cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Partial coordination. I. The best of pre-coordination and post-coordination

The introduction of computerized post-coordination has solved many of the problems of pre-coordinated subject access. However, the adoption of computerized post-coordination results in the loss of some pre-coordination benefits. Specifically, the effect of hiding terms within the context of others is lost in post-coordination which gives lead status to every document term. This results in spurious matches of terms out of context. Library patrons and Internet searchers are increasingly dissatisfied with subject access performance, in part because of unmanageably large retrieval sets. The need to enhance precision and limit the size of retrieval sets motivates this work which proposes partial coordination, an approach which incorporates the advantages of computer search with the ability of pre-coordination to limit spurious partial matches and thereby enhance precision.
Capturing and supporting contexts for scientific data sharing via the biological sciences collaboratory

Scientific collaboration is largely focused on the sharing and joint analysis of scientific data and results. Today, a movement is afoot within the scientific computing community to shift "collaboratory" development from traditional tool-centric approaches to more data-centric ones. Yet, to effectively support data sharing means more than providing a common repository for storing and retrieving shared data sets. In order to reasonably comprehend and apply another researcher's data set, the scientist must grasp the various contexts of the data as it relates to the overall data space, applications, experiments, projects, and the scientific community. Under development at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, the Biological Sciences Collaboratory (BSC) enables the sharing of biological data and analyses through diverse capabilities such as metadata capture, electronic laboratory notebooks, data organization views, data provenance tracking, analysis notes, task management, and scientific workflow management. Overall, BSC strives to identify and capture the various social and scientific contexts in which data sharing collaborations in biology take place and to provide collaboration tools and capabilities that can effectively support and facilitate these important data sharing contexts.
The impact of copyright permissions culture on the US visual arts community: The consequences of fear of fair use

As digital opportunities emerge in the visual arts—to produce multimedia art and digital scholarship, publish online, and hold online museum exhibitions—old copyright frustrations have worsened in a field where getting permissions is routine. A national survey of 2828 visual arts professionals, combined with 100 in-depth interviews of visual arts practitioners throughout the United States, explored how visual arts professionals use the US copyright doctrine of fair use. Results showed widespread lack of confidence and misconceptions about fair use; resulting exaggerated risk assessment; personal and social relations within the community that deter reliance on fair use; and consequent delays, deformations, and failure to execute mission.
Implementation of the "FASTHUG" concept decreases the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia in a surgical intensive care unit

Background Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients. The Institute for Healthcare Improvement 100,000 Lives Campaign made VAP a target of prevention and performance improvement. Additionally, the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Health Organizations' 2007 Disease Specific National Patient Safety Goals included the reduction of healthcare-associated infections. We report implementation of a performance improvement project that dramatically reduced our VAP rate that had exceeded the 90th percentile nationally.
Not Such Innocents Abroad

Little research in economic education has dealt with MBA programs. The authors investigated student performance in a microeconomics/managerial economics course taught in a one-year MBA program at the German International School of Management and Administration in Hanover, Germany, during the 2002–5 academic years. After controlling for other measurable characteristics, students who spoke English as their native language systematically underperformed in the course. The authors suggest this occurred because these students could have attended similar degree programs in their own countries but instead chose to study in Germany to tour Europe between and even during course modules.
The El Niño–Southern Oscillation and Global Precipitation

Our understanding of the relationship between the El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon and global precipitation is reviewed from the early works of Sir Gilbert Walker to the latest research frontiers. ENSO is defined by large-scale changes in the sea surface temperature and sea-level pressure patterns of the Pacific Ocean. Rainfall follows the low (high) pressure (temperature) anomalies and subsequently impacts the global atmospheric circulation. ENSO contributes to global precipitation anomalies through teleconnections – changes in the Walker and Hadley circulations, oceanic Kelvin and Rossby waves, ‘atmospheric bridge’ mechanisms, and atmospheric Rossby wave trains – as observed with long-term in situ measurements and recent satellite-based analyses. Finally, some outstanding research questions are discussed. Is precipitation a useful predictor for ENSO? How does ENSO affect the probability density function of precipitation around the globe? What is the impact of global warming on the ENSO–precipitation relationship?
Soft Tissue Strain and Facet Face Interaction in the Lumbar Intervertebral Joint—Part II: Calculated Results and Comparison With Experimental Data

A numerical simulation of soft-tissue strain and facet face interaction in the lumbar intervertebral joint under load was performed. The results, compared with a previous experimental sectioning study, showed that disk fiber strain was the main mechanism in shear resistance, except posterior shear, where the facets were main load bearing members. In axial compression, compression of the annulus was found, with a significant decrease in compressive strain resulting from annulus bulging, but no contact was found in the facet joints. The posterior ligaments, except for the facet capsules and ligamentum flavum, were found to be active only in flexion and lateral bending, while the facets and the disk both played major roles in resisting axial torsion moments.
Electron-beam tomography coronary calcium scores are superior to Framingham risk variables for predicting the measured proximal stenosis burden.

