cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling kinetics of copper uptake by inorganic colloids under high surface coverage conditions

Abstract Copper uptake by ferric oxide and silica particles is studied through batch kinetic experiments. Copper uptake rates are found to be strongly dependent on pH and on the sorbate/sorbent molar concentration ratio. Dramatic changes to the zeta potential of both colloids from baseline values are observed. Modeling of copper uptake and zeta potential charge reversals using the surface complexation model (SCM) yields poor descriptions under high surface coverage conditions. The conventional SCM, modified in the recent literature to (i) the surface polymer model (SPM), which additionally incorporates uptake of dimeric copper species; and (ii) the continuum model (CM), which includes formation of surface precipitates, is extended here to model uptake kinetics. Both the SPM and the CM are successful in modeling copper uptake rates as well as zeta potential variations over a wide range of solution conditions. For systems with high surface loadings, copper removal from solution appears to result from the formation of monomeric and dimeric surface complexes, as well as through precipitation mechanisms. It is further concluded that a kinetic model incorporating diffusion through the surface film of sorbed and precipitated copper species as the rate-limiting process, in association with the SPM and CM, successfully describes the effect of pH and colloid concentration on copper uptake and oxide particle zeta potential histories.
Accessibility of introduced cysteines in chemoreceptor transmembrane helices reveals boundaries interior to bracketing charged residues

Two hydrophobic sequences, 24 and 30 residues long, identify the membrane-spanning segments of chemoreceptor Trg from Escherichia coli. As in other related chemoreceptors, these helical sequences are longer than the minimum necessary for an α-helix to span the hydrocarbon region of a biological membrane. Thus, the specific positioning of the segments relative to the hydrophobic part of the membrane cannot be deduced from sequence alone. With the aim of defining the positioning for Trg experimentally, we determined accessibility of a hydrophilic sulfhydryl reagent to cysteines introduced at each position within and immediately outside the two hydrophobic sequences. For both sequences, there was a specific region of uniformly low accessibility, bracketed by regions of substantial accessibility. The two low-accessibility regions were each 19 residues long and were in register in the three-dimensional organization of the transmembrane domain deduced from independent data. None of the four hydrophobic–hydrophilic boundaries for these two membrane-embedded sequences occurred at a charged residue. Instead, they were displaced one to seven residues internal to the charged side chains bracketing the extended hydrophobic sequences. Many hydrophobic sequences, known or predicted to be membrane-spanning, are longer than the minimum necessary helical length, but precise membrane boundaries are known for very few. The cysteine-accessibility approach provides an experimental strategy for determining those boundaries that could be widely applicable.
Left-handedness and variant patterns of cerebral organization: A case study

A left-middle-cerebral artery infarct in a 51-year-old, nonfamilial left-handed man failed to produce aphasia, but did result in imparied visuospatial functioning, construction dyspraxia, mild limb dyspraxia, and temporal/sequential skill dysfunction. The patient also had severe right-sided sensory and body neglect, right-sided hemiparesis, and mildly dysarthric speech. These neuropsychological findings strongly suggest a reversed pattern of cerebral organization. Posterior anatomical size asymmetries were also reversed, in that the right occipitalparietal area was somewhat larger than the left. However, this patient's limb dyspraxia followed no known pattern of cerebral organization. His dyspraxia suggests that control of complex motor skills in nonfamilial left-handers may remain a left-hemisphere or bilaterally represented function, even when other cognitive abilities are reversed.
Inhibition of bone resorption by inorganic phosphate is mediated by both reduced osteoclast formation and decreased activity of mature osteoclasts

High concentrations of inorganic phosphate (Pi) are known to inhibit bone resorption, although the mechanism(s) underlying this effect is unclear. To investigate whether Pi can inhibit the formation of osteoclasts we studied the effects of changes in Pi concentration between 1 and 4 mM on osteoclast-like cell formation in 1 week cultures of mouse bone marrow. Osteoclast-like cells were identified by multinuclearity, positive staining for tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), and contraction in response to calcitonin. Increasing concentrations of Pi inhibited formation of these cells in a dose-dependent manner. To study effects of Pi on the bone-resorbing activity of mature osteoclasts we isolated osteoclasts from calcium-deficient egg-laying hens or rat pups and incubated them on sperm whale dentine slices. High Pi concentrations markedly reduced both the number of resorption pits formed per dentine slice and the mean area of each pit in both avian and mammalian systems. These data indicate that high concentrations of Pi act on bone directly, both to inhibit generation of new osteoclasts from their precursor cells and to inhibit bone resorption by mature osteoclasts. These effects of extracellular Pi concentration may play an important modulatory role on bone turnover in vivo and have potential importance in several disease states in which Pi metabolism is perturbed.
Protein kinase small molecule inhibitors for rheumatoid arthritis: Medicinal chemistry/clinical perspectives

