cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Kinetic evidence for an anion binding pocket in the active site of nitronate monooxygenase.

Abstract A series of monovalent, inorganic anions and aliphatic aldehydes were tested as inhibitors for Hansenula mrakii and Neurospora crassa nitronate monooxygenase, formerly known as 2-nitropropane dioxygenase, to investigate the structural features that contribute to the binding of the anionic nitronate substrates to the enzymes. A linear correlation between the volumes of the inorganic anions and their effectiveness as competitive inhibitors of the enzymes was observed in a plot of pKis versus the ionic volume of the anion with slopes of 0.041 ± 0.001 mM/A3 and 0.027 ± 0.001 mM/A3 for the H. mrakii and N. crassa enzymes, respectively. Aliphatic aldehydes were weak competitive inhibitors of the enzymes, with inhibition constants that are independent of their alkyl chain lengths. The reductive half reactions of H. mrakii nitronate monooxygenase with primary nitronates containing two to four carbon atoms all showed apparent Kd values of ∼5 mM. These results are consistent with the presence of an anion binding pocket in the active site of nitronate monooxygenase that interacts with the nitro group of the substrate, and suggest a minimal contribution of the hydrocarbon chain of the nitronates to the binding of the ligands to the enzyme.
The ATM forum: wireless ATM working group meeting in Portland (July, 27--30, 1998)

The main development in the Portland meeting is the clear definition of the Release 1.0 WATM capability set [1]. The baseline text of the specifications prior to the Portland meeting was rather comprehensive indicating several scenarios for WATM access and deployment, including ad-hoc networking. The capability set for Release 1.0 is an edited version of the original baseline, with a limited number of reference configurations. Furthermore, the Release 1.0 features for handover and location management reflect a more realistic view of what can be achieved in the short term by the working group. Specifically, the handover requirements do not call for lossless delivery of cells during handover [2] and the location management architecture is restricted to a simple, two-level configuration of location servers [3].
Esophagitis in children: an update on current pharmacotherapy

Introduction: A common diagnostic entity in children is Esophagitis with multiple etiologies and complex immuno-pathogenic mechanisms. Our understanding of these mechanisms and of the pharmacotherapy of esophagitis is still evolving. Areas covered: Areas of focus for this review were chosen based on recent clinical practice and research interest in esophagitis in infants and children. A literature search was conducted with the relevant keywords (‘gastroesophageal reflux disease' in pediatric age group, ‘eosinophilia', ‘esophageal eosinophilia', ‘esophagitis', ‘eosinophilic esophagitis', ‘proton pump inhibitors'). Use, safety and efficacy of proton pump inhibitors in young infants and older children, the concepts of esophageal eosinophilia and overlap of reflux and eosinophilic esophagitis are discussed here. Expert opinion: Proton pump inhibitors are effective in healing reflux esophagitis in children of all ages but do not improve gastroesophageal reflux related symptoms in infants. An overlap in clinica...
A Mouse Model of Term Chorioamnionitis: Unraveling Causes of Adverse Neurological Outcomes

Maternal fever and/or chorioamnionitis at term are associated with an increased prevalence of adverse neurobehavioral outcomes in exposed offspring. Since the mechanisms of such injury are currently unknown, the objectives of this study were to elucidate whether intrauterine inflammation at term results in fetal brain injury. Specifically, we assessed brain injury by investigating the cytokine response, white matter damage, and neuronal injury and viability. A mouse model of intrauterine inflammation at term was utilized by injecting lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or normal saline into uterine horn. Compared to saline-exposed, LPS-exposed fetal brains had significantly increased IL-1β and IL-6 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression (P .05). These studies may provide a critical mechanism for the observed long-term adverse neurobehavioral outcomes after exposure to chorioamnionitis at term.
Excited-state energy transfers in single-walled carbon nanotubes functionalized with tethered pyrenes

Abstract Single-walled carbon nanotubes were co-functionalized with pyrenemethanol and 3,5-dihexadecanyloxybenzyl alcohol in different ratios with the purpose of altering the content of pyrene moieties tethered to the nanotube surface. The functionalized nanotube samples were characterized by using established instrumental techniques. The absorption and emission results of the samples suggest that there are significant “intramolecular” excited-state energy transfers from both pyrene monomer and excimer to the linked nanotube, though the energy transfer efficiencies may be different between the monomer and excimer. The excimer formation can be limited by reducing the pyrenemethanol fraction to simplify the excited state processes, but contributions from the luminescence of the well-functionalized carbon nanotubes in the same wavelength region becomes an additional complication. Mechanistic implications of the photophysical results are discussed.
Annular malignancies of the small bowel

