cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differential Patterns of Referral to Neurosurgery: A Comparison of Allopathic Physicians, Osteopathic Physicians, Nurse Practitioners, Physician Assistants, and Chiropractors.

Background Rising cost and limited resources remain major challenges to U.S. health care and neurosurgery in particular. To ensure an efficient and cost-effective health care system, it is important that referrals to neurosurgery clinics are appropriate, and that referred patients have a reasonably high probability of requiring surgical intervention or, at a minimum, ongoing neurosurgical follow-up. This retrospective study tests the null hypothesis that the probability of a referred patient requiring surgery is independent of referring provider credentials and referring service specialty. Methods A database of all patients referred to the neurosurgery clinic from 2015 through 2018 (n = 5677) was reviewed; the database included referring provider, referring provider specialty, number of subsequent clinic visits, and outcome of surgery or no surgery. Associations between categorical variables were tested using a χ2 analysis with post hoc relative risk (RR) calculations and binary logistical regression. Results Compared with patients referred by allopathic physicians, patients referred by osteopathic physicians (RR, 0.63; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.48–0.84) and those referred by nurse practitioners (RR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.51–0.86) were significantly less likely to require surgery. Probability of surgical intervention also varied by referrer specialty. Patients referred by neurologists required surgery 35% of the time, whereas patients referred by family practitioners required surgery 19% of the time, and patients referred by pediatricians required surgery only 7% of the time (P Conclusions Our data strengthen the concept of having interdisciplinary teams led by physicians at the primary care level to ensure appropriate referrals. Training and adherence to guidelines must continually be reinforced to ensure proper referrals.
The Ottoman Empire/Turkey: Defeat and the Birth of a Nation

This chapter shows how the Ottoman Empire/Turkey turned defeat into an opportunity for political reforms and regeneration. That a moderate, republican, state-based nationalism and pacific, status quo foreign policy, and a domestic political landscape devoid of violent and revisionist movements followed defeat after WWI was neither predictable nor easy. The defining feature of the Turkish reaction to defeat was acceptance of the new realities of power, of the impossibility of retrieving an irretrievable past. The Turks simply resigned themselves to the consequences of defeat. Instead of utilizing defeat as an instrument to mobilize the masses for the healing of wounded pride, Turkish leaders perceived it as an opportunity for national regeneration and internal reconstruction. No conspiracy theories were advanced. No stories of backstabbing or betrayal were told. None thought that defeat was caused by misfortune, malice of neighboring states, or the ill-will of the victorious powers. No radical mass movements emerged. Rebellions were few and inconsequential. Reaction to defeat and loss was almost exclusively inward-oriented.
The stress field near the tip of a plane stress crack in a gel consisting of chemical and physical cross-links

We study the time-dependent asymptotic stress fields near the tip of a mode I plane stress crack in a hydrogel. The analysis is based on a three-dimensional continuum model which describes the viscoelastic behaviour of a hydrogel gel with permanent and transient cross-links. The viscoelasticity results from the breaking and healing of the transient cross-links in the gel network. We show that the crack tip fields satisfy a local correspondence principlethat is, the spatial singularities of these fields are identical to a hyperelastic cracked body with the same but undamaged networks. Asymptotic results compare very well with finite-element simulations on a single-edge crack specimen loaded under constant stretch rate. We also compare the theoretical results (crack opening profile and crack tip strain field) with experiments and find excellent agreement.
Architecture challenges in the Android 3D graphics stack

The increasing traction of high-fidelity games on mobile devices is highlighting the challenges game developers have to face in order to optimize their content within the Android ecosystem. In this talk, we'll explain our understanding of these challenges through the lens of how Android's graphics stack works today. If you've ever wondered: • Are Android graphics drivers as buggy as I've heard? • Why is there so much difference from device to device? • Why aren't there great profilers like on console? • Why can't I just measure draw call timings like on desktop? • Why aren't graphics drivers updatable? ... then this talk is for you! We'll cover the way the hardware ecosystem for Android works, including the quirks of SOC vs. OEM vs. IP makers and how that translates to unique challenges. Then we will cover how software flows through this ecosystem and out through carriers, and the challenges that brings. We will talk about how the unique architecture features on mobile translate to new types of tooling challenges. Finally, we will talk about parallels between these combined challenges and other more traditional driver models from Windows or Mac, and discuss some of the implications thereof.
Perceptions and experiences of perioperative nurses and nurse anaesthetists in robotic-assisted surgery.

