cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Absorption by Ozone in the 4.75-Micron Region of the Solar Spectrum

Solar spectra in the region of the 4.75-μ ozone band have been obtained on a new high-resolution grating spectrometer. By comparing the solar spectrum with a laboratory spectrum of this O3 band, almost 300 O3 lines have been identified in the solar spectrum. This region of the solar spectrum also contains lines of H2O, CO, and CO2, which greatly perturb the appearance of the O3 band in the solar spectrum.
Prevalence of articles with honorary and ghost authors in three pharmacy journals

Purpose The prevalence of honorary and ghost authors in articles published in 2009 in three peer-reviewed pharmacy journals was studied. Methods A 20-question survey was e-mailed to corresponding authors of articles with two or more authors published in 2009 in the American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy , Annals of Pharmacotherapy , and Pharmacotherapy . The survey solicited the following information: demographic characteristics of the corresponding author, information about the published article, information to determine whether any of the authors did not meet the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors criteria for authorship, and information to determine if an individual contributed substantially to the research or writing of the article but was not listed as an author. Results Of the 491 corresponding authors to whom the survey was sent, 457 had a working e-mail address; 114 surveys were completed (24.9% response rate). Usable responses were provided by 112 authors. The prevalence of articles with honorary and ghost authors was 14.3% and 0.9%, respectively. Honorary authorship was more common in original research than review articles. Articles with honorary authors had longer bylines than articles without honorary authors (mean number of authors, 4.9 versus 3.7; p = 0.002). The proportion of articles with an honorary author was 1.9% for articles with fewer than 4 authors, 25% for articles with 4 or 5 authors, and 29.4% for articles with more than 5 authors ( p = 0.001). Conclusion A survey sent to the corresponding authors of articles published in 2009 in three peer-reviewed pharmacy journals revealed that a substantial percentage of articles demonstrated evidence of honorary or ghost authorship.
Correlates of adherence to combination antiretroviral therapy among members of HIV-positive mixed status couples

This exploratory study assessed medication adherence and its correlates in HIV-positive members of HIV mixed status couples. Forty couples were interviewed; the HIV-positive participants consisted of 19 gay men, 14 heterosexual men and seven heterosexual women. Mean self-reported adherence (over the past three days) for the whole sample was 95%; the mean adherence rate for gay men (99%) was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that of heterosexual men (94%) and heterosexual women (87%) based on a ranked transformation of the adherence score. In analyses involving measures rated by the HIV-positive partner, higher adherence was associated with more years of education, greater perceived treatment efficacy, stronger belief that combination therapy is a significant advancement in treatment, and greater knowledge of HIV treatments and consequences of poor adherence. Higher adherence was associated with the HIV-negative partner attributing less risk to unprotected anal/vaginal sex within the couple, while lower adherence was associated with a greater likelihood that the couple engaged in unprotected anal/vaginal sex in the last two months. A larger sample is needed to substantiate these findings.
A New Method to Estimate Ligand-Receptor Energetics

In the discovery of new drugs, lead identification and optimization have assumed critical importance given the number of drug targets generated from genetic, genomics, and proteomic technologies. High-throughput experimental screening assays have been complemented recently by "virtual screening" approaches to identify and filter potential ligands when the characteristics of a target receptor structure of interest are known. Virtual screening mandates a reliable procedure for automatic ranking of structurally distinct ligands in compound library databases. Computing a rank score requires the accurate prediction of binding affinities between these ligands and the target. Many current scoring strategies require information about the target three-dimensional structure. In this study, a new method to estimate the free binding energy between a ligand and receptor is proposed. We extend a central idea previously reported (Bock, J. R., and Gough, D. A. (2001) Predicting protein-protein interactions from primary structure. Bioinformatics 17, 455-460; Bock, J. R., and Gough, D. A. (2002) Whole-proteome interaction mining. Bioinformatics, in press) that uses simple descriptors to represent biomolecules as input examples to train a support vector machine (Smola, A. J., and Scholkopf, B. (1998) A Tutorial on Support Vector Regression, Neuro-COLT Technical Report NC-TR-98-030, Royal Holloway College, University of London, UK) and the application of the trained system to previously unseen pairs, estimating their propensity for interaction. Here we seek to learn the function that maps features of a receptor-ligand pair onto their equilibrium free binding energy. These features do not comprise any direct information about the three-dimensional structures of ligand or target. In cross-validation experiments, it is demonstrated that objective measurements of prediction error rate and rank-ordering statistics are competitive with those of several other investigations, most of which depend on three-dimensional structural data. The size of the sample (n = 2,671) indicates that this approach is robust and may have widespread applicability beyond restricted families of receptor types. It is concluded that newly sequenced proteins, or those for which three-dimensional crystal structures are not easily obtained, can be rapidly analyzed for their binding potential against a library of ligands using this methodology.
Management of malignant pleural effusion and ascites by a triple access multi perforated large diameter catheter port system

