cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hurricane storm surge: toward a normalized damage index for coastal regions

Hurricanes and tropical storms pose a significant threat to developed coastal regions around the world. In the United States, hurricanes cause billions of dollars in damage each year and many deaths. Climate change will continue to exacerbate damage, increasing the duration of hurricane season, creating stronger storms, and increasing coastal vulnerability to storms along the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic seaboard. Most of the mortality and economic damage from hurricanes is caused specifically by storm surge flooding; the phenomenon wherein a hurricane’s heavy winds push large amounts of sea water onto land. Predicting the damage that will result from a hurricane is a challenging problem. Hurricanes are difficult to forecast, with their projected track, strength, and size constantly changing. Even when the models are accurate and forecasters are confident in a given storm’s track, predicting community impacts, including economic damage, remains difficult. The purpose of this paper is to present a geocomputational method to improve community damage estimates with a storm surge property damage index. Florida is used as a case study. The results suggest that large variations exist in community vulnerability throughout the state. The developed geocomputational framework presented in this paper is generalizable to any region vulnerable to tropical storms—helping urban planners, insurance companies, and policymakers improve efforts to reduce coastal vulnerabilities.
Changes in landing mechanics using augmented feedback: 4-Week training and retention study.

Abstract Context Non-contact ACL injuries are common in female athletes during landing tasks. Post-trial performance-based feedback may be an effective method to reduce landing forces and knee valgus during landing. Information regarding the retention of these changes based on such training is generally lacking for weekly and monthly retention. Objective To determine the effectiveness of post-trial feedback training to promote and retain changes in vertical ground reaction force (vGRF) and knee to ankle (K:A) ratio during a dual task drop landing in female collegiate athletes. Design Repeated measures; Setting University campus. Participants 22 female collegiate athletes. Materials and methods Dual task drop landings were performed over 4 successive weeks with immediate post trial feedback on peak vGRF, symmetry, and K:A ratio. K:A ratio was a surrogate measure for knee valgus in drop landing. Results Significant decreases in vGRF and increases in K:A ratio were found within training sessions (p = .000). Both variables were retained each week over the 4 weeks. Conclusion Using a custom portable clinical feedback system may be an effective tool in reducing peak vGRFs and knee abduction angles during a drop landing over a 4-week period in female collegiate athletes.
Extensive Structural Remodeling of the Axonal Arbors of Parvalbumin Basket Cells during Development in Mouse Neocortex.

Parvalbumin-containing (PV+) basket cells are specialized cortical interneurons that regulate the activity of local neuronal circuits with high temporal precision and reliability. To understand how the PV+ interneuron connectivity underlying these functional properties is established during development, we used array tomography to map pairs of synaptically connected PV+ interneurons and postsynaptic neurons from the neocortex of mice of both sexes. We focused on the axon-myelin unit of the PV+ interneuron and quantified the number of synapses onto the postsynaptic neuron, length of connecting axonal paths, and their myelination at different time points between 2 weeks and 7 months of age. We find that myelination of the proximal axon occurs very rapidly during the third and, to a lesser extent, fourth postnatal weeks. The number of synaptic contacts made by the PV+ interneuron on its postsynaptic partner meanwhile is significantly reduced to about one-third by the end of the first postnatal month. The number of autapses, the synapses that PV+ interneurons form on themselves, however, remains constant throughout the examined period. Axon reorganizations continue beyond postnatal month 2, with the postsynaptic targets of PV+ interneurons gradually shifting to more proximal locations, and the length of axonal paths and their myelin becoming conspicuously uniform per connection. These continued microcircuit refinements likely provide the structural substrate for the robust inhibitory effects and fine temporal precision of adult PV+ basket cells. Significance Statement: The axon of adult parvalbumin-containing (PV+) interneurons is highly specialized for fast and reliable neurotransmission. It is myelinated and forms synapses mostly onto the cell bodies and proximal dendrites of postsynaptic neurons for maximal impact. In this study, we follow the development of the PV+ interneuron axon, its myelination and synapse formation, revealing a rapid sequence of axonal reorganization, myelination of the PV+ interneuron proximal axon, and pruning of almost two-thirds of the synapses in an individual connection. This is followed by a prolonged period of axon refinement and additional myelination leading to a remarkable precision of connections in the adult mouse cortex, consistent with the temporal precision and fidelity of PV+ interneuron action.
The Compliment of Rational Opposition: Disagreement, Adversariality, and Disputation

