cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Individualist/Collectivist‐Success Motivation

Individualist-success motivation is a form of achievement motivation that directs one's attitudes and actions toward the attainment of personal goals and self-fulfillment. As such, it stands in contrast to collectivist-success motivation which encourages individuals to connect with others so that their contributions are seen as beneficial to the members of a particular group or society in general. Individualism promotes belief in one's unique identity and as a result individualists are more likely to claim the right to express themselves, make personal choices, and strive for self-actualization than are collectivists. Collectivists are more likely to see themselves as an inseparable part of a cohesive ingroup and therefore expect and are expected to accord priority to the views, needs, and goals of the group rather than “stand out” as individuals. Keywords: motivation; dimensions of culture
Real time monitoring of NKCC2 endocytosis by total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (892.19)

The apical Na-K-2Cl cotransporter NKCC2 mediates NaCl reabsorption by the thick ascending limb (TAL). The amount of NKCC2 at the apical membrane of TALs is determined by dynamic endocytosis from th...
Don't repeat yourself: automatically synthesizing client-side validation code for web applications

We outline the groundwork for a new software development approach where developers author the server-side application logic and rely on tools to automatically synthesize the corresponding client-side application logic. Our approach uses program analysis techniques to extract a logical specification from the server and synthesizes client code from that specification. Our implementation (WAVES) synthesizes interactive client interfaces that include asynchronous callbacks whose performance and coverage rival that of manually written clients, while ensuring that no new security vulnerabilities are introduced.
The Reflective Dispositional Coaching Process: An Action Research Project

The authors implemented an action research project to help teacher education candidates to reflect upon, assess, and ultimately strengthen teacher candidate dispositions through the Reflective Dispositional Coaching Model. The teacher education faculty agreed that candidate dispositions should address four areas: (a) professionalism, (b) commitment to lifelong learning, (c) reflective and critical thinker, and (d) commitment to diversity. Coaching the candidates through the reflective practitioner model not only allowed the candidates to operationally define and assess their dispositions, but also assisted them in a plan for empowerment and professional growth.
Protein function and allostery: a dynamic relationship

Allostery is a fundamental process by which distant sites within a protein system sense each other. Allosteric regulation is such an efficient mechanism that it is used to control protein activity in most biological processes, including signal transduction, metabolism, catalysis, and gene regulation. Over recent years, our view and understanding of the fundamental principles underlying allostery have been enriched and often utterly reshaped. This has been especially so for powerful techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, which offers an atomic view of the intrinsic motions of proteins. Here, I discuss recent results on the catabolite activator protein (CAP) that have drastically revised our view about how allosteric interactions are modulated. CAP has provided the first experimentally identified system showing that (i) allostery can be mediated through changes in protein motions, in the absence of changes in the mean structure of the protein, and (ii) favorable changes in protein motions may activate allosteric proteins that are otherwise structurally inactive.
Decision support systems for agricultural development

Agricultural decision makers at all levels need an increasing amount of information to better understand the possible outcomes of their decisions and to assist them in developing plans and policies that meet their goals. An international team of scientists has recently developed a decision support system for agrotechnology transfer (DSSAT) to estimate production, resource use, and risks associated with different crop production practices. The DSSAT contains crop-soil simulation models, data bases for weather, soil, and crops, and strategy evaluation programs integrated with a user-friendly interface on microcomputers. In this paper, an overview of the DSSAT will be given, followed by example applications and a description of enhancements now being made. Concepts for using components of the DSSAT in new, broader decision support systems for assessing farm and regional outcomes of different policies and practices will be presented. These new tools will help decision makers by reducing the time and human resources required for analyzing complex alternative decisions.
Balance of trade announcements and asset prices: influence on equity prices, exchange rates, and interest rates

Abstract This paper examines the informational impact of traded balance announcements on asset prices including equities, currrencies, long- and short-term debt instruments, and financial futures. This study finds that in the 1980s, prior to the 1985 ‘Plaza Agreement’ for International economic cooperation, information in trade balance announcements seem to have influenced only interest rates. However, in the 1985–1987 period such announcements also influenced stock prices and currency values. These influences intensity further in the 1987–1988 period. Thus, asset prices are sensitive to news in trade balance announcements and this sensitivity seems to have increased significantly in recent years with important implications for asset pricing models and economic policy formulation. (JEL F30).
Studies on the electron transport system XXVIII. The mode of reduction of tetrazolium salts by beef heart mitochondria; Role of coenzyme Q andother lipids

