cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thrombotic microangiopathy with intraglomerular IgM pseudothrombi in Waldenström macroglobulinemia and IgM monoclonal gammopathy.

IgM secreting myelomas or lymphomas, including Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia, are associated with a varied spectrum of renal pathology, including intracapillary hyaline deposits, cryoglobulin, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, amyloid, monoclonal immunoglobulin deposition disease, cast nephropathy, and lymphoma infiltration. We report our single institution experience, and describe five cases with distinctive glomerular pathology: intracapillary IgM pseudothrombi and thrombotic microangiopathic change, with glomerular intracellular crystals in two biopsies. Two patients were hypocomplementemic at presentation. This series adds to the recent literature on paraprotein associated thrombotic microangiopathy.
State monopoly of telecommunications in Ethiopia: origins, debates, and the way forward

A rare breed in the era of deregulation, Ethiopia’s state-controlled telecommunications sector has been a source of intense debate involving domestic and international stakeholders. Based on analys...
INITIAL TL/OSL/EPR CONSIDERATIONS FOR COMMERCIAL DIATOMACEOUS EARTH IN RETROSPECTIVE DOSIMETRY AND DATING

Diatomaceous earth is found in various locations around the planet. It is caused by the deposited exoskeleton material formed by the death of large concentrated populations of diatoms. The exoskeleton is effectively pure silicate and as such becomes a prospective material for retrospective dosimetry and dating. This work investigated the thermoluminescence (TL) and optically stimulated luminescence properties of commercially obtained diatomaceous earth. The material was not found to have useful dosimetric properties with conventional TL methodologies but did provide large dose estimates using the Single Aliquot Regeneration technique on some subset samples. These findings for organic silicate did suggest some mechanisms explaining the sensitization process in geological silicate materials utilized in dosimetry and dating. Electron paramagnetic resonance was identified as a potential future method for evaluating this material as it revealed unique signal components not found in igneous or commercially produced silicates.
A Longitudinal Actor-Partner Interdependence Mediation Model of Storybook Reading: Children’s Word Use as a Mediator

The present study examined the dyadic nature of fathers’ and mothers’ reported frequency of storybook reading by testing (1) the longitudinal association in parents’ frequency of storybook reading ...
‘AeroMech’—Conception of a Generic Stability and Control Methodology

Having constructed the foundation of the research undertaking as documented throughout Chaps. 1– 4, the generic stability and control methodology AeroMech and key algorithms are presented in this chapter.
Analyzing the scaffold immune microenvironment using flow cytometry: practices, methods and considerations for immune analysis of biomaterials

The immune system has evolved as a powerful tool for our body to combat infections, and is being engineered for new treatments in cancer and autoimmune disease. More recently, the complex role of the immune system is being recognized in tissue repair, regenerative medicine and biomaterial responses. From these combined interests, the field of immunoengineering is rapidly growing. However, bridging immunology with engineering poses numerous challenges including the biological complexity, language of immunology and accurately leveraging the powerful techniques of immunology to new applications. Elucidating the identity and function of immune cell populations responding to engineering systems will be required for continued advancement. Multi-color flow cytometry is a central technique used by immunologists for this purpose that requires careful control of variables, data acquisition, and interpretation. Here, we present methods for multi-color flow cytometry experimental design and analysis focused on characterizing the scaffold immune microenvironment in regenerative medicine research.
From the Perspective of the Faith Community Nurse

The impact of a faith community nurse often goes untold due to confidentiality. This chapter is dedicated to reporting the value the faith community nurse brings to individuals, families, staff, the faith community, and community as a whole. The faith community nurse will be discussed in regard to education, program development, and the impact on the health and well-being of faith community members. The importance of the relationship of the faith community nurse with the faith leader and staff members is discussed. Systems of support are noted that can make a difference in health and recovery of individuals and families.
2265. Clinical Outcomes with Single vs. Combination Antibiotic Therapy in the Treatment of Burkholderia cepacia complex Bacteremia and Pneumonia

Background Burkholderia cepacia complex (Burkholderia cenocepacia and Burkholderia multivorans) (BCC) are uncommon, yet serious often drug-resistant pathogens of immunocompromised patients, especially in lung transplants; pre-operative infection/colonization is seen as a contraindication to transplant. Optimal treatment for these difficult infections is not known. We examined impact of single vs. combination therapy on patient outcomes.
Plasma pseudouridine levels reflect body size in children on hemodialysis

