cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF HYPOTHALAMIC STIMULATION ON GASTRIC SECRETION AND ADRENAL FUNCTION IN THE DOG.

Stimulation of the hypothalamus il, anesthetized monkeys was reported by French and Porter and associates 9'zs to cause increased gastric hydrochloric acid production (HC1). Anterior stimulation at the level of the optic chiasma was said to cause a prompt HC1 response which was blocked by vagotomy. Posterior hypothalamie stimulation at the level of the mammillary body caused a delayed response and was prevented by adrenalectomy. The present studies were designed to determine (1) if hypothalamic stimulation in the unanesthetized dog would lead to increased secretion of gastric HC1 either with increased secretion of adrenal cortical steroids (17-OHCS) or without increased 17-OHCS secretion, and (2) if adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) would cause increasedHCl secretion in the dog. A preliminary report of these data has been presented. 3e
Development of sleep state patterns in the kitten

Abstract In the present study the maturation of states of sleep in kittens from birth to 6 weeks of age was evaluated in terms of the developmental emergence of temporal concordance between defining physiological parameters. In addition, periodicity of the earliest alternation of states, the REM-non-REM (rapid eye movement-nonrapid eye movement) or “basic rest activity cycle”, was traced during this same interval. Parameters studied included EEG, eye movements, neck EMG, gross motor activity, and respiration patterns. Kittens were monitored in isolation for periods of 2–6 hr, providing for collection of both longitudinal and cross-sectional data. Statistical and computer analyses were performed on these data. The most outstanding feature of polygraphic data from kittens between birth and 4 weeks of age was the gradual coalescence of initially discordant physiological measures of sleep state. Prior to 3 weeks of age, polygraphic patterns differed significantly from those of the adult cat, indicating that individual rates of maturation existed for each physiological system measured. Sleep state periodicity was weak at this time due to marked pattern fragmentation. Detectable cycles were clearly shorter than those observed in the adult cat. These findings suggest that the developmental assessment of polygraphic pattern concordance might be a more useful index of sleep state maturation than evaluation based upon attempted comparisons with stable adult patterns. They suggest further that sleep state development in the kitten consists of several different stages. The initial maturation of a basic rest activity cycle may begin during gestation, and be disrupted by the transition to extrauterine life. A postnatal period of approximately 3–6 weeks is required for maturation of sensorimotor and respiratory functions in the completion of this stage. It is proposed that from this time to approximately 3 months of age, forebrain maturation and environmental influences progressively mediate a mature sleep-wake cycle which is superimposed upon this more basic level of organization.
Phase equilibria in the n-hexane+diethylamine system

Abstract Pressure-temperature-composition data for the binary system composed of n-hexane and diethylamine have been determined over a range of conditions extending into the critical region. Dew, bubble and critical points at six compositions are reported in this paper. Vapor pressures and liquid densities of pure diethylamine are also reported. Phase equilibria in this nonpolar+polar system have been correlated using the Peng-Robinson (PR) equation. The PR equation is shown to work well for this weakly associating system although it fails to reproduce the detailed behavior of the critical locus. A remarkable feature of this binary system is that the critical locus is also the locus of points of maximum temperature (maxcondentherm) and pressure (maxcondenbar). As a consequence, there is no retrograde region in the system. The critical locus also exhibits a minimum in temperature which is characteristic of azeotropic behavior in the critical region.
Factors that influence the development and diffusion of technical innovations in the construction industry

Some technical innovations diffuse rapidly throughout the construction industry while others take a long time or are never integrated into everyday practice. Understanding the initiation, development, implementation and outcomes of successful technical innovations within the construction industry provides guidance for the improvement of the innovation process. To further this understanding, innovation generating organizations (IGOs) in the construction industry were surveyed and the data were statistically analysed. Two sources were used to identify newly developed products, technologies and management strategies: the Construction Innovation Forum’s NOVA Award website and the Emerging Construction Technologies (ECT) website. A total of 233 innovative products were identified from the two websites. The results showed that there are many statistically significant motivating factors for investment in the initial development of successful technical innovation, barriers and enablers to efficient diffusion and ...
Treatment of headache by transcutaneous electrical stimulation.

SYNOPSIS Transcutaneous electrical stimulation (TENS) has been used extensively for many types of pain but only rarely for headache. The object of this study was to judge the efficacy of TENS against placebo. Contrary to popular use, TENS (and placebo) were applied in a rigid manner, probably prejudicial to maximum effectiveness. 62 patients with migraine or muscle contraction headache, or both, were studied using TENS equipment of low amperage and high frequency. One of three modalities was chosen at random for each patient: TENS just above the patient's ability to perceive the stimuli (perceived stimuli), TENS just below the perception threshold (subliminal stimuli), and electrodes applied without electrical stimulation (placebo). Degree of improvement was judged by the patient using a scale of pain from 1 to 10. Following treatment with TENS perceived by the patient, 55% of patients noted improvement as compared to 18% after application of placebo; a significant difference (p < .025 chi-square test). Subliminal TENS was not statistically better than placebo.
Asymmetric additions to dienes catalysed by a dithiophosphoric acid

