cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Composite Materials for Cryogenic Structures

The attractiveness of composite laminates for cryogenic applications is illustrated in Fig. 1 (a–d) in terms of critical property ratios or figures of merit, which are based on NBS data. A low ratio of thermal conductivity to modulus, λ/E, or to strength, λ/σ, reduces refrigeration costs whenever the structural components must be located in a temperature gradient. High ratios of modulus or strength to density (E/ρ, σ/ρ) reduce inertial loads in rotating machinery. By these criteria, uniaxial boron-epoxy or glass-epoxy composites can have 1.5 to 2 orders of magnitude advantage over annealed AISI 304 stainless steel in the λ/σ ratio, while boron-epoxy has about an order-of-magnitude advantage in the λ/E ratio. A modest gain of 20% is expected in the E/ρ ratio when substituting uniaxial glass-epoxy for stainless steel; but improvements of 200 to 400% are predicted when the higher-modulus boron or graphite fibers are used. Substitution of either glass, graphite, or boron-reinforced composites for stainless steel can increase the σ/ρ ratio by an order of magnitude. These data are valid at the most favorable orientation of each composite and for welded stainless steel.
Human Nasal Epithelial Cultures

The proximal airway epithelia act in a coordinated manner to defend the lung from the effects of inhaled foreign materials. The defense mechanisms provided by these airway epithelia are usually analyzed within the framework of the mucociliary clearance system. Nasal epithelia are similar to those of the proximal intrapulmonary airways as both surfaces are populated by relatively equal numbers of ciliated, secretory, and basal cells. The motive force required to move materials trapped in airway surface liquids (ASL) to the oropharynx is provided by the cilia of the ciliated cell.
Predictors of malignancy development in patients with chronic pruritus

Abstract Background Patients with pruritus have been shown to have an increased incidence of certain subtypes of malignancy. Objective To assess predictors of malignancy in patients with chronic pruritus without prior dermatologic diagnoses. Methods Case-control study of 398 patients with chronic pruritus who developed a malignancy were compared with 8346 patients with chronic pruritus who did not develop a malignancy. Primary outcomes were odds of developing incident malignancy. Results Age greater than 60 years (OR 4.04, 95% CI 3.08, 5.31), male sex (OR 1.39, 95% CI 1.13, 1.71) and liver disease (OR 2.37, 95% CI 1.00, 5.65) were predictors of malignancy development in patients with chronic pruritus and non-diseased skin. In an exploratory analysis with multiple imputation via chained equations, age greater than 60 years (OR 4.13, 95% CI 3.15, 5.42), male sex (OR 1.26, 95% CI 1.02, 1.55), and current or prior smoking (OR 2.02, 95% CI 1.42, 2.88) were predictors of malignancy development in patients with chronic pruritus and non-diseased skin. Limitations Potential for misclassification and detection biases. Missing data. Conclusions and relevance In patients with chronic pruritus without concomitant dermatologic diagnoses, older age, male sex, liver disease and tobacco abuse increase the odds of an underlying malignancy.
A Review of Proposed Upgrades to the High Flux Isotope Reactor and Potential Impacts to Reactor Vessel Integrity

The High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) was scheduled in October 2000 to implement design upgrades that include the enlargement of the HB-2 and HB-4 beam tubes. Higher dose rates and higher radiation embrittlement rates were predicted for the two beam-tube nozzles and surrounding vessel areas. ORNL had performed calculations for the upgraded design to show that vessel integrity would be maintained at acceptable levels. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) was requested by the U.S. Department of Energy Headquarters (DOE/HQ) to perform an independent peer review of the ORNL evaluations. PNNL concluded that the calculated probabilities of failure for the HFIR vessel during hydrostatic tests and for operational conditions as estimated by ORNL are an acceptable basis for selecting pressures and test intervals for hydrostatic tests and for justifying continued operation of the vessel. While there were some uncertainties in the embrittlement predictions, the ongoing efforts at ORNL to measure fluence levels at critical locations of the vessel wall and to test materials from surveillance capsules should be effective in dealing with embrittlement uncertainties. It was recommended that ORNL continue to update their fracture mechanics calculations to reflect methods and data from ongoing research formore » commercial nuclear power plants. Such programs should provide improved data for vessel fracture mechanics calculations.« less
Accurate Mössbauer line-shape measurements including interference in 182W, 183W, 191Ir, and 159Tb.

