cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Laboratory-scale combustion of coal-water mixtures

Abstract A detailed study of the combustion of coal-water mixtures (70–73% coal, 22–30% water) and formation of nitrogen-containing pollutants has been performed in a vertical, laboratory-scale combustor. Space-resolved, local measurements of solid and gaseous combustion products were made with a stainless steel, water-quenched probe to determine the percentage of coal burnout and local gaseous composition at various locations within the reactor. Rapid mixing of the gas and particle streams eliminated fuel-rich regions within the reactor. Carbon monoxide was found only near the inlet region of the reactor with the highest concentration being 0.8%. Particle residence time in the reactor was estimated to be about 100 ms, with coal burnout (daf) ranging from 82 to 98% as secondary air swirl number and stoichiometric ratio were varied. The only nitrogen-containing pollutant found was nitrogen oxide, with the exit concentrations ranging from 180 to 750 ppm.
Greater Stroke Rate during Hospitalization for Acute Heart Disease among Mexican Americans than Non-Hispanic Whites

Background and Purpose: This study compared the risk for stroke during acute myocardial infarction (AMI), percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) and coronary artery b
Brief Experimental Analysis of Antecedent Variables Related to Noncompliance in Young Children in an Outpatient Clinic

ABSTRACT The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate a methodology for analyzing the interactive effects of two different antecedent variables on child noncompliance in an outpatient clinic. Phase 1 of this study consisted of antecedent manipulations to identify situations that occasioned problematic behaviors (i.e., presence or absence of the child's care provider during demand situations). Three patterns of results emerged from the analyses. For 5 out of 6 children, both parental presence and the provision of the demand, in different combinations, were identified as being active antecedent variables. For the remaining child, only demands were identified as being the active variable. During Phase 2, brief treatment probes were implemented in the most problematic situation during assessment and resulted in substantial decreases in inappropriate behavior for all 6 children. Brief reversals were used to further demonstrate treatment effectiveness for 3 of the 6 children.
Prologue: understanding children who have been affected by maltreatment and prenatal alcohol exposure.

This prologue introduces an important topic for multiple disciplines involved with children and their families. This introduction includes a review of some of the current literature on the effects ...
Motivation and the Human Monitor. II: Source of Instructions.

occurs when human Ss are required to detect an easily detectable signal for extended periods of time. Several theories have been advanced to account for this decrement, but until recently none have focused on motivation and incentive as relevant parameters. McCormick (1962) and Smith (1966) published interpretations which attempted to include motivational variables. However, no sustained or systematic effort has been made to explore the implications of these explanations. Lucaccini, Freedy, and Lyman (1968) demonstrated the importance of instructions on performance in a vigilance rask. Their study, however, was not a direct attempt to test any of the hypotheses or implications of the above mentioned positions. The present study was one of a series of studies testing the implications of the McCormick and Smith models and was a direct attempt to test the prediction by Smith that Ss identifying with or having high admiration for E would perform significantly better than control Ss. Method.-Twency-four male Ss from an introductory psychology class performed a vigilance task in which they were required to detect 60 signals which occurred randomly over a period of 1 hr. Ss were randomly placed in either the experimental or the control group. Both groups received recorded instructions. The instructions for the experimental group were recorded by the professor of the introductory psychology class, who was also present when Ss arrived at the lab. The control group received recorded instructions and were placed into the lab by an E unknown to Ss. The task and equipment were the same as those reported by McFarland and Halcomb (1970). Percent correct detections and false alarms were computed for each S. Results.-The results of the split-plot analysis of variance (Kirk, 1968) dernonstrated a significant decrement across time in Ss' performance. Further analysis indicated that the control group was bi-modal in distribution, while the experimental group was normally distributed, as indicated in Fig. 1. There were significant differences in variance within the two groups and a significant Mann-Whitney U. The results are interpreted as insufficient to support the prediction made by Smith that Ss identifying with or having high admiration for E will perform at a h~gher level than a control group. A hypothesis advanced by the present authors suggests that the effects of higher levels of motivation attributable to admiration or respect lor E (Smith, 1966) will differ for Ss classified as detectors as opposed to Ss classified as nondetectors. McCormick ( 1967) suggested that individual differences may constitute a class of motivational variables. The present data point to the need for studies aimed at defining the interactions between intrinsic motivational variables, i.e., subject characteristics such as in
Friendship, Identity, and Solidarity. An Approach to Rights in Plant Closing Cases

