cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Challenges and Opportunities in Applied Machine Learning

Machine learning research is often conducted in vitro, divorced from motivating practical applications. A researcher might develop a new method for the general task of classification, then assess its utility by comparing its performance (such as accuracy or AUC) to that of existing classification models on publicly available datasets. In terms of advancing machine learning as an academic discipline, this approach has thus far proven quite fruitful. However, it is our view that the most interesting open problems in machine learning are those that arise during its application to real-world problems. We illustrate this point by reviewing two of our interdisciplinary collaborations, both of which have posed unique machine learning problems, providing fertile ground for novel research.
Civilizing Muslim youth: Egyptian state culture programmes and Islamic television preachers

This article explores the similarities and differences between artist and Islamic preacher discourses on art, culture, and youth in Mubarak-era Egypt in order to highlight the utility and limitations of current anthropological discussions of secularism and religious discursive traditions. By focusing on the shared civilizing and transformative associations of youth, art, and religion, it argues that there is an ingraining of Islamic civilizing traditions into modern governance and vice versa. Furthermore, explaining this phenomenon of ingraining requires that we give more attention to social class and geographical location, nationalism, global and national political-economic shifts, and the complicated ways that globally circulating discourses become entangled.
THE PREVALENCE OF SECOND HARMONIC RADIATION IN TYPE III BURSTS OBSERVED AT KILOMETRIC WAVELENGTHS

We present the analysis of 64 type III solar bursts that drifted from 3.5 MHz down to the range 350-50 kHz between March 1968 and February 1970. Bursts arrival times were predicted by a simple model and then compared with observations. The results show that, as the bursts drift, the fundamental often disappears below a certain frequency range while the second harmonic remains. Below about 1 MHz the second harmonic occurrence predominates. Recognizing this fact we deduce a mean velocity of 0.32c±0.02c for the exciter particles, where the uncertainty is the standard error and c the velocity of light in vacuum; the electron density model used is comparable to a solar wind model.
OXIDATIVE STABILITY AND VITAMIN ELEVELS INCREASED IN RESTRUCTURED BEEF ROASTS WITH ADDED RICE BRAN OIL1

Crude rice bran oil 0, 1%, and 2% (w/w), was added to restructured beef roasts that were stored at 4C and analyzed at 0, 7, and 14 days to determine nutritional properties and oxidative stability. The saturated fatty acid to unsaturatedfatty acid (SFA/UFA) ratio and the content of 7-ketocholesterol decreased (p < 0.05) whereas vitamin E vitamers increased (p < 0.05) in the product with 2% rice bran oil. TBARs numbers were lower (p < 0.05) in roasts with rice bran oil after 7 days of storage. The addition of 2% rice bran oil (w/w) was effective in improving both oxidative stability and vitamin E levels.
Functional interaction of mGlu5 and NMDA receptors in aversive learning in rats

Abstract Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGlu5) has been implicated in a variety of learning processes and is important for inhibitory avoidance and conditioned taste aversion learning. MGlu5 receptors are physically connected with NMDA receptors and they interact with, and modulate, the function of one another in several brain regions. The present studies used systemic co-administration of an mGlu5 receptor positive allosteric modulator, 3-cyano-N-(1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)benzamide (CDPPB) and an NMDA receptor antagonist dizocilpine maleate (MK-801) to characterize the interactions of these receptors in two aversive learning tasks. Male Sprague–Dawley rats were trained in a single-trial step-down inhibitory avoidance or conditioned taste aversion task. CDPPB (3 or 10 mg/kg, s.c.), delivered by itself prior to the conditioning trial, did not have any effect on performance in either task 48 h after training. However, CDPPB (at 3 mg/kg) attenuated the MK-801 (0.2 mg/kg, i.p.) induced learning deficit in both tasks. CDPPB also reduced MK-801-induced hyperactivity. These results underlie the importance of mGlu5 and NMDA receptor interactions in modulating memory processing, and are consistent with findings showing the efficacy of positive allosteric modulators of mGlu5 receptors in reversing the negative effects of NMDA receptor antagonists on other behaviors such as stereotypy, sensorimotor gating, or working, spatial and recognition memory.
Age-related changes in trabecular bone microdamage initiation

With age, alterations occurring in bone quality, quantity, and microarchitecture affect the resistance of trabecular bone to local failure. The clinical implications of these changes are evident by the observed exponential increase in fracture incidence with age. Although age-related development of skeletal fragility is well established, it is unclear how the local failure properties of bone change with age. We previously reported a specimen-specific technique to assess microstructural stresses and strains associated with microdamage initiation but did not assess age-related changes. In this study, we compared younger (average age 2 years) and older (average age 10 years) bovine trabecular bone to evaluate how alterations in bovine bone quantity and quality with age affect the local mechanical environment associated with microdamage formation. The results show strong positive correlations between microdamage and local stresses and strains for both younger and older bovine trabecular bone. Correlation strength was slightly improved (< 8%) for some parameters by incorporating heterogeneous local material properties based on mineral density into the finite element models. Within individual trabeculae, average stresses and strains were significantly higher in microdamaged trabeculae compared to randomly selected undamaged trabeculae, regardless of age. However, damaged trabeculae in older bone were found to have higher stresses and lower strains than those from younger bone. Corresponding differences in mineral density, microarchitecture, and FEM-determined local material properties were also observed between the two groups. Taken together, these data suggest marked age-related changes in the mechanics of microdamage initiation at the trabecular level. The combined experimental, computational, and histochemical approaches used in this study provide an improved understanding of microdamage initiation and bone quality.
Citicoline decreases phospholipase A2 stimulation and hydroxyl radical generation in transient cerebral ischemia

