cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ZnO-templated synthesis of wurtzite-type ZnS and ZnSe nanoparticles.

The controllable synthesis of semiconductor nanocrystals is important for exploiting their size-dependent properties in a variety of applications. The important wide-bandgap semiconductors ZnS and ZnSe crystallize in both the zincblende (ZB) and wurtzite (WZ) structures. While the ZB polymorphs are most stable, methods exist for synthesizing the WZ-type nanocrystals. However, because of the subtle structural differences between the ZB and WZ structures, subtle synthetic differences can favor one polymorph over the other. It is therefore challenging to predictably generate the WZ polymorphs and understand the factors that play a key role in their formation. Through careful mechanistic studies, we show that ZnO nanoparticles, which adopt the WZ structure, form as intermediates in typical reactions that generate WZ-ZnS. This implies that ZnO nanoparticles can serve as structural templates for the preferential formation of WZ-ZnS nanoparticles, and this is confirmed experimentally. Similar chemistry can be us...
Role of additives in packed column supercritical fluid chromatography: suppression of solute ionization

Abstract Tailing of polycarboxylic acids in packed column supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) is primarily due to solute ionization. Very acidic additives improve the peak shape of acidic solutes by suppressing solute ionization. Coverage of active sites appears to be a secondary function of additives. The sorption of acidic additives was measured on five stationary phases used in packed column SFC. Surface coverages (at constant mobile phase composition) varied by more than 50-fold (0.4 to 21%), depending on the stationary phase identity. Within the group of additives used, coverage was independent of additive identity or concentration but was inversely proportional to modifier concentration. Chromatographic peak shapes of polyfunctional acidic solutes were also observed under the same conditions as used for the surface coverage measurements. Solute peak shapes depended on the acid strength of the additives but were unrelated to the amount of additive retained on the column.
Globally engaged nursing education: an academic program framework.

Abstract Objective This paper presents a model for designing, providing, and evaluating global experiential education, both local and internationally. Methods A literature review was conducted to identify studies and models of global nursing education experiences in the scientific indexed literature and the gray literature on the Internet published by professional associations. Results Key elements of the model developed include institutional and program mission and goals, global health core content, program characteristics, student characteristics, reflection, and perspective transformation. These factors combine to address the range of interweaving factors that need to be considered in providing well-designed global health offerings. Conclusions The framework is offered for use in developing global experiences and in conducting studies to advance our understanding of what and how students learn and are transformed from participation in global education.
The probability of premarital intercourse

Abstract Data on sexual behavior collected retrospectively in a national probability sample survey of females aged 15–19 make it possible, using life table techniques, to compute the probability of having intercourse prior to marriage. Estimates are provided for whites and blacks, for the synthetic cohort based on all five ages combined, and separately for each cohort, i.e., those currently aged 15, aged 16, etc. In addition, minimum and maximum estimates, based on different assumptions regarding ever married females, are also included. The results indicate that at any age, the probability of first premarital intercourse is considerably higher for blacks than for whites. The most striking finding however is one that suggests that premarital intercourse is beginning at younger ages and that the extent of premarital intercourse is probably on the increase. The paper explores other possible interpretations of the estimates.
An Efficient Numerical Approach to Radiative-Convective Equilibrium.

Abstract An efficient method for computing the radiative–convective equilibrium temperature profile of a vertical–column atmospheric model is described. The equations which specify the equilibrium conditions are linearized to form a matrix equation in which the net radiative heating at levels within regions of radiative equilibrium and the net radiative flux at the tops of regions undergoing convective adjustment are linearly proportional to the differences between initial guess temperatures and equilibrium temperatures at all levels. Because the original equations am nonlinear in the temperature profile, the matrix elements of the linearized equation also depend on the temperature profile. As a result, the equilibrium temperature profile is obtained by sequentially solving the matrix equation. Sample calculations indicate that successive solutions of the matrix equation converge rapidly to the equilibrium temperature profile, and the equilibrium conditions are typically satisfied after four inversions.
Assessing threats to pool-breeding amphibian habitat in an urbanizing landscape

Geographically-based threat assessments are important for identifying natural resources at risk, yet have rarely been applied to identify habitat conservation priorities for imperiled organisms at a local scale. Pool-breeding amphibians have complex life cycles that place them at risk from habitat loss and fragmentation both in wetlands and in adjacent uplands. Because the most rapidly growing cause of habitat degradation in North America has been urbanization, a threat analysis of pool-breeding amphibian habitat should both be dynamic, i.e., sensitive to land-use change, and comprehensive, recognizing traditional protected area networks as well as less formal conservation assets (e.g., land-use regulations). To assess threats to wood frogs (Rana sylvatica) and spotted salamanders (Ambystoma maculatum) in a rapidly urbanizing, forested region of New England (USA) we examined gaps in the current protection network, as well as changing human settlement patterns. We found that greater than 50% of 542 potential breeding pools delineated using low-level infra-red aerial photography (median area 379.5 m 2 ) were not represented on National Wetland Inventory (U.S.FWS) maps, and thus de facto at risk. Most importantly, conservation lands and regulatory protections failed to protect 46% of potential breeding pools and 80% of adjacent non-breeding habitat. While an assessment of human settlement patterns projected that only 5% of the region contained high quality amphibian habitat under acute development pressure, nearly half of the region (44.7%) had attained a moderate threat level, highlighting the importance of conservation planning during early stages of urbanization. We conclude by illustrating the role for multiple conservation strategies when protecting functional landscapes for pool-breeding amphibians.
Hunting ALK to feed targeted cancer therapy

