cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamic Analysis of the STARC-ABL Propulsion System

In the pursuit of Electrified Aircraft Propulsion (EAP), much of the attention is on the development of hybrid electric concept vehicles and their propulsion systems from a steady state performance perspective. While it is steady-state performance that largely determines the efficiency of civil air transports, engine operability and transient performance define constraints for the steady state design that impact efficiency and system viability. Neglecting dynamics and control technologies can result in an over-designed, sub optimal propulsion system or a concept that is not feasible. Thus, dynamic system studies were conducted on the propulsion system of the conceptual aircraft design known as the Single-aisle Turboelectric AiRCraft with Aft Boundary Layer propulsor (STARC-ABL). This paper describes the development of a controller to verify the baseline concept's feasibility from an operability perspective. Further, studies were conducted to identify excessive stability margin in the baseline design that could be traded for potential benefits in efficiency through an engine re design. This study revealed the potential to reduce the high pressure compressor (HPC) stall margin by 3%. Finally, a study was conducted to investigate the potential benefit of adding energy storage to the STARC-ABL concept that further improves operability and enables more gains in engine efficiency and performance. The energy storage provided an additional 0.5% stall margin can be removed from the HPC.
Shielding in ungated field emitter arrays

Cathodes consisting of arrays of high aspect ratio field emitters are of great interest as sources of electron beams for vacuum electronic devices. The desire for high currents and current densities drives the cathode designer towards a denser array, but for ungated emitters, denser arrays also lead to increased shielding, in which the field enhancement factor β of each emitter is reduced due to the presence of the other emitters in the array. To facilitate the study of these arrays, we have developed a method for modeling high aspect ratio emitters using tapered dipole line charges. This method can be used to investigate proximity effects from similar emitters an arbitrary distance away and is much less computationally demanding than competing simulation approaches. Here, we introduce this method and use it to study shielding as a function of array geometry. Emitters with aspect ratios of 102–104 are modeled, and the shielding-induced reduction in β is considered as a function of tip-to-tip spacing for emitter pairs and for large arrays with triangular and square unit cells. Shielding is found to be negligible when the emitter spacing is greater than the emitter height for the two-emitter array, or about 2.5 times the emitter height in the large arrays, in agreement with previously published results. Because the onset of shielding occurs at virtually the same emitter spacing in the square and triangular arrays, the triangular array is preferred for its higher emitter density at a given emitter spacing. The primary contribution to shielding in large arrays is found to come from emitters within a distance of three times the unit cell spacing for both square and triangular arrays.
A Two Dimension Approach to Understanding Negative and Positive Affective Reactions to First Coitus

To gain a better understanding of the dynamics surrounding the initial coital experience of young women and men, this study examined gender differences in affective reactions to first coitus through a two dimension approach (i.e., positive and negative affect) using subscales of the First Coital Affective Reaction Scale. The sample population consisted of 266 university students (women n = 163; men n = 103). T tests, χ2 tests, and regression analyses were used to evaluate the study’s three hypotheses. The findings indicated: (1) a greater percentage of women than men experienced first coitus at an age younger than they perceived to be culturally acceptable for their gender (i.e., perceived norm-behavior discrepancy-PNBD), (2) among women, a positive relationship was found between PNBD and negative affect, and (3) positive affective reactions to first coitus were associated with circumstances surrounding the event and not cultural/societal sex norms. A salient finding of this study was that negative and positive affective reactions to initial coitus can be experienced simultaneously with each dimension of affect responding to different factors. Specifically, negative affect was influenced by a somewhat distant influence of perceived cultural/societal sex norms while positive affect was influenced by the immediate circumstances surrounding the event.
New Observations in Contact Scaling for 2D FETs

Atomically thin 2D crystals are promising channel materials for extremely scaled field-effect transistors (FETs). For devices at the scaled regime, both channel and contact length must be scaled. However, contacting 2D materials at scaled contact lengths $(L_{c} has rarely been pursued or studied in-depth1. An example of a top-contacted FET is shown in Fig. 1 with $L_{c}$ and transfer length $(L_{T})$ labeled and a summary of state-of-the-art studies listed in Table 1. In this work, we experimentally scaled the contact length for MoS 2 2D FETs with varying channel thicknesses and found that, contrary to previous reports, top contacts can be scaled down to 20 nm without noticeable degradation in transistor performance.
A new model for predicting the thickness of intermetallic compounds in friction stir welding

Abstract The thickness of intermetallic compounds (IMCs) is one of the main factors affecting the weld quality. In addition, the IMC thickness will affect the product functionality, e.g., the thermal or electrical conductivity of the IMC layer can be the limiting factor in the related applications. Modeling and prediction of the IMC thickness in the friction stir welding (FSW) process is an important role that has not been elaborated in the literature. Additionally, many studies used a model for the IMC thickness that is related to the classical diffusion phenomenon. That model is suitable for the pure (intrinsic) diffusion process and does not consider the main unique characteristic of FSW, i.e., the stirring and subsequent linear velocity of particles (that has an impact on the diffusion process). To address this research gap, first, we develop a new model for the IMC thickness that takes the velocity of particles into account. Second, we provide an analysis on the velocity of particles in FSW based on vortex dynamics. Third, we analyze the proposed IMC thickness model with experimental data from the literature, discuss the added values of our model, and finally examine a case study. Understanding various manufacturing processes can further lead to the improvement of the existing processes and the development of novel processes.
A Borderland Methodology / Una Metodología Fronteriza

