cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Role of Yeasts in the Cranberry Fruit Rot Disease Complex.

Cranberry fruit rot (CFR) is an economically important disease caused by at least 10 species of filamentous fungi. Despite the application of fungicides, incidence of CFR is sometimes high, raising the possibility of a role for microbes other than fungi in the CFR complex. Isolation of microbes from rotten berries on culture media that favor either bacteria or yeasts resulted in mucoid colonies from 64 µg/ml) than for chlorothalonil (usually ≤1 µg/ml). To complement culture-dependent studies, DNA was isolated from wet- and dry-harvested rotten berries, and fungi were identified to the level of family by high-throughput sequencing of the fungal internal transcribed spacer region. There were no fungal families consistently detected among samples by one method (culturing or high-throughput sequencing) and missed by the other that have not previously been reported in cranberry; however, some fungal families were found to be more abundant by one method versus the other. Harvest method (wet or dry) had a significant effect on the composition of fungal communities of rotten berries (P < 0.001), and operational taxonomic units representing the Saccharomycetaceae were more abundant in wet- than dry-harvested berries. Taken together, the results suggest that some yeasts are pathogenic to cranberry and may be especially relevant in wet-harvested berries.
Criminal Immigrants in Texas: Illegal Immigrant Conviction and Arrest Rates for Homicide, Sex Crimes, Larceny, and Other Crimes

This Immigration Research and Policy Brief was updated in August 2018 after the Texas Department of Public Safety (DPS) confirmed that their first release of convictions data was incorrect because of a coding error. As a result, Nowrasteh updated this brief’s findings to reflect the accurate data released by DPS after they admitted their original error. President Donald Trump signed an executive order directing the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) to deport most illegal immigrants who encounter law enforcement, and Attorney General Jeff Sessions is attempting to withhold federal funds from local police departments that do not cooperate with DHS in that effort.1 Underlying both actions is the belief that illegal immigrants are a significant source of crime.2 This brief uses Texas Department of Public Safety data to measure the conviction and arrest rates of illegal immigrants by crime. In Texas in 2015, the criminal conviction and arrest rates for immigrants were well below those of native-born Americans. Moreover, the conviction and arrest rates for illegal immigrants were lower than those for native-born Americans. This result holds for most crimes.
Supportive care in multiple myeloma: Current practices and advances

Supportive care in multiple myeloma (MM) can have a major impact on quality of life and the survival outcomes of MM patients. In this review, we will focus on disease and treatment related toxicities experienced by MM patients and what are the best approaches to date to help mitigate the effects. We will specifically focus on a practical approach to managing bone disease, thrombosis, infection risk, peripheral neuropathy, dermatologic complications, gastrointestinal and ocular toxicities, and fatigue in MM.
Decipherment with a Million Random Restarts

This paper investigates the utility and effect of running numerous random restarts when using EM to attack decipherment problems. We find that simple decipherment models are able to crack homophonic substitution ciphers with high accuracy if a large number of random restarts are used but almost completely fail with only a few random restarts. For particularly difficult homophonic ciphers, we find that big gains in accuracy are to be had by running upwards of 100K random restarts, which we accomplish efficiently using a GPU-based parallel implementation. We run a series of experiments using millions of random restarts in order to investigate other empirical properties of decipherment problems, including the famously uncracked Zodiac 340.
Three-Dimensional Characterization and Modeling of Stress Distribution in High-Density DRAM Memory Cells

The retention time characteristics in DRAM cells are strongly influenced by various leakage mechanisms near the storage node junction. In this work, we present a full three-dimensional analysis of stress distributions in and around the active area of high-density memory cells. We use a combination of high-resolution metrology analysis and 3D numerical modeling to provide quantitative estimates. Since shallow - trench isolation (STI) process used in high-density cells is one of the major contributors to stress, we study the effects of various materials used to fill the trench. Our electron diffraction contrast (EDC) methodology provides a spatial resolution on the order of 10 nm with sensitivity on of the order of tens of MPa and therefore useful for the analysis of scaled high density memory cells.
FACTORS PROMOTING REGENERATION OF SPINAL NEURONS: POSITIVE INFLUENCE OF NERVE GROWTH FACTOR.

Publisher Summary Spinal axons develop a blockade to regenerative growth after interruption by a crush lesion. This may be rendered penetrable by axon tips through the administration of a bacterial polysaccharide or by envelopment of the lesion site with a molecular membrane filter sheet. Because this regenerative growth of spinal neurons subsequent to treatment is limited in extent, the employment of a nerve growth stimulating factor (NGF) extracted from mouse salivary gland was examined in an experiment described in the chapter. This substance has been shown to enhance the growth of sympathetic and sensory neurons. Administration of NGF systemically to such animals produced a marked enhancement of regenerative growth when the dosage exceeded a liminal value. The extent of such growth is in close agreement when determined by both evoked potential and histologic methods; the distance regenerated being proportional to the length of administration while the abundance of axons showing growth beyond the experimental lesion was related to the therapeutic dosage.
Two New Isotype-Specific Switching Activities Detected for Ig Class Switching

