cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diversification at high latitudes: speciation of buntings in the genus Plectrophenax inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear markers

High-latitude diversification is a process characterized by speciation and extinction due to climatically driven vicariance and dispersal events. McKay’s buntings (Plectrophenax hyperboreus) are high-latitude island endemic songbirds, and their global range is restricted to Beringia. Snow buntings (P. nivalis), their closest relatives, are distributed throughout the Holarctic, breeding in available habitat surrounding the island range of McKay’s buntings. We sequenced 1123 base pairs of mitochondrial DNA for 40 individuals of each species and analysed a total of 913 AFLPs for 57 individuals. Both marker types suggested weak but significant genetic differentiation. Analysis of sequence data indicated divergence occurring when the current breeding range of McKay’s buntings was a hill on the Beringian steppe (18 400 to 73 700 years before present), suggesting that snow buntings were restricted to lower latitudes by ice sheets. Ancestral effective population size estimates indicate a founder event in McKay’s buntings followed by an expansion and then a reduction in effective size. Rising sea levels and asymmetric hybridization from McKay’s buntings into the postglaciallycolonizing population of snow buntings could account for this reduction. Reproductive isolation is likely maintained through differential arrival dates on breeding grounds and the high breeding density of McKay’s buntings. This recent, high-latitude divergence best fits a model of founder event speciation driven by vicariance and oscillations in habitat due to climate change.
Ultrasound-guided diagnostic breast biopsy methodology: retrospective comparison of the 8-gauge vacuum-assisted biopsy approach versus the spring-loaded 14-gauge core biopsy approach.

Ultrasound-guided diagnostic breast biopsy technology represents the current standard of care for the evaluation of indeterminate and suspicious lesions seen on diagnostic breast ultrasound. Yet, there remains much debate as to which particular method of ultrasound-guided diagnostic breast biopsy provides the most accurate and optimal diagnostic information. The aim of the current study was to compare and contrast the 8-gauge vacuum-assisted biopsy approach and the spring-loaded 14-gauge core biopsy approach. A retrospective analysis was done of all ultrasound-guided diagnostic breast biopsy procedures performed by either the 8-gauge vacuum-assisted biopsy approach or the spring-loaded 14-gauge core biopsy approach by a single surgeon from July 2001 through June 2009. Among 1443 ultrasound-guided diagnostic breast biopsy procedures performed, 724 (50.2%) were by the 8-gauge vacuum-assisted biopsy technique and 719 (49.8%) were by the spring-loaded 14-gauge core biopsy technique. The total number of false negative cases (i.e., benign findings instead of invasive breast carcinoma) was significantly greater (P = 0.008) in the spring-loaded 14-gauge core biopsy group (8/681, 1.2%) as compared to in the 8-gauge vacuum-assisted biopsy group (0/652, 0%), with an overall false negative rate of 2.1% (8/386) for the spring-loaded 14-gauge core biopsy group as compared to 0% (0/148) for the 8-gauge vacuum-assisted biopsy group. Significantly more (P < 0.001) patients in the spring-loaded 14-gauge core biopsy group (81/719, 11.3%) than in the 8-gauge vacuum-assisted biopsy group (18/724, 2.5%) were recommended for further diagnostic surgical removal of additional tissue from the same anatomical site of the affected breast in an immediate fashion for indeterminate/inconclusive findings seen on the original ultrasound-guided diagnostic breast biopsy procedure. Significantly more (P < 0.001) patients in the spring-loaded 14-gauge core biopsy group (54/719, 7.5%) than in the 8-gauge vacuum-assisted biopsy group (9/724, 1.2%) personally requested further diagnostic surgical removal of additional tissue from the same anatomical site of the affected breast in an immediate fashion for a benign finding seen on the original ultrasound-guided diagnostic breast biopsy procedure. In appropriately selected cases, the 8-gauge vacuum-assisted biopsy approach appears to be advantageous to the spring-loaded 14-gauge core biopsy approach for providing the most accurate and optimal diagnostic information.
Optimal lower bounds for universal and differentially private steiner trees and TSPs

Given a metric space on n points, an α-approximate universal algorithm for the Steiner tree problem outputs a distribution over rooted spanning trees such that for any subset X of vertices containing the root, the expected cost of the induced subtree is within an a factor of the optimal Steiner tree cost for X. An α-approximate differentially private algorithm for the Steiner tree problem takes as input a subset X of vertices, and outputs a tree distribution that induces a solution within an a factor of the optimal as before, and satisfies the additional property that for any set X′ that differs in a single vertex from X, the tree distributions for X and X′ are "close" to each other. Universal and differentially private algorithms for TSP are defined similarly. An α-approximate universal algorithm for the Steiner tree problem or TSP is also an α-approximate differentially private algorithm. It is known that both problems admit O(log n)-approximate universal algorithms, and hence O(log n) approximate differentially private algorithms as well. We prove an Ω(log n) lower bound on the approximation ratio achievable for the universal Steiner tree problem and the universal TSP, matching the known upper bounds. Our lower bound for the Steiner tree problem holds even when the algorithm is allowed to output a more general solution of a distribution on paths to the root. We then show that whenever the universal problem has a lower bound that satisfies an additional property, it implies a similar lower bound for the differentially private version. Using this converse relation between universal and private algorithms, we establish an Ω(log n) lower bound for the differentially private Steiner tree and the differentially private TSP. This answers a question of Talwar [19]. Our results highlight a natural connection between universal and private approximation algorithms that is likely to have other applications.
Spatial resolution of body surface potential and Laplacian pace mapping.

