cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Juvenile granulosa cell tumor: a clinicopathologic study of three cases with ultrastructural observations.

We have encountered three cases of a recently recognized form of granulosa cell tumor referred to by Scully3,12,13 as the juvenile type, and we have made ultrastructural observations on one case. This variant is encountered almost exclusively in the first two decades, and is characterized at the optical microscopic level by a macrofollicular or a diffuse, sometimes disorderly pattern of growth, often with extensive luteinization and hyperchromatic nuclei. One of our patients developed precocious pseudopuberty. Our ultrastructural observations in this case supported the concept that this tumor is a granulosa cell tumor, and the tumor showed some similarities to previously reported granulosa cell tumors. A spectrum of cells was observed ranging from well differentiated granulosa cells to stromal cells with many intermediate forms present. The stromal cells varied from being fibroblast-like to thecalike. Both granulosa and stromal cells sometimes contained abundant lipid. Evidence of luteinization, i.e. abundant smooth endoplasmic reticulum and tubular mitochondrial cristae, was not noted in either the granulosa or stromal cells. Focal areas of smooth endoplasmic reticulum were found, however, in the cytoplasm of cells intermediate between granulosa and stromal types. These cells may represent the source of steroid hormone secretion.
Activity of Phase I and Phase II enzymes of the benzo[a]pyrene transformation pathway in zebrafish (Danio rerio) following waterborne exposure to arsenite

The environmental pollutants inorganic arsenic (iAs) and benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) are carcinogens often found together in groundwater. The hepatic metabolism of B[a]P is a multi-step process requiring several Phase I and Phase II enzymes, notably cytochrome p450 1A (CYP1A), epoxide hydrolase (EH), and glutathione S-transferase (GST). The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of arsenite (As(III)) on the activity of these enzymes in vivo utilizing adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). Zebrafish were exposed to either 0.4 microM B[a]P, 0.4 microM B[a]P+0.4 microM As(III), 0.4 microM B[a]P+8 microM As(III), 0.4 microM As(III), or 8 microM As(III) for 7 days. Co-exposures to As(III) and B[a]P led to significant decreases in CYP1A enzyme activity (approximately 3-fold) when compared to exposure to B[a]P alone. No similar effects occurred with EH or GST, although B[a]P exposure did significantly increase EH activity. Furthermore As(III) and B[a]P co-exposures significantly decreased CYP1A transcript levels (up to 35-fold) when compared to B[a]P. However, B[a]P-induced CYP1A protein levels remained elevated following co-exposures to As(III). This evidence suggests that As(III) has the potential to modify components of the B[a]P biotransformation pathway in vivo via a disruption of CYP1A activity by way of both pre- and post-translational mechanisms.
Radester, a novel inhibitor of the Hsp90 protein folding machinery.

The antitumor antibiotics radicicol and geldanamycin are potent inhibitors of the Hsp90 protein folding machinery. Radester is a hybrid composed of radicicol's resorcinol ring and geldanamycin's quinone through an isopropyl ester. Radester was prepared, and the cytotoxicity of it and the corresponding hydroquinone were determined in MCF-7 breast cancer cells to be 13.9 and 7.1 μM, respectively. Protein degradation assays were performed on Hsp90-dependent client proteins, Her-2 and Raf, to correlate Hsp90 inhibition to cytotoxicity.
Cellular interaction between subsets of T8 population for maximal suppression of antigen-specific antibody response☆

Abstract The characterization of human keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH)-specific T8 suppressor cell (T8 KLH) generated in vitro with high doses of antigen by using peripheral blood lymphocytes is described. The cellular basis for the generation of specific suppressor-effector functions was examined and it was shown that radioresistant T8 KLH cells could induce a second set of radiosensitive suppressor-effector cells found in a freshly isolated T8 population. Moreover, the T8 KLH population could be divided into T8 KLH TQ1 + and T8 KLH TQ1 − subsets. Both subsets were required for maximal suppression of the anti-DNP antibody response, since neither subset alone induced more than minimal suppression. These results demonstrated that several functionally distinct T8 subpopulations of cells exist, and it is suggested that further resolution of these complex immunological networks in man will be facilitated by the development of unique reagents capable of defining the heterogeneity of the cells involved in suppressor functions.
Exploiting array motion for augmentation of co-prime arrays

In this paper, we combine concepts from synthetic aperture processing and non-uniform linear array theory. Our objective is to use array motion to synthesize an array that can achieve the performance of a filled uniform linear array (ULA), but with fewer sensors than required for spatial Nyquist sampling. The class of physical arrays we use for synthesis are co-prime arrays constructed by nesting under-sampled ULA's with co-prime inter-element spacings. In particular, we use array motion to fill in missing co-array spacings. For co-prime M and N, a physical array of M + 2N - 1 sensors plus modest array motion is used to achieve a filled co-array corresponding to approximately 2MN elements. This facilitates spatial spectral estimation via non-adaptive beamforming over an extended aperture with low sidelobe performance.
SU‐E‐T‐166: Use of an in Vivo Dosimeter to Assess the Implications of Daily Prostate Rotations

