cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structural properties of GeTe at T=0

The equilibrium lattice parameters, bulk modulus, shear elastic constant ${C}_{44}$, and cohesive energy of GeTe are calculated with use of the ab initio scalar relativistic pseudopotential in the local-density approximation. The convergence of the structural properties in basis-set size and Brillouin-zone averaging is discussed. For the rocksalt structure, valence charge densities and the band structure are presented. For the rhombohedral structure, the band structure is presented and the shear deformation potential is calculated. Good agreement of calculated quantities with available experimental results is obtained.
Thermal conductivity of crystals: A molecular-dynamics study of heat flow in a two-dimensional crystal

We have studied steady-state heat flow in a two-dimensional crystal by the method of molecular dynamics. The model system contains 1000 particles on a triangular lattice interacting via the Lennard-Jones potential. The system is 50 unit cells long and 10 unit cells wide. We find that the thermal conductivity $\ensuremath{\kappa}$ of this system is consistent with $\frac{1}{T}$ behavior as expected when phonon-phonon scattering is the dominant mechanism for thermal resistance. We have also carried out similar calculations for three-dimensional Lennard-Jones systems in both fluid and crystalline configurations. The results for the fluid were in good agreement with earlier calculations but for the fcc solid system, 16 unit cells in length, $\ensuremath{\kappa}$ was independent of temperature. We determined that boundary scattering was the dominant resistive mechanism in this case. To escape the boundary-limited regime, the length of the three-dimensional crystal needs to be increased by at least a factor of 3. It is feasible to simulate a system of this size with the use of modern computers.
A (Not-so-radical) Solution to the Species Problem

What are species? One popular answer is that species are individuals. Here I develop another approach to thinking about species, an approach based on the notion of a lineage. A lineage is a sequence of reproducing entities, individuated in terms of its components. I argue that one can conceive of species as groups of lineages, either organism lineages or population lineages. Conceiving of species as groups of lineages resolves the problems that the individual conception of species is supposed to resolve. It has added the virtue of focusing attention on the characteristic of species that is most relevant to understanding their role in evolutionary processes, namely, the lineage structure of species.
Imaging through scattering media with holography

Various holographic methods for imaging through scattering media such as biological tissue are described. The methods utilize light of either reduced spatial coherence or reduced temporal coherence.
Decreased Attachment of Bacteria to Lubricin Coated Intraocular Lenses

Lubricin is an amphiphilic glycoprotein that is found in the synovial fluid [1]. This protein holds promise as an anti-biofouling agent. This study investigated lubricin’s ability to prevent bacterial attachment and proliferation on intraocular lenses. The findings from this study indicated that lubricin is able to reduce the attachment of Staphylococcus aureus to poly (methyl methacrylate) intraocular lens. Lubricin coatings were confirmed on the surfaces after a 2 hour soak by changes in surface energy. Also, lubricin reduced bacterial proliferation.
Modulation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis proliferation by MtrA, an essential two-component response regulator.

Summary Paired two-component regulatory systems consisting of a sensor kinase and a response regulator are the major means by which bacteria sense and respond to different stimuli. The role of essential response regu- lator, MtrA, in Mycobacterium tuberculosis prolifera- tion is unknown. We showed that elevating the intracellular levels of MtrA prevented M. tuberculosis from multiplying in macrophages, mice lungs and spleens, but did not affect its growth in broth. Intracellular trafficking analysis revealed that a vast majority of MtrA overproducing merodiploids were associated with lysosomal associated membrane protein (LAMP-1) positive vacuoles, indicating that intracellular growth attenuation is, in part, due to an impaired ability to block phagosome-lysosome fusion. A merodiploid strain producing elevated levels of phosphorylation-defective MtrA (MtrA D53N ) was par- tially replicative in macrophages, but was attenuated in mice. Quantitative real-time PCR analyses revealed that expression of dna A, an essential replication gene, was sharply upregulated during intrama- crophage growth in the MtrA overproducer in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. Chromatin immunoprecipitation using anti-MtrA antibodies pro- vided direct evidence that MtrA regulator binds to dna A promoter in vivo indicating that dna A promoter is a MtrA target. Simultaneous overexpression of mtr A regulator and its cognate mtr B kinase neither inhibited growth nor sharply increased the expres- sion levels of dna A in macrophages. We propose that proliferation of M. tuberculosis in vivo depends, in part, on the optimal ratio of phosphorylated to non- phosphorylated MtrA response regulator.
Adrenal responses to subtotal parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism

Although it is well known that hypertension is often associated with primary hyperparathyroidism and that parathyroidectomy reverses or reduces this abnormality, the etiology of elevated blood pressure in hyperparathyroidism is still conjectural. We have analyzed serum calcium, blood pressure, and metabolites of adrenal cortical hormones before and after surgical therapy for hyperparathyroidism in 10 normotensive and six hypertensive patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Successful parathyroidectomy lowered serum calcium (P<0.01) and diastolic blood pressure (P<0.05) in all subjects. Mean urinary aldosterone and Porter-Silber chromagens were within normal limits preoperatively in normotensive as well as hypertensive subjects. After parathyroidectomy, aldosterone levels as well as Porter-Silber chromagens decreased significantly in all patients (P<0.01). However, when normotensive and hypertensive subjects were analyzed separately, the decrease in aldosterone levels was significant only in the normotensive group (P<0.05) whereas the decrease in Porter-Silber chromagens reached significancy only in the hypertensive group (P<0.01). The results indicate that surgical therapy for hyperparathyroidism lowers serum calcium and blood pressure and is associated with a decrease in the excretion of adrenal steroid metabolites. It is suggested that the temporal relationship which exists between ionized calcium and steroidogenesis in hyperparathyroid patients contributes at least in part to the generalized decrease in blood pressure observed after successful parathyroidectomy.
Towards an NPT‐restrained world that makes economic sense

Because most of the world's proliferators have used the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty's (NPT) call on nations to ‘share the benefits of the applications of peaceful nuclear energy’ to help justify their nuclear activities, it is unclear just how much any proliferator ultimately has been restrained by these rules. This needs to change but is unlikely, unless the NPT's qualifications on the right to ‘peaceful’ nuclear energy are read in a much more restrictive fashion to only authorize nuclear projects that are clearly beneficial economically and that truly can be safeguarded against diversion to make bombs. In this regard, our best hope is that, as nations consider how to prevent global warming, they might adopt clear economic guidelines that would compel all energy projects—both nuclear and non-nuclear—to compete economically against one another on a much more level playing field. This would make dangerous, uneconomical nuclear projects far less likely to be pursued, and a centering of the world's security on a proper reading of the NPT much more likely and sustainable. Indeed, unless economic discipline of this sort is attempted internationally, it is quite likely that the continued implementation of the current egregious view of the NPT will only serve to accelerate nuclear proliferation more rapidly than if there was no NPT at all.
[67Ga]desferrioxamine--HSA: synthesis of chelon protein conjugates using carbodiimide as a coupling agent.

Abstract Desferrioxamine-human serum albumin conjugate was prepared at pH 4.7 using a water-soluble carbodiimide and at pH 7.8 using glutaraldehyde. The crude conjugate was purified by dialysis and gel filtration. The efficiency of 67 Ga labeling of the purified conjugate was greater than 95% with good in vitro stability. The specific activity ranged from 5 to 50 μCi/mg. Treatment of the conjugate with urea resulted in a 20–30-fold increase in specific activity, suggesting that a number of chelon groups are unavailable for Ga binding due to non-covalent intramolecular cross-linking.
Cross-Training Effectiveness and Profitability

Abstract We performed a cost-benefit analysis of the employee cross-training process on a mixed-model assembly line. We first simulated the manufacturing process to demonstrate the savings which result from cross-training. We then presented a linear integer program designed to make cost-effective cross-training assignments for a specified number of assembly jobs and workers. Next, we examined the profitability of these assignments for several work stations over various time horizons. In addition, we derived insights into the cross-training assignment process from these results and we explain how the integer program can be used to improve efficiency in production planning.
Long-Term Groundwater Quality Changes from a One-Time Surface Bromide Application

The purpose of this experiment was to use a conservative tracer to study the impacts on groundwater quality of one-time application of a water soluble chemical. Potassium bromide was applied at a rate of 168 kg Br - /ha to two 1.1-ha pasture watersheds in east-central Ohio. The watersheds had well-drained residual silt loam soils and with slopes of 12 to 25%. A nearly impermeable clay layer under the watersheds created a perched aquifer from which groundwater samples could be taken at developed springs (...)
Adeno-associated virus-mediated gene transfer to the neonatal brain.

For many metabolic diseases, early treatment is necessary to prevent irreversible developmental damage. This is particularly true for childhood diseases that affect the central nervous system (CNS). The development of effective techniques for gene transfer to the neonatal brain would provide a new set of therapeutic options for many of these disorders. Vectors based on adeno-associated virus (AAV) have shown promise as agents for neonatal CNS transduction. In preclinical animal models, a single treatment with AAV vectors at birth has been shown to produce persistent CNS expression of transduced genes into adulthood. Transduction of the neonatal brain has been accomplished by a variety of methods, including direct intraparenchymal injection, intraventricular infusion, and intravenous administration. Of these methods, intraparenchymal injection provides the highest levels of localized activity, while intraventricular infusion results in a more widespread distribution of activity when performed in the neonate. Here we describe a method for direct, intraparenchymal injection of AAV into the neonatal brain. This technique provides a method for investigators to evaluate the effects of in vivo expression of exogenous genes on the process of early brain development.
Measurements of the fall-velocity of water -drops and raindrops