Ig class switch recombination (CSR) occurs by an intrachromosomal deletional process between switch (S) regions in B cells. To facilitate the study of CSR, we derived a new B cell line, 1.B4.B6, which is uniquely capable of μ→γ3, μ→e, and μ→α, but not μ→γ1 CSR at its endogenous loci. The 1.B4.B6 cell line was used in combination with plasmid-based isotype-specific S substrates in transient transfection assays to test for the presence of trans-acting switching activities. The 1.B4.B6 cell line supports μ→γ3, but not μ→γ1 recombination, on S substrates. In contrast, normal splenic B cells activated with LPS and IL-4 are capable of plasmid-based μ→γ1 CSR and demonstrate that this S plasmid is active. Activation-induced deaminase (AID) was used as a marker to identify existing B cell lines as possible candidates for supporting CSR. The M12 and A20 cell lines were identified as AID positive and, following activation with CD40L and other activators, were found to differentially support μ→e and μ→α plasmid-based CSR. These studies provide evidence for two new switching activities for μ→γ1 and μ→e CSR, which are distinct from μ→γ3 and μ→α switching activities previously described. AID is expressed in all the B cell lines capable of CSR, but cannot account for the isotype specificity defined by the S plasmid assay. These results are consistent with a model in which isotype-specific switching factors are either isotype-specific recombinases or DNA binding proteins with sequence specificity for S DNA.
Bonding energy of direct-bonded hydrophylic silicon wafers with nanoscale surface roughness at room temperature

Silicon-direct wafer bonding is a promising technology for manufacturing three-dimensional complex MEMS structures as well as SOI substrates. Amongst the various contributors to the bond quality, surface roughness at nanoscale plays a vital role. However, the effect of surface roughness on direct-bond quality has not been quantified. We conducted bonding experiments on silicon wafers with various surface roughness generated by chemical treatment. The bond quality was evaluated by measurement of the bonding energy. The surface roughness investigated by atomic force microscopy was directly correlated to the bond quality for the first time by means of the bearing ratio, which represents the ratio of the surface area lying above a given depth. The bearing ratio discussed herein is an appropriate criterion for the surface quality of silicon wafers to be direct-bonded.
Chapter 10 Censorship versus Freedom of Expression in the Arts

Abstract Whether in ancient Rome or in the modern United States, censorship has existed in every society at every age. Art that challenges the strongly held beliefs of any society – whether those be political, ideological, religious, or otherwise – causes offense and creates pressure for censorship. At the same time, almost every society has found value in the existence of visual art. What limitations on censorship should be made for the sake of artist value, or more broadly freedom of expression? “Artistic merit” and “offensiveness” are nebulous concepts lacking in objectivity, shifting with the tastes of society at any given time. Yet the value of art to society, both positive and negative, cannot be doubted. In modern American society, with its heterogeneous tastes, the tension between the two concepts becomes especially vivid. Given the divergent and unpredictable tastes of society, the fact that destroying a work permanently removes it from future generations, and considering censorship's dreadful history, the decision to censor is one appropriately made with caution. But neither can it be said that a work should never be censored, for art can and does cause offense, and even a society as diverse as ours will find consensus at the extremes. Rather, striking the appropriate balance calls ultimately for good judgment. In making this judgment, what is the appropriate role of the law and the courts? Those who think of the law as purely objective will desire the courts to either forbid all governmental interference with art, or to themselves abstain from interfering with political decisions on art. But these approaches place legal purity above reality, and make the impossible attempt to divorce law from its social context. The problem of relativism that inheres in the balance between artistic merit and offensiveness in fact exists in every legal controversy. The necessary public respect for our courts is unlikely to be undermined by a cautious display of good judgment, even if the judgment is inherently subjective and involves art causing offense to elements of our society.
Impairment of esophageal emptying with hiatal hernia

Concurrent videofluoroscopy and manometry were used to analyze esophageal emptying during barium swallows in 22 patients with axial hiatal hernias and in 14 volunteers. Subjects were divided into three groups: (a) volunteers with maximal phrenic ampullary length
Regulation of capsule in Neisseria meningitidis

Neisseria meningitidis, a devastating pathogen exclusive to humans, expresses capsular polysaccharides that are the major meningococcal virulence determinants and the basis for successful meningococcal vaccines. With rare exceptions, the expression of capsule (serogroups A, B, C, W, X, Y) is required for systemic invasive meningococcal disease. Changes in capsule expression or structure (e.g. hypo- or hyper-encapsulation, capsule "switching", acetylation) can influence immunologic diagnostic assays or lead to immune escape. The loss or down-regulation of capsule is also critical in meningococcal biology facilitating meningococcal attachment, microcolony formation and the carriage state at human mucosal surfaces. Encapsulated meningococci contain a cps locus with promoters located in an intergenic region between the biosynthesis and the conserved capsule transport operons. The cps intergenic region is transcriptionally regulated (and thus the amount of capsule expressed) by IS element insertion, by a two-component system, MisR/MisS and through sequence changes that result in post-transcriptional RNA thermoregulation. Reversible on-off phase variation of capsule expression is controlled by slipped strand mispairing of homo-polymeric tracts and by precise insertion and excision of IS elements (e.g. IS1301) in the biosynthesis operon. Capsule structure can be altered by phase-variable expression of capsular polymer modification enzymes or "switched" through transformation and homologous recombination of different polymerases. Understanding the complex regulation of meningococcal capsule has important implications for meningococcal biology, pathogenesis, diagnostics, current and future vaccine development and vaccine strategies.
Implementing a minimal lab for an undergraduate network security course

