cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Condensation of mononucleotides by imidazole

The condensation of thymidine-5′-monophosphate was carried out in the presence of imidazole in aqueous solutions at neutral pH. Formation of oligo-deoxyribonucleotides up to four units was observed.
Everything i know i learned from ada

I entered the world of Ada at a most impressionable time in my career: I knew enough to be dangerous, but not so much that I was unwilling to try new things. Ada was full of new things that have informed much of what I do today. The role of abstraction, the meaning of beauty in design, the nature of delivering ultra-large software-intensive systems, collaboration across geographic and cultural boundaries, the joys and frustrations of standards building, the process of revolution: these are all things I have learned from Ada. In this presentation, I'll offer some war stories from the past and offer speculation on the future.
Total Organic Carbon Content in Aqueous Samples Determined by Near-IR Spectroscopy

We describe the application of near-infrared spectroscopy with partial least-squares (PLS) multivariate calibration to determine the total organic carbon (TOC) content of aqueous organic samples. We demonstrate a standard error of precision of approximately 0.50 mg/mL for the TOC content in aqueous organic mixtures of Na3HEDTA, Na4EDTA, and acetone. The precision of the simulta3 neous determination of each component in these samples is 1.66 mg/ mL (0.0044 M) for Na3HEDTA, 2.62 mg/mL (0.0063 M) for Na4EDTA, and 0.38 mg/mL (0.0065 M) for acetone. Transmission spectra were collected by using a 1 mm pathlength and approximately 1 min collection time in the 6250-5450 cm-1 (1.60-1.83 mu m) region, corresponding to the first C-H overtone band. This analysis procedure was developed to ease TOC determination for hazardous aqueous wastes such as those found at the DOE Hanford site.
Conflict and Cooperation: Legislative Strategies and Concepts of Power among Female and Male State Legislators

This study of the behavior of women and men in public office focuses on the more procedural aspects of legislative life, on the policy process rather than policy inputs and outputs. At issue is whether female officeholders are changing the legislative process by employing alternative methods for obtaining their policy goals. Using data collected in 1990 from in-depth interviews with Arizona and California state legislators, I compare female and male legislators' self-reported strategies for getting bills passed, their descriptions of the bases of their own power and influence, and their orientations toward "hard-ball" politics. I find that these men and women were equally likely to endorse feminine or feminist leadership styles and concepts of power that stress the value of compromise, consensus-building, equality, and honesty. In addition, they were equally critical of and reluctant to participate in stereotypically masculine behavior involving hierarchically based manipulation and coercion of others. Th...
Internal loop-helix coupling in the dynamics of the RNA duplex (GC*C*AGUUCGCUGGC)2

Molecular dynamics simulations are carried out for a double helical RNA tetradecamer containing a UUCG internal loop. Analysis of four separate trajectories, totaling 12 ns in length, identifies several persistent structural motifs adopted by the internal loop under various conditions. In addition to previously identified water-mediated C:U and G:U hydrogen bonding interactions, two key interpair interactions are identified, namely, cross-step hydrogen bonding between adjacent C:U pairs and cross-strand stacking interactions involving mispaired G, and cross-strand stacking interactions involving the C:U pairs. On the basis of principal component analysis of the full oligomer's motion, these local structures are associated with highly compressed helices, and underwound, elongated helices, respectively.
Thermoregulatory responses of the rabbit to subcutaneous injection of sulfolane.

Earlier studies have shown that intraperitoneal injection of the industrial solvent sulfolane (tetrahydrothiophene-1,1-dioxide) caused a decrease in metabolic rate and a rapid, regulated hypothermia in mice and rats. In the present study, subcutaneous injections of 0, 100, 200, 400, 600, and 750 mg/kg sulfolane at an ambient temperature (Ta) of 10° C caused a dose-dependent decrease in colonic temperature (Tc) of rabbits. Metabolic rate (MR) remained unchanged during the initial phase of the hypothermia for all dose groups; but peripheral vasodilation, as indicated by an increase in ear skin temperature, was seen at the higher dose levels. The observed thermoregulatory response to sulfolane was a function of Ta. Thus, at Tas of 10 and 20° C, injection of 600 mg/kg sulfolane had no effect on MR but caused an increase in ear skin temperature. The magnitude of the hypothermia was similar at these two Tas, indicating the sulfolane-treated rabbits had some control over Tc. At a Ta of 28° C, however, the animals became hyperthermic upon injection of 600 mg/kg sulfolane.
Representation in CAD: Models and semantics

This paper presents a model for the representation of digital designs at the functional (behavioral) level. The definition of a representation involves terms, composition rules, constraints and attributes. The rules specify how terms and compositions can be combined to form new compositions, subject to the constraints. After a survey of formal methods for the specification of language semantics, a hybrid technique is outlined that combines the best of operational and mathematical methods.
A computer-controlled conformal radiotherapy system. I: Overview.

