cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Compartment syndrome following recurrent ankle inversion injury.

Drs Creighton and Bach and Mr Kinder are from the Division of Sports Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Ill. Reprint requests: Bernard R. Bach, Jr, MD, 1725 W Harrison St, Ste 1063, Chicago, IL 60612. Compartment syndrome is an elevation of the interstitial pressure in a closed osseofascial compartment that results in microvascular compromise. The condition may be further classifi ed as either acute or chronic. Common causes of acute compartment syndrome include fractures, severe blunt soft tissue trauma, arterial injury, limb compression, and burns. Chronic compartment syndrome is caused by increased muscle volume most commonly occurring during exercise. The diagnosis of an acute compartment syndrome is made by clinical signs and can be further confi rmed by compartment pressure measurements.1-6 Measurements of compartment pressure are used for the evaluation of a compartment in which the diagnosis of compartment syndrome cannot be made or ruled out with certainty, as in a patient with altered mental status or in chronic exertional compartment syndrome.3 Signs and symptoms of acute compartment syndrome include pain out of proportion, increased use of analgesics, pain with passive muscle stretching, paresis, paresthesia, and diminished pulses. Pulses usually remain intact due to arterial pulses remaining higher than the pressure of the compartment compressing the artery. The following case report describes the clinical presentation and treatment of compartment syndrome following an inversion injury of the ankle.
Environmental Design, Personality, and Online Learning:

Students completed an online tutorial presented as a video or PowerPoint presentation in a room with or without a window with blue, green, red, or white draperies to determine the impact of the env...
Estimating the Rating of the Reviews Based on the Text

User-generated texts such as reviews and social media are valuable sources of information. Online reviews are important assets for users to buy a product, see a movie, or choose a restaurant. Therefore, rating of a review is one of the reliable factors for all the users to read and trust the reviews. This paper employs the texts of the reviews to evaluate and predict the ratings. Moreover, we study the effect of lexical features generated from text as well as sentimental words on the accuracy of rating prediction. We show that words with high information gain score are more efficient compared to TF–IDF. In addition, we explore the best number of features for predicting the ratings of the reviews.
Accuracy Controlled $\mathcal{H}^{2_{-}}$ Matrix-Matrix Product in Linear Complexity and Its Applications

Existing linear-complexity $\mathcal{H}^{2}-$ matrix- matrix product lacks an explicit accuracy control. A new linear complexity algorithm is developed in this work to compute the product of two $\mathcal{H}^{2}$ matrices with controllable accuracy. The complexity of the algorithm for variable-rank $\mathcal{H}^{2}$ is also derived. Applications to both large-scale capacitance extraction and electromagnetic scattering problems involving millions of unknowns on a single core have demonstrated the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed algorithm.
Comparison of hybrid and standard discontinuous Galerkin methods in a mesh-optimisation setting

This paper assesses the benefits of hybridization on the accuracy and efficiency of high-order discontinuous Galerkin (DG) discretizations. Two hybridized methods are considered in addition to DG: ...
General health measures in shoulder surgery: are we powered for success?

Background Surgeons, policymakers, and payers increasingly use changes in general health to guide decision-making. It is unknown how such measures are incorporated into shoulder surgery research, how strongly they are associated with changes in shoulder-specific outcomes, and whether they are appropriately powered. Methods PubMed was searched for articles reporting shoulder-specific and general health measures after rotator cuff repair and total shoulder arthroplasty. Study characteristics, results at the study group level, reporting of power calculations, and statistical significance were recorded. Meta-regression was employed to describe the association of changes between shoulder-specific and general health measures. Results Of 360 identified abstracts, 21 articles with 28 patient groups were included. Only 1 article was published before 2000. There was a strong association of changes between shoulder-specific and general health measures (r = 0.66; P Conclusion Shoulder surgery research increasingly reports changes in general health measures that are associated with changes in shoulder-specific measures, suggesting that improvements in shoulder symptoms increase quality of life. When disagreement exists, it usually results from the general health measure’s not meeting statistical significance, which may simply reflect type II error. Research reporting general health measures should carefully report power considerations to avoid misinterpretation of findings failing to reach statistical significance.
Subgrid theory for storm surge modeling

Abstract Averaging techniques are used to generate upscaled forms of the shallow water equations for storm surge including subgrid corrections. These systems are structurally similar to the standard shallow water equations but have additional terms related to integral properties of the fine-scale bathymetry, topography, and flow. As the system only operates with coarse-scale variables (such as averaged fluid velocity) relating to flow, these fine-scale integrals require closures to relate them to the coarsened variables. Closures with different levels of complexity are identified and tested for accuracy against high resolution solutions of the standard shallow water equations. Results show that, for coarse grids in complex geometries, inclusion of subgrid closure terms greatly improves model accuracy when compared to standard solutions, and will thereby enable new classes of storm surge models.
Nonadiabatic cosmological production of ultralight dark matter

