cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Developmental delays and dental caries in low-income preschoolers in the USA: a pilot cross-sectional study and preliminary explanatory model

Anecdotal evidence suggests that low-income preschoolers with developmental delays are at increased risk for dental caries and poor oral health, but there are no published studies based on empirical data. The purpose of this pilot study was two-fold: to examine the relationship between developmental delays and dental caries in low-income preschoolers and to present a preliminary explanatory model on the determinants of caries for enrollees in Head Start, a U.S. school readiness program for low-income preschool-aged children. Data were collected on preschoolers ages 3–5 years at two Head Start centers in Washington, USA (N = 115). The predictor variable was developmental delay status (no/yes). The outcome variable was the prevalence of decayed, missing, and filled surfaces (dmfs) on primary teeth. We used multiple variable Poisson regression models to test the hypothesis that within a population of low-income preschoolers, those with developmental delays would have increased dmfs prevalence than those without developmental delays. Seventeen percent of preschoolers had a developmental delay and 51.3% of preschoolers had ≥1 dmfs. Preschoolers with developmental delays had a dmfs prevalence ratio that was 1.26 times as high as preschoolers without developmental delays (95% CI: 1.01, 1.58; P < .04). Other factors associated with increased dmfs prevalence ratios included: not having a dental home (P = .01); low caregiver education (P < .001); and living in a non-fluoridated community (P < .001). Our pilot data suggest that developmental delays among low-income preschoolers are associated with increased primary tooth dmfs. Additional research is needed to further examine this relationship. Future interventions and policies should focus on caries prevention strategies within settings like Head Start classrooms that serve low-income preschool-aged children with additional targeted home- and community-based interventions for those with developmental delays.
Stylet Penetration Behaviors of Graphocephala atropunctata (Signoret) (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae): EPG Waveform Characterization and Quantification

We analyzed the probing (stylet penetration) behaviors of the sharpshooter leafhopper Graphocephala atropunctata (Signoret) on grape with an alternating current (AC) electrical penetration graph (EPG) monitor. We characterized waveforms likely to represent stylet penetration pathway phase and xylem ingestion. The total probing duration of the cohort represented 68% of all 20-h monitoring periods for all insects, yet only a small proportion of that probing time was spent in high amplitude/pathway activities. Few changes in behavior occurred once a probe had started. This was shown by the low number of waveform events (i.e., uninterrupted occurrences of a behavior) per probe for each waveform type, which varied from a mean of 1–2.43. Conditional probability analysis supported that hypothesis, because insects usually terminated a probe and began a new one after ingestion-related events, rather than repeating in the same probe the previously performed waveforms. The size of grape leaves used for the assays directly influenced the amount of time insects ingested from xylem or performed other low-amplitude waveforms. Information from this work establishes benchmarks for future research addressing the mechanisms of Xylella fastidiosa Wells et al. transmission and sharpshooter ecology.
Winter Diets of Immature Green Turtles ( Chelonia mydas ) on a Northern Feeding Ground: Integrating Stomach Contents and Stable Isotope Analyses

The foraging ecology and diet of the green turtle, Chelonia mydas, remain understudied, particularly in peripheral areas of its distribution. We assessed the diet of an aggregation of juvenile green turtles at the northern edge of its range during winter months using two approaches. Stomach content analyses provide a single time sample, and stable isotope analyses integrate diet over a several-month period. We evaluated diet consistency in prey choice over time by comparing the results of these two approaches. We examined stomach contents from 43 juvenile green turtles that died during cold stunning events in St. Joseph Bay, Florida, in 2008 and 2011. Stomach contents were evaluated for volume, dry mass, percent frequency of occurrence, and index of relative importance of individual diet items. Juvenile green turtles were omnivorous, feeding primarily on seagrasses and tunicates. Diet characterizations from stomach contents differed from those based on stable isotope analyses, indicating the turtles are not feeding consistently during winter months. Evaluation of diets during warm months is needed.
When Culture Is Not A System: Why Samoan Cultural Brokers Can Not Do Their Job

In independent and American Samoa, Samoan representatives have historically been successful at furthering their communities' interests when dealing with various colonial regimes. Yet during my fieldwork in California, I kept witnessing failed encounters between Samoan migrants and government officials. I argue that government officials helped create these problems through the ways they expected Samoan migrants to act as culture-bearers. I conclude by exploring how cultural mediators become the focal point for tensions generated by the contradictory assumptions government system-carriers and Samoan culture-bearers hold about how to relate to social orders.
Technique tip: using a vaginal speculum for gastrocnemius recession

Abstract Gastrocnemius tightness is commonly found in patients with foot/ankle dysfunction. Gastrocnemius lengthening or recession is commonly performed as part of the treatment for plantar fasciitis, hallux valgus, symptomatic adult acquired flatfoot, metatarsalgia, and/or diabetic foot ulcers. We describe a technique using a vaginal speculum that allows safe completion of the procedure through a very limited incision.
PREDICTION OF THE ENROLLMENT EFFECTS OF INSTITUTIONAL CLOSURE

