cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spatial Analysis of Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome in Zibo City, China, 2009–2012

Background Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is highly endemic in mainland China, where human cases account for 90% of the total global cases. Zibo City is one of the most serious affected areas in Shandong Province China with the HFRS incidence increasing sharply from 2009 to 2012. However, the hotspots of HFRS in Zibo remained unclear. Thus, a spatial analysis was conducted with the aim to explore the spatial, spatial-temporal and seasonal patterns of HFRS in Zibo from 2009 to 2012, and to provide guidance for formulating regional prevention and control strategies. Methods The study was based on the reported cases of HFRS from the National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System. Annualized incidence maps and seasonal incidence maps were produced to analyze the spatial and seasonal distribution of HFRS in Zibo City. Then spatial scan statistics and space-time scan statistics were conducted to identify clusters of HFRS. Results There were 200 cases reported in Zibo City during the 4-year study period. One most likely cluster and one secondary cluster for high incidence of HFRS were identified by the space-time analysis. And the most likely cluster was found to exist at Yiyuan County in October to December 2012. The human infections in the fall and winter reflected a seasonal characteristic pattern of Hantaan virus (HTNV) transmission. The secondary cluster was detected at the center of Zibo in May to June 2009, presenting a seasonal characteristic of Seoul virus (SEOV) transmission. Conclusion To control and prevent HFRS in Zibo city, the comprehensive preventive strategy should be implemented in the southern areas of Zibo in autumn and in the northern areas of Zibo in spring.
Adhocracy, security and responsibility: Revisiting Abu Ghraib a decade later

This article examines the acts of detainee abuse that took place at the Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq from the standpoint of organization theory. Instead of seeing Abu Ghraib as a failure of bureaucracy, I show that the prison is emblematic of a different organizational model – adhocracy – that places greater emphasis on the delegation of improvisation and practical judgment to low-level operators. I argue that that there is an intimate connection between adhocracies and the kind of security apparatus put in place by Coalition forces in Iraq, that the space of their encounter is potentially dangerous, and that adhocracies demand a distinctive approach to questions of individual responsibility.
Life insurance in the society and culture of London, 1700–75

This article examines the rise of co-operative life insurance societies and the market for life insurance in the early eighteenth century. Life insurance offered the middling sort in particular an opportunity to associate together for mutual economic protection and also provided them with a means to advance a set of reforming ideals. Until 1774, however, the lack of any legal restrictions on who might insure whom meant that prudential insuring existed alongside gambling on other people's lives, leading to a clash of property interests among the societies' members. Ultimately, a new moral technology was developed that segregated licit from illicit motives for insuring and also curtailed the proprietary rights insurance society members had previously exercised over their own policies, subjecting them instead to an impersonal financial bureaucracy.
INFLUENCE OF THE VEHICLE UPON THE LENGTH AND STRENGTH OF THE ACTION OF MALE HORMONE SUBSTANCE, TESTOSTERONE PROPIONATE1

THE CLINICAL usefulness of male hormone (androgen) therapy is handicapped at present by the need of repeated hypodermic injections at short intervals and the expense of the amount of androgenic substance required. Ideally, the aims of substitution therapy with male hormones should be those of giving the smallest amount of material that will, without frequent repetition, maintain an adequate but not excessive level in the tissues and fluids of the body for the longest possible time, that is, providing absorption that will fulfill but not greatly exceed the requirements of the body, and utilizng the least painful and distasteful mode of administration. Thus expediency and inexpensiveness would be combined. Moreover, such an ideal method of administration would be expected to approach the normal manner of testicular function. The testis contains, and appears to produce, only small amounts of androgenic substances at a time.
Predictors and treatment of persistent air leaks

Abstract Background . Air leaks prolong hospital stay. Methods . A prospective algorithm was applied to patients. If patients were ready for discharge but still had an air leak, a Heimlich valve was placed and they were discharged. If the leak was still present after 2 weeks, the tube was clamped for a day and removed. Results . There were 669 patients. Factors that predicted a persistent air leak were FEV 1% of less than 79% ( p = 0.006), history of steroid use ( p = 0.002), male gender ( p = 0.05), and having a lobectomy ( p = 0.01). Types of air leaks on day 1 that eventually required a Heimlich valve were expiratory leaks ( p = 0.02), leaks that were an expiratory 4 or more ( p p p Conclusions . Steroid use, male gender, a large leak, a leak with a pneumothorax, and having a lobectomy are all risk factors for a persistent leak. Discharge on a Heimlich valve is safe and effective for patients with a persistent leak unless the leak is an expiratory 5 or more. Once home on a valve, most air leaks will seal in 2 weeks; if not, chest tubes can be safely removed regardless of the size of the leak or the presence of a pneumothorax.
The relative effects of the number of arguments, number of argument sources and number of opinion positions in group‐mediated opinion change

