cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
WE-E-330D-01: The Production of Ultrafast Bright K-Alpha X-Rays From Laser Produced Plasmas for Medical Imaging

Purpose: To show the potential of improving image quality with a cleaner, brighter, quasi‐monochromatic X‐ray micro‐source via laser produced plasmas(LPP).Method and Materials: First generation targets consisting of ten micron thick gold formed into free‐standing pyramids have been built. PIC (Particle‐In‐Cell) simulations have been performed in order to validate this target geometry. Preliminary experiments with a Ti‐Sapphire CPA laser have been achieved with these targets. Second generation parabolic cone targets with an optimal angle for electron transport have also been built. This new nano‐fabricated target could optimize X‐ray source characteristics. Results:PIC (Particle‐In‐Cell) simulations show that conical targets optically guide laser light resulting in a higher density of hot electrons at the apex These simulations show a possible ten times augmentation in hot electron density and a three times increase in electron temperature with a conical verses flat target. This increase in collimated suprathermal electrons boosts total photon yield as well as possibly enhancing line emission verses the bremsstrahlung continuum. Preliminary experiments demonstrate a three‐fold higher X‐ray yield and a two‐fold reduction in focal spot with the pyramidal verses the flat target. Furthermore, the geometry of the conical targets not only reduces focal spot size to a few microns and pulse duration to a couple picoseconds, but allows the particles to escape the target perpendicular to the surface resulting in a particle‐free, ultra‐short X‐ray micro‐beam. Conclusion: Comparing LPP X‐ray source parameters to that of a standard X‐ray tube shows substantial improvements in focal spot size, photon flux, spectral range and emission duration. Focusing on target design can provide a cleaner, brighter, quasi‐monochromatic X‐ray source that could improve image quality in any medicaldiagnostic regime. Such advancements show promising applications in mammography and angiography. Conflict of Interest: Research sponsored by DOE/NNSA under University of Nevada Reno grant #DE‐FC52‐01NV14050.
Inter and intratrial variation in cat locomotor behavior.

Abstract Four cats were trained to locomote on a treadmill at a variety of speeds. The cats were then filmed at weekly intervals for three weeks; additionally, one of the cats was filmed 35 days prior to the first weekly filming. The films were used to characterize the variation exhibited by the cats in total cycle and swing/stance durations, and in footfall patterns both across the weekly trials and within them, and across speeds. The intertrial comparison indicated the existence of a “training effect” (i.e., a consistent change in gait subsequent to continued training) for only one cat; the cat showed notable reductions in cycle duration at all speeds over time. The intertrial comparison also indicated that a limb (especially a forelimb) could exhibit slightly different (but internally consistent) footfall patterns during different trials. Furthermore, the variation in one forelimb's pattern was usually associated with corresponding, but reciprocal, variation in the other forelimb's pattern. The analysis comparing variation in cycle duration across speeds indicated generally more variability at slow speeds relative to fast speeds. However, maximum or near maximum variability in cycle duration as well as in footfall pattern often occurred at an intermediate speed near the walk-trot transition. The data also demonstrated that both swing and stance durations could be modified at all speeds, although individual cats may consistently modify one more than the other. Additionally, swing duration appeared to be the primary variable during galloping. These results are discussed in terms of their implications for comparative studies of cat locomotor behavior subsequent to surgically induced lesions, and in terms of achieving a better understanding of cat locomotion and its neural control.
Riches usher dilemmas: antifungal therapy in invasive aspergillosis.

s of the 42nd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, San Diego, CA, September, 2002. 2. Dannaoui E, Borel E, Monier MF, Piens MA, Picot S, Persat F. Acquired itraconazole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2001;47:333-340.
MATCHING IN INFORMAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS

This paper analyzes an informal financial institution that brings heterogeneous agents together in groups. We analyze decentralized matching into these groups, and the equilibrium composition of participants that consequently arises. We find that participants sort remarkably well across the competing groups, and that they re-sort immediately following an unexpected exogenous regulatory change. These findings suggest that the competitive matching model might have applicability and bite in other settings where matching is an important equilibrium phenomenon. (JEL: O12, O17, G20, D40)
Synthesis of no-carrier-added C-11 labeled D- and L-enantiomers of phenylalanine and tyrosine for comparative PET Studies.

