cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Kafka’s The Trial, Psychoanalysis, and the Administered Society

Analyses of Kafka’s The Trial often read the text as an existentialist work, arguing that the novel metaphorizes the absurdity of a modern world where God no longer exists. However, I agree with Slavoj Žižek, who posits that such a modernist reading ignores what is most vital in Kafka’s text—that the absence of God is “always already filled by an inert, obscene, revolting presence” (2009: 146). I argue that this “revolting presence” for Josef K is the presence of the Court; The Trial describes the subject within a society organized by the symbolic order, the big Other, the symbolic network of rules regulating our lives and structuring our reality. For this reason, I read The Trial as pointing the way toward critical postmodernism. But a strictly postmodernist reading of The Trial cannot work without the Lacanian intervention of the split subject. Readings of The Trial based solely on the framework of Foucault’s power/knowledge theory, without a consideration of Lacanian subject formation, are incomplete. Foucault posits that individuals only become subjects via discourse, becoming subjects either through interpellation or via relationship to power. This begs the question, how does an individual become the desiring subject? How does a defendant such as Josef K. come to accept the power of the Court? I answer these questions by applying a necessary psychoanalytic intervention to Foucauldian readings of The Trial, interpreting the text as the narration of Josef K.’s unconscious experience as a split subject in relation to the big Other.
RETRO: Reintroducing Tests for Improved Reverse Order Fault Simulation

Reverse order fault simulation and its variations provide a test compaction option with a low computational effort that is applicable even when test constraints or complex fault models preclude the application of other conventional test compaction procedures. This is the scenario considered in this brief. Reverse order fault simulation procedures remove unnecessary tests from a test set without otherwise modifying it. Reverse order fault simulation is typically applied once after the complete test set has been generated. This brief observes that when other test compaction procedures are not applied, forward-looking reverse order fault simulation sometimes yields a smaller test set if it is applied more often during the test generation process. However, applying it more often also increases the computational effort. This brief explains this phenomenon and describes a procedure that uses the new insights to improve the ability of forward-looking reverse order fault simulation to achieve test compaction at a reduced computational effort. The experimental results for benchmark circuits are presented to support the discussion.
Factors Affecting Loss in Durability in Prestressed-Concrete Girders with Microcracking

Abstract Early-age unexplained cracking in concrete structures is always a concern, as this signals the occurrence of uncontrolled volumetric changes. A study to investigate the effects of early-ag...
Relief, Recovery, Reform: A Retrospective on the US Policy Responses to the Great Recession

The Great Recession presented the US with economic and political challenges that had not been experienced since the time of the Great Depression. This article provides a retrospective on the government’s response to the crisis ten years after the enactment of the Dodd-Frank Act, as the country is heading into its next presidential election in the midst of yet another downturn, this time fueled by the COVID-19 pandemic.
Polish Theatre in the Time of War (1939–1945). Fight—Will to Survive—Losses—Legacy

During World War II Polish theatre people took an active part in the fight with both Germany and the Soviet Union. Several of them fought with a weapon inhand as officers and soldiers of Polish armies in the September 1939 campaign, later as combatants of the Home Army (AK), and also within Polish armed forces fighting abroad. Many more fought with a weapon of the word. While boycotting German sponsored stages in the General Government, they created the whole network of small underground theatre groups. Two major centers of this activity were Warsaw, where the Clandestine Theatre Council (Bohdan Korzeniewski, Leon Schiller, Edmund Wiercinski and others) organized and sponsored underground theatre productions and acting studios, and Krakow with The Rhapsodic Theatre (led by Mieczyslaw Kotlarczyk), The Independent Theatre (led by Tadeusz Kantor), and a circle of artists and apprentices gathered around Juliusz Osterwa, who frequently gave one-man shows. Productions were also prepared in German oflags and concentration camps. The great actor Stefan Jaracz performed for fellow inmates in Auschwitz, Zofia Rysiowna in Ravensbruck, and Roman Niewiarowicz in Dachau. Such productions were recorded also in Soviet camps (gulag system). Soldier theatres were organized at the Gen. Anders Second Corp, then also at the Polish forces underSoviet command. Losses of Polish theatre due to the war were staggering. In terms of material losses, The National Theatre in Warsaw was bombed by the Lufwaffe on September 19, 1939, and eventually Poland lost about 70% of theatre buildings standing in August 1939, plus their libraries, sets and costumes magazines, etc. In terms of human losses, about 300 theatre professionals died (out of about 2000 in 1939). Some were killed in military actions, some murdered in either German or Soviet camps. The losses in the spiritual domain were uncountable. Theatre artistswere deprived of the possibility to perform, thus executing their profession and vocation. Theatre spectators were left without their artistic nourishment. The struggles, sacrifices, and deeds of the war-time Polish theatre had a profound influence on the history of Polish theatre of the second half of the 20th century. They were not only an important element of the nation’s war-effort, but—indirectly— contributed to the restoration of Poland’s freedom at the end of the 20th century.
Computer-based simulation to reduce EHR-related chemotherapy ordering errors.

