cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CEREBRAL INTRAVENTRICULAR HEMORRHAGE (CVH) IN INBORN INFANTS 500–1250 GMS AT BIRTH

To determine the incidence and to identify factors associated with the development of CVH, 84 infants delivered at the Hospital of the Univ. of PA. from 7/81-12/82 of birth weights between 500-1250 gms and who lived for at least 24 hrs were evaluated for CVH using a linear-array real-time ultra sound scanner. Twenty-four infants (28%) were identified as having CVH. Mild hemorrhage (Gr I or II) was noted in 17/84 infants while 7/84 infants had a Gr III or IV bleed so that 29% of bleeds were significant. The relation of CVH to gestational age & birth weight was examined: 15/40 (37%) infants of 25-28 wks gestation and 10/44 (23%) infants 29-32 wks gestation had CVH (p=NS); 13/39 (33%) infants 500-1000 gms and 11/45 (26%) infants 1001-1250 gms had CVH (p=NS). Perinatal factors such as PROM, antenatal dexamethasone, Apgar score, or mode of delivery did not affect the incidence of bleeding. However, 20/24 infants with CVH had premature labor (PML) while 29/60 infants without bleed had PML (p =<0.01). Postnatal factors such as severity of RDS, pneumothorax, hypernatremia, hypoxia, hypercarbia, or admission pH were not significantly different in the infants with CVH. In summary, the overall incidence of Gr III or IV CVH among inborn very low birth (VLBW) infants was 8% with the only significant association being with PML. In contrast to outborn VLBW infants where the incidence of CVH is as high as 60%, in the inborn VLBW infants, PML and intrapartum stress seem to be more important factors in the genesis of CVH because the availability of immediate neonatal resuscitation minimizes postnatal factors which may also be involved in the development of CVH.
Formation of “Glucometasaccharinolactones” in the pyrolysis of curdlan, A (1→3)-β-d-glucan

Abstract The volatile products of vacuum pyrolysis of curdlan are very much influenced by the presence of small proportions of sodium chloride in the polysaccharide during pyrolysis. In the absence of contamination by this salt, the major, volatile products are the 1,6-anhydro- d -glucoses (pyranose and furanose) in 49% yield. Addition of increasing proprtions of sodium chloride decreases the yield of these anhydro- d -glucoses, and causes formation of increasing proportions of 3-deoxy- d - ribo -hexono-1,4-lactone and its d - arabino epimer ( i.e. , the “glucometasaccharinolactones”) in a combined yield of up to 38%. It is concluded that the pyrolysis of (1→3)-glycans can lead to a “peeling” reaction of the same type as that already known for alkaline degradation. The effect of other salts was also studied.
Protein structure: Proton-pumping oxidases

The crystal structures of two cytochrome c oxidases, one bacterial and one mammalian, offer insights into their roles in oxygen chemistry and as proton pumps.
Aerodynamic Evaluation and Optimization of the Houck Joined Wing Aircraft

Air Force Research Laboratories (AFRL) tasked the United States Air Force Academy (USAFA) Department of Aeronautics with investigating the aerodynamic characteristics of the Houck Joined Wing Concept Aircraft in their sear ch for a long range, long endurance Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) . Because lift induced drag entails a large penalty on aircraft performance, the Houck aircraft connects the upper and lower wings , removing the wingtips in an attempt to eliminate these eff ects . The first version of the design was evaluated at USAFA in Fall 2006. A erodynamic performance and static stability characteristics we re analyz ed and compared to a conventional mono -wing NASA Orbital Space Plane model . Testing showed that the Houck Joined Wing had a somewhat shallow drag polar, indicating a possible reduction of drag due to lift. However, the Joined Wing had a 7 times higher value for minimum drag coefficient when compared to the Space Plane. The Joined W ing reached static longitud inal stability at angles of attack above 9° but was unable to trim for the configuration eval uated. In addition, it was unstable in roll at low angles of attack. Roll stability improved with increasing angle of attack, be coming the most stable at 15°. The Joined W ing was unstable in yaw for all angles of attack except at 0° angle of attack at Mach numbers of 0.2 and 0.3. Due to its comparable D L C C 2 3 ratio to the Space Plane , the Houck aircraft configuration may have potential as a long e ndurance UAV with a reciprocating engine if operated at high lift coefficient s. No potential was found for improving range or endurance for jet powered flight or range for reciprocating engine power. The Joined Wing’s initial design configuration was ma tched as closely as possible to Mr. Houck’s original design. However, using general engineering rules of thumb and a University of Missouri study on the biplane design, adjustments were made in an attempt to optimize the Joined Wing’s performance. Change s considered include d a negative decalage angle, a taper ratio less than one, increased gap, decreased wing sweep, and / or decreased stagger. Making all these changes simu ltaneously would not allow the e ffects of each to be seen; consequently, gap and de calage angle were chosen to be varied on a modified Joined Wing model. The increased gap (4.75 in) with -1.5° decalage angle proved to be the optimum design configuration tested, producing higher lift coefficients and a more shallow drag polar. None of t he J oined Wing configurations evaluated showed significant potential for performance improvement over a monoplane. In fact , the test model produced the best results with the top wing removed altogether.
Elastic electron scattering by fullerene, C60