Purpose: It is well established that using image guidance for prostate motion allows reduction of margin, dose escalation, decreased toxicity and recently improved outcomes. However, current methods only account for translational motion, not rotational variations. The purpose of this study is to assess whether rotations in anatomy lead to significant changes in the delivered dose for prostate patients. Methods: Under an IRB approved protocol, 11 consecutive patients underwent prostate IMRT using IGRT with implanted metal‐oxide semiconductor field‐effect transistors(MOSFETs); the Dose Verification System (DVS) manufactured by Sicel Technologies. Two dosimeters were implanted per patient. From conebeam CT (CBCT) registration, corrections were applied to all translational errors. For rotations larger than 3 degrees, patient were repositioned and realigned to attempt to correct the rotation. Both translational and rotational errors based on the CBCT were documented. The daily DVS readings were compared to CBCT rotations about each axis (pitch, roll and yaw) and the root‐mean square (RMS) rotation. Results: 372 CBCTimages were acquired. The correlation between rotation and DVS measurement was analyzed using linear regression. The R2 value for pitch was 0.059 and 0.144 for each dosimeter, respectively. For roll, the R2 values were 0.049 and 0.001. For yaw, the values were <0.001. For the RMS rotation, R2 was 0.034 and 0.038. As it could confound results, the angular dependence of the dosimeters was measured during commissioning and found that it was approximately 0.5% for 5 degree rotations. Conclusions: We did not find any significant correlation between prostate rotation around any axis and discrepancy in DVS reading. These results show that rotations seen clinically do not have a substantial effect on the dose delivered to the prostate. Further studies will attempt to determine at what angle rotations begin to affect the dose distribution, if at all.
Buddy enhanced return routability for authentication in mobile IPv6

This paper proposes an improved form of authentication security for Mobile IPv6 called buddy enhanced return routability. Enhanced return routability builds on the foundation of return routability and extends that technique through the use of stochastic route selection for authentication messages. Theoretical work and simulation results show that enhanced return routability strengthens authentication security without adding restrictive overhead requirements or opening up new security holes.
Improving the prediction of disease-related variants using protein three-dimensional structure

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) are an important source of human genome variability. Non-synonymous SNPs occurring in coding regions result in single amino acid polymorphisms (SAPs) that may affect protein function and lead to pathology. Several methods attempt to estimate the impact of SAPs using different sources of information. Although sequence-based predictors have shown good performance, the quality of these predictions can be further improved by introducing new features derived from three-dimensional protein structures. In this paper, we present a structure-based machine learning approach for predicting disease-related SAPs. We have trained a Support Vector Machine (SVM) on a set of 3,342 disease-related mutations and 1,644 neutral polymorphisms from 784 protein chains. We use SVM input features derived from the protein’s sequence, structure, and function. After dataset balancing, the structure-based method (SVM-3D) reaches an overall accuracy of 85%, a correlation coefficient of 0.70, and an area under the receiving operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.92. When compared with a similar sequence-based predictor, SVM-3D results in an increase of the overall accuracy and AUC by 3%, and correlation coefficient by 0.06. The robustness of this improvement has been tested on different datasets and in all the cases SVM-3D performs better than previously developed methods even when compared with PolyPhen2, which explicitly considers in input protein structure information. This work demonstrates that structural information can increase the accuracy of disease-related SAPs identification. Our results also quantify the magnitude of improvement on a large dataset. This improvement is in agreement with previously observed results, where structure information enhanced the prediction of protein stability changes upon mutation. Although the structural information contained in the Protein Data Bank is limiting the application and the performance of our structure-based method, we expect that SVM-3D will result in higher accuracy when more structural date become available.
The derivative of the Riccati matrix with respect to a matrix

The derivative of the solution of the Riccati matrix differential equation is described in this correspondence. Extensive use is made of the calculus of Vetter [8] and the formula for the derivative of the exponential matrix [5]. Additionally the differentiation of partitioned matrices and the differentiation with respect to a symmetric matrix are discussed. Application is made to the sensitivity analysis of optimal estimation systems.
Qualification of plastic encapsulated microcircuits (PEM) for avionicsBased on ``Plastic Encapsulated Microcircuits (PEM) Qualification Testing'', by J. A. Scalise, which appeared in the Proceedings of the 46th Electronic Components and Technology Conference, Orlando, FL, U.S.A., 28–31 May 1996, pp. 392–397. © 1996 IEEE.

