cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using discriminant analysis to predict faculty rank

Past attempts to predict the salary of faculty have been flawed by the use of rank, a potential source of bias, but removing rank from the equation seriously reduces prediction. This research studies the degree of bias in rank. Discriminant analysis produced a solution that correctly predicted rank 69% of the time for the 1083 faculty members used in the study. Among teaching and research faculty, there was a significant relationship between the direction of prediction error and gender. For women, the number of times they were predicted to have a rank higher than their actual rank exceeded the opposite condition by 2 1/2 times; for men, there was a slight tendency for the opposite. Methods were suggested for using the information administratively to correct problems. Further, recommendations are made to use the results to study salary-bias problems.
Contraception in the prepill era

Although medical history has documented the desire to control fertility since ancient times, safe and effective contraception did not exist until this century and has not been equally available to all people. Strong moral sentiments, economic and social class factors, religious beliefs, familial and gender relations, and political as well as legal constraints have often limited the ability of physicians in favor of contraception to provide advice and methods of birth control to their patients. By the early 1900s, a constellation of factors--in particular, the large influx of poor immigrants, and feminist groups advocating women's rights--helped to move forward a birth-control movement in this country and abroad. In the early 20th century, Margaret Sanger became one of the most avid proponents of contraception in the United States. By 1950, she and Katharine McCormick had contracted with biologist Gregory Pincus to develop an effective birth control pill. A collaborative effort by Pincus and other researchers led to trials of the pill in Puerto Rico, Haiti, and Mexico between 1956 and 1957, which provided the basis for an application to the Food and Drug Administration for approval of the first oral contraceptive.
Continuous Irradiation Induced Luminescence from Benzophenone, 4,4‘-Dichlorobenzophenone, and 4-(Dimethylamino)benzaldehyde in Solid Environments and Its Pressure Dependence†

We report a strong emission change induced by continuous light irradiation in two ketones, benzophenone and 4,4‘-dichlorobenzophenone, and an aldehyde, 4-(dimethylamino)benzaldehyde, in their crystalline state as well as dissolved in solid polymers. With prolonged laser irradiation, a time evolution of the emission intensity shows complex features, but two clear competing trends can be distinguished: an increase and/or decrease of the emission intensity. It is shown that these trends may be a result of creation of either an emissive or a nonemissive species. The relative importance of these two pathways is significantly dependent on the type of medium and external pressure. The most characteristic feature of these dependencies is the fact that in crystalline environments, in contrast to polymers, the emission intensity at all pressures only decreases. A kinetic model is developed that assumes the lowest triplet state as the origin of the high photoreactivity of these molecules, causing their emission int...
The Molecular Physiology of Electroneutral Cation-Chloride Cotransport

The application of molecular biology to the study of electroneutral cation-chloride cotransporters has been extremely successful, resulting in the identification of a new gene family of five membrane proteins. The function, expression, and regulation of these important proteins can increasingly be described in molecular terms. In addition, mutations in two renal cation-chloride transporter genes have been found in patients with Bartter's and Gitelman's syndromes, autosomal recessive disorders of renal salt excretion.
Association of ferritin with liver cell membrane fractions.

Abstract Following intraperitoneal injection of rats with a large dose of ferric ammonium citrate containing 59 Fe, some 35 to 50% of the dose was deposited in the liver within the first 1 to 4 h. Almost all of the deposited iron could be precipitated with a ferritin antiserum from a homogenate of liver heated to 75 °C, but only half of this was precipitable when the unheated homogenate was treated with antiserum. The remainder of the ferritin iron was made available to the antiserum by treatment with deoxycholate, and was therefore presumed to be associated with membranous components of the cell. Subcellular fractionation of the liver following administration of 59 Fe-labeled ferric ammonium citrate showed that most of the radioactivity deposited within the first 4 h was equally divided between the cell sap and a light microsome (membrane-rich) fraction. Ferritin in this latter fraction was made available to antibody following deoxycholate treatment. The liver microsome fraction of the young rat contains little unavailable ferritin, but with aging there is an accumulation of ferritin in the microsomal fraction which is unavailable to antibody until the membrane is removed. It is suggested that at least part of the injected iron salt is taken up by pinocytotic vesicles and transferred to ferritin within this fraction, possibly followed by release of some of this ferritin into the cell sap.
The applicative data model

Abstract The applicative data model is a conceptual-level model designed to support the data modeling of expert systems. It was developed using the same modeling methodology we advocate for other applications, by designing a metaschema using its data definition language, and so it is self-descriptive. Its metaschema incorporates both types and instances of data (including itself), removing the arbitrary distinction between schema and data. The model includes a functional, extendible data manipulation language and constraint definition language. The emphasis of this model is on providing a small set of orthogonal constructs that can be combined in regular ways to model data.
Book Review: Advocacy to Zealousness: Learning Lawyering Skills from Classic Films, by Kelly Lynn Anders