Previous studies of electron-beam tomography (EBT) have correlated coronary calcium scores with simplistic visual estimates of disease severity. In a clinical trial designed to evaluate 2 treatment strategies in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients with low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, we used quantitative coronary angiography to measure composite proximal stenosis burden from the baseline coronary angiogram and assessed the traditional Framingham risk variables in 146 patients. Stenosis burden is the sum, per patient, of percent stenosis for the worst lesion found in each of 9 standard proximal coronary segments. EBT estimates of coronary calcium (Agatston score, calcium volume score) were obtained for 115 of these patients. Stenosis burden was correlated with the calcium scores and risk variables. The best traditional correlates of stenosis burden were smoking status (r = 0.31, p = 0.001), prior myocardial infarction (r = 0.24, p = 0.005), body mass index (r = 0.23, p = 0.005), pock-years smoking (r = 0.20, p = 0.05), and age (r = 0.17, p = 0.04). With adjustment for age, all these correlations improved (eg, body mass index x age [r = 0.28, p = 0.001]), In addition, total cholesterol x age (r = 0.22, p = 0.008), fibrinogen x age (r = 0.19, p = 0.03), and systolic blood pressure x age (r = 0.18, p = 0.03) became significant correlates. Spearman correlations of the calcium scores with stenosis burden were considerably greater (Agatston: r = 0.62, p <0.0001; calcium volume: r = 0.63, p <0.0001). In multivariate regression analysis, calcium score, body mass index, and history of myocardial infarction were independent correlates of stenosis burden (R 2 = 0.45). At a given point in time, the EBT coronary calcium scores are greatly superior to the Framingham risk factors in predicting the measured proximal stenosis burden. Agatston and calcium volume scores are comparably predictive of stenosis burden.
Distinct mechanisms of bridging-Oxo exchange in Di-μ-O dimanganese complexes with and without water-binding sites : Implications for water binding in the O2-evolving complex of photosystem II

Isotopic exchange between oxygens of water and μ-O bridges in the di-μ-O dimanganese complexes, [(mes−terpy)2Mn2III/IV(μ-O)2(H2O)2](NO3)3 (1, mes−terpy = 4‘-mesityl-2,2‘:6‘,2‘ ‘-terpyridine) and [(phen)4Mn2III/IV(μ-O)2](ClO4)3 (2, phen = 1,10-phenanthroline), has been investigated by a study of the kinetics of exchange. The data provide evidence for distinct mechanisms of exchange in 1 and 2 and suggest that these differences arise due to the presence and absence of terminal water-binding sites in 1 and 2, respectively. Exchange of oxygen atoms between water and μ-O bridges must involve the elementary steps of bridge protonation, deprotonation, opening, and closing. On the basis of the existing literature on these reactions in oxo-bridged metal complexes and our present data, we propose pathways of exchange in 1 and 2. The mechanism proposed for 1 involves an initial fast protonation of an oxo-bridge by water coordinated to MnIV, followed by a slow opening of the protonated bridge as proposed earlier for ...
Catalytic DNA with phosphatase activity

Catalytic DNA sequences (deoxyribozymes, DNA enzymes, or DNAzymes) have been identified by in vitro selection for various catalytic activities. Expanding the limits of DNA catalysis is an important fundamental objective and may facilitate practical utility of catalysts that can be obtained from entirely unbiased (random) sequence populations. In this study, we show that DNA can catalyze Zn(2+)-dependent phosphomonoester hydrolysis of tyrosine and serine side chains (i.e., exhibit phosphatase activity). The best deoxyribozyme decreases the half-life for phosphoserine hydrolysis from as high as >10(10) y to <1 h. The phosphatase activity also occurs with nonpeptidic substrates but with reduced efficiency, indicating a preference for phosphopeptides. The newly identified deoxyribozymes can function with multiple turnover using free peptide substrates, have activity in the presence of human cell lysate or BSA, and catalyze dephosphorylation of a larger protein substrate, suggesting broader application of DNA catalysts as artificial phosphatases.
Transmission of Alfvén waves through the earth's bow shock

Transmission of Alfven waves through earth bow shock based on hydromagnetic shocks theory, discussing amplitude amplification
A New Artificial ACL Anchor

An artificial ligament anchor has been designed and tested in goats. The anchor may allow direct bone anchorage of artificial anterior cruciate ligaments.
The effects of content and audience awareness goals for revision on the persuasive essays of fifth-and eighth-grade students.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of revising goals focused on content and audience awareness on the persuasive writing of fifth- and eighth-grade students. Students were randomly assigned to three different goal conditions: a general goal; a goal to improve content; and a goal to improve content and communication with an audience. Final drafts of essays were scored for elements of persuasive discourse relevant to content and audience and for overall persuasiveness. Students in the audience goal group were more likely than both other groups to consider opposing positions and rebut them. Students in both the content and audience goal groups wrote essays that were more persuasive than essays by students in the general goal group. The results also indicate that eighth-grade students wrote more persuasively than fifth-grade students and that girls wrote more persuasively than boys.
Factrel: A General Program for Relating Factors between Studies Via the Kaiser-Hunka-Bianchini Method