LI, G., et al.: Spatial Resolution of Body Surface Potential and Laplacian Pace Mapping. The spatial resolution (SR) of the body surface Laplacian map (BSLM) was assessed using a three-dimensional, realistically shaped, heart-torso model. The BSLMs were estimated from the body surface potential maps (BSPMs) generated by pacing different sites of the ventricle of a three-dimensional computer heart model using a novel three-dimensional spline Laplacian algorithm. Pacing was performed at a total of 88 myocardial units in five regions of the AV ring (anterior, left wall, posterior, right wall, and septum) and three regions adjacent to the AV ring in the middle anterior and posterior of the ventricles. The SR of the BSPMs and BSLMs were investigated by means of the correlation coefficient (CC) of maps. When 5 μV and 10 μV Gaussian white noises were added into the simulated BSPMs, the SR, at 36 ms after the onset of pacing, was about 5.0 ± 1.2 mm and 5.4 ± 1.3 mm for the BSPMs, and 3.3 ± 0.8 mm and 4.0 ± 0.9 mm for the BSLMs, respectively. The results of the present simulation study suggest that the BSLM has higher SR and may provide a more accurate means than the BSPMs for differentiating between the accessory pathways or the sites of other ectopic cardiac beats along the AV ring and in its neighboring regions.
Fracture Analysis of Multiple Cracks in a Spinning Cylinder Experiment

This paper presents finite-element analyses of the cylinder specimen being used in the international Network for Evaluating Steel Components (NESC) large-scale spinning-cylinder project (NESC-1 ). The NESC was organized as an international forum to exchange information on procedures for structural integrity assessment, to collaborate on specific projects, and to promote the harmonization of international standards. The objective of the NESC-1 project is to focus on a complete procedure for assessing the structural integrity of aged reactor pressure vessels. Current plans for the testing program call for two large cracks to be installed in the NESC-1 cylinder separated by 90 deg. Three-dimensional finite-element analyses were carried out to determine : 1) the extent of interaction between multiple cracks in the cylinder; and 2) the predicted effects of using an initial cylinder temperature of 295°C and coolant temperature of 5°C in the experiment. The cylinder was modeled with inner-surface through-clad cracks having a depth of 74 mm and aspect ratio of 2:1. The cylinder specimen was subjected to centrifugal loading followed by a thermal shock and analyzed with a thermo-elastic-plastic material model. The analytical results indicate that the stress-intensity factor changers less than 0.2 percent between a model with one crack and a model with four cracks evenly spaced around the circumference. Cleavage initiation is likely to be achieved for initial and coolant temperatures of 295 and 5°C, respectively.
Arithmetic-geometric means of positive matrices

We prove the existence of unique limits and establish inequalities for matrix generalizations of the arithmetic-geometric mean of Lagrange and Gauss. For example, for a matrix A = (afj) with positive elements aij, define (contrary to custom) A: elementwise by [Ailfj = (aij):. Let A(0) and B(0) be d x d matrices (1 < d < a)
Nonuniform principal component filter banks: definitions, existence, and optimality

The optimality of principal component filter banks (PCFBs) for data compression has been observed in many works to varying extents. Recent work by the authors has made explicit the precise connection between the optimality of uniform orthonormal filter banks (FBs) and the principal component property: The PCFB is optimal whenever the minimization objective is a concave function of the subband variances of the FB. This gives a unified explanation of PCFB optimality for compression, denoising and progressive transmission. However not much is known for the case when the optimization is over a class of nonuniform Fbs. In this paper we first define the notion of a PCFB for a class of nonuniform orthonormal Fbs. We then show how it generalizes the uniform PCFBs by being optimal for a certain family of concave objectives. Lastly, we show that existence of nonuniform PCFBs could imply severe restrictions on the input power spectrum. For example, for the class of unconstrained orthonormal nonuniform Fbs with any given set of decimators that are not all equal, there is no PCFB if the input spectrum is strictly monotone.
Comparative yields of mutagens from cigarette smokers' urine obtained by using solid-phase extraction techniques

Urine from cigarette smokers was prepared for mutagenicity testing by extracting mutagens with solid-phase extraction columns. Commercially available prepacked bonded silicas (octadecyl, cyclohexyl, cyanopropyl) were compared for their ability to concentrate the urinary mutagens. Recovered urinary metabolites were evaluated for mutagenic activity by using a microreversion assay with Salmonella typhimurium. Dose-response data indicated that while mutagens were recovered by all three adsorbents, samples prepared by using the bonded cyanopropyl columns yielded the most bioactivity and/or the least amount of test organism toxicity. Varying pH of the urine was found to influence only the basified samples in terms of mutagenic recovery with the cyanopropyl base. Combinations of different adsorbents were not found to offer significant advantages over use of a singular extraction adsorbent.
What is the mechanism for fluency in successive recognition

