cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evidence for multiple mechanisms of kappa opioid tolerance in mesencephalic cultures

Abstract Opioid tolerance limits the effectiveness of chronic opioid therapy. Kappa opioid tolerance in mesencephalic cultures has been established as a model system for evaluating neuronal mechanisms of tolerance. Our studies were carried out in primary cultures derived from the mesencephalon of rat embryos. [3H]Dopamine release assays were used to evaluate the kinetics of onset and recovery from tolerance to the kappa opioid receptor agonist (U69,593) which were measured with and without (1) modulators of cAMP-dependent kinase or (2) cycloheximide, an inhibitor of protein synthesis. Results were compared to the kinetics of recovery from kappa receptor alkylation by β-chlornaltrexamine. The results showed that 8-bromo-cAMP and forskolin significantly accelerated the development of tolerance to U69,593. Rp-cAMP significantly slowed the onset of tolerance. Rates of recovery of cultures after 18 h of U69,593 were not significantly different regardless of whether cultures were incubated with U69,593 alone or in combination with 8-bromo-cAMP, forskolin or Rp-cAMP. Cycloheximide significantly slowed the recovery of cultures after 7 days of exposure to U69,593 but not after 18 h of exposure to U69,593. Recovery of cultures after alkylation of kappa receptors by β-chlornaltrexamine was significantly slower than the recovery of cultures after 7 days of U69,593 exposure indicating that receptor synthesis is unlikely to be the major mechanism of recovery after prolonged opioid exposure. It is suggested that multiple mechanisms are responsible for tolerance to U69,593 in primary neuronal cultures. There are long lasting mechanisms of tolerance that do not involve destruction or permanent inactivation of cellular components.
The Galapagos Spreading Centre: A Near-Bottom Geophysical Survey

Summary A near-bottom geophysical survey of the Galapagos spreading centre at 86"W shows the highly lineated nature of oceanic crust generated at a fastspreading ridge. The bathymetric relief is dominated by small blocks which tilt slightly away from the spreading centre and which are bounded by inward-facing scarps. This relief is similar to that found on slow-spreading ridges, but on a smaller scale, and when covered with a thin layer of sediments, it looks like typical abyssal hill terrain. The magnetization distribution, sediment pattern and the fine-scale bathymetric structure are used to locate the centre of spreading and the region in which the upper portion of the crust is being formed. Recent volcanic activity is primarily occurring within 2 km of the centre, a region which is nearly sediment-free and which contains a highly magnetized ridge. Possible models of ridge crest mechanics are constrained by these observations over a ridge spreading with a half-rate of 35 mm/yr. There appears to be a small median valley which has a width of 16 km and a depth of 150 m. Most of the near-surface volcanism appears to cease when the rigid blocks are initially faulted apart from the central crustal generation zone at about 2 to 4 km from the centre. The central block is fairly level with a relief which appears to have been formed by constructional volcanism while the rigid blocks on either side of this central one already are tilted slightly outwards and are bounded by inward facing scarps.
A Marine Autonomous Surface Craft for Long-Duration, Spatially Explicit, Multidisciplinary Water Column Sampling in Coastal and Estuarine Systems

The Surveying Coastal Ocean Autonomous Profiler (SCOAP) is a large catamaran marine autonomous surface craft (MASC) for unattended weeks-long, spatially explicit, multidisciplinary oceanographic water column profile sampling in coastal/estuarine waterbodies. Material transport rates/pathways, crucial to understanding these ecosystems, are typically poorly known. SCOAP addresses demanding spatiotemporal sampling needs and operational challenges (strong currents, open coastal sea states, complex bathymetry, heavy vessel traffic). Its large size (11-m length, 5-m beam) provides seaworthiness/stability. The average speed of 2.5ms 21 meets the representative goal to traverse an 18-km transect, sampling 10min at each of 10 stations 2km apart, nominally 4 times daily. Efficient hulls and a diesel‐electric energy system can provide the needed endurance. The U.S. Coast Guard guidelines are followed: lighting, code flags, the Automatic Identification System (AIS), and collision avoidance regulations (COLREGs)-based collision avoidance (CA) by onboard autonomy software. Large energy reserves obviate low-power optimization of sensors, enabling truly multidisciplinary sampling, and provide on-demand propulsion for effective CA. Vessel stability facilitates high-quality current profile observations and will aid engineering/operation of the planned winched profiling system, performance of an anticipated radar system to detect/track non-AIS vessels, and potentialresearch-qualitymeteorologicalsensoroperation.ANarragansettBaytestdeployment,attendedby anescortvessel,metdesigngoals;anunattendedopencoastaldeploymentisplannedforRhodeIslandSound. Scientific and operational strengths of large catamaran MASCs suggest they could be an important costeffective complement to other sampling platforms (e.g., improved spatiotemporal coverage and resolution, extending farther inshore, with a broader range of sensors, compared to underwater gliders) in coastal/ estuarine waters.
Finite Element Analysis of Stresses in Glass‐to‐Metal Foil Seals