We report cross sections for elastic scattering of low-energy electrons by fullerene, C60, calculated within the static-exchange approximation. The calculations are carried out via the Schwinger multichannel (SMC) method, equivalent in this case to the standard Schwinger variational principle. Combining the high parallel efficiency of the SMC method with a quadrature specially adapted to the high symmetry of C60 facilitates the most demanding step of the calculation and so permits the use of a large basis set. We analyze the structure of the cross section with reference to a simple spherical-shell model, and we compare our results to prior measurements and calculations.
Integrated capillary fluorescence DNA biosensor.

Covalent attachment of dsDNA molecules inside a glass capillary without the need for hybridization is described. It is shown that the glass capillary has a surface density of 2.5×1013 molecules/cm2 with specific binding capacity of 62.5%. The resulting substrate was used to develop a biosensor for determining fluorescent organic analytes and metal binding with DNA. The biosensor combines highly specific immobilization chemistry with a capillary-geometry flow cell arrangement. The results show that fluorescent dyes are retained in the dsDNA-modified surface and that exposure to concentrations of nickel and lead ions resulted in a recoverable, highly reproducible diminishment of the fluorescence intensity.
Gene for lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1 (LEF1) mapped to human chromosome 4 (q23-q25) and mouse chromosome 3 near Egf.

Abstract LEF-1 is a 54-kDa nuclear protein that is expressed specifically in pre-B and T-cells. It binds to a functionally important site in the T-cell receptor α enhancer and contributes to maximal enhancer activity. LEF-1 is a member of a family of regulatory proteins that share homology with the high mobility group protein 1 (HMG1). The location of the LEF1 gene on human and mouse chromosomes was determined by Southern blot analysis of DNA from panels of interspecies somatic cell hybrids using a murine cDNA probe. Human-specific DNA fragments were detected in all somatic cell hybrids that retained the human chromosomal region 4cen-q31.2. Fluorescent in situ hybridization with two biotin-labeled overlapping human genomic cosmids revealed a specific hybridization signal at 4q23-q25. The homologous locus in the mouse was mapped to chromosome 3 by Southern analysis of rodent × mouse hybrid cell DNA. This chromosomal location was confirmed by the use of a restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) in recombinant inbred mouse strains. The results of this RFLP analysis indicated that the mouse Lef-1 gene was closely linked to Pmv-39 and Egf and was likely placed between these loci, both of which were previously mapped to distal mouse chromosome 3. Our mapping results did not suggest involvement of this gene in previously mapped genetic disorders or in known neoplasia-associated translocation breakpoints.
Using Relationship Education Programs with Same-Sex Couples: A Preliminary Evaluation of Program Utility and Needed Modifications

Same-sex couples represent a group likely to benefit from relationship education, given the many unique challenges they face. However, it is unclear whether existing programs, predominantly designed for married heterosexual couples, are appropriate for use with same-sex couples. In this article we highlight the need for quality relationship education programs for same-sex couples and review the literature to identify unique needs of same-sex couples that may not be met by existing programs. We then describe a small survey of couple therapists and researchers conducted to provide preliminary information about whether same-sex couples are perceived to benefit from existing relationship education programs and whether modifications to program content are needed. Twenty respondents indicated that a core set of relationship education components were useful when working with same-sex couples, although the presentation of these components generally required modifications to remove heterosexist bias and to improve...
The Effects of Alternate Forms of Performance Feedback on Elementary-Aged Students’ Oral Reading Fluency

Within the context of a brief experimental design, the current study examined the effects of providing two different types of performance feedback, performance feedback on words read correctly (PFWC) and performance feedback on words read incorrectly (PFWI), on the oral reading fluency of six elementary-aged students. For all of the participants, PFWI resulted in higher levels of oral reading fluency than PFWC. In addition, for a majority of the participants, PFWC resulted in lower levels of oral reading errors than PFWI. These results suggest that providing students with performance feedback on the number or words read correctly may enhance the reading fluency of students experiencing reading difficulties. The implications of these results for intervention selection are discussed.
Physicochemical, quantum chemical, and other theoretical studies of the mechanism of action of cns agents: Anesthetics, narcotics and narcotic antagonists, and psychotropic drugs