Purpose : Equipment developed for use with computer-controlled conformal radiotherapy (CCRT) treatment techniques, including multileaf collimators and/or computer-control systems for treatment machines, are now available. The purpose of this work is to develop a system that will allow the safe, efficient, and accurate delivery of CCRT treatments as routine clinical treatments, and permit modifications of the system so that the delivery process can be optimized. Methods and Materials : The needs and requirements for a system that can fully support modern computer-controlled treatment machines equipped with multileaf collimators and segmental or dynamic conformal therapy capabilities have been analyzed and evaluated. This analysis has been used to design and then implement a complete approach to the delivery of CCRT treatments. Results : The computer-controlled conformal radiotherapy system (CCRS) described here consists of a process for the delivery of CCRT treatments, and a complex software system that implements the treatment process. The CCRS system described here includes systems for plan transfer, treatment delivery planning, sequencing of the actual treatment delivery process, graphical simulation and verification tools, as well as an electronic chart that is an integral part of the system. The CCRS system has been implemented for use with a number of different treatment machines. The system has been used clinically for more than 2 years to perform CCRT treatments for more than 200 patients. Conclusions : A comprehensive system for the implementation and delivery of computer-controlled conformal radiation therapy (CCRT) plans has been designed and implemented for routine clinical use with multisegment, computer-controlled, multileaf-collimated conformal therapy. The CCRS system has been successfully implemented to perform these complex treatments, and is considered quite important to the clinical use of modern computer-controlled treatment techniques.
Effects of daily oral subtoxic doses of a wet lead-based paint on cattle

Cattle were dosed daily with a wet lead-based paint at a rate of about 6 mg of lead per kg per day for 60 weeks. The cattle did not exhibit overt symptoms of lead toxicosis. Blood and fecal samples collected during the study, and tissue samples obtained at slaughter of the animals were analyzed for lead by atomic absorption spectrophotometer equipped with a graphite furnace. Levels of lead in whole blood generally did not exceed 0.5 ppm. The residues of lead in feces reached as high as 1000 ppm. Highest residues in tissues were in calcified bone, the kidney cortex, kidney medulla, and then in liver. Residues of lead in muscle, brain, spleen, and bone marrow were similar to residues of lead in the control animal. Calves born to 2 test animals had elevated levels of lead in bone, kidney and liver.
Differential scanning calorimetric model for corrections to the DSC record

Abstract Based upon the signals of a DSC record, the equation of the transition baseline is analytically developed for a DuPont 990 thermal analyzer. The equation accounts for the effects on the transition baseline originating from (1) pretransition baseline, (2) heat-capacity change from that of the reactants to that of the products of reaction and (3) the fact that the sample material is subject, during the transition state, to a heating rate which differs from that of the reference material. If there is no change in heat capacities and either the heating rate or the heat transfer resistance are very small, then the transition baseline is merely an extension of the pretransition baseline. Any departure from these conditions makes the calculation of the transition baseline necessary, if correct kinetic parameters are to be expected from a DSC curve.
The Absence of Helical Inversion in Single Component Cholesteric Liquid Crystals

Thermally induced helical inversion absence in single component cholesteric liquid crystals indicating impurity compensation
Detailed physical mapping of the genes encoding glycophorins A, B and E, as revealed by P1 plasmids containing human genomic DNA

Abstract Human glycophorins A, B and E (GPA, GPB and GPE) are members of the glycophorin gene family encompassing a 330-kb genomic segment located on chromosome 4, band q31 [Onda et al., J. Biol. Chem., 269 (1994) 13013–13020]. This gene family was apparently generated by two successive duplications of an ancestral gene. One of the progenitor genes, resulting from the first duplication, directly evolved into the GPA gene. The other progenitor gene acquired a unique 3′-region sequence and was then duplicated to yield GPB and GPE. In order to obtain a more detailed understanding of how these different members of the gene family evolved, we isolated several P1 plasmid clones encoding GPA, GPB or GPE. The precise locations of exon 1 and the exon encoding the transmembrane (TM) domain in GPA, GPB and GPE were then determined by hybridization with specific probes after restricted DNA fragments were separated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. The results obtained showed that the distances between exon 1 and exon 2 are almost equal for GPA and GPB, whereas this distance is larger in GPE. In contrast, the distance between exon 2 and the exon encoding the TM domain was shown to be the same among GPA, GPB and GPE. These results suggest that the gene divergence, i.e., insertions or deletions, took place after two successive duplications and supports the hypothesis that GPE acquired a portion of the GPA sequence surrounding exon 2 by gene conversion.
Novel Method For Producing Diffraction Gratings In Optical Fibers

This paper describes a novel technique for fabricating diffraction grating devices in optical fibers. The diffraction gratings are formed on fibers having a D-shaped cross sectional profile (D-type fibers) produced by Andrew Corporation. It is advantageous to fabricate in-fiber devices since they are smaller than currently available channel waveguide devices, and more compatible with fiber optics technology. The fiber optics communications industry has a pressing need for both passive and active devices which will allow the processing of optical signals without the need of converting them to electrical signals. Among these devices are fiber to fiber couplers, directional couplers, filters, modulators, and wave division multiplexers. Development of a method for fabricating diffraction gratings in optical fibers to perform these functions is an important first step in the creation of such devices.
Ca2+ Signaling Modulates Cytolytic T Lymphocyte Effector Functions

