cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Noncovalent Immobilization of Molecular Electrocatalysts for Chemical Synthesis: Efficient Electrochemical Alcohol Oxidation with a Pyrene–TEMPO Conjugate

Electrocatalytic methods for organic synthesis could offer sustainable alternatives to traditional redox reactions, but strategies are needed to enhance the performance of molecular catalysts designed for this purpose. The synthesis of a pyrene-tethered TEMPO derivative (TEMPO=2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl-N-oxyl) is described, which undergoes facile in situ noncovalent immobilization onto a carbon cloth electrode. Cyclic voltammetry and controlled potential electrolysis studies demonstrate that the immobilized catalyst exhibits much higher activity relative to 4-acetamido–TEMPO, an electronically similar homogeneous catalyst. In preparative electrolysis experiments with a series of alcohol substrates and the immobilized catalyst, turnover numbers and frequencies approach 2 000 and 4 000 h−1, respectively. The synthetic utility of the method is further demonstrated in the oxidation of a sterically hindered hydroxymethylpyrimidine precursor to the blockbuster drug, rosuvastatin.
Sentencing Decisions: Matching the Decisionmaker to the Decision Nature

The present sentencing debate focuses on which decisionmaker is best suited to make the sentencing decision. Competing positions in this debate typically view the sentencing decision as monolithic, preferring one decisionmaker over all the others. A monolithic view of the decision unnecessarily invites poor decisionmaking. The sentencing decision is properly viewed as a series of distinct decisions, each of which can best be performed by a decisionmaker with certain qualities. This Essay demonstrates how a system of optimal decisionmaking might be constructed -by sorting out the different attributes called for by the distinct aspects of the sentencing decision and matching them to the strengths and weaknesses of each potential decisionmaker.
Using Prolonged Exposure and Cognitive Processing Therapy to Treat Veterans with Moral Injury-Based PTSD: Two Case Examples

Moral injury refers to acts of commission or omission that violate individuals' moral or ethical standards. Morally injurious events are often synonymous with psychological trauma, especially in combat situations; thus, morally injurious events are often implicated in the development of PTSD for military service members and veterans. Although Prolonged Exposure (PE) and Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT) have been well-established as effective treatments for veterans who are struggling with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), it has been suggested that these two evidence-based therapies may not be sufficient for treating veterans whose PTSD resulted from morally injurious events. The purpose of this manuscript is to detail how the underlying theories of PE and CPT can account for moral-injury based PTSD and to describe two case examples of veterans with PTSD stemming from morally injurious events who were successfully treated with PE and CPT. The manuscript concludes with a summary of challenges that clinicians may face when treating veterans with PTSD resulting from moral injury using either PE or CPT.
Paradoxical accentuation of motivation following accumbens-pallidum disconnection.

Abstract The nucleus accumbens (NAc) and ventral pallidum (VP) are reciprocally connected, and activity within this circuit is thought to promote reward learning. Inconsistent with this notion, we find that disconnecting NAc medial shell and VP greatly enhances the attribution of value to a cue that is paired with reward. This result suggests that medial NAc shell and VP are both needed for attributing value to cues yet can also oppose one-another’s functional contribution.
Correlated Equilibrium and the Pricing of Public Goods

Lindahl equilibrium is an application of price-taking behavior to achieve efficiency in the allocation of public goods. Such an equilibrium requires individuals to be strategically naive, i.e., Lindahl equilibrium is not incentive compatible. Correlated equilibrium is defined precisely to take account of strategic behavior and incentive compatibility. Using the duality theory of linear programming, we show that these two seemingly disparate notions can be combined to give a public goods, Lindahl pricing characterization of efficient correlated equilibria. We also show that monopoly theory can be used to characterize inefficient correlated equilibria.
Effect of acute biomechanical changes on corneal curvature after photokeratectomy.

Purpose Unintended hyperopic shift is a common yet poorly understood complication of phototherapeutic keratectomy (PTK) that raises fundamental questions about the etiology of corneal curvature change in PRK and LASIK. We investigated the relative contributions of ablation profile and peripheral stromal thickening to intraoperative PTK-induced central flattening, and propose a biomechanical model of the acute corneal response to central ablation. Methods Fourteen de-epithelialized eye bank globes from seven donors underwent either broadbeam ablation (approximately 100-microm depth, no programmed dioptric change) or sham photoablation in paired-control fashion. Peripheral stromal thickness changes and the pattern of thickness loss across each ablation zone were evaluated by optical section image analysis as predictors of acute corneal flattening. Results Relative to sham ablation, keratectomy caused significant anterior corneal flattening (-6.3+/-3.2 D, P = .002). Concomitant peripheral stromal thickening (+57+/-43 microm, P = .01) was a significant predictor of acute hyperopic shift (r = 0.68, P = .047). Ablation pattern bias did not consistently favor hyperopia and was a poor lone predictor of hyperopic shift. Conclusions Unintended keratectomy-induced hyperopic shift is replicable in a human donor model and is associated with significant thickening of the unablated peripheral stroma. This biomechanical response may have a considerable impact on early refractive outcomes in PTK, PRK, and LASIK.
Coronal Heating by Nanoflares: Possible Evidence of Plasmoids in Radio Occultation Data

