cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Strengthening user authentication through opportunistic cryptographic identity assertions

User authentication systems are at an impasse. The most ubiquitous method -- the password -- has numerous problems, including susceptibility to unintentional exposure via phishing and cross-site password reuse. Second-factor authentication schemes have the potential to increase security but face usability and deployability challenges. For example, conventional second-factor schemes change the user authentication experience. Furthermore, while more secure than passwords, second-factor schemes still fail to provide sufficient protection against (single-use) phishing attacks.We present PhoneAuth, a system intended to provide security assurances comparable to or greater than that of conventional two-factor authentication systems while offering the same authentication experience as traditional passwords alone. Our work leverages the following key insights. First, a user's personal device (eg a phone) can communicate directly with the user's computer (and hence the remote web server) without any interaction with the user. Second, it is possible to provide a layered approach to security, whereby a web server can enact different policies depending on whether or not the user's personal device is present. We describe and evaluate our server-side, Chromium web browser, and Android phone implementations of PhoneAuth.
gA in the constituent quark model

Abstract The axial-vector coupling of a constituent quark, g A , is computed to the one-loop level using the linear sigma model as a regulator of the divergences of the nonlinear sigma model. Starting with a tree-level value g A = 1, these one-loop corrections are found to have the right sign and size to explain why “ g A ( exp. )”∼0.75 . Some implications for models of dynamical symmetry breakdown are also very briefly touched upon.
Combination laser-assisted liposuction and minimally invasive skin tightening with temperature feedback for treatment of the submentum and neck.

Nonsurgical alternatives for addressing excessive fat and skin laxity of the submentum and neck are highly desirable treatment options. The purpose of this chapter is to present the combination of laser-assisted liposuction and minimally invasive skin tightening of submentum and neck under direct temperature control.
Life, information theory, and topology

The information content of an organism determines to a large extent its ability to perform the basic vital functions: selection of food, breaking up of the food molecules into appropriate parts, selection of those parts, and their assimilation. The information content needed is very large and requires a sufficiently large complexity of the organism. The information content of an organism is largely determined by the information content of the constituent organic molecules. The information content of the latter is in its turn determined by the number of physically distinguishable atoms or radicals of which the molecule is composed. The different arrangements of atoms in a molecule are represented by the structural formula, which is basically a graph. It is shown that the topology of this graph also determines to a large extent the information content. Different points of a graph may be physically indistinguishable; in general, however, they are different in regard to their topological properties. A study of the relations between the topological properties of graphs and their information content is suggested, and several theorems are demonstrated. A relation between topology and living processes is thus found also on the molecular level.
A unified optimization framework for auction and guaranteed delivery in online advertising

This paper proposes a new unified optimization framework combining pay-per-click auctions and guaranteed delivery in sponsored search. Advertisers usually have different (and sometimes mixed) marketing goals: brand awareness and direct response. Different mechanisms are good at addressing different goals, e.g., guaranteed delivery was often used to build brand awareness and pay-per-click auctions was widely used for direct marketing. Our new method accommodates both in a unified framework, with the search engine revenue as an optimization objective. In this way, we can target a guaranteed number of ad clicks (or impressions) per campaign for advertisers willing to pay a premium and enable keyword auctions for all others. Specifically, we formulate this joint optimization problem using linear programming and a column generation strategy for efficiency. To select the best column (a ranked list of ads) given a query, we propose a novel dynamic programming algorithm that takes the special structure of the ad allocation and pricing mechanisms into account. We have tested the proposed framework and the algorithms on real ad data obtained from a commercial search engine. The results demonstrate that our proposed approach can outperform several baselines in guaranteeing the number of clicks for the given advertisers, and in increasing the total revenue for the search engine.
SENSITIVITY OF THE ABX DISCRIMINATION TEST

The ABX test or matching-to-sample is a discrimination procedure involving presentation of both test and control items, and then presentation of one of the two items as a blind sample. The third (blind sample) must then be identified correctly to match it to the one correct alternative from the inspection phase. We hypothesized that the ABX test might have an advantage over other discrimination methods due to a warm-up effect arising from the inspection phase containing both test and control items. Furthermore, the ABX test might prove generally useful like the triangle test since it can be used when there is no specified attribute to be discriminated. The ABX test was compared to several other discrimination procedures. No advantage was observed in a variety of stimuli varying in complexity and in the difficulty of the discrimination.
Atrial fibrillation post cardiac bypass surgery

Atrial fibrillation occurs in 5-40% patients after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Atrial fibrillation increases mortality and morbidity in the post-operative period. We sought to conduct a comprehensive review of literature focusing on pathophysiology, risk factors, prevention and treatment of post coronary artery bypass graft atrial fibrillation.
The role of impulsivity traits and delayed reward discounting in dysregulated eating and drinking among heavy drinkers

