cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ATP-sensitive K+ channel activation provides transient protection to the anoxic turtle brain

There is wide speculation that ATP-sensitive K+(KATP) channels serve a protective function in the mammalian brain, being activated during periods of energy failure. The aim of the present study was to determine if KATP channels also have a protective role in the anoxia-tolerant turtle brain. After ouabain administration, rates of change in extracellular K+ were measured in the telencephalon of normoxic and anoxic turtles ( Trachemys scripta ). The rate of K+ efflux was reduced by 50% within 1 h of anoxia and by 70% at 2 h of anoxia, and no further decrease was seen at 4 h of anoxia. The addition of the KATP channel blocker glibenclamide or 2,3-butanedione monoxime prevented the anoxia-induced decrease in K+ efflux during the first hour of anoxia, but the effect of these blockers was diminished at 2 h of anoxia and was not seen after 4 h of anoxia. This pattern of change in KATP channel blocker sensitivity can be related to a previously established temporary fall and subsequent recovery of tissue ATP during early anoxia. We suggest that activated KATP channels are involved in the downregulation of membrane ion permeability (channel arrest) during the initial energy crisis period but are switched off when the full anoxic state is established and tissue ATP levels have been restored. We also found that, in contrast to those in mammals, KATP channels are not a major route for K+ efflux in the energy-depleted turtle brain.
Needle Exchange Programs' Status in US Politics.

After the Indiana HIV outbreak in 2015, Congress partially repealed the ban on needle exchange programs, providing funding for operations but not syringes.
Humidity as a factor regulating feeding and water balance of the house dust mites Dermatophagoides farinae and D. pteronyssinus (Acari: Pyroglyphidae)

Feeding rates of Dermatophagoides farinae and D. pteronyssinus are significantly higher at ambient water vapor activities (av's) above the critical equilibrium activity (CEA) than below it. The quantity of water obtained with equilibrated food at av's below the CEA is insignificant when compared to that exchanged by sorption and transpiration and is not sufficient for dust mites to maintain water balance. The CEA for feeding mites is identical to that for fasting mites. Considering all possible avenues of water gain by house dust mites for maintaining water balance, their primary source of water to sustain life is that gained by passive and active sorption from ambient water vapor.
Synthesis and Thermoelectric Properties of the New Ternary Bismuth Sulfides KBi6.33S10 and K2Bi8S13

KBi6.33S10 and K2Bi8S13 were synthesized by the direct combination of K2S/Bi2S3 at high temperature (>700 °C). The reaction of K2S/3.3Bi2S3 at 800 °C revealed the presence of a new ternary sulfide KBi6.33S10 (I, 92% yield). The shiny, silver polycrystalline material crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pnma (No. 62) with a = 24.05(1) A, b = 4.100(2) A, c = 19.44(1) A, V = 1917(3) A3, Z = 4, and dc = 5.828 g/cm3. Data with Fo2 > 3σ(Fo2), 862; no. of variables 108, 2θmax 50°. The final R/Rw = 4.3/4.7%. The structure consists of blocks of Bi2Te3- and CdI2-type units that are connected to form a three-dimensional network with K+ ions located in the channels that run along the b axis. The same reaction but with a different reactant ratio at 750 °C gave the new ternary sulfide K2Bi8S13 (II, 94% yield). This compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/m (No. 11) with a = 16.818(2) A, b = 4.074(5) A, c = 17.801(3) A, β = 90.48(1)°, V = 1220(2) A3, Z = 2, and dc = 5.900 g/cm3. Data with Fo2 > 3...
Enhanced Diffusion During Rapid Thermal Annealing Of Indium And Boron In Double Implanted Silicon

Experimental results on the diffusion and precipitation of In and B doubly implanted into Si, followed by rapid thermal treatment are reported. It was observed that In redistributes itself and accumulates in defected regions. The amount of motion of each species is enhanced by the presence of the other. While the B influences In diffusion probably through the same mechanism that leads to concentration enhancement, the effect of In on B is not clear. There is no correlation with strain and no apparent chemical effects. Also the presence of B facilitates the sweeping out of In during low temperature solid phase regrowth.
Pharmacy department not liable for use of contraindicated drug in surgical suite

As the responsibilities of pharmacists expand in all practice settings, it is important to establish the limits of this expansion. Pharmacists should not be held legally responsible for all bad outcomes from medication use, particularly when a medication has passed from pharmacy control and
Failure of ethionine to alter gastric secretion from Heidenhain pouches in animals.

ConclusionsEthionine, administered orally to dogs with Heidenhain pouches in daily doses of from 1 to 25 mg/kg body weight for 3 to 23 weeks, did not produce demonstrable change in the secretion of pepsin or free hydrochloric acid obtained in response to feeding or to subcutaneous injection of histamine.
Making It Real: An Engaged Approach for Native American Students in Higher Education

This essay responds to two questions: What barriers do Native American and Alaska Native students face in higher education? How are these barriers to student success being addressed theoretically and practically? I address these questions with recommendations for a critical pedagogy applied to the classroom, and with a description of learning experiences outside of the classroom that I have found to be engaging and empowering for Native American students.
Introduction: Advances and Predicament

This chapter briefly discusses the recent advances in mycology and identifies major challenges mycologists are facing. It also provides an overview of the book.
Glycogen content of the epidermis of the vulva in the presence of leukoplakia and of squamous-cell carcinoma; histochemical study of 98 specimens.