Abstract There are a number of reasons to believe that processing fluency may affect successive recognition judgements, but evidence about the mechanism for these effects is currently lacking. This study used a successive task design to examine whether subjective ease might underlie effects of fluency on recognition. At study subjects performed lexical decisions; in a subsequent test with studied and new items, subjects performed lexical decisions followed immediately by recognition or ease judgments. In a previous study we used the process dissociation procedure to show that recognition in a similar task was largely based upon fluency. In the present study, successive recognition judgments interfered with lexical decision performance to a greater degree than did ease judgments, suggesting that the recognition judgment was not automatic and involved processes additional to the judgment of ease. The data suggest that the fluency involved in successive recognition is more complex than a subjective judgment of ease of processing. One possible mechanism for fluency in recognition may be based upon reductions in the orientation of attention that accompany item repetition. PsycINFO classification: 2343
Unstructured point cloud matching within graph-theoretic and thermodynamic frameworks

In the context of object recognition from point cloud data, we present a thermodynamically-inspired graph theoretic algorithm to address the problem of matching the scene and the model point clouds, when the cardinalities of the two sets are orders of magnitude different. Such an approach determines a subset of points from the model that is structurally and spatially as similar as possible to the set of points in the scene. A new formulation for graph enthalpy characterizes the structural differences between point sets, which together with the existing notions of graph entropy quantifies the Gibbs' free energy. A two-scale approach is proposed, wherein, at the coarse scale, a set of points that comprise the model neighborhood around the scene is identified by minimization of entropy. At the fine scale, the desired correspondence is achieved by a refinement process, aimed at maximizing the Gibbs' free energy. The results demonstrate the robustness and efficiency of the approach.
Firm-level responses to the CFA devaluation in Cameroon

This article assesses the impact of the CFAF devaluation on industrial enterprises in Cameroon. Using detailed survey data spanning the 1992-95 period , the article documents and interprets firms'reactions to the devaluation in terms of adjustments in output, factor usage, market orientation and productivity. The article shows that the CFAF devaluation had the expected effect of increasing the return to producing tradeable goods, and increased the real cost of using importing intermediate goods. Despite slow output growth, the pooled sample registered a cumulative rate of productivity growth exceeding 6 percent over the 1992/93 to 1994/95 period. Exporters appear to have done better than non-exporters, and medium-sized firms appear to have done the worst. These results are robust with respect to measurement technique, and can be obtained using either production or cost data. Hence encouraging signs of efficiency gains are present. The devaluation also influenced export supplies. Firms with low unit costs were relatively likely to become exporters, and tradeable goods producers, who were favored by the devaluation, expanded output. However, the number of firms in our sample that exported did not increase dramatically after the devaluation.
Allergy and Its Relation to Meniere's Disease

Meniere's disease (MD), which by definition is idiopathic, has been ascribed to various causes, including inhalant and food allergies. Patients with MD report higher rates of allergy history and positive skin or in vitro tests compared with a control group of patients with other otologic diseases and to the general public. Recent immunologic studies have shown higher rates of circulating immune complexes, CD4, and other immunologic components in patients with MD compared with normal controls. Published treatment results have shown benefit from immunotherapy and/or dietary restriction for symptoms of MD in patients who present with allergy and MD.
The PRP31 Gene Encodes a Novel Protein Required for Pre-mRNA Splicing in Saccharomyces Cerevisiae

The pre-mRNA splicing factor Prp31p was identified in a screen of temperature-sensitive yeast strains for those exhibiting a splicing defect upon shift to the non- permissive temperature. The wild-type PRP31 gene was cloned and shown to be essential for cell viability. The PRP31 gene is predicted to encode a 60 kDa polypeptide. No similarities with other known splicing factors or motifs indicative of protein-protein or RNA-protein interaction domains are discernible in the predicted amino acid sequence. A PRP31 allele bearing a triple repeat of the hemagglutinin epitope has been generated. The tagged protein is functional in vivo and a single polypeptide species of the predicted size was detected by Western analysis with proteins from yeast cell extracts. Functional Prp31p is required for the processing of pre-mRNA species both in vivo and in vitro, indicating that the protein is directly involved in the splicing pathway.
Seasonal variation in nutrient retention during inundation of a short-hydroperiod floodplain†

Floodplainsaregenerallyconsidered tobe importantlocationsfornutrientretention orinorganic-to-organicnutrient conversions in riverine ecosystems. However, little is known about nutrient processing in short-hydroperiod floodplains or seasonal variation in floodplain nutrient retention. Therefore, we quantified the net uptake, release or transformation of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and suspended sediment species during brief periods (1‐2 days) of overbank flooding through a 250-m floodplain flowpath on the fourth-order Mattawoman Creek, Maryland U.S.A. Sampling occurred during a winter, two spring and a summer flood in
Education, Empowerment and Gender Inequalities

