cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
C2 band emission from diffusion flames of alkali metals and halogenated methanes

Diffusion flames of tri. or tetra4udogenated methanes burning at low pressure in an atmosphere of alkali metal vapor are sources of profuse Ca emlsaon [ I -3] . A good example is the flame of gaseous CCh burning in potassium vapor. A portion of the emission spectrum is shown in Fig. 1. Tewarson, Naegali, and Palmer 131 reported that the s~ct rum contained bands of well-known Swan, Ba'!ik.Ramsay, Phillips, IX, slandres-d'Azambuja, and ,:ox-Herzherg systems, plus bands from four forbidden systems of C2, and including numerous new bands in the Swan, Ballik-Ramsay, and Phillips systems. Details of these systems and the band assignments are presented by Tewarson [4]. Because of the enormous complexity of the ~-tission, including high rotational excitation, and because of the low (20 A/ram)dispersion of the spectrograph employed, many of the assignments were tentative. For example, it was difficult to distinguish vibrational band heads from clusters of umclated rotational lines in many cases. Therefore it seemed desirable to reinvestigate the K-CCh flame spectrum. Details of this investigation are reported by Hsu [51 . His analysis Iws now been reexamined by one of us (C.F.A.) and supported in its essentiah. The result is that some of the earlier reports arc co,ifirmed and some cannot be supported. l 'he experiments were very similar to those of
The Functional Effects of the −455G/A Polymorphism on the IL-6-Induced Expression of the β-fibrinogen Gene may be due to Linkage Disequilibrium with Other Functional Polymorphisms

Elevated plasma fibrinogen levels have been identified as an independent risk factor for coronary heart diseases, stroke and peripheral artery disease. The −455G/A polymorphism in the promoter region of the β-fibrinogen gene has been associated with increased plasma fibrinogen levels. However, the functional effect of this polymorphism has been controversial and other polymorphisms in the fibrinogen gene have also been implicated in higher fibrinogen levels. In this study, we evaluated the transcriptional activity of 4 natural haplotypes and 6 artificial haplotypes in the promoter region of the β-fibrinogen gene. Significantly lower IL-6-induced activity was observed in the −1420A and −148T alleles. In contrast, the −854A allele had significantly higher activity. Artificial haplotypes containing the −1420A, −854A and −148T alleles were also analyzed to confirm individual functional effects. The −1420A and −148T alleles significantly lowered the activities, while the −854A allele significantly raised the a...
Fabrication of Multifaceted Micropatterned Surfaces with Laser Scanning Lithography.

The implementation of engineered surfaces presenting micrometer-sized patterns of cell adhesive ligands against a biologically inert background has led to numerous discoveries in fundamental cell biology. While existing surface patterning strategies allow patterning of a single ligand, it is still challenging to fabricate surfaces displaying multiple patterned ligands. To address this issue we implemented laser scanning lithography (LSL), a laser-based thermal desorption technique, to fabricate multifaceted, micropatterned surfaces that display independent arrays of subcellular-sized patterns of multiple adhesive ligands with each ligand confi ned to its own array. We demonstrate that LSL is a highly versatile “maskless” surface patterning strategy that provides the ability to create patterns with features ranging from 460 nm to 100 μ m, topography ranging from − 1 to 17 nm, and to fabricate both stepwise and smooth ligand surface density gradients. As validation for their use in cell studies, surfaces presenting orthogonally interwoven arrays of 1 μ m × 8 μ m elliptical patterns of Gly-Arg-Gly-Asp-terminated alkanethiol self-assembled monolayers and human plasma fi bronectin are produced. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells cultured on these multifaceted surfaces form adhesion sites to both ligands simultaneously and utilize both ligands for lamella formation during migration. The ability to create multifaceted, patterned surfaces with tight control over pattern size, spacing, and topography provides a platform to simultaneously investigate the complex interactions of extracellular matrix geometry, biochemistry, and topography on cell adhesion and downstream cell behavior.
Isothermal crystallization of poly(vinylidene fluoride) in the presence of high static electric fields. II. Effect of crystallization temperature and electric field strength on the crystal phase content and morphology

The melt crystallization of poly(vinylidene fluoride) in a static electric field was studied for different fields strengths and undercooling conditions. The γ-phase nucleation process was examined directly by polarized optical microscopy and indirectly by small-angle light scattering. The crystal phase content was assessed by differential scanning calorimetry. It is shown that the γ-phase nucleation density and γ-phase content increase with field strength and that the higher the crystallization temperature, the larger the effect of the field. These experimental results confirm the predictions of the model of nucleation in an electric field that we published previously. It is also noted that the degree of crystallinity and the perfection of crystal orientation along the γ-phase spherulite radical direction decrease with field strength. The homogeneity of morphology resulting from the crystallization in the field is also examined by polarized optical microscopy on specimens microtomed across their thickness. When the crystallization is carried out under high field (E ≈ 0.1 MV/cm) and high temperature (T > 166°C) a nonuniform morphology results, characterized by a higher nucleation density at the positive electrode than at the negative electrode. Near the negative electrode very large disklike spherulites are seen to grow parallel to the substrate.
Determination of benomyl and its metabolites by cation-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography

In the high-performance liquid chromatography determination of benomyl fungicide [methyl 1-(butyl carbomoyl)-2-benzimidazolecarbamate] quantitative conversion to the metabolite methyl 2-benzimidazolecarbamate (MCB) is effected by the addition of 0.25 M hydrochloric acid during the rotary evaporation at 50–60°C of the extraction solvents, methanol—ethyl acetate (1:9). This mild hydrolysis allows for the simultaneous determination of MBC and 2-aminobenzimidazole by cation-exchange chromatography in a variety of agricultural commodities, environmental samples, and worker exposure monitoring devices. The interferences usually occasioned by acid reflux hydrolysis are minimized. A Zipax SCX column, maintained at 60°C, was used with a mobile phase of 0.025 M tetramethylammonium nitrate—0.025 M nitric acid; and detection was by UV at 280 nm.
Racial Differences in Secular Trends in Respiratory-Related Neonatal Mortality among VLBW Infants in the US

Racial Differences in Secular Trends in Respiratory-Related Neonatal Mortality among VLBW Infants in the US
Development of a Scalable Process for CI-1034, an Endothelin Antagonist

A concise, convergent multikilogram synthesis of CI-1034 (1), a potent endothelin receptor antagonist, is described. A 15-step preparation from commercially available o-vanillin and benzenesulfonyl chloride employs a remarkably robust Suzuki coupling between a boronic acid and an aromatic sulfonate ester as the key synthetic step. A scalable route capable of producing multikilogram quantities of CI-1034 with no chromatographic steps is described in this contribution. Improvements to the process included using a 4-fluorobenzenesulfonate ester as a suitable substitute for the triflate group in the Suzuki reaction and the use of MgCl2 as a substitute for TiCl4 in a Dieckmann condensation to provide the benzothiazine dioxide core.
On the Topological Regularity of the Solution Set of Differential Inclusions with Constraints

Abstract In this paper we establish the topological regularity of the solution set of differential inclusions with constraints, defined in R n. The result is then extended to systems defined in Banach spaces. Our proof makes. use of an approximation result by Lipschitz functions of Caratheodory functions, which we also prove in this paper.
A numerical study of spontaneous bifurcation

Abstract In the study of nonlinear boundary value problems it has been observed that bifurcations may take place which are not local to the origin in function space. In such problems the analysis of the bifurcation and the computation of solutions is complicated by the nonlocal nature of the bifurcation and the multiplicity of solutions. In this work a model problem exhibiting this phenomena, which has been of recent interest, is numerically studied. The method of alternative problems is employed to provide a complete numerical description of the bifurcation occurring in the model problem.
Pre-Processing in Sentence Comprehension: Sensitivity to Likely Upcoming Meaning and Structure

For more than a decade, views of sentence comprehension have been shifting toward wider acceptance of a role for linguistic pre-processing-that is, anticipation, expectancy, (neural) pre-activation, or prediction-of upcoming semantic content and syntactic structure. In this survey, we begin by examining the implications of each of these "brands" of predictive comprehension, including the issue of potential costs and consequences to not encountering highly constrained sentence input. We then describe a number of studies (many using online methodologies) that provide results consistent with prospective sensitivity to various grains and levels of semantic and syntactic information, acknowledging that such pre-processing is likely to occur in other linguistic and extralinguistic domains, as well. This review of anticipatory findings also includes some discussion on the relationship of priming to prediction. We conclude with a brief examination of some possible limits to prediction, and with a suggestion for future work to probe whether and how various strands of prediction may integrate during real-time comprehension.
Effect of adult continuing wh-questions on conversational participation in children with developmental disabilities.

Children with developmental disabilities often converse less frequently than their developmentally matched peers. This low conversational participation can cause problems for the children’s future language and discourse development. The purpose of this experimental study was to test the hypothesis that adult topic-continuing wh-questions would elicit topic continuations in children with relatively low language ability, but not in children with relatively high language ability. Twenty-three children with developmental delays interacted with an adult who conducted two play sessions. In each session, the adult used a different interaction style. The two styles differed in the adult’s use of topic-continuing wh-questions. Results indicate that adult use of topic-continuing wh-questions supported the use of child continuations in children at all language levels. The type of continuations (single word versus multiword) that were elicited depended on the language level of the children. Clinical implications are ...
Analysis of the NiCo2O4 spinel surface with Auger and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