Aims and objectives To explore the perceptions and experiences of perioperative nurses and Certified Registered Nurse Anaesthetists (CRNAs) in robotic-assisted laparoscopic surgery (RALS). The objective was to identify the factors that affect nursing care of patients who undergo robotic-assisted laparoscopic surgery (RALS). Background The rapid introduction of technological innovations into the healthcare system has created new challenges for perioperative nurses. RALS affects the physical and interpersonal context of the surgical team's work and subsequent patient outcomes. Despite significant changes to the workflow for perioperative nurses and CRNAs, there is little research focusing on the nurses' experience and their challenges with RALS. Design A qualitative descriptive study. Method Semi-structured interview questions guided data collection. A total of seventeen participants including six preoperative and postoperative nurses, seven intraoperative nurses, and four CRNAs in the United States were interviewed. The interviews were conducted between 26 April-24 June 2018. Data were analysed using thematic analysis, and the COREQ checklist was used to report data collection, analysis and the results. Results Three major themes and two categories within each theme were identified: (a) surgical innovation: nurse perception and workflow; (b) interprofessional practice: teamwork and standards; and (c) outcome: patient outcomes and system outcomes. Conclusions The findings indicate that RALS has the potential to improve patient outcomes when performed in a timely fashion by skilled surgeons, and efficient, well-trained surgical teams. For patients to experience full benefits of RALS, patient characteristics, the underlying reason for surgery, and cost must be considered. Relevance to clinical practice The results of this study highlight the necessity of promoting factors that improve the surgical team training and practice for RALS and will ultimately impact patient outcomes.
HPV Vaccine Delivery Practices by Primary Care Physicians

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: To examine, among pediatricians and family physicians (FPs) (1) human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine delivery practices, (2) delivery experiences, and (3) attitudes regarding new 2-dose HPV vaccination schedules. METHODS: We surveyed nationally representative networks of pediatricians and FPs by Internet or mail from July 2018 to September 2018. Multivariable regression was used to assess factors associated with refusal or deferral rates of ≥50% among 11- to 12-year-old patients. RESULTS: The response rate was 65% (302 pediatricians and 228 FPs included). Pediatricians who strongly recommended the HPV vaccine ranged from 99% for patients ≥15 years old (female) to 83% for those 11 to 12 years old (male); FPs ranged from 90% for patients ≥15 years old (female) to 66% for those 11 to 12 years old (male) (P CONCLUSIONS: Although most physicians strongly recommend the HPV vaccine to 11- to 12-year-old patients, our data reveal areas for improvement in recommendation and delivery methods. Most physicians perceive that the 2-dose schedule is resulting in higher HPV completion rates.
Trauma Group Therapy with African American Children and Adolescents: A 30-plus Year Content Analysis

Group therapy plays a prominent role in trauma healing through resiliency for African American children and adolescents. Understanding how groups can facilitate change for this population is crucia...
Reoperation on aortic disease in patients with previous aortic valve surgery

Objective Retrospectively analyze 47 cases received reoperation with aortic disease after aortic valve replacement to deepen the understanding of aortic valve disease.Methods From January 2003 to June 2012,47 patients with previous aortic valve replacement received aortic root or other aortic operation because of new aortic disease.38 male and 9 female,the interval (6.0 ± 3.8) years. All cases with new aortic disease were diagnosed by cardiac ultrasound and aortic computed tomography.Bentall's procedure were operated on 14 patients,total aortic arch replacement with elephant trunk procedure on 14 patients,aortic root and aortic arch with elephant trunk procedure on 7 patients,ascending aortic replacement on 10patients,total thoracic and abdominal aorta replacement on 2 cases.All patients were followed by clinic interview or telephone.Results Aortic dissection and aneurysmal dilatation were occurred on ascending aorta,each account for 50％,in patients with previous aortic valve replacement because of rheumatic valve disease and bicuspid aortic valve; 3 cases with Marfan syndrome occurred ascending aortic dilatation and 4 cases occurred aortic dissection.Diameter in ascending aorta increased (5.2 + 7.1)mm per year and aortic sinus (3.3 ± 3.1)mm per year.The value of ascending aortic dilatation per year in patients with rheumatic disease was higher than patients with Marfan syndrome(P ＜ 0.05).47 patients were re-operated in fuwai hospital,1 patients died in operating room because aortic dissection seriously involved right coronary artery.7 patients have renal insufficiency after operation and all were cured by hemofiltration; neurological complication occurred in 14 patients including that 7 patients stroked and 7 patients had transient brain dysfunciotn.There were no postoperative spinal cord deficits occurred.All patients were followed up,the mean follow up time were(53.49 +33.79) months.8 cases were died during follow-up and threeyear survival rate was 83％.There were no cases received operation due to aortic disease during follow-up.Conclusion Deepening the understanding of aortic valve disease combine ascending aorta changes,especially pay attention to patients with previous aortic valve replacement because of Marfan syndrome and rheumatic disease during follow-up after first operation,all efforts should decrease the occurrence of aortic adverse events in long term. Key words: Aortic valve; Heart valve prosthesis implantation; Aortic diseases; Reoperation
Temporal refuges differ between anthropogenic and natural top down pressures in a subordinate carnivore

