cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification of Physiologically Relevant Substrates for Cloned Gal: 3-O-Sulfotransferases (Gal3STs) DISTINCT HIGH AFFINITY OF Gal3ST-2 and LS180 SULFOTRANSFERASE FOR THE GLOBO H BACKBONE, Gal3ST-3 FOR N-GLYCAN MULTITERMINAL Galβ1,4GlcNAcβ UNITS AND 6-SULFOGalβ1,4GlcNAcβ, AND Gal3ST-4 FOR THE MUCIN CORE-2 TRISACCHARIDE

Sulfated glycoconjugates regulate biological processes such as cell adhesion and cancer metastasis. We examined the acceptor specificities and kinetic properties of three cloned Gal:3-O-sulfotransferases (Gal3STs) ST-2, ST-3, and ST-4 along with a purified Gal3ST from colon carcinoma LS180 cells. Gal3ST-2 was the dominant Gal3ST in LS180. While the mucin core-2 structure Galβ1,4GlcNAcβ1,6(3-O-MeGalβ1,3)GalNAcα-O-Bn (where Bn is benzyl) and the disaccharide Galβ1,4GlcNAc served as high affinity acceptors for Gal3ST-2 and Gal3ST-3, 3-O-MeGalβ1,4GlcNAcβ1,-6(Galβ1,3)GalNAcα-O-Bn and Galβ1,3GalNAcα-O-Al (where Al is allyl) were efficient acceptors for Gal3ST-4. The activities of Gal3ST-2 and Gal3ST-3 could be distinguished with the Globo H precursor (Galβ1,3GalNAcβ1,3Galα-O-Me) and fetuin triantennary asialoglycopeptide. Gal3ST-2 acted efficiently on the former, while Gal3ST-3 showed preference for the latter. Gal3ST-4 also acted on the Globo H precursor but not the glycopeptide. In support of the specificity, Gal3ST-2 activity toward the Galβ1,4GlcNAcβ unit on mucin core-2 as well as the Globo H precursor could be inhibited competitively by Galβ1,4GlcNAcβ1,6(3-O-sulfoGalβ1,3)GalNAcα-O-Bn but not 3-O-sulfoGalβ1,-4GlcNAcβ1,6(Galβ1,3)GalNAcα-O-Bn. Remarkably these sulfotransferases were uniquely specific for sulfated substrates: Gal3ST-3 utilized Galβ1,4(6-O-sulfo)-GlcNAcβ-O-Al as acceptor, Gal3ST-2 acted efficiently on Galβ1,3(6-O-sulfo)GlcNAcβ-O-Al, and Gal3ST-4 acted efficiently on Galβ1,3(6-O-sulfo)GalNAcα-O-Al. Mg2+, Mn2+, and Ca2+ stimulated the activities of Gal3ST-2, whereas only Mg2+ augmented Gal3ST-3 activity. Divalent cations did not stimulate Gal3ST-4, although inhibition was noted at high Mn2+ concentrations. The fine substrate specificities of Gal3STs indicate a distinct physiological role for each enzyme.
Chemical composition and protein digestibility of poultry by-product meals for salmonid diets

Abstract Poultry by-product meal (PBM) is a potential substitute for a portion of the fish meal typically used in salmonid feeds. The nutritional value of commercial PBM as a fish meal replacement will depend primarily upon the quality and quantity of protein in a particular PBM batch. The purposes of this study were to quantitate the chemical variability in samples of PBM obtained from several manufacturers in North America, and to determine the digestibility of PBM protein by salmonids using one in vivo and three in vitro methods. The range in dry weight proximate composition among PBM samples was 55–74% for protein, 10–19% for lipid, and 11–23% for ash. Of the three in vitro methods for predicting in vivo protein digestibility, a method using trout pyloric ceca enzymes was the most sensitive and was more closely correlated to in vivo results than the other in vitro methods examined. We found significant differences in chemical composition and protein digestibility of PBM samples obtained from different manufacturers, illustrating the range of protein quality in PBM products that fish feed manufacturers will encounter in the marketplace.
The effects of electroconvulsive shock on extinction

Seventy-two naive male albino rats were trained to leverpress for sucrose using a discrete trial procedure. The Ss were trained on a continuous reinforcement schedule, a fixed-, or a variable-ratio schedule. Following acquisition, for one-third of the Ss in each group, a leverpress produced an ECS; for the other two groups, which served as controls, no treatment was given. All groups were extinguished 24 h later. Immediately following this extinction session, one control group experienced ECS, and 24 h later all Ss were subjected to a second extinction session. Results showed that ECS maintained responding and prolonged extinction. Results further showed no loss of the partial reinforcement effect.
Complementary Matching Vectors and the Uniform Matching Extension Property

The matching vector of a graph G is the vector m ( G ) = ( m 0 , m 1 , m 2 , ..., where m i = the number of i -edge matchings in G . For subgraphs G of a fixed multigraph K , m ( G ) determines m ( K-G ), if and only if K is one of K n , K ln , the circuit C 5 , any of these graphs with each edge replaced by t copies, a certain kind of multigraph based on K nn1 , or a disjoint union of t -edge multistars and multitriangles. The determination is always linear in a simple way. Also m ( K + G ) is determined, where K + G is the edge-disjoint union. The K with this property are just those in which every i -matching extends to a j -matching in the same number of ways. These facts generalize to edge-weighted graphs.
Effect of high vitamin A in the diet of domestic and non-domestic animals.

