cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two ways to fold the genome during the cell cycle: insights obtained with chromosome conformation capture

Genetic and epigenetic inheritance through mitosis is critical for dividing cells to maintain their state. This process occurs in the context of large-scale re-organization of chromosome conformation during prophase leading to the formation of mitotic chromosomes, and during the reformation of the interphase nucleus during telophase and early G1. This review highlights how recent studies over the last 5 years employing chromosome conformation capture combined with classical models of chromosome organization based on decades of microscopic observations, are providing new insights into the three-dimensional organization of chromatin inside the interphase nucleus and within mitotic chromosomes. One striking observation is that interphase genome organization displays cell type-specific features that are related to cell type-specific gene expression, whereas mitotic chromosome folding appears universal and tissue invariant. This raises the question of whether or not there is a need for an epigenetic memory for genome folding. Herein, the two different folding states of mammalian genomes are reviewed and then models are discussed wherein instructions for cell type-specific genome folding are locally encoded in the linear genome and transmitted through mitosis, e.g., as open chromatin sites with or without continuous binding of transcription factors. In the next cell cycle these instructions are used to re-assemble protein complexes on regulatory elements which then drive three-dimensional folding of the genome from the bottom up through local action and self-assembly into higher order levels of cell type-specific organization. In this model, no explicit epigenetic memory for cell type-specific chromosome folding is required.
Sexual Coercion and Mental Health Symptoms Among Heterosexual Men: The Pressure to Say “Yes”

The present study investigated the prevalence of female-to-male intimate partner violence (IPV) and mental health symptoms among 370 male university students. Participants completed surveys that measured three types of IPV victimization (sexual, physical, and psychological) and four types of mental health symptoms (anxiety, depression, hostility, and somatic symptoms). Correlations revealed strong positive associations between sexual, physical, and psychological IPV among male victims. Multiple regressions identified that males who reported psychological and sexual IPV from their female partner were more likely to report higher hostility, anxiety, and somatic symptoms. Further analyses identified that male victims experienced much higher levels of "insisted" sexual coercion rather than "forced" sexual coercion. Mental health practitioners should be aware of the possible mental health symptoms among male IPV victims, specifically from sexual coercion. The study posits that gender socialization does not allow men to refuse sex from an intimate partner and therefore elicit mental health symptoms.
Caspase substrates and cellular remodeling

The caspases are unique proteases that mediate the major morphological changes of apoptosis and various other cellular remodeling processes. As we catalog and study the myriad proteins subject to cleavage by caspases, we are beginning to appreciate the full functional repertoire of these enzymes. Here, we examine current knowledge about caspase cleavages: what kinds of proteins are cut, in what contexts, and to what end. After reviewing basic caspase biology, we describe the technologies that enable high-throughput caspase substrate discovery and the datasets they have yielded. We discuss how caspases recognize their substrates and how cleavages are conserved among different metazoan organisms. Rather than comprehensively reviewing all known substrates, we use examples to highlight some functional impacts of caspase cuts during apoptosis and differentiation. Finally, we discuss the roles caspase substrates can play in medicine. Though great progress has been made in this field, many important areas still await exploration.
An Iron-Nickel-Titanium Alloy with Outstanding Toughness at Cryogenic Temperature

Recent research in this laboratory has led to the identification of a group of ferritic alloys from the iron-nickel-titanium system which show an unusual combination of strength and ductility at cryogenic temperatures. The details of this research are reported elsewhere [1]. This presentation provides some of the best results obtained to date with an Fe—12 Ni—0.25 Ti alloy and compares these to the best available properties of two commonly used cryogenic steels: type 304 stainless steel and Fe—9 Ni—1 Mn—0.1 C (9% nickel steel).
An algorithm for solving multiobjective problem with multiple Decision Makers

This article aims to develop an algorithm for solving multiobjective linear programming problems with multiple Decision Makers (DMs) which combines the interactive fuzzy method and a heuristic based on iterative computation. DMs' preference can be quantified with a membership function and a threshold which means the minimum level of acceptance of a solution. The proposed heuristic can automatically search for the best set of weights for the linear utility function. Since the global goal for the proposed heuristic is to minimise the average of all the membership value deviation from the threshold, over- as well as under-achievement in the objective function will be penalised. The algorithm is implemented with Matlab and GAMS and applied to a problem in warehouses with three different objective functions. The results illustrates that the developed algorithm is effective in providing efficient solutions with respect to different preference structures of DMs.
Nutritional endoderm in a direct developing frog: A potential parallel to the evolution of the amniote egg

The egg of the direct-developing frog, Eleutherodactylus coqui, has 20! the volume as that of the model amphibian, Xenopus laevis. Increased egg size led to the origin of nutritional endoderm, a novel cell type that provides nutrition but does not differentiate into digestive tract tissues. As the E. coqui endoderm develops, a distinct boundary exists between differentiating intestinal cells and large yolky cells, which persists even when yolk platelets are depleted. The yolky cells do not become tissues of the digestive tract and are lost, as shown by histology and lineage tracing. EcSox17, an endodermal transcriptional factor, did not distinguish these two cell types, however. When cleavage of the yolky cells was inhibited, embryogenesis continued, indicating that some degree of incomplete cleavage can be tolerated. The presence of cellularized nutritional endoderm in E. coqui may parallel changes that occurred in the evolution of the amniote egg 360 million years ago. Developmental Dynamics 236:1259‐1272, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Genotypic and phenotypic variation as stress adaptations in temperate tree species: a review of several case studies