Stresses in glass-to-metal foil seals were measured using photo-elastic techniques and calculated using finite element analysis. Cases considered were one in which the metal remains elastic during cooling and one in which the metal yields under the action of developed stresses at some stage during cooling. Calculated and measured values agreed very well using a coarse spatial resolution limited by the measurements. Spatial resolution of the calculations was then made finer to obtain the stress distribution in the immediate vicinity of the foil tip more precisely. Observed fractures in such seals are discussed in terms of these stresses. The effect of the metal foil geometry on the magnitude of the critical stresses was studied using finite element analysis. The relative merits of using various foil geometries are discussed in relation to lowering the seal failure probability.
Linear Home Range, Movement, and Spatial Distribution of the Suwannee Cooter (Pseudemys concinna suwanniensis) in a Blackwater River

Abstract A decreased tannin load during 2006–2007 in a northern Florida blackwater river allowed us to make observations on the ecology of the Suwannee cooter (Pseudemys concinna suwanniensis), a species otherwise usually studied in clear, spring-fed rivers. We conducted a capture–mark–recapture study of this protected species and recorded the locations of marked individuals throughout a > 7.4-km study site for > 5 months. Large Suwannee cooters can be highly vagile and are capable of covering long distances rapidly (> 1.5 km in a day), with few individuals found > 5 km from previous capture locations. For large turtles, the propensity to move across different habitats and the size of the actively used linear home range varied extensively and were best explained by individual variation rather than by sexual differences. We observed an abundant population, including all size classes. Turtle distribution throughout the site was unequal among river sections and was positively correlated with the number of ba...
Indigenous Struggle at the Heart of Brazil: State Policy, Frontier Expansion, and the Xavante Indians, 1937‐1988

Indigenous Struggle at the Heart of Brazil: State Policy, Frontier Expansion, and the Xavante Indians, 1937-1988. Seth Garfield. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2001. ix. 316 pp., maps, tables, illustrations, notes, bibliography, index.
ICA-based Clustering of Genes from Microarray Expression Data

We propose an unsupervised methodology using independent component analysis (ICA) to cluster genes from DNA microarray data. Based on an ICA mixture model of genomic expression patterns, linear and nonlinear ICA finds components that are specific to certain biological processes. Genes that exhibit significant up-regulation or down-regulation within each component are grouped into clusters. We test the statistical significance of enrichment of gene annotations within each cluster. ICA-based clustering outperformed other leading methods in constructing functionally coherent clusters on various datasets. This result supports our model of genomic expression data as composite effect of independent biological processes. Comparison of clustering performance among various ICA algorithms including a kernel-based nonlinear ICA algorithm shows that nonlinear ICA performed the best for small datasets and natural-gradient maximization-likelihood worked well for all the datasets.
Where does damage lead to enhanced food aversion : the ventral pallidum/substantia innominata or lateral hypothalamus ?

It is well known that lesions of the lateral hypothalamus (LH) produce aphagia. Several previous studies have reported that lateral hypothalamus damage produces food aversion in addition to aphagia. However, damage to other regions near the LH also produce aphagia and enhanced aversion. The purpose of this study was to resolve where the site or sites for aversion-inducing lesions is/are located. Small, bilateral excitotoxin lesions (QUIN, 10 micrograms in 1 microliter or IBO, 15 micrograms in 1 microliter) or bilateral sham injections of vehicle were made into the globus pallidus (GP), the ventral pallidum/substantia innominata (VP/SI) or the lateral hypothalamus (LH). Affective reactions to taste were elicited by infusing sucrose solutions (1 M) into the mouth via chronic oral cannulae. The number of aversive responses (gapes, chin-rubbing, head-shaking and forelimb flails) emitted was tallied. Individual lesions were mapped and a single 'necessary and sufficient' site for damage-induced aversion was identified (the area of overlapping damage common to all rats that showed enhanced aversive reactions). To identify the lesions, two lesion-mapping techniques were used: (1) a conventional neuron-counting procedure in which an attempt is made to count all neurons within a brain region, and (2) a new modified 'fractionator' procedure consisting of exhaustive 400 x magnification counts at point locations within a brain region. Results indicated that aversive reactions to food are enhanced only following bilateral neuron loss (> 70%) from the caudal ventromedial VP/SI alone. This shared site has a lateral diameter of 1.0 mm, a dorsoventral diameter of 0.5 mm and a rostrocaudal diameter of 1.0 mm. Damage restricted to the LH never produced enhanced aversion even when it produced aphagia. The crucial region for aversion is located ventral and medial to the globus pallidus and dorsal and lateral to the lateral hypothalamus.
Role of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP, SUN Domain Proteins, and Dynein in Altering Nuclear Morphology during Human Cytomegalovirus Infection

