cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alignment and calibration of the MgF 2 biplate compensator for applications in rotating-compensator multichannel ellipsometry

Biplate compensators made from MgF2 are being used increasingly in rotating-element single-channel and multichannel ellipsometers. For the measurement of accurate ellipsometric spectra, the compensator must be carefully (i) aligned internally to ensure that the fast axes of the two plates are perpendicular and (ii) calibrated to determine the phase retardance δ versus photon energy E. We present alignment and calibration procedures for multichannel ellipsometer configurations with special attention directed to the precision, accuracy, and reproducibility in the determination of δ(E). Run-to-run variations in external compensator alignment, i.e., alignment with respect to the incident beam, can lead to irreproducibilities in δ of ∼0.2°. Errors in the ellipsometric measurement of a sample can be minimized by calibrating with an external compensator alignment that matches as closely as possible that used in the measurement.
Particulate systems for drug delivery to the lung

Abstract The delivery of drugs to the lung by inhalation and the potential role for inhaled drug-delivery particles was reviewed. Inhaled liposomal β-adrenergic bronchodilators were the subject of a series of experiments. These pharmacokinetic and pharmacological studies reveal three important guidelines for the successful development of a particulate formulation of long pulmonary duration of action. This formulation produced reduced systemic side effects and sustained release. Firstly, the drug molecule should have a high potency for the desired biological effect since an effect will be needed from a small fraction of the inhaled dose. Secondly, the release rate of drug from the particle should be sufficient to maintain the biophase drug concentration within its effective range. Finally, both these limitations above may be overcome by increasing the dose of drug (free and encapsulated) which is inhaled into the lung. Liposomes and other inhaled particulate systems formulated with these guidelines in mind may play an important pulmonary drug-delivery role for many therapeutic molecules, including those targeted for systemic absorption.
Vector-like quark models and parity violating effects in nuclei

Abstract Parity violating effects in nuclei for a class of vector-like quark models with a right-handed u-b coupling are examined. Determination of the parity violating nucleon potential due to pion exchange in these models is shown to be free from some difficulties present in the standard Weinberg-Salam model. The long-standing discrepancy between theory and experiment in medium and heavy nuclei can be removed in these models.
In-vitro evaluation of miokamycin: bactericidal activity against streptococci

Miokamycin is a diacetyl derivative of the macrolide antibiotic, midecamycin. In vitro, it has an unusual spectrum, inhibiting the growth of Gram-positive cocci and anaerobes, but few Haemophilus spp; enterobacteria are highly resistant. Most erythromycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus were sensitive (MIC approximately 0.8 mg/l). Resistance to miokamycin in Staph. aureus and streptococci was difficult to select, unless the staphylococci were already resistant to erythromycin. Both miokamycin and erythromycin were bactericidal towards groups A,B,C and G streptococci. Clinical trials of the drug in pelvic, upper respiratory, skin and soft tissue and other staphylococcal infections may be worthwhile.
Unattended ground sensor situation assessment workstation

Effective utilization of unattended ground sensors (UGSs) in a theater reconnaissance, surveillance, target acquisition, and kill assessment environment requires that a human operator be able to interpret, and collectively assess, the significance of real time data obtained from UGS emplacements over large geographical regions of interest. The products of this UGS data interpretation and assessment activity can then be used in the decision support process for command level evaluation of appropriate courses of action. Advancements in both sensor hardware technology and in software systems and processing technology have enabled the development of practical real time situation assessment capabilities based upon information from unattended ground sensors. A decision support workstation that employs rule-based expert system processing of reports from unattended ground sensors is described. The primary goal of this development activity is to produce a suite of software to track vehicles using data from unattended ground sensors. The situational assessment products from this system have stand-alone utility, but are also intended to provide cueing support for overhead sensors and supplementary feeds to all-source fusion centers. The conceptual framework, developmental architecture, and demonstration field tests of the system are described.
Absolute measurement of absorption and scattering coefficients spectra of a multiply scattering medium

On the basis of the diffusion theory model, frequency-domain spectroscopy allows for a quantitative determination of the absorption ((mu) a) and scattering ((mu) s') coefficient spectra of a homogeneous multiple scattering medium. We performed measurements using an intensity modulated light emitting diode (LED) as the light source. The LED's spectral distribution permits the study of a spectral region extending for about 80 nm. Data sets (phase shift and average intensity) at two different source-detector distances are acquired: the absorption and scattering coefficient spectra of the medium are then calculated from analytical expressions for (mu) a and (mu) s'. Methylene blue (peak absorption wavelength 656 nm) is used as a test absorbing material. The methylene blue is dissolved in an aqueous Liposyn solution which serves as the multiple scattering medium. The relative amounts of absorber and scatterer are chosen such that the values of (mu) a and (mu) s' match typical values in tissues. The results obtained for (mu) a((lambda) ) with this LED based technique are in quantitative agreement with those obtained with a standard spectrophotometer in a nonscattering regime.
Nonlinear Analysis of Two-Phase Instabilities in PEMFC Parallel-Channel Cathodes