Chiral Bronsted acids (proton donors) have been shown to facilitate a broad range of asymmetric chemical transformations under catalytic conditions without requiring additional toxic or expensive metals. Although the catalysts developed thus far are remarkably effective at activating polarized functional groups, it is not clear whether organic Bronsted acids can be used to catalyse highly enantioselective transformations of unactivated carbon-carbon multiple bonds. This deficiency persists despite the fact that racemic acid-catalysed 'Markovnikov' additions to alkenes are well known chemical transformations. Here we show that chiral dithiophosphoric acids can catalyse the intramolecular hydroamination and hydroarylation of dienes and allenes to generate heterocyclic products in exceptional yield and enantiomeric excess. We present a mechanistic hypothesis that involves the addition of the acid catalyst to the diene, followed by nucleophilic displacement of the resulting dithiophosphate intermediate; we also report mass spectroscopic and deuterium labelling studies in support of the proposed mechanism. The catalysts and concepts revealed in this study should prove applicable to other asymmetric functionalizations of unsaturated systems.
INFLUENCE OF TUMBLING AND ELECTRICAL STIMULATION ON DISTRIBUTION AND CONTENT OF SODIUM NITRITE AND SODIUM CHLORIDE IN BACON

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of electrical stimulation and tumbling on distribution and levels of sodium nitrite and sodium chloride in bacon. Both factors resulted in a more even distribution of nitrite and chloride, but had no effect on their levels in bacon. The content of sodium nitrite and sodium chloride was highly related to the anatomical location and consequently the moisture content of the sample in the slab of bacon and to storage time. In slices taken from areas with higher lean content, higher amounts of nitrite and chloride were found. After separation of slices into lean and adipose tissues, analyses indicated approximately one-third as much nitrite and chloride in the fat portion as in the lean. There was a reduction in nitrite during smoking. Concentrations of both nitrite and chloride increased in nonpackaged, hanging bacon as a result of evaporation of moisture.
Basic Polynomial Inequalities on Intervals and Circular Arcs

We prove the right Lax-type inequality on subarcs of the unit circle of the complex plane for complex algebraic polynomials of degree n having no zeros in the open unit disk. This is done by establishing the right Bernstein–Szegő–Videnskii type inequality for real trigonometric polynomials of degree at most n on intervals shorter than the period. The paper is closely related to recent work by B. Nagy and V. Totik. In fact, their asymptotically sharp Bernstein-type inequality for complex algebraic polynomials of degree at most n on subarcs of the unit circle is recaptured by using more elementary methods. Our discussion offers a somewhat new way to see V.S. Videnskii’s Bernstein and Markov type inequalities for trigonometric polynomials of degree at most n on intervals shorter than a period, two classical polynomial inequalities first published in 1960. A new Riesz–Schur type inequality for trigonometric polynomials is also established. Combining this with Videnskii’s Bernstein-type inequality gives Videnskii’s Markov-type inequality immediately.
Early mitral regurgitation after acute myocardial infarction does not contribute to subsequent left ventricular remodeling.

Background: It is well known that mitral regurgitation may lead to left ventricular dilation; however, the relationship between progressive left ventricular dilation after acute myocardial infarction (MI) and mitral regurgitation has not yet been clarified. Hypothesis: This study tested the hypothesis that early mitral regurgitation contributes to left ventricular remodeling after acute MI. Methods: We prospectively evaluated 131 consecutive patients by serial two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography on Days 1,2,3, and 7, after 3 and 6 weeks, 3 and 6 months, and 1 year following acute MI. Patients were divided into two groups: those with mitral regurgitation in the first week after acute MI (Group 1, n = 34) and those without mitral regurgitation (Group 2, n = 81). Results: Over 1 year, a significant increase in end-diastolic volume index (from 62.1 ± 12.9 to 70.5 ± 23.6 ml/m2, p = 0.001) with a strong linear trend (F = 15.1, p<0.001) was noted. Initial end-diastolic volume index was higher in Group 1 (65.6 ± 13.3 vs. 60.4 ± 12.5 ml/m2, p = 0.047), but this difference remained constant throughout the study (F = 1.76, p = NS). Therefore, the pattern of end-diastolic volume changes was similar in both groups during the period of observation. Conclusions: These data indicate that early mitral regurgitation after acute MI does not contribute to subsequent left ventricular remodeling in the first year after myocardial infarction.
Predicting thermal vulnerability of stream and river ecosystems to climate change

We use a predictive model of mean summer stream temperature to assess the vulnerability of USA streams to thermal alteration associated with climate change. The model uses air temperature and watershed features (e.g., watershed area and slope) from 569 US Geological Survey sites in the conterminous USA to predict stream temperatures. We assess the model for predicting climate-related variation in stream temperature by comparing observed and predicted historical stream temperature changes. Analysis of covariance confirms that observed and predicted changes in stream temperatures respond similarly to historical changes in air temperature. When applied to spatially-downscaled future air temperature projections (A2 emission scenario), the model predicts mean warming of 2.2 °C for the conterminous USA by 2100. Stream temperatures are most responsive to climate changes in the Cascade and Appalachian Mountains and least responsive in the southeastern USA. We then use random forests to conduct an empirical sensitivity analysis to identify those stream features most strongly associated with both observed historical and predicted future changes in summer stream temperatures. Larger changes in stream temperature are associated with warmer future air temperatures, greater air temperature changes, and larger watershed areas. Smaller changes in stream temperature are predicted for streams with high initial rates of heat loss associated with longwave radiation and evaporation, and greater base-flow index values. These models provide important insight into the potential extent of stream temperature warming at a near-continental scale and why some streams will likely be more vulnerable to climate change than others.
Association of obstructive sleep apnea risk or diagnosis with daytime asthma in adults.

