cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alkali–silica reaction: Kinetics of chemistry of pore solution and calcium hydroxide content in cementitious system

Abstract This paper presents the results of the investigations on the chemistry of pore solutions, the contents of calcium hydroxide, and the expansions in mortars containing both reactive and non-reactive aggregates. In order to examine the effect of the temperature, experiments were performed at three different temperatures (23 °C, 38 °C and 55 °C). The compositions of the pore solution were measured at short time intervals for a period of up to 130 days in order to capture the kinetics of the chemistry of pore solution. The results showed that the changes in the concentrations of alkali ions can be best explained by the first order reaction. In addition, the proposed rate equation could reasonably simulate the changes in the actual concentrations of alkalis. Finally, the results in this paper suggest that the rate of the alkali–silica reaction in cementitious system containing highly reactive aggregate can be also expressed as the first order reaction.
Optical Transport Industrial Trend in China

The values of transport network are challenged by the blossoming of data services. A unified networking platform in support of voice, data and multimedia applications is attractive especially in a high-capacity optical layer. Regarding to it, the optical transport industrial trend in China is discussed in this talk.
Evaluation of potato clones for resistance to stem canker and tuber black scurf in field studies following artificial inoculation with Rhizoctonia solani AG-3 in Maine∗

Abstract Potato clones were evaluated for resistance to Rhizoctonia stem canker, stolon lesion and black scurf in field experiments during the 1997 and 1998 growing seasons. Seed pieces were inoculated with Rhizoctonia solani Anastomosis group 3 (AG-3) by dipping them in a slurry or suspension of inoculum. Uninoculated controls were also planted. Seed emergence was assessed beginning at two weeks after planting. After 60 days, incidence and severity (%) of stem and stolon cankers were assessed. The numbers of root and stolon lesions were also quantified. At harvest, the incidence of black scurf on tuber yield and numbers were also determined. Significant differences in emergence of potato seed pieces (%) were detected between inoculated and control treatments and the incidence of stem and root cankers differed among clones in both years. The incidence and severity of stem cankers and the numbers of stem and root lesions were not significantly correlated with the black scurf incidence on tubers. These stud...
The Annals is moving forward

As you have undoubtedly noticed, this month’s issue of the Annals looks different. As many of you were already aware, the Annals has a new publisher. About a year ago, we learned that our long time publishing partner Lawrence Erlbaum Associates (LEA) was ceasing operations and had been sold to the Taylor and Francis publishing group. As the word spread among the academic publishing world, the Society of Behavioral Medicine (SBM) began to be courted by a number of top publishers who had observed the Annals’ growth and success over the years and had learned that LEA was no longer in business. This past spring, the SBM board of directors began considering publisher proposals. While this was a difficult and time-consuming process, it was extraordinarily rewarding to see the enthusiasm that potential publishers had for our journal, its place in the field, and its future. In the end, we selected Springer. The second largest scientific, technical, and medical publisher in the world, Springer has offices throughout North America, Europe, and Asia. It was created by the merger of Springer-Verlag, one of Europe’s oldest publishing companies, and Kluwer Academic, an internationally prominent scientific publisher. Springer currently publishes approximately one fourth of its 1,750 journals on behalf of, or in cooperation with, academic and professional societies. Springer has an extensive program in behavioral medicine and its intersecting disciplines such as health psychology, public health, epidemiology, clinical medicine, bioresearch, and biostatistics and is uniquely positioned to disseminate Annals far and wide. In addition to the eye-catching new cover design (for which yours truly most definitely cannot take credit), our new contract with Springer calls for an approximately 20% increase in journal pages, which should allow us to further cut publication lags and will certainly allow us to publish more articles. Moreover, Springer has expressed a commitment to using its state-of-the-art electronic publishing platform, SpringerLink, to expand the Annals’ global presence and to increase institutional adoptions. Our authors and readers will benefit from a variety of other new and improved features and benefits including:
The origin of transformed cells: studies of spontaneous and induced cell transformation in cell cultures from marsupials, a snail, and human amniocytes

Transformation of cells in culture is a model system for carcinogenesis, and two major theories (i.e., mutagenesis and aneuploidy) have emerged from in vitro and in vivo studies. A third view is presented here on the initial steps in the change of primary cells to extended life cells, and their change to immortalized cells. Both changes involve identical, microscopically visible cell abnormalities hitherto dismissed as cell degenerative characteristics. The major cell changes (i.e., giant cells, nuclear fragmentation to form multinucleated cells [MNC]) translated into genetic terms begin with the creation of polyploidy by DNA endoreduplication, followed by amitotic division of these giant cells to produce MNC. Individual nuclei, surrounded by a cell membrane, bud from the surface of the MNC, and represent the origin of the transformed cells. Induced budding by a protease treatment of MNC suggests that the extracellular matrix is an inhibitor of the budding process from human MNC. The production of the MNC is a genetic process determined by two abnormal events (i.e., overproduction of DNA and amitotic chromosomal segregation) during which there are possibilities for different genetic mechanisms to produce inherited variability within and between MNC. These concepts are discussed in regard to carcinogenesis, and by extension its possible prevention by use of the special cytopathic cell changes in carcinogen testing and in clinical screening programs.
Survey of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in marine products in Korea using GC/MS

