cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Time course of neuropsychiatric symptoms and cognitive diagnosis in National Alzheimer's Coordinating Centers volunteers

Abstract Introduction Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPSs) are nearly universal in cognitive disorders. The mild behavioral impairment construct postulates that NPS may be the first symptom of impending dementia. Methods Participants were cognitively normal volunteers followed up approximately annually at Alzheimer's Disease Centers, who were assessed on the Neuropsychiatric Inventory and had at least one follow-up visit during which they were diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia. Descriptive statistics were used to determine sequencing of NPS presence with cognitive diagnoses. Results Data were available for 1998 participants who progressed to MCI or dementia. Over 59% developed NPS before the diagnosis of any cognitive disorder. Depression and irritability were the most common NPSs to precede cognitive diagnoses (24 and 21%, respectively). Discussion NPSs precede a cognitive diagnosis in most people who develop cognitive decline, both MCI and dementia. These individuals are an important group to focus clinical and research efforts.
Kinetic performance of CO2 absorption into a potassium carbonate solution promoted with the enzyme carbonic anhydrase: Comparison with a monoethanolamine solution

Abstract Development of enzyme-mediated solvents are regarded as a potential option to overcome the energy use disadvantages associated with the benchmark monoethanolamine (MEA) solvent for post-combustion CO 2 capture. In this work, the kinetics of CO 2 absorption into a 20 wt% potassium carbonate (PC) solution promoted with the enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA) was investigated using a stirred tank reactor. Experimental results showed no noticeable change in the intrinsic activity of the CA enzyme with increasing CO 2 loading in PC solution. A rate-based mass transfer analysis was conducted using the enzymatic kinetics measured, and results revealed that in a packed-bed column, the CO 2 absorption rates into a lean and rich PC solution with 3 g L −1 CA were 50% lower and 2.2 times higher, respectively, than those into their 5 M MEA counterparts. The liquid-phase mass transfer resistance was dominant for both PC- and MEA-based systems. Modeling results revealed the effective packing volume of the absorber with PC in the presence of 10 g L −1 CA was only slightly larger than that with MEA for post-combustion CO 2 capture.
First Observations of Ultrafast Magneto-electric Charge Separation and Induced Molecular Rotations

We report harmonic generation mediated by magneto-electric charge separation in pentacene and optically-induced magnetization in a series of liquid tetrahalides for the first time.
Synthesis and Study of a Dialkylbiaryl Phosphine Ligand; Lessons for Rational Ligand Design

The rational design and synthesis of a novel dialkylbiarylphosphine ligand, 2′-(dimethylphosphine)-2,6-dimethoxy-1,1′-biphenyl (MeSPhos), for palladium-catalyzed C–N cross-coupling reactions is described. Based on previous results, it was hypothesized that a ligand with electronic properties similar to (2-biphenyl)dimethylphosphine (MeJPhos) but with greater steric bulk would allow the cross-coupling of previously inaccessible deactivated aryl chlorides. As predicted, MeSPhos exhibited similar electronic properties to MeJPhos. However, MeSPhos surprisingly showed a significantly smaller steric profile than MeJPhos. In comparison to the widely used CySPhos (2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2′,6′-dimethoxybiphenyl), MeSPhos promoted the oxidative addition of highly deactived aryl chlorides for which CySPhos was ineffective, but significantly decreased the rate of reductive elimination. The kinetics of cross-coupling reactions showed that the altered steric and electronic parameters of MeSPhos had a significant impac...
A Novel Steering Control for Car-Like Robots Based on Lyapunov Stability

Steering controls for car-like robots have been studied for a long time and attracted more and more research due to the recent boom of self-driving vehicles. A novel nonlinear steering control law for a scale-model car with applicability to any size vehicle is presented in this study. The proposed control employs both the lateral and angular errors at a lookahead distance which, along with the controller gain, is tuned dynamically as a function of velocity of the vehicle. Stability of the control law is demonstrated by Lyapunov analysis and the relationships from speed to look-ahead distance and control gain are also determined. Computation and actuator delays as well as steering saturation are modeled in the simulation for a more realistic performance index and effectiveness of the control.
Measuring Functional Cognition: Comparison of Adults With Acquired Brain Injury (ABI) and Healthy Controls on the Short Weekly Calendar Planning Activity (WCPA-10)

Date Presented 04/07/19 Adults with ABI on an inpatient rehabilitation unit were significantly less accurate and efficient, used fewer strategies, and followed fewer rules, compared to healthy controls on the short Weekly Calendar Planning Activity (WCPA-10). The WCPA-10 was quick, feasible, and provided functionally relevant information on those that exhibited mild to no cognitive impairments on a cognitive screening tool, highlighting the importance of performance-based tools in identifying functional cognitive deficits. Primary Author and Speaker: Alexis Lussier Additional Authors and Speakers: Joan Toglia
microRNAs Regulating Human and Mouse Naïve Pluripotency.

