cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Book review: Analogical Modeling of Language by Royal Skousen (Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1989)

Royal Skousen's Analogical Modeling of Language is an ambitious attempt to define a new processing model of language use. According to this paradigm, the computation carried out when understanding and producing discourse is a process of comparing the current case/input with an entire corpus of previous cases and responding in the same way as in a randomly-chosen analogous case. This approach is in distinction to following rules (the conventional approach) or relying on associative memory (the connectionist approach).
Ion-sensitive field-effect transistor based pH sensors using nano self-assembled polyelectrolyte/nanoparticle multilayer films

Abstract This paper demonstrates the fabrication and characterization of a pH sensor based on a layer-by-layer (LBL) self-assembly technique. This pH sensor is based on an ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (ISFET). Two types of self-assembled polyelectrolyte/nanoparticle multilayer films work as the critical components for the transistor. One multilayer film embedded with nanoparticles is PSS/In 2 O 3 which operates as the channel, and the other multilayer film is PDDA/SiO 2 which serves as the gate dielectric. The mobility of the ISFET is 35.68 cm 2 /V s at room temperature. The drain current decreases distinctly with increasing pH values in a solution. The temperature effect on the mobility of the ISFET is also investigated in this research. Results show increasing temperature can greatly enhance the carrier mobility. The results introduce a new approach employing a low-cost layer-by-layer nano self-assembly technique to fabricate pH sensors with a high sensitivity and a good reproducibility.
Identifying image preferences based on demographic attributes

The intent of this study is to determine what sorts of images are considered more interesting by which demographic groups. Specifically, we attempt to identify images whose interestingness ratings are influenced by the demographic attribute of the viewer’s gender. To that end, we use the data from an experiment where 18 participants (9 women and 9 men) rated several hundred images based on “visual interest” or preferences in viewing images. The images were selected to represent the consumer “photo-space” - typical categories of subject matter found in consumer photo collections. They were annotated using perceptual and semantic descriptors. In analyzing the image interestingness ratings, we apply a multivariate procedure known as forced classification, a feature of dual scaling, a discrete analogue of principal components analysis (similar to correspondence analysis). This particular analysis of ratings (i.e., ordered-choice or Likert) data enables the investigator to emphasize the effect of a specific item or collection of items. We focus on the influence of the demographic item of gender on the analysis, so that the solutions are essentially confined to subspaces spanned by the emphasized item. Using this technique, we can know definitively which images’ ratings have been influenced by the demographic item of choice. Subsequently, images can be evaluated and linked, on one hand, to their perceptual and semantic descriptors, and, on the other hand, to the preferences associated with viewers’ demographic attributes.
Imperialism without colonies: The vision of a greater east Asia co‐prosperity sphere

(1996). Imperialism without colonies: The vision of a greater east Asia co‐prosperity sphere. Diplomacy & Statecraft: Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 54-72.
Management of Hormone-Sensitive Metastatic Prostate Cancer

Targeting gonadal androgen synthesis (often in conjunction with blockade of androgen receptor) is the cornerstone of treatment of hormone-sensitive metastatic prostate cancer (HSPC). Despite the failure of androgen deprivation therapy, most tumors maintain some dependence on androgen or androgen receptor signaling for proliferation. This article reviews the current standard of care for metastatic HSPC, mechanisms of treatment resistance, novel drugs targeting the androgen signaling pathway, biomarkers predicting response to treatment and survival, future directions, and ongoing clinical trials in HSPC.
Did natural fission of 235U in the earth lead to formation of the supercontinent Columbia

Abstract Steady decline in the percentage of 235 U in terrestrial uranium made natural fission impossible after about 1.8 Ga. Fission before 1.8 Ga disturbed the lead isotope system at various places worldwide, such as Oklo, Gabon, and may have caused the first lead isotope paradox. Fission in areas of high uranium concentration may also have generated enough heat to localize sparse Archean and Paleoproterozoic UHT belts. The oldest widespread orogenic systems formed at approximately 2.0–1.8 Ga after fission stopped contributing to the earth’s heat flow. These early orogenic systems partly created the supercontinent Columbia.
Interglacial theme and variations: 500 k.y. of orbital forcing and associated responses from the terrestrial and marine biosphere, U.S. Pacific Northwest

Sediments collected off northern California by Ocean Drilling Program Leg 167 contain time series that show strong, orbitally driven insolation forcing of surface oceanographic conditions. Orbital forcing caused a strong response in the distribution of major terrestrial vegetation but a less predictable response for primary productivity offshore. Terrestrial vegetation responded primarily to regional sea surface temperature (SST). Coastal ocean productivity appears highest when SST is moderately high, not during peak interglacial conditions nor during insolation maxima. When individual interglacial intervals are examined closely, each has a different signature. Two of six interglacials (MIS [marine isotope stage] 5 and MIS 11) have higher SST than modern conditions, but each elicits a different response from the terrestrial and marine communities. The type of vegetation and the strength of upwelling vary between interglacials, depending on the relative strength of factors that drive the warming, including insolation, ice-cap size, and level of greenhouse gases.
Aesthetic preference and syntactic prototypicality in music: 'tis the gift to be simple.

