cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Preliminary Study of Intra-Application Interference on Dragonfly Network

Dragonfly network is widely used in modern high-performance computing systems. On this network, however, interference caused by network sharing can lead to significant network congestion and degraded performance. In this work, we present a comparative analysis of intra-application interference on applications with nearest neighbor communication, considering various placement strategies. Our results demonstrate that intra-application interference is basically a trade-off between localized communication and balanced network. We further develop alternative job placement policies with the objective to balance the trade-off between localized communication and balanced network. The results demonstrate that our proposed strategies can effectively balance the trade-off and hence reduce intra-application interference on Dragonfly network.
Adsorption and Self-Assembly of Surfactants on Metal-Water Interfaces

Modifying properties of metal–water interfaces via adsorption of surfactants has applications in electrochemistry and catalysis. We report molecular simulations of adsorption of surfactant molecules on metal surfaces wherein we systematically vary the strength of hydrophobic interaction between surfactant tails, as well as the size of the surfactants’ polar head group. A surfactant molecule is represented by a linear, bead–spring model with a polar “head” bead and a chain of hydrophobic “tail” beads. A smooth surface, strongly attractive to the polar beads, represents the metal surface. Our main findings are that (1) hydrophobic interactions between adsorbed molecules promote adsorption and self-assembly and (2) the morphology of the adsorbed layer is governed by the geometry of the molecules. When the size of the polar bead is the same as that of the hydrophobic beads, an adsorbed self-assembled monolayer (SAM) is formed. When the polar bead is larger than the hydrophobic beads, cylindrical micelles are ...
Clinical characteristics of patients with pulmonary infarction - A retrospective review.

Abstract Background Pulmonary infarction is an infrequent complication of pulmonary embolism. Traditionally, it has been regarded as a sign of worse outcome because ischemia can only occur by the simultaneous failure of all oxygenation sources to the area of infarct, but supporting evidence is limited. Methods We identified 74 cases of pulmonary infarction over 5 years at a single academic center via review of radiographic reports. Contrast-enhanced chest CT scans were examined to confirm evidence of pulmonary infarction, and patient clinical characteristics and imaging results were studied. Results Survival to discharge was high (97%). Patients most commonly presented with dyspnea (69%), chest pain (46%), and swelling or pain in the lower extremities (31%), while underlying risk factors included history of malignancy (41%) and surgery within 30 days (24%). Many patients had concurrent cardiovascular (59%) and pulmonary disease (22%). Infarction disproportionately affected the lower lobes. Conclusions Survival after diagnosis of pulmonary infarction is comparable to uncomplicated pulmonary embolism, suggesting that outcome is not worse. While emboli occurred in multiple lobar sites, pulmonary infarction occurred most commonly in the lower lobes, suggesting unique underlying physiological mechanisms in pulmonary infarction development.
The Digital Commons: Using Licenses to Promote Creativity

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the purpose and need for institutions such as the Creative Commons and attempt to ascertain its importance in developing a lively public domain. To be able to do so, this paper begins by studying the concepts, roles and interaction of private property, the public domain and the commons. Discussing how and why the critique of the commons, as applied to digital products, is flawed. The paper then discusses the role of the commons in the creation and spread of intellectual property online.
Are we facing a stock market bubble

The explosion of equity prices since 1995 has led some analysts to conclude we are facing an asset bubble in the stock market. In the period February 1995 - July 1997 the Dow-Jones index doubled from 4000 to 8000; in the period November 1995 - May 1999, the Dow doubled from 5000 to 10,000. Overall equity prices in the four years 1995-1998 grew at the amazing and spectacular annual rate of 28%. The stock market returns in the latter half of the 1990s are significantly higher than the average and among the highest ever recorded. (See Table 1 and Table 2)
Biosynthetic Pathways Related to Cell Structure and Function

The spiral morphology of Helicobacter pylori appears to confer an advantage to the bacterium in the viscous gastric mucus, since its spiral forms move more effectively in media with high viscosity than more conventional rod-shaped organisms. Peptidoglycans are the stress-bearing structures of bacteria that maintain the integrity of the cell wall and the shape of the bacterium. There is an overall decrease in monomers as the bacteria age, while the percentage of dimers, "anhydro" residues, and dipeptide monomers increases. The lack of detectable trimers or tetramers in H. pylori murein indicates that cross-linking does not occur between three or more glycan chains, whereas cross-linking between three or four glycan chains is detectable in E. coli. The presence of pentapeptide as the main fraction of H. pylori muropeptides indicates that it possesses little carboxypeptidase activity. On the basis of protein sequence homologies, the genome of H. pylori appears to code for homologs of all the enzymes involved in the cytoplasmic synthesis of the disaccharide pentapeptide, starting with the synthesis of UDP-N-acetylmuramic acid and finishing with UDP-disaccharide pentapeptide linked to an undecaprenyl lipid carrier. The second step in building the murein sacculus is the polymerization reaction, accompanied by the insertion of the newly made material into the existing peptidoglycan (PG) layer. Analysis of the H. pylori genome shows the presence of genes coding for all the enzymes of the biosynthetic pathway leading to the disaccharide pentapeptide, which is the basic building block of murein.
Exact Category of Modules of Constant Jordan Type

