cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopic Investigations of Cytochrome c Oxidase Structure and Function

Although the low sensitivity of the XAS technique imposes difficulties upon the study of an enzyme that is often heterogeneous, significant progress has been made in elucidation of the structures of the functional metal sites of cytochrome c oxidase. Figure 8 summarizes interpretations of the resting-state enzyme based on the XAS results obtained over the past decade by the two main groups involved. Aside from several persisting minor differences in distances and precise ligand compositions of the metal sites, the biggest difference between the two interpretations involves the binuclear O2 interaction site, especially the nature of the bridging ligand and its precise attachments to Fea3 and CuB. However, the structural models presented by the two groups have been converging recently, and there is hope that the next few years will see a resolution of the remaining differences. Other XAS approaches (e.g. studies on oriented multilayers) and other techniques will doubtless contribute to this resolution.
The Potential for Misinterpretation Considered More Globally: A Response to Vicente and Ethier

The notion that one can capture some aspect of reality by making a description of it using a symbol ... seems to me a fascinating and powerful idea. But . . . there is a trade-off; any particular representation makes certain information explicit at the expense of information that is pushed into the background and may be quite hard to recover.
The Effectiveness Of Credit Derivatives On Bank Holding Company Portfolio Management

Since their introduction in 1991, the global credit derivatives market (excluding asset swaps) has grown, exceeding previous expectations for 2003, with an estimated market of $3,548 billion or $3.5 trillion. Growth is expected to reach $8.2 trillion by 2006 (BBA 2004). At the time of entry to the market in the early 1990’s, it was also expected that the largest potential customers would be commercial banks that are the largest holders of risky debts. In 2005 as in previous years, banks, securities houses and insurance companies still constitute the majority of market participants while hedge funds, which emerged as players on the buy side of the market in the last report, have this year also become major players on the sell side, and are expected to have a greater share of the market than securities houses by 2006 (BBA, 2002) While market risk allows opportunities for both profits and losses, credit risks only result in losses, and the objective of this research is to examine the effectiveness of credit derivatives as a risk management tool in improving the performance of portfolios for Bank Holding Companies (BHC’s).
STUDIES OF LIGNIN BIOSYNTHESIS USING ISOTOPIC CARBON: VI. FORMATION OF THE SIDE CHAIN OF THE PHENYLPROPANE MONOMER

A number of aromatic compounds having carbon side chains of varying length and substitution have been studied as lignin precursors. p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde was poorly utilized, indicating that the formation of C6,C3 units from a condensation of C6,C1, and C2 fragments is of very limited significance. The C6,C2 compound, mandelic acid, was not converted to lignin. DL-Phenyllactic acid was incorporated into lignin with much lower dilution than either DL-erythro- or DL-threo-phenylglyceric acids, and with appreciably lower dilution than DL-phenylhydracrylic acid, supporting the concept that lignin monomers are formed via 2-hydroxylated phenylpropane intermediates. Wheat utilized the D-form of phenylalanine less readily than the L-form. Although three monocotyledons tested could utilize (+)- and (−)-phenyllactic acid to a comparable degree, two dicotyledons showed a marked preference for the (−)-form, suggesting that in dicotyledons the enzyme system specific for the (−)-form is predominant.
The timing of Spanish marriages: a socio-statistical study.

Abstract A sample survey of 2,012 married and single women aged 18–59 in Madrid was in part focused on causes of late marriage, which has for a long time been characteristic of Spain. It was found that age at marriage was not related to a variety of socio-economic measures, to parental restrictions on courtship, nor to birth order or number of siblings. Direct economic motivations appear to have affected length of courtship but scarcely age at marriage. Ages at marriage differ in different areas of Madrid, even when key demographic and social variables are controlled; and evidence from a sub-sample of interviews suggests that it may be a characteristic of different families. Along with clear evidence of normative patterns supporting long courtships and late marriages, such data point to the potential importance of sociological variables, and to the need for similar research on determinants of men's ages at marriage.
Evaluation of bias-correction methods for ensemble streamflow volume forecasts

Abstract. Ensemble prediction systems are used operationally to make probabilistic streamflow forecasts for seasonal time scales. However, hydrological models used for ensemble streamflow prediction often have simulation biases that degrade forecast quality and limit the operational usefulness of the forecasts. This study evaluates three bias-correction methods for ensemble streamflow volume forecasts. All three adjust the ensemble traces using a transformation derived with simulated and observed flows from a historical simulation. The quality of probabilistic forecasts issued when using the three bias-correction methods is evaluated using a distributions-oriented verification approach. Comparisons are made of retrospective forecasts of monthly flow volumes for a north-central United States basin (Des Moines River, Iowa), issued sequentially for each month over a 48-year record. The results show that all three bias-correction methods significantly improve forecast quality by eliminating unconditional biases and enhancing the potential skill. Still, subtle differences in the attributes of the bias-corrected forecasts have important implications for their use in operational decision-making. Diagnostic verification distinguishes these attributes in a context meaningful for decision-making, providing criteria to choose among bias-correction methods with comparable skill.
Alteplase Treatment of Acute Pulmonary Embolism in the Intensive Care Unit