Advocacy to Zealousness: Learning Lawyering Skills from Classic Films. Kelly Lynn Anders. Durham: Carolina Academic Press, 2012. 236 pp. $28.00 pbk.I am a journalist and a lawyer by training, and a film buff by avocation. As a teacher of media law and ethics courses at a journalism school, I love to use clips of classic movies to illustrate important principles, so books that can help me do this are welcome.Kelly Lynn Anders's book, Advocacy to Zealousness: Learning Lawyering Skills from Classic Films, is, somewhat surprisingly, one of those books. Anders is currently director of communications and diversity at Creighton University School of Law, but before she earned her law degree at Pepperdine University, she was a film reviewer for the Omaha World-Herald. Drawing on this expertise, Anders has selected movies to illustrate twenty-six "skills" that every lawyer should have. All of the chosen films were produced prior to adoption of the modern film rating system in 1968 but after the imposition of the Motion Picture Production Code in the mid-1930s. As Anders points out in the "Introduction," this means the movies "lack the nudity, profanity, and graphic violence found in many modern films," making them suitable for viewing by a variety of classroom audiences.Utilizing an alphabetized list of the skills (Anders also wrote The Organized Lawyer, which may be indicative of a penchant for keeping things neatly in their places), each of the book's chapters consists of a description of the respective skill (literally from "Advocacy" to "Zealousness"), a pithy synopsis of the relevant film, including some interesting bits of trivia, ten "Film Discussion Questions," and five "Exercises for Improvement." For example, the skill of "Compassion" is described as a trait that elevates a lawyer's service "to a higher level," and is illustrated by the will- ingness of lawyer Atticus Finch (Gregory Peck) to defend an African-American man accused of raping a white woman in 1930s Alabama in the film, "To Kill a Mockingbird." "Film Discussion Questions" invite the reader to reflect on how Finch shows compassion to the defendant and his family, and the "Exercises for Improvement" include a direction to watch television news programs and note how interviewers react to guests' responses.So you may be wondering, "What does all this have to do with journalism or mass communications?" The answer is that many of the skills Anders advocates for lawyers-"Investigation," "Marketing," "Persuasion," and even "X-Ray Vision"- are also useful skills for a reporter or public relations practitioner to have. And although an attorney or judge is usually the central figure in the films Anders has selected, journalists or publicists often play prominent, if secondary, roles. …
Research on Bi-directional converter for lithium battery energy storage system

In this paper, based on the fact that lithium battery energy storage system needs to exchange energy with the grid frequently, a grid-connected conversion for lithium battery energy storage systems is introduced for the charge-discharge function. In order to achieve the current decoupling and high power factor, the synchronous rotating frame and the space vector pulse width modulation (PWM) are used for the AC/DC conversion. DC/DC conversion part of the controller is designed based on the average model. The output voltage control problem is converted into the control of the inductor current. Electromagnetic transient simulation results show that the system is correct and feasible.
LASER GENERATION OF 100-kbar SHOCK WAVES IN SOLIDS

Neodymium-glass laser pulses (1.06-μm wavelength, 25-ns pulse width) have been used to generate shock waves with peak pressures in the 5- to 120-kbar range at the front surface of solids. Relatively uniform irradiance levels were employed with circular beam areas in the 0.4- to 1.5-cm2 range and single pulse energy up to 800 J (fluences ranged from 200-2000 J/cm2). At 1000 J/cm2, the resulting peak shock pressure is about 35 kbar. By confining the plasma with a transparent glass overlay, this peak pressure was raised to 120 kbar. The nature of the plasma initiation process has been revealed through careful simultaneous temporal resolution of the beam-power, temperature, and stress-wave details.
Atrial conduction: Effects of extrastimuli with and without atrial dysrhythmias

The effects of cycle length and stimulation site on intraatrial conduction and refractoriness were evaluated in patients with and without atrial flutter (AFI) or fibrillation (AF) using the extrastimulus technique. Nineteen patients with spontaneous sustained AFI or AF were compared with 19 control patients. Programmed stimulation was performed at the right atrium and coronary sinus at drive cycle lengths of 600 and 450 ms. The atrial effective refractory period was similar in the patients with atrial dysrhythmias and the control group. The right atrial effective refractory period at a drive cycle length of 600 ms was significantly shorter in patients with AF (211 ms) than in patients with AFI (235 ms, p = 0.05). The conduction time of late (coupling intervals more than 50% of the drive cycle length) premature impulses was similar in the patients with atrial dysrhythmias and the control group. However, early extrastimuli (coupling intervals less than 50% of the drive cycle length) at a drive cycle length of 600 ms produced significantly more intraatrial conduction delay in the patients with atrial dysrhythmias than in the control patients. At a drive cycle length of 450 ms, similar delays in intraatrial conduction occurred in the patients with and without atrial dysrhythmias because of an increase in the maximal-observed intraatrial conduction delay in the control patients. This study shows that delay in conduction of early premature atrial stimuli at a drive cycle length of 600 ms is a marker of patients with spontaneous AFI and AF.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Constructivism and Understanding: Implementing the Teaching for Understanding Framework:

For teaching gifted and other high-ability learners, the idea that understanding is more significant than knowing is nearly a no-brainer. Teachers are continuously looking for ways to raise the intellectual bar through classroom challenges that push these learners to extend beyond the factual knowledge base that is often the measuring stick of standardized state exams. But, how do we implement such challenges in ways that raise both the bar and the interest level of the learners? The Teaching for Understanding (TfU) framework addresses this issue, and this paper describes the introduction of TfU at an International Baccalaureate school in Florida. The framework engages the students, moving them into constructivist learning styles, while simultaneously leading the teacher into a clearer sense of how to assess student understanding. Blending thinking from both constructivist and understanding camps, this paper argues that such a pedagogy is far superior to simple methodologies and might be a great match for...
What is the ideal body weight

Abstract This paper attempts to answer five questions. (1) How should we best measure overweight? Although life insurance tables and relative weights have been used, I propose that body mass index (BMI; wt/ht 2 ) is the preferred method. It is currently used in most epidemiologic studies and can be used in clinical evaluation of individual patients. (2) What is a healthy body weight? A healthy body weight can be defined from normative population data as well as from mortality experience. The National Center for Health Statistics has used the normative approach by defining overweight as a BMI above the 85th percentile of the weight distribution curve. Super overweight is defined as weights above the 95th percentile. There are three problems with this approach. First, the normative weight changes as the population weight changes, so standards differ with each survey. Second, this approach automatically defines 15% of the population as overweight. Finally, and of most concern, is the implication that a normal weight is a healthy weight. The alternative approach is to use mortality data. The life insurance companies have done this, using this data as the basis for the Metropolitan Life Insurance Table. This table uses three weight ranges based on frame size. However, frame size was never measured, and it appears that they were assigning the smallest quartile to small frame, the middle two quartiles to average frame, and the heaviest quartile to the large frame. The problem with this approach is that the same weight range is used for all ages and that the standard differs for men and women. A third approach is to use the mortality experience from large epidemiologic studies. Here the lowest death rates can be defined as the best and a range around this can be considered “healthy.” Using this risk approach, BMI units separated by five BMI unit intervals have been defined, beginning with the healthy range of BMI between 20 and 25/27 kg/m 2 . (3) Should we also measure body fat? I will conclude that, except for research purposes, there is no clinical value in measuring body fat. (4) Should we measure body fat distribution? Because body fat distribution is related to health risks, a measure of fat distribution is important. (5) What are some other measures that may be needed to establish whether a given weight is healthy? The first of these is the amount of weight gain since age of 18 to 20 years. The second is the presence of comorbidities: The fasting insulin level can be used to assess the degree of insulin resistance; blood pressure measurement will determine the presence of hypertension; measuring triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol both reflect hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance. Finally, the presence of sleep apnea is an important variable that must be noted. With this information, it is then possible to use an algorithm to decide whether an individual is overweight and, if so, whether this is a risky form of overweight.
Arthroscopically detected intra-articular lesions associated with acute ankle fractures.

Background: Anatomic surgical realignment of ankle fractures may still be associated with poor clinical outcomes, possibly as a result of occult intra-articular injury. The aim of this study was to determine if the severity of an acute ankle fracture is correlated with an increased number of arthroscopically detected intra-articular chondral lesions. Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of the medical charts on 283 ankle fractures that had been treated with open reduction and internal fixation and for which ankle arthroscopy had been routinely performed. The severity of the ankle fractures was categorized, with use of the arthroscopic findings derived from the operative reports as well as the findings on preoperative radiographs, according to the Lauge-Hansen criteria. Results: Of the 283 patients, eighty-four (forty-four female and forty male) met our inclusion criteria. Chondral lesions were found in sixty-one patients (73%). Of seventeen fractures graded as pronation-external rotation or supination-external rotation type I according to the Lauge-Hansen classification, fifteen were associated with one or no chondral lesion and two, with two or more chondral lesions. Of ten fractures graded as pronation-external rotation or supination-external rotation type II, nine were associated with one or no chondral lesion and one, with two or more chondral lesions. Of fifty-six fractures graded as pronation-external rotation or supination-external rotation type IV, twenty-seven were associated with one or no chondral lesion and twenty-nine, with two or more chondral lesions. Type-IV pronation-external rotation and supination-external rotation ankle fractures were more likely to be associated with two or more chondral lesions than type-I fractures (odds ratio = 8.1, 95% confidence interval = 1.7 to 38.6; p = 0.0044) or type-II fractures (odds ratio = 9.7, 95% confidence interval = 1.1 to 81.5; p = 0.0172). Conclusions: Chondral lesions are commonly found after an acute ankle fracture. This retrospective study demonstrated that the number of intra-articular chondral lesions associated with the more severe ankle fracture patterns (pronation-external rotation and supination-external rotation type-IV fractures) was greater than the number associated with the less severe ankle fracture patterns. Level of Evidence: Prognostic Level II. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Prevention of Osteoporosis: The Calcium Controversy