Neuroblastoma is a fatal childhood cancer, but lack of knowledge about the underlying causative genes has hampered the development of effective therapies. The identification of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) mutations as drivers of neuroblastoma has indicated that targeted therapy with ALK inhibitors might be a valuable strategy in the fight against this lethal cancer.
Thrombotic microangiopathy in the HIV-2-infected macaque.

Thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) has been increasingly reported in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected humans over the past decade. The pathogenesis is unknown. We prospectively analyzed the renal pathology and function of 27 pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina), infected intravenously with a virulent HIV-2 strain, HIV-2287, in addition to that of four uninfected control macaques. Necropsies were performed between 12 hours and 28 days after infection. HIV-2 antigen was detectable in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) cocultures in all animals after 10 days of HIV-2 infection; a rapid decline in CD4+ PBMC (<350/μl) was seen in five of six animals 21 days and 28 days after infection. No macaque developed features of clinical AIDS. Typical lesions of human HIV-associated nephropathy were undetectable. Six of the 27 HIV-2-infected macaques demonstrated both histological TMA lesions (thrombi in glomerular capillary loops and small arteries, mesangiolysis) and ultrastructural lesions (mesangiolysis, subendothelial lucency, platelet thrombi in glomerular capillary lumina). Extrarenal thrombi were detected in the gastrointestinal and adrenal microvasculature of macaques that had developed renal TMA. None of the control animals demonstrated features of renal TMA at necropsy. In a retrospective analysis of kidneys obtained from 39 additional macaques infected with HIV-2287, seven cases demonstrated TMA. In situ hybridization showed no detectable HIV-2 RNA in kidney sections of 65/66 HIV-2-infected macaques, including all 13 TMA cases. Expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR4, the putative coreceptor for HIV-2287, was absent in intrinsic renal cells in all HIV-2-infected macaques. The HIV-2-infected macaque may be a useful model of human HIV-associated TMA. Our data do not support a role of direct HIV-2 infection of intrinsic renal cells as an underlying mechanism.
The synthesis and properties of low barrier Ag‐Ga intermetallic contacts to n‐type GaAs

It is demonstrated that uniform silver‐gallium alloy films, containing up to 30% gallium, can be controllably and reproducibly fabricated by electron‐beam evaporation from a single alloy source. As expected from bulk thermodynamic arguments, these films are metallurgically stable with respect to GaAs up to their melting point. The alloying of silver with gallium results in a substantial reduction in n‐type barrier height. Analogous increases in barrier height were observed for contacts to p‐type material. Barrier heights as low as 0.59–0.62 eV were measured for annealed ζ‐AgGa contacts to n‐type material.
Modulation of ATP-sensitive potassium channel activity by flash-photolysis of 'caged-ATP' in rat heart cells.

We have used ‘caged-ATP’ to investigate the kinetic behavior of KATP channels in ventricular cells from rat heart. In whole cells, loaded with ‘caged-ATP’, an increase of intracellular [ATP] following a UV light flash produced a decrease of KATP channel current that was too slow (τ ≈ 300 ms) to be explained by the expected timecourse of ATP release (τ ≈ 3 ms) and the time-course of channel blockade by ATP (τ ≈ 20 ms). In isolated membrane patches, caged-ATP itself caused partial blockade of KATP channels. Under these conditions, photorelease of ATP caused channel activity to decline further. The results suggest that caged-ATP can bind to the KATP channel but, on binding, decreases the open probability to a lesser extent than does ATP. Additionally, the observations indicate that for photolytically-generated ATP to bind to the channel, caged-ATP must first unbind (slowly) from the channel. We conclude that ‘caged-ATP’ is not fully caged with respect to its allosteric action on the KATP channel.
Refining reliability estimation of mobile software systems

In this short paper, we propose an approach for incorporating runtime analysis of components communications and interactions into architecture-level reliability models. The goal is to offer a more refined reliability analysis for mobile and distributed software systems.
Oxygen-17 and deuterium nuclear magnetic relaxation studies of lysozyme hydration in solution: field dispersion, concentration, pH/pD, and protein activity dependences.