Abstract In the dominant aesthetic theory, composers are said to use unpredictable events to tease the listener, and make music optimally challenging and therefore aesthetically pleasing. We tested this claim that events optimally discrepant from a schema will be most pleasing. Experts and novices evaluated harmonic progressions at seven levels of syntactic prototypicality. Four results emerged: (1) even novices were extremely sensitive to syntactic atypicality; (2) all subjects found atypical progressions more interesting and complex; (3) novices and undergraduate music students preferred harmonic prototypes, contrary to most aesthetic theories; (4) only music graduate students preferred atypical progressions. We discuss the striking sensitivity of novices to harmonic syntax. We describe differences between an aesthetic theory based on information and uncertainty, and one based on schemas and schema divergence. We also consider the tonal conservatism of most subjects. This conservatism constraints aesthetic theories, and may have implications for music's stylistic evolution.
Effect of QoI Fungicides on Colonization and Sporulation of Monilinia fructicola on Peach Fruit and Blossom Blight Cankers

Three studies were conducted to examine the curative activity of azoxystrobin, trifloxystrobin, and pyraclostrobin + boscalid against Monilinia fructicola, causal agent of brown rot on peach. In the first study, 'Autumnglo' peach trees were treated with each of the three fungicides both before and after fruit inoculation. In the second study, the effects of fungicide active ingredient, rate/volume, and inoculation timing were examined on inoculated 'Suncrest' peach fruit. Results of these studies showed that sporulating area, on average across all treatments, was reduced by 15.9, 42.4, and 0.4% for azoxystrobin, trifloxystrobin, and pyraclostrobin + boscalid, respectively. In any single treatment, trifloxystrobin provided the greatest benefit with two consecutive sprays, reducing sporulating area by 53 to 60%. In contrast to sporulation activity, the three fungicides exhibited less of an inhibitory effect on fruit colonization. When applied at maximum labeled rates in the various treatments, azoxystrobin, trifloxystrobin, and pyraclostrobin + boscalid reduced colony growth, on average, by 12.3, 7.5, and 7.4%, respectively. Because the pathogen was inoculated into the mesocarp, this low level of activity against colonization may be due to a lack of deeper systemic movement of the fungicides into fruit tissue. In the final study, the three fungicides were examined for their antisporulant activity on blossom blight twig cankers. Unlike results observed on fruit, significant reductions in spore production on cankers were observed for all three fungicides. Azoxystrobin, trifloxystrobin, and pyraclostrobin + boscalid provided 56, 71, and 53% reductions, respectively, in the number of conidia produced per unit canker length. Overall results of these studies indicated that quinone outside inhibitor fungicides, in addition to their known protectant activity, also possess varying levels of curative activity against M. fructicola. In particular, trifloxystrobin demonstrated good antisporulant activity on both fruit infections and cankers.
A Sketch of My Scientific Autobiography

I was born in 1926 in Vienna, Austria. I stem from a very typical bourgeois Jewish family, probably not all that different from non-Jewish middle-class families in Vienna. My father was a paint merchant. He owned a small chain of paint stores and a little manufactory, not big enough to be dignified by the name factory, for producing paint. As to my ancestors—most Jewish people when asked count at least one or two rabbis among their forebearers, just as emigre Russians like to sport a Grand Duke in their families—but I have not heard of a single rabbi among my ancestors. In fact, as far as I know, my paternal ancestors for three generations manufactured and sold paint in various places, mostly in what is now western Ukraine and at that time was part of the Austro-Hungarian empire. My maternal grandfather was the headmaster of a secular school for Jewish children in the same region. My own schooling started in Vienna where I went to an institution called a Gymnasium, which is a high school European style, in which I earned solid passing grades, but I was not in any way distinguished academically. Moreover, because this biography emphasizes my scientific development, I cannot recall any specific scientific interests. I did take a course in natural history, learned how to botanize and dissect flowers, and I recall being somewhat intrigued by the diversity of floral structure I uncovered. But I certainly had no special love or particular affinity for nature. In that respect, I am an uncharacteristic member of an ecology and evolution department. Many of our faculty were beetle or moth collectors in their youth, and those who had the good or bad fortune to grow up in a big city often developed that love of nature in a museum of natural history. Although there was and is a very distinguished natural history museum in Vienna, I cannot recall being there more than once during my childhood. I have gone back there as an adult, and have, in fact, worked there, but it had no influence on me then. My parents, like most bourgeois Jewish parents, expected me to become a doctor. And I had not given the matter much thought. I was only 13 when I left Vienna. The city furnished my cultural and intellectual roots, which are undoubtedly still visible—in many ways I still feel very European— but nevertheless, as far as science goes, my origins lie elsewhere.
Persistent Hypertension in the Dog Following Disruption of the Carotid Sinus Nerves and Subsequent Unilateral Renal Artery Constriction