Abstract Large quantities of glycogen are present in the epithelium of the vagina and vestibule at all ages. Glycogen is normally absent in the epithelium of the labia minora and majora, except in the outer-root sheath of hair follicles. Large quantities of glycogen are present in the epithelium of leukoplakia of the vulva. Glycogen is not found in carcinoma of the vulva, except on the surface of some tumors, and in more differentiated areas of others.
RADIATION THERAPY FOR LOCAL RECURRENCE OF PROSTATE CANCER AFTER RADICAL PROSTATECTOMY

A definitive conclusion about the value of ART is not possible from the data available: Both the methods of radiation therapy and the techniques in the diagnosis of locally persistent disease have evolved over the years. Currently, the data lead to the conclusion that ART decreases local recurrence but does not improve overall survival. Yet the PSA data strongly suggest that only locally persistent disease is a common event after radical prostatectomy (particularly in margin-positive disease only) and that current ART techniques are inadequate in many but not all of these patients. Certainly some men seem to have their local disease eliminated by ART to remain NED, but it is unclear exactly how to select them. Many experts also believe that keeping the PSA as low as possible for as long as possible, with sequential applications of ART and then androgen ablation as necessary, is a good emotional if not medical strategy. For example, all patients now wish to know their PSA level and worry about it. Also, potency can be maintained or regained after ART but becomes improbable after androgen ablation because of loss of libido. Clearly, a study randomizing high-risk postoperative patients into observation versus ART is needed and indeed such a study is under way in the Southwestern and Eastern Cooperative oncology groups, but to date accrual is inadequate (Ian Thompson, Jr, MD, personal communication, May 1994). This study must be supported. When participation in the randomized study is not possible, we believe four tentative recommendations about the application of ART can be made based on the available data (Fig. 1): (1) For high-risk patients (e.g., high Gleason score and/or high pathologic stage) with initially undetectable PSA levels, we recommend instituting ART before any rise in postoperative PSA levels because low-volume disease may best respond to this therapy. (2) For patients with rapidly rising or initially detectable postoperative PSA levels (especially if NBA is negative), we believe that the disease has most likely already spread to distant sites and would initiate therapy aimed at systemic disease. (3) For those patients with rapidly rising postoperative PSA but with positive NBA, we recommend local irradiation. (4) if the postoperative PSAlevels rise gradually, we would initiate ART regardless of the needle biopsy result because of the possibility of NBA sampling error and the fact that the gradual increase in PSA suggests that the disease is still local.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Engineering the Structure of Human Acidic Fibroblast Growth Factor through Site Directed Mutagenesis for Increased Protein Stability

Acidic fibroblast growth factor (FGF1) is a 16 kDa protein that contains wound healing properties and regulates a range of cellular activities including cell proligeration, cell differentiation,and angiogenesis. The functions and properties of FGF1 are contingent upon its binding to heparin, a negatively charged, highly sulfonated glycosaminoglycan. Previous studies on the heparin-binding pocket of FGF1 have revealed several positively charged residues, and further the ability of certain point mutations within the binding pocket to confer greater stability to the protein. Increasing protein stability gives rise to greater potential utility of FGF1's wound healing properties for therapy of scar tissue. In attempt to engineer enhanced stability of FGF1, several new point mutations in the heparin binding pocket have been introduced and their effects on the structure and stability of FGF1 has been studied in detail. These point mutations are selectively chosen based on their vicinity within or around the heparin-binding pocket as well as the expected electrostatic interactions with surrounding residues.
Bridging the territorial divide: immigrants’ cross-border communication and the spatial dynamics of their kin networks

ABSTRACTThe transnational perspective emphasises the persistence of immigrants’ home country connections, yet existing research adds little to our understanding of the mechanisms by which cross-border ties are maintained. We use nationally representative data of immigrants in Spain to describe changes in their kin network and study how two characteristics, migration stage (whether kin already resided in Spain at the time of emigration and whether any kin remained in the birth country (BC) at the time of interview) and relationship-specific locations of kin (children, parents, spouse, siblings), influence the frequency of cross-border communication. We find an expansion in the total number of kin largely due to childbearing and marriage. The average fraction of migrants’ immediate kin in Spain shifts from 6% to 41%. The presence of at least one kin in the BC increases the frequency of cross-border communication, but with the exception of siblings, the presence of family already in Spain at the time of emig...
Ferrimagnetic behavior of Nd 0.67 Sr 0.33 CoO 3

The orthorhombic rare-earth cobaltate ${\mathrm{Nd}}_{0.67}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{0.33}{\mathrm{CoO}}_{3}$ is studied by neutron powder diffraction. The Co sublattice orders ferromagnetically below ${T}_{c}\ensuremath{\approx}200$ K with the magnetic moments aligned along the c axis. On cooling, ${\mathrm{Nd}}_{0.67}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{0.33}{\mathrm{CoO}}_{3}$ revealed an induced ferromagnetic order of the Nd sublattice coupled antiparallel to the Co lattice. Within a simple spin-only picture, steric considerations give evidence for a mixed-valent mixed-spin configuration of the Co ions. This is compared to an intermediate valence-state scenario that shows the necessity of detailed electronic-structure calculations.
Filter integration in ultra thin organic substrate via 3D stitched capacitor

