cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anticancer exffect of 9-nitrocamptothecin liposome aerosol on human cancer xenografts in nude mice

Purpose: To test the anticancer properties of the water-insoluble derivative of camptothecin, 9-nitrocamptothecin (9-NC) against human breast, colon and lung cancer xenografts in nude mice when administered in liposome aerosol. Methods: The drug was formulated with dilauroylphosphatidylcholine and nebulized in a particle size of 1.6 μm ± 2.0 mass median diameter to deliver doses of usually less than 200 μg/kg daily, 5 days per week. 9-NC liposome aerosols were generated with a Aerotech II nebulizer (CIS-USA) flowing at 10 l/min from a compressed air source and delivered to mice in sealed plastic cages or in a nose-only exposure chamber. Results: Tumor growth was greatly reduced or tumors were undetectable after several weeks of treatment. Colon tumor was least responsive. 9-NC was better than the parent compound, camptothecin, also water-insoluble, tested by aerosol in a similar liposomal preparation. Equivalent doses of 9-NC liposome preparations administered by mouth were substantially without effect while there was some effect, but limited, of the liposome preparation given intramuscularly. Conclusions: 9-NC liposome aerosol was strikingly effective in the treatment of three human cancer xenografts growing subcutaneously over the thorax in nude mice at doses much smaller than those traditionally used in mice administered by other routes.
Optimum blending ratio for sorghum-African yam bean food mixture

The plot of chemical score (CS) of sorghum-African yam bean (AYB) food blend against the ratio of the mixture, using the limiting amino acids lysine and sulfur-amino acids (SAAs) gave rise to an intercept which was taken as the point of maximum benefit for the mixture. A double point corresponding to 71.7% sorghum and 28.3% AYB was obtained. This could be taken as the optimum blending ratio for this food mixture. This result agreed closely with animal assay results.
Casual Hook up Sex During the First Year of College: Prospective Associations with Attitudes about Sex and Love Relationships

This study examined bidirectional relationships among emerging adults’ involvement in casual hook up sex and attitudes about sex and love relationships. At the start and end of their first year in college, undergraduates (N = 163) responded to measures of sexual behavior, sexual attitudes, and attitudes about love relationships. In cross-sectional analyses, attitudes about sex and love both were associated with involvement in casual hook up sex. In prospective analyses, initial attitudes about sexual instrumentality uniquely predicted involvement in later hook up sex, even after controlling for past hook up sex. Furthermore, involvement in hook up sex during the first year of college predicted greater sexual permissiveness and comfort with casual genital contact, even after controlling for initial sexual attitudes and hook up behaviors. None of the associations between attitudes and behavior were qualified by gender. Experiences of causal hook up sex appear to have implications primarily for emerging adults’ attitudes about sexual interactions rather than their attitudes about love relationships.
Thermospheric Energetics and a Possible Explanation of Some Observations of Geomagnetic Disturbances and Radio Aurorae

Thermospheric Energetics and a Possible Explanation of Some Observations of Geomagnetic Disturbances and Radio Aurorae
Structure and catalytic mechanism of the β-carbonic anhydrases

The beta-carbonic anhydrases (beta-CAs) are a diverse but structurally related group of zinc-metalloenzymes found in eubacteria, plant chloroplasts, red and green algae, and in the Archaea. The enzyme catalyzes the rapid interconversion of CO(2) and H(2)O to HCO(3)(-) and H(+), and is believed to be associated with metabolic enzymes that consume or produce CO(2) or HCO(3)(-). For many organisms, beta-CA is essential for growth at atmospheric concentrations of CO(2). Of the five evolutionarily distinct classes of carbonic anhydrase, beta-CA is the only one known to exhibit allosterism. Here we review the structure and catalytic mechanism of beta-CA, including the structural basis for allosteric regulation.
Further observations on social dominance in mice

A/J mice win tube dominance competitions over C3H/HeJ and DBA/1J mice. This finding corroborates earlier findings using similar measures of dominance but different substrains of these lines. “Directional persistence” affords the explanation for the superiority of the A strain.
The Rivers Come: Colonial Flood Control and Knowledge Systems in the Indus Basin, 1840s-1930s

This essay traces the development of the physical and cultural infrastructure of colonial flood control in the Indus valley. Reconstructing investigations into the causes of a series of floods illustrates the conflict between the idiosyncratic, local knowledge-based, approach of generalists and the reductionist, technologi cal mentality of engineers. Repeated attempts to protect towns from the Indus River illustrate the growing dominance during the second half of the nineteenth century of an engineering mentality, despite its practical shortcomings. Com plex engineering works replaced traditional warning systems and mobility, undermining alluvial farming systems as well as a precautionary approach to environmental management.
An established extracorporeal membrane oxygenation protocol promotes survival in extreme hypothermia.

