cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Respiratory response of intact Gallus domesticus to sinusoidally varying inhaled carbon dioxide.

Abstract Sinusoidal variations of CO 2 were applied to anesthetized White Leghorn cockerels enclosed in a body plethysmograph. Wave-forms were 2.5% mean plus 2.5% peak sine wave CO 2 in air, at frequencies of 0.011 to 0.467 rad/s. Reflex variation in tidal volume and respiratory interval in response to the inputs of sinusoidally varying fractional content of inhaled CO 2 for nine points within the above range of driving frequencies were recorded breath-by-breath. A least squares best-fit procedure was used to estimate mathematical input-output relationships (transfer functions) between the outputs, tidal volume ( V T ) and respiratory interval ( 1 f ), and the single input, inspired CO 2 fraction. For V T , a three time constant model most closely fitted the data. Two time constants, 80 s and 3.9 s, were associated with negligible delay; the third, 14 s, has a 0.35 s time delay. Dynamics of V T and interval reflex responses differed significantly suggesting that they are regulated by separate mechanisms.
Localization of Sound During Simulated Unilateral Conductive Hearing Loss

Thirten Ss were required to localize pulsed noise in an acoustically treated room while their head movements were restricted. Judgments were made (a) with both ears unoccluded and (b) with the right ear occluded so that its input was attenuated by 40 dB±5 dB. Performance was highly accurate under both conditions and there were no significant differences between conditions.
Chromosome aberration induction in Chinese hamster ovary cells by restriction enzymes with different methylation sensitivity.

The isoschizomer pair MspI and HpaII were used to investigate whether the putative specificity of restriction endonucleases would be maintained when they were introduced into mammalian cells. Although both enzymes recognize the sequence CCGG, HpaII will cut only if the internal cytosine is unmethylated, whereas MspI will cut regardless of the methylation status. Cleavage results in a cohesive-end DNA double-strand break, which can lead to the formation of chromosome aberrations. Since mammalian DNA is heavily methylated, one would expect MspI to be much more effective than HpaII at inducing chromosome aberrations in Chinese hamster ovary cells. In fact, during G1, MspI induced a >90-fold higher number of aberrations than did HpaII. Cell cycle studies indicated that during early S there was a 30-fold increase in HpaII-induced aberrations. This increase may be due to increased accessibility of replicating hypomethylated DNA. Cells that were treated with the demethylating agent 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (AzdC) displayed only a moderate increase in HpaII-induced aberrations during G1. This observation, together with the results of restriction enzyme analysis of genomic DNA, indicated that demethylation was incomplete. The effects of AzdC on the induction of aberrations by MspI suggested that AzdC increases chromatin accessibility. Our results were consistent with the expected specificity of MspI and HpaII. Thus, it appears that restriction endonucleases can play a useful role in determining the biological consequences of DNA double-strand breaks.
Functional Roles of p12, the Fourth Subunit of Human DNA Polymerase δ *

Mammalian DNA polymerase δ (pol δ), a key enzyme of chromosomal DNA replication, consists of four subunits as follows: the catalytic subunit; p125, which is tightly associated with the p50 subunit; p68, a proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-binding protein; and a fourth subunit, p12. In this study, the functional roles of the p12 subunit of pol δ were studied. The inter-subunit interactions of the p12 subunit were determined by yeast two-hybrid assays and by pulldown assays. These assays revealed that p12 interacts with p125 as well as p50. This dual interaction of p12 suggests that it may serve to stabilize the p125-p50 interaction. p12 was shown to be a novel PCNA-binding protein. This was confirmed by identification of a PCNA-binding motif at its N terminus by binding assays and by site-directed mutagenesis. The activities and reaction products of recombinant pol δ containing a p12 mutant defective in PCNA binding, as well as purified recombinant pol δ and its subassemblies, were analyzed. Our results indicate that p12 contributes to PCNA-dependent pol δ activity, i.e. the p12-PCNA interaction is functional. Our data indicate that both p12 and p68 are required for optimal pol δ activity. This supports the hypothesis that the interaction between pol δ and PCNA is a divalent one that involves p12 and p68. We propose a model in which pol δ interacts with PCNA via at least two of its subunits, and one in which p12 could play a role in stabilizing the overall pol δ-PCNA complex as well as pol δ itself.
Selective and pH-dependent binding of a moth pheromone to a pheromone-binding protein.