We have made precise final state interference measurements using very intense M\"ossbauer sources and an exact line-shape analysis. Two transitions in tungsten metal, as well as one in iridium metal and one in terbium oxide, have been studied. The interference parameters 100\ensuremath{\beta} found are -1.3(3) for the 99.1-keV transition in $^{183}\mathrm{W}$, -1.2(1) for the 100.1-keV transition in $^{182}\mathrm{W}$, -0.71(8) for the 129.4-keV transition in $^{191}\mathrm{Ir}$, and -0.48(5) for the 58.0-keV transition in $^{159}\mathrm{Tb}$. All values agreed with theory to within error. Our measurement of 1.16(2) cm/s for the $^{191}\mathrm{Ir}$ linewidth agrees with other M\"ossbauer measurements and shows no indication of hyperfine broadening, but disagrees with some non-M\"ossbauer measurements reported in the literature. The tungsten and terbium transitions also show no signs of broadening or splitting.
Su1784 Abdominal Insufflation for Laparoscopy Increases Intracranial and Intrathoracic Pressure in Human Subjects

Background Laparoscopy has emerged as an alternative to laparotomy in select trauma patients. In animal models, increasing abdominal pressure is associated with an increase in intrathoracic and intracranial pressures. We conducted a prospective trial of human subjects who underwent laparoscopic-assisted ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement (lap VPS) with intraoperative measurement of intrathoracic, intracranial and cerebral perfusion pressures.
Recombinant DNA and biological warfare

A misuse of bioengineering technology for military purposes seems probable unless a reexamination of and a stronger commitment to biological weapons disarmament is forthcoming.
On Functions Whose Inverse Is Their Reciprocal

(1981). On Functions Whose Inverse Is Their Reciprocal. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 54, No. 4, pp. 185-189.
Toxicity of Dietary and Intravenously Administered Moniliformin to Broiler Chickens

Abstract Moniliformin (l-hydroxy-cyclobut-l-ene-3,4-dione), either purified (0, 8, and 16 mg/kg of diet) or from culture of Fusarium moniliforme strain NRRL 6322 on corn grits (8, 16, and 64 mg/kg of diet) was fed to growing broiler chicks from 1 to 21 days of age. Up to 16 mg moniliformin/kg of diet from either source was without effect on chick weight gain, feed consumption, and mortality. Chicks fed 64 mg moniliformin/kg of diet from culture had reduced weight gain and feed consumption. Total daily moniliformin consumption by these chicks was nearly twice the reported single oral 50% lethal dose. Three of 10 chicks fed 64 mg/kg of moniliformin in the diet died. No lesions were found upon necropsy. The LD50 of purified moniliformin upon intravenous injection of 7-week-old female broiler chickens was 1.38 ± .035 mg/kg body weight. Average time to death was 65 minutes. Progressive symptoms noted included lack of muscular coordination, tachypnea from moderate to severe followed by slow labored respiration, coma, terminal agonal struggle, and death.
Learning How Not to Fire a Gun: The Impact of Combatant Training on Civilian Killings

Military theorists and practitioners have long argued that training shapes how combatants treat civilians during war. While the literature on civilian killing in civil war has expanded rapidly, there is little systematic evidence regarding the impact of training on combatant behavior, and almost none for non-state armed groups, despite that fact that such groups intensively train their fighters. This article argues that political training reduces civilian killings, particularly among insurgent groups that emphasize the strategic and tactical importance of restraint towards civilian populations. We test the observable implications of our theory using survey data on ex-insurgents from Colombia and sub-national data on civilian killings. We find support for our hypothesis, with results that are robust to a range of model specifications and controls, including alternate sources of combatant discipline, such as military training and punishment.
Determination of Urine Lead Using Ammonium Persulfate Constant Temperature Water Bath Digestion with Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometer Method

Objective To explore to establish a method for urine sample by wet constant temperature digestion coupling with atomic fluorescence spectrometer. Methods After pretreatment with ammonium persulfate constant temperature water bath digestion,atomic fluorescence spectrometer methodology was used to detect lead in urine sample.Under the optimized digestion and detection conditions:urine/ammonium persulfate ratio 1∶1,boiling water bath digestion 1h;NaBH4concentration,1%(w/w)(0.2% NaOH as the alkaline medium),current-carrying,2%HCl. Results Wide linear relationship was achieved in the range of 25-500μg/L with coefficient of 0.999 8and the detection limit was estimated to be0.3μg/L,RSDof six replicate experiment less than 3%,recovery rates of urine sample of 97.8%-107.2%. Conclusion The digestion method is easy to control,the sample pretreatment is simple,the method is precise,rapid and sensitive enough,suitable for application.
“Cool” Party, Bro: The Fraternity Use of Party Structure as a Mechanism for Control over Female Status on Campus

ABSTRACTThis conceptual article examines how existing institutionalized sexism constructed within fraternity party structure is used as a mechanism for categorizing women on college campuses. While these social gatherings provide an opportunity for interaction and new relationships, the environment is often constructed in a manner that reinforces traditional gender roles and increases the overall risk of sexual assaults. For some females, the attainment of status and social acceptance appears to be more important than the risk involved with attendance. The descriptive model presented focuses on the categories of relationships and the risk associated with assimilating into the fraternity party culture.
Streptococcus oralis and Candida albicans Synergistically Activate μ-Calpain to Degrade E-cadherin From Oral Epithelial Junctions

