cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dual Affinity Heparin-Based Hydrogels Achieve Pro-Regenerative Immunomodulation and Microvascular Remodeling

The immune response to biomaterial implants critically regulates functional outcomes such as vascularization, transplant integration/survival, and fibrosis. To create “immunologically smart” materials, the host-material response may be engineered to optimize the recruitment of pro-regenerative leukocyte subsets which mature into corresponding wound-healing macrophages. We have recently identified a unique feature of pro-regenerative Ly6Clow monocytes that is a higher expression of both the bioactive lipid receptor sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 3 (S1PR3) and the stromal derived factor-1α (SDF-1α) receptor CXCR4. Therefore, we designed a bifunctional hydrogel to harnesses a mechanistic synergy between these signaling axes to enhance the recruitment of endogenous pro-regenerative monocytes. To overcome the challenge of codelivering two physiochemically distinct molecules—a large hydrophilic protein and hydrophobic small molecule—we engineered a dual affinity hydrogel that exploits the growth factor affini...
Domain Generality and Specificity in Creative Design Thinking

An emphasis on design thinking is increasingly prevalent in both professional and educational settings. From maker spaces to prototyping labs to the infusion of creative design thinking into K-12 instruction, principles of design thinking are making their way into a range of educational contexts and interventions. Many of these initiatives are based on creative thinking research and activities, making this research base relevant to the design of design-based educational interventions. In particular, the domain-specific and domain-general aspects of creativity have been studied and debated for decades, and a limited consensus has emerged on the extent to which creative thinking requires a mix of specific and general skills and personal characteristics. But little work has been done to explore the extent to which this previous theoretical and empirical work applies to creative design thinking, yet assumptions about the domain and task specificity of creative design thinking (or lack thereof) have a significant impact on both short- and long-term effects of design-based interventions. In this chapter, we review existing literature on creativity and domain specificity and then examine the degree to which that work is relevant to creative design thinking. Similarities and differences provide insight into design thinking in general and in creative contexts in particular. The chapter ends with an exploration of the implications of the research for teaching creative design thinking and which domain-general skills are particularly applicable.
Combination of pediatric and adult formulas yield valid glomerular filtration rate estimates in young adults with a history of pediatric chronic kidney disease

As patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) transition from pediatric nephrology care to adult care, their kidney function is clinically assessed by estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) using both pediatric and adult equations, which may not be congruent. Here we evaluated commonly used eGFR equations and directly measured iohexol GFR (iGFR) among participants between ages 18 and 26 with a diagnosis of pediatric CKD in the Chronic Kidney Disease in Children (CKiD) cohort. The bedside serum creatinine (SCr)-only equation (CKiDSCr), the SCr-only CKD-EPI (CKD-EPISCr), the cystatin C (Cys)-only CKD-EPI (CKD-EPICys) and the combined SCr and Cys CKD-EPI (CKD-EPISCr-Cys) were compared with a) 279 measured iGFRs obtained from 187 participants and b) 548 eGFRs from the SCr and Cys-based CKiD equation (CKiDSCr-Cys) obtained from 219 participants. Among emerging adults with a median iGFR of 49 ml/min/1.73m2, the CKiDSCr-Cys equation had low bias (+1.5 ml/min/1.73m2) and high correlation (0.94), while CKiDSCr underestimated iGFR and CKiDSCr-Cys (–5.6 and –7.4 ml/min/1.73m2, respectively) and CKD-EPISCr had an overestimation bias (+8.2 and +6.1 ml/min/1.73m2, respectively). However, the CKD-EPICys and CKD-EPISCr-Cys exhibited strong agreement with both iGFR and CKiDSCr-Cys. GFR may also be validly estimated in this population by taking the simple average of CKiDSCr and CKD-EPISCr (average bias +1.3 compared to iGFR and -0.6 compared to CKiDSCr-Cys). Clinicians should be aware that individually the pediatric and adult SCr-based estimates of GFR had large discrepancies among emerging adults with pediatric CKD. Thus, when cystatin C is not available, we recommend the average of pediatric and adult SCr-based eGFR as a valid tool for clinical use.
The Spanish Tragedy Redux

An object-relations concept of transmission of turbulence illuminates the phantom structure of Thomas Kyd’s Elizabethan metatheatrical play The Spanish Tragedy and my response to it. In 1972, interpreting the arbor imagery and the rhetoric of reversal and self-cancellation in the play, I wrote, “Kyd is his father attacking himself in the womb he is in”. After researching my suppressed family history, this peculiar sentence suggested to me unconscious knowledge of a run of murders in my family line, going back to the 1760 Long Cane Massacre of Irish settlers by Cherokee Indians in what is now South Carolina; continuing in the 1799 murder of Major William Love near what is now Harpe’s Head, Kentucky; the suicide of my maternal grandfather in Philadelphia in 1931; and culminating in a Mafia-style execution of my father near Cleveland, Ohio in 1943. Objectification of violence drives Hieronimo and informs this essay.
Provider and Patient SUDEP-7 Scoring: A Prospective Pilot Study (P1.282)

