cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measurement-Based Estimation of Linear Sensitivity Distribution Factors and Applications

In this paper, we propose a method to compute linear sensitivity distribution factors (DFs) in near real-time. The method does not rely on the system power flow model. Instead, it uses only high-frequency synchronized data collected from phasor measurement units to estimate the injection shift factors through linear least-squares estimation, after which other DFs can be easily computed. Such a measurement-based approach is desirable since it is adaptive to changes in system operating point and topology. We further improve the adaptability of the proposed approach to such changes by using weighted and recursive least-squares estimation. Through numerical examples, we illustrate the advantages of our proposed DF estimation approach over the conventional model-based one in the context of contingency analysis and generation re-dispatch.
The effect of microstructural fabric on dynamic load transfer in two dimensional assemblies of elliptical particles

Abstract Experimental and numerical studies have been conducted to investigate the effect of microstructural fabric, such as major axis orientation, contact normal and branch vector distributions, on dynamic load transfer behavior in two dimensional granular material. The granular medium was simulated by assemblies of elliptical particles. The experimental method utilizes the combination of high speed photography and photoelasticity to study the local load transfer behavior in granular assemblies subjected to explosive loading. Numerical studies employed a computational scheme based on the discrete element method. Results indicate that the microstructural fabric has significant effect on the load transfer phenomena, such as stress wave velocity, load pulse wavelength and contact load attenuation.
Vacuum-ultraviolet absorption spectra and optical constants of poly (N -vinyl carbazole) films

The results of a detailed study of the vacuum-ultraviolet transmittance of poly-N-vinyl carbazole (PVK) and its subsequent conversion to optical constants are reported. Optical data for PVK films, 0.01 μm, cover the energy range from 3 to 11.8 ev. Calculated spectra of absorption coefficient, real and imaginary parts of the complex refractive index, and the reflectance are displayed. Good agreement is found between the calculated and measured reflectance.
Why are there differences in the political representation of women in the 27 countries of the European Union

Abstract Although there have been many studies that address the representation of women in parliament, few explore gender representation in the 27 countries of the European Union. Prior research on women's representation conducted in different areas of the world has emphasized the type of electoral system, quotas, the economic affluence of a country, the timing of women's suffrage, as well as the political culture. In this evaluation these commonly used indicators are complemented by two factors that are not frequently employed – the percentage of women in managerial positions and the political ideology of parliamentary parties. This cross-national analysis reveals that the electoral system type, the number of women in managerial positions and the years women have had the right to vote are the most important factors in determining women's representation.
Tree-ring and glacial evidence for the medieval warm epoch and the little ice age in southern South America

A tree-ring reconstruction of summer temperatures from northern Patagonia shows distinct episodes of higher and lower temperature during the last 1000 yr. The first cold interval was from A.D. 900 to 1070, which was followed by a warm period A.D. 1080 to 1250 (approximately coincident with the Medieval Warm Epoch). Afterwards a long, cold-moist interval followed from A.D. 1270 to 1660, peaking around 1340 and 1640 (contemporaneously with early Little Ice Age events in the Northern Hemisphere). In central Chile, winter rainfall variations were reconstructed using tree rings back to the year A.D. 1220. From A.D. 1220 to 1280, and from A.D. 1450 to 1550, rainfall was above the long-term mean. Droughts apparently occurred between A.D. 1280 and 1450, from 1570 to 1650, and from 1770 to 1820. In northern Patagonia, radiocarbon dates and tree-ring dates record two major glacial advances in the A.D. 1270–1380 and 1520–1670 intervals. In southern Patagonia, the initiation of the Little Ice Age appears to have been around A.D. 1300, and the culmination of glacial advances between the late 17th to the early 19th centuries.
From Colds to Condoms and Beyond

This case reports a district's creative use of a school-based health clinic to address high student absenteeism. The clinic becomes more controversial as the type of health interventions provided by the clinic expands to meet students' sexual and reproductive health issues. Teacher notes describe how this case can be used to introduce students to a variety of issues related to the ISLLC standards, including ethics, school-community relations, gender, diversity and social justice issues. The notes explain how this case can be used as an in-class, take-home or exam activity. A shorter version of the case is provided at the end of this article for use in classes that have more limited time allowance.
Studies on african saurian malarias: five Plasmodium species from chamaeleons of the uzungwe mountains, tanzania

