cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Joshua Lederberg, PhD: Nobel Laureate, Geneticist, and President Emeritus of The Rockefeller University

In 1958, the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine went to a young man of 33 years of age for his discovery that bacteria reproduce by the mutual exchange of genes and that some viruses carry hereditary materials from one bacterial cell to another. Rather than rewarding the culmination of an individual's career, the Prize represented only the beginning of a long, fruitful, and varied one. The recipient was Dr Joshua Lederberg, whose lifelong research activity has been in the field of genetic structure and function in microorganisms. He went on to become President of Rockefeller University and a vital force in the development of computer technology and policies concerning scientific issues associated with space exploration. In addition to the Nobel Prize and the National Medal of Science, Lederberg has been awarded numerous honorary Doctor of Science and Medical Doctor degrees, as well as the LLD from the University of Pennsylvania. He has been awarded a Foreign Membership of the Royal Society, London, and he holds the rank of Commandeur in the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres of the French Republic. In February 1997, he received the Maxwell Finland Award of the National Foundation for Infectious Diseases. He is an honorary life member of the New York Academy of Medicine and received its John Stearns award for 1996. He is a past chairman and now honorary life governor of the New York Academy of Science. This article provides an overview of Dr Lederberg's life, and in doing so seeks to capture the rich thread of moral and ethical fiber and the deep concern for humanity and the environment that characterize his emphases, products no doubt of the spiritual heritage imparted to him by his devout rabbi father and mother.
New observables in 2H(e,e′p)n

Abstract This presentation includes a review of the available data on response functions in the 2 H( e , e ′ p ) n reaction. In a set of new measurements, high quality data on the interference response functions have been obtained, and are described here. A discussion of several future measurements is also presented. High quality data on the response functions is essential for the characterization of the electromagnetic currents in the deuteron.
The Wasp System: An open source environment for managing and analyzing genomic data

The challenges associated with the management, analysis and interpretation of assays based on massively-parallel sequencing (MPS) are both individually complex and numerous. We describe what we believe to be the appropriate solution, one that represents a departure from traditional computational biology approaches. The Wasp System is an open source, distributed package written in Spring/J2EE that creates a foundation for development of an end-to-end solution for MPS-based experiments or clinical tests. Recognizing that one group will be unable to solve these challenges in isolation, we describe a nurtured open source development model that will allow the software to be collectively used, shared and developed. The ultimate goal is to emulate resources such as the Virtual Observatory of the astrophysics community, enabling computationally-inexpert scientists and clinicians to explore and interpret their MPS data. Here we describe the current implementation and development of the Wasp System and the roadmap for its community development.
Obstacles to the Free Movement of Professionals: Mutual Recognition of Professional Qualifications in the European Union

Abstract European states are experiencing a shortage of healthcare workers, and hiring managers are increasingly looking for foreign-trained health professionals to fill care shortages. However, these workers often experience difficulties with the transfer of their professional qualifications across national borders. This article investigates the recognition of Polish nursing qualifications in the EU, studying the directives for mutual recognition of nursing qualifications, negotiations over Poland’s Accession Treaty, and efforts by the Polish Chamber of Nurses and Midwives to reverse its discriminatory conditions. It is argued that the exclusion of the Polish nursing unions from the accession negotiations constitutes a democratic deficit, and that the creation of a single European market is not yet achieved. The findings are placed in a larger discussion about the Europeanization of healthcare delivery, the harmonization of curricula in higher education, and the consequences of these developments for the free movement of skilled workers within the EU.
Design of an assistive eating utensil for an individual with arthrogryposis multiplex congenital

A capstone project team meets with an individual with arthrogryposis who cannot bend his elbows or feed himself efficiently due to elbow contractures. An automatic fork is being designed to assist the client in self feeding. With the push of a button, the fork with the food on it will move toward his mouth for ingestion. The project is intended to increase his independence and self esteem.
Preparation and catalytic properties of cationic rhodium(I) complexes containing 2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphino)biphenyl

Abstract Complexes of the type [Rh(cod)(bpbp)]X (cod is 1,5-cyclooctadiene, bpbp is 2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphino)biphenyl, and X is Cl − , d -α-bromocamphor-π-sulfonate [( d )-C 10 H 14 O 4 SBr] − , PF 6 − or B(C 6 H 5 ) 4 − ) are discussed, [Rh(cod)-(bpbp)] [( d )-C 10 H 14 O 4 SBr] was obtained in optically active form. The catalytic activities of these complexes were evaluated through the hydrogenation of 2-acetamidoacrylic acid (AAA) and α-acetamidocinnamic acid (ACA). They are so active that in their presence hydrogenation takes place at ambient temperatures and pressures. Hydrogenations by the use of the (+) 589 -forms gave optically active N -acetyl-( R )-alanine and N -acetyl-( R )-phenylalanine.
Predator-Prey Interactions between Stoneflies and Mayflies: Behavioral Observations