The pathways involved in the reduction of various tetrazolium salts catalyzed by beef-heart mitochondria were investigated. It was found that the reduction of 2,2′,5′-tetraphenyl-3,3′-(4,4′-biphenylene)ditetrazolium chloride, 2-p-iodophenyl-3-p-nitrophenyl-5-phenyltetrazolium chloride, and 2,5-diphenyl-3-α-naphthyletrazolium chloride with succinate as substrate were dependent on CoQ and were largely sensitive to antimycin. These tetrazoles were not reduced by the reduced forms of the isolated cytochromes. Hence these interact somewhere at or beyond the antimycin site and before cytochromes c1 and c. 2,2′-di-p-nitrophenyl-5,5′-diphenyl-3,3′-(3,3′-dimethoxy-4,4′- biphenylene)ditetrazolium chloride reduction by succinate is not CoQ-dependent and appears to occur at a site responsible for CoQ reduction. Reduction of tetrazoles by reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide would appear to take place at the flavoprotein level. Evidence indicating that different requirements exist for the reduction of K3 and CoQ is also presented. Data on the lipid requirements for tetrazole reduction in lipid-depleted mitochondrial preparations are given. A simple assay procedure is described for the enzymic reduction of tetrazolium salts.
Models for achromatic light‐curve breaks in gamma‐ray burst afterglows: jets, structured outflows and energy injection

The steepening (break) of the power-law fall-off observed in the optical emission of some gamma-ray burst (GRB) afterglows at epoch ∼1 d is often attributed to a collimated outflow (jet), undergoing lateral spreading. Wider opening GRB ejecta with a non-uniform energy angular distribution (structured outflows) or the cessation of energy injection in the afterglow can also yield light-curve breaks. We determine the optical and X-ray light-curve decay indices and spectral energy distribution slopes for 10 GRB afterglows with optical light-curve breaks (980519, 990123, 990510, 991216, 000301, 000926, 010222, 011211, 020813, 030226), and use these properties to test the above models for light-curve steepening. It is found that the optical breaks of six of these afterglows can be accommodated by either energy injection or by structured outflows. In the refreshed shock model, a wind-like stratification of the circumburst medium (as expected for massive stars as GRB progenitors) is slightly favoured. A spreading jet interacting with a homogeneous circumburst medium is required by the afterglows 990510, 000301, 011211 and 030226. The optical pre- and post-break decays of these four afterglows are incompatible with a wind-like medium. The current sample of 10 afterglows with breaks suggests that the distribution of the break magnitude Aa (defined as increasing the afterglow decay exponent) is bimodal, with a gap at Δα ≃ 1. If true, this bimodality favours the structured outflow model, while the gap location indicates a homogeneous circumburst environment.
Psychosocial correlates of binge eating in Hispanic, African American, and Caucasian women presenting for bariatric surgery

Research suggests that that binge eating, stress, and depression are prevalent among individuals seeking bariatric surgery. However, ethnic differences in the prevalence of binge eating and binge eating disorder (BED) in this population remain unclear, as does the impact of depression and stress on any such relationship. Further, no studies to date have examined the prevalence of binge eating in Hispanic women presenting for bariatric surgery. This study sought to (a) compare the prevalence and severity of binge eating symptomatology and BED diagnosis in Hispanic, African American, and Caucasian women presenting for gastric bypass surgery, (b) examine the impact of depressive symptoms and stress on binge eating symptomatology, and (c) investigate whether ethnicity moderated any relationship between depression, stress, and binge eating. Results indicated that Hispanic women exhibited equal rates of binge eating symptomatology, BED, and depressive symptomatology as African American and Caucasian women. However, Caucasian women exhibited greater binge eating symptomatology than African American women, and African American women endorsed greater levels of stress than Caucasian women. Across all ethnic groups, depressive symptomatology, but not stress, significantly predicted binge eating severity. These findings suggest that Hispanic women presenting for bariatric surgery report binge eating rates equivalent to Caucasian and African American women, and that depressive symptoms are an important predictor of binge eating in female bariatric surgery candidates across ethnic groups.
Periplakin and envoplakin are target antigens in canine and human paraneoplastic pemphigus

Abstract Background: On the basis of clinical and histopathologic similarities to human paraneoplastic pemphigus (PNP), we recently identified the first case of PNP in a nonhuman species, the dog. Objective: To determine a similar pathogenesis in both species, the present study aimed to define whether common antigens are targeted in dog and man. Methods: Canine and human PNP sera were used in parallel to immunoprecipitate 14 C-labeled human keratinocyte antigens. The immunoreactive proteins were then identified by immunoprecipitation of canine keratinocyte extracts with specific antibodies to the antiplakin family members follwed by immunoblot analysis using canine and human PNP sera. Results: Protein bands of 210, 190, 170, and 130 kd were identified in dogs and humans. In both species, envoplakin and periplakin were demonstrated as antigens. Anti-desmoglein 3 antibodies could not be demonstrated in canine PNP, but in human PNP. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that canine PNP closely correlates to the human counterpart and may therefore represent an excellent model for the human disease.(J Am Acad Dermatol 1999;40:682-5.)
Catalogers Must Change! Surviving Between the Rock and the Hard Place