Acute pulmonary embolism accounts for 50 000 to 100 000 deaths each year in the United States. Because of the wide spectrum of clinical manifestations, ranging from massive pulmonary embolism to small peripheral emboli, stratifying and treating patients according to their signs and symptoms is important when an acute embolism is suspected. Patients' clinical findings can range from no signs or symptoms to unstable hemodynamic status and shock. The 3-month mortality is 10% to 15%, but can be as high as 60% in patients with hemodynamic shock. This article reviews the classifications of acute peripheral emboli, explains the treatment of acute peripheral emboli, reviews the pharmacology of alteplase, and presents an assessment of the literature evaluating alteplase for the treatment of acute peripheral emboli. Clinical pearls for the administration, monitoring, and care of a patient receiving alteplase in an intensive care unit also are discussed.
Towards sustainable design for single-use medical devices

Despite their sophistication and value, single-use medical devices have become commodity items in the developed world. Cheap raw materials along with large scale manufacturing and distribution processes have combined to make many medical devices more expensive to resterilize, package and restock than to simply discard. This practice is not sustainable or scalable on a global basis. As the petrochemicals that provide raw materials become more expensive and the global reach of these devices continues into rapidly developing economies, there is a need for device designs that take into account the total life-cycle of these products, minimize the amount of non-renewable materials consumed and consider alternative hybrid reusable / disposable approaches. In this paper, we describe a methodology to perform life cycle and functional analyses to create additional design requirements for medical devices. These types of sustainable approaches can move the medical device industry even closer to the “triple bottom line” – people, planet, profit.
Derivation and Validation of Two Decision Instruments for Selective Chest CT in Blunt Trauma: A Multicenter Prospective Observational Study (NEXUS Chest CT)

Background Unnecessary diagnostic imaging leads to higher costs, longer emergency department stays, and increased patient exposure to ionizing radiation. We sought to prospectively derive and validate two decision instruments (DIs) for selective chest computed tomography (CT) in adult blunt trauma patients.
Understanding mass panic and other collective responses to threat and disaster.

Abstract While mass panic (and/or violence) and self-preservation are often assumed to be the natural response to physical danger and perceived entrapment, the literature indicates that expressions of mutual aid are common and often predominate, and collective flight may be so delayed that survival is threatened. In fact, the typical response to a variety of threats and disasters is not to flee but to seek the proximity of familiar persons and places; moreover, separation from attachment figures is a greater stressor than physical danger. Such observations can be explained by an alternative “social attachment” model that recognizes the fundamentally gregarious nature of human beings and the primacy of attachments. In the relatively rare instances where flight occurs, the latter can be understood as one aspect of a more general affiliative response that involves escaping from certain situations and moving toward other situations that are perceived as familiar but which may not necessarily be objectively sa...
Enabling Multi-physics Coupled Simulations within the PGAS Programming Framework

Complex coupled multi-physics simulations are playing increasingly important roles in scientific and engineering applications such as fusion plasma and climate modeling. At the same time, extreme scales, high levels of concurrency and the advent of multicore and many core technologies are making the high-end parallel computing systems on which these simulations run, hard to program. While the Partitioned Global Address Space (PGAS) languages is attempting to address the problem, the PGAS model does not easily support the coupling of multiple application codes, which is necessary for the coupled multi-physics simulations. Furthermore, existing frameworks that support coupled simulations have been developed for fragmented programming models such as message passing, and are conceptually mismatched with the shared memory address space abstraction in the PGAS programming model. This paper explores how multi-physics coupled simulations can be supported within the PGAS programming framework. Specifically, in this paper, we present the design and implementation of the XpressSpace programming system, which enables efficient and productive development of coupled simulations across multiple independent PGAS Unified Parallel C (UPC) executables. XpressSpace provides the global-view style programming interface that is consistent with the memory model in UPC, and provides an efficient runtime system that can dynamically capture the data decomposition of global-view arrays and enable fast exchange of parallel data structures between coupled codes. In addition, XpressSpace provides the flexibility to define the coupling process in specification file that is independent of the program source codes. We evaluate the performance and scalability of Xpress Space prototype implementation using different coupling patterns extracted from real world multi-physics simulation scenarios, on the Jaguar Cray XT5 system of Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
A Long Baseline Neutrino Oscillation Experiment Sensitive to Mass Differences of Hundredths of an Electron Volt

We detail the capabilities of a search for neutrino oscillations in a massive underground neutrino detector sensitive to low energy atmospheric νe’s and νµ’s using as a baseline the diameter of earth. A flux independent asymmetry in the up/down ratio of the two neutrino species is the primary signal. For concreteness, we study the 10,000T water Cerenkov detector of the Irvine-Michigan-Brookhaven Collaboration§and find that the full 10,000T is necessary; smaller detectors would have insufficient statistical power. For a two year exposure, this detector provides a several standard deviation signal for maximal mixing of either species over the mass difference range of 10−3 to 10−1 eV. The upper end of this range coincides with the lower end of conceivable accelerator-based searches for neutrino oscillations.
Religion and Immigrant-Origin Youth: A Resource and a Challenge