Disputational models of argumentation have been criticized as introducing adversariality into argumentation by mistakenly conceiving of it as minimally adversarial, and, in doing so, structurally incentivizing ancillary adversariality. As an alternative, non-adversarial models of argumentation like inquiry have been recommended. In this article I defend disputational, minimally adversarial models of disagreement-based argumentation. First, I argue that the normative kernel of minimal adversariality is properly located in the normative fabric of disagreement, not our practices of disputation. Thus, argumentation’s minimal adversariality is a hereditary, rather than an acquired, trait. Second, I show how attempts to model disagreement-based argumentation non-adversarially, as co-inquiry, misrepresent the normative commitments of disagreers. Indeed, such attempts backfire in their efforts to make argumentation less adversarial, by removing the normative, discursive mechanisms by which we may hold each other to rational account for our commitments. Finally, I show how regulative models of disputation, like the Pragma-Dialectical critical discussion, are designed to minimize ancillary adversariality thereby preventing its escalation.
Consumption of Calcium-Fortified Cereal Bars to Improve Dietary Calcium Intake of Healthy Women: Randomized Controlled Feasibility Study

Calcium is an important structural component of the skeletal system. Although an adequate intake of calcium helps to maintain bone health and reduce the risk of osteoporosis, many women do not meet recommended daily intakes of calcium. Previous interventions studies designed to increase dietary intake of women have utilized primarily dairy sources of calcium or supplements. However, lactose intolerance, milk protein allergies, or food preferences may lead many women to exclude important dairy sources of dietary calcium. Therefore, we undertook a 9 week randomized crossover design trial to examine the potential benefit of including a non-dairy source of calcium in the diet of women. Following a 3 week run-in baseline period, 35 healthy women > 18 years were randomized by crossover design into either Group I or Group II. Group I added 2 calcium-fortified cereal bars daily (total of 400 mg calcium/day) (intervention) to their usual diet and Group II continued their usual diet (control). At the end of 3 weeks, diets were switched for another 3 weeks. Intakes of calcium and energy were estimated from 3-day diet and supplemental diaries. Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were used for within group comparisons and Mann Whitney U tests were used for between group comparisons of calcium and energy intake. Dietary calcium was significantly higher during intervention (1071 mg/d) when participants consumed 2 calcium-fortified cereal bars daily than during the baseline (720 mg/d, P <0.0001) or control diets (775 mg/d, P = 0.0001) periods. Furthermore, the addition of 2 calcium-fortified cereal bars daily for the 3 week intervention did not significantly increase total energy intake or result in weight gain. In conclusion, consumption of calcium-fortified cereal bars significantly increased calcium intake of women. Further research examining the potential ability of fortified cereal bars to help maintain and improve bone health of women is warranted. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01508689
Views in the 1930s

As background for later developments, this chapter will describe some of the reigning views from the latter 1930s concerning cells, membranes, proteins, and metabolic systems. A brief account of some of the methods then available is also included.
Time-Domain Integral-Equation-Based Solver For Transient And Broadband Problems In Electromagnetics

A time-domain (TD) numerical method has been developed based on the method-of moments (MoM) and marching-on-time (MoT) solution of the electrical-type integral equation with mixed potential formulation and free-space Green’s functions. This timedomain integral-equation (TDIE) code is applicable for arbitrary 3-D antennas and arrays composed of conductors. It was developed particularly to simulate ultra-wideband (UWB), finite phased arrays of tapered slot antennas and some results from this study are included in the paper. The TDIE, which calculates wideband data in a single solution and utilizes basis functions defined only on the surfaces of conductors but not throughout the entire volume of the array, requires much less RAM and CPU time than frequencydomain and FDTD methods.
Adaptive Control Applied to Missile Autopilots

An indirect adaptive control scheme is applied to the design of an autopilot for missiles using bank-to-turn steering. Controller design is based on a discretization of the short-period approximation to the linearized longitudinal motion. Parameter estimation is based on a first-order vector ARMA representation of the discretized system. Controller gains are derived in terms of functions of the estimated system parameters with the objective of the control to achieve tracking of a commanded acceleration with stability of the closed-loop system.
Effect of Modification of a Methionyl Residue on the Kinetic and Molecular Properties of Isocitrate Dehydrogenase

Abstract Pig heart isocitrate dehydrogenase, which catalyzes the TPN-dependent dehydrogenation of isocitrate as well as the decarboxylation of oxalosuccinate, is inactivated by treatment with iodoacetate at pH 5.5 and 30°. Approximately 1 mole of 14C-labeled reagent is incorporated per mole of protein. The effect of alkylation on the isocitrate dehydrogenase activity is greater than that on the oxalosuccinate decarboxylase activity of the enzyme, and therefore the active sites for these two catalytic functions are distinguishable. Inactivation can be prevented by the inclusion of isocitrate in the reaction mixture, suggesting that iodoacetate causes a specific modification in the functional region of the enzyme. Vmax for both the native and the partially modified enzyme depends on the unprotonated form of an ionizable group of pK 5.4, which shifts to pK 6.3 when measured in 20% ethanol as solvent. A requirement for the dissociable form of a carboxyl group is suggested. The Michaelis constants of partially alkylated enzymes are unchanged from those of the native enzyme. It is concluded that iodoacetate alters an amino acid residue essential for the dehydrogenase reaction. Iodoacetate treatment does not produce marked structural alterations in the enzyme, since no differences in molecular weight or in the ultraviolet absorption or optical rotatory dispersion spectra were detected. The pseudo-first order rate constant for inactivation of the enzyme by iodoacetate decreases from pH 7.8 to 7.2, is almost constant from pH 7.2 to 6.1, and increases markedly below pH 6.0. Enzyme alkylated at pH 5.6 exhibits the same sulfhydryl content as the native enzyme, and an unaltered histidine, lysine, and tyrosine composition. Amino acid analysis indicates that the methionine content of the alkylated enzyme is decreased by 1 residue as compared to the native enzyme, and a new peak, that of carboxymethylhomocysteine, is observed. Paper chromatography of proteolytic digests of 14C-labeled alkylated enzyme confirms the conclusion that alkylation of 1 methionine residue is responsible for the altered activity of isocitrate dehydrogenase. The rate of inactivation at pH 5.6 is independent of ionic strength. Modified enzyme exhibits a mobility identical with that of native enzyme in cellulose acetate electrophoresis from pH 6.2 to 9.5. These observations are consistent with attack of iodoacetate on an uncharged methionyl residue to yield dipolar carboxymethylmethionine sulfonium salt.
Comment: Government Secrecy and the Constitution

