cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Polarization evolution in strong magnetic fields

Extremely strong magnetic fields change the vacuum index of refraction. Although this polarization-dependent effect is small for typical neutron stars, it is large enough to decouple the polarization states of photons travelling within the field. The photon states evolve adiabatically and follow the changing magnetic field direction. The combination of a rotating magnetosphere and a frequency-dependent-state decoupling predicts polarization phase lags between different wavebands, if the emission process takes place well within the light cylinder. This QED effect may allow observations to distinguish between different pulsar-emission mechanisms and to reconstruct the structure of the magnetosphere.
HEMOGLOBIN SOLUTION - FROM TETRAMER TO POLYMER

Efforts to produce a clinically acceptable hemoglobin solution that could function as a temporary oxygen carrier have evolved through several stages. Beginning with the simple tetramer, we have lowered the affinity state by pyridoxylation and then polymerized the modified tetramer. This new substance, polyhemoglobin, has a normal oxygen capacity and a half-life of 38 hours. Issues of nephrotoxicity and immunocompetence after infusion remain to be defined.
A randomized trial in a massive online open course shows people don’t know what a statistically significant relationship looks like, but they can learn

Scatterplots are the most common way for statisticians, scientists, and the public to visually detect relationships between measured variables. At the same time, and despite widely publicized controversy, P-values remain the most commonly used measure to statistically justify relationships identified between variables. Here we measure the ability to detect statistically significant relationships from scatterplots in a randomized trial of 2,039 students in a statistics massive open online course (MOOC). Each subject was shown a random set of scatterplots and asked to visually determine if the underlying relationships were statistically significant at the P < 0.05 level. Subjects correctly classified only 47.4% (95% CI [45.1%–49.7%]) of statistically significant relationships, and 74.6% (95% CI [72.5%–76.6%]) of non-significant relationships. Adding visual aids such as a best fit line or scatterplot smooth increased the probability a relationship was called significant, regardless of whether the relationship was actually significant. Classification of statistically significant relationships improved on repeat attempts of the survey, although classification of non-significant relationships did not. Our results suggest: (1) that evidence-based data analysis can be used to identify weaknesses in theoretical procedures in the hands of average users, (2) data analysts can be trained to improve detection of statistically significant results with practice, but (3) data analysts have incorrect intuition about what statistically significant relationships look like, particularly for small effects. We have built a web tool for people to compare scatterplots with their corresponding p-values which is available here: http://glimmer.rstudio.com/afisher/EDA/.
Real-Time 3D Ladar Imaging

A prototype image processing system has recently been developed which generates, displays and analyzes three-dimensional ladar data in real time. It is based upon a suite of novel algorithms that transform raw ladar data into cleaned 3D images. These algorithms perform noise reduction, ground plane identification, detector response deconvolution and illumination pattern renormalization. The system also discriminates static from dynamic objects in a scene. In order to achieve real-time throughput, we have parallelized these algorithms on a Linux cluster. We demonstrate that multiprocessor software plus Blade hardware result in a compact, real-time imagery generation adjunct to an operating ladar.
Surface tension-driven convection patterns in two liquid layers

Two superposed liquid layers display a variety of convective phenomena that are inaccessible in the traditional system where the upper layer is a gas. We consider several pairs of immiscible liquids. Once the liquids have been selected, the applied temperature difference and the depths of the layers are the only independent control parameters. Using a perfluorinated hydrocarbon and silicone oil system, we have made the first experimental observation of convection with the top plate hotter than the bottom plate. Since the system is stably stratified, this convective flow is solely due to thermocapillary forces. We also have found oscillatory convection at onset in an acetonitrile and n-hexane system heated from below. The experimental observations are in reasonable agreement with linear stability analyses.
Real-Time Planning and Control of Army UAVs Under Uncertainty

With advances in sensor technology and data fusion used in military operations, more information is available for decision making. A key question is how to make efiective use of this information. One speciflc area the Army has funded is the development of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) as part of its Future Combat Systems (FCS). These UAVs use information from higher level sensors as cues and perform part of the reconnaissance, surveillance, and target acquisition (RSTA) mission. We develop a neuro-dynamic approach to real-time planning and control of unmanned aerial vehicles with a focus on accounting for vehicle risk and stochastic arrivals of new tasks.
3D-EEG rhythm mapping during flash stimulation using zero-crossings analysis