Abstract Microcircuit package qualification testing is used to establish the reliability of integrated circuit processes and devices as they relate to part packaging. This paper presents the results of package qualification tests conducted on plastic encapsulated microcircuits (PEMs) and plastic discrete devices (diodes, transistors) used in avionics applications. Highly accelerated stress test (HAST) and temperature cycle (TC) test results, including part failure mechanisms and associated failure rates, are provided. A variety of plastic package styles and integrated circuit functions have been tested. Examples of package styles tested include small outline (SO), plastic leaded chip carrier (PLCC), thin small outline package (TSOP), plastic quad flat package (PQFP) and plastic dual-in-line (PDIP). Manufacturers' devices have been evaluated and various plastic compounds have been compared to determine which provide optimum reliability. The testing showed that package qualification performance of PEMs is affected by type of compound, passivation (including die coat) and die size. HAST failures are caused by moisture penetration of the package while temperature cycle failures result from coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch effects.
Behavioral and neurochemical sensitization following cocaine self-administration.

To determine if behavioral and neurochemical sensitization results from cocaine self-administration, rats were trained to self-administer cocaine for 20 consecutive days (26.5 ± 2.6 mg/kg, IV/day). At 24 h or 21 days after discontinuing cocaine self-administration or yoked saline control, rats were administered an acute injection of saline IP, followed 60 min later by cocaine (15 mg/kg, IP). Cocaine-induced changes in motor activity were monitored with a photocell apparatus and alterations in extracellular dopamine in the ventral striatum were measured with microdialysis. There was no difference between treatment groups in the basal level of extracellular dopamine as determined by in vitro calibration. Neither the motor stimulant response nor the increase in extracellular dopamine following an acute cocaine challenge given after 24 h of withdrawal was different between rats which self-administered cocaine and yoked saline controls. However, when the cocaine challenge was given 21 days after discontinuing cocaine self-administration both the motor response and extracellular dopamine content in the ventral striatum were significantly augmented in rats that self-administered cocaine. While no correlation was observed between the average amount of cocaine self-administered each day and the cocaine-induced alterations in extracellular dopamaine at either 24 h or 21 days of withdrawal, a significant positive correlation was measured between the increase in photocell counts and the average daily cocaine administration at 21 days of withdrawal. These data show that cocaine self-administration produces an augmentation in the acute behavioral and neurochemical response to a cocaine challenge that resembles the sensitization previously demonstrated with repeated noncontingent administration.
Phage passage after extended processing in small-virus-retentive filters

Retention of a two small phages (PhiX-174 and pp7) by direct-flow small-virus-retentive filters [Viresolve NFP (normal-flow parvovirus), Virosart CPV (canine parvovirus), Ultipor DV20 and Planova 20N] was studied using a commercial-process fluid. Phage passage occurred in each filter type, particularly when overloaded with phage. Clearances of pp7 and PhiX-174 were similar for any given filter brand, arguing that the two phages are equivalent for testing small-virus-retentive filters. The patterns of flux under constant pressure and instantaneous LRV (log reduction value) in relationship to cumulative phage load differed between brands, consistent with the current industry understanding that each brand possesses specific performance attributes. Phages are a powerful and universal tool for evaluating filter performance. Validation of filter performance with phages such as pp7 or PhiX-174 as models for small mammalian viruses represents an attractive alternative to the current practice.
Logarithmic divergence of the shear viscosity in the isotropic phase of two cholesterics

Abstract The transition from the isotropic liquid to the cholesteric blue phase in cholesteryl oleyl carbonate and cholesteryl oleyl carbonate and cholesteryl oleate is accompanied by an anomaly in the shear viscosity which follows a pseudocritical logarithmic divergence as a function of temperature.
Barriers to black participation in the American economy

A t t e m p t i n g to chart a rational but effective economic development p~th for black people in America is a peculiarly difficult task because of the double inequalitarianisms of American society. On the one hand, income and wealth (and inevitably, of course, power) are so inequitably distributed in America, irrespective of race, that a powerful case can be made, indeed, must be made, for a total restructuring of the economy as a necessary precondition for genuine black economic development. On the other hand, the society is so ridden with racial inequality and racial prejudice that astute black people are rightly skeptical about blindly supporting any of the numerous movements for revolutionary economic change in America. Such-movements are inevitably led and financed by whites, so even should they prove successful in bringing about revolutionary economic change, they offer no guarantee that white socialism would be any more free of racism than is white capitalism.
TUBERCLE BACILLARY EXTRACTS IMMUNOGENIC FOR MICE. 7. ELECTROPHORETIC ANALYSES.

