cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Loss of the liver X receptor LXRα/β in peripheral sensory neurons modifies energy expenditure

The vagus nerves run from the brainstem to the heart and the digestive system and help to control several processes including digestion and heart rate. Because of their role in regulating food intake, these nerves are attractive targets for scientists hoping to develop treatments for obesity. There are two types of fat tissue found in mammals: white fat, which is used as an energy store and makes up most of the extra fat seen in obese individuals; and brown fat, which can generate body heat. The vagus nerves monitor fat and cholesterol levels in the body via receptor proteins that respond to messages sent from the fat tissues and the liver. Previous research unexpectedly found that mice genetically engineered to lack these receptor proteins—called LXRα and LXRβ—do not become obese even when fed a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet that would make normal mice gain excessive weight. Mansuy-Aubert et al. have now investigated in more detail why mice without these receptor proteins are resistant to obesity. When fed a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet, mice that lacked the LXRα and LXRβ receptors in sensory neurons had higher cholesterol levels in their nerve cells than normal mice on the same diet. Mice lacking these receptors also burned more energy and gained less weight than normal mice. Next, Mansuy-Aubert et al. examined fat tissue from both types of mice. This revealed that the heat-generating brown fat was more active in mice lacking the LXRα and LXRβ receptors. Some of the white fat in these mice had also become more like brown fat, allowing the mice to burn more energy and so gain less weight. In many Western countries, many people also eat a diet that is high in fat and cholesterol. This raises the possibility that drugs that block the LXRα and LXRβ receptors in sensory neurons in humans could help to treat or prevent obesity, although further work will be needed to investigate this.
Synthesis of N-succinimidyl 4-guanidinomethyl-3-[*I]iodobenzoate: a radio-iodination agent for labeling internalizing proteins and peptides

This protocol describes a detailed procedure for the synthesis of N-succinimidyl 4-guanidinomethyl-3-[*I]iodobenzoate ([*I]SGMIB), an agent useful in the radio-iodination of proteins, including monoclonal Abs, and peptides that undergo internalization after receptor or antigen binding. In this procedure, the tin precursor N-succinimidyl 4-[N1,N2-bis(tert-butyloxycarbonyl)guanidinomethyl]-3-(trimethylstannyl)benzoate (Boc-SGMTB, 3) was first radio-iodinated to [*I]Boc-SGMIB, a derivative of [*I]SGMIB with the guanidine function protected with Boc groups. Treatment of [*I]Boc-SGMIB with trifluoroacetic acid delivered the final product. The total time for the synthesis and purification of [*I]Boc-SGMIB and its subsequent de-protection is approximately 140 min.
Spectroscopic Studies of Ionization in a Hollow-Cathode Discharge

The influence of carrier gas, carrier gas pressure, cathode geometry, and discharge current on the ionization of metal atoms in a hollow-cathode discharge was studied in some detail. Most of these studies were made with an iron hollow-cathode discharge. A measure of ionization was obtained from the intensity ratio of a line of the second to a line of the first spectrum. In general, this ratio was found to increase with carrier gas pressure and discharge current. This ratio also increased with increasing cathode bore diameter but decreased with increasing bore length. This ratio for iron was greatly affected by the use of different inert carrier gases. Of the five common inert gases used, xenon produced the largest value for this ratio and argon produced the smallest. The results of these studies indicated this may be a new method for distinguishing between lines emitted by the neutral atom and lines of the singly ionized atom.
Comments on "On the use of /spl rho/-algorithm in series acceleration"

The author draws the attention of the readers to the paper of Singh and Singh (see ibid., vol.39, p.1514-16, Oct. 1991) that an extremely simple and elegant method of handling this age-old problem may be found in Morse and Feshbach (1953). Suggested by the geometry of the original problem for the Helmholtz equation, one first determines the solution of the Poisson's equation (setting the wavenumber to zero) with appropriate boundary conditions and sources in closed form, as well as an infinite series. A useful feature of the series solution is that each term resembles a corresponding term in the original series solution of the Helmholtz equation, and for large values of the summation index, term by term, equality is approached. By adding the closed form answer, subtracting the series solution, and rearranging, one realizes fast convergence. Yet another gratifying feature is that convergence of the transformed series can be easily proven.
Analysis of Pulsed Thermography Methods for Defect Depth Prediction

Pulsed thermography is an effective technique for quantitative prediction of defect depth within a specimen. Several methods have been reported in the literature. In this paper, using an analysis based on a theoretical one-dimensional solution of pulsed thermography, we analyzed four representative methods. We show that all of the methods are accurate and converge to the theoretical solution under ideal conditions. Three methods can be directly used to predict defect depth. However, because defect features that appear on the surface during a pulsed thermography test are always affected by three-dimensional heat conduction within the test specimen, the performance and accuracy of these methods differs for defects of various sizes and depths. This difference is demonstrated and evaluated from a set of pulsed thermography data obtained from a specimen with several flat-bottom holes as simulated defects.
Studies on blown film extrusion. I. Experimental determination of elongational viscosity

