cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using Instructional Theory to Facilitate Communication in Web-based Courses

This articles examines the role of computer-mediated communication as well as broader interpretations of communication in Web-based instruction. Overviews of cognitive processing and cognitive constructivist paradigms are presented to illustrate their relevance for guiding development of Web-based courses. Instructional goals and communication strategies associated with these paradigms are identified. We conclude that developers should use instructional theories to guide choices for facilitating communications goals in Web-based courses. Because of increasing demands on professionals in many disciplines to develop Web-based instruction, it is recommended that university training programs require appropriate candidates to demonstrate relevant theoretical knowledge and skill competencies.
Adduction in the decane‐urea‐ethanol system: Part I. Equilibrium studies

Phase equilibria in the decane–urea–ethanol system were investigated between 15° and 40°C. Solubility limits for urea–decane adduct in ternary liquid solutions and for urea in ethanol were measured over the entire feasible range of compositions, thus defining the phase diagrams. Activity coefficients estimated for the saturated liquid solutions reflected strong positive deviations from ideality. The magnitudes were consistent with the results of independent vaporliquid equilibrium studies.
Distinct p53 acetylation cassettes differentially influence gene-expression patterns and cell fate

The activity of the p53 gene product is regulated by a plethora of posttranslational modifications. An open question is whether such posttranslational changes act redundantly or dependently upon one another. We show that a functional interference between specific acetylated and phosphorylated residues of p53 influences cell fate. Acetylation of lysine 320 (K320) prevents phosphorylation of crucial serines in the NH2-terminal region of p53; only allows activation of genes containing high-affinity p53 binding sites, such as p21/WAF; and promotes cell survival after DNA damage. In contrast, acetylation of K373 leads to hyperphosphorylation of p53 NH2-terminal residues and enhances the interaction with promoters for which p53 possesses low DNA binding affinity, such as those contained in proapoptotic genes, leading to cell death. Further, acetylation of each of these two lysine clusters differentially regulates the interaction of p53 with coactivators and corepressors and produces distinct gene-expression profiles. By analogy with the “histone code” hypothesis, we propose that the multiple biological activities of p53 are orchestrated and deciphered by different “p53 cassettes,” each containing combination patterns of posttranslational modifications and protein–protein interactions.
On the expansion of a gas into vacuum

Abstract : A study is made of the flow into vacuum of a gas initially at rest in a state of uniform pressure and density; the analysis is based on a continuum model. Among the topics discussed are the motion of the gasvacuum interface, the reflexion of a plane front off a rigid wall, the propagation of compressive waves within such expansions, the escape from a sphere and the collapse of a spherical cavity.
Algorithmic issues of sensor-based robot motion planning

This paper presents a brief survey of one approach to planning collision-free paths for a robot - an autonomous vehicle or an arm manipulator - operating in an environment with unknown obstacles. The multiplicity of approaches one finds in this area revolves around two basic models: in one, called path planning with complete information, perfect information about the geometry and positions of the robot and the obstacles is assumed, whereas in the other, called path planning with incomplete information, there is an element of uncertainty compensated by some source of on-line information, such as robot sensors. The approach surveyed here, called dynamic path planning, is based on the latter model and gives rise to algorithmic and computational issues very different from those in the former model. The approach uses topological characteristics of the environment and imposes no constraints on the geometry of the robot or the obstacles. The resulting provable (nonheuristic) path planning algorithms can be used in a highly unstructured environment where no knowledge about the obstacles is available beforehand.
Renal ablation using bilateral ureteral ligation for nephrotic syndrome due to renal amyloidosis

Nephrotic syndrome is common in immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis (AL). In patients who do not achieve renal recovery, renal ablation has been reported for intractable proteinuria. We describe a patient with renal-limited AL who failed therapy and developed disabling proteinuria. He underwent laparoscopic ligation of the native ureters. Post-operatively, blood pressure improved. Hemodialysis was initiated. We conclude that bilateral ureteral ligation is a novel and minimally invasive method of renal ablation and may be considered for patients with refractory nephrotic syndrome.
Water Vapor Transport over the Indian Ocean during the 1979 Summer Monsoon. Part I: Water Vapor Fluxes

Abstract Water vapor transport over the Indian Ocean during the 1979 summer monsoon is studied. The analysis is based on wind fields from the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts and humidity fields derived from a three-layer precipitable water dataset. Fields of zonal and meridional water vapor fluxes show significant variations over the north Indian Ocean in association with the different phases of the 1979 monsoon. Whereas after the onset, the cross-equatorial water vapor flux west of 50°E does not vary much; it undergoes significant fluctuations east of that longitude. The bulk of water vapor crossing the western coast of India comes from the Southern Hemisphere. The latitude band between 10° and 20°S appears as a major source of moisture during the northern summer. The major moisture supply for the western coast of Burma and Thailand is advected over the Bay from the Arabian Sea branch of the monsoon. The water vapor flux across the west coast of India undergoes large amplitude variatio...
Cash Flow Decision Making And Financial Accounting Presentation: A Computerized Experiment