Coronal heating at multiple reconnection sites is expected to supply plasmoids to the corona with length scales of the order of a few hundred kilometers. Evidence for the existence of structures on these scales may have already been detected in radio occultation studies of the inner wind. Such plasmoids will contribute to accelerating the solar wind.
On the Relation of Neurological and Psychological Theories: A Critique of the Hardware Thesis

The Hardware Thesis (HT) is a claim that psychological theories are irreducible to neurological theories; it has its basis in analyses of the distinction between the psychological functions postulated to account for the law-like relations between perceptual input and behavioral output, and the neural structures (or ‘hardware’) which embody these functions.1
Ultra-low loss SiN waveguide platform for integrated passive and active components for next generation photonic integrated circuits

The ultra low-loss SiN waveguide platform has yielded a wide range of passive and active components that open up new PIC applications. Devices and applications including long delays, 3D stacking, gratings, filters, gain, lasers, AWGRs, resonators, switches, vertical couplers and mode matchers and applications including lasers, adaptive dispersion compensators and optical gyros.
Paouté and Aiaouez: A New Perspective on Late Seventeenth-Century Chiwere-Siouan Identity

ABSTRACTA fine-grained spatial and temporal analysis of relevant seventeenth-century French documents reveals that from circa 1650 to 1685 the two terms principally associated with the Ioway, Aiaou...
Learning Structures Through Reinforcement

Abstract How the brain uses reinforcement feedback to make simple choices that lead to reward is well understood. However, this ability is often considered insufficient to account for the flexibility and efficiency of human decision-making. In this chapter, we show that the computations of model-free reinforcement learning (RL) can in fact account for complex human learning abilities, such as generalization, transfer, and fast learning in high-dimensional, dynamic environments. Specifically, we show that humans structure their current information and choices into useful state and action spaces and that applying simple RL computations to these spaces—sometimes hierarchically—enables rich decision-making. Thus, RL computations enable humans to learn to represent the information they acquire in structured ways. Such structured RL simplifies complex problems (through representation learning), affords transfer of information (by building abstract rules and relating them to relevant contexts), and enables efficient exploration (by grouping together subsequences or identifying subpolicies).
Polyisobutylene-based urethane foams

The rates of urethane formation between linear and three-arm star hydroxyl-terminated polyisobutylenes (PIB-diols and -triols) and 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) have been studied in the presence of triethylene diamine and stannous octoate catalysts in chlorebenzene at 25°C. The second order rate constants were determined and compared with those obtained with various polyether triols, hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene and hydroxyl-terminated polyolefin. The rates of the normalized PIB-diol/MDI and PIB-triol/MDI reactions are essentially identical. In the presence of triethylene diamine, the rates of the PIB-diol and PIB-triol/MDI reactions are the same or much higher than that of the polyether-triol/MDI reaction. In contrast, in the presence of stannous octoate, the rates of the PIB-diol and PIB-triol/MDI reactions are much slower than that of the polyether-triol/MDI reaction. Differences in catalytic pathways are invoked to explain these observations. The reactivities of hydroxyl-terminated PIBs are similar to those of other hydroxyl-terminated polyhydrocarbons and sufficient for the synthesis of foams.
Hermite–Hadamard type inequalities for exponentially p-convex functions and exponentially s-convex functions in the second sense with applications

In this paper, we introduce the notion of exponentially p-convex function and exponentially s-convex function in the second sense. We establish several Hermite–Hadamard type inequalities for exponentially p-convex functions and exponentially s-convex functions in second sense. The present investigation is an extension of several well known results.
The Curious Half-Octave Shift: Evidence for a Basalward Migration of the Traveling-Wave Envelope with Increasing Intensity

Following exposure to an intense tonal stimulus, there may be no temporary threshold shift (TTS) at the exposure frequency, even though there is considerable hearing loss at a higher test frequency. This effect-commonly known as the half-octave shift in TTS-is among the oldest, best known, and most widely cited facts of psychoacoustics, yet it stands without a generally accepted explanation. This paper has three primary purposes: (1) to review the physiological findings apparently relevant to this upward shift of maximum effect; (2) to demonstrate that half octave-like shifts are not unique to TTS experiments, but rather, they can be found in data obtained in a wide array of psychophysical tasks not involving auditory fatigue; and (3) to present a possible explanation of the upward shift which accounts for many of the existing facts, and thus appears worthy of serious consideration by both theorists and experimentalists.
Integration of fully automated computer-aided pulmonary nodule detection into CT pulmonary angiography studies in the emergency department: effect on workflow and diagnostic accuracy.