For immigrant-origin groups, the context of religion often promotes bonding, purpose, and community, yet has received scant scholarly attention. This cross-sectional, qualitative study of ethnically and religiously diverse immigrant- origin adolescents and young adults (N = 114) afforded multiple perspectives on the role of religion, and found that religion and religious contexts served as challenges and resources for immigrant-origin youth with respect to: (a) the extent of support amidst the larger U.S. context; (b) heritage and/or liturgical language; and (c) contribution and volunteering. These findings have implications for researchers and providers who serve immigrant-origin youth and their families.
Studies on chloride of bone in cat and rat.

Summary1) Observations on chloride content of bone of cats and rats revealed, in all but adult rats, that there was more chloride present than would be expected if the entire bone water content was extracellular fluid. This excess was constant at 1.53 meq 100 g of fat free dry bone in the cat over a wide range of water concentrations but, in rats, varied from a similar value in weanlings to the complete absence of an excess in 150-day-old animals. No satisfactory hypothesis could be made concerning the location of this fraction of the total bone chloride. 2) The accuracy of chloride analysis was attested by the maximum variation of 7% between titrometric determinations of chloride and determinations using Br82. Studies with Cr51 revealed that the blood content of well cleaned bone samples contributes less than 5% of the observed chloride and less than 10% of the observed water content.
Suppression of Mediterranean fruit flies by oriental fruit flies in mixed infestations in guava.

With superimposed oviposition of oriental fruit flies, Dacus dorsalis Hendel, or Mediterranean fruit flies, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), in either sequence in fresh guava fruit in the laboratory, following oviposition by the other species, oriental fruit flies completely or almost completely suppressed the development of Mediterranean fruit flies. When oviposition in the same guava was not super-imposed but limited to separate areas for each of the 2 species, suppression of Mediterranean fruit flies by oriental fruit flies also was manifested, albeit not as drastically. This suppression generally was not demonstrated when eggs of both species were seeded simultaneously on artificial larval medium.
The origin and distribution of clonal diversity in Alsophila pometaria (Lepidoptera: Geometridae)

A survey of spatial and temporal variation in the frequency of electrophoretically defined genotypes in the geometrid moth Alsophila pometaria revealed a high diversity of uncommon or rare asexual genotypes and clinal distributions of two of the more common clones. There was substantial year-to-year variation in genotype frequencies in seven of eleven sites. Progeny tests have revealed that sexual reproduction is uncommon in two populations and that new asexual genotypes arise from the sexual population. The recurrent origin of asexual genotypes is likely to account for the high genetic and ecological diversity of the asexual contingent of this species' populations, in contrast to the lower genetic diversity in some obligately asexual species in which such recruitment does not occur.
Perfectionism and Achievement Motivation in High-Ability Students: An Examination of the 2 × 2 Model of Perfectionism

This study examined the relationship among subtypes of perfectionism and achievement goal orientations within the context of Gaudreau and Thompson’s quadripartite framework. The authors first sough...
Monitoring results on food-borne pathogens in food in Shanghai from 2011 to 2012

[Objective] To control the condition of the food contaminated by bacterium such as Salmonella,Staphylococcus aureus,EHEC O157 ∶ H7,Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Listeria monocytogenes,improve detection,warning and control capabilities for foodborne disease,and provide the scientific basis for monitoring food poisoning. [Methods] Investigation was done according to the microbiology section of GB4789 Food Hygiene Inspection [Results] A total of 2568 samples were detected in 2011—2012 from livestock and poultry class,omophagia and non-omophagia aquatic products,and cooked food products,with 401 strains being found positive of foodborne pathogens. The total detection rate was 15. 6%,of which the rates for Salmonella,Staphylococcus aureus in livestock class were 9. 0%,6. 8%; Salmonella,Vibrio parahaemolyticus in aquatic product,1. 3%,21. 4%; Vibrio parahaemolyticus,Listeria monocytogenes in omophagia aquatic product 5. 0%,1. 2%; Staphylococcus aureus,Listeria monocytogenes in cooked food class,11. 5%,8. 3%,and No EHEC O157 ∶ H7 were detected. [Conclusion] The foodborne pathogen contamination is existent in the four main foods for Shanghai residents,of which contamination with Vibrio parahaemolyticus in non-omophagia aquatic product is more severe; the detection rate for Vibrio parahaemolyticus is the highest in August every year. Staphylococcus aureus is mainly detected in cooked food class and Salmonella in livestock and poultry class.
Effect of Ropivacaine and Levobupivacaine in Treatment of Wound Fluid after Radical Mastectomy:A Clinical Analysis