FACTREL relates factors from two studies with the same variables using Kaiser, Hunka, and Bianchini's (1971) method. Both test and factor vectors for the two sets are placed in a common space, then one is rotated to maximize the sum of the row cross-products of loadings between the sets, with the resulting cosines between factor axes serving as the primary measures. Cosines between corresponding tests are also computed, as is their average. This method of relating factors is potentially useful in meta-analytic studies when only the factor loadings (and in oblique cases, factor correlations) are available in the published literature. Written in FORTRAN-77, FACTREL is a general, interactive program that handles both orthogonal and oblique cases.
Total Protein Methods and Their Potential Utility to Reduce the Risk of Food Protein Adulteration

Abstract: Kjeldahl and combustion (Dumas) methods are widely accepted for total protein determination but lack analytical selectivity for protein because they measure protein on the basis of sample nitrogen content. Adulteration incidents exploiting this analytical vulnerability (for example, melamine) demonstrate that these methods are no longer sufficient to protect the public health. This article explores the challenges and opportunities to move beyond total nitrogen based methods for total protein measurement. First, it explores the early history of protein measurement science, complexities of current global protein measurement activities, and ideal analytical performance characteristics for new methods. Second, it comprehensively reviews the pros and cons of current and emerging approaches for protein measurement, including their selectivity for protein, ability to detect adulteration, and practicality for routine use throughout the supply chain. It concludes that some existing highly selective methods for food protein measurement have potential for routine quality control. It also concludes that their successful implementation will require matrix-specific validation and the use of supporting reference materials. These methods may be suitable only for food ingredients that have a low degree of compositional variability and are not complex finished food products.
Floquet Theory and Newton’s Method

Application of Newton’s method to nonlinear vibration problems can lead to a sequence of nonhomogeneous ordinary differential equations with periodic coefficients. The form of the complementary solutions are known from Floquet theory. This paper suggests a method for avoiding “secular terms” that grow with time in the particular solution. The method consists of finding a single periodic solution of the complementary solutions and its adjoint. If the periodic solution exists, a frequency correction can be computed that eliminates secular terms. After the frequency correction, the rest of the particular solution is periodic and can be computed by the infinite determinant method or other numerical methods. In oversimplified terms, the procedure is to find the improved approximation to the period by variation of parameters and the next approximation to the amplitudes by undetermined coefficients which is a simpler computation than variation of parameters.
1/T2 and magnetic susceptibility measurements in a gerbil cardiac iron overload model.

PURPOSE: To measure the transverse relaxation rate (1/T2) and magnetic susceptibility of the heart in conditions of iron overload by using magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and to correlate these with the tissue iron concentration in a gerbil model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: With prior approval by the institutional animal care and use committee, iron overload was induced with one to 15 weekly subcutaneous injections of iron dextran. Nine gerbils had one to five injections, 10 had six to 10, and eight had 13–15. T2 of the whole heart was measured ex vivo (n = 27), and the magnetic susceptibility of the tissue was estimated through measurement of the tissue lysate (n = 25). The iron level was measured (in milligrams of iron per gram of wet tissue) with chemical analysis after MR imaging. While 1/T2 and magnetic susceptibility are not equivalent measures of the chemically determined tissue iron level, correlations were expected and were identified by using linear regression models. RESULTS: Iron concentration ran...
Hexachlorodisilane as a Precursor in the LPCVD of Silicon Dioxide and Silicon Oxynitride Films

Films of silicon dioxide and silicon oxynitride were grown by LPCVD using gas‐phase mixtures of , , and in the temperature range 550°–850°C. The activation energy for deposition was 29 kcal/mole. Under comparable pressure and temperature conditions, growth rates of from were at least three times higher than those obtained using or . The effect of temperature and reactant flow ratios on film composition, stress, refractive index, etch rate, and uniformity were studied, and these properties were found to be comparable to those in films deposited from and . The effect of ratio on physical properties was investigated for oxynitride films. The dependence of these properties on film composition was the same regardless of the CVD reactant mixture used. However, the to oxidant ratio required to obtain a specific film composition was strongly influenced by the oxidant and silicon precursor used. Comparisons are made to the LPCVD systems: , , and .
Emergency Neurological Life Support: Status Epilepticus