Objective: We aimed to determine whether patient and provider ratings of the Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy (SUDEP) Risk Inventory (SUDEP-7) scores were concordant, and which specific items were best correlated between raters. Background: Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) accounts for significant mortality in patients with drug resistant epilepsy (DRE). The SUDEP-7 quantifies risk for SUDEP using population-based risk factors, and has been previously correlated with factors that may portend SUDEP such as heart rate variability and ictal cerebral hypoxia. Design/Methods: We distributed questionnaires to patients with DRE (n=181) in our epilepsy monitoring unit, and asked providers to rate these same patients following interview while remaining blinded to patient scores. Patients with psychological or other non-epileptic spells were excluded. Agreement between patient and provider ratings was determined by kappa statistics, and level of agreement for individual Inventory items was determined by factor analysis using JMP software. Results: Overall there was good agreement (Spearman correlation coefficient 0.61) between patient and provider rated SUDEP-7 scores. The factors that correlated best between the raters included >=1 GTCS (kappa−0.72), >=3 GTCS (kappa−0.62) and >3 AEDs (kappa−0.69). Factors that were poorly correlated were >1 any seizure type in last 12 months (kappa−0.35) and >50 any seizure type per month in last 12 months (kappa−0.33). Overall mean SUDEP-7 score values were similar between the raters, mean provider score= 2.0 (SD 1.96, range 0–10), mean patient score=2.2 (SD 1.72, range 0–8). Conclusions: Agreement between patient and provider SUDEP-7 ratings was good, indicating that patient or provider completion of SUDEP-7 surveys is reasonable. Further development of surveys and approaches for self-administered SUDEP-7 scoring is needed to improve discrepancies between patient and provider ratings. Disclosure: Dr. Kiernan has nothing to disclose. Dr. Jaliparthy has nothing to disclose. Dr. Chahal has nothing to disclose. Dr. Myburgh has nothing to disclose. Dr. Bredesen has nothing to disclose. Dr. Timm has nothing to disclose. Dr. Britton has nothing to disclose. Dr. Cascino has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity for American Academy of Neurology and the journal Neurology. Dr. Cascino holds stock and/or stock options in Nevro through Mayo Medical ventures. Dr. Worrell has nothing to disclose. Dr So has nothing to disclose. Dr. Somers has nothing to disclose. Dr. St. Louis has nothing to disclose.
Trade and the Environment in the WTO

The linkage between trade and the environment stands out as an important challenge in global economic governance. Over the past decade, the WTO devoted considerable attention to this issue and included it on the agenda of the Doha Round. In parallel, the jurisprudence on trade and the environment has experienced significant advances. This study provides an overview of the main institutional changes at the WTO and of the developments in the jurisprudence most relevant to the interaction between the environment and trade. Specifically, this study focuses on GATT Article XX and takes note of many positive (and a few negative) features of the key Appellate Body decisions.
Correlating deformation mechanisms with X-ray diffraction phenomena in nanocrystalline metals using atomistic simulations

Abstract Virtual X-ray diffraction (XRD) and atomistic simulations are used to probe the relationship between XRD phenomena and the strain accommodation methods associated with deformation. Twinned and untwinned nanocrystalline (NC) samples loaded in tension reveal distinct XRD responses. In initially untwinned samples, peak splitting occurs precisely as dislocation mediated deformation mechanisms initiate at approximately 2.9% strain. However, initially pre-twinned samples reveal less dislocation mediated deformation and no observable XRD peak splitting. XRD responses from control sets of ideal defect structures representing bulk and unloaded NC samples are analyzed. This study shows that the peak splitting during deformation of the initially untwinned NC sample can be traced to both the high density of planar defects and the complex internal strain state present under external load.
Evidence-based gender equality policy and pay in Latin America and the Caribbean: progress and challenges

This paper aims to identify the main contributing factors to the observed gender pay inequality in the last 10 years in Latin America and the Caribbean. It also aims to identify the main restrictions to design evidence-based policy. The average woman in the region works 25 h more per month than the average man. Yet only half of women in the region are paid for or otherwise profit from their work. Work without formal pay leads to weak protection of human rights and limits civic participation. Moreover, gender inequality deters economic development and fosters income inequality. Research shows gender gaps result from the interactions of social norms and biological differences. The challenges to generating effective policies include the difficulty of identifying relevant mechanisms to explain gaps, the cost of collecting and analyzing relevant data, and the complexity associated with determining pertinent features of gender gaps. Collection and analysis of those mechanisms, data, and features are critical to learning how to correct gender gaps going forward.
Apparent activation energy of multicomponent transition metal oxalates to probe synthesis of battery precursor materials

Abstract In this study the apparent activation energy of pure and multicomponent transition metal oxalate coprecipitation reactions were experimentally measured via time dependent extinction of light passing through the reaction solution. These measurements provide a quantitative descriptor of the influence of the relative transition metal composition on the nucleation and growth processes of the precipitates. The resulting crystal structures of the synthesized precursors were also determined and put into the context of the measured coprecipitation apparent activation energies, revealing that the apparent activation energy may indicate impurity or secondary phase formation before it was detectable with X-ray diffraction. This paper is the first report of using apparent activation energies to investigate battery precursor coprecipitation reactions, and these methods should be extendable to chemistry for coprecipitation of many multicomponent transition metal particles which have applications in multiple fields including energy storage materials.
Nasal membrane and intracellular protein and enzyme release by bile salts and bile salt-fatty acid mixed micelles: correlation with facilitated drug transport.