This paper presents measurements of the velocities of water-drops of sizes ranging from one to six mm in diameter, falling in still air from heights of 0.5 meter to 20 meters. A few measurements of raindrop velocities are also reported. The measurements were undertaken to assist in an understanding of the action of rain, both real and artificial, in eroding soil. The drop-sizes of rains have also been measured and will be reported separately. All of these studies were carried out at the Hydraulic Laboratory of the National Bureau of Standards as a part of the work of the Soil Conservation Service.
Functional expression, purification and high sequence coverage mass spectrometric characterization of human excitatory amino acid transporter EAAT2

The glial excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2) mediates a majority of glutamate re-uptake in human CNS and, consequently, is associated with a variety of signaling and pathological processes. While our understanding of the function, mechanism and structure of this integral membrane protein is increasing, little if any mass spectrometric (MS) data is available for any of the EAATs specifically, and for only a few mammalian plasma membrane transporters in general. A protocol to express and purify functional EAAT2 in sufficient quantities to carry out MS-based peptide mapping as needed to study ligand–transporter interactions is described. A 6×HIS epitope was incorporated into the N-terminus of human EAAT2. The recombinant protein was expressed in high levels in mammalian HEK 293T cells, where it exhibited the pharmacological properties of the native transporter. EAAT2 was purified from isolated cell membranes in a single step using nickel affinity chromatography. In-gel and in-solution trypsin digestions were conducted on the isolated protein and then analyzed by MALDI-TOF and LC-MS/MS mass spectrometry. Overall, 89% sequence coverage of the protein was achieved with these methods. In particular, an 88 amino acid tryptic peptide covering the presumed substrate binding domains HP1, TMD7, HP2, and TMD8 domains of EAAT2 was also identified after N-deglycosylation. Beyond the specific applicability to EAAT2, this study provides an efficient, simple and scalable approach to express, purify, digest and characterize integral membrane transporter proteins by mass spectrometry.
Assessment of H1N1 questions and answers posted on the Web

Background A novel strain of human influenza A (H1N1) posed a serious pandemic threat worldwide during 2009. The public’s fear of pandemic flu often raises awareness and discussion of such events. Objectives The goal of this study was to characterize major topical matters of H1N1 questions and answers raised by the online question and answer community Yahoo! Answers during H1N1 outbreak. Methods The study used Text Mining for SPSS Clementine (v.12; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL) to extract the major concepts of the collected Yahoo! questions and answers. The original collections were retrieved using “H1N1” in search, keyword and then filtered for only “resolved questions” in the “health” category submitted within the past 2 years. Results The most frequently formed categories were as follows: general health (health, disease, medicine, investigation, evidence, problem), flu-specific terms (H1N1, swine, shot, fever, cold, infective, throat), and nonmedical issues (feel, North American, people, child, nations, government, states, help, doubt, emotion). The study found that URL data are fairly predictable: those providing answers are divided between ones dedicated to giving trustworthy information—from news organizations and the government, for instance—and those looking to espouse a more biased point of view. Conclusion Critical evaluation of online sources should be taught to select the quality of information and improve health literacy. The challenges of pandemic prevention and control, therefore, demand both e-surveillance and better informed “Netizens.”
Deficient C‐oxidation of nicotine

In most people, nicotine is extensively (70% to 80%) metabolized to cotinine by C-oxidation. In a clinical trial, a 57-year-old woman was found to have the expected plasma levels of nicotine but unusually low plasma levels of cotinine both when smoking cigarettes and while receiving transdermal nicotine. To characterize her metabolism, simultaneous infusions of deuterium-labeled nicotine (d2) and cotinine (d4) were administered, with comparison to 20 other control smokers. The clearance of nicotine was unusually low (6.5 ml/min/kg versus 17.2 ml/min/kg), and the half-life of nicotine significantly longer (348 minutes versus 138 minutes) in the index case subject compared with the control subjects. The clearance of cotinine was normal. The index case subject converted only 9% of nicotine to cotinine, compared with 72% for the control subjects. As far as we know, this is the first person with deficient C-oxidation of nicotine to be characterized. Deficient C-oxidation of nicotine is associated with a long half-life of nicotine and deficient generation of cotinine, both of which could influence the risks and addictiveness of tobacco use in affected individuals.
3. Cytokines and chemokines

Cytokines and chemokines are secreted proteins with growth, differentiation, and activation functions that regulate the nature of immune responses. Cytokines are involved in nearly every facet of immunity and inflammation, from induction of the innate immune response to the generation of cytotoxic T cells and the development of antibodies by the humoral immune system. The combination of cytokines that are produced in response to an immune insult determines which arm of the immune system will be activated. For this update, recent advances in our understanding of cytokines will be discussed, which includes the IL-10, IL-17, and IL-27 families.
Actin as a Tension Sensor