3D-EEG rhythm mapping was performed to study alpha desynchronization using the zero-crossing analysis (ZCA) method. 32-electrode EEGs were recorded from five healthy volunteer subjects ranging from 21 to 36 years old during relaxed eye-closed state with flash-light stimulation (at 1 Hz, 10 Hz and 40 Hz inter-stimulus intervals). These EEG signals were filtered for the alpha band (8.0-14.0 Hz) using a fast Fourier transform-based digital filter. From thresholded zero-crossing points, periodic intervals of the alpha waves were determined and converted to instantaneous frequencies (IFs). The power spectrum of the IF fluctuation plot during a 81.92-second length of recorded EEG was calculated and plotted. From the power spectrum of an IF plot, information regarding the rhythm of the waveforms and of the envelopes, which is not represented in the filtered alpha waveforms alone, can be extracted. The spectrum slope values (SSVs) of the best-fit inclination lines for the frequencies of interest on the power spectrum were determined. Finally, 3D-EEG rhythm mapping displayed the scalp distribution of SSVs to show regions of synchronized or desynchronized alpha activity. We can observe the spatial dynamics of the alpha rhythm during flash stimulation using over-minute recordings. 3D-EEG rhythm mapping is useful in the investigation of cortical structures and the interactions of the underlying rhythmic activity.
An Inexact Newton Method for Fully Coupled Solution of the Navier-Stokes Equations with Heat and Mass Transport

The solution of the governing steady transport equations for momentum, heat and mass transfer in flowing fluids can be very difficult. These difficulties arise from the nonlinear, coupled, nonsymmetric nature of the system of algebraic equations that results from spatial discretization of the PDEs. In this manuscript we focus on evaluating a proposed nonlinear solution method based on an inexact Newton method with backtracking. In this context we use a particular spatial discretization based on a pressure stabilized Petrov-Galerkin finite element formulation of the low Mach number Navier?Stokes equations with heat and mass transport. Our discussion considers computational efficiency, robustness and some implementation issues related to the proposed nonlinear solution scheme. Computational results are presented for several challenging CFD benchmark problems as well as two large scale 3D flow simulations.
Individual and Aggregate Labor Supply with Coordinated Working Times

I analyze two extensions to the standard model of life cycle labor supply that feature operative choices along both the intensive and extensive margin. The first assumes that individuals face different continuous wage-hours schedules. The second assumes that all work must be coordinated across individuals. These models look similar qualitatively but have very different implications for how aggregate labor supply responds to changes in taxes. In the first model, curvature in the utility from leisure function plays relatively little role in determining the overall change in hours worked, whereas in the second model it is of first order importance. The second model has important implications for what data is best able to provide evidence on the extent of curvature in the utility from leisure function.
A naturalistic approach to the theory of the firm: the role of cooperation and cultural evolution

One reason why firms exist, this paper argues, is because they are suitable organizations within which cooperative production systems based on human social predispositions can evolve. In addition, we show how an entrepreneur, given these predispositions, can shape human behavior within a firm. To illustrate these processes, we will present a model that depicts how the biased transmission of cultural contents via social learning processes within the firm influence employees’ behavior and the performance of the firm. These biases can be traced back to evolved social predispositions. Humans lived in tribal scale social systems based on significant amounts of intra- and even intergroup cooperation for tens if not a few hundred thousand years before the first complex societies arose. Firms rest upon the social psychology originally evolved for tribal life. We also relate our conclusions to empirical evidence on the performance and size of different kinds of organizations. Modern organizations have functions rather different from ancient tribes, leading to friction between our social predispositions and organization goals. Firms that manage to reduce this friction will tend to function better.
THE HD 40307 PLANETARY SYSTEM: SUPER-EARTHS OR MINI-NEPTUNES?

Three planets with minimum masses less than 10 M⊕ orbit the star HD 40307, suggesting these planets may be rocky. However, with only radial velocity data, it is impossible to determine if these planets are rocky or gaseous. Here we exploit various dynamical features of the system in order to assess the physical properties of the planets. Observations allow for circular orbits, but a numerical integration shows that the eccentricities must be at least 10 −4 . Also, planets b and c are so close to the star that tidal effects are significant. If planet b has tidal parameters similar to the terrestrial planets in the solar system and a remnant eccentricity larger than 10 −3 , then, going back in time, the system would have been unstable within the lifetime of the star (which we estimate to be 6.1 ± 1.6 Gyr). Moreover, if the eccentricities are that large and the inner planet is rocky, then its tidal heating may be an order of magnitude greater than extremely volcanic Io, on a per unit surface area basis. If planet b is not terrestrial, e.g., Neptune-like, these physical constraints would not apply. This analysis suggests the planets are not terrestrial-like, and are more like our giant planets. In either case, we find that the planets probably formed at larger radii and migrated early-on (via disk interactions) into their current orbits. This study demonstrates how the orbital and dynamical properties of exoplanet systems may be used to constrain the planets’ physical properties.
Turning Virtual Reality into Reality: A Checklist to Ensure Virtual Reality Studies of Eating Behavior and Physical Activity Parallel the Real World