First, I agree that the first amendment can be understood, as Professor Sunstein suggests, as an organizational, structural provision.' His reformulation of the Meiklejohn approach provides the right focus: one of the functions of the first amendment is to protect against self-interested representatives and the risk of usurpation by government factions-or, put differently, the first amendment helps assure that the emperors' nakedness will be pointed out when they falsely claim to be clothed in the public interest.2 This function of the first amendment is of prime importance when we consider government secrecy. My second agreement with Professor Sunstein has to do with his rejection of what he calls the "equilibrium" theory.3 I grant that aesthetics is about all it has going for it. Now let me turn to my disagreements and questions. First of all, the characterization of Professor Sunstein's own approach as "Jeffersonian," while conceptually acceptable, is historically misleading. To be sure, Jefferson thought it was an "abominable" precedent to conduct the Constitutional Convention in secrecy, yet as president, Jefferson emphatically asserted the authority to claim what has since become known as "executive privilege."4 Secondly, even though I accept Professor Sunstein's structural view of the first amendment and his broad redefinition of the purposes it serves, I still consider its text and history as severely limiting its rele-
Elliptical Distributions, Extremal Type

Two new elliptical distributions—based on the Gumbel and Frechet extreme value distributions—are discussed. Keywords: multivariate normal distribution; elliptically contoured distribution; extreme value distributions; density generator
CDP-6-deoxy-delta 3,4-glucoseen reductase from Yersinia pseudotuberculosis: enzyme purification and characterization of the cloned gene.

Abstract The 3,6-dideoxyhexoses, usually confined to the cell wall lipopolysaccharide of gram-negative bacteria, are essential to serological specificity and are formed via a complex biosynthetic pathway beginning with CDP-D-hexoses. In particular, the biosynthesis of CDP-ascarylose, one of the naturally occurring 3,6-dideoxyhexoses, consists of five enzymatic steps, with CDP-6-deoxy-delta 3,4-glucoseen reductase (E3) participating as the key enzyme in this catalysis. This enzyme has been previously purified from Yersinia pseudotuberculosis by an unusual procedure (protocol I) including a trypsin digestion step (O. Han, V.P. Miller, and H.-W. Liu, J. Biol. Chem. 265:8033-8041, 1990). However, the cloned gene showed disparity with the expected gene characteristics, and upon expression, the resulting gene product exhibited no E3 activity. These findings strongly suggested that the protein isolated by protocol I may have been misidentified as E3. A reinvestigation of the purification protocol produced a new and improved procedure (protocol II) consisting of DEAE-Sephacel, phenyl-Sepharose, Cibacron blue A, and Sephadex G-100 chromatography, which efficiently yielded a new homogeneous enzyme composed of a single polypeptide with a molecular weight of 39,000. This highly purified protein had a specific activity nearly 8,000-fold higher than that of cell lysates, and more importantly, the corresponding gene (ascD) was found to be part of the ascarylose biosynthetic cluster. Presented are the identification and confirmation of the E3 gene through cloning and overexpression and the culminating purification and unambiguous assignment of homogeneous E3. The nucleotide and translated amino acid sequences of the genuine E3 are also presented.
Desigualdade salarial entre raças no mercado de trabalho urbano brasileiro: aspectos regionais

This paper contributes to the literature on racial discrimination in Brazil. Analogously to Soares (2000), we make use of the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition, applied to the whole distribution of wages in the 1996 PNAD, to measure the discrimination component of wage differentials between blacks and whites, controlling for persistent educational inequalities. We also provide a comparative profile of racial discrimination in the Northeast and the Southeast, recognizing the important differences across regions in Brazil, both in terms of economic variables and of racial composition of the population. Our results confirm the ''elitist'' nature of Brazilian racial discrimination that was identified by Soares, but reveal that part of the component of wage differentials ordinarily attributed to labor market discrimination is actually explained by persistent educational inequalities between races. The regional profile suggests that the labor market is a more important locus of the racial issue in the Southeast than in the Northeast, although the elitist feature is present in both regions.
Matrilineal overthrows in rhesus monkey groups