Impulsivity is a multifaceted construct that has been linked to dysregulated eating and problematic alcohol use. The UPPS model identifies five personality-based impulsivity traits that have unique predictive utility: Negative Urgency, Perseverance, Premeditation, Sensation Seeking, and Positive Urgency. Delayed reward discounting (DRD) is an index of impulsive decision making characterized by preference for smaller immediate gains at the cost of larger delayed gains. In the current study, we sought to refine the influence of impulsive personality traits and DRD on disordered eating patterns and problematic drinking. One hundred and eight treatment-seeking heavy drinkers were assessed for UPPS impulsivity traits, DRD, disordered eating, alcohol use, and demographic information. With regard to disordered eating patterns, DRD predicted higher levels of Dietary Restraint and Weight and Shape Concerns. Negative Urgency predicted binge eating and Weight and Shape Concerns. Positive Urgency predicted Eating Concerns. Female sex predicted Eating, Weight, and Shape Concerns. When considering problematic alcohol use, only Negative Urgency and Sensation Seeking were predictive. This is the first study to examine both personality-based impulsivity and DRD in relation to pathological eating and drinking behavior. The results suggest the importance of disentangling the contributions of various impulsivity constructs on dysregulated eating.
Prediction of Perioperative Risk: The Glass May Be Three-Quarters Full

In this issue, Gilbert and colleagues report on the relatively low accuracy of existing perioperative risk indices in predicting adverse perioperative events. However, in a low-risk population, the...
Noh Lickle Twang∗: An introduction to the poetry of Louise Bennett

(1978). Noh Lickle Twang: An introduction to the poetry of Louise Bennett. World Literature Written in English: Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 317-327.
Gene Expression Profiles of Cutaneous B Cell Lymphoma

We studied gene expression profiles of 17 cutaneous B cell lymphomas that were collected with 4-6 mm skin punch biopsies. We also included tissue from two cases of mycosis fungoides, three normal skin biopsies, and three tonsils to create a framework for further interpretation. A hierarchical cluster algorithm was applied for data analysis. Our results indicate that small amounts of skin tissue can be used successfully to perform microarray analysis and result in distinct gene expression patterns. Duplicate specimens clustered together demonstrating a reproducible technique. Within the cutaneous B cell lymphoma specimens two specific B cell differentiation stage signatures of germinal center B cells and plasma cells could be identified. Primary cutaneous follicular and primary cutaneous diffuse large B cell lymphomas had a germinal center B cell signature, whereas a subset of marginal zone lymphomas demonstrated a plasma cell signature. Primary and secondary follicular B cell lymphoma of the skin were closely related, despite previously reported genetic and phenotypic differences. In contrast primary and secondary cutaneous diffuse large B cell lymphoma were less related to each other. This pilot study allows a first glance into the complex and unique microenvironment of B cell lymphomas of the skin and provides a basis for future studies, which may lead to the identification of potential histologic and prognostic markers as well as therapeutic targets.
Behavioral Responses of Dairy Cows Subjected to Controlled Voltages

A simple technique for establishing voltage across individual cows was developed. By this technique behavioral responses to graded voltages applied across cows were monitored. Voltage across each cow, resistance of each cow, and current passing through each cow that resulted in a mild or a distinct behavioral response were noted. Most cows showed a mild response to a current of about 3 mA (which normally corresponded to a voltage across the cow of .7 V). One cow responded to a current of less than 1 mA (which corresponded to a voltage across the cow of less than .2 V). This technique represents a good stimulus paradigm for investigating effects of stray voltage.
Responses of the euryhaline sea anemone bunodosoma cavernata (bosc) (anthozoa, actinaria, actiniidae) to osmotic stress☆

Abstract 1. 1. The sea anemone Bunodosoma cavernata tolerated exposure for two weeks to salinities ranging from 11 to 49‰ at 25°C. 2. 2. Acute exposure to hypo- and hyper-osmotic stress resulted in rapid equilibration of the coelenteron fluid with the external medium, indicating that this species is an osmoconformer. 3. 3. Acclimation produced compensatory changes in tissue hydration in B. cavernata . 4. 4. This cell volume regulation was mediated by compensatory changes in ninhydrin positive substances (NPS), as there was a direct relationship between NPS and acclimation salinity.
Optimally-informative path planning for dynamic Bayesian classification

An agent, consisting of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) carrying strapped-down sensors, is to examine a number of unidentified objects within a given search area, collect information, and utilize that information to classify the objects. The problem is challenging because the mission time is often limited, the agent is only provided with partial a priori information, and the amount of information that the sensor can measure is dependent on the relative position of the agent with respect to the object. Our technical approach is three-fold. First, we model the motion of the agent using a kinematic model with constant altitude. Second, we use a performance prediction model that gives the probability of target discrimination as a function of the range from the sensor to the object. Third, a linear classifier that utilizes Bayes’ theorem diagnoses the status of the objects of interest while an information-theoretic measure is used to quantify the uncertainty in classification. We pose an optimal control problem that minimizes the classification uncertainty while taking differential constraints and the time history of the agent’s steering decisions as the control input. We investigate whether maximizing information by choosing informative paths always minimizes the classification uncertainty.
Design, Analysis, Simulation and Experimental Results for a Rollerblading Robot