For a finite group scheme G, we continue our investigation of those finite-dimensional \(kG\)-modules that are of constant Jordan type. We introduce a Quillen exact category structure \({\mathcal C}(kG)\) on these modules and investigate \(K_0({\mathcal C}(kG))\). We study which Jordan types can be realized as the Jordan types of (virtual) modules of constant Jordan type. We also briefly consider thickenings of \({\mathcal C}(kG)\) inside the triangulated category \({\rm stmod}(kG)\).
A Socio-spatial Framework for Urban Mathematics Education: Considering Equity, Social Justice, and the Spatial Turn

In recent years, equity- and social justice-oriented discourses in mathematics education have been working to move the field toward an understanding of mathematics education as inherently and simultaneously social and political. Critical to this movement is the development of concepts that support scholarship, policy, and practice that are oriented toward equity and social justice. In this chapter, we propose a framework that engages scholarship in mathematics education, urban education, critical geography, and urban sociology. The resulting socio-spatial framework for urban mathematics education features a visual schematic that locates mathematics teaching and learning—vis-a-vis a mathematics-instructional triad—within a system of socio-spatial considerations relevant to US urban contexts. We situate the math-instructional triad amid a three-dimensional frame. Representing the first axis, we describe established categories of social significations or urban education: urban-as-sophistication, urban-as-pathology, and urban-as-authenticity. The concepts that represent the second (spatial) axis are drawn from considerations of how space is continually constructed: empirical space, interactive-connective space, image space, and place space. The third axis concerns the various moments and perspectives that have evolved and continue to unfold in mathematics education practice, scholarship, and policy. Particularly, we draw on recent depictions of the field’s “moments”: the process-product, interpretivist-constructivist, social turn, and sociopolitical turn. Finally, we use the urban system initiatives sponsored by the National Science Foundation in the 1990s to illustrate the elements of the framework and to demonstrate how the framework can help the field to clarify the relationship between the arrangements of spatial geography and distribution of social opportunity.
Subject-Specific Convolutional Neural Networks for Accelerated Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is one of the leading modalities for medical imaging, providing excellent softtissue contrast without exposure to ionizing radiation. Despite continuing advances in MRI, long scan times remain a major limitation in clinical applications. Parallel imaging is a technique for scan time acceleration in MRI, which utilizes the spatial variations in the reception profiles of receiver coil arrays to reconstruct images from undersampled Fourier space, i.e. k-space. One of the most commonly used parallel imaging techniques employs interpolation of missing k-space information by using linear shiftinvariant convolutional kernels. These kernels are trained on a limited amount of autocalibration signal (ACS) for each scan. We propose a novel method for parallel imaging,Robust Artificialneural-networks for $k -$space Interpolation (RAKI), which uses scan-specific convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to perform improved k-space interpolation. Three-layer CNNs are trained using only scan-specific ACS data, alleviating the need for large training databases. The proposed method was tested in ultra-high resolution brain MRI and quantitative cardiac MRI, acquired with various acceleration rates. Improved noise resilience as compared to existing parallel imaging methods was observed for high acceleration rates or in the presence of low signal-tonoise ratio (SNR). Furthermore, RAKI successfully reconstructed images for quantitative cardiac MRI, even when using the same CNN across images with varying contrasts. These results indicate that RAKI achieves improved noise performance without overfitting to specific image contents, and offers great promise for improved acceleration in a wide range of MRI applications.
Endocrine Disruptors and Pregnancy Loss

In modern society, we are exposed to a wide variety of manufactured chemical compounds, called “endocrine-disrupting chemicals” (EDCs). EDCs interact with hormone receptors and have a detrimental effect on reproduction, a complex and hormonally regulated process. Two widely prevalent groups of EDCs are bisphenols and phthalates. This review aims to evaluate and summarize current research on EDCs and their proposed relationship with increased rates of pregnancy loss. Most research focuses on one of many bisphenols, bisphenol A or BPA. Studies of BPA in animals have shown a causative effect on pregnancy loss even at low concentrations, likely through disruption of hormone receptor expression in the uterine lining that impedes implantation. Human studies have correlated levels of BPA exposure with pregnancy loss and suggest a role for synergistic effect of BPAs with other EDCs. Phthalate studies include multiple different metabolites that have variably been associated with pregnancy loss. The mechanism of phthalate effect on pregnancy loss appears to be through disruption of timing of implantation or cell apoptosis. In humans, a trend has been suggested between high levels of phthalate exposure and increased pregnancy loss. Recent research supports an association between EDCs in the environment and pregnancy loss, particularly for BPAs, but the effect in humans is less well developed and studies appreciably limited. Further research is needed not only on the effect of these individual compounds on pregnancy loss but on which populations may be at greatest risk.
Development and Initial Validation of the Big Data Framework for Agile Business: Transformational Innovation Initiative

This paper presents the development of Big Data Framework for Agile Business (BDFAB) and its initial validation. BDFAB is a strategic framework comprising values, roles, phases, artifacts, practices, business parameters, a compendium of transformation processes and the Big Data manifesto. BDFAB has direct and practical impact in reducing risks in digital business transformation capitalizing on Big Data. This position paper highlights the implications of Big Data from a strategic viewpoint and, thereby, contributes to both industrial and academic understanding of BDFAB.
Automatic counting of birds in a bird deterrence field trial.