The expected decline in the number of high school graduates in the United States through the rest of this decade will almost certainly lead to closure of some higher education institutions. An important part of the analysis of the expected effects of institutional closure is estimation of redistribution of students attending the closed school. This paper shows how coefficient estimates from models of enrollment demand can be used to predict the alternative attendance choices of students enrolled at the closed school. The results indicate that predictions differ depending on the estimation method used and that the predictions using some methods are sensitive to subjective assumptions.
Effects of Reaction Mechanisms on Structure and Extinction of Partially Premixed Flames

The structure and extinction behavior of partially premixed flames in a counterflow configuration are investigated by using five different chemistry models. These include the C 1 and C 2 mechanisms of Peters and Rogg (Peters, N., and Rogg, B., Reduced Kinetic Mechanisms for Applications in Combustion Systems, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1993, pp. 8-12), a 12-step augmented reduced mechanism, and GRI-2.11 and GRI-3.0 mechanisms. Simulations focus on the comparison of these mechanisms in predicting the structure and extinction of methane-air partially premixed flames over a wide range of strain rates and equivalence ratios, including those corresponding to premixed and diffusion flames. Premixed flame speeds calculated using the C 2 and GRI-2.11 mechanisms are in good agreement with the experimental data, whereas those obtained using the C 1 mechanism show significant differences, especially for fuel-rich conditions. The predicted flammability limits (0.5 < O < 1.4) are found to be nearly identical for the three mechanisms. In addition, the diffusion flame structures computed using the three mechanisms are essentially the same, except for small differences in the peak temperature values. Results for partially premixed flames indicate that all five mechanisms qualitatively reproduce the double-flame structure associated with these flames. There are, however, notable quantitative differences between the predictions of C 1 , C 2 , and GRI-2.11 mechanisms. For low to moderate strain rates and high levels of air premixing (O < 2.0), the rich premixed reaction zone for the GRI-2.11 and GRI-3.0 mechanisms is located very close to the fuel nozzle. In addition, the physical separation between the two reactions zones for these mechanisms is significantly larger compared to that for C 1 and C 2 mechanisms. Important quantitative differences are also observed in the predictions of C 1 and C 2 mechanisms. Compared to the C 1 mechanism, the predictions using the C 2 mechanism indicate that 1) the methane consumption and heat release rates in the premixed zone are higher, 2) the flame structure exhibits higher sensitivity to the equivalence ratio, and 3) the two reaction zones merge at a lower equivalence ratio. The extinction strain rates for partially premixed flames are significantly higher using the C 2 and GRI-2.11 mechanisms compared to those using the C 1 mechanism. The effect of radiation heat transfer, computed using an optically thin model on the partially premixed flame structure, is relatively small. Also note that the premixed flame speed plays an important role in determining the stretch rate and, therefore, the structure of partially premixed flames.
Gradient concepts for evolution of damage

Abstract While low-order measures of damage have sufficed to describe the stiffness of bodies with distributed voids or cracks, such as the void volume fraction or the crack density tensor of Vakulenko, A.A., Kachanov, M., 1971. [Inz. AN SSSR., Mekhanika Tverdogo Tela (Mech. Solids) 6 (4), 159], addressing the growth of distributed defects demands a more comprehensive description of the details of defect configuration and size distribution. Moreover, interaction of defects over multiple length scales necessitates a methodology to sort out the change of internal structure associated with these scales. To extend the internal state variable approach to evolution, we introduce the notion of multiple scales at which first and second nearest-neighbor effects of nonlocal character are significant, similar to homogenization theory. Further, we introduce the concept of a cutoff radius for nonlocal action associated with a representative volume element (RVE), which exhibits statistical homogeneity of the evolution, and flux of damage gradients averaged over multiple subvolumes. In this way, we enable a local description at length scales below the RVE. The mean mesoscale gradient is introduced to reflect systematic differences in size distribution and position of damage entities in the evolution process. When such a RVE cannot be defined, the evolution is inherently statistically inhomogeneous at all scales of reasonable dimension, and the concept of macroscale gradients of internal variables is the only recourse besides micromechanics. Based on a series of finite element calculations involving evolution of 2D cracks in brittle elastica arranged in random periodic arrays, we examine the evolution of the mean mesoscale gradients and note some preliminary implications for the utility of such an approach.
The Stellwagen Bank region off eastern Massachusetts: a Wisconsin glaciated Cenozoic sand banks/delta?