This study investigates polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in marine products on the Korean market. A total of 280 samples of fish (n = 100), shellfish (n = 80), cephalopod (n = 60) and crustacea (n = 40) were collected for analyses of PAHs (naphthalene, acenaphthylene, acenaphthene, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benz[a]anthracene, chrysene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[a]pyrene, indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene, dibenz[a,h]anthracene and benzo[g,h,i]perylene). The analytical procedure was based on the matrix solid-phase dispersion on Florisil cartridges and extraction with hexane/dichloromethane (3:1, v/v). The PAHs were determined by gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection using selective ion monitoring. Average recoveries for all the PAHs studied were in the range 58–79%. The sum of 16 PAHs concentrations in fish, shellfish, cephalopod/crustacea were in the range 0.2–0.5, 1.2–1.6 and 0.8–1.9 µg/kg, respectively.
The use of telemedicine to provide pediatric critical care consultations to pediatric trauma patients admitted to a remote trauma intensive care unit: a preliminary report.

Objective:Injured pediatric patients in remote communities are often cared for at trauma centers that may be underserved with respect to pediatric specialty services. The objective of this study is to describe a pilot telemedicine project that allows a remote trauma center’s adult intensive care uni
Improved 121Sb Quadrupole moment ratio from Mössbauer studies of organic antimony compounds

Abstract Earlier work with Sb 2 O 3 gave a value for R = Q ∗ /Q , the ratio of the 1st excited state quadrupole moment to that of the ground state, for 121 Sb. The accuracy of this value has been improved by using organic compounds such as (C 6 H 5 ) 3 SbCl 2 , which have larger electric field gradienst. The new result is R = 1.34 ± 0.01.
COGNITIVE-ACADEMIC CORRELATES OF FINGER LOCALIZATION IN RIGHT-HANDED KINDERGARTEN GIRLS

The scores of 49 right-handed girls in early kindergarten on a battery of finger localization tests were compared with their end-of-year achievement scores on the Metropolitan Readiness Tests. Examination of the correlations between performance with each hand and test measures of achievement favored a substantive role for each cerebral hemisphere in early acquisition. Strength of prediction was comparable for tasks with and without a naming requirement (numerical coding of fingers) and was independent of children's verbal-receptive ability on the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test. Apparently, differential hemispheric efficiency presumed to underlie left-right differences in finger localization is not closely related to level of academic skills in girls of kindergarten age.
Homage to James B. Herrick: a contemporary look at myocardial infarction and at sickle-cell heart disease: the 32nd Annual Herrick Lecture of the Council on Clinical Cardiology of the American Heart Association.

For a clinical cardiologist, I know of no award more appreciated than selection for the Herrick Lecture. I express my personal gratitude to the Council on Clinical Cardiology for adding me to a long list of distinguished predecessors, among whom I realized to my amazement that every individual, living and dead, is one I have cherished as a personal friend. There are too few advantages to growing old, but realizations such as this are surely to be treasured. Ptolemy, who lived near the beginning of the millennium that we are now about to close, wrote, “As material fortune is associated with the properties of the body, so honor belongs to those of the soul.” James B. Herrick has become a revered figure not only in cardiology, but also in hematology. In fact, of his 2 historic contributions in medicine, the first came in 1910,1 when he described the unusual sickle-shaped erythrocytes found in a blood smear from an anemic young black Caribbean dental student in Chicago. His more familiar (to us) landmark article about myocardial infarction came 2 years later, in 1912.2 In it, he reported that myocardial infarction was not an inescapable tocsin of doom, but that it was often survived, sometimes with little lasting damage. Even today, there is too little appreciation that the complex causes of fatal myocardial infarction3 include many factors other than simply the occlusion of a coronary artery. Both his sickle-cell article and the one on myocardial infarction were essentially “case reports,” a category today too often greeted by editors with rejection and by readers with disdain. But what case reports Herrick’s were! In his sickle-cell article, he imaginatively considered every conceivable …
EFFECTS OF EXERCISE TRAINING ON INSULIN SENSITIVITY IN ADOLESCENTS WITH TYPE I DIABETES (IDDM)

EFFECTS OF EXERCISE TRAINING ON INSULIN SENSITIVITY IN ADOLESCENTS WITH TYPE I DIABETES (IDDM)
Social perception, social performance, and self-perception. A study with psychiatric and nonpsychiatric groups.

