cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alimentary limb mesenteric thrombosis after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass

Alimentary limb mesenteric thrombosis after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass Charlotte Rabl, M.D., Jessica Smith, M.D., Guilherme M. Campos, M.D., F.A.C.S.* Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, School of Surgery, San Francisco, California Department of Surgery, Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin Received December 16, 2010; accepted December 17, 2010
Combinatorial assembly of neurons : from chromatin to dendrites

The generation and refinement of dendrites is essential for normal brain development and function. However, the molecular mechanisms that govern dendritic morphogenesis are poorly understood. Recent studies from the Crabtree laboratory have uncovered a requirement for the neuron-specific chromatin-remodeling enzyme nBAF in dendritic growth and branching in response to neuronal activity. These findings highlight the significance of epigenetic mechanisms in activity-dependent dendritic morphogenesis, with important implications in brain development and plasticity.
Sex Role Segregation and Mixing among Men Who Have Sex with Men: Implications for Biomedical HIV Prevention Interventions

Objective Men who have sex with men (MSM) practice role segregation – insertive or receptive only sex positions instead of a versatile role - in several international settings where candidate biomedical HIV prevention interventions (e.g., circumcision, anal microbicide) will be tested. The effects of these position-specific interventions on HIV incidence are modeled. Materials and Methods We developed a deterministic compartmental model to predict HIV incidence among Indian MSM using data from 2003–2010. The model’s sex mixing matrix was derived from network data of Indian MSM (n = 4604). Our model captures changing distribution of sex roles over time. We modeled microbicide and circumcision efficacy on trials with heterosexuals. Results Increasing numbers of versatile MSM resulted in little change in HIV incidence over 20 years. Anal microbicides and circumcision would decrease the HIV prevalence at 10 years from 15.6% to 12.9% and 12.7% respectively. Anal microbicides would provide similar protection to circumcision at the population level despite lower modeled efficacy (54% and 60% risk reduction, respectively). Combination of the interventions were additive: in 5 years, the reduction in HIV prevalence of the combination (−3.2%) is almost the sum of their individual reductions in HIV prevalence (−1.8% and −1.7%). Conclusions MSM sex role segregation and mixing, unlike changes in the sex role distribution, may be important for evaluating HIV prevention interventions in international settings. Synergies between some position-specific prevention interventions such as circumcision and anal microbicides warrant further study.
The effect of parathyroid hormone on erythropoiesis in serum-free cultures of fetal mouse liver cells.

AbstractThe effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on erythropoiesis in serum-free cultures of fetal mouse liver cells were investigated to determine if PTH might, at least partially, be responsible for the anemias of uremia, hyperparathyroidism, and spaceflight. Both crude and pure preparations of PTH were employed with similar effects. PTH at concentrations 10-100 times “normal” produced a dose-dependent stimulation of erythropoiesis which was only observed in the complete absence of exogenous erythropoietin (Ep). Although the responses to both PTH and Ep were calcium-dependent pharmacological analysis of the PTH log-dose/log-response relationship showed the PTH effect to be markedly different from that of Ep. At concentrations approximately 240 times normal PTH inhibited both endogenous and Ep-mediated heme synthesis. These concentrations are considerably greater than those reported in uremia, hyperparathyroidism, or during spaceflight casting doubt on the hypothesis that PTH is directly responsible for ...
Ph Dependence of Orai1 and Orai3 Store-Operated Current

Calcium influx through the Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channel plays a critical role in human T-cell activation. As the prototypical store-operated Ca2+ channel, CRAC channel opening requires direct molecular interaction between the endoplasmic reticulum-resident Ca2+ sensor STIM1 and plasma membrane pore-forming Orai subunits. Aside from Orai1, mammals express two homologs: Orai2 and Orai3. In this study we found that unlike Orai1, which is blocked by acidic pH and activated by alkaline pH, the Orai3 Stim1-activated current is potentiated by protons. Following current development, replacement of Ringer solution to pH 6.0 alters the I-V shape, inducing a “bulge” of inward current at −30 mV. Ion substitution experiments revealed that this current is mostly conducted by Na+ and is blocked by external Ca2+. Orai1 and Orai3 are identical through TM1 and the critical glutamate that confers Ca2+ selectivity; yet only Orai3 exhibits the acid-induced increase of sodium permeability. Using Orai1-Orai3 chimeras we identified several parts of the channel responsible for pH sensitivity. Among the three Orai homologs, Orai1 is unique in being glycosylated. Point mutation of the N223 glycosylation site (N223A) results in acid-induced Na+ current, suggesting that glycosylation can fine-tune the ion selectivity of Orai1. Orai3 with the internal second loop taken from Orai1 gains alkaline sensitivity but the reciprocal chimera is indistinguishable from Orai1, suggesting that there should be at least two sites responsible for alkaline activation. Orai3 with TM2-loop2-TM3 taken from Orai1 loses acid sensitivity but the reciprocal chimera does not gain it, indicating the presence of at least two sites sensitive to protons. This novel property of Orai3 - the ability of STIM1-operated Na+ current to be activated by acidic pH - may provide clues for its possible physiological functions.
The Berbers of the Arabs