Fluorescence and circular dichroism (CD) data suggest that the major pheromone-binding protein (PBP) from the wild silkmoth, Antheraea polyphemus, ApolPBP1, undergoes a pH-dependent conformational change similar to that previously observed for the PBP from the silkworm moth, Bombyx mori, BmorPBP. All three constituents of the sex pheromone, E6,Z11-16Ac, E6,Z11-16Ald, and E4,Z9-14Ac, bound to ApolPBP1 with apparent high affinity at high pH, but reduced binding at low pH when tested individually in a “cold binding assay.” In competitive assays, however, ApolPBP1 showed considerable preference for the major constituent of the sex pheromone, E6,Z11-16Ac. These data suggest that specificity of PBPs contributes at least in part to the remarkable selectivity of moth's olfactory system.
Thermal annealing and propagation of shockley stacking faults in 4H-SiC PiN diodes

Stacking faults within 4H-SiC PiN diodes are known to be detrimental to device operation. Here, we present electroluminescence (EL) images of 4H-SiC PiN diodes providing evidence that electrically and optically stimulated Shockley stacking fault (SSF) propagation is a reversible process at temperatures as low as 210°C. Optical beam induced current (OBIC) images taken following complete optical stressing of a PiN diode and that lead to a small number of completely propagated SSFs provide evidence that such defects propagate across the n–/p+ interface and continue to grow throughout the p+ layer. These observations bring about questions regarding the validity of the currently accepted driving force mechanism for SSF propagation.
Simple Standardized Patient Handoff System that Increases Accuracy and Completeness

PURPOSE: The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) defines a “handoff” as a contemporaneous, interactive process of passing patientspecific information from one caregiver to another for the purpose of ensuring the continuity and safety of patient care. The purpose of this study was to conduct a comprehensive investigationonthedeterminantsofaneffectivehandoffmanagement
A proposed hierarchical control model for automated manufacturing systems

Abstract The Automated Manufacturing Research Facility is being constructed at the National Bureau of Standards. This small, integrated, flexible manufacturing system will serve as a research test bed to aid in the identification, design, and testing of standards for the automated factory of the future. This paper describes the five layer hierarchical production control model proposed to manage these factories. Included is a discussion of the philosophy behind this model, the functional requirements of each layer within the model, a brief description of the data services needed to support this approach, and an overview of the techniques used to implement existing subsystems.
Housing First is associated with reduced use of emergency medical services.

AbstractObjective. Chronically homeless adults with severe alcohol problems are disproportionately burdened with health-care problems and are high utilizers of emergency medical services (EMS). Single-site Housing First (HF), which provides immediate, permanent, low-barrier, nonabstinence-based, supportive housing, has been associated with reduced publicly funded service utilization. The aims of the current study were to determine whether time spent in single-site HF predicted decreases in EMS contacts 2 years subsequent to single-site HF move-in, and to describe medical conditions and injuries associated with EMS contacts in a sample of chronically homeless individuals with severe alcohol problems. Methods. Participants were 91 chronically homeless adults with severe alcohol problems who were enrolled in a single-site HF program between December 2005 and March 2007 in Seattle, Washington. We obtained administrative data on exposure to HF and EMS utilization for the 2 years prior to and the 2 years subseq...
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD)-sponsored Perinatal Research Networks.

M ost rout ine practices used in perinatology today have not been subjected to rigorous investigation. Instead, they arose f rom the clinicians' "let 's try it" att i tude and the development of new technology. The most vivid example o f the price of such well meaning but untested t reatment is the story of administration of supplemental oxygen to low birthweight infants. In 1954, the results of the first neonatal, multicenter, randomized clinical trial repor ted that the previously accepted but untested practice of oxygen supplementation had been responsible for blindifig thousands of low birthweight infants.1 Despite the cont inuing tendency of clinicians to institute interventions without rigorous testing, t h e role of the randomized, controlled trial has increased markedly in the intervening four decades, as illustrated, for example, by the industrysponsored clinical trials of artificial surfactant replacement therapy, 2-4 and by the publication of systematic reviews of evidence from randomized trials in neonatology and perinatology. 57 Although the National Institutes of Health (NIH) typically funds individual investigator-initiated research grants, support for the multicenter, randomized, controlled trials has increased over the last decade. They are identified through a lengthy process that begins with a workshop addressing a current medical problem in which a specific population and treatment modality are defined and the need for a clinical trial articulated. The next step is usually the issuance of a Request for Application (RFA), soliciting applications for a clinical trial. A peer review group assesses the scientific merit of the proposals which are funded based on their quality and the funds available. In the best of circumstances, the time
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan on the Nature of “Hindu” Tolerance

t is commonplace to characterize "Hinduism," when treated as a reified tradition, as "tolerant." Though this characterization is often ambiguous, /1/ it has been heralded as one of "Hinduism's" most positive features in the religious positions advocated by modern "Hindu" apologists such as Swami Vivekananda, the founder of the Ramakrishna Mission, Sri Aurobindo Ghose, the yogin (Minor, 1979), and Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan. During his full life (1888-1975) as philosopher, religious thinker, educator, statesman, president of UNESCO, vice-president and president of the Indian republic, and Spaulding Professor of Comparative Religions at Oxford, among his other professorships, Radhakrishnan became the chief spokesman of "Hindu tolerance" to the intellectual West. His proclamation of the "religion of the spirit" as the solution to the world's problems increasingly centered around the use of the term tolerance as he approached his latter years (Minor, 1981)./2/ It made "Hinduism," he often declared, the model for religion in the present and coming age and was one of the key requirements of any viable religion of the future. In contrast, Radhakrishnan criticized the all too common intolerance of religions as the major barrier to world progress: "The barriers of dogmatic religions are sterilising men's efforts to coordinate their forces to shape the future. If religions are to heal humanity's divisions, if they are to bring peoples nearer one another, they must take themselves seriously, forget their partisan strife, affirm that religion is a matter of spirit and not form and its loyalty is to the whole world and not simply to the members of any one community. Such a view of religion' will help us to develop the quality of tolerance" (Radhakrishnan, 1951:219: 1967a:33; 1961:39-40). This study attempts to clarify Radhakrishnan's definition of tolerance and its limits. Though Radhakrishnan attempted to define tolerance in what
Forward error correction (FEC) codes based multiple description coding for internet video streaming and multicast