Dialysis in children as well as adults is prescribed to achieve a target spKt/Vurea, where Vurea is the volume of distribution of urea. Waste solute production may however be more closely correlated with body surface area (BSA) than Vurea which rises in proportion with body weight. Plasma levels of waste solutes may thus be higher in smaller patients when targeting spKt/Vurea since they have higher BSA relative to body weight. This study measured levels of pseudouridine (PU), a novel marker solute whose production is closely proportional to BSA, to test whether prescription of dialysis to a target spKt/Vurea results in higher plasma levels of PU in smaller children. PU and urea nitrogen (ureaN) were measured in plasma and dialysate at the midweek hemodialysis session in 20 pediatric patients, with BSA ranging from 0.65–1.87m2. Mathematical modeling was employed to estimate solute production rates and average plasma solute levels. The dialytic clearance (Kd) of PU was proportional to that of ureaN (average KdPU/KdUreaN 0.69 ± 0.13, r2 0.84, p < 0.001). Production of PU rose in proportion with BSA (r2 0.57, p < 0.001). The pretreatment plasma level of PU was significantly higher in smaller children (r2 0.20, p = 0.051) while the pretreatment level of ureaN did not vary with size. Prescribing dialysis based on urea kinetics may leave uremic solutes at higher levels in small children. Measurement of a solute produced proportional to BSA may provide a better index of dialysis adequacy than measurement of urea.
Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous: Mission Overview

The Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous (NEAR) mission launched successfully on February 17, 1996 aboard a Delta II-7925. NEAR will be the first mission to orbit an asteroid and will make the first comprehensive scientific measurements of an asteroid's surface composition, geology, physical properties, and internal structure. It will orbit the unusually large near-Earth asteroid 433 Eros for about one year, at a minimum altitude of about 15 km from the surface. NEAR will also make the first reconnaissance of a C-type asteroid during its flyby of the unusual main belt asteroid 253 Mathilde. The NEAR instrument payload is: a multispectral imager (MSI), a near infrared spectrometer (NIS), an X-ray/gamma ray spectrometer (XRS/GRS), a magnetometer (MAG), and a laser rangefinder (NLR), while a radio science investigation (RS) uses the coherent X-band transponder. NEAR will improve our understanding of planetary formation processes in the early solar system and clarify the relationships between asteroids and meteorites. The Mathilde flyby will occur on June 27, 1997, and the Eros rendezvous will take place during February 1999 through February 2000.
Fluorogen Activating Protein Toolset for Protein Trafficking Measurements

Throughout the past decade the use of fluorogen activating proteins (FAPs) has expanded with several unique reporter dyes that support a variety of methods to specifically quantify protein trafficking events. The platform's capabilities have been demonstrated in several systems and shared for widespread use. This review will highlight the current FAP labeling techniques for protein traffic measurements and focus on the use of the different designed fluorogenic dyes for selective and specific labeling applications.
Genetic architecture of a mutation's expressivity and penetrance

Mutations often have different effects in genetically distinct individuals. Epistasis between mutations and segregating loci is known to be a major contributor to these background effects, but the architecture of these genetic interactions remains largely unknown. Here, we characterize how segregating loci in a cross of two Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains impact growth following the deletion of the histone deacetylase HOS3. The functions of HOS3 are not well understood and historically its deletion has shown little effect on reference strains. However, we map two loci that genetically interact with HOS3 and each other to produce a broad range of responses to the deletion, including near inviability. Although these interactions explain nearly all of the deletion9s expressivity, their penetrance depends on a liability threshold involving at least 11 additional nuclear and mitochondrial loci. Multiple lines of evidence imply the deletion uncovers genetically complex changes in translation and genome stability in the mitochondria, suggesting a novel connection between Hos3-mediated deacetylation and the mitochondria. These results provide a valuable example of the complicated and unexpected mechanisms that can cause background effects in genetically diverse populations, and show how characterization of background effects can provide new insights into gene function.
Effect of interleukin-1 (IL-1) blockade on cytokine synthesis: II. IL-1 receptor antagonist inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced cytokine synthesis by human monocytes.

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulates interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) gene expression and synthesis in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). IL-1 can also induce PBMC to synthesize IL-1 and TNF alpha. In the present study, we used IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) to determine the relative contribution of an IL-1-positive feedback loop to the total amount of LPS-induced cytokine synthesis. Pretreatment of PBMC with human recombinant IL-1ra reduced LPS-induced cytokine synthesis in a dose-dependent manner (P less than .001). Maximal inhibition was 33% for IL-1 alpha (P less than .01), 43% for IL-1 beta (P = .001), and 20% for TNF alpha (P less than .05). We consistently observed IL-1ra suppression of LPS-induced cytokines in PBMC of 38 volunteers. However, this phenomenon was not specific for LPS; 1 microgram/mL IL-1ra inhibited IL-1 beta synthesized in response to human recombinant IL-2 by 44% (P less than .001), toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 by 26% (P less than .05), and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate by 76% (P less than .001). IL-1ra added to PBMC 4 or 8 hours after stimulation with LPS still inhibited IL-1 beta synthesis by 44% (P less than .001) or 25% (P = .01), respectively. The steady state messenger RNA levels of IL-1 beta were reduced in PBMC stimulated by LPS in the presence of IL-1ra. In monocytes isolated by elutriation, IL-1ra reduced LPS-induced IL-1 alpha by 16% (P less than .001), IL-1 beta by 14% (P less than .05), and TNF alpha by 24% (P = .01). We conclude that IL-1-induced IL-1 significantly contributes to LPS-induced cytokine synthesis.
The situation and training effectiveness of hands only cardiopulmonary resuscitation in middle school students