Field experiments were conducted at two streams to determine the mechanisms by which mayfly prey detect and avoid stonefly predators, and to quantify the effect of stonefly predators upon mayfly behavior, distribution, and activity levels. Direct observations of the interactions be- tween stoneflies and mayflies were made at Otter Creek, Sauk County, Wisconsin, USA and the East River, Gunnison County, Colorado, USA using plexiglass boxes with screen ends and an artificial substrate. Ephemerella subvaria and Stenonemafuiscum, Otter Creek, avoided the stonefly predator Acroneuria lycorias given only noncontact chemical stimuli. Ephemerella infrequent and Baetis bicaudatus, East River, responded to long-range chemical stimuli from Megarcys signata and Ko- gotus modestus, East River. Baetis phoebus and Heptagenia hebe, Otter Creek. and Cinygmula sp., East River, did not respond to stonefly predators given long-range chemical cues alone. Differences among responses of different mayflies may be due to differential predation pressure or effectiveness of predator evasion tactics. None of the species of mayflies tested responded to the presence of stonefly predators given only visual stimuli. The Ephemerella species assumed a "scorpion"-like display posture upon encounter with the stoneflies. This posture may increase the apparent size of the mayflies which are then rejected by the tactile predators. The Baetis species characteristically swam or drifted in response to contact with the stonefly predators. Predator evasion could partially explain the high incidence of this genus of mayflies reported in stream drift. The remaining mayflies, of the family Heptageniidae, showed an effective crawling evasion upon contact with stonefly predators. Ephemerella infrequens and B. bicaudatus differentially responded to contact with three different stonefly predators in the East River. Both species of mayflies evaded contact with Pteronarcella badia, a large omnivorous stonefly which morphologically resembles M. signata, significantly less frequently than they evaded M. sig- nata and K. modestus upon contact. The mechanism by which this differentiation occurs could be chemotactile. Cinygmula sp. avoided all stoneflies equally regardless of size or relative threat of consumption. Tactile stimuli are probably responsible for this behavior.
Blastocladiella emersonii zoospore maintenance factor: A quantitative bioassay used to characterize extracellular appearance and maintenance of factor and interactions between factor, zoospores, and salt

Abstract A quantitative bioassay for Blastocladiella emersonii zoospore maintenance factor (ZMF) is documented analyzed. The basis of the assay is an antagonistic interaction between NaCl and ZMF; the former elicits rapid encystment in zoospore populations whereas the latter counteracts this effect. Dilution techniques are used to quantitate the effects of each variable in terms of percentage rapid encystment. Each conditional bioassay variable examined (NaCl concentration, assay pH, cell density, zoospore age, time of assay) appears to affect the sensitivity of zoospore populations to ZMF rather than the level of ZMF activity per se. In particular, zoospore populations “age,” in terms of lowered sensitivity to ZMF, in the following ways: (a) “zoospore aging” without NaCl added and either with or without ZMF added; and (b) “delayed encystment” with NaCl and different fixed levels of ZMF added. ZMF activity in the medium (buffered CaCl 2 ) accumulates gradually during sporulation; under bioassay conditions and even at subsaturating levels of ZMF activity, activity recoverable from the medium remains stable over long time intervals (4.5–24 h) whether populations remain zoospores or germinate. Populations incubated without added ZMF, whether they remain zoospores or germinate, do not detectably release ZMF activity into the medium. We discuss the following proposals concerning the functions of ZMF: (a) ZMF acts as a negative regulator of the mechanics of zoospore encystment; and (b) ZMF acts as a self-generated, natural dispersal signal for the organism.
Regional Therapies for Cancer

Surgical oncology continues to see the expansion of regional therapies for patients with advanced malignancy. This evolution and advance reaches far beyond cytoreductive surgery with hyperthermic chemoperfusion (CRSHIPEC) to limb infusion and perfusions as well as isolated liver perfusion and hepatic artery directed therapies. In this issue of Annals of Surgical Oncology, articles from the Seventh International Symposium on Regional Cancer Therapies have been solicited to offer insights into the management of advanced malignancies. These articles reveal the varied application of techniques in addition to addressing controversy, pointing to new technology, and forecasting the future in the field. Within this series of manuscripts, 4 articles are dedicated to the management of appendiceal neoplasm. CRSHIPEC is a well-established treatment for mucinous appendiceal cancers. Although the relationship between extent of resection and morbidity is well described, a paucity of data exists regarding the extent of resection and the oncologic outcome. Wagner et al. have reported experience with 282 patients with appendiceal carcinomatosis undergoing CRS-HIPEC. Within their series they examined a group undergoing ‘‘extensive’’ CRS and found this cohort did not have higher morbidity, mortality, or inferior oncologic outcomes compared with the control group of those with less extensive resection. 1
Using wavelet transforms in 3D mapping