This paper describes the implementation and usage of a minimal lab in an undergraduate computer security course covering the basics of network security. The lab can be set up for a relatively small investment and allows students to learn attacker techniques and how to defend against them. Little specialized knowledge is required to set up the lab hardware and configure the machines.
Chapter 12. Antibiotics

Publisher Summary This chapter describes results of studies that analyze antibiotic drugs. An R factor that confers resistance to chloramphenicol by decreasing the permeability of the cell membrane to the drug was isolated from Escherichia coli strains of clinical origin. Instances of presumed interbacterial transfer of R factors in mammlian hosts were reported. Requinomycin, a new antibiotic that prevents the transfer of R factors between E. coli strains was described. The structure and biological activity of Sch. 14342, a previously uncharacterized component of the gentamicin fermentation, was reported. This antibiotic, now designated gentamicin B, has an antibacterial spectrum similar to that of gentamicin, but has only about one-third its activity and acute toxicity. However, it is claimed to possess relatively low chronic oto- and nephrotoxicity. The biological properties of several other new naturally occurring pentose-containing aminoglycosides were reported. Clinical trials showed that spectinomycin hydrochloride administered as a single 2- or 4-g dose to men or as a single or double treatment at these doses to women produces cure rates in gonorrhea that regularly exceed 90%. The stereochemistry and absolute configuration of the antibiotic was established by X-ray diffraction studies.
Interaction of Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor-Associated Factor Signaling Proteins with the Latent Membrane Protein 1 PXQXT Motif Is Essential for Induction of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Expression

The Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) oncoprotein causes multiple cellular changes, including induction of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression and activation of the NF-κB transcription factor. LMP1 and the cellular protein CD40, which also induces EGFR expression, interact with the tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor (TRAF) proteins. The LMP1 carboxy-terminal activation region 1 signaling domain interacts specifically with the TRAFs and is essential for EGFR induction through a mechanism independent of NF-κB alone. LMP1 and CD40 share a common TRAF binding motif, PXQXT. In this study, the PXQXT motifs in both LMP1 and CD40 were altered and mutant proteins were analyzed for induction of EGFR expression. Replacement of the T residue with A in CD40 completely blocked induction of the EGFR, while the same mutation in LMP1 did not affect EGFR induction. Replacement of both P and Q residues with A’s in LMP1 reduced EGFR induction by >75%, while deletion of PXQXT blocked EGFR induction. These results genetically link EGFR induction by LMP1 to the TRAF signaling pathway. Overexpression of TRAF2 potently activates NF-κB, although TRAF2 did not induce expression of the EGFR either alone or in combination with TRAF1 and TRAF3. In vivo analyses of the interaction of the TRAFs with LMP1 variants mutated in the PXQXT domain indicate that high-level induction of EGFR expression requires interaction with TRAF1, -2, and -3. However, exogenous expression of TRAF3 decreased EGFR induction mediated by either LMP1 or CD40. These data suggest that TRAF-mediated activation of EGFR expression requires assembly of a complex containing the appropriate stoichiometry of TRAF proteins clustered at the cell membrane with LMP1.
Quark-quark interaction and large-angle elastic proton-proton scattering

A new quark-elastic-scattering model is proposed for large-angle elastic proton-proton scattering based on the assumption that the slow partons of one incoming proton will interact with the slow partons of the other incoming proton. This model is shown to be consistent with the data of large-angle elastic proton-proton scattering in the region ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{\mathrm{c}.\mathrm{m}.}\ensuremath{\gtrsim}55\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ and ${P}_{\mathrm{lab}}\ensuremath{\gtrsim}5$ GeV/c, whereas the existing quark-elastic-scattering model fails. The quark-elastic-scattering cross section of this model is $\frac{d\stackrel{^}{\ensuremath{\sigma}}}{d\stackrel{^}{t}}={2.3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{6}\frac{{[\frac{2\stackrel{^}{s}}{(\stackrel{^}{s}\ensuremath{-}4{m}^{2})}]}^{0.5}}{{\stackrel{^}{s}}^{1.5}{(\ensuremath{-}\stackrel{^}{t})}^{2.5}}} \ensuremath{\mu}\frac{b}{{(\frac{\mathrm{GeV}}{c})}^{2}},$ which is consistent with the quark-elastic-scattering cross section of Field and Feynman.
Orthophosphate and amino acids as nutritional factors stimulating diethylaminoethyl-dextran-induced cell sensitization to transfection

