cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Isolation and structural determination of 13 flavonoid glycosides in Hibiscus esculentus (okra).

A B S T R A C T Eleven flavonol glycosides and two anthocyaninis, only one of which was previously identified, were isolated from the flower petals of okra, Hibiscus esculentus L. On the basis of chromatographic, spectral, anid degradative evidence, the following structural assignments were made: quercetin 4'-glucoside, quercetin 7-glucoside, quercetin 5-glucoside, quercetin 3-diglucoside, quercetini 4'-diglucoside, quercetin 3-triglucoside, quercetin 5-rhamnoglucoside, gossypetin 8glucoside, gossypetiin 8-rhamnoglucoside, gossypetin 3-glucosido-8-rhamnoglucoside, cyanidin 4'-glucoside, and cyaniidin 3-glucosido-4' glucoside. Some evidence was obtained of a pentahydroxy, monomethoxy-flavone glycoside. The total flavonoid content in the red portion of the petal was 0.48% of fresh weight; that in the white portion was 2.51%. The two anthocyanins comprised 28.5% of the flavonoid content of the red flower but only a trace of the content of the white. HIBISCUS ESCULENTUS L., commonly known as okra or gumbo, is a tropical annual of both
On Kings, Pietism and Rent-seeking in Scandinavian Welfare States

This paper argues that the origins of the Scandinavian welfare states are most usefully seen in the small-state absolutism and Lutheran Pietism characterizing 18th-century Denmark/Norway. Towards the end of the 18th century, the Danish monarch or, more correctly, his agents, created a quite generous set of welfare benefits in the 1799 Poor Law for the City of Copenhagen. In return for non-punitive and generous support, the state assumed that recipients would be obedient and grateful servants of the state and its institutions. This system was replaced with more punitive and petty systems as liberalism gained importance in the following century, but basic elements of the Pietist model for the relationship between state and citizen were maintained and recreated in the development of the generous welfare state of the late 20th century. The main threat to the generous welfare state is the weakening of the Pietist culture of obedience, which is being replaced with an individualistic culture of rent-seeking, that is, changing behaviour or breaking rules to obtain welfare benefits. Greed replaces gratitude, and the obedience relationship of a citizen to the state is being changed to an exchange relationship and widespread opportunism. There is much media attention on rent-seeking using anecdotal evidence about misuse of welfare benefits. There is little actual knowledge about the extent of changes. Those designing and administering the welfare system continue to believe that it works as they intended it to work, just as it did under absolutism.
Tc depression in thin Nb films

Abstract The depression of Tc has been studied as a function of Nb film thickness which ranged from 15 A to 1500 A.It is seen that Tc of the bulk Nb (1500 A) is very sensitive to evaporation parameters including the residual gases in the evaporator, evaporation rate, and substrate temperature. Depending on the conditions of deposition, we observe different Tc fall-off as a function of thickness and R□. We attribute the different fall-offs vs. thickness to three main mechanisms including proximity effect, bulk resistivity effect and localization. The relative strength of each mechanism can be controlled by deposition parameters.
An analysis of net immigration in census coverage evaluation

National surveys monitored growth in the foreign-born population for the 1980s, especially net undocumented migration's continuing role, but the 1990 census portrayed an even larger foreign-born population than these surveys. Undercoverage in 1990 could have been higher than initially presented because preliminary studies may have insufficiently accounted for decadal net immigration. Assumptions intended to maintain a high undocumented undercount performed poorly when census counts of foreign-born residents became known. Any point estimate for net undocumented migration, calculated as a residual, is likely to be biased by assumptions and data gaps for components of calculating net legal immigration, especially in the direction of underestimation. A reasonable statement is that at least 2.1–2.4 million undocumented residents were enumerated in the 1990 census. The number of unenumerated undocumented residents may easily have ranged between 0.5 million and 3.0 million, and a narrower range of 1 million to 2 million is plausible. Despite the importance of undocumented migration measurement for census evaluation and policy purposes, differences among various undocumented estimates are more likely to stem from discrepancies in universe, reference dates, or individual judgment, rather than analytic refinement. Better measurement of the foreignborn population or its census coverage would aid in setting upper limits on net undocumented migration.
A spiral phantom for IMRT and tomotherapy treatment delivery verification

A solid water/cylindrical phantom is machined to create a spiral cavity for placing radiographic or radiochromatic film in a spiral configuration. This spiral phantom is used to sample, predict, and measure data in three-dimension subspace. The predicted data are obtained by projecting the patient plan data on the spiral phantom in the treatment planningsoftware. The measured data are obtained by irradiating the spiral phantom (with film in the spiral cavity) as per the treatment plan. The predicted and measured data are converted to a two-dimensional matrix and plotted as a spiralogram. Comparison of these predicted and measured spiralograms provides a quantitative comparison and thus validation of treatment delivered as planned. The spiral phantom is a simple, cost-effective approach to sample 3D data from complexly shaped, intensity modulated or compensated multiple beams. A software script is being written to automate the entire process of projection, data sampling, and comparison. Design aspects and some examples of dose verification are presented. The usefulness of the spiral phantom for intensity modulated radiation therapy and dynamic field shaping are discussed.
Performance analysis of coexisting IEEE 802.15.4-based health monitoring WBANs

Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) for health monitoring systems are required to meet stringent performance demands regarding the tradeoff between reliability, latency, and power efficiency. WBANs feature limited range and bandwidth and they are prone to interference. Considering the life-critical nature of some WBAN systems, we present an in-depth investigation of the situations where the dynamic coexistence of multiple WBANs may severely affect their performances. In this paper, we analytically study the effect of coexistence on the operation of WBANs. We present a mathematical analysis to precisely obtain the probabilities of successful communication and validate this analysis through simulation. Our simulation analysis indicates that in the default mode of operation, coexistence of three WBANs can lead to the loss of 20–85% of data transmissions for typical sensor configurations.
“Retinal diplopia” associated with macular wrinkling

Binocular diplopia is usually due to misalignment from ocular motor dysfunction. Three patients with chronic binocular vertical diplopia and small comitant hypotropic deviations due to macular displacement (heterotopia) associated with monocular retinal wrinkling are described. This maculopathy was idiopathic in two and secondary to treated retinal detachment in the third. Displacement of the macula by vitreoretinal traction is an unusual cause of binocular diplopia that requires careful ophthalmoscopy to diagnose.
Author-Meets-Critic

Freedom is a Constant Struggle: The Mississippi Civil Rights Movement and its Legacy Kenneth T. Andrews, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 2004, ISBN 0-226-02040-1 (Hbk), ISBN 0-226-02043-6 (Pbk)
Defects in Irradiated Silicon: Electron Paramagnetic Resonance and Electron-Nuclear Double Resonance of the Arsenic- and Antimony-Vacancy Pairs

Two EPR spectra are observed in irradiated silicon (designated Si-$G23$ and Si-$G24$) which are identified with the neutral charge states of a lattice vacancy adjacent to a substitutional arsenic or antimony atom, respectively. EPR and ENDOR studies reveal a high degree of similarity between these defects and the phosphorus-vacancy pair (Si-$G8$) studied previously. Nuclear quadrupole interactions for the As and Sb atoms give additional information about the defect configuration, not available for the phosphorus-vacancy pair. For all three defects, a large static Jahn-Teller distortion occurs. Analysis of the response of the defects to externally applied stress allows an estimate of \ensuremath{\approx}1 eV for the magnitude of the Jahn-Teller stabilization energy. It is concluded that this energy is larger than the electron-electron interaction energies and comparable to (or greater than) the crystal-field energies for the electrons involved in the core of the defects. Studies of the group-V atom-vacancy reorientation kinetics reveal variations between the three defects that can be correlated with the elastic interactions between the oversize arsenic or antimony atoms and the tensile strain around the lattice vacancy. Comparison of the results with the annealing studies of electrical properties by Hirata et al. indicate that the annealing of each defect involves the migration of the pair as an entity through the lattice.
Mechanisms of reflex bradycardia and hypotension by metabolites of arachidonic acid in the cat.

Abstract In the cat, intravenous injections of arachidonic acid or prostaglandin (PG)F2 alpha caused significant reductions in mean arterial pressure and heart rate which were eliminated or significantly lessened, respectively, by previous administration of indomethacin. The bradycardia to intravenous prostacyclin (PGI2) was unaffected by indomethacin. In cats with bilateral ligation of the carotid arteries to eliminate competition between systemic baroreflexes and cardiopulmonary reflexes, PGI2, PGF2 alpha and arachidonic acid caused significantly greater hypotension and bradycardia than in cats with intact carotid baroreflexes. The bradycardia to PGI2, PGF2 alpha and arachidonic acid was eliminated by bilateral vagal section or atropine. PGE1, PGE2 and nitroprusside caused dose-related falls in mean arterial pressure and a small tachycardia. In a small group of cats (7 of 67) nitroprusside also caused a reduction in heart rate which was eliminated by indomethacin. We conclude that the reflex bradycardia to PGF2 alpha, like that to arachidonic acid is, at least in part, the result of the stimulation of synthesis of another prostaglandin, most likely PGI2.
A compact dual promoter adeno-associated viral vector for efficient delivery of two genes to dorsal root ganglion neurons

Adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors based on serotype 5 are an efficient means to target dorsal root ganglia (DRG) to study gene function in the primary sensory neurons of the peripheral nervous system. In this study, we have developed a compact AAV dual promoter vector composed of the cytomegalovirus (CMV) and chicken beta-actin (CAG) promoters in a back-to-back configuration with a shared enhancer, and show efficient expression of two proteins simultaneously in DRG neurons. We demonstrate how this is useful for experiments on axonal regeneration, by co-expressing a gene of interest and an axonal marker. Using a farnesylated form of eGFP, which is actively transported along axons, we show superior long-distance labelling of axons of DRG neurons compared with normal eGFP. Additionally, we have efficiently transduced lumbar DRG neurons by injecting the AAV dual promoter vector into the dorsal intrathecal space, which is a less invasive delivery method. In summary, we have developed an AAV dual promoter vector designed for simultaneous expression of a gene of interest and a fluorescent protein to label long-distance axonal projections, which allows specific quantification of axons from transduced neurons after injury.
The Kern Effigy: Evidence for a Prehistoric fort Ancient Summer Solstice Marker