Components of majority faction influence (the number of member opinion positions, persuasive arguments, and argument sources) on individual member opinions (personal and group response recommendations) were investigated within a computerized communication environment. One hundred and thirty-three male and 120 female university students participated in four-person same-sex groups and received pre-structured opinions and arguments ostensibly from the other group members on each of two opinion issues. The number of member opinion positions provided (either none, one or three) was crossed with the number of persuasive arguments provided (either three or six) and the number of argument sources either all arguments from one source or one-third of the arguments from each of three sources). The number of arguments and sources significantly and independently affected personal opinion change (the number of positions was marginally significant); but recommended group decisions were significantly influenced by the number of opinion positions and an interaction between the number of arguments and sources, the number of sources was significant only when three arguments were presented. Discussion emphasized the need to recognize and elaborate on different notions of ‘majority’ influence.
Influence of individual characteristics on outcome of glycemic control in intensive care unit patients with or without diabetes mellitus.

OBJECTIVE To clarify the relationship of patient and critical illness characteristics (including any history of diabetes mellitus) to glycemic control with insulin and hospital mortality. PATIENTS AND METHODS A case-control descriptive study was performed of patients admitted to a tertiary-care center multi-disciplinary closed intensive care unit (ICU) at Mayo Clinic Hospital in Phoenix, Ariz, between January 1, 1999, and December 31, 2003, after implementation of a glycemic management protocol. Hospital mortality, the primary outcome, was examined in nondiabetic and diabetic ICU patients receiving insulin and in patients not requiring insulin (control group). RESULTS Of 7285 patients, 2826 (39%) required insulin, 1083 of whom (15% of total) had a history of diabetes mellitus. The control group had a median (10th-90th percentile) glucose level of 118 mg/dL (range, 97–153 mg/dL) and a 5% mortality rate. The median glucose level was 134 mg/dL (range, 110–181 mg/dL) in nondiabetic patients and 170 mg/dL (121–238 mg/dL) in diabetic patients ( P P .001). Compared with nondiabetic survivors, nondiabetic nonsurvivors had longer periods with glucose levels greater than 144 mg/dL. Diabetic nonsurvivors vs diabetic survivors had longer periods with glucose levels greater than 200 mg/dL. Poor glycemic control in nondiabetic patients was associated with increased insulin requirement and increased mortality. Critical illness characteristics that predicted poor glycemic control were advanced age, history of diabetes, cardiac surgery, postoperative complications, severity of illness, nosocomial infections, prolonged mechanical ventilation, or concurrent medications. CONCLUSIONS Critical illness characteristics determined glycemic control and clinical outcome in ICU patients. Acute insulin resistance was associated with worse outcomes in nondiabetic patients. Although critical illness characteristics influenced glycemic control, future evaluation of the effect of insulin administration and optimal glycemic control in ICU patients is necessary.
Analytical Tools for Material and Energy Balance, Cash Flow, and Environmental Loads in a Dairy Cattle Enterprise

Abstract Analytical tools for the preconstruction technical design and postconstruction management of a dairy enterprise are presented. The enterprise is represented as a network of production processes with alternative operating technologies and scale of operation as technical parameters of environmental loads and cash flow. The operating technologies of the network are represented by material conversion coefficients and energetic cost functions. Generalized laws of material and energy balance are used to define an on-line management accounting system for recording resource and product flows, physical energy, and human time involved in the production process. Cash flow and value added are computed from the technologies of the network, prices of material and energetic resources, and costs of operating facilities. A microcomputer application was developed to evaluate the environmental loads and the economic consequences of alternative technologies, product prices, and amortization schedules for facility and equipment costs. The concepts and analytical tools presented for the design and management of dairy enterprises provide a framework through which scientists across disciplines and producers across product lines can work together to increase overall farm profitability and to reduce environmental loads.
Protein synthesis and degradation in biopsies of rat skeletal muscle

The use of 20- to 40-mg biopsies of rat skeletal muscle to measure protein synthesis and degradation rates in vitro was investigated and compared to that of the intact extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and soleus muscles. During incubations in oxygenated Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer with glucose, insulin, 23 amino acids at 10 times rat plasma levels, and [14C]tyrosine, the specific activity of intracellular tyrosine approximated that of the incubation medium and was constant in the biopsy, the EDL, and the soleus. The rate of incorporation of tyrosine into the protein of the biopsy was constant for 3 hr and was 39 and 32% of the rates of the EDL and soleus, respectively. The rate of release of tyrosine from protein in the biopsy during incubations in buffer with glucose and cycloheximide was constant for 3 hr and was intermediate between the rates of the EDL and soleus. The effects of starvation on the in vitro protein metabolism of the biopsy were the same as on the intact muscles. The 42% decrease in synthesis and the 53% increase in degradation in the biopsy were intermediate between the changes measured in the EDL and soleus muscles. The ability of this technique to identify proportional changes in the in vitro protein synthesis and degradation rates makes this a valid technique suitable for the measurement of changes of in vitro protein metabolism using serial biopsies from larger animals, including man.
On the development of electron microprobe zircon fission-track geochronology