Species that occupy large geographic ranges or a variety of habitats within a limited area deal with contrasting environmental conditions by genotypic and phenotypic variation. My students and I have studied these forms of ecophysiological variation in temperate tree species in eastern North America by means of a series of field and greenhouse experiments, including controlled studies with Cercis canadensis L., Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh., Acer rubrum L., Prunus serotina Ehrh. and Quercus rubra L., in relation to drought stress. These studies have included measurements of gas exchange, tissue water relations and leaf morphology, and have identified genotypic variation at the biome and individual community levels. Xeric genotypes generally had higher net photosynthesis and leaf conductance and lower osmotic and water potentials at incipient wilting than mesic genotypes during drought. Xeric genotypes also produced leaves with greater thickness, leaf mass per area and stomatal density and smaller area than the mesic genotypes, suggesting general coordination among leaf morphology, gas exchange and tissue water relations. Leaf phenotypic plasticity to different light environments occurred in virtually every study species, which represented a wide array of ecological tolerances. In a study of interactions of genotypes with environment, shade plants, but not sun plants, exhibited osmotic adjustment during drought and shade plants had smaller reductions in photosynthesis with decreasing leaf water potential. In that study, sun, but not shade, plants had significant genotypic differences in leaf structure, but with certain variables phenotypic variation exceeded genotype variation. Thus, genotypic variation was not expressed in all phenotypes, and phenotypes responded differentially to stress. Overall, these studies indicate the importance of genotypic and phenotypic variation as stress adaptations in temperate tree species among both distant and nearby sites of contrasting environmental conditions.
An experimental testbed for the study of hydrodynamic issues in supernovae

More than a decade after the explosion of supernova 1987A, unresolved discrepancies still remain in attempts to numerically simulate the mixing processes initiated by the passage of a very strong shock through the layered structure of the progenitor star. Numerically computed velocities of the radioactive 56Ni and 56Co, produced by shock-induced explosive burning within the silicon layer, for example, are still more than 50% too low as compared with the measured velocities. To resolve such discrepancies between observation and simulation, an experimental testbed has been designed on the Omega Laser for the study of hydrodynamic issues of importance to supernovae (SNe). In this paper, results are presented from a series of scaled laboratory experiments designed to isolate and explore several issues in the hydrodynamics of supernova explosions. The results of the experiments are compared with numerical simulations and are generally found to be in reasonable agreement.
Posttraumatic stress disorder among low-income women exposed to perinatal intimate partner violence : Posttraumatic stress disorder among women exposed to partner violence.

Women exposed to intimate partner violence (IPV) and other forms of lifetime trauma may be at risk for negative mental health outcomes including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The purpose of this study was to examine potential predictors of PTSD among low-income women exposed to perinatal IPV. This study analyzed baseline cross-sectional data from 239 low-income pregnant women in the USA who participated in a nurse home visitation intervention between 2006 and 2012 after reporting recent IPV. PTSD was assessed with the Davidson Trauma Scale (DTS) in which participants answer questions about the most disturbing traumatic event (MDTE) in their lifetime that affected them the week before the interview. In total, 40 % of the women were identified as having PTSD (DTS ≥40). PTSD prevalence significantly increased with age to nearly 80 % of women ages 30 and older (n = 23). Age was also the strongest predictor of PTSD (p < 0.001). Most participants (65 %) identified non-IPV-related traumas as their MDTEs. Psychological (94 %), physical (82 %), and sexual (44 %) violence were not significantly associated with PTSD status. Despite recent exposure to IPV, most participants identified other traumatic events as more disturbing than IPV-related trauma. Further, the risk for PTSD increased with age, suggesting that the cumulative effect of trauma, which may include IPV, increases the risk for PTSD over a lifetime. Implementing comprehensive screening for trauma during prenatal care may lead to the early identification and treatment of PTSD during pregnancy in a community setting.
Multiple metabolic effects of CGRP in conscious rats: Role of glycogen synthase and phosphorylase