Background Pleural or peritoneal effusions (ascites) are frequent in terminal stage malignancies. Medical management may be hazardous.
Electrical failure analysis in high density DRAMs

As density and complexity increase, the search for new test and analysis techniques can impact the role of failure analysis especially in the correct identification of failure mechanisms for root cause fixes to ensure timely introduction of a new product in a relatively competitive market. Design for Testability (DFT) offers some flexibility in trying to meet the demands made on the production test and on the defect analyses by reducing the time per test and in helping to carry out some specific type of tests. This paper presents test results of investigations carried out with the help of some DFT tests on the 1-Megabit, 4-Megabit and 16-Megabit Dynamic Random Access Memories (DRAMs) to detect the cause of an electrical fault in more detail. Several case examples depicting this work are presented. >
Stem Cell Research: The Facts, the Myths and the Promises

ABSTRACTPurpose: Stem cells, the potentially immortal cells capable of self-renewal, are the focus of research for the ultimate cure for degenerative diseases and the key to the mystery of human development and aging. No area of research since gene therapy has evoked so much enthusiasm and passionate debate as stem cell research. We present a glance of the current progress and controversies surrounding embryonic stem cells, and an overview of the evolving theory of potentially pluripotent adult stem cells.Materials and Methods: We review and compare the literature on animal and human models that have provided the basis for significant research advances in recent years. The historical development and the most promising results to date are presented.Results: The embryonic stem (ES) cell can differentiate into cells of all 3 germ cell layers. The therapeutic potential of the differentiated cells can modulate the symptoms of degenerative neurological disorders in animal models. However, the tumorigenic potent...
Strand-Specific RNA Synthesis Defects in a Poliovirus with a Mutation in Protein 3A

Substitution of a methionine residue at position 79 in poliovirus protein 3A with valine or threonine caused defective viral RNA synthesis, manifested as delayed onset and reduced yield of viral RNA, in HeLa cells transfected with a luciferase-containing replicon. Viruses containing these same mutations produced small or minute plaques that generated revertants upon further passage, with either wild-type 3A sequences or additional nearby compensating mutations. Translation and polyprotein processing were not affected by the mutations, and 3AB proteins containing the altered amino acids at position 79 showed no detectable loss of membrane-binding activity. Analysis of individual steps of viral RNA synthesis in HeLa cell extracts that support translation and replication of viral RNA showed that VPg uridylylation and negative-strand RNA synthesis occurred normally from mutant viral RNA; however, positive-strand RNA synthesis was specifically reduced. The data suggest that a function of viral protein 3A is required for positive-strand RNA synthesis but not for production of negative strands.
Health beliefs and reported symptoms among a sample of incarcerated adolescent females.

Abstract Purpose: To understand the health care needs (or perceived needs) of incarcerated female adolescents by comparing their rates of physical complaints, health attitudes, and treatment seeking to a normative sample. Methods: A sample ( n = 138) of incarcerated girls was administered the Somatic Symptom Checklist, the Illness Attitudes Scales, and the Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale to assess lifetime prevalence of physical symptoms, attitudes toward health, treatment-seeking experience, and emotional distress, and allow for comparison with a normative sample. Information regarding length of incarceration, race, and school achievement was obtained from institutional records. Results: A median lifetime prevalence of 12 symptoms for the incarcerated sample differed significantly from the median of six symptoms reported by a normative sample. The symptoms most commonly expressed by the detainees were dizziness, heart pounding, chest pains, and nausea. In both their attitudes toward illness and actual physical complaints, these subjects were more concerned about illness and perceived themselves to be more physically impaired. Self-reported symptoms of depression and illness were positively correlated. Physical complaints were independent of age, race, length of incarceration, or achievement scores. Conclusions: The frequency and variety of somatic complaints, as well as their relationship to emotional distress, among these incarcerated girls highlight the need for integration of physical and mental health services within juvenile facilities.
A classification of the murine leukemia viruses. Neutralization of pseudotypes of friend spleen focus-forming virus by type-specific murine antisera.