Objective To investigate the effect of ropivacaine and levobupivacaine in treatment of wound fluid after radical mastectomy.Methods There were 99 cases treated after radical mastectomy and wound fluid after surgery from January 2007 to June 2010 in our hospital.According to the order they were randomly divided into three groups,Ⅰ group of patients(31 cases) does not given nerve block,Ⅱ patients(34 cases) be given ropivacaine nerve block,Ⅲ patients(34 cases) given levobupivacaine for nerve block,compared three groups of patients after 5 days,10 days of drainage,the patient and wound healing time in patients with drainage tubes were removed.Results The patients with postoperative drainage fluid were less in Group Ⅱ and Group Ⅲ than group Ⅰ patients,(P0.05);5 days after surgery,Ⅰ extubation eight cases of patients,Ⅱ patients extubation 20 cases,III patients pull tube in 19 cases;day 10,I group 16 cases extubation,II group of pulling 32 cases,Ⅲ group extubation 34 cases,Ⅱ and Ⅲ group as group Ⅰ patients were significantly(P0.05);Ⅲ and Ⅱ patients group of patients with postoperative wound healing was better than group Ⅰ patients(P0.05).Conclusion Ropivacaine and levobupivacaine treatment after radical mastectomy wound fluid with good effect,good postoperative wound healing,and early extubation,it is in clinical use.
Hemoglobin-coated charcoal radioassay for serum vitamin B12. A simple modification to improve intrinsic factor reliability.

Reliable binding of vitamin B12 by intrinsic factor (IF) is essential in the hemoglobin-coated charcoal radioassay for serum vitamin B12 as described by Lau et al.4 The fact that some IF preparations bind less B12 in the saline IF control tube than in those tubes containing serum can result in a falsely low measurement of unknown sera. This may be avoided by the simple substitution of 0.5 ml. of 5 per cent human albumin solution for the saline in the IF control tube.
Angioedema: Classification, management and emerging therapies for the perioperative physician

Angioedema is a rare condition which manifests as sudden localised, non-pitting swelling of certain body parts including skin and mucous membranes. It is vital that anaesthesiologists understand this condition, as it may present suddenly in the perioperative period with airway compromise. To identify literature for this review, the authors searched the PubMed, Medline, Embase, Scopus and Web of Science databases for English language articles covering a 10-year period, 2006 through 2016. Angioedema can be either mast-cell mediated or bradykinin-induced. Older therapies for histaminergic symptoms are well known to anaesthesiologists (e.g., adrenaline, anti-histamines and steroids), whereas older therapies for bradykinin-induced symptoms include plasma and attenuated androgens. New classes of drugs for bradykinin-induced symptoms are now available, including anti-bradykinin, plasma kallikrein inhibitor and C1 esterase inhibitors. These can be used prophylactically or as rescue medications. Anaesthesiologists are in a unique position to coordinate perioperative care for this complex group of patients.
Examining Scholarly Identity Through Auto-Fiction: A Court Jester’s Tale

This auto-fictitious narrative is an existential and political exploration of scholarly identity transformation of a teacher educator in academia. Set within a parallel, metaphorical kingdom, identity is examined through the author's actions, interactions and experiences with others in a fictional setting. Narratives, in storytelling formats, establish agency of self and provide "voice" to be freely expressed, most notably for those who experience marginalization where their thoughts and ideas have been mitigated within traditional institutional environments and dialogues. Expressed in a humorous, somewhat deliberately mischievous manner, the polyphonic self in this story reflects on relational power and academic identity within the university environment. This descriptive piece adds discussion to existing organizational research through presentation of a fictional piece for examining how one may self-construct identity within a hegemonic work setting.
Generalizability of Multiple Measures of Treatment Integrity: Comparisons Among Direct Observation, Permanent Products, and Self-Report

Abstract The concept of treatment integrity is an essential component to data-based decision making within a response-to-intervention model. Although treatment integrity is a topic receiving increased attention in the school-based intervention literature, relatively few studies have been conducted regarding the technical adequacy of treatment integrity assessment methods. In light of recent research utilizing generalizability theory (G theory) to assess the dependability of behavioral measurement in schools, the current study used G theory to examine the dependability of direct observation, permanent products, and self-report as measures of treatment integrity when six teachers implemented the Good Behavior Game across three study sites. Results indicated that direct observation yielded the most reliable treatment integrity data, followed by permanent products and self-report. Specifically, when assessment of treatment integrity is conducted twice per week, direct observation should provide a dependable e...
Metachronal wave analysis for non-Newtonian fluid inside a symmetrical channel with ciliated walls

Abstract The main purpose of this article is to present a metachronal wave analysis for non-Newtonian fluid inside a symmetrical channel with ciliated walls. The governing equations of Sisko fluid for the two dimensional channel are simplified using the low Reynolds number and long wave-length approximations. Using the Homotopy perturbation method the reduced equations are solved for longitudinal velocity. Solutions are represented through graphs. Outcomes for the longitudinal velocity, pressure gradient, pressure rise and stream lines are analyzed graphically.
Integrating Computational Thinking in Discrete Structures