Medicinal chemistry strategies have contributed to the development, experimental study of and clinical trials assessment of the first type of protein kinase small molecule inhibitor to target the Janus kinase/Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling pathway. The orally administered small molecule inhibitor, tofacitinib, is the first drug to target the JAK/STAT pathway for entry into the armamentarium of the medical therapy of rheumatoid arthritis. The introduction of tofacitinib into general rheumatologic practice coupled with increasing understanding that additional cellular signal transduction pathways including the mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphatidylinositide-3-kinase/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin pathways as well as spleen tyrosine kinase also contribute to immune-mediated inflammatory in rheumatoid arthritis makes it likely that further development of orally administered protein kinase small molecule inhibitors for rheumatoid arthritis will occur in the near future.
Baroclinic Adjustment: A Comparison between Theory, Observations, and Models

Abstract Isentropic slopes calculated from Northern Hemisphere analyses of the zonal mean state of the atmosphere are compared with isentropic slopes calculated from baroclinic adjustment theory. In midlatitudes, the isentropic slopes are relatively close to the adjusted values in the layer from 2 to 7 km (800 to 400 mb). They also have very little variation in latitude and season, which implies that baroclinic eddy fluxes supply a strong negative feedback to changes in isentropic slopes. The vertical structure of the temperature field in the “adjusted” layers and the location of the layers suggest that vertical eddy heat fluxes play a significant role in this feedback process. Isentropic slopes are also calculated from simulations of the current climate by the GISS Model II GCM and the NCAR CCM2. Both models have regions of apparent baroclinic adjustment similar to that in the Northern Hemisphere atmosphere. However, compared to the observations, the agreement of the simulations with baroclinic adjustmen...
Error analysis in hyperspectral unmixing

The estimation of abundance coefficients, or unmixing, of hyperspectral data is important in a wide variety of applications. Assuming the major constituents, or endmembers, of a scene are known, the unmixing problem is relatively straightforward and easily solved using least-squares techniques. What is less well understood, however, is how error in the original data affects the final solution. This error generally takes two forms: measurement error introduced by the sensor, and modeling error that arises from the assumption of linear mixing. In this paper, we investigate how the unmixing process propagates error that arises from sensor noise. In particular, we derive statistical bounds on how much error can be expected in the estimation of abundance coefficients due to measurement error. We also discuss how this error may affect post-processing algorithms such as subpixel target detection, and consider ways to validate the noise model through the use of residuals.
Research utility of noninvasive methods for measurement of cardiac output.

Two noninvasive methods of cardiac index (Q) determination, pulsed Doppler echocardiography (QDOP), and CO2 rebreathing were compared to dye dilution in eight normal volunteers. Measurements of Q were made by dye dilution (QDD) and the two noninvasive techniques under the following conditions: (1) supine rest, (2) after inflation of cuffs around the thighs, (3) 35-degree head-up tilt, (4) supine rest repeated, (5) during constant isoproterenol infusion, and (6) after an intravenous bolus of propranolol. When mean Q values of the group for each intervention were compared, close agreement was observed between dye dilution and each noninvasive method (QDOP = 1.08 QDD −0.07 L/min · m2, r = 0.99, SEE = 0.02; = 0.68 QDD +0.84 L/min · m2, r = 0.97, SEE = 0.02). Fair correlations were achieved when all 48 paired observations were analyzed (QDOP = 1.00 QDD + 0.17 L/min · m2, r = 0.89, SEE = 0.17; = 0.71 QDD +0.77 L/min · m2, r = 0.79, SEE = 0.20). However, the Doppler ultrasound technique was significantly more precise in quantitating changes in Q in individual patients. These results demonstrate that estimates of Q can be made with reasonable accuracy by either CO2 rebreathing or Doppler echocardiography. However, the Doppler technique is a much more accurate means of quantitating acute changes in Q. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1987) 41, 419–425; doi:10.1038/clpt.1987.51
Effects of sugary-1 and shrunken-2 loci on kernel carbohydrate contents, phosphorylase and branching enzyme activities during maize kernel ontogeny☆

Abstract The changes in the contents of dry matter, reducing and non-reducing sugar, water-soluble polysaccharide, starch, and the activities of phosphorylase and the branching enzyme were determined during maize kernel ontogeny for the four possible combinations of the su1 and sh2 genes in a common genetic background. The increase in carbohydrate content expressed as percent of the kernel dry matter was greatest during the 12–18-day period following pollination for all genetic lines. By the 15th day after pollination, reducing sugar content was decreasing in all lines. This was also the time of maximum non-reducing sugar content for kernels of the full (Sh2) lines; however, in the shrunken (sh2) lines the non-reducing sugar content was present in large quantities throughout the remainder of the sampling period. Water-soluble polysaccharide occurred to an appreciable extent only in the sugary-full line. The phosphorylase activity of the shrunken kernels was over twice that of the full kernels, suggesting that phosphorylase may be influenced by the sh2 gene. The branching enzyme activity of the sugary-full kernels was much higher during the early sampling dates than those of the other lines and the starch of the sugary-full line consisted almost entirely of amylopectin.
L-2-Hydroxyglutaric aciduria: an inborn error of metabolism?