This paper considers a seeming disconnect between the consensus in policy circles that reducing gender inequalities is to be prioritized in strategies for reducing inequality and poverty, and a view in mainstream economics (and in some policy circles) that gender inequalities are overemphasized. This latter view is not stated openly, it being politically incorrect to do so, but is nevertheless present. In specific terms, there is a sense that gender inequalities are not large relative to other types of inequalities, that the evidence on the consequences of gender inequality for economic growth is weak, and that in any event inequality of power is not something that should receive policy priority over conventional economic interventions. This paper takes these positions seriously, and argues that on some readings the narrowly economic evidence does indeed support them, but that to some extent this is an issue with the economic evidence and with its interpretation. A reexamination of the evidence and the arguments suggests a number of directions for research and analysis in exploring the economics of gender inequalities.
Whorfianism of the third kind: Ethnolinguistic diversity as a worldwide societal asset (The Whorfian Hypothesis: Varieties of validation, confirmation, and disconfirmation II)

Two hypotheses associated with Benjamin Lee Whorf, W1, or the linguistic relativity hypothesis, and W2, or the linguistic determinism hypothesis, have overshadowed a third, W3, that champions ethnolinguistic diversity for the benefit of pan–human creativity, problem solving and mutual cross-cultural acceptance. With respect to W3, Whorf is a disciple of Johann Gottfried Herder (1744–1803) with whom he shares many themes and basic perspectives. It may be that different basic methodologies and philosophies of science, particularly those that distinguish linear, quantitative experimentalism from the reborn holistic and ethnographic stress on meaning, will ultimately make it just as difficult to conclude what has been empirically demonstrated with respect to W3 as it already is with respect to W1 and, particularly, W2. Nevertheless, W:3 has a valuable humanizing and sensitizing effect on the language-related disciplines. Indeed, in that respect it may well have value above and beyond its scientific validity. (Whorfian hypothesis, Johann Gottfried Herder, multilingualism/multiculturalism, methodology–theory relationships in the language sciences.)
The early development of Haemichromis bimaculata, with special reference to factors determining the embryonic axis

Haemichromis bimaculata is a tropical teleost fish which will produce eggs practically throughout the year at intervals of from three to four weeks. These eggs are of suitable size and character for embryological study, the features of special interest so far discovered being as follows: (1) The egg is oval; (2) it is attached to a substratum by its side, the blastopore being at one end; (3) the embryo always tends to develop along the side opposite that originally next to the substratum. Results obtained by reorienting the eggs previous to cleavage, and by centrifuging them, seem to show that the relation of the embryonic axis to the egg is determined either previous to laying or very soon afterward, possibly by the relation to the substratum, and is not subsequently affected by gravity or other known factors. There may be some tendency for the first cleavage plane and the sagittal plane of the embryo to coincide, but such coincidence is not at all constant or exact.
Nav1.7 mutations associated with paroxysmal extreme pain disorder, but not erythromelalgia, enhance Navβ4 peptide-mediated resurgent sodium currents

Abnormal pain sensitivity associated with inherited and acquired pain disorders occurs through increased excitability of peripheral sensory neurons in part due to changes in the properties of voltage-gated sodium channels (Navs). Resurgent sodium currents (I(NaR)) are atypical currents believed to be associated with increased excitability of neurons and may have implications in pain. Mutations in Nav1.7 (peripheral Nav isoform) associated with two genetic pain disorders, inherited erythromelalgia (IEM) and paroxysmal extreme pain disorder (PEPD), enhance Nav1.7 function via distinct mechanisms. We show that changes in Nav1.7 function due to mutations associated with PEPD, but not IEM, are important in I(NaR) generation, suggesting that I(NaR) may play a role in pain associated with PEPD. This knowledge provides us with a better understanding of the mechanism of I(NaR) generation and may lead to the development of specialized treatment for pain disorders associated with I(NaR).
NEW EVIDENCE CONCERNING THE ORIGIN OF FATIGUE CRACKS AS A SURFACE PHENOMENON

Abstract : Recent results from studies of surface effects, particularly at ultra-high vacuum, are reviewed with respect to the origin and growth of fatigue cracks. These results appear to offer new evidence tending to substantiate an earlier theory of fatigue proposed by the author. (Author)
The Annual Report

ABSTRACT A regional cooperative near Philadelphia was surveyed to see why academic librarians produce annual reports. Library annual reports were found to be an essential managerial tool for two-thirds of the libraries surveyed, allowing library directors to understand their libraries' past, present, and projected future. Half of those respondents who produced annual reports used them as a public relations tool or for library advocacy. Consistent production of an annual report offers the librarian better internal management of library resources and services, and better external development of the public perception of the library. The annual report also offers librarians a picture for long-term development and strategic planning.
Judicial Micro-Management of National Security Information