In this work, we describe the application of generalized multiple description (MD) source coding architected through the usage of forward error correction (FEC) codes to achieve robust and efficient Internet video streaming and multicast consistent with the existing Internet architecture. We highlight the synergistic interaction between the robust source coding and packetization strategy and an efficient as well as responsive, TCP-friendly congestion control protocol linear increase multiplicative decrease with history (LIMD/H) to achieve robust streaming over the Internet. The proposed source packetization scheme transforms a loss sensitive layered video bitstream into a robust packet stream so as to provide graceful resilience to network packet drops. The proposed congestion control mechanism provides low variation in transmission rate in steady state and at the same time is reactive and provably TCP friendly. Furthermore, exploiting the fundamental property of a multicast tree, namely, the observation that the multicast tree is a degraded channel, we propose an elegant application level architecture for efficient video multicast. We exploit the amenability of the MD coding strategy to fast transcoding. Our extensive simulation studies for the streaming problem and preliminary results for the multicast case, bear out the efficacy of the proposed setup.
THE EFFECT OF VARIABLE PROPERTIES ON LAMINAR NATURAL CONVECTION BOUNDARY-LAYER FLOW OVER A VERTICAL ISOTHERMAL SURFACE IN WATER

The effects of the temperature dependence of properties on laminar natural convection transport from an isothermal vertical surface in water are calculated. Bounding temperature conditions in the range 0–100° C are considered in the laminar boundary-layer equations. Results are compared with those obtained assuming constant properties. Large effects on flow and transport arise. These predictions are in good agreement with the limited experimental data available. For bounding temperatures greater than 20° C, heat transfer is correctly predicted by a constant-property solution to within 5% when the film temperature is used to evaluate properties. Detailed transport parameters are tabulated and plotted over the whole temperature range.
Hydrocarbon molar water solubility predicts NMDA vs. GABAA receptor modulation

Many anesthetics modulate 3-transmembrane (such as NMDA) and 4-transmembrane (such as GABAA) receptors. Clinical and experimental anesthetics exhibiting receptor family specificity often have low water solubility. We hypothesized that the molar water solubility of a hydrocarbon could be used to predict receptor modulation in vitro. GABAA (α1β2γ2s) or NMDA (NR1/NR2A) receptors were expressed in oocytes and studied using standard two-electrode voltage clamp techniques. Hydrocarbons from 14 different organic functional groups were studied at saturated concentrations, and compounds within each group differed only by the carbon number at the ω-position or within a saturated ring. An effect on GABAA or NMDA receptors was defined as a 10% or greater reversible current change from baseline that was statistically different from zero. Hydrocarbon moieties potentiated GABAA and inhibited NMDA receptor currents with at least some members from each functional group modulating both receptor types. A water solubility cut-off for NMDA receptors occurred at 1.1 mM with a 95% CI = 0.45 to 2.8 mM. NMDA receptor cut-off effects were not well correlated with hydrocarbon chain length or molecular volume. No cut-off was observed for GABAA receptors within the solubility range of hydrocarbons studied. Hydrocarbon modulation of NMDA receptor function exhibits a molar water solubility cut-off. Differences between unrelated receptor cut-off values suggest that the number, affinity, or efficacy of protein-hydrocarbon interactions at these sites likely differ.
TFTR twenty year perspective

Deuterium-tritium plasmas (D-T) with core parameters almost identical to those expected in the core of ignited plasmas in ITER have served as a test bed to carry out the first detailed studies of D-T plasma physics including the first observations of alpha particle heating and alpha driven instabilities. TFTR operated above the original engineering design requirements and with high availability in D-T until experimental operation was terminated due to U.S. fusion budget cutbacks. A most valuable lesson learned was that D-T operation of a large experimental device is feasible as TFTR operation could have continued many more years while remaining within tritium and neutron activation limits. The flexibility and control of plasma parameters (e.g. plasma rotation) and the comprehensive diagnostic system enabled TFTR to make seminal contributions to tokamak plasma science such as first confirmation of the bootstrap current in a tokamak, detailed turbulence studies leading to a new paradigm for transport understanding, first observations of neoclassical tearing modes, and detailed measurements and modeling of plasma disruptions. Recent advances in understanding the fundamental processes controlling plasma transport provide new opportunities for improving tokamak plasma performance. Implementation of recent knowledge could lead to D-T operating regimes with strong alpha heating with modest extensions of the TFTR operating regimes.
For Then and Now: Memory and Writing