Recent excavations in Warren County, Ohio, within the shadow of monumental Fort Ancient have brought to light a large prehistoric alignment of limestone flagstones forming an effigy of a serpent. Radiocarbon dates indicate that this effigy was constructed in 1200 A.D. presumably by local peoples archaeologically designated as being of the Anderson focus (or phase) of the Fort Ancient aspect. Strong evidence indicates that this large “artifact” may have seen use as an astronomical ground marker for determining the summer solstice and important dates related thereto. A set of general and site specific hypotheses is presented to support this contention and to briefly discuss its cultural setting.
SCUTA: a server-side access control system for web applications

The Web is playing a very important role in our lives, and is becoming an essential element of the computing infrastructure. Unfortunately, its importance makes it the preferred target of attacks. Web-based vulnerabilities now outnumber traditional computer security concerns. A recent study shows that over 80 percent of web sites have had at least one serious vulnerability. We believe that the Web's problems, to a large degree, are caused by the inadequacy of its underlying access control systems. To reduce the number of vulnerabilities, it is essential to provide web applications with better access control models that can adequately address the protection needs of the current Web.As a part of the efforts to develop a better access control system for the Web, we focus on the server-side access control in this paper. We introduce a new concept called subsession, based on which, we have developed a ringbased access control system (called Scuta) for web servers. Scuta provides a fine-grained and backward-compatible access control mechanism for web applications. We have implemented Scuta in PHP, and have conducted comprehensive case studies to evaluate its benefits.
SU‐FF‐T‐413: The Impact of Heterogeneity Correction On Tumor Dosimetry for Lung Cancer Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy

Purpose: Stereotactic body radiation therapy(SBRT) for non‐small cell lungcancer has been shown to limit toxicity. Heterogeneity correction on lungcancerradiotherapy has not been recommended by RTOG. In this study, dosimetric difference between the SBRT plans with/without heterogeneity correction is analyzed. Method and Materials: Nine lungcancer patients treated with SBRT techniques using a 6 MV Novalis system were selected. Using the path length algorithm in BrainLAB treatment planning system, all the treatment plans were applied the heterogeneity correction. With same beam parameters, we performed the plans without the heterogeneity correction, and compared the dosimetric difference to the treatment plans. The heterogeneity correction factors (Kc) at iso‐center, target coverage, heterogeneity index (HI), and conformity index (CI) were used in the comparison. Results: The average of Kc at isocenter for 14 planning target volumes (PTV) was 1.002±0.02, only three Kc values (1.07, 0.985, 0.981) were relatively off to the average. Except one case, the other 13 target coverage values of the plans with the heterogeneity correction were better than those without the correction. The maximum difference of the target coverage was ∼7%. All the HI values of the plans with the heterogeneity correction were better than those without the correction. The maximum difference of the HI reached 300%. The difference of the CI between the compared plans was within ∼10%. The CIs of the plans without correction were better than those corrected. For one case — the tumor located in the lung base, the impact of heterogeneity correction was significant. Conclusion: The impact of heterogeneity correction for tumordosimetry on SBRT for lungcancer is case depended. For most primary lungtumors the difference between the plans with/without heterogeneity correction is clinically insignificant. For the tumors near the interface of different mass density, the heterogeneity correction is necessary.
Dose–response hepatotoxicity of the peroxisome proliferator, perfluorodecanoic acid and the relationship to phospholipid metabolism in rats

Abstract Perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) is a potent peroxisome proliferator that causes hepatotoxicity but lacks tumor-promoting activity in rats. We previously showed that a single dose of PFDA at 50 mg/kg (∼LD 50 ) causes an elevation in liver phosphocholine (PCho) and other effects related to phospholipid metabolism. In this study, we examined metabolic effects in the dose range 2–50 mg/kg in rats. At doses ≤20 mg/kg, PFDA is significantly less hepatotoxic than the LD 50 , as manifested by electron microscopy and measurements of daily food consumption and body weight. At 50 mg/kg rat serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α concentration was increased 8-fold, while at 15 mg/kg there was no apparent increase in this cytokine. This lower dose, however, induces metabolic effects similar to those seen at the LD 50 . Liver fatty acyl-CoA oxidase activity showed a dose-dependent increase from 5–25 mg/kg PFDA. Treatments at 15 and 50 mg/kg caused a significant increase in liver phosphatidylcholine (28 and 66%) and phosphatidylethanolamine (31 and 74%). Both doses caused a significant increase in liver PCho but did not affect liver ATP levels, as manifested in 31 P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra from rat livers in vivo. These data suggest that the increase in liver [PCho] observed following PFDA exposure in rats represents a specific metabolic response, rather than a broad-range hepatotoxic effect.
Surface graft polymerization of SU-8 for bio-MEMS applications

