cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A nonazide source of cyanonitrene and its interception by tertiary amines

Abstract Cyanonitrene is formed from sodium cyanamide and t -butyl hypochlorite in methanol by an α-elimination at or above 0° to +10°, but not at lower temperatures. The nitrene has been trapped by tertiary amines to yield aminimides in fair to good yields. The formation of cyanonitrene has been shown by ESR, dimerization to dicyanodiazene, and reaction with DMSO to yield the sulfoximine.
Three-dimensional natural convective states in a narrow-gap horizontal annulus

Buoyancy-driven flow in a narrow-gap annulus formed by two concentric horizontal cylinders is investigated numerically. The three-dimensional transient equations of fluid motion and heat transfer are solved to study multiple supercritical states occurring within annuli having impermeable endwalls, which are encountered in various applications. For the first time, three-dimensional supercritical states are shown to occur in a narrow-gap annulus and the existence of four such states is established. These four states are characterized by the orientations and directions of rotation of counter-rotating rolls that form in the upper part of the annulus owing to thermal instability, and exhibit (i) transverse rolls, (ii) transverse rolls with reversed directions of rotation, (iii) longitudinal rolls in combination with transverse rolls, and (iv) longitudinal rolls with reversed directions of rotation in combination with transverse rolls, respectively. Simulations are performed at Rayleigh numbers approaching and exceeding the critical value to gain insight into the physical processes influencing development of the secondary flow structures. The evolution of the supercritical flow fields and temperature distributions with increasing Rayleigh number and the interaction between the secondary and primary flows are thoroughly investigated. Factors influencing the number of rolls are studied for each supercritical state. Heat transfer results are presented in the form of local Nusselt number distributions and overall annulus Nusselt numbers. Two-dimensional natural convection occurring early in the transient evolution of the flow field is also examined. Results obtained for a wide range of annulus radius ratios and Rayleigh numbers are shown to be in excellent agreement with results from previous experimental and numerical studies, thereby validating the present numerical scheme.
Dialyzable Calcium from Milk Processed with Soluble Fiber‐Containing Gums, Thickeners, and Cocoa

Dialyzable calcium form 10% nonfat dry milk (NFDM) processed with gums, thickeners, and cocoa was determined following in vitro peptic-pancreatic digestion. Acidification to pH 4.2, heat pasteurization, or boiling for 30 min did not affect the % dialyzable calcium from 10% NFDM alone or in the presence of any of the additives tested. At a level of 1%, carrageenan, gum arabic, gum karaya, and low-methoxyl pectin significantly decreased (p < 0.05) and agar increased (p < 0.01) % dialyzable calcium. Other gums and thickeners were without effect and viscosity of the food system did not correlate with % dialyzable calcium. Five percent Dutch or natural process cocoa caused a one-third reduction in dialyzable calcium and 1% Dutch cocoa also produced a significant decrease.
Electromagnetic interactions in a chiral effective lagrangian for nuclei

Abstract Electromagnetic (EM) interactions are incorporated in a recently proposed effective field theory of the nuclear many-body problem. Earlier work with this effective theory exhibited EM couplings that are correct only to lowest order in both the pion fields and the electric charge. The Lorentz-invariant effective field theory contains nucleons, pions, isoscalar scalar (σ) and vector (ω) fields, and isovector vector (ρ) fields. The theory exhibits a nonlinear realization of SU(2)L × SU(2)R chiral symmetry and has three desirable features: it uses the same degrees of freedom to describe the currents and the strong-interaction dynamics, it satisfies the symmetries of the underlying QCD, and its parameters can be calibrated using strong-interaction phenomena, like hadron scattering or the empirical properties of finite nuclei. It has been verified that for normal nuclear systems, the effective lagrangian can be expanded systematically in powers of the meson fields (and their derivatives) and can be truncated reliably after the first few orders. The complete EM lagrangian arising from minimal substitution is derived and shown to possess the residual chiral symmetry of massless, two-flavor QCD with EM interactions. The uniqueness of the minimal EM current is proved, and the properties of the isovector vector and axial-vector currents are discussed, generalizing earlier work. The residual chiral symmetry is maintained in additional (non-minimal) EM couplings expressed as a derivative expansion and in implementing vector meson dominance. The role of chiral anomalies in the EM lagrangian is briefly discussed.
Chilomastix mesnili Encystment in vitro.

