cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experimental study on high-speed saw cutting of hybrid composite stacks using nanoparticle-enhanced minimum quantity lubrication

An extensive investigation into thermal stress mitigation of high-speed machining (machining speeds exceeding 3800 rpm) of hybrid composite stacks using nanoparticle-enhanced minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) is presented and discussed. Ten different interface machining conditions are examined using five different nanoparticles, namely Al2O3, 1%SWCNT, 1%MWCNT, Ni, and Al. Interface roughness measurements are recorded, and thermal stress effects are collected via digital microscopy images. Nanoparticle-enhanced MQL (NEMQL) chemical and physical properties in the form of viscosity and heat transfer capabilities are discussed in accordance with vegetable oil–based MQL. Two different vegetable oils are utilized in a 1:1 ratio to explore viscous effects in the NEMQL suspension and their respective cooling capabilities from conventional forms of machine cooling. Furthermore, the results indicate 2.5%vol Al2O3 + MQL showed the best interface roughness improvements by over 170% from the standard control dry machining of carbon fiber–reinforced polymer (CFRP) and titanium (Ti) hybrid composite stacks. Moreover, the results indicated 1%SWCNT + MQL showed the best interface roughness improvement by over 100% for CFRP and aluminum (Al) hybrid composite stacks from the standard control: dry machining. Chemical and physical properties of the NEMQL, such as thermal conductivity, viscosity, and convective heat transfer capabilities, explain to some extent the results depending on the hybrid composite stack application. The results of this experiment provide insight that NEMQL is a promising cooling lubrication method for conventional manufacturing processes in a wide array of industrial applications. The results of this study are expected to open new possibilities for eco-friendly and cost-effective methods for a high-speed cold saw cutting in advanced engineering materials.
Cardiac Consultative Approach to Hemodialysis Patients and Cardiovascular Evaluation and Management of Potential Kidney Transplant Recipients

Patients with dialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease (CKD) incur considerable cardiovascular disease burden and extraordinarily high early all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. The characteristics of cardiovascular disease in advanced CKD patients are unique, including earlier onset, more rapid progression, markedly higher mortality, and complications with revascularization and other cardiac procedures compared with non-CKD patients. The constellation of reduced accuracy of noninvasive stress tests to diagnose coronary artery disease, lack of randomized clinical trials to guide evidence-based therapy, and high prevalence of atypical symptoms in advanced CKD presents challenges for clinically effective pre-renal-transplant/non-cardiac surgery evaluations and revascularization by percutaneous intervention or coronary artery bypass graft surgery. A practical approach to cardiovascular evaluation of potential kidney transplant recipients and coronary artery revascularization and management during cardiac surgery in the presence of advanced CKD based on contemporary evidence is presented.
Shaping entrepreneurial intentions: The impact of entrepreneurship education on university students

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of entrepreneurship education on university students’ entrepreneurial intentions. The study attempts to empirically determine the extent to which entrepreneurship education can shape students’ entrepreneurial intentions. A questionnaire-based survey is used to test the hypotheses examined. A pre-test-post-test group design was adopted to measure the change in students’ attitude, subjective norms, Perceived Behavioural Control (PBC) and entrepreneurial intention using the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). A questionnaire was completed by 210 business students (out of 400), studying at a public university based in Athens, Greece, at the beginning of their 13-week compulsory course in Entrepreneurship. A second questionnaire was re-sent to the same students at the end of the course and they were asked to complete it. The second questionnaire was completed by 158 students from the original respondent group. The student participation was voluntary at both times. The sample was a convenience one given that the resources available were limited. The findings lent support to the theory and the hypotheses proposed. The authors report that attitude, PBC and entrepreneurial intention can be positively influenced by entrepreneurial education.
Photogeneration and the bulk quantum efficiency of organic photovoltaics

We introduce a method to analyze the performance of bulk heterojunction (BHJ) organic photovoltaics (OPVs) by calculating its “bulk quantum efficiency” (BQE), a quantity related to the recombination losses within the BHJ, but not in the surrounding device layers. By applying the method to both vacuum- and solution-processed OPVs with various BHJ, buffer layers and interface layer compositions, we show that measurements of the BQE isolates the properties of the BHJ from other device layers and interfaces. We use measurements of the BQE to study various mechanisms in OPV degradation and find that for solution-processed OPVs with a ZnO cathode buffer layer, the BHJ undergoes degradation due primarily to the ZnO. By inserting a self-assembled monolayer at the interface between the buffer and the BHJ, the stability of the OPV is significantly improved.
Identifying factors associated with roadside work zone collisions using machine learning techniques.