True annular malignancies of the small bowel with mucosal destruction and shelflike margins are generally thought to be caused by primary adenocarcinoma. At our institution, 18 annular malignancies were diagnosed radiographically in the small bowel by enteroclysis (16 cases) and conventional small bowel follow-through studies (2 cases) between 1977 and 1984. However, pathologic data revealed only 4 primary adenocarcinomas with 10 metastatic lesions (6 colon cancers, 2 malignant melanomas, 1 lung cancer, and 1 cervical cancer), 2 leiomyosarcomas, 1 non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and 1 malignant carcinoid tumor. While these lesions may be indistinguishable radiographically, annular carcinomas tended to be short, relatively nonobstructing lesions; annular metastases (except those from malignant melanoma) tended to be highly obstructing lesions with significant narrowing and/or angulation of the bowel. Leiomyosarcomas, lymphoma, and metastases from malignant melanoma tended to be longer lesions with extensive ulceration, wider channels, and little or no evidence of obstruction. Nevertheless, surgical resection or biopsy of the lesion is ultimately required for a definitive diagnosis.
Temperature dependence of localized moments in dilute (Cu)Mn alloys

Abstract Magnetic susceptibility data on very dilute alloys of manganese in copper are reported from room temperature up to 770°K. Applications of Scalapino's theory would indicate a Kondo temperature near 6°K and S≈ 5 2 , however, current theories do not adequately describe the experimental data over a wide temperature range.
Post-traumatic stress disorder in primary care practice

PURPOSE To provide clinicians in primary care settings with guidelines on evaluation, diagnosis, and management of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). DATA SOURCES Research-based articles in the medical and psychiatric literature, review articles, and diagnostic criteria. CONCLUSIONS PTSD is a disorder where psychological and physiological reactions are closely related. Populations at risk include survivors of motor vehicle accidents, natural and man-made disasters, torture, and childhood sexual abuse, as well as combat veterans. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Patients with a history of recent trauma should be targeted for early screening and intervention. Effective treatment of PTSD is a three-stage process consisting of stabilization of symptoms, processing of traumatic perceptions, and integration of trauma into the patient's world- and self-view.
Temperature Dependence of the Nonequilibrium Kinetic Model That Describes the Adsorption and Desorption Behavior of CO2 in K-Promoted HTlc

A nonequilibrium kinetic model developed previously by the authors to describe the reversible adsorption and desorption behavior of CO2 in a K-promoted hydrotalcite-like compound (HTlc) was extended to account for temperature effects. This model involves three steps and four phases that reversibly undergo adsorption or reaction with CO2 in the structure. The model parameters were obtained by fitting it to experimental adsorption and desorption cycling data carried out with in-house-synthesized K-promoted HTlc at 11 temperatures ranging from 300 to 500 °C. A single adsorption (in CO2 at 1 atm) and desorption (in He at 1 atm) cycle having a 700 min half-cycle time was obtained at each temperature and fitted successfully to the model. Then, using the same set of parameters, the model was used to successfully predict similar shorter cycle time experiments carried out with a 60 min half-cycle time for eight cycles at each temperature. For both the long and short cycle time data, the model captured all three ki...
A Twelve-Channel Multiple-Interferometer Fabry-Perot Spectrometer

A specialized spectrometer has been built to meet the time and spectral resolution requirements of a difficult plasma diagnosticexperiment. Two or three Fabry-Perot interferometers are arranged in series to provide the required spectral resolution and contrast.Twelve-channel output is produced by an annular mirror image dissector in the focal plane of the Fabry-Perot fringes. The spectralregion may be shifted by a change of gas pressure in the interferometer chambers. Measurements of the passband profiles with two interferometers are presented. Sample data from an experiment measuring the spectrum of ruby laser light after being scattered anddoppler broadened by a theta-pinch plasma are given.
DIFFERENTIAL EFFICACY OF COMBINED THERAPY WITH RADIATION AND AEE788 IN HIGH AND LOW EGFR-EXPRESSING ANDROGEN-INDEPENDENT PROSTATE TUMOR MODELS

Purpose To determine the efficacy of combining radiation (XRT) with a dual epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/vascular endothelial growth factor receptor inhibitor, AEE788, in prostate cancer models with different levels of EGFR expression. Methods and Materials Immunoblotting was performed for EGFR, phosphorylated-EGFR, and phosphorylated-AKT in prostate cancer cells. Clonogenic assays were performed on DU145, PC-3, and human umbilical vein endothelial cells treated with XRT ± AEE788. Tumor xenografts were established for DU145 and PC-3 on hind limbs of athymic nude mice assigned to four treatment groups: ( 1 ) control, ( 2 ) AEE788, ( 3 ) XRT, and ( 4 ) AEE788 + XRT. Tumor blood flow and growth measurements were performed using immunohistochemistry and imaging. Results AEE788 effectively decreased phosphorylated-EGFR and phosphorylated-AKT levels in DU145 and PC-3 cells. Clonogenic assays showed no radiosensitization for DU145 and PC-3 colonies treated with AEE788 + XRT. However, AEE788 caused decreased proliferation in DU145 cells. AEE788 showed a radiosensitization effect in human umbilical vein endothelial cells and increased apoptosis susceptibility. Concurrent AEE788 + XRT compared with either alone led to significant tumor growth delay in DU145 tumors. Conversely, PC-3 tumors derived no added benefit from combined-modality therapy. In DU145 tumors, a significant decrease in tumor blood flow with combination therapy was shown by using power Doppler sonography and tumor blood vessel destruction on immunohistochemistry. Maldi-spectrometry (MS) imaging showed that AEE788 is bioavailable and heterogeneously distributed in DU145 tumors undergoing therapy. Conclusions AEE788 + XRT showed efficacy in vitro/in vivo with DU145-based cell models, whereas PC-3–based models were adequately treated with XRT alone without added benefit from combination therapy. These findings correlated with differences in EGFR expression and showed effects on both tumor cell proliferation and vascular destruction.
Inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in cultures enriched for mature oligodendrocytes is due to microglia