Abstract Stellwagen and Tillies banks, Jeffreys Ledge, the erosional remnants shoreward of the banks in Massachusetts Bay, Cape Cod Bay and beneath Cape Cod may define an Eocene sand banks/delta. The present configuration of the region is due to a combination of pre-Wisconsin fluvial erosion, Wisconsin proglacial, subglacial and marine processes and Holocene marine processes. Wisconsin sediments south of Jeffreys Ledge experienced deformation and the formation of sag basins by the sinking of the overlying sediments into the underlying fine grained mass with the sediments between the basins being squeezed up to producing diapirs. The western part of Jeffreys Ledge rising tens of meters above its surroundings is a moraine created during a local re-advance when the overall Laurentide ice was retreating prior to 14 000 years ago. This re-advance resulted in the deformation of Coastal Plain and Wisconsin strata.
Using paleoshoreline and site location modeling in the northern great lakes: Geoarchaeological approaches to prehistoric archaeological survey in the Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore

Archaeologists commonly utilize spatial technologies to determine the occurrence probability of archaeological sites over large areas. Heavily forested areas of the northern Great Lakes have proven to be especially difficult places to carry out archaeological surveys. In this study, paleoshoreline mapping and site location analysis was used to develop a predictive model to identify likely prehistoric site locations from the Archaic Period in the Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore. Field survey efforts targeted locations where modeling efforts indicated high site probability, discovering 23 new prehistoric sites within this National Lakeshore. Based on associations with Nipissing Phase (mid-Holocene age) paleoshorelines, the presence of distinct lithic artifact technologies, paired with limited radiometric dating, the newly found sites are thought to be Late Archaic in cultural affiliation. Analysis of site settings indicates a preference for lagoon, barrier, and estuarine environments. The application of these spatial technologies demonstrates a targeted yet successful approach to field archaeology with limited field time and expansive areas. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of ring substitution on the hemolytic action of arylhydrazines.

Phenylhydrazine is oxidized by oxygen or potassium ferricyanide to phenyldiazene (C6H5 -N=NH), an unstable compound which reacts with ferrihemoglobin to produce a compound with the visible absorption spectrum of a ferrihemochromogen (1, 2). Formation of the latter compound has been postulated to destabilize the protein molecule and contribute to the formation of Heinz bodies (2). Ring-substituted phenylhydrazines such as tolylhydrazine and hydrazinobenzoic acid are also oxidized to aryldiazenes (3). We have investigated the influence of substituents on the benzene ring on the effectiveness of arylhydrazines as hemolytic agents, on the one hand, and on the reactivity of corresponding ary ldiazene s toward ferri hemoglobin on the other. Materials and Methods. Phenylhydrazine HCl (Eastman) was recrystallized twice from ethanol. Tolylhydrazine (0-, rn-, andp-) HCI and p- hydrazinobenzoic acid HCl (Aldrich) were recrystallized twice from methanol. Aqueous solutions of the arylhydrazine hydrochlorides were neutralized with NaOH and stored at 2" under nitrogen. Female Sprague-Dawley rats (2 10 k 15 g , ad lib. diet) were used. Blood was obtained by tail clipping and collected in heparinized capillary tubes for microhematocrit determinations. Usually two microhematocrits were obtained from
Speaking of Meaning in Modernity: Reflexive Spirituality as a Cultural Resource

The problem of meaninglessness in modem society has been an important topic since Max Weber wrote of the disenchantment of the world. Contemporary social theory suggests that such meaninglessness is attributable in part to the lack of a language that can adequately relate people to transcendent meanings without sacrificing a commitment to modern rationality. I suggest that such a language can be found in a contemporary form of religious expression. Reflexive spirituality, which Wade Clark Roof has identified as a common form of individual religiosity in the contemporary United States, can also be understood as a cultural language people use to talk with each other about transcendent meaning. 1 argue that the language of reflexive spirituality incorporates simultaneous commitments to modern rationality and to the value of transcendent meaning. Reflexive spirituality is thus a cultural resource that modern Americans are using to create guiding transcendent meanings for a rationalized society.
Light Chain– dependent Regulation of Kinesin's Interaction with Microtubules

We have investigated the mechanism by which conventional kinesin is prevented from binding to microtubules (MTs) when not transporting cargo. Kinesin heavy chain (HC) was expressed in COS cells either alone or with kinesin light chain (LC). Immunofluorescence microscopy and MT cosedimentation experiments demonstrate that the binding of HC to MTs is inhibited by coexpression of LC. Association between the chains involves the LC NH2-terminal domain, including the heptad repeats, and requires a region of HC that includes the conserved region of the stalk domain and the NH2 terminus of the tail domain. Inhibition of MT binding requires in addition the COOH-terminal 64 amino acids of HC. Interaction between the tail and the motor domains of HC is supported by sedimentation experiments that indicate that kinesin is in a folded conformation. A pH shift from 7.2 to 6.8 releases inhibition of kinesin without changing its sedimentation behavior. Endogenous kinesin in COS cells also shows pH-sensitive inhibition of MT binding. Taken together, our results provide evidence that a function of LC is to keep kinesin in an inactive ground state by inducing an interaction between the tail and motor domains of HC; activation for cargo transport may be triggered by a small conformational change that releases the inhibition of the motor domain for MT binding.
II. Hypersociability in Williams Syndrome