Coinfection of neonatal BALB/c mice with helper-dependent Friend spleen focus-forming virus (SFFV), as contained in the Friend virus (FV) complex, and antigenically distinct Moloney leukemia virus (MolLV) resulted in the recovery of a MolLV pseudotype of SFFV, abbreviated SFFV(MolLV). The antigenic alteration of SFFV was observed by following its neutralization kinetics in vitro by specific Friend or Moloney typing antiserum. Effective pseudotype production was accomplished only when N-tropic LLV-F (the natural helper virus in the FV complex) was inhibited in B-type mice coinfected with an NB-tropic MolLV or other murine leukemia virus (MuLV) preparation. SFFV pseudotypes could not be prepared by using murine viruses other than leukemia viruses. SFFV prepared after two serial passages in the presence of MolLV was effectively neutralized by Moloney antiserum, but not by Friend typing antiserum; therefore, the envelope of the pseudotype virus, SFFV(MolLV), is homogeneous. Pseudotype virus was antigenically stable in the absence of continued mixed infection of BALB/c mice with SFFV(MolLV) and MolLV. However, SFFV(MolLV) was easily converted back to the LLV-F type after only one passage in BALB/c mice coinfected with NB-tropic LLV-F. The antigenic interconversion between LLV-F and MolLV types demonstrated that SFFV is defective with respect to the expression of neutralizable envelope antigens. Analysis of the neutralizable envelope antigens of nine SFFV(MuLV) pseudotypes by a panel of seven typing antisera made possible a "type-specific" SFFV(MuLV) envelope classification. Two major categories have been identified which correspond to the Gross (G) and Friend-Moloney-Rauscher (FMR) subgroups. Further, the FMR subgroup was divided into four types on the basis of distinct neutralization patterns. These results indicated that the specificity observed by cytotoxic G vs. FMR antisera is different from that observed by neutralization kinetics. We therefore suggest that the specific antigens revealed by virus neutralization tests be referred to as type specific.
A phospholipase C from the Dallas 1E strain of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 5: purification and characterization of conditions for optimal activity with an artificial substrate.

SUMMARY: Phospholipase C from the Dallas 1E strain of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 5 was purified from buffered yeast extract culture supernate by ion-exchange chromatography followed by fractionation by manganous chloride and ammonium sulphate precipitation steps. Enzyme activity was assayed by hydrolysis of p-nitrophenylphosphorylcholine and confirmed by release of radioactivity from tritiated L-α-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine labelled in the methyl groups of choline. After SDS-PAGE, the purified preparation yielded a single band upon Coomassie-blue staining. This protein migrated with an apparent M r of 50000-54000. Phospholipase C activity was maximal at pH ≥ 8.4 and was enhanced in the presence of sorbitol and of several nonionic detergents but was eliminated by SDS. EDTA, Cu2+, Fe2+ and Zn2+ inhibited enzyme activity, whereas Ba2+, Ca2+, Co2+, Mg2+ and Mn2+ restored activity to EDTA-treated material. No haemolytic activity was demonstrated with the purified enzyme.
The moderating effect of on-line experience on the antecedents and consequences of on-line satisfaction

The purpose of the present study is to test the moderating effect of on-line experience on antecedents to on-line satisfaction and on the relationship between on-line satisfaction and loyalty. A survey (n = 836) was conducted to test the differences between high and low online experience respondents. The relationship between on-line satisfaction and on-line loyalty is stronger for consumers with more online experience than for consumers with less on-line experience. Another key finding is that antecedents to on-line satisfaction also differ between high and low on-line experience consumers. Implications indicate that organizations may develop and provide differentiated services to high- and low-experience consumers. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Challenges for user-interface designers of telemedicine systems.

Problems associated with telemedicine systems include high telecommunications costs, lack of physician interest, and failure to build evaluation into the design process from the onset of the telemedicine project. An overview of the human-factors engineering approach to systems design and how it can be applied to the development of telemedicine systems is described. Design of an interface is based on an analysis of user capabilities, tasks, and work environment. Task analyses are performed to understand and document the interaction between a user’s work activities and a system. Two characteristics of a human factors approach that are important for telemedicine are: (1) defining and measuring user performance, and (2) involving users in the design and testing of a system. Usability goals are operationally defined and tracked to quantify performance. Having users participate in the design, testing, and critique of a system also increases the likelihood that the system will be accepted and used after it is re...
Potential Reduction Algorithms

Potential reduction algorithms have a distinguished role in the area of interior point methods for mathematical programming. Karmarkar’s [44] algorithm for linear programming, whose announcement in 1984 initiated a torrent of research into interior point methods, used three key ingredients: a non-standard linear programming formulation, projective transformations, and a potential function with which to measure the progress of the algorithm. It was quickly shown that the non-standard formulation could be avoided, and evennally algorithms were developed that eliminated the projective transformations, but retained the use of a potential function. It is then fair to say that the only really essential element of Karmarkar’s analysis was the potential function. Further modifications to Karmarkar’s original potential function gave rise to potential reduction algorithms having the state-of-the-art theoretical complexity of O\(\left( {\sqrt n L} \right)\) iterations, to solve a standard form linear program with n variables, and integer data with total bit size L. In the classical optimization literature, potential reduction algorithms are most closely related to Huard’s [39] “method of centres,” see also Fiacco and McCormick [21, Section 7.2]. However, Karmarkar’s use of a potential function to facilitate acomplexity, as opposed to convergence analysis, was completely novel
Patterns and Implications of Intracranial Arterial Remodeling in Stroke Patients