A recent decision by U.S. District Judge Vaughn R. Walker in the Northern District of California, al Haramain Islamic Foundation, Inc. v. Bush, has revived a question of national security law and policy long thought to be settled - is control over access to classified information entrusted to the sole discretion of the Executive Branch, and if so can the Judiciary review that determination? Although this case began as an attempt to challenge the constitutionality of the recently discovered Terrorist Surveillance Program (“TSP”), it may present the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit with an opportunity to rule on the ability of the Executive Branch to protect sensitive military and national security information.This article will evaluate the District Court’s recent discovery orders in al Haramain Islamic Foundation, Inc. v. Bush, focusing on the debate that has ensued over which branch of the United States Government is entrusted with control over access to sensitive national security information. Part I of this article will detail the background and procedural history of the al Haramain litigation, highlighting the facts and circumstances that make the plaintiff unique in the multitude of challenges to the Bush Administration’s Terrorist Surveillance Program. Part II examines the debate over access to classified documents generally as well as the specific issues highlighted by the al Haramain litigation, ultimately concluding that the District court ignored long standing precedent for judicial restraint in cases involving Executive Branch determinations over access to classified material. Finally, Part III proposes a variety of possible solutions that each of the coordinate branches could undertake to resolve the underlying dispute in the al Haramain litigation.
Closing the gap between planning and control: A multiscale MPC cascade approach

Abstract A one-to-many, multiscale model predictive control (MPC) cascade is proposed for closing the gap between production planning and process control. The gap originates from the fact that planning and control use models at different scales, and the gap has existed since the first planning tool was deployed. Multiscaleness has been at the core of the challenge to coordinating heterogeneous solution layers, and there has been a lack of systematic treatment for multiscaleness in a control system. The proposed MPC cascade is devised as a plantwide master MPC controller cascading on top of multiple ( n ) slave MPC controllers. 1 The master can use a coarse-scale, single-period planning model as the gain matrix of its dynamic model, and it then can control the same set of variables that are only monitored by the planning tool. Each slave controller, using a fine-scale model, performs two functions: (1) model predictive control for a process unit, and (2) computation of proxy limits that represent the current constraints inside the slave. The master's economic optimizer amends the single-period planning optimization in real time with the slave's proxy limits, and the embedded planning model is thus reconciled with the MPC models for process units in the sense that the master's optimal solution now honors the slave's constraints. With this new approach, the proposed MPC cascade becomes the plantwide closed-loop control system that performs the reconciled planning optimization in its master controller and carries out the just-in-time production plan through its slave controllers.
Cross Sections for Elastic Scattering and Reactions Due to Protons on N-15

Absolute differential cross sections were measured for the reactions ${\mathrm{N}}^{15}(p, p){\mathrm{N}}^{15}$, ${\mathrm{N}}^{15}(p, {\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{0}){\mathrm{C}}^{12}$ (ground state), and ${\mathrm{N}}^{15}(p, {\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{1}){\mathrm{C}}^{12*}$ (first excited state). Thin gas targets, enriched up to 98% in ${\mathrm{N}}^{15}$, and a 6-mil CsI(Tl) crystal detector were used. Numerous angles were studied for bombarding energies between 1 Mev and 3.6 Mev. Spins and parities are discussed where resonances suggest the existence of excited states in ${\mathrm{O}}^{16}$. Results are as follows: At the 1210-kev resonance, the incident energy for which the ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{0}$ yield is maximum depends on the angle of observation. This is probably the result of interference and has bearing on the spin and parity assignment of this level. The anomaly at 1890 kev cannot be positively identified as due to resonance.
Characterization of microchannel hemodialyzers using residence time distribution analysis

Microchannel-based hemodialysis has a potential to improve survival rates and quality of life for end-stage renal disease patients compared to conventional hemodialysis technology. Characterization of hydrodynamic behavior in microchannel geometries is necessary for improving flow uniformity, a critical challenge in realizing a commercial device. A test loop was developed for measuring the impulse response of a tracer dye injected into a dialyzer test article for the purpose of developing residence time distributions (RTD) to characterize lamina design. RTD variance tended to lower for designs that are more dominated, volume-wise, by the microchannel array versus the headers. RTD results also emphasize how defect issues can significantly impact a microchannel device via discrepancies between conceptual and operational devices. A multisegmented CFD model, developed for pairing with the impulse response test loop and dialyzer, showed good agreement between visual observation of the tracer in simulations and...
When the marginalized enter the national spotlight: The framing of Brazilian favelas and favelados

How are marginalized peoples and places framed in their dominant national media? Framing theory applied through a comparative narrative analysis of 313 news articles, 291 photos and 1051 telenovela scenes allowed Brazilian media representations of a marginalized people, favelados, and marginalized, contested spaces, favelas, to be juxtapositioned. ‘Organizing principles’ communicated through media reports and stories of these marginalized groups operated to shape a certain social reality within the nation-state of Brazil. The salient latent frames Abandoned favelas and favelados and Favela life is ideal father-led life percolated from news and novela reports, respectively. That the timing of news reports and photos with telenovela production were concurrent, yet the manifest media framing of these people and places proved so radically different, makes this study interesting. More importantly, while the telenovela initially appeared as the more progressive storyteller, latent framing across media platforms harmonized hegemonically, retrogressing Brazilian storytelling to its paternalistic past.
Cosmic ray driven outflows in global galaxy disc models

