cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alternative mRNA splicing in colon cancer causes loss of expression of neural cell adhesion molecule

Abstract Background. The neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) has numerous isoforms resulting from alternative splicing of mRNA. The 3 major isoforms found in adult tissue are (1) a 120-kDa protein that is linked to the plasma membrane by glycosylphosphatidylinositol; (2) a 140-kDa form that has a transmembrane component and a cytoplasmic tail with unknown function; and (3) a 180-kDa isoform that has an intracellular protein that binds the cytoskeleton. NCAM is capable of homotypic binding and therefore plays a role in cell-cell adhesion for cells expressing the 180-kDa isoform by anchoring groups of cells into epithelial sheets. NCAM-180 is the isoform found in colonocytes, and loss of expression is associated with clinically aggressive colon cancers. Methods. Western blotting and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction were used to screen commercially available cell lines for NCAM-180 expression. For cell-line pairs with differential NCAM-180 expression, exon analysis was performed with reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction to determine where the molecule was spliced, culminating in failed expression. These results were confirmed with exon analysis in colon cancers harvested at the time of laparotomy. Results. Analysis of a SW480 cell line (derived from a patient's primary colon cancer lesion) revealed NCAM-180 expression, whereas no expression was found in the SW620 cell line (derived from a metastatic lesion from the same patient). Exon analysis of NCAM mRNA transcripts from SW620 revealed that the transcripts were truncated after exon 12. This region correlates to an area between 2 fibronectin-III domains on the NCAM protein. Conclusions. The most common site for NCAM alternative splicing is between the 2 fibronectin-III domains corresponding to the border between exons 12 and 13 of the NCAM gene. Loss of NCAM-180 expression in aggressive colon carcinoma results from a splice defect in the same area, which may result in defective intracellular adhesion between colonocytes. (Surgery 2001;130:834-43.)
Evaluation of the Bruker Biotyper and VITEK MS MALDI-TOF MS systems for the identification of unusual and/or difficult-to-identify microorganisms isolated from clinical specimens

The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the analytical performance characteristics of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) for the identification of unusual organisms. We evaluated the accuracy of two MALDI-TOF MS systems, bioMerieux VITEK MS (database v2.0) and Bruker Biotyper (software version 3.0), for the identification of the most difficult and/or unusual microorganisms isolated from clinical specimens. Our study included 174 bacterial isolates recovered from clinical cultures at Barnes-Jewish Hospital, St. Louis, MO, from 2009 to 2013, representing 50 genera and 52 species. MS identifications were compared to the identification reported by the reference laboratory. Discrepancies were resolved using molecular methods, including 16S rRNA gene sequencing and additional molecular methods. When performed, molecular methods were considered the gold standard. Of the 168 isolates resolved to the genus level, VITEK MS identified 145 (86.3 %), and of the 114 isolates resolved to the species level, 97 (85.1 %) were correctly identified. Bruker Biotyper identified 155 (92.3 %) of 168 isolates to the genus level and 97 (85.1 %) of 114 isolates to the species level. VITEK MS and Bruker Biotyper provided no identification for 17 (10.1 %) and 12 (7.1 %) organisms, respectively, and misidentified six (3.6 %) and one (0.6 %) isolate, respectively. Six isolates (3.6 %) were not resolvable to the genus level and were excluded from data analysis due to the lack of a gold standard for comparison. There was no significant difference in the number of organisms identified to the genus level, species level, unidentified, or misidentified by the two MALDI-TOF MS systems (p = 0.11, 1.0, 0.44, and 0.12, respectively).
Angular distribution of light scattered from a sinusoidal grating.

The angular distributions of light scattered by gold-coated and aluminum-coated gratings with amplitudes of ∼90 nm and periods of 6.67 µm were measured and calculated for light incident from a He–Ne laser at an angle of 6°. Experimental results are compared with predictions of Beckmann’s scalar theory and Rayleigh’s vector theory. The measured scattering pattern has a background of scattered light due mainly to residual surface roughness. Also the power in the higher-order peaks is larger by several orders of magnitude than the computed one, which can be attributed mainly to the low-order contributions of the harmonics in the profile.
Buffalo lake recreational water quality: a study in bacteriological data interpretation