This study examined differences between psychiatric patients and a nonpsychiatric group on multiple measures of social perception, social performance, and self-perception. Patients performed more p...
High Performance 1645-nm Er:YAG Laser

The performance of the resonantly fiber-laser pumped Er:YAG lasers at 1645 nm using 0.25% and 0.5% doped crystals were compared in cw and Q-switched operation. Superior performance of the 0.25% crystals was observed.
Wireless Technologies, Ubiquitous Computing and Mobile Health: Application to Drug Abuse Treatment and Compliance with HIV Therapies

Beneficial advances in the treatment of substance abuse and compliance with medical therapies, including HAART, are possible with new mobile technologies related to personal physiological sensing and computational methods. When incorporated into mobile platforms that allow for ubiquitous computing, these technologies have great potential for extending the reach of behavioral interventions from clinical settings where they are learned into natural environments.
A Translating Stage System for Micro-PIV Measurements Surrounding a Migrating Semi-Infinite Bubble

We have designed, created, and evaluated a translating stage system (TSS) used for Micro Particle Image Velocimetry (μ-PIV) measurements surrounding the tip of a migrating semi-infinite bubble in a glass capillary tube. This study is relevant to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which is characterized by pulmonary airway collapse and fluid occlusion. Subsequent airway reopening, driven by mechanical ventilation, may generate damaging mechanical stresses on the airway walls that can result in ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI). Our goal in this study is to characterize and demonstrate a system for mechanically canceling the mean forward velocity of a migrating bubble, allowing continuous measurement near the tip region of interest. This system will be used to validate our previous boundary element computations in a surfactant-free system [1] and further explore airway reopening phenomenon related to surfactant physiochemical interaction.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
FreewayConomics: Design and Benefit-Cost Analysis of Bus-Only Shoulder Express Service

AbstractBus-only shoulders (BOS), which allow transit buses to bypass congested freeways and arterials during rush hours, are a key cog in the ground transportation machine in the Twin Cities metropolitan area. In the Twin Cities, the Minnesota Department of Transportation has invested in 476 km of certified BOS. Traditional BOS benefit-cost analyses fail to justify the investment in Twin Cities BOS, yet the network in the Twin Cities continues to expand. This paper will explain the local investment in BOS, the real benefits associated with BOS, how to design BOS service, and how the incremental investment in technology to support BOS operations produces even greater return on the BOS investment.
An E2F1-Mediated DNA Damage Response Contributes to the Replication of Human Cytomegalovirus

DNA damage resulting from intrinsic or extrinsic sources activates DNA damage responses (DDRs) centered on protein kinase signaling cascades. The usual consequences of inducing DDRs include the activation of cell cycle checkpoints together with repair of the damaged DNA or induction of apoptosis. Many DNA viruses elicit host DDRs during infection and some viruses require the DDR for efficient replication. However, the mechanism by which DDRs are activated by viral infection is poorly understood. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection induces a DDR centered on the activation of ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) protein kinase. Here we show that HCMV replication is compromised in cells with inactivated or depleted ATM and that ATM is essential for the host DDR early during infection. Likewise, a downstream target of ATM phosphorylation, H2AX, also contributes to viral replication. The ATM-dependent DDR is detected as discrete, nuclear γH2AX foci early in infection and can be activated by IE proteins. By 24 hpi, γH2AX is observed primarily in HCMV DNA replication compartments. We identified a role for the E2F1 transcription factor in mediating this DDR and viral replication. E2F1, but not E2F2 or E2F3, promotes the accumulation of γH2AX during HCMV infection or IE protein expression. Moreover, E2F1 expression, but not the expression of E2F2 or E2F3, is required for efficient HCMV replication. These results reveal a novel role for E2F1 in mediating an ATM-dependent DDR that contributes to viral replication. Given that E2F activity is often deregulated by infection with DNA viruses, these observations raise the possibility that an E2F1-mediated mechanism of DDR activation may be conserved among DNA viruses.
Use of Sterol and Bile Acid Biomarkers to Identify Domesticated Animal Sources of Fecal Pollution

The objective of this study was to demonstrate the use of chemical biomarkers (fecal sterols and bile acids) to identify selected sources of fecal pollution in the environment. Fecal sterols and bile acids were determined for pig, horse, cow, and chicken feces. Ten to twenty-six fresh fecal samples were collected for each animal, and the concentrations of fecal sterols (coprostanol, epicoprostanol, cholesterol, cholestanol, stigmastanol, and stigmasterol) and bile acids (lithocholic acid, deoxycholic acid, cholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, ursodeoxycholic acid, hyodeoxycholic acid) were determined using a gas chromatography and mass spectrometer (GC-MS) technique. Correlation study was performed among sterol and bile acid variables for selected animals, and a ratio (cholesterol + epicoprostanol)/(deoxycholic acid + chenodeoxycholic acid + hyodeoxycholic acid) has been proposed as an indicator for assessing fecal input. The levels of (cholesterol + epicoprostanol)/(deoxycholic acid + chenodeoxycholic acid + hyodeoxycholic acid) in horse, cow, chicken and pig were observed 3.258 ± 1.191, 1.921 ± 1.006, 1.013 ± 0.726, and 0.205 ± 0.119 respectively and the ratio of horse: cow: chicken: pig was 16: 9: 5: 1. This ratio suggests the potential of sterol and bile acid biomarkers in identifying sources and occurrence of fecal matter. While additional work using polluted water (as opposed to fresh fecal samples) as well as multiple pollution sources are needed to investigate the transport of these biomarkers into water bodies.
Mitigation of soiling losses in concentrating solar collectors