Streptococcus oralis forms robust mucosal biofilms with Candida albicans that have increased pathogenic potential. In this study, using oral epithelial cultures, organotypic oral mucosal constructs, and a mouse model of oral infection, we demonstrated that S. oralis augmented C. albicans invasion through epithelial junctions. C. albicans and S. oralis decreased epithelial E-cadherin levels by synergistically increasing µ-calpain, a proteolytic enzyme that targets E-cadherin. In the mouse coinfection model this was accompanied by increased fungal kidney dissemination. Coinfection with a secreted aspartyl protease (sap) mutant sap2456 and S. oralis increased μ-calpain and triggered mucosal invasion and systemic dissemination, suggesting that fungal protease activity is not required for invasion during coinfection. We conclude that C. albicans and S. oralis synergize to activate host enzymes that cleave epithelial junction proteins and increase fungal invasion.
Analysis on Distribution Characteristics and Mechanisms of Carbon Emission Flow in Electric Power Network

Topological structure of electric network is the foundation of carbon emission flow calculation and analysis.Based on that,distribution characteristics and mechanisms of carbon emission flow in electric network can be studied and the high carbon element in power systems can be revealed and identified,in order to achieve optimized decision-making.As such,two carbon emission flow distribution factors are defined to give clear representation of carbon emission flow distribution characteristics.With the proposed concept and definition of three incidence matrices,the corresponding relationship between the carbon emission from generation units and carbon emission flow in electric network can be analyzed.Thus the mechanism of the generation,transmission and consumption of carbon emission flow in electric network is revealed.The calculation methods of carbon emission incidence matrices are also given.Taking IEEE 14-bus system for case studies,the validity of this method is proven.
PRELIMINARY STUDIES ON ERECT-DROOPING PANICLE IN RICE

In this study,recombinant inbred lines(RIL) were derived from crosses between Xiangjing 9407 and IRBB60.Although both parents have characteristics of drooping panicle,five RIL lines showed the segregation of the erect and drooping panicle phenotype with a ratio of 3∶1.The locus responsible for the erect panicle was found to be the gene model LOC_Os09g26999 on chromosome 9.Compared with the cultivar Nipponbare which has a drooping panicle,there was a 637 bp deletion in the forth and fifth exon of this gene in the lines with erect panicle.
Using synthetic population data for prospective modeling of occupant behavior during design

Abstract This paper addresses the challenge of incorporating occupant behavior into building performance simulation models used during the design process—that is, before the actual occupants are known. It proposes the use of synthetic population data, an approach that is novel in building performance modeling although common in urban planning and public health. A simpler approach embodied in the ASHRAE Fundamentals volume is to report standard distributions of values for behavioral variables, assuming that parameters vary independently of one another when in fact many co-vary or are interdependent. An alternative approach calibrates models of occupant behavior against actual occupants in specific existing buildings, but this raises questions of transferability. Needed is a database of “generic” occupants that designers can use prospectively during the design process. This paper documents a process of combining disparate field studies of commercial buildings into a larger occupant behavior database and generating a statistically similar synthetic data set that can be shared without compromising confidentiality requirements associated with field studies. The synthetic data set successfully incorporates much of the covariance structure of the underlying field data and supports multivariate modeling. Its scope and structure necessarily serve the needs of the associated modeling framework. Cooperative and systematic sharing of data by field researchers is crucial for building large enough data sets to serve as a behaviorally-robust basis for building design.
SU-G-TeP1-14: SRS Dose Calculation Accuracy Comparison Between Pencil Beam and Monte Carlo Algorithms

Purpose: Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) outcomes are related to the delivered dose to the target and to surrounding tissue. We have commissioned a Monte Carlo based dose calculation algorithm to recalculated the delivered dose planned using pencil beam calculation dose engine. Methods: Twenty consecutive previously treated patients have been selected for this study. All plans were generated using the iPlan treatment planning system (TPS) and calculated using the pencil beam algorithm. Each patient plan consisted of 1 to 3 targets and treated using dynamically conformal arcs or intensity modulated beams. Multi-target treatments were delivered using multiple isocenters, one for each target. These plans were recalculated for the purpose of this study using a single isocenter. The CT image sets along with the plan, doses and structures were DICOM exported to Monaco TPS and the dose was recalculated using the same voxel resolution and monitor units. Benchmark data was also generated prior to patient calculations to assess the accuracy of the two TPS against measurements using a micro ionization chamber in solid water. Results: Good agreement, within −0.4% for Monaco and +2.2% for iPlan were observed for measurements in water phantom. Doses in patient geometry revealed up to 9.6% differences for single target plans and 9.3% for multiple-target-multiple-isocenter plans. The average dose differences for multi-target-single-isocenter plans were approximately 1.4%. Similar differences were observed for the OARs and integral dose. Conclusion: Accuracy of the beam is crucial for the dose calculation especially in the case of small fields such as those used in SRS treatments. A superior dose calculation algorithm such as Monte Carlo, with properly commissioned beam models, which is unaffected by the lack of electronic equilibrium should be preferred for the calculation of small fields to improve accuracy.
Feminism and Science