Background and Purpose—Preliminary studies suggest that intracranial arteries are capable of accommodating plaque formation by remodeling. We sought to study the ability and extent of intracranial arteries to remodel using 3-dimensional high-resolution black blood magnetic resonance imaging and investigate its relation to ischemic events. Methods—Forty-two patients with cerebrovascular ischemic events underwent 3-dimensional time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography and contrast-enhanced black blood magnetic resonance imaging examinations at 3 T for intracranial atherosclerotic disease. Each plaque was classified by location (eg, posterior versus anterior circulation) and its likelihood to have caused a stroke identified on magnetic resonance imaging (culprit, indeterminate, or nonculprit). Lumen area, outer wall area, and wall area were measured at the lesion and reference sites. Plaque burden was calculated as wall area divided by outer wall area. The arterial remodeling ratio (RR) was calculated as...
Mid-term Outcomes Following Salvage Lymph Node Dissection for Prostate Cancer Nodal Recurrence Status Post–radical Prostatectomy

Abstract Background Patients with oligometastatic prostate cancer lymph node recurrence can be treated with many options including salvage lymph node dissection (sLND). Objective Evaluation of outcomes of sLND and identification of clinicopathologic features in predicting further biochemical and radiological relapse after sLND for prostate cancer. Design, setting, and participants Between November 1, 2009 and March 31, 2015, 117 patients with biochemical recurrence (BCR) after radical prostatectomy (RP) underwent sLND by a single surgeon after a standardized 11C-choline positron emission tomography/computed tomography. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis Biochemical response (BR) was defined as a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) Results and limitations All patients had confirmed lymph node metastasis on final sLND pathology. Median follow-up after sLND was 20.2 mo (interquartile range: 11.8–33.6). All but one patient had a decrease in PSA while 93/117 (79.5%) patients achieved BR after sLND. In those who achieved BR, a subsequent BCR occurred in 40% of cases ( n =37/93). The 5-yr BCR, RAR, and cancer-specific mortality-free survival rates were 31%, 51%, and 97% respectively. At multivariate analyses, predictors of both BCR and RAR were pathological stage of the tumor at original RP and whether the nodes were castrate resistant prostate cancer. Given the nonrandomized nature, it is not known how these men would have fared according to survival or quality of life by observation, and/or other systemic therapy. Conclusions An optimal candidate for sLND tends to have pT2 at the original RP and a castration sensitive disease state. sLND could be considered part of a multimodal treatment approach in select patients with castrate-resistant prostate cancer in which delayed/reduced cancer progression could be achieved with a cytoreductive surgery. Patient summary We found that by performing a salvage lymph node dissection there are many men that can experience a biochemical response and eliminate further 11C-choline positron emission tomography/computed tomography radiographic recurrences.
Measurement of Changes in Intracellular Calcium During Apoptosis

The role of Ca2+ changes in the commitment to apoptosis has been appreciated for more than two decades. However, early work focused on increases in cytosolic Ca2+ levels that may not be associated with most examples of programmed cell death. Rather, recent studies indicate that release of Ca2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and subsequent mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake plays a more important role by regulating release of cytochrome c from mitochondria. These apoptosis-associated Ca2+ fluxes are regulated by members of the BCL-2 family of proteins and may therefore be critical targets of their evolutionarily conserved actions. Therefore, the availability of reliable techniques for measuring organelle-associated Ca2+ fluxes is critical to ongoing research in the field, yet these techniques present unique challenges not associated with the more routine measurements of cytosolic Ca2+ levels. In this chapter, we provide detailed methods for measuring cytosolic, ER, and mitochondrial Ca2+ levels in whole using commercially available fluorescent dyes, identifying key potential pitfalls and alternative strategies.
Metabolism of Nine Benzidine-Congener-Based Azo Dyes in Rats Based on Gas Chromatographic Assays of the Urine for Potentially Carcinogenic Metabolites

Metabolism experiments were conducted with rats dosed with nine azo dyes based on dimethyl-, dimethoxy-, or dichlorobenzidine to determine whether the free amine congeners, their monoacetyl or diacetyl metabolites, or alkaline hydrolyzable conjugates were excreted in the urine. After preliminary tests of the dyes, 2-mg doses were administered to each animal and urine samples were collected at intervals up to 96 hours. EC/GC procedures were based on the analysis of heptafluorobutyryl derivatives of the free amine congener moieties or their monoacetyl metabolites. Peak levels of metabolites were excreted either 0-12 or 12-24 hours after administration and, in seven of nine instances, no metabolites persisted in the urine after 48 hours. Minimum detectable levels of all metabolites were 12 ppb or less. All nine dyes were shown to be converted to measurable levels of their benzidine-congener-based metabolites in rats.
Songs of the Fox Sparrow. II. Intra- and Interpopulation Variation