Summary The water-soluble extract of trypsin-digested tubercle bacilli which specifically immunizes mice and guinea pigs against tuberculosis can be separated by agar gel electrophoresis into two inert fractions and one active one. The two inert constituents are cathodic and are detectable by conventional electrophoresis and immunoelectrophoresis. One is a heavy molecular weight polysaccharide, and the other appears to be a peptide. The immunizing fraction on the other hand, is strongly anodic, having a mobility 1·87 times that of human serum albumin at pH 8·2. It was detected and identified by preparatory electrophoresis coupled with in vivo tests for its immunogenicity, and its mobility then was defined with greater precision by a new technique—two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis. This modification of conventional immunoelectrophoresis was necessary because of the extreme lability of immunoprecipitates produced by reaction between the immunogen and a specific antiserum. The rapid mobility of the immunogen also was confirmed by two-dimensional agar gel electrophoresis using 6,9-diamino-2-ethoxy-acridine as a semispecific indicator for it: this acridine dye precipitates the immunogen without precipitating the two non-immunogenic contaminants of trypsin extract. The data presented indicate that the immunogen is a very poor inducer of humoral antibody formation. Its strongly anionic charge, taken together with previously published data, suggests that is may be a polysaccharide strongly bound to a negatively charged peptide or that it may be acidic polysaccharide or mucopolysaccharide normally located in the cell wall or cell membrane of tubercle bacilli.
Kinetics of Cristobalite Formation from Silicic Acid

Rate experiments made on the transformation of silicic acid into cristobalite, in the temperature range 945° to 1085° C, have demonstrated the existence of a measurable nucleation period. From its variation with temperature, a value of 102.8 kcal. per mole has been calculated for the activation energy of the nucleation process. A second step of the transformation, involving the growth and perfecting of the new phase, has been shown to occur with an activation energy of 50.9 kcal. per mole. From the shape of the rate curves it has been calculated that a superstructure having fairly well-defined sequence rhythms of alternating three- and two-layer structural units might be the end product of heating silicic acid in the temperature range covered by the present experiments. It also has been demonstrated that the degree of disorder increases from the core to the surface of the transforming cristobalite crystals.
Prospective recruitment of patients with congestive heart failure using an ad-hoc binary classifier

This paper addresses a very specific problem of identifying patients diagnosed with a specific condition for potential recruitment in a clinical trial or an epidemiological study. We present a simple machine learning method for identifying patients diagnosed with congestive heart failure and other related conditions by automatically classifying clinical notes dictated at Mayo Clinic. This method relies on an automatic classifier trained on comparable amounts of positive and negative samples of clinical notes previously categorized by human experts. The documents are represented as feature vectors, where features are a mix of demographic information as well as single words and concept mappings to MeSH and HICDA classification systems. We compare two simple and efficient classification algorithms (Naive Bayes and Perceptron) and a baseline term spotting method with respect to their accuracy and recall on positive samples. Depending on the test set, we find that Naive Bayes yields better recall on positive samples (95 vs. 86%) but worse accuracy than Perceptron (57 vs. 65%). Both algorithms perform better than the baseline with recall on positive samples of 71% and accuracy of 54%.
zic-1 Expression in Planarian Neoblasts after Injury Controls Anterior Pole Regeneration

Mechanisms that enable injury responses to prompt regenerative outgrowth are not well understood. Planarians can regenerate essentially any tissue removed by wounding, even after decapitation, due to robust regulation of adult pluripotent stem cells of the neoblast population. Formation of pole signaling centers involving Wnt inhibitors or Wnt ligands promotes head or tail regeneration, respectively, and this process requires the use of neoblasts early after injury. We used expression profiling of purified neoblasts to identify factors needed for anterior pole formation. Using this approach, we identified zic-1, a Zic-family transcription factor, as transcriptionally activated in a subpopulation of neoblasts near wound sites early in head regeneration. As head regeneration proceeds, the Wnt inhibitor notum becomes expressed in the newly forming anterior pole in zic-1-expressing cells descended from neoblasts. Inhibition of zic-1 by RNAi resulted in a failure to express notum at the anterior pole and to regenerate a head, but did not affect tail regeneration. Both injury and canonical Wnt signaling inhibition are required for zic-1 expression, and double-RNAi experiments suggest zic-1 inhibits Wnt signaling to allow head regeneration. Analysis of neoblast fate determinants revealed that zic-1 controls specification of notum-expressing cells from foxD-expressing neoblasts to form the anterior pole, which organizes subsequent outgrowth. Specialized differentiation programs may in general underlie injury-dependent formation of tissue organizing centers used for regenerative outgrowth.
Changes in formal sex education: 1995-2002.