Abstract Identifying factors that are associated with the probability of roadside work zone collisions enables decision makers to better assess and control the risk of scheduling a particular maintenance or construction activity by modifying the characteristics of the operation. This can be achieved by studying the effect of work zone properties on the risk of roadside work zone collisions. Much of the existing work in this area is based on data in the police traffic collision reports, which do not include data on the characteristics of the work zone itself. This paper develops a comprehensive data set of 42 features describing time, location, work zone characteristics, traffic volume, and road properties. Using recent machine learning techniques such as extreme gradient boosting classifiers on this extensive set of features allows for more accurate analysis to identify factors that affect the risk of work zone collisions or indicate higher than baseline chances of a roadside crash. Our statistical analysis reveals 10 important features and shows that four of these features are significantly associated with higher probabilities of roadside work zone collisions.
Application of natural language processing and machine learning to radiology reports

After radiologists perform a set of chest-x-rays (CXRs) they write a short report describing their observations and interpretations. Because these reports are free-text documents, there is the risk of miscommunication, which can result in reduced patient outcomes. We applied text mining methods to radiology reports in the MIMIC Chest X-ray (MIMIC-CXR) database [5], consisting of 227,835 de-identified free-text radiology reports. We selected relevant terms (features) and developed predictive models that take a radiology report as input and return the probability the report describes a positive diagnosis for pneumonia, a common respiratory condition characterized by the accumulation of fluid in the lungs. Subsequently, we evaluated the performance of different predictive models using the area under the curve (AUC) and the Brier Score. Due to the large number of reports in the MIMIC-CXR database, we generated and evaluated predictive models by randomly selecting 500, 1000, 2000, and 3000 reports. Specifically, we randomly selected reports and assigned 70% to the training set and 30% to the test set, created a term-document matrix giving the frequencies of different sets of 1 or 2 consecutive words (1-gram or 2-gram) using the R package tm [2], performed feature selection to identify terms that differentiate between cases, and trained the models using different classification methods, including the k nearest neighbor (KNN), random forest [4], gradient boosting machine [3], xgboost [1], and adaboost [6]. We repeated the process six times and computed the average assessment statistics. Our results indicate that all the models perform similarly on the test set except for KNN. KNN had the worst performance with an average Brier Score (ABS) of 0.313 and average AUC of 0.645. The other algorithms had high performance: random forest (ABS =0.174, AUC=0.836), gradient boosting (ABS=0.175, AUC=0.820), xgboost (ABS=0.177, AUC=0.814), and adaboost (ABS=0.163, 0.815). The high performance suggests machine learning models have the potential to impact patient care in radiology.
Alcohol use disorder severity moderates clinical response to varenicline

BACKGROUND In a multisite clinical trial, varenicline was effective in reducing drinking in both smoking and non-smoking patients with alcohol dependence. Because alcohol use disorder (AUD) is heterogeneous, research aimed at characterizing features associated with treatment response could advance personalized pharmacotherapy. The current study examined the utility of a multidimensional assessment of AUD severity to identify responders to varenicline treatment. METHODS The study utilized data from a 13-week, Phase 2, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multisite trial of varenicline in 200 alcohol-dependent patients. Four hypothesized measures of AUD severity (i.e., DSM-IV criterion count, withdrawal, craving, and alcohol-related consequences) were combined into a single severity factor. A series of multilevel models that included the severity factor were conducted to examine its effects on treatment outcomes. RESULTS All hypothesized indices of AUD severity loaded significantly onto a singular severity factor. Among low-severity groups, varenicline treatment significantly reduced drinking (i.e., percent heavy drinking days, drinks per day, and drinks per drinking day) and, in the lowest severity group, it improved the mental health component of quality of life more than placebo. The most severe group showed no differences between the varenicline and placebo groups on drinking or quality of life measures. CONCLUSIONS Treatment response to varenicline may be greater among individuals with less-severe AUD, as evidenced by both reductions in drinking outcomes and improvements in psychosocial functioning.
The Title of the Paper: Literature Review of COVID-19 Pandemic Impacts on Students Academic Performance

Natural disasters have significant economic and social impacts. Among them, health disasters affect education possibly more than others. From the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, we can see it has negative impacts on students’ learning. It appears to affect students from different age groups differently. Students in primary and secondary education seem to suffer more than their counterparts in higher education. In this literature review, we attempt to understand the impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on students’ learning.
Application of the Boundary Element Method to Moving Boundary Problems Arising During Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid (NAPL) Migration in Soils

In evaluating risks associated with chemical spills on the ground surface or leaks from underground storage tanks, it is required to know the extent and degree of contamination in the subsurface. Under certain conditions the contamination front can be treated as sharp and quasi-steady during both initial migration away from a spill and during removal via in-situ extractive processes. The boundary element method (BEM) is a viable choice of numerical method of solution in such situations where only the movement of the boundary is required. BEM is used to solve the set of partial differential equations governing the subsurface flow of NAPL bound by a sharp surface or interface in the vertical plane. This is followed by moving the free boundary using Darcy’s law. Unlike other methods the node movement is not restricted to the vertical direction. In order to obtain a high accuracy solution a node redistribution algorithm developed by Carey and Kennon [9] was implemented. It redistributed the nodes according to curvature of the free boundary while retaining the shape. Aquifers with homogeneous as well as piecewise homogeneous properties are considered. Results are presented for simulation of napl infiltration and spreading on an impermeable surface that agree well with laboratory infiltration experiments. Model parameters were obtained by separate measurements and were not fitted to the experimental data.
Adapting capitalism: Household plots, forest resources, and moonlighting in post-Soviet Siberia1