To assess the feasibility of implementing fully automated computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) for detection of pulmonary nodules on CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA) studies in emergency setting. CTPA of 48 emergency patients was retrospectively reviewed. Fully automated CAD nodule detection was performed at the scanner and results were automatically submitted to PACS. A third-year radiology resident (RAD1) and a cardiothoracic radiologist with 6 years’ experience (RAD2) reviewed the scans independently to detect pulmonary nodules in two different sessions 8 weeks apart: session 1, CAD was reviewed first and then all images were reviewed; session 2, CAD was reviewed last after all images were reviewed. Time spent by RAD to evaluate image sets was measured for each case. Fisher’s exact test and t test were used. There were 17 male and 31 female patients with mean ± SD age of 48.7 ± 16.4 years. Using CAD at the beginning was associated with lower average reading time for both readers. However, difference in reading time did not reach statistical significance for RAD1 (RAD1 94.6 s vs. 102.7 s, P > 0.05; RAD2 61.1 s vs. 76.5 s, P < 0.05). Using CAD at the end significantly increased rate of RAD1 and RAD2 nodule detection by 34% (2.52 vs. 2.12 nodule/scan, P < 0.05) and 27% (2.23 vs. 1.81 nodule/scan, P < 0.05), respectively. Routine utilization of CAD in emergency setting is feasible and can improve detection rate of pulmonary nodules significantly. Different methods of incorporating CAD in detecting pulmonary nodules can improve both the rate of detection and interpretation speed.
Impact of Renal Function Trajectory on Renal Replacement Therapy and Mortality Risk after Renal Artery Revascularization

Abstract Purpose To determine the impact of renal function trajectory, defined as the change in renal function over time before and after renal artery stent placement, on long-term risk for renal replacement therapy (RRT) and mortality. Materials and Methods Estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFRs) 6–12 months before renal artery stent placement, at the time of intervention, and 6–12 months after intervention were determined in 398 patients. The effect of eGFR change before and after renal artery stent placement was calculated. Cox proportional-hazards ratio was used to determine the risks for RRT and all-cause mortality. Results The risk for RRT was significantly influenced by eGFR change from the time of intervention to follow-up at 6–12 month after treatment (P = .02). In addition, among patients with a postintervention eGFR ≤ 40 mL/min/1.73 m2, for every 1 unit of eGFR increase, there was a significant decrease in RRT and all-cause mortality (P Conclusions Postintervention eGFR trajectory improvement approaching 40 mL/min/1.73 m2 was associated with decreased RRT and mortality risk. These findings suggest that patients with advanced CKD and renal artery stenosis may benefit from revascularization regardless of their preinterventional renal function measurement.
Chapter 15 – Public Health Management of Humans at Risk

Rabies remains a significant public health burden, with at least 3.3 billion people at risk of exposure. Almost 100% fatal, human rabies is however totally preventable if exposed patients receive WHO recommended post-exposure prophylaxis. Reducing the burden of rabies requires education, legislation, the optimal usage of human and animal vaccines and most importantly, political will and long-term financing. Education and awareness needs improvement at all levels so that the public and health providers know how to respond to animal bites and policy makers can make informed choices about investments in rabies control. The community at risk should be a partner in the design as well as the implementation of control efforts, and strategies that are not locally adapted are likely to fail. Without effective control of animal rabies, the incidence of human exposures will never decrease and the costs associated with post-exposure prophylaxis for humans will continue to escalate.
The pseudorabies virus R2 non-neuroinvasive vaccine: A proof-of-concept study in pigs.

Abstract Neurotropic alpha-herpesviruses that infect mammals establish life-long latent infections in the peripheral nervous system after initial infection of exposed mucosal tissues. The neuroinvasive properties can lead to severe complications both with clinical and veterinary alpha-herpesviruses, and vaccines are often unavailable or provide limited protection. Here we assess the properties and efficacy of an R2 vaccine derived from the alpha-herpesvirus, pseudorabies virus (PRV), in pigs. We demonstrate that the PRV R2 vaccine does not invade the porcine peripheral nervous system within the limits of detection. Furthermore, after a single intranasal vaccination, R2 conferred protection to pigs subsequently challenged with a virulent PRV field strain (NIA-3). These findings support that the R2 vaccine design is non-neuroinvasive and is an effective vaccine in the context of a natural host.
Middle Grades Mathematics Teachers’ Mixed Perceptions of Content-Focused Professional Development

The purpose of this study was to understand how and why middle grades mathematics teachers did or did not fully participate in sustained, content-focused professional development. Qualitative data ...
Supporting User Autonomy with Multimodal Fusion to Detect when a User Needs Assistance from a Social Robot.