The process of assembly and egress of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) virions requires significant morphological alterations of the nuclear and cytoplasmic architecture. In the studies presented we show that the nuclear periphery is dramatically altered, especially near the cytoplasmic assembly compartment, where the nuclear lamina is specifically rearranged, the outer nuclear membrane is altered, and the nucleus becomes permeable to large molecules. In addition, the tethering of the inner and outer nuclear membranes is lost during infection due to a decrease in levels of the SUN domain proteins. We previously demonstrated that the endoplasmic reticulum protein BiP functions as a component of the assembly compartment and disruption of BiP causes the loss of assembly compartment integrity. In this study we show that the depletion of BiP, and the loss of assembly compartment integrity, results in the loss of virally induced lamina rearrangement and morphology of the nucleus that is characteristic of HCMV infection. BiP functions in lamina rearrangement through its ability to affect lamin phosphorylation. Depletion of BiP and disruption of the assembly compartment result in the loss of lamin phosphorylation. The dependency of lamin phosphorylation on BiP correlates with an interaction between BiP and UL50. Finally, we confirm previous data (S. V. Indran, M. E. Ballestas, and W. J. Britt, J. Virol. 84:3162-3177, 2010) suggesting an involvement of dynein in assembly compartment formation and extend this observation by showing that when dynein is inhibited, the nuclear morphology characteristic of an HCMV infection is lost. Our data suggest a highly integrated assembly-egress continuum.
Hypoxic Pulmonary Vasoconstriction in the Rat

In isolated blood-perfused rat lungs, brief periods of ventilation hypoxia (2% O2) produce pulmonary vasoconstriction. In isolated lungs perfused with a salt-albumin solution, hypoxia produces no pulmonary vasoconstrictor responses in most preparations and only minimal responses in others. Vasoactive agents including angiotensin II, phenylephrine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, bradykinin, histamine, serotonin, and methoxamine were added to the salt-albumin perfusate to determine which substance, if any, was necessary for a pulmonary vasoconstrictor response during hypoxia. The addition of angiotensin II (12-120 nM) to the perfusate during hypoxia resulted in marked pulmonary vasoconstriction in proportion to the amount of angiotensin II added (a maximal response to hypoxia occurred with 120 nM angiotensin II). None of the other agents had the same effect, nor was their vasoactivity dependent on angiotensin II. Angiotensin II augmented the hypoxic response in doses that are themselves subpressor; tachyphylaxis to the direct pressor activity of angiotensin II was not associated with attenuation of the hypoxic response. These results suggest that an action of angiotensin II that is separate from its pressor activity is specifically required for a significant vasoconstrictor response to hypoxia in isolated rat lungs.
Data Management of Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor networks can monitor physical and environmental conditions inexpensively, and the networks have been widely used in military and civilian applications. The sensor nodes in the networks not only have the ability to sense, but also can supply data storage, computation and communicate with each other. However, energy efficiency is the major concern in wireless sensor networks, which usually rely on battery for energy source. Centralized data storage and query processing schemes lead to high energy consumption. This paper proposes a distributed data storage scheme (DDS) that disseminates related event data in a neighborhood in wireless sensor networks. Besides offering data query according to event names, DDS also provides distributed querying. Experimental results show that the DDS scheme yields higher efficiency and effectiveness than the centralized scheme.
Hierarchical vector quantization of perceptually weighted block transforms

This paper presents techniques for the design of generic block transform based vector quantizer encoders implemented by table lookups. In these table lookup encoders, input vectors to the encoders are used directly as addresses in code tables to choose the codewords. There is no need to perform the forward or reverse transforms. They are implemented in the tables. In order to preserve manageable table sizes for large dimension VQ's, we use hierarchical structures to quantize the vector successively in stages. Since both the encoder and decoder are implemented by table lookups, there are no arithmetic computations required in the final system implementation. The algorithms are a novel combination of any generic block transform (DCT, Haar, WHT) and hierarchical vector quantization. They use perceptual weighting and subjective distortion measures in the design of VQ's. They are unique in that both the encoder and the decoder are implemented with only table lookups and are amenable to efficient software and hardware solutions.
Trajectory Paths for Dc - Dc Converters and Limits to Performance

Trajectory-based controls respond spontaneously to control and system disturbances. Such performance is useful in dynamic applications such as motor drives or converters to meet tracking requirements. This paper evaluates possible trajectory paths a buck or boost converter can take, and the use of geometric surfaces to guide these paths. Numerical procedures are developed to find a converter's system-limited response time and to give insight into the nature of switch solution sets. The paper reviews known sliding surfaces in the context of control objectives. Two different objective-specific surfaces are presented: one controls peak startup current and another recovers from any disturbance with one commutation
A Combined Quantum Mechanical and Molecular Mechanical Study of the Reaction Mechanism and α-Amino Acidity in Alanine Racemase

Combined quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical simulations have been carried out to investigate the origin of the carbon acidity enhancement in the alanine racemization reaction catalyzed by alanine racemase (AlaR). The present study shows that the enhancement of carbon acidity of R-amino acids by the cofactor pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) with an unusual, unprotonated pyridine is mainly due to solvation effects, in contrast to the intrinsic electron-withdrawing stabilization by the pyridinium ion to form a quinonoid intermediate. Alanine racemase further lowers the R-proton acidity and provides an overall 14-17 kcal/mol transition-state stabilization. The second key finding of this study is that the mechanism of racemization of an alanine zwitterion in water is altered from an essentially concerted process to a stepwise reaction by formation of an external aldimine adduct with the PLP cofactor. Finally, we have used a centroid path integral method to determine the intrinsic kinetic isotope effects for the two proton abstraction reactions, which are somewhat greater than the experimental estimates.
Duration of Growth Depression and Pathogen Shedding in Experimentally Reproduced Poult Enteritis Syndrome