Apex predators structure communities through consumptive and non-consumptive pathways. In the carnivore guild, this can result in a within-guild cascade through the suppression of mesocarnivores. As the top-down influences of apex predators wane due to human-driven declines, landscape level anthropogenic pressures are rising. Human impacts can be analogous to apex predators in that humans can drive increased mortality in both prey species and carnivores, and impact communities through indirect fear effects and food subsidies. Here, we evaluate whether anthropogenic top-down pressures can structure communities in a similar manner as apex predators in shaping the interactions of mesocarnivores. Specifically, we expect anthropogenic forces to induce comparable effects as occurrence of apex predators in driving spatiotemporal partitioning between two mesocarnivores. Using multiple camera-trap surveys, we compared the temporal response of a small carnivore, the raccoon (Procyon lotor), to the larger coyote (Canis latrans) at four sites across Michigan that represented opposing gradients of pressure from humans and apex predators. Contrary to our expectations, we found that raccoons shifted their activity pattern in response to coyotes at sites with higher anthropogenic pressures and exhibited no temporal response at sites with apex predators. Temporal shifts were characterized by raccoons being more diurnal in areas of high coyote activity. We conclude that despite superficial similarities, anthropogenic forces do not replace the function of native apex predators in structuring the mesocarnivore guild. As such, an intact and functioning native predator guild remains necessary to preserve spatiotemporal community structure, in natural and disturbed systems alike.
Shared Steering Control of Tire Blowout for Ground Vehicles.

As a significant threat to vehicle stability and road safety, tire blowout, which is still inevitable nowadays as an emergent situation, needs to be properly controlled for vehicle stabilization. This paper proposes a novel shared control strategy to stabilize vehicles with active safety systems (e.g. SAE driving automation Level 2 and 3) after a tire blowout event, which enables a human driver to cooperate with a normal automatic controller for path following under a dynamic control authority allocation strategy. Driver-related and safety-related factors in the event of tire blowout are explicitly considered in a dynamic control authority allocation function. Matlab/Simulink and CarSim ® co-simulation results validate that the proposed shared control is promising in enhancing vehicle directional stability and driving safety after tire blowout even with a bad (panicked) driver input.
Transacting Business and Transforming Communities: The Mission Statements of Community Foundations Around the Globe:

Analyzing mission statements from 1,420 community foundations, this research aims to determine whether community foundations portray themselves as primarily transactional or transformational in the...
Rapidly converging chaos indicator for studying dynamic aperture in a storage ring with space charge

The determination of dynamic aperture in storage rings and colliders is a numerically intensive procedure. When realistic space-charge forces come into consideration, the numerical load becomes even heavier. Furthermore, dynamic aperture estimation using chaos indicators like frequency map analysis (FMA) raises reliability issues when the dynamical system has a time-dependent perturbation like the space-charge force. In this article, we apply a rapidly converging chaos indicator called reversibility error method (REM) to study the space-charge contribution to the dynamic aperture of the integrable optics test accelerator (IOTA) storage ring at a small value of the space charge tune shift. The strength of REM is addressed through examples, including a particle-core model of halo formation. We also develop a toy model of the IOTA lattice to further reduce the computing time required to estimate the dynamic aperture, and we compare this model with a realistic space-charge simulation for verification.
Age-Related Decline in Children's Reward Sensitivity: Blacks' Diminished Returns.

Background: It is important to study the correlates of reward sensitivity since it predicts high-risk behaviors. While ageing reduces children’s reward sensitivity and its associated risk taking, there is more to find out about racial differences in regard to the effect of age on reward sensitivity. Minorities’ Diminished Returns (MDRs) suggest that resources and assets show weaker effects on Black children than White children. Aim: We compared White children to Black children as for the effects of age on reward sensitivity. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 10533 American children who participated in the baseline of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. The independent variable was age, while the dependent variable was reward sensitivity as captured by the behavioral approach/behavioral avoidance system (BAS-BIS). Gender, parental education, marital status, parental education, and household income were the covariates. Results: Higher age was associated with less reward sensitivity. A significant interaction was found between race and age when it comes to children’s reward sensitivity. It suggested that age is associated with a smaller gain in terms of reduced reward sensitivity in Black children than White children. Conclusion: Age is more likely to reduce reward sensitivity in White children than Black children. This finding is in line with MDRs, and may be due to social racism, segregation, stratification, and discrimination.
Discharge Communication: A Multi-Institutional Survey of Internal Medicine Residents' Education and Practices.