We present the design and gait generation for an experimental ROLLERBLADER. The ROLLERBLADER is a robot with a central platform mounted on omnidirectional casters and two 3 degree of freedom legs. A set of passive rollerblading wheels is attached to the end of each leg. The wheels give rise to nonholonomic constraints acting on the robot. The legs can be picked up and placed back on the ground allowing a combination of skating and walking gaits. We present two types of gaits for the robot. In the first gait, the legs are picked up and placed back on the ground. In the second gait, the wheels stay on the ground at all times. Experimental gait results for a prototype robot are also presented.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Cervical spine trauma in children under 5 years: productivity of CT

The aim of the study was to determine the value of CT in the evaluation of cervical spine trauma in children under 5 years in the Emergency Department. A retrospective review of 606 patients undergoing cervical spine examination in the emergency room was undertaken. The age and sex of the patients were documented, and in addition presence or absence of fracture-dislocation was noted on each of the plain film and CT studies. Of the 606 patients studied, 459 (75.7%) were cleared by a combination of clinical and plain film radiographic findings. The other 147 (24.3%) went on to CT imaging for clearing of the cervical spine. Of the 147 patients evaluated with CT, 143 (97.3%) had exams that were negative for fracture, dislocation, and instability. Only four (2.7%) demonstrated positive findings for fracture, dislocation, or instability. All of these patients had positive, diagnostic findings on initial plain film evaluation. Another five patients demonstrated new findings which were unrelated to trauma and of no clinical consequence. The yield of positive, clinically significant findings on CT of cervical spine injuries in children less than 5 years was low and showed significant findings only in patients where the same findings were seen on initial plain radiographs.
The Racial Ruse: On Blackness and Blackface Comedy in fin‐de‐siècle Germany

This article explores the role of blackface minstrelsy within German culture at the turn of the twentieth century. I argue that blackface's presence in the colonial and global world of the fin de siecle had the effect of forcing a reevaluation and reinterpretation of the very notion of what it meant to be German in modernity. I trace the construction of blackface as a racial ruse within a discursive nexus of psychology, comic theory, and mass culture. After developing a theoretical model for the German reception of blackface, I discuss the function of blackness and blackface within comic theory, in particular the writings of Theodor Lipps and Emile Kraepelin. I then look at how blackness and blackface “comedy” were taken up in the literary realm by Oskar Panizza, whose texts of the 1890s elevate race and racial masquerade to essential components of modern culture. Finally, I conclude by suggesting some ways in which my reading of blackface remains relevant for thinking about race and blackness in Germany today.
Observation of the highest ground-state magnetic moment of Ce in CeSi: Possibility of a quartet ground state.

The magnetic properties of CeSi which crystallizes in the FeB-type orthorhombic structure have been investigated. Experimental results indicate that CeSi is an antiferromagnet (${T}_{N}$=5.6 K) with interesting ground-state properties. Its ground-state magnetic moment attains a value of 1.47${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}$ in a field of 57 kOe at 3.0 K, which is far above the highest value ever observed for any Ce compound. The ground state surprisingly appears to be a quartet in spite of a noncubic crystal symmetry of this compound. Unlike other nearly trivalent Ce intermetallic compounds, no evidence for the Kondo effect is apparent in this compound.
A simple method for purifying phytoferritin

Abstract Phytoferritins can be purified from leaves by ultracentrifugation in the presence of SDS. They are recovered in high yield from cowpeas, moderate yield from beans and low and erratic yield from soybeans. Some plants contain no detectable phytoferritin (e.g. less than 0.1% the yield of cowpeas). Phytoferritin is conveniently detected by counterimmunoelectrophoresis followed by ferrocyanide staining. Phytoferritins have two protein subunits of 24 Kd and 23 Kd.
Enhanced local processing of dynamic visual information in autism: evidence from speed discrimination.