Objective. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) worsens nocturnal asthma, but its potential impact on daytime asthma remains largely unassessed. We investigated whether the sleep disorder is associated with daytime, in addition to nighttime, asthma symptoms. Methods. Asthma patients at tertiary-care centers completed the Sleep Apnea scale of the Sleep Disorders Questionnaire (SA-SDQ), and an asthma control questionnaire. SA-SDQ scores ≥36 for males and ≥32 for females defined high OSA risk. Medical records were reviewed for established diagnosis of OSA and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) use. Results. Among 752 asthma patients, high OSA risk was associated similarly with persistent daytime and nighttime asthma symptoms (p < .0001 for each). A diagnosis of OSA was robustly associated with persistent daytime (p < .0001) in addition to nighttime (p = .0008) asthma symptoms. In regression models that included obesity and other known asthma aggravators, high OSA risk retained associations with persistent d...
Determination of Urinary Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate Levels in Non-uremic Subjects by Gas Chromatography

Abstract In vivo studies of urinary bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) levels in dogs and in non-uremic patients undergoing hemodialysis treatments for psoriasis were undertaken. Dogs were divided into 3 groups: Control, Sham-Operated, and Nephrectomized. Each dog received 225 mg DEHP per kilogram body weight via the femoral vein. Each of the non-uremic patients underwent hemodialysis therapy for 4–5 hours once a week for four consecutive weeks to treat their psoriatic condition. Specimens of 2 4 hr urine were collected and analyzed for DEHP by gas chromatography. The detection limit of DEHP in urine is 15 ng/ml. No detectable DEHP was found in the urine of all pre-injection specimens obtained from all three groups of dogs. The total urinary DEHP concentrations for the four day period were found to be 76.1 and 192.2 μg for the Control and the Sham-Operated dogs, respectively. No urine samples could be collected from the Nephrectomized dogs. DEHP levels were found in the 24 hr urine specimens from some of t...
Repolarizing K+ currents in nonfailing human hearts : similarities between right septal subendocardial and left subepicardial ventricular myocytes

Background Studies of cardiac K+ channels from animal models have documented tissue-dependent and species-dependent diversity in the types and properties of K+ channels responsible for the repolarization of cardiac action potentials. Recent reports of human ventricular K+ currents emphasized differences in transient outward K+ current (Ito1) recorded from left ventricular (LV) subendocardial and subepicardial myocytes. These myocytes are usually isolated only from the LV free wall. The surface of the interventricular septum is continuous with the endocardium of both ventricular chambers. However, the septum contracts in unison with the left ventricle and therefore might have electric properties consonant with this function. In this study, we compare the characteristics of human cardiac K+ currents (Ito1 and inward rectifier K+ current [IK1]) of myocytes isolated from either the LV subepicardium or subendocardium of the right ventricular (RV) septum. Methods and Results Subendocardial tissues were obtained...
Endocannabinoid-Dependent Regulation of Feedforward Inhibition in Cerebellar Purkinje Cells

The discovery of endogenous cannabinoids (eCBs) in the brain has opened up new avenues of research and provided us with novel mechanisms in which postsynaptic neurons can regulate their own synaptic inputs. Endocannabinoids are released from postsynaptic cells in a calcium-dependent manner after
Effect of satellite Q-branches on temperatures computed from oxygen vibrational raman intensities

Splitting of the 3Σ-g ground state of molecular oxygen has a small but noticeable effect on the intensity distribution in the fundamental and hotband Raman Q-branches. An analysis of oxygen Q-branch spectra [computed for Hund's coupling case (b) and pure anisotropic scattering], with expressions corresponding to 1Σ theory, results in temperature errors of -2.0% to -0.5% in the range 500–2000 K.
Differential regulation of cytochrome(s) P450 2B1/2 by phenobarbital in hepatic hyperplastic nodules induced by aflatoxin B1 or diethylnitrosamine plus 2-acetylaminofluorene in male F344 rats.