Computational thinking (CT) is broadly defined as the thought processes involved in formulating problems and their solutions so that the solutions can be automated. In this twenty-first century, computation is fundamental, and often unavoidable, in most endeavors, thus computing educators have the responsibility to instill in future generations of scientists, mathematicians, and engineers key computational thinking skills. There is a compelling case to be made for the infusion of CT skills into the K-16 education of everyone, given the pervasiveness of computers in all aspects of our lives. This poses the following critical educational challenge: how and when should students learn CT and how and when should it be taught? While discussions, deliberations, and debates will likely continue, the tightly knitted relationship between computational thinking and mathematical thinking suggests that one avenue to acquire CT skills is to integrate CT in the K-16 mathematics curriculum. This chapter describes a study that uses a problem-driven learning pedagogical strategy and the APOS theoretical framework to integrate computational thinking in CSCE 2100, a sophomore level discrete structures course which is a required course for all Information Technology majors. Results demonstrate that integrating computational thinking in a discrete structures course can effectively and significantly influence students’ understanding of a range of CT concepts.
Sugars Require Rigid Multivalent Displays for Activation of Mouse Sperm Acrosomal Exocytosis

As a prerequisite to mammalian fertilization, the sperm acrosomal vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane and the acrosome contents are exocytosed. Induction occurs through engagement of the sperm receptors by multiple sugar residues. Multivalent polymers displaying mannose, fucose, or GlcNAc are effective synthetic inducers of mouse sperm acrosomal exocytosis (AE). Each carbohydrate is proposed to have a distinct binding site on the sperm cell surface. To determine the role of the scaffold structure in the efficiency of AE induction, different polymer backbones were employed to display the different activating sugar residues. These glycopolymers were prepared by ruthenium-catalyzed ring-opening metathesis of 5-substituted norbornene or cyclooctene. The conformations of the glycopolymers were characterized by small-angle X-ray scattering. Polynorbornene displaying mannose, fucose, or GlcNAc forms flexible cylinders in aqueous solution. However, polycyclooctenes displaying any of these same sugars are much ...
Solving the Traveling Salesman Problem with Time Windows Through Dynamically Generated Time-Expanded Networks

The Traveling Salesman Problem with Time Windows is the problem of finding a minimum-cost path visiting each of a set of cities exactly once, where each city must be visited within a specified time window. It has received significant attention because it occurs as a subproblem in many real-life routing and scheduling problems. We explore an approach in which the strength of a time-expanded integer linear programming (IP) formulation is exploited without ever explicitly creating the complete formulation. The approach works with carefully designed partially time-expanded networks, which are used to produce upper as well as lower bounds, and which are iteratively refined until optimality is reached. Preliminary computational results illustrate the potential of the approach as, for almost all instances tested, optimal solutions can be identified in only a few iterations.
Effect of Reduction Treatment on CO Oxidation with CeO2 Nanorod‐Supported CuOx Catalysts

Understanding the correlation of thermal treatment with catalyst activity provides mechanistic information about how the catalysts can be activated or deactivated. In this paper, we report that a comparative study was conducted on CeO2 nanorods supported CuOx catalysts before and after reduction treatment to gain insight on the effects of the copper oxidation state and catalyst-support interfacial interactions on CO oxidation. X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, hydrogen temperature programmed reduction (H2-TPR), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used in a comprehensive way to study the effects of CuOx (0x1) composition as well as their spatial distribution on CeO2 nanorods on the H2 consumption and CO oxidation of the catalysts. These techniques were then used to gain a better understanding of the correlation between the different copper species (, , and  type CuOx) and the multiple reduction (H2 consumption) peaks, found in the H2-TPR data during the first run and during in situ reduction and redox cycling experiments. Also concluded from this study an abundance of surface defects are found on CeO2 nanorods from high resolution TEM which consequently may be critical to strong CuOx(0x1)-CeO2-x(0x0.5) interactions, therefore resulting in the improved low temperature catalytic activity.
The banjo: America’s African instrument

Laurent Dubois’s new book concerning the banjo is a welcome addition to the growing scholarly interest surrounding this instrument. For those who are unfamiliar with the banjo’s troubled course thr...
Genetics, Brain, and Personality: Searching for Intermediate Phenotypes

Abstract Recent theoretical and methodological advances in human genetics and neuroscience offer novel opportunities for understanding biological bases of personality. Building a unifying, biologically based theory of personality will require the elucidation of complex links between genes, brain, and personality traits. Accordingly, in this chapter we review, summarize, and critically evaluate three related lines of research: genetic research on personality, investigation of the relationships between individual variability in the brain and personality traits, and genetic studies of brain structure and function. We also demonstrate how these research directions can be integrated using genetically informative designs in order to determine how genetic influences on personality are mediated by variability in brain structure and function. In conclusion, we identify critical issues that should be addressed in future studies.
Size-reduced patch-antenna feedpoint parametric study

