cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Environment, Experience, and Equilibration

We are witnessing today in America a phenomenal growth in early childhood education. The number of states making kindergarten mandatory is increasing rapidly, as is the number of states and communities offering public school education for 4-year-old children. Unfortunately, while opportunity can be legislated, quality of program cannot. All too many preschool programs are basing their curricula upon modified primary programs of the kind Silberman (1970) decries in Crisis in the Classroom for being dull and joyless. One curriculum suggests the following for the fall months: 1. Arithmetic: Introduction of numerals 0–5, worksheets, games on the chalkboard, exercises on the feltboard. Introduction to commercial arithmetic blocks. 2. Reading: Alphabet recognition and sounds. Games with initial consonant sounds. 3. Social studies: People and animals prepare for cold weather. Columbus Day—dramatic plays and crafts centered around voyage. Halloween—stories of ghosts and witches. 4. Art: Boat pictures.
Development of the Global Multispectral Imager Thermal Emissive FCDRs

Generation of high-quality Climate Data Records (CDRs) is critically important for more reliable analysis of global climate change. Since each spaceborne sensor has limited life cycle, integration of remote-sensing measurements from different sensors is necessary. Differences in spectral response and spatial specification of sensors from different missions, as well as variations in calibration and retrieval algorithms, make it complicated to generate long-term consistent CDRs, especially the Fundamental Climate Data Records (FCDRs), i.e., calibrated radiance at top of atmosphere (TOA), which are essential for producing Thematic Climate Data Records (TCDRs) with consistent algorithms. This chapter presents the band mapping approach and results of FCDR generation for the thermal infrared bands of AVHRR and MODIS. Band transfer equations among different versions of AVHRR and MODIS are identified. Error bounds of band mapping are also analyzed statistically using global datasets.
Biomedical Imaging with the SRI Ultrasonic Camera

Researchers at SRI have developed a real-time ultrasonic imaging system for the visualization of anatomical structures in an orthographic projection rather than the more common B-scan presentation. This system produces high resolution images of a 15-cm × 15-cm field by employing pulsed/range- gated operation and a 192-element linear array of piezoelectric detectors. The system’s high sensitivity (10−11W/cm2) permits imaging through the abdomen of adult humans with incident energies well below any known toxic level. Both transmission and reflection imaging are provided. Images are displayed on a television monitor and may be recorded on video tape.
Chapter 3 - Genetics in learning and memory

The power of genetics has been clearly demonstrated in studies of embryonic development. Systematic searches for mutant phenotypes during embyogenesis in Drosophila (Nusslein-Volhard and Wieschaus, 1980; Johnston and Nusslein-Volhard, 1992; Wieschaus, 1996) and zebrafish (Grunwald and Eisen, 2002) have uncovered most of the genes controlling embryonic pattern formation. The number of genes involved is limited, and they can be categorized into specific functional groups according to their phenotypic effects. Many of the corresponding genes have been characterized molecularly, thereby identifying components of gene regulation and cell signaling pathways. Genes first discov- ered in flies have subsequently been identified in vertebrates, and basic genetic mechanisms controlling early development of invertebrates have been shown to be conserved in vertebrate systems. Thus, a driving force behind analysis of development has been gene discovery in flies, which in turn has provided experimental and conceptual tools to dissect mechanisms of morphogenesis in both invertebrate and vertebrate species.
Economics of Heritage Management

A key issue in the study of heritage tourism is reconciling the interests of heritage conservation and tourism promotion or an emphasis on the protection of heritage sites versus the utilization of these same sites for economic development purposes. How to preserve the past while fostering the consumption of this? More to the point, how to preserve the multiplicity of the past when heritage becomes a development resource?
The Role of MuLV Receptors on T-Lymphoma Cells in Lymphoma Cell Proliferation

The induction of thymic lymphocytic neoplasms in mice by murine leukemia viruses (MuLV) involves a complex series of interactions between endogenous retroviral gene sequences and target cells in the thymus (Kaplan, 1967). This virus-cell interaction is characterized by an exquisite target cell specificity for transformation, as compared to infection. Thus, some highly purified retroviruses (e.g., Moloney) can be obtained which can infect both mouse fibroblasts and thymic (or T) cells, but which are capable of transforming only a limited subset of thymocytes (N. Rosenberg, personal communication; Buchhagen et al., 1976). Since isolates from leukemic cells infect fibroblasts without transformation, and isolates from fibroblasts can both infect and transform some T lymphocytes, it is apparent that some very special relationship must exist between the transforming virus and its target cell (reviewed by Weissman and Baird, 1977).
Courtship Behavior: Hearing New Notes in Classic Songs.

Summary Courtship depends on communication between partners; for example, male flies sing to entice females. New research, deploying modern statistical techniques, has identified a previously unrecognized note in the song repertoire, expanding the richness of this model system of communication and sexual reproduction.
Phase II trial of nivolumab with chemotherapy as neoadjuvant treatment in inflammatory breast cancer.