This paper develops a flexible explication of borderland methodology, demonstrating a practical application of Gloria Anzaldua’s theories on scholarly research. This essay’s form duplicates the key...
Velocity scaling and breakup criteria for jets formed due to acceleration and deceleration process

A study of velocity scaling and breakup criteria for jets formed as a result of an acceleration and deceleration process is presented. The process is characterized by five dimensionless numbers: Weber number, Ohnesorge number, Bond number, and dimensionless acceleration and deceleration times.
Composite particle construction of the Fibonacci fractional quantum Hall state

The Fibonacci topological order is the simplest platform for a universal topological quantum computer, consisting of a single type of non-Abelian anyon, $\tau$, with fusion rule $\tau\times\tau=1+\tau$. While it has been proposed that the anyon spectrum of the $\nu=12/5$ fractional quantum Hall state includes a Fibonacci sector, a dynamical picture of how a pure Fibonacci state may emerge in a quantum Hall system has been lacking. Here we use recently proposed non-Abelian dualities to construct a Fibonacci state of bosons at filling $\nu=2$ starting from a trilayer of integer quantum Hall states. Our parent theory consists of bosonic "composite vortices" coupled to fluctuating $U(2)$ gauge fields, which is related to the standard theory of Laughlin quasiparticles by duality. The Fibonacci state is obtained by clustering the composite vortices between the layers, along with flux attachment, a procedure reminiscent of the clustering picture of the Read-Rezayi states. We further use this framework to motivate a wave function for the Fibonacci fractional quantum Hall state.
Is Music Education in Tune With the Pursuit of Equity? An Examination of Access to Music Education in Michigan’s Schools:

Access to music education in American schools is not guaranteed. Although national studies have demonstrated disparities based on poverty, race, and other markers, these studies miss a necessary le...
Feasibility of monitoring COVID-19 related stroke patients across a 14 hospital stroke system of care

Background: Identifying and tracking COVID-19 related data has been crucial to the pandemic response. Most hospital systems have created internal tracking databases specific to COVID-19 but separat...
Mining Web Data

The Web is an unique phenomenon in many ways, in terms of its scale, the distributed and uncoordinated nature of its creation, the openness of the underlying platform, and the resulting diversity of applications it has enabled. Examples of such applications include e-commerce, user collaboration, and social network analysis. Because of the distributed and uncoordinated nature in which the Web is both created and used, it is a rich treasure trove of diverse types of data. This data can be either a source of knowledge about various subjects, or personal information about users.
Commissioning of a Novel Animal Thermal Environment Replication and Measurement System

Abstract. Thermal environment (TE) in livestock production systems effects the animalâ€™s thermal comfort, feed efficiency, and the producerâ€™s operating costs. Accurate assessment of the radiative component of TE requires Mean Radiant Temperature (t mr ) measurement with a Black Globe Thermometer (BGT); however, these devices are cost prohibitive (if multiple are needed), have limited commercial availability, and lack confidence for a range of conditions commonly found in a swine facility. The objectives were to design, construct and commission a novel and well-documented TE simulation system named Animal Thermal Environment Replication and Measurement System (AThERMS). Simulations of different combinations of dry-bulb temperature, relative humidity, and airspeeds while independently controlling chamber surface temperature (t s ) can be evaluated. AThERMS is a 1.04 x 1.17 x 1.04 m chamber inside a large Insulated Enclosure (IE) where air supplied by an air handling unit provides unique TEs to both AThERMS and the IE. Commissioning of AThERMS prior to BGT assessment included a qualitative (smoke visualization) and quantitative (three-dimensional traverse and CFD model) velocity characterization in the central region of the chamber and verification of similar and stable t s for all six surfaces. Analysis of velocity contours sliced in different x, y, z planes surrounding the BGT at three nominal flowrates indicated steady patterns and helped guide placement of the airspeed sensor used to derive the impact of convection on measured BGT temperature. Results also showed at three nominal t s (13°C, 23°C, and 33°C), during a 2 h steady state operation, that maximum mean difference between any two t s measured by six digital IR sensors was 0.26°C with standard deviations less than 0.11°C. Determination of the time constant (I„) for cooling and heating the surfaces showed the time to reach steady-state (3I„, ~95%) to be 85.4 and 42 min, respectively. AThERMS can be used to simulate different TEs a housed animal may experience and function as a reference to calibrate or verify TE measurements.
Innovations in Practice: Dissemination and implementation of child–parent psychotherapy in rural public health agencies