Abstract Limited water resources in semi-arid regions can create a heavy public demand to use available water storage lakes for multiple use recreational purposes. Since bacteriological measurements of recreational water quality must be based on the detection of fecal contamination by all warm-blooded animals, this paper offers a rationale for the fecal coliform concept with respect to: sanitary significance, density relationships with fecal streptococci, and illustrates a bacteriological approach to a study of water quality in Buffalo Lake. Buffalo Lake, 30 miles (48 km) southwest of Amarillo, Texas, is part of a national wildlife refuge with authorized recreational uses in specified zoned areas to include swimming, water skiing, fishing, boating, and camping. Source water is derived from a drainage basin receiving only 15 in. (38.1 cm) of rainfall per year and supporting a human population of approximately 15,000 persons and a cattle feedlot population of approximately 180,000 animals. During the prevailing long dry weather periods the natural bathing water quality in the lake is excellent, as illustrated during a 1-week period (June 1968) when the fecal coliform median value from all 48 samples collected at six locations was 7 organisms per 100 ml. Stormwater runoff produced by infrequent heavy thunder-showers results in a dramatic deterioration in water quality for feeder streams, and subsequently produces a bacteriological impact on Buffalo Lake water quality which may be seen in fecal coliform values far in excess of the 200 organisms per 100 ml limit recommended by the National Advisory Committee on Water Quality Criteria. Corrective measures are discussed to more adequately control the pollutional discharges from domestic sewage and cattle feedlot drainage that reaches the lake, in addition to restrictions on bathing and water skiing when inflow from source waters temporarily reaches more than 450 acre-ft (5.6 × 105 m3) as a result of stormwater runoff; restrictions on horsepower limit and total number of motorboats, plus continuous maintenance and enforcement of a buffer zone between the wildlife refuge area and those areas of the lake designated for swimming, wading, and skiing.
Effect of Triton WR-1339 on lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase in the rat.

Abstract The effect of Triton WR-1339 on activity of lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase was measured in rat serum following addition of Triton to the serum in vitro or after intravenous injection of the detergent. The inhibitory effect of Triton WR-1339 on activity of lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase when the detergent was added in vitro was dose dependent and appeared to result from a direct action on the enzyme rather than from a physical modification of the substrate by the detergent. The serum half-life ( T 1 2 ) of Triton WR-1339 injected intravenously in the rat was 23.1 ± 1.0 h. The inhibitory effect of Triton on serum LCAT activity when the detergent was given intravenously was also dose dependent and was reversed when the serum concentration of Triton decreased; under specific conditions, LCAT activity reached values higher than control. This behavior after treatment of the animal may be explained by increased concentration of the enzyme in the plasma, by stimulation of LCAT activity by the very low density lipoprotein or metabolites accumulating in the plasma of rats treated with Triton WR-1339, or by a combination of these factors.
On the spectrum of radiation pressure driven optomechanical oscillator and its application in sensing

Abstract We study the RF spectrum of radiation pressure driven optomechanical oscillators (OMO). Using experiments and theoretical estimations we have characterized the relative amplitude of OMO’s spectral components as a function of optical detuning and optical input power. We have identified a regime where the optical resonance shift can be directly extracted from the RF spectrum for resonant optical sensing applications.
C1 adrenergic neurons are contacted by presynaptic profiles containing DELTA-opioid receptor immunoreactivity.

Abstract Ligands of the δ-opioid receptor tonically influence sympathetic outflow. Some of the actions of δ-opioid receptor agonists may be mediated through C1 adrenergic neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla. The goal of this study was to determine whether C1 adrenergic neurons or their afferents contain δ-opioid receptors. Single sections through the rostral ventrolateral medulla were labeled for δ-opioid receptor using the immunoperoxidase method and the epinephrine synthesizing enzyme phenylethanolamine N -methyltransferase (PNMT) using the immunogold method, and examined at the light and electron microscopic level. Few (∼5% of 903) profiles dually labeled for PNMT and δ-opioid receptor were detected; most of these were dendrites with diameters 50% of 250) of δ-opioid receptor-immunoreactive axons and axon terminals contacted PNMT-immunoreactive profiles. Most of the contacts formed by δ-opioid receptor-immunoreactive profiles (∼75% of 132) were on single-labeled PNMT-immunoreactive dendrites with diameters The prominent localization of δ-opioid receptors to dense-core vesicle-rich presynaptic profiles suggests that δ-opioid receptor activation by endogenous or exogenous agonists may modulate neuropeptide release. Furthermore, the presence of δ-opioid receptors on axon terminals that form excitatory-type synapses with PNMT-immunoreactive dendrites suggests that δ-opioid receptor ligands may modulate afferent activity to C1 adrenergic neurons. The observation that some PNMT-immunoreactive neurons contain δ-opioid receptor immunoreactivity associated with multivesicular bodies and other intracellular organelles suggests that some C1 adrenergic neurons may present, endocytose and/or recycle δ-opioid receptors.
Spectroscopic observation of bound ungerade ion-pair states in molecular hydrogen

Frequency-resolved observations of heavy Rydberg states in molecular hydrogen are reported in the ungerade manifold of states. Double-resonance spectroscopy via the E,F {sup 1}{Sigma}{sub g}{sup +}, v{sup '}=6 state has been used to probe the energy region above the H(1s) + H(3l) dissociation threshold. Resonances are observed by ionizing H(3l) to produce H{sup +}, which is then detected by using a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The kinetic energy of the H{sup +} ion confirms that the observed signal is due to the photoionization of neutral H(3l) atoms, indicating that dissociation is a significant decay channel for the ion-pair states. The pattern of energies of the resonances agree well with the predictions of a mass-scaled Rydberg formula for bound quantum states of the H{sup +}H{sup -} ion pair. Energies and quantum defects have been determined for principal quantum numbers in the range of n=130 to 207.
A field comparison of three pressure-difference bedload samplers☆