Cytolytic T cells use two mechanisms to kill virally infected cells, tumor cells, or other potentially autoreactive T cells in short-term in vitro assays. The perforin/granule exocytosis mechanism uses preformed cytolytic granules that are delivered to the target cell to induce apoptosis and eventual lysis. FasL/Fas (CD95 ligand/CD95)–mediated cytolysis requires de novo protein synthesis of FasL by the CTL and the presence of the death receptor Fas on the target cell to induce apoptosis. Using a CD8+ CTL clone that kills via both the perforin/granule exocytosis and FasL/Fas mechanisms, and a clone that kills via the FasL/Fas mechanism only, we have examined the requirement of intra- and extracellular Ca2+ in TCR-triggered cytolytic effector function. These two clones, a panel of Ca2+ antagonists, and agonists were used to determine that a large biphasic increase in intracellular calcium concentration, characterized by release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores followed by a sustained influx of extracellular Ca2+, is required for perforin/granule exocytosis. Only the sustained influx of extracellular Ca2+ is required for FasL induction and killing. Thapsigargin, at low concentrations, induces this small but sustained increase in [Ca2+]i and selectively induces FasL/Fas-mediated cytolysis but not granule exocytosis. These results further define the role of Ca2+ in perforin and FasL/Fas killing and demonstrate that differential Ca2+ signaling can modulate T cell effector functions.
Neptune's Wind Speeds Obtained by Tracking Clouds in Voyager Images

Images of Neptune obtained by the narrow-angle camera of the Voyager 2 spacecraft reveal large-scale cloud features that persist for several months or longer. The features' periods of rotation about the planetary axis range from 15.8 to 18.4 hours. The atmosphere equatorward of -53° rotates with periods longer than the 16.05-hour period deduced from Voyager's planetary radio astronomy experiment (presumably the planet's internal rotation period). The wind speeds computed with respect to this radio period range from 20 meters per second eastward to 325 meters per second westward. Thus, the cloud-top wind speeds are roughly the same for all the planets ranging from Venus to Neptune, even though the solar energy inputs to the atmospheres vary by a factor of 1000.
Manufacturing In Decline? A Matter Of Definition

This paper offers a new approach to the definition of manufacturing activities, placing them in a broader framework to capture the dynamics of manufacturing in the economy. After discussing why in many cases it may bc appropriate to consider producer services and tnanttfacturing industries together, the paper analyzes the development of manufacturing and producer service industries in the United States. We examine the factors leading to the growth of producer services, concluding that unbundling, the shift of some activities (such as legal, accounting, and data processing services) from manufacturing to producer services industries, is an important explanation for this growth. Finally, we discuss the relationship between manufacturing and producer services. Our analysis, based on a broader definition of manufacturing, shows that over the last two decades the U.S. manufacturing base has declined only slightly rather than radically as suggested in many studies.
Generation of non-Gaussian stationary stochastic processes.

A procedure is developed to generate a non-Gaussian stationary stochastic process with the knowledge of its first-order probability density and the spectral density. The procedure is applicable to an arbitrary probability density if the spectral density is of a low-pass type, and to a large class of probability densities if the spectral density is of a narrow band, with its peak located at a nonzero frequency. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Membrane processing of crude vegetable oils: Pilot plant scale remoyal of solvent from oil miscellas

The recovery of solvents used in the extraction step of edible oil processing is required for economical, environmental, and safety considerations. The miscella (mixture of extracted oil and solvent) exits the extractor at 70 to 75 wt% solvent content. Currently, the solvent is recovered by distillation.
Depression, Pain, and Self-Efficacy in Fibromyalgia Syndrome

Perhaps, the most contentious issue in the study of the fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) has been the role of major depression in its presentation, its natural history and its pathogenesis. Having lost ...
Large-field high spatial resolution digital x-ray mammography

This paper reports the results of our preliminary investigation into developing imaging techniques for full-size digital x-ray mammography. We have explored a novel `radiation shielding, CCD scanning' concept. Two system configurations were studied: one uses a lens coupled CCD module with a mirror scanning mechanism; the other uses a lens coupled CCD which is mounted on a scanning carrier platform. Using this technique, small CCD imagers can be used effectively to cover a large field without losing spatial resolution.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Interest on reserves, policy rules and quantitative easing

Abstract Hundred percent reserve transaction banking system is proposed with tax-free interest on demand deposits and interest bearing reserves. To eliminate shadow banking arrangements, a 100% tax on net interest income is proposed for limited liability businesses. All financing of businesses would be mutual as currently most is. With this arrangement there would be no bank runs associated giving rise to a financial crisis.
Supercritical Baroclinic Disturbances under the Influence of Topography