Abstract Nickel cobaltite, NiCo 2 O 4 , has been synthesized by sol–gel and thermal decomposition techniques and the surface composition studied with Auger (AES) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies (XPS). The as-introduced samples are near-stoichiometric, although samples fabricated by thermal decomposition tend to be oxygen-deficient by approximately 25% of the predicted spinel concentration. Nickel 2p XPS indicates the predominant form of the metal to be Ni 2+ , with the cations located in octahedral sites. The cobalt cations are equally divided between tetrahedral and octahedral sites as Co 3+ . The oxygen XP 1s spectrum is composed of two peaks, the main lattice peak at 529.6 eV and a component at 531.2 eV with about 40% of the total O 1s intensity in stoichiometric samples. While the possibility of hydroxyl contaminants cannot be discounted, most of the intensity in the 531.2 eV peak is believed to be intrinsic to the NiCo 2 O 4 surface. Heating the cobaltite in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) results in surface reduction, with the largest changes apparent in the Co 2p XP spectrum, which shows clear signs of reduction to octahedral Co 2+ . Changes brought about by the reduction are not reversible, and although it is possible to reoxidize the material, the surface undergoes phase separation to Co 3 O 4 and Ni x Co 1− x O.
Sonography of Morel-Lavallee lesions.

Objective. The purpose of this series was to retrospectively characterize the sonographic appearance of posttraumatic Morel-Lavallee lesions. Methods. After Institutional Review Board approval was obtained, a search of the radiology information system database with correlation to medical records identified 21 posttraumatic fluid collections of the hip and thigh in 15 patients. Sonographic images were retrospectively reviewed by 1 author to characterize the echogenicity, homogeneity, shape, margins, location, compressibility, and vascularity of the fluid collection. Results were correlated with the age of the fluid collection and aspiration results where possible. Results. All fluid collections (21/21) were located between the deep fat and fascia, with a shape that was fusiform in 12 (60%) of 20, flat in 5 (25%), and lobular in 3 (15%) (shape not determined in 1 case). Regarding echogenicity, 15 (71%) of the 21 collections were hypoechoic, and 6 (29%) were anechoic; 13 (62%) were heterogeneous, and 8 (38%) were homogeneous. The lobular fluid collections were all less than 2 weeks of age, and the flat fluid collections were all greater than 6 months of age. All homogeneous fluid collections were greater than 8 months of age. There was no relationship between the age of a fluid collection and its echogenicity. Conclusions. Morel-Lavallee lesions had a variable appearance, being more homogeneous and flat or fusiform in shape with a well-defined margin as the lesions aged. All Morel-Lavallee lesions were hypoechoic or anechoic, compressible, and located between the deep fat and overlying fascia. Key words: hip; sonography; thigh; trauma.
Towards spatial and semantic mapping in aquatic environments

High fidelity data acquisition of dynamic spatiotemporal phenomena for aquatic environmental research suggests the use of actuated sensors. Furthermore, characterization of the floor in aquatic environments is beneficial for environmental science, as well as can be applied to robot localization. The NIMS AQ cable robot platform is designed to meet these requirements and satisfy the constraints of large scale, in-field deployments. In addition to a set of water quality sensors it also carries an ultra-miniature side-scan sonar. In this paper we show the development of methods for autonomous range detection, spatial and semantic mapping in underwater environments. These methods are demonstrated to be important for future developments including localization, navigation, and path planning, particularly for 3D mobility. Experiments have been performed in both controlled environments and a lake environment and results are discussed.
Kinetics of induction of reactive oxygen species during the post-irradiation expression of neoplastic transformation in vitro.

Purpose : To examine whether the delayed expression of cell death and neoplastic foci in irradiated HeLa ×human skin fibroblast human hybrid cells correlates with the presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the progeny of the irradiated cells. Material and methods : HeLa ×human skin fibroblast human hybrid cells were irradiated and plated as for assay of neoplastic transformation. At regular time intervals during the post-irradiation expression period of 21 days, samples were harvested and assessed for the presence of oxyradical activity by measuring the oxidation of dichlorohydrofluorescein (DCFH) to dichlorofluorescein (DCF) using flow cytometry. This reagent principally detects hydrogen peroxide. The kinetics of production of ROS were compared with those previously measured using the identical experimental protocol for the expression of both cell death and neoplastic foci. Results : The kinetics of production of ROS closely matched those for the onset of delayed cell death and delayed expression o...
Quasiparticle density-matrix representation of nonlinear time-dependent density-functional response functions

The time-dependent density-functional (TDDFT) equations may be written either for the Kohn-Sham orbitals in Hilbert space or for the single-electron density matrix in Liouville space. A collective-oscillator, quasiparticle, representation of the density response of many-electron systems which explicitly reveals the relevant electronic coherence sizes is developed using the Liouville-space representation of adiabatic TDDFT. Closed expressions for the nonlinear density-density response are derived, eliminating the need to solve nonlinear integral equations, as required in the Hilbert-space formulation of the response.
Modular Specification Of Incremental Program Transformation Systems