Neuroprotection by citicoline (CDP-choline) in transient cerebral ischemia has been demonstrated previously. Citicoline has undergone several Phase III clinical trials for stroke, and is being evaluated for treatment of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. Phospholipid degradation and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are major factors causing neuronal injury in CNS trauma and neurodegenerative diseases. Oxidative metabolism of arachidonic acid (released by the action of phospholipases) contributes to ROS generation. We examined the effect of citicoline on phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity in relation to the attenuation of hydroxyl radical (OH) generation after transient forebrain ischemia of gerbil. PLA2 activity (requires mM Ca 2 ) increased significantly (P 0.05) in both membrane (50.2 2.2 pmol/min/mg protein compared to sham 35.9 3.2) and mitochondrial fractions (77.0 1.2 pmol/min/mg protein compared to sham 33.9 1.2) after cerebral ischemia and 2 hr reperfusion in gerbil, which was significantly attenuated (P 0.01) by citicoline (membrane, 39.9. 2.2 and mitochondria, 41.9 3.2 pmol/min/mg protein). In vitro, citicoline and its components cytidine and choline had no effect on PLA2 activity, and thus citicoline as such is not a PLA2 inhibitor. Ischemia/reperfusion resulted in significant OH generation (P 0.01) and citicoline significantly (P 0.01) attenuated their formation (expressed as 2,3dihydroxybenzoic acid/salicylate ratio; ischemia/24 hr reperfusion, 6.30 0.23; sham, 2.56 0.27; ischemia/24 hr reperfusion citicoline, 4.85 0.35). These results suggest that citicoline affects PLA2 stimulation and decreases OH generation after transient cerebral ischemia. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Analgesics: Opiate Agonists, Mixed Agonists/Antagonists, and Antagonists for Acute Pain Management

Opioid analgesics represent one of the mainstays in management of acute pain. They are employed in the treatment of moderate to severe pain commonly as part of a multimodal therapy approach. In selecting opioids pharmacokinetics plays an important role since most opioids can be best described as pharmacodynamic equals with respect to their efficacy at receptors and propensity to produce ventilatory depression.
Picosecond optoelectronic diagnostics of field effect transistors

Picosecond optoelectronics provides the capability to measure the frequency response of solid state devices with much greater bandwidth than conventional techniques. Laser-triggered switches acted as pulse generators and samplers to measure the impulse response of a device with a temporal resolution of a few picoseconds. Fourier analysis of the impulse response functions yields scattering matrix parameters with a frequency bandwidth of 40 GHz or more. In comparison, current frequency-domain technology is limited to a 26 GHz bandwidth. (Higher frequencies can be covered with frequency mixing techniques, at the cost of additional noise and experimental complexity.)
Plan guided reaction

A set of architectural concepts that address the needs for integrating high-level planning activities with lower-level reactive or participatory behaviors is presented. Based on lessons learned from the authors' experience with a hierarchical architecture for autonomous cross-country navigation, various pitfalls that may arise from the misuse of abstraction have been recognized. Consequently, a new approach that emphasizes the minimization of information loss both within and between system layers has been adopted. This change in perspective has allowed the authors to greatly enhance the overall capabilities and performance of their system. >
Retrospective analysis of stage I and II indolent lymphomas at the National Cancer Institute

Abstract We have retrospectively reviewed the records of 54 patients with Stages I and II indolent lymphoma treated at the National Cancer Institute between January 1958 and December 1984. Patients were treated by a variety of approaches, with 4854 patients receiving some form of radiation therapy. The median potential follow-up was 9 years (rang 1.7–23.7 years). Overall survival and disease-free survival at 10 years were 69% and 48%, respectively. There were no relapses among Stage I patients after 6.5 years, with 11 of 27 patients followed beyond that time, suggesting that some patients may be cured. Of the 38 patients who received radiation therapy alone as primary treatment, 17 ultimately relapsed. Seventy-one percent of these relapses were nodal. Our data suggest that patients with early stage indolent lymphoma can be treated with curative intent. The finding that most relapses after radiation therapy occur in untreated lymph nodes suggests that total lymphoid irradiation may prolong disease-free survival and, perhaps, overall survival as well.
Modeling Environments: Interactive Causation and Adaptations to Environmental Conditions*