It is crucial for any assistive robot to prioritize the autonomy of the user. For a robot working in a task setting to effectively maintain a user's autonomy it must provide timely assistance and make accurate decisions. We use four independent high-precision, low-recall models, a mutual gaze model, task model, confirmatory gaze model, and a lexical model, that predict a user's need for assistance. Improving upon our four independent models, we used a sliding window method and a random forest classification algorithm to capture temporal dependencies and fuse the independent models with a late fusion approach. The late fusion approach strongly outperforms all four of the independent models providing a more wholesome approach with greater accuracy to better assist the user while maintaining their autonomy. These results can provide insight into the potential of including additional modalities and utilizing assistive robots in more task settings.
A precarious game: the illusion of dream jobs in the video game industry: by E. Bulut, 2020, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, pp. xii + 205, Paperback $23.95, ISBN: 9781501746536

Ergin Bulut’s ethnography, A Precarious Game, takes the reader through the bumpy journey of a videogame studio that he calls Desire. Consisting of seven chapters, the book explores the affective an...
American Scientists’ Willingness to Use Different Communication Tactics:

The careful choice of tactics—such as specific messages, styles, channels, or sources—is how strategic science communicators ensure that the time and money going into communication results in inten...
Nephron-sparing management of upper tract urothelial carcinoma

Urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract is uncommon and presents unique challenges for diagnosis and management. Nephroureterectomy has been the preferred management option, but it is associated with significant morbidity. Nephron-sparing treatments are a valuable alternative and provide similar efficacy in select cases. A PubMed literature review was performed in English language publications using the following search terms: urothelial carcinoma, upper tract, nephron-sparing, intraluminal and systemic therapy. Contemporary papers published within the last 10 years were primarily included. Where encountered, systematic reviews and meta-analyses were given priority, as were randomized controlled trials for newer treatments. Core guidelines were referenced and citations reviewed for inclusion. A summary of epidemiological data, clinical diagnosis, staging, and treatments focusing on nephron-sparing approaches to upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) are outlined. Nephron-sparing management strategies are viable options to consider in patients with favorable features of UTUC. Adjunctive therapies are being investigated but the data remains mixed. Protocol variability and dosage differences limit statistical interpretation. New mechanisms to improve treatment dwell times in the upper tracts are being designed with promising preliminary results. Studies investigating systemic therapies are ongoing but implications for nephron-sparing management are uncertain. Nephron-sparing management is an acceptable treatment modality best suited for favorable disease. More work is needed to determine if intraluminal and/or systemic therapies can further optimize treatment outcomes beyond resection alone.
Do star formation rates of galaxy clusters depend on mass?: blue/late-type fractions, total star formation rates of 115 galaxy clusters as a function of cluster virial mass

There has been plenty of observational evidence of cluster galaxy evolution such as the Butcher-Oemler effect and the decrease in S0 fraction with increasing redshift. As a modern version, the redshift evolution of total star formation rate (SFR) in clusters has been actively debated recently. However, these studies of redshift trend have been always hampered by the possible mass dependence; due to the observational selection effects, clusters found at higher redshift inevitably tend to be more massive and luminous than local counterparts. Consequently, one has to correct for the mass trend before interpreting the redshift trend. As an attempt to break this degeneracy, we investigate the mass dependence of blue/late-type fractions and total SFR of 115 clusters at $z\leq 0.09$ selected from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. We find that none of blue/late-type fractions, total SFR and total SFR normalized by cluster mass shows significant dependence on cluster virial mass. The scatter is much larger at each cluster mass than a possible trend. Our results indicates that physical mechanisms that depend on cluster mass (such as the ram-pressure stripping) are not likely to be solely responsible for cluster galaxy evolution. Our results also provide an excellent low redshift comparison sample for future high redshift cluster SFR studies.
Consequences of a match made in hell: the harm caused by menthol smoking to the African American population over 1980-2018.

Background For many years, national surveys have shown a consistently disproportionately high prevalence of menthol smokers among African Americans compared with the general population. However, to our knowledge, no prior study has quantified the harm that menthol smoking has caused on that population. In this work, we estimate the public health harm that menthol cigarettes have caused to the African American community over the last four decades. Methods Using National Health Interview Survey data, we employed a well-established simulation model to reproduce the observed smoking trajectory over 1980–2018 in the African American population. Then, we repeat the experiment, removing the effects of menthol on the smoking initiation and cessation rates over that period, obtaining a new hypothetical smoking trajectory. Finally, we compared both scenarios to calculate the public health harm attributable to menthol cigarettes over 1980–2018. Results Our results show that menthol cigarettes were responsible for 1.5 million new smokers, 157 000 smoking-related premature deaths and 1.5 million life-years lost among African Americans over 1980–2018. While African Americans constitute 12% of the total US population, these figures represent, respectively, a staggering 15%, 41% and 50% of the total menthol-related harm. Discussion Our results show that menthol cigarettes disproportionally harmed African Americans significantly over the last 38 years and are responsible for exacerbating health disparities among that population. Removing menthol cigarettes from the market would benefit the overall US population but, particularly, the African American community.
Midtarsal Reconstructive Arthrodesis Using a Multi-Axial Correction Fixator in Charcot Midfoot Arthropathy.