The effects of four bile salts, one fusidate derivative, and one mixed micellar formulation of bile salt-fatty acid combination on the nasal mucosal protein and enzyme release have been investigated in rats using an in situ nasal perfusion technique. Deoxycholate (NaDC) was found to possess the maximum protein solubilizing activity, followed by taurodihydrofusidate (STDHF), cholate, glycocholate (NaGC), and taurocholate (NaTC) in a descending order. The difference in protein solubilization of NaDC and NaGC was further characterized by the release of 5′-nucleotidase (5′-ND), a membrane-bound enzyme, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), an intra-cellular enzyme, in the perfusate. While both NaDC and NaGC caused comparable 5′-ND release from nasal membrane, intracellular LDH release was significantly higher with NaDC. The greater protein and LDH solubilizing effects of NaDC corresponded well with its faster rate of disappearance from the nasal perfusate. Therefore, the dihydroxy bile salt NaDC tends to cause intracellular damage and cell lysis, whereas the trihydroxy bile salt NaGC appears to produce primarily mucosal membrane perturbations. Linoleic acid in the form of soluble mixed micelles with glycocholate caused a further increase in nasal protein release. However, the rate and extent of nasal membrane protein release by the mixed micelles composed of 15 mM glycocholate and 5 mM linoleic acid were significantly lower than those caused by either deoxyholate or STDHF at the same concentrations. Nasal absorption of acyclovir, a non-absorbable hydrophilic model antiviral agent, was found to be enhanced in the presence of conjugated trihydroxy bile salts and bile salt-fatty acid mixed micelles. A nonlinear correlation exists between first-order nasal absorption rate constant and nasal protein release rate.
Evolution of gold-bearing splays of crustal-scale fault zones of the south-central Archean Abitibi subprovince: Constraints from the Kirana deformation zone, Kirkland Lake, Ontario, Canada

Abstract We explored the effects of brittle-ductile deformation processes on the localization of strain and hydrothermal fluid flow throughout the formation and evolution of a fault zone. This was accomplished through detailed structural analysis of the Kirana deformation zone (Kdz), a splay of the Archean crustal-scale, orogenic gold-hosting Larder Lake-Cadillac deformation zone (LLCdz) in Ontario, Canada. Investigations included mapping, quantification of fault-related breccia by particle size distribution analysis, microstructural and petrographic characterization, and kinematic analysis of brittle-ductile structures. The Kdz records three principal evolutionary stages. Stage 1 involved seismogenic processes that resulted in the formation of a >50 m wide fault core and damage zone. Stage 2 is characterized by transpressional ductile shear localized along texturally favorable, mechanically weakened zones that formed during stage 1 and/or along zones where coeval fluid flow facilitated reaction weakening. Native gold is observed within the mylonitized fault core that is interpreted to have formed syn-to late-ductile shear. All structures are crosscut by small-scale faults and shear veins with disseminated alteration halos, defining stage 3. The Kdz demonstrates how early fault processes may control the spatial pattern and temporal progression of strain and hydrothermal fluid localization in orogenic gold-bearing fault splays.
Using scaffold innovation-thinking frameworks to integrate food science and technology into the transdisciplinary engineering design classroom

Technology and innovation are essential for students to not only learn and understand the technical skills, but also identify a problem, discover a solution, and communicate the value proposition. In this study, innovation-thinking frameworks were integrated into undergraduate transdisciplinary engineering and technology classrooms with a topic of food science and technology, exploring design within the area of new product development. The qualitative analysis, conducted using NVivo, indicated that the food science and technology focused educational experiences had the potential of transforming student self-reported perspectives related to metacognitive reflection, connecting the topics to the real-world and communicating. The findings offer exciting insights into the benefit of integrating self-regulated learning, visualization, and communication technology into future food-related education programs.
The adjustment to commodity price shocks

This paper analyzes the macroeconomic adjustment in commodity-exporting countries to commodity price shocks. First, I estimate a heterogenous panel SVAR using data from 22 commodity-exporting econo...
Mandatory theorizing and synthesis: A comment on Phaf (2020):

Should mandatory theorizing be a condition for researchers to publish articles? Should more synthesis be required, perhaps with the aid of meta-analysis? This short comment focuses on both question...
Field evaluation of a Tri-Set spray nozzle for aerial application and discussion on release of biological control agents