The Arab conquest of northwest Africa is a major event in the field ofNorth African Studies. For scholars, its most lasting effects were the Islamization and Arabization of the Berber populations. While historians often disagree about the chronology, character, and extent of these processes, they ail agree that they are essential to understanding the medieval period. In truth, the scholarly consensus is slightly more complicated than this more "popular" view. Specialists know that the category "Barbar" is of Ara bie origin and thus that the Arabs could not have conquered peoples called Barbar prior to the conquest.1 Furthermore, while Latin and Greek sources refer to some people in northwest Africa as barbarians (βάρβαροι and bar bari), the ideas associated with these barbarians wil be shown to be so dif ferent from the Arabie Barbar that it is difficult to confuse the two. Thus, in spite of the obvious linguistic similarity of the Greek, Latin, and Arabie terms, the Arabs did not apply the term Barbar to describe the exact same groups of peoples called "barbarians" in classical and late antique sources. So, who were the Barbar of the Arabs? Encapsulating a widely held view among specialists, Gabriel Camps explained, "The Berbers of the Arabs are the Moors of the Romans."2 According to this understanding, instead of conquering the Berbers, the
Examination of the potential structure of human salivary cystatins based on computer modelling

Abstract The cystatin family of proteins exists in both excreted and intracellular forms, and appears to be involved in protective and regulatory roles, inhibiting a variety of bacterial, viral and intracellular proteases. The amino acid sequences of several human forms of cystatin are known, but currently only the structure of chicken cystatin (approx. 40% homologous to the human forms) has been experimentally determined. The objective of this study was to use the X-ray coordinates of chicken cystatin to construct computer models of the structures of three human salivary forms (SN, S and SA). These structures were energy-minimized and subjected to dynamic simulations. The resultant structures were compared to determine conformational differences. Global root mean square deviations between equivalent atoms ranged from 1.4 A to 3.9 A. The closest structural similarity to chicken cystatin involved cystatin SN, which also showed the highest (68%) functional sequence homology. Local secondary structure was examined in more detail. In comparisons of α-carbon position the third s-strand (77% functional sequence conservation) and its preceding loop (60% conserved) showed the highest structural conservation in S, while s-strand 4 showed the highest structural conservation in SN and SA. Throughout their structures, SN and SA were more structurally similar to chicken cystatin than to salivary cystatin S. There are two regions of conserved, negatively charged residues in the salivary cystatins, which appear to be spaced so that they are capable of interaction with hydroxyapatite. It is concluded that not only does structural modelling by analogy provide detailed models of salivary cystatins that can be tested by future experimentation, but also that examination of the models has revealed potential sites of interaction with hydroxyapatite.
Comparing period prevalences with application to drug utilization.

Abstract Period prevalence is frequently measured in studies based on administrative data such as that from health maintenance organizations. For example, treated prevalence and drug utilization prevalence are important measures that are typically defined in relationship to a specified time period. Often one wishes to compare administrative data with period prevalences based on national surveys. It may also be of interest to compare period prevalences from two (or more) different data sources. This comparison is not straightforward owing to the problem of “person-time at risk.” This article reviews the values and drawbacks of period prevalence as compared with cumulative incidence. Life table methodology is described for comparing period prevalence data from administrative databases with survey results. This technique can be extended to the comparison of period prevalence observations from two or more administrative data bases. Examples are given pertaining to hypnotic drug use and the treatment of schizophrenia.
Tutoring: A Value-Added Way to Support Head Start Preschoolers' Language and Early Reading Development

This article describes the language and early literacy program, including the use of extra instructional support, provided to low-income children in one Early Reading First (ERF) project. The article (a) describes the specific strategies used within a tutoring program to provide assistance beyond the classroom intervention program to children identified as at higher risk for future reading difficulty (i.e., children who performed below age-appropriate levels on the tools selected to measure children's language and early reading knowledge), (b) describes the impact of this support in conjunction with the classroom intervention on these children's language and early literacy achievement, and (c) offers suggestions for using this approach in other early care and education settings and future research.
Thinking Globally, Acting (Trans-)Locally: Petra Kelly and the Transnational Roots of West German Green Politics

Thousands of demonstrators crowded Trafalgar Square on a chilly April afternoon in 1978 to protest the planned expansion of nuclear fuel reprocessing operations at the Windscale Reactor in rural Cumbria. Toward the end of the rally, a young woman faced the mass of protestors from behind the podium. “I am here to bring you greetings of solidarity from the various European, Australian, and Japanese anti-nuclear movements,” she announced. She explained that the movements whose greetings she brought to London represented “a great wave of transnational determination to put a stop to Windscale, to put a stop to a nuclearized, militarized Europe.” Within the next few moments, she described the contours of this “transnational wave.” She took her audience from Aboriginal territory in Australia, where Green Ban strikes interfered with uranium mining, to the nonviolent demonstrations against reactor construction in German villages, and back to Windscale, where protesters demanded a stop to nuclear fuel reprocessing. In the few minutes she stood at the podium, Petra Kelly narrated an around-the-world journey that had taken her most of the previous two decades to complete.
Dipole antenna in space-time periodic media

