cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Individual-, family-, and contextual-level variables do not explain the protective effect of parental nativity status on changes in 3-15-year-old children's BMI.

Abstract Individual-, family-, and contextual-level factors can simultaneously and interactively affect a child's body mass index (BMI). We examine parental nativity as a key determinant of changes in children's BMI over time. Prior research on this topic has been inconclusive. A longitudinal sample of households with children residing in four low-income, high minority New Jersey cities provided data on demographics, socioeconomic status, anthropometric measures, as well as dietary and physical activity behaviors for one randomly selected child. The baseline interview for two separate cohorts took place in 2009/10 and 2014-15, with a follow-up interview 2–5 years later. The outcome variable, change in BMI z-score was divided into three categories (decrease in BMI z-score; no meaningful change; increase in BMI z-score) and analyzed using ordinal logistic regressions. About 28% of the children in the sample had at least one foreign-born parent. For the two major racial/ethnic groups, i.e., Hispanics and non-Hispanic blacks, having a foreign-born parent was associated with a favorable change in BMI—children of foreign-born parents were more likely to experience a decrease BMI z-score between baseline and follow-up. Multivariate analyses reveal that the initial association between parental nativity and children's BMI change (OR = 0.20; p
Genomic analyses of high-grade neuroendocrine gynecological malignancies reveal a unique mutational landscape and therapeutic vulnerabilities

The high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma of gynecologic origin (NEC-GYN) is a highly aggressive cancer affecting young women. The clinical management of NEC-GYN is often extrapolated from their counterpart, small cell carcinoma of the lung (SCLC), but, unfortunately, they have limited effect. In our NEC-GYN cohort, median progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were 1 and 12 months, respectively, indicating their highly lethal nature. Our comprehensive genomic analyses unveiled that NEC-GYN harbors a higher mutational burden with distinct mutational landscapes from SCLC. We identified 14 cancer driver genes (FDR
Cardiac thrombus and stroke in a child with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia: A case report.

Rationale Cardiac thrombus and stroke are rare complications in Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection, which is a common cause of community-acquired pneumonia in children. Early detection and prevention of thrombus in children with M pneumoniae pneumonia is relatively difficult. Patient concerns A 5-year-old boy with severe M pneumoniae pneumonia was referred to our center. During the treatment with sufficient antibiotics, an echocardiography surprisingly revealed a thrombus in the left atrium, with significant changes in D-dimer level and anti-phospholipid antibodies. At day 12 after admission, the patient showed impaired consciousness, aphasia, and reduced limb muscle power. Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) showed right middle cerebral artery infarction. Diagnoses Cardiac thrombus and stroke associated with M pneumoniae pneumonia. Interventions He was started on aggressive antibiotic therapy and urokinase thrombolytic therapy for 24 hours, continued with low molecular heparin calcium and aspirin along with rehabilitation training. Outcomes On follow up, the D-dimer decreased slowly and echocardiograms showed a steadily decreasing size of thrombus with eventual disappearance at day 22 after admission. His left limb muscle power was improved after rehabilitation for 2 months. Lessons Early diagnosis and treatment with multiple modalities maybe useful for improving prognosis of cardiac thrombus and stroke in M pneumoniae pneumonia. Changes in D-dimer level and anti-phospholipid antibodies should be routinely monitored in severe M pneumoniae pneumonia.
Learning From Demonstrations Using Signal Temporal Logic in Stochastic and Continuous Domains

Learning control policies that are safe, robust and interpretable are prominent challenges in developing robotic systems. Learning-from-demonstrations with formal logic is an arising paradigm in reinforcement learning to estimate rewards and extract robot control policies that seek to overcome these challenges. In this approach, we assume that mission-level specifications for the robotic system are expressed in a suitable temporal logic such as Signal Temporal Logic (STL). The main idea is to automatically infer rewards from user demonstrations (that could be suboptimal or incomplete) by evaluating and ranking them w.r.t. the given STL specifications. In contrast to existing work that focuses on deterministic environments and discrete state spaces, in this letter, we propose significant extensions that tackle stochastic environments and continuous state spaces.
An improved Kellogg-Tsan solution decomposition in numerical methods for singularly perturbed convection-diffusion problems

Abstract We consider the Kellogg-Tsan decomposition of the solution to the linear one-dimensional singularly perturbed convection-diffusion problem and improve it by including the solution of the corresponding reduced problem as a component. The upwind scheme on a modified Shishkin-type mesh is used to approximate the unknown component of the decomposition. It is proved that the error is O ( e ( ln ⁡ e ) 2 N − 1 ) , where e is the perturbation parameter and N is the number of mesh steps. The high accuracy of the method is illustrated by numerical examples.
Emergence of Dual Resistance to Zidovudine and Lamivudine in Clinical HIV-1 Isolates from Patients Receiving Zidovudine/Lamivudine Combination Therapy

Susceptibility to zidovudine and lamivudine was determined on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) isolates obtained from patients who added lamivudine after 6 months of treatment with zidov...
Fabrication of porous chitosan particles using a novel two-step porogen leaching and lyophilization method with the label-free multivariate spectral assessment of live adhered cells.