I argue that a phenotypic trait can be an adaptation to a particular environmental condition, as against others, only if the environmental condition and the phenotype interactively cause fitness. Models of interactive environmental causes of fitness generally require that environments be individuated by explicit representation rather than by measures of environmental quality, although the latter understanding of ‘environment’ is more prominent in the philosophy of biology. Hence, talk of adaptations to some but not other environmental conditions relies on conceptions of ‘environment’ importantly different from that commonly presupposed in philosophy of biology.
Hurricane Madness: Teaching, Learning And The Importance Of Flexibility In The Wake Of Disaster

The present study examines stress among college students (N=107) that were exposed to natural disasters at the start of the 2004 Fall Semester after Hurricane Charley and Frances battered Central Florida within three weeks of each other. The study also examines adjustments made by two faculty members during the semester in attempts to reduce student stress while maintaining high academic standards in the wake of disaster. Findings indicate that students experienced a substantial amount of stress as a result of the storms. Of the students surveyed 50 percent indicated they suffered lost wages or income, 65 percent sustained some damage to their residences , and 63 percent experienced moderate to extremely high levels of stress. Concerning the adjustments implemented by the instructors, 84 percent of the students agreed or strongly agreed that the academic quality of their education was not compromised. While educators must have well-designed and planned courses, when disaster strikes, it is imperative that they incorporate creative and flexible teaching methods and policies in their classrooms.
HighSpeed LAN, MAN, and ATM Protocols as Multimedia Carriers

Multimedia applications integrate a variety of media, namely, audio, video, images, graphics, text, and data, each of which has different characteristics and quality-of-service (QoS) requirements. In this chapter, we study several existing (commercially available) and newly proposed LAN (local area networks), MAN (metropolitan area networks), and WAN (wide area networks), mainly ATM (asynchronous transfer mode) protocols, and evaluate their performance for multimedia communications. Specifically, for LAN protocols, we study 100Base-T Ethernets, Ethernet++(the Priority Mode CSMA/CD Protocol), and 100VG-AnyLAN (the Demand Priority MAC Protocol), and compare their collision rates, delay, and throughput in supporting messages of different priorities. For MAN protocols, we first present the FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface). Next, we study four reservation-based MAN protocols, including the IEEE 802.6 DQDB (Distributed Queue Dual Bus), the CRMA (Cyclic-Reservation Multiple-Access), the DQMA (Distributed-Queue multiple-Access), and the FDQ (Fair Distributed Queue) protocols, and compare their performance under various delay and loss constraints. For the ATM protocol, we first present several ABR (Available Bit-Rate) congestion control mechanisms and compare their performance in supporting messages of different burstiness. A new design, the MFRP (Modified Fast Resolution Protocol), is then proposed for ATM burst-level admission control. Its performance is evaluated against existing methods including the FRP (Fast Resolution Protocol), and the AFRP (Adaptive Fast Resolution Protocol). We believe that the simulation experiments and results presented in this chapter will provide important metrics of evaluating high-speed protocols for supporting multimedia traffic. They will also give insight for researchers to explore the essence of different high-speed protocols as multimedia carriers.
Mary Robinson and the Idiot's Guide to Sensibility and Oblivion

Mary Robinson's now infamous depiction of Sappho's leap into the Leucadian deep at the end of her sonnet sequence Sappho and Phaon has been most often read as the poet's celebration or critique of the poetics of sensibility. Understanding this and other moments from her work as arising from the discourse of suicide reveals Robinson working not simply with or against feeling but rather thinking through epistemology more broadly. Beginning with her earliest poems, Robinson repeatedly depicts moments of oblivion that evacuate the ecstasy of sensation and sensibility, or feeling built on empiricist sensation. Sappho, after she becomes stuck singing the same songs of sickly feeling about Phaon, plots her final leap as an exit from an empiricist idiocy – the constant sensing, emoting, and embodying required of the feeling female poet schooled in empiricist epistemology. Placing herself in conversation with friends and philosophers William Godwin and Mary Wollstonecraft, Robinson skirts both contemporary notions of sentimental and rational suicide. Drawing instead on John Locke's discussion of liberty as the choice to think and forbear to think, exemplified in both Locke and Robinson by cliff leaping, Robinson theorizes suicide as a perverse kind of freedom. Sappho's self-destruction in the oceanic void figures a radical turn past Enlightenment forms of knowing – particularly those dependent on sensation and passion – to a new epistemological horizon.
Abstract 180: Are Coil Compaction And Aneurysmal Growth Two Distinct Etiologies Leading To Recurrence Following Endovascular Treatment Of Ruptured Intracranial Aneurysms?