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a neuropeptide that is released at the neuromuscular junction in response to nerve excitation. To examine the relationship between plasma CGRP concentration and intracellular glucose metabolism in conscious rats, we performed insulin (22 pmol.kg-1.min-1) clamp studies combined with the infusion of 0, 20, 50, 100, 200, and 500 pmol.kg-1.min-1 CGRP (plasma concentrations ranging from 2 x 10(-11) to 5 x 10(-9) M). CGRP antagonized insulin's suppression of hepatic glucose production at plasma concentrations (approximately 10(-10) M) that are only two- to fivefold its basal portal concentration. Insulin-mediated glucose disposal was decreased by 20-32% when CGRP was infused at 50 pmol.kg-1.min-1 (plasma concentration 3 x 10(-10) M) or more. The impairment in insulin-stimulated glycogen synthesis in skeletal muscle accounted for all of the CGRP-induced decrease in glucose disposal, while whole body glycolysis was increased despite the reduction in total glucose uptake. The muscle glucose 6-phosphate concentration progressively increased during the CGRP infusions. CGRP inhibited insulin-stimulated glycogen synthase in skeletal muscle with a 50% effective dose of 1.9 +/- 0.36 x 10(-10) M. This effect on glycogen synthase was due to a reduction in enzyme affinity for UDP-glucose, with no changes in the maximal velocity. In vitro CGRP stimulated both hepatic and skeletal muscle adenylate cyclase in a dose-dependent manner. These data suggest that 1) CGRP is a potent antagonist of insulin at the level of muscle glycogen synthesis and hepatic glucose production; 2) inhibition of glycogen synthase is its major biochemical action in skeletal muscle; and 3) these effects are present at concentrations of the peptide that may be in the physiological range for portal vein and skeletal muscle. These data underscore the potential role of CGRP in the physiological modulation of intracellular glucose metabolism.
Reactivation of Enantiomeric Organophosphonyl Conjugates of Acetylcholinesterase Mutants, F295L and F297I by Mono- and Bis-Quarternary Oximes

Single site acetylcholinesterase (AChE) mutants, F295L and F297I, were inhibited with enantiomeric Sp- and Rp- cycloheptyl (CHMP), isopropyl (iPrMP), and dimethylbutyl (DMBMP) methylphosphonyl thiocholine. The resulting conjugates were subjected to reactivation with 2-(hydroxyiminomethyl)-1-methylpyridinium methiodide (2-PAM) and 1 -(2′ -hydroxyiminomethyl-1′ -pyridinium)-3 -(4″-carbamoy1-1″-pyridinium)-2 -oxapropane dichloride (HI6). Rates of reactivation obtained for mutants were compared to wildtype AChE. HI6 was able to reactivate all conjugates except for the Rp- CHMP conjugates and Rp- DMBMP-F297I conjugate. The F295L mutant exhibited a 6–8 fold faster reactivation rate compared to wildtype for Sp- CHMP and Sp- DMBMP conjugates, while only a 2–3 fold difference was seen for the Sp- iPrMP conjugate. The Rp- DMBMP-F295L conjugate showed biphasic behavior upon reactivation with HI6. The F297I mutant only showed a 2–3 fold higher reactivation rate for all three Sp- enantiomeric conjugates compared to wildtype. The Rp- conjugates that underwent reactivation were slow and only slightly modified by these mutations. 2-PAM was able to reactivate all conjugates except for Rp- CHMP-AChE and Rp- CHMP-F295L. The F295L mutant did not show an enhancement in reactivation rates compared to wildtype for both Sp- and Rp- conjugates. The F297I mutant showed a 8–10 fold faster reactivation rates for the Sp- conjugates while no enhancement was seen with the Rp- conjugates. HI6 proved to be a more potent reactivator. Its maximum rate of enhancement (kmax) of the deacylation step is anywhere from 10–100 fold faster than 2-PAM. HI6 shows a greater enantiomeric selectivity than 2-PAM in reactivation. Kinetic analysis reveals that acyl pocket dimensions play a major role in controlling the reactivation of organophosphonyl conjugates.
A Review of: “Milton Leitenberg. The Problem of Biological Weapons.”

The war against terrorism is, in many respects, like no other. The enemy is largely invisible. There are no defined battle lines. The form of attack is hard to predict, and the end recedes into a h...
Urinary and blood cadmium and lead and kidney function: NHANES 2007-2012.

Abstract Background Cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) are widespread environmental contaminants that are known nephrotoxins. However, their nephrotoxic effects at low-environmental exposure levels are debated. Objective We examined the association of blood Pb (B-Pb), blood Cd (B-Cd), urinary Pb (U-Pb) and urinary Cd (U-Cd) with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and urinary albumin (ALB). Methods We used multivariate linear regression to analyze the association between B-Pb, B-Cd, U-Pb, and U-Cd with eGFR and ALB in adult participants (≥20 years of age) in NHANES 2007–2012. The dataset was limited to NHANES individuals with both blood and urinary metal measurements. Results We found a statistically significant inverse association between eGFR and B-Cd and statistically significant positive associations between eGFR and both U-Cd and U-Pb, as well as statistically significant associations between ALB and the 3rd and 4th quartiles of U-Cd. Conclusions The inverse association between eGFR and B-Cd, in conjunction with positive associations between eGFR and ALB with U-Cd, suggest that U-Cd measurement at low levels of exposure may result from changes in renal excretion of Cd due to kidney function and protein excretion. However, renal effects such as hyperfiltration from Cd-mediated kidney damage or creatinine-specific Cd effects cannot be excluded with this cross-sectional design.
Refinable C1 spline elements for irregular quad layout