Studies of abnormal populations provide a rare opportunity for examining relationships between cognition, genotype and brain neurobiology, permitting comparisons across these different levels of analysis. In our studies, we investigate individuals with a rare, genetically based disorder called Williams syndrome (WMS) to draw links among these levels. A critical component of such a cross-domain undertaking is the clear delineation of the phenotype of the disorder in question. Of special interest in this paper is a relatively unexplored unusual social phenotype in WMS that includes an overfriendly and engaging personality. Four studies measuring distinct aspects of hypersocial behavior in WMS are presented, each probing specific aspects in WMS infants, toddlers, school age children, and adults. The abnormal profile of excessively social behavior represents an important component of the phenotype that may distinguish WMS from other developmental disorders. Furthermore, the studies show that the profile is observed across a wide range of ages, and emerges consistently across multiple experimental paradigms. These studies of hypersocial behavior in WMS promise to provide the groundwork for crossdisciplinary analyses of gene–brain–behavior relationships.
Pulmonary Hypertension: Information from the Internet

Pulmonary hypertension is a lung disorder in which pressures in the pulmonary artery rise far above normal levels, which can lead to right heart failure and death. The disease can cause the patient to have severe shortness of breath, limiting physical activity. This article provides a general overview of pulmonary hypertension including symptoms, diagnosis, causes, and treatments. The article concludes with a list of authoritative Web sites that provide information about the disease, symptoms, functional classification, diagnostics, treatment, coping, and resources for patients with this disease.
Chromatic aberration and polychromatic image quality with diffractive multifocal intraocular lenses.

Purpose To evaluate the impact of target distance on polychromatic image quality in a virtual model eye implanted with hybrid refractive–diffractive intraocular lenses (IOLs). Setting School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA. Design Experimental study. Methods A pseudophakic model eye was constructed by incorporating a phase-delay map for a diffractive optical element into a reduced eye model incorporating ocular chromatic aberration, pupil apodization, and higher-order monochromatic aberrations. The diffractive element was a monofocal IOL with a +3.2 diopter (D) diffractive power or 2 types of bifocal IOLs (nonapodized or apodized) with a +2.92 D addition (add) power. Polychromatic point-spread functions and image quality for white and monochromatic light were quantified for a series of target vergences, wavelengths, and pupil diameters using modulation transfer functions and image-quality metrics. Results Ocular longitudinal chromatic aberration was largely corrected by the monofocal design and by both bifocal designs for near targets. In the bifocal design, add power and the ratio of distance:near image quality changed significantly with wavelength and pupil size. Also, image quality for distance was better with the apodized design. Conclusions Achromatization by the diffractive IOL provided significant improvement in polychromatic retinal image quality. Along with apodization and higher-order aberrations, it can significantly affect the near–distance balance provided by a diffractive multifocal IOL. Financial Disclosure No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
Size-Reduction Method for Dielectric-Resonator Antennas

Size reduction for a single antenna element is desirable for wireless personal communications. Here, a 750/0 size reduction of the dielectric-resonator antenna (DRA) is achieved while maintaining the antenna's bandwidth at the same time by incorporating the concepts of an electric conductor and a magnetic conductor. To validate this concept, infinite perfect electric conductor (PEC) and infinite perfect magnetic conductor (PMC) planes with the presence of the source are used in an ideal situation. A finite electric conductor and a high-dielectric-constant interface are then applied to reduce the dielectric-resonator antenna's size in a realistic situation. The antenna's size is reduced while keeping its frequency band within the original band of the full-size case. For wideband elements, the feed probe in a low-dielectric interface is used to support the concept of magnetic walls. The concept was first confirmed by the examples of full-size and reduce-sized cylindrical dielectric-resonator antennas. It was then applied to rectangular-cup dielectric-resonator antennas, simulated numerically, and confirmed experimentally. More than a 30% impedance bandwidth was achieved by a quarter-size case with a 50 ohm hook-shaped coaxial probe placed off the antenna's axis. Results indicated that a 750/0 size reduction could easily be achieved for the dielectric-resonator antenna.
Inductive characteristics of power distribution grids in high speed integrated circuits

The inductive characteristics of several types of gridded power distribution networks are described in this paper. The inductance extraction program FastHenry is used to evaluate the inductive properties of grid structured interconnect. In power distribution grids with alternating power and ground lines, the inductance is shown to vary linearly with grid length and inversely linearly with the number of lines in the grid. The inductance is also relatively constant with frequency in these grid structures. These properties provide accurate and efficient estimates of the inductance of power grid structures with various dimensions.
The effect of process variables during drying on the physical and chemical characteristics of corn dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) – Plant scale experiments

Corn dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) are highly valued as an animal feed for its nutrient content. The amount of wet distillers grains (WDG) and condensed distillers solubles (CDS) blended together during drying affects nutritive value and physical characteristics of DDGS. Effect of changing the ratio of WDG and CDS, and recycled DDGS during drying on particle size, particle size distribution, particle and bulk densities, color, chemical composition, and amino acid content was studied. Moisture content and particle size of DDGS decreased with decreasing amount of CDS added. About 80% of the particles were within a narrow size range (<1500 microm). Bulk density and tapped density of samples produced with different CDS content ranged from 420.5 to 458.1 and 498.8 to 544.3 kg/m(3), respectively. True density decreased with reduction in CDS added. As the CDS content reduced, DDGS became lighter in color. Insoluble fiber contents (protein and insoluble fiber) and amino acids increased while fat, total soluble sugars and glycerol decreased as the CDS content added to WDG reduced. The correlation coefficient of individual chemical components with CDS was above 0.90. Results from this study will be helpful in predicting the physical and nutritive property changes due to variable ratios of blending CDS to WDG during the drying process.
Best constants for certain multilinear integral operators.