Economic reform in post-Soviet Russia has proceeded unevenly, resulting in broad variation between rural and urban areas. In the case study presented here, I examine how Communism's `economy of favors' has been transformed into a localized quasi-capitalist economy, which predominantly operates outside the national market economy. Using data from two villages in Tunkinskij Raion of the Buriat Republic in Russia, I look at how people at a micro-sociological level have adapted to current economic conditions. In particular I examine the relationships between informal networks and the ability to intensify agricultural production on household plots, to gain access to a variety of forest resources, and to find seasonal, part-time, or one-time work outside the household and the formal labor market.
Efficacy of insecticide residues on adult Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) mortality and injury in apple and peach orchards.

BACKGROUND The primary threat from Halyomorpha halys (Stal) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) originates from populations continuously dispersing from and among wild and cultivated hosts, so many individuals may not be directly sprayed with insecticides. Limited information exists regarding field-based residual activity of insecticides for management of H. halys in tree fruit. Thus, we conducted field-based bioassays in apple and peach orchards to evaluate residual activity of insecticides commonly applied against H. halys. Adults used in these trials were collected from wild and cultivated hosts less than one week prior to testing to more accurately reflect the susceptibility of wild H. halys populations in the field throughout the season. RESULTS Significantly higher mortality rates of Halyomorpha halys were observed early in the growing season, when overwintered adults were prevalent, compared with populations present later in the growing season that included new generation adults. Significantly higher mortality was recorded for adults exposed to fresh insecticide applications compared with three- and seven-day old residues. Typically, the addition of an adjuvant did not enhance efficacy or residual activity of insecticides. Significantly fewer injury sites were recorded on apples treated with dinotefuran and fenpropathrin compared with the untreated apples for all residue ages. CONCLUSIONS Overwintered Halyomorpha halys populations are easier to kill with insecticide applications than the first and second generation which are present in the field during the mid- to late-season. Residual activity of nearly all insecticides decreased significantly three days after application and adjuvants generally did not increase residual activity. These factors should be considered in developing season-long programs for management of this invasive species in tree fruit. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Gender, Stress, and Health

The relationship between gender, stress, and health is characterized by differential health outcomes resulting from the different ways in which stress impacts men and women. Successful navigation of the social environment requires individuals to adapt to continually changing stimuli. Stress impacts health by impairing an individual's ability to adapt. Impairments in the ability to adapt may result in significant challenges to mental and physical well-being in the form of psychological distress and/or the development of chronic disease. Men and women are often exposed to different types of stressors and different levels of stress, and tend to respond differently to stress. This results in varying health outcomes. Inquiries into the relationship between gender, stress, and health have increased understanding of the processes by which adaptability is compromised. Gender is one of the major ways in which individuals organize their lives, and most people fail to realize its strong influence on social life. Keywords: gender; health; stress
The Interplay between Redox and Recognition Processes: Models and Devices

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the investigations into the fundamental non-covalent enzyme–cofactor interactions controlling the redox behavior and physical properties of bio-organic cofactors, as well as studies on supramolecular model systems designed to decouple the effects of the different electrostatic and other interactions. Research towards the design and fabrication of molecular devices based on these same principles has been presented. The interplay between redox and recognition events is of crucial importance in biochemical regulation processes. Specific recognition controls various aspects of the redox process, such as redox potentials, electron-transfer pathways, protonation states, and orbital geometries. Series of parametric studies using synthetic model receptors have provided considerable insight into the nature of these regulation processes, probing the individual effects of hydrogen bonding, aromatic stacking, donor atom–π and other interactions on the redox properties of electroactive cofactors. The results obtained from the model studies have been found to correlate with effects observed in naturally occurring enzymes, and are directly applicable to the creation of redox-based pragmatic molecular devices.
Human Myocardial Tissue TNFαExpression Following Acute Global IschemiaIn Vivo