Liquid water management is a critical issue in the development of proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells. Liquid water produced electrochemically can accumulate and flood the microchannels in the cathodes of PEM fuel cells. Since the liquid coverage of the cathode can fluctuate in time for two-phase flow, the rate of oxygen transport to the cathode catalyst layer can also fluctuate in time, and this can cause the fuel cell power output to fluctuate. This paper will report experimental data on the voltage loss and the voltage fluctuations of a PEM fuel cell due to flooding as a function of the number of parallel microchannels and the air flow rate stoichiometric ratio. The data was analyzed to identify general scaling relationships between voltage loss and fluctuations and the number of channels in parallel and the air stoichiometric ratio. The voltage loss was found to scale proportionally to the square root of the number of channels divided by the air stoichiometric ratio. The amplitude of the fluctuations was found to be linearly proportional to the number of microchannels and inversely proportional to the air stoichiometric ratio squared. The data was further analyzed by plotting power spectrums and by evaluating the non-linear statistics of the voltage time-series.© 2010 ASME
Small-Scale Climate Maps: A Sensitivity Analysis of Some Common Assumptions Associated with Grid-Point Interpolation and Contouring

From Shepard's (1968) local-search method, algorithms are developed for contouring on spherical surfaces and in Cartesian two-space. These algorithms are used to investigate errors on small-scale climate maps caused by the common practice of interpolating—from irregularly-spaced data points to regular-lattice nodes—and contouring in Cartesian two-space. Using mean annual air temperatures drawn from 100 irregularly-spaced weather stations, the annual air-temperature field over the western half of the northern hemisphere is estimated both on the sphere (assumed to be correct) and in Cartesian two-space. When these fields are mapped and compared, error magnitudes as large as 5° to 10° C appear in the air-temperature field approximated in Cartesian two-space.
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) promotes chemomigration of a human prostate tumor cell line, and EGF immunoreactive proteins are present at sites of metastasis in the stroma of lymph nodes and medullary bone

Prostate tumor cells preferentially metastasize to bony sites and lymph nodes at a frequency in excess of that which would be predicted by random tumor cell dissemination. In order to determine whether chemoattractants in these organs promote organ-specific metastasis, we utilized human cell lines derived from and/or related to these organs as sources of potential chemoattractants. Secretory proteins derived from the cell lines MG-63 (osteosarcoma), SK-ES-1 (Ewing's sarcoma), and KG-1 (leukemia) stimulated chemomigration of the TSU-pr1 prostate tumor cells in a dose-dependent manner in Boyden chambers. In addition, secretory proteins from a human prostatic stromal cell line (hPS) and from the TSU-Pr1 prostate tumor cell line were also able to stimulate chemomigration of the TSU-pr1 cells through Boyden chambers. Since lymph nodes and bony sites represent organs of hematopoietic/lymphoid proliferation and activation, we undertook identification of specific cytokines present at these sites which may promote the chemomigration of prostate tumor cells. In this context, the cytokines interleukin-1α, interleukin-2, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-β, transforming growth factor-β, interferon α2-a, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor did not stimulate chemomigration of the TSU-pr1 prostate tumor cell line. In contrast, the cytokine epidermal growth factor (EGF) stimulated chemomigration of the TSU-pr1 prostate tumor cells through the Boyden chambers in a dose-dependent manner. Western blot analysis of secretory proteins from the cell lines KG-1, SK-ES-1, MG-63, hPS, and TSU-pr1 identified EGF-immunoreactive proteins in all cases. In addition, EGF immunoreactivity was localized to the stroma of the human prostate, the osteogenic stroma of pelvic medullary bone, and the stroma within the capsule and trabeculae of pelvic lymph nodes. Hence, these results demonstrate that the cytokine EGF promotes the chemomigration of the TSU-pr1 prostate tumor cell line, and that EGF within the stroma of pelvic lymph nodes and medullary bone may act as a chemoattractant for prostate tumor cells, thereby facilitating the preferential formation of metastatic foci within these organs. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Megaloblastic hematopoiesis in a 20 year old pregnant female

Background: Nitrous oxide can cause disordered blood cell proliferation and lead to pancytopenia and altered immune function.
Steric course of reactions of steroids.

Der sterische Verlauf von Reaktionen an einem gegebenen Kohlenstoffatom des Steroidgerustes hangt von Hinderungseffekten ab, welche innerhalb des van der Waalsschen Radius des betreffenden Kohlenstoffatoms wirken. Diese Effekte werden daher als intraradiale bezeichnet. Eine zweite Klasse von Effekten, die als extraradiale zu definieren sind, beeinflussen den sterischen Verlauf von Reaktionen funktioneller Substituenten, wie z. B. von Azetylgruppen oder Carboathoxylgruppen, am Sterinkern.
The simply supported rectangular plate: An exact, three dimensional, linear elasticity solution

