cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Scaling up molecular pattern recognition with DNA-based winner-take-all neural networks

From bacteria following simple chemical gradients to the brain distinguishing complex odour information, the ability to recognize molecular patterns is essential for biological organisms. This type of information-processing function has been implemented using DNA-based neural networks, but has been limited to the recognition of a set of no more than four patterns, each composed of four distinct DNA molecules. Winner-take-all computation has been suggested as a potential strategy for enhancing the capability of DNA-based neural networks. Compared to the linear-threshold circuits and Hopfield networks used previously, winner-take-all circuits are computationally more powerful, allow simpler molecular implementation and are not constrained by the number of patterns and their complexity, so both a large number of simple patterns and a small number of complex patterns can be recognized. Here we report a systematic implementation of winner-take-all neural networks based on DNA-strand-displacement reactions. We use a previously developed seesaw DNA gate motif, extended to include a simple and robust component that facilitates the cooperative hybridization that is involved in the process of selecting a ‘winner’. We show that with this extended seesaw motif DNA-based neural networks can classify patterns into up to nine categories. Each of these patterns consists of 20 distinct DNA molecules chosen from the set of 100 that represents the 100 bits in 10 × 10 patterns, with the 20 DNA molecules selected tracing one of the handwritten digits ‘1’ to ‘9’. The network successfully classified test patterns with up to 30 of the 100 bits flipped relative to the digit patterns ‘remembered’ during training, suggesting that molecular circuits can robustly accomplish the sophisticated task of classifying highly complex and noisy information on the basis of similarity to a memory.
Some Set Theory

We continue in what is called the “naive viewpoint” wherein a set is “primitive” and well-understood. Thus, for a given “set” 52, with “points” o), there are such things as:
Enhanced susceptibility of the oxidized and unprotonated forms of high potential cytochrome b-559 toward DCMU.

The nature of interaction of cytochrome b-559 high potential (HP) with electron transport on the reducing side of photosystem II was investigated by measuring the susceptibility of cytochrome b-559HP to 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU) under different conditions. Submicromolar DCMU concentrations decreased the rate of absorbance change corresponding to cytochrome b-559HP photoreduction while the amplitude was lowered at higher concentrations (up to 10 μM). Appreciable extents of cytochrome b-559HP photoreduction were observed at DCMU concentrations which completely abolished the electron transport from water to methyl viologen under the same experimental conditions. However, the susceptibility of cytochrome b-559HP to DCMU increased with the degree of cytochrome b-559HP oxidation, induced either by ferricyanide or by illumination of low intensity (2 W/m2) of red light in the presence of 2 μM carbonyl cyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazone. Also, the DCMU inhibition was more severe when the pH increased from 6.5 to 8.5, indicating that the unprotonated form of cytochrome b-559HP is more susceptible to DCMU. These results demonstrate that cytochrome b-559HP can accept electrons prior to the QB site, probably via QA although both QA and QB can be involved to various extents in this reaction. We suggest that the redox state and the degree of protonation of cytochrome b-559HP alter its interaction with the reducing side of photosystem II.
Experimental Evaluation of Techniques to Lower Spectrum Consumption in Wi-Red

Seamless redundancy layered atop Wi-Fi has been shown able to tangibly increase communication quality, hence offering industry-grade reliability. However, it also implies much higher network traffic, which is often unbearable as the wireless spectrum is a shared and scarce resource. To deal with this drawback, the Wi-Red proposal includes suitable duplication avoidance mechanisms that reduce spectrum consumption by preventing transmission on air of inessential frame duplicates. In this paper, the ability of such mechanisms to save wireless bandwidth is experimentally evaluated. To this purpose, specific post-analysis techniques have been defined, which permit assessment on a simple testbed that relies on plain redundancy and require no changes to the adapters’ firmware. As the results show, spectrum consumption decreases noticeably without communication quality is impaired. Further saving can be obtained if a slight worsening is tolerated for latencies.
Are social media companies motivated to be good corporate citizens? Examination of the connection between corporate social responsibility and social media safety

Abstract This paper explores the connection between corporate social responsibility and social media safety. By examining the legal framework governing social platforms in the United States and case studies of online harms, we explore whether current U.S. laws and company content moderation policies are effective in eliminating content (revenge porn and acts of terrorism) that is universally agreed to be harmful. Finally, the paper makes a number of suggestions for improvements in policy.
Enabling Interdisciplinary Instruction in Computer Science and Humanities

Infiltration of data-driven computational methods of humanities research has generated mutual interests between the two communities of computer science and humanities. Larger institutions have adopted drastic structural reforms to meet the challenges to bridge the two fields. Successful examples include the integrated major programs launched at Stanford University and the collaborative workshop at Carnegie Mellon University. These types of exploratory experiments require (1) intensive resources as well as (2) strong support of faculty and administration. At a small college, both can be luxuries. We present an innovative model to carry out effective synchronized courses of computational humanities and digital humanities that pulls together efforts between two small programs and needs little additional support. This paper reviews the proposal, design, and delivery of a pair of interdisciplinary graduate courses in the small college setting. We discuss the details of our implementation and provided our observations and recommendations.
Performance projection of high-voltage, quasi-lateral diamond MOSFET for power electronics applications