Melospiza and Passerella have been considered congeneric by taxonomists under the name Passerella (Linsdale 1928a, b, Grinnell and Miller 1944, Paynter 1964, Mayr and Short 1970). Paynter (1964) and Mayr and Short (1970) suggested further that this enlarged genus may be most appropriately considered congeneric with Zonotrichia. Many aspects of the vocal behavior of species presently assigned to Melospiza and Zonotrichia (A.O.U. 1957) have been thoroughly studied (for a literature review see Baptista 1975, Martin 1976, 1977). Knowledge gained from studies of species in these genera has been important to our understanding of concepts dealing with geographic variation in behavior, dialects, local gene pool adaptation, and function of avian song (e.g., Mulligan 1966, Harris and Lemon 1974; Handford and Nottebohm 1976; Marler and Tamura 1964, Nottebohm 1969, 1972, 1975; Baker 1975; Hinde 1969, respectively). Given the close phylogenetic relationship of Zonotrichia and Melospiza to the monotypic Passerella, study of Fox Sparrow (Passerella iliaca) vocal behavior should yield valuable insights into our understanding of bird song and this taxonomic group. With such interrelationships and Linsdale's (1928a) suggestion that there might be a correlation between the geographic morphological variation in Fox Sparrows and variation in their vocal behavior, I have studied: (1) how songs of individual Fox Sparrows are structured; (2) how the structure of song compares with that of species in Melospiza and Zonotrichia; (3) how singing behavior is organized; (4) the significance of song in Fox Sparrows; and (5) the extent, if any, of variation in song structure within and among populations. Earlier, I (1976, 1977) demonstrated that the structure of the syllable-types which compose songs of individual Fox Sparrows in Utah and Idaho is most similar to the com-
Shorter Wait Times: The Effects of Various Loading Screens on Perceived Performance

Loading screens are unavoidable in modern software applications, and providing graphical user feedback during wait times is a well-established way to increase perceived performance. Previous research has indicated that perceived performance is essential to the success of an application, and progress bars have been specifically shown to decrease perceived wait time. This study is the first to examine the effect of animated loading screens on perceived wait time as compared to the popular progress bar. Study participants compared a progress bar with both a passive and interactive animation. Results suggest that with an interactive animation, perceived wait time is shorter and user satisfaction is higher than with a progress bar or passive animation.
Characteristics of Fund Relating Crimes of China

Rule violation and Law-breaking may not constitutes crimes only when it is seriously dangerous for the society and should be punished according to the penal code.Illegal privately offered fund may constitute crime.It is should determined the nature of misappropriation of social security funds according to the different subject of crimes.It is not totally same for the Rat Trading,crime of stock insider dealing and inside dealing and information leaking crime.Network Fund Fraud shall be treated by whether or not it using illegal fund-raising or pyramid-selling.
Mechanism of Ammonium Transport: Inhibition by Potassium and Barium

AbstractElucidating the precise mechanism of intestinal ammonium transport is critical to the understanding of the acidosis associated with intestinal urinary diversion. Unfortunately, it is incompletely understood and controversial. Recently, we have shown that furosemide and Ba2+ significantly inhibit ammonium absorption in the ileum. On the basis of this and other data, we have suggested that ionized ammonium absorption occurs via K+-transport pathways. The present study examines intestinal ammonium absorption and its inhibition by K+ and Ba2+ utilizing a simplified in vivo system in rat distal ileum. Ammonium absorption demonstrates a tendency towards saturation at initial concentrations between 0 and 300mM/l. Above 300mM/l. there was a marked increase in ammonium absorption suggesting a possible biological effect of high NH4+ concentrations on the intestinal segment. Potassium inhibits ammonium absorption. K+ (50mM/l.) significantly inhibited ammonium at an initial concentration of 100mM/l. (p <0.05)...
Endothelin in thoracic inferior vena caval constriction model of heart failure.

Recent studies have found endothelin-1 (ET), a potent vasoconstrictor of endothelial cell origin, is increased in congestive heart failure (CHF) in plasma and correlates with increased atrial pressures. Additionally, it has been shown that, despite increased circulating ET concentrations in CHF, a decreased responsiveness to exogenous ET infusion exists in an experimental model of CHF induced by rapid pacing. The present study was designed to determine whether plasma ET would be increased in a model of low cardiac output congestive failure without elevated atrial pressures produced by thoracic inferior vena caval constriction (TIVCC). In addition, we sought to determine whether this model of low cardiac output would show a full vasoconstrictive response to exogenous ET infusion and whether atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) infused acutely to achieve pathophysiological concentrations would modulate the systemic and renal hemodynamic responses to exogenous ET. Dogs were studied in the anesthetized state at 8-9 days after the TIVCC or sham operation. Baseline ET levels were significantly increased in the TIVCC dogs (n = 14) compared with sham operated dogs (n = 6; 41.4 +/- 7.1 vs. 17.9 +/- 1.5 pg/ml, respectively; P less than 0.05). With exogenous ET infusion (5 ng.kg-1.min-1), an intact systemic and renal vasoconstrictor response in the TIVCC dogs was observed. ANF prevented the systemic vascular and arterial pressure responses to ET. However, the potent renal vasoconstricting action of ET was not prevented by ANF. These studies suggest that ET may play an important role in maintaining blood pressure in the setting of low cardiac output.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Control and data acquisition upgrades for NSTX-U

