cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Polyethylene liner dissociation in Harris-Galante acetabular components: A report of 7 cases

Harris-Galante modular acetabular components (Zimmer, Warsaw, IN) have been used widely for primary and revision total hip arthroplasties. The survivorship of this implant has been well documented in the literature. Failure of the liner locking mechanism and subsequent dissociation of the polyethylene liner from the metal-backed shell is a potential cause of failure, however. We report 7 cases of liner dissociation and propose the mode of failure. The result in all cases was a well-fixed metal acetabular shell with a failed locking mechanism, which usually is managed by revision of the entire component. This procedure may be accompanied by the potential loss of acetabular bone stock, which should be replenished.
NEW ZEALAND: the experiment unfolds

New Zealand has been revolutionised by market reforms. Professor Gregory Christainsen, of the California State University, Hayward, describes how New Zealand has abandoned state intervention and is on the way to becoming a model market economy.
Asymmetric underlapped FinFET based robust SRAM design at 7nm node

Robust 6T SRAM design in 7nm technology node, at low supply voltage and rising leakage, requires ingenious design of FinFETs capable of providing reasonable I on /I off ratio and acceptable short channel effects even under new leakage mechanisms such as direct source to drain tunneling. In this work, we explore asymmetric underlapped FinFET design with the help of quantum mechanical device simulations considering both the bit-cell and cache design constraints. We show that our optimized FinFET achieves a significant improvement in on-current over conventional symmetrically underlapped FinFETs. Through circuit simulations using compact models, we demonstrate that when such asymmetric underlapped n-FinFETs are used as bit-line access transistors, read/write conflict can be mitigated with simultaneous reduction in 6T SRAM bit-cell leakage. Improvement in write noise margin as well as access time can also be achieved under iso-read stability condition. Based on these technology and bit-cell models, we have developed a CACTI-based simulator for evaluating asymmetric FinFET based SRAM cache at 7nm node. Using this device-circuit-system level framework and optimized asymmetric underlapped FinFETs, we demonstrate significant energy savings and performance improvements for an 8KB L1 cache and a 4MB last-level cache.
Scaling of organ subunits in adult mammals and birds: A model

Abstract Members of one class of organs—including kidney and lung—consist chiefly of repeating units, or subunits, similar in size and shape. Across species, both the number and size of repeating units may increase with increasing organ size. A simple model is proposed, relating the scaling of unit-size and unit-number to that of organ volume. The model makes three structural assumptions, the crucial one, biologically speaking, being that the numerical density of repeating units scales as does organ surface-to-volume ratio. Data were collected from the literature bearing on the number, diameter, total surface area and total volume of such repeating units (i.e., alveoli, air capillaries, renal tubules and glomeruli), for avian and mammalian lung and for mammalian kidney, each as a function of organ size. These data, after log-log transformation, were submitted to standard linear least squares regression analysis. The resultant slopes for nine different regression lines are in good agreement with the model predictions. This finding suggests, surprisingly, that organ scale-up, at least for selected organs, expressed in terms of repeating units, as a function of organ volume, in mammals and birds, and conceivably in other phyla, may be based on a small number of elementary structural principles.
Field Installable LC Connector for Cables

This paper describes the development of the field installable LC connector for Kevlar reinforced cables, with a novel and easy way of terminating Kevlar to maintain good mechanical strength performance.
Can the Presence of Contrast Media Promote Ultrasound Bioeffects

Diagnostic ultrasound interacts with biological tissue in many ways. The most useful is the backscattering from tissue interfaces and inhomogeneities that allows visualization of internal body structures. In addition, tissue absorbs ultrasound, limiting the depth at which images may be obtained. Absorption also heats the tissue involved, and thermal mechanisms are a well-known cause of ultrasound bioeffects. Other, nonthermal mechanisms also may induce bioeffects. The most common of the nonthermal mechanisms is cavitation. MILLER and THOMAS (1995) define acoustic cavitation as “any interaction between an ultrasound field and any gaseous inclusion in the medium,” and note that, by this definition, “cavitation occurs…... whenever bubble-based contrast agents are exposed to ultrasound.”
An advance directive programme in nursing homes reduced health services use without affecting patient satisfaction

