cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Delayed response learning by cage-reared normal and prefrontal cats

Twelve intact cats and eight with lesions in the prefrontal cortex were trained on two-choice locomotor delayed response with auditory cues. The groups did not differ significantly on predelay, 0-, and 5-sec delays; eight controls, but no frontals, met criterion on 15-sec delays (p =.01). Prefrontal lesions impair the learning of delayed response but not as severely as is the case with adult rhesus monkeys. The cage-reared normal cats learned delayed response more slowly than Divac’s (1968) trapped alley cats tested under almost identical conditions, confirming previous observations that cage-rearing interferes with some spatial learning capacities in cats.
Optimism, pessimism and recovery from coronary bypass surgery : prediction of affect, pain and functional status

We examined the independent, predictive utilities of optimism and pessimism for long-term physical and psychological recovery from coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. A sample of postoperative CABG patients (N = 212) was followed for 12 months. Results demonstrated support for the notion that optimism and pessimism are separable constructs that are not functionally equivalent. Overall, pessimism was more reliably predictive than optimism of positive affect, pain and functional status. There was also some support for the notion that pessimism and optimism may be important at different times in the recovery process. Exploring the independent associations of optimism and pessimism with both short- and longer-term outcomes is important for gaining a clearer understanding of the importance for wellbeing of a positive outlook.
A Chare kernel implementation of a parallel Prolog compiler

We have designed and implemented a compiler for the parallel execution of Prolog programs as a machine independent application on top of a run time environment for parallel programming called the Chare Kernel. The compiler is based on the Reduce-OR process model for the AND and OR parallel execution of Prolog programs and hence exploits both OR and independent AND parallelism found in Prolog programs. We describe the salient features of the parallel Prolog compiler from the viewpoint of its implementation as a Chare Kernel application. The responsibilities of process creation, load balancing, queueing strategies for work pool management, memory management and interprocess communication are all assumed by the Chare Kernel thereby eliminating these concerns at the application level. We discuss the effectiveness of this separation for a large application like the parallel Prolog compiler. The machine independence property makes the compiler easy to port on all machines, both shared and nonshared, that support the Chare Kernel. The compiler has been implemented on a variety of machines, including the Encore Multimax, the Sequent Symmetry, the Intel iPSC/2 hypercube and the Alliant FX/8. We briefly discuss its performance on a range of benchmarks exhibiting AND, OR and AND/OR parallelism on two of these machines. The speedups obtained are linear, demonstrating the effectiveness of the Chare Kernel as a simple, elegant, yet powerful environment for parallel programming.
Confidence Intervals and F Tests for Intraclass Correlations Based on Three-Way Random Effects Models

This article gives equations for computing confidence interval estimates and conducting F tests for intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) defined using three-way random effects models for cros...
The substitution of nursing home for inpatient psychiatric care.

Although the era of deinstitutionalization of the aged from state mental facilities and of the rapid growth of the nursing home industry appears to have ended, the question remains of the extent to which nursing home care is substituted for psychiatric care. To study this question, the numbers per capita of Medicaid program recipients of inpatient psychiatric care for each state in the period 1979–82 was regressed on numbers per capita of Medicaid nursing home recipients, numbers of nursing home beds per capita, and the percentage aged. As expected, psychiatric care is negatively related to bed supply, positively to nursing home recipients and to percentage aged; and the relationship to nursing home recipients is stronger in states with undersupplies of beds. These findings are interpreted to show that nursing home care is substituted for inpatient psychiatric care, depending on bed supply, the generosity of the Medicaid program, and the level of demand for care.
Screening of M13 mp bacteriophage clones for small inserts by primer extension and insert excision

Abstract The M13 bacteriophage was adapted by Messing for DNA cloning by insertion of sequences containing a β galactosidase gene with internal restriction sites. Cloning into these sites results in loss of β galactosidase activity, allowing for initial screening of plaques for insert DNA but sometimes producing false positives. In our hands, previously described methods for the further screening of phage for short inserts have limitations that are overcome by the method described here. In our method, a commercially available primer is annealed to single-stranded phage DNA at a sequence that lies immediately 5′ to the cloning site within the β galactosidase gene. Klenow fragment and 4 deoxynucleotide triphosphates are then employed to extend the primer, forming double-stranded DNA, which is cleaved at restriction sites flanking the cloning site. Agarose gel electrophoresis with ethidium bromide staining is used to separate phage from insert DNA, thus demonstrating the presence of cloned insert.
Whistle repertoires of two bottlenosed dolphins, Tursiops truncatus: Mimicry of signature whistles?

