cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thin-Film Lithium and Lithium-Ion Batteries

Research over the last decade at Oak Ridge National Laboratory has led to the development of solid-state thin-film lithium and lithium-ion batteries. The batteries, which are less than 15 μm thick, have important applications in a variety of consumer and medical products, and they are useful research tools in characterizing the properties of lithium intercalation compounds in thin-film form. The batteries consist of cathodes that are crystalline or nanocrystalline oxide-based lithium intercalation compounds such as LiCoO2 and LiMn2O4, and anodes of lithium metal, inorganic compounds such as silicon–tin oxynitrides, Sn3N4 and Zn3N2, or metal films such as Cu in which the anode is formed by lithium plating on the initial charge. The electrolyte is a glassy lithium phosphorus oxynitride (‘Lipon’). Cells with crystalline LiCoO2 cathodes can deliver up to 30% of their maximum capacity between 4.2 and 3 V at discharge currents of 10 mA/cm2, and at more moderate discharge–charge rates, the capacity decreases by negligible amounts over thousands of cycles. Thin films of crystalline lithium manganese oxide with the general composition Li1+xMn2−yO4 exhibit on the initial charge significant capacity at 5 V and, depending on the deposition process, at 4.6 V as well, as a consequence of the manganese deficiency–lithium excess. The 5-V plateau is believed to be due to oxidation Mn of ions to valence states higher than +4 accompanied by a rearrangement of the lattice. The gap between the discharge–charge curves of cells with as-deposited nanocrystalline Li1+xMn2−yO4 cathodes is due to a true hysteresis as opposed to a kinetically hindered relaxation observed with the highly crystalline films. This behavior was confirmed by observing classic scanning curves on charge and discharge at intermediate stages of insertion and extraction of Li+ ions. Extended cycling of lithium cells with these cathodes at 25 and 100°C leads to grain growth and evolution of the charge–discharge profiles toward those characteristic of well crystallized films.
Classic Spotlight: the Birth of the Transcriptional Activator.

The views expressed in this Editorial do not necessarily reflect the views of the journal or of ASM. In the famous “PaJaMo” experiment, Arthur Pardee, Francois Jacob, and Jacques Monod exploited the technique of diploid analysis to show that a repressor controlled expression of the Lac operon
Cast dowel and core

The cast dowel and core (D&C) technique has been used for a long time and still being used today when prefabricated fiber post prevails. Several in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that prefabricated fiber posts and core build-ups are doing better or similar to cast D&Cs. However, the comparison between prefabricated fiber posts and cast D&Cs should be done fairly in terms of the amount of remaining tooth structure, cementation/bonding techniques used, and clinical expertise of the researchers, among others. This chapter will focus on (a) the indications for cast D&Cs over the prevalent prefabricated fiber posts and composite core build-ups, (b) factors affecting the long-term success of cast D&Cs, (c) two different clinical techniques (direct pattern and indirect impression) and respective sequences to fabricate a cast D&C and subsequent full-coverage restoration, and (d) the cementation/bonding of cast D&Cs as well as the full-coverage restoration.
Capacitative calcium entry in smooth muscle cells from preglomerular vessels.

Calcium entry via voltage-gated L-type channels is responsible for at least half of the increase in cytosolic calcium ([Ca2+]i) in afferent arterioles following agonist stimulation. We sought the p...
The effect of ingested mineral oil on plasma carotene and vitamin A.

SummaryContinued ingestion of mineral oil as such or in the form of mayonnaise dressing by 20 subjects on a normal unrestricted diet resulted in a moderate decrease in plasma carotene concentration. Vitamin A levels remained unchanged.It is concluded that simultaneous ingestion of mineral oil with food prevents substantial amounts of food carotene from entering the body.
Statistical estimation of link availability and its impact on routing in wireless ad hoc networks: Research Articles

In this paper, an analytical framework is developed and validated via simulation for statistical estimation of the evolution of the separation between a pair of mobile nodes in an ad hoc network. Simulation results demonstrate that path selection based on minimization of the product of the link statistic significantly outperforms minimum-hop and fixed threshold-based ‘path-stability’ schemes. A hierarchical mobility model integrating the dynamic effects of velocity, group movement and geographic scope is used to generalize the results. Another significant result is the performance enhancements hold in large networks irregardless of the assumptions used for statistical estimation. The effect of merging many independent groups appears to restore independent mobility. Finally, results show that at the highest mobility levels, 90p of the longest surviving paths fail within 60 s. None of the strategies approach this optimal value. This important result suggests that optimal predictive mechanisms alone are insufficient to ensure scalable routing in ad hoc networks. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
15N Chemical Shift Tensors of β-HMX

The 15N principal values and orientations of the chemical shift tensors of β-HMX are obtained by means of a FIREMAT experiment. A fitting routine using first-order perturbation theory to account fo...
Rubber Enters the Polymer Age