Background Early trauma exposure can have long-term negative health effects. Few young children receive evidence-based trauma treatment. This article explores the feasibility of implementing Child–Parent Psychotherapy (CPP), an evidence-based intervention, in rural public health agencies. Method Twenty-three clinicians across four agencies were trained. Training outcomes and implementation barriers and facilitators were assessed. Results One hundred twelve client–caregiver dyads began the year-long treatment; 50% are currently enrolled or have completed treatment. Barriers and facilitators to implementation were identified. Conclusions CPP is feasible to implement in rural community mental health agencies. Important lessons were learned related to planning, implementation, and sustainability.
MEASUREMENT OF SOIL THERMAL RESISTIVITY

Of several available methods for the measurement of the thermal resistivity of soils, the thermal needle method and the Shannon and Wells method are considered most suitable, because of their relative simplicity and the short measurement time required. The thermal needle method is the simpler of the two, and it offers the added advantage that knowledge of the specific heat of the soil is not required for calculation of the thermal resistivity from the test data. A special thermal needle design and simple test procedures have been developed which make possible the determination of thermal resistivity in both the radial and axial directions and the specific heat for a given sample.
Patient satisfaction with testosterone replacement therapies: the reasons behind the choices.

Abstract Introduction Testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) for male hypogonadism is rapidly gaining popularity and acceptance. Options include gels, injections, and implantable subcutaneous pellets. Aims The aim of this study was to determine rates of patient satisfaction and reasons for patient preferences in hypogonadal men on TRT. Methods An anonymous, prospective survey was distributed to men presenting for TRT at an academic urology clinic. The survey was organized into multiple domains including patient satisfaction and treatment motivation. Main Outcome Measures Patient satisfaction responses obtained via anonymous survey. Results Average patient age was 49 ± 0.7 years (n = 382). Injectable testosterone was chosen by 53%, gel‐based regimens by 31%, and pellets by 17%. Overall, 70% of patients were satisfied with their TRT and 14% reported dissatisfaction. Satisfaction rates were similar between gels (68%), injections (73%), and implantable pellets (70%). Doctor recommendation was the sole significant reason for patients preferring gel‐based TRT (66% vs. 37% injection users vs. 31% pellet users). Injectable TRT was favored because of lower cost (35% vs. 21% gel users vs. 19% pellet users). Pellets were favored for ease of use (64% vs. 44% injection users vs. 43% gel users) and convenience (58% vs. 26% injection users vs. 19% gel users). Pellets had increased rates of satisfaction within the first 12 months. Improvements in concentration and mood occurred at higher percentages in satisfied patients. Conclusions Patients are satisfied with TRT. Lower costs are important to patients on injections. Convenience and ease of use are central in choosing pellet therapy. Men on TRT should be questioned about mood and concentration because these factors exhibited the greatest improvements in satisfied patients. Kovac JR, Rajanahally S, Smith RP, Coward RM, Lamb DJ, and Lipshultz LI. Patient satisfaction with testosterone replacement therapies: The reasons behind the choices. J Sex Med 2014;11:553–562.
Chapter 1 Introduction to the Crystallization of Biological Macromolecules

Publisher Summary Crystallization has emerged as the rate-limiting step in macromolecular crystallography and has become a major barrier to advances in structural biology. Biological macromolecules—which include proteins, nucleic acids, and their complexes—can be crystallized by a wide variety of techniques involving a broad range of reagents. The objective in all cases is to produce supersaturated mother liquors. The crystallization trials may in turn be carried out under different physical conditions, such as temperature. The chapter summarizes the most commonly employed approaches for discovering successful crystallization conditions for specific macromolecules and the factors that influence them. In addition, the chapter describes and discusses some of the classical ideas from crystallization science and protein science—such as solubility in salts as a function of pH—in terms of their practical application and addresses many of the difficulties that are commonly encountered. While the methodologies have been developed principally for protein crystallization, they are equally applicable to large biological assemblies, such as viruses and ribosomal particles.
Modeling of Virion Collisions in Cervicovaginal Mucus Reveals Limits on Agglutination as the Protective Mechanism of Secretory Immunoglobulin A.

Secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), a dimeric antibody found in high quantities in the gastrointestinal mucosa, is broadly associated with mucosal immune protection. A distinguishing feature of sIgA is its ability to crosslink pathogens, thereby creating pathogen/sIgA aggregates that are too large to traverse the dense matrix of mucin fibers in mucus layers overlying epithelial cells and consequently reducing infectivity. Here, we use modeling to investigate this mechanism of “immune exclusion” based on sIgA-mediated agglutination, in particular the potential use of sIgA to agglutinate HIV in cervicovaginal mucus (CVM) and prevent HIV transmission. Utilizing reported data on HIV diffusion in CVM and semen, we simulate HIV collision kinetics in physiologically-thick mucus layers–a necessary first step for sIgA-induced aggregation. We find that even at the median HIV load in semen of acutely infected individuals possessing high viral titers, over 99% of HIV virions will penetrate CVM and reach the vaginal epithelium without colliding with another virion. These findings imply that agglutination is unlikely to be the dominant mechanism of sIgA-mediated protection against HIV or other sexually transmitted pathogens. Rather, we surmise that agglutination is most effective against pathogens either present at exceedingly high concentrations or that possess motility mechanisms other than Brownian diffusion that significantly enhance encounter rates.
Dimensions of Culture (Geert H. Hofstede) – Power Distance