An unsolved puzzle has been why the sequences of all eukaryotic actins have been so exquisitely conserved over large evolutionary distances, but the bacterial actin-like proteins show no such sequence conservation, and have diverged so much that many are as different from each other as they are from eukaryotic actin. We can show that actin filaments exhibit large amounts of cooperativity in structural states, as well as allosteric relationships within the subunit. Interestingly, some of the most dramatic allosteric couplings involve elements in actin that are not present in the bacterial actin-like proteins, such as the N-terminus, the C-terminus, the DNase I-binding loop, and the “hydrophobic plug”. We suggest that these insertions provide for the extraordinary properties of actin, allowing actin filaments to form highly organized structures such as muscle sarcomeres, stereocilia of the inner ear, microvilli, stress fibers, etc. In contrast, the bacterial ParM protein forms a very different filament than F-actin, which accounts for why that filament behaves very differently: it shows dynamic instability, and the growth at the two ends is very similar. While biochemists have typically focused on how small molecules, pH, and other proteins modulate the activity of a protein of interest, it is clear that mechanical forces can play a large role. We provide some new insights into the mechanical properties of F-actin, and suggest how actin can act as a tension sensor in many cell biological systems. In contrast to the long held view that F-actin is almost inextensible, we show how subdomain 2 of actin cooperatively and allosterically modulates both the bending and stretching stiffness of F-actin. Further, we show that the ability of actin-binding proteins to change actin's structure depends upon the intrinsic plasticity and cooperativity of actin.
Another view of program inspections by the Offices of Inspectors General

The advent of program inspections by Offices of Inspectors General represents a departure from traditional evaluation practice. In the interest of advancing the evaluation profession, their approach deserves examination and debate by the non-OlG evaluation community.
Biomarkers of Cervical Dysplasia and Carcinoma

Although cervical cytology screening has decreased the incidence of cervical cancer in industrialized countries, HPV-related cervical disease, including premalignant and malignant lesions, continues to represent a major burden on the health care system. Some of the problems include the potential for either under- or overtreatment of women due to decreased specificity of screening tests as well as significant interobserver variability in the diagnosis of cervical dysplastic lesions. Although not completely elucidated, the HPV-driven molecular mechanisms underlying the development of cervical lesions have provided a number of potential biomarkers for both diagnostic and prognostic use in the clinical management of these women.
Consideration of fluctuation and factors in election with a simulation model

In elections, a voter changes his/her opinion and the voting result in a society fluctuates. There are many factors that determine the fluctuation and such factors reflect the characteristics of the society. In the U.S. Presidential Election, each state approves a party, usually either Republican or Democrat, based on the voting result, but the percentage of the approval changes at every election. Our interest is to determine whether the fluctuation of percentage of approval for a party in a state has a relationship with the state's characteristic. In this paper, we propose a simple model to simulate an election with four types of agents, determine how these agents' characteristics influence the fluctuation of the voting result, and compare the result with historical data. Finally, we conclude how such factors relate to the fluctuation of the election results in the society.
Fourier transform spectroscopy of the A2Πi-X2Σ+ system of CP

Abstract The infrared emission spectrum of the A2Πi-X2Σ+ transition of CP has been observed using a high-resolution Fourier transform spectrometer in the 1.2- to 2.5-μm spectral region. This transition is analogous to the red system of CN and has not been directly observed prior to this study. Molecular constants were extracted from the line positions of the 1-0, 0-0, 0-1, 0-2, and 3-1 bands.
Normal and reversed causality in a model system

Abstract The Kac ring model is used to show how two time boundary conditions lead to apparently normal causal behavior in the initial stages of a system's development and to reversed causality near the end. In this model small subsystems for which a nonequilibrium state is specified at some intermediate time will relax away from that time regardless of the behavior of the rest of the system. This feature casts doubt on the possibility of learning of a future contraction of the universe through laboratory experiments on long lived nuclei.
Observational limits on a millihertz stochastic background of gravitational radiation

An analysis of 100 station years of quiet seismic data shows no evidence of the excitation of earth by a stochastic background of gravitational radiation. The absence of excitation of the two quadrupole modes which couple most strongly to gravitational waves (GWs) implies 1 sigma upper limts on a GW background of 1.7 x 10 to the -5th J/cu cm Hz and 6.1 x 10 to the -6th J/cu m Hz at frequencies of 0.31 mHz and 1.72 mHz, respectively. Although these limits are factors of 1300 and 33 lower than previous limits at these frequencies they are both above the critical density of the universe per octave and are, therefore, relatively uninteresting from a cosmological point of view. 15 refs.
Pseudosarcomatous fasciitis of the vulva

Abstract Pseudosarcomatous fasciitis is a benign lesion which histologically may suggest malignancy. It generally occurs in the extremities but an occasional report is presented of the lesion occurring in the vulva. The appropriate diagnosis must be made to avoid radical treatment and wide local excision is the treatment of choice.
On the discourse of cultural China

The discourse of Cultural China, formerly initiated by Tu Wei-ming two decades ago when China was at the crossroads, has played some major functions. First, it has affirmed the Chinese cultural identity. Furthermore, it offers an alternative lens for reading China in a non-ideological manner. Third, it has offered an alternative model of economic development which is sustainable. Finally, it has offered an alternative model for sustaining humanity. However, given the historic limitations of the concept of Cultural China such as stasis and homogeneity, the discourse of Cultural China should be transformed by a new concept such as Chiglobalization. Chiglobalization, an active global campaign of communication about Chinese culture, would hopefully integrate both the Eastern and the Western cultures into the cultural foundation and texture of the global village.
Behavioral objectives in training for competence in the administration of individual intelligence tests