Background: Recurrence following endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysm can be seen in one of four intracranial aneurysms. The recurrence is attributed to either coil compaction or aneurysm growth but these processes have not been studied if these processes are distinct processes or if they act in concert. Methods: Aneurysm recurrence was identified by an independent review of immediate post-procedure and follow-up angiographic images of consecutive patients who had endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms at two medical centers from September 2006-April 2010. The voxel size of the coil mass and aneurysm sac, and the adjacent parent artery were measured using the Analyze Software (Mayo Clinic). To avoid errors associated with absolute measurements on different images, the voxel sizes of the coil masses and aneurysm sac were expressed as a ratio to the voxel sizes of the parent vessel diameter on immediate post-procedure and follow-up angiograms. Increase of aneurysm area or decrease in coil mass of 30% or greater on follow-up angiogram was used to define “aneurysm growth” and “coil compaction”, respectively Results: Based on our criteria, a total of 29 out of 201 patients had aneurysm recurrence at mean follow of 9.1 months (SD 6.3). Of these, 11 patients had coil compaction and 18 had aneurysm growth. There were no patients with both aneurysm growth and coil compaction. The rate of aneurysm growth and coil compaction among patients who were treated for ruptured intracranial aneurysms was 11% and 7% respectively. There were no events of new aneurysmal rupture in either the 11 patients who had coil compaction or the 18 patients who had aneurysm growth over a mean follow-up period of 22 months (range of 9-42 months). Retreatment was performed in 15 of the 18 patients with aneurysm growth and 8 of the 11 patients with coil compaction. The 1 month stroke and death rate after retreatment was similar between patients with aneurysm recurrence due to coil compaction or aneurysm growth. Conclusion: Our study suggests that coil compaction and aneurysm regrowth are two distinct processes that can contribute to aneurysm recurrence. Further studies would have to identify whether each mechanism is associated with a differential risk of aneurysmal rupture.
Temporal effects in binocular vision

The temporal parameters of the rivalry process are determined and the effects on them of stimulus variables are determined. No stimulus effect is found. It is concluded that rivalry is determined by structural properties of the organism.
César Vallejo: para una educación en nuestras vidas

A partir del analisis de cuatro poemas del libro Poemas humanos en este articulo se expone que en la labor poetica de Vallejo hay tambien una escritura que avanza mientras niega la palabra misma. En la exposicion se argumenta que por parte del poeta habria una propuesta para tener en cuenta otro aspecto de la educacion de nuestras vidas, ese de saber que el silencio es parte de nuestras protestas ante los maltratos de los absurdos e ironias de la sociedad, saber que el silencio a la vez es grito. Asimismo que el silencio es un derecho a ejercer frente a las tristezas y otras inconveniencias que para vivir nos plantea la vida en sociedad. Abstract: Based on the analysis of four poems from the book Human Poems in this article it is stated that in the work poetics of Vallejo there is also a writing that goes on while denying the word itself. In the exposition, it is argued that the poet would propose to bear in mind another aspect of education in our lives i.e. to know that silence is part of our protests before the abuses of the absurdities and ironies of society, to know that silence at once is cry. Likewise, silence is also a right to be exercised before the sorrows and other inconveniences posed to live our lives in society. Keywords: Silence; absurd; irony; sadness; right; education DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.2464.4089
DETERMINATION OF CRITICAL PRODUCTION RATE IN BOTTOM WATER RESERVOIR WITH BARRIER

Through analysis of a large ammount of data in bottom water reservoir, we consider that barriers in bottom water reservoir have a great impair on oil production. Critical production rate has been affacted by barrier, so critical production rate formula of Dupuit cannot be used in production. In this paper, barriers in bottom water reservoir have been classified. They are classified by their location in reservoir, i. e. inside and outside reservoir, above and under oil water interface. According to their formation, they can be classified into barriers with lithic and physical property of rock and fluid barriers. Whole barrier pattern and half barrier pattern are put forward, calculating formula and plate of critical production rate of single well in whole barrier pattern are given, and calculation example is provided. The problem of no water cut of oil well production for a long time in bottom water reservoir with barrieris is solved. The method can give reasonable work system of oil well in bottom water reservoir, study the shape and action of reservoir barrier and direct the establishment of artifical barrier.
Multiplex MALDI-MS Imaging of Plant Metabolites Using a Hybrid MS System

Plant tissues present intriguing systems for study by mass spectrometry imaging, as they exhibit a complex metabolism and a high degree of spatial localization. This chapter presents a methodology for preparation of plant tissue sections for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) analysis and the use of a hybrid mass spectrometer for "multiplex" imaging. The multiplex method described here provides a wide range of analytical information, including high-resolution, accurate mass imaging and tandem MS scans for structural information, all within a single experiment. While this procedure was developed for plant tissues, it can be readily adapted for analysis of other sample types.
Exercise and cardiovascular risk in black children

The purposes of this study were to document the prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors in twenty black children to compare methods of measurement of blood pressure, body composition, and smoking; and to evaluate the effects of a ten week aerobic exercise training programme on blood pressure, cholesterol, smoking behaviour, and oxygen consumption. At pretest 25% of the children had blood pressures above the 90th percentile for their age or gender, 60% had a total cholesterol above 180 mg/dl and 35% exceeded 28% body fat. The mean difference score between systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure measurements using a standard mercury sphygmomanometer and the Dinamap manometer was 1.5 (P less than 0.01) and 14.9 (P less than 0.0001) respectively. There was no significant difference in any of the methods used to measure body composition. Finally, there was no significant difference between the groups with regard to the dependent variables. Although the investigators identified the presence of elevated blood pressure, elevated total cholesterol, and obesity in this sample, the aerobic exercise training programme did not alter the risk profile. The authors urge caution in interpreting these results. Selection of the method for measurement of BP should be made with caution. A clear understanding of how each instrument works and its precision must be considered. Selection of the method for measurement of body composition can be based upon factors such as availability of equipment, cost, convenience, and subject preference.
When a Reputation for Innovativeness Confers Negative Consequences for Brands