Abstract: Efficiency and efficacy of aerial application of liquid formations has been studied extensively in terms of optimal nozzle/atomizer setups, adjuvant mixes, weather conditions, and aerial spray release heights.Â In past studies, we have evaluated CP-11 flat-fan nozzles to assess impact factors of in-swath and downwind deposition from aerial spray application, and a solid stream radial Accu-Flo nozzle to determine penetration of the spray within crop canopy.Â When applying liquid tank mixes from aerial platforms, there are numerous nozzle types available with differing spray characteristics.Â More information is needed, however, on the ability of aerial delivery systems to effectively apply biological agents.Â The release of non-toxigenic A. flavus into corn fields has shown promise as a biological control agent for aflatoxin producing strains of the fungus.Â However, the application of a coarse granule to mature, two-meter-tall corn is a challenge.Â Thus, there would be substantial advantages to a liquid formulation with necessary identification of appropriate adjuvants to disperse the highly hydrophobic spores of A. flavus.Â This paper presents the experiment and preliminary data analysis of testing and evaluating Davidon tri-set nozzles under various nozzle configurations, and discusses what we need to know for effective use of different nozzles for potential application of biological control agents, especially Afla-GuardÂ®, a commercially available product containing non-toxigenic A. flavus as a biological control agent, and related products into corn fields. Keywords: aerial application, crop protection, nozzle evaluation, biological control agents DOI: Â 10.33440/j.ijpaa.20200302.75 Â Citation: Huang Y B, Thomson J S.Â Field evaluation of a Tri-Set spray nozzle for aerial application and discussion on release of biological control agents. Â Int J Precis Agric Aviat, 2020; 3(2): 40â€“47.
Quantifying Bias and Precision of Kinetic Parameter Estimation on the PennPET Explorer, a Long Axial Field-of-View Scanner

Long axial field-of-view (AFOV) PET scanners allow for full-body dynamic imaging in a single bed-position at very high sensitivity. However, the benefits for kinetic parameter estimation have yet to be studied. This work uses 1) a dynamic Geant4 Application for Tomographic Emission (GATE) simulation of [18F]-fluorothymidine (FLT) in a modified NEMA IQ phantom and 2) a lesion embedding study of spheres in a dynamic [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) human subject imaged on the PennPET Explorer. Both studies were designed using published kinetic data of lung and liver cancers and modeled using two tissue compartments. Data were reconstructed at various emulated doses. Sphere time-activity curves (TACs) were measured on resulting dynamic images, and TACs were fit using a two-tissue-compartment model ( $k_{4}\neq 0$ ) for the FLT study and both a two-tissue-compartment model ( $k_{4}=0$ ) and Patlak graphical analysis for the FDG study to estimate flux ( $K_{i}$ ) and delivery ( $K_{1}$ ) parameters. Quantification of flux and $K_{1}$ shows lower bias and better precision for both radiotracers on the long AFOV scanner, especially at low doses. Dynamic imaging on a long AFOV system can be achieved for a greater range of injected doses, as low as 0.5–2 mCi depending on the sphere size and flux, compared to a standard AFOV scanner, while maintaining good kinetic parameter estimation.
Enabling community access to TeraGrid visualization resources: Research Articles

Visualization is an important part of the data analysis process. Many researchers, however, do not have access to the resources required to do visualization effectively for large datasets. This problem is illustrated through several user scenarios. To remedy this problem, we propose a Visualization Gateway that provides simplified access to such resources to a broad population of users. The current implementation of this gateway is described, including the technology used and the services made available. In particular, a detailed description of a ParaView portlet is included. A proposed design for enabling access to community users is discussed. Technology as well as policy issues that were raised, including security and data management, are covered, as are methods for providing additional services, scaling to include additional resources, and other areas of future development. The paper concludes with a summary of the topics covered. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neighborhoods, Activity Spaces, and the Span of Adolescent Exposures:

Since the inception of urban sociology, the “neighborhood” has served as the dominant context to capture developmentally significant youth experiences beyond the home. Yet no large-scale study has ...
Large-Scale Patterns in the Agricultural Demographic Transition of Mesoamerica and Southwestern North America

This article examines large-scale spatial and temporal patterns in the agricultural demographic transition (ADT) of Mesoamerica and southwestern North America (“the Southwest”). An analysis of published settlement and subsistence data suggests that the prolonged ADTs of these regions involved two successive eras of rapid population growth. Although both periods of growth were fueled by the introduction or development of more productive domesticates, they had distinctive demographic and social consequences. The first phase of the ADT occurred only in a scattering of favorable regions, between 1900 and 1000 BC in Mesoamerica and 1200 BC–AD 400 in the Southwest. Its demographic consequences were modest because it was underwritten by still rather unproductive maize. During this phase, increased population was confined mainly to a few agricultural heartlands, whereas surrounding regions remained sparsely populated. The second phase of the ADT was more dramatic in the spatial scale of its impact. This “high productivity” phase unfolded between 1000 and 200 BC in Mesoamerica and AD 500–1300 in the Southwest, and it was fueled by more productive maize varieties and improving agricultural technologies. It was accompanied by sweeping social, economic, and political changes in both regions.
Influenza-specific effector memory B cells predict long-lived antibody responses to vaccination in humans