Between January 1976 and February 1983, there were four overthrows of the highest-ranking matriline in a group of rhesus monkeys. The overthrows were the result of members of multiple mainlines jointly attacking the adult female and adolescent members of the ranking matrilines. In three cases, the next-ranking matriline assumed highest position, while the surviving members of the deposed matrilines fell to the bottom of the hierarchy. Dominance relationships among other group members remained stable. High-ranking adult males vigorously defended the victims, but their efforts were ineffective. Unlike other members of the matrilines, adolescent males were not cohesive with their relatives during the overthrows and did not defend them. These young males were attacked by some adult and adolescent males. These incidents demonstrate the aggressive potential of females and underscore the importance of baboon and macaque females as the enduring and stable core of their social organization. The lack of effective participation by adult males demonstrates the independent functioning of this female core. These overthrows were similar in structure to incidents reported for other captive rhesus colonies and feral baboons, but no explanatory hypothesis posed accounts for all the data. Overthrows may be examples of opportunistic female behavior producing rapid changes in the normally stable female dominance system. Even if such events are rare, the deaths and reproductive failures within deposed matrilines may drastically affect inclusive fitness, counteracting the reproductive advantages of several years of dominance for a matriline.
Isotopic and other studies on the molecular origins of substrate regulation of some pyruvate decarboxylases: a reconsideration †

Solvent isotope effect and β-secondary isotope effect studies of the steady-state reaction of the pyruvate decarboxylase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ScPDC), which gains its full activity in a process requiring some seconds, suggested a model that ascribed the isotope effects to a reversible carbonyl-addition reaction between the ‘regulatory pyruvate’ molecule and the sulfhydryl group of Cys 221, occurring at the beginning and end of each catalytic cycle. The slow (‘hysteretic’) regulatory activation was thought to consist only of binding the regulatory molecule properly. Since the proposal of this model, much important progress in understanding both the structural and dynamic chemistry of ScPDC has been made in several laboratories. The purpose of this article is to review this new information and to evaluate the above model and others in the light of currently available evidence. †Revised version of a paper presented at the International Conference ‘Isotopes 2005 Bath’, 27 June to 1 July, 2005, Bath, UK...
Primary care refugee medicineSBT>General principles in the postimmigrationcare of Somali women

War and persecution displace millions of refugees worldwide, mostly from developing countries, where health care is often crisis oriented. Physicians in host countries far from the nations in turmoil are increasingly encountering the complex needs of refugees in their practices. Primary care refugee medicine requires more than a general knowledge of preventive medicine or infectious disease burden of a particular refugee group. This review describes the challenges of caring for Somali women as an illustration of the complexities of delivering competent, culturally sensitive care to any refugee population. We begin by describing the refugee process from a historical and medical perspective. Next, we address special features of history taking and physical examination, such as acquiring an immigration history and describing female circumcision. Finally, we emphasize the importance of recognizing severe psychological trauma after human rights violations common in war. Understanding the unique circumstances facing Somali women will not only improve the integrity and appropriateness of their medical encounters but may provide widely applicable lessons for the primary care of other refugee groups.
A class of representations of the full linear group

Let V be an n-dimensional vector space over complex numbers C. Let W be the mth tensor product of V. If T C Homc(V, V), let ?m T EHomC(W, W) be the mth tensor product of T. The homomorphism T -4 (m T is a representa- tion of the full linear group GL (C). If H is a subgroup of the symmetric group SMI and X a linear character on H, let VX(G) be the subspace of W consisting of all tensors symmetric with respect to H and x. Then Vm(H) is invariant under gm T. Let K(T) be the restriction of (m T to Vxm(H). For n large compared with m and for H transitive, we determine all cases when the representation T - K(T) is irreducible.
Use of a fiber optic displacement probe as a surface finish sensor

Abstract A series of tests is described that correlates the output of a fiber optic-based displacement sensor with the surface finish and material characteristics of a variety of targets. Nickel-plated targets with a range of surface finishes were examined, and the corresponding sensor sensitivities computed. For common machining processes, the sensivitity decreases with increasing surface peak-to-valley roughness. Material effects are examined by preparing a variety of samples made from different materials using the same polishing techniques. In this way, the relative effects of material and surface finish on the probe's sensivity are examined. The results indicate that the fiber optic probe is capable of discriminating between both material and surface finish variations, and shows promise as an in situ diagnostic tool for use in precision fabrication processes.
Alteration in ganglioside pattern and synthesis in SV40-and polyoma virus-transformed mouse cell lines

