cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Are Changes in Cross‐Listing in the U.S. from the Pre‐ to Post‐Sarbanes‐Oxley Period Associated with Shareholder Protection in Foreign Firms' Home Countries?

ABSTRACT: This paper investigates the association between the change in cross‐listing activities of American Depository Receipts (ADRs) in U.S. stock exchanges from the pre‐ to post‐Sarbanes‐Oxley (SOX) period, and shareholder protection in foreign registrants' home countries. The SOX regulation does not apply to all four types of ADRs. Level II and III ADRs are subject to full Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) regulation, and hence full compliance with SOX, while Level I and IV ADRs are not subject to SOX. Using cross‐listing activities from 31 countries from 1998 to 2005, this study computes an aggregate measure to summarize each country's cross‐listing activity for all ADRs; Level I and IV ADRs, and Level II and III ADRs, respectively, during the pre‐ (1998–2001) and post‐SOX period (2002–2005). The results show that only listings of Level II and III ADRs have dropped significantly in the post‐SOX period, and this drop is more evident for foreign registrants from countries with a lower level of ...
Lindane does not alter the estrogen receptor or the estrogen-dependent induction of progesterone receptors in sexually immature or ovariectomized adult rats.

Abstract Lindane, γ-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane (γ-HCH), has been shown to disrupt reproductive function in mammals. Many of these adverse effects on female reproduction such as alterations in sexual receptivity, disrupted ovarian cyclicity, reduction in uterine weight and termination of pregnancy are thought to be due to altered ovarian hormone secretions and/or an impaired response to circulating estrogen. It has been suggested that γ-HCH may block the response of estrogen-dependent tissues to estradiol via an interaction with the estrogen receptor. To test this hypothesis, estrogen (ER) and progesterone (PR) receptor affinity and number were evaluated in sexually immature, 17β-estradiol-3-benzoate (EB)-primed Long Evans female rats following exposure to vehicle or γ-HCH (40 mg/kg) for 7 days (Study 1) and in adult, ovarieotomized EB-primed Long-Evans rats following gavage with vehicle or γ-HCH (0, 10, 20, or 40 mg/kg) for 5 days (Study 2). Chlordecone (kepone; 40 mg/kg; i.p.) was used in Study 2 as a positive control for the alteration of the estrogen-induction of PR in the pituitary. Neither γ-HCH nor chlordecone altered serum estradiol concentrations. γ-HCH did not change the ER number (1, 24, or 30 h after EB) or the estrogen-dependent induction of PR (24 or 48 h after EB) in the hypothalamus (HYP), pituitary, or uterus. These data indicate that the effects of γ-HCH on the female reproductive system do not involve an alteration in the ER and that heterogeneity exists between target tissues in their response to xenobiotics.
Endogenous substrate for cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase in adrenocortical polyadenylated messenger ribonucleoproteins

An endogenous polysomal cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase specifically phosphorylates a 150,000-dalton peptide bound to an adrenocortical polyadenylated messenger ribonucleoprotein complex. There is a possibility that this protein is a physiological substrate of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase and that the phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of this substrate may be important in the translation control of adrenal polyadenylated messenger RNA.
Critical re-evaluation of differential stress estimates from calcite twins in coarse-grained limestone

Abstract Comparison of two techniques to estimate differential stress magnitude based on calcite twinning reveals significantly different calculated values of differential stress for limestone experimentally and naturally deformed at low temperature. This inequality may be due to fundamental differences between the rock type (marble versus limestone) and deformation temperatures (above and below 200°C) for samples used in technique calibration versus samples used in testing and application. A technique that was empirically derived from marble experimentally deformed at 200–800°C yields values of differential stress that are factors of 2 to 9 times larger than maximum differential stress measured during experimental deformation of limestone at low temperature (
The calm after the storm

The vision of Injury Free Coalition for Kids is that children and families will live in safe communities; our mission is to create them. After the devastation caused by Hurricane Katrina, members of Injury Free Coalition for Kids went to Biloxi, Miss, to develop a coalition of community stakeholders in order to build playgrounds for 2 neighborhoods in Biloxi. As child advocates, we know that play is the work of children, and through play, children exposed to disaster can rediscover joy.
An analysis of the supports and constraints for scientific discussion in high school project‐based science

One goal of project-based science is to promote the development of scientific discourse communities in classrooms. Holding rich high school scientific discussions is challenging, especially when the demands of content and norms of high school science pose challenges to their enactment. There is little research on how high school teachers enact scientific discussions using project-based science curricula, making the kinds of necessary embedded supports unclear. To address that gap in the research literature, this study analyzed curriculum supports and embedded educative features for the enactment of science discussions in one high school project-based science curriculum. Through a study of teacher enactment and a comparison of the curriculum discussion supports, we observed that while teachers increased their attempts to engage in inquiry-based discussion practices where supports were offered, they relied on heavily on traditional “recitation” formats, demonstrating that existing curricular supports were not developed enough to support dialogic classroom interactions. We hypothesize about conditions that may contribute to the pervasiveness of typical discourse practices in high school science discussions. We argue for expanded curricular discussion supports for teachers and design research on developing discussions in high school project-based science classrooms to examine how such supports are taken up, dismissed, or modified in practice. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed94:395–427, 2010
Amino Acid Sequence of a λ VI Primary (AL) Amyloid Protein (WLT)

