cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The best friendships of aggressive boys: relationship quality, conflict management, and rule-breaking behavior.

Abstract The current study examined the best friendships of aggressive and nonaggressive boys ( N =96 boys, 48 dyads, mean age=10.6 years). Friends completed self-report measures of friendship quality, and their interactions were observed in situations that required conflict management and provided opportunities for rule-breaking behavior. Although there were no differences in boys’ self-reports of friendship quality, observers rated nonaggressive boys and their friends as showing greater positive engagement, on-task behavior, and reciprocity in their interactions compared with aggressive boys and their friends. Aggressive boys and their friends provided more enticement for rule violations and engaged in more rule-breaking behavior than did nonaggressive boys and their friends. Also, the intensity of negative affect in observed conflicts between aggressive boys and their friends was greater than that between nonaggressive boys and their friends. The findings suggest that friendships may provide different developmental contexts for aggressive and nonaggressive boys.
The Accuracy of RASS Temperature Measurements Corrected for Vertical Air Motion

Abstract Temperature measurements made with a 50-MHz wind profiler equipped with a radio acoustic sounding system (RASS) are compared with radiosonde observations (raobs) during a 5-week period in the fall of 1991. The accuracy of the RASS temperature measurements corrected for vertical air motion is reported. Measurements made during a period when vertical air motion was observed showed a mean improvement of 0.7°C after correction. The rms differences between the RASS observations and the raobs showed improvement at all the measurement heights when the correction for vertical air motion was made. The accuracy for all the observations is reported to be 0.9°C. The remaining differences in the temperature are compared with a model of RASS errors induced by horizontal winds and turbulence.
Content without context is meaningless

We revisit one of the most fundamental problems in multimedia that is receiving enormous attention from researchers without making much progress in solving it: the problem of bridging the semantic gap. Research in this area has focused on developing increasingly rigorous techniques using the content. Researchers consider that Content is King and ignore everything else. In this paper, first we will discuss how this infatuation with content continues to be the biggest hurdle in the success of, ironically, content based approaches for multimedia search. Lately, many commercial systems have ignored content in favor of context and demonstrated better success. Given that the mobile phones are the major platform for the next generation of computing, context becomes easily available and more relevant. We show that it is not Content Versus Context; rather it is Content and Context that is required to bridge the semantic gap. In this paper, first we will discuss reasons for our approach and then present approaches that appropriately combine context with content to help bridge the semantic gap and solve important problems in multimedia computing.
Numerical Simulation of Film Boiling Near Critical Pressures With a Level Set Method

Attempts have recently been made to numerically simulate film boiling on a horizontal surface. It has been observed from experiments and numerical simulations that during film boiling the bubbles are released alternatively at the nodes and antinodes of a Taylor wave. Near the critical state, however, hydrodynamic transition in bubble release pattern has been reported in the literature. The purpose of this work is to understand the mechanism of the transition in bubble release pattern through complete numerical simulation of the evolution of the vapor-liquid interface. The interface is captured by a level set method which is modified to include the liquid-vapor phase change effect. It is found from the numerical simulation that at low wall superheats the interface moves upwards, bubbles break off, and the interface drops down alternatively at the nodes and antinodes. However, with an increase in wall superheat, stable vapor jets are formed on both the nodes and antinodes and bubbles are released from the top of the vapor columns. The numerical results are compared with the experimental data, and visual observations reported in the literature are found to be in good agreement with the data.
Inbreeding and reproductive success in a natural chacma baboon, Papio cynocephalus ursinus, population

Abstract Six of 19 male chacma baboons living in a natural environment in Botswana were born in troops where they attained alpha status. At least three of these six males sired young in their natal troops. Nine other paternal males were immigrants, hence they were more distantly related to their mates, who were all natal. Offspring of natal and immigrant parents survived equally well to 90 days. These observations suggest that for this and other mammalian species the evolutionary history of a population may determine inbreeding costs.
The Royal Society and the Genesis of the Scientific Advisory Committee to Britain's War Cabinet, 1939-1940

Early in 1947 the British Labour Government created the Advisory council on Scientific Policy with the quite general function of advising ‘the Lord President of the Council in the exercise of his responsibility for the formulation and execution of Government scientific policy’ (I). The Council was composed of six government and six non-government scientists and was chaired by the experienced scientist-administrator Sir Henry Tizard. Never before in peace-time had scientists enjoyed as high a position within the hierarchy of British government. But then the Council’s creation reflected the increased recognition in political circles of the importance of science to the modern state. That importance had been greatly emphasized by the crucial roles played by science in the recent world war; and such was the impression made that the post-war Labour Government had not hesitated to proceed towards the setting up of some such scientific body as the Council. No pressure from any group, including scientists, had been necessary.
On the rate of equilibration of diffusional traps in solids