Abstract Analysis of mouse cell lines revealed that m all the cell lines investigated which were transformed in tissue culture by the tumorigenic DNA viruses, the highest ganglioside homolog N-acetylneuraminylgalactosyl-N-acetylgalactosaminyl-(N-acetylneuraminyl)-galactosylglucosylceramide (GD1a) is decreased or is nearly absent, and concomitant with this N-acetylneuraminylgalactosylglucosylceramide (GM3) becomes the principal ganglioside. In the untransformed control or parent cell lines, or in cells transformed “spontaneously” in culture, GD1a occurs in well quantifiable amounts. Incorporation studies with the radioactive precursors N-acetyl- d -[ 3 H]mannosamine and N-acetyl- d -[ 3 H]glucosamine confirmed these results. We postulate that these changes in the membrane glycolipids are expressions of a common virus-regulated biochemical function in SV40- and polyoma virus-transformed mouse cells.
Electronic materials: Making graphene for macroelectronics

Techniques for creating ultrathin films of reduced graphene oxide with large areas could prove useful in flexible electronics and other applications.
Coseismic and Initial Postseismic Deformation from the 2004 Parkfield, California, Earthquake, Observed by Global Positioning System, Electronic Distance Meter, Creepmeters, and Borehole Strainmeters

Global Positioning System (gps), electronic distance meter, creepmeter, and strainmeter measurements spanning the M 6.0 Parkfield, California, earthquake are examined. Using these data from 100 sec through 9 months following the mainshock, the Omori’s law, with rate inversely related to time, 1/ t p and p ranging between 0.7 and 1.3, characterizes the time-dependent deformation during the postseismic period; these results are consistent with creep models for elastic solids. With an accurate function of postseismic response, the coseismic displacements can be estimated from the high-rate, 1-min sampling gps; and the coseismic displacements are approximately 75% of those estimated from the daily solutions. Consequently, fault-slip models using daily solutions overestimate coseismic slip. In addition, at 2 months and at 8 months following the mainshock, postseismic displacements are modeled as slip on the San Andreas fault with a lower bound on the moment exceeding that of the coseismic moment. Online material: Data description and supplementary figures, tables, and data used in models and time-series analysis.
Decentralising France: How the socialists discovered pluralism

Reversing European trends toward the consolidation of local government and the imposition of stronger central controls, the French Socialist government undertook a major legislative programme to restructure French local government. This experience is examined in the light of early Socialist commitment to municipal Socialism and their return to power in the Fifth Republic using their local power base. Local reform posed three dilemmas for the Socialists: how to avoid turning local government over to the extreme left or autogestion forces in the party; how to meet the economic demands of locally elected officials without losing fiscal and financial control; and how to enhance decision‐making powers of elected officials at all three levels (municipal, departement and region) while also achieving managerial reforms. Their pluralist response was a pragmatic blend of political, economic and budgetary concessions. Participation was enhanced by vigorous efforts to revive voluntary associations; contractual arrang...
Investigating the Complexity of Respiratory Patterns during the Laryngeal Chemoreflex

The laryngeal chemoreflex (LCR) develops in infants as a primary sensory mechanism for defending the airway from the aspiration of liquids. Previous studies have hypothesized that prolonged apnea associated with LCR may be life threatening and might be a cause of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). In this study we quantify the output of the respiratory neural network, the diaphragm EMG signal, during the LCR and eupnea in early postnatal (3-10 days) piglets. We test the hypothesis that diaphragm EMG activity corresponding to reflex-related events involved in clearance (restorative) mechanisms such as cough and swallow exhibit lower complexity patterns, suggesting that a synchronized homogeneous group of neurons in the central respiratory network are active during these events. Nonlinear dynamic analysis was performed using the approximate entropy (ApEn) to asses the complexity of respiratory patterns. Diaphragm EMG (EMGdia), genioglossal activity EMG (EMGgg), as well as other physiological signals (tracheal pressure, blood pressure and respiratory volume) were recorded from 5 unanesthetized chronically instrumented and intact piglets. ApEn values of the EMG during cough and swallow were found significantly (p<.05 and p<0.01 respectively) lower than those of eupneic EMG.
The Harvest Rate Model for Klamath River Fall Chinook Salmon, with Management Applications and Comments on Model Development and Documentation

Abstract The fall run of chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in the California portion of the Klamath River supports important ocean and river fisheries. At the start of each annual management season, the Klamath Harvest Rate Model (KHRM) is used to propose preliminary harvest levels that are subsequently used as the basis of negotiations on harvest allocation and fishing season structure. Until recently, the KHRM existed only as a computer spreadsheet file without written documentation, from which optimal harvest levels (the highest levels attainable within current management policy) were found by repeated manual adjustment of trial values, a tedious and error-prone procedure. We provide formal treatment of the KHRM by setting forth the equations that define it and providing the analytical solution to its optimization. We then give three examples of its use in managing the stock, ranging from routine use to incorporation into simulation studies. Introduction of spreadsheets and similar simplified pro...
Sexual dimorphism in large‐bodied primates: The case of the subfossil lemurs