Seasonal influenza vaccination elicits hemagglutinin (HA)-specific CD27 + memory B cells (Bmem) that differ in expression of T-bet, BACH2 and TCF7. T-bet hi BACH2 lo TCF7 lo Bmem are transcriptionally similar to effector-like memory cells while T-bet lo BACH2 + TCF7 + Bmem exhibit stem-like central memory properties. T-bet hi Bmem do not express plasma cell-specific transcription factors but do exhibit transcriptional, epigenetic, metabolic and functional changes that poise the cells for antibody production. Consistent with these changes, D7 HA + T-bet hi Bmem express intracellular immunoglobulin and T-bet hi Bmem differentiate more rapidly into ASCs in vitro. The T-bet hi Bmem response positively correlates with long-lived humoral immunity and clonotypes from T-bet hi Bmem are represented in the early secondary ASC response to repeat vaccination, suggesting that this effector-like population can be used to predict vaccine durability and recall potential.
Noise Removal in River Flow Forecasting

We report a study of river flow modeling and forecast by using both noisy and thresholded discharge data as inputs to a neuro-wavelet based neural network. The data was was obtained from USGS station 04156000 Tittabawassee River at Midland, Michigan. In the neuro-wavelet network we combine wavelet analysis by using Daubechies wavelet and artificial neural networks to perform river flow forecasting of the Tittabawassee River. We obtain and compare mean squared errors, correlation coefficients, and root mean squared relative errors for three model performances. Results on the potential benefit in predictive power from denoising river flow data are presented and discussed.
Optimal Management for Residual Disease Following Neoadjuvant Systemic Therapy.

Treatment sequencing in early-stage breast cancer has significantly evolved in recent years, particularly in the triple negative (TNBC) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive subsets. Instead of surgery first followed by chemotherapy, several clinical trials showed benefits to administering systemic chemotherapy (and HER2-targeted therapies) prior to surgery. These benefits include more accurate prognostic estimates based on the extent of residual cancer that can also guide adjuvant treatment, and frequent tumor downstaging that can lead to smaller surgeries in patients with large tumors at diagnosis. Patients with extensive invasive residual cancer after neoadjuvant therapy are at high risk for disease recurrence, and two pivotal clinical trials, CREATE-X and KATHERINE, demonstrated improved recurrence free survival with adjuvant capecitabine and ado-trastuzumab-emtansine (T-DM1) in TNBC and HER2-positive residual cancers, respectively. Patients who achieve pathologic complete response (pCR) have excellent long-term disease-free survival regardless of what chemotherapy regimen induced this favorable response. This allows escalation or de-escalation of adjuvant therapy: patients who achieved pCR could be spared further chemotherapy, while those with residual cancer could receive additional chemotherapy postoperatively. Ongoing clinical trials are testing this strategy (CompassHER2-pCR: NCT04266249). pCR also provides an opportunity to assess de-escalation of locoregional therapies. Currently, for patients with residual disease in the lymph nodes (ypN+), radiation therapy entails coverage of the undissected axilla, and may include supra/infraclavicular/internal mammary nodes in addition to the whole breast or chest wall, depending on the type of surgery. Ongoing trials are testing the safety of omitting post-mastectomy breast and post-lumpectomy nodal irradiation (NCT01872975) as well as omitting axillary lymph node dissection (NCT01901094) in the setting of pCR. Additionally, evolving technologies such as minimal residual disease (MRD) monitoring in the blood during follow-up may allow early intervention with “second-line systemic adjuvant therapy” for patients with molecular relapse which might prevent impending clinical relapse.
The Boundary Layer of Yawed Cylinders

Starting with the Navier-Stokes equations of motion for viscous fluids, Prandtl 's argument regarding the orders of magnitudes of quantities in a laminary boundary layer is repeated for the special case of a yawed cylinder of infinite length. I t is shown that for this case the chordwise flow is given by the same equations as for unyawed (plane) flow about the same cylinder and that the spanwise boundary-layer flow can be calculated by integration of a linear second-order differential equation. This result leads to useful conclusions—e.g., that the location of laminar separation of the chordwise flow is independent of yaw. As an example, the flow over a flat plate, at zero incidence, having a sweptback leading edge, is treated. I t is found that the boundary-layer flow is always in the direction of the external stream and has the Blasius velocity profile—i.e., it is unaffected by sweepback of the leading edge. As a second example, a certain class of cylinders suggested by Prandtl is considered in the yawed condition. The flow about these in the plane case is known, the spanwise boundary-layer flow is calculated approximately, and some characteristic features are presented graphically.
Organizational members’ use of social networking sites and job performance