Abstract We propose and report on the performance projection of high-voltage, quasi-lateral diamond power MOSFETs with numerical simulations. The novel diamond MOSFET utilizes a lateral 2 dimensional hole gas (2DHG) channel, an extended lateral drift region for voltage blocking and vertical metal vias to connect to the backside metal. Evaluated specific on-resistance (RON,sp) of 3.3 kV, 5 kV and 10 kV rating devices are 2.8 mΩ-cm2, 4.7 mΩ-cm2 and 23.7 mΩ-cm2, which are 1.3×, 1.6× and 1.9× lower than gallium nitride vertical device 1D Ron,sp limit at the same breakdown voltage (BV). Simulated BVs are 4.2 kV, 5.6 kV and 11.1 kV, respectively, contributed by the source-connected field plates which spread out the electric field distribution.
Current estimates of malaria basic reproduction number underestimate parasite transmission efficiency due to multiple blood feeding

Background: Despite significant control efforts based on the large-scale distribution of insecticide treated nets, malaria cases have not declined in recent years. Mathematical models are used to predict the impact of these and other control interventions, but complex mosquito behaviors—such as repeated blood feedings—are generally not incorporated. Here, we examine how malaria transmission dynamics are impacted when infected mosquitoes feed a second time, as is typical in natural field settings. Methods: We performed sporozoite time course analyses to measure the Plasmodium falciparum extrinsic incubation period (EIP) in Anopheles gambiae females blood fed once or twice. We incorporated these findings into a model of the basic reproduction number R0, a measure of transmission potential, using current population and monthly mean temperature data across sub-Saharan Africa. Findings: A second blood feed drastically shortens the EIP and increases the average R0 by 12.2% (range: 10.2%-56.5%), impacting hundreds of millions of people. Moreover, parasite growth is further accelerated in mosquitoes with reduced reproductive capacity, which mimic genetic modifications currently proposed in population suppression gene drives. Interpretation: Our findings suggest that transmission efficiency is systematically underestimated in malaria models, particularly in elimination settings. Due to a shorter EIP, younger mosquitoes and mosquitoes with reduced reproductive ability may provide a larger contribution to infection, with important consequences for insecticide-based interventions and gene drive strategies. These findings call for an urgent reassessment of current and future control campaigns.
Geometric Gibbs theory

We extend the classical Gibbs theory for smooth potentials to the geometric Gibbs theory for certain continuous potentials. We study the existence and uniqueness and the compatibility of geometric Gibbs measures associated with these continuous potentials. We introduce a complex Banach manifold structure on the space of these continuous potentials as well as on the space of all geometric Gibbs measures. We prove that with this complex Banach manifold structure, the space is complete and, moreover, is the completion of the space of all smooth potentials as well as the space of all classical Gibbs measures. There is a maximum metric on the space, which is incomplete. We prove that the topology induced by the newly introduced complex Banach manifold structure and the topology induced by the maximal metric are the same. We prove that a geometric Gibbs measure is an equilibrium state, and the infimum of the metric entropy function on the space is zero.
Neck: Indication and Techniques for Trauma Exploration

Neck injury has the potential to involve critical vascular, respiratory, and digestive structures. More than 19,000 neck injuries were documented in the National Trauma Data Bank for 2016 with an overall mortality of 2.3%. However, mortality for more severe injury (AIS ≥3) is 17%, greater than any other body region. Neck injuries are combined with head in Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reporting and cumulatively account for 17% of injuries requiring hospitalization and 20% of injuries treated in an emergency department.
In vivo activity of WCK 4282 (high-dose cefepime/tazobactam) against serine β-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the neutropenic murine thigh infection model.

Objectives WCK 4282, high-dose cefepime/tazobactam, possesses potent in vitro activity against Gram-negative organisms including ESBL- and cephalosporinase-harbouring strains. The purpose of this evaluation was to investigate the in vivo activity of human-simulated exposures of WCK 4282 against serine-β-lactamase-harbouring Enterobacterales and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Methods Nineteen clinical isolates were evaluated (ESBL/cephalosporinase producers, n = 8 Escherichia coli, n = 4 P. aeruginosa; KPC producers, n = 3 Klebsiella pneumoniae, n = 1 Klebsiella aerogenes; OXA-48/181 producers, n = 2 K. pneumoniae, n = 1 E. coli). WCK 4282 MICs ranged from 4 to 32 mg/L compared with 16 to >128 mg/L for cefepime. Thigh-infected neutropenic mice received cefepime, WCK 4282 or sham control over 24 h prior to harvest. Cefepime and tazobactam dosing regimens produced plasma profiles of fAUC, fT>MIC and fCmax similar to human exposure after WCK 4282 2/2 g every 8 h (1.5 h infusion). Results Bacterial burdens (log10 cfu/thigh) were 5.81 ± 0.36 at 0 h and 9.29 ± 0.88 at 24 h in untreated controls. WCK 4282 produced potent activity against ESBL/cephalosporinase-producing strains with WCK 4282 MIC ≤16 mg/L; mean changes in log10 cfu/thigh from 0 h were -1.70 ± 0.77 and +1.86 ± 2.03 log10 cfu/thigh for WCK 4282 and cefepime human-simulated regimens, respectively. WCK 4282 produced variable activity against serine-carbapenemase-harbouring isolates. For the KPC-harbouring strains, WCK 4282 produced bacteriostasis with a mean -0.1 ± 0.61 log10 cfu/thigh. Against OXA-48/181-harbouring isolates, WCK 4282 produced a range of change in bacterial burden of -1.23 ± 0.33 to +1.04 ± 0.7 log10 cfu/thigh. Conclusions Human-simulated exposures of WCK 4282 produced in vivo efficacy against ESBL/cephalosporinase-producing, piperacillin/tazobactam- and ceftolozane/tazobactam-non-susceptible Enterobacterales and P. aeruginosa. These findings support further development of this combination as a carbapenem-sparing agent.
An interview with Sarah Alt, founder and CEO of the Ethical AI Consortium (EAIC)