(2000) JAMA 283, 1437. Molloy DW, Guyatt GH, Russo R . , et al. . Systematic implementation of an advance directive program in nursing homes: a randomized controlled trial. . Mar 15; . : . –44 . [OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3][Web of Science][4] QUESTION: Does systematic implementation of an advance directive programme in nursing homes affect patient and family satisfaction and reduce healthcare costs? Randomised {allocation concealed}*, blinded {residents}*, controlled trial with 18 months of follow up. 6 nursing homes in Ontario, Canada, each with >100 residents. 1292 nursing home residents. 6 nursing homes were matched in pairs on key characteristics and randomised 1 home per pair to either an advance directive programme (3 intervention homes, 636 patients) or to continue with usual policies of advance directives (3 control homes, 656 patients). The intervention homes used an advance directive programme called Let Me Decide (LMD), which consisted of healthcare choices related to life threatening illness, cardiac arrest, and nutrition. The LMD advance … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DJAMA%26rft.stitle%253DJAMA%26rft.issn%253D0002-9955%26rft.aulast%253DMolloy%26rft.auinit1%253DD.%2BW.%26rft.volume%253D283%26rft.issue%253D11%26rft.spage%253D1437%26rft.epage%253D1444%26rft.atitle%253DSystematic%2BImplementation%2Bof%2Ban%2BAdvance%2BDirective%2BProgram%2Bin%2BNursing%2BHomes%253A%2BA%2BRandomized%2BControlled%2BTrial%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1001%252Fjama.283.11.1437%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F10732933%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1001/jama.283.11.1437&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10732933&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febnurs%2F3%2F4%2F125.atom [4]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000085696700028&link_type=ISI
Metastatic Undifferentiated Pleomorphic Sarcoma Causing Intraoperative Stroke

Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma was historically the most commonly diagnosed soft tissue sarcoma of adults. In 2002, the World Health Organization declassified malignant fibrous histiocytoma as a formal diagnostic entity. They recommended renaming the disease "Pleomorphic Undifferentiated Sarcoma". Current thoughts about the origin of this tumor are being debated. We report a case of a dedifferentiated liposarcoma that metastasized to the lung within one year. The histologic morphology of the metastasis was more aggressive than the primary lesion, and was consistent with a pleomorphic undifferentiated sarcoma. Following surgical resection of the metastatic pulmonary lesion, the patient never fully regained consciousness. He expired the day following his surgery. At autopsy, the patient was found to have died from a massive hemorrhagic stroke involving almost the entire left cerebrum. Tumor emboli from the pulmonary metastasis were seen in the left middle cerebral artery, causing the cerebral infarct. The embolic lesion was consistent with a pleomorphic undifferentiated sarcoma. This case illustrates the evolution that soft tissue sarcomas can undergo as they metastasize and become increasingly undifferentiated, and confirms the surgical risk of resecting such lesions.
Low Prostate-specific Antigen and No Gleason Score Upgrade Despite More Extensive Cancer During Active Surveillance Predicts Insignificant Prostate Cancer at Radical Prostatectomy

Overtreatment of well-differentiated, low-grade prostate cancer (Gleason score 6 tumors) is a recognized problem today, with systematic prostate gland sampling triggered by prostate-specific antigen (PSA) measurements.1 Best evidence using endpoints from various sources, including competing risk analyses, surgical series, nonrandomized cohort studies, and randomized trials, all demonstrate the similarity of outcomes for men with Gleason score 6 tumors treated or not in the PSA era.2–6 Taken together, these data demonstrate that using a time horizon of 10–15 years, less than 3% of men diagnosed with well-differentiated tumors (Gleason score ≤6) and classified as low risk (based on a PSA <10 ng/mL and a stage of ≤T2a) will die of prostate cancer regardless of whether they are treated. The evidence calls into question the need for treating men with well differentiated or Gleason score 6 tumors who have a life expectancy of <10–15 years, especially if they are considered low risk.7 Because prostate cancer–specific death rate is much lower than the incidence rate, low-to-intermediate-risk patients may be candidates for active surveillance (AS) without immediate curative intervention. Since 1995, our institution has offered an option of AS with repeat annual biopsy to selected patients who are expected to have very-low-risk to low-risk prostate cancer based on PSA density and biopsy findings as described previously.8 Biopsy reclassification on AS is our trigger for intervention: (1) >2 cores are involved in 12–14 core biopsies, (2) >50% of a core is involved, or (3) when Gleason pattern 4 or 5 is present. Patients who are reclassified on a prostate biopsy while on AS are candidates for definitive treatments, such as radical prostatectomy (RP) or radiation therapy. We have previously shown that even when reclassification occurs on an annual biopsy in AS, some men on follow-up have clinically “insignificant” prostate cancer on subsequent RP,9 defined as: (1) organ-confined, (2) dominant tumor nodule <0.5 cm3, and (3) no Gleason pattern 4 or 5.10 The purpose of our study is to identify clinical and/or pathologic parameters that can predict insignificant prostate cancer on RP after biopsy reclassification in an AS program.
A methodology for virtual path and virtual network bandwidth assignment in broadband networks with QOS guarantees

We introduce a methodology for establishing a connection between two arbitrary nodes of a multiclass broadband network that secures sufficient resources at every intermediate node along the selected route, and thereby guarantees quality of service (QOS). We describe how a virtual path (VP) mechanism may be implemented within our framework, and compare the performance achieved by such a scheme with that of a virtual circuit (VC) approach. The notion of contract region is introduced as a mean of achieving coordination among distributed Virtual Path controllers to ensure that the state of each network link remains within its schedulable region and the cell level QOS is guaranteed. >
Relationship between flow rate and NO production in postnatal mesenteric arteries.