Abstract Telford S. R. Jr . 1988. Studies on African saurian malarias: five Plasmodium species from chamaeleons of the Uzungwe Mountains, Tanzania. International Journal for Parasitology 18 : 197–219. Two new Plusmodium species are described from Chamaeleo tenuis of the Eastern Uzungwe Mountains, Tanzania. The larger species has schizonts and gametocytes of similar size which exceed that of uninfected erythrocyte nuclei (RBCN) by mean ratios of 1.5 and 1.8, respectively; polymorphic schizonts produce 12–32 merozoites, gametocytes are broadly elongate and usually curve around the host cell nucleus. The oval or round schizonts of the second species equal RBCN in size, and have 6–14 merozoites. Gametocytes are oval or round also, and average slightly larger (1.2×) than RBCN. Chamaeleo werneri of the Western Uzungwe Mountains is parasitized by three new species of Plasmodium . The largest species has fan-shaped or oblong schizonts with 8–22 merozoites, which average 1.3 × RBCN; the elongate, broad gametocytes average twice RBCN size, and sometimes contain a prominent, clear, bluish circular space in the cytoplasm. A second Plasmodium species preferentially parasitizes immature erythrocytes, forming variably shaped schizonts smaller than RBCN, with 4–12 merozoites. Gametocytes, on average 1.3 × RBCN, are elongate and narrow, and tend to occupy lateropolar positions without curving around the host cell nucleus. The third species has highly amoeboid young asexual stages, often bizarrely formed, and usually fan-shaped mature schizonts containing 4–12 merozoites. At segmentation, merozoites assume odd, often arachnoid configurations. Gametocytes are usually elongate and very thin, averaging 1.6 × RBCN.
Investigations on the mode of action of sodium N-methyldithiocarbamate in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici.

A radiorespirometric technique was used to determine the effects of sodium N-methyldithiocarbamate (NaMDC) on uptake and oxidation of glucose by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. The principal glucose oxidation pathway of the fungus was found to be the pentose cycle. Shifts to other oxidation pathways were not significant even when the fungus was treated with extremely high concentrations of NaMDC (5×10-2 M). Only when zinc ions were added to NaMDC solutions were shifts in pathway (and a drastic increase in toxicity) noted. The main effect of NaMDC was to delay the complete oxidation of glucose to CO2. In the concentration range between 0.5 to 10.0×10-2 M NaMDC dose response curves were bimodal with respect to spore germination, colony development, and CO2 production; with respect to glucose uptake the curves were unimodal. The bimodal dosage response curves could be divided into a first zone of inhibition, a zone of reversed toxicity, and a second zone of inhibition. Within the first zone of inhibition, colony development proved to be more sensitive to NaMDC than spore germination. In the zone of reversed toxicity the incorporation of carbon into the spores drops sharply, while in the second zone of inhibition a strong inhibition of glucose uptake is the dominating effect. It is indicated that NaMDC interfers with biosynthetic activities rather than enzymes of catabolic pathways.
Application of an explicit TVD scheme for unsteady, axisymmetric, muzzle brake flow

Operator splitting in the presence of source terms is necessary in order to apply Harten's second-order accurate, total-variation-diminishing (TVD), shock-capturing scheme to higher-dimensional problems. By employing Godunov boundary treatment at the muzzle brake, such splitting is applied to the problem of muzzle brake flow simulation for the case of blasts which are impeded, by vertical and slanted baffles, respectively. Results from numerical studies of various types of wall boundary condition treatment which are consistent with Harten's TVD scheme are indicated.
Hydroxymethyluracil in eukaryote DNA: a natural feature of the pyrrophyta (dinoflagellates).

Analysis of the DNA of several diverse dinoflagellates and other algae has revealed that the presence of the base hydroxymethyluracil (HOMeU) is a feature common among the DNA9s of dinoflagellates; this base has not been found in any other group of eukaryotes that has been examined. Among examined members of the dinoflagellates, the ratio of the base pairs HOMeU-A to T-A, where A is adenine and T is thymine, ranges from 0.14 to 2.13. In addition to hydroxymethyluracil, the DNA of one dinoflagellate contains methylcytosine, and that of another contains methyladenine, while the DNA of other dinoflagellates contains no detectable amounts of either of these two bases.
Employment contract fundamentals: a recent perspective

Gastroenterology fellows finishing their training confront not only the challenges of choosing the right job, practice location, and career path, but also face the complexities of contract negotiation and agreement. For those fellows who are embarking on their job search and contract negotiation, Dr. Bhavesh Shah shares with us his recent experience with regard to employment contract fundamentals.
Some effects of furazolidone on the testis and plasma levels of testosterone, luteinizing hormone and prolactin in mature male turkeys

Adult male turkeys were treated orally with furazolidone at doses of 1, 2.5, 5 or 20 mg/kg for 14 days and their plasma analysed for luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone and prolactin (PRL) concentrations before, during and after treatment. At 20 mg/kg the drug produced a significant decrease in the plasma levels of LH and testosterone at the end of treatment, whereas at 5 mg/kg the drug had no significant effect. Prolactin concentrations were unaffected by any of the drug doses used. Intramuscular injection of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) at a dose of 5 micrograms/kg produced after 30 min a significant rise in plasma levels of LH, an effect that was decreased significantly by treatment with 20 mg/kg furazolidone. Incubation of normal turkey semen with graded doses of furazolidone or nitrofurazone for up to 30 min resulted in a dose- and time-dependent decrease in sperm motility. At a concentration of 20 mg/ml a complete absence of sperm motility was observed after incubation with either drug, although, on the whole, nitrofurazone seemed more potent than furazolidone as a sperm-immobilizing agent. Histological changes occurred in the 20 mg/kg group and consisted of a decrease in spermatocyte production, corrugation of sperm cell nuclear envelopes and distention of the endoplasmic reticulum of elongate spermatids. It is concluded that furazolidone depresses pituitary LH output but may, in addition, directly affect spermatogenesis and sperm motility.
A Reexamination of Schriesheim and Hinkin’s (1990) Measure of Upward Influence