Abstract A comparison of 17O and 2H NMR relaxation rates of water in lysozyme solutions as a function of concentration, pH pD , and magnetic field suggests that only 17O monitors directly the hydration of lysozyme in solution. NMR measurements are for the first time extended to 11.75 T. Lysozyme hydration data are analyzed in terms of an anisotropic, dual-motion model with fast exchange of water between the “bound” and “free” states. The analysis yields 180 mol “bound” water/mol lysozyme and two correlation times of 7.4 ns (“slow”) and 29 ps (“fast”) for the bound water population at 27 °C and pH 5.1, in the absence of salt, assuming anisotropic motions of water with an order parameter value for bound water of 0.12. Under these conditions, the value of the slow correlation time of bound water (7.4 ns) is consistent with the value of 8 ns obtained by frequencydomain fluorescence techniques for the correlation time associated with the lysozyme tumbling motion in solutions without salt. In the presence of 0.1 m NaCl the hydration number increases to 290 mol/mol lysozyme at pD 4.5 and 21 °C. The associated correlation times at 21 °C in the presence of 0.1 m NaCl are 4.7 ns and 15.5 ps, respectively. The value of the slow correlation time of 4.7 ns is consistent with the calculated value (4.9 ns) for the lysozyme monomer tumbling in solution. The systematic deviations of the relaxation rates, estimated with the single-exponential approximation, from the theoretical, multiexponential nuclear ( I′ + 1 2 ) spin relaxation are evaluated at various frequencies for 17O ( I = 5 2 ) with the first-order, linear approximation (25). All NMR relaxation data for hydrated lysozymes are affected by protein activity and are sensitive both to the ionization of protein side chains and to the state of protein aggregation.
Particle size threshold in the erosion of metals

Abstract It is postulated that erosive metal loss in the velocity range above 70 m s −1 requires that the deformed material under the particle be heated to a high temperature. The particle size below which the erosion rate drops appreciably is then calculated assuming that it is the diameter range below which heat is carried away so rapidly by conduction that this temperature rise cannot occur. Good agreement between predictions and experimental data is obtained.
LGBTQ adolescents and young adults raised within a Christian religious context: positive and negative outcomes.

Abstract Religious contexts have traditionally been understood as protective for a variety of psychosocial health outcomes. However, the generalizability of these findings to youth who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender or queer (LGBTQ) is questioned due to denominational teachings on same-sex attractions and sexual behavior. Eight adolescents (15–17 years) and 11 young adults (19–24 years) who identify as LGBTQ raised in Christian religious affiliations (16 participants raised in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, 2 participants raised Catholic and 1 participant raised Presbyterian) participated in individual in-depth interviews, journal writings, and focus groups to provide greater insight into the lived experiences of LGBTQ individuals raised within a Christian religious environment. Findings suggest the religious context is related to both positive and negative outcomes. Eight themes are explored using participant's own words and experiences. Directions for future research and implications are discussed.
Prospective middle grade mathematics teachers’ knowledge of algebra for teaching

Abstract This study examined prospective middle grade mathematics teachers’ knowledge of algebra for teaching with a focus on knowledge for teaching the concept of function. 115 prospective teachers from an interdisciplinary program for mathematics and science middle teacher preparation at a large public university in the USA participated in a survey. It was found that the participants had relatively limited knowledge of algebra for teaching. They also revealed weakness in selecting appropriate perspectives of the concept of function and flexibly using representations of quadratic functions. They made numerous mistakes in solving quadratic or irrational equations and in algebraic manipulation and reasoning. The participants’ weakness in connecting algebraic and graphic representations resulted in their failure to solve quadratic inequalities and to judge the number of roots of quadratic functions. Follow-up interview further revealed the participants’ lack of knowledge in solving problems by integrating algebraic and graphic representations. The implications of these findings for mathematics teacher preparation are discussed.
Bombesin: an activator of specific Aeromonas antibody secretion in rat intestine.

The effect of bombesin (BBS) in modulating the secretion of specific Aeromonasantibodies in rat intestine was determined. Rats were immunized with the culture supernatant of Aeromonas hydrophila,isolate SSU. This culture supernatant contained a number of toxins that may be considered virulence factors. After 24 days of immunization, rats were anesthetized and a 10-cm intestinal segment was perfused with phosphate-buffered saline. The effluents were collected for measurement of IgA and IgG by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. When compared with the effect of intravenous administration of normal saline in the control group, intravenous injection of BBS (20 μg/kg) in the experimental group caused a significant increase in rat intestinal IgA and IgG in perfusates. The stimulatory effects of BBS on the presence of IgA and IgG were depressed partially by proglumide, a receptor antagonist of cholecystokinin (CCK) and gastrin. Treatment with pentagastrin (250 μg/kg) accelerated intestinal secretion of IgA, but failed to stimulate intestinal IgG secretion. In addition, intravenous injection of CCK-8 (120 ng/kg) evoked the intestinal secretion of either IgA or IgG. These findings demonstrated that BBS, gastrin, and CCK can stimulate antibody secretion in rat intestine and the stimulatory effect of BBS may be mediated partially via release of CCK and gastrin. These results suggest that neuropeptides such as BBS and gastrointestinal hormones, eg, CCK and gastrin, may participate in the regulation of intestinal secretion of IgA and IgG antibodies, respectively, in rats.
Opioid peptides from milk as a possible cause of sudden infant death syndrome

