cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Outcomes of Cytoreductive Surgery and Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemoperfusion in Patients with High-Grade, High-Volume Disseminated Mucinous Appendiceal Neoplasms

High-grade (HG) mucinous appendiceal neoplasms (MAN) have a worse prognosis than low-grade histology. Our objective was to assess the safety and efficacy of cytoreductive surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemoperfusion (CRS/HIPEC) in patients with high-grade, high-volume (HG–HV) peritoneal metastases in whom the utility of this aggressive approach is controversial. Prospectively collected perioperative data were compared between patients with peritoneal metastases from HG–HV MAN, defined as simplified peritoneal cancer index (SPCI) ≥12, and those with high-grade, low-volume (HG–LV; SPCI <12) disease. Kaplan–Meier curves and multivariate Cox regression models identified prognostic factors affecting oncologic outcomes. Overall, 54 patients with HG–HV and 43 with HG–LV peritoneal metastases underwent CRS/HIPEC. The HG–HV group had longer operative time, increased blood loss/transfusion, and increased intensive care unit length of stay (p < 0.05). Incomplete macroscopic cytoreduction (CC-1/2/3) was higher in the HG–HV group compared with the HG–LV group (68.5 vs. 32.6 %; p = 0.005). Patients with HG–HV disease demonstrated worse survival than those with HG–LV disease (overall survival [OS] 17 vs. 42 m, p = 0.009; time to progression (TTP) 10 vs. 14 m, p = 0.024). However, when complete macroscopic resection (CC-0) was achieved, the OS and progression-free survival of patients with HG–HV disease were comparable with HG–LV disease (OS 56 vs. 52 m, p = 0.728; TTP 20 vs. 19 m, p = 0.393). In a multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression model, CC-0 resection was the only significant predictor of improved survival for patients with HG–HV disease. Although patients with HG–HV peritoneal metastases from MAN have worse prognosis compared with patients with HG–LV disease, their survival is comparable when complete macroscopic cytoreduction is achieved.
Salmon P. Chase, Radicalism, and the Politics of Emancipation, 1861–1864

THE rapid and favorable reevaluation of Radical Republicanism that has occurred in the last decade has perpetuated and somewhat strengthened the misleading impression that Radicals during the Civil War enjoyed an increasing influence and effectiveness in matters relating to southern blacks., The sincerity of the Radical position, and the nobility of their cause is not at issue here; the significance of Radical principles in the development of northern emancipation policies is. Stressing the harsh realities of war, Radical Republicans urged their party and their President toward emancipation and advocated a paternalistic program of governmental care for blacks. From the Radical point of view, moreover, successful emancipation and postwar reconstruction required land reforms, insuring for southern blacks a measure of economic independence while sealing the doom of the despised slave power.2 But while the Civil War and final Union victory altered the conditions of national politics sufficiently to make emancipation seem practical and even necessary, it did not follow that the development of northern emancipation policies reflected the rising influence of Radical principles.
Cross-sectional analysis of food choice frequency, sleep confounding beverages, and psychological distress predictors of sleep quality.

BACKGROUND Poor sleep quality is a significant public health problem. The role of nutrition in predicting sleep quality is a relatively unexplored area of inquiry. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the capacity of 10 food choice categories, sleep confounding beverages, and psychological distress to predict the sleep quality of college students. METHODS A logistic regression model comprising 10 food choice variables (healthy proteins, unhealthy proteins, healthy dairy, unhealthy dairy, healthy grains, unhealthy grains, healthy fruits and vegetables, unhealthy empty calories, healthy beverages, unhealthy beverages), sleep confounding beverages (caffeinated/alcoholic beverages), as well as psychological distress (low, moderate, serious distress) was computed to determine the capacity of the variables to predict sleep quality (good/poor). RESULTS The odds of poor sleep quality were 32.4% lower for each unit of increased frequency of healthy proteins consumed (p<0.001; OR=0.676), 14.1% lower for each unit of increased frequency of healthy dairy food choices consumed (p=0.024; OR=0.859), 13.1% higher for each unit of increased frequency of empty calorie food choices consumed (p=0.003; OR=1.131), and 107.3% higher for those classified in the moderate psychological distress (p=0.016; OR=2.073). CONCLUSION Collectively, healthy proteins, healthy dairy, unhealthy empty calories, and moderate psychological distress were moderately predictive of sleep quality in the sample (Nagelkerke R2=23.8%). Results of the study suggested higher frequency of consumption of healthy protein and healthy dairy food choices reduced the odds of poor sleep quality, while higher consumption of empty calories and moderate psychological distress increased the odds of poor sleep quality.
A Review of “Spatial and Environmental Injustice in an American Metropolis: A Study of Tampa Bay, Florida”: Jayajit Chakraborty and M. Martin Bosman, eds. Amherst, NY: Cambria Press, 2010. xviii and 178 pp., maps, tables, graphs, references, and index. $104.99 hardcover and case laminate (ISBN 978-1-60497-684-7)