This paper presents filters integrated in ultra thin multilayer organic substrate using 3D stitched capacitor alleviating shunt parasitics and providing tunable capacitors. Insertion loss of less than 2.2dB, return loss of greater than 15dB at 2.4 GHz and attenuation of greater than 30dB below 2.0 GHz and at 4.7 GHz were measured. The measured results showed good agreement with simulated results. This paper demonstrated 2.4 GHz bandpass filters with size of 2.2mm × 3.0mm × 0.2mm (1.2mm3) in ultra thin organic RXP substrate.
Next-generation sequencing to identify mutations that may predict outcome after allogeneic stem cell transplantation for AML.

7043 Background: Relapse is the most common reason for failure of allogeneic stem cell transplant (SCT). Identifying patients at increased relapse risk is crucial for improving outcomes. Prognostic somatic mutations have been identified in AML but their prognostic value after SCT is unknown. We hypothesize that next generation sequencing (NGS) can predict SCT outcome in AML. Methods: We performed NGS for 33 hematologic malignancy associated genes in 62 adult patients treated with SCT for de novo AML (2003-2013). Relapse free survival (RFS) was compared by Cox regression with adjustment for cytogenetic risk, conditioning intensity, donor type and graft source. Results: At least 1 mutation was identified in 56 (90%) patients (median 2, range 0-6) including 35 of 36 (97%) patients with intermediate cytogenetics (median 3, range 0-6). Among patients with intermediate cytogenetics transplanted in CR, poor prognostic mutations were found in 9 of 15 FLT3ITD negative patients (2 DNMT3A; 3 DNMT3A + IDH; 1 DNMT3A +...
Electrostatic Screening of Charged Defects in Monolayer MoS2

Defects in monolayer transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) may lead to unintentional doping, charge-carrier trapping, and nonradiative recombination. These effects impair electronic and optoelectronic technologies. Here we show that charged defects in MoS2 monolayers can be effectively screened when they are in contact with an ionic liquid (IL), leading to an increase in photoluminescence (PL) yield by up to two orders of magnitude. The extent of this PL enhancement by the IL correlates with the brightness of each pretreated sample. We propose the existence of two classes of nonradiative recombination centers in monolayer MoS2: (i) charged defects that relate to unintentional doping and may be electrostatically screened by ILs and (ii) neutral defects that remain unaffected by the presence of ILs.
Understanding Heterogeneous Electrocatalysis of Lithium Polysulfide Redox on Pt and WS2 Surfaces

An electrocatalytic cathode surface in a Li–sulfur cell can alleviate intrinsic issues such as polysulfide shuttling by improving their adsorption and the reaction kinetics. Herein, we carried out fundamental electrochemical studies on the sulfur–electrocatalyst interface to develop a suitable catalytic cathode. The potentiodynamic and potentiostatic methodologies were used to infer diffusion, adsorption, and kinetic behaviors of polysulfides with respect to catalytic and noncatalytic interfaces. Also, we have demonstrated the influence of catalyst on solid-to-liquid and liquid-to-solid polysulfides reaction kinetics and their effect on Li2S nucleation ending up in gaining high capacity during the discharge process. In addition, we have explained in detail the impact of catalytic interface on cathode surfaces as well as on the reversibility of sulfur redox chemistry.
Editor’s Column: “In times of trouble…”

The editor comments on the impact of Hurricane Harvey and reflects on the impact of Hurricane Katrina in 2005. She briefly discusses the impact of the 2005 hurricane on libraries in Louisiana and highlights how libraries and librarians can help.
Reducing barriers to healthy weight: Planned and responsive adaptations to a lifestyle intervention to serve people with impaired mobility.

Abstract Background People with impaired mobility (IM) disabilities have a higher prevalence of obesity and obesity-related chronic conditions; however, lifestyle interventions that address the unique needs of people with IM are lacking. Objective This paper describes an adapted evidence-based lifestyle intervention developed through community-based participatory research (CBPR). Methods Individuals with IM, health professionals, disability group representatives, and researchers formed an advisory board to guide the process of thoroughly adapting the Diabetes Prevention Program Group Lifestyle Balance (DPP GLB) intervention after a successful pilot in people with IM. The process involved two phases: 1) planned adaptations to DPP GLB content and delivery, and 2) responsive adaptations to address issues that emerged during intervention delivery. Results Planned adaptations included combining in-person sessions with conference calls, providing arm-based activity trackers, and adding content on adaptive cooking, adaptive physical activity, injury prevention, unique health considerations, self-advocacy, and caregiver support. During the intervention, participants encountered numerous barriers, including health and mental health issues, transportation, caregivers, employment, adjusting to disability, and functional limitations. We addressed barriers with responsive adaptations, such as supporting electronic self-monitoring, offering make up sessions, and adding content and activities on goal setting, problem solving, planning, peer support, reflection, and motivation. Conclusions Given the lack of evidence on lifestyle change in people with disabilities, it is critical to involve the community in intervention planning and respond to real-time barriers as participants engage in change. A randomized controlled trial (RCT) is underway to examine the usability, feasibility, and preliminary effectiveness of the adapted intervention.
Secondary traumatic stress increases expression of proteins implicated in peripheral and central sensitization of trigeminal neurons.