Abstract Background Historical reports indicate that active rewarming with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) can salvage a patient after hypothermic cardiac arrest. We created a protocol that includes ECMO for extreme hypothermia to guide rewarming of the hypothermic patient. Methods A retrospective review of the ECMO rewarming protocol (2004-2006) was conducted. Results The active rewarming protocol is a flowchart that is available on our hospital intranet and can be accessed in the trauma bay. A severely hypothermic patient triggers the activation of a TRAUMA ONE-OP ECMO response. During the 2-year period, there were 5 activations of the system and 4 children were placed on ECMO. Two of the 4 were dramatically salvaged and eventually discharged neurologically intact. All 5 children were found pulseless at the scene before transport. The average time from the injury occurrence to arrival was 94 minutes (range, 41-181 minutes). Mean cardiopulmonary resuscitation time was 78.2 minutes (range, 37-152 minutes). The mean core temperature on arrival was 25.4°C (range, 20.4°C-28.6°C). The average time from arrival to ECMO cannulation was 25.5 minutes (range, 16-37 minutes). Conclusion A preemptive strategy for the severely hypothermic patient provides an organized approach and prompt response. Expeditious rewarming can make the difference in an opportunity for survival.
An application of benchmarking in the dairy industry

The dairy industry has been changing rapidly owing to competitive pressures since the early 1980s. Basic operations in most dairies are being continuously improved. Deals with an application of a benchmarking process in a dairy firm. The calving operation is one of the most complex and significantly profitable operations in the dairy industry. Owing to a high mortality rate, the dairies are likely to lose in several ways, including profitability. Therefore, reducing the mortality rate will result in a significant increase in the efficiency of the operation. Describes details of the benchmarking process as they apply to the calving operation. Data were collected and analysed for a large dairy firm in California. Presents the results of the benchmarking process and recommendations.
Design and optimization of a breast coil for magnetic resonance imaging

Abstract Mathematical methods were implemented to optimize the configuration of specially designed breast coils leading to substantial improvements in magnetic field homogeneity. Multiple-turn shaped coils were constructed according to mathematically determined parameters derived from B 1 field optimization calculations. Significant improvements in coil homogeneity were obtained without overcompromising quality factors and signal-to-noise ratios ( S N ). Coil performance was verified using both phantom and breast images, revealing improved coil per-formance particularly in the region adjacent to the chest wall. These new coils are easily constructed and can be designed to accommodate various breast sizes. They can be utilized in the transmit/receive or receive only mode and can be doubly tuned for multinuclear spectroscopic studies. Moreover, nothing precludes their use to image both breasts simultaneously. The results demonstrate the ease of our approach and suggests that these methods can be feasibly applied to other surface coil designs.
Microbial Calcification: Implications for Marine Whitings and Inorganic Carbon Cycling

Microbial calcification has been identified as a significant source of carbonate sediment production in modern marine and lacustrine environments around the globe. This process has been linked to the production of modern whitings and large, micritic carbonate deposits throughout the geological record. Recent research has advanced our understanding of the microbial calcification mechanism as a photosynthetically driven process. However, little is known of the effects of this process on inorganic carbon cycling or of the effects of changing atmospheric CO2 concentrations on microbial calcification mechanisms.
Boundary conditions for the electronic structure of finite-extent embedded semiconductor nanostructures

The modeling of finite-extent semiconductor nanostructures that are embedded in a host material requires a proper boundary treatment for a finite simulation domain. For the study of a self-assembled InAs dot embedded in GaAs, three kinds of boundary conditions are examined within the empirical tight-binding model: (i) the periodic boundary condition, (ii) raising the orbital energies of surface atoms, and (iii) raising the energies of dangling bonds at the surface. The periodic boundary condition requires a smooth boundary and consequently a larger GaAs buffer than the two nonperiodic boundary conditions. Between the nonperiodic conditions, the dangling-bond energy shift is more numerically efficient than the orbital-energy shift, in terms of the elimination of nonphysical surface states in the energy region of interest for interior states. A dangling-bond energy shift larger than 5 eV efficiently eliminates all of the surface states and leads to interior states that are highly insensitive to the choice of the energy shift.
A New Analysis for the Determination of Ternary Interdiffusion Coefficients from a Single Diffusion Couple

Concentration profiles that develop in a ternary diffusion couple during an isothermal anneal can be analyzed directly for average ternary interdiffusion coefficients. A new analysis is presented for the determination of average values for the main and cross-interdiffusion coefficients over selected regions in the diffusion zone from an integration of interdiffusion fluxes, which are calculated directly from experimental concentration profiles. The analysis is applied to selected isothermal diffusion couples investigated with α (fcc) Cu-Ni-Zn alloys at 775 °C, β (bcc) Fe-Ni-Al alloys at 1000 °C, and γ (fcc) Ni-Cr-Al alloys at 1100 °C. Average ternary interdiffusion coefficients treated as constants are calculated over composition ranges on either side of the Matano plane and examined for the diffusional interactions among the diffusing components. The ternary interdiffusion coefficients determined from the new analysis are observed to be consistent with those determined by the Boltzmann-Matano analysis at selected compositions in the diffusion zone. The ternary interdiffusion coefficients are also employed in analytical solutions based on error functions for the generation of concentration profiles for the selected diffusion couples. The generated profiles are a good representation of the experimental profiles including those exhibiting uphill diffusion or zero-flux plane (ZFP) development for the individual components. Uncertainties in the values of the interdiffusion coefficients calculated on the basis of the new analysis are found to be minimal.
The microscopic indentification of the crystalline thiocyanates of quinine, quinidine, cinchonine and cinchonine