– There is considerable debate among academics and business practitioners on the value of the use of social networking by organizational members. Some, fearing presenteeism (i.e. being at the workplace but working below peak capacity), claim that the use of social networking sites by organizational members is a waste of time, while others believe it leads to improvements in job performance, partly due to employees’ successful efforts to balance work‐life realms. This paper aims to inform this debate by examining the use of social networking sites by organizational members and its effect on job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and job performance., – The exploratory study is based on a survey of 193 employees, focusing on the following constructs: social networking site use intensity, perceived job satisfaction, perceived organizational commitment, and job performance. The authors’ proposed model was evaluated using variance‐based structural equation modeling (SEM), a latent variable‐based multivariate technique enabling concurrent estimation of structural and measurement models under nonparametric assumptions. This study used WarpPLS 2.0 to assess both the measurement and the structural model., – The results show that social networking site use intensity has a significant positive effect on job performance through the mediation of job satisfaction, and that this mediating effect is itself mediated – in a nested way – via organizational commitment. The findings suggest that social networking site use, rather than causing presenteeism, may be a new way through which employees balance their work‐life realms, in turn benefitting their organizations.Originality/value – To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to analyze, in an integrated way, the relationship between those theoretical constructs.
The Length of U.S. Business Expansions: When Did the Break in the Data Occur?

It is widely accepted that the character of U.S. business cycles has changed in the post World War II era. In particular, as measured by the NBER business cycle dates, business expansions have grown from an average of 26.5 months in the prewar period to 51.5 months in the post-war period. Meanwhile, the length of contractions has fallen from 21.2 months prewar to 10.4 months in the post war era. While the changed character of the U.S. business cycle is generally accepted, the explanation for this change is not. World War II provides a convenient breakpoint in data set on business cycles, but in fact this choice is somewhat arbitrary. In this paper, we allow the data to choose the breakpoint. Following Diebold and Rudebusch (AER 1992) we conduct a nonparametric test to check for a break in the data. However, we vary the date at which we break the sample and compute a test statistic for each proposed break. The proposed date for which the probability of a break in the data set is maximized is chosen as the date for the which the break in the data occurred. For expansions, we find that March 1933 marks the breakpoint in the data. In April of 1933, the United States left the gold standard. Thus, the break in the series on business cycle expansions coincides with a major economic event that itself is theoretically consistent with this change in behavior. In particular, the timing of these two events is consistent with macroeconomic models in which there is a short-run nonneutrality of money and in which discretionary monetary policy has some scope for reducing business cycle fluctuations. We use NBER business cycle dates in conducting our analysis, but we check the robustness of our results by using an alternative set of business cycle dates.
Assessing the skill of satellite‐based precipitation estimates in hydrologic applications

[1] An important application of global precipitation measurement rainfall products is providing forcing inputs for hydrologic applications, and the goal of this study is to assess how skillful they are for such applications. To do that, we force a land surface model with both satellite estimates and ground-based measurements and test how well they can predict hydrologic states and fluxes useful for water resource applications, i.e., soil moisture, evapotranspiration, and river streamflow. A number of satellite-based precipitation products ranging from retrievals based only on microwave measurements, combined microwave + infrared estimates, to gauge-corrected products are tested over the entire continental United States region. As a reference to the satellite retrievals, estimates from global and regional weather model reanalyses (the analysis fields from these models) are tested as well. It is found that the microwave + infrared combined estimates can match the skill of the coarse resolution European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts global reanalysis but not the regional National Center for Environmental Predictions reanalysis. Gauge corrections to satellite products significantly enhance their skill by greatly reducing the bias in hydrologic predictions, especially over mountainous areas. Rainfall errors are shown to have strong impact on river streamflow predictions and column total soil moisture and relatively weak impact on near surface moisture and evapotranspiration. River streamflow experiments also suggest that satellite rainfall errors are highly correlated in space within the range of one storm system and thus do not reduce in magnitude with spatial scale (basin size).
Attachment and depression. Implications for family therapy.

This article begins with a discussion of attachment theory and childhood depression and the link between the two. Emphasis is placed both on pediatric and parental depression and their associations with attachment difficulties throughout the developmental periods, from infancy through adolescence. This information provides a backdrop for a discussion of family-oriented interventions for depressed young people and their parents that targets the enhancement of attachment relationships in an effort to address the problem of depression. Specific modifications of developmentally informed interventions that address attachment issues within the context of various constellations of family members are presented. These interventions include infant-parent psychotherapy, toddler-parent psychotherapy, other parent-child interaction therapies, variations of the use of play in family therapy, and modifications of interpersonal psychotherapies to be used with adolescents within a family context.
After Defeat: Conclusion: Zealots or Herodians?