It has been observed that monoclonal immunoglobulin proteins of the lambda VI subgroup have a high propensity to form amyloid deposits. To ascertain whether lambda VI proteins have unique structure determinants that would account for self association and resultant fibril formation, we have determined the complete amino acid sequence of the AL amyloid protein WLT. This protein, isolated from the spleen of a patient with AL amyloid, has 134 amino acid residues and contains the entire variable region, the joining segment, and the first tryptic peptide of the constant region. Comparison of the structure of this protein with the 3 completely sequenced lambda VI proteins reveals that they are highly homologous and contain a 2-residue insertion at positions 68 and 69. Phylogenetic comparisons of the variable domain of all lambda VI proteins reveal that the 3 amyloid proteins WLT, SUT, and AR are all more closely related to each other than to the myeloma protein NIG48. Separating the variable domains into framework (FR) and complementarity-determining regions (CD) and recalculating the phylogenetic comparisons, we identify major substitutions in the FR regions of NIG48 in relation to the amyloid proteins. This supports the hypothesis that the formation of AL amyloid is a result of the secondary structure of the FR regions of the precursor molecules.
Concentrations of contaminants in surface water samples collected in west-central Indiana impacted by acidic mine drainage

The results of analyses of surface waters collected from a variety of locations in west-central Indiana indicate extensive contamination by acidic mine drainage. These samples had pH values as low as 2.1 and total iron concentrations as high as 1200 mg1−1. The speciation of iron, expressed as the ratio [Fe(II)]/[Fe(III)] ranged from 0.08 to 8.27. Measured lead concentrations were as high as 811 mgl−1. In addition, the concentrations of nitrate and sulfate ions were as high as 359 and 624 mgl−1, respectively.
3-Methyl-4-methoxy-4′-nitrostilbene (MMONS): Crystal structure of a highly efficient material for second-harmonic generation

Abstract We report the preparation and crystal structure of 3-methyl-4-methoxy-4′-nitrostilbene (MMONS). MMONS generates second-harmonic radiation with a powder efficiency 1250 times that of urea; this is the largest measured powder SHG efficiency reported to date. MMONS crystallizes in the space group Aba2; the packing is made up of stacks of four molecules in a donor-acceptor-acceptor-donor configuration with π-π interactions resulting in short intermolecular distances between these four phenyl rings of 3.36–3.50 A. We suggest that charge-transfer excitons within the crystal may account for the large observed nonlinearity.
Association of poly(ADP-rib) synthesis with cessation of DNA synthesis and DNA fragmentation

CHO cells and cs4-D3 cells were used to investigate the association between poly(ADP-rib) synthesis and the cessation of DNA synthesis and DNA fragmentation. The cs4-D3 cells are cold-sensitive DNA synthesis arrest mutants of CHO cells. Upon incubation at 33°C, DNA synthesis in the cs4-D3 cells stops and the cells enter a prolonged G1 or G0 phase. The events that occurred when cs4 cells were incubated at 33°C were similar to those that occurred when wildtype CHO cells grew to high density. (1) In both cases, DNA synthesis and cell growth stopped. (2) The NAD+ concentration/cell was 20–25% lower in growth-arrested cells than in logarithmically growing cells. (3) Poly(ADP-rib) synthesis was 3–4 fold higher in growth-arrested cells than in logarithmically growing cells. (4) The growth-inhibited cells developed DNA strand breaks which resulted in large percentages of their DNA appearing in the low molecular weight range of alkaline sucrose gradients. (5) Both the increased rate of poly(ADP-rib) synthesis and the development of DNA strand breaks appears to be characteristic of the G1 phase of the cell cycle. (6) When growth-inhibited cells were restored to conditions favorable for DNA synthesis and cell growth, the DNA strand breaks were repaired. (7) Prolonged incubation under growth-restrictive conditions resulted in the accumulation of more DNA strand breaks than the cells could repair. This was followed by cell death when the cells were restored to conditions favorable for cell growth.
Type a behavior, field dependence, and hypervigilance: Toward increased Type A specificity

Field dependence and hypervigilance are two modes of sensory information processing that have been related to cardiovascular functioning. Two studies examined the relationship between these variables and Type A behavior. In both studies, Jenkins Activity Survey-defined Type A and B subjects were assessed for field dependence by the Embedded Figures Test (EFT) and then performed a size estimation task—the measure of hypervigilance. Results indicated that field-dependent Type A's were most hypervigilant. The possible contribution that perceptual style might make to the greater predictive specificity of Type A measures was discussed.
Rationale and Evidence for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Treatment as Prevention at the Individual and Population Levels

ndividual health benefits of antiretroviral therapy (ART) are becoming clearer. In resource-rich countries, side effects of current ART regimens are minimal. US guidelines recommend ART regardless of CD4 count or viral load. Maintaining an undetectable viral load with ART comes close to eliminating the risk of HIV transmission, leading the US guidelines to recommend universal ART to reduce HIV transmission. Achieving population-level control through treatment as prevention (TasP) may be feasible, but requires considerable investment of resources devoted to HIV testing, linkage to care, ART accessibility, and retention in care. Ongoing studies of TasP will provide insight into achieving meaningful ART coverage.
Modified polytopic vector analysis to identify and quantify a dioxin dechlorination signature in sediments. 1. Theory.