Objective To investigate the situation of hands only cardiopulmonary resuscitation(CPR) and training effectiveness of CPR in middle school students. Methods By the principle of random stratified cluster sampling, 7 687 middle school students in Changsha city were trained on hands only CPR through the scene theory teaching and anthropomorphic dummy in this study.The training content included who was rescued by CPR, when patients require CPR, how long can cause irreversible brain damage, the standardized process of CPR, the position of CPR, the depth of CPR, and the ratios of breath-to-compression.We analyzed the middle school students′ awareness of hands only CPR knowledge before and after the training, investigated the middle school students′ willingness and way to accept knowledge of first aid. Results All of 7 687 middle school students in Changsha city received questionnaire survey and trained on hands only CPR, including 3 778(49.15%) boys and 3 909 girls(50.48%). The knowledge of hands only CPR was mainly derived from the book, television, network, and education from schools.Before training, the awareness rates of the knowledge on who was rescued by CPR and the position of CPR were more than 50%, and the awareness rates on the rest of knowledge were less than 50%.The awareness rates on hands only CPR were more than 75% by training, which were significantly increased compared with those before training(P<0.01). Conclusion The knowledge on hands only CPR is very scarce in middle school students in Changsha city, and the awareness on hands only CPR can be significantly improved by the scene theory teaching and anthropomorphic dummy. Key words: First aid knowledge; Hands only cardiopulmonary resuscitation; Middle school students
Extracting NFL tracking data from images to evaluate quarterbacks and pass defenses

The NFL collects detailed tracking data capturing the location of all players and the ball during each play. Although the raw form of this data is not publicly available, the NFL releases a set of aggregated statistics via their Next Gen Stats (NGS) platform. They also provide charts showing the locations of pass attempts and outcomes for individual quarterbacks. Our work aims to partially close the gap between what data is available privately (to NFL teams) and publicly, and our contribution is two-fold. First, we introduce an image processing tool designed specifically for extracting the raw data from the NGS pass charts. We extract the pass outcome, coordinates, and other metadata. Second, we analyze the resulting dataset, examining the spatial tendencies and performances of individual quarterbacks and defenses. We use a generalized additive model for completion percentages by field location. We introduce a naive Bayes approach for estimating the 2-D completion percentage surfaces of individual teams and quarterbacks, and we provide a one-number summary, completion percentage above expectation (CPAE), for evaluating quarterbacks and team defenses. We find that our pass location data closely matches the NFL’s tracking data, and that our CPAE metric closely matches the NFL’s proprietary CPAE metric.
Developing the scale of presidential candidate's dialogic communication (PCDC) during the 2017 presidential campaign in South Korea

Abstract This study aims to develop and validate a measure of presidential candidates’ dialogic communication (PCDC) in political public relations. We conceptualized the construct of PCDC with two dialogic dimensions, voicing and listening, from the relational perspective. Through the scale development process, we conducted an online survey of 1,195 Korean participants during the Korean presidential campaign in February 2017. The results showed that the proposed two-dimensional PCDC scale with 12 items was statistically reliable and valid. The findings also revealed that voicing and listening were significantly associated with publics’ intention to support or oppose a candidate and their supportive or critical communication behavior regarding the candidate. Theoretical and strategic implications are further discussed.
The Story of Yoga: From Ancient India to the Modern West: by Alistair Shearer, Hurst & Co., London, 2020, xix + 419 pp., US $34.95 (hardback), ISBN 978 178 738192 6

Alistair Shearer, cultural historian, meditation-teacher, tour-guide, hotelier, translator, and author of at least a dozen books, has written a lengthy account of the long and winding history of yo...
Thickness Dependence and Anisotropy of Capped Diamond Thermal Conductivity on Cooling of Pulse-Operated GaN HEMTs

A capped thin-film diamond heat spreader is modeled for the reinforcement of hotspot cooling in the application of pulse-operated GaN-based high-electron mobility transistors (HEMTs). To precisely evaluate the cooling performance, thickness dependence and anisotropy of diamond film thermal conductivity are considered. A 3-D transient thermal model based on the finite element method is developed to simulate the pulse behavior. The sharp temperature oscillation occurring in the periodic pulse mode from the microsecond to millisecond time scales introduces substantial difficulty and challenge for accurate modeling. To this end, a scale-down model mimic of a recently reported GaN-based amplifier with kilowatts peak power level is built to significantly reduce the computational time and increase the accuracy while maintaining crucial thermal characteristics. The thermal characteristics under periodic pulse mode are revealed and the dynamic steady-state peak junction temperature is reliably obtained. The impacts of thermal boundary resistance (TBR), substrate material, duty cycle, and pulse period on the performance of the diamond heat spreader have been scrutinized. For the GaN-on-SiC HEMTs working at 2.5% duty cycle, 200- $\mu \text{s}$ pulse period, and 19.58 W/mm peak power density, a 2- $\mu \text{m}$ -thick diamond heat spreader can reduce the dynamic steady-state peak junction temperature by 14.7%.
Where There’s a Will, There’s a Way: Synthesizing Creativity, Contagious Motivation, and Unique Projects Into the Course Experience:

Creativity is not just a catch phrase for the new decade—it is a way of life. While technology-driven innovation can promote efforts to produce optimal solutions, individually driven creativity is ...
Influence of CYP2D6 metabolizer status on ondansetron efficacy in pediatric patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: A case series.

Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) is commonly experienced by patients receiving antineoplastic agents prior to hemopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). Ondansetron, a 5-HT3 antagonist metabolized by CYP2D6, is an antiemetic prescribed to treat short-term CINV, but some patients still experience uncontrolled nausea and vomiting while taking ondansetron. Adult CYP2D6 ultrarapid metabolizers (UMs) are at higher risk for CINV due to rapid ondansetron clearance, but similar studies have not been performed in pediatric patients. We performed a retrospective chart review of 128 pediatric HSCT recipients who received ondansetron for CINV prevention and had CYP2D6 genotyping for 20 alleles and duplication detection. The number of emetic episodes for each patient was collected from the start of chemotherapy through 7 days after HSCT. The average age of the cohort was 6.6 years (range: 0.2-16.7) and included three UMs, 72 normal metabolizers, 47 intermediate metabolizers, and six poor metabolizers. Because UMs are the population at risk for inefficacy, we describe the course of treatment for these three patients, as well as the factors influencing emesis: chemotherapy emetogenicity, diagnosis, and duration of ondansetron administration. The cases described support guidelines recommending non-CYP2D6 metabolized antiemetics (e.g., granisetron) when a patient is a known CYP2D6 UM, but pediatric studies with a larger sample of CYP2D6 UMs are needed to validate our findings.
Dynamic Acceleration Structures for Interactive Ray Tracing

Acceleration structures used for ray tracing have been designed and optimized for efficient traversal of static scenes. As it becomes feasible to do interactive ray tracing of moving objects, new requirements are posed upon the acceleration structures. Dynamic environments require rapid updates to the acceleration structures. In this paper we propose spatial subdivisions which allow insertion and deletion of objects in constant time at an arbitrary position, allowing scenes to be interactively animated and modified.
Intrauterine temperature during intrapartum amnioinfusion: a prospective observational study

Please cite this paper as: Tomlinson T, Schaecher C, Sadovsky Y, Gross G. Intrauterine temperature during intrapartum amnioinfusion: a prospective observational study. BJOG 2012;119:958–963. Objective To determine the influence of routine intrapartum amnioinfusion (AI) on intrauterine temperature. Design Prospective observational study. Setting Maternity unit, Barnes Jewish Hospital, St Louis, MO, USA. Sample Forty women with singleton gestations and an indication for intrapartum intrauterine pressure catheter placement. Methods Using a temperature probe, we digitally recorded intrauterine temperature every 10 minutes during labour. Amnioinfusion was administered according to a standard protocol using saline equilibrated to the ambient temperature. Main outcome measure Mean intrauterine temperature during labour. Results Participants were monitored for a mean of 280 minutes (range 20–820). A total of 164 intrauterine temperature readings in the AI cohort were compared with 797 control measurements. When compared with controls, we observed a lower intrauterine temperature in the AI cohort (36.4 versus 37.4°C, P < 0.01). More measurements in the AI cohort were recorded in the presence of intrapartum fever (40% versus 30%). A subgroup analysis of measurements recorded in afebrile parturients revealed an even greater effect of AI (1.5°C decrease, 37.3 versus 35.8°C, P < 0.01). Conclusion Routine intrapartum AI using saline equilibrated to a mean ambient temperature of 25.0°C reduces intrauterine temperature and may thereby affect fetal core temperature.
Ancillary techniques for neural network applications

To a large extent, the successful implementation of neural nets depends on several ancillary techniques for data preprocessing, training and testing. Some of these techniques are investigated and discussed in this paper. They include genetic algorithm, fuzzy logic theory, query-based learning and feature extraction. For each technique, the paradigm, theory and application are described. The advantages of the application of these ancillary techniques for the neural networks are also listed. The simulation results for each proposed technique showed their significant role and practicality. >
Special Aspects of Musculoskeletal Imaging in Children

In children, the skeleton undergoes multiple changes with age. These age-related transformations determine the distribution of disease, the patterns of injury, and their imaging characteristics. During development, cartilage is converted to bone and hematopoietic marrow to fatty marrow. Most epiphyses and apophyses are cartilaginous at birth and become increasingly ossified [1]. Epiphyseal cartilage has intermediate signal intensity on Tl-weighted images and low signal intensity on water-sensitive images. Epiphyseal cartilage is normally hypointense along the body’s weight-bearing regions [2]. Within the epiphyseal cartilage there is no capillary network; instead, there are multiple vascular canals which contain the veins and arteries that bring nutrients to the chondrocytes [3]. These can be visible as parallel striations on neonatal sonograms, and Doppler interrogation demonstrates flow within them [4]. Following contrast administration, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) will show the vascular canals, which become arranged in a radial pattern as the ossification centers develop [5].
Organic geochemistry and coal petrology of Tertiary brown coal in the Zhoujing mine, Baise Basin, South China: 2. Biomarker assemblage and significance