The use of financial information to estimate future cash flows may be influenced by the format and scaling of financial statement data. This study experimentally manipulated format by providing a graphical alternative to the conventional tabular presentation, and scaling by offering a probabilistic alternative to the single point estimates of financial statements. Subjects, recruited from large public accounting firms in the U.S., received the complete experiment in a self-contained computer diskette. The interaction of scaling and format characteristics produced significantly different cash flow estimates. Furthermore, subject tended to adjust their cash flow estimates based on the interaction of presentation and the skew of the distributional information when probabilistic information was provided. Subject also altered their cue utilization for the estimate of cash flow when they receive differently designed information. Implications for financial reporting and accounting education, centering around the revision of the basic information package, are drawn.
Schneider SA and Square D Company

SUBJECT AREAS: Corporate valuation (WACC method), assessment of strategic fit, financing decisions, corporate governance, defensive measures, corporate control contests, role of risk arbitragers. CASE SETTING: 1991, France/USA, Electrical distribution and industrial automation industries. REQUEST FOR COPIES: To receive a free copy of the case and teaching note (hard copy only) write or send email to author, and mention FEN. Case Synopsis/Teaching Strategy: Didier Pineau-Valencienne (DPV), the CEO of Schneider SA, a leading French multinational company in the electrical distribution and industrial automation industry is faced with the prospect of failure of joint venture discussions that have gone on for two-and-a-half years with the US company, Square D. He must decide whether to call of the discussions and go ahead with a tender offer for the US company, and if so, how much he should pay for Square D's equity. The case addresses issues of strategic fit between the bidder and the target, target performance, valuation (both base-case and synergies), financing decisions associated with the acquisition, and whether and how the target's poison pills and antitakeover amendments might affect outcomes in the battle for corporate control. An additional aspect of the case involves putting participants in the shoes of risk-arbitragers on Wall Street through a bidding game to make "buy-sell-hold" decisions. This involves forming judgments about Schneider's moves and Square D's countermoves, and DPV's (and their own) assessments of how high a price is likely to be paid if the acquisition goes through. The case has been successfully used numerous times in both core corporate finance courses and advanced international corporate finance (or financial management) courses, as well as for executive education at both the top and middle management levels. It ties together issues of strategic fit, valuation, financing, and corporate control and governance. It also works well as a vehicle for detailed student presentations focusing on the nuts and bolts of corporate valuation (derivation of free cash flows, cost of capital, unlevering and relevering betas, etc.). The "risk-arbitrager" portion of the case takes participants through a bidding game and is optional. It gives participants not only a real flavor of how corporate control contests work in the Anglo-American setting (and the roles played by lawyers, courts, investment bankers and so forth), but it also gives them a sense of closure. There is a follow-up case which can be handed out to the participants at the end of class. It describes the outcomes, how the acquisition is working, and provides students with a sense of how the protagonists in the case feel about the events pre- and post-acquisition. Case Origin: In developing the case, the author had access to the bidding firm's CEO, his board members, investment bankers and lawyers. The follow-up case also includes insights from a number of interviews with the main protagonists in the case.
The Influence Factors That Affect Thailands Management Of Youth Reproductive Health Service

The management of reproductive health service for youth has become an important issue during the recent year. However, management has no clear idea about the influential factors of concern to. In this paper, we will discuss these influence factors that affect the management of youth reproductive healthcare service. Mixed methods were used for data collection, including qualitative methods that were conducted by in-dept interview and analyzed by binary logistic regression. According to the analysis, we found six factors that affect the management of reproductive health service, including (1) personal expense, (2) communication within the family, (3) fear of parents reactions, (4) the bureaucratic process of healthcare services, (5) the limitation of healthcare services, and (6) healthcare providers. Then, we reduced the six factors into three group factors that we call three systems to explain these important factors that are of concern to management of reproductive health service. These include the personnel system, service system, and the family support system.
The Catholic Church in Revolutionary Guatemala, 1944–54: A House Divided

Although the Catholic Church wielded enormous power in Guate mala during the colonial and early national periods, the Liberal reforms of the 1870s severely restricted the Church for some sixty years. The institution experienced more freedom under Jorge Ubico from 1931 to 1944 as the hierarchy and the dictator reached a detente of sorts, but some authors claim that church-state relations grew increasingly abra sive during the revolutionary decade (1944-1954). Several scholars cite charges of the government's connection to communists as well as its continued rejection of clerical privileges as the cause of the friction between church and state. Preoccupied with these questions the Gua temalan Church provided an effective and unified opposition to the Revolutionary governments, and proved unable to acknowledge and embrace the positive social reforms embarked upon by the Arevalo and Arbenz administrations.1
Control of Wireworms on Potatoes in Eastern Washington by Soil Fumigants and Organophosphorous Insecticides

