cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preferential Interactions of Cosolvents with Hydrophobic Solutes

The variation in solute excess chemical potential has been determined for a range of nonpolar solutes (He, Ne, Ar, CH4) in a series of cosolvent solutions (sodium chloride, urea, guanidinium chloride, 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol) as a function of cosolvent concentration using computer simulations. The data are analyzed using a combination of Kirkwood−Buff theory and the concept of preferential interactions. The results demonstrate that one can accurately reproduce the excess chemical potential changes with a knowledge of the appropriate radial distribution functions over 2−3 solvation shells. The simulations indicate that cosolvent effects are not limited to direct binding of the cosolvent to the solute, although the total and direct binding are linearly related. In addition, it is observed that the effects of changes in water association can be neglected for cases in which the preferential interaction parameter, |ν| < 1.
Bioassay-based risk assessment of complex mixtures

The baseline risk assessment often plays an integral role in various decision-making processes at Superfund sites. The present study reports on risk characterizations prepared for seven complex mixtures using biological and chemical analysis. Three of the samples (A, B, and C) were complex mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) extracted from coal tar; while four samples extracted from munitions-contaminated soil contained primarily nitroaromatic hydrocarbons. The chemical-based risk assessment ranked sample C as least toxic, while the risk associated with samples A and B was approximately equal. The microbial bioassay was in general agreement for the coal tar samples. The weighted activity of the coal tar extracts in Salmonella was 4,960 for sample C, and 162,000 and 206,000 for samples A and B, respectively. The bacterial mutagenicity of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene contaminated soils exhibited an indirect correlation with chemical-based risk assessment. The aqueous extract of sample 004 induced 1,292 net revertants in Salmonella, while the estimated risk to ingestion and dermal adsorption was 2E-9. The data indicate that the chemical-based risk assessment accurately predicted the genotoxicity of the PAHs, while the accuracy of the risk assessment for munitions contaminated soils was limited due to the presence of metabolites of TNT degradation. The biologicalmore » tests used in this research provide a valuable compliment to chemical analysis for characterizing the genotoxic risk of complex mixtures.« less
Hysteretic internal friction

Pour developper une theorie quantitative de la dissipation d'energie par hysteresis, il est necessaire de prendre en compte une fonction densite qui depend a la fois de la boucle de dislocation et de la resistance de l'obstacle. Ceci se produit quand une dislocation traverse un champ de contraintes internes oscillatoire; la separation de la dislocation est genee par une force de restauration qui est la tension de ligne de la dislocation
Gravity, Magnetic and Seismic data integration for structural configuration and its hydrocarbon evaluation in the San Juan-Tumaco basins, Offshore Colombia

Summary The results of integrated interpretation of geophysical data from the Pacific Sa n Juan Basin and Tumaco Basin areas, of offshore Colombia are presented. Approximately 8100 kilometers of gravity data, 8000 km of magnetic data and 8100 km of seismic data are utilized in this interpretation. One of the primary objectives of this interpretation was to establish the depth to magnetic basement and basement related structural elements , thereby delineating prospective areas for potential hydrocarbon accumulations. The seismic reflectivity from the basement and Cretaceous horizons is not good, making seismic interpretation ambiguous in this area. As the seismic interpretation could not resolve the geological features, such as subduction zone and associated volcanism, gravity and magnetic data interpretation has been carried out. The integrated interpretation of these data worked out well to decipher the subduction zone and thrust belt above the basement as well as other geological features like sediment thickness, volcanism and intrusions. The qualitative and quantitative interpreta tions were performed by using several enhancements as well as automated interpretation techniques such as Werner and Euler techniques. These results were further refined with the studies of 2.5-D / 3-D modeling. A number of positive structural features were identified which may provide lead for future hy drocarbon exploration. The sediment isopach map indicates the sediment thickness exceeds 7,000 meters at few places and few significant sediment depocenters were identified having more than 5000 meters thickness. The sediment thickness interpretation is justified in terms of plate tectonics as thinning of the sediments towards the subduction zone and thickening of the sediments towards the mountainous onshore region. This thickening of the basin may be analogous to foreland basin-type morphology, formed due to late compression although this is only an observation and has not yet been substantiated.
Oxidases and oxygenases in regulation of vascular nitric oxide signaling and inflammatory responses