We studied mesenteric arterial arcades from 3- and 35-day-old swine to determine the relationship between perfusate flow rate and release of nitric oxide (NO) into mesenteric effluent. Mesenteric a...
Apparel Selection by Employed Women: A Typology of Information Search Patterns:

The purposes of this study were: 1) to identify segments of employed women purchasers of apparel who display different information search patterns; and 2) to examine the relationship between information search patterns and consumer, product, situational, and market characteristics. Data from a national random sample of 1034 employed women were analyzed. Using a Principal Components Factor Analysis of information search activities, five factors were extracted and labeled: Print-Oriented, Audio-Visual Oriented, Store Intensive, Professional Advice, and Pal Advice Searchers. Based on the highly significant F-tests for each search pattern, it was concluded that employed female consumers' patterns of search for information to use in apparel selection were influenced by characteristics of the consumer, product, and situation, but not the market. By developing profiles of each search pattern, the research provided a basis for theorizing about the determinants of search strategies among apparel consumers. Three b...
G-protein coupled receptor kinase 5 mediates Lipopolysaccharide-induced NFκB activation in primary macrophages and modulates inflammation in vivo in mice

G-protein coupled receptor kinase-5 (GRK5) is a serine/threonine kinase discovered for its role in the regulation of G-protein coupled receptor signaling. Recent studies have shown that GRK5 is also an important regulator of signaling pathways stimulated by non-GPCRs. This study was undertaken to determine the physiological role of GRK5 in Toll-like receptor-4-induced inflammatory signaling pathways in vivo and in vitro. Using mice genetically deficient in GRK5 (GRK5(-/-) ) we demonstrate here that GRK5 is an important positive regulator of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, a TLR4 agonist)-induced inflammatory cytokine and chemokine production in vivo. Consistent with this role, LPS-induced neutrophil infiltration in the lungs (assessed by myeloperoxidase activity) was markedly attenuated in the GRK5(-/-) mice compared to the GRK5(+/+) mice. Similar to the in vivo studies, primary macrophages from GRK5(-/-) mice showed attenuated cytokine production in response to LPS. Our results also identify TLR4-induced NFκB pathway in macrophages to be selectively regulated by GRK5. LPS-induced IκBα phosphorylation, NFκB p65 nuclear translocation, and NFκB binding were markedly attenuated in GRK5(-/-) macrophages. Together, our findings demonstrate that GRK5 is a positive regulator of TLR4-induced IκBα-NFκB pathway as well as a key modulator of LPS-induced inflammatory response.
Myocardial density and composition: a basis for calculating intracellular metabolite concentrations

Systems for describing myocardial cellular metabolism with appropriate thermodynamic constraints on reactions have to be on the basis of estimates of intracellular and mitochondrial concentrations of metabolites as driving forces for reactions. This requires that tissue composition itself must be modeled, but there is marked inconsistency in the literature and no full data set on hearts of any species. To formulate a self-consistent set of information on the densities, contents, or concentrations of chemical components and volumes of tissue spaces, we drew on information mostly on rats. From the data on densities, volumes, volume fractions, and mass fractions observed mainly on left ventricular myocardium, cytoplasm, and mitochondria and from morphometric data on cellular components and the vasculature, we constructed a matrix based on conservation laws for density, volume, and constituent composition. The four constituents were water, protein, fat, and solutes (or ash). To take into account the variances in the observed data sets, we used a constrained nonlinear least squares optimization to minimize the differences between the final results and the data sets. The results provide a detailed estimate of cardiac tissue composition, previously unavailable, for the translation of whole tissue concentrations or concentrations per gram protein into estimated local concentrations that are relevant to reaction processes. An example is that the concentrations of phosphocreatine and ATP in cytosolic water space are twice as high as their mean tissue concentrations. This conservation optimization method is applicable to any tissue or organ.
Bit vector algorithms enabling high-speed and memory-efficient firewall blacklisting

In a world of increasing Internet connectivity coupled with increasing computer security risks, security conscious network applications implementing blacklisting technology are becoming very prevalent because it provides the ability to prevent information exchange from known malicious sources. Current technology implementing blacklisting does so at the application level. However, there are numerous benefits for implementing blacklisting filters in the firewall. These benefits include reduced application workload and reduced bandwidth consumption. But, because the de facto algorithm in firewalls is based on a linear search first match principle, large blacklists are not feasible to implement in firewalls due to the O(N) timing complexity of linear search methods. This paper addresses this issue by describing techniques that solve the O(N) time complexity issue without changing the internal input-output behavior of the firewall.
Mars Entry, Descent, and Landing Parametric Sizing and Design Space Visualization Trades