Constriction of 1 renal artery in combination with disruption of the carotid sinus nerves resulted in moderate chronic hypertension in dogs. Hypertension persisted at the same level in some of the animals after removal of the kidney 1 year later, while in others blood pressure decreased somewhat though not to the prehypertensive control level. Narrowing of 1 renal artery without carotid nerve disruption did not lead to significant chronic hypertension. Disruption of the carotid sinus nerves alone, on the other hand, produced mild to moderate hypertension. Constriction of 1 renal artery, if performed several months after carotid nerve disruption, further increased the blood pressure in these animals. Tests of the carotid sinus nerves function by the occlusion reflex of the common carotids indicated a return of function several months after disruption in animals in which the carotid sinus nerves were only crushed. Hypertension persisted in these animals despite the return of the carotid sinus function. Tetraethylammonium choride given intravenously to combined carotid sinus-unilateral renal hypertensive dogs resulted in blood pressure decrease similar to that produced in normal animals. Glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow decreased, and filtration fraction increased in 3 dogs following production of the combined type of hypertension.
Striatal Volume Predicts Level of Video Game Skill Acquisition

Video game skills transfer to other tasks, but individual differences in performance and in learning and transfer rates make it difficult to identify the source of transfer benefits. We asked whether variability in initial acquisition and of improvement in performance on a demanding video game, the Space Fortress game, could be predicted by variations in the pretraining volume of either of 2 key brain regions implicated in learning and memory: the striatum, implicated in procedural learning and cognitive flexibility, and the hippocampus, implicated in declarative memory. We found that hippocampal volumes did not predict learning improvement but that striatal volumes did. Moreover, for the striatum, the volumes of the dorsal striatum predicted improvement in performance but the volumes of the ventral striatum did not. Both ventral and dorsal striatal volumes predicted early acquisition rates. Furthermore, this early-stage correlation between striatal volumes and learning held regardless of the cognitive flexibility demands of the game versions, whereas the predictive power of the dorsal striatal volumes held selectively for performance improvements in a game version emphasizing cognitive flexibility. These findings suggest a neuroanatomical basis for the superiority of training strategies that promote cognitive flexibility and transfer to untrained tasks.
The Amino Acids Required for Egg Production in Aedes aegypti

Since the monumental work of Rose (1938) on the essential amino acids for growth in the rat, similar studies have been made on other vertebrates. It has been shown that most of these animals have the same pattern of amino acid requirements for growth of the immature form and for maintenance of nitrogen equilibrium in the adult. The amino acids usually required are arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophane, and valine. These studies have been adequately reviewed in recent texts (Bourne and Kidder 1953, Albanese 1950).
Analysis and generalized correction of the effect of spatial gradient field distortions in diffusion-weighted imaging.

Nonuniformities of magnetic field gradients can cause serious artifacts in diffusion imaging. While it is well known that nonlinearities of the imaging gradients lead to image warping, those imperfections can also cause spatially dependent errors in the direction and magnitude of the diffusion encoding. This study shows that the potential errors in diffusion imaging are considerable. Further, we show that retrospective corrections can be applied to reduce these errors. A general mathematical framework was formulated to characterize the contribution of gradient nonuniformities to diffusion experiments. The gradient field was approximated using spherical harmonic expansion, and this approximation was employed (after geometric distortions were eliminated) to predict and correct the errors in diffusion encoding. Before the corrections were made, the experiments clearly revealed marked deviations of the calculated diffusivity for fields of view (FOVs) generally used in diffusion experiments. These deviations were most significant farther away from the magnet's isocenter. For an FOV of 25 cm, the resultant errors in absolute diffusivity ranged from approximately -10% to +20%. Within the same FOV, the diffusion-encoding direction and the orientation of the calculated eigenvectors can be significantly altered if the perturbations by the gradient nonuniformities are not considered. With the proposed correction scheme, most of the errors introduced by gradient nonuniformities can be removed.
Neurobiological Investigations in Cingulate Cortex of Schizophrenic Brain

Several studies have indicated that the pathophysiology of schizophrenia may involve discrete alterations of intrinsic circuits within the anterior cingulate cortex, particularly in layer II. These findings have suggested the possibility that a disturbance in neuronal migration or differentiati on during the perinatal period could be related to these differences in schizophrenia subjects. To explore the idea that schizophrenia may be a neurodevelopmental disorder in which precise changes in synaptic connectivity occur, model circuits can be used as empirical tools for identifying the nature and origin of layer II abnormalities in the cortex of schizophrenic brain. Eventually, a strategy of this type may point the way to novel treatment approaches that will limit or perhaps even prevent the deterioration that occurs in patients with schizophrenia.
Wound Irrigation in Musculoskeletal Injury