Abstract Competency standards are important to school psychology training, and this study demonstrates, in the area of individual intelligence test administration, how competency standards can be implemented. The study sets up behavioral objectives, determines what training is required for specified levels of mastery, and shows what specific training procedures contribute to the achievement of competency.
Broadcasting in cognitive wireless mesh networks with dynamic channel conditions

Recently, a variant of the popular wireless mesh network (WMN) technology, in which nodes communicate over multi-hop wireless links, has been proposed to address the problem of wireless interference and the scarcity of wireless spectrum. Such networks, which we shall call cognitive-radio wireless mesh networks (CWMN), can dynamically adapt network parameters according to existing conditions of the wireless channel. Such networks can also spot spectrum holes (or white-spaces, which are licensed spectrum slots currently not being used) and utilize them without causing interference to the incumbent users. There are numerous broadcast-oriented applications in WMNs, and in CWMNs by extension, that are sensitive to end-to-end delay. The inherent susceptibility of wireless links to interference, and the time-varying nature of wireless link's quality, makes the design of efficient broadcasting algorithms for WMNs especially challenging. While minimum-latency broadcasting algorithms have been proposed in literature, they do not take into account the time-varying nature of wireless links in which channels may become unavailable due to interference (or, appearance of an incumbent user). Therefore, using the existing algorithms in CWMNs would necessitate expensive reconstruction of the tree in case of significant change in wireless topology due to interference or appearance of primary user. In this work, we propose a healing algorithm that addresses the problem of time-varying quality of wireless links and avoids expensive reconstruction of the entire tree by fixing the broken tree in a localized and decentralized manner. Simulation results show that our local healing algorithm improves both the broadcast latency and connectivity ratio (in face of interference) as compared to the approach of global reconstruction of trees.
Reticulated vitreous carbon electrode materials chemically modified with immobilized enzyme

Abstract The direct covalent attachment of glucose oxidase to the surface of reticulated vitreous carbon (RVC), a honeycomb carbonaceous material, is reported. The activity of the bound enzyme on different types of RVC, and the activity of adsorbed blanks are presented.
Immune response to avian leukosis virus infection in chickens: sequential expression of serum immunoglobulins and viral antibodies.

Abstract Chickens of a 15I 5 × 7 2 cross that produces endogenous Rous associated virus (RAV-0) were infected with subgroup A lymphoid leukosis virus (RAV-1). Within 3 weeks, before RAV-1 neutralizing antibodies were detected, significantly higher levels of serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) were found in infected birds than in uninoculated hatchmates. Immunoglobulin M was significantly elevated only during the late leukotic state. Although most of the inoculated birds tested had RAV-1 neutralizing antibodies, no correlation was found between IgG levels and antibody titers. Tolerance to endogenous virus (RAV-0) and viral group-specific antigen was apparently abrogated by RAV-1 inoculation because significantly higher percentages of iodinated envelope glycoprotein (gpE) of RAV-0 and a viral structural antigen of mol. wt 19,000 daltons (p 19) were precipitated by sera from inoculated birds than from control birds.
The efficacy of a novel mobile phone application for goldmann ptosis visual field interpretation.

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy of a novel mobile phone application that calculates superior visual field defects on Goldmann visual field charts. Methods: Experimental study in which the mobile phone application and 14 oculoplastic surgeons interpreted the superior visual field defect in 10 Goldmann charts. Percent error of the mobile phone application and the oculoplastic surgeons’ estimates were calculated compared with computer software computation of the actual defects. Precision and time efficiency of the application were evaluated by processing the same Goldmann visual field chart 10 repeated times. Results: The mobile phone application was associated with a mean percent error of 1.98% (95% confidence interval[CI], 0.87%–3.10%) in superior visual field defect calculation. The average mean percent error of the oculoplastic surgeons’ visual estimates was 19.75% (95% CI, 14.39%–25.11%). Oculoplastic surgeons, on average, underestimated the defect in all 10 Goldmann charts. There was high interobserver variance among oculoplastic surgeons. The percent error of the 10 repeated measurements on a single chart was 0.93% (95% CI, 0.40%–1.46%). The average time to process 1 chart was 12.9 seconds (95% CI, 10.9–15.0 seconds). Conclusions: The mobile phone application was highly accurate, precise, and time-efficient in calculating the percent superior visual field defect using Goldmann charts. Oculoplastic surgeon visual interpretations were highly inaccurate, highly variable, and usually underestimated the field vision loss.
Elastofibroma; a rare cause of periscapsular pain.