SummaryEncystment of Chilomatix mesnili was observed in cultures of 9 stool specimens which had been placed in a diphasic charcola medium.
Numerical Simulation and Multiple Realizations for Sensitivity Study of Shale Gas Reservoir

Shale gas in the United States went almost instantly from a practically invisible resource to massive reserves that challenge the largest conventional gas accumulations in the world. Shale gas success is directly the result of economically managed deployment of petroleum technology, namely horizontal wells .Horizontal drilling and multi-stage stimulation technologies are driving the successful development of shale plays. Modeling and simulation of shale gas reservoirs poses a unique problem. The geological complexity of shale gas reservoirs— containing both natural and hydraulic fractures—makes accurate modeling a significant challenge. To overcome these challenges and maximize recovery of a shale gas field requires specialized methods and state-of-the-art technology. In the first part of this paper an integrated workflow, which demonstrates a quantitative platform for shale gas production optimization through capturing the essential characteristics of shale gas reservoirs was discussed. A comprehensive sensitivity studies on key matrix, fracture system and all other shale related properties were performed and the results were presented. This study attempted to show how sensitivity analysis applied to this model can be used to aid in the design and history matching of a complex shale gas system. In the second part of this paper the state-of-the-art technology using Artificial Intelligence and Data Mining (AI&DM) techniques which is called single well shale surrogate reservoir model (S3) has been built. Shale surrogate reservoir model is new solution for fast track, comprehensive reservoir analysis (solving both direct and inverse problems) using existing shale gas reservoir simulation models. This model was defined as a replica of the shale gas reservoir simulation model that ran and provided accurate results in real-time very fast and can be used for automatic history matching, real-time optimization, realtime decision-making and quantification of uncertainties. The intelligent model was verified using several completely blind simulation runs.
All-Optical Carrier Synchronization Using a Phase-Sensitive Oscillator

An all-optical carrier synchronization (carrier-phase and polarization recovery) scheme from binary phase-shift keying signals is proposed and demonstrated for the first time. The proposed scheme uses a degenerate optical parametric oscillator which has a phase-sensitive amplifier as a gain block.
Long-Term Observations of the Dynamics of the Continental Planetary Boundary Layer

Time series of mixed layer depth, zi, and stable boundary layer height from March through October of 1998 are derived from a 915-MHz boundary layer profiling radar and CO 2 mixing ratio measured from a 447-m tower in northern Wisconsin. Mixed layer depths from the profiler are in good agreement with radiosonde measurements. Maximum zi occurs in May, coincident with the maximum daytime surface sensible heat flux. Incoming radiation is higher in June and July, but a greater proportion is converted to latent heat by photosynthesizing vegetation. An empirical relationship between zi and the square root of the cumulative surface virtual potential temperature flux is obtained ( r 2 5 0.98) allowing estimates of zi from measurements of virtual potential temperature flux under certain conditions. In fair-weather conditions the residual mixed layer top was observed by the profiler on several nights each month. The synoptic mean vertical velocity (subsidence rate) is estimated from the temporal evolution of the residual mixed layer height during the night. The influence of subsidence on the evolution of the mixed, stable, and residual layers is discussed. The CO 2 jump across the inversion at night is also estimated from the tower measurements.
Neuropsychological components of intellectual disability: the contributions of immediate, working, and associative memory

Background Efficient memory functions are important to the development of cognitive and functional skills, allowing individuals to manipulate and store information. Theories of memory have suggested the presence of domain-specific (i.e. verbal and spatial) and general processing mechanisms across memory domains, including memory functions dependent on the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the hippocampus. Comparison of individuals who have syndromes associated with striking contrasts in skills on verbal and spatial tasks [e.g. Down syndrome (DS) and Williams syndrome (WS)] allows us to test whether or not these dissociations may extend across cognitive domains, including PFC and hippocampal memory processes. Methods The profile of memory function, including immediate memory (IM), working memory (WM) and associative memory (AM), was examined in a sample of adolescents and young adults with DS (n = 27) or WS (n = 28), from which closely CA- and IQ-matched samples of individuals with DS (n = 18) or WS (n = 18) were generated. Relations between memory functions and IQ and adaptive behaviour were also assessed in the larger sample. Results Comparisons of the two matched groups indicated significant differences in verbal IM (DS WS) and spatial and verbal AM (DS > WS), but no between-syndrome differences in WM. For individuals with DS, verbal IM was the most related to variation in IQ, and spatial AM related to adaptive behaviour. The pattern was clearly different for individuals with WS. Verbal and spatial AM were the most related to variation in IQ, and verbal WM related to adaptive behaviour. Conclusions These results suggest that individuals with these two syndromes have very different patterns of relative strengths and weaknesses on memory measures, which do not fully mirror verbal and spatial dissociations. Furthermore, different patterns of memory dysfunction relate to outcome in individuals with each syndrome.
Fire dynamics distinguish grasslands, shrublands and woodlands as alternative attractors in the Central Great Plains of North America