Galactic-scale winds are a generic feature of massive galaxies with high star formation rates across a broad range of redshifts. Despite their importance, a detailed physical understanding of what drives these mass-loaded global flows has remained elusive. In this paper, we explore the dynamical impact of cosmic rays by performing the first three-dimensional, adaptive mesh refinement simulations of an isolated starbursting galaxy that includes a basic model for the production, dynamics and diffusion of galactic cosmic rays. We find that including cosmic rays naturally leads to robust, massive, bipolar outflows from our 10^12 Msun halo, with a mass-loading factor Mout/SFR = 0.3 for our fiducial run. Other reasonable parameter choices led to mass-loading factors above unity. The wind is multiphase and is accelerated to velocities well in excess of the escape velocity. We employ a two-fluid model for the thermal gas and relativistic CR plasma and model a range of physics relevant to galaxy formation, including radiative cooling, shocks, self-gravity, star formation, supernovae feedback into both the thermal and CR gas, and isotropic CR diffusion. Injecting cosmic rays into star-forming regions can provide significant pressure support for the interstellar medium, suppressing star formation and thickening the disk. We find that CR diffusion plays a central role in driving superwinds, rapidly transferring long-lived CRs from the highest density regions of the disk to the ISM at large, where their pressure gradient can smoothly accelerate the gas out of the disk.
New Neotropical Tipulinæ (Tipulidæ, Dipt.)

The following species are included in four collections that I have had for study, received from the following sources: The American Museum of Natural History, including the Williston collection, received through Mr. J. A. Grossbeck; the Cornell University Collections consisting of Mr. H. S. Parish’s extensive Brazilian material, through Dr. J. C. Bradley; the United States National Museum Collections, through Mr. Frederick Knab, and a small lot received from Staudinger-Bang-Haas and now in my cabinet. I wish to thank the above named gentlemen for the loan of this and other interesting crane-fly material.
Purification and Characterization of Recombinant Human MBD4 Protein Expressed in E.coli

To produce recombinant human MBD4 protein, the ORF of MBD4 cDNA was inserted into pGEX-6P1 expression vector fused in frame with an upstream GST gene. The expression plasmid was transformed into E.coli BL21(DE3) strain and protein expression was induced by IPTG. The GST-MBD4 fusion protein was purified from cell lysates using glutathione Sepharose 4B affinity chromatography. The GST tag was removed from fusion protein by site-specific Prescision protease cleavage. MBD4 protein was purified through Mono Q anion exchange to more than 94% homogeneity. The purified protein has both methylated DNA binding and DNA glycosylase activity.
NEW SYNTHESIS OF (L)-1-O-BENZYLGLYCEROL.

A method is described whereby pure levorotatory 1-O-benzylglycerol ( d -α-benzylglycerol according to the Fischer-Baer convention; l -1-O-benzylglycerol in British nomenclature)1 is synthesized in three steps from the dextrorotatory 3-O-benzylglycerol.
Nuclear Magnetism of Normal 3He and 3He-4He Mixtures in Aerogel

We report NMR experiments at 8 T on3He and3He-4He mixtures filling the pores of 95% porous aerogel, for temperatures T ≥ 6 mK. Magnetization measurements of pure3He reveal a localized layer approximately one monolayer thick. The longitudinal relaxation includes a component logarithmic in time, which is apparently associated with a fraction of the localized3He atoms. When the localized3He is displaced by adding4He the logarithmic relaxation disappears and T1for the dominant exponential relaxation increases. Measurements of the spin diffusion coefficient with the aerogel filled with dilute solution in equilibrium with bulk phase-separated mixture provide an unambiguous determination of the spin mean free path,ls = 58 nm
The Magnetic Susceptibility

Any system may be characterized by its response to external stimuli. For example, in electronics the proverbial “black box” is characterized by its measured output voltage when an input current is applied. This transfer impedance, as it is called, provides all the information necessary to understand the operation of the black box. If we know what is in the black box—for example, the detailed arrangement of resistors, diodes, etc.—then we can predict, through analysis, what the transfer impedance will be.
AICPA v. The IRS: Is the AICPA Protecting Taxpayers Interests or Its Own in Seeking to Invalidate the Annual Filing Season Program?

John Spencer Treu and Jessica A. Magaldi examine the lawsuit pending between the AICPA and the IRS where the AICPA is seeking to invalidate the IRS’s voluntary Annual Filing Season Program (AFSP) for tax preparers.
Arterial aneurysms associated with arteriovenous malformations of the brain: classification, incidence, risk of hemorrhage, and treatment-a systematic review.