Abstract I hope that this review of the highlights of my research and educational activities over the past 40 years has demonstrated how polymer science has taken over the fairly “ancient” art of rubber technology; and how both the methods of research used in and the career training required for man's utilization of this unique material are now firmly established as part of the science of macromolecules.
Assessing Collaboration Networks in Educational Research: A Co-Authorship-Based Social Network Analysis Approach.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze collaboration networks and their patterns among higher education institutions (HEIs) in Chile and the Latin American region. This will provide evidence to educational managements in order to properly allocate their efforts to improve collaboration. Design/methodology/approach – This quantitative study examines collaboration using a social network analysis (SNA) approach. The main source used to quantify collaboration is co-authorship of scholarly publications retrieved from the Web of Science scientific search engine. Findings – The paper provides evidence that there is a low collaboration rate within-country as well cross-country among HEIs in Latin America. The collaboration network in Chile is highly dependent on two institutions; Pontificia Universidad Catolica and Universidad de Chile. These institutions are considered leaders of opinion and knowledge facilitators. The density of the whole network is relatively low; only 5 percent of the potential con...
Pollen-Based Bee Algorithm for Data Clustering - A Computational Model

The emergent collective intelligence of social insect groups, including honey bees, presents an appealing model for problem solving. Our newly designed algorithm (which embeds bee, hive, environmental interactions, and season change) presents a more precise swarm analogy that allows our bee model to converge autonomously upon high-quality solutions. We develop in a novel way the natural concept of pollen depletion which, along with creating unique methods of field and honeycomb management, increases optimal solution exploitation – while at the same time dramatically reducing user-facing complexity. The experimental results presented, on pattern data clustering and image segmentation problems, show that the innovations of our proposed model increased both accuracy and reliability over that achieved by traditional bee models.
Textile Waste and Sustainability: A Case Study†

Historically, textile production used local resources that were sustainably harvested and processed. The post-World War II strategy of planned obsolescence put an end to long-term use, repair and reuse of textiles. Today, the textile industry must assume a prominent role in the sustainability movement and find ways to stop its enormous generation of waste and pollution. This paper proposes a fresh examination of the age-old tradition of bricolage, or making creative use of whatever materials are at hand, as one way of reducing the volume of global textile waste. It uses a project initiated in 2008, called Bags Across the Globe (BAG), as a case study in 21st century bricolage as well as a unique new pedagogical approach to textile and fashion design at the university level. BAG is a global collaborative project whose goals are to raise awareness of the environmental damage caused by plastic shopping bags, promote the use of cloth shopping bags, divert textile waste from landfills through its creative repurposing as shopping bags, and serve as a seed project for similar endeavours. It is time for the textile and fashion industry to adopt bricolage as part of a new and sustainable business model.
Apathy is associated with lower mental and physical quality of life in persons infected with HIV

HIV infection is associated with lower health-related quality of life (HRQoL), which is influenced by immunovirological factors, negative affect, neurocognitive impairment, and functional dependence. Although apathy is a common neuropsychiatric sequela of HIV infection, emerging findings regarding its unique role in lower HRQoL have been mixed. The present study was guided by Wilson and Cleary's (1995), model in examining the association between apathy and physical and mental HRQoL in 80 HIV+ individuals who completed a neuromedical examination, neuropsychological assessment, structured psychiatric interview, and a series of questionnaires including the SF-36. Apathy was measured using a composite of the apathy subscale of the Frontal Systems Behavioral Scale and the vigor-activation subscale of the Profile of Mood States. Independent of major depressive disorder, neurocognitive impairment, functional status, and current CD4 count, apathy was strongly associated with HRQoL. Specifically, apathy and CD4 count were significant predictors of physical HRQoL, whereas apathy and depression were the only predictors of mental HRQoL. All told, these findings suggest that apathy plays a unique role in HRQoL and support the importance of assessing and managing apathy in an effort to maximize health outcomes among individuals with HIV disease.
A Survey of Health Management User Objectives in Aerospace Systems Related to Diagnostic and Prognostic Metrics

One of the most prominent technical challenges to effective deployment of health management systems is the vast difference in user objectives with respect to engineering development. In this paper, a detailed survey on the objectives of different users of health management systems is presented. These user objectives are then mapped to the metrics typically encountered in the development and testing of two main systems health management functions: diagnosis and prognosis. Using this mapping, the gaps between user goals and the metrics associated with diagnostics and prognostics are identified and presented with a collection of lessons learned from previous studies that include both industrial and military aerospace applications.
Introduction: Politics and Health