We study the nonadiabatic cosmological production of ultralight dark matter (ULDM) under a minimal set of assumptions: a free ultralight real scalar as a spectator field in its Bunch-Davies vacuum state during inflation and instantaneous reheating into a radiation dominated era. For ULDM fields minimally coupled to gravity, nonadiabatic particle production yields a distribution function peaked at low comoving momentum ${\mathcal{N}}_{k}\ensuremath{\propto}1/{k}^{3}$. The infrared behavior is a remnant of the infrared enhancement of light minimally coupled fields during inflation. We obtain the full energy momentum tensor, show explicitly its equivalence with the fluid-kinetic one in the adiabatic regime, and extract the abundance, equation of state, and free-streaming length (cutoff in the matter power spectrum). Taking the upper bound on the scale of inflation from Planck, the ULDM saturates the dark matter abundance for $m\ensuremath{\simeq}1.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{eV}$ with an equation of state parameter $w\ensuremath{\simeq}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}14}$ and a free-streaming length ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\mathrm{fs}}\ensuremath{\simeq}70\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{pc}$. Thus this cosmologically produced ULDM yields a cold dark matter particle. We argue that the abundance from nonadiabatic production yields a lower bound on generic ULDM and axionlike particles that must be included in any assessment of ULDM as a dark matter candidate.
Power Delivery Network Step Load Response and 1 st Droop Formulation

Power integrity design has been a challenging task especially with devices that high in power consumption but require high performance and with very tight voltage budgeting. Most of the time, the solution space is also limited by the product cost target. Designer will need to validate the power delivery network (PDN) performance with various design operation activities to identify the worst-case current profile. Step load current is one of the common profiles that is used to verify the PDN dynamic noise against the voltage specification. This paper introduces a formulation to estimate the PDN transient response to the step load current profile and the induced 1st droop voltage noise. It provides a quantitative model to analyze the PDN characteristic and its response with different step load bandwidth profile. PDN bandwidth metric is also introduced in the formulation to study the relationship with the step load bandwidth. The PDN step load response will be separated to resistive and reactive impedance response and as well the ripple from the LC oscillation. This serves as the dynamic voltage budgeting methodology with respect to 1st droop event to quantify the IR drop and ripple voltage noise budget across board, package and die to meet the product voltage specification.
Unpredictability of AI: On the Impossibility of Accurately Predicting All Actions of a Smarter Agent

The young field of AI Safety is still in the process of identifying its challenges and limitations. In this paper, we formally describe one such impossibility result, namely Unpredictability of AI....
Murray Sidman: fostering progress through foundational choices

The contributions of Murray Sidman to the field of behavior analysis have helped to put the field on a progressive path. In this paper we describe three areas as examples, drawn from the larger set of his notable contributions: the analysis of stimulus equivalence in a way that has fostered a behavior-analytic approach to derived stimulus relations and symbolic meaning; the observation and measurement of individual behavior through time; and his stance against punitive applied methods. In each of these areas Sidman was a dedicated behaviorist, avoiding appeals to mentalistic or transcendental forces, opposing hypothetical mediational accounts, and taking a functional and contextual approach. Clarity of assumptions was at the heart of Sidman's effective scientific practices and there is no reason to think that those same assumptions will not carry us further, as evidence mounts in support of these views on psychological research and practice.
Progress in multiphase computational fluid dynamics

Abstract This paper is primarily concerned with the development of three dimensional (3-D) multiphase computational fluid dynamics models for use in Pressurized Water Nuclear Reactor (PWR) design and analysis. These models were developed during the last 40 years, that is, during the time since the first NURETH meeting in 1980. The major topics in this paper include: the development of a 3-D two-fluid model for the MCFD prediction of phase distribution in turbulent adiabatic and diabatic bubbly flows. The mechanistic prediction of departure from nucleate boiling (DNB), and the direct numerical simulation (DNS) of bubbly flows. While significant progress has been made in the modeling and prediction of bubbly flows, specific recommendations are made in this paper for further improvements and for the extension of this type of MCFD model to other flow regimes.
DIVERSITY WITHIN THE BOUNDS OF JUSTICE: A COMMENT ON DOMENICO MELIDORO’S DEALING WITH DIVERSITY: A STUDY IN CONTEMPORARY LIBERALISM

Book Symposium on "Dealing with Diversity: A Study in Contemporary Liberalism" by D. Melidoro: comments and replies.
High-dose chemotherapy in high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome: covariate-adjusted comparison of five regimens.