Risk-based sediment management decisions require the characterization of contamination sources and fate processes in the field. Polytopic vector analysis (PVA) is a multivariate technique based on a linear mixing model, used to resolve chemical fingerprints and suited for forensic investigations of environmental contamination. The traditional algorithm is constrained to positive fingerprint (end-member) components and cannot resolve fingerprints with both positive and negative values required for a reactive end-member. We developed a modified algorithm (M-PVA) to resolve a dioxin dechlorination fingerprint, indicative of biotic/abiotic transformations in field samples of sediments. The new procedure isolates from the dioxin pattern net compositional changes due to dechlorination in a separate end-member. Using two artificial data sets for which the composition and sample contribution of all end-members are known, the dechlorination fingerprint was reproduced with a root mean square error of 28−41%. The de...
Reinforcement sensitivity and responsiveness to performance feedback: A preliminary investigation

Variability in responsiveness to academic interventions is a common phenomenon in school psychology practice, but the variables associated with this responsiveness are not well understood. Reinforcement sensitivity, a generalized tendency to learn quickly in reward contingency situations, is one variable for increased understanding. In the present study, teachers completed a rating scale measuring their students’ sensitivity to reinforcement. The students then participated in a classwide performance feedback intervention in the domain of mathematics. The rating scale was found to be reliable and predicted students’ responsiveness to the intervention. Implications for future research on reinforcement sensitivity and responsiveness to intervention assessment strategies are discussed.
Microassay for Rapid Screening of α-Amylase Activity

A microassay was developed for measuring the activity of α-amylases in the nanogram enzyme concentration range, based on the use of dye-labeled cross-linked starch as the substrate, and the release of soluble colored fragments formed in enzyme hydrolysis. Reaction conditions were optimized to generate a linear correlation between the increase in absorbance and a reaction time of 0−10 min, as well as enzyme concentrations in the range of 0−50 ng. A standard curve for the conversion of absorbance to enzyme activity units was constructed. The protocol developed was applied to monitoring the production of ultralow concentrations of recombinant barley α-amylase in yeast cells. Keywords: α-Amylase; barley α-amylase; microassay
Carbon dioxide laser‐assisted thyroarytenoid myomectomy

CO2 laser-assisted myomectomy of the thyroarytenoid muscle (TA) was carried out through a thyroplasty approach in ten laryngeal specimens and the TA was examined histologically. Using the CO2 laser at super-pulsed mode, the TA can be cut or resected using 3-5 W of laser power. There is good control of the depth and extent of TA resection. Histologically, there is little evidence of collateral injury, with sparing of vital surrounding vocal structures. The use of CO2 laser for TA resection offers better access and surgical hemostasis in an otherwise difficult surgical field. Laser-assisted myomectomy may be a feasible alternative to current methods to treat spasmodic dysphonia.
Effect of carbon tetrachloride on polyamine metabolism in rodent liver

Abstract Administration of hepatotoxic doses of carbon tetrachloride to mice produced a 25-fold increase in spermidine/spermine N 1 -acetyltransferase activity within 6 h, but did not significantly change the activity of polyamine oxidase. The content of acetylated polyamines in the mouse liver was increased more than 100-fold from levels below the limit of detection to 0.6 μmol of N 1 -acetylspermidine and 0.045 μmol of N 1 -acetylspermine per gram of tissue. Putrescine levels also rose by 7-fold within 6 h and by 21-fold within 24 h. These results are in contrast to changes in hepatic polyamines brought about in the rat by carbon tetrachloride. Although the hepatotoxin produced a similar increase in spermidine/spermine N 1 -acetyltransferase in this species, the rise in acetylated polyamines was much smaller and more transient. The content of N 1 -acetylspermidine was increased only to 0.066 μmol/g and N 1 -acetylspermine was not detected. However, in the rat putrescine increased 35-fold within 6 h and 64-fold by 16 h. These differences appear to be due to the much higher polyamine oxidase activity which was 20 times greater in the rat than in the mouse liver. This oxidase converts N 1 -acetylspermine to spermidine and degrades N 1 -acetylspermidine to putrescine. Spermine content was significantly reduced in both species after exposure to carbon tetrachloride, but only part of this decline could be attributed to the increased acetylation.
Evaluating Remote Sensing for Determining and Classifying Soybean Anomalies

Two soybean fields were monitored in 2001 and 2002 to determine the utility of multispectral imagery for locating and classifying crop anomalies. Crop anomalies may be due to planter problems, soil problems, weed infestations and stressed soybean plants. Three image collection dates per location for each year were used in a supervised classification analysis. In 2002, aerial images were evaluated for potential use as a directed scouting tool. Remotely sensed data as a scouting tool detected 50–100% of anomalies detected by ground truthing. The number of anomalies detected by aerial imagery decreased through the growing season, while the number of anomalies found from directed scouting remained relatively constant. Thus, agreement was higher later in the growing season, since remote sensing was detecting more anomalies than the ground truthing efforts did. Excluding bare soil and healthy soybean situations, anomalies due to stress on soybean plants in the form of iron chlorosis and stunted plants yielded highest classification accuracies, ranging from 83% to 90% both years. This is attributed to differences in coloration of soybean plants with iron chlorosis and lack of full canopy coverage of stunted soybean. Herbicide damage due to overlap of spray boom led to classification accuracies from 50% to 67%. The overlap of the spray boom was not widespread in the field; thus, fewer areas of interests could be constructed for testing purposes, which may explain the decrease in classification accuracies.
ESE-1 is a potent repressor of type II collagen gene (COL2A1) transcription in human chondrocytes.