Abstract Porous chitosan (CS) particles were fabricated using a novel two-step technique that employed a porogen leaching phase followed by lyophilization or freeze-drying. Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) was mixed as a porogen in two different quantities with the CS solution before particle synthesis via coacervation. After the PEG leached out into deionized (DI) water at an elevated constant temperature, the final freeze-dried CS particles revealed surface features that resembled pore pockets. A three-dimensional (3D) culture of murine osteoblast cell line (OB-6) was seeded on these particles to analyze the effect of the porous structure on the cell activity, as compared to a control group with no added porogen. The results highlighted an enhancement in cell adhesion and proliferation on the two porous sample groups. A Raman spectroscopy-based label-free technique for live cell biomarker analysis was applied using multivariate spectral analysis. Results of the spectral analysis in the molecular fingerprint region corresponding to the Raman shift between 900 cm−1 and 1700 cm−1inferred inter-group variations. The bands at 1005 cm−1 and 1375 cm−1 were assigned to the live cell biomarkers phenylalanine and glycosaminoglycan, respectively, and were assessed during the multivariate spectral analysis. The corresponding score plot and loading information generated from the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of the Raman spectrum at day 7 and day 14, pointed at inter-group spectral variations related to cell adhesion and proliferation between the two porous CS particle groups and the control.
Developing an Online Psychological Trauma Education Course for College Students

Introduction: Individuals in various career fields will interact with people who have experienced trauma while engaging in their work responsibilities, and many have limited, if any, trauma trainin...
AN ABBEY AS A STRONGHOLD: A STRATEGIC ROLE OF CISTERCIAN ABBEY OF BLESSED VIRGIN MARY IN TOPUSKO (TOPLICA) IN ANTI-OTTOMAN DEFENSE EFFORTS DURING 16TH CENTURY

The main goal of this paper is to analyze the strategic role of Cistercian abbey of Blessed Virgin Mary in Topusko (medieval Toplica) in anti-Ottoman defense during 16th century, especially because it is rather exceptional of usage sacral complex in anti-Ottoman defense system in rather long period. In order to do so it is determined and analyzed strategic importance of the monastic complex in anti-Ottoman defense line and the change of it according to ever going Ottoman conquest of new territories, i.e. approaching of the bordering line. Furthermore, the organization of defense of the rather large estate of Topusko abbey as well as the changes of the monastic fortifications are addressed. Even more, the role of the commendatory abbots of the abbey, as well the serves of the abbey, in the larger efforts in composing and functioning of the anti-Ottoman defense line are analyzed. Finally, the proximate time and context of the final abandoning of the former Cistercian abbey is determined.
A comparison of certified and noncertified pet foods.

The market presents the buyer with a wide array of pet food choices. Marketing pet foods has changed in the last decade and today foods may be bought at a variety of outlets. The present study compares nutrient composition, digestibility, and effect on urine pH (cat foods only) of selected certified and noncertified pet foods from different outlets. The selected foods were considered analogous in terms of declared ingredients and macronutrient profiles. The analytical methods used were those of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists as described in the Pet Food Certification Protocol of the Canadian Veterinary Medical Association. The test foods were sampled 4 times from August 1994 to July 1995. Both certified and noncertified products met the nutritional requirements on a consistent basis, although 1 of the noncertified dog foods consistently failed to meet the zinc requirements. This same product also failed to meet the Canadian Veterinary Medical Association's standards for concentrations of protein, calcium, and phosphorus. One of the noncertified cat foods failed to meet the recommended calcium level. With the exception of fat digestion in 1 noncertified food, there were no statistically significant differences in major nutrient digestibility between certified and noncertified pet foods. There were some statistically significant differences in digestibility within both the certified and noncertified groups of foods. The practical significance of any of the statistical differences in digestibility is uncertain. Urine pH observed in cats fed noncertified test diets was variable, with some values greater than 7.0 as a maximum or 6.5 as an average. The general conclusion of this study was that the commonly available certified products were the nutritional equal of those foods that position themselves as "premium."
A boundary value problem for Hermitian harmonic maps and applications

We study the existence and uniqueness problems for Hermitian harmonic maps from Hermitian manifolds with boundary to Riemannian manifolds of nonpositive sectional curvature and with convex boundary. The complex analyticity of such maps and the related rigidity problems are also investigated.
Fast thermal coupling simulation of on-chip hot interconnect for thermal-aware EM methodology