Abstract The fission-track method has been applied for decades to quantify rates and timing of processes in the shallow crust. The most widely used approach, the external detector method, involves counting fission-tracks, a decay product resulting from the spontaneous fission of 238 U, and a paired set of induced tracks (parent proxy) from the thermal neutron irradiation of 235 U. We propose an alternate method of dating zircons that utilizes an electron microprobe to directly measure uranium concentration [U] and image the number of spontaneous fission-tracks or etch figures that intersect the surface of the crystal using an electron backscatter detector. The electron microprobe fission-track (EP-FT) method is used to date six zircon samples, four of which are widely used as standards: Fish Canyon Tuff, Peach Springs Tuff, Buluk Member of the Bakata Formation (tuff), Tardee Rhyolite, Mt. Dromedary Complex (hypabyssal granite), and Browns Park Formation (tuff). All samples yield ages that overlap within two standard deviations of published reference ages determined using other radiometric techniques (i.e., K/Ar, 40 Ar/ 39 Ar, and U/Pb) and also by the traditional fission-track external detector method. To correct for poorly constrained parameters such as the spontaneous fission decay constant, weight to volume percent conversions, etching efficiency, and selection bias, we calculate a preliminary Z proportionality factor of 4469 ± 661 (1σ). The EP-FT technique avoids the hazard and expense of thermal neutron irradiation, allows simultaneous chemical compositions to be determined, removes the step of counting an external detector manually, and will likely allow much higher track densities to be counted than would be normally possible with optical microscopy. The technique is ideal for dating moderate to high U zircons (>100 ppm U).
Pharmacologic properties of a phosphate ester of dopamine

Abstract The 3 or 4 phosphate ester of dopamine (PD) was hydrolyzed by homogenates of rat tissues to give inorganic phosphate (Pi) and dopamine. The rate of hydrolysis of PD by kidney homogenates was increased by exogenous MgCl 2 but not CaCl 2 or KCl. The activity of brain, heart or liver homogenates was insensitive to the added salts. Several lines of evidence indicate that alkaline phosphatase activity contributes to the high rate of PD hydrolysis by the kidney but not brain homogenate. The intravenous infusion of PD at 12 μmole/kg in one hr to anesthetized rats increased the dopamine content of the plasma, kidney and heart without altering brain or liver dopamine. The results suggest that PD may be more effective than dopamine for increasing dopamine levels of the kidney. In addition, the hydrolysis of PD by brain homogenates, which is independent of alkaline phosphatase activity, suggests that specific enzymes exist for the metabolism of PD.
A distributed photovoltaic energy optimization system based on a sub-module resonant switched-capacitor implementation

This work presents a sub-module power management system for large-scale photovoltaic systems. Individual ‘micro-converters’ configure across strings of PV cells at terminals normally connected to bypass diodes. The converters enforce set voltage ratios among adjacent strings of cells, mitigating power loss due to shading, factory and lifetime variation, and other sources of mismatch. The balancing function extends to multiple series-connected PV modules through a dual-core cable and connector, enabling high-voltage operation with active and passive components exposed to only a fraction of total system voltage. Converters are based on a resonant switched-capacitor standard switching cell. The module-integrated converter achieves conversion efficiency over 99% for a wide range of mismatch scenarios and insertion loss below 0.1%.
TCR β PCR from crude preparations for restriction digest or sequencing

T cell specificity is determined by the combinatorial association of specific variable (V), diversity (D), and junctional (J) regions. Clones of T cells (clonality) can occur, in the blood or in tissue, after proliferation of activated T cells. Determining clonality in mutation assays is necessary to distinguish between mutants and mutational events. We have developed a novel approach to determine clonality among T cell isolates, using restriction digests of PCR-amplified cDNA of the T cell receptor beta gene. The T cell receptor beta gene was PCR-amplified by use of a consensus primer, beginning from a cell pellet of 2,000-5,000 cells or from extracted RNA. This TCR (T cell receptor) beta chain PCR product can also be directly sequenced, allowing simple and easy identification of Vbeta and CDR3 sequence from a small number of cells. The utility of this method is demonstrated by PCR, restriction digest, and sequencing of the TCR beta cDNA from eight T cell clones isolated from 2 individuals. A clone of three identical isolates (one 3-mer) and a clone of two identical isolates (one 2-mer) were determined from restriction digests using two different enzymes. This new method is an easier and more rapid way of determining clonality than traditional methods, e.g., Southern blotting.
LSD: Effect of monoamine metabolites in rat prefrontal cortex

Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) has been studied extensively with respect to its actions upon monoamine pathways. The central 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) system has been the object of the most extensive investigation (1-3), but catecholamine systems have also received substantial attention (4,5). Nearly two decades of research point to the conclusion that LSD impedes transmission in 5HT-containing neuronal systems. The concensus regarding the effects of LSD upon catecholamine systems is far less clear, and there may be regional brain differences (6). Recently, an area of rat forebrain has been identified which appears to possess some unusual properties. This region prefrontal cortex receives projections from a specific group of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons which are selectively activated by stress (7,8), lack terminal and cell body autoreceptors (9), and respond uniquely to chronic neuroleptic administration (i0). We became interested in the effect of hallucinogenic substances upon this region and report here some preliminary results of acute and intermittent LSD administration upon homovanillic acid (HVA) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5HIAA) in rat prefrontal cortex and striatum.
Components of Variance of Dairymen's Workability Traits Among Holstein Cows

Abstract Dairymen of an artificial insemination cooperative subjectively evaluated 5,601 of their cows in first lactation sired by 187 young Holstein bulls for temperament, milking speed, udder, leg and foot problems, and milk production. Exclusive categories were defined for each characteristic. Individual categories were separate traits, and components of variance and covariance were estimated for herd-year of measurement, sire of cow, and residual effects. Variance from sire of cow was less than 3% of the total for all traits so that heritabilities within herd-year were less than .12 for every trait. Variances and covariances were used in a multiple trait sire evaluation procedure to predict frequencies of future daughters for each category.
Science Signaling Podcast: 4 January 2011

This is a conversation with Science Signaling ’s Chief Scientific Editor Michael Yaffe about research published in the journal in 2010. Yaffe reviews some of the most notable Research Articles published in the past year and offers a look ahead to 2011.
The role of radiotherapy in the management of resected uterine papillary serous and clear cell carcinoma.

Abstract Objective Primary uterine papillary serous (PS) and clear cell (CC) carcinoma are aggressive histologies characterized by elevated risk of loco-regional recurrence and disease-specific mortality following hysterectomy. The impact of adjuvant radiotherapy remains to be elucidated. The present study is a single institution, retrospective cohort comparison to determine whether post-hysterectomy radiotherapy improves loco-regional control and/or disease-specific survival outcomes in a population of women with PS and/or CC. Study design Between June 1992 and November 2006, 50 women underwent hysterectomy alone (H) or hysterectomy with adjuvant radiotherapy (H + RT) for primary uterine PS and/or CC. RT involved either high dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy, external beam RT, or both. Results At a median survivor follow-up of 27 months (range 2.7–137.3) for the H + RT group and 61 months (range 11.9–114.6) for the H group (range 3–137), patients in the H + RT group demonstrated a trend toward superior disease-free survival (not yet attained at 26 months versus 25 months; p = 0.0625). For patients with ≥24 months of follow-up, disease recurrence was significantly higher in H patients over H + RT patients (45% versus 12.5%; p p p p = non-significant). Conclusions Hysterectomy with adjuvant radiotherapy significantly improves disease-free survival within 2 years post-hysterectomy and significantly reduces loco-regional failures over hysterectomy alone.
Air Transportation Network Flows: Equilibrium Model

Passenger flow is an important planning factor in an air transportation system. However, forecasting segment (link) and airport flows becomes more complicated in a hub-and-spoke system since segment flows are the aggregations of route flows, and the number of routes increases with hubbing activities. This research develops an equilibrium model considering certain important characteristics of an air transportation system such as distance, airport delay, airline competition, and networks to predict segment and airport passenger flows from the viewpoint of the whole system. The major features of the model include (a) treatment of segment flows and airport delays as endogenous by considering the feedback of assigned segment flows and their impacts on airports; (b) reflecting the flexibility of air networks, a start with all links between all airports as the potential network and determination of the predicted network according to the equilibrium flows on segments; and (c) connection of key elements of the sys...
Cockroach aggregation pheromone: directional orientation.

Orientation of adult and immature cockroaches, Periplaneta americana, in a T-maze is directed by a feces-secreted aggregation pheromone. Tropochemotactic orientation is dependent on olfactory perception of the pheromone by antennal receptors.
Striped Fabry-Perots: improved efficiency for velocimetry

Removing a narrow stripe of the reflective coating from the input mirror of a Fabry-Perot interferometer can dramatically increase the amount of light transmitted through the system we have observed gains in excess of 50 when we compare a conventional Fabry-Perot with the striped Fabry-Perot under similar lighting conditions. The stripe affects the distribution of light in the Fabry-Perot peaks causing them to be lower in the center of the pattern. We examine this distribution and discuss its application in analyzing velocities. 1.
Practical Application of Uncertainty-Based Validation Assessment

This paper presents the validation assessment of a simulation of the transient dynamic response of a complex assembly subjected to impulsive shock loading. The assembly contained threaded, bolted, and tape joint interfaces. Response features for the validation assessment were chosen based on the needs of the customer. Model parameters were selected using judgment and sensitivity analysis. Parametric uncertainty analysis of the simulation results was performed using both meta-model Monte Carlo and Latin hypercube approaches. Replicate tests were performed to estimate the experimental uncertainties. The simulation and experimental outcomes were compared to assess the validity of the model. This publication was approved for unlimited public release on April 13, 2005, LA-UR 052731.
Gender Differences in Latency and Duration of Emotional Expression in 7-Through 13-Month-Old Infants