Advanced programming environments being developed to support ambitious program optimization and parallelization will perform extensive program analysis to gather facts used in performing complex program transformations. The need for timely response to the programmer's incremental modifications suggests that the program analysis database and transformed program be updated incrementally. Hand-coding these systems in conventional programming languages is both tedious and error prone. This paper presents a phase-oriented approach to incremental transformation system development in which transformations and analyses are separated into phases that interact only through explicit transmission of data. We will demonstrate how this approach can be applied within an attribute grammar setting in which a transformation system is non- procedurally specified and then automatically generated from its specification. Through the description of an incremental optimizer and an incremental parallelizing tool we demonstrate how this approach significantly simplifies the modification and extension of incremental transformation systems.
Contra 'Nemo Iudex in Sua Causa'

The maxim nemo iudex in sua causa – no man should be judge in his own case – is widely thought to capture a bedrock principle of natural justice and constitutionalism. The U.S. Supreme Court calls it “a mainstay of our system of government” and regularly invokes it in diverse contexts, and the principle has venerable roots in the common law. I will argue that the nemo iudex principle is worse than an outright falsehood; it is a misleading half-truth. Sometimes rulemakers in public law do and should design institutions to respect the value of impartiality that underlies nemo iudex principle. In other cases, however, they do not and should not. In many settings, public law makes officials or institutions the judges of their own prerogatives, power or legal authority. Officials or institutions may determine their own membership, award their own compensation, rule on the limits of their own jurisdiction, or adjudicate and punish violations of rules they themselves have created.I will attempt to identify the general conditions under which rule-designers sensibly depart from, override or qualify the nemo iudex principle. In some cases there is no impartial official or institution in the picture, so that wherever decision-making authority is lodged, someone or other will have to be the judge in his own case. In other cases, even where it would be feasible to respect the nemo iudex principle, the costs of doing so will exceed the benefits. In general, this will be so when and because impartiality trades off against one of several competing considerations: the benefits of expertise, the value of institutional autonomy and independence, or the motivation and activity level of officials or institutions. The upshot is that it is never sufficient to argue that a proposed institution, or a proposed interpretation of ambiguous constitutional rules or practices, would violate the nemo iudex principle or would “put the fox in charge of the henhouse.” One must go on to ask whether the conflict is avoidable or unavoidable, and if it is avoidable, whether it would be good or bad overall to avoid it.
Merger Policy at the Federal Trade Commission: What Changes, What Stays the Same?

The Hart Scott Rodino program, coupled with the modern Merger Guidelines, has controlled merger enforcement for the last twenty years. Economists have offered numerous commentaries, some supportive of the status quo, others suggestive of change. This paper tabulates and evaluates information from Federal Trade Commission (FTC) merger reviews. The FTC’s workload focuses on horizontal mergers, with particular interest in health care, consumer goods, and a specific group of intermediary product industries. The evidence suggests that a shift away from coordinated interaction cases occurred after the introduction of the 1992 Merger Guidelines; since then, theoretical choices appear relatively stable. Abstracting from a large number of mergers to monopoly studied and almost always blocked by the Agency, coordinated interaction matters generally exceed unilateral concerns, although the 2011-2012 period may be an anomaly. Statistical analysis of the merger review process detects a little populism, but no evidence of partisan political influence on enforcement. Merger challenge decisions appear fact driven, with theory influencing which considerations are important, but not the weight given to the specific factors. Of particular interest are the findings of a more aggressive policy in homogeneous goods industries, with this impact offset by a finding of buyer power. Overall, it is the fact-based staff findings that appear to drive the merger review process.
The Delivery of Culturally Sensitive Health Care to Native Americans

Cultural factors significantly influence the Native American's perspectives of traditional professional health care practices. To most effectively deal with Native American clients, health care providers must understand, respect, and demonstrate sensitivity to the values and implications of the Native American culture. A basic understanding of a group's cultural beliefs, values, and practices will enable the holistic nurse to appreciate the importance of appropriate interactions and techniques and, therefore, make health care more readily accepted. This article reviews the health and illness beliefs, the traditional remedies, the critical need for holistic health care, and the Five Great Values that guide Native American behavior. Familiarization with these cultural components will facilitate the provision of quality, holistic health care through improved interactions with Native American clients.
Studying Nonlinear Dynamical Systems on a Reconfigurable Analog Platform

We have developed a field programmable analog array (FPAA) that can be configured to synthesis and analyze a vast variety of circuits. This FPAA is a valuable platform for studying nonlinear dynamics in circuits, as it offers close to the flexibility of computer simulation, but with actual experimental results. We present data from a current mirror, a peak detector, and a second-order section
EFFICIENCY OF FOOD UTILIZATION BY HELIOTHIS ZEA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) FED ARTIFICIAL DIETS OR GREEN BEANS