Blown-film extrusion experiments were carried out to investigate the elongational flow behavior of viscoelastic polymer melts at different melt temperatures. Materials chosen for study were high-density polyethylene, lowdensity polyethylene, and polypropylene. In the study, isothermal blown-film extrusion experiments were carried out in which the molten blown film traveled upward through a heated chamber of about 13 in. in length maintained at the same temperature as the melt. Axial tension was measured at the take-up roller, the axial profiles of bubble diameter were determined by a photographic technique, and, from the samples collected, the variation in the film thickness along the axial direction was found. These measurements were used later to determine the elongational viscosity, using the force balance equations. It was found, in the experiment, that a careful control of the pressure difference across the thin film permitted one to maintain the bubble diameter constant, and, therefore, depending on the choice of the extrusion conditions, either a uniaxial or biaxial elongational flow was made possible. The experimental results show that, depending on the materials, elongation rate, and melt temperature tested, the elongational viscosity may decrease or increase with elongation rate, and may also stay constant independent of elongation rate. It was observed that the data of elongational viscosity obtained under uniaxial stretching in blown film extrusion is consistent with the data of elongational viscosity obtained earlier by use of the melt-spinning operation.
A versatile environmental control cell for in situ guest exchange single‐crystal diffraction

In situ single-crystal diffraction experiments provide researchers with the opportunity to study the response of crystalline systems, including metal–organic frameworks and other nanoporous materials, to changing local microenvironments. This paper reports a new environmental control cell that is remarkably easy to use, completely reusable, and capable of delivering static or dynamic vacuum, liquids or gases to a single-crystal sample. Furthermore the device is nearly identical in size to standard single-crystal mounts so a full unrestricted range of motion is expected for most commercial goniometers. In situ single-crystal X-ray diffraction experiments performed under dynamic gas-flow conditions revealed the cell was capable of stabilizing a novel metastable intermediate in the dehydration reaction of a previously reported metal–organic framework.
A Use of Subjective Clustering to Support Affinity Diagram Results in Customer Needs Analysis

Analysis of customer needs is a critical first step in successful product development. Customer needs analysis typically consists of interviewing potential customers to understand their needs, grouping similar needs to identify representative needs, and asking customers to evaluate relative importance of the representative needs. Using the importance data, customers may be grouped according to the priorities they place on representative needs. This article compares two approaches for identifying representative needs — affinity diagram (AD) and subjective clustering (SC) — and presents a use of SC to support grouping results obtained from AD. The application of both AD and SC in identifying representative needs is demonstrated using the customer need analysis of the next generation particle accelerator.
Measurement of field-induced refractive index variation in GaAs/AlGaAs superlattice using monolithic Fabry-Perot etalon

The electrorefractive effect in a GaAs/AlGaAs superlattice was measured by using a monolithic Fabry-Perot structure, where the superlattice active region is embedded inside a cavity formed by two quarter-wave stacks, all grown by molecular beam epitaxy. At the wavelength ∼7675 A, there is a large absorption change (∼5400/cm) and an accompanying index change (∼0.015) when the applied field change is ∼100 kV/cm. In addition, the chirp parameter at this wavelength is less than 1. This result shows that superlattice electroabsorption optical modulators can offer relatively very low chirp
Public opinion, public policy, and organized interests in the American states

This article examines whether organized interests alter the strong opinion-policy linkage observed by Erikson, Wright, and McIver (1993). We first replicate the EWM model circa 1980 with the additi...
Measurement of sorption, vaporization and decomposition of materials used in vacuum technology by means of an electromagnetic microbalance

Abstract An apparatus is described by means of which the weight change of solid bodies can be measured at different temperatures in different atmospheres and under vacuum; the sensitivity is 10−6g. The apparatus can be used for testing materials and for studying sorption processes in vacuum technology. For a number of substances, such as sealing materials (Neoprene and Viton ∗ ), a polytetrafluoroethylene (Gaflon ∗ ) fabric, several vacuum greases and an hydrocarbon-resistant grease, the sorption of water vapour and nitrogen was measured and their thermal stability investigated. From a study of the observed decrease in weight with time, it is possible to determine whether this loss is caused by emission of sorbed gas, vaporization or decomposition of the material.
Comparison of SNAP™ II and BIS Vista indices during normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass under isoflurane anesthesia

Objective Processed EEG monitoring during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) may help determine loss of consciousness and depth of anesthesia. This study compared the SNAP™ II and BIS Vista monitors in patients undergoing isoflurane anesthesia with normothermic CPB.
Determination of the static polarizability of the 8s{sup 2}S{sub 1} at {sub {approx}}{sub sol{approx}} at {sub 2} state of atomic cesium