Expression of inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase (NOS-2) occurs during inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS) and has been linked to demyelination accompanying certain CNS inflammatory diseases. Although astrocytes and microglia are thought to be the major sources of NOS-2 expression in the CNS in vivo, recent evidence suggested that the myelin-producing oligodendrocytes (OLs) themselves can express NOS-2 in culture. Given the potentially important pathological implications of this finding, the purpose of this study was to examine further the expression of NOS-2 by OLs in vitro. After exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon-gamma (IFNgamma), primary cultures enriched for mature OLs released NO in a time-dependent manner, although the amount varied considerably between different culture preparations. Increased NO production was accompanied by expression of NOS-2 mRNA and protein, as determined by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot analysis, respectively. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed that the cell-type expressing NOS-2 in these cultures was galactocerebroside (Gal C)-negative but CD11b-positive. Further, NO production could be attenuated in cultures treated with the microglial/macrophage toxin, leucine methyl ester, prior to LPS/IFNgamma stimulation. Thus, microglia were the source of NOS-2 catalytic activity in these cultures. The present results indicate that LPS and IFNgamma are not effective stimuli for induction of NOS-2 in OLs in primary cell culture.
Intramyocardial blood volume, perfusion and transit time in response to embolization of different sized microvessels.

Objective: To study the role of the coronary microcirculation in response to different-sized microemboli, we measured changes in intramyocardial microvascular blood volume (Bv), perfusion (F) and transit time (TT) and also microvascular patterns of injury. Methods: Bv, F and TT were quantitated in 24 pigs at baseline and again 2 min after repeat injections of 10- or 100-μm microspheres at rest or during intracoronary adenosine infusion. The association of Bv and TT was assessed in the microsphere pigs and in nine control pigs. Microvascular injury was studied on gross-pathologic and histologic samples. Results: At rest, initial injection of 10-μm microspheres led to increases in Bv and F, but progressively decreased with additional injections. In contrast, even small numbers of 100-μm microspheres always led to decreases in Bv and F. Injection of microspheres during adenosine-induced vasodilation always resulted in decreases in peak Bv and F irrespective of their diameters, but microvascular TTs remained unaltered. In control pigs, however, TTs were inversely related to adenosine-induced changes in Bv. Histologically, 100-μm microspheres resulted in patchy distribution of microcirculatory plugging, while 10-μm microspheres induced contiguous hemorrhagic myocardial injury. Conclusion: Microsphere-induced changes in intramyocardial Bv and F and the associated pattern of myocardial injury are related to the size of embolized microvessels and the initial perfusion state. Microvascular functional volume reserve mechanisms appear to play a key role accompanying flow- and TT-preservation.
Regeneration of oligodendroglia during recovery from demyelinating disease

Infection of mice with the JHM strain of mouse hepatitis virus causes demyelination as a result of a cytolytic infection of oligodendroglia. In recovery, animals show remyelination, which could result either from surviving oligodendrocytes extending their territory or by generation of new oligodendroglia. Electron microscopic autoradiographic studies with 3H-labeled thymidine demonstrate that the cells associated with remyelination are newly generated oligodendroglia.
OCLC: changing the tasks of librarianship

OCLC has grown since 1971 from 54 libraries to 17,000 libraries, from the state of Ohio to 47 countries around the world, and from revenues of $67,000 to almost $100 million. In addition to cataloging, OCLC now provides a broad range of products and services in resource sharing, reference, and electronic publishing. The Forest Press Division of OCLC publishes the Dewey Decimal Classification, the world's most widely used library classification system. OCLC also operates MAPS, The MicrogrAphic Preservation Service, a nonprofit corporation based in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, that provides high‐quality preservation microfilming for libraries. Information Dimensions, Inc., a for‐profit subsidiary acquired in April 1993, develops and markets computer software products for managing electronic documents and text on leading mainframe computers, microcomputers, workstations, and PCs. IDI provides an exciting strategic fit for OCLC in full‐text electronic publishing, electronic archiving, and information management—three areas of growing importance in OCLC's future.
Aggregation effects in air traffic arrival flows

Air traffic management includes the function of traffic flow management or the balancing of air traffic demand and capacity. Since runway capacity is rather constant, at least in the short term, the flow manager typically adjusts air traffic demand when there is a predicted imbalance. Adjustment of air traffic demand takes two forms: in time, through delays, and in space, through reroutes. Local flow managers who regulate the arrival traffic bound for a capacity-constrained airport are continually faced with the question: How much flow control intervention is appropriate now? This paper attempts to structure that question using analytic methods. With refinements, this technique could become one of a suite of decision support tools.
In situ localization of interleukin-1 in normal and psoriatic skin.