Summary 1. This review synthesizes evidence that altered fire frequency drives discontinuous ecosystem transitions from mesic grasslands to shrublands or woodlands in the Central Great Plains, USA. 2. Long-term fire manipulations reveal that grassland to shrubland transitions are triggered when fire-free intervals increase from 1–3 years to ≥ 3–8 years, and longer fire returns (~10 years or more) result in transitions to woodlands. Grazing and soil properties alter these fire thresholds. 3. Grassland to shrubland transitions are abrupt and exhibit nonlinear relationships between driver and state variables. Transitions to shrublands and woodlands exhibit hysteresis, where reintroducing frequent fires does not reverse transitions in management-relevant time-scales (decades). 4. Nonlinear transitions and hysteresis emerge because grasses generate positive feedbacks with fire that create strong demographic barriers for shrub and tree establishment. Fire-free intervals allow shrubs and trees to reach a size sufficient to survive fire, reproduce and disrupt the fire feedback loop through competition. 5. Synthesis. Mesic grasslands, shrublands and woodlands constitute self-reinforcing states (alternative attractors) separated by critical fire frequency thresholds. Even without major shifts in climate, altered fire frequency can produce dramatic state changes, highlighting the importance of fire for predicting future ecosystem states. Local management should focus on prevention of unwanted transitions rather than post hoc restoration.
Force as a Useful Variable in Reactions: Unfolding RNA

The effect of force on the thermodynamics and kinetics of reactions is described. The key parameters are the difference in end-to-end distance between reactant and product for thermodynamics, and the distance to the transition state for kinetics. I focus the review on experimental results on force unfolding of RNA. Methods to measure Gibbs free energies and kinetics for reversible and irreversible reactions are described. The use of the worm-like-chain model to calculate the effects of force on thermodynamics and kinetics is illustrated with simple models. The main purpose of the review is to describe the simple experiments that have been done so far, and to encourage more people to enter a field that is new and full of opportunities.
A Supervised Learning Approach to Adaptation in Practical MIMO-OFDM Wireless Systems

MIMO-OFDM wireless systems require adaptive modulation and coding based on channel state information (CSI) to maximize throughput in changing wireless channels. Traditional adaptive modulation and coding attempts to predict the best rate available by estimating the packet error rate for each modulation and coding scheme (MCS) by using CSI, which has shown to be challenging. This paper considers supervised learning with the k-nearest neighbor (k-NN) algorithm as a new framework for adaptive modulation and coding. Practical k-NN operation is enabled through feature space dimensionality reduction using subcarrier ordering techniques based on postprocessing SNR. Simulation results of an IEEE 802.11n draft-compatible physical layer in flat and frequency selective wireless channels shows the k-NN with an ordered subcarrier feature space performs near ideal adaptation under packet error rate constraints.
Reliability and gender differences of internal skeletal dimensions using volumetric quantitative computed tomography

This study obtained internal skeletal dimensions of computed tomography (CT) tibiofemoral joint (TFJ) images that will be used to create skeletal based knee joint models. CT image data were acquired for knee joints of 10 subjects (4 males and 6 females). CT image data were converted to triangulated surface models using Materialize Mimics software then loaded into Geomagic Studio software for acquisition of tibial and femoral skeletal landmark location coordinates from which internal skeletal dimensions were obtained. A total of 28 skeletal landmark location coordinates were identified from which 28 internal skeletal dimensions were measured. Intertester and intratester reliability analyses were performed for the internal skeletal dimensions. Then internal skeletal dimensions were compared between male and female subjects. For all 28 internal skeletal dimensions intratester reliability coefficients ranged from 0.877 to 0.999. Six of the 28 internal skeletal dimensions were significantly smaller in females. Intratester reliability was excellent but intertester reliability was only fair. These results support continuation of this research.
Gender Differences: A Lifetime Analysis of the Economic Burden of Alzheimer's Disease.

Abstract Background Gender is one of the best-established differences in risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other forms of dementia, with women being at greater risk. However, the financial implications are unknown. This study aims at understanding the economic burden of AD by gender. Method This study takes a life-time perspective to investigate the burden of AD over the course of the disease. Nationally representative Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey data were used to estimate the course of illness of AD from age 65 to death and the incremental costs of AD on Medicare and Medicaid. Published data on the use and costs of assisted living facilities, home health care, and informal care were imputed into the course of illness to calculate the lifetime costs of these services. Results Females and males have distinctively different patterns of course of illness of AD. Women face higher risks of having AD (15.5% vs. 13.1%) and of serving as informal caregivers for AD patients (6.8% vs. 4.0%) before death. Medicare and Medicaid account for major payers of AD care for both genders, but the greatest economic challenge of AD to women is the cost of the informal care they deliver, resulting in women bearing six times the cost of men. Conclusion Public policy interventions that aim at curing or slowing the progress of AD will greatly benefit the welfare and economic status of women.
How much information is there in the “information society”?

We know our brave new world is being transformed by data. But how much more of it is there than before? Martin Hilbert finds huge untapped capacity to process information.
On the Role of Neurotrophins in Dendritic Calcium Signaling