THE purpose of this study was to learn the specific effect of diets containing medium and large amounts of vitamin A upon the digestive equipment of domestic animals, and of wild animals kept in captivity. Vitamin A has been found to be essential for the development and growth of young animals; quite characteristically it has been found to enhance metabolism and promote assimilation, and thus it is obvious that this very quality results in the promotion of growth and development, for the latter is based upon normal metabolism and the elimination of residual matter in the living body.
Prejudice-Reduction Simulations: Notes on their Use and Abuse a Reply to Williams and Giles

This article is a reply to a critique by Williams and Gils of a previous article on prejudice-reduction simulations. The three areas of concern include the ethics of conducting prejudice-reduction ...
High intensity combustion of coal

A vertical tunnel furnace has been used to burn coal and char under conditions of intensemixing obtained by using impinging jet streams at the top of the furnace. Combustion in all cases was rapid, with 99% burn-out in about 300 msec. for the coals and 1200 msec. for the char. Burning times in other furnaces are typically reported as 1 to 2 sec. In all cases, the burn-out curves were well predicted by a simple mixing model with diffusional kinetics. The predicted curves were insensitive to temperature. The difference between the coal and char was primarily the rapid loss of mass by the coal (Q-factor 1.8) due to pyrolysis, so that there was relatively greater solid mass at higher density to be burned-out in the case of the char. Comparison with predictions from other tested kinetic schemes indicates that the chemical kinetics must be so substantially enhanced by the firing conditions that the chemical reaction resistance becomes unimportant compared with the diffusional resistance. The firing condition identified as that most likely to be the source of the rate of enhancement is the rate of heating, at about 10 6 K/S compared with the more usual value of about 10 4 K/S in slower burning flames.
Renal cell carcinoma with involvement of iris and conjunctiva.

Abstract Purpose: To report a case of metastatic renal cell carcinoma with involvement of the iris and bulbar conjunctiva. Methods: Case report. A 70-year-old man without known systemic disease developed an iris mass in his left eye. Iridocyclectomy was performed to remove the iris mass. Results: Histopathologically, the iris mass was consistent with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Further evaluation disclosed a mass of the left kidney. The patient underwent a left nephrectomy and was found to have renal cell carcinoma, with focal penetration into the renal capsule. One month after the nephrectomy, he developed a highly vascular nodule of the left bulbar conjunctiva. An excisional biopsy was performed, and histopathology disclosed an additional focus of renal cell carcinoma. Conclusions: Iris and conjunctival involvement may be a clinical manifestation of renal cell carcinoma. Renal cell carcinoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a fleshy, vascular iris and a conjunctival nodule.
Evolving treatment strategies for managing atrial ectopic tachycardia in children

Abstract In summary, AET is an uncommon but serious arrhythmia. Conventional pharmacologic therapy is usually unsuccessful, but a combination of flecainide and amiodarone may be efficacious in the very young. In view of the success potentially achievable by radiofrequency catheter ablation, surgical ablation should probably be reserved for patients who have multiple foci or structural abnormalities associated with their AET.
SIMPLIFIED TECHNIQUE WITH SHORT AND LONG-TERM FOLLOWUP OF CONVERSION OF AN ILEAL CONDUIT TO AN INDIANA POUCH

Purpose:: We report a simplified technique for converting an existing conduit to an Indiana pouch as well as short and long-term results.Materials and Methods:: From May 1988 to February 1998 we evaluated short and long-term outcome and complications in 23 patients 14 to 82 years old (average age 51.8) who underwent conversion of a conduit to an Indiana pouch. When no obstruction of the existing ureteroileal anastomoses was identified, the conduit was freed from the abdominal wall and surrounding bowel. The proximal conduit and ureteral anastomoses were not dissected. The conduit was opened along the antimesenteric wall proximal to the ureteral anastomoses and attached to 25 to 28 cm. of detubularized right colon as a refluxing Studer limb. The pouch was completed in the usual fashion and the stoma was matured at a virgin site.Results:: Surgical indications included stomal complications in 10 patients, an infected nonfunctioning kidney in 2 and patient preference in 11. There were no perioperative deaths ...
Controlled potential coulometry employing a rotating disk electrode

Abstract The application of a rotating disk working electrode to controlled potential coulometry and the electroreduction of copper(II) at a copper disk electrode are described. The electrode has the advantages of reproducible and calculable mass transfer conditions and electrolysis currents which are relatively free of stirring noise. The evaluation of the diffusion coefficient of the electroactive species from the coulometric current-time curve and the fabrication of the electrolysis cell and electrode are also described.
Viscoelasticity of concentrated isotropic solutions of semiflexible polymers. 1. Model and stress tensor