Abstract The rate at which the equilibrium boundary condition is attained at an internal diffusion source is considered. The source is a trap site with a binding energy for the diffusing species relative to the bulk lattice. The case of a given initial amount in the trap and the case where the diffusing species is supplied to the trap at a constant rate are considered. The rate of equilibration is found to be more rapid for a short-range trap, where the binding energy is released in one jump, than for a long-range trap. The problem is relevant to solute transport and release by movina dislocations.
Kinetics and mechanism of the reaction of aqueous sulfite with N-chloroalanylalanylalanine

The rate of the reaction of aqueous sulfite with the N-chloropeptide N-chloroalanylalanylalanine has been studied as a function of pH, temperature, and ionic strength. The results of this work suggest that the mechanism of the reaction involves the interaction of the neutral chloramine with the three ionic forms of sulfite, SO, HSO, and H2SO3, with the rate of reaction increasing rapidly with increasing protonation. The estimated second-order rate constants for each ionic species as a function of temperature are where the activation energies are in units of cal/mol.
Absence of G-protein activation by μ-opioid receptor agonists in the spinal cord of μ-opioid receptor knockout mice

1. The ability of mu-opioid receptor agonists to activate G-proteins in the spinal cord of mu-opioid receptor knockout mice was examined by monitoring the binding to membranes of the non-hydrolyzable analogue of GTP, guanosine-5'-O-(3-[35S]thio)triphosphate ([35S]GTPgammaS). 2. In the receptor binding study, Scatchard analysis of [3H][D-Ala2,NHPhe4,Gly-ol]enkephalin ([3H]DAMGO; mu-opioid receptor ligand) binding revealed that the heterozygous mu-knockout mice displayed approximately 40% reduction in the number of mu-receptors as compared to the wild-type mice. The homozygous mu-knockout mice showed no detectable mu-binding sites. 3. The newly isolated mu-opioid peptides endomorphin-1 and -2, the synthetic selective mu-opioid receptor agonist DAMGO and the prototype of mu-opioid receptor agonist morphine each produced concentration-dependent increases in [35S]GTPgammaS binding in wild-type mice. This stimulation was reduced by 55-70% of the wild-type level in heterozygous, and virtually eliminated in homozygous knockout mice. 4. No differences in the [35S]GTPgammaS binding stimulated by specific delta1- ([D-Pen2,5]enkephalin), delta2-([D-Ala2]deltorphin II) or kappa1-(U50,488H) opioid receptor agonists were noted in mice of any of the three genotypes. 5. The data clearly indicate that mu-opioid receptor gene products play a key role in G-protein activation by endomorphins, DAMGO and morphine in the mouse spinal cord. They support the idea that mu-opioid receptor densities could be rate-limiting steps in the G-protein activation by mu-opioid receptor agonists in the spinal cord. These thus indicate a limited physiological mu-receptor reserve. Furthermore, little change in delta1-, delta2- or kappa1-opioid receptor-G-protein complex appears to accompany mu-opioid receptor gene deletions in this region.
The Effect of Gender Diversity on Angel Group Investment

We examine the impact that gender diversity has on angel group investment behavior for a sample of 183 group–years between 2000 and 2006. Our evidence suggests that gender diversity is a significan...
Stress relaxation and thermal evolution of film properties in amorphous carbon

A model for the stress relaxation of amorphous carbon films containing high concentrations of fourfold coordinated carbon is presented. The onset of stress relaxation in these materials occurs following thermal annealing at temperatures as low as 100°C, and near full stress relaxation occurs after annealing at 600°C. The stress relaxation is modeled by a series of first order chemical reactions which lead to a conversion of some fourfold coordinated carbon atoms into threefold coordinated carbon atoms. The distribution of activation energies for this process is derived from the experimental measurements of stress relaxation and is found to range from 1 eV to over 3 eV. Permanent increases in the electrical conductivity of the carbon films are also found following thermal annealing. The electrical conductivity is found to be exponentially proportional to the number of additional threefold atoms which are created upon annealing, with the increase in threefold atom concentration being deduced from the stress relaxation model. This indicates that the increase in electrical conductivity and the stress relaxation originate from the same fourfold to threefold conversion process and that electrical transport through these films is dominated by a hopping conduction process.
Subsequent asynchronous torsion of normal adnexa in children

Children who have suffered from ovarian torsion may be at increased risk for a repetitive event. Torsion in a normal adnexa may be due to excessive mobility resulting from congenitally long supportive ligaments. Oophoropexy or shortening of the ligamentous support of the remaining functional ovary after torsion is recommended in attempt to prevent a subsequent torsion. The evaluation of young females with abdominal pain should always include the consideration of ovarian torsion. Preoperative ultrasonography is not invasive and could lead to earlier operative intervention resulting in salvage of ovarian tissue. Observation in these same children may allow a torsed edematous ovary to convert to a nonviable necrotic tissue necessitating oophorectomy. Laparoscopy is useful in cases in which the diagnosis is unclear.
On-chip self-awareness using cyberphysical-systems-on-chip (CPSoC)