Abstract The movement of bedload over a cross-section is often sampled using a “pressure-difference bedload sampler”, such as the Helley–Smith. Whereas several types are in use, no one device has gained universal acceptance as the standard for use in all types of streams. Moreover, evidence suggests that similar devices may collect substantially different amounts of bedload because of only slight modifications in design. In this study, sample weights collected by three types of pressure-difference samplers are compared to determine whether differences are statistically significant or whether sampler performance is so irregular and overlapping that one might regard them as being the same. The results confirm that the weights of samples collected by the devices are significantly different. Generally, the US BLH 84 collected less material, the Sheetmetal Helley–Smith collected more material, and the Original Helley–Smith was intermediate; these tendencies were consistent at two sites where bedload was measured. The implication of these results is that measured transport rates will vary depending on the sampler used and, therefore, they are not directly comparable without some mode of calibration. To place this finding in a larger context, sediment rating curves, determined from weights of samples and measurements of flow, were integrated over available flow records and used to estimate annual yield. Three estimates of annual yield, one for each device, were then compared with measures of annual accumulation from a weir pond below one of the collection sites. The results indicate that despite differences between the devices, data obtained with pressure-difference samplers estimated annual accumulations of sediment reasonably well. Predicted accumulations were within 40–50% of the measured yield for two samplers whereas the third sampler predicted within 80%.
A new entropic method of dimensionality reduction specially designed for multiclass discrimination (DIRECLADIS)

This is a straightforward generalization of the Karhunen-Loeve method making it possible to extract those variables which specifically serve the purpose of discriminating classes.
Client Readiness for Change, Cultural Concerns, and Risk Taking A Multimodal Case Presentation

This is a straightforward case in which several interrelated components nevertheless called for specific therapeutic attention. Matters pertaining to racial discrimination, cultural limits, and readiness for change had to be factored into the treatment trajectory. The anxiety, depression, and self-denigrating tendencies that had brought the client to therapy called for careful timing, some audacious advice, and several standard cognitivebehavioral procedures.
Absorbance-corrected synchronous fluorescence with a fiber-optic-based fluorometer

Synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy is frequently used to resolve multiple components in mixtures without separation. However, uncompensated inner-filter effects can lead to unexpected and/or large quantitative errors. An instrument and a method that correct for primary and secondary inner-filter effects in synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy have been designed and characterized. A bifurcated fiber-optic-based diode array fluorometer that simultaneously measures front-surface fluorescence and absorbance was constructed. A transfer function that mathematically describes the coupling efficiency between the excitation and emission legs of the fiber optics is defined and characterized. Once characterized, such a fluorometer is capable of calculating what the fluorescence measurement would be in the absence of inner-filter effects. Several experimental procedures for determining the instrument's transfer function are compared and discussed. Applications of the various procedures to experimental fluorescence inner-filter corrections to problematic samples are demonstrated.
Influence of Heat on κ-Casein: Effect of αs-Casein and Concentratioin of Calcium Chloride and Sodium Chloride

Abstract κ -Casein is precipitated when heated at 100 c for 5min at pH 7 with 0.005 to 0.05m concentrations of CaCl 2 . At higher concentrations of CaCl 2 precipitation decreases and at 0.15m CaCl 2 it is completely prevented. Sodium chloride will also decrease or prevent CaCl 2 -heat precipitation of κ -casein. The effect of NaCl is markedly dependent on the CaCl 2 concentration; with 0.05m CaCl 2 , 0.25m NaCl is needed to prevent precipitation; with 0.005m CaCl 2 only 0.05m NaCl is needed. The effect of excess CaCl or NaCl 2 shows little pH dependence. Some comparable experiments with CaCl 2 precipitation of α s -casein (unheated) shows a marked pH dependence of the effect of excess NaCl. κ -Casein, heated in the presence of salts and mercaptoethanol, is heatlabile, as measured by its inability to stabilize α s -casein against CaCl 2 precipitation. The presence of α s -casein in a 1:1 weight ratio when the κ -casein is heated prevents the heat lability.
The crystal structure of [(n-C4H9)4N]2Re2I8: Three-fold disorder of the effectively cubic anion

Abstract The title compound was prepared by the method of Preetz and Rudzik and its structure determined by single-crystal X-ray diffractometry. It crystallizes in the rhombohedral system, space group R 3 with the following (hexagonal) unit cell dimensions: a = 12.185(2), c = 30.195(3) A, V = 3882(2) A3, Z = 3. The set of iodine atoms defines an essentially perfect cube that resides on a crystallographic 3 position. Within this essentially cubic rhombohedron the two Re atoms are disordered over six positions that define an essentially octahedral trigonal antiprism. Pairs of opposite vertices of this octahedron correspond to Re26+ units which have an internuclear distance of 2.245(3) A. The ReI distances are 2.700(3), 2.711(3) and 2.715(2) A to the six equivalent I atoms and 2.647(3) A to the other pair. The ReReI angles all lie in the range 104.8(1)–105.9(1)°. The relationship of this structure to those of other octahalo dimetal compounds is discussed.
SU‐FF‐T‐275: Invitro Dose and Dose Rate Feasibility Study for Effective Tomotherapy TMI Treatment