To date, academic research has uniformly discussed the positive consequences that a reputation for innovativeness can have for brands and/or firms. We extend this work by demonstrating that a reputation for innovativeness can have negative consequences in certain contexts. Specifically, we show evidence that when a brand has a reputation for innovativeness (vs. the absence of this reputation), consumers perceive products from that brand as being more likely to malfunction in contexts where functional risk concerns are relevant. We demonstrate that this shift in anticipated malfunction negatively affects both product quality perceptions and purchase likelihood. Further, we demonstrate four theoretically grounded conditions under which this counter-intuitive effect occurs, and in doing so offer implications for both theory and practice. In addition, we discuss several explanations to reconcile our findings with prior literature.
Influence on parametric four-wave mixing of a two-photon interference effect

If an extended Na vapor column (heat pipe configuration) is subjected to strong laser pumping near two-photon resonance with 3D3/2,5/2 or 4D3/2,5/2 states at pressures above tens of millitorr, strong stimulated emissions are produced by amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) or stimulated electron in hyper-Raman scattering (SEHRS) and by phase matched parametric four-wave mixing (PFWM). These new electromagnetic fields that are generated within the near-resonant nonlinear medium can strongly influence the total atomic response and produce several saturation and total cancellation types of effect.
The Partisan Affect of News Seekers vs. Gatekeepers: Linguistic Differences in Online vs. Front-Page News in Campaign 2012

This article examines if patterns in online news seeking privilege stories featuring more linguistic markers of partisan affect than those positioned by traditional gatekeepers on the print front page. Online “most-read” and print front-page stories covering 8 weeks of the 2012 presidential campaign were submitted to computer-assisted text analysis (n = 302). Guided by research on online and partisan affect, this study hypothesizes that (a) “most-read” stories will feature more supportive language than stories placed on the front page by traditional gatekeepers when the news outlet has a reputation for supporting the incumbent party; and (b) “most-read” stories will feature more antagonistic language than those placed on the front page by traditional gatekeepers when the news outlet has a reputation for supporting the challenger party. The findings show how online audiences opted for stories that featured more linguistic markers of preferred partisan affect than journalists and editors placed on Page One.
Prediction of Academic Success in Associate Degree Medical Laboratory Technician Education

M siuay was aone 10 esiaDiisn me vanauy or crueria usea Tor aamission to a midwest community college MLT-AD program and to determine the relationship between graduate age, college grade point average, ACT scores, and scores obtained on the ASCP MLT-AD Registry Examination. Using ttests, no statistically significant differences were found between graduates and nongraduates in age and ACT composite. However, the f-test was significant in regard to high school rank. Significant relationships were also found between both the college GPA and the ASCP MLT-AD Registry scores and all independent variables except mathematics when Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated. The variables that contributed significantly to the multiple correlation for predicting the college GPA include the ACT composite and age. College GPA and ACT natural science scores contribute to the multiple correlation equation for predicting performance on the Registry exam. Reliance on ACT subsection scores and high school rank for determining program eligibility is unwarranted. Using multiple correlation equations to predict college performance could be a more effective means of selecting students.
Vaccines and immunization

Publisher Summary Immunization has fundamentally altered the global infectious disease ecology. Powerful pathogens, once so prevalent that they toppled empires and laid waste to communities and cultures, are now only a distant memory. Smallpox today only exists in laboratories, and its danger now comes from its perceived threat if employed as a biological weapon. Polio persists in only a few corners of the world just 50 years after development of a vaccine. The indigenous transmission of measles has been drastically reduced throughout the Western Hemisphere. Congenital rubella has been eliminated from the United States and, in much of the world, entire organizations and institutions no longer exist as a result of successful disease elimination through immunization. In developed nations, orthopedic and rehabilitation hospitals have evolved into acute care children's hospitals or have gone out of business altogether, and charitable institutions that were once solely dedicated to fighting infectious diseases like polio have now branched out into other efforts, such as the prevention of birth defects. For many today, deadly infectious diseases are a historic relic without a personal memory or current face. However, the emergence and spread of HIV and its resulting devastation in the latter part of the last century, and the recent emergence of a virulent new strain of avian influenza, coupled with the recognition that the deadly 1918 influenza pandemic, was due to an avian influenza strain that adapted to human-to-human transmission, has made clear mankind's continued vulnerability to epidemic infectious disease.
Novel copolymers of styrene. 8. Fluoro, methoxy, and methyl ring-disubstituted propyl 2-cyano-3-phenyl-2-propenoates