TPS604Background: Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is the most aggressive form of breast cancer with poor prognosis and is often resistant to neoadjuvant chemotherapy with risk of early recurrence ...
Integrating multiple perspectives on payments for ecosystem services through a social–ecological systems framework

This article presents a new conceptual approach to understanding payments for ecosystem services (PES) through a synthesis of distinct perspectives using a social–ecological system (SES) framework. While the different perspectives on PES provide valuable insights, each emphasizes different variables complicating comparisons across studies and contexts. We suggest that a more integrative conceptualization of PES—through synthesis with the SES framework—is necessary to take into account the broader social and ecological landscapes in which PES initiatives are embedded. The SES framework can provide insight into the multitude of factors that influence PES and facilitate the integration of knowledge from diverse disciplinary perspectives by providing a common language and consistency in the variables considered in analyses. This article also presents an initial effort in the development a taxonomy of key variables relevant to analyzing and understanding PES. With ongoing application of the SES framework, we expect the list of key variables to grow and be modified. We feel the SES framework will help scholars move beyond academic debates and towards a shared understanding of the potential and limitations of PES as a policy mechanism for addressing complex ecosystem service management problems in diverse SESs.
Planting Trees for scalable and efficient Canonical Hub Labeling

Point-to-Point Shortest Distance (PPSD) query is a crucial primitive in graph database applications. Hub labeling algorithms compute a labeling that converts a PPSD query into a list intersection problem (over a pre-computed indexing) enabling swift query response. However, constructing hub labeling is computationally challenging. Even state-of-the-art parallel algorithms based on Pruned Landmark Labeling (PLL) [3], are plagued by large label size, violation of given network hierarchy, poor scalability and inability to process large graphs. In this paper, we develop novel parallel shared-memory and distributed-memory algorithms for constructing the Canonical Hub Labeling (CHL) that is minimal in size for a given network hierarchy. To the best of our knowledge, none of the existing parallel algorithms guarantee canonical labeling. Our key contribution, the PLaNT algorithm, scales well beyond the limits of current practice by completely avoiding inter-node communication. PLaNT also enables the design of a collaborative label partitioning scheme across multiple nodes for completely in-memory processing of massive graphs whose labels cannot fit on a single machine. Compared to the sequential PLL, we empirically demonstrate upto 47.4x speedup on a 72 thread shared-memory platform. On a 64-node cluster, PLaNT achieves an average 42x speedup over single node execution. Finally, we show how our approach demonstrates superior scalability - we can process 14x larger graphs (in terms of label size) and construct hub labeling orders of magnitude faster compared to state-of-the-art distributed paraPLL algorithm.
Theory of statistics of ties, loops, and tails in semicrystalline polymers.

Polymer crystals grown from melts consist of alternating lamellar crystalline regions and amorphous regions. We study the statistics of ties: chains which bridge the adjacent lamellae, loops: chains which come out of one lamella and enter back into the same lamella before reaching the other lamellae, and tails: chains which end in an amorphous region. We develop a theory to calculate the probabilities of formation of ties, loops, and tails with consideration of finite chain length and cooperative incorporation of a chain into multiple lamellae. The results of our numerical calculations based on a field-theoretic formalism show that the fraction of ties increases with increasing chain length, and it decreases with increasing interlamellar separation. In the limiting case of an infinite chain confined between only two walls, we recover the classical results of the gambler’s ruin model. We show that the density anomaly encountered in previous theories is avoided naturally in the present theory without forcing the majority of stems to form tight loops. The derived results on the probability of tie chains in the amorphous regions are pertinent to the mechanical properties of semicrystalline polymers.
Cuffless Blood Pressure Monitoring from an Array of Wrist Bio-Impedance Sensors Using Subject-Specific Regression Models: Proof of Concept

Continuous and beat-to-beat monitoring of blood pressure (BP), compared to office-based BP measurement, provides significant advantages in predicting future cardiovascular disease. Traditional BP measurement methods are based on a cuff, which is bulky, obtrusive and not applicable to continuous monitoring. Measurement of pulse transit time (PTT) is one of the prominent cuffless methods for continuous BP monitoring. PTT is the time taken by the pressure pulse to travel between two points in an arterial vessel, which is correlated with the BP. In this paper, we present a new cuffless BP method using an array of wrist-worn bio-impedance sensors placed on the radial and the ulnar arteries of the wrist to monitor the arterial pressure pulse from the blood volume changes at each sensor site. BP is accurately estimated by using AdaBoost regression model based on selected arterial pressure pulse features such as transit time, amplitude and slope of the pressure pulse, which are dependent on the cardiac activity and the vascular properties of the wrist arteries. A separate model is developed for each subject based on calibration data to capture the individual variations of BP parameters. In this pilot study, data was collected from 10 healthy participants with age ranges from 18 to 30 years after exercising using our custom low-noise bio-impedance sensing hardware. Post-exercise BP was accurately estimated with an average correlation coefficient and root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.77 and 2.6 mmHg for the diastolic BP and 0.86 and 3.4 mmHg for the systolic BP.
Disparities in Pediatric Mortality by Neighborhood Income in United States Emergency Departments