Although human myocardial TNFαlevels are increased during the ischemia associated with chonic heart failure, it remains unknown whether an acute global ischemic insult further increases TNFαexpression in human cardiac myocytes. To study this, biopsies of human myocardium were obtained before and after cardiopulmonary bypass (in vivoacute global ischemia), and myocardial TNFαlevels were determined by ELISA and cytotoxicity assay (WEHI-164 clone 13 cell line). TNFαwas immunolocalized by immunohistochemistry. Results indicate that cardiopulmonary bypass induces an increase in human myocardial TNFαby both ELISA and cytotoxicity assays. Immunolocalization revealed that prior to cardiopulmonary bypass TNFαwas located predominantly in the myocardial interstitial cells; however, following bypass, increased TNFαwas observed in the cardiocytes themselves. Locally-produced myocardial TNFαmay be an important contributor to myocardial functional depression and injury following acute ischemia. Targeted anti-TNFαtherapy in the treatment of cardiac ischemic injury may further elucidate its clinical relevance.
Our Fractured Attitude Towards Corporate Conscience

This paper surveys our political and legal system’s inconsistent attitudes towards corporate conscience by comparing CVS Caremark and Hobby Lobby. As announced in early 2014, CVS, the nation’s largest pharmacy, will stop selling cigarettes during 2014, a corporate action met with almost universal praise from the highest levels of the U.S. government, including HHS Secretary Kathleen Sebelius. In contrast, Hobby Lobby, a privately held chain of arts and crafts stores, currently finds itself before the U.S. Supreme Court trying to defend its rights of conscience, with the self-same Secretary Sebelius arguing that corporations have no Free Exercise rights or even Free Exercise interests (rights and interests that are of a paradigmatic conscientious character). This seems rather odd – one company is praised for acting in accord with its conscience, and the other is criticized for having the temerity to claim that it has a conscience. What explains this difference?The government’s position in the Hobby Lobby case is sweeping – it is that a corporation is not a person with conscientious interests; that it should be concerned with making money rather than matters of conscience; and that the interests of owners are divorced from those of the corporation because of the separate legal status of the corporation. But if this is true, then it should be no less true for other companies – like CVS or Apple (and its “green energy initiatives”) – that pursue other conscience-based policies.The reason the government takes such an absolute stand against the idea that Hobby Lobby has any free exercise interests, I argue, is because the arguments that there is a compelling state interest behind imposing the contraceptive mandate on companies like Hobby Lobby, and that the mandate represents the least restrictive means of accomplishing that state interest, are exceptionally weak. The government’s best option is to try to head the religious freedom claim off at the pass, denying that corporations have any rights or interests relating to religion at all. The problem is this is directly contradicted by the government’s own behavior, encouraging companies to act conscientiously and praising them for doing so when the values reflect the government’s own priorities.After analyzing such inconsistent attitudes toward corporate conscience, I survey four underlying causes, as well as make three modest suggestions of how to correct or bring greater balance to our thinking about corporate conscience.
An enhanced MMW and SMMW/THz imaging system performance prediction and analysis tool for concealed weapon detection and pilotage obstacle avoidance

The U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) has continued to develop and enhance a millimeter-wave (MMW) and submillimeter- wave (SMMW)/terahertz (THz)-band imaging system performance prediction and analysis tool for both the detection and identification of concealed weaponry, and for pilotage obstacle avoidance. The details of the MATLAB-based model which accounts for the effects of all critical sensor and display components, for the effects of atmospheric attenuation, concealment material attenuation, and active illumination, were reported on at the 2005 SPIE Europe Security and Defence Symposium (Brugge). An advanced version of the base model that accounts for both the dramatic impact that target and background orientation can have on target observability as related to specular and Lambertian reflections captured by an active-illumination-based imaging system, and for the impact of target and background thermal emission, was reported on at the 2007 SPIE Defense and Security Symposium (Orlando). Further development of this tool that includes a MODTRAN-based atmospheric attenuation calculator and advanced system architecture configuration inputs that allow for straightforward performance analysis of active or passive systems based on scanning (single- or line-array detector element(s)) or staring (focal-plane-array detector elements) imaging architectures was reported on at the 2011 SPIE Europe Security and Defence Symposium (Prague). This paper provides a comprehensive review of a newly enhanced MMW and SMMW/THz imaging system analysis and design tool that now includes an improved noise sub-model for more accurate and reliable performance predictions, the capability to account for postcapture image contrast enhancement, and the capability to account for concealment material backscatter with active-illumination- based systems. Present plans for additional expansion of the model’s predictive capabilities are also outlined.
Hidden Treasures in Theological Education: The Writing Tutor, the Spiritual Director, and Practices of Academic and Spiritual Mentoring

Mentoring is an important but often overlooked resource in theological education and students' academic and spiritual formation. This essay profiles the mentoring practices and postures of the writing tutor and the spiritual director as exemplars of academic and spiritual mentoring. An extended probe of this analogy affirms the integration of academic and spiritual formation as a core value in theological education; identifies mentoring in theological education as a hidden treasure fostering this integration and warranting attention as a theological practice; and re-envisions the theological practice of mentoring under the traditional rubric of the “care of souls,” embracing the relational, educational, formational, spiritual, and rhetorical dimensions of this practice.
Irregular vertex editing for architectural geometry design