Entry, descent, and landing (EDL) is a multidimensional, complex problem, which is difficult to visualize in simple plots. The purpose of this work is to develop a systematic visualization scheme that could capture Mars EDL trades as a function of a limited number of variables, such that programmatic design decisions could be effectively made with insight of the design space. Using the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) as a basis, contour plots have been generated for key EDL figures of merit, such as maximum landed elevation and landed mass as a function of four input parameters: entry mass, entry velocity, entry flight path angle, and vehicle L/D. Additionally, sensitivity plots have been generated in an attempt to capture the effects of varying the fixed input parameters. This set of EDL visualization data has been compiled into a Mars EDL handbook to aid in pre-phase A design space exploration and decision making.
Hydrophobic interaction and hydrogen-bond network for a methane pair in liquid water

We employ fully quantum-mechanical molecular dynamics simulations to evaluate the force between two methanes dissolved in water, as a model for hydrophobic association. A stable configuration is found near the methane–methane contact separation, while a shallow second potential minimum occurs for the solvent-separated configuration. The strength and shape of the potential of mean force are in conflict with earlier classical force-field simulations but agree well with a simple hydrophobic burial model which is based on solubility experiments. Examination of solvent dynamics reveals stable water cages at several specific methane–methane separations.
On predicting particle-laden turbulent flows

The paper provides an overview of the challenges and progress associated with the task of numerically predicting particle-laden turbulent flows. The review covers the mathematical methods based on turbulence closure models as well as direct numerical simulation (DNS). In addition, the statistical (pdf) approach in deriving the dispersed-phase transport equations is discussed. The review is restricted to incompressible, isothermal flows without phase change or particle-particle collision. Suggestions are made for improving closure modelling of some important correlations.
Removing bee stings

Summary Background Conventional advice on immediate treatment of honey-bee stings has emphasised that the sting should be scraped off, never pinched. The morphology of the sting suggested little basis for this advice, which is likely to slow down removal of the sting. Methods The response to honey-bee stings was assayed with a measurement of the size of the resulting weal. Injection of known quantities of venom showed that this measurement is a good indicator of envenomisation. Findings Weal size, and thus envenomisation, increased as the time from stinging to removal of the sting increased, even within a few seconds. There was no difference in response between stings scraped or pinched off after 2 s. Interpretation These data suggest that advice to patients on the immediate treatment of bee stings should emphasise quick removal, without concern for the method of removal.
Generating New Commuting Coprime Matrix Pairs From Known Pairs

Commuting coprime integer matrices arise in signal processing in a number of contexts. This paper develops two ways, one nonlinear and the other linear, to generate new commuting coprime pairs from known pairs. The first method is based on computing powers of the initial pair of matrices, and the second method is based on appropriate types of linear combinations of the initial pair of matrices. This enriches the already known families of coprime matrices reported in recent literature. Several properties of the newly generated coprime pairs are also addressed.
Assessment of the quality of Internet information on sleeve gastrectomy

Abstract Background The Internet is an important source of information for morbidly obese patients who are potential candidates for bariatric procedures. Over the past few years, there is growing demand for sleeve gastrectomy because of perceived technical ease balanced with excellent outcomes. The aim of this study was to assess the quality and content of available internet information pertaining to sleeve gastrectomy. Our hypothesis is that this information is inconsistent and inaccurate. Methods A total of 50 websites were analyzed in September 2013. We used the search term "sleeve gastrectomy" to identify sites on the most common internet search engines: Google, Yahoo, Bing, and Ask. Based on popularity of use, 20 websites were obtained through the Google engine and 10 sites by each of the others. Websites were classified as academic, physician, health professional, commercial, social media, and unspecified. Quality of information was evaluated using the DISCERN score, the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) benchmark criteria, and the Health on the Net code (HONcode) seal accreditation. The DISCERN score varies from 0–80 points and is based on 16 questions that evaluate publication quality and reliability. The JAMA benchmark criteria range from 0–4 points assessing website authorship, attribution, disclosure, and currency. HONcode certification was assessed as present or absent website accreditation. Duplicate and inaccessible websites were excluded from the analysis. Results We identified 43 websites from the United States, 6 from Mexico, and 1 from Australia. The average DISCERN and JAMA benchmark scores for all websites were 46.3±14.5 and 1.6±1.1, respectively, with a median DISCERN of 48.5 (range, 16–76) and JAMA score of 2.0 (range, 0–4). Website classification distribution was 21 physician, 11 academic, 7 commercial, 5 social media, 4 unspecified, and 2 health professional. The average DISCERN and JAMA benchmark scores were 55.4±13.4 and 2.4±1.0 in the academic group, 49.5±10.0 and 1.9±.9 in the physician group, 46.9±14.2 and .2±.4 in social media sites, 44.0±2.8 and 1.0±.0 in health professional pages, 41.3±14.2 and 1.0±1.0 in commercial sites, and 39.8±19.5 and 1.0±1.1 in the unspecified group. The HONcode seal was present in 2 (4%) of the websites analyzed. Conclusion The results of this study suggest poor quality and content of information on the internet viewed by potential bariatric candidates. Only 4% of the websites demonstrated HONcode seal accreditation. The global mean DISCERN and JAMA benchmark scores reported in this study were significantly lower than one would expect. Academic and physician websites offer the best information content whereas the worst was observed in the commercial and unspecified groups.
The rotor--router model on regular trees