Reconstructive surgeries for Charcot foot are challenging due to complicated conditions and comorbidities including poor bone quality, sensory abnormalities, poor vascularity, and immunity impairment. Although various fixation devices, including screws, plates, and external fixators, have been used in the surgical reconstruction of the Charcot midfoot, all of these devices are associated with some disadvantages. This study aims to evaluate the outcome of the Multi-Axial Correction (MAC) monolateral external fixation system for the reconstructive surgery of midfoot Charcot neuroarthropathy. A total of 11 feet with midfoot Charcot arthropathy were treated surgically using the MAC fixation system solely or accompanied with minimal internal fixation. The mean postoperative follow-up was 29 (range = 12-44) months. The mean postoperative timing of the MAC system removal was 8.7 (range = 5-14) weeks. No pin tract infections were observed. All patients went on to successful union and correction of a rocker bottom deformity. No cases resulted in limb amputation. All patients were able to ambulate with custom diabetic shoes and insoles in 9 patients (10 feet) and commercially available shoes in 1 patient (1 foot). This study suggests that the MAC system can be an acceptable, easy option for the surgical treatment of midfoot Charcot arthropathy.
Autocrat of the Armchair (Reviewing Richard A. Posner, How Judges Think)

In his latest book, How Judges Think, Judge Richard Posner makes the case once again for "pragmatic" judging-law-making geared toward consequences reflecting sound public policy-in those areas of the law that are uncertain. He discusses at length the descriptive and normative limits of the "legalist" model of judging-judging based on logic, text, and precedent. Much of what he says seems old hat, although he asserts that most judges would feign horror at his contentions. It also would appear that much of what he says is based on introspection and personal observation as his generalizations usually are unsupported by data. But what is most missing in the book is an appreciation for the dynamic processes that confront judges, particularly in the trial courts, and the importance of the lawyers and the record to how many judges think. That judges have personal views is no revelation, but good judges are not content to rely on their own preconceptions. If they have preconceptions, they are eager to test them by exposing them to the litigants for this very purpose of testing. Judges who attempt to fairly and reliably find the facts and develop the record, including, where appropriate, a record that will permit judges to evaluate social and public policy consequences of different possible legal rules, are neither the "legalists" nor "pragmatists" that Posner describes: they are "empiricists" who respect the truthseeking processes of litigation and the importance of a fair process that permits the parties to influence how they think. Ironically, Posner, the academic empiricist, may be less empirical in his evaluation of judicial behavior than his subject judges are in their determinations of how to think and decide. Despite any shortcomings, however, the book is a significant addition to the literature on judging. To the extent that it is largely autobiographical, it represents the reflections of a great judge revealing how he thinks about judging.
Detoxification at home: A brief solution-oriented family systems approach

The authors propose an outpatient, solution-oriented, family systems approach to detoxification from alcohol and/or drugs. Research indicates that outpatient detoxification is a viable option, one that will likely be utilized even more frequently as health care costs continue to rise. Nontraditional assumptions about the process of detoxification are suggested that challenge traditional notions about detoxification being only a biomedical, pretreatment event. Criteria are provided for determining the appropriateness of clients for outpatient detoxification and offer information about typical withdrawal symptoms and guidelines for the detoxification environment at home. A case example illustrates the application of this approach in a community mental health program. Suggestions for adapting this approach to various settings are also offered.
Removable interpenetrating network enables highly-responsive 2-D photonic crystal hydrogel sensors

Responsive hydrogels functionalized with molecular recognition agents can undergo large volume changes upon interactions with specific chemical species. These responsive hydrogels can function as chemical sensing materials if the hydrogel volumes are monitored by using devices such as photonic crystals (PhC). An important criterion of merit is the responsiveness of these sensing hydrogels. Generally, hydrogel responsiveness is inversely proportional to the hydrogel crosslink density because the elastic constants scale with the crosslink density. The responsivities of these hydrogel sensors dramatically increase as their hydrogel crosslinker concentrations decrease. Unfortunately, the resulting highly responsive hydrogels become fragile at low crosslink densities, and are hard to fabricate and utilize. To temporarily increase the mechanical strengths of these highly responsive hydrogels we developed a method to incorporate a removable reinforcing interpenetrating hydrogel network. We demonstrate the utility of this approach by incorporating an interpenetrating PVA hydrogel within a weak, low crosslinked pH sensitive hydrogel through a freeze–thaw process. These interpenetrating PVA hydrogels are indefinitely stable at room temperature, but easily dissolved on transient heating to 70 °C. The pH sensing hydrogel response is unaffected by this incorporation and subsequent dissolution of the interpenetrating PVA hydrogel. These sacrificial hydrogels enable the fabrication and utilization of highly responsive hydrogel sensing materials.
Band Gaps in Bravais Lattices Inspired Periodic Cellular Materials and the Effect of Relative Density and Strain Fields