Virtual reality (VR) provides a potentially powerful tool for researchers seeking to investigate eating and physical activity. Some unique conditions are necessary to ensure that the psychological processes that influence real eating behavior also influence behavior in VR environments. Accounting for these conditions is critical if VR-assisted research is to accurately reflect real-world situations. The current work discusses key considerations VR researchers must take into account to ensure similar psychological functioning in virtual and actual reality and does so by focusing on the process of spontaneous mental simulation. Spontaneous mental simulation is prevalent under real-world conditions but may be absent under VR conditions, potentially leading to differences in judgment and behavior between virtual and actual reality. For simulation to occur, the virtual environment must be perceived as being available for action. A useful chart is supplied as a reference to help researchers to investigate eating and physical activity more effectively.
Job Opportunities along the Rural-Urban Gradation and Female Labor Force Participation in India

The recent decline in India’s rural female labor force participation is generally attributed to higher rural incomes in a patriarchal society. Together with the growing share of the urban population, where female participation rates are lower, this alleged income effect does not bode well for the empowerment of women as India develops. This paper argues that a traditional supply-side interpretation is insufficient to account for the decline in female participation rates, and the transformation of the demand for labor at local levels needs to be taken into account as well. A salient trait of this period is the collapse in the number of farming jobs without a parallel emergence of other employment opportunities considered suitable for women. The paper develops a novel approach to capture the structure of employment at the village or town level, and allow for differences along six ranks in the rural-urban gradation. It also considers the possible misclassification of urban areas as rural, as a result of household surveys lagging behind India’s rapid urbanization process. The results show that the place of residence along the rural-urban gradation loses relevance as an explanation of female labor force participation once local job opportunities are taken into account. Robustness checks confirm that the main findings hold even when taking into account the possibility of spurious correlation and endogeneity. They also hold under alternative definitions of labor force participation and when sub-samples of women are considered. Simulations suggest that for India to reverse the decline in female labor force participation rates it needs to boost job creation.
The Economics of Contingent Re-auctions

We consider an auction environment where an object can be sold with usage restrictions that generate benefits to the seller but decrease buyers’ valuations. In this environment, sellers such as the FCC have used “contingent re-auctions,” offering the restricted object with a reserve price, but re-auctioning it without restrictions if the reserve is not met. We show that contingent re-auctions are generally neither efficient nor optimal for the seller. We propose an alternative “exclusive-buyer mechanism” that can implement the efficient outcome in dominant strategies. In certain environments, parameters can be chosen so the seller’s surplus is maximized across all selling procedures.
Scattering In the Time Domain From Submerged Elastic Shells At Coincidence Frequencies

Abstract : It is known that when scattering from elastic shells, a large resonance is produced at frequencies corresponding to values in which the flexural phase velocity is roughly equal to the speed of sound in the fluid. A systematic analysis indicates that the large response is due mainly to water born waves (labeled A waves) which have narrow half-widths and manifest themselves as pronounces spikes in the form function as well as weaker flexural resonances (labeled AO) which have rather larger half-widths and produce an envelop effect due to overlapping resonances over a broad frequency range. These results are analyzed within the context of a new time domain resonance scattering theory and are shown to produce characteristic transient return signals. From these signals it is possible to calculate both the half-width of the A waves as well as their group velocities.
MASS LOSS FROM CORONAE AND ITS EFFECT UPON STELLAR ROTATION.

The acoustic energy-generation rate from the convective zone was calculated for various models. Results show that chromosphere and corona can be expected around stars with temperature lower than 8000K at the main sequence, and lower than 6500K at log g = 2.
Liquidity shocks and equilibrium liquidity premia

We study an equilibrium in which agents face surprise liquidity shocks and invest in liquid and illiquid riskless assets. The random holding horizon from liquidity shocks makes the return of the illiquid security risky. The equilibrium premium for such risk depends on the constraint that agents face when borrowing against future income; it is insignificant without borrowing constraint, but can be very high with borrowing constraint. Illiquidity, therefore, can have large effects on asset returns when agents face liquidity shocks and borrowing constraints. This result can help us understand why some securities have high liquidity premia, despite low turnover frequency.
The Shaping of a Society’s Economic Ethos: A Longitudinal Study of Individuals’ Morality of Profit-Making Worldview

This study investigates the processes involved in the shaping of a society’s economic ethos. The discussion of ethics and economics has a very long history across multiple disciplines. The founder of modern economics, Adam Smith, likewise had a keen interest in this topic. However, with the development of economic science, scholarly assessment has shifted toward positive analysis while normative analysis has been left mainly to philosophers. By utilizing the newly developed morality of profit-making scale (MPM), the authors sought to understand how respondents’ economic ethical worldview shifts over time. Specifically, we theorized that the news media’s copious negative coverage of the gasoline price crisis of 2006 would significantly impact individuals’ MPM worldview. The results show that respondents’ explicit attitudes toward MPM were significantly impacted. However, respondents’ more deeply held, implicit economic ethical worldview was only slightly impacted. The authors argue that only patient, long-term explanation and argumentation can permanently affect a society’s economic ethos. Implications and future research directions for business researchers are outlined.
Characterization of advanced electric propulsion systems