The adverse impact of soiling (dust deposition) on solar collectors, and the mitigation of the related energy yield losses, are the main scopes of this paper. While soiling related losses have been studied more extensively for flat-plate photovoltaic (PV) panels, this study focuses primarily on the impact of dust accumulation on concentrated photovoltaic (CPV) and concentrated solar power (CSP) systems. We report on different methods used for cleaning solar collectors: (i) natural cleaning by rain and snowfall, (ii) manual cleaning by water and detergent, and (iii) an emerging method of dust removal by electrodynamic screens (EDS). Development of EDS technology as an automated, low-cost dust removal method which does not require any water or manual labor is presented.
Teachers' choice of punishment as a function of a student's gender, age, race, and IQ level

Abstract Evidence suggests that teachers treat students differently according to various characteristics, including demographic factors and academic labels. An attempt was made to discover whether teachers' recommendations of punishment would differ according to the students' age, race, gender, IQ level, and type of offense. Punishment was recommended for a hypothetical student in a fighting, a stealing, and a cheating situation. The results revealed that southern white female teachers generally reported that they would recommend more severe punishment for males than for females and for white males than for black males. It was noted that these results occured despite the fact that teachers differed in age, number of years of teaching experience, grade levels taught, and education level.
The effect of UCS intensity on learning and performance in instrumental aversive conditioning

A factorial design was used to determine the effects of UCS intensity on learning and performance in escape conditioning. The results indicated that UCS intensity primarily affected performance rather than learning. This outcome is in accord with the results obtained in instrumental appetitive conditioning and differs from the results obtained in classical aversive conditioning.
Time-dependent multiphoton emission from a quantum dot

We discuss two-time correlation experimental measurement of statistical properties of non-classical light from a single InAs quantum dot. We present a model that describes properties of a quantum dot excitation via carrier reservoirs.
t − b − τ Yukawa unification for μ < 0 with a sub-TeV sparticle spectrum

We show compatibility with all known experimental constraints of t − b − τ Yukawa coupling unification in supersymmetric SU(4)c × SU(2)L × SU(2)R which has non-universal gaugino masses and the MSSM parameter μ < 0. In particular, the relic neutralino abundance satisfies the WMAP bounds and Δ(g − 2)μ is in good agreement with the observations. We identify benchmark points for the sparticle spectra which can be tested at the LHC, including those associated with gluino and stau coannihilation channels, mixed bino-Higgsino state and the A-funnel region. We also briefly discuss prospects for testing Yukawa unification with the ongoing and planned direct detection experiments.
Of mice and men: divergent risks of teriparatide-induced osteosarcoma

Summary Since approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in December 2002, teriparatide (recombinant 1-34 PTH; Forteo®) has been safely used by more than 430,000 patients. Prior to FDA approval, however, there was concern that teriparatide might increase the risk for patients to develop osteosarcoma, as almost 45% of the rats treated with this drug at the highest-tested dose level developed this aggressive form of bone cancer. Balancing the proven benefits of teriparatide shown by clinical trials with the theoretical risk for teriparatide-induced human osteosarcoma, the FDA mandated both a ‘black-box’ warning of this potential side-effect and a company-sponsored postmarketing surveillance program. As a participating institute of that surveillance program, we report upon the second person with potential teriparatide-induced osteosarcoma, in this case, complicated by a history of pelvic radiation.
Academic administrators' and faculty's perceptions of current and ideal reward systems: a multisite investigation

Abstract Objectives (1) To investigate academic leaders' and faculty members' perceptions of current faculty reward systems and whether these systems engage faculty in achieving institutional missions; (2) to identify what faculty and administrators in higher education perceive to be the ideal faculty reward system for the future. A secondary objective was to assess whether congruence exists between faculty and administrators' perceptions of reward systems (both current and ideal). Methods The study was conducted at five institutions; subjects were university administrators and faculty. A cross-sectional survey design was used to assess what key factors are considered in the current reward system for faculty, what factors ideally should be part of the faculty reward system, and how motivated faculty are in advancing the mission of their respective institutions. Faculty and administrators' surveys were compared using t -tests. Data were further explored using personal interviews with university administrators. These data were evaluated for common themes. Results Administrators perceived that current reward systems primarily consider classroom teaching, research, and student advising more importantly than do faculty. Administrators also perceive the ideal reward system should primarily consider research more importantly than do faculty. Based on interviews, salaries play a large role in current reward systems. An ideal reward structure would require appropriate funds to both engage and reward productive faculty. Conclusions Some divergence exists between administrators' expectations and that of faculty. Administrators recognize the need to engage and reward productive faculty, but currently, limited financial resources restrict their ability to do so monetarily.
The Professional Workstation Research Project