Henrik Ibsen sketched a close linkage between politics and health. Published in 1882, his play An Enemy of the People highlighted the dependence of doctors on government policies. Purists and pragmatists battled over the safety of the local water supply in a town along the Norwegian coast. Dr Thomas Stockman uncovered poisonous bacteria polluting the water works (‘Baths’) and endangering the community with typhoid fever. Dr Stockman urged his older brother Peter, who served as town mayor, chief of police, and chairman of the Board of the Baths, to rebuild the water pipes and sewage system. Yet this policy would entail higher taxes, greater unemployment, and lower profits for businessmen, mainly because the town operated as a resort area. Mayor Peter Stockman rejected his brother’s demands to close the Baths. A public meeting occurred to discuss this issue. As a purist, Dr Stockman championed the cause of public health. Challenging government authorities with justifications based on moral right, civic virtue, and ultimate ends, he viewed the dispute over the water supply as a conflict between good and evil. For him, bacteria polluted the water. Lies, opportunism, and eagerness to compromise polluted the spiritual values of the community.
Gaining Experience Using the Classification Method: A Job Evaluation Exercise

This exercise enables students to practice the classification method of job evaluation. Students are assigned to a “classification committee” and are given five position descriptions to classify using The American Society of Civil Engineers’ Job Grading Standards. After individually classifying the positions, members of the classification committee arrive at a consensus for the classification of each position. Following classification, the committee establishes a salary range for the job structure using internet-based resources. This exercise is appropriate for graduate and undergraduate students studying human resource management and compensation management. A brief review of job evaluation and the classification method of job evaluation is provided along with a discussion of the exercise, teaching notes and exercise handouts.
RISK FACTORS FOR POST CHOLECYSTECTOMY VASCULOBILIARY INJURIES: A PROSPECTIVE STUDY IN IRAQI REFERRAL CENTER

Abstract Background : Vasculobiliary injuries (VBIs) during laparoscopic and open cholecystectomy are still serious problems which may cause liver ischemia. Injuries occur as a result of technical errors or misidentification of biliary ducts. VBIs are major cause of patient morbidity and litigation. Aim : This study represents an analytical review of the patients of vasculobiliary injuries with the aim of providing risk factors, causes, relative frequencies, the clinical implications of such injuries and how to prevent such disastrous vasculobiliary injuries. Patients and Methods : This prospective clinical study conducted in the Department of Surgery in Gastroenterology and Hepatology Teaching Hospital in Medical City/Baghdad from 18th of December 2011 to 25th of December 2013 and completed the research in Washington University in Saint Louis from 7th of January 2014 to 8th of March 2014 with The Pioneer Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary surgeon in the world (Professor Steven M. Strasberg) under the scholarship research program of Iraqi Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research. Fifty patients with VBIs were included in this prospective study ranging from 24 to 66 years old (mean age 40.76 year), 9 (18%) males and 41 (82%) females. All patients with VBIs referred from other hospitals in Baghdad and other Iraqi governorates. We classified the risk factors into three groups: General patient risk factors, local patient risk factors & surgeon factors. In all patients, the prospective diagnosis of VBIs were correctly made on history, clinical presentation, blood investigations, chest & abdominal x-rays, sonography, computed tomography scan (CT), magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) and rarely doppler sonography. Results : This study finds that VBIs done by inexperienced surgeons were observed in 20% (n=10), diploma Surgeon 20% (n=10), and injuries that occurred in cholecystectomy in acute phase 72% (n=36), private hospitals in 20% (n=10), comorbidities 14% (n=7), previous laparotomies 20% (n=10) are statistically significance if compared to control group done in Gastroenterology and Hepatology Teaching Hospital. Conclusions: VBIs represent serious and challenging surgical complications and this study finds that acute cholecystitis, hospital type, experience and education level of surgeon are the most significant risk factors in selective set of logistic regression models. Keywords : cholecystectomy, bile duct injury, vasculobiliary injury.
An Introduction to Linking Theory

Characteristics of winning organizations in the 21st century include fast, friendly, focused, and flexible customer-centered infrastructure (Kotze, 2002). For global organizations to be successful, a supportive infrastructure is critical (Kotze, 2002; Theodore, 2014; Tyson, 1998). Popular organizational theories do not address the need for a supportive infrastructure to link business strategy with operational tactics and as such, face significant problems in overcoming the challenges of competing in the rapidly changing, global environment (Gurel, 2014; Kotze, 2002; Theodore, 2014; Tyson, 1998). By linking strategy, operational infrastructures (lean or balanced scorecard), communication activities, and human resources practices, businesses can increase their ability to improve customer satisfaction and financial performance. Linking theory states to maximize organizational effectiveness in the 21st century global corporations should align their business strategy to organizational infrastructure using human resources and tools to increase customer satisfaction and business performance. Linking theory focuses on strategy, structure, and customer satisfaction and as such, is applicable to all types of global businesses. Since customer satisfaction is the focus of the strategy and structure, employees and managers efforts center on the customer’s definition of satisfaction. Strong technology and communication platforms facilitate internal and external communications providing additional links between strategy and human resources.
How Fast Is Fast Enough for Clinical Laboratory Turnaround Time?: Measurement of the Interval Between Result Entry and Inquiries for Reports