When monkey cell sheet cultures were aged without further feeding, they markedly decreased in their capacity to be sensitized, and in their rate of sensitization, to transfection by picornavirus ribonucleic acid (RNA), when diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-dextran was used as sensitizer (enhancer).
Anomalous inequivalence of phenomenological theories

Abstract When the transformation between bases in a phenomenological theory is anomalous, the theories are not equivalent, but can be made so by the addition of an appropriate anomaly functional. This functional can be given a simple form which allows the derivation of a sufficient condition for the impossibility of anomaly cancellation.
The use of the Xience nano™ coronary stent system for the treatment of small vessels coronary artery disease

Drug-eluting stents have proven long-term safety and effectiveness for the treatment of coronary artery disease especially due to their marked efficacy in reducing restenosis rates. Nevertheless, the rates of late and very late stent thrombosis, especially in first-generation systems, have raised some concerns. Moreover, percutaneous coronary intervention to small vessels (especially <2.5 mm) remains challenging. The Xience nano™ drug-eluting stent system was developed to improve coronary luminal diameter in patients with symptomatic heart disease due to de novo native coronary artery lesions (length ≤28 mm) with reference vessel diameters of ≥2.25 to <2.50 mm. In this article, we describe the components of the Xience nano drug-eluting stent system presenting clinical data of this current stent.
The Relationship of Indole‐3‐Acetic Acid Content and Growth of Crown‐Gall Tumor Tissues of Tobacco in Culture

We have measured the content of the auxin, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), in cloned, crown-gall teratoma line of Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. "Turkish" by a highly specific and sensitive radioimmunoassay. This tissue line, which does not require auxin for continuous growth in culture, exhibits two phases of growth. During the first phase, which lasts about two weeks after subculturing, growth is exponential on a fresh weight basis and the content of IAA is about 10-7-10-6 mol.kg-1, but variable. During the second phase, growth rate declines gradually and the IAA content of the tissue drops dramatically; however, this drop does not result from a net loss of auxin by the tissue. The rate of growth during the exponential phase was not correlated with the IAA content of the tissue, but was strongly correlated with the IAA content of the inoculum. We found that rapidly growing leaves of Turkish tobacco have roughly the same IAA content as cultured teratoma tissues. Moreover, both tissues exhibited a similar relationships between auxin content expressed per leaf or per tissue explant and growth. These findings do not support the hypothesis that the autonomous growth of plant tumors results from an abnormally high content of auxin in the tissue.
Functional interaction and cross-tolerance between ethanol and Δ9-THC: possible modulation by mouse cerebellar adenosinergic A1/GABAergic-A receptors.

Abstract We have previously shown a functional motor interaction between ethanol and Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ 9 -THC) that involved cerebellar adenosinergic A 1 and GABAergic A receptor modulation. We now report the development of cross-tolerance between intracerebellar Δ 9 -THC and intraperitoneal ethanol using ataxia as the test response in male CD-1 mice. The drugs [Δ 9 -THC (20 μg), N 6 -cyclohexyladenosine, CHA (12 ng), muscimol (20 ng)] used in the study were directly microinfused stereotaxically via guide cannulas into the cerebellum except ethanol. Δ 9 -THC, infused once daily for 5 days followed 16 h after the last infusion by acute ethanol (2 g/kg) and Rotorod evaluation, virtually abolished ethanol ataxia indicating development of cross-tolerance. The cross-tolerance was also observed when the order of ethanol and Δ 9 -THC treatment was reversed, i.e., ethanol injected once daily for 5 days followed 16 h after the last ethanol injection by Δ 9 -THC infusion. The cross-tolerance appeared within 24–48 h, lasted over 72 h and was maximal in 5-day ethanol/Δ 9 -THC-treated animals. Finally, tolerance in chronic ethanol/Δ 9 -THC/-treated animals developed not only to ethanol/Δ 9 -THC-induced ataxia, respectively, but also to the ataxia potentiating effect of CHA and muscimol, indicating modulation by cerebellar adenosinergic A 1 and GABA A receptors. A practical implication of these results could be that marijuana smokers may experience little or no negative effects such as ataxia following alcohol consumption. Clinically, such antagonism of ethanol-induced ataxia can be observed in marijuana users thereby encouraging more alcohol consumption and thus may represent a risk factor for the development of alcoholism in this segment of population.
NAD+-induced vasotoxicity in the pericyte-containing microvasculature of the rat retina: effect of diabetes