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a family of polypeptides that mediates a wide range of inflammatory and immune responses. In human skin, unstimulated keratinocytes produce a large amount of such cytokines. Although the precise role of IL-1 in the skin is unknown, there is experimental evidence supporting involvement of IL-1 in the pathogenesis of inflammatory skin diseases. In this study, we investigated the in situ localization of IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta in normal and psoriatic skin. Using polyclonal antibodies and the avidin-biotin peroxidase complex, we demonstrated the presence of both IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta in normal and psoriatic formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues. In both cases, IL-1 alpha was more prominent. However, the distribution of IL-1 alpha differed between normal and psoriatic skin. In normal skin, IL-1 alpha distribution was predominantly intercellular, whereas IL-1 alpha distribution was predominantly within the cytoplasm in psoriatic skin. These studies confirm that IL-1 alpha is the predominant form of IL-1 in the skin and provide further support for the hypothesis that IL-1 participates in the pathogenesis of psoriasis.
A robust plant RNA isolation method suitable for Affymetrix GeneChip analysis and quantitative real-time RT-PCR.

A robust plant RNA isolation method suitable for Affymetrix GeneChip analysis and quantitative real-time RT-PCR
Experience with the ZOG human-computer interface system

Abstract This article is primarily a reflection on more than 8 years of research with the ZOG human-computer interface system. During that time we have experienced extensive use of ZOG. We begin the article with a short description of the current ZOG implementation; then we proceed to a higher plane to describe a general ZOG philosophy that has evolved from our experience. Following the philosophy, we briefly describe the applications we have explored with ZOG, including a major application project for the Navy. Then we provide a critique of the current ZOG implementation by elucidating its strong and weak points. We end the paper with a brief glimpse at our plans for ZOG in the future.
Virtual melting as a new mechanism of stress relaxation under high strain rate loading

Generation and motion of dislocations and twinning are the main mechanisms of plastic deformation. A new mechanism of plastic deformation and stress relaxation at high strain rates (10(9)-10(12) s(-1)) is proposed, under which virtual melting occurs at temperatures much below the melting temperature. Virtual melting is predicted using a developed, advanced thermodynamic approach and confirmed by large-scale molecular dynamics simulations of shockwave propagation and quasi-isentropic compression in both single and defective crystals. The work and energy of nonhydrostatic stresses at the shock front drastically increase the driving force for melting from the uniaxially compressed solid state, reducing the melting temperature by 80% or 4,000 K. After melting, the relaxation of nonhydrostatic stresses leads to an undercooled and unstable liquid, which recrystallizes in picosecond time scales to a hydrostatically loaded crystal. Characteristic parameters for virtual melting are determined from molecular dynamics simulations of Cu shocked/compressed along the 〈110〉 and 〈111〉 directions and Al shocked/compressed along the 〈110〉 direction.
Synthesis of titanium(IV) complexes containing 2,6-dimethylaniline substituted amino alcohols and their utilization in ethylene polymerizations

Abstract Two new Ti(IV) complexes of the type [(OCHRCH2N-2,6-Me2Ph)Ti(NMe2)2]2 (where R=H, or tbutyl) have been synthesized by protonolysis of Ti(NMe2)4 with the corresponding N-substituted amino alcohol ligand. The two complexes were studied as Ziegler–Natta type polymerization catalysts in the presence of an excess of methylaluminoxane (MAO). It was found that ethylene polymerization activity for both catalysts increased by increasing the polymerization temperature from 25 to 70°C. If the catalysts were pretreated with trimethylaluminum, the activities increased at 25°C, but slightly decreased at 70°C. Both complexes were found to be ineffective for the polymerization of propylene. An X-ray crystal structure of [(OCH2CH2N-2,6-Me2Ph)Ti(NMe2)2]2 shows the complex to be dimeric in the solid state, with bridging through the amino alcohol oxygen atoms. This complex crystallizes in the monoclinic system space group, P21/n with a=9.181(6), b=13.766(3), c=13.002(3), β=93.08(3) and Z=4.
A method to map errors in the deformable registration of 4DCT images.

Purpose: To present a new approach to the problem of estimating errors in deformable image registration (DIR) applied to sequential phases of a 4DCT data set. Methods: A set of displacement vector fields (DVFs) are made by registering a sequence of 4DCT phases. The DVFs are assumed to display anatomical movement, with the addition of errors due to the imaging and registration processes. The positions of physical landmarks in each CT phase are measured as ground truth for the physical movement in the DVF. Principal component analysis of the DVFs and the landmarks is used to identify and separate the eigenmodes of physical movement from the error eigenmodes. By subtracting the physical modes from the principal components of the DVFs, the registration errors are exposed and reconstructed as DIR error maps. The method is demonstrated via a simple numerical model of 4DCT DVFs that combines breathing movement with simulated maps of spatially correlated DIR errors. Results: The principal components of the simulated DVFs were observed to share the basic properties of principal components for actual 4DCT data. The simulated error maps were accurately recovered by the estimation method. Conclusions: Deformable image registration errors can have complex spatial distributions. Consequently, point-by-point landmark validation can give unrepresentative results that do not accurately reflect the registration uncertainties away from the landmarks. The authors are developing a method for mapping the complete spatial distribution of DIR errors using only a small number of ground truth validation landmarks.
Effect of inclination on saturation boiling of PF-5060 dielectric liquid on 80- and 137-μm thick copper micro-porous surfaces