microRNAs are ~22bp nucleotide non-coding RNAs that play important roles in the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. Many studies have established that microRNAs are important for cell fate choices, including the naive to primed pluripotency state transitions, and their intermediate state, the developmentally suspended diapause state in early development. However, the full extent of microRNAs associated with these stage transitions in human and mouse remain under-explored. By meta-analysis of microRNA-seq, RNA-seq, and metabolomics datasets from human and mouse, we found a set of microRNAs, and importantly, their experimentally validated target genes that show consistent changes in naive to primed transitions (microRNA up, target genes down, or vice versa). The targets of these microRNAs regulate developmental pathways (e.g., the Hedgehog-pathway), primary cilium, and remodeling of metabolic processes (oxidative phosphorylation, fatty acid metabolism, and amino acid transport) during the transition. Importantly, we identified 115 microRNAs that significantly change in the same direction in naive to primed transitions in both human and mouse, many of which are novel candidate regulators of pluripotency. Furthermore, we identified 38 microRNAs and 274 target genes that may be involved in diapause, where embryonic development is temporarily suspended prior to implantation to uterus. The upregulated target genes suggest that microRNAs activate stress response in the diapause stage. In conclusion, we provide a comprehensive resource of microRNAs and their target genes involved in naive to primed transition and in the paused intermediate, the embryonic diapause stage.
Long bone fracture characteristics in children with medical conditions linked to bone health.

Abstract Background Knowledge of fracture characteristics among children with medical conditions affecting bone could help to distinguish medical causes from child abuse. Objective Characterize long bone fracture morphology among children diagnosed with medical conditions linked to bone health. Participants and setting Patients Methods This retrospective medical record review categorized underlying medical diagnoses as: metabolic bone disease, genetic disorder of connective tissue, neurologic disorder and other chronic disease. A pediatric radiologist reviewed plain films to determine fracture type and location. Descriptive statistics, as well as logistic regression were used to compare fracture types by clinical characteristics. Results Ninety-four patients were included and their diagnoses were genetic connective disorder (19; 20.2 %), metabolic bone disease (16; 17.0 %), neurologic disorder (27; 28.7 %), and other (32; 34.0 %). A total of 216 long bone fractures were sustained; 52.1 % of children had >1 long bone fracture. Of the 216 fractures, 55 (25.5 %) were in children Conclusions Diseases affecting bone health can influence fracture morphology. Transverse fractures were most common in bones impacted by disease.
7 Li and 7 Be production in the alpha + α reaction

Differential cross sections for the $^{4}\mathrm{He}(\ensuremath{\alpha},p)$ reaction leading to the ground and 478-keV states of $^{7}\mathrm{Li}$ have been measured at 11 energies between 39.0 and 49.5 MeV and used to determine integral cross sections for $^{7}\mathrm{Li}$ production in $^{4}\mathrm{He}(\ensuremath{\alpha},p)$. Comparison of the ground state cross sections with $^{7}\mathrm{Li}(p,\ensuremath{\alpha})$ data using the principle of detailed balance indicates good agreement with the most recent $^{7}\mathrm{Li}(p,\ensuremath{\alpha})$ measurements but not with some older results. Cross sections for $^{4}\mathrm{He}(\ensuremath{\alpha},d)^{6}\mathrm{Li}$ (ground state), extracted at three energies, are consistent with the most recent $^{6}\mathrm{Li}(d,\ensuremath{\alpha})$ measurements. Cross sections for $^{7}\mathrm{Be}$ production via $^{4}\mathrm{He}(\ensuremath{\alpha},n)^{7}\mathrm{Be}$ were determined at nine energies between 39.4 and 47.4 MeV by direct collection of the $^{7}\mathrm{Be}$ and detection of the $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays following its decay. These cross sections are essentially identical to the $^{7}\mathrm{Li}$ production cross sections above 43 MeV but are smaller below this energy because of threshold effects. The $^{4}\mathrm{He}(\ensuremath{\alpha},p)$ and $^{4}\mathrm{He}(\ensuremath{\alpha},n)$ reactions are involved in several mechanisms which have been proposed to explain the universal abundance of $^{7}\mathrm{Li}$, and calculations of these processes have assumed cross sections larger than our data. We therefore confirm earlier conclusions that $^{7}\mathrm{Li}$ is unlikely to be produced by galactic cosmic-ray spallation alone, but the status of the other mechanisms remains unclear. Peaks in the $^{4}\mathrm{He}(\ensuremath{\alpha},p)$ and $^{4}\mathrm{He}(\ensuremath{\alpha},n)$ excitation functions are discussed in terms of resonances in $^{8}\mathrm{Be}$. Parameters determined by Kumar and Barker in a fit to $^{7}\mathrm{Li}(p,\ensuremath{\alpha})$ data are inadequate to explain our $^{4}\mathrm{He}(\ensuremath{\alpha},p)^{7}\mathrm{Li}$ (478 keV) cross sections.NUCLEAR REACTIONS $^{4}\mathrm{He}(\ensuremath{\alpha},p)$, $E=39.0\ensuremath{-}49.5$ MeV; measured $\ensuremath{\sigma}(E;\ensuremath{\theta},{E}_{p})$, $\ensuremath{\sigma}(E)$. $^{4}\mathrm{He}(\ensuremath{\alpha},n)$, $E=39.4\ensuremath{-}47.4$ MeV; measured $\ensuremath{\sigma}(E)$. $^{4}\mathrm{He}(\ensuremath{\alpha},d)$, $E=46.7\ensuremath{-}49.5$ MeV; measured $\ensuremath{\sigma}(E;\ensuremath{\theta})$, $\ensuremath{\sigma}(E)$. Astrophysical implications for $^{7}\mathrm{Li}$ production considered. Discussion of $^{8}\mathrm{Be}$ levels in $R$-matrix formalism.
A Review of Cyclodestructive Procedures for the Treatment of Glaucoma.