Objective To evaluate emergency department (ED) pediatric mortality by patient neighborhood income. Study design We calculated the incidence of ED pediatric mortality via a cross-sectional study of children Results There were 64 893 ED deaths during the study period (incidence 17.3 per 100 000 person-years). The incidence of ED mortality increased with decreasing neighborhood income: compared with the wealthiest income quartile, the poorest, second, and third quartiles had adjusted incidence rate ratios (aIRRs) of 1.79 (95% CI 1.63-1.96), 1.42 (95% CI 1.29-1.55), and 1.23 (95% CI 1.12-1.36), respectively. The incidence of ED mortality was greater among uninsured children (aIRR 4.96, 95% CI 4.55-5.41) and publicly insured children (aIRR 2.69, 95% CI 2.51-2.88) compared with privately insured children. The interaction term showed no consistent relationship between neighborhood income and insurance with ED mortality. Conclusions Children from poorer neighborhoods have greater ED mortality rates than children from greater-income neighborhoods. Improved access to health insurance in the US may lead to reduced pediatric mortality, as ED mortality was greatest in uninsured children. Development of interventions to improve upstream determinants of health that contribute to ED mortality are needed.
Pulse Wave Modeling Using Bio-Impedance Simulation Platform Based on a 3D Time-Varying Circuit Model

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) threatens the lives of many and affects their productivity. Wearable sensors can enable continuous monitoring of hemodynamic parameters to improve the diagnosis and management of CVD. Bio-Impedance (Bio-Z) is an effective non-invasive sensor for arterial pulse wave monitoring based on blood volume changes in the artery due to the deep penetration of its current signal inside the tissue. However, the measured data are significantly affected by the placement of electrodes relative to the artery and the electrode configuration. In this work, we created a Bio-Z simulation platform that models the tissue, arterial pulse wave, and Bio-Z sensing configuration using a 3D circuit model based on a time-varying impedance grid. A new method is proposed to accurately simulate the different tissue types such as blood, fat, muscles, and bones in a 3D circuit model in addition to the pulsatile activity of the arteries through a variable impedance model. This circuit model is simulated in SPICE and can be used to guide design decisions ( i.e. electrode placement relative to the artery and electrode configuration) to optimize the monitoring of pulse wave prior to experimentation. We present extensive simulations of the arterial pulse waveform for different sensor locations, electrode sizes, current injection frequencies, and artery depths. These simulations are validated by experimental Bio-Z measurements.
Applying Hagedorn's Conceptual Framework to Examine Job Satisfaction among Faculty at the University of Sarajevo.

Faculty around the world shares some underlying commonalities by virtue of sharing a profession, but we cannot draw informed parallels because culture, style and history of higher education, and faculty socialization play a significant role in how the faculty life is lived and experienced. We know quite a bit about faculty working in developed and developing nations, but the current snapshot lacks perspectives from academics living in transitional nations. This in-progress study will survey faculty employed at the University of Sarajevo, located in Bosnia and Hercegovina, to establish a baseline of their demographic profile and to describe their job satisfaction using Hagedorn’s conceptual framework. This study will test the applicability of Hagedorn’s framework in non-US settings and expand our understanding of the causes and outcomes related to faculty satisfaction.
Serendipitous: Lessons and Insights into Language Assessment from Catherine Elder

The following interview was conducted with Catherine Elder in spring of 2020, at the beginning of the pandemic. Cathie has had a varied career in language testing, including work at universities in...
Transitions of care interventions to improve quality of life among patients hospitalized with acute conditions: a systematic literature review.

Although transitional care interventions can improve health among patients hospitalized with acute conditions, few interventions use patient quality of life (QOL) as the primary outcome. Existing interventions use a variety of intervention components, are not effective for patients of all races and ethnicities, do not address age-related patient needs, and do not incorporate the needs of families. The purpose of this study was to systematically review characteristics of transitional care intervention studies that aimed to improve QOL for younger adult patients of all race and ethnicities who were hospitalized with acute conditions. A systematic review was conducted of empirical literature available in PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, and PsycINFO by November 19, 2019 to identify studies of hospital to home care transitions with QOL as the primary outcome. Data extraction on study design and intervention components was limited to studies of patients aged 18–64. Nineteen articles comprising 17 studies met inclusion criteria. There were a total of 3,122 patients across all studies (range: 28–536). Populations of focus included cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, stroke, breast cancer, and kidney disease. Seven QOL instruments were identified. All interventions were multi-component with a total of 31 different strategies used. Most interventions were facilitated by a registered nurse. Seven studies discussed intervention facilitator training and eight discussed intervention materials utilized. No studies specified cultural tailoring of interventions or analyzed findings by racial/ethnic subgroup. Future research is needed to determine which intervention components, either in isolation or in combination, are effective in improving QOL. Future studies should also elaborate on the background and training of intervention facilitators and on materials utilized and may also consider incorporating differences in culture, race and ethnicity into all phases of the research process in an effort to address and reduce any health disparities.
The role of ramucirumab with docetaxel in epidermal growth factor receptor mutant and wild-type non-small cell lung cancer