Purpose To characterize residents' practices around hospital discharge communication and their exposure to transitions-of-care instruction in graduate medical education (GME). Method In spring 2019, internal medicine residents at 7 academic medical centers completed a cross-sectional survey reporting the types of transitions-of-care instruction they experienced during their GME training and the frequency with which they performed 6 key discharge communication practices. The authors calculated a mean discharge communication score for each resident and, using multiple logistic regression, they analyzed the relationship between exposure to types of educational experiences and the discharge communication practices that residents reported to perform frequently (> 60% of time). The authors also used content analysis to explore factors that motivated residents to change their discharge practices. Results The response rate was 63.5% (613/966). Resident discharge communication practices varied. Notably, only 17.0% (n = 104) reported routinely asking patients to "teach-back" or explain their understanding of the discharge plans. The odds of frequently performing key discharge communication practices were greater if residents received instruction based on observation of and feedback regarding their communication with patients at discharge (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.73; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07-2.81), or if they received explicit on-rounds teaching (adjusted OR 1.46; 95% CI, 1.04-2.230). In open-ended comments, residents reported that experiencing adverse patient events at some point in the post-discharge continuum was a major impetus for practice change. Conclusions This study exposes gaps in hospital discharge communication with patients, highlights the benefits of workplace-based instruction on discharge communication skills, and reveals the influence of adverse events as a source of hidden curricula. The results suggest that developing faculty to incorporate transitions-of-care instruction in their rounds teaching and integrating experiences across the post-discharge continuum into residents' education may foster physicians-in-training who are champions of effective transitions of care within the fragmented healthcare system.
The utility of body composition assessment in nutrition and clinical practice: an overview of current methodology

Body composition is a key component for maintaining good general health and longevity. It can be influenced by a variety of factors, including genetics, environment, and lifestyle choices. The assessment of body composition is an essential tool for nutrition specialists to effectively evaluate nutritional status and monitor progression during dietary interventions. As humans age, there is a natural increase in fat mass coupled with a gradual decline in lean mass, specifically in bone and muscle mass. Individuals with a high body fat percentage are at a greater risk of cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, several types of cancer, and early mortality. Significant decreases in bone mineral density signify osteopenia and osteoporosis, while reductions in skeletal muscle mass increase the risk of developing sarcopenia. Moreover, undernutrition exacerbates the effects of many medical conditions and is important to address. Though weight tracking and calculation of BMI are used commonly by clinicians and dietitians, these measures do not provide insight on the relative contributions of fat mass and fat-free mass or the changes in these compartments that may reflect disease risk. Therefore, it is important that healthcare professionals have a critical understanding of body composition assessment and the strengths and limitations of the methods available.
Studying the effect of nHAP on the mechanical and surface properties of PBS matrix

In this paper, we present a simple route to synthesize PBS/nHAP polymer nanocomposites and share our findings on the influence of nHAP (filler) on the PBS (matrix). The filler weight content was varied from 0.0 g to 0.10 g. These effects that were investigated were the structural, morphological, mechanical, wettability, and roughness parameters. The X-ray Diffraction (XRD) spectra revealed that PBS and nHAP produced their separate phases. The Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) results display pores in the Neat PBS while pores are filled in the PBS/nHAP polymer nanocomposites. Further increase in the filler content revealed that agglomeration began to occur, and it permeated out of the pores and onto the surface imparting brittleness to the composite. The mechanical results confirm the increase in tensile strength up to a certain point of nHAP-5. The wettability studies prove that by increasing the filler weight content, the hydrophobic nature converts to a moderate hydrophilic nature. The roughness studies revealed the roughness values of the PBS/nHAP composites to be higher than that of Neat PBS.
Experiences of Applying Field-Based High-Throughput Phenotyping for Wheat Breeding

High-throughput phenotyping (HTP) is poised to fundamentally transform plant breeding through increased accuracy, spatial, and temporal resolution in measuring breeding trials. In this chapter, we examine different types of phenotyping platforms, data management, and data utilization for decision making using HTP in plant breeding, with case studies from wheat breeding programs. Development of HTP platforms, both ground-based and aerial vehicles requires evaluating the traits to be measured as well as the resources available. Data management is a critical part of the overall research process, and an example data management program is provided. Finally, examples of HTP use within crop breeding and plant science are presented. This chapter provides an overview of the entire HTP process from system conception to decision making within research programs based on HTP data.
Exploring Roller Derby Skaters’ Progression Into the Sport

Recent years have seen a revival of interest in roller derby as a unique and player-managed sport that women are drawn to for the opportunity to be part of a team and engage in physical activity. As a non-mainstream sport, however, roller derby lacks a mature player development system and clear progression path for skaters, which poses a challenge for recruitment and retention of players. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore skaters’ roller derby experiences, specifically focusing on their progression into the activity and through varying levels of engagement. Qualitative data were collected via photo elicitation interviews with ten current or former roller derby skaters in the Midwestern United States. All data were analyzed thematically. Four themes were identified to highlight skaters’ progression into and through the sport: their introduction to the sport (getting started), their initial process of skill development and familiarity with the sport (getting up on skates), their increasing commitment to the sport (picking up speed), and transitioning away from skating either temporarily or permanently (slowing down). The findings have implications for understanding conceptual models of specialization or commitment to a leisure activity including the Psychological Continuum Model.
Insulin As a Lethal Weapon

This report describes the method employed to demonstrate that a fatal hypoglycemic episode was due to marked beef hyperinsulinemia. From the rate of disappearance of the circulating insulin, the most likely type of insulin preparation employed was determined along with the estimated time and probable route of occult insulin administration.
Standard Error of the Coefficient

In a linear regression this is the estimated standard error which is used to test hypotheses regarding the estimated coefficients. Keywords: linear regression; standard error of the estimate; t-statistic
The T lymphocyte response to cytochrome c--II. Molecular characterization of a pigeon cytochrome c determinant recognized by proliferating T lymphocytes of the B10.A mouse.