The epithelium-specific ETS (ESE)-1 transcription factor is induced in chondrocytes by interleukin-1β (IL-1β). We reported previously that early activation of EGR-1 by IL-1β results in suppression of the proximal COL2A1 promoter activity by displacement of Sp1 from GC boxes. Here we report that ESE-1 is a potent transcriptional suppressor of COL2A1 promoter activity in chondrocytes and accounts for the sustained, NF-κB-dependent inhibition by IL-1β. Of the ETS factors tested, this response was specific to ESE-1, since ESE-3, which was also induced by IL-1β, suppressed COL2A1 promoter activity only weakly. In contrast, overexpression of ETS-1 increased COL2A1 promoter activity and blocked the inhibition by IL-1β. These responses to ESE-1 and ETS-1 were confirmed using siRNA-ESE1 and siRNA-ETS1. In transient cotransfections, the inhibitory responses to ESE-1 and IL-1β colocalized in the –577/–132 bp promoter region, ESE-1 bound specifically to tandem ETS sites at 403/ 381 bp, and IL-1-induced binding of ESE-1 to the COL2A1 promoter was confirmed in vivo by ChIP. Our results indicate that ESE-1 serves a potent repressor function by interacting with at least two sites in the COL2A1 promoter. However, the endogenous response may depend upon the balance of other ETS factors such as ETS-1, and other IL-1-induced factors, including EGR-1 at any given time. Intracellular ESE-1 staining in chondrocytes in cartilage from patients with osteoarthritis (OA), but not in normal cartilage, further suggests a fundamental role for ESE-1 in cartilage degeneration and suppression of repair.
Growth and use of metal nanocrystal assemblies on high-density silicon nanowires formed by chemical vapor deposition

In this paper, we describe the growth and potential application of metal nanocrystal assemblies on metal-catalyzed, CVD-grown silicon nanowires (SiNWs). The nanowires are decorated by chemical assembly of closely spaced (1–5 nm) Ag (30–100 nm diameter) and Au (5–25 nm diameter) nanocrystals formed from solutions of AgNO3 and NaAuCl4·2H2O, respectively. The formation and growth of metal nanocrystals is believed to involve the galvanic reduction of metal ions from solution and the subsequent oxidation of available Si-hydride sites on the surfaces of the nanowires. A native oxide layer suppresses formation of metal nanocrystals; adding HF to the ionic solutions significantly increases the density of nanocrystals on the surfaces of the nanowires. The nanocrystals coating the nanowires were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Ag nanocrystals on the nanowires afford sensitive detection of Rhodamine 6G (R6G) molecules in the 100 picomolar–micromolar range by surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy. In addition, Au nanocrystals formed on selected surfaces of a substrate of arbitrary shape can serve as effective nuclei for localized nanowire growth.
Myeloid colony-forming cells express human B lymphocyte antigens

STUDIES in experimental animals suggest that lymphoid and myeloid cells share a common stem-cell precursor1, but human lymphoid–myeloid stem cells have been difficult to document. Indirect evidence for such cells has come from recent observations that human B lymphocyte antigens occur not only on B lymphocytes but also on monocytes and leukaemic myeloblasts2–6. If normal immature myeloid cells, like leukaemic myeloblasts, share a common differentiation antigen with B lymphocytes, it would seem even more likely that myeloid cells and B lymphocytes share a common stem-cell precursor. We have therefore compared the ability of bone marrow cells to form macrophage–granulocyte colonies in vitro after complement-mediated lysis of cells expressing either human B-lymphocyte antigens (HBLA) or human T-lymphocyte antigens (HTLA). Our results show that macrophage–granulocyte colony-forming cells (CFU-C) express HBLA but not HTLA antigens.
Styles of style

It is very clear from Sackett’s recent reply to my comments on his arguments regarding style that he is upset (Sackett 1986). I am really sorry about this, but nevertheless I consider his earlier writings and his reply to my article both to have missed the issues involved and to have misrepresented them. Perhaps the following comments will bring the literature back to a discussion of issues. I do not think there is an archaeologist alive who has not sorted his artifacts into gross “functional categories,” such as projectile points, and then proceeded through various operations to recognize “styles” of projectile points thought to have socioethnic referents in the past. This basic procedure has characterized archaeological approaches to formal variability since essentially the beginning of the discipline. Archaeologists have always either implicitly or explicitly recognized that both style and function may be manifest in the same artifacts. There has been much discussion about how to cope analytically with the distinct possibility that style may have “causes” of variation that are different and operate independently of properties that have more direct “functional causes” or conditioners. Contrary to what Sackett suggests, early in my career, while I was almost exclusively engaged in a detailed and long-term study of lithics, it seemed to me that there were no unambiguous ways of recognizing these different potential contributors to overall formal variability. My studies of lithic reduction were quite extensive (for the time) and included details of formal variability that might be referable to traditionally learned motor habits as well as seemingly “artisan-specific” details of lithic modification (Binford 1%3a, 1%3b, 1%3c, 1%3d; Binford and Papworth 1%3; Binford and Quimby 1%3). Much later, while reading Sackett’s extended discussions of style, I discovered that like most archaeologists I had been studying “isochrestic style” without the benefit of Sackett’s discussion! The principle seemed simple: You do not compare apples and oranges. Given that there may be several sources of variation observable in the entities we recover, analysts must seek to hold
Solitary Palmar Nodule