Although comprehensive sex education is broadly supported by health professionals funding for abstinence-only education has increased. Using data from the 1995 National Survey of Adolescent Males the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) and the 2002 NSFG changes in male and female adolescents reports of the sex education they have received from formal sources were examined. Life-table methods were used to measure the timing of instruction and t tests were used for changes over time. From 1995 to 2002 reports of formal instruction about birth control methods declined among both genders (males from 81% to 66%; females from 87% to 70%). This combined with increases in reports of abstinence education among males (from 74% to 83%) resulted in a lower proportion of teenagers overall receiving formal instruction about both abstinence and birth control methods (males 65% to 59%; females 84% to 65%) and a higher proportion of teenagers receiving instruction only about abstinence (males 9% to 24%; females 8% to 21%). Teenagers in 2002 had received abstinence education about two years earlier (median age 11.4 for males 11.8 for females) than they had received birth control instruction (median age 13.5 for both males and females). Among sexually experienced adolescents 62% of females and 54% of males had received instruction about birth control methods prior to first sex. A substantial retreat from formal instruction about birth control methods has left increasing proportions of adolescents receiving only abstinence education. Efforts are needed to expand teenagers access to medically accurate and comprehensive reproductive health information. (authors)
Early referral for 24-h esophageal pH monitoring may prevent unnecessary treatment with acid-reducing medications.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) affects nearly 25 % of adults; however, an objective diagnosis is rarely established. We hypothesized that patients’ symptoms and response to acid-reducing therapy are poor predictors of the outcome of 24-h esophageal pH monitoring. A review of 24-h esophageal pH monitoring studies performed at an ambulatory tertiary care center between 2004 and 2011 was performed. Demographics, type of GERD symptoms, and duration and response to acid-reducing medications before referral for pH monitoring were collected. DeMeester score, symptom sensitivity index (SSI), and symptom index (SI) were tabulated and compared with the patients’ symptoms and response to medical therapy. One hundred patients were included. Of all reported symptoms, only heartburn was more common in patients with positive DeMeester scores, but there were no correlations between any symptoms and SSI or SI scores. Sixty-nine percent of patients with esophageal symptoms had a positive DeMeester score compared with only 29 % of patients with extraesophageal symptoms (P < 0.01). Esophageal symptoms and endoscopic evidence of GERD significantly increased the likelihood of having a positive DeMeester score, but they had no influence on SSI or SI scores. There was no correlation between response to acid-reducing medications and DeMeester, SSI, or SI scores. A total of 536 person-years of acid-reducing medications were prescribed to the study population, of which 151 (28 %) were prescribed to patients who had a negative pH study. Extraesophageal symptoms and response to empiric trials of acid-reducing medications are poor predictors of the presence of GERD and the DeMeester score is more likely to identify GERD in patients who met other empiric diagnostic criteria than SSI or SI. Early referral for 24-h esophageal pH monitoring may avoid lengthy periods of unnecessary medical therapy.
Neue Sterine aus dem Kaktus Wilcoxia viperina

Aus den Wurzeln des Kaktus Wilcoxia viperina konnten neben Cholesterin, Campesterin, β-Sitosterin und Peniocerol drei neue α.β-ungesattigte Steroidketone isoliert werden. Eines dieser Ketone ist mit synthetischem 3β -Hydroxycholesten-(7)-on-(6) identisch, die beiden anderen, Viperidon und Viperidinon, sind Mono-und Dihydroxyderivate dieser Verbindung. Die Ergebnisse der katalytischen Hydrierung und spektroskopische Daten zeigen, das sich die zusatzlichen Hydroxygruppen in 9α-bzw. 9α- und 14α-Stellung befinden.
A note on elevated total gaseous mercury concentrations downwind from an agriculture field during tilling.

Abstract Elevated mercury concentrations were measured at the University of Connecticut's mercury forest flux tower during spring agricultural field operations on an adjacent corn field. Concentrations at the tower were elevated, a peak of 7.03 ng m − 3 over the background concentration of 1.74 ± 0.26 ng m − 3 , during times when the prevailing wind was from the direction of the corn field and during periods when the soil was disturbed by tilling. Strong deposition to the forest was recorded at the point of measurement when atmospheric mercury concentrations were elevated. The strongest deposition rate was a 1 hour maximum of − 4011 ng m − 2 h − 1 following the initial peak in atmospheric concentrations, Analyses of the meteorological conditions and mercury content in agricultural soil, manure and the diesel consumed in the tilling operation indicate that the source of the mercury was from the agricultural tilling operations and it was advected over the tower enriching the atmospheric concentrations above the forest canopy leading to deposition. These results indicate that agriculture operations resulting in a disturbed soil surface may be a source of atmospheric mercury originating from the pool of mercury bound in the soil. This represents a previously undocumented source of mercury emissions resulting from anthropogenic activities.
Youth Access, Creation, and Content of Smokeless Tobacco ("Dip") Videos in Social Media

Abstract Background Smokeless tobacco (SLT) use among white adolescent males has increased in recent years, and prevalence of SLT use among adolescent males exceeds that for smoking in several U.S. states. Recent reports have described the presence of cigarette-related content on social media Web sites popular among youth; however, little has been reported on SLT content. Methods The YouTube video search engine was searched for the popular SLT brand Skoal, and the first 50 search results were downloaded. Video statistics data were collected for and content analysis was performed on all videos featuring smokeless use (82%). Access to SLT YouTube videos by youth was also determined by assessing whether YouTube permits youth viewing and creation of SLT videos. Results Mean number of views for videos analyzed was 15,422, and the most watched video had 124,276 views. Descriptions of SLT flavor/smell and social references/interactions were found in 48.8% and 63.4% of videos, respectively. By contrast, references to drug (nicotine) effects (12.2%) and public health messaging (9.8%) were less common. None of the SLT videos in the sample had restrictions that would block youth viewing. In addition, evidence of self-identified youth creating SLT videos was found for 13% of unique users in the sample. Conclusions YouTube does not restrict youth from creating or viewing "dip videos." Proactive efforts are needed to ensure that YouTube and other online media do not become influential vehicles for tobacco promotion to youth.
Perturbative approach to an orbital evolution around a supermassive black hole