We provide explicit formulas in terms of the special function gamma for the best constants in nontensorial multilinear extensions of some classical integral inequalities due to Hilbert, Hardy, and Hardy-Littlewood-Polya.
Application of a robust adaptive control design for nonlinear systems to flexible joint manipulators

This paper presents an application of a robust adaptive design procedure to flexible joint manipulators. The design guarantees robustness to parametric and dynamic uncertainties and also rejects any bounded, unmeasurable disturbances entering the system. In the strict matching case, the scheme can be used to design robust controllers for robotic manipulators. The design is extended to systems transformable to a special strict feedback form. The proposed scheme when applied to multilink robotic manipulators with joint flexibility guarantees a robust performance even if the Coriolis, centrifugal, joint flexibility and friction terms in the manipulator dynamics are completely unknown.
Flow Characterization of Peach Products During Extrusion

: Suitability of Bingham, Herschel-Bulkley, Casson, and Mizrahi-Berk models, to characterize the flow behavior of peach products during extrusion was investigated. The Casson equation sufficiently described the flow of peach extrudates within the 49 to 125 s-1 shear rate range. As concentration increased, yield stress and consistency coefficients increased. A rheological model was proposed to describe the viscosity of peach extrudates. The model incorporates the effect of shear rate by the Casson equation and the effect of concentration by a linear expression. The model provided good fit to the experimental data for peach extrudates reconstituted from drum-dried peach purees.
High Throughput Algorithms for Mapping the Topology of Neuronal and Glial Networks

Complex networks underlie the very foundation of neuroscience and the mammalian nervous system, yet high throughput computationally intensive measurements of molecular signaling between large groups of cells and the extraction of statistically significant quantitative information about the underlying network structure is not possible given current techniques. We have developed novel computational algorithms designed for high throughput characterization and analysis of complex neural cell networks (i.e. both neuronal and glial) that are applicable to measurements of inter- and intracellular fluorescence signaling in vitro using real time live cell fluorescence or confocal microscopy and in vivo using multi-photon (e.g. two photon) microscopy. The practical implementation of these algorithms is based on an integrated software suite we have developed called CellMap, which facilitates mapping and analyzing the functional structure (i.e. architecture or topology) of cellular networks. Here, we have focused on calcium mediated intercellular signaling in spontaneously forming astrocyte macroglial networks. We show that the underlying structure of these networks formed in vitro have non-random topologies consistent with a potential scale-free type topology as described by network theory, which provides a unifying mathematical basis for the structure of complex networks (e.g. from electrical power grids to human social networks to metabolic networks in cells). This work represents the first indication that intercellular chemical signaling in CNS cells has a previously unknown underlying topological structure. A quantitative understanding of the structure of CNS networks would most likely influence and produce novel conceptual hypotheses regarding how neural information is represented and processed
THE ACQUISITION OF ENGLISH RESTRICTIVE RELATIVE CLAUSES BY HUNGARIAN LEARNERS OF ENGLISH, Judit Kiss-Gulyás

THE ACQUISITION OF ENGLISH RESTRICTIVE RELATIVE CLAUSES BY HUNGARIAN LEARNERS OF ENGLISH. Judit Kiss-Gulyas. Budapest: Akademiai Kiado, 2004. Pp. 169. $26.00 paper.This volume presents a study on the acquisition of English restrictive relative clauses (RRCs) by Hungarian speakers through an investigation of two universal principles—subjacency and the empty category principle (ECP)—and consideration of how the different instantiation of these two principles and the different parametric settings of the languages play a role in the interlanguage development of first language (L1) Hungarian learners of English as a second language (L2). Assuming the generative theory of Universal Grammar (UG), the objective of the study is to investigate whether Hungarian learners of English provide particular evidence for the partial availability of UG in their interlanguage grammar—also known as the partial access view of UG—or provide evidence for other views, such as the no access or the full access view, considering both the weak and strong versions.
Linkup Strength of 2024-T3 Bolted Lap Joint Panels with Multiple Site Damage