In this article, I explore the relationship between memory and writing. In the service of such an exploration, I have employed several different writing forms: first-person narrative—including self-reflection, travelogue, eulogy in epistolary form, poetry, and social science prose. WARNING: This sort of work—specifically, this sort of writing—calls for a different sort of reader. Unlike many other academic articles, the goal of this article is not to systematically reiterate, review, inform, instruct, or critique. Rather, in this article, I respectively attempt to present an alternative approach to “doing psychology”—one that would allow for an account of the process of the unfolding of one particular subject in and through writing as she1engages with memory. By the same token, bearing witness to such a process necessitates a reader who can make sufficient space to accommodate the writer as she unfolds before her/him through an indefinite process. Such a reader should also be aware that the writer will not necessarily guide the reader as to what to think or feel. Rather, the reader is asked to do this for her/himself.
Evidence-Based Public Health

Ross C. Brownson, Elizabeth A. Baker, Terry L. Leet, and Kathleen N. Gillespie Oxford University Press, Inc., New York, 2003 0-19-514376-0; 235 pp; $39.95 There is a growing demand to use scientific reasoning approaches to support informed decisions concerning public health issues and policy development, and to provide rational and effective public health programs in society. Evidence-based approaches have been adopted in medicine to improve the care for individual patients. Evidence-based public health utilizes the current best available evidence to make decisions in the public health service, and also to develop action plans, public health programs, and policies for addressing public health issues. This is starting to have an impact on improving public health services. I agree with the authors in that decisions made in public health are often based on instantaneous demands rather than scientific evidence. In addition, suggested policies and programs are sometimes developed based on subjective opinions, unevaluated past experience, and political reasons, and are rarely evaluated properly. It is also my impression that many public health practitioners do not have a concrete idea of what evidence-based public health is, how it works, and what the benefits are. It remains unclear among public …
Receptors and Counterreceptors Involved in NK-B Cell Interactions

In addition to the well-documented effect of NK cells on B cell differentiation via their ability to secrete IFN-gamma, NK cells can also induce, via direct cell-cell interactions, germline transcripts (Igamma2a) necessary for switch recombination to IgG2a. Analysis of the ligand-receptor pairs that could be involved in this induction revealed that the expression of CD48 on B cells is crucial for the induction. NK cells from mice with targeted deletions of either the CD2 or the CD244 gene, both of which encode ligands for CD48, are compromised in their ability to induce B cell Igamma2a expression. Interestingly, although CD244 can bind to CD48 with a higher affinity, the ability of NK cells from CD244(-/-) mice to stimulate Igamma2a is not as compromised as NK cells from CD2(-/-) mice. Despite the difference between cell surface receptors that are stimulated by NK cells vs those stimulated by the combination of LPS and IFN-gamma, we show in this study that the initiation of gamma2a germline transcription is regulated by similar cis-acting elements located at the 3' end of the IgH locus. However, NK cells cannot induce the final steps of switch recombination resulting in the production of mature mRNA from recombined DNA. Our findings suggest that these different signaling pathways converge on regulatory elements that are common to germline transcription; however, because NK induction does not result in the final steps of switch recombination, some signals initiated by LPS plus IFN-gamma are not induced by NK cells.
Advances in specific immunotherapy of malignant melanoma.

Abstract Management of malignant melanoma continues to present a challenge to dermatologists, particularly in advanced cases. In light of the steady increase in the worldwide incidence and mortality rates for melanoma, better understanding of the immune mechanisms regulating melanoma progression and interaction with the host's immune system seems eminently important. New studies on the role of immune mechanisms in the pathogenesis and clinical course of melanoma have recently been published. We review the immune mechanisms involved in tumor progression and ways in which these mechanisms may be applied toward immunotherapeutic management of malignant melanoma. (J Am Acad Dermatol 2000;43:167-85.) Learning Objective: After the completion of this learning activity, participants should be familiar with (1) the immune mechanisms involved in host-tumor interaction and tumor rejection, (2) factors allowing the escape of melanoma cells from immune recognition, and (3) the current rationale for the different types of specific immunotherapy in melanoma. Better understanding of basic mechanisms in tumor immunology should raise awareness of future immunotherapeutic approaches in patients with melanoma, particularly in those who are at high risk of recurrence or who present with advanced disease.
Planning, implementing, and monitoring multiple-species habitat conservation plans.