Milk from breast or baby formula is the exclusive source of nutrition for newborn infants. Short chain opioid peptides such as beta-casomorphins have been isolated from breast milk as well as baby formula. These biologically active peptides are absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. In infants predisposed to respiratory apnea because of abnormal autonomic nervous system development and respiratory control mechanisms, opioid peptides derived from milk might be one of the etiological factors for sudden infant death syndrome and near miss sudden infant death syndrome.
Book Review: Multiple Choice Questions in Plastic Surgery

Kayvan Shokrollahi Iain S. Whitaker Hamish Laing, Editors. Multiple Choice Questions in Plastic Surgery, Shrewsbury, UK: Tfm Publishing, 2009 ISBN-10: 1903378664 ISBN-13: 978-1903378663 ![][1] Our world is becoming smaller through increased interaction and communication with our international colleagues. The editors of Multiple Choice Questions in Plastic Surgery are to be congratulated for assembling such a notable group of contributing authors spanning the globe, representing experts from 17 countries. This easily portable, paperback book spanning the whole of plastic surgery subspecialties is divided into nine sections in a question-and-answer format, similar to in-service and specialty examinations. Topics include plastic surgery history and basic principles, aesthetic surgery, the breast, the trunk and perineum, the hand, pediatric plastic surgery, head and neck surgery, cutaneous malignancies and sarcomas, and trauma. The questions are current, reflecting new techniques such as face transplantation and the scientific advances in immunosuppression that are making allotransplantation possible. Readers are also reminded of complications associated with immunosuppressives and the authors nod to the special considerations inherent when operating on massive weight loss patients. Plastic surgery is a challenging subject partially because of the numerous methods for approaching the same problem. Techniques chosen by a particular surgeon may reflect differences in training, patient factors, available resources, surgeon philosophy, and cultural considerations. With over one-third of … [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
Urea cycle enzymes in retina, ciliary body-iris, lens and senile cataracts

Abstract Carbamylation of lens proteins induces conformational changes and may play a role in the development of cataracts in uremic patients. Thus, the activities of the urea cycle enzymes: carbamyl phosphate synthetase I, ornithine transcarbamylase, argininosuccinate synthetase, argininosuccinase and arginase, were determined in lens, retina and ciliary body-iris of calf and rabbit. No ornithine transcarbamylase activity was found in ciliary body-iris, lens and retina of calf and rabbit whereas carbamyl phosphate synthetase I, argininosuccinate synthetase, argininosuccinase and arginase activities in calf lens were 5·02±0·21, 9·50±0·29, 9·17±0·16 and 6·32±0·19 [μmol (g protein) −1 hr −1 ], respectively. Except arginase, the activities of carbamyl phosphate synthetase I, argininosuccinate synthetase and argininosuccinase in lens were 30–50% of the values in retina or ciliary body-iris. The K m for each of the substrates was obtained for argininosuccinate synthetase, argininosuccinase and arginase of calf lens. Activities of carbamyl phosphate synthetase I, argininosuccinate synthetase, argininosuccinase and arginase in clear human lenses, aged 67–87 years, were 0·11±0·01, 0·67±0·01, 0·20±0·01 and 0·58±0·03 (μmol lens −1 hr −1 ), respectively. Two-fold increase in the activity of arginase was found in senile cataracts, but all other enzymes had 36–87% decreases in activities. It is likely that the rise in arginase activity in cataracts could facilitate polyamine synthesis through ornithine and ornithine decarboxylase and additional formation of cyanate, a carbamylating compound, both of which have been implicated in cataract formation. Further, decreased activities of argininosuccinate synthetase and argininosuccinase together with increased arginase activity could lead to the depletion of arginine in senile cataracts.
Imitation and recall of optionally deletable sentences by young children

A set of sentences written in either an expanded or optionally deleted form were read for imitation and delayed recall to a group of nursery school children. A similar set of sentences had been presented for recall to adults. The older children and adults tended to recall the sentences in deleted forms, regardless of their input form. The youngest child tested, however, recalled the sentences in a fully expanded form, even when they had been presented and imitated in deleted form. The results offer support for the hypothesis of memory for non-linguistic ideas by both children and adults, as well as a demonstration of Slobin's (1973) universal operating principle that when children are first gaining control of an optionally deletable linguistic entity, they will often produce only its full form.
Using Implications for Online Error Detection

In this paper, we investigate the use of logic implications for the online detection of intermittent faults and hard-to-detect manufacturing defects. We present techniques to efficiently identify the most powerful circuit implications that can be checked for violations so that the fraction of errors detected can be maximized while minimizing the additional hardware overhead. Importantly, our approach does not require re-synthesis of the targeted logic; the checker logic is added off the critical path and is run in parallel with the regular control logic. Trade-offs can be easily made between additional coverage of errors and additional area overhead. Our results show that significant error detection is possible - even with only a 10% area overhead.
500 kHz NO2 Molecular Tagging Velocimetry in a Mach 5 Wind Tunnel

