cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Household characteristics, smoking bans, and passive smoke exposure in young children.

Abstract Introduction Young children are vulnerable to the health effects of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure in their own homes. Characteristics of households and the use of smoking bans (i.e., no smoking allowed) as an indicator of smoke exposure need to be understood before interventions can be developed to eliminate ETS exposure in homes where young children live. Methods This cross-sectional, descriptive study investigated demographic characteristics, knowledge, attitudes/beliefs, health of children, smoking practices, and the presence of smoking bans in households. A survey questionnaire was administered to a convenience sample of 226 English- and Spanish-speaking subjects, 18 to 50 years of age, including both smokers and nonsmokers. Cotinine levels of urine samples from children measured actual smoke exposure to confirm reports of home smoking policies. Results Ethnicity of households ( P P r = .486 ) ; the presence of no or partial smoking bans predicted smoke exposure in households. Discussion Because the use of smoking bans in predicting household smoke exposure has not been previously demonstrated, further study is needed to determine how smoking bans can be utilized to eliminate or reduce smoke exposure in homes where children live.
Stabilization of Snail by NF-κB Is Required for Inflammation-Induced Cell Migration and Invasion

The increased motility and invasiveness of tumor cells are reminiscent of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which occurs during embryonic development, wound healing, and metastasis. In this study, we found that Snail is stabilized by the inflammatory cytokine TNFalpha through the activation of the NF-kappaB pathway. We demonstrated that NF-kappaB is required for the induction of COP9 signalosome 2 (CSN2), which, in turn, blocks the ubiquitination and degradation of Snail. Furthermore, we showed that the expression of Snail correlated with the activation of NF-kappaB in cancer cell lines and metastatic tumor samples. Knockdown of Snail expression inhibited cell migration and invasion induced by inflammatory cytokines and suppressed inflammation-mediated breast cancer metastasis. Our study provides a plausible mechanism for inflammation-induced metastasis.
Power Supply Noise Aware Floorplanning and Decoupling Capacitance Placement

Power supply noise is a strong function of the switching activities of the circuit modules. Peak power supply noise can be significantly reduced by judiciously arranging the modules based on their spatial correlations in the floorplan. In this paper, power supply noise is, for the first time, incorporated into the cost function to determine the optimal floorplan in terms of area, wire length, and power supply noise. Compared to conventional floorplanning, which only considers area and wire length, power supply noise aware floorplanning can generate better floorplan both in terms of area and peak noise. The decoupling capacitance required by each module is also calculated and placed in the vicinity of the target module during the floorplanning process. Experimental results on MCNC benchmark circuits show that the peak power supply noise can be reduced by as much as 40% and both the total area and wire length are improved due to the reduced total decoupling capacitance budget gained from reduced power supply noise.
Aberrant macrophage cytokine production is a conserved feature among autoimmune-prone mouse strains: elevated interleukin (IL)-12 and an imbalance in tumor necrosis factor-alpha and IL-10 define a unique cytokine profile in macrophages from young nonobese diabetic mice.

Cytokines derived from macrophages (Mo) play a critical role in the development of type 1 diabetes in the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse. Based on earlier findings from lupus-prone strains of inherent cytokine defects in Mo , NOD Mo were evaluated for intrinsically dysregulated cytokine production with the potential to initiate or exacerbate disease. Endotoxin-activated peritoneal Mo from young prediseased NOD mice produced interleukin (IL)-1 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha levels similar to those of Mo from a panel of control strains but reduced compared with the congenic diabetes-resistant NOR strain. IL-6 and IL-10 production were similar in NOD and NOR Mo, indicating that reduction in NOD IL-1 and TNF-alpha expression was selective. Nevertheless, the ratio of TNF-alpha and IL-10 production, a stringent index of normal Mo function, distinguished NOD from all normal strains. The most striking feature of NOD Mo, however, was their substantially elevated IL-12 production. This response was induced not only by endotoxin but also by bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) and CD40 ligand and was associated with (and likely caused by) the enhanced and prolonged expression of p40 mRNA. Moreover, NOD Mo IL-12 expression appeared to be near maximally induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) alone, because it was only slightly enhanced by the addition of gamma-interferon, a stimulus that substantially elevated LPS-induced IL-12 production in Mo from normal strains. Accompanied by a unique profile of TNF-alpha and IL-10, the dramatic elevation of IL-12 expression by NOD Mo reflects intrinsic defects of the innate immune system with the potential to initiate and propagate the pathogenic autoreactive T-helper type 1 response characteristic of type 1 diabetes.
Clock skew scheduling for soft-error-tolerant sequential circuits

Soft errors have been a critical reliability concern in nano-scale integrated circuits, especially in sequential circuits where a latched error can be propagated for multiple clock cycles and affect more than one output, more than once. This paper presents an analytical methodology for enhancing the soft error tolerance of sequential circuits. By using clock skew scheduling, we propose to minimize the probability of unwanted transient pulses being latched and also prevent latched errors from propagating through sequential circuits repeatedly. The overall methodology is formulated as a piecewise linear programming problem whose optimal solution can be found by existing mixed integer linear programming solvers. Experiments reveal that 30--40% reduction in the soft error rate for a wide range of benchmarks can be achieved.
Postural analysis of the trunk and shoulders in simulated real time.