BACKGROUND Antileukemic chemotherapy has been used for two decades to treat high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome (refractory anemia with excess of blasts [RAEB] and RAEB in transformation into acute leukemia [RAEB-t]) patients. Because the results of standard regimens have been disappointing, high-dose chemotherapeutic regimens were investigated recently. In the absence of randomized trials, the relative merits of various treatment regimens are unknown. METHODS The authors analyzed the outcome for 394 newly diagnosed patients treated between 1991 and 1999 with five regimens consisting of intermediate- or high-dose cytosine arabinoside (A) in combination with idarubicin (I), and introduced cyclophosphamide (C) and the new agents fludarabine (F) and topotecan (T) into new combinations with A. In addition to defining the role of high-intensity chemotherapy in the overall outcome for patients with RAEB-t and RAEB, the authors determined the relative merits of the five regimens (IA, FA, FAI, TA, and CAT), accounting for the nonrandom distribution of the prognostic covariates. RESULTS The overall complete response (CR) rate of 58% was significantly associated with karyotype, performance status (PS), treatment in the laminar air flow room, duration of antecedent hematologic disorder and age, but not French–American–British or International Prognostic Scoring System risk categories. Multivariate analysis did not identify statistically significant differences in CR rates obtained with each regimen. Induction death rates increased with age with all but the TA regimen; they were lowest with TA (5.4%) and highest with FAI (20.7%), and these differences were significant in patients older than 65 years. The trend for time to death was the same as for time to recurrence in all groups. Multivariate analysis of time to death identified treatment regimen (FA, FAI, and CAT), cytogenetic status (−5/−7), increasing age, and PS greater than 2 as significant independent unfavorable prognostic factors. After prognostic variables were accounted for, survival with IA treatment remained superior to that of FA and FAI but comparable to TA, and CR duration was only marginally shorter with FA. Landmark analysis showed the overall survival of responders to be superior to that of nonresponders, the difference remaining significant after adjustment for prognostic covariates. CONCLUSIONS Although the newer regimens did not improve outcome, TA and CAT produced results comparable to those of IA and may be considered treatment alternatives. The TA regimen was particularly effective in RAEB patients and could be delivered safely, with low induction mortality. Our results indicated that although CR seemed associated with survival advantage, innovative post-remission managements represent a challenge because improvement in outcome is not likely to come from intensified therapy. Cancer 2001;92:1999–2015. © 2001 American Cancer Society.
Analysis of turbulent nonisothermal mixing between a jet and cooler ambient water using thermal imagery

We apply turbulence analysis techniques to high-frequency (16 Hz), high-resolution (1.5 mm pixels) thermal infrared images to analyze spatial and temporal scales of mixing between discharging hot spring water (∼60°C) and a stream (∼10°C) at Breitenbush Hot Springs, Oregon. Optical flow velocimetry of the images provides insight to the transient two-dimensional flow fields of the plumes; correlation of these data sets through space and time indicates the timescales and length scales of turbulent structures within the mixing fluids. We positioned the 7.5 cm diameter discharge pipe so that hot spring water exited along either the surface or bottom of the 15 cm deep stream, conditions hereafter referred to as “shallow” or “deep.” During shallow discharge, hot water exits as a jet with length scales of ∼15 cm. During deep discharge, hot water reaches the surface as a region with ∼15 cm length scale ∼20 cm downstream of the inlet. The average temperatures and ratio of thermal variation to turbulent timescale provide a measure of mixing intensity and a means of comparing mixing rates throughout the region of interest. Lateral mixing at the surface dominates during shallow discharge, whereas the most efficient mixing during deep discharge occurs beneath the surface. The largest eddy diffusivities in both scenarios occur downstream of the jet and rising plume, suggesting that those structures must break apart for efficient mixing to occur. The coupled use of thermal imaging technology and optical velocimetry permits quantitative analysis of turbulent mixing in the field at a level of detail rarely achieved.
Effects of Structural Features on Word Recognition Development of Hispanic and Non-Hispanic Second Graders.

Do Hispanic and non-Hispanic second graders acquire knowledge ofstructural features of words in the same order and at the same rate? Doesthe order and rate of acquisition of structural features produce differentialeffects on their word recognition performance? An analysis of these effectswas the focus of our research. The subjects studied were 36 Hispanic and 39non-Hispanic second grade students in a rural West Texas School District.The effects of ten structural features of words on Hispanic and non-Hispanicsecond graders' word recognition performance were examined. The resultsrevealed an interesting phenomenon: both groups appear to be acquiringknowledge of the structural features of words at different rates, but in aroughly similar order with Hispanic learners lagging behind the non-Hispanic counterparts.
The HA2 subunit of influenza hemagglutinin inserts into the target membrane prior to fusion.