NO2 Molecular Tagging Velocimetry (MTV) at repetition rates as high as 500 kHz is demonstrated in a laboratory scale Mach 5 wind tunnel. The method tags a flow by means of the photo-dissociation process NO2 + hϑ → NO + O, with subsequent interrogation of the NO produced using ordinary Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence (PLIF) imaging. In this work a pulse burst Nd:YAG laser, operating a repetition rate as high as 500 kHz, is used to both generate the required 355 nm photo-dissociation beam and as a pump source for a home built Optical Parametric Oscillator which generates the 226 nm output required for NO PLIF imaging. NO2 MTV images were obtained both upstream and downstream of the bow shock created by cylindrical model in a 1% NO2 seeded Mach 5 N2 flow with free stream static pressure and temperature of approximately 0.7 Torr and 50 K, respectively. Least squares curve fitting of the grayscale spatial distribution in the interrogated images enabled extraction of velocity images with statistical uncertainty of approximately 11 m/sec, or 1.6% of the average free stream flow speed of 719m/sec.
The effects of processing conditions on polymer photovoltaic device performance

The work reported here explores the impact of polymer morphology on the physics and performance of perylene benzimidazole/poly(3-hexylthiophene) bilayer photovoltaic devices. By varying both the annealing temperature and the solvent used for polymer deposition, we demonstrate control of the polymer chain morphology. An increase in the relative ordering of the polymer chain conformation is observed through a shift in the absorption onset and absorption spectral shape, and results in improved photovoltaic performance.
THE 1999 LONG ISLAND SOUND LOBSTER MORTALITY EVENT: FINDINGS OF THE COMPREHENSIVE RESEARCH INITIATIVE

Abstract In 1999, the Long Island Sound lobster fishery suffered a significant mortality event, following 2 years of smaller, more localized, die-offs. A national research initiative investigating the potential cause(s) of the mortalities was undertaken under the auspices of the Steering Committee for Lobster Disease Research, a subcommittee of the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission's Lobster Management Board. More than 20 research efforts investigated the effects of anthropogenic and environmental stressors and disease on lobsters over a 3-year period. The findings of the collective projects were synthesized and presented publicly in October 2004. Lobsters, at an all-time high abundance, and possibly already infected with parasitic amoebae, Neoparamoeba pemaquidensis, were subjected to sustained, stressful environmental conditions, driven by above average water temperature. Physiologically weakened and unable to fend off disease (paramoebiasis), many lobsters died.
TWO-PHASE FRICTIONAL PRESSURE LOSS IN HORIZONTAL BUBBLY FLOW WITH 90-DEGREE BEND

The two-phase pressure drop due to the minor loss in horizontal bubbly two-phase flow is studied. In particular, geometric effects of a 90-degree elbow is of interest in the present study. Experiments are performed in air-water two-phase flow near atmospheric pressure condition in round glass tube with inner diameter of 50.3mm. Along the test section, 90-degee elbow is installed at L/D = 206.6 from the two-phase mixture inlet. Experiments are performed in 15 different flow conditions and the local static pressures are measured at five axial locations. Characteristic pressure drop due to the elbow is clearly demonstrated in the profiles of local pressure data along the axial direction. It is also found that the elbow effect propagates and is more significant further downstream than immediate downstream of the elbow. The overall two-phase frictional pressure loss between L/D = 0 and 329 can be predicted well with the Lockhart-Martinelli correlation with parameter C = 25, which is higher than the generally accepted value of C = 20. A correlation for the two-phase pressure loss, including the minor loss due to the 90-degree elbow is developed by employing the approach analogous to that of Lockhart-Martinelli’s. The newly developed correlation suggests that the modified parameter, C = 65 fits best with the experimental data. In addition, the two-phase minor loss factor for the 90-degree elbow is found to be k = 0.58, 50% higher than that recommended for single-phase flow.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
An 8-bit 800- $muhboxW$ 1.23-MS/s Successive Approximation ADC in SOI CMOS

We report on an 8-bit successive approximation analog-to-digital converter (SA-ADC) that was designed and fabricated in 0.5-mum silicon on sapphire CMOS technology. The SA-ADC is capable of 32-MHz operation, providing 1.23-MS/s conversion rates, and consumes 800 muW at 3.3-V supply. The lack of substrate parasitic capacitances enables the use of small-area capacitors and reduces the noise coupling to the analog nodes. The circuits employ MOS transistors of different thresholds to optimize the performance and power dissipation of the system
The profiles of clinical deterioration in schizophrenia

Abstract Deterioration has been a part of the description and process of schizophrenia since Kraepelin. The underlying nature of these neurodynamic deficit processes remains unknown, but their clinical manifestations demonstrate somewhat predictable patterns of expression and progression. Symptomatically, strong affects and positive psychotic symptoms in the early course become less conspicuous with time and are replaced by more thought disorder, disorganized behavior, negative symptoms and deficit cognitive states. Subtypes, when unstable, drift from paranoid to disorganized and undifferentiated and from non-deficit to deficit. Longitudinal data from the schizophrenia sample of the Chestnut Lodge follow-up study illustrate some of these patterns. While the data remain heterogenous, it is likely these deficit processes begin some time before the first manifest signs and symptoms of illness in the prodromal phase and are time limited, diminishing in activity at or shortly after onset in the majority of cases. Currently these processes appear irreversible but anecdotal experience with treatment in the very early phases of schizophrenia suggests that brain plasticity may be retained and that efforts at preventing deterioration should become a focus of active scientific clinical research.
Suicide, Loss, and Mourning

