cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design of steel frames without consideration of effective length

Abstract In this paper, limits that have been suggested in the literature for use of K = 1 and/or for neglecting PΔ moments in design are reviewed within the context of AISC LRFD practice. The paper then presents general equations that give the error in the AISC LRFD beam-column interaction equations associated with the use of K = 1. In the development of these error equations, it is assumed that the design is based on second-order elastic forces calculated as per the requirements of the present AISC LRFD Specification, i.e., by use of approximate amplifiers or by direct analysis with geometric imperfection or notional load effects not included in the analysis calculations. The influence of key variables on the error is studied, and recommendations are provided for when the design of steel frames by AISC LRFD may be based on K = 1. The paper closes by comparing design strengths with and without effective length to the results from elastic-plastic hinge and rigorous plastic zone analyses for several ‘maximum error’ examples. This provides an assessment of the accuracy of upper-bound error estimates, and of the implications of using K = 1 relative to the theoretical inelastic frame behaviour. The discussions and recommendations are applicable for any type of steel frame (i.e., frames with fully or partially restrained connections, and unbraced or partially braced frames) in which a storey-by-storey sidesway stability assessment is appropriate.
Kinetic isotope effect in the protonation of anthracenide salts by MeOH and MeOD role of counterions and solvents

Kinetics of protonation of Li+, Na+, K+, and Cs+ salts of anthracene radical anions (A−·,Cat+) and dianions (A2−, 2Cat+) by MeOH and MeOD in tetrahydrofuran (THF) and dimethoxyethane (DME) led to the determination of the isotope effect (kH/kD) in the following reactions: Studies of cation and solvent influence on the rate constants of these reactions and on the magnitude of the isotope effect permitted us to draw some conclusions about the structure of the pertinent transition states. It seems that only the tight A−·,Na+ pairs participate in the protonation, and on this basis the fraction of tight ion paris of A−·,Na+ in DME was estimated. Our results have been compared with data reported in the literature.
THE SOCIAL SHAPING OF EMOTION: THE CASE OF GRIEF*

This article addresses the issue of how deeply social arrangements may penetrate into private emotion, in this instance, grief. It argues that the data necessary to address the issue satisfactorily are not available and thus current assumptions in the literature about the universality of the grief experience are at least suspect. However, there are theoretical reasons, derived from interactionist thought, to suspect that if certain components of the grief experience vary, so will the experience. Four of these components are examined (level of significance of the other who dies; definition of the situation surrounding the death; character of the self experiencing a loss through death; and the interactional situatiodsetting in which the prior three components occur). Evidence is also presented which is suggestive of space-time variation in these components. It is concluded that an assumption of the deep social shaping and thus the variability of grief is fruitful for further empirical inquiries. One of the recurring tensions in the study of human beings arises over the question of how similar, historically and cross-culturally, the species may be. This issue of the universality, or more accurately, the extent of the universality of human nature seems to be an extraordinarily complex one. Consider how believable we find points of view on the issue which are diametrically opposed. Humanists have tended to argue with Terence that “nothing human is alien to me.” And out of our capacity to understand, to find meaning, to take delight in music and poetry and drama and art and letters that have traveled great distances in time and space, we judge the arguments of the humanists to be fully plausible. Conversely, historians and anthropologists, especially, have emphasized the incredible diversity of humankind, the extraordinary capacity of the species to generate different ways of being in the world. And when we read well-developed portraits of other
A Constitutional Pied Piper: The Northern Irish Good Friday Agreement

As in other recent cases of momentous political change after long years of stalemate and stagnation, the pace of reform in the six counties of the north of Ireland has quickened since the mid 1990s. The current peace process has its roots in the Anglo-Irish agreement of 1985, which established an Intergovernmental Conference of Irish and British ministers to discuss political and legal matters relevant to Northern Ireland. Despite considerable Protestant Unionist opposition to the agreement, five years later the British government launched an initiative to convene discussions between the parties of the north and south and themselves about a possible future settlement framework. However, the late 1980s and early 1990s were characterized by burgeoning paramilitary atrocities and political intransigence. It was not until the Downing Street Declaration of December 1993 that the horizon brightened and negotiations 'between all significant actors began to be a real possibility. The Declaration outlined structures for peace negotiations, allowed for the possibility of a united Ireland, and unequivocally accepted the legitimacy of self-determination within the province. After nine months of wrangling, the initiative of British Prime Minister John Major and the Irish Prime Minister Albert Reynolds intrigued the Irish Republican Army (IRA) sufficiently for it to announce a cessation of violence, which was accompanied by loyalist paramilitary cease-fires.1 In December 1995, the framework was given teeth in discus-
In situ determination of refractive index and size of Bacillus spores by light transmission