A 5-year-old boy, excreting large amounts of 2-hydroxyglutaric acid in the urine (3.3–7.6 mmol/l), is described. The patient presented with psychomotor retardation and dystrophy. His skeletal age was delayed. The EEG was not well differentiated; it resembled that observed in 2-year-old children. There was a severe anaemia, which reacted well to iron supplements. The 2-hydroxyglutaric acid was found to have thel-configuration, as analysed by capillary gas chromatography of theO-acetylated di-(-)-2-butyl ester derivative. The relation ofl-2-hydroxyglutarate excretion to known metabolic pathways is discussed.
Structural Comparisons of SiOx and Si/SiOx Formed by Passivation of Single-Crystal Silicon by Atomic and Molecular Oxygen

The structural characteristics of a silica layer and Si/SiO 2 interface formed on Si single-crystal by oxidation in hyperthermal atomic oxygen (AO) and molecular oxygen (MO) at 493K were compared by wide variety of experimental techniques. The hyperthermal AO with kinetic energy of 5.1eV was created by the pulsed laser detonation of oxygen gas. The oxide formed by AO and MO on Si single crystal is amorphous as observed by HRTEM and selected area electron diffraction (SAED). However, the oxide formed by AO has a less random distribution of silicon and oxygen atoms as compared to the oxide formed by MO, as evidenced by the SAED patterns and EELS spectra. In contrast to MO formed silica, initial EELS results across the Si/SiO 2 interface revealed no region of suboxides exists near the interface in the AO formed silica. The Si/SiO 2 interface formed by AO species was found to be very abrupt and the oxide homogeneous, as opposed to the broad interface and non-homogeneous oxide created by MO, as determined by HRTEM and EELS.
RECOMBINATION AND TRAPPING IN NORMAL AND ELECTRON-IRRADIATED SILICON

Both recombination and trapping are observed in normal and irradiated silicon. There combination processes are analyzed on a Shockley-Read model and the energy levels and relative electron and hole capture cross sections of the recombination centers are given. A previously unreported recombination center is produced in $p$-type silicon by electron irradiation. It is located at ${E}_{v}+0.18$ eV and is a net donor. Four samples of $n$-type silicon were studied, three of which gave agreement with the results of Galkin (${E}_{r}={E}_{c}\ensuremath{-}0.17$ eV), and the fourth gave agreement with the results of Wertheim (${E}_{r}={E}_{v}+0.27$ eV). A theoretical treatment of trapping in the presence of direct or indirect recombination is presented and shown to give good agreement with the observed trapping behavior. Three distinct trapping levels are seen in $n$-type silicon.
Groups as problem‐solving units: Toward a new meaning of social cognition

In this paper we take the position that cognition can be meaningfully understood at the group level of analysis. We refer to group-level cognitive activity as social cognition, a term that we apply collectively to those social processes involved in the acquisition, storage, transmission, manipulation and use of information for the purpose of creating a group-level intellective product. In this context, the word ‘social’ is used to denote how cognition is accomplished, not its content. It is proposed that at least some social cognition occurs in every kind of group problem-solving situation, though the amount and type depends on the specific problem-solving functions that need to be addressed in order to reach a problem solution. We examine a number of these functions, and consider how they are served by various group member actions. This analysis is informed (though not determined) by certain functional analogies that can be found between individual-level and group-level (i.e. social) cognition. The benefits of adopting a functional orientation to understanding group problem solving are discussed.
Primary Partial Humeral Head Resurfacing Outcomes With the HemiCAP Implant

Background:Humeral head defects such as degenerative disease or avascular necrosis are often treated with stemmed hemiarthroplasty or total shoulder arthroplasty. Despite its historical and clinical significance, stemmed humeral head replacement poses inherent technical challenges to placing spherical implants at the anatomically correct head height, version, and neck-shaft angle.Purpose:The aim of this study was to assess humeral head inlay arthroplasty as a joint-preserving alternative that maintains the individual head-neck-shaft anatomy. Humeral head inlay arthroplasty also allows intraoperative surface mapping and placement of a contoured articular component that is matched to the patient’s defect size, location, and individual surface geometry.Study Design:Case series; Level of evidence, 4.Methods:This retrospective case series included 19 patients (20 shoulders), with an average age of 48.9 years (range, 32-58 years; 16 men, 3 women). Preoperative diagnoses were osteoarthritis in 16 shoulders and o...
Influence of cooling rate on the development of multiple generations of γ′ precipitates in a commercial nickel base superalloy

Abstract The compositional and microstructural evolution of different generations of γ′ precipitates during the continuous cooling of a commercial nickel base superalloy, Rene88DT, has been characterized by three dimensional atom probe tomography coupled with energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy studies. After solutionizing in the single γ phase field, continuous cooling at a very high rate results in a monomodal size distribution of γ′ precipitates with a high nucleation density and non-equilibrium compositions. In contrast, a relatively slower cooling rate (~ 24 °C/min) results in a multi-modal size distribution of γ′ precipitates with the larger first generation primary precipitates exhibiting close to equilibrium composition, along with the smaller scale secondary γ′ precipitates, exhibiting non-equilibrium composition (excess of Co and Cr, depleted in Al and Ti). The composition of the γ matrix near these precipitates also exhibits similar trends with the composition being closer to equilibrium near the primary precipitates as compared to the secondary precipitates.
Monocular Nystagmus in Infancy and Early Childhood