Second-instar Heliothis zea (more than the 275th generation) larvae from a 16-year-old culture, were fed either green beans or artificial diet until they reached the pupal stage and then were compared to determine their relative fitness to the two diets. They proved at least as well adapted to beans as to artificial diet with regard to most parameters. Final larval weights were equal, as were pupal dry weights. Wet weights were higher in diet-fed than in bean-fed pupae. Dry food consumption was higher in diet-fed larvae than in bean-fed larvae, but the reverse was true of wet food consumption. Total food consumption by larvae was limited by food volume rather than weight or composition. The larval stage was shorter in diet-fed than in bean-fed larvae; and diet-fed larvae had better survival, higher body nitrogen, and body energy content. Oxygen consumption was lower in bean-fed than in diet-fed larvae. Efficiency of food utilization was higher for bean-fed than for diet-fed larvae both in terms of dry matter conversion and energy conversion. Nitrogen utilization efficiencies were the same for both diets.
Mitochondrial DNA Structure of Pyganodon grandis (Bivalvia: Unionidae) from the Lake Erie Watershed and Selected Locations in its Northern Distribution

Abstract: The distribution of Pyganodon grandis (Say, 1829) and the entire community of unionid freshwater mussels within the Laurentian Great Lakes became greatly reduced following invasion of dreissenid mussels. While some populations remain, how much gene flow still occurs is not known, nor has the level of population structure been examined within a large lake subsequent to dreissenid infestation. Pyganodon grandis is a common and relatively abundant lacustrine species that utilizes diverse host fish, and, therefore, it may disperse as much as or more than any other unionid species in the region. To test for population structure, we examined a fragment of the maternal mtDNA COI gene from 300 individuals encompassing shallow areas from Lake Erie's western and central basins, Sandusky Bay, Lake St. Clair, and the upper Niagara River. Another 94 individuals from the upper Great Lakes and upper Mississippi River watersheds were added to the analysis. A total of 34 different haplotypes were found for P. gr...
Cryogen spray cooling and higher fluence pulsed dye laser treatment improve port-wine stain clearance while minimizing epidermal damage.

Background. When a cryogen spurt is applied to the skin surface for an appropriately short period of time (on the order of tens of milliseconds), the cooling remains localized in the epidermis, while leaving the temperature of the deeper port-wine stain (PWS) blood vessels unchanged. Objective. The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of noncooled laser treatment (NC-LT), and cryogen spray cooled laser treatment (CSC-LT) of PWS birthmarks in a large series of patients. Methods. A retrospective review was conducted of 196 patients with head or neck PWS birthmarks treated with the pulsed dye laser (λ = 585 nm; τp= 450 μsec) over a 7-year period. Subjects' ages ranged between 2 months and 62 years; there were 109 females and 87 males, all of whom were Asian. Ninety-eight patients received NC-LT using light dosages of 5–7 J/cm2. Subsequently, 98 patients received CSC-LT using light dosages of 8–10 J/cm2. The primary efficacy measure was the quantitative assessment of the blanching response scores of NC-LT PWSs as compared, on a blinded basis, to CSC-LT PWSs. Results. Based on chi-squared analysis, there were clinical, and statistically significant, differences in the blanching response scores favoring PWS receiving CSC-LT as compared to the NC-LT group (P < .001). Permanent scarring was noted in 3.1% (n = 3) of the patients in the NC-LT group. Permanent scarring was not observed in the CSC-LT treatment group. Transient hyperpigmentation was noted in 57% (n = 56) and 48% (n = 47) of the patients in the NC-LT and CSC-LT groups, respectively. In both groups, the transient hyperpigmentation resolved in all patients within 1 year. Two patients in the NC-LT group developed delayed permanent hypopigmentation. Permanent hypopigmentation was not observed in the CSC-LT group. Conclusion. CSC permitted the use of higher incident light dosages leading to improved PWS clearance without producing complications such as permanent scarring or dyspigmentation.
Secondary flow and turbulence in a cone-and-plate device

The flow between a shallow rotating cone and a stationary plate has been investigated using flow visualization, hot-film heat-transfer probes, and measurements of the torque required to rotate the cone against the retardation of the viscous fluid that fills the device. Theory appropriate to these experiments is also presented.An expansion of the Navier–Stokes equations is performed for small values of the single parameter .
Effects of prostratin on Cyclin T1/P-TEFb function and the gene expression profile in primary resting CD4+ T cells

Background The latent reservoir of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in resting CD4+ T cells is a major obstacle to the clearance of infection by highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Recent studies have focused on searches for adjuvant therapies to activate this reservoir under conditions of HAART. Prostratin, a non tumor-promoting phorbol ester, is a candidate for such a strategy. Prostratin has been shown to reactivate latent HIV-1 and Tat-mediated transactivation may play an important role in this process. We examined resting CD4+ T cells from healthy donors to determine if prostratin induces Cyclin T1/P-TEFb, a cellular kinase composed of Cyclin T1 and Cyclin-dependent kinase-9 (CDK9) that mediates Tat function. We also examined effects of prostratin on Cyclin T2a, an alternative regulatory subunit for CDK9, and 7SK snRNA and the HEXIM1 protein, two factors that associate with P-TEFb and repress its kinase activity.
The Effects of Forest Fragmentation on Densities of White-footed Mice (Peromyscus leucopus) During the Winter