We measured the time interval from result entry by the clinical laboratory to inquiry for reports by clinicians as a proxy for the actual turnaround time required to meet current patient care needs and to determine whether different patterns of report inquiry occur among clinical departments. The study included 4,004 complete blood cell (CBC) count reports that were sought by the clinical services using the hospital information system. The median time to report inquiry was 90 minutes for routine inpatient tests, 35 minutes for stat inpatient tests, and 30 minutes for the stat outpatient CBC counts. Most reports (range, 86%-94%) from these three subgroups were requested within 4 hours from entry of the results in the hospital information system. Of the routine outpatient test reports, 14%, 23%, and 31% were requested within the first 2 hours, 4 hours, and 8 hours, respectively. Although the interdepartmental variations in the median time for report inquiry were statistically significant for routine inpatient tests, stat inpatient tests, and stat outpatient tests, inquiries for the preponderance of reports for all three groups were within the first 1.5 to 3 hours from entry of the results in the hospital information system. We conclude that the majority of CBC counts and other tests with effects on immediate patient care management must be performed very rapidly on site and cannot be moved off site without compromising current standards of medical practice.
Point-of-care Ultrasound for Diagnosis of Abscess in Skin and Soft Tissue Infections.

Background Traditionally, emergency department (ED) physicians rely on their clinical examination to differentiate between cellulitis and abscess when evaluating skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI). Management of an abscess requires incision and drainage, whereas cellulitis generally requires a course of antibiotics. Misdiagnosis often results in unnecessary invasive procedures, sedations (for incision and drainage in pediatric patients), or a return ED visit for failed antibiotic therapy. Objective To describe the operating characteristics of point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) compared to clinical examination in identifying abscesses in ED patients with SSTI. Methods We systematically searched Medline, Web of Science, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Cochrane Library databases from inception until May 2015. Trials comparing POCUS with clinical examination to identify abscesses when evaluating SSTI in the ED were included. Trials that included intraoral abscesses or abscess drainage in the operating room were excluded. Presence of an abscess was defined by drainage of pus. Absence of an abscess was defined as no pus drainage upon incision and drainage, or resolution of SSTI without pus drainage at follow up. Quality of trials was assessed using the QUADAS- 2 tool. Operating characteristics were reported as sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood, and negative likelihood ratios, with their respective 95% confidence intervals (CI). Summary measures were calculated by generating a hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristic (HSROC) model. Results Of 3203 references identified, 6 observational studies (4 pediatric trials and 2 adult trials) with a total of 800 patients were included. Two trials compared clinical examination with clinical examination plus POCUS. The other 4 trials directly compared clinical examination to POCUS. The POCUS HSROC revealed a sensitivity of 97% (95%CI 94-98%), specificity of 83% (95%CI 75-88%), LR+ of 5.5 (95%CI 3.7-8.2), and LR- of 0.04 (95%CI 0.02-0.08%) Conclusion Existing evidence indicates that POCUS is useful in identifying abscess in ED patients with SSTI. In cases where physical examination is equivocal, POCUS can assist physicians to distinguish abscess from cellulitis. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Extracurricular participation and risky behaviours during high school

ABSTRACTExtracurriculars may reduce risky behaviours (smoking, alcohol, marijuana use) through human and health capital accumulation, crowding out and positive peer influences but may also increase them through peer pressure. Using data from the National Education Longitudinal Study, we estimate the contemporaneous and longer term effects of extracurricular participation on 10th and 12th grade risky behaviours. Joint estimation of the participation and risky behaviour decisions, which corrects for selection into extracurriculars, shows that extracurricular activities lead to substantial reductions in the likelihood of engagement in risky behaviours, particularly for smoking and marijuana, but these effects are not persistent in the longer run.
Clinical characteristics and outcomes of atypical carcinoid (AC) tumor of the lung: A Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database analysis.

7554 Background: AC is a rare form of thoracic malignancy. The limited knowledge of the presentation and treatment of this tumor comes largely from small, single institution experiences. We analyze...
Simplified and age-appropriate recommendations for added sugars in children.

Excess sugar intake increases risk for obesity and related comorbidities among children. The World Health Organization (WHO), American Heart Association (AHA) and the 2015 USDA dietary recommendations have proposed guidelines for added sugar intake to reduce risk for disease. WHO and USDA recommendations are presented as a percentage of daily calories from added sugar. This approach is not easily understood or translated to children, where energy needs increase with age. The AHA recommendation is based on a fixed value of 25 g of added sugar for all children 2-19 years of age. This approach does not take into account the different levels of intake across this wide age range. Due to these limitations, we adapted current recommendations for added sugars based on daily energy needs of children 2-19 years. We used those values to derive simple regression equations to predict grams or teaspoons of added sugars per day based on age that would be equivalent to 10% of daily energy needs. This proposed approach aligns with the changing nutritional needs of children and adolescents during growth.
Superior Beings: If They Exist, How Would We Know? By Steven J. Brams