The pathology of migraine, a common neurological disease, involves sensitization and activation of trigeminal nociceptive neurons to promote hyperalgesia and allodynia during an attack. Migraineurs often exhibit characteristics of a hyperexcitable or hypervigilant nervous system. One of the primary reported risk factors for development of a hyperexcitable trigeminal system is chronic, unmanaged stress and anxiety. While primary traumatic stress is a commonly cited risk factor for many pain conditions, exposure to secondary traumatic stress early in life is also thought to be a contributing risk factor. The goal of this study was to investigate cellular changes within the spinal trigeminal nucleus and trigeminal ganglion mediated by secondary traumatic stress. Male Sprague Dawley rats (sender) were subjected to forced swim testing (primary traumatic stress) and were then housed in close visual, olfactory, and auditory proximity to the breeding male and female rats, pregnant female rats, or female rats and their nursing offspring (all receivers). In response to secondary stress, levels of calcitonin gene-related peptide, active forms of the mitogen activated protein kinases ERK, JNK, and p38, and astrocyte expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein were significantly elevated in the spinal trigeminal nucleus in day 45 offspring when compared to naive offspring. In addition, increased nuclear expression of ERK and p38 was observed in trigeminal ganglion neurons. Our results demonstrate that secondary traumatic stress promotes cellular events associated with prolonged trigeminal sensitization in the offspring, and provides a mechanism of how early life stress may function as a risk factor for migraine.
Convex Quadrics and Their Characterizations by Means of Plane Sections

Ellipses and ellipsoids form a well-established special class of convex surfaces, primarily due to a wide range of their applications in various mathematical disciplines. The present survey deals with a natural extension of this class to that of convex quadrics. It contains a classification of convex quadrics of the Euclidean space R n and describes, in terms of plane quadric sections, their various characteristic properties among all convex hypersurfaces of R n , possibly unbounded.
Transport of Iodothyronines

In human serum T4, T3, and rT3 are bound to three proteins, which in the order of their affinity for T4 (or T3 or rT3) are thyroxine binding globulin (TBG), thyroxine binding prealbumin (TBPA) and albumin. 3,3′-T2, 3′,5′-T2 and 3′-T1are bound mainly to albumin (Figs. 2.1 and 2.2) whereas tetraiodothyroacetic acid (TETRAC) binds avidly to TBPA in addition to albumin. There is at present little information on the nature of serum binding of 3,5-T2, 3-T1, or triiodothyroacetic acid (TRIAC). Table 2.1 presents some physical, chemical, and iodothyronine-binding characteristics of circulating iodothyronine-binding proteins in man. These proteins also bind thyroid hormones (T4 and T3) in the serum of subhuman primates and in horses. However, in calves, sheep, pigs, goats, dogs, and rabbits, albumin and TBG or a protein that migrates in the vicinity of TBG during electrophoresis are present, but there is little or no TBPA. On the other hand, pigeons, chickens, and kangaroos have a TBPA-like protein in addition to albumin, but they do not have TBG. Guinea pigs and rats appear to have neither TBG nor TBPA, and in these species thyroid hormones circulate bound to albumin only. (Farer et al. 1962; Refetoff et al 1970.)
Neuroprotective effects of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells against cerebral ischemia are mediated in part by an anti-apoptotic mechanism.

Transplantation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) stands as a potent stroke therapy, but its exact mechanism remains unknown. This study investigated the anti-apoptotic mechanisms by which hMSCs exert neuroprotective effects on cerebral ischemia. Primary mixed cultures of rat neurons and astrocytes were cultured and exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation. A two-hour period of “reperfusion” in standard medium and normoxic conditions was allowed and immediately followed by hMSCs and/or Bcl-2 antibody treatment. Cell viability of primary rat neurons and astrocytes was determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthianol-2-yl)-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide and trypan blue exclusion methods. hMSC survival and differentiation were characterized by immunocytochemistry, while the concentration of Bcl-2 in the supernatant was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to reveal the secretory anti-apoptotic function of hMSCs. Cultured hMSCs expressed embryonic-like stem cell phenotypic markers CXCR4, Oct4, SSEA4, and Nanog, as well as immature neural phenotypic marker Nestin. Primary rat neurons and astrocytes were protected from oxygen-glucose deprivation by hMSCs, which was antagonized by the Bcl-2 antibody. However, Bcl-2 levels in the supernatants did not differ between hMSC- and non-treated cells exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation. Neuroprotective effects of hMSCs against cerebral ischemia were partially mediated by the anti-apoptotic mechanisms. However, further studies are warranted to fully elucidate this pathway.
(287) Interscalene Brachial Plexus Block with Dexamethasone for Treatment of Parsonage-Turner Syndrome