Abstract Phenobarbital (PB) is an effective growth stimulator of hepatic hyperplastic nodules developed with diethylnitrosamine and 2-acetylaminofluorene plus partial hepatectomy (the Solt-Farber model), but it does not apparently stimulate the growth of preneoplastic lesions produced with aflatoxin B 1 (AFB). Some studies have suggested a correlation between the induction of specific cytochrome P450 enzymes and the tumor promoting effects produced by repeated treatment with PB. To examine this hypothesis further, hepatic hyperplastic nodules were produced with AFB (10 ip doses of AFB, 150 μg/kg/day, followed by partial hepatectomy) or by a modified Solt-Farber protocol (DEN/AAF), and the effects of PB on nodule growth and expression of cytochrome(s) P450 2B1 and/or P450 2B2 (P450 2B1/2) were determined. Both treatment protocols (without PB) produced multiple, large nodules within 10–17 weeks of carcinogen administration. These nodules stained intensely for glutathione S -transferase p (GST-p; GST7-7) and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) and weakly for P450 2B1/2. Pentoxyphenoxazone dealkylation activity was decreased to less than 50% of the surrounding tissue levels in both types of nodules. PB treatment of animals with DEN/AAF-induced nodules greatly increased P450 2B1/2 expression in surrounding tissues, whereas most, but not all, nodules were not inducible. Pentoxyphenoxazone dealkylation was increased 31- to 35-fold in surrounding tissue, but it was increased only 2-fold in pooled nodular tissue, relative to untreated control liver. In contrast to the DEN/AAF group, immunohistochemical staining and pentoxyphenoxazone dealkylation in the AFB group demonstrated that P450 2B1/2 was equally inducible in nodular and surrounding tissues. Short-term treatment (5 days) with PB produced a 2-fold increase in the number and total area of GGT-positive nodules in the DEN/AAF group, but it had no significant effect on the number, size distribution, or total area of GGT-positive nodules in the AFB group. All large GGT-positive nodules in the DEN/AAF group were nonresponsive to induction of P450 2B 1/2, whereas all of the GGT-positive nodules which were responsive to P450 2B1/2 induction by PB in this group were relatively small. The size and area of AFB-induced GGT-positive nodules was not affected by PB treatment, and P450 2B1/2 in all of these nodules was inducible by PB. Although a causal, inverse relationship between the responsiveness of nodules to PB induction of P450 2B1/2 and their reaction to PB growth stimulation cannot be firmly established, these data are consistent with such a hypothesis.
A computer-assisted assay for mouse sperm hyperactivation demonstrates that bicarbonate but not bovine serum albumin is required

Mammalian sperm hyperactivation (HA) is a change in motility that accompanies capacitation (CAP) and is dependent on calcium (Ca) (Yanagimachi and Usui, Exp Cell Res 89:161, 1974). HA may be important for transport through the female tract and/or for fertilization. To develop an objective and quantitative assay for HA in individual mouse sperm, a computer-assisted motion-analysis system was used to describe sperm translational movements. To determine which movements were characteristic of HA, Ca-dependent motility was identified. This was done by incubating sperm with or without calcium (Ca+ or Ca- sperm, respectively), and determining the range of values for each motility parameter that was present only among Ca+ sperm. To do this, we compared frequency distributions of motility parameter values at the time of maximal CAP (90 min). CAP was monitored by measuring the level of in vitro fertilization and by evaluating the pattern of chlortetracycline binding to individual sperm heads [Ward and Storey, Dev Biol 104:287, 1984]. Two Ca-dependent motility subgroups were apparent: 1) a "slow-speed" subgroup with a curvilinear velocity (Vc) less than 169 microns/sec that had none of the characteristics expected of HA sperm; and 2) a subgroup with higher speeds (Vc greater than 169 microns/sec) and wider-amplitude head movements as measured by curvilinear progressiveness ratio (PRc less than 0.56). The latter subgroup was selected as HA, since the frequencies and time course were similar to those for CAP in the same population. Two media components known to be important for CAP, bicarbonate and bovine serum albumin (BSA) were then tested to determine whether they were necessary for HA. Incubation of sperm without bicarbonate prevented HA, but omitting BSA did not affect HA during the first 3 hrs. These data suggest that HA is not tightly coupled with CAP.
Neogene paleoceanographic events recorded in an active-margin setting: Humboldt basin, California