REPORT OF A CASE A 70-year-old man presented with an enlarging lesion of the palm of 1 month's duration. He had no systemic complaints. Two years previously he had been treated for adenocarcinoma of the prostate with local radiation and pelvic node dissection. There was no evidence of recurrence. Physical examination revealed a 1.5-cm, firm, tender, bluish, subcutaneous nodule on the hypothenar aspect of the right palm (Fig 1). The remainder of the skin and the oral mucosa were normal. There was no adenopathy. Complete blood cell count, electrolyte levels, liver function test results, and acid phosphatase levels were within normal limits, except for an aspartate aminotransferase level of 64 U/L (nor mal, 7 to 40 U/L). Chest roentgenography showed a density in the right lung field. A biopsy specimen of the palmar lesion revealed aggregates of squamous epithelial cells in the dermis (Figs 2 and 3). What is your
Output impedance modeling of a multilevel modular switched-capacitor converter to achieve continuously variable conversion ratio

The multilevel modular capacitor clamped dc-to-dc converter (MMCCC) topology is completely modular and belongs to two-phase switched capacitor converter group. The conversion ratio of an ideal MMCCC converter in step-up mode is an integer and depends on the number of modules used. For a k-module MMCCC, the maximum up-conversion ratio is (k+1), and it has already been shown in literature that different integer conversion ratios can be achieved by changing the active number of modules of an MMCCC. In this paper, different methods are proposed for MMCCC in order to achieve fractional conversion ratios (CR) in step-up mode without changing the complementary two-phase switching orientation. Fractional CRs can be obtained in several switched-capacitor circuits at the cost of significantly lower efficiency. However, MMCCC with the aid of a new pulse dropping technique can produce fractional CR while maintaining high efficiency. The variation in efficiency and equivalent resistance as a function of frequency has been analyzed in this paper. Simulation and experimental results using a reconfigurable 5-module MMCCC prototype have been used to validate the new control scheme.
Macromolecular Synthesis in Cells infected with Reovirus Type 2 and the Effect of Ara-C

WE have shown that it is possible to demonstrate in RA cells (an established human amnion culture) and in HeLa cells infected with reovirus type 2 the synthesis of double stranded viral RNA as early as 4–5 h after infection1,2. Although we did not observe any inhibition of cellular RNA synthesis, it was possible to distinguish viral RNA by its relative resistance to treatment with ribonuclease. This communication reports the macromolecular synthesis of DNA and protein in RA cells undergoing a single cycle infection with reovirus.
MR imaging in infra-, para- and retrosellar mass lesions

To determine its diagnostic efficacy in infra-, para- and retrosellar mass lesions magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was compared with computed tomography (CT) in 39 cases. Thirty-six lesions were imaged with a Siemens 0.5 T superconducting unit, three with a 1.5 T unit. CT scanning was performed with third generation equipment. There were 28 neoplasms including eight pituitary adenomas with infrasellar extension, four meningiomas, four extensions from regional malignancies, three chordomas, three juvenile angiofibromas, three medial temporal gliomas, and one each of neuroma, epidermoid and metastasis. Eleven non-neoplastic masses included four vascular anomalies, three cholesterol granulomas, two arachnoid cysts, one sphenoid mucocele and one mixed sclerosing bone dystrophy with masslike thickening of basisphenoid and basiocciput. While MR and CT were equally sensitive (100%), MR was superior in further delineating and characterizing a lesion. MR showed normal or abnormal blood vessels better than CT, and revealed changes of compact bone often quite satisfactorily. Effects on the brain parenchyma or CSF and airspaces were consistently well demonstrated. Provided absence of contraindications MR should be the primary radiologic screening test in suspected mass lesions of above location.
The hematopoietic stroma.