An exact three dimensional solution for the problem of a transversely loaded, simply supported rectangular plate of arbitrary thickness is presented within the linear theory of elastostatics. The solution, obtained in a semi-inverse fashion, satisfies all the boundary conditions of the problem in a pointwise manner and is in the form of a double Fourier sine series. The classical Navier solution for the problem is shown to be the limit of the present solution as the plate thickness aspect ratio approaches zero. It is noted that the solution presented provides a benchmark against which approximate theories of transversely loaded plates may be measured. The new elasticity solution also provides a heuristic basis for a novel theory of thick plates of arbitrary planform and edge support recently given by the author.
THE MARINE TOXIN OKADAIC ACID REDUCES O-2 GENERATION AND TYROSINE PHOSPHORYLATION IN LPS-PRIMED RAT NEUTROPHILS

Abstract Contrasting effects of okadaic acid (OKA) on neutrophil (PMN) superoxide anion (O2−) generation have been reported. In this study, we examined the effect of OKA on phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-stimulated O2− generation in rat PMNs primed with LPS in vivo (LPS-PMN) and saline-treated rat PMNs (SAL-PMN). The following results were observed: (1) OKA, but neither genistein nor vanadate, markedly reduced O2− generation in a dose and time-dependent manner; (2) genistein, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, as well as OKA, reduced tyrosine phosphorylation; (3) sodium orthovanadate, a tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor, potently enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation. Our studies suggest that OKA might reduce tyrosine phosphorylation by affecting the activity of tyrosine phosphatases regulated by serine-threonine phosphorylation. © 1997 Elsevier Science Inc.
The isolation and properties of γ-myosin from dystrophic and normal muscles☆

1. 1. The main component of the so-called γ-myosin fraction has been isolated from dystrophic and normal muscles by ammonium sulphate fractionation, and its properties analyzed. 2. 2. The γ-myosin is soluble at 0.3–0.4 M KCl, is salted-out at 12–14% ammonium sulphate saturation, has a very low electrophoretic mobility, high viscosity, no ATPase activity, no sensitivity to ATP, and positive birefringence of flow. Its viscosity falls markedly in the presence of 0.6 M KI. 3. 3. γ-Myosin interacts with pure myosin by changing its electrophoretic mobility and forming a new peak. This peak corresponds to a fraction which precipitates at 30% ammonium sulphate saturation. Nevertheless, the formation of this peak is not accompanied by those specific increases of viscosity and ATPase activity which are peculiar to the formation of an actomyosin complex. 4. 4. The possiblity that γ-myosin may arise through a particular change induced in actin or actomyosin is discussed.
Postnatal development of presynaptic terminals in the gigantocellular tegmental field (FTG) of the rat.

Abstract Presynaptic boutons of the gigantocellular tegmental field (FTG) of the brain stem reticular formation were analyzed by stereological techniques for changes in numerical and volumetric density during early postnatal development. Electron microscopic analysis revealed that presynaptic boutons increased in numerical density and volumetric fraction during the first 15 postnatal days. By day 15, the presynaptic boutons had reached the numerical density and volumetric fraction seen in the adult tissue. Myelination was not evident until day 10 and by day 30 contributed over 45% to the total volume of the FTG tissue. Presynaptic boutons were differentiated into those with spherical vesicles and those with predominantly polymorphic (i.e. oblong) vesicles. Both types of presynaptic boutons were present at day 1, but over the next 30 days the percentage of boutons with polymorphic vesicles increased to over 40%. These results revealed that the FTG region of the rat demonstrates its synaptogenic period during the earliest postnatal days. The differentiation of the synapse into two types within the FTG region suggests a morphological basis for alterations in function during early maturation.
THE ROLE OF SINGLET OXYGEN IN THE PHOTOHEMOLYSIS OF RED BLOOD CELLS SENSITIZED BY PHTHALOCYANINE SULFONATES

The post-illumination photohemolysis of human red blood cells was used as a model system for studying membrane damage sensitized by various phthalocyanine sulfonates. With a constant fluence and photolysis time at 670 ± 10 nm and with a fixed optical density of the sensitizer, the percentage of hemolysis was measured as a function of time after illumination; and from the usual sigmoidal shaped curves, the times for 50% hemolysis were determined. The most effective central cation was Al, followed by Zn; the metal-free compound and those containing the paramagnetic ions Cu, Fe and Co were inactive. The sensitizer bound to the red blood cells was found to be effective for photohemolysis. Studies of the Al compound in 98.0% deuterated media (as measured by NMR) showed a definite deuterium isotope effect, suggesting the participation of singlet oxygen. This result was supported by the large protective effects of 3.3 raM and 13.3 mM tryptophan present during photolysis. Tryptophan reacts rapidly with singlet oxygen and with OH radicals. The much smaller effects observed with the same concentrations of mannitol and glycerol, OH radical scavengers which do not react with singlet oxygen, are consistent with the predominant role of singlet oxygen in photohemolysis sensitized by Al phthalocyanine sulfonate.
An Electron-Ray Tuning Indicator for Frequency Modulation

The design features of an electron-ray tuning indicator for frequency modulation which can be operated directly from a discriminator are described. The electrode configuration features high deflection sensitivity and a translucent fluorescent screen.
Vertex-weightings for distance moments and thorny graphs

