cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Formal similarities of weak, strong and electromagnetic interactions

It is shown that symmetries of strong interactions, weak interactions and electrodynamic interactions can be isomorphic, although conflicting. The simplest group of elementary particle transformations admitting this possibility is SU(3). It is also shown that the weak interactions may be invariant under a« weak-parity » operation, an admissible representation of space reflection which is not a symmetry of the strong interactions.
Pitfalls in diagnosis of exophytic renal tumors.

Abstract Five cases of exophytic renal tumors are presented. In 2 cases selective renal angiography was nondiagnostic. In 3 cases, excretory urography demonstrated only minimal or misleading findings. In all cases cross-sectional imaging either by computed tomography or ultrasound helped establish the correct diagnosis. The potential sources of error in the evaluation of this uncommon type of renal tumor are stressed.
Demonstration of imaging interferometric microscopy (IIM)

We demonstrate imaging interferometric microscopy (IIM) for binary objects in two dimensions. Combining multiple exposures with different off-axis illumination configurations together with interferometric restoration of the zero-order beam during dark-field conditions, IIM provides high lateral resolution at low numerical apertures (NA). It retains the large field-of-view, long working distance and large depth-of-field of a low-NA imaging system. Also we include a first demonstration of imaging of a phase mask. All these properties are increasingly important for in semiconductor mask metrology. IIM relies on image processing to reconstruct the image; we present the processes necessary to obtain the combined image. Finally we compare the experiment with a simple Fourier optics model.
Coherent degenerate dark matter: a galactic superfluid?1

Dark matter comprising a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) forms structures of the size of its coherence length, as determined by equilibrium between quantum pressure and gravitational attraction. This is also the core size of quantum vortices in a BEC superfluid. From the density and rotation curve of the Andromeda Galaxy (M31) we estimate the particle mass, particle density, coherence length, critical temperature, critical angular frequency, and vortex line density of the dark matter condensate composing the halo.
A cross-validation of the biphasic poroviscoelastic model of articular cartilage in unconfined compression, indentation, and confined compression

The biphasic poroviscoelastic (BPVE) model was curve fit to the simultaneous relaxation of reaction force and lateral displacement exhibited by articular cartilage in unconfined compression (n=18). Model predictions were also made for the relaxation observed in reaction force during indentation with a porous plane-ended metal indenter (n=4), indentation with a nonporous plane ended metal indenter (n=4), and during confined compression (n=4). Each prediction was made using material parameters resulting from curve fits of the unconfined compression response of the same tissue. The BPVE model was able to account for both the reaction force and the lateral displacement during unconfined compression very well. Furthermore, model predictions for both indentation and confined compression also followed the experimental data well. These results provide substantial evidence for the efficacy of the biphasic poroviscoelastic model for articular cartilage, as no successful cross-validation of a model simulation has been demonstrated using other mathematical models.
Effects of antler breakage on mating behavior in male tule elk (Cervus elaphus nannodes)

Although antler size has been identified as a primary determinant of dominance, fighting success, and reproductive success in male cervids, >80% of the male tule elk (Cervus elaphus nannodes) in the Owens Valley, California, experience antler breakage. To determine the effect of antler breakage on male mating success, we recorded antler morphology, body size, and mating behavior of male elk throughout the rut. Antler breakage, regardless of severity, had no effect on male–male assessment, fighting success, or harem-holding status. The factor consistently associated with our indices of male mating success was not antler size but body size. Although antler size is frequently emphasized as a key factor in male dominance and social rank, this association may reflect the correlation between antler size and body size. In the Owens Valley, it appears that male elk are not assessing competitors based on antler morphology but on other characteristics.
Sales and Impact of Class 2b Trucks

Vehicles in the upper portion of the Class 2 weight range [6,000 to 10,000 lb gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR)] were identified and examined, and their impact was assessed. Class 2b vehicles (GVWR of 8,500 to 10,000 lb) include pickup trucks, sport utility vehicles, and large vans. Oak Ridge National Laboratory researched each individual truck model to determine which models were Class 2b trucks and developed four methodologies to derive sales volumes. Two methods were recommended for producing believable and reliable results. The results of the study indicate that in calendar year 1999, 521,000 Class 2b vehicles (6.4% of sales of all trucks under 10,000 lb) were sold; 82% of Class 2b vehicles sold were pickups, and one-third of Class 2b vehicles sold had diesel engines. In 2000, 5.8 million Class 2b vehicles (7.8% of all trucks under 10,000 lb) were on the road; 24% of the Class 2b vehicle population had diesel engines, and Class 2b vehicles accounted for 8% of annual miles traveled by trucks under 10,...
Light adaptation and the dynamics of induced tilt