Background The electronic health record (EHR) is a contributor to serious patient harm occurring within a sociotechnical system. Chemotherapy ordering is a high-risk task due to the complex nature of ordering workflows and potential detrimental effects if wrong chemotherapeutic doses are administered. Many chemotherapy ordering errors cannot be mitigated through systems-based changes due to the limited extent to which individual institutions are able to customize proprietary EHR software. We hypothesized that simulation-based training could improve providers' ability to identify and mitigate common chemotherapy ordering errors. Methods Pediatric hematology/oncology providers voluntarily participated in simulations using an EHR testing ("Playground") environment. The number of safety risks identified and mitigated by each provider at baseline was recorded. Risks were reviewed one-on-one after initial simulations and at a group "lunch-and-learn" session. At three-month follow-up, repeat simulations assessed for improvements in error identification and mitigation, and providers were surveyed about prevention of real-life safety events. Results The 8 participating providers identified and mitigated an average of 5.5 out of 10 safety risks during the initial simulation, compared 7.4 safety risks at the follow up simulation (p=0.030). Two of the providers (25%) reported preventing at least one real-world patient safety event in the clinical setting as a result of the initial training session. Conclusions Simulation-based training may reduce providers' susceptibility to chemotherapy ordering safety vulnerabilities within the EHR. This approach may be used when systems-based EHR improvements are not feasible due to limited ability to customize local instances of proprietary EHR software.
Impact of homologous recombination on core genome phylogenies

Core genome phylogenies are widely used to build the evolutionary history of individual prokaryote species. By using hundreds or thousands of shared genes, these approaches are the gold standard to reconstruct the relationships of large sets of strains. However, there is growing evidence that bacterial strains exchange DNA through homologous recombination at rates that vary widely across prokaryote species, indicating that core genome phylogenies might not be able to reconstruct true phylogenies when recombination rate is high. Few attempts have been made to evaluate the robustness of core genome phylogenies to recombination, but some analyses suggest that reconstructed trees are not always accurate. In this study, we tested the robustness of core genome phylogenies to various levels of recombination rates. By analyzing simulated and empirical data, we observed that core genome phylogenies are relatively robust to recombination rates; nevertheless, our results suggest that many reconstructed trees are not completely accurate even when bootstrap supports are high. We found that some core genome phylogenies are highly robust to recombination whereas others are strongly impacted by it, and we identified that the robustness of core genome phylogenies to recombination is highly linked to the levels of selective pressures acting on a species. Stronger selective pressures lead to less accurate tree reconstructions, presumably because selective pressures more strongly bias the routes of DNA transfers, thereby causing phylogenetic artifacts. Overall, these results have important implications for the application of core genome phylogenies in prokaryotes.
The spatial distribution of American black bear–human interactions in Virginia, USA

American black bear (Ursus americanus; hereafter, black bear) populations in Virginia, USA, have been recovering from near extirpation for the past century. The expansion of both human and bear populations has coincided with an increase in human–black bear interactions. Mitigating human–black bear problems is a management priority of the Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries. Although the number of reported interactions has increased, no formal analysis of the spatial distribution of these interactions has been completed for Virginia. To address this gap, we assessed the role of ecological and anthropogenic variables in explaining the spatial distribution of human–black bear interactions in Virginia, at both county- and individual interaction point-scales, from 2008 to 2015. The results of these analyses indicate that landscape features representing the interface of potentially suitable black bear habitat and human development combine to increase risk of human–black bear interactions. Point locations with the highest probability of a black bear interaction had intermediate housing densities (300–600 houses/km2) and forest covered a large percentage of the surrounding landscape. At the county scale, interactions were predicted to be above average when the county exceeded roughly 67.7% forest, 27.2% agricultural cover, and 10.3% developed land. These results, combined with our generated high-resolution map of predicted relative risk, can be used to help target the strategic implementation of management actions aimed at reducing negative human–black bear interactions in Virginia, as well as throughout the Mid-Atlantic region.
Thawing frozen capital markets and backdoor bailouts: Evidence from the Fed's liquidity programs

Abstract During the subprime crisis, the Federal Reserve introduced several emergency liquidity programs as supplements to the discount window (DW): TAF, PDCF, and TSLF. Using data on loans to large commercial banks and primary dealers, we find that the programs were used by relatively few institutions and thus provided limited relief to banks that relied on short-term debt markets. Although usage increased after Lehman's bankruptcy, most commercial banks avoided the DW and TAF. We also find that the programs were more often used by failed European banks than by healthy US banks, likely because these loans are expensive relative to private market funds. Our results also show that usage of PDCF and TSLF programs, while higher, was more often used by primary dealers in weaker financial position.
Acute on Chronic Theophylline Toxicity in an Elderly Patient.