We report a precise determination of the static polarizability of the 8s{sup 2}S{sub 1} at {sub {approx}}{sub sol{approx}} at {sub 2} state of atomic cesium, carried out jointly through experimental measurements of the dc Stark shift of the 6s{sup 2}S{sub 1} at {sub {approx}}{sub sol{approx}} at {sub 2}{yields}8s{sup 2}S{sub 1} at {sub {approx}}{sub sol{approx}} at {sub 2} transition using Doppler-free two-photon absorption and theoretical computations based on a relativistic all-order method. We enhance the precision of the measurement by imposing phase-modulation sidebands on the laser beam and by using a pair of vapor cells, one of which serves as a reference, and measuring the absorption spectrum in each cell with a single scan of the laser frequency. The measured value for the polarizability of the 8s state is 38,060{+-}250a{sub 0}{sup 3}, in very good agreement with our theoretical value of 38,260{+-}290a{sub 0}{sup 3}. In addition, the small difference in the Stark shift measurement for the two hyperfine states that we examine yields a variation in the polarizability due to the magnetic dipole contact interaction of 290{+-}30a{sub 0}{sup 3}.
An analysis of modern versus classical homing guidance

Three terminal guidance laws incorporated in a generic interceptor are compared: first- and second-order modern guidance laws (MGLs), that are matched to the second-order autopilot of the interceptor, and proportional navigation (PN). The sensitivity of miss distance (MD) between the interceptor and a target to autopilot time constant, damping ratio, and update rate is shown. For the chosen interceptor-target scenario, the second-order MGL achieves significantly improved MD over the other two guidance laws. >
Disturbance heterogeneity determines freshwater metacommunity structure

Metacommunity theories, which consider communities as interacting species assemblages connected by dispersal, differ in their assumptions about the importance of interspecific adaptations and environmental heterogeneity as controls of assemblage composition. I assess the relative importance of regional (dispersal) and local (abiotic and biotic environmental variation) processes in explaining the structure of a freshwater pond metacommunity. Results did not support the hypothesis that dispersal was limited by interpatch distance. Instead, community diversity, composition, and trophic structure were best explained by local environmental variation associated with pond permanence. Many taxa were restricted either to temporary or semipermanent ponds, an outcome that suggests species trade off adaptations to disturbance with those to biotic interactions (species-sorting model) and that refutes the neutral model of interspecific equivalence. However, evidence for high dispersal rates, low-fitness habitats, and high temporal environmental variability indicated that interpatch dispersal also may influence local dynamics through mass effects. These results suggest that integrating the species-sorting and mass-effect niche assembly frameworks will provide a necessary step in the successful application of metacommunity theory.
Experimental search for the violation of fundamental symmetries in182W

Fundamental symmetries are being investigated in oriented182W via measurements of angular correlations of the gamma rays emitted following beta-decay of182Ta. Nuclear orientation is achieved via hyperfine interactions in Fe with the help of a dilution refrigerator. In particular, the hindered 1189 keV transition is studied for P and PT violation. Current limits and future studies of P, PT and T violation in this and other nuclei are discussed.
ULTRAFAST LARGE DYNAMIC RANGE SPECTROSCOPY

Abstract We report a technique that extends the dynamic range of time resolved measurements to greater than seven orders of magnitude from femtoseconds to microseconds. This technique is applied to two organic dye solutions for the measurement of intersystem crossing rates and triplet state lifetimes. We also measure nonexponential relaxation in solid C 60 , elucidating two separate relaxation process with different time dependences.
Activation of Caspase-9, but Not Caspase-2 or Caspase-8, Is Essential for Heat-induced Apoptosis in Jurkat Cells

Exposure of cells to hyperthermia is known to induce apoptosis, although the underlying mechanisms are only partially understood. Here, we examine the molecular requirements necessary for heat-induced apoptosis using genetically modified Jurkat T-lymphocytes. Cells stably overexpressing Bcl-2/Bcl-xL or stably depleted of Apaf-1 were completely resistant to heat-induced apoptosis, implicating the involvement of the mitochondria-mediated pathway. Pretreatment of wild-type cells with the cell-permeable biotinylated general caspase inhibitor b-VAD-fmk (biotin-Val-Ala-Asp(OMe)-CH2F) both inhibited heat-induced apoptosis and affinity-labeled activated initiator caspase-2, -8, and -9. Despite this finding, however, cells engineered to be deficient in caspase-8, caspase-2, or the caspase-2 adaptor protein RAIDD (receptor-interacting protein (RIP)-associated Ich-1/CED homologous protein with death domain) remained susceptible to heat-induced apoptosis. Additionally, b-VAD-fmk failed to label any activated initiator caspase in Apaf-1-deficient cells exposed to hyperthermia. Cells lacking Apaf-1 or the pro-apoptotic BH3-only protein Bid exhibited lower levels of heat-induced Bak activation, cytochrome c release, and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, although cleavage of Bid to truncated Bid (tBid) occurred downstream of caspase-9 activation. Combined, the data suggest that caspase-9 is the critical initiator caspase activated during heat-induced apoptosis and that tBid may function to promote cytochrome c release during this process as part of a feed-forward amplification loop.
An Appraisal of One-Dimensional Analytical Models for the Packed Bed Thermal Storage Systems Utilizing Sensible Heat Storage Materials

This article gives an appraisal of existing analytical one-dimensional models for the packed bed thermal energy storage (TES) systems utilizing sensible heat storage (SHS) materials. The models include that of Schumann, which is for separate phases, but does not include axial conductivity (or dispersion) in the bed, nd the single-phase model of Riaz which includes axial dispersion. An alternative axial conductivity model is proposed which compares well with the Schumann model when axial dispersion is negligible, but otherwise caters adequately for axial dispersion at the low Peclet number condition.
Uptake and distribution of fluorescently labeled cobalamin in neoplastic and healthy breast tissue