In addition to its strong presynaptic actions on quantal neurotransmitter release, the regulation of the spatial and temporal patterns of postsynaptic Ca2+ elevations by BDNF is also a likely mechanism for its modulation of synaptic plasticity. The intracellular signaling cascades activated by TrkB receptors include several well-characterized protein kinases that target most of the routes of Ca2+ entry into hippocampal neurons. In addition, TrkB activation leads to IP3 formation, strongly arguing for direct Ca2+ mobilization from intracellular Ca2+ stores. Lastly, depletion of intracellular Ca2+ stores is associated with the activation of plasma membrane non-selective cationic currents thought to mediate Ca2+ store refilling. These membrane currents mediated by members of the TRPC family of ion channels not only represent novel downstream effects of neurotrophin action, but also are intriguing points of convergence with other intracellular signaling cascades, such as those triggered by group-I metabotropic glutamate receptors. The information gained from future experiments in this rapidly evolving field will integrate the actions of BDNF at synapses with the requirement of dendritic Ca2+ signals necessary for the induction of synaptic plasticity. Ultimately, the challenge ahead is to assimilate the varied functional and structural consequences of BDNF signaling through TrkB receptors at both sides of the synaptic cleft at excitatory synapses in the hippocampus with its intriguing role in the consolidation of hippocampal-dependent learning. Indeed, BDNF represents the prototypical example of a consolidation factor necessary for trans-synaptic plasticity at hippocampal synapses.
Outcomes of autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation in primary amyloidosis after bortezomib-based induction therapy

Outcomes of autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation in primary amyloidosis after bortezomib-based induction therapy
Introducing Graduate Students to the Chemical Information Landscape: The Ongoing Evolution of a Graduate-Level Chemical Information Course

The University of Pennsylvania’s doctoral chemistry curriculum has included a required course in chemical information since 1995. Twenty years later, the course has evolved from a loosely associated series of workshops on information resources to a holistic examination of the chemical literature and its place in the general research process. The introduction of enhanced group assignments, a term project that aims to teach another researcher to search, and final examination questions that test a student’s ability to navigate the literature efficiently help new PhD students develop the information skills that they will need to succeed in their graduate research and beyond.
Metaphor as Measurement and Vice Versa: Convergence and Separation of Figure and Meaning in a Mawri Proverb

To what extent can metaphorical figures be said to converge with and separate from meaning in the postmodern context’s distrust of metanarratives? The need for any discourse, even a discourse of deconstruction, to assume some degree of such convergence and separability is related to Heidegger’s construal of the ancient Greek category ta mathemata as the fundamental metaphysical presupposition of “Academic” thinking. Metaphorically attuned and metaphysically cognizant quantification is hypothesized to require attention to the dialectical projection of mathematical criteria capable of creating an opening through which invariant expressions of meaning may emerge and persist. A class of measurement models ontologically structured in this way are described and briefly contrasted with more commonly applied approaches to psychosocial quantification. The extent to which the Nigerien Mawri metaphoric proverb “life is a mango” obtains a rigorous degree of figure-meaning convergence and separation is illustrated via an example involving a 59-question survey to which 77 persons responded. Grounding in an ontological method offers the potential for integrating metaphor and measurement in a common framework oriented toward the creation of meaning.
A Comparison of the Use and Quality of Antidiabetic Medication Regimens Between Non-Hispanic Black and White Adults With Uncontrolled Type 2 Diabetes in the US NHANES 2003-2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the use of clinical guideline-recommended antidiabetic therapies among whites and blacks with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes. Methods: A secondary data analysis based on NHANES 2003-2012 cohort data including non-Hispanic black and white adults with uncontrolled (A1C ≥6.5%) type 2 diabetes. Results: Blacks were more likely to have the highest levels of A1C compared to whites (A1C >9% = 29.8% vs 16.2%). There was no statistical difference in the use of recommended regimens across racial group (blacks 60.5% vs whites 66.0%). Blacks and whites who were most uncontrolled were least likely to be on recommended regimens (A1C 6.5%-7.4%: 78.5%, A1C 7.5%-9%: 57.2%; and A1C >9%: 54.1%). This pattern was most pronounced among blacks compared to whites but was not statistically different. Use of recommended therapies decreased 29.0 percentage points for blacks and 20.1 percentage points among whites from an A1C level of 6.5% to 7.4% to >9%, respectively. The total proportion of blacks and whites on intensified non-insulin triple or insulin-based therapies were 38.9% and 41.8%, respectively. Conclusions: Even though blacks were more likely than whites to have the highest A1C, no significant differences were found in the use of clinical-guideline recommended regimens or other regimen use outcomes. Along with lifestyle modification, further intensification of antidiabetic regimens may help improve glycemic control and other disparities between blacks and whites.
Investigating Properties and Trends of Cocrystals Composed of Pyrogallol[4]arenes and Anthracene-Based Fluorescent Probes

Cocrystals composed of various pyrogallol[4]arenes of different tail lengths with anthracene-based probes in a series of solvent systems are analyzed and compared with the aim to determine the effects of solvent, tail length, and functionality of the probe. The five main characteristics that are influenced are the bowl shape of the pyrogallol[4]arene, complexation of the probe molecule, the C–H···π interactions, the overall hydrogen bonding scheme, and the final ratio of probe to pyrogallol[4]arene. With modifications to the probe molecules, the characteristics most influenced are the bowl shape of the pyrogallol[4]arene, the C–H···π interactions, and the hydrogen bond schemes. Alterations in aliphatic tail length affect the complexation of the probe along with the C–H···π interactions and hydrogen bonding scheme. Solvent has an effect on the complexation of the probe, the final ratio of probe to pyrogallol[4]arene, the bowl shape of the pyrogallol[4]arene, and the hydrogen bonding schemes. Emerging trend...
Photodegradation of the herbicide imazethapyr in aqueous solution: Effects of wavelength, pH, and natural organic matter (NOM) and analysis of photoproducts