Wound irrigation to remove debris and lessen bacterial contamination is an essential component of open fracture care. However, considerable practice variation exists in the details of technique. Volume is an important factor; increased volume improves wound cleansing to a point, but the optimal volume is unknown. High-pressure flow has been shown to remove more bacteria and debris and to lower the rate of wound infection compared with low-pressure irrigation, although recent in vitro and animal studies suggest that it may also damage bone. Pulsatile flow has not been demonstrated to increase efficacy. Antiseptic additives can kill bacteria in the wound, but host-tissue toxicities limit their use. Animal and clinical studies of the use of antiseptics in contaminated wounds have yielded conflicting outcomes. Antibiotic irrigation has been effective in experimental studies in some types of animal wounds, but human clinical data are unconvincing due to poor study design. There are few animal or clinical studies of musculoskeletal wounds. Detergent irrigation aims to remove, rather than kill, bacteria and has shown promise in animal models of the complex contaminated musculoskeletal wound.
Cancer Stem Cells: Models and Concepts

Although monoclonal in origin, most tumors appear to contain a heterogeneous population of cancer cells. This observation is traditionally explained by postulating variations in tumor microenvironment and coexistence of multiple genetic subclones, created by progressive and divergent accumulation of independent somatic mutations. An additional explanation, however, envisages human tumors not as mere monoclonal expansions of transformed cells, but rather as complex tridimensional tissues where cancer cells become functionally heterogeneous as a result of differentiation. According to this second scenario, tumors act as caricatures of their corresponding normal tissues and are sustained in their growth by a pathological counterpart of normal adult stem cells, cancer stem cells. This model, first developed in human myeloid leukemias, is today being extended to solid tumors, such as breast and brain cancer. We review the biological basis and the therapeutic implications of the stem cell model of cancer.
LEPRICON Analysis of Pressure Vessel Surveillance Dosimetry Inserted into H. B. Robinson-2 during Cycle 9

A second example of applying the LEPRICON methodology to an existing pressurized water reactor is described. The present application is an analysis of ad hoc dosimetry inserted into the H. B. Robin...
Viral SELEX reveals individual and cooperative roles of the C-box and G-box in HIV-2 replication

The 59 UTR of HIV-2 genomic RNA contains signaling motifs that regulate specific steps of the replication cycle. Two motifs of interest are the C-box and the G-box. The C-box is found in the 59 untranslated region upstream of the primer binding site, while the G-box is found downstream from the major splice donor site, encompassing the gag start codon and flanking nucleotides. Together the C-box and the G-box form a long-range base-pairing interaction called the CGI. We and others have previously shown that formation of the CGI affects RNA dimerization in vitro and the positions of the C-box and the G-box are suggestive of potential roles of the CGI in other steps of HIV-2 replication. Therefore, we attempted to elucidate the role of the CGI using a viral SELEX approach. We constructed proviral DNA libraries containing randomized regions of the C-box or G-box paired with wild-type or mutant base-pairing partners. These proviral DNA libraries were transfected into COS-7 cells to produce viral libraries that were then used to infect permissive C8166 cells. The ‘‘winner’’ viruses were sequenced and further characterized. Our results demonstrate that there is strong selective pressure favoring viruses that can form a branched CGI. In addition, we show that the mutation of the C-box alone can enhance RNA encapsidation, and mutation of the G-box can alter the levels of Gag protein isoforms. These results suggest coordinated regulation of RNA translation, dimerization, and encapsidation during HIV-2 replication.
Everyone Is on Welfare: ‘The Role of Redistribution in Social Policy’ Revisited

Titmuss's model of three wel fare systems is used to ana lyze how the rapidly ex panding system of tax bene fits available to middle- and upper-income groups paral lels the social welfare system for the poor. Operating as a shadow welfare state, the tax benefits system is invisible and nonstigmatized, favors the privileged over the poor, makes the tax code more re gressive, and contributes to the upward redistribution of income endorsed by the Rea gan Administration.
A Review of: “Information and Communication Technology in Organizations: Adoption, Implementation, Use and Effects, by Harry Bouwman, Bart van den Hooff, Lidwien van de Wijngaert, and Jan van Dijk. London: Sage Publications, 2005. xiv + 223 pp. $37.95 (paper). ISBN 1412900905”

Readers of The Information Society will welcome Information and Communication Technology in Organizations, cowritten by Harry Bouwman, Bart van den Hoof, Lidwien van de Wijngaert, and Jan van Dijk....
Fabrication and Characterization of Li7La3Zr2O12 Thin Films for Lithium Ion Battery