Abstract The natural amino acids tyrosine (Tyr) and phenylalanine (Phe) were labeled with carbon-11 via a modified Bucherer-Strecker synthesis. A rapid reaction of the sodium bisulfite adduct of the aldehyde precursor with ammonia provided the precursor for radiosynthesis. [ 11 C]Cyanide displacement followed by base hydrolysis afforded the corresponding 11 C-labeled amino acids. The purification and chiral separation were simply achieved by using a combination of solid-phase extraction and chiral HPLC to afford individual enantiomers of each amino acid. The decay corrected radiochemical yields for each of the enantiomers were 12–16% with respect to the [ 11 C]cyanide after 40–45 min of radiosynthesis. Radiochemical purity of the products was >97% (typically >99%), enantiomeric excess was >98% with the specific radioactivity 2–3 Ci/μmol at the end of bombardment. Because of its simplicity and wide applicability, the described procedure could be the method of choice to produce [ 11 C]amino acids for PET studies.
(iii) Cementless femoral revision: The role of monoblock versus modular stems

Summary A monoblock, extensively porous-coated stem can provide reliable long-term fixation for the majority of femoral revisions. However, stable long-term fixation may not be obtained in patients with moderate/severe bone loss or in patients with torsional femoral remodelling. If severe bone loss is present (Paprosky Type IV bone), a very large canal diameter is encountered (greater than 19 mm) or if torsion remodelling of the proximal femur has occurred, alternative methods of fixation, such as a distally based modular stem, should be considered.
Organizational context, systems change, and adopting treatment delivery systems in the criminal justice system

The correctional system does not include service provision as a primary goal, even though individuals in prison, jail, and on probation/parole have large unmet substance abuse treatment needs. In response to mandates in the U.S. Constitution for basic health care, services are provided for incarcerated offenders, but generally do not include substance abuse treatment. The system does little to extend any type of health care service to individuals in community settings. This leaves the majority of offenders (6 million under community supervision in the U.S.) basically unattended, even with substance abuse disorders that are four times greater than the general public. The challenge of adapting the correctional system to be part of an integrated service provision system - working in conjunction with the public and private community-based service delivery sector - has intrigued researchers and policy makers over the last two decades. A series of articles using data from the National Criminal Justice Treatment Practices survey have examined factors that influence the adoption of a myriad of substance abuse treatment services for offender populations in various settings. These articles explore the factors that affect adoption and implementation, and provide guidance on issues relevant to organizational change and a dual mission of correctional agencies to advance public safety and public health. This special issue of Drug and Alcohol Dependence is devoted to understanding organizational constructs and factors to improve health outcomes for offenders.
Do police officers have accurate information about suicide

The police officers in one department (54 men and 9 women) were quite knowledgeable about the facts of suicidal behavior as measured by an inventory of myths about suicide.
Accredited Hand Surgery Fellowship Web Sites: Analysis of Content and Accessibility

Purpose To assess the accessibility and content of accredited hand surgery fellowship Web sites. Methods A list of all accredited hand surgery fellowships was obtained from the online database of the American Society for Surgery of the Hand (ASSH). Fellowship program information on the ASSH Web site was recorded. All fellowship program Web sites were located via Google search. Fellowship program Web sites were analyzed for accessibility and content in 3 domains: program overview, application information/recruitment, and education. Results At the time of this study, there were 81 accredited hand surgery fellowships with 169 available positions. Thirty of 81 programs (37%) had a functional link on the ASSH online hand surgery fellowship directory; however, Google search identified 78 Web sites. Three programs did not have a Web site. Analysis of content revealed that most Web sites contained contact information, whereas information regarding the anticipated clinical, research, and educational experiences during fellowship was less often present. Furthermore, information regarding past and present fellows, salary, application process/requirements, call responsibilities, and case volume was frequently lacking. Overall, 52 of 81 programs (64%) had the minimal online information required for residents to independently complete the fellowship application process. Conclusions Hand fellowship program Web sites could be accessed either via the ASSH online directory or Google search, except for 3 programs that did not have Web sites. Although most fellowship program Web sites contained contact information, other content such as application information/recruitment and education, was less frequently present. Clinical relevance This study provides comparative data regarding the clinical and educational experiences outlined on hand fellowship program Web sites that are of relevance to residents, fellows, and academic hand surgeons. This study also draws attention to various ways in which the hand surgery fellowship application process can be made more user-friendly and efficient.
Gas Pocket Causing Pacemaker Malfunction

Pacemaker malfunction was attributed to the increase in impedance to current flow caused by a pocket of air separating the anodal contact plate of a unipolar generator from the overlying skin. Lack of capture was noted 20 hours after implantation. The malfunction was permanently corrected by bedside aspiration of the gas with a sterile syringe.
An Analysis of Postradiosurgery Histopathology with Dose, Time, and Radiographic Correlation and Implications for Dose Prescription