Pharmacological effectivity of CNS agents is governed both by lipophilicity and by topographical and electronic structure of pharmacophores. Three different classes of drugs investigated (anesthetics, narcotics and narcotic antagonists, and psychotropic drugs) depend differently on these various factors. Isonarcotic pressures of most anesthetics are proportional to √a (the van der Waals' constant). This has been verified by theoretical thermodynamicl derivation. Narcotic and narcotic antagonist effectivities are governed both by their lipophilicities and by electronic and topographical properties. pKa's, partition coefficients, and drug distribution coefficients of these drugs have been measured accurately by a micro-titrimetric titration technique as a smooth function of pH and these results have been related to their clinical significance. Calculated quantum chemical electron densities and molecular orbital energies have been verified by experimental esca and pes measurements. Neuroleptics require not only high partition coefficients but also very specific topography. Quantum chemical calculations on a hitherto unknown series indicate that these should be effective neuroleptics; this was confirmed by subsequent report of their synthesis and testing.
An Approach to Clinical Data Management for the Doctor of Nursing Practice Curriculum

Strong data management skills are essential to doctor of nursing practice (DNP) education and necessary for DNP practice. Completion of the DNP scholarly project requires application of these skills to understand and address a complex practice, process, or systems problem; develop, implement, and monitor an innovative evidence-based intervention to address that problem; and evaluate the outcomes. The purposes of this paper were to describe the demand and context for clinical data management (CDM) within the DNP curriculum; provide an overview of CDM content; describe the process for content delivery; propose a set of course objectives; and describe initial successes and challenges. A two-pronged approach of consultation and a CDM course were developed. Students who participated in this approach were more likely to create and implement an evaluation plan; apply techniques for data cleansing and manipulation; apply concepts of sample size determination using power analysis; use exploratory data analysis techniques to understand population attributes and sampling bias; apply techniques to adjust for bias; apply statistical significance testing; and present project results in a meaningful way. On the basis of this evaluation, CDM has evolved from an elective to a required course integrated in a thread that crosses the entire curriculum.
Exploring the effects of using consumer culture as a unifying pedagogical framework on the ethical perceptions of MBA students

Although ethics education within the business curriculum has been receiving attention, much is unknown about the effectiveness of such education, particularly when it is integrated into the curriculum. This study looks at selected short-term effects produced by one form of integrated ethics instruction in an introductory marketing course in a graduate business MBA program in the United States. Specifically, students were introduced to an examination of consumer culture as a unifying framework to explore the ethics of decision making. As a consequence of taking the course, students are hypothesized to hold less favorable attitudes toward consumer culture (love of money, materialism, possession satisfaction index, prestige sensitivity) relative to the attitudes held at the start of the course. Interestingly, few attitudinal changes are observed. Where changes in attitudes are observed, the relationships are in the opposite direction to that hypothesized.
Neuronal Necrosis in a Dog Following Exposure to an NMDA Receptor Antagonist

N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors constitute one of the three major classes of ionotropic glutamate receptors. We found neuronal necrosis in the brain of one out of four beagles exposed to an NMDA receptor antagonist. The lesions were characterized by shrunken cell bodies with intense cytoplasmic eosinophilia and pyknotic nuclei, and the affected cells were specifically positive for Fluoro-Jade B staining, which has great affinity for degenerating neurons. Bilaterally symmetrical lesions were observed primarily in the dentate gyrus, hippocampus, subiculum and entorhinal cortex. The present case suggests that NMDA receptor antagonism, possibly by altering synaptic transmission via receptors to glutamate within the affected regions, might lead to neuronal necrosis in the canine brain. Other possible pathogeneses include the encephalic ischemic condition associated with seizure activity.
Oxygen-induced surface core-level shift and angle-resolved X-ray photoemission spectroscopy of c(2 × 2)O/Pd(100)

The combination of the surface core-level shift (SCLS) and angle-resolved X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (ARXPS) has been used to investigate the spatial extent of the oxygen-induced surface component for the Pd 3d5/2 core level from c(2 × 2)O/Pd(100). X-ray photoelectron diffraction (XPD) patterns of this oxygen-induced surface component were dominated by forward focusing. Polar angle scans along the rarely studied 〈012〉 and 〈013〉 as well as the low-index 〈010〉 and 〈011〉 azimuths give a consistent picture of the location of the source atoms associated with these SCLS. The observed XPD patterns are compared with the results of a single scattering cluster (SSC) calculation, and the major forward focusing maxima along 〈012〉 and 〈013〉 azimuths have been identified. In addition, the observed angle dependence due to the loss of photoelectron intensity by inelastic scattering was successfully described using a uniform layer model together with an empirical instrument response function. Quantitative analysis using a theoretical model for surface states supports the idea that the oxygen-induced SCLS is a signature of extended surface states decaying exponentially into the bulk. These extended surface states indicate that “chemical” interactions may propagate beyond nearest neighbors inward, analogous to recent reports that chemisorption was influenced by buried metal substrates [J.A. Rodriguez, J. Phys. Chem. 98 (1994) 5758, and references therein].
Utilizing self-assembled multilayers in lithographic processing for nanostructure fabrication: Initial evaluation of the electrical integrity of nanogaps