A total of 82 infants aged 7 through 13 months were each presented with a randomized order of stimuli in a large descriptive study. All infants passed developmental screening tests (5-minute Apgar and Denver II; Apgar, 1953; Frankenburg & Dodds, 1990). Emotional expressions in response to the stimuli were recorded by video. Male and female infants’ responses to 5 social stimuli (82 x 5 = 410 observations) were analyzed. Latency was the time between the presentation of a stimulus and the beginning of a facial expression in response to that stimulus. Duration was the time between the beginning of a facial expression and the end of that facial expression. Both latency and duration were measured in terms of time (seconds). Gender differences were found in latency: t = 2.41, p < .05, but not duration of emotional expression. Females had shorter latency to emotional expression and longer duration of emotional expression than males.
Synthesis and characterization of fluorinated polyionomers. Part I: polyperfluoro-sulfonylethoxy propylene vinyl ether sulfonimides containing aryl sulfonic acids

The synthesis and chemistry associated with the preparation of polysulfonimide polyionomers containing aryl sulfonic acids with high charge densities and various solubilities is reported. Homopolymers of perfluoro-sulfonylethoxy propylene vinyl ether (PSEPVE) are prepared by free radical polymerization and functionalized with sulfonyl chlorides of benzene, terphenyl, and triphenylene. The nature of the pendant group has been found to have a substantial impact on solution properties. In particular, water solubility is easily attained in the poly(PSEPVE) benzene sulfonimide, while the incorporation of bulky, rigid aromatic groups in the poly(PSEPVE) triphenylene sulfonimide disulfonic acid product allowed it to retain water insolubility with high charge density (∼2 meq. H+ per g). Perfluoropolysulfonimide gel network polymers are also prepared utilizing similar chemistry. Thermal stabilities upon boiling in an aqueous solution are established by monitoring charge density and changes in the 19F NMR spectra of the ionomers.
Evidence for the presence of DNase—actin complex in L1210 leukemia cells

L1210 leukemia cell cytosol was analysed for the presence of DNase I activity. No free activity was determined in crude cytosol. DNase I enzyme was found to occur in a latent form bound to cytoplasmic actin. DNase-actin complex was partially isolated by Sephadex filtration and DNase I-like activity was demonstrated after SDS gel electrophoresis of the complex and enzyme renaturation. The results were compared with those for synthetic complex of pancreatic bovine DNase I and chicken muscle actin.
Spontaneous urinary extravasation during intravenous pyelography

A case is presented of a patient who developed extravasation of radiographic contrast material while undergoing an intravenous pyelogram for evaluation of ureteral obstruction. Such extravasation is uncommon and appears to occur most commonly at the renal calyceal fornix. Complications of extravasation are rare, and patients may be expected to do well with conservative management.
Development of a campaign to study equatorial ionospheric phenomena over Guam

Abstract The United States Air Force Academy (USAFA) is in the process of developing a series of ground-based and space-based experiments to investigate the equatorial ionosphere over Guam and the southern crest of the Equatorial Appleton Anomaly over New Guinea. On the ground the Digital Ionospheric Sounder (University of Massachusetts, Lowell DPS-4 unit) and a dual-frequency GPS TEC/scintillation monitor will be used to investigate ionospheric phenomena in both campaign and long-term survey modes. In campaign mode, we will combine these observations with those collected from space during USAFA’s FalconSAT-3 and FalconSAT-5 low Earth orbit satellite missions, which will be active over a period of several years beginning in the first quarter of the 2007 calendar year. Additionally, we will investigate the long-term morphology of key ionospheric characteristics useful for driving the International Reference Ionosphere, such as critical frequencies (f o E, f o F1, f o F2, etc.), the M(3000) F2 parameter (the maximum useable frequency for a signal refracted within the F2 layer and received on the ground at a distance of 3000 km away), and a variety of other characteristics. Specific targets of investigation include: (a) a comparison of TEC observed by the GPS receiver with those calculated by IRI driven by DPS-4 observations, (b) a comparison of plasma turbulence observed on-orbit with ionospheric conditions as measured from the ground, and (c) a comparison between topside ionospheric satellite in situ measurements of plasma density during an overpass of a Digisonde versus the calculated value based on extrapolation of the electron density profiles using Digisonde data and a topside α-Chapman function. This last area of investigation is discussed in detail in this paper.
Nascent entrepreneurship panel studies: progress and challenges

Economics, history, organizational theory, psychology, public policy, social psychology, sociology, and strategy have all had something to say about business creation. Though the multiple lenses have produced important insights, they have not always defined the phenomenon in terms that can easily be translated from one discipline to another. Operational definitions differ. Convenience samples may suffer from retrospective biases. However, representative samples are expensive to gather. The Panel Studies of Entrepreneurial Dynamics (PSED) are almost alone in examining the actions of entrepreneurs at the time they are organizing their businesses. This Special Issue presents a selected set of refereed papers involving the Norwegian PSED (NPSED) and Swedish PSEDs (SPSED) as well as PSED I and PSED II from the USA. In the context of highlighting the articles in this issue, some insights are offered about the kinds of research accomplishments that have been achieved. Challenges for future research on nascent entrepreneurs are also suggested.
Long-term survival in a patient with del(18)(q12.2q21.1).