A modified linkup model has been developed for determining the residual strength of 2024-T3 aluminum panels with multiple-site damage. This model was developed by semi-empirical analysis of test data from flat unstiffened open-hole panels. The model was later validated with test data from 36 open-hole stiffened panels. During the investigation, 36 bolted lap joint panels with different crack configurations were tested to further validate the previously developed modified linkup model. Stress intensity factors for the modified linkup model for the different crack configurations were determined from finite element analysis with the FRANC2D/L code. The residual strengths predicted by the modified linkup model correlate well with the test data, as was the case with the earlier studies of the stiffened panels. The results for the bolted lap joint panels show a sudden reduction in the residual strength at the early stages of multiple-site damage followed by a gradual linear decrease with increasing multiple-site damage crack size. The results also demonstrate that a stress-intensity-factor-based solution can be formulated with empirical analysis of test data from a simple configuration and then used to analyze more complex configurations.
Detecting denial-of-service attacks through feature cross-correlation

This paper describes CIDS (Correlation Intrusion Detection System), a novel approach in the detection of DoS attacks that utilizes the change in cross-correlation between selected features. As the DOS attack evolves the cross-correlations rise thus revealing the attack. CIDS relies on changes in correlation magnitude upon shifting from normal to attack conditions, thus it is an anomaly type intrusion detection system (IDS). However it is characterized by several advantages over anomaly IDS, primarily due to the fact that it greatly reduces and/or eliminates the need to maintain normal reference profiles. Thus CIDS (1) is algorithmically simple; (2) consumes less computational and storage resources; (3) is faster in execution; (4) promises to be more robust; and, (5) is conceptually simple, thus promises to be easier to maintain. By detecting abnormal conditions, CIDS also promises to detect novel as well as known attacks, an important advantage over signature based systems. Moreover, it achieves satisfactory misclassification rates, as demonstrated by the application of the scheme to the DARPA'98 corpus of intrusion attacks, namely false positive (FP) and false negative (FN) rates of 0 and 0.0605, respectively, and overall missclassification rate of 0.0011.
Electronically Conductive Vanadate Glasses for Resistive Plate Chamber Particle Detectors

Particle detectors are constantly being built and refitted with new technology to improve the spatial resolution, radiation hardness, and speed at which the detector can capture particle events. One of the most crucial components of a modern collider experiment is the hadron calorimeter. One of the proposed improvements on future hadron calorimeters is to utilize resistive plate chambers (RPCs). They provide the spatial and energy resolution as well as could provide speed and radiation hardness. RPCs depend on manufacturing electrically conductive glasses that are mechanically strong, durable, radiation resistant, and not ionically conductive. To achieve such requirements, vanadate glasses were developed as alternatives to current prototypes which use soda lime silicate glasses. The conductivity, oxidation states of vanadium, radiation hardness, as well as the prototype performance, were tested on vanadate glasses. The prototype tests show that using 0.40ZnO−0.40TeO2−0.20V2O5 can improve the RPC detector rate up to 100 times.
Cliff or step? Posture-specific learning at the edge of a drop-off

Infants require locomotor experience to behave adaptively at a drop-off. However, different experimental paradigms (visual cliff and actual gaps and slopes) have generated conflicting findings regarding what infants learn and the specificity of their learning. An actual, adjustable drop-off apparatus was used to investigate whether learning to distinguish a step from a cliff transfers from crawling to walking. Experienced 12-month-old crawlers (n = 16) refused to crawl over risky drop-offs but novice 12-month-old walkers (n = 17) stepped repeatedly over the edge. Experienced 18-month-old walkers (n = 18) refused to walk over risky drop-offs but descended using alternative methods. These findings suggest that infants do not acquire generalized responses like fear or wariness of heights. Rather, infants learn to perceive affordances for the experienced action.
Ultraviolet-Absorbing Components of Urine from Mentally Retarded Children. III

Urinary excretion of ultraviolet light-absorbing end-products of metabolism was studied in mentally retarded children and a single plasma dialysate from a nephrectomized adult male. Aliquots were fractionated on Dowex-1 columns with 1 mol/liter and 4 mol/liter formic acid gradients. Resolved peaks were pooled and suitable aliquots submitted to two-dimensional ascending paper chromatography. Among previously unidentified components, 5-alkyl substituted uracil was found in the plasma dialysate obtained from the nephrectomized male. Citrullinemia was shown to be associated with a high excretion of what we believe to be orotic acid. Another familial disorder of central nervous system function complicated by mental retardation and aggressive destructive behavior (not Lesch-Nyhan syndrome) was characterized on the basis of a urinary metabolic profile. In some mentally retarded children, excretion of creatinine varied enormously. Creatinine, submitted to a systematic, quantitative procedure for assessing the behavioral and physiologic state in mice, had properties of a weak minor tranquilizer; its sedative attributes may be responsible for light sleep preconditioning.
A rapid in vivo shikimate accumulation assay with excised leaf discs