My focus is on the problem of plant closings, which have become increas- ingly common as the deindustrialization of America has proceeded since the early 1980s. In a well-known article, Joseph William Singer proposed that workers who sued to keep a plant open in the face of a planned closure might appropriately be regarded as possessing a reliance-based interest in the plant that merited some pro- tection. I seek to extend this sort of argument in two ways. In the first half of the paper, I point to the way in which "tacit obligation" emerges in friendship between persons in the absence of explicit commitments. Employers and employees are of course not as such friends. But I argue that the development of tacit obligations binding friends provides a useful analogy for understanding the growth of similar tacit obligations binding plant owners to workers and local communities. In the second half, I draw on Margaret Radin's work on property and identity to ground a related argument. I suggest that the potential contribution of plants—and the tra- ditions and networks of relationships they help to create and sustain—to the iden- tities of workers and communities provides reason for at least some legal protection of employee and community interests.
THE EFFECT OF GLUCOCORTICOID ON THE SYNTHESIS OF BIGLYCAN AND DECORIN IN HUMAN OSTEOBLASTS AND BONE MARROW STROMAL CELLS

We have previously demonstrated that glucocorticoids induce differentiation of human bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) into cells expressing mature osteoblast phenotype. As glucocorticoids have marked effects on extracellular matrix protein synthesis in bone, and because proteoglycans are important components of bone matrix and may condition the differentiation and biological activities of osteoblasts, we studied the effects of dexamethasone (Dex) on the synthesis of small proteoglycans [decorin (DCN) and biglycan (BGN)] in adult human BMSC and human osteoblasts (HOB). First passaged HOB and BMSC were treated with either ethanol or 10(-7) M Dex for 7 days. After treatment, the cells were metabolically labeled with either [35S]SO4 alone or [35S]SO4 and [3H]leucine together for 24 h. Conditioned media were collected, and cell layers were extracted with 4 M guanidine HCl. The extracts and conditioned media were subjected to gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography. Fractions containing radiolabeled prot...
A simple direction-sensitive circuit

A circuit is described that determines the direction of travel by the order in which a subject interrupts two light beams. Its operation in a two-chambered apparatus and in a multichambered apparatus is demonstrated to allow mutually exclusive and exhaustive location description.
Vector analyzing power of (d, n) reactions on 11B, 12C, 14N and 15N

Abstract The vector analyzing power of ( d ,n ) reactions on 11B, 12C, 14N and 15N was measured for laboratory angles between 2.5° and 70°. A deuteron energy of 8.5 MeV was used for the 12 C ( d , n 0 ) 13 N reaction. The 11 B ( d , n 0 ) 12 C , 11 B ( d , n 1 ) 12 C , 14 N ( d , n 0 ) 15 O , and 15 N ( d , n 0 ) 16 O reactions were studied at deuteron energies of 10.0 and 11.8 MeV. The vector analyzing power of the j = 1 2 and l = 1 transitions to the ground states of 13N and 16O shows a similar characteristic j-dependence as has been found for (d, p) reactions on intermediate and light-weight nuclei with the same j- and l-value. For the 11B(d, n1)12C and 14N(d, n0)15O reactions we determined jp to be predominantly 1 2 . Results of distorted-wave calculations are in reasonable agreement with the measurements.
Establishing successful partnerships with university support units

University libraries are creating new opportunities by establishing a variety of partnerships, extending the library’s services and programs through alliances, relationships, and ventures. Libraries must work closely, creatively, and consistently with campus constituencies to achieve their goals and objectives successfully, and to remain a key campus resource. Partnerships with campus bookstores, architects, fund‐raisers, and others results in such endeavours as cultural performances in the library, campus author celebrations, cyber cafes, and collaborations with parents groups, athletics, musicians, artists, and writers. Partnerships improve the learning environment, enrich the cultural life of the campus, stimulate intellectual discourse, and help the library to stay visible as an indispensable component of the campus community.
A coding theoretic approach to extending designs

Abstract We introduce the study of designs in a coset of a binary code which can be held by vectors of a fixed weight. If C is a binary [2 n , n , d ] code with n odd and the words of weights n - 1 and n + 1 hold complementary t -designs, then we show that the vectors of weight n in a coset of weight 1 also hold a t -design. We also show how to “extend” these designs. We then consider designs in cosets of type I self-dual codes, in particular in the shadow. If the vectors of a fixed weight in the code hold t -designs then so do the vectors of a fixed weight in the shadow. For [24 k - 2, 12 k - 1, 2 + 4 k ] type I codes, these designs extend to designs in the type II parent code.
Interval-Valued Centroids in K-Means Algorithms

The K-Means algorithms are fundamental in machine learning and data mining. In this study, we investigate interval-valued rather than commonly used point-valued centroids in the K-Means algorithm. Using a proposed interval peak method to select initial interval centroids, we have obtained overall quality improvement of clusters on a set of test problems in the Fundamental Clustering Problem Suite (FCPS).
Improved Callaway model for lattice thermal conductivity

In developing the phonon quasiparticle picture, Peierls discovered that, in a perfect crystal, without anharmonic umklapp ($U$) events, a current-carrying distribution can never relax to a zero-current distribution. Callaway introduced a simplified approximate model version of the Peierls-Boltzmann equation, retaining its ability to deal separately with normal ($N$) and $U$ events. This paper clarifies and improves the Callaway model, and shows that Callaway underestimated the suppression of $N$ processes in relaxing thermal current. The new result should improve computations of thermal conductivity from relaxation-time studies.
Submarine geology of the Hilina slump and morpho-structural evolution of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii

Abstract Marine geophysical data, including SEA BEAM bathymetry, HAWAII MR1 sidescan, and seismic reflection profiles, along with recent robot submersible observations and samples, were acquired over the offshore continuation of the mobile Kilauea volcano south flank. This slope comprises the three active hot spot volcanoes Mauna Loa, Kilauea, and Loihi seamount and is the locus of the Hawaiian hot spot. The south flank is the site of frequent low-intensity seismicity as well as episodic large-magnitude earthquakes. Its sub-aerial portion creeps seaward at a rate of approximately 10 cm/year. The Hilina slump is the only large submarine landslide in the Hawaiian Archipelago thought to be active, and this study is one of the first to more highly resolve submarine slide features there. The slump is classified into four distinct zones from nearshore to the island's base. Estimates of size based on these data indicate a slumped area of 2100 km 2 and a volume of 10,000–12,000 km 3 , equivalent to about 10% of the entire island edifice. The overall picture gained from these data sets is one of mass wasting of the neovolcanic terrain as it builds upward and seaward, though reinforcement by young and pre-Hawaii seamounts adjacent to the pedestal is apparent. Extensive lava delta deposits are formed by hyaloclastites and detritus from recent lava flows into the sea. These deposits dominate the upper submarine slope offshore of Kilauea, with pillow breccia revealed at mid-depths. Along the lower flanks, massive outcrops of volcanically derived sedimentary rocks were found underlying Kilauea, thus necessitating a rethinking of previous models of volcanic island development. The morphologic and structural evolutionary model for Kilauea volcano and the Hilina slump proposed here attempts to incorporate this revelation. A hazard assessment for the Hilina slump is presented where it is suggested that displacement of the south flank to date has been restrained by a still developing northeast lateral submarine boundary. When it does fully mature, the south flank may be more subject to land slips triggered by large, long duration earthquakes and thus Kilauea may undergo more frequent episodes of failure with increased displacements.
Aerothermodynamics of a Simple Resonance Tube

An experimental investigation of a simple resonance ignition tube has been conducted. The leading edge of the resonance tube was blunt in order to simulate the geometry of proposed rocket ignition systems. The jetstagnation pressure, the nozzle/resonance-tube separation distance, and the resonance-tube length were varied systematically. Strong resonance was found to occur when the leading edge of the resonance tube was located within the third compression cell of the underexpanded jet. High-speed motion pictures showed a significant upstream propagation of disturbances from the resonance tube to the nozzle. These results will be useful in determining the feasibility of using resonance-tube ignition systems for both liquidand solid-propellant rocket engines.
Lipoprotein(a) and Diabetes: An update

On the basis of the available data (much of which is contradictory), I suggest that the following might summarize the role of Lp(a) in diabetes currently. 1. Lp(a) in IDDM: Concentrations are probably elevated. Concentrations are probably related to metabolic control. Concentrations are increased with microalbuminuria. 2. Lp(a) in NIDDM: Concentrations are not elevated. Concentrations do not change with metabolic control. Too few data exist to make an assessment of relation of Lp(a) to microalbuminuria in NIDDM. 3. Lp(a) and CHD in diabetes: Little current evidence shows that Lp(a) is a risk factor for CHD in diabetes. More studies--especially prospective studies with larger numbers of subjects--need to be done.
Process Diagnostics For Remote Plasma-Enhanced Chemicalvapor Deposition (Pecvd) Of Silicon Nitrides

Hydrogenated silicon nitride films were deposited in a remote plasma reactor using a plasmaexcited NH 3 /He mixture, and with downstream injection of SiH 4 . An electrically biased grid placed between the plasma tube and the deposition region was used to control the extent of the plasma afterglow into the deposition region. In situ monitoring by mass spectrometry (MS) indicated that the Si content of the film was increased when charged species were transported from the plasma region to the deposition region of the chamber, and that the properties of the resulting films could be understood in terms of two different deposition pathways, driven respectively by neutral, and a combination of neutral and charged precursor species.
Racial differences in skin cancer awareness and surveillance practices at a public hospital dermatology clinic

Background Patients from ethnoracial minority groups have lower incidence rates of melanoma compared with whites, but are more likely to have advanced melanomas at diagnosis and lower survival. Infrequent skin cancer screening and poor melanoma awareness may contribute to these disparities. Objective The purpose of this survey study was to evaluate skin cancer surveillance behaviors and awareness among patients attending a dermatology clinic at a public hospital in New York City. Methods Surveys were administered to 152 patients from April to June 2012. Results In all, 16% of patients previously had a total body skin examination for cancer, 11% were taught by a health care practitioner how to perform skin self-examinations, and 15% perform skin self-examinations. More whites had a total body skin examination compared with minorities (49% vs 5%). Only 33% of patients previously given a diagnosis of skin cancer performed skin self-examinations. Patients possessed a poor ability to recognize features suspicious for melanoma, with minorities (especially Hispanics) performing worse than whites. Limitations Small sample size is a limitation. Conclusions Few patients engage in skin cancer screening behaviors and their knowledge about melanoma is poor, with minorities demonstrating lower understanding than whites. Our findings emphasize the need for improved patient education about characteristics of melanoma, regardless of race.
Natural and Anthropogenic Environmental Problems