The Naval Research Laboratory's Digital Mapping, Charting and Geodesy Analysis Program is investigating the application of wavelet technology to terrain approximation in 3D mapping. The wavelet transform allows us to obtain the frequency content of gridded elevation data while retraining the spatial context. We use a 2D discrete wavelet transform (DWT) to reduce Digital Terrain Elevation Data to low and high frequency components. The low frequency components represent widespread fluctuations in terrain and over large areas give a very close approximation to the original data set. Each application of a wavelet transform gives us a 75% reduction in the amount of data that must be displayed. A level 2, 2D DWT allows us to represent large amounts of terrain data with only 6.25% of the original data. A reverse transform on the reduced data set makes possible the restoration of any level up to the original data with only minor loss, making the application suitable for multi-resolution systems. This application is also ideal for time-critical applications. Processing 1,073,179 DTED elevations down to 67,304 takes approximately one-half second. Optimized triangulated irregular network algorithms are reported to require over 45 seconds for a similar sized data set. We describe the application of wavelet technology to Internet-based 3D mapping. In addition to custom 2D maps that may consist of vector, raster and gridded data, users may generate 3D maps by area-of-interest.
HIGH RESOLUTION FOURIER TRANSFORM SPECTROSCOPY OF SHALLOW ACCEPTORS IN ULTRA-PURE GERMANIUM

The excitation spectra of shallow acceptors in ultra-pure germanium (109 cm-3 < NA − ND < 1012 cm-3 were studied using Fourier Transform Spectroscopy and photothermal excitation. Using samples with a total number of less than 108 acceptor atoms, the signal to noise ratio was better than 100. In the purest samples the natural width of some excited states was found to be below the instrumental resolution of 0.03 meV (= 0.25 cm-1). Some new observations involve the resolution of lines of states near the top of the valence band and the discovery of two unknown shallow acceptors.
Pancreatic Neuroendocrinology: Peripheral Neural Mechanisms in the Regulation of the Islets of Langerhans*

The islets of Langerhans are richly vascularized and both the islet cells and blood vessels are intimately associated with a variety of autonomic nerves. Direct electrical stimulation of the nerves in vivo or pharmacological stimulation of the islets with neurotransmitters in vitro results in changes in the rate of release of islet hormones. The purpose of this paper is to describe the anatomy of the islet in relation to its vascular supply and both motor and sensory autonomic nerves, which may play a role in altering the secretion rate of islet hormones. Evidence for catecholaminergic, cholinergic, and peptidergic nerves as well as possible peptide neurotransmitters in the pancreas is examined. Secondly, physiological and pharmacological studies are reviewed that reveal how efferent autonomic neural activity leads to altered islet secretion rates. Third, because the complex structure of the islet is supplied with a variety of autonomic nerves, the evidence for excitation of these nerves via reflex activa...
Neural dynamics of feedforward and feedback processing in figure-ground segregation.

Determining whether a region belongs to the interior or exterior of a shape (figure-ground segregation) is a core competency of the primate brain, yet the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Many models assume that figure-ground segregation occurs by assembling progressively more complex representations through feedforward connections, with feedback playing only a modulatory role. We present a dynamical model of figure-ground segregation in the primate ventral stream wherein feedback plays a crucial role in disambiguating a figure’s interior and exterior. We introduce a processing strategy whereby jitter in RF center locations and variation in RF sizes is exploited to enhance and suppress neural activity inside and outside of figures, respectively. Feedforward projections emanate from units that model cells in V4 known to respond to the curvature of boundary contours (curved contour cells), and feedback projections from units predicted to exist in IT that strategically group neurons with different RF sizes and RF center locations (teardrop cells). Neurons (convex cells) that preferentially respond when centered on a figure dynamically balance feedforward (bottom-up) information and feedback from higher visual areas. The activation is enhanced when an interior portion of a figure is in the RF via feedback from units that detect closure in the boundary contours of a figure. Our model produces maximal activity along the medial axis of well-known figures with and without concavities, and inside algorithmically generated shapes. Our results suggest that the dynamic balancing of feedforward signals with the specific feedback mechanisms proposed by the model is crucial for figure-ground segregation.
Evidence of temperature dependent activation barriers for near-threshold aqueous photoionization of 2′-deoxyguanosine and tryptophan