Sarah Alt is the founder and CEO of the Ethical AI Consortium (EAIC), a nonprofit organization dedicated to understanding and explaining ethical and responsible design, development, acquisition and...
Global Price Fixing: Summing Up

Awareness of antitrust enforcement matters has entered the U.S. public’s consciousness to a degree that could hardly be imagined just a decade ago. Well-publicized mergers and the highly fascinating Microsoft case have certainly contributed to this heightened awareness. Important additional sources of public discussion were two books (Lieber 2000, Eichenwald 2000), extensive articles, and news shows on global cartels. The nation’s leading newspapers have many times devoted prominent space to news about price-fixing fines, trials, and related enforcement activities. In the late 1990s, major investigative stories about global cartels could be found in the pages of Newsweek, Business Week, and USA Today. In March 2000, the largest demonstration by farmers and rural businessmen in Washington in more than 20 years lobbied Congress for tougher antitrust enforcement. Even during the early stages of the 2000 presidential campaign, George W. Bush and Albert Gore were being asked about their positions on the Microsoft prosecution or market power as a cause of high gasoline prices. Antitrust has not been as fashionable since the 1970s, if ever.
Ozone Measurements at Several Rural and Urban Sites in New York State

Since the early 1970s, research to evaluate ozone levels in ambient air has been in progress at several rural and urban sites in New York State. The sites were chosen to provide ozone data above and below the nocturnal inversion layer. Ozone from upwind sources has been shown to significantly affect both the urban and remote rural areas. Concentration isopleths show that ozone created in the urban plume of the larger urban areas. significantly affects areas downwind under the plume. The sources of ozone in the remote rural areas are still not clear. Principal ozone sources are stratospheric ozone, photochemical production from terpenes and hydrocarbons emitted from local vegetation, and ozone transported via urban plumes. Each of these three sources can be a significant contributor.
The cobalamin product of the conversion of methylcobalamin to CH4 by extracts of Methanobacillusomelianskii

Abstract The formation of CH4 from methylcobalamin (CH3-B12) by bacterial extracts was originally observed by Blaylock and Stadtman (1963) . Wolin et al. (1963a) showed a requirement for ATP for the same reaction using extracts of Methanobacillus omelianskii . Although the role of ATP in this reaction has not been elucidated, this report presents evidence that the cobalamin product formed in extracts of Mb . omelianskii has the spectral properties of vitamin B12r and can be alkylated with methyl iodide. The product appears to be identical with the brown compound, recently described by Dolphin and Johnson (1963) , formed by the addition of thiols to B12r.
Mechanisms for the Formation of NH3, N2H4, and N2H2 in the Protonation Reaction of Fe(DMeOPrPE)2N2 {DMeOPrPE = 1,2‐bis[bis(methoxypropyl)phosphino]ethane}

Research from the author's laboratory is reviewed on the reaction of Fe(DMeOPrPE)2N2 with acid to form ammonia and hydrazine {DMeOPrPE is the water-soluble, bidentate phosphine 1,2-bis[bis(methoxypropyl)phosphino]ethane}. DFT calculations suggested that a symmetric protonation mechanism was more favorable than either an asymmetric protonation mechanism or a dinuclear mechanism. Two symmetric protonation pathways were investigated by synthesizing or generating reaction intermediates. Among the various species synthesized or spectroscopically observed were hydrazine complexes, diazene complexes, and their deprotonated conjugate bases. A relatively long-lived intermediate in the protonation reaction, identified as [((DMeOPrPE)2Fe)2(μ-N2)]2+, hints that a dinuclear pathway might be operating, but further mechanistic investigations suggested this species is likely forming in a side-reaction and is not involved in the formation of ammonia. The only source of electrons for the reduction of N2 in the reaction is the Fe(DMeOPrPE)2N2 complex. As discussed in this review, this feature will ultimately limit the yields of ammonia and hydrazine that can form in the reaction. The reactions pathways uncovered by this research are symmetric protonation pathways, and as such they are different from the “asymmetric” protonation pathway proposed for some Mo-N2 complexes that protonate to form ammonia. Recent studies suggest a symmetric protonation pathway for nitrogenase (which has Fe in its active site), and it may well be a general conclusion that Fe-N2 species produce ammonia via the symmetric protonation mechanism.
SpoIIID-mediated regulation of σK function during Clostridium difficile sporulation.