Characteristics of several advanced electric propulsion systems are evaluated and compared. The propulsion systems studied are mass driver, rail gun, MPD thruster, hydrogen free radical thruster and mercury electron bombardment ion engine. These are characterized by specific impulse, overall efficiency, input power, average thrust, power to average thrust ratio and average thrust to dry weight ratio. Several important physical characteristics such as dry system mass, accelerator length, bore size and current pulse requirement are also evaluated in appropriate cases. Only the ion engine can operate at a specific impulse beyond 2000 sec. Rail gun, MPD thruster and free radical thruster are currently characterized by low efficiencies. Mass drivers have the best performance characteristics in terms of overall efficiency, power to average thrust ratio and average thrust to dry weight ratio. But, they can only operate at low specific impulses due to large power requirements and are extremely long due to limitations of driving current. Mercury ion engines have the next best performance characteristics while operating at higher specific impulses. It is concluded that, overall, ion engines have somewhat better characteristics as compared to the other electric propulsion systems.
Spiral waves and rotors: computational and experimental models of cardiac arrhythmias

Spiral waves and rotors have been shown to constitute self-sustaining arrhythmias such as ventricular tachycardia (VT) and fibrillation (VF). An experiment is set up on a slice of cardiac tissue and spiral waves are electrically generated. An analogous model has been created on a super computer using a detailed description of the ion channel currents and membrane voltages and numerical solution of action potential generation and propagation. A voltage sensitive dye is used to image the optical fluorescence resulting from electrical activation of the cardiac tissue. These computational and experimental studies are employed to study the mechanism of induction of arrhythmias and strategies for their termination by defibrillation shock therapy.
Near-Optimal Bayesian Active Learning with Noisy Observations

We tackle the fundamental problem of Bayesian active learning with noise, where we need to adaptively select from a number of expensive tests in order to identify an unknown hypothesis sampled from a known prior distribution. In the case of noise-free observations, a greedy algorithm called generalized binary search (GBS) is known to perform near-optimally. We show that if the observations are noisy, perhaps surprisingly, GBS can perform very poorly. We develop EC2, a novel, greedy active learning algorithm and prove that it is competitive with the optimal policy, thus obtaining the first competitiveness guarantees for Bayesian active learning with noisy observations. Our bounds rely on a recently discovered diminishing returns property called adaptive submodularity, generalizing the classical notion of submodular set functions to adaptive policies. Our results hold even if the tests have non-uniform cost and their noise is correlated. We also propose EFFECX-TIVE, a particularly fast approximation of EC2, and evaluate it on a Bayesian experimental design problem involving human subjects, intended to tease apart competing economic theories of how people make decisions under uncertainty.
Probes and Tests of Strong-Field Gravity with Observations in the Electromagnetic Spectrum

Neutron stars and black holes are the astrophysical systems with the strongest gravitational fields in the universe. In this article, I review the prospect of using observations of such compact objects to probe some of the most intriguing general relativistic predictions in the strong-field regime: the absence of stable circular orbits near a compact object and the presence of event horizons around black-hole singularities. I discuss the need for a theoretical framework, within which future experiments will provide detailed, quantitative tests of gravity theories. Finally, I summarize the constraints imposed by current observations of neutron stars on potential deviations from general relativity.
The Role of HVFA Concrete in the Sustainability of the Urban Built Environment

Abstract Although fly-ash as a partial replacement for cement has been utilized for many years, its use has been almost exclusively used in low volume percentages such as 10% or 20% cement replacement. This paper looks at high volume percentage replacements from 40% to 70%. A mini-mix study revealed that 50% and 60% cement replacement percentages were the best candidates for full scale testing. The environmental benefits included a 25% reduction in smog, human health, and fossil fuel reduction compared to the same element built with 100% Portland cement mix. The economic benefits included a 15% capital cost reduction and a 20% life-cycle cost reduction when compared with a 100% Portland cement mix. Full scale testing included a complete mix design in addition to the construction of four concrete infrastructure products. The products built included an alley panel and curb and gutter sections in the City and county of Denver, a precast manhole and lid, and a twin tee prestressed girder. Although cement prod...
PLATONIC QUANDARIES: Recent Scholarship on Plato