PURPOSE. It was recently proposed that activation of P2X7 purinoceptors may play a role in causing cell death in the pericyte-containing microvasculature of the diabetic retina. This hypothesis is supported by the observation that diabetes enhances lethal pore formation in retinal microvessels exposed to synthetic P2X7 agonists. The goal of this study was to determine whether purinergic vasotoxicity can be triggered by the endogenous molecule nicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide (NAD), which is a substrate for ecto-ribosylation reactions known to activate P2X7 receptor/channels in other cell types. METHODS. Pericyte-containing retinal microvessels were isolated from normal and streptozotocin-injected rats. Trypan blue dye exclusion was used to assess cell viability, YO-PRO-1 uptake was used to identify cells with P2X7-induced pores, and ethenoadenosine antibodies were used to detect ecto-adenosine diphosphate (ADP)–ribosyltransferase (ART) activity. RESULTS. In freshly isolated retinal microvessels, it was found that extracellular NAD, but not its catabolites, caused cell death (half-maximal effective concentration [EC50] 2 nM) by a mechanism involving the activation of P2X7 purinoceptors and the formation of transmembrane pores. A series of experiments provided evidence that NAD, which is not a direct purinergic agonist, serves as a substrate for ecto-ribosylation reactions that subsequently trigger P2X7-dependent cell death in the retinal microvasculature. Soon after the onset of diabetes, the sensitivity of retinal microvessels to the vasotoxic effect of extracellular NAD increased by approximately 100fold. CONCLUSIONS. Purinergic vasotoxicity triggered by extracellular NAD is a newly recognized mechanism that may contribute to the cell death observed in the pericyte-containing microvascular of the diabetic retina. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006; 47:5032–5038) DOI:10.1167/iovs.06-0422
Price-Quality Correlations in the Japanese Market

This study tested the consumer's rule of thumb, price indicates quality, in the Japanese market. The data source was the Monthly Consumers product testing magazine published by the Japanese Consumer Association. Spearman's rho correlations of price and quality ranged from +.87 to −.80, with a mean of −.06. The slightly negative, near zero mean correlation indicated that, on the average, price was a very poor indicator of quality. Among product categories, bicycles had the highest mean correlation, +.54; mean correlations for other product categories exhibited considerable variation. Comparisons of correlations within a product category, such as television sets or microwave ovens, revealed that a significant positive correlation at one point in time was not a reliable guide to the level of price-quality correlation for that product category at later points in time. Comparing results from this study with results from previous studies of Consumer Reports and Consumers Research reveals a smaller percentage of positive correlations and a lower mean correlation for the present study.
Quine and Davidson: Two naturalized epistemologists∗

I juxtapose Quine's and Davidson's approaches to naturalized epistemology and assess Davidson's reasons for rejecting Quine's account of the nature of knowledge. Davidson argues that Quine's account of the nature of knowledge is Cartesian in spirit and consequence, i.e. it is essentially first person and invites global skepticism. I survey Quine's response to Davidson's criticisms and suggest that the view that Davidson criticizes may not be Quine's after all. I conclude by raising some questions about Quine's definition of ‘observation sentence’.
Glucocorticoid Receptor-interacting Protein 1 Mediates Ligand-independent Nuclear Translocation and Activation of Constitutive Androstane Receptor in Vivo

Phenobarbital (PB) induction of CYP2B genes is mediated by translocation of the constitutively active androstane receptor (CAR) to the nucleus. Interaction of CAR with p160 coactivators and enhancement of CAR transactivation by the coactivators have been shown in cultured cells. In the present studies, the interaction of CAR with the p160 coactivator glucocorticoid receptor-interacting protein 1 (GRIP1) was examined in vitro and in vivo. Binding of GRIP1 to CAR was shown by glutathione S-transferase (GST) pull-down and affinity DNA binding. N- or C-terminal fragments of GRIP1 that contained the central receptor-interacting domain bound to GST-CAR, but the presence of ligand increased the binding to GST-CAR of only the fragments containing the C-terminal region. In gel shift analysis, binding to CAR was observed only with GRIP1 fragments containing the C-terminal region, and the binding was increased by a CAR agonist and decreased by a CAR antagonist. Expression of GRIP1 enhanced CAR-mediated transactivation in cultured hepatic-derived cells 2-3-fold. In hepatocytes transfected in vivo, expression of exogenous GRIP1 alone induced transactivation of the CYP2B1 PB-dependent enhancer 15-fold, whereas CAR expression alone resulted in only a 3-fold enhancement in untreated mice. Remarkably, CAR and GRIP1 together synergistically transactivated the enhancer about 150-fold, which is approximately equal to activation by PB treatment. In PB-treated mice, expression of exogenous CAR alone had little effect, expression of GRIP1 increased transactivation about 2-fold, and with CAR and GRIP, a 4-fold activation was observed. In untreated mice, expression of GRIP resulted in nuclear translocation of green fluorescent protein-CAR. These results strongly suggest that a p160 coactivator functions in CAR-mediated transactivation in vivo in response to PB treatment and that the synergistic activation of CAR by GRIP in untreated animals results from both nuclear translocation and activation of CAR.
Effect of strip band and in-row placement of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer on growth, yield, and efficiency of potassium use by burley tobacco

Abstract A replicated field experiment was conducted at Lexington, Kentucky on Maury silt loam soil (Typic Paleudalf) using burley tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. KY 14). The purpose of the study was to determine the response of burley to placement (banding) of N‐P‐K fertilizer in or near the row. The experimental soil used tested low in potassium (K). Treatments consisted of various application rates of grade 6–24–32 (N‐P2O5‐K2O) fertilizer applied either broadcast, in 40 cm wide bands directly under and parallel to the row, in 10 cm wide bands applied 50 cm apart and perpendicular to rows, or in two drill bands each 10 cm to the side of the row. Additional nitrogen fertilizer (NH4NO3) was applied to all plots to provide a uniform rate of 265 kg N/ha. Results indicated that plant response increased as rate of 6–24–32 fertilizer increased and response was greater in all band treatments than the broadcast control. As contrasted to broadcast applications, in‐row placement of fertilizer in 40‐cm wide bands...
β-endorphin and dynorphin abnormalities in rats subjected to exercise and restricted feeding: relationship to anorexia nervosa?