This paper introduces an innovative computational design tool used to edit architectural geometry by addressing the problem of irregular vertices. An irregular vertex is a special kind of vertex, which is connected with less or more edges than regular vertex on a mesh surface. Such vertices create problems with further surface rationalization, as well as structural analysis and constructability of the surface. Geometry created by other tools is remeshed upon import. Using the developed tool, the user is able to identify irregular vertices, and interactively change type, move or remove these irregular vertices. The background of our research and related work on architectural geometry and mesh editing are explained. A case study for a Building Information Modeling (BIM) competition is used to illustrate the workflow. The advantages and disadvantages of editing mesh topology on architectural geometry design including the limitations are discussed at the end.
Mania and Literary Style: The Rhetoric of Enthusiasm from the Ranters to Christopher Smart

Introduction: mania as rhetoric Part I. Defiant Voice: 1. 'Howl, you great ones': enthusiastic subjectivity as class rhetoric 2. 'A huge loud voice': leveling and the gendered body politic 3. Strange acts and prophetic pranks: apocalypse as process in Abiezer Coppe Part II. Patrician Diagnosis: 4. Return to madness: mania as plebeian vapors in Swift Part III. Beautiful Liminality: 5. Scribe-evangelist: popular writing and enthusiasm in Smart's Jubilate Agno 6. Double jeopardy: the provenance and reception of Jubilate Agno 7. Smart's bawdy politic: misogyny and the second Age of Horn in Jubilate Agno 8. Smart's poetics of place: myth versus utopia in Jubilate Agno Epilogue: beyond pathology.
The development of the autonomic nervous system.

Summary Early workers have found that the peripheral sympathetic neurons arise from mesoderm, neural crest, or neural tube. In recent years various studies on normal embryos have supported each of these contradictory views. Experimental studies have yielded results which indicate an origin from the neural crest or neural tube. We feel that a neural crest origin is most probable in the light of present information. Experimental observations on the chromaffin cells of the suprarenal gland and the abdominal aortic bodies show that these cells have an origin in common with the sympathetic rudiments. The ciliary ganglion, one of the parasympathetic group, can arise independently of the semilunar ganglion. Some evidence indicates an origin for the ciliary ganglion from the neural tube, although most studies on normal embryos indicate at least a partial origin from the semilunar ganglion. Understanding of the sources of the other cranial autonomic ganglia has not been advanced in recent years. Enteric and other visceral ganglia may arise from one or more rudiments. Recent reports indicate as sources: (1) neural crest of the trunk, (2) neural crest or tube from levels of the parasympathetic nuclei in the brain stem and sacral level of the spinal cord. In addition, local differentiation from mesoderm and endoderm has been reported. Observations upon dependent differentiation of the autonomic nerves and ganglia have been made. A formative action of preganglionic fibres upon differentiation of autonomic ganglia has been suggested. Sympathetic ganglia, however, form in the absence of these fibres. The late differentiation of the ciliary ganglion depends upon the condition of its field of distribution. The following stages in the development of the sympathetic ganglia are suggested: (1) formation of the neural crest, (2) migration of crest cells, (3) differentiation of neuroblasts, (4) their incorporation into ganglia. It is presumed for this analysis that the neuroblasts arise from cells of the neural crest. At present methods of analysis are available which could serve to solve some of the problems indicate
Buckling of a non-uniform, long cylindrical shell subjected to external hydrostatic pressure

Analytical solutions for elastic buckling of a non-uniform, long cylindrical shell that is subjected to external hydrostatic pressure are presented in this paper. The non-uniform shell has two regions: one with a nominal thickness and the other with reduced thickness. Symmetric and anti-symmetric buckling modes have been found to occur depending on the relative thickness of the two different regions and the angular extent of the section with the reduced thickness. A diagram showing the ranges of relative thickness and angular extent of the section with the reduced thickness is given for the occurrence of symmetric and anti-symmetric modes. In general, the buckling pressure decreases when either the relative thickness or the angular extent of the section with the reduced thickness increase. Finite element solutions for the elastic buckling pressure and modes are also found using ABAQUS and the results from analytical solutions are found to be in close agreement with finite element predictions.
T-lymphocyte responses to intestinally absorbed antigens can contribute to adipose tissue inflammation and glucose intolerance during high fat feeding.