The spore-forming bacterial pathogen Clostridium difficile is a leading cause of health-care-associated diarrhea worldwide. Although C. difficile spore formation is essential for disease transmission, the regulatory pathways that control this developmental process have only been partially characterized. In the well-studied spore-former Bacillus subtilis, the highly conserved σ(E) , SpoIIID and σ(K) regulatory proteins control gene expression in the mother cell to ensure proper spore formation. To define the precise requirement for SpoIIID and σ(K) during C. difficile sporulation, we analyzed spoIIID and sigK mutants using heterologous expression systems and RNA-Seq transcriptional profiling. These analyses revealed that expression of sigK from a SpoIIID-independent promoter largely bypasses the need for SpoIIID to produce heat-resistant spores. We also observed that σ(K) is active upon translation, suggesting that SpoIIID primarily functions to activate sigK. SpoIIID nevertheless plays auxiliary roles during sporulation, as it enhances levels of the exosporium morphogenetic protein CdeC in a σ(K) -dependent manner. Analyses of purified spores further revealed that SpoIIID and σ(K) control the adherence of the CotB coat protein to C. difficile spores, indicating that these proteins regulate multiple stages of spore formation. Collectively, these results highlight that diverse mechanisms control spore formation in the Firmicutes.
Effect of Cleaving the Dihydrouridine Loop and the Ribothymidine Loop on the Amino Acid Acceptor Activity of Yeast Phenylalanine Transfer Ribonucleic Acid

Abstract Incubation of pure yeast phenylalanine transfer RNA with high levels of ribonuclease T1 at 37° in 20 mm MgCl2 leads initially to the production of a 3' three-quarter-molecule and a 5' quarter-molecule as a result of rapid cleavage in the dihydrouridine loop. Subsequently, scission in the ribothymidine loop occurs, generating 3' quarter-molecules and half-molecules; the latter comprise the central half of the molecule extending from the dihydrouridine loop to the ribothymidine loop. The identity of these fragments was established by column "fingerprinting" of the oligonucleotides produced by complete digestion with ribonuclease T1. The central half-molecule, the 5' quarter-molecule, and the 3' quarter-molecule can be reannealed to form an aggregate the size of intact tRNA as judged by Sephadex G-100 chromatography. This reconstituted tRNAphe can be charged to approximately 20% with phenylalanine by partially purified phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase despite the cleavages in the dihydrouridine and ribothymidine loops, thus indicating that these loops need not be intact for enzyme recognition. Neither individual fragments nor aggregates with large sections of the tRNA missing could be aminoacylated.
Treatments for aggressive and antisocial children.

Many different types of treatment have been applied to conduct-disordered youths. Unfortunately, little outcome evidence exists for most of the techniques. Three treatments with the strongest evidence to date were highlighted in this article: PMT, PSST, and MST. Parent management training is directed at altering parent-child interactions in the home, particularly those interactions related to child-rearing practices and coercive interchanges. Cognitive problem-solving skills training focuses on cognitive processes that underlie social behavior. Multisystemic therapy focuses on the individual, family, and extrafamilial systems and their interrelations as a way to reduce symptoms and to promote prosocial behavior. Each of these treatments has multiple controlled studies on its behalf, and some of the techniques (e.g., PMT) have been extraordinarily well evaluated. Significant issues remain to be addressed to accelerate treatment advances. We cannot yet say that one intervention can ameliorate conduct disorder and overcome the poor long-term prognosis. On the other hand, much can be said. Much of what is practiced in clinical settings is based on psychodynamically oriented treatment, general relationship counseling, generic family therapy, and group therapy (with antisocial youths as members). These and other procedures, alone and in various combinations in which they are often used, have not been evaluated carefully in controlled trials. Of course, absence of evidence is not tantamount to ineffectiveness. At the same time, promising treatments have advanced considerably, and a very special argument might be needed to administer treatments that have neither basic research on their conceptual underpinnings in relation to conduct disorder nor outcome evidence from controlled clinical trials on their behalf. Promising treatments, at best, leave important questions unanswered. Further development of treatments clearly is needed. Apart from treatment studies, further progress in understanding the nature of conduct disorder is likely to have very important implications for improving treatment outcome. Improved triage of patients to treatments that are likely to work will require understanding of characteristics of children, parents, and families that will make them more or less amenable to current treatments.
First upper limit analysis and results from LIGO science data: stochastic background

I describe analysis of correlations in the outputs of the three LIGO interferometers from LIGO’s first science run, held over 17 days in August and September of 2002, and the resulting upper limit set on a stochastic background of gravitational waves. By searching for cross-correlations between the LIGO detectors in Livingston, LA and Hanford, WA, we are able to set a 90%
Impression Management and the Biasing of Executive Pay Benchmarks: A Dynamic Analysis