A total of 235 lesions in 187 patients were treated radiosurgically, including 71 primary malignant brain tumors, 113 metastases, 38 arteriovenous malformations, and 13 benign brain tumors. Postradiosurgery tissue was obtained from 36 lesions in 32 of these patients (17% of total) who developed radiographic or clinical progression/necrosis—entailing 27 resections/biopsies and 9 autopsies. Of these 32 patients, 18 had primary malignant brain tumors, 11 had metastasis, and 3 had benign brain tumors. Central or peripheral residual tumor was seen in 27 of 36 (75%) specimens, including 75% of metastases, 80% of malignant brain tumors, and 50% of benign brain lesions. Residual disease was designated to be central or peripheral to the radiosurgery target. Among primary brain malignancies, the 6- and 12-month actuarial risk for persistent central/peripheral tumor was 70/75% and 55/90%, respectively. For metastatic lesions, the 6- and 12-month actuarial risk for persistent central/peripheral tumor was 60/82% and 55/82% respectively. Radiographic changes consistent with progression were confirmed histopathologically in 75% of cases and viable tumor was most common at the periphery, correlating with lower isodose lines.
Final state interactions in the parton model and massive lepton pair production

Received 3 June 1974 We show that when final state interactions are added to the parton model (Drell-Yan) formula for massive lepton pair production, the cross sections decreases. Our proof rests on assumptions similar to those made by Landshoff and Polkinghome and others. Thus, contrary to previous claims, this effect cannot help explain the discrepancy between the par-ton model predictions for this process and the BNL data.
A Priori Performance Measures for Arc-Based Formulations of Vehicle Routing Problem

The vehicle routing problem (VRP) is a central problem for many transportation applications. Although it is well known that it is difficult to solve, how much of this difficulty is caused by the formulation of the problem is less understood. This paper experimentally investigates how the solution times to solve a VRP with a general integer programming (IP) solver are affected by the formulation of the VRP used. The different formulations are evaluated by examining solution efficiency as a function of several a priori performance measures based on the data parameters. The experimental results show how the solution run times are sensitive to problem parameters; in particular, the sensitivity of formulations to the coefficient of variation of the cost matrix of travel times is explained by two interacting factors.
Pressure-flow relations across the normal mitral valve

The stenotic mitral valve area is a major determinant of the atrioventricular pressure-flow relation, and mean atrioventricular pressure gradient is proportionate to the square of mean flow rate. In the absence of obstruction, this relation is linear. The effect of the normal mitral valve area on this pressure-flow relation has not been previously examined. Pulsed Doppler studies of transmitral flow were performed simultaneously with thermodilution cardiac outputs in 25 patients in sinus rhythm and with no valvular disease. Mean flow rate was determined as thermodilution stroke volume/diastolic filling period measured by Doppler. Several instantaneous pressure gradients were estimated from multiple velocity measurements using the modified Bernoulli equation and were plotted against time. Mean pressure gradient was estimated by dividing the area under the pressure-time curve by the diastolic filling period. Average and standard deviation of mean flow rate and pressure gradient was 223 +/- 70 ml/s and 1.4 +/- 0.8 mm Hg, respectively. There was an excellent linear correlation between these 2 parameters (r = 0.91, SEE = 30 ml/s). This confirms the linear relation of mean pressure gradient to mean flow rate in the absence of obstruction. The excellent correlation, obtained without considerations of individual variations of valve area, suggests that this relation is independent of valve area, under normal physiologic conditions.
Subwavelength focusing and guiding of surface plasmons

The constructive interference of surface plasmon polaritons (SPP) launched by nanometric holes allows us to focus SPP into a spot of high near-field intensity having subwavelength width. Near-field scanning optical microscopy is used to map the local SPP intensity. The resulting SPP patterns and their polarization dependence are accurately described in model calculations based on a dipolar model for the SPP emission at each hole. Furthermore, we show that the high SPP intensity in the focal spot can be launched and propagated on a Ag strip guide with a 250 x 50 nm2 cross section, thus overcoming the diffraction limit of conventional optics. The combination of focusing arrays and nano-waveguides may serve as a basic element in planar nano-photonic circuits.
Application of a hyperbolic grid generation technique to a conformal PML implementation

Recently proposed anisotropic material-based conformal perfectly matched layer (PML) formulations are based on general orthogonal curvilinear coordinates and, consequently, their practical application to a conformal finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method requires body-conformal orthogonal grids. In this work, we present an application of a two-dimensional (2-D) hyperbolic grid generation scheme for a numerical implementation of a conformal PML in conjunction with Janaswamy and Liu's FDTD method. Numerical results show that our hyperbolic grid-based conformal PML implementation provides an efficient absorbing boundary condition (ABC) for a body-conformal FDTD simulation involving complex geometries.
Air Sampling and Analysis with Microcolumns of Silica Gel