Soil fumigation with Telone® (mixed dichloropropenes), DD® Mixture (dichloropropanc-dichloropropene mixture), and ethylene dibromide, applied at 20 gal, 25 gal, and 36 lb/acre, respectively, and broadcast applications of granulated diazinon, parathion, and phorate, applied at 2, 4, and 3 lb/acre respectively, gave economic control of the Pacific Coast wireworm ( Limonius canus LeConte) on potatoes in sandy loam soil. Cullage was reduced 93.6-100%. Granulated disulfoton, broadcast at 3 lb/acre, gave significantly less control than other broadcast treatments. Post-planting sidedressings of granulated parathion, phorate, Stauffer N-2790 ( O -ethyl S-phenyl ethylphosphonodithioate), and Bayer 25141 [ O-O -diethyl O-p -(methylsulrfinyl)phenyl phosphorothioate), applied at 3 lb/acre, reduced cullage 74.4-85.2%. Granulated disulfoton and Bayer 37289 ( O -ethyl 0-2,4,5-trichlorophenyl ethylphosphonothioate) at 3 lb and naphthalene crystals at 450 lb/acre were significantly inferior to the other sidedress treatments. Phorate and disulfoton granules gave as good control when metered onto the soil surface in bands 6 in, wide in the furrow left by the press-wheel potato planter as when side dressed in the soil at the same rate. Of all diazinon, disulfoton, parathion, and phorate treatments, only phorate applied in the planter press-wheel furrow left a detectable residue above the tolerance in tubers collected 3 weeks before harvest.
Abstract 2871: Pharmacokinetics studies of anticancer gallotannin penta-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose (PGG) in mice

Studies by our group and others have shown that 1, 2, 3, 4, 6-penta-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose (PGG) exhibits in vivo anti-cancer effects against prostate and breast cancer xenograft or lung cancer allograft when administrated by i.p injection or oral gavage. PGG has also been shown in several studies to exhibit anti-diabetic activities both in vitro and in vivo. However, no data have been published on the absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination (ADME) to provide mechanistic correlates to account for the biological activities. In this study, we developed a method for the analysis of PGG in mouse plasma, using tea polyphenol epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) as an internal standard (IS). A liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) protocol originally developed for tea polyphenol analyses was optimized for the extraction of PGG from mouse plasma. In brief, plasma (0.2 ml) was acidified with an equal volume of 2% acetic acid, and ethyl acetate was then applied to extract PGG and EGCG (IS). After LLE, PGG was quantitated by HPLC with a UV detection at 280 nm. The method was validated according to FDA guidelines. The extraction efficiency for spiked PGG was ∼70 % in mouse plasma. The limit of detection (LOD) for PGG was approximately 100 ng/ml and the limit of quantitation (LOQ) around 200 ng/ml when using 200 µl mouse plasma. The linear range of the method was 0.2 −25 µg/ml in mouse plasma. Pharmacokinetics of PGG following a single i.p. injection in mice was studied. The peak plasma PGG concentrations (Cmax) were found to be approximately 4 and 11 µM at administered dose of 20 and 80 mg/kg of PGG, respectively. The apparent half life of the elimination phase for PGG is 3 h. Addition of glucuronidase and sulfatase to plasma did not change extractable PGG. These data suggest that PGG exists in plasma mostly as free extractable form after a single i.p. injection and that the plasma resident time for PGG is several hours. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2871.
Further Results on the Analysis of Penetrator Stability in Sand and Soil Targets — I

In an earlier paper [1], a fundamental analysis of penetrator stability was presented that resulted in a simple criterion for penetrator design. This criterion was based on some features of long rod penetrator design that could be anticipated: namely, length, cross-sectional area of the shank, area moment of inertia of the cross-section, and the elastic properties of the body material. A number of approximations were made in this early work to reduce the complexity of the modeling effort. Of course, this led to some uncertainties in the results. The purpose of this paper is to explore some of the more prominent sources of uncertainty and to refine the stability estimate. Of specific concern is the effect of a crude approximation on the lowest Eigen function in the problem. In this paper, a small parameter is identified and used to find a regular perturbation solution. The results are found to be in good agreement with those presented earlier.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Spatially-resolved TDLAS measurements of temperature, H2O column density, and velocity in a direct-connect scramjet combustor

A two-color tunable diode laser sensor for detection of H2O absorption near 1.4 μm was used to simultaneously determine temperature, H2O column density, and velocity in a direct-connect scramjet combustor. Axial and transverse spatial resolution were achieved by translating the measurement line-of-sight (LOS) across and along the flow path with measurements spanning 6 axial planes and 24 measurement LOSs in each plane. Results are presented for a uniform, non-combusting H2O-seeded case as well as for H2-air combustion at equivalence ratios of 0.17 and 0.46. A combination of wavelength-modulation spectroscopy and scanned-wavelength direct absorption were used to mitigate non-uniform gas conditions along the measurement LOS present in the combustion cases. Comparisons of TDLAS measurements with CFD simulations are included and illustrate the use of LOS TDLAS to validate computational efforts. Additional comparisons with CARS measurements in the same model scramjet corroborate many key findings from TDLAS.
Analysis of flow decay potential on Galileo