abstract Investigated is the effect of inclination, from 0 (upward facing) to 180 (downward facing), on saturationnucleate boiling of degassed PF-5060 dielectric liquid on two Cu micro-porous surfaces measuring10 10 mm, and 80- and 197- m m thick. These surfaces, deposited by electrochemical processes on Cusubstrates of the same footprint area and 1.6 mm thick, are heated uniformly in the experiments. Thehigh volume porosityand morphology of the surfaces enhance nucleate boiling by increasing the bubblesnucleation sites density and the wetted surface area. The measured CHF values and those of themaximum nucleate boiling heat transfer coefﬁcient, h MNB , are much higher than measured on plane Cuand decrease monotonically with increased surface inclination to their lowest values in the downwardfacing orientation (180 ). The 197- m m thick micro-porous surface gives the largest enhancements in CHFand h MNB . 2011 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved. 1. IntroductionThe potential of immersion nucleate boiling of dielectric liquidshas been recognized as an effective means for cooling high powercomputer chips or Dies with a surface average dissipation heat ﬂuxup to 100 W/cm
Heat capacity of aluminum silicon carbide (Al4SiC4) from 5.26 to 1047 K

Abstract The molar heat capacity of aluminum silicon carbide (Al4SiC4) was measured at the Bureau of Mines from 5.26 to 301.5 K by adiabatic calorimetry and from 347 to 1047 K by differential scanning calorimetry. The values at T = 298.15 K for Cp, mo, {Smo(T)−Smo(0)}, −{G m o (T)−H m o (0)} T , and {Hmo(T)−Hmo(0)} are 145.07, 107.62, 40.66 J · K−1 · mol−1, and 19.96 kJ · mol−1, respectively. These properties are also reported from 5 to 2000 K at convenient temperature intervals. The standard molar enthalpy of formation ΔfHmo(Al4SiC4), calculated from Behrens and Rinehart's Knudsen-effusion mass-spectrometric results, is −(203.3 ± 4.9) kJ · mol−1 at 298.15 K.
The optical properties of alanine and proline diketopiperazines

The optical properties of the diketopiperazine chromophore of the cyclic dipeptides have been investigated as a function of molecular conformation. The rotatory strengths of L-alanyl–L-alanine diketopiperazine and L-prolyl–L-proline diketopiperazine have been calculated as a function of the angle of fold of the diketopiperazine ring. The results of these theoretical calculations have been compared with experimental circular dichroism and optical rotatory dispersion data. It is shown that the observed optical properties of these molecules can be explained only if their diketopiperazine rings are folded in opposite directions. The direction of fold is established for each molecule. In solution, the diketopiperazine ring of L-alanyl-L-alanine diketopiperazine is folded in the direction opposite to that found by X-ray diffraction analysis of crystals. It has been observed that the degree of conservatism of the π π* couplet of L-propyl–L-proline diketopiperazine depends markedly upon the nature of the solvent that is used. In addition, a shoulder has been discovered in the CD spectrum of L-alanyl–L-alanine diketopiperazine, which may not be directly attributable to the n π* and π π* transitions of the peptide chromophores.
An Analysis of Health Care Assessments Used for Sustaining Communities

This research addresses the needs for creating realistic health care assessment methodologies. The information acquired from health care assessments shape the policies which will ultimately sustain communities. Health care assessment tools and methods dictate the priorities of community health care. These priorities assist with the development of community health care research, the exploration of community based need initiatives and the design of pertinent policies which meet the demands of community health care. Community health assessment involves people and allows them to express their views, which leads to more self esteem, particularly in disadvantaged communities. Participatory community health care research relates to the continuity of the economic, social, institutional and environmental aspects of human society, as well as the non-human environment in which our communities thrive. This research will review the current literature pertinent to participatory action research. Additionally, this research will address the advantages, disadvantages and the ethical issues of participatory action research methods. Selected case studies are used to explain community based models which have identified necessary strategies which have been utilized to articulate and assist current community health issues in specified populations.
College students' ratings of student effort, student ability and teacher input as correlates of student performance on multiple-choice exams

In the class session following feedback regarding their scores on multiple-choice exams, undergraduate students in a large human development course rated the strength of possible contributors to their exam performance. Students rated items related to their personal effort in preparing for the exam (identified as student effort in the paper), their ability to perform well on the exams (identified as student ability), and teacher input that might have affected their exam performance. Students rated most student effort items higher than teacher input and student ability items. Notwithstanding, across all exams, ratings of student ability and teacher input correlated more strongly with exam performance than did student effort ratings. High and low performers on the exams differed significantly on ratings of student ability and teacher input, but were more similar on ratings of student effort.
Molecular cloning of a chicken JAK homolog from activated T cells