 Premise of the study : Despite numerous recommendations for various aspects of the design and monitoring of habitat conservation plans, there remains a need to synthesize existing guidelines into a comprehensive scheme and apply it to real-world conservation programs.  Methods : We review tools for systematic conservation planning and elements for designing and implementing ecological monitoring in an adaptive management context. We apply principles of monitoring design to the San Diego Multiple Species Conservation Program (MSCP) in California, USA — one of the fi rst multispecies habitat conservation plans, located in a landscape where high biodiversity and urban development converge.  Key results : Tools for spatial conservation planning are aimed to conserve biodiversity, often in the context of a limited budget. In practice, these methods may not accommodate legislative mandates, budgetary uncertainties, and the range of implementation mechanisms available across consortia of stakeholders. Once a reserve is implemented, the question becomes whether it is effective at conserving biodiversity, and if not, what actions are required to make it effective. In monitoring plan development, status and threats should be used to prioritize species and communities that require management action to ensure their persistence. Conceptual models documenting the state of knowledge of the system should highlight the main drivers affecting status and trends of species or communities. Monitoring strategies require scientifi cally justifi ed decisions based on sampling, response, and data design.  Conclusions : Because the framework illustrated here tackles multiple species, communities, and threats at the urban – wildland interface, it will have utility for ecosystem managers struggling to design monitoring programs.
Mixed income housing policy and public housing residents' `right to the city'

Economic integration through various mixed income housing strategies has become the dominant housing policy in many parts of the world. In the United States, this strategy involves a restructuring ...
The Group Engagement Model: Procedural Justice, Social Identity, and Cooperative Behavior

The group engagement model expands the insights of the group-value model of procedural justice and the relational model of authority into an explanation for why procedural justice shapes cooperation in groups, organizations, and societies. It hypothesizes that procedures are important because they shape people's social identity within groups, and social identity in turn influences attitudes, values, and behaviors. The model further hypothesizes that resource judgments exercise their influence indirectly by shaping social identity. This social identity mediation hypothesis explains why people focus on procedural justice, and in particular on procedural elements related to the quality of their interpersonal treatment, because those elements carry the most social identity-relevant information. In this article, we review several key insights of the group engagement model, relate these insights to important trends in psychological research on justice, and discuss implications of the model for the future of procedural justice research.
Investigations on the role of cAMP in regulating resorption of the tail fin from tadpoles of Rana catesbeiana.

Abstract Conflicting reports have appeared regarding the role of cAMP in regulating resorption of the tadpole tail during anuran metamorphosis. That cyclic nucleotide has been suggested as a mediator of the effects of both the thyroid hormones and prolactin. We tested the effects of cAMP and its derivatives dibutyryl-cAMP and 8-bromo-cAMP on explants of tail fin from tadpoles of Rana catesbeiana maintained in tissue culture. Unmodified cAMP (0.1, 2 mM) did not influence resorption. Dibutyryl-cAMP (0.1, 1 mM) and 8-bromo-cAMP (1 mM) inhibited resorption of explants induced by thyroxine (T4). The phosphodiesterase inhibitor isobutylmethylxanthine similarly inhibited regression of explants cultured with T4. None of these agents affected the increase in specific activity of hexosaminidase brought about by T4. Although the effects of cAMP in anatagonizing tail resorption were simiar to those of prolactin, we found no direct effect of prolactin on levels of cAMP in cultured tail fin. Thus, the effects of prolactin appear not to be mediated by increased levels of cAMP. We conclude, however, that the elevation of cellular levels of cAMP does inhibit the resorptive action of T4.
Progression Rates of Diabetic Neuropathy in Placebo Patients in an 18-Month Clinical Trial ☆

Recent clinical drug trials designed to test the effect on established mild diabetic neuropathy have in general been disappointing. These findings may in part be due to a failure of tested drugs to reverse neuropathy (they may merely halt its progression) and to insufficient durations of the trials. To aid the design of future studies, we examined the progression rates of quantitative sensory tests, autonomic functions, and sensory and motor nerve electrophysiology in 182 patients designed to placebo treatment in an 18-month multicenter ARI-trial. Clinically meaningful deteriorations were demonstrated in the vibratory perception threshold in the toe and the Valsalva ratio. The greatest deterioration rate in electrophysiologic measures was found in peroneal F-wave latency and in sensory nerve conduction velocities in the upper limb, but none of these reached the threshold of clinically meaningful change. Assuming that drug efficacy will be based on the deterioration rates in placebo patients alone, the present data suggest a minimum of 250 patients treated for at least 2 years to achieve convincing efficacy.
On relations between certain intrinsic topologies in partially ordered sets

In the first part of this paper we consider partially ordered sets for which the intrinsic ‘interval topology’ ((1), p. 60) is Hausdorffian. The main result of this section is the following: the interval topology of a lattice is Hausdorffian if and only if convergence with respect to the interval topology is equivalent to strong o*-convergence. This may be regarded as an answer either to Birkhoff's problem 23 ((1), p. 62) or to his problem 25 ((1), p. 64). In the case of a complete lattice, we have an alternative formulation. The interval topology of a complete lattice is Hausdorffian if and only if every filter (or, alternatively, every directed net) in the lattice has an o-convergent refinement. This condition may be regarded as a strong type of compactness.
Process for design optimization of honeycomb core sandwich panels for blast load mitigation