: The intensive treatment of six suicidal patients has been used to explore the relationships among object loss, the mourning process, and suicide. These relationships may be condensed in two propositions: (a) suicidal behavior stems from an arrested grief reaction in which the subject is unable to complete the process of mourning for a lost object; and (b) the suicide's pathological loss reaction is brought about by developmental defects, primarily deficiencies in self-love and individuation. The suicidal subject's mourning reaction is arrested in one or more of the first three stages of grief: shock, protest, or detachment from the lost object.
Novel test pattern generators for pseudo-exhaustive testing

Pseudo-exhaustive testing involves applying all possible input patterns to individual output cones of a circuit. The testing ensures detection of all combinational faults within individual cones. Test pattern generators based on coding theory principles are not tailored for circuit-under-test and generate inefficient pseudo-exhaustive test sets. We shall describe novel hardware efficient test pattern generators that employ knowledge of the circuit output cone structures for generating minimal test sets. Using our techniques, we have designed generators that generate minimum test sets for partitioned versions of the combinational benchmark circuits. >
A bovine seminal plasma inhibitor of actin-stimulated myosin adenosine triphosphatase.

During attempts to isolate bovine sperm actin, persistent low molecular weight proteinaceous (LMWP) contaminants were found. A LMWP fraction waspreparedby gel filtration chromatography on Sephadex Gi 50. The LMWP was found in extracts of washed bovine ejaculated spermatozoa and in clarified bovine seminal plasma. It was substantially reduced in amount in bovine epididymal spermatozoa, indicating that it originated from secondary sex gland secretions. The LMWP inhibited rabbit muscle actin-stimulated myosin adenosine triphosphatase (actin-myosin ATPase) activity. The LMWP:actin ratio for 50% inhibition of actmn-myosin ATPase was 2.6 ± 0.12 mg LMWP per mg actin. The LMWP interfered with actin inhibition of deoxyribonucleasc, indicating that LMWP interacted with aetin. The LMWP from seminalplasma had an estimated molecular weight of 8300 and consisted of several acidic components. It had negligible protease activity and its inhibition of actin-myosin ATPase was independent of divalentcations. The LMWP appears to readily aggregate with itself and other proteins, whichmay be related to its physiological role in semen.
The biology of Pneurnocystis carinii

Abstract Some basic biologic aspects of Pneumocystis are reviewed. From the available data, it is evident that only two stages, the trophozoite and the cyst, have been described, but that the complete life cycle Is unknown. Both of these two stages are found In the alveoli and other tissues of hosts with some forms of immune suppression, but rarely in healthy ones. The current views of how trophozoites evolve into cysts is outlined. No agreement about the classification of Pneumocystis has been reached, and Its protozoan or fungal nature has not been fully confirmed. Recent data obtained with electron microscopy, and biochemical and molecular biologic studies, indicate that Pneumocystis has characteristics more akin to a fungus than to a protozoan. Moreover, the existence of one or of several species of Pneumocystis has not been determined. The mode of transmission of the parasite in nature, between different hosts, remains unconfirmed, although the cyst is believed to play a role.
Antenatal factors associated with significant birth weight discordancy in twin gestations

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate factors that are associated with significant birth weight discordancy. Study design As a part of an ongoing collaborative study of twins, maternal and fetal data were obtained from the medical records of twin gestations at eight medical centers. The study population was divided into groups by difference in birth weight discordancy (≥20%, ≥25%, and ≥30%) Results Severe birth weight discordancy was associated with fetal growth deceleration by 20 to 28 weeks (adjusted odds ratio, 4.90; 95% CI, 3.15-7.64) and between 28 weeks to birth (adjusted odds ratio, 3.48; 95% CI, 1.72-7.06). Antenatal bleeding (adjusted odds ratio, 1.86; 95% CI, 1.08-3.21), preeclampsia (adjusted odds ratio, 1.70, 95% CI, 1.21-2.41), and monochorionicity (adjusted odds ratio, 2.35, 95% CI, 11.71-3.23) were also associated with birth weight discordancy. Conclusion These data demonstrate the importance of the early diagnosis of placental chorionicity, because monochorionicity is associated with a 2-fold increase in birth weight discordancy in twin gestations.
Research on Cognitive Load Theory: Application to E-Learning

The purpose of this article is to review and critique each of the research studies published in this special issue. We will critique each article, derive one or more instructional design heuristics based on the findings for each study, and provide recommendations for extending particular lines of research. Three suggestions are provided concerning cognitive load theory and instructional design adaptations for e-learning.
Adaptive remote-sensing techniques implementing swarms of mobile agents