The rotor-router model is a deterministic analogue of random walk. It can be used to define a deterministic growth model analogous to internal DLA. We show that the set of occupied sites for this model on an infinite regular tree is a perfect ball whenever it can be, provided the initial rotor configuration is acyclic (that is, no two neighboring vertices have rotors pointing to one another). This is proved by defining the rotor-router group of a graph, which we show is isomorphic to the sandpile group. We also address the question of recurrence and transience: We give two rotor configurations on the infinite ternary tree, one for which chips exactly alternate escaping to infinity with returning to the origin, and one for which every chip returns to the origin. Further, we characterize the possible ''escape sequences'' for the ternary tree, that is, binary words a"1...a"n for which there exists a rotor configuration so that the kth chip escapes to infinity if and only if a"k=1.
BRAIN SURFACE CONFORMAL PARAMETERIZATION WITH THE RICCI FLOW

In medical imaging, parameterized 3D surface models are of great interest for anatomical modeling and visualization, statistical comparisons of anatomy, and surface-based registration and signal processing. By solving the Yamabe equation with the Ricci flow method, we can conformally parameterize a brain surface via a mapping to a multi-hole disk. The resulting parameterizations do not have any singularities and are intrinsic and stable. To illustrate the technique, we computed parameterizations of cortical surfaces in MRI scans of the brain. We also show the parameterization results are consistent with constraints imposed on the mappings of selected landmark curves, and the resulting surfaces can be matched to each other using constrained harmonic maps. Unlike previous planar conformal parameterization methods, our algorithm does not introduce any singularity points
Optical scatter changes at the onset of apoptosis are spatially associated with mitochondria.

We combine optical scatter imaging OSI with fluorescence imaging of mitochondria to investigate the spatial relationship between the optical scatter signal and the location and structure of mitochondria within endot- helial cells undergoing apoptosis. The OSI data corrobo- rate our previous results showing a decrease in the inten- sity ratio of wide-to-narrow angle scatter optical scatter image ratio OSIR during the first 60 min of apoptosis. In addition, we find here that this is followed by an increase in OSIR concurrent with mitochondrial fragmentation. We demonstrate that the dynamic change in light scattering is spatially associated with subcellular regions containing fluorescently labeled mitochondria, and remains absent from adjacent nonfluorescent regions dominated by other organelles. These results lend strong support to the hy- pothesis that mitochondria act as the source of the optical scatter changes measured at the onset of apoptosis. © 2010
Absorbed-dose/dose-rate dependence studies for the alanine-EPR dosimetry system

Abstract Over the course of the last decade, routine monitoring of the alanine dosimetry system revealed a small but significant observation that, after examination, led to the characterization of a previously unknown absorbed-dose-dependent, dose-rate effect for the alanine system. The newly discovered rate effect is of potential concern for electron-beam dosimetry, since electron-beam dosimetry typically derives its traceability to national standards through comparisons to gamma-ray calibrations of the dosimetry system. The largest discrepancy in source dose rates is between gamma-ray sources and electron-beam accelerators. Investigating the influence of temperature on the alanine rate effect is an important first step in preparation for a comparison study between electron-beam and gamma-ray dosimetry. Here, new data is presented on the influence of irradiation temperature (from −40 to +50 °C) on the dose-rate effect measured at 50 kGy.
Emancipation: The Making of the Black Lawyer, 1844-1944

Foreword, by Justice Thurgood Marshall Preface Introduction Chapter 1 Black Students in White Law Schools and the Black Law Schools Chapter 2 New England: The Genesis of the Black Lawyer Chapter 3 The Atlantic States Chapter 4 The Southeastern States Chapter 5 The Southern States Chapter 6 The Southwestern States Chapter 7 The Northeastern States Chapter 8 The Northwestern States Chapter 9 The Pacific States Chapter 10 National White and Black Bar Groups and the State Black Bar Groups Appendix 1. The First Black Lawyers, 1844-1944 Appendix 2. U.S. Census: The Number of Lawyers in Each State/Territory by Race and Sex, 1850-1940 Bibliography Table of Cases Index
A secure ad-hoc routing approach using localized self-healing communities

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are vulnerable to routing attacks, especially attacks launched by non-cooperative (selfish or compromised) network members and appear to be protocol compliant. For instance, since packet loss is common in mobile wireless networks, the adversary can exploit this fact by hiding its malicious intents using compliant packet losses that appear to be caused by environmental reasons.In this paper we study two routing attacks that use non-cooperative network members and disguised packet losses to deplete ad hoc network resources and to reduce ad hoc routing performance. These two routing attacks have not been fully addressed in previous research. We propose the design of "self-healing community" to counter these two attacks. Our design exploits the redundancy in deployment which is typical of most ad hoc networks; Namely, it counters non-cooperative attacks using the probabilistic presence of nearby cooperative network members.To realize the new paradigm, we devise localized simple schemes to (re-)configure self-healing communities in spite of random node mobility. We develop a general analytic model to prove the effectiveness of our design. Then we implement our secure ad hoc routing protocols in simulation to verify the cost and overhead incurred by maintaining the communities. Our study confirms that the community-based security is a cost-effective strategy to make off-the-shelf ad hoc routing protocols secure.
An analog computer method to solve Fredholm integral equations of the first kind