An important issue for understanding visual perception in autism concerns whether individuals with this neurodevelopmental disorder possess an advantage in processing local visual information, and if so, what is the nature of this advantage. Perception of movement speed is a visual process that relies on computation of local spatiotemporal signals but requires the comparison of information from more than a single spatial location or temporal point. This study examined speed discrimination in adolescents (ages 13–18 years old) with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Compared to healthy controls (n = 17), individuals with ASD (n = 19) showed similarly precise speed discrimination when two comparison motion stimuli (random dot patterns) were presented closely in time (0.5 s). With a longer temporal interval (3 s) between the motion stimuli, individuals with ASD outperformed healthy controls on speed discrimination. On a second task—global motion perception—in which individuals were asked to detect coherent motion, individuals with ASD exhibited slightly degraded performance levels. The observed temporally selective enhancement in speed discrimination indicates that a local processing advantage in autism develops over a longer temporal range and is not limited to the spatial domain. These results suggest a dynamic perceptual mechanism for understanding, and therapeutically addressing, atypical visual processing in this neurodevelopmental disorder.
A parts-per-million accuracy instrument for AC voltage measurements

An rms ac instrument is described which, in one measurement cycle, using a differential multijunction thermal converter (MJTC), automatically determines and displays a value of an unknown ac voltage by comparing it to an internal dc reference. The new instrument is as easy to operate as a voltmeter but is capable of measuring rms ac voltages with the accuracy of a thermal transfer standard. It has a response time of less than 10 s. Test results have shown that the instrument maintains parts-per-million (ppm) accuracy for frequencies from 100 Hz to 50 kHz.
Integrin and phosphotyrosine expression in normal and migrating newt keratinocytes.

BACKGROUND Cells interact with the extracellular matrix through a family of cell surface receptors known as integrins. Ligand specificity of a given integrin is determined in part by the type of alpha and the type of beta subunit comprising it. Accumulating evidence suggests that integrin-ligand binding in some systems influences cell behavior through tyrosine phosphorylation of intracellular proteins. METHODS In this study, we utilized immunohistochemistry to examine the expression of beta 1 and beta 4 integrin subunits as well as tyrosine phosphorylation in normal keratinocytes and in keratinocytes migrating to form a wound epithelium. An adhesion assay was used to determine if freshly isolated keratinocytes could interact with fibronectin and collagen. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by immunoblotting was employed to compare beta 1 integrins in migrating and nonmigrating keratinocytes. RESULTS In normal epidermis, beta 1 and beta 4 localized primarily to basal cells, where both subunits were generally distributed over all parts of the cell periphery. Except for a modest presence in suprabasal cells and a minimal presence adjacent to the epidermal basement membrane, phosphotyrosine (ptyr) had a similar distribution. In migrating keratinocytes, beta 1, beta 4, and ptyr localized most heavily at the interface between the forming wound epithelium and the wound bed. Adhesion assays using keratinocytes from normal epidermis revealed a population of cells that could specifically adhere and spread on fibronectin and type I collagen. Immunoblots of beta 1 subunits from normal and migrating keratinocytes showed no increase in amount of beta 1, nor did the apparent size of beta 1 change in migrating compared to normal cells. CONCLUSIONS The heavy accumulation of beta 1 and beta 4 at the wound bed interface in migrating cells suggests that these subunits may be involved in attachments of migrating cells to extracellular matrix proteins in the wound. The accumulation of ptyr in the same region further suggests that integrin-ligand interaction in keratinocytes modulates cell behavior through phosphorylated proteins. The fact that freshly isolated newt keratinocytes could adhere and spread on fibronectin or collagen shows that these cells are constitutively activated. This view is supported by the absence of any evidence that the beta 1 in migrating keratinocytes is larger and therefore more mature than beta 1 in normal keratinocytes. By comparison, beta 1 integrins on human keratinocytes are not constitutively activated (Takashima and Grinnell, 1985; Toda et al., 1987; Guo et al., 1990, 1991), a difference that may explain why epidermal wound healing is faster in newts than in humans.
Moral Development: The Association between Maltreatment and Young Children's Prosocial Behaviors and Moral Transgressions

In this investigation, the moral development of physically abused (N = 28), neglected (N = 26), and nonmaltreated (N = 28) five-year-old children from low socioeconomic backgrounds was examined through observational measures of prosocial behaviors, moral transgressions, and emotions associated with moral development. Findings showed that physically abused children engaged in more stealing behaviors, whereas neglected children engaged in significantly more cheating behavior and less rule-compatible behavior compared to nonmaltreated children. In addition, maltreatment status differences interacted with gender on several of the moral paradigms. Physically abused girls displayed significantly less guilt and fewer donation behaviors than neglected girls. The clinical implications for maltreated children's moral development are discussed, and targeted interventions are suggested.
Evidence for catalytic site cysteine and histidine by chemical modification of β-hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl-coenzyme a reductase

Summary S-(4-Bromo-2,3-dioxobutyl)-coenzyme A inactivates both yeast and rat liver β-hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase. The inactivation is irreversible, complete in 15 s, and proportional to the concentration of the reagent. β-Hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl-CoA provides protection against inactivation, whereas NADPH does not. Inactivation is attributed to reaction with an essential cysteine at the β-hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl-CoA binding site. Experiments with other active site-directed reagents confirm the involvement of a cysteine and support the presence of an active-site histidine, but rule out the participation of arginine or serine.
Hydrogen storage properties of complex metal hydride-carbon materials