We present CyberPhysical-Systems-on-Chip (CPSoC), a new class of sensor-actuator rich many-core computing platforms that intrinsically couples on-chip and cross-layer sensing and actuation to enable self-awareness. Unlike traditional MPSoC designs, CPSoC differs primarily on the co-design of the control, communication, and computing system that interacts with the physical environment in real-time in order to modify the system's behavior so as to adaptively achieve desired objectives and Quality-of-Service (QoS). The CPSoC design paradigm enables self-awareness (i.e., the ability of the system to observe its own internal and external behaviors such that it is capable of making judicious decision) and (opportunistic) adaptation using the concept of cross-layer physical and virtual sensing and actuations applied across different layers of the hardware/software system stack. The closed loop control used for adaptation to dynamic variation - commonly known as observer-decide-act (ODA) loop - is implemented using an adaptive, reflexive middleware layer. The learning abilities of CPSoC provide a unified interface API for sensor and actuator fusion along with the ability to improve autonomy in system management.
Superfluid condensation energy of neutron matter

Abstract The detailed energetics of pure neutron matter, an ideal form of neutron-star matter, are investigated at low density. The energy shift associated with the normal-to-superfluid-state transition induced by S-wave pairing is estimated by a variational method, with trial superfluid-state and reference normal-state wave functions incorporating strong short-range correlations. The neutron system remains unbound, and indeed there is no indication of a relative minimum of the ground state energy of the (assumed uniform) system as a function of density. However, the transition energy is not entirely negligible compared to the other characteristic energies of the problem - it may be somewhat greater than one-tenth the normal-state energy at densities typical of the inner crust of a neutron star.
THE DEATH WAVE IN NITELLA : III. TRANSMISSION.

Cutting a cell of Nitella sets up a series of rapid electrical responses, transmitted at a rate too rapid to be measured by means of our records. These are followed by slower responses whose speed falls off as the distance from the cut increases, as though they were caused by a mechanical disturbance whose intensity falls off as it travels. The faster responses seem to be due to the motion of sap past protoplasmic surfaces which have suffered little or no alteration (they seem to be similar to the electrical changes following a blow on the end of a soft rubber tube containing Ag-AgCl electrodes). The slower responses appear to be due to alterations in the protoplasm and are usually irreversible.
The Scattering of Thermal Neutrons by Deuterons

The cross section for the scattering of very slow neutrons by deuterons is calculated by numerical methods. Polarization is completely neglected and the wave equation for the process is set up in such a form as to take correctly into account exchange effects between the incident neutron and the neutron initially in the deuteron. This wave equation is then replaced by an integral equation the solution of which is correctly symmetrized and has the right asymptotic value to describe the scattering process. The numerical integration is performed by replacing the integral equation by a finite set of simultaneous linear algebraic equations. The work is greatly simplified by the use of a sum of two Gauss functions to approximate the ground state deuteron wave function. It is assumed throughout this paper that the interactions between like and unlike particles are equal and are of the general form ${V}_{\mathrm{ij}}=\ensuremath{-}[(1\ensuremath{-}g\ensuremath{-}{g}_{1}\ensuremath{-}{g}_{2}){P}_{\mathrm{ij}}+g{P}_{\mathrm{ij}}{Q}_{\mathrm{ij}}+{g}_{1}+{g}_{2}{Q}_{\mathrm{ij}}]J({r}_{\mathrm{ij}}),$ where the symbols have their usual meanings and where $J({r}_{\mathrm{ij}})$ is a Gauss function. The calculation is carried out for two sets of $g$'s. For the first set, ${g}_{1}={g}_{2}=0$, $g=0.2$, the cross section is found to be equal to 4.57\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}24}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$, and for the second set of $g$'s, ${g}_{2}=2$, $g=0.22\ensuremath{-}{g}_{2}$, ${g}_{1}=0.25\ensuremath{-}0.8{g}_{2}$, the value of the cross section is found to be equal to 6.91\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}24}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. The experimental value is at least 20 percent smaller than the first of these values.
Linkage of GLO with HLA and Bf. Effect of Population and Sex on Recombination Frequency

Further data on the linkage relationships of red cell glyoxalase I(GLO) with HLA and Bf are reported. The most likely order of loci is GLO: Bf: HLA-B: HLA-A. No sex difference in the frequency of recombination between GLO and HLA was noted, but recombination was more frequent for both males and females in the American black population than in the white population.
The gauche interaction in trans-1,2-dimethylcyclohexane

Abstract The gauche interaction in the diequatorial conformation of trans -1,2-dimethylcyclohexane is found to be 0.74±0.09 kcal/mol (3.10±0.38 kJ/mol).
Spectral effects on x-ray lithography

The actinic spectra of two beamlines of the University of Wisconsin's Center for X-ray Lithography (CXrL) at the Aladdin storage ring were studied in three configurations. Some beamlines optimized for particular bandwidths are presented and their impact on mask making, aerial image quality, printed image quality, and device damage discussed. Resist performance dependence on the actinic spectrum is investigated. The exposure-gap tree response of 0.25 micron features is presented for different spectra. Resist characteristic curve data were collected for these conditions and are compared.
Analysis of leukotrienes in cerebrospinal fluid of a reference population and patients with inborn errors of metabolism: further evidence for a pathognomonic profile in LTC4-synthesis deficiency