Cyclodestruction aims to reduce aqueous humor production through the coagulation or destruction of the ciliary body and has been an important treatment choice for glaucoma since the 1930s. The purp...
Circadian misalignment increases mood vulnerability in simulated shift work.

Night shift work can associate with an increased risk for depression. As night workers experience a ‘misalignment’ between their circadian system and daily sleep–wake behaviors, with negative health consequences, we investigated whether exposure to circadian misalignment underpins mood vulnerability in simulated shift work. We performed randomized within-subject crossover laboratory studies in non-shift workers and shift workers. Simulated night shifts were used to induce a misalignment between the endogenous circadian pacemaker and sleep/wake cycles (circadian misalignment), while environmental conditions and food intake were controlled. Circadian misalignment adversely impacted emotional state, such that mood and well-being levels were significantly decreased throughout 4 days of continuous exposure to circadian misalignment in non-shift workers, as compared to when they were under circadian alignment (interaction of “circadian alignment condition” vs. “day”, mood: p < 0.001; well-being: p < 0.001; adjusted p-values). Similarly, in shift workers, mood and well-being levels were significantly reduced throughout days of misalignment, as compared to circadian alignment (interaction of “circadian alignment condition” vs. “day”, mood: p = 0.002; well-being: p = 0.002; adjusted p-values). Our findings indicate that circadian misalignment is an important biological component for mood vulnerability, and that individuals who engage in shift work are susceptible to its deleterious mood effects.
Using Data to Drive Change

Healthcare providers are driven by a desire to provide the best care possible for patients, yet do not always have the tools needed to implement change necessary for system-based improvement. In order to drive positive change within healthcare systems, one must be able to measure the outcomes and understand the causes of variations that occur. Well-designed improvement projects begin with an assessment of baseline data which includes not only raw numbers but a deeper understanding of the factors driving those numbers. This basis leads to the development of improvement cycles which are measured with each intervention for both positive and negative impact. The team can then use the data to implement ongoing changes to improve the quality of healthcare. The lack of understanding of data and its limitations can lead to implementation of changes that may be detrimental to the project and eventually our patients. This chapter discusses various types of data used to drive improvement, including indications for and limitations of different data tools.
Generation priced out: Who gets to live in the new urban America: by Randy Shaw, Oakland, CA, University of California Press, 2018, 328 pp., $24.95 (paperback), ISBN 978-0-520-35621-4

Generation Priced Out: Who Gets to Live in the New Urban America is a call to action for residents, nonprofits, housing market agents, and local policymakers to address the affordable housing crisi...
Single-point material recognition by quantum parametric mode sorting and photon counting

We explore an active illumination approach to remote material recognition, based on quantum parametric mode sorting and single-photon detection. By measuring a photon’s time of flight at picosecond resolution, 97.8% recognition is demonstrated by illuminating only a single point on the materials. Thanks to the exceptional detection sensitivity and noise rejection, a high recognition accuracy of 96.1% is achieved even when the materials are occluded by a lossy and multiscattering obscurant.
Physician network connections to specialists and HIV quality of care.

OBJECTIVE To estimate novel measures of generalist physicians' network connectedness to HIV specialists and their associations with two dimensions of HIV quality of care. DATA SOURCES Medicare and Medicaid claims and the American Medical Association Masterfile data on people living with HIV (PLWH) and the physicians providing their HIV care in California between 2007 and 2010. STUDY DESIGN I construct regional patient-sharing physician networks from the shared treatment of PLWH and calculate (a) measures of network connectedness to all physician types and (b) specialty-weighted measures to describe connectedness to HIV specialists. Two HIV quality of care outcomes are then evaluated: medication quality (prescribing antiretroviral drugs from at least two drug classes) and monitoring quality (at least two annual HIV virus monitoring scans). Linear probability models estimate the associations between network statistics and the two dimensions of HIV quality of care, and a policy simulation demonstrates the importance of these statistical relationships. These analyses include 16 124 PLWH, 3240 generalists, and 1031 HIV specialists. DATA COLLECTION/EXTRACTION METHODS PLWH are identified from claims for patients with any indication of HIV using an existing algorithm from the literature. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Generalists' network connectedness to HIV specialists is positively related with their own HIV medication quality; one additional HIV specialist connection is associated with a 1.46 percentage point (SE 0.42, P < .01) increase in generalist's medication quality. Based on the estimated associations, a simulated policy that increases connectedness between generalists and HIV specialists reduces the annual rate of HIV infections by up to 6%, roughly 290 fewer infections per year. Only network connectedness to all physician types is associated with improved monitoring quality. CONCLUSIONS Network connectedness to HIV specialists is positively associated with generalists' HIV medication quality, which suggests that specialists provide clinical support through patient-sharing for complex treatment protocol.
Mapping the functional interactions at the tumor-immune checkpoint interface