Abstract Forest fragmentation can influence abiotic and biotic factors important for the reproduction and survival of animals. Previous investigations suggest that, in the fall, more food is available for white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) in edge than interior habitats and in small than large forest fragments. However, in the winter, individuals in small fragments and edge habitat may be more exposed to harsh weather extremes, which can result in higher mortality. We examined the effects of fragment size (small and large) and habitat (edge and interior) on populations of white-footed mice during nest box censuses in the winter (January–April) of 2003 in southwestern Ohio. While population density was initially higher in small than large fragments and edge than interior habitats, by the end of the winter there were no significant differences in population size. Populations in small fragments and edge habitat had larger decreases and greater rates of decline in density than those in large fragments an...
Role of the brain in energy balance and obesity

Energy balance and body weight are regulated in short, intermediate, and long cycles that are superimposed on each other. We propose that the brain is the primary center of this regulation. The brain has evolved mechanisms for sensing the energy status of the body using neural and metabolic signals such as glucose, insulin, and leptin. It has central processing and storage capacity for handling this afferent information and can change both structurally and functionally in response to its internal and external milieu. The brain regulates energy balance through its control of energy intake on the one hand and expenditure and storage on the other using neurohumoral mechanisms that include the autonomic nervous system. Work in animal models suggests that the brain of obese individuals largely ignores signals of excess adiposity from the periphery, keeping the body weight set point at pathologically high levels. Disordered regulation of neuropeptide Y and monoamine metabolism within the ventromedial hypothalamus is a consistent finding in the brains of obesity-prone and obese rodents. Such dysregulation causes inappropriate neurohumoral control of metabolism and autonomic output to organs such as the pancreas, resulting in increased metabolic efficiency and persistent adiposity. The high recidivism rate in the treatment of obesity suggests that central dysfunction may be due to long-term reorganization of the nervous system in such a way as to perpetuate the abnormally high set point of body weight.
Positions of the Classical Theories of Continua

The results obtained in the last lecture show that we are on the right track. The stress-relaxation theorem is something we expect to get under certain restrictions on the material or on the deformation history, or on both. If we did not get this from our formulation of fading memory, we should not be looking at the right thing. With this much reassurance, we can face the question of how to calculate a second approximation to the constitutive equation if we are not satisfied with (22.12), which in effect gives the elastic stress only. Such an approximation is gotten by what amounts to the use of Taylor-series expansion of the constitutive functional in the neighborhood of the rest history. However, Taylor’s theorem concerns a function, and we are dealing here with functionals. The formal theory is somewhat complicated. I shall outline the results without going into details.
Vaccination strategies for neuro-oncology

Vaccination against cancer-associated antigens has long held the promise of inducting potent antitumor immunity, targeted cytotoxicity while sparing normal tissues, and long-lasting immunologic memory that can provide surveillance against tumor recurrence. Evaluation of vaccination strategies in preclinical brain tumor models has borne out the capacity for the immune system to effectively and safely eradicate established tumors within the central nervous system. Early phase clinical trials have established the feasibility, safety, and immunogenicity of several vaccine platforms, predominantly in patients with glioblastoma. Definitive demonstration of clinical benefit awaits further study, but initial results have been encouraging. With increased understanding of the stimulatory and regulatory pathways that govern immunologic responses and the enhanced capacity to identify novel antigenic targets using genomic interrogation of tumor cells, vaccination platforms for patients with malignant brain tumors are advancing with increasing personalized complexity and integration into combinatorial treatment paradigms.
Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene polymorphisms associated with overall survival in women with metastatic colon cancer

3600 Background: Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (MTHFR) is a key enzyme regulating intracellular folate pool, which affects DNA synthesis and methylation. Recent studies found folate deficienc...
Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating PolyPeptide 27

Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating PolyPeptide 27 (PACAP 27) is a member of PACAP/glucagon superfamily …
PET/MR hybrid imaging: The new gold standard in radiotherapy planning of squamous cell head and neck cancer?

2649 Objectives Learning Objective: To highlight the benefits of hybrid PET/MR imaging in radiotherapy planning (RTP) for head and neck cancer patients. Methods In patients with head and neck cancer, the advent of the hybrid PET/CT was revolutionary in that it offered a non-invasive approach of combining molecular information from PET tracers and anatomical information from CT to create a more precise disease work-up, staging, and RTP. Its significance in promoting a more individualistic approach to tumor evaluation is offset by its limitations such as poor soft tissue contrast and the amount of total ionizing radiation dose patients receive during exams. Subsequently, the first hybrid PET/MR was developed. MRI not only provides excellent soft tissue contrast and lacks any ionizing radiation, but also adds superb anatomical landmark information that would prove especially useful in tumor volume delineation during RTP. Additionally, MRI offers a variety of sequences that provide pathophysiological and functional information that can provide physicians with unprecedented information regarding tumor cell behavior. When combined with the molecular information that can be obtained with PET, it offers the world of oncology a tremendous leap in the ability to prescribe a treatment regimen that can be well tolerated and that will provide the greatest response possible. Examples of head and neck cancer patients who had PET/CT and MR studies at baseline will be used to show the advantages that could be offered to RTP. Other factors determining choice of modality in this patient type will be discussed. This technology shows great promise for this patient population and encourages the transition of hybrid PET/MR imaging from the research setting to clinical use. Results N/A as this is an educational exhibit. Conclusions N/A as this is an educational exhibit.
Environmental Diversity and Biological Survivability of Halophilic Bacteria