There is currently increasing interest in using SU-8 photoresist to build microstructures for micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS). This report describes an effective bench-top method to modify the surface properties of SU-8 photoresist. This strategy relies on the residual epoxide groups present on the surface of SU-8 following fabrication. These epoxide groups are converted into hydroxyl groups by oxidation with a high concentration of cerium(IV) ammonium nitrate (CAN) and nitric acid. Subsequently the surface hydroxyl groups are used as initiation sites for graft polymerization catalyzed by CAN in the presence of acid. A number of water-soluble polymers including poly(acrylic acid), poly(acrylamide), poly(ethylene glycol) were successfully grafted onto SU-8. The presence of surface-linked polymers was confirmed by contact angle measurements, attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and toluidine blue adsorption. This method was particularly useful for tailoring the surface properties of complex or enclosed microstructures, for example, microfluidic channels. In addition the grafted polymers could serve as sites for high density protein immobilization or cell attachment on Bio-MEMS.
Dipole stabilized α-amino carbanions. II. Alkylation of tetrahydroisoquinolines in the 1-position.

Abstract N-Formamidine derivatives of tetrahydroisoquinolines are metalated and alkylated to give 1-substituted derivatives. Regeneration of the parent amine is accomplished by several different reagents.
Plate boundaries in west Africa and their implications for Pangean continental fit

Geophysical and geologic data, together with geometric considerations, reveal the location and trend of the northern and southern boundaries of the Senegal microplate, west Africa. The Paleozoic southern margin follows the Koulountou branch of the Mauritanide fold belt from an exposed northeast trend around to a northwest trend beneath the cover of the Senegal-Mauritania basin. The northern boundary of the Senegal microplate is suggested to follow a northwest-southeast-trending zone 100 km south of the previously suggested margin. These plate boundaries explain the restricted rifting and collision of the Senegal microplate with the west African craton through the Paleozoic and elucidate the position of the Florida block in the Pangean assembly of North America, South America, and Africa.
An Olfactory Receptor Gene Is Located in the Extended Human β-Globin Gene Cluster and Is Expressed in Erythroid Cells ☆

An olfactory receptor gene was identified near the 3' breakpoint of a naturally occurring deletion (HPFH-1) in the human beta-globin gene cluster on chromosome 11p15.5. The gene encodes an amino acid sequence that is 40 to 51% identical to that of a set of olfactory receptors that have only recently been identified as a distinct family of receptors. There are two orthologous genes in the mouse that encode amino acid sequences that are 73 and 71% identical, respectively, to that encoded by the human gene. This olfactory receptor gene is expressed at the RNA level in human and murine erythroid cells at all stages of development. This aberrant expression is probably due to the location of the gene in the transcriptionally active chromatin domain of the extended beta-globin gene cluster in erythroid cells.
La descripción de los ovillos neurofibrilares en la enfermedad de Alzheimer

Resumen En 2006, se celebro el centenario de la descripcion de los ovillos neurofibrilares por Fuller y Alzheimer en 1906 en la enfermedad de Alzheimer. El objetivo de este articulo es analizar y estudiar la historia de esta descripcion haciendo especial referencia a la contribucion espanola mediante la Escuela neuropatologica de S. Ramon y Cajal, representada a traves de N. Achucarro, G. Rodriguez Lafora y M. Gayarre.
Comparative bioluminescence dynamics among multiple Armillaria gallica, A. mellea, and A. tabescens genets.

Abstract Bioluminescence is well known among white-spored species of Basidiomycota including several species of the white-rot wood decay genus Armillaria. Previous work demonstrated consistent differences among A. gallica, A. mellea, and A. tabescens in luminescence magnitude and in luminescence expression relative to environmental stimuli. In the present studies, temporal fluctuations in mycelial luminescence were quantitatively characterized using genets matched for geographical location. All genets derived from rhizomorphs or basdiomata were constitutively luminescent while six of 13 genets originating from mycelial fans were inconsistently luminescent. Using time series of 1000 consecutive measurements over 800 ms intervals, fluctuation patterns had significantly quantifiable structure and were not simply ‘white noise’. Fluctuation patterns were qualitatively similar with alternating periods of rapid fluctuation and relative stability, regardless of luminescence magnitude. Anomalous spikes or shifts in luminescence were recorded for several genets suggesting further work to identify the transient stimuli which elicited these altered luminescence patterns.
Sorafenib combined vitamin k induces apoptosis in human pancreatic cancer cell lines through RAF/MEK/ERK and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase pathways