The problem of dipole radiation in sinusoidally spacetime periodic media is studied and solved. The space-time periodicity can be considered as due to a strong pump wave and is expressed as a traveling-wave type change in the dielectric constant or the plasma density (i.e., \epsilon(z,t) = \epsilon_{0}\epsilon_{r}[1 + \epsilon_{1} \cos (Kz - \Omega t)] and N(z,t) = N_{0}[1 + N_{1} \cos (Kz - \Omega t)]) . The solution also covers the limit case of a sinusoidally stratified medium ( \Omega = 0 ). The solution is formulated in a matrix form, such that the basic results and diagrams apply, with minor changes, to the different cases studied: electric and magnetic dipole in a dielectric, plasma, and uniaxial plasma. The wave-vector diagram is used extensively in studying and presenting the different properties of the solution: caustics, effect of the disturbance (pump wave) motion, harmonics, radiation outside the allowed cone in a uniaxial plasma. Many dipole radiation patterns are given and their features explained physically. Finally, our solution and results are extended to the generally space-time periodic media where \epsilon(z,t) and N(z,t) behave as \eta(z,t) = \eta_{0}[1 + \eta_{1}f(Kz - \Omega t)] where f(\xi) is any periodic function.
Electrochemical behavior of ceria with selected metal electrodes

The electrochemical properties of the metal | doped ceria | metal system have been examined by A.C. impedance spectroscopy at a range of temperatures (575-650 °C) and oxygen partial pressures (8 x 10^-26 -0.21 atm). Under reducing conditions, the inverse of the interfacial resistances for both Pt and Au electrodes on samarium-doped ceria (SDC) displayed a p(O2)^-1/4 dependence on oxygen partial pressure and an Arrhenius dependence on temperature with an activation energy of ~2.7 eV. The similarity in the characteristics of the two types of electrode materials indicates that the electrochemical oxidation of hydrogen occurs predominantly at the ceria │ gas interface. Moreover, the behavior, which is similar to that of the electronic conductivity of SDC, is consistent with the hypothesis that electron migration from the reaction site to the metal current collector is the rate-limiting step.
Treatment of glenohumeral instabilityin the pediatric athlete

Abstract Shoulder instability in the skeletally immature athlete is an uncommon but challenging clinical problem. Theclassification of shoulder instability in the pediatric athlete is similar to that in the adult athlete, but may also include the voluntary and habitual dislocator. The natural history of such instability depends on the classification of instability type. Traumatic anterior dislocation has an exceedingly high recurrence, and posterior dislocation is less well known. A natural history of voluntary instability is also uncertain. As in the adult athlete, clinical evaluation is made by history and physical exam. An understanding of the bony development of the glenohumeral joint is crucial in interpreting radiographs of the skeletally immature athlete with glenohumeral instability. The treatment of glenohumeral instability will depend on the classification of the instability type. Surgical treatment, when indicated, should emphasize an anatomic approach aimed at correcting the underlying glenohumeral pathology. This article is intended to provide an overview of the approach to diagnosis and treatment of glenohumeral instability in the pediatric athlete.
Rethinking ‘trafficking’ in children's migratory processes: the role of social networks in child labour migration in Bangladesh

Although the academic and policy literature on children's migration is growing, an in-depth look of the operationalisation of networks in child labour migration is missing. The focus of policy-makers on human trafficking draws attention to children's vulnerability and their exploitation at the hands of traffickers. In the absence of research focusing on children's migration more broadly, this emphasis on trafficking risks misreading children's migratory processes. Ethnographic research undertaken in Bangladesh shows that while some exploitation may occur, it co-exists alongside gendered relations of protection. This draws attention to the need for more in-depth examination of children's networks in migration.
Prospective elementary school teachers’ professional noticing of children’s early numeracy

The goal of this study is to develop the professional noticing abilities of prospective elementary school teachers in the context of the Stages of Early Arithmetic Learning. In their mathematics methods course, ninety-four prospective elementary school teachers from three institutions participated in a researcher-developed five-session module that progressively nests the three interrelated components of professional noticing—attending, interpreting, and deciding. The module embeds video excerpts of diagnostic interviews of children doing mathematics (representations of practice) to prepare the prospective teachers for similar work. The module culminates with prospective teachers implementing similar diagnostic interviews (approximations of practice) to gain experience in the three component skills of professional noticing. A pre- and post-assessment was administered to measure prospective teachers’ change in the three components. A Wilcoxon signed ranks test was conducted and found the prospective elementary school teachers demonstrated significant growth in all three components. Selected prospective elementary school teacher responses on the pre- and post-assessment are provided to illustrate sample growth in the prospective teachers’ abilities to professionally notice. These results, the first in an ongoing study, indicate the potential that prospective teachers can develop professional noticing skills through this module. Continued data collection and analysis from the ongoing study by these authors and future, longer-term emphasis on professional noticing for prospective teachers should be studied.
A note on probability matching and rational choice