Abstract Recognition of North Pacific paleoceanographic events in the marginal Humboldt (Eel River) basin of northern California enables correlation of stratigraphic sections and development of a chronostratigraphy. Paleoclimatically related coiling shifts in Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (Ehrenberg) and benthic foraminiferal datums form the basis of the chronostratigraphy. Benthic foraminiferal datums are defined by the occurrence of selected benthic species and abundance maxima of benthic biofacies. The compiled chronostratigraphy is used to refine reconstructions of the depositional history of Humboldt basin. Paleoceanographic events, recognized by the distribution of benthic foraminiferal biofacies, are used to infer paleoceanographic history along the northeastern Pacific margin. The similarity in coiling curves of N. pachyderma from the marine sequence at DSDP Site 173 and the coastal Centerville Beach section of Humboldt basin and at other independently dated sites along the northeastern Pacific margin demonstrates that matching records of climatic oscillations is a reliable method of correlating marine sequences. Benthic fauna from the Centerville Beach section vary in phase with climatically related coiling shifts in N. pachyderma. In particular these data show an increase in displaced neritic fauna during inferred warm intervals and resurgence of deeper bathyal fauna during inferred cool events. Similar data are observed from the inland Eel River section, demonstrating that benthic foraminiferal trends recognized at Centerville Beach can be identified elsewhere in Humboldt basin. This in-phase benthic response to climatic fluctuations probably results from changes in vertical depth range of many benthic species in response to paleoclimatically related vertical changes in water-mass position. Depositional histories reconstructed for two key sites in southern Humboldt basin indicate low rates of sediment accumulation during early basin filling with hemipelagic sediments. Initiation of turbidite sedimentation in the early Pliocene resulted in a sharp increase in rate of sediment accumulation. This increase in rate of sediment accumulation is partially a response to tectonic uplift in the northern Coast Ranges and may be an effect of realignment of motion between the Pacific and North American plates at about this time. The inland site shoaled more rapidly during turbidite sedimentation as a result of a higher rate of sediment accumulation. The rate of sediment accumulation increased again at this site in the late Pliocene during deposition of shelf and nearshore facies. The Eel River region subsided concurrent with deposition of these shallow-water deposits.
Ultraviolet Pumping of Hyperfine Transitions in the Light Elements, with Application to 21 cm Hydrogen and 92 cm Deuterium Lines from the Early Universe

We present new analytic calculations of the coupling between ultraviolet resonance photons and the population of the hyperfine states in the light elements (H, D, and 3He+), which include several previously neglected physical processes. Among these are the backreaction of resonant scattering on the pumping radiation, the scattering of Lyβ photons, and the effect of local departure from pure Hubble flow. The application of the new treatment to the redshifted hydrogen 21 cm and deuterium 92 cm lines from the high-redshift universe results in an amplitude correction of up to an order of magnitude. We further show that the standard assumption that ultraviolet pumping drives the spin temperature toward the kinetic temperature does not hold for deuterium, whose spin temperature is generally negative.
Finite-temperature density functional theory of atoms in strong magnetic fields

The density functional theory of atomic electrons in strong magnetic fields is generalized to finite-temperature systems. General integral formulations are developed in the format of Mermin-Kohn-Sham finite-temperature density functional theory. The lowest order of the general theory leads to a temperature-dependent extended Thomas-Fermi (TETF)-like functional, which is simple enough to be analyzed. The general theory provides a new way of calculating the equilibrium properties of many-electron systems in strong magnetic fields.
Parental Awareness of Adolescent Risk Involvement: Implications of Overestimates and Underestimates

Purpose: To explore: 1) parent-adolescent discrepancies on adolscent risk involvement; 2) factors related to parental overestimates and/or underestimates of specific adolescent risk behaviors; and 3) the association of parental overestimates and/or underestimates at baseline with subsequent adolescent risk involvement. Methods: 754 African American parent-adolescent dyads were recruited from 35 low-income urban com- munities in Baltimore, Maryland. Parent-adolescent discordance (overestimates and underestimates) regarding adolescent involvement in risk behaviors in three areas (sex, substance use, and violence) were assessed. Multiple logistic regression models were performed to examine the association of parental overestimates or underestimates with subsequent adolescent risk involvement, and to explore potential factors related to parental overestimates and underestimates of each behavior. Results: Percentage of parental overestimation and underestimation ranged from 3% to 24% and 53% to 86%, respectively, for targeted behaviors. Parents reporting higher levels of parental monitoring and open communication were less likely to overestimate, and more likely to underestimate adolescent risk involvement. Parents of adolescents who perceived themselves as better than average in school performance and who participated in religious services were more likely to underestimate adolescents' substance use and sex. Parents of older adolescents overestimated adolescents' sexual experience. Parental overestimation at baseline gener- ally predicted subsequent increased risk of adolescents engaging in these behaviors. Conversely, parental underestimation was associated with subsequent decreased adolescent risk involvement. Conclusions: Parental underestimation and overestimation of adolescent risk involvement have implica- tions for subsequent adolescent risk involvement. The protective association of parental underestimation and the adverse association of parental overestimation on subsequent adolescent risk involvement indicate that parenting interventions should advance beyond simply improving parent-adolescent concordance on risk behavior. © 2006 Society for Adolescent Medicine. All rights reserved.
Ability, Age, and Performance: Conclusions From the Ironman Triathlon World Championship

A person’s age is used in many ways in economic decisions due to the belief that it is a low cost proxy for ability. Even with this importance assigned to age, however, little economic research has investigated the underlying relationship between age and output. Our purpose is to consider this relationship using data from the Ironman Triathlon World Championship. Our findings indicate that men age faster than the rates estimated by others. Also, unlike other studies, these data allow inferences to be drawn about the linkage between age and ability for women. We find that women age only slightly faster than men, showing some relative increase in aging in later years. At younger ages, however, women appear more responsive to training and maturation (forms of human capital investment) than young men.
MyLibrary at LANL: proximity and semi-metric networks for a collaborative and recommender Web service

We describe a network approach to building recommendation systems for a Web service. We employ two different types of weighted graphs in our analysis and development: proximity graphs, a type of fuzzy graphs based on a co-occurrence probability, and semi-metric distance graphs, which do not observe the triangle inequality of Euclidean distances. Both types of graphs are used to develop intelligent recommendation and collaboration systems for the MyLibrary@LANL Web service, a user-centered front-end to the Los Alamos National Laboratory's digital library collections and Web resources.
Organization of water and atmospherically relevant ions and solutes: vibrational sum frequency spectroscopy at the vapor/liquid and liquid/solid interfaces.