The continuing scientific controversy regarding the use of calcium supplements for the prevention of osteoporosis during menopause presents a challenge to the nurse practitioner. There is little doubt that estrogen prevents bone loss following menopause, but there is a growing doubt among many researchers whether calcium supplementation beyond 800 mg/ per day produces any benefit at all in preventing postmenopausal osteoporosis. Yet, the medical consensus in this country continues to recommend 1500 mg of calcium per day for menopausal women. The practitioner's clinical questions relate to the effectiveness, cost, and compliance of calcium prescription. An alternate recommendation and protocol are presented here.
Information Shocks and the Take‐Up of Social Programs

The causes of participation in social programs have been studied extensively, with prominent roles found for program rules and benefits. A lack of information about these programs has been suggested as a cause of low participation rates among certain groups, but it is often difficult to distinguish between the role of information sharing and other features of a neighborhood, such as factors that are common to people of the same ethnicities or socioeconomic opportunities, or uniquely local methods of program implementation. We seek to gain new insight into the potential role of information flows by investigating what happens when information is disrupted. We exploit rich microdata from Florida vital records and program participation files to explore declines in Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) participation during pregnancy among foreign-born Hispanics in the “information shock” period surrounding welfare reform. We identify how the size of these reductions is affected by having a high density of neighbors from the same place of origin. Specifically, we compare changes in WIC participation among Hispanic immigrants living in neighborhoods with a larger concentration of own-origin immigrants to those with a smaller concentration of own-origin immigrants, holding constant the size of the immigrant population and the share of immigrants in the neighborhood who are Hispanic. We find strong evidence that having a denser network of own-origin immigrants mediated the information shock faced by immigrant women in the wake of welfare reform.
Revenge and forgiveness or betrayal blindness

McCullough et al. hypothesize that evolution has selected mechanisms for revenge to deter harms and for forgiveness to preserve valuable relationships. However, in highly dependent relationships, the more adaptive course of action may be to remain unaware of the initial harm rather than risk alienating a needed other. We present a testable model of possible victim responses to interrelational harm.
Measurement corrections for phase noise characterization with different baseband analyzer

Phase noise characterization with different instrument required different measurement corrections. In this paper, with frequency discriminator method, two types of spectrum analyzer, e.g. swept signal analyzer and Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) analyzer are used. By looking into the different of operation for the instrument, different sets of correction factor are determined. Considering the correction factor into the phase noise characterization, the measurement results are compared. With a signal source analyzer, the measurement corrections are further verified. A correction measurement with corrections for compensating the instrument effect in phase noise characterization is discussed.
Brownian nanoimaging of interface dynamics and ligand-receptor binding at cell surfaces in 3-D.

We describe a method for nanoimaging interfacial dynamics and ligand–receptor binding at surfaces of live cells in 3-D. The imaging probe is a 1-μm diameter glass bead confined by a soft laser trap to create a “cloud” of fluctuating states. Using a facile on-line method of video image analysis, the probe displacements are reported at ∼10 ms intervals with bare precisions (±SD) of 4–6 nm along the optical axis (elevation) and 2 nm in the transverse directions. We demonstrate how the Brownian distributions are analyzed to characterize the free energy potential of each small probe in 3-D taking into account the blur effect of its motions during CCD image capture. Then, using the approach to image interactions of a labeled probe with lamellae of leukocytic cells spreading on cover-glass substrates, we show that deformations of the soft distribution in probe elevations provide both a sensitive long-range sensor for defining the steric topography of a cell lamella and a fast telemetry for reporting rare events of probe binding with its surface receptors. Invoking established principles of Brownian physics and statistical thermodynamics, we describe an off-line method of super resolution that improves precision of probe separations from a non-reactive steric boundary to ∼1 nm.
Depth dependent azimuthal anisotropy in the western US upper mantle

Abstract We present the results of a joint inversion of long period seismic waveforms and SKS splitting measurements for 3D lateral variations of anisotropy in the upper mantle beneath the western US, incorporating recent datasets generated by the USArray deployment as well as other permanent and temporary stations in the region. We find that shallow azimuthal anisotropy closely reflects plate motion generated shear in the asthenosphere in the shallow upper mantle (70–150 km depth), whereas at depths greater than 150 km, it is dominated by northward and upward flow associated with the extension of the East Pacific Rise under the continent, constrained to the east by the western edge of the North American craton, and to the north, by the presence of the East–West trending subduction zone. In particular, the depth-integrated effects of this anisotropy explain the apparent circular pattern of SKS splitting measurements observed in Nevada without the need to invoke any local anomalous structures.
Nitrates as an Environmental, Animal, and Human Hazard*