Theophylline toxicity has become rare in the 21st century, as the drug has fallen out of favor due to serious life-threatening adverse events, narrow therapeutic window and readily available therapeutic alternatives. The wide array of clinical symptoms related to theophylline toxicity makes this diagnosis challenging for the treating physician. We report a case of an elderly gentleman who presented with respiratory failure and seizures due to severe theophylline toxicity.
An Analog Echocardiogram for Estimating Ventricular Stroke Volume

A multiple range-gated echocardiographic signal processor has been developed for the purpose of converting the complex ultrasonic image of the left ventricular anterior and posterior wall boundaries to equivalent analog signals as a means of estimating stroke volume and computing cardiac output.
Soft Law and the Global Financial System: Rule Making in the 21st Century

1. The perils of global finance 2. Territoriality and financial statecraft 3. The architecture of international financial law 4. A compliance-based theory of international financial law 5. How legitimate is international financial law? 6. Soft law and the global financial crisis 7. The future of international financial law.
Educating for the World View: A Primer on the Role of U.S. Law Schools

A nation's welfare depends in large measure on the intellectual and psychological strengths that are derived from perceptive visions of the world beyond its own boundaries. On a planet shrunken by the technology of instant communications, there is little safety behind a Maginot Line of scientific and scholarly isolationism. In our schools and colleges as well as in our public media of communications, and in the everyday dialogue of our communities, the situation cries out for a better comprehension of our place and potential in a world that, though it still expects much from America, no longer takes American supremacy for granted.
Motivational push factors for visiting reenactment sites

MOTIVATIONAL PUSH FACTORS FOR VISITING REENACTMENT SITES by Sutithee Guha In post-modern society, the diversity of travel markets is growing. Traditional forms of pleasure vacation and tourism are being expanded to include experienceoriented tourism. Visiting reenactment sites and engaging in reenactment activities are considered to be an expanding form of tourism. The purpose of this study was to determine the push factors that influence the decision to engage in reenactment type activities. This thesis examined Crompton's (1979) motivational push factors for tourism in the case of visiting reenactment sites and analyzed the influence of those push factors across demographic differences.
NUTS AND BOLTS: ESTATE PLANNING AND FAMILY LAW CONSIDERATIONS FOR SAME-SEX FAMILIES

Five years after the landmark decision of Goodridge v. Depart­ ment of Public Health 1 many questions remain open for lawyers, clients, governmental agencies, and courts about its ramifications. In the intertwined subject areas of family law and estate planning, it is particularly true that gray areas and questions abound, making it critical for practitioners to stay informed about changes in the law to identify and resolve any problems that may arise. When couples come through the office door to discuss adoption, the implications of marriage, prenuptial agreements, donor agreements, or domestic partner agreements, it is essential to remember that the protections they need go beyond the family law realm. A basic knowledge of estate planning is critical to educating and advising family law cli­ ents. Likewise, a basic understanding of family law is critical for the estate planner because the public policy underlying family law af­ fects estate planning. This Article goes back to the basics to consider foundational principles and statutes and how family law intersects with estate planning when the clients are same-sex couples. Part I addresses married couples and the estate planning basics these couples must consider. Part II addresses non-marital couples and what estate planning basics these couples must consider, though analyzing the surprising consistency of issues for same-sex couples regardless of
The Satellite Ionization Phenomenon

A number of observations are presented which show a close correlation between CW-reflected HF signals and passes of artificial earth satellites. The periodic (nonrandom) occurrence of the signal bursts and the symmetry of some burst sequences are indicative of satellite-related phenomena. The occurrence of a variety of satellite-related Doppler effects are described and several satellite ionization mechanisms are also discussed. The possible relation of the satellite phenomenon to prior solar activity is mentioned.
UV-induced enhancement of recombination among lambda bacteriophages in UV-sensitive host bacteria.

The UV enhancement of recombination among λ bacteriophages was studied in host bacteria that are defective in DNA repair and compared to that observed in wild type host strains. The following conclusions were drawn: 1. The UV enhancement of recombination is even greater in HCR− than in HCR+ host strains. The UV lesions that promote recombination are repaired by host cell reactivation with the same efficiency as are potentially lethal UV lesions. 2. The UV enhancement of λ recombination is the same in HCR+ host strains that are deficient in their own recombination as it is in the wild type hosts. 3. Very few lesions per phage particle are sufficient to stimulate the enhanced recombination. The UV-stimulated recombination occurs during the same time interval as host cell reactivation. 4. There is substantial multiplicity reactivation of UV lesions in λ. Similar numbers of recombination events neutralize similar numbers of UV lesions in HCR+ and HCR− hosts, but a much greater survival increase is observed in the latter.
IT as a Profession: Is Competent Creation the Primary Goal?