Background Ramucirumab paired with docetaxel extends progression free survival and overall survival in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) following progression on platinum therapy. There is some data that epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutant disease would respond better to vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) therapy than EGFR wild type disease. Methods This retrospective, single-institution cohort study reports outcomes of patients who received docetaxel with or without ramucirumab according to EGFR status. Clinical data including age, performance status, metastatic burden and prior treatment history was obtained and reported with time on treatment and overall survival as primary endpoints. Data analysis was performed for three cohorts: EGFR mutant disease receiving docetaxel and ramucirumab (EGFR-doce/ram), EGFR mutant disease receiving docetaxel alone (EGFR-doce) and EGFR wild type disease receiving docetaxel and ramucirumab (WT-doce/ram). Results Patients in the EGFR-doce/ram cohort had a median time on docetaxel of 1.4 months (95% CI: 0.72-5.2 months) and of 0.8 months (95% CI: 0.2-6.5 months) on ramucirumab. Patients in the EGFR-doce cohort were on docetaxel for a median 1.4 months (95% CI: 0.9-2.4 months). Patients in the WT-doce/ram cohort had a median time on docetaxel of 2.3 months (95% CI: 1.6-4.1 months) and on ramucirumab of 1.4 months (95% CI: 0.8-3.2 months). There was no significant difference between time on ramucirumab or docetaxel between the cohorts. Overall survival for the three cohorts was noted to be 6.7 months (95% CI: 2.5-16.2 months) for the EGFR-doce/ram cohort, 4.9 months (95% CI: 4.2-12.5 months) for the EGFR-doce cohort and 6.6 months (95% CI: 4.3-12.8 months) for the WT-doce/ram cohort. There was no significant difference in overall survival between the cohorts. Conclusions Our data did not support the initial hypothesis that patients with EGFR mutant disease would do better with the addition of ramucirumab. Our study was limited by small sample size, retrospective nature and inability to control for confounders including prior bevacizumab or immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) exposure. This study offers real-world estimates to clinicians and patients about the length of time they can expect to derive benefit from the combination of ramucirumab and docetaxel.
RtI in Math: Evidence-Based Interventions for Struggling Students

Introduction Chapter 1: Overview of Response to Intervention Chapter 2: Using Assessment to Make Instructional Decisions Chapter 3: Overview of Evidence-Based Practices for Teaching Mathematics Chapter 4: Setting the Stage: Increasing Motivation Chapter 5: Explicit Instruction Chapter 6: Concrete and Visual Representation Chapter 7: Representing Whole Numbers Chapter 8: Developing Computational Fluency with Basic Facts Chapter 9: Representing Rational Numbers Chapter 10: Problem Solving Chapter 11: Conclusion: Using RtI to Improve Achievement in Mathematics Appendix A: Lesson Plans Appendix B: Games to Practice Basic Facts Appendix C: Additional Resources to Practice Basic Facts References
Stokes Flow through an Array of Staggered Strips

The Stokes flow through a periodic array of thin staggered strips is studied. The method of eigenfunction expansion and collocation is used to obtain detailed flow and pressure fields. The permeabilities in the three principle directions are found to be different and their characters depend heavily on the geometry. Approximate formulas are also obtained.
Phragmotelium mysorensis, a new rust on indian raspberry

1. Phragmotelium mysorensis is a new species of rust attacking the leaves ofRubus lasiocarpus Smith. 2. All the four spore-forms,viz., 0, I, II and III occur on the same host. 3. Pycnia are sub-cuticular, and aecia are of the caeoma type with paraphyses. Development of caeoma and the initiation of the dicaryon phase has been studied. 4. Uredia are hypophyllous, pulverulent, covered with incurved paraphyses. 5. Telia are hypophyllous, associated with the uredia and covered with paraphyses. Teliospores are five to six septate. Teliospores are smooth, thin-walled, with two indistinct germ pores in each cell. Pedicels are hyaline and do not swell in water. Teliospores germinate soon after maturity, and form sporidia which are uni-nucleate. 6. Sporidial infections indicate that the rust is autoecious.
Identification of a Reactive Cysteine Residue at the Glutamine Binding Site of Carbamyl Phosphate Synthetase