It is challenging to identify the tumor-immune system interactions that modulate immune states and immunotherapy responses due to the prohibitively complex space of possible interactions. Our statistical analysis framework, ImogiMap quantifies tumor-immune interactions based on their synergistic co-associations with immune-associated phenotypes. ImogiMap-based analyses recapitulated known interactions modulating immunotherapy responses and nominated the CD86/CD70 axis as an immunotherapy target that overlaps with IFNG overexpression and patient survival in endometrial carcinoma.
Energy expenditure due to gluconeogenesis in pathologic conditions of insulin resistance

Gluconeogenesis (GNG), the formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors, requires adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Previous studies have estimated the energetic cost of GNG in humans based on...
Correlation of Ophthalmology Residency Application Characteristics with Subsequent Performance in Residency

Purpose Only from reviewing applications, it is difficult to identify which applicants will be successful ophthalmology residents. The change of the USMLE Step 1 scoring to “Pass/Fail” removes another quantitative metric. We aimed to identify application attributes correlated with successful residency performance. This study also used artificial intelligence (AI) to evaluate letters of recommendation (LOR), the Dean's letter (MSPE), and personal statement (PS). Design Retrospective analysis of application characteristics versus residency performance was conducted. Participants Residents who graduated from the Dean McGee Eye Institute/University of Oklahoma Ophthalmology residency from 2004 to 2019 were included in this study. Methods Thirty-four attributes were recorded from each application. Residents were subjectively ranked into tertiles and top and bottom deciles based on residency performance by faculty present during their training. The Ophthalmic Knowledge Assessment Program (OKAP) examination scores were used as an objective performance metric. Analysis was performed to identify associations between application attributes and tertile/decile ranking. Additional analysis used AI and natural language processing to evaluate applicant LORs, MSPE, and PS. Main Outcome Measures Characteristics from residency applications that correlate with resident performance were the primary outcome of this study. Results Fifty-five residents and 21 faculty members were included. A grade of “A” or “Honors” in the obstetrics/gynecology (OB/GYN) clerkship and the presence of a home ophthalmology department were associated with ranking in the top tertile but not the top decile. Mean core clerkship grades, medical school ranking in the top 25 U.S. News and World Report (USNWR) primary care rankings, and postgraduate year (PGY)-2 and PGY-3 OKAP scores were predictive of being ranked in both the top tertile and the top decile. USMLE scores, alpha-omega-alpha (AOA) status, and number of publications did not correlate with subjective resident performance. AI analysis of LORs, MSPE, and PS did not identify any text features that correlated with resident performance. Conclusions Many metrics traditionally felt to be predictive of residency success (USMLE scores, AOA status, and research) did not predict resident success in our study. We did confirm the importance of core clerkship grades and medical school ranking. Objective measures of success such as PGY-2 and PGY-3 OKAP scores were associated with high subjective ranking.
Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) Use Among Active-Duty Military Personnel, Veterans, and Reservists

Subpopulations have variable connections to specific institutions, such as the military, which can influence their use of social programs and access to resources. We use data from the 5-year (2008–2012) American Community Survey (ACS) public-use file to examine current Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) use by military service status: active-duty personnel, recent veterans, long-term veterans, and reserve/guard members. Overall and by military service status, we estimate weighted descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic regression models that include demographic and socioeconomic controls. We document low but non-trivial levels of participation among active-duty personnel (2.2 %), higher but still moderate levels of SNAP use among veterans (7.1 % for recent veterans and 6.5 % for long-term veterans), and the highest level of use among members of the reserve/guard (9.0 %). Multivariate analyses support hypotheses based on the potential for the military, as a total institution, to substantially reduce use of SNAP among active-duty personnel, while veterans and reservists, who are more distal from food-related institutional resources, have higher likelihoods of using SNAP. Although levels of SNAP use among active-duty personnel, veterans, and reservists are lower than those observed in the national population, which includes those with no direct connection to military institutions, findings suggest that leaving active-duty military service results in a substantial and relatively immediate reduction in food-related resources for many recent veterans and their families. We discuss the implications of the findings for policy, limitations of the research, and directions for future research.
Manganese proteins isolated from spinach thylakoid membranes and their role in O2 evolution: I. A 56 kilodalton manganese-containing protein, a probable component of the coupling factor enzyme