Patients with prolonged or rapidly recurring convulsions lasting more than 5 min are in status epilepticus (SE) and require immediate resuscitation. Although there are relatively few randomized clinical trials, available evidence and experience suggest that early and aggressive treatment of SE improves patient outcomes, for which reason it was chosen as an Emergency Neurologic Life Support protocol. The current approach to the emergency treatment of SE emphasizes rapid initiation of adequate doses of first line therapy, as well as accelerated second line anticonvulsant drugs and induced coma when these fail, coupled with admission to a unit capable of neurologic critical care and electroencephalography monitoring. This protocol not only will focus on the initial treatment of SE but also review subsequent steps in the protocol once the patient is hospitalized.
Salivary signals of European corn borer induce indirect defenses in tomato

Plants can recognize the insect elicitors and activate its defense mechanisms. European Corn Borer (ECB; Ostrinia nubilalis) saliva, produced from the labial salivary glands and released through the spinneret, is responsible for inducing direct defenses in host plants. Glucose oxidase (GOX) present in the ECB saliva induced direct defenses in tomato. By contrast, GOX activity in ECB saliva was insufficient to trigger defenses in maize, suggesting that host-specific salivary elicitors are responsible for inducing direct defenses in host plants. Our current study further examined whether ECB saliva can trigger indirect defenses in tomato. Relative expression levels of TERPENE SYNTHASE5 (TPS5) and HYDROPEROXIDE LYASE (HPL), marker for indirect defenses in host plants, were monitored. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that ECB saliva can induce the expression of TPS5 and HPL, suggesting that salivary signals can induce indirect defenses in addition to the direct defenses. Further experiments are required to identify different ECB elicitors that are responsible for inducing direct and indirect defenses in host plants.
Supratentorial Tuber Location and Autism in Tuberous Sclerosis Complex

The high rate of autism in tuberous sclerosis complex provides an opportunity to study the pathogenesis of autism. This study investigated the relationship between a DSM-IV diagnosis of autism and tuber location in a sample of 50 individuals with tuberous sclerosis complex. Chi-square analyses revealed no differences between individuals with autism (n = 15) and those without autism (n = 35) on the occurrence of tubers in the right or left frontal, occipital, parietal, or temporal regions. There were no differences between the two groups in the occurrence of tubers in subcortical or cortical regions. In the largest sample to date, these results fail to support the hypothesis that supratentorial tuber location is a marker for autism. (J Child Neurol 2002;17:830—832).
Receiver driven rate adaptation for wireless multimedia applications

Streaming video over the Internet to wireless mobile devices has seen a tremendous increase in popularity amongst users. Recent improvements in infrastructure have made the delivery of video over wireless a reality. However, user demand for high definition video streams promises to quickly devour the bandwidth provided by these improvements. There has been extensive work to solve these problems. However, recent advancements at the application and transport layers have made possible the development of new methods that can improve throughput in existing HTTP/TCP infrastructure. In this paper we present a novel client driven application layer rate adaptation mechanism. Our solution can achieve significant throughput increases as compared to a standard rate adaptive HTTP/TCP video stream operating over a wireless link. In addition it operates with standard HTTP/TCP video servers and requires no in-network modifications or kernel changes at the client. We demonstrate the performance improvements of our proposed system through both emulation and deployment on a wireless mesh network in South Africa.
Elton Mayo and Carl Rogers: A Tale of Two Techniques

Abstract This article examines the simultaneous appearance of nonauthoritarian interviewing and nondirective counseling, two highly similar methods introduced by two different people, Elton Mayo and Carl Rogers. The similarities and differences between the methods and their developers are evaluated against the historical context in which they appear.
Spatially resolved plasma emission and absorption coefficient measurements by an optical fiber probe

The plasma emission and absorption coefficients were measured by means of two different techniques using an optical fiber probe in a parallel-plate RF glow discharges. The first technique can, in principle, provide three-dimensional resolution with the movement of the probe, while the second technique provides only a line-average measurement. The results of two different measurement methods and the practical limitations of the techniques are discussed. >
NUCLEAR DATA SHEETS FOR A = 121.

Abstract The literature has been surveyed for data pertaining to nuclei in the mass chain A = 121. Well over 200 papers and communications were considered, and information for approximately 100 has been included. The cutoff date was the end of February 1971. The data for this mass chain are rather fragmentary. Few spin assignments are firm. The half-life of the 8-keV isomer in 121 Sn is still very much in doubt. The characteristics of the levels in 121 Sb are not yet well defined, but the enhanced E2 component of the 66-keV transition between the 0.57308 (1/2 + ) and 0.50754 (3/2 + ) levels may imply a large deformation. There seems to be building a cumulation of evidence throughout the mass region A ≈ 100–140 indicating the presence of such a deformation at about 500–1000 keV of excitation. The present compilation might serve as a basis for choosing definitive experiments that would augment our knowledge of nuclei in this mass chain.
Heritability of age at menarche in girls from the Fels Longitudinal Study.