The risks posed to the NASA's Galileo spacecraft by the oxidizer flow decay during its extended mission to Jupiter is discussed. The Galileo spacecraft will use nitrogen tetroxide (NTO)/monomethyl hydrazine bipropellant system with one large engine thrust-rated at a nominal 400 N, and 12 smaller engines each thrust-rated at a nominal 10 N. These smaller thrusters, because of their small valve inlet filters and small injector ports, are especially vulnerable to clogging by iron nitrate precipitates formed by NTO-wetted stainless steel components. To quantify the corrosion rates and solubility levels which will be seen during the Galileo mission, corrosion and solubility testing experiments were performed with simulated Galileo materials, propellants, and environments. The results show the potential benefits of propellant sieving in terms of iron and water impurity reduction.
Virulence and Toxin-Formation in B. Diphtheriae

The virulence of B. diphtheriae and organisms closely related to it morphologically and culturally, is of great importance in the application of quarantine laws. This is especially emphasized by the increasing evidence that many apparently healthy individuals harbor in the nose and throat diphtheria bacilli which are capable of causing an acute attack of diphtheria in nonimmune individuals. Kolmer and Moshage1 state that 5-20% of healthy individuals harbor the bacilli in the throat, and 10-20% carry them in the nose. In 30-80% of such individuals giving no history of diphtheria, the cultures are avirulent. In individuals who have come into intimate contact with diphtheria cases or have had the disease themselves, the bacilli are virulent in 61-100% of cases. It has been realized for many years that the ability of certain strains of B. diphtheriae to produce potent toxins on suitable fluid media does not always run parallel with the virulence of such organisms. This observation has been made especially in connection with Park's No. 8 strain of the diphtheria bacillus, which is in common use in antitoxin laboratories and which produces a potent toxin. This particular strain was isolated about 20 years ago by Dr. Park from a rather mild clinical case of diphtheria. This fact alone would not be sufficient basis for ascribing a low grade of virulence to the strain ; for virulence is not dependent on one factor, but on many. Since, however, the strain has retained its strongly toxigenic properties on artificial media for 20 years and at the same time has shown slight virulence for the guinea-pig, it is evident that the toxin-producing powers of this strain cannot be taken as indicative of virulence. The work presented in this paper was undertaken to discover, if possible, some of the relations between toxin-formation and virulence. Virulence as usually conceived is the disease-producing power of an organism, and is dependent in general on 2 factors?the organism's INTRODUCTION
Extending Dynamic Mapping to Reentry Practitioners: An Exploration of Rhode Island’s Community Supervision Mapping System

Although dynamic mapping is an increasingly popular tool for law enforcement, this technology is uncommon for reentry practitioners. This article introduces the Community Supervision Mapping System...
Numerical Simulation on the Effect of Riser on Solid Phase Transformation in Solidification Process of Ingot

The effects of the materials and height of riser on the solid phase transformation of steel in the solidification process of an steel ingot was simulated through a self designed model. The results showed that during the solidification process of the ingot,the transforming rate of steel from liquid to solid was fast and the width of the liquid/solid coexisting area was narrow nearby the side and bottom of mould,while the transforming rate of steel was slow and the width of the area was wide nearby the riser. Compared with the traditional clay brick,the applications of the light weight brick and the heat insulating shield not only would improve the heat insulating property of the riser but also slow down the increasing rate of temperature outside the riser. The effect of the height change of riser which was higher than the top surface of ingot on the transforming rate of steel nearby the riser in the solidification process was tiny.
Serotype Distribution and Antibiotic Resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolated from Children in Guangzhou

Objective The present study was designed to investigate the distribution of serotypes and antibiotics resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from in-patient children with pneumonia in children hospitals in Guangzhou.Methods Sputum specimens were randomly collected from in-patient children of less than 6-year-old with pneumonia.Antibiotic susceptibility test was used to test for these clinical isolates.Quellung method was used for serotyping.Results Among 79 strains of Streptococcous pneumoniae,the rate of penicillin resistance Sp(PRSP) was 11.4.The rate of drug resistance of Streptococcous pneumoniae to ofloxacin,vancomycin and amoxicillin were 0.The rate of drug resistance of Streptococcous pneumoniae to ceftriaxone,cefuroxime,imipenem,erythromycin and clindamycin was 3.8,72.2,2.5,100 and 93.5,respectively.The rate of multi-drug resistance was high(98.7).79 strains were classified as the serotype 19F(70.9),23F(16.5),6B(5.1),15B(2.5),4(2.5) and NT(2.5).Coverage rate of the heptavalent vaccines was 94.9.Conclusion The resistance of Streptococcous pneumoniae to erythromycin and Clindamycin was high.The isolation rate of penicillin resistant Streptococcous pneumoniae was low among children in Guangzhou,and the PISP rate was increased.The heptavalent conjugate vaccine is effective in controlling the infection and transmission of Streptococcous pneumoniae.
Activation of cardiac ATP-sensitive K+ current during hypoxia: correlation with tissue ATP levels