ABSTRACT For at least one hundred years, catalogers have been committed to creating perfect bibliographic records of their local resources for their local users. With the advent of automation, shared cataloging and electronic remote resources, their task has been made much more complex as their product has become universally available and visible; and, contrary to earlier naive expectations, much more expensive. As a profession, they survived automation and adapted, but now outsourcing has become a new threat to their very existence, or at least to their numbers working at local libraries. Based on a great number of calls for change in the library literature, this article appeals to catalogers to wake up and make a concerted effort to do things differently-as their product is still essential for good library service- and to become more involved in helping shape their future, while at the same time ensuring that there is a future for them.
Optical metrology for LEDs and solid state lighting

The performance of Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs), including efficiency, flux level, lifetime, and the variation of color, is advancing at a remarkable pace. LEDs are increasingly used for many applications including automotive, aviation, display, transportation and special lighting applications. White LEDs are expected for general lighting applications (solid state lighting) in the near future. Thus, accurate measurements of LEDs and appropriate standards are increasingly important. This paper reviews photometric, radiometric, and colorimetric quantities used for LEDs, and discusses the current state of optical measurements of LEDs and standardization efforts in International Commission on Illumination (CIE). The paper also touches on the issue of color quality (e.g., Color Rendering Index) of light expected from solid state lighting, and the need for a new metric. The calibration facilities and services for LEDs established at NIST are also discussed.
Femtosecond-rate space-to-time conversion

A real-time spatial–temporal processor based on cascaded nonlinearities converts space-domain images to time-domain waveforms by the interaction of spectrally decomposed ultrashort pulses and spatially Fourier-transformed images carried by quasi-monochromatic light waves. We use four-wave mixing, achieved by cascaded second-order nonlinearities with type II noncollinear phase matching, for femtosecond-rate processing. We present a detailed analysis of the nonlinear mixing process with waves containing wide temporal and angular bandwidths. The wide bandwidths give rise to phase-mismatch terms in each process of the cascade. We define a complex spatial–temporal filter to characterize the effects of the phase-mismatch terms, modeling the deviations from the ideal system response. New experimental results that support our findings are presented.
Effects of Climate Change on Commercial Building Energy Demand

Abstract Most of the studies of the impact of global warming on energy use have employed aggregated utility models and have found that global warming would produce about a 2% decrease in heating requirements per PC and comparable increases in cooling requirements. The one significant exception is a German study that utilized building energy models and determined that the increase in cooling would be somewhat larger, due to the effects of increased humidity with atmospheric warming. This study utilizes the DOE2 building energy model on a prototype commercial building and demonstrates that increased humidity could be a significant factor in total building energy use, particularly in the more humid parts of the United States. The study also demonstrates that the effect can be overcome with advanced building designs.
Positive magnetoresistance due to conduction-band splitting in EuSe and EuTe

Abstract A positive magnetoresistance observed in n-type EuSe and EuTe samples is explained by the effect of spin splitting of the conduction band on nonmagnetic scattering.
Observation of above-barrier transitions in superlattices with small magnetically induced band offsets

Using magneto-optical absorption in ZnSe/${\mathrm{Zn}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Mn}}_{\mathit{x}}$Se superlattices, we have observed a series of transitions involving above-barrier states of the conduction and valence bands, at the zone center and at the zone edge of the superlattice Brillouin zone. The Mn concentration in ${\mathrm{Zn}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Mn}}_{\mathit{x}}$Se layers (x\ensuremath{\sim}0.04) has been specifically chosen such that the bowing of the band gap with x and the strain in the superlattice together give rise to conduction- and valence-band offsets, which are nearly zero in the absence of a magnetic field. Owing to the large Zeeman splittings of band edges that occur in the ${\mathrm{Zn}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Mn}}_{\mathit{x}}$Se layers, the band alignment in these superlattices can be externally tuned by an applied magnetic field, providing a unique laboratory for investigating above-barrier subbands in a superlattice defined by very small periodic-potential variations (intermediate-dimensionality regime). The magnetic-field tuning, together with calculations based on an eight-band k\ensuremath{\cdot}p model, allow us to unambiguously identify the transitions, and to compare the observed transition energies with theoretical predictions.
Twisted and warped disks as consequences of heavy halos

Observationally testable consequences of the hypothesis that galactic disks are confined less by their self-gravity than that of some hot stellar component are sought. Theoretical and observational studies are reviewed which suggest that elliptical galaxies are typically triaxial in form. It is argued that any hot stellar component is likely to be similarly spherical. The motion of a galactic disk about such a population is calculated. Within the plane the flow is to first order along similar concentric ellipses and without of the plane, provided that certain conditions on the background field are met, an oscillation may be excited which can cause isolated galaxies to become warped. The circular motion of matter in such disks will manifest itself in the misalignment of the apparent minor axis and the H I zero-velocity contour. Such an effect may be present in a number of recent H I surveys, although the data presently available do not allow definite conclusions. Alternative explanations of galactic warps are reviewed and their relation to the present proposal discussed.
New variation and biosystematic patterns detected by allozyme and morphological comparisons in Limnanthes sect. Reflexae (Limnanthaceae)

Sixty-one populations ofLimnanthes sect.Reflexae were surveyed for variation at 19 allozyme loci and reassessed for their morphological diversity and biosystematic relationships. Cluster analysis of allozyme data at individual population level provided evidence for a fairly good fit with the earlier systematic work on this genus but both morphological and allozyme data together defined some new clusters as well as exceptional entities. For example, only var.rosea of the fourL. douglasii varieties described byMason (1952) on the basis of geographical distribution, flower color and leaf morphology, remained as a distinct entity; the others were realigned along new geographic boundaries.L. striata appeared to have two well-developed subgroups, one of which was closely related to theL. douglasii complex. Further ecogeographic and hybridization studies are needed to fully describe these new phenetic findings in the context of phylogenetic inference. SectionInflexae was readily distinguished from sect.Reflexae by several diagnostic loci, thus supporting the validity of this division. Interspecific variation levels and population differentiation inLimnanthes were high when compared to other plant taxa, possibly indicating highly dynamic evolutionary processes for which variable habitats and extreme subdivision within species have been suggested as explanations.
Move, Beam, and Check! Imagineering Tangible Optical Chess on An Interactive Tabletop Display

This article presents Tangible Optical Chess, a tangible version of Optical Chess, a strategy game implemented on an interactive tabletop display. We discuss the design and implementation of both systems and report our evaluation game play sessions and our observations during the open house demonstration events at our research center.
Gene Therapy for Pediatric Cancer: State of the Art and Future Perspectives.

While modern treatments have led to a dramatic improvement in survival for pediatric malignancy, toxicities are high and a significant proportion of patients remain resistant. Gene transfer offers the prospect of highly specific therapies for childhood cancer. “Corrective” genes may be transferred to overcome the genetic abnormalities present in the precancerous cell. Alternatively, genes can be introduced to render the malignant cell sensitive to therapeutic drugs. The tumor can also be attacked by decreasing its blood supply with genes that inhibit vascular growth. Another possible approach is to modify normal tissues with genes that make them more resistant to conventional drugs and/or radiation, thereby increasing the therapeutic index. Finally, it may be possible to attack the tumor indirectly by using genes that modify the behavior of the immune system, either by making the tumor more immunogenic, or by rendering host effector cells more efficient. Several gene therapy applications have already been reported for pediatric cancer patients in preliminary Phase 1 studies. Although no major clinical success has yet been achieved, improvements in gene delivery technologies and a better understanding of mechanisms of tumor progression and immune escape have opened new perspectives for the cure of pediatric cancer by combining gene therapy with standard therapeutic available treatments.
Changes in the longitudinal structure of the low‐latitude ionosphere during the July 2004 sequence of geomagnetic storms

[1] In this brief report, the interplay between meteorological and geomagnetic activity influences on the low-latitude ionosphere is studied. Specifically, the disruption of the dominant wave-4 longitudinal structure of the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) by geomagnetic storms is investigated in connection with a sequence of three coronal mass ejections in July 2004. Observations of in situ electron density from the Challenging Minisatellite Payload (CHAMP) satellite are used to investigate changes in the longitudinal structure of the EIA during the different phases of the geomagnetic storms. The observed electron densities at ∼1200 local time during the initial-main phases of the storms does not indicate significant longitudinal structure of the low-latitude ionosphere. A wave-4 structure of the EIA begins to reappear during the storm recovery phases although it is slightly weaker compared to undisturbed conditions. Although the upward propagating atmospheric tides responsible for generating the wave-4 structure of the EIA are not influenced by the geomagnetic storms, changes in the electric fields, neutral winds, and neutral composition due to the geomagnetic storms serve to disrupt the longitudinal structure of the EIA. The results further indicate that the sampling longitude needs to be accounted for when using satellite observations at a fixed local time for geomagnetic storm studies.
Identification of the skin-air interface in CC- and MLO-view mammograms via computational intelligence techniques

Identification of the skin-air interface is a challenging, yet essential task in mammographic image analysis. Two strategies for determining this boundary are presented in this study. The stroma edge is initially located using a K-clustered self-organizing map and morphological operations. The first procedure then applies a thresholding technique near the stroma edge to identify the skin line, while the second supposes that the distance between the stroma edge and the skin line is approximately equal throughout the image. Applied to 500 mammograms from the Digital Database for Screening Mammography (DDSM), qualitative findings indicate that the mammographic projection determined which approach was most effective. Specifically, medio-lateral oblique (MLO) view mammograms favored the first approach and the cranio-caudal (CC) view favored the second, regardless of mammographic density. To confirm the viability of this method as a pre-processing step for computer-aided diagnosis (CAD), the resulting segmentation was compared to the location of abnormalities when present. In this data set, 218 mammograms contained abnormalities, annotated by a radiologist. Four of these were technically suboptimal, while 214 (98.17%) were completely encompassed by the segmentation.
“Leucine Sensitive Hypoglycemia” Caused by a Dominantly-inherited Mutation of Glutamate Dehydrogenase • 442

“Leucine Sensitive Hypoglycemia” Caused by a Dominantly-inherited Mutation of Glutamate Dehydrogenase • 442
Vesicle capture, not delivery, scales up neuropeptide storage in neuroendocrine terminals

Neurons vary in their capacity to produce, store, and release neuropeptides packaged in dense-core vesicles (DCVs). Specifically, neurons used for cotransmission have terminals that contain few DCVs and many small synaptic vesicles, whereas neuroendocrine neuron terminals contain many DCVs. Although the mechanistic basis for presynaptic variation is unknown, past research demonstrated transcriptional control of neuropeptide synthesis suggesting that supply from the soma limits presynaptic neuropeptide accumulation. Here neuropeptide release is shown to scale with presynaptic neuropeptide stores in identified Drosophila cotransmitting and neuroendocrine terminals. However, the dramatic difference in DCV number in these terminals occurs with similar anterograde axonal transport and DCV half-lives. Thus, differences in presynaptic neuropeptide stores are not explained by DCV delivery from the soma or turnover. Instead, greater neuropeptide accumulation in neuroendocrine terminals is promoted by dramatically more efficient presynaptic DCV capture. Greater capture comes with tradeoffs, however, as fewer uncaptured DCVs are available to populate distal boutons and replenish neuropeptide stores following release. Finally, expression of the Dimmed transcription factor in cotransmitting neurons increases presynaptic DCV capture. Therefore, DCV capture in the terminal is genetically controlled and determines neuron-specific variation in peptidergic function.
Microcrystalline and three-dimensional network structure of plasticized poly(vinyl chloride)

Three-dimensional networks can be formed in plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) by chain entanglements and crystallites introduced in the system during the fusion and annealing processes. The fusion conditions influence the mechanical stability of the plasticized polymers, by establishing regions where one-phase systems are observed. During annealing at temperatures of between 170 and 190 °C, for up to 9 minutes, maximum degree of crystallinity of 0.079 was detected for samples plasticized with 20 wt% di-2-ethyl-hexyl-phthalate. Experimental analysis of mechanical properties and analysis of stress relaxation experiments showed that rubber elasticity theories could be applied with some approximation to plasticized PVC to analyze the structure of the three-dimensional networks formed.
Analysis of laminar mixed convection in shrouded arrays of heated rectangular blocks

Abstract The effect of buoyancy on the flow and heat transfer in shrouded arrays of rectangular blocks is studied numerically. The problem considered is relevant to the cooling of electronic equipment made up of components mounted on horizontal circuit boards. The effects of orientation of the blocks, heat conduction within the shrouds, and fluid properties are considered. Detailed velocity and temperature fields are computed. The results show that buoyancy leads to a significant enhancement in heat transfer along with a smaller increase in pressure drop, with the greatest enhancement found when the heated blocks face upward. The secondary flow forms single-eddy patterns at low Rayleigh numbers, and both single- and multiple-eddy patterns at higher Rayleigh numbers.
Macular Hole Formation, Spontaneous Closure, and Recurrence in a Previously Vitrectomized Eye

Purpose To report a case of recurrent idiopathic macular hole after spontaneous closure in a previously vitrectomized eye. Design Case report. Methods A 69-year-old woman who had had vitrectomy for vitreous hemorrhage seven years earlier presented with decreased visual acuity and a macular hole. The hole spontaneously resolved within four months. One year later, the macular hole reopened. Internal limiting membrane peeling was performed, resulting in return of visual acuity. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) was obtained during all visits. Results Initial OCT revealed a macular hole with perifoveal cystoid degeneration and bridging elements. At subsequent visits, OCT showed resolution of the cystoid degeneration. The preoperative OCT demonstrates recurrence of the macular hole with similar perifoveal abnormalities. Conclusions After vitrectomy, anteroposterior vitreofoveal traction associated with most macular hole formation does not apply. OCT demonstrates foveal structure and forces coincident with hole formation and resolution. Dynamic interaction between tensile and degenerative forces, and proliferative and reparative glial elements, may lead to hole remodeling.
Peroxides of vanadium and related metals in biological and medicinal chemistry

Ions of vanadium and other transition metals of do or low dn electron configuration are present in substantial amount in selected human tissues and blood. Vanadium is one of the elements recently recognised as essential for mammals [1]. In a very low concentration [2] it is thought to be widely distributed in tissues, but its biological function remains unknown. Complexes of vanadium and related metals with peroxo group, stabilized in specific ligand fields [3], exist in solid state and aqueous solutions. Such compounds of biologically important metals can help us understand the metal interactions with dioxygen moiety in living matter [4]. We have prepared and characterized a number of peroxo complexes of vanadium, niobium, tantalum and lanthanides, some containing various heteroligands (e.g., oxalates, amino-carboxylates). Antitumor activity (ILS 25–32%), using L1210 murine leukemia test systems, have been found for some of these vanadium complexes [5]. They represent a new type of antitumor metal agents, quite different from a previously reported vanadocene dichloride [6]. A change in toxicity have been observed among analogous peroxo and nonperoxo niobate complexes. The relationship between the chemical properties of these compounds and their biological effects is studied by observing properties of complex peroxo species in aqueous solutions. Proton and 13C NMR spectra of heteroligands offer an indirect evidence for peroxo group presence in the metal ligand sphere. Individual resonance patterns and specific chemical shifts are observed in saturated deuterium oxide solutions for particular complex polyhedra present in the solid state. Peroxo → metal charge transfer band is pH dependent and distinct for different spheres. Redox potentials measured upon oxidation by various oxidants depend upon the type of the complex, showing significant differences (⩾300 mV). Vanadium complexes are particularly interesting in this respect because of a conceivable intramolecular redox process [7]. Under proper tuning by heteroligands the reactivity of coordinated peroxo group is expected to be modified, and eventually undergo one electron oxidation. Antitumor activity and toxicity of vanadium complexes can accordingly be associated with free radical processes [8], in addition to previously observed perturbation of enzymes involving phosphate metabolism, and perhaps sodium pump. For such speculations more reliable analyses of vanadium in tissue are of primary importance [9].
Electro-optical transfer function preferences for LCD TVs: The effect of display brightness and surround illumination on preferred gamma

— Recent commercial liquid-crystal-display (LCD) televisions are larger and brighter than traditional televisions, thus impacting the viewing conditions in which they are viewed. These changes in viewing conditions may require different electro-optical transfer functions (EOTFs) for LCD TVs than those for conventional TVs. Here, the way various EOTFs affect the preferred image quality of test images with changes in brightness and surround illumination conditions are examined. The first method used a gain, offset, and gamma (GOG) function with a range of gamma values, and the second method altered the intrinsic EOTFs. Image preference for the simulated EOTFs was determined using a paired-comparison experiment for ten images. The first experiment took place in a darkened room at two display luminance levels. The results indicated that a gamma of 1.6 was most preferred overall although more so at a lower screen luminance level. In a second experiment, the procedure was repeated with a dim surround of 10% of the display's white point. With this surround, preference for a gamma value of around 1.6 at both screen luminance levels was more enhanced. These results indicated that image preference for different EOTFs is dependent on display luminance and that this dependence is maintained with a dim surround.
Smart aerodynamic control surface actuator

Integral control surfaces in rear sections of airfoils can be used to actively control camber. This has potential applications in individual blade cyclic control of helicopters and in aeroelastic control of fixed-wing aircraft. When analyzed as actuators, integral control surfaces will have a characteristically misbehaved frequency response function (FRF). Taking tip displacement as a result of a force input, one would expect either highly peaked resonances characteristic of such a substructure or large areas of very low response depending on what part of the frequency domain the observation is made. In this paper, active control is used locally to convert the FRF of a proposed integral actuator into a more favorable flat-gain FRF in a frequency range of interest. This is accomplished while still exploiting at least some of the gain of the open loop first structural resonance. Both experiment and analysis are presented.
Metal−Semiconductor Zn−ZnO Core−Shell Nanobelts and Nanotubes

Heterostructured metal-semiconductor Zn-ZnO core-shell nanobelts and nanotubes have been synthesized. The core is a belt-shaped Zn single crystal, and the shell is an epitaxially grown ZnO layer of 5n m in thickness. The composite nanobelt grows along [21 h1 h0], its top/bottom being ((0001), and side surfaces ((011 h0). The Zn core is a single crystal, and the ZnO shell has an epitaxial orientation relationship with the core. The metal-based nanobelts have a distinct morphology from the nanowires reported in the literature. A growth mechanism is proposed on the basis of growth kinetics and thermodynamics. Sublimation of the Zn core results in the formation ZnO nanotubes. Since the discovery of oxide semiconducting nanobelts, 1 onedimensional (1-D) facet controlled nanomaterials have attracted much attention due to their potential applications in electronic and optoelectronic devices in nanoscale. 2 The terminology of “nanowires” is fairly popular in the literature, but nanowires represent quasi-one-dimensional nanomaterials that grow along a specific axial direction, whereas their side surfaces may not be well-defined. For nanobelts, it should be emphasized that they represent the 1-D nanomaterials that have specific growth direction and well-defined side facets. Analogous to carbon nanotubes, whose properties depend strongly on the helical angle at which the graphitic layer is rolled up, the properties of the nanowires and nanobelts should also depend on the anisotropic structure of their facet surfaces. Therefore, it is a critical step in materials synthesis to control the anisotropic growth of the side surfaces, which may lead to unique properties and selectivity.
Spatial and temporal niche partitioning in grassland ants

Species coexistence can reflect niche partitioning at several spatial and temporal scales. We measured patterns of spatial and temporal niche overlap in an Oklahoma grassland ant assemblage. Ant species foraging on a 400-m2 grid of 25 tuna-fish baits were censused hourly for one 24-h period each month for 1 year. We used partial correlations to analyze pairwise associations of the four commonest species, and a null model analysis to quantify niche overlap among all seven species present. On a seasonal (monthly) time scale, niche overlap and pairwise species associations were random or aggregated, probably due to thermal constraints on ectotherms foraging in a seasonal environment. Within the warmer months of the year, there was some evidence of diurnal (24 h) niche partitioning: the variance in niche overlap was often greater than expected, and common species displayed both negative and positive associations with each other and with ambient air temperature. The strongest evidence for niche partitioning was at the spatial scale of individual baits. Species occurrences at baits were dynamic, with considerable turnover in composition and significantly less spatial niche overlap than expected by chance. These results are consistent with other studies suggesting that ant species partition resources at fine spatial and temporal scales.
The Eucharistic Species in Light of Peirce's Sign Theory

The author argues that the thought of American polymath Charles Sanders Peirce (1839–1914) offers a coherent, adequate, and versatile framework for understanding the eucharistic species as “signs.”...
Why publish Animal Biotelemetry

“Biotelemetry” refers to the sending of biological measurements from a transmitter on an animal to a receiver. The information is transmitted either with an ultrasonic (kHz) or radio signal (MHz). The ultrasonic signal is propagated by a ceramic ring, or piezo-electric transducer (PZT), whereas the radio signal is propagated by a conductive wire, or antenna. Which mode of telemetry is chosen to remotely monitor the behavior and movements of animals depends on the transmission properties of the medium. Marine scientists have utilized ultrasonic telemetry because a signal composed of those frequencies propagates quickly with little attenuation in salt water, whereas radio signals are absorbed quickly in this medium. Scientists working in the freshwater and terrestrial environments have mainly utilized radio telemetry because the signals of those frequencies propagate far in freshwater and air. Telemetry has often been used to study large marine vertebrates because poor visibility has limited direct observation. Tagged marine fish were first followed by boat, while determining the direction of the subject with a directional hydrophone and estimating its position by situating the boat above it and recording a position. The first transmitters were beacons that enabled researchers to describe the daily offshore migrations of tunas off Hawaii [1]. Later tags were equipped with multiple sensors such as those used to record the depths and headings of scalloped hammerhead sharks, and the water temperatures and underwater illumination to understand their navigational abilities [2]. Additional sensors continue to be developed such as an accelerometer used to identify behaviors from records of an individual’s movement along three axes [3] and pH sensors to detect feeding by a change in pH in the stomach associated with digestion [4]. Shipboard tracking of animals is an arduous activity. The recent development of coded beacons and small automated receivers have made it possible to describe simultaneously the “homing” behavior of multiple individuals to
Electrical-anatomic correlations between typical atrial flutter and intra-atrial re-entry following atrial surgery

Abstract It is well known that in typical (or type I) atrial flutter, conduction proceeds counterclockwise, up the interatrial septum and down the right atrial wall anterior to the crista terminalis (CT). Recent careful mapping studies using entrainment pacing have clearly shown the importance of the CT and the eustachian valve ridge (EVR), which act as fixed barriers to intraatrial conduction and interact with other barriers, including the tricuspid valve, inferior vena cava (IVC), and coronary sinus os, to create a long macroreentrant circuit. Ablative lesions are directed at the isthmus between the tricuspid valve and the IVC or between the tricuspid valve and the EVR. Patients who have had cardiac surgery may have typical atrial flutter, either counterclockwise or clockwise, and prior surgery may act to stabilize the circuit. Such patients may also have atypical flutter, which does not utilize this circuit. Surgical closure of septal defects requires a long anterior oblique atriotomy. Commonly, reentrant circuits are identified that use this barrier, as well as the tricuspid valve and CT, and are confined to the anterior atrial wall and do not involve the typical flutter isthmus. These may be ablated at the lower or the upper end of the atriotomy, extending the block to the tricuspid valve, IVC, or superior vena cava. After the Senning or Mustard procedure, typical flutter is common, and the baffle bisects the isthmus at the site of the EVR, perhaps enforcing block. Anterior atriotomy-mediated reentry also is seen, and both circuits need to be approached in a retrograde manner. After the Fontan atriopulmonary connection, atriotomies and atrial dilation may interact to make reentry more likely. After the “lateral tunnel” Fontan (cavopulmonary connection) suture lines are similar to those of the Senning procedure, but nearly all right atrial anatomy is in the pulmonary venous atrium. Such circuits may need to be approached via an atrial fenestration.
Soft-output sphere decoding algorithms for MIMO systems

Sphere decoding (SD) algorithms for MIMO receivers can achieve similar performance to maximum-likelihood detection (MLD) algorithm with lower computational complexity. In general, channel decoding methods can achieve better performance if they are combined with soft-output SD rather than hard-output one. Unfortunately, not all soft-output values can be obtained in SD. Although several constants could be substituted for these unavailable values, it needs trial and error. Thus, in this paper, we propose novel algorithms to solve such a problem. Based on the simulation results, it can be concluded that the proposed scheme has good performance and lower complexity, as compared to other reference approaches.
The absence of glyxylate cycle enzymes in rodent and embryonic chick liver

There have been several reports over the past decade of the presence of the glyoxylate cycle enzymes, isocitrate lyase and malate synthase, in animal tissues. Reaction products in these assays have been measured principally by chromatographic separation of isotopes or by colorimetric procedures. In this report more sensitive and accurate HPLC and HPCE analyses were used to detect enzymatic activity. Reversed phase HPLC revealed the absence of detectable isocitrate lyase activity in guinea pig, rat and chick embryonic liver. The formation of several other alpha-keto acids was detected and this may account for the previously reported activities. Using HPCE to monitor malate formation malate synthase activity was not detected in these tissues. These results indicate that when assaying enzyme activities in crude tissue homogenates specific methods for the identification of end products are required.
Integrated Optics For Fiber Gyro's

Expected advantages of incorporating integrated optical waveguide components into fiber gyroscopes are summarized. The structural-simplicity benefits which can be achieved through the use of solid-state lasers, and integrated and fiber optics are examined; angular rate noise and random walk drift for the current technology in the 0.84-micron wavelength region are reported as 0.00001 deg/sec and 0.0002 deg/hr to the 1/2, respectively. The state-of-the-art in the pertinent materials research is reviewed; lithium niobate, suggested to be used as a waveguide substrate material, is noted to have a complex chemistry that is not yet fully understood. However, most of the optical and electrooptical components of a fiber gyro are conceptually understood and have been demonstrated.
Mental health treatment and medical utilization: First pilot study in the military

Savings in medical utilization, as a function of psychotherapeutic intervention, which has been widely demonstrated elsewhere, can be replicated in military medical settings. Results point not only to decreased medical utilization following mental health intervention, but also to more appropriate treatment.
LIZARD MALARIA IN GEORGIA.

SYNOPSIS. South of latitude 32°, where adequate samples were taken, both Sceloporus undulatus and Anolis carolinensis were infected with Plasmodium fioridense Thompson and Huff, but with varying frequency. Data resulting from general surveys made in two coastal islands, Jekyll and Sapelo, and from 11 counties in south and southwest Georgia showed 62 of 1,325 or 4.7% of Sceloporus and 106 of 846 or 13% of Anolis to be positive for P. fioridense. The Fargo-Okefenokee Swamp Area, including Echols and Clinch Counties, was designated as a special study area during the period of 1959–1963, during which time monthly collections of lizards and mosquitoes were made for transmission experiments. In this area, 104 of 2,232 or 4.7% of Sceloporus and 510 of 1,502 or 34% of Anolis were positive for P. fioridense. During the first 3 years (1959–1961), the rate of infection in Anolis was about 46% as compared to 6% in Sceloporus from the same area during the same period. In 1962 the frequency of occurrence in Anolis dropped to 24% (85 of 358) and in Sceloporus to 3.3% (15 of 448). In 1963 there was a further drop to 17% in Anolis (60 of 353) and to 2% in Sceloporus (11 of 514). Thus the incidence was from 3 to 10 times higher in Anolis than in Sceloporus in this area. There is a marked increase in new infections in Anolis during late summer and fall indicating a period of parasite transmission. Local mosquitoes, Aedes atlanticus-tormentor, A. triseriatus, Psorophora confinnis, P. ferox and Mansonia perturbans, fed on infected lizards and kept at 25–30°C, were all negative. One of 80 Aedes aegypti showed 1 oocyst and negative salivary glands. Four of 70 Culex territans had 23, 1, 16 and 2 oocysts, but negative glands 31 days following an infective blood meal from Sceloporus. Culex quinquefasciatus (225 dissected) had 2 infections of 1 and 3 oocysts and negative glands. One of 3 Culex sp. had 70 oocysts and negative glands. No transmission experiments were successful. Under the conditions of testing, when Anolis and Sceloporus were exposed to mosquitoes at the same time, mosquitoes preferred to teed on Sceloporus.
Dehydrated hereditary stomatocytosis masquerading as MDS.

![Figure][1] A 23-year-old man presented to our clinic for a second opinion. He was given the diagnosis of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) years prior, based on a history of iron overload and bone marrow biopsy findings of a hypercellular marrow with erythroid hyperplasia and
Scheduling of runway operations for reduced environmental impact

Efficient runway operations are a necessary input for the optimal use of the air transportation system. Most efforts at improving runway efficiency have failed to capture the impact of environmental costs. Here we develop an integrated approach that models this complex relationship, and provides insights regarding the value of environmental optimization for runway scheduling. More specifically, using actual flight data we compare environmentally optimal schedules with first-come-first-serve based policies and fuel-optimal schedules. We determine that while significant savings in environmental costs can be achieved through environmentally optimal schedules, these savings are not very different than those obtained through fuel-optimal schedules. Further, we find that any increase in the operational costs of airlines due to an environmentally optimal schedule is minimal.