(1987). Superior Beings: If They Exist, How Would We Know? By Steven J. Brams. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 94, No. 1, pp. 92-95.
A tractable approach to compare the hedonic and discrete choice frameworks

Abstract The two primary approaches to estimate marginal willingness-to-pay (MWTP) are hedonic (Rosen, 1974) and discrete choice (McFadden, 1974). While both approaches rely on revealed preference methods to estimate MWTP, the primitives underlying both models are different, making it difficult to compare them. This paper establishes the assumptions needed to develop a tractable framework to compare both approaches. I begin with a discrete choice model and show how to derive the gradient of the equilibrium price function implicitly. I then incorporate Rosen’s insight that the price gradient is equal to the MWTP of the marginal individual whose indifference curve is tangent to the price function in equilibrium. However, with discrete choices, some individuals may be inframarginal and their indifference curves will not be tangent to the price function. The analytical mapping I derive formalizes this intuition and shows that the price gradient depends on weighted averages of marginal utilities where higher weights are assigned to individuals whose choice probabilities indicate more uncertain choices (marginal individuals). As this choice becomes more certain, the weights start to decrease. This result shows how choice probabilities and other moments of choice data can be used to distinguish marginal versus inframarginal individuals.
Soviets take fresh look at Western Europe

The U.S. Strategic Defense Initiative was the driving force behind Soviet concessions that led to the INF Treaty, the author contends. But now that the treaty is in place, Moscow may begin to treat Europe as a separate entity.
Auxins — Summary of Other Reports

The “acid growth hypothesis” continues to influence research on auxin-induced elongation. Indirect evidence in support of acid growth in corn root segments was presented by Mueller and Scott, who found that growth inhibition caused by anaerobiosis and low temperature (15°) could be reversed by 10-4M HCl. However, Abu-Tabikh and Vanderhoef pointed out that measurements of cell wall pH must take into account the intrinsic buffering capacity of the wall, which tends to maintain the free space solution at about pH 5.4. In soybean hypocotyl, the wall-buffering capacity is independent of auxin, but is subject to inhibition by metabolic poisons. In the Characean alga, Nitella, Metraux et al. provided evidence that light-induced proton extrusion, which occurs in localized bands along a single giant cell, promotes elongation in this region by enhancing wall extensibility. Since labeling studies indicated that glucose incorporation occurs equally in growing and nongrowing regions of the wall, it was concluded that proton extrusion, rather than wall deposition, regulates cell elongation.
In Vitro Dissolution and Precipitation of Calcium Phosphate Phases on Various Biomaterials Correlates with in Vivo Bioactivity

ABSTRACT The mechanisms of bone bonding and bone tissue growth enhancement of calcium phosphate ceramics are the result of multiple, parallel and sequential reactions. The surface of the ceramic is transformed to become a carbonate containing, calcium deficient, hydroxyapatite. Solution and surface mediated events affect cellular activity, mineral deposition and organic matrix attachment. The interpretation of dissolution, precipitation and zeta potential data supports the physical model of intergration of the ceramic surface with bone-mineral like precipitates.
What’s Location Got to Do with It? Place, Space, and the Infinite in Classical Greek Mathematics

Here is a basic question: how much philosophy of mathematics can one pull out of Greek mathematical texts? Obviously, this depends on what we are taking as philosophy of mathematics. We can describe easily enough what goes on in a typical Greek mathematical treatise, but even here, ‘typical’ is a loaded word. We define the scope to our liking and to some 7 or 8 extant authors, or maybe to more, but the more we extend our list, the less does the result fit, for example, the tidy and austere world that Netz (1999) portrays in his ground breaking study. Even within this group, we should expect difference and variation. Austerity aside, unless they tell us, we have not a clue how Greek mathematicians thought about their work. In discussions of the philosophy of Greek mathematics, it is very common, following in the path of Proclus , for moderns to find a philosophy of Greek mathematics and then to trace the philosophy to Aristotle or Plato . If we distinguish, however, issues that are intrinsic to a mathematical exposition from external questions such as the ontology of mathematics, we can observe that there is very little evidence of any views about ontology expressed in any Hellenistic mathematicians, while later mathematicians tend to come out of neo-Platonism. I shall illustrate this point by exploring two related issues in Greek philosophies and mathematical practices before the emergence of neo-Platonism, those of place and the infinite.
Pressure-Enhanced Solid Phase Epitaxy: Implications for Point Defect Mechanisms

We have measured the effects of hydrostatic pressure on the solid phase epitaxial growth (SPEG) rates of undoped Ge(100) and Si(100) into their respective self-implanted amorphous phases. We found that pressure enhances the growth process in both Si and Ge, with activation volumes equal to -3.3 + 0.3 cm3/mole for Si and -6.3 + 0.60 cm3/mole for Ge. The results of this and other experiments are inconsistent with all bulk point-defect mechanisms, but are consistent with all interface point-defect mechanisms, proposed to date for thermal SPEG. A kinetic analysis of the Spaepen-Turnbull dangling bond mechanism shows it to be a highly plausible model for the growth process.
Los castillos y la ficción: la cinematografía del espacio laberíntico