Purpose: We reported the successful use of Tomotherapy for the total marrow irradiation (TMI) treatment. However, Tomotherapy delivers treatment at a much higher dose rate (400–900 cGy/min) than current TBI treatment (10 – 25 cGy/min) delivered using a standard medical accelerator. Even with the more accurate dosimetry possible with Tomotherapy, the effect of high dose rates even at limited doses is unclear at best. We aim to study the effect of high dose and dose rate on cell survival. Method and Materials: A549 human lungcells, BE(2)‐M17 human neuroblastoma cells and N2A mouse neuroblastoma cells were used. Cells were plated in T‐25 flasks with appropriate medium. After 8 hours attachment period, each flask of cells were irradiated with a different dose: 2, 4, 6, 9 and 12 Gy. As the dose rate, 112 cGy/min was used in A549 and BE(2)‐M17 cells and 400 cGy/min was used in N2A cells.Cells were cultured for 10–15 days and survived cells were making colonies. Colonies were fixed with a mixture of methanol and acetic acid (10:1 v/v) and stained with 1% crystal violet. Colonies containing more than 30 cells were scored. Results: BE(2)‐M17 cells were more sensitive to radiation than A549 and N2A cells. Mean lethal dose, D0, were 89, 136 and 188 rad in BE(2)‐M17, A549 and N2A cells in each. Plating efficiency at 6Gy were 0.50, 6.23 and 6.97 % in BE(2)‐M17, A549 and N2A cells in each. Extrapolation number were 8.17, 5.20 and 2.51 in BE(2)‐M17, A549 and N2A cells in each. Conclusions: We show that different cell lines have different dose response invitro. Currently we are continuing the survival study for dose rate from 10 cGy/min to 800 cGy/min which will be reported in the conference.
Fast computer graphics rendering for full parallax spatial displays

ABSTRACT This paper presents a computer graphics algorithm useful for rapidly generating image data for full parallax spatial displayssuch as full parallax holographic stereograms. Other techniques such as custom-designed ray-tracing packages and image-based rendering techniques have significant disadvantages for rapid display production. In contrast, the method described hereuses scanline-based computer graphics techniques. The described implementation uses the widely available OpenGLTM graph-ics library and takes advantage of acceleration by computer graphics hardware subsystems. The time required to render theimage data of a moderately-sized scene for a single holographic exposure is less than one second using desktop computer sys-tems. This method is compatible with both one-step and master-transfer holographic recording geometries. Details of the algo-rithm are included.Keywords: full parallax, computer graphics, holographic stereogram, holography. 1. INTRODUCTION In the field of computer-generated holographic stereography, improvements in holographic printer design and image genera-tion methods have recently turned full parallax displays from a rare novelty to a viable technology. A growing number ofresearch groups are experimenting with full parallax stereograms in both the master-transfer and one-step geometries. Theseexperiments have led to an increasing demand for an efficient yet flexible way to render image sequences for full parallax dis-plays.
Impact of photomasks on linewidth variation

In modern logic processes, variation of linewidths, rather than resolution, often sets the practical lower limit to dimensions. In this context, it is useful to understand how linewidth errors on photomasks contribute to linewidth errors on silicon. It is generally impossible to express the total linewidth variance as the sum of terms that depend only on the photomask or only on other factors. This follows partly because linewidth errors from several sources, such as non- uniform illumination or aberrations of the projection optics, combine with photomask errors to yield significant covariance. In this regard, photomask errors characterized by low spatial frequencies, such as those arising from resist and Cr processing, are more significant than the errors mask writers produce with higher spatial frequencies. A further complication at dimensions of interest, is that printed linewidth is a non-linear function of photomask linewidth, the effect being to amplify the consequences of linewidth errors on photomasks. Closely related to non-linearity are line shortening and proximity effects. When photomasks are compensated to mitigate these problems, round-off to minimum address increments becomes another source of linewidth errors.
Ultrastructure of synapses and cellular relationships in the oculomotor nucleus of the rhesus monkey.

The fine structure of synapses and of cellular relations was examined in the somatic efferent portion of the oculomotor nucleus of the adult rhesus monkey. Axosomatic and axodendritic synapses are characterized by distinct synaptic clefts which usually measure 20–30 nm between pre- and postsynaptic membranes. Cytoplasmic “thickenings” of pre- and postsynaptic membranes are often observed. Subjunctional bodies are present at both axosomatic and axodendritic synapses. Somatic and dendritic spine synapses are present. Serial synapses are also found, suggesting the operation of presynaptic inhibition in this nucleus. At some synapses the extracellular gap between pre- and postsynaptic membranes is reduced to 5–9 nm. However, junctions similar to the latter are also present between neurons and glia, and at the junctions between adjacent glial elements. The present results provide no evidence for a clear morphological substrate for electrotonic transmission in the somatic efferent portion of the primate oculomotor nucleus.
Reduced number of β-adrenergic receptors in the myocardium of spontaneously hypertensive rats

Abstract Inotropic response to β-adrenergic stimulation of the myocardium is decreased in hypertension. A biochemical basis for this decrease was provided by the observation that the number of β-adrenergic receptors — as reflected in specific [ 3 H]dihydroalprenolol binding — was diminished in the myocardium of spontaneously hypertensive rats without a change in the affinity of dihydroalprenolol for the binding sites or in the capacity of isoproterenol to displace dihydroalprenolol. The decline in β-adrenergic receptor numbers is not secondary to blood pressure elevation and may be related to increased sympathetic drive in spontaneously hypertensive rats.
Effect of thiouracil on human tissues.

