on the exercise tolerance of patients with angina pectoris

Abstract It has been shown that a relatively constant amount of work under standard conditions induces attacks of angina pectoris in a given patient. It is possible, therefore, to study the influence of various agents on this condition. 1 , 2 , 3 The present communication describes the effect of breathing high concentrations of oxygen on the amount of work which patients with angina pectoris can do before developing pain.
Abstract B118: Modifiable correlates of low testosterone in U.S. men

Background: In some studies, men with low total, free, or SHBG‐adjusted testosterone possibly had a higher risk of cancer death. Because testosterone replacement therapy for men with clinically low testosterone has an uncertain risk versus benefit ratio, identifying modifiable factors that influence testosterone level and that are public health targets is needed. Obesity (lower testosterone) and cigarette smoking (higher testosterone) are two behavioral factors that are recognized to influence testosterone levels; given the great magnitude of the adverse effects of cigarette smoking, it is not a prevention strategy. Thus, in this study we investigated obesity as well as dietary and lifestyle factors in association with low total and free testosterone. Methods: The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), conducted 1988–1994, was a cross‐sectional study of the U.S. civilian non‐institutionalized population. Subjects participated in an interview, underwent a physical examination, and provided a blood specimen. Serum was available for 1470 men who participated in the morning session of Phase I (1988–1991) and were ≥20 years old. Testosterone and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) were measured by competitive electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. Free testosterone was estimated by mass action. We excluded men whose testosterone level was ≤2 nd percentile because these men may have had congenital hypogonadism. We defined low total and free testosterone as ≤ 3.0 ng/mL and ≤ 0.07 ng/mL, respectively. We estimated the associations of the modifiable factors with low total and free testosterone using logistic regression adjusting for age and race/ethnicity. Results: Measures of overall and central adiposity were positively associated with low total and free testosterone. After mutual adjustment, men with high waist circumference (ethnic specific cutpoints; vs. low) were 2.59 (95% CI: 1.12–6.00) times more likely to have low total testosterone and 2.65 (95% CI: 1.44–4.89) times more likely to have low free testosterone, whereas body mass index and percent body fat did not remain statistically significantly associated. Independent of waist circumference, percent of calories from protein, fruit and vegetable intake, alcoholic beverage consumption, and physical activity were not statistically significantly associated with low total and free testosterone. These results were similar in men who did not have comorbidities at time of blood draw and in non‐smokers. Discussion: Cross‐sectionally, high waist circumference was the most consistent correlate of low total and free testosterone. These findings suggest that avoiding or reducing central adiposity may be one way to prevent clinically low androgen levels. Given that men with low androgens may have a higher risk of cancer death, our results may have import for cancer prevention and/or survival. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(1 Suppl):B118.
Leishmania tarentolae: Purification and characterization of tubulin and its suitability for antileishmanial drug screening

Previously, tubulin has been purified from Leishmania amazonensis and used to identify novel molecules with selective antimitotic activity. However, L. amazonensis is pathogenic and requires a relatively expensive medium for large-scale cultivation. Herein, the purification and characterization of tubulin from the non-pathogenic Leishmania tarentolae is reported, together with the sequence of alpha- and beta-tubulin from this organism. This protein was purified by sonication, diethylaminoethyl-Sepharose chromatography, and one assembly disassembly cycle in 1% overall recovery based on total cellular protein. Leishmania tarentolae tubulin was indistinguishable from the corresponding L. amazonensis protein in terms of binding affinity for dinitroaniline sulfanilamides and sensitivity to assembly inhibition by these compounds. The amino acid sequences derived from the L. tarentolae alpha- and beta-tubulin genes were 99.6 and 99.4% identical to the corresponding amino acid sequences from the Leishmania major Friedlin strain. These results indicate that tubulin from L. tarentolae is suitable for use in drug screening.
Microbial composition affects the functioning of estuarine sediments.

Although microorganisms largely drive many ecosystem processes, the relationship between microbial composition and their functioning remains unclear. To tease apart the effects of composition and the environment directly, microbial composition must be manipulated and maintained, ideally in a natural ecosystem. In this study, we aimed to test whether variability in microbial composition affects functional processes in a field setting, by reciprocally transplanting riverbed sediments between low- and high-salinity locations along the Nonesuch River (Maine, USA). We placed the sediments into microbial ‘cages' to prevent the migration of microorganisms, while allowing the sediments to experience the abiotic conditions of the surroundings. We performed two experiments, short- (1 week) and long-term (7 weeks) reciprocal transplants, after which we assayed a variety of functional processes in the cages. In both experiments, we examined the composition of bacteria generally (targeting the 16S rDNA gene) and sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) specifically (targeting the dsrAB gene) using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP). In the short-term experiment, sediment processes (CO2 production, CH4 flux, nitrification and enzyme activities) depended on both the sediment's origin (reflecting differences in microbial composition between salt and freshwater sediments) and the surrounding environment. In the long-term experiment, general bacterial composition (but not SRB composition) shifted in response to their new environment, and this composition was significantly correlated with sediment functioning. Further, sediment origin had a diminished effect, relative to the short-term experiment, on sediment processes. Overall, this study provides direct evidence that microbial composition directly affects functional processes in these sediments.