All societies contain power differences between their citizens and are stratified according to different dimensions, including power, wealth, and physical or mental characteristics, to name a few. What differs from culture to culture, however, is how power differences are determined and experienced by both dominant and subordinate persons. Dutch sociologist Mauk initially conceptualized and experimented with the concept of power distance (PD). Later, borrowed the term power distance to apply to a dimension he discovered following analysis of a multinational survey administered to IBM employees in 40 different countries. Keywords: cross-cultural psychology; Geert Hofstede
Apolipoprotein B48 RNA Editing in Chimeric Apolipoprotein EB mRNA

Abstract Apolipoprotein (apo) B occurs in two forms, apoB100 (512 kDa) and apoB48 (240 kDa); both are derived from the same gene. A novel mechanism involving editing of the apoB mRNA causes the formation of apoB48; the first base of codon 2153 is changed from cytosine to uracil, converting a glutamine codon to a premature stop codon. To identify the apoB mRNA sequence elements recognized by the apoB mRNA editing mechanism, two apoB cDNA fragments (354 and 63 base pairs) with codon 2153 near their centers were inserted into a high expression vector of another secreted apolipoprotein, apoE. The resulting vectors, pHEB-354 and -63, were transfected into Chinese hamster ovary cells, HepG2 cells, and apoB48-producing CaCo-2 cells. The secreted chimeric apolipoproteins (apoEB354 and apoEB63) were analyzed for premature truncation, and the mRNA was analyzed for the presence of an edited base. The pHEB-354 construct produced a truncated protein only in CaCo-2 cells, whereas pHEB-63 produced no truncated protein in any of the three cell types. The mRNA was converted to cDNA and amplified by the polymerase chain reaction technique. Differential hybridization of the polymerase chain reaction products with CAA (Gln) and TAA (Stop) specific probes detected an edited base only in cDNA from CaCo-2 cells transfected with pHEB-354, in agreement with the protein analysis. We conclude that the nucleotide sequence of the apoB cDNA insert in pHEB-354 contains sufficient information to be edited in CaCo-2 cells. In these cells, a cryptic polyadenylation site was activated in the edited pHEB-354 mRNA. As a result, CaCo-2 cells transfected with pHEB-354 produced a short, edited pHEB-354 mRNA and a long, unedited pHEB-354 mRNA. Chinese hamster ovary cells transfected with pHEB-354 or CaCo-2 cells transfected with pHEB-63 produced only a full length transcript. Amplification of the pHEB-354 cDNA using 3'-primers upstream and downstream of the poly(A) addition site and hybridization with the TAA probe confirmed these results. This unusual mRNA editing apparently occurs before polyadenylation, probably in the nucleus.
Energy detection and machine learning for the identification of wireless MAC technologies

ISM spectrum is becoming increasingly populated with various wireless technologies, rendering it a scarce resource. Consequently, wireless coexistence is increasingly vulnerable to new wireless devices attempting to access the same spectrum. This paper presents a novel method for identifying wireless technologies through the use of simple energy detection techniques. Energy detection is used to measure the channel statistical temporal characteristics including activity and inactivity probability distributions. Features uniquely belonging to specific wireless technologies are extracted from the probability distributions and fed into a machine-learning algorithm to identify the technologies under evaluation. Wireless technology identification enables situational awareness to improve coexistence and reduce interference among the devices. An intelligent wireless device is capable of detecting wireless technologies operating within same vicinity. This can be performed by scanning energy levels without the need for signal demodulation and decoding. In this work, a wireless technology identification algorithm was assessed experimentally. Temporal traffic pattern for 802.11b/g/n homogeneous and heterogeneous networks were measured and used as algorithm input. Identification accuracies of up to 96.83% and 85.9% were achieved for homogeneous and heterogeneous networks, respectively.
Disulfiram‐Cotrimoxazole Reaction

The disulfiram-ethanol reaction is a well-known clinical phenomenon occurring as a result of acetaldehyde accumulation in the blood. Symptoms usually begin within 5-15 minutes after ingestion of ethanol in patients who have taken disulfiram 3-123 hours earlier, and generally occur in the following order: flushing, sweating, palpitations, dyspnea, hyperventilation, increased pulse rate, fall in blood pressure, nausea, vomiting, and drowsiness. Patients need not experience all these symptoms, and recovery is generally complete. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (cotrimoxazole) is a commonly prescribed antimicrobial agent that may produce a reaction similar to that of disulfiram when taken by patients who drink ethanol. This drug-chemical interaction may result in accumulation of acetaldehyde in the blood.
Surgical Repair of Bulbar Urethral Strictures: Advantages of Ventral, Dorsal, and Lateral Approaches and When to Choose Them