An Eady model modified to include Ekman dissipation and sloping horizontal boundaries is used to investigate the nonlinear evolution of baroclinic waves in the presence of surface topography. The effectiveness of the topography to phase lock and equilibrate a given mode vs that of baroclinity to propagate and vacillate that mode is found to depend on the topographic height, its zonal structure, and the level of supercriticality. When topography is sinusoidal and of the same wavelength as the baroclinically most unstable mode, it induces a short-period amplitude modulation whose envelope represents the baroclinic evolution. The dynamics of this modulation is explored analytically. When the sinusoidal topography is of a longer zonal wavelength, a 'mixed' wave state persists with amplitude dominance shifting between the topographic mode and the baroclinic mode, depending on the relative strength of form drag and baroclinicity. Model results are also compared, in appropriate parameter limits, with near-resonance asymptotic results and annulus experiments.
Eye-Colour in Bees

EVERY biologist is now familiar with the colour-variation in the eyes of Drosophila, and the remarkable contributions to biological theory which this variation has made possible. It is not so well known that among the Anthophorid bees there are striking differences in eye-colcur, which must have arisen in a manner analogous to those of Drosophila. These differences usually characterise species; thus in th genus Centris one form has the eyes crimson, another green, another grey. In Anthophora two closely related species from New Mexico differ, one having the eyes green, while in the other they are dark purplish. There are other differences, and the species are quite distinct. I have just obtained evidence of mutation in eye-colour within the species Anthophora porterae, Ckll., is a large species with clear green (olive-green or pea-green) eyes. The varieties Watsoni and semiflava agree with the typical form of the species in this respect. However, on May 23 of this year, at White Rocks, near Boulder, Colorado, Miss Marie Chandler found a male with the eyes dark bluish-green (sea-green). This may be called mut. Thalassina. On drying, after death, the eyes became grey marbled with black.
Sooner City—Design Across the Curriculum

The School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science (CEES) at the University of Oklahoma (OU) has been developing a curriculum reform project entitled Sooner City since Spring 1997; it was implemented in Fall 1998. For the project, incoming freshman are given a plat of land that is turned into a blueprint for critical infrastructure segments of the city. Design tasks include all facets of the traditional civil engineering program, ranging from sewer and water infrastructure to steel buildings. The project is unique in that it threads a common, four-year design theme throughout the curriculum, yet does so in a flexible, cost-effective manner; it unifies the curriculum and allows material learned in early courses to carry forward; and it provides a natural forum for incorporating other pedagogical reform initiatives, such as just-in-time learning, collaborative learning, and active learning with in-class use of laptops. A primary goal is to produce graduates who consistently think at a higher level, and who are thus capable of handling open-ended design projects that require creativity, self-analysis, and awareness of economic, social, and political issues. The extent to which the Sooner City project meets this goal is being assessed through formative and summative evaluations by an external reviewer.
The Trouble with Tears: Excess and Desire in Austin's Grrl Action

Grrl Action, an Austin-based writing and performance program for teenage girls, is a space of affective seepage — of permeable boundaries between audience and performer. The complex desires enacted in its public performances deconstruct the unidirectional empowerment rhetoric so prevalent in youth “outreach” programs and complicate broader assumptions about audience-actor relationships.
Matched filtering assisted energy detection for sensing weak primary user signals

Energy detection is widely used by cognitive radios for spectrum sensing. During a silent period, secondary users (SUs) are kept silent so that the energy detector does not confuse SU signals for primary user (PU) signals. Due to imperfect coordination, an SU may transmit during a silent period and cause possible false alarms. We propose to leverage matched filters that already exist in many SUs to alleviate the impact of such SU interference by combining the matched filtering result and the energy detection result. The analysis shows that for practical purposes, our algorithm virtually eliminates all of the negative impact of SU interference with only negligible penalty in delay and energy consumption.
Perfect r-domination in the Kronecker product of three cycles

If r/spl ges/1, and m/sub 0/, m/sub 1/, and m/sub 2/ are each a multiple of (r+1)/sup 3/+r/sup 3/, then each isomorphic component of the graph C(m/sub 0/)/spl times/C(m/sub 1/)/spl times/C(m/sub 2/) permits a vertex partition into (r+1)/sup 3/+r/sup 3/ perfect r-dominating sets. The result induces a dense packing of C(m/sub 0/)/spl times/C(m/sub 1/)/spl times/C(m/sub 2/) by means of vertex-disjoint subgraphs, each isomorphic to a connected component of P/sub 2r+1//spl times/P/sub 2r+1//spl times/P/sub 2r+1/. Additional results include a general lower bound on r-domination number of a Kronecker product of finitely many cycles. Areas of applications include efficient resource placement in communication networks and error-correcting codes.
Ubiquitin-specific protease 14 regulates c-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling at the neuromuscular junction