Abstract Carbamyl phosphate synthetase from Escherichia coli, which is composed of a light and a heavy subunit, is inhibited with respect to its glutamine-dependent reactions by treatment with l-2-amino-4-oxo-5-chloro[5-14C]pentanoic acid. This glutamine analog reacts with a glutamine- or albizziinprotectable site on the light subunit to yield an enzyme covalently linked to a 4-oxo[14C]norvaline moiety. The molar ratio of bound 14C to the light subunit is close to unity; some binding also occurs on the heavy subunit, but this is noninhibitory. The chloroketone-treated enzyme exhibits increased ATPase activity and a decreased apparent Km value for NH4Cl. Mg++ATP protects the enzyme significantly against chloroketone; allosteric effectors (ornithine, IMP, UMP) offer little or no protection. After reaction of the enzyme with the chloroketone, the enzyme was treated with performic acid and then subjected to acid hydrolysis; S-[14C]carboxymethylcysteine was isolated from such hydrolysates of the labeled enzyme and the isolated labeled light subunit. This evidence indicates that the chloroketone reacts with a sulfhydryl group at the glutamine site of the light subunit. This sulfhydryl group does not react with N-ethylmaleimide at neutral pH which suggests that it is buried. The protective effect of Mg++ATP against chloroketone, the increase in ATPase activity on treatment with chloroketone, and the decreased apparent Km for NH4Cl may reflect functional intersubunit interactions associated with the binding of glutamine and ATP to the light and heavy subunits, respectively, in the native enzyme.
How we treat: transfusion medicine support of obstetric services

BACKGROUND: Obstetric services depend on the transfusion service (TS) to provide diagnostic testing and blood component therapy for clinical care pathways. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: We describe three quality improvement (QI) initiatives implemented to improve TS support of obstetric services. RESULTS: We implemented a pathway for patients requiring an ABO/Rh order for every admission to obstetric services, along with reconciliation of the daily hospital birth manifest and TS umbilical cord log to identify every woman eligible for RhIG. After assessment over 6 months, 21 (1%) of 2041 women lacked an admission ABO/Rh; all subsequently had ABO/Rh determinations. Umbilical cords were missing for eight (0.4%) mothers; four were D− and received RhIG. We developed algorithms for diagnostic blood ordering for patients deemed at “low,”“moderate,” or “high” risk of blood transfusion. A 27% reduction in total diagnostic test volumes and 24% reduction in charges was documented after compared to before implementation. We analyzed the impact of our massive transfusion protocol (MTP) on blood inventory management for 31 (0.25%) women undergoing 12,945 deliveries, representing 11% of 286 MTPs for all clinical services over a 32-month interval. O− uncrossmatched red blood cells (RBCs) represented 103 (24%) of 421 RBC units issued. Wastage rates of RBCs, plasma, and platelets ordered and issued in the MTPs were 0.7, 16, and 3%, respectively. CONCLUSION: QI initiatives for RhIG prophylaxis, diagnostic blood test ordering, and MTP improve TS support of obstetric services.
First-Photon Imaging: Scene Depth and Reflectance Acquisition from One Detected Photon per Pixel

Capturing depth and reflectance images using active illumination despite the detection of little light backscattered from the scene has wide-ranging applications in computer vision. Conventionally, even with single-photon detectors, a large number of detected photons is needed at each pixel location to mitigate Poisson noise. Here, using only the first detected photon at each pixel location, we capture both the 3D structure and reflectivity of the scene, demonstrating greater photon efficiency than previous work. Our computational imager combines physically accurate photoncounting statistics with exploitation of spatial correlations present in real-world scenes. We experimentally achieve millimeter-accurate, sub-pulse width depth resolution and 4-bit reflectivity contrast, simultaneously, using only the first photon detection per pixel, even in the presence of high background noise. Our technique enables rapid, low-power, and noise-tolerant active optical imaging.
Factors associated with prevalent hepatitis C: differences among young adult injection drug users in lower and upper Manhattan, New York City.

OBJECTIVES: This study examined correlates of prevalent hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among young adult injection drug users in 2 neighborhoods in New York City. METHODS: Injection drug users aged 18 to 29 years were street recruited from the Lower East Side and Harlem. Participants were interviewed about drug use and sex practices; venipuncture was performed for hepatitis B virus (HBV), HCV, and HIV serologies. RESULTS: In both sites, testing positive for HCV antibody (anti-HCV) was associated with having injected for more than 3 years. Additionally, HCV infection was positively associated with injecting with someone known to have had hepatitis (but the association was significant only in the Lower East Side) and with sharing cotton (but the association was statistically significant only in Harlem). Being in drug treatment and older than 24 years were associated with HCV in the Lower East Side but not in Harlem. Receiving money for sex was associated with anti-HCV positivity in Harlem but not in the Lower East Side. CONCLUSIONS: Several differences in factors associated with prevalent HCV infection existed among 2 populations of young injection drug users from the same city. Indirect transmission of HCV may occur.
Mammalian blastocyst: transport functions in a developing epithelium

This article reviews the current state of knowledge concerning morphological and physiological mechanisms important to growth and differentiation of the mammalian blastocyst between compaction and implantation. Morphological processes occur in conjunction with major changes in transport systems that control the movement of substances into and out of the embryo. Compaction is a morphological development that is associated with the formation of an outer squamous epithelium, the trophectoderm, which regulates the composition of the medium bathing the presumptive embryo (the inner cell mass). Implantation involves the interaction of two epithelia, the adhesion between the trophectoderm and the maternal endometrium. Before adhesion, the blastocyst lies free in the uterine fluid and exchanges occur between this fluid and the embryo. Apposition of these epithelia is brought about in part by expansion of the blastocyst and removal of the uterine fluid. Blastocyst physiology is an inherently important field because vectorial transport system development and the genes that regulate it can be studied.
THE INEVITABILITY OF SHADOWY BANKING