Periodic cellular (lattice) materials, by virtue of their periodic structures and associated geometric impedance mismatch, exhibit wave dispersion, frequency dependent transmissibility, and directional characteristics that are inherently dependent on their constituent material and mesoscale microstructural features. These characteristics render lattice materials as potential candidates to perform as low frequency phononic crystals and metamaterials for radar, sonar, wave guiding, wave modulation and isolation applications. Accelerating the wide-spread implementation of lattice materials as phononic crystals hinges on establishing the ability to engineer them to exhibit application-tailored properties and tunable behavior (e.g. to activate/deactivate band gaps). Achieving tunability and application-oriented tailorablity requires, first, establishing an understating of phononic, acoustic, wave dispersion and directional properties of the lattices and how they are affected by lattices’ inherent features. Accordingly, using Bloch’s theorem in conjunction with finite element analysis, this work investigates the relationships between inherent microstructural features (such as lattice symmetry, relative density (i.e. volume fraction) and constituent material) and the acoustic properties (such as wave dispersion, band gaps, and acoustic anisotropy) of architectured lattice materials. The coupling between microstructural features and band gaps is investigated in a hexagonal lattice geometry which is inspired by the two dimensional Bravais family of lattices. Results illustrate that band structure and phononic properties are highly sensitive to relative density and can scale non-uniformly with it as eigenmodes are associated with relative density dependent deformation mechanisms. Moreover, results show that band gaps can potentially be activated and deactivated using macroscopic strain fields. The latter opens horizons for realizing cellular based phononic crystals with tunable properties.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Symptoms of Depression Predict Negative Birth Outcomes in African American Women: A Pilot Study

Introduction African American women have higher rates of preterm birth and low-birth-weight infants compared with non-Hispanic white women. Symptoms of depression have also been related to these negative birth outcomes. Lower levels of social support and higher levels of avoidance coping and cortisol have been related to more symptoms of depression in pregnant women. The purpose of this pilot study was to examine the relationships among symptoms of depression, social support, avoidance coping, cortisol, and negative birth outcomes (ie, preterm birth, low-birth-weight infants) in a sample of African American women. Methods This study used a prospective design. A convenience sample of 90 African American women completed questionnaires and had blood drawn in the second trimester of pregnancy. Birth data were collected from medical records. Results Based on the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D) Scale scores, 28% of women were at increased risk for clinical depression (CES-D ≥ 16). Compared to women who gave birth at term, women who had preterm birth had higher CES-D scores (11.67 and 19.0, respectively) and used avoidance coping more often (7.98 and 13.14, respectively). Compared to women with normal-birth-weight infants, women with low-birth-weight infants had higher levels of cortisol (61.75 mcg/dL and 89.72 mcg/dL, respectively). Women at increased risk for clinical depression were 16 times more likely to have preterm birth and 4 times more likely to have low-birth-weight infants. Women with plasma cortisol levels in the top 25th percentile were 7 times more likely to have low-birth-weight infants. Preeclampsia during pregnancy also predicted preterm birth and low-birth-weight infants. Discussion Symptoms of depression in pregnancy may predict adverse birth outcomes. Interventions that have the potential to improve the mental health of pregnant women and ultimately birth outcomes need to be explored.
Short‐Term Suicide Awareness Curriculum

The present study attempted to determine the effectiveness of a suicide awareness curriculum and to assess two methods of presenting the information. It was hypothesized that students receiving instruction via lectures and handouts would score significantly higher than students who only received handouts. Dependent variables included the Suicide Intervention Response Inventory (SIRI), the Knowledge of Suicide Test (KOST), the Suicide Prevention Questionnaire (SPQ), and specific suicide-related vignettes. There was a significant main effect for treatment. Univariate analyses demonstrated significant treatment effects for all dependent measures. Two orthogonal contrasts demonstrated significant differences on the KOST and the vignettes, suggesting that the lectures were instrumental in the increased performance on those tasks.
Radiation from linear antennas in a dissipative half-space

A formulation for the electromagnetic fields of finite linear antennas of arbitrary length immersed in a dissipative halfspace (such as the ocean or the earth) is presented. The electric fields in either medium can be readily evaluated once the current distribution is assumed or prescribed. The fields are given in each medium for each of the three major subdivisions of the horizontal range, the near-field range, the intermediate range, and the asymptotic range. Antenna patterns obtained from computer results using formulas derived in this paper are presented for some typical submerged linear antennas. These computer results are compared with experimental measurements performed with linear antennas submerged in the Atlantic Ocean.
An algorithm to determine the compatability of donor-recipient pairs in organ transplantation

Abstract Organ transplantations from a donor animal D to a recipient animal R will be successful only when R possesses all antigens possessed by D. When there is no direct method to determine the antigenic structure of R and D, one procedure which can be used to determine whether D possesses an antigen R does not (in which case, the transplant will fail) is the third-man test. In the third-man test, an indifferent recipient I receives a skin graft from both R and D. Unfortunately, the results of this procedure may be deceptive and difficult to interpret. In this paper, the author considers an algorithm that provides a means of avoiding the pitfalls associated with the interpretation of the third-man test provided the number of indifferent animals used is sufficiently large. Proper use of the algorithm can allow researchers to determine the compatibility of donor-recipient pairs with certainty; also, information may be obtained concerning the number of antigens possessed by D, the number of antigens possessed by Rs compatible with D, and the total number of antigens affecting the results of the third-man test. Finally, a number of examples illustrating the use of the algorithm are given.
Evaluation of an aldose reductase inhibitor on lens metabolism, ATPases and antioxidative defense in streptozotocin-diabetic rats : an intervention study