Ubiquitin-specific protease 14 (USP14) is one of three proteasome-associated deubiquitinating enzymes that remove ubiquitin from proteasomal substrates prior to their degradation. In vitro evidence suggests that inhibiting USP14’s catalytic activity alters the turnover of ubiquitinated proteins by the proteasome, although whether protein degradation is accelerated or delayed seems to be cell-type and substrate specific. For example, combined inhibition of USP14 and the proteasomal deubiquitinating enzyme UCH37 halts protein degradation and promotes apoptosis in multiple myeloma cells, whereas USP14 inhibition alone accelerates the degradation of aggregate-prone proteins in immortalized cell lines. These findings have prompted interest in USP14 as a therapeutic target both inside and outside of the nervous system. However, loss of USP14 in the spontaneously occurring ataxia mouse mutant leads to a dramatic neuromuscular phenotype and early perinatal lethality, suggesting that USP14 inhibition may have adverse consequences in the nervous system. We therefore expressed a catalytically inactive USP14 mutant in the mouse nervous system to determine whether USP14’s catalytic activity is required for neuromuscular junction (NMJ) structure and function. Mice expressing catalytically inactive USP14 in the nervous system exhibited motor deficits, altered NMJ structure, and synaptic transmission deficits that were similar to what is observed in the USP14-deficient ataxia mice. Acute pharmacological inhibition of USP14 in wild type mice also reduced NMJ synaptic transmission. However, there was no evidence of altered proteasome activity when USP14 was inhibited either genetically or pharmacologically. Instead, these manipulations increased the levels of non-proteasome targeting ubiquitin conjugates. Specifically, we observed enhanced proteasome-independent ubiquitination of mixed lineage kinase 3 (MLK3). Consistent with the direct activation of MLK3 by ubiquitination, we also observed increased activation of its downstrea targets MAP kinase kinase 4 (MKK4) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). In vivo inhibition of JNK improved motor function and synapse structure in the USP14 catalytic mutant mice. USP14’s catalytic activity is required for nervous system structure and function and has an ongoing role in NMJ synaptic transmission. By regulating the ubiquitination status of protein kinases, USP14 can coordinate the activity of intracellular signaling pathways that control the development and activity of the NMJ.
Radar resolution of moving targets

Conventional resolution theory is based on the assumption of constant range rate, and it neglects distortions of the modulation function as well as effects of the antenna pattern. Among the generalizations of the theory reported in the literature, some include the antenna pattern and others retain higher-order range derivatives in both carrier term and modulation function. The first part of this paper is tutorial and discusses the significance of the various generalizations of the ambiguity function. It is shown that an important class of problems can be accommodated when the conventional theory is extended by permitting higher-order range derivatives in the carrier term. Target resolvability on the basis of motion then depends only on the relative phase shifts introduced over the signal duration. In the second part, the ambiguity function is formally extended to arbitrary target motion. The modified theory retains the simplicity of the conventional approach and allows utilization of well-known results.
Comparative Genomic and Phylogenetic Analyses of Calcium ATPases and Calcium-Regulated Proteins in the Apicomplexa

The phylum Apicomplexa comprises a large group of early branching eukaryotes that includes a number of human and animal parasites. Calcium controls a number of vital processes in apicomplexans including protein secretion, motility, and differentiation. Despite the importance of calcium as a second messenger, very little is known about the systems that control homeostasis or that regulate calcium signaling in parasites. The recent completion of many apicomplexan genomes provides new opportunity to define calcium response pathways in this group of parasites in comparison to model organisms. Whole-genome comparison between the apicomplexans Plasmodium spp., Cryptosporidium spp., and Toxoplasma gondii revealed the presence of several P-Type Ca2+ transporting ATPases including a single endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-type sarcoplasmic-endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase, several Golgi-like Ca2+ ATPases, and a single Ca2+/H+ exchanger. Only T. gondii showed evidence of plasma membrane-type Ca2+ ATPases or voltage-gated calcium channels. Despite pharmacological evidence for IP3 and ryanodine-mediated calcium release, animal-type calcium channels were not readily identified in parasites, indicating they are more similar to plants. Downstream of calcium release, a variety of EF-hand-containing proteins regulate calcium responses. Our analyses detected a single conserved calmodulin (CaM) homologue, 3 distinct centrin (CETN)-caltractin-like proteins, one of which is shared with ciliates, and a variety of deep-branching, CaM-CETN-like proteins. Apicomplexans were also found to contain a wide array of calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs), which are commonly found in plants. Toxoplasma gondii contains more than 20 CDPK or CDPK-related kinases, which likely regulate a variety of responses including secretion, motility, and differentiation. Genomic and phylogenetic comparisons revealed that apicomplexans contain a variety of unusual calcium response pathways that are distinct from those seen in vertebrates. Notably, plant-like pathways for calcium release channels and calcium-dependent kinases are found in apicomplexans. The experimental flexibility of T. gondii should allow direct experimental manipulation of these pathways to validate their biological roles. The central importance of calcium in signaling and development, and the novel characteristics of many of these systems, indicates that parasite calcium pathways may be exploited as new therapeutic targets for intervention.
Optimal sub-graphical models