A new method for analysing and describing the posture of the trunk and shoulders was developed and used to describe the posture of workers performing automobile assembly operations. The system used a videotape to create a permanent record of the jobs and a personal computer to perform the clerical and time-keeping tasks associated with posture analysis. In experiments using an experienced analyst to evaluate a videotape, highly reproducible results were obtained. Furthermore, the new system required substantially less time than existing posture analysis methods to analyse and reduce postural data.
Natural and Human Sources of Cross‐Cultural Agreement in Ornithological Classification

ally diverse groups of informants (Aguaruna and HuambisaJivaro, U.S. college students, and an ornithologist) recognize substantially similar patterns of resemblance among a collection of South American bird specimens (Boster, Berlin, and O'Neill 1986; Boster 1987). This research also showed that the diverse groups agree less strongly on the pattern of resemblance among the largest order of birds, the passerines,' than on other orders. These findings were interpreted as suggesting that humans universally respond to the natural order2 in similar ways. Further, this research suggested that variation in the degree to which groups of informants agree seems to reflect variation in the clarity of the natural order. Here we report the results of an effort to determine the nature of the strategies informants use in their judgments of the similarity among organisms. We seek to understand why it is that different human groups agree in their judgments. We imagine two possible explanations. The weaker of the two can be termed the struc-
Effect of Intertrial Interval and Verbal Reinforcement on Choice of Front or Back Tongue Position

Summary.-Intertrial intervals of 2 sec. as compared with 4 sec. significantly increased choice of front-articulated vowels as compared with back-articulated vowels in 4 reinforced and 4 non-reinforced groups of 5 Ss each. Ss who were native English speakers showed a significant preference for front over back-articulated vowels. The hvmthesis that shorter intertrial intervals would increase . * conditioning was not supported since no reinforcement effects were found. Discrimination between the two response classes of front and back-articulated vowels was demonstrated in the 4 2-sec. intertrial interval groups as compared with the 4 4-sec. intertrial interval groups. The preference for front over back-articulated vowels and increased preference for the front over back-articulated vowels due to shorter intertrial intervals was discussed in terms of stimulus choice due to prior learning of English.
Writing as an active learning tool

The educational benefits of adapting a writing approach in the classroom have been widely documented. Writing can serve as a tool to improve the quality of teaching as well as to promote deeper and more meaningful student learning. In this session, we explore various strategies in which writing can be used to enhance student understanding in introductory physics and engineering classrooms by summarizing three unique projects designed to address the role of writing in terms of the assessment of student learning.
Temporal propagation analysis for small errors in a single-frame in H.264 video

This paper studies the temporal error propagation of small errors in a single frame for H.264 video. Such small errors can arise due to imperfect recovery from loss, e.g., through error concealment. The key contribution of this paper include demonstrating empirically that small errors tend to amplify over time, and is primarily caused by rounding errors in motion compensation and selective application of deblocking filter based on thresholding. Some methods of reducing error amplification is also presented.
Using Lidar and Radar measurements to constrain predictions of forest ecosystem structure and function

Insights into vegetation and aboveground biomass dynamics within terrestrial ecosystems have come almost exclusively from ground-based forest inventories that are limited in their spatial extent. Lidar and synthetic-aperture Radar are promising remote-sensing-based techniques for obtaining comprehensive measurements of forest structure at regional to global scales. In this study we investigate how Lidar-derived forest heights and Radar-derived aboveground biomass can be used to constrain the dynamics of the ED2 terrestrial biosphere model. Four-year simulations initialized with Lidar and Radar structure variables were compared against simulations initialized from forest-inventory data and output from a longterm potential-vegtation simulation. Both height and biomass initializations from Lidar and Radar measurements significantly improved the representation of forest structure within the model, eliminating the bias of too many large trees that arose in the potential-vegtationinitialized simulation. The Lidar and Radar initializations decreased the proportion of larger trees estimated by the potential vegetation by ;20–30%, matching the forest inventory. This resulted in improved predictions of ecosystem-scale carbon fluxes and structural dynamics compared to predictions from the potential-vegtation simulation. The Radar initialization produced biomass values that were 75% closer to the forest inventory, with Lidar initializations producing canopy height values closest to the forest inventory. Net primary production values for the Radar and Lidar initializations were around 6–8% closer to the forest inventory. Correcting the Lidar and Radar initializations for forest composition resulted in improved biomass and basal-area dynamics as well as leaf-area index. Correcting the Lidar and Radar initializations for forest composition and fine-scale structure by combining the remote-sensing measurements with ground-based inventory data further improved predictions, suggesting that further improvements of structural and carbon-flux metrics will also depend on obtaining reliable estimates of forest composition and accurate representation of the fine-scale vertical and horizontal structure of plant canopies.
Effect of Arginine Deficiency on Normal and Dystrophic Chickens