A cDNA encoding a JAK-related protein was isolated from a chicken Tcell library by screening with a PCR-generated probe that corresponds to a conserved region in the kinase domain. Sequence analysis reveals an ORF of 3318nt, encoding a protein with a calculated molecular weight of 123000. Chicken JAK (cJAK) contains a double catalytic domain that is characteristic of the JAK family of tyrosine kinases. Compared with mammalian JAKs, the kinase domain shows 70% sequence identity with the corresponding region of the mammalian JAKs. Overall, cJAK shows approximately 59% amino acid identity with mammalian JAK3s, and 52% amino acid identity with mammalian JAK2s. cJAK is expressed predominantly in thymus and spleen, with lower levels in kidney, thyroid and liver. cJAK is also expressed at low levels in unstimulated splenic Tcells, whereas mRNA levels are increased after activation of the Tcells with Con A. The sequence analysis and pattern of expression suggests that this is an avian homolog of JAK3.
A 3D finite deformation constitutive model for amorphous shape memory polymers: A multi-branch modeling approach for nonequilibrium relaxation processes

Abstract Shape memory polymers (SMPs) are materials that can recover a large pre-deformed shape in response to environmental stimuli. For a thermally activated amorphous SMP, the pre-deformation and recovery of the shape require the SMP to traverse its glass transition temperature ( T g ) to complete the shape memory (SM) cycle. As a result, the recovery behavior of SMPs shows strong dependency on both the pre-deforming temperature and recovery temperature. Generally, to capture the multitude of relaxation processes, multi-branch models (similar to the 1D generalized viscoelastic model or Prony series) are used to model the time-dependent behaviors of polymers. This approach often requires an arbitrary (usually numerous) number of branches to capture the material behavior, which results in a substantial number of material parameters. In this paper, a multi-branch model is developed to capture the SM effect by considering the complex thermomechanical properties of amorphous SMPs as the temperature crosses T g . The model utilizes two sets of nonequilibrium branches for fundamentally different modes of relaxation: the glassy mode and Rouse modes. This leads to a significant reduction in the number of material parameters. Model simulation comparisons with a range of thermomechanical experiments conducted on a tert -butyl acrylate-based SMP show very good agreement. The model is further utilized to explore the intrinsic recovery behavior of an SMP and the size effects on the free recovery characteristics of a magneto-sensitive SMP composite.
Decoupling technique for CMOS gate with strong-coupled components

A novel decoupling technique for a CMOS gate with strong-coupled components is presented. The feedback structure is reduced to a unidirectional one. The hysteresis phenomena are characterised. Using the waveform relaxation technique, the decoupling principle and procedures are discussed in detail. The model predictions are verified by SPICE simulation.
Increased mRNA levels of xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group B (XPB) and Cockayne’s syndrome complementation group B (CSB) without increased mRNA levels of multidrug-resistance gene (MDR1) or metallothionein-II (MT-II) in platinum-resistant human ovarian cancer tissues

Tumor tissue specimens from human ovarian cancer patients were assessed for relative mRNA abundance levels of several genes thought to be involved in the development of in vitro drug resistance in this disease. Higher mRNA levels of Xeroderma pigmentosum group B (XPB), which links DNA repair with DNA transcription, and of Cockayne's syndrome group B (CSB), which is essential for gene-specific repair, were observed in tumor tissues that were clinically resistant to platinum-based chemotherapy, as compared with tissues from patients responding to therapy. In a cohort of 27 patients, mRNA levels of XPB averaged 5-fold higher in platinum-resistant tumors (P = 0.001); and for CSB, mRNA levels averaged 6-fold higher but with greater variability (P = 0.033). Concurrently, these platinum-resistant tumor tissues did not exhibit significantly higher mRNA levels for the MDR1 (multidrug-resistance) gene (P = 0.134) or of the metallothionein-II (MT-II) gene (P = 0.598). Since these platinum-resistant tumors also show higher mRNA levels of ERCC1 and XPA, platinum resistance appears to be associated with concurrent up-regulation of four genes (XPA, ERCC1, XPB, and CSB). These four genes participate in DNA damage excision activity, gene-specific repair, and linkage of DNA repair with DNA transcription. These data suggest that concurrent up-regulation of genes involved in nucleotide excision repair may be important in clinical resistance to platinum-based chemotherapy in this disease.
The Grafting of Per-(2,3,6- O -allyl)-β Cyclodextrin onto Derivatized Cotton Cellulose via Thermal and Atmospheric Plasma Techniques

In recent years, cyclodextrin applications have been expanding to include textile finishing, providing new and unique functionalities to the fabric substrates. In this work the grafting of Per-(2,3,6-O-allyl)-β cyclodextrin by plasma and conventional thermofixation methods is described. The fabric substrate was cotton and activated by the surface modification of the fibers by the synthesis of iododeoxycellulose, cellulose peroxide, and a cellulose diazonium salt. Several plasma machines and conventional thermal techniques for fixation were studied. Iododeoxycellulose gave the best results by thermofixation and the in situ mode of the APJeT atmospheric plasma machine. Linoleic, ricinoleic, oleic acids were included in the grafted cyclodextrin fabrics as possible wound healing agents. The cyto-compatibility of the treated samples either included or un-included with fatty acids shows promising results.
Electron Emission of Metals in Electric Fields III. The Transition from Thermionic to Cold Emission