Nitric oxide (aNO) is a freely diffusible inter-and in tracellular messenger produced by a variety of mammalian cells including vascular endothelium, neurons, smooth muscle cells, macrophages, neutrophils, platelets, and pulmonary epithelium. In smooth muscle cells, platelets, and neutrophils, aNO raises intracellular cyclic guanasine 5′-monophosphate levels by reacting with the actalytic heme domain of guanylate cylase, to activate it, thus leading to vasorelaxation, inhibition of platelet aggregation and inhibition of platelet and inflammatory cell adhesion to endothelium. The physiologic actions of aNO are highly dependent on changes in steady-state concentrations of reactive species and tissue-oxidant defense mechanisms. Vessel wall oxidases and oxygenases, in particular, are critical sources of oxygen radical production and can lead to an overall impairment of vascular aNO signaling, via the metalloprotein and free radical-mediated consumption of this vasoactive molecule. Vascular oxidase and oxygenase activities can thusaccount for the functional inactivation of aNO, leading to a prooxidative milieu and chronic inflammation.
Unraveling the secret of meat flavor

Abstract Meat flavor arises from the complex interactions among amino acids, peptides, sugars, thiamine, metabolites of nucleotides, lipids and products of lipid oxidation. Previous research on meat flavor has shown numerous volatile compounds to be involved in meat aroma but the identities of specific mixtures of compounds contributing to individual meat flavors are not fully known. Factors that exert significant influence on meat flavors such as the nutritional status of the animal, the animal species and the temperature at which the meat is cooked are discussed. Lastly, it is suggested that the analytical procedures and the interpretation of the data arising from such analyses of meat flavor volatiles may be hindering rather than contributing to our understanding of meat flavor.
Fit between Future Thinking and Future Orientation on Creative Imagination.

Abstract The purpose of the current study is to investigate the impact of future thinking, and the fit between future thinking and future orientation on creative thinking. In Study 1, 83 undergraduates were randomly assigned to three groups: 50-year future thinking, 5-year future thinking, and the present-day thinking. First, the priming tasks, in which participants were asked to imagine their lives 50 years from now, 5 years from now and in the present day according to the condition respectively, were conducted. Subsequently, theirs’ performances of the Creative Imagery Task were examined. The results revealed that the 50-year future thinking group performed better than the 5-year future thinking and the present-day thinking groups in originality and beyond reality. The only difference observed between the 5-year future thinking and the present-day thinking groups was in practicality. In Study 2, after taking a future orientation subscale developed by Zimbardo and Boyd (1999), 77 undergraduates were randomly assigned to the three future thinking groups as those in Study 1. Their performances in the Creative Imagery Task were then examined. The results showed that the participants in the present-day thinking group with low future orientation and the participants in the 50-year future thinking group with high future orientation had better performance in creative imagination in originality and beyond reality. In conclusion, increasing the temporal distance of future thinking facilitates creative thinking. Additionally, one's creative imagination can be improved when thinking timescales and future orientation are aligned.
Pointwise Remez-Type Inequalities in the Unit Disk

We obtain a sharp upper bound on exponentials of logarithmic potentials at any point of the unit disk D, provided that the area of the subset of \overline{D}, where such exponentials are at most 1, is known.
Modeling of first shell substitution effects and preferred cyclization in sol-gel polymerization

We compare two approaches in modeling first shell substitution effects (FSSE) coupled with cyclization in acid-catalyzed sol-gel polymerization. First, an approximate, statistically based, kinetic- recursive model (KR) is developed that is computationally inexpensive for investigating trends in the polymerization. Second, an exact Monte-Carlo model (MC) that tracks a finite pool of growing polymer clusters is constructed for comparison to the KR model. The two models agree well prior to gelation when using rate constants typical of sol-gel polymerization. However, near the gel point, discrepancies between the two models arise because of the KR model's inability to account for correlations in the growing structure beyond the site distribution. We show that both FSSE and cyclization cause the polymer's structure distribution to be history dependent. We also show that the inclusion of both FSSE and cyclization in the model is capable of increasing gel conversions above the 0.50 limit of previous exclusive FSSE models. We show that FSSE aids cyclization by increasing the concentrations of oligomers that are candidates for intramolecular reaction and that a strong FSSE with cyclization causes a local maximum to occur in the polydispersity index as a function of conversion. Both models fall short of predicting experimentally observed gel conversions; indicating that, in addition to the small cycles allowed in the present work, cage formation may also be significant.
Institutions and Economic Policy: Theory and a Korean Case Study

Recent writing on the rapid growth of the East Asian newly industrializing countries—Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore—has been dominated by an institutionalist perspective that focuses on the “strength” of the state vis-a-vis societal actors. A study of Korea's stabilization efforts in the 1980s underlines the importance of organizational factors in explaining policy outcomes, but also suggests important limits on institutionalist arguments. These include the absence of unique institutional solutions for political problems and the indeterminacy of institutional configuration with respect to the economic efficiency of policy. A focus on characteristics of the state alone can overlook the organizational resources of societal actors and the interest of politicians in building bases of support even in “strong” states.
Enriching Our Views of Bilingualism and Bilingual Education