For two decades many scholars have considered the behavior of human subjects in two-choice noncontingent probability learning experiments as evidence that subjects' choices are not optimal in a decision theoretic sense. In this paper we argue that experimenters have made a crucial logical error in forming the sequences of events for the two-choice experiments. The probability of occurrence of each of two events is not constant over the sequence but instead varies considerably from trial to trial, in violation of noncontingency. This experimental procedure has at least three important consequences: (1) Most experimenters test the wrong hypothesis. (2) Subjects are justified in departing from a maximizing strategy at certain points in the schedule of events. (3) The gambler's fallacy is sometimes less a fallacy than an astute choice of strategy.
An extended expectancy-value approach to contraceptive alternatives

The expectancy value-normative influence model is based on the premise that the overall value to an individual of using an object (e.g. a specific contraceptive method) is a function of the degree to which its use is perceived to result in favorable consequences and the avoidance of unfavorable ones. Components of the Fishbein Extended Model are identified and discussed. The first the attitudinal component (Aact) made up of overt behavior (B) and behavioral intent (BI) incorporates 1) the individuals strength of belief connecting each salient contraceptive attribute and consequence of use to an individuals evaluation of each of the salient attributes. This component also includes the expectancy (beliefs regarding contraceptive characteristics) and the value (whether these characteristics and their results will be satisfactory or unsatisfactory). Normative beliefs (NBi) and motivation to comply (MCi) round out the model structure. This model was applied in a pilot study of contraceptive alternatives. The 23 attitude items used in the questionnaire were derived from in-depth interviews with 8 discussion groups composed of men and women of different backgrounds and were pretested on 117 respondents. The sample consisted of 58 individuals (21 males 37 females) ages 18 or older. Multiple correlations varied from R = .46 (pill males) to .88 (diaphragm females) with a median R of .57 and tended to be higher for females perhaps reflecting their greater involvement in the contraception decision-making process. The highest multiple Rs were obtained for lesser used methods such as the diaphragm and foam. Female intentions for the couple to use condoms were dominated by the normative (perceptions regarding the actions we think important others believe should be taken) rather than attitudinal (beliefs regarding the characteristics associated with the consequences of a method) component as were male intentions to have the couple use oral contraception. Attitudinal influences predominated for the diaphragm while IUD intentions were largely under normative control and those for foam under joint influence. Highly significant attitudinal correlations were found for questionnaire items that the user groups considered relevant for their evaluations of the method. While these findings should be considered tentative given the small and restrictive sample they illustrate the potential of this theoretical approach for understanding family planning and population behavior.
Goal programming and constrained regression—A comment

Abstract Goal programming was originated to obtain “constrained regression” estimates for an executive compensation formula which would conform to an organization hierarchy and other company policies prescribed by management. A subsequent history in that context is traced through other uses in personnel planning and in organization designs. Applications to planning advertising strategies are also examined which extend to uses of goal programming that involve fitting frequency functions under a variety of constraints. Finally this is all related to the initial and continuing research on the statistical properties of these estimates.
Isolation of a myelogenous leukemia-inducing virus from mice infected with the Friend virus complex.

A myelogenous leukemia-inducing virus (MyLV) has been isolated from a chloroleukemic C57Bl mouse, injected neonatally with the lymphatic leukemia virus (LLV)-containing helper component of the Friend virus (FV) complex. MyLV, free of detectable spleen focus-forming virus (SFFV), consistently induced only myelogenous leukemia in neonatally infected C57Bl, Ha/ICR, C3H and BALB/c mice, within 5 months (including chloroleukemias in C57Bl and Ha/ICR). The leukemia involved chiefly the spleen, liver, lymph nodes and bone marrow, and tumor cells could be recovered from the marrow to grow in the solid (subcutaneous) or ascites (intraperitoneal) form. MyLV preparations had ample helper activity for SFFV in restrictive hosts, and could be used to prepare a MyLV pseudotype of SFFV which was antigenically indistinguishable from native FV complex. MyLV could have arisen by selection of a pre-existing variant in the LLV population, by a genetic interaction between LLV and the C57Bl chloroleukemic host cell, or could have arisen from the original host C57Bl mice as a result of activation following the infection with LLV.
Estrogen receptor expression in human pituitary: correlation with immunohistochemistry in normal tissue, and immunohistochemistry and morphology in macroadenomas.