▪ Abstract Recent scholarship on Plato falls into three categories: Straussian readings, Socratic readings, and the readings of the Chastened Utopians. The first group follows Strauss in reaffirming that Plato saw human nature as unchangeable and human political possibilities as relatively limited; on this account, the Republic is a joke that argues against all utopian projects. The second group focuses on Socrates rather than Plato, directing attention primarily toward individual self-fashioning that may or may not have political effects. The third group sees Plato as having believed in the possibility of political change and as having sought to intervene in the politics of his day. The central issue contested by these different schools of thought is whether human nature is malleable; specific issues of gender and militarism arise repeatedly in the discussion of this question.
Net-Centric Adapter for Legacy Systems

The Net-Centric Adapter for Legacy Systems (NCALS) is a software technology that makes legacy system data and services available in near real-time to the military Global Information Grid (GIG). The intent of NCALS is to lower the cost and risk, and to decrease the time required for legacy systems to comply with U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) net-centric technical standards. Many different systems could use a common, configurable NCALS software component to comply with these standards. The benefit to the warfighter is improved interoperability with joint and coalition forces. NCALS enables legacy systems to move to a Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) compatible with the GIG without requiring a costly and risky re-architecture of their legacy software. In addition, NCALS enables mission critical systems such as weapon systems to segregate their real-time, mission critical software from enterprise integration software. This maintains the safety and security required by such systems, while accommodating rapid changes in Internet-based, enterprise technologies. This paper will discuss the legacy system challenge and describe a technology prototype developed by the Naval Surface Warfare Center (NSWC) Dahlgren to realize the NCALS concept. The prototype works automatically, behind the scenes, to expose legacy data to the GIG and to make GIG data available to legacy systems.
C–H functionalization directed by transformable nitrogen heterocycles: synthesis of ortho-oxygenated arylnaphthalenes from arylphthalazines

Two protocols for oxygenation of aromatic C–H bonds ortho-positioned to the phthalazine ring were developed. The transannulation of the phthalazine ring to a naphthalene moiety by an Inverse Electron Demand Diels–Alder (IEDDA) reaction led to the synthesis of naphtho[2,1-c]chromenes, 1-(ortho-hydroxyaryl)naphthalenes and 6,7-dihydrobenzo[b]naphtho[1,2-d]oxepine. This new strategy based on the utilization of transformable nitrogen heterocycles in C–H functionalization chemistry can be potentially applicable to the synthesis of a broad range of biaryl compounds.
Connectivity Maintenance in Mobile Wireless Networks via Constrained Mobility

We explore distributed mechanisms for maintaining the physical layer connectivity of a mobile wireless network while still permitting significant area coverage. Moreover, we require that these mechanisms maintain connectivity despite the unpredictable wireless propagation behavior found in complex real-world environments. To this end, we propose the Spreadable Connected Autonomic Network (SCAN) algorithm, a fully distributed, on-line, low overhead mechanism for maintaining the connectivity of a mobile wireless network. SCAN leverages knowledge of the local (2-hop) network topology to enable each node to intelligently halt its own movement and thereby avoid network partitioning events. By relying on topology data instead of locality information and deterministic connectivity models, SCAN can be applied in a wide range of realistic operational environments. We believe it is for precisely this reason that, to our best knowledge, SCAN was the first such approach to be implemented in hardware. Here, we present results from our implementation of SCAN, finding that our mobile robotic testbed maintains full connectivity over 99% of the time. Moreover, SCAN achieves this in a complex indoor environment, while still allowing testbed nodes to cover a significant area.
Synthesis and Cytotoxic Activity of Latentiated Derivatives of 3-Methyleneoxindole

Several latentiated derivatives of 3-methyleneoxindole were synthesized and examined for cytotoxic activity. The latentiated forms are represented by three general types which differ in leaving and cleaved groups. All are expected to be converted into 3-methyleneoxindole by bioactivation processes normally occurring in the cell. Two compounds were tested against L-1210 lymphoid leukemia, and six were tested against P-388 lymphocytic leukemia; all were inactive.
Pollution charges, community pressure, and abatement cost of industrial pollution in China

The author evaluates the strength of the effect that community pressure and pollution charges have on industrial pollution control in China, and estimates the marginal cost of pollution abatement. He examines a well-documented set of plant-level data, combined with community-level data, to assess the impact of pollution charges and community pressure on industrial behavior in China. He constructs and estimates an industrial organic water pollution discharge model for plants that violate standards for pollution discharge, pay pollution charges, and are constantly under community pressure to further abate pollution. He creates a model and estimates implicit prices for pollution discharges from community pressure, which are determined jointly by the explicit price, the pollution levy. He finds that the implicit discharge price is at least as high as the explicit price. In other words, community pressure not only exists, but may be as strong an incentive as the pollution charge is for industrial firms to control pollution in China. The author's modeling approach also provides a way to estimate the marginal cost of pollution abatement. The empirical results show that the current marginal cost of abatement is about twice the effective charge rate in China.
Gain-scheduling control of LFT systems using parameter-dependent Lyapunov functions