Light-extinction measurements in the wavelength range of 400 to 1000 nm are performed in situ on Bacillus subtilis endospores during heat-shock-induced activation. Simultaneous information on particle size and refractive indices during activation is calculated from the transmission spectra by use of the Gaussian ray approximation of anomalous diffraction theory. During activation the refractive index of the core decreases from 1.51 to 1.39, and the size increases from 0.38 to 0.6 microm.
ICEPIC simulation of a strapped non-relativistic high-power CW UHF magnetron with a helical cathode operating in the explosive electron emission mode

The commercial, off-the-shelf (COTS) industrial heating magnetrons are the most powerful non-relativistic Microwave Vacuum Electronic Devices (MVED) operating in the upper part of the UHF band (800–1000 MHz). There are limitations imposed on the magnetron operation by the thermionic cathodes operating in the thermal electron emission mode. Among the most severe limitations are (i) the time the magnetron takes to be ready to operate when necessary (the warm-up time), and (ii) the inability to increase the current without damage in an effort to produce greater microwave power. Recently, the High Power Microwave Division of the Air Force Research Laboratory, Directed Energy Directorate (AFRL/RDH) initiated the project, “Non-thermionic cathode for high power, long pulse, and long lifetime magnetrons.” The project aims at developing a “compact electron emitting cathode capable of re-placing the conventional thermionic source without changing the microwave source operation and eliminating the heater for the thermionic cathode.” This paper presents results of PIC simulations of a strapped non-relativistic UHF magnetron with geometrical and operational parameters similar to those of the high-power industrial heating 915 MHz magnetron, and a helical cathode operating in the explosive electron emission mode producing the maximum available i.e. “space-charge-limited” (SCL) current.
The comparative effectiveness of outpatient treatment for adolescent substance abuse: A meta-analysis

Meta-analysis was used to synthesize research on the effects of outpatient treatment on substance use outcomes for adolescents with substance use disorders. An extensive literature search located 45 eligible experimental or quasi-experimental studies reporting 73 treatment-comparison group pairs, with many of the comparison groups also receiving some treatment. The first analysis examined 250 effect sizes for the substance use outcomes of adolescents receiving different types of treatment relative to the respective comparison groups. As a category, family therapy programs were found to be more effective than their comparison conditions, whereas no treatment programs were less effective. However, not all treatment types were compared with each other in the available research, making it difficult to assess the comparative effectiveness of the different treatments. To provide a more differentiated picture of the relative improvement in substance use outcomes for different treatments, a second analysis examined 311 pre-post effect sizes measuring changes in substance use for adolescents in the separate treatment and comparison arms of the studies. The adolescents in almost all types of treatment showed reductions in substance use. The greatest improvements were found for family therapy and mixed and group counseling. Longer treatment duration was associated with smaller improvements, but other treatment characteristics and participant characteristics had little relationship to the pre-post changes in substance use. Based on these findings family therapy is the treatment with the strongest evidence of comparative effectiveness, although most types of treatment appear to be beneficial in helping adolescents reduce their substance use.
Ethanol effects on freezing and conspecific attack in rats previously exposed to a cat.

Male rats under saline or three levels of ethanol were briefly exposed to a cat or to a control stimulus and then presented with a male conspecific in the same ssituation. Cat exposure produced prolonged freezing and a suppression of aggression for the saline group. However, while groups receiving ethanol showed a systematic and reliable reduction in freezing as a function of increasing dose levels, male attack behavior did not show a corresponding (opposite) set of changes: Although freezing was reliably reduced at 0.6 and 1.2 g/kg ethanol an increase in offensive behavior at the 0.6 dose level was not reliable, while offense reliably declined at the higher level. Correlations between freezing changes and offense were significant only for the 0.3 g/kg dose level groups, for which neither freezing nor attack was reliably different from the saline level. The partial disassociation of freezing and the suppression of male attack on a conspecific is not congruent with a view that the effects of ethanol on aggression are mediated by an ethanol-based suppression of fear. However, these results do suggest that the offense and fear-related changes may be linked at very low ethanol doses.
Innovative technologies for managing oil field waste.

Each year, the oil industry generates millions of barrels of wastes that need to be properly managed. For many years, most oil field wastes were disposed of at a significant cost. However, over the past decade, the industry has developed many processes and technologies to minimize the generation of wastes and to more safely and economically dispose of the waste that is generated. Many companies follow a three-tiered waste management approach. First, companies try to minimize waste generation when possible. Next, they try to find ways to reuse or recycle the wastes that are generated. Finally, the wastes that cannot be reused or recycled must be disposed of. Argonne National Laboratory (Argonne) has evaluated the feasibility of various oil field waste management technologies for the U.S. Department of Energy. This paper describes four of the technologies Argonne has reviewed. In the area of waste minimization, the industry has developed synthetic-based drilling muds (SBMs) that have the desired drilling properties of oil-based muds without the accompanying adverse environmental impacts. Use of SBMs avoids significant air pollution from work boats hauling offshore cuttings to shore for disposal and provides more efficient drilling than can be achieved with water-based muds. Downhole oil/water separatorsmore » have been developed to separate produced water from oil at the bottom of wells. The produced water is directly injected to an underground formation without ever being lifted to the surface, thereby avoiding potential for groundwater or soil contamination. In the area of reuse/recycle, Argonne has worked with Southeastern Louisiana University and industry to develop a process to use treated drill cuttings to restore wetlands in coastal Louisiana. Finally, in an example of treatment and disposal, Argonne has conducted a series of four baseline studies to characterize the use of salt caverns for safe and economic disposal of oil field wastes.« less
Catalytic Coprocessing of Low-Density Polyethylene with VGO Using Metal Supported on Activated Carbon