When I received the invitation to participate in the workshop that led to this book, I was struck by the question mark following the phrase “customized science”. As a student and teacher of the history of science, and an empiricist, naturalist, and feminist philosopher of science, I thought “When is science not customized?” Indeed, I asked “Is a science that is not customized even possible?”
Workup and Treatment of Pulmonary Embolus

Neurosurgical patients are at risk for venous thromboembolism (deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism) due to malignancy, immobility, and the postsurgical state. Thromboprophylaxis reduces the likelihood of these conditions, and diagnostic testing should be performed according to clinical probability. Treatment options include systemic anticoagulation, thrombolysis, and/or thromboembolectomy. Selection of specific treatments is based on clinical severity. Post-thrombotic syndrome and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension are two potentially serious complications of venous thromboembolism.
Existenz und Nichtexistenz von Kaustiken

Rufen wir uns die Definition einer Kaustik ins Gedachtnis. Eine Kaustik ist eine Kurve im Innern eines ebenen Billardtisches mit folgender Eigenschaft: Ist ein Abschnitt einer Billardbahn an diese Kurve tangential, so gilt dies fur jeden reflektierten Abschnitt. Fur den Moment nehmen wir an, dass Kaustiken glatt und konvex sind.
Experimental Investigation of InSight HP 3 Mole Interaction with Martian Regolith Simulant

The InSight mission launches in 2018 to characterize several geophysical quantities on Mars, including the heat flow from the planetary interior. This quantity will be calculated by utilizing measurements of the thermal conductivity and the thermal gradient down to 5 meters below the Martian surface. One of the components of InSight is the Mole, which hammers into the Martian regolith to facilitate these thermal property measurements. In this paper, we experimentally investigated the effect of the Mole’s penetrating action on regolith compaction and mechanical properties. Quasi-static and dynamic experiments were run with a 2D model of the 3D cylindrical mole. Force resistance data was captured with load cells. Deformation information was captured in images and analyzed using Digitial Image Correlation (DIC). Additionally, we used existing approximations of Martian regolith thermal conductivity to estimate the change in the surrounding granular material’s thermal conductivity due to the Mole’s penetration. We found that the Mole has the potential to cause a high degree of densification, especially if the initial granular material is relatively loose. The effect on the thermal conductivity from this densification was found to be relatively small in first-order calculations though more complete thermal models incorporating this densification should be a subject of further investigation. The results obtained provide an initial estimate of the Mole’s impact on Martian regolith thermal properties.
Varying relative biological effectiveness in proton therapy: knowledge gaps versus clinical significance.

The Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE) of protons has been widely researched for decades, but is in the process of becoming an even more important area of current research due to the wide adap...
Mobile Energy Sharing through Power Buddies

Fueled by users' demand, mobile devices are becoming more complex, increasing their power requirements. However, the battery technology is advancing slower than demand which results in shrinking battery lives (i.e., currently around a day). Hence, users need to charge their devices frequently, mostly by tethering them to a cord. Anxiety of losing power in the middle of a critical task during which users may not have access to charging facilities have increased interest in opportunistic charging with the aim of keeping the devices with as much power as possible. Recently power sharing technologies and gadgets have emerged enabling harvesting power from other mobile devices in the user's vicinity. In this paper, we discuss the energy sharing in mobile social networks whose nodes are human-carried mobile devices operating on batteries. We investigate the limits of power sharing among mobile devices by analyzing their current charging patterns and the social (i.e., close-proximity) interactions between the people carrying these devices. Moreover, we propose an energy sharing model by pairing the nodes in a mobile network into power buddies. Simulation results show that a typical application scenario of energy sharing among power buddies provides a remarkable amount of saving in the utilization of power available in the entire network.
Characterization of Metabolic, Diffusion, and Perfusion Properties in GBM: Contrast-Enhancing versus Non-Enhancing Tumor.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Although the contrast-enhancing (CE) lesion on T 1 -weighted MR images is widely used as a surrogate for glioblastoma (GBM), there are also non-enhancing regions of infiltrative tumor within the T 2 -weighted lesion, which elude radiologic detection. Because non-enhancing GBM (Enh−) challenges clinical patient management as latent disease, this study sought to characterize ex vivo metabolic profiles from Enh− and CE GBM (Enh+) samples, alongside histological and in vivo MR parameters, to assist in defining criteria for estimating total tumor burden. Methods: Fifty-six patients with newly diagnosed GBM received a multi-parametric pre-surgical MR examination. Targets for obtaining image-guided tissue samples were defined based on in vivo parameters that were suspicious for tumor. The actual location from where tissue samples were obtained was recorded, and half of each sample was analyzed for histopathology while the other half was scanned using HR-MAS spectroscopy. Results: The Enh+ and Enh− tumor samples demonstrated comparable mitotic activity, but also significant heterogeneity in microvascular morphology. Ex vivo spectroscopic parameters indicated similar levels of total choline and N -acetylaspartate between these contrast-based radiographic subtypes of GBM, and characteristic differences in the levels of myo-inositol, creatine/phosphocreatine, and phosphoethanolamine. Analysis of in vivo parameters at the sample locations were consistent with histological and ex vivo metabolic data. CONCLUSIONS: The similarity between ex vivo levels of choline and NAA, and between in vivo levels of choline, NAA and nADC in Enh+ and Enh− tumor, indicate that these parameters can be used in defining non-invasive metrics of total tumor burden for patients with GBM.
Fecal Transplant in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have differences in their gastrointestinal microbiome compared with healthy individuals, although it is unclear whether this is a cause or consequence of chronic inflammation. There is hope that manipulation of the gut microbiome through fecal microbiota transplant (FMT), commonly used to treat patients with Clostridium difficile infection, may also be an effective therapy in IBD. This article reviews the evidence supporting FMT in IBD, including case reports, case series, and randomized controlled trials. The article also focuses on questions of safety and speculates on the future of this therapy.
Anesthetic Efficacy of Supine and Upright Positions for the Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block: A Prospective, Randomized Study