The nature of water’s hydrogen-bonding network is a vital influence on the chemistry that occurs at interfaces, but a complete understanding of interfacial water has proven elusive. Even-order nonlinear optical spectroscopies, such as vibrational sum frequency generation (VSFG) spectroscopy and heterodyne detected phase-sensitive sum frequency generation (PS-SFG) spectroscopy, are inherently surface specific. With the advent of advances in these spectroscopic techniques, researchers can now explore many long-standing questions about the dynamics and structures present at the vapor–water and water–solid interfaces. Of special interest to the atmospheric chemistry community is the accommodation of ions and solutes by water’s hydrogen-bonding network. A better understanding of how ions and solutes behave in hydrogen-bonded water has afforded a fresh perspective of aqueous aerosols, because the interactions involved therein drive phenomena such as the hydrolysis of atmospheric chemical species. In this Accoun...
Comparison of Methods of Teaching Children Proper Lifting Techniques

This study was designed to determine the effects of two teaching methods on children's ability to demonstrate and recall their mastery of proper lifting techniques. Seventy-six third and fifth grade public school children were divided by grade into three groups. Two of the groups (experimental) were taught the correct method for lifting a heavy object, either by lecture demonstration or guided discovery teaching format; one group (control) was not taught. The students' knowledge was measured pretest, one-week posttest, and eight-week posttest with a written and practical test. The students in the experimental groups in both grades significantly (p less than or equal to .001) increased their scores on the written portion of the test over those of the control groups on the one-week posttest. No group, however, showed significant gains on the practical portion. No differences were found between teaching methods. Results of this study stress the importance of evaluating verbally learned motor skills in a practical application format in school settings and in clinical patient education.
A comparison of retention characteristics in prefabricated and custom-cast dental attachments.

Purpose: The aim of this in vitro study was to investigate the retention characteristics of attachments fabricated by machine milling or by custom casting. In addition, the retention of reduced dimension attachments was also evaluated. Materials and Methods: Three types of ERA matrices, one prefabricated and two cast, were used. Ten specimens were made for each type, and white nylon patrices were transferred to denture bases. Tests were performed at a crosshead speed of 0.2 in/min with an Instron machine. The dislodging force at baseline, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, and subsequently after every 500 pulls up to 2500 pulls were measured. ANOVA and Student's t-test were used to analyze the measurements. Results: All three groups showed no difference at the baseline, but the cast groups showed greater variation within group. The prefabricated group showed higher retention after 200 pulls. Decreased-dimension attachments have no significant difference when compared to the cast regular dimension group after 400 pulls. Conclusion: The prefabricated attachments had superior retention than the cast groups over time. Reduced dimension did not reduce the retention when compared to the cast group.
PCR-amplified length polymorphisms in tRNA intergenic spacers for categorizing staphylococci.

Summary The intergenic spacers between some adjacent tRNA genes were shown to be polymorphic in length when closely related Staphylococcus species were compared. A simple procedure was developed to detect and sequence these tRNA intergenic length polymorphisms (tRNA-ILPs). A comparison of homologous tRNA gene sequences flanking these ILPs in three Staphylococcus species was used to derive primers for high-stringency amplification of the ILPs by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The detection of tRNA-ILPs by PCR allowed the classification of virtuatly all strains from the five species of Staphylococcus that were examined. The procedure used to identify, sequence and derive primers for PCR detection of tRNA-ILPs in Staphylococcus should be applicable to many other genera of eubacteria. These primers could be used on uncultured material such as clinical samples.
Morphological and functional sex expression in the Malagasy endemic Tina striata (Sapindaceae).

 Premise of the study: Knowledge of the functional sex expression of fl is critical to identify the breeding system and potential for outcrossing in individuals but diffi cult to determine based solely on flmorphology. Individuals of the Malagasy endemic Tina striata (Sapindaceae) have both morphologically male (staminate) fl owers and hermaphroditic (bisexual) fl owers, although many Sapindaceae species have only functionally unisexual fl owers. Two populations of T. striata were studied to determine the functional sex expression of fland their breeding system.  Methods: To determine whether morphologically hermaphroditic fl owers have only female function, we compared male fl owers and morphologically hermaphroditic fl owers for (1) fl oral size, (2) pollen production and morphology, (3) patterns of anther dehiscence, (4) pollen germination, and (5) fl oral visitation patterns.  Key results: Relative to male fl owers, morphologically hermaphroditic fl owers had similar pollen grain morphology but smaller androecia and less pollen. Anthers from male fl owers dehisced on days 3 and 4 of fl owering and then abscised with the male fl ower. Anthers from hermaphroditic fl owers did not dehisce or release pollen and abscised after the fourth day of fl Pollen from hermaphroditic fl owers was less likely to germinate and produce pollen tubes. Floral visitors were similar for male and hermaphroditic fl owers, and no visitation to hermaphroditic fl owers was observed after stamen abscission.  Conclusions: Morphologically hermaphroditic fl owers of T. striata do not have male function and are functionally female; therefore, T. striata has a monoecious breeding system, with possible adaptations to promote outcrossing.
Using Selection to Identify and Chemical Microarray to Study the RNA Internal Loops Recognized by 6′‐N‐Acylated Kanamycin A