The molecular specificity of the 1 lymphocyte proliferative response to pigeon cytochrome c was investigated by testing the response to numerous other species' cytochromes c and their cyanogen bromide cleavage fragments by T Ivmnhocytes of B10. A mice immunized to the pigeon protein. Amino acid residues having a major effect on the response were those located at positions 100, 103 and 104. The immunodominant antigenic residues had been previously localized to the carboxyl-terminal region of the pigeon protein, and this localization was confirmed in the current study by the responses seen to the C-terminal peptide fragments of the hippopotamus and tobacco hornworm moth cytochromes c. Characterization of an unexpected cross-stimulation with tuna cytochrome c led to the finding that a serine could completely substitute for the glutamine at position 100, and the discovery of a second cytochrome c, that from the screw worm fly, that could elicit a heteroclitic T cell response. From our comparative studies with different cytochromes c, it appeared that both an uncharged residue at position 100, and a lysine at the C-terminal position 103 or 104, were required for full stimulation. However, other residues undoubtedly play a role in the structure of the determinant, such as the spatially-close isoleucine at position 3, which was found to be responsible for the stimulatory activity of certain peptide fragments. This point was highlighted by our failure to synthesize a small peptide that could stimulate a T cell proliferative response. No activity was seen with either surface-simulated peptides or C-terminal peptides extending up to eight amino acids in length and containing the residues identified as immunodominant in the determinant. This apparent requirement for a large peptide in order to achieve antigenicity suggests either that formation of the determinant requires some degree of secondary or tertiary structure in the peptide or that a second important region exists in the molecule, located between residues 81 and 96, which perhaps constitutes a site to which the macrophage binds.
[The Economic Roots of Political Underdevelopment in the Middle East: A Historical Perspective] Ortadoğu’daki Politik Az Gelişmişliğin Ekonomik Kökenleri: Tarihsel Bir Bakış Açısı

Ozet. Cagdas donem oncesi Ortadogu ekonomisinin Islam hukukuna dayanan kilit kurumlari, demokratik kurumlarin gelisimini engelledi. Bu konusma, kritik rol oynayan uc mekanizmayi tanimlamaktadir. Kur’an’da belirtilen vergi sistemi yonetim uzerinde kalici ve guvenilir kisitlamalar gelistirmeyi basaramadi. Cesitli kesimlere sosyal hizmetler saglamak icin kurulan Islami vakiflarin politik gucu yoktu. Kâr getiren ozel isletmeler kucuk olcekli ve kisa omurluyduler; bu ozellikler devletle pazarlik edebilecek istikrarli koalisyonlar kurmalarini onledi. Son iki mekanizma, demokratik yonetim icin gerekli olan gucler ayriligini saglayacak sivil toplumun gelisimini geciktirdi. Anahtar Kelimeler. Ortadogu, zekât, vakif, ortaklik, Islam hukuku, gucler ayriligi, demokrasi. JEL Siniflandirma. 053, N95, H11, P48.
Anisotropically splayed and columnar defects in untwinned YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 − δ

Pinning by splayed and columnar defects created by 3.9 GeV {sup 197}Au{sup 29+} ions is investigated using transport measurements of vortex motion perpendicular and parallel to the splay plane in untwinned crystals of YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7{minus}{delta}}. These results are compared with a sample with parallel columnar defects parallel to the {ital c} axis. We report on the temperature, field, and angular dependence of the vortex liquid and solid state. We find that, at twice the matching field, the irreversibility lines for pre- and post-irradiated splayed-defect samples cross. We determine the vortex liquid pinning energy for splayed and columnar defects and show that the barrier to vortex motion perpendicular to the splay plane is greater than that to motion parallel to the splay plane. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
Nonanatomic Location of the Posterior Horn of a Medial Meniscal Autograft Implanted in a Cadaveric Knee Adversely Affects the Pressure Distribution on the Tibial Plateau

Nonanatomic placement of the posterior horn may occur during arthroscopic implantation of a meniscal transplant. The objective of this study was to determine whether nonantomic placement adversely affects the contact pressure distribution on the medial tibial plateau. Medial meniscal autografts were placed in eight cadaveric knees with the posterior horn tunnel in nonanatomic locations (5 mm medial and 5 mm posterior) and in the anatomic location. The contact pressure distribution of the medial articular surface of the tibia was measured with pressure-sensitive film under a 1200-N compressive load at 0 degrees, 15 degrees, 30 degrees, and 45 degrees of flexion. The maximum pressure, mean pressure, contact area, and anterior/posterior and medial/lateral locations of the centroid of contact area were compared. Placement of the posterior horn tunnel in the nonanatomic medial location caused a significant increase in the normalized maximum pressure over all flexion angles, an increase in the normalized mean pressure at 45 degrees, and a posterior shift in the centroid of contact area over all flexion angles. Placement in the nonanatomic posterior location caused a significant posterior shift in the centroid of contact area over all flexion angles. Surgeons should place the posterior horn tunnel of a medial meniscal transplant within a tolerance tighter than 5 mm medial and 5 mm posterior to the anatomic location because nonanatomic placement significantly alters the contact pressure distribution.
The effects of question clarification and memory aids on young children's performance on appearance-reality tasks