ABSTRACT Fluorescent analogs ofcobalamin (vitamin B12)have been developed as diagnostic markers ofcancer cells.These compounds are recognized by transcobalamin, a cobalamin transport protein, with high affinity, asshown by surface plasmon resonance. The cellular sequestration and gross distribution of fluorescentcobalamm bioconjugates in breast tissue is being examined by epifluorescence microscopy. Thedistribution ofeach compound is being evaluated in proliferative and non-proliferative tissue, ie. normaltissue and breast carcinoma. The results ofpreliininary studies suggest that fluorescent analogs ofcobalamin may be a useful tool in therapeutic breast operations to define tumor margins and to distinguishneoplastic breast tissue from healthy breast tissue.Keywords: cobalamin, vitamin B12, breast, neoplastic, fluorescent, transcobalamin, TCII 1. ENTRODUCFION Eukaryotic cells require cobalamin for metabolism and cell replication. Methionine synthase utilizesmethylcobalamin as a cofactor to methylate homocysteine in a coupled reaction with N5methyl-tetrahydrofolate. N5Methyl-tetrahydrofolate serves as a methyl group donor, thereby regeneratingtetrahydrofolate, which ultimately converts deoxyuridine monophosphate to deoxythymidinemonophosphate.' Rapidly proliferating cells have an increased demand for thymidine to support DNAreplication and thus have a need for high levels ofcobalamin. Tumor cells manifest this need forcobalamin by increasing their level ofcobalamin transport and storage.2'3In blood, cobalamin is bound to transcobalamin (TCII). Cobalamin enters cells via receptor-mediatedendocytososis ofthe TCII-cobalamin complex.4 This process allows a tumor to sequester high levels ofradiolabeled cobalamin, as seen in mice that have an implanted fibrosarcoma5 and in companion felineswith a primary mammary tumor.5 The unsaturated serum binding capacity ofvitamin B12 increases 3 to 26fold in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia.6'7 In addition, elevated levels ofcirculating TCII havebeen observed in patients with breast carcinoma.8Breast cancer is the second most common type of cancer in women.9 Surgical therapy for breast cancerrequires the removal of a fraction of healthy breast tissue to ensure complete excision ofthe tumor. Areliable method for detecting neoplastic margins intraoperatively and differentiating it from healthy tissueis not available. Fluorescent derivatives ofcobalamin may be useful as tumor imaging agents to fill thisvoid in current medical technology. This would ensure complete excision ofneoplastic tissue whileminimizing the amount ofhealthy tissue removed. Cobalamin has been labeled with Oregon Green,naphthofluorescein, and fluorescein fluorophores. The internalization of these cobalamin bioconjugates bytumor (target) tissue is now being evaluated and compared with internalization levels in surroundingnormal (background) tissue in breast carcinoma.
Oral administration of the contact sensitizer trinitrochlorobenzene: Initial sensitization and subsequent appearance of a suppressor population

Abstract Our earlier studies have demonstrated that intragastric administration of the hapten trinitrochlorobenzene (TNCB) 2 to 3 weeks prior to attempting sensitization with epidermally applied hapten can abrogate development of systemic contact sensitivity (CS). In this paper, we have examined whether onset of tolerance following intragastric administration of the hapten is preceded by development of hapten-specific CS. Indeed, CS was found to be present 5 days after feeding TNCB and in most experiments the response decreased significantly by Days 10 to 12. The kinetics of development of CS by the oral and epidermal routes were strikingly similar except that the magnitude of reactivity (up to 5 days) in orally sensitized mice was somewhat less than that of epidermally sensitized mice. With the exception of Peyer's patches (PP), effector cells of CS were recovered from such gut-associated lymphoid tissues as mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), lamina propria, and lymphocytes that are present in the intraepithelial compartment of the intestinal wall. These cells as well as spleen cells of TNCB-fed mice were able to adoptively transfer CS to naive mice. The capacity of MLN and spleen cells of TNCB-fed mice to confer CS adoptively was abrogated after treating cells with anti-Thy 1.2 and anti-Lyt 1.1 antibodies plus complement thereby identifying them as T lymphocytes. Although CS decreased by 10–12 days after feeding TNCB, the decline was reversed by pretreating mice with cyclophosphamide (CY) 2 days before giving the hapten. Whereas spleen cells from animals fed hapten 5 days earlier transferred CS readily, those from mice fed hapten 12 days earlier did not. However, when 12-day spleen cells were depleted of Lyt 2 + cells their ability to adoptively transfer CS was restored. These observations indicate that feeding TNCB to mice initially produces CS, mediated by Thy 1.2 + , Lyt 1.1 + lymphocytes. CS is subsequently down-regulated by activation of Lyt 2 + suppressor cells, precursors of which are sensitive to CY.
Amine Phosphates as Antiwear Additives in Neopentyl Polyol Esters