Building on a result of U. Reif on removable singularities, we construct C 1 bi-3 splines that may include irregular points where less or more than four tensor-product patches meet. The resulting space complements PHT splines, is refinable and the refined spaces are nested, preserving for example surfaces constructed from the splines. As in the regular case, each quadrilateral has four degrees of freedom, each associated with one spline and the splines are linearly independent. Examples of use for surface construction and isogeometric analysis are provided.
Endoskopische Manifestationen infektiologischer Krankheitsbilder im Gastrointestinaltrakt am Beispiel des Kaposi-Sarkoms und der Syphilis

Trotz guter Aufklarung und antiretroviralen Therapieoptionen wird die HIV-Infektion in Deutschland immer noch haufig spat diagnostiziert. Eine wichtige, wenn auch selten gewordene Manifestation der fortgeschrittenen HIV-Infektion, ist das Kaposi-Sarkom. Andere sexuell ubertragbare Krankheiten (STD) wie die Luesinfektion gehen haufig mit einer HIV-Infektion einher. Die Luesinfektion zeigt in Deutschland nach wie vor eine steigende Inzidenz. Endoskopische Manifestationen des Kaposi-Sarkoms und der Luesinfektion im Gastrointestinaltrakt sind selten und werden in diesem Artikel beschrieben und demonstriert.
On Groups of Motions Generated by Two Rotations

(1970). On Groups of Motions Generated by Two Rotations. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 77, No. 7, pp. 733-735.
Analysis on Epidemic Situation of Sexually Transmitted Disease in Heping District of Tianjin during 2008-2010

[Objective]To understand the epidemic posture of sexually transmitted diseases(STD) in Heping district of Tianjin during 2008-2010,provide the scientific basis for further prevention and control of STD. [Methods]The data were analyzed with descriptive epidemiologic method. [Results]During 2008-2010,there were 1034 cases of STD in this district,and STD cases were reported in all of 6 street blocks.There were 640 male cases and 394 female cases,and the male to female ratio was 1.62∶1.The oldest patient was 73 years old,the youngest was less than 1 years old,and people aged 20～40 years accounted for 83.75%.Most patients were housework and unemployment(18.76%),attendants(18.76%)and workers(12.77%).From 2008 to 2010,the annual incidence was 106.27/lakh,96.92/lakh and 59.10/lakh,respectively.The reported incidence rates arranged in descending order were syphilis(51.22/lakh),genital Infection by Chlamydia trachomatis(16.20/lakh),condyloma acuminatum(10.21/lakh),gonorrhea(6.24/lakh),genital herpes(1.69/lakh) and HIV/AIDS(1.69/lakh). [Conclusion]During 2008-2010,the annual reported incidence of STD in this district decreased year by year,especially syphilis,but there occurred the vertical transmission cases which induced the second-generation transmission.The STD control strategy should be improved according to the epidemic characteristic and trend of STD in Heping district.
Nitrogen Absorption and Utilization Characteristics of japonica Rice Cultivars with Different Productivities at Their Optimum Nitrogen Levels

Based on the concept of the highest population productivity, the yield components and the characteristics of nitrogen absorption and utilization of three types of rice cultivars with low,medium and high level of the highest population productivities were investigated at their optimum nitrogen levels.With the increase of the highest population productivity,the total spikelet number increased remarkbly,while the seed setting rate and 1000-grain weight showed no significant differences.The nitrogen accumulation at N-n,heading and maturing stages increased correspondingly as the productivities increased,whereas no significant difference was found at elongation.In order to analyze the nitrogen absorption progress of rice genotypes with different productivities,the whole growth duration was divided into four phases,i.e.,from transplanting to critical stage of productive tillering,from critical stage of productive tillering to elongation,from elongation to heading,and from heading to maturing.Results indicated that,the nitrogen accumulation during each period increased typically as the productivity increased during all growth phases except the phase from critical stage of productive tillering to elongation.Compared with low productivity genotype,the nitrogen translocation amount and nitrogen translocation rate of medium-productivity genotype increased evidently.However,there was negligible difference between medium and high productivity types.Based on the results above,it was concluded that rice cultivars with the highest population productivity were featured by rapid nitrogen absorption before N-n,slow nitrogen absorption from N-n to elongation,steady nitrogen absorption from elongation to heading,and massive nitrogen absorption from heading to maturing;and a large but not excessive amount of transferred nitrogen from stems and leaves after heading.
Analysis of Room Volume Trends of Dwelling House

Objective To understand the change trends of the present room volume of dwelling house and provide an evidence for revising the"Hygienic standard for room volume of dwelling house".MethodsIn the past five years room volume of dwelling house monitoring data from 5 cities were collected and different types of houses were selected for on-site monitoring room volume of dwelling house.ResultsMonitoring results of room volume of dwelling house in different houses showed that the total mean of per capita area got the degree of 37.95m2 from 2004 to 2008.The mean degree of the average per capita space was 51.85m3 in city offices,and the mean degrees of per capita area and per capita space in urban house were 27.91m2 and 75.59m3 respectively,while the value from rural population in the town were 23.74m2 and 72.74m3 separately.ConclusionThe results of the investigation provide a basis for the revision of the hygienic standard for room volume of dwelling house.
Daily Bidirectional Relationships Between Sleep and Mental Health Symptoms in Youth With Emotional and Behavioral Problems