Abstract The dynamic properties of induced tilt were measured with a temporal paradigm similar to the ones employed for studies of changes in sensitivity during early light and dark adaptation. A single vertical inducing line was presented for a period of 3 sec/trial in two experiments and as a 10 msec flash in a third experiment. At varying times either before, during or after its presentation, a slanted test line was flashed for 10 msec. Its top terminated at the left edge of the middle of the inducing line and formed an angle of 30° with it. The perceived tilt of this test line changed when it was presented in conjunction with the inducing line, by an amount which depended on the time when the flash occurred. Psychophysical measurements with test and inducing stimuli of the same luminance revealed that the change in perceived tilt precedes the onset of the inducing line by 100–200 msec (backward tilt induction), comes to a maximum at the onset of the inducing line, and then decreases. When the inducing line is presented for 3 sec, a second relative maximum occurs near its offset prior to the eventual decay during the tilt aftereffect period. The discussion relates the results to current theories which attribute the tilt illusion and aftereffect to adaptation or lateral inhibition in cortical tilt detectors and suggests an alternative to them. The significance of the resemblance between the temporal properties of induced tilt and of masking is considered.
The Impact of Option Introduction on Stock Return Variances: The Role of Bid‐Ask Spreads, Return Autocorrelations, and Intrinsic Variances

The purpose of this paper is to examine changes in stock return variances following option introduction. The sample consists of National Market System stocks and employs both transaction returns and returns based on bid and ask quotes. Variances are decomposed into portions attributable to bid-ask spreads, return autocorrelations, and intrinsic variances. Spreads play a negligible role in explaining variance changes. A generally positive component to short-term autocorrelations falls following option introduction, increasing variances over short holding periods. Intrinsic variances fall prior to the October 1987 crash, but do not change after the crash with option introduction.
A simple and efficient synthesis of (7E, 9E, 11Z, 13E)-(5S, 6R, 15S)-trihydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (6R-lipoxin A)

Abstract A practical seven-step synthetic route to 6R-lipoxin A from arachidonic acid is described which makes this biologically interesting eicosanoid easily available.
The Tao of Empowerment

After all the trendy approaches to improving performance have failed, where can we look for the wisdom we need to advise management on how to overcome employee apathy? The concept of employee empowerment is far from new. Five thousand years ago, the sages of ancient China first formulated the principles of Tao, the primal power that forges all phenomena in the universe. They believed that each individual was a microcosm of the universe. Twenty–five hundred years ago, gifted Chinese scholar Lao-tzu eloquently and concisely described the power that comes from being in harmony with the evolving force of nature. The principles Lao-tzu set forth in Tao Te Ching are as valid today as they were 26 centuries ago. They challenge us to use nature as our model, balancing the extremes in life and work, not causing them; to discover intellectual independence, relying on our own inspiration and instincts; to practice simplicity; to build personal power through awareness and knowledge, and to direct events without resorting to force.
Smart Monitoring and Diagnosis With IntellAware

This paper describes IntellAware — a distributed, networked computer system that provides continuous, real-time, on-line monitoring, analysis, and diagnosis of power plant machinery condition. The IntellAware system enhances Monitoring & Diagnostic (M&D) capabilities by 1) replacing periodic manual monitoring with remote, continuous on-line monitoring, 2) implementing new sensors and products to detect equipment anomalies, and 3) applying integrated advanced diagnostics and prognostics to enhance decision making to improve equipment efficiency and reliability. It also optimizes resources by using technology to focus on higher value tasks such as analysis instead of manual data collection. Pilot systems are currently deployed at Progress Energy plants in North Carolina and Florida. IntellAware will also be used in EPRI’s Smart M&D special project.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
High-performance permanent magnet machine drive for electric vehicle applications using a current source inverter

This paper presents a high performance interior permanent magnet (IPM) machine drive using a current source inverter for EV/HEV applications. The constant power operation regions of an IPM machine can be greatly extended due to the voltage-boosting function naturally associated with the CSI and the field weakening techniques. An equivalent circuit model of the IPM machine including the effects of the AC filter capacitors and the motor core-loss resistor is presented, which eliminates the performance deregulation due to the error between the torque producing current of the IPM machine and the current command of the CSI. According to the special requirements of the automotive applications, a novel two-stage control strategy is also proposed to achieve both minimum system losses and high system performance within the whole operating range including the field-weakening region. Simulation results are presented to validate the functionality of the boost mechanism, the effectiveness of the equivalent circuit model and the proposed control scheme.
Role of sulfide and ligand strength in controlling nanosilver toxicity

Nanosilver has been used broadly in nanotechnology enhanced consumer products because of its strong antimicrobial properties. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) released from these products will likely enter wastewater collection and treatment systems. This research evaluated the role of sulfide and ligand strength in controlling nanosilver toxicity to nitrifying bacteria that are important in wastewater treatment. The nanosilver toxicity in the absence and presence of ligands (SO(4)(2-), S(2-), Cl(-), PO(4)(3-), and EDTA(-)) commonly present in wastewater was determined from the oxygen uptake rate measurements. Sulfide appeared to be the only ligand to effectively reduce nanosilver toxicity. By adding a small aliquot of sulfide that was stoichiometrically complexed with AgNPs, the nanosilver toxicity to nitrifying organisms was reduced by up to 80%. Scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray analysis indicated that AgNPs were highly reactive with sulfide to form new Ag(x)S(y) complexes or precipitates. These complexes were not oxidized after a prolonged period of aeration (18h). This information is useful for wastewater treatment design and operation to reduce nanosilver toxicity via sulfide complexation. While the biotic ligand model was successful in predicting the toxicity of Ag(+) ions, it could not accurately predict the toxicity of AgNPs. Nevertheless, it could be one of the many tools useful in predicting and controlling nanosilver toxicity to wastewater microorganisms.
Quark and lepton flavor triality