Dialkyl acid phosphates are effective antiwear agents in neopentyl polyol ester lubricants applied to 440C stainless steel sliding surfaces at low loads, but they promote ester deterioration. Various amine salts of three representative dialkyl phosphates were studied to determine if the adverse effect could be reduced without sacrificing antiwear properties. The amine phosphates were generally highly effective in the low load region in four-ball wear tests. They were at least as effective as the parent acid phosphates and appreciably more effective than tricresyl phosphate. Little effect of amine structure on performance was observed. At a higher load, both the acid phosphates and their amine salts had no beneficial effect on wear. The amine phosphates promoted significantly less deterioration of the base ester under four-ball test conditions (266F) than did the dialkyl phosphates. In oxidation-corrosion tests at 3253, however, they were corrosive to copper and adversely affected ester stability. Presente...
SU-FF-I-15: Computed Radiography Dose Data Mining and Surveillance as An Ongoing Quality Assurance Improvement Process

Purpose: The purpose of this ongoing quality assurance (QA) project is to use our Picture Archiving and Computing System (PACS) as a data mining tool to surveil the computed radiography(CR) sensitivity number (S‐number). The S‐number provides a good approximation of the average absorbed dose to the imaging plate and can be used as a general indicator of proper CR exposure technique and radiation dose.Method and Materials: Multiple CR systems acquire radiographic exams which are stored on PACS. A data mining program extracts the S‐number information of the CR exams on a monthly basis. The S‐number is approximately defined as S = 200/exposure (mR). A log transform is applied to the S‐number data to normalize the skewed distribution of the S‐number histogram. Data falling outside two SD are discarded to exclude extreme outliers. This data is compared with the previous month's data and initial baseline data to observe if trends are increasing or decreasing with respect to the departmental S‐number goals (bone, spine and extremity exams=200, chest exams and general imaging including abdomen=300; all with ±15% range). The results are presented at monthly QA meetings with radiologists, technologist supervisors, physicists and administrators in attendance. S‐number trends are then used by the technologists to modify radiographic technique charts to reach the S‐number target range. The entire cycle is repeated monthly as an ongoing QA improvement project. Results: The mean S‐numbers for main, trauma and portable radiology exams have increased by 69%, 67% and 46% over the past year respectively, corresponding to an approximate reduction in dose of 32%–41%. As a result of this process, we have adjusted our phototiming systems to reflect the S‐number goals for specific anatomy.Conclusion: This cyclical QA process demonstrates that PACS data can be mined usefully to reduce radiation dose and inter‐exam dose variance.
The effect of mechanical stress on oral mucoperiosteum of dogs.

Abstract This study demonstrated histologic and physical changes in palatal mucoperiosteum when subjected to mechanical stress. When stressed, the epithelial ridges and connective tissue papillae were flattened and obliterated. With 5 g/mm2 and 20 g/mm2 loads applied for 6 hr the oral mucoperiosteum was compressed to 45 per cent of the original thickness. In the epithelial layer there was no significant difference in indentation between the 5 g/mm2 and 20 g/mm2 loads after 30 min. However, the response of connective tissue was different to the two loads throughout the 6 hr period. With the loads applied for 6 hr the tissues demonstrated viscoelasticity or creep effect. Microscopic changes in the epithelium are described.
Histone acetyltransferase activity of yeast Gcn5p is required for the activation of target genes in vivo

Gcn5p is a transcriptional coactivator required for correct expression of various genes in yeast. Several transcriptional regulators, including Gcn5p, possess intrinsic histone acetyltransferase (HAT) activity in vitro. However, whether the HAT activity of any of these proteins is required for gene activation remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that the HAT activity of Gcn5p is critical for transcriptional activation of target genes in vivo. Core histones are hyperacetylated in cells overproducing functional Gcn5p, and promoters of Gcn5p-regulated genes are associated with hyperacetylated histones upon activation by low-copy Gcn5p. Point mutations within the Gcn5p catalytic domain abolish both promoter-directed histone acetylation and Gcn5p-mediated transcriptional activation. These data provide the first in vivo evidence that promoter-specific histone acetylation, catalyzed by functional Gcn5p, plays a critical role in gene activation.
In Search of Predatory Pricing

Can predatory pricing be reproduced in a laboratory environment? We report research motivated by this objective. We began with conditions that, based on the literature, appeared to combine the features this literature has suggested are favorable to the emergence of predation. Next we operationalized what was meant by predatory pricing in our design in order to compare prices with predictions from alternative theories. Of 10 experiments, none evidenced predatory behavior; most supported the dominant firm theory. The second series of experiments addresses remedies for predation and finds that the effect is to increase prices and reduce efficiency.
Presentation of thyroid carcinoma as a thrombosed external jugular vein, with intraluminal tumour thrombus in the great veins

Carcinoma of the thyroid most commonly presents as an asymptomatic thyroid nodule. Some types of thyroid carcinoma show vascular invasion, but this is usually microscopic.(1,2)It is rare for such invasion to involve the great veins and be macroscopic. There are 18 such reports in the literature to date.(3-12)We report a case of a carcinoma of the thyroid that presented due to the presence of tumour thrombus within the external jugular vein, where thrombus was also seen within the great veins.
Reduced levels of adenosine deaminase in chick embryo fibroblasts transformed by Rous sarcoma virus.