Abstract The biomarker assemblage in the aliphatic fraction of the Tertiary brown coal from Zhoujing mine has been documented in detail. This aliphatic fraction consists of resin-derived diterpenoid and sesquiterpenoid hydrocarbons, long chain n-alkanes from vascular plant epicuticular waxes, and to a lesser extent terrigenous triterpenes. The huminite reflectance (R0) and biomarker parameters indicate the hydrocarbons in this brown coal are immature. Thus, resins and waxes of higher plants are particularly important for the generation of immature hydrocarbons from brown coal or lignite.
Mapping concurrently-communicating modules onto mesh multicomputers equipped with virtual channels

It is difficult to define and evaluate a meaningful performance metric when many packets are generated and exchanged concurrently in mesh-connected multicomputers equipped with wormhole switching and virtual channels. Thus, an approximate metric/cost function must be chosen so that when, task modules are mapped by optimizing this function, the actual performance of the mapping is also optimized. Several low-complexity cost functions are evaluated using the simulated annealing optimization process. The mappings found by optimizing these cost functions are then fed into a flit-level simulator to evaluate their actual performance. One particular cost function is found to be very effective.
On the extra factor 12√π in the Kramers approximation

Abstract Two exactly solvable models—the double oscillator model and the associated harmonic oscillator model for which the Kramers approximation taken in the Gaussian approximation has an extra factor √ π 2 -are discussed. A quantum mechanical derivation of the Kramers approximation without the Gaussian approximation is given.
Identity Formation for Lesbian, Bisexual, and Gay Persons: Beyond a ''Minoritizing'' View

There is considerable controversy regarding the means by which lesbian, gay, and bisexual persons achieve a sense of sexual identity. In this paper, the concepts of identity and sexual identity are reviewed, and the literature on lesbian and gay aeaecoming outAEAE processes are critiqued. Major limitations of these studies include their narrow samples, their narrow focus on sexuality, their linear nature, and their lack of attention to the larger sociohistorical context. They tend to aeaeminoritizeAEAE sexual identities. A more comprehensive cyclical model of identity development would put sexual identity into a context that includes other important facets of identity such as gender, race, and class--a more universalizing approach.
Numerical solutions of the triple-deck equations for laminar trailing-edge stall

The problem of determining the effect of laminar boundary layers on the lift of thin wings in subsonic flow at high Reynolds numbers is considered. The boundary value problem is formulated in the framework of the triple-deck theory of Brown and Stewartson. The resulting fourth-order boundary value was solved by an iterative finite-difference technique. An inverse iteration procedure provides proper treatment of the trailing-edge singularity, and asymptotic far-field expansions and coordinate stretchings are used to deal with the problem of the slow algebraic decay of the solution.
Rapid Recruitment and Activation of Macrophages by Anti-Gal/α-Gal Liposome Interaction Accelerates Wound Healing

Macrophages are pivotal in promoting wound healing. We hypothesized that topical application of liposomes with glycolipids that carry Galα1-3Galβ1-4GlcNAc-R epitopes (α-gal liposomes) on wounds may accelerate the healing process by rapid recruitment and activation of macrophages in wounds. Immune complexes of the natural anti-Gal Ab (constituting ∼1% of Ig in humans) bound to its ligand, the α-gal epitope on α-gal liposomes would induce local activation of complement and generation of complement chemotactic factors that rapidly recruit macrophages. Subsequent binding of the Fc portion of anti-Gal coating α-gal liposomes to FcγRs on recruited macrophages may activate macrophage genes encoding cytokines that mediate wound healing. We documented the efficacy of this treatment in α1,3galactosyltrasferase knockout mice. In contrast to wild-type mice, these knockout mice lack α-gal epitopes and can produce the anti-Gal Ab. The healing time of excisional skin wounds treated with α-gal liposomes in these mice is twice as fast as that of control wounds. Moreover, scar formation in α-gal liposome-treated wounds is much lower than in physiologic healing. Additional sonication of α-gal liposomes resulted in their conversion into submicroscopic α-gal nanoparticles. These α-gal nanoparticles diffused more efficiently in wounds and further increased the efficacy of the treatment, resulting in 95-100% regeneration of the epidermis in wounds within 6 d. The study suggests that α-gal liposome and α-gal nanoparticle treatment may enhance wound healing in the clinic because of the presence of high complement activity and high anti-Gal Ab titers in humans.
Dynamic Heterogeneity and Density Scaling in 1,4-Polyisoprene