Valence-weightings are considered for shortest-path distance moments, as well as related weightings for the so-called ''Wiener'' polynomial. In the case of trees the valence-weighted quantities are found to be expressible as a combination of unweighted quantities. Further the weighted quantities for a so-called ''thorny'' graph are considered and shown to be related to the weighted and unweighted quantities for the underlying parent graph.
Effect of adsorbed and substituted Al on Fe(II)-induced mineralization pathways of ferrihydrite

Abstract The poorly crystalline Fe(III) hydroxide ferrihydrite is considered one of the most important sinks for (in)organic contaminants and nutrients within soils, sediments, and waters. The ripening of ferrihydrite to more stable and hence less reactive phases such as goethite is catalyzed by surface reaction with aqueous Fe(II). While ferrihydrite within most natural environments contains high concentrations of adsorbed or co-precipitated cations (particularly Al), little is known regarding the impact of these cations on Fe(II)-induced transformation of ferrihydrite to secondary phases. Accordingly, we explored the extent, rates, and pathways of Fe(II)-induced secondary mineralization of Al-ferrihydrites by reacting aqueous Fe(II) (0.2 and 2.0 mM) with 2-line ferrihydrite containing a range of Al levels substituted within (6–24 mol% Al) or adsorbed on the surface (0.1–27% Γmax). Here, we show that regardless of the Fe(II) concentration, Al substituted within or adsorbed on ferrihydrite results in diminished secondary mineralization and preservation of ferrihydrite. In contrast to pure ferrihydrite, the concentration of Fe(II) may not in fact influence the mineralization products of Al-compromised ferrihydrites. Furthermore, the secondary mineral profiles upon Fe(II) reaction with ferrihydrite are not only a function of Al concentration but also the mode of Al incorporation. While Al substitution impedes lepidocrocite formation and magnetite nucleation, Al adsorption completely inhibits goethite formation and appears to have a lesser impact on magnetite nucleation. When normalized to total Al content associated with ferrihydrite, Al adsorption results in greater degree of ferrihydrite preservation relative to Al substitution. These findings provide insight into mechanisms that may be responsible for ferrihydrite preservation and low levels of secondary magnetite typically found in sedimentary environments. Considering the preponderance of cation substitution within and adsorption on ferrihydrite in soils and sediments, the reactivity of natural (compromised) ferrihydrites and the subsequent impact on mineral evolution needs to be more fully explored.
Human erythrocyte P and Pk blood group antigens: identification as glycosphingolipids.

Abstract The human erythrocyte P blood group system consists of three known antigens, P1, P and Pk. We have identified the P antigen as the glycosphingo-lipid globoside, βGalNAc(1→3)αGal(1→4)βGal(1→4)Glc-cer, and the Pk antigen as ceramide trihexoside, αGal(1→4)βGal(1→4)Glc-cer. These data suggest, in contrast to previous hypotheses, that the Pk antigen is a biosynthetic precursor of P, and that neither P nor Pk is a precursor of P1. These findings also provide an explanation for the apparent recessive inheritance of the Pk antigen, and for the nature of the biochemical abnormality in individuals of the rare Pk and p phenotypes.
A murine model of HIV encephalitis: xenotransplantation of HIV‐infected human neuroglia into SCID mouse brain

The degree of neuronal damage in HIV encephalitis (HIVE) and the mechanisms leading to it are not known. Post-mortem human studies provide limited information concerning pathogenesis, and there are few animal models of HIVE. We have developed a murine model of HIVE based on HIV-infected human brain tissues grafted within the host CNS milieu. HIV-infected blood-derived macrophages were cocultured with and incorporated within second trimester human fetal brain neuroglia. Mixed neuronal-glial aggregates were injected into the striatum of SCID mice where they survived for more than 6 months. Cellular proliferation and differentiation were determined by immunohistochemical staining for proliferating cell nuclear antigen and cellular markers. Synapse formation was seen by immunocytochemistry for synapsin and by electron microscopy. Virus was detected by immunohistochemical staining for HIV gp41. Based on the long-term survival of human neuroglial xenografts containing HIV infected macrophages, we believe that this model will support the study of chronic HIV-associated neurodegeneration and the testing of various CNS targeted therapeutic interventions.
Monitoring and Modeling Lateral Transport through a Large In Situ Chamber

ever, depend on the validity and best estimation of key hydrological as well as nutrient fate and transport paAccurate characterization of lateral transport components is an imrameters. portant step toward a more quantitative assessment of the fate and
An set refinement algorithm with applications

Given two partitions A and B of a totally ordered set S, of size n, corresponding to the equivalence relations R A and R B respectively, the refinement problem calls for the computation of the partition C corresponding to the relation R A and R B. We present an algorithm for this problem. As an application, we present an algorithm that converts an inverted lists structure to a multiple attribute tree for a set of multi-dimensional points. Using the idea of the proposed algorithm we present an alternate algorithm for an existing partition algorithm. The alternate algorithm is very simple to implement and direct to prove.
Frontal-parietal event-related potential changes associated with practising a novel visuomotor task.