Decreasing costs in high‐quality digital cameras, image processing, and digital storage allow researchers to generate and store massive amounts of digital imagery. The time needed to manually analyze these images will always be a limiting factor for experimental design and analysis. Implementation of computer vision algorithms for automating the detection and counting of animals reduces the manpower needed to analyze field images. For this paper, we assess the ability of computer vision to detect and count birds in images from a field test that was not designed for computer vision. Using video stills from the field test and Matlab's Computer Vision Toolbox, we designed and evaluated a cascade object detection method employing Haar and Local Binary Pattern feature types. Without editing the images, we found that the Haar feature can have a recall over 0.5 with an Intersection over Union threshold of 0.5. However, using this feature, 86% of the frames without birds had false‐positive bird detections. Reducing the false positives could lead to these detection methods being implemented into a fully automated system for detecting and counting birds. Accurately detecting and counting birds using computer vision will reduce manpower for field experiments, both in experimental design and data analysis. Improvements in automated detection and counting will allow researchers to design extended trials without the added step of optimizing the experimental setup and/or captured images for computer vision.
Promoting environmentally sustainable occupational engagement on a college campus: a case study

Despite a growing body of literature supporting the role of occupational therapy in promoting environmentally sustainable lifestyles, few published articles provide a sound rationale for use of thi...
Partnering with parents to improve outcomes for substance exposed newborns-a pilot program

Assess impact of parental involvement in care provision for term substance exposed newborns (SENs). Prospective observational cohort study included mothers with opioid use disorder and their SENs over 4 year study period. Maternal–Infant dyads enrolled in EMPOWER and rooming-in (RI) programs were included and received care 24/7 in a private room until newborn’s discharge. Outcomes were compared for dyads participating in EMPOWER/RI with historical controls. Ninety of 156 historical SENs were RI eligible, while 49 of 108 SENs born during RI period had mothers enrolled in EMPOWER. EMPOWER/RI SENs had lower rates for and duration of pharmacotherapy, shorter neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and hospital lengths of stay. EMPOWER/RI increased initiation and continuation of breastfeeding at discharge. Parental participation was associated with a decrease in initiation and duration of pharmacotherapy, NICU admission, length of stay and hospital charges while increasing breastfeeding initiation and continuation at discharge.
Response of the neonate larvae of Cactoblastis cactorum to synthetic cactoblastins, a newly identified class of pheromonally-active chemicals found in the caterpillar’s mandibular glands

The pre-excavation activity of the neonate larvae of Cactoblastis cactorum (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is typically confined to an arena that encircles the base of their egg stick. If the caterpillars are unable to penetrate the host plant within the arena, they strike off en masse in search of a more favorable site, marking their pathway with secretions from their mandibular glands. One component of this secretion, 4-hydroxy-2-oleoylcyclohexane-1,3-dione (an acylcyclohexanedione, ACHD), has been previously shown to function as a trail pheromone. In this paper, we report the characterization, synthesis, and bioassays of a family of 3-acyl fatty acid methyl esters (which we named cactoblastins), a chemically distinct group of mandibular gland compounds that also elicit trail following behavior. The relative effectiveness in eliciting trail following of the ACHD and six, chemically distinct, synthetic cactoblastins was determined. The most bioactive of the cactoblastins was also compared to whole mandibular gland extract to assess its ability to disrupt the aggregative behavior of the neonates and to serve as a biorational alternative to pesticides for managing invasive populations of the caterpillar.
Feasibility and Acceptability of Telemedicine-Facilitated Palliative Care Consultations in Rural Dialysis Units.