SUMMARY. An experimental study was conducted to determine the duration of growth depression and virus shedding in turkey poults after oral inoculation with intestinal contents from birds affected with poult enteritis syndrome (PES). Poults at day 14 of age were divided into four groups (groups A, B, C, and D) of 40 poults each and inoculated orally with unfiltered supernatant, filtered supernatant, sediment suspended in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), or PBS alone (control), respectively. The poults were observed daily for clinical signs, and their growth response, pathology, and pathogen shedding were examined at 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 days postinoculation (DPI). Body weights of eight poults in each group were recorded at each of these intervals followed by euthanasia. Dullness, depression, and diarrhea were observed in birds inoculated with supernatant or sediment suspension. All three treatments significantly reduced body weight gain of poults compared with the control group; average weight loss was 14%. Gross pathologic changes consisted of pale distended intestines with watery contents and distended ceca with frothy and watery contents. Astrovirus and rotavirus were detected in the inoculum by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR, whereas Salmonella was identified on bacterial isolation. Both viruses were detected in treated poults by RT-PCR for up to 10 and 40 DPI, respectively. Of the three treatments, sediment suspension caused maximal decrease in weight gain as well as greatest pathologic lesions followed by unfiltered supernatant and filtered supernatant. These findings suggest a role for bacteria in increasing the severity of PES. Lower weight gain in treated poults (compared with controls) at 9 wk of age also indicates that PES-affected poults may not reach normal weight at marketing, leading to economic losses for the producer.
Alterations in growth, haematopoiesis and serum chemistry profiles infitness 1 4226SB mutant mice

We investigated patterns of growth, haematopoiesis and alterations in serum chemistry profiles that were associated with anN-ethyl-N-nitrosourea-induced mutation in thefitness 1 locus in chromosome 7 in mice. Mice hemizygous for thefit 1 mutation [c fit 1 4226SB /Df(c Mod2 sh1) VT ] had growth retardation characterised by decreased body weights, shorter body lengths and tail lengths at 40 and 60 days of age compared to normal homozygous control mice [c ch +/ c ch +]. Haemograms revealed that mice hemizygous for thefit 1 226SB mutation that were killed at 40 days had microcytic, hypochromic anaemia that was mildly regenerative in nature. No significant differences were detected in total leucocyte counts, differential leucocyte counts and platelet counts between hemizygous mutant mice and control mice. Haemograms from the surviving mice hemizygous for thefit 1 4226SB mutation that were killed at 60 days indicated that the haemoglobin concentrations, mean corpuscular volumes and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentrations were significantly decreased compared to normal controls. The reticulocyte counts and the platelet counts from the mice hemizygous for thefit 1 4226SB mutation were mildly increased compared to normal controls killed at 60 days. Serum chemistry analyses at 40 days of age indicated that the hemizygousfit 1 mutant mice had hypoproteinaemia characterised by hypoalbuminaemia and hypoglobulinaemia. They also developed hypoglycaemia, mild hyperphosphataemia and moderate elevation in the activity of alkaline phosphatase in serum. Quantitative isozyme analysis indicated that the increase in total serum alkaline phosphatase activity in the hemizygous mutant mice was due to an increase in the bone isozyme. In addition to those alterations in the serum chemistry profile noted above, hemizygous mutant mice killed at 60 days had an extremely mild increase in urea nitrogen concentration and mildly increased activities of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in serum. From these data, it was concluded that thefit 1 4226sb mutation m mice causes growth retardation, microcytic, hypochromic anaemia, and alterations in serum chemistry profiles that suggest lesions in one or more organ system(s). The exact mechanism(s) by which thefit 1 4226SB mutation mediates these lesions remains to be elucidated.
Image-based kernel fingerprinting

The correct identification of operating system kernel versions is the first critical step in deep memory analysis-it enables the precise parsing of the kernel data structures and the correct interpretation of the observed system state. Identifying the exact kernel version is particularly challenging for open source operating systems where kernel upgrades are released frequently, and custom versions can be created on demand. State of the practice approaches, such as Volatility's, rely on small and fragile signatures; state of the art research work relies on intricate understanding of architecture-specific implementation details, which limits them to Intel x86 environments, and requires continuous updates to identify the distinguishing characteristics of new kernels. In contrast, our work builds robust signatures based solely on the content of the kernel images on disk, and is able to efficiently distinguish among incremental kernel version updates. The approach is entirely content-driven and requires no low-level analysis of the operation of the kernel. It utilizes an approximate matching tool-sdhash-to extract kernel fingerprints, and can be applied across different architectures without the need to parse and interpret the RAM snapshot. In addition, our evaluation data which contains hundreds of kernels, provides insights into the typical levels of content similarity across related kernels.
Difficulties in emotion regulation differentiate depressive and obsessive-compulsive symptoms and their co-occurrence.