The binding of endogenous manganese (Mn) to proteins released from spinach grana-thylakoid membranes by 2% cholate detergent or by osmotic shock is investigated. A mixture of 15-20 proteins is released by cholate and has been separated by isoelectric focusing in a sucrose gradient or by chromatofocusing. Mn coelutes with several proteins, but is lost upon dialysis. A dramatic redistribution of this Mn occurs in proteins released by osmotic shock in the presence of hydrophobic and hydrophilic oxidants. Maintaining an oxidizing solution potential during extraction apparently precludes reduction of the higher oxidation states of Mn to the labile Mn(II) state by reducing agents released from the membranes during lysing. This allows proteins to be separated which bind non-labile Mn ions. Under these extraction conditions, a protein is isolated which has an apparent molecular weight (Mr) of 65000 or 56000 on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis depending on the sample buffer system used. The nondissociated protein occurs as a monomer of 58 kDa (90%) and an apparent dimer of 112 kDa (10%) by gel filtration. This protein binds little Mn if extracted by cholate and separated by isoelectric focusing. However, extraction by osmotic shock in the presence of oxidants and separation by chromatofocusing results in the retention of 1.9 +/- 0.3 Mn ions per monomer. This protein is identical to that reported by Spector and Winget (Spector, M., and Winget, G.D. (1980) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 77, 957-959). Contrary to their result, this protein does not reconstitute O2 evolution when added to depleted membranes. Rabbit antibody to this purified protein inhibits O2 evolution by 20% when incubated with intact grana-thylakoid membranes or 10-20% with partially inverted, French-pressed thylakoids. This inhibition is completely removed by 10(-3)M NH3Cl as an uncoupler of photophosphorylation. These results support a role in Phosphorylation and a location on the outer surface of the thylakoids. This antibody also selectively binds purified coupling factor, CF1, the multisubunit phosphorylation enzyme which is located on the outer thylakoid surface and which is known to bind two Mn ions tightly (Hochman, Y. and Carmeli, C. (1981) Biochemistry 20, 6293-6297). Thus the beta-subunit of CF1, which has a molecular weight of 56 kDa, can be identified as the locus of Mn binding in CF1 and as the Mn protein isolated by Spector and Winget. This protein plays no role on O2 evolution.
Pain sensitivity and modulation in primary insomnia.

Sleep of good quantity and quality is considered a biologically important resource necessary to maintain homeostasis of pain-regulatory processes. To assess the role of chronic sleep disturbances in pain processing, we conducted laboratory pain testing in subjects with primary insomnia. Seventeen participants with primary insomnia (mean±SEM 22.6±0.9 years, 11 women) were individually matched with 17 healthy participants. All participants completed daily sleep and pain diaries over a 2-week period. Laboratory pain testing was conducted in a controlled environment and included (1) warmth detection threshold testing, (2) pain sensitivity testing (threshold detection for heat and pressure pain), and (3) tests to access pain-modulatory mechanisms (temporal summation and pain inhibition). Primary insomnia subjects reported experiencing spontaneous pain on twice as many days as healthy controls during the at-home recording phase (p<0.05). During laboratory testing, primary insomnia subjects had lower pain thresholds than healthy controls (p<0.05 for heat pain detection threshold, p<0.08 for pressure pain detection threshold). Unexpectedly, pain facilitation, as assessed with temporal summation of pain responses, was reduced in primary insomnia compared to healthy controls (p<0.05). Pain inhibition, as assessed with the diffuse noxious inhibitory control paradigm (DNIC), was attenuated in insomnia subjects when compared to controls (p<0.05). Based on these findings, we hypothesize that pain-inhibitory circuits in patients with insomnia are in a state of constant activation to compensate for ongoing subclinical pain. This constant activation ultimately results in a ceiling effect of pain-inhibitory efforts, as indicated by the inability of the system to adequately function during challenge.
Thucydides, Pericles, and the Idea of Athens in the Peloponnesian War

Thucydides, Pericles, and the Idea of Athens in the Peloponnesian War is the first comprehensive study of Thucydides' presentation of Pericles' radical redefinition of the city of Athens during the Peloponnesian War. Martha Taylor argues that Thucydides subtly critiques Pericles' vision of Athens as a city divorced from the territory of Attica and focused, instead, on the sea and the empire. Thucydides shows that Pericles' reconceputalization of the city led the Athenians both to Melos and to Sicily. Toward the end of his work, Thucydides demonstrates that flexible thinking about the city exacerbated the Athenians' civil war. Providing a thorough critique and analysis of Thucydides' neglected book 8, Taylor shows that Thucydides praises political compromise centered around the traditional city in Attica. In doing so, he implicitly censures both Pericles and the Athenian imperial project itself.
Chapter 11 Assessment of vision in infants and young children

Publisher Summary Growth of the eye and development of the retina continue after birth. Development of the optic nerve, the visual pathways, and the visual cortex continue well into childhood. Along with the development of these structures, visual processes mature. The behavioral repertoire is immature during infancy and childhood; therefore, specialized procedures are needed to evaluate visual function in pediatric subjects. These procedures have been used to demonstrate normal maturation of acuity, retinal sensitivity, and other visual functions. Adaptations of these procedures have been used to study pediatric patients. Acuity is the most commonly measured visual function. In psychophysical tests, the subject's ability to detect, discriminate, or resolve a pattern is assessed. In electrophysiological studies, the ability of the pattern to evoke a reliable response is determined. Carefully specified patterns, such as stripes or checks, are the stimuli used to test infants and younger children or patients with disabilities.
CLINICAL SUPERVISION for Psychiatric Nurses