Size-reduction techniques are applied to a circular UHF patch antenna, by introducing slits into the patch structure. The optimum slit dimensions are determined to maximize the amount of antenna-size reduction. A parametric study of the probe-feed location versus slit dimensions determines the optimum location for the probe feed location, in order to achieve matched input impedance for different slit lengths.
Economic Prospects for the Great Plains

The Great Plains economy slowed considerably during the 1980s. Two broad gauges of the region’s economic performance—income growth and employment growth—both fell as the region adjusted to problems in its key economic sectors: agriculture, mining, and manufacturing. Although other regions also slowed during the 1980s, the slowdown in the Great Plains was more pronounced, and as a result, this region ranked among the slowest-growing regions in the nation during the 1980s.
5. First Publication

I had kept my promise to the military. Not only had I fulfilled the primary task of my critical skilled enlistment – computerizing direction finding – but I had also by chance significantly advanced the GRAB intelligence satellite program. When I asked my Navy superiors in 1962 if I might reduce my commitment to 20 hours a week, in order to begin graduate school in mathematics at the University of Maryland, they were happy to oblige. The only condition was that I would be “on call” if they needed me for anything urgent.
Supportive communication is associated with markers of immunocompetence

Previous studies have determined that the perception or receipt of social support is correlated with several health outcomes including enhanced immunocompetence. In comparison, fewer studies have e...
Testing the identity synergy principle: Identity fusion promotes self and group sacrifice

AbstractThe social-categorization framework views the salience of personal and social identity as functionally antagonistic such that activation of one entails muting the other. Identity fusion theory, in contrast, suggests that when a group connection is strong the personal and social identities fuse such that activation of one activates the other and they synergistically influence behavior (e.g. fighting and dying for the group). We reasoned that such synergy should yield a reciprocal (not antagonistic) promotion of group-serving and individual-serving goals whereby fusion promotes willingness to sacrifice the self for the group and sacrifice the group for the self. Two studies yield evidence consistent with fusion theory in terms of a reciprocal sacrifice of self and group via fighting but not dying.
Behind the Curtain: The Nurse's Voice in Assessment of Residents in the Emergency Department.

Author(s): Pavlic, Ashley; Liu, Dana; Baker, Kara; House, Joseph; Byrd, Michael; Martinek, Tina; O'Leary, Diana; Santen, Sally A. | Abstract: Introduction: Feedback provides valuable input for improving physician performance. Conventionally, feedback is obtained from attending physicians; however, residents work in close contact with other members of the care team, especially nurses. Nurses may have more opportunity to directly observe trainees. In addition, they may value different behaviors and provide unique feedback. The objective of this study was to examine the nurse’s perspective of resident performance in the emergency department.Methods: This was a retrospective, mixed-methods study of nursing assessments of residents using a five-point scale from 1 (unsatisfactory) to 5 (outstanding) and providing comments. Analysis included descriptive statistics of the quantitative assessments and content analysis of the nursing comments by a group of attendings, residents, and nurses.Results: Nurses assessed residents as above expectation or outstanding, especially for the categories of “How would you rate this resident’s attitude?” (65%) and “Is this resident a team player?” (64%). Content analysis of the comments yielded nine themes including being kind, communication with nurses, being a team player, work ethic and efficiency, and respect for other team members. Of the comments made, 50% provided positive feedback, and the majority of comments (80%) were determined to be actionable.Conclusion: Our data indicate that nurses provide feedback on residents’ kindness, efficiency and communication. These two aspects of interacting in the healthcare setting may not be highlighted in conventional, attending provider feedback, yet they are clearly noted by the nurse’s voice.
Landscape Connectivity Planning for Adaptation to Future Climate and Land-Use Change

We examined recent literature on promoting habitat connectivity in the context of climate change (CC) and land-use change (LUC). These two global change forcings have wide-reaching ecological effects that are projected to worsen in the future. Improving connectivity is a common adaptation strategy, but CC and LUC can also degrade planned connections, potentially reducing their effectiveness. We synthesize advances in connectivity design approaches, identify challenges confronted by researchers and practitioners, and offer suggestions for future research. Recent studies incorporated future CC into connectivity design more often than LUC and rarely considered the two drivers jointly. When considering CC, most studies have focused on relatively broad spatial and temporal extents and have included either species-based targets or coarse-filter targets like geodiversity and climate gradients. High levels of uncertainty about future LUC and lack of consistent, readily available model simulations are likely hindering its inclusion in connectivity modeling. This high degree of uncertainty extends to efforts to jointly consider future CC and LUC. We argue that successful promotion of connectivity as a means to adapt to CC and LUC will depend on (1) the velocity of CC, (2) the velocity of LUC, and (3) the degree of existing landscape fragmentation. We present a new conceptual framework to assist in identifying connectivity networks given these three factors. Given the high uncertainty associated with future CC and LUC, incorporating insights from decision science into connectivity planning will facilitate the development of more robust adaptation strategies.
Elevated insulin levels following 7 days of increased sedentary time are due to lower hepatic extraction and not higher insulin secretion.