SummaryNormal and genetically dys-trophic chickens were fed diets deficient in arginine or further aggravated by the addition of lysine. Growth of dystrophic chicks is depressed less by a deficiency of arginine than that of normal chicks. Muscular ability of dystrophic chicks was improved by feeding them an arginine deficient diet but this effect may be related to the size of the bird. The total creatinine content of the pectoral muscle of dystrophic chicks was reduced more with a deficiency of arginine than was that of normal chickens.
Growth of serpentine carbon nanotubes on quartz substrates and their electrical properties

A simple method for high-yield, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) synthesis of serpentine carbon nanotubes, employing quartz substrates and a molecular cluster catalyst, is described. The gr owth mechanism is analyzed by controlled addition of nanoscale barriers, and by mechanical analysis of the curved sections. The serpentine structures are used to study the electrical transport properties of parallel arrays of identical nanotubes, which show three-terminal conductance that scales linearly with the number of nanotube segments.
Sporadic lymphoplasmacytic cholecystitis: a clinicopathologic entity.

Objectives: To describe a sporadic form of lymphoplasmacytic cholecystitis (LPC), a condition known to occur in patients with chronic biliary tract disease. Methods: One year’s worth of cholecystectomies was reviewed for sporadic cases of LPC. Histologic, radiologic, and clinical findings were reviewed and compared with noninflamed controls. Sporadic cases were also compared histologically with obstructive LPC cases. Results: Sporadic LPC made up 7% of cholecystectomies, had a male predominance (54.2%), and more often presented with clinical signs of acute inflammation compared with controls. Radiologic findings identified gallstones in 71.4% of patients. The second most common finding was unexplained extrahepatic biliary dilation. There were no unique histologic findings to separate sporadic cases from those associated with pancreatobiliary disease. Conclusions: While obstructive LPC is traditionally described as acalculous, chronic cholecystitis, we show this inflammatory pattern occurs both in the presence of gallstones and outside of previously described disease categories. In addition, LPC occurs in a unique patient demographic (older men), often presenting similarly to acute cholecystitis.
LANDSAT Committee appointed

At its June 7–8 meeting, the 15-member LANDSAT advisory committee passed a resolution that calls for testing the feasibility of transferring the land remote sensing satellite system to private ownership. The committee, appointed last month to advise Commerce Secretary Malcolm Baldrige on the management of Landsat, includes representatives of industry, the academic community, and state and local governments. The committee, chaired by Michel T. Halbouty, consulting geologist and petroleum engineer at the Houston-based Halbouty Center, reports to Baldrige through the administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). NOAA will become responsible for LANDSAT operations in January 1983. The National Earth Satellite Service will manage these LANDSAT operations and will provide support services for the advisory committee's quarterly meetings. The resolution that the committee passed at its first meeting outlined a four-step process by which the Commerce Department can evaluate the feasibility of transferring the operational land remote sensing satellite system to private industry. The possible transfer is in keeping with the Reagan administration's policy to shift some government-supported activities to the private sector.
Families of Probabilities

It was John Maynard Keynes [1952] who first forcibly argued that probabilities cannot be simply ordered. There are cases, he argued, in which the probability of the hypothesis h can be regarded neither as greater than that of hypothesis k, nor less than that of hypothesis k,nor yet equal to that of hypothesis k. Although he did not provide a mathematical structure for his probability values, he did give us some hints: Every probability is comparable to the 0 probability and to the 1 probability. In general, some probabilities (those that can be based on a correct application of the principle of indifference) have rational numerical values, and can serve to bound those that are not precisely comparable to rational valued probabilities. The structure looks something like this, where a/h represents the (not necessarily numerical) probability of the proposition a relative to the (total) evidence h:
Every Tool in Its Place: Interaction and Collaboration with Robotic Drawers

In this study, we examined how participants (N = 20) interacted and collaborated with a set of robotic drawers to accomplish a building task. The drawers’ behavior varied along two variables — proactive/reactive and expressive/nonexpressive motions. The results of our study indicated that participants considered an expressive robot to be more involved and interested in the interaction. They also found that while proactive or expressive robots could dominate the interaction, proactivity might negatively affect the participants’ perception of their social status relative to that of the robot’s, while expressiveness did not. This shows the importance of utilizing expressive movements when designing robots that collaborate with human users.
Operative Release of Ankylosis of the Elbow Due to Heterotopic Ossification