We study the selection of peers into compensation peer groups reported by U.S. corporations. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) regulation requires firms to report these peer groups which are used by investors and shareholders to benchmark the compensation of CEOs. Building on a novel, dynamic analysis of more than 1,400 compensation peer groups since 2006, this paper presents new evidence that compensation peer groups are biased upwards relative to neutrally chosen “natural” peer groups. This upward bias is masked by several factors including normative selection on other criteria than compensation and the strong negative relationship between bias and the percentile at the named peer group at which the CEO is compensated. We find that adjustments to compensation peer groups are often better explained as bias-maintaining impression management than as structural adjustments to align peer groups more closely with the normative principles for peer group selection. We also find that peer group bias cannot generally be explained away as a reward for CEO talent. Our research suggests that although the SEC regulation was intended to minimize rent extraction, it has given firms a tool to manage impressions of shareholders and justify excessive pay.
Satellite constellation design for telecommunication in Antarctica

Summary This paper addresses the problem of designing a small satellite constellation suitable for communications in Antarctica. This study has been motivated by the increasing international interests in having permanent bases in Antarctica to perform experiments in physics, atmospheric sciences, geology, and biology to name a few key areas. The existing and planned scientific expeditions in Antarctica require continuous and reliable communication services, especially during emergencies. Geostationary Earth orbit satellites do not cover this high latitude adequately, and constellations using circular orbits would require too many satellites to provide continuous regional coverage, thus increasing cost prohibitively. A three-satellite constellation using elliptical orbits is proposed to address this issue. The critical inclination has been selected to predominantly keep the satellites over Antarctica, where the satellites will dwell most of the time. This configuration has been obtained by using the two-dimensional lattice flower constellation design theory: a minimum parameter design methodology that enforces all three satellites in the same trajectory as seen from the Earth rotating frame. This aspect provides the continuous coverage necessary for reliable communications using only a small number of satellites. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Network Mobility in satellite networks: architecture and the protocol

Mobility management is required to ensure the session continuity for multiple Internet Protocol-enabled devices onboard a satellite that hands off between ground stations. Network Mobility NEMO can efficiently manage the mobility of multiple Internet Protocol-enabled devices that are connected as a mobile network. However, existing mobility management solutions for satellite networks are unable to route through intermediate satellites links when a direct connection with a ground station is lost. We proposed an architecture of NEMO in satellite networks with routing through multiple satellite links using nesting, where a mobile network connects to another mobile network. However, NEMO Basic Support Protocol can be inefficient in satellite networks because of poor nesting formation leading to the routing loop, inefficient routes, and overloaded links. We extended NEMO Basic Support Protocol for the efficient use in satellite networks by augmenting it with a decision criteria for the nesting. Results verify that the extended protocol ensures loop-free and continuous connection despite the loss of direct connection to the ground and provides an insight on how to form the nested NEMO to avoid overloading. The architecture and the extended NEMO protocol can be used for the efficient and continuous transfer of data from satellite networks to the ground. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Shallow water directional wave gages using short baseline pressure arrays

Abstract Directional wave gages that use arrays of closely spaced subsurface pressure sensors are described. A typical array uses three pressure sensors arranged in a 1.8 m equilateral triangle. These arrays are attractive because of their low operation costs and long-term reliability. The short baseline is the same size required for a bottom mounted tripod such as used for the more familiar PUV shallow water directional wave gages. Like the PUV the short array can be considered a single point measurement. This avoids questions of spatial homogeneity associated with large arrays and remote sensing gages in shallow water. An important advantage of the pressure sensors is superior resistance to bio-fouling. Multi-year deployments without maintenance are possible for modern pressure sensors even in highly bioactive waters. The principles of operation, data analysis techniques, and design details are summarized from a users perspective. An example of data from an SBLA deployment in Yaquina, OR shows a storm which measured H mo of 8 m in 17-m water depth.
Electric field enhancement in a self-assembled 2D array of silver nanospheres.

We investigate the plasmonic properties of a self-assembled 2D array of Ag nanospheres (average particle diameter/inter-particle separation distance of 9/3.7 nm). The structures of the individual particles and their assemblies are characterized using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). The plasmonic response of the nanoparticle network is probed using two-photon photoemission electron microscopy (TP-PEEM). HR-TEM and TP-PEEM statistics reveal the structure and plasmonic response of the network to be homogeneous on average. This translates into a relatively uniform surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) response from biphenyl,4-4′-dithiol (BPDT) molecules adsorbed onto different sites of the network. Reproducible, bright, and low-background SERS spectra are recorded and assigned on the basis of density functional theory calculations in which BPDT is chemisorbed onto the vertex of a finite tetrahedral Ag cluster consisting of 20 Ag atoms. A notable agreement between experiment and theory allows us to rigorously account for the observable vibrational states of BPDT in the ∼200–2200 cm−1 region of the spectrum. Finite difference time domain simulations further reveal that physical enhancement factors on the order of 106 are attainable at the nanogaps formed between the silver nanospheres in the 2D array. Combined with modest chemical enhancement factors, this study paves the way for reproducible single molecule signals from an easily self-assembled SERS substrate.
A Behavioral Approach to Post-Catastrophic Illness Work Phobias

