cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The structural role and homogeneous redox equilibria of iron in peraluminous, metaluminous and peralkaline silicate melts

The compositional dependence of the redox ratio (FeO/FeO1.5) has been experimentally determined in K2O-Al2O3-SiO2-Fe2O3-FeO (KASFF) and K2O-CaO-Al2O3-SiO2-Fe2O3-FeO (KCASFF) silicate melts. Compositions were equilibrated at 1,450° C in air, with 78 mol % SiO2. KASFF melts have from 1 to 5 mol % Fe2O3 and include both peraluminous (K2O Al2O3) compositions. KCASFF melts have 1 mol % Fe2O3 encompassing peraluminous, metaluminous (CaO+K2O>Al2O3) and peralkaline compositions. Peralkaline KASFF melts with 1 mol % Fe2O3 have low and constant values for the redox ratio, whereas in peraluminous melts the redox ratio increases with increasing (K2O/Al2O3). Increasing total iron concentration increases the redox ratio in peraluminous melts and slightly decreases the redox ratio in peralkaline melts. Substituting CaO for K2O at fixed total iron (1 mol %) increases the redox ratio in both peraluminous and metaluminous KCASFF melts; however, the redox ratio in peralkaline KCASFF melts is not affected by this exchange. These data indicate that Fe3+ is in four-fold coordination, with K+ or Ca2+ providing local charge balance. The tetrahedral ferric species is most stable in peralkaline melts and least stable in peraluminous melts, due to the competition between Al3+ and Fe3+ for charge balancing cations in the latter melt. Tetrahedral Fe3+ is also less stable when Ca2+ provides local charge balance. The data are consistent with a network modifying role for Fe2+ in the melt.
The acquisition of fecal flora by infants from their mothers during birth.

Summary 1. Twenty mothers and their infantswere studied to determine to what extent infants derived their initial fecal flora from their mothers. 2. Laboratory results showed thatfive of the infants exhibited the same Escherichia coli serotypes as those found in their mothers. One infant had an E. coli biotype identical to that in her mother, but the organism did not react in the typing serums now available. The study showed that 25 per cent of the infants had the same fecal flora as their mothers. 3. Two of the twenty mothers wereharboring known pathogens at the time of delivery. An enteropathogenic E. coli present in one was isolated from her infant at 48 hours. The shigella identified in cultures from the other was not isolated from the infant during the period of observation. 4. The presence of organisms ofthe Klebsiella-Cloacae group in only 4 of the 18 specimens obtained from the infants housed in the new, modern unit, and in 38 of the 39 specimens obtained from the infants cared for in the older building with less adequate facilities, suggests the environment as an important source of these bacteria.
Empathy: A factor in antisocial behavior

Empathy has been accepted as a crucial factor in the development of prosocial thought and behavior. This study attempted to clarify the role of empathy in the development of antisocial and aggressive delinquent behavior. The subjects were 331 delinquents and 64 nondelinquent controls ages 12 to 18. The delinquents were found to be significantly delayed or arrested