Abstract An in vivo shikimate accumulation assay with excised leaf tissue was developed to provide a fast and reliable method for identifying glyphosate-resistant plants. The assay is based on glyphosate-induced accumulation of shikimate. There was a linear accumulation of shikimate in excised leaf discs of soybean and canola treated with 250 μM glyphosate for 48 h. The IC50 for the accumulation of shikimate in soybean and corn leaf discs was 34 and 87 μM, respectively. Leaf discs excised from glyphosate-resistant corn or soybean did not accumulate shikimate when treated with 500 μM glyphosate. Leaf discs taken from a number of field-grown plants accumulated shikimate in a glyphosate dose–dependent manner. The accumulation of shikimate was dependent on light and the age of the leaf from which the disc was taken. The assay worked either in 96-well microtiter plates or in vials, and it clearly differentiated between glyphosate-resistant and -susceptible crops in which the resistance is due to an alteration ...
Rrp6: Integrated roles in nuclear RNA metabolism and transcription termination

The yeast RNA exosome is a eukaryotic ribonuclease complex essential for RNA processing, surveillance, and turnover. It is comprised of a barrel-shaped core and cap as well as a 3'-5' ribonuclease known as Dis3 that contains both endo- and exonuclease domains. A second exonuclease, Rrp6, is added in the nucleus. Dis3 and Rrp6 have both shared and distinct roles in RNA metabolism, and this review will focus primarily on Rrp6 and the roles of the RNA exosome in the nucleus. The functions of the nuclear exosome are modulated by cofactors and interacting partners specific to each type of substrate. Generally, the cofactor TRAMP (Trf4/5-Air2/1-Mtr4 polyadenylation) complex helps unwind unstable RNAs, RNAs requiring processing such as rRNAs, tRNAs, or snRNAs or improperly processed RNAs and direct it toward the exosome. In yeast, Rrp6 interacts with Nrd1, the cap-binding complex, and RNA polymerase II to aid in nascent RNA processing, termination, and polyA tail length regulation. Recent studies have shown that proper termination and processing of short, noncoding RNAs by Rrp6 is particularly important for transcription regulation across the genome and has important implications for regulation of diverse processes at the cellular level. Loss of proper Rrp6 and exosome activity may contribute to various pathologies such as autoimmune disease, neurological disorders, and cancer. WIREs RNA 2016, 7:91-104. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1317 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Running Silver: Restoring Atlantic Rivers and their Great Fish Migrations

49 Anadromous salmon in the Pacific and Atlantic oceans are iconic species that have been the subjects of numerous natural science texts that narratively describe their common plight. Among my favorites is Bruce Brown’s Mountain in the Clouds: A Search for Wild Salmon. Reading this book is one reason that I became passionate about wild salmon conservation. However, there has been a gap in this narrative for the eastern United States, where Atlantic Salmon Salmo salar is only part of a mosaic of ocean-going species. Running Silver is an intriguing read that fills this void. The book weaves the story of the plight of Northwest Atlantic diadromous fish with source material as varied as Thoreau and Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission management actions. Despite the diverse sources, this narrative achieves the author’s goal of explaining the demise of this complex of species while trying to restore biological and cultural awareness of what has been lost ... and could be restored. John Waldman’s passion and dedication to the sea run fish community (both the fish and the people) is apparent in each of the book’s 20 relatively short 10-20 page chapters. Although they are woven together into a compelling story, most of the chapters are largely independent, allowing easy reading in small doses. The text transitions between number heavy text needed to explain harsh facts of lost abundance and hectares of concrete that block Atlantic Ocean rivers to very personal narrative observations of fish and river systems. I particularly appreciated the frequent conversational text where Waldman related discussions and observations of river keepers, managers, and scientists. The reader feels as if they are at the table or the river’s edge. The first four chapters set the stage and describe the fish species and river systems of the Atlantic realm. Chapter 3, The Seasonal Parade, was a favorite. Waldman uses the annual sequence of migration to introduce the reader to both the primary diadromous species and some that may be better characterized as euryhaline wanderers. This chapter was concise yet nuanced in its description of diversity within and among diadromous fish in their ecology and habitat use. And who knew there were anadromous whitefish! Running Silver: Restoring Atlantic Rivers and their Great Fish Migrations BOOK REVIEW
Decay of K 42

The gamma spectrum of 12.44-hour ${\mathrm{K}}^{42}$ has been examined using a NaI(Tl) gamma-ray spectrometer. One gamma ray of energy 1.5 Mev has been found; the fraction of the decay proceeding through this transition is 0.200\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.010.
A randomized controlled trial of two simple mind-body programs, Kirtan Kriya meditation and music listening, for adults with subjective cognitive decline: Feasibility and acceptability