A general process for optimization of a sandwich panel to minimize the effects of air blast loading is presented here. The panel geometry consists of two metal face plates with a crushable honeycomb or other type of core. Optimization is necessary as there is strong coupling between the several variables and the physics, which makes parametric studies relatively ineffective. Virtual testing is used to develop a homogenized model for the stress---strain curve of the honeycomb core, which can be readily applied to other types of cellular core. The homogenized model has been validated by comparison to existing results as well as to results from detailed finite element (FE) models. A design of experiments (DOE) based response surface optimization method in combination with LS-DYNA is used to minimize dynamic deflection or acceleration of the back face plate. Constraints on total mass and on plastic strain in the face plates are imposed. The mechanism of lowering the backface deflection is by increasing front face plate thickness which effectively distributes the blast load to a larger area of the core and avoids local concave deformation of the front face plate. Further, core depth is increased which increases panel stiffness. For acceleration minimization, results again produce a stiffer front face plate, but accompanied by a sufficiently soft core. The mechanism of lowering the backface acceleration is by absorbing energy with low transmitted stress. A clear cut comparison between monolithic metal plates and sandwich plates, for the same loading and failure criteria, is presented here.
Deficiency of different nitric oxide synthase isoforms activates divergent transcriptional programs in cardiac hypertrophy

Decreased nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity induces left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), but the transcriptional pathways mediating this effect are unknown. We hypothesized that specific NOS isof...
Obesity and malnutrition among Hispanic children in the United States: double burden on health inequities

OBJECTIVE: To examine important micronutrient deficiencies related to child health and growth outcomes for all weight statuses to 1) better understand other potential nutritional problems and inequities that may be masked by focusing solely on BMI percentiles and overweight/obesity, and 2) draw attention to the need for more studies focused on the nutritional well-being of children at all weight statuses, including healthy weight. METHODS: A sample of children (ages 2-19 years) old from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2010 was analyzed. Prevalence of stunting, folate, vitamin D, iron, iodine, and anemia, was considered. Comparisons were conducted between non-Hispanic whites and Hispanics, and within Hispanics, based on socio-demographic and economic characteristics. RESULTS: Hispanic children experienced significantly higher prevalence of stunting (6.1% versus 2.6%), and the prevalence of stunted Hispanic children in the healthy weight category was higher than those in the overweight/obese category. Comparable percentages were observed by ethnicity for most analyzed micronutrients, although girls had consistently higher prevalence of nutritional deficiencies than boys, especially girls reaching reproductive age. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this article draw attention to the need for more specific and differentiated analyses of child obesity and nutritional status among and within ethnic, sex, and age groups. Appropriate public health interventions need to consider the entire range of weight statuses and micronutrient deficiencies to eliminate inequities among minority children, especially girls.
INTENTIONS, MOTIVES AND THE DOCTRINE OF DOUBLE EFFECT

I defend the doctrine of double effect and a so-called ‘strict’ definition of intention: A intends an effect if and only if A has it as an end or believes that it is a state of affairs in the causal sequence that will result in A's end. Following Kamm's proposed ‘doctrine of triple effect’, I distinguish an intended effect from an effect that motivates an action, and show that this distinction is morally significant. I use several contrived cases as illustrations, but my position does not depend on intuitive judgements about them. Instead, it follows from the view that the moral permissibility of an action depends at least partly on how it forms the agent's character. I also respond to some objections presented by Harris, Bennett, McIntyre, Thomson and Scanlon to the doctrine of double effect.
Changes in near-surface temperature and sea level for the Post-SRES CO2-stabilization scenarios

Changes in global near-surface temperature and sea level are calculated from 2000 to 2100 for the Post-SRES (Special Report on Emissions Scenarios) scenarios that stabilize the CO2 concentration early in the 22nd century. Seven stabilization scenarios are examined together with their corresponding SRES marker scenarios – A1, A1/S450, A1/S550, A1/S650, A2, A2/S550, A2/S750, B1, B1/S450, B2, and B2/S550 – where the number following the S indicates the stabilized CO2 concentration in parts per million by volume (ppmv). The calculations are performed using an energy-balance-climate/upwelling-diffusion-ocean model for three values of the climate sensitivity, ΔT2x=1.5, 2.5 and 4.5°C. The resulting reductions in global warming and sea-level rise for the stabilization scenarios relative to their corresponding marker scenario increases with ΔT2x and are greater the lower the stabilized CO2 concentration. For the S550 stabilization scenarios, the reductions in global warming and sea-level rise in 2100 range from 0.29°C and 3.31 cm for B2/S550 with ΔT2x=1.5°C, to 1.23°C and 11.81 cm for A2/S550 with ΔT2x=4.5°C. The percent reductions for the global warming and sea-level rise for each stabilization scenario are almost independent of ΔT2x and range respectively from about 16% and 12% for the A1/S650 scenario to about 39% and 30% for the A1/S450 scenario. The geographical distributions of near-surface temperature change are constructed using a method to superpose the patterns simulated by our atmospheric general-circulation/mixed-layer-ocean model, individually for doubled CO2 concentration and decupled SO4 burden. Results are illustrated for the B2 and B2/S550 scenarios for ΔT2x=2.5°C. The near-surface temperature changes of the B2/S550 scenario in 2100 are everywhere smaller than those for the B2 scenario, with values ranging from about 0.3°C in the tropics to 0.5°C over Antarctica and 0.7°C in the Arctic. The global results of this study are available on the web at: http://crga.atmos.uiuc.edu/research/post-sres.html. We would be pleased to collaborate with other researchers in using these results in impact and integrated-assessment studies.
Efficient computation of signal propagation delay with overshoot- and undershoot-control in VLSI interconnections