The whistle vocalizations of two bottlenosed dolphins, Tursiops truncatus, were recorded at the Sealand Aquarium in Brewster, Massachusetts. The identification of which dolphin within the group produced a vocalization was made possible by a telemetry device attached to the dolphin's head with a suction cup. 77% of the identified whistles (219 our of 284) fell into two primary categories, type 1 and type 2 (Table 1). The remaining 23% of whistles fell into five secondary categories. Of the primary whistles produced by one dolphin, 78% were of type 1 (22% type 2), while 69% of primary whistles from the other dolphin were of type 2 (31% type 1). The result that each of the dolphins favored a different primary whistle supports the findings of Caldwell and Caldwell (1965), that each dolphin produces an individually distinctive whistle. But in the present study, both dolphins produced both primary whistle types. This may represent mimicry of signature whistles.
Mechanism of epinephrine-hyperglycemia.

THE hyperglycemia and glycosuria produced by epinephrine described half a century ago as “adrenalin diabetes”—has been generally attributed to an increase in the rate of hepatic glycogenolysis. This concept is based on considerable, and apparently unequivocal, experimental evidence. It is well known, for instance, that in hepatectomized animals epinephrine does not produce hyperglycemia, and that in the perfused liver and in liver slices in vitro glucose output in increased by epinephrine. In a recent paper (Somogyi, 1950) we called attention to another, well defined phase of epinephrine action, namely inhibition of glucose assimilation,1 as a factor that contributes to epinephrine hyperglycemia. In that paper we confirmed the earlier findings of Wilenko (1913), Wiechman (1927), and Cori et al. (1928 and 1935), to the effect that epinephrine greatly depresses the rate of peripheral glucose assimilation. We expressed the view that this is a factor which potently enhances hyperglycemia.
Cellular distribution of the NMDA receptor NR2A/2B subunits in the rat striatum

Abstract Using immunohistochemical double-labeling with a specific antibody recognizing both NR2A and NR2B subunits, we studied the cellular distribution of the NMDA receptor subunit NR2A/2B on all major known striatal neuron types. Among striatal interneurons, our results showed that none of somatostatin interneurons was labeled for NR2A/2B subunits, 56% of parvalbumin interneurons were double-labeled for NR2A/2B, and all identified cholinergic interneurons were labeled for NR2A/2B. Among striatal projection neurons, 95% of striatonigral neurons, 96% of enkephalin-containing neurons, and 98% of calbindin-containing striatal matrix neurons were double-labeled for NR2A/2B. Our studies demonstrate that there is a differential distribution of the NMDA receptor NR2A/2B subunits on striatal neuron types. The paucity of NR2A/2B subunits on NMDA receptors on striatal somatostatin interneurons may confer resistance to NMDA receptor-mediated excitotoxicity on these neurons.
Toxicology of chemical mixtures: experimental approaches, underlying concepts, and some results

Abstract The toxicology of chemical mixtures will be the toxicology of the 1990s and beyond. While this branch of toxicology most closely reflects the actual human exposure situation, there is yet no standard protocol or consensus methodology for investigating the toxicology of mixtures. Thus, in this emerging science, experimentation is required just to develop a broadly applicable evaluation system. Several examples are discussed to illustrate the different experimental designs and the concepts behind each. These include the health effects studies of Love Canal soil samples, the Lake Ontario Coho salmon, the water samples repurified from secondary sewage in the city of Denver Potable Water Reuse Demonstration Plant, and the National Toxicology Program (NTP) effort on a mixture of 25 frequently detected groundwater contaminants derived from hazardous waste disposal sites. In the last instance, an extensive research program has been ongoing for the last 2 years at the NTP, encompassing general toxicology, immunotoxicology, developmental and reproductive toxicology, biochemical toxicology, myelotoxicology, genetic toxicology, neurobehavioral toxicology, and hepato- and renal toxicology. kwToxicology; Chemical mixtures; Experimental approach; Hazardous waste sites; Contaminated Great Lake salmon; Water reuse; Water recycle; Groundwater contaminants
On the Origins of Racial Attitudes: Correlates of Childhood Experiences

This study explored the developmental correlates of undergraduates’ current racial attitudes and two factors involved in motivation to control prejudiced reactions—concern with acting prejudiced and restraint to avoid dispute. A questionnaire assessed the frequency and nature of participants’ childhood experiences with Blacks as well as perceptions of their parents’ racial attitudes. Results suggest that automatically activated attitudes may be continually updated, whereas factors involved in motivation to control prejudiced reactions remain related in adulthood to earlier childhood experiences. Positive attitudes were associated only with positive interactions when they were recent (high school), whereas participants’ reports of greater concern were associated with more positive interactions at all school levels and with perceptions that their parents were unprejudiced. Greater restraint was associated with delayed and infrequent contact, more negative interactions during middle school, and more parental...
Inhibition of carboxylesterase 1 is associated with cholesteryl ester retention in human THP-1 monocyte/macrophages