In 1961 Jarvi and Saxen reported 4 cases of a previously undescribed connective tissue tumor containing elastinophilic fibers which they termed elastofibroma dorsi (1). Their patients were elderly, and the tumors were all located in the subscapular space adjacent to the apex of the scapula and beneath the rhomboid and latissimus dorsi muscles. One of the four had bilateral tumors. Since the original description, over 60 cases have been reported (1–30). The true incidence of this unique soft tissue tumor is probably underestimated because of its obscure location and benign and usually silent course. Elastofibroma has not been recognized as a cause of periscapular complaints despite its characteristic scapular location. The purpose of this report is to present a case of bilaterally occurring elastofibromas that caused periscapular pain in a 61-year-old man and review the salient features of this rare lesion.
Associations and manipulations in the mental lexicon: A model of word-stem completion

Abstract Although word stem completion is commonly used to understand verbal fluency, lexical access, and incidental learning, no formal computational model of the process has been previously developed. We describe an association-based model based on Estes’s (1950) Stimulus Sampling Theory (SST). The model proposes that when words are experienced, associations form between word elements and wholes, via associative mechanisms described by SST. The association-based model provides a reasonable fit to unconstrained-length stems, but was inadequate for constrained-length stems. To address this, we hypothesize that a string manipulation strategy is used, editing previous responses to create new possibilities. Results of the new model showed substantially-improved fits to data, even without assuming a length-based encoding advantage for short words. We conclude that both associative mechanisms and manipulative strategies are used to solve stem completion tasks, and that these manipulation strategies are as important as the hypothesized form of the word generation process.
Praxair's dilute oxygen combustion technology for pyrometallurgical applications

Dilute oxygen combustion (DOC) technology uses separate high-velocity fuel and oxygen jets to generate strong in-furnace gas recirculation, producing combustion between the fuel and a highly diluted oxygen and furnace-gas mixture. These very low NOx oxy-fuel burners have been developed and commercially demonstrated in steel reheating furnaces. The burner design meets industry needs for increased productivity and lower operating costs with minimal capital expense and low maintenance. The performance of DOC technology has been measured under laboratory and industrial conditions encompassing both natural gas and coke oven gas firing, and a wide range of furnace temperatures and nitrogen levels that simulate air infiltration. This paper describes the results of the tests using natural gas as the fuel and lists potential applications for DOC technology in the non-ferrous metals industry.
Pressure Raman effects and internal stress in network glasses

Raman scattering from binary ${\mathrm{Ge}}_{x}{\mathrm{Se}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$ glasses under hydrostatic pressure shows onset of a steady increase in the frequency of modes of corner-sharing $\mathrm{Ge}{\mathrm{Se}}_{4}$ tetrahedral units when the external pressure $P$ exceeds a threshold value ${P}_{c}$. The threshold pressure ${P}_{c}(x)$ decreases with $x$ in the $0.15lxl0.20$ range, nearly vanishes in the $0.20lxl0.25$ range, and then increases in the $0.25lxl1∕3$ range. These ${P}_{c}(x)$ trends closely track those in the nonreversing enthalpy, $\ensuremath{\Delta}{H}_{\mathit{nr}}(x)$, near glass transitions $({T}_{g}s)$, and in particular, both $\ensuremath{\Delta}{H}_{\mathit{nr}}(x)$ and ${{P}_{c}}_{(x)}$ vanish in the reversibility window $(0.20lxl0.25)$. It is suggested that ${P}_{c}$ provides a measure of stress at the Raman-active units, and its vanishing in the reversibility window suggests that these units are part of an isostatically rigid backbone. Isostaticity also accounts for the nonaging behavior of glasses observed in the reversibility window.
Scientific observations at total solar eclipses

The occasion of the longest totality of an eclipse in the 18 yr 11⅓ d saros cycle leads to taking stock of the scientific value of ground-based eclipse observations in this space age. Though a number of space satellites from the U.S., Europe, Japan, and Russia study the Sun, scientists at eclipses can observe the solar chromosphere and corona at higher spatial resolution, at higher temporal resolution, and at higher spectral resolution than are possible aloft. Furthermore, eclipse expeditions can transport a wide variety of state-of-the-art equipment to the path of totality. Thus, for at least some years to come, solar eclipse observations will remain both scientifically valuable and cost-effective ways to study the outer solar atmosphere.
Current and future antiviral therapy of severe seasonal and avian influenza.

The currently circulating H3N2 and H1N1 subtypes of influenza A virus cause a transient, febrile upper respiratory illness in most adults and children (“seasonal influenza”), but infants, the elderly, immunodeficient and chronically ill persons may develop life-threatening primary viral pneumonia or complications such as bacterial pneumonia. By contrast, avian influenza viruses such as the H5N1 virus that recently emerged in Southeast Asia can cause severe disease when transferred from birds to previously healthy people (“avian influenza”). Most H5N1 patients present with fever, cough and shortness of breath that progress rapidly to adult respiratory distress syndrome. In seasonal influenza, viral replication remains confined to the respiratory tract, but limited studies indicate that H5N1 infections are characterized by systemic viral dissemination, high cytokine levels and multiorgan failure. Gastrointestinal infection and encephalitis also occur. The licensed anti-influenza drugs (the M2 ion channel blockers, amantadine and rimantadine, and the neuraminidase inhibitors, oseltamivir and zanamivir) are beneficial for uncomplicated seasonal influenza, but appropriate dosing regimens for severe seasonal or H5N1 viral infections have not been defined. Treatment options may be limited by the rapid emergence of drug-resistant viruses. Ribavirin has also been used to a limited extent to treat influenza. This article reviews approaches to therapy, including licensed drugs and treatments under development, including high-dose oseltamivir; parenterally administered neuraminidase inhibitors, peramivir and zanamivir; dimeric forms of zanamivir; the RNA polymerase inhibitor T-705; a ribavirin prodrug, viramidine; polyvalent and monoclonal antibodies; and combination therapies.
Cardiac care for older adults. Time for a new paradigm.