This article introduces four articles on the general theme of IT professionalism that make up this special issue. The authors also critique the assertion by J. Steib that "the primary goal of professionalism is competent creation." The authors conclude that although competent creation is an important part of IT professionalism, it isn't primary. Instead, the public good is to be primary for IT professionals.
Power/energy creative electric load management: New fools for the utilities include rate options, clock-actuated switches, radio control, and ripple control systems

New tools for the utilities include rate options, clock-actuated switches, radio control, and ripple control systems.
Interactive sketch generation

In this paper, we propose an interactive system for generating artistic sketches from images, based on the stylized multiresolution B-spline curve model and the livewire contour tracing paradigm. Our multiresolution B-spline stroke model allows interactive and continuous control of style and shape of the stroke at any level of details. Especially, we introduce a novel mathematical paradigm called the wavelet frame to provide essential properties for multiresolution stroke editing, such as feature point preservation, locality, time-efficiency, good approximation, etc. The livewire stroke map construction leads the user-guided stroke to automatically lock on to the target contour, allowing fast and accurate sketch drawing. We classify the target contours as outlines and interior flow, and develop two respective livewire techniques based on extended graph formulation and vector flow field. Experimental results show that the proposed system facilitates quick and easy generation of artistic sketches of various styles.
Antisense oligonucleotides against protein kinase CK2‐α inhibit growth of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck in vitro

BACKGROUND Human squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck (SCCHN) overexpress the protein kinase CK2, and elevated CK2 activity correlates with aggressive tumor behavior and poor clinical outcome. We therefore investigated whether interference with CK2 expression would inhibit SCCHN cell growth in vitro. METHODS We targeted the catalytic (alpha) subunit of CK2 using an antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) strategy. Human Ca9-22 cells derived from SCCHN were transfected with CK2-alpha sense, nonsense, or antisense ODN; CK2 activity was measured; and the effect on CK2 activity and on cell growth was determined. RESULTS Transfection of Ca9-22 cells with antisense CK2-alpha ODN resulted in significantly decreased CK2 kinase activity associated with nuclear chromatin and in dose-dependent growth inhibition of Ca9-22 cells in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Interference with the protein kinase CK2 signal in SCCHN cells may offer a novel anticancer strategy for this malignancy.
Comparison of in vivo bioavailability of progestational agents into the rat uterus and liver and the effect of plasma protein binding

The in vivo bioavailabilities of three clinically available progestational agents were evaluated with a previously described rat model. With this model a single-injection, double-isotope technique was performed to calculate and compare the unidirectional extractions of progesterone, 19-nortestosterone, and medroxyprogesterone acetate into the rat uterus and liver. To assess the role of plasma protein binding in the extraction of these agents, steroids were presented in four different vehicles: (1) Ringer's solution, 0.1% bovine serum albumin; (2) Ringer's solution, 4% bovine serum albumin; (3) Ringer's solution, 0.8 mg/ml, α 1 -acid glycoprotein; (4) human pregnancy serum. The results revealed that liver extraction always exceeded uterine extraction for each progestin, regardless of the vehicle, and that liver extraction was approximately 100% for all steroids. With regard to the uterus, when binding proteins were not present in the injectate, the extraction of the three steroids was similar; the uterine vasculature was relatively permeable to these progestins, and bovine serum albumin and α 1 -acid glycoprotein had no major effect on the uptake into the uterus. However, when human pregnancy serum was in the injectate, the extractions of progesterone and 19-nortestosterone into the rat uterus were significantly diminished. In contrast, pregnancy serum had no effect on the uptake of medroxyprogesterone acetate into the uterus, with the extraction equal to that of Ringer's solution alone. This suggests that, regardless of potential binding proteins, medroxyprogesterone acetate displays greater bioavailability than that of the other progestogens studied.
Accuracy in detecting truths and lies: Documenting the “veracity effect”

Deception research has consistently shown that accuracy rates tend to be just over fifty percent when accuracy rates are averaged across truthful and deceptive messages and when an equal number of truths and lies are judged. Breaking accuracy rates down by truths and lies, however, leads to a radically different conclusion. Across three studies, a large and consistent veracity effect was evident. Truths are most often correctly identified as honest, but errors predominate when lies are judged. Truth accuracy is substantially greater than chance, but the detection of lies was often significantly below chance. Also, consistent with the veracity effect, altering the truth‐lie base rate affected accuracy. Accuracy was a positive linear function of the ratio of truthful messages to total messages. The results show that this veracity effect stems from a truth‐bias, and suggest that the single best predictor of detection accuracy may be the veracity of message being judged. The internal consistency and paralleli...
GLAST: The Gamma-ray Large Area Space Telescope