Optical crystallographic data are reported for the thiocyanates of the four principal cinchona alkaloids which erve to differentiate quinine, quinidine, cinchonine, and cinchonidine.
Structural comparison of somatically related PG9 and PG16 in complex with their epitope reveals differences in glycan recognition

Background The somatically related antibodies, PG9 and PG16, neutralize 70-80% of HIV-1 isolates and bind a glycosylated epitope in the V1/V2 domain of HIV-1 gp120. Mutations in V1/V2, and sometimes V3 depending on the HIV-1 strain, affect neutralization and a glycan on Asn160 is required for neutralization. Both antibodies also preferentially bind the native trimer over monomeric gp120, especially PG16. The structure of PG9 in complex with its epitope, a scaffolded V1/V2 from HIV-1 strain ZM109, was recently solved and showed that PG9 targets a site of vulnerability comprising 2 glycans and a b-strand.
Software Architecture Documentation in Practice Session Report

The "Software Architecture Documentation in Practice" working session at WICSA addressed practical issues concerning the creation, evolution, and uses of software architecture documentation. After paper presentations, discussion topics included enforcement/traceability, tooling, inhibiting factors to the widespread use of documentation, uses of architecture documentation, and UML as an architecture description language.
New and old ways of understanding microbial pathogenesis.

Even from the limited number of presentations highlighted in this report, it is quite clear that this is an exciting time for studies of microbial pathogenesis. The ever-increasing wealth of information and techniques for the analysis of molecules, microorganisms, host cells and immune responses are allowing researchers to investigate microbial–host interactions at both the molecular and organismal levels. Yet, there are many microorganisms we know little about, and many aspects of microorganism–host interactions that have yet to be explored; clearly, there is still much to learn, even from traditional studies of well characterized microorganisms. There is much to look forward to when the third ‘Microbial Pathogenesis and Host Response’ meeting is held at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 12–16 September 2001.
Chemical control of orbital polarization in artificially structured transition-metal oxides: La2NiXO6 (X=B, Al, Ga, In) from first principles

The application of modern layer-by-layer growth techniques to transition-metal oxide materials raises the possibility of creating new classes of materials with rationally designed correlated electron properties. An important step toward this goal is the demonstration that electronic structure can be controlled by atomic composition. In compounds with partially occupied transition-metal $d$ shells, one important aspect of the electronic structure is the relative occupancy of different $d$ orbitals. Previous work has established that strain and quantum confinement can be used to influence orbital occupancy. In this paper we demonstrate a different modality for orbital control in transition-metal oxide heterostructures, using density-functional band calculations supplemented by a tight-binding analysis to show that the choice of nontransition-metal counterion $X$ in transition-metal oxide heterostructures composed of alternating ${\text{LaNiO}}_{3}$ and $\text{La}X{\text{O}}_{3}$ units strongly affects orbital occupancy, changing the magnitude and in some cases the sign of the orbital polarization.
Embrittlement of materials: Si(H) as a model system

Abstract We argue that the micro-cleavage cracks observed in silicon crystals grown in a hydrogen-containing atmosphere and the [111] platelets observed in plasma- and reactive-ion-etched silicon are related and are responsible for the hydrogen embrittlement of silicon. We present our preliminary quantum mechanical calculations on model clusters of silicon using the modified neglect of differential overlap (MINDO/3) technique which support our argument.
Molecular population structure of the marine benthic copepod Microarthridion littorale along the southeastern and Gulf coasts of the USA

Relationships among populations (southeast Atlantic and northern Gulf coast, USA) of a ubiquitous, estuarine, harpacticoid copepod (Microarthridion littorale Poppe) were estimated using sequence data from two loci: one mitochondrial [cytochrome b (Cyt b)] and one nuclear [first internal transcribed spacer of ribosomal DNA (ITS-1)]. Copepods were collected from seven estuaries in 1997/98. Allelic phylogenies based on both genes were generally concordant, and suggested that M. littorale populations are structured over large geographic scales (hundreds of kilometers). Three well-supported groups were found in both gene trees comprising clades of alleles sampled from South Carolina, Florida, and Louisiana. Alleles from the Savannah, Georgia sample formed a monophyletic group using the Cyt b data, but this clade was not distinguishable with comparable ITS-1 data. A single specimen from Louisiana was classified in different clades depending on the locus assayed.
The diagnosis of posterior myocardial infarction