Aneurysms associated with brain arteriovenous malformations (bAVMs) influence the natural history of these lesions and pose important therapeutic challenges. However, the epidemiology, natural history, and appropriate management of the aneurysms associated with bAVMs are not completely understood due to the paucity of large and uniform studies. We performed a systematic review of published series examining the association between aneurysms and bAVMs with the purpose of clarifying the prevalence, risk of hemorrhage, and appropriate management of these lesions. PRISMA/MOOSE guidelines were followed. We conducted a comprehensive literature search of three databases (PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, and Ovid EMBASE) on aneurysms associated with bAVMs. Only studies examining consecutive case series of aneurysms associated with bAVMs were included. From the collected studies, we extracted data regarding prevalence of bAVM-associated aneurysms, risk of aneurysm rupture in relation to bAVM location and aneurysm characteristics, and treatment-related outcomes. Our systematic review included 44 articles with a total of 10,093 bAVMs. The proportion of bAVMs with an associated aneurysm was 20.2 % (95 % CI = 19.4–20.9 %). Among ruptured bAVMs with associated aneurysms, the aneurysm was the source of hemorrhage in 49.2 % (95 % CI = 43.7–54.7 %) of cases. Flow-related aneurysms were the most common source of aneurysm rupture (78.5 %, 95 % CI = 70.6–84.9 %). Infratentorial bAVM-associated aneurysms presented a higher risk of rupture (60 %, 95 % CI = 47.4–71.9 %) when compared with supratentorial lesions (29 %, 95 % CI = 21.4–38.5 %). Endovascular treatment of aneurysms associated with bAVMs had a cure rate of 80.0 % (95 % CI = 73.3–85.3 %), complication rate of 8.7 % (95 % CI = 5.5–13.1 %), and a good neurological outcome rate of 78.8 % (95 % CI = 72.5–83.9 %). Twenty percent of bAVMs harbored arterial aneurysms. The presence of aneurysm increases the risk of bleeding of the bAVM, especially when flow-related or infratentorially located. Aneurysms associated with bAVMs should be treated promptly. Selective endovascular treatment of bAVM-associated aneurysms appears safe and effective.
Cuprous Phenanthroline MLCT Chromophore Featuring Synthetically Tailored Photophysics.

In the interest of expanding the inventory of available long lifetime, photochemically robust, and strongly reducing Cu(I) MLCT sensitizers, we present detailed structural, photophysical, and electrochemical characterization of [Cu(dipp)2]+, dipp = 2,9-diisopropyl-1,10-phenanthroline, and its sterically encumbered tetramethyl analogue [Cu(diptmp)2]+, diptmp = 2,9-diisopropyl-3,4,7,8-tetramethyl-1,10-phenanthroline. The achiral isopropyl substituents enable similar steric bulk effects to the previously investigated sec-butyl substituents while eliminating the complex NMR structural analyses associated with the presence of two chiral centers in the latter. The photophysical properties of [Cu(diptmp)2]+ are impressive, possessing a 2.3 μs lifetime in deaerated CH2Cl2 and a photoluminescence quantum yield of 4.7%, which were slightly attenuated in coordinating tetrahydrofuran (THF) solutions. Nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopy results matched the transient photoluminescence kinetics enabling complet...
ISDS, Intellectual Property Rights and Public Health

Investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) provisions in bilateral investment treaties and other trade or investment treaties allow foreign investors to challenge, in a secretive tribunal of highly paid lawyers, any government action that interferes with investors’ ‘legitimate’ expectations of profit. The ISDS process, despite lacking the safeguards and transparency of domestic legal systems, has the potential to drastically affect the lives of millions of people, particularly when it affects national intellectual property policies or decisions concerning public health.
A Review of Social Skills Manuals for Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Although there is a proliferation of published manuals with content addressing the social skills of adolescents with autism spectrum disorder available, there are few all-encompassing resources outlining the content of these sources including the curriculum focus and strategies suggested for teaching the content. The purpose of this review is to describe available social skills manuals so that practitioners can select curricula that address the needs of the individuals with ASD. Twenty-five published manuals were identified, reviewed, and described by content, suggested structure for training, recommended strategies for delivery, and published efficacy research. All manuals had a focus on developing conversation skills but varied in other content. Ten manuals have a prescribed scope and sequence for content and an identified format for instruction. Efficacy research with adolescents was found for only five manualized programs and only three studies addressed generalization of social skills.
The Real Question: Can Philosophy Be Saved?

This is Haack’s outspoken and heartfelt response to an invitation from the editor of Free Inquiry to write on “the future of philosophy.” It is true, Haack argues, as the editor suggests, that philosophy is in bad shape. But the cause is not, as he believes, the rising influence of religion in our field, and the cure that he proposes, a reaffirmation of commitment to “strict scientific naturalism,” is likely to make a bad situation worse. To understand the real causes, Haack argues, we should look to the perverse incentives now ubiquitous in universities, the dire effect of those “rankings” of philosophy graduate programs, etc.; and to improve the situation we must recognize that serious philosophy involves an effort to discover the truth, and cannot rely on slogans, whether religious or anti-religious.
Concussion in Youth Sports

Concussion is a type of traumatic brain injury caused by rotational acceleration of the brain following a direct trauma to the head or a force transmitted to the head after injury to the trunk or spine. Concussion results in disturbance of normal brain function, often causing symptoms such headache, dizziness, nausea, and problems with memory, concentration, balance, and sleep. Physical and cognitive rest are the foundations of concussion management, and for most athletes, symptoms resolve within a few days to weeks. Unfortunately, some athletes have prolonged symptoms and may require additional treatments such as physical therapy, medications, and psychological support. There are no proven methods to consistently reduce the risk of concussion. Treatment protocols continue to evolve as our understanding of concussion increases.
Purification of the prothoracicotropic hormone from the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta.