Naturally occurring processes continually alter the Earth's atmosphere, topography, biomass and biofaunal loads and their distributions around the world. When these processes adversely impact the environment relative to the perceived needs of humanity, they are considered natural environmental problems. Remediation can be performed but preventative measures seem difficult to provide. Anthropogenic processes are those produced by Man's activities in exploiting and modifying the environment. In general, there is usually a negative effect on the environment caused by such anthropogenic processes. Remediation can be performed and, moreover, preventative measures can also be provided. This paper provides an overview of the influence of both natural and anthropogenic processes on the environment. Remediation methods are considered as part of the entrepreneurial activities of mankind, while preventative measures are viewed from the self-preservation perspective of humanity. Finally, some basic rules of engagemen...
Secretion of bovine uterine proteins in response to type I interferons.

Bovine interferon-tau (bIFN-'r) is secreted by the developing conceptus and initiates antiluteolytic events by interacting with uterine membrane receptors. We have identified three endometrial proteins (-8, 16, and 28 kDa; P8, P16, and P28; respectively) that are secreted in response to recombinant (r) bIFN-r. The objective of this study was to determine whether or not secretion of these proteins was a unique response to IFN-,r during early pregnancy. Three experiments were designed to examine secretion of endometrial proteins as a function of time in culture (0, 3, 6, 12, 18, 24 h), stage of the estrous cycle and pregnancy (Days 15, 18, 0/21), and dose of Type I IFN (0, 0.5, 5, and 25 nM; rbIFN-,r, rblFN-a, and roIFN-'r). Endometrium was cultured for times specified with L-[ 3 Hjleusine to generate radiolabeled proteins. Secreted proteins were quantitated by using onedimensional (1D)-PAGE, fluorography, and densitometry. Secretion of P8, P16, and P28 increased over time (p < 0.0001) in culture and in response to 25 nM rbIFN-'r (p < 0.05). Secretion of P8 in response to rbIFN-, was higher (p < 0.0005) in endometrium collected from pregnant than nonpregnant heifers, but did not differ across the days examined. Although secretion of P8 was higher (p < 0.0001) in the presence than in the absence of rbIFN-r, it was not affected by rbIFN-a. Secretion of P16 was higher (p < 0.0001) in endometrium collected from pregnant than from nonpregnant heifers, but did not differ across the days examined. Both rbIFN-r and rbIFN-a stimulated (p < 0.0005) secretion of P16, but this effect was significant only in tissues collected during the estrous cycle. Pregnancy status, day of collection, and treatment with rblFN-a did not affect secretion of P28. However, rbIFN-'r stimulated (p < 0.001) secretion of P28. Dose-response studies revealed that secretion of P8 and P28 was stimulated in a dosedependent manner only by rbIFN-r (p < 0.005). Secretion of P16 was stimulated by all Type I IFNs examined (p < 0.01). These data may be interpreted to mean that the endometrium has the ability to distinguish between closely related Type I IFNs.
LINKAGE OF GENETIC DETERMINANTS FOR MOUSE β-GALACTOSIDASE ELECTROPHORESIS AND ACTIVITY

An electrophoretic polymorphism for β-galactosidase has been identified among common inbred strains of mice. It is inherited as a single Mendelian factor with two alleles showing codominant expression. This structural gene, Bge, is closely linked (0/163 recombinants) with the Bgs site on chromosome 9 which regulates systemic levels of β-galactosidase. The distribution of electrophoretic and activity phenotypes among inbred strains is not concordant, indicating that they result from separate mutations. Three aspects of β-galactosidase realization, its structure, systemic regulation and developmental program, are now known to be organized in close proximity on chromosome 9. Considered in conjunction with evidence from other mammalian systems, this suggests that the mammalian genome, like Drosophila, is organized into large functional units in which relevant regulatory and developmental information is closely associated with individual structural genes.
Emerging biomedical sensing technologies and their applications

Recent progress in biomedical sensing technologies has resulted in the development of several novel sensor products and new applications. Modern biomedical sensors developed with advanced microfabrication and signal processing techniques are becoming inexpensive, accurate, and reliable. A broad range of sensing mechanisms has significantly increased the number of possible target measurands that can be detected. The miniaturization of classical "bulky" measurement techniques has led to the realization of complex analytical systems, including such sensors as the BioChemLab-on-a-Chip. This rapid progress in miniature devices and instrumentation development will significantly impact the practice of medical care as well as future advances in the biomedical industry. Currently, electrochemical, optical, and acoustic wave sensing technologies have emerged as some of the most promising biomedical sensor technologies. In this paper, important features of these technologies, along with new developments and some of the applications, are presented.
Naturalness judgments by lay Americans: Process dominates content in judgments of food or water acceptability and naturalness