Abstract An anatomico-pathologic basis for the vectorcardiographic diagnosis of high posterior infarct has been demonstrated. Autopsy findings and vectorcardiographic diagnosis indicate that almost one tenth of all infarcts involving the posterior wall of the left ventricle are small and are limited to its upper portion. Even more common are infarcts so situated but extending to other portions of the left ventricle. The importance of these observations lies in the fact that the high posterior infarcts do not, as a rule, produce diagnostic signs in the electrocardiogram. Consequently, many posterior wall infarcts are overlooked, and in an even larger number of cases the extent of the lesion is minimized. Our preliminary studies in vectorcardiography have directly or indirectly confirmed some generally accepted explanations for the diagnostic failure of the electrocardiogram in cases of infarct and have revealed some new ones. The observations herein reported demonstrate some of the limitations of the electrocardiogram in relation to the diagnosis of posterior infarction. Diagnostic failure is witnessed when the electrocardiogram discloses left bundle branch block, when the posterior infarct is small, located high on the posterior wall, is old, or is associated with acute anterior wall infarction. Old anterior wall infarction and left ventricular hypertrophy do not interfere with the development of the electrocardiographic signs of posterior infarction. It is noteworthy that not a single electrocardiogram in this series of cases was interpreted as normal. An abnormal electrocardiogram, then, obtained in a patient with a clinical picture of acute coronary heart disease, should be considered consistent with, but not diagnostic of, acute infarction. The electrocardiogram was interpreted as abnormal in nineteen of the eighty cases, and in twelve of them anterior infarction was also present. Since acute anterior infarction commonly conceals the electrocardiographic signs of posterior infarct, the latter should be suspected in some cases in which the electrocardiogram shows only acute anterior infarction, especially when changes reciprocal to the anterior infarct are poorly developed or absent and when bundle branch block or high-grade auriculoventricular block appears during the course of the illness. The electrocardiographic changes in high posterior infarct may consist solely of S-T segment depression or tall R and T waves in the precordial leads.
A New, Long-Lasting Competitive Inhibitor of Angiotensin

An analog of angiotensin II, [Sar1, Ile8]-angiotensin II, has a potent and long-lasting competitive antagonistic effect against angiotensin II when tested for its myotropic action on the isolated rabbit aorta and for its effect on blood pressure in anesthetized cats and dogs. Compared to [Ile8]-angiotensin II, the new analog has equal antagonistic potency on the isolated system but a much greater potency in vivo. It is assumed that sarcosine in position 1 protects the peptide against enzymatic degradation and enhances its half-life. This study demonstrates that the modification in both positions 1 and 8 are important for the in vivo antagonistic potencies of angiotensin analogs.
Library approval plans: A selected, annotated bibliography

Abstract This bibliography was begun while I was on sabbatical leave from Mansfield University of Pennsylvania during the Fall semester 1984. For ten weeks during this period I interned with the Acquisitions Department of Pattee Library, Pennsylvania State University at University Park. I wish to acknowledge the contributions to this work of Carol Chamberlain, Head of Acquisitions, for sharing her broad knowledge of acquisitions and for guiding my research on approval plans; and of Joyce Ogburn, Assistant Acquisitions Librarian (Science and Technology) for editorial assistance. I also wish to acknowledge the anonymous reviewers of an earlier draft of this work who identified several additional items suitable for inclusion in the bibliography.
Ivermectin reduces alcohol intake and preference in mice

The high rate of therapeutic failure in the management of alcohol use disorders (AUDs) underscores the urgent need for novel and effective strategies that can deter ethanol consumption. Recent findings from our group showed that ivermectin (IVM), a broad-spectrum anthelmintic with high tolerability and optimal safety profile in humans and animals, antagonized ethanol-mediated inhibition of P2X4 receptors (P2X4Rs) expressed in Xenopus oocytes. This finding prompted us to hypothesize that IVM may reduce alcohol consumption; thus, in the present study we investigated the effects of this agent on several models of alcohol self-administration in male and female C57BL/6 mice. Overall, IVM (1.25-10 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) significantly reduced 24-h alcohol consumption and intermittent limited access (4-h) binge drinking, and operant alcohol self-administration (1-h). The effects on alcohol intake were dose-dependent with the significant reduction in intake at 9 h after administration corresponding to peak IVM concentrations (C(max)) in the brain. IVM also produced a significant reduction in 24-h saccharin consumption, but did not alter operant sucrose self-administration. Taken together, the findings indicate that IVM reduces alcohol intake across several different models of self-administration and suggest that IVM may be useful in the treatment of AUDs.
Self-administration of ethanol by genetically heterogeneous mice (RU:NCS): Relationship to sensitivity and tolerance

The interrelationships among sensitivity, tolerance and the self-administration of ethanol were studied in a non-inbred strain of mice. Blood ethanol concentration at the time of righting-loss following a hypnotic dose of ethanol (3.5 g/kg) was measured before and after 8 weeks exposure to a choice of water and ethanol water drinking solutions. The inter-test difference between blood ethanol concentration at loss of righting indicated that self-administration resulted in chronic tolerance. A correlational analysis indicated chronic tolerance, but not sensitivity, was positively correlated with ethanol intake and preference.
Calculation of Flow Over Iced Airfoils