Menarche is the hallmark maturational event of female childhood. Many studies indicated a significant genetic contribution to the timing of the onset of menstruation, but most of these studies were limited by the use of retrospective data and by the use of data from only certain types of relatives (i.e., mothers and daughters, sisters, or twin sisters). The primary goal of this study was to use a modern maximum likelihood quantitative genetic method to estimate the heritability (h2) of age at menarche, using familial data collected over the course of the 74-year-old Fels Longitudinal Study. The secondary goal was to review earlier studies of the heritability of age at menarche. The study of the heritability of age at menarche presented here is unique for two reasons. First, because of the Fels Longitudinal Study's serial design, age-at-menarche data were collected prospectively from most participants. Second, because the Fels Longitudinal Study is a family study that has been conducted for decades, age-at-menarche data are available from many types of female relatives spanning multiple households and generations. The best-fitting and most parsimonious quantitative genetic model included provision for a secular decrease in age at menarche, and estimated the h2 of age at menarche to be 0.49 ± 0.13 (95% confidence interval of h2, = 0.24–0.73). The results of this study are in general agreement with the findings of most previous studies of genetic influences on age at menarche, and suggest that it is reasonable to consider it well-established that approximately half the phenotypic variation among girls from developed nations in the timing of menarche is due to genetic factors. Am J Phys Anthropol 128:210-219, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Electrical Transport Properties In Garnets: Correlations With Point Defect Models

Investigations on the electrical transport properties of dielectric garnets used for laser and optical device applications are reviewed. Electrical conductivity studies of YAG (Y3A15012), GSGG (Gd3Sc2Ga3012), and CALGAR (Ca3Al2Ge3012) are interpreted in terms of possible point defecE models and correlated, where possible, with spectroscopic investigations of optically deleterious point defects. The defect chemistry and electrical properties of insulating garnets are compared with results of previous studies on highly conducting magnetic garnets. The ability of electrical conductivity experiments to assist in the understanding of the defect structure of optical and laser garnets is demonstrated, with particular focus on the behavior of color centers and anomalous absorption in garnets at high temperature and in controlled atmospheres.
“Selfless” cytokines, fraternal discord, and inhibitors

Comment on Astermark et al, page [3167][1] Astermark and colleagues present data that represent a new avenue of investigation to understand the pathogenesis of inhibitor development in patients with hemophilia. Since the advent of pathogen-safe clotting factor replacement therapy, the
The challenges of designing a lightweight spacecraft structure for landing on the lunar surface

Abstract The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (JHU/APL) has been working with NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) on a lunar lander design that would take scientific measurements on the surface of the moon. This effort is part of NASA's Robotic Lunar Lander (RLL) Development Project. The requirements imposed on the design of the lander are: (1) Provide a lightweight lander structure to minimize the launch costs and maximize the payload carrying capability, (2) Minimize the lander launch envelope to allow for launching multiple landers on a single launch vehicle, (3) Given specific approach velocities, design a lander with geometric properties (low center-of-gravity, etc.) that maximizes the chances for a controlled landing on the lunar surface, (4) Provide a stable platform for all of the various scientific instruments. The lightweight lander requirement originates from the desire to minimize the launch costs and possibly package multiple landers on a single launch vehicle. The use of lightweight composite materials and advanced manufacturing techniques are employed throughout the design and construction of the structure in order to minimize mass and maximize structural stiffness. Minimizing the launch envelope enables the potential packaging of several spacecraft into one launch vehicle shroud. By having multiple landers, the scientific return is enhanced. Multiple spacecraft on the lunar surface provides independent confirmation of science measurements taken and also highlights any variance in the science data taken at differing lunar latitudes. Naturally, the launch cost per lander is greatly reduced if more than one lander can be packaged on a single launch vehicle. The lunar lander vehicle must arrive at the lunar surface at an upright orientation. In order to accomplish this, the structure geometry must be designed to accommodate attitude errors in roll, pitch and yaw. In addition, the structure must be able to withstand various landing scenarios, which include a wide range of landing velocities, decelerations and attitude rates. The stability requirement is dictated by the nature of the instrument suite. Many of the measurements to be taken on the lunar surface are so sensitive that any mechanical disturbances could potentially corrupt the measured data. Mechanical disturbances such as operating mechanisms, thermal expansion/contraction, deployable booms or other devices must be minimized. It is imperative that all of the structural requirements are met for this mission. Failure to meet any of the numerous challenging requirements could cause the loss of all the scientific objectives.
Planar Dielectric Grating Diffraction Theories

Various planar dielectric grating diffraction theories are reviewed for the case of a general sinusoidal permittivity planar grating with slanted fringes and plane wave incidence at an arbitrary angle. Exact formulations without approximations (rigorous coupled-wave analysis and rigorous modal analysis) are developed first. Then, using a series of fundamental assumptions, rigorous theory is shown to reduce to the various approximate theories in the appropriate limits. The implications of these fundamental assumptions are discussed.
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering for arsenate detection on multilayer silver nanofilms