OBJECTIVE: The present study examined the daily, bidirectional relationships between sleep and mental health symptoms in youth presenting to mental health treatment. METHODS: Youth aged 6 to 11 (36% female, 44% European American) presenting to outpatient behavioral health treatment (N = 25) were recruited to participate in the study. Children and parents completed daily questionnaires regarding the child's sleep, mood, and behavior for a 14-day period, while youth wore an actigraph watch to objectively measure sleep. RESULTS: Examining between- and within-person variance using multilevel models, results indicate that youth had poor sleep duration and quality and that sleep and mental health symptoms were highly related at the daily level. Between-person effects were found to be most important and significant bidirectional relationships exist. CONCLUSIONS: Identifying and addressing sleep problems in the context of mental health treatment is important, as poor sleep is associated with increased symptomology and may contribute to worsened mental health.© The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society of Pediatric Psychology. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: [email protected]/* */ Language: en
Evidence for an amiloride-insensitive Na+/H+ exchanger in rat renal cortical tubules.

We have characterized the Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE) isoforms expressed in rat renal cortical tubule fragments. Amiloride sensitivity of the Na(+)-dependent intracellular pH (pHi) recovery in suspended...
Neuroimaging and Neuroscience in the Public Mind

Images of Choice Before I left the conference, and my visit with Cindy Sykes, she shared one more observation about Heather's care, which really encapsulated the challenge of prognostication, discerning who will do well and who not. This is a critical task for families as they try and make decisions about care. Having a better sense of possible outcomes is necessary to avoid the heartache of disappointment that comes with unfounded optimism or the lost opportunity for recovery that attends unsubstantiated pessimism. Early during Heather's course, Cindy recalled speaking with one of the doctors at the academic medical center where she was treated who described the predicament. In a confessional tone he shared a secret, most outsiders would not suspect: experts aren't very good at prognosticating, even when they make use of neuroimaging techniques. In fact, sometimes the scans can be very misleading. The doctor told Cindy, “We can look at two patients’ scans and one can look very bad and bleak like Heather's, and the other can look very promising, and the two have absolutely opposite outcomes. The one that looked good doesn't do well and the one that looked terrible does very well.” Cindy's response to the predicament was both generous and illustrative of the challenges these families face. Generous in that she felt that both of “… those two patients should have the same opportunity to show their determination against the odds.” And illustrative of her experience, the challenge of making choices without being adequately informed about how things might turn out. Without the advantage of prognostic knowledge gleaned from science, one had to give the two patients both a chance. It was only fair because their futures were indistinguishable. But Cindy's caution raised a deeper question of whether or not these families have been deprived of the right to informed consent and refusal. After all, how could they engage in informed decision making without the requisite amount of information they would need to make a choice? All the more so in the face of indeterminacy, that middle group referred to by Dr. Plum in the 1970s, when the outcome is unpredictable.
Exclusive χ(2P) production in Υ{hooked}(3S) decay

Abstract Using the CsI calorimeter of the CLEO-II detector, we have studied exclusive radiative decays of the ϒ(3S) to the χ (2P) states where the final state consists of two photons and two leptons (e + e − or μ + μ − , from either the ϒ(1S) or ϒ(2S)). We observe and measure branching ratios for the J =2 and J =1 χ b (2 3 P J ) states, and set upper limits for the J =0 state.
Judging on their looks: Understanding pre-service social studies teachers׳ conceptions of historical agency and gender

Abstract The present naturalistic study examined the historical thinking of thirteen pre-service social studies teachers as they used historical agency as lens to investigate the Second Wave feminist movement. Existing literature reflects the ways in which students understand historical agency, but has yet to examine its use as a conceptual tool to dissect controversial issues in history, such as feminism. Data included teacher candidates׳ responses to a survey questionnaire, researcher notes from teacher candidates׳ participation in a historical thinking exercise, teacher candidates׳ responses to follow-up questions after the historical thinking exercise, and a small subset of partner interviews. Results indicated pre-service teachers not only rely upon narratives of individual agency and progress, but also see instructional value in using historical photographs to spark secondary students’ civic action. Furthermore, teacher candidates struggled to unravel their own constructs of gender away from their interpretation of the agency of men and women in the past. The consideration of pre-service teachers’ historical thinking and its connection to their teacher purpose and rationale provides insight into finding new ways to support teacher candidates as they struggle to open up the gate to a more inclusive history curriculum.
Preschool Daily Patterns of Physical Activity Driven by Location and Social Context