Herein, we describe our initial steps towards identifying the RNA secondary structure motifs that are recognized by small molecules. We selected members of an RNA 3×3 internal loop motif library that bind kanamycin A, an RNA-binding aminoglycoside antibiotic, by using only one round of selection. A small internal-loop library was chosen because members are likely to be present in other larger, biologically relevant RNAs. We have identified several internal loops of various size and base composition that kanamycin A prefers to bind. The highest affinity structures are two 5′-UU/3′-CU 2×2 internal loops closed by AU pairs. Binding is specific for the selected internal loops with the highest affinities, since binding to the RNA cassette used to display the library or to DNA is >150-fold weaker. Enzymatic mapping experiments also confirm binding of kanamycin A to the internal loops. This method lays the foundation for finding RNA secondary structure elements that bind small molecules and for interrogating factors affecting RNA–ligand interactions. Information from these and subsequent studies will: 1) facilitate the rational and modular design of drugs or probes that bind target RNAs with high affinity, provided the secondary structure of the target is known and 2) give insight into the potential bystander RNAs that aminoglycosides bind.
Market and Nonmarket Barriers to Internet Wine Sales: The Case of Virginia

We discuss the political and legal environment surrounding Internet wine sales, and consider the arguments in the debate over direct shipment bans on wine by investigating the wine market in the Northern Virginia suburbs of Washington, DC. Using a sample of wines identified by Wine and Spirits magazine's annual restaurant poll, we find that 15 percent of wines available online were not available from retail wine stores within 10 miles of McLean, Virginia during the month the data were collected. Our results also indicate that Virginia's direct shipment ban, which was in place until 2003, prevented consumers from purchasing some premium wines at lower prices online. Aggregate cost savings depends on the consumer's shopping strategy, the price per bottle, the quantity of wine ordered, and the shipping method chosen. For the entire sample, online purchase could result in an average savings of as much as 3.6 percent or an average premium of as much as 48 percent. A comparison shopper who considers both online and offline retailers could save an average of 1.6-9.7 percent. These results help explain why consumers and producers have found it worthwhile to challenge interstate direct shipment bans, which tend to benefit wine wholesalers.
Vertical and horizontal concentration distributions of ultrafine particles near a highway

Abstract Assessment of human health effects associated with particles requires knowledge of their emission factors and dispersion characteristics. A field experiment was recently conducted to determine the vertical and horizontal dispersion of particles emitted from highway vehicles. The measurements were conducted near the highway I-90 in Liverpool (NY) over a flat terrain, where the predominant dispersion mechanisms were atmospheric turbulence and traffic-produced turbulence (TPT). Real-time vertical number concentration measurements were made using several identical water condensation particle counters (WCPCs) over nine heights up to 10 m. Three sites (at distances of 15, 50, and 100 m from the highway) were selected to study the concentration profiles. As previously observed at other sites, particle concentrations decay with increasing distance from highways. At the site closest to the highway, the highest concentration was observed under a downwind condition with the average wind speed ∼1 ms −1 . Under conditions of low wind speed, particles from the highway are observed even at locations upwind of the highway. The vertical profiles of particle concentrations at different measurement locations varied with wind speed, wind direction and distance to the highway. The correlation coefficients of particle concentrations at different elevations reveal the characteristics of the plume dispersion and its development in the horizontal and vertical directions. The experimental results suggest the need for three-dimensional modeling of particle plumes from highways and the importance of considering TPT for accurate prediction of particle dispersion near roadways.
Thermal Properties of Hf‐Doped ZrB2 Ceramics

The effect of Hf additions on the thermal properties of ZrB2 ceramics was studied. Reactive hot pressing of ZrH2, B, and HfB2 powders was used to synthesize (Zr1−x,Hfx)B2 ceramics with Hf contents ranging from x = 0.0001 (0.01 at.%) to 0.0033 (0.33 at.%). Room-temperature heat capacity values decreased from 495 J·(kg·K)−1 for a Hf content of 0.01 at.% to 423 J·(kg·K)−1 for a Hf content of 0.28 at.%. Thermal conductivity values decreased from 141 to 100 W·(m·K)−1 as Hf content increased from 0.01 to 0.33 at.%. This study revealed, for the first time, that small Hf contents decreased the thermal conductivity of ZrB2 ceramics. Furthermore, the results indicated that reported thermal properties of ZrB2 ceramics are affected by the presence of impurities and do not represent intrinsic behavior.
Improving the fluorometric ammonium method: matrix effects, background fluorescence, and standard additions