During the last few centuries, our Western society has been intruding upon the other civilizations of the world with greater insistence. First it has drawn them all into the meshes of its economic system; next it has enlarged the borders of its political ascendency almost as far as the borders of its trade; and latterly it has been invading the life of its neighbours on the most intimate plane – the plane of social institutions and of spiritual emotions and ideas. This revolutionary process of Westernization, which at this moment is overtaking the Turks and many of their co-religionists in other Islamic countries, has already proceeded further among the Oriental Christian ex-subjects of the Turks in South-Eastern Europe and among their Oriental Christian ex-enemies in Russia, and it is actively at work among the Hindus and the Far Easterners. Thus, in studying the Westernization process in Turkey, we are increasing our understanding of the human world in which we ourselves live and move and have our being; for the issues with which the Turks have been confronted by their contact with the West are confronting other non-Western peoples the world over. Everywhere these peoples stand at the parting of the ways, with the choice of entering the camp of the Zealots or the camp of the Herodians. They can no longer remain neutral; for the West, in its restless activity, will not let them alone. Shall they accept the civilization of the West and attempt to adjust their own lives to it, or shall they reject it and attempt to cast it out as a devil which is seeking to possess their souls? Arnold Toynbee, Turkey
Diversity in immunological synapse structure

Immunological synapses (ISs) are formed at the T cell-antigen-presenting cell (APC) interface during antigen recognition, and play a central role in T-cell activation and in the delivery of effector functions. ISs were originally described as a peripheral ring of adhesion molecules surrounding a central accumulation of T-cell receptor (TCR)-peptide major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) interactions. Although the structure of these 'classical' ISs has been the subject of intense study, non-classical ISs have also been observed under a variety of conditions. Multifocal ISs, characterized by adhesion molecules dispersed among numerous small accumulations of TCR-pMHC, and motile 'immunological kinapses' have both been described. In this review, we discuss the conditions under which non-classical ISs are formed. Specifically, we explore the profound effect that the phenotypes of both T cells and APCs have on IS structure. We also comment on the role that IS structure may play in T-cell function.
The concept of power

What is “power”? Most people have an intuitive notion of what it means. But scientists have not yet formulated a statement of the concept of power that is rigorous enough to be of use in the systematic study of this important social phenomenon. Power is here defined in terms of a relation between people, and is expressed in simple symbolic notation. From this definition is developed a statement of power comparability, or the relative degree of power held by two or more persons. With these concepts it is possible for example, to rank members of the United States Senate according to their “power” over legislation on foreign policy and on tax and fiscal policy.
An enhanced classification approach for reliability estimation of structural systems

The accuracy of a classification-based surrogate model for reliability assessment can be improved by augmenting the training data (labeled data or data with known responses) with a large number of unlabeled data (data with unknown responses) in semi-supervised learning methods. In this research, an enhanced Probabilistic Neural Network (PNN) algorithm is proposed where the Gaussians at each labeled point are not assumed to be spherical. Each of the Gaussians has a `full' covariance matrix instead of simply assuming the Gaussian with a `spherical' covariance matrix. First, the Expectation-Maximization algorithm is applied on the labeled and unlabeled data while assuming that the number of `full' Gaussians is equal to the number of labeled datapoints. The contribution of each of these `full' Gaussians at a particular datapoint is found by using the Bayes Theorem. The Bayes decision criterion is then used in the final output layer of the PNN to classify test patterns into either the safe or the failure class. The primary benefit of the proposed method comes from utilizing unlabeled data for better estimation of `full' covariance matrices of constituting Gaussian clusters of underlying data, which are then used to estimate the Probability Density Functions of classes for classification. This procedure does not require additional computational costs to improve the accuracy of the classification results since the cost of unlabeled data is negligible in general. Two examples including an analytic problem and a truss problem are presented in order to validate the proposed reliability estimation process. The results reflect considerable improvements of the classifier performance for estimating reliability while maintaining sufficient accuracy.
Investigation of State Transition Model for Predicting Software Reliability

We compare a state transition model that is developed in this paper with previously developed software reliability models with respect to prediction accuracy. Two NASA Space Shuttlesoftwarereleasesareusedtomakethecomparison.Unexpectedly,thestatetransition modeldidnotdowell,comparedtoitsopponents,inpredictingreliabilityandremainingfailures. Furthermore, a single parameter, homogeneous Poisson model we had developed, did not faire much better. Only the two parameter, non-homogeneous Poisson model produced acceptablepredictionaccuracy.Thisresultisattributedtotheabilityofthenon-homogeneous Poisson model to capture more of the variation in failure data and, thus, estimate model parameters more accurately.
Minimum distance estimation for the logistic regression model

SUMMARY It is well known that the maximum likelihood fit of the logistic regression parameters can be greatly affected by atypical observations. Several robust alternatives have been proposed. However, if we consider the model from the case-control viewpoint, it is clear that current techniques can exhibit poor behaviour in many common situations. A new robust class of estimation procedures is introduced. The estimators are constructed via a minimum distance approach after identifying the model with a semiparametric biased sampling model. The approach is developed under the case-control sampling scheme, yet is shown to be applicable under prospective sampling as well. A weighted Cramer-von Mises distance is used as an illustrative example of the methodology.
Using constructivist ideas to teach science teachers about constructivist ideas, or teachers are students too!