This study directly tests the hypothesis that, at least within the domains of food and drink for Americans, the judgment of naturalness has more to do with the history of an object, that is the processes that it has undergone, as opposed to its material content. Individuals rate the naturalness and acceptability of a natural entity (water or tomato paste), that same entity with a first transformation in which a natural substance is added (or some part removed), and then a second transformation in which the natural additive is removed (or the removed part is replaced). The twice transformed entity is stipulated to be identical to the original natural entity, yet it is rated much less natural and less acceptable. It differs from the original entity only in its history (the reversed processes it has experienced). The twice transformed entity is also rated as less natural than the once-transformed entity, even though the former is identical to the original natural entity, and the latter is not. Therefore, naturalness depends heavily on the process-history of an entity.
Experience in the use of an image-processing workstation for a photostimulable phosphor radiographic system.

Photostimulable phosphor radiographic (computed radiographic) systems are being installed and evaluated by radiology departments. The use of interactive image-processing workstations are a major advantage for any computed radiography system. An interactive image-processing workstation enables rapid image retrieval, reduces the examination repeat rate, provides for image enhancement, and rapidly sets the desired display parameters for laserprinted images. The authors have conducted over 2,500 radiographic examinations using a computed radiographic system equipped with an interactive image-processing workstation. Their experience supports the necessity of such a workstation.
Abacavir Hypersensitivity Reaction

A hypersensitivity reaction occurs in association with initiation of abacavir therapy as part of combination antiretroviral therapy in approximately 3.7% of patients. The reaction is possibly the result of a combination of altered drug metabolism and immune dysfunction, which is poorly understood. White patients appear to be at higher risk and patients of African descent at lower risk of abacavir hypersensitivity. Clinical management involves supportive measures and discontinuation of abacavir therapy. Rechallenge with abacavir in a hypersensitive patient should be avoided because it might precipitate a life-threatening reaction.
RNAi and Heterochromatin Assembly

The involvement of RNA interference (RNAi) in heterochromatin formation has become clear largely through studies in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe and plants like Arabidopsis thaliana. This article discusses how heterochromatic small interfering RNAs are produced and how the RNAi machinery participates in the formation and function of heterochromatin.
A validated method for the detection of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in oral fluid samples by liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry

A quantitative liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-quadrupole-time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) method for simultaneous determination of Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and 11-nor-9-carboxy-Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH) in oral fluid samples was developed and fully validated. The analytes were isolated from the oral fluid by classic liquid-liquid extraction. The two compounds were separated in 9.5 min with a total analysis time of 19 min. The linear dynamic range was established from 0.1 to 100 ng/mL for THC and 0.5-100 ng/mL for the THC-COOH. The method had a good intra- and interassay accuracy and precision at each measured concentration. No matrix effects were observed for the analytes or the labeled internal standards. Accurate mass measurement was achieved to +/- 5 ppm. The sensitivity of the method results from a combination of unique chromatographic retention time, the use of MS-MS, and the "exact mass" measurement of the target ions by a TOF analysis. The method was successfully applied to two types of oral fluid samples. One type was collected from roadside driving-under-the-influence studies. The second was used to assess the recovery of the THC from an oral fluid collection device under laboratory conditions. Although the use of the TOF MS in the forensic and toxicology fields is not as widespread as the triple-quadrupole technology, it offers some significant analytical advantages that are demonstrated by this method.
Hypophagic Effects of Ammonium Are Greater When Infused with Propionate Compared with Acetate in Lactating Dairy Cows

The objective of this experiment was to determine interactions between hypophagic effects of propionate and ammonium in lactating dairy cows. Eight ruminally cannulated Holstein cows in mid-lactation were used in a duplicated 4 x 4 Latin square design experiment with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Factors evaluated were type of volatile fatty acid (VFA; acetate vs. propionate) and type of salt (sodium vs. ammonium). Treatment solutions were infused continuously into the rumen at a rate of 16.7 mmol of VFA salts/min starting 2 h before feeding and ending 12 h after feeding. Hypophagic effects of ammonium were significantly greater for cows infused with propionate (4.3 vs. 12.1 kg/12 h; SEM = 1.3) compared with acetate (13.5 vs. 15.3 kg/12 h; SEM = 1.3; interaction P < 0.01). This interaction was attributed to a greater reduction in meal frequency for ammonium treatment compared with sodium treatment when infused with propionate (3.9 vs. 7.2/12 h; SEM = 0.8) compared with acetate (6.6 vs. 7.0/12 h; SEM = 0.8), indicating that infusion of ammonium propionate reduced hunger. Meal size was decreased by infusion of propionate compared with acetate, but was not affected by ammonium compared with sodium, indicating that ammonium did not affect satiety. Mechanisms to explain the interactions between ammonium and propionate on meal frequency and feed intake warrant further investigation.
Identifying Judicial Empathy: Does Having Daughters Cause Judges to Rule for Women's Issues?