A charge-free, point particle of infinitesimal mass orbiting a Kerr black hole is known to move along a geodesic. When the particle has a finite mass or charge, it emits radiation which carries away orbital energy and angular momentum, and the orbit deviates from a geodesic. In this paper we assume that the deviation is small and show that the half-advanced minus half-retarded field surprisingly provides the correct radiation reaction force, in a time-averaged sense, and determines the orbit of the particle.
Preliminary report on a system for general space planning

A computer language and a set of programs within that language are described which allow the formulating and solving of a class of space planning problems. The language is an extension of Algol and includes means to represent spaces and objects, to manipulate them, and to test the resulting arrangements according to a variety of constraints. The algorithms used to solve problems expressed in this language rely on heuristic programming. Both the language and the search algorithms are detailed.
Effects of feeding dry-rolled corn-based diets with and without wet distillers grains with solubles and zilpaterol hydrochloride on performance, carcass characteristics, and heat stress in finishing beef steers.

Zilpaterol hydrochloride (ZH) has been approved for use since 2006; however, there is no research on any interactions between ZH and co-products such as wet distillers grains and solubles (WDGS). Additionally, there is no published information on the potential effects of ZH on heat stress in feedlot cattle. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to determine the effects of feeding dry-rolled corn-based diets with and without WDGS and ZH on performance, carcass characteristics, and heat stress in finishing beef steers. Four hundred thirty-eight steers were used (415.3 ± 2.1 kg BW) in a randomized complete block design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Factors consisted of inclusion of WDGS 0% or 30% on a DM basis and inclusion of ZH at 0 or 84 mg/steer daily for 21 d at the end of the finishing period. Thus, cattle were blocked by BW and randomly assigned to 1 of the resulting 4 treatment combinations: 1) dry-rolled corn (DRC)-based diet with 0% WDGS and 84 mg/steer ZH (CON+ZH), 2) DRC-based diet with 0% WDGS and no ZH (CON-ZH), 3) DRC-based diet with 30% WDGS and 84 mg/steer of ZH (WDGS+ZH), and 4) DRC-based diet with 30% WDGS and no ZH (WDGS-ZH). Final live BW, carcass-adjusted BW, ADG, and G:F were greater for cattle fed ZH than non-ZH fed cattle (P < 0.01). Additionally, cattle fed ZH consumed 7.4% less DM than cattle not fed the additive (P < 0.01). Cattle fed ZH for 21 d also had a 2.9% greater HCW (P < 0.01), a 1.1% greater dressing percentage (P < 0.01), 7.3% greater LM area (P < 0.01), and an 8.4% improvement in yield grade (P < 0.01) than cattle not fed ZH. For the main-effect of WDGS inclusion, ADG was greater for cattle fed 0% vs. 30% WDGS (P = 0.04) and G:F also tended to be greater for cattle fed 0% vs. 30% WDGS (P = 0.07) for the 21 d ZH feeding period. However, when evaluated over the entire experiment, cattle fed 30% vs. 0% WDGS had a greater ADG and G:F (P < 0.01). Furthermore, cattle fed 30% vs. 0% WDGS had a greater dressing percentage and tended to have a greater amount of 12th rib fat (P < 0.07). The slopes for change in respiration rate and panting score per day were positive, but not different across dietary treatments (P = 0.57 and P = 0.54, respectively). Likewise, the slopes for change in respiration rate and panting score when accounting for environmental conditions were positive, but not different across dietary treatments (P = 0.46 and P = 0.32).
Psychometric Properties and Underlying Assumptions of Two Measures of Masculinity/Femininity

The psychometric properties and assumptions underlying the terms masculinity and femininity were examined using two psychometrically and conceptually different measures of masculinity/femininity, the Femininity Scale from the California Psychological Inventory and the Bern Sex-role Inventory. Participants were 221 male and 221 female undergraduate and graduate college students. The results of principal components and correlational analyses indicated that (a) the Femininity Scale is not a unidimensional, bipolar measure, (b) the scale primarily measures stereotypic sex-role orientations, (c) the Bern scale measures two independent, unipolar personality styles (an instrumental and agentic personality style and an expressive and communal personality style), as well as social maturity, and (d) the two scales share a stereotypic notion of masculinity/femininity. It was also suggested that the Femininity Scale may be utilized to index changes in society's definitions of masculinity and femininity and that the i...
Interpretation of rotational temperatures of auroral N2+ bands—I Proton impact at intermediate energies