Large body size has evolved repeatedly in the order Primates, not merely among anthropoids but also among prosimians. Whereas high degrees of sexual size dimorphism characterize many of the large-bodied anthropoids, this is not the case for extinct large-bodied lemurs. This paper uses finite mixture analysis and other techniques to ascertain just how much skull length dimorphism might be embedded in the generally unimodal distributions of skull lengths of giant extinct lemurs from single localities, and then compares these results with known skull length dimorphisms in extant lemurs and large-bodied catarrhines. We show that low levels of skull length sexual dimorphism (or none at all) characterize subfossil lemurs, and we explore several possible explanations for this phenomenon. Traditional explanations of sexual size dimorphism generally focus on body size or mating systems. These are not sufficient to explain the variation in sexual dimorphism that can be observed in the order Primates. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Growth and aggregation behavior of representative phytoplankton as affected by the environmental contaminant di-n-butyl phthalate

The authors' continuing efforts to characterize the molecular basis for the development-stage-dependent phthalate ester toxicity in the brine shrimp, Artemia, led them to consider a number of microorganisms as foraging species for Artemia. The sensitivity of these microorganisms to phthalate esters was surprising and suggests that the nature and distribution of fresh water phytoplankton may already have been significantly altered by phthalates. The purpose of our experiments was to demonstrate the extent to which present levels of oceanic contamination by phthalates may be approaching those necessary to affect the distribution and survival of phytoplankton in the biosphere.
Pharmacy practice management residency programs.

The profession of pharmacy is in constant need of individuals who will lead health-system pharmacy through future challenges and help the profession achieve the goal of high-performance pharmacy practice.[1][1],[2][2] Pharmacists who have completed residency in pharmacy practice management are well
Human Tonic and Phasic Smooth Muscle Myosin Isoforms Are Unresponsive to the Loop 1 Insert

Smooth muscle myosin gene products include two isoforms, SMA and SMB, differing by a 7-residue peptide in loop 1 (i7) at the myosin active site where ATP is hydrolyzed. Using chicken isoforms, previous work indicated that the i7 deletion in SMA prolongs strong actin binding by inhibiting active site ingress and egress of nucleotide when compared to i7 inserted SMB. Additionally, i7 deletion inhibits Pi release associated with the switch 2 closed→open transition in actin-activated ATPase. Switch 2 is far from loop 1 indicating i7 deletion has an allosteric effect on Pi release. Chicken SMA and SMB have unknown and robust nucleotide-sensitive tryptophan (NST) fluorescence increments, respectively. Human SMA and SMB both lack NST increments while Pi release in Ca2
In situ 19F MRS measurement of RIF-1 tumor blood volume: Corroboration by radioisotope-labeled [125I]-albumin and correlation to tumor size

Abstract Tumor blood volume (TBV) is an important factor in the metabolism of a tumor and in its response to therapy. Until recently, the only methods to determine TBV were highly invasive and many involved radioisotopes. In this study, a perfluorocarbon (PFC) emulsion, Oxypherol, was monitored by 19 F magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). TBVs, as determined by 19 F MRS of in situ and excised radiation-induced fibrosarcoma (RIF-1) tumors ( n = 9), were strongly correlated with the TBV measured by a radioisotope labeled albumin method (slopes of 1.1 and 0.8 with R = 0.86 and 0.91, respectively, by linear regression). In general, the TBV as calculated from the in situ MRS measurements ( n = 24) decreased from 28 to 5 ml/100 g tumor mass for tumors ranging in mass from 0.15 to 2 g. However, there was an indication of an initial increase of TBV in tumors smaller than 0.5 g.
Absolute photoabsorption measurements of Mg, Al, and Si in the soft-x-ray region below the L2,3 edges.

Absolute measurements of the photoabsorption coefficient of Mg, Al, and Si from 25 eV up to the ${\mathit{L}}_{3}$ absorption edge are presented. Transmission measurements were performed on free-standing thin films using a laser-produced plasma source. The surface oxide is corrected for by taking the ratio of the absorption for different film thicknesses. The values so obtained are, in general, lower than have been reported in the literature. Structure below the edge is observed for Al and Si. Despite the fact that the absorption below the ${\mathit{L}}_{3}$ edge is due to the valence or conduction electrons, the magnitude of the absorption coefficient for the solid is much higher than is predicted by a simple Drude model and is close to that expected from calculations for the free atom.
Trader Behavior and its Effect on Asset Price Dynamics

In this paper, we present a natural mathematical framework to model trader behavior as a continuous time discrete event process, and derive stochastic differential equations for aggregate behavior and price dynamics by passing to diffusion limits. In particular, we model extraneous, value, momentum and hedge traders. Through analysis and numerical simulation we explore some of the effects these trading strategies have on price dynamics.
Development of software for calculating electromagnetic fields near power lines

The high voltage transmission and distribution lines are a source of electromagnetic fields, which may produce adverse effects on humans. Consequently, the magnitudes of the electric and magnetic fields are of increasing interest in a variety of situations, thus making it worthwhile to develop generalpurpose software that estimates both the electric and magnetic fields generated by power lines accurately. This paper deals with the simulations of the electric and magnetic fields under 500 kV lines. The simulations are carried out by Matlab for a horizontal conductor arrangement under balanced and unbalanced conditions, and for a vertical conductor arrangement. The results are compared with the IEEE standard for safety levels with respect to human exposure to electromagnetic fields.
Multirate signal processing in Ptolemy