Abstract Exercise and the endogenous opioids have been linked to anorexia nervosa. This investigation determined the effects of the weight-loss syndrome induced by voluntary exercise (22.5 h/day) in food-restricted rats (1.5 h/day food access) on the endogenous opioids. The animals were tested under resting-fed and 2-deoxy- d -glucose (2DG) stimulated conditions. Weight-matched, freely fed exercised and ad libitum fed unexercised groups served as controls. Specific opioid abnormalities were found in the syndrome. These included a basal elevation in plasma β-endorphin, which was abnormally suppressed by 2DG, and 2DG-induced elevations in arcuate hypothalamic β-endorphin content and supraoptic hypothalamic dynorphin-A content. None of these changes occurred in controls. Finally, it was found that short-term moderate exercise itself chronically reduced adenohypophysial β-endorphin content and elevated supraoptic dynorphin-A content. The relationship of the syndrome's hyperendorphinism to the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis and the auto-addiction hypothesis of anorexia nervosa was considered, as was the significance of the supraoptic dynorphin-A abnormality to the hypothalamo-neuropophysical system. The differential sensitivity of the supraoptic dynorphin-A system compared to the arcuate hypothalamic β-endorphin system to moderate exercise was also discussed.
Poor sleep quality is associated with a negative cognitive bias and decreased sustained attention.

Poor sleep quality has been demonstrated to diminish cognitive performance, impair psychosocial functioning and alter the perception of stress. At present, however, there is little understanding of how sleep quality affects emotion processing. The aim of the present study was to determine the extent to which sleep quality, measured through the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index, influences affective symptoms as well as the interaction between stress and performance on an emotional memory test and sustained attention task. To that end, 154 undergraduate students (mean age: 21.27 years, standard deviation = 4.03) completed a series of measures, including the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index, the Sustained Attention to Response Task, an emotion picture recognition task and affective symptom questionnaires following either a control or physical stress manipulation, the cold pressor test. As sleep quality and psychosocial functioning differ among chronotypes, we also included chronotype and time of day as variables of interest to ensure that the effects of sleep quality on the emotional and non-emotional tasks were not attributed to these related factors. We found that poor sleep quality is related to greater depressive symptoms, anxiety and mood disturbances. While an overall relationship between global Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index score and emotion and attention measures was not supported, poor sleep quality, as an independent component, was associated with better memory for negative stimuli and a deficit in sustained attention to non-emotional stimuli. Importantly, these effects were not sensitive to stress, chronotype or time of day. Combined, these results suggest that individuals with poor sleep quality show an increase in affective symptomatology as well as a negative cognitive bias with a concomitant decrease in sustained attention to non-emotional stimuli.
Citizens' opinions about police discretion in criminal investigations

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the correlates of citizens' perceptions about the appropriate amount of police discretion in criminal investigations.Design/methodology/approach – Using data collected from a random sample of 1,300 households in the USA, this study offers an estimate of citizens' opinions about the amount of discretion granted to police in conducting criminal investigations, and estimates correlations between several predictor variables, including prior victimization and worry about becoming the victim of a crime, and perceptions about police discretion.Findings – About half of the respondents feel police have the right amount of discretion in conducting criminal investigations. Several variables are correlated with these perceptions, including worry about crime, attitudes about minority civil rights, arrest experiences, and race.Research limitations/implications – Important police discretionary decisions, like making traffic stops and making arrests, have not been measure...
Parental antecedents of adult codependency

Two aspects of codependency were investigated among 442 undergraduates. First, parental antecedents were examined by subjects completing measures of codependency, perceived parental dysfunctions (compulsivity, chemical dependency, and codependency), and parental styles (coercion, control, and non-nurturance). As expected, correlations between adult codependency and parental coercion, control, non-nurturance, and maternal compulsivity were significant. However, correlations between codependency and parental chemical dependency were not significant. A multiple regression analysis identified parental codependency and maternal coercion as significant predictors of subject codependency. To examine the second aspect of codependency, which assumes that codependency was identified over 40 years ago by Karen Horney, subjects completed a loss of self measure which correlated highly with codependency.
Predicting the Diastereoselectivity of Rh-Mediated Intramolecular C−H Insertion

Rhodium-mediated cyclization of the α-diazo ester 1 proceeds with high diastereoselectivity, to give the trisubstituted cyclopentane 5. A computational model (ZINDO and Molecular Mechanics) based on our current mechanistic understanding of the reaction is presented. This model correctly predicts the dominant diastereomer from the cyclization of 1 and the eight (Table 2) other α-diazo esters studied thus far.
Otitis media: Not always a Benign disease