Apoptosis has been shown to be induced by many agents, including the clinically useful Sorafenib and K vitamins (VKs). Since few agents have activity against pancreas cancer cell growth, we evaluated the role of naturally occurring K vitamins and Sorafenib both independently and together on the growth in culture of pancreas adenocarcinoma cell lines, including PL-5, PANC-1, and MIA PaCa-2. We found that when a K vitamin was combined with Sorafenib, the dose of Sorafenib required for growth inhibition was substantially reduced. Furthermore, growth could be inhibited at doses of each VK plus Sorafenib in combination that were ineffective when used alone. This effect was seen using vitamins K1, K2, and K5. The combination of VK1 plus Sorafenib-induced apoptosis, as determined by both FACS and TUNEL staining. Phospho-ERK and Bcl-2 levels were decreased, but not levels of other bcl-2 family members. Cleavage of caspases 3 and 8, PARP and Bid were all induced by this combination. Vitamin K1 plus Sorafenib combination also resulted in elevated levels of activated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and its substrates c-Jun and FasL. JNK inhibition partly antagonized the induction of apoptosis. Thus, combination VK1 plus Sorafenib strongly induced growth inhibition and apoptosis in pancreas cancer cells, involving both inhibition of the RAF/MEK/ERK pathway as well as activation of the JNK, c-Jun and FasL apoptotic pathway. Since both agents are available for human use, the combination is attractive for evaluation against pancreas cancer growth in vivo.
Flavones and diterpenes of Pamburus missionis (rutaceae)

Abstract A new flavone and two diterpenes have been isolated from the extracts of Pamburus missionis . The flavone was identified as an isopentylated apigenin derivative on the basis of spectroscopic studies on it and its diacetate. One of the diterpenes has been identified as daniellic acid and the second as a closely related butenolide.
Marx on State Regulation: A Comment

In a recent issue of this journal, Douglas E. Booth presented Karl Marx's view of economic regulation as revealed by Marx's discussion of the English Factory Acts of 1850. Booth outlined Marx's analysis of the conflicting forces that molded legislation limiting the number of hours in the working day. Marx saw the struggle that sur? rounded this legislation as an example of the antagonisms in the labor capital relationship. He believed that labor should work fewer hours for their wages, while factory owners wanted to extend the work day. The Factory Acts placed these interests in direct opposition, but ac? cording to Marx, labor dominated in this instance. When the Fac? tory Acts were passed, Marx concluded, ". . . it was the first time that in broad daylight the political economy of the middle class suc? cumbed to the political economy of the working class." [Marx, Vol. II, p. 16] Regardless of the precedent of this alleged victory for the working class, there are several interesting questions that Booth leaves un? answered, questions which I propose to investigate here. First, Marx saw the enactment of these laws as the end product of a conscientious effort by labor to improve their working conditions, but there re? mains doubt whether the acts were really a result of the efforts of labor. Were the acts designed to aid labor, or did another interest group stand to benefit from their passage? Second, in the first half of the nineteenth century, a group of owners, sympathetic with the factory legislation, actively lobbied for its pas? sage. Booth believes that these owners acted out of humanitarian concern. However, their role in this process merits additional inquiry. Was compassion for the workers really their motivation, or is there a more plausible explanation for their action?
Incorporating physical implementation concerns into closed loop quantum control experiments

In quantum control experiments, it is desirable to build features into the field that address physical concerns such as simplicity, robustness, dynamical coherence, power expenditure, etc. With a judicious choice for the cost functional, it is possible to incorporate such secondary features into the field, often without altering the experimental procedure or apparatus. Through simulated closed-loop population transfer experiments, we demonstrate the benefit of carefully designed cost functionals. As specific examples, we address two common physical concerns: removing extraneous structure from the control pulse and finding robust fields. Removing unnecessary field components is critical if information about the mechanism is to be interpreted from the structure of the optimal pulse. Robust fields produce a stable outcome despite noise in the field and, perhaps, environmental inhomogeneities in the quantum system as is typical of condensed phase experiments.
Supervised logistic principal component analysis for pathway based genome-wide association studies

Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) in the past have focused on single-marker associations with traits of interest, which may fail to detect combination effects of Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) or genes with weak individual effects, especially for complex diseases. Pathway-based approaches become popular recently to address this problem by evaluating combined effects of genetic variants belonging to predefined pathways with respect to certain biological functionalities. In this paper, we propose a Supervised Logistic Principal Component Analysis (SLPCA) method to explicitly model categorical SNP data and identify supervised principal components with maximum combined effects of SNPs in pathways with respect to disease outcome. The first principal component scores obtained by LPCA on subsets of SNPs in pathways are defined as aggregated variables for pathway association analysis. We have used simulated genotype data by HAP-SAMPLE to compare our proposed method with another pathway-based method which performs traditional supervised PCA on categorical SNP data. The results demonstrate the superiority of our SLPCA due to the explicit modeling of categorical SNP data, which leads to higher power for predicting disease associated pathways in case-control studies. Our preliminary analysis of the genotype data of Crohn's Disease (CD) from Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium (WTCCC) has identified relevant pathways and has shown the potential of our SLPCA for association analysis in complex diseases.
Role of hepatocellular regeneration in CCl4 autoprotection.