Background Obesity is associated with inflammation of visceral adipose tissues, which increases the risk for insulin resistance. Animal models suggest that T-lymphocyte infiltration is an important early step, although it is unclear why these cells are attracted. We have recently demonstrated that dietary triglycerides, major components of high fat diets, promote intestinal absorption of a protein antigen (ovalbumin, “OVA”). The antigen was partly transported on chylomicrons, which are prominently cleared in adipose tissues. We hypothesized that intestinally absorbed gut antigens may cause T-lymphocyte associated inflammation in adipose tissue. Methodology/Principal Findings Triglyceride absorption promoted intestinal absorption of OVA into adipose tissue, in a chylomicron-dependent manner. Absorption tended to be higher in mesenteric than subcutaneous adipose tissue, and was lowest in gonadal tissue. OVA immunoreactivity was detected in stromal vascular cells, including endothelial cells. In OVA-sensitized mice, OVA feeding caused marked accumulation of CD3+ and osteopontin+ cells in mesenteric adipose tissue. The accumulating T-lymphocytes were mainly CD4+. As expected, high-fat (60% kCal) diets promoted mesenteric adipose tissue inflammation compared to low-fat diets (10% Kcal), as reflected by increased expression of osteopontin and interferon-gamma. Immune responses to dietary OVA further increased diet-induced osteopontin and interferon-gamma expression in mesenteric adipose. Inflammatory gene expression in subcutaneous tissue did not respond significantly to OVA or dietary fat content. Lastly, whereas OVA responses did not significantly affect bodyweight or adiposity, they significantly impaired glucose tolerance. Conclusions/Significance Our results suggest that loss or lack of immunological tolerance to intestinally absorbed T-lymphocyte antigens can contribute to mesenteric adipose tissue inflammation and defective glucose metabolism during high-fat dieting.
Lack of an autosomal recessive genetic influence in vertical transmission of hepatitis B antigen

BLUMBERG et al. have postulated that predisposition to the hepatitis B antigen (HBsAg) carrier state is inherited as an autosomal recessive gene1. Crucial to this concept, but lacking in Blumberg's populations, are families in which both parents are carriers. All offspring of such families should be homozygous for carrier predisposition and once infected all should become carriers. To test Blumberg's hypothesis, we compared rates of hepatitis B antigenaemia among children in two groups of families: those in which both parents were HBsAg carriers and those in which the mother was a carrier, but the father's serum was antibody (anti-HBs) positive. We did not include families when the father's serum was both HBsAg and anti-HBs negative, since carrier state predisposition remained unknown without evidence of previous hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. If the autosomal recessive genetic hypothesis is correct, we would expect, in families with two HBsAg carrier parents, that all HBV-infected offspring would become carriers. In contrast, only a small proportion of children would become carriers in families with a carrier mother and an antibody-positive father, since most children would have only a single gene for carrier predisposition (inherited from their mothers) and would, like their fathers, form antibody after exposure rather than becoming carriers.
Self-Concepts and Movement Skills of Third Grade Children after Physical Education Programs

Summary.-Self-concept and selected movement skills of third grade children were examined following 8-wk. programs of physical education. While data did not clearly show effects of these programs on self-concept or movement, some findings provide support for statements from the literature. While the development of the child's self-concept is considered an important goal of the elementary school physical education program (I), little research documents attainment of this goal or the relationship between selfconcept and motor ability (2). This study assessed effects of two types of short-term physical education programs upon self-concept and movement skills of 66 third grade children in a school which did not regularly have a physical education program. The children were matched for academic achievement (ranked by classroom teacher: high, average, low), classroom teacher, socioeconomic background, sex, and race and were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: games and relays, movement exploration, and control. The games and relays group participated in running-tagging games, simple ball games, kickball and relays. Elimination-type games, waiting for turns, and general inactivity were avoided. Exploratory movement involved exploration and problem-solving as a means of developing locomotor, non-locomotor and manipulative skills. Both experimencal groups had physical education two days a week over 8 wk. Control subjects had free play without a structured program but were aware that they "were in the study and that their turn for physical education would come later." After 8 wk. the Martinek-Zaichkowsky Self-concept Scale for Children (4) was administered, and all children were tested on the dash, ball-throwing for distance and standing long jump. Means and standard deviations are presented in Table 1. Analysis of variance (p < .05) indicated no significant lifference on self-concept among groups or according to sex or race; however, there was a significant difference by classroom teachers. On the dash, groups were significantly superior to the controls, boys were faster than girls, and blacks better than whites. On the ball throw and standing long jump, there were no differences among groups; however, boys were better than girls and blacks better than whites. The results supporc statements in the literature that teaches' evaluations, expectations, and behavior affect the children's self-concepts (5). In addition,
The Effects of Actual Behavior vs. Mere Labelling in Attribution of Sex Differences

A recurrent problem in interpreting research showing differential reactions to the sexes is that such results may reflect real behavior differences among those observed or differential expectations of those observing. This study used a methodology which allowed these two competing explanations to be tested by assessing whether subjects' ratings of taped interactants whose gender was ambiguous would be determined mainly by what gender the subjects thought the interactants were or by the interactants' behavior. The results showed that the causes of the sex differences in assessments differed depending on what type of assessment was being made. Specifically, behavior differences and not observers' expectations about such differences largely determined observers' ratings of specific attributes of the interactants, but observers' expectations and not behavior differences determined observers' general ratings of masculinity/femininity.
Expression of aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT) isoforms in juvenile and adult rainbow trout tissues.