The southern states of the United States have long been recognized as among the most polluted in the nation. For the past twenty-five years, environmental justice (EJ) research has convincingly dem...
Interactive Effects of Low-oxygen Atmospheres, Relative Humidity, and Temperature on Mortality of Two Stored-product Moths (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Interaction of oxygen concentration, temperature, and relative humidity with time required to kill Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hubner) and navel orangeworm, Amyelois transitella (Walker), was examined. Late larval and early pupal stages of navel orangeworm and pupae of Indianmeal moth were exposed to combinations of 0.5, 1, 2, or 5% O2. (with 10% CO2 and a balance of N2) at 15.6, 21.1, or 26.7°C and at 40 or 60% RH. These gas concentrations simulate the output atmosphere of a low-O2 generator fueled with methane or propane. Lethal time to kill 95% (LT95) of the population of each insect was determined by regression analysis for each combination of factors. A general equation was developed through multiple regression analysis of the LT95’s for each insect species to describe the relationships. Temperature effects were similar for each species and could be made linear with a reciprocal transformation of the LT95 plotted against time. Effects of relative humidity and atmosphere on the LT95 were different for the two species. Indianmeal moths were affected more by changes in O2 concentration while navel orangeworms responded more to changes in relative humidity. Further analyses led to estimates of the low temperature threshold (i.e., temperature below which atmospheres would be ineffective) and to estimates of a constant, k , describing the time/temperature relationship. The time/temperature curve is described by a hyperbola and exposure time can be estimated accordingly.
‘Rye Whiskey’ in Contrapositive

(1969). ‘Rye Whiskey’ in Contrapositive. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 76, No. 9, pp. 1051-1051.
Conserved Hydration Sites in Pin1 Reveal a Distinctive Water Recognition Motif in Proteins.

Structurally conserved water molecules are important for biomolecular stability, flexibility, and function. X-ray crystallographic studies of Pin1 have resolved a number of water molecules around the enzyme, including two highly conserved water molecules within the protein. The functional role of these localized water molecules remains unknown and unexplored. Pin1 catalyzes cis/trans isomerizations of peptidyl prolyl bonds that are preceded by a phosphorylated serine or threonine residue. Pin1 is involved in many subcellular signaling processes and is a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of several life threatening diseases. Here, we investigate the significance of these structurally conserved water molecules in the catalytic domain of Pin1 using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, free energy calculations, analysis of X-ray crystal structures, and circular dichroism (CD) experiments. MD simulations and free energy calculations suggest the tighter binding water molecule plays a crucial role i...
Environmental Trust: A Cross-Region and Cross-Country Study

ABSTRACTEnvironmental issues such as pollution and access to clean water and concerns like awareness of environmental conditions are pressing global challenges. Despite its importance, however, our understanding of how environmental views connect with trust is understudied. To address this gap in the literature, this article examines the composition, level, and distribution of environmental trust as a latent variable and the factors shaping it. Both cross-region and cross-country comparisons are conducted using structural equation modeling and a unique set of items only available in the 2000 International Social Survey Program (ISSP) data. Important similarities are shown across regions, yet findings for 26 countries individually reveal intriguing differences. Analyses by region and by country advance our collective understanding regarding the presence of universal dynamics shaping environmental trust.
Correlates of Protection against Norovirus Infection and Disease-Where Are We Now, Where Do We Go?

Human noroviruses (NoV) are the leading cause of foodborne gastroenteritis and endemic diarrheal disease across all ages in the United States, cause nearly 50% of all gastroenteritis outbreaks worldwide, and are rapidly replacing rotavirus as the predominant gastrointestinal pathogen in pediatric populations [1]. Modelling studies show that vaccination can offer significant healthcare and economic benefits, depending on vaccine cost, protective efficacy, and protection duration [2]. We stand at the threshold of exciting progress in NoV vaccine evaluation, with several vaccine candidates in development. Furthest along are virus-like particles (VLPs), composed of the NoV major capsid protein and produced in a recombinant baculovirus expression system. VLP vaccines are safe, immunogenic, and were efficacious in a proof-of-principle human experimental infection study [3]. As development transitions from small preclinical and clinical studies to larger clinical trials—and eventually to applications for licensure—it is important to review the current knowledge on correlates of protection (CoPs) against NoV infection and disease (Table 1), as well as to identify and address the remaining challenges (Table 2). This is critical to understand the basis of vaccine efficacy and to provide direction for the design and implementation of future NoV vaccine studies. Table 1 Correlates of protection. Table 2 Questions for future NoV vaccine studies.
Common Causes of Toxic and Side Effects of Herbs and the Countermeasures

The problems of toxic and side effects appeared in the application of herbs were stated from common causes of toxic and side effects of herbs and the countermeasures of reducing toxic and side effects of herbs,toxic and side effects of herbs should never be neglected, the countermeasures were raised to ensure clinical safety of herbal use.
Multiplicity in rehabilitation research: a quantitative assessment