Abstract Cysteinyl leukotrienes (LTC 4 , LTD 4 , LTE 4 ) are potent lipid mediators derived from arachidonate in the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. Recently, the first inborn error of leukotriene synthesis, LTC 4 -synthesis deficiency, has been identified in association with a fatal developmental syndrome. The absence of leukotrienes in cerebrospinal fluid was one of the most striking biochemical findings in this disorder. We analysed leukotrienes in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with a broad spectrum of other well-defined inborn errors of metabolism, including glutathione synthetase deficiency ( n =2), Zellweger syndrome ( n =3), mitochondrial disorders ( n =8), fatty acid oxidation defects ( n =7), organic acidurias ( n =7), neurotransmitter defects ( n =5) and patients with non-specific neurological symptoms, as a reference population ( n =120). The concentrations of leukotrienes were not related to age. Representative percentiles were calculated as reference intervals of each leukotriene. In all patients with an inborn error of metabolism concentration of cysteinyl leukotrienes and LTB 4 did not differ from the reference group. Our results indicate that absence of cysteinyl leukotrienes ( 4 (50.0–67.3 pg/ml) is pathognomonic for LTC 4 -synthesis deficiency. The unique profile of leukotrienes in cerebrospinal fluid in this new disorder is primarily related to the defect and represents a new diagnostic approach.
The Nazi Vote: A National Ecological Study

Two models of voting are often used to explain the Nazi vote in the Weimar Republic. The first model states that the Nazis' electoral successes resulted from Protestant petty bourgeois and peasant support for fascism. The second model argues that the Nazis gained the bulk of their support from newly mobilized voters. Previous analyses of these models are plagued with serious problems due to their limited data base. This study reassesses these models with the use of an unusually complete data set for all of Germany and concludes that much of the previous work examining the Nazi vote wrongly identifies the Protestant petty bourgeoisie as the major contributor to the Nazi vote. The Nazis received important levels of support from Protestant peasants, new voters, and Catholic petty bourgeoisie.
Differential Susceptibility and Resistance to Insecticides of Coexisting Populations of Musca domestica, Fannia canicularis, F. femoralis, and Ophyra leucostoma

Coexisting populations of house fly, Musca domestica L.; little house fly, Faunia canicularis (L.); and F. femoralis Stein, in 3 poultry ranches in southern California, 2 of which relied heavily on chemical control, were tested by topical application for resistance to 2 organochlorine, 10 organophosphorus, and 1 carbamate insecticide. Simultaneously, “susceptible” populations from areas which had experienced minimal use of insecticides, especially organophosphates, were used in establishing base-line levels of susceptibility. No large interspecific differences were found in the base-line data and, thus, no evidence of pronounced natural tolerance toward any of the test compounds. However, populations that had experienced considerable chemical control showed significant interspecific differences both in the degree and the spectrum of developed resistance. In each of the 3 ranches sampled for resistance, M. domestica was the most resistant to most of the compounds, followed by F. canicularis , then by F. femoralis . Tests on Ophyra leucostoma Wiedemann from 1 ranch revealed only incipient resistance to DDT and fielding and none to oregano phosphates or carbonates. The highest levels of resistance observed in M. domestica (at LD.95) were: DDT >1000 times, dieldrin >1000 times, coumaphos >909 times, Ciodrin® ( alpha -methylbenzyl 3-hydroxycrotonate dimethyl phosphate) 182 times, malathion 102 times, diazinon 66.5 limes, ronnel 26.3 times, naled 11.8 times, fenthion 10.2 times, dimethioate 4.6 times, dichlorvos 4.2 times. and Temik® (2-methyl-2-(methylthio)-propionaldehyde O -(methylcarbamoyl) oxime) 6.2 times; in F. canicularis DDT 1009 times, dieldrin 400 times. coumaphos >174 times, Ciodrin 81.9 times, malathion 5931 times, diazinon 6.8 times. ronnel 4.5 limes, and Temik 6.3 times; in F. femoralis , DDT 25.9 times, dieldrin 233.5 times, and malathion 55.8 times. In view of the similarities in the base line data for each insecticide, the observed differences in the general level of resistance in coexisting populations of the 3 species may be attributed to unequal selection pressure dependent on the biological and ethological characteristics of the species. furthermore, interspecific variations in the spectrum of resistance which occur consistently in coexisting populations suggest the presence of qualitative differences in the physiological potential of each species for development of resistance to certain insecticides.
Frequency Resolved Phonon Transport in Si/Ge Nanocomposites