Recent decades have witnessed striking growth in the number of older adults both in the United States and throughout much of the world, largely due to improved public health, nutrition, and medical care. Between 2000 and 2030, the proportion of the world's population age 65 years and older is
Tandem MS can distinguish hyaluronic acid from N -acetylheparosan

Isobaric oligosaccharides enzymatically prepared from hyaluronic acid (HA) and N-acetylheparosan (NAH), were distinguished using tandem mass spectrometry. The only difference between the two series of oligosaccharides was the linkage pattern (in HA 1→3 and in NAH 1→4) between glucuronic acid and N-acetylglucosamine residues. Tandem mass spectrometry afforded spectra in which glycosidic cleavage fragment ions were observed for both HA and NAH oligosaccharides. Cross-ring cleavage ions 0,2An and 0,2An-h (n is even number) were observed only in GlcNAc residues of NAH oligosaccharides. One exception was an 0,2A2 ion fragment observed for the disaccharide from HA. These cross-ring cleavage fragment ions are useful to definitively distinguish HA and NAH oligosaccharides.
Immunological approach to poisoning

The use of antibodies in the diagnosis and treatment of drug poisoning is becoming an important aspect of emergency medicine. Digoxin-specific antibodies selectively inhibit the pharmacologic and toxic effects of the digitalis glycosides. Digoxin-specific Fab fragments rapidly reverse digitalis toxicity in animals and man. Furthermore, these Fab fragments are eliminated in the urine and are less immunogenic than whole antibodies. Antidigoxin Fab fragments have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of digitalis intoxication. Alternative ways of using antidrug antibodies in the treatment of poisoning are being explored. Studies that demonstrate that antidrug antibodies immobilized on solid matrices remain functional have been conducted. Such immobilized antidrug antibodies are being evaluated for their ability to remove drugs from the circulation by extracorporeal perfusion. These areas of research promise to provide significant advances in the treatment of poisoning.
Measurement of Thermophysical Properties of Thin Film Shape Memory Alloys Using the 3-Omega Method

The excellent mechanical properties of thin film shape memory alloys like Nickel-Titanium (NiTi) have led to their widespread use in MEMS-based micropumps, microactuators, microgrippers, etc. Shape memory based micropumps and actuators have superior work densities compared to other technologies. Characterization of thermophysical properties of these materials is important for modeling the behavior of NiTi-based microdevices. For example, the frequency response of shape-memory based microactuators depends on the rate of dissipation of thermal energy, which is a strong function of the thermal properties of the thin film. While bulk thermal properties of NiTi have been reported before, there exists very little work on measuring these properties for the thin film form. This paper uses the 3-ω method for measurement of thermal conductivity of NiTi thin films. NiTi is sputtered on a Silicon substrate, followed by patterning of a metal heater line. Front-to-backside alignment and Deep Reactive Ion Etching (DRIE) of the substrate results in a free standing thin film of NiTi. A sinusoidal electric current is passed through the metal heater, and the third harmonic of the voltage is measured using a lock-in amplifier. This is used to determine the temperature oscillation in the metal heater, which provides the thin film thermal conductivity using a recently developed analytical model for 3-ω measurements in a two-dimensional free standing thin film. The measured values are found to be much lower than the known bulk thermal conductivity of NiTi. This highlights the importance of thin film property measurements instead of using bulk properties. Data obtained in this work is likely to be useful for improved modeling of thin film shape memory based microdevices.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Telepresence: Understanding People as Content

BT is a leading international supplier of telepresence in the form of telephony. Tele-presence enables “people as content”, and there are rapidly developing and wide-ranging opportunities for broadband, mobile, multimedia telepresence services. This paper outlines work in progress at BT Adastral Park, including projects on large-scale inhabited applications, networked immersion or “through-the-screen” conferencing, and wearable computing for ubiquitous telepresence. We conclude that research into future services requires a reappraisal of traditional methods, with an emphasis on multidisciplinary collaboration.
Sociology to Famology A Wise Move