ABsTFZACX The destruction of liver microsomal cytochromes P4so by a previously administered low dose of CCl, has been widely accepted as the mechanism of CCl, autoprotection. However, circumstantial evidence suggests that this mechanism cannot completely explain the phenomenon of autoprotection. The protective effect of a low dose of CCl, (0.3 mVkg, PO) on the lethal effect of a subsequently administered high dose (5 mUkg, PO) was established in male Sprague Dawley rats. The protective dose permitted 100% survival, whereas only 15% survival was observed without it. Hepatotoxicity, measured by serum enzyme elevations (aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, and sorbitol dehydrogenase) and histopathological changes 24 hr after the treatment with high dose, was similar in both the groups, even though the protective dose had significantly decreased liver microsomal cytochromes P,,, (to 62% of normal) and associated enzymes, aminopyrine demethylase and aniline hydroxylase. Rats pretreated with CoCl, to decrease hepatic microsomal cytochrome P450 to 44% of normal levels did not show a significant protection from the hepatotoxicity of high dose of CCI,. Previous studies have established that hepatocellular regeneration is stimulated within 6 hr after the administration of a low dose of CCI,. Based on this observation, a premise that autoprotection results from augmented recovery from injury rather than decreased injury appears likely. Hence, the role of hepatocellular regeneration was evaluated by following 'H-thymidine incorporation in hepatocellular nuclear DNA, labelling index by autoradiography, and by morphometric estimation of mitotic index. After administration of the protective dose of CCl,, stimulated nuclear DNA synthesis measured by 3H-thymidine incorporation into nuclear DNA was increased and this remained high even after subsequent administration of high dose of CCl,. Forty-eight hr after the administration of a lethal dose of CCl, alone (5 mVkg, po), labelling index was slightly increased, but mitotic index was not increased. In the surviving rats (15%), both labelling index and mitotic index were significantly elevated after an additional 24 hr. In rats receiving the protective dose, a significantly greater elevation of labelling index as well as mitotic index occurred 48 hr after the administration of the same lethal dose of CCl,. These results suggest that hepatocellular regeneration stimulated by the protective dose, as a biological response recruited to overcome the accompanying limited injury, may augment and sustain tissue repair processes to permit tissue restoration even after the massive liver injury elicited by the subsequent large dose of CCI,.
Chronic SIV Infection Induces Differentiation and Accumulation of Cytotoxic CD16+ NK Cells in Lymph Nodes Followed by Transmigration to the Mucosae

Background Natural killer (NK) cells inhibit lentiviral replication both directly and indirectly, but substantial evidence also indicates HIV/SIV can induce NK cell dysfunction. NK cells can be subdivided based on expression of CD56 and CD16. In blood, cytotoxic CD16+ NK cells are the dominant subpopulation, while cytokine-secreting CD56+ and double-negative (DN) NK cells are the primary NK cells found in lymph nodes (LN). Furthermore, CD56+ and DN NK are thought to be precursor populations, whereas CD16+ NK cells are terminally differentiated. The effects of HIV/SIV infection on NK cell distribution, trafficking, and development are unclear. Methods
Ethical leadership, moral equity judgments, and discretionary workplace behavior

The current study examines the role of ethical cognition as a psychological mechanism linking ethical leadership to employee engagement in specific discretionary workplace behaviors. Hypotheses are developed proposing that ethical leadership is associated with employees’ negative moral equity judgments of workplace deviance (a discretionary antisocial behavior) and positive moral equity judgments of organizational citizenship (a discretionary prosocial behavior). In addition, hypotheses propose that moral equity judgments are a key type of ethical cognition linking ethical leadership with employee behaviors. Hypotheses are tested in a cross-organizational sample of 190 supervisor–employee dyads. Results indicate that employees who work for ethical leaders tended to judge acts of workplace deviance as morally inequitable and acts of organizational citizenship as morally equitable. In turn, these judgments guided employee regulation of behavior, and mediated the relationships between ethical leadership and ...
Personal and family predictors of children's medically attended injuries that occurred in the home.

Objective—This study examined the independent contributions of demographic, behavioral, and environmental antecedents of pediatric medically attended injuries that occurred in the home. Setting—Two thousand and thirty six American children aged 4‐12 in 1988 were drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Method—Multiple logistic regression was used to examine whether having a medically attended injury that occurred in the home in 1990 was related to environmental, behavioral, and demographic indicators measured in 1988. To account for individual diVerences in access to care, results were stratified within samples of children that had, and had not, demonstrated a prior ability to access the medical care system for injury treatment. Results—Among children who did not access the medical care system for injury treatment in 1988, measures of home environmental risk factors did not distinguish those injured at home from those not injured at home in 1990. However, among children who did access the medical care system for injury treatment in 1988, indicators of “dark” (relative risk 4.68, p=0.019) and “cluttered” (relative risk 4.31, p=0.038) home environments became significantly and independently associated with home injuries in 1990. Conclusion—If not accounted for in data collection or analyses, individual diVerences in non-financial barriers to medical care may lead to an underestimation of the influences of important home environmental risk factors for medically attended injuries. (Injury Prevention 1999;5:189‐193)
A quantitative analysis of anonymous communications