BACKGROUND Preschool children are recommended to spend at least 15 minutes/hour (25% time) in light-to-vigorous physical activity (total physical activity, TPA). Preschool provider practices, such as whether children are put in small group or whole-group activities, are likely to affect children's TPA levels during preschool. The current study characterized the pattern of physical activity across the preschool day, and examined the relationship of location and social arrangement to TPA. METHODS Fifteen days from 8 preschool classrooms in 2 preschool centers were video-recorded, and children (N = 73, age = 3-6 years, M = 4.36 ± 0.85, Boys = 47%) wore accelerometers for the duration of the preschool day. We observed contextual variables of time (ie, morning or afternoon), location (ie, indoor or outdoor), and for a subsample, social arrangement (ie, activity centers, small group, whole group). RESULTS Across the whole day, children spent 69.5 ± 12.4% time sedentary/inactive and 30.5 ± 13.5% time in TPA. Children spent a significantly greater percentage of time in TPA outdoors, compared to indoors (t = 10.00, p < .001), and while in small groups compared to whole groups (t = 3.35, p = .009). CONCLUSION Children spent approximately 30% of the preschool day in TPA. Providing more time outdoors and restructuring preschool activities from whole group to small group could increase the amount of TPA that children accumulate during preschool.
The Historical Perspectives of the Development of Systems of State Regulation of Estate Property in Ukraine

The historical perspectives of the development of systems of state regulation of estate property in Ukraine
A CRITICAL STUDY OF THREE TAPEWORMS TRADITIONALLY CLASSED TAENIA PISIFORMIS (Block 1780), MULTICEPS MULTICEPS (Leske 1780), AND HYDATIGERA TAENIAEFORMIS (Batsch 1786).

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews three tapeworms traditionally classed Taenia pisiformis, Multiceps multiceps and Hydatigera taeniaeformis. A study of approximately 2000 cestodes collected from coyotes (Canis latrans latrans), foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), and feral house cats (Felis domesticus) made possible a critical evaluation of the characters traditionally employed in the taxonomy of these worms. It was found that the characters that have served as a basis for separating these genera, such as sinuosity of hooks, the looping of the vagina, the number of uterine diverticula and the shapes of ovaries and vitellaria, are highly variable and not reliable as generic characters. In the brain, no adventitious tissue develops around the larvae but does develop around those locating in subcutaneous tissues even in the same animal.
Fair Labor Practices in Values-Based Agrifood Supply Chains?

This research commentary reviews our exploratory study of the incorporation of fair labor practices into the business models of values-based agrifood supply chains (VBSCs) studied in the USDA-sponsored “agriculture-of-the-middle” (AOTM) regional research project. We examined what the certification affiliations of AOTM enterprises signaled about their values priorities as described in AOTM case study documents and in the enter­prises’ website advertising outreach. While we found weak evidence for prioritization of the fair labor practices value in these case study materials, our analysis suggests that characteristics of VBSC lead enterprises—whether the VBSCs are producer-, consumer-, or aggregator-driven—provide a promising focus for future research into possibilities for fair labor practices in these types of alternative agrifood enterprises. In an effort to advance research on this important but relatively neglected topic in the alternative agriculture litera­ture, we note the need to develop effective, ethical research strategies to investigate sensitive labor issues in alternative agrifoood supply chains and to identify labor-intensive VBSCs as future case study targets.
Comparative Thermal Aging Effects on PM-HIP and Forged Inconel 690

This study compares thermal aging effects in Inconel 690 (IN690) produced by forging and powder metallurgy with hot isostatic pressing (PM-HIP). Isothermal aging is carried out over 400–800°C for up to 1000 h and then metallography and nanoindentation are utilized to relate grain microstructure with hardness and yield strength. The PM-HIP IN690 maintains a constant grain size through all aging conditions, while the forged IN690 exhibits limited grain growth at the highest aging temperature and longest aging time. The PM-HIP IN690 exhibits comparable mechanical integrity as the forged material throughout aging: hardness and yield strength are unchanged with 100 h aging, but increase after 1000 h aging at all temperatures. In both the PM-HIP and forged IN690, the Hall–Petch relationship for Ni-based superalloys predicts yield strength for 0–100 h aged specimens, but underestimates yield strength in the 1000 h aged specimens because of thermally induced precipitation.
Political liberalism and children

In this article, I highlight some core ideas that are important for understanding the parent-child relationship within the framework of political liberalism. I stress that, although some ideal or conception of the family is part of most, if not all, comprehensive doctrines, for political liberals, the state’s interest in the family is as a social-political institution in which certain needs of persons as free and equal citizens are met. I discuss the main needs and interests of children and parents in the parent-child relationship. I consider that many children are cared for by multiple people, and I discuss how the state should address the recognition of multiple legal parents. I discuss some contexts in which conflicts arise between the interests of children and caregivers and address how such conflicts should be resolved in the politically liberal state. Although Rawls failed to offer an acceptable account of the family as part of the basic structure and did not adequately address the role of caring relationships in a just society, I hope that this article helps to show how political liberals can offer a plausible account.
The interplay between the chaperonin TRiC and N-terminal region of Huntingtin mediates Huntington’s Disease aggregation and pathogenesis