The main objective of this study was to explore nonacidic catalysts for recycling of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) by coprocessing with vacuum gas oil (VGO). The focus of this study is to investigate processability of coprocessing LDPE with VGO, and to obtain environmentally friendly liquid fuels from such coprocessing. LDPE and VGO were cracked over activated carbon-supported metal catalysts (M−Ac) and acidic catalysts (HZSM-5, DHC-8) using a batch autoclave at 425, 435, and 450 °C under hydrogen atmosphere. In hydrocracking of LDPE in VGO, the most suitable temperature was found to be 435 °C. The amount of sulfur in liquid products obtained from hydrocracking over activated carbon-supported metal catalysts was lower than that over HZSM-5. Activated carbon-supported metal catalysts acted as an absorbent for sulfur compounds and H2S and also facilitated hydrodesulfurization (HDS). The hydrocarbon types in liquids were determined by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis. In the cases of activated car...
Free fatty acid production in Escherichia coli under phosphate-limited conditions.

Microbially synthesized fatty acids are an attractive platform for producing renewable alternatives to petrochemically derived transportation fuels and oleochemicals. Free fatty acids (FFA) are a direct precursor to many high-value compounds that can be made via biochemical and ex vivo catalytic pathways. To be competitive with current petrochemicals, flux through these pathways must be optimized to approach theoretical yields. Using a plasmid-free, FFA-producing strain of Escherichia coli, a set of chemostat experiments were conducted to gather data for FFA production under phosphate limitation. A prior study focused on carbon-limited conditions strongly implicated non-carbon limitations as a preferred media formulation for maximizing FFA yield. Here, additional data were collected to expand an established kinetic model of FFA production and identify targets for further metabolic engineering. The updated model was able to successfully predict the strain’s behavior and FFA production in a batch culture. The highest yield observed under phosphate-limiting conditions (0.1 g FFA/g glucose) was obtained at a dilution rate of 0.1 h−1, and the highest biomass-specific productivity (0.068 g FFA/gDCW/h) was observed at a dilution rate of 0.25 h−1. Phosphate limitation increased yield (∼45 %) and biomass-specific productivity (∼300 %) relative to carbon-limited cultivations using the same strain. FFA production under phosphate limitation also led to a cellular maintenance energy ∼400 % higher (0.28 g/gDCW/h) than that seen under carbon limitation.
Need to know: An attitude on public access

Abstract This article explores the importance of attitude on program implementation with reference to the federal Freedom of Information Act. Special attention is given to the “Need to Know” concept which is basic to government information practice. The premises for decision, as Herbert Simon says in Administrative Behavior, are basic to understanding administration and administrative outcomes. Knowledge of these premises or attitudes allows a requestor more opportunity to influence access decisions.
Effectiveness of psychological intervention following sport injury

With increasing attention given to the development and implementation of psychological interventions during the sport injury rehabilitation process, there is a need to document the effectiveness of these interventions. The purpose of this review was to summarize the empirical findings of the effects of psychological interventions in reducing post-injury psychological consequences and improving psychological coping during the injury rehabilitation process among competitive and recreational athletes. In February 2012, utilizing a comprehensive search strategy, we conducted electronic searches of multiple electronic databases for randomized and nonrandomized control trials that evaluated interventions targeting populations of injured competitive and recreational athletes age 17 years and older. We included interventions that directly intervene on injured athletes’ psychological outcomes (e.g., psychological consequences, psychological coping and re-injury anxiety) and utilized psychological strategies including imagery, goal-setting, relaxation, and other common techniques during the post-injury rehabilitation period. Six studies, described in seven peer-reviewed published articles, met study inclusion criteria and were included in this review. Of those studies, two included randomized control trials, two used before and after study designs and two were case study designs. Two interventions utilized guided imagery and relaxation, two interventions utilized goal-setting and one each utilized microcounseling, written disclosure, and acceptance and commitment therapy. Guided imagery/relaxation was shown to be associated with improved psychological coping and reduced re-injury anxiety. Goal setting, however, was not directly associated with the reduction of negative psychological consequences. Other psychological techniques such as microcounseling skills, acceptance and commitment therapy, and written disclosure have demonstrated effectiveness in reducing negative psychological consequences, improving psychological coping, and reducing re-injury anxiety. Our findings suggest a significant need to develop and implement well-designed intervention studies that target improvement of post-injury psychological outcomes in order to assist injured athletes successfully recovery from sport injury. Copyright 2012, Shanghai University of Sport. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Recurrent transitional cell carcinoma in an ileal conduit