This paper quantitatively analyzes anonymous communication systems (ACS) with regard to anonymity properties. Various ACS have been designed & implemented. However, there are few formal & quantitative analyzes on how these systems perform. System developers argue the security goals which their systems can achieve. Such results are vague & not persuasive. This paper uses a probabilistic method to investigate the anonymity behavior of ACS. In particular, this paper studies the probability that the true identity of a sender can be discovered in an ACS, given that some nodes have been compromised. It is through this analysis that design guidelines can be identified for systems aimed at providing communication anonymity. For example, contrary to what one would intuitively expect, these analytic results show that the probability that the true identity of a sender can be discovered might not always decrease as the length of communication path increases.
Use of ultrafiltered dialysate is associated with improvements in haemodialysis-associated morbidity in patients treated with reused dialysers

Background Morbidity in haemodialysis patients is associated with chronic inflammation. Microbiological contaminants derived from dialysate are thought to be one inflammatory stimulus and previous studies found that highly purified dialysate reduces inflammation and morbidity. These studies were performed in the absence of practices, such as dialyser reuse, that are potentially inflammatory. We tested the hypothesis that highly purified dialysate reduces inflammation and morbidity even in the presence of other inflammatory stimuli. Methods This was a prospective observational study. After obtaining baseline data on inflammation, oxidant stress, nutrition and anaemia correction with standard dialysate, 105 patients were switched to dialysate that was ultrafiltered at the point of use and follow-up data were collected at 3-month intervals for 12 months. Results Introduction of ultrafiltered dialysate did not significantly reduce inflammation, as assessed by plasma concentrations of C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 or oxidant stress, as assessed by plasma concentrations of protein carbonyls and protein-free sulphydryls. Neither did it improve anaemia correction, as assessed by plasma haemoglobin and erythropoietin dose. However, introduction of ultrafiltered dialysate was associated with a significant reduction in plasma beta(2)-microglobulin concentration and a significant improvement in nutritional status, assessed by plasma albumin concentration and creatinine generation rate as a marker of muscle mass. Conclusion Use of ultrafiltered dialysate was associated with improvements in some measures of morbidity, such as plasma beta(2)-microglubulin and nutrition. These changes occurred in spite of the presence of inflammatory stimuli, such as dialyser reuse, and with no measurable reduction in inflammation and oxidant stress.
Does prolonged storage of red blood cells cause harm

Summary Red blood cells (RBCs) degrade progressively during the weeks of refrigerated storage. No universally accepted definition of ‘fresh’ or ‘old’ RBCs exists. While practices vary from country to country, preservative solutions permitting shelf life as long as 7 weeks have been licenced. Transfusion of stored RBCs, particularly those at the end of the approved shelf life, has been implicated in adverse clinical outcomes. The results of observational analyses, animal models and studies in volunteers have proved provocative, controversial and contradictory. A recently completed randomized controlled trial (RCT) in premature infants exemplifies the difficulties with moderately sized clinical studies. Several other RCTs are in progress. The effect of RBC storage may well vary according to the clinical setting. Resolution of the importance of the storage lesion may require large pragmatic clinical trials. In the meantime, institutions involved in blood collection and transfusion should explore strategies that assure blood availability, while limiting the use of the oldest RBCs currently approved by regulation.
A QUARTERLY SERIES OF CORPORATE BASIC YIELDS, 1952–57, AND SOME ATTENDANT RESERVATIONS*

AN ANNUAL SERIES entitled "Basic Yields of Corporate Bonds," covering specifically the first quarter of each year, first appeared in 1942 and has been brought up to date sporadically ever since.' The present series, covering all four quarters for a short span of years, represents the first attempt to provide intermediate values between the first-quarter figures of the old series. This quarterly basic-yield series covers two periods of tight money: first, a short period in the spring and summer of 1953, right after the Republicans came into power; second, a longer and more dramatic period beginning around the middle of 1956 and lasting through 1957. In this second period, yields on short-term bonds rose considerably more than, and for a while exceeded, yields on longterms-thus terminating a stretch of about twenty-five years during which short-term yields were consistently below long-term yields. Although the phenomenon of the high short-term yield actually exceeding the long-term was very common between the turn of the century and the easy-money era of the New Deal-the most notable examples occurring in 1913-14, 1918-22, and 19292-it was totally missing from about 1931 to 1956; and its reappearance in the last period of tight money serves notice on us that it is not entirely extinct. In presenting this series, I wish to add a few comments on its uses and misuses. As constructed, basic-yield curves are designed to create a quick and crude impression of the term structure of high-grade bond
A silver-staining technique for detecting minute quantities of proteins on nitrocellulose paper: retention of antigenicity of stained proteins.