The articles for this special issue are introduced. Collectively, they underscore the need to enrich the research perspective on bilingual education by acknowledging its full range of complexities, including the politics, practices, values, and expectations regarding language-minority students. The authors argue for the importance of basic research on bilingualism, of case studies of practice, and of taking into account the reality of practitioners and the ideology that guides work with this population of students.
Towards a balanced social psychology: causes, consequences, and cures for the problem-seeking approach to social behavior and cognition

Mainstream social psychology focuses on how people characteristically violate norms of action through social misbehaviors such as conformity with false majority judgments, destructive obedience, and failures to help those in need. Likewise, they are seen to violate norms of reasoning through cognitive errors such as misuse of social information, self-enhancement, and an over-readiness to at- tribute dispositional characteristics. The causes of this negative research emphasis include the apparent informativeness of norm viola- tion, the status of good behavior and judgment as unconfirmable null hypotheses, and the allure of counter-intuitive findings. The short- comings of this orientation include frequently erroneous imputations of error, findings of mutually contradictory errors, incoherent interpretations of error, an inability to explain the sources of behavioral or cognitive achievement, and the inhibition of generalized the- ory. Possible remedies include increased attention to the complete range of behavior and judgmental accomplishment, analytic reforms emphasizing effect sizes and Bayesian inference, and a theoretical paradigm able to account for both the sources of accomplishment and of error. A more balanced social psychology would yield not only a more positive view of human nature, but also an improved under- standing of the bases of good behavior and accurate judgment, coherent explanations of occasional lapses, and theoretically grounded suggestions for improvement.
The Selenium Metabolite Methylselenol Inhibits the Migration and Invasion Potential of HT1080 Tumor Cells

There is increasing evidence for the efficacy of certain forms of selenium as cancer-chemopreventive compounds. Methylselenol has been hypothesized to be a critical selenium metabolite for anticancer activity in vivo. To determine whether tumor cell migration, invasion, and cell cycle characteristics are inhibited by methylselenol, we exposed HT1080 cells to methylselenol. Methylselenol was generated with seleno-L-methionine (a substrate for methioninase). Submicromolar methylselenol exposure led to an increase in the G1 and G2 fractions with a concomitant drop in the S-phase, indicating slower cell growth. Furthermore, methylselenol inhibited the migration and invasion rate of the tumor cells by up to 53 and 76%, respectively, when compared with the control tumor cells. Although all cells had increased matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) enzyme activities of pro-MMP-2 and pro-MMP-9, the active form of MMP-2 was decreased in HT1080 cells cultured with methylselenol. In addition, methylselenol increased the protein levels of antimetastasic tissue inhibitor metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 and TIMP-2. Collectively, these results demonstrate that submicromolar concentrations of methylselenol increase both prometastasis MMP-2 and MMP-9 and antimetastasis TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 expression. The apparent net effect of these changes is the inhibition of pro-MMP-2 activation and carcinogenic potential or activity.
Laboratory study of submerged metal-mine tailings 1: Effect of solid-liquid contact time and aeration on contaminant concentrations

The dissolution of metals from various metal-mine tailings has been studied through a series of submerged tailings batch tests at U.S. Bureau of Mines laboratories. Tailings selected for this study included both reactive (as determined by column leaching studies) and benign tailings. Metal mobilization in aerated (97 pct saturated with oxygen) samples appeared to be consistently greater than metal dissolution from stagnant (79 pct or 70 pct saturated with oxygen) waters. In the early weeks of the study, sulfate concentrations increased with solid-liquid contact time, while calcium dissolution remained nearly constant. Metal concentrations varied in relation to solid-liquid contact time and aeration. Leachate pH appeared to be nearly independent of solid-liquid contact time for basic tailings. Reactive tailings having both a submerged and a surface component demonstrated increased metal mobility.
Neuroscience of Self and Self-Regulation

As a social species, humans have a fundamental need to belong that encourages behaviors consistent with being a good group member. Being a good group member requires the capacity for self-regulation, which allows people to alter or inhibit behaviors that would place them at risk for group exclusion. Self-regulation requires four psychological components. First, people need to be aware of their behavior so as to gauge it against societal norms. Second, people need to understand how others are reacting to their behavior so as to predict how others will respond to them. This necessitates a third mechanism, which detects threat, especially in complex social situations. Finally, there needs to be a mechanism for resolving discrepancies between self-knowledge and social expectations or norms, thereby motivating behavior to resolve any conflict that exists. This article reviews recent social neuroscience research on the psychological components that support the human capacity for self-regulation.
On the origin of the Carolina Bays

A critical reconsideration of all important theories concerning the origin of the Carolina Bays led to a modified meteorite theory of origin, and to the conclusions: (1) Johnson's theory of “complex origin” is quite untenable; (2) a modified meteorite theory of origin can meet all of Johnson's 29 requirements; (3) such a meteorite theory of origin has not yet been shown to be untenable; and (4) the modified meteorite theory of origin is the least unsatisfactory of all the theories which have been published thus far.
The Poles in the Habsburg Monarchy