For advanced process technologies as in FinFET or FDSOI, the current density increases while the wire width and spacing get reduced, leading to higher ΔT on wires due to self-heating and strong thermal coupling among wires. This impacts chip reliability and performance. Also, since the traditional methodology of using a uniform worst-case temperature across a chip for electromigration (EM) sign-off is often too pessimistic, or could fail to take into account a thermal hotspot, it is necessary to estimate the realistic temperature of wires to ensure reliability while optimizing the wire design. Due to the large number of wires in a modern chip, application of a direct thermal field solution such as FEM (finite element method) with all wires considered is not feasible. On the other hand, this paper describes an innovative method where the temperature increases on millions of wires due to self-heat are efficiently and accurately calculated. Also outlined is the thermal-aware EM methodology that considers both Chip-package-system (CPS) thermal environment and self-heat.
An Axiomatic Characterization of Causal Counterfactuals

This paper studies the causal interpretation of counterfactual sentences using a modifiable structural equation model. It is shown that two properties of counterfactuals, namely, composition and effectiveness, are sound and complete relative to this interpretation, when recursive (i.e., feedback-less) models are considered. Composition and effectiveness also hold in Lewis's closest-world semantics, which implies that for recursive models the causal interpretation imposes no restrictions beyond those embodied in Lewis's framework. A third property, called reversibility, holds in nonrecursive causal models but not in Lewis's closest-world semantics, which implies that Lewis's axioms do not capture some properties of systems with feedback. Causal inferences based on counterfactual analysis are exemplified and compared to those based on graphical models.
Phenomenology of Polymer Solution Dynamics

Presenting a completely new approach to examining how polymers move in non-dilute solution, this book focuses on experimental facts, not theoretical speculations, and concentrates on polymer solutions, not dilute solutions or polymer melts. From centrifugation and solvent dynamics to viscosity and diffusion, experimental measurements and their quantitative representations are the core of the discussion. The book reveals several experiments never before recognized as revealing polymer solution properties. A novel approach to relaxation phenomena accurately describes viscoelasticity and dielectric relaxation and how they depend on polymer size and concentration. Ideal for graduate students and researchers interested in the properties of polymer solutions, the book covers real measurements on practical systems, including the very latest results. Every significant experimental method is presented in considerable detail, giving unprecedented coverage of polymers in solution.
Stereoselective synthesis: Molecular editing of carbohydrates.

Deoxygenation reactions have been used to convert biomass-derived carbohydrates into useful platform chemicals. Now, a method has been described that can selectively excise C–O bonds to produce valuable chiral synthons.
The emerging revolution in nanotechnology

The world is experiencing rapid progress in the ability to design and fabricate mechanical and devices and structures with nanoscale dimensions. This ability stems from parallel advances in materials growth patterning techniques, imaging and manipulation and advances in characterization and testing. When taken together, these techniques form the basis for designing and fabricating devices and structures using atomic level control. Nanotechnology will form the basis for new devices and structures with performance far exceeding that available from current systems.
Effects of normal and shear stresses in rolling and mixed mode contact on the micropitting wear of a WC/a-C:H tribological coating

Abstract The focus of this research was to evaluate the resistance of a WC/a-C:H coating to micropitting damage in rolling/sliding boundary lubricated contacts. Experiments were conducted on uncoated discs and coated rollers in a three-disc-on-roller tribometer. Contributions of surface roughness, slide-to-roll ratio, and substrate hardness on coating performance were studied. Observations gleaned from the experimental results include that the coating on a super-finished roller can withstand contact stresses as high as 1.7 GPa in extreme boundary lubrication and nominally pure rolling with no measurable wear. Roughness of the coated component plays a crucial role in coating performance, as well as in the wear on the uncoated counterpart.
Space‐Mapped auditory projections from the inferior colliculus to the optic tectum in the barn owl (Tyto alba)

The optic tectum of the owl contains a topographic representation of auditory space. We have investigated the source of this space-mapped auditory activity by using retrograde tracing with horseradish peroxidase. The major source of auditory input to the optic tectum is the ipsilateral external nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICX), which is known to contain a map of auditory space also. Additional minor projections originate in the superficial nucleus of the inferior colliculus and the nucleus isthmi parvocellularis. There is no apparent projection to the optic tectum from the contralateral ICX or any other brainstem auditory nucleus. The projection from the ICX to the optic tectum is point-to-point: rostral ICX projects to rostral tectum, caudal ICX to caudal tectum, dorsal ICX to dorsomedial tectum, and ventral ICX to ventral tectum. Thus, the space-mapped organization that exists in the ICX is passed on by topographic projections to the optic tectum.
Tumor remnants within giant cells following irradiation of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma.

background. The histopathologic effects of curative doses of radiation therapy on cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) have not been well described in the dermatologic literature. objective. To understand the histopathologic process of cutaneous SCC involution following radiation treatment. methods. Hematoxylin-eosin stain and immunoperoxidase stains for keratin were performed on tissue from the site of a primary cutaneous SCC 2 months after completion of fractionated radiation therapy (7000 cGy total) but prior to clinical involution. results. Histopathological examination of the irradiated SCC revealed dermal keratin pearls and keratinocytic necrosis resembling apoptosis as well as inflammation and foreign body giant cell reaction. Immunoperoxidase staining for keratin revealed cellular remnants of cutaneous SCC without intact keratinocytic nuclei within giant cells. conclusion. Complete clinical resolution of the SCC over the next several weeks without recurrence after 15 months confirmed the histopathologic findings of tumor destruction by primary radiation therapy.
Disturbing Realities Concerning Data Policies in Organizations