The last few decades have seen a drastic miniaturization of electronic devices following the famous Moore’s law predicted by Gordan Moore in 1971. These developments in the electronic industry have resulted in ultra-low-weight electronic devices such as palm-top computers, smart phones, tablet PCs etc. Batteries constitute one of the most important and essential components of these devices. At present, lithium ion batteries (LIBs) are considered the most suitable candidateforuseinportableelectronicdevices.However,thesebatteriesare available only in the bulk form and comprise a significant percentage of the overall weight of the device. As the miniaturization of electronic devices continues, we need more advanced batteries which are light weight, safe, and environment friendly. One possible solution is the development of thin film batteries (TFBs) which can be integrated onto the microprocessor chips themselves. For these applications, we would require solid-state (SS) electrolyte. Currently, a major obstacle in this field is the low ionic conductivity of SS electrolytes and high temperature needed to fabricate thin films of these materials. As far as the research in SS electrolyte materials is concerned, many different kinds of inorganic systems have been explored to date. These include Nasicon-type electrolytes, 1‐4 perovskite-type lithium lanthanum tantantes, 5,6 and garnet-type Li ion conductors. 7,8 Among all of them, garnet type Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO), synthesized lately by Weppner’s group 9 has been reported to possess very high ionic conductivity. What’s more, LLZO is electrochemically stable with a potential window wider than 0‐7 V, is environment friendly, and is relatively inexpensive. 9‐11 However, to our knowledge, LLZO has so far been synthesized in bulk form only; no work has been reported on the preparation of LLZO thin films. For realizing thin film batteries, it is essential to be able to grow thin films of solid electrolytes and preferably at low temperatures. In this paper, we are reporting the fabrication of LLZO thin films on SrTiO3 (100) and Sapphire (0001) substrates by pulsed laser deposition at room temperature. The effect of annealing was investigated by detailed characterization of thin film structures and properties. Studies were also performed to understand the influence of lithium loss during the deposition process.
Cytoarchitectonic organization and morphology of cells of the field L complex in male zebra finches (Taenopygia guttata).

The organization of the field L complex, a thalamorecipient auditory region in the telencephalon of birds, was examined in Nissl and Golgi preparations of male zebra finches (Taenopygia guttata). The field L complex comprises five cytoarchitectonic subdivisions: L1, L2a, L2b, L3, and L, although the border between Land L2b is not distinct. L2a is a plate extending dorsocaudally from the dorsal medullary lamina in the caudal neostriatum. LIlies on the anterodorsal border and L3 lies on the posteroventral border of L2a. L, the area designated "field L" by Rose (J. Psychol. Neurol., 1914, 2:278-352), forms the medial and posterior borders of the field L complex. L2b is a thick band that forms the dorsal and dorsolateral boundary of the field L complex and is continuous with L medially. Nucleus interface (NID is a nucleus that lies between L2a and Ll near the lateral edge of the complex. The four types of Golgi stained neurons that occur in the zebra finch field L complex correspond to those described for the European starling (Sturnus vulgaris). Additionally, type 3 neurons are subdivided into "unoriented" neurons with spherical dendritic fields and "oriented" neurons with bipolar dendritic fields. NIf contains a distinct class of neurons that have large somata with both thick and thin spiny dendrites. The distribution of Golgi cell types between the subdivisions of the field L complex corresponds to the morphology of cells seen in Nissl material. Type 3 oriented cells are found almost exclusively within L2a. L3 has significantly greater numbers of the largest cells (type 1) and significantly smaller numbers of the smallest cells (type 4) than does Ll. There are no significant differences in the distribution of Golgi stained cells between L2b and L. v 1992 Wiley-LisH, Inc. Ma~ SIX 1 Up t Nen folIc sali) '79) dicl: (mo rem pre) day: nitr fror seri mle the cut wer and
Hyperammonemia in a 20-Year-Old Woman

1. What is (are) this patient’s most striking clinical and laboratory findings? 2. What are the causes of hyperammonemia? 3. What is this patient’s most likely diagnosis? 4. What is the mechanism of ammonia production? 5. What is the mechanism of valproic acid-induced hyperammonemia? 6. What other drugs can induce hyperammonemia? 7. What are the effects of chronic hyperammonemia? 8. Is the magnitude of the VPA-induced hyperammonemia in our patient “clinically” significant? 9. What is the usual treatment for hyperammonemia? 10. What are the appropriate specimen collection and handling procedures for ammonia testing?
Interference of Selected Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) Biotypes in Soybean (Glycine max)

Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.) has become difficult to control in row crops due to selection for biotypes that are no longer controlled by acetolactate synthase inhibiting herbicides and/or glyphosate. Early season interference in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] for 40 days after emergence by three glyphosate-resistant (GR) and three glyphosate-susceptible (GS) Palmer amaranth biotypes from Georgia and North Carolina was compared in the greenhouse. A field experiment over 2 years compared season-long interference of these biotypes in soybean. The six Palmer amaranth biotypes reduced soybean height similarly in the greenhouse but did not affect soybean height in the field. Reduction in soybean fresh weight and dry weight in the greenhouse; and soybean yield in the field varied by Palmer amaranth biotypes. Soybean yield was reduced 21% by Palmer amaranth at the established field density of 0.37 plant m−2. When Palmer amaranth biotypes were grouped by response to glyphosate, the GS group reduced fresh weight, dry weight, and yield of soybean more than the GR group. The results indicate a possible small competitive disadvantage associated with glyphosate resistance, but observed differences among biotypes might also be associated with characteristics within and among biotypes other than glyphosate resistance.
Politics and problematics of the definition and categorization of ethnicity in Nepal