Supervision does not represent merely the acquisition of facts. It is an emotionally charged process that touches on therapists' affective problems, interpersonal conflicts, problems in being helped, and problems in helping (Ekstein). As such, it is a process similar to, but not the same as, psychotherapy. Supervision is necessary for continued professional growth, no matter how skilled the nurse may be. Other mental health disciplines have long accepted supervision as an essential component of professional work. A number of methods can be used to review the therapist's work, including case material discussion, conjoint interviewing, direct observation, and review of mechanical recordings. This can be done individually, in groups, or among peers. A supervisor can be a senior clinician from any of the mental health disciplines. The nurse should not be limited to receiving supervision only from other nurses. Periodic evaluations of the supervisory relationship as well as the therapist's skills are recommended. Supervision is a valuable tool that the nurse therapist should use fully to develop the professional self.
LoPSiL: A Location-Based Policy-Specification Language

This paper describes the design of LoPSiL, a language for specifying location-dependent security and privacy policies. Policy- specification languages like LoPSiL are domain-specific programming languages intended to simplify the tasks of specifying and enforcing sound security policies on untrusted (i.e., potentially insecure) software. As far as we are aware, LoPSiL is the first imperative policy-specification language to provide abstractions specifically tailored to location-dependent policies for mobile-device applications. We have implemented a proof-of-concept compiler that inputs a LoPSiL policy P and a mobile-device application program A and outputs a new application program A′ equivalent to A, except that A′ contains inlined enforcement code that ensures that A′ satisfies P at runtime. We report our experiences using this compiler to design and implement several policies for mobile-device applications.
Local modes in Al 0.1 Cu 0.9 and ( N H 4 ) 0.1 K 0.9 Cl in the coherent-potential approximation

Numerical techniques are described to apply the coherent-potential approximation (CPA) to mass defects in polyatomic cubic crystals, and to facilitate CPA calculations for light-mass defects in monatomic cubic crystals. Results are given for two alloys in which local modes have been observed by inelastic neutron scattering, ${\mathrm{Al}}_{0.1}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{0.9}$ and (N${\mathrm{H}}_{4}$${)}_{0.1}$${\mathrm{K}}_{0.9}$Cl. The CPA is in good agreement with experiment for the local-mode peak position in the Al-Cu system, but the observed peak is much sharper. For the (N${\mathrm{H}}_{4}$-K)Cl alloy, the mass-defect CPA predicts a quasilocal resonant mode much lower in frequency than the experimental local-mode peak, showing the need to include force-constant changes in the theoretical model.
Computer Programming Instruction

AbstractThis study investigated the effects of teaching students to program the computer with an instructional approach that emphasizes student collaboration and structured design concepts. Sections of a high school computer science class were assigned randomly to one of two methods of programming instruction (individualistic-traditional or team-structured). The results from analyses of variance revealed a significant effect in favor of the team-based structured programming methodology on students’ programming performance and attitude toward programming. In addition, there were significant positive correlations between student ability to design solutions to programming problems and total programming performance and attitude toward programming. The findings are discussed with respect to implications for programming instruction in high school computer science classes.
Moral Foundations and Heterogeneity in Ideological Preferences

Scholars have documented numerous examples of how liberals and conservatives differ in considering public policy. Recent work in political psychology has sought to understand these differences by detailing the ways in which liberals and conservatives approach political and social issues. In their moral foundations theory, Haidt and Joseph contend the divisions between liberals and conservatives are rooted in different views of morality. They demonstrate that humans consistently rely on five moral foundations. Two of these foundations—harm and fairness—are often labeled the individualizing foundations, as they deal with the role of individuals within social groups; the remaining three foundations—authority, ingroup loyalty, and purity—are the binding foundations as they pertain to the formation and maintenance of group bonds. Graham, Haidt, and Nosek demonstrate that liberals tend to disproportionately value the individualizing foundations, whereas conservatives value all five foundations equally. We extend this line of inquiry by examining whether different types of liberals and conservatives value the moral foundations to varying degrees. Using survey data (n = 745), we rely on a mixed-mode latent class analysis and identify six ideological classes that favor unique social and fiscal policy positions. While most of the respondents belonging to these classes self-identify as conservative, they endorse the moral foundations in varying degrees. Since our findings demonstrate considerable heterogeneity with respect to ideology and moral preferences, we conclude by encouraging scholars to consider this heterogeneity in detailing the motivational and psychological foundations of ideological belief.
Sex Differences in Peer Responsiveness to Suicide Ideation