Initiated by the spectacular successes of the Energetic Gamma Ray Experiment Telescope (EGRET) aboard the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory, the Gamma ray Large Area Space Telescope (GLAST) collaboration has been developing a next generation, high-energy gamma ray experiment. The goal of the GLAST mission is to image photons with sufficient angular resolution for unique, point source identification in the energy range of 10 MeV to greater than 100 GeV with good energy resolution and with a large field of view. Operating as a pair-conversion telescope, GLAST will use silicon microstrip detectors interspersed with thin layers of high-Z material to form an upper, tracker section which will be followed by a 10 radiation length deep, segmented calorimeter. The large area required to achieve the desired sensitivity and the development of ultralow-power electronics has led to a baseline configuration employing over 87m2 of silicon microstrip detectors with approximately 1.3×106 channels. The GLAST instrument will operate with the tracker and the calorimeter acquiring data asynchronously and semi-independently, thus self-triggering on events as they occur.
7 PUBERTAL DEVELOPMENT IN ADOLESCENT FEMALES: A MARKER FOR EARLY SEXUAL DEBUT

Puberty is viewed as having a significant impact on the psychosocial development and behavior of adolescent females. To evaluate the association of the timing of puberty and adolescent psychosexual behavior, we investigated the relationship of the following variables: age of menarche, age at sexual debut (first intercourse) and prevalence of endbcervical Chlamydia trachomatis infection (CT+) in a University teen clinic population. 98 sexually active subjects (Ss) were studied including a complete gynecological examination. Mean age of Ss was 16.8 years (SD=1.8; R=13–21). Race/ethnic distribution was 31.6% white, 36.7% black, 12.2% hispanic, 8.2%asian, and 11.2% other. Mean age of menarche was 12.4 (SD=1.4, R=9–17). Mean age at sexual debut was 14.7 (SD=1.8, R=11–19). Ss had 3.7 mean number of lifetime partners (SD=4.1, R=1-20). Adolescents who had completion of puberty (menarche before 12.9 y.o.) had an earlier onset of sexual activity (Pearson R=.48, p<.001). Endocervical CT+ cultures were associated with females with an earlier sexual debut (CT+ X debut=13.8 years, sd=1.2, CT- X debut=14.9 years, sd=1.9, t=3.35, p=.002). Early sexual debut is associated with earlier menarche and endocervical Chlamydia trachomatis. These results suggest that physiologic age may be an important factor in the prediction of adolescent females who are at risk for morbidity associated with sexual activity.
Economic Shocks and Democratic Vulnerabilities in Latin America and the Caribbean

Historical evidence suggests that bad economic times often mean bad times for democracy, but prior research has given us little guidance on how this process may work. What economic conditions are most threatening, and how might they weaken consolidating democracies? This article uses the AmericasBarometer conducted by the Latin American Public Opinion Project (LAPOP) to answer these questions by focusing on core attitudes for the consolidation of democracy. We use survey data at the level of the individual and economic data at the country level to help detect democratic vulnerabilities in Latin America and the Caribbean. The study finds that conditions of low levels of economic development, low economic growth, and high levels of income inequality increase those vulnerabilities substantially, but the effects are not uniform across individuals. Some groups, especially the young and the poor, are particularly vulnerable to some antidemocratic appeals.
Oxidation of vanadium IV by cytochrome c oxidase: evidence for a terminal copper pathway.

Summary Both the positive vanadyl and negative vanadite ions are oxidized by mitochondria or purified cytochrome c oxidase. The oxidation does not require cytochrome c and is not inhibited by the cytochrome c antagonist polylysine. Oxidation rates for vanadyl compare well with rates for cytochrome c oxidation. Since the oxidation is not inhibited by azide, cyanide and carbon monoxide it does not appear to be catalyzed by the cytochrome a3 pathway. Inhibition by diphenylthiocarbazone and salicylaldoxime indicate that one of the copper sites in cytochrome oxidase can be the site of oxidation.
Evidence for altered cerebellar vermis neuronal integrity in schizophrenia

To determine if there was evidence for altered neuronal integrity in the cerebellar vermis of patients with schizophrenia, the authors measured N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA, a putative neuronal/axonal marker) using in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (1H-MRSI) in 20 chronically medicated male patients with schizophrenia and 15 male comparison subjects. Relative contributions of cerebrospinal fluid, gray matter, and white matter to each MRSI voxel were determined using an MRI tissue segmentation technique. The percentage of tissue was used as a co-variate to determine the extent to which tissue composition contributed to NAA differences. Schizophrenic patients showed significantly decreased NAA and creatine in the anterior cerebellar vermis, independent of differences in voxel tissue composition. Cerebellar NAA levels in control subjects were also significantly correlated with the amount of cerebellar gray matter enclosed in the MRSI voxels, but not in the schizophrenic group. There was no association between cerebellar NAA measures and duration of illness or neuroleptic dose in chlorpromazine equivalents. Reduced NAA in the anterior cerebellar vermis of male patients with schizophrenia supports the hypothesis that cerebellar dysfunction contributes to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Furthermore, the lack of a significant correlation between NAA and the amount of cerebellar gray matter in MRSI voxels in the schizophrenic group suggests that NAA levels in both cerebellar gray and white matter are similar in schizophrenic patients, and are presumed to be the result of reduced NAA concentration in the cerebellar gray matter.
Theory of the hydrogen interstitial impurity in germanium