ABSTRACTNovel trisubstituted ethylenes, ring-disubstituted propyl 2-cyano-3-phenyl-2-propenoates, RPhCH˭C(CN)CO2C3H7 (where R is 2-fluoro-5-methoxy, 2-fluoro-6-methoxy, 3-fluoro-4-methoxy, 4-fluoro-3-methoxy, 5-fluoro-2-methoxy, 2-fluoro-6-methyl, 3-fluoro-2-methyl, 4-fluoro-2-methyl, 4-fluoro-3-methyl, 5-fluoro-2-methyl) were prepared and copolymerized with styrene. The monomers were synthesized by the piperidine catalyzed Knoevenagel condensation of ring-substituted benzaldehydes and propyl cyanoacetate and characterized by CHN elemental analysis, IR, 1H- and 13C-NMR. All the ethylenes were copolymerized with styrene (M1) in solution with radical initiation (ABCN) at 70°C. The composition of the copolymers was calculated from nitrogen analysis, and the structures were analyzed by IR, 1H and 13C-NMR, GPC, DSC, and TGA. Decomposition of the copolymers in nitrogen occurred in two steps, first in the 200–500°C range with residue (1.4–3.0% wt.), which then decomposed in the 500–800°C range.
Social Justice in a Post-Affluent Society

Operating under the assumption that the current technological revolution will result in increased unemployment due to smart machines being used in roles traditionally occupied by humans, this article addresses how societal promotion of communitarian pursuits over affluence will lead to increased social justice. A greater reallocation of wealth can be expected when communitarianism thrives because social bonds create a sense of obligation to support less endowed members. Furthermore, even though the shift to a post-affluent society has not yet occurred, millions are already committed to pro-social pursuits and are demonstrating that when people of means embrace social justice, they are willing to share more readily.
Utilization of Interspinous Devices Throughout the United States Over a Recent Decade: An Analysis of the Nationwide Inpatient Sample.

Study Design:Retrospective database study.Objectives:Analysis of economic and demographic data concerning interspinous device (ID) placement throughout the United States to improve value-based care...
Application of Monoclonal Antibodies to the Study of Oral Bacteria and Their Virulence Factors

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the preparation of hybridoma cell lines, which secrete monoclonal antibodies cell surface antigens from two gram-positive bacteria, Streptococcus mutans and Actinomyces viscosus, associated with dental caries formation. A. viscosus monoclonal antibodies were prepared against fimbriae found on the surface of virulent strains of this bacterium. The antibodies were specific for the type 1 fimbriae that mediate binding of the cells to the tooth surface and type 2 fimbriae that promote the cell–cell binding of this bacterium to oral streptococci. Hybridoma cell lines which make monoclonal antibodies to species-specific and serospecific antigens of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, the primary etiological agent in localized juvenile periodontitis were also produced.
Effects of Initial Gleason Grade on Outcomes during Active Surveillance for Prostate Cancer.

Abstract Background Whether men with Gleason 3 + 4 prostate cancer are appropriate active surveillance (AS) candidates remains a matter of debate. Objective to evaluate the effects of initial Gleason grade 3 + 3 or 3 + 4 on clinical outcomes during AS. Design, setting, and participants We retrospectively reviewed outcomes for men on AS between 1990 and 2016 with Gleason 3 + 3 or 3 + 4 who had two or more biopsies. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis We evaluated associations of diagnostic grade with reclassification (upgrade ≥ 3 + 4), treatment, metastasis, adverse surgical pathology, and biochemical recurrence (BCR) after deferred radical prostatectomy (RP), with a sensitivity analysis for the amount of pattern 4 disease. Results and limitations Of 1243 men, 1119 (90%) had Gleason 3 + 3 and 124 (10%) 3 + 4 on initial biopsy. The 5-yr unadjusted reclassification-free survival was 49% regardless of grade, while patients with Gleason 3 + 4 had lower treatment-free survival (49% vs 64%; p Conclusions Gleason 3 + 4 at diagnosis was associated with risk of reclassification, treatment, and BCR. The number of high-grade cores may help in stratifying men with Gleason 3 + 4 disease. Patient summary Some men with Gleason 3 + 4 prostate cancer may be appropriate surveillance candidates, but longer follow-up and evaluation of more patients are necessary.
A calculation method of saturated load based on short-circuit current constraint

Saturated load is city's maximum affordable load, which is very important for urban development planning. As the power grid matures, the short-circuit current gradually becomes the key factor affecting the security of power grid, it is urgent to analysis the saturated load based on grid technology constraint of short-circuit current. In the paper, firstly, the regular pattern of power supply partition is put forward. Secondly, the typical partition structure model is extracted and the relationship between the model parameters and the actual power supply is deduced. Furthermore, a new method of calculating the saturated load level of power grid is proposed with the consideration of different partition structures and different power supply growth modes. Finally, the saturated load of an actual grid is calculated and the accuracy and effectiveness of the method is verified.
Interactions of hydrogen with alkali promoted Ru/SiO2 catalysts: A proton NMR study