BACKGROUND: Although uncommon, complete ankylosis of the elbow secondary to heterotopic ossification results in severe disability. The results of surgical management remain unclear. METHODS: A single surgeon used a consistent operative technique to treat complete osseous ankylosis of the elbow in eleven limbs in seven patients after severe burns and in nine elbows in eight patients after trauma. The elbows in the burn cohort were more often ankylosed in extension (average, 47° of flexion) compared with those in the trauma cohort (66° of flexion), and they had more skin problems (three elbows required a free microvascular muscle transfer for coverage) and associated problems of the shoulder, wrist, and hand. RESULTS: Four patients in the burn cohort and three patients in the trauma cohort failed to regain at least 80° of ulnohumeral motion. After a repeat release in three burn patients and three trauma patients, and at an average follow-up of forty months, the average arc of ulnohumeral motion was 81° in the burn cohort and 94° in the trauma cohort. Six of the eleven limbs in the burn cohort and five of the nine in the trauma cohort had a good result. The average score according to the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons elbow assessment form was 72 points for the burn cohort and 76 points for the trauma cohort. CONCLUSIONS: Osseous ankylosis of the elbow is a severely disabling problem, and attempts to regain mobility are both worthwhile and safe. The results are comparable when the ankylosis is caused by burns or trauma despite the greater complexity of osseous ankylosis in the burned arm. Patients and surgeons should be aware of the small risk of recurrent heterotopic ossification and the moderate risk of pain or recurrent contracture after operative release.
Collateral Damage of the IMF's Global Economic Relief: A Case Study of Zimbabwe

As part of the G20 Summit of April 2009, the IMF approved an unconditional $400 million loan to Zimbabwe to "boost foreign currency reserves." On a broad scale, the Summit's initiative focused on mitigating the Global Economic Crisis by increasing the reserves of each of the IMF's 186 member countries via loans determined in size by each country’s quota in the Fund.The loan to Zimbabwe is a paradigmatic example of “aid” that may actually prove to be damaging in several respects, because the loan will: perpetuate socio-political harm to Zimbabweans; manifest legal nonconformity that will undermine the IMF’s legitimacy as a multilateral lending institution; result in greater financial harm than financial relief to Zimbabwe; and compromise the relationship between the IMF and the United States. In light of these harms, the loan represents strong evidence of why, even in the face of an emergency as imposing as a worldwide economic crisis, the IMF should not justify cutting corners on its own rules or approve a universal response at the expense of more thorough, specific inquiry and analysis. This Comment traces how and why the loan to Zimbabwe was formulated and approved, explains why the loan is ineffectual in its purpose and how it may prove harmful, and suggests possible remedial measures and a guide for the future.
Definitions and Boundaries of an Online Chinese Public Sphere

This paper offers a definition and description of an emerging online Chinese public sphere. It shows that Habermas' "bourgeois public sphere" can be modified slightly to fit the ideology and reality of Chinese political life. In an era of rapid growth of Internet use, a public sphere must also be understood to exist in online spaces. This paper argues that public sphere discourse happens online in a transnational universe of spaces that have diverse regulatory and cultural characteristics.
Prisoner Denied Sex Reassignment Surgery: The First Circuit Ignores Medical Consensus in Kosilek v. Spencer

On December 16, 2014, in Kosilek v. Spencer, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit held that refusing to provide a transgender prisoner sex reassignment surgery did not violate the Eighth Amendment. The court reasoned that the prisoner’s claim did not amount to an Eighth Amendment violation because she received adequate treatment for gender dysphoria and prison officials were not deliberately indifferent to her medical needs. This Comment argues that the First Circuit erred by ignoring medical consensus and relying on an outlier medical opinion when determining that sex reassignment surgery was not constitutionally required. Further, the majority’s decision will have the unforeseen consequence of preventing other prisoners in the First Circuit from successfully bringing an Eighth Amendment claim for sex reassignment surgery in the future.
The internal mammary artery as a shunt in a noncyanotic infant with hemitruncus: surgical and anesthetic management

The internal mammary artery (IMA) has been used as a systemic-to-pulmonary artery shunt in selected patients with congenital heart disease. Growth and development of hypoplastic pulmonary arteries have been described. We discuss the surgical and anesthetic management of an infant with an atretic-thrombosed right pulmonary artery originating from the ascending aorta in whom the IMA was used to create a systemic-to-pulmonary artery shunt after failure of a previous shunt and later successful pulmonary artery reconstruction. The IMA should be considered as an alternative conduit in patients requiring a systemic-to-pulmonary artery shunt for growth of pulmonary arteries.
Isotopic Disequilibrium during Uptake of Atmospheric CO2 into Mine Process Waters: Implications for CO2 Sequestration