Bodhi: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 5, 2011, Page 1-15 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bodhi.v5i1.8042
Dorsal Horn Spatial Representation of Simple Cutaneous Stimuli

Brown, Paul B., Ronald Millecchia, Jeffrey J. Lawson, Stephanie Stephens, Paul Harton, and James C. Culberson. Dorsal horn spatial representation of simple cutaneous stimuli. J. Neurophysiol. 79: 9...
Operations Research in Construction Planning

Sample problems are solved, illustrating the use of operations research techniques in construction management. Problems are chosen so that the solution of each requires the general theory of a particular area of operations research, including inventory, replacement, allocation, sequencing, and waiting line theories. Mathematics used for the solutions includes basic algebra, basic calculus, some probability theory, and elementary matrix theory. Applications of critical path scheduling and the simplex method of linear programming, described elsewhere in literature, are not included. Benefits and limitations of the use of operations research techniques in construction planning are examined and the interrelationship between analytical and intuitive-based decisions is emphasized.
Dynamics of Precise Ethylene Ionomers Containing Ionic Liquid Functionality

This paper presents the first findings on the molecular dynamics of the remarkable new class of linear and precisely functionalized ethylene copolymers. Specifically, we utilize broadband dielectric relaxation spectroscopy to investigate the molecular dynamics of linear polyethylene (PE)-based ionomers containing 1-methylimidazolium bromide (ImBr) pendants on exactly every 9th, 15th, or 21st carbon atom, along with one pseudorandom analogue. We also employed FTIR spectroscopy to provide insight into local ionic interactions and the nature of the ordering of the ethylene spacers between pendants. Prior X-ray scattering experiments revealed that the polar ionic groups in these ionomers self-assemble into microphase-separated aggregates dispersed throughout the nonpolar PE matrix. We focus primarily on the dynamics of the segmental relaxations, which are significantly slowed down compared to linear PE due to ion aggregation. Relaxation times depend on composition, the presence of crystallinity, and microphas...
Welcome to Management Teaching Review

We are thrilled to provide a new resource for the management education community with the advent of Management Teaching Review (MTR). This is an effort that began almost 3 years ago and involved the creativity and support of many, many folks within the OBTS Teaching Society for Management Educators and SAGE Publications. As founding coeditors, it is our privilege to introduce MTR to you as a complement to the Journal of Management Education (JME) for challenging management educators to continuously explore and improve our craft and serving as a resource for those who do so. As with any new programmatic initiative, we spent the last year alternately energized by the details of MTR’s rollout and terrified that no one would submit anything. It has been, however, an embarrassment of riches, and we are humbled by the number and quality of good work for which MTR is now an outlet of choice.
Artificial Parentage: Screening Parents for Assisted Reproductive Technologies

This Article is a response to empirical research that tracked the candidate “screening” processes at assisted reproductive technology (ART) clinics (i.e. when clinics take into consideration factors other than medical success or financial ability in deciding which patients to accept). This Article clarifies what legal rights and duties candidates and clinics have during the ART screening process and analyzes whether clinics should ethically be permitted to define their own screening procedures beyond legal obligations. This Article concludes that the legal, ethical, and medical standard of ART care should at least include mandated reporting of screening techniques to promote patient and doctor discretion, and tort law protection and regulatory mandates as a cap of uniform protection.
Clinical analysis of type 1 diabetes mellitus in 32 children

Objective:To evaluate the clinical manifestation of diabetes mellitus in children and to improve the clinical diagnosis and management in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus(T1-DM).Methods:The clinical data of 32 children diagnosised as T1-DM between 1999 and 2006 in Anhui Provincial Children's Hospital were retrospectively analyzed,and the treatment outcomes of diabetes ketoacidosis(DKA) in 10 children were observed.Results:The preliminary symptoms of T1-DM were DKA in 10 patients,respiratory infection in 4 patients,vomiting in 3 patients and stomachache in one patient.The low-dosage insulin was effective to children with DKA.Conclusions:The onset of the T1-DM in children is usually latent with atypical clinical manifestations.The DKA,the respiratory and digestive diseases are the preliminary symptoms.Therefore it can be easily misdiagnosed and treated in wrong way.The insulin is effective to it.
On the Origin of Four Pi in Physics

We find the highest symmetry between the fields intrinsic to free particles (free particles having only mass, charge and spin), and show these fields symmetries and their close relationship to force and entropy. The Boltzmann Constant is equal to the natural entropy, in that it is The Planck Energy over The Planck Temperature. This completes a needed symmetry in The Bekenstein-Hawking Entropy. Upon substitution of Planck Units into The Schwarzschild Radius, we find that the mass and radius of any black hole define both the gravitational constant and the natural force. We find that the Gaussian Surface area about a particle is equal to the surface area of an equally massed black hole if we define the gravitational field of that particle to be the quotient of The Planck Force and the particles mass. By these simple substitutions we find that gravity is quantized in units of surface entropy. We also find Pythagorean Triples are resting within the dimensional parameters of Special Relativity, and show this to be the dimensional aspects of single particles observing one another, coupled with the intrinsic Hubble nature of the universe.
Toward a Better Future