Abstract Alkaline 2′-deoxyguanosine undergoes one- and two-photon laser photoionization at 266 nm. Similar to tryptophan and indole, the one-photon quantum yield increases five-fold between 296 and 362 K. Earlier Arrhenius analyses of tryptophan and indole photoionization rate constants, yielded unreasonably large pre-exponential factors (1013– 10 18 s −1 ). An analysis employing pre-exponential factors for diffusion controlled reactions (1010– 10 11 s −1 ) provides evidence of activation barriers that decrease with increasing temperature over a range where water structure undergoes significant changes. In the context of Marcus theory, this analysis suggests that curvatures of the electron-transfer free energy surfaces decrease as temperature increases.
Nitric oxide synthesis from L-arginine modulates renal vascular resistance in isolated perfused and intact rat kidneys

This study tested the effects on renal hemodynamics of blockage of nitric oxide (NO) synthesis from L-arginine with N G -methyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA) using both intact and isolated perfused rat kidneys. Infusion of L-NMMA into anesthetized rats increased the mean arterial pressure and reduced the glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow only when the renal perfucion pressure was maintained at control levels. In isolated kidneys, L-NMA increased vascular resistance; this was attenuated by coadministration of L-arginine.
Doping properties of selected impurities in Hg1−x Cdx Te

The doping properties of selected impurities in Hg1-x Cdx Te have been determined. Primary emphasis is on elements from Groups IB and IIIA, expected to substitute on the metal sublattice, and on elements from Groups VA and VIIA, expected to substitute on the Te sublattice. In addition, the behavior of some elements from Group IV as well as behavior of Li has been determined. Impurities were introduced into Hg1-x Cdx Te either by diffusion or during crystal growth. Cu, Ag and Li are fast diffusing acceptors, Ga is a fast diffusing donor, Al and Si are donors which require high diffusion temperature to effect diffusion, P and As are slowly diffusing acceptors and Br is a slowly diffusing donor. Sn appears to be inactive. In general, impurities substituted on the metal sublattice are rapid diffusers while those substituted on Te sites are slow diffueers.
Proposition: family-based treatment is overvalued Position: opposed

For myself, I am interested in science and in philosophy only because I want to learn something about the riddle of the world in which we live, and the riddle of man's knowledge of that world. And ...
Genetic aspects of bladder cancer progression

Neoplasia is the result of cumulative genetic damage. Cytogenetic analysis identifies abnormalities of chromosome number and structure. Abnormal mode, wide variation in chromosome number, and aneuploidy are associated with loss of differentiation and advanced stage in bladder cancer. Marker chromosomes have been associated with increased risk of recurrence and progression of superficial, low-grade tumors. With the use of banding techniques, aberrations can be assigned to specific chromosomes and significant nonrandom abnormalities have been identified on chromosomes 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, and 17. With the use of molecular biology techniques, allelic deletions, proto-oncogene activation, and mutations can be detected and correlated to the pathophysiologic events that determine the biologic behavior of a particular tumor. Allelic deletions of chromosome 9q are independent of stage and grade and suggest that loss of a tumor suppressor gene on chromosome 9q may be an important primary event in the genesis of bladder cancer. Deletions of chromosomes 11p and 17p, evident only in high-grade tumors, may be important in bladder cancer progression.
Theoretical Study of Solvent Effects on the Thermodynamics of Iron(III) [Tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)]porphyrin Chloride Dissociation

A quasichemical method that combines ab initio treatment of explicit solvent with dielectric continuum models has been used to study the origin of a strong effect of methanol on the extent of iron(III) [tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)]porphyrin chloride dissociation in acetonitrile−methanol solutions. It is shown that the dissociation is energetically more favorable in methanol than in acetonitrile primarily because of the strong specific interactions between the chloride anion and the solvent methanol molecules in its first solvation shell. These interactions are weaker in acetonitrile. The final estimate for the difference in the dissociation free energies in methanol and acetonitrile is −23 kJ/mol, in a good agreement with the experimental value of −21 kJ/mol. Energy decomposition analysis of chloride−solvent interactions suggests that stronger chloride−methanol binding is a result of the contribution of charge delocalization effects to the chloride−methanol interactions.
Optimizing cost and performance trade-offs for MapReduce job processing in the cloud

Cloud computing offers a new, attractive option to customers for provisioning a suitable size Hadoop cluster, consuming resources as a service, executing the MapReduce workload, and paying for the time these resources were used. One of the open questions in such environments is the choice and the amount of resources that a user should lease from the service provider. In this work1, we offer a framework for evaluating and selecting the right underlying platform (e.g., small, medium, or large EC2 instances) and achieving the desirable Service Level Objectives (SLOs). A user can define a set of different SLOs: i) achieving a given completion time for a set of MapReduce jobs while minimizing the cost (budget), or ii) for a given budget select the type and the number of instances that optimize the MapReduce workload performance (i.e., the completion time of the jobs). We demonstrate that the application performance of a customer workload may vary significantly on different platforms. This makes a selection of the best cost/performance platform for a given workload being a challenging problem. Our evaluation study and experiments with Amazon EC2 platform reveal that for different workload mixes the optimized platform choice may result in 37–70% cost savings for achieving the same performance objectives when using different (but seemingly equivalent) choices. The results of our simulation study are validated through experiments with Hadoop clusters deployed on different Amazon EC2 instances.
Various modes of the equiangular spiral antenna