Learning novel visuomotor tasks requires precise processing and transformation of incoming sensory information to produce accurate motor responses. The present study characterized neural activity associated with sensorimotor processes during novel visuomotor learning. We hypothesized that the acquisition of a visuomotor skill would be accompanied by experience-dependent modulation of sensorimotor cortical activity. Subjects controlled a cursor on a computer screen with a joystick. With the goal to move the cursor to a cued target after a brief delay, the relationship between joystick and cursor movement was manipulated such that joystick movement controlled cursor velocity, not displacement (rate task). Individual trials in this task were further divided into early (rate1) and late (rate2) blocks. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were averaged to target presentation, the cue for movement, and movement onset. Subjects were more accurate after practice in late rate2 compared to early rate1 blocks. ERPs associated with movement onset were larger in amplitude and occurred earlier over centroparietal sites following practice. In contrast, ERPs to the cue to move were enhanced frontocentrally initially and diminished with practice. The results suggest that practice on a novel visuomotor task is associated with changes in frontoparietal networks involved in motor preparation and sensorimotor integration. Specifically, practice-related enhancement of movement-related ERPs supports experience-dependent alterations in the network subserving motor preparation.
Comparative Standards of Evidence in Social Work

In this article the authors analyze relevant and reliable evidence on the effects of the preferable treatment customized to each social work client. In doing so, the authors look at four major standards of evidence: (1) evidence-based practice, (2) collaboration models (i.e., the Cochrane Collaboration and the Campbell Collaboration), (3) knowledge translation, and (4) the Social Work Article Club. The ultimate goal of these standards of evidence is to successfully transfer research into practice. Currently, there is a gap between research and practice as a result of a lack of collaboration. Most social workers do not possess the skills to implement change in practice based on research evidence. The authors' objective is to increase understanding by instilling, in part, positive feelings toward research.
Methods of Expressing Collagen Characteristics and Their Relationship to Meat Tenderness and Muscle Fiber Types

Meat from five muscles from eight steers and eight bulls was evaluated for the amount of fat, moisture, collagen, and soluble collagen. Regardless of method of expression, bulls had more total collagen than steers and varied within muscles in their collagen content. The quantity of total collagen was found to be highly correlated to sensory tenderness ratings, whereas, the quantity of soluble collagen was strongly correlated to instrumental textural properties. Correlation coefficients between quantity of total collagen and soluble collagen and percentage red muscle fibers were 0.54 and 0.32, respectively, for bulls and –0.31 and –0.46, respectively, for steers. The correlation between percentage collagen solubility and tenderness was –0.71 for bulls and –0.36 for steers.
Amphibian intersex in suburban landscapes

Within the last decade, reproductive abnormalities have been discovered in wild amphibian populations of multiple species and in a variety of regions in North America. Predominantly, these field studies have focused on agricultural landscapes. In this study, we worked in suburban environments based on preliminary evidence showing that amphibian populations can display surprisingly high frequencies of reproductive deformities, including intersex traits. Here, we report results from 28 suburban ponds located near onsite septic systems as well as those located in sewered neighborhoods. Caffeine, an indicator of domestic wastewater contamination, was detected in more than 70% of all ponds; prevalence of contamination was indistinguishable for ponds in sewered neighborhoods and those served by onsite septic systems. Among green frogs (Rana (=Lithobates) clamitans) collected from the same ponds, intersex was detected in each population; on average, one male in five showed evidence of intersex. This frequency was insensitive to wastewater treatment mode. Given prior findings that intersex is absent or rare in less developed landscapes, our results suggest that domestic wastewater contamination in suburban contexts may be more widespread than is generally appreciated and should be investigated as a contributor to intersex in wild amphibians. This hypothesis is consistent with abundant prior research on wild riverine and estuarine fish populations associating reproductive deformities with wastewater exposure.
Toe-to-hand transfer based on the medial plantar artery

Two patients had toe-to-hand transfers based on the medial plantar artery system. The dorsalis pedis and first dorsal metatarsal arteries were absent in both cases. Although the procedure is slightly more complicated than currently described techniques for toe-to-hand transfers based on the dorsal system, the procedure was performed in both cases without complication.
Hexamethylphosphorus triamide: A chloride-for-dimethylamido, Me2N−, exchange reagent

Abstract The reaction of P(NMe2)3 with WCl6 produces [ClP(NMe2)3][WCl4(NMe2)2], [ClP(NMe2)3][2], through apparent Cl−-for-NMe2− exchange. A six-coordinate [Cl5W–PCl(NMe2)3] metallophosphorane species is proposed as a probable intermediate in this ligand exchange reaction. A similar reaction with NbCl5 results in a more complex product, [NbCl4(NHMe2)(η2-N(Me)–C(H)–P(NMe2)3)], 3, in which Cl−-for-NMe2− exchange is attended by additional reactions that include C–H activation and cyclometallation of an NMe2− ligand, H+ transfer to NMe2− to form a dimethylamine ligand, and adduct formation between exogenous P(NMe2)3 and the formyliminium carbon resulting from cyclometallation. Structural characterization of [ClP(NMe2)3][2] reveals a cis disposition of NMe2− ligands that are oriented at 63.2° relative to one another and an appreciable lengthening of the W–Cl bonds trans to the NMe2− ligands (2.4615[4] A) as compared to those that are cis (2.3918[4] A). The structure of 3 is distorted pentagonal bipyramidal with the formyliminium carbon and nitrogen atoms arranged slightly above and below by ∼0.37 A the equatorial plane. The potential synthetic utility of P(NMe2)3 as an alternative to the classical method of delivery of dialkylamido ligands via LiNR2 is discussed.
Divorce and Dating Violence Revisited: Multivariate Analyses Using Straus's Conflict Tactics Subscores