The use of two models of computation, synchronous dataflow (SDF) and dynamic dataflow (DDF), to design and implement signal processing applications with multiple sample rates is discussed. The SDF model is used for synchronous applications. SDF is amenable to compile-time scheduling, and hence is much more efficient at runtime. The design environment, Ptolemy, can simultaneously support multiple models of computation, so SDF and DDF can be combined in a single application. Hence, the implementation will incur the run-time cost of DDF only for those asynchronous portions that absolutely must incur such cost. As an illustration, the authors detail a synchronous application, sample-rate conversion using polyphase filters, and an asynchronous application, timing recovery for an amplitude-shift-keyed signal. >
Too Smart for Their Own Good: The Disadvantage of a Superior Processing Capacity for Adult Language Learners

Abstract Adult language learners are notorious for their lack of ultimate mastery of language structure. A review of recent literature suggests that their superior processing capacity may play a role in this failure. Three experiments in which adults were taught an unfamiliar sign language confirmed this hypothesis. Adults learning under normal conditions showed faster learning of studied materials, but made more errors in trying to generalize the language to new contexts than did adults performing a concurrent capacity-limiting task. Specifically, these errors involved producing signs in new contexts holistically—i.e., exactly as they were learned, rather than adjusting them appropriately to the new context. Similarly, adults practicing signs as wholes also produced more holistic, frozen signs than did those practicing subcomponents of signs. In both cases, adults learning under normal conditions were failing to learn the internal structure of the language and were therefore limited in their ability to generalize to new contexts.
Noise-resistant chaotic maps.

Synchronized chaotic systems are highly vulnerable to noise added to the synchronizing signal. It was previously shown that chaotic circuits could be built that were less sensitive to this type of noise. In this work, simple chaotic maps are demonstrated that are also less sensitive to added noise. These maps are based on coupling a shift map to a digital filter. These maps are simple enough that they should help lead to an understanding of how noise-robust chaotic systems work.
Sexual preferences in neonatally castrated male golden hamsters.

Abstract The effects of neonatal hormones on the appetitive aspects of sexual behavior, including sexual preferences, are not well understood. In the present experiment with golden hamsters, males castrated at birth or at 60 days of age, intact males, and females ovariectomized at 60 days of age were tested in a T-maze containing a virile male in one goal box and a receptive female in the other. Except for the intact males, all animals were tested during either testosterone propionate (TP) or estradiol benzoate (EB) and progesterone (P) treatment. After EB and P, both neonatally castrated males and adult ovariectomized females preferred male sex partners. Adult castrated males given EB and P showed no preference. Intact males given oil preferred females, as did adult and neonatally castrated males injected with TP. Females injected with TP showed no preferences. The data suggest that the presence or absence of prenatal androgen determines the development of sex preferences in the hamster. These results are compared with data on the effects of neonatal hormones on the development of hamster copulatory behavior.
Optimal linear income taxation with general equilibrium effects on wages

Abstract The paper argues that the endogeneity of wages may make a considerable difference to optimal linear tax rates. In this case there is not only the usual direct redistribution via the fiscal system but also the general equilibrium redistribution due to the change in wages. Depending on the elasticity of substitution of the production function and the labour supply elasticities these may be reinforcing or opposing. It is shown that the general equilibrium effect may plausibly outweigh the direct effect so that net redistribution to the lower paid involves a wage subsidy financed by a lump-sum tax.
The Inhibiting Effect of Aqueous Azadirachta indica (Neem) Extract Upon Bacterial Properties Influencing in vitro Plaque Formation

The purpose of this investigation was to examine the inhibitory effects of aqueous extracts derived from the bark-containing sticks (Neem stick) of Azadirachta indica upon bacterial aggregation, growth, adhesion to hydroxyapatite, and production of insoluble glucan, which may affect in vitro plaque formation. Neem stick extracts were screened for minimal bacterial growth inhibition (MIC) against a panel of streptococci by means of a broth dilution assay. Initial bacterial attachment was quantified by the measurement of the adhesion of 3H-labeled Streptococcus sanguis to saliva-conditioned synthetic hydroxyapatite. The effect of the Neem stick extract upon insoluble glucan synthesis was measured by the uptake of radiolabeled glucose from 14C-sucrose. Aggregating activity of the Neem stick extracts upon a panel of streptococci was also examined. No inhibition of bacterial growth was observed among the streptococcal strains tested in the presence of < or = 320 micrograms/mL of the Neem stick extract. The pre-treatment of S. sanguis with the Neem stick extract or the gallotannin-enriched extract from Melaphis chinensis at 250 micrograms/mL resulted in a significant inhibition of the bacterial adhesion to saliva-conditioned hydroxyapatite. Pre-treatment of saliva-conditioned hydroxyapatite with the Neem stick or gallotannin-rich extract prior to exposure to bacteria yielded significant reductions in bacterial adhesion. The Neem stick extract and the gallotannin-enriched extract from Melaphis chinensis inhibited insoluble glucan synthesis. Incubation of oral streptococci with the Neem stick extract resulted in a microscopically observable bacteria aggregation. These data suggest that Neem stick extract can reduce the ability of some streptococci to colonize tooth surfaces.
Experimental Reproduction of Feline Mycobacterium fortuitum Panniculitis