The 2-, 4- and 6-arm planar spiral antennas were excited by various feeding arrangements, and the pattern, phase variation and polarization of their fields were measured. It was found that the modes predicted by the solution of the infinitely-many-arms spiral antenna could be excited by spiral antennas that had only a small number of arms. In particular, we succeeded in exciting the "unpreferred" mode of the spiral antenna. Measurements also showed that in addition to the main mode of the spiral antenna, the field also contains higher order modes, which actually dominate the main mode in certain regions.
Inappropriate Use of Emergency Medical Services Transport: Comparison of Provider and Patient Perspectives

Objectives: To determine the extent of inappropriate ambulance use from the perspectives of both emergency medical services (EMS) providers and patients utilizing EMS transport, assess level of agreement, and identify variables associated with inappropriate ambulance use. Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study was done of a consecutive sample of patients arriving by ambulance during the month of February 1997 at an urban university hospital ED. EMS providers and patients completed a survey with questions regarding their perceptions of whether the need for ambulance transport was an emergency or a nonemergency. Patient demographic information and availability of alternate means of transportation to the hospital were also evaluated. Results: Eight hundred eighty-seven patients were included in the study. EMS providers thought that 501 patient transports were appropriate and represented true emergencies, whereas 689 patients believed their medical problems were true emergencies. A significant number of patients (n = 415, 47%) had access to alternative transportation to the hospital. Blunt traumatic injury and altered mental status were the most common reasons for EMS transport. Patient characteristics significantly associated with EMS provider perception of a true emergency were male gender, age >51 years, higher education, chest pain/cardiac complaints, shortness of breath/respiratory complaints, and Medicare insurance. Characteristics significantly associated with patients who perceived themselves to have true emergencies were black ethnicity, higher education, shortness of breath/respiratory complaints, and Medicare insurance. There was 75% agreement between EMS providers and patients on appropriateness of ambulance transport (kappa = 0.84). Conclusion: Inappropriate ambulance use is a significant problem from both EMS provider and patient perspectives. Certain patient characteristics are associated with a higher probability of appropriate and inappropriate uses of EMS transport. A large number of patients transported by ambulance have alternative means of transportation but elect not to use them.
Optimal mine production scheduling: evaluation of large scale mathematical programming approaches

Computational difficulties arising in the solution of linear programming models have mitigated against their widespread use in mine scheduling. These difficulties are identified and discussed and key avenues for further research are isolated.
Antioxidant activity and antimicrobial properties of phenolic extracts from acerola (Malpighia emarginata DC) fruit

Summary The antioxidant activity and antimicrobial property of phenolic extracts from acerola (Malpighia emarginata DC) fruit were assessed. The contribution of ascorbic acid and phenolic compounds in the total antioxidant capacity of the extracts was also evaluated. The extracts showed high total phenolic values and possessed high antioxidant activity as expressed by 2,2′-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity assays (ORAC). The ascorbic acid content ranged from 405 to 1744 mg/100 g of fruit on a fresh weight basis. The antioxidant capacity of the phenolic fractions was in the following order: anthocyanins<phenolic acids<flavonoids. The phenolic fractions contributed 7.1–36.5% of the antioxidant activity expressed by ORAC, whereas the contribution of ascorbic accounted for 18–39% of the total activity. Selected extracts from the flavonoids fraction showed some activity against Staphylococcus aureus.
Practical application of non-whole animal alternatives: summary of IRAG workshop on eye irritation testing

In November 1993, the Interagency Regulatory Alternatives Group (IRAG) sponsored a workshop to examine the current scientific status of alternatives to the Draize eye irritation test by assessing the current practical application of methods used to predict in vivo eye irritation. Laboratories from around the world were invited to submit detailed in vitro and in vivo data in parallel according to a specific set of guidelines in a consistent format. In vitro scores were compared with individual tissue scores. Over 60 data sets from 41 laboratories were received for 29 different test methods. Methods were grouped into five categories: organotypic models, chorioallantoic membrane-based assays, cell function-based assays, cytotoxicity assays and other systems. Data submissions and correlation analyses have been used to demonstrate the application of guidelines in method evaluations. Findings are summarized and future directions are indicated. A significant outcome of the workshop was the co-operation demonstrated among representatives of industry, academia and government in sharing test data on more than 2000 chemicals, products and product formulations for evaluation by their peers. Information obtained from this workshop will add to the weight of scientific evidence and scientific consensus about in vitro test methods and will establish credibility for regulatory acceptance of non-whole animal alternatives for ocular irritation.
Incidence of basal needle necrosis of pines in relation to environmental factors