Recent studies indicate that rehabilitation researchers frequently include multiple tests of significance in their investigations. This study examined the possibility that the Type I error rate in rehabilitation research is inflated due to the inappropriate analysis of data from multiple significance tests. The incidence of Type I error was computed for a sample of rehabilitation research. The results revealed a Type I error assumed level of 5% (p less than .05). The argument is made that methods to determine the rate of Type I error should be routinely used in rehabilitation research.
Developing a well-behaved dynamic site equation using a modified Hossfeld IV function y3 = (axm)/(c + xm-1), a simplified mixed-model and scant subalpine fir data

I developed a dynamic height growth model by using a simplified form of mixed effects modeling and subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa [Hook.] Nutt.) stem analysis data. The new dynamic equation uses directly heights at any age to predict consistent heights (e.g., y 2 = f(t 2 ,t 1 ,y 1 ) ⇔ y 1 = f(t 1 ,t 2 ,y 2 )) and f(t 3 ,t 1 ,y 1 ) = f(t 3 ,t 2 ,f(t 2 ,t 1 ,y 1 ))), and therefore constitutes compatible site indexand height models in one common equation. The parametersforthe model were estimated by analysis of fixed and random effects with corrections for first- and second-order serial autocorrelation. The correction for second-order autocorrelation was necessary to assure the model's proper representation of the data and to remove a seeming cross-sectional autocorrelation across different sites/series. Estimating the errors in site indices as random effects eliminated the effects of stochastic predictive variables. The proposed model has outperformed all other base-age specific and base-age invariant models in both the fit to the data and in its behavior during extrapolations. It also outperforms the model (developed on amabilis fir data) that is currently, operationally used for subalpine fir. The new model's advantages are parsimony, mathematical tractability, base-age invariance, and greater consistency in curvatures of the generated height-age trajectories. FOR. Sci. 49(4):539-554.
Legal, Illegal: Jewish and Latino Immigration

When Rosario,1 a young, outspoken Latina woman of 19, traveled 1387 miles from Zacatecas, Mexico to Colorado, it was to pursue a better life for herself. As with so many young immigrants, life in her hometown had become a dead end with no promise and she wanted more. In 1999, her cousin told her he was going to make the cross, and it took no time for her to decide to join him. They made it into the country. It was in Colorado that she met her husband, also from Zacatecas, who had arrived in the state as a teenager. He had graduated from high school and attained his US citizenship. From Colorado, Rosario and her husband moved to Minnesota and then, in 2006, they finally settled in Bozeman, Montana. Her husband, who works in construction, was drawn to the economic housing boom in the southwest—a boom that had caused the second largest wave of Hispanic migration to the state. The first, which began around 1915, occurred when the Great Western Sugar Company began actively recruiting Mexican agricultural laborers to work in the sugar beet fields. Rosario has four small children, all US citizens. Her immediate nuclear family enjoys US citizenship; she does not.
Comparing and Delivering Juvenile Justice Across the World

There are both assumptions and evidence that undergird the official response to juvenile delinquency in different countries. The similarities and differences among these approaches are evaluated to assess their contribution to fairness, justice, crime control, and delinquency prevention. A brief historical review of the recognition of childhood innocence is followed by the nature of formal procedures for handling juvenile offenders, and specific governmental and multilateral responses to juvenile delinquency that form the basis for greater consistency in dealing with juveniles in the justice process.
Density mediates grasshopper performance in response to temperature manipulation and spider predation in tallgrass prairie.

Species interactions are often context-dependent, where outcomes require an understanding of influences among multiple biotic and abiotic factors. However, it remains unclear how abiotic factors such as temperature combine with important biotic factors such as density-dependent food limitation and predation to influence species interactions. Using a native grassland – grasshopper – wolf spider model food chain in tallgrass prairie, we conducted a manipulative field experiment to examine how predator–prey interactions respond to manipulations of temperature, grasshopper density, and food chain length. We find that grasshopper performance responses to temperature and predator treatments were density dependent. At high densities, grasshopper survival decreased with increased temperature when no spiders were present. When spiders were present, grasshopper survival was reduced, and this effect was strongest in the cooled treatment. In contrast, grasshopper survival did not vary significantly with spider presence or among temperature treatments at low grasshopper densities. Our results indicate that context-dependent species interactions are common and highlight the importance of understanding how and when key biotic and abiotic factors combine to influence species interactions.
The western corn rootworm synthetic sex pheromone: optimal concentration and source, area of influence, and male response disruption

Th# temporal efficiency of the Pherocon® AM trap in capturing adult western corn rootworms, Diabrotica virqifera virqifera LeConte, was studied over a ten-day period in two fields of corn following corn with different infestation levels. Traps were either replaced every two days or remained in the field for the entire period and were either unbaited or baited with a Conrel® fiber. The field infestation level difference was not detected by trap captures and the use of these traps baited with Conrel fibers is not recommended for population estimation. Unbaited traps replaced every two days captured more beetles than similar traps left in the field for ten days, but when the traps were baited with pheromone the opposite was true. The temporal efficiency of the unbaited traps declined at a rate of 1.8% per day over the length of the study; however, the temporal efficiency of the baited traps increased at a rate of 4.8% per day. A two-plant count, counting the number of beetles on each of two plants, was taken at two-day intervals near each trap. Comparisons of counts near five two-day traps with counts near one ten-day trap for both fields determined that
Physiological responses of insects to microbial fermentation products: Insights from the interactions between Drosophila and acetic acid.