In two studies 3-year-olds were given tasks in which they saw an object placed under a color filter and were asked to identify its real, no-filter color and its apparent, seen-through-the-filter one. Making the request for the real color more concrete, simple, and clear did not reduce the children's strong tendency to indicate the apparent color when asked for the real one. Providing visual reminders of the object's real color did reduce this tendency, although only in one study and for one set of tasks. These results support the conclusion from previous studies that young children have genuine, deep-seated, and hard to remedy conceptual difficulties with the appearance-reality distinction.
LONG-TERM ORGAN CULTURE OF MOUSE MAMMARY GLAND

A method for maintaining mouse mammary gland in organ culture for periods of at least 30 days is described. Strips of the number four mammary glands were cultured in individual tubes while fully submerged in Medium 199 supplemented with insulin, aldosterone, ovine prolactin and bovine growth hormone. Exchange processes were aided by slowly rotating the tubes during culture. Mammary tissue from midpregnant BALB/c and virgin GR/A mice was induced to undergo lobulo-alveolar development, secrete and remain differentiated and metabolically active for the period of culture. Cells of both the ductal and alveolar epithelium continued to synthesize DNA and divide. The submerged roller-tube culture allows the use of larger pieces of tissue than can be accommodated in static culture, and the technique may prove applicable to the culture of a variety of tissues.
A possible dose-dependent inactivation of mutator (Mu) in maize

The maize mutator system (Mu) has previously been shown to increase the mutation frequency about 50-fold in plants that have been propagated by outcrossing. In this report, a series of Mu stocks has been produced in which there is a putative 2, 4, 8, 16-fold increases in Mu. As the putative doses of Mu increase the mutation frequency first shows a dramatic increase, then levels off. In plants with a putative 8-fold increase in Mu, the mutation frequency drops dramatically. An even more precipitous drop is observed at the putative 16-fold level, which has a mutation frequency close to that of non-Mu stocks. Hypotheses explaining these observations are considered, and tests of these hypotheses are proposed.
Heuristic algorithm for the traveling-salesman problem

The classical traveling-salesman problem is to determine a tour that will minimize the total distance or cost involved in visiting several cities and returningt o the starting point. This paper describes new heuristic algorithm that has been programmed for a digital computer and that obtains optimal or near-optimal solutions to the problem. The author's general approach was derived from an existing algorithm developed by Karg and Thompson in 1964. Computational results for five multi-city tours are presented and the algorithm is shown to be competitive with other existing heuristic techniques.
Microfluidic device for triggered chip transience

This paper presents the fabrication and testing of a microfluidic device for the triggered destruction (transience) of microchips. The device consists of a thin film array of sealed reservoirs patterned on a polymer film. Each reservoir encloses a corrosive chemical agent which upon release dissolves the surface of a microchip placed beneath. When transience is activated, an integrated micro-heater melts the bottom of the reservoirs thus releasing the chemical agent, which in a matter of minutes destroys key layers on the underlying electronic/sensor chip. Each reservoir consists of a 16 μm-tall cavity holding 1 μL/cm2 of 1000:1 BHF. The measured energy required to burst open a filled reservoir was ~35mJ/cm2 when the device rests on top of a glass substrate and ~100mJ/cm2 when the device rests on top of a 0.5 μm-layer of silicon dioxide on a 0.5 mm silicon wafer.
Mallarmé's Livre: The Graphomatics of the Text

(1980). Mallarme's Livre: The Graphomatics of the Text. Symposium: A Quarterly Journal in Modern Literatures: Vol. 34, No. 3, pp. 249-259.
Sulphur-rich volcanic eruptions and stratospheric aerosols

Data from direct measurements of stratospheric optical depth, Greenland ice-core acidity, and volcanological studies are compared, and it is shown that relatively small but sulfur-rich volcanic eruptions can have atmospheric effects equal to or even greater than much larger sulfur-poor eruptions. These small eruptions are probably the most frequent cause of increased stratospheric aerosols. The possible sources of the excess sulfur released in these eruptions are discussed.
The Disintegration of Beryllium and the Masses of the Beryllium Isotopes