We apply self-assembly to form multilayers on gold structures formed by lithographic techniques to create patterns with spacings in the 10-100nm regime. Controlled placement and thickness of these multilayers form ''molecular ruler'' resists to tailor spacings accurately between lithographically defined structures. We report on recent results both in designing and patterning complex nanostructures by combining photolithography and molecular rulers. After exposure, development, metal deposition, and lift-off of both the photoresist and molecular resist, the final product has secondary structures and gaps selectively oriented to create hierarchical nanostructures. The electrical integrity of the nanogaps formed using this process is evaluated for a variety of multilayer thicknesses and electrodes widths.
Protein phosphatase 2A regulates MPF activity and sister chromatid cohesion in budding yeast

Abstract Background Mitosis is regulated by MPF (maturation promoting factor), the active form of Cdc2/28–cyclin B complexes. Increasing levels of cyclin B abundance and the loss of inhibitory phosphates from Cdc2/28 drives cells into mitosis, whereas cyclin B destruction inactivates MPF and drives cells out of mitosis. Cells with defective spindles are arrested in mitosis by the spindle-assembly checkpoint, which prevents the destruction of mitotic cyclins and the inactivation of MPF. We have investigated the relationship between the spindle-assembly checkpoint, cyclin destruction, inhibitory phosphorylation of Cdc2/28, and exit from mitosis. Results The previously characterized budding yeast mad mutants lack the spindle-assembly checkpoint. Spindle depolymerization does not arrest them in mitosis because they cannot stabilize cyclin B. In contrast, a newly isolated mutant in the budding yeast CDC55 gene, which encodes a protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) regulatory subunit, shows a different checkpoint defect. In the presence of a defective spindle, these cells separate their sister chromatids and leave mitosis without inducing cyclin B destruction. Despite the persistence of B-type cyclins, cdc55 mutant cells inactivate MPF. Two experiments show that this inactivation is due to inhibitory phosphorylation on Cdc28: phosphotyrosine accumulates on Cdc28 in cdc55Δ cells whose spindles have been depolymerized, and a cdc28 mutant that lacks inhibitory phosphorylation sites on Cdc28 allows spindle defects to arrest cdc55 mutants in mitosis with active MPF and unseparated sister chromatids. Conclusions We conclude that perturbations of protein phosphatase activity allow MPF to be inactivated by inhibitory phosphorylation instead of by cyclin destruction. Under these conditions, sister chromatid separation appears to be regulated by MPF activity rather than by protein degradation. We discuss the role of PP2A and Cdc28 phosphorylation in cell-cycle control, and the possibility that the novel mitotic exit pathway plays a role in adaptation to prolonged activation of the spindle-assembly checkpoint.
Convergence difficulties in the hartree-fock procedure for the PPP model of alternant hydrocarbons

Calculations with the ppp model for alternant hydrocarbons of polyenic character, which exhibit the convergence difficulties in the usual Hartree-Fock iterative procedure are carried out. The standard process ends in oscillations of atomic charges when the geometry deviates enough from the prediction from a single Kekule structure. Deviations in geometry sufficient for non-convergence can be very small.
A New Spray Chamber for Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometry

A new type of spray chamber is evaluated for inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry. The new design combines gravitational, centrifugal, turbulent and impact loss mechanisms in one apparatus to efficiently remove large droplets, increase transport efficiency and reduce memory effects. Compared with the commonly used Scott-type spray chamber, the new vertical rotary spray chamber has at least 30% higher sample-utilization efficiency, 2-3 times shorter sample clean-out time, half the cost, and simplified construction. Moreover, it offers somewhat better signal-to-background ratios, detection limits, and precision.
Molecular Aspects of the Cellular Activities of ADP-Ribosylation Factors

Adenosine diphosphate-ribosylation factor (Arf) proteins are members of the Arf arm of the Ras superfamily of guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-binding proteins. Arfs are named for their activity as cofactors for cholera toxin-catalyzed adenosine diphosphate-ribosylation of the heterotrimeric G protein Gs. Physiologically, Arfs regulate membrane traffic and the actin cytoskeleton. Arfs function both constitutively within the secretory pathway and as targets of signal transduction in the cell periphery. In each case, the controlled binding and hydrolysis of GTP is critical to Arf function. The activities of some guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase)-activating proteins (GAPs) are stimulated by phosphoinositides, including phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3) and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), and phosphatidic acid (PA), likely providing both a means to respond to regulatory signals and a mechanism to coordinate GTP binding and hydrolysis. Arfs affect membrane traffic in part by recruiting coat proteins, including COPI and clathrin adaptor complexes, to membranes. However, Arf function likely involves many additional biochemical activities. Arf activates phospholipase D and phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase with the consequent production of PA and PIP2, respectively. In addition to mediating Arf9s effects on membrane traffic and the actin cytoskeleton, PA and PIP2 are involved in the regulation of Arf. Arf also works with Rho family proteins to affect the actin cytoskeleton. Several Arf-binding proteins suspected to be effectors have been identified in two-hybrid screens. Arf-dependent biochemical activities, actin cytoskeleton changes, and membrane trafficking may be integrally related. Understanding Arf9s role in complex cellular functions such as protein secretion or cell movement will involve a description of the temporal and spatial coordination of these multiple Arf-dependent events.
True Heterotopic Bone in the Paralyzed Patient