Abstract Basal needle necrosis (BNN) of pines is characterized by necrotic lesions on the surface of needles within the needle sheath, with or without hypertrophy or needle splitting and resin exudation. Interpretations vary on the possible association of BNN with atmospheric sulphur dioxide or hydrogen fluoride pollution. In this study there is no correlation of the frequency of BNN of ponderosa and Scotch pines with foliar fluoride in the ranges of 1 to 229 μg g −1 (dry weight, as F) or sulphur content of needles (0·057 to 0·153%, dry weight as S), or with a combined fluoride-sulphur index in the western areas of the United States sampled. Hence, these air pollutants appear to play no causal or contributory role in B N N frequency. No other environmental factor emerged in the study as a likely cause of the syndrome. No correlation of B N N was found with the number of years the needles are retained or tree condition (crown fullness and colour), indicating that the syndrome is of little or no economic significance in pines. A significant correlation of B N N frequency with the amount of debris between the needle bases in the fascicle is equivocal as to cause and effect; the debris may have a causal role in B N N, or B N N-caused exudates may cause debris to be retained.
The relative stabilities of the copper hydroxyl sulphates

The literature contains considerable disagreements on the relative stabilities of the members of the copper hydroxyl sulphate family. Titration of copper sulphate with sodium hydroxide is claimed by some to produce only brochantite, while other reports indicate that antlerite and a dihydrate of antlerite are produced in the titration. Most stability field diagrams show that antlerite is the more stable stoichiomer at pH 4 and sulphate activity of 0.05–1. We have reexamined this stoichiometric family by titration of aqueous copper sulphate with sodium hydroxide and sodium carbonate, reverse titration of sodium hydroxide with copper sulphate and simultaneous addition of copper sulphate and sodium hydroxide at a variety of mole ratios, concentrations, temperatures and reaction times. We have also explored the reaction of copper hydroxide with copper sulphate and the reaction of weak bases, such as sodium acetate, sodium carbonate and urea, with copper sulphate. Our work indicates that: (1) antlerite is not formed in reactions of 0.05 to 1.2 m CuSO4 with 0.05–1.0 m NaOH or Na2CO3 at room temperature; (2) antlerite is formed in the addition of small concentrations of base (≤0.01 m) to 1 m CuSO4 at 80°C, but not at room temperature or with 0.01 m CuSO4 at 80°C; (3) the formation of Cu5(SO4)2(OH)6.4H2O occurs at large Cu2+ to base mole ratios; (4) the compound described in the literature as antlerite dihydrate is actually Cu5(SO4)2(OH)6.4H2O; (5) at mole ratios of Cu2+ to OH− ranging from 2:1 to 1:2 the predominant product is brochantite; and (6) brochantite and Cu5(SO4)2(OH)6.4H2O are converted to antlerite in the presence of 1 m CuSO4 (the latter requires temperatures of 80°C or greater). The Ksp (ion activity product) values of antlerite and brochantite were determined to be 2.53 (0.01)×10−48 and 1.01 (0.01) ×10−69, respectively, using atomic absorption spectroscopy and Visual MINTEQ after equilibration in solutions of varying ionic strength and pH for six days. These values are in good agreement with those from the literature. However, after 6 months, antlerite in contact with solution is partially converted to brochantite and hence is metastable with a relatively low conversion rate. The Ksp value for antlerite must therefore be considered approximate. The relative stabilities of the copper hydroxyl sulphates are rationalized using appropriate equations and Gibbs energy calculations. A Gibbs free energy of formation for Cu5(SO4)2(OH)6.4H2O of −3442 kJ/mol was obtained from the simple salt approximation. The very restricted conditions required for the formation of antlerite are rationalized with a stability field diagram at 80°C.
The response of an insect parasitoid, Ormia ochracea (Tachinidae), to the uncertainty of larval success during infestation

Ormia ochracea is a parasitoid fly which lays its larvae on its hosts, the field crickets Gryllus integer and Gryllus rubens, in two distinct modes: (1) directly on the host and (2) around the host. In the field, 12.7% of male crickets were parasitized and 3.2% were super-parasitized. Despite the disadvantages of parasitizing infested hosts, there was no evidence that O. ochracea avoided superparasitism. This and other experiments suggest that the host assessment ability of O. ochracea is less than that reported for many hymenopteran parasitoids. by manipulating the number of larvae in each cricket, we determined that four to five larvae per host resulted in the largest number of adult flies. However, as larval number per host increased from one to six, pupal size, and hence adult size, declined. In the field, hosts were found with a mean of 1.7 ± 1.0 (SD) larvae per cricket, suggesting that there may be some selection pressure against larger clutch sizes. Nevertheless clutch sizes larger than the host can support were sometimes found in the field. During the first mode of larviposition, gravid flies deposited no more than three larvae directly onto the host. Larvae deposited directly on the host had a high probability of infesting it. During the second mode of larviposition, gravid flies laid a larger number of larvae around the host (6.1 ± 5.2). Larvae that were laid around the host were less likely to infest a cricket than were larvae that were deposited directly onto it. O. ochracea is unique in that its two different modes of larviposition have different probabilities of larval success. Even though the success rate for larvae laid during the second mode of larviposition was low, the possibility of parasitizing more hosts appears to have selected for flies laying more larvae (e.g. increasing clutch size) than is optimal if all the larvae successfully entered a single host.
Quantitative measurement of human cytokine gene expression by polymerase chain reaction