Higher insulin following sedentary behavior may be due to increased insulin secretion (IS), decreased hepatic insulin extraction (HIE), or a combination of both. Ten healthy adults completed glucos...
Exploring the Predictive and Theoretical Validity of the Network Interdependence Measure

This study used measures of social network interference and facilitation to add to the heuristic value of relational turbulence theory. This manuscript advances theory and the value of network inte...
Considerations in Unique Populations in Perinatal Palliative Care: From Culture, Race, Infertility, and Beyond

In this chapter, we will discuss the evidence and challenges in perinatal palliative care with special populations including minorities and underserved patients, cross-cultural differences, couples dealing with a loss of a co-twin, lesbian-bisexual/gay/transgender/queer (LGBTQ) couples, couples dealing with infertility, and situations in which the mother is seriously ill. While ALL patients deserve sensitive, culturally appropriate, patient- and family-centered, compassionate care, these populations share something: their situations are unique and extra care should be taken to understand their experiences, goals, and values and to meet their needs.
A Respiratory Therapist-Driven Pathway Improves Timeliness of Extubation Readiness Assessment in a Single PICU.

Objectives Our smart aim was to decrease the time between when a mechanically ventilated patient was eligible for and when they underwent their first extubation readiness test (delta time) by 50% within 3 months through the development and implementation of a respiratory therapist-driven extubation readiness test pathway. Design Quality improvement project. Setting Single, tertiary care, 24-bed, academic PICU. Patients Pediatric patients admitted to the PICU and requiring mechanical ventilation for a primary pulmonary process. Interventions We developed an extubation readiness test pathway that consisted of an eligibility screen and a standard testing process. Patients were screened every 3 hours. Upon passing the screen and being cleared by a prescriber, a test was initiated. No clinical management was dictated to prescribers. Measurements and main results The preintervention and intervention cohorts included 109 and 43 mechanical ventilation courses, respectively. The mean delta time decreased from 33.77 hours to 2.92 hours after pathway implementation (p = 0.000). The medical length of stay decreased from 196.6 to 177.2 hours (p = 0.05). There were no statistically significant changes in duration of mechanical ventilation until first extubation (112.9 vs 122.3 hr; p = 0.651) and 48-hour extubation failure rate (16.5% vs 4.8%; p = 0.056). The sensitivity and positive predictive value for the extubation readiness test were 89.5% and 94.4%, respectively. The mean for all process compliance measures was 91.5%. Conclusions A respiratory therapist-driven extubation readiness test pathway can be safely implemented in a large, academic PICU. The pathway resulted in earlier extubation readiness testing without increasing key balancing measures-the duration of mechanical ventilation, PICU length of stay, or the extubation failure rate.
Sport-related concussion and risk for suicide in athletes

Abstract Recently, negative consequences associated with sport-related concussion (SRC) have received increased attention in both the media and literature. A specific negative consequence that has received widespread attention is the possible association between SRC and suicide. While the connection between concussion and suicide has been reported by various sources in the media, the scientific evidence is severely limited and has reported inconsistent findings. Due to the lack of clarity regarding the relationship between SRC and suicide in athletes, the present review explored the current knowledge on this topic.
The Power of Context: Exploring Teachers' Formative Assessment for Online Collaborative Writing.

Research suggests that teachers' and students' engagement in formative assessment contributes to students’ writing development by influencing both what and how students learn. However, while resear...
Social Justice and Physics Education

A critical look at the history of physics—both in the field as a whole and in the pedagogical choices—elucidates why it is necessary to pay attention to social justice in physics education. Physicists have a longstanding aim toward objectivity and often deny the effects of culture on the field and its participants. In this chapter, we provide an overview of research and curriculum development on equity and social justice in physics and include examples for addressing the injustice present in the field today. We illustrate how instructors can introduce and integrate discussions of equity and social justice into physics curricula. We also share an example of how concepts in physics (e.g., optics) can be used to support students in identifying inequities and injustice (e.g., overrepresentation of blue eyes). To be clear, this work does not argue for a dichotomized teaching of social justice and physics. Instead, we call for the utilization of a social justice lens in teaching physics and the exploration of physics concepts to identify and address issues of inequity that exist within and outside of the field of physics.
For love or money? The effects of psychological ownership on the timing of founder exits

Acquisition is a central way through which founders exit the ventures they created, especially for founders who choose to stay with their companies after their Initial Public Offerings (IPOs). Howe...
Angiotensin II-induced renal angiotensinogen formation is enhanced in mice lacking tumor necrosis factor-alpha type 1 receptor