514 men and 891 women college students provided information concerning behaviors both they and their partners used within the prior six months to resolve conflicts in their relationships. Multivariate analyses assessed whether experiencing the divorce of one's parents would be associated with respondents' report of their own or their partners' conflict behaviors. Students from divorced families reported higher scores for their own behavior on the Violence subscale only, while they reported higher scores for their partners on both the Verbal Aggression and Violence subscales. These results suggest that coming from a divorced family may have lasting effects on later relationships of these individuals, particularly in conflict resolution.
Clove Oil Ingestion in an Infant

A case is presented in which a 7-month-old child developed central nervous system depression, urinary abnormalities and a large anion-gap acidosis after the accidental oral administration of clove oil. Supportive care and gastric lavage were sufficient for total recovery of the patient. Possible mechanisms of the depression and acidosis are discussed, and suggestions for treatment are presented.
Habitat selection by the western kingbird in western Nebraska : a hierarchical analysis

This study examined the relationship between habitat structure and habitat use by the Western Kingbird (Tyrannus verticalis) in western Nebraska using hierarchical analysis. Multivariate statistics compared habitat used by Western Kingbirds with a null model of random, unused habitat at multiple scales: macrohabitat (habitat type and territory) and microhabitat (nest tree and nest site). Western Kingbirds exhibit different patterns of habitat use at different spatial scales. They are highly selective at the macrohabitat scale, using only a subset of the available habitat types. Used habitat types have large, widely spaced cottonwood trees with greater grass cover, while unused habitat types have smaller, more closely spaced trees with less grass cover. In contrast, Western Kingbirds are less selective within the macrohabitat scale. There are few significant differences between used and unused territories-only maximum canopy height was significantly different. Western Kingbirds are highly selective at the microhabitat scale, and nest in only a subset of the available treeslarger, taller trees with more available perches. This pattern of nest tree use is consistent between used study sites, even in the face of some inter-site differences in habitat structure. In addition, nest-site location is similar between used study sites and among nest trees. Habitat use by Western Kingbirds in western Nebraska is consistent with a hierarchical view of habitat selection in which Western Kingbirds use different sets of selection criteria at different scales, arriving within the habitat type and then selecting territories, nest trees and nest sites.
The Wess-Zumino term in the chiral bag model☆

Abstract It is shown that local chiral boundary conditions make consistent an otherwise anomalous skyrmion with defect. A careful analysis of the induced action in the vacuum of the chiral bag model yields the missing part of the Wess-Zumino term. The issues of spin-statistics, hypercharge and strangeness are all consistently described in the chiral bag model.
A high-order boundary integral method for surface diffusions on elastically stressed axisymmetric rods

Many applications in materials involve surface diffusion of elastically stressed solids. Study of singularity formation and long-time behavior of such solid surfaces requires accurate simulations in both space and time. Here we present a high-order boundary integral method for an elastically stressed solid with axi-symmetry due to surface diffusions. In this method, the boundary integrals for isotropic elasticity in axi-symmetric geometry are approximated through modified alternating quadratures along with an extrapolation technique, leading to an arbitrarily high-order quadrature; in addition, a high-order (temporal) integration factor method, based on explicit representation of the mean curvature, is used to reduce the stability constraint on time-step. To apply this method to a periodic (in axial direction) and axi-symmetric elastically stressed cylinder, we also present a fast and accurate summation method for the periodic Green's functions of isotropic elasticity. Using the high-order boundary integral method, we demonstrate that in absence of elasticity the cylinder surface pinches in finite time at the axis of the symmetry and the universal cone angle of the pinching is found to be consistent with the previous studies based on a self-similar assumption. In the presence of elastic stress, we show that a finite time, geometrical singularity occurs well before the cylindrical solid collapses onto the axis of symmetry, and the angle of the corner singularity on the cylinder surface is also estimated.
Minimal invasive mitral valve surgery does make a difference: Should it be the gold standard for mitral valve repair?