Abstract Many problems of contemporary interest are characterized by Fredholm type integral equations of the first kind. These equations are inherently ill-posed and difficult to solve. It is customary to convert the equation into a set of m algebraic equations Af = g in n unknowns with m not necessarily equal to n . Then one can solve these m equations in a least square sense. Among the class of vectors f that minimize the Euclidean norm of the error, there exists a unique vector A + g which is of least norm where A + is the generalized inverse of A . One method of finding the generalized inverse of A is to reformulate the problem into an equivalent system of first order ordinary differential equations with specified initial conditions. The steady state solution of this system is A + g , the required value of f . This procedure was implemented on an analog computer and the results presented.
Low Muscle Strength Thresholds for the Detection of Cardiometabolic Risk in Adolescents

Introduction There is an association between strength and health among adolescents, yet, what remains to be determined is sex-specific cut points for low strength in the detection of risk in this population. The purpose of this study was to determine thresholds of low grip strength in a large cohort (N=1,326) of adolescents. Methods All data were collected between 2005 and 2008, and analyzed in 2014−2015. A cardiometabolic risk score (MetScore) was computed from the following components: percent body fat, fasting glucose, blood pressure, plasma triglyceride levels, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. A high-risk cardiometabolic phenotype was characterized as ≥75th percentile of the MetScore. Conditional inference tree analyses were used to identify sex-specific, low normalized strength (grip strength/body mass) thresholds and risk categories. Results Lower strength was independently associated with increased odds of the high-risk cardiometabolic phenotype, such that for every 5% decrement of normalized strength, there were 1.48 and 1.45 increased odds (p 0.33 and ≤0.45; girls, >0.28 and ≤0.36). Conclusions These sex-specific thresholds of low strength can be incorporated into a clinical setting for identifying adolescents that would benefit from lifestyle interventions to improve muscular fitness and reduce cardiometabolic risk.
Peel Strength of Composite Layered Joints

Abstract 1. Master curves of R/A/R (rubber/adhesive/rubber) type adhesion tests were generated by laterally shifting the rate curves of peel response with empirically determined shift factors. The universal form of the WLF Equation (3) did not shift the data into continuous master curves, due to the individual contributions of each deforming layer. 2. For the weakly-bonded A/EPM system, rate curves were shifted into good agreement using the universal form of the WLF relation and the Tg of EPM. However, in the case of EPM/A, shift factors calculated by the WLF Equation (3) did not create a smooth master curve. Lateral shifting produced a master curve of EPM/A peel response and resulted in experimentally determined shift factors which fell between the shift factors of the EPM and the adhesive. Apparently, the EPM substrate of low Tg completely dominated the viscoelastic response of the A/EPM joint and even exerted some influence over the debonding process for the EPM/A joint, where the detaching layer was c...
Ionic Polymer-Metal Composites as Smart Materials under Subzero Temperature Conditions

This paper presents a description of Ionic Polymer-Metal Composites (IPMCs) as an attractive solution for cold operation actuators. This is because of their capability for actuation with relatively low voltages (1 to 5 V), durability and capability of operating within the subzero regime T < 0 °C. The building block material of IPMCs experiences phase changes within the base polymeric material that results in an alteration of the performance of the material in terms of actuator performance. An experimental apparatus is constructed in order to have a controlled temperature environment in which to analyze the material. The overall temperature within the reservoir, the temperature on the IPMC surface electrodes, the conductivity of the membrane and the blocking force were all measured. The phase changes inherent at these low temperatures are investigated further by means of Differential Scanning Calorimeter to obtain the phase change temperatures and characteristics. The results are presented and interpreted to show that there is definite promise for these low temperature polymeric actuators to operate in practical applications.
Feature Detectors, Visumotor Coordination and Efferent Control

The perspective of this paper on feature detectors is that of a neuroscientist who is not an experimentalist but, rather, a brain theorist. As was brought out in David Marr’s talk, there are two complementary approaches to brain theory. The “bottom-up” approach starts from detailed information about individual neurons and tries to analyze their behavior when connected together in simple or highly regular neural nets. The “top-down” approach draws many ideas from AI (Artificial Intelligence) without in any sense being driven by it, in trying to analyze what pattern of interactions between what sort of sub-systems might be required to achieve some overall process. This talk will exhibit the interaction between the attempt to think about necessary processes in visually guided behavior and the data from neurophysiology concerning nerve circuits that subserve these tasks. While my own work is in theory, experiments will be continually coloring the story as we go along.
Synthesis of Strained 1,3-Diene Macrocycles via Copper-Mediated Castro–Stephens Coupling/Alkyne Reduction Tandem Reactions