The photodegradation of imazethapyr, 5-ethyl-2-(4-isopropyl-4-methyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydroimidazol-1H-3-yl)nicotinic acid, has been investigated in phosphate buffers and in buffered solutions containing natural organic matter (NOM). Imazethapyr degrades most quickly under 253.7 nm light and at pH values >4. The presence of NOM in solution caused the reaction rate constants for the photodegradation to decrease, with higher concentrations of NOM having a larger effect. Calculations suggest light screening is the major effect of the NOM. Seven photoproducts have been identified, and a photodegradation mechanism is proposed.
Report on the 1996 SSA Meeting in St. Louis, Missouri

The 91st Annual meeting of the Seismological Society of America was held on April 1-3, 1996 at the beautiful new America's Center in downtown St. Louis, Missouri. SSA96 drew over 250 participants from North America and overseas. Approximately 170 papers and posters were presented during the two and one-half day meeting. Taking advantage of Internet availability, the Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences at St. Louis University, the meeting host, made announcements of the meeting, as well as the the meeting program, available on the World Wide Web. The meeting program featured a variety of sessions, the session topics ranging from earthquake sources to the lowermost mantle. Some sessions that attracted particular interest were entitled New Insights on New Madrid, Structural Framework and Tectonic History of the Illinois Basin/Wabash Valley Region, and Earthquake Recurrence in Continents. Press coverage of the meeting focused on presentations made in these sessions. Reporters...
Overexpression of Latent TGFβ Binding Protein 4 in Muscle Ameliorates Muscular Dystrophy through Myostatin and TGFβ

Latent TGFβ binding proteins (LTBPs) regulate the extracellular availability of latent TGFβ. LTBP4 was identified as a genetic modifier of muscular dystrophy in mice and humans. An in-frame insertion polymorphism in the murine Ltbp4 gene associates with partial protection against muscular dystrophy. In humans, nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms in LTBP4 associate with prolonged ambulation in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. To better understand LTBP4 and its role in modifying muscular dystrophy, we created transgenic mice overexpressing the protective murine allele of LTBP4 specifically in mature myofibers using the human skeletal actin promoter. Overexpression of LTBP4 protein was associated with increased muscle mass and proportionally increased strength compared to age-matched controls. In order to assess the effects of LTBP4 in muscular dystrophy, LTBP4 overexpressing mice were bred to mdx mice, a model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. In this model, increased LTBP4 led to greater muscle mass with proportionally increased strength, and decreased fibrosis. The increase in muscle mass and reduction in fibrosis were similar to what occurs when myostatin, a related TGFβ family member and negative regulator of muscle mass, was deleted in mdx mice. Supporting this, we found that myostatin forms a complex with LTBP4 and that overexpression of LTBP4 led to a decrease in myostatin levels. LTBP4 also interacted with TGFβ and GDF11, a protein highly related to myostatin. These data identify LTBP4 as a multi-TGFβ family ligand binding protein with the capacity to modify muscle disease through overexpression.
A Phenomenology of Marijuana Use Among Graduate Students

Guided by a hermeneutic-phenomenological methodology, this study focused on gaining an indepth understanding of the use of marijuana by graduate students, a population which does not fit the usual profile of marijuana users addressed in the field literature, by exploring the experience of being a graduate student who uses marijuana. Semi-structured individual interviews were conducted with seven marijuana users attending a graduate programme of study, with elaboration and clarification of their initial description of their respective experiences dialogically prompted by means of open-ended questions. Five interrelated themes emerged from the analysis of the transcribed interviews, with the central finding indicating that the experience of being a graduate student who uses marijuana involves a process of ongoing negotiation between, on the one hand, messages from society and academia, and, on the other, an inner sense of self and well-being.
A New Tap Changer Control Method for Inverter Transformer of Back-to-back DC Transmission System

From the simulation test of Lingbao back-to-back DC transmission expanding project,the tap changer control of two-terminal DC transmission system and back-to-back DC transmission system,which have been put into operation in China,is analyzed and compared.On this basis,a new tap changer control method for inverter transformer of back-to-back DC system is proposed.And the principle of the method is that the reference of ideal no-load DC voltage varying with the DC current,so as to keep the DC voltage constant and make the extinction angle as small as possible.The feasibility of this new tap changer control method is proved by the simulation test of Lingbao back-to-back DC transmission expanding project.
Compatible Brackets in Hamiltonian Mechanics