Whether and where rainbow trout aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (rtARNT) isoforms are expressed in juvenile and adult tissues of rainbow trout is unknown. Using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), expression of the rtARNTb isoform messenger RNA was identified in day 19 and 23 embryos, in day 27, 35, 39, and 42 sac fry, and in all adult tissues investigated. The rtARNTa isoform mRNA was expressed in all juvenile trout except day 42 sac fry and in all adult tissues except skeletal muscle. Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry demonstrated that the rtARNTb protein was present in all juvenile trout and adult tissues investigated, except skeletal muscle, and was primarily localized to the nucleus. In contrast, rtARNTa protein was not detected at any developmental stage but was expressed in the adult gill. These results imply that rtARNTb is involved in signaling events at many developmental stages, while the functionality of the dominant negative rtARNTa is restricted.
Effect of nifedipine on the contractile function of the rat diaphragm in vitro.

Abstract The isometric contractile response of the directly- stimulated rat diaphragm was studied before and following addition of the calcium channel blocker, nifedipine. Nifedipine (10 ug/ml and 30 ug/ml bath concentrations) significantly increased isometric force output during twitch and unfused tetanic stimulation. Force potentiation during unfused tetanic stimulation was equivalent during either high or low voltage stimulation. Nifedepine had no effect on the time to peak force, half relaxation time, or relaxation time during twitch stimulation; thus, both activation and relaxation rates were increased. The force potentiating actions of nifedipine persisted in a calcium-free bathing solution and were enhanced by d-tubocurarine. In contrast to the force enhancing effects found with twitch and unfused tetanic stimulation, nifedipine caused a small but significant reduction in isometric force during maximal fused tetanic stimulation. It is concluded that the force potentiating effects of nifedipine on rat diaphragm are not due to fiber recruitment, enhancement of neuromuscular excitation, or altered inward trans-sarcolemmal calcium flux, but may result from a direct effect of the drug on the rate of activation of the contractile apparatus.
SPECIAL INTERESTS AND THE POLICY PROCESS

Books reviewed in this article: Jeffrey M. Berry, Feeding Hungry People: Rulemaking in the Food Stamp Program Peter Navarro, The Policy Game: How Special Interests and Ideologues are Stealing America Richard K. Scotch, From Good Will to Civil Rights: Transforming Federal Disability Policy Paul Y. Watanabe, Ethnic Groups, Congress, and American Foreign Policy: The Politics of the Turkish Arms Embargo
SYNTHESIS AND REACTIVITY OF 16-ELECTRON HAFNOCENE SILYL HYDRIDE COMPLEXES

The synthesis and reactivity of monomeric, 16-electron hafnocene silyl hydride complexes are described. The complex CpCp*Hf[Si(SiMe3)3]H (1; Cp* = η5-C5Me5), prepared by the reaction of CpCp*Hf(H)Cl with (THF)3LiSi(SiMe3)3, reacts rapidly with both ethylene and diphenylacetylene with elimination of HSi(SiMe3)3 to afford the corresponding hafnacyclopentane and tetraphenylhafnacyclopentadiene complexes. Complex 1 reacts with acetone to give the insertion product CpCp*Hf(OCHMe2)[Si(SiMe3)3] (4). Reaction of 1 with the secondary silane H2Si(SiMe3)2 proceeds smoothly to the new silyl hydride complex CpCp*Hf[SiH(SiMe3)2]H (5), which was characterized by X-ray crystallography. Deuterium labeling experiments indicate that the latter reaction occurs with significant scrambling of label between the SiH and HfH positions. The tertiary silane Ph3SiH does not react under comparable conditions. The silane H2Si(SiMe3)2 undergoes a similar σ-bond metathesis reaction with CpCp*Hf[Si(SiMe3)3]Cl, to give CpCp*Hf[SiH(SiMe3)2...
TECHNOLOGY IN THE TEACHING OF NEUROSCIENCE: ENHANCED STUDENT LEARNING

The primary motivation for integrating any form of education technology into a particular course or curriculum should always be to enhance student learning. However, it can be difficult to determine which technologies will be the most appropriate and effective teaching tools. Through the alignment of technology-enhanced learning experiences with a clear set of learning objectives, teaching becomes more efficient and effective and learning is truly enhanced. In this article, I describe how I have made extensive use of technology in two neuroscience courses that differ in structure and content. Course websites function as resource centers and provide a forum for student interaction. PowerPoint presentations enhance formal lectures and provide an organized outline of presented material. Some lectures are also supplemented with interactive CD-ROMs, used in the presentation of difficult physiological concepts. In addition, a computer-based physiological recording system is used in laboratory sessions, improving the hands-on experience of group learning while reinforcing the concepts of the research method. Although technology can provide powerful teaching tools, the enhancement of the learning environment is still dependent on the instructor. It is the skill and enthusiasm of the instructor that determines whether technology will be used effectively.
Support of integrated voice/data wireless personal communication services using a high-speed dual-ring MAN