Abstract This paper describes a simple microcolumn of silica gel, its behavior under experimental conditions and its applicability to air sampling. Data are presented for the ultraviolet spectral absorbance analysis of selected aromatic hydrocarbons, using a base line correction for background interference. The problems of direct silica gel elution and ultraviolet spectrophotometry are discussed, and resolution of the particulate background problem by base line calculations is shown. The silica gel microcolumn is proved simple, practical, and highly efficient for sampling air contaminants. Although only spectrophotometric analysis of eluates is reported here, other methods of analyzing the sorbed contaminant are suggested.
Exercise improves fatigue during and after breast and prostate cancer treatment, with benefits seen for aerobic exercise

Commentary on: Cramp F, Byron-Daniel J. Exercise for the management of cancer-related fatigue in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012;11:CD006145[OpenUrl][1][PubMed][2] Cramp and Byron-Daniel conducted a systematic review of studies addressing the important issue of exercise and its therapeutic benefit in reducing cancer-related fatigue (CRF) both during and after cancer treatment. Fatigue is a commonly reported symptom among newly diagnosed cancer patients (70–100%), those undergoing treatment and even long-term survivors. CRF is influenced … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DCochrane%2Bdatabase%2Bof%2Bsystematic%2Breviews%2B%2528Online%2529%26rft.stitle%253DCochrane%2BDatabase%2BSyst%2BRev%26rft.aulast%253DCramp%26rft.auinit1%253DF.%26rft.volume%253D11%26rft.spage%253DCD006145%26rft.epage%253DCD006145%26rft.atitle%253DExercise%2Bfor%2Bthe%2Bmanagement%2Bof%2Bcancer-related%2Bfatigue%2Bin%2Badults.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F23152233%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=23152233&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febnurs%2F16%2F4%2F101.atom
Datapath optimization using feedback

This paper describes recent experience with Fasolt, a software tool that automatically optimizes a register-level datapath. Fasolt uses a model of layout to drive the choice of optimizing transformations at the levels of scheduling and allocation; hence it is a feedback-driven optimization system. In choosing transformations, Fasolt takes placement and wiring into account in a way that has not been demonstrated in any other high-level synthesis system. Fasolt is also cyclic in that high-level transformations trigger changes at lower levels, which after analysis trigger further high-level changes. This implementation of Fasolt has an expanded set of transformation rules, timing-driven and area-driven transformations, and improved layout modeling capability. This paper presents experimental results on three basic test cases and two major variations on the layout software.
Electrical, electromagnetic, and magnetotelluric methods

Application of electrical methods began with Robert W. Fox’s 1830 observation of self potentials associated with copper vein deposits in Cornwall. Conrad Schlumberger introduced the direct current equal potential line resistivity method in 1912. Harry W. Conklin received the first patents on the electromagnetic (EM) method in 1917. From these beginnings, the history of the development of the resistivity induced‐polarization (IP), magnetotelluric and EM methods are traced to the present time. It is of interest to note that application of electrical methods flourished from about 1920 to 1930, but then the methods were developed slowly until after World War II when a major burst of development activity took place. However, the interpretational basis of the methods remained poor until the last several years when application of numerical techniques using computers permitted forward and inverse solutions to electrical boundary value problems in two and three dimensions. Field hardware gradually evolved from 196...
Protein extractions with hollow fibers

Differential protein extractions were measured with two types of extractants: inverted micelles and two-phase aqueous systems. The results show that hollow-fiber extractions are substantially faster than those possible in conventional equipment. The extractions are not compromised by loading or flooding because the flows of extractant and raffinate are almost completely independent. Mass transfer coefficients inferred from the measurements both support and extend design equations for these contactors.
Time-resolved measurements of the electrodeposition of thallium on silver electrodes by optical second-harmonic generation

Abstract The mechanism of the electrodeposition of thallium on a polycrystalline silver electrode surface has been examined by optical second-harmonic generation (SHG). Following the application of a fast potential step, a mode-locked picosecond Nd: YAG laser has been used as a continuous probe of the sequential deposition steps in this underpotential deposition process. The SH measurements are complemented with the simultaneously measured current transients. The data are analyzed in terms of both empirical and nucleation models as well as Langmuir adsorption kinetics.
Effect of hair care and hair cosmetics on the concentrations of fatty acid ethyl esters in hair as markers of chronically elevated alcohol consumption

Fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) can be used as alcohol markers in hair. It was investigated in this study whether this diagnostic method is disturbed by hair care and hair cosmetics. Traces of ethyl myristate, ethyl palmitate, ethyl oleate and ethyl stearate were detected in all of 49 frequently applied hair care products by headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The highest concentration was 0.003% in a hair wax. From experiments with separated hair samples of alcoholics as well as from the evaluation of the FAEE concentrations and the data about hair care of 75 volunteers (alcoholics, social drinkers and teetotalers) follows that usual shampooing, permanent wave, dyeing, bleaching or shading are of minor importance as compared to the drinking amount and other individual features. However, false positive results were found after daily treatment with a hair lotion containing 62.5% ethanol, with a deodorant and with a hair spray. As an explanation, it is assumed that FAEE are formed in the sebum glands also after regular topical application of products with a higher ethanol content.
A Study of Color Histogram Based Image Retrieval