A patient with recurrent transitional cell carcinoma involving an ileal conduit is reported. This case is unusual for the following reasons: the malignancy was located in an area where there was no transitional epithelium; a “napkin ring” deformity was present; there was a 6-year interval between the initial cystectomy and the recurrence of the malignancy.
61.2: Phosphorescent Stacked OLEDs for Warm White Lighting Applications

We report record lifetime for an all-phosphorescent stacked white OLED pixel with an extended lifetime to LT70=25,000 hours at L0=3,000 cd/m2 with 1.72x external outcoupling enhancement and a power efficacy of 60 lm/W. This warm white device meets En ergy Star criteria with CIE 1931 (x, y)=(0.452, 0.420), CCT=2,882K, CRI=83, and demonstrates exceptional color stability as a function of luminance and aging.
Genetics of ethanol-induced locomotor activation: detection of QTLs in a C57BL/6J x DBA/2J F2 intercross.

Moderate doses of ethanol (1–2 g/kg) markedly increase locomotor activity in some inbred mouse strains, for example, the DBA/2J (D2), but have relatively little effect in other strains, for example, the C57BL/6J (B6). In the present study, we conducted a genome-wide search in a B6D2 F2 intercross (N = 925) for quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with the locomotor response. A QTL with a LOD score of 8.4 was detected on Chromosome (Chr) 2; this QTL accounted for 11.4% of the phenotypic variance and approximately 30% of the genetic variance. The QTL on Chr 2 is in the same general region as QTLs previously described for ethanol preference/consumption (Rodriguez et al. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 19, 367, 1995; Melo et al. Nat Genet 13, 147, 1996; Phillips et al. Mamm Genome, in press), acute ethanol withdrawal (Buck et al. J. Neurosci 17, 3946, 1997) and nitrous oxide withdrawal severity (Belknap et al. Behav Genet 23, 213, 1993). A logical candidate gene in the region of interest is the enzyme which synthesizes GABA, glutamic acid decarboxylase 1 (GadI).
A twelve-analyzer detector system for high-resolution powder diffraction

A dedicated high-resolution high-throughput X-ray powder diffraction beamline has been constructed at the Advanced Photon Source (APS). In order to achieve the goals of both high resolution and high throughput in a powder instrument, a multi-analyzer detector system is required. The design and performance of the 12-analyzer detector system installed on the powder diffractometer at the 11-BM beamline of APS are presented.
Oxidant generation and toxicity enhancement of aged-diesel exhaust

Abstract Diesel exhaust related airborne Particulate Matter (PM) has been linked to a myriad of adverse health outcomes, ranging from cancer to cardiopulmonary disease. The underlying toxicological mechanisms are of great scientific interest. A hypothesis under investigation is that many of the adverse health effects may derive from oxidative stress, initiated by the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within affected cells. In this study, the main objective was to determine whether aged-diesel exhaust PM has a higher oxidant generation and toxicity than fresh diesel exhaust PM. The diesel exhaust PM was generated from a 1980 Mercedes-Benz model 300SD, and a dual 270 m 3 Teflon film chamber was utilized to generate two test atmospheres. One side of the chamber is used to produce ozone–diesel exhaust PM system, and another side of the chamber was used to produce diesel exhaust PM only system. A newly optimized dithiothreitol (DTT) method was used to assess their oxidant generation and toxicity. The results of this study showed: (1) both fresh and aged-diesel exhaust PM had high oxidant generation and toxicity; (2) ozone–diesel exhaust PM had a higher toxicity response than diesel exhaust PM only; (3) the diesel exhaust PM toxicity increased with time; (4) the optimized DTT method could be used as a good quantitative chemical assay for oxidant generation and toxicity measurement.
The Properties of Organic Compounds in Molecular Clusters

Two aspects of the properties of organic compounds in molecular clusters are considered. The first involves the reactions of nitrogen-containing organics that have high proton affinities with tropospheric cluster ions and the recognition and identification of pyridine and its homologues as atmospheric species. The second aspect concerns characterization of the environment of organic molecules by resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization.
A Note on the Consistency of Maximum Likelihood Estimates for Finite Families of Stochastic Processes

The note considers families of stochastic processes indexed by a finite number of alternative parameter values. For general classes of stochastic processes, it is shown that maximum-likelihood estimates converge almost surely to the correct parameter value. This is established by use of a submartingale property of the sequence of maximized-likelihood ratios together with a technique first employed by Wald (1949) in the case of independent identically distributed random variables.
The May 2013 SNPP Cal/Val Campaign: validation of satellite soundings