ABSTRACTBackground and Objectives: Depressive and obsessive–compulsive (OC) symptoms are frequently comorbid, and the combination of these may result in additional impairment compared to the difficulties of experiencing one of these symptom groups. Emotion regulation difficulties underlie many forms of psychopathology symptoms, and this study examined whether aspects of emotion regulation could differentiate clinical levels of depressive and OC symptoms, and their co-occurrence. Design and Method: College students (N = 199; Mage = 19.47 years; 59.8% female) were grouped based on the presence of clinical levels of OC and depressive symptoms. Using a multinomial logistic regression approach, differences in odds ratios for emotion regulation difficulties were examined. Results: The co-occurring clinical-symptom group was differentiated from the single clinical-symptom groups on several aspects of emotion regulation. Impulse-control difficulties and limited access to emotion regulation strategies differentiat...
Experience with Triple-Drug Therapy in a Pharmacological Erection Program

AbstractA group of 170 impotent men achieved usable erections during a 26-month period with a combination of papaverine, phentolamine and prostaglandin E1 (triple-drug therapy) injected intracorporeally. Of the patients 146 elected to enter a pharmacological erection program using this combination. Patient age ranged from 24 to 85 years and the average duration on the program was 11.2 months. Average injection volume was 0.36 cc per injection (range 0.1 to 1). Among those patients managed by our nurse clinician, only 3 episodes of priapism were encountered (1.7%). Scarring was documented in 7 of 170 patients (4.2%) 1 week to 21 months after starting the injections. Pain was encountered in 6 of 170 patients (3.5%). A superior dose response coupled with a low incidence of priapism, pain and scarring have led us to use triple-drug therapy as our agent of choice in the pharmacological management of erectile dysfunction.
Origin and Ionization of the Warm Ionized Gas in Massive Early-type Galaxies

Most early-type galaxies are not devoid of cold and warm gas. The origin and ionization of this gas reveal the intriguing ongoing evolution of these galaxies. In most cases, the warm ionized gas shows emission-line spectra similar to low-ionization nuclear emission-line regions (LINERs). Their ionization mechanism has been hotly debated. We will present evidence from line ratio gradient that rules out AGN and shocks as the dominant ionization mechanism, and suggests the ionizing sources follow the stellar density profile. Hot evolved stars are the favorite candidates but bring new puzzles.This finding allows us to obtain a gas-phase metallicity calibration in these early-type galaxies, using the line emission. We will show how the metallicity of the warm gas depends on stellar mass and stellar age, and what it tells us about the origin of the warm gas in these galaxies.
Developmental regulation of trigeminal TRPA1 by the cornea.

Purpose The cornea is densely innervated with nociceptive nerves that detect deleterious stimuli at the ocular surface and transduce these stimuli as sensations of pain. Thus, nociception is a major factor involved in preventing damage to corneal tissues. One class of molecules that is thought to be involved in detecting such stimuli is the transient receptor potential (TRP) family of ion channels. However, little is known about the acquisition of these channels during corneal development. Therefore, the present study examined the developmental acquisition of these receptors and elucidated certain parameters involved in this acquisition. Methods Quantitative RT-PCR was used to measure the expression of genes including TRPA and Ret in vivo. In vitro cocultures between cornea and the ophthalmic lobe of the trigeminal ganglion were used to test interactions between nerves and corneas along with recombinant proteins. Results TRPA1 mRNA showed a progressive temporal increase in the ophthalmic lobe of the trigeminal ganglion in vivo during embryonic development. In vitro, TRPA1 expression was significantly increased in the ganglion when cocultured with cornea, compared to ganglia cultured alone. Similarly, the addition of exogenous neurotrophin-3 (NT3) protein to cultured ganglia increased the expression of TRPA1 more than 100-fold. Addition of NT3 and neurturin synergistically increased TRPA1 expression in embryonic day (E)8 ganglia, but this effect was lost at E12. At E8, Ret+ nonpeptidergic neurons are specified in the trigeminal ganglion. Conclusions Corneal-derived factors increase TRPA1 expression in trigeminal nonpeptidergic neurons during their embryonic specification.
Absorption and metabolism of carbaryl by several insect species.

The absorption and metabolism of C14 carbaryl was studied in the house fly, Musca domestica L.; stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.); boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman; and rice weevil, Sitophilus oryza (L.). Following topical applications of carbaryl, the percentage of the applied dose absorbed by each species of insect within 24 hours was: stable fly 56.7%, house fly 37.3%, boll weevil 12.2%, and rice weevil 3.3%. Five metabolites, including 1-naphthol, were isolated from insects by Florosil and thin-layer chromatography; 4 metabolites were unidentified. Carbaryl was quite stable in both species of weevils. The major metabolite in the feces of house flies was a highly polar material. There were no qualitative differences in number of metabolites isolated from house flies, boll weevils, and rice weevils, but there were quantitative differences in each metabolite present in the internal extract. The species specificity of carbaryl appeared to be functions of rate of absorption and enzymatic degradation within the particular insect species.
Viral etiology investigation on influenza-like illnesses in Shenzhen in 2011