Forty-one human pituitary adenoma specimens were examined for the presence of estrogen receptor (ER) messenger ribonucleic acid and protein using a combination of ribonuclease protection assay, [3H] estradiol ([3H]E2) binding, and ER immunohistochemistry. ER messenger ribonucleic acid prevalence was high in PRL-immunoreactive tumors (2 of 2), moderate in GH/PRL tumors (2 of 5), and low or absent (0 of 4) in GH tumors. In the GH/PRL-immunostaining tumors, the presence of the ER was uniformly associated with elevated serum PRL levels. Among the gonadotropin-immunostaining tumors, 10 of 17 were ER positive; within this group, those with gonadotroph adenoma characteristics were ER positive, whereas those with null cell/oncocytic characteristics were ER negative. Of the tumors that did not immunostain for any known anterior pituitary hormones, 3 of 11 were ER positive. ER immunohistochemistry in 14 tumors revealed a 100% correlation with ribonuclease protection assay results, whereas [3H]E2 binding, determined...
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha inhibits hepatic S14 gene transcription. Evidence against the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha as the mediator of polyunsaturated fatty acid regulation of s14 gene transcription.

The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARalpha) has been implicated in fatty acid regulation of gene transcription. Lipogenic gene transcription is inhibited by polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). We have used the PUFA-sensitive rat liver S14 gene as a model to examine the role PPARalpha plays in fatty acid regulation of hepatic lipogenic gene transcription. Both PPARalpha and the potent peroxisome proliferator, WY14643, inhibit S14CAT activity in transfected primary hepatocytes. WY14643 and PPARalpha target the S14 T3 regulatory region (TRR, -2.8 to -2.5 kilobases), a region containing 3 T3 response elements (TRE). Transfer of the TRR to the thymidine kinase (TK) promoter conferred negative control to the TKCAT gene following WY14643 and PPARalpha treatment. Gel shift analysis showed that PPARalpha, either alone or with RXRalpha, did not bind the S14TRR. However, PPARalpha interfered with TRbeta/RXRalpha binding to a TRE (DR+4). Functional studies showed that co-transfected RXRalpha, but not T3 receptor beta1 (TRbeta1), abrogated the inhibitory effect of PPARalpha on S14 gene transcription. These results suggest that WY14643 and PPARalpha functionally interfere with T3 regulation of S14 gene transcription by inhibiting TRbeta1/RXR binding to S14 TREs. Previous studies had established that the cis-regulatory targets of PUFA control were located within the proximal promoter region of the S14 gene, i.e. between -220 and -80 bp. Finding that the cis-regulatory elements for WY14643/PPARalpha and PUFA are functionally and spatially distinct argues against PPARalpha as the mediator of PUFA suppression of S14 gene transcription.
Hyperspectral imagery and segmentation

Hyperspectral imagery (HSI), a passive infrared imaging technique which creates images of fine resolution across the spectrum is currently being considered for Army tactical applications. An important tactical application of infra-red (IR) hyperspectral imagery is the detection of low contrast targets, including those targets that may employ camouflage, concealment and deception (CCD) techniques [1,2]. Spectral reflectivity characteristics were used for efficient segmentation between different materials such as painted metal, vegetation and soil for visible to near IR bands in the range of 0.46-1.0 microns as shown previously by Kwon et al [3]. We are currently investigating the HSI where the wavelength spans from 7.5-13.7 microns. The energy in this range of wavelengths is almost entirely emitted rather than reflected, therefore, the gray level of a pixel is a function of the temperature and emissivity of the object. This is beneficial since light level and reflection will not need to be considered in the segmentation. We will present results of a step-wise segmentation analysis on the long-wave infrared (LWIR) hyperspectrum utilizing various classifier architectures applied to both the full-band, broad-band and narrow-band features derived from the Spatially Enhanced Broadband Array Spectrograph System (SEBASS) data base. Stepwise segmentation demonstrates some of the difficulties in the multi-class case. These results give an indication of the added capability the hyperspectral imagery and associated algorithms will bring to bear on the target acquisition problem.
Mapping quantitative trait loci controlling variation in forage quality traits in barley

Barley forage quality has a direct relationship to animal performance, but forage quality traits are often neglected or not accessible to the plant breeders. Doubled haploid lines (145) from the cross Steptoe × Morex were grown in 2 years of trails under irrigated conditions to evaluate the variation in forage quality characteristics, identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) for these traits and determine if variation in forage quality characteristics among barley lines is heritable. Forage quality traits were determined at plant anthesis and at peak forage yield stages. A total of 32 QTL were identified that conditioned forage traits at anthesis stage, and 10 QTLs were identified at peak forage yield. At anthesis, forage traits were highly to moderate heritablely, while at peak forage yield, all traits were weakly heritable, indicating that selection progress for these traits will be effective at early stages of maturity. This research has identified and mapped QTL for barley forage quality and will allow deployment of genes for improved forage quality via marker-assisted selection.
Core Genome Responses Involved in Acclimation to High Temperature