Although previous work has implicated activation of ATP-sensitive K+ currents (IK,ATP) in action potential duration (APD) shortening and increased cellular K+ efflux during hypoxia, ischemia, and metabolic inhibition, no prior study has directly assessed the tissue levels of ATP at which IK,ATP activates in intact cardiac muscle. Accordingly, we correlated changes in tissue high-energy phosphate levels during substrate-free hypoxia with activation of IK,ATP in intact voltage-clamped rabbit papillary muscles. During 10 min of hypoxia, the outward K+ current measured in response to a voltage-clamp pulse step from -50 to 0 mV increased from 8.57 +/- 0.27 to 15.67 +/- 1.41 microA (P less than 0.05, n = 6), and APD decreased from 452 +/- 54 to 292 +/- 56 ms (P less than 0.05, n = 6). Glibenclamide (10 microM), a specific IK,ATP blocker, prevented both of these changes. In a parallel set of experiments, papillary muscles were freeze-clamped and assayed for tissue ATP. In these muscles, 10 min of hypoxia resulted in a comparable degree of APD shortening (441 +/- 24 to 297 +/- 18 ms, P less than 0.05, n = 12), and tissue ATP levels fell from 13.2 +/- 1.3 to 9.7 +/- 0.7 mumol/g dry wt (P less than 0.05, n = 12). These results directly demonstrate that IK,ATP is activated and causes APD shortening during hypoxia in intact cardiac muscle despite only a modest (approximately 25%) decline in tissue ATP content.
Fluid CH4 and H2 trapped around metallic inclusions in HPHT synthetic diamond

Abstract Diamonds grown by the high-pressure, high-temperature (HPHT) method commonly contain solid inclusions from the metallic solvent-catalyst they are grown in. Such inclusions give rise to their familiar magnetism. Upon recent analysis of 4 commercial HPHT synthetic diamonds from different sources, several of these solid inclusions were found to have a thin, fluid film or jacket of methane (CH 4 ) and hydrogen (H 2 ) trapped at the interface between the solid inclusion and surrounding diamond. Raman spectroscopy reveals peaks near 2918 cm − 1 and 4156 cm − 1 that correspond to the main vibrations of CH 4 and H 2 , respectively. In some cases the peak position is shifted down by a few wavenumbers due to elevated pressure within the inclusions. The CH 4 and H 2 probably formed as the inclusion cooled, when dissolved hydrogen atoms were no longer soluble in the solidifying inclusion phases and were forced to exsolve as H 2 , as well as CH 4 by combining with available carbon. Inclusions can provide an indirect means of studying the effective growth environment. These findings show that hydrogen is commonly present at the site of diamond growth in HPHT synthesis, even if it is not intentionally added among the starting materials. Hydrogen is known to influence diamond growth, based on doping experiments, suggesting that there could be unrealized benefits to gaining better control over hydrogen during routine HPHT diamond synthesis.
Temporal information processing in synapses, cells, and circuits

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the various functions that have been used to model postsynaptic potentials (PSPs). It describes a strategy for accurately modeling temporal interactions among synaptic inputs. The chapter also highlights a computationally efficient closed-form interactive solution for lumped circuits. This interactive difference-of-exponentials function, which can account for nonlinear interactions of synapses because of synaptically induced changes in membrane time constants and ionic driving force, allows them to explore the temporal properties of multiple synaptic inputs or input trains. The chapter also presents a hierarchical approach, using physiologically detailed models at the synaptic level, but using greatly simplified neurons in their network models combining large populations of neurons.
Is There a Multinationality Effect? Exploring The Multinationality-Performance Relationship

We examine the effect of multinationality on firm performance using detailed longitudinal data for a comprehensive sample of US manufacturing MNCs from 1989 to 2007, while accounting for the endoge...
Alcaraz and Madrigal: Re-appropriating Poch@ for Resistance: A Time and Place for Poch@ Pop

In Chapter 4, I discuss the mainstream integration of poch@s such as Al Madrigal on the Daily Show to contest discourse about Latin@s. This chapter then focuses on selected political cartoons of Lalo Alcaraz. These pop culture producers subvert dominant colonial narratives that tokenize people of color in the media or exoticize people of color in political rhetoric. Further, this chapter specifically looks at how the art of Pocho.com’s Lalo Alacaraz resists cultural deficit rhetoric by challenging policy portraying all Latin@s as potentially “illegal” (SB 1070), and racist in their education (HB 2281). Alcaraz’s art demonstrates the kinds of subversive messages that appeal to the growing population of cultural producers and consumers.
Ethnic Cleansing, History of