CD is an 83y M with a history of COPD, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and lung CA who presented with acute onset non-dermatomal left arm pain. The patient had developed a viral infection 2 weeks prior, and soon after developed left shoulder and arm pain. Imaging and labs did not show rheumatologic, infectious, or cervical nerve cause, however EMG was consistent with brachial plexopathy. A presumptive diagnosis of Parsonage-Turner syndrome was made, and conservative measures were initiated. Unfortunately, the patient did not note improvement with medications, PT, or TENS unit. He was then scheduled for an ultrasound-guided interscalene brachial plexus nerve block with Bupivacaine and Dexamethasone. After the injection, the patient noted > 50% improvement in pain and was able to better participate in physical therapy and significantly increased functionality of his upper extremity. Parsonage-Turner syndrome is a rare autoimmune neuropathy of the brachial plexus, most commonly affecting the upper trunk. It is idiopathic in nature, however may be linked to a post-infectious or post-immunization process. It often presents as acute onset neck, shoulder and arm pain which can progress to weakness, and may often be confused with cervical radiculopathy or thoracic outlet syndrome. Common physical exam features include a slight winging of the scapula, as well as the potential for motor weakness and loss of sensation that does not follow a dermatomal pattern. Imaging, including CT/MRI or plain film, is not always helpful in diagnosis. However, electrodiagnostic testing such as EMG can usually localize the defect to the root level. Conservative therapies are the gold standard for treatment, however some evidence points to improvement with systemic steroids. We believe targeted steroid injections can be an effective therapy for Parsonage Turner Syndrome.
Hierarchical Task Network Planning as Satisfiability

Casting planning problems as propositional satisfiability (SAT) has recently been shown to be an effective way of scaling up plan synthesis. Until now, the benefits of this approach have been utilized only in primitive action-based planning models. Motivated by the conventional wisdom in the planning community about the effectiveness of hierarchical task network (HTN) planning models, in this dissertation, we adapt the “planning as satisfiability” approach to HTN planning models. HTN planning models can be thought of as an augmentation of primitive action based planning models with a grammar of legal solutions, provided in the form of non-primitive tasks and task reduction schemas. Accordingly, we argue that any primitive action-based SAT encoding scheme can be generalized to handle HTN planning. Informally, this generalization involves adding constraints to the encoding to ensure that the solutions produced by solving the encoding will conform to the grammar provided by the HTN planning model. The constraints can be added in either a “topdown” or “bottom-up” fashion, resulting in two HTN encoding schemes for each primitive action-based encoding scheme. We illustrate this process by providing three different HTN encodings. We report the asymptotic sizes of these encodings, as well as conduct an empirical evaluation of the complexity of finding their models. We show that the causal HTN encodings are significantly easier to solve than the action-based causal encodings, when the constraints from the task reduction schemas are propagated to simplify the encodings. We develop a procedure to achieve this simplification. Our strategy of simplifying the encodings before generating them as opposed to simplifying them a posteriori also avoids the memory problem where the unsimplified encodings require an impractical amount of disk space to store. This dissertation is also the first work to report promising empirical results on the hitherto under-represented and claimed to be hard to solve causal encodings.
Photo Quiz: A 27-Year-Old Male with an "Itchy Rash" for 3 Months.

A 27-year-old male with no prior medical history presented with diffuse itchy and painful rash lasting 3 months. He had recently been treated in another emergency department for “allergies,” but the rash worsened, prompting his presentation to us. Prior to 3 months ago, he had been in his
Salinity Reduces the Forage Quality of Forage Kochia: A Halophytic Chenopodiaceae Shrub

Abstract Forage kochia (Bassia prostrata [L.] A.J. Scott) is a perennial, halophytic Chenopodiaceae shrub adapted to semiarid rangelands and steppes. It is noted for its ability to produce edible forage in saline environments, but the effect of salinity on its nutritive value has not been determined. Therefore, this study evaluated the dose-response of increasing salinity on the forage quality of forage kochia and Gardner’s saltbush (Atriplex gardneri [Moq.] D. Dietr., a chenopod forage shrub indigenous to the United States). Individual plants were evaluated in hydroponics for 28 days at 0, 150, 300, and 600 mM NaCl. Salt from accumulated ions, minerals, and forage nutritive value were determined using ground shoot samples. Analysis of forage nutritive value is problematic in plants with high salt concentrations, so neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and in vitro true digestibility (IVTD) were also predicted on an ash-corrected dry matter (DM) basis (NDFcorrected and IVTDcorrected). Forage kochia exhibited a dose-response for salt concentration, IVTDcorrected, and crude protein (CP) as salinity increased. Salt concentrations increased to 19% of DM at 600 mM NaCl, which may reduce voluntary intake by ruminants grazing forage kochia. Results indicated that uncorrected IVTD estimates were inflated as forage kochia IVTDcorrected decreased from 65% to 56% with the major change between 300 and 600 mM NaCl. Crude protein did not differ between two forage kochia cultivars but decreased from 26% to 15% between 0 and 600 mM NaCl, whereas Gardner’s saltbush CP decreased by only five percentage points as salinity increased. Nonetheless, despite the greater CP sensitivity to salinity level, forage kochia salt concentration was less and digestibility and metabolizable energy (ME) were greater than Gardner’s saltbush. Overall, salinity reduced the forage quality of forage kochia, though not as dramatically as for Gardner’s saltbush, thus supporting use of forage kochia to improve the forage base of saline rangelands.
Incorporation of Mannitol in Tissue Culture Media for Long-Term Storage of Potatoes at Moderately Low Temperature and Effect on Subsequent Micropropagation