The theory of Schottky emission is extended to include in the current those electrons which tunnel through the top of the potential barrier at the metal surface when rather strong electric fields are used. It is found that these tunnelling electrons contribute to the periodic deviations from the Schottky line, increasing the amplitude of the deviations. This increase leads to a better agreement with experiment, especially for large fields. This agreement requires that the Nottingham reflection coefficient be very small for fields greater than ${10}^{4}$ volts per cm. Expressions are developed for the electron current emitted by a metal for various field intensities ranging from the small fields of thermionic work to the large fields used in cold emission. Results are obtained to indicate the temperature and field dependence of the electron current for all fields and temperatures of interest. Of particular interest is the expression developed for the current in the "transition region," i.e., $T\ensuremath{\sim}500\ensuremath{-}1200$ K and $F\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{7}\ensuremath{-}{10}^{8}$ volts per cm. The modifications which must be made in the theory to take account of the polycrystalline nature of the emitting surface have no effect on the periodic deviations from the Schottky line, and very little effect on the fluctuations observed in field photo-currents.
Virally induced inflammation and therapeutic avenues in type 1 diabetes.

The precise cause for most human autoimmune diseases remains poorlydeﬁned. Autoimmunity may be one of the consequences of the developmentof a complex mammalian immune system required to ensure the organism’shomeostasis in a dynamic environment. The manifestation of clinicalautoimmunity is the result of an intricate interplay between genetic andenvironmental factors that is, for the most part, incompletely understood.In particular, infectious agents have been invoked in triggering autoim-mune diseases under conditions of genetic susceptibility (comprehensivelyreviewed in reference [1]), but they can also stop autoimmune processes[2]. Some aspects of this dichotomy are highlighted in this article and theexperimental models presented might help to guide clinicians in ongoing andfuture epidemiologic and immunologic investigations in humans.Enhancement of autoimmunity by viral infectionsMany viral infections have been shown to be associated with commonhuman autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis and type 1 diabetes(T1D) [1,3,4]. To account for this positive link between infections anddevelopment of autoaggression, two not mutually exclusive aspects ofpathogenesis have to be considered. First, infection of a particular targetorgan can lead to an inﬂammatory milieu that creates an environmentconducive to the development of autoimmunity, possibly by directly(chemokines/cytokines) or indirectly (release of autoantigens) activating
Relationship between diaphragmatic activation and twitch tension to superimposed electrical stimulation in the cat.

Abstract The purpose of these experiments was to evaluate the validity of the ‘twitch-occlusion’ method as an index of the extent of diaphragmatic activation and to assess the extent of diaphragmatic activation during inspiration. Studies were performed in situ on innervated, perfused muscle strips from the costal region of the diaphragm in ten anesthetized cats. We measured isometric tension generated by the diaphragm during inspiration and following an interpolated electrical stimulation (2Hz, 100 μsec, 3.0 × threshold) of the nerve. The extent of MU activation was assessed by comparing twitch amplitudes during electrical stimulation applied in expiration and in inspiration. Spontaneous inspiratory activity was induced by adding CO2 to the inspired oxygen. Within an animal, the relationship between diaphragmatic activation and twitch occlusion was linear (range of r values was from −0.88 to −0.94). The extent of spontaneous diaphragmatic activation was normalized by dividing tension at end inspiration by the average twitch tension caused by stimuli applied during expiration. Across animals, twitch amplitude was inversely related to diaphragmatic activation ( y = −0.36 x + 1.13, r = −0.94 ). At a respiratory drive with end-tidal PCO2 approximately 1% above apneic threshold (end-tidal PCO2 between 5 and 6%), twitch occlusion was less than 5.0%. Increasing end-tidal PCO2 to at least 5% above apneic threshold (end-tidal PCO2 between 9 and 11%), twitch occlusion was still less than 50%. These results from a preparation that allows direct measurement of isometric tension of the diaphragm show that the interpolated twitch is linearly related to the event of muscle activation through a broad range of muscle activity. In addition, these data indicate that at higher respiratory drives there exists a large reserve in the phrenic motor pool.
Leukocytosis and large cell lung cancer. A frequent association

In a retrospective study of 105 patients with non-small cell lung cancer during a 5-year period, 43 had leukocytosis. In 19 of the 43 patients, no clear cut etiology for the leukocytosis was apparent and it was attributed to the tumor itself. In these 19 patients, absolute neutrophilia was detected in 13, eosinophilia was present in three, and eleven exhibited concomitant thrombocytosis. Tumor-associated leukocytosis occurred predominantly, and eosinophilia exclusively, in patients with large cell pulmonary neoplasms. These results suggest an unusual myeloproliferative stimulus in this type of cancer. It may result from tumor cell production of hemopoietic growth factors such as granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating activity; however, additional studies are needed to elucidate the underlying mechanism(s), and to determine whether this is a peculiar characteristic of the cells that comprise large cell undifferentiated carcinoma of the lung.
Computed tomography in the evaluation of lymphoma of the uterine cervix