Abstract Cholesteryl esters are hydrolyzed by cholesteryl ester hydrolase (CEH) yielding free cholesterol for export from macrophages. Hence, CEH has an important regulatory role in macrophage reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). CEH and human carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) appear to be the same enzyme. CES1 is inhibited by oxons, the bioactive metabolites of organophosphate (OP) pesticides. Here, we show that CES1 protein is robustly expressed in human THP-1 monocytes/macrophages and its biochemical activity inhibited following treatment of cell lysates and intact cells with chlorpyrifos oxon, paraoxon, or methyl paraoxon (with nanomolar IC50 values) or after immunodepletion of CES1 protein. CES1 protein expression in cells is unaffected by a 24-h paraoxon treatment, suggesting that the reduced hydrolytic activity is due to covalent inhibition of CES1 by oxons and not down-regulation of expression. Most significantly, treatment of cholesterol-loaded macrophages with either paraoxon (a non-specific CES inhibitor) or benzil (a specific CES inhibitor) caused enhanced retention of intracellular cholesteryl esters and a “foamy” phenotype, consistent with reduced cholesteryl ester mobilization. Thus, exposure to OP pesticides, which results in the inhibition of CES1, may also inhibit macrophage RCT, an important process in the regression of atherosclerosis.
Arrestin makes T cells stop and become active

T-cell activation requires signaling by T-cell receptors (TCRs) that bind antigen on the antigen-presenting cells (APCs) at the immunological synapse (IS). Sustained signaling requires continuous supply of new TCRs to the IS. In this issue of The EMBO Journal, Fernandez-Arenas et al (2014) describe a novel role of β-arrestin-1 at the IS periphery: endocytosis of TCRs and chemokine CXCR4 receptors. Internalized TCRs are then delivered to the IS, where they engage antigen and support prolonged signaling, whereas CXCR4 internalization stops T-cell migration.
Antisense Inhibition of Hypertension in the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat

Phosphorothioated antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (ASODN) targeted to angiotensinogen mRNA was administered intracerebroventricularly in spontaneously hypertensive rats to test whether angiotensinogen reduction would lower their hypertensive blood pressures. The ASODN lowers hypertensive blood pressures to normotensive levels in spontaneously hypertensive rats; sense oligodeoxynucleotide had no effect. Administration of phosphorothioated ASODN produced a prolonged duration of lowered blood pressure. Injections of ASODN at the same dose that decreased hypertension when administered centrally did not result in blood pressure decreases when administered intra-arterially. Furthermore, angiotensinogen production was decreased in the brain stem and significantly decreased in the hypothalamus of the ASODN-treated rats (P < .05), supporting the concept of centrally mediated regulation of hypertension by an overactive brain angiotensin system. To determine the distribution of centrally administered oligodeoxynucleotides, fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated oligodeoxynucleotides were injected directly into the lateral ventricles. One hour later, oligodeoxynucleotides were distributed throughout the lateral and third ventricles, with tissue and cellular uptake observed in discrete cells at the injection site. This indicates that the oligodeoxynucleotides are taken up rapidly by brain cells and that they permeate the areas surrounding brain nuclei involved in central blood pressure regulation and volume homeostasis. The results confirm and extend our previous study with phosphodiester ASODN and show that phosphorothioation modification increases the duration of the response and is taken up in vivo. We conclude that with modification, ASODN inhibition of angiotensinogen mRNA translation can be used for a prolonged, profound decrease in mean arterial pressure in the spontaneously hypertensive rat through a central mechanism.
Brine Displacement and Leakage Detection Using Pressure Measurements in Aquifers Overlying CO2 Storage Reservoirs

Abstract Through the use of analytical solutions derived from a simplified geologic model, this paper investigates the magnitude of pressure transients in permeable zones overlying CO 2 storage reservoirs associated with brine migration through the sealing cap rock. A wide range of geologic settings and injection parameters is evaluated from which a generalized correlation is constructed to relate the hydrologic properties of the storage reservoir and seal to the magnitude of expected pressure buildups associated with brine migration across the seal. This correlation, referred to as the detection factor (DF), provides insight into the feasibility and interpretation of pressure changes measured in zones overlying CO 2 storage reservoirs as a means of monitoring and leakage detection.
Differential Effect of Aging on Cholesterol Modulation of Carbachol-Stimulated Low-Km GTPase in Striatal Synaptosomes

Abstract Previous research has suggested that age-related decline in physiological functions may be the result of substantial alterations in membrane molecular structure. The purpose of the present experiments was to elucidate the role of cholesterol domains in the age-related decline in receptor–G-protein interactions in striatal synaptosomes. We observed a significant age-related deficit in muscarinic cholinergic stimulated Low-Km GTPase activity and its age-related susceptibility to cholesterol treatment in range of 10−10–10−5 M. Treatment of synaptosomes from old rats with cholesterol in range of 10−8–10−6 M restored the Low-Km GTPase activity up to the level seen in young animals and reached a maximum at 10−7 M. In synaptosomes from young rats, however, cholesterol treatment did not have any effect on striatal Low-Km GTPase activity. We observed significant alterations in the membrane lipid composition of striatal synaptosomes as a function of age. Our results suggested a significant interaction of age and cholesterol treatment on physical properties of striatal synaptosomes. Thus, the present results of experiments in vitro support our previous results of experiments in vivo and suggested an interaction of cholesterol domains with muscarinic-cholinergic receptor G-protein α subunit coupling/uncoupling through regulation of physical properties of striatal synaptosomes.
High-Dose Insulin in the Treatment of Antihypertensive Overdose:

Objective: To describe a case of calcium channel blocker overdose along with an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and angiotensin receptor blocker, which was successfully treated with high-dose insulin with dextrose and potassium supplementation (HDIDK).Case Summary: A 52-year-old woman was transferred to an admitting hospital after ingesting 14 tablets of trandolapril/verapamil SR (Tarka) 4 mg/240 mg, 15 to 16 tablets of olmesartan (Benicar) 20 mg, and an unknown amount of (escitalopram) Lexapro combined with unknown quantities of alcohol and benzodiazepines. This combination caused hypotension and electrocardiogram changes. The patient was treated for hypotension-induced shock with epinephrine, glucagon, HDIDK, magnesium, and fluids. An insulin infusion ran for 24 hours. The patient was discharged to a psychiatric facility 3 days after admission.Discussion: The non-dihydropyridine, verapamil, causes dilation of the coronary and peripheral vasculature by inhibiting the influx of calcium ions throug...
On combining active disturbance rejection with adaptive inverse control for fast tracking at low bandwidth

An adaptive feedforward mechanism is combined with active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) to provide fast tracking performance without requiring high observer bandwidth. The feedforward controller uses an inverse plant model that is continuously adjusted as the plant changes. Providing this controller with reasonable initial conditions dramatically improves how quickly it can derive a reasonable inverse model. Simulation results demonstrate tracking and disturbance rejection capabilities at a low cost, i.e. bandwidth.
Hypervelocity impact cratering: Microstructural characterization

Microstructures below impact craters in metal targets, specifically aluminum 1100 and OFHC copper, exhibit evolutionary features characteristic of variations in deformation extending from the crater wall into the target. Regions proximate to the crater wall where adiabatic temperature effects are prominent, exhibit recovery and recrystallization in both aluminum and copper. Dislocation cells, with cell sizes increasing as the deformation decreases, are observed. In copper, a wide zone exhibiting microband clusters with unidirectional, elongated, cell-like microstructures coincident with traces of {l_brace}111{r_brace} was observed. Similar features have not been observed in other circumstances involving deformation, particularly high-strain-rate deformation in copper, and are probably related to shock-wave phenomena which is a prominent part of the impact crater development.
Autism spectrum disorders in 24 children who are deaf or hard of hearing.

Abstract Objectives Approximately 4% of children who are deaf or hard of hearing have co-occurring autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Making an additional diagnosis of ASD in this population can be challenging, given the complexities of determining whether speech/language and social delays can be accounted for by their hearing loss, or whether these delays might be indicative of a comorbid ASD diagnosis. This exploratory study described a population of 24 children with the dual diagnosis of ASD and hearing loss. Methods Children completed a comprehensive ASD evaluation using standardized autism diagnostic instruments (Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, language and psychological testing). Children with permanent hearing loss who had a developmental evaluation between 2001 and 2011 and were diagnosed with an ASD based on the results of that evaluation were included. Information on communication modality, language and cognitive abilities was collected. Results The median age of diagnosis was 14 months (range 1–71) for hearing loss and 66.5 months (range 33–106) for ASD. Only 25% (n = 6) children were diagnosed with ASD ≤48 months of age and 46% by ≤6 years. Twelve (50%) children were diagnosed with ASD, 11 were diagnosed with pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified and 1 child had Asperger's. Most (67%) had profound degree of hearing loss. Fourteen (58%) children had received a cochlear implant, while 3 children had no amplification for hearing loss. Nine (38%) of the 24 children used speech as their mode of communication (oral communicators). Conclusions Communication delays in children who are deaf or hard of hearing are a serious matter and should not be assumed to be a direct consequence of the hearing loss. Children who received cochlear implants completed a multidisciplinary evaluation including a developmental pediatrician, which may have provided closer monitoring of speech and language progression and subsequently an earlier ASD diagnosis. Because children who are deaf or hard of hearing with ASD are challenging to evaluate, they may receive a diagnosis of ASD at older ages.
Length of stay and medication use in hysterectomy patients treated with a single massage treatment

Abstract Forty-one women (mean age 44 years, S.D. 10) undergoing hysterectomy surgery received a 30-min massage plus standard care ( n =19) or standard care without massage ( n =22) the day after their surgery. Twenty-six procedures used a vaginal approach, the remaining 16 were abdominal. Women were assigned based on their month of delivery/surgery during the spring and summer of 1998. No interaction was observed between procedure type and massage condition ( P =0.92), nor was there a main effect for massage ( P =0.49) when examining length of stay and pain medication use. Women undergoing abdominal hysterectomies had longer hospital stays (average 61 vs 44h, P =0.001) and required almost twice as much pain medication as those having vaginal hysterectomies ( P =0.003). Other preliminary observations related to massage are discussed.
Graded activation of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles for vocal fold posturing