Abstract Introduction It has been recommended to place patients in an upright position after administration of an inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB), theoretically allowing the anesthetic to diffuse in an inferior direction and resulting in better pulpal anesthesia. The purpose of this study was to compare an upright versus a supine position on the success of pulpal anesthesia when an IANB was administered in asymptomatic teeth. Methods One hundred ten asymptomatic subjects were randomly given IANBs by using 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine while they were in an upright position and supine position at 2 different appointments spaced at least 2 weeks apart. Pulpal anesthesia was measured in the molars, premolars, and incisors with an electric pulp tester in 4-minute cycles for 60 minutes. Anesthetic success was defined as the subject achieving 2 consecutive 80 readings within 15 minutes of the injection and sustaining the 80 reading for 60 minutes. Success was analyzed by using a mixed model logistic regression. Results Pulpal anesthesia for the supine position was not statistically more successful than the upright position in the second molars (73% vs 65%), first molars (59% vs 54%), lateral incisors (28% vs 23%), and central incisors (11% vs 8%), respectively. The supine position significantly improved success in the second premolars (63% vs 53%) and first premolars (75% vs 64%). Conclusions The supine and upright positions were equally successful in the molars and anterior teeth. The supine position was more successful in the premolars. However, clinically, neither position for the IANB administration would provide complete pulpal anesthesia.
Bubbling fluidized bed gasification of short rotation Eucalyptus: Effect of harvesting age and bark

Abstract The improvement of syngas production and reduction of tar contaminants from biomass gasification was achieved by altering feedstock age and the presence/absence of bark in combination with adjusting the amount of bed material within the bubbling fluidized bed reactor. Eucalyptus benthamii is a promising biomass source for the gasification process, and can be grown as a short rotation bioenergy crop allowing for selective growth cycles. Three E. benthamii samples harvested at two years with bark (2EWB), two years without bark (2EWoB), and seven years without bark (7EWoB) were used for this work. Upon gasification, the highest CH4 gas concentration was obtained from 7EWoB sample, which led to the highest syngas heating value of 3.8 MJ m−3. Alternatively, the highest H2 gas yield was obtained from 2EWB sample. The presence of bark also significantly affected CO and CH4 gas yields. Major tar compounds in the syngas were benzene, naphthalene, toluene and indene. Almost twice the amount of naphthalene and indene was obtained with older samples (7EWoB) compared to young samples (2EWoB and 2EWB). It was established that the presence of bark (2EWB) led to higher char yields and lower gas yields, which ultimately led to a lower syngas heating value (3.08 MJ m−3). Utilizing different amounts of non-catalytic silicon sand as bed material during gasification of 2EWB allowed for improved syngas heating value by producing more CH4. Higher amounts of bed material also lead to a higher conversion of char and improved syngas yields; however, tar yields also increased.
A Case Study of Children's Responses to Bible Stories

This qualitative research explored the question “What meanings do children make of the Bible stories presented in Sunday school?” It consisted of a 3-month case study of one elementary Sunday schoo...
Synchronous breast cancer and alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma bone marrow metastases.