Resumen— Con el fin de lograr un modelo experimental de la infeccion por Mycobacterium fortuitum, causante de paniculitis en condiciones naturales en el gato, se inoculoM. fortuitum en el cojinte plantar de ratones o en el tejido adiposo inguinal de conejos y gatos. Los ratones manifestaron una dermatitis cronica y una linfadenitis granulomatosa necrotizante con localization intracelular del microorganismo. Los conejos manifestaron inflamaciones granulomatosas supurativas necrotizantes con microrganismos en vacuolas adiposas rodeadas por heterofilos macrofagos epitelioides y/o zonas de necrosis. Los cinco gatos adultos y una de las tres crias mostraron fistulas supurativas, ulceras puntuales o nodulos en el paniculo adiposo de la zona inguinal. La lesion en la region inguinal de estos seis animales consistia en una paniculitis granulomatosa; las otras dos crias presentaban una paniculitis piogranulomatosa necrotizante. Se identificaron bacilos en los cortes histologicos tenidos con Hematoxilina y Eosina en cuatro gatos adultos y en una de las crias. Se aisloMycobacterium fortunitum a partir del tejido adiposo en todos los gatos adultos y en una de las tres crias. La inoculacion de 1.4 × 1010M.fortuitum en el tejido adiposo subcutaneo inguinal en los gatos con grandes masas grasas en esas zonas causo una infeccion microbacteriana identica a la enfermedad felina en condiciones naturales. [Lewis, D. T., Hodgin, E. C, Foil, C. S., Cox, H. U., Roy, A. F., Lewis, D. D. Experimental reproduction of feline Mycobacterium fortuitum panniculitis. (Reproduction experimental de la paniculitis felina por Mycobacterium fortuitum). Abstract— In order to establish an animal model of the naturally occurring feline Mycobacterium fortuitum panniculitis an inoculum of M. fortuitum organisms was injected into the hindlimb footpad of mice or subcutaneous fat of the inguinal area of rabbits and cats. Mice developed chronic dermatitis and necrotizing granulomatous lymphadenitis with intracellular localization of the organism. Rabbits developed necrotizing suppurative granulomatous inflammation with organisms in heterophil-lined fat vacuoles, epithelioid macrophages and/or necrotic areas. All five adult cats and one of three kittens developed draining tracts, punctate ulcers or nodules in the panniculus adiposus of the inguinal area. A pyogranulomatous panniculitis characterized the inguinal region in these six animals; a necrotizing pyogranulomatous panniculitis was present in the remaining two kittens. Rod-shaped bacilli were present on hematoxylin and eosin stained tissue sections in four adult cats and one kitten. Mycobacterium fortuitum was isolated from the inguinal subcutaneous fat in all five adult cats and one of three kittens. Injection of 1.4 × 1010M. fortuitum organisms into the subcutaneous fat of the inguinal area of cats with extensive inguinal fatpads produced a mycobacterial infection identical to the naturally occurring feline disease.
Resonantly enhanced transmission of light through subwavelength apertures with dielectric filling

Abstract Using both analytical and numerical methods to study transmission of light through dielectric-filled subwavelength apertures in a real metal, we have found that a propagating mode can in principle exist inside a waveguide of arbitrary small size if a particular relationship between the dielectric constants of the cladding and filling materials at the incident frequency is satisfied. Practical transmission through a subwavelength aperture of finite depth can be enhanced when the depth is such that Fabry–Perot-like resonances are excited. For 810 nm light incident on a silicon-filled 50-nm-diameter aperture in a 200-nm-thick gold film, we found that a normalized near-field intensity ratio of 1.6 at the exit can be achieved. This resonantly enhanced transmission phenomenon may be advantageously applicable to near-field scanning optical microscopy and single-molecule spectroscopy.
The African Diaspora: Using the Multivalent Theory to Understand Slave Autobiographies

In simple terms, diaspora can be defined as the identity community that is formed when people move. Although the term African Diaspora seems relatively new, a number of 20th century scholars have utilized a diasporic framework to explain the commonalities among people of African descent around the world. The earliest scholars did not use the term; however, scholars post-1950 have consistently used the analytical concept when studying and describing Black communities that were dispersed from Africa and germinated in the New World. This article highlights the competing attempts at theorizing the African Diaspora from its earliest proponents to its more contemporary adherents. Finally, this article illustrates the usefulness of the multivalent concept by applying the framework to slave autobiographies.