Two surveys assessing attitudes toward and beliefs about suicide were conducted with undergraduates. There were 473 participants in Survey I and 692 participants in Survey II. Sex differences were found in participants' receptivity to suicidal individuals, beliefs about the behavior of suicidal peers, attitudes concerning the worth of suicidal people, incidence of adolescent suicide, and morality of suicide. There was no sex difference in participants' own frequency or seriousness of suicide ideation or suicide attempts. Results are discussed in terms of hypotheses concerning traditional socialization of males and females, resulting in sex-role differentiation that may influence attitudes toward and beliefs about suicide.
AGONIES OF THE REAL: ANTI-REALISM FROM KUHN TO FOUCAULT*

When did historians begin to put quotation marks around the word real? There are many examples of this habit and some of them will be set forth as evidence in what follows. But before doing so we might ask a preliminary question: What are the quotation marks themselves supposed to mean? Today we find them so familiar they hardly need to be written and they are more frequently consigned to the everyday repertoire of silent gesture: two fingers on either hand clutch at the air as if they meant to tickle the flanks of the invisible beast between them. The popular term is “scare-quotes,” a pun on the word “scarecrow.” Its etymology is revealing: just as a mere representation of a body in a field may scare off birds, so too scare-quotes permit someone to deploy a word without sincere commitment to what it normally means. But further reflection tells us that the effects are not so similar after all: To use a term without sincerity robs it of its original meaning and holds up its lifeless corpse to ridicule. The more knowing sort of crow can settle on the shoulder of the figure on the pole precisely because it recognizes that such a sorry excuse for a man can in fact harm no one. Similarly when one puts reality in quotation marks (thus: “reality”) we are put in mind of the living concept but we are immediately alerted to the fact that, for the user at least, the new term enjoys no metaphysical prestige. How did this happen? When and why did the single most privileged word in the entire lexicon of metaphysics begin to lose its authority such that in certain spheres of intellectual sophistication its sincere use would only seem an embarrassment and a sign of naivete?
Severity of concurrent visual and hearing impairment and mortality: the 1986-1994 National Health Interview Survey.

Purpose: Visual impairment and, to a lesser extent, hearing impairment are independent predictors of reduced survival in selected studies of community-residing adults. To date, the association of s...
Ionic conductivity of glasses in the MI + M2S + (0.1Ga2S3 + 0.9GeS2) system (M = Li, Na, K and Cs)

Abstract In this study, the base 0.1Ga 2 S 3 + 0.9GeS 2 was chosen because it was found that it could be combined with all of the alkali sulfides to yield glasses over the same relatively wide glass-forming composition range. Both M 2 S and MI, where M = Li, Na, K and Cs, were added to form broad glass-forming composition ranges to systematically study the ionic conductivity in these ionic conducting chalcogenide glasses as a function of the alkali ion radius. As expected, additions of both alkali sulfide (M 2 S) and alkali iodide (MI) increase the conductivity of the glass. For the 0.6M 2 S + 0.4(0.1Ga 2 S 3 + 0.9GeS 2 ) glasses, however, the conductivity only increases slightly with the addition of NaI. The ionic conductivities show significant differences between the Li 2 S, Na 2 S and K 2 S, Cs 2 S glasses due to the large differences in their activation energies. The alkali radius effect on the activation energy was analyzed and discussed based on the modified Anderson and Stuart model.
Answering linear optimization queries with an approximate stream index

We propose a SAO index to approximately answer arbitrary linear optimization queries in a sliding window of a data stream. It uses limited memory to maintain the most “important” tuples. At any time, for any linear optimization query, we can retrieve the approximate top-K tuples in the sliding window almost instantly. The larger the amount of available memory, the better the quality of the answers is. More importantly, for a given amount of memory, the quality of the answers can be further improved by dynamically allocating a larger portion of the memory to the outer layers of the SAO index.
Pilot evaluation of the ACT Raising Safe Kids Program on children's bullying behavior

Research documents that parents play a critical role in the development and maintenance of behavior problems in children. Few bullying prevention programs, however, target children in early childhood or include a parenting component in spite of experts recommending that parent training in behavior management be addressed. Based upon these recommendations, the present study examines the relationship among parent characteristics (hostility, depression, and overall parenting skills) and child bullying and the effects of the American Psychological Association’s ACT Raising Safe Kids program on reducing early childhood bullying. The ACT-RSK program is a primary family violence and child physical abuse prevention program for parents of young children. Fifty-two parents/caregivers, representing children ages 4–10, completed the Brief Symptom Inventory, the ACT Parents Raising Safe Kids Scale, and Early Childhood Bullying Questionnaire (derived from the Child Behavior Checklist and Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire). Twenty-five of these parents/caregivers were trained in effective parenting including nonviolent discipline, child development, anger management, social problem-solving skills, effects of violent media on children, and methods to protect children from exposure to violence through the ACT-RSK program. The remaining 27 parents/caregivers received treatment as usual. Results indicate decreased bullying in children whose parents completed the ACT-RSK program. Furthermore, of the parent characteristics assessed, parental hostility is the only significant parent predictor for child bullying. These findings suggest the efficacy of this brief intervention for preventing bullying.
Professional Services as Support: Perceptions of Parents