Halophiles are among the best model microbes to study cellular adaptation. Haloferax, Haloarcula, Haloquadratum, Halobacteriales and many other halophiles living in the Great Salt Lake can survive extremely high salt concentrations. Many of them cannot survive if moved from hypersaline to non-saline habitats, and die from immediate cell lysis. The unique biological survivability of these bacteria in the saline condition is dictated by the phylogenetic dexterity at the given environmental constraints. Microbial adaptation has played a major role when bacteria in all forms branched out into different environmental niches, arising from the hypersaline conditions of the primordial sea. Their pervasive nature, created by ever-changing environmental conditions, was acquired by microbes from millions of years of making. The adaptation of enzymes during the course of their evolutionary development and some metabolic differences helped them expand and achieve environmental diversity. Metabolic processes, like osmoregulation in halotolerant cells, dictate the regulation of the bacterial cell membrane. For example, glycerol metabolism has been linked to osmoregulation in some halophilic microbes. Some mechanisms behind osmoregulation in halophiles are extremely energetic since they live in hostile environments. Pathways of such regulations, including de novo synthesis of solutes anabolically and/or extraction of solutes environmentally, help them to produce secondary metabolites like poly-β-hydroxyalkanoates. How halophiles maintain high metabolic similarity to other non-saline bacteria while showing different survivability under heavy salt stress remains an important question. This review attempts to outline progress in our understanding of their environmental diversity and biological survivability.
Case Report: Vertebral Osteomyelitis Caused by Streptococcus bovis

The association of Streptococcus bovis septicemia with abnominal neoplasms has been well-documented. The case of a man who presented with vertebral osteomyelitis due to S. bovis is reported; he was subsequently found to have bacteremia and colonic polyps. It is recommended that patients who present with localized as well as generalized S. bovis infections undergo yearly colonoscopy.
Modeling Black Cutworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Field Development in Iowa

A black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel), developmental model was evaluated in Iowa field trials. The model's simulations deviated from the biological data. In all but one case, actual black cutworm development was faster than the simulation. Consequently, two areas of potential model refinement were identified. First, incorporation of the variable development times within a population would allow the model to accurately simulate individuals that develop either faster or slower than usual. Second, accounting for accelerated black cutworm development under natural, fluctuating temperatures would enhance the model's predictive capabilities. Interestingly, the model's simulations were similar when soil temperature inputs were compared with air temperature inputs. During the field studies, it was determined that black cutworm field development was unaffected by the natural photophases of Iowa spring, summer, or autumn. Further, it was hypothesized that soil moisture may have influenced black cutworm developmental rates during the field trials.
“The Key Mediating Varibales Linking Marketing Strategy and Profitability: A Study of Indian Textile and Clothing Industry”

The authors argue that investment-intensity and gross margin rate act as mediating variables between marketing strategy elements and profitability. On the basis of multiple regression analysis, they develop results which go counter to the current theory that the effect of marketing strategy elements (e.g. product quality) on profitability is direct. They offer insights into the appropriateness of market share-building as a means of raising profitability in different situations and suggest the need for a trade off between market share building and maximising gross margin rate in order to achieve greater profitability.
Screening for Nonadherence in Pediatric Patients

Screening provides the foundation for all subsequent clinical decision making. Moreover, it makes possible a preventive approach, which we argue is critical to improving the health and well-being of children. This chapter discusses the rationale for screening, lays out a blueprint for developing a psychosocial screening program, and describes our experience in implementing a screening program in a busy pediatric hospital. We focus primarily on children and youth with type 1 diabetes, as this has been an active area of our research. The chapter also links to tools clinicians can use to screen their patients, and provides guidance in their use specifically written for professionals who lack training in psychology. A version of Kazak’s Pediatric Psychosocial Preventive Health Model is presented as a guide for clinical decision-making.
Contemporary Guidelines for Tympanostomy Tube Placement

Tympanostomy tubes remain the most commonly performed operation globally. They facilitate drainage of middle ear fluid, direct delivery of ototopical antibiotics as well as other therapies, and reduce the risk of complications related to severe Eustachian tube dysfunction. They remain an invaluable tool especially in children at risk of speech and language delay. In this chapter, we will review the current indications for tube placement, risks, benefits, and controversies related to their use as well as innovations in the types of tympanostomy tubes currently in use.
Cytokine profiles in pediatric multiple sclerosis