The NAST-I and SHIS ultra spectral interferometer sounders flew on the NASA ER-2 aircraft during the May 2013 S-NPP Calibration/Validation Campaign. The ER-2 under flew the Metop-A and –B, Aqua, and SNPP satellites, which carry the IASI, AIRS, and CrIS ultra spectral sounding instruments, respectively. Special ground truth radiosonde and surface based upward viewing ultraspectral radiance Planetary boundary Layer (PBL) sounding observations (i.e., from the AERI and the ASSIST interferometer spectrometers) were obtained at the DOE Southern Great Plains (SGP) ARM CART-site and from a mobile ground site located in Yuma, Arizona. A common physical/statistical sounding retrieval algorithm and statistical database have been applied to the aircraft, ground-based interferometer, and satellite ultra spectral radiance data in order to use the higher spatial resolution aircraft data and higher vertical resolution surface-based interferometer PBL soundings, and radiosonde profiles, to validate the satellite sounding products. Differences between the satellite and the surface/airborne ground “truth” measurements are discussed. In particular, the comparisons between the satellite retrieved profiles and the ground truth observations revealed that improvements in the specification of surface emissivity spectra were needed in order to retrieve accurate atmospheric structure in the Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL). As a result a physical simultaneous surface skin/surface emissivity determination algorithm was implemented which improved the accuracy of atmospheric profiles retrieved throughput the lower trophosphere. Here, special emphasis is given to validating the satellite atmospheric stability and time tendency observations made prior to the development of the devastating Moore, OK tornado on May 20, 2013.
On the trough-to-peak ratio of drug effect in antihypertensive trials

Blood pressure in hypertensives (treated or untreated) varies over the course of the day, and, although animal models and human intervention studies have demonstrated that the ill effects of hypertension are mediated by the pressure itself, and not by some confounder, it remains unknown what time-related function of pressure (simple mean, root-mean-square, duration of pressure above some threshhold, and so on) might be the best predictor of hypertension-related morbidity. There is no accepted means of describing the time course of blood pressure, let alone a difference between two such descriptions, which might then be a description of the time course of a drug effect. In a document dated 1988, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) defined the trough-to-peak drug-effect ratio and indicated that drug approval would be granted only when values of this statistic were satisfactory. The FDA's belief in the importance of the time-course of drug effect has grown stronger over time, but the idea that only drugs with certain trough-to-peak ratios could be approved was discarded by the FDA within months of its appearance. In recent years, more promising means of assessing the time-course of drug effect have begun to take shape.
Econometric studies of non-industrial private forest management: a review and synthesis

Abstract Forest policies and management increasingly rely on economic models to explain behaviors of landowners and to project forest outputs, inventories and land use. However, it is unclear whether the existing econometric models offer general conclusions concerning non-industrial private forest (NIPF) management or whether the existing results are case-specific. In this paper, we systematically review the empirical economics literature on NIPF timber harvesting, reforestation, and timber stand improvements (TSI). We confirm four primary categories of management determinants: market drivers, policy variables, owner characteristics and plot/resource conditions. We rely on the most basic form of meta-analysis, vote counting, to combine information from many studies to produce more general knowledge concerning the key determinants of harvesting, reforestation and TSI within these four categories. Despite substantial differences in the variables used across models, the use of meta-analysis enables the systematic identification of the factors that are most important in explaining NIPF management. We conclude with some methodological and policy suggestions.
A comparison of ozonation and chlorination for the disinfection of stainless steel surfaces

Ozonated water and chlorinated sanitizer were compared for effectiveness against biofilms of milk spoilage bacteria. Stainless steel plates were incubated in UHT-pasteurized milk inoculated with pure cultures of either Pseudomonas fluorescens (ATCC 949) or Alcaligenes faecalis (ATCC 337). After incubation, the plates were removed and rinsed in sterile PBS. A control rinsed stainless steel plate was swabbed and plated on standard plate count agar. A second rinsed stainless steel plate was covered and treated for 2 min with a commercial chlorinated sanitizer (dichloro-s-triazinetrione), prepared according to the manufacturer's recommendations; after treatment, the plate was rinsed twice in sterile PBS, swabbed, and plated on standard plate count agar. A third rinsed stainless steel plate from the culture was placed in ozonated deionized H2O (.5 ppm of ozone) for 10 min, rinsed twice as described, swabbed, and plated. Both ozonation and chlorination reduced bacteria populations by > 99% at initial cell densities in the range of approximately 1.24 x 10(5) to 8.56 x 10(5) cfu/cm2 for P. fluorescens and 1.53 x 10(4) to 8.56 x 10(5) cfu/cm2 for A. faecalis in milk films on stainless steel surfaces.
Positive value change during college: Normative trends and individual differences

Abstract Do college students move towards “healthier values” over the college years? I examined this question using Kasser and Ryan, 1993 , Kasser and Ryan, 1996 , Kasser and Ryan, 2001 distinction between intrinsic (community, intimacy, and growth) and extrinsic (money, popularity, and appearance) values. Graduating seniors evidenced large shifts away from extrinsic values, and to some extent shifts towards intrinsic values, compared to their freshman year scores. Those who evidenced greater intrinsic value shifts also reported greater increases in psychological well-being over the college career ( Ryff & Keyes, 1995 ), and greater increases in their sense of self-determination in life. Implications for developmental and positive psychology are discussed.
Electrodeposition and corrosion resistance of Ni-W-B coatings