Plants can acclimate rapidly to environmental conditions, including high temperatures. To identify molecular events important for acquired thermotolerance, we compared viability and transcript profiles of Arabidopsis thaliana treated to severe heat stress (45°C) without acclimation or following two different acclimation treatments. Notably, a gradual increase to 45°C (22°C to 45°C over 6 h) led to higher survival and to more and higher-fold transcript changes than a step-wise acclimation (90 min at 38°C plus 120 min at 22°C before 45°C). There were significant differences in the total spectrum of transcript changes in the two treatments, but core components of heat acclimation were apparent in the overlap between treatments, emphasizing the importance of performing transcriptome analysis in the context of physiological response. In addition to documenting increases in transcripts of specific genes involved in processes predicted to be required for thermotolerance (i.e. protection of proteins and of translation, limiting oxidative stress), we also found decreases in transcripts (i.e. for programmed cell death, basic metabolism, and biotic stress responses), which are likely equally important for acclimation. Similar protective effects may also be achieved differently, such as prevention of proline accumulation, which is toxic at elevated temperatures and which was reduced by both acclimation treatments but was associated with transcript changes predicted to either reduce proline synthesis or increase degradation in the two acclimation treatments. Finally, phenotypic analysis of T-DNA insertion mutants of genes identified in this analysis defined eight new genes involved in heat acclimation, including cytosolic ascorbate peroxidase and the transcription factors HsfA7a (heat shock transcription factor A7a) and NF-X1.
Health outcomes and Medicaid costs for frail older individuals: A case study of a MCO versus fee-for-service care

Older individuals receiving both Medicare and Medicaid benefits are known to have a disproportionate burden of illness and high medical care costs. Elder Health, Inc., a private, for-profit managed care organization operating in Maryland under capitation rates from both Medicare and Medicaid, has tailored a medical practice to these individuals, with the stated objective of providing integrated care. This study compared 200 Elder Health patients with a closely matched group of dually eligible older individuals receiving care in fee-for-service practices. There was a baseline in-home structured interview with the patient, followed 1 year later with a telephone interview. Other data sources were Medicaid claims data and Elder Health's utilization records. The outcomes of interest were the patients' health and functional status, their satisfaction with care, rates of use of medical services, and costs to Medicaid. Elder Health patients had similar general health status, better functional status, and greater satisfaction with access to care but less satisfaction with information giving than the fee-for-service group. They received more primary care and preventive services and had less than half the number of hospital days. Costs to Medicaid were nearly identical. Institutional and community-based long-term care costs were not included in the analysis.As pressures mount for the Health Care Financing Administration to expand its prepaid contracts with private health plans and the need for integrated programs increase, quantitative assessment of innovative delivery models such as Elder Health, Inc. will be essential to ensure that patients' and the publics' interests are well served.
Data-Driven Decision Making in the K-12 Classroom

During the past decade, data-driven decision making (DDDM) has been at the forefront of many discussions on how to improve public education in the USA. Professions such as medicine, business, politics, engineering, etc. have embraced a data culture and built tools to systematically collect and facilitate analysis of performance data, resulting in dramatic performance improvements. Every day the public depends on companies like Google that collect and aggregate data in ways that help us make decisions about everything from online purchases, to stock investments, to candidate selection. This chapter introduces current research undertaken to bring comparable advantages to education, with the goal of helping classroom- and school-level stakeholders incorporate DDDM as integral to their work. The chapter outlines several different theoretical perspectives currently applied to the DDDM challenge, including the lenses of cultural change, assessment, implementation/adoption, and technology. The bulk of the chapter focuses on research related to models of successful local DDDM implementation, including the design of technological tools and processes to facilitate collection and analysis of actionable data in ways previously not possible. The chapter concludes with implications for research and development that are relevant to those in the fields of instructional technology and learning sciences.
Socioecological correlates of facial mobility in nonhuman anthropoids

Facial mobility, or the variety of facial movements a species can produce, is likely influenced by selection for facial expression in diurnal anthropoids. The purpose of this study is to examine socioecological correlates of facial mobility independent of body size, focusing on social group size and arboreality as possible evolutionary agents. Group size was chosen because facial expressions are important for group cohesion, while arboreality may limit the utility of facial expressions. Data for 12 nonhuman anthropoid species were taken from previous studies and analyzed using a phylogenetic generalized least-squares approach. Regression results indicate that group size is a good predictor of facial mobility independent of body size. No statistical support was found for the hypothesis that arboreality constrains the evolution of facial mobility. The correlation between facial mobility and group size may be a consequence of selection for more effective facial expression to help manage conflicts and facilitate bonding in larger groups. These findings support the hypothesis that the ultimate function of facial expression is related to group cohesion.
ORIENTATION AND GROWTH FORM OF SEA FANS