Background: Patients receiving dialysis have unmet palliative care needs. Limited access to palliative care is a key barrier to its integration into routine dialysis care. Objective: To determine the feasibility and acceptability of telepalliative care in rural dialysis units. Methods: This was a single-arm pilot clinical trial. The target population was patients with kidney failure receiving outpatient dialysis in a rural U.S. state. Feasibility was measured by one-month completion rate. Acceptability was measured using an adapted telemedicine questionnaire. Results: We recruited 39 patients with mean age 71.2 years to undergo a telepalliative care consultation while receiving dialysis. Four specialty palliative care clinicians (three physicians and one nurse practitioner) conducted the visits. The recruitment rate was 40% (39/96), scheduling rate was 100% (39/39), and one-month completion rate was 77% (30/39). Thirty-six patient participants (14 women and 22 men) completed the baseline survey. Audiovisual aspects of the visit were rated highly. More than 80% reported the visit being at least as good as an in-person visit and 41% felt the teleconsult was better. Eighty-one percent of patients felt the appointment was relevant to them, 58% felt they learned new things about their condition, and 27% reported the appointment changed the way they think about dialysis. Discussion: Telepalliative care is acceptable to patients receiving dialysis and is a feasible approach to integrating palliative care in rural dialysis units. The study was registered with Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03744117).
Traditionalism and Victim Blaming

A common claim is that rape victims are blamed for the crime because they have violated gender roles. We tested this idea by examining whether the relationship between traditional attitudes about gender roles and victim blaming is observed when the victim's gender role violation is not followed by rape. We also examined whether participants with traditional attitudes about casual sex were more likely to engage in victim blaming than their "liberal" counterparts. College students (Study 1: N = 348; Study 2: N = 239) were presented with vignettes that ended in either rape, robbery, assault, homicide, or accident, or had no outcome. Participants with traditional attitudes about gender roles did not assign more blame to victims than liberal participants unless the victim's behavior was followed by rape. In contrast, participants with traditional attitudes about casual sex were more likely to blame victims regardless of the outcome. The pattern suggests that the relationship between traditional attitudes about gender roles and victim blaming is not be due to the victim's violation of gender roles. In addition, victim blaming is due, in part, to the negative attitudes of some students to casual sex.
Cervical Lymph Node Features Predictive of Suboptimal Adequacy During Ultrasound-Guided Fine-Needle Aspiration in Thyroid Cancer Patients.

PURPOSE To determine the rate of cytologic and diagnostic adequacy and identify features associated with suboptimal tissue sampling in ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (US-FNA) of suspected nodal disease in thyroid cancer patients. METHODS A single-institution pathology database was queried for lymph node FNA reports in thyroid cancer patients from 2014 to 2019. Charts were reviewed for demographics, body mass index (BMI), prior thyroidectomy, cancer type, and subsequent surgery. Ultrasound images were retrospectively reviewed for location, size, depth from skin, cystic components, macrocalcification, echogenic foci, and internal vascularity score. Pathology reports were categorized as cellular and diagnostic, hypocellular/acellular but diagnostic with abnormal cells or thyroglobulin levels, or hypocellular and nondiagnostic. Correlation and multivariate regression analyses were performed. RESULTS Initial query yielded 552 lesions in 343 subjects. Following exclusion, 377 lesions in 255 subjects were included. Mean patient age was 48.5 years (14-90), BMI 28.5, and 66.7% female and 33.3% male. The majority (95.3%) had papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC); and 65.5% had prior thyroidectomy. 17.7% of lesions were hypocellular/acellular (suboptimal), and 5.6% nondiagnostic. Patient factors had no association (P >.05). Right-sidedness and hypovascularity were associated with hypocellularity (P <.05). Higher long/short-axis ratio and cystic foci were weakly associated. On multivariate analysis, right-sidedness (odds ratio [OR] 1.99; confidence interval [CI] 1.10-3.57) and lower vascularity score (OR 0.54; CI 0.39-0.73) were predictive of suboptimal sampling. CONCLUSION US-FNA has high diagnostic yield and cellular sample rate. Lesion size had no effect. Right-sidedness and lower vascularity scores were predictive of suboptimal tissue. Identifying these features and expected sample adequacy rates can inform management decisions for thyroid cancer patients with cervical lymphadenopathy.
Abdominal Pain

This review aims to cover common causes of pediatric abdominal pain across different age groups. We briefly describe each disease and then focus on the most recent surgical practices for treating each condition. There are a number of shifts away from standard treatment practices: in certain cases, necrotizing enterocolitis can be treated with primary peritoneal drainage, Hirschsprung’s disease can be treated with a completely trans-anal pull-through, many pediatric surgeries are now being performed laparoscopically and sometimes through single-incision laparoscopy, and uncomplicated appendicitis may be treated with antibiotics alone. There is significant controversy about the best surgical treatments in pediatrics. While there is a push to perform minimally invasive surgeries, there is also resistance to move away from standardized and well-established practices. Larger studies are hard to conduct for such rare conditions, but they may be necessary to show the clear benefit of these new therapies.
These Boots Weren’t Made for Walking: Gendered Discrepancies in Wearing Painful, Restricting, or Distracting Clothing