‘Ethnic cleansing’ is a term which came into common use in 1992 during the war in the former Yugoslavia. It was initially applied to describe Serbian attacks on Bosnian Muslims with the intention of driving the Muslims from territory claimed by the Bosnian Serbs. Some scholars criticized the term as a euphemism for genocide. But the distinction between genocide—the purposeful killing of part or all of a nation, religious, or ethnic group—and ethnic cleansing, whose goal is to drive a people from a designated territory, is useful for understanding the war in Yugoslavia, as well as similar cases throughout the twentieth century. Ethnic cleansing has genocidal aspects, as witnessed in Yugoslavia. In some cases, ethnic cleansing leads to or overlaps with genocide; the Armenian genocide and the Holocaust are cases in point. Ethnic cleansing is fundamentally a product of the modern (or modernizing) states that espouse the ideologies of integral nationalism. Political elites seek to attain and/or build political power by exploiting nationalism and its need to create the domestic ‘other’ in order to foster solidarity among the dominant nationality. Especially during war and the transition from war to peace, this process can lead to ethnic cleansing.
Success of ultrasound-guided versus landmark-guided arthrocentesis of hip, ankle, and wrist in a cadaver model.

Abstract Purpose The objectives of this study were to evaluate emergency medicine resident-performed ultrasound for diagnosis of effusions, compare the success of a landmark-guided (LM) approach with an ultrasound-guided (US) technique for hip, ankle and wrist arthrocentesis, and compare change in provider confidence with LM and US arthrocentesis. Methods After a brief video on LM and US arthrocentesis, residents were asked to identify artificially created effusions in the hip, ankle and wrist in a cadaver model and to perform US and LM arthrocentesis of the effusions. Outcomes included success of joint aspiration, time to aspiration, and number of attempts. Residents were surveyed regarding their confidence in identifying effusions with ultrasound and performing LM and US arthrocentesis. Results Eighteen residents completed the study. Sensitivity of ultrasound for detecting joint effusion was 86% and specificity was 90%. Residents were successful with ultrasound in 96% of attempts and with landmark 89% of attempts (p = 0.257). Median number of attempts was 1 with ultrasound and 2 with landmarks (p = 0.12). Median time to success with ultrasound was 38 s and 51 s with landmarks (p = 0.23). After the session, confidence in both US and LM arthrocentesis improved significantly, however the post intervention confidence in US arthrocentesis was higher than LM (4.3 vs. 3.8, p Conclusions EM residents were able to successfully identify joint effusions with ultrasound, however we were unable to detect significant differences in actual procedural success between the two modalities. Further studies are needed to define the role of ultrasound for arthrocentesis in the emergency department.
Dynamic Trajectories, Adaptive Cycles, and Complexity in Culture Change

Trends in interdisciplinary research over the last two decades have opened new perspectives and pushed forward our understanding of how complex social systems function. This study explores several theories of social change that have emerged from increasingly interdisciplinary perspectives in combination with complexity theory. Resilience theory and related concepts of adaptive cycles and panarchy are now being applied extensively to the study of a variety of human social systems. However, there is still the need to further explore the implications of how human systems differ from the ecologies of other species. A case study drawn from early polity formation in Inner Asia is used to assess the effectiveness of differing approaches. Certain theoretical gaps are described and a series of concepts within a theory of dynamic trajectories are proposed that focus on high-level patterns of social change. The basic elements of the theory include dynamics of the scope and scale of polities, the probability space in which change occurs, and the strands or bundles of social and cultural characteristics that represent the substance of trajectory. As the trajectory patterns manifest, they envelop constraints and opportunities influencing future patterns. Agent-based models are used to illustrate aspects of the dynamic trajectory theory, especially economic decision-making within specific landscapes and control hierarchies in the context of competing polities. Rather than repeating cycles, the results reveal reorganization modes highlighting the significance of continuity and opportunity in social change.
Exercise-induced changes in gene expression, muscular strength, and cancer-related fatigue in older prostate cancer patients.

9538 Background: Radiation therapy (RT) and androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) impair muscular, mitochondrial and immune function, and result in muscle weakness and cancer-related fatigue (CRF) amo...
Preventing unemployment and disability benefit receipt among people with mental illness: Evidence review and policy significance.

OBJECTIVE We identify effective services to assist 3 groups of people with mental illnesses become or remain employed and prevent dependence on disability cash benefits: (a) individuals, including youth, who are experiencing an initial episode of psychosis; (b) employed individuals at risk of losing jobs due to mental illness; and (c) individuals who are or may become long-term clients of mental health services and are likely to apply for disability benefits. METHOD We searched for articles published between 1992 and 2015 using key word terminology related to employment support services and each subgroup, and prioritized articles by study design. RESULTS The individual placement and support model of supported employment is more effective than traditional vocational programs in helping people with serious mental illnesses who are engaged in treatment or receiving disability benefits obtain competitive employment. Some early intervention programs effectively serve people who experience a first episode of mental illness, but more research is needed to demonstrate long-term outcomes. Less is known about the effectiveness of employment interventions in preventing unemployment and use of disability benefits among individuals at risk for job loss or long-term mental illness. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE States can fund employment supports to help prevent the need for disability benefit receipt by creatively combining federal sources, but the funding picture is imperfect. Medicaid expansion and other provisions of the Affordable Care Act may fund employment supports and assist in reducing dependence on disability benefits. (PsycINFO Database Record
SOLIDIFICATION FUNDAMENTALS OF JEWELRY AND DENTAL CASTING