Acetic acid is a fermentation product of many microorganisms, including some that inhabit the food and guts of Drosophila. Here, we investigated the effect of dietary acetic acid on oviposition and larval performance of Drosophila. At all concentrations tested (0.34–3.4%), acetic acid promoted egg deposition by mated females in no-choice assays; and females preferred to oviposit on diet with acetic acid relative to acetic acid-free diet. However, acetic acid depressed larval performance, particularly extending the development time of both larvae colonized with the bacterium Acetobacter pomorum and axenic (microbe-free) larvae. The larvae may incur an energetic cost associated with dissipating the high acid load on acetic acid-supplemented diets. This effect was compounded by suppressed population growth of A. pomorum on the 3.4% acetic acid diet, such that the gnotobiotic Drosophila on this diet displayed traits characteristic of axenic Drosophila, specifically reduced developmental rate and elevated lipid content. It is concluded that acetic acid is deleterious to larval Drosophila, and hypothesized that acetic acid may function as a reliable cue for females to oviposit in substrates bearing microbial communities that promote larval nutrition.
CamMirror: Single-Camera-based Distance Estimation for Physical Analytics Applications

Distance estimation is key to many physical analytics applications in settings such as driving, shopping, and more. The goal is to tell where an object or person is. While specialized sensors such LIDAR and stereoscopic cameras can solve the problem, these tend to be expensive. In this paper, we present CamMirror, which performs distance estimation with a single camera. The key idea is to use a pair of carefully-positioned mirrors to provide a second view of the scene akin to what a second camera would have provided, which then enables disparity-based ranging. We present the design of CamMirror and two applications, one on vehicle ranging and the other on smart shelf.
Designs and Prospects of Bi-2212 Canted-Cosine-Theta Magnets to Increase the Magnetic Field of Accelerator Dipoles Beyond 15 T

The critical current density of Bi-2212 round wires has seen significant improvement over the past two years. We present the magnetic design and stress analysis of two Bi-2212 dipoles based on Canted-Cosine-Theta (CCT) technology using the state-of-the-art wires. The first design, based on a 19-strand Rutherford cable of $\emptyset {\text{0.8}}\,{\text{mm}}$ strands, is a two-layer dipole with a bore diameter of 40 mm and an outer diameter of 98.4 mm; it generates 5.4 T when operating in stand-alone configuration and 18.9 T in 15 T background field. The second design, based on a 13-strand Rutherford cable of $\emptyset {\text{0.8}}\,{\text{mm}}$ strands, is also a two-layer dipole with a bore diameter of 40 mm and an outer diameter of 81 mm; it generates 4.0 T when operating in stand-alone configuration and 17.8 T in 15 T background field. Normal stresses on the conductor in these magnets do not exceed 35 MPa when working under background field. Moreover, we propose a novel approach for increasing the efficiency of CCT magnets using keystoned Rutherford cable while removing the midplane ribs. With this method, it is possible to increase the efficiency of small radius CCT coils by 20%. We conclude that Bi-2212 can be used to increase the limit of accelerator magnet dipole fields beyond 15 T while managing stresses in the coils to acceptable levels.
METASTATIC PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA CAUSING RESISTANT PRINZMETAL ANGINA

Prinzmetal angina is caused by the spasm of the coronary arteries which supply the blood to muscles of the heart. Pheochomocytoma, because of the massive release of catecholamines can cause vasospasm of coronary arteries precipitating prinzmetal angina in susceptible patients. A 36-year-male with
Space Trajectory Instrumentation, Present and Future

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the instrumentation available on the Atlantic Missile Range to obtain trajectory and/or orbital information. It discusses about Askania photo-theodolite. The operators are able to obtain a milliradian accuracy with this instrument. They are able to do this with raw data—no images on the film—from the azimuth and elevation dials. Naturally, this involves smoothing by the computer. Currently, emphasis is placed on obtaining a digital data read-out directly from the instrument in real time. Real time data is of the utmost importance because Space Track desires an accurate estimate of a space vehicle's orbit as soon as possible after tracking. The FPS-16 is the only high precision radar now available at the Missile Test Center. Theoretically, this is designed to be 0.1 milliradian. However, because of the alignment problems, the actual accuracy in azimuth and elevation is 0.3 to 0.5 milliradians, and for range, it is plus or minus 50 feet on a square meter target at 100 miles.
Participation by sedentary elderly persons in an exercise promotion session.