Powerful, inexpensive processors, low-cost storage, and high-resolution color displays make single-user, networked, multiprogrammed computer workstations suitable replacements for the time-shared mainframe environment of the scientific and engineering professional. Distributed processing via networks of workstations connected to larger server machines, which are in turn connected to national and international networks, allows a completely new form of computer-aided organization for institutions. The flexibility and speed of such machines mean that a new revolution in information processing and human activity support is inevitable. The professional workstation project has as its immediate goal a networked, distributed system of single-user workstations. Each will use the Unix operating system and provide powerful object-oriented graphics tools that will enhance the productivity of scientific and engineering professionals.
Optimal finite wordlength digital control with skewed sampling

Optimum controller designs are developed which take account of the digital round-off errors in the controller implementation and in the A/D and D/A converters for the case of uniform skewed sampling. Skewing the control samples allows the computational delay in the control computer to be accommodated in the optimization problem. These results provide a very general extension to the LQG theory since they reduce to the standard LQG controller when infinite precision computation is used, and there is no computational delay (the sampling is synchronous). Penalties are added to the cost function to penalize the sum of the wordlengths used to compute the fractional parts of the controller state variables, and the wordlengths of the A/D and D/A converters. Hence, controller complexity is traded with performance. Control design for a large flexible structure at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory demonstrates the performance improvement of the proposed methodology versus the standard LQG approach.
Minimizing Missing Data in Clinical Trials: Design, Operation, and Regulatory Considerations

The ultimate question to be answered in a clinical trial is “What benefit/risk has the drug caused to the patient?” To answer this question, it is critical to avoid missing data on outcome that measures benefit and risk from the beginning. This article emphasizes that when a patient discontinues the study treatment, instead of trying to impute the missing outcome values, effort should be made to follow the patient until the endpoint or the end of the trial. The information in the follow-up period can be used to describe the benefit/risk to those patients who would discontinue treatment in the actual clinical practice, while imputing values that are not observed, yet may never exist, can only answer the unrealistic question,“ What would have happened had the subject not discontinued?” Minimizing missing data is possible through the joint efforts of drug companies and regulatory agencies. Drug companies can improve their efforts in study design and operation, including off-treatment follow-up, prioritization of information collection, endpoint selection, and detailed documentation of reasons for missing data. Regulatory agencies can provide general guidance and convey specific comments for improvement through protocol review regarding missing data, and can ensure proper labeling language that reflects the extent of missing data and the reliability of conclusions.
Database improvements for motor vehicle/bicycle crash analysis

Background Bicycling is healthy but needs to be safer for more to bike. Police crash templates are designed for reporting crashes between motor vehicles, but not between vehicles/bicycles. If written/drawn bicycle-crash-scene details exist, these are not entered into spreadsheets. Objective To assess which bicycle-crash-scene data might be added to spreadsheets for analysis. Methods Police crash templates from 50 states were analysed. Reports for 3350 motor vehicle/bicycle crashes (2011) were obtained for the New York City area and 300 cases selected (with drawings and on roads with sharrows, bike lanes, cycle tracks and no bike provisions). Crashes were redrawn and new bicycle-crash-scene details were coded and entered into the existing spreadsheet. The association between severity of injuries and bicycle-crashscene codes was evaluated using multiple logistic regression. Results Police templates only consistently include pedalcyclist and helmet. Bicycle-crash-scene coded variables for templates could include: 4 bicycle environments, 18 vehicle impact-points (opened-doors and mirrors), 4 bicycle impact-points, motor vehicle/bicycle crash patterns, in/out of the bicycle environment and bike/relevant motor vehicle categories. A test of including these variables suggested that, with bicyclists who had minor injuries as the control group, bicyclists on roads with bike lanes riding outside the lane had lower likelihood of severe injuries (OR, 0.40, 95% CI 0.16 to 0.98) compared with bicyclists riding on roads without bicycle facilities. Conclusions Police templates should include additional bicycle-crash-scene codes for entry into spreadsheets. Crash analysis, including with big data, could then be conducted on bicycle environments, motor vehicle potential impact points/doors/mirrors, bicycle potential impact points, motor vehicle characteristics, location and injury.
Radiological Findings in FXTAS

In this chapter we review the radiological and structural brain findings associated with fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS). We will review what is currently known about radiological signs of the disorder including both white matter lesions and mild to severe cortical loss. We will also review brain–molecular relationships in FXTAS including associations that have been observed between cortical and white matter changes and molecular variables such as CGG repeat length. Similarly, we will review relationships that have been reported between brain abnormalities and the neuropsychological phenotype in FXTAS (which includes working memory, executive functioning, and information processing deficits). Lastly, we will review recent findings on both the integrity of white matter tracts in the brain (using diffusion tensor imaging) and in vivo brain function (using functional magnetic resonance imaging) in individuals with the FX premutation with and without FXTAS. While much knowledge has been gained about the neuropathology of FXTAS, future work will focus on continuing our understanding of the developmental time course of this pathogenesis as well as searching for brain biomarkers of the disease in asymptomatic premutation carriers.
Extracting Social Networks and Contact Information From Email and the Web