In this article, we consider whether personal relationships can affect the way that judges decide cases. To do so, we leverage the natural experiment of a child’s gender to identify the effect of having daughters on the votes of judges. Using new data on thefamilylivesofU.S.CourtsofAppealsjudges,wefindthat,conditionalonthenumberofchildrenajudgehas,judgeswith daughtersconsistentlyvoteinamorefeministfashionongenderissuesthanjudgeswhohaveonlysons.Thisresultsurvivesa number of robustness tests and appears to be driven primarily by Republican judges. More broadly, this result demonstrates that personal experiences influence how judges make decisions, and this is the first article to show that empathy may indeed be a component in how judges decide cases.
Field Independence-Dependence and the Teaching of Grammar.

The cognitive style of field independence (the tendency to differentiate objects from their surroundings) has been shown in a number of studies to be related to success in second language classrooms in which deductive teaching dominates. The purpose of the study reported in this article was to discover whether less rule-oriented teaching might prove more beneficial for field-dependent students. A pretest/post-test design was used to compare the effectiveness of two ESL lessons on participle formation for subjects at various points along the field independent/dependent continuum. One lesson was based on a traditional deductive approach; the other provided no rules but directed attention to many examples of participles in context. A regression analysis showed a significant interaction between field independence and lesson, with field-independent subjects performing better with the deductive lesson and fielddependent subjects better with the example lesson. Examination of individual items on pre- and post-tests provided evidence that the majority of subjects in both lessons had engaged in step-by-step rule building. Implications for teaching and further research are discussed. The interest of both teachers and researchers in the field of second language learning has increasingly focused on the learner--including the strategies which an individual uses in learning and communicating and the individual differences that may affect both strategy use and success. One learner characteristic that appears to be related to a number of second language performance measures is the cognitive style of field independence. The field independence/dependence continuum is described by Messick (1976:14) as follows:
The promoter region of the yeast KAR2 (BiP) gene contains a regulatory domain that responds to the presence of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of eukaryotic cells contains an abundant 78,000-Da protein (BiP) that is involved in the translocation, folding, and assembly of secretory and transmembrane proteins. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, as in mammalian cells, BiP mRNA is synthesized at a high basal rate and is further induced by the presence of increased amounts of unfolded proteins in the ER. However, unlike mammalian BiP, yeast BiP is also induced severalfold by heat shock, albeit in a transient fashion. To identify the regulatory sequences that respond to these stimuli in the yeast KAR2 gene that encodes BiP, we have cloned a 1.3-kb segment of DNA from the region upstream of the sequences coding for BiP and fused it to a reporter gene, the Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase gene. Analysis of a series of progressive 5' truncations as well as internal deletions of the upstream sequence showed that the information required for accurate transcriptional regulation of the KAR2 gene in S. cerevisiae is contained within a approximately 230-bp XhoI-DraI fragment (nucleotides -245 to -9) and that this fragment contains at least two cis-acting elements, one (heat shock element [HSE]) responding to heat shock and the other (unfolded protein response element [UPR]) responding to the presence of unfolded proteins in the ER. The HSE and UPR elements are functionally independent of each other but work additively for maximum induction of the yeast KAR2 gene. Lying between these two elements is a GC-rich region that is similar in sequence to the consensus element for binding of the mammalian transcription factor Sp1 and that is involved in the basal expression of the KAR2 gene. Finally, we provide evidence suggesting that yeast cells monitor the concentration of free BiP in the ER and adjust the level of transcription of the KAR2 gene accordingly; this effect is mediated via the UPR element in the KAR2 promoter.
PROGRESSIVES, PATTERNS, AND PEDAGOGY: A CORPUS-DRIVEN APPROACH TO ENGLISH PROGRESSIVE FORMS, FUNCTIONS, CONTEXTS AND DIDACTICS

The 18th volume in the Studies in Corpus Linguistics series, this work is a welcome contribution to the fields of corpus linguistics and language teaching. The volume, based on Romer's dissertation, thoroughly describes the results of two related, corpus-driven studies that provide a detailed description of the progressive in natural use in addition to its use in so-called school English. The first study is a comparison of two spoken corpora of native-speaker British English (both conversation), whereas the second is an analysis of school English, a corpus of conversational English appearing in two English as a foreign language textbook series used in Germany. The beginning chapters (2 and 3) provide the theoretical rationale, followed by the methods and results (4–6), and the final chapters (7 and 8) conclude the volume with pedagogical implications and general conclusions
Diapause Traits of Melanoplus sanguinipes and Melanoplus borealis (Orthoptera: Acrididae)