We investigate the problem of reducing the complexity of a graphical model (G,PG) by finding a subgraph H of G, chosen from a class of subgraphs H, such that H is optimal with respect to KL-divergence. We do this by first defining a decomposition tree representation for G, which is closely related to the junction-tree representation for G. We then give an algorithm which uses this representation to compute the optimal H ∈ H. Gavril [2] and Tarjan [3] have used graph separation properties to solve several combinatorial optimization problems when the size of the minimal separators in the graph is bounded. We present an extension of this technique which applies to some important choices of H even when the size of the minimal separators of G are arbitrarily large. In particular, this applies to problems such as finding an optimal subgraphical model over a (k - 1)-tree of a graphical model over a k-tree (for arbitrary k) and selecting an optimal subgraphical model with (a constant) d fewer edges with respect to KL-divergence can be solved in time polynomial in |V(G)| using this formulation.
On the optimality of downlink OFDMA MIMO systems

Motivated by the increasing popularity of OFDMA and MIMO, this paper studies the capacity of MIMO enabled OFDMA system under a generic multiuser multicarrier framework. We show that in terms of total system capacity, OFDMA is the optimal downlink scheme for independent decoding receivers. To achieve the capacity bound however, one must solve a multiuser subcarrier allocation and the optimal power allocation jointly. The computational cost for finding the optimal solution is exponential with respect to the number subcarriers and polynomial with respect to the number of users. To alleviate the complexity, we propose two suboptimal subcarrier allocation criteria, namely, the product-criterion and the sum-criterion, for OFDMA MIMO systems. The computation complexity of the suboptimal approaches grows only linearly with the number of users and the number of subcarriers. Numerical results are presented to compare the two subcarrier allocation criteria with the optimal criterion. Specifically, it is observed that the product-criterion is near optimal in high SNR regions while the sum-criterion approaches optimal in low SNR regions.
Delayed Correlation of mRNA and Protein Expression in Rapamycin-treated Cells and a Role for Ggc1 in Cellular Sensitivity to Rapamycin

To identify new molecular targets of rapamycin, an anticancer and immunosuppressive drug, we analyzed temporal changes in yeast over 6 h in response to rapamycin at the transcriptome and proteome levels and integrated the expression patterns with functional profiling. We show that the integration of transcriptomics, proteomics, and functional data sets provides novel insights into the molecular mechanisms of rapamycin action. We first observed a temporal delay in the correlation of mRNA and protein expression where mRNA expression at 1 and 2 h correlated best with protein expression changes after 6 h of rapamycin treatment. This was especially the case for the inhibition of ribosome biogenesis and induction of heat shock and autophagy essential to promote the cellular sensitivity to rapamycin. However, increased levels of vacuolar protease could enhance resistance to rapamycin. Of the 85 proteins identified as statistically significantly changing in abundance, most of the proteins that decreased in abundance were correlated with a decrease in mRNA expression. However, of the 56 proteins increasing in abundance, 26 were not correlated with an increase in mRNA expression. These protein changes were correlated with unchanged or down-regulated mRNA expression. These proteins, involved in mitochondrial genome maintenance, endocytosis, or drug export, represent new candidates effecting rapamycin action whose expression might be post-transcriptionally or post-translationally regulated. We identified GGC1, a mitochondrial GTP/GDP carrier, as a new component of the rapamycin/target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling pathway. We determined that the protein product of GGC1 was stabilized in the presence of rapamycin, and the deletion of the GGC1 enhanced growth fitness in the presence of rapamycin. A dynamic mRNA expression analysis of Δggc1 and wild-type cells treated with rapamycin revealed a key role for Ggc1p in the regulation of ribosome biogenesis and cell cycle progression under TOR control.
An oceanic cyclonic eddy on the lee side of Lanai Island, Hawai'i

[1] A young cold core cyclonic eddy displaying a significant increase in surface chlorophyll was observed offshore Lanai Island, Hawai'i, where the Marine Optical Buoy (MOBY) is located. During one of its deployments, MOBY broke free from its mooring. In the course of its 3-day free drifting period, MOBY followed a cyclonic eddy, which is manifested by satellite remote sensing data, chlorophyll data from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, and sea surface temperature (SST) from a Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite. The time series of the SST show that the cold core eddy was in a formative stage. It existed as a stand-alone eddy for about 9 days before it merged with cold water south of Oahu Island. A high-resolution numerical model simulation reproduces similar eddies in terms of location, size, and intensity. An eddy detection algorithm is described and applied to locate and track the modeled eddies. The results demonstrate that mesoscale and submesoscale eddies are frequently generated on and pass through the lee side of Lanai Island and the statistical analysis quantifies the general features of eddies in the area.
Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in irritable bowel syndrome: are there any predictors?

Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) is a condition in which excessive levels of bacteria, mainly the colonic-type species are present in the small intestine. Recent data suggest that SIBO may contribute to the pathophysiology of Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). The purpose of this study was to identify potential predictors of SIBO in patients with IBS. Adults with IBS based on Rome II criteria who had predominance of bloating and flatulence underwent a glucose breath test (GBT) to determine the presence of SIBO. Breath samples were obtained at baseline and at 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 minutes after ingestion of 50 g of glucose dissolved in 150 mL of water. Results of the glucose breath test, which measures hydrogen and methane levels in the breath, were considered positive for SIBO if 1) the hydrogen or methane peak was >20 ppm when the baseline was 55 years of age (odds ratio [OR], 3.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.4-9.0) and in females (OR, 4.0; 95% CI, 1.1-14.5). Hydrogen was detected more frequently in patients with diarrhea-predominant IBS (OR, 8; 95% CI, 1.4-45), and methane was the main gas detected in patients with constipation-predominant IBS (OR, 8; 95% CI, 1.3-44). There was no significant correlation between the presence of SIBO and the predominant bowel pattern or concurrent use of tegaserod, proton pump inhibitors, or opiate analgesics. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth was present in a sizeable percentage of patients with IBS with predominance of bloating and flatulence. Older age and female sex were predictors of SIBO in patients with IBS. Identification of possible predictors of SIBO in patients with IBS could aid in the development of successful treatment plans.
Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia: pathologic features and clinical implications

Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) is a form of chronic interstitial pneumonia that should be separated from the other idiopathic interstitial pneumonias, including most importantly, usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP). Diagnosis is predicated on identification of characteristic findings in a surgical lung biopsy in the appropriate clinical and radiological context. Affected patients may have a variety of underlying or associated conditions, although most have a form of idiopathic lung disease associated with a more favorable prognosis than UIP/idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Keys to distinguishing NSIP from UIP include absence of heterogeneous lung involvement, architectural distortion in the form of fibrotic scarring and/or honeycomb change, and fibroblast foci in NSIP.
Scientific Rigor and Contemporary Educational Technology

Finally, the most fundamental and most important characteristic of a profession is that the skills involved are founded upon a body of intellectual theory and research. Furthermore, this systematic theory is constantly being expanded by research and thinking within the profession. As Whitehead says, “...the practice of a profession cannot be disjoined from its theoretical understanding and vice versa.... The antithesis to a profession is an avocation based upon customary activities and modified by the trial and error of individual practice. Such an avocation is a Craft...” (Smith et al., 1951, p. 557). The difference between the bricklayer and the architect lies right here. (p. 8)
So, He's a Little Premature…What's the Big Deal?

Health care providers have recently recognized that a large segment of the morbidity associated with preterm birth is disproportionately due to the late preterm infant (LPI). One explanation is that this population is the fastest-growing sector of all preterm births. This article describes the epidemiology and etiology of the LPI, and discusses why the LPI is at an increased risk for complications, such as thermal instability, hypoglycemia, feeding difficulties, respiratory distress, hyperbilirubinemia, and sepsis. The need for emergency department visits after hospital discharge and what is currently known regarding neurodevelopmental outcomes are also presented.
3‐Trimethylsilyl‐3‐buten‐2‐one

[43209-86-5] C7H14OSi (MW 142.30) InChI = 1S/C7H14OSi/c1-6(8)7(2)9(3,4)5/h2H2,1,3-5H3 InChIKey = SDWXIGKTVZPGPG-UHFFFAOYSA-N (methyl vinyl ketone homolog1 useful as a Michael acceptor in annulation reactions,2, 3 γ,δ-unsaturated ketone formation,4 and Peterson condensations;5 precursor to a stabilized Diels–Alder diene6) Physical Data: bp 72 °C/50 mmHg. Analysis of Reagent Purity: 1H NMR (CCl4): δ 6.53 (d, J = 2 Hz, 1H, CH), 6.18 (d, J = 2 Hz, 1H, CH), 2.23 (s, 3H, CH3), 0.14 [s, 9H, Si(CH3)3]. Analysis by gas chromatography on a 1.85m 3% silicon gum rubber (SE-30) column at 25 °C gives a single peak. Preparative Method: prepared by the reaction of (1-Bromovinyl)trimethylsilane with Acetaldehyde.1 An alternative synthesis from Acrolein has been published.7 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: shows no tendency to deteriorate when stored under an argon atmosphere at −20 °C.
Some important considerations in force control implementation

The authors address force control in overconstrained dynamic systems with special emphasis on robot control. Previous approaches to force control are studied, and many of these are shown to be unsuitable for dynamic force control. Practical and theoretical considerations for designing force control algorithms are discussed. Experimental and simulation results that validate the theoretical findings are presented for a single-degree-of-freedom pneumatic force controller. >
Infrared spectral emittance profiles of spectrally selective solar absorbing layers at elevated temperatures

A study was made to characterize parametrically the spectrally selective absorptance profiles of typical interference, bulk absorption, and mixed-type absorbing layers for solar–thermal conversion at temperatures to 500°C. A five parameter empirical Fermi function was used to model the spectral absorptance converted from the measured spectral reflectance. An alternative method using the Fermi model is presented for defining the ir spectral emittance profile, as scaled to the measured hemispherical total emittance.
CONFINEMENT OF STATES ABOVE POTENTIAL BARRIERS IN SEMICONDUCTOR SUPERLATTICES