Motivated by the success of ${A}_{4}$ in explaining neutrino tribimaximal mixing, and its approximate residual ${Z}_{3}$ symmetry in the quark and charged-lepton sectors, the notion of flavor triality is proposed. Under this hypothesis, certain processes such as ${\ensuremath{\tau}}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ and ${\ensuremath{\tau}}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{e}^{+}{e}^{+}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ are favored, but ${\ensuremath{\tau}}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}{e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ and ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{e}^{+}{e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ are disfavored. Similarly, ${B}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\tau}}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ is favored, but ${B}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\tau}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{e}^{+}$ is disfavored.
The helping hand: How to bias kinesthetic aftereffects by instructional set

After rubbing a block of a different size, S s judged either the objective width of the test block or its felt width. With no preliminary information, judgments of objective and phenomenal width were equivalent. Judgments of objective but not of phenomenal width moved in the direction suggested by a truthful verbal briefing. (Prior practice with a visual display, the Mueller-Lyer arrowhead illusion presented as an analogy to the kinesthetic aftereffect task, proved to be ineffective.) Misinformation did not alter subsequent judgments. In no case was the measured aftereffect abolished or reversed. It is suggested that knowledge about the task modifies judgments rather than sensory experience.
Electrical resistivity of NiAℓ

Abstract Resistivity-temperature measurements on annealed near stoichiometric NiAl showed the absence of a resistivity minimum and confirms that the reported anomalous transport properties are an extrinsic effect not observed in high purity NiAl. Thermal treatments on NiAl designed to effect the order did not produce a resistivity-temperature minimum.
Catalytic Formation of Hydrocarbons from Fatty Acids

WE are inclined to agree with Waples's further interpretation that the early reaction shows evidence of a stepwise degradation mechanism. We discount, however, the cyclical radical decarboxylation-oxidation sequence of Cooper and Bray (ref. 2 above), because such a reaction sequence would produce in the residual charge fatty acids of progressively shorter chain length than behenic acid. In searching for these, as the original paper indicated, we could not detect fatty acids other than the starting behenic acid (C22). It is possible that intermediate fatty acids so produced might have decarboxylated rapidly enough to have been completely converted and thus defy detection and further work will resolve this point. As Waples notes, these early effects are swamped later by the quantitatively more significant cracking reactions.
Identification and Reconstruction of Single-Pixel Incomplete Charge Collection Events

Incomplete charge collection in pixelated CdZnTe detectors with a common anode steering grid has been studied using an advanced digital ASIC readout system, which is capable of sampling and digitizing the preamplifier output signals of an array of 11×11 pixelated anodes as well as the cathode and grid electrodes. Due to insufficient steering, only a fraction of the electron cloud may be collected by anode pixels for some events. These events are called incomplete charge collection events, and they tend to take place on edge pixels. Since the current single-pixel event reconstruction algorithm is based on the anode signal amplitude and the cathode-to-anode signal amplitude ratio (C/A), these events will be reconstructed to the wrong depth and energy bins. An algorithm has been developed to reconstruct these special events based on the system response function. Experiments were performed on a pixelated 20×20×15-mm3 CdZnTe detector with a common grid between pixels manufactured by Redlen Technologies. With this algorithm, both the interaction depth and energy deposition can be reconstructed correctly in the absence of a reliable anode amplitude. This reconstruction algorithm improves the single-pixel photopeak counts by close to 10%. The electron cloud size for 662 keV was estimated with a square-shaped model based on the improvement of photopeak efficiency and showed consistent results with Geant4 simulations.
Randomized comparison of ultrasound surveillance and clinical monitoring on arteriovenous graft outcomes.

Arteriovenous graft thrombosis is a frequent event in hemodialysis patients, and usually occurs in grafts with significant underlying stenosis. Regular surveillance for graft stenosis, with pre-emptive angioplasty of significant lesions, may improve graft outcomes. This prospective, randomized, clinical trial allocated 126 hemodialysis patients with grafts to either clinical monitoring alone (control group) or to regular ultrasound surveillance for graft stenosis every 4 months in addition to clinical monitoring (ultrasound group). The two randomized groups were closely matched with respect to demographic, clinical, and graft characteristics, with the exception of a lower frequency of diabetes in the ultrasound group. The primary outcome was graft survival, and the secondary outcome was thrombosis-free graft survival. The frequency of pre-emptive graft angioplasty was 64% higher in the ultrasound group than in the control group (1.05 vs 0.64 events per patient-year, P P =0.37). The median time to permanent graft failure was similar between the two groups (38 vs 37 months, P =0.93). Likewise, the median time to graft thrombosis or failure did not differ (22 vs 25 months, P =0.33). There was no significant association between diabetes and time to graft failure ( P =0.93) or time to graft thrombosis or failure ( P =0.88). In conclusion, the addition of regular ultrasound surveillance for graft stenosis to clinical monitoring increases the frequency of pre-emptive angioplasty, but may not decrease the likelihood of graft failure or thrombosis.
Desmoplastic Fibroblastoma (Collagenous Fibroma) Case Report and Review of the Literature

We report a case of desmoplastic fibroblastoma/collagenous fibroma in a 42-year-old African-American male. The 10 cm tumor mass was located subcutaneously on the right lower back. Grossly, the tumor was firm and well-circumscribed and, on cut surface, had a white and homogeneous appearance. Microscopically, the tumor was composed of medium-sized spindled and stellatefibroblasts sparsely distributed in a densely fibrous background. No significant nuclear pleomorphism, mitotic figures, or necrosis were identified. The tumor cells were diffusely positive for vimentin and factor XIIIa but were negative for all other markers tested. Ultrastructurally, the tumor cells had features of fibroblasts with abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum. No recurrence has been seen at 5 months after excision.
God Imagery and Opposition to Abortion and Capital Punishment: A Partial Test of Religious Support for the Consistent Life Ethic

Abortion and the death penalty are two of the most contentious issues in American public life. Previous scholarship has documented religious variations in attitudes toward each of these hotly contested issues. However, scant research has explored how religious factors affect opposition to both abortion and capital punishment, two key elements of a consistent life ethic. This study offers a partial test of religious support for the consistent life ethic by examining the extent to which the nature and quality of the relationship between God and the religious believer fosters opposition to both abortion and capital punishment. Using data from the 2004 General Social Survey, we find that a close relationship with a loving God predicts opposition to both abortion and the death penalty net of other religious factors and covariates. We conclude by discussing the implications of our findings and delineating promising directions for future research.
The LINC-anchored actin cap connects the extracellular milieu to the nucleus for ultrafast mechanotransduction

Cells continuously sense and respond to external mechanical forces through their cytoskeleton. Here we show that only a small subset of actin fibers, those forming the perinuclear actin cap that wraps around the nucleus, form in response to low physiological mechanical stresses in adherent fibroblasts. While conventional basal stress fibers form only past a threshold shear stress of 0.5 dyn/cm2, actin-cap fibers are formed at shear stresses 50 times lower and orders-of-magnitude faster than biochemical stimulation. This fast differential response is uniquely mediated by focal adhesion protein zyxin at low shear stress and actomyosin fibers of the actin cap. We identify additional roles for lamin A/C of the nuclear lamina and linkers of nucleus to cytoskeleton (LINC) molecules nesprin2giant and nesprin3, which anchor actin cap fibers to the nucleus. These results suggest an interconnected physical pathway for mechanotransduction, from the extracellular milieu to the nucleus.
Vascular Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) expression decreases after mouse carotid ligation

Abstract BMPs have been previously identified in atherosclerotic lesions. The purpose of this study was to characterize the temporal changes in BMP expression following acute alterations in blood flow using a mouse model of arterial remodeling. Methods. We evaluated bmp expression in mouse carotid vessels after acute ligation of the common carotid artery at its bifurcation. Male C57/Bl6 mice weighing 19–21 g underwent left carotid ligation followed by harvest at 3 ( n = 7) and 7 ( n = 7) days. Carotid vessels from unoperated mice were harvested and used as controls ( n = 5). Vessels were snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen prior to RNA extraction and cDNA syntheses using reverse transcriptase. Expression of bmp2 , bmp4 , bmp7 , and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) was then examined using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Product identities were confirmed using melt curve analysis and sequencing. Baseline subtracted cycle threshold data were analyzed using the 2 −(ΔCT) formula to quantify bmp expression relative to GAPDH for each specimen. Copy numbers relative to GAPDH were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results. Expression of bmp4 decreased by 71% of control at 3 days postligation (ANOVA, P = 0.04) and returned to baseline levels by 7 days. A similar trend was observed for bmp2 expression (ANOVA, P = 0.008). However, no change in bmp7 mRNA levels was identified in this series of experiments. Conclusion. Acute flow changes caused by carotid ligation produce a temporary decrease in bmp4 and bmp2 mRNA levels at 3 days with a return to baseline levels by day 7. This data suggest that BMPs may be involved in the vascular remodeling that occurs in response to changes in blood flow.
Acute and prophylactic effects of anticonvulsants in bipolar depression

Abstract The anticonvulsants carbamazepine and valproate are now widely recognized and used mood stabilizers as adjuncts or alternatives to lithium carbonate. Like lithium, however, they appear to have better antimanic than antidepressant properties. In contrast, initial data suggest that lamotrigine may be an exception to this rule, with better evidence of acute and prophylactic antidepressant than antimanic effects emerging in controlled trials. Gabapentin is being widely used, although its primary antimanic and antidepressant properties have not been delineated in controlled trials, but it does appear to be useful in a number of syndromes that are often comorbid with bipolar depression, including anxiety, social phobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, alcohol withdrawal syndromes, pain syndromes, and a variety of sleep disorders. The data are mixed regarding topiramate's acute antidepressant properties, although its positive side-effects profile of inducing weight loss may make it a particularly useful adjunct independent of its ultimate mood stabilizing properties. While initial data with tiagabine are not promising, the possible antidepressant effects of two of the newest anticonvulsants levetiracetam and zonisamide are just beginning to be evaluated. Thus, several of the compounds originally FDA-approved as anticonvulsants appear promising for their acute and long-term antidepressant effects in bipolar illness, and much work remains to be done to identify clinical and biological markers of response to individual agents and assess how they may best be utilized in clinical practice.
Circadian variation of primary cardiac arrest or sudden cardiac death in patients aged 62 to 100 years (mean 82).

Abstract Sudden cardiac death has a arcadian pattern with a significant morning peak. 1–4 We are reporting data from an 8-year study on the time of primary cardiac arrest or sudden cardiac death in unselected elderly patients in a long-term health care facility with 24-hour on-site physician coverage.
Retrograde transynaptic pseudorabies virus infection of central autonomic circuits in neonatal rats.

Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is widely used to map synaptically-linked neural circuits in adult animals. The present study sought to determine whether PRV has similar utility in neonatal rats, and whether central PRV infection in neonates elicits astrocytic and microglia/macrophage responses similar to those that contribute to specific transynaptic neuronal infection in adult rats. Retrograde transneuronal infection of autonomic circuits was examined 24-64 h after injection of an attenuated strain of PRV (PRV-Bartha) into the ventral stomach wall of 1-day-old rats. Brain and spinal cord sections were processed for immunocytochemical detection of PRV. Alternate sections were processed for immunolocalization of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) to identify fibrous astrocytes, or for an antigen associated with the complement C3bi receptor (OX42) to identify microglia. As in adult rats, the number and distribution of infected CNS neurons in neonatal rats increased progressively with advancing post-inoculation survival. Infected CNS neurons initially were restricted to the thoracic intermediolateral cell column and the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. Longer survival times led to retrograde transynaptic infection of additional neurons in the thoracic spinal cord, nucleus of the solitary tract, ventrolateral medulla, and caudal raphe nuclei. At the longest post-inoculation intervals, infected neurons also were observed in the area postrema and in certain autonomic-related regions of the rostral brainstem, hypothalamus, and amygdala. Quantitative analysis of immunolabeling in the dorsal vagal complex demonstrated that regions containing neurons at early stages of viral infection displayed increased astrocytic GFAP immunostaining; conversely, areas containing neurons at later stages of infection were characterized by a significant loss of GFAP staining and a parallel increase of OX42 microglia/macrophage immunolabeling. We conclude that PRV is effectively transported through synaptically-linked CNS circuits in neonatal rats, and that spatiotemporally-ordered responses by non-neuronal cells may contribute to the synaptic specificity of transneuronal viral transport.
A retrospective study of drunkenness-associated changes in the self-depictions of a large sample of male outpatient alcoholics.

Abstract The sober self-, drunk self- and ideal self-depictions of 292 male outpatient alcoholics were obtained by means of Q-technique. S s' drunk self-depictions were found to be markedly different from their sober self-depictions. The composite effect of these drunkenness-associated changes was further to increase the already appreciable discrepency that existed between S s' depictions of their sober and ideal selves. A principal components analysis of the intercorrelation matrix of the sober-ideal item difference scores yielded six interpretable components of sober self-dissatisfaction. These components were labeled (1) Subjective Distress, (2) Resentment, (3) Selfishness, (4) Negative Self-Regard, (5) Irresponsibility, and (6) Interpersonal Unattractiveness. The changes S s associated with drunkenness resulted in a significant reduction of the sober-ideal discrepancy on Component 1 and significant increases on Components 2–5 ( P
Specific Absorption Rates of Energy in Man Models Exposed to Cellular UHF Mobile-Antenna Fields

Thermography, nonperturbing temperature probes, and E-field sensitive diodes were used to quantify the SAR patterns in human models exposed to UHF mobile-antenna fields. The exposure conditions include man, woman, and child models in the standing position close to roof- and trunk-mounted antenna; man sitting in the back seat near a trunk-mounted antenna; child kneeling in the back seat and looking through the rear window. Incident power densities near the antennas were also measured. Based on the current ANSI radio-frequency protection guide, the exemption of 7-W input power will violate the ANSI primary exposure criterion, but satisfies the 8-W/kg exclusion clauses. A maximum power of 3.5 W would satisfy all of the ANSI guides.
Some unique characteristics of chromate ion exchange

Abstract Some unique characteristics of chromate ion exchange at acidic pH are presented here. Binary chromate isotherms with sulfate or chloride as the competing species show inflection points due to the presence of Cr 2 O 7 2− in the exchanger phase along with HCrO 4 − . The positive curvature preceding such inflection points causes early gradual Cr(VI) breakthrough during column runs even when instantaneous equilibrium is assumed. Polystyrene ion-exchange resins offer higher chromate selectivity than polyacrylic ones; increased moisture content and close proximity of the neighboring ion-exchange sites are prime reasons for the polyacrylic resins' inferior chromate selectivity.
B-Site Doping and Catalytic Activity of Sr ( Y ) TiO3

Doped SrTiO 3 is a potential anode for intermediate and high temperature solid oxide fuel cells, but by itself has limited catalytic activity for the hydrogen oxidation reaction. Its catalytic performance is, however, improved by Ni infiltration. The anode polarization is determined over a range of gas compositions of B-site co-doped Sr 0.88 Y 08 Ti o-95 M o-o5 0 3 _ 8 (SYTMO where M represents the B-site dopants) for sparsely Ni-infiltrated SYTMO. Co and Cr were selected as the B-site dopants and compared with undoped SYTO based on their differing reducibility. All anodes also were subjected to a 12 h reduction/oxidation cycle. While Cr-doped anodes showed the best resistance to oxidation, the Co-doped system exhibited the lowest anode polarization resistance under all conditions. It was found that H transport is the slowest step for all anodes, which could be partly attributed to sparsity of the infiltrated Ni catalyst.
The institutional and political factors that influence voter turnout

State data were used to develop an econometric model of voter turnout for an off-year (1982) general election. The premise of the research was that existing voter turnout models lacked some of the true explanatory variables. In particular, the political efficacy component of the decision to vote was believed to be under-represented in those models.
The nsp1, nsp13, and M Proteins Contribute to the Hepatotropism of Murine Coronavirus JHM.WU

Mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) isolates JHM.WU and JHM.SD promote severe central nervous system disease. However, while JHM.WU replicates robustly and induces hepatitis, JHM.SD fails to replicate or induce pathology in the liver. These two JHM variants encode homologous proteins with few polymorphisms, and little is known about which viral proteins(s) is responsible for the liver tropism of JHM.WU. We constructed reverse genetic systems for JHM.SD and JHM.WU and, utilizing these full-length cDNA clones, constructed chimeric viruses and mapped the virulence factors involved in liver tropism. Exchanging the spike proteins of the two viruses neither increased replication of JHM.SD in the liver nor attenuated JHM.WU. By further mapping, we found that polymorphisms in JHM.WU structural protein M and nonstructural replicase proteins nsp1 and nsp13 are essential for liver pathogenesis. M protein and nsp13, the helicase, of JHM.WU are required for efficient replication in vitro and in the liver in vivo. The JHM.SD nsp1 protein contains a K194R substitution of Lys194, a residue conserved among all other MHV strains. The K194R polymorphism has no effect on in vitro replication but influences hepatotropism, and introduction of R194K into JHM.SD promotes replication in the liver. Conversely, a K194R substitution in nsp1 of JHM.WU or A59, another hepatotropic strain, significantly attenuates replication of each strain in the liver and increases IFN-β expression in macrophages in culture. Our data indicate that both structural and nonstructural proteins contribute to MHV liver pathogenesis and support previous reports that nsp1 is a Betacoronavirus virulence factor. IMPORTANCE The Betacoronavirus genus includes human pathogens, some of which cause severe respiratory disease. The spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) into human populations demonstrates the zoonotic potential of emerging coronaviruses, and there are currently no vaccines or effective antivirals for human coronaviruses. Thus, it is important to understand the virus-host interaction that regulates coronavirus pathogenesis. Murine coronavirus infection of mice provides a useful model for the study of coronavirus-host interactions, including the determinants of tropism and virulence. We found that very small changes in coronavirus proteins can profoundly affect tropism and virulence. Furthermore, the hepatotropism of MHV-JHM depends not on the spike protein and viral entry but rather on a combination of the structural protein M and nonstructural replicase-associated proteins nsp1 and nsp13, which are conserved among betacoronaviruses. Understanding virulence determinants will aid in the design of vaccines and antiviral strategies.
Heterogeneous and Photochemical Reactions of Solid Benzophenone−Catechol Films with NO2†

Solid−air interfaces are ubiquitous to the atmosphere, and heterogeneous reactions between gaseous oxidants and surface adsorbed organics on these interfaces can impact tropospheric chemistry. Solid benzophenone−catechol films serve as model photosensitizer−polyphenol compounds that we reacted with NO2 in the parts-per-billion range under dark and light conditions at 300 K and 20% relative humidity. Attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) monitored chemical changes in the organic film during these reactions to directly identify condensed-phase products. Catechol, when mixed with benzophenone or dicyclohexyl ketone, reacted with NO2 under dark conditions, forming 4-nitrocatechol as the exclusive condensed-phase product; pure catechol films did not react. Kinetic isotope experiments found rate[C6H4(OH)2]/rate[C6H4(OD)2] = 3.3 ± 0.5, indicating that breaking an O−H bond was critical to the rate-determining step. A mechanism involving the ortho-semiquinone radical, possibly stabilized by...
Damping of interstitial atoms in bcc metals

Abstract The internal friction of the bcc metals containing dissolved carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen is reviewed with special attention given to diffusion in these alloys. Three aspects of internal friction are considered: (a) the ideal Snoek effect, (b) the damping peaks associated with phase transformations and (c) the thermodynamics of small clusters of interstitials.
Status epilepticus amauroticus revisited: Ictal and peri-ictal homonymous hemianopsia

Objective To describe the clinical, electrographic, and radiographic features of status epilepticus amauroticus, or homonymous hemianopsia associated with partial status epilepticus, in 3 patients with subsequent resolution of radiographic abnormalities and visual deficits. Design Case series. Setting Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center in Downey, California, and the Los Angeles County + University of Southern California Medical Center. Patients One patient with a single remote seizure and 2 patients with symptomatic partial epilepsy all presented with homonymous hemianopsia. Intervention Continuous electroencephalographic monitoring, magnetic resonance imaging, and antiepileptic medical therapy for status epilepticus. Main Outcome Measures Neurologic examination, electroencephalography, and magnetic resonance imaging. Results The association of homonymous hemianopsia and restricted diffusion on magnetic resonance imaging led to an initial diagnosis of ischemic infarction in 2 cases despite atypical diffusion-weighted imaging patterns. However, continuous electroencephalogram demonstrated focal epileptiform discharges in 2 cases and repetitive focal seizures in another, suggesting a diagnosis of status epilepticus amauroticus. Homonymous hemianopsia resolved in all 3 patients after escalation of the dosage of anticonvulsant therapy. Follow-up magnetic resonance imaging and electroencephalogram demonstrated complete or near-complete resolution of associated abnormalities. Conclusions Status epilepticus amauroticus is an uncommon but important cause of homonymous hemianopsia, and it should be considered in any patient with a history of seizures, fluctuating visual symptoms, or atypical patterns of restricted diffusion involving the occipital cortex. Continuous electroencephalographic monitoring is an important diagnostic tool for the diagnosis of status epilepticus amauroticus, which may have a favorable prognosis when treated with aggressive anticonvulsant therapy.
Role of the foregut in the early improvement in glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery

Bypass of the foregut following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery results in altered nutrient absorption, which is proposed to underlie the improvement in glucose tolerance and insulin sensit...
Recognition of all four base pairs of double-helical DNA by triple-helix formation: design of nonnatural deoxyribonucleosides for pyrimidine•purine base pair binding

The sequence-specific recognition of double-helical DNA by oligonucleotide-directed triple-helix formation is limited mostly to purine tracts. Design leads that could expand the recognition code to all four Watson-Crick base pairs would provide one step toward a general solution targeting single sites in megabase size DNA. The nonnatural deoxyribonucleoside 1-(2-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-4-(3-benzamidophenyl)imidazole (D3) was synthesized in four steps and incorporated by automated methods into pyrimidine oligodeoxyribonucleotides. Within a pyrimidine oligonucleotide, D3 binds pyrimidine.purine base pairs with higher affinity than it binds purine.pyrimidine base pairs. From affinity-cleaving analysis, the stabilities of base triplets decrease in the order D3.TA is similar to D3.CG > D3.AT > D3.GC. Such specificity allows binding by triple-helix formation at an 18 base pair site in SV40 DNA containing all four base pairs at physiologically relevant pH and temperature. The stabilities of these novel triplets may be an example of shape-selective recognition of CG and TA Watson-Crick base pairs in the major groove.
Efficient decentralized fiscal and environmental policy: A dual purpose Henry George tax ☆

Abstract One consequence of decentralized responsibility to set tax policy and environmental standards is that local governments might try to attract industry and jobs by underproviding local public goods with lower taxes or lax environmental standards or both. But if local authorities exploit fixed property site (i.e., land) taxation to fund local public goods, affect firm migration, and internalize potential local emission rents, herein we find decentralized efficiency is supported. This result reflects a dual form of the classic Henry George theorem previously overlooked.
Transverse sections for the Second Hamiltonian KdV Structure

In this paper we study regular and singular operators for the Second KdV Hamiltonian Structure. We prove that at some point of any regular symplectic leaf, one can move transversally to the leaf by simply adding constants to the coefficients of the operator. We also prove that given any leaf, one can move transversally to the leaf at some point by adding certain trigonometric polynomials to the coefficient of the operator. We discuss the implications of this result for the Poisson geometry of Adler-Gel’fand-Dikii manifolds and for the normal forms of scalar operators with periodic coefficients.
Prostate cancer biobanking.

Purpose of reviewThis review is intended to provide an overview of ‘best practices’ pertaining to prostate biobanking. It addresses issues related to collection and appropriate annotation of prostate samples, ethics and administrative aspects of biorepository functioning.Recent findingsParaffin tiss
Intravital Imaging of the Mouse Popliteal Lymph Node

Lymph nodes (LNs) are secondary lymphoid organs, which are strategically located throughout the body to allow for trapping and presentation of foreign antigens from peripheral tissues to prime the adaptive immune response. Juxtaposed between innate and adaptive immune responses, the LN is an ideal site to study immune cell interactions. Lymphocytes (T cells, B cells and NK cells), dendritic cells (DCs), and macrophages comprise the bulk of bone marrow-derived cellular elements of the LN. These cells are strategically positioned in the LN to allow efficient surveillance of self antigens and potential foreign antigens. The process by which lymphocytes successfully encounter cognate antigens is a subject of intense investigation in recent years, and involves an integration of molecular contacts including antigen receptors, adhesion molecules, chemokines, and stromal structures such as the fibro-reticular network. Prior to the development of high-resolution real-time fluorescent in vivo imaging, investigators relied on static imaging, which only offers answers regarding morphology, position, and architecture. While these questions are fundamental in our understanding of immune cell behavior, the limitations intrinsic with this technique does not permit analysis to decipher lymphocyte trafficking and environmental clues that affect dynamic cell behavior. Recently, the development of intravital two-photon laser scanning microscopy (2P-LSM) has allowed investigators to view the dynamic movements and interactions of individual cells within live LNs in situ. In particular, we and others have applied this technique to image cellular behavior and interactions within the popliteal LN, where its compact, dense nature offers the advantage of multiplex data acquisition over a large tissue area with diverse tissue sub-structures. It is important to note that this technique offers added benefits over explanted tissue imaging techniques, which require disruption of blood, lymph flow, and ultimately the cellular dynamics of the system. Additionally, explanted tissues have a very limited window of time in which the tissue remains viable for imaging after explant. With proper hydration and monitoring of the animal's environmental conditions, the imaging time can be significantly extended with this intravital technique. Here, we present a detailed method of preparing mouse popliteal LN for the purpose of performing intravital imaging.
Improving Selection Outcomes With the Use of Situational Interviews: Empirical Evidence from a Study of Correctional Officers for New Generation Jails

The post-Watson case legal environment calls into question the too frequent reliance upon interviews for attaining good 'bottom line' representativeness in the work force—both in the initial select...
Modeling of Structure and Growth Rate of Carbon Nanotubes in Flame Synthesis

Existing literature has focused on experimental investigations of CNT/CNF flame synthesis. However, there are as yet no comprehensive models regarding their formation, growth or structure. Herein, a CNT/CNF growth rate model is proposed that is applicable for any method of CNT/CNF production (although our particular interest lies in flame synthesis in ethylene/air flames). While it is usual for most existing models to consider only a single carbon-carrying gas that contributes towards carbon deposition, our extended model can consider a complex hydrocarbon mixture that can mimic a flame environment. The model shows steady carbon deposition and filament growth occurs once there is a stable carbon cluster size due to nucleation. The concentration of hydrocarbons in the vicinity of the toroidal zone near which most of the CNT growth is observed, is negligible compared to CO concentration.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Effects of initial geometry on the development of thermals

A series of experiments were performed in a water tank to examine the effects of the initial geometry on the development of buoyant thermals in the near field. The flows were produced by releasing buoyant fluid from cylindrical tubes of aspect ratios 2 to 8 into a uniform density environment. In the near field, a vortical cap forms, followed by a column of buoyant fluid, for the larger aspect ratios. The flow development can be divided into two phases; an initial acceleration phase and a subsequent phase where the flow decelerates and displays thermal-like characteristics. In the first phase, the leading edge of the flow accelerates and the length and time scales are dependent on the initial geometry. In the second phase, the flow attains a constant circulation and the appropriate length and time scales are the cube root of the initial volume and a buoyant time scale. Circulation due to baroclinic torques and the hydrodynamic impulse in the second phase are correlated with the initial buoyant force. The data indicate that the self-similar thermal characteristics are applicable to the buoyant flows in the near field beyond the initial phase, even though the flow may not resemble a spherical thermal.
Cheminformatics approaches to analyze diversity in compound screening libraries

As high-throughput screening matures as a discipline, cheminformatics is playing an increasingly important role in selecting new compounds for diverse screening libraries. New visualization techniques such as multi-fusion similarity maps, scaffold trees, and principal moments of inertia plots provide complementary information on compound libraries and enable identification of unexplored regions of chemical space with potential biological relevance. Quantitative metrics have been developed to analyze libraries for properties such as natural product-likeness and shape complexity. Analysis of high-throughput screening results and drug discovery programs identify compounds problematic for screening. Taken together these approaches allow us to increase the diversity of biological outcomes available in compound screening libraries and improve the success rates of high-throughput screening against new targets without making significant increases in the size of compound libraries.