Research examining the tactics used to influence others has served as a significant line of inquiry over the past two decades. Critical to this stream of work has been the development of measures used to assess the frequency of upward influence tactics. This article reexamines a taxonomy and instrumentation originally presented by Kipnis et al. and modified by Schriesheim and Hinkin. The authors of this article assessed the factor structure, convergent, and discriminant validity of the 18-item, six-factor (i.e., assertiveness, exchange, rationality, ingratiation, upward appeal, and coalition building) measure. Data relevant to the investigation of construct validity were gathered from four independent samples. Concerns regarding lower than acceptable reliability estimates and unexpected item-factor correlations surfaced suggesting the need to develop a more appropriate measure of upward influence tactics.
The inhibition of oxidative and phosphorylative enzymes in rat liver mitochondria by aminoazobenzene derivatives.

The liver carcinogen, dimethylaminoazobenzene, inhibited in vitro the oxidation of a variety of pyridine nucleotide linked substrates of rat liver mitochondria without affecting the process of oxidative phosphorylation. Cytochrome c oxidase activity was not inhibited by the carcinogen, nor was the succinoxidase activity, but the phosphorylation accompanying succinate oxidation was uncoupled. Similar effects were noted with other aminoazobenzene derivatives, but did not appear to be correlated with the ability of the compounds to evoke tumors.The site of the respiratory inhibition by dimethylaminoazobenzene appears to be at the level between reduced pyridine nucleotide and cytochrome c in the respiratory chain. Mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity was not inhibited, while the oxidation of reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide was markedly decreased. The reduction of the electron acceptor, ferricyanide, by pyridine nucleotide linked substrates was also strongly inhibited but the reduction of tetrazolium comp...
Electrochemical treatment of human KB cells in vitro

Electrochemical treatment (ECT) of cancer is a promising new method by which direct current is delivered into tumor tissue to induce tumor regression. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of ECT on human cancer cells and to investigate the factors that affect ECT. The biological mechanisms of ECT in cancer treatment were also explored. Using human KB cells, ECT was found to delay cell growth by using 0.3 coulombs (C)/ml (1.5 C in 5 ml of culture medium; 3 V, 400 μA for 62.5 min). From the results of a colony-forming assay, it was clearly demonstrated that increasing the ECT dose decreases tumor cell survival. A cytotoxicity study, in which a methylene blue assay was used, determined that, for 2.5 × 105 cells in culture, the ID50 was 0.68 C/ml. For a fixed dose of 0.6 C/ml (3 C in 5 ml), using higher current and shorter treatment time resulted in better cell survival. Time, therefore, is an important factor. When cell concentration was altered, the survival was higher for increased cell concentrations. A thymidine incorporation assay indicated that the amount of [3H]thymidine incorporated into DNA decreased as the ECT dose increased. After treatment with 1 C/ml (5 C in 5 ml; 3 V, 400 μA for 208.4 min), pH at the anode decreased to 4.53 and at the cathode increased to 10.46. These results indicate that ECT is effective for killing human KB cells in vitro and that the toxicity effect is related to charge, current, and treatment time. The effect of pH alteration on cells is one of the mechanisms of ECT. Bioelectromagnetics 20:34–41, 1999.© 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
CYTOLOGICAL STUDIES OF ORGANOTYPIC CULTURES OF RAT DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA FOLLOWING X-IRRADIATION IN VITRO: II. Changes in Schwann Cells, Myelin Sheaths, and Nerve Fibers

Under suitable conditions rat dorsal root ganglia differentiate and myelinate in culture, providing an organotypic model of the ganglion (8). Mature cultures of this type were irradiated with a 40 kR dose of 184 kvp X-rays and, after daily observation in the living state, were fixed for light and electron microscopy. Within 24 hr after irradiation, numerous Schwann cells investing unmyelinated axons acutely degenerate. The axons thus denuded display little change. Conversely, few ultrastructural changes develop in Schwann cells investing myelinated axons until after the 4th day. During the 4–14 day period, these Schwann cells and their related myelin sheaths undergo progressive deterioration. Associated axons decrease in diameter but are usually maintained. Myelin deterioration begins as a nodal lengthening and then progresses along two different routes. In intact Schwann cells, fragmentation of myelin begins in a pattern reminiscent of Wallerian degeneration, but its slow breakdown thereafter suggests metabolic disturbances in these Schwann cells. The second pattern of myelin deterioration, occurring after complete degeneration of the related Schwann cell, involves unusual configurational changes in the myelin lamellae. Atypical repeating periods are formed by systematic splitting of lamellae at each major dense line with further splitting at the intraperiod line (Type I) or by splitting in the region of every other intraperiod line (Type II); some sheaths display a compact, wavy, inner zone and an abnormally widened lamellar spacing peripherally (Type III). Extensive blebbing of myelin remnants characterizes the final stages of this extracellular myelin degradation. These observations provide the first description of ultrastructural changes produced by ionizing radiation in nerve fascicles in vitro.
Erythrocyte Na Flux in Cushing's Disease