Objective:To study the situation of the virus etiology in influenza-like illness in Shenzhen,so as to provide the data for clinical diagnosis and preventive strategy.Methods:By real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR,15 kinds of common respiratory viruses,including virus A,B,adenovirus,human rhinovirus,parainfluenza virus 1,2,3,respiratory syncytial virus A,B,coronavirus 229E,OC43,NL63,HKU1 and human metapneumovirus,were detected in 269 clinical swabs simultaneously.Results:135 positive cases were found in the 269 samples,the positive ratio was 50.2%.Human rhinovirus,influenza virus,adenovirus and coronavirus were the most common viruses.Human rhinovirus was the predominant viral etiological factor in Summer and Autumn,but replaced by influenza virus in Winter.Human rhinovirus was the most common virus followed by influenza virus and adenovirus in children.Influenza virus was the most detected virus in teenagers and adults.Conclusion:Human rhinovirus,influenza virus,coronavirus and adenovirus play an important role in influenza-like illness in Shenzhen,showing certain regular rules in different age groups and different seasons.
Gas Sensing with Bare and Graphene-covered Optical Nano-Antenna Structures

The motivation behind this work is to study the gas phase chemical sensing characteristics of optical (plasmonic) nano-antennas (ONA) and graphene/graphene oxide-covered versions of these structures. ONA are devices that have their resonating frequency in the visible range. The basic principle governing the detection mechanism for ONA is refractive index sensing. The change in the concentration of the analyte results in a differing amount of adsorbate and correlated shifts in the resonance wavelength of the device. In this work, bare and graphene or graphene oxide covered ONA have been evaluated for gas sensing performance. Four different analytes (ethanol, acetone, nitrogen dioxide and toluene) were used in testing. ONA response behavior to different analytes was modified by adsorption within the graphene and graphene oxide overlayers. This work is a preliminary study to understand resonance wavelength shift caused by different analytes. Results imply that the combination of well-structured ONA functionalized by graphene-based adsorbers can give sensitive and selective sensors but baseline drift effects identified in this work must be addressed for applied measurements.
Histological Patterns of Treatment Failures in Testicular Neoplasms

AbstractWe reviewed 77 consecutive autopsies performed between 1965 and 1982 on patients who had been treated for germ cell tumors of the testis at our institute. Identifiable germ cell tumor was present at autopsy in 64 cases. On review, a single pattern was seen at autopsy in the majority of the cases (69.7 per cent) compared to the primary tumors, in which single patterns were seen in only 45 per cent. The occurrence of yolk sac tumor as the sole element in 6 of 29 autopsy specimens of nonseminomatous tumors after the introduction of the current standard 3-drug therapy and only once in 32 autopsies before 1976 appears significant. A possible explanation for this finding is that the yolk sac element was obscured by more aggressive and rapidly growing varieties of tumor in the earlier years but proved less responsive to chemotherapy.
Metabolism of an arid region canal ecosystem

Canals are important aquatic habitats in many arid regions, yet their biological structure and function are relatively unknown. We estimated ecosystem and component metabolism and examined biotic and physical longitudinal changes in the Arizona Canal, Southwestern U.S.A. Gross primary production ( P G ) averaged 6·70 g O 2 /m 2 /day and ecosystem respiration (R) was 5·82 g O 2 /m 2 /day. Ecosystem P G /R was 1·16, indicating that the canal was autotrophic and thus exported or accumulated organic matter. Macrophytes contributed 20% to whole-system P G and 15% to total R, epiconcretic algae accounted for 80% of P G and 55% of R, and sediment respiration was 30% of ecosystem R. Consistent downstream decline of NO 3 -N was attributed to biotic uptake independent of physical changes in the canal. The spatial distribution of aquatic macrophytes was determined by physical features of the system. Longitudinal changes in algal community structure were a result of both biotic and physical factors, the relative effects of which could not be separated. No consistent patterns of metabolism were observed despite longitudinal changes in autotrophs and nutrients.
DWI in Pediatric Small-Bowel Crohn Disease: Are Apparent Diffusion Coefficients Surrogates for Disease Activity in Patients Receiving Infliximab Therapy?

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to determine prospectively whether bowel wall apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) measurements can be used to monitor treatment response to infliximab therapy in the setting of pediatric small-bowel Crohn disease. SUBJECTS AND METHODS. Twenty-eight pediatric subjects with newly diagnosed biopsy-proven Crohn disease of the distal or terminal ileum treated with infliximab were enrolled. Subjects underwent MR enterography at baseline, 1 month after therapy, and 6 months after therapy. Imaging features were documented, including bowel wall ADC and arterial or enteric phase contrast-enhanced signal intensity normalized to that of unenhanced imaging. A linear mixed model assessed the relationship between ADC and time; patient age and sex and azathioprine combination therapy were covariates. The diagnostic performance (with 95% CIs) of an increase in bowel wall ADC of 20% or more for identifying response to infliximab was calculated using a decrease in normalized contras...
A memristor-based compressive sensing architecture