Abstract Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has recently emerged as a promising method for chemical and biomolecular sensing. SERS quantification analysis of arsenate (As(V)) was investigated using multilayer Ag nanofilms deposited on glass slides as SERS-active substrates (Ag/GL substrates) by an electroless deposition process. The As(V) limit of detection (LOD) was determined to be ∼5 μg L−1 or lower with or without coexisting multiple background electrolytes (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl−, NO3−, SO42− and H2PO4−). The presence of the background electrolytes at low concentrations was observed to enhance the SERS sensitivity of the substrate towards As(V) more than twofold. Standard calibration curves were prepared in the absence and presence of the background electrolytes. Excellent linear relationships between the peak heights of the As(V) SERS band at ∼780 cm−1 and the As(V) concentrations were obtained in a concentration range of 0–250 μg L−1. The selectivity of the Ag nanofilm towards oxyanions was examined to be in the order of As(V) ≫ phosphate ≫ nitrate, sulphate. A low sample-to-sample relative standard deviation (RSD) of 5.2% was also determined, suggesting the Ag/GL substrate was uniform and highly reproducible. Experimental results indicated that the SERS method could be used for quantitative analysis of As(V) in groundwater samples.
Fluid-inclusion evidence for past temperature fluctuations in the Kilauea East Rift Zone geothermal area, Hawaii

Heating and freezing data were obtained for fluid inclusions in hydrothermal quartz, calcite, and anhydrite from several depths in three scientific observation holes drilled along the lower East Rift Zone of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii. Compositions of the inclusion fluids range from dilute meteoric water to highly modified sea water concentrated by boiling. Comparison of measured drill-hole temperatures with fluid-inclusion homogenization-temperature (Th) data indicates that only about 15% of the fluid inclusions could have formed under the present thermal conditions. The majority of fluid inclusions studied must have formed during one or more times in the past when temperatures fluctuated in response to the emplacement of nearby dikes and their subsequent cooling. The fluid-inclusion data indicate that past temperatures in SOH-4 well were as much as 64°C hotter than present temperatures between 1000 and 1500 m depth and they were a maximum of 68°C cooler than present temperatures below 1500 m depth. Similarly, the data show that past temperatures near the bottoms of SOH-1 and SOH-2 wells were up to 45 and 59°C, respectively, cooler than the present thermal conditions; however, the remainder of fluid-inclusion Th values for these two drill holes suggest that the temperatures of the trapped waters were nearly the same as the present temperatures at these slightly shallower depths. Several hydrothermal minerals (erionite, mordenite, truscottite, smectite, chlorite-smectite, chalcedony, anhydrite, and hematite), occurring in the drill holes at higher temperatures than they are found in geothermal drill holes of Iceland or other geothermal areas, provide additional evidence for a recent heating trend.
Structure and sequence of the Drosophila melanogaster calmodulin gene

Abstract A series of phage clones overlapping the single calmodulin gene locus of Drosophila melanogaster has been isolated and the exons of the gene positioned and sequenced within these clones. A calmodulin cDNA clone of the electric eel was used to identify these clones and to position the two major protein-coding exons of the gene. cDNA clones for D. melanogaster calmodulin were then isolated, characterized and used to identify the remaining exons. The gene consists of four exons separated by three introns of 3400 to 4300 bases in length. Exon 1 consists of the 5′ untranslated region and the initiator ATG; exon 2 encodes amino acid residues 1 to 58.3; exon 3 encodes residues 58.3 to 139.3; and exon 4 encodes residues 139.3 to 148 and the 3′ untranslated region. From the sequence of the 3′ untranslated region and the lengths of the cDNA clones, two or three polyadenylation sites are indicated. Sequences potentially involved in the control of transcription of the gene and splicing of the mRNA product have been identified. Comparison of the intron-exon structures of the D. melanogaster calmodulin gene, the chick calmodulin gene, and other genes of the troponin C superfamily reinforces previous hypotheses that these genes arose from a common progenitor and permits identification of four introns that were probably present in the progenitor gene structure. The D. melanogaster calmodulin gene contains three of these introns, and the chick gene contains all four. These gene comparisons also indicate that the region of these genes encoding Ca2+ -binding loop 3 is highly variable in structure. The chick and D. melanogaster calmodulin genes differ in this region, the chick gene containing a fifth intron here that is absent from the D. melanogaster gene.
A vision system for detecting and tracking of stop-lines