The self-consistent pseudopotential method is used to study the electronic structure of the hydrogen interstitial impurity in Ge. The impurity is considered to be at the site of tetrahedral symmetry and strong intra-atomic correlation effects are included. It is found that a singly occupied H-$1s$ deep donor state exists, a result consistent with positive muon spin rotation (${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}\mathrm{SR}$) experiments. This state lies at least 1 eV, and perhaps as much as 6 eV, below the Ge valence-band maximum. An examination of the charge density suggests only a small tendency of H to bond with the neighboring Ge atoms. It is tentatively concluded that this deep donor state is the one probed by ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}\mathrm{SR}$ experiments but that H migrates to impurity- or defectrelated complexes or forms of molecular hydrogen rather than remaining as an isolated interstitial impurity.
Knowledge Revision Processes in Refutation Texts

In the present set of experiments, we systematically examined the processes that occur while reading texts designed to refute and explain commonsense beliefs that reside in readers' long-term memory. In Experiment 1 (n = 36), providing readers with a refutation-plus-explanation of a commonsense belief was sufficient to significantly reduce disruption during reading caused by the commonsense belief. In Experiment 2 (n = 36), the refutation alone reduced but did not eliminate the disruption during reading caused by the commonsense belief. However, in Experiment 3 (n = 36), the explanation alone was as effective as the refutation-plus-explanation in reducing disruption during reading. Finally, in Experiment 4 (n = 73), the refutation-plus-explanation manipulation not only reduced disruption during reading caused by the commonsense belief, it also produced long-term learning outcomes. Findings are discussed in the context of the Knowledge Revision Components framework.
Landslide surveillance: New tools for an old problem

Landslides are one of the most widespread geological hazards on Earth, responsible for hundreds of deaths and billions of dollars in property damage per year. Landslides commonly occur with other natural disasters (e.g., earthquakes, floods) and leave the landscape prone to sedimentation, erosion, and further mass wasting. Remote sensing, the Global Positioning System (GPS),and geographic information systems (GIS) are now mature technologies that can be used to monitor landslides and landslideprone areas with greater accuracy than could be accomplished previously with field reconnaissance alone.
Cord serum lipid and apolipoprotein levels in preterm infants with the neonatal respiratory distress syndrome.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of birth weight on cord serum lipid and apolipoprotein levels in preterm infants with and without respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). Methods: Cord serum lipid and apolipoprotein levels were evaluated in preterm infants (39 with RDS and 68 controls without RDS). Based on morbidity and mortality risk, RDS and non-RDS infants were separated into four birth weight groups (2000-2499 g, 1500-1999 g, 1000-1499 g, < 1000 g) and evaluated for effects of birth weight on cord serum levels. Results: RDS infants with birth weight of 2000-2499 g had significantly higher levels of cholesterol, triglyceride, total fatty acids and apolipoprotein A-I, but not arachidonic acid, than controls. RDS infants weighing 1000-1999 g had lower total fatty acids and apolipoprotein B levels, including arachidonic acid, than non-RDS infants. Cord serum lipid and apolipoprotein levels were significantly elevated in large (2000-2499 g) RDS infants, but lower levels were f...
REDUCTION OF BENZYLIDENEANILINE OVER SUPPORTED Pd CATALYSTS

In this work we have carried out a study on the liquid phase hydrogenation of benzylideneaniline, using dihydrogen over various supported Pd catalysts. Benzyl-ideneaniline reduction can be classified as insensitive to the catalyst structure. On the other hand, no compensating effect has been observed in performing the reaction over different supported Pd catalysts.
The relative crossmodal transfer of a form discrimination

In a three-variable factorial design, sets of eight random shapes of high, medium or low geometric complexity were paired with response labels. The stimuli were exposed for 12 sec or 5 sec. During training half the Ss received stimuli in the tactual modality, and the other half got visual stimuli. The groups switched modalities during recognition testing. The T-V sequence produced greater transfer than the V-T sequence.
Semigeostrophic Theory on the Hemisphere

Abstract This paper presents the combined isentropic and spherical geostrophic coordinate version of semigeostrophic theory. This is accomplished by first proposing a spherical coordinate generalization of the geostrophic momentum approximation and discussing its associated conservation principles for absolute angular momentum, total energy, potential vorticity and potential pseudodensity. We then show how the use of the spherical geostrophic coordinates allows the equations of the geostrophic momentum approximation to be written in a canonical form that makes ageostrophic advection implicit. This leads to a simple equation for the prediction of the potential pseudodensity. The potential pseudodensity can then be inverted to obtain the associated wind and mass fields. In this way the more general semigeostrophic theory retains the same simple mathematical structure as quasi-geostrophic theory—a single predictive equation which does not explicitly contain ageostrophic advection and an invertibility princip...
Synthesis and Characterization of New Truxenones for Nonlinear Optical Applications

The synthesis of several new truxenones and one tris(dicyanomethylene) derivative substituted by different amines at positions 4, 9, and 14 is reported. A complete characterization of the NLO properties of representative derivatives was carried out by hyper-Rayleigh scattering; the major electronic effects and the influence of the structural modifications on the NLO properties have been examined. Because of their C3 symmetry and their large first hyperpolarizability, the chiral versions of the tris(dicyanomethylene) truxene derivatives are of interest for second-order nonlinear optics in uniaxially aligned chiral media.
Development of loop-mediated isothermal amplification assays for rapid and easy detection of Coxiella Burnetii.