Memristors are considered as one promising candidate for future memory and computing fabrics. However, the design of memristor-based circuits is under a critical challenge of inevitable variations due to non-ideal fabrication processes and the resulted performance uncertainties. This kind of randomness can be utilized in many other applications, such as compressive sensing based data acquisition, which is conducted by a random sensing matrix. Existing compressive sensing systems are usually implemented in digital CMOS circuits, which suffer the problems of high hardware complexity and limited sampling speed. In this paper, we exploit the inherent variations in memristor devices to generate random sensing matrices for compressive sensing and achieve low cost and high performance operations. Simulation results demonstrate the advantages of the proposed memristor-based compressive sensing architecture.
Investigation of factors affecting the efficacy of 3C23K, a human monoclonal antibody targeting MISIIR.

// Sarah E. Gill 1 , Qing Zhang 1 , Gary L. Keeney 2 , William A. Cliby 1 and S. John Weroha 3 1 Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA 2 Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA 3 Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA Correspondence to: S. John Weroha, email: Weroha.Saravut@mayo.edu Keywords: 3C23K, mullerian inhibiting substance receptor, ovarian cancer, targeted therapy, patient-derived xenograft Received: December 14, 2016 Accepted: July 03, 2017 Published: July 27, 2017 ABSTRACT MISIIR is a potential target for ovarian cancer (OC) therapy due to its tissue-specific pattern of expression. 3C23K is a novel therapeutic monoclonal anti-MISIIR antibody designed to recruit effector cells and promote cell death through ADCC (antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity). Our objective was to determine the tolerability and efficacy of 3C23K in OC patient-derived xenografts (PDX) and to identify factors affecting efficacy. Quantitative RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry (IHC), and flow cytometry were used to categorize MISIIR expression in established PDX models derived from primary OC patients. We selected two high expressing models and two low expressing models for in vivo testing. One xenograft model using an MISIIR over-expressing SKOV3ip cell line (Z3) was a positive control. The primary endpoint was change in tumor size. The secondary endpoint was final tumor mass. We observed no statistically significant differences between control and treated animals. The lack of response could be secondary to a number of variables including the lack of known biomarkers of response, the low membrane expression of MISIIR, and a limited ability of 3C23K to induce ADCC in PDX models. Further study is needed to determine the magnitude of ovarian cancer response to 3C23K and also if there is a threshold surface expression to predict response.
The Cost Effectiveness of LAA Exclusion.

Left atrial appendage (LAA) exclusion strategies are increasingly utilized for stroke prevention in lieu of oral anticoagulants. Reductions in bleeding risk and long-term compliance issues bundled with comparable stroke prevention benefits have made these interventions increasingly attractive. Unfortunately, healthcare funding remains limited. Comparative cost economic analyses are therefore critical in optimizing resource allocation. In this review we seek to discourse the cost economics analysis of LAA exclusion over available therapeutic alternatives (warfarin and the new oral anticoagulants (NOACs)). .
Today's Learners and Educators: Bridging the Generational Gaps

Abstract In today's nursing education, there are generational differences among students and educators. Many questions arise as educators wrestle with ideas to assist the students to become successful nurses. The article explores characteristics of current learners and strategies for bridging generational gaps. Through a comprehensive literature review, common solutions emerged centering on the acronym ACT : "A" for assessing and appreciating learner characteristics, "C" for committing to relationships and collaboration, and "T" for teaching with interactive learning techniques.
Robust real-time 3D single-particle tracking using a dynamically moving laser spot.

Real-time three-dimensional (3D) single-particle tracking uses optical feedback to lock on to freely diffusing nanoscale fluorescent particles, permitting precise 3D localization and continuous spectroscopic interrogation. Here we describe a new method of real-time 3D single-particle tracking wherein a diffraction-limited laser spot is dynamically swept through the detection volume in three dimensions using a two-dimensional (2D) electro-optic deflector and a tunable acoustic gradient lens. This optimized method, called 3D dynamic photon localization tracking (3D-DyPLoT), enables high-speed real-time tracking of single silica-coated non-blinking quantum dots (∼30 nm diameter) with diffusive speeds exceeding 10 μm2/s at count rates as low as 10 kHz, as well as YFP-labeled virus-like particles. The large effective detection area (1 μm×1 μm×4 μm) allows the system to easily pick up fast-moving particles, while still demonstrating high localization precision (σx=6.6 nm, σy=8.7 nm, and σz=15.6 nm). Overall, 3D-DyPLoT provides a fast and robust method for real-time 3D tracking of fast and lowly emitting particles, based on a single excitation and detection pathway, paving the way to more widespread application to relevant biological problems.
Motivating Older Adults with Cancer to Keep Moving: the Implications of Lifestyle Interventions on Physical Activity