In this paper, we analyze cross plane phonon transport and thermal conductivity in two-dimensional Si/Ge nanocomposites. A non-gray BTE model that includes full details of phonon dispersion, the spread in phonon mean free paths and the frequency dependent transmissivity is used to simulate thermal transport. The general conclusions inferred from gray BTE simulations that the thermal conductivity of the nanocomposite is much lower than its constituent materials and interfacial density as the parameter determining thermal conductivity remain the same. However, it is found that the gray BTE significantly overpredicts thermal conductivity in the length scales of interest and quantitatively reliable results are obtained only upon inclusion of the details of phonon dispersion. The transition of phonon transport from ballistic regime to near diffusive regime is observed by looking at a large range of length scales. Non-equilibrium energy exchange between optical and acoustic phonons and the granularity in phonon mean free paths are found to significantly affect thermal conductivity leading to departures from the frequently employed gray approximation. It is also found that the frequency content of thermal conductivity in the nanocomposite extends out to a much larger frequency range unlike bulk Si and Ge. Scattering against heterogeneous interfaces is very effective in suppressing thermal conductivity contribution from the low frequency acoustic phonons but less so for high frequency phonons, which have much smaller mean free paths.© 2011 ASME
Enhanced inter-helical residue contact prediction in transmembrane proteins

Abstract In this paper, based on a recent work by McAllister and Floudas who developed a mathematical optimization model to predict the contacts in transmembrane alpha-helical proteins from a limited protein data set ( McAllister and Floudas, 2008 ), we have enhanced this method by (1) building a more comprehensive data set for transmembrane alpha-helical proteins and this enhanced data set is then used to construct the probability sets, MIN-1N and MIN-2N, for residue contact prediction, (2) enhancing the mathematical model via modifications of several important physical constraints and (3) applying a new blind contact prediction scheme on different protein sets proposed from analyzing the contact prediction on 65 proteins from Fuchs et al. (2009) . The blind contact prediction scheme has been tested on two different membrane protein sets. First, it is applied to five carefully selected proteins from the training set. The contact prediction of these five proteins uses probability sets built by excluding the target protein from the training set, and an average accuracy of 56% was obtained. Second, it is applied to six independent membrane proteins with complicated topologies, and the prediction accuracies are 73% for 2ZY9A, 21% for 3KCUA, 46% for 2W1PA, 64% for 3CN5A, 77% for 3IXZA and 83% for 3K3FA. The average prediction accuracy for the six proteins is 60.7%. The proposed approach is also compared with a support vector machine method (TMhit Lo et al., 2009 ) and it is shown that it exhibits better prediction accuracy.
Two rooms, two representations? Episodic‐like memory in toddlers and preschoolers

Episodic memory involves binding together what-where-when associations. In three experiments, we tested the development of memory for such contextual associations in a naturalistic setting. Children searched for toys in two rooms with two different experimenters; each room contained two identical sets of four containers, but arranged differently. A distinct toy was hidden in a distinct container in each room. In Experiment 1, which involved children between 15 and 26 months who were prompted with a very explicit cue (a part of the hidden toy), we found a marked shift in performance with age: while 15- to 20-month-olds concentrated their searches on the two containers that sometimes contained toys, they did not distinguish between them according to context, but 21-26-month-olds did. However, surprisingly, without toy cues, even the youngest children showed a fragile ability to disambiguate the two containers by room context. In Experiment 2, we tested 34- to 40-month-olds and 64- to 72-month-olds without toy cues. The 5-year-olds were nearly perfect, and the 3-year-olds showed a significant preference for the correct container given only the context. In Experiment 3, we filled in the age range, and also investigated the effects of the use of labels (i.e. names of experimenters and rooms) and of familiarization time, in groups of 34- to 40-month-olds, 42- to 48-month-olds, and 50- to 56-month-olds. Neither labels nor familiarization time had an effect. Across experiments, there was regular age-related improvement in context-based memory. Overall, the results suggest that children's episodic memory may undergo an early qualitative change, yet to be precisely characterized, and that continuing increments in the use of contextual cues occur throughout the preschool period. A video abstract of this article can be viewed at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DkwEFw0UEz4&list=PLwxXcOKHPC0llAPVcJyW4EtzlA934A2Rz&index=1.
Polymer matrix effects on acid generation

We have measured the acid generation efficiency with EUV exposure of a PAG in different polymer matrixes representing the main classes of resist polymers as well as some previously described fluoropolymers for lithographic applications. The polymer matrix was found to have a significant effect on the acid generation efficiency of the PAG studied. A linear relationship exists between the absorbance of the resist and the acid generation efficiency. A second inverse relationship exists between Dill C and aromatic content of the resist polymer. It was shown that polymer sensitization is important for acid generation with EUV exposure and the Dill C parameter can be increased by up to five times with highly absorbing non-aromatic polymers, such as non-aromatic fluoropolymers, over an ESCAP polymer. The increase in the Dill C value will lead to an up to five fold increase in resist sensitivity. It is our expectation that these insights into the nature of polymer matrix effects on acid generation could lead to increased sensitivity for EUV resists.
Shape optimization of heavy load carrying components for structural performance and manufacturing cost