The public's awareness of foreign chemicals polluting our environment during the previous decade has promoted the government's current high interest in the pollution problem. As a result, the applied fields of health (medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine, nursing, public health, and others including social and psychological health) have been stimulated to increase their concern, We, as practicing scientists, must keep up-to-date in this area of applied health, When considering our environment in regards to environmental pollution, we must consider three basic surroundings-air, water, and soil. Each of these constitutes a dynamic system incorporating sensitive and balanced ecologic systems. In many instances, the biotic and abiotic entities of one biologic system are interconnected, and the entities within the ecologic systems of each biologic system are cyclic and interrelated. The most studied relationship is that involved in the phases of the food chain cycle within an ecologic system.
Cytoplasmic Dynein Transports Cargos via Load-Sharing between the Heads

Cytoplasmic dynein is a motor protein that walks along microtubules (MTs) and performs mechanical work to power a variety of cellular processes. It remains unclear how a dynein dimer is able to transport cargos against load without coordinating the stepping cycles of its two heads. Here by using a DNA-tethered optical trapping geometry, we find that the force-generating step of a head occurs in the MT-bound state, while the 'primed' unbound state is highly diffusional and only weakly biased to step towards the MT-minus end. The stall forces of the individual heads are additive, with both heads contributing equally to the maximal force production of the dimer. On the basis of these results, we propose that the heads of dynein utilize a 'load-sharing' mechanism, unlike kinesin and myosin. This mechanism may allow dynein to work against hindering forces larger than the maximal force produced by a single head.
Case Studies and Theory Development in the Social Sciences

Case Studies and Theory Development in the Social Sciences. By Alexander L. George and Andrew Bennett. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2005. 331p. 20.00 paper.In recent years, there has been a surge in work on what has come to be known as “qualitative methods.” The trend is essentially reactive, developing as a response to the outpouring of work on quantitative and formal methods and the assertions by scholars in those areas that case studies and historical work are impressionistic, unscientific, and noncumulative. To counter such claims, some of the field's most distinguished qualitative scholars (e.g., Stephan Van Evera, Guide to Methods for Students of Political Science, 1997; James Mahoney and Dietrich Rueschemeyer, eds., Historical Analysis in the Social Sciences, 2003; and Marc Trachtenberg, The Craft of International History, 2006) have spent much time and ink to show that researchers who eschew regressions or game theory can be just as methodologically aware and sophisticated as those who embrace them. Alexander George and Andrew Bennett's Case Studies and Theory Development in the Social Sciences is an impressive and welcome addition to this literature.
Contribution of Bone Marrow–Derived Cells Associated With Brain Angiogenesis Is Primarily Through CD69+

Objective— We investigated the role of bone marrow–derived cells (BMDCs) in an angiogenic focus, induced by VEGF stimulation. Methods and Results— BM from GFP donor mice was isolated and transplanted into lethally irradiated recipients. Four weeks after transplantation, groups of mice received adeno-associated viral vector (AAV)-VEGF or AAV-lacZ gene (control) injection and were euthanized at 1 to 24 weeks. BMDCs were characterized by double-labeled immunostaining. The function of BMDCs was further examined through matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and -9 activity. We found that capillary density increased after 2 weeks, peaked at 4 weeks (P<0.01), and sustained up to 24 weeks after gene transfer. GFP-positive BMDCs infiltration in the angiogenic focus began at 1 week, peaked at 2 weeks, and decreased thereafter. The GFP-positive BMDCs were colocalized with CD45 (94%), CD68 (71%), 5% Vimentin (5%), CD31/von Willebrand factor (vWF) (1%), and α-smooth muscle actin (α -SMA, 0.5%). Infiltrated BMDCs expressed ...
Femtosecond Laser-Matter Interactions: Theory, Experiments, and Applications, by Eugene G. Gamaly. Scope: monograph. Level: postgraduates, advanced undergraduates, early career researchers, teachers, scientists, engineers

Femtosecond Laser–Matter Interactions: Theory, Experiments and Applications, by Eugene G. Gamaly, Singapore, Pan Stanford, 2011, 368 pp., $149.95 (hardback), ISBN 978-9-81-424181-6. Scope: monograp...
Total Synthesis of Hirsutellone B

Hirsutellones,[1] pyrrospirones,[2] and pyrrocidines[3] belong to a growing class of fungal secondary metabolites whose biological properties include antifungal and antibiotic activities. Particularly impressive are the activities of hirsutellones A and B (1a and 1b, Figure 1)[1] against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MIC = 0.78 μg/mL), the causative pathogen of tuberculosis.[4] Isolated from the insect pathogenic fungus Hirsutella nivea BCC 2594, the hirsutellones share a number of unique structural features, including a 6,5,6-fused tricyclic core, a γ-lactam- or succinimide-containing moiety, a 12- or 13-membered p-cyclophane structural motif that encompasses an aryl ether linkage, and ten stereogenic centers. In view of their promising biological properties as lead compounds for new antituberculosis drugs and because of their challenging molecular architectures, the hirsutellones are deemed important synthetic targets.[5] Herein we report the total synthesis of hirsutellone B (1b) in its enantiomerically pure form through a strategy that features a number of novel cascade sequences and chemoselective reactions.
Tourism, cultural heritage and regional identities in the Isle of Spice