The notion of “raising and lowering” was not noticed classically: in fact, the first instance was discovered by A Lenard in connection with KdV, as will be described below. I explain the idea at once. Let d (= the number of degrees of freedom) be fixed (=1,2,3 etc.) and let C ∞(R 2d ) be a Lie algebra under the bracket \([{{H}_{1}},{{H}_{2}}] = \nabla {{H}_{1}}J\nabla {{H}_{2}}. \nabla = \partial /\partial x\) is the gradient. J : R 2d → GL(2d, R) is smooth and also skew so that [H1, H2] = -[H2, H1], and Jacobi’s identity is satisfied: $$\left[ {[{{H}_{1}},{{H}_{2}}],{{H}_{3}}} \right] + \left[ {[{{H}_{2}},{{H}_{3}}], {{H}_{1}}} \right] + \left[ {[{{H}_{3}},{{H}_{1}}],{{H}_{2}}} \right] = 0.$$ (1)
Stigma surface secretions of Pennisetum americanum

The stigma of Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke is of the dry type. Receptive surfaces of papillae are covered by an extracuticular proteinaceous secretion that has esterase activity. Permeability mapping of an intact stigma indicates that the papillate tips of trichome cells are especially penetrable. Numerous discontinuities of the cuticle probably allow passage of surface secretions and of water for pollen hydration. Comparison of pellicle and intracellular proteins by native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and analytical electrofocusing showed them to be different. One particular fraction that had esterase activity was a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 180,000-200,000 daltons and an isoelectric focusing point of 7.5-8.0. This protein was a major component of the pellicle and may play a nonselective role in pollen capture. AS IS TYPICAL of other angiosperms with a dry stigma, pollen receptive cells of grass stigmas bear a thin superficial secretion with proteinaceous and pectic components known as the pellicle (Heslop-Harrison and Heslop-Harrison, 1980; Heslop-Harrison, Reger, and Heslop-Harrison, 1984). Adhesive properties of this pellicle are important because it is here that pollen attaches on first capture before the formation of menisci through which water
A Historical Perspective on the Future of Innovation in Social Work

Changing social work from a profession with innovators to a profession that innovates will likely require an innovation movement. This article draws on lessons from a prior movement in social work ...
Abstract 79: Pre-hospital Diagnosis in Mobile Stroke Treatment Unit

Introduction: Mobile stroke treatment unit (MSTU) has been shown to be able to provide pre-hospital thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke (AIS). MSTU can also be used for early pre-hospital diagnosis and treatment of other neurological diseases. Hypothesis: MSTU encounters neurological disorders other than AIS that needs emergent treatment. Methods: We obtained pre-hospital diagnosis and treatment data from the prospectively collected dataset on 231 consecutive MSTU encounters. Based on initial clinical evaluation and neuroimaging obtained on MSTU, the stroke physician made the diagnosis of AIS (definite, probable, and possible AIS, transient ischemic attack), intracranial hemorrhage, and unlikely AIS. Non-stroke diagnosis made by MSTU physician was compared with final hospital discharge diagnosis. Results: From July 2014 to May 2015, 231 patients were treated on MSTU of which 84 (36%) had clinical diagnosis of definite/probable AIS, 70 (31%) had possible AIS, while 14 (6%) patients had intracranial hemorrhage. Sixty-three (27%) were diagnosed as unlikely AIS including 23 (10%) metabolic encephalopathy, 19 (8%) seizures (including 1 partial status epilepticus), 16 (7%) migraines, 16 (7%) substance abuse, 6 (3%) CNS tumor, 5 (2%) infectious etiology and 3 (1%) hypoglycemia. Thirty-three (14%) patients received non-thrombolytic treatments on MSTU including anti-hypertensives (24), anti-epileptic medications (7), coagulopathy reversal (1), and mannitol (1). In patients with initial diagnosis of possible AIS, final diagnoses were 29 AIS and 25 non-strokes, while in patients initially diagnosed with unlikely AIS, 5 were AIS and 38 were non-strokes in the final discharge diagnosis. Conclusion: About a third of MSTU encounters were deemed not AIS initially, including intra cranial hemorrhage and seizure. MSTU can also be utilized to provide early pre-hospital treatments in emergent neurological conditions other than AIS.
Prepping the knee in maximal flexion: getting into every nook, cranny, and fold

This article describes a simple surgical skin preparation technique for total knee arthroplasty that permits the application of skin prep agent with the knee in maximal flexion. While most surgeons prep the knee in extension, it is believed that prep of the knee in flexion will provide superior coverage of the skin surface and reduce the potential for surgical-site infection, particularly in obese patients with large soft-tissue layers anterior to the knee.
Bifunctional Polymer Architectures for Cooperative Catalysis: Tunable Acid–Base Polymers for Aldol Condensation