Previous investigations using in vivo models to study the role of intrinsic laryngeal muscles in phonation have used neuromuscular stimulation to study voice parameters. However, these studies used coarse stimulation techniques using limited levels of neuromuscular stimulation. In the current investigation, a technique for fine control of laryngeal posturing was developed using graded stimulation of the laryngeal nerves. Vocal fold strain history to graded stimulation and a methodology for establishing symmetric laryngeal activation is presented. This methodology has immediate applications for the study of laryngeal paralysis and paresis, as well as general questions of neuromuscular control of the larynx.
Fractions as the Coordination of Multiplicatively Related Quantities: A Cross-Sectional Study of Children's Thinking

Although equal sharing problems appear to support the development of fractions as multiplicative structures, very little work has examined how children's informal solutions reflect this possibility. The primary goal of this study was to analyze children's coordination of two quantities (number of people sharing and number of things being shared) in their solutions to equal sharing problems and to see to what extent this coordination was multiplicative. A secondary goal was to document children's solutions for equal sharing problems in which the quantities had a common factor (other than 1). Data consisted of problem-solving interviews with students in 1st, 3rd, 4th, and 5th grades (n=112). We found two major categories of strategies: (a) Parts Quantities strategies and (b) Ratio Quantities strategies. Parts quantities involved children's partitions of continuous units expressed in terms of the number of pieces that would be created. Ratio quantities involved children's creation of associated sets of discrete quantities. Within these strategies, children drew upon a range of relationships among fractions, ratio, multiplication, and division to mentally or physically manipulate quantities of sharers and things to produce exhaustive and equal partitions of the items. Additionally, we observed that problems that included number combinations with common factors elicited a wider range of whole-number knowledge and operations in children's strategies and therefore appeared to support richer interconnections than problems with relatively prime or more basic number combinations.
Continuous wide-angle beam steering using translation of binary microlens arrays and a liquid-crystal phased array

We demonstrate two-dimensional optical wide angle beam steering by incorporating two steering techniques in tandem. The first technique is translation of two microlens arrays configured as a telescope array. The microlens translation produces wide angle steering to discrete angles. The second technique is optical phased array steering using a nematic liquid crystal array, which provides access to a continuous range of angles. By translating both microlens arrays of the 10 x 10 telescope array, we demonstrate steering to maintaining a peak irradiance within 3.6 dB of the on-axis peak irradiance.
Inclusive experiments and a diffractive Pomeron bootstrap

Abstract A diffractive Pomeron pole is derived from a multiperipheral bootstrap where the Pomeron is required to be exchanged only once. The predictions for inclusive experiments are presented and are shown to provide tests for the nature of the Pomeranchuk singularity.
Nondisclosure as a Contract Remedy: Explaining the Advance-notice Puzzle

Prior theoretical work predicts an underprovision of advance-notice contracts stemming from their enforcement costs. In the present model, it is rather the fundamental inability of workers to alienate their right to quit taken in conjunction with parameters central to job separation decisions that jointly determine the mix of notice and no-notice contracts observed in equilibrium. Not all equilibrium contracts are efficient, but there is no underprovision of notice. Mandating notice cannot improve on joint value and indeed may reduce it. Furthermore, although a mandate can be merely redistributive, there are cases in which it harms all parties.
Community Lost or Transformed? Urbanization and Social Ties

Sociological theorists have generally emphasized the destructive effects of urbanization on social ties through the community lost perspective. A counterview, which we call the community transforme...
The inhibition of pyruvate kinase by ATP: a Mg++ buffer system for use in enzyme studies.

Abstract A simple procedure for “buffering” the free Mg++ concentration in an enzyme system is described, based on use of moderately dissociated Mg++ salts. As an example, glycerol 1-phosphate was used to maintain the free Mg++ concentration during measurement of the ATP inhibition of pyruvate kinase. The inhibition was demonstrated to be largely competitive with phosphoenolpyruvate and independent of removal of free Mg++ by the ATP.
Atomic exchange and growth of Au on Ag(110)

Abstract Synchroton core-level photoemission and electron diffraction were used to study the room temperature growth of Au on Ag(110). Substitution of Au for Ag in the subsurface layer is found to be an important process for the initial adsorption and the subsequent multilayer growth. Our finding will be compared with two recent models: (1) a bilayer growth model based on an ion scattering study, and (2) a model of pure Au growth on a Ag/Au inverted layer based on a scanning tunneling microscopy study and a reinterpretation of the ion scattering data.
Regulation of human B-lymphocyte function in secondary humoral immune responses

Here Ronald Stevens discusses recent work in which immunization of humans with tetanus toxoid in vivo has been combined with analyses of specific antibody production in vitro to study the dynamics of B-lymphocyte function in secondary humoral immune responses. These studies have shown that multiple B-cell subsets are generated following immunization, some of which can be rendered hyporesponsive in vivo by repetitive immunizations or in vitro by treatment with antigen.
Arguments for adjuncts

It is commonly assumed across the language sciences that some semantic participant information is lexically encoded in the representation of verbs and some is not. In this paper, we propose that semantic obligatoriness and verb class specificity are criteria which influence whether semantic information is lexically encoded. We present a comprehensive survey of the English verbal lexicon, a sentence continuation study, and an on-line sentence processing study which confirm that both factors play a role in the lexical encoding of participant information.
One-dimensional assemblies of dirhodium units bridged by N,N'-dicyanoquinonediimine ligands.