Q fever is an important worldwide zoonosis that is caused by infection with Coxiella burnetii. We have developed a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay to detect the presence of the transposase gene insertion element IS1111a of C. burnetii. The sensitivity of this LAMP assay is very similar to quantitative PCR (qPCR) method with a detection limit at 25 copies of the gene, the equivalent of about one C. burnetii organism. Several methods for the detection of LAMP product were also performed to show the diverse way of detection which may be used in different settings depending on the user's infrastructure and resource.
Treatment of childhood constipation by primary care physicians : Efficacy and predictors of outcome

Objective. Childhood constipation accounts for 3% of visits to general pediatric clinics and as many as 30% of visits to pediatric gastroenterologists. The majority of children who experience constipation and whose caregivers seek medical care are seen by primary care physicians such as pediatricians or family physicians. Little is known about how primary care physicians treat childhood constipation or the success of their treatments. With this study, we prospectively examined which treatments primary care physicians prescribe to children who present for the first time with constipation and how effective those treatments are. Methods. A total of 119 children who were between 2 and 7 years of age (mean: 44.1 ± 13.6 months) and presented to 26 different primary care physicians (15 pediatricians and 11 family physicians) for the treatment of constipation for the first time participated in this study. Parents completed daily diaries of their child9s bowel habits for 2 weeks before starting treatment recommended by their primary care physician and again 2 months after treatment. The prescribed treatment was identified by reviewing office records of the treating physicians. Results. After 2 months of treatment, 44 (37%) of 119 children remained constipated. In the majority (87%) of cases, physicians prescribed some form of laxative or stool softener. The most commonly prescribed laxatives were magnesium hydroxide (77%), senna syrup (23%), mineral oil (8%), and lactulose (8%). In nearly all cases, a specific fixed dose of laxative was recommended; in only 5% of cases were parents instructed clearly to adjust the dose of laxative up or down to get the desired effect. In approximately half of the cases, physicians recommended some sort of dietary intervention. Some form of behavioral intervention was mentioned in the office records of approximately one third of cases; however, in most cases, little detail was provided. In 45% of cases, physicians prescribed disimpaction using oral cathartics, enemas, or suppositories followed by daily laxatives. In 35% of cases, physicians prescribed daily laxatives without any disimpaction procedure. In the remainder, physicians prescribed only dietary changes (5%), the use of intermittent laxatives (9%), or no therapy (7%). Treatment success corresponded to how aggressively the child was treated. Specifically, children who underwent some form of colonic evacuation followed by daily laxative therapy were more likely to have responded to treatment than were those who were treated less aggressively. Conclusion. Primary care physicians tend to undertreat childhood constipation. After 2 months of treatment, nearly 40% of constipated children remain symptomatic.
Isolated paradoxical embolus to the right coronary artery.

Abstract Coronary arterial embolus is an uncommon form of occlusive coronary artery disease. Coronary emboli generally arise from within the heart (native or prosthetic aortic or mitral valves, left atrium, left ventricle, or intracardiac catheters or wires). The source of the coronary embolus is less often remote from the left heart — paradoxical. Frequent target sites of paradoxical emboli are extremities and cerebrum, much less frequently coronary, renal or splenic arteries. 1 We wish to place on record the rare occurrence of a paradoxical embolus that entered the systemic circulation through an interatrial defect, lodged in the right coronary artery, and caused a near fatal myocardial infarction.
Rectified Motion of Liquid Drops on Gradient Surfaces Induced by Vibration

When a liquid drop (1−2 μL) is placed on a surface possessing a continuous gradient of wettability, it moves toward the more wettable part of the gradient with typical speeds of 1−2 mm/s. This low speed arises because the driving force due to surface tension is reduced by contact angle hysteresis. The hysteresis force acting on a drop on a gradient surface is, however, spatially asymmetricits magnitude against the gradient being larger than that along the gradient. If a periodic force is applied to a drop resting on such a gradient surface, the force against the gradient is rectified whereas it is enhanced along the gradient. This half-wave rectification of periodic force causes 1−2 μL size drops to move with enhanced speeds of 5−10 mm/s.
Effect of ethanol and n-butanol on alloxan inhibition of glucose-induced insulin release in isolated pancreatic islets