Hydrogen storage properties of NaAlH4 can be improved by mixing it with Co/carbon catalysts. The importance of cobalt nanoparticles was established by varying the amount of active cobalt in the reaction vessel. This was achieved either by keeping the weight of NaAlH4 and carbon constant while varying the amount of Co/carbon catalyst used or by poisoning the cobalt active site with CO. Another approach to improve the hydrogen storage properties of complex metal hydride is through nano-confinement of the hydride in carbon pores. LiBH4–carbon composite formed via liquid phase infusion of LiBH4 into carbon was examined for reversibility in the hydriding/dehydriding cycles. The physical constraints imposed by the carbon nano-pores appeared to be effective in deterring the loss of cyclability due to sintering of the hydride. The loss in hydrogen storage appeared to be the result of LiBH4 reaction with impurities/reactive functional groups on the carbon.
Isometries for the vector (p,q) norm and the induced (p,q) norm

Let M m,n be the linear space of m×n matrices over , where For 1≤p≤∞, let be the -norm of the column vector x. Suppose 1≤p,q≤∞. Define the vector (p,q) norm on M m,n by where Aj is the jth column of A for j = 1, …n, and define the induced(p,q) norm on Mm,n by These definitions include the maximum row sum norm. maximum column sum norm, and operator norm, etc as special cases. In this paper, we characterize the linear isometrics for the vector (p,q) norm and the induced (p,q) norm on M m,n . The proofs depend on certain inequalities involving these norms and the Frobenius norm. These inequalities are of independent interest.
Pectic substances, pectic enzymes and haze formation in fruit juices

Abstract The pectic substances, located primarily in the middle lamella between cells in higher plant tissues, are complex polysaccharides. They include the negatively charged rhamnogalacturonans, and the neutral arabinogalactans I and II and l -arabinans. These polysaccharides add viscosity to juices but may also form hazes and precipitates and retard maximum recovery of juices from the fruit. The rhamnogalacturonans are degraded by the enzymes pectin methylesterase and polygalacturonase normally present in plant tissues and by these enzymes and pectate lyase in microbially derived commercial pectic enzymes added during processing. The presence of aŕabinofuranosidase, which degrades l -arabinans, in commercial pectic enzyme preparations, can cause haze formation in juices such as apple and pear.
Magnetic helicity of the IMF and the solar modulation of cosmic rays

Using interplanetary magnetic field data acquired at 1 AU, it is shown that the distribution of magnetic helicity in the heliosphere is asymmetric about the current sheet, in accord with recent theoretical predictions. Such an asymmetric distribution of helicity can in principle explaian the sensitivity of the solar modulation of cosmic rays to the sun's magnetic polarity, as observed in charge sign dependent modulation, Jovian electrons, and anomalous He-4.
Human nucleotide excision nuclease removes thymine dimers from DNA by incising the 22nd phosphodiester bond 5' and the 6th phosphodiester bond 3' to the photodimer.

Abstract By using a human cell-free system capable of nucleotide excision repair, a synthetic substrate consisting of a plasmid containing four thymidine dimers at unique locations, and deoxyribonucleoside 5'-[alpha-thio]triphosphates for repair synthesis, we obtained DNA fragments containing repair patches with phosphorothioate linkages. Based on the resistance of these linkages to digestion by exonuclease III and their sensitivity to cleavage by I2, we were able to delineate the borders of the repair patch to single-nucleotide resolution and found an asymmetric patch with sharp boundaries. That the repair patch was produced by filling in a gap generated by an excision nuclease and not by nick-translation was confirmed by the finding that the thymidine dimer was released in a 27- to 29-nucleotide oligomer.
Aging and social change among Abaluyia in western Kenya: anthropological and historical perspectives.

This article presents narrative accounts which illustrate ways that modernization and social change have transformed the daily lives of Abaluyia, especially older people, in rural western Kenya since the late nineteenth century. The narratives reveal history as lived experience, as observed and recorded by an anthropologist who has been doing research among Abaluyia in Bunyala and Samia over the past 25 years. The story involves continuity of cultural beliefs and practices, and it involves change—change imposed by the macro-events of globalizing processes, from colonialism to Structural Adjustment Programs, and change as people’s adaptive responses to those processes, particularly how changing cultural practices have impacted elders. The grand narrative is historical, the overarching story of the incorporation of Kenya and Kenyans into the global political economy from the colonial period to the present. Other narratives are biographical, case studies of individuals from two extended families and their personal experiences of social change over the past century. The background narrative is autobiographical, the anthropologist’s story of the practice of anthropological fieldwork and her own experiences and observations of social change in western Kenya. Since anthropological data over time become history, the approach here is both anthropological and historical.
Asymptotic solutions for the Clairaut equation in the theory of rotating fluid masses