Using the framework of objectification theory (Fredrickson & Roberts in Psychology of Women Quarterly 21(2): 173–206, 1997), the current studies explored how often women (vs. men) reported wearing clothing that is painful, distracting, and/or restricting (PDR clothing). Additionally, we examined differences in body surveillance (i.e., chronically monitoring the appearance of one’s body) and body appreciation between those who reported wearing various types of PDR clothing and those who did not. In both a sample of U.S. college students (n = 545) and a broader sample of U.S. adults (n = 252), results indicated that women were substantially more likely to wear PDR clothing than men. Across both samples, the largest differences between men and women were in wearing uncomfortable or painful shoes and in wearing clothing that is distracting because it requires ongoing monitoring or adjusting. Women and men with higher body surveillance were more likely to report wearing PDR clothing. Though some findings pointed toward a negative association between body appreciation and wearing PDR clothing, these results were inconsistent. Overall, results were consistent with the notion that the gendered nature of clothing might reflect and provoke chronic vigilance of the body’s appearance. Gendered differences in the extent to which clothing promotes comfort and movement vs. discomfort and distraction has clear implications for women’s quality of life.
Microbial Volatile Organic Compounds from Tempered and Incubated Grain Mediate Attraction by a Primary but Not Secondary Stored Product Insect Pest in Wheat.

There has been a dearth of research elucidating the behavioral effect of microbially-produced volatile organic compounds on insects in postharvest agriculture. Demonstrating attraction to MVOC’s by stored product insects would provide an additional source of unique behaviorally-relevant stimuli to protect postharvest commodities at food facilities. Here, we assessed the behavioral response of a primary (Rhyzopertha dominica) and secondary (Tribolium castaneum) grain pest to bouquets of volatiles produced by whole wheat that were untempered, or tempered to 12%, 15%, or 19% grain moisture and incubated for 9, 18, or 27 days. We hypothesized that MVOC’s may be more important for the secondary feeder because they signal that otherwise unusable, intact grains have become susceptible by weakening of the bran. However, contrary to our expectations, we found that the primary feeder, R. dominica, but not T. castaneum was attracted to MVOC’s in a wind tunnel experiment, and in a release-recapture assay using commercial traps baited with grain treatments. Increasing grain moisture resulted in elevated grain damage detected by near-infrared spectroscopy and resulted in small but significant differences in the blend of volatiles emitted by treatments detected by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC–MS). In sequencing the microbial community on the grain, we found a diversity of fungi, suggesting that an assemblage was responsible for emissions. We conclude that R. dominica is attracted to a broader suite of MVOC’s than T. castaneum, and that our work highlights the importance of understanding insect-microbe interactions in the postharvest agricultural supply chain.
Deformable registration of brain tumor images via a statistical model of tumor-induced deformation

An approach to deformable registration of three-dimensional brain tumor images to a normal brain atlas is presented. The approach involves the integration of three components: a biomechanical model of tumor mass-effect, a statistical approach to estimate the model's parameters, and a deformable image registration method. Statistical properties of the desired deformation map are first obtained through tumor masseffect simulations on normal brain images. This map is decomposed into the sum of two components in orthogonal subspaces, one representing inter-individual differences, and the other involving tumor-induced deformation. For a new tumor case, a partial observation of the desired deformation map is obtained via deformable image registration and is decomposed into the aforementioned spaces in order to estimate the mass-effect model parameters. Using this estimate, a simulation of tumor mass-effect is performed on the atlas to generate an image that is more similar to brain tumor image, thereby facilitating the atlas registration process. Results for a real and a simulated tumor case indicate significant reduction in the registration error due to the presented approach as compared to the direct use of deformable image registration.
Large boys and little women: The Problem of Family Placement of Older Children in the Nineteenth Century

Abstract Problems in placing older children in substitute families have existed since the advent of modern child placement programs. Examination of 144 cases from the 1888–1897 placement records of the Iowa Children's Home Society reveals two distinct patterns. Younger children with no siblings were placed in only one home where they were legally adopted and grew to maturity. Children ten and older experienced multiple replacements and were much more likely to run away (boys) or return to relatives (girls) before reaching maturity. The placement experiences of older boys and girls paralleled the general patterns of youth employment and control of adolescent girls of the time. The differing placement patterns of older and younger children foreshadowed the later distinction between fostering and adoption and the continuing problems in placing older children who maintain strong ties to biological families.
Synthesis and Properties of Metal Matrix Nanocomposites (MMNCS), Syntactic Foams, Self Lubricating and Self-Healing Metals

Recent work on particle reinforced metal-matrix nanocomposites (MMNCs), Syntactic Foams, and Self-Healing Metals by solidification synthesis will be reviewed. Particle-based MMNCs have been developed by several modern processing tools based on either solid- or liquid-phase synthesis techniques and are claimed to exhibit very exciting mechanical properties including significant improvements of modulus, yield strength, and ultimate tensile strength. The paper will describe work at UWM along with a critical review of work done elsewhere to identify the challenges and future opportunities in this area. Recent work will also be presented on synthesis and properties of energy-absorbing Al and Mg-based syntactic foams with a comparison to other related materials reported in the literature. In addition, advances in self-healing metal matrix composites will be discussed.
Integrative Social Contracts Theory: Hype over Hypernorms