Because of distinctive political, economic, and historic circumstances, Grenada has not followed the traditional approach of most Caribbean destinations constructed as generic paradisiacal landscapes and seductive spaces. In this article, I examine Grenada's particular path to tourism, focusing primarily on cultural and historical heritage tourism on Grenada's Carriacou Island and, secondarily, on the resulting regional identities that developed. I argue that Carriacouans use tourism to construct and represent their racial and ethnic identities for tourist consumption; at the same time, through it they create, recreate and invigorate what they perceive as their exclusive cultural heritage, in contrast with Grenada and other islands in the Grenadines. I conclude that three main aspects of Kayak history allow for fluid constructions of identities: the Kayak cosmopolitan experience, the tightly knit community practices and value given to Carriacou's history and culture, and the cultural capital Kayaks posses...
Dimensionality and Genetic Correlates of Problem Behavior in Low-Income African American Adolescents

Researchers have long observed that problem behaviors tend to cluster together, particularly among adolescents. Epidemiological studies have suggested that this covariation is due, in part, to common genetic influences, and a number of plausible candidates have emerged as targets for investigation. To date, however, genetic association studies of these behaviors have focused mostly on unidimensional models of individual phenotypes within European American samples. Herein, we compared a series of confirmatory factor models to best characterize the structure of problem behavior (alcohol and marijuana use, sexual behavior, and disruptive behavior) within a representative community-based sample of 592 low-income African American adolescents (50.3% female), ages 13 to 18. We further explored the extent to which 3 genes previously implicated for their role in similar behavioral dimensions (CHRM2, GABRA2, and OPRM1) independently accounted for variance within factors specified in the best-fitting model. Supplementary analyses were conducted to derive comparative estimates for the predictive utility of these genes in more traditional unidimensional models. Findings provide initial evidence for a bifactor structure of problem behavior among African American adolescents and highlight novel genetic correlates of specific behavioral dimensions otherwise undetected in an orthogonal syndromal factor. Implications of this approach include increased precision in the assessment of problem behavior, with corresponding increases in the reliability and validity of identified genetic associations. As a corollary, the comparison of primary and supplementary association analyses illustrates the potential for overlooking and/or overinterpreting meaningful genetic effects when failing to adequately account for phenotypic complexity.
Shade use by small groups of domestic horses in a hot, sunny environment.

Horses in the United States are commonly managed in outside pens or pastures in small groups. Limited research on shade use by domestic horses housed singly in individual pens has shown benefits and a preference for using available shade. The objective of this study was to examine the amount of shade use and the behavioral and physiological responses of small groups of horses when housed with access to shade (SH) and without access to shade (SUN). Thirty-six horses were randomized into 3 consecutive trials using 3 horses per group and 4 groups per trial. Groups experienced 5 d in each treatment in a crossover design. Weather factors were measured with automated sensors 24 h/d throughout the study. The mean afternoon ambient temperature was 31.0°C with relative humidity of 32%. Rectal temperature, respiration rate, and skin temperature were recorded at 1000, 1330, and 1900 h daily. Venous blood samples were obtained on Days 0 and 5 to measure serum cortisol, the neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio, and hematocrit. Behavioral observations for presence in shade, standing near or away from water, locomotion, and foraging were recorded at 5-min intervals from 1400 to 1900 h daily. Insect avoidance behaviors were recorded hourly during that same time period for 1 min/horse. Horses in the SH treatment were observed using shade in 7.1% of observations between 1400 and 1900 h, and behavioral differences were observed between the SH and SUN treatments. When in the SUN treatment, horses stood near the water troughs more (18.5 vs. 14.2% of observations; = 0.029) and foraged less (29.3 vs. 33.8% of observations; 0.05). Provision of shade structures accessible to groups of mature, healthy horses in hot, sunny environments should be considered in developing future guidelines for best management practices for horses.
Modeling Second Harmonic Generation and Parametric Excitation by a Bi-Frequency Pendulum

Second Harmonic Generation and Parametric Excitation require phase-matching, central symmetry violation, angular or other tuning of uniaxial crystal, seed for subharmonics etc. These difficult subjects are illustrated by a bi-frequency pendulum of special design.
The Demand for Money in Korea: Evidencefrom the Cointegration Test

This paper shows that there exists a long-run equilibrium relationship between M2 and its determinants, real income and the long-term interest rate, in Korea by using Johansen and Juselius maximum likelihood cointegration method. However, M1 does not have any meaningful cointegration relationships with its determinants. The long-term interest rate is a better proxy than the short-term rate to measure the opportunity cost of holding money. Based on the results, a broad definition of money is a better measure than a narrow definition of money in considering the long-run economic impacts of changes in monetary policy in Korea.
Risk factors of oxygen desaturation and effective treatment during rigid bronchoscopy in children