A procedure has been devised to construct a solution of the Clairaut equation in the form of an asymptotic expansion in terms of descending powers of\(\lambda = j + \tfrac{1}{2}\), wherej denotes the order of spherical-harmonic distortion. It has been shown that asj and, therefore λ increases, the foregoing series approaches asymptotically a solution of our equation. The procedure is similar to the WKB-method of theoretical physics.
Artificial wounding decreases plant biomass and shoot strength of the brown seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum (Fucales, Phaeophyceae)

Brown seaweeds can serve as habitat and food for a number of mesoherbivore species, but the effect of mesoherbivore grazing on the fitness of individual seaweed plants is not well documented. Here we investigate how mechanical wounding, which mimics the grazing damage made by the herbivorous gastropod Littorina obtusata, affects the biomass change, apical growth, and individual shoot strength of the fucoid seaweed species Ascophyllum nodosum both in natural field populations and in the laboratory. We did not detect a significant effect of wounding on apical shoot growth in the laboratory, but wounding decreased the plant biomass in half of the studied A. nodosum populations in the field. Furthermore, we found that the strength of individual A. nodosum shoots was significantly lower when compared with unwounded control shoots initially after wounding. However, after 11 days incubation in the laboratory, the strength of the wounded shoots had increased almost to the level of the control shoots, although there was still a significant difference in the force required to break the shoots. These results indicate that wounding can increase the tissue loss (and thereby decrease the fitness) of A. nodosum plants in natural populations, probably through weakening of individual shoots. However, A. nodosum appears to have a mechanism to strengthen the shoots after mechanical wounding, and therefore, the timing of damage (e.g. prior to a storm) probably determines the amount of plant tissue lost through wave-induced forces.
Evolution of the motor car

A proposed reinvention for urban motoring based on ultra-small electric vehicles does not address the bigger environmental or social challenges, finds Daniel Sperling.
Proconvulsant and anticonvulsant effects in mice of acute and chronic treatment with cocaine.

Abstract The proconvulsant and anticonvulsant effects of acute and chronic exposure to cocaine were investigated in adult, male, CF-1 mice. The proconvulsant effects of cocaine in mice only manifested themselves after daily exposure to motor-stimulant doses. Although daily treatment decreased electroshock convulsion threshold, no motor convulsions were observed. Animals in the proconvulsant state, however, kindled to electrically-induced convulsions more rapidly than did controls. Furthermore, daily treatment with cocaine and electroshock also enhanced the development of electrical kindling. These results illustrate that the excitatory properties of cocaine in the CNS can enhance phenomena which cause a persistent increase in excitability of the CNS. In contrast to the proconvulsant activity after chronic exposure, cocaine, administered acutely, in motor-stimulant doses, was anticonvulsant in a variety of tests using electroshock and chemically-induced convulsions. The drug elevated electroshock thresholds for both minimal and maximal convulsions and these responses were not blocked by haloperidol. In tests for minimal chemically-induced convulsions, cocaine elevated the threshold to N- methyl- dl -aspartate , but not to bicuculline; against maximal convulsions, the drug was anticonvulsant against both N- methyl- dl -aspartate and bicuculline. Cocaine did not affect convulsion thresholds for strychnine, arecoline or aminophylline; these data suggest that the anticonvulsant action of cocaine is relatively selective for the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate systems.
Control of pecking response form in the pigeon: Topography of ingestive behaviors and conditioned keypecks with food and water reinforcers

In Experiment 1, the form of keypecks produced in an autoshaping procedure with food or water reinforcers was compared with that of eating and drinking responses. Because the responses involve a number of different effector systems, several elements of response form were measured, including peck force and duration, gape, and eye closure. Gape was the only measure to reliably distinguish between both ingestive responses and between conditioned keypecks reinforced with food or water. With either reinforcer, keypecks had greater force than did ingestive behaviors. In Experiment 2, a transition between two forms of keypeck was produced by manipulating deprivation and reinforcer conditions. Some measures appeared to vary in a dichotomous manner between two discrete response forms; gape showed a gradual and continuous change involving the production of intermediate forms of the response. It was concluded that the control of conditioned response form involves theconstruction of the response from movements produced by several effector systems, each with potentially different sources of control.
Quantum spin formulation of the principal chiral model

Abstract We formulate the two-dimensional principal chiral model as a quantum spin model, replacing the classical fields by quantum operators acting in a Hilbert space, and introducing an additional, Euclidean time dimension. Using coherent state path integral techniques, we show that in the limit in which a large representation is chosen for the operators, the low energy excitations of the model describe a principal chiral model in three dimensions. By dimensional reduction, the two-dimensional principal chiral model of classical fields is recovered.
Visual Search and the Older Adult: Not all is Lost