Abstract A thorough understanding of diapause development in insects is needed for prediction of population responses to climate change, for realistic simulation models, and for effective pest management. In Melanoplus sanguinipes F. and Melanoplus borealis (Fieber) (Orthoptera: Acrididae), diapause typically occurs in embryos at a late stage of development. Experiments were conducted to compare diapause traits in two populations of M. sanguinipes, one from Alaska and one from Idaho, and also in a population of M. borealis from Alaska. Respiration was measured at different stages of embryonic development. As the embryos entered diapause, respiration rates declined over a period of 4–8 d to levels ≈70% lower than peak rates of prediapause, late stage embryos, in all populations. In the Idaho population, subjecting prediapause embryos to a cold treatment (5°C) caused the embryo to avert diapause: respiration in these embryos continued to increase after chilling as the embryo developed directly to hatching. ...
Surgical Residents' Perceptions of 2011 Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education Duty Hour Regulations

Importance In 2010, the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) proposed increased regulation of work hours and supervision for residents. New Common Program requirements that took effect in July 2011 dramatically changed the customary 24-hour in-house call schedule. Surgical residents are more likely to be affected by these duty hour restrictions. Objective To examine surgical residents' views of the 2011 ACGME Common Program requirements after implementation in July 2011. Design A 20-question electronic survey was administered 6 months after implementation of 2011 ACGME regulations to 123 participating institutions. Setting ACGME-accredited teaching hospitals in the United States and US territories. Participants The total sample was 1013 voluntarily participating residents in general surgery and surgical specialties at ACGME-accredited institutions. Main Outcomes and Measures Residents' perceptions of changes in education, patient care, and quality of life after institution of 2011 ACGME duty hour regulations and their compliance with these rules. Results A subset of 1013 residents training in general surgery or a surgical subspecialty was identified from a demographically representative sample of 6202 survey respondents. Most surgical residents indicated that education (55.1%), preparation for senior roles (68.4%), and work schedules (50.7%) are worse after implementation of the 2011 regulations. They reported no change in supervision (80.8%), safety of patient care (53.4%), or amount of rest (57.8%). Although quality of life is perceived as better for interns (61.9%), most residents believe that it is worse for senior residents (54.4%). A majority report increased handoffs (78.2%) and a shift of junior-level responsibilities to senior residents (68.7%). Finally, many residents report noncompliance (67.6%) and duty hour falsification (62.1%). Conclusions and Relevance A majority of surgical residents disapprove of 2011 ACGME Common Program requirements (65.9%). The proposed benefits of the increased duty hour restrictions—improved education, patient care, and quality of life—have ostensibly not borne out in surgical training. It may be difficult for residents, particularly in surgical fields, to learn and care for patients under the 2011 ACGME regulations.
Selective utilization of serum vitamin A for visual pigment synthesis

Summary Two groups of goldfish (Carassius auratus) were subjected to light and temperature conditions known to promote a contrast in their scotopic visual pigment compositions. After 3 weeks, the porphyropsin/rhodopsin ratio in the neuroretina of these goldfish ranged from 99 % porphyropsin in one group to 59 % in the other. Samples of blood, liver and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) were also removed from these animals and analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for vitamin A composition. There was consistently more vitamin A2 than vitamin Aj (over 50 % vitamin A2) in both vitamin A alcohol and vitamin A esters extracted from the liver and the RPE. In contrast, only 30% of all vitamin A extracted from the blood was vitamin A2. These observations suggest that it is mainly vitamin Ki that is transported in the blood, whereas vitamin A2 is selectively retained in the liver and in the RPE and used to form porphyropsin in the eye.
Optical dark field and electron energy loss imaging and spectroscopy of symmetry-forbidden modes in loaded nanogap antennas (Presentation Recording)

Theoretical work has identified a new type of hybrid nanoresonator akin to a loaded-gap antenna, wherein the gap between two collinearly aligned metal nanorods is filled with active dielectric material. The gap optical load has a profound impact on resonances supported by such a “nanogap” antenna, and thus provides opportunity for (i) active modulation of the antenna resonance and (ii) delivery of substantial energy to the gap material. To this end, we have (i) used a bottom-up technique to fabricate nanogap antennas (Au/CdS/Au); (ii) characterized the optical modes of individual antennas with polarization- and wavevector-controlled dark-field microscopy; (iii) mapped the spatial profiles of the dominant modes with electron energy loss spectroscopy and imaging; and (iv) utilized full-wave finite-difference time-domain simulations to reveal the nanoscopic origin of the radiating modes supported on such nanogap antennas. In addition to conventional transverse and longitudinal resonances, these loaded nanogap antennas support a unique symmetry-forbidden gap-localized transverse mode arising from the splitting of degenerate transverse modes located on the two gap faces. This previously unobserved mode is strong (E2 enhanced ~20), tightly localized in the nanoscopic (~30 nm separation) gap region, and is shown to red-shift with decreased gap size and increased gap dielectric constant. In fact, the mode is highly suppressed in air-gapped structures which may explain its absence from the literature to date. Understanding the complex modal structure supported on hybrid nanosystems is necessary to enable the multi-functional components many seek.
Identification of a 102 kDa protein (cytocentrin) immunologically related to keratin 19, which is a cytoplasmically derived component of the mitotic spindle pole