This study was designed to establish whether cortisol which increases renal Na retention and K excretion also has the same effect as aldosterone on Na transport across other cell membranes. At last years meetings we reported increased erythrocyte Na flux rates in patients with primary aldosteronism. Since then we demonstrated that these patients have increased Na+ K ATPase activity and that aldosterone increases active Na transport in vitro. Erythrocyte ghost Na flux, intracellular H2O, Na, and K, and Na+K dependent ATPase were measured in control subjects and patients with primary hyperaldosteronism and Cushing's disease. Mean±SEM are given in the table. When 10-6 M aldosterone and 10−7 M cortisol were added in vitro to normal erythrocyte ghosts Na efflux rates increased by 37% and 76% without change in the passive leak. Thus aldosterone and cortisol had similar effects on Na flux and Na+K dependent ATPase activity, at secretory rates approximately 103 greater for cortisol than for aldosterone.
Global Climate Change and Tropical Forest Genetic Resources

Global climate change may have a serious impact on genetic resources in tropical forest trees. Genetic diversity plays a critical role in the survival of populations in rapidly changing environments. Furthermore, most tropical plant species are known to have unique ecological niches, and therefore changes in climate may directly affect the distribution of biomes, ecosystems, and constituent species. Climate change may also indirectly affect plant genetic resources through effects on phenology, breeding systems, and plant-pollinator and plant seed disperser interactions, and may reduce genetic diversity and reproductive output. As a consequence, population densities may be reduced leading to reduction in genetic diversity through genetic drift and inbreeding. Tropical forest plants may respond to climate change through phenotypic plasticity, adaptive evolution, migration to suitable site, or extinction. However, the potential to respond is limited by a rapid pace of change and the non-availability of alternate habitats due to past and present trends of deforestation. Thus climate change may result in extinction of many populations and species. Our ability to estimate the precise response of tropical forest ecosystems to climate change is limited by lack of long-term data on parameters that might be affected by climate change. Collection of correlative data from long-term monitoring of climate as well as population and community responses at selected sites offer the most cost-effective way to understand the effects of climate change on tropical tree populations. However, mitigation strategies need to be implemented immediately. Because many effects of climate change may be similar to the effects of habitat alteration and fragmentation, protected areas and buffer zones should be enlarged, with an emphasis on connectivity among conserved landscapes. Taxa that are likely to become extinct should be identified and protected through ex situ conservation programs.
Meeting Correctional Offender Needs: An Ethical Response to Cultural Differences:

This article presents a process evaluation of a unique approach to cultural awareness training designed to help correctional personnel provide a more ethical response to the cultural differences of offenders and to reduce conflict between personnel and offenders. Using moral development theory and cognitive learning theory, a human relations approach to cultural awareness training was used for more than 200 correctional personnel to assist them in improving their moral development levels. Analysis results indicate that the human relations approach may be helpful in providing personnel with new thinking patterns consistent with higher levels of moral development.
Foundation of basic arithmetic

This is the first of a series of articles, in which we shall briefly outline the early evolution of numerals as we currently know it.
DFT-based molecular dynamics as a new tool for computational biology: first applications and perspective

Static and molecular dynamics (MD) calculations based on density-functional theory (DFT) are emerging as a valuable means for simulations in the field of biology, especially when coupled with classical simulations. In this contribution, we point out the strengths as well as the limitations of the DFT-MD method, and its possible use to complement existing approaches. Recent applications to systems of biochemical and pharmacological interest are discussed, and an outline is given of steps to be taken regarding future calculations.
Failure of Montmorillonite K10 or silica gel to promote the conversion of phenols to quinones by several oxidants

There have been a number of recent reports of the oxidation of phenols to quinones in good to excellent yields under exceptionally mild conditions when promoted by Montmorillonite K101-3 or silica gel.4 The oxidants are perborate,1 iodic acid,2 so-called percarbonate,3 and peroxydisulfate.4 I have been unable to reproduce these results. Table 1 summarizes the published yields for the oxidations of phenol and hydroquinone together with my findings. Reactions were carried out according the references except that analyses were done by extraction into chloroform and measurement of the absorbance at 440 nm where p-benzoquinone has e = 22.3 mol-1 L cm-1.5 The temperature was not specified for the oxidations by percarbonate and perborate; I used 25o C.
Characterization of MMS-sensitive mutants of Neurospora crassa