Objectives. To review the available literature describing the three most common approaches for buccal mucosal graft (BMG) augmentation during reconstruction of bulbar urethral strictures. Due to its excellent histological properties, buccal mucosa graft is now routinely used in urethral reconstruction. The best approach for the placement of such a graft remains controversial. Methods. PubMed search was conducted for available English literature describing outcomes of bulbar urethroplasty augmentation techniques using dorsal, ventral, and lateral approaches. Prospective and retrospective studies as well as meta-analyses and latest systematic reviews were included. Results. Most of the studies reviewed are of retrospective nature and majority described dorsal or ventral approaches. Medium- and long-term outcomes of all three approaches were comparable ranging between 80 and 88%. Conclusion. Various techniques of BMG augmentation urethroplasty have been described for repairs of bulbar urethral strictures. In this review, we describe and compare the three most common “competing” approaches for bulbar urethroplasty with utilization of BMG.
Medical management of sand enteropathy in 62 horses.

Summary Reasons for performing study Medical management of sand enteropathy is common in equine practice, but the clinical features and outcomes associated with medically managed sand enteropathy are not well described. Objectives To review clinical features, therapeutic approaches and outcomes associated with primary medical management of sand enteropathy in the mature horse. Methods Medical record databases at 3 equine referral hospitals from January 2000 to April 2010 were reviewed for cases of sand enteropathy diagnosed via abdominal radiographs in mature horses that were initially managed medically. Data were collected and descriptive analyses compiled. Uni- and multivariate logistic regression was used to evaluate factors potentially associated with treatment failure. Results The medical records of 62 horses were analysed; 90% of horses survived to discharge and 50% of horses that had repeat abdominal radiographs taken demonstrated improvement in the degree of sand accumulation after treatment. Nine horses underwent exploratory laparotomy during hospitalisation, and colonic sand impaction was found in all 9, with a concurrent gastrointestinal lesion identified in 7. Four horses were subjected to euthanasia during or after surgery because of disease severity or complications. Need for exploratory laparotomy was the factor most strongly associated with nonsurvival. Conclusions These data suggest that medical management can result in clinical and radiographic resolution of uncomplicated sand enteropathy in mature horses, and is associated with a good prognosis. Horses with sand enteropathy that exhibit persistent colic signs despite medical management are likely to have a concurrent gastrointestinal lesion, so prompt exploratory laparotomy should be considered in such cases. Potential relevance Uncomplicated sand enteropathy can be managed medically in mature horses, and serial abdominal radiography can be used to monitor sand clearance. Surgery to evaluate for and correct concurrent gastrointestinal lesions should be recommended without delay in horses showing persistent colic signs.
Reply to Oron: Electric vehicles provide an opportunity to reduce environmental health effects of transportation

Oron (1) argues that our study (2) uses “inappropriate” methods and is framed in a way that leads “readers toward misguided conclusions.” Both of these arguments are misplaced and seem more focused on some media coverage of our article than on our article itself. Oron’s (1) specific critiques do not call into question any of the main conclusions of our report (2).
Effect of Acupuncture Manipulations at LI4 or LI11 on Blood Flow and Skin Temperature

Acupuncture induces physiological changes, and patients have reported warm or cool sensations with "Burning Fire" (BF) or "Penetrating Cool" (PC) manipulations. This study aimed to evaluate whether these techniques had distinct effects on skin temperature and blood flow and to examine whether skin temperature correlated with blood flow. The participants were 25 healthy volunteers, each receiving acupuncture manipulations on points LI4 and LI11 bilaterally. Skin temperatures and blood flow were recorded continuously on both arms. The study found that acupuncture significantly increased skin temperature on the needling arm by 0.3514°C on average, but decreased it on the contralateral arm by 0.2201°C on average. Blood flow decreased significantly in both arms during needling (-3.4% and -5.97% for the ipsilateral and the contralateral sides, respectively), but the changes in skin temperature did not correlate with the changes in blood flow. Furthermore, these changes were not significantly different between acupuncture techniques and acupuncture points. In conclusion, acupuncture changes local skin temperature and blood flow independent of the manipulation technique. Moreover, blood flow may not be affected by the increased temperature on the needling arm. These results help to verify traditional Chinese medicine concepts and may help in establishing standards for acupuncture treatments.
Seismicity and uplift of southern Italy