Abstract Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is primarily a malignancy of childhood and adolescence. While RMS is rare in adults, the breast and the bone marrow are known but uncommon sites for metastatic disease. Bone marrow is also a known sanctuary site for metastatic breast cancer. We present the case of a woman with a remote history of breast cancer and RMS who developed anemia and thrombocytopenia of unknown etiology. Additional laboratory tests were negative for a cause; therefore, the decision was made to proceed with a bone marrow biopsy. The initial biopsy results were consistent with breast cancer metastasis. Subsequent diagnostic imaging of the breast led to biopsy of an enlarging morphologically benign breast mass, unexpectedly yielding alveolar RMS. This unanticipated diagnosis led to revaluation of the bone marrow, this time showing synchronous metastases from breast carcinoma and alveolar RMS. Imaging findings of this patient, along with literature review of RMS imaging characteristics, will be reviewed.
Japanese Orientalism in Britain: As Seen Through the Eyes of W.S. Gilbert and Arthur Sullivan in their Opera, The Mikado

"The Orient was almost an European invention, and had been since antiquity a place of romance, exotic beings, haunting memories and landscapes, [and] remarkable experiences."1 The Orient, during the nineteenth century, referred to all cultures to the east of Western Europe, from Turkey and the Middle East through Asia and the Pacific lslands.2 Currently, the term Orientalism, especially in the Arts, is used to describe music and art that was influenced by these eastern cultures but had been filtered through European models. As a result, these pieces often tell more about the European cultures than they do about the culture that they were modeled after. The Mikado (1885) is not only one of Gilbert and Sullivan's most popular operas, but it also can illustrate how the British populace viewed the Orient in general and the Japanese in particular.
Site-Specific Labeling of Genetically Encoded Azido Groups for Multicolor, Single-Molecule Fluorescence Imaging of GPCRs

Abstract Heptahelical G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) mediate transmembrane signal transduction to facilitate intercellular communication. GPCRs assemble in the membrane bilayer with a variety of cytoplasmic adapter and scaffold proteins to form molecular machines, or “signalosomes,” which undergo complex dynamic assembly and disassembly reactions. Despite significant recent advances in structural studies of GPCRs and their associated cytoplasmic components, understanding transmembrane signaling in four dimensions with chemical precision requires new approaches. One promising approach to study allosteric effects involved in signalosome reaction pathways is to use multicolor single-molecule detection (SMD) fluorescence experiments in biochemically defined systems. We describe here the methodological foundation for automated, multicolor, single-molecule fluorescence studies of the structural and compositional dynamics of macromolecular complexes involved in signal transduction. We present a general, simple, and robust method for stoichiometric, site-specific fluorescence labeling of expressed GPCRs. The method is based on bioorthogonal conjugation of a fluorescent reporter group to a genetically encoded azido group introduced into expressed GPCRs using amber codon suppression. We then present a strategy to reconstitute labeled GPCRs in native-like membranes and to tether-oriented samples onto surfaces amenable for interrogation by total internal reflectance fluorescence (TIRF) spectroscopy. We describe how to assemble an automated four-color epifluorescence microscope with SMD–TIRF optics. Finally, we discuss how to adapt engineered samples for high-throughput imaging with the aim of understanding the kinetic relationships between ligand binding and the dynamic regulation of the GPCR signalosome.
Comparison of shear and tensile fracture in high strength aluminum alloys

A comparison was made between tensile (mode I) and shear (mode II) fracture characteristics in high strength aluminium alloys (7075-T6 and 6061-T651) using a relatively new mode II fracture specimen to evaluate the critical stress intensity factor. The enlarged plastic zone during mode II fracture required that an increased specimen thickness be used for determining K Hc under a purely plane strain condition. Plane stress conditions prevailed in the mode II fracture of 7075-T6 with a specimen thickness less than 10 mm, while plane strain controlled mode II fracture at a thickness of 10 mm or greater. Fractographic analysis revealed a distinctive difference in the micromechanisms responsible for crack extension. Small dimples were observed only on the mode II fracture surfaces, resulting from a microvoid nucleation fracture mechanism. The mode I fracture surfaces showed a mixed distribution of dimple sizes resulting from a void growth fracture mechanism. Comparing the critical stress intensity factors, the shear mode of failure exhibited a substantially higher value than the tensile mode, resulting from the effect of the sign and magnitude of the hydrostatic stress state on the microvoid nucleation event. Zero hydrostatic tension in the mode II loading configuration helps delay microvoid nucleation, increasing the apparent toughness. The high hydrostatic tension resulting from a mode I loading configuration enhances microvoid nucleation which promotes crack propagation at relatively lower stress intensity factors.
Edge‐Enhanced Matching for Gradient‐Based Computer Vision Displacement Measurement

Abstract Computer vision‐based displacement measurement for structural monitoring has grown popular. However, tracking natural low‐contrast targets in low‐illumination conditions is inevitable for ...
Development of mini-undulators for a table-top free-electron laser

The development of laser wakefield accelerators (LWFA) over the past several years has led to an interest in very compact sources of X-ray radiation – such as “table-top” free electron lasers. However, the use of conventional undulators using permanent magnets also implies system sizes which are large. In this work, we assess the possibilities for the use of novel mini-undulators in conjunction with a LWFA so that the dimensions of the undulator become comparable with the acceleration distances for LWFA experiments (i.e., centimeters). The use of a prototype undulator using laser machining of permanent magnets for this application is described and the emission characteristics and limitations of such a system are determined. Preliminary electron propagation and X-ray emission measurements are taken with a LWFA electron beam at the University of Michigan.
"Plastic" optoelectronics with conducting polymers