Abstract Several MMS-sensitive mutants of Neurospora crassa were compared with the wild-type strain for their relative sensitivities to UV, X-ray, and histidine. They were also compared for the frequency of spontaneous mutation at the loci which confer resistance to p -fluorophenylalanine. The mutants were also examined for possible defects in meiotic behavior in homozygous crosses and for any change in the inducible DNA salvage pathways (as indicated by their ability to utilize DNA as the sole phosphate source in the growth medium). On the basis of these characterizations, the present MMS-sensitive mutants of Neurospora can be placed into three groups. The first group includes three mutants, mus-(SC3), mus-(SC13) , and mus-(SC28) . These are slow growers, insensitive to histidine with no apparent meiotic defects and may have reduced frequency of spontaneous mutation. In addition, their mycelial growth is sensitive to MMS but the conidial viability following MMS, UV or X-ray treatment appears normal or only slightly more sensitive than the wild-type. The second group includes only one mutant, mus-(SC15) ; its mycelial growth is very sensitive to MMS but the conidial survival following treatment with MMS or UV appears normal; however, the conidial survival following exposure to X-ray is significantly reduced. This mutant shows an increase (more than 10-fold) frequency of spontaneous mutation, but behaves normal like the wild-type with respect to fertility, growth rate and insensitivity to histidine. The third group includes mutants mus-(SC10), mus-(SC25) , and mus-(SC29) . These mutants are very sensitive to UV, X-rays and MMS and to histadine but have normal growth rates on minimal medium. Mutant mus-(SC10) , but not mus-(SC25) and mus-(SC29) , has an increased (11 ×) frequency of spontaneous mutation. On the basis of data presented, the MMS sensitivity of the first group of mutants cannot be ascertained to arise from a defect in the DNA repair pathways; instead, it may stem from altered cell permeability or other pleotropic effects of the mus mutations. However, it can be suggested that the second and third group of mus mutants may indeed result from a defect in the DNA repair pathways controlled by the mus genes; this conclusion is based on their cross-sensitivity to a number of DNA-damaging agents such as MMS, UV and/or X-ray, high frequencies of spontaneous mutation (mutator effects) and defects in meiotic behavior.
Semi-compatibilism and the transfer of non-responsibility

Le semi-compatibilisme reconcilie la responsabilite morale et le determinisme. L'A. essaie de le defendre contre l'argument direct de Van Inwagen postulant l'incompatibilite du determinisme avec la responsabilite morale
Modeling database system availability under network partitioning

Abstract This paper contributes a customer-stationary probabilistic model that can be used to measure the availability of a variety of replication control methods. This includes methods that tolerate site failures and those that tolerate both site failures and network partitioning. Existing availability measures assume a “ k-out-of-n ” up/down failure modeling, and are therefore not useful in evaluating methods that handle network partitioning. Our model relies on an “ s ϵ π” probability failure modeling, which enumerates the probability that a site s belongs to a particular network partition π. We demonstrate our model through a study of the effect of the degree of replication on the read-one-write-all and the quorum consensus methods. We also analyze the model's computational complexity when used in fully connected and ring network topologies.
Intra-articular synovial sarcoma

A case of right knee intra-articular synovial sarcoma in a 26-year-old man is reported. The patient had experienced 12 to 18 months of chronic posterior right knee pain with flexion contracture of the leg. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination demonstrated nonspecific characteristics of a well-circumscribed, homogeneous mass within the posterior lateral compartment of the knee joint. The mass was isointense and hyperintense to muscle on T1- and T2-weighted sequences respectively, and initially clinically diagnosed as a localized tenosynovial giant cell tumor. However, histological examination showed the lesion to be a synovial sarcoma arising from the synovium of the knee joint. Synovial sarcoma may have a nonspecific MR appearance, especially when less than 5 cm in size, often simulating a less aggressive process. Primary intra-articular origin may predispose to earlier presentation, and therefore, radiological evaluation of smaller masses. Nonspecific MR characteristics of small, intra-articular masses provide a diagnostic dilemma. Synovial sarcoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis when distinguishing MR characteristics of other common joint-centered entities are not present.
Homology and non-homology at the yeast mating type locus

Four mutations of the alpha mating type locus of Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been analysed to determine their relationship to the a mating type locus. Mat alpha+ recombinations are produced by mat alpha 2-/MAT but not by mat alpha 1-/MATa diploids. MAT alpha and MATa thus contain regions of homology (coding for at least part of MAT alpha 2) and regions of non-homology (coding for at least part of MAT alpha 1)-the genetic determinant for cell type is larger than the non-homologous sequence seen by DNA-DNA heteroduplexes and genetic analysis. The segment transposed in mating type interconversion includes both types of sequence.
Radiation heat loss from a PWR core during a severe accident

Abstract During a severe accident such as a LOCA, fuel rods are exposed to steam. Rods are heated by fission-product decay and by steam oxidation of the cladding. The energy balance on the rod includes heat losses by convection to the surrounding steam and by thermal radiation to the surrounding fuel rods and to the ultimate heat sink, the reactor pressure vessel. The present note analyzes the latter problem by simulating the fuel rods in the core as concentric thin shells that emit radiant energy. The result is an estimate of the configuration factor that appears in the conventional radiation heat-flux equation.
High-speed electronics for optical communications