Cooperative catalysts combining weak acids and basic amines have been utilized to effectively catalyze aldol and related coupling reactions under mild conditions. Most cooperative chemical catalysts for the aldol reaction have been based on silica-supported amines. In this work, an alternate approach is demonstrated whereby cooperative amine/acid interactions are tailored through the implementation of polymeric supports. By using linear poly(styrene) supports, this work demonstrates that the design and spacing of monomer units plays an essential role in the cooperativity of the acid–base sites in the aldol condensation. The monomer sequence of each polymer catalyst dramatically affects the catalytic activity, with a random copolymer displaying optimal cooperativity between the acid and base, and block copolymers drastically reducing catalyst activity. Trends established in the silica-supported systems, such as use of stronger acid monomers demonstrating reduced activity, are verified and extended to these polymer-supported systems. Overall, this first generation polymer-supported system is not as efficient as the optimal silica-supported catalysts developed over the last decade, with the polymers studied here being poorly soluble, leading to inefficient use of the amine sites.
Charcoal and Blood: Italian Immigrants in Eureka, Nevada and the Fish Creek Massacre. By Silvio Manno

Charcoal and Blood: Italian Immigrants in Eureka, Nevada and the Fish Creek Massacre. By Silvio Manno. (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 2016. ix + 278 pp. Illustrations, appendices, notes, bibliography, index. $29.95, paper.) Silvio Manno examines immigration dynamics, labor unrest, and a violent clash that laid bare a heated socioeconomic battle on Nevada’s mining frontier. Set in the 1870s, this book traces the development of class identity among Italian charcoal burners in Eureka, Nevada, as they struggled to raise the rate for a bushel of charcoal. By mapping relationships within the Italian American community that shaped larger economic conditions, Manno describes how higher status, established Italian Americans possibly helped funnel lower-status countrymen into Nevada and how, in return, the new migrants became loyal patrons of Italian … sondra.cosgrove{at}csn.edu
Accuracy and feasibility of axial length measurements by a new optical low-coherence reflectometry-based device in eyes with posterior subcapsular cataract.

Purpose To evaluate the feasibility and accuracy of measuring axial length (AL) by a new optical low-coherence reflectometry (OLCR)–based device in eyes with central posterior subcapsular cataract (PSC). Setting Department of Ophthalmology, Assaf-Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel. Design Retrospective case series. Methods Consecutive cases of patients who had uneventful cataract surgery and whose preoperative AL measurements were not feasible with the partial coherence interferometry (PCI) device because of a central PSC were assessed. Preoperative AL was measured by the OLCR device and immersion ultrasound (US). Preoperative results were compared with the postoperative AL measurements obtained by the PCI. Results Twenty-seven patients (27 eyes) were enrolled in the study. The median difference between the OLCR and the PCI AL measurements (0.07 mm) was lower than the median difference between the US and the PCI AL measurements (0.13 mm) ( P = .016). The ranges of the limits of agreement were 0.15 mm between OLCR and PCI, and 0.88 mm between US and PCI. The proportion of eyes with an AL difference of less than 0.1 mm was significantly higher between the OLCR and the PCI devices (24 eyes [88.9%]) than between the US and the PCI devices (9 eyes [33.3%]) ( P = .001). Conclusions The OLCR-based device successfully measured the preoperative AL in all eyes with central PSC for which preoperative PCI scans were not feasible. These measurements had a high level of agreement with the postoperative AL measurements obtained by the PCI device.
A CASE STUDY OF FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO SUCCESSFUL SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION

Every case of second language learning is different, but they are often influenced by systematic factors. What causes a learner to succeed or fail? In this case study, the language learning experiences of a single nonnative English speaker who successfully acquired English sheds light on the interplay between several of these aspects. An interview with a single adult subject reveals that for this particular individual, a high aptitude, as well as identity and personality characteristics that aligned with an openness to experience and learning in general, were more effective than factors of motivation. While identifying how and why a single individual may be successful or unsuccessful might not be generalizable to all learners, it can serve as a tool in helping to understand differences in L2 learning success.
Two modes of participation: A conceptual analysis of 102 cases of Internet and social media participation from 2005–2015

In this article we analyze 102 case studies of Internet or social media-enabled participatory projects, technologies, platforms and companies in operation between roughly 2005–2015. We assi...
Using wearable technology to predict health outcomes: a literature review.

Objective To review and analyze the literature to determine whether wearable technologies can predict health outcomes. Materials and methods We queried Ovid Medline 1946 -, Embase 1947 -, Scopus 1823 -, the Cochrane Library, clinicaltrials.gov 1997 - April 17, 2018, and IEEE Xplore Digital Library and Engineering Village through April 18, 2018, for studies utilizing wearable technology in clinical outcome prediction. Studies were deemed relevant to the research question if they involved human subjects, used wearable technology that tracked a health-related parameter, and incorporated data from wearable technology into a predictive model of mortality, readmission, and/or emergency department (ED) visits. Results Eight unique studies were directly related to the research question, and all were of at least moderate quality. Six studies developed models for readmission and two for mortality. In each of the eight studies, data obtained from wearable technology were predictive of or significantly associated with the tracked outcome. Discussion Only eight unique studies incorporated wearable technology data into predictive models. The eight studies were of moderate quality or higher and thereby provide proof of concept for the use of wearable technology in developing models that predict clinical outcomes. Conclusion Wearable technology has significant potential to assist in predicting clinical outcomes, but needs further study. Well-designed clinical trials that incorporate data from wearable technology into clinical outcome prediction models are required to realize the opportunities of this advancing technology.
Matrix Methods for Avian Demography

Demography is a tool for understanding population-level dynamics in terms of events (birth, death, maturation, etc.) at the level of the individual. Demographic models are a critical component of theory in population genetics, life history evolution, mating systems, and population biology. Demography is of fundamental concern to conservation biology; the demographic rather than genetic consequences of rarity may be the imminent threat to species facing rapid habitat destruction in many parts of the world (Lande, 1988b).
Efficacy of Afternoon Plerixafor Administration for Stem Cell Mobilization.