Abstract Adenosine deaminase activities in chick embryo fibroblasts were substantially reduced after infection and transformation by Rous sarcoma virus. Concomitant with the reduction in adenosine deaminase activities, the incorporation of exogenous adenosine into RNA species of the virus transformed cells was moderately increased. The significance between reduction in adenosine deaminase activity and malignant transformation by Rous sarcoma virus remains to be eleucidated.
On Distributed Convex Optimization Under Inequality and Equality Constraints

We consider a general multi-agent convex optimization problem where the agents are to collectively minimize a global objective function subject to a global inequality constraint, a global equality constraint, and a global constraint set. The objective function is defined by a sum of local objective functions, while the global constraint set is produced by the intersection of local constraint sets. In particular, we study two cases: one where the equality constraint is absent, and the other where the local constraint sets are identical. We devise two distributed primal-dual subgradient algorithms based on the characterization of the primal-dual optimal solutions as the saddle points of the Lagrangian and penalty functions. These algorithms can be implemented over networks with dynamically changing topologies but satisfying a standard connectivity property, and allow the agents to asymptotically agree on optimal solutions and optimal values of the optimization problem under the Slater's condition.
Wedge Resection of Eyelid Margin in the Treatment of Abnormal Eyelid Margins

Widened, hypertrophic, erythematous eyelid margins occasionally occur secondary to congenital anomalies or previous surgical procedures. When a fullthickness resection of the eyelid is not possible because of horizontal tightness of the lid, it is possible to excise a wedge of the eyelid margin itself. This procedure was successful in decreasing widened, hypertrophic, erythematous eyelid margins in three patients.
Resistance to Inhibitors of Cholinesterase (Ric)-8A and Gαi Contribute to Cytokinesis Abscission by Controlling Vacuolar Protein-Sorting (Vps)34 Activity

Resistance to inhibitors of cholinesterase (Ric)-8A is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Gαi, Gαq, and Gα12/13, which is implicated in cell signaling and as a molecular chaperone required for the initial association of nascent Gα subunits with cellular membranes. Ric-8A, Gαi subunits, and their regulators are localized at the midbody prior to abscission and linked to the final stages of cell division. Here, we identify a molecular mechanism by which Ric-8A affects cytokinesis and abscission by controlling Vps34 activity. We showed that Ric-8A protein expression is post-transcriptionally controlled during the cell cycle reaching its maximum levels at mitosis. A FRET biosensor created to measure conformational changes in Ric-8A by FLIM (Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy) revealed that Ric-8A was in a close-state during mitosis and particularly so at cytokinesis. Lowering Ric-8A expression delayed the abscission time of dividing cells, which correlated with increased intercellular bridge length and multinucleation. During cytokinesis, Ric-8A co-localized with Vps34 at the midbody along with Gαi and LGN, where these proteins functioned to regulate Vps34 phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity.
Resizing beyond widgets: object resizing techniques for immersive virtual environments

The most common technique for resizing 3D objects in virtual environments is the use of 3D widgets. However, such techniques often exhibit usability problems due to difficulties in selecting and manipulating the widgets. We have developed two novel interaction techniques for resizing objects in immersive VEs. Our two techniques, the Pointer Orientation-based Resize Technique (PORT) and the Gaze-Hand resize technique, take advantage of the user's proprioceptive sense and their spatial knowledge of the environment. We designed these techniques as an alternative to 3D widgets and performed a usability study to compare the effectiveness of all three techniques. Our results show that participants were able to perform tasks significantly faster with the two new techniques than with the existing 3D Widgets technique.
Effects of nonuniform and three-dimensional contact stresses on near-surface cracking

Near-surface cracking, sometimes referred to as top-down cracking, is one of the predominant distress types in flexible pavements. The incidence of near-surface cracking has increased in recent years with the increased construction of relatively thick (hot-mix asphalt layer > 200 mm) flexible pavements. However, understanding the mechanisms of near-surface cracking and its integration into pavement design protocols remains a challenge. Analysis of this problem can be complex because of multi-axial stress states in the vicinity of tires. The near-surface response to nonuniform tire contact stresses is investigated, and the potential for crack occurrence near the surface is analyzed in a typical relatively thick flexible pavement. The generalized finite element method (GFEM) is used to analyze pavement structure. This method provides a computational framework for the arbitrary orientation of cracks in a finite element mesh that is particularly useful for mixed-mode fracture problems. A three-dimensional (3-...
Pregnancy in a patient with idiopathic long QT syndrome.

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Controlling film morphology in conjugated polymer:fullerene blends with surface patterning.