Abstract : We present an end-to-end system that extracts a user's social network and its members' contact information given the user's email inbox. The system identifies unique people in email, finds their Web presence, and automatically fills the fields of a contact address book using conditional random fields a type of probabilistic model well-suited for such information extraction tasks. By recursively calling itself on new people discovered on the Web, the system builds a social network with multiple degrees of separation from the user. Additionally, a set of expertise-describing keywords are extracted and associated with each person. We outline the collection statistical and learning components that enable this system, and present experimental results on the real email of two user; we also present results with a simple method of learning transfer, and discuss the capabilities of the system for address book population, expert-finding, and social network analysis.
Management of Infants with Cystic Fibrosis: A Summary of the Evidence for the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation Working Group on Care of Infants with Cystic Fibrosis

Objective To inform the development of Cystic Fibrosis (CF) Foundation guidelines on the care of infants with CF, we systematically reviewed the evidence for diagnosis and assessment of pancreatic and pulmonary disorders; management of pancreatic and pulmonary function; management of nutrition and nutritional disorders; and prevention and control of infections. Study design In May-June 2008, we searched The Cochrane Library for existing reviews; and MEDLINE, the National Guideline Clearinghouse, the CF Foundation Clinical Practice Guidelines and Consensus Statements, and the UK CF Trust for existing guidelines. MEDLINE, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) and the Excerpta Medica Database (EMBASE) were searched for primary studies in January 2008. Bibliographies of eligible articles were searched and expert input was sought. We selected English-language articles of any study design that provided original data on any of our questions on infants up to 2 years of age. Results We identified 14 relevant guidelines and 3 Cochrane reviews. Fifty-nine articles (55 primary studies) were included. Only four of these were randomized controlled trials. Sample sizes of infants ranged from 2 to 768 study participants; the median sample size was 24. Of our 21 review topics, 5 topics had only one study while for 5 we identified no relevant studies. We identified one or no primary studies for 20 of 32 review questions. Conclusions There is a paucity of evidence on the care of infants diagnosed with CF. For several of the review questions no guidelines or primary studies were identified, but for other questions, studies limited by weak design and small sample sizes were the only studies identified. With increasing numbers of infants with CF being diagnosed by newborn screening there is an opportunity to study the management of infants diagnosed with CF.
Class and Patriarchy as Competing Paradigms for the Study of Middle Eastern Women

During the last nine years, while Western feminists were directing critical attention to what they described as “the curious courtship,” the “unhappy marriage,” and the “uneasy hyphen between marxism-feminism,” Western students of Middle Eastern women were pushing the field toward a serious consideration and adoption of Marxian social and economic theories. In two very important articles, Nikki Keddie and Judith Tucker argued that the field can expand its understanding of the different worlds of women by studying their roles in production and social reproduction. This new materialist approach promised to overcome what both said was a serious idealist bias in the literature that derived the status of Middle Eastern women from the major Muslim religious and legal texts and/or relied on the culturally biased Western/Orientalist conceptions of these women.
Commentary: A structural approach to Berkson’s fallacy and a guide to a history of opinions about it

In 1946, the physician and statistician Joseph Berkson (1899–1982) pointed out that two diseases that are independent in the general population may become ‘spuriously associated’ in hospital-based case-control studies.1 This spurious association was later referred to, often in lively debates,2–14 as Berkson’s fallacy, Berkson’s paradox or Berkson’s bias. Some authors restricted the interpretation of Berkson’s fallacy to disease-disease associations,2,5,7,8 whereas others thought that the fallacy would also apply to exposure-disease associations in hospital-based case-control studies.10–15 In this article we use directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) to describe the structure of Berkson’s fallacy, first for disease-disease associations and then for exposure-disease associations. This permits us to understand the contentious debates and strongly differing opinions about Berkson’s fallacy, and has practical implications for study design and interpretation (see Box 1). Box 1. Practical implications of Berkson’s fallacy The fallacy that became eponymous for Berkson caused controversy from its initial formulation onwards. Some held that it biased all case-control studies in hospitals; others maintained that it was only pertinent for associations between prevalent diseases, and did not exist for exposure-disease associations. The DAG analyses in this paper show that Berkson’s fallacy can exist when studying exposure-disease associations, be it only in an ‘indirect’ form and in exceptional circumstances: when in a hospital-based case-control study persons with a prevalent diagnosis are enrolled who were hospitalized for another disease that is associated with this exposure. The DAG of the problem that Berkson originally described has the same structure of all biases due to conditioning on a collider, but cannot be endowed with a causal interpretation since it was formulated and worked out as a problem of the association of prevalent diseases. When using incident cases in hospital-based case-control studies, Berkson’s fallacy becomes highly unlikely for exposure-disease associations, unless there are many people who have developed two different new diseases more or less at the same time and are hospitalized for the other disease, i.e. the disease that is not the subject of the case-control study. When incident cases in a case-control study consist only of people who have been hospitalized for that disease, Berkson’s fallacy is not possible. It is likely that Berkson’s fallacy has had very limited, if any, impact on the findings of epidemiological studies.
Feasibility of incorporating genomic knowledge into electronic medical records for pharmacogenomic clinical decision support