Dielectric relaxation times were measured for 1,4-polyisoprenes (PI) of different molecular weight. From the data, the number of dynamically correlated segments, Nc, was calculated using an approximation to the dynamic susceptibility. Nc increases with approach to the glass transition in the usual fashionandalsoincreaseswithincreasingmolecularweightofthePI.Thelattereffectisascribedtothelossof the configurational mobility conferred by the chain ends. The correlation volume was also estimated from calorimetry and,because PI hasadielectrically active normal mode,from theintersection oftheextrapolated segmentalandnormalmoderelaxationtimes.Thethreemethodsyieldconsistentresults,althoughthelasthas large uncertainty due to the ambiguous connection between dynamic correlation lengths and volumes. Using the equation of state for the polymers, the dependence of the relaxation times on the scaling variable TV γ , where V is specific volume and γ is a material constant, was calculated. For the lowest molecular weight PI, there is a small difference in γ for the segmental and chain modes. The scaling exponent is also marginally smaller for the lower molecular weight sample, suggesting, in contrast with the behavior of other polymers, that in PI the volume dependence becomes weaker with decreasing molecular weight.
Laser Induced Transient Structures in a 150 nm Gold Crystal

The evolution of transient structures induced in gold crystals by irradiation with 400 nm, 100 fs laser pulses has been measured by means of time resolved x-ray diffraction. The data show that the photon/electron interaction generates a hot electron wave on a 150 nm Au crystal, which is responsible for a "blast force" that generates an intense shock wave that alters the lattice structure as it propagates, with sound velocity, through the bulk of the crystal. This mechanical force is developed within 1-2 ps after the laser pulse interacts with the gold surface electrons. Other major effects that have contributed to the strain in the lattice have also been evaluated.
Impact of single clamp versus double clamp technique on neurologic outcome.

Abstract Background Atherosclerotic disease of the aorta has been identified as a risk factor for neurologic complications following coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) due to the use of aortic clamping and manipulation. We reviewed a change from double clamp to single clamp technique to determine its impact on neurologic outcomes. Methods Patients undergoing isolated CABG by a single surgeon were identified as having double clamp technique (DCT) (aortic cross clamp + sidebiting clamp) or single clamp technique (SCT) (aortic cross clamp only). Data were collected by study personnel and clinicians to determine stroke and neurologic injury (confusion, delirium, seizure, altered mental status, and agitation) outcomes for 461 patients. Results Two hundred seventy-two patients had DCT and 189 patients had SCT performed. There were no differences in mean age, previous stroke, hypertension, or diabetes. Intraoperatively, patients with SCT had shorter bypass times (115 minutes vs 128 minutes, p = 0.001), longer aortic cross clamp time (89 minutes vs 80 minutes, p = 0.001), fewer coronary grafts (2.8 vs 3.1, p = 0.001), and had higher mean arterial blood pressure on cardiopulmonary bypass (76 mm Hg vs 69 mm Hg, p = 0.001). Postoperatively, the SCT group had fewer strokes (1.1% vs 2.9%, NS), and neurologic injuries (3.2% vs 9.6%, p = 0.008). By multivariate analysis, the factors that were related to neurologic injury were DCT ( p = 0.04), age ( p = 0.001), and number of coronary grafts ( p = 0.03). Conclusions This experience suggests that the use of the SCT may be important in reducing neurologic injury following CABG.
Quantification of glutaric acid by isotope dilution mass spectrometry for patients with glutaric acidemia type I: selected ion monitoring vs. selected ion storage.

Abstract An isotope dilution mass spectrometric assay for the quantification of glutaric acid in urine and serum samples was developed. The performance of a quadrupole mass filter (QMF) gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) instrument, operated in the selected ion monitoring mode, and a quadrupole ion trap (QIT) GC/MS instrument, operated in the selected ion storage mode, was compared. Both instruments gave linear standard curves with glutaric acid concentrations between 0.19 and 3.8 μM. The average coefficients of correlation were 0.9998 and 0.9993 for the QMF and the QIT system, respectively. There was good agreement between the glutaric acid concentrations measured with the two instruments. The run-to-run precision was between 1.2 and 3.7% and between 6.2 and 8.6%, the average recovery of glutaric acid in urine and serum samples was 96 and 103% with the QMF and QIT instrument, respectively. We conclude that although the QMF has a slightly better performance, both instruments can be used to reliably measure glutaric acid concentrations from urine and serum patient samples.
What do we really know? The effect of reporting thresholds on inferences using environmental right‐to‐know data

Environmental right-to-know regulations require regulated entities to publicly disclose measures of environmental performance but exempt entities from these disclosure requirements if they manufacture, process, or use a chemical below some threshold level. Environmental right-to-know data are widely used to assess environmental performance by academics, regulators, non-profit organizations, and the public. This paper uses data from Massachusetts to estimate the effect of reporting thresholds in environmental right-to-know programs on the validity of inferences using data from these programs. The analysis indicates that errors in inference introduced by reporting thresholds may be significant. Up to 40% of the observed decline in reported toxic releases in Massachusetts may be attributed to non-reporting due to the reporting thresholds. In addition, quartile rankings of facilities may be in error up to 45% of the time when behavior around the reporting thresholds is not taken into account.
Upregulation of CD4 on CD8+ T cells: CD4dimCD8bright T cells constitute an activated phenotype of CD8+ T cells