Of 11 young children (six girls and five boys, ranging in age from 4 to 14 months) with monocular nystagmus, six were found to have chiasmal tumors whereas only four had spasmus nutans. Differentiating features between these two groups included decreased vision and optic nerve anomalies (including four cases of optic nerve hypoplasia) in the tumor group. However, we found that no consistent clinical finding absolutely separates these groups. We therefore recommend that all infants and children with monocular nystagmus or the other features of spasmus nutans should undergo computed tomographic scanning.
Hydrodynamics of dilute rouse polymer solutions under flow

Abstract Using Langevin method the hydrodynamics of dilute polymer solutions under flow is described by deriving an effective hydrodynamic equation for these solutions. The systematics of the present treatment is demonstrated by considering Rouse chains as a simple example.
The use of optical coherence tomography in screening and surveillance of Barrett's esophagus.

Barrett's esophagus (BE) is defined as the presence of specialized intestinal metaplasia within the tubular esophagus. Recent studies suggest that performing endoscopic surveillance in patients with Barrett's esophagus is effective in preventing esophageal adenocarcinoma at an early stage. However, the accuracy of surveillance endoscopy is limited by sampling error and cost. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an optical analog of ultrasound, providing 10-μm resolution and real-time cross-sectional images of the luminal gastrointestinal tract. The literature describing the use of OCT in models of dysplasia and BE are reviewed. Three studies have examined the use of OCT in BE and models of dysplasia. These studies suggest that the currently achievable resolution combined with light-scattering properties of Barrett's mucosa is adequate to discern intestinal metaplasia and reliably detect high-grade dysplasia in patients with BE. Additional research to validate these findings is required.
Dating earthquakes with high-precision thorium-230 ages of very young corals

Mass spectrometric techniques have recently yielded significant increases in precision and sensitivity over previous methods for measuring ^(230)Th abundance in corals. To assess the accuracy of ^(230)Th ages, three corals from Vanuatu, whose ages were known from counting annual growth bands, were analyzed. For each sample, the date of growth determined by ^(230)Th analysis (A.D.1969 ± 3, 1932 ± 5,and1806 ± 5; 2σ uncertainties based on analytical error) was indistinguishable from the date determined by counting bands (A.D. 1971–1973, 1935–1937, and 1804–1810), indicating that the ^(230)Th dates are accurate. ^(230)Th dates were also determined for two adjacent emerged heads from Santo Is., Vanuatu, which were thought to have died when they were raised above sea level during coseismic uplift. The dates (A.D.1864 ± 4, 1866 ± 4) were the same, indicating that the heads died at the same time and consistent with the idea that they were killed by coseismic emergence around A.D. 1865. The difference between this date and the date of the only major historically documented earthquake that caused uplift (A.D. 1973,M_s = 7.5), suggests a seismic recurrence interval of108 ± 4y for Santo. Analogous emerged corals from Malekula Is., Vanuatu yielded ^(230)Th dates that were similar to each other (A.D.1729 ± 3, 1718 ± 5) and are inferred to have died during coseismic emergence around A.D. 1729. In conjunction with the date of the only large historically documented earthquake that caused uplift (A.D. 1965,M_s = 7.5), the recurrence interval for Malekula is236 ± 3y. If similar emerged corals can be found, this appraoch may be extended back in time and to other localities because it appears that such features can now be dated both accurately and precisely.
When it's time for a change: failures to track context in schizophrenia.

Abstract Introduction Reduction of P300 event-related potential amplitude in schizophrenia is perhaps the most replicated biological reflection of the illness. P300 is typically elicited by infrequent deviant events that are imbedded in a series of identical frequent standard events. Deviants have features that explicitly distinguish them from standards, whereas standards can be distinguished from each other based on their local sequential probabilities within the stimulus series. The improbable occurrence of a standard should generate a P300, but only if the implicit local context generated by the recent stimulus history is processed. Method To assess the ability of schizophrenia patients to process this implicit contextual information, ERPs were elicited from 22 controls and 16 schizophrenia patients during an auditory oddball task containing infrequent target tones (15%) and novel distracter sounds (15%) imbedded pseudo-randomly in a series of standard tones (70%). Consecutively presented standards following deviant stimuli varied in sequential probability from p = 1.0 for the 1st standard to p = 0.16 for the 4th consecutive standard. Results Patients compared to controls demonstrated smaller P300 (P3a) to the fourth consecutive standard. However, in controls but not patients a contingent negative variation (CNV) was observed prior to the fourth standard, and an N2b/mismatch negativity (MMN) was observed following it. Conclusions These outcomes suggest that patients are deficient in using the implicit context established by recent stimulus history to anticipate that an otherwise standard stimulus was unlikely and its occurrence unexpected.
Isolating the Effects of Primary Open-angle Glaucoma on the Contrast Sensitivity Function

We evaluated spatial contrast sensitivity functions in age-matched and lens density-matched healthy eyes, eyes with primary open-angle glaucoma, and eyes with ocular hypertension. We also controlled for refraction, visual acuity, pupil size, and previous ocular history. We found an overall reduction in contrast sensitivity for the glaucomatous eyes with a significant difference at 12 cycles per degree (P
The importance of reproducibility testing of computer programs for electrocardiographic interpretation: application to the automatic vectorcardiographic analysis program (AVA 3.4).