The importance of corporate data management cannot be overstated in today's volatile environment. Several recent studies of IS professionals have found computer-based data utilization to be one of the top five critical IS issues of the 1980s. A study was conducted with 394 end users in 21 Fortune 500 organizations. The results are alarming. Data pollution existed in every one of the firms we explored. Rekeying of corporate data was evident in half of the end users surveyed creating redundancy problems. Data management policies were not found to be widespread presenting a very real concern to practicing managers. Backup and security procedures were found to be loosely enforced on the average. Based on the findings, the authors recommend a contingency approach to managing corporate data. Recommendations are presented to IS managers which encourage a shift from computer management to data management.
Simultaneous and dynamic price, production, inventory and capacity decisions

Abstract This paper concerns a profit maximizing firm that derives the optimal price for its output, level of output, level of inventory, and composition of productive capacity over time. First, it is assumed that capacity may be acquired to either increase or replace the firm's existing productive capacity. Second, it is assumed that the acquisition of new capacity causes a reduction in the firm's production cost. Lastly, it is assumed that demand, which is expressed as a function of time and price, must be met either from current production or from inventory. Clearly, the level of production cannot exceed the productive capacity at any time. The optimal control model formulated requires the solution of a two-point boundary value problem so that a discrete approximation numerical procedure is presented. Numerical results indicate that due to anticipated technological improvement, the acquisition of new capacity is postponed and occurs in greater magnitude later in the planning horizon. In addition, as a result of upgrading productive capacity through the acquisition of new technology, numerical results show that a firm lowers its per unit production cost and thereby reduces the optimal price charged for output which increases demand. Furthermore, since the level of capacity is increased due to the purchase of new technology, less reliance on inventory is necessary to meet peak demand. Lastly, it is shown that a larger firm optimally acquires a greater level of new capacity over the planning horizon to reduce its operating costs, and thereby further its competitive advantage.
Tolerance to behavioral effects of haloperidol

Abstract Haloperidol was given daily (3 mg/kg, i.p.) for 5 months. Catalepsy and ptosis in response to a single dose of the neuroleptic were measured weekly. Total scores of both responses gradually decreased, indicating the development of tolerance, but with different time courses. Ptosis and catalepsy responses became half of their initial values by approximately 5 and 10 weeks, respectively. In contrast, the onset of these behavioral responses gradually became more rapid after each dose of haloperidol over the first 3 to 4 months.
Yearly impact of submonthly rain fluctuations on the Indian Ocean salinity

We investigate the impact of submonthly rain fluctuations on the daily-to-interannual variations of the salinity in the tropical Indian Ocean. A three-year record of daily observed precipitation and wind are used to force an Indian Ocean model in two experiments that differ only by their rain forcing, which is either daily- (Exp_day) or monthly- (Exp_month) averaged. Results show that submonthly precipitations significantly impact the Surface Layer Salinity (SLS) in the northern and eastern Bay of Bengal during the wet season from May to November. In September when the Bay reaches its SLS minimum, the Andaman Sea is saltier by as much as 1.3 psu for Exp_day. The frequency shift between the submonthly rain forcing and the yearly salinity response is due to accumulation in time of nonlinear mechanisms: sudden rain deficits increase the SLS by entraining salty waters from below, whereas rain excesses are inefficient to decrease the salinity of the thick surface layer.
A transversely suspended accelerometer

This paper describes a transversely suspended accelerometer (TSA) designed to measure acceleration at low frequency with high sensitivity in the vicinity of a strong magnetic field. The TSA is a simple diffraction-limited imagepositioning device capable of measuring constant (DC) and variable (AC) acceleration simultaneously in two perpendicular directions. It has a resonant frequency of 5.2 Hz (33 rad/s), a range of 0 to 20 mG, a sensitivity of 25 μG and a spatial resolution better than one measurement per four cubic millimeters. Steps taken to design, calibrate and test the TSA are described, and a brief description of one potential application for using the device as a gravitometer is presented.
Hydrogen and deuterium sorption by selected rare earth intermetallic compounds at pressures up to 1500 atm

Abstract A limited survey was conducted of hydrogen and deuterium sorption by 13 selected AB itx alloys (A  La, Ce, Pr, Er; B  Co, Ni). A structural analysis showed that AB 5 hydrides (PrCo 5 H 3.9 and LaNi 5 H 6 are paradigms) share essentially the same structure, with a maximum of nine sites per AB 5 unit available for hydrogen storage. To determine whether all nine sites could be filled at pressures higher than those previously studied, pressure-composition isotherms were obtained at 21 °C and up to 1500 atm for each of the alloys under study. The greatest hydrogen absorption occurred for LaCo 5 , La 0.45 Ce 0.55 Ni 5 and Lao.5Ce 0.5 Co 5 with 9, 8.3 and 8.5 hydrogen atoms per mole of alloy respectively. The effect on the pressure-composition isotherm of substituting one A or B element for another (neodymium or manganese) who also explored. The pressure plateaus were usually shifted by these substitutions.
Efficiency Evaluation of Full-Wave Electromagnetic Simulation Techniques in 3D WB-PBGA Package Modeling