A ternary nickel-base alloy Ni-W-B has been developed for surface corrosion and wear resistance to replace chromium plating, which uses environmentally hazardous solutions. The deposition conditions used an alkaline bath and insoluble anodes. The as-deposited alloy typically contains 40 wt % W and 1 wt % B and has an amorphous or partially amorphous structure. These deposits compare favorably with hexavalent chromium deposits in throwing power, color uniformity, and reflectivity. The corrosion resistance of Ni-W-B alloy was compared with hexavalent chromium and electroless nickel deposits in a variety of acids, including hydrochloric, sulfuric, fluoroboric, and phosphoric. In all cases, best results were obtained with the Ni-W-B deposits.
Translational readthrough at nonsense mutations in the HSF1 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The HSF1 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae directs the synthesis of the heat shock transcription factor, HSF. The gene is essential; disruption mutations are lethal. Using a plasmid shuffle screen, we isolated mutations in the HSF1 gene after in vitro mutagenesis of plasmid DNA with hydroxylamine. From a collection of both conditional (temperature-sensitive) and unconditional lethal mutations, we recovered mutations that map exclusively to the 5′ half of the gene. All are nonsense mutations, including conditional mutations that map 5′ to the portion of the HSF1 gene that encodes the DNA-binding domain of the transcription factor. For one such mutation, we demonstrated that the nonsense mutation is subject to translational readthrough, even though there are no known nonsense suppressors in the genetic background of our strain. Our results suggest that the HSF protein is highly tolerant of amino acid changes, a conclusion that is consistent with the very low degree of evolutionary conservation among HSF proteins. Our results also suggest that translational readthrough occurs with moderate efficiency in yeast, particularly when the terminator codon is followed immediately by an A or C residue. This result illustrates that the inference of gene function from mutant phenotype depends critically upon the analysis of a true null allele, and not merely an amber or ochre allele.
Testing for cointegration using partially linear models

Abstract A partially linear model of cointegration is developed where stationary covariates enter nonparametrically. We propose tests for cointegration using singular values of the estimated autoregressive matrix. The tests are based on eigenvalues of standardized matrices and are relatively simple to compute. Asymptotic theory of the proposed test is developed. It is shown that the limiting distribution of the proposed test is similar to that of several tests in the recent literature. A Gamma approximation of the distribution is discussed to facilitate inference. Finite sample properties of the proposed procedure are illustrated in some limited Monte Carlo experiments. An empirical application to US macroeconomic time series is conducted to highlight the approach.
Endogenous substrates for epidermal transglutaminase.

Abstract Potential in vivo substrates for epidermal transglutaminase have been isolated and partially characterized in human stratum corneum and new born rat epidermis. [14C]Putrescine and dansylcadaverine were incorporated into epidermal protens in vitro. Two high molecular weight proteins incorporated the labels in both the rat and human homogenates. One of the proteins was too large to enter a 4% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide spacer gel; the other was seen at the interface between the spacer gel and a 10% sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide running gel. These proteins were present in a buffer extract, sodium dodecyl sulphate-dithiothreitol extract and NaOH extract. The labels were also incorporated into protein in the insoluble pellet remaining after the afore-mentioned extractions. The incorporation of putrescine and dansylcadaverine was time dependent, and was inhibited by known inhibitors of epidermal transglutaminase. The two high molecular weight proteins had similar amino acid composition, characterized by high glycine, glutamic acid, serine and aspartic acid. Their amino acid composition was similar to, although not identical with, the amino acid composition of α-keratin proteins. Epidermal homogenates incubated in the presence of transglutaminase showed progressive insolubilization of the protein. This cross-linking was inhibited by putrescine. [14C]Glycine, [14C]histidine and [14C]proline were incorporated into epidermal proteins in newborn rats in vivo. The glycine-labelled protein became progressively more insoluble when incubated in vitro in the presence of transglutaminase. In vitro incubation with transglutaminase had no effect on the histidine- and proline-labelled proteins.
Long-Range Spatial Correlations of Eigenfunctions in Quantum Disordered Systems

This paper is devoted to the statistics of the quantum eigenfunctions in an ensemble of metallic grains. We focus on moments of inverse participation ratio. In the universal limit that corresponds to the infinite conductance of the grains, these moments are self-averaging quantities. At large but finite conductance the moments do fluctuate due to the long-range correlations in the eigenfunctions. We evaluate the distributions of fluctuations at given conductance and geometry of the grains and express them through the spectrum of the diffusion operator in the grain.
Contextual Interference and Experience in Acquisition and Transfer

This study was planned to pursue the effects of experience and contextual interference found earlier for a coincident-timing task. Male varsity football athletes and men with minimal experience in these tasks were selected as subjects. Battig's views of contextual interference were supported but no effects of experience level were found.
The role of long non-coding RNA in transcriptional gene silencing