(1992). Using constructivist ideas to teach science teachers about constructivist ideas, or teachers are students too! Journal of Science Teacher Education: Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 53-57.
Vortex nucleation induced phonon radiation from a moving electron bubble in superfluid H 4 e

We construct an efficient zero-temperature semilocal density functional to dynamically simulate an electron bubble passing through superfluid $^{4}\text{H}\text{e}$ under various pressures and electric fields up to nanosecond time scale. Our simulated drift velocity can be quantitatively compared to experiments particularly when pressure approaches zero. We find that the high-speed bubble experiences remarkable expansion and deformation before vortex nucleation occurs. Accompanied by vortex-ring shedding, drastic surface vibration is generated leading to intense phonon radiation into the liquid. The amount of energy dissipated by these phonons is found to be greater than the amount carried away solely by the vortex rings. These results may enrich our understanding about the vortex nucleation induced energy dissipation in this fascinating system.
A spectroscopic analysis of low-fluorescent mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardti blocked in their water-splitting oxygen-evolving apparatus.

Abstract 1. 1. A spectral analysis of six mutant strains of the unicellular alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardti, having lesions associated with the water-splitting oxygen-evolving apparatus is described. 2. 2. The chloroplast fragments from these mutant strains have a functional Photosystem II reaction center as shown by the normal photoreduction of C-550 and the photooxidation of cytochrome b559 at low temperature, and by their ability to carry out a 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1, 1-dimethylurea-sensitive photoreduction of NADP+ at room temperature in the presence of electron donors which donate electrons specifically to Photosystem II. 3. 3. The mutant chloroplast fragments contain equal amounts of the ascorbate-reducible cytochrome b559 and C-550 with all of the cytochrome b559 present participating in the low-temperature photoreaction. In contrast the wild-type chloroplast fragments contain twice the amount of high-potential cytochrome b559 as C-550 with only half of the cytochrome b559 present participating in the low-temperature photoreaction. 4. 4. The only component difference found between the mutant and the wild-type chloroplast fragments was that the lfd chloroplast fragments contained only half as much ascorbate-reducible cytochrome b559 as the wild type. Equal proportions, respectively, of cytochrome c553, low-potential cytochrome b559, and cytochrome b564 are found in both the mutants and wild-type strains. 5. 5. The data indicate that there exist two functionally distinct pools of ascorbate-reducible cytochrome b559 both of which function in the water-splitting oxygen-evolving apparatus. The lfd mutant strains are unable to split water and evolve oxygen because they lack one of the two pools of ascorbate-reducible cytochrome b559.
Intelligent Assistive Technology Applications to Dementia Care: Current Capabilities, Limitations, and Future Challenges

The number of older Americans afflicted by Alzheimer disease and related dementias will triple to 13 million persons by 2050, thus greatly increasing healthcare needs. An approach to this emerging crisis is the development and deployment of intelligent assistive technologies that compensate for the specific physical and cognitive deficits of older adults with dementia, and thereby also reduce caregiver burden. The authors conducted an extensive search of the computer science, engineering, and medical databases to review intelligent cognitive devices, physiologic and environmental sensors, and advanced integrated sensor networks that may find future applications in dementia care. Review of the extant literature reveals an overwhelming focus on the physical disability of younger persons with typically nonprogressive anoxic and traumatic brain injuries, with few clinical studies specifically involving persons with dementia. A discussion of the specific capabilities, strengths, and limitations of each technology is followed by an overview of research methodological challenges that must be addressed to achieve measurable progress to meet the healthcare needs of an aging America.
Frederick Sanger, Erwin Chargaff, and the metamorphosis of specificity.

Abstract That a transformation of ruling ideas in genetics and biochemistry took place at the dawn of molecular biology, in the late 1940s, is a commonplace; but the nature and components of that transformation are widely misunderstood. The change is often identified with the importation into biology of new styles of thought and new rigor by the many scientists trained in physics or chemistry who came into the nascent field — notably, Max Delbruck, Max Perutz, Francis Crick, John Kendrew, Maurice Wilkins, Rosalind Franklin. Most generally, the change is supposed to be the realization that genes are made not of protein but of nucleic acid — and this change was initiated, of course, by the work of Oswald Avery and his colleagues. These changes are not mutually exclusive, and both were surely important to the genesis of molecular biology. But logically prior to them, more fundamental, was another transformation in ruling preconceptions, one that has been neglected: the revolution in understanding of the chemical structures — the sequences of subunits —of proteins and of nucleic acids which was wrought by the work of Frederick Sanger and of Erwin Chargaff. This was a metamorphosis in the understanding of biochemical specificity, and while it astonished many biochemists it set free the small groups of those who were beginning to call themselves molecular biologists, enabling them to think of the relationship between genes and proteins in entirely new ways.