Applying social contract theory to business ethics is a relatively new idea, and perhaps nobody has pursued this direction better than Thomas Donaldson and Thomas W. Dunfee. Their "Integrative Social Contracts Theory" manages to combine culturally sensitive decision making capacities with trans-cultural norms by setting up a layered system of social contracts. Lurking behind their work is a concern with the problems of relativism. They hope to alleviate these problems by introducing three concepts important to the ISCT: "authentic norms," which clarify culturally specific norms, "priority rules," which determine the rules of engagement when authentic norms clash, and "hypernorms," which measure the value of authentic norms against a thin set of universally upheld values. This paper traces the genealogy of these hypernorms and challenges their value for the ISCT. It argues that well-conceived priority rules can do everything hypernorms can, and can do so more simply.
Expression of cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase 9A mRNA in the rat brain.

cGMP has been implicated in the regulation of many essential functions in the brain, such as synaptic plasticity, phototransduction, olfaction, and behavioral state. Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE) hydrolysis of cGMP is the major mechanism underlying the clearance of cGMP and is likely to be important in any process that depends on intracellular cGMP. PDE9A has the highest affinity for cGMP of any PDE, and here we studied the localization of this enzyme in the rat brain using in situ hybridization. PDE9A mRNA is widely distributed throughout the brain with varying regional expression. The pattern of PDE9A mRNA expression closely resembles that of soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) in the rat brain, suggesting a possible functional association or coupling of these two enzymes in the regulation of cGMP levels. Most of the brain areas expressing PDE9A mRNA also contain neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS), the enzymatic source of NO and the principal activator of sGC. PDE9A is the only cGMP-specific PDE with significant expression in the forebrain, and as such is likely to play an important role in NO–cGMP signaling.
Aging and the perception of local surface orientation from optical patterns of shading and specular highlights

Younger and older observers' ability to perceive local surface orientation from optical patterns of shading and specular highlights was investigated in two experiments. On each trial, the observers viewed a randomly generated, smoothly curved 3-D object and manipulated an adjustable gauge figure until its orientation matched that of a specific local region on the object's surface (cf. Koenderink, van Doom, & Kappers, 1992). The performance of both age groups was facilitated by the presence of binocular disparity (Experiment 1) and object rotation in depth (Experiment 2). Observers in both age groups were able to judge the surface tilt component of orientation more precisely than the slant component. Significant, but modest, effects of age were found in Experiment 1, but not in Experiment 2. The ability to perceive local surface orientation appears to be relatively well preserved with increasing age, at least through the age of 80.
Iron overload causes oxidative stress and impaired insulin signaling in AML-12 hepatocytes.

Background Iron overload is associated with increased severity of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) including progression to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma.
Thank You to the Reviewers of the 2015 Condor, Volume 117

We are now concluding our second full year as The Condor: Ornithological Applications. We are pleased that the ornithological community has responded favorably to our modern look and redefined mission. As our numbers of submissions have increased, so has the work necessary for the peer review process. Our peer reviewers are the foundation of our scientific integrity. Despite little personal gain, 222 colleagues lent their expertise for the benefit of our journal and our discipline during the period that volume 117 was in preparation (reviews completed between September 1, 2014, and August 15, 2015). Individuals identified with asterisks were especially dedicated; they reviewed two, three, or even four manuscripts. On behalf of The Condor: Ornithological Applications, I thank all of you for your timely and conscientious work. Managing reviewers is mostly the job of Associate Editors, whose names appear on the masthead. Their work, along with the efforts of our two fine Editors and the tireless professional staff at the Central Ornithology Publication Office (COPO), allows us to be proud of the journal we collectively produce.
Temporal and tissue-specific expression of myosin heavy chain isoforms in developing and adult avian muscle.

We have raised monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) to myosin heavy chain isoforms (MHCs) that have specific patterns of temporal expression during the development of quail pectoral muscle and that are expressed in very restricted, tissue-specific patterns in adult birds. We find that an early embryonic, a perinatal, and an adult-specific, fast myosin heavy chain a.e co-expressed at different levels in the pectoral muscle of 8-12 day quail embryos. The early embryonic MHC disappears from the pectoral muscle at approximately 14 days in ovo, whereas the perinatal MHC persists until 26 days post-hatching. The adult-specific MHC accumulates preferentially and eventually completely replaces the other isoforms. These Mabs cross-react with the homologous isoforms of the chick and detect a similar pattern of MHC expression in the pectoral muscle of developing chicks. Although the early embryonic and perinatal MHC isoforms recognized by our Mabs are expressed in the pectoral muscle only during distinct developmental stages, our Mabs also recognize MHC isoforms present in the heart and extraocular muscle of adult quail. Immunofingerprinting using Staphylococcus aureus protease V8 suggests that the early embryonic and perinatal MHC isoforms that we see are strongly homologous with the adult ventricular and extraocular muscle isoforms, respectively. These observations suggest that at least three distinct MHC isoforms, which are normally expressed in adult muscles, are co-expressed during the early development of the pectoral muscle in birds. In this respect, the pattern of expression of the MHCs recognized by our Mabs in developing, fast muscle is very similar to the patterns described for other muscle contractile proteins.
Role of the cytoskeleton during early development