Mitral valve regurgitation is associated with significant longterm morbidities including the development of atrial fibrillation, heart failure, and shortened life expectancy. Mitral valve repair improves long-term outcome in patients with mitral regurgitation [1]. Open chest procedures remain the gold standard for mitral repair and remain the context from which to compare durability and outcomes. In the current issue of “Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine”, Khaled Algarni and his team from the Mayo Clinic provide a highly effective, evidence-based analysis of the literature regarding the advantages of minimally invasive mitral repair methods. As Algarni clearly states in his article, minimally invasive mitral valve surgery does not refer to a single procedure, but to a growing inventory of strategies to avert a full sternotomy. However, while it is impressive to note that the use of minimally invasive mitral techniques has increased by 100% over the last few years, such methods still represent merely a small portion of all mitral valve repairs [2]. Currently, minimally invasive mitral valve repairs can be subdivided into three categories. First, are those that utilize a partial sternotomy approach. Second, are the right thoracotomy methods, including the choice between open and robotic. And third, and of the most significance to the future, are the emerging transcatheter techniques of mitral repairs. As stated by Algarni and his Mayo team, minimally invasive surgical mitral valve repair, regardless of the technique, can yield comparable results to conventional open methods in terms of outcome, yet with a substantial reduction in associated morbidities. However, because of the significantly smaller incisions, the technical demands upon the surgeon
Pensée 2: Doing Subaltern Studies in Ottoman History

As explained by one of its founders, subaltern studies seeks to counteract histories written by elites, about elites, and for elites that ignore the majority of society. Through this examination, the urban poor, workers, and peasants of India, the original focus of attention, are agents in the formation of their subaltern consciousness: the “agency of change is located in the insurgent or the ‘subaltern.’”
The Kelly scrotal bridge

Elevation of the penis and scrotum after scrotal and pelvic surgery has the salutory effects of facilitating the resolution of postoperative swelling while simultaneously preventing the development of dependent edema. Previously, the desired degree of postoperative genital suspension has been achieved by employing an athletic supporter and by placing towel rolls beneath the scrotum. These measures are frequently ineffective and often uncomfortable for the patient. We report the usage of a light-weight, comfortable, rigid, and reusable suspension apparatus for the penis and scrotum named for its primary inventor (AK). To construct the bridge one need only have on hand 2-inch surgical adhesive tape and tongue depressors. Two strips of tape, 12 inches long, are laid out parallel to each other, approximately 3 inches apart, with the adhesive surface facing up. Tongue depressors are placed perpendicular to the long axis of the tape at intervals of 2-3 inches to form a ribbed network. ‘Iwo additional 12-inch strips of tape are then placed with the adhesive surface in opposition to the original two pieces of tape. All surfaces are then reinforced with additional tape, completing the bridge. One may then affix the ends of the bridge to the patient’s thighs with additional adhesive tape and elevate the penis and scrotum with the midsection of the suspended bridge (Fig. 1). The advantages of the bridge are that it is made of readily available, inexpensive materials; in addition, it is easy to fashion, may be removed and reapplied to the patient numerous times without loss of its rigid properties, is quite comfortable, and, unlike the athletic supporter, the bridge does not obscure the penis and scrotum from the view of the examiner. The Kelly scrotal bridge is a useful adjunct to the manage-
Changes in skeletal muscle myosin heavy chain isoform content during congestive heart failure.

Recent investigations have suggested that changes in contractile protein expression contribute to reductions in skeletal muscle function during congestive heart failure (CHF). Myosin heavy chain (MHC), a major contractile protein, has been shown to undergo alterations in protein isoform expression during CHF. The purpose of this investigation was twofold: (1) to determine whether muscles of the same functional group undergo similar changes in MHC expression, and (2) determine whether the magnitude of alterations in MHC is related to the severity of CHF. Using the rat coronary ligation model, mild and severe forms of CHF were produced and muscles of the plantar flexor group were analyzed. Whole-muscle MHC isoform proportions were not altered in the soleus and white gastrocnemius muscle, however significant increases in the percentage of fast MHC isoforms (7–9% increases in MHC IIx and IIb expression) were found in the red gastrocnemius muscle. In addition, there were significant proportional increases (8%) in MHC type IIb at the expense of MHC type IIx in the plantaris muscle. Many of the changes in the proportions of MHC isoforms were significantly correlated with indices of CHF severity. This indicates that changes in skeletal muscle MHC isoform expression are related to the severity of CHF and suggests that some peripheral skeletal muscles are more susceptible to shifts in MHC expression due to CHF. These changes in MHC isoform expression may contribute to alterations in the physiological performance of skeletal muscle and exercise capacity during CHF.
Optical Coherence Tomography of Retinal Astrocytic Hamartoma in 15 Cases

Objective To describe the features of retinal astrocytic hamartoma using optical coherence tomography (OCT). Design Retrospective, observational, noncomparative case series. Participants Fifteen consecutive eyes from 14 patients with retinal astrocytic hamartoma. Main Outcome Measures Optical coherence tomography characteristics of the tumor. Results The mean patient age at OCT was 33 years, and tuberous sclerosis was present in 3 patients (21%). By ophthalmoscopy, the mean basal diameter of the tumor was 3.6 mm. By OCT, the tumor showed hyperreflectivity at its surface, internal retinal disorganization, and a gradual gently sloping transition from a normal retina into a tumorous retina in all 15 cases (100%). By OCT, the retinal disorganization was limited to the inner retina in 3 (20%), outer retina in 0 (0%), full retina in 5 (33%), and inner retina with no view of deeper layers due to shadowing in 7 (47%). On OCT, there was mild retinal traction on the surface of the tumor in 4 (27%), discrete internal moth-eaten optically empty spaces representing intralesional calcification or intratumoral cavities in 10 (67%), and optical shadowing posterior to the tumor in 14 (93%). Other retinal findings on OCT included shallow elevation of the adjacent retina in 2 (13%), adjacent retinal edema in 4 (27%), and macular edema in 3 (20%). Conclusions Retinal astrocytic hamartoma shows characteristic features on OCT, including a gradual transition from a normal retina into an optically hyperreflective mass with retinal disorganization, characteristic moth-eaten spaces, and posterior shadowing.
Effects of pleuropneumonia-like organisms on cultured human cells.