The following disintegrations have been studied up to bombarding energies of 250 Kv. ${{\mathrm{Be}}^{9}+{\mathrm{H}}^{1}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\left({{\mathrm{Be}}^{8}+{\mathrm{H}}^{2}}{{\mathrm{Li}}^{6}+{\mathrm{He}}^{4}}\right),}{{\mathrm{Be}}^{9}+{\mathrm{H}}^{2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\mathrm{Li}}^{7}+{\mathrm{He}}^{4}+{Q}_{2},}{{\mathrm{Be}}^{9}+{\mathrm{H}}^{2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\mathrm{Be}}^{8}+{\mathrm{H}}^{3}+{Q}_{3},}{{\mathrm{Be}}^{9}+{\mathrm{H}}^{2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\mathrm{Be}}^{10}+{\mathrm{H}}^{1}+{Q}_{4}.}$ Efficiency curves for the four reactions are smooth and regular. Absolute yields from a thick target are given. Range measurements of the disintegration products determine the values of ${Q}_{2}$, ${Q}_{3}$, ${Q}_{4}$ as 6.95, 4.32, and 4.44 Mev respectively and the masses of ${\mathrm{Be}}^{8}$, ${\mathrm{Be}}^{9}$, ${\mathrm{Be}}^{10}$ as 8.0081, 9.0150 and 10.0168.
Material transfer in polymer-polymer sliding

Abstract The transfer of material in sliding between polyethylene films and polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene and polymethyl methacrylate discs and between Mylar films and polyethylene and polyvinyl chloride discs was investigated. Infrared spectroscopy and differential thermal analysis were used to detect the direction of material transfer. The transfer process was studied as a function of sliding time, speed and load. It was found that the transfer occurs under all conditions of rubbing and invariably occurs from a material of low cohesive energy density to one of higher cohesive energy density. The thickness of the layer of material transferred has been estimated as a function of the above sliding variables by quantitative infrared spectroscopy. It is found that the layer thickness increases with sliding speed and time but decreases with load. The effect of this material transfer on the coefficient of friction has also been studied for one combination.
Retrospective cohort study of portacaval lymphadenopathy identified on multidetector CT and implications for follow-up

Portacaval lymphadenopathy (PCLA) is common in cirrhosis and chronic viral hepatitis and is frequently an incidental finding on abdominal CT scans. We aimed to detect the incidence of malignancy in organs drained by portacaval nodes in patients with PCLA associated with cirrhosis or chronic viral hepatitis, or incidentally detected PCLA. We searched CT reports from 2005 to 2007 for the phrases “periportal node” and “portacaval node.” MDCTs of patients with portacaval nodes ≥10 mm in maximal short-axis size on contrast-enhanced MDCTs, were included. Records were reviewed for presence of malignancy, liver metastases, chronic viral hepatitis, and cirrhosis. Clinical or imaging follow-up ≥6 months was performed to detect if malignancy developed in organs drained by portacaval nodes in patients with incidental PCLA, cirrhosis, or chronic viral hepatitis. 479 patients met inclusion criteria [298 males (62%), mean age 61.4 years]. In 285 (59.5%) patients, PCLA was explained by local pathology or systemic lymphadenopathy. PCLA was incidental in 146 (30.5%) patients. Of these, 112 (76.7%) had ≥6 months of follow-up (median 26 months). No patient with incidental PCLA developed malignancy in organs drained by these nodes. Cirrhosis or chronic viral hepatitis was present in 48 (10.0%) patients. Of these, 42 (87.5%) had ≥6 months follow-up (median 28 months), and only 1 patient developed cholangiocarcinoma (positive predictive value 2.4%). Development of malignancy is rare in patients with PCLA, either incidental or secondary to cirrhosis or chronic viral hepatitis. Our study suggests that no follow-up of PCLA is required in these settings.
A glutamatergic mechanism for aluminum toxicity in astrocytes

The effect of aluminum on the metabolism of glutamate and glutamine in astrocytes was studied to provide information about a possible biochemical mechanism for aluminum neurotoxicity and its potential contribution to neurodegenerative disease. Exposure of cultured rat brain astrocytes for 3–4 d to 5–7.5 mM aluminum lactate increased glutamine synthetase activity by 100–300% and diminished glutaminase activity by 50–85%. Increased glutamine synthetase enzyme activity was accompanied by an elevated level of glutamine synthetase mRNA. Alterations in glutaminase and glutamine synthetase following aluminum exposure caused increased intracellular glutamine levels, decreased intracellular glutamate levels, and increased conversion of glutamate to glutamine and the release of the latter into the extracellular space. The results of these changes may alter the availability of neurotransmitter glutamate in vivo and may be a mechanism for the aluminum neurotoxicity observed in individuals exposed to the metal during dialysis procedures and other situations.
Mission to the sun: The solar pioneer