Summary Aside from an intermediate stage in thymic T-cell development, the expression of CD4 and CD8 is generally thought to be mutually exclusive, associated with helper or cytotoxic T-cell functions, respectively. Stimulation of CD8+ T cells, however, induces the de novo expression of CD4. We demonstrate that while superantigen (staphylococcal enterotoxin B, SEB) and anti-CD3/CD28 costimulation of purified CD8+ T cells induced the expression of CD4 on CD8+ T cells by 30 and 17%, respectively, phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) stimulation did not induce CD4 expression on purified CD8+ T cells but significantly induced the expression of both CD4 on CD8 (CD4dimCD8bright) and CD8 on CD4 (CD4brightCD8dim) T cells in unfractionated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). The level of the PHA-mediated induction of CD4dimCD8bright and CD4brightCD8dim was at 27 and 17%, respectively. Depletion of CD4+ T cells from PBMC abrogated this PHA-mediated effect. Autologous CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell co-cultures in the presence of PHA induced this CD4dimCD8bright T-cell expression by 33%, demonstrating a role for CD4 cells in the PHA-mediated induction of the double positive cells. The induction of CD4dimCD8bright was independent of a soluble factor(s). Phenotypic analysis of CD4dimCD8bright T cells indicated significantly higher levels of CD95, CD25, CD38, CD69, CD28, and CD45RO expression than their CD8+CD4− counterparts. CD4dimCD8bright T cells were also negative for CD1a expression and were predominately T-cell receptor (TCR) αβ cells. Our data demonstrate that CD4dimCD8bright T cells are an activated phenotype of CD8+ T cells and suggest that CD4 upregulation on CD8+ T cells may function as an additional marker to identify activated CD8+ T cells.
The Physics of Gas Exchange Across the Avian Eggshell

The principles which govern gas exchange by diffusion across the pores of the avian eggshell are reviewed and compared with convective gas exchange. The concept of conductance is defined for both diffusive and convective gas exchange through pores, and methods of calculating pore size are described. Estimates of conductances of the elements in the gas transfer path from atmosphere to chorioallantoic capillary blood are discussed, and recent studies on the role of ternary diffusion and a convective component to gas fluxes are presented.
Understanding the centrality deficit: Insight from foreign language learners

This study replicated and extended a phenomenon in the text memory literature referred to as the centrality deficit Miller & Keenan (Annals of Dyslexia 59:99–113, 2009). It examined how reading in a foreign language (L2) affects one’s text representation and ability to recall the most important information. Readers recalled a greater proportion of central than of peripheral ideas, regardless of whether reading in their native language (L1) or a foreign language (L2). Nonetheless, the greatest deficit in participants’ L2 recalls, as compared with L1 recalls, was on the central, rather than the peripheral, information. This centrality deficit appears to stem from resources being diverted from comprehension when readers have to devote more cognitive resources to lower level processes (e.g., L2 word identification and syntactic processing), because the deficit was most evident among readers who had lower L2 proficiency. Prior knowledge (PK) of the passage topic helped compensate for the centrality deficit. Readers with less L2 proficiency who did not have PK of the topic displayed a centrality deficit, relative to their L1 recall, but this deficit dissipated when they did possess PK.
Reference Librarians and the Success of Institutional Repositories

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to review the purpose, methods, and selected results of a study of faculty work practices, especially as they bear on the creation, location, and use of grey literature and the design and use of institutional repositories.Design/methodology/approach – Based on a work‐practice study of faculty members and researchers at the University of Rochester. The methodology used videotaped interviews to record and analyze how participants accomplish such tasks as using web‐based research and writing tools, organizing books and papers, and staying current.Findings – Reviews six key research findings related to the understandings and attitudes faculty members hold regarding institutional repositories and the role of librarians in developing institutional repository collections. Explains why librarians have found it difficult to attract faculty participation from the perspective of user needs and work practices.Research limitations/implications – The study is based on field resear...
Reactive navigation for autonomous guided vehicle using neuro-fuzzy techniques

A Neuro-fuzzy control method for navigation of an Autonomous Guided Vehicle robot is described. Robot navigation is defined as the guiding of a mobile robot to a desired destination or along a desired path in an environment characterized by as terrain and a set of distinct objects, such as obstacles and landmarks. The autonomous navigate ability and road following precision are mainly influenced by its control strategy and real-time control performance. Neural network and fuzzy logic control techniques can improve real-time control performance for mobile robot due to its high robustness and error-tolerance ability. For a mobile robot to navigate automatically and rapidly, an important factor is to identify and classify mobile robots' currently perceptual environment. In this paper, a new approach of the current perceptual environment feature identification and classification, which are based on the analysis of the classifying neural network and the Neuro- fuzzy algorithm, is presented. The significance of this work lies in the development of a new method for mobile robot navigation.
Query processing in a heterogeneous retrieval network