Package modeling and simulation is the essence of every designer daily work flow. With a trend towards ever more complex designs, the potential reward for designer is the ability to solve previously intractable problems quickly and accurately. Experts still argue about the fastest and most elegant approaches to solving electromagnetic problems yet no single method has emerged as an outright winner [1]. This paper presents a case study to make comparison between two enormously commercially-used full-wave electromagnetic (EM) simulation techniques in the advanced packaging technology. It examines the efficiency in terms of simulation time and memory requirement when modeling and simulating a 3D WB-PBGA package. Simulation results in both frequency and time domains have been obtained and correlated with empirical data.
Low Earth Orbit Effects on Indium Tin Oxide and Polyester and Comparison With Laboratory Simulations

Abstract Laboratory simulation of the low Earth orbit (LEO) environment using oxygen plasma ashers are discussed. Their effectiveness as space simulators are compared with LEO through analysis of indium tin oxide (ITO) thin films and bulk polyester exposed to both environments. Spectrophotometry and atomic force microscopy have been used to characterize optical and microstructural changes as a result of exposure to the simulated (oxygen plasma asher) and the actual space environment aboard shuttle flight STS-46. Results show that the low Earth orbit space environment is much harsher than the plasma asher on the optical properties of ITO as well as the surface roughness of polyester. On space-exposed samples, a significant shift in the ITO absorption edge is seen for fluences of 2 × 10 20 atoms cm -2 but not on films exposed in the asher. The surface roughness of polyester exposed in the asher increase by a factor of 5.5, while that of polyester exposed in space increases by a factor of 20 for the same atomic oxygen fluence. The directional nature and higher kinetic energy of atomic oxygen in LEO serves to erode polyester more than in the asher. The different results obtained in the asher for both ITO and polyester bring into question the suitability of using plasma ashers as space simulators for these materials.
Idiotype-specific T suppressor factor alternatively interacts with a nonspecific T-acceptor-like cell to mediate immune suppression

The ability of the idiotype (Id)-specific second-order T suppressor factor (TsF2) to interact with a final effector Ts cell type other than the previously reported third-order Ts (Ts3) subset was studied in the phenyltrimethylamino (TMA) hapten system. Hence, mice were primed with unrelated heterologous haptens to induce the nonspecific T acceptor (Tacc) cells following published procedures. When enriched T cell populations containing these nonspecific Ts were briefly incubated in vitro with TMA-TsF2, they produced suppression upon adoptive transfer into cyclophosphamide-treated mice which had been previously immunized for TMA-specific delayed-type hypersensitivity. Despite the fact that the effector population studied in this report also required Id-binding TsF2 for its function, it differs markedly from the Ts3 subset studied previously in the TMA system. First, the cell type studied herein could be easily generated with noncrossreacting heterologous chemically reactive haptens when applied directly to the skin of mice. Furthermore, these Ts effector cells had no detectable intrinsic receptors for homologous haptens and most importantly, unlike Ts3, this population had no affinity for the TMA hapten. Nevertheless, the nonspecifically induced Ts once activated by TsF2 suppresses TMA-directed, but not similar immune responses specific for heterologous haptens. Thus the results indicate that TsF2 can functionally interact with a final effector Ts subset (very similar to the Tacc) other than the well described Ts3 population. The ramifications of these findings are discussed with reference to a generalized view of the cellular basis of terminal phases of immune suppression.
Laser linac in vacuum: assessment of a high-energy particle accelerator

Acceleration of a relativistic electron beam by the longitudinal field component of a focused laser beam is optimal when the laser beam is radially polarized. A variational calculation shows that the electron energy gain in a laser beam of given power cannot greatly exceed that available from a Gaussian beam. Particle trajectories calculated in a radially polarized Gaussian beam indicate that transverse forces focus and recollimate appropriately phased off- axis electrons over the acceleration length.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Lack of evidence for a cerebral sodium modulating mechanism in the monkey.