Dypingite, a hydrated Mg-carbonate mineral, was precipitated from high-pH, high salinity solutions to investigate controls on carbon fixation and to identify the isotopic characteristics of mineral sequestration in mine tailings. δ(13)C values of dissolved inorganic carbon content and synthetic dypingite are significantly more negative than those predicted for equilibrium exchange of CO(2) gas between the atmosphere and solution. The measured δ(13)C of aqueous carbonate species is consistent with a kinetic fractionation that results from a slow diffusion of atmospheric CO(2) into solution. During dypingite precipitation, dissolved inorganic carbon concentrations decrease and δ(13)C values become more negative, indicating that the rate of CO(2) uptake into solution was outpaced by the rate of carbon fixation within the precipitate. This implies that CO(2) gas uptake is rate-limiting to CO(2) fixation. δ(13)C of carbonate mineral precipitates in mine tailings and of DIC in mine process waters display similar (13)C-depletions that are inconsistent with equilibrium fractionation. Thus, the rate of carbon fixation in mine tailings may also be limited by supply of CO(2). Carbon sequestration could be accelerated by increasing the partial pressure of CO(2) in tailings ponds or by using chemicals that enhance the uptake of gaseous CO(2) into aqueous solution.
A Study of Freshly Generated Bacterial Aerosols of Micrococcus candidus and, Escherichia coli.

They suggested that such an instrument might, in conjunction with biological methods, supply much needed information concerning the survival of bacteria in air. Physical measurements alone can only give information concerning total particulate concentration but do not distinguish between inert and living matter; similarly, biological methods only serve to measure the concentration of living organisms. Therefore, to estimate changes in viability, comparison of both measurements is essential.
Negotiating contract: The commerce and artifice of dealing for creative work

Following growing bodies of scholarship concerned with the social and cultural lives of economic forms, this article tries to recover some of the complexity of contracts in creative work. While contracts might seem to reflect narrowly economic determinations, as mere instruments of commerce, sociological models emphasize their contingency and artifice. Moving toward and forward from such models, this article synthesizes a more sociocultural model, approaching contract as a scene of contestation, communication and constitution. It develops these themes in a series of engagements with predominant legal, economic and sociological models of contract; across these engagements, it draws upon and draws together cases of recording artists and film stars, while also drawing broader comparisons with other creative workers.
Convulsive seizures from experimental focal cortical dysplasia occur independently of cell misplacement

Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD), a local malformation of cortical development, is the most common cause of pharmacoresistant epilepsy associated with life-long neurocognitive impairments. It remains unclear whether neuronal misplacement is required for seizure activity. Here we show that dyslamination and white matter heterotopia are not necessary for seizure generation in a murine model of type II FCDs. These experimental FCDs generated by increasing mTOR activity in layer 2/3 neurons of the medial prefrontal cortex are associated with tonic-clonic seizures and a normal survival rate. Preventing all FCD-related defects, including neuronal misplacement and dysmorphogenesis, with rapamycin treatments from birth eliminates seizures, but seizures recur after rapamycin withdrawal. In addition, bypassing neuronal misplacement and heterotopia using inducible vectors do not prevent seizure occurrence. Collectively, data obtained using our new experimental FCD-associated epilepsy suggest that life-long treatment to reduce neuronal dysmorphogenesis is required to suppress seizures in individuals with FCD.
Earthquakes Influenced by Water

Thus far, we have focused on the effects of earthquakes on hydrological processes. This is not a one-way relationship. Changes in pore pressure can also induce earthquakes. In this chapter we thus discuss several ways in which hydrology influences seismicity. While the term and ‘induced’ and ‘triggered’ are often used interchangeably, we endeavor to refer to ‘triggered earthquakes’ when the hydrologic process adds a small contribution to the stress that causes the earthquake. For ‘induced earthquakes’, the hydrologic change plays a dominant role. In practice, the distinction can be difficult to make because the mechanisms through which water influences seismicity are not known or straightforward to quantify.
Can Low-Cost Online Summer Math Programs Improve Student Preparation for College-Level Math? Evidence From Randomized Experiments at Three Universities

ABSTRACTEvery year many students enter college without the math preparation needed to succeed in their desired programs of study. Many of these students struggle to catch up, especially those who are required to take remedial math courses before entering college-level math. Increasing the number of students who begin at the appropriate level of math has become an important focus for educators and policymakers. We conducted randomized experiments of low-cost online summer math programs at three universities to test whether this type of intervention can increase access to math preparation, improve placement and enrollment in fall math classes, and improve performance in first-year math courses. Students who received the intervention engaged with the platform, though at relatively low rates, and were more likely to retake the placement test and improve their scores than students in the control group. However, these improved scores did not translate into enrolling in higher level math courses, obtaining more ...
PHYSICAL INFLUENCES OF ALTITUDE ON THE CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF CLOUDS AND OF WATER DEPOSITED FROM THE TROPOSPHERE