Abstract Geologically young regional uplift of southern Italy has been documented in geological studies of uplifted Pleistocene shorelines; for example, three marine terraces on the Gulf of Taranto range in elevation from 20 to 35 m, 10 to 15 m, and 3 to 4 m, respectively (Cotecchia et al., 1969). These terraces suggest an average rate of uplift on the order of 0.01-0.02 cm/yr within the past 170,000 years in southern Italy, although the uplift may have been periodic. Terraces indicating uplift of other areas in Italy have been noted as far north as the Gargano Promontory on the Adriatic coast. The succession of marine terraces in southern Italy has many features in common with marine terraces in areas of the circum-Pacific belt of earthquake activity, such as in Chile and Alaska. The tectonic settings and seismic activity of southern Italy, Chile, and the Pacific coast of Alaska appear to be similar in many ways. For example, each of these areas has current seismicity that appears to be characteristic of a subduction zone, although the seismically active area in southern Italy is small in comparison with the Pacific zones and it is not known if subduction is presently occurring in southern Italy. More important, though, is that the maximum size of historic earthquakes of southern Italy is approximately one order of magnitude smaller than the largest historic earthquakes in the Pacific arcs. Because of similar tectonic settings and types of earthquake activity, and with consideration of the long historic record of earthquake activity in Italy (nearly 2000 years), it is believed that the largest credible earthquakes in southern Italy have not occurred within historic time. It may be possible that the largest credible earthquake in southern Italy could be significantly larger than the largest historic earthquake, which is the Messina earthquake of estimated magnitude 7-7.5. Such an earthquake or series of earthquakes might have a recurrence interval that is very long, possibly on the order of thousands of years. Large earthquakes that occur once every few thousand years could explain the periodic uplift of southern Italy and the origin of the uplifted marine terraces there.
Efficacy of Bifocals in the Treatment of Accommodative Esotropia

We treated 84 patients with a partially refractive accommodative esotropia with bifocals. Twelve patients were able to fuse without bifocals at the end of therapy; in 19, the bifocal power could be reduced and further improvement can be expected in the future. Thirty-nine remained dependent on bifocals; and in 14, fusion had deteriorated in spite of therapy. Patients with a high AC/A ratio and those receiving supportive orthoptic treatment seemed to fare best with bifocals. In those with a low AC/A ratio, fusion tended to deteriorate because of a slowly increasing esodeviation at near fixation.
Changes to DA-CPR instructions: can we reduce time to first compression and improve quality of bystander CPR?

Abstract Introduction Dispatcher-assisted CPR (DA-CPR) can increase rates of bystander CPR, survival, and quality of life following cardiac arrest. Dispatcher protocols designed to improve rapid recognition of arrest and coach CPR may increase survival by (1) reducing preventable time delays to start of chest compressions and (2) improving the quality of bystander CPR. Methods We conducted a randomized controlled trial comparing a simplified DA CPR script to a conventional DA CPR script in a manikin cardiac arrest simulation with lay participants. The primary outcomes measured were the time interval from call receipt to the first chest compression and the core metrics of chest compression (depth, rate, release, and compression fraction). CPR was measured using a recording manikin for the first 3 min of participant CPR. Results Of the 75 participants, 39 were randomized to the simplified instructions and 36 were randomized to the conventional instructions. The interval from call receipt to first compression was 99 s using the simplified script and 124 s using the conventional script for a difference of 24 s (p Discussion Simplified DA-CPR instructions to lay callers in simulated cardiac arrest settings resulted in significant reductions in time to first compression and improvements in compression depth. These results suggest an important opportunity to improve DA CPR instructions to reduce delays and improve CPR quality.
Human-In-The-Loop simulation of area navigation visual flight procedures at atlanta international airport

The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has committed to implementing Area Navigation (RNAV) procedures at airports throughout the National Airspace System (NAS). Delta Airlines (DAL) and air traffic controllers from the Atlanta Terminal Radar Approach Control (TRACON) (A80) facility have collaborated to design RNAV Visual Flight Procedures (RVFPs) at Atlanta's Hartsfield-Jackson International Airport (ATL). These procedures are comprised of a modified RNAV Standard Terminal Arrival (STAR) runway transition, a Constant Radius to Fix (RF) turn from the downwind to the final approach course, and the existing RNAV Global Positioning System (GPS) approach procedure. The RVFPs are designed to increase efficiency of properly-equipped ATL arrivals in Visual Meteorological Conditions (VMC). Implementing new RNAV procedures requires consideration of current traffic patterns to ensure a more efficient operation while maintaining high levels of operational safety. A80 requested that The MITRE Corporation's Center for Advanced Aviation System Development (CAASD) conduct a Human-In-The-Loop (HITL) simulation to evaluate the operational acceptability of implementing the proposed procedures from the pilot and controller perspectives. The HITL simulation allowed participants to identify design and procedural issues that required change. These changes were implemented during the course of the HITL simulation, yielding a procedure acceptable to both pilots and controllers.
Some attempts to couple distinct fluid models

We present in this paper a review of some recent works dedicated to the numerical interfacial coupling of fluid models. One main motivation of the whole approach is to provide some meaningful methods and tools in order to compute unsteady patterns, while using distinct existing CFD codes in the nuclear industry. Thus, the main objective is to derive suitable boundary conditions for the codes to be coupled. A first section is devoted to a review of some attempts to couple: (i) 1D and 3D codes, (ii) distinct homogeneous two-phase flow models, (iii) fluid and porous models. More details on numerical procedures described in this section can be found in companion papers. Then we detail in a second section a way to couple a two-fluid hyperbolic model and an homogeneous relaxation model.
Mitotic metaphase cells from different cell lines cause different levels of expression of the α-form of interphase chromosome breaks irradiated CHO cels