We discuss the localization of states whose energy exceeds potential barriers in a semiconductor superlattice. Although there are no confining potentials for such states, the potential discontinuities reflect the electron waves in such a way as to impose constructive interference conditions on the electron states, leading to significant confinement effects.
Vaccines against Influenza A (H5N1): Evidence of Progress

tries, with a mortality rate of >60% [1]. Should this virus mutate such that upper airway infection of humans occurs, allowing human-to-human transmission, an influenza pandemic would result. The consequences of such a pandemic cannot be predicted with clarity; nonetheless, it will result in excess morbidity and mortality and, if severe enough, widespread global social and economic disruption [2]. Of note is that Japan recently announced plans to immunize health care workers and other essential personnel
Temperate Glacimarine Varves: An Example from Disenchantment Bay, Southern Alaska

ABSTRACT The sediment record of Disenchantment Bay, Southern Alaska, a large marine calving embayment, contains distinctive annual deposits. Each year a glacimarine couplet forms with a clast-rich stratified to massive diamicton deposited in winter by intense iceberg rafting and a summer, meltwater deposit of thinly laminated mud and turbidite sand beds. Although iceberg rafting occurs throughout the year, coarse debris is deposited in high concentrations and forms diamicton only during the winter because of minimal fine sediment from meltwater discharges and a longer residence time of icebergs in the Bay due to winter fjord circulation and meteorological factors. When meltwater discharge commences in summer, laminated mud with dropstones is deposited. Spring and fall conditions are recorded a transitional phases between winter and summer by clast-poor diamictons. Average sediment accumulation rates calculated from varve thicknesses range from 48 cm/yr, 3.4 km from Hubbard Glacier at the head of the Bay, to 14 cm/yr, 15 km away. Sediment accumulation rates estimated from 210Pb dating of core sediments are in the same range. Deposits from the 1986 Russell Fiord outburst flood are identified from anomalously high 210Pb activities in sediments indicating an alternative sediment source to Disenchantment Bay. Glacimarine varves are a dating tool for the barren proximal sediments commonly deposited near calving glacier termini. They yield paleoclimatic information because they are a product of both glacial ice in the sea and laminated sediments deposited from significant melt-water discharge found in a temperate to subpolar climate.
Krupin Eye Valve with Disk for Filtration Surgery

Purpose: The authors evaluate a long posterior tube shunt device with a pressure sensitive valve for filtration surgery in eyes with recalcitrant glaucoma. Methods: The device consisted of an anterior chamber tube connected to an oval (13 X 18 mm) episcleral explant. The explant was designed to maximize the area of surrounding encapsulation while still allowing implantation within one quadrant. A pressure-sensitive and unidirectional slit valve in the tube provided resistance to aqueous humor flow. One-stage implantation without the use of restrictive sutures was performed in 50 eyes with various types of glaucoma unresponsive to prior glaucoma surgery. Results: Mean (± standard error of the mean) preoperative intraocular pressure (IOP) of 36.4 ± 1.6 mmHg was reduced significantly ( P Conclusions: Design features of the Krupin Eye Valve with Disk result in a large area of encapsulation in a single ocular quadrant which functions as an external reservoir for passage of aqueous humor. The valve portion facilitates maintenance of anterior chamber depth during the early postoperative interval. This new therapeutic device can be effective in the long-term control of IOP in glaucomatous eyes not responsive to prior filtration surgery with adjunctive antimetabolite therapy.
Quitting Among Non-Treatment-Seeking Marijuana Users: Reasons and Changes in Other Substance Use

This study examines the self-reported reasons for quitting marijuana use, changes in other substance use during the quit attempt, and reasons for the resumption of use in 104 non-treatment-seeking adult marijuana smokers. Reasons for quitting were shown to be primarily motivated by concerns about the negative impact of marijuana on health and on self- and social image. The spontaneous quitting of marijuana use is often associated with an increase in the use of legal substances such as alcohol, tobacco, and sleeping aids, but not with the initiation of new substance use. These findings suggest areas for further research on spontaneous recovery from marijuana use. (Am J Addict 2006;15:297–302)
Skeletal muscle lipid deposition and insulin resistance: effect of dietary fatty acids and exercise

Mounting evidence indicates that elevated intramyocellular triacylglycerol concentrations are associated with diminished insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle. This lipid accumulation is most likely due to enhanced fatty acid uptake into the muscle coupled with diminished mitochondrial lipid oxidation. The excess fatty acids are esterified and either stored or metabolized to various molecules that may participate or interfere with normal cellular signaling, particularly insulin-mediated signal transduction, thus altering cellular and, subsequently, whole-body glucose metabolism. Impaired insulin responsiveness, if not managed, can further progress to type 2 diabetes mellitus, an all too common condition. For most of the human population this is avoidable, given that causes of intramyocellular lipid deposition are predominantly lifestyle-mediated. Chronic overconsumption of calories coupled with deleterious intakes of saturated or trans-unsaturated fatty acids inconsistent with the recommendations outlined in the Dietary Guidelines for Americans have been shown to increase the risk of insulin resistance. Furthermore, lack of exercise, which can have a profound effect on skeletal muscle lipid turnover, is implicated in this lipid-induced insulin resistance. This review summarizes the current understanding of the effects of elevated intramyocellular lipids on insulin signaling and how these effects may be altered by varying dietary fat composition and exercise.