Abstract The Solar Pioneer is a mission concept developed by the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (JHU/APL) to do exploratory science in the inner heliosphere and outer solar corona. The concept is derived from the Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous (NEAR) spacecraft now being built by JHU/APL for NASA. The purpose of the Solar Pioneer is to deliver a payload of scientific instruments to approximately 4 solar radii ( R s - 3 radii above the visible solar surface or photosphere). The Solar Probe concept has evolved since its original introduction to the scientific community in 1978 1 while the key science questions to be answered have changed little. The primary purpose, to conduct an exploratory in situ basic science investigation, has been focused to emphasize in situ particles and fields measurements of the outer solar corona and inner solar wind region. Key science goals of the probe mission include the determination of: (1) how the solar wind is heated and accelerated, (2) where different types of solar wind come from, (3) how solar energetic particles (SEP) are accelerated, and (4) the nature of the unique plasma turbulence near the sun. The basic characteristics of the JHU/APL baseline concept provide for delivery of 42 to 60 kg of scientific payload to 4 R s while maintaining a high data rate of 30 kilobits per second (kbps) at 1 astronomical unit (AU) (X-band downlink to 70 meter antenna of the Deep Space Network). The baseline design draws upon the NEAR spacecraft and subsystem design to the maximum extent possible. The baselined launch vehicle is an Atlas IIA with a Star48 insertion stage system. Life-cycle cost control is obtained by: (1) focusing on prime science objectives, (2) applying advanced technology where it makes sense, and (3) capitalizing on developed subsystems derived from the NEAR spacecraft The Solar Pioneer is designed to solve questions of basic physics about the solar environment, enabling the solution to applied questions of the effects of the sun and solar cycle on the Earth and human society. By implementing a focused strategy from science goals through all stages of program management, such a mission can be carried out for less than one quarter of previous Solar Probe mission cost estimates 2,3
Focused attention in three-dimensional space.

The size offocused attention was assessed within a three-dimensional display. Subjects viewed random-dot stereogram displays in which they responded differentially to vertical and horizontal bars. Adjacent noise elements either were identical to the response target or specified the opposite response. The position of the noise elements was varied in depth according to binocular disparity. Interference by incompatible noise elements decreased with depth separation between the noise elements and response target. In addition, interference was greater for noise elements that were more distant from the observer than from the response target than it was for noise elements that were closer to the observer than to the response target. The implications of these results for a viewer-centered representation of focused attention in depth are discussed.
An optical model for the scattering of nucleons from 4He at energies below 20 MeV

Abstract A real optical model potential of Woods-Saxon form is obtained which closely reproduces the observed scattering of neutrons and protons from 4 He at bombarding energies below 20 MeV. Two parameters are allowed to depend linearly on the energy. The spin-orbit coupling term peaks inside the central potential. There are indications of small differences between the potential strengths required for neutrons and protons. The phase shifts obtained from this model are presented in tabular form. Possibilities for further studies are discussed.
201 ALTERATIONS IN CARDIAC SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM FUNCTION IN A CONGESTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY MODEL

In a naturally occurring model of congestive cardiomyopathy (CCM) of turkeys, alterations of Ca++ transport in isolated cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) were documented in the young CCM turkey at 1, 10, and 28 days of age; prior to the development of cardiac dilatation. Ca++ binding in CCM birds was reduced to 55-75% of values measured in age-matched commercial control turkeys (p<0.05 to <0.01)and Ca++ uptake was reduced to 52-87% of control values (p<0.05 to <0.01). Ca++ stimulated ATPase values at 1, 10, and 28 days of age were similar in CCM and control turkeys. However, at 56 days of age when all CCM birds showed marked to moderate left ventricular dilatation, Ca++ stimulated ATPase was reduced to 75% of control values (p<0.05). Cyclophosphamide immunosuppression of newly hatched CCM turkeys significantly elevated Ca++ binding and Ca++ uptake in isolated cardiac SR from 10-day-old birds by 73% and 58% respectively (p<0.05 and <0.01) over values measured in untreated CCM birds. These results were not significantly different from values obtained in 10-day-old control turkeys. In summary this unique depression of SR Ca++ uptake and Ca++ binding, prior to the onset of cardiac dilatation, and which is reversed by immunosuppression, provides an experimental link between this animal model and a proposed mechanism for the pathogenesis of congestive cardiomyopathy in man.
Surface-barrier reflection of diffusing positrons

The reemitted positron yield from a 1500-A-thick Ni(100) foil was measured as a function of incident positron energy. The magnitude of the positron internal surface reflection coefficient, {ital scrR}=0.63{plus minus}0.04, was determined by fitting calculated positron yields to the data. This value agrees with the value calculated using the one-dimensional, potential-step model advanced by Britton {ital et} {ital al}. (Phys. Rev. Lett. 62, 2413 (1989)). The mean positron penetration depth varies with incident positron energy as {ital {bar z}}={alpha}{ital E}{sup {ital n}}, where {alpha} is fixed ({alpha}=400/{rho} A/keV{sup {ital n}}, {rho} is the sample density in g cm{sup {minus}3}) and {ital n}=1.61{plus minus}0.03, in good agreement with positron back-reemission measurements from thick single crystals.