Transcriptional gene silencing controls the activity of transposable elements and expression of protein-coding genes. It requires non-coding transcription, which in plants is performed by RNA Polymerases IV and V (Pol IV and Pol V). Pol IV produces precursors for siRNA biogenesis while Pol V produces scaffold transcripts required for siRNAs and associated proteins to recognize their target loci. In this review I discuss the mechanisms used by Pol IV and Pol V to mediate repressive chromatin modifications. I further discuss the mechanisms controlling non-coding transcription and their role in regulation of genome activity.
Oxidation state determination of plutonium aquo ions using x-ray absorption spectroscopy

Abstract Four oxidation states (III, IV, V, and VI) of Pu may coexist under environmentally relevant conditions. An efficient method to determine the states actually present in various matrices would enhance the ability to model the fate and transport of plutonium in process streams and in the environment. This communication establishes that the L3 X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectra of Pu are primarily determined by the valence state and the presence or absence of the trans dioxo moiety, consistent with previous U and Np XANES studies. The edge energies were observed to shift progressively to higher energy with increasing valence, with an average 1.68 eV increase per formal oxidation state increase. In addition, the general spectral shape of the (III) and (IV) species is clearly different from the dioxo-containing (V) and (VI) species, with the first maximum much larger and sharper for the (III) and (IV) spectra than for the (V) and (VI) spectra.
Enhancing electronic systems with reconfigurable hardware

This article describes how current applications - communications and mobile systems - have employed FPGAs because they are more flexible than ASICs yet with higher speed and lower power consumption than CPUs. This has happened in spite of the fact that we require HDL experts to program them. New applications that can benefit from variable-grain parallelism are hot prospects to emerge as killer applications in the near future, especially as improvements in data movement are made. Enabling these new killer applications can only be accomplished by increasing designer productivity. Graphical tools that provide reusable components and means of expressing parallelism hold great promise in achieving these goals
High-Valent Oxo, Methoxorhenium Complexes: Models for Intermediates and Transition States in Proton-Coupled Multi-Electron Transfer Reactions

Abstract : Dioxorhenium(V) tetrapyridyl species are currently under active investigation as model systems for interfacial two-electron, two-proton transfer reaction sequences We now find that the corresponding oxo, methoxo complexes can be prepared from dioxo species and methyl trifluoromethanesulfonate. The new complexes behave nearly identically to the analogous oxo, hydroxo complexes-with one important exception: CH3(+), unlike H(+), does not dissociate from the oxo ligand. As a direct consequence, the usually elusive rhenium oxidation state, IV, is stabilized with respect to redox disproportionation and is observable for several complexes at high pH. The ability to detect this state, in turn leads to: (1) direct access to the formal reduction potentials for the isolated 1e(-) redox couples comprising the overall two electron transfer (key information for understanding multi-ET kinetics) (2) elucidation of the profound structural and energetic consequences of the initial protonation (methylation) step in the dioxorhenium(V) reduction kinetics.
Dynamics of hot-electron transfer in oriented methyl halides on GaAs(110)

Abstract The ordered molecular orientation of CH3X (X = Cl, Br and I) on GaAs(110) has been studied by angle-resolved time-of-flght (TOF) spectra of methyl fragments ejected by dissociation due to photoinduced electron transfer processes. A hot electron, produced in the substrate by UV irradiation, induces scission of CX bond in a manner similar to gas phase dissociation electron attachment (DEA). The methyl fragments ejected from a 1 ML layer have a unique angular distribution peaked about −45° ± 5° in the [ 0 1 ] direction defined by the GaAs(110) surface. The dynamics of electron transfer reactions in these systems, including the wavelength (193, 248 and 351 nm) dependence of the DEA reaction and the dependence of the dissociation cross section on the different methyl-halide molecules are discussed. The molecular orientation has been probed by near-edge X-ray adsorption fine structure (NEXAFS) experiments which indicate that the tilted orientation of absorbed molecules accounts for the angular distribution of methyl fragments ejected from hot-electron transfer reactions in these systems.
Comparison of the effect of glutamate receptor modulators in the 6 Hz and maximal electroshock seizure models.