Experiments were carried out in seven conscious macaque monkeys undergoing a water diuresis to determine the effects of raising carotid blood sodium concentration on renal sodium excretion and free water clearance. On separate days each animal received an intracarotid infusion of hypertonic sodium chloride (90 Eq NaCl/kg·body wt./min) for 5 to 10 min, the same hypertonic infusion intravenously, and an intracarotid infusion of isotonic NaCl. None of the infusions produced a change in sodium excretion. However, the intracarotid hypertonic infusion produced a sustained decrease in free water excretion while the other infusion did not. Creatinine clearance was not affected by any of the infusions. The results of these experiments support the view that while the brain of the primate contains an osmotic sensing mechanism it does not contain a mechanism which modulates sodium excretion.
On the possible role of brain protein synthesis in functional barbiturate tolerance

Abstract Pentobarbital pellet implantation increased more than 200% the ED 50 dose of pentobarbital required to induce loss of the righting reflex within 2 min of i.p. injection and increased the onset of barbital-induced sleep. Both tests of functional barbiturate tolerance were blocked by the intraventricular injection of cycloheximide. The effects of acute (45 mg/kg i.p.) and chronic (pellet implantation) pentobarbital treatment on the incorporation of 3 H-lysine into the protein of various subcellular fractions of the cortex and subcortex were studied. In the subcortex, chronic pentobarbital treatment significantly stimulated protein synthesis 40–50% in the microsomal, soluble and mitochondrial fractions. Both acute and chronic pentobarbital treatments significantly increased ( 3 H-lys)-protein accumulation in a fraction of synaptic plasma membranes derived from a population of nerve ending particles (NEP) enriched in γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). The possible significance of these data to pentobarbital tolerance and dependence development is discussed.
The Interpretation of Infrared Spectra: Published Reference Sources

INTRODUCTION Historically, infrared spectroscopy made its debut as an analytical tool during World War II. At that time it was used for quality control by several major chemical manufacturing companies. The instrumentation, which was essentially home-made, was adapted for the quantitative measurements of components in polymeric and petroleum products. In the 1950s, with the introduction of gas chromatographic instrumentation, infrared spectroscopy gradually fell out of favor as a quantitative tool. As a result, the emphasis switched to qualitative analysis. This was a natural role for infrared spectroscopy because of the significant amount of unique structural and chemical/physical information that is intrinsically available from the spectrum. The resultant increase in the use of infrared spectroscopy, as a qualitative tool, was aided by the influx of new, commercial instrumentation introduced during the 1950s - including lower priced, easy to use instruments for routine analysis. Much of the published wo...
Ligament Mechanics During Three Degree-of-Freedom Motion at the Acromioclavicular Joint

The development of effective treatment and reconstruction procedures for injuries to the soft tissues around the acromioclavicular (AC) joint relies on a comprehensive understanding of overall joint function. The objective of this study was to determine the magnitude and direction of the in situ forces in the AC capsular and coracoclavicular ligaments as well as the resulting joint kinematics during application of three external loading conditions while allowing three degree-of-freedom joint motion. A robotic/universal force-moment sensor testing system was utilized to determine the in situ forces in the soft tissue structures and the resulting joint kinematics. The clavicle translated 5.1+/-2.0, 5.6+/-2.2, and 4.2+/-1.9 mm during application of a 70 N load in the anterior, posterior, and superior directions, respectively, representing almost a 50% increase over previous studies using similar load magnitudes. In response to an anterior load, the magnitude of in situ force in the superior AC ligament (35+/-18 N) was found to be greater (p<0.05) than the force in the trapezoid and conoid ligaments. In contrast, the magnitude of in situ force in the conoid (49+/-22 N) was significantly greater (p<0.05) than all other ligaments in response to a superior load. Additionally, the directions of the force vector representing the conoid and trapezoid were different, being located in opposing quadrants of the posterior axis of the scapula with this loading condition. Our data suggest that the kinematic constraints placed on the AC joint during loading affect the resulting joint motion and that the magnitude and direction of force in each ligament are affected by the coupled motions that occur. Based on the differences in magnitude and direction of the in situ force in the coracoclavicular ligaments with each loading condition, surgical procedures should reconstruct these ligaments in a more anatomical manner or treat them separately to prevent joint degeneration.
PHENOTYPIC CONSEQUENCES OF INCUBATION TEMPERATURE AND FEEDING REGIMEN IN CAPTIVE-BRED TARANTULAS

Eighteen oothecae of the African selenocosmiine spider Pterinochilus murinus were incubated at 22.5, 27.0, or 31.5°C. Neonates were reared under high or low feeding regimens. Potential influences of incubation temperature on incubation period, secondary sex ratio, egg inviability, embryo mortality, and juvenile mass at eclosion were examined using chi-square analysis and analysis of covariance. Potential direct and interactive effects of the temperature of incubation and feeding regimen on juvenile mortality, mass at 35 weeks, and duration of immature/mature life span and body mass/size in males were tested using multivariate analysis of covariance. Secondary sex ratio did not depart from parity within any experimental treatment. The strikingly small mass of spiders reared under the low feeding regimen was unaffected by incubation temperature and was equivalent between the sexes. Under the high feeding regimen, females in the 22.5 and 31.5°C incubation treatments had surpassed the mass of their male counterparts by week 35, but male and female mass was equivalent at 27.0°C. The most massive high-fed females were produced from the 31.5°C incubation temperature, while high-fed males were largest from 27.0°C, which also produced mature males of the greatest mass and body size. Captive-management implications are discussed. Zoo Biol 17:405–414, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Submaximal Treadmill Test Predicts V̇O2max in Overweight Children