Abstract The extensive NSTX Upgrade (NSTX-U) Project includes major components which allow a doubling of the toroidal field strength to 1 T, of the Neutral Beam heating power to 12 MW, and the plasma current to 2 MA, and substantial structural enhancements to withstand the increased electromagnetic loads. The maximum pulse length will go from 1.5 to 5 s. The larger and more complex forces on the coils will be protected by a Digital Coil Protection System, which requires demanding real-time data input rates, calculations and responses. The amount of conventional digitized data for a given pulse is expected to increase from 2.5 to 5 GB per second of pulse. 2-D Fast Camera data is expected to go from 2.5 GB/pulse to 10, and another 2 GB/pulse is expected from new IR cameras. Our network capacity will be increased by a factor of 10, with 10 Gb/s fibers used for the major trunks. 32-core Linux systems will be used for several functions, including between-shot data processing, MDSplus data serving, between-shot EFIT analysis, real-time processing, and for a new capability, between-shot TRANSP. Improvements to the MDSplus events subsystem will be made through the use of both UDP and TCP/IP based methods and the addition of a dedicated “event server”.
Madame Victorica and German Agents in the United States

This chapter contains the second of Manly’s Madame Victorica articles, number V. The majority of the article is about German agents in the United States, especially Charles Nicholas Wunnenberg, known as “Dynamite Charley,” and Hermann Wessels (aka Carl Rodiger), and not so much about Madame Victorica. The article spends quite a bit of time talking about the various aliases used by the German agents. It also introduces the attempts of Madame Victorica to enlist the aid of Irish-Americans to work against the British in the United States and in Ireland.
Model of a Large Open Economy

The theoretical construct presented in this chapter contains the five domestic decision-making units analyzed in Chapters 7–12 plus a foreign sector. Four of the five domestic sectors interact with the foreign sector through the product and financial markets. The domestic household and government sectors purchase not only domestically-produced consumption and capital goods but also foreign-produced commodities. The private nonfinancial business sector also imports commodities from the foreign sector. Domestic private depository institutions, domestic nonfinancial businesses and the domestic government sector carry out transactions involving foreign exchange. They also hold deposits denominated in foreign exchange at foreign depository institutions. The “rest-of-the-world” or foreign sector holds checkable deposits denominated in the domestic currency at domestic private depositiory institutions. The foreign sector also holds bonds issued by domestic borrowers and buys goods produced by domestic firms. Domestic private depository institutions hold both domestic and foreign bonds. The only domestic decision-making unit not engaging in transactions with the foreign sector is the central bank. It continues to deal only with domestic private depository institutions. Furthermore, no foreign firm or worker attempts to buy or sell labor in the domestic economy and no domestic firm or national enters the foreign labor market. Foreign commodity prices, foreign bond prices and interest rates on checkable deposits at foreign banks are treated as exogenous.
THE IDEAL OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY: Ranke

[Leopold von Ranke (1795–1886) is the father as well as the master of modern historical scholarship. Called the “Nestor of Historians,” his fame rested not only on his massive output of scholarship—over sixty volumes—but on his formulation of the historical method, his conception of the unity of European history, and his mastery of nearly the whole of modern European history. Trained originally in philology, which he taught for several years, Ranke turned to history in the 1820’s and was called to the University of Berlin in 1824. There he originated the historical seminar, which instructed advanced students in Quellenkritik, the critical study of the sources. Travelling widely in Europe, he discovered many of the archival sources for the history of modern states. History, he taught, should be written only from eyewitness reports and from the “purest, most immediate documents.” While training two generations of historians at Berlin, he published his best known works, among them, The History of the Popes (1834–1836) and German History in the Time of the Reformation (1839–1843).
Afterword: The Country Parson

It is clear that several people around George Herbert during his Bemerton years felt he had renounced the pursuit of status and worldly honor. Arthur Woodnoth testifies as much when he urges his cousin Nicholas Ferrar not to dedicate The Temple to Edward, Lord Herbert of Cherbury and Castle Island, since a “title of Honour” is of no use in representing the value of “gods saynts”. Woodnoth cites as his source a statement similar to a line from “The Posie”: “less than the least of Gods mercyes was his motto.” Doerksen argues convincingly that this letter from Woodnoth is the reason why Ferrar chose to write “The Printers to the Reader” rather than a dedication to Edward Herbert:1 The dedication of this work having been made by the Authour to the Divine Majestie onely, how should we now presume to interest any mortall man in the patronage of it? … We conclude all with his own Motto, with which he used to conclude all things that might seem to tend any way to his own honour; Lesse then the least of Gods mercies. (3–5) This view of Herbert as renouncing status for spirituality corresponds with other evidence provided by those at Little Gidding.
Chapter 6 – Porosity Calculations