It is easier for regulated institutions to circumvent the rules than for regulators to come to grips with innovative forms of circumvention. Shadowy banking covers any financial organization, product, or transaction strategy that, thanks to authorities' politically and career driven "rescue reflex," can extract subsidized guarantees from national and cross-country safety nets by engaging in regulation-induced innovation. The shadowy sector consists of whatever entities manages to issue a large volume of financial instruments that trade as if they had government backing even though, given the boundaries of current laws or control procedures, they are outside the effective grip of the several agencies currently charged with monitoring and managing the limits of the financial safety net.The current wave of Reregulation is weaker than it appears. Incentive conflict remains the central problem. Governments need to develop ways to identify shadowy arrangements promptly and to regulate access to the safety net more effectively. To generate the information flows and incentives to do this, society must impose and enforce stronger and clearer moral duties on financiers, politicians, regulators, and credit-rating firms. The paper warns that safety-net subsidies generated by swaps that substitute for traditional reinsurance contracts are not now being monitored in timely and effective fashion, and that failures to perform the obligations traded in this market could create great social unrest by undermining the ability to keep promises made in the pension and insurance industries.
Hall Effect in Plutonium

The Hall effect has been measured on pure alpha and beta plutonium and on a 3.4 at.% aluminum-stabilized delta-phase alloy. Measurements were made between 6 and 438\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K with magnetic fields up to 21 kG. In each phase, ${R}_{o}$ is positive and relatively independent of temperature at higher temperatures, but shows strong temperature dependence at low temperatures. ${R}_{o}$ for alpha plutonium becomes negative at 185\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and goes through a minimum at 23\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The ${R}_{o}'\mathrm{s}$ for beta plutonium exhibit a maximum at 29\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and then drop sharply to negative values below 17\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The value remains positive, with no maximum, for the delta alloy throughout the temperature range. The data were used to test a two-band model, and were found to fit best to a nearly full $7s$ band and empty $5f$ band. Because of similarities with data on the rare-earth metals, the low-temperature behavior of ${R}_{o}$ for each phase is thought to be due to antiferromagnetic ordering, but the anomalies in the electrical resistivity of the three phases are probably due to interband scattering.
Phosphated Milk Adversely Affects Growth, Cellular Morphology, and Fermentative Ability of Lactobacillus bulgaricus

Abstract The influence of phosphates upon acid production, growth, and cellular morphology of two strains of Lactobacillus bulgaricus was examined. Prior growth of these organisms in milk containing 1 to 2% phosphate or commercial phage inhibitory medium diminished acid production upon transfer to 11% nonfat milk solids. Decreased acid production was a consequence of growth inhibition by the presence of 1 to 2% phosphate in milk. Concomitant with growth inhibition, the cellular morphology of both L. bulgaricus 1243-F and 1489 was altered by propagation in milk containing 2 to 3% phosphate or commercial phage inhibitory medium. These organisms, which existed as short bacilloid rods when grown in 11% nonfat milk solids, grew as long chains of connected cells when cultivated in media containing phosphates. This alteration of cellular morphology was not reversed by one transfer through 11% nonfat milk solids, and curd formation by cells previously propagated through phosphated milk was affected adversely. The poor growth and alteration of cellular morphology by these organisms when propagated in phosphated milk directly reflect their requirement for calcium, manganese, and magnesium for proper growth and cell assembly.
Closed head injury.

This case demonstrates very clearly the concept of the contracoup injury. While physical examination showed that the injury was sustained to the right posterior parietal-occipital region, it was the contracoup injury in the left frontal area which proved to be most devastating to the patient. It also underscores the necessity of emergent CT scanning of the calvarium and brain in closed head injuries in patients with positive neurologic findings
A practical system for manganese(III)-mediated electrochemical synthesis of sorbic acid precursors

Abstract An efficient, practical, electrochemical system was developed for the synthesis of a mixture of 4-acetoxy-5-hexenoic acid and trans-6-acetoxy-4-hexenoic acid via manganese (III)-mediated oxidation of acetic acid-acetic anhydride in the presence of butadiene. Copper (II) co-catalyst enhanced the efficiency of this oxidation and copper (I) was shown to catalyze in situ conversion of the acetoxyhexenoic acids into γ-vinyl-γ- butyrolactone.
Hereditary Factors in Cancer: Study of Two Large Midwestern Kindreds