This paper addresses the trade-off between structural performance and manufacturing cost of heavy load carrying components by incorporating virtual machining (VM) technique in computer-aided design (CAD)-based shape optimization problem. A structural shape optimization problem is set up to minimize total cost, subject to the limits on structural performance measures. For every design iteration, finite element analysis (FEA) is conducted to evaluate structural performance, and VM is employed to ascertain machinability and estimate machining time. Design sensitivity coefficients of objective function and constraints are computed and supplied to the optimization algorithm. Based on the gradients, the algorithm determines design changes, which are used to update FEA and VM models. The process is repeated until specified convergence criterion is satisfied. Application programs developed to integrate commercially available CAD/CAM/FEA/Design optimization tools enable implementation in virtual environment and facilitate automation. The application programs can be reused for similar design problems provided that the same set of tools is used.
Cholinergic Anionic Receptors I: Steric Requirements for Quaternary Ammonium Inhibitors of Acetylcholinesterase

As an initial effort to discern some of the fine features of cholinergic anionic receptors, a study was made on inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase which used inhibitors that are relatively free from conformational variation. The inhibitors used were quaternized 1-azabicyclo (2.2.2)octanes. The bicyclic parent amine was prepared by several conventional procedures. The salts were evaluated as competitive inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase by a titrimetric procedure. The affinity of these compounds for the anionic site of this enzyme was compared to the affinity of a series of related salts subject to conformational variation. These comparisons suggest that there are stereochemical requirements for the anionic site of this cholinergic receptor more specific than heretofore suspected.
Comparison of the ultrasonic scalpel to CO2 laser and electrosurgery in terms of tissue injury and adhesion formation in a rabbit model

Objective To determine the relative effect of an ultrasonic scalpel on reproductive tissue compared with CO 2 laser and electrosurgery. Design Prospective, randomized animal study. Setting University laboratory setting. Animals Sixteen New Zealand White rabbits. Intervention(s) A steel scalpel, an ultrasonic scalpel, a CO 2 laser, or electrosurgery were used to perform an ovarian wedge resection and to remove the distal uterine horn. A 3-cm longitudinal incision also was made in the uterine horn. Main Outcome Measure(s) The number of 1-second bursts of needle-tip electrosurgery required for hemostasis, the depth and degree of coagulation necrosis, degree of fibrin deposition, and postoperative adhesion formation. Result(s) The amount of electrosurgery needed to achieve hemostasis was less for any of the four power techniques than for the steel scalpel, with the exception of the ultrasonic scalpel at level 5 when used on the ovary. The depth (range: 0.30 to 0.38 mm) and the degree of coagulation necrosis was not different for any of the power techniques. The fibrin score was greatest for the ultrasonic scalpel at level 5 in both the ovarian tissue and the uterine tissue. There was no difference in adhesion scores for the power techniques and the steel scalpel. Conclusion(s) The ultrasonic scalpel at level 3 is not different from either CO 2 laser or electrosurgery in terms of hemostatic properties, coagulation necrosis, or adhesion formation in the rabbit model. Fertil Steril ® 1997;67:382-6
One Hour of Sampling is Enough: Great Tit Parus major Parents Feed Their Nestlings Consistently Across Time

Abstract. Parental investment is a key topic in avian ecology, and many authors have focused on nestling-feeding behaviour to analyse this issue. Surprisingly, most studies have based their results on feeding patterns recorded over periods of only one or two hours, possibly leading to over generalizations regarding temporal-dependent behavioural patterns. Irrespective of nestling age or brood size, if we use observations from such short periods as conclusive evidence we must assume that parents behave consistently across time and that the window of time selected is representative of parental effort. To test this assumption, we analysed the time consistency of nestling provisioning rates and prey composition of 32 breeding pairs of Mediterranean Great Tits Parus major, from dawn to midday (7 hours recording). Regardless of a parallel decrease in the intensity of work for both sexes, we found that hourly provisioning rates per nestling correlated strongly with the mean number of feedings per nestling and pe...
A comparison of near-surface current measurements by ADCP and HF-Radar on the west Florida shelf

Surface currents (0.5 m) were measured during an eleven-day deployment of a pair of CODAR Ocean Sensors 25 MHz SeaSonde/spl trade/ HF-Radars. The radar footprint overlooked of an array of acoustic Doppler current profilers on the West Florida Shelf (WSF) located between the 10 m to 30 m isobaths. An earlier study compared the hourly-averaged HF-Radar current vectors at grid points near the ADCP moorings, and found correlation coefficients (R) of 0.8 to 0.9 for the alongshelf components but 0.6 or less for the cross-shelf components, which are small in magnitude. The study noted that the alongshelf surface currents measured by the radar are about 30% larger than those of the ADCPs measured 2 to 3 m below the surface according to standard deviations and linear regression slopes. In this study we focus on the mooring located near the center of the radar coverage and explore the near surface shear and wind forcing. A fit of the M/sub 2/ tide, which is barotropic on the WSF, to the ADCP and radar vector time series yielded current tidal ellipse parameters that are in close agreement, suggesting that the low-frequency, upper-layer shear may be real. Alongshelf wind and radar current speed (at 0.5 m) were more strongly correlated than the alongshelf wind and ADCP current at 2.5 m depth. Both the principal axis analyses and the complex vector correlations indicate directional differences of 6/spl deg/ to 12/spl deg/ counterclockwise rotation (looking down) for currents with respect to wind, i.e., to the left of the wind, which is attributed primarily to the location of the coastal wind station.
Modal control of a corner reflector to maximize far‐field power