This paper describes a project that implements and tests a simple color histogram based search and retrieve algorithm for images. The study finds the technique to be effective as shown by analysis using the RankPower measurement. The testing also highlights the weaknesses and strengths of the model, concluding that the technique would have to be augmented and modified in order for practical use.
Theodore Roosevelt and the State Trust Company

The affair of the State Trust Company, which General Andrews recounts here, occurred in 1900, when trust companies were increasing in number and expanding so rapidly as to arouse current comment in financial journals. Since such companies were less stringently regulated by law than other types of banking houses, their rise was viewed with interest tinged in some quarters by alarm. The rumor of sharp practices in the State Trust Company found, eager acceptance. There were those who wanted to make political hay immediately by claiming negligence on the part of the Superintendents of Banking and of Insurance, seeking thus — in an election year — the discomfiture of Theodore Roosevelt, Governor of New York. Others used the incident as a grim example when, during the next few years, muckraking became a popular journalistic sport.
The chloroplast genome of Anomochloa marantoidea (Anomochlooideae; Poaceae) comprises a mixture of grass-like and unique features.

Features in the complete plastome of Anomochloa marantoidea (Poaceae) were investigated. This species is one of four of Anomochlooideae, the crown node of which diverged before those of any other grass subfamily. The plastome was sequenced from overlapping amplicons using previously designed primers. The plastome of A. marantoidea is 138 412 bp long with a typical gene content for Poaceae. Five regions were examined in detail because of prior surveys that identifi ed structural alterations among graminoid Poales. Anomochloa marantoidea was found to have an intron in rpoC1 , unlike other Poaceae. The insertion region of rpoC2 is unusually short in A. marantoidea compared with those of other grasses, but with atypically long subrepeats. Both ycf1 and ycf2 are nonfunctional as is typical in grasses, but A. marantoidea has a uniquely long ψ ycf1. Finally, the rbcL - psaI spacer in A. marantoidea is atypically short with no evidence of the ψ rpl23 locus found in all other Poaceae. Some of these features are of noteworthy dissimilarity between A . marantoidea and those crown grasses for which entire plastomes have been sequenced. Complete plastome sequences of other Anomochlooideae and outgroups will further advance our understanding of the evolutionary events in the plastome that accompanied graminoid diversifi cation.
Assessment of Information Literacy: A Critical Bibliography

This annotated bibliography examines the library science literature, exclusively journal articles, on the topic of the assessment of information literacy. The authors focused on actual research studies, eliminating purely theoretical discussions, as valuable as they may be. The undergraduate population was the primary focus, in keeping with the authors’ context of a community college. Assessment of student learning was also a primary parameter as well, which means several articles were left out because the writers surveyed institutions, or classroom faculty or librarians. A final parameter includes restricting research to 2007 or later. This is a critical bibliography. The authors have highlighted the articles that they felt are most important, or most interesting. The commentary is not really systematic, so the lack of any particular point of view in a summary should not be taken as a criticism. The authors hope that readers will get an overview of the field of assessment of information literacy, and perhaps have their curiosity sparked or rekindled.
Nickelodeon Markets Nutrition-Poor Foods to Children

Methods: In fall 2005, the nutritional quality of foods advertised via Nickelodeon media and with Nickelodeon characters was assessed. The cross-sectional sample included food ads on the Nickelodeon television station and in Nickelodeon magazine, product packages with Nickelodeon characters found in one large urban grocery store, and meals at restaurants with promotions tied to Nickelodeon programs or characters. Results: Of 168 television food ads, 148 (88%) were for foods of poor nutritional quality. Of 21 magazine food ads, 16 (76%) were for foods of poor nutritional quality. Fifteen grocery store products were identified with Nickelodeon characters on the packaging; nine (60%) were foods of poor nutritional quality. In addition, of the 48 possible children’s meal combinations at restaurants with promotional offers tied to Nickelodeon programs, 45 (94%) were of poor nutritional quality. Conclusions: Through its food marketing, the Nickelodeon entertainment company influences the diets of millions of American children. Unfortunately, eight of ten foods, beverages, and restaurant meals advertised on Nickelodeon’s television station, in its magazine, or tied to its characters are of poor nutritional quality. Rather than undermining parents’ efforts to feed their children healthfully, Nickelodeon should support parents by setting nutrition standards and marketing to children only foods that meet those standards. (Am J Prev Med 2007;33(1):48 –50) © 2007 American Journal of Preventive Medicine
Proposed core content for pediatric emergency medicine fellowship training of emergency medicine graduates