OBJECTIVE To investigate the risk factors of oxygen desaturation and effective treatment during rigid bronchoscopy in children.METHODS Between Jan 2001 to Dec 2010,1660 cases had been treated by rigid bronchoscopy,the fluctuation of oxygen desaturation of these patients was recorded and analyzed.RESULTS All of the patients were fully recovered.The fluctuation of oxygen desaturation occurred more frequent in children with lung inflammatory diseases(96 of 170 cases had desaturation)than in children with foreign body in airway(378 of 1490 cases had desaturation).The children with foreign body in airway and anemia(42 of 52 cases had desaturation),complications(52 of 70 cases had desaturation)and with bilateral bronchial foreign body(214 of 413 cases had desaturation)were prone to cause desaturation(P 0.01).CONCLUSION Risk factors of fluctuation of oxygen desaturation included lung inflammatory diseases,anemia,complications and bilateral bronchial foreign body.Increasing the oxygen pressure,remove foreign body quickly and suction of the secretions in bronchus were effective measures for increasing the oxygen saturation.
‘Future Defence Policy’: the Far East as Strategic Backwater, 1945–48

Initial British postwar strategy was predicated on the assumption that Russia was the only power that had both the capability and the intent to threaten Britain’s survival both as a nation and as leader of the Commonwealth. The British government believed that Russia, unless deterred, intended to go to war with the West soon after completion of its postwar recovery plan in 1956, and that before then the possibility that Russia and the West could stumble into war because of ‘miscalcula- tion’ could not be ruled out. With no firm assurance of American help in a war with Russia prior to the Washington Treaty of 1949, the only hope the British had of withstanding a Russian onslaught was by constructing a Western European defense alliance. They thought that leadership of that alliance would flow not only from Britain’s political pre-eminence in Europe, but also from the strength it drew from the men and resources of the Commonwealth. In pursuing this vision as the leader of a Third Power’, the Chiefs of Staff and Defence Committee pursued a defense policy that sought to spread more of the Commonwealth defense burden to the most advanced Dominions, itself a tacit admission of weakness. Given certain geographical and technological realities and the strategic predilections of the Chiefs of Staff, the British strategy for fighting Russia relied upon on an air offensive against Soviet targets launched from bases in Britain, the Middle East, and, if possible, Northwest India.
Commonwealth Principles: Republicans and Levellers, 1603–1649

“[W]hat the greatest and choycest wits of Athens, Rome , or modern Italy , and those Hebrews of old did for their country, I in my proportion with this over and above of being a Christian, might doe for mine: not caring to be once nam'd abroad, though perhaps I could attaine to that, but content with these British Ilands as my world, whose fortune hath hitherto bin, that if the Athenians, as some say, made their small deeds great and renowned by their eloquent writers, England hath had her noble atchievements made small by the unskilfull handling of monks and mechanicks.' John Milton, Reason of Church-governement (1641) 1603–1641: COMMONWEALTH PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE Explicit advocacy of a republic was rare in England before 1648. Yet as the primary ingredients of republican moral philosophy were already in place, so the accusation of republicanism was frequently levelled by early Stuart kings and their supporters. The attribution to JPs and MPs of ‘anti-monarchical’ motives was a staple of Jacobean rhetoric: ‘[I]n every cause that concerns prerogative … [they] give a snatch against monarchy, through their puritanical itching after popularity.’ The ‘imagined democracy’ of Presbyterianism also derived from ‘the turbulent humors of some that dream of nothing but a new hierarchy (directly opposite to the state of monarchy)’. Charles I attributed his early problems to parliaments ‘whose members wished to reduce his power to nothing’. These people were ‘puritans’, ‘republicans’ and ‘enemies to monarchy’.
Let Me Get My Manager: The Effects of Participation in Cocreated Service Recovery on Frontline Employees

No firm can completely escape service failure, and when a failure occurs, a firm’s reaction has implications on the customer and the employee. While customer cocreation of value is an important part of the service recovery process (Vargo and Lusch 2004), frontline employees (FLE) are a critical part of the equation as well. FLEs are different from other employees in that they are often the first point of contact for customers and are seemingly placed directly in between the company and customers (Anderson and Onyemah 2006). When a customer experiences a service failure, the FLE has an opportunity to provide a solution to the customer’s needs. The customer usually wants a fair and efficient response, and while the employee would prefer to provide a positive and swift solution, it is unknown if they would feel more comfortable providing the service recovery or passing the customer on to a superior.
Palladium and Platinum Acyl Complexes and Their Lewis Acid Adducts. Experimental and Computational Study of Thermodynamics and Bonding

The interactions of Pt and Pd acyl complexes with Lewis acids are investigated through experiment and computation. Variable-temperature NMR studies indicate BF3 association with trans-[(PPh3)2(CO)Pt(COCH2Ph)][BArF4] (3; BArF4 = tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate) at 298 K is endergonic (ΔG° = 2.0 kcal mol–1) yet exothermic (ΔH° = −3.4 kcal mol–1), suggesting a Lewis basicity comparable to or greater than aldehydes and ketones. Despite the accelerating effect of Lewis acids in the formation of the Pd congener trans-[(PPh3)2(CO)Pd(COCH2Ph)][BArF4] (4), no evidence for adduct formation was obtained. DFT (M06-L/def2-TZVP/QZVP) suggests that BF3/trans-[(PPh3)2(CO)M(COCH2Ph)]+ adduct formation is more favored for M = Pt than M = Pd. Natural bond orbital analysis shows that upon Lewis acid coordination, the acyl C–O bond is weakened, the natural charge of the acyl C is more positive, and the π*acyl C–O orbital is lowered in energy relative to other unoccupied orbitals.
Arginase Is Essential for Survival of Leishmania donovani Promastigotes but Not Intracellular Amastigotes