The 18q- syndrome is relatively common among cytogenetic abnormalities occurring in approximately 1 in 40,000 live births. However, interstitial deletions involving 18q12.2 to q21.1 are much less common. Only 15 cases have been reported in the literature. A phenotypic pattern is emerging of mild dysmorphic features, mental retardation, behavior abnormalities, and the lack of serious malformations. We present a 67-year-old woman with minor dysmorphic features, moderate mental retardation, hyperphagia, and del(18)(q12.2q21.1). This patient is presented for the natural history of this deletion syndrome as well as the behavioral phenotype.
Transplantation of brain tissue in the brain of rat. I. Growth characteristics of neocortical transplants from embryos of different ages

Differential growth of neural transplants as related to the age of the donor embryos was investigated in this study. Neocortical tissue of constant volume, obtained from embryos of 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, and 21 days' gestational age, was transplanted into the cerebellum of 10-day-old rats. The fully grown transplants were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively 90 days after transplantation. The ultimate volume of the transplants and the estimated total number of neurons in them followed a gradient in relation to the age of the donor embryos. At one extreme, the neural transplants from 15-day-old embryos grew very large, showing a 21-fold increase in size, and at the other extreme, those from 21-day-old embryos grew less than two-fold in volume. These differences were determined by the developmental history of the transplants. Neural tissue obtained from 15-day-old embryos contained predominantly neuroepithelial cells which continued to proliferate even after transplantation. This resulted in the large size of these transplants. At the other extreme, neural tissue from 21-day-old embryos contained predominantly preformed neuroblasts, and they simply differentiated afte transplantation. Due to this, the transplants were small in size. Neural tissues obtained from other embryos of different gestational ages between these two extremes contained neuroepithelial cells and preformed neuroblasts in differential ratios. The number of neuroepithelial cells in the transplants and their differential proliferative activity after transplantation, and the number of neuroblasts present, determined the differential sizes of these transplants. In histological preparations, all transplants were seen to contain normal-looking and well-differentiated neurons, and normal-looking neuropil. The transplants were integrated with the host brain, in that there was neither any gap nor any scar tissue between the transplants and the host neural tissue surrounding them. Neither the transplants nor the host brains showed any pathological reaction or neoplastic growth.
The effect of interstitial gaseous pressure on the thermal conductivity of a simulated Apollo 12 lunar soil sample

The thermal conductivity of a simulated Apollo 12 soil sample is measured as a function of interstitial gas density, and implications for the thermal properties of lunar and Martian regolith are discussed. Measurements were performed for samples consisting of a mixture of Knippa and Berkely basalt powders with a grain size distribution identical to that of Apollo 12 lunar soil samples by the needle probe technique at interstitial pressures of He, N2, Ar and CO2 from 133,000 to 0.0133 Pa. It is shown that sample thermal conductivity decreases with decreasing interstitial gas pressure down to 1.0 Pa, due to the decreasing effective thermal conductivity of interstitial gas with decreasing gas pressure. Constant thermal conductivity values of 8.8 mW/m per K and 10.9 mW/m per K are obtained for sample densities of 1.70 and 1.85 g/cu cm, respectively, in agreement with in situ lunar regolith measurements. The results, which are greater than those obtained in previous soil studies, are explained by the dense packing of soil particles and enhanced intergranular thermal contact in the present experimental configuration, rather than the influence of interstitial gas pressure. The differences in conductivity between loose soils and packed regolith may also be used to account for the two peaks observed in Martian surface thermal inertia data.
Naval derusting wastewater containing high concentration of iron, treated in UV photo-Fenton-like oxidation

The UV photooxidation with Fe(III) and H2O2 was employed to treat a naval derusting wastewater, which contains the high COD (chemical oxygen demand) and various metal concentrations exceptionally with high concentrations of citric acid and iron. Because of its iron containment, the Fenton-like reaction automatically took place with the added amount of H2O2. The decomposition rate was found in a sequence of: UV/H2O2/Fe(III) > UV/H2O2 > Fe(II)/H2O2.TwoH2O2 injection methods, single and multiple points, were evaluated. The multiple-point H2O2 injection was more efficient to decompose the citric acid. The decomposition of the synthetic citric acid and the real derusting citric acid wastewater was also compared. The 93% COD reduction of the derusting wastewater was achieved using the UV/H2O2/Fe(III) treatment.
A Statistical Analysis of the Influence of Cyclic Variation on the Formation of Nitric Oxide in Spark Ignition Engines