There are various methods for calculating porosity. The chapter discusses some alternative methods for calculating porosity. The chapter explores micropore analysis through the Brunauer, Deming, Deming, and Teller (BDDT) equation, the Debinin–Radushkevich (DR) equation, standard curve analysis using distributions, and the chi theory interpretation of the distribution fit. The chapter discusses the analysis of mesoporosity, the standard plot of determining mesoporosity, and the Broekhoff–deBoer theory. The chapter provides the answer to the question Does using a micropore or a mesopore analysis matter? and discusses what the chi theory says about hysteresis. The requirements for all theories of porosity, the problems associated with the use of the Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) equation for low-pressure adsorption, and the alternative use of the chi theory to substitute the BET approach are presented in the chapter.
Repeated prenatal exposure to valproic acid results in cerebellar hypoplasia and ataxia

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a developmental brain disorder characterized by restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior, social and communication defects, and is commonly associated with difficulties with motor coordination. The etiology of ASD, while mostly idiopathic, has been linked to hereditary factors and teratogens, such as valproic acid (VPA). VPA is used clinically to treat epilepsy, mood disorders, and in the prevention of migraines. The use of VPA during pregnancy significantly increases the risk of ASD in the offspring. Neuropathological studies show decreased cerebellar function in patients with ASD, resulting in gait, balance and coordination impairments. Herein, we have exposed pregnant rats to a repeated oral dose of VPA on embryonic days 10 and 12 and performed a detailed investigation of the structure and function of the cerebellar vermis. We found that throughout all ten lobules of the cerebellar vermis, Purkinje cells were significantly smaller and expression of the calcium binding protein calbindin (CB) was significantly reduced. We also found that dendritic arbors of Purkinje cells were shorter and less complex. Additionally, animals exposed to a repeated dose of VPA performed significantly worse in a number of motor tasks, including beam walking and the rotarod. These results suggest that repeated embryonic exposure to VPA induces significant cerebellar dysfunction and is an effective animal model to study the cerebellar alterations in ASD.
A sensitive and accurate method for the determination of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances in human serum using a high performance liquid chromatography-online solid phase extraction-tandem mass spectrometry

A selective, sensitive, and accurate analytical method for the measurement of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in human serum, utilizing LC-MS/MS (liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry), was developed and validated according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidelines for biological sample analysis. Tests were conducted to determine the optimal analytical column, mobile phase composition and pH, gradient program, and cleaning procedure. The final analytical column selected for analysis was an extra densely bonded silica-packed reverse-phase column (Agilent XDB-C8, 3.0×100mm, 3.5μm). Mobile phase A was an aqueous buffer solution containing 10mM ammonium acetate (pH=4.3). Mobile phase B was a mixture of methanol and acetonitrile (1:1, v/v). The gradient program was programmed by initiating a fast elution (%B, from 40 to 65%) between 1.0 and 1.5min, followed by a slow elution (%B: 65-80%) in the period of 1.5-7.5min. The cleanup procedures were augmented by cleaning with (1) various solvents (isopropyl alcohol, methanol, acetonitrile, and reverse osmosis-purified water); (2) extensive washing steps for the autosampler and solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridge; and (3) a post-analysis cleaning step for the whole system. Under the above conditions, the resolution and sensitivity were significantly improved. Twelve target PFASs were baseline-separated (2.5-7.0min) within a 10-min of acquisition time. The limits of detection (LODs) were 0.01ng/mL or lower for all of the target compounds, making this method 5 times more sensitive than previously published methods. The newly developed method was validated in the linear range of 0.01-50ng/mL, and the accuracy (recovery between 80 and 120%) and precision (RSD<20%) were acceptable at three spiked levels (0.25, 2.5, and 25ng/mL). The method development and validation results demonstrated that this method was precise, accurate, and robust, with high-throughput (∼10min per sample); thus suitable for large-scale epidemiological studies.
The Impact of Curriculum-Based Learning on School and Home Energy Consumption

In the U.S., organizations such as schools have the ability to drastically reduce their energy consumption, as well as become leaders to help champion education and positive environmental change am...
Blood Pressure Regulation by the Rostral Ventrolateral Medulla in Conscious Rats: Effects of Hypoxia, Hypercapnia, Baroreceptor Denervation, and Anesthesia