The viscoelastic behavior of entangled solutions of semiflexible chains is discussed. After identifying the different possible regimes of concentration and chain length in such a solution, attention is focused on a “tightly-entangled” regime in which the polymer is confined to a tube of diameter less than its persistence length. A tube model analogous to the Doi−Edwards model is introduced to describe this regime. A general expression for the stress tensor of a solution of wormlike chains is derived, which may be applied to any concentration regime, and three intramolecular stress contributions are identified: a curvature contribution arising from forces that oppose transverse deformation or rotation of chain segments, a tension contribution arising from tangential forces that resist stretching or compression of the chain, and an orientational contribution that reduces in the appropriate limit to the Brownian stress of a rigid-rod solution. Intermolecular stress contributions are also calculated. A quali...
An optimized method for cell-based phage display panning

Abstract Background: Traditional methods of phage display panning, bind purified antigen to plates or other solid phases to which libraries are then applied, followed by vigorous washings in detergent-supplemented buffers to select for specific phage Fab. These methods are not directly applicable to antigens in their native environment on cell surfaces or in settings where the target antigen is unknown. Objectives: To develop a model antigen system employing whole cells rather than purified protein immobilized on a substrate; to optimize methods for phage display panning using a cell-based system. Results: Specificity of binding of phage Fab to antigen on cells was demonstrated by output titer and by flow cytometry. Output titers showed a plateau and binding advantage, after four washes, corresponding to removal of most non-specifically bound phage. Enrichment advantage was independent of input phage number. Longer incubation times, to cell tolerance, improved specific binding. Temperature had modest impact as a variable in the panning and washing. An increase in output titers paralleled enrichment for specific phage Fab. Conclusion: An optimized method applied to whole cells can productively enrich specific phage Fab in mixtures with large excesses of non-specific phage Fab over several rounds of panning.
Total Synthesis of Sarcodictyins A and B

The total synthesis of cytotoxic marine natural products possessing tubulin polymerization and microtubule stabilization properties, sarcodictyins A (7) and B (8), is described. Two related approaches to these target molecules have been developed, both utilizing (+)-carvone (9) as starting material. The first approach involves a stereoselective construction of acetylenic aldehyde 27 (Scheme 2) while the second approach proceeds through a more direct but less selective sequence to the similar intermediate 36 (Scheme 3). Both strategies involve ring closures of the acetylenic aldehyde precursors to 10-membered rings under basic conditions followed by elaboration and selective reduction of the acetylenic linkage to a cis double bond. This promotes bridging to form the required tricyclic skeleton of the sarcodictyins (27 → 37 → 38 → 39 → 4, Scheme 4 and 37 → 44 → 45 → 46 → 47 → 42, Scheme 5) and (36 → 48 → 45, Scheme 6). Installation of the (E)-N(6‘)-methylurocanic acid residue was achieved by esterification ...
Onset of polymerization in silica sols

Abstract An effective potential containing two- and three-body terms for silica-water interactions is proposed, with the oxygen-oxygen interaction treated identically in both water and vitreous silica. The structure of water, H 2 O dimers, H 2 O trimers and H 4 SiO 4 -H 2 O as obtained by molecular dynamics simulations are in fair agreement with X-ray diffraction on water and ab initio calculations on molecules. Simulations of monomeric silicic acid sols provide a microscopic description of water producing oligomerization including details of the intermediate activation complexes.
Pseudouridylation (Ψ) of U2 snRNA in S.cerevisiae is catalyzed by an RNA‐independent mechanism

Pseudouridylation of snRNAs in vertebrates is guided by small nucleolar/Cajal body-specific RNAs (sno/scaRNAs). We developed an in vitro system using cell extracts and single site-radiolabeled U2 snRNAs to study pseudouridylation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Micrococcal nuclease-treated cell extracts are fully competent to catalyze U2 pseudouridylation, suggesting an RNA-independent process. A pseudouridylase activity for Ψ35 within yeast U2 is identified via a screen of an S.cerevisiae GST–ORF protein library. This activity is associated with YOR243c ORF, which has not previously been assigned function. When the GST–YOR243c protein is expressed in Escherichia coli, pseudouridylation activity is comparable to that expressed in S.cerevisiae, demonstrating that this protein (designated Pus7) alone can catalyze Ψ35 formation in U2. Both in vitro and in vivo analyses using wild-type and pus7-Δ strains show that Pus7 is indispensable for Ψ35 formation in U2. Using site-specific radiolabeled U2 and U2 fragments, we show that Pus7 activity is specific for Ψ35 and that the U2 stem– loop II region is essential for the pseudouridylation reaction. A BLAST search revealed Pus7 homologs in various organisms.
Stepping Outside the Barred Room: Building Coalitions to Advance Shared Principles

For more than 45 years, Bernice Johnson Reagon has been a major cultural voice for freedom and justice, spending her career as a scholar, artist, singer, and teacher to speak out against racism and organized inequities of all kinds. In this article, the author turns to the work of Reagon to surface a few possibilities for the curriculum studies field to productively work within and through the crisis and tensions that the field has experienced since its inception. The author focuses specifically on the importance Reagon placed on building coalitions for working through a crisis in constructive ways during a speech at the West Coast Women's Music Festival in 1981. Drawing on Reagon's understandings of coalition politics, the author argues that coalitions in the curriculum studies field are necessary to move toward a future that does not endlessly repeat the present and for creatively and productively working through and within crisis.
Meaningfulness, associative reaction time, recognition latency, and pronunciability in free recall