Aims/hypothesis. Aldose reductase inhibitors (ARIs) prevent biochemical abnormalities associated with diabetic complications. We evaluated whether a short-term intervention with an adequate dose of ARI, introduced at the very early, precataractous stage, reversed diabetes-induced metabolic imbalances, down-regulation of ATPases and oxidative stress in the lens. Methods. The groups included mature control and streptozotocin-diabetic rats treated with or without ARI sorbinil (65 mg · kg–1· day–1, in the diet, for 2 weeks after 4 weeks of untreated diabetes). Free cytosolic NAD+:NADH and NADP+:NADPH ratios were calculated from the lactate dehydrogenase and malic enzyme systems. Concentrations of metabolites and adenine nucleotides, Na+/K+-ATPase, H+-ATPase and Ca++-independent Mg++-ATPase activities and variables of oxidative stress were measured in individual lenses. Results. Sorbinil treatment essentially corrected diabetes-induced sorbitol and fructose accumulation, myo-inositol depletion, decrease in free cytosolic NAD+:NADH ratio and energy deficiency. Malondialdehyde accumulation, reduced glutathione depletion and the increase in oxidized glutathione:reduced glutathione ratio were partially corrected. Free cytosolic NADP+:NADPH ratio and 4-hydroxyalkenal concentrations were similarly increased in diabetic rats treated with or without ARI. Sorbinil did not counteract diabetes-induced down-regulation of the three ATPase activities. Conclusion/interpretation. All biochemical changes assessed in our study are known to be prevented by ARIs. Despite the essential normalization of the sorbitol pathway activity, only part of them were, however, reversed by the ARI treatment introduced at the very early, i. e. precataractous, stage of diabetes. Therefore, intervention studies can easily underestimate the importance of aldose reductase in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications and should be interpreted with caution. [Diabetologia (2000) 43: 1048–1055]
Microcrystal screening with a novel design for beamline-mountable crystallization wells

A simple and flexible system is described for in situ screening of microcrystals of membrane proteins that are grown within a connected-bilayer matrix formed by hydrated lipids. Using sheets of appropriate polymer materials to create a thin multiwell cassette, crystals can be evaluated by UV microscopy as well as by more conventional forms of light microscopy. Crystallization wells can be individually excised and mounted for diffraction screening on a synchrotron X-ray source. In addition, crystallization hit rates were significantly improved by employing a vapor diffusion approach rather than the batch crystallization method that is normally used with hydrated-lipid gels.
Telehospice: Using Telecommunication Technology for Terminally Ill Patients

In 2000, a bi-state telehospice project was launched in Michigan and Kansas, designed to provide end-of-life services to hospice patients and their caregivers. Videophones were placed in the homes of hospice patients and hospice providers used this technology to supplement traditional care. This paper presents preliminary results from the first of this two-year project. Methods: Hospice providers (nurses and social workers) completed pre-perception surveys. Hospice patients/caregivers participated in open-ended telephone interviews. Patients choosing not to receive the service completed a decline survey to document the reasons for their decision. Finally, activity logs and patient charts yielded utilization data. Results: Hospice providers are cautiously enthusiastic about telehospice, but initially skeptical about the comparable quality with traditional visits. Patients and caregivers using telehospice, on the other hand, are uniformly positive about the service and wish to see increased utilization within their own care plans. Utilization data indicate steady use with decline forms reflecting some patients' hesitancy in receiving the service in the first place due to feeling overwhelmed.
Pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum

A LTHOUGH AN UNCOMMON MALFORMATION, pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum requires more attention because of the recent availability of surgical procedures. Without prompt diagnosis and operation, the lesion is always fatal, frequently in the neonatal period.1 In this entity, fusion of the pulmonary valve cusps produces complete obstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract. A right-to-left shunt is essential for survival and this occurs at the atria1 level. Perfusion of the lungs is accomplished through a persistent ductus arteriosus.
Performance of a 15 cm ion thruster with reliable restart capability

Experimental evaluation of a modified SERT II thruster with dished grids capable of producing a 600 ma ion beam at 2690 sec specific impulse and achieving rapid, reliable startup is described. In addition to steady-state performance curves, thruster performance is examined over the duration of rapid startup and one hour operating sequence. Rapid startup utilizing high voltage spark ignition of the main and neutralizer cathodes is described. Minimal deterioration of the cathodes and the ignition system during 1000 neutralizer cathode startups and 2000 main cathode startups is demonstrated. The need for heaters and a vaporizer control system to facilitate more rapid startup is identified.
On Estimating the Reliability of Multiple Failure Region Problems Using Approximate Metamodels