Long-term maintenance in vitro of potato plantlets in nutrient media is necessary to preserve disease-free stocks. Since these are living plants, they eventually outgrow the containers they are in and exhaust the media, so propagation onto fresh media is required. To decrease labor and time spent in this process, it is of interest to slow plant growth to reduce turnover frequency. In this study, we investigated the effects of adding two concentrations (2 and 4%) of mannitol (a sugar alcohol that causes osmotic stress) to tissue culture media on plant growth of three potato clones at moderately low temperatures. Plantlet growth was inversely proportional to the concentration of mannitol used, but there were genotypic differences. Regeneration of the plantlets for subsequent micropropagation, after removal from the main treatments at day 64 and 121 days, was not negatively affected by the percentage of mannitol used to maintain the original stocks. Based on these results, we started using 2% mannitol as a baseline for practical long-term storage of potato breeding clones maintained in vitro. Depending on the reaction of the specific genotypes to media containing mannitol, additional adjustments might be needed.
Risk Ratios and Special Education: The Cure Is Worse than the Disability

Many researchers report risk ratios of White students to Black students with disabilities to show disproportionality and draw the conclusion discrimination exists. Risk ratios, upon further inspection, have methodological and philosophical problems which challenge the usefulness. A qualitative literature review provides a framework for understanding disproportionality and the use of risk ratios. Four themes underpin disproportionality findings, and a theory for future action was derived from the literature review. Recommendations to improve special education services are presented: universal screening, a standardized process, fidelity and research, and a focus on academic achievement.
Lateral Ulnar Collateral Ligament Reconstruction for Posterolateral Rotatory Instability of the Elbow: A Systematic Review:

Background: Posterolateral rotatory instability (PLRI) is a common form of recurrent elbow instability. The aim of this systematic review is to present the outcomes and complications of lateral ulnar collateral ligament (LUCL) reconstruction surgery for PLRI. Methods: A literature search of LUCL reconstructions was performed, identifying 99 potential papers; 11 of which met inclusion/exclusion criteria, accounting for 148 patients. Papers were included if they reviewed cases of PLRI from 1976 to 2016 with reported outcome measures. Data were pooled and analyzed focusing on patient demographics as well as subjective and objective patient outcomes and complications. Results: The average age of patients was 34 years with a mean follow-up time of 49.8 months. The most common mechanism of injury was a traumatic elbow dislocation (66%), followed by cubitus varus deformity (7%), and unknown mechanisms (7%). Overall, 90% of patients achieved elbow stability and 2.7% experienced a failed reconstruction that necessitated an additional surgery. Furthermore, 93% were satisfied with the outcome of the reconstruction, and 83% reported good to excellent outcomes with 11% reporting moderate to severe persistent pain. Nearly half (45%) of reconstructions were done using a palmaris longus tendon graft, 24% with a triceps tendon graft, and 7% with a synthetic graft. Conclusions: Outcomes following LUCL reconstruction for PLRI are excellent and revision rates are low. LUCL reconstruction is a safe and reliable procedure.Level of Evidence: IV Therapeutic.
Tunable Repetition Rates in Compound Cavity Mode Locked Laser Diodes using External Reflector

We report on the harmonic mode-locking effects in external reflector compound cavity laser diodes. By forming the semiconductor-air compound cavity, the pulse repetition rate changed from 33GHz to 231GHz and 75 GHz to 225GHz.
A BCWD-Resistant line of rainbow trout is less sensitive to cortisol implant-induced changes in IgM response as compared to a susceptible (control) line

In salmonids, stress responses increase cortisol levels and disease susceptibility, including to Flavobacterium psychrophilum (Fp), the causative agent of BCWD. A BCWD-resistant line (R-line) of rainbow trout was used here to investigate potential differences in immunoglobulin response after a combined treatment of cortisol and Fp, as compared to a susceptible (S-line) control line. Expression of membrane and secreted immunoglobulin heavy chains mu and tau were determined by RT-qPCR in spleen and anterior kidney. Cortisol treatment did not affect B cell development in the anterior kidney, but delayed IgM responses at the early stage of infection in the spleen of both lines. An earlier IgM response was a determining factor in differential disease progression between resistant- and susceptible fish after Fp-challenge. S-line fish had a delayed and exacerbated IgM response after cortisol implant indicative of a detrimental cycle of sustained IgM responses and high pathogen loads. In contrast, R-line fish had delayed but milder, and protective IgM responses and cleared pathogen successfully. Fp challenge after cortisol implant increased serum cortisol levels on days 3 and 5 compared to mock treatments in S-line fish, but only on day 3 in R-line. Hence, combined cortisol treatment and Fp challenge differentially modulated B cell activation and Fp loads in BCWD-resistant and susceptible lines of rainbow trout. We propose that under conditions of increased stress, BCWD-resistant fish may remain immunologically better equipped to respond to infections compared to BCWD susceptible fish.
Rapid Oxidation and Reduction of Lithium for Improved Cycling Performance and Increased Homogeneity.