Abstract Laboratory experiments have been performed to find the rotational temperature of the first negative bands of N 2 + when nitrogen is excited by proton collisions at energies between 10 and 30 keV. In this range there is little difference between the gas temperatures and the apparent (rotational) temperatures obtained by proton excitation. The question of the correspondence between auroral N 2 + temperatures and the gas temperatures in the high atmosphere is reviewed. In spite of the agreement reported here, the matter is still not definitely settled. For a confident interpretation of auroral N 2 + band structure, further experimental work is required.
Characterization and autoradiographic localization of histamine H1 receptors in human nasal turbinates

Abstract To examine the localization of histamine H 1 receptors (H 1 R) in human nasal mucosa, the autoradiographic distribution of H 1 R was studied in human nasal inferior turbinates. Cryostat sections were incubated with various concentration of [ 3 H]pyrilamine in saturation-binding studies and with 1 nmol/L of [ 3 H]pyrilamine for autoradiography. Nonspecific binding was determined by adding 2 μgmol/L of pyrilamine. Scatchard analysis demonstrated high-affinity binding sites with a maximum binding capacity of HR of 193 ± 46 fmol/ mg of protein, and dissociation constant was 0.6 ± 0.1 nmol/L. Autoradiograms indicated H 1 R exist exclusively on the endothelium of vessels. No specific labeling could be observed in the submucosal glands or epithelium. These results extend and support our previous finding that histamine directly causes vascular permeability through HR and stimulates nasal glandular secretion indirectly through reflexes.
17-Hydroxypregnenolone Responses in Adolescent Girls with Acanthosis Nigricans

Abstract Study Objective: The HAIR-AN syndrome, a chronic anovulatory state, is characterized by hyperan-drogenism, insulin resistance, and acanthosis nigricans (HAIR-AN). To better characterize the interrelationship between steroidogenesis and carbohydrate metabolism in the initiation of the HAIR-AN syndrome, we report pilot studies of adrenal steroidogenesis and insulin sensitivity in adolescent girls. Design: Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) stimulation tests were performed to assess the relative adrenal contribution to hyperandrogenism and exclude errors in steroidogenesis. Oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) were performed to determine insulin sensitivity. Participants: We studied four obese adolescent girls referred for evaluation of hirsutism and/or menstrual irregularities who were found to have acanthosis nigricans. Results: All four girls had elevated basal testosterone levels; 3 had an elevated 17-hydroxypregnenolone (17-Preg) incremental elevation at 30 minutes; all had insulin resistance during OGTT; two also had impaired glucose tolerance. Conclusions: These patients fulfill the diagnostic criteria for the HAIR-AN syndrome. Two of four girls had responses to ACTH stimulation consistent with dysregulation of 17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase (P450cl7), one of several postulated causes for chronic anovulatory syndromes. One girl had an elevated 17-Preg incremental elevation and an increased stimulated 17-Preg/17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-Prog) ratio, responses consistent with decreased 3s-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity. The fourth patient appears to have normal steroidogenesis. This preliminary work is consistent with etiologic heterogeneity of the HAIR-AN syndrome.
Origins of Our Moral Code [Ethically Speaking]

Arguments over the cause of human behavior - genetic or environmental - are difficult to arbitrate. Our genes constrain who we are, but our environment influences how we act. It is difficult to tell whether genetics or environment is the root of any behavior. Even if a behavior is genetic, should it then be tolerated? “My genes made me do it” is not a very good defense for bad behavior.
The flight attendant uniform: Effects of selected variables on flight attendant image, uniform preference and employee satisfaction

When a job situation requires the wearing of a uniform, as is the case with flight attendants, both image projected by the uniform and employee preferences are important. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of components of a uniform on image of, and preference for, the uniform. It was also designed to assess the effects of both uniform attributes and opportunities for feedback on satisfaction with one's own uniform. Using survey data from 121 flight attendants, it was found that differences in neckwear and footwear did not have a significant effect on preferences but did have significant effects on image. Data on liked and disliked features of the flight attendants' own uniforms identified fit and fabric as the two main sources of dissatisfaction. The data on opportunities for feedback about the uniform supported the proposition that more opportunities for feedback may result in greater employee satisfaction.
Acute lung toxicity and sudden death in rats following the intravenous administration of the plasticizer, di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, solubilized with Tween surfactants.

Intravenous administration of 200-300 mg/kg of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) solubilized in aqueous solutions of several Tween surfactants caused respiratory distress in rats. There was a dose-dependent lethality with death generally occurring within 90 minutes after injection. The lungs from DEHP:Tween treated animals were enlarged, generally darkened, and in some cases showed hemorrhagic congestion. Neither the overt symptoms nor the morphologic alterations resulting from DEHP:Tween administration could be reproduced by intravenous administration of aqueous Tween solutions alone. The absence of pulmonary abnormalities following the intravenous administration of DEHP as an aqueous emulsion given either alone or even as soon as 2 minutes after pretreatment with Tween 80, suggests that the specific in vivo interaction between DEHP and Tween surfactants depends on the prior formation of water-soluble micelles of DEHP.
Bending of gel beams: Effect of deflection rate and Hertzian indentation