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Plateletpheresis Using the Haemonetics Model 30 Cell Separator

Abstract. Plateletpheresis using the Haemonetics Model 30® cell separator results in a mean collection of 5.5 × 1011 platelets. This product contains substantial numbers of erythrocytes and mononuclear cells which can be effectively removed by centrifugation but with a 23% loss of platelets as well. The mean decrement in donor's platelet count during the procedure, which is 78,000/mm3, is not commensurate with the number of platelets collected suggesting donor platelet mobilization. Platelets collected by this technic, when transfused into unselected recipients, give platelet increments comparable to platelets produced in the standard batch manner.
A new method for measuring the urinary rate of a brachyuran crab

Abstract 1. 1. A tube and reservoir are placed over the nephropore of Cancer magister . 2. 2. Urinary rates obtained with the method were roughly comparable with urinary rates obtained by blocking the animals' nephropores. 3. 3. Advantages of the method are discussed.
Differentiation of tautomers by ion cyclotron resonance spectrometry

Ion cyclotron resonance spectrometry and deuterium labeling have been used to determine that nondecomposing ions do not isomerize to .
Learning from success—Toward evidence-informed sustainability transitions in communities

Abstract Driven by concerns over the long-term viability and integrity of their communities people around the world initiate transitions toward sustainability on various levels of society. A particular segment of these initiatives are in small, place-based communities. Each initiative presents learning opportunities to build robust transitions that may contribute to progress toward a sustainable society in general. Little empirical research has been conducted on how the transition context and process lead to particular outcomes. This article presents an analytical-evaluative framework for appraising the sustainability of transition outcomes and reconstructing transition pathways in order to identify critical success factors. Ashton Hayes in the U.K. serves as an illustrative case study. The framework may be used for planning and design of transitions, as well as for conducting cross-case comparisons on how transitions work. The ultimate goal is to derive, accumulated over many studies, evidence-informed guidelines to improve the effectiveness of transitions.
Differential outcomes training facilitates memory in people with Korsakoff and Prader-Willi syndromes

This article presents evidence that a teaching procedure called differential outcomes training enhances learning and memory. Differential outcomes training reinforces correct responses with outcomes that are unique and specific to the stimuli that are to be remembered. Teaching with this method enhances performance in people with Korsakoff syndrome and people with Prader-Willi syndrome, populations known to have learning and working memory deficits. This initial evidence that persons with learning and memory deficits benefit from differential outcomes training should encourage future work on the development of an intervention using this type of training to aide daily functioning by people with learning and memory impairments.
Isolation and sequencing of a complementary deoxyribonucleic acid clone encoding human placental 173-estradiol dehydrogenase: Identification of the putative cofactor binding site

17β-Estradiol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.62) catalyzes the interconversion of estradiol and estrone in human term placenta. We have raised a specific polyclonal antibody to this abundant placental enzyme to study its role in late pregnancy events and its molecular biologic characteristics. In this work the 17β-estradiol dehydrogenase antibody was used to isolate and sequence a complementary deoxyribonucleic acid clone encoding about 98% of the amino acid sequence of the 17β-estradiol dehydrogenase molecule. This sequence verifies previous sequence data on the molecule's steroid binding site and also localizes a putative nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide binding region similar to that of many other pyridine nucleotide-dependent dehydrogenases. Isolation of the complementary deoxyribonucleic acid for 17β-estradiol dehydrogenase expands our knowledge of the structure-function relationships of the enzyme and is a major step in our understanding of its biologic function in pregnancy.
Competitive electroporation formulation for cell therapy

Established cell transfection via nucleofection relies on nucleofection buffers with unknown and proprietary makeup due to trade secrecy, inhibiting the possibility of using this otherwise effective method for developing cell therapy. We devised a three-step method for discovering an optimal formulation for the nucleofection of any cell line. These steps include the selection of the best nucleofection program and known buffer type, selection of the best polymer for boosting the transfection efficiency of the best buffer and the comparison with the optimal buffer from an established commercial vendor (Amaxa). Using this three-step selection system, competitive nucleofection formulations were discovered for multiple cell lines, which are equal to or surpass the efficiency of the Amaxa nucleofector solution in a variety of cells and cell lines, including primary adipose stem cells, muscle cells, tumor cells and immune cells. Through the use of scanning electron microscopy, we have revealed morphological changes, which predispose for the ability of these buffers to assist in transferring plasmid DNA into the nuclear space. Our formulation may greatly reduce the cost of electroporation study in laboratory and boosts the potential of application of electroporation-based cell therapies in clinical trials.
Variational calculation for electron correlations at metallic densities

An exact hierarchy of integral equations involving $n$-particle distribution functions is obtained within the context of Slater-Jastrow many-body wave function. The "convolution approximation" is used to truncate this hierarchy. This results in a new integral equation for the static structure function. The equation is solved numerically to obtain the pair correlation functions and the ground-state energies of the homogeneous electron gas for a range of densities. The results obtained, throughout the metallic range, are in reasonable agreement with those obtained by successful nonvariational methods, and are better than those of earlier variational calculations.
Dual-polarized SAR and Stokes parameters