The interaction between influenza virus and target membrane lipids during membrane fusion was studied with hydrophobic photoactivatable probes. Two probes, the newly synthesized bisphospholipid diphosphatidylethanolamine trifluoromethyl [3H]phenyl diazirine and the phospholipid analogue 1-palmitoyl-2(11-[4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)diazirinyl]phenyl]-[2-3H]- undecanoyl]-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (Harter, C., Bachi, T., Semenza, G., and Brunner , J. (1988) Biochemistry 27, 1856-1864), were used. Both labeled the HA2 subunit of the virus at low pH. By measuring virus-liposome interactions at 0 degrees C, it could be demonstrated that HA2 was inserted into the target membrane prior to fusion. As we have recently demonstrated, at this temperature, exposure of the fusion peptide of HA2 takes place within 15 s after acidification, but fusion does not start for 4 min (Stegmann, T., White, J. M., and Helenius, A. (1990) EMBO J. 9, 4231-4241). HA2 was labeled at least 2 min before fusion. No labeling of the HA1 subunit was seen. These data indicate that fusion is triggered by a direct interaction of the HA2 subunit of a kinetic intermediate form of HA with the lipids of the target membrane. Most likely, it is the fusion peptide of HA2 that is inserted into the target membrane. Just before fusion, HA is thus an integral membrane protein in both membranes. In contrast, the bromelain-derived ectodomain of HA was labeled by 1-palmitoyl-2(11-[4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)diazirinyl]phenyl]- [2-3H]undecanoyl)-sn-glycerol-3-phosphocholine at low pH but not by diphosphatidylethanolamine trifluoromethyl [3H]phenyl diazirine. This indicates that insertion of the fusion peptide of the bromelain-derived ectodomain of HA into a membrane differs from that of viral HA during fusion.
Technology, organizational change and virtual libraries

Change has become a way of life for most organizations in the 21st century. In order to withstand profound change, an organisation must be flexible and incorporate the ability to adapt and respond to its external environment and its many stakeholders (Kanter, Stein, & Tick, 1992). At the same time, in an era of increasing fiscal constraints, new technologies, and an explosion of information, informatics plays an increasingly important and prominent role in society, in knowledge exchange, in communication, and in commerce between organizations. Accordingly, the most remarkable opportunities and challenges have emerged within academic libraries with regard to the incorporation of technology into daily functioning. Academic libraries only achieve real change when every person, from staff to administrator, is willing to examine functions, strategies, goals, and processes and to participate in free discussions of the critical issues. This chapter examines such a landmark shift in an organization's operation and culture with the creation of a "virtual library" at an urban university. It will review the planning, development, and implementation process of the virtual library, It will also examine the barriers and successes within the organizational role of a multi-campus, autonomous university library system. The chapter will conclude with a discussion of future issues and opportunities for the role of technology in organizations and organizational change.
Pulmonary function tests for diagnosing lung disease.

A 67-year-old man with a 45-pack-year smoking history presented with worsening dyspnea. His resting oxygen saturation was 94%, declining to 86% after walking for 60 meters. A pulmonary examination revealed inspiratory crackles at the bases and diminished breath sounds at the apices. A cardiovascular examination showednormal results,without peripheral edema.A chest x-ray showedhyperinflation and increased interstitialmarkings. Pulmonary function tests were obtained (Table; Figure).
Transcriptional derepression of the murine Cyp1a-1 gene by mevinolin.

In mouse hepatoma Hepa-1c1c7 cultures, polycyclic aromatic compounds such as benzol[a]pyrene and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD; dioxin) activate the Cyp1a-1 (cytochrome P(1)450) and Nmo-1[NAD(P)H:menadione-oxidoreductase] genes, two members of the aromatic hydrocarbon (Ah)-responsive gene battery. Mevinolin is known to inhibit 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase (EC 1.1.1.34), the rate-limiting step in cholesterol biosynthesis. We show here that in the absence of TCDD, mevinolin markedly increases Cyp1a-1 transcription, CYP1A1 mRNA and protein levels and enzyme activity, and NMO1 mRNA concentrations. Addition of mevalonate, the product of HMG-CoA reductase activity, fails to reverse the effects of mevinolin. In fact, when used at high concentrations, mevalonate activates Cyp1a-1 transcription. Mevinolin-induced Cyp1a-1 gene activation: (1) occurs independently of the lipid content of the growth medium, (2) is not suppressed by adding 25-hydroxycholesterol, which blocks MHG-CoA r...
Fifth versus fourth Korotkoff phase.

It is well known that neither the fourth Korotkoff phase (muffling of sounds) nor the fifth (disappearance of sounds) represent intraarterial diastolic pressure. I agree with Moss1 that whether or not a particular Korotkoff phase reflects true intraarterial pressure is not relevant. What both phases represent is a value for diastolic pressure as determined by the indirect auscultatory method. Clinical measurements should be referred to normal standards established with the same phase used in the determinations. The question is which is preferable. Most screening programs in adults and many in children have used the disappearance of sounds for the diastolic criterion because there was much less intraobserver variation.
The choice between tariffs and quotas as instruments of protection under autocracy

Abstract The choice between tariffs and quotas recently has been reexamined using formal political economy models. Increased government use of quantitative trade restrictions has motivated this development since received economic theory suggests that tariffs are generally preferred. The article models the choice of protective instrument when producer rent and commercial policy revenue are highly substitutable to the policymaker and where the domestic industry is composed of a single firm. This is compatible with a stylized developing economy in which rent-seeking and revenue-seeking behavior are both present, or in which a ruling elite maximizes income subject to constraints. Under these assumptions, quotas prove generally superior to tariffs since a target level of rents plus revenues can be achieved at a lower domestic price using a quota. In this model, outside pressure (from the World Bank, for instance) to convert quotas into tariffs (tariffication) will be resisted.
Risk-Benefit Analysis of Seafood Consumption: A Review