The concept of a large-scale information retrieval network incorporating heterogeneous retrieval systems and users is introduced, and the necessary components for enabling term-based searching of any database by untrained end-users are outlined. We define a normal form for expression of queries, show that such queries can be automatically produced, if necessary, from a natural-language request for information, and give algorithms for translating such queries, with little or no loss of expressiveness, into equivalent queries on both Boolean and term-vector type retrieval systems. We conclude with a proposal for extending this approach to arbitrary database models.
Surface diffusion, atomic jump rates and thermodynamics☆

Abstract The connection is established between the surface diffusivity D (θ) and Γ(θ), the rate of atom jumps in an adsorbed gas at a coverage θ. For a Langmuir layer, the two quantities are related at all coverages by D (θ) = Γ(0) λ 2 , where λ. is the jump distance, For interacting adatoms, however, the diffusivity also depends upon the chemical potential μ of the adatoms through D (θ) = Γ(θ) λ 2 [∂(μ/ kT )/∂ In θ] T . Techniques are presented for evaluating the thermodynamic factor [∂(μ/ kT )/∂ In θ] T in the diffusivity from adsorption isotherms as well as from fluctuation studies. The extent to which this factor affects the interpretation of diffusion measurements is tested in several ways: diffusion of a nearest neighbor lattice gas is formulated in the quasi-chemical approximation, the behavior of adatoms with interactions of longer range is examined by Monte Carlo simulations, and the available experimental measurements are analyzed. Both the jump rate and the thermodynamic factor are found to be affected by interactions between adatoms; the formation of superlatttices results in anomalies in both. These studies suggest that for layers of interacting adatoms, knowledge of the thermodynamics of the adsorbed layer is essential in any attempt to derive quantitative information about atomic jump rates.
Partitioning of Ru, Rh, Pd, Re, Ir, and Au between Cr-bearing spinel, olivine, pyroxene and silicate melts

A series of high temperature experiments was undertaken to study partitioning of several highly siderophile elements (HSE; Ru, Rh, Pd, Re, Os, Ir, Pt and Au) between Cr-rich spinel, olivine, pyroxene and silicate melt. Runs were carried out on a Hawaiian ankaramite, a synthetic eucrite basalt, and a DiAn eutectic melt, at one bar, 19 kbar, and 20 kbar, respectively, in the temperature range of 1200 to 1300°C, at oxygen fugacities between the nickel-nickel oxide (NNO) and hematite-magnetite (HM) oxygen buffers. High oxygen fugacities were used to suppress the formation of HSE-rich “nuggets” in the silicate melts. The resulting oxide and silicate crystals (<100 μm) were analyzed using both SIMS and LA-ICP-MS, with a spatial resolution of 15 to 50 μm. Rhenium, Au and Pd were all found to be incompatible in Cr-rich spinel (DResp/melt = 0.0012–0.21, DAusp/melt = 0.076, DPdsp/melt = 0.14), whereas Rh, Ru and Ir were all found to be highly compatible (DRhsp/melt = 41–530, DRusp/melt = 76–1143, DIrsp/melt = 5–22000). Rhenium, Pd, Au and Ru were all found to be incompatible in olivine (DReoliv/melt = 0.017–0.073, DPdoliv/melt = 0.12, DAuoliv/melt = 0.12, DRuoliv/melt = 0.23), Re is incompatible in orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene (DReopx/melt = 0.013, DRecpx/melt = 0.18–0.21), and Pt is compatible in clinopyroxene (DPtcpx/melt = 1.5). The results are compared to and combined with previous work on HSE partitioning among spinel-structured oxides, and applied to some natural magmatic suites to demonstrate consistency.
Health literacy: concept analysis.

Aim. This paper reports an analysis of the concept of health literacy in order to clarify its meaning, reduce ambiguities associated with references to it, and promote consistency in using the concept in nursing dialogue and research. Background. Health literacy is a relatively new concept in health promotion research. Only within the last decade have researchers identified the problems associated with health literacy, the role it plays in an individual's ability to comprehend health and self-care information, and its relationship to health outcomes. Clarifying the concept is essential so that nurses develop an awareness of the phenomenon and its relationship to the outcomes of their communication and health education efforts. Method. The method used for this concept analysis was that of Walker and Avant (1995). Findings. Health literacy empowers people to act appropriately in new and changing health-related circumstances through the use of advanced cognitive and social skills. The defining attributes of health literacy are reading and numeracy skills, comprehension, the capacity to use information in health care decision-making, and successful functioning as a healthcare consumer. Antecedents of health literacy are literacy and a health-related experience. Consequences of health literacy include improved self-reported health status, lower health care costs, increased health knowledge, shorter hospitalizations, and less frequent use of health care services. Empirical referents of the concept are the Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults and the health literacy component of the National Assessment of Adult Literacy. Conclusions. An analysis of the concept of health literacy enhances nurses’ ability to assess more accurately their clients’ levels of health literacy, thus identifying those at risk for misunderstanding health care instructions, shame associated with inadequate reading skills, and inability to adhere to health care recommendations.