BACKGROUND Little is known regarding the dynamics of elderly persons' participation in health promotion programs. We studied factors influencing the participation of 337 sedentary elderly persons in an exercise promotion session. All study participants were members of a health maintenance organization. METHODS Baseline data were obtained on 337 persons age 65 and older who exercised irregularly or not at all. These individuals were then offered a class emphasizing individualized exercise activities for elderly persons. Participation in the exercise program was used as the dependent variable, and the baseline data were analyzed to identify factors associated with participation. RESULTS There was no difference between participants and nonparticipants for age and sex. Baseline physical activity, as measured by the Paffenbarger index and self-report of physical activity, also did not differentiate participants from nonparticipants, nor did frequency of self-reported medical conditions. Participants were more likely to be nonsmokers, but the two groups did not differ with respect to other preventive health practices. Participants were characterized by more social interactions, as reflected by attendance at at least two meetings per month. Participants also were more likely to report three or more close friends. Perceived quality of life and self-reported health status were not significantly different between the two groups. Participants rated their current health slightly worse than nonparticipants. In a logistic regression model controlling for age and sex, lower current health perceptions, greater number of friends, prior expressed intent to participate in an exercise program, being a nonsmoker, and having received an influenza vaccination in the past year were significantly associated with participation. CONCLUSIONS Participation in this exercise program may have appealed to persons with higher levels of social interaction. In this population, age, sex, and the number and type of self-reported medical conditions at baseline were not predictive of participation.
A BRIOT-BOUQUET EQUATION AND SUBORDINATION

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on a Briot–Bouquet equation and subordination. It presents two theorems that yield bounds on the solutions to certain differential equations. These bounds, stated in terms of subordination, are more precise than the usual bounds on the modulus of those solutions. The chapter discusses removing some of the restrictions that were needed to complete the proofs. It discusses whether the univalence of G(z) be softened, and can the univalence and convexity of Φ(z) be ameliorated.
Microcomputed Tomography Evaluation of Root Dentin Caries Prevention by Topical Fluorides and Potassium Iodide.

The mineral content of dental hard tissues has traditionally been measured by destructive tests such as transverse microradiography. Microfocus X-ray computed tomography (micro CT) has enabled non-destructive 3D assessment of tooth demineralization. This study compared the preventive effects of silver diammine fluoride (SDF) and potassium iodide (KI) in comparison with fluoride varnish. SDF has been known to arrest caries but darkens the tooth. KI creates a precipitate with SDF that reduces the discoloration, but its effects on SDF efficacy in terms of preventing demineralization of at-risk root dentin surfaces is unknown. Bovine root dentin blocks were randomly distributed into four groups and subjected to a pretreatment in each group (n = 8); Control: deionized water (DIW); F-Varnish: 5% sodium fluoride varnish: 38% Saforide; SDF+KI: SDF followed by saturated solution of KI in DIW. The treated dentin was subjected to 8 cycles of demineralization (pH 5) for 14 h and remineralization in artificial saliva (pH 7) for 10 h. Specimens were then scanned for 12 min using micro CT at 73 KV and 1012 µA with 8.3 μm resolution. The 3D images were analyzed in Amira software to calculate lesion depth (LD), surface layer mineral density (SL) and mineral loss (ΔZ) for each specimen. One-way ANOVA with Bonferroni posthoc showed that there was a statistically significant difference between Control and all three other groups for all parameters (P 0.05). Single application of F-Varnish, SDF and SDF+KI showed comparable preventive effects against root dentin demineralization. Application of KI did not affect anti-demineralization properties of SDF in this study. Micro CT is a quick and effective method for objective and high-resolution characterization of dentin caries lesions.
Behavioral and Experimental Agri-Environmental Research: Methodological Challenges, Literature Gaps, and Recommendations

Insights from behavioral and experimental economics research can inform the design of evidence-based, cost-effective agri-environmental programs that mitigate environmental damages and promote the supply of environmental benefits from agricultural landscapes. To enhance future research on agri-environmental program design and to increase the speed at which credible scientific knowledge is accumulated, we highlight methodological challenges, identify important gaps in the existing literature, and make key recommendations for both researchers and those evaluating research. We first report on four key methodological challenges—underpowered designs, multiple hypothesis testing, interpretation issues, and choosing appropriate econometric methods—and suggest strategies to overcome these challenges. Specifically, we emphasize the need for more detailed planning during the experimental design stage, including power analyses and publishing a pre-analysis plan. Greater use of replication studies and meta-analyses will also help address these challenges and strengthen the quality of the evidence base. In the second part of this paper, we discuss how insights from behavioral and experimental economics can be applied to improve the design of agri-environmental programs. We summarize key insights using the MINDSPACE framework, which categorizes nine behavioral effects that influence decision-making (messenger, incentives, norms, defaults, salience, priming, affect, commitment, and ego), and we highlight recent research that tests these effects in agri-environmental contexts. We also propose a framework for prioritizing policy-relevant research in this domain.
African Americans Are at a Higher Risk for Limb Loss but Not Mortality after Lower Extremity Bypass Surgery.