The comparison of field measurements of the orientation of branching planes of several species of sea fans with the magnitude and direction of water motion due to several types of currents indicates that fan-shaped gorgonians orient at right angles to dominant current flow and may be useful as indicators of the average direction of water motion. The mechanism by which orientation is achieved may be related to mechanical forces associated with water movement. Fans were transplanted to various flow regimes and subsequently studied for signs of damage and reorientation. Differences in branchlet diameter and spicule length in Muricea appear to be associated with water motion, in ways that may represent structural adaptations enabling the organisms to withstand large forces caused by waves in shallow water.
How to measure, present, and compare parallel performance

Presentations of parallel performance can be easily and unintentionally distorted. Following some simple guidelines for measuring, presenting and comparing performance can greatly improve your presentation's accuracy and effectiveness. >
Kyoto Redoux: Assessment of an Environmental Science Collaborative Learning Project for Undergraduate, Non-Science Majors.

How can we present science in a format that will allow collegelevel undergraduates not majoring in the sciences, including elementary education preservice teachers, to grasp an understanding of, and to gain, an appreciation for science in terms of everyday life and in the context that science is important in their own fields of interest? It is with these assumptions that “Kyoto Redoux,” the major project for the course “Global Change,” was chosen to be a simulation of the Conference of the Parties-3 (COP-3), sponsored by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in Kyoto, Japan. The purpose of this study was to examine students’ perceptions of this collaborative course project as a component of a process evaluation of “Adventures in Science,” a pilot program of a newly designed, interdisciplinary environmental science program for undergraduate, non-science majors. Non-traditional evaluation tools, including portfolios, focus groups, and team and selfassessments were employed. The research led us to a better understanding of practical, pedagogical applications in applying science content to non-science majors’ career goals, promoting problem-solving skills in collaborative contexts, and structuring and assessing students’ environmental course experiences. Resume Comment presenter les sciences de facon a permettre a des etudiants universitaires de premier cycle non specialises en sciences, y compris des stagiaires en enseignement elementaire, de comprendre et d’apprecier la science quant a son applicabilite dans la vie de tous les jours et a son importance pour leur propre domaine d’interet? En se basant sur ce
The mechanics of contact and adhesion of periodically rough surfaces

An analytical model based on the Johnson–Kendall–Roberts (JKR) theory of adhesion was used to study the contact mechanics and adhesion of periodically rough surfaces. The relation of the applied load to the contact area and the work of adhesion W was found in closed form for arbitrary surface profiles. Our analysis showed that when the parameter [where α* is a numerical constant of order one, β is the aspect ratio of a typical surface profile (or asperity), and ρ is the number of asperities per unit length], the surfaces will jump into contact with each other with no applied load, and the contact area will continue to expand until the two surfaces are in full contact. The theory was then extended to the non-JKR regime in which the region where the surface forces act is no longer confined to a small region near the contact zone. Exact solution was also obtained for this case. An exact analysis of the effect of entrapped air on the mechanics of adhesion and contact was also enacted. The results showed that interaction between asperities should be taken into consideration in contact-mechanics models of adhesion or friction. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 39: 1195–1214, 2001
Reducing pause times with clustered collection

Each full garbage collection in a program with millions of objects can pause the program for multiple seconds. Much of this work is typically repeated, as the collector re-traces parts of the object graph that have not changed since the last collection. Clustered Collection reduces full collection pause times by eliminating much of this repeated work. Clustered Collection identifies clusters: regions of the object graph that are reachable from a single "head" object, so that reachability of the head implies reachability of the whole cluster. As long as it is not written, a cluster need not be re-traced by successive full collections. The main design challenge is coping with program writes to clusters while ensuring safe, complete, and fast collections. In some cases program writes require clusters to be dissolved, but in most cases Clustered Collection can handle writes without having to re-trace the affected cluster. Clustered Collection chooses clusters likely to suffer few writes and to yield high savings from re-trace avoidance. Clustered Collection is implemented as modifications to the Racket collector. Measurements of the code and data from the Hacker News web site (which suffers from significant garbage collection pauses) and a Twitter-like application show that Clustered Collection decreases full collection pause times by a factor of three and six respectively. This improvement is possible because both applications have gigabytes of live data, modify only a small fraction of it, and usually write in ways that do not result in cluster dissolution. Identifying clusters takes more time than a full collection, but happens much less frequently than full collection.
Human Hemorrhagic Fever Causing Arenaviruses: Molecular Mechanisms Contributing to Virus Virulence and Disease Pathogenesis