This paper presents a computer vision algorithm that detects, by analyzing lane-marking detection results, stop-lines and tracks, using an unscented Kalman filter, the detected stop-line over time. To detect lateral and longitudinal lane-markings, this method applies a spatial filter emphasizing the intensity contrast between lane-marking pixels and their neighboring pixels. The authors then examine the detected lane-markings to identify perpendicular, geometry layouts between longitudinal and lateral lane-markings for stop-line detection. To provide reliable stop-line recognition, the authors developed an unscented Kalman filter to track the detected stop-line over frames. Through the tests with real-world, busy urban street videos, this method demonstrated promising results, in terms of the accuracy of the initial detection accuracy and the reliability of the tracking.
Simple determination of the base transport factor of bipolar transistors

Abstract Simple charge control theory is used in conjunction with the Early effect to determine the base transport factor of bipolar transistors. Experimental data show that the base profiles of double-diffused transistors can be characterized by an exponential function. It is also shown that it is possible to determine neutral region base lifetimes using the technique described.
Measurement of the voluntary intake of mixed rations by cattle.

Abstract The voluntary dry matter intake of group-fed steers was determined during four suceessive 10-day periods. It increased from the flrst to the second period and from the second to the third period. This indicates that group-fed steers should be fed at least 30 days before the maximum intake of rations is approached. Steers were also individually fed for two successive 10-day periods and their intake was compared to that of group-fed steers during the first two 10-day feeding periods. The intake of a high-concentrate ration by individually-fed and group-fed steers was similar. In both feeding periods, the intake of a high-roughage ration of group-fed steers was considerably higher than that of individually fed steers.
AN ESTIMATION OF THE “WELFARE LOSSES” FROM MONOPOLY IN THE AMERICAN ECONOMY

Examines the effect of monopoly in the American economy. Misallocation of resources by monopolists; Redistribution of income toward the monopolist; Reduction of aggregate welfare. (Из Ebsco)
Double-bond isomerization of hexadecenes with solid acid catalysts

Abstract The positional isomerization of hexadecenes was investigated using the following catalysts: perfluorinated ion exchange resins (Nafion®) supported on SiO2 or Al2O3, sulfonated poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) resins (PS-DVBs), tungstated zirconias, and acidic zeolites. Acid sites were characterized by propan-1-amine (1-PA) temperature programmed desorption, wet titration, and decomposition of sulfonate groups. Catalysts were evaluated in a packed bed reactor at 130 °C for 3 h with flowing hexadecenes. Active Nafion/Al2O3 catalysts were synthesized by wet impregnation and, in one case, such a catalyst was selective for double-bond isomerization, although less active than silica-supported Nafion. Selected catalysts underwent lifetime studies to examine the effects of structure and acid strength on deactivation. We found that oversulfonated PS-DVBs (e.g., Amberlyst 35) were reasonably selective with long lifetimes, only gradually deactivating due to poisoning by surface oligomers. Amberlyst 70, Amberlyst XN1010, ZSM-35 and SAPO-11 were evaluated because of their lower acid site densities and (for the Amberlysts) varying degrees of crosslinking. None of these catalysts were optimal for various reasons. Beneficial cooperative effects arising from the close proximity of acid sites in certain catalysts were observed.
Permanent axotomy, a model of axonal atrophy and secondary segmental demyelination and remyelination

Permanent axotomy in cats produced by hind limb ablation results in sequential pathological alterations of myelinated fibers of the proximal nerve stump. The changes are like those previously described for human uremic neuropathy and such system atrophies as Friedreich's ataxia; axonal atrophy myelin wrinkling nodal lengthening and internodal demyelination remyelination.
Resource Letter ETDSTS-1: Experimental tests of the discrete space-time symmetries

This Resource Letter provides a guide to the literature on experimental tests of space‐inversion symmetry or parity (P), charge conjugation symmetry (C), time reversal symmetry (T), and the combined symmetries CP and CPT. Journal articles and books are cited for the following topics: early history, parity nonconservation in charged weak interactions, parity nonconservation in high‐energy polarized‐electron scattering, parity nonconservation in atoms, CPT invariance, tests of C‐invariance, CP violation in neutral kaon decay, tests of time‐reversal invariance, and search for electric dipole moments. [The letter E after an item indicates elementary level or material of general interest to persons becoming informed in the field. The letter I, for intermediate level, indicates material of a somewhat more specialized nature, and the letter A indicates rather specialized or advanced material.]
The Elements of the Oil-Well-Spacing Problem. A Summary of the Factors Influencing the Distance Apart at Which Oil Wells May Be Economically Spaced