This study extended the validity assessment of the 319 CVCVC words and paralogs measured for meaningfulness (m’—scaled-rated meaningfulness) by Locascio and Ley (1972b). Thirty-six subjects were presented three lists of 12 units each and instructed to recall these units after presentation of each list. Meaningfulness correlated significantly with recall frequency, r (34) =.71, p<.001. The secondary purposes were (a) to determine correlations between other assessment measures, viz., associative reaction time, pronunciability, and recognition latency, with recallability; and (b) to determine the intercorrelations among these measures. Consistent with Ley and Locascio’s recognition-recall hypothesis, associative reaction time correlated with recallability to a greater degree (r = −.56) than recognition latency (r = −.23) or pronunciability (r = −.41). The intercorrelations among all assessment values were significant (p<.005) and relatively large.
QTL associated with Fusarium head blight resistance in the soft red winter wheat Ernie

Fusarium head blight (FHB), mainly caused by Fusarium graminearum Schwabe [telomorph: Gibberella zeae Schw. (Petch)], is an increasingly important disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Host-plant resistance provides the best hope for reducing economic losses associated with FHB, but new sources of resistance are limited. The moderately resistant winter wheat cultivar, Ernie, may provide a source of resistance that differs from Sumai 3 but these genes have not been mapped. Also hindering resistance breeding may be associations of resistance with agronomic traits such as late maturity that may be undesirable in some production environments. This research was conducted to identify QTL associated with type II FHB resistance (FHB severity, FHBS), and to determine if they are associated with days to anthesis (DTA), number of spikelets (NOS), and the presence/absence of awns. Two hundred and forty-three F8 recombinant inbred lines from a cross between the resistant cultivar, Ernie and susceptible parent, MO 94-317 were phenotyped for type II FHB resistance using point inoculation in the greenhouse during 2002 and 2003. Genetic linkage maps were constructed using 94 simple sequence repeat (SSR) and 146 amplified fragment length polymorphic (AFLP) markers. Over years four QTL regions on chromosomes 2B, 3B, 4BL and 5A were consistently associated with FHB resistance. These QTL explained 43.3% of the phenotypic variation in FHBS. Major QTL conditioning DTA and NOS were identified on chromosome 2D. Neither the QTL associated with DTA and NOS nor the presence/absence of awns were associated with FHB resistance in Ernie. Our results suggest that the FHB resistance in Ernie appears to differ from that in Sumai 3, thus pyramiding the QTL in Ernie with those from Sumai 3 could result in enhanced levels of FHB resistance in wheat.
Missing the wood for the trees: systemic defects and the future of education for sustainable development

The division in approaches to education for sustainable development (ESD) as described by Vare and Scott is revisited. A strong bias in ESD towards personal behaviour change and aspirations to ‘making a difference’ (ESD1) is contrasted with systems level or more creative and critial approaches (ESD2). The lack of balance is further revealed when a critical eye is cast on familiar ideas such as recycling, efficiency saving (energy), ‘small steps add up’, reducing consumption, etc. Some ideas/contexts identified as central are identified as not discussed at all until very recently, e.g. the role of money created as debt. The suggestion is made that although exploring values is said to be of importance in ESD this does not extend to the underlying values represented by linear/mechanistic worldviews in contrast to a more contemporary systems worldview. The evidence is that teaching of many of the most familiar topics or themes is resolutely based on a linear worldview and thus fails badly and continually on a...
A continuous flow, gaseous formaldehyde generation system for combustion studies

Formaldehyde is an intermediate in the combustion of most hydrocarbon fuels and a major reactant in the combustion of energetic materials. It has not been studied as extensively as other species, however, because it so difficult to generate in the gas phase. The authors have developed a new technique for the generation of a steady flow of gaseous, monomeric formaldehyde for use in combustion studies. The system is described below and flame composition profiles for formaldehyde flames stabilized with the use of the new formaldehyde generator are given. Studies of a variety of other formaldehyde flames are in progress using the formaldehyde generator.
Childhood obesity as a risk factor for lateral condyle fractures over supracondylar humerus fractures.

Background Obese children reportedly have an increased risk of sustaining musculoskeletal injuries compared with their normal-weight peers. Obese children are at greater risk for sustaining fractures of the forearm, particularly from low-energy mechanisms. Furthermore, obesity is a risk factor for sustaining an extremity fracture requiring surgery. However, it is unclear what role obesity plays in fractures about the distal humerus.
The Government and the Market Place: An Evaluation of the FTC:

“The Government and the Market Place: An Evaluation of the FTC” is a critical political and historical analysis of the Federal Trade Commission. It explores the initial reasons for the regulatory agency and then provides an, in-depth study of its legislative history and the subsequent powers Congress provided for the FTC’s operation. Although the Federal Trade Commission occasionally receives favorable headlines, the authors contend that the agency is politically motivated and business oriented. The reasons for the failure of the FTC are assessed and a constructive solution is offered. Reports by the second Hoover Commission, James Landis, the American Bar Association and Roy Ash-as well as others-are cited to support the authors’ thesis that the FTC should be abolished and reorganized along the lines suggested by the President’s Commission on Executive Reorganization. The article is well researched employing government documents and the most recent articles and books on the FTC.
Pancreatitis in childhood