The far-field power transmitted from a corner reflector was maximized by varying its direction angle and corner angle. The optimal direction angle and corner angle are found by the modal autofocus method. The method is shown to converge over a wide range of initial angles. The results are demonstrated in a physical experiment along with complimentary numerical predictions. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons. Inc.
The Shifting Sands of Counseling Psychology Programs’ Institutional Contexts: An Environmental Scan and Revitalizing Strategies

Despite strong indicators of the robustness of counseling psychology, the specialty seems somewhat vulnerable, as evidenced by the fact that several solid programs have been forced to phase out or to convert to combined-integrated programs. In fact, analyzing the trends among counseling psychology programs reveals that 30% of programs that have been accredited have been phased out. This article provides a context for understanding the accreditation history of counseling psychology programs. We then offer solutions and strategies to reduce this particular vulnerability. The proximal and distal solutions that are presented may help ensure the continued flourishing of counseling psychology across institutional, programmatic, and national levels.
Micro power meter for energy monitoring of wireless sensor networks at scale

We present SPOT, a scalable power observation tool that enables in situ measurement of nodal power and energy over a dynamic range exceeding four decades or a temporal resolution of microseconds. Using SPOT, every node in a sensor network can now be instrumented, providing unparalleled visibility into the dynamic power profile of applications and system software. Power metering at every node enables previously impossible empirical evaluation of low power designs at scale. The SPOT architecture and design meet challenges unique to wireless sensor networks and other low power systems, such as orders of magnitude difference in current draws between sleep and active states, short-duration power spikes during periods of brief activity, and the need for minimum perturbation of the system under observation.
The modeling of packet disordering in multi-stage wireless sensor networks

Packet disordering is a common problem in many industrial applications where wireless sensor nodes, interconnected with an ad hoc network, are used to monitor a certain event. In such systems, packets will have to be resequenced at the receiving nodes because they would have been disordered while traversing different paths over the ad hoc network. In this paper we investigate analytically and by simulation the disordering and the resequencing delay in n-stage wireless sensor networks where ALOHA and CSMA are implemented as possible MAC protocols. The results we develop in this paper indicate that the disordering is highly dependent on the MAC protocol and the number of stages crossed by the packets.
All inkjet printed self-aligned transistors and circuits applications

We fabricate devices and circuit blocks using a novel, fully-printed transistor process that self-aligns source/drain electrodes to gates, resulting in improved overlap capacitance. These are used with a self-aligned interconnect to realize fully-printed transistor arrays and inverters showing performance suitable for use in a range of low-cost electronics applications.
Ocular pneumoplethysmography after lens implantation

Abstract A series of letters in this journal discussed the safety of ocular pneumoplethysinography (OPG-Gee) in pseudophakic patients. In the interval since these letters, experience with OPG-Gee tests performed on 115 pseudophakic eyes demonstrated no ocular morbidity associated with these procedures.
Women’s Work and the Societal Discourse of Stress

The concept of stress has become an important vehicle for explaining human dilemmas, at least in part because of the variety of social functions it performs. In the United States the contemporary discourse of stress and the metaphors associated with it pervade both academic and popular accounts of women’s stress, emphasizing the stressful nature of working motherhood. The social origins of the tensions in working mothers’ lives are obscured in the rush to help women calm down so that they can defend against assaults on their immune systems. I argue that the feminized, medicalized discourse of stress offers an ultimately unworkable resolution of societal tensions centering around work and family. By means of an aspirational rhetoric related to the achievement of ‘balance’ it reinforces the dominant culture’s historical attachment to the separate spheres, thereby reaffirming women’s natural place in the social order as nurturers and domestic laborers.
Half width leaky wave antennas

Leaky travelling wave antennas that use the first microstrip higher-order mode are analysed. The antennas investigated here are only half the width of previous leaky wave designs and utilise a structure that inherently suppresses the fundamental mode. Since mode purity is assured, the need for an elaborate feed structure is eliminated. A means for extracting the complex propagation constant of a leaky wave antenna is presented using the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method. Agreement is shown between the resulting propagation constant and another established theoretical method, the transverse resonance method. Representative measured far-field patterns are included, which are consistent with the computed propagation constants. The properties of curving the leaky wave structure are also studied.
Acute Meningoencephalitis in Chronic Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection: Putative Central Nervous System Escape of HIV Replication

We describe 3 patients with chronic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection who presented with syndromes compatible with acute meningoencephalitis secondary to HIV; these syndromes were characterized by elevated cerebrospinal spinal fluid (CSF) HIV viral loads and T2-weighted signal abnormalities on magnetic resonance imaging of the brain. After the initiation of or a change in highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), each of the patients had significant and rapid improvement in neurologic symptoms and dramatic reductions in CSF HIV viral loads. Although further investigation is needed, these findings suggest that measurement of CSF HIV viral load and treatment with central nervous system-penetrating HAART should be considered for patients with acute neurologic complaints, chronic HIV infection, and no other identifiable cause of neurologic illness.
Surviving Suicide: The Impact on the Family:

The impact of suicide on the surviving family members has not been thoroughly examined in the literature. This column explores the impact of the suicide of an individual who belonged to a family with two parents and more than one sibling. Parental and sibling grief reactions are provided. Factors related to the family system’s adaptation as well as the adaptation of parental/marital and sibling subsystems are discussed. Finally, interventions and recommendations for helping professionals working with surviving family members are offered.
Inference of Genetic Regulatory Networks by Evolutionary Algorithm and H ∞ Filtering

The correct inference of genetic regulatory networks plays a critical role in understanding biological regulation in phenotypic determination and it can affect advanced genome-based therapeutics. In this study, we propose a joint evolutionary algorithm and H∞ filtering approach to infer genetic regulatory networks using noisy time series data from microarray measurements. Specifically, an iterative algorithm is proposed where genetic programming is applied to identify the structure of the model and H∞ filtering is used to estimate the parameters in each iteration. The proposed method can obtain accurate dynamic nonlinear ordinary differential equation (ODE) model of genetic regulatory networks even when the noise statistics is unknown. Both synthetic data and experimental data from microarray measurements are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. With the increasing availability of time series microarray data, the algorithm developed in this paper could be applied to construct models to characterize cancer evolution and serve as the basis for developing new regulatory therapies.
Robust detection of visual ROI for automatic speechreading

We present our work on visual pruning in an audio-visual (AV) speech recognition scenario. Visual speech information has been successfully used in circumstances where audio-only recognition suffers (e.g. noisy environments). Tracking and extraction of region-of-interest (ROI) (e.g., speaker's mouth region) from video is an essential component of such systems. It is important for the visual front-end to handle tracking errors that result in noisy visual data and hamper performance. We present our robust visual front-end, investigate methods to prune visual noise and its effect on the performance of the AV speech recognition systems. Specifically, we estimate the "goodness of ROI" using Gaussian mixture models and our experiments indicate that significant performance gains are achieved with good quality visual data.
Environmental concentrations and aquatic toxicity data on diflubenzuron (dimilin).

The insecticide diflubenzuron (DFB) is commonly used in various mid-Atlantic states for suppression of gypsy moths in hardwood forests. DFB is potentially toxic to nontarget biota because it can enter aquatic systems through aerial application or runoff after precipitation events. Based on this concern, the objectives of this study were to: (1) compile, review, and synthesize literature on the fate, persistence, and environmental concentrations of DFB in both freshwater and saltwater environments; (2) compile, review, and synthesize acute and chronic aquatic toxicity data on DFB effects on freshwater and saltwater organisms; (3) assess possible risk to aquatic biota associated with the use of this insecticide in one specific area (Maryland); and (4) recommend future research based on the data gaps identified from this study. DFB has low solubility in water and exists as a technical grade (TG) and wettable powder (WP) formulation. The toxicity of both formulations is similar at concentrations less than 10 micrograms/l. Organic matter is a major factor influencing the adsorption and degradation of DFB in freshwater, saltwater, and sediment. The half-life of this insecticide in freshwater is approximately 3 days at a pH of 10 and temperature of 36 degrees C. At lower pH conditions of 6 and at the same temperature, DFB is more persistent since half-life values of approximately 9 days have been reported. The half-life of DFB in soil is less than 14 days when the particle size was approximately 2 microns. The half-life is generally greater in cool, dry soil than in hot, wet soil. Aquatic vegetation acts as a sink for DFB by gradually adsorbing the chemical and releasing it over a period of time. Freshwater organisms demonstrated a wide range of sensitivity to DFB. Sensitivity was dependent on body composition (i.e., exo- vs. endoskeleton), trophic level, and life stage. During acute exposures, aquatic invertebrates were more than 25,000 times as sensitive to DFB than fishes. The most acutely sensitive species tested was the Amphipod, Hyallela azteca (96-h LC50 = 1.84 micrograms/l). A mature Plecopteran, Skwala sp., was the most resistant invertebrate species tested in acute tests (96-h LC50 greater than 100,000 micrograms/l). In chronic tests, DFB concentrations of 1 microgram/l or greater were reported to eliminate populations of various Plecopteran (stoneflies) and Ephemeropteran (mayflies) species after 1 month of exposure. A 30-day LC50 of 0.1 micrograms/l DFB was also reported for the Tricopteran, Clistorinia magnifica.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Self-motion control experiments using TUMA I and dSPACE

This paper considers the self-motion problem on a four degree of freedom planar manipulator, (TUMA I). A major goal of this experiment was to test the effectiveness and value of the TUMA I-dSPACE setup. Thus, for this experiment a simple proportional derivative (PD) control was designed in Simulink and implemented with dSPACE DSP hardware. Experimental results are included.