Abstract The automatic vectorcardiogram analysis (AVA 3.4) program developed by Pipberger and associates has a unique manner of using multivariate statistics to make morphological diagnoses of the QRS and P waveforms. This scheme produces statements of probabilities for up to seven different QRS diagnoses and three different P wave diagnoses. It would require a complicated protocol with a very large population to establish the validity of this approach. However we have described a simple method for evaluating that part of an ECG program which is independent of its criteria or clinical accuracy. Poor performance on this test obviates the need for more time-consuming clinical evaluation. Results of applying this test to the AVA 3.4 program are reported.
The effect of the irreversible μ-opioid receptor antagonist clocinnamox on morphine potency, receptor binding and receptor mRNA

In these experiments, the effect of the irreversible mu-opioid receptor antagonist clocinnamox on the potency of morphine, opioid receptor binding and mu-opioid receptor mRNA was examined. Mice were injected with clocinnamox (0.32-12.8 mg/kg) and the analgesic potency of morphine was examined 24 h later. Clocinnamox produced a dose-dependent decrease in the potency of morphine; and at the higher dose of clocinnamox the maximal analgesic effect was not observed following doses of morphine in excess of 500 mg/kg s.c. In saturation binding studies in brain, clocinnamox (0.32-25.6 mg/kg) dose-dependently decreased mu-opioid ([3H][D-Ala2,MePhe4,Gly-ol5]enkephalin; DAMGO) receptor Bmax with relatively minimal effects on Kd. Binding to delta-opioid receptor ([3H][D-Pen2,D-Pen5]enkephalin; DPDPE) and kappa-opioid receptor ([3H](5,7,8)-(-)-N-methyl-N-(7-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-1-oxaspiro(4,5)dec -8-yl) benzeneacetamide; U69,593) was not affected by clocinnamox. The effect of clocinnamox was time-dependent in that the greatest changes in morphine potency and mu-opioid receptor density were observed within 24 h of administration and decreased with time (336 h). Although mu-opioid receptor density was decreased to less than 30% of control 24 h following clocinnamox (12.8 mg/kg) and had increased to 80% by 5 days, a solution hybridization assay for mu-opioid receptor mRNA transcript revealed no changes in the steady-state levels of this mRNA. These studies indicate that clocinnamox is an irreversible antagonist at the mu-opioid receptor since it appears to selectively affect receptor density with minimal effects on affinity. Furthermore, clocinnamox produces time- and dose-dependent changes in Bmax and these changes appear to be unrelated to changes in mu-opioid receptor mRNA. It is possible that the repopulation of brain by mu-opioid receptors following clocinnamox is mediated by an existing pool of receptors that are activated following treatment.
Continental riffs: praisesingers in transnational contexts

Africa often comes to the attention of international audiences through the circulation of various musical traditions. Music is often configured as a universal language thus erasing the specific projects of performers, audiences, and the music industry in constituting the meaning of a given musical form. This erasure leaves music as just an empty sign of globalization. Using the concepts ‘imagined communities' and ‘structures of feeling’, the aim of this essay is to address the ways different constituencies bring overlapping and divergent agendas to the production, circulations and reception of the music of Mande praisesingers.
SoTL in Verse

This piece offers an overview of the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning (SoTL) in a nontraditional genre. It glances backward to the catalyst for the movement and traverses the context of SoTL today. Grounded in foundational literature of the field, it explores ideas about SoTL, including its purpose, nature, and characteristics. It underscores the importance of the symbiotic relationship between teaching and research and highlights improved student learning as the primary focus of SoTL inquiries. Embedded within the piece is the need for SoTL engagement to transform the educational landscape in morally and socially responsible ways. SoTL is laden with an ethic of reflexivity evidenced in actions that improve learning and the contexts in which teaching and learning occur for those in the core of the inquiry as well as others by extension.
A case of complete resolution of gastric varices.

This article considers the case of a 49-year-old woman with a history of hepatitis C and peptic ulcer disease who presented with massive hematemesis. She was diagnosed with gastric variceal hemorrhage and splenic vein thrombosis. The patient underwent splenic artery embolization and balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration of gastric varices. By 30 months post-treatment no evidence of gastric varices or splenic vein thrombosis remained.
Oxygen absorption in microbiological systems of zero order reaction rate

A model of oxygen absorption in microbiological systems of zero order reaction rate is proposed. The partial differential equation was solved to predict the profile of the oxygen concentration boundary layer next to a gas-liquid interface. Generally speaking, the presence of microbial cells always helps to increase the oxygen absorption rate over that of physical absorption. Only when the microbiological reaction is slow as judged by the fact that the reaction time, tr, is much larger than the diffusion time, tD, can one rightfully approximate the oxygen absorption in microbiological suspensions by physical absorption.
A new technique for simulating two-dimensional nucleation models of crystal growth