Huntington’s Disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder resulting from an expanded polyglutamine (polyQ) repeat in exon1 of the Huntingtin (Htt) protein. This polyQ expansion causes aggregation of the Htt protein in neuronal cells, which is linked to HD pathogenesis. Recent evidence has shown that Htt aggregation and toxicity are not solely dictated by the polyQ-expanded region but also by sequences flanking the polyQ region, particularly the first N-terminal 17 amino acids of Htt (N17). N17 has been shown to be critical in the Htt aggregation mechanism as well as host many post-translational modifications and interactions with molecular chaperones. Understanding how N17 functions in Htt aggregation and as a general handle for protein quality control will guide design of HD therapeutics.
Early Process Development of an Irreversible Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) T790 M Inhibitor

The original synthesis of the irreversible epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) T790 M inhibitor 1 was enabled by successful application of ammonium hydroxide to cleanly cleave the N-hydroxymeth...
Cardiovascular Complications Associated with Multiple Myeloma Therapies: Incidence, Pathophysiology, and Management

Multiple myeloma is a common hematologic malignancy characterized by recurrent relapsing disease course requiring use of various therapies. Over the past few decades, significant advancements in the treatment of myeloma have occurred including routine use of proteasome inhibitors and immunomodulatory drugs. These have effectively improved survival; however, some also have increased risk of cardiovascular toxicity. Here, we will review the incidence, pathophysiology, and management of cardiovascular complications associated with antimyeloma agents. Cardiovascular complications associated with myeloma treatment are common. These cardiovascular complications include accelerated hypertension, ischemic heart disease, congestive heart failure, arrhythmia, pulmonary hypertension, venous thromboembolism, and arterial thromboembolism. Thromboprophylactic strategies during treatment with immunomodulatory agents and screening strategies to detect changes in myocardial function prior to the development of overt heart failure have occurred. Cardiovascular complications associated with proteasome inhibitors and immunomodulatory drugs are an important component in supportive care of patients with myeloma. The incidence of cardiotoxicity is high, and, as such, early intervention and collaborative efforts between cardiologists and oncologists to mitigate and effectively manage these complications are imperative. Additional studies are needed to clarify the underlying pathophysiology and evaluate effective strategies for prevention and treatment.
DOCK2 sets the threshold for entry into the virtual memory CD8+ T cell compartment by negatively regulating tonic TCR triggering

Abstract The control of cytoskeletal dynamics by Dedicator of cytokinesis 2 (DOCK2), a hematopoietic cell-specific actin effector protein, has been implicated in TCR signaling and T cell migration. Biallelic mutations in Dock2 have been identified in patients with a recessive form of combined immunodeficiency with defects in T, B and NK cell activation. Surprisingly, we show here that certain immune functions of CD8+ T cells are enhanced in the absence of DOCK2. Dock2-deficient mice have a pronounced expansion of their memory T cell compartment. Bone marrow chimera and adoptive transfer studies indicate that these memory T cells develop in a cell-intrinsic manner following thymic egress. Transcriptional profiling, TCR repertoire analyses and cell surface marker expression indicate that Dock2-deficient naive CD8+ T cells directly convert into virtual memory cells without clonal effector T cell expansion. This direct conversion to memory is associated with a selective increase in TCR sensitivity to selfpeptide MHC in vivo and an enhanced response to weak agonist peptides ex vivo. In contrast, the response to strong agonist peptides remains unaltered in Dock2-deficient T cells. Collectively, these findings suggest that the regulation of the actin dynamics by DOCK2 enhances the threshold for entry into the virtual memory compartment by negatively regulating tonic TCR triggering in response to weak agonists.
Influence of Exposure Conditions on the Efficiency of Internal Curing in Concrete

Internal curing uses pre-wetted fine lightweight aggregate (LWA) to supply cementitious systems with water. This increases the hydration of cement and reduces the influence of self-desiccation resulting in concrete with increased compressive strength, reduced permeability, and reduced shrinkage potential. Whereas these mixtures have shown great potential, there has been considerable debate on how internally cured samples should be conditioned during laboratory testing. This paper explores the influence of sample storage on the properties of mixtures prepared with and without internal curing. Samples were prepared and cured in different exposure conditions including environments in which: (1) moisture is supplied either via soaking or misting, (2) moisture is neutral, and (3) moisture loss is allowed. Experimental results show that when adequate external curing water is supplied, only limited benefits are seen from internal curing. The benefits of internal curing are more evident in systems that do not receive additional external curing water (sealed) and even more so when systems are exposed to external drying. Conditions where inadequate external curing water is supplied may be more representative of what would be experienced in the field.
15 Year Follow-up of ABMT for NHL: Surprisingly Favorable Outcome for Younger Adults.