Seafood, defined here as marine and freshwater fish and shellfish, is recognized as a healthy food choice because it is a low-fat protein source that provides long-chain omega-3 fatty acids important for early development along with eye and heart health. However, seafood is also known to contain certain contaminants, such as methylmercury and persistent organic pollutants, which can have harmful effects on human health and development. In order to limit exposure to contaminants while maximizing the benefits of seafood consumption, a number of quantitative and qualitative risk-benefit analyses have been conducted for seafood consumption. This review paper provides a brief background on risk-benefit analysis of foods, followed by a discussion of the risks and benefits associated with fish consumption. Next, risk-benefit analyses are reviewed in an historical context. While risk-benefit analysis consists of three main elements (that is, assessment, management, and communication), this review will primarily focus on risk-benefit assessments. Overall, most studies have found that the benefits far outweigh the risks among the general population, especially when a variety of fish is consumed at least twice per week. However, for certain populations (for example, pregnant women and young children) a more targeted approach is warranted in order to ensure that these groups consume fish that are low in contaminants but high in omega-3 fatty acids. The potentially harmful unintended consequences of risk-benefit communication on the general population and certain groups are also discussed.
Patient outcomes at a traditional Chinese medicine teaching clinic: a prospective data collection project.

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was to describe patients who seek treatment at an acupuncture and Oriental medicine teaching clinic in the United States, and to systematically measure and describe patients' responses after treatment using a prospective study design. Design: This is a prospective survey of clinic patients at intake and one month following the initial treatment. Settings and location: Data were collected in an acupuncture and Oriental medicine teaching clinic located in Bloomington, Minnesota. Subjects: Of 661 new patients who met eligibility criteria, 485 consented to participate. Interventions: Patients were administered two self-report questionnaires: one prior to their initial treatment, and a second sent by mail one month later. Outcome measures: Data collected at intake included demographics such as age, gender, race, ethnicity, education, and employment, as well as main presenting complaint and chronicity. Patients were also asked at intake whether they had consulted wi...
Benzo[b] thiophene derivatives. XIV. Derivatives of naphtho[1,8-c] thiophene

In the course of our efforts to synthesize the sulfur isostere of lysergic acid, we have prepared a number of derivatives of the little known naphtho[1,8-bc]thiophene ring system. Two previously reported compounds, 2-bromo-3,4-dihydro-5-oxo-5H-naphtho[1,8-bc]thiophene and 2-bromo-5-hydroxy-3,4-dihydro-5H-naphtho[1,8-bc] thiophene have been obtained pure for the first time, and the syntheses and spectral data of eighteen new compounds are presented. The new compounds include alcohols, ketones, and halogen derivatives of partially reduced naphtho-[1,8-bc] thiophene, as well as the sulfones of several of these compounds.
Spatial price competition between large and small stores with stockouts or limited product selections

Abstract This paper examines equilibrium prices in a spatial model with large and small stores. A small store has the product a consumer wants with probability w w decreases.
Free carboxylate groups required for transport of neutral amino acids by the Ehrlich ascites-tumor cell.

Abstract Although uncharged structures analogous to the carboxyl group of the amino acid molecule have served in place of that group for transport into some cells, we find that substitution either by the carboxamide group or by the chloromethyl ketone group eliminates inhibition of transport Systems A or L of the Ehrlich ascites tumor cell. Comparison of the loss of System L transport on acidification shows that the pH at which this loss occurs is correlated with p K′ 1 of the amino acid substrate, suggesting that transport is terminated by protonation of the site-bound carboxylate group.
Estimating brain network activity through back-projection of ICA components to GLM maps

Abstract Independent component analysis (ICA) is a data-driven approach frequently used in neuroimaging to model functional brain networks. Despite ICA's increasing popularity, methods for replicating published ICA components across independent datasets have been underemphasized. Traditionally, the task-dependent activation of a component is evaluated by first back-projecting the component to a functional MRI (fMRI) dataset, then performing general linear modeling (GLM) on the resulting timecourse. We propose the alternative approach of back-projecting the component directly to univariate GLM results. Using a sample of 37 participants performing the Multi-Source Interference Task, we demonstrate these two approaches to yield identical results. Furthermore, while replicating an ICA component requires back-projection of component beta-values ( β s), components are typically depicted only by t -scores. We show that while back-projection of component β s and t -scores yielded highly correlated results ( ρ = 0.95), group-level statistics differed between the two methods. We conclude by stressing the importance of reporting ICA component β s, rather than component t -scores, so that functional networks may be independently replicated across datasets.
The chemistry of iron in soils and its availability to plants