A copper-mediated macrocyclization involving the reaction of a vinyl iodide and a terminal alkyne followed by an in situ reduction of the enyne intermediate is reported. The reaction generates a conjugated Z-double bond within a strained medium-size lactone, lactam, or ether macrocycle. A variety of macrocyclic compounds bearing different ring sizes and functionalities were synthesized. A complementary stepwise procedure was also developed for less strained ring systems.
Research on Energy Efficiency Evaluation and System Development for Hydropower Plants

To solve the problems such as incomplete process,the uncomprehensive index system,and obsolete tools in traditional hydropower energy efficiency evaluation,this paper proposes a solution to form a "closedloop process to assess" through adding a feedback loop of energy conservation in the evaluation process.To reflect the level of energy efficiency in all aspects of hydropower plants,we establish two energy efficiency evaluation systems for water energy and production.The paper also proposes a "one platform and three library" mode for hydropower plants energy efficiency evaluation,which can enable the energy efficiency evaluation system to have a portable,scalable,modular,and other advantages,and takes Liujiaxia hydropower plant as an application example.The application results show the operability and progressiveness of proposed theory,methods and tools.The work presented in this paper can provide strong support for the hydropower plants energy conservation work.
FBMC in Next-Generation Mobile Fronthaul Networks With Centralized Pre-Equalization

In this letter, we proposed a centralized pre-equalization mechanism in a fiber-wireless integrated mobile fronthaul system to compensate the channel degradation among multiple component carriers (CCs) with reduced complexity and cost at user terminals. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing and filter-bank multicarrier (FBMC) with and without frequency-domain pre-equalization are compared in a 50-GHz radio-over-fiber testbed. In comparison, FBMC with the proposed pre-equalization performs better because asynchronous up-link CCs can be quasi-seamlessly aggregated without interference, which enables baseband-unit (BBU) pool to precisely estimate the channel quality and perform pre-equalization for multiple bands with high spectral efficiency. Bidirectional transmission experiments are conducted with two independent asynchronous user terminals controlled by one BBU pool. An error vector magnitude of <6% is obtained with 1.1-GHz 5-CC carrier aggregation over 25-km standard single-mode fiber and 1.2-m wireless channel.
Clinical Spectrum of Multiple Sclerosis

Within the clinical spectrum of MS, emphasis is on variations, factors influencing the clinical course, and differential diagnosis and treatment, with a highlight on selection of appropriate patients for “experimental” therapies.
Structural Determinants of Polyqlutamine Protofibrils and Crystallites

Nine inherited neurodegenerative diseases are associated with the expansion of the CAG codon. Once the translated polyglutamine expansion becomes longer than ∼36 residues, it triggers the formation of intraneural protein aggregates that often display the signature of cross-β amyloid fibrils. Here, we use fully atomistic molecular dynamics simulations to probe the structural stability and conformational dynamics of both previously proposed and new polyglutamine aggregate models. We test the relative stability of parallel and antiparallel β sheets, and characterize possible steric interfaces between neighboring sheets and the effects of different alignments of the side-chain carboxamide dipoles. Results indicate that (i) different initial oligomer structures converge to crystals consistent with available diffraction data, after undergoing cooperative side-chain rotational transitions and quarter-stagger displacements on a microsecond time scale, (ii) structures previously deemed stable on a hundred nanoseco...
What They Never Told Me About Being a Counseling Center Director

The author offers his perspectives about the experiences that are associated with being a college or university counseling center director.
Light-activated reagents for double-dtrand DNA cleavage with built-in selectivity for hypoxic cancer tissues

T talk will present light-activated molecular systems for “switchable” pH-gated ds DNA-cleavage. These hybrid compounds combine potent DNA-photocleavers with pH-regulated components derived from basic amino acids or peptides. The pH-gating amines undergo protonation at the pH threshold which separates cancer and normal cells. This change leads to an extraordinary increase in the efficiency of therapeutically important double-strand DNA cleavage, far exceeding that for the natural enediyne calicheamicin, the most potent of nature’s anticancer agents. Igor V. Alabugin, Biochem Anal Biochem 2013, 2:4 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2161-1009.S1.002
Phosphorylation of a Dogfish Skeletal Muscle Protein Related to Parvalbumin

A class of proteins was isolated from the skeletal muscle of the Pacific dogfish (Squalus sucklii) with properties extremely similar to those of the parvalbumins in that they display the same characteristic UV-spectrum, strong affinity for calcium and immunological cross-reactivity with antibodies prepared against dogfish parvalbumin. Though they are found in three polymeric states with MW of ca. 350,000, 75,000, and 25,000, they dissociate in sodium dodecylsulfate into subunits of MW ca. 12,000 identical in size to the parvalbumins. The three high molecular weight species are readily phosphorylated by a cyclic nucleotide-independent dogfish protein kinase, but not by phosphorylase kinase. One phosphate is introduced per subunit which can be released by a dogfish protein phosphatase different from phosphorylase phosphatase. By contrast, no phosphorylation of parvalbumins could be demonstrated under any circumstances. These data might suggest that the phosphate-acceptor protein represents a physiologically active form of the parvalbumins.
Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Protect Against Cigarette Smoke-Induced Oxidative Stress and Vascular Dysfunction.