Two new 1-D compounds of Rh2(O2CCF3)4 bridged by dicyano linkers were synthesized and structurally characterized. [Rh2(O2CCF3)4(DM-DCNQI)]∞·(C6H6) (1) and [Rh2(O2CCF3)4(DCNNQI)]∞·(C7H8) (2) (DM-DCN...
A strategy for moving a mass from one point to another

Abstract In many circumstances, it is desired to move a mass from one position to another without initiating a vibration in the mass being moved. Two such problems are considered here: the motion of a mass initiated by another mass, and the motion of a pendulum initiated by the specified motion of its support. In each case, it is desired that the system start at rest and come to rest in the second position. A simple strategy for the specified motion is given here. The method is motivated by engine cam-follower design. The force required to move the system in question is determined as well as the maximum value of the force required (and the times at which these forces take place) is determined.
Pathogen mortality of tropical tree seedlings: experimental studies of the effects of dispersal distance, seedling density, and light conditions

We present results of two experiments designed to identify the relative importance of dispersal distance, seedling density, and light conditions on pathogen-caused mortality of tropical tree seedlings. The field experiment on Barro Colorado Island, Panama, demonstrated that both an increase in dispersal distance and a decrease in seedling density reduce levels of damping-off disease among seedlings of Platypodium elegans, and that there is an interaction between the two factors. The results indicated significant variation among sites in pathogen activity and suggested that seedlings are more vulnerable to disease when establishing around their parent tree than around other conspecific trees.The second experiment in a screened enclosure used potted seedlings of 18 wind-dispersed tree species exposed to two levels of sunlight and seedling density. The results indicated that environmental conditions similar to those in light-gaps significantly reduce pathogen activity. They also confirmed that high seedling density increases disease levels, especially under shaded conditions.Seedlings of 16 of the 18 species experienced pathogencaused mortality, but in widely varying amounts. Seed weight was not a good predictor of a species' vulnerability to pathogens. Adult wood density, an indicator of growth rate and successional status, was inversely correlated with a species' vulnerability to pathogens. Fast-growing, colonizing species, whose seedlings require light-gaps, lacked strong resistance to seedling pathogens, relative to slow-growing species able to tolerate shade and escape seedling pathogens. We discuss these results in the context of seed dispersal as a means of escaping from seedling pathogens.
Electron microscope study of the structures of the Bacillus subtilis prophages, SPO2 and φ105

Abstract Circular duplex structures of the correct length are observed in the electron microscope in hybridization mixtures of lysogen DNA and mature phage DNA for the case of the temperate Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage SPO2. This result shows that the sequence order of the prophage is a circular permutation of that of the mature phage. By making heteroduplexes of prophage DNA with that of the SPO2 deletion mutants, R90 and S25 , the att site of the phage has been mapped at 61.2 ± 0.6% from one end of the mature phage DNA, which has a length of 38,600 base pairs. In the same co-ordinate system, the R90 deletion extends from 58.9 ± 0.7 to 66.8 ± 0.8% on the SPO2 chromosome, whereas the S25 deletion extends from 63.2 ± 0.6 to 66.9 ± 0.7%. In similar experiments with lysogen and mature phage DNA's of the temperate B. subtilis phage, φ105, no circular structures were seen. This result shows that the sequence order in the prophage and the phage are colinear, without circular permutation.
Compound-Specific δ34S Analysis of Volatile Organics by Coupled GC/Multicollector-ICPMS

We have developed a highly sensitive and robust method for the analysis of δ34S in individual organic compounds by coupled gas chromatography (GC) and multicollector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICPMS). The system requires minimal alteration of commercial hardware and is amenable to virtually all sample introduction methods. Isobaric interference from O2+ is minimized by employing dry plasma conditions and is cleanly resolved at all masses using medium resolution on the Thermo Neptune MC-ICPMS. Correction for mass bias is accomplished using standard−sample bracketing with peaks of SF6 reference gas. The precision of measured δ34S values approaches 0.1‰ for analytes containing >40 pmol S and is better than 0.5‰ for those containing as little as 6 pmol S. This is within a factor of 2 of theoretical shot-noise limits. External accuracy is better than 0.3‰. Integrating only the center of chromatographic peaks, rather than the entire peak, offers significant gain in precision and chromatogr...
Screening Constants for the Helium and Lithium Isoelectronic Sequences