OPPORTUNITY to observe the effect of thiouracil on human tissues was offered recently by the sudden death from cerebellar hemorrhage of a patient suffering from thyrotoxicosis which had been successfully controlled over a period of 381 days by the continuous administration of thiouracil. CASE REPORT A white, unmarried woman, aged 74, consulted the writer on May 5, 1944 because of shortness of breath, palpitation, nervousness, sweating and weight loss of 15.9 kg. (35 lbs.) during the preceding year. She had had a goiter for many years, but it had never been found to be hyperactive. Elevated blood pressure values had been obtained for at least 15 years; they were discovered when she had a stroke, causing a left sided paralysis from which she had made satisfactory recovery. She had been taking iodine for four weeks prior to her first visit. In appearance she was lethargic in movement, doddering and emaciated, but had an unusually bright eye, and an alert mentality.
Stochastic modelling of computer-regulated linear plants in noisy environments †

The purpose is the discrete-time stochastic modelling of a linear plant in single-loop direct digital feedback control, particularly with a constant reference input. The system receives dynamic inputs by the intrinsic noise of the digital quantizers, and from environmental disturbances, which are assumed to have rational spectral densities. An equation is derived in the deviation from its mean of the random feedback variable, y(k), consisting in a linear difference expression in y(k), a so-called autoregrcssion, equated to a sum of linear difference expressions in white noise sequences, so-called moving averages. The sum of these also is a moving average. The conclusion is The stochastic process of a computer-regulated linear plant in a single feedback loop, whose dynamic inputs are all quantization noise sources and environmental disturbances with rational spectra, can be expressed as a stationary mixed auto-regressive, moving-average (ARMA) model, which also has a rational spectral density. Features of ...
A 1‐D diffusive transport model for the density and temperature of edge neutrals

A one-dimensional (1-D) model of neutral transport in edge plasmas is shown to reproduce the results of Monte Carlo simulations for a variety of edge plasma profiles. The transport of hydrogenic atoms is assumed to be diffusive with a flux limit that depends on the neutral mean-free path and gradients of plasma density and ion temperature. The steady-state continuity equation and a simple first order equation for the energy transfer between ions and neutral atoms are solved for the neutral atom density and temperature along the normal to the recycling (source) surface. Based upon particle and energy reflection coefficients for carbon, recycling is simulated with fluxes of both energetic reflected atoms and desorbed molecules. Assuming convective transport with constant velocity, the continuity equation for molecules is solved for the molecular density, which is shown to agree with Monte Carlo if flux enhancement due to backscattered atoms is included.
Short-term Temperature and Light Conditions associated with Auxospore Formation in the Marine Centric Diatom Coscinodiscus concinnus W. Smith

THE periodic appearance of auxospores in a uni-algal culture of the marine centric diatom Coscinodiscus concinnus W. Smith (Holmes and Reimann1) made possible an investigation of the temperature and light conditions under which auxospore formation occurs. By using the cross-gradient apparatus of Jitts et al.2 I was able to expose potential auxospore forming cultures to 64 different light and temperature combinations simultaneously. The cells were examined daily by removing the culture vessels from the gradient block and scanning the contents with an inverted microscope.
Correlates of talkaholism in New Zealand: An intracultural analysis of the compulsive communication construct

This study focused on correlates of the compulsive communication construct in New Zealand. Participants were 216 New Zealand university students who completed the Talkaholic Scale to measure their tendency to be compulsive communicators. Self‐reports of communication apprehension, willingness to communicate, argumentativeness, innovativeness, and self‐monitoring were also completed. Results indicated a weak negative correlation with communication apprehension and weak positive correlations with argumentativeness and self‐monitoring. Differences in talkaholism between males and females were significant, but the amount of variance accounted for by biological sex was very small. This study provides further support for the distinctiveness of the compulsive communication construct and its measurement through the Talkaholic Scale.
Petrology of the Rainy Lake area, Minnesota, USA-implications for petrotectonic setting of the archean southern Wabigoon subprovince of the Canadian Shield