In pursuing personalized medicine, pharmacogenomic (PGx) knowledge may help guide prescribing drugs based on a person’s genotype. Here we evaluate the feasibility of incorporating PGx knowledge, combined with clinical data, to support clinical decision-making by: 1) analyzing clinically relevant knowledge contained in PGx knowledge resources; 2) evaluating the feasibility of a rule-based framework to support formal representation of clinically relevant knowledge contained in PGx knowledge resources; and, 3) evaluating the ability of an electronic medical record/electronic health record (EMR/EHR) to provide computable forms of clinical data needed for PGx clinical decision support. Findings suggest that the PharmGKB is a good source for PGx knowledge to supplement information contained in FDA approved drug labels. Furthermore, we found that with supporting knowledge (e.g. IF age <18 THEN patient is a child), sufficient clinical data exists in University of Washington’s EMR systems to support 50% of PGx knowledge contained in drug labels that could be expressed as rules.
Biography: 1875–1891

Sonya, Vladimir, and Julia Lermontova shared a moment of triumph in the fall of 1874. All three had been awarded doctorates, Lermontova in chemistry from Gottingen and Vladimir in geology from Jena (in 1872). Vladimir, however, had failed the qualifying examination necessary to procure a teaching post in Russia (cf. Koblitz 1983, p. 118). Sonya was feted on her name-day, 17 September on the Russian calendar; her old tutor Malevich toasted “the health of the first Russian woman scholar.” Lermontova was given a warm reception in Petersburg by the chemist Mendeleev. Sonya and Vladimir had reconciled during 1873 and from then on began to make plans for a future together. At some time during the next few years they finally consummated their marriage after seven years of a platonic relationship.
Self-cleaning non-ferrous metal separator

A separator is described which removes magnetic particles from the mixed feed material in addition to separating metals from non-metals. The application of this separator to automobile scrap processing is discussed.
Laws of effluent dispersion in the steady-state atmospheric surface layer in stable and unstable conditions

The two-dimensional diffusion equation has been solved by an integral method to obtain the distribution of ground-level concentration of an inert effluent emitted from a semi-infinite area source in a steady-state and horizontally homogeneous atmospheric surface layer. Mean wind velocity and eddy diffusivity profiles derived from empirically determined flux-profile relations of Businger et al. (1971) for stable and unstable surface layers were used. It is found that concentration as a function of downwind distance can be described by a simple formula over distances of practical interest in surface layer dispersion. Corresponding results for a cross-wind infinite line source are obtained by simple differentiation. The concentration distribution is completely determined by the friction velocity, the Monin-Obukhov length, the roughness length, and the effluent source strength. The generalization of the integral method needed to obtain accurate solutions of the diffusion equation with the given wind velocity and diffusivity profiles is discussed in an appendix.
A Phylogenetic Review of Charis and Calephelis (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae)

A phylogenetic analysis of the Neotropical riodinid butterfly genera Charis Hubner and Calephelis Grote & Robinson is presented. Cladistic analyses using 31 characters of male and female genitalia and external facies generated cladograms indicating that Charis is paraphyletic with respect to Calephelis. The analyses highlight the existence of four major clades, the ocellata Hewitson, cleonus Stoll, anius Cramer, and virginiensis Guerin-Meneville groups, which we treat as genera. The generic names Charis and Calephelis are applicable to the last two groups, but new genera are described for the first two: Seco n. gen. for the ocellata group and Detritivora n. gen. for the cleonus group. Each genus is diagnosed and provided with illustrations of representative adults and male and female genitalia, a synonymic checklist and list of all known foodplants. The following taxa are misplaced in the analyzed clade: aerigera Stichel and xanthosa Stichel are transferred from Charis to Emesis F. (n. combs.), and myrtis H. Druce is transferred from Charis to Exoplisia Godman & Salvin (n. combs.). Charis irina Stichel is synonymized with Charis iris Staudinger (n. syn.) and Charis cadytis acroxantha Stichel is synonymized with nominate C. cadytis Hewitson (n. syn.). The taxon candiope H. Druce is transferred from Charis to Calephelis for the first time (n. comb.) and iris and velutina Godman and Salvin are returned to Calephelis from Charis (rev. combs.).
Randomized Controlled Trial of Electronic Care Plan Alerts and Resource Utilization by High Frequency Emergency Department Users with Opioid Use Disorder.