Abstract A variational method is used to calculate screening constants of ground and excited states of the helium and lithium isoelectronic sequences. The screening constants and energies are tabulated for Z = 2 to Z = 36. The simple analytic wavefunctions obtained form a complete orthonormal basis, which can be used in the many-body perturbation theory.
BETTER LIVING THROUGH BIOGEOCHEMISTRY

During the past 50 years, biogeochemistry has emerged as the premier scientific discipline to examine human impacts on the global environment. Important advances have derived from the synthesis of biogeochemical cycles at the global level, from the recognition that biochemical stoichiometry constrains the composition of living tissue, and from large-scale experiments that address the response of whole ecosystems to human impact. Future work will further pursue these avenues, with frequent use of modern, molecular methods to ascertain the role of individual species and species diversity in ecosystem function. Biogeochemists will increasingly need to translate the important results of their work to help formulate effective environmental policy.
Hazard, risk and agrarian adaptations in a hyperarid watershed: El Niño floods, streambank erosion, and the cultural bounds of vulnerability in the Andean Middle Horizon

Abstract Peru's Osmore drainage, also known as the Moquegua Valley, is one of the driest regions on Earth, yet agricultural development has supported complex societies in the basin for almost 4000 yrs because of canal construction and irrigation. We compare the distinct agrarian and settlement systems of three coeval archaeological cultures in this arid region, Huaracane, Wari and Tiwanaku, and how each adapted—or failed to adapt—to geomorphic and climatic hazards. Systematic settlement pattern survey and radiocarbon dating along with geomorphological analysis of flood history and riverine processes permit detailed discussion of agrarian strategies during the Formative (1800 BC–AD 500) and Middle Horizon (AD 500–1000) periods, with distinct settlement “niches” in terms of agricultural practices and longitudinal position in the drainage, and lateral location relative to the floodplain. These adaptive strategies each manifest distinct “bounds of adaptability” to natural hazard, climate events and social stressors, and thus varying risk profiles. Besides the continual risk associated with sustained droughts, the Atacama and Peruvian Coastal Desert and culturally connected highland Altiplano are also vulnerable to the vagaries of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) leading to catastrophic floods in the mid-valley during warm phase ENSOs, in tandem with simultaneous hazards in other regions inhabited by these transregional cultures. By comparing the archaeological record of Wari, Huaracane, and Tiwanaku culture settlements with geomorphic signatures of catastrophic El Ninos, we show that the viability of each cultural sequence depended on specific relationships to floodplain streambank erosion, construction and reworking over multiple time scales.
A Reflection Electron Diffraction Study on Some Metal Oxide Solar Collector Coatings: Part I

Abstract The capability of reflection electron diffraction (RED) in the structural analysis of thin films is shown with studies made on copper oxide, zinc oxide, black chrome and cobalt oxide solar-selective coatings. The growth of copper oxide layers could be observed as changing from an initial epitaxial growth to random orientation followed by growth of oxide needles. The resulting copper oxide coating was found to consist of a needle structure of cupric oxide formed on a smooth cuprous oxide layer. In the zinc oxide overgrowths, epitaxial growth could not be observed, and the coating consisted of relatively small zinc oxide crystallites throughout the film. No crystalline zinc inclusions could be found in this layer. Black chrome deposited onto nickel showed an increase in chromium oxide with distance from the substrate, although no change in the orientation of the microcrystalline chrome could be observed. The formation of black cobalt was also investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and reflection diffraction analysis. The plated cobalt overgrowths were found to change from an initially smooth nodular coating to a plate-like oxide layer with heat treatment time. This latter layer could be indexed to cobalt(II, III) oxide. The study conclusively shows that RED, combined with SEM and ion milling procedures, can indeed lead to structural characterization of thin films without the need for their removal from their substrates and the concominant introduction of artifacts.
1305 EFFECT OF DURATION OF RUPTURE OF MEMBRANES IN THE PRETERM GESTATION

In the term gestation prolonged rupture of membranes (ROM) is associated with substantial increases in neonatal infections and perinatal mortality. Previous studies have not generally separated the effect of duration of ROM into term and preterm gestations. In a prospectively randomized study all patients were divided into expectantly managed (EM) and actively managed (AM) groups. In the EM group delivery occurred following spontaneous labor, maternal chorioamnionitis, or fetal distress. The AM group was actively managed (i.e. delivered) either after a mature Lecithin:Sphingomyelin ratio or a 48 hour course of corticosteroids. During a three year period there were 247 patients (112 in the EM, and 135 in the AM group). These two groups were well matched for gestational age, birth weight, maternal age and parity. In both groups combined, and in the EM group only, duration of ROM did not correlate with an increased incidence of chorioamnionitis, neonatal mortality or the incidence of neonatal pneumonia, septicemia and/or meningitis; nor was there a difference in these outcome parameters comparing durations of ROM less than and greater than 24 hours. It is concluded that prolonged ROM in the preterm gestation does not increase maternal or neonatal infectious morbidity nor adversely affect neonatal outcome.
Public Policy Changes Needed to Cope with Changing Structure