Conjugated polymers have emerged as a novel class of materials with the optical and electronic properties Of semiconductors in combination with the processing advantages and mechanical properties of polymers. Optical quality thin films of such materials can be readily fabricated by spin-casting from common solvents. Such thin films have been demonstrated to exhibit potentially important optoelectronic phenomena and to serve as the active elements in a growing number of "plastic" optoelectronic devices; including, for example, the following.
A fiber coherence index for quality control of B-table orientation in diffusion MRI scans.

Abstract Purpose The diffusion MRI “b-vector” table describing the diffusion sensitization direction can be flipped and permuted in dimension due to different orientation conventions used in scanners and incorrect or improperly utilized file formats. This can lead to incorrect fiber orientation estimates and subsequent tractography failure. Here, we present an automated quality control procedure to detect when the b-table is flipped and/or permuted incorrectly. Methods We define a “fiber coherence index” to describe how well fibers are connected to each other, and use it to automatically detect the correct configuration of b-vectors. We examined the performance on 3981 research subject scans (Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging), 1065 normal subject scans of high image quality (Human Connectome Project), and 202 patient scans (Vanderbilt University Medical Center), as well as 9 in-vivo and 9 ex-vivo animal data. Results The coherence index resulted in a 99.9% (3979/3981) and 100% (1065/1065) success rate in normal subject scans, 98% (198/202) in patient scans, and 100% (18/18) in both in-vivo and ex-vivo animal data in detecting the correct gradient table in datasets without severe image artifacts. The four failing cases (4/202) in patient scans, and two failures in healthy subject scans (2/3981), all showed prominent motion or signal dropout artifacts. Conclusions The fiber coherence measure can be used as an automatic quality assurance check in any diffusion analysis pipeline. Additionally, the success of this fiber coherence measure suggests potential broader applications, including evaluating data quality, or even providing diagnostic value as a biomarker of white matter integrity.
Predicting Defect-Prone Software Modules Using Shifted-Scaled Dirichlet Distribution

Effective prediction of defect-prone software modules enables software developers to avoid the expensive costs in resources and efforts they might expense, and focus efficiently on quality assurance activities. Different classification methods have been applied previously to categorize a module in a system into two classes; defective or non-defective. Among the successful approaches, finite mixture modeling has been efficiently applied for solving this problem. This paper proposes the shifted-scaled Dirichlet model (SSDM) and evaluates its capability in predicting defect-prone software modules in the context of four NASA datasets. The results indicate that the prediction performance of SSDM is competitive to some previously used generative models.
The Effects of Voluntary and Presumptive Sentencing Guidelines

This Article empirically illustrates that the introduction of voluntary and presumptive sentencing guidelines at the state-level can contribute to statistically significant reductions in sentence length, inter-judge disparities, and racial disparities. For much of American history, judges had largely unguided discretion to select criminal sentences within statutorily authorized ranges. But in the mid-to-late twentieth century, states and the federal government began experimenting with sentencing guidelines designed to reign in judicial discretion to ensure that similarly situated offenders received comparable sentences. Some states have made their guidelines voluntary, while others have made their guidelines presumptive or mandatory, meaning that judges must generally adhere to them unless they can justify a departure. In order to explore the effects of both voluntary and presumptive sentencing guidelines on judicial behavior, this Article relies on a comprehensive dataset of 221,934 criminal sentences handed down by 355 different judges in Alabama between 2002 and 2015. This dataset provides a unique opportunity to address this empirical question, in part because of Alabama’s legislative history. Between 2002 and 2006, Alabama had no sentencing guidelines. In 2006, the state introduced voluntary sentencing guidelines. Then in 2013, the state made these sentencing guidelines presumptive for some non-violent offenses. Using a difference-in-difference framework, we find that the introduction of voluntary sentencing guidelines in Alabama coincided with a decrease in average sentence length of around seven months. When the same guidelines became presumptive, the average sentence length dropped by almost two years. Further, using a triple difference framework, we show that the adoption of these sentencing guidelines coincided with around eight to twelve-month reductions in race-based sentencing disparities and substantial reductions in inter-judge sentencing disparities across all classes of offenders. Combined, this data suggests that voluntary and presumptive sentencing guidelines can help states combat inequality in their criminal justice systems while controlling the sizes of their prison populations.
Bridging Language and History in an Advanced Italian Classroom: Perspectives on Medieval Florentine Narratives within their Context