In past years the clinical and radiologic presentation of true heterotopic bone in the paralyzed patient has been confused with osteomyelitis, neoplasm, trauma, and thrombophlebitis. We reviewed 376 paralyzed patients' roentgenographic files and found 78 patients with soft tissue ossification unassociated with infection, neoplasm, or underlying fractures, which we called true heterotopic bone. From this population the usual spectrum of radiologic findings is described, so that the radiologist may separate roentgenographically a group of patients from other types of ectopic ossification.
Political Party Purpose, Individual Votes, and Political Action Committee Contributions:

The authors use two different data sources to confront the questton of whether a party's primary economic purpose is to sell spectal favors or alternatively to provide information and serve as an i...
PUBLIC PERCEPTIONS OF NATURAL RESOURCE DAMAGES AND THE RESOURCES THAT REQUIRE RESTORATION

The public and health professionals are interested in restoring degraded ecosystem to provide goods and services. This study examined public perceptions in coastal New York and New Jersey about who is responsible for restoration of resources, which resources should be restored, by whom, and do they know the meaning of natural resource damage assessment (NRDA). More than 98% felt that resources should be restored; more (40%) thought the government should restore them, rather than the responsible party (23%). The highest rated resources were endangered wildlife, fish, mammals, and clams/crabs. Only 2% of respondents knew what NRDA meant. These data indicate that people felt strongly that resources should be restored and varied in who should restore them, suggesting that governmental agencies must clarify the relationship between chemical discharges, resource injury, NRDA, and restoration of those resources to produce clean air and water, fish and wildlife, and recreational opportunities.
Evaluating the Use of Technology in Education

Evaluating the use of technology in education in the past has yielded conflicting results due to inadequate implementation of technology and premature attempts at evaluation. The necessary phases i...
Envelope-function theory without spurious real solutions

Spurious real solutions kS ≥ 1 A−1 of the bulk k•p Hamiltonian for semiconductors can lead to spurious bands and nonnormalizable wave functions in the envelope function approximation (EFA). Since physical observables cannot depend on layer width variations on the scale of 1 A—less than a typical interface width or the precision of defining an interface—we form coherent superpositions of spurious real solutions that satisfy boundary conditions with interface boundaries varying on the scale of kS−1. The superposition leads to a total destructive interference, which demonstrates that real spurious solutions do not contribute to the envelope function away from interfaces. In the interfacial region, we show that real spurious solutions should be replaced with evanescent solutions that decay within kS−1. The present technique is demonstrated in a model case and in a superlattice calculation using the 8 × 8 EFA.
The road to nowhere begins with where we are: Rethinking the future of American education

The purpose of this essay is two-fold: to explain briefly the central features and functions of the present system and to suggest why it has become so resistant to meaningful systemic reform; and to articulate several general principles of transformation that must undergird a new vision of education in the 21st century. Our programmatic hope is that others will engage in the kind of serious, ongoing dialogue necessary to open our minds and hearts to both the possibilities and difficulties accompanying any serious effort at systemic reform in American education.
Differential electronic states observed during A–B DNA duplex conformational transitions

The conformational transitions and the sensitivity of the DNA structure to the surrounding environment are very relevant to its chemical and biological function and potential applications in nano-technology. Different conformations of DNA, even with the same sequence, exhibit different electronic structures, resulting in different conduction properties. We present theoretical work on the dynamical features of electronic states in the A- to B-type transition of a model DNA duplex of d(CGCGCGCGCG)2 (10 base-pairs, 628 atoms) as the molecule undergoes conformational changes and thermal fluctuations at room temperature. We couple state-of-the art empirical force field molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with an ab initio electronic structure method based on a density-functional theory, called FIREBALL. For the A–B transition, we calculated the effects of conformational changes on the electronic structure for each snapshot obtained from nanosecond MD simulations. PACS numbers: 71.15.Mb, 71.20.Rv, 73.40.Gk, 85.65.+ h
Modeling and Measurement of Aryl Phosphate Ester Vapor Pressures at 50°C

The vapor pressure of TCP was determined by measuring the loss rate under vacuum conditions at 50°C. The mass loss of a four-component aryl phosphate ester additive mixture was also measured. The loss-rate was modeled, and the component vapor pressures were determined by fitting the model to the experimental loss data. The values measured were significantly lower than those obtained through extrapolation of higher-temperature vapor pressure data.
Emitter injection and collector current ideality in abrupt heterojunction AlInAs/GaInAs HBTs