Abstract A computer simulation was developed to analyze two-dimensional nucleation growth models. This simulation does not store individual lattice sites and hence offers more flexibility in adjusting the parameters of the model. The results compare favourably with previous works.
Numerical study of the effects of icing on fixed and rotary wing performance

The sectional and total aerodynamic load characteristics and performance degradation of swept wings and helicopter rotors have been studied using a three-dimensional, compressible Navier-Stokes solver. Correlations of predictions with experimental data for swept wings with and without leading-edge ice formation show the ability of the present computational technique to accurately predict both the distributed surface pressures and integrated sectional loads. The leading-edge flow separation and reattachment on the wing surface associated with the leading-edge ice are also captured well showing a vortex formation and the spanwise migration of the flow inside the separated flow region. In the case of the helicopter rotors in hover, the rotor thrust loss and the torque penalties due to the leading-edge ice formation are numerically demonstrated.
Patterning of Vinylferrocene on H−Si(100) via Self-Directed Growth of Molecular Lines and STM-Induced Decomposition

Vinylferrocene was used to grow ordered molecular lines on the H−Si(100) surface via a self-directed growth process. High-resolution STM images reveal a zigzag structure within the lines that results from the relief of steric crowding of the molecules. Scanning with more than −4.0 V of sample bias reproducibly destroys the molecules, leaving smaller decomposition products in their place. The energetics of both adsorption and decomposition of the molecules were examined via DFT calculations. We propose to utilize these metal-containing lines as prepatterned catalysts for processes such as carbon nanotube growth.
The strains of maternal imprisonment: Importation and deprivation stressors for women and children

Abstract Purpose This study links General Strain Theory, criminal justice models of inmate adaptation, and life course stress models to examine (1) the influence of importation and deprivation strains on maternal health while imprisoned; and (2) the intergenerational consequences of maternal strains for child outcomes. Methods Qualitative and quantitative data were gathered from an incarcerated sample of mothers in a Federal prison (n = 120). Qualitative data were used to identify strains in mothers' lives. Multivariate quantitative analyses were also conducted to test the associations of maternal importation and deprivation strains with maternal health problems and child subjective weathering, or a sense of growing up faster than one's peers. Results The deprivation strain of a lack of contact with the mother's minor child is positively associated with her mental and physical health problems and children's subjective weathering. Maternal importation strains in the form of childhood traumas also increase mental health problems and subjective weathering. Conclusions This study finds that maternal deprivation and importation strains are associated with mother and child adjustment. Reducing strains mothers face while imprisoned may benefit both inmates and families. Furthermore, deprivation strains are influential net of pre-imprisonment stressors.
Parcellation of the thalamus using diffusion tensor images and a multi-object geometric deformable model

The thalamus is a sub-cortical gray matter structure that relays signals between the cerebral cortex and midbrain. It can be parcellated into the thalamic nuclei which project to different cortical regions. The ability to automatically parcellate the thalamic nuclei could lead to enhanced diagnosis or prognosis in patients with some brain disease. Previous works have used diffusion tensor images (DTI) to parcellate the thalamus, using either tensor similarity or cortical connectivity as information driving the parcellation. In this paper, we propose a method that uses the diffusion tensors in a different way than previous works to guide a multiple object geometric deformable model (MGDM) for parcellation. The primary eigenvector (PEV) is used to indicate the homogeneity of fiber orientations. To remove the ambiguity due to the fact that the PEV is an orientation, we map the PEV into a 5D space known as the Knutsson space. An edge map is then generated from the 5D vector to show divisions between regions of aligned PEV's. The generalized gradient vector flow (GGVF) calculated from the edge map drives the evolution of the boundary of each nucleus. Region based force, balloon force, and curvature force are also employed to refine the boundaries. Experiments have been carried out on five real subjects. Quantitative measures show that the automated parcellation agrees with the manual delineation of an expert under a published protocol.
Leadership and postmodernism: On voice and the qualitative method

Abstract Over the last 20 years we have seen a wealth of qualitative studies that have utilized a social constructionist framework for investigating various aspects of leadership. What have we learned and what are the challenges that lie ahead? The author touches on recent cultural studies of leadership and then outlines a particular theoretical orientation-postmodernism. He argues that postmodernism offers distinctly different ways for qualitative researchers to approach the study of leadership. In particular, the article considers the textual implications for how authors portray leadership if they subscribe to postmodern notions. The role of the narrator and the function of time in qualitative studies of leadership receive specific attention.
Polyribosome disaggregation and cell-free protein synthesis in preparations from cerebral cortex of hyperphenylalaninemic rats.