Abstract The solubility of iron in soils is controlled by Fe(OH)3(soil)in well‐oxidized soils, by Fe3(OH)s(ferrosic hydroxide) in moderately oxidized soils, and by FeCO3(siderite) in highly reduced soils. The Fe(III) hydrolysis species Fe(OH)2 +, and Fe(OH)3° are the major solution species of inorganic Fe, but they are maintained too low to supply available iron to plants. Iron is absorbed by plants as Fe2+ and must be in the general range >10–7.7 M to avoid iron deficiency. The redox of soil‐root environments must be <12 to supply adequate Fe2+ for plants. Hawkeye soybeans (Glycine max. L. Merrill) demon‐ strated the ability to reduce their environment to pe + pH 4 to 7 by release of electrons or other reductants into the root medium. Reduction by plant roots and associated microorganism is an important mechanism for solubilizing Fe2+. Iron chelates aid in the movement of iron to plant roots, but they are neither absorbed to any great extent nor do they raise the activity of Fe3+ or Fe2+ in the bulk soil...
Glucose and Internal Cooking Temperature Effects on Low Fat, Pre- and Post-Rigor, Restructured Beef Roasts

Muscles were excised pre-rigor (hot-boned, HB) or post-rigor (conventionally boned, CB), chunked, and were subjected to four ingredient treatments: (SPE) 2% NaCl, 0.5% NaCl, 0.5% phosphate, 2% glucose (SP 2% NaCl, 0.5% phosphate (SG) 2% NaCl, 2% glucose and (PG) 0.5% phosphate, 2% glucose to produce low fat, restructured, beef roasts, which were cooked to an internal temperature of 63 or 93°C. Addition of glucose to a salt and phosphate (LEM-O-FOS1) ingredient treatment as well as cooking to 93°C helped maintain low warmed-over flavor (WOF) scores and kept thiobarbituric acid values below threshold (< 1.0) while maintaining desirable consumer acceptability scores.
Retractor bulbi muscle responses to oculomotor nerve and nucleus stimulation in the cat.

Abstract This study demonstratesthe presence of retractor bulbi motoneurons within the oculomotor nucleus which activate muscle units within all 4 slips of the cat retractor bulbi muscle. These muscle units are mechanically different and physiologically separate from retractor bulbi muscle units innervated by the abducens nerve. The retractor bulbi muscle, then, is innervated by two separate pools of motoneurons whose axons are carried in two different cranial nerves. These observations of mechanical properties of retractor bulbi muscle suggest that the oculomotor retractor bulbi motor units may be activated during patterned eye movements.
Characterization of electrode surface roughness and its impact on ion trap mass analysis

With the recent trend towards mass spectrometer miniaturization, the fabrication of mass analyzers and other ion optical components is being performed at scales where critical dimensions range from several millimeters to several micrometers. Depending on the sizes of the objects and the nature of the fabrication method used, electrode surface roughness can become non-negligible and affect the analytical performance of the mass analyzer. In this work, a method of characterizing surface roughness is introduced through the concept of spatial roughness frequency. The roughness of a given surface is quantitatively described using spatial roughness components at a series of frequencies and with characteristic intensities. Based on this concept, an analytical method has been developed to describe the electromagnetic field inside an electrode assembly including consideration for the electrode roughness. The methodology is applied in simplified form to cylindrical and rectilinear ion trap analyzers. Four types of surface finishes were applied to ion trap electrodes of various sizes to illustrate the surface roughness effects on the high-order fields and to compare the analytical performance of the ion traps. Application of this method to arrays of large numbers of micro-scale ion traps has enabled the impact of fabrication methodology to be evaluated in terms of mass resolution for the ion trap arrays.
Gain-adaptive trained transform trellis code for images

There exists a transform trellis code that is optimal for stationary Gaussian sources and the squarederror distortion measure at all rates. In this paper we train an asymptotically optimal version of such a code to obtain one which is matched better to the statistics of real world data. The training algorithm uses the M-algorithm to search the trellis codebook and the LBG-algorithm to update the trellis codebook. To adapt the codebook for the varying input data we use two gain-adaptive methods. The gain-adaptive sheme 1 which normalizes input block data by its gain factor is applied to images at rate 0. 5 bits/pixel. When each block is encoded at the same rate the nonstationarity among the block variances leads to a variation in the resulting distortion from one block to another. To alleviate the non-uniformity among the encoded image we design four clusters from the block power in which each cluster has its own trellis codebook and different rates. The rate of each cluster is assigned through requiring a constant distortion per-letter. This gain-adaptive scheme 2 produces good visual and measurable quality at low rates.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Influence of body weight and temperature on the pyrogenic effect of endotoxin in guinea pigs.