This paper reviews the several factors which determine the spacing of wells in planning the development of oil fields to secure the maximum economic ultimate recovery of petroleum. The physical factors controlling oil drainage are given special consideration, and the limitations of our present knowledge of their influence are pointed out. The expulsive effects of gas pressure, gravity, and edgewater pressure in causing movement of oil into wells are discussed, and quantitative experimental data are produced showing the influence of pore resistance and capillarity of oil sands and viscosity and adhesion of the oil in resisting the expulsive forces. The influence of geologic structure, of the diameter of the well, and of the depth and thickness of the productive sand on the economic interval between wells is also explained. The more important economic considerations in planning the development program--particularly the interest cost of deferred production, the cost and efficiency of production, and the future selling price of petroleum--are discussed in general terms. The fallacy of using well production records as a basis for well-spacing, without supplementary study of the more fundamental variables controlling oil drainage, is pointed out. In conclusion, the author summarizes in tabular form the qualitative effect of the several variables discussed, and suggests the necessity for a thorough technical study of the factors controlling oil drainage in order that the spacing of wells may be placed on a more scientific basis.
Switching languages, switching Palabras (words): An electrophysiological study of code switching

Switching languages has often been associated with a processing cost. In this study, the authors used event-related potentials to compare switches between two languages with within-language lexical switches as bilinguals read for comprehension. Stimuli included English sentences and idioms ending either with the expected English words, their Spanish translations (code switches), or English synonyms (lexical switches). As expected, lexical switches specifically enhanced the N400 response in both context types. Code switches, by contrast, elicited an increased negativity over left fronto-central sites in the regular nonidiomatic sentences (250-450 ms) and a large posterior positivity (450-850 ms) in both context types. In addition, both lexical and code switches elicited a late frontal positivity (650-850 ms) relative to expected completions, especially in idioms. Analysis of the individual response patterns showed correlations with vocabulary skills in English and in Spanish. Overall, the electrophysiological data suggest that for some speakers in some contexts, the processing of a code switch may actually be less costly than the processing of an unexpected within-language item.
Families and intergenerational relationships in aging societies: comparing the United States with German-speaking countries

Industrialized nations have experienced many demographic changes favoring older adults during the last few decades of the 20th century. This article is a comparative examination of current and future trends in intergenerational relationships and aging in two societies: the United States and German-speaking countries. While comparing similarities and significant differences between the cultures, we examine five issues related to these trends for families and intergenerational relationships in the 21st century: (1) consequences of population aging for family structures and relationships--the emergence of the beanpole family structure and the longer years of linked lives across generations; (2) the debate about the decline of the family; (3) intergenerational solidarity over the life course; (4) intergenerational conflict across the life course; (5) prospects for solidarity and conflict between generations in the 21st century. Similarities between cultures include the demographic realities of population aging, the shift from pyramids to beanpoles, more years of shared lives between and across generations, more non-traditional family forms, and intergenerational conflicts in families. Differences include diverse replacement fertility rates, alternative approaches to governmental supports for families and aging members, and possible differences in cultural values regarding individualism.
Cramér-Rao lower bound in differential phase contrast imaging and its application in the optimization of data acquisition systems

Unlike conventional x-ray absorption imaging, x-ray differential phase contrast imaging (DPCI) uses a phase retrieval algorithm to obtain x-ray phase information from a group of x-ray intensity measurements. As a result, the noise performance of DPCI is expected to differ from that of x-ray absorption imaging. Given the total number of x-ray photons used in imaging, lower noise variance in estimated phase contrast images suggests superior dose efficiency, which is one of the most desirable feature in x-ray imaging. When an algorithm is used to retrieve the phase information, it is important to understand what the lowest possible noise variance would be and whether the algorithm used to retrieve the phase information yields the lowest possible noise variance. To address these questions for differential phase contrast imaging, we studied the noise performance of DPC imaging using the powerful Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) in statistical signal estimation method. Results demonstrated that the noise variances in DPCI images obtained by the algorithmic phase retrieval are always higher than the CRLB, which implies a possible sub-optimality of current phase estimation method. The results also call for the need to apply statistical signal estimation theory to DPCI in order to further improve its noise performance and dose efficiency.
The structure of the Nash equilibrium sets of standard 2-player games

In this paper I study a class of two-player games, in which both players’ action sets are [0, 1] and their payoff functions are continuous in joint actions and quasi-concave in own actions. I show that a no-improper-crossing condition is both necessary and sufficient for a finite subset A of [0, 1] × [0, 1] to be the set of Nash equilibria of such a game.
The Pedagogy of the Online Wisdom Community: Forming Church Ministers in a Digital Age.

Abstract. While electronic learning is transforming the face of higher education today, some in the theological community question whether it is appropriate for the specific goals of graduate level theological formation for ministry. Drawing on the work of one theological faculty, this article answers yes. The author describes the school's hybrid model of distance education pedagogy. He discusses the underlying teaching and learning principles that guided the faculty in their development of this model, and, in particular, the pedagogical ideal of the learning cohort as a “wisdom community.” Web-based instruction can be effectively designed to nurture wisdom communities for integrative learning. The author describes the “pedagogy of the online wisdom community” from his experience of Web-based distance education teaching. The growing demand for ministry formation programs, particularly in mission areas, underlines the urgent need for continued study of the role of technology in theological pedagogy.