The Rainy Lake area in northern Minnesota and southwestern, Ontario is a Late Archean (2.7 Ga) granite-greenstone belt within the Wabigoon subprovince of the Canadian Shield. In Minnesota the rocks include mafic and felsic volcanic rocks, volcaniclastic, chemical sedimentary rocks, and graywacke that are intrucded by coeval gabbro, tonalite, and granodiorite. New data presented here focus on the geochemistry and petrology of the Minnesota part of the Rainy Lake area. Igneous rocks in the area are bimodal. The mafic rocks are made up of three distinct suites: (1) low-TiO2 tholeiite and gabbro that have slightly evolved Mg-numbers (63–49) and relatively flat rare-earth element (REE) patterns that range from 20–8 x chondrites (Ce/YbN=0.8–1.5); (2) high-TiO2 tholeiite with evolved Mg-numbers (46–29) and high total REE abundances that range from 70–40 x chondrites (Ce/YbN=1.8–3.3), and (3) calc-alkaline basaltic andesite and geochemically similar monzodiorite and lamprophyre with primitive Mg-numbers (79–63), enriched light rare-earth elements (LREE) and depleted heavy rare-earth elements (HREE). These three suites are not related by partial melting of a similar source or by fractional crystallization of a common parental magma; they resulted from melting of heterogeneous Archean mantle. The felsic rocks are made up of two distinct suites: (1)low-Al2O3 tholeiitic rhyolite, and (2) high-Al2O3 calc-alkaline dacite and rhyolite and consanguineous tonalite. The tholeiitic felsic rocks are high in Y, Zr, Nb, and total REE that are unfractionated and have pronounced negative Eu anomalies. The calcalkaline felsic rocks are depleted in Y, Zr, and Nb, and the REE that are highly fractionated with high LREE and depleted HREE, and display moderate negative Eu anomalies. Both suites of felsic rocks were generated by partial melting of crustal material. The most reasonable modern analog for the paleotectonic setting is an immature island arc. The bimodal volcanic rocks are intercalated with sedimentary rocks and have been intruded by pre- and syntectonic granitoid rocks. However, the geochemistry of the mafic rocks does not correlate fully with that of mafic rocks in modern are evvironments. The low-TiO2 tholeiite is similar to both N-type mid-ocean-ridge basalt (MORB) and low-K tholeiite from immature marginal basins. The calc-alkaline basaltic andesite is like that of low-K calc-alkaline mafic volcanic rocks from oceanic volcanic arcs; however, the high-TiO2 tholeiite is most similar to modern E-type MORB, which occurs in oceanic rifts. The conundrum may be explained by: (1) rifting of a pre-existing immature arc system to produce the bimodal volcanic rocks and high-TiO2 tholeiite; (2) variable enrichment of a previously depleted Archean mantle, to produce both the low- and high-TiO2 tholeiite and the calc-alkaline basaltic andesite, and/or (3) enrichment of the parental rocks of the high-TiO2 tholeiite by crustal contamination.
Differential expression and activity of matrix metalloproteinases during flow-modulated vein graft remodeling

Abstract Objective While shear stress closely regulates vascular remodeling, the mediators of this process have been only partially elucidated. The current study examined the role of the gelatinases in flow-mediated vein graft intimal hyperplasia. We hypothesized that matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)–2 and MMP-9 expression and protein levels, relative to tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMP)–1 and TIMP-2, are upregulated in a flow-dependent manner during vein graft arterialization. Methods Bilateral common carotid interposition vein grafting was performed in rabbits. Reduction in flow was achieved through unilateral ligation of the internal carotid artery and three of four branches of the external carotid artery. At 28 days grafts were harvested and analyzed for intimal area; MMP-2 and MMP-9, and TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 messenger RNA content, via quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; and MMP-2 and MMP-9, and TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 protein concentrations, via both bioactivity assay and zymography. Results Branch ligation resulted in a 10-fold difference in mean flow rate and accelerated development of intimal hyperplasia in a low-flow environment. Exposure of the vein graft to arterial hemodynamics induced a marked rise in MMP-9 mRNA levels, whereas only a modest increase in MMP-2 mRNA was observed. MMP-2 protein was 50 to 100 times more abundant than MMP-9, and was significantly upregulated in grafts that demonstrated enhanced intimal thickening. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that MMP-2 was located throughout the myointima, whereas MMP-9 was localized almost exclusively to the region of endothelium. No differences in TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 mRNA or protein levels were detected between high-flow and low-flow grafts. Conclusion MMP-2 is the predominate gelatinase that regulates early vein graft remodeling. Despite a marked increase in MMP-9 gene expression, development of intimal hyperplasia after a reduction in wall shear rate correlates with an increase in MMP-2 protein levels. These data suggest differential regulatory mechanisms for proteases within the remodeling vein graft wall. Modulation of extracellular matrix biologic features may offer therapeutic strategies for the prevention of vein graft failure.
Molecular biology of iron acquisition in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

In recent years, significant advances have been made in our understanding of the mechanism and regulation of elemental iron transport in the eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This organism employs two distinct iron-transport systems, depending on the bioavailability of the metal. In iron-replete environments, a low-affinity transport system (K(m) = 30 microM) is used to acquire iron. This system may also be used to acquire other metals including cobalt and cadmium. When environmental iron is limiting, a high-affinity (K(m) = 0.15 microM) iron-transport system is induced. Genetic studies in S. cerevisiae have identified multiple genes involved in both iron-transport systems. Cell-surface reductases, FRE1 and FRE2, provide ferrous iron for both systems. A non-ATP-dependent transmembrane transporter (FET4) has been identified as the main component of low-affinity transport. One gene identified to date as part of the high-affinity transport system is FET3, which shows high sequence and functional homology to multicopper oxidases. Accessory genes required for the functioning of this transport system include a plasma-membrane copper transporter (CTR1), an intracellular copper transporter (CCC2), and a putative transcription factor (AFT1). The mechanism by which these genes act in concert to ensure iron accumulation in S. cerevisiae presents an intriguing picture, drawing parallels with observations made in the human system almost 40 years ago.
Crawford W. Long: pioneer physician in anesthesia.