In this paper, we propose a new control design approach for linear fractional transformation (LFT) systems using parameter-dependent Lyapunov functions. Instead of assuming parameter dependency in LFT fashion, we consider general parameter-dependent controllers to achieve better closed-loop performance. Using full-block multipliers, new LPV synthesis conditions have been derived in terms of finite number of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). Both continuous- and discrete-time cases are discussed. A ship steering example has been used to demonstrate advantages and benefits of the proposed approach.
Physical initialization for numerical weather prediction over the tropics

The current operational World Weather Watch over the tropical latitudes exhibits large data gaps. This paper proposes a detailed physical initialization procedure where the combined use of the World Weather Watch and detailed satellite data sets are used to enhance the definition of initial surface fluxes of water vapor and sensible heat, the initial rainfall rates and the earth's radiation budget. The satellite radiances are used to unify the physical initializations of the fluxes, rainfall, and the clouds. This is carried out using a Newtonian relaxation during a pre integration phase between day — 1 and day 0 where the fluxes, the rainfall rates, and the cloud distributions provide a consistent humidity analysis and a spin up of the diabatic heating and the divergent circulations. A comparison of medium range forecasts from a control experiment (that utilizes the standard nonlinear normal mode initialization, with physics, at day 0) with an experiment based on the unified physical initialization is carried out to demonstrate the effective enhancement of the World Weather Watch over the tropics by the proposed method. These experiments are carried out with a global spectral model which is run at a resolution of 106 wave triangular truncation. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1991.t01-2-00007.x
Effects of blade tip modifications on wind turbine performance using vortex model

Abstract The effects of blade tip modifications on a wind turbine blade are studied with the design code developed previously, by taking into account the curving of the blade axis in or out of the plane of rotation. This is an area of interest for manufacturers of wind turbines to improve the aerodynamic performance, as has been done with airplane wings and also to use the swept tips to unload the blades during wind gusts by changing the local incidences with a nose-down torsional moment. The vortex model, based on Goldstein approach, treats each blade as a lifting line generating a helicoidal vortex sheet, supporting the trailed vorticity along prescribed helices whose pitch is determined to satisfy the wake equilibrium condition. As the lifting line is given sweep in the plane of rotation or dihedral in the plane containing the blade and the rotor axis, the induced velocities by the bound vortex at the lifting line are no longer zero and the blade flow is also affected by the modified vortex sheet geometry, according to the Biot–Savart formula. The study is performed with a two-bladed rotor with the NREL blade as point of reference. A series of tests is carried out with the design code, comparing the design of a rotor blade with straight axis or with a ±10% (forward or backward) sweep, dihedral or winglet. Results indicate that the aerodynamic performance are in general enhanced with these tip modifications, although the trends differ between forward and backward orientations, with some nonlinear effects associated with the wake geometry.
Exchange Rate Crises and Fiscal Solvency

This paper combines insights from generation-one currency crisis models and the Fiscal Theory of the Price Level (FTPL) to create a dynamic FTPL model of currency crises. The initial fixed-exchange-rate policy entails risks due to an upper bound on government debt and stochastic surplus shocks. Agents refuse to lend into a position for which the value of debt exceeds the present-value of expected future surpluses. Policy switching, usually combined with currency depreciation, restores fiscal solvency and lending. This model can explain a wide variety of crises, including those involving sovereign default. We illustrate by explaining the crisis in Argentina (2001).
On the Diaconis-Gangolli Markov chain for sampling contingency tables with cell-bounded entries

The problems of uniformly sampling and approximately counting contingency tables have been widely studied, but efficient solutions are only known in special cases. One appealing approach is the Diaconis and Gangolli Markov chain which updates the entries of a random 2×2 submatrix. This chain is known to be rapidly mixing for cell-bounded tables only when the cell bounds are all 1 and the row and column sums are regular. We demonstrate that the chain can require exponential time to mix in the cell-bounded case, even if we restrict to instances for which the state space is connected. Moreover, we show the chain can be slowly mixing even if we restrict to natural classes of problem instances, including regular instances with cell bounds of either 0 or 1 everywhere, and dense instances where at least a linear number of cells in each row or column have non-zero cell-bounds.
INFLATION, THE PAYMENTS PERIOD AND THE DEMAND FOR MONEY