Background Lower extremity revascularization is the gold standard for treatment of symptomatic peripheral arterial disease. The objective of this study was to examine the impact of race on 30-day outcomes among patients with peripheral arterial disease who have undergone open lower extremity bypass. Methods Data were obtained from the 2013 American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database using Procedure Participant User File. Patients were divided into three groups based on race: white, African American, and Hispanic. Bivariate analysis was done for preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative risk factors among races. Multivariable analysis was used to determine associations of independent variables with mortality and lower extremity amputation as primary outcomes. Results A total of 2,381 patients (31.9% Females, 68.1% Males) were identified in the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database who underwent lower extremity bypass in the year 2013. Among these patients, 1,732 (72.74%) were non-Hispanic white, 488 (20.50%) were non-Hispanic African American, and 161 (6.76%) were Hispanic. African American patients were more likely to have hypertension, be on dialysis, and present with rest pain and tissue loss (P Conclusions African American patients were more likely than white and Hispanic patients to undergo major amputation after open lower extremity bypass. Unlike previously published data, this study does not show any difference in mortality.
Freedom to Serve

Recently, religious organizations seeking protection from government restrictions have emphasized that they seek “freedom to serve” others in their anti-poverty, social-service, healthcare, or educational work. The U.S. Catholic bishops have made that phrase central to their campaign for religious liberty in disputes over organizations’ objections to same-sex marriage, the Obama administration’s contraception mandate, and other rules. This argument, defending religious freedom based on its contribution to social good, is worth examining in detail. Although the “common good” argument raises complications, this Chapter asserts that when properly defined, the argument reflects a legitimate, indeed important strain in America's tradition of religious-freedom rights. In a roughly analogous way, the chapter asserts, constitutional rights to same-sex-marriage found support in considerations of the common good as well as individual autonomy. Recognizing this parallel, and others, between marriage rights and religious-freedom rights might encourage us to give weight to both. The chapter then catalogs the contributions of religion and religious organizations, responds to objections that may be raised, and suggests principles for the proper scope of religious freedom in light of other interests.
POLYPHENYLBIPHENYLS AND POLYPHENYLFLUORENES

A series of highly congested polyphenylbiphenyls and polyarylfluorenes has been prepared and their X-ray structures determined. Decaphenylbiphenyl adopts a very unusual C1-symmetric geometry (rather than the more intuitive D2 geometry) in which one of the central benzene rings is distorted into a boat conformation. AM1 calculations confirm that the C1 geometry is the ground state but indicate that less highly substituted biphenyls should adopt D2 geometries. The structure of 2,2‘,4,4‘,6,6‘-hexaphenylbiphenyl supports the latter prediction; this material has crystallographic C2 symmetry and (except for the orientation of the para phenyl groups) approximate D2 symmetry in the solid state. Octaphenylfluorenone has been prepared in four steps from tetraphenylcyclopentadienone. Its X-ray structure shows the fluorenone core to be twisted and sterically shielded by the eight peripheral phenyl groups; nevertheless, phenylmagnesium bromide adds easily to the carbonyl group of its equally hindered dimethyl derivati...
IMPELLA ASSISTED HIGH RISK PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION-AN ANALYSIS OF RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH 30-DAY MORTALITY

To date, there are no defined risk factors for 30-day mortality after Impella protected high-risk percutaneous coronary intervention (HR-PCI). Retrospective analysis of all Impella protected HR-PCI at a single center was performed. All patients had Impella placed electively at the beginning of the
Characterizing a PTW microDiamond detector in kilovoltage radiation beams.

Purpose The aim of this work was to characterize the dosimetric properties of the PTW microDiamond (60019) single crystal synthetic diamond detector (DD) in kilovoltage x-ray beams. The following characteristics were addressed in this study: required preirradiation dose, dose-rate linearity, energy dependence, and percent depth dose response of the DD. Methods UWADCL x-ray beams, characterized by NIST-traceable ionization chambers, were used in this study. Preirradiation dose required by the DD, in order to stabilize the detector's response to within 0.1%, was quantitated. Dose-rate dependence was also investigated using the UW250-M and UW50-M beams, where the dose rate was varied by changing the tube current. N k and N D , w calibration coefficients for all the available M series beams at UWADCL were obtained to determine the energy dependence of the DD, Diode E, Diode P, and P11 parallel-plate ionization chamber. A custom-built water tank was utilized to measure the percent depth dose (PDD) response of the DD, Diode E, Diode P, and P11 chamber in UW250-M, UW100-M, and UW50-M beams. The measured PDD response of the detectors was compared with the simulated PDD data using EGSnrc Monte Carlo code. Results A 1.5 Gy dose-to-water or air-kerma was found to be sufficient for the given DD's response to stabilize to within 0.1% in all of the beams used in this study. The dose-rate dependence parameter, Δ, was found to be 1.00 ± 0.02 and 1.016 ± 0.05 for the UW250-M and UW50-M beams, respectively. Relative to the 60 Co calibration coefficients, the DD was found to under-respond relative to calculated absorbed dose to water response and over-respond relative to the calculated air-kerma response in the M-series beams. Agreement of 1.5% was found between the measured PDD values and Monte Carlo simulated PDD values for UW250-M, UW100-M, and UW50-M beams. Conclusions In order to stabilize the response, the DD needs a preirradiation dose, which is unique to every DD. A linear relationship between detector response and dose rate was found within the evaluated uncertainty. An energy dependence of the DD was studied, which is more pronounced in the low-energy beams and can be partially attributed to the metal contact material around the sensitive volume of the DD. Overall, the DD was found to be suitable for kilovoltage x-ray dosimetry.
Defining the South: Electoral Reform and Voter Turnout, 1920-2000