The establishment of pediatric emergency medicine as a subspecialty of emergency medicine has engendered the need for closer examination and development of guidelines for fellowship training. Core content and curriculum documents pertaining to fellowship training in pediatric emergency medicine for pediatric graduates have been published previously. However, the educational needs of emergency medicine graduates for such training are significantly different from those of pediatric graduates in several important respects. We believe that emergency physicians should take an active role in the creation and refinement of educational guidelines for fellowship training in pediatric emergency medicine for emergency medicine graduates. For this reason, we present a proposed core content outline in the hope that it will serve to foster this process.
“Edifice Rex” Sulfide Recovery Project: Analysis of submarine hydrothermal, microbial habitat

Recent scientific developments place inquiries about submarine volcanic systems in a broad planetary context. Among these is the discovery that submarine eruptions are intimately linked with massive effusions of microbes and their products from below the sea floor [Holden et al., 1998]. This material includes microbes that only grow at temperatures tens of degrees higher than the temperatures of the vent fluids from which they were sampled. Such results lend support for the existence of a potentially extensive, but currently unexplored sub-sea floor microbial biosphere associated with active submarine volcanoes [Deming and Baross, 1993; Delaney et al., 1998; Summit and Baross, 1998].
IRR: A Blind Guide

Over the past 60 years the internal rate of return (IRR) has become a major tool in investment evaluation. Many executives prefer it to net present value (NPV), presumably because they can more easily comprehend a percentage measure. This article demonstrates that, except in the rare case of an investment that is followed by a single cash return, IRR suffers from a definitional quandary. Is it an intrinsic measure, defined only in terms of itself, or is it defined by the efforts of active investors? Additionally, the article explains significant problems with the measure - reinvestment issues, multiple IRRs, timing problems, problems of choice among unequal investment opportunities, and practical difficulties with multiple discount rates. IRR is a blind guide because its definition is in doubt and because of its many practical problems.
Effect of production conditions on self-heating propensity of torrefied sawmill residues

Abstract In this work, a screening of the self-heating propensity of bio-char produced from softwood bark and sawdust under different torrefaction conditions was performed. As there is an abundance of information regarding coal self-heating behavior, the bio-char evaluation was based on a review of coal self-heating and the tests used to evaluate the behavior. Bio-char physical and chemical properties, such as; proximate analysis, heating value, porosity, ash composition, and mineral composition, were determined and analyzed for impact on self-heating. Bio-char had a higher susceptibility for self-heating when compared to the feedstock as torrefaction increases carbon content and depletes volatile compounds resulting in an increase in available oxidation sites. The bio-char self-heating propensity increased with torrefaction temperatures under the range studied. This increase is likely not due to an increase in porosity as there is little difference in the porosity between chars studied from different feedstocks or temperatures and residence times. The self-heating propensity increases with fixed carbon content.
ARE ETHNIC ENCLAVES REALLY TIEBOUT CLUBS? ETHNIC ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND THE ECONOMIC THEORY OF CLUBS

Since Piore’s (1979) seminal work on ethnic economies, there has been significant development in our understanding of the grouping process of immigrants and co-ethnics into economic, social, and political units, and the behavior of immigrant entrepreneurs within these groups. During the past two decades a number of sociologists have contributed several important concepts to the study of ethnic entrepreneurship such as social capital (e.g. Portes, 1998; Portes & Landolt, 1996, 2000), social embeddedness and network ties (e.g. Kloosterman & Rath, 2001; Portes & Sensenbrenner, 1993; Rath, 2002), and fine tuning the definitional distinctions between levels of co-ethnic cohesiveness, such as ethnic neighborhoods, ethnic economies, and ethnic enclaves (e.g. Light & Gold, 2000; Waldinger, 1982; Waldinger et al., 1990). More recently, business theorists have started to examine the problem of ethnic economic activity, incorporating more economic and entrepreneurship strategy concepts such as resource dependency (Greene, 1997), buyer-supplier relationships (Galbraith et al., 2003), access to financing (Smallbone et al., 2002), and differential marketing systems (Iyer & Shapiro, 1999). What appears to be sometimes lacking in modern discussions of ethnic economies and entrepreneurial behavior, however, is an underlying and unifying theoretical paradigm.
Does a “Triple Package” of traits predict success?

Abstract What individual factors predict success? We tested Chua and Rubenfeld's (2014) widely publicized “Triple Package” hypothesis that a tendency toward impulse control, personal insecurity, and a belief in the superiority of one's cultural or ethnic group combine to increase the odds that individuals will attain exceptional achievement. Consistent with previous research, we found in two sizable samples (combined N = 1258) that parents' level of education and individuals' own cognitive ability robustly predicted a composite measure of success that included income, education, and awards. Other factors such as impulse control and emotional stability also appeared to be salutary. But despite measuring personal insecurity in four different ways and measuring success in three different ways, we did not find support for any plausible version of Chua and Rubenfeld's proposed synergistic trinity of success-engendering personality traits.
Chinese Economic Cyber Espionage -- U.S. Litigation in the WTO and Other Diplomatic Remedies.