Abstract The aliphatic alcohols, ethanol and n -butanol, were evaluated as protective agents against alloxan inhibition of insulin release in isolated rat pancreatic islets. Ethanol and n -butanol were ineffective in preventing alloxan inhibition of glucose-induced insulin release when present during the alloxan exposure, as well as during pretreatment conditions.
Projecting sensations to external objects: evidence from skin conductance response

Subjects perceived touch sensations as arising from a table (or a rubber hand) when both the table (or the rubber hand) and their own real hand were repeatedly tapped and stroked in synchrony with the real hand hidden from view. If the table or rubber hand was then 'injured', subjects displayed a strong skin conductance response (SCR) even though nothing was done to the real hand. Sensations could even be projected to anatomically impossible locations. The illusion was much less vivid, as indicated by subjective reports and SCR, if the real hand was simultaneously visible during stroking, or if the real hand was hidden but touched asynchronously. The fact that the illusion could be significantly diminished when the real hand was simultaneously visible suggests that the illusion and associated SCRs were due to perceptual assimilation of the table (or rubber hand) into one's body image rather than associative conditioning. These experiments demonstrate the malleability of body image and the brain's remarkable capacity for detecting statistical correlations in the sensory input.
The Si(111) 7 × 7 TO “1 × 1” transition☆

Abstract We have made a detailed study of the Si(111) 7 × 7 to “1 × 1” transition at 1140 K using low-energy electron diffraction. Excess diffuse scattering appears during the transition whose temperature dependence and magnitude are consistent with the loss of the 7th order superlattice intensities showing the transition is to a disordered surface phase rather than a true unreconstructed ×1. This strongly favors the class of models for the 7 × 7 selvedge involving an ordered arrangement of subunits like vacancies or adatoms rather than models with periodic distortion. The superlattice intensity shows the transition is continuous and reversible at least for temperatures below 0.995 T c . The critical exponent for the long-range order is β = 0.11 ± 0.015 similar to those for 2D Ising or Potts models. However, the system does not show the critical scattering properties expected for simple models. The relaxation time seems to diverge near T c but only for negative temperature increments.
Short‐Term Rapid Ventricular Pacing Prolongs Ventricular Refractoriness in Patients

Rapid Ventricular Rates Prolong VERP. Background: Traditional concepts suggest that ventricular refractoriness should gradually shorten during rapid pacing and gradually return to baseline after termination of pacing. Animal data, however, have shown that under certain circumstances sustained rapid ventricular rates can prolong refractoriness and action potential duration and, thereby, promote ventricular arrhythmias. Methods and Results: In humans we evaluated the effect of rapid pacing (cycle length 400 msec for 30 min from either the right ventricular apex IRVA, 13 patients] or high right atrium [HRA, II patients]) on the ventricular effective refractory period (VERP) as measured from the RVA, using the extrastimulus method (drive train 500 msec). A control group of seven patients had serial measurements of VERPs in the absence of pacing. For a given patient, all VERPs were measured at constant stimulus output (twice diastolic threshold) from the same ventricular site and at the same drive train cycle length. VERPs obtained immediately following rapid pacing did not differ from those at baseline (P = 0.46); however, VERPs obtained 15 minutes post pacing were prolonged compared with baseline VERPs (231 ± 20 msec vs 246 ± 23 msec. P < 0.0026). Pacing site has no impact on VERP prolongation. There was no effect of time on VERP in the absence of pacing. Conclusion: In contrast to traditional concepts of refractoriness, after the termination of sustained rapid ventricular rates, VERP prolonged. This phenomenon could help explain the observation of torsades de pointes in some patients after atrioventricular junction ablation or the administration of a Class IA antiarrhythmic agent to convert atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular response to sinus rhythm.
Interannual and regional variability in distribution and ecology of juvenile pollock and their prey in frontal structures of the Bering Sea

Abstract The distribution, size, length-specific weight, growth, and feeding of age-0 walleye pollock ( Theragra chalcogramma ) were examined along with their prey distribution patterns in two contrasting transects over a 4-year period (1994–1997) in relation to biophysical properties of frontal regions around the Pribilof Islands, Bering Sea. There were significant interannual differences in catch of age-0 pollock, but transect and habitat differences (inshore vs. front vs. offshore) were not significant for either catch or size of pollock. There were significant variations in length-specific weight and growth of pollock, but the trends were inconsistent. Copepods dominated the zooplankton biomass in all habitats and years; there were no consistent differences in the densities of the dominant zooplankton taxa among the habitats. There were, however, strong habitat and transect differences in juvenile pollock diet, particularly for the larger and presumably rarer prey taxa (euphausiids, chaetognaths, fish). We did not find any evidence that occupying a particular habitat was beneficial to young pollock, although other factors (e.g. bioenergetic advantage and predation refuge) that we did not examine here could have been more variable and critical to pollock survival. In a physically dynamic system such as the Pribilof Islands, age-0 pollock may need to continuously search for optimal conditions of high prey availability and low predation pressure.