Two patients developed work phobias following major catastrophic physical illness. A combined approach to addressing their specific fears of returning to premorbid levels of work function utilized deep muscle relaxation, imagery based desensitization, social reinforcement, and shaping techniques. A significant increase in adaptive function and decrease in depressive symptomatology resulted in both cases within six weeks after initiation of treatment.
An acidic environment changes cyclin D1 localization and alters colony forming ability in gliomas.

The human glioma cell lines, U87 and T98G, were evaluated for their ability to survive and form colonies in an acidic environment of pHext 6.0. In contrast to U87, which showed an 80–90% survival rate, only 40% of T98G cells survived 6 days at pHext 6.0 and lost their colony forming ability when returned to a normocidic environment. Although both U87 and T98G cells maintain an intracellular pH (pHi) of 7.0 at pHext 6.0 and arrest mostly in G1 phase of the cell cycle, only T98G demonstrated a major loss of cyclin D1 that was prevented by the proteasome inhibitor MG132. Colony forming ability was restored by stably transfecting T98G cells with a cyclin D1-expressing plasmid. Both U87 and T98G cells demonstrated increased cytoplasmic localization of cyclin D1 during exposure at pHext 6.0. Upon prolonged (24 h) incubation at pHext 6.0, nuclear cyclin D1 was nearly absent in T98G in contrast to U87 cells. Thus, an acidic environment triggers cytoplasmic localization and proteasomal degradation of cyclin D1.
Micro-Platform Carbonate Development and Facies in Mauch Chunk Formation (Chesterian) of Southwestern Pennsylvania: ABSTRACT

Through much of southwestern Pennsylvania, adjacent Maryland, and West Virginia, Upper Mississippian (Chesterian) strata are represented by intertonguing of red clastics of the Mauch Chunk Formation and carbonates of the Loyalhanna and Wymps Gap Limestones. The lower clastic wedge of the Mauch Chunk represents an episodic shoreline progradational event that buried the underlying Loyalhanna carbonates. The sea level rise concurrent with the Wymps Gap transgression resulted in nearly continuous deposition of clastics in nearshore areas while carbonates were being deposited on more offshore areas. This resulted in the development of a lobe of clastics (forming a small platform) that created significant topography to be transgressed by the deepening Wymps Gap sea. Facies development of the Wymps Gap carbonates was markedly influenced by this inherited topography. In areas where clastics are thin, the Wymps Gap is represented by a medium-bedded, dark-gray, petroliferous, clay-rich carbonate mudstone to wackestone. These sediments are represen ative of open shelf deposition, in moderate water depths below storm wave base. Along the margin of the thick clastic lobe, the Wymps Gap is represented by a light-gray, locally cross-bedded carbonate grainstone to packstone. These accumulations appear to represent a slope-break platform-edge shoal environment. Over the top of the thick lobe of clastics, highly argillaceous, nodular-bedded, variegated, bioturbated carbonate mudstone to packstone formed. These facies represent platform deposition landward of the shoal environment in an open-circulation shallow lagoon. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1916------------
The Face of Bimodal Bilingualism Grammatical Markers in American Sign Language Are Produced When Bilinguals Speak to English Monolinguals

Bimodal bilinguals, fluent in a signed and a spoken language, provide unique insight into the nature of syntactic integration and language control. We investigated whether bimodal bilinguals who are conversing with English monolinguals produce American Sign Language (ASL) grammatical facial expressions to accompany parallel syntactic structures in spoken English. In ASL, raised eyebrows mark conditionals, and furrowed eyebrows mark wh-questions; the grammatical brow movement is synchronized with the manual onset of the clause. Bimodal bilinguals produced more ASL-appropriate facial expressions than did nonsigners and synchronized their expressions with the onset of the corresponding English clauses. This result provides evidence for a dual-language architecture in which grammatical information can be integrated up to the level of phonological implementation. Overall, participants produced more raised brows than furrowed brows, which can convey negative affect. Bimodal bilinguals suppressed but did not com...
The physiology of vertebrate taste reception

The study of vertebrate taste-cell physiology has advanced dramatically with the use of modern electrophysiological techniques. Recent studies show that taste cells have a wide variety of ion channels which transduce chemical stimuli and are critical to cellular function. Hormones and neurotransmitters modulate ion channel function and, in turn, may affect the performance of the gustatory system.
New technique for nonlinear control of aircraft

A newly developed methodology for design of nonlinear feedback controllers is applied to aircraft control. Using a high-performance aircraft model, we evaluate the controller performance under a variety of strenuous conditions. The controller performance is further enhanced by optimally adjusting a controller parameter continuously and incorporating derivative feedback. The robustness of the controller is demonstrated by achieving satisfactory performance in the presence of large system uncertainties and external disturbances. Finally, novel applications of this control technique in point-to-point control of aircraft are presented.
Identification of CYP3A4 as the principal enzyme catalyzing mifepristone (RU 486) oxidation in human liver microsomes