Abstract We investigated the electron injection process for high-speed N-p-n AlInAs/GaInAs HBTs by measuring collector and base currents as a function of base-emitter voltage with collector-base voltage equal to zero (Gummel plots) at temperatures from 77 to 300 K. We compared the measured collector current with calculations based on electron injection from emitter to base by tunneling through the conduction band spike and thermionic emission over it, using a modified version of the thermionic-field emission theory developed by Crowell and Rideout. Good agreement was obtained between the experimental collector current ideality factor and tunneling-thermionic emission theory for all temperatures and currents. This is an improvement over drift-diffusion and thermionic emission models, which have been used for HBTs but which do not correctly describe the experimentally observed temperature and current dependence of the ideality of the collector current. The tunneling-thermionic emission model explains the increase in collector current ideality factor that occurs as the transistor is biased at high collector current density ( J C ≧ 10 5 A cm −2 ), which is the regime of operation in which fT is maximized and a low ideality factor is most important. The model also explains the experimentally observed variation of hFE with ln IC. Thus the tunneling-thermionic emission model is a useful aid in the design of the epitaxial structure for high-frequency HBTs.
An Area-Time Efficient Architecture for 16 x 16 Decimal Multiplications

With growing demands of decimal computations in scientific, financial and many other key applications, area-time efficient hardware implementation of decimal arithmetic is desired. In this paper, we present a parallel architecture for the fixed-point decimal multiplications based on the 8421 BCD representation. By reducing the entries of partial product pre-computations and using a tree structure with carry-look ahead adders (CLAs) as opposed to carry-save adders (CSAs), a significant speedup of the partial product generations (PPGs) and partial product accumulations can be achieved, while at the same time, the hardware overhead can be reduced. The × decimal multiplier using the proposed architecture with a TSMC 90nm technology compares favorably against three other best known decimal multiplier designs in terms of delay-area product.
Fabrication of Tunable Submicro‐ or Nano‐Structured Polyethylene Materials from Immiscible Blends with Cellulose Acetate Butyrate

Low density polyethylene (LDPE) was prepared into micro- or submicro-spheres or nanofibers via melt blending or extrusion of cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB)/LDPE immiscible blends and subsequent removal of the CAB matrix. The sizes of the PE spheres or fibers can be successfully controlled by varying the composition ratio and modifying the interfacial properties of the blends. The surface structures of LDPE micro- or submicro-spheres and nanofibers were analyzed using SEM and FTIR-ATR spectroscopy. In addition, the crystalline structures of the LDPE nanofibers were characterized.
Glucose Injections into the Dorsal Hippocampus or Dorsolateral Striatum of Rats Prior to T-Maze Training: Modulation of Learning Rates and Strategy Selection.

The present experiments examined the effects of injecting glucose into the dorsal hippocampus or dorsolateral striatum on learning rates and on strategy selection in rats trained on a T-maze that can be solved by using either a hippocampus-sensitive place or striatum-sensitive response strategy. Percentage strategy selection on a probe trial (P(crit)) administered after rats achieved criterion (nine of 10 correct choices) varied by group. All groups predominately exhibited a response strategy on a probe trial administered after overtraining, i.e., after 90 trials. In experiment 1, rats that received intrahippocampal glucose injections showed enhanced acquisition of the T-maze and showed increased use of response solutions at P(crit) compared with that of unimplanted and artificial cerebral spinal fluid (aCSF)-treated groups. These findings suggest that glucose enhanced hippocampal functions to accelerate the rate of learning and the early adoption of a response strategy. In experiment 2, rats that received intrastriatal glucose injections exhibited place solutions early in training and reached criterion more slowly than did aCSF controls, with learning rates comparable to those of unoperated and operated-uninjected controls. Relative to unoperated, operated-uninjected and glucose-injected rats, rats that received intrastriatal aCSF injections showed enhanced acquisition of the T-maze and increased use of response solutions at P(crit). The unexpected enhanced acquisition seen after striatal aCSF injections suggests at least two possible interpretations: (1) aCSF impaired striatal function, thereby releasing competition with the hippocampus and ceding control over learning to the hippocampus during early training trials; and (2) aCSF enhanced striatal functioning to facilitate striatal-sensitive learning. With either interpretation, the results indicate that intrastriatal glucose injections compensated for the aCSF-induced effect. Finally, enhanced acquisition regardless of treatment was accompanied by rapid adoption of a response solution for the T-maze.
THE EXPERIMENTAL PRODUCTION OF DOUBLE PEAKS IN CHARA ACTION CURVES AND THEIR RELATION TO THE MOVEMENT OF POTASSIUM.