ABSTRACT A series of casting hulls were produced of jewelry and dental castings in which the liquid fraction was centrifuged off the partially solidified casting 1 to 12 seconds after mold filling. Marked differences were found between the coarse and fine grained type of alloys. Vertices, edges, etc. in the pattern configuration were sources of solidification nucleation. These nuclei appeared to burst into existence very rapidly and in turn were the sources of new nucleation, producing nucleation chains penetrating into the liquid region. These nucleation chains were in effect fingers of solid enmeshing with other fingers, occasionally entrapping pockets of liquid metal. Entrapped liquid pockets also occurred when hot spots were produced in the regions of hot metal impingement on some local point on the mold wall.
The Structure of Intelligence for Black Children: A Hierarchical Approach

A hierarchical factor solution (Wherry & Wherry, Note 1) was obtained on WISC-R subtest intercorrelations for 150 black children and adolescents referred to a community agency for psychological assessment. Factorization was controlled by specifying the extraction of two primary factors and allowing for one higher-order factor. The factors thus obtained not only provided a parsimonious account of the common variance in the WISC-R subtests, but also indicated an ability arrangement congruent with Vernon’s (1950) structural paradigm. The ability hierarchy included a relatively weak general g factor defined by a pattern of positive loadings from all WISC-R subtests. At the primary level, there was almost complete bifurcation between the verbal and performance subtests, with the former defining a verbal-educational (v:ed) factor and the latter defining a spatial-perceptual (k:m) factor. These findings suggest that the basic ability dimensions are the same for referred black children as they are for referred whites and normals in the standardization sample.
An Experience-based Comparison of Unity and Unreal for a Stand-alone 3D Game Development Course

Students' interest in game development often leads departments to attempt to put together a stand-alone game development course. We have used both Unity and Unreal for just such a course. Unity and Unreal are discussed here in the context of how viable they are and how they compare in terms of usefulness for teaching game development. We also present them in context of high level overviews of other game engines and discuss which factors add to a more effective game engine for teaching game development. This paper is intended to help answer some of the questions asked by those without experience in the field who find themselves developing stand-alone game development courses.
An Examination of the Indirect Effect of Intolerance of Uncertainty on Health Anxiety Through Anxiety Sensitivity Physical Concerns

Although research indicates that intolerance of uncertainty (IU) is associated with greater health anxiety, the mechanisms underlying this association have yet to be identified. One potential explanatory mechanism to examine in this regard may be the physical concerns domain of anxiety sensitivity (AS), which has well-documented associations with health anxiety. Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to examine whether there was a specific indirect effect of IU on health anxiety through AS-Physical Concerns, relative to AS-Cognitive and AS-Social Concerns, in a sample of medically healthy undergraduate students (68% female, M age = 19.16, SD = 1.84, Range = 18-38 years). Partially consistent with prediction, after accounting for the effects of gender and negative affect, significant indirect effects of IU on health anxiety through AS-Physical Concerns and AS-Cognitive Concerns were observed. These results suggest that AS is one mechanism through which IU impacts health anxiety, and it may be useful to employ interventions that target the physical and cognitive domains of AS in order to decrease health anxiety severity.
CsI(Na)-based radiation detector for high-resolution imaging studies using iodine 125 in small-animal research

We report on the development of a high resolution radiation imaging system which is capable of detecting and imaging the coincident gamma and x-ray emissions of the radioisotope iodine 125 (125I). Iodine 125 is commonly available as a label to molecular biology probes. Iodine 125 decays via electron capture emitting a 35 keV gamma-ray with the prompt emission of several 27 - 32 keV x rays. A coincidence condition can be set to detect the 125I decays thus reducing background radiation contribution to the image. We are testing the use of arrays of CsI(Na) crystal scintillators coupled to position sensitive photomultiplier tubes for this application. Laboratory studies have thus far been done on mice using a prototype of our detector which is intended to be used to image gene expression in live mice to advance research in neurobiology.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Parental Arrest and Incarceration: How Does it Impact the Children?