The immunopathogenesis of pediatric multiple sclerosis (MS) is not well understood. We studied the cytokine profile in pre-treatment serum specimens of 19 pediatric MS patients, 25 adult MS patients, and 22 age- and gender-matched pediatric healthy controls. In addition to IL-2, IL-12p40, IL-12p70, IL-18, IL-23, IL-6, TNF-α, TGF-β-1, IFN-γ, IL-17A, IL-21, IL-10, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and GM-CSF, we measured osteopontin and soluble VCAM-I. In children with MS, significantly lower levels of IL-6 were present compared to age- and gender-matched healthy control children (p < 0.05). Moreover, significantly higher levels of osteopontin (p < 0.02) and sVCAM-1 (p < 0.02) and lower levels of IL-6 (p < 0.01) were present, with trends toward lower levels of IL-12p70 (p = 0.074) and IL-17a (p = 0.05) compared to adults with MS. These findings indicate important differences in cytokine signatures in children with MS and suggest an unexpected possible lower inflammatory cytokine profile in children with MS.
The multiple, interacting levels of cognitive systems (MILCS) perspective on group cognition

We lay out a multiple, interacting levels of cognitive systems (MILCS) framework to account for the cognitive capacities of individuals and the groups to which they belong. The goal of MILCS is to ...
Sociodemographic factors associated with developing head and neck and esophageal cancers following breast cancer.

e13063Background: Breast cancer survivors may develop other primary malignancies due to several factors. However, sociodemographic factors associated with the development of head and neck (HN) and esophageal second primary malignancies (SPMs) following management of primary breast cancer (BC) have not been well studied. This study examined the association between BC patients’ sociodemographic characteristics and the development of an esophageal or HN SPM. Methods: Patients (n= 505,641) diagnosed with breast cancer between 1973 and 2013 in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) 9 program were used for this analysis. HN SPMs included oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, and sinuses. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to evaluate estimators of survival based on age at diagnosis, race, marital status, treatment type, and year of diagnosis. Results: A total of 284 BC patients developed an esophageal SPM, and 969 developed HN SPM. In the adjusted model, increased age at BC diagnosis was a sig...
De Novo DNA Methylation: Marking the Path from Stem Cell to Neural Fate

DNA methylation is an epigenetic mark that plays pivotal roles in gene regulation, but its functions in neural fate decisions are poorly understood. In this issue of Cell Stem Cell, Ziller et al. (2018) show that the de novo methyltransferase Dnmt3a ensures efficient generation of motor neurons from stem cells.
Primary Emotions: Sex and Organic Needs

Any primary emotion, I am proposing, is a distinguishable, emotive predisposition defined by the meaning-object discernible in its personal matrix. In this chapter, I turn to primary emotions that can be localized more definitely in particular organic processes. However, I shall contend that they cannot be understood in human experience in terms of organic activities alone. I refer to sex, hunger, thirst, and “organic needs” like sleep and exercise.
MP25-06 COMPLETE METASTASECTOMY FOR RENAL CELL CARCINOMA IN THE CONTEMPORARY ERA

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES:Complete surgical resection of metastases from renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is associated with prolonged disease-free survival and occasional long-term cure in selected pa...
When and how do surgeons initiate noticings of additional concerns

Abstract Objective Physicians are trained on how to best solicit additional concerns from patients. What has not yet been studied is when and how physicians initiate additional concerns. This analysis focuses on when and how general surgeons share their noticings of medical problems unrelated to the upcoming (or recent) procedures that patients are being seen for. Methods 281 video-recorded medical encounters with 95 patients from a rural Texas (USA) general surgery private practice were reviewed for surgeon noticings of additional concerns. In addition to analyzing the videos using Conversation Analysis, the author conducted 9 months of ethnographic research to gain understanding of the local setting. Results 22 cases of surgeon noticings were found in 17 visits and were typically detected during the physical examination. Surgeons shared noticings adjacent to their discovery and predominantly framed noticings as bad news tellings. This framing helped mitigate 4 dilemmas surgeons encountered: unknown patient awareness of concern, surgeons’ rights to assess areas unrelated to upcoming (or recent) procedures, not meeting the desired health optimization outcome & putting additional burden on patients, and other contextual factors specific to the visit that make sharing a noticing difficult. In addition to alerting patients and potentially activating earlier treatment, sharing noticings can also function to help build physician-patient relationships across time and curtail future patient worry. Implications Each surgeon noticing is potentially a concern that may have otherwise remained undetected and untreated, and speaks to the importance of physicians taking time to conduct thorough physical examinations.
Nation-Empire: Ideology and Rural Youth Mobilization in Japan and Its Colonies

With a 1940 Shinto-style misogi (water purification) prayer by Taiwanese youth as the front and back book cover images, Nation-Empire investigates how and why colonial youth in rural Taiwan and Kor...
Brain Angiotensin II and Related Receptors: New Developments

Our research has recently been focused on the characterization and role of brain angiotensin II receptor subtypes (1). In a manner similar to that of the periphery (2), brain angiotensin II receptors were initially characterized in two subtypes, AT1 and AT2 (1,3).