Ninety children treated for acute, relapsing, or chronic pancreatitis at the Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, between 1958 and 1982 are reviewed. The commonest cause was Ascaris worms in the bile duct and the next commonest identifiable cause was trauma. Diagnosis was clinical, confirmed by raised amylase levels and radiological or operative findings. Ultrasound was particularly helpful. Treatment was initially non-operative but operations were done in 33 patients because of complications or diagnostic doubt. Pseudocyst formation was the commonest complication (20 patients) and 40% of pseudocysts resolved without treatment within 3 weeks. The remainder were drained, mostly by cyst-gastrostomy, but 3 were successfully drained externally. The long-term outcome was satisfactory in 90% of patients; 1 child developed insulin-dependent diabetes and only 2 died (3.3% mortality). We consider that pancreatitis is probably underdiagnosed in children; many cases are relatively mild. Our patients had a low mortality compared with other series containing a higher proportion of immunocompromised patients on corticosteroid and cytotoxic drug therapy.
Processes, Tasks, and Monitors: A Comparative Study of Concurrent Programming Primitives

Three notations for concurrent programming are compared, namely CSP, Ada, and monitors. CSP is an experimental language for exploring structuring concepts in concurrent programming. Ada is a general-purpose language with concurrent programming facilities. Monitors are a construct for managing access by concurrent processes to shared resources. We start by comparing "lower-level" communication, synchronization, and nondeterminism in CSP and Ada and then examine "higher-level" module interface properties of Ada tasks and monitors.
Characterization of cleavage intermediate and star sites of RM.Tth111II

Tth111II is a thermostable Type IIGS restriction enzyme that recognizes DNA sites CAARCA (R = A or G) and cleaves downstream at N11/N9. Here, the tth111IIRM gene was cloned and expressed in E.coli and Tth111II was purified. The purified enzyme contains internally-bound S-adenosylmethionine (SAM). When the internal SAM was removed, the endonuclease activity was stimulated by adding SAM or its analog sinefungin. The cleavage intermediate is mostly top-strand nicked DNA on a single-site plasmid. Addition of duplex oligos with a cognate site stimulates cleavage activity of the one-site substrate. Tth111II cleaves a two-site plasmid DNA with equal efficiency regardless of site orientation. We propose the top-strand nicking is carried out by a Tth111II monomer and bottom-strand cleavage is carried out by a transient dimer. Tth111II methylates cleavage product-like duplex oligos CAAACAN9, but the modification rate is estimated to be much slower than the top-strand nicking rate. We cloned and sequenced a number of Tth111II star sites which are 1-bp different from the cognate sites. A biochemical pathway is proposed for the restriction and methylation activities of Tth111II.
Dynamic nuclear polarization enhanced nuclear magnetic resonance and electron spin resonance studies of hydration and local water dynamics in micelle and vesicle assemblies.

We present a unique analysis tool for the selective detection of local water inside soft molecular assemblies (hydrophobic cores, vesicular bilayers, and micellar structures) suspended in bulk water. Through the use of dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP), the 1H NMR signal of water is amplified, as it interacts with stable radicals that possess ∼658 times higher spin polarization. We utilized stable nitroxide radicals covalently attached along the hydrophobic tail of stearic acid molecules that incorporate themselves into surfactant-based micelle or vesicle structures. Here, we present a study of local water content and fluid viscosity inside oleate micelles and vesicles and Triton X-100 micelles to serve as model systems for soft molecular assemblies. This approach is unique because the amplification of the NMR signal is performed in bulk solution and under ambient conditions with site-specific spin labels that only detect the water that is directly interacting with the localized spin labels. Continuous w...
Oxygen-related border traps in MOS and GaN devices

Oxygen-related border traps cause low-frequency excess (1/f) noise in MOS transistors with SiO 2 gate dielectrics and GaN/AlGaN HEMTs. In each case, the noise is associated with a reconfiguration of the microstructure of near-interfacial defects upon charge capture. O vacancies in the near-interfacial SiO 2 capture electrons when Si-Si bonds are stretched beyond their equilibrium length, and release electrons when the defect relaxes. These lead to MOS noise at room temperature. Oxygen DX centers in AlGaN exhibit metastable states that differ in energy by ∼0.2 e V, which leads to increased noise in GaN/AlGaN HEMTs at cryogenic temperatures.
A benefit-cost analysis of supported employment in Illinois: The first 2 years

This investigation presents a benefit-cost analysis of supported employment in Illinois during FY1987 and FY1988. Benefits and costs were identified and calculated from three perspectives. Society received a $0.75 return in FY1987 and $0.88 in FY1988 for every $1.00 invested with an average return of $0.82 for the combined 2-year period. For every $1.00 invested by taxpayers, the return was $0.66 during FY1987 and $0.78 during FY1988, with an average of $0.73 over the 2-year period. Supported employees who began working in FY1987 and continued during FY1988 earned 37% more in supported employment than in their alternative programs in FY1987 and 67% more in FY1988. The results of this study are discussed, and recommendations are made to continue this financial analysis longitudinally as it is critical to the development of supported employment as an effective and efficient delivery system.
Toward Improving the Modeling of MTMM Data: A Response to Geiser, Koch, and Eid (2014)