A statistical method is presented to study the influence of cyclic variation of the combustion process on the formation of nitric oxide in spark ignition engines. In the analysis, each engine cycle was treated as a realization of a random experiment. Specifically, the cylinder pressure as a function of crank angle was considered a stochastic process, and the nitric oxide concentration frozen in the expansion stroke was considered a random variable associated with the random experiment. A set of consecutive cylinder pressure-crank angle data furnished the statistical properties of the cylinder pressure of a spark ignition engine at a normal running condition. The stochastic process of cylinder pressure was first approximated by one degree of randomness expression with peak combustion pressure as the characterizing random variable. Secondly, a combustion and nitric oxide kinetics model was used to establish the functional relationship of frozen nitric oxide concentration to cylinder pressure, particularly to the peak combustion pressure. Finally, the probability density function of the nitric oxide concentration was calculated by using the fundamental theorem of functions of random variables.
Receiver operating characteristics of home blood pressure measurements thatbest detect ambulatory hypertension

Abstract P-53 Key Words: Home Blood Pressure, Receiver Operating Curves, Ambulatory Blood Pressure
Chemical mutagens in the human environment.

CHEMICAL mutagens in the environment are a hazard which has not so far been systematically explored. Although certain mutagens—notably ionizing radiations and alkylating agents—have been studied in detail in bacteria1,2 and Drosophila3,4, their relevance to man is not always apparent. M. Legator (personal communication) has considered the influence of host-mediated drug effects by studying mutagenicity in bacteria in a mammalian environment. Luming5, in discussing testing for mutagenicity, stated: “The use of mammals in such tests would be both expensive and time-consuming, and might slow down even more the development of new drugs”, but Bateman6 considered the use of mammals in tests of mutagenicity to be practical and more meaningful than studies with other systems in the context of human hazards. We present here preliminary data on the feasibility of mutagenicity testing in mice based on screening a wide variety of environmental pollutants, including carcinogens, air and water pollutants, pharmaceuticals, food additives and pesticides.
Cardinal interpolation: A bivariate polynomial example

Abstract The general interpolation problem over a linear space is solved by providing explicit formulas for the cardinal basis of the space. As an example of this technique, the cardinal form of a bivariate degree-nine polynomial interpolating to function and derivative values through order four at various points on a triangle is derived. The piecewise polynomial interpolant over an arbitrary triangulated domain in |R 2 has C2 continuity.
Friedel oscillations in a two dimensional Fermi liquid

Within linear response the long range oscillations caused by short or long ranged impurities embedded in an otherwise homogeneous electron gas reflect the singularities of the static response function. By making use of the theory of the many-body local fields and the results of recent quantum Monte Carlo studies we have calculated the exact dependence of the amplitude of these oscillations on the density in a two dimensional electron Fermi liquid.
Effect of Diet Switch between Natural and Prepared Foods on Growth and Survival of White Sturgeon Juveniles

Abstract Reciprocal diet switches were conducted with first-feeding white sturgeons Acipenser transmontanus to investigate possible mechanisms of food acceptance and food preferences. Survival and relative growth rates were significantly reduced following a switch from a more natural diet (chopped Tubifex sp. worms) to a prepared diet (Biodiet), whereas growth was improved, and survival was improved or unaffected, following the reciprocal diet switch. Feeding observations, followed by assessment of stomach fullness, indicate that strong or exclusive preferences for Tubifex can develop quickly. These data suggest that the animals are more “prepared” physiologically and anatomically to accept and assimilate the more natural diet than the prepared diet during the early life stages. Associative learning of pre- and postingestional stimuli may be important in the development of food preferences.
Two-phase evolution of accretionary margins: examples from the North American Cordillera

Abstract The Coast Mountains orogen, southeastern Alaska, and the Salmon River suture zone, western Idaho, record the accretion of oceanic crustal fragments to the North American Cordilleran margin. Structural elements associated with these boundaries include a western accretion-related thrust belt and steeply dipping post-accretionary shear zone. The shear zones, the Coast shear zone, southeastern Alaska, and western Idaho shear zone, Idaho, are steeply dipping crustal-scale structures characterized by steep isotopic and geophysical gradients. The presence of syndeformational tabular calc-alkaline tonalitic plutons concordant with shear zone fabrics, locally preserved dextral strike-slip indicators, and pervasive down-dip mineral and elongation lineations are consistent with an intra-arc transpressional origin for both structures. In addition to strike-slip translation, the structures accommodated exhumation of high pressure–moderate temperature metamorphic rocks within the thrust belt to the west and moderate pressure–high temperature batholithic rocks to the east. Similarities between the structures in Alaska and Idaho suggest that the observed two-stage history of underthrusting of accreting crustal fragments followed by modification by intra-arc transpressional shear zones is a common tectonic process. Our analysis implies that recognition of processes active during the accretion of crustal fragments to continental or cratonal margins is commonly inhibited by post-accretion deformation and provides insight into lower-crustal processes presently operative under modern strike-slip–accretionary boundaries. In addition, the intra-arc transpressional shear zones (e.g. the Coast and western Idaho shear zones) are structures that could have accommodated paleomagnetically determined large-magnitude transcurrent displacements.
Development of amelanotic retinal pigment epithelium in eyes with a tapetum lucidum: Melanosome autophagy and termination of melanogenesis☆☆☆