Various species are stated to be inconsistent reactors to the pyrogenic effect of endotoxin. The possibility that body size might be a factor in their variable responsiveness was investigated in trained, lightly restrained guinea pigs, ranging in weight from 510 to 1620 g. The procedures standardized for rabbits in the USP Pyrogen Test were used. Core temperature was measured continuously for 1.5 hr before and 5 hr after iv injections of 0.1, 1.0, 2.0 and 50.0 μg/kg of S. enteritidis endotoxin (ambient temperature was 25.3 ± 1.1°C). Under these experimental conditions, all the animals reacted with fever. The course and duration of the responses were dose-related: the fever-index was a sigmoidal function of the log-dose, with the slope steepest between 1.0 and 2.0 μg/kg. On the other hand, fever heights were variable and not dependent on endotoxin dose. They were, however, directly proportional to the body weight (p < 0.02) and inversely proportional to the pre-endotoxin body temperature (p < 0.001). The starting temperature, in turn, was inversely related to body weight (p < 0.001). It was concluded that body size may significantly influence pyrogenic responsiveness in this, and presumably also other, small species.
Assessing the Impact of Entrepreneurship Education Programs: Challenges and Approaches

Entrepreneurship education programs are increasingly being established and expanded in an effort to equip students with the knowledge and competency necessary to create economic value and jobs. An ...
Reduction of Calderón Commutators

Let A 1 ,…, A n be Lipschitz functions on R such that A ′ 1 ,…, A ′ n ∈VMO. We show that on any bounded interval, the Calderon commutator associated with the kernel ( A 1 ( x )− A 1 ( y )) …( A n ( x ) − A n ( y ))/( x − y ) n +1 is a compact perturbation of −π iHM A ′ 1 … A ′ n , where H is the Hilbert transform.
CHANGING THE CLIMATE OF CHRISTIAN INTERNATIONALISM: GLOBAL WARMING AND HUMAN SUFFERING

Abstract Climate change is one of the most important challenges facing our world today. Although there are some who dispute the cause and consequences of global warming, there is significant evidence showing that humans both contribute to and suffer from the effects of environmental degradation. Research indicates that pollution is already affecting certain populations, especially the most vulnerable in the Global South. Meanwhile, climate change skeptics deploy rhetoric of uncertainty as partial justification for inaction. Christians find it difficult to mobilize against the inherently ambiguous threat of global warming and therefore shy away. However, Christians must persistently attend to all aspects of human suffering, including the effects of climate change.
Flunarizine does not delay the development of generalized seizures by amygdala kindling

Adult rats underwent amygdala kindling after the administration of vehicle, flunarizine 20 mg/kg/day, or flunarizine 40 mg/kg/day. Stimuli were delivered thrice daily at current intensities twice after-discharge threshold (ADT). Flunarizine did not alter initial or post-kindling ADT and did not affect the latency (number of stimuli) to the first stage 5 seizure. Apart from a tendency to increase the latency between the first and the 4th stage 5 seizures, flunarizine had little if any effect on amygdala kindling in this protocol.
CyberKnife stereotactic radiosurgery for the treatment of intramedullary spinal cord metastases.

Abstract Spinal cord intramedullary metastases are uncommon and treatment options are limited. We reviewed our experience treating these lesions with radiosurgery to assess safety and efficacy, and to define preliminary treatment recommendations. With Institutional Review Board approval, we identified nine patients with 11 metastases treated with radiosurgery at Stanford University Hospital, between 2000 and 2010. We also reviewed all available published series discussing the treatment of spinal cord metastases. Our patients ranged in age from 33 years to 77 years (median 63 years) and included seven women and two men. Tumors ranged in size from 0.12 cm3 to 6.4 cm3 (median 0.48 cm3). Five were from breast cancer, two were non-small cell lung cancers, one was a cystic adenocarcinoma, and one was from an epithelioid hemangioepithelioma. All patients had neurologic deficits and multiple other metastases. We delivered 14 Gy to 27 Gy (median 21 Gy) in one to five (median 3) fractions. Complete follow-up was available for all nine patients. One patient remains alive 14 months after therapy. Of the eight deceased patients, survival ranged from one month and two days to nine months and six days (median four months and four days). There were no local recurrences or worsened neurological deficits. To our knowledge this is the largest reported series of spinal cord intramedullary metastases treated with radiosurgery. Survival was poor due to systemic disease, but radiosurgery appears to be safe and prevented local recurrences. With fewer sessions than conventional radiation and less morbidity than surgery, we feel radiosurgery is appropriate for the palliative treatment of these lesions.
Characterizing Fire-on-Fire Interactions in Three Large Wilderness Areas