Despite the fact that autologous bone marrow/stem cell transplantation (ABMT) has been successfully used to treat patients with relapsed Non Hodgkin’s Lymphoma (NHL) for over 25 years, few series report follow-up beyond 10 years. We have followed a cohort of 110 NHL patients who underwent ABMT from 9/1988 through 12/1993, all treated with a uniform preparative regimen of CBV (Cyclophosphamide, BCNU, Etoposide (VP-16)). At the present time, 38 (35%) are alive and 72 patients have expired. Among the 38 living patients, the median follow-up is 15 years. NHL histology for all transplanted patients was based on the Working Formulation, and 21% had low grade, 54% intermediate grade, 25% high grade (the majority of the high grade group had diffuse immunoblastic large cell lymphoma). Median age at transplant was 47 years; 85% were sensitive to salvage chemotherapy; 31% had elevated LDH at the time of diagnosis; age adjusted IPI at ABMT was 0 (7%), 1 (56%), 2 (29%), 3 (7%). Multivariable analysis analyzing prognostic factors for survival predictably revealed that sensitivity to chemotherapy, and LDH status at the time of transplant, had significant impact on survival. Additionally, age at transplant was also highly significant (p=0.002). This is shown graphically below: The incidence of low grade histologies was similar for all three groups. The younger group had a lower incidence of relapse mortality, as shown below: It is commonly believed that age is of limited importance with respect to survival after ABMT. However, this data suggests that age may play a very important prognostic role. The causes are not well defined, but the continued relapse and mortality risk may warrant surveillance indefinitely for patients undergoing ABMT for NHL.
Early Small Mammal Responses to Bison Reintroduction and Prescribed Fire in Restored Tallgrass Prairies

The restoration of tallgrass prairies is often centered on reestablishing plants, with only minor efforts directed to the fauna that inhabit these areas. Small mammals play important ecological roles in many ecosystems, so understanding how management techniques such as the reintroduction of bison (Bison bison) and prescribed fire affect them can assist in a more comprehensive evaluation of restoration efforts in sites being actively restored. Our objective was to assess impacts of reintroduced bison and prescribed fire in restored prairies on small mammals in the first two years of bison presence. Small mammal abundance decreased with restoration age and time since fire. Small mammal diversity increased with restoration age and was slightly lower in sites where bison were present. Differences in diversity were driven primarily by prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster), and abundance was driven by deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus). The mechanism for these impacts is likely habitat availability: fires remove litter and residual dead vegetation, which are important habitat for voles. The removal of litter and residual dead vegetation with fire usually results in a higher amount of bare ground being exposed relative to pre-fire conditions. Although bison impacts may continue to change over time as grazing effects accrue, we demonstrate relatively weak effects of this megaherbivore on small mammal communities. Our results underscore that utilizing bison reintroductions and prescribed fire in concert and employing them to maximize habitat heterogeneity is likely to best maintain small mammal diversity across restored prairies.
Beyond univariate calibration: verifying spatial structure in ensembles of forecast fields

Abstract. Most available verification metrics for ensemble forecasts focus on univariate quantities. That is, they assess whether the ensemble provides an adequate representation of the forecast uncertainty about the quantity of interest at a particular location and time. For spatially-indexed ensemble forecasts, however, it is also important that forecast fields reproduce the spatial structure of the observed field, and represent the uncertainty about spatial properties such as the size of the area for which heavy precipitation, high winds, critical fire weather conditions, etc. are expected. In this article we study the properties of a new diagnostic tool designed for spatially-indexed ensemble forecast fields. The metric is based on a level-crossing statistic that we term the fraction of threshold exceedance (FTE), and is calculated for the verification field, and separately for each ensemble member. The FTE yields a projection of a – possibly high-dimensional – multivariate quantity onto a univariate quantity that can be studied with standard tools like verification rank histograms. This projection is appealing since it reflects a spatial property that is intuitive and directly relevant in applications, though it is not obvious whether the FTE is sufficiently sensitive to misrepresentation of spatial structure in the ensemble. In a comprehensive simulation study we find that departures from uniformity of these so called FTE histograms can be indeed be related to forecast ensembles with biased spatial variability, and that these histograms detect shortcomings in the spatial structure of ensemble forecast fields that are not obvious by eye. For demonstration, FTE histograms are applied in the context of spatially downscaled ensemble precipitation forecast fields from NOAA's Global Ensemble Forecast System.
The Affiliative Consequences of Same-Race and Cross-Race Mimicry

Few studies have replicated and extended the classic mimicry → liking effect. The present research sought to (a) replicate the affiliative consequences of mimicry; (b) test whether the affiliative consequences hold in a context where mimicry may not be normative (i.e., cross-race interactions); and (c) investigate how excluded individuals respond to same- versus cross-race mimicry and non-mimicry. Participants wrote about a control topic or social exclusion and then engaged in a brief laboratory interaction in which they were mimicked or not mimicked by a confederate who was either same-race or cross-race. Then they reported how much they liked the confederate. Within the control condition, the effect of mimicry on affiliation depended on the race of the confederate - but this pattern did not emerge for excluded individuals. The study was unable to conclusively replicate and extend previous findings. The authors make recommendations to promote a more cumulative science of behavioral mimicry.
Response Changes in Delphi Processes: Why Is It Important to Provide High-Quality Feedback to Delphi Participants?

Participants in Delphi studies change some of their responses after group feedback and discussion. The results support previous findings that suggest that even modest changes between Delphi rounds may affect the final study findings.
Conceptualizing a Black Female Teacher Pipeline: From Recruitment to Retention to Retirement

Considering Black women’s historic contributions and enduring legacy in education, their continual disproportionate underrepresentation in US public schools is severely problematic. The absence of ...