Various complementary approaches were used to elucidate the major cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme responsible for mifepristone (RU 486) demethylation and hydroxylation in human liver microsomes: chemical and immunoinhibition of specific CYPs; correlation analyses between initial rates of mifepristone metabolism and relative immunodetectable CYP levels and rates of CYP marker substrate metabolism; and evaluation of metabolism by cDNA-expressed CYP3A4. Human liver microsomes catalyzed the demethylation of mifepristone with mean (+/-SD) apparent K(m) and Vmax values of 10.6 +/- 3.8 microM and 4920 +/- 1340 pmol/min/mg protein, respectively; the corresponding values for hydroxylation of the compound were 9.9 +/- 3.5 microM and 610 +/- 260 pmol/min/mg protein. Progesterone and midazolam (CYP3A4 substrates) inhibited metabolite formation by up to 77%. The CYP3A inhibitors gestodene, triacetyloleandomycin, and 17 alpha-ethynylestradiol inhibited mifepristone demethylation and hydroxylation by 70-80%; antibodies to CYP3A4 inhibited these reactions by approximately 82 and 65%, respectively. In a bank of human liver microsomes from 14 donors, rates of mifepristone metabolism correlated significantly with relative immunodetectable CYP3A levels, rates of midazolam 1'-and 4-hydroxylation and rates of erythromycin N-demethylation, marker CYP3A catalytic activities (all r2 > or = 0.85 and P < 0.001). No significant correlations were observed for analyses with relative immunoreactive levels or marker catalytic activities of CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, or CYP2E1. Recombinant CYP3A4 catalyzed mifepristone demethylation and hydroxylation with apparent K(m) values 7.4 and 4.1 microM, respectively. Collectively, these data clearly support CYP3A4 as the enzyme primarily responsible for mifepristone demethylation and hydroxylation in human liver microsomes.
Crisis of the Educated Subject: Insight from Kristeva for American Education.

The contemporary crisis in AmericanEducation that has resulted in Bush sponsoredfederal legislation for accountability andstandardized testing is the setting for anessay introducing the work of Frenchphilosopher, Julia Kristeva. The comparison isbetween an ``educated subject'' that might wellcome to be constituted in schooling at presentand a ``subject-in-process.'' In a strikinglydifferent vision of human potential, the latterindividual, with open-ended, non-perfectdevelopment, entails the possibility ofpersonal, societal and educational change.Kristeva's theory, based greatly in areinterpretation of Freud, and incorporatingthe semiotic, abjection and love, and revolt iscentral.
GABA and glycine transport in frog CNS: high affinity uptake and potassium-evoked release in vitro.

Abstract Slices of frog cerebrum, optic tectum, medulla and spinal cord rapidly accumulate [3H]GABA and [3H]glycine from the surrounding medium so that after 10 min tissue:medium ratios as high as 113 for GABA (optic tectum) and 18.5 for glycine (medulla) may be achieved. Kinetic analysis revealed two distinct saturable uptake systems for each amino acid in the 4 CNS areas. The high affinity systems (apparent Km:9–22 μM for GABA; 5–35 μM for glycine) required sodium ions in the medium and were relatively substrate specific. Significant release of [3H]GABA and [3H]glycine, but not of l -[3H]leucine, was evoked by exposure to medium containing potassium ions in a concentration of 40mM. The process of release was calcium-dependent. The importance of these results with regard to the roles of GABA and glycine as neurotransmitters in both spinal and supraspinal levels of the amphibian neuraxis is discussed.
Low temperature properties of the Fermi–Dirac, Boltzmann and Bose–Einstein equations

Abstract We investigate low temperature ( T ) properties of three classical quantum statistics models: (I) the Fermi–Dirac equation, (II) the Boltzmann equation, and (III) the Bose–Einstein equation. It is widely assumed that each of these equations is valid for all T > 0 . For each equation we prove that this assumption leads to erroneous predictions as T → 0 + . Our approach to correct these errors gives new low temperature predictions which contradict previous theory. We examine a two-state paramagnetism system and show how our new low temperature prediction compares favorably with experimental data.
Maintaining Racially Diverse Neighborhoods

The author presents some results of a study of organized neighborhood integration maintenance efforts in 15 urban communities across the country since 1956. Theoretical insights from three sociological fields are interwoven: race relations, social movements, and urban communities. Based on field research, sociohistorical review, and census data, three analytical models are described and contrasted representing success, failure, and conditional attempts in this movement effort. Factors of success and failure indicate the critical role of external forces and institutional processes in this social movement. Successful movement programs that maintain neighborhood integration while expanding regional housing choices are reviewed, and policy implications are presented.
The Bevalac Beam Tranport System

The Bevalac consists of, in part, a 200 meter long transfer line between the SuperHILAC and the Bevatron, which are at differing elevation. Unique features in the construction of the transfer line are described. The line, located largely outside, must cope with a natural environment. Part of the line passes through a hillside, requiring some unique support and alignment techniques. The dipoles are of the tape-wound variety and the steering magnets use printed circuit conductors. The vacuum system and an inexpensive and effective destructive monitoring sysstem are described.
Wundt and after: psychology's shifting relations with the natural sciences, social sciences, and philosophy.