The stroma of the hematopoietic tissues includes a number of diverse cell types, i.e., bone-lining cells and related capsular and trabecular structures, epithelial-reticular cells and other epithelial cells, reticular cells, macrophages, and antigen-presenting cells. These stromal cells possess a variety of mechanical and metabolic functions. They support and confine the hematopoietic tissues and their vasculature. They regulate the migrations of blood and hematopoietic cells. Stromal cells contribute to the microenvironment that induces the differentiation of stem cells into the several blood-cell lines. The nature of the interactions of stromal and hematopoietic cells depends upon long- and short-range humoral factors, and upon such cell-surface compounds as immunoglobulins and major histocompatability antigens. Blood cells themselves, as neutrophils and lymphocytes, play regulatory roles in hematopoiesis along with stromal cells. Moreover, certain stromal cells, such as macrophages, originate as blood cells and have migratory phases. Distinctions between blood cells, their derivatives, and stromal cells may therefore be difficult to draw.
Nanoantennas for nanowire photovoltaics

We consider the use of plasmonic nanoantenna elements, hemispherical and cylindrical, for application in semiconductor nanowire (NW) vertical arrays. Using Mie theory and a finite element method, scattering and absorption efficiencies are obtained for the desired enhancement of interaction with light in the NWs. We find an optimal mixture of nanoantennae for efficient scattering of solar spectrum in the NW array. Spectral radiation patterns of scattered light are computed, and, for representing the total response of the nanoantenna-equipped NWs to the solar AM1.5G spectrum, the weighted average of scattering patterns for unpolarized normal incidence is obtained showing an advantageous overall directivity toward the NWs.
INCREASED GLYCOGEN CONTENT IN SUBCUTANEOUS ADIPOSE TISSUE FROM NEWBORN OFFSPRING OF DIABETIC MOTHERS: DYNAMICS AND ULTRASTRUCTURE

Glycogen content of adipose tissue in the human neonate falls rapidly in the first hours of life. Since little or no glucose-6-phosphatase is found in fat tissue (rats), presumably glycogen is utilized only in situ, both to support energy metabolism (ATP generation) and to furnish alpha-glycerophosphate for reesterification of fatty acids. Previous investigations showed increased lipolysis (glycerol release) in adipose tissue from offspring of diabetic mothers. In this study glycogen content (mg/gm w.w.) was measured in adipose tissue samples from the subcutaneous fat pad of the buttocks in 30 infants of insulin dependent diabetic mothers (IDM) and in 34 infants of gestational diabetic mothers (IGDM) obtained during the first five days of life. Comparisons were made with 86 infants from normal gestations. Glycogen content was significantly increased in fat tissue from both IDM and IGDM. The rapid rate of decrease seen in normal infants was not observed regardless of whether these infants were infused with glucose or not. Electron microscopic studies suggested a characteristic ultrastructure of adipose tissue glycogen deposits when increased amounts of glycogen are present. These results are consistent with the hyperinsulinism of IDM and IGDM.
Patterns and processes of wood debris accumulation in the Queets river basin, Washington

Field surveys in the 724-km 2 Queets river basin on the west slope of the Olympic Mountains in NW Washington reveal basin-wide patterns of distinctive wood debris (WD) accumulations that arise from different mechanisms of WD recruitment, hydraulic geometry, and physical characteristics of WD. Individual pieces of WD in an accumulation or jam can be separated into key, racked, and loose members. Ten types of WD accumulations are identified based on the mode of recruitment and the orientation of key, racked, and loose debris relative to the channel axis. Although some types of WD accumulation have few geomorphic effects, others form stable in-stream structures that influence alluvial morphology at both subreach- and reach-length scales ranging from less than 1 to greater than 10 channel widths. In the Queets river, stable accumulations of WD directly influence channel anabranching, planform geometry, flood plain topography, and establishment of long-term riparian refugia for old-growth forest development. The classification of wood debris accumulations in the Queets river basin is based on physical observations that offer a template potentially applicable to other forested mountain regions. D 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Glycine stimulates striatal dopamine release in conscious rats

1. Glycine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord and brainstem. The mechanism of this inhibition is via binding of glycine to specific receptors, increasing transmembrane Cl- conductance and hyperpolarizing neurones. Strychnine selectively antagonizes these effects. The role of glycinergic neurones in supraspinal regions is poorly understood. 2. Effects of glycine on release of catecholamines in the striatum were examined by microdialysis in freely-moving rats. Transcription of the genes encoding strychnine-sensitive glycine receptors was assessed in the striatum and substantia nigra, by use of reverse transcription followed by the polymerase chain reaction. 3. Glycine administered via the microdialysis probe dose-dependently increased concentrations of dopamine and its metabolites, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and homovanillic acid, in the perfusate, indicating increased local release and metabolism of dopamine. Strychnine markedly attenuated these responses. Whereas striatal tissue did not contain mRNA for either the adult or neonatal form of strychnine-sensitive glycine receptor, nigral tissue contained a message for the adult form. 4. The results suggest that dopaminergic cells in the substantia nigra synthesize strychnine-sensitive glycine receptors and transport the receptors to terminals in the striatum. Occupation of the glycine receptors then exerts a net stimulatory effect on striatal dopamine release in vivo.
Terrorism: Denying Al Qaeda Its Popular Support

A new post‐9/11 consensus that terrorism violates the principles of the international community is emerging among states. Expanding this international norm to the aggrieved populations that terrorists claim to represent is a crucial component in the war on terrorism.
Physics and applications of one-way magneto-optical photonic crystals

We demonstrate experimentally one-way waveguiding in a gyromagnetic photonic crystal. The complete suppression of back-scattering, even in the presence of very large scatterers, allows intriguing applications such as slow light.
Intercellular Transfer of the Virally Derived Precursor Form of Acid α-Glucosidase Corrects the Enzyme Deficiency in Inherited Cardioskeletal Myopathy Pompe Disease