This work enables highly “uniform” and “reversible” deposition of Li metal in carbonate electrolytes through a one-time rapid oxidation and reduction (ROAR) treatment. Over the years, Li metal has ...
Racial Disparities in Sustaining Breastfeeding in a Baby-Friendly Designated Southeastern United States Hospital: An Opportunity to Investigate Systemic Racism

Background: Racial disparities in breastfeeding rates persist in the United States with Black women having the lowest rates of initiation and continuation. A literature review attributes this to ma...
“Everybody Needs Their Story to Be Heard”: Motivations to Participate in Research on LGBTQ Criminal Offending

Queer criminology must contend with many social, political, and disciplinary concerns, which include existing negative representations of LGBTQ people. Queer criminologists have noted the potential...
Antagonistic epistasis of Hnf4α and FoxO1 metabolic networks through enhancer interactions in β-cell function.

Abstract Objective Genetic and acquired abnormalities contribute to pancreatic β-cell failure in diabetes. Transcription factors Hnf4α (MODY1) and FoxO1 are respective examples of these two components and act through β-cell-specific enhancers. However, their relationship is unclear. Methods In this report, we show by genome-wide interrogation of chromatin modifications that ablation of FoxO1 in mature β-cells enriches active Hnf4α enhancers according to a HOMER analysis. Results To model the functional significance of this predicted unusual enhancer utilization, we generated single and compound knockouts of FoxO1 and Hnf4α in β-cells. Single knockout of either gene impaired insulin secretion in mechanistically distinct fashions as indicated by their responses to sulfonylurea and calcium fluxes. Surprisingly, the defective β-cell secretory function of either single mutant in hyperglycemic clamps and isolated islets treated with various secretagogues was completely reversed in double mutants lacking FoxO1 and Hnf4α. Gene expression analyses revealed distinct epistatic modalities by which the two transcription factors regulate networks associated with reversal of β-cell dysfunction. An antagonistic network regulating glycolysis, including β-cell “disallowed” genes, and a synergistic network regulating protocadherins emerged as likely mediators of the functional restoration of insulin secretion. Conclusions The findings provide evidence of antagonistic epistasis as a model of gene/environment interactions in the pathogenesis of β-cell dysfunction.
Case 50: An Old EKG Machine

You are in Niger. The year is 2021 and you are to start work in a small mission hospital with only one operating room. Your own anesthesia monitoring equipment has not arrived but is expected within a week.
Demonstration of a herpes group virus in cultures of peripheral leukocytes from patients with infectious mononucleosis.

Abstract Cultures were initiated with peripheral leukocytes from individuals: (i) in the acute stage of infectious mononucleosis (IM); (ii) with past histories of IM; and (iii) without histories of IM and without antibodies to EB virus (EBV). In confirmation of other reports, the first group of cultures developed readily and rapidly into lines of blastoid cells. Cellular replication commenced in 24 of 25 attempts within 17 to 28 days, regardless of the technique employed; i.e., initial seeding of the leukocytes with or without addition of phytohemagglutinin onto monolayers of human diploid cells (WI-38) or direct establishment of suspension cultures. EBV was detected in all cultures by immunofluorescence and also by electron microscopy when tested. Furthermore, the nine cultures which were examined cytogenetically revealed the C-group (#10) chromosomal marker previously found in cultured Burkitt tumor cells. These findings supported the earlier conclusion that EBV is related to, if not identical with, the causative agent of IM. Cultures of the second group commenced growth only within 30 to 60 days in five of seven attempts, depending apparently upon the early presence of WI-38 cells. These cultures also revealed the presence of EBV and, in the three examined, the C-group chromosomal marker. Leukocytes of the third group, seeded onto WI-38 monolayers, failed to become established in four attempts. The possible implications of these findings are discussed.
Due Process Limitations on Federal Extraterritorial Legislation

In this article, Professor Weisburd addresses whether the due process clause of the Fifth Amendment imposes limitations on the territorial reach of federal legislation, analogous to the territorial limitations on the legislative authority of the states imposed by the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. He concludes that the Fifth Amendment creates no such limitations. He seeks to support this conclusion, first, by analyzing relevant decisions of the United States Supreme Court. He also seeks to demonstrate that the existence of such limitations would both be inconsistent with the implications of provisions of the Constitution other than the Fifth Amendment and severely limit the ability of the federal government to protect the interests of the United States in the international arena, given the realities of the structure of the international system. Finally, Professor Weisburd seeks to address certain objections to his views.
Layered Duplicate Detection in External-Memory Model Checking

This paper presents a disk-based explicit-state model checking algorithm that uses an approach called layered duplicate detection. In this approach, states encountered during a breadth-first traversal of the graph of the transition system are stored in memory according to the layer of the graph in which they are first encountered. With this layered organization of memory, transition locality is exploited by checking only the most recent layers for duplicates. In RAM, exploiting transition locality in this way saves time. In external memory, it saves space. In addition, a layered structure allows an easy method of counterexample reconstruction in disk-based model checking. We prove a worst-case linear bound on the redundant work performed by our approach. Experimental results indicate that average case redundant work is much better than the worst-case. The implemented model checker has been used to verify a transition system that required more than 275 GBs of disk storage.
Flexible versus nonflexible mitral valve rings for congestive heart failure: differential durability of repair.