Over the past one hundred years psychology has evolved into a major scientific discipline. Nonetheless, psychology is presently in a state of considerable turmoil regarding its proper subject matter and methods. Is psychology a natural science, a social science, or a hybrid of the two?What relation should psychology maintain with philosophy? These general questions, currently under debate, were addressed by Wilhelm Wundt, one of the founders of modern experimental psychology. This article is an attempt to specify Wundt's conceptualization of psychology and to place it in its historical context. Secondarily it also traces certain major developments since the time of Wundt. The conclusion that is reached is that the apparent contemporary “crisis” in psychology is really nothing new and that, in fact, the present condition of psychology does not necessarily constitute a crisis. In its broad outline at least, present-day psychology reflects the program which Wundt espoused one hundred years ago.
The Rhetorical Question Concerning Glitch

Abstract This article proposes that glitches and what has become known as glitch art offer models for expanding our current, critical approaches to rhetoric, especially as those practices concern mediation. Toward this end, this article surveys rhetorical practice as it follows Richard Lanham's (1993) concept of the bi-stable oscillation (looking at/looking through); examines recent scholarship that troubles critical approaches to mediation; responds by developing a metastable orientation for rhetoric by turning to Gilbert Simondon's (2009) concepts of individuation and metastability; locates in emerging glitch media art an informative model for practicing an expansive engagement with mediation; and, finally, concludes with a brief comment on glitch's implications for rhetorical theory and practice.
Approximants to the icosahedral and decagonal phases in the Al–Cu–Cr system

A 1/1-type approximant to the AlCuCr icosahedral phase and approximants to a decagonal phase have been found in an as-cast Al65Cu20Cr15 ingot. Selected area electron diffraction indicates that the 1/1-type approximant consists of Mackay icosahedra arranged on a bcc lattice, similar to the α-AlMnSi cubic phase. Ordering of the glue atoms produces a base-centered orthorhombic superstructure, making the overall structure monoclinic P2/m, with lattice parameters a = 12.6 A, c = 17.92 A, and α = 90°.
A Neoclassical Approach to Urban Systems Diffusion

This paper develops a model for urban systems diffusion that relies on classical models of communication. Unlike previous modeling attempts, a strict central-place distribution of cities is not assumed, and communication between cities of all ranks is allowed. The model is subjected to a normative approach to determine the best use of the communication channels in reaching a given level of adoption at a minimal cost within a fixed planning period. It is shown that the choice of policies depends on the marginal productivities and costs of the communication channels. Given the initial conditions set forth in the paper, the most likely diffusion pattern is initially hierarchical, followed by increasing neighborhood diffusion.
Stanley receives 2010 William Gilbert Award: Citation

[1] Sabine Stanley received the William Gilbert Award at the 2010 AGU Fall Meeting, held 13–17 December in San Francisco, Calif. The award recognizes outstanding and unselfish work in magnetism of Earth materials and of the Earth and planets.
Cytokinesis in Cryptomonas ovata (Cryptophyceae)

We describe the pattern of cytokinesis inCryptomonas ovata. Cell division begins at the posterior of an enlarged cell and proceeds through the gullet and between four active flagella. This pattern of cytokinesis inCryptomonas ovata differs from that previously described for other cryptomonads and might be of importance in establishing taxonomic affinities for the group.
The additive effect of latanoprost 0.005% in patients on maximally tolerated medical therapy

Abstract Objective: To determine the IOP lowering effect of latanoprost 0.005% when added to patients already on maximum tolerated medical therapy and not at target IOP. Design: Eye Clinic records of glaucoma patients at the Baltimore VAMC who were on maximum tolerated medical therapy and who had latanoprost 0.005% added to their drug regimen due to unacceptably high IOP levels were reviewed. The 18 patients whose findings were analyzed for this study were all male veterans ranging in age from 53 to 82 years. The mean age was 73.3 years. All but one of the subjects were African-American. Three baseline IOP readings were taken before patients were started on latanoprost. Patients were then followed at their regular appointments and the resultant change in intraocular pressure was assessed. Statistical significance was determined by Student's t-test and by defining the correlation coefficient. Results: The addition of latanoprost 0.005% additionally lowered IOP by an average of 21% for patients already on maximum tolerated medical therapy. This effect was statistically significant at P
Filtering and smoothing of boundary and interior measurement data for distributed parameter systems

Four theorems characterizing optimal filtered and smoothed estimates for linear parabolic systems are presented. The models considered include the effects of internal system noise as well as measurement noise. Cases involving measurement data given either on the system's boundary or over its interior are examined. The two theorems on optimal filtering represent extensions and refinements of earlier work; the two theorems on optimal smoothing are new.