We previously showed that HeLa mitotic metaphase cells, when used as inducers of premature chromosome condensation (PCC), uncover two times more chromosome breaks in irradiated interphase cells than CHO mitotic metaphase cells, and have at the same time a 2.5-fold higher mitosis promoting factor (MPF) activity. In a different set of experiments, we provided evidence that ionizing radiation induces two forms of interphase chromosome breaks, the alpha- and the beta-form, that can be discriminated from each other based on their kinetics of rejoining, their sensitivities to postirradiation treatments, and the genetic requirements of their repair. Here we demonstrate that HeLa mitotic metaphase cells increase the radiation yield of interphase chromosome breaks by specifically uncovering interphase chromosome damage of the alpha-form. Using xrs-5 cells that constitutively express chromosome breaks of the beta-form, we also show that the choice of metaphase cells does not affect the expression of the beta-form of interphase chromosome breaks. These observations add yet another qualitative and quantitative difference between alpha- and beta-forms of interphase chromosome breaks, and suggest that separation of radiation damage into two components will be helpful in the description of radiation action in living cells. The finding that different types of mitotic inducer cells give widely different yields of interphase chromosome breaks indicates that a quantitative comparison of the results obtained by different investigators should be made with caution and should consider the type of mitotic cells used.
Effect of estradiol benzoate and clomiphene on tyrosine hydroxylase activity and on luteinizing hormone and prolactin levels in ovariectomized rats.

Abstract The effects of estradiol benzoate (EB) on tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity in the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) and on plasma levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and prolactin were studied in long-term ovariectomized rats. Administration of 10 μg EB produced significant elevation of TH activity on Days 1 and 3 following injection. LH levels were significantly lower than controls throughout the three day treatment period, although there was a significant increase from Day 1 to Day 2. TH activity and LH levels were inversely related throughout the experimental period. Clomiphene (15 μg/rat/day), a purported estrogen antagonist, was administered over a period of three days to control and EB-treated rats to determine whether the effect of EB on plasma LH levels was causally related to changes in TH activity. In rats receiving both EB and clomiphene, TH activity was lower and plasma LH was higher than after EB alone. The results support the hypothesis that the feedback effects of estradiol on LH release involve an action on the tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic (TIDA) neurons of the MBH and that clomiphene can oppose the inhibitory effect of estradiol on LH release by directly inhibiting TIDA neuron activity. Furthermore, EB-induced release of prolactin does not appear to involve detectable changes in the activity of TIDA neurons.
Identification and partial purification of a chromatin bound calmodulin activated histone 3 kinase from calf thymus.

A calcium-calmodulin (Ca2+-CaM) stimulated histone H3 phosphorylating activity was identified as a component of a nuclear protein complex purified from a 150 mM NaCl extract of calf thymus chromatin. This activity bound to a CaM-Sepharose affinity column in a Ca2+ dependent manner and was eluted off the column in the presence of EGTA. Equilibrium centrifugation of the EGTA eluate on a sucrose density gradient revealed that the activity is a component of a larger complex identified at 25% sucrose. This complex consisted of two major proteins, having Mr of 65 and 75 kDa. Using [125I] CaM and the gel overlay technique it was shown that the 75 kDa protein is the major CaM binding protein in the complex.
Identification of the conserved coding sequences of three chitin synthase genes in Fonsecaea pedrosoi

Primers having designs based on highly conserved stretches in the deduced amino acid sequences of chitin synthase (CHS) genes were used in PCR reactions to amplify 600 bp and 366 bp products from the genomic DNA of three major causal agents of chromoblastomycosis. Cloning and sequencing of the PCR products of one of these fungi, Fonsecaea pedrosoi, identified three CHS sequences designated as FpCHS1, FpCHS2 and FpCHS3. FpCHS1 and FpCHS2 were homologous to regions of CHS1 and CHS2 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and their derived amino acid sequences fell into chitin synthase classes I and II, respectively. FpCHS3 was homologous to a region of the CAL1/CSD2 gene of S. cerevisiae, which codes for the chitin synthase three (Chs3) enzyme in that fungus. Phylogenetic trees constructed using the deduced amino acid sequences of PCR-amplified CHS products from many fungi clustered F. pedrosoi with other dematiaceous fungi, providing new molecular evidence for the genetic relatedness of these organisms. The identification of these CHS genes in F. pedrosoi will facilitate future studies of the functional roles of chitin synthases in the unique in vivo dimorphism exhibited by chromoblastomycotic fungi.
The pharmacokinetics of oclacitinib maleate, a Janus kinase inhibitor, in the dog.