Objective To demonstrate the ability of a submaximal test to predict VO2max in overweight children. Study design A total of 130 children, 11 to 14 years old, with body mass index >85 percentile for age and sex performed a submaximal walking test. VO2max was measured by using open circuit spirometry during a graded exercise test to volitional fatigue. An equation to predict VO2max was modeled by using the variables of sex, weight (kg), height (cm), heart rate (HR) after 4 minutes during the submaximal test (4minHR), HR difference (4minHR − resting HR), and submaximal treadmill speed (miles per hour [mph]) in 75% of the subjects. Validation was performed by using the remaining 25% of subjects. Results A total of 113 subjects achieved a maximal effort and was used in the statistical analysis. Development and validation groups were similar in all aspects. V O 2 max ⁡ = − 1772.81 + 318.64 · Sex ( F = 0 , M = 1 ) + 18.34 · Weight ( kg ) + 24.45 · Height ( cm ) − 8.74 · 4 min HR − 0.15 · Weight ( kg ) · HR difference + 4.41 · Speed ( mph ) · HR difference . On validation, the mean square error was 241.06 with the predicted VO2max within 10% of the observed value in 67% of subjects. Conclusion VO2max was accurately predicted in this cohort of overweight children by using a submaximal, treadmill-based testing protocol.
A Capstone Senior Design Project: Thermal Design of Insulated Pipes That Carry Hot Single-Phase Fluids and are Immersed in Atmospheric Air

The accurate estimation of the insulation thickness of pipes carrying hot fluids may be achieved rapidly in an unprecedented manner articulating knowledge of courses on numerical methods and heat transfer. The aim of this paper on engineering education is to demonstrate that the algebraic solution of a lumped energy equation combined with an iterative solution of a nonlinear algebraic equation enables students to design insulation thicknesses of pipes carrying hot fluids with laminar or turbulent motion. The input data for the lumped energy equation consists of two parts. The internal part requires the use of the distribution of axial-mean internal Nusselt number for a thin-walled pipe with a prescribed surface temperature. The external part demands the use of the peripheral-mean external Nusselt number for a solid cylinder at a constant temperature. The allowable heat loss to the ambient air constitutes the primary design constraint in the thermal design project. The preliminary phase of such a project i...
A kinetic model for rapid flows of granular materials

Abstract A kinetic model for rapid flows of granular material is considered. An evolution equation for the first order distribution function is developed which includes the effects of intergranular friction force in an average sense. The collision operator is approximated by the BGK relaxation model. The fundamental equations of motion including an equation for dynamics of the fluctuation energy are derived and discussed. The gravity and the plane Couette flows of granular materials are treated as examples of the applications of the present theory.
Charging control through extraction field

The influence of sample charging in CD measurements by a SEM based metrology system has been continuously decreased through lower electron beam landing energy, lower electron dose (a combination of lower beam current and less integration time) and faster scan speed. However, as IC industry marches towards 100 nm gate width, the demand for less than 1 nm precision CD- SEM grows. Charging continues to be the one of the biggest hurdles to reach that goal. Additional charge control measures are needed. We propose an approach to utilize extraction voltage in charge control. When varying extraction voltage strength, a CD-SEM can be tuned (through the combination of beam energy and extraction voltage) to operate at energy of balancing the total injected charge and the total emitted charge for a specific substrate. The preliminary experiment results support such a proposal.
Investigations of several infrared bands of 12C2H2 and studies of the effects of vibrational rotational interactions

Twenty seven infrared bands of acetylene (12C2H2) in seven selected regions have been measured with high resolution vacuum spectrographs. Some of these have been studied for the first time under high resolution, several molecular constants have been determined with improved accuracy and the rotational assignments have been corrected in a few instances. The need to determine the relative orientations of the Δ states from experimental studies has become evident in recent work related to C2D2 and C2HD spectra. In the present investigation, for the two Δ states 0000022 and (00011)2 the c component has been found to be higher than the corresponding d component. For the first time, a Π state has also been established to have the same feature; normally, in the case of Π states the Πd component is higher than the Πc.
Register-sensitive selection, duplication, and sequencing of instructions

In this paper, we present a new framework for selecting, duplicating and sequencing instructions so as to decrease register pressure. The motivation for this work is to target current and future high-performance processors where reductions in register pressure in the compiled programs can lead to improved performance.For instruction selection and duplication, a unique feature of our approach is the ability to perform these transformations on intermediate-language instructions in a general dependence graph that contains both true and non-true dependences, unlike past work that restricted their attention to a single expression tree or a single expression dag. For instruction sequencing, we present a new algorithm for reducing register pressure that is based on backwards schedulingWe present preliminary performance results to validate our approach. Our results show that register-sensitive instruction duplication can deliver significant speedups (up to 1.22x) for the SPECint95 benchmarks on an IA-32 processor. We also show that register-sensitive sequencing delivers smaller speedups (up to 1.12x) for the SPECjvm and Java Grande benchmarks on a PowerPC processor (when utilizing two-thirds of its registers). We expect to see more significant speedups due to register-sensitive sequencing on processors with fewer register than the PowerPC (such as the IA-32).
Children's use of perceptual cues in product categorization