Part I of this paper develops a model of economic response to inflation. Sections A, B, and C consider the maximizing behavior of employers and employees in the context of a steady rate of inflation. Since the rate of price change can be translated into an effective cost of holding money, a higher rate provides increased incentive for economizing on cash balances. Two methods of economizing are considered: first, (Sections A and B), reductions of the time interval between various types of payments (increases in "velocity") and, second (Section C), decreases in the fraction of "monetized" transactions. With a given fraction of monetized transactions, the selection of the optimal length of time between (wage and other types of) payments involves a tradeoff of the inventory type. Given some fixed (real) cost of making payments, a higher rate of price change reduces the optimalpayment interval (increases velocity) and produces a corresponding reduction in average real money holdings. The demand-for-money function which is implied by optimal-payments period selection approaches an inflation-rate elasticity of 1/2 as the rate of inflation becomes large (relative to real rates of return in the economy). However, this formulation assumes that the fraction of monetized transactions is unaffected by changes in the inflation rate. In fact, "money" may be viewed as a medium which provides certain transactions benefits (in terms of physical convenience, general acceptability, et cetera) in comparison with alternative media. At a higher rate of price change, the cost of retaining money as a payments medium is increased (relative to
Reversible Proton Coupled Electron Transfer in a Peptide- incorporated Naphthoquinone Amino Acid †

The synthesis of a naphthoquinone amino acid and its electrochemical characterization in a peptide is presented.
Absorption of Fluorescein Given under the Upper Lid

Background: The need for a more efficacious approach to administer topical ocular medications prompted the authors to consider applying conventional eye drops under the upper lid rather than beneath the lower lid. Preliminary observations on patients with glaucoma using a beta-blocker beneath the upper lid suggested a drop in intraocular pressure into the normal range in some previously refractory patients being treated with the same medications. To test this clinical observation, the authors observed if there were any physiologic differences in topical fluorescein absorption into the anterior chamber when given beneath the upper lid versus the lower lid. Methods: A 5-μl drop of fluorescein solution was placed under the upper-lid fornix of one eye and under the lower-lid fornix of the other eye in human volunteers, and absorption into the anterior chamber was measured at hourly intervals, for a total of 3 hours. Results: Hotelling T 2 multivariate analysis for all 3 hours demonstrates that upperlid administration of fluorescein results in significantly higher absorption of fluorescein into the anterior chamber than does lower-lid administration ( P = 0.0088; for hours 2 and 3, the statistical difference is even more dramatic: P Conclusion: Using conventional eye drops beneath the upper lid, the authors observed increased absorption of fluorescein into the anterior chamber when compared with lower-lid administration. Profuse tearing, especially by younger subjects, significantly and rapidly diminished anterior chamber absorption of fluorescein. It is reasonable to consider further clinical studies to test this new approach to drug delivery.
Distinguishing spins at the LHC using bound state signals

A pair of new colored particles produced near the threshold can form a bound state and then annihilate into standard model particles. In this paper we show how the bound state signals can distinguish between two scenarios that have similar particle content and interactions but different spins, such as the minimal supersymmetric standard model (MSSM) and universal extra dimensions (UED). We find, for example, that bound states of KK gluons (KK gluonia) have an order of magnitude larger cross sections than gluinonia and they may be detectable as resonances in the $ b\bar{b} $ , $ t\bar{t} $ or γγ channels if the KK gluon is very light and sufficiently long-lived. KK gluonia can be distinguished from gluinonia by their much larger cross sections and distinct angular distributions. Similarly, KK quarkonia can be distinguished from squarkonia by the size of their diphoton cross section and by their dilepton signals. Since many of our results are largely determined by gauge interactions, they will be useful for many other new physics scenarios as well.
Liquidity and market participation

Abstract A model of market participation in competitive asset markets is constructed. There are two assets, a liquid asset traded without cost, and an illiquid asset traded subject to fixed transactions costs. Agents have random needs for liquidity, but they are precluded from trading claims contingent on their type, and from diversifying between assets. Depending on parameter values, both assets or only one asset may be traded in equilibrium. There exists a participation externality, in that agents do not take account of the effect of their participation decisions on asset prices. There tends to be an underprovision of liquidity in equilibrium.
Price discrimination through online couponing: Impact on likelihood of purchase and profitability

Abstract Oliver and Shor [2003, Digital redemption of coupons: Satisfying and dissatisfying effects of promotion codes. Journal of Product and Brand Management 12(2), 121–134] provide data suggesting that Web sites prompting customers to enter a “promotion code”, a digital version of the coupon, may unwittingly be losing customers who otherwise would be willing to purchase. They suggest that the act of requesting such a code hints at the existence of price promotions that may be unavailable to the current shopper, potentially diminishing one’s likelihood of purchase. We extend their experiment to address the issue of price discrimination and profitability in this context. Our results demonstrate that this diminished likelihood of purchase has adverse effects on profitability and offsets any gains from market segmentation. Further, we analyze a firm’s ability to deliver coupons to targeted market segments successfully, given the availability of such coupons on multiple Web sites outside of the retailer’s control. We observe that the existence of coupon repositories distorts efficient price discrimination, leading to segmentation of consumers not along dimensions of price sensitivity but of technical competence. These results have managerial implications for those considering online couponing policies.
A generalized Dedekind-Mertens lemma and its converse