The pharmacokinetics of oclacitinib maleate was evaluated in four separate studies. The absolute bioavailability study used a crossover design with 10 dogs. The effect of food on bioavailability was investigated in a crossover study with 18 dogs. The breed effect on pharmacokinetics was assessed in a crossover study in beagles and mongrels dogs. Dose proportionality and multiple dose pharmacokinetics were evaluated in a parallel design study with eight dogs per group. In all four studies, serial blood samples for plasma were collected. Oclacitinib maleate was rapidly and well absorbed following oral administration, with a time to peak plasma concentration of <1 h and an absolute bioavailability of 89%. The prandial state of dogs did not significantly affect the rate or extent of absorption of oclacitinib maleate when dosed orally, as demonstrated by the lack of significant differences in pharmacokinetic parameters between the oral fasted and oral fed treatment groups. The pharmacokinetics of oclacitinib in laboratory populations of beagles and mixed breed dogs also appeared similar. Following oral administration, the exposure of oclacitinib maleate increased dose proportionally from 0.6 to 3.0 mg/kg. Additionally, across the pharmacokinetic studies, there were no apparent differences in oclacitinib pharmacokinetics attributable to sex.
Electronic Configuration d 4 in a Complex Ion

BECAUSE of the instability of the valence states which transition metal atoms must possess in order to have four non-bonding electrons remaining after forming a d2sp3 octahedral complex ion, few simple ions of this configuration have been studied. This lack of experimental data has seriously hindered the elucidation of the properties to be expected for a complex ion of this type1.
The Citizen Factor Engaging the Language of Citizenship in a Global Classroom

Teaching an MBA ethics course, Management and the Social Environment, prompted the focus of this article on citizenship and the work of social entrepreneurs— those individuals involved in a worldwide mobilization of transnational organizations called the citizen sector. The first part presents an overviewon citizenship, ethics, and the role of liberal education in management courses. The second part outlines the practice and integration of these concepts to class curriculum and their particular relevance as taught at an Hispanic-serving institution.
Applications of High-resolution Carbon-13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy to Solid Polymers

Systematic research concerning synthetic polymers requires an understanding of molecular-level influences on macroscopic behavior. Chemical structure, morphology, orientation, and chain dynamics, which are known to have important effects on bulk material properties, have all been characterized by various forms of molecular spectroscopy. Despite such efforts, we do not have a complete understanding of the relationship between macroscopic and microscopic properties. Two general problems remain: (1) the requirement of special sample preparation for many types of spectroscopy; and (2) the limited scope of common spectroscopic techniques. Differences in sample preparation, variations in sensitivity, and ambiguities in interpretation combine to complicate the study. Recently developed NMR techniques for high-resolution in solids have demonstrated the potential to solve such problems in many cases. This review focuses on the high-resolution NMR techniques developed for 13C, the nucleus of most general interest for organic polymers. The experimental procedures are explained briefly and the provision of new information in various areas of polymer science by 13C NMR solids is discussed. Specific examples are used and some indication of future potential is presented.
Effect of interfacial zone on mechanical behavior and failure of fiber-reinforced composites

Abstract The mechanical behavior of the interphase between fibers and matrix is modeled by continuity of tractions, and a linear relation between displacement differences across the interphase and the conjugate tractions. The proportionality constants characterize the stiffness and the strength of the interphase. By the use of this model, and for transverse loading of a rectangular-array fiber-reinforced composite, numerical results have been obtained for the stresses in the matrix and in the fibers. Variation of the interphase parameters causes pronounced changes in these stress distributions. The initiation, propagation and arrest of interphase cracks have been analysed based on a criterion of critical strain energy density in the interphase. The results have also been used to display the effect of the interphase parameters on the overall elastic moduli of the composite, prior as well as subsequent to the development of interphase cracks.
Few intrinsic connections cross the hand-face border of area 3b of New World monkeys.

After long-standing loss of afferents from the hand, the hand representation in area 3b of the somatosensory cortex of monkeys becomes responsive to touch on the face. Because the reactivation of deprived hand cortex by the face inputs could depend on axonal connections across the hand-face border, we determined the extent of such connections in New World marmosets, owl monkeys, and squirrel monkeys. Small injections of anatomic tracers were placed in the hand or the face representations after these representations were identified by microelectrode recordings. The positions of retrogradely labeled neurons were plotted in processed brain sections cut parallel to the brain surface, and their locations were related to anatomic isomorphs of the hand and face representations revealed in adjacent brain sections stained for myelin. In these sections, the hand-face border was clearly visualized as a myelin-poor septum. The intrinsic connections of area 3b labeled by injections in either the hand or face representations were almost completely confined to their respective representation, and very few neurons projected across the border. In addition, neurons in the somatosensory thalamus labeled by injections in either face or hand representations were confined to either VPM, representing the face, or the hand subnucleus of VPL. Thus the reactivation of hand cortex by face stimulation does not depend on a previously existing network of intrinsic cortical connections across the hand-face border, or mismatched thalamocortical projections.