Parental arrest and incarceration represents a profound and traumatic experience for almost 3 million children in the U.S. and scholars in criminology and sociology consistently find negative impacts on children across a range of academic and behavioral outcomes. The research presented here provides evidence that parental arrest coincides with negative outcomes for children, but that the incarceration of a parent may benefit the child. Benefits occur for end-of-grade exams and behavioral (e.g. suspensions, absences) outcomes with positive effects concentrated among young children with mothers that commit violent crimes or fathers with alcohol/drug offenses. Results suggest that parental incarceration leads to the removal of a negative role model and changes in a child's home environment due to household reformation.
‘I will not be a 17 year old virgin’: female virginity and sexual scripting in graphic narratives for teenagers

This manuscript examines how YA graphic narratives represent sexuality with particular attention to the loss of virginity as experienced by girls and young women. It draws on the notion of sexual s...
A Systematic Review of Ethnoracial Representation and Cultural Adaptation of Mindfulness- and Meditation-Based Interventions

Several factors may impede ethnoracial minority inclusion in Mindfulness- and Meditation-Based Intervention (MMBI) studies, such as healthcare disparities, historical underrepresentation in clinical research, and a conceptual perspective that emphasizes the universality of Buddhist teachings. This systematic review was performed with the aim of describing MMBI studies with a significant diversity focus, defined as involving minority inclusion in sample composition, cultural adaptations of interventions, and/or planned comparisons of outcomes for different ethnoracial groups. Studies were identified through PsycINFO and MEDLINE databases from 1990 to 2016 in the United States. We reviewed 12,265 citations to include 24 MMBI diversity-focused studies. Aside from Native Alaskans, all other major US ethnoracial minority groups were included in at least one study. Most of the studies (75%) were conducted with child and youth samples; the others included only women. Most (58%) included participants selected for a health or mental health condition, but none required specific diagnoses for study inclusion. The most commonly used MMBI was mindfulness-based stress reduction (29%), and only 12.5% of all studies used a culturally adapted intervention. Only one study reported planned ethnoracial comparisons of treatment outcomes. Cohen’s d effect sizes for single-sample studies ranged from 0.10 to 0.62 and for randomized controlled trials ranged from 0.02 to 0.99. Results from this systematic review highlight the dearth of diversity focus in MMBI research. Future work should include indicators of feasibility, acceptability, and safety; address underrepresentation of ethnoracial minorities, men, and participants with clinically or functionally significant symptoms; and investigate cultural adaptations to optimize treatment effectiveness.
String Path Integrals for open or Unoriented World Sheets

The Polyakov path integral is evaluated for an arbitrary open or unoriented string world sheet. The integrand is expressed in terms of known functions on the double of the world sheet, and the region of integration is described as a region of a real slice of the Teichmuller space of the double.
Physiological and Physical Factors Governing the Initial Stages of Drug Distribution

The distribution of a drug, like that of any molecular species introduced into the organism, depends upon a complex series of physical and chemical processes which are often interrelated. These processes take up and dilute the substance at its site of entry, carry it to the various body tissues, permit it to diffuse or actively transport it across several membranes, and determine its accumulation and disposition by the tissues. More specifically, the concentration of a substance thus introduced depends, over time, on the history of its concentration in the arterial blood, the rate at which blood passes through each tissue, the physical processes occurring there (e.g., diffusion and solubility), and the chemical processes of active transport, binding, and metabolism. My interest in these processes began nearly 30 years ago and arose, not so much from a desire to understand the distribution of drugs, as from an interest in deriving from the distribution of a suitable tracer, a measurement of the physiological functions involved. The problem was to describe the tissue distribution of such a foreign substance in terms of physiological parameters rather than empirical constants and precisely enough to derive the physiological function from the distribution.
USE OF DETRENDED CORRESPONDENCE ANALYSIS IN EVALUATING FACTORS CONTROLLING SPECIES COMPOSITION OF PERIPHYTON.

Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) was evaluated for its usefulness in elucidating relationships among samples and among species of periphyton in an oligotrophic stream, and for its effectiveness in displaying major gradients where an experimental gradient (copper) affecting species composition was imposed. It was highly sensitive to differences among samples and consistently provided ecologically meaningful species ordinations. Gradients related to seasonality of taxa and year-to-year differences in population densities were evident in DCA ordinations if data for all sampling dates were included, and these gradients complicated interpretation of the copper gradient. Clear discontinuities between samples in control and copper-treated stream sections existed only if data for each sampling date were ordinated separately. Prior to copper exposure, stage of succession of the community was the major gradient displayed in species ordinations. During periods of exposure, sensitivity of taxa to copper was the primary factor controlling the spatial distribution of periphyton. Stage of succession was a secondary gradient during exposure and complicated interpretation of the copper gradient after a major disturbance event (flooding).
Membrane-Bound Enzymes of Sterol Metabolism

This chapter will be limited to enzymes of animal origin, and it will not, therefore, include those that make plant steroids, such as ergosterol or the vitamin D family of compounds. Steroids of animal origin are either precursors of cholesterol or have cholesterol as a common progenitor. Hence we will be concerned with the membrane-bound enzymes that catalyze specific reaction steps in the biosynthesis of cholesterol or the transformation of cholesterol to bile acids or steroid hormones. Microsomal enzymes that participate in sterol esterification or the hydrolysis of sterol esters will not be reviewed. The subject of cholesterol esterification has been reviewed previously (Norum, 1974). Studies on esterases, transferases, and hydrolases of sterol ester metabolism are cited in recent publications by Stokke (1974) and Sakamoto et al. (1974).