Current understanding of the contribution of C1 neurons to blood pressure (BP) regulation derives predominantly from experiments performed in anesthetized animals or reduced ex vivo preparations. Here, we use ArchaerhodopsinT3.0 (ArchT) loss-of-function optogenetics to explore BP regulation by C1 neurons in intact, unanesthetized rats. Using a lentivirus that expresses ArchT under the Phox2b-activated promoter PRSx8 (PRSx8-ArchT), ∼65% of transduced neurons were C1 (balance retrotrapezoid nucleus, RTN). Other rats received CaMKII-ArchT3.0 AAV2 (CaMKII-ArchT), which transduced C1 neurons and larger numbers of unidentified glutamatergic and GABAergic cells. Under anesthesia, ArchT photoactivation reduced sympathetic nerve activity and BP and silenced/strongly inhibited most (7/12) putative C1 neurons. In unanesthetized PRSx8-ArchT-treated rats breathing room air, bilateral ArchT photoactivation caused a very small BP reduction that was only slightly larger under hypercapnia (6% FiCO2), but was greatly enhanced during hypoxia (10 and 12% FiO2), after sino-aortic denervation, or during isoflurane anesthesia. The degree of hypotension correlated with percentage of ArchT-transduced C1 neurons. ArchT photoactivation produced similar BP changes in CaMKII-ArchT-treated rats. Photoactivation in PRSX8-ArchT rats reduced breathing frequency (FR), whereas FR increased in CaMKII-ArchT rats. We conclude that the BP drop elicited by ArchT activation resulted from C1 neuron inhibition and was unrelated to breathing changes. C1 neurons have low activity under normoxia, but their activation is important to BP stability during hypoxia or anesthesia and contributes greatly to the hypertension caused by baroreceptor deafferentation. Finally, C1 neurons are marginally activated by hypercapnia and the large breathing stimulation caused by this stimulus has very little impact on resting BP.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT C1 neurons are glutamatergic/peptidergic/catecholaminergic neurons located in the medulla oblongata, which may operate as a switchboard for differential, behavior-appropriate activation of selected sympathetic efferents. Based largely on experimentation in anesthetized or reduced preparations, a rostrally located subset of C1 neurons may contribute to both BP stabilization and dysregulation (hypertension). Here, we used Archaerhodopsin-based loss-of-function optogenetics to explore the contribution of these neurons to BP in conscious rats. The results suggest that C1 neurons contribute little to resting BP under normoxia or hypercapnia, C1 neuron discharge is restrained continuously by arterial baroreceptors, and C1 neuron activation is critical to stabilize BP under hypoxia or anesthesia. This optogenetic approach could also be useful to explore the role of C1 neurons during specific behaviors or in hypertensive models.
Scientists’ views about communication objectives:

This study looks at how United States-based academic scientists from five professional scientific societies think about eight different communication objectives. The degree to which scientists say they would prioritize these objectives in the context of face-to-face public engagement is statistically predicted using the scientists' attitudes, normative beliefs, and efficacy beliefs, as well as demographics and past communication activity, training, and past thinking about the objectives. The data allow for questions about the degree to which such variables consistently predict views about objectives. The research is placed in the context of assessing factors that communication trainers might seek to reshape if they wanted get scientists to consider choosing specific communication objectives.
Spatially and spectrally flexible scheduling with time-slotted lightpath-switching

Optical wavelength-routed networks enable parallel transmission of massive datasets on nonover-lapping wavelength channels. However, as the sizes of scientific workflows increase, the availability of multi-wavelength resources will fall short of supporting application needs. Rather, these resources must be allocated intelligently, efficiently, and flexibly to bear the burden of high-volume science. We propose lightpath-switching to support modification to the set of wavelength/route resources used to carry and transmit a lightpath signal intermittently throughout its lifetime. Lightpath-switching exposes the scheduler to flexible consumption of unused, fragmented resources during the request schedule but requires neither underlying network technology nor equipment enhancement. We explore the efficacy of lightpath-switching in terms of wavelength-switching, path-switching, and a combination of the two techniques. We prove these problems are NP-complete and develop optimization models and efficient heuristics to quantitatively and qualitatively evaluate the solution space against optimality benchmarks. Our evaluations consider cross-dimension resource consumption from the time, space, and spectrum domains, and our findings indicate great potential for increasing network-wide resource savings, particularly via wavelength-switching. Furthermore, evidence is presented to defend the claim that spectral flexibility has a greater impact on resource utilization efficiency than spatial flexibility.
Electronic properties of doped and defective NiO: A quantum Monte Carlo study

NiO is a canonical Mott (or charge-transfer) insulator and, as such, is notoriously difficult to describe using density functional theory (DFT)--based electronic structure methods. Doped Mott insulators such as NiO are of interest for various applications but rigorous theoretical descriptions are lacking. Here, we use quantum Monte Carlo methods, which very accurately include electron-electron interactions, to examine energetics, charge structures, and spin structures of NiO with various point defects, such as vacancies and substitutional doping with potassium. The formation energy of a potassium dopant is significantly lower than that of a Ni vacancy, making potassium an attractive monovalent dopant for NiO. We compare our results with DFT results that include an on-site Hubbard $U$ ($\mathrm{DFT}\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}+\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}U$) to account for correlations and find relatively large discrepancies for defect formation energies as well as for charge and spin redistributions in the presence of point defects. Beyond fitting to a single property, it is unlikely that single-parameter tuning of the $\mathrm{DFT}\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}+\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}U$ will be able to obtain accurate accounts of complex properties in these materials. Responses that depend in subtle and complex ways on ground-state properties, such as charge and spin densities, are likely to contain quantitative and qualitative errors.