This study examines how young children use perceptual cues in categorizing products. Specifically, we examine the notion that young children use perceptual cues in a more informed fashion than is generally assumed by traditional viewpoints on cognitive development. Data from the three age groups—four- and five-year-olds, six- and seven-year-olds, and adults—confirm that even young children can use perceptual cues in a manner that is diagnostic of product category membership and that this ability increases with age.
Simultaneous Percussion Auscultation Technique for the Determination of Liver Span

The assessment of liver size is an aspect of the pediatric physical examination that has application for the general pediatrician as well as for other pediatric subspecialists. Estimates of liver size in pediatric patients are often based on the distance of the liver edge below the right costal margin. This estimate does not, however, reflect the liver span in healthy children, much less children with hyperinflated lungs. 1 A recent survey of patients hospitalized in our institution assessed the documentation of liver size on the admission history and physical examination (C.C., unpublished data, April 1993). The medical records of 90 patients (age range, 4 days to 22 years) were reviewed. In 50 (55%) of the 90 cases, the only comment about liver size was the absence of hepatomegaly; in 29 (32%) of the 90 cases there was no mention of the liver examination; and in nine (10%) of the 90
Hyaluronan Binding Peptide Limits Surfactant Dysfunction, Respiratory Distress and Surfactant Protein-B and -C Deficiency after Acute Lung Injury

Hyaluronan Binding Peptide Limits Surfactant Dysfunction, Respiratory Distress and Surfactant Protein-B and -C Deficiency after Acute Lung Injury
Comparison between two asymptotic methods

Two complete asymptotic expansions of an integral with many simple pole singularities and a first-order, isolated, saddle point evaluated by two different methods are compared. It is shown that both expansions are exactly the same (term by term) inside and outside the transition regions.
Detection of drug-induced cellular changes using confocal Raman spectroscopy on patterned single-cell biosensors

We report on a cell-based biosensor application that utilizes patterned single-cell arrays combined with confocal Raman spectroscopy to observe the time-dependent drug response of individual cells in real time. The patterned single-cell platform enables individual cells to be easily located and continuously addressable for Raman spectroscopy characterization of biochemical compositional changes in a non-destructive, quantitative manner so that discrete cellular behavior and cell-to-cell variations are preserved. In this study, human medulloblastoma (DAOY) cells were exposed to the common chemotherapeutic agent etoposide, and Raman spectra from patterned cells were recorded over 48 hours. It was found that 87.5% of the cells monitored exhibited a sharp decrease in DNA and protein associated peaks 48 hours after drug exposure, corresponding to cell death. The remaining 12.5% of the cells showed little to no reduction in key Raman biomarkers, indicating their drug resistance. Furthermore, the patterned cell population showed a very similar response to etoposide as confluent cell cultures, as confirmed by flow cytometry. Finally, patterned cells were assessed with TUNEL assay for apoptosis due to DNA fragmentation after etoposide exposure. The results agree well with those from the Raman spectroscopy analysis. This combined biosensor–Raman platform provides a quick, simple way to assess cell responses to chemical and biological agents with high throughput and can be potentially used for a wide variety of biomedical applications such as pharmaceutical drug discovery, toxin tests, and biothreat detection.
Moment problem for a density matrix and a biorthogonal set of operator bases.

The practical aspect of the moment problem for a density matrix for single-mode radiation is solved; namely, two simple explicit expressions for the density matrix in terms of its moments are presented. A biorthogonal set of operators is established, so that two bases are available for expressing an arbitrary operator.
Work motivation and job values among professional men and women: A new accounting

Abstract The professional literature is replete with theoretical examples explaining women's “lesser work commitment.” In this study of 208 accountants in one of the “big eight” international public accounting firms there were no significant differences between males and females on any of the components of work motivation measured. That is, women did not appear significantly different from men on any of the motivational variables, in the rewards they valued on the job, or on job characteristics they valued. In general, the “deficit theories” about women workers do not seem to apply to the women accountants under study.
E. coli sigma factor: a positive control element in phage T4 development.

The σ factor of E. coli RNA polymerase selectively promotes transcription of T4 phage pre-early genes. The residual activity of the minimal enzyme on T4 DNA is caused by random initiation on both strands of the entire T4 DNA molecule.
Threshold photoproduction of positive pions from deuterium

Abstract The positive pion photoproduction cross section from deuterium is calculated in impulse approximation for photon energies near threshold. The nucleon dynamics in the 3 S 1 and 1 S 0 states is treated using separable potentials. The p-wave terms in the elementary production vertex, as well as higher relative partial waves in the n-n subsystem are included. The higher partial waves are necessary to provide agreement with experiment when ( E γ - E Thresh ) Lab exceeds 4 MeV.