For nearly a century and a half the peoples of a large part of the old Polish state shared the destinies of the Habsburg empire. Annexed when the monarchy was entering the phase of Enlightened Despotism, Galicia commenced its history as a mere province of the Habsburg empire. When in 1918 this province broke away from Austria-Hungary, which by then had advanced far in the direction of constitutionalism and capitalism, Galicia had become almost a junior partner in the monarchy.
The Legal Alchemy of White Domination: Embedding White Logic in Equal Protection Law

The U.S. Constitution, like the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, states that no person shall be denied the equal protection of the law. Despite this Constitutional protection, however, the Un...
Radiation of a Hertzian dipole immersed in a dissipative medium

The general radiation formula for a Hertzian dipole immersed in an isotropic dissipative medium of infinite extent has been derived. As a boundary condition of the source, it is assumed that the dipole moment is a given quantity. When the conductivity of the medium is finite, the total radiating power is found to be infinite. Thus, in order to define a finite physically meaningful quantity, the dipole must be "insulated." The total radiating power is then a function of the thickness of the insulator and the constants of the media. When the radius of the spherical insulator is large compared to a wavelength, the reflection coefficient of the wave traveling from the dielectric to the dissipative medium with the dipole as a source reduces to that of a plane wave as derived from Fresnel's equations. The similarity between this and the problem by Weyl (1919) is discussed.
Photothermally Activated Hybrid Films for Quantitative Confined Release of Chemical Species

Illuminating films of a porous chitosan matrix containing gold nanorods and thermosensitive micelles loaded with a chemical stimulates local photothermal conversion of the gold nanorods. The heat produced activates the ejection of the chemical from the micelles (see scheme), and causes the transient permeabilization of adjacent cell membranes, resulting in a selective cellular uptake of the released chemical with control over spatiotemporal parameters and dosage.
ETIOLOGY OF OROYA FEVER : V. THE EXPERIMENTAL TRANSMISSION OF BARTONELLA BACILLIFORMIS BY TICKS (DERMACENTOR ANDERSONI).

Experiments are reported in which Bartonella bacilliformis was transmitted from infected to normal rhesus monkeys by the bite of the tick, Dermacentor andersoni. A long period of feeding, both on the infected animal and on the normal animal subjected to infection, was required in order to secure positive results. The infection transmitted by the ticks was mild, but definite, as shown by the recovery of Bartonella bacilliformis from the lymph nodes and blood.
Distributed control over structured and packet-dropping networks

In this paper we consider distributed control of n dynamic agents to optimize an overall system performance metric. Due to limited communication resources, there exist structured interconnections among the agents and the interest is placed on synthesizing a suitably distributed control law to provide a given performance level. Based on a Youla–Kucera (Y–K) parameterization approach, the problem of designing a distributed controller to deliver given performance levels for different network topologies is shown to be convex in the Y–K parameter Q. Furthermore, if in addition to structured interconnections, packet drops exist in information transmission among the agents, we provide convex conditions to guarantee mean square (MS) stability and to optimize ℋ2 system performance. The proposed method is also extended to deal with systems of triangular structure. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Global and health-related quality of life after intensity-modulated radiation therapy for head and neck cancer

This study aims to evaluate the current literature regarding the effects of conventional radiation therapy (CRT) versus intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) on global quality of life (QoL) among patients treated for head and neck cancer. A PubMed literature review was performed. Only articles comparing global QoL scores in head and neck cancer patients treated with CRT versus IMRT were included. Studies were scrutinized for methodology, level of evidence and limitations. Outcomes were evaluated for external validity, level of evidence and applicability. Between 2005 and 2012, 14 eligible studies (six prospective, two randomized controlled trials) were identified. Although all presented data comment on the advantages of IMRT, differences in study design made comparisons difficult. The vast majority of these were also limited by relatively small sample sizes and heterogeneity with respect to patient and treatment-related characteristics. Although more robust evidence is needed in the future, the published data reasonably support the benefits of IMRT as compared with CRT (either 2D or 3D) in improving QoL, beginning at approximately 3-6 months post-treatment, and possibly potentiating with time up to 2 and 3 years.
Features of anthocyanin biosynthesis in pap1 - D and wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana plants grown in different light intensity and culture media conditions