Pompe disease is a lethal cardioskeletal myopathy in infants and results from genetic deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme acid α-glucosidase (GAA). Genetic replacement of the cDNA for human GAA (hGAA) is one potential therapeutic approach. Three months after a single intramuscular injection of 108 plaque-forming units (PFU) of E1-deleted adenovirus encoding human GAA (Ad-hGAA), the activity in whole muscle lysates of immunodeficient mice is increased to 20 times the native level. Direct transduction of a target muscle, however, may not correct all deficient cells. Therefore, the amount of enzyme that can be transferred to deficient cells from virally transduced cells was studied. Fibroblasts from an affected patient were transduced with AdhGAA, washed, and plated on transwell culture dishes to serve as donors of recombinant enzyme. Deficient fibroblasts were plated as acceptor cells, and were separated from the donor monolayer by a 22-μm pore size filter. Enzymatic and Western analyses demonstrate secretio...
Synthesis, structure, and magnetic properties of Co2([N(CN)2]4bpym).H2O and M([N(CN)2]2bpym).H2O (M = Mn, Fe, Co; bpym = 2,2'-bipyrimidine).

Co2{[N(CN)2]4bpym}·H2O (1) and M{[N(CN)2]2bpym}·H2O [M = Mn (2a), Fe (2b), Co (2c); bpym = 2,2‘-bipyrimidine] have been synthesized and characterized structurally and magnetically. All of the compounds crystallize in the orthorhombic space group Pnma. The unit cell parameters for 1 are a = 16.1684(5) A, b = 12.9860(3) A, c = 10.4207(3) A, and Z = 4. Compound 1 is a 2-D layered structure with water intercalated between sheets. The sheets are composed of ···M−[NCNCN]2−M−bpym−M−[NCNCN]2−M··· chains, which are linked together by dicyanamides. 2a−c are isomorphic with the unit cell parameters a = 17.5112(4) A, b = 11.9955(4) A, c = 7.4684(2) A for 2a, a = 17.5814(7) A, b = 11.9453(5) A, c = 7.3292(3) A for 2b, a = 17.8642(2) A, b = 11.9216(2) A, c = 7.2860(2) A for 2c, and Z = 4 for all. They crystallize as chains containing metal centers coordinated to two bridging dicyanamides, one terminal dicyanamide, one terminal chelating bpym, and one water molecule. 2a−c are the first examples of compounds containing t...
Salvage Options for Eradication of Helicobacter pylori During Tetracycline Backorder

Objective:To review salvage options for Helicobacter pylori eradication regimens during a tetracycline backorder for patients with triple-therapy failure.Data Sources:A search of PubMed (1980-June 2012) was conducted using a combination of the terms H. pylori or Helicobacter pylori, salvage therapy, and eradication or treatment as text word searches.Study Selection and Data Extraction:Clinical trials and meta-analyses published in English were included. A manual review of the bibliographies of available literature was conducted and relevant articles were reviewed for inclusion.Data Synthesis:Treatment of H. pylori consists of a triple-drug regimen that includes a proton pump inhibitor (PPI), amoxicillin or metronidazole, and clarithromycin. Failure with this therapy is becoming increasingly common due to macrolide resistance. Upon failure with this regimen, it is recommended that a quadruple regimen with bismuth subsalicylate, metronidazole, tetracycline, and a histamine2 receptor antagonist or a PPI be u...
Differential Learning of Phonological Oppositions

This study evaluated whether variations in the structure of minimal versus maximal opposition treatments would result in empirical differences in phonological learning. Subjects were 3 children who...
A comparison of rabbit liver and reticulocyte transfer RNA: evidence of unique species in reticulocytes.

The comparison of rabbit liver and reticulocyte tRNA has provided evidence that the tRNA content of reticulocytes is specialized for hemoglobin synthesis (Smith, D.W.E. and McNamara, A.L. (1971) Science 171, 577–579 and erratum, 1040). This comparison is extended in the present study to the level of isoaccepting species by reversed-phase chromatography of the tRNAs followed by determination of acceptance of 18 amino acids. Though the elution patterns of isoaccepting species for some amino acids are qualitatively and quantitatively similar, the distribution of tRNA for other amino acids among isoaccepting species is very different in reticulocytes and liver. There are two isoaccepting species each for asparagine and histidine in reticulocytes compared to only one in liver. These unique species were confirmed by a second reversedphase chromatographic technique, and are seen regardless of whether liver or reticulocyte enzymes are used to aminoacylate the tRNA. The single species for each of these amino acids in liver corresponds to the first of the two species in reticulocytes in order of chromatographic elution. The structural differences between the two species found in reticulocytes are not yet clear. Coding studies were done with the partially purified asparagine and histidine species from liver and reticulocytes using trinucleotide diphosphate stimulated binding of the aminoacylated tRNAs to Escherichia coli ribosomes. Consistent with the “Wobble Hypothesis”, all tRNA species responded to both codons for their respective amino acids, though differences in the codon responses were found which may be significant.
Effectiveness of Liquid Soap and Hand Sanitizer against Norwalk Virus on Contaminated Hands