Glutamatergic ionotropic and metabotropic receptor modulators have been shown to produce anticonvulsant activity in a number of animal seizure models, e.g. maximal electroshock (MES) and DBA/2 sensory-induced seizures. The 6 Hz model of partial seizures is an alternative low frequency, long duration stimulation paradigm resulting in a seizure characterized by jaw and forelimb clonus, immobility, and an elevated tail (Straub-tail). A unique aspect of this model is that it is the only acute electrically-induced seizure model in which levetiracetam has displayed anticonvulsant activity, suggesting that the 6 Hz seizure model may be useful in identifying compounds with unique anticonvulsant profiles. The purpose of the present study was to examine the role of glutamate receptors in the MES and 6 Hz seizure models using a number of NMDA, AMPA/KA, and mGlu receptor modulators. The pharmacological profile of the 6 Hz seizure model was compared to that of the MES model using eight ionotropic glutamate receptor antagonists and eight mGlu receptor modulators. The ionotropic receptor antagonists MK-801, LY235959, NBQX, LY293558, GYKI 52466, LY300168, and LY377770 produced complete protection from tonic extension in the MES model. Furthermore, the noncompetitive mGlu1 (LY456236) and mGlu5 (MPEP) metabotropic receptor antagonists and the mGlu8 metabotropic receptor agonist (PPG) were also effective in the MES model whereas the competitive mGlu1 (LY367385) receptor antagonist, the mGlu2/3 (LY379268 and LY389795) and Group III (L-AP4) metabotropic receptor agonists were ineffective. In contrast, all of the compounds tested, produced dose-dependent protection in the 6 Hz model with an increase in potency as compared to the MES model. The largest protective indices (P.I.=TD50/ED50) observed were associated with the iGlu5 antagonist LY382884 and the mGlu2/3 receptor agonists LY379268 and LY389795 (P.I.=>14, 14, and 4.9, respectively) in the 6 Hz model. The results from the present study support the continued search for glutamate receptor modulators as potential antiepileptic agents. Furthermore these results illustrate the importance of using several different animal seizure models in the search for novel AEDs and the potential utility of the 6 Hz seizure model in identifying novel AEDs.
Is Interactional Dissynchrony a Clue to Deception? Insights From Automated Analysis of Nonverbal Visual Cues

Detecting deception in interpersonal dialog is challenging since deceivers take advantage of the give-and-take of interaction to adapt to any sign of skepticism in an interlocutor’s verbal and nonverbal feedback. Human detection accuracy is poor, often with no better than chance performance. In this investigation, we consider whether automated methods can produce better results and if emphasizing the possible disruption in interactional synchrony can signal whether an interactant is truthful or deceptive. We propose a data-driven and unobtrusive framework using visual cues that consists of face tracking, head movement detection, facial expression recognition, and interactional synchrony estimation. Analysis were conducted on 242 video samples from an experiment in which deceivers and truth-tellers interacted with professional interviewers either face-to-face or through computer mediation. Results revealed that the framework is able to automatically track head movements and expressions of both interlocutors to extract normalized meaningful synchrony features and to learn classification models for deception recognition. Further experiments show that these features reliably capture interactional synchrony and efficiently discriminate deception from truth.
Up-regulation of pro-angiogenic factors and establishment of tolerance in malignant pleural effusions.

Abstract Introduction Malignant pleural effusions (MPEs) are a significant source of cancer morbidity and mortality. Currently there is no cure for MPEs and treatments only palliate the symptoms. The purpose of this study was to determine if there are differences in markers of angiogenesis and immune phenotypes between adenocarcinoma-induced MPEs and benign pleural effusions (BPEs). Methods Pleural effusions were collected from patients with MPEs and BPEs. Cells were isolated from effusions and characterized using fluorescent cell sorting (FACS). Pleural effusions were evaluated by ELISA for VEGF-A. An angiogenesis protein array was completed to compare protein expression in malignant and non-malignant effusions. Results FACS analysis demonstrated lower accumulation of cytotoxic T-cells and significantly higher accumulation of monocytes, dendritic cells, mesothelial and tumor cells in MPEs compared to benign pleural effusions. MPEs were found to have 77-fold higher VEGF-A levels compared to BPEs. The angiogenesis protein array demonstrated elevated levels of pro-angiogenic factors VEGF-A, CXCL4 and MMP-8, and low levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-8, MCP-1, and TGF-β1 in MPEs. Conclusions MPE is biased toward a Th2 dominant state. There is an increase in expression of VEGF-A and other pro-angiogenic factors in MPE. These data suggest there is a role for anti-angiogenesis therapy in patients with MPEs.
Development of aerial image based aberration measurement technique

To maintain the best imaging performance of current high NA DUV scanners, in-situ aberration measurement is becoming more important than ever. In this paper, we present an aerial image based aberration measurement technique that can measure the aberrations up to 37th Zernike polynomial term. Our aberration measurement technique uses aerial image sensor (AIS) on DUV scanners. AIS is a slit scanning type aerial image sensor that can capture the one-dimensional intensity distribution of aerial images. Unlike previous photo resist image based aberration measurement technique, presented technique does not require the three-beam interference condition or the two-beam interference condition because it utilizes the image intensity information. This can eliminates the geometrical restriction in determination of the pupil sampling points. Thus, we made optimization of pupil sampling so that it can minimize the random error propagation in each Zernike coefficients. This optimization was done on a trial and error basis and we observed that the random error propagation significantly depended on pupil sampling plan. The measured aberration was correlated to the programmed aberration induced by lens element displacement. Also the measurement repeatability was evaluated and confirmed. The overall performance of this aberration measurement technique is found to be appropriate for in-situ aberration monitor of current high NA scanners.