We study the effects of patterned surface chemistry on the microscale and nanoscale morphology of solution-processed donor/acceptor polymer-blend films. Focusing on combinations of interest in polymer solar cells, we demonstrate that patterned surface chemistry can be used to tailor the film morphology of blends of semiconducting polymers such as poly-[2-(3,7-dimethyloctyloxy)-5-methoxy-p-phenylenevinylene] (MDMO-PPV), poly-3-hexylthiophene (P3HT), poly[(9,9-dioctylflorenyl-2,7-diyl)-co-benzothiadiazole)] (F8BT), and poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene-co-bis-N,N′-(4-butylphenyl)-bis-N,N′-phenyl-1,4-phenylendiamine) (PFB) with the fullerene derivative, [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). We present a method for generating patterned, fullerene-terminated monolayers on gold surfaces and use microcontact printing and Dip-Pen Nanolithography (DPN) to pattern alkanethiols with both micro- and nanoscale features. After patterning with fullerenes and other functional groups, we backfill the rest of the surfa...
A comparison of two pH-stat carbon dioxide dosing systems for ocean acidification experiments

As the oceans acidify due to increasing atmospheric CO2, there is a growing need to understand the impact of this process on marine organisms. Field observations are difficult because of multiple covarying factors (e.g., temperature, salinity). As such, there is interest in conducting controlled, laboratory experiments to best understand how changes in acidity will affect marine organisms. We tested two intermittent CO2 dosing systems, a “home aquarium hobby” grade pH controller and an industrial process control platform. We assessed stability, accuracy, and precision over 7-d experimental periods as well as relative cost of the two configurations. We also compared three laboratory-grade pH electrodes to the hobbyist electrode to further evaluate electrode quality on systemcontrolled pH stability and drift. Whereas the industrial system offered some benefit with regard to autonomy, our results show that the low-cost hobbyist system can be modified appropriately to provide comparable pH control. We provide a detailed list of procedures and software developed for the implementation of a cost-effective, precision-controlled CO2 dosing system to support laboratory-based ocean acidification experiments.
Scaling studies of the valence transition in cerium-based alloys

— The parameters of the Landau equation of state, which describes the valence transition in Ce-based alloys, have been measured for a number of additives of varying atomic radii and valence. This in turn has allowed us to isolate the coulombic and lattice effects on the valence instability.
Very broadband signal processing for active sonars

Very broadband sonar signal processing schemes have been developed in recent years for the investigation of ambient noise sources in the ocean. A new development is the application of this signal processing procedure to active sonar systems. It will be shown that good results can be obtained by using a correlation processor. This paper will describe a sonar developed for imaging bubbles below breaking waves from an AUV platform.
Caveolin-1 and a 29-kDa caveolin-associated protein are phosphorylated on tyrosine in cells expressing a temperature-sensitive v-Abl kinase.

Abstract Caveolin-1 was originally identified as a tyrosine-phosphorylated protein in v-Src-transformed cells and it was suggested that phosphorylation of this protein could mediate transformation by the tyrosine kinase class of oncogenes (J. R. Glenney, 1989, J. Biol. Chem. 264, 20163–20166). We found that caveolin-1 is also phosphorylated on tyrosine in v-Abl-transformed cells. In fact, caveolin-1 and a caveolin-associated protein of 29 kDa are among the strongest phosphotyrosine signals detected in the Abl-expressing cells. In addition, v-Abl shows a preferential phosphorylation of caveolin-1 and the 29-kDa caveolin-associated protein over other proteins in the caveolin-enriched Triton-resistant cell fraction. These data indicate that caveolin-1 and the 29-kDa caveolin-associated protein may be preferred substrates of the Abl kinase. Caveolin-1 is phosphorylated at tyrosine 14 in v-Abl-expressing cells as has been observed previously in v-Src-expressing cells. However, using a temperature-sensitive allele of v-Abl (ts120 v-Abl) we provide evidence that caveolin-1 phosphorylation is not sufficient to mediate the loss of caveolin expression or loss of cell adhesion induced by v-Abl.
STRESS AND COPING STRATEGIES IN INTERNAL AUDITING

Relationships between stress and interpersonal dynamics of internal auditing, particularly auditor‐auditee relations, are focused on. An overview is presented of behavioural dynamics of auditor‐auditee relations supported by survey data on relationships between a scalar measure of stress and several behavioural factors of internal auditors' relations with auditees. Summary findings are also presented on certain features of audit departments that are related to employee stress levels, and strategies for reducing stress are described.
Pre-transplant risk factors for chronic renal dysfunction after pediatric heart transplantation: a 10-year national cohort study.

Background Chronic renal dysfunction may develop after pediatric heart transplantation (PHTx). We examined the incidence of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and chronic renal insufficiency (CRI) after PHTx, the associated pre-transplant patient characteristics, and impact of renal disease on survival. Methods Data sources included the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services and the Social Security Death Master File. All PHTx recipients (age 1 year were included. ESRD was defined as long-term dialysis and/or kidney transplant. CRI was defined as creatinine >2.5 mg/dl, including those with ESRD. Relationships between pre-transplant characteristics and time to ESRD and CRI were analyzed using Cox proportional hazards models. The effect of renal disease on survival was analyzed using time-dependent Cox models. Results During the mean follow-up of 7 years (range 1 to 14 years), 61 of 2,032 (3%) PHTxs developed ESRD. Ten-year actuarial risks for ESRD and CRI were 4.3% and 11.8%, respectively. In a multivariate analysis, significant risk factors for ESRD were: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; African-American race; intensive care unit (ICU) stay or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) at time of transplant; and pre-transplant diabetes. Risk factors for CRI were: pre-transplant dialysis; hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; African-American race; and previous transplant. Adjusted risk of death in those who developed CRI was 9-fold higher than in those who did not ( p Conclusions After PHTx there is an increasing risk for CRI and ESRD over time. Recipients with the characteristics identified in this study may be at greater risk. Development of renal disease significantly increases the risk of post-transplant mortality.
NUCLEAR DNA CONTENT OF MYXAMOEBAE AND PLASMODIA IN SIX NON‐HETEROTHALLIC ISOLATES OF A MYXOMYCETE, DIDYMIUM IRIDIS