Disinfection is an essential measure for interrupting human norovirus (HuNoV) transmission, but it is difficult to evaluate the efficacy of disinfectants due to the absence of a practicable cell culture system for these viruses. The purpose of this study was to screen sodium hypochlorite and ethanol for efficacy against Norwalk virus (NV) and expand the studies to evaluate the efficacy of antibacterial liquid soap and alcohol-based hand sanitizer for the inactivation of NV on human finger pads. Samples were tested by real-time reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) both with and without a prior RNase treatment. In suspension assay, sodium hypochlorite concentrations of ≥160 ppm effectively eliminated RT-qPCR detection signal, while ethanol, regardless of concentration, was relatively ineffective, giving at most a 0.5 log10 reduction in genomic copies of NV cDNA. Using the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard finger pad method and a modification thereof (with rubbing), we observed the greatest reduction in genomic copies of NV cDNA with the antibacterial liquid soap treatment (0.67 to 1.20 log10 reduction) and water rinse only (0.58 to 1.58 log10 reduction). The alcohol-based hand sanitizer was relatively ineffective, reducing the genomic copies of NV cDNA by only 0.14 to 0.34 log10 compared to baseline. Although the concentrations of genomic copies of NV cDNA were consistently lower on finger pad eluates pretreated with RNase compared to those without prior RNase treatment, these differences were not statistically significant. Despite the promise of alcohol-based sanitizers for the control of pathogen transmission, they may be relatively ineffective against the HuNoV, reinforcing the need to develop and evaluate new products against this important group of viruses.
Student pharmacist initiated medication reconciliation in the outpatient setting.

The Joint Commission continues to emphasize the importance of medication reconciliation in all practice settings. Pharmacists and student pharmacists are uniquely trained in this aspect of patient care, and can assist with keeping accurate and complete medication records through patient interview in the outpatient setting.Objective: The objective of this study was to quantify and describe medication reconciliation efforts by student pharmacists in an outpatient family medicine center.Methods: A retrospective review was conducted of all standard medication reconciliation forms completed by student pharmacists during patient interviews from April 2010 to July 2010. The number of reviews conducted was recorded, along with the frequency of each type of discrepancy. A discrepancy was defined as any lack of agreement between the medication list in the electronic health record (EHR) and the patient-reported regimen and included any differences in dose or frequency of a medication, duplication of the same medication, medication no longer taken or omission of any medication.Results: A total of 213 standard medication forms from the 4 month period were reviewed. A total of 555 discrepancies were found, including medications no longer taken, prescription medications that needed to be added to the EHR, over-the-counter(OTC) and herbal medications that needed to be added to the EHR, medications taken differently than recorded in the EHR, and medication allergies which needed to be updated. An average of 2.6 discrepancies was found per patient interviewed.Conclusion: Student pharmacist-initiated medication reconciliation in an outpatient family medicine center resulted in the resolution of numerous discrepancies in the medication lists of individual patients. Pharmacists and student pharmacists are uniquely trained in medication history taking and play a vital role in medication reconciliation in the outpatient setting.
Theoretical tools for understanding and aiding dynamic decision making

Abstract Dynamic decisions arise in many applications including military, medical, management, sports, and emergency situations. During the past 50 years, a variety of general and powerful tools have emerged for understanding, analyzing, and aiding humans faced with these decisions. These tools include expected and multi-attribute utility analyses, game theory, Bayesian inference and Bayes nets, decision trees and influence diagrams, stochastic optimal control theory, partially observable Markov decision processes, neural networks and reinforcement learning models, Markov logics, and rule-based cognitive architectures. What are all of these tools, how are they related, when are they most useful, and do these tools match the way humans make decisions? We address all of these questions within a broad overview that is written for an interdisciplinary audience. Each description of a tool introduces the principles upon which it is based, and also reviews empirical research designed to test whether humans actually use these principles to make decisions. We conclude with suggestions for future directions in research.
On a simplified joint controller design for robot manipulators

A simple controller design approach is introduced which provides linear decoupled joint motion control for a robot manipulator. The main idea is to treat each joint as a simple second order linear system with all the nonlinear and coupling effects viewed as disturbance. By employing a simple disturbance estimation/rejection procedure, highly robust independent joint control can be achieved.
Warped-DMR: Light-weight Error Detection for GPGPU

General purpose graphics processing units (GPGPUs) are feature rich GPUs that provide general purpose computing ability with massive number of parallel threads. The massive parallelism combined with programmability made GPGPUs the most attractive choice in supercomputing centers. Unsurprisingly, most of the GPGPU-based studies have been focusing on performance improvement leveraging GPGPU's high degree of parallelism. However, for many scientific applications that commonly run on supercomputers, program correctness is as important as performance. Few soft or hard errors could lead to corrupt results and can potentially waste days or even months of computing effort. In this research we exploit unique architectural characteristics of GPGPUs to propose a light weight error detection method, called Warped Dual Modular Redundancy (Warped-DMR). Warped-DMR detects errors in computation by relying on opportunistic spatial and temporal dual-modular execution of code. Warped-DMR is light weight because it exploits the underutilized parallelism in GPGPU computing for error detection. Error detection spans both within a warp as well as between warps, called intra-warp and inter-warp DMR, respectively. Warped-DMR achieves 96% error coverage while incurring a worst-case 16% performance overhead without extra execution units or programmer's effort.