The number of different anthocyanin molecules potentially produced by Arabidopsis thaliana and which anthocyanin molecule is the first product of anthocyanidin modification remain unknown. To accelerate the understanding of these questions, we investigated anthocyanin biosynthesis in rosette leaves of both pap1-D and wild-type (WT) A. thaliana plants grown in nine growth conditions, which were composed of three light intensities (low light, middle light, and high light) and three media derived from MS medium (medium-1, 2, and 3). These nine growth conditions differentially affected the levels of anthocyanins and pigmentation patterns of rosette leaves, which were closely related to the diversification levels of cyanin structures. The combined growth conditions of high light and either medium-2 or medium-1 induced the most molecular diversity of anthocyanin structures in rosette leaves of pap1-D plants. Twenty cyanin molecules, including five that were previously unknown, were characterized by HPLC-ESI-MS and HPLC-TOF-MS analyses. We detected that the A. thaliana anthocyanin molecule A11 was most likely the first cyanin derived from the multiple modification steps of cyanidin. In addition, in the same growth condition, rosette leaves of pap1-D plants produced much higher levels and more diverse molecular profiling of cyanins than those of WT plants. The transcript levels of PAP1, PAL1, CHS, DFR, and ANS cDNAs were much higher in pap1-D rosette leaves than in WT ones. Furthermore, on the same agar-solidified medium, an enhancement of light intensity increased levels and molecular diversity of cyanins in both pap1-D and WT rosette leaves. In the same light intensity condition, the responses of anthocyanin levels and profiling to medium alternation were different between pap1-D and WT plants.
A unique thermal-fluid science course for non-mechanical programs

Mechanical Engineering (ME) faculty members are often called upon to teach service courses to non-ME majors. In courses such as statics and strength of materials, existing ME courses work well to satisfy student needs from other departments. However, the traditional ME thermal-fluid science courses are often not a good match for the non-major. Special courses are then used to present the material to these students. This paper documents the creation of such a hybrid Thermal-Fluid Sciences course at Western Kentucky University (WKU) that has been developed to satisfy the needs of civil (CE) and electrical (EE) engineering students. The four-hour course offered each fall presents a blend of thermodynamics, heat transfer, and fluid mechanics. The course has been offered three semesters, and is still evolving. The paper also presents some of the struggles to balance a solid engineering science experience with a perceived need for coverage for the FE exam materials only. In addition, lessons learned with respect to various student-learning styles in the course are shared. The results of faculty self-assessment, student course assessment and FE exam results are presented and compared
Motivation for reward as a function of required effort: Dissociating the ‘liking’ from the ‘wanting’ system in humans

Recent studies investigating the neurobiology of reward motivation in animals have begun to deconstruct reward into separable neural systems involving the ‘liking’ of a reward (hedonic enjoyment of consumption) versus the ‘wanting’ of a reward (incentive salience to obtain reward). To date, however, it is unclear whether these systems are also separable in humans. We examined this question by manipulating the effort (clicking on a moving square) required for participants to obtain a reward (humorous versus non-humorous cartoon). Overall, as the required effort to view a humorous cartoon increased, participants were less likely to choose this reward. Moreover, individual differences in cartoon preference predicted cartoon choice at low levels of required effort, but not at high levels of required effort. These findings suggest that manipulating effort may be a valid method for dissociating the ‘liking’ from ‘wanting’ components of reward motivation in humans.
Variation in maternal strategies during lactation: the role of the biosocial context.

Compared to other mammals, human milk is dilute which lowers the relative daily cost of lactation allowing women greater flexibility in the strategies they use to meet the energy demands of lactation. These strategies include increasing dietary intake, reducing energy expenditure, and drawing on energy stores. Women are affected by the biosocial context in which they live, including norms regarding the sexual division of labor and diet and activity patterns during lactation, as well as household-level factors such as economic strategy and the availability of social support. This paper combines longitudinal data on dietary intake, energy expenditure, and body weight of 23 lactating Amazonian women living in a subsistence-based economy with detailed ethnographic data and considers how adherence to the cultural norms and the availability of social support contributed to intra-population variation in maternal energetic strategies. Dietary intake was found to vary more than energy expenditure. Adherence to dietary restrictions during the postpartum period of resguardo significantly reduced intra-population variation in energy intake. Women with social support came closer to achieving energy balance during resguardo (t = 2.8; P = 0.01) and peak lactation (t = 2.7; P = 0.02) and lost less weight (t = 3.6; P = 0.002) than those without such support. Those with social support had higher energy (t = 2.1; P = 0.05) and carbohydrate (t = 2.1, P = 0.05) intakes during resguardo and spent significantly less time in subsistence work during peak (t = 2.6, P = 0.03) and late lactation(t = 2.4, P = 0.03). Case studies are used to place these finding in context. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Legacy sediment: Definitions and processes of episodically produced anthropogenic sediment