The purpose of this study was to investigate the social support function of professional services from the perspective of parents. Interviews were conducted with 131 mothers and fathers of children/adults in three age cohorts. Parent-perceived stress was measured on five point Likert type scales. The study revealed a discrepancy between the importance attributed by parents to types of “help“ from services and help received by them. The proposition that services are more likely to be used by parents experiencing stress was supported and the data were interpreted as being consistent with highly stressed parents utilizing and receiving help from services and subsequently experiencing a reduction in stress.
Radiologic–pathologic correlation in extra-adrenal myelolipoma

Myelolipoma is an uncommon benign tumor that classically arises in the adrenal glands. Most cases are asymptomatic, with incidental detection of this tumor on cross-sectional imaging performed for other causes. Extra-adrenal occurrence of myelolipoma has been infrequently reported, with scarce radiology literature on the topic. We present radiologic and pathologic correlation in two cases of image-guided biopsy proven extra-adrenal myelolipoma in the presacral and paraaortic location, with review of literature.
Nitric oxide-independent suppression of P450 2C11 expression by interleukin-1β and endotoxin in primary rat hepatocytes

Abstract Hepatic expression of multiple cytochrome P450 genes is suppressed in the livers of rats undergoing an inflammatory response. Nitric oxide (NO) released during inflammation has been implicated in the decreased activities and expression of several cytochrome P450 isozymes. We examined the role of cytokine-mediated NO release on cytochrome P450 2C11 expression in rat hepatocytes cultured on Matrigel. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), interleukin-1β (IL-lβ), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), but not interferon-γ (IFN-γ), suppressed the expression of P450 2C11 mRNA. Neither IL-6 nor IFN-γ caused NO release into the medium or induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA. IL-1β and LPS were the most effective in causing NO release and iNOS induction, and in down-regulating P450 2C11 mRNA expression. Combinations of the cytokines, IFN-γ, and LPS produced an additive release of NO but did not synergize to further suppress P450 2C11 mRNA. To investigate the role of NO in the IL-1β- or LPS-mediated suppression of P450 2C11, N-monomethyl- l -arginine (NMA) was administered at concentrations ranging from 30 to 300 μM. Three hundred micromolar NMA returned NO release back to control levels, but did not affect the IL-1β- or LPS-mediated down-regulation of P450 2C11 mRNA or protein expression. Our results suggest that NO is not required for IL-1β- or LPS-mediated down-regulation of P450 2C11 expression in cultured hepatocytes.
Importance of tryptophan 49 of antithrombin in heparin binding and conformational activation.

Tryptophan 49 of antithrombin, the primary inhibitor of blood clotting proteinases, has previously been implicated in binding the allosteric activator, heparin, by chemical modification and mutagenesis studies. However, the X-ray cocrystal structure of the antithrombin−pentasaccharide complex shows that Trp49 does not contact the bound saccharide. Here, we provide a detailed thermodynamic and kinetic characterization of heparin binding to a Trp49 to Lys variant of antithrombin and suggest a model for how Trp49 participates in heparin binding and activation. Mutation of Trp49 to Lys resulted in substantial losses of 16−24% in heparin-binding energy at pH 7.4, I 0.15, and 25 °C. These losses were due to both the loss of one ionic interaction (∼30%) and the loss of nonionic interactions (∼70%). Rapid kinetics analyses showed that the mutation minimally affected the initial weak binding of heparin to antithrombin or the rate constant for the subsequent conformational activation of the serpin. Rather, the prin...
Cavity length measurement: bias from misalignment and mismatching.

SR-POEM, the sounding rocket principle of equivalence measurement, uses a set of six tracking-frequency laser gauges operating in Fabry–Perot cavities to determine the relative acceleration of two test masses (TMs) that are chemically different. One end of each cavity is a flat mirror on a TM; the other end is a concave coupling mirror mounted to a common reference plate. The tracking-frequency laser gauges work by locking a variable frequency laser to the cavity by the method of Pound, Drever, and Hall. Because the TMs are unconstrained, they are expected to rotate slightly during measurement. Although the distance measurements are intended to be based on the TEM00 cavity mode, any misalignment will couple into higher-order transverse modes, particularly the TEM10 and TEM01. Light thus coupled will contribute a spurious signal to the cavity locking servo that causes a bias (i.e., a systematic error) in the length determination. The spurious signal proportional to the misalignment has an antisymmetric distribution at the detector and thus has a zero average, but causes a distance bias because of the inhomogeneity of the detector responsivity. To prevent such bias, SR-POEM includes a servo to keep the incoming laser beam aligned with the cavity. The required performance of that alignment servo is less stringent than has already been achieved by other projects. There is also a spurious signal proportional to the square of the misalignment that produces a symmetric distribution at the detector. This signal is also made unimportant by the operation of an alignment servo, even when operating well above the shot noise limit. We also look at the locking of a laser to a high finesse cavity and conclude that the alignment quality sets a bound on the ratio of measurement accuracy to cavity linewidth.