Countering Chinese economic cyber espionage is one of the most complex challenges of contemporary U.S. foreign policy.The Chinese government’s systematic hacking into the computer networks of companies to gain commercial advantages for Chinese firms has resulted in "the greatest transfer of wealth in history." Fundamentally, Chinese economic cyber espionage compromises the competitiveness of U.S. firms in China and globally. It is integral to China's mercantilist economic and trade policies.Fortunately, a creative legal response is available to counter this threat. The most promising and immediate remedy for the United States is to launch litigation against China in the World Trade Organization (WTO) dispute resolution system, relying on the TRIPS Agreement. Additionally, the United States should convene a general diplomatic conference to propose general rules for the cyber domain and international agreements to reflect these rules.
Public Perspectives on Expanding Naloxone Access to Reverse Opioid Overdoses

ABSTRACTBackground: Opioid overdoses can often be reversed with naloxone hydrochloride. Past studies on attitudes toward expanded naloxone access have surveyed drug users, family members, and providers. Objectives: To explore how the general public perceives take-home or nonmedical first-responder access to naloxone to reverse opioid overdoses. Additionally, little is known about how support for expanded access is related to participant's endorsement of Individualism and Just World Belief—colloquially people getting what they deserve and deserving what they get. Methods: Lay participants completed an online survey examining concerns with and support for expanding naloxone access. Just World Belief, Individualism, and participants' dependence history were also measured. Four different hypothetical situations were considered, varying according to type of opioid (heroin versus nonmedical prescription opioid) and recipient (suburban middle class versus recent parolee). Results: Most participants agreed with a...
The MMSET Gene Contributes to the Growth, Adhesion, and Tumorigencitiy of t(4;14) Multiple Myeloma Cells.

Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable hematological malignancy characterized by recurrent chromosomal translocations. The t(4;14)(p16;q32) is associated with the worst prognosis of any patient subgroup in MM, although the basis for this poor prognosis is unknown. The t(4;14) is unusual in that it involves two potential target genes on chromosome 4: fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) and multiple myeloma SET domain (MMSET). MMSET is universally over-expressed in t(4;14) MM, whereas FGFR3 expression is lost in one third of cases, suggesting a role for MMSET in myeloma pathogenesis. Nonetheless, the role of MMSET in t(4;14) MM has remained unclear. Here we demonstrate a role for MMSET in t(4;14) MM cells. Using homologous recombination-mediated gene targeting, we disrupted the N-terminal and full-length isoforms of MMSET in t(4;14)+ KMS-11 MM cells. Disruption of the translocated MMSET allele revealed that this allele accounts for most of the MMSET transcription in t(4;14) MM cells. Accordingly, selective targeting of the translocated allele, but not the non-translocated allele, led to reduced colony formation in methylcellulose and reduced tumor formation in nude mouse xenografts. Down-regulation of MMSET expression in t(4;14) MM cell lines by stable RNA interference (RNAi) led to a slower growth in liquid culture, a significant reduction in colony formation in methylcellulose, and decreased tumorigenicity in vivo. Additionally, MMSET knockdown led to partial cell cycle arrest of adherent MM cells and reduced the ability of MM cells to adhere to extracellular matrix. Cells with targeted disruption or knockdown of MMSET exhibited changes in expression levels of potential target genes, including several adhesion molecules. These results provide the first direct evidence that translocation-mediated overexpression of MMSET plays a critical role in t(4;14) MM and suggest that therapies targeting this gene could impact this particular subset of poor-prognosis patients.
Learned models for continuous planning.

We are interested in the nature of activity { structured behavior of nontrivial duration { in intelligent agents. We believe that the development of activity is a continual process in which simpler activities are composed, via planning, to form more sophisticated ones in a hierarchical fashion. The success or failure of a planner depends on its models of the environment, and its ability to implement its plans in the world. We describe an approach to generating dynamical models of activity from real-world experiences and explain how they can be applied towards planning in a continuous state space.
Reframing the payments for ecosystem services framework in a coupled human and natural systems context: strengthening the integration between ecological and human dimensions

Introduction: As challenges to biodiversity mount, land-use policies have been implemented to balance human needs and the integrity of ecological systems. One such program, Payments for Ecosystem S...
Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis

Definition – displacement of the femoral epiphysis on the metaphysis. It affects 1–2% of peripubertal children. The clues to diagnosis are high BMI, typical age, pain, and decreased to absent internal rotation of the hip. It is usually idiopathic, and less than 10% have a definitive etiology – hypothyroidism and renal osteodystrophy. The most important prognostic/severity factor is the ability to bear weight (unstable SCFE). Early complications are osteonecrosis and chondrolysis; the late complications include femoroacetabular impingement and early osteoarthritis.
Evaluation of GaN transistor losses at MHz frequencies in soft switching converters