Our understanding of the N cycle is affected by how accurately we can measure NH4 þ in natural waters. Measuring NH4 þ concentrations requires accounting for matrix effects (ME) that are caused by substances in the sample that attenuate or intensify the signal of the samples relative to the standards. We show that the ME calculation in the recently published fluorometric NH4 þ method is mathematically incorrect, producing results that consistently underestimate NH4 þ concentration as a nonlinear function of the ME. We provide the correct equation and offer an alternative approach that accounts for ME by using sample water rather than deionized water to make the standards, thereby producing a standard curve that contains the same background chemical properties as the samples. In addition, we show that the previous method for measuring a sample's background fluorescence does not include the background signal of the reagent or its interaction with the matrix constituents of the sample. We provide a new method for measuring a sample's background fluorescence that includes the background fluorescence of the sample, reagent, and their interaction. The simple changes we suggest produce more accurate and precise NH4 þ measurements.
Microsurgical anatomy of the infratentorial trabecular membranes and subarachnoid cisterns.

AbstractThe understanding of the anatomy of the subarachnoid cisterns and trabecular membranes is of paramount importance in the surgical treatment of pathology of the posterior fossa. Aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations, and some tumors should be approached through the subarachnoid space. The subarachnoid cisterns provide natural pathways to approach neurovascular and cranial nerve structures. The microsurgical anatomy of the infratentorial subarachnoid cisterns was studied in twenty adult brains, using the ‘immersion techniqueAir was injected into the subarachnoid cisterns and brains were dissected under the operative microscope. Six main compartmental trabecular membranes were identified in the infratentorial level. They divide the subarachnoid space into six cisterns. Cisternal divisions and the disposition of the trabecular membranes were closely related to the vascular divisional patterns of the principal arteries. Thorough knowledge of the microsurgical anatomy of the subarachnoid space will aid...
Geosynthetic-reinforced soil structures with concave facing profile

Abstract This paper presents a new method to determine the optimal profile of facing elements in geosynthetic-reinforced soil structures. Flexibility of some facing systems and advances in construction technology allow construction of reinforced soil structures with a non-planar cross section. In this study, the facing profile of a concave geosynthetic-reinforced soil structure (referred to as CGRSS) is idealized by a circular arc defined by a single variable, the Mid-Chord Offset (MCO). For a given setback and elevation change, the optimal facing profile is determined by seeking the MCO which, for a given margin of safety, yields the least tensile load in the reinforcement layers. The proposed procedure for finding the optimal facing profile is incorporated into a limit equilibrium-based log spiral formulation to determine the required tensile strength of the reinforcement. Results are presented in a set of charts showing the required unfactored tensile strength, MCO, and mode of failure for various friction angles, batter angles, and seismic coefficients. It is shown that CGRSSs can decrease the required tensile strength of the reinforcement by up to 30% under static and pseudo-static conditions. This observation justifies employing concave facing profiles in practice.
TRANSCATHETER AORTIC VALVE IMPLANTATION IN PATIENTS WITH PREVIOUS EXTERNAL BEAM RADIOTHERAPY

Exposing the heart to external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) increases the risk of heart disease sevenfold. We report 23 patients with previous EBRT and critical aortic stenosis (AS) who were treated with transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). Of the 424 consecutive patients who underwent TAVI
Ratios of Ions Required to Maintain the Heart Beat of the American Cockroach, Periplaneta Americana Linnaeus

A variety of saline solutions, having wide ranges of ionic concentrations and osmotic pressures, have been used for insect tissues. A review of this work is given by Barsa (1954). Several investigators have attempted to formulate satisfactory saline solutions for the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana. Pringle (1938) used a solution hypotonic to cockroach blood, with a Na/K ratio of 34, and a K/Ca ratio of 1.4. Yeager's (1939) solution is isotonic and the corresponding ion ratios are 5.2 and 2.7, respectively. The best solutions developed by Griffiths and Tauber (1943) are hypertonic with Na/K ratios which ranged from 26 to 53, and K/Ca ratios from 0.7 to 1.4. The fact that satisfactory results were obtained by each investigator shows a great tolerance of isolated tissues to the composition of the surrounding medium.
LEADERSHIP STATUS, GENDER, GROUP SIZE, AND EMOTION IN FACE-TO-FACE GROUPS*

In two experiments, we investigated the emotional reac- tions of group members in typical face-to-face interaction on different tasks. Results from both experiments supported the proposition that high- status group leaders would report more positive emotional reactions to group work than would non-leaders. We also found that women reported more positive emotion than men. Unexpectedly, we alsofound that women leaders were rated more likable than other group members while men lead- ers were not. As expected, leaders were rated as more competent and will- ing to contribute than were other group members. Less expected was the finding that women leaders were rated as competent and as willing to con- tribute as men leaders. While women leaders were not rated less competent than men leaders, members of groups led by a woman rated group perfor- mance lower than did members of groups led by a man. Group size did not affect the degree of positive emotion of group members or ratings of leaders, perhaps because differences in size among groups were small. Of method- ological interest, experimentally induced status differences maintained themselves through several weeks of group interaction.