Abstract Purpose of the study In this randomized controlled trial (RCT), we assessed the feasibility and acceptability of two simple home-based relaxation programs in adults experiencing subjective cognitive decline, a strong predictor of Alzheimer's disease. Design and methods Sixty participants were randomized to a beginner Kirtan Kriya meditation (KK) program or a music listening (ML) program. Participants were asked to practice 12 min daily for the first 12 weeks, then as often as they liked for the following 3 months. Participants underwent assessments at baseline, 12 weeks, and 6 months to evaluate changes in key outcomes. Feasibility and acceptability were evaluated by measuring recruitment and retention rates, assessment visit attendance, practice adherence, and treatment expectancy; exit questionnaires completed at 12 weeks and 6 months provided additional data regarding participant experience with the study, perceived barriers to and facilitators of practice, reasons for drop-out, and views regarding the assigned intervention. Results Fifty-three participants (88%) completed the 6 month study. Adherence in both groups was excellent, with participants completing 93% (91% KK, 94% ML) of sessions on average in the first 12 weeks, and 71% (68% KK, 74% ML) during the 3 month, practice-optional, follow-up period. At week 12, over 80% of participants indicated they were likely to continue practicing following study completion. Responses to both structured and open-ended exit questionnaire items also suggested high satisfaction with both programs. Conclusions Findings of this RCT of a beginner meditation practice and a simple ML program suggest that both programs were well accepted and the practices are feasible in adults with early memory loss.
Numerical Solution of Fourth Order Equations Arising in Incompressible Flow Problems

The use of stream function-vorticity formulations for two dimensional flow problems, and in addition, vector potentials for three dimensional problems, has been widespread. Such formulations reduce the number of variables, and offer potentially greater resolution than formulations in primative variables.
A review of composite rotor blade modeling

Analyses applicable to composite helicopter rotor blades are reviewed. Important features of such analyses include transverse shear deformation, torsional warping, and nonlinearities associated with large displacement and rotation of the reference cross section. Additional consideration is given in some analyses to deformation of the reference cross section in its own plane. Published works are discussed in which cross sectional deformation, whether inor out-of-plane, is determined by both analytical and finite element methods. In evaluation of the various approaches, the possible roles of both analytical and finite element methods are discussed as well as issues believed to be worthy of further investigation.
FRAILTY ASSESSMENT PREDICTS OUTCOMES IN ELDERLY PATIENTS WITH HEART FAILURE

The elderly (≥65 years) form the majority of heart failure (HF) patients and are at risk for worse outcomes; however, there is a lack of risk stratification tools designed specifically for this population. Frailty scoring has been successfully used in the general geriatric assessment, hence we
Study on Ontology-based Knowledge Construction of Petroleum Exploitation Domain

Knowledge construction of petroleum exploitation domain is introduced,in order to solve problems of information sharing and application integrating which are caused by not unified of information terms between multi-disciplinary of oil development domain.Through the formal description of ontology,an improved method of ontology mapping is put forward,designs an ontology integration platform of petroleum exploitation domain,and realizes knowledge representing and knowledge sharing of oil development domain.The significance for deeply comprehensive application and evaluation of petroleum exploitation domain is important.
Ca(2+)-dependent outward currents in myocytes from epicardial border zone of 5-day infarcted canine heart.

Myocytes from the epicardial border zone (EBZ) of the 5-day infarcted canine heart (IZ) have abnormal transmembrane action potentials, reduced L-type Ca2+ currents (ICa,L) and altered intracellular...
Efficient and Essentially Stable Assignments

Many institutions that must assign a group of objects to a group of agents on the basis of priorities (also known as one-sided matching) desire the assignment to be stable, i.e., no agent should claim an object because she has higher priority than the agent to whom it is assigned. However, it is well-known that stable matchings are in general Pareto inefficient. This paper defines an assignment to be essentially stable if any claim an agent has to an object she prefers is vacuous, in the sense that it initiates a chain of reassignments that ultimately result in the initial claimant losing the object to a third student with even higher priority. We then show that an essentially stable and Pareto efficient assignment always exists, and can be found using Kesten’s efficiency adjusted deferred acceptance (EADA) algorithm. A main practical advantage to our definition is its simplicity: explaining to agents why their claims are vacuous becomes straightforward, which allows us to achieve efficiency while still adhering to the general principle that motivated stability in the first place. While our main application is to one-sided matching markets (such as school choice), our definition also has implications for two-sided markets, such as labor markets.
Accurate Estimation of Structural Equation Models with Remote Partitioned Data

This paper focuses on a privacy paradigm centered around providing access to researchers to remotely carry out analyses on sensitive data stored behind firewalls. We develop and demonstrate a method for accurate estimation of structural equation models (SEMs) for arbitrarily partitioned data. We show that under a certain set of assumptions our method for estimation across these partitions achieves identical results as estimation with the full data. We consider two situations: (i) a standard setting with a trusted central server and (ii) a round-robin setting in which none of the parties are fully trusted, and extend them in two specific ways. First, we formulate our methods specifically for SEMs, which have become increasingly common models in psychology, human development, and the behavioral sciences. Secondly, our methods work for horizontal, vertical, and complex partitions without needing different routines. In application, this method will serve to increase opportunities for research by allowing SEM estimation without transfer or combination of data. We demonstrate our methods with both simulated and real data examples.
Estimating forest-grassland dynamics using soil phytolith assemblages and d13C of soil organic matter

Our objectives were to examine the relationship between contemporary vegetation and surface soil phytolith assemblages, and use phytoliths and d13C of soil organic matter (SOM) to explore forest-gr...