In late 1949, as the Human Rights Commission began to deal with a covenant of Human Rights in earnest, Nehru made a trip to the United States, accompanied by his daughter and future prime minister, Indira, and his sister, Madame Pandit, now India’s ambassador to Washington. Up until early that year, Madame Pandit had been serving as ambassador to Moscow, though Gandhi had informed her shortly before he died in January 1948 that she would soon be transferred to the United States.1 Pandit’s position in the capitals of the two superpowers reflected the signal importance that Nehru attached to bridging relations between the two sides of the world. Pandit’s diplomatic and debating skills were unmatched, and she enjoyed a reputation on the international stage that was equally unparalleled. Her appointments were meant to reflect the status that India accorded both the Soviet Union and America: it held them in comparably high regard. This was, of course, a political move as much as anything else, since the point was to build trust among foes.
Forecasting daily stock market return using dimensionality reduction

A data mining procedure to forecast daily stock market return is proposed.The raw data includes 60 financial and economic features over a 10-year period.Combining ANNs with PCA gives slightly higher classification accuracy.Combining ANNs with PCA provides significantly higher risk-adjusted profits. In financial markets, it is both important and challenging to forecast the daily direction of the stock market return. Among the few studies that focus on predicting daily stock market returns, the data mining procedures utilized are either incomplete or inefficient, especially when a large amount of features are involved. This paper presents a complete and efficient data mining process to forecast the daily direction of the S&P 500 Index ETF (SPY) return based on 60 financial and economic features. Three mature dimensionality reduction techniques, including principal component analysis (PCA), fuzzy robust principal component analysis (FRPCA), and kernel-based principal component analysis (KPCA) are applied to the whole data set to simplify and rearrange the original data structure. Corresponding to different levels of the dimensionality reduction, twelve new data sets are generated from the entire cleaned data using each of the three different dimensionality reduction methods. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are then used with the thirty-six transformed data sets for classification to forecast the daily direction of future market returns. Moreover, the three different dimensionality reduction methods are compared with respect to the natural data set. A group of hypothesis tests are then performed over the classification and simulation results to show that combining the ANNs with the PCA gives slightly higher classification accuracy than the other two combinations, and that the trading strategies guided by the comprehensive classification mining procedures based on PCA and ANNs gain significantly higher risk-adjusted profits than the comparison benchmarks, while also being slightly higher than those strategies guided by the forecasts based on the FRPCA and KPCA models.
SQL-on-Big-Data Challenges & Solutions

This chapter discusses the challenges of implementing SQL engines on big data platforms, and the possible approaches to solving them at scale and with low latency, using different techniques.
50 Years of Data Science

More than 50 years ago, John Tukey called for a reformation of academic statistics. In “The Future of Data Analysis,” he pointed to the existence of an as-yet unrecognized science, whose subject of...
Der frühe Freud, der späte Freud: Konflikt und Intentionalität

Grunbaums Buch (Grundlagen) liefert einen eindrucksvollen, luckenlos begrundeten Beitrag von bleibendem Wert. Ich mochte mich hier jedoch auf einige Bedenken konzentrieren, zu denen er sich ausern soll.
Amnesia Associated with Bilateral Hippocampal and Bilateral Basal Ganglia Lesions in Anoxia with Stimulant Use

We report a case of a 55-year-old man with ischemic lesions of the bilateral hippocampus and bilateral basal ganglia following a myocardial infarction (MI) during an episode of multiple drug use with subsequent anoxia requiring resuscitation. He presented for a neuropsychological evaluation with an anterograde amnesia for both explicit and procedural memory. There are two main points to this case, the unique aspects of the bilateral multi-focal lesions and the functional, cognitive impact of those lesions. We hypothesize his rare focal, bilateral lesions of both the hippocampus and basal ganglia are a result of anoxia acting in synergy with his stimulant drug use (cocaine and/or MDMA). Second, his unique lesions produced an explicit and implicit/procedural anterograde amnesia.
Judging in a mismatch: The ethical challenges of pro se litigation

Over the past two decades, U.S. courts have experienced a significant increase in the number of pro se litigants. With the pro se phenomenon has come new ways of thinking about the meaning of justice, fairness, neutrality, and impartiality in the legal system. The traditional notion of a judge as neutral arbiter between two opposing parties in an adversarial process does not fit the reality of pro se litigation, especially when a self-represented party is opposed by one who comes to court with an attorney. Consideration is given to the way in which judges’ role orientations are shaped by this situational context. Placed within a framework of judicial goals, judges’ statements provide important insights into the approaches they take when they are faced with a mismatch. While ethical guidelines for judges in pro se litigation are evolving, judges continue to confront the challenge of performing their roles in ways that ensure the integrity of the court is not compromised.
Three Faces of Irony: Domesticating Revolution in Central America

El Salvador, Guatemala, and Nicaragua, in spite of having been the epicenters of the Central American crisis of the 1980s, have made transitions to electoral democracy while consistently denying their major leftist parties control of their governments—until, at last, the Sandinista former president of Nicaragua finally returned to the presidency with a minority vote in November 2006. This article contends that, in distinct ways and for distinct reasons, the Left has ceased to be a serious revolutionary threat in any of these three countries.
Wind-up in lamina I spinoparabrachial neurons: a role for reverberatory circuits.