Oocytes, eggs, and embryos from a diverse array of species have evolved cytoskeletal specializations which allow them to meet the needs of early embryogenesis. While each species studied possesses one or more specializations which are unique, several cytoskeletal features are widely conserved across different animal phyla. These features include highly-developed cortical cytoskeletal domains associated with developmental information, microtubule-mediated pronuclear transport, and rapid intracellular signal-regulated control of cytoskeletal organization.
Magnetic properties of bio-synthesized zinc ferrite nanoparticles ☆

Abstract The magnetic properties of zinc ferrite (Zn-substituted magnetite, ZnyFe1-yFe2O4) formed by a microbial process compared favorably with chemically synthesized materials. A metal reducing bacterium, Thermoanaerobacter, strain TOR-39 was incubated with ZnxFe1−xOOH (x=0.01, 0.1, and 0.15) precursors and produced nanoparticulate zinc ferrites. Composition and crystalline structure of the resulting zinc ferrites were verified using X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and neutron diffraction. The average composition from triplicates gave a value for y of 0.02, 0.23, and 0.30 with the greatest standard deviation of 0.02. Average crystallite sizes were determined to be 67, 49, and 25 nm, respectively. While crystallite size decreased with more Zn substitution, the lattice parameter and the unit cell volume showed a gradual increase in agreement with previous literature values. The magnetic properties were characterized using a superconducting quantum interference device magnetometer and were compared with values for the saturation magnetization (Ms) reported in the literature. The averaged Ms values for the triplicates with the largest amount of zinc (y=0.30) gave values of 100.1, 96.5, and 69.7 emu/g at temperatures of 5, 80, and 300 K, respectively indicating increased magnetic properties of the bacterially synthesized zinc ferrites.
THE SPECIFICITY OF THE ANTIBODY RESPONSES OF HUMAN VOLUNTEERS TO CERTAIN RESPIRATORY VIRUSES.

Minor upper respiratory infections are due to a great many viruses, belonging to several biological groups, and one of the most important of these is the picornavirus group (Report, 1963). This includes, on the one hand, the enteroviruses, polioviruses, echoviruses and coxsackieviruses, and on the other, the rhinoviruses which are classified as M rhinoviruses or lI rhinoviruses according to whether they can grow in both monkey and human cells (M) or in human cells only (H).* Enteroviruses often invade the upper respiratory tract and may cause illness with symptoms such aJs sore throat in addition to constitutional upset. Rhinoviruses cause common colds (Tyrrell & (:hanock, 1963). It seems probable that the average man is infected with a succession of enteroviruses of different serotypes, particularly in childhood, and with a similar succession of rhinoviruses, in childhood, adolescence and in later life. Following infection, antibodies against the invading virus are usually produced. Generally speaking the possession of neutralizing antibody is correlated with resistance to infection by the corresponding enterovirus
DEMONSTRATION OF A PROBABILISTIC TECHNIQUE FOR THE DETERMINATION OF AIRCRAFT ECONOMIC VIABILITY

Presented at the 2nd World Aviation Congress and Exposition, Anaheim, CA, October 13-16, 1997.
The Dynamic Viscoplastic Expansion of a Cylindrical Tube

Abstract : The viscoplastic flow of a long thick-walled tube with subjected to internal pressure and has its ends restrained from motion in the axial direction is investigated. The material of the tube is rigid-viscoplastic and incompressible. The pressure required to produce a specified expansion of the tube is calculated for two examples. In the former the effect of different viscosity coefficients is observed. In the latter example a comparison is made of the effects of perfect plasticity, viscosity and inertia.
Compaction performance of geopressured-geothermal reservoir rock

Mesure des proprietes mecaniques d'echantillons de schiste et de gres preleves dans le reservoir d'un puits geothermique geopressurise, par des essais de compaction triaxiale a des pressions similaires
Isolation of 5-oxoprolinase from a prokaryote.

Summary 5-Oxoprolinase, one of the enzymes of the γ -glutamyl cycle, catalyzes the ATP-dependent decyclization of 5-oxo-L-proline (L-pyroglutamate, L-2-pyrrolidone-5-carboxylate) to glutamate. The enzyme, which has been found previously in mammalian tissues, was purified about 26-fold in high yield from a pseudomonad isolated from soil by enrichment culture. The purified bacterial enzyme exhibits properties that are similar though not identical to those of rat kidney 5-oxoprolinase. In contrast to the kidney enzyme, 5-oxoprolinase from pseudomonas is only slightly inhibited by L-2-imidazolidone-4-carboxylate.
An experimental study of effects of soluble salt impurities on ice crystal processes during growth