Proponents of famology stress the unique qualities of the family as exemplified in certain differentiating characteristics of the family realm. When these characteristics are examined in the light of recent research by other family scientists, they appear to disregard negative aspects of family life, present stereotypical roles for both male and female family members, and minimize significant aspects of the interface between families and other institutions and organizations in society. In light of diverse and complex family needs, judging the wisdom of a move to famology should include careful consideration of the defining characteristics of the family realm as identified by those proposing the creation of a new discipline for the family field. At the same time, it seems wise to question famology proponents' inordinate uneasiness with “borrowed” theory and the emphasis on a private-public dichotomy as a given in the study of the family.
Using signatures to improve URL routing

Devices which forward or route at layers higher than the IP layer are emerging to support growing World Wide Web content distribution networks (CDN). URL routing can be used to forward or redirect a client HTTP request to the nearest or otherwise best content source. We develop and evaluate a new look-up method that uses fixed-length URL signatures based on CRC32 coding of URL. The use of URL signatures results in smaller update messages, smaller routing tables, and faster lookups for URL routers. We show how the circuit used to generate an Ethernet packet CRC32 can be simultaneously used to generate the CRC32 of a URL within an HTTP request. We evaluate signature collisions, CPU resources needed to generate signature URL lists, URL list size, look-up performance, and TCP connection performance using nine representative server and cache traces. Signature collisions occur for a negligible number of URL. Signature-based URL lists consume ten times less memory and have look-up rates five to ten times faster than when using full-URL.
HOMOLOGUES, NATURAL KINDS AND THE EVOLUTION OF MODULARITY

Synopsis. The fact that phenotypic evolution can be studied on a char? acter by character basis suggests that the body is composed of locally integrated units. These units can be considered as modular parts of the body which integrate functionally related characters into units of evolu? tionary transformation. These units may either emerge spontaneously by self-organization, or may be the product of natural selection. A selection scenario that could explain the origin of modular units needs to explain the differential suppression of pleiotropic effects between different modules and the augmentation of pleiotropic effects among the elements with? in the module. Four scenarios are discussed: selection for adaptation rate, constructional selection, stabilizing selection and a combination of direc? tional and stabilizing selection. It is concluded that a combination of directional and stabilizing selection is a prevalent mode of selection and a likely explanation for the evolution of modularity.
The Rôle of the Interview in Vocational Diagnosis

This study of the relative value of tests, questionnaires, and interviews is based on interviews with 40 high school pupils. While the conclusions admittedly do not show the ultimate validity of the various techniques, they have unusual significance for the vocational and educational counselor.
Presence of antigen-specific somatic allelic mutations and splice variants do not predict for immunological response to genetic vaccination

Antigen-specific anti-tumor vaccines have demonstrated clinical efficacy, but immunological and clinical responses appear to be patient-dependent. We hypothesized that naturally-occurring differences in amino acid sequence of a host’s target antigen might predict for immunological outcome from genetic vaccination by presentation of epitopes different from the vaccine. Using peripheral blood cells from 33 patients who had been treated with a DNA vaccine encoding prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), we sequenced the exons encoding PAP and PSA genes from somatic DNA to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms. In addition, mRNA was collected to detect alternative splice variants of PAP. We detected four synonymous coding mutations of PAP among 33 patients; non-synonymous coding mutations were not identified. Alternative splice variants of PAP were detected in 22/27 patients tested. The presence of detectable splice variants was not predictive of immunological outcome from vaccination. Immune responses to peptides encoded by these splice variants were common (16/27) prior to immunization, but not associated with immune responses elicited with vaccination. These results suggest that antigen-specific immune responses detectable after treatment with this genetic vaccine are specific for the host-encoded antigen and not due to epitope differences between the vaccine and a particular individual’s somatic coding sequence.
The effects of intraperitoneal calcitriol on calcium and parathyroid hormone

The effects of intraperitoneal calcitriol on calcium and parathyroid hormone. Parathyroid suppression by intraperitoneal calcitriol (1,25(OH) 2 D 3 ) during peritoneal dialysis. The purpose of this study was to determine if parathyroid hormone (PTH) suppression could be achieved by increasing calcium mass transfer (Ca MT) with high dialysate Ca (4 mEq/liter) or via intraperitoneal (i.p.) 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 in patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Eleven patients were dialyzed for two months with standard Ca dialysate (3.5 mEq/liter) followed by two months with 4.0 mEq/liter Ca, then by three months of i.p. 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 . During the latter period, patients were randomized to groups whose dialysate contained either 3.5 mEq/liter or 4.0 mEq/liter Ca. We found that 4.0 mEq/liter Ca dialysate more than doubled Ca MT (37 ± 17 mg/day to 84 ± 6 mg/day) leading to a modest fall (P 2 D 3 , however, ionized calcium rose significantly (P 2 D 3 levels rose from undetectable to 47.7 ± 7.2 pg/dl (normal range 20 to 35). These studies indicate that increasing Ca MT using a 4.0 mEq/liter Ca dialysate leads to a small reduction in PTH concentrations. On the other hand, i.p. 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 is well absorbed into the systemic circulation, raises ionized calcium levels, and leads to a marked suppression of PTH. Thus, i.p. 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 may be a simple and effective means to suppress secondary hyperparathyroidism in patients undergoing CAPD.