Geiser, Koch, and Eid (2014) expressed their views on an article we published describing findings from a simulation study and an empirical study of multitrait–multimethod (MTMM) data. Geiser and colleagues raised concerns with (a) our use of the term bias, (b) our statement that the correlated trait–correlated method minus one [CT–C(M–1)] model is not in line with Campbell and Fiske’s (1959) conceptualization of MTMM data, (c) our selection of a data-generating model for our simulation study, and (d) our preference for the correlated trait–correlated method (CT–CM) model over the CT–C(M–1) model. Here, we respond to and elaborate on issues raised by Geiser et al. We maintain our position on each of these issues and point to the interpretational challenges of the CT–C(M–1) model. But, we clarify our opinion that none of the existing structural models for MTMM data are flawless; each has its strengths and each has its weaknesses. We further remind readers of the goal, findings, and implications of our recen...
Substructure in a creep deformed lamellar TiAl alloy

It has recently been demonstrated that the primary creep of a fully-lamellar (FL) TiAl alloy can be significantly reduced by a prestraining technique. Specifically, when a FL-TiAl specimen was first crept to a few percent of strain at high stresses (>240 MPa), the specimen became more resistant to a subsequent creep deformation at lower stresses (<240 MPa) even after a prolonged loading. Although changing interaction between strain hardening and recovery processes which strongly affect the creep rate at a given temperature and stress. Both strain hardening and recovery processes are intimately related to the mobilization and immobilization of dislocations. In the present study, the substructure of crept alloys is examined in order to understand how and to what extent a prestraining can affect the creep behavior of the FL-TiAl alloys. The influence of lamellar orientation (with respect to the stress axis) in the deformation substructure is also investigated.
Reciprocal space mapping of ordered domains in InxGa1-xP

We applied high resolution x-ray diffraction techniques to determine the three dimensional domain shape in nominally lattice-matched, CuPtB ordered, InxGa1−xP epitaxial layers deposited on GaAs by metal organic vapor phase epitaxy. A technique of reciprocal space mapping is described which provides three-dimensional information on the shape and size of the ordered domains. The domain shape is obtained by reciprocal space mapping along orthogonal crystallographic directions. Applying this technique shows that, at large miscut angles, the domains are oriented close to the growth direction, and are elongated by differing extents along the [110] and [\(\bar 110\)].
Extraterrestrial amino acids in Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary sediments at Stevns Klint, Denmark.

SINCE the discovery1 nearly a decade ago that Cretaceous/Tertiary (K/T) boundary layers are greatly enriched in iridium, a rare element in the Earth's crust, there has been intense controversy on the relationship between this Ir anomaly and the massive extinction of organisms ranging from dinosaurs to marine plankton that characterizes the K/T boundary. Convincing evidence suggests that both the Ir spike and the extinction event were caused by the collision of a large bolide (>10 km in diameter) with the Earth1–11. Alternative explanations claim that extensive, violent volcanism12–14 can account for the Ir, and that other independent causes were responsible for the mass extinctions15,16. We surmise that the collision of a massive extraterrestrial object with the Earth may have produced a unique organic chemical signature because certain meteorites, and probably comets, contain organic compounds which are either rare or non-existent on the Earth17. In contrast, no organic compounds would be expected to be associated with volcanic processes. Here we find that K/T boundary sediments at Stevns Klint, Denmark, contain both α-amino-isobutyric acid [AIB, (CH3)2CNH2COOH] and racemic isovaline [ISOVAL, CH3CH2(CH3)CNH2COOH], two amino acids that are exceedingly rare on the Earth but which are major amino acids in carbonaceous chondrites17,18. An extraterrestrial source is the most reasonable explanation for the presence of these amino acids.
Effects of cytochalasin B on the electrical activity of frog muscle fibers

Abstract Cytochalasin B (50 μg/ml) markedly prolonged the falling phase of the action potential in frog sartorius muscle fibers without any effect on the rising phase and the amplitude of the action potential, nor on the resting potential. The maximum rate of fall of the action potential was reduced from 173 to 133 V/sec. The early depolarizing after-potential was increased in amplitude and lasted for as long as 1 sec. These changes in the falling phase of the action potential appear to be due to a slowing of sodium inactivation. Potassium conductance increase was not appreciably affected. The muscle treated with cytochalasin B responded to nerve stimulation with repetitive discharges which originated in presynaptic nerve elements.
Research in school nursing practice: basic steps in nursing research

Research is essential to every nurse's clinical practice. There is a reciprocity between nursing practice and research; they inform each other, producing insights about nursing interventions and the impact of nursing interventions on the lives of nursing clients. Nursing research has become a major force in changing nursing practice by solving practice problems and by increasing the body of nursing knowledge. Understanding the research process can assist school nurses to identify the knowledge embedded in the clinical work of other school nurses. This article is directed toward increasing that understanding through a discussion of the general steps of the quantitative research process.
Supporting x86-64 address translation for 100s of GPU lanes