Primary involvement of the uterine cervix is a rare presentation of extranodal lymphoma. The clinical and computed tomography findings are described in four patients ranging from 23 to 74 years of age. All presented with vaginal bleeding. Computed tomography findings were similar to those of other primary pelvic neoplasms, with diffuse uterine enlargement and lobular contour alteration often mimicking fibroids. Lymphadenopathy was not observed in comparison to secondary lymphoma of the female genitalia. All patients had excisional biopsies. One patient had an initial TAH and BSO. Histology was varied with one case of large cell lymphoma, one of diffuse histiocytic, one of unclassifiable poorly differentiated lymphoma, and one of nodular poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma that was finally classified as granulocytic sarcoma. Disease extent could be assessed by computed tomography and aided treatment planning. In conclusion, computed tomography was found to be useful in the evaluation of uterine lymphoma. Although the findings are not specific, the local tumor extent can be evaluated at the same time as other sites of potential involvement.
Mammary epithelial cell transformation is associated with deregulation of the vitamin D pathway.

The vitamin D endocrine system mediates anti-proliferative and pro-differentiating signaling in multiple epithelial tissues, including mammary gland and breast tumors. The vitamin D metabolite 1α,25(OH) 2 D 3 mediates growth inhibitory signaling via activation of the vitamin D receptor (VDR), a ligand dependent transcription factor. 1α,25(OH) 2 D 3 is synthesized from 25(OH)D 3 (the major circulating form of the vitamin) by the mitochondrial enzyme CYP27bl in renal and other tissues. Human mammary epithelial (HME) cells express VDR and CYP27b 1 and undergo growth inhibition when exposed to physiological concentrations of 25(OH)D 3 , suggesting that autocrine or paracrine vitamin D signaling contributes to maintenance of differentiation and quiescence in the mammary epithelium. In the current studies we tested the hypothesis that cancer cells would exhibit reduced sensitivity to vitamin D mediated negative growth regulation. We used a series of progressively transformed HME cell lines expressing known oncogenic manipulations to study the effects of transformation per se on the vitamin D pathway. We report that mRNA and protein levels of VDR and CYP27b 1 were reduced greater than 70% upon stable introduction of known oncogenes (SV40 T antigens and H-rasV1 2) into HME cells. Oncogenic transformation was also associated with reduced 1α,25(OH) 2 D 3 synthesis, and cellular sensitivity to growth inhibition by 1α,25(OH) 2 D 3 and 25(OH)D 3 was decreased approximately 100-fold in transformed cells. These studies provide evidence that disruption of the vitamin D signaling pathway occurs early in the cancer development process.
Model Analysis Of Response Of Pensacola Bahiagrass To Applied Nitrogen On Two Soils

The extended logistic model has proven very convenient for describing crop response (yield and plant nutrient uptake) to applied nutrients such as nitrogen. Model parameters are easily evaluated from field data for a particular crop, including annuals and perennials. In this article data from a five-year study for Pensacola bahiagrass (Cynodon dactylon Flugge) grown on an Entisol (excessively drained soil) and a Spodosol (poorly drained soil) in Florida are analyzed. The model described the pattern in the data quite well for both soils. Average yield over the five-year period for the Entisol was 56% of that for the Spodosol. Detailed analysis showed that even with high a level of nitrogen and water, yield for the Entisol would still only be 71% of that for the Spodosol. Comparison of various model parameters between the two soils is included. #Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Series No. R-08746.
Transboundary Aquifers: Conceptual Models for Development of International Law

More than one-half of the world's population is dependent on ground water for everyday uses such as drinking, cooking, and hygiene. In fact, it is the most extracted natural resource in the world. As a result of growing populations and expanding economies, many aquifers today are being depleted while others are being contaminated. Notwithstanding the world's considerable reliance on this resource, ground water resources have long received only secondary attention as compared to surface water, especially among legislatures and policymakers. Today, while there are hundreds of treaties governing transboundary rivers and lakes, there is only one international agreement that directly addresses a transboundary aquifer. Given that many of the aquifers on which humanity so heavily relies cross international borders, there is a considerable gap in the sound management, allocation, and protection of such resources. In order to prevent future disputes over transboundary aquifers and to maximize the beneficial use of this resource, international law must be clarified as it applies to transboundary ground water resources. Moreover, it must be defined with a firm basis in sound scientific understanding. In this paper we offer six conceptual models is which ground water resources can have transboundary consequences. The models are intended to help in assessing the applicability and scientific soundness of existing and proposed rules governing transboundary ground water resources. In addition, we consider the development of international law as it applies to ground water resources and make recommendations based on the models and principles of hydrogeology. The objective is the development of clear, logical, and science-based norms of state conducts as they relate to aquifers that traverse political boundaries.