Measurement and signal intelligence of the battlespace has created new requirements in information management, communication and interoperability as they effect surveillance and situational awareness. In many situations, stand-off remote-sensing and hazard-interdiction techniques over realistic operational areas are often impractical and difficult to characterize. An alternative approach is to implement adaptive remote-sensing techniques with swarms of mobile agents employing collective behavior for optimization of mapping signatures and positional orientation (registration). We have expanded intelligent control theory using physics-based collective behavior models and genetic algorithms to produce a uniquely powerful implementation of distributed ground-based measurement incorporating both local collective behavior, and niter-operative global optimization for sensor fusion and mission oversight. By using a layered hierarchical control architecture to orchestrate adaptive reconfiguration of semi-autonomous robotic agents, we can improve overall robustness and functionality in dynamic tactical environments without information bottlenecking.
On the stabilizability of multiple integrators by means of bounded feedback controls

It is known that a linear system x=Ax+Bu can be stabilized by means of a smooth bounded control if and only if it has no eigenvalues with positive real part, and all the uncontrollable modes have a negative real part. The authors investigate, for single-input systems, the question of whether such systems can be stabilized by means of a feedback u= sigma (h(x)), where h is linear and sigma (s) is a saturation function such as sign(s) min( mod s mod ,1). A stabilizing feedback of this particular form exists if A has no multiple eigenvalues, and also in some other special cases such as the double integrator. It is shown that for the multiple integrator of order n, with n>or=3, no saturation of a linear feedback can be globally stabilizing. >
Borders and Boundaries of State and Self at the End of Empire

Abstract Peoples that span national borders are ambiguous in that they in some ways partake of both nations and in other ways partake of neither. This paper analyzes how the boundary - the power to impose difference - of the United States and Mexico is being eroded by transnational developments causing the structure of the nation-states to become problematic. To the degree that anthropology is an official discipline predicated on the distinction between Self and the alien Other which it presumes to represent, the deterioration of the borders and boundaries of the nation-state have serious implications for its epistemology and legitimacy and its power of representation of transnational communities and of difference in general. Furthermore, as national distinctions decline ethnicity emerges as a consciousness of difference.
GENERATION OF PLUME MAGMAS THROUGH TIME : AN EXPERIMENTAL PERSPECTIVE

Experimental melting studies indicate that secular variations in the geochemistry of many komatiites were determined by secular variations in the depth of melt segregation in plumes. Higher pressures stabilize garnet relative to olivine and pyroxenes, resulting in komatiites with lower A1203, and higher CaO/Al2O3 and Gd/Yb. The experimental work is consistent with the following pressures of melt segregation: 3–4 GPa for Tertiary and Cretaceous picrites and komatiites; 5–7 GPa for most komatiites with 2.7-Ga ages; and 9–14 GPa for komatiites with 3.5-Ga ages. Melting and melt segregation occurred deeper in the past largely because the Earth was hotter, and komatiites area thermometer of this secular cooling. Depth of melting is critically dependent on internal plume temperature, and the geochemistry of most komatiites can be explained by plumes that were ∼ 200°C hotter than the secular cooling Earth model of F.M. Richter. Hot Archean plumes that were 300–400°C above ambient mantle could have experienced melting in the transition zone and the top of the lower mantle. Geological evidence in support of hot plumes is rare, but the best examples can be found in the 2.7-Ga komatiites from the Boston Township of Ontario and the 3.3-Ga peridotite xenoliths from the Kaapvaal craton.
Hadron-Initiated Emission Processes in Blazar Jets

Despite many advances in AGN physics, observationally as well as theoretically, the relativistic matter composition of extragalactic jets remains concealed. In contrast to the so called leptonic AGN emission models, hadronic models consider relativistic protons to be present in those sources, in addition to the relativistic electrons and positrons, and possibly cold material. Here I briefly discuss most processes that are commonly believed to characterize the so-called hadronic AGN emission models, and these include leptonic as well as hadronic processes. As an application predictions for the neutrino output during the TeV-flare of 3C 279 in 2006 are provided.
Promoting Character At Institutions Of Higher Education And In Their Academic Units

Employers are highly interested in the character traits of college graduates. They recognize that these attributes will be an important determinant in the degree of success their organizations will experience. Unfortunately, a significant proportion of students enrolled in public institutions of higher education are not prepared academically, behaviorally, or emotionally for the college experience. In addition, lack of academic integrity on campus poses its own set of problems. Employers also realize that special ethical obligations exist for employees with financial reporting responsibilities. Accountants are required to generate accurate and timely information to stakeholders both inside and outside of the organization. Employers are keenly interested in hiring accountants who are willing to assume the responsibility for promoting integrity throughout the firm. To compete in today’s educational market place, many institutions of higher learning focus upon beautifully manicured grounds, impressively designed and technologically advanced buildings, and learned faculty. Alternatively, do these institutions dedicate adequate resources and expend the necessary levels of energies to promote character and other desirable traits in students? Isn’t character just as important in public higher education as critical analysis or technical skills? This article proposes the development and use of creeds by departments, colleges, and/or universities to underscore the importance of character, scholarship, and performance to students. A creed is a statement of institutional expectations, beliefs, principles, and values. It is a public pronouncement of what a department, college or university holds to be important. It is meant to inspire and encourage commitment to stated ideals and help develop appropriate attitudes across campus. Two versions of a proposed creed, a long and short version, are presented.
Increased Tyr phosphorylation of ZO-1 during modification of tight junctions between glomerular foot processes