El presente trabajo tiene el proposito de analizar los espacios laberinticos de los castillos en la manera en que se presentan en las siguientes peliculas: Ojo del diablo (1966) de J. Lee Thompson (Inglaterra, 1914-2002), basada en la novela Dia de la flecha (1964) de Philip Loraine (Inglaterra, 1920-2002), y La novena puerta (1999) de Roman Polanski (Francia, 1933), basada en la novela El Club Dumas (1993) de Arturo Perez Reverte (Espana, 1951). En estas peliculas, las imagenes de castillos recrean simbolicamente los enigmas planteados en los conflictos de los personajes para proyectar una presencia elusiva y ubicua constituyendo un portal hacia lo desconocido.
Estimating the Driver Status Using Long Short Term Memory

Driver distraction is one of the leading causes of fatal car accidents. Driver distraction is any task that diverts the driver attention from the primary task of driving and increases the driver’s cognitive load. Detecting potentially dangerous driving situations or automating some repetitive tasks, using Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS), and using autonomous vehicles to reduce human errors while driving are two suggested solutions to diminish driver distraction. These solutions have some advantages, but they suffer from their inherent inability to detect all potentially dangerous driving situations. Besides, autonomous vehicles and ADAS depend on sensors. As a result, their accuracy diminishes significantly in adverse conditions. Analyzing driver behavior using machine learning methods and estimating the distraction level of drivers can be used to detect potentially hazardous situations and warn the drivers. We conducted an experiment in eight different driving scenarios and collected a large dataset from driving data and driver related data. We chose Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) as our machine learning method. We built and trained a stacked LSTM network to estimate the driver status using a sequence of driving data vectors. Each driving data vector has 10 driving related features. We can accurately estimate the driver status with no external devices and only using cars Can-Bus data.
Negative Emotions and the Course of Depression During Psychotherapy in Suicidal Older Adults With Depression and Cognitive Impairment.

ABSTRACT Objective The study examines the relationship of negative emotions with: 1) non-emotional symptoms (e.g., vegetative and physical symptoms) and 2) the course of depression in suicidal older adults with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and cognitive impairment treated with psychotherapy. Design The authors identified a subgroup of participants (N = 26) who expressed suicidal ideation at Baseline or Week 12 from a randomized controlled trial (RCT) of two psychosocial interventions, Problem Adaptation Therapy (PATH) and Supportive Therapy for Cognitively Impaired. The authors assessed negative emotions, non-emotional symptoms of depression, depression severity, and suicidal ideation at entry, week 4, week 8, and week 12. Participants Participants were 65 years and older and had a diagnosis of unipolar depression, varying degrees of cognitive impairment (up to moderate dementia) and suicidal ideation. Setting The study was conducted in the Outpatient Department of New York Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medicine in Westchester, NY. Measurements Negative emotions and non-emotional items were identified with the 24-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (Ham-D). Results Among participants with suicidal ideation, the reduction in negative emotions from baseline to week 4, week 4 to week 8, and week 8 to week 12 was significantly associated with the reduction in non-emotional symptoms of depression at weeks 4, 8, and 12 (F(1, 35) = 6.20, p = 0.02) and with the reduction in overall depression severity at weeks 4, 8, and 12 (F(1, 35) = 26.63, p Conclusion Our findings may guide the treatment of older patients with depression and suicidal ideation to help reduce depression and suicide risk.
A Connectivity Game with Incomplete Information on Jammer’s Location

In this paper we consider the problem of maintaining communication between a transmitter and a receiver in the presence of hostile interference. To maintain communication the transmitter must keep the SINR greater or equal to an SINR threshold, while the adversary aims to break the communication by making this SINR less than this threshold. In particular, we focus on investigating how incomplete information about the adversary’s location can impact the rival’s strategies. Namely, we assume that the transmitter does not know the adversary’s location, but knows only an a priori distribution of possible adversary locations. The problem is formulated as a non-zero Bayesian game between the transmitter and the adversary in a Nash and Stackelberg framework for Rayleigh channel fading gains. Existence and uniqueness of both type of equilibria are proven and derived in closed form. We prove theoretically, and numerically illustrate, that the Stackelberg equilibrium strategy for the transmitter can be non-sensitive to the a priori information, while the Nash equilibrium strategy for the transmitter is always sensitive to such information. The condition when the Stackelberg transmitter equilibrium strategy is non-sensitive to a priori information is derived.
Genetic Standing: The Constitutionality of Familial DNA Searching on Genealogical Research Databases