Abstract Extensive anthropogenic terrestrial sedimentary deposits are well recognized in the geologic literature and are increasingly being referred to as legacy sediment (LS). Definitions of LS are reviewed and a broad but explicit definition is recommended based on episodically produced anthropogenic sediment. The phrase is being used in a variety of ways, but primarily in North America to describe post-settlement alluvium overlying older surfaces. The role of humans may be implied by current usage, but this is not always clear. The definition of LS should include alluvium and colluvium resulting to a substantial degree from a range of human-induced disturbances; e.g., vegetation clearance, logging, agriculture, mining, grazing, or urbanization. Moreover, LS should apply to sediment resulting from anthropogenic episodes on other continents and to sediment deposited by earlier episodes of human activities. Given a broad definition of LS, various types of LS deposits are described followed by a qualitative description of processes governing deposition, preservation, and recruitment. LS is deposited and preserved where sediment delivery (DS) exceeds sediment transport capacity (TC). This can be expressed as a storage potential ratio that varies within and between basins and through time. When DS/TC 1, deposition and preservation are likely. When DS/TC ≫ 1, abundant deposition and graded deposits are likely even without barriers or sinks. Thus, spatial patterns of LS deposits may reveal information about past land-use history and hydrodynamics in a catchment.
Interactions of selenium hyperaccumulators and nonaccumulators during cocultivation on seleniferous or nonseleniferous soil - the importance of having good neighbors

Summary • This study investigated how selenium (Se) affects relationships between Se hyperaccumulator and nonaccumulator species, particularly how plants influence their neighbors’ Se accumulation and growth. • Hyperaccumulators Astragalus bisulcatus and Stanleya pinnata and nonaccumulators Astragalus drummondii and Stanleya elata were cocultivated on seleniferous or nonseleniferous soil, or on gravel supplied with different selenate concentrations. The plants were analyzed for growth, Se accumulation and Se speciation. Also, root exudates were analyzed for Se concentration. • The hyperaccumulators showed 2.5-fold better growth on seleniferous than on nonseleniferous soil, and up to fourfold better growth with increasing Se supply; the nonaccumulators showed the opposite results. Both hyperaccumulators and nonaccumulators could affect growth (up to threefold) and Se accumulation (up to sixfold) of neighboring plants. Nonaccumulators S. elata and A. drummondii accumulated predominantly (88–95%) organic C-Se-C; the remainder was selenate. S. elata accumulated relatively more C-Se-C and less selenate when growing adjacent to S. pinnata. Both hyperaccumulators released selenocompounds from their roots. A. bisulcatus exudate contained predominantly C-Se-C compounds; no speciation data could be obtained for S. pinnata. • Thus, plants can affect Se accumulation in neighbors, and soil Se affects competition and facilitation between plants. This helps to explain why hyperaccumulators are found predominantly on seleniferous soils.
A realistic soil cloth and test procedure for detergent evaluation

The preparation of a uniformly soiled cloth for detergency studies is described. The soil, chosen for its realistic nature, consists of a colored clay as the particulate portion and triolein as the fatty or oily portion. The particulate portion of the soil is applied by tumbling the fabric in a horizontal axis washing machine containing a suspension of clay. The fatty portion is then applied by allowing the fabric to adsorb a known quantity of solvent-dissolved triolein with subsequent evaporation of the solvent.
Church and State in Italy During the Last years of Pius IX

During the closing years of Pius IX's pontificate the relations between church and state in Italy were marred by incessant and acrimonious strife. The occupation of Rome on September 20, 1870 had widened the breach between the civil and ecclesiastical authorities. The subsequent course of this feud brought no attenuation of existing animosities. The implacable hostility of the Vatican to the new order of things in the peninsula spurred the Italian government to take drastic measures against the church and its recalcitrant hierarchy. Decisive too in the launching of this concerted offensive was the eagerness of the country's rulers to accelerate the secularization of Italian life. To these recurrent assaults the Holy See invariably replied with a barrage of protests and denunciations which reverberated throughout the Catholic world. Each fresh crisis was accompanied by recriminations which threw into sharp relief the formidable barriers to an understanding between these seemingly irreconcilable foes.
Legal Aspects of Genetic Screening

In the United States today, genetic screening is widely practiced as a technique of disease prevention. Across the country, nurses are involved daily in screening for such conditions as phenylketonuria, sickle cell disease and trait, and Tay-Sachs disease. At the present time, there is widespread controversy concerning genetic screening legislation. In this review of the legal aspects of genetic screening, the following areas are discussed: 1) legislation mandating genetic screening; 2) state authority to regulate public health; 3) controversies concerning genetic screening legislation, 4) legal questions in genetic screening; and 5) professional liability in genetic screening.
Systolic pressure response to voluntary apnea predicts sympathetic tone in obstructive sleep apnea as a clinically useful index