We have developed a method in which human cytokine gene expression can be quantitated using gene amplification technology. Total RNA was extracted from a human T cell line, reverse transcribed to cDNA, and amplified using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Inclusion of a radiolabeled nucleotide in the PCR reaction mixture followed by electrophoresis and quantitative imaging of the amplification product with the BetaScope imager and software enabled quantitation of the input cDNA. Linear standard curves within the exponential phase of DNA amplification using purified cytokine cDNA templates were generated over a several log concentration range of input DNA. A 10-67-fold increase in interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-3, IL-4, IL-10, and interferon-gamma gene expression following cell activation could be identified by interpolation from the standard curve. The lower limit of linearity on the standard curve was as little as 0.01 fg of input DNA which corresponded to approximately 20 cells. This very sensitive methodology is a valuable tool in the detection and quantitation of cytokine gene expression when only small amounts of tissue or cells are available.
A reader's guide to 200 years of the New England Journal of Medicine.

In the past 200 years, the Journal has covered and participated in seismic change in medical knowledge and practice. Yet the Journal 's history also exposes a stability of orientation and approach to fundamental problems of disease in patients and populations.
An overview of characteristics of registered studies on dental implants

Abstract Objective Clinical trials serve as the empirical basis for clinical decision making. The objective of the current study is to provide an overview of clinical trials examining dental implant outcomes. Method All registered studies on Dental Implants were selected for analysis. The clinicaltrials.gov website was used to query the characteristics of registered studies. The search term used was dental implants. Results As of the study conduct date (01/01/2014), a total of 205 studies on dental implants were registered. These included 168 interventional and 37 observational studies. Results were available for only 14 studies. All observational studies and 98.8% of interventional studies included both male and female subjects. Close to 60% of studies had sample sizes between 1 and 50. NIH was listed as funding source in only 5 interventional studies and 3 observational studies. 80% of interventional studies were randomized. However, double masking was reported in only 15% of interventional studies with majority being open labeled. Conclusion ClinicalTrials.gov registry was created with the intention of increasing the transparency of conducted or ongoing clinical studies and to minimize publication bias commonly seen with industry-sponsored studies. Results of the current study showed that a predominating number of registered studies are funded by industry and other sources, very few registered studies have made their results public, and the ClinicalTrials.gov registry does not provide sufficient information on the quality of study design and thus precluding the public and researchers to judge on the quality of registered studies and publication bias.
Influence of atomic ordering on the electrocatalytic activity of Pt–Co alloys in alkaline electrolyte and proton exchange membrane fuel cells

Carbon-supported Pt–Co alloy catalysts with Co contents of 10–50 wt% have been synthesized by reducing aqueous Co2+ ions with borohydride or precipitating as hydroxide in the presence of a commercially available carbon-supported Pt catalyst followed by heat treatment in a 90% Ar–10% H2 mixture at 900 °C for 1 h. X-Ray diffraction indicates the Pt–Co alloys thus obtained to have the ordered Pt3Co or PtCo type structures or the disordered Pt type structure depending on the Co content. High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) studies also confirm the formation of ordered structures. Structural analysis of the products after annealing at various temperatures 500 ≤ T ≤ 900 °C for 1 h suggests the ordering to be maximized for an annealing temperature of around 650 °C. Evaluation of the Pt–Co/C alloy catalysts for oxygen reduction in half cells employing KOH as the electrolyte and in proton exchange membrane fuel cells indicates that the alloys with the ordered Pt3Co or PtCo type structures have higher catalytic activity with lower polarization losses and higher power densities than Pt or disordered Pt–Co alloys. With the ordered phases, the activity increases with the extent of ordering. The enhanced catalytic activity is explained based on optimal structural and electronic features consisting of optimum number of Pt and Co nearest neighbors, Pt–Pt distance, and d-electron density in Pt.
Interpersonal Violence in Adolescence Ecological Correlates of Self-Reported Perpetration