GEDmatch.com is a popular website used for conducting genealogical research. In 2018, law enforcement agencies began using GEDmatch as an investigative tool for solving cold cases by conducting familial DNA searches on its databases. By utilizing in-house forensic specialists or by hiring independent genealogists, investigators can upload raw data from preserved crime scene DNA and search GEDmatch's database for a partial match. If a partial match is found, expert genealogists may construct a family tree often leading law enforcement to a suspect. A subsequent DNA analysis between the suspect's DNA and the preserved crime scene DNA will confirm whether the police have in fact found the correct person. While acknowledging the apparent privacy concerns, this article objectively examines the constitutional issues raised when law enforcement agencies conduct familial DNA searching on online genealogical research databases, such as GEDmatch. After first describing the differences between forensic and genetic DNA testing and explaining the purpose behind familial DNA searching, this article analyzes whether law enforcement conducting familial searching on GEDmatch is considered a search under the Fourth Amendment. If found to be a search, this article then analyzes whether any exceptions to the Fourth Amendment search doctrine apply and most importantly, addresses problems with constitutional standing. Lastly, this article attempts to strike a balance between the privacy issues and the complexity surrounding the constitutional analysis and proposes, at least for the immediate future, that the best approach to regulate law enforcement's use of GEDmatch and other online genealogical research database is through legislative or regulatory action.
Targeting Biofilms in Orthopedic Infection

While the use of orthopedic implants has transformed the treatment of chronic musculoskeletal diseases such as osteoarthritis, the introduction of foreign materials increases the ability of microbes to cause infection more than 100,000-fold (Elek, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 65:85–90, 1956; Parvizi et al. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 23:S32-43, 2015). Even when implants are successfully placed without infection, their continued presence predisposes patients to infection years after implantation. The annual cost of infected revision total joint arthroplasty to US hospitals, an example of one of the most common device-associated infections, is projected to exceed $1.62 billion by the year 2020 (Kurtz et al. J Arthroplasty. 27:61–65.e1, 2012). Treatment of prosthesis-associated infections is complex as implants serve as a surface for microbial growth into a resistant biofilm layer. This biofilm layer makes bacteria more difficult to eradicate, facilitates host immune evasion, propagates antimicrobial resistance, and reduces the efficacy of standard antibiotic therapy. Over recent years, numerous strategies have been investigated to prevent, target, and disrupt biofilm on orthopedic implants. We describe the main modes of biofilm-disrupting technology pertinent to orthopedics that have been examined over the last decade – including biofilm localization techniques, implant material modification, bioactive antibacterial coatings, vaccines, bacteriophages, electrical stimulation, and inhibition of quorum sensing. Of note, the success of these novel antibiofilm approaches is currently largely limited to the preclinical setting or early clinical stages. Collaborative efforts between industry, academia, and regulatory authorities are required to fuel translation of this innovation into the clinical arena and ultimately lead to improved patient outcomes.
Position: IntelliBlox: A Toolkit for Integrating Block-Based Programming into Game-Based Learning Environments

Block-based programming languages reduce the need to learn low-level programming syntax while enabling novice learners to focus on computational thinking skills. Game-based learning environments have been shown to create effective and engaging learning experiences for students in a broad range of educational domains. The fusion of block-based programming with game-based learning offers significant potential to motivate learners to develop computational thinking skills. A key challenge educational game developers face in creating rich, interactive learning experiences that integrate computational thinking activities is the lack of an embeddable block-based programming toolkit. Current block-based programming languages, such as Blockly and Scratch, cannot be easily embedded into industry-standard 3D game engines. This paper presents IntelliBlox, a Blockly-inspired toolkit for the Unity cross-platform game engine that enables learners to create block-based programs within immersive game-based learning environments. Our experience using IntelliBlox suggests that it is an effective toolkit for integrating block-based programming challenges into game-based learning environments.
Demand Response Potential of Residential Thermostatically Controlled Loads in Michigan

Governments around the world are seeking to increase deployment of renewable energy to curb greenhouse gas emissions. Renewable resources are inherently variable across several timescales; high renewable penetration will require increased amounts of ancillary services to balance the power grid. Residential thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs) represent a mainly untapped opportunity to provide ancillary services at a lower cost, and possibly with lower emissions. Several studies have estimated the resource potential in other states or using methods that do not account for the full resource capacity. This paper estimates the technical resource potential from air conditioners, heat pumps, refrigerators, and electric water heaters in Michigan. Consistently available appliances such as refrigerators and water heaters have up to 4 GW of controllable capacity, and air conditioners may add an average of 3 GW in the summer months. Energy capacities are comparatively lower, making TCLs a good fit for short-duration balancing services. Residential TCLs have enough power capacity to meet the regulation requirement in Michigan many times over, and could be used to support significantly more renewable energy on the state power grid.
How Effective Are Police? The Problem of Clearance Rates and Criminal Accountability