We study content ideals of polynomials and their behavior under mul- tiplication. We give a generalization of the Lemma of Dedekind-Mertens and prove the converse under suitable dimensionality restrictions.
Enhanced symmetries in multiparameter flux vacua

We give a construction of type-IIB flux vacua with discrete R-symmetries and vanishing superpotential for hypersurfaces in weighted projective space with any number of moduli. We find that the existence of such vacua for a given space depends on properties of the modular group, and for Fermat models can be determined solely by the weights of the projective space. The periods of the geometry do not in general have arithmetic properties, but live in a vector space whose properties are vital to the construction.
Efficient computation of enabled transition bindings in high-level Petri nets

We present an algorithm for the computation of enabled transition bindings in high level Petri nets. The algorithm does not depend on either functional or logic language features, but may be implemented in commonly used imperative languages. To achieve this, we show that a high level Petri net transition, together with its input arcs, input places and place markings, constitutes an extended type of finite domain constraint satisfaction problem. Calculation of all transition bindings corresponds to solving such a problem, which we term a resource value CSP. We show how the use of multi-sets in net markings and arc expressions leads to resource constraints. We describe the extension of an existing efficient CSP algorithm to enable solution of resource value CSPs. The new algorithm, FC-CBJ-M, has been used for the simulation and analysis of Coloured and PrT nets.
A dynamic model of lawsuit joinder and settlement

We model the dynamic process wherein two privately informed plaintiffs may file and combine related lawsuits in order to lower trial costs and/or improve the likelihood of winning. The equilibrium resembles a “bandwagon”: some plaintiff types file early, whereas others wait and only file suit if they observe a previous filing. Finally, some plaintiff types never file and some early filers drop their suits if not joined by another plaintiff. We then consider the effect of allowing preemptive settlement offers by the defendant aimed at discouraging follow-on suits. Preemptive settlement results in a “gold rush” of cases into the first period.
Election Reform after HAVA: Voter Verification in Congress and the States

Requiring voting machines to produce a voter-verifiable paper record (VVPR) has been the most prominent election reform issue in Congress and across the states since the Help America Vote Act (HAVA) of 2002. Whereas HAVA emerged from a bipartisan process that included cooperation and input from state and local government officials, VVPR legislation represents a more coercive brand of federalism that has divided the parties and evoked opposition by state and local government organizations. Meanwhile, twenty-nine states adopted the VVPR from 2003 to 2007. Using a logistic regression model, informed by a theory of state policy activism, we find that adoption of VVPR legislation was most likely in states with moralistic political cultures, election reform activists, and professionalized legislatures controlled by Democratic majorities.
A NOTE ON THE BAR-NATAN SKEIN MODULE

We introduce a new skein module for three manifolds based on properly embedded surfaces and their relations introduced by Bar-Natan in [3], and modified by Khovanov [6]. We compute the structure of the modules for some manifolds, including Seifert fibered manifolds.
Design and Analysis of Successive Decoding With Finite Levels for the Markov Channel

This paper proposes a practical successive decoding scheme with finite levels for the finite-state Markov channels (FSMCs) where there is no a priori state information at the transmitter or the receiver. The design employs either a random interleaver or a deterministic interleaver with an irregular pattern and an optional iterative estimation and decoding procedure within each level. The interleaver design criteria may be the achievable rate or the extrinsic information transfer (EXIT) chart, depending on the receiver type. For random interleavers, the optimization problem is solved efficiently using a pilot-utility function, while for deterministic interleavers, a good construction is given using empirical rules. Simulation results demonstrate that the new successive decoding scheme combined with irregular low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes can approach the identically and uniformly distributed (i.u.d.) input capacity on the Markov-fading channel using only a few levels.
AdS/CFT and Randall-Sundrum Model Without a Brane

We reformulate the Randall-Sundrum (RS) model on the compactified AdS by adding a term proportional to the area of the boundary to the usual gravity action with a negative cosmological constant and show that gravity can still be localized on the boundary without introducing singular brane sources. The boundary conditions now follow from the field equations, which are obtained by letting the induced metric vary on the boundary. This approach gives similar modes that are obtained in [1] and clarifies the complementarity of the RS and the AdS/CFT pictures. Normalizability of these modes is checked by an inner-product in the space of linearized perturbations. The same conclusions hold for a massless scalar field in the bulk.