For a given transmission polarization, the four-element Stokes vector captures all of the information inherent to the dual-polarized backscattered signals. Stokes parameters are linear combinations of the like-polarized power, the cross-polarized power, and the cross product between the complex image amplitudes in the two receive channels. Most so-called dual-polarized synthetic aperture radar (SAR) systems provide only the like- and cross-product images, ignoring the cross product. In so doing, potentially valuable information is thrown away. For most dual-polarized SARs, data sufficient to generate the Stokes parameters can be generated with small marginal cost. A practical and sufficient output data format would be a mapping of the (complex) cross product between the two channels, as well as their respective images
Assembly and disassembly kinetics of anthrax toxin complexes.

Anthrax toxin, a major virulence factor of Bacillus anthracis, consists of three nontoxic proteins that interact at the mammalian cell surface or in solution to form toxic noncovalent complexes (1, 2). The three proteins are edema factor (EF), a calmodulin-dependent adenylate cyclase; lethal factor (LF), a Zn2+-metalloprotease; and protective antigen (PA83, 83 kDa), a non-enzymatic protein that, after proteolytic activation, can bind EF and LF and deliver them to the cytosol of mammalian cells. Once within the cytosol, EF and LF catalyze reactions that cause deleterious effects on the host (3-5). The following model of anthrax toxin assembly and action at the cellular level has emerged in recent years. PA83 binds to either of two known cell surface receptor proteins (6, 7). A cellular protease of the furin family then cleaves PA83 into a “nicked” form (nPA83) containing 2 fragments: PA20 (20 kDa), corresponding to the N-terminus, and PA63 (63 kD), corresponding to the C-terminus (8, 9). PA20 dissociates into the medium and plays no further known role in toxin action. Its removal eliminates a steric barrier to self-association of PA63, allowing this fragment to oligomerize and form a heptameric ring-shaped structure, [PA63]7, termed the prepore (10). The PA63 prepore is able to bind up to three molecules of LF and/or EF competitively and with nanomolar affinity (11, 12). The resulting complexes are localized to detergent-resistant lipid microdomains, where they undergo receptor-mediated endocytosis (13). Acidification of the toxin-containing compartment causes a structural rearrangement of the prepore that enables it to insert into the membrane and form a pore (14, 15). Pore formation is linked to translocation of the bound enzymatic cargo (LF or EF) to the cytosol by an acid-induced unfolding mechanism (16-18). LF cleaves members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase family (4, 5), leading by a still poorly defined sequence of events to host cell death. Elevation of the cAMP concentration by EF protects the bacteria from phagocytic destruction (19). The assembly of toxic complexes from PA, EF, and LF can be replicated in solution when trypsin or a serum protease is used to activate PA (14). In the absence of EF or LF, the PA20 and PA63 fragments tend to remain associated via noncovalent interactions (equilibrium dissociation constant ≈ 190 nM; (20)). When PA63 is separated from PA20 by anion-exchange chromatography of nPA83, it spontaneously oligomerizes to the prepore state (14). Alternatively, oligomerization of PA63 can be stimulated by adding LF, EF, or their PA63-binding N-terminal domains (LFN and EFN, respectively) to nPA83 in solution (21, 22). As no quantitative study of PA63 oligomerization or dissociation has been reported, we describe here measurements of the kinetics of PA63 oligomer formation and dissociation in solution.
CO2 sensor with data logger system

Recently, global warming became one of the biggest emerging issues. Global warming is caused by combusted gas emission especially carbon dioxide, so many organizations establish laws and restrictions to reduce CO2 emission level. Factories and even automobile owners get fined or cannot pass state automobile inspection, if exhausted CO2 level exceeds restriction level. Our project would be a good solution for informing whether the emitted CO2 level is over the restricted level or not. Our project is carbon-dioxide detector with data logger. Our goal is designing portable toxic gas detector with data logger with user interface concentrated in CO2.
Structure of 62Zn studied through the (p, t) reaction at 27.5 MeV

Abstract Levels of 62 Zn were investigated via the (p, t) reaction at 27.5 MeV with excitation energies up to 5.4 MeV being measured for 18 levels, most of which are newly reported. The ground state Q -value was determined to be −12.493±0.010 MeV. Angular distributions were measured in the angular range 8°–110° (lab). Spin-parity assignments are made by comparing the shapes of the angular distributions with zero-range DWBA calculations and with empirical characteristic shapes determined in earlier studies. Of particular interest are the new 0 + states at 3.98 and 4.57 MeV and the strongly excited 4 + states at 3.216, 4.17 and 5.37 MeV. A state at 2.74 MeV is tentatively identified as the low-lying octupole state. A careful search for the 0 + member of the two-phonon triplet near 2 MeV excitation, suggested from other Zn isotopes, revealed no 0 + state below 3.9 MeV excitation.