Progress toward the development of a method for predicting the flowfield of an iced airfoil is described and shown to offer the prospect of a priori calculations of the effects of ice accretion and roughness on airfoil performance. The approach is based on interaction of inviscid flow solutions obtained by a panel method and improved upon by a finite-difference boundary-layer method which, operating in an inverse mode, incorporates viscous effects including those associated with separated flows. Results are presented for smooth, rough and iced airfoils as a function of angle of attack. Those for smooth and rough airfoils confirm the accuracy of the method and its applicability to surfaces with roughness similar to that associated with insect deposition and some forms of ice. Two procedures have been developed to deal with large ice accretion and their performance is examined and shown to be appropriate to the engineering requirements.
The Relative Effect of Household and Workplace Smoking Restriction on Health Status Among Chinese Americans Living in New York City

Households and workplaces are the predominant location for exposure to secondhand smoke. The purpose of this study is to examine the association between health status and smoking restrictions at home and work and to compare the relative effect of household and workplace smoking restrictions on health status. This study uses data from a cross sectional representative probability sample of 2,537 Chinese American adults aged 18–74 living in New York City. The analysis was limited to 1,472 respondents who work indoors for wages. Forty-three percent of respondents reported a total smoking ban at home and the workplace, 20% at work only, 22% home only, and 15% reported no smoking restriction at home or work. Smokers who live under a total household smoking ban only or both a total household and total workplace ban were respectively 1.90 and 2.61 times more likely to report better health status compared with those who reported no smoking ban at work or home. Before the NYC Clean Indoor Air Act second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure among this immigrant Chinese population at home and work was high. This study finds that household smoking restrictions are more strongly associated with better health status than workplace smoking restrictions. However, better health status was most strongly associated with both a ban at work and home. Public health efforts should include a focus on promoting total household smoking bans to reduce the well-documented health risks of SHS exposure.
Coupling Of Multimode Fiber Structures

AbstractThe key component for any fiber data bus system is the fiber coupler. Since multimode single- strandfiber is used as a communication link in a data bus system, multimode fiber couplers must be designed and used. The simultaneous presence of many modes in multimode fibers renders the powerful coupled mode theorywhich is based on the concept of phase matching among single modes, useless in predicting the coupling lengthof the multimode fiber coupler. Because of the close proximity of the coupling elements, results obtainedaccording to other perturbation techniques are also questionable. In this presentation we shall first mentionthe available theories and experiments on multimode couplers, then a new technique based on the computer sol-ution of wave equations will be introduced and applied to various realistic multimode couplers made with graded -index fibers. Practical aspects of the problem will be emphasized.The achievement of low- loss, high bandwidth, transmission has made the optical fiber waveguide theleading contender as the transmission medium for a variety of future systems ranging in length from meters to
Flow stress of f.c.c. polycrystals with application to OFHC Cu

Based on the concept of dislocation kinematics and kinetics, paralleled with a systematic experimental investigation, a physically-based model is developed for f.c.c. polycrystals, using OFHC copper for illustration. First, the concept of the motion of dislocations and the barriers that they must overcome in their motion, is used as an underlying motivation to obtain general expressions which include a number of free constitutive parameters. These parameters are then evaluated by direct comparison with experimental data. High strain-rate compression experiments are performed using UCSD’s recovery Hopkinson technique (see Nemat-Nasser, S., Isaacs, J. B. and Starrett, J. E., Proc. R. Soc., 1991, 435A,, 371; Nemat-Nasser, S., Li, Y. F. and Isaacs, J. B., Mech. Mater., 1994, 17, 111; Nemat-Nasser, S. and Isaacs, J. B., Acta Metall., 1997, 45, 907). Strains close to 100% are achieved in these tests, over a temperature range of 77–1100 K, and strain rates of 10−3 to 8000 s−1; the quasi-static tests are performed using an Instron machine. For low-temperature tests, both the as-received and annealed samples are tested. With few free constitutive parameters, good correlation between the theoretical predictions and experimental results is obtained, over the entire range of strain rates and temperatures. The orders of magnitude of several of these parameters are first estimated based on the underlying structure of the material. Experimental results are then used to tune the final values of these parameters. It turns out that the structure of the constitutive relations and the value of a number of the constitutive parameters are essentially the same for commercially pure tantalum (b.c.c. metal) and OFHC copper. The relation between the two cases is examined and the similarities and differences are discussed.
Effect of ethanol and acetaldehyde on the (Na+ + K+)-activated adenosine triphosphatase activity of cardiac plasma membranes