Efficient memory sharing between CPU and GPU threads can greatly expand the effective set of GPGPU workloads. For increased programmability, this memory should be uniformly virtualized, necessitating compatible address translation support for GPU memory references. However, even a modest GPU might need 100s of translations per cycle (6 CUs * 64 lanes/CU) with memory access patterns designed for throughput more than locality.
Citators: Past, Present, and Future

ABSTRACT Citators are one of the oldest and most important tools in the legal researcher's arsenal. They serve both as precautionary measures against bad law, and as a means of doing primary legal research. The evolution of citators plays an important roll in the development of both the legal publishing industry and legal research itself. This article examines many aspects of the legal citator—its history, development, uses, and possible future.
Technology Solutions for High-Risk Tasks in Critical Care

There are several high-risk nursing tasks in the critical care environment discussed in this article. These tasks include lateral transfers, repositioning patients up or side to side in bed, bed-to-chair or -wheelchair transfers, pericare of bariatric patients, toileting in bed, sustained limb holding for dressing wounds, and patient transport. Although many, if not all, of these tasks currently are performed manually, there are technological solutions available that undoubtedly can reduce the risks for caregiver and patient injuries. These solutions should be implemented in critical care to promote the safety of all involved in patient care.
Mammaglobin and S-100 immunoreactivity in salivary gland carcinomas other than mammary analogue secretory carcinoma

Mammary analogue secretory carcinoma (MASC) is a recently described salivary gland tumor that has morphologic features similar to secretory carcinoma of the breast and that also harbors the same ETV6 translocation. Diffuse mammaglobin and S-100 immunoreactivity are used to differentiate MASC from its morphologic mimics, especially acinic cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma, not otherwise specified. However, the combination of mammaglobin and S-100 immunoreactivity has not been well studied in other types of salivary gland carcinomas that may have focal areas reminiscent of MASC. Here we evaluated mammaglobin and S-100 immunoreactivity in 15 cases each of polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma and mucoepidermoid carcinoma, and also in 2 cases of adenocarcinoma, not otherwise specified, and 1 mucinous adenocarcinoma. Cases with significant co-expression of mammaglobin and S-100 (moderate or strong immunoreactivity in >25% of tumor cells) were further analyzed by fluorescence in situ hybridization using the ETV6 (12p13) break-apart probe. Nine cases (60%) of polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma and two (13.3%) of adenoid cystic carcinoma met the criteria for significant co-expression of mammaglobin and S-100. All were negative for the ETV6 translocation by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Although mammaglobin and S-100 positivity was seen in the majority of polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinomas and a minority of adenoid cystic carcinomas, none were positive for the ETV6 translocation characteristic of MASC. This indicates a need for caution in the use of immunohistochemistry for diagnosing MASC, especially in the absence of cytogenetic confirmation.
A note on pseudo-umbilical surfaces

We follow the notations and basic equations of Chen ( 2 ). Let M be a surface immersed in an m -dimensional space form R m ( c ) of curvature c = 1, 0 or −1. We choose a local field of orthonormal frames e 1 , …, e m in R m ( c ) such that, restricted to M , the vectors e 1 , e 2 are tangent to M . Let ω 1 , …, ω m be the field of dual frames. Then the structure equations of R m ( c ) are given by
Turning λ Cro into a transcriptional activator

According to our present understanding, lambda repressor bound to DNA stimulates transcription by touching RNA polymerase bound at an adjacent promoter. The part of repressor required for activation was identified in part by the isolation of mutants specifically impaired in transcriptional activation. The amino acids of repressor altered in these "positive control" mutants lie in an acidic patch on the surface of repressor that is closely apposed to RNA polymerase. In this study, we show that this "activating patch" of repressor is sufficient for transcriptional activation in another sequence context. We transfer this activating patch onto the surface of lambda Cro, a protein normally unable to activate transcription, and show that the modified Cro is a transcriptional activator. In addition, we provide evidence that the repressor protein of phage 434 also activates transcription using an activating patch similar to that of lambda repressor.
Structure-based sequence alignment of three AdoMet-dependent DNA methyltransferases

M.HhaI, M.TaqI and COMT are DNA methyltransferases (MTases) which catalyze the transfer of a methyl group from the cofactor AdoMet to C5 of cytosine, to N6 of adenine and to a hydroxyl group of catechol, respectively. The larger catalytic domains of the bilobal proteins, M.HhaI and M.TaqI, and the entire single domain of COMT have an alpha/beta structure containing a mixed central beta-sheet. These domains have very similar folding. By allowing appropriate 'insertions' or 'deletions' in the backbones of the three structures, it was possible to find more conserved motifs in M.TaqI and COMT. The similarity in protein folding and the equivalence of amino-acid sequences revealed by the structural alignment indicate that many AdoMet-dependent MTases may share a common catalytic domain structure.
Improved Mechanical Properties of Composites Reinforced with Neutron-Irradiated Carbon Fibers