Abstract A strain of PPLO isolated from contaminated tissue cultures exhibited the typical characteristics of mycoplasma by agar cultivation and electron microscopy and was sensitive to Aureomycin. Among many types of cultured cells studied, human amnion cells of the FL line showed the most pronounced morphological changes (cytopathic effect) and cell destruction as a result of infection with this strain. The mycoplasma, as observed by the direct microscopic demonstration method in association with FL cells, had an average diameter of 308 mμ. The titers in the tissue culture fluid approximated 107 colony-forming units (CFU) per ml. This PPLO strain, and many other strains, propagated to considerable titers (approximately 106 CFU/ml) also in two freshly prepared cell-free tissue culture media (slightly better in yeast extract-containing medium, LY medium). In infected FL cell cultures, after an initial period of normal division, the FL cell population decreased due to extensive cell destruction. Subsequently, a population of cells increased at a reduced rate. The latter population, which has been carried up to twelve months in serial transfer in the presence of high PPLO titers, is morphologically different from uninfected FL cells. The deleterious cell effects of this PPLO strain were not diminished by an increase in the l-arginine concentration in the culture medium.
ERYTHROPOIETIC STIMULATING FACTOR (ESF) AS A STIMULANT OF CELL GROWTH IN VITRO.

Erythropoietic stimulating factor /ESF/ effect on human synovial membrane and monocytic leukemia cell growth in vitro
The nucleotide sequence of the 5' region of rat 18S rDNA and adjoining spacer.

The first sixty-two nucleotides of rat 18S rDNA, as well as eighty-five nucleotides of the adjacent external transcribed spacer have been sequenced. The homologies between the rat sequence and those of other species demonstrate the conservation of the 5′ terminus of 18S rDNA and the divergence of the adjacent external transcribed spacers. A secondary structure model depicting the possible interactions between the 5′ and 3′ termini of 18S rRNA and the adjacent transcribed spacers was constructed for rat and Xenopus preribosomal RNA. This model suggests a possible configuration for the processing of pre-18S rRNA which is apparently conserved despite the divergence of the sequences of the external and internal transcribed spacers.
Grp78, Grp94, and Grp170 interact with α1-antitrypsin mutants that are retained in the endoplasmic reticulum

In α1-antitrypsin (α1-AT) deficiency, a mutant form of α1-AT polymerizes in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of liver cells resulting in chronic hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma by a gain of to...
Restricting access to palatable foods affects children's behavioral response, food selection, and intake

Background: Restricting children's access to palatable foods may appeal to parents as a straightforward means of promoting moderate intakes of foods high in fat and sugar; however, restricting access to palatable foods may have unintended effects on children's eating. The efficacy of restricting children's access to palatable foods as a means of promoting patterns of moderate intake of those foods is unknown. Objective: Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that restricting access to a palatable food enhances children's subsequent behavioral responses to, selection of, and intake of that restricted food. Design: Both experiments used a within-subjects design to examine the effects of restricting access to a palatable food on children's subsequent behavior, food selection, and food intake. The first experiment examined the effects of restriction within and outside the restricted context and the second experiment focused on the effects within the restricted context. Results: In both experiments, restricting access to a palatable food increased children's behavioral response to that food. Experiment 2 showed that restricting access increased children's subsequent selection and intake of that food within the restricted context. Conclusions: Restricting access focuses children's attention on restricted foods, while increasing their desire to obtain and consume those foods. Restricting children's access to palatable foods is not an effective means of promoting moderate intake of palatable foods and may encourage the intake of foods that should be limited in the diet.
Development and sensitivity analysis of a portable calibration system for joint offset of industrial robot

This paper describes our updated system for industrial robot joint offset calibration. The system consists of an IRB1600 industrial robot, a laser tool attached to the robot's end-effector, a portable position-sensitive device (PPD), and a PC based controller. By aiming the laser spot to the center of position-sensitive-detector (PSD) on the PPD with different robot configurations, the developed system ideally implements our proposed calibration method called the virtual line-based single-point constraint approach. However, unlike our previous approach, the calibration method is extended to identify the offset parameters with an uncalibrated laser tool. The position errors of the PPD and the sensitivities of error in the PSD plane to the variation of joint angles are analyzed. Two different robot configuration patterns are compared by implementing the calibration method. Both simulation and real experimental results are consistent with the mathematical analysis. Experimental results with small (10−3−10−2) mean and standard deviation of parameters error verify the effectiveness of both the sensitivity analysis and the developed system.