Abstract A method using a silver-staining procedure to detect minute quantities of proteins on nitrocellulose paper is described. The technique is sensitive enough to detect nanogram quantities of proteins resolved on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels and then transferred to nitrocellulose paper by the electrotransfer technique. After the staining procedures, the proteins are shown to retain their antigenic properties.
Secrets to shield or share? new dilemmas for military R&D policy in the digital age

Abstract The US Department of Defense (DOD) normally pursues a closed approach to technological development. It captures results from its own sponsored research and development (R&D), and the results are kept shielded by restrictions on related publications and exports. This R&D strategy is no longer viable. Now most military technology has commercial origins, the US no longer dominates all relevant technological fields, and sophisticated dual-use technology is accessible to adversaries in open global markets. DOD can address this dilemma by drawing on external R&D that tests a technology’s general capabilities against a variety of potential uses and by placing more of its internal emphasis on technology integration. Historically, this approach to military R&D also yields more commercial spin-offs.
Macaroni is better than spaghetti

We present a stack implementation of multiple environments similar in principle to that of Bobrow and Wegbreit, but based on a model which provides both static and dynamic scoping. We note some of the pragmatic consequences of this choice of models; one is that no unnecessary control stack is retained for certain important constructions such as “upward funargs” and coroutines. We also discuss the correct treatment of exit functions, and the need for “entry functions” if dynamic switching of control contexts is to be consistent.
Evaluation of Resistance Screening Methods for Sclerotinia Stem Rot of Soybean and Dry Bean

Three methods to identify levels of resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in soybean (Glycine max) and dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) were compared using multiple data analyses. The three methods were mycelial plug inoculations of cotyledons, cut stems, and detached leaves. Six S. sclerotiorum isolates of known relative aggressiveness were inoculated on each of three soybean and dry bean cultivars with varied response to S. sclerotiorum. For soybean, all three inoculation methods accurately identified isolate aggressiveness irrespective of cultivar, but identification of susceptible and partially resistant soybean cultivars was influenced by isolate. For dry bean, the cotyledon and cut stem methods accurately identified isolate aggressiveness, but identification of susceptible and partially resistant dry bean cultivars was influenced by isolate and inoculation method. The cut stem method had the smallest coefficient of variation and was more precise for detecting interactions. When considering root mean square residual error combined over species and experiments, coefficient of variation based on residual error, significance of isolate-by-cultivar interaction from ANOVA, rank correlation between pairs of methods, and sensitivity ratio for the three resistance screening methods under controlled environmental conditions, the cut stem method was statistically better than the cotyledon and detached leaf methods for evaluating resistance in soybean and dry bean cultivars.
The black intellectual and the "crisis canon" in the twentieth century

ered the inaugural address to the American Negro Academy. His oration, "Civilization, the Primal Need of the Race," marks the birth of the twentieth-century black intellectual tradition.1 Crummell, the scholar whom W.E.B. Du Bois memorialized through a haunting tribute in The Souls of Black Folk, issued a challenge to the members of the Academy. He demanded that black intellectuals recognize and accept their responsibilities as the cultured and civilized leaders of the race. Black
The impact of the Bologna process on nursing higher education in Europe: A review

Abstract Background Changes are occurring in global higher education. Nursing is not exempt from these changes, and must adapt in order to be competitive in a global market. The Bologna process has been integral in the last decade in modernizing European higher education. However, modernization does not occur without challenges. This paper addresses the Bologna process and the challenges it presents to nursing higher education in Europe. Objective To describe the Bologna Process as it relates to European nursing education. Design and methodology Literature review via searches of the following electronic databases: Academic Search Premier, MEDLINE, PubMed, ERIC, and CINAHL. Search criteria included Bologna process, European higher education, nursing education, quality assurance, and ECTS. Results Twenty-four peer-reviewed articles were included as well as one peer-reviewed presentation, one commission report, and one book. Conclusion Further investigation is required to address the complexities of the Bologna process and its evolutionary changes as it relates to nursing education in Europe. Change is not always easy, and is often complex, especially as it relates to cross-border education that involves governmental regulation. Bologna-member countries need to adapt to the ever-changing higher education environment or fall behind.
Detection of microorganisms and toxins with evanescent wave fiber-optic biosensors

Conventional procedures to detect microorganisms and toxins in food, water, and human specimens can take hours or days to perform and may provide inconclusive identification. The complex nature of many sample matrices as well as the presence of particulate matter in samples often severely reduces the sensitivity and specificity of conventional bacterial detection systems, especially those that rely on immunological reactions for capture or detection. Evanescent wave fiber-optic biosensors can identify such target analytes in minutes directly from complex matrix samples using robust antibody-based assays, significantly improving the detection sensitivity, selectivity, and speed. In addition, live microbial targets can be recovered from fiber-optic waveguides to determine microorganism viability, confirm identification, and preserve as evidence.