The mAb RK7, previously shown to recognize keratin 19, was also found to cross-react with a biologically unrelated 102 kDa protein, which becomes associated with the poles of the mitotic apparatus. This newly identified protein, called cytocentrin, is a stable cellular component, may be at least in part phosphorylated, and displays a cell cycle-dependent cellular localization. In interphase cells, it is diffusely distributed in the cytosol and shows no affinity for cytoplasmic microtubules. It becomes localized to the centrosome in early prophase, prior to nuclear envelope breakdown, separation of replicated centrosomes, and nucleation of mitotic apparatus microtubules. During metaphase, cytocentrin is located predominately at the mitotic poles, often appearing as an aggregate of small globular sub-components; it also associates with some polar microtubules. In late anaphase/early telophase cytocentrin dissociates entirely from the mitotic apparatus and becomes temporarily localized with microtubules in the midbody, from which it disappears by late telophase. In taxol-treated cells cytocentrin was associated with the center of the miniasters but also showed affinity for some cytoplasmic microtubules. Studies employing G2-synchronized cells and nocodazole demonstrated that cytocentrin can become associated with mitotic centrosomes independently of tubulin polymerization and that microtubules regrow from antigen-containing foci. We interpret these results to suggest that cytocentrin is a cytoplasmic protein that becomes specifically activated or modified at the onset of mitosis so that it can affiliate with the mitotic poles where it may provide a link between the pericentriolar material and other components of the mitotic apparatus.
The Multiplier as Matrix

The great attraction of the Keynesian system is its simplicity, which is, at the same time, its danger and its limitation. I propose to indicate how we may relax its cruder aggregative aspects without too hopelessly complicating matters. To accomplish this step we naturally turn to the Leontief matrix as an adequately simple representation of general equilibrium. Yet it is generically different from the Keynesian system by being homogeneous, i.e. the proportions are unique, but the scale of the whole system may be any multiple of the correct proportions. Only a small change is required to transform the one into the other, but it is just this small change which is necessary to study the short run generation and propagation of income.
HCloud: Resource-Efficient Provisioning in Shared Cloud Systems

Cloud computing promises flexibility and high performance for users and cost efficiency for operators. To achieve this, cloud providers offer instances of different sizes, both as long-term reservations and short-term, on-demand allocations. Unfortunately, determining the best provisioning strategy is a complex, multi-dimensional problem that depends on the load fluctuation and duration of incoming jobs, and the performance unpredictability and cost of resources. We first compare the two main provisioning strategies (reserved and on-demand resources) on Google Compute Engine (GCE) using three representative workload scenarios with batch and latency-critical applications. We show that either approach is suboptimal for performance or cost. We then present HCloud, a hybrid provisioning system that uses both reserved and on-demand resources. HCloud determines which jobs should be mapped to reserved versus on-demand resources based on overall load, and resource unpredictability. It also determines the optimal instance size an application needs to satisfy its Quality of Service (QoS) constraints. We demonstrate that hybrid configurations improve performance by 2.1x compared to fully on-demand provisioning, and reduce cost by 46% compared to fully reserved systems. We also show that hybrid strategies are robust to variation in system and job parameters, such as cost and system load.
A GEOGRAPHIC PERSPECTIVE ON THE ECOLOGY OF COMPOUND LEAVES.

Few investigators have written on the adaptive significance of compound leaves. Leaflets of compound leaves have often been considered functionally equivalent to simple leaves (e.g., Parkhurst and Loucks, 1972); compound leaves have also been compared to lobed leaves (Vogel, 1970) in that the leaf dissection of both presumably increases the rate of convective cooling, in comparison with large, unlobed leaves (Taylor, 1975; Givnish and Vermeij, 1976). Small leaf blades might also allow flexibility of leaf position in a multilayered canopy without complete shading (Horn, 1971). However, Givnish (1978) points out that the leaflets of compoundleaved species are not necessarily smaller than the leaves of simple-leaved species, and that small leaves and compound leaves are found in somewhat different habitats. He proposes two principal advantages for compound leaves: (1) By dropping the rachises as well as the leaves during dry periods (or effectively dry periods, such as north temperate winters), compound-leaved plants may be minimizing water loss during these periods of dormancy. (2) By producing rachises, which serve as inexpensive, temporary lateral branches, plants of successional or gap phase sites do not invest a lot of energy in organs which will be shaded as they and their neighbors grow; in this way they increase their rate of vertical growth. We have undertaken a statistical analysis of the North American distribution patterns of compoundleaved plants in relation to climate, in an effort to better understand the adaptive significance of compound leaves.