The physical structure of the atmosphere dictates that its temperature usually decreases as altitude increases, often at a rate approaching the adiabatic limit of ca. -1C per 100 m. This requires consideration of the temperature dependencies of both chemical and physical processes of importance to cloud and deposition chemistry. It also requires recognition of the effects of the natural thermal layering of the atmosphere on the vertical distribution of trace substances and on systematic differences of long distance transport and scavenging with altitude. Among the fundamental temperature dependencies are the vapor pressure of water (and its role in determining the liquid water content of clouds and precipitation amount), the presence or absence of the ice phase, and deposition of supercooled water as occult precipitation by riming. Additional temperature dependencies of the chemical equilibrium constants and Henry’s Law coefficients should cause marked altitude dependencies of pH. The sign of this depends on the species in control of the equilibrium. Altitude dependencies of air composition are not as readily described with physical and chemical theory, but can often be described effectively by a two layer system of the planetary boundary layer (PBL) and the free troposphere. Gases and fine particles (sub um) are seen to behave similarly with coarse particles being limited mainly to the PBL. Long distance transport is likely to be much more efficient at high altitudes, but only for the substances present there. Finally, the influences of orography and climate are involved as important determinants of the local workings of the hydrologic cycle. Data will be presented demonstrating the central features of these altitude dependencies.
Non-convex shredded signal reconstruction via sparsity enhancement

Restoration of shredded signals remains a relevant and significant challenge in archaeological and forensic efforts. In this work, we present a novel approach for reconstruction of shredded signals (including text documents and images) within a context of general multidimensional sparse signals. To this end, we present a generic efficient non-convex optimization method that employs iterative sparsity enhancement of the observed signal. A key component of the design follows from the observation that most natural signals are sparse in a given representation domain. Computational results portrait the potential of our suggested method in several practical cases of signal reconstruction.
Effect of Surface Structure of TiO2 Nanoparticles on CO2 Adsorption and SO2 Resistance

The effect of surface structure of TiO2 nanocrystals on the structure, amount, and strength of adsorbed CO2 and resistance to SO2 was investigated using in situ IR spectroscopy and mass spectrometric techniques along with first-principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations. TiO2 nanoshapes, including rods {(010) + (101) + (001)}, disks {(001) + (101)}, and truncated octahedra {(101) + (001)}, were used to represent different TiO2 structures. Upon CO2 adsorption, carboxylates and carbonates (bridged, monodentate) are formed on TiO2 rods and disks, whereas only bidentate and monodentate carbonates are formed on TiO2 truncated octahedra. In general, the order of thermal stability of the adsorbed CO2 species is carboxylates ≈ monodentate carbonates > bridged carbonates > bidentate carbonates ≈ bicarbonates. TiO2 rods and disks adsorb CO2 more strongly than TiO2 truncated octahedra, which is explained by the larger number of low coordinated surface oxygen and oxygen vacancies on the rods and disks th...
Measuring water quality from individual fractures in open wellbores using hydraulic isolation and the dissolved oxygen alteration method

This study describes a low-cost method for sampling individual fractures in open wellbores in crystalline bedrock utilizing naturally occurring flow conditions in the well. The method entails using the dissolved oxygen alteration method (DOAM) to identify transmissive fractures and vertical flow direction. After obtaining information about relative hydraulic gradients, flow direction in the well is modified using a single control pump to isolate fractures of interest for sampling. Additional dissolved oxygen, injected during the DOAM procedure, serves as a tracer to ensure the water quality in the sampling zone is characteristic of the fracture of interest by requiring a tracer-free zone prior to sampling. Sampling procedures are described conceptually for nine bedrock wells with varying flow conditions containing one, two, or three transmissive inflowing fractures. The method was demonstrated in two crystalline bedrock wells containing one and two transmissive inflowing fractures.
Prevention of Cardiotoxicity in the Cancer Patient

This review discusses the current understanding of cardiotoxicities and prevention strategies for several agents including anthracyclines, HER2 monoclonal antibodies, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and fluoropyrimidines. Heart disease and cancer are by far the most common causes of death in the USA and may coincide in a given individual. Life-prolonging therapies for heart disease and cancer continue to evolve, with a particular proliferation of new agents to treat cancer. These advances in the treatment of cancer have led to an expanding population of cancer survivors. Due to the natural coincidence of heart disease and cancer and due to the cardiotoxicities of certain chemotherapies, it is increasingly important for cardiologists and oncologists to understand and anticipate cardiovascular events in the setting of cancer treatment. A growing body of literature on the incidence of, prediction of, and prevention of cardiotoxicity in the cancer patient is now available.
Sestamibi SPECT/CT versus SPECT only for preoperative localization in primary hyperparathyroidism: a single institution 8-year analysis.