Background— Surgical intervention is playing an increasingly important therapeutic role in congestive heart failure (CHF) patients with ischemia and dilated cardiomyopathy. Their mitral regurgitation (MR) is a result of left ventricular (LV) geometrical distortion. The optimal type of ring for CHF patients with geometric ventricular-based MR is unknown. This study reviewed the results of flexible versus nonflexible complete mitral valve rings in CHF patients with geometric mitral regurgitation. Methods and Results— Using a prospectively maintained database, patients undergoing mitral valve reconstruction (MVR) with either a flexible or nonflexible complete ring were identified on the basis of preoperative ejection fraction (EF) ≤30% and no primary mitral pathology. These 2 groups of CHF patients with severe geometric MR were then compared in terms of recurrent MR requiring reoperation. Between 1992 and 2004, 289 patients with EF ≤30%, received an undersized complete mitral annuloplasty ring as their MVR procedure. Of these, 170 patients had a flexible complete ring. In follow-up, 16 “flexible” patients (9.4%) required a repeat procedure for significant recurrent geometric MR and CHF (10 replacements, 3 re-repairs, 3 transplants). The average time to reoperation was 2.4 years. In contrast, 119 patients with an EF ≤30% received a MVR using an undersized nonflexible complete ring. Only 3 “non-flexible” patients required a repeat operation, MVR (1), and 2 patients required a transplant. The time to reoperation was 4.0 years. A significant difference in reoperation rates, for recurrent MR, between the 2 groups ( P =0.012). There were no differences between groups, in terms of age, ring size used, preoperative EF, LV size, MR grade, or New York Heart Association class. Conclusions— Patients with CHF having a flexible ring have a higher likelihood of developing recurrent MR requiring reoperation. The use of a nonflexible ring appears to significantly reduce the need for repeat surgical procedures. Further refinement and development of nonflexible ring systems, aimed at LV restoration, deserve ongoing investigation.
Ingestion, utilization and excretion of blood meal sterols by the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans

Abstract The daily ingestion, utilization, and excretion of the blood-meal lipids by the stable fly were determined for the first gonotrophic cycle. Based on TLC analysis of the excreta, all of the blood lipids were utilized except for sphingomyelin (
Role of milk fat globule membrane in autoxidation of milk fat.

The influence of the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) on oxidation of milk fat under various conditions was monitored by fatty acid analysis and oxygen consumption at 50°C. The rate of copper-catalyzed oxidation of cream containing the membrane was faster than when the membrane was removed. In the dry state, the isolated MFGM, membrane lipids (ML) and the nonlipid membrane solids (NLMS) inhibited oxidation at 50°C and 95°C. In the presence of water, however, all membrane components enhanced oxidation at 50°C. The balance between the accelerating effects of membrane components and the inhibiting influence of other factors appeared to depend on processing conditions.
Ribosomal RNA in Mauthner axon: implications for a protein synthesizing machinery in the myelinated axon.

Abstract RNA was extracted from myelin-free Mauthner axons of the goldfish on a microscale and fractionated by microelectrophoresis. Microextracts showed the presence of nominal 26 S E , 18 S E , 5 S E and 4 S E components,which co-migrated with rRNA from fish brain. In addition, a non-ribosomal 15 S E component was present in axon microextracts, but not in RNA extracts of fish brain or of myelin sheath from Mauthner axon, indicating an unusual enrichment of a putative mRNA class. Evidence was presented to support the contention that axonal rRNA was not due to contamination from the myelin sheath. Possible reasons for the lack of ultrastructural evidence for axoplasmic ribosomes are discussed.
Oxygen stoichiometry, electrical conductivity, and thermopower measurements of BSCF (Ba0.5Sr0.5CoxFe1 − xO3 − δ, 0≤ x ≤ 0.8) in air

Abstract The DC electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficient of sintered BSCF ceramics (Ba 0.5 Sr 0.5 Co x Fe 1 − x O 3 − δ , 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.8) were simultaneously measured from 200 to 900 °C in air. Oxygen stoichiometry (3 − δ ) was determined from iodometry at room temperature and thermogravimetry analysis to 900 °C. The electrical conductivity was thermally activated at low temperatures, exhibiting a maximum of 32 ± 4 S/cm at ∼ 350 °C and then decreasing with increasing temperature above 400 °C. The Seebeck coefficient ranged from a minimum of 37 ± 10 μV/K for all compositions at ∼ 300 °C to 150 μV/K for x = 0 and 67 μV/K for x = 0.8 at 900 °C. Oxygen stoichiometry ranged from 2.65 for x = 0 and 2.54 for x = 0.8 at 100 °C to 2.55 for x = 0 and 2.36 for x = 0.8 at 900 °C. A simple p-type polaron hopping model, assuming negligible contribution from n-type or ionic carriers, was used to extract the carrier concentration and mobilities from the measured data. The calculated mobilities were 2 /V-s, supporting the p-type polaron hopping model. For a given composition, the activation energy for conduction below ∼ 350 °C was identical to that of the carrier mobility, ranging from 0.2 eV for x = 0 to 0.6 eV for x = 0.8. Above 350 °C, the activation energy for carrier mobility decreased dramatically, ranging from 0.05 eV for x = 0.2 to 0.1 eV for x = 0.8. Unlike the carrier mobilities of the x ≥ 0.2 samples, the carrier mobility for the x = 0 sample did not appear to be thermally activated above 350 °C.