Introduction There is a paucity of literature supporting the use of electronic alerts for patients with high frequency emergency department (ED) use. We sought to measure changes in opioid prescribing and administration practices, total charges and other resource utilization using electronic alerts to notify providers of an opioid-use care plan for high frequency ED patients.
Abstract 15955: Widely Varying Prevalence of Diastolic Dysfunction by Different Classification Criteria: The Cardia Study

Background: Diastolic dysfunction is an important target for investigations attempting to understand heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. The many existing classification criteria for diastolic dysfunction could identify widely different case mixes in large cohort studies with research echocardiographic data. We compared prevalence of diastolic dysfunction at the Y25 exam in CARDIA using definitions of diastolic dysfunction proposed by the American Society of Echocardiography (ASE), Rochester County Epidemiology Project (Redfield), and the VALIDD trial. Methods: 3474 CARDIA participants had echocardiographic data at Y25. Echocardiographic exams were performed at the CARDIA Y25 exam. At each center, trained echo techs obtained images by a standardized protocol and scans were read centrally. Standard 2D and M-mode assessments were obtained. Published binary definitions of diastolic dysfunction were applied; pulmonary venous flow and mitral inflow at peak Valsalva maneuver measures were not available in CARDIA, so the (modified) Redfield definition of diastolic dysfunction was based on two of the four variables included in the definition. Logistic regression was used to determine demographic predictors of diastolic dysfunction. Results: The mean age in the sample was 50.2 years, mean BMI was 30.2 kg/m2, 46.7% of the sample was African American and 53.3% was white. The prevalence of diastolic dysfunction according to different definitions was as follows: 1.6 % according to the ASE definition, 24.3% according to the VALIDD definition, and 32.0% according to the (modified) Redfield definition. Using the ASE definition, 38.9% of individuals were unclassifiable for diastolic dysfunction. After adjustment for age, sex, and BMI, African Americans had 7.0 (95% C.I.: 3.4-14.4) times the odds of having diastolic dysfunction compared to whites according to the ASE definition. The comparable OR was 1.9 (95% C.I.: 1.6-2.2) for the Redfield Definition and 1.9 (95% C.I.: 1.6-2.2) for the VALIDD definition. Discussion: Existing definitions for diastolic dysfunction are difficult to implement in cohort studies and provide widely varying estimates for the prevalence of diastolic dysfunction as well as for predictors of diastolic dysfunction.
Graph clustering using multiway ratio cut (Software demonstration)

Identifying the natural clusters of nodes in a graph and treating them as supernodes or metanodes for a higher level graph (or an abstract graph) is a technique used for the reduction of visual complexity of graphs with a large number of nodes. In this paper we report on the implementation of a clustering algorithm based on the idea of ratio cut, a well known technique used for circuit partitioning in the VLSI domain. The algorithm is implemented in WINDOWS95/NT environment. The performance of the clustering algorithm on some large graphs obtained from the archives of Bell Laboratories is presented.
Decoupling of reaction time-related default mode network activity with cognitive demand

Reaction Time (RT) is associated with increased amplitude of the Blood Oxygen-Level Dependent (BOLD) response in task positive regions. Few studies have focused on whether opposing RT-related suppression of task activity also occurs. The current study used two Go/No-go tasks with different cognitive demands to examine regions that showed greater BOLD suppression for longer RT trials. These RT-related suppression effects occurred within the DMN and were task-specific, localizing to separate regions for the two tasks. In the task requiring working memory, RT-related de-coupling of the DMN occurred. This was reflected by opposing RT-BOLD effects for different DMN regions, as well as by reduced positive RT-related Psycho-Physiological Interaction (PPI) connectivity within the DMN and a lack of negative RT-related PPI connectivity between DMN and task positive regions. The results suggest that RT-related DMN suppression is task-specific. RT-related de-coupling of the DMN with more complex task demands may contribute to lapses of attention and performance decrements that occur during cognitively-demanding tasks.
Blister Beetles (Coleoptera: Meloidae) in Kansas: Historical Perspective and Results of an Intensive Alfalfa Survey

Economic damage caused by blister beetles (Coleoptera: Meloidae) is not the conventional crop destruction experienced in traditional economic pest management systems. Cantharidin, a toxic compound produced by blister beetles, is responsible for livestock deaths when ingested by susceptible animals in contaminated alfalfa hay. Horses are particularly sensitive to this toxin. Several sources were used to establish the historical scope of blister beetle problems in Kansas. Data from two local museum-maintained insect collections indicate that at least 26 species of Epicauta occur in Kansas. Results of a 2-yr field survey for blister beetles in northeastern Kansas alfalfa provided the following information: seven species of Epicauta were found, with five species identified as posing significant risk problems because of seasonal occurrence, peak abundance, or behavioral characteristics. Potentially all cuttings of alfalfa can contain blister beetles, and the source of the risks changes in a consistent fashion as the season progresses and the blister beetle species complex shifts. Baseline information obtained from this survey is vital to establish unbiased risk assessments, guide future research, and develop practical blister beetle pest management programs.