Background:When used for hematopoietic stem cell mobilization, plerixafor was originally recommended to be administered 11 hours prior to apheresis based on the peak effect of 10 to 14 hours transl...
A Chemiluminescent Probe for HNO Quantification and Real-Time Monitoring in Living Cells.

Azanone (HNO) is a reactive nitrogen species with pronounced biological activity and high therapeutic potential for cardiovascular dysfunction. A critical barrier to understanding the biology of HNO and furthering clinical development is the quantification and real-time monitoring of its delivery in living systems. Herein, we describe the design and synthesis of the first chemiluminescent probe for HNO, HNOCL-1, which can detect HNO generated from concentrations of Angeli's salt as low as 138 nm with high selectivity based on the reaction with a phosphine group to form a self-cleavable azaylide intermediate. We have capitalized on this high sensitivity to develop a generalizable kinetics-based approach, which provides real-time quantitative measurements of HNO concentration at the picomolar level. HNOCL-1 can monitor dynamics of HNO delivery in living cells and tissues, demonstrating the versatility of this method for tracking HNO in living systems.
Job Postings and Aggregate Stock Returns

A standard production-based asset pricing model with labor frictions implies a negative relation between job postings and expected stock market returns. As the discount rate rises in recessions, the present value of hiring declines and firms optimally post fewer job openings. We confirm this prediction in our empirical analysis. The job openings-to-employment ratio (JOE) is a strong time-series predictor of aggregate stock returns and outperforms an array of popular forecasting variables in both in-sample and out-of-sample tests. Forecasts based on JOE also lead to large gains in certainty equivalent returns for investors making asset allocation decisions.
The State Goes Home: Local Hyper Vigilance of Children and the Global Retreat from Social Reproduction

IN AN EARLY SCENE IN THE TERMINATOR, THE CYBORGIAN ARNOLD SCHWARZENEGGER walks into an L.A. gun shop and asks to see the wares. The shopkeeper lays out Uzis, submachine guns, rocket launchers, and other sophisticated means of overkill, nervously understating, "Any one of these will suit you for home defense purposes." The situation is likewise in the growing child protection industry. In keeping with the shopkeeper's sly comment, these businesses feast on an all-pervasive culture of fear, while creating a mockery, alibi, and distraction out of what they are really about ? to remake the home as a citadel through the peddling of private protective technologies that reinforce it against various forms of intrusion. These industries offer utterly inappropriate technocratic solutions for broad social problems. More important, the growth of the child protection industry is yet another response to the venomous and slippery fear-of-crime discourse that has become one of the key stocks in trade of the neoliberal state. Retrenching on its commitments to the social wage, the contemporary state has not reneged at all, of course, on its commitments to social order.
Shared and non-shared risk and protective factors of binge eating and binge drinking from adolescence to young adulthood.

This study aimed to elucidate the shared and non-shared behavioral, sociocultural, and personal risk factors underlying binge eating and binge drinking among a sample (n = 1764) of participants fro...
David Deamer: Five Decades of Research on the Question of How Life Can Begin

In commemoration of his 80th birthday, this interview article engages David Deamer in some personal and scientific insights into his fifty year quest surrounding the question of “how can life begin” on the Earth or other worlds.
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency: A Review for Neonatal Clinicians

The proper development and function of T cells is imperative in the creation of adequate cell-mediated and humoral immunity. Healthy term newborns have baseline immune immaturity, increasing their risk of infections, but significant immunologic consequences can occur, because of abnormal T-cell maturation. Combined immunodeficiencies can result, because B cells and natural killer cells rely on successful interactions with T cells to ensure their proper performance and survival. Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is the most noteworthy of these conditions, leading to considerable early morbidity and often death by the age of 1 year if left untreated. Newborn screening for SCID is effective and allows for early implementation of lifesaving supportive measures, including protective isolation, initiation of prophylactic antimicrobials, caution with blood product transfusions, and avoidance of live vaccinations. Once a definitive diagnosis of SCID has been established, treatment frequently involves bone marrow or stem cell transplantation; however, enzyme replacement and gene therapy are also becoming options in those with SCID due to adenosine deaminase deficiency and other forms of SCID. Neonatal clinicians should understand the screening and diagnostic approach to SCID along with the initial management approaches for these extremely high-risk patients.