On paper, Gallium nitride (GaN) transistor promises exceptional performance when used in converters operating at high switching frequency; nonetheless, reduction in their performance when used in real circuits have been observed. Previous experiments show that tested GaN transistors can display excessive loss of up to three times their predicted values under certain test conditions. This paper evaluates power losses in GaN transistors when used in class Φ 2 resonant soft-switching inverter topologies at MHz frequencies. Thermometric loss calibration technique is used to calculate the power losses. To gain better insight, experiments are set up to subdivide these losses into two components, one associated with on-state transistors and one associated with off-state transistors. Two GaN devices from two different companies were selected for the study. Further, a control study with a silicon (Si) transistor is also done to confirm the validity of the test method, and to compare the performance of GaN transistors to an existing Si transistor. The following paper presents the loss separation method, and the resulting loss breakdown for the tested devices. The tested operating frequency ranges from 3.39 MHz to 27.12 MHz.
Enhancing Sensitivity of an Atom Interferometer to the Heisenberg Limit using Increased Quantum Noise

In a conventional atomic interferometer employing $N$ atoms, the phase sensitivity is at the standard quantum limit: $1/\sqrt{N}$. Using spin-squeezing, the sensitivity can be increased, either by lowering the quantum noise or via phase amplification, or a combination thereof. Here, we show how to increase the sensitivity, to the Heisenberg limit of $1/N$, while increasing the quantum noise by $\sqrt{N}$, thereby suppressing by the same factor the effect of excess noise. The protocol uses a Schrodinger Cat state representing a superposition of two collective states of $N$ atoms, behaving as a single entity with an $N$-fold increase in Compton frequency. The resulting $N$-fold phase magnification is revealed by using atomic state detection instead of collective state detection. We also show how to realize an atomic clock based on such a Schrodinger Cat state, with an $N$-fold increase in the effective transition frequency. We discuss potential experimental constraints for implementing this scheme, using one axis twist squeezing employing the cavity feedback scheme, and show that the effects of cavity decay and spontaneous emission are highly suppressed. We find that the maximum improvement in sensitivity can be close to the ideal limit, for as many as ten million atoms.
Feasibility of Using Ecological Momentary Assessment to Study Unaided Smoking Cessation in Couples

Introduction Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) is a valuable method for studying smoking cessation, but feasibility has not been examined in committed couples. The current study examines the feasibility of conducting an EMA study of unaided smoking cessation in single-smoker couples. Methods Participants were 62 single-smoker couples recruited to participate in a 21-day study of unaided smoking cessation. Quitters and Partners were given instructions to complete one morning report, three signaled reports, and one evening report per day, as well as lapse reports when necessary. They also completed a series of questionnaires at baseline and follow-up. This article examines predictors of compliance with the reporting instructions. Results Compliance with scheduled reporting was reasonable (Quitters: 76%, Partners: 79%). Compliance with "on-time" lapse reporting (vs. make-up reporting) was poor (Quitters: 62%, Partners: 43%). Quitters' compliance with lapse reporting was strongly associated with an orientation toward quitting. Partners' compliance with lapse reporting was associated with relationship motivation. Quitter compliance plummeted when Partners were noncompliant. Self-regulation and emotional instability were not associated with compliance but were associated with time to complete reports. Quitters' and Partners' experiences completing the study provide some insight into the dynamics of completing an EMA study as part of a dyad. Conclusions Overall, this study suggests it is feasible and effective to collect EMA data on smoking cessation from couples. However, compliance with lapse reporting was poor, especially for Partners. Researchers could provide remuneration on a different schedule, provide shorter lapse reports, or omit Partner lapse reports altogether. Implications This article examined compliance with scheduled and lapse reporting in single-smoker couples during an unaided quit attempt. Compliance with scheduled reporting was acceptable, but compliance with lapse reporting was poor, especially for Partners. Quitters' compliance with lapse reporting was heavily influenced by an orientation toward quitting, suggesting that improved screening for motivation to quit might improve compliance rates. Quitter compliance also plummeted when Partners were noncompliant. Partner demographics and relationship motivation were the best predictors of compliance. To enhance compliance, researchers might provide remuneration on a different scale, dramatically shorten lapse reports, or even omit Partner lapse reports.
Pathophysiology and Risk Profiles of Heart Failure

Abstract This chapter presents the pathophysiology of heart failure, the New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional classification of heart failure, and the American College of Cardiology (ACC) and the American Heart Association (AHA) staging of heart failure, four-level prevention strategies, and discusses risk factors for heart failure.