In cigarette smokers endothelial dysfunction, measured by flow-mediated dilation (FMD), precedes cardiovascular disease (CVD) and can be improved by supplementation with n - 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). We developed a mouse model of cigarette smoke (CS)-induced endothelial dysfunction that resembles impaired FMD observed in human cigarette smokers and investigated the mechanism by which n - 3 PUFAs mediate vasoprotection. We hypothesized that loss of nitric oxide (NO)-dependent vasodilation in CS-exposed mice would be prevented by dietary n - 3 PUFAs via a decrease in oxidative stress. C57BL/6 mice were fed a chow or n - 3 PUFA diet for 8 weeks and then exposed to mainstream CS or filtered air for 5 days, 2 h/day. Mesenteric arterioles were preconstricted with U46619 and dilated by stepwise increases in pressure (0-40 mmHg), resulting in increases in flow, ± inhibitor of NO production or antioxidant, Tempol. Markers of oxidative stress were measured in lung and heart. CS-exposed mice on a chow diet had impaired FMD, resulting from loss of NO-dependent dilation, compared with air exposed mice. Tempol restored FMD by normalizing NO-dependent dilation and increasing NO-independent dilation. CS-exposed mice on the n - 3 PUFA diet had normal FMD, resulting from a significant increase in NO-independent dilation, compared with CS-exposed mice on a chow diet. Furthermore, n - 3 PUFAs decreased two CS-induced markers of oxidative stress, 8-epiprostaglandin-F2α levels and heme oxygenase-1 mRNA, and significantly attenuated CS-induced cytochrome P4501A1 mRNA expression. These data demonstrate that dietary n - 3 PUFAs can protect against CS-induced vascular dysfunction via multiple mechanisms, including increasing NO-independent vasodilation and decreasing oxidative stress.
Among patients with unhealthy alcohol use, those with HIV are less likely than those without to receive evidence-based alcohol-related care: A national VA study

Abstract Background Alcohol use has important adverse effects on people living with HIV (PLWH). This study of patients with recognized unhealthy alcohol use estimated and compared rates of alcohol-related care received by PLWH and HIV- patients. Methods Outpatients from the Veterans Health Administration who had one or more positive screen(s) for unhealthy alcohol use (AUDIT-C ≥ 5) documented in their medical records 10/2009-5/2013 were eligible. Primary and secondary outcomes were brief intervention documented ≤14 days after a positive alcohol screen, and a composite measure of any alcohol-related care (brief intervention, specialty addictions treatment or pharmacotherapy documented ≤365 days), respectively. Unadjusted and adjusted regression analyses compared alcohol-related care outcomes in PLWH and HIV- patients. Results The sample included 830,825 outpatients (3,514 PLWH), reflecting 1,172,606 positive screens (1–5 per patient). For PLWH, 57.0% (95% confidence interval 55.4–58.5%) of positive screens were followed by brief intervention, compared to 73.8% (73.7–73.9%) for HIV- patients [relative rate: 0.77 (0.75–0.79), p Conclusions In this large national sample of VA outpatients with unhealthy alcohol use, PLWH were less likely to receive alcohol-related care than HIV- patients. Special efforts may be needed to ensure alcohol-related care reaches PLWH.
Elementary physical educators’ positioning in teaching English language learners:

Public schools in the United States (US) have become more linguistically diverse. With the rise of English as a global language, English Language Learners (ELLs) experience “transnationalism”, whic...
Moderator or Manipulator? How International–Local Relations Emerged as a Function of UN Authority-Building in Cambodia

ABSTRACTThe success or failure of international peacebuilding missions is predominantly evaluated in reference to interveners’ ability to exercise their mandated authorities. To test the value of an empirically based analysis of authority-building processes in the course of such missions the article turns to the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC, 1992–1993). In order to safeguard the country’s stability many supported the idea of holding presidential elections in addition to the ones for the Constituent Assembly forming the new government. To organize such unforeseen elections UNTAC would have had to change its mandate as determined by the Paris Peace Accords (PPA). Based on extensive archival research the paper analyses the debate surrounding this proposal as a series of legitimacy claims that were selectively recognized and rejected. The article concludes that evaluations of peacebuilding missions are indeed too focused on interveners’ authority to decide, while neglecting or unde...
A mixed methods comparison of gang and race motivated violent incident involvement in a youth correctional setting

Scholarship has examined both gang and race violence in a variety of settings. However, there has been little research addressing the characteristics of gang and race related violence within youth ...
The Leased Among Us: Precarious Work, Local Regulation, and the Taxi Industry:

Through a case study of the taxi industry in San Diego, where 89 percent of drivers leased their vehicles as independent contractors (IC), we show how local regulation has enforced precarity. We fi...