Abstract Bovine eyes of embryos and fetuses were examined to determine the developmental processes involved in establishment of the amelanotic retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) which overlies the tapetum lucidum. Melanogenesis was detectable at the optic vesicle stage (Day 28); premelanosomes were visible by electron microscopy in neuroepithelium temporal to the lens placode. Pigmentation of the eye was visible by light microscopy at the optic cup stage (about Day 30) and spread from the lip of the optic cup throughout the entire fundus by the 40th day. Thereafter, pigmentation of the superior temporal fundus diminished and by the 65th day the adult pattern of amelanotic and melanotic RPE was established. Calculations showed that after the 40th day, growth of the eyeball brought about a 16-fold dilution of those melanosomes which had been synthesized by RPE cells of the presumptive amelanotic zone during the initial wave of pigmentation. Enzyme cytochemical studies showed that the remaining melanosomes became sequestered in autophagic vacuoles. Also, individual premelanosomes of these RPE cells became positive for acid phosphatase and aryl sulfatase. The contents of these autophagosomes were later consolidated into a single macromelanosome which was present in adult eyes and was generally positive for acid hydrolases. In contrast, melanosomes of melanotic areas of RPE were negative for acid hydrolases. Thus, the RPE overlying the tapetum lucidum becomes amelanotic by at least three processes: (1) premature termination of melanogenesis, (2) dilution of preexisting melanosomes, and (3) autophagic digestion (melanolysis) and centralization of the residua of preexisting premelanosomes and melanosomes into a macromelanosome.
Interpersonal Moderators of the Effects of Upward Comparisons on Ability Judgments

In everyday life, the meaning—and thus the consequences—of social comparisons are shaped by the interpersonal relationship with the comparison target. In two studies, undergraduates described 1,863 naturally occurring upward social comparisons. Participants ascribed higher ability levels to themselves when they had an ongoing competition or close (but not extremely close) relationship with the upward comparison target. Participants ascribed lower ability levels to distant and disliked targets (especially when their standing relative to a disliked target was personally important). Thus, perceived differences between the abilities of the self and the target were minimized when the target was disliked, moderately close, or a rival. These findings extend and qualify findings from laboratory studies of how upward comparisons affect ability judgments.
Nationalism and cosmopolitanism in the scholarship of toleration

Abstract In the year 1800, Jean Bernard Merian of the Prussian Academy mused that the ideas of David Hume, a Scot, had not at first made much of a splash in Prussia, but that when reworked by a Prussian, Immanuel Kant, they boomed Cultural patriotism made all the difference, in his sociology of knowledge. Such a pattern has been repeated throughout the history of ideas. Frustration with this pattern in our own field led us to embark on a major project of ‘decentering’ the literature on toleration in English from its Anglophile obsessions.
Biologically active biotin derivatives of schweinfurthin F

As a prelude to efforts to identify schweinfurthin binding proteins, an ester conjugate and an amide conjugate of schweinfurthin F and biotin have been prepared by chemical synthesis. These compounds maintain activity in SF-295 cells comparable to the parent system, and display the lower potency in A549 cells that is a characteristic of the schweinfurthin pattern of activity.
Correct placement of blood pressure cuff during blood pressure measurement.

Aim The aim of this project was to educate staff nurses and enrolled nurses on the correct placement of blood pressure cuff and monitor the compliance of best practice to audit criteria. Methods This project adopted a pre- and post-implementation audit approach. It utilised the Joanna Briggs Institute Practical Application of Clinical Evidence System and Getting Research into Practice programs. The project utilised three audit criteria that are considered the best practice standards. The audit took place in a 10-bed oncology high-dependency unit that involved 24 nurses. Result The post-implementation audit findings revealed an improvement in all the three criteria. The first criterion scored 100% consistent documentation of blood pressure measurement in the clinical charts by the nurses. The second criterion showed a 50% improvement in the correct placement of blood pressure cuff on the arm circumference. The third criterion achieved a 12% improvement in compliance with maintaining the patient's arm at the heart level. Conclusion This project highlighted some essential strategies that are required to implement evidence in clinical practice. These strategies include planning a systematic process, using Joanna Briggs Institute best practice sheet, involving relevant stakeholders and using multifaceted strategies. Having a committed and enthusiastic team contributed to the positive outcomes. The challenge now is to develop strategies in sustaining the momentum of compliance and embed the new evidence into routine clinical practice.