The action curve in Chara seems to depend (as in Nitella) on the outward movement of K+ from the sap. Presumably the increase in permeability in the inner protoplasmic surface and the outward movement of K+ destroy the concentration gradient of K+ across the inner protoplasmic surface. Hence the outwardly directed P.D. disappears, causing the rise (spike) of the action curve. The outer protoplasmic surface is normally insensitive to K+. But when it is made sensitive to K+ by treatment with guanidine the outwardly moving K+ sets up a positive P.D. on reaching the outer surface and this causes the action curve to fall, producing a peak. Then the curve has 2 peaks, the second being due to the process of recovery. The action curve thus comes to resemble that of Nitella in which the outer protoplasmic surface is normally sensitive to K+.
Primordial argon and neon in carbonaceous chondrites and ureilites

Abstract The abundance and isotopic composition of argon and neon in five carbonaceous chondrites and in two ureilites have been measured. The results show that these meteorites contain large amounts of trapped primordial gases. Heating experiments with only partial extraction of the rare gases have been carried out, showing that at 950°K the radiogenic argon diffuses out more readily than the primordial argon, and cosmogonic neon at about the same rate as primordial neon. From that it is concluded that the primordial gases are enclosed within the matrix of the crystal lattice. Argon-potassium ages and Ne 21 exposure ages have been calculated. Both are affected by diffusive losses. Only Felix has an A/K age of 4.5 AE (billion years). A large loss of primordial argon and neon as compared to the silicon is observed. The loss of primordial argon is constant within a factor 10 for all samples, and about ten to a hundred times smaller than the loss observed for the earth. The ratios of primordial Ne 20 to primordial A 36 have values between 0.005 and 22, indicating large fractionation between argon and neon as compared to the corresponding cosmic ratio. Fractionation by diffusive losses is discussed. Some deviations of the isotopic ratios of primordial argon and neon from the atmospheric ratios are observed.
Semiempirical model of a building with a passive evaporative cool tower

An experimental mathematical model that calculates the performance of a passive evaporative cool tower (also known as downdraft evaporative chimney), has been developed by Cunningham and Thompson. The model calculates the tower's exit air temperature, flow rate and the speed of the air exiting from the tower, and the diurnal patterns of the indoor temperature of a lightweight building cooled by this system. Initial validation of the model, by comparing predictions with independent measurements of the indoor temperature of the test building, was done by Cunningham et al. In its present state the applicability of the model is limited to the use of evaporating pads of the type used in the Tucson study (CELdek) cooling a lightweight building (stud wall construction).
Synthesis of tunichromes mm-l and mm-2, blood pigments of the iron.Assimilating tunicate, molgula manhattensis

Abstract Unstable poly-phenolic pigments, tunichromes Mm-1 and Mm-2, blood pigments of the iron-assimilating tunicate, Molgula manhattensis, have been synthesized by a modified versatile route.
Chemoselectivity in the reduction of aldehydes and ketones with amine boranes

Abstract Ammonia borane and primary amine boranes are highly chemoselective reducing agents for aldehydes and ketones.
Stabilization of high tibial osteotomy with staples

Patients presenting with painful arthritis of the medial knee compartment with an intact lateral compartment are treated by high tibial valgus osteotomy at our institution. Between 1989 and 1993, 75 high tibial valgus osteotomies were done. Of these, 52 were idiopathic, 22 post-traumatic, and 1 subsequent to an intra-articular infection of the knee. The condition of the lateral compartment was routinely checked arthroscopically. All osteotomies were stabilized with osteotomy staples. This provided immediate stability, allowing partial weight-bearing (15 kg). Because of the simplicity and the low complication rate, we recommend this technique as a suitable treatment for arthritis of the medial condyle of the knee.
The power normal distribution - modelling, simulation and applications

In the following work we model a random sample having support on the positive orthant using the power normal (PN) distribution. The PN distribution is unimodal, obtained from inverse Box-Cox (BC) transformation and there exists no close form expression for moment estimation. Hence, we simulate from the distribution to estimate its moments and also implement a naive bootstrap, on the random sample prior to the modelling, to account for the uncertainty in estimating the BC transformation parameters. In the real world examples we consider, we find the distribution efficient in modelling the tails of the underlying unknown process. Due to the minimalistic assumptions with PN distribution it can be used to model data observed both on the nominal scale and interval scale. In our simulation studies, wherein we consider samples from a known distribution with support defined on the positive orthant only, we observe that the PN distribution performs better than Kernel density estimation methods based on Gaussian assumptions for sampling and density estimation.
MAIDS: mining alarming incidents from data streams

This paper presents a demonstration of our recent research and development of the MAIDS system, which mines alarming incidents from data streams, with the following major analysis functions: (1) multi-resolution modeling using a tilted time window framework, (2) multi-dimensional analysis using a stream “data cube” model, (3) online stream classification, (4) online frequent pattern mining, (5) online clustering of data streams, and (6) stream mining visualization.
Acinar cell carcinoma of the pancreas: computed tomography features—a study of 15 patients