— Seven-day-old rats were injected intraperitoneally with l-phenylalanine (1 g/kg) and the time course of brain polyribosome disaggregation and changes in brain levels of phenylalanine, tryptophan and tyrosine were determined. Disaggregation of brain polyribosomes preceded the increase in levels of phenylalanine in brain, and followed the same time course as depletion of tryptophan from brain. The effects of several metabolites of phenylalanine (which are formed in phenylketonuria) on protein synthesis in vitro was determined for brain and liver systems. None of the compounds tested was inhibitory at concentrations below 10 mM and in all cases hepatic protein synthesis was more sensitive to inhibition than was the corresponding system from brain. Ribosomal dimers, formed in brain after injection of phenylalanine, were incapable of supporting high levels of protein synthesis in vitro, a finding that suggested that the inhibition of protein synthesis in vitro in cell-free systems of brain tissue after injection of phenylalanine into young rats was mediated by disaggregation of brain polyribosomes associated with tryptophan deficiency in brain.
Sociology at the end of the century

L'A. etudie les evolutions qui ont affecte la sociologie en cette periode de fin de siecle. Il examine de facon critique les analyses de S. Seidman, en cette affaire, et plus particulierement sa vision de l'objectivite de la connaissance elaboree par les sciences sociales. Il presente les conceptions des post-modernistes en ce domaine. Il examine le modele ethique feministe et communautaire de la connaissance. Il souligne que celui-ci met en lumiere la dimension politique de la recherche sociologique. Il s'efforce de comprendre la nature de la culture de l'ecrit
LABORATORY STUDIES ON DEVELOPMENT OF GYPSY MOTH, LYMANTRIA DISPAR (L.) (LEPIDOPTERA: LYMANTRIIDAE), LARVAE ON FOLIAGE OF GYMNOSPERMS

The development of gypsy moth larvae was monitored in the laboratory on the foliage of 39 species belonging to 18 genera in the Araucaraceae, Cupressaceae, Ginkgoaceae, Pinaceae, Taxaceae, and Taxodiaceae. Larval survival through successive molts, time of larval development, live female pupal weights, and adult female production of ova were measured as indicators of host plant suitability for the gypsy moth. The criteria for distinguishing the most suitable hosts were as follows: (1) greater than 80% survival of first-instar larvae, (2) development to pupation in less than 41 days, (3) female pupal weights over 1099 mg, and (4) the production of more than 350 ova. The most suitable species were in the Pinaceae, in particular, Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex Lamb.) G. Don, Larix decidua Mill., and Picea pungens Engelm. The least suitable species were in the Cupressaceae, Ginkgoaceae, and Taxaceae. First-, second-, and third-instar larvae often differed in their ability to survive on new foliage compared with foliage from the previous year. Overall, first-instar larvae successfully developed into adults on 20 of the species tested but second-instar larvae developed into adults on 29 of the species tested. First- through fourth- or fifth-instar larvae failed to develop into adults on eight of the species tested.
Preparation and Photoelectronic Properties of n-Type Cd2GeO4.

Abstract Cd2GeO4 crystallizes with an orthorhombic structure space group Pbnm (a = 5.20, b = 11.14, c = 6.57A) as determined by the onset of photocurrent, the flat band potential is −0.80(5)V vs SCE. An indirect band gap at 3.15(5) eV and a direct band gap at 4.15(5) eV were ascertained from measurement of the photoelectronic quantum efficiency. Despite some initial loss in the photoresponse during the first hour of irradiation at 1.0 W/cm2, Cd2GeO4 has been shown to be far more stable as an electrode than Cd2SnO4.
A theoretical and experimental investigation of indirectly excited roll motion in ships

The phenomenon of indirectly exciting the roll motion of a vessel due to nonlinear couplings of the heave, pitch and roll modes is investigated theoretically and analytically. Two nonlinear mechanisms that cause large-amplitude rolling motions in a head or following sea are investigated. The first mechanism is internal or autoparametric resonance and the second is parametric resonance. The energy put into the pitch and heave modes by the wave excitations may be transferred into the roll mode by means of nonlinear coupling among these modes; thus, the roll can be indirectly excited. As a result, a ship in a head or following sea can spontaneously develop severe rolling motion. In the analytical approach, the method of multiple scales is used to determine a system of nonlinear first-order equations governing the modulation of the amplitudes and phases of the system. The fixed-point solutions of these equations are determined and their bifurcations are investigated. Hopf bifurcations are found in the case of two-to-one internal resonance. Numerical simulations are used to investigate the bifurcations of the ensuing limit cycles and how they produce chaos. Experiments are conducted with tanker and destroyer models. They demonstrate some of the nonlinear effects, such as the jump phenomenon, the subcritical instability, and the coexistence of multiple solutions. The experimental results are in good qualitative agreement with the results predicted theoretically.
Public health informatics and the public health workforce in an era of change.

The velocity of societal change is unprecedented and is affecting both the developed and developing worlds. Transformations are being driven by numerous forces, including information and technology, capital flows, competition for economic development, demographic shifts, natural resources, climate, and conflict. Major change is occurring in all societal sectors and at all levels, including individual, community, and enterprise. At the individual and enterprise levels, for example, mobile and wireless digital devices with handheld communication and computing capability have redefined business, education, and social behaviors and processes. Rapid changes are also occurring at the community infrastructure level. In China, for example, high-speed rail systems twice the length of European and Japanese railway systems with a reservation system larger than the total of all airlines worldwide have been built in less than 7 years. Such changes are transforming government, business, work, and the professions, and are generating massive quantities of new digital data in all sectors, including those with particular relevance to the determination of health. The following viewpoint regarding transformations in societies and change for public health professionals is framed by this context of exponential high-velocity change, data, and information explosion. It is a compilation of messages presented at the 2014 Public Health Informatics Conference and the 2014 Alexander Langmuir Lecture, Epidemic Intelligence Service Conference. Four forces for change are examined in the following three sections and their relevance to the work of these professionals is discussed.
Revascularization for Critical Limb Ischemia Using the SpiderFX Embolic Protection Device in the Below-the-Knee Circulation: Initial Results