Abstract Background Primary hyperparathyroidism is caused by single gland disease in 85% of cases and by multiglandular disease in 15%. Our aim was to discover if the addition of computed tomography acquisition/fusion on a hybrid scanner to traditional dual-phase single-photon emission tomography improves localization accuracy. Methods A prospective database was queried for the perioperative data of patients with sporadic primary hyperparathyroidism who had initial exploration from 2006–2014 with ≥6 month follow-up to define anatomy. Prior to 2010, patients had single-photon emission tomography (n = 633); after 2010, they had single-photon emission tomography/computed tomography (n = 755). Results In 1,388 patients, the rates of single gland disease (P = .8), bilateral exploration (P = .4), and negative imaging (145 patients, P = .33) were equal between imaging cohorts. In 1,186 patients with single gland disease, the positive predictive value of single-photon emission tomography/computed tomography was somewhat greater (90% vs 85%) and the accuracy of single-photon emission tomography/computed tomography was superior (83% vs 77%, P = .02). In the 202 patients with multiglandular disease, 20% had negative imaging results with no difference by type (single-photon emission tomography/computed tomography 17%, single-photon emission tomography 23%, P = .3), but single-photon emission tomography/computed tomography was more accurate (36%) than single-photon emission tomography (22%, P = .04) in predicting multiglandular disease. Conclusion In a large cohort study of patients with sporadic primary hyperparathyroidism undergoing parathyroidectomy, positive single-photon emission tomography/computed tomography results provided more reliable operative guidance than single-photon emission tomography for both single gland disease and multiglandular disease.
Defining the number of lymph nodes needed to accurately stage small bowel neuroendocrine tumors: An 8-institution study from the US neuroendocrine tumor study group.

265Background: Small bowel neuroendocrine tumors (SB-NETs) frequently involve regional lymph nodes (LNs). The prognostic value of LN positivity on recurrence of disease is not well defined. The num...
Nine New Species in the Desmopachria nitida Species-Group of the Neotropical Genus Desmopachria Babington, 1841 (Coleoptera: Adephaga: Dytiscidae: Hydroporinae: Hyphydrini)

Abstract Nine diving water beetle species are described in the Desmopachria nitida species-group in the Neotropical genus Desmopachria Babington: D. gyration Miller, new species (Guyana), D. gingerae Miller, new species (Venezuela), D. curseenae Miller, new species (Suriname), D. lloydi Miller, new species (Bolivia), D. kemptonae Miller, new species (Venezuela), D. delongi Miller, new species (Suriname), D. vohrae Miller, new species (Venezuela), D. hardyae Miller, new species (Guyana), and D. singhae Miller, new species (Venezuela). The male genitalia of all species in the D. nitida species-group are illustrated except D. subtilis Sharp. The new species are illustrated from specimens, and described species are redrawn from published illustrations.
Correcting a Longstanding Misconception about Social Roles and Personality: A Case Study in the Psychology of Science

Psychologists often argue that sex roles direct different types of socializing behaviors toward males and females and that this differential treatment, in turn, leads to sex differences in personality. Widely cited in support of this thesis has been the Fels longitudinal study finding that dependency and passivity are stable from childhood to adulthood for females only and aggressiveness and sexuality for males only. The present article explains why the type of sex differences in personality stability cited by Fels researchers actually contradicts the view that sex role expectations cause these differences. The report suggests ways in which social learning theory, the dominant developmental paradigm of the 1960s, may have contributed to the misinterpretation of the Fels data and how the rise of social constructivism maintained this misinterpretation for decades. The article concludes by correcting misconceptions about biology and personality stability and by explaining why theories that incorporate biology are not only more adequate than social constructivism but also more effective in bringing about the changes in society that constructivists desire.
Field Characterization and Compensation of Vibrational Nonuniformity for a 256-Element Focused Ultrasound Phased Array

Multielement focused ultrasound phased arrays have been used in therapeutic applications to treat large tissue volumes by electronic steering of the focus, to target multiple simultaneous foci, and to correct aberration caused by inhomogeneous tissue pathways. There is an increasing interest in using arrays to generate more complex beam shapes and corresponding acoustic radiation force patterns for manipulation of particles such as kidney stones. Toward this end, experimental and computational tools are needed to enable accurate delivery of desired transducer vibrations and corresponding ultrasound fields. The purpose of this paper was to characterize the vibrations of a 256-element array at 1.5 MHz, implement strategies to compensate for variability, and test the ability to generate specified vortex beams that are relevant to particle manipulation. The characterization of the array output was performed in water using both element-by-element measurements at the focus of the array and holography measurements for which all the elements were excited simultaneously. Both methods were used to quantify each element’s output so that the power of each element could be equalized. Vortex beams generated using both compensation strategies were measured and compared to the Rayleigh integral simulations of fields generated by an idealized array based on the manufacturer’s specifications. Although both approaches improved beam axisymmetry, compensation based on holography measurements had half the error relative to the simulation results in comparison to the element-by-element method.
Van Helmont, Leibniz, and the Kabbalah