Objective Evaluation of the imaging features of pathology-proven acinar cell carcinomas (ACCs) of the pancreas using computed tomography (CT).
Inhibition of the stimulated exocrine pancreas by absorbed amino acids

Abstract Intravenous infusion of amino acids is known to inhibit the stimulated pancreas and it has been suggested that this may act as a feedback mechanism in pancreatic regulation. To investigate this, chronic pancreatic fistula dogs were studied to determine if postprandial levels of hyperaminoacidemia inhibit the stimulated pancreas. Duplicate dose-response experiments using exogenous cholecystokinin (CCK) and intraduodenal amino acids were performed with and without a simultaneous intravenous infusion of mixed amino acids, which simulated postprandial hyperaminoacidemia. Significant ( P
Optimization of plasma uniformity in laser-irradiated underdense targets

We used the Hyades [1] and Helios [2] radiation-hydrodynamic simulation tools, and the Cretin atomic kinetics code [3] to model low-density SiO 2 aerogel carriers doped with trace amounts of Ti and subjected to high-energy pulsed laser irradiation. Underdense targets are expected to respond to laser irradiation more uniformly as compared with solid targets, and therefore provide a better platform upon which to perform measurements of the properties of warm dense matter. We report modeling results for several cases of interest, with laser intensities in the range of 5 × 10 12 -6 x 10 13 W/cm 2 , SiO 2 densities in the range of 2-8 mg/cm 3 and Ti doping in the range of 0-6%. Recommendations are given for the conditions under which relatively uniform temperature and density can be obtained.
Tactical Services Providers: Wireless extension design and performance analysis

The Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA) is operating as the Technical Manager in the tactical services provider (TSP) joint capability technology demonstration (JCTD). TSP will evaluate the ability of mobile broadband technologies to provide global communication capabilities to support widely dispersed Warfighters on mobile and fixed platforms. Utilizing a hybrid architecture of emerging, standards-based SATCOM and wireless technologies, TSP offers wideband communications that support two-way, high-bandwidth services for tactical users. For the wireless extension, TSP uses a commercially-available IEEE 802.16-2005 base station solution that interoperates with small form factor wireless subscriber devices to support fixed, mobile, and nomadic end users. Prior to defining the wireless extension solution and designing the integration approach with the SATCOM system, DISA performed a detailed analysis of candidate solutions. This paper will discuss the analysis of solutions and selection criteria used to design TSPpsilas wireless extension architecture. In addition, the paper will provide information on the initial system design, SATCOM-wireless integration approach, as well as test and demonstration plans and performance metrics. Furthermore, the paper will share test results, lessons learned, and best practices from the wireless integration and test effort.
Mechanistic Analysis of Rock Damage Anisotropy and Rotation Around Circular Cavities

We used the differential stress-induced damage (DSID) model to predict anisotropic crack propagation under tensile and shear stress. The damage variable is similar to a crack density tensor. The damage function and the damage potential are expressed as functions of the energy release rate, defined as the thermodynamic force that is work-conjugate to damage. Contrary to the previous damage models, flow rules are obtained by deriving dissipation functions by the energy release rate, and thermodynamic consistency is ensured. The damage criterion is adapted from the Drucker–Prager yield function. Simulations of biaxial stress tests showed that: (1) three-dimensional states of damage can be obtained for three-dimensional states of stress; (2) no damage propagates under isotropic compression; (3) crack planes propagate in the direction parallel to major compression stress; (4) damage propagation hardens the material; (5) stiffness and deformation anisotropy result from the anisotropy of damage. There is no one-to-one relationship between stress and damage. We demonstrated the effect of the loading sequence in a two-step simulation (a shear loading phase and a compression loading phase): the current state of stress and damage can be used to track the effect of stress history on damage rotation. We finally conducted a sensitivity analysis with the finite element method, to explore the stress conditions in which damage is expected to rotate around a circular cavity subject to pressurization or depressurization. Simulation results showed that: (1) before damage initiation, the DSID model matches the analytical solution of stress distribution obtained with the theory of elasticity; (2) the DSID model can predict the extent of the tensile damage zone at the crown, and that of the compressive damage zone at the sidewalls; (3) damage generated during a vertical far-field compression followed by a depressurization of the cavity is more intense than that generated during a depressurization of the cavity followed by a vertical far-field compression.
Optical Inspection Tool For Disk Substrates

One of the goals of the Substrate Process & Technology group at IBM in Rochester, Minnesota is to provide disk programs with consistently high quality substrates. A substrate inspection system that uses laser light has been designed, built, and is being used at Rochester. This paper explains the optics and detection scheme of the inspection tool called the Substrate Defect Detector (SDD). The SDD has been useful in studies to improve disk quality and to solve substrate problems in both manufacturing and development environments. Some results of the studies are reported and explained. Several examples of how the inspection system has been used to help solve substrate manufacturing process problems are discussed. The design objectives, operation, and use of the SDD are explained.