The struggle over voting rights in the Southern states presents a dynamic process that is fundamental to understanding the history of participation in the region - and in the United States more broadly. This paper analyzes the historical and institutional mechanisms that account for routinely depressed voter turnout in the Southern states from 1920-2000. It offers a critical analysis of how scholars define "the South," urging for the consideration of a more rigorous method. It demonstrates that although the South is often defined as the eleven secession states, this definition is too narrow, at least within the realm of voting and elections. A handful of other border states also engaged in racial discrimination and disenfranchisement practices and, as a result, fostered a political environment and culture similar to that of the eleven succession states. Because the value of the South as an analytical tool connotes more than geography, it seems that a more rigorous definition of the South is required. By comparing the effects of a variety of electoral institutions on turnout rates in an 11-state South, a 13-state South, and a 17-state South, both before and after federal legislation, this paper demonstrates that one's definition of "the South" affects her analysis in important ways. These findings should compel scholars of elections, especially, to scrutinize the underpinnings of the definition of the South they employ in their research.
Resilience to the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Distributed Situation Awareness Perspective

Provisionary command centers for containing disease outbreaks can be an effective strategy in coordinating efforts by different government ministries and agencies to provide resilience that limits human and economic losses. This paper applies the Distributed Situation Awareness (DSA) framework to investigate the fundamental design and operational principles of provisionary command centers that contribute to the resilience against disease outbreaks. The investigation involves a case study on modeling the DSA of the Taiwan Central Epidemic Command Center (CECC) that coordinates multiple government ministries and agencies to contain COVID-19. Task, knowledge, and social networks were developed and combined into one DSA network model to depict how the CECC operations in processing and distributing information enhance situation awareness (SA) of all the government agencies and citizens for a coordinated response to the pandemic. The DSA network model illustrates an interorganizational system architecture that can enable graceful extensibility of various government functions and sustained adaptability of the agencies against disease outbreaks.
Understanding changes in a brand’s core positioning and customer engagement: a sentiment analysis of a brand-owned Facebook site

The increasing power of social media has created unprecedented opportunities for marketers. In particular, brand-owned social media seems to be an increasingly popular way of enhancing a brand’s position, connecting with customers, and improving customer engagement with the brand. To guide strategic marketing communication decision-making on social media, the current study extends the relationship communication model and offers an analytical workflow to gain new insights from unstructured textual data available on brand-owned social media. The workflow utilizes an eclectic mix of analytical tools such as word clouds, and cluster and word association analyses, which collectively allow for identification of main topics and their temporal evolution in unstructured textual data from a brand’s social media. In doing so, the proposed workflow offers researchers and practitioners a step by step procedure to make sense of such textual data, which may prove unwieldy and overwhelming otherwise. Furthermore, to manifest the utility of the proposed workflow, it is applied to illustrative data collected from a brand’s Facebook page. Results from this example analysis point to a slight fading of the brand’s perceived core position as an event avenue, as well as an evolution of customer sentiments that may reflect different levels and types of customer engagement with the page. Finally, we discuss the implications of our findings for research and brand management practice, as well as the study’s limitations and future research opportunities.
Fast energy release from reactive materials under shock compression

Metal-based reactive nanomaterials (RNMs) can produce two to three times more energy than conventional organic explosives, but the exothermic reactions, which ordinarily require diffusive mixing of separated fuel and oxidizer components, are too slow and do not generate enough gas to produce detonations. Here, we studied shock initiation of 4Al/Bi2O3 and 4Al/BiF3 RNMs produced by arrested reactive milling. Initiated by a 3 km/s impact, which approximates a powerful detonation, fast energy release produced 3200 K temperatures. In the fluoride, a rapid volume increase was also observed. The shock-induced energy release was orders of magnitude faster than when the RNM was heated. Although these RNM powders by themselves likely cannot produce detonations, our results suggest that used as additives in detonating systems, they might significantly boost the energy of chemical explosives.
Linguistic Analysis of Letters of Recommendation for Vascular Surgery and Obstetrics and Gynecology Applicants Detects Differences in Attributable Strengths Based on Gender.