The present investigation tested the hypotheses that systolic arterial pressure (SAP) responses to voluntary apnea (a) serve as a surrogate of sympathetic nerve activity (SNA), (b) can distinguish Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) patients from control subjects and (c) can document autonomic effects of treatment. 9 OSA and 10 control subjects were recruited in a laboratory study; 44 OSA subjects and 78 control subjects were recruited in a clinical study; and 21 untreated OSA subjects and 14 well-treated OSA subjects were recruited into a treatment study. Each subject performed hypoxic and room air voluntary apneas in triplicate. Muscle SNA (MSNA) and continuous AP were measured during each apnea in the laboratory study, while systolic arterial pressure (SAP) responses were measured continuously and by standard auscultation in the clinical and treatment studies. OSA subjects exhibited increased mean arterial pressure (MAP), SAP and MSNA responses to hypoxic apnea (all P<0.01) and the SAP response highly correlated with the MSNA response (R(2)=0.72, P<0.001). Clinical assessment confirmed that OSA subjects exhibited markedly elevated SAP responses (P<0.01), while treated OSA subjects had a decreased SAP response to apnea (P<0.04) compared to poorly treated subjects. These data indicate that (a) OSA subjects exhibit increased pressor and MSNA responses to apnea, and that (b) voluntary apnea may be a clinically useful assessment tool of autonomic dysregulation and treatment efficacy in OSA.
Viscoelastic swirling flow with free surface in cylindrical chambers

The flow of a viscoelastic liquid driven by the steadily rotating bottom cover of a cylindrical cup is investigated. The flow field and the shape of the free surface are determined at the lowest significant orders of the regular domain perturbation in terms of the angular velocity of the bottom cap. The meridional field superposed on a primary azimuthal field shows a structure of multiple cells. The velocity field and the shape of the free surface are strongly effected by the cylinder aspect ratio and the elasticity of the liquid. The use of this flow configuration as a free surface rheometer to determine the first two Rivlin-Ericksen constants is shown to be promising.
Hematoxylin substitutes: fluorone black and methyl fluorone black (9-phenyl- and 9-methyl-2,3,7-trihydroxy-6-fluorone) as metachrome iron alum mordant dyes.

The phenyl and methyl trihydroxyfluorones, hitherto used histologically only in the rather difficult and unreliable Turchini tecbnics for discriminating deoxyribonucleic from ribonucleic acid, find a new use as iron mordant metachrome dyes which act as nuclear stains. Nuclear staining is unaffected by acid extraction of nudeic acids, as with hematoxylin lakes.The two dyes, named by Liebermann and Lindenbanm 9-phenyl-2, 3, 7-trihydroxy-6-fluorone and 9-methyl-2, 3, 7-trihydroxy-6-Ruorone, have also acquired (illustrating with the phenyl homolog) longer chemical names of the form 2, 6, 7-trihydroxy-9-phenylisoxanthene-3-one (Eastman). Aldrich and Pfalz-Bauer adhere to the Liebermann-Lindenbaum nomenclature. The trivial name fluorone black is proposed for the phenyl homolog and methyl fluorone black for the methyl homolog.The iron lake of fluorone black appears to be a useful substitute for iron hematoxylin, methyl fluorone black less useful. Neither dye has the diverse capability of hematoxylin.Aided by a c...
Research on the law of the fluid flow in the ground-driven screw-pump borehole

Using the PIV to test the flow field of the fluid in the eccentric annulus of the ground-driven screw-pump borehole,the distribution law of the axial speed of the fluid and the relation between the flowrate,rotary speed of sucker rod and the gradient of the fluid pressure were studied. The results show that turbulent flow will arise at wide clearance in the ground-driven screw-pump borehole. The distribution of the axial speed of the fluid is M-shaped. It is not of a typical convex parabola,but of slight fluctuation. The pressure gradient decreases with the increase of the rotary speed of sucker rod. Under given experimental conditions,the optimum rotary speed of sucker rod is 18 r/min and the pressure of the eccentric annulus is minimum and most energy-saving.
Increased N250 amplitudes for other-race faces reflect more effortful processing at the individual level

The N250 and N250r (r for repetition, signaling a difference measure of priming) has been proposed to reflect the activation of perceptual memory representations for individual faces. Increased N250r and N250 amplitudes have been associated with higher levels of familiarity and expertise, respectively. In contrast to these observations, the N250 amplitude has been found to be larger for other-race than own-race faces in recognition memory tasks. This study investigated if these findings were due to increased identity-specific processing demands for other-race relative to own-race faces and whether or not similar results would be obtained for the N250 in a repetition priming paradigm. Only Caucasian participants were available for testing and completed two tasks with Caucasian, African-American, and Chinese faces. In a repetition priming task, participants decided whether or not sequentially presented faces were of the same identity (individuation task) or same race (categorization task). Increased N250 amplitudes were found for African-American and Chinese faces relative to Caucasian faces, replicating previous results in recognition memory tasks. Contrary to the expectation that increased N250 amplitudes for other-race face would be confined to the individuation task, both tasks showed similar results. This could be due to the fact that face identity information needed to be maintained across the sequential presentation of prime and target in both tasks. Increased N250 amplitudes for other-race faces are taken to represent increased neural demands on the identity-specific processing of other-race faces, which are typically processed less holistically and less on the level of the individual.
Accelerating the mining of influential nodes in complex networks through community detection