Role of H spillover to the silica support was studied using chemisorption; a strongly bound component of spilled over H was found in the silica support which interfered with accurate measurements of active metal sites via volumetric strong H chemisorption. The volumetric chemisorption technique was modified so that measurement times were reduced from 12--36 h to 1 h. The active Ru surface was characterized means of changes in proton spin counts and NMR Knight shifts vs alkali loading. Na, K blocked the active surface of Ru metal, but Cs was pushed off by H chemisorption. The alkali promoters restricted H mobility on both metal surface and at the metal support interfaces; this is consistent with effects on Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. {sup 1}H NMR was used to study the effect of the active metal and promoter on support hydroxyl groups. The OH group density in the silica support decreased with metal and/or promoter loading, but not on a one-to-one basis; the exchange efficiency of the hydroxyls decreased with atomic size of the alkali metal. An additional downfield proton resonance was detected which was assigned to the alkali hydroxide species in the support.
NON-NETWORK BARRIERS TO NETWORK NEUTRALITY

From outside the cyberlaw community, “network neutrality” can seem a shibboleth. The concept receives a great deal of attention,1 but its central importance is not obvious, at least to outsiders. On the contrary, it seems narrow and technical: “Network neutrality is best defined as a network design principle. The idea is that a maximally useful public information network aspires to treat all content, sites, and platforms equally.”2 For most users, who operate beyond these “network design principles,” legal and practical considerations make the Internet non-neutral in a number of respects. Legal limitations, particularly those related to intellectual property, restrict the development of new Internet applications, and practical necessity compels users to rely heavily on non-neutral intermediaries. As Scott McNealy might say, “You [don’t] have [net neutrality] anyway. . . . Get over it.”3 This essay takes a broad perspective on neutrality as its starting point, focusing on several ways beyond the network proper in which the Internet is non-neutral. The topic was prompted in part by what appear to be different views regarding network neutrality held by the authors of the two books that are subjects of this event. David Post, in In Search of Jefferson’s Moose,4 appears to favor, even to celebrate,5 the technical perspective on
Symmetry in Solids

The intent of this book is to demonstrate the importance of symmetry in determining the properties of solids and the power of using group theory and tensor algebra to elucidate these properties. It is not meant to be a comprehensive text on solid state physics, so many important aspects of condensed matter physics not related to symmetry are not covered here. The book begins by discussing the concepts of symmetry relevant to crystal structures. This is followed by a summary of the basics of group theory and how it is applied to quantum mechanics. Next is a discussion of the description of the macroscopic properties of crystals by tensors and how symmetry determines the form of these tensors. The basic concepts covered in these early chapters are then applied to a series of different examples. There is a discussion of the use of point symmetry in the crystal field theory treatment of point defects in solids. Next is a discussion of crystal symmetry in determining the optical properties of solids, followed by a chapter on the nonlinear optical properties of solids. Then the role of symmetry in treating lattice vibrations is described. The last chapter discusses the effects of translational symmetry on electronic energy bands in solids.
BCG Vaccination in the Control of Tuberculosis

The history of the bacillus of Calmette and Guerin (BCG) begins in 1908 when Calmette and Guerin began their work with Lait Nocard, a virulent bovine strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated by Nocard from a cow that had tuberculous mastitis. Calmette and Guerin subcultured the organism every 3 weeks on a glycerinated beef-bile-potato medium. In 1921, after 13 years and 230 subcultures, BCG had lost its virulence for animals (Grange et al. 1983; Gardner 1932; Crispen 1989). The first child immunized with BCG in July 1921 was a newborn whose grandmother had tuberculosis. Since then more than 1 billion children in more than 182 countries throughout the world have been vaccinated with BCG.
Transversal Riemannian Geometry

A Riemannian metricg Q on the normal bundleQof a foliation F is holonomy invariant, if $$\theta \left( V \right){{g}_{Q}} = 0{\text{ for all }}V \in \Gamma L$$ (5.1) . Here we have by definition fors\(s' \in \Gamma Q\) $$\left( {\theta \left( V \right){{g}_{Q}}} \right)\left( {s,s'} \right) = V{{g}_{Q}}\left( {s,s'} \right) - {{g}_{Q}}\left( {\theta \left( V \right)s,s'} \right) - {{g}_{Q}}\left( {s,\theta \left( V \right)s'} \right)$$ A Riemannian foliation is a foliation F with a holonomy invariant transversal metric gQ. The study of these foliations was initiated by Reinhart in 1959 [Re 2].
Characterization of phorbol ester-stimulated serine phosphorylation of the human insulin receptor

Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-stimulated phosphorylation of the human insulin receptor (IR) was characterized and compared in two cell types of different lineage: normal rat kidney epithelial (NRK) cells and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) fibroblasts. PMA stimulation increased IR beta-subunit phosphorylation to 252 +/- 43 and 25- +/- 47% (+/- S.D.) of the unstimulated control in NRK and CHO cells respectively. Tryptic phosphopeptide analysis by Tricine/SDS/PAGE revealed significant differences in the PMA-stimulated phosphorylation of the IR in these two cell types. This phosphorylation of the IR was predominantly located in two tryptic phosphopeptides, and these phosphopeptides were absent in an IR mutant truncated by 43 C-terminal amino acids. The major PMA-stimulated tryptic phosphopeptide from in vivo-labelled CHO/IR was immunoprecipitated with an antibody against residues Ser1315 to Lys1329, and this precipitation was blocked with excess unlabelled peptide containing this sequence. Radiosequencing by manual Edman degradation revealed that this tryptic phosphopeptide was phosphorylated at Ser1315. This PMA-stimulated phosphorylation did not inhibit autophosphorylation of the IR in vivo. These results demonstrate that PMA-stimulated phosphorylation of the IR can exhibit significant differences when expressed in different cell types, and that Ser1315 is a major PMA-stimulated phosphorylation site on the human IR.
Development of Lightweight Sustainable Electric Motors

Abstract There are two ways to manufacture components and devices, the top-down and bottom-up processes. Each process has its advantages and disadvantages. In our group, the bottom-up process was selected to build up electromagnetic devices using nanoscale materials in a series of steps. The design of a lightweight electric motor is described based on using nanoscale materials. Development of the motor is work in progress and various processes and results are described. There are several potential applications for lightweight sustainable electric motors. One billion electric motors are produced in the world each year.
Living-donor grafts for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.

When the would-be recipient of a living-donor liver transplant has hepatocellular carcinoma, it lowers the likelihood of a good outcome. How low does it have to be to make the donor's risk not worthwhile?
Social Conflict Management in Primates: Is There a Case For Dolphins?

Gregarious animals face unavoidable conflicts of interest and thus therefore are likely to evolve behavioral mechanisms that allow them to manage conflict and thus maintain their social bonds. Multiple forms of conflict management characterize primates, but far less research has focused on dolphins, especially under natural conditions. Captive studies of dolphins have confirmed post-conflict reconciliation, a well-studied form of conflict management in primates. The fission–fusion nature of dolphin social systems, along with the vast home ranges of individuals, pose particular difficulties for the study of conflict management. Conflicts among male allies are likely to be a fruitful area for further research on conflict management, both because allies are valuable social partners and because they interact frequently over extended periods.
The Urologist as Researcher

Research in urology takes many forms. This chapter briefly enumerates the different kinds of research and the differences they exhibit in terms of time commitment, funding sources and strategies for success. Additional topics are paper and grant writing, role of a mentor, and time management.
Injury characteristics across functional classes of self-injurious behavior

Self-injurious behavior (SIB) is inherently problematic because it can lead to injuries, including those that are quite severe and may result in loss of function or permanent disfigurement. The current study replicated and extended Rooker et al. (2018) by classifying the physical characteristics of injuries across groups of individuals with automatically maintained SIB (ASIB Subtypes 2 and 3) and socially maintained SIB. Individuals with Subtype 2 ASIB had the most frequent and severe injuries. Further, an inverse relation was found between the level of differentiation in the functional analysis and the number of injuries across groups. Studying the response products of SIB (the injuries) documents the risks associated with SIB, justifies the need for research and the intensive intervention, and advances knowledge of SIB. Additional research is needed to replicate these findings, and determine the variables that produce different characteristics of injury secondary to SIB.
Comparison of Tendon Lengthening with Traditional vs. Accelerated Rehab Following Achilles Tendon Repair: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Objectives:Operative repair of Achilles tendon ruptures have shown successful outcomes. However, little is know about the amount of tendon or repair site lengthening after repair and if lengthening...
The Faculty Academy in Review: What, So What, Now What?

All chapters in this book on leadership, and learning to lead, highlight collaboration across disciplines and institutions. These chapters present various vantage points, but they share an overall focus on Progress involving Professional and Identity-forming Actions of Learning to Lead. These actions are the “What” of our work, and identity-forming actions are impacted through several processes of learning, which include: reciprocal learning, experiential learning, critical reflection (of one’s challenges and effects of self-actions), and openness to differing perspectives. Moreover, codified actions of learning to lead induce and form our Commitment to the Profession (and to others) and exemplify our authentic values of leadership. These values are shaped and molded through influences of affect such as social connections, relational bonds, and trust (built through our connections and relationship). Enacting our values through well-formed social connections, bolstered relational bonds developed over time, and the honored trust shared among Faculty Academy members is the “So what,” or how we learn to lead at our respective institutions and through shared leadership matters. These values and actions demonstrate our unconditional commitment to teaching and teacher education. Lastly, through focusing on progress, learning, actions, and interactions; commitment to the profession, academia, and each other; and our values, connections, bonds, and trust; our continuous ponderings and questioning reveal the “Now what?” or how we take on the challenging Unknown Future to enact our evolving professional selves as leaders and as members of a community founded on shared leadership. This summary chapter highlights selected quotes which capture our understanding of the “What,” “So What,” and “Now What?” of collaborative leadership and learning we have experienced as members of the Faculty Academy and as academics.