Public policy dealing with the organization and operation of the U.S. food system has been the subject of numerous articles issued through this Association. And with modest exception, the focus of these efforts has been the agricultural price and income policies directed to the resolution of important farm welfare problems. Historically, less direct analytical attention appears to have been paid to the welfare of food and fiber consumers and the equity problems of the numerous firms and agencies that supply farmers with their inputs or assemble, store, transport, process, and distribute farm products and items made from them. There are several "categories" of legislation and regulatory rules that bear upon the structure of the food and fiber system. These policy categories include (a) agricultural price and income policies, (b) consumer protection policies, (c) antitrust policy, (d) market regulations, (e) taxation and business association policies, (f) land and ecological policies, and (g) farm labor policies. (These policies can be grouped in various ways. See Dahl.) The purpose of this paper is to briefly consider the structural consequences of each of these policies in more recent years, to review the nature of structural change at several industrial levels in the food and fiber system and its performance results and, finally, to propose the study of changes in public policy that might cope with this changing structure.
Is the National Prayer Breakfast Surrounded by a "Christian Mafia"? Religious Publicity and Secrecy Within the Corridors of Power

One of the nation's most public annual events that bridge the religious and political realms is the National Prayer Breakfast. One of the most secretive religious groups among the country's elite is referred to as "the Fellowship." Many do not realize that the two are linked very closely, for the Fellowship administers the National Prayer Breakfast and supports the attendant prayer breakfast movement. I find this relationship is integral to both dimensions of the Fellowship, yet movement insiders demonstrate a clear preference for the private and secretive elements and minimize the role of public legitimation for the group and its activities. Data for this article are based on interviews with approximately 300 societal leaders and leaders of religious institutions as well as archival material and participant-observation surrounding the National Prayer Breakfast, the wider prayer breakfast movement, and its sponsoring organization, the International Foundation.
Multiprobe RNase Protection Assay Analysis of mRNA Levels for the Escherichia coli Oxidative DNA Glycosylase Genes under Conditions of Oxidative Stress

Escherichia coli formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase (Fpg), MutY DNA glycosylase, endonuclease VIII, and endonuclease III are oxidative base excision repair DNA glycosylases that remove oxidized bases from DNA, or an incorrect base paired with an oxidized base in the case of MutY. Since genes encoding other base excision repair proteins have been shown to be part of adaptive responses in E. coli, we wanted to determine whether the oxidative DNA glycosylase genes are induced in response to conditions that cause the type of damage their encoded proteins remove. The genes fpg, mutY, nei, and nth encode Fpg, MutY, endonuclease VIII, and endonuclease III, respectively. Multiprobe RNase protection assays were used to examine the transcript levels of these genes under conditions that induce the SoxRS, OxyR, and SOS regulons after a shift from anaerobic to aerobic growth and at different stages along the growth curve. Transcript levels for all four genes decreased as cells progressed from log-phase growth to stationary phase and increased after cells were shifted from anaerobic to aerobic growth. None of the genes were induced by hydrogen peroxide, paraquat, X rays, or conditions that induce the SOS response.
Patterns of chloroquine use and resistance in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review of household survey and molecular data

As a result of widespread chloroquine and sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) resistance, 90% of sub-Saharan African countries had adopted policies of artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) for treatment of uncomplicated malaria by 2007. In Malawi, cessation of chloroquine use was followed by the re-emergence of chloroquine-susceptible malaria. It was expected that introduction of ACT would lead to a return in chloroquine susceptibility throughout Africa, but this has not yet widely occurred. This observation suggests that there is continuing use of ineffective anti-malarials in Africa and that persistent chloroquine-resistant malaria is due to ongoing drug pressure despite national policy changes. To estimate drug use on a national level, 2006-2007 Demographic Health Survey and Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey data from 21 African countries were analysed. Resistance data were compiled by systematic review of the published literature on the prevalence of the Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter polymorphism at codon 76, which causes chloroquine resistance. Chloroquine was the most common anti-malarial used according to surveys from 14 of 21 countries analysed, predominantly in West Africa. SP was most commonly reported in two of 21 countries. Among eight countries with longitudinal molecular resistance data, the four countries where the highest proportion of children treated for fever received chloroquine (Uganda, Burkina Faso, Guinea Bissau, and Mali) also showed no significant declines in the prevalence of chloroquine-resistant infections. The three countries with low or decreasing chloroquine use among children who reported fever treatment (Malawi, Kenya, and Tanzania) had statistically significant declines in the prevalence of chloroquine resistance. This study demonstrates that in 2006-2007, chloroquine and SP continued to be used at high rates in many African countries. In countries reporting sustained chloroquine use, chloroquine-resistant malaria persists. In contrast, a low level of estimated chloroquine use is associated with a declining prevalence of chloroquine resistance.