Although growing attention is being paid to the problem of teen dating violence, to date less is known about perpetrators of victimization. The current article used a subset of 980 adolescents aged 11 to 19 who were surveyed as part of a statewide community service coordinated through Cooperative Extension to survey all youth in target communities about risky health behaviors. The current article examined correlates of perpetration of either physical dating violence or sexual abuse across all levels of the ecological model (individual, family, and community factors). At the bivariate level, individual factors including substance use and low social responsibility, family factors including divorce, low parental monitoring, and low social support, and community variables such as low school attachment and neighborhood monitoring were associated with self-reported perpetration. At the multivariate level, gender and history of victimization were most significant in explaining variance in perpetration.
Career/Technical Education and Workforce Readiness: Perceptions, Implications, and Considerations

In the U.S., Career/Technical Education (CTE) prepares high school students for the workplace, higher education, and civic involvement. In many instances, however, CTE's value to current and prospective students, parents, employers, and others is ambiguous or ill-informed. This paper outlines the evolution of CTE; identifies key changes and challenges to CTE in recent years; presents results of a recent study of the perceptions held by CTE graduates in engineering/science/technology and other related fields; and identifies the implications CTE has on lifelong learning, workforce readiness, and economic development activities. Considerations for college and university faculty and administrators, employers, and policymakers, among other stakeholders, will be discussed, and recommendations for policy, practice, and future research will be identified.
Tonotopic organization in the midbrain of a teleost fish

Recordings from small clusters of units within the auditory midbrain of the Japanese carp, Cyprinus carpio, provide the first evidence for tonotopy within the teleost brain. These findings suggest that place mechanisms of frequency coding and tonotopy, previously thought to have evolved first in amphibians, may be general and ancient features of the vertebrate auditory system.
Longest paths and cycles in K1,3-free graphs

In this article we show that the standard results concerning longest paths and cycles in graphs can be improved for K1,3-free graphs. We obtain as a consequence of these results conditions for the existence of a hamiltonian path and cycle in K1,3-free graphs.
MODELING CARBON STORES IN OREGON AND WASHINGTON FOREST PRODUCTS: 1900-1992

A new model, FORPROD, for estimating the carbon stored in forest products, considers both the manufacture of the raw logs into products and the fate of the products during use and disposal. Data for historical patterns of harvest, manufacturing efficiencies, and product use and disposal were used for estimating the accumulation of carbon in Oregon and Washington forest products from 1900 to 1992. Pools examined were long- and short-term structures, paper supplies, mulch, open dumps, and landfills. The analysis indicated that of the 1,692 Tg of carbon harvested during the selected period, only 396 Tg, or 23%, is currently stored. Long-term structures and landfills contain the largest fraction of that store, holding 74% and 20%, respectively. Landfills currently have the highest rates of accumulation, but total landfill stores are relatively low because they have been used only in the last 40 years. Most carbon release has occurred during manufacturing, 45% to 60% lost to the atmosphere, depending upon the year. Sensitivity analyses of the effects of recycling, landfill decomposition, and replacement rates of long-term structures indicate that changing these parameters by a factor of two changes the estimated fraction of total carbon stored less than 2%.
The development of flow instabilities during the injection molding of multicomponent resins

In this study, several blends of BPA polycarbonate and acrylonitrile/butadiene/ styrene (ABS) resins having different gloss levels and microscopic surface roughness values were injection molded over a range of injection rates. Changes in surface appearance were monitored by visual observation, optical microscopy, and electron microscopy. The onset of unstable flow was marked by the development of regularly spaced surface patches on the molded parts. The surface irregularities were found to be strikingly similar to those produced by dragging crosslinked rubbers across hard surfaces. It was observed that blends having higher surface roughness values had lower coefficients of friction and exhibited unstable flow at lower stresses than compositions with smoother surfaces. The data were used to quantify the rheological parameters and surface characteristics defining an acceptable molding envelope for these materials.
What Can Be Learned from Something's Not Being Named

A new word-learning phenomenon is demonstrated and a new word-learning principle is proposed to account for it. In Study 1, 60 3-year-olds were shown a pair of objects and heard a novel label used repeatedly for one, but not for the other. In a forced-choice test of generalization of the label, the latter object was selected less often by the children than one that had not been present during training. This so-called Nominal Passover Effect was the same whether the speaker had completely ignored the comparison object during training or had referred to it with pronouns. The performance of a no-word control group (N = 24) indicated that the effect was not due to a preference for the less exposed of the two choice objects. The effect is consistent with the Exhaustive Reference Principle, which stipulates that whenever a new generic word is used to name something, expect it to be extended to all entities in a situation that the speaker perceives and believes to be exemplars of the name. In Study 2 (N = 48), the Nominal Passover Effect was replicated with 3 new sets of objects and with training language that contained only indefinite forms of reference. The passover experience was often sufficient to counteract children's tendency to generalize a novel label on the basis of perceptual similarity. The passover effect was not evident in free-choice name generalization tests in either study.