Abstract Ethanol and acetaldehyde inhibited the (Na + + K + )-activated ATPase activity of plasma membranes prepared from the guinea-pig heart. The degree of inhibition was dose-dependent and antagonized by the K + concentration in the reaction mixture. The inhibition is not attributable to increase in osmolality. The presence of ethanol or acetaldehyde in the reaction mixture was necessary for the inhibitory effect. Plasma membranes treated with ethanol or acetaldehyde and subsequently washed showed no impairment of (Na + + K + )-activated ATPase activity. Prolonged exposure of the plasma membranes to a low concentration of ethanol was ineffective in increasing the inhibition of ATPase activity.
Time series analyses reveal differential impact of the Alcohol Warning Label by drinking level

Abstract This paper uses time series analysis to examine the impact of the Alcoholic Beverage Warning Label on the attitudes and drinking behavior of 3,572 African American pregnant women. The results indicate that knowledge of the Warning Label increased 3 months after the implementation of the law. Drinking during pregnancy declined after a 7 month lag only among non-risk drinkers, although birthweight showed no trends. This analysis illustrates the importance of controlling for timing, history and behavior of subgroups when studying the impact of a natural experiment.
Bank Risk Taking at the Onset of the Current Banking Crisis

We analyze bank governance, share ownership, CEO compensation, and bank risk taking in the period leading to the current banking crisis. Using a sample of large U.S. bank holding companies (BHCs), we find that BHCs with greater managerial control, achieved through various corporate governance mechanisms, take less risk. BHCs that pay CEOs high base salaries also take less risk, while BHCs that grant CEOs more in stock options or that pay CEOs higher bonuses take more risk. The evidence is generally consistent with BHC managers exhibiting greater risk aversion than outside shareholders, but with several factors affecting managers’ risk-taking incentives.
Banking and Currency Crisis and Systemic Risk: A Taxonomy and Review

Many countries have experienced banking and currency crises in recent years. Although these crises appear to share many common causes and consequences, they have generally been analysed by different sets of economists. This paper develops a common framework, applies this framework to analysing recent crises, evaluates the historical evidence, and suggests potential solutions. Governments are identified as one of the major causes of the crises through first providing poorly structured financial guarantees that both increase fragility and misallocate resources, then pursuing unstable macroeconomic policies that produce losses, and finally attempting to conceal the problems as long as possible before being forced to take corrective actions that, at least in the short run, often exacerbate the costs before restoring equilibrium.
Economic Estimates of the Value of Life

This paper reviews the economic literature that, for policy evaluaton purposes, assigns a value to risking human lives. It argues the ethical justification for evaluating risk by observing how much people are willing to pay personally to avoid risks. Most willingness-to-pay figures are based on observations of how much compensation workers must be paid to work at a risky job. The conceptual and practical problems and biases in these figures are explained. The main studies of financial value of life calculation are reviewed in light of this discussion. The review concludes that a conservative estimate for the value of risking a life is $8 million (1984 dollars), a figure far greater than is typically used in policy analysis. Policy-makers are often required to weigh the benefits of instating safety precautions in a project or policy alternative against its costs. Making these tradeoffs requires an evaluation of the alternative relative risk, i.e., a translation of potential risks into dollars and cents. In this article, I will summarize and critically review from an economist's point of view the literature on the dollar value of risking life?the ``value of life (VOL)''?concentrating on the literature written by fellow economists. Evaluation of nonfatal injury and illness is just as critical a part of risk evaluation; however, space constraints prevent me from including it in this discussion. VOL figures are not meant to be equivalent to what you would pay in ransom money to a kidnapper in order to save your life.
Labor scheduling, part 4

You've figured out how many customers to expect, and now you need to decide how many employees to schedule. Alas, to do that well is more complicated than you might think.
Actions on lens spaces which respect a Heegaard decomposition

Abstract Let L = L ( p , q ) be a 3-dimensional lens space. We consider smooth finite group actions on L which leave a Heegaard torus and each of its complementary components invariant. Such an action is said to have rotational type if each element is isotopic to the identity on L , and to have dirotational type otherwise. In this paper we enumerate and classify these two types of actions up to equivalence, where two actions are equivalent if their images are conjugate in the group of self-diffeomorphisms of L . When q 2 ≠±1 ( mod p) this results in a conjecturally complete classification of all finite group actions on L .
Phosphorus-Sorption Characteristics of Calcareous Soils and Limestone from the Southern Everglades and Adjacent Farmlands

The understanding of P sorption and desorption by soils is important for safeguarding water quality and for fertilizer management. Little is known about the P-sorption characteristics of the calcareous soils and limestone bedrocks in southern Florida. In this study, 19 samples of calcareous soil and subsurface limestone bedrock were collected from the southern Everglades wetland, pineland, and nearby farmland. At very low P concentrations. P sorption in these soils fit the linear isotherm. The equilibrium P concentration at zero-net P sorption (EPCo) of soils correlated positively with P saturation. Phosphorus-sorption data of soils at medium P concentrations fit the Freundlich and Langmuir equations up to a point at high P concentrations where the slope of the isotherm changed abruptly. In bedrock samples the sorption-isotherm-inflection point, which is caused by P precipitation, occurred at much lower solution P concentrations than in the case of soils (4-18 vs. 400-600 mg mL -1 ). Also bedrock samples had significantly lower Freundlich values, K f, Than soils. The sorption of P in soils occurred at relatively low solution P concentrations (as indicated by Freundlich value, K f ), and appears to be caused by strong affinity of the noncarbonate clay, while the P sorption at relatively high solution concentrations (as indicted by Langmuir maximum sorption, S max ) appears to be caused by the affinities of both the noncarbonate clay and carbonate clay. Phosphorus-sorption values (P sorption ) estimated from the one-point isotherm were comparable with the S max values calculated from the Langmuir isotherm. Phosphorus saturation and the P-retention capacities (S max of P sorption ) were correlated strongly to the percentage of P desorption.
High-resolution crystal structure reveals molecular details of target recognition by bacitracin