AbstractWind-up is a frequency-dependent increase in the response of spinal cord neurons, which is believed to underlie temporal summation of nociceptive input. However, whether spinoparabrachial neurons, which likely contribute to the affective component of pain, undergo wind-up was unknown. Here,
Motion Detection and Analysis - State of the Art and Some Requirements from Robots

Abstract During recent years, considerable progress has been achieved by researchers in Computer Vision towards a theory of visual motion detection. There also appears to be a convergence of these theories towards models of human vision derived from psychophysical analysis. Scale space issues have been tackled and elegant optimization formulations of the problem are available. On the other hand, there seems to considerable doubt about how to use the motion information for various problems in robotics. While our theoretical understanding of the geometry of image flow has greatly improved, and even a few algorithms to recover structure from motion are available, the current algorithms are not sufficiently robust or accurate for practical use. In this paper, we briefly summarize the state of the art in motion detection, and derive a set of requirement for motion analysis which are based on the needs of mobile robotics, as well as on what information seems available from visual motion. Specifically, a paradigm called directed perception is proposed, and three major problems are identified spatio-temporal grouping, the detection of specific types of dynamic events, and the incremental recovery of detailed shape and motion. A key depature from traditional approaches is that the emphasis shifts from detailed surface reconstruction to grouping, and from quantitative motion parameter computation to qualitative dynamic event detection.
Gender and Educational Change

The purpose of this chapter is to explore issues of gender in educational change. The scholarship on change rarely explores gender issues, and, when gender is considered, it is usually synonymous with female.
Co-Binding Chromophores in Oxygen Chemoreception in the Carotid Body

The mechanism of O2 chemoreception in the carotid body (CB) is not clear. Previously, we provided evidence (Mulligan et al., 1981; Mulligan & Lahiri, 1982; Shirahata et al., 1987) that inhibitors of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation specifically blocked the excitatory response to hypoxia. We further demonstrated that it is the energy production rather than O2 consumption alone that is critical. More recently, Duchen and Biscoe (1992) showed similar responses of glomus cell [Ca2+]i to hypoxia. With the discovery of O2 sensitive K+ channels in glomus cells (e.g., Lopez-Barneo et al., 1988; Delpiano and Heschler, 1989), Gonzalez et al. (1992) discounted the metabolic hypothesis of O2 chemoreception. A distinction between the two hypotheses can be made by applying appropriate ratios of CO/O2 to the carotid body and measuring chemosensory and/or glomus cell responses. CO specifically prevents reaction of cytochrome oxidase (Keilin, 1970) with O2 and should manifest a hypoxia-like effect on the one hand, as shown by Joels and Neil (1962), and binding with hemoglobin-like pigment, would behave like O2 and reverse the stimulatory effect of hypoxia, as proposed by Lloyd et al. (1968). We tested these predictions using the cat carotid body perfused and superfused in vitro with cell-free physiological solution and recording the chemosensory responses.
Nonarticular osseous cyst‐like lesions of the intermedioradial carpal bone may be incidental magnetic resonance imaging findings in dogs

As magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) becomes more readily available and more frequently utilized in the assessment of canine carpal lameness, both normal variations and early pathologic conditions must be recognized to optimize patient care and provide accurate diagnosis. On cross sectional studies of the canine carpus, cyst-like lesions have been detected at the dorsolateral aspect of the intermedioradial carpal bone. The cross-sectional imaging and histologic properties of these lesions have not been described. The purpose of this observational study is to evaluate the MRI and histologic features of these cyst-like lesions in a cohort of clinically sound dogs. It was hypothesized that the lesions would show features similar to intraosseous ganglion cysts of the human wrist. Twenty-five cadaveric canine carpi were obtained and a total of 13 lesions were detected on MRI. Based on MRI, six carpi with lesions of varying size and one normal carpus were submitted for histological evaluation. Five of the abnormal carpi had nonarticular cyst-like lesions; one specimen with a positive magnetic resonance image for a cyst-like lesion had no cyst-like lesion on histology. Conspicuity of a medium-size lesion as evaluated on radiographs was poor. Given the presence of these nonarticular cyst-like lesions in a population of clinically sound patients, their clinical importance is uncertain. The development of these lesions may relate to altered mechanics or genetic predispositions, requiring additional study.