The ever and rapidly increasing utilization of single-mode optical fiber bandwidth coupled with rapid improvements in integrated circuit technology, have made ICs for 10+Gb/s lightwave systems a reality. However, even with today's advanced IC technologies, stringent system requirements still impose severe limitations on the design of lightwave ICs.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Multiple regression and validity estimation in one sample

This study empirically investigated equations for estimating the value of the multiple correlation co efficient in the population underlying a sample and the value of the population validity coefficient of a sample regression equation. In addition to pre viously published estimation equations, several new procedures, including an empirically derived equa tion, were evaluated using 16 independent popula tions. Overall, the empirical equation was superior to any of the previously published estimation proce dures. It appears that cross-validation may no longer be necessary for certain purposes.
An experimental study of thermally induced convection of molten gallium in magnetic fields

This paper presents an experimental investigation on natural convection in a molten metal subject to a uniform magnetic field. The working fluid is molten gallium, which is contained in a rectangular box with the two opposite vertical walls held at different temperatures. The imposed magnetic fields are parallel to the temperature gradient. Both the temperature and velocity fields are measured with and without an imposed magnetic field. Numerical simulations of convective flows in the system are also performed using the numerical model developed in a previous study. Good agreement exists between the measured and computed results for the conditions studied. Results show that natural convection is suppressed with an imposed magnetic field and the magnetic damping effect increases with an increase in the applied field strength.
Exact solutions for interacting rules in generalized modus ponens with parameterized implication functions

Many authors have presented exact analyses of the behavior of an isolated fuzzy inference rule, and many have presented empirical studies of the behavior of multiple-rule systems. This paper presents an exact analysis of the behavior of a class of two-rule systems in which the antecedent and consequent membership functions are trapezoidal and the implication operator is a strong implication (S-implication) or a residuated implication (R-implication) formed by the Schweizer-Sklar family of parameterized T-norms. The two-rule system exhibits many emergent properties not found when a single rule is studied, and much of the behavior of many-rule systems is dominated by two-rule interactions.
Dormancy in Winter Buds of American Pondweed, Potamogeton nodosus Poir

Winter buds of American pondweed (Potamogeton nodosus Poir.) were found to be strongly dormant at maturity. Under normal conditions the dormancy lasted for several months. Cold treatment decreased the period required for after-ripening, and exposure of dormant buds to 32o C for three days caused most of the buds to grow in two weeks. Removal of bud scales in light was very effective in promoting growth. Soaking of dormant buds in solutions of gibberellic acid, sucrose, com binations of gibberellic acid and sucrose, a-naphthylacetic acid and fenac (2,3,6 trichlorophenylacetic acid) partially relieved the growth suppression. Treatments with indole-3-acetic acid at 1,000 ppm for 18 hours broke dormancy completely in all buds, indicating that low levels of this substance may be the primary cause of dormancy in this species.
A Critical Analysis of the CHES Credentialing Issue: Bridging the Gap between Vision and Outcomes

While many in the health education profession have heartily embraced individual credentialing, some remain reluctant to become Certified Health Education Specialists (CHES). The purpose of this study was to address directly the CHES credentialing barriers discussed in the literature and examine them in light of existing empirical evidence. A four-dimensional critical analysis paradigm was applied to a review of 52 published articles which relate to this voluntary individual professional certification issue. Application of the paradigm involved (a) observational thinking to outline and clarify expected benefits of and concerns about CHES credentialing, (b) insightful thinking strategies to embed these expectations within historical and futuristic perspectives, (c) logical/rational thinking to link each expectation to supporting or dispelling empirical evidence, and (d) evaluative thinking which weighs empirical evidence in light of personal values and experience. This article summarizes expected benefits a...
Population versus customized fetal growth norms and adverse outcomes in an intrapartum cohort

Objective To compare population versus customized fetal growth norms in identifying neonates at risk for adverse outcomes (APO) associated with small for gestational age (SGA). Study Design Secondary analysis of an intrapartum fetal pulse oximetry trial in nulliparous women at term. Birth weight percentiles were calculated using ethnicity- and gender-specific population norms and customized norms (Gardosi). Results Of the studied neonates, 508 (9.9%) and 584 (11.3%) were SGA by population (SGApop) and customized (SGAcust) norms, respectively. SGApop infants were significantly associated with a composite adverse neonatal outcome, neonatal intensive care admission, low fetal oxygen saturation, and reduced risk of cesarean delivery; both SGApop and SGAcust infants were associated with a 5-minute Apgar score Conclusion In this intrapartum cohort, neither customized nor normalized population norms adequately identified neonates at risk of APO related to SGA.
Measurement of fat crystallization using NMR imaging and spectroscopy

Abstract NMR imaging and localized NMR spectroscopy complement existing experimental techniques available for the study of solid/liquid fat ratios, fat structure and polymorphism, and fat crystallization kinetics. The possibility of using NMR imaging techniques in on-line process monitoring and control offers the potential of exciting applications in food process development and control.
Phytolith analysis of archeological soils: evidence for maize cultivation in formative ecuador.