Plude and Doussard-Roosevelt (1989) reported age-related search slope differences in a conjunction search task but not in a feature search task. According to Feature Integration Theory (Treisman & Gelade, 1980), older adults may suffer an impairment in the feature integration mechanism required for conjunction searches. We extend this work by examining age-related differences a series of feature, conjunction, and triple conjunction search tasks. The results of the feature and conjunction search tasks support the previous findings. However, the results of the triple conjunction search task suggest that the conjunction search impairment is not universal. As the triple conjunction search results are difficult to accommodate within Feature Integration Theory, the results are discussed within the framework of the Guided Search model of visual selective attention.
Weathering and Transport of Sediment in the Cheyenne River Basin, Eastern Wyoming

The weathering and fluvial transport stages of a sedimentation sequence of the Cheyenne River in Eastern Wyoming are discussed. The river heads in east-central Wyoming, crosses several rock units in its eastward path before reaching the Angostura Reservoir in southwestern South Dakota. The drainage area of the Cheyenne River above the Angostura Reservoir comprises about 9000 square miles.
Immunologic "colitis" in dogs.

Dog colon mucosal extracts are antigenic to rabbits. After several months of an immunization program with adjuvant, antibodies are demonstrable by gel diffusion and increased precipitin titers. When this anti-dog-colon-rabbit serum is given intravenously to recipient dogs, an acute immunologic reaction develops, primarily limited to the colon, but with evidence of systemic participation. In 24 hours this is characterized by mucosal hemorrhage and focal necrosis, leukocytic infiltration most marked at the base of crypts, submucosal edema, venous dilatation, and perivascular cuffing. This reaction requires further investigation for understanding of its mechanism and significance.
The Impact of Mode of Instructional Delivery on Second Language Teacher Self-Efficacy.

Research has called into question the suitability of fully-online instruction for certain teacher preparation courses. Methodology coursework, in particular, has been singled out in research as ill-suited to online instruction. Recent research, for example, involving second language (L2) teacher candidates has demonstrated that aspiring teachers who completed online methodology instruction were less confident in their abilities to teach L2 learners than their counterparts who completed the same instruction in a face-to-face (F2F) setting. To address the limitations of online instruction, while still incorporating its associated strengths, the development and implementation of hybridized methodology coursework have been proposed. Following this recommendation, the researchers developed and implemented hybridized L2 methodology courses that mirrored their pre-existing online and F2F equivalents. Using a mixed methodology, the researchers then conducted a three-way comparison of instructional delivery modes (online, F2F, hybrid) to investigate their impact on L2 teacher candidate self-efficacy. Although the results demonstrated that all three modes of instruction can be equally effective at increasing candidate confidence, they also highlighted the potential of hybridized instruction to address the limitations of online and F2F instruction, while still including their strengths. The findings also emphasized that simply viewing or participating in live demonstrations of teaching strategies in post-secondary methodology courses is not sufficient. To feel confident in their teaching abilities, teacher candidates need opportunities in their coursework to apply what they have learned in K-12 classrooms. Offering numerous research-based suggestions to improve the design of hybridized methodology courses, the study also serves to inform the development of future hybridized methodology coursework.
A Decision Tree Model for Evaluating Countermeasures to Secure Cargo at United States Southwestern Ports of Entry

This paper presents a decision tree model for evaluating countermeasures to reduce vulnerabilities to terrorism in commercial truck crossings at United States southwestern land ports of entry. The model includes critical events in four phases of cargo movement: cargo transfer in Mexico, Mexican customs, U.S. customs, and the inland phase. Improvements in transportation security, inspections at Mexican ports, and at U.S. ports, are comparatively evaluated using parameterized variables. Costs and benefits of such improvements are analyzed to counter a radiological dispersion device (also known as a “dirty bomb”) attack. The results suggest that security decisions depend primarily on the probability of attack and parameters that influence the overall cost of false alarms. Extensive exploratory analysis reveals that improving security at Mexican ports is not recommended, mainly due to the cost of false alarms. However, a high percentage and a high cost of false alarms may justify new radiation portal monitors...
Subtle Sex-Role Cues in Children's Commercials.

Different production techniques for boys' and girls' ads create formal patterns that convey implicit meanings of masculinity and femininity.
Software Deployment, Past, Present and Future

This paper examines the dimensions influencing the past and present and speculates on the future of software deployment. Software deployment is a post- production activity that is performed for or by the customer of a piece of software. Today's software often consists of a large number of components each offering and requiring services of other components. Such components are often deployed into distributed, heterogeneous environments adding to the complexity of software deployment. This paper sets out a standard terminology for the various deployment activities and the entities over which they operate. Six case studies of current deployment technologies are made to illustrate various approaches to the deployment problems. The paper then examines specific deployment issues in more detail before examining some of the future directions in which the field of deployment might take.
A Preliminary Investigation of Kindergarten Teachers’ Use of Praise in General Education Classrooms