In a complex system it is desirable to reduce the number of expensive function evaluations required for an accurate estimation of the probability of failure. An efficient reliability estimation method is presented for engineering systems with multiple failure regions and potentially multiple most probable points. The method can handle implicit nonlinear limit state functions with correlated or noncorrelated random variables, which can be described by any probabilistic distribution. It uses a combination of approximate or "accurate-on-demand," global and local metamodels, which serve as indicators to determine the failure and safe regions. Sample points close to limit states define transition regions between safe and failure domains. A clustering technique identifies all transition regions, which can be, in general, disjoint, and local metamodels of the actual limit states are generated for each transition region. Importance sampling generates sample points only in the identified transition and failure regions, thus, allowing the method to focus on the areas near the failure region and not expend computational effort on the sample points in the safe domain. A robust maximin "space-filling" sampling technique is used to construct the metamodels. Two numerical examples highlight the accuracy and efficiency of the method.
Microbial metabolism. Part 8. The pyranocoumarin, decursin.

Microbial transformation of the cancer chemopreventive agent, decursin (1) with Sepedonium chrysospermem (ATCC 13378) yielded two metabolites, (+)-decursinol (2) and (−)-cis-decursidinol (3). The structures were established by spectroscopic data.
A simulation of the conformation of all-trans-retinal by transfer of local conformations

Abstract Proton-proton coupling constants for the polyene taill of all-trans retinal have been estimated using long range coupling constants determined from well resolved 1H NMR spectra of simple model polyenes whose conformations either are known or may be assumed by virtue of the lack of significant steric effects. The values synthesized for the planar s-trans conformation are in good agreement with those determined or estimated by Rowan et al., and are taken to imply the existence of significant in-plane splaying of CCC bonds. The conformation of 11-cis-retinal is also deduced by use of empirical correlations, the conclusion being that evidence exists for significant in-plane splaying of CCC bonds, compression of CCH bonds and out-of-plane twisting about the 12C13C single bond.
A Call to Duty Educational Policy and School Reform Addressing the Needs of Children From Military Families

>> More than 90% of the nation’s 1.2 million military children attend civilian-operated public schools. Education researchers, however, often overlook the educational experiences and needs of military children attending civilian-operated public schools (i.e., schools that are administered by and under the purview of local education agencies). This article is the first in an educational research journal to examine the intersections among state policy, school reform, and the educational experiences of military children. This article also highlights new data sources and funding opportunities for research on military students.
462. Comparison of EMCV IRES and FMDV 2A Cleavage Factor for Expression of Canine MGMT and a Second Transgene Using HIV-1 Vectors

We previously described the cloning and expression of canine methylguanine-DNA methyl transferase (MGMT) using monocistronic HIV-1 and gamma-retroviral vectors (Zaboikin M et. al. (2004) Hum Gene Ther 15:383-392). In that study, we showed that the canine MGMT was as efficient as the human MGMT for providing resistance to nitrosourea drugs such as BCNU. Here, we describe the creation and testing of dual-gene expression HIV-1 vectors encoding canine MGMT and EGFP under control of the EF1|[alpha]| promoter. The two genes were expressed either using encephalomyocarditis virus internal ribosome entry site (EMCV IRES) or the foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) 2A cleavage factor. Vector stocks were prepared by transient transfection of 293T cells and used for infection of canine thyroid-adenocarcinoma cells. The cells were then subject to selection with O6-benzylguanine (BG) and BCNU. Flow cytometry of cells prior to and following drug selection indicated that both configurations of vector were able to provide drug resistance and allowed enrichment of transduced cells to greater than 84%. The expression of EGFP in the IRES containing vector (pN-EF1|[alpha]|-cMGMT-IRES-EGFP) was reduced compared to vector in which both transgenes were expressed using the FMDV 2A cleavage factor (pN-EF1|[alpha]|-cMGMT-2A-EGFP). These studies pave the way for utilizing canine MGMT encoding vectors for genetic correction in the dog model.
Vascular dysfunction in glycogen storage disease type I.

Objective To determine cardiovascular disease risk in a larger cohort of patients with glycogen storage disease (GSD) I through the use of noninvasive measures of arterial function and anatomy. Study design Carotid intima media thickness (IMT), radial artery tonometry, and brachial artery reactivity were performed in 28 patients with GSD I (13F/15M, mean age 23 years) and 23 control subjects (19F/4M, mean age 23 years). Results The primary outcome measure, mean left distal IMT was greater in the GSD cohort (0.500 ± 0.055 mm) than in the control group (0.457 ± 0.039 mm) ( P = .002, adjusted for age, sex, and body mass index). Mean augmentation index measured by radial artery tonometry was higher in the GSD cohort (16.4% ± 14.0%) than in the control group (2.4% ± 8.7%) ( P P = .46). Conclusions GSD I is associated with arterial dysfunction evident by increased IMT and augmentation index. Patients with GSD I may be at increased risk for cardiovascular disease.