In this paper a dual ring metropolitan area network (MAN) employing spatial reuse is proposed for the interconnection of base stations in distributed control wireless personal communication networks (PCNs). A preemptive priority mechanism is introduced that can support effectively voice/data personal communication services. The operation of the proposed mechanism does not require the wastage of channel bandwidth and can preempt the transmission of low priority packets (such as data packets) for as long as there are active high priority classes (such as voice traffic) in the system. In this way, the effect of low priority traffic on high priority traffic can be minimized and the effect of station location on performance can be significantly reduced. Furthermore, a fair share of the transmission bandwidth among similar priority traffic sources can be achieved. Simulation results are used to investigate the effectiveness of the proposed mechanism in the presence of two priority classes and the system performance under voice/data transmissions is discussed.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Spaces of continuous step functions over LOTS

We investigate spaces Cp(·,n) over LOTS (linearly ordered topological spaces). We find natural necessary conditions for linear Lindelofness of Cp(·,n) over LOTS. We also characterize countably compact LOTS whose Cp(·,n) is linearly Lindelof for each n. Both the necessary conditions and the characterization are given in terms of the topology of the Dedekind completion of a LOTS.
A novel H2O2-triggered anti-Fenton fluorescent pro-chelator excitable with visible light

A chelator and a pro-chelator that can be activated by H2O2 and subsequently sequesters iron and attenuates the Fenton reaction have been developed; both molecules are fluorescent excitable by visible light, and H2O2-activation, as well as iron-chelation, induces remarkable changes in fluorescence.
Determination of Organic Emissions from New Carpeting

Abstract New carpeting has been the source of a number of indoor air health and odor complaints. Investigations of a variety of carpet samples have shown that there is a diversity of organic emissions among carpet types; some of the compounds found have been listed in the Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances. This article describes two complementary analytical methods for screening carpet samples: a “headspace” method for volatile emissions and a Soxhlet extraction method using methylene chloride for the semivolatile and nonvolatile compounds. The analytical results from seven carpet types are presented. Special emphasis is placed on the compound 4-phenylcyclohexene, one of the causes of “new carpet smell,” which also has been anecdotally linked to adverse, short-term health effects. Other compounds of possible interest that were found include dichlorobenzene, bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, triethyl phosphate, ∈-caprolactam, and methylene-bis(4-isocyanatobenzene).
Party Strategies and Voter Behavior in the East European Mixed Election Systems

I pursue two goals in this article: first, to explain parties’ and voters’ strategic choices in mixed electoral systems and, second, to assess the presence of such behavior in East European transitional elections. I develop a spatial model to explain parties’ decisions to form coalitions when proportional representation and plurality formulas are combined. Next, I identify factors that encourage voters to support different parties in the two tiers of the competition and use district-level data to examine these effects in Croatia, Lithuania and Ukraine. The findings suggest that considerations of spatial distribution of party support and the need to cross two thresholds shape decisions on whether or not to enter electoral coalitions. Some Croatian, Lithuanian and Ukrainian supporters of weaker parties, similar to voters in consolidated democracies, split their vote when they face strategic situations.
Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis

The earliest lesion in the development of an atherosclerotic plaque is the fatty streak. This chronic inflammatory reaction results from a sequence of events that begins with the trapping of low density lipoprotein (LDL) in the subendothelial space of the artery wall. The trapped LDL is seeded with oxidative species released by the overlying endothelium, and lipid oxidation is initiated within the LDL particle. Some of the lipids that result lead to the activation of NFkB-like transcription factors that cause the expression of genes whose protein products mediate monocyte binding, monocyte chemotaxis into the subendothelial space, and conversion into macrophages. At least 1 major gene modulates the oxidation of LDL lipids and/or the biologic response to these lipids. The inverse relation between high density lipoprotein (HDL) and atherosclerotic events may in part be due to enzymes associated with HDL that destroy the biologically active lipids generated in LDL.
An analysis of an unconditionally stable explicit method

Abstract Recently, several semi-implicit methods have been proposed for the time integration of the structural dynamics equations which are unconditionally stable yet explicit in their algorithmic structure. While these methods seem to violate the basic premise of the Courant requirement that the speed of information flow in the discrete model must not exceed that in the continuous problem, it is here shown that this is not the case. However, an analysis of the phase velocities of waves shows that the real flow of information of short wavelengths barely exceeds one spatial mesh per time step in these methods. Thus these semi-implicit methods appear to be useful primarily for problems dominated by very low frequencies, which is borne out by some estimates of computational costs made here.