Abstract Crawford W. Long first used ether as an anesthetic on March 30, 1842. This article examines factors in his education and practice that prompted his discovery. Included in the discussion are some of the circumstances that caused Long to delay publication of his experience with ether, as well as the impact of the "ether controversy" on his life.
Application of the BET equation to heterogeneous surfaces

Abstract It is shown that a previously published procedure for obtaining site energy distributions can be applied to data which include multilayer adsorption, with the BET equation used as the local isotherm function. When applied to the adsorption of argon on rutile, the resulting distribution function is essentially the same as that obtained by Drain and Morrison using a nearly thermodynamic procedure. The BET model can thus be applied to adsorption on heterogeneous surfaces. On the other hand, the BET c value obtained from a simple fitting of the equation to the adsorption isotherm reflects only the average energy of those sites being filled in the region of the fit, and is low. A better single-parameter description of the adsorbent surface is given by the average site energy as obtained from the actual distribution function.
Assessment of meaning and the detection of unreliable signals by vervet monkeys

Free-ranging vervet monkeys, Cercopithecus aethiops, who had learned to ignore playbacks of one type of call by an unreliable signaller subsequently also ignored playback of an acoustically different call by the same individual if the calls had similar referents. Such transfer did not occur if either the identity of the signaller changed or if the two calls had different referents. After repeatedly being played an intergroup call in the absence of other groups, vervets also ignored an acoustically different intergroup call given by the same individual. The monkeys did not transfer habituation, however, if the new call was given by a different individual. In tests where the referents of two calls were different, the monkeys also failed to transfer habituation across call types. Vervet monkeys who had learned to ignore an unreliable leopard alarm call did not later ignore an eagle alarm call, even when the signaller remained the same. Results suggest that vervets, like humans, process information at a semantic, and not just an acoustic, level.
Artificial oligopeptide scaffolds for stoichiometric metal binding.

Two artificial peptides with pendant pyridine or bipyridine ligands have been synthesized and incorporated into oligomeric strands that are analogous to peptide nucleic acid. Spectrophotometric tit...
Comparison of First Generation (Dornier HM3) and Second Generation (Medstone STS) Lithotriptors: Treatment Results With 13,864 Renal and Ureteral Calculi

Some reports have shown a decreased effectiveness of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL*) with newer lithotriptors. We used a first generation unmodified Dornier HM3 lithotriptor to treat 5,698 patients with renal and ureteral calculi and a second generation Medstone STS device to treat 8,166 patients with renal and ureteral calculi. The treatment results were compared using the chi-square test to determine statistical significance. The stone-free rate, retreatment rate and post-ESWL secondary procedure rate were 69.5%, 4.4% and 3.1%, respectively, with the Dornier HM3 device and 72.1%, 4.9% and 2.3%, respectively, with the Medstone lithotriptor for single renal stones, and 81.5%, 5.2% and 5.5%, respectively, with the Dornier HM3 and 83.2%, 5.2% and 5.0%, respectively, with the Medstone device for single ureteral stones. There were no statistically significant different results between a second generation tubless Medstone STS lithotriptor and the gold standard unmodified Dornier HM3 instrument. Kcr WORDS: kidney calculi, ureteral calculi, extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy, lithotripsy There have been reports that the newer lithotriptors have a decreased effectiveness compared to the original gold standard Dornier HM3 The second generation lithotriptors have a dry table with easier patient handling and are less powerful with minimized anesthesia requirements. However, decreased effectiveness results in an increased number of shocks given, decreased stone-free rate and increased repeat extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWLJ treatment rate. We reviewed the treatment results of an unmodified Dornier HM3 device with 5,698 renal and ureteral calculi, and of the Medstone STS lithotriptor with 8,166 renal and ureteral calculi. We used the chi-square test to determine any statistical significance for any difference in these results.
Attainment of cholesterol guidelines in patients at high risk for coronary heart disease.

The Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines state that individuals who have coronary heart disease (CHD) should have a low-density-lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentration of <100 mg/dL.[1][1] More recent recommendations indicate that high-risk patients with CHD should benefit from an LDL
Oxygen involvement in betanine degradation - Measurement of active oxygen species and oxidation reduction potentials

Abstract The possible involvement of active oxygen species in the degradation of betanine was investigated using a variety of chemical and enzymatic tests. Neither singlet oxygen nor superoxide anion were implicated in the oxidative degradation of betanine. Betanine was destroyed in solutions containing photosensitized riboflavin. Oxidation—reduction (redox) potentials were measured in solutions containing betanine or its aglycone, betanidin. The lower potential of betanidin, relative to betanine, coincided with a greater susceptibility of the aglycone to destruction by molecular oxygen.
Chaotic-Sequence-Based Channel Estimation Algorithm for Secure Optical OFDM Systems

In this paper, in order to improve the security of optical OFDM system, we propose a new method to generate the pilot sequence of channel estimation using chaotic sequence. Firstly, we assign initial values to chaotic system, and calculate a chaotic sequence through an iteration method, then converting it into a binary sequence as the pilot of a DFT-based channel estimation algorithm. When the receiving end doesn’t know the chaotic-sequence-based pilot, the system will have very high BER, and can not restore the original data, which indicate that the new method provides a certain degree of security for optical OFDM systems without increasing the system complexity.
RELATION OF AUDITORY-VISUAL SHIFTING TO READING ACHIEVEMENT.

Samn2ary.-One perceptual skill which may underlie reading behavior is the ability to process sequentially presented auditory and visual information. The present study investigated the hypothesis that retarded and potentially retarded readers would exhibit difficulty in rapidly shifting attention between auditory and visual stimuli. Possible age differences in this behavior were also examined. Reaction times to a series of lights and sounds were obtained from normal and retarded readers at three grade levels. The findings indicated that at all ages poor and good readers differed significantly in the ease with which attention was shifted from one modality to another. Educators have long suggested thac defective perceptual functioning may play a role in producing reading retardacion. The relationships between specific auditory and visual skills and reading disability have therefore been widely investigated (e.g., Witty & Kopel, 1936; Betts & Austin, 1940; Poling, 1953; Goins, 1958). These investigations have focused primarily on children with gross anatomical defects in vision or audition. Although it is apparent that such gross defects place severe limitations on the child's learning capacity, it has been noted that such cases constitute a very small proportion of the retarded reading population (Johnson, 1957). T he possibility exists that other cases of early reading difficulties might be due to more subtle impairments of perceptual functioning. Since reading instruction typically involves the presentation of both auditory and visual information, any inability to process such stimulus information would be expected to reflect itself in learning problems. Such attencional difficulties might occur either with respect to che individual communication channels (auditory or visual), or co the sequential processing of visual and auditory stimuli in combination. In the latter instance, the child might be quite capable of attending to either auditory or visual information when presented alone, buc would experience difficulty in shifring attention from one mode of stimulacion to the other. The hypothesis advanced in the present investigation was that retarded readers would exhibit poorer performance than normal readers on a task requiring rapid attentional shifts between modalities.
The origin of Paul's doctrine of the two Adams in 1 Corinthians 15.45-49

The origin of Paul's doctrine of the two Adams in 1 Cor. 15.45-49 has been the subject of much discussion. The most commonly argued background is Philo or Alexandrian traditions. Study of Philo, however, makes it unlikely that Paul is reacting either to Philo, to Alexandrian traditions, or even to a misrepresentation of Philo. Gnosticism also does not provide a plausible background. In I Cor. 15.46 Paul is not reacting against an over-realized eschatology, nor is he reversing an alleged priority of 'spiritual man' to 'natural man'. Paul's main object is to answer the question of I Cor. 15.35 : In what kind of a body are the dead raised? The closest parallels to Paul from the history of religion are found in rabbinic literature. Paul knew Palestinian exegetical traditions about a first and last Adam. His encounter with the risen Christ gave concrete form to that abstract idea.
Phanerochaete mutants with enhanced ligninolytic activity

In addition to lignin, the white rot fungusPhanerochaete chrysosporium has the ability to degrade a wide spectrum of recalcitrant organopollutants in soils and aqueous media. Most of the organic compounds are degraded under ligninolytic conditions with the involvement of the extracellular enzymes, lignin peroxidases, and manganese-dependent peroxidases, which are produced as secondary metabolites triggered by conditions of nutrient starvation (e.g., nitrogen limitation). The fungus and its enzymes can thus provide alternative technologies for bioremediation, biopulping, biobleaching, and other industrial applications. The efficiency and effectiveness of the fungus can be enhanced by increasing production and secretion of the important enzymes in large quantities and as primary metabolites under enriched conditions. One way this can be achieved is through isolation of mutants that are deregulated, or are hyperproducers or supersecretors of key enzymes under enriched conditions. Through UV-light and γ-ray mutagenesis, we have isolated a variety of mutants, some of which produce key enzymes of the ligninolytic system under high-nitrogen growth conditions. One of the mutants, 76UV, produced 272 U of lignin peroxidases enzyme activity/L after 9 d under high nitrogen (although the parent strain does not produce this enzyme under these conditions). The mutant and the parent strains produced up to 54 and 62 U/L, respectively, of the enzyme activity under lownitrogen growth conditions during this period. In some experiments, the mutant showed 281 U/L of enzyme activity under high nitrogen after 17 d.