Abstract Standard biochemical procedures were used to purify the prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) 4400 fold from whole head extracts of Mandura sexta fifth instar larvae. Hormonal activity was bioassayed by injection into neck-ligated fourth instar larvae. The hormone was stable to heating at 85°C. Ammonium sulfate and acetone fractionation provided a crude preparation which showed dose-dependent activity in the bioassay. Chromatography on Sephadex G-100, DEAE-Sephadex, and hydroxylapatite gave a preparation with 2.6 Manduca PTTH units/μg protein (4400-fold purification). Activity was sensitive to proteolytic enzymes. Further purification by preparative electrophoresis gave a preparation which migrated as a single band in two polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis systems. A molecular weight estimate of 25,000 Daltons was obtained for this bands on SDS polyacrylamide gels.
Educating Millennial Law Students for Public Obligation

Though disagreement remains regarding the fundamental purposes of legal education, there is widespread concurrence with the proposition that lawyers have public obligations that go beyond service to individual clients and that legal education therefore should at least attempt to prepare students to some degree to serve such public obligations. Indeed, recent well regarded studies regarding legal education, including the Carnegie Foundation's "Educating Lawyers" study and the Clinical Legal Education Association's "Best Practices" project, have focused in large measure on the idea of preparing future lawyers for public obligation. Despite this fact, these studies have paid virtually no attention to the characteristics of the particular group of students likely to fill the majority of places in law school classes over the next two decades. This essay attempts to fill that gap. It focuses on studies of the fundamental attitudes and characteristics of the Millennial Generation. It suggests that these attitudes and characteristics are likely to pose significant challenges for legal educators' efforts to train their students for public obligation. However, the essay contends that embrace of the ideology of professionalism may serve as an antidote to these challenges. The essay concludes by offering some suggestions for how better to infuse the law school curriculum with concepts of professionalism in an effort to train law students better for public obligation.
Superlattice ordering in digenite, Cu2-xS.

We report a new sequence of superlattice ordering transitions in digenite-type crystals of ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{2\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$S. A long-period arrangement of the copper ions is found to undergo a spatial period doubling followed by a transition to an incommensurate phase at low temperatures. The results are discussed in terms of a mass-density-wave model describing the ordering of copper vacancies in the nearly stoichiometric case. A direct relationship between composition x and the superlattice period is predicted, leading to discrete equilibrium structures (x=0.11 and 0.16), rather than continuous solid solutions.
César Moro: surrealismo latinoamericano, libertad y marginalidad

Esta investigacion explora el analisis del poemario La tortuga ecuestre (1938-39), Las cartas (1939) y el arte visual del poeta Cesar Moro. El analisis se articula en la base de un modelo interdisciplinario que se despliega a traves del surrealismo, permitiendo al artista formar su propia iconografia y abrir un abanico de posibilidades significativas. Por lo tanto se estudiara la obra en el nivel global de la “literatura del exilio”, que se aglutina del espacio y del cuerpo como significados y significantes abordando a un espacio simbolico. Asimismo se analiza el espacio de (in) justicia moldeando las relaciones y el desarrollo social teorizado por Edward Soja. Igualmente, recurriendo al critico David W. Foster se estudia las transgresiones binarias de la obra en donde se cuestiona la sociedad, los valores raciales, culturales, sexuales y de genero establecidos.
A Homeostasis Hypothesis of Avian Influenza Resistance in Chickens

Avian influenza has caused significant damage to the poultry industry globally. Consequently, efforts have been made to elucidate the disease mechanisms as well as the mechanisms of disease resistance. Here, by investigating two chicken breeds with distinct responses to avian influenza virus (AIV), Leghorn GB2 and Fayoumi M43, we compared their genome, methylation, and transcriptome differences. MX1, HSP90AB1, and HSP90B1 exhibited high degrees of genetic differentiation (FST) between the two species. Except for the MX1-involved direct anti-virus mechanism, we found that at the methylation and transcriptome levels, the more AIV-resistant breed, Fayoumi, exhibited less variation compared with Leghorn after AIV inoculation, which included change trends in differentially expressed regions, top-fold change genes with FDR-corrected p < 0.05, immune response related genes, and housekeeping genes. Fayoumi also showed better consistency regarding changes in methylation and changes at the transcriptome level. Our results suggest a homeostasis hypothesis for avian influenza resistance, with Fayoumi maintaining superior homeostasis at both the epigenetic and gene expression levels. Three candidate genes-MX1, HSP90AB1, and HSP90B1-showed genetic differentiation and altered gene expression, methylation, and protein expression, which merit attention in further functional studies.