Studies of Leishmania donovani have shown that both ornithine decarboxylase and spermidine synthase, two enzymes of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway, are critical for promastigote proliferation and required for maximum infection in mice. However, the importance of arginase (ARG), the first enzyme of the polyamine pathway in Leishmania, has not been analyzed in L. donovani To test ARG function in intact parasites, we generated Δarg null mutants in L. donovani and evaluated their ability to proliferate in vitro and trigger infections in mice. The Δarg knockout was incapable of growth in the absence of polyamine supplementation, but the auxotrophic phenotype could be bypassed by addition of either millimolar concentrations of ornithine or micromolar concentrations of putrescine or by complementation with either glycosomal or cytosolic versions of ARG. Spermidine supplementation of the medium did not circumvent the polyamine auxotrophy of the Δarg line. Although ARG was found to be essential for ornithine and polyamine synthesis, ornithine decarboxylase appeared to be the rate-limiting enzyme for polyamine production. Mouse infectivity studies revealed that the Δarg lesion reduced parasite burdens in livers by an order of magnitude but had little impact on the numbers of parasites recovered from spleens. Thus, ARG is essential for proliferation of promastigotes but not intracellular amastigotes. Coupled with previous studies, these data support a model in which L. donovani amastigotes readily salvage ornithine and have some access to host spermidine pools, while host putrescine appears to be unavailable for salvage by the parasite.
The role of OX40 (CD134) in T-cell memory generation

Memory T-cell generation is limited by activation-induced cell death during the effector T-cell stage. Cell surface proteins are known to transmit signals that either accentuate or limit T-cell death after activation. This chapter will focus on the TNF-receptor family member OX40, which is expressed on effector T cells and when engaged greatly enhances survival of T cells leading to increased memory T-cell generation. Targeting OX40 in vivo can alter the fate of T-cell survival. Enhancing OX40 signaling during Ag priming through agonists increases memory T-cell development, while blocking OX40 signaling decreases the memory T-cell pool. These two opposing outcomes provide therapeutic tools for blocking inflammation in autoimmune conditions and enhancing immunity in hosts harboring cancer or chronic pathogens. OX40 agonists and antagonists are in the first stages of human clinical trials and their therapeutic potential will soon be realized.
Phonetic neutralization in Palestinian Arabic vowel shortening, with implications for lexical organization

This study acoustically compares lexically short vowels in Palestinian Arabic to vowels that are underlyingly long, but have undergone closed syllable shortening , a phonological process affecting certain CV:CC sequences (as in /faːq-ʃ/ → faqʃ ‘woke-negative’; /ӡaːb-l-ak/ → ӡablak ‘brought to you’). In a study of word pairs produced by 74 speakers, the two vowel types were found to be indistinguishable in duration. Speakers differ as to the contexts in which they apply shortening: some shorten before the negative suffix /-ʃ/, but not the dative suffix /-l/, likely due to paradigm leveling. The results are compared to earlier studies finding incomplete neutralization in Arabic vowel epenthesis, to identify factors that affect completeness of neutralization. It appears that orthography is not an important factor, but that morphologized or lexicalized processes produce more complete neutralization. It is proposed that allomorphs produced by more fossilized processes are more weakly linked in the mental lexicon, and that incomplete neutralization of vowel quantity in particular would require linkage through the abstract CV word pattern.
Patriotism, Values, and Continuity: Museum Collecting and "Connectedness"

by collecting} And, more specifically, what can we learn about categorizing and interpreting various styles of col lecting from exploring the development of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania? Through the Historical Society of Pennsylvania and its collection history we can watch an evolution of ideas about the "uses" of history and artifactual evidence. Founded in the 1820s under the leadership of Philadelphia patrician John Fanning Watson, the Society early developed clear goals: to guide the museum visitor?subtly or not so subtly?to appreciate and to emulate the established social order and its implied values of patriotism, morality, public service, and excellence in craftsmanship. Artif actual remains of Philadelphia's statesmen, the Society's founders hoped, would remind Philadelphia citizens of the noble tradition to which they should aspire. The Society's founders were not alone in their trust that the relics of the past might provide the instruments for social harmony. As Michael Ettema has expressed it:
A new low-nephron CKD model with hypertension, progressive decline of renal function, and enhanced inflammation in C57BL/6 mice.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major health issue in the US. The typical five-sixths nephrectomy (typical 5/6 NX) is a widely used experimental CKD model. However, the typical 5/6 NX model is hy...