It is well established that teacher praise has a positive effect on student disruptive behavior. However, there is little research suggesting how often Kindergarten teachers praise students in the classroom. This study aimed to collect praise frequency data across four general education Kindergarten classrooms. The type of praise teachers used and how teachers delivered praise were specifically analyzed. Results indicated that Kindergarten teachers praised students frequently and the rate of total praise was similar across teachers. Kindergarten teachers also used more general praise and fewer behavior-specific praises. However, Kindergarten rates of behavior-specific praise were higher in this study compared with other research. Continued research on general education teachers’ rate of praise may be useful to schoolwide behavior intervention planning and teacher consultation.
Quadrature Detection of a Doppler Signal

We have employed a quadrature detection technique to measure theDoppler signal from a moving target. We mix a circularly polarizedreference with a linearly polarized signal to produce an output thatcontains the real and the imaginary parts of the interference field inthe two output polarizations. We are thus able to measure thein-phase and the quadrature components of an interferometric signalsimultaneously by splitting the output with a polarizing beamsplitter. We present data that demonstrate our ability through thistechnique to obtain both the amplitude and the frequency of vibrationof an audio speaker. We also demonstrate the technique's abilityto give one access to the direction of motion and instantaneousposition of the target.
Determining the reach of a home-based physical activity program for older adults within the context of a randomized controlled trial

Determining the reach of physical activity (PA) programs is challenging due to inconsistent reporting across studies. The purpose of this study was to document multiple indicators of program reach for a 6-month, Digital Versatile Disc (DVD)-delivered home-based PA program. Radio, newspaper and direct mailing advertisements were tracked to determine costs as well as the number and representativeness of older adults exposed and responding to recruitment. It was estimated that all older adults in the recruitment area (n ¼105515) may have been exposed to at least one of the recruitment strategies—563 responded and 383 were screened as eligible. Of those that enrolled (n ¼307), the DVD reached between 81% and 97% of the participants over each month within the 6 month period. Newspaper advertisements were most effective (n ¼222) at a cost of $78 per participant enrolled. Conclusion: Using multiple indicators of reach supports the accurate calculation and generalizability of recruiting older adults into PA programs.
Developing Undergraduate Use of OARS: Skill Building for Senior Year Kinesiology Students

This article discusses course development, teaching, instructional methods and skills acquisition in motivational interviewing (MI) for kinesiology students completing a health coaching course in their senior year of undergraduate studies. The paper outlines how students 1) conducted a brief MI session, 2) applied open questions, affirmations, reflections and summaries (OARS) during a brief MI session and 3) identified the use and quality of OARS through the use of a range of learner centered practices (Weimer, 2002) including multi source feedback opportunities and approaches based on Kolb’s (1984) experiential learning cycle. The authors provide ten recommendations for educators and trainers to help them develop their practice in the teaching, learning and assessment of MI in undergraduate students or new-to-MI learners.
The impact of gender, age and depressed state on patients' perspectives of remission

Abstract Background Current standards for treatment outcome from major depression assess remission solely from the vantage point of symptom resolution. Recent evidence, however, suggests that depressed patients consider factors beyond symptom resolution as important for defining remission. The goal of this study was to examine the influence of three predictors on patients' views of factors important for achieving remission: gender, age and current depressed state (i.e., remitted or depressed). Methods Five hundred and sixty-two depressed psychiatric outpatients completed a survey assessing the importance of 16 remission factors. Depressed state was assessed by the Standardized Clinical Outcome Rating scale for Depression (SCOR-D), a clinician rated scale that is based on the number of DSM-IV criteria for a major depressive episode and level of psychosocial impairment present during the past week. Results Relative to male patients, females showed a greater likelihood for rating remission factors related to emotional stabilization (e.g., achieving emotional control, being able to cope with normal stress) as very important. Relative to younger cohorts, the oldest depressed patients endorsed a greater number of remission factors as very important and emphasized positive mental health states (e.g., feeling satisfied, having a general sense of well-being) more. There were no significant differences between remitted and depressed patients in rating the remission factors' importance. Conclusion Perspectives on remission may be differentially perceived by women versus men and by older versus younger depressed patients. Limitations The study was conducted in a single outpatient clinical practice.
New symmetric designs from regular Hadamard matrices

For every positive integer $m$, we construct a symmetric $(v,k,\lambda )$-design with parameters $v={{h((2h-1)^{2m}-1)}\over{h-1}}$, $k=h(2h-1)^{2m-1}$, and $\lambda =h(h-1)(2h-1)^{2m-2}$, where $h=\pm 3\cdot 2^d$ and $|2h-1|$ is a prime power. For $m\geq 2$ and $d\geq 1$, these parameter values were previously undecided. The tools used in the construction are balanced generalized weighing matrices and regular Hadamard matrices of order $9\cdot 4^d$.