The interaction of fires, where one fire burns into another recently burned area, is receiving increased attention from scientists and land managers wishing to describe the role of fire scars in affecting landscape pattern and future fire spread. Here, we quantify fire-on-fire interactions in terms of frequency, size, and time-since-previous fire (TSPF) in three large wilderness areas in Montana and Idaho, USA, from 1984 to present, using spatially consistent large fire perimeter data from the Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity (MTBS) dataset. The analysis is supplemented with less consistent fire perimeter data from a regional fire atlas in order to examine the potential role played by smaller fires in fire-on-fire interactions. We compare current rates of burning to existing estimates using the natural fire rotation (NFR) to determine whether recent fire activity falls within established historical ranges. We also compare actual fires to randomly located fires to establish whether the frequency and size of re-burns differ by chance. Finally, we systematically classify shared fire edges as fire-stopping or breached to quantify the effect of previous fires on subsequent fire spread. In total, more than half of the Frank Church, one-quarter of the Bob Marshall, and fifteen percent of the Selway-Bitterroot wilderness areas have burned since 1984. Area burned within each of the study areas yielded NFRs that are consistent with results derived from fire atlas and tree-ring research studies. The data show that re-burning occurs less frequently than chance in the Frank Church Wilderness Area, perhaps less frequently in the Bob Marshall Wilderness Area, and the same as chance in the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness Area. In each of the study areas, the total amount of edge at which a fire met another fire was less than three percent of the total available perimeter. However, ∼80 % of the total edge encountered was breached, resulting in fire spreading onto previously burned landscapes and re-burning at least 40 ha. Year-to-year variability in re-burn occurrence was high, and the size of re-burns was typically small, implying a general resistance to re-burning, but the preponderance of small patches resulting from fire interactions has perhaps significant ecological implications. There was a systematic decrease in the frequency of small to medium sized re-burns (40 ha to 405 ha) as time between fires increased in all three wilderness areas. The frequency of large re-burns increased with time in the Frank Church wilderness area, but this trend was not apparent in the other two wilderness areas. Overall, fire-on-fire interactions show a high degree of complexity, making direct comparisons between the three wilderness areas difficult, but the evidence suggests that large wildfires generally inhibit the spread of subsequent fires, while small fires appear to have little impact on the spread of other fires. The limiting effect of large fires on small fires is potentially significant based on the number of cases observed (n = 101).
Incorporating contaminant bioavailability into sediment quality assessment frameworks

The recently adopted sediment quality assessment framework for evaluating bay and estuarine sediments in the state of California incorporates bulk sediment chemistry as a key line of evidence (LOE) but does not address the bioavailability of measured contaminants. Thus, the chemistry-based LOE likely does not provide an accurate depiction of organism exposure in all cases, nor is it particularly well suited for assessment of causality. In recent years, several methods for evaluating the bioavailability of sediment-associated contaminants have emerged, which, if optimized and validated, could be applied to improve the applicability and broaden the scope of sediment quality assessment. Such methods include equilibrium-based biomimetic extractions using either passive sampling devices (PSDs) or measures of rapidly desorbing contaminant pools, which provide information compatible with existing mechanistic approaches. Currently, these methods show promise in relating bioaccessible chemicals to effects endpoints, including bioaccumulation of hydrophobic organic compounds and/or toxicity due to metals. Using these methods, a bioavailability LOE for organics is proposed based on PSD and equilibrium partitioning theory that can be employed as an independent LOE or in assessing causality in tiered toxicity identification evaluations. Current and future research should be aimed at comparing the performance of PSDs and their relationships with effects concentrations, field validation of the most promising methods, addressing contaminant mixtures, further developing the parameterization of the proposed bioavailability LOE, and providing a better understanding of the underlying diagenetic cycling of metal contaminants that lead to exposure, affect bioavailability, and drive adverse outcomes.
Current Challenges in Pediatric Pulmonary Hypertension

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in the pediatric population is associated with a variety of underlying diseases and causes, significantly morbidity and mortality. In the majority of patients, PAH in children is idiopathic or associated with congenital heart disease (CHD), with pulmonary hypertension (PH) associated with connective tissue disease, a rare cause in children. Classification of pediatric PH has generally followed the WHO classification, but recognition of the importance of fetal origins of PH and developmental abnormalities have led to the formation of a new pediatric-specific classification. Incidence data from the Netherlands has revealed an annual incidence and point prevalence of 0.7 and 4.4 for idiopathic PAH and 2.2 and 15.6 for associated pulmonary arterial hypertension-CHD cases per million children. Although the treatment with new selective pulmonary vasodilators offers hemodynamic and functional improvement in pediatric populations, the treatments in children largely depend on results from evidence-based adult studies and experience of clinicians treating children. A recent randomized clinical trial of sildenafil and its long-term extension has led to disparate recommendations in the United States and Europe.
Prospects for Integrating Service Learning into Short-Term International Study

In an era of significant social, political, and economic globalization, it is crucial for health and human services educators to adopt a more hands on international view vis-a-vis student education. This article presents information that will assist educators in extending domestic service learning concepts and activities into the undergraduate international study arena. The authors also introduce a research framework for further data collection and analysis. Finally, the article shares lessons learned and presents a continuum that features five milestones, institutional support, faculty buy-in, agency partnership, student engagement, and pre-post assessment that contribute to the successful incorporation of service learning activities.
Replacement of living microalgae with spray-dried diets for the marine mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis

Abstract Growth experiments were carried out in which juvenile mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis were fed diets composed of spray-dried algal products (Sanders Brine Shrimp) which included Schizochytrium sp. (SZ; Docosa Gold), Spirulina platensis (Sp) [=Arthrospira platensis] and Hematococcus pluvialis (H) either alone or in combination with partial rations of living microalgae. Growth of mussels fed 1/4 ration of living algae plus a mixed supplement of 50/50% w/w SZ:Sp grew significantly (SNK; P