Soil samples from the archeological sites of Real Alto and OGCh-20, Santa Elena Peninsula, Ecuador, show the presence of cross-shaped silica bodies identifiable as maize (Zea mays L.) phytoliths by size comparison with known wild grass and maize phytoliths. These results support arguments for the cultivation of maize at 2450 B.C. in coastal Ecuador.
The Impact of High-End Computing on NASA Missions

The NASA Advanced Supercomputing (NAS) facility at Ames Research Center has enabled remarkable breakthroughs in the space agency's science and engineering missions. For 30 years, NAS experts have influenced the state of the art in high-performance computing and related technologies.
On the Free Vibrations of Multiple Plates Welded to a Cylindrical Shell With Special Attention to Mode Pairs

Abstract The modal characteristics of circular plates welded or riveted to the great circles of a cylindrical shell were studied using the receptance method. The methodology was generalized to a system which is composed of k plates and one shell. As example, the practically important case of k = 2 is presented and studied in detail. In this paper the effects of radii, lengths and joining positions on the dynamic behavior of the combined structure are studied, and an interesting tuning and detuning phenomenon involving the two plates, which is sensitive to component stiffness changes, is investigated. The results obtained by using the receptance method are verified with those obtained by using the finite element method, and natural frequencies and mode shape behavior of the plate-shell structure under different joining configurations are illustrated in detail. The motivation for the research was to understand the dynamic behavior of such a system in terms of the behavior of its components, in order to provide useful design synthesis criteria.
Family context as a predictor of individual medicine use

Abstract The family unit is being increasingly recognized as a key determinant of individuals' health and illness behaviors. Medicine taking is the most frequent of all preventive and illness-related behaviors. To date, empirical research on medicine use has focused on determining the socio-demographic and morbidity characteristics associated with individuals' medicine use and simple descriptive statistics have usually been used to characterize such behaviors. This analysis examines individual use of prescribed and nonprescribed medicines by placing the individual in his family context. Data on more than 2700 individuals living in almost 800 families were analyzed using hierarchical and step-wise multivariate regression. Variables measured at the family level included: family size, family income, per cent of females and per cent of children in the family, average family morbidity, and average others' nonprescribed and prescribed medicine use. Variables measured at the individual level included:, age, sex, race and morbidity. The hierarchical regressions showed that the set of family context variables is a better predictor of individual medicine use than the set of individual characteristics; other family members' medicine use behaviors are strong predictors of individuals' medicine use, prescribed being a better predictor of nonprescribed use and vice versa; the relative importance of the independent variables depends on whether prescribed or nonprescribed medicine use is being predicted; in the step-wise regressions some family context variables (most notably others' medicine use) were more powerful predictors than individual variables; the model is a better predictor of prescribed medicine use than of nonprescribed medicine use; some variables, such as family size, which have been shown previously to be significantly related to medicine use are not important in the presence of other variables in a multivariate analysis.
Envelopes, widths, and landau problems for analytic functions

Fix a positive integerr and letA denote those analytic functions on the open unit disk whoserth derivative is bounded by 1 and which are real-valued on the interval (−1, 1). For a positive integern letx0,⋯,xn+r be distinct points in (−1, 1) and set $$\Lambda = \{ (f(x_0 ), \ldots ,f(x_{n + r} )):f \in A\} .$$ . This paper contains results which (a) describe the boundary points of Λ, (b) determine the “envelope”: max{|f(z0)|:f(xj)=0,1≤j≤r+n}, and (c) determine the Kolmogorov widths ofA in the space of continuous real-valued functions on a compact setE in (−1, 1).
Carbon fiber-reinforced cement as a strain-sensing coating

Cement paste containing short carbon fibers was found to be an effective strain-sensing coating. The coating (with fibers) was on either the tension side or the compression side of a cement specimen (without fiber) under flexure. The resistance was measured with surface electrical contacts on either side. The resistance increased reversibly on the tension side upon loading and decreased reversibly on the compression side upon loading. The behavior was similar whether the strain-sensing coating contained silica fume or latex.
Development of a species-specific colorimetric-PCR assay for detection and species differentiation of Mycobacterium immunogenum and Mycobacterium chelonae and its comparison with quantitative real-time PCR for field metalworking fluids

Abstract Mycobacterium immunogenum and Mycobacterium chelonae are closely related species associated with occupational hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) and nosocomial infections. There is a need to develop specific and readily adaptable methods for detection and speciation of these agents. Here we report development of a probe-based colorimetric-PCR assay involving heat shock protein (hsp) gene amplification (228bp) and its detection in an ELISA-like reaction. A quantitative format of this assay was developed and validated on metalworking fluids (MWF). The assay showed a minimum detection limit of 10 fg genomic DNA or 1 mycobacterial cell, albeit with variations depending on type and composition of the MWF matrix. When applied to the field MWF samples, the developed assay was found to be comparable to the real-time PCR assay, and allowed direct speciation of MWF mycobacteria without sequencing and/or restriction pattern analysis. In conclusion, the developed colorimetric PCR allows detection and quantification of MWF mycobacteria without culturing and is the first probe-based assay for unambiguous differentiation between the two phylogenetically closely related species, M. immunogenum and M. chelonae. Considering that the assay offers high throughput format involving relatively simpler instrument infrastructure, it has a potential for applications in routine assessment of MWF mycobacteria in diagnostic and industrial laboratories.
Analysis of conditions for high speed growth of silicon sheet