The purposes of this review are to describe the unique needs and preferences of older adults with cancer regarding physical activity and to outline the essential characteristics associated with increased physical activity resulting from lifestyle interventions in older adults. Functional decline is accelerated in inactive and sedentary older adults. Even a modest increase in physical activity can improve physical function for older cancer survivors. Participation in physical activity is influenced by diverse individual-level factors, behavioral characteristics and skills and social and environmental factors. Thus, programs that are tailored to older adults’ preferences provide social support and remove obstacles to participation may be more effective, particularly for older adults with low physical activity and sedentary lifestyle.
Using Paired In Situ High Frequency Nitrate Measurements to Better Understand Controls on Nitrate Concentrations and Estimate Nitrification Rates in a Wastewater‐Impacted River

We used paired continuous nitrate ( NO3–) measurements along a tidally affected river receiving wastewater discharge rich in ammonium ( NH4+) to quantify rates of change in NO3– concentration ( RΔNO3) and estimate nitrification rates. NO3– sensors were deployed 30 km apart in the Sacramento River, California (USA), with the upstream station located immediately above the regional wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). We used a travel time model to track water transit between the stations and estimated RΔNO3 every 15 min (October 2013 to September 2014). Changes in NO3– concentration were strongly related to water temperature. In the presence of wastewater, RΔNO3 was generally positive, ranging from about 7 µM d−1 in the summer to near zero in the winter. Numerous periods when the WWTP halted discharge allowed the RΔNO3 to be estimated under no-effluent conditions and revealed that in the absence of effluent, net gains in NO3– were substantially lower but still positive in the summer and negative (net sink) in the winter. Nitrification rates of effluent-derived NH4 ( RNitrific_E) were estimated from the difference between RΔNO3 measured in the presence versus absence of effluent and ranged from 1.5 to 3.4 µM d−1, which is within literature values but tenfold greater than recently reported for this region. RNitrific_E was generally lower in winter (∼2 µM d−1) than summer (∼3 µM d−1). This in situ, high frequency approach provides advantages over traditional discrete sampling, incubation, and tracer methods and allows measurements to be made over broad areas for extended periods of time. Incorporating this approach into environmental monitoring programs can facilitate our ability to protect and manage aquatic systems.
Evaluating effects of application based and automatic energy saving strategies on NWChem

High-performance application developers are becoming increasingly aware of effects of the increasing energy consumption on the costs and reliability of modern computing systems. A traditional way to achieve energy savings is by changing the processor frequency dynamically during application execution. Several techniques have been proposed in the past at application, library, and transparent level. In this work, the effect of two such techniques, at application and transparent levels, are evaluated in terms of their effects on the execution time and energy consumption for different algorithms in the quantum chemistry package NWChem. Experimental results depict that there is no clear winner between the two methods since the transparent-level makes decisions without intimate knowledge of the application while the strategy based solely on application does not take into the account the platform characteristics at the runtime. Hence, it is argued that the best strategy would be a hybrid of the two levels.
Intergenerational Mobility and Changes in Drug Use Across the Life Course

The consequences of “falling from grace”—or experiencing downward intergenerational mobility—are indeed becoming an abrupt reality for many entering the labor force. Scholars of social mobility spe...
Socioecological Risk and Protective Factors for Smoking Among Active Duty U.S. Military Personnel.

Introduction Cigarette smoking can have negative consequences in military populations including injury, reduced physical endurance, higher frequency of sick days, and reduced combat readiness. This study used the socioecological model to understand individual, interpersonal, and organizational influences on cigarette smoking among military members. Materials and methods The sample for this secondary analysis was drawn from personnel at 24 large U.S. military installations, six from each service branch. Analyses included 4,728 personnel who were classified as current cigarette smokers. Generalized linear mixed models were used to estimate the associations among risk and protective factors from multiple ecological levels for smoking intensity and nicotine dependence. Results Smoking to fit in with one's unit, being in the Army, smoking as a reaction to stress, and work-related stressors were all related to increased intensity of smoking and nicotine dependence. More active coping was associated with lower nicotine dependence and reduced smoking intensity. Conclusion Results based on the socioecological model identify influencing factors and suggest possible interventions for smoking cessation. Reducing tobacco use in the military will require coordinated interventions that address multilevel determinants of use and improve military health. This is important to the strategic alignment of policy and services across the continuum of health care needs.
A neuronal process for adaptive control of primate saccadic system

In 1980, Dr. Optican established the existence of an adaptive plasticity of saccades and its dependence on the cerebellum with Dr. Robinson. The advantage of saccades is that the neuronal mechanisms underlying their generation have been well established. This knowledge allows us to identify the neuronal elements that participate in saccade adaptation. Briefly, the superior colliculus (SC) produces a saccade command signal, which reaches motoneurons in the abducens nucleus via the brainstem burst generator. The SC saccade command also is sent to the oculomotor vermis (OMV), a saccade-related area of the cerebellar cortex, and finally converges on the same motoneurons via the caudal fastigial nucleus (cFN) and inhibitory burst neurons (IBN). During adaptation, the saccade-related burst of SC neurons does not change; however, the activity of the cerebellum and its downstream targets do. We demonstrate that the SC is the source of the error signal to the OMV, and the error signal increases the probability of complex spike occurrence and decreases simple spike activity in the OMV. This decrease, in turn, is delivered through the cFN and IBN neurons to decrease motoneuron activity and hence saccade amplitude.