A B S T R A C T The nuclear DNA content of six non-heterothallic isolates of the myxomycete Didymium iridis was measured by combining the Feulgen reaction with absorption microspectrophotometry. This allowed us to distinguish between homothallic (sexual) and apogamic (non-sexual) isolates. Four of the isolates studied, Panamanian 4 and 5, California 1, and Missouri 1 are homothallic. Moreover, the average DNA content of the myxamoebal and plasmodial nuclei (0.32 and 0.61 respectively) does not differ significantly from the calculated haploid and diploid values for heterothallic isolates of D. iridis (0.34 and 0.63). Hence, it is concluded that in each of these isolates the myxamoebae are haploid and the plasmodia diploid. In two of the isolates investigated, Georgia 1 and Hawaii 1, the DNA content of the myxamoebal and plasmodial nuclei did not differ significantly. Therefore, in both of these isolates the plasmodia appear to develop apogamically. In addition the mean DNA values recorded for the Ha-1 isolate suggest that it is aneuploid.
Impact of non-welfare interests on willingness to donate to biobanks: an experimental survey.

The ethical debate surrounding biobanks has focused on protecting donors’ welfare and privacy. However, little attention has been given to the ethical significance of donor interests that go beyond privacy and welfare (non-welfare interests [NWIs]), such as their concerns about the moral or religious implications of researchers using their donated samples. Using an experimental survey design with 1,276 participants recruited via Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk), we studied the potential impact of eight NWI scenarios on people’s attitudes toward research studies being performed on samples donated to biobanks by assessing willingness to donate, attitudes toward disclosure of NWIs, impact of timing and format of disclosure (number of NWIs disclosed on a page), and participant factors associated with willingness to donate. Baseline willingness to donate to biobanks prior to any mention of NWIs was comparable with previous studies, at 85% to 89%. Most participants wanted NWI disclosures prior to donation to biob...
A Longitudinal Study of Offspring Born to Methadone-Maintained Women. I. Design, Methodology, and Description of Women's Resources for Functioning

In order to examine alternatives to the hypothesis that any lasting damage to a child is caused by the direct toxic effects of fetal exposure to methadone, we designed a longitudinal, multigenerational study of the offspring of methadone-maintained women. We collected extensive data on both parents and children, hypothesizing that drugs can affect infants through a variety of causal routes. We have used a method of data analysis, POSAC, that retains the identity of individual children and families, and enables us to look at patterns of individuals' behavior over time and identify meaningful subgroups of individuals. We collected extensive information from 18 methadone-maintained and 24 comparison women. During the last trimester of pregnancy, we interviewed the women about their education, families, lifestyles, drug use, and health histories; we also assessed their psychiatric functioning and IQ's. We found that as a group the methadone-maintained women were more likely to receive public assistance, to evidence psychiatric dysfunctioning, and to be less educated (although showing no statistical difference in IQ's) than were comparison women. Similar to comparison women, two-thirds of methadone-maintained women were involved in stable relationships with male partners. The methadone-maintained women appeared committed to their methadone treatment and, in general, viewed their pregnancies in positive terms. Although as a group the methadone-maintained women possessed poorer resources for maternal functioning than the comparison group, about half the methadone-maintained women possessed resources at least adequate for maternal functioning.
Molz receives Horton Award

The Robert E. Horton Award is given by the Hydrology Section for outstanding contributions to the geophysical aspects of hydrology. Fred J . Molz, III, was presented with the 1992 Horton Award at the AGU 1992 Fall Meeting in San Francisco, Calif.
Titanium armor applications in combat vehicles

Titanium armor is being incorporated into the design of existing and future U.S. Army combat vehicles because it offers the best method of reducing vehicle weight and thus improving performance. Titanium’s excellent specific mechanical and ballistic properties, as well as ease of fabrication, will likely make it a part of the U.S. Army’s future combat system. How large a part it will be will depend on an overall cost/performance optimization.
Towards an Interdisciplinary Conceptualization of Trust: A Typological Approach

abstract Adopting a diversity-in-unity perspective that identifies all shared dimensions and typical delineations, both as structure-similar yet content-diverse configurations, this paper proposes an interdisciplinary conceptualization of trust with primary trust ideal-types. This conceptualization contains three components: (i) a typology of four trust dimensions related to trust conditions and trust functions; (ii) a typology of four trust delineations derived from the four trust dimensions; and (iii) a typology of four trust ideal-types built upon the first two typologies. These typologies jointly serve as a salient platform to unify the fragmented trust literature.