Abstract Heat transport during the growth of sheet silicon is analyzed in the limit that temperature gradients in the liquid are negligible. This limit corresponds to the maximum rate of latent heat removal without supercooling. The two-dimensional heat transport equation is solved analytically for the symmetric case where the two faces of the sheet are cooled identically. The cooling function is a linearized approximation of the Stefan-Boltzmann law. The solution is expressed as an eigenfunction expansion, in which the leading term is found to be dominant. The isotherms and, in particular, the liquid-solid interface, turn out to be nearly flat. This solution is used to derive an expression for the velocity-thickness trade-off. The flatness of the isotherms justifies a second, one-dimensional analysis, in which more general cooling functions as well as a temperature-dependent thermal conductivity are taken into account. This analysis also considers asymmetry between the two surfaces of the sheet, which arises in supported growth such as the silicon-on-ceramic process. Analytic expressions are obtained from the one-dimensional model for the velocity-thickness trade-off and for the shape of the liquid-solid interface. These expressions are shown to reduce to the corresponding ones from the two-dimensional analysis if a linear cooling function and constant thermal conductivity are assumed.
Low-content gold-ceria catalysts for the water–gas shift and preferential CO oxidation reactions

Abstract Low-content ( 2 -TPR, was used to normalize the WGS reaction rates. Cyclic temperature-programmed reduction with intermittent reoxidation showed that the surface structures of gold-ceria catalysts are highly reversible. Considerable reoxidation by oxygen or H 2 O can occur even at ambient conditions. The stability of low-content gold-ceria catalysts for the PROX reaction in a realistic fuel gas mixture containing 1% CO–0.5% O 2 –50% H 2 –10% H 2 O–15% CO 2 –He was excellent. No drop in activity or selectivity was found in cyclic operation up to 150 °C.
Somebody’s Gotta Fight for Them A Disadvantaged and Marginalized Alternative School’s Learner-Centered Culture of Learning

This year-long ethnographic study explores one alternative school’s journey of creating a positive and collaborative learning community while negotiating through the disadvantages and marginalizati...
Endoscopic incision of a seminal vesicle cyst.

A 41-year-old man presented with a 2-year history of obstructive voiding symptoms and recurrent urinary tract infections. His physical and rectal examinations were unremarkable. An intravenous urogram revealed nonvisualization of the left kidney associated with a 4-cm bladder filling defect (Fig. 1). A computed tomography scan of the pelvis confirmed left renal agenesis and a welldefined, homogeneous cyst arising from the left seminal vesicle (Fig. 2). Upon cystoscopic examination, a large, well-circumscribed mass replacing the left trigone was identified, and incised anteriorly with a hot Collins knife (Fig. 3). Decompression of the cyst emitted an efflux of cloudy fluid confirmed as sperm under light microscopy. An on-table gravity cystogram revealed an obliterated cyst along with an ipsilateral ectopic ureteral stump (Fig. 4). The patient’s postoperative course was unremarkable, and he was discharged the following morning. The presence of a seminal vesicle cyst is exceedingly rare, involving less than 0.005% of the population.1 Ipsilateral renal agenesis occurs in approximately two thirds of these patients.2 Traditionally, open surgical exploration has been the definitive treatment for these lesions, yet the attendant morbidity has led to numerous minimally invasive approaches. Endoscopic transvesical incision and drainage is a safe and effective treatment.3
Understanding, Facing Resistance to Change.

Principals frequently face teacher resistance when instituting change efforts to achieve worthwhile goals. This article looks at the often-unrec ognized benefits of resistance and offers a framework for preventing unnecessary resistance.
The no-gain theorem and localized response for the decoupled P - heta power network with active power losses included

In this paper a no-gain theorem for electric power systems is presented using the S- E model based decoupled active power-phase angle P - \theta network, in which each transmission element consists of two branches, representing transmitted power and loss power. The theorem gives necessary and sufficient conditions such that if a power system is perturbed from its normal operating point then the magnitude of the change in active power through either branch of a given transmission line S- E graph is not greater than the sum of the magnitudes of the changes in active power through the sources. These conditions are given as a region of allowable perturbations, which are derived as a set of inequalities. Based on this result we present a proof, valid for systems with losses, of localized steady state response. Specifically, we prove that the effects of a single fault in a given power system diminish as one moves away from the fault, subject only to the constraint that the operating point of the system remains within the allowable regions given by the no-gain theorem. This result is often assumed without proof to be valid in the entire operating region.