The signal propagation delay and the maximum percentage of overshoot or undershoot are specified for an interconnection of length l along with the driver resistance, R/sub D/, and the loading capacitance, C/sub L/. A computer efficient algorithm is described for studying the trade-offs of various pairs of parameters (i.e., C/sub L/, L, and C), such that the desired output signal performance (i.e., predictable and controlled digital signal noise) can be achieved. >
Application of General Utility Theory for Estimating Value in Non-Western Societies

Understanding value and being able to monitor it is crucial to many anthropological theories of economy. The author presents a method, developed in economics, of evaluating peoples’ subjective values. While this method is derived from neoclassical economics, its assumptions are minimal and its use is not necessarily tied to any particular economic paradigm. Therefore, the method may be useful to anthropologists working within neoclassical, ecological, Marxist, or interpretive paradigms.
Receptor-like Genes in the Major Resistance Locus of Lettuce Are Subject to Divergent Selection

Disease resistance genes in plants are often found in complex multigene families. The largest known cluster of disease resistance specificities in lettuce contains the RGC2 family of genes. We compared the sequences of nine full-length genomic copies of RGC2 representing the diversity in the cluster to determine the structure of genes within this family and to examine the evolution of its members. The transcribed regions range from at least 7.0 to 13.1 kb, and the cDNAs contain deduced open reading frames of approximately 5. 5 kb. The predicted RGC2 proteins contain a nucleotide binding site and irregular leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) that are characteristic of resistance genes cloned from other species. Unique features of the RGC2 gene products include a bipartite LRR region with >40 repeats. At least eight members of this family are transcribed. The level of sequence diversity between family members varied in different regions of the gene. The ratio of nonsynonymous (Ka) to synonymous (Ks) nucleotide substitutions was lowest in the region encoding the nucleotide binding site, which is the presumed effector domain of the protein. The LRR-encoding region showed an alternating pattern of conservation and hypervariability. This alternating pattern of variation was also found in all comparisons within families of resistance genes cloned from other species. The Ka /Ks ratios indicate that diversifying selection has resulted in increased variation at these codons. The patterns of variation support the predicted structure of LRR regions with solvent-exposed hypervariable residues that are potentially involved in binding pathogen-derived ligands.
A Distinct Mechanism to Achieve Efficient Signal Recognition Particle (SRP)–SRP Receptor Interaction by the Chloroplast SRP Pathway

Cotranslational protein targeting by the signal recognition particle (SRP) requires the SRP RNA, which accelerates the interaction between the SRP and SRP receptor 200-fold. This otherwise universally conserved SRP RNA is missing in the chloroplast SRP (cpSRP) pathway. Instead, the cpSRP and cpSRP receptor (cpFtsY) by themselves can interact 200-fold faster than their bacterial homologues. Here, cross-complementation analyses revealed the molecular origin underlying their efficient interaction. We found that cpFtsY is 5- to 10-fold more efficient than Escherichia coli FtsY at interacting with the GTPase domain of SRP from both chloroplast and bacteria, suggesting that cpFtsY is preorganized into a conformation more conducive to complex formation. Furthermore, the cargo-binding M-domain of cpSRP provides an additional 100-fold acceleration for the interaction between the chloroplast GTPases, functionally mimicking the effect of the SRP RNA in the cotranslational targeting pathway. The stimulatory effect of the SRP RNA or the M-domain of cpSRP is specific to the homologous SRP receptor in each pathway. These results strongly suggest that the M-domain of SRP actively communicates with the SRP and SR GTPases and that the cytosolic and chloroplast SRP pathways have evolved distinct molecular mechanisms (RNA vs. protein) to mediate this communication.
Planning Storm-Drinage Systems for Urban Growth

A package is developed that integrated and interfaces an urban growth simulation model and an urban hydrology model, so as to explicitly evaluate the effectiveness of nonstructural measures, e.g., zoning as far as the drainage system is concerned. Alternate growth scenarios can thus be directly related to the corresponding storm-drainage systems of specified standards of performance. Among the remaining “Best Management Practice” control options, the on-site storage, treatment and controlled overflow are retained as accurately representing the facets of urban storm-water management relevant at the planning stage. This is achieved by including these controls in a simulation of the hydrologic behavior of each local drainage basin of an urban agglomeration separately. An application is given for a medium size community in Indiana.
Lethal drugs in capital punishment in USA: History, present, and future perspectives.