Abstract When the modulus of a gel rod is measured by beam-bending, the modulus that is obtained may be the shear modulus (if the deflection rate is high) or Young's modulus (if the deflection rate is low). This behavior results from the flow of liquid within the rod, as explained previously [J. Non-Cryst. Solids 142 (1,2) (1992) 18–35]. In this paper, the problem is re-examined in more detail, using a new analysis for a cylindrical beam subjected to three-point bending. Criteria are provided for determining the accuracy of the modulus measurement. In particular, it is shown that significant indentation occurs at points of contact with the pushrod and the end supports, and this must be taken into account to get an accurate measure of the elastic modulus of the gel. The analysis is compared to data for silica gel and shown to be in excellent agreement.
Cancer risk factors among men of diverse Hispanic or Latino origins.

Background: Personal health behaviors play a fundamental role in premature cancer morbidity and mortality. However, routine risk factor data on Latino groups are lacking. Knowledge of cancer risk prevalence by ethnoregional groups is particularly important for development of effective prevention and control strategies. Methods: Using the diverse populations and sites involved in the National Hispanic Leadership Initiative on Cancer (NHLIC): En Accion, this paper examines prevalence of six cancer risk factors among Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, and Central American adult males in eight U.S. cities. Data were collected through two telephone surveys. The 1993–1994 sample consisted of 4170 males (2041 <40 years and 2120 ≥40 years). The 1997–1998 sample consisted of 4486 males (2286 <40 years and 2200 ≥40 years). Results: Clear differences exist in risk factor prevalence among Latino subgroups. Overall, riskiest behaviors were found among Mexican American men in Texas, more of whom smoked, engaged in acute alcohol drinking, and had poorer diets and higher obesity levels than other Latino men. Conclusions: Root causes of these ethnoregional differences are likely due to both economic and cultural factors. Cancer prevention and control strategies and programs should be tailored to address specific needs of each population group.
Design optimization of a laser bond tool

This study is concerned with the design of a laser bond tool operating at a laser power of less than 8 W, having a life of more than 25000 bonds and meeting the laser safety requirements of the manufacturing environment. The finite-element method (FEM) was used to predict temperature and stress profiles during the bonding process. Laser tool optimization involves selection of wall and cap thicknesses to provide a fast temperature rise of the tool-wire interface while maintaining stresses at a safe level. For the range of wall and cap thicknesses considered, it was found that there is a critical wall thickness above which the stresses induced in the tool are not conducive to tool cracking. Larger wall thickness, however, was found to adversely affect the transient thermal energy transmitted to the wire: Capping thickness was found to be a minor contributor to the stresses induced in the tool. A tool having a capping thickness of 260 /spl mu/m and wall thickness of 250 /spl mu/m was recommended.
Lithium ion conductivity in single crystal LiFePO4

Although extensively studied as a potential Li rechargeable battery cathode in its powder form, very little is known about the anisotropy of the ionic and electronic transport properties in LiFePO4 as it may be manifested in single crystal studies. Here, we report on the conductivity of lithium ions along three principal axis directions in single crystal LiFePO4 as a function of temperature by AC impedance spectroscopy. Despite the apparent quasi-two dimensional nature of the crystal structure, suggestive of facilitated inplane diffusion, we show that Li diffusion in LiFePO4 is, to a large extent, confined to one dimension through tunnels along b-axis (using the Pnma symmetry group notation), implying oriented powders in batteries may improve the performance of this material as a cathode in rechargeable batteries. Our results may also explain the numerous failed attempts to enhance the ionic conductivity by introducing divalent and trivalent substitutions to Li+ that, although produce vacancies in the Li sheets, may concurrently impede the diffusion in the tunnels.
Architectural Considerations for Efficient Software Execution on Parallel Microprocessors

Chip multiprocessors (CMPs) and simultaneous multithreading (SMT) processors provide high performance but put more pressure on the memory interface than their single-thread counterparts. The "memory wall" problem is exacerbated by multiple threads sharing a memory interface, and will get worse as more cores are added. Therefore, communications between cores, using shared caches or fast interconnects between private caches, are needed to keep the CPUs busy without burdening the memory interface. Multiple CMP systems add another dimension to this challenging problem, as the communication mechanism is no longer uniform. To parallelize data-intensive applications for high performance on these systems, one must explore a number of execution behaviors in a complex architecture-dependent exercise that entails identifying key components of the communication subsystem and understanding their behavior under varying workloads. As part of ongoing research into efficient program execution models for parallel microprocessors, we have developed a tool to evaluate the performance of the storage controllers at different levels of the memory hierarchy under varying workloads and measure cache coherence overhead. The tool allows exploration of architectural features of real processors that affect the performance of several parallel execution approaches. Here, we demonstrate its use by evaluating two of our parallel programming models that employ architecture-specific optimizations and compare them to a conventional model for several applications on parallel microprocessors.