Abstract Experimental investigations of phenomena associated with the growth and interaction of ice crystals during free-fall in supercooled liquid water clouds are presented. This report focuses on the effects that included inorganic salts have on the microphysical processes. Dilute aqueous solutions of inorganic salts of typical concentration and chemical composition of atmospheric cloud and precipitation water were used to form supercooled liquid water clouds in a cloud chamber. Subsequent nucleation of ice produced a cloud of rapidly growing ice crystals which simulated atmospheric ice crystal initial growth and interaction. The investigations found that the salt composition affected: (1) ice crystal morphology; (2) orientation of aggregate junctions; and (3) probability of secondary ice formation occurring during an experiment. The results were reproducible and were not as strongly affected by other experimental variabilities as by the chemical composition of the aqueous solution. A conceptual model, based upon the observed freezing potential (the Workman and Reynolds effect) which results from freezing of dilute aqueous solutions, is advanced which explains the observed phenomena.
Generation and characterization of three murine monoclonal nucleotide binding anti-ssdna autoantibodies.

Abstract Three murine monoclonal anti-ssDNA autoantibodies have been produced by fusion of spleen cells from NZB/NZW F 1 hybrid mice with Sp 2/0-Ag 14 murine myeloma cells. Specificity studies characterizing monoclonal anti-ssDNA autoantibodies revealed binding patterns for nucleotides. Clone E-4-1 showed preferential binding with mono-, di- and polyguanosine. Clones E-4-4 and E-11-1 specifically bound mono-, di- and polythymidine. Results of inhibition studies indicated an order of reactivity for each monoclonal autoantibody : polynucleotide > dinucleotidc > mononucleotide. In a fluorescence immune assay, using aminonaphthyl derivatives of nucleotides. all three monoclonal antibodies exhibited a low affinity (5 × 10 4 -10 5 M −1 ) for the homologous mononucleotides. The affinity of clone E-4-1 increased ~ 10-fold when a dinucleotide derivative was used relative to a mononucleotide fluorescent ligand.
Key Communication Techniques for Underground Sensor Networks

Wireless Underground Sensor Networks (WUSNs) are the networks of wireless sensors that operate in the underground soil medium. In this monograph, to realize reliable and efficient WUSNs, two enabling techniques are developed to address the challenges brought by the underground soil medium, including the EM wave-based WUSNs and the MI-based WUSNs. For EM wave-based WUSNs, the heterogeneous network architecture and dynamic connectivity are investigated based on a comprehensive channel model in soil medium. Then a spatio-temporal correlation-based data collection scheme is developed to reduce the sensor density while keeping high monitoring accuracy. For MI-based WUSNs, the MI channel is first analytically characterized. Then based on the MI channel model, the MI waveguide technique is developed in order to enlarge the underground transmission range. After that, the optimal deployment algorithms for MI waveguides in WUSNs are analyzed to construct the WUSNs with high reliability and low costs. Finally, the mathematical models are developed to evaluate the channel and network capacities of MI-based WUSNs. This monograph provides principles and guidelines for WUSN designs.
Pepsios Purely Interferometric High-Resolution Scanning Spectrometer. II. Theory of Spacer Ratios*

For the selection of spacer ratios for the Pepsios spectrometer, a theory has been developed which evaluates the parasitic light by complex integration. The problem of finding the optimum set of ratios for a given set of parameters has not been solved, but for a three-etalon Pepsios instrument operating at a resolving power of the order of 105 to 106 over a wide range of values of finesse and filter half-intensity width, a set of spacings in the ratios 1.0000:0.8831:0.7244 has been found to exhibit an instrumental transmittance with especially high spectral purity.
Probabilistic location of a populated chessboard using computer vision

Development of autonomic chess-playing robots creates several interesting computer vision problems, including plane calibration and object recognition. Various solutions have been attempted, but most either require a modified chess set or place unreasonable constraints on board conditions and camera angles. A more general solution uses computer vision to automatically determine arbitrary chessboard location and identify chessmen on a standard, unmodified chess set. Although much work has been devoted to probabilistic image recognition in general, this paper presents a novel solution to the specific chessboard location problem that is accurate, less restrictive, and relatively time efficient.
DMT of MMSE receiver in the frequency selective MIMO channel

We characterize the DMT of finite-length linear equalizers in the MIMO frequency-selective channel. We obtain the DMT in the case of cyclic-prefix transmission and provide an upper bound for the DMT in the case of zero-padding transmission. We also provide in-depth analysis for the diversity of the MMSE receiver in the fixed rate regime (i.e. zero multiplexing gain) in the cyclic-prefix transmission and obtain a lower bound on diversity. This gives better insight about the diversity of the MMSE in this regime since only upper bound exists in the literature. The MMSE diversity in this regime is function of the spectral efficiency, the data block length and the number of transmit and receive antennas.
Speech Programs at Co-Educational Community-Junior Colleges.

The report of a national study conducted to ascertain the present status of speech education at publicly supported community‐junior colleges.