In recent years, the national conversation in criminal justice has centered on police. Are police using excessive force? Should they be monitored more closely? Do technology and artificial intelligence improve policing? The implied core question across these national debates is whether police are effective at their jobs. Yet we have not explored how effective police are or determined how best to measure police effectiveness. This Article endeavors to measure how effective police are at their principal function—solving crime. The metric most commonly used to measure police effectiveness at crime-solving is a “clearance rate:” the proportion of reported crimes for which police arrest a person and refer them for prosecution. But clearance rates are inadequate for many reasons, including the fact that they are highly manipulable. This Article therefore provides a set of new metrics that have never been used systematically to study police effectiveness—referred to as “criminal accountability” metrics. Criminal Accountability examines the full course of a crime to determine whether crime that is committed is detected and ultimately resolved by police. Taking into account the prevalence and the number of crimes solved by police, the proportion of crimes solved in America is dramatically lower than we realize. Only with a clearer conversation, rooted in accurate data about the effectiveness of the American police system, can we attempt a path toward increased criminal accountability and public safety.
Associations of maternal stress and/or depressive symptoms with diet quality during pregnancy: a narrative review.

Background Pregnancy can be a stressful time for many women; however, it is unclear if higher stress and depressive symptoms are associated with poorer diet quality during pregnancy. Objective The aims for this narrative review were to (1) synthesize findings of original, peer-reviewed studies that examined associations of stress and/or depressive symptoms with diet quality during pregnancy; (2) review the measurement tools used to assess stress, depressive symptoms, and diet quality; (3) identify current gaps in the extant literature; and (4) offer recommendations for future research. Methods A search strategy was used to identify peer-reviewed manuscripts published between January 1997 and October 2018, using the following databases: PubMed, CINAHL Complete, PsycINFO, Academic Search Complete, and Psychology & Behavioral Sciences Collection. The search was updated December 2019. Two reviewers independently assessed title, abstract, and full-text of the studies that met the inclusion criteria. Data were extracted and a quality assessment was conducted. Results Twenty-seven observational studies were identified in this review (21 cross-sectional and 6 longitudinal). In 22 studies, higher stress and/or depressive symptoms were associated with poorer diet quality or unhealthy dietary patterns; 5 studies found no association. Findings are mixed and inconclusive regarding the relationship among stress, depressive symptoms, and food groups related to diet quality and frequency of fast-food consumption. Conclusions The current data suggest stress and depressive symptoms may be a barrier to proper diet quality during pregnancy; however, variability in the assessment tools, timing of assessments, and use of covariates likely contribute to the inconsistency in study findings. Gaps in the literature include limited use of longitudinal study designs, limited use of comprehensive diet-quality indices, underrepresentation of minority women, and lack of multilevel theoretical frameworks. Studies should address these factors to better assess associations of stress and/or depressive symptoms with diet quality during pregnancy.
Exchange-correlation functional challenges in modeling quaternary chalcogenides

The development of next-generation quaternary chalcogenides, such as $\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{u}}_{2}\mathrm{ZnSn}{\mathrm{S}}_{4}$ (CZTS) and $\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{u}}_{2}\mathrm{ZnGe}{\mathrm{S}}_{4}$ (CZGS), for solar energy and thermoelectric applications hinges upon both careful experimentation and accurate quantum mechanical modeling. To address the latter, many have turned to density functional theory (DFT), which offers several choices for the approximate treatment of electron exchange and correlation (XC). Popular XC functionals include the Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof (PBE) generalized gradient approximation (GGA) and the recently developed strongly constrained and appropriately normed (SCAN) meta-GGA. Extensions of DFT functionals, such as adding a Hubbard $U$ correction and introducing a fraction of the Fock exchange (hybrid functionals), have been used widely to model systems containing $3d$ metal ions. However, no studies yet have compared comprehensively PBE($+U$) and SCAN($+U$) in the quality of their predictions of the bulk and defect thermodynamics of quaternary chalcogenides, which play a critical role in device fabrication and performance. Hence, here we calculate the (i) 0 K formation energies of bulk Ge compounds and (ii) neutral defect formation energies including charge-balanced (e.g., $\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{u}}_{\mathrm{Zn}}+\mathrm{Z}{\mathrm{n}}_{\mathrm{Cu}}$) and charge-imbalanced (e.g., $\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{u}}_{\mathrm{Sn}}$) combinations of antisites and vacancies in CZTS and CZGS using the PBE, $\mathrm{PBE}+U$, SCAN, $\mathrm{SCAN}+U$, and the hybrid Heyd-Scuseria-Ernzerhof XC frameworks. We find that the formation energies of charge-imbalanced defects are more sensitive to the choice of the XC functional than those of charge-balanced defects, which can be explained by the differences in the extent of penalization of defect-generated delocalized electrons/holes by PBE, $\mathrm{PBE}+U$, SCAN, and $\mathrm{SCAN}+U$. Additionally, our results show that SCAN systematically underbinds Ge-containing compounds, thus highlighting the need for even further improvement of XC functionals. Based on our findings, we recommend the use of SCAN for modeling quaternary chalcogenides because its errors are systematic, and it has the firmest theoretical underpinning. Our work provides guidance for future modeling of quaternary chalcogenides.