MENDELIAN autosomal inheritance patterns have been demonstrated in familial aggregations of polyposis coli, retinoblastoma, xeroderma pigmentosum, neurofibromatosis,1Gardner's syndrome2and the basal cell nevus syndrome.3In addition, an increased familial incidence of carcinoma of the breast,4lung,5stomach and colon,6and prostate,7as well as leukemia,8multiple myeloma,9Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia,10pheochromocytoma,11multiple endocrine tumors,12cerebellar hemangioblastoma,13and malignant melanoma14has been observed. However, the mode of inheritance is not clear in these latter conditions. In appraising these data, it must be kept in mind that only those families showing a high incidence of carcinoma are "selected" for publication. When one considers the high population incidence of carcinoma, "... it is bound to occur in excess in some families according to the operation of the laws of probability.15" The purpose of this paper is to present the findings in two large midwestern kindreds in which a high frequency of
Fateful Encounter: The United States and UN peacekeeping

(1994). Fateful Encounter: The United States and UN peacekeeping. Survival: Vol. 36, No. 1, pp. 30-50.
Valuing amenity resources under uncertainty: Does the existence of fair contingent claims markets matter?

Abstract Alternative welfare measures are evaluated as measures of the value of change in access conditions for environmental resources, and it is shown that traditional Hicksian surplus estimates systematically underestimate benefits. It is further argued that the existence of fair contingent claims markets is a peripheral consideration in benefit estimation, that state-dependent payments present no significant collection obstacles not already encountered in state-independent payment schemes, and that risk-neutral social decision making requires state-dependent benefit measures for situations involving individual risk. These findings imply that future research should focus on developing theoretical bounds between the expected value of state-dependent benefit measures and conventional measures, and that contingent valuations techniques need to be extended to measure contingent payment possibilities for changes in uncertain access conditions to environmental resources.
Visual Awareness Due to Neuronal Activities in Subcortical Structures: A Proposal

It has been shown that visual awareness in the blind hemifield of hemianopic cats that have undergone unilateral ablations of visual cortex can be restored by sectioning the commissure of the superior colliculus or by destroying a portion of the substantia nigra contralateral to the cortical lesion (the Sprague effect). We propose that the visual awareness that is recovered is due to synchronized oscillatory activities in the superior colliculus ipsilateral to the cortical lesion. These oscillatory activities are normally partially suppressed by the inhibitory, GABAergic contralateral nigrotectal projection, and the destruction of the substantia nigra, or the sectioning of the collicular commissure, disinhibits the collicular neurons, causing an increase in the extent of oscillatory activity and/or synchronization between activities at different sites. This increase in the oscillatory and synchronized character is sufficient for the activities to give rise to visual awareness. We argue that in rodents and lower vertebrates, normal visual awareness is partly due to synchronized oscillatory activities in the optic tectum and partly due to similar activities in visual cortex. It is only in carnivores and primates that visual awareness is wholly due to cortical activities. Based on von Baerian recapitulation theory, we propose that, even in humans, there is a period in early infancy when visual awareness is partially due to activities in the superior colliculus, but that this awareness gradually disappears as the nigrotectal projection matures.
CaMK-II oligomerization potential determined using CFP/YFP FRET.

Members of the Ca 2+ /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMK-II) family are encoded throughout the animal kingdom by up to four genes (a, h, g, and y). Over three dozen known CaMK-II splice variants assemble into ¨12-subunit oligomers with catalytic domains facing out from a central core. In this study, the catalytic domain of a, h, and y CaMK-IIs was replaced with cyan (CFP) or yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) for fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) studies. FRET, when normalized to total CFP and YFP, reproducibly yielded values which reflected oligomerization preference, inter-subunit spacing, and localization. FRET occurred when individual CFP and YFP-linked CaMK-IIs were co-expressed, but not when they were expressed separately and then mixed. All hetero-oligomers exhibited FRET values that were averages of their homo-oligomeric parents, indicating no oligomeric preference or restriction. FRET for CaMK-II homo-oligomers was inversely proportional to the variable region length. FPs were monomerized (Leu 221 to Lys 221 ) for this study, thus eliminating any potential artifact caused by FP-CaMK-II aggregates. Our results indicate that a, h, and y CaMK-IIs can freely hetero-oligomerize and that increased variable region lengths place amino termini further apart, potentially influencing the rate of inter-subunit autophosphorylation. D 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The reflex responses of single motor units in human lower lip muscles to mechanical stimulation

Single motor unit activity was recorded from human lower lip muscles while subjects maintained a firing rate of 20 ips using audio and visual feedback. Each motor unit was classified as belonging to one of three muscles, orbicularis oris inferior (OOI), mentalis (MENT), or depressor labii inferior (DLI). Reflex responses were elicited in single motor units by applying small mechanical displacements (0.5 mm) to the corner of the mouth. Reflex responses were analyzed by constructing peristimulus histograms. Of 130 units analyzed, 123 showed statistically significant changes in their probability of firing in the 50 ms period following the stimulus. Reflex responses were typically polymodal with both excitatory and suppression components present. The excitatory responses occurred at latencies consistent with previous descriptions of the perioral reflexes and were labelled E1 (means = 15.9 ms) and E2 (means = 35.6 ms). Reflex suppression responses (S) were also consistently observed. There was a tendency for the pattern and/or relative magnitudes of reflex response components to depend on the muscle classification of the motor unit; E1 responses predominating in OOI units, E2 responses in MENT units, and S responses in DLI units. This finding provides preliminary evidence for muscle-specific projections between the trigeminal sensory system and facial nucleus motoneurones in humans.
A Study of Early Stage Self-Loosening of Bolted Joints

Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557 Both experimental investigation and finite element analysis were conducted to explore the mechanisms for the early stage self-loosening of bolted joints under transverse cyclic loading. The nuts were glued to the bolts using a strong thread locker in the self-loosening experiments to ensure that no backing-off of the nut occurred. Depending on the loading magnitude, the clumping force reduction ranged from 10% to more than 40% of the initial preload after 200 loading cycles. Three-dimensional elastic-plastic finite element analysis was conducted with the implementation of an advanced cyclic plasticity model. The finite element results revealed that the local cyclic plasticity occurring near the roots of the engaged threads resulted in cyclic strain ratcheting. The localized cyclic plastic deformation caused the stresses to redistribute in the bolt, and the result was the gradual loss of clamping force with loading cycles. The finite element results agreed with the experimental observations quantitatively. When the two clamped plates started to slip and the slip displacement was controlled, both experiments and finite element simulations suggested that the friction between the clamped plates has an insignificant influence on the early stage self-loosening.
The tensile fracture strain of graphite determined during neutron irradiation

Graphite, when used as a moderator material, is subjected to neutron damage gradients. These damage gradients can generate internal stresses which could lead to fracture. Earlier investigations have shown that graphite in tension in an irradiation environment will relieve some of this differential stress by undergoing “irradiation creep”. Since no measurements have been reported on the strain which could be accumulated before fracture during irradiation, an investigation of this strain for EGCR-type AGOT graphite has been conducted. Strains were measured on parallel cut samples irradiated at 625°C±25°C at a nominal strain rate of 0.13% per 1020 n/cm2. Strains before fracture ranging from 0.37 to 0.42% were obtained, compared to strains at fracture of 0.1 to 0.2% for unirradiated material.
Formation of ferromagnetic Ni/SiO2 nanospheres

Abstract Dispersed SiO2 nanospheres have been nickel-plated using an electroless-plating solution. Magnetic resonance (MR) experiments have been performed on these samples. The MR signals demonstrate the presence of Ni+2 and Ni+3 paramagnetic centers, which are most easily seen below 40 K, and ferromagnetic metallic Ni, which can be readily seen above 40 K. The MR results also indicate only the presence of paramagnetic Ni+3 in a dried sample of the Ni-plating solution that does not contain any SiO2 nanospheres. These results suggest that an interfacial reaction at the surface of the SiO2 nanospheres leads to the formation of ferromagnetic Ni, which deposits onto the spheres and forms a Ni/SiO2 nanosphere composite.
Reconstruction of hillslope and valley paleotopography by application of a geomorphic model

Many applications in geology require estimation of the depth and thickness of lithologic layers based on limited observations. The boundaries of such layers are typically estimated using Kriging or other estimation methods that produce smooth surfaces. In some cases, however, smooth surfaces may be inappropriate. A boundary that is formed by a preserved hillslope and valley paleotopography, in particular, is expected to exhibit drainage characteristics and inherent roughness that are not consistent with standard estimation methods. This paper discusses the generalization of a technique originally designed to interpolate fluvially eroded topography. The method incorporates a simple river basin evolution model to generate realistic topography and adjusts an erodability parameter in space to match observed elevations. The method is generalized to allow flow to enter from outside the interpolation region, which is a likely scenario when reconstructing paleotopography. The method is then applied to the lower boundary of the Tshirege Member of the Bandelier Tuff, which underlies Los Alamos National Laboratory and Bandelier National Monument in north-central New Mexico. The method produces surfaces with major valleys that are consistent with previous studies. The method is also applied in a framework that estimates the likelihood that any particular point within the interpolation region drains through a specified boundary. Although the surfaces vary between simulations, most portions of the interpolation domain drain through consistent boundaries.
A MODEL OF THE TRANSLATIONAL APPARATUS BASED ON A THREE-DIMENSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION OF THE ESCHERICHIA COLI RIBOSOME

The morphology of the Escherichia coli ribosome, i.e., its shape at moderate to low (20-40 A (1 A = 0.1 nm)) resolution, provides important constraints in modeling both the folding of ribosomal RNA and the translational process. A new reconstruction, obtained by low-dose cryoelectron microscopy and image processing of single ribosomes, contains clues to the way in which the ribosome interacts with the key functional ligands: the mRNA and the A- and P-site tRNAs. It also suggests possible pathways of the nascent polypeptide chain. From an interpretation of these clues in the light of existing knowledge, a plausible model for the locations and interactions of key components of protein synthesis is suggested.