Abstract Purpose To examine the safety and efficacy of the SpiderFX embolic protection device (EPD) in the below-the-knee (BTK) circulation in patients with critical limb ischemia (CLI). Materials and Methods A single-center retrospective review was performed to identify patients with CLI and single-vessel runoff in whom the SpiderFX EPD was used in the BTK circulation. Technical success and device-related complications were the primary endpoints. Retrieval of macroscopic debris in the EPD, 1-year freedom from major adverse limb events (MALEs), and 30-day perioperative death were also evaluated. A major amputation, surgical bypass, endovascular thrombectomy, or endovascular thrombolysis was considered a MALE. Thirty-six patients (21 men; mean age, 75.8 y) treated between 2008 and 2013 had endovascular revascularization with use of the SpiderFX EPD in the BTK circulation. Results The SpiderFX EPD was successfully deployed in all cases; the technical success rate of revascularization was 100%. Two minor and zero major complications were observed related to the SpiderFX. Two MALEs, a major amputation and a subsequent surgical bypass, were observed in the cohort. All MALEs occurred within 1 year of treatment (1-y freedom from MALE rate, 90%). Debris was retrieved in the SpiderFX device in 47% of patients. Conclusions The use of the SpiderFX EPD in the BTK circulation in patients with CLI is safe and frequently retrieves debris.
Processing of human cord blood by three different procedures for red blood cell depletion and mononuclear cell recovery.

Background and Objectives: Human cord blood (CB) is an important source of stem cells which may be used for hematopoietic reconstitution as an alternative to bone marrow transplanta
Children, Adolescents, and Isolated Traumatic Events: Counseling Considerations for Couples and Family Counselors

This article presents considerations for marriage and family counselors assisting children and adolescent clients who have witnessed or survived an isolated traumatic event or who have family members who have witnessed or survived an isolated traumatic event. Direct emotional outcomes in children and teens related to isolated traumatic events, such as separation anxiety disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder, also are presented. In addition, specific clinical interventions—including the use of play therapy, psychoeducational groups, and cognitive-behavioral therapy—are presented as specific methods for assisting children and teenagers coping with traumatic events in a variety of settings.
Late Quaternary vegetation and climate history of the central Bering land bridge from St. Michael Island, western Alaska

Pollen analysis of a sediment core from Zagoskin Lake on St. Michael Island, northeast Bering Sea, provides a history of vegetation and climate for the central Bering land bridge and adjacent western Alaska for the past ≥30,000 14C yr B.P. During the late middle Wisconsin interstadial (≥30,000–26,000 14C yr B.P.) vegetation was dominated by graminoid-herb tundra with willows (Salix) and minor dwarf birch (Betula nana) and Ericales. During the late Wisconsin glacial interval (26,000–15,000 14C yr B.P.) vegetation was graminoid-herb tundra with willows, but with fewer dwarf birch and Ericales, and more herb types associated with dry habitats and disturbed soils. Grasses (Poaceae) dominated during the peak of this glacial interval. Graminoid-herb tundra suggests that central Beringia had a cold, arid climate from ≥30,000 to 15,000 14C yr B.P. Between 15,000 and 13,000 14C yr B.P., birch shrub-Ericales-sedge-moss tundra began to spread rapidly across the land bridge and Alaska. This major vegetation change suggests moister, warmer summer climates and deeper winter snows. A brief invasion of Populus (poplar, aspen) occurred ca.11,000–9500 14C yr B.P., overlapping with the Younger Dryas interval of dry, cooler(?) climate. During the latest Wisconsin to middle Holocene the Bering land bridge was flooded by rising seas. Alder shrubs (Alnus crispa) colonized the St. Michael Island area ca. 8000 14C yr B.P. Boreal forests dominated by spruce (Picea) spread from interior Alaska into the eastern Norton Sound area in middle Holocene time, but have not spread as far west as St. Michael Island.
Quality of Minimally Processed Apple Slices from Selected Cultivars

Twelve cultivars were prepared as slices and stored 12 days at 2°C. Changes in respiration and quality factors were compared. Initial respiration rates among cultivars varied from 3.5 mL CO2/kg/hr in Delicious to 7.6 mL CO2/kg/hr in Monroe and decreased rapidly during the first 3 days. Idared, McIntosh, Delicious, and Rome showed relatively low respiration throughout storage. Firmness of slices during storage decreased gradually for 7 days and more rapidly thereafter. Empire, Golden Delicious, and Idared apples showed minimum changes in firmness. Change in color of slices was rapid during the first 3 days. Cortland. Emuire. Golden Delicious. New York 674. and Delicious showed least browning. Titratable acidity, pH, soluble solids, and weight changes during storage were small and varied by cultivar. NY674, Cortland, Golden Delicious, Empire, and Delicious showed more desirable attributes for minimal processing.