The slit diaphragms between the glomerular epithelial foot processes represent a variant of the tight junction that are rapidly replaced by typical tight junctions after perfusion with protamine sulfate (PS). To investigate the mechanism of signaling involved, tyrosine phosphorylation of glomerular proteins was analyzed in newborn, PS-treated, and control rats using antiphosphotyrosine immunoglobulin G. In glomeruli of normal adults, phosphotyrosine (Ptyr) staining was confined largely to mesangial cells by immunofluorescence, whereas in newborn and PS-treated rats, the Ptyr signal was dramatically increased in the glomerular epithelium. By immunogold labeling, it was found that newly phosphorylated proteins were concentrated along the newly formed tight junctions (cell-cell junctions) and the basal membrane of the foot processes (cell-matrix junctions). By immunoblotting, several prominent bands were detected with anti-Ptyr in glomerular lysates of controls; in PS-treated rats, additional bands were detected at 225, 180, and 100 kDa. The 225-kDa protein was identified as ZO-1 by immunoprecipitation with anti-ZO-1 followed by immunoblotting with anti-Ptyr. These findings indicate that ZO-1 is one of the targets for tyrosine phosphorylation after PS treatment. They indicate that phosphorylation of tight junction and other proteins occurs during the formation of tight junctions in glomeruli under circumstances where there are rapid changes in epithelial cell shape.
SEC v. Capital Gains Research Bureau and the Investment Advisers Act of 1940

This paper was prepared for a conference entitled The Role of Fiduciary Law and Trust in the Twenty-First Century: A Conference Inspired by the Work of Tamar Frankel, held at Boston University School of Law in October 2010. SEC v. Capital Gains Research Bureau was the Supreme Court’s first interpretation of the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 and it still stands as a leading case under the Act. The opinion is often cited for the proposition that the Advisers Act imposed a federal fiduciary duty on investment advisers. Yet a careful reading of the case and the underlying statute reveals that neither was intended to create a federal fiduciary standard. Rather, the doctrine developed through statements in subsequent Supreme Court decisions, which misread or disregarded Justice Goldberg’s disquisition in Capital Gains. This article reviews the history of the Capital Gains case and then explains when and how it was misinterpreted to state that Congress established a federal fiduciary duty in the Advisers Act. The last part of the paper discusses implications of this development, including the confusion provoked as Congress and the SEC grapple with whether to impose a fiduciary duty on broker-dealers commensurate with the duty imposed on advisers.
Development of High Dielectric Strength Ceramic Film Capacitors for Advanced Power Electronics

Ceramic film capacitors with high dielectric constant and high breakdown strength are promising for use in advanced power electronics, which would offer higher performance, improved reliability, and enhanced volumetric and gravimetric efficiencies. We have grown lead lanthanum zirconate titanate (PLZT) on nickel foils and platinized silicon (PtSi) substrates by chemical solution deposition. A buffer layer of LaNiO3 (LNO) was deposited on the nickel foils prior to the deposition of PLZT. We measured the following electrical properties for PLZT films grown on LNO buffered Ni and PtSi substrates, respectively: remanent polarization, ≈25.4 μC/cm2 and ≈10.1 μC/cm2; coercive electric field, ≈23.8 kV/cm and ≈27.9 kV/cm; dielectric constant at room temperature, ≈1300 and ≈1350; and dielectric loss at room temperature, ≈0.06 and ≈0.05. Weibull analysis determined the mean breakdown strength to be 2.6 MV/cm and 1.5 MV/cm for PLZT films grown on LNO buffered Ni and PtSi substrates, respectively. Residual stress anal...
Thermal decomposition of ethanol-based biodiesel: Mechanism, kinetics, and effect on viscosity and cold flow property

Abstract Thermal decomposition of the ethanol-based biodiesel (FAEEs) was evaluated in batch reactors by thermal exposure at 250–425 °C for durations from 3 to 63 min, with and without the presence of ethanol. The results of GC analysis show that FAEEs were relatively stable at 250 and 275 °C, and stability reduced as temperature and heating time increased. Major decomposition reactions consisted of isomerization, polymerization, and pyrolysis reactions to form isomers, dimers/polymers, smaller chain FAEEs, hydrocarbons, and carboxylic acids the latter of which are not generated in the decomposition of methanol-based biodiesel (FAMEs). This suggests that when applying the sub/supercritical ethanol technology to produce FAEEs, the reaction temperatures must be modest to avoid generating acids which increases the acid value of the final product. A three-lump model was used to predict concentrations of compounds in the FAEEs stressed at 250–325 °C. The decomposition degree of the FAEEs biodiesel was simulated by using first order one-step reaction models (reversible and irreversible), and results show that the reversible model performed better than the irreversible model except for data of 425 °C. The data show that FAEEs are less stable and decompose more completely than FAMEs. The presence of ethanol was shown to reduce the decomposition. Dynamic viscosity was measured, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to determine the crystallization onset temperatures to represent cold flow properties. The values are significantly influenced by the polymerization and pyrolysis reactions.