Objective We asked whether letters of recommendation (LOR) written for applicants to vascular surgery (VS), a field where men have traditionally predominated, differentially highlight attributes based on applicant gender. For comparison, LOR for applicants to Obstetrics and Gynecology (Ob/Gyn), a surgical field where women are highly represented were evaluated. Design We performed a cross-sectional review of LORs for students applying to VS or Ob/Gyn at our institution from 2017 to2018. Blinded to the gender of both the applicant and the letter author, investigators assessed word count per letter and used published rubrics to quantify how many words in the following categories: communal (“friendly”), able (“competent”), standout (“exceptional”), and grindstone (“hardworking”). Frequencies were reported as a function of specialty and gender. Setting The study was performed at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and included letters written for applicants only to the stated residency programs at University of Pittsburgh Medical Center. Participants LOR written for self-identified women and men applying to both residencies from US-based allopathic medical schools were de-identified and evaluated by blinded reviewers. Results One hundred and ninety-eight letters were reviewed for vascular surgery applicants. Two hundred letters were randomly selected from applications to Ob/Gyn as a comparison. Fifty-four vascular (27.8% women) and 63 Ob/Gyn (77.8% women) applicants were reviewed (p Conclusions Reference letters for both specialties highlighted attributes differently depending on the gender of the applicant. Although this likely represents an unconscious process, care should be taken to limit potential biases in LOR which are “gatekeepers” to access and advancement.
Feasibility of a Photo-based Food Diary Approach Among African Pregnant Women in the U.S.

Objectives The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility of using a photo-based food diary approach among African pregnant women living in the U.S.
An Integrated Neutrosophic SWARA and VIKOR Method for Ranking Risks of Green Supply Chain

The green supply chain (GSC) plays a vital role for companies and organizations. Thoughthere are several risks thread GSC Hence, these risks need to be ranked for companies. So, the goalof this study ranking these risks under a neutrosophic environment due to this problem containsuncertain information. So, this study proposed a multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) for dealingwith conflicting criteria and used MCDM methods. This study introduces an integrated model withStepwise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis (SWARA) and visekriterijumsko kompromisnorangiranje (VIKOR). The SWARA method is used to calculate the weights of criteria and the VIKORmethod is used to rank the risks of GSC based on six main criteria and twenty sub-criteria with tenrisks (alternatives). Then the proposed model was evaluated by a numerical example. Finally, thesensitivity analysis is conducted.
Fiber, Cables, and Connectors

This chapter provides a brief overview of a source, a fiber, and a receiver that are the basic components of optic system and describes how they work together. All types of fiber optic systems require a light source; for applications such as medical imaging or architectural lighting, this source can be any type of conventional light bulb. The optical fiber serves as a light guide in this case; its purpose is simply to convey light from the source to a desired destination. In optical communications systems, the source of light used is called a transmitter. There are several different types of transmitters, including light emitting diodes (LEDs) and various types of lasers. Their purpose is to convert an electrical signal into an optical signal that can be carried by the fiber. This process is called modulating the source of light. Fiber has layers of protective coatings applied to strengthen it and form an optical cable, in the same way that copper wires are coated with plastic. Most fibers used today are made from extremely high purity glass, and require special fabrication processes. The chapter describes the standard fabrication equipment needed to manufacture these fibers, such as fiber drawing, chemical vapor deposition, and molecular beam epitaxy. It aims to describe the most common components used in fiber optic systems, including enough working knowledge to actually put these systems into practice
Management of the Difficult Airway

A universally accepted definition for the “difficult airway” can be challenging to define based on the current literature. The American Society of Anesthesiologists describes it as “the clinical situation in which a conventionally trained anesthesiologist experiences difficulty with face mask ventilation of the upper airway, difficulty with tracheal intubation, or both.” A variety of protocols, mnemonics, and guidelines have been developed to aid a physician in managing these difficult and challenging cases. As with any basic or advanced life support, the establishment of an adequate airway and ventilation are the first and foremost steps in stabilizing a patient’s vital sign parameters. Inadequate ventilation will ultimately lead to a rapid decline in oxygenation and subsequent arrest. Further efforts to resuscitate will prove fruitless without taking the time to stabilize this basic and core aspect of the patient’s physiology.
Isolation of Variant Lymphoma Cells With Reduced Growth Requirements for Extracellular Calcium and Magnesium and Enhanced Oncogenicity

By exposing an established cell line of malignant mouse lymphocytic cells (L5178Y) to a culture environment low in calcium and magnesium, we have isolated and maintained in continuous culture a variant population with reduced growth requirements for the cations. The variant cells are larger, have enhanced aggregability, tend to form dispersed colonies in semisolid medium, and have increased oncogenicity. Variants and their progenitors share similar morphology, maximum proliferative rate, and stability of phenotype. The significance of these findings is discussed and an analogy suggested between the selective influence of calcium and magnesium deprivation in vitro and the evolution of thymic dysplasias in divalent cation-deprived rodents.