In hypertension induced by angiotensin II (AngII) administration with high salt (HS) intake, intrarenal angiotensinogen (AGT) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels increase. However, TNF-α has been shown to suppress AGT formation in cultured renal proximal tubular cells. We examined the hypothesis that elevated AngII levels during HS intake reduces TNF-α receptor type 1 (TNFR1) activity in the kidneys, thus facilitating increased intrarenal AGT formation. The responses to HS diet (4% NaCl) with chronic infusion of AngII (25 ng/min) via implanted minipump for 4 weeks were assessed in wild-type (WT) and knockout (KO) mice lacking TNFR1 or TNFR2 receptors. Blood pressure was measured by tail-cuff plethysmography, and 24-h urine samples were collected using metabolic cages prior to start (0 day) and at the end of 2nd and 4th week periods. The urinary excretion rate of AGT (uAGT; marker for intrarenal AGT) was measured using ELISA. HS +AngII treatment for 4 weeks increased mean arterial pressure (MAP) in all strains of mice. However, the increase in MAP in TNFR1KO (77 ± 2 to 115 ± 3 mmHg; n = 7) was significantly greater (p < 0.01) than in WT (76 ± 1 to 102 ± 2 mmHg; n = 7) or in TNFR2KO (78 ± 2 to 99 ± 5 mmHg; n = 6). The increase in uAGT at 4th week was also greater (p < 0.05) in TNFR1KO mice (6 ± 2 to 167 ± 75 ng/24 h) than that in WT (6 ± 3 to 46 ± 16 ng/24 h) or in TNFR2KO mice (8 ± 7 to 65 ± 44 ng/24 h). The results indicate that TNFR1 exerts a protective role by mitigating intrarenal AGT formation induced by elevated AngII and HS intake.
How to Succeed in Criminal Justice Without Really Trying

We examined the incentive structure of the various actors of the criminal justice system within an organization economics framework. Specifically, we examined the incentives of the police, forensic scientists, prosecutors and public defenders. We found that police, prosecutors and forensic scientists often have an incentive to garner convictions with little incentive to convict the right person, whereas public defenders lack incentives to provide a vigorous defense for their clients. Further, we analyzed the role this skewed incentive structure plays in leading to false convictions.
Hippocampal lesions disrupt decrements but not increments in conditioned stimulus processing

Studies recording hippocampal neural activity show widespread registration of events during associative learning. Recent computational models of hippocampal function have stressed its role in attentional processes specified by well-developed modern theories of associative learning. These modeling efforts are largely aimed at accounting for the behavioral outcomes of damage to the hippocampal system in terms of underlying changes in information processing. Two experiments examined the effects of neurotoxic lesions of the hippocampus on changes in attentional processing of a conditioned stimulus (CS) in appetitive Pavlovian conditioning in rats. In Experiment 1, hippocampal lesions eliminated the reduction in associability of a CS usually produced by preexposure to that cue (latent inhibition). In Experiment 2, hippocampal lesions interfered with the loss in associability of a CS normally produced when that CS consistently predicts another event. In contrast, in Experiment 2, hippocampal lesions did not prevent the enhancement of CS associability when a previously consistent predictive relation between two events was made inconsistent. This research supports previous claims that the hippocampus is involved in regulating the processing of CSs in Pavlovian conditioning, and provides new evidence for a hippocampal role in decremental, but not incremental, changes in attention.
Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases: Gene Complexity, Regulation by Phosphorylation, and Physiological Implications

Publisher Summary The intracellular levels of cyclic nucleotides are regulated through synthesis by adenylyl and guanylyl cyclases and also degradation by phosphodiesterases (PDEs). In many cases, PDEs have been shown, or at least implicated, to be important not only in maintaining a steady-state level of cAMP and cGMP, but also in modulating rapid oscillation of intracellular cyclic nucleotide level in response to extracellular stimuli. This chapter reports regulation of cellular PDE activity via phosphorylation–dephosphorylation reactions. The chapter presents speculation on the physiological significance that phosphorylation may play in the modulation of cyclic nucleotide levels and on the possible effect of this mode of regulation on cellular function. The discussion includes detailed information about regulation of PDE1, PDE2, PDE3, PDE4, PDE5 activities. With the recent advances in molecular cloning of the PDEs, it has become apparent that many isoforms exist within single gene families and that these isoforms have different functions depending on tissue distribution and cellular localization. Determining the role—that phosphorylation plays in regulating specific PDE isoforms in specific tissues and cell types—can enable researchers to gain insight into the control of cyclic nucleotide signaling processes. The complexity of PDEs also poses significant challenges to future pharmacological studies on PDEs in terms of drug specificity.
Exploring carbon nanotubes and NiSi nanowires as on-chip interconnections

In this paper, various models of carbon nanotube (CNT) and NiSi nanowire are established and used to analyze their performance as future on-chip interconnections. These theoretical studies and simulation results lead to important new findings: NiSi nanowire has superior properties in terms of effective current density and propagation speed compared to Cu and CNT. These properties make NiSi nanowire the most promising candidate for future on-chip interconnections. Bundle CNT also shows promise for long interconnect applications.