Arenaviruses include multiple human pathogens ranging from the low-risk lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) to highly virulent hemorrhagic fever (HF) causing viruses such as Lassa (LASV), Junin (JUNV), Machupo (MACV), Lujo (LUJV), Sabia (SABV), Guanarito (GTOV), and Chapare (CHPV), for which there are limited preventative and therapeutic measures. Why some arenaviruses can cause virulent human infections while others cannot, even though they are isolated from the same rodent hosts, is an enigma. Recent studies have revealed several potential pathogenic mechanisms of arenaviruses, including factors that increase viral replication capacity and suppress host innate immunity, which leads to high viremia and generalized immune suppression as the hallmarks of severe and lethal arenaviral HF diseases. This review summarizes current knowledge of the roles of each of the four viral proteins and some known cellular factors in the pathogenesis of arenaviral HF as well as of some human primary cell-culture and animal models that lend themselves to studying arenavirus-induced HF disease pathogenesis. Knowledge gained from these studies can be applied towards the development of novel therapeutics and vaccines against these deadly human pathogens.
Semantic Event Extraction Using Neural Network Ensembles

This paper proposes a novel semantic content analysis framework for reliable video event extraction which is essential for high-level video indexing and retrieval. In this work, we target to address the unique challenges posed in rare event detection, where positive examples (i.e., eventful data points) are vastly outnumbered and thus overshadowed by negative ones (i.e., noneventful data points). The proposed framework tackles this issue by integrating the strength of multimodal content analysis and neural network ensembles. Specifically, due to the rareness of the target events, the boostrapped sampling method is adopted to reduce the effect of class imbalance and a group of component neural networks are constructed consequently. Thereafter, a weighting scheme is applied to intelligently traverse and combine the component network predictions. The effectiveness of the proposed framework is demonstrated over a large collection of soccer video data with different styles produced by different broadcasters.
Current-voltage dependencies of heterogeneous semiconductor systems*

Abstract Computed current-voltage (J–V) dependencies of heterogeneous (powder) semiconductor systems reveal an anomalous dependence between the constant-voltage current J and the uncompensated donor (acceptor) concentration N . Over a range of N ( N 1 n N 2 ) of approximately one decade, J decreases by as much as four decades with increasing N . For N > N 2 , the grain Schottky barrier thickness d is less than the grain half-width l /2, the grain surface potential V s is almost independent of N and the J–V dependence is superlinear. For N 1 N N 2 , d > l /2, V s decreases linearly with N, J increases strongly with decreasing N and the J–V dependence is superlinear. For N N 1 , d > l /2. V s ⪝ V th ( = kT/q ) and J ∝ NV . The phenomenon is used to account for some observed J–V dependencies with column II-chalcogenide and ZnO powder semiconductor systems (electro-optic displays, electrophotographic receptors and heterogeneous catalysts).
Endmember bundles: a new approach to incorporating endmember variability into spectral mixture analysis

Accuracy of vegetation cover fractions, computed with spectral mixture analysis, may be compromised by variation in canopy structure and biochemistry when a single endmember represents top-of-canopy reflectance. In this article, endmember variability is incorporated into mixture analysis by representing each endmember by a set or bundle of spectra, each of which could reasonably be the reflectance of an instance of the endmember. Endmember bundles are constructed from the data itself by an extension to a previously described method of manually deriving endmembers from remotely sensed data. Applied to remotely sensed images, bundle unmixing produces maximum and minimum fraction images bounding the correct cover fractions and specifying error due to endmember variability. In this article, endmember bundles and bounding fraction images were created for an airborne visible/infrared imaging spectrometer (AVIRIS) subscene simulated with a canopy radiative transfer/geometric-optical model. Variation in endmember reflectance was achieved using ranges of parameter values including leaf area index (LAI) and tissue optical properties observed In a North Texas savanna. The subscene's spatial pattern was based on a 1992 Landsat Thematic Mapper image of the study region. Bounding fraction images bracketed the cover fractions of the simulated data for 98% of the pixels for soil, 97% for senescent grass and 93% for trees. Averages of bounding images estimated fractional coverage used in the simulation with an average error of /spl les/0.05, a significant improvement over previous methods with important implications for regional-scale research on vegetation extent and dynamics.
Anatomy of the Clavicle and Coracoid Process for Reconstruction of the Coracoclavicular Ligaments

BackgroundRecently acromioclavicular joint reconstruction techniques have focused on anatomic restoration of the coracoclavicular (CC) ligaments. Such techniques involve creating bone tunnels in the distal clavicle and coracoid.PurposeTo define the anatomy of the human clavicle and coracoid process of the scapula, in order to guide surgeons in reconstructing the CC ligaments.Study DesignDescriptive laboratory study.MethodsOne hundred twenty (60 paired) cadaveric clavicles and corresponding scapulae (mean age ± and standard deviation, 48.3 ± 16.6 years) devoid of soft tissue were analyzed (dry osteology). Differences related to race and sex were recorded. Nineteen fresh-frozen cadaveric clavicles with intact CC ligaments were measured as well (fresh anatomic).ResultsThe mean clavicle length was 149 ± 9.1 mm. In the dry osteology group, the distance from the lateral edge of the clavicle to the medial edge of the conoid tuberosity in male and female specimens was 47.2 ± 4.6 mm and 42.8 ± 5.6 mm, respectively...