One of the first to suggest that Leibniz was influenced by van Helmont was Heinrich Ritter in 1853. Ritter argued that of all Leibniz’s contemporaries, van Helmont was closest to him both personally and in terms of his thought.109 R. W. Meyer also recognized “many intellectual affinities between the two men.” He believed Leibniz had appropriated the term “monad” from van Helmont, but he did not think that was enough to bridge the vast difference between the philosophies of the two men. Van Helmont remains in his view an eccentric mystic and enthusiast, whose ideas form an incoherent jumble, while Leibniz is the systematic, rational, and logical thinker, who subordinates his mystical inclinations to scientific ends. Hence, van Helmont’s role was to inspire in Leibniz ideas which he himself could not comprehend. Furthermore, van Helmont was only one of many contemporaries to influence Leibniz; his influence was therefore in no way special: With Frans Mercurius van Helmont ... Leibniz had many actual interests in common, and in spite of a great difference in age there are many intellectual affinities between the two men; and thus Helmont’s life and his way of thinking deserve somewhat closer attention. For in discussing Helmont’s thought we hope to bring out once again Leibnitz’s many affinities with the contemporary ways of thought, and to show that the only thing which distinguishes him from other contemporary thinkers is his highly conscious and urgent sense of commitment to the problems of his age. ... [Van Helmont’s] adventurous life is reflected in his writings: a vast collection of inventions, plans, prescriptions, formulae and curious calculations on past and future events; violent attacks on Descartes, Spinoza and Hobbes; sketches for a mechanistic cosmology; empiricist and sensualist theories; and cabalistic and mystical theories of number — all these lie jumbled up in his countless papers. Yet everything he wrote was inspired by his enthusiastic plans for the Academies in which he hoped to see his projects executed; and all his projects were conceived with a view to their imme?diate practical application. His “natural” Hebrew alphabet, for instance, was to be used for curing the deaf and dumb; he devised a mechanical method for curing scoliosis — claiming that an English woman had opened a hospital in London in which the method was used with great success; he had cures for every kind of ailment, affliction and debility. Yet the ultimate purpose of all his speculations was once again a reunion of the Churches; already he saw secret signs of the future Universal Church that would be proclaimed in the new century. Leibnitz, though more cautious and sober in his hopes, shared Helmont’s belief that this future Church could only be of permanent benefit to the peoples of Europe if it were armed with all the ideas of the new science. In this belief Leibnitz founded in 1700 the Berlin Academy. In Helmont’s mind (as in Leibnitz’s) this scientific chiliasm was inextricably linked with philosophical doctrine. The aim was to reconcile theology with the “philosophia reformata”.
15. Previous Abdominal Surgery

Laparoscopic surgeons should be able to routinely operate on patients that have had prior abdominal surgery. Careful patient assessment and preoperative planning are required address anticipated adhesions and to minimize patient risk. Techniques for both “blind” Veress needle insertion and placement of an “open” Hasson trocar should be in the armamentarium of any laparoscopic surgeon. Appropriate instrument selection, traditional surgical principles of tension/countertension, and careful dissection are required to minimize the risk of bleeding and visceral injury.
Using Cases: Some Additional Issues

This chapter discusses the issues involved in controlling a complex case-based reasoning process, especially when using multiple cases during problem solving. In general, when multiple cases are needed, it is to achieve a series of reasoning goals. Reasoning goals can be used to provide guidance to the case-based reasoner in a number of areas: they provide suggestions of how many and what kind of cases to retrieve, they help the reasoner focus on appropriate parts of a large case, and they tell the reasoner which case-based reasoning method to employ. Reasoning goals may derive from a variety of places: from the specific steps employed in carrying out a task, from the steps employed in carrying out a general reasoning process, or from the steps employed in carrying out case-based reasoning. A program's reasoning goals can be specified in a script that is followed for each problem that is solved, they can be derived through goal decomposition methods, or they can be derived in a case-based way.
Developmental stage conversion: Insights and possibilities

Toxoplasma gondii infection is acquired by oral ingestion. After dissemination, tachyzoites differentiate into bradyzoites within cysts that remain latent. The ability of bradyzoites to transform back into tachyzoites is a central factor in the ability of T. gondii to reactivate and cause disease in immunosuppressed individuals. Both tachyzoites and bradyzoites develop in tissue culture. Recent advances in the genetic manipulation of T. gondii have expanded the molecular tools that can be applied to studies on bradyzoite differentiation. Evidence is accumulating that this differentiation event is stress mediated and may share common pathways with stress-induced differentiation events in other eukaryotic organisms. Bradyzoite differentiation defective mutants have been studied using microarray analysis, allowing identification of genes that may be coordinately regulated during this stage transition. Characterization of unique bradyzoite-specific structures, such as the cyst wall, and stage-specific metabolic pathways are other approaches being used to study developmental stage conversion.