Summary Lethal injection is the preferred method for the execution of condemned prisoners in the United States. A recent decision of The European Union to prohibit the export of drugs used in capital punishment to the USA along with domestic firms ceasing to manufacture these drugs has resulted in a drug shortage and a search for alternative drugs and new drug combinations that have not been previously validated for inducing death. As a consequence, some of the executions did not proceed as expected and sparked public debate regarding whether recent executions by lethal injection serve the purpose of avoiding "cruel and unusual punishment" in executions. Moreover, a cottage industry comprised of compounding pharmacies as emerged as a source of drug combinations used in capital punishment. Although there is a growing trend toward the abolishment of capital punishment in United States, the controversy concerning the efficacy of drug and involvement of health care professionals in the execution procedure is far from over.
Macrogeographical Versus Microgeographical Cleavages in Contemporary Texas Politics

This study compares the importance of macrogeographical cleavages (i.e. differences across historical sub-regions) and microgeographical cleavages (e.g. differences across population density categories) to the contemporary electoral landscape of Texas. Results from statewide contests since 1994 will be used to show that the importance of macrogeographical cleavages is diminishing while the importance of microgeographical cleavages is growing. Additionally, results from the University of Texas/Texas Tribune statewide poll will be used to show how population density increasingly accounts for important differences in partisan identification, political ideology, and public opinion in Texas.
High-Gain Inverters Based on WSe2 Complementary Field-Effect Transistors

In this work, the operation of n- and p-type field-effect transistors (FETs) on the same WSe2 flake is realized,and a complementary logic inverter is demonstrated. The p-FET is fabricated by contacting WSe2 with a high work function metal, Pt, which facilities hole injection at the source contact. The n-FET is realized by utilizing selective surface charge transfer doping with potassium to form degenerately doped n+ contacts for electron injection. An ON/OFF current ratio of >104 is achieved for both n- and p-FETs with similar ON current densities. A dc voltage gain of >12 is measured for the complementary WSe2 inverter. This work presents an important advance toward realization of complementary logic devices based on layered chalcogenide semiconductors for electronic applications.
Reversed-Phase LC Retention Prediction in Water-Methanol-THF Using Factor-Analytical Modeling

A factor-analytical retention prediction model is used to analyze the reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic retention behavior of 23 organic compounds in solvent systems of water-methanol-tetrahydrofuran ranging from 0 to 70% water. Principal component factor analysis and target transformation factor analysis are the methods used. The retention data are reproduced using three factors ; there is a reproduction error of 2.2% in capacity factors from 0.08 to 95.1. This model is further tested by extrapolating the retention prediction to new compounds and solvents.
Feed consumption of egg strain pullets at onset of lay.

Abstract An experiment was conducted to investigate the performance of four strains of commercial egg type pullets (A, B, C, and D) from 19 to 30 wk of age. The feed consumption differences during this period as well as feed consumption patterns 10 days prior to and after the first oviposition were of special interest. Two hundred and sixty-four birds (66 birds per strain) were fed a diet formulated to contain 2,750 kcal/kg ME, 17% CP, and 3.4% calcium. Results show that the average age to the first egg and percentage of hen-day egg production were not significantly different among the four strains of birds. However, egg weights of Strain A and C birds were significantly heavier than those of the Strain B and D birds. The birds from Strains B and D had significantly lower body weight than Strain A birds at the end of 18 wk, but body weights were not significantly different at the end of 30 wk. Feed intake per bird per day of pullets from Strains A and C was generally higher than that of those from Strains B and D in the first and second 4-wk period. Some of the consumption differences were significant. Feed intake in the third period (27 to 30 wk) was similar for the four strains of birds. Although different strains showed different feed consumption patterns around the first oviposition, all strains showed a drop on the day of the first oviposition. When the strains were combined, feed consumption was lower on that day than during the 8 days prior to the first oviposition.
Career success and personal failure: Alienation in professionals and managers.

Expectancy disconfirmation, contradictory role demands, sense of external control, loss of affiliative satisfactions, and developmental life changes are proposed as significant factors in the perso...
Generalized Weakness in a Transplant Patient: A Case Presentation

Abstract Generalized weakness in transplant patients is a major complaint in tertiary rehabilitation hospitals. The diagnosis and management of generalized weakness in this population pose challenges for physicians. We present the case of a transplant patient with generalized weakness who was eventually diagnosed with calciphylaxis using a multidisciplinary diagnostic approach of electrodiagnostics, vascular study, and skin biopsy. Calciphylaxis is a rare cutaneous disorder that mimics other collagen vascular diseases in its presentation and fulminant course. Physiatrists should be cognizant of calciphylaxis, as it signals a poor prognosis if not correctly diagnosed and treated in a timely manner, with high incidence of sepsis, wound pain, and disability. Level of Evidence V