Computing the set of influential nodes of a given size, which when activated will ensure maximal spread of influence on a complex network, is a challenging problem impacting multiple applications. A rigorous approach to influence maximization involves utilization of optimization routines that come with a high computational cost. In this work, we propose to exploit the existence of communities in complex networks to accelerate the mining of influential seeds. We provide intuitive reasoning to explain why our approach should be able to provide speedups without significantly degrading the extent of the spread of influence when compared to the case of influence maximization without using the community information. Additionally, we have parallelized the complete workflow by leveraging an existing parallel implementation of the Louvain community detection algorithm. We then conduct a series of experiments on a dataset with three representative graphs to first verify our implementation and then demonstrate the speedups. Our method achieves speedups ranging from 3x to 28x for graphs with small number of communities while nearly matching or even exceeding the activation performance on the entire graph. Complexity analysis reveals that dramatic speedups are possible for larger graphs that contain a correspondingly larger number of communities. In addition to the speedups obtained from the utilization of the community structure, scalability results show up to 6.3x speedup on 20 cores relative to the baseline run on 2 cores. Finally, current limitations of the approach are outlined along with the planned next steps.
The Response of Metastatic Retroperitoneal Seminoma to Chemotherapy

AbstractTwo patients with advanced metastatic seminoma were treated with radiation therapy, triple-drug chemotherapy and radical surgical resection. In 1 patient the seminoma was radiation-recurrent and radiation-resistant, while in the second patient the metastatic seminoma encroached upon both kidneys and could not be irradiated initially for fear of bilateral radiation nephritis. Both tumors were reduced in size markedly by the chemotherapy and the residual mass was excised in each instance. One patient was free of the tumor 18 months after treatment, while the other patient had recurrence in a distant area after 16 months. The marked responsiveness of both tumors to triple-drug chemotherapy emphasizes the importance of an aggressive approach to advanced metastatic seminoma, including radiation therapy, chemotherapy and surgery
Public Health in Practice Development of an Undergraduate Domestic Off-Campus Public Health Program

An innovative program, Public Health in Practice, successfully combines the best practices of academic civic engagement (service learning) with domestic off-campus study. Although our college does ...
Robust Adaptive Control of a Weakly Minimum Phase General Aviation Aircraft

Abstract Loss of control is the leading cause of accidents in General Aviation aircraft. Installation of autopilots on every airplane would significantly reduce this type of accident. Adaptive controls could offer an affordable autopilot for a wide variety of aircraft, by allowing the gains to automatically adapt. This investigation presents the design and test of an adaptive autopilot. The autopilot was designed to control the altitude and bank angle of a small airplane at a specific trim condition. The airplane was then moved to extreme points in its flight envelope, and the autopilot successfully adapted to maintain controller performance, except at airspeeds near stall. Since the aircraft is weakly minimum phase, a zero filter was used in the adaptive autopilot, which required a nominal model of the linearized plant at the design condition. Turbulence was added to test robustness, and the autopilot was able to maintain its performance.
Holographic acoustic imaging for underwater viewing

Ultrasonic holograms of objects as small as 0.25" in diameter have been made in water at 5 feet using 5 MHz. High-resolution images have been constructed from such holograms using optical and computer techniques.
Microbial Quality of Ground Beef after Simulated Freezer Failure.

Six lots of ground meat, obtained at intervals from a local supermarket, were frozen, and later held with other frozen foods in the freezer compartment of a refrigerator-freezer where power failure was simulated by unplugging the unit. Mean values for the counts (log10) of the beef as purchased were as follows: aerobic and psychrotrophic plate counts 6.35 and 6.66, respectively; presumptive coliforms 4.48; coagulase-positive staphylococci 4.67; and presumptive Clostridium perfringens 1.43. Presumptive salmonellae were detected in three of the six lots. Counts of the same order of magnitude as above were obtained after 7 days in the freezers, complete defrost of the meat and 6 h thereafter. Between 6 and 24 h, aerobic and psychrotrophic plate counts and numbers of coliforms and coagulase-positive staphylococci increased approximately 10-fold. Forty-eight hours after complete defrost, further increases in counts occurred. The appearance and aroma of the meat were acceptable 24 h after defrost; after 48 h, it would have been discarded because of browning, slime and off-odors.
Emergent Life Events During Youth Evidence-Based Treatment: Impact on Future Provider Adherence and Clinical Progress.

Emergent life events (ELEs)—unexpected stressors disclosed in psychotherapy that have a significant negative impact on the client—commonly occur in community populations of youth and are associated...