Mechanical property improvements of neutron-irradiated carbon fibers are reviewed, and an experiment is described which verifies that mechanical properties of carbon-epoxy laminates are improved when reinforced with such fibers. Increased flexural and shear strengths of composites are con firmed to result from the use of irradiated fibers. The future potential of radiation treatment of carbon fibers to improve mechanical properties of composites is discussed; it is concluded that the process offers commercial promise.
Care of Rare Map Collections in the Twenty-first Century

Management practices for paper map collections have evolved with changes in the modern library climate. In the past, management of “non-special” map collections were focused on efficiently processing and storing large influxes of materials. Now that fewer maps are published in paper format and more are available online, collection practices should reflect the increasingly special status of paper maps. The author examined numerous resources which together build an understanding of best practices for the physical care and management of a paper rare map collection in the 21st century. Resources consulted include publications, web resources, interviews with practicing librarians, videos, and observations made at numerous facilities. The purpose of the article is to guide collection managers in evaluating their own practices and facilities and identifying potential changes.
Histological reevaluation of everted gut technique for studying intestinal absorption

Abstract Intestinal sacs of rats are morphologically intact after eversion but progressively lose structural integrity. Changes are apparent 5 min after incubation at 37°C in oxygenated buffer; at 30 min 50–75% of the normal epithelium has disappeared; at 1 hr there is total disruption border. Tissue damage is slower at 23°C or in tissue of animals sacrificed under anesthesia. Sacs of golden hamster maintain integrity longer than those of rat.
Early treatment of allergy--does the child "outgrow" it?

According to Rapaport and associates,1the incidence of major allergies in individuals under 14 years of age lies in the neighbourhood of 20%. The age of onset of asthma as reported by Broder and associates2 is shown in Table 1.
Pliocene-Pleistocene break-up of the Sierra Nevada–White-Inyo Mountains block and formation of Owens Valley

The Pliocene-Pleistocene (2.3 m.y. old) Waucobi Lake beds provide a record of the formation of Owens Valley and uplift of the White-Inyo Mountains. Following late Pliocene formation of the eastern Sierra Nevada escarpment, Waucobi Lake formed in a depression in the previously unbroen Sierra Nevada-White-Inyo block. Shifting of the depocenter of the lake, movement of shorelines, and contribution of detritus from the Sierra Nevada and the White-Inyo Mountains indicate that the lake basin shifted toward the west as the White-Inyo Mountains were uplifted and Owens Valley was depressed. Relative uplift between Owens Valley and the White-Inyo Mountains may have been as much as 2,300 m during the past 2.3 m.y.
A SPATIAL DOMAIN STOKES FLOW MODEL FOR THE GRAVITY AND TOPOGRAPHY OF THE MIDDLE LATITUDES OF VENUS

A novel modeling technique is developed and applied to the long-wavelength gravity, topography, and internal density structure of Venus. The focus of this study is to employ data on the gravity and topography of Venus, which are obtained from the Pioneer Venus Orbiter mission, to enhance understanding some key aspects of the internal structure of the planet. A modeling strategy utilizing 'stokeslets' or basic units of slow viscous flow (governed by the Stokes equations) to duplicate the observed gravity and topography is implemented.
Direct Measurements of Cosmic Rays

An overview is presented of the scientific implications of direct measurements of cosmic rays in terms of the origins and history of these particles. Within the last several years important constraints have been placed on the possible origins of cosmic rays in the GeV energy range by the analysis of isotopic composition. At higher energies new magnet experiments to measure elemental composition have supported the notion that all nuclei should have similar behaviour with magnetic rigidity. At still higher energies, into the cosmic ray "knee", there are some disagreements between measurements, suggesting that there are various issues which remain to be resolved in this region. We also emphasize the important role played by measurements of spallation-produced nuclei in cosmic-rays. These hold the key to our understanding of cosmic ray source spectra at high energies.
Autocrine inhibition of parathyroid cell secretion requires proteolytic processing of chromogranin A

Summary Chromogranin A (CgA, Secretory Protein-I) is a protein of about 450 amino acids representing a major soluble component of the secretory granules of parathyroid and other endocrine and neuroendocrine cells. In the parathyroid, CgA is costored and cosecreted with parathormone (PTH). We earlier found that CgA and the derived peptide, pancreastatin, inhibited secretion of PTH and CgA by parathyroid cells in culture and that CgA antiserum stimulated secretion above the maximum achieved at low (0.5 mM) Ca2+. In the present study, porcine parathyroid cells were incubated at different cell concentrations at low Ca2+. The amount of secreted CgA increased over the 6-h incubation period at 1 × 106 to 4 × 106 cells/ml, but plateaued after 3 h at 6 × 106 cells/ml. Secretion did not plateau when antiserum to CgA and pancreastatin were present at the start of incubation or resumed when the antisera were added at 3 h. Conditioned medium contained a factor or factors that blocked secretion by fresh parathyroid cells at 0.5 mM Ca2+. Pulse-chase studies revealed that 40% of the secreted CgA was processed after 6 h of chase, α-2-macroglobulin, an inhibitor of proteolytic processing, increased the amount of CgA in the medium by 30% at 1 h of chase and decreased the amount processed to 20% by 6 h. Other protease inhibitors similarly enhanced the amount of CgA in the medium. These data indicate that proteolytic processing of intact CgA is requisite for its autocrine inhibitory activity.