Bacitracin is a metalloantibiotic agent that is widely used as a medicine and feed additive. It interferes with bacterial cell-wall biosynthesis by binding undecaprenyl-pyrophosphate, a lipid carrier that serves as a critical intermediate in cell wall production. Despite bacitracin’s broad use, the molecular details of its target recognition have not been elucidated. Here we report a crystal structure for the ternary complex of bacitracin A, zinc, and a geranyl-pyrophosphate ligand at a resolution of 1.1 A. The antibiotic forms a compact structure that completely envelopes the ligand’s pyrophosphate group, together with flanking zinc and sodium ions. The complex adopts a highly amphipathic conformation that offers clues to antibiotic function in the context of bacterial membranes. Bacitracin’s efficient sequestration of its target represents a previously unseen mode for the recognition of lipid pyrophosphates, and suggests new directions for the design of next-generation antimicrobial agents.
Convective mixing mechanisms in high frequency intermittent jet ventilation

A liquid flow visualization technique was used to identify the location of neutrally buoyant bead clouds injected into airway models during flows simulating high frequency intermittent jet ventilation (HFIJV) in neonatal lungs. The motions of these bead clouds show that the convective or bulk mixing that occurs during HFIJV is made up of two parts; a turbulent convective exchange with the atmosphere caused by the jet in the trachea and a streaming motion along the airways driven by an interaction between the jet and the expansion and contraction of the airways due to their compliance. These convective streaming motions combine with molecular diffusion to produce augmented diffusion which transports O2 and CO2 between the trachea and the peripheral alveoli. Optimizing HFIJV (as well as other forms of HFV) depends on maximizing these airway convective streaming flows which depend on many more lung and fluid mechanical parameters than are necessary to describe conventional mechanical ventilation.
Design of a notch filter with improved performance

The frequency response of a constrained notch filter (CNF) of Rao and Kung or Nehorai becomes ideal as the polecontraction factor α approaches unity while the transient duration approaches infinity. However, for practically useful values of α the phase and magnitude distortions so caused can reduce the allpass nature of the CNFs (i.e. the transparency property) and cause large errors. In this paper we define a measure for the transparency misadjustment and propose two suboptimal methods of minimizing these distortions. One of these methods is based on increasing the filter order by a strategic pole/zero placement. We present a closed-form solution for this method. In the second method we increase the order by manipulating the error filter associated with the standard CNF; the coefficients of the resulting filter are determined directly. an important feature of these methods is the significant improvement in the transient performance.
Study of the accuracy of the Gutzwiller wave function for the two-dimensional Hubbard model.

Etude du modele de Hubbard bidimensionnel par une methode de Monte Carlo variationnelle et quantique. Utilisation de la fonction d'onde de Gutzwiller comme fonction d'onde d'essai dans la methode variationnelle. Mesure de l'energie, des fonctions de correlation et de la distribution de la quantite de mouvement. Le modele de Hubbard est etudie par l'algorithme de Monte Carlo avec les memes conditions aux limites que la methode variationnelle. Analyse de la precision de la fonction de Gutzwiller comme representation de l'etat fondamental en comparant les 2 methodes
Ink-Jet Printing of Encapsulated Bacteria

Even though viability for printed bacteria has been demonstrated, the effect of thermal ink-jet printing on cellular ultrastructures is unknown. Retention of viability is useful when colony growth is desired. However, when bacteria are isolated from a human infection they often exhibit characteristics that can be lost when grown in standard laboratory cultures. Ideally, individual bacteria from an infection could be printed and studied without extensive culturing or processing. We have investigated the gram-positive organism Staphylococcus aureus and the extracellular polymeric ultrastructure that encapsulates the bacterial cell. The capsule is composed of cell-wall associated polysaccharides. Our goal was to use ink-jet printing to spatially control the placement of S. aureus, without affecting the extracellular ultrastructure. Observation by scanning electron microscopy comparing the integrity and uniformity of encapsulated S. aureus before and after thermal ink-jet printing suggests that the capsule is disrupted, possibly completely removed, during printing.
Dual characterizations of optimal systems

The complementary variational principle developed in a Hilbert space setting provides a duality principle in the calculus of variations with dynamic constraints. This concept is adopted in this paper to investigate dual characterizations of optimal control systems. Systems under consideration include those with dynamics governed by linear ordinary differential equations, linear partial differential equations and non-linear ordinary differential equations.
Topical ophthalmic exposure to rattlesnake venom

An 18-year-old woman was struck in the eye from a distance of about 1 m by a stream of venom projected by a western diamond-back rattlesnake. She experienced an immediate burning sensation in the eye. The eye was irrigated first with tap water and later with a commercial eye wash solution. The patient's symptoms abated and no further eye injury was noted. Topical ophthalmic exposures to North American snake venom usually produce only transient symptoms, but the venom from tropical snakes has produced significant eye injury.
Ubiquitin-proteasome degradation of KLF5 transcription factor in cancer and untransformed epithelial cells

Ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis plays a central role in controlling intracellular levels of essential regulatory molecules such as p53, cyclins, myc, BRCA1, HIF-1α, etc. The Kruppel-like factor 5 (KLF5) transcription factor regulates biological processes involved in carcinogenesis, angiogenesis, and smooth muscle cell differentiation. In carcinogenesis, KLF5's role has been indicated by frequent genetic deletion as well as functional studies. Here we show that KLF5 is an unstable protein with a short half-life. Destruction of KLF5 was prevented by each of the proteasome-specific inhibitors tested but not by an inhibitor for trypsin-like proteases and cysteine proteases or by a lysosome inhibitor in epithelial cells. Furthermore, KLF5 underwent ubiquitination, and deletion of a 56-amino-acid sequence adjacent to a known transactivation domain of KLF5 significantly reduced its ubiquitination and degradation. Interestingly, cancer cells appeared to be more active in KLF5 degradation than untransformed epithelial cells, yet their proteasome activity was not higher. These results suggest that KLF5 protein is degraded at least in part through ubiquitination–proteasome pathway, which may have become hyperactive for KLF5 in cancer cells.
Community psychology, seymour sarason, and the big picture.

Psychoanalysis, General Custer and the Verdicts of History arrived to the authors in time for Christmas break, a time during which many students and faculty unwind from a semester's length of work and activity. "Unwind" and "escape" quickly become synonymous at this point. The title of the book seemed to assure that there would be little "unwind/escape" value in this book, especially when it started with the word "psychoanalysis." For us, though longtime fans of Sarason's, reading and responding to the book represented a project, a task, in a word, work. After all, the initial invitation to participate in this venture, though appealing and interesting, contained language that was unavoidably "work-like" (i.e., "double-spaced first draft . . .no later than. . .no longer than.. ."). Dutifully, we embarked upon our "work" to remark on what Sarason's writing has to say about prevention. Surprisingly, "work" turned out to be fun and Psychoanalysis, General Custer and the Verdicts of History turned out to have the "unwind/escape" impact we were sure it would not have. The style in which the book was written--non-scholarly, largely unreferenced, and in a non-APA format-further enhanced the perception that we were engaged in "fun" reading rather than "work" reading. Sarason is lively, colorful, fun, utterly smart, and thoughtful. However, at the same time, the reader is aware that the writing is that of a well-read scholar. The task before us, as stated earlier, was to glean preventive implications from Sarason's writing. Although the topic of Psychoanalysis, General Custer and the Verdicts of History was not Community Psychology or prevention, Community Psychology and prevention themes were readily identifiable throughout the essays. This may have as much to do with the fact
Preliminary Crystallographic Studies of the Ligand-binding Domain of the Thyroid Hormone Receptor Complexed with Triiodothyronine

A truncated, recombinant form of the thyroid hormone receptor, including the hormone binding domain, has been co-crystallized with the hormone T3. The crystals are monoclinic, most likely space group P2, with two molecules per asymmetric unit and cell dimensions a = 63.6 A, b = 80.8 A, c = 100.9 A and beta = 92.1 degrees. The crystals diffract to only medium resolution and decay rapidly in the X-ray beam using laboratory sources. By contrast, high resolution, high-quality data are obtained using synchrotron radiation in conjunction with cryocrystallography.
Accuracy of short-interval follow-up mammograms by patient and radiologist characteristics.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of our study was to examine the accuracy of short-interval follow-up mammograms and evaluate patient and radiologist characteristics associated with accuracy.MATERIALS AND METHODS. We evaluated 45,007 initial short-interval follow-up mammograms from the Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium interpreted 3–9 months after a probably benign assessment on a screening or diagnostic examination between 1994 and 2004. We linked these mammograms with patient characteristics and breast cancer diagnoses within 12 months. A subset of short-interval follow-up examinations (n = 13,907) was merged with radiologist characteristics collected from survey data from 130 interpreting radiologists. Using logistic regression, we fit generalized estimating equations to model sensitivity and specificity of short-interval follow-up mammograms by patient and radiologist characteristics.RESULTS. For every 1,000 women, 8.0 women (0.8%) were diagnosed with breast cancer within 6 months and 11.3 (1.1%) within 12 ...