Among the challenges faced by L2 instructors is the inclusion of historical memories. Although they are foundational to a culture’s identity, sometimes they are so far removed from students’ present reality that they have no familiarity with them. Meeting this challenge requires the development of activities that contextualize these narratives while bridging the past and the present by engaging withlearners’ own values and experiences. This article presents a model didactic unit drawn from a particular aspect of the Italian culture, namely, the medieval Florentine narratives. At the same time,the strategies and tools that are proposed can be implemented to explore virtually any historical memories in other L2 courses.
Air hugs: a large-scale interactive installation

This paper outlines the description for the Air Hugs project, which is a large-scale interactive installation that transforms the space around the passerby using actuated inflatables and computer vision. The author provides a historical overview of inflatables and specifically examines their use as a driver for innovative shifts in the discipline of architecture. The hug, throughout the paper, is appropriated as a discursive tool for framing the theoretical context and for describing novel ways of generating contemporary forms of experience through architectural performance.
Age Dependent Alternations In Hematopoietic Stem Cell Niches

Abstract 2395 Age associated decline in hematopoietic system is a well-documented process which encompasses a substantial expansion of the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) pool and a decline of their competitive repopulating ability on a per cell basis. Expansion occurs predominantly in the myeloid biased HSC subset, subsequently leading to a global skewing of lineage differentiation from lymphopoiesis toward myelopoiesis. These age-related effects are known to partially result from cell-intrinsic alterations of HSC, which include DNA damage accumulation, oxidative stress and activation of tumor suppressor pathways. HSCs exist in specialized microanatomical locations within the bone marrow (BM), where they receive critical regulatory cues that control HSC homeostasis. While the cell-autonomous effects of HSC aging have been extensively studied, little is known on how aging of the surrounding microenvironment may contribute to the age-associated alterations of HSC function, and thus the focus of our study. Here, we have employed novel imaging approaches to analyze age-related changes of the BM microenvironment, and how these affect the global spatial distribution of HSPC-enriched subsets in the BM parenchyma. Our preliminary studies suggest during aging leads to a profound disruption of the BM microvascular compartment. By using imaging cytometry of two-dimensional (2D) sections, as well as confocal microscopy of 3D-BM slices, we demonstrate that the characteristic sinusoidal network found in young mice, degenerated with aging into a highly disorganized and expanded vascular bed, in which expression of the arterial marker Sca-1 was strongly upregulated. Flow cytometry analysis further revealed a 3–4 fold increase of CD45-Ter119-CD31+ Sca-1+cells in 22–24 month old mice. We next investigated how the changes in vasculature network impact HSC distribution. We employed imaging cytometry to track the presence in BM sections of a population of Lineage-Cd48-kit+ cells, 60% of which are long term HSC. Our preliminary results indicate that, in aged mice, HSPC-accumulation in endosteal zones ( Disclosures: Wagers: iPierian, Inc.: Membership on an entity9s Board of Directors or advisory committees.
Barrett’s esophagus, sensation and reflux

Abstract In this chapter, we explore the relationship between gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and Barrett’s esophagus (BE), the only known premalignant condition to esophageal adenocarcinoma. We will discuss typical and atypical symptomatology of GERD and how that is affected by the presence of BE, esophageal motility findings in BE patients and how that affects its pathogenesis, the role of non-acidic reflux, various diagnostic tools that can be used by the clinician, and finally shed light on advances in management options of GERD (medical and surgical) as well as ablative therapies in BE.
Position: Accessible Block-Based Programming: Why and How

Block-based programming environments are very popular for introducing children to programming. Unfortunately, they are not accessible to many children with visual or motor impairments. In this paper we outline why block-based environments should be made accessible for these children, describe current efforts to make environments accessible, and describe how developers can incorporate accessibility into their own block-based programming environments.
Young Women's Perceptions of Heart Disease Risk

Abstract Purpose Heart disease is the number one cause of death in women. Little is known about how adolescent and young adult women perceive their risk of heart disease. Methods We conducted eight online, semistructured focus groups with 35 young women aged 15–24 years recruited from two primary care practices in Boston, MA. Focus group discussion topics built upon data from a larger sample of women who completed the American Heart Association Women's Health Study survey. Topics included health concerns salient to young women, perceived susceptibility to heart disease, and barriers to heart-healthy behaviors. We used qualitative coding and thematic analyses to synthesize data. Results Participants were surprised to learn that heart disease is the leading cause of death in women. Young women discussed age (“I feel like those are things I associate with older people like 40”), gender (“I usually hear more about men suffering from heart problems than women”), and social norms (“we're so pressured just to grow up and [be] more focused on pregnancies or depression or our weight”) as reasons for their low perceived risk for heart disease. Participants noted several barriers to adopting heart-healthy behaviors including stress, lack of time, and low perceived risk. “We just don’t have time to worry about hearts. Especially if our hearts aren’t bothering us to begin with and we can't see it.” Conclusions Perceptions of age, gender, and social norms contribute to low heart disease awareness among young women, which in turn may limit heart-healthy behaviors.