cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of glucose and oxygen on the metabolism of glycine by Ehrlich ascites tumor cells in vitro.

Ehrlich ascites tumor cells were incubated for 30 min in a salts medium containing 2 mM [2-14C]glycine under 95% oxygen, air, or nitrogen. The portion of total recovered radioactivity not present as free glycine was 4.1–4.2% without added sugar and 7.2–7.6% with 5.5 mM glucose. Considerable incorporation into free amino acids, especially serine and taurine, occurred. Glucose stimulated the intracellular concentration of glycine; it increased the total radioactivity in serine, taurine, alanine, glutamic acid, acid-soluble purines, and nucleic acid purines, but decreased that in aspartic acid and protein. The concentrations of some amino acids differed after incubation in the presence or absence of glucose, whether or not glycine was added. Composition of the gas phase had much less effect on incorporation into free amino acids; however, increased O2 tension enhanced incorporation into protein and nucleic acid purines.
Impacts of anthropogenic N additions on nitrogen mineralization from plant litter in exotic annual grasslands

Abstract Urban regions of southern California receive up to 45 kg N ha –1 y –1 from nitrogen (N) deposition. A field decomposition study was done using 15 N-labelled litter of the widespread exotic annual grass Bromus diandrus to determine whether elevated soil N is strictly from N deposition or whether N mineralization rates from litter are also increased under N deposition. Tissue N and lignin concentrations, which are inversely related in field sites with high and low N deposition, determine the rate at which N moves from plant litter to soil and becomes available to plants. The effect of soil N on N movement from litter to soil was tested by placing litter on high and low N soil in a factorial experiment with two levels of litter N and two levels of soil N. The litter quality changes associated with N deposition resulted in faster rates of N cycling from litter to soil. Concentrations of litter-derived N in total N, NH 4 + , NO 3 − , microbial N and organic N were all higher from high N/low lignin litter than from low N/high lignin litter. Litter contributed more N to soil NH 4 + and microbial N in high N than low N soil. At the end of the study, N mineralized from high N litter on high N soil accounted for 46% of soil NH 4 + and 11% of soil NO 3 − , compared to 35% of soil NH 4 + and 6% of soil NO 3 − from low N litter on low N soil. The study showed that in high N deposition areas, elevated inorganic soil N concentrations at the end of the summer N deposition season are a result of N mineralized from plant litter as well as from N deposition.
Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy: The CBT Distinctive Features Series

Rebecca Crane, UK: Routledge, 2009, ISBN: 978-0-415-44502-3 (pbk) Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy has become a popular treatment modality for many disorders including attention-deficit/hyperact...
Macroscopic cold-fluid equilibrium properties of relativistic non-neutral electron flow in a cylindrical diode.

The cold-fluid Maxwell equations are used to investigate detailed equilibrium properties (\ensuremath{\partial}/\ensuremath{\partial}t=0) of relativistic non-neutral electron flow in cylindrical diode geometry with applied magnetic field. There is considerable latitude in specifying the equilibrium profiles. In particular, the profiles for any one of the density ${n}_{b}^{0}$(r), axial magnetic field ${B}_{z}^{0}$(r), radial electric field ${E}_{r}^{0}$(r), or azimuthal flow velocity ${V}_{\mathrm{thetab}}^{0}$(r)=${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{b}$(r)c can be specified, and the remaining three profiles calculated self-consistently from Poisson's equation, the \ensuremath{\nabla}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${\mathrm{B}}^{0}$ Maxwell equation, and the radial force balance equation. As a first example, assuming that the functional form of ${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{b}$(r) is specified, formal expressions are derived for ${B}_{z}^{0}$(r), ${n}_{b}^{0}$(r), and ${E}_{r}^{0}$(r). As a second example, it is assumed that the radial electric field is prescribed by ${E}_{r}^{0}$(r)=const\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}sinh[\ensuremath{\kappa}(r-a)] over the radial extent of the electron layer extending from r=a (the cathode) to r=${r}_{b}$ (the outer edge of the electron layer). In this case, a closed-form expression for the density profile ${n}_{b}^{0}$(r) is obtained, but the profiles for the magnetic field ${B}_{z}^{0}$(r) and flow velocity ${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{b}$(r)c must generally be determined numerically when the layer aspect ratio A=a/(${r}_{b}$-a) is finite. The influence of cylindrical effects (e.g., centrifugal effects) and finite aspect ratio A on detailed equilibrium properties is calculated, treating the planar diode limit (A=\ensuremath{\infty}) as a reference case where the equilibrium profiles are known in closed analytic form. It is found that cylindrical effects and finite aspect ratio can have a large influence on profile shape, particularly when the electron flow is relativistic.
Development of hepatic lesions in male Fischer-344 rats fed AIN-76A purified diet.

Abstract The suitability of the AIN-76A diet for Fischer-344 rats was investigated. This diet, proposed by the American Institute of Nutrition for use when a purified diet composed of refined ingredients and added vitamins and minerals is required, was tested in Sprague-Dawley rats. Male weanling Fischer-344 rats were fed three different lots of the AIN-76A diet from two suppliers. Increase in body weights and food consumption were compared to animals fed a cereal-based control diet. Animals were sacrificed at various intervals and tissues were taken for histopathological observation. By 8 weeks moderate to marked periportal lipidosis developed in livers of all rats fed the AIN-76A diet. Liver-body weight ratios over the 8-week period were significantly higher in rats fed AIN-76A diets compared to rats fed the control diet. However, growth rates of rats fed the AIN-76A diet were similar to growth rates of controls. Some rats fed the AIN-76A diet developed severe hemorrhagic lesions. The AIN-76A diet in its present form is not suitable for use with male Fischer-344 rats.
Metabolism of linolenic acid in developing brain: I. Incorporation of radioactivity from 1-14C linolenic acid into brain fatty acids

Twelve-thirteen day old rats were given 1-(14)C linolenic acid by intraperitoneal injection. Fatty acids were isolated from the brains of animals sacrificed at the end of 8 and 48 hr and 15 and 45 days. Eight hr after the tracer, radioactivity was found neither in 18∶3 nor its endproduct, 22∶6, and palmitate was the most highly radioactive component. At longer intervals, 22∶6 seemed to retain much of the radioactivity, whereas palmitate showed a precipitous decline in radioactivity. Initial oxidation of linolenate and sparing of the linolenate complexed with polar lipids are discussed.
On the history and culture of geophysics, and science in general

LenaSeis. When a geologist or engineer first starts trying to work with seismic data, there is a rather steep learning curve. To get a full appreciation of the data and its limitations one should have a basic understanding of wave theory, acquisition methods, and seismic processing. Few who are not geophysicists by inclination will go to that much trouble; they are interested in a quick start that has them extracting geologic and engineering information as soon as possible. So it is not so uncommon that someone, perhaps as part of a team, will jump with both feet into seismic interpretation.
Facilitation as a Function of Temporal Spacing of Stimuli in Intracranial Self-stimulation

THE time interval between successive stimuli has been shown in a variety of situations to be crucial for the amplitude of response. For example, at certain intervals, the earlier stimulus may increase the amplitude of the response to the second stimulus. Such a phenomenon is known as facilitation, and has been demonstrated at the neural level, for example, by Lloyd1,2.
PD-1 on Immature and PD-1 Ligands on Migratory Human Langerhans Cells Regulate Antigen-Presenting Cell Activity

Langerhans cells (LCs) are known as “sentinels” of the immune system that function as professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) after migration to draining lymph node. LCs are proposed to have a role in tolerance and the resolution of cutaneous immune responses. The Programmed Death-1 (PD-1) receptor and its ligands, PD-L1 and PD-L2, are a co-inhibitory pathway that contributes to the negative regulation of T-lymphocyte activation and peripheral tolerance. Surprisingly, we found PD-1 to be expressed on immature LCs (iLCs) in situ. PD-1 engagement on iLCs reduced IL-6 and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α cytokine production in response to TLR2 signals but had no effect on LC maturation. PD-L1 and PD-L2 were expressed at very low levels on iLCs. Maturation of LCs upon migration from epidermis led to loss of PD-l expression and gain of high expression of PD-L1 and PD-L2 as well as co-stimulatory molecules. Blockade of PD-L1 and/or PD-L2 on migratory LCs (mLCs) and DDCs enhanced T-cell activation, as has been reported for other APCs. Thus the PD-1 pathway is active in iLCs and inhibits iLC activities, but expression of receptor and ligands reverses upon maturation and PD-L1 and PD-L2 on mLC function to inhibit T-cell responses.
Seismic-Refraction Study of Crustal Structure between the Nevada Test Site and Boise, Idaho

In 1962 a series of reversed seismic-refraction profiles was established over a line 454 km long between Eureka, Nevada, and Boise, Idaho; and additional recordings of nuclear events at the Nevada Test Site were made along the profile to southern Idaho. Shot points for the reversed profiles were located near Eureka, Elko, and Mountain City, Nevada, and near Bruneau and Boise, Idaho. Interpretation of the refracted and reflected P events indicates: (1) The crust in the northern Basin and Range province consists of a 6.0-km/sec layer 19–24 km thick above a 6.7-km/sec layer 10–12 km thick. (2) Both the crust as a whole and the 6.7-km/ sec layer thicken abruptly at the boundary between the northern Basin and Range province and the western Snake River Plain. The 6.0-km/sec layer thins across this boundary and may be absent under the Snake River Plain. (3) The crust in the western Snake River Plain consists of a 5.2-km/sec layer 8–10 km thick over a 6.7-km/sec layer 33–38 km thick. (4) The upper mantle under both the northern Basin and Range province and the western Snake River Plain has a P velocity of about 7.9 km/ sec. Amplitudes of P n decrease with the inverse third power of distance and indicate that the upper mantle consists of highly absorptive material or contains a low-velocity layer immediately below the M discontinuity.
An alternative analysis of knowing

When we say of a man that he knows something we are making a claim that is both descriptive and evaluative. Most philosophers seem to agree that the descriptive aspect of a knowledge claim can be explicated in terms of true belief. There is also considerable agreement that the eval uative aspect is to be explicated in terms of the structure of the justifica tion one has for his belief. During the last decade, epistemologists have devoted a considerable amount of attention to the problem of explicating the evaluative aspect of knowledge claims. They have been inspired, in part, by the highly recalcitrant problems raised in Edmund Gettier's brief but epoch-making paper 'Is Justified True Belief Knowledge 7'1 To date, no universally agreed upon theory concerning these questions has been presented. One of my goals in this paper is to present an adequate ex plication of empirical knowledge. In addition to these attempts at explicating the concept of knowledge, many philosophers have worked recently on the logic of epistemic ex pressions, principally on expressions containing 'knows' and 'believes'. A great many insights into the formal characteristics of these expressions have been gained as a result of this work.3 Very little has been done, however, toward combining the results of this enterprise with the results achieved by those who have worked on the explication of the concept of knowledge. A second goal of this paper is to effect such a combination by constructing an explication of the concept of knowledge in terms of some notions which I earlier developed in an essay on the logic of epis temic expressions.4 In that essay, my primary concern was with the con cepts of evident, reasonable, and unreasonable belief. The approach adopted there is intended, however, to provide a basis for a general logic of epistemic expressions. I shall begin by giving a brief account of the basic elements of that approach.
Sequence and transcript analysis of the bovine herpesvirus 1 thymidine kinase locus.

Abstract A detailed sequence and transcript analysis of the thymidine kinase (tk) gene of bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV1, Cooper strain) was carried out. A tk open reading frame (ORF) of 1077 by was identified and compared with tk ORFs previously published for other strains of BHV1. The Cooper sequence was in good agreement with that of strain 03932 but differed significantly from strains 6660 and LA. Reanalysis of the LA tk sequence, however, failed to confirm this difference. Except for five single base substitutions, our results indicate that the Cooper, 03932, and LA strains share the same tk sequence. The size of the tk mRNA was determined by Northern blot analysis. In contrast to the size of other herpesvirus tk mRNAs (∼ 1.5 kb), the BHV1 tk transcript was 4.3 kb. Northern blot analysis indicated that the tk transcript was 3′ coterminal with the downstream 3.1-kb transcript which encodes a BHV1 homologue of the HSV1 H glycoprotein (gH). The 5′ ends of the tk and gH mRNAs were mapped by S1 analysis to positions 135 and 91 bp upstream of their respective translation start sites. The 5′ end of the tk transcript was found to overlap a 5.2-kb transcript with opposite polarity to the tk mRNA.
Operative Findings in Reoperation of Patients with Cubital Tunnel Syndrome

The purpose of this study was to report the operative findings in patients who underwent a secondary operation for cubital tunnel syndrome. A chart review was performed of 100 patients who had undergone a secondary operation for cubital tunnel syndrome by one surgeon. The mean age was 48 years (standard deviation 13.5 years). The most common complaint after primary surgery was increased symptoms in the ulnar nerve distribution (n = 55) and pain in the medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve distribution (n = 55). The most common operative findings included a medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve neuroma (n = 73) and a distal kink of the ulnar nerve (n = 57). This kink was noted as the nerve moved from its transposed position anterior to the medical epicondyle to its native position within the flexor carpi ulnaris. This study suggests that during primary surgery for cubital tunnel syndrome care should be given to avoid injury to the medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve, distal kinking of the ulnar nerve with transposition and pressure on the transposed nerve by the fascial flaps or tendinous bands.
Nucleotides and Two Functional States of hsp90

Previous studies have demonstrated the ATP-dependent formation of a complex containing the heat shock protein hsp90, the unique hsp90 binding protein p23, and one of three high molecular weight immunophilins. In the present study, hsp90 and p23 are shown to form a complex that requires elevated temperature and ATP/Mg2+. Complex formation is strongly promoted by molybdate and by the nonionic detergent Nonidet P-40. ADP and the benzoquinone ansamycin, geldanamycin, are potent inhibitors of complex formation. The ATP-dependent process alters the state of hsp90, not p23, and influences the ability of hsp90 to bind to phenyl-Sepharose. Conversion of hsp90 to the ATP-bound state lowers its affinity for phenyl-Sepharose. These results show that hsp90 can exist in at least two functional states, one able to bind p23 and the other with a high affinity for hydrophobic resins. A model is presented where these states are dictated by the binding of either ATP or ADP.
The Colitis-Associated Transcriptional Profile of Commensal Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron Enhances Adaptive Immune Responses to a Bacterial Antigen

Background Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) may be caused in part by aberrant immune responses to commensal intestinal microbes including the well-characterized anaerobic gut commensal Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (B. theta). Healthy, germ-free HLA-B27 transgenic (Tg) rats develop chronic colitis when colonized with complex gut commensal bacteria whereas non-transgenic (nTg) rats remain disease-free. However, the role of B. theta in causing disease in Tg rats is unknown nor is much known about how gut microbes respond to host inflammation. Methods Tg and nTg rats were monoassociated with a human isolate of B. theta. Colonic inflammation was assessed by histologic scoring and tissue pro-inflammatory cytokine measurement. Whole genome transcriptional profiling of B. theta recovered from ceca was performed using custom GeneChips and data analyzed using dChip, Significance Analysis of Microarrays, and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) software. Western Blots were used to determine adaptive immune responses to a differentially expressed B. theta gene. Results B. theta monoassociated Tg rats, but not nTg or germ-free controls, developed chronic colitis. Transcriptional profiles of cecal B. theta were significantly different in Tg vs. nTg rats. GSEA revealed that genes in KEGG canonical pathways involved in bacterial growth and metabolism were downregulated in B. theta from Tg rats with colitis though luminal bacterial concentrations were unaffected. Bacterial genes in the Gene Ontology molecular function “receptor activity”, most of which encode nutrient binding proteins, were significantly upregulated in B. theta from Tg rats and include a SusC homolog that induces adaptive immune responses in Tg rats. Conclusions B. theta induces colitis in HLA-B27 Tg rats, which is associated with regulation of bacterial genes in metabolic and nutrient binding pathways that may affect host immune responses. These studies of the host-microbial dialogue may lead to the identification of novel microbial targets for IBD therapies.
Delayed short-course treatment with teriparatide (PTH1–34) improves femoral allograft healing by enhancing intramembranous bone formation at the graft–host junction

Clinical management of critical bone defects remains a major challenge. Despite preclinical work demonstrating teriparatide (PTH1–34) effectiveness in small animals, inconclusive data from clinical trials have raised questions of dose and regimen. To address this, we completed a comprehensive study in the murine femoral allograft model, to assess the effects of dose (0.4, 4, and 40 µg/kg/day) and various treatment regimens on radiographic, histologic, and biomechanical healing at 2, 4, and 9 weeks. Only the high dose (40 µg/kg) of PTH1–34 demonstrated significant effects when given daily over 9 weeks. Remarkably, equivalent biomechanical results were obtained with delayed, short treatment from 2 to 6 weeks that did not induce a significant increase in endochondral bone formation and callus volume. In contrast, PTH1–34 treatment from 1 to 5 weeks postop demonstrated similar osteogenic effects as immediate daily treatment for 9 weeks, but failed to achieve a significant increase in biomechanics at 9 weeks. MicroCT and histologic analyses demonstrated that the 2-week delay in treatment allowed for timely completion of the endochondral phase, such that the prominent effects of PTH1–34 were enhanced intramembranous bone formation and remodeling at the graft–host junction. These findings support the potential use of PTH1–34 as an adjuvant therapy for massive allograft healing, and suggest that there may be an ideal treatment window in which a short course is administered after the endochondral phase to promote osteoblastic bone formation and remodeling to achieve superior union with modest callus formation. © 2012 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Ganglionic blocking properties of epinephrine and related amines

Abstract Depression of transmission through the superior cervical ganglion after intra-arterial injection of epinephrine differs from the depression which follows administration of classic ganglionic blocking drugs. Epinephrine (E) caused a greater depression of transmission at low stimulus frequencies than at high stimulus frequencies. The S-1 and S-2 spikes and P potential of the ganglion action potential were relatively sensitive to the effect of E, but the S-4 spike was resistant. Complete block of transmission was not obtained with doses of E up to 1000 μg. No difference in block was observed with maximal or submaximal stimulus strengths. The E effect was antagonized by phenoxybenzamine. Norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine were less potent than E in reducing ganglionic transmission. Tyramine had a biphasic effect. A depression of transmission, qualitatively different from E and resistant to antagonism by phenoxybenzamine, occurred immediately after injection. After a short recovery phase, another depression (2–5 min after injection) occurred. The late depression was qualitatively similar to the E effect. E usually caused a small depolarization of the ganglion, but this depolarization was unrelated to the time course or magnitude of the depression of the S-2 spike.
MEK drives cyclin D1 hyperelevation during geroconversion

When the cell cycle becomes arrested, MTOR (mechanistic Target of Rapamycin) converts reversible arrest into senescence (geroconversion). Hyperexpression of cyclin D1 is a universal marker of senescence along with hypertrophy, beta-Gal staining and loss of replicative/regenerative potential (RP), namely, the ability to restart proliferation when the cell cycle is released. Inhibition of MTOR decelerates geroconversion, although only partially decreases cyclin D1. Here we show that in p21- and p16-induced senescence, inhibitors of mitogen-activated/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MEK) (U0126, PD184352 and siRNA) completely prevented cyclin D1 accumulation, making it undetectable. We also used MEL10 cells in which MEK inhibitors do not inhibit MTOR. In such cells, U0126 by itself induced senescence that was remarkably cyclin D1 negative. In contrast, inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4/6 by PD0332991 caused cyclin D1-positive senescence in MEL10 cells. Both types of senescence were suppressed by rapamycin, converting it into reversible arrest. We confirmed that the inhibitor of CDK4/6 caused cyclin D1 positive senescence in normal RPE cells, whereas U0126 prevented cyclin D1 expression. Elimination of cyclin D1 by siRNA did not prevent other markers of senescence that are consistent with the lack of its effect on MTOR. Our data confirmed that a mere inhibition of the cell cycle was sufficient to cause senescence, providing MTOR was active, and inhibition of MEK partially inhibited MTOR in a cell-type-dependent manner. Second, hallmarks of senescence may be dissociated, and hyperelevated cyclin D1, a marker of hyperactivation of senescent cells, did not necessarily determine other markers of senescence. Third, inhibition of MEK was sufficient to eliminate cyclin D1, regardless of MTOR.
Tritium isotope effect in high-performance liquid chromatography of eicosanoids

A significant difference in retention time between unlabeled and the corresponding multi-tritium-labeled eicosanoid has been observed in the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of 11 eicosanoids. Variations in retention time range from 3-7%, depending on the separation conditions as well as the number and position of the tritium substitution. Multi-tritium-labeled eicosanoids were eluted earlier than the corresponding unlabeled eicosanoid in reversed phase HPLC, whereas no isotope effect was seen with 14C- and 3H2-eicosanoids. Considerations must be given to this tritium isotope effect whenever both multi-tritium-labeled and unlabeled eicosanoids are used for HPLC cochromatography or recovery studies.
Electronic Theory of Phase Transitions in Ca, Sr, and Ba under Pressure

The transitions induced by temperature and pressure between the face-centered cubic (fcc) and the body-centered cubic (bcc) phases in the alkaline earth metals---Ca, Sr, and Ba---are analyzed by computing the differences in Gibbs free energy between the two phases in the framework of the nearly-free-electron and harmonic approximations. At the absolute zero of temperature and pressure, the observed fcc in Sr and bcc in Ba were found to have the lower internal energy; in Ca, however, identical analysis led to lower energy in bcc rather than the observed fcc. An fcc-bcc transition characterized by a change in the sign of the difference in free energies in Sr at 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K was found at a critical pressure ${P}_{c}\ensuremath{\sim}10$ kbar; at zero pressure, it was found at a critical temperature, ${T}_{c}\ensuremath{\sim}150\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$K. Both these results agree only qualitatively with the observed ${P}_{c}\ensuremath{\sim}36$ kbar and ${T}_{c}\ensuremath{\sim}830\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$K. Ca and Ba, already bcc at absolute zero, showed no phase transition.
High-impact animal health research conducted at the USDA's National Animal Disease Center

Commissioned by President Dwight Eisenhower in 1958 and opened with a dedication ceremony in December 1961, the USDA, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), National Animal Disease Center (NADC) celebrated its 50-year anniversary in November 2011. Over these 50 years, the NADC established itself among the world's premier animal health research centers. Its historic mission has been to conduct basic and applied research on selected endemic diseases of economic importance to the U.S. livestock and poultry industries. Research from NADC has impacted control or management efforts on nearly every major animal disease in the United States since 1961. For example, diagnostic tests and vaccines developed by NADC scientists to detect and prevent hog cholera were integral in the ultimate eradication of this costly swine disease from the U.S. Most major veterinary vaccines for critical diseases such as brucellosis and leptospirosis in cattle, porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome (PRRS), porcine parvovirus and influenza in swine had their research origins or were developed and tested at the NADC. Additional discoveries made by NADC scientists have also resulted in the development of a nutritional approach and feed additives to prevent milk fever in transition dairy cattle. More recently, NADC's archive of historic swine influenza viruses combined with an established critical mass of influenza research expertise enabled NADC researchers to lead an effective national research response to the pandemic associated with the novel 2009 H1N1 influenza virus. This review commemorates some of the key animal health contributions in NADC's first 50 years, recaps the newly completed modernization of the center into new facilities, and offers highlights of the ongoing research that will define NADC's mission going forward.
Callosal and non-callosal connexions between the sensory-motor cortices in cat and monkey

Abstract Single-shock stimulation of the primary sensory-motor cortex in cats and monkeys ( Macaca ) produced compound action potential discharges recorded from both bulbar pyramids. The ipsilateral is very well known; it has a much shorter latency than the contralateral discharge (CPD). The CPD does not depend on the anatomical integrity of the forebrain commissures. It is suppressed by destruction of the pes pedunculi on the same side as the stimulus, by cooling of the dorsal column nuclei, or by coagulation of the medial lemniscus or of the "motor" cortex on the side opposite the stimulus. The CPD is followed, in the intact preparation, by an early facilitatory and a late depression period, using the response to single ipsilateral stimuli to the motor cortex as the test response for excitability measurement.
Characterization Of Semiconductor Silicon By Transmission Electron Microscopy

In this review some basics of the transmission electron microscopy, the instrument, its operations and the types of scientific information obtainable from crystalline materials are first discussed and then some subjects pertaining to recent characterization of silicon are discussed. The subjects chosen are those that had outstanding impacts in technology and/or in science for which studies using the transmission electron microscope forms an indispensible part of the characterization efforts.© (1984) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Solving the optimal process target problem using computer-generated experimental designs

For any given manufacturing system, the initial setting of the process target is critical in preventing excessive product rejection and rework costs. Often referred to as the ‘process target problem’, the traditional approach relies first on the assumption of certain values for the process mean and variance, prior to identifying the optimal setting. This paper, in contrast, proposes integrating estimated response surface functions developed for the mean and variance based upon observations made on a given process, thus removing any assumption on the parameters. In addition, this paper considers non-standard experimental regions, where constraints may exist on the factor space or restrictions are implemented on the number of experimental runs conducted. In doing so, greater flexibility is obtained in finding solutions to process target problems and the scope of the research field is broadened. Non-linear programming methods are used to facilitate this approach, and numerical examples are provided to illust...
LY353381·HCl: An Improved Benzothiophene Analog with Bone Efficacy Complementary to Parathyroid Hormone-(1–34)

LY353381·HCl is a benzothiophene analog that is structurally related to raloxifene with potent selective estrogen receptor modulator activity in the ovariectomized rat model of postmenopausal osteoporosis. The effects of LY353381·HCl on bones, body weight, and uterine weight were evaluated in 7-month-old rats with osteopenia that was induced by ovariectomizing animals for 1 month before initiation of treatment with several agents individually, in combination, or in sequence. LY353381·HCl was administered daily by itself for 90 days, in combination with the amino-terminal fragment of PTH-(1–34) (PTH) for 90 days, or sequentially after PTH when PTH was discontinued after 45 days of treatment. Additionally, comparisons were made of animals treated with PTH alone, 17α-ethynyl estradiol alone, equine estrogens (Premarin) alone, raloxifene alone, or combinations of PTH and equine estrogens or raloxifene. Ovariectomy induced increases in the rate of bone turnover and body weight while decreasing bone mineral den...
Effects of Free-Stream Turbulence on the Instantaneous Heat Transfer in a Wall Jet Flow

This is a preliminary study in order to understand how free-stream turbulence increases heat transfer. Effects offree-stream turbulence on instantaneous heat transfer were investigated in a wall jet flow. Heat transfer traces obtained by a hot-film probe flush-mounted with the surface showed an intermittent structure with definite peaks at certain time intervals. The number of peaks per unit time increased with increasing turbulence intensity. A wall jet test rig was designed and built. The initial thickness and the velocity of the wall jet were 10 cm and 24.4 m/s, respectively. The hot-film probe, which was flush with the surfaces, was positioned at cm intervals on the surface in the flow direction. The profiles of mean velocity and axial component of the Reynolds stress were measured with a horizontal hot-wire probe. Space correlation coefficients for u' and q' were obtained in the vertical direction to the wall. This paper concentrates on the effects of turbulence level on instantaneous heat transfer at the wall. It is speculated that the intermittent structures of the heat transfer traces are related to burst phenomena and increase in heat transfer is due to increased ejections (bursts) at the wall with increasing turbulence levels.
Operations on fuzzy graphs

Abstract We define the operations of Cartesian product, composition, union, and join on fuzzy subgraphs of graphs G1 and G2. If the graph G is formed from G1 and G2 by one of these operations, we determine necessary and sufficient conditions for an arbitrary fuzzy subgraph of G also to be formed by the same operation from fuzzy subgraphs of G1 and G2.
Thorotrast inhibition of amylase synthesis by the isolated, perfused rat liver.

SummaryIsolated, perfused livers from normal rats synthesize amylase and release it into the per fusion medium. Isolated, perfused livers from rats with Thorotrast blockade of the RES do not synthesize amylase and release it into the perfusion medium.
The relationship between plasma and salivary NOx

Several studies have shown that fasting plasma nitrite (NO2(-)) is an indicator of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity while plasma nitrate (NO3(-)) or the sum of NO2(-) and NO3(-) (NOx) does not reflect NOS function. Plasma NO2(-) can also be elevated through dietary NO3(-) where the NO3(-) is partially reduced to NO2(-) by oral bacteria and enters the plasma through the digestive system. NO3(-) is taken up from plasma by salivary glands and the cycle repeats itself. Thus, one may propose that salivary NO2(-) is an indicator of plasma NO2(-) and consequently of NO production. Many brands of nitric oxide (NO) saliva test strips have been developed that suggest that their product is indicative of circulatory NO availability. However, data supporting a relationship between salivary and plasma NO2(-) or NO bioavailability are lacking. Here we have measured basal salivary and plasma NO2(-) and NO3(-) to determine if any correlation exists between these in 13 adult volunteers. We found no significant correlation between basal salivary and plasma NO2(-). Also no correlation exists between salivary NO3(-) and plasma NO2(-). However, we did see a correlation between salivary NO3(-) and plasma NO3(-), and between salivary NO2(-) and plasma NO3(-). In a separate study, we compared the efficiency of salivary NO3(-) reduction with the efficacy of increasing plasma NO3(-) and NO2(-) after drinking beet juice, a high NO3(-)-containing beverage, in 10 adult volunteers. No significant correlation was observed between the ex vivo salivary reduction of NO3(-) to NO2(-) and plasma increases in NO3(-) or NO2(-). These results suggest that measures of salivary NO3(-), NO2(-) or NOx are not good indicators of endothelial function. In addition, the efficiency of saliva to reduce NO3(-) to NO2(-)ex-vivo does not demonstrate one's ability to increase plasma NO2(-) following consumption of dietary NO3(-).
Composite adsorption isotherms corrected for solution-adsorbate molar volume differences

Abstract The components of a binary solution do not necessarily “see” the same volume of the pores of an adsorbent. If this difference in behavior is not taken into account, the calculated composite adsorption isotherms can be in error by several percent, even in normal cases. Three reasons pure liquid or solution species can have a molar volume in the bulk phase different from that in the adsorbate phase are discussed. The pore volume of silica gel, measured assuming that the gel does not swell, depends upon the liquid used to measure it; for one batch of gel, values are reported using water and 19 organic liquids. Equations are derived that show: (1) how composite isotherms can be calculated, taking into account this volume effect and using the pore volume data; and (2) the extent of the error if the pore volume difference is not noted. The method is applied to the composite isotherms of three representative pairs of liquids, and the effect of various assumptions on the calculation of these isotherms is shown. For spherical solute species, such as solvated ions, size comparisons can be made using the volume effect even if the solvent species is not spherical, providing ion reaction with the surface is prevented. The method used in earlier work to obtain the relative sizes of hydrated ions is shown to be in fair agreement with a thermodynamic analysis of the volume effect developed by Giddings et al. for use in other solution-gel systems.
Ideal Types and Negotiated Identities: A Comparative Approach to the City-State

Historians often leave the comparative analysis of the city-state in Europe to their colleagues in political science and sociology. But two recent volumes—Scott, The City-State in Europe, and Gamberini and Lazzarini (eds.), The Italian Renaissance State—address a number of traditional assumptions about the differences between Italian and transalpine cities and the differences between princely and republican regimes. Both volumes show how historians can make a valuable interdisciplinary contribution to comparative analysis by paying attention to diverse historical trajectories and contingencies—along the way revealing the resilience of urban forms of political life long thought to have declined with the rise of the territorial state.
Radiochemical purity and radiochemical identity determination of N-13 ammonia injection using thin layer chromatography

1158 Objectives The USP method for Radiochemical purity and identity determination requires the use of an HPLC system with a conductivity detector. The goal was to validate a rapid, robust method for determining RCP and identity using TLC. An ideal method would require less time to complete and fewer resources to maintain, which is desirable in a PET production facility that produces multiple radiopharmaceuticals per day. Methods A thin layer chromatographic system was developed using a Diethylaminoethyl cellulose (DEAE-C) stationary phase and a mobile phase composition of methanol: water 75:25. N-13 ammonia was produced on-site utilizing a validated in-target synthesis method and purification using a modified Nuclear Interface radiochemistry unit. For impurity testing, F-18 fluoride and N-13 nitrates and nitrites (NOx) were also produced on-site. Testing was performed by spotting TLC media with sample along with ammonium chloride USP standard. The sample consisted of either N-13 ammonia, or N-13 NOx and F-18 fluoride impurities. For RCP analysis, TLC media was analyzed with a Bioscan AR-2000 TLC scanner. For radiochemical identity, the product radioactive peak was compared with the ammonium chloride TLC reference standard, which was visualized using iodoplatinate spray reagent. N-13 ammonia samples were compared with a validated HPLC method. Results In TLC analysis, the N-13 ammonia Rf range was approximately 0.7 - 0.9, matching the ammonium chloride reference standard. N-13 NOx and F-18 fluoride were each retained at the origin (Rf=0.) In comparison between the TLC and HPLC methods, the RCP was 97.9% (range 97.3-98.2%) for TLC and >99% for HPLC (n=9) Conclusions The newly developed TLC method for determining the radiochemical purity and identity of N-13 ammonia injection is rapid and reproducible, and the results were comparable with a known, validated HPLC method. This novel TLC method utilizing DEAE-C stationary phase developed in methanol: water 75:25 is valid as a stand-alone test for radiochemical purity and identity determination.
ATTRACTING ANTAGONISTS: DOES FLORAL NECTAR INCREASE LEAF HERBIVORY?

Traits that are attractive to mutualists may also attract antagonists, resulting in conflicting selection pressures. Here we develop the idea that increased floral nectar production can, in some cases, increase herbivory. In these situations, selection for increased nectar production to attract pollinators may be constrained by a linked cost of herbivore attraction. In support of this hypothesis, we report that experimentally supplementing nectar rewards in Datura stramonium led to increased oviposition by Manduca sexta, a sphingid moth that pollinates flowers, but whose larvae feed on leaf tissue. We speculate that nectar composition may provide information about plant nutritional status or defense that floral visitors could use to make oviposition decisions. Thus, selection by floral visitors and leaf herbivores may be inextricably intertwined, and herbivores may represent a relatively unexplored agent of selection on nectar traits.
Role of Atypical Antipsychotics in the Treatment of Psychosis and Agitation Associated with Dementia

The drug treatment of elderly patients is challenging because of the various pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes associated with increasing age, and the frequent comorbid medical conditions found in and multiple concurrent medications used by this population. Behavioural symptoms, such as agitation and psychosis, commonly occur with dementia. Until recently, conventional antipsychotics were the mainstay of treatment, but their use in geriatric patients is limited because of serious adverse events. Compared with conventional antipsychotic agents, risperidone, olanzapine and quetiapine appear to be generally well tolerated in the elderly population (the use of clozapine is limited by its adverse effects). However, only 1 large controlled trial of one of these atypical antipsychotics (risperidone) in the treatment of behavioural symptoms of dementia has been published. While data indicate that risperidone may be the drug of choice, head-to-head, double-blind, controlled, comparative studies assessing the efficacy, tolerability and pharmacoeconomics of atypical antipsychotics in patients exhibiting behavioural symptoms associated with dementia are warranted to clarify the most appropriate choice of treatment.
Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy of the cornea

Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy of the cornea is a significant cause of corneal blindness in the United States. The disease is characterized by a slow, continuous loss of morphologically and physiologically altered endothelial cells, eventually leading to corneal edema. The endothelial cells synthesize a thickened Descemet's membrane with focal excrescences of altered basement membrane material (guttae). This review details the epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory data that have accumulated on Fuchs' dystrophy. Several hypotheses regarding the pathogenesis of Fuchs' dystrophy are discussed, including the possible influences of aberrant embryogenesis, hormones, and injury on the development of the disease. The current state of medical and surgical management is summarized, along with the future prospects for treatment.
Monocular ring scotoma

A case of ring scotoma in the left eye occurring in a patient with a large bifrontal tumor is described. The literature on ring scotoma is reviewed. No case of disease of the brain with monocular ring scotoma was found. The difficulties in differentiating between symptoms in the anterior optic pathway and occipital lobes are considered.
Building Inclusive Pedagogy: Recommendations From a National Study of Students of Color in Higher Education and Student Affairs Graduate Programs

In this study, we share the racialized experiences of 29 students of color in higher education and student affairs graduate programs, focusing specifically on their relationships with faculty, their experiences in classrooms, and the strategies they recommend for inclusion. Participants indicated that they are expected to serve as the racial expert in classrooms and that many faculty fail to effectively facilitate discussions related to race and racism and to intervene in instances of racial microaggressions. Participants convey effective strategies to build racially-inclusive classrooms which include authenticity, vulnerability, and validation.
Cholinergic Modulation of Excitatory Synaptic Transmission in the CA3 Area of the Hippocampus

Cholinergic innervation of the hippocampus has been implicated in memory formation and retrieval. Here we study cholinergic modulation of excitatory transmission in the CA3 area of the rat hippocampus. We used a combination of optical measurements of presynaptic calcium and electrophysiological measurements of synaptic currents to study associational–commissural (A/C) and mossy fiber (MF) synapses in brain slices. Direct synaptic modulation mediated by ACh receptors is only evident at the A/C synapse, where synaptic inhibition primarily reflects presynaptic calcium channel inhibition mediated by muscarinic receptors. MF synapses can, however, be indirectly modulated by muscarinic receptor activation. Muscarine elevates the firing rate of inhibitory cells, which increases GABA release and inhibits MF synapses by activating presynaptic GABAB receptors. Muscarine also depolarizes dentate granule cells and elevates their rate of firing. This leads to synaptic enhancement when combined with the use-dependent facilitation of MF synapses. In addition we were unable to evoke an increase in presynaptic calcium levels in MF boutons with local application of nicotinic receptor agonists. This finding does not support a leading hypothesis for MF modulation in which activation of presynaptic nicotinic receptors enhances transmission directly by elevating presynaptic calcium levels. However, indirect synaptic modulation could arise from nicotinic excitation of inhibitory neurons. Thus, to understand cholinergic modulation within the CA3 region, it is necessary to take into account secondary actions on synapses arising from other chemical messengers released by other cell types and to consider effects on firing patterns of presynaptic cells, which in turn influence release via use-dependent synaptic plasticity.
A wavelet transform approach to texture analysis

Traditional texture analysis algorithms focus too much on the local coupling between image pixels. Time/frequency analytical tools such as the Gabor and wavelet transforms can efficiently characterize the coupling of different scales in textures, and help to overcome this difficulty. However, the conventional wavelet transform, which has a finer resolution in the lower frequency channels, does not work properly for textured images, since textures are quasi-periodic signals whose dominant frequencies are located in the middle frequency regions. In the present research, a tree-structured wavelet transform is proposed. An adaptive procedure is developed to zoom into any frequency channels with significant information so that the decomposition can be further performed. The application of the new transform to texture classification is demonstrated. >
Immigrants and Problem-Solving Courts

Problem-solving courts are increasingly imposing requirements that adversely affect immigrant defendants seeking to participate in alternative sentencing and diversion programs. Upfront guilty pleas, admissions of guilt, and jail sanctions may leave immigrants at risk of deportation and other negative immigration consequences—even if they successfully complete court-ordered programming and the court ultimately dismisses the charges against them. These consequences in turn affect defendants' families and communities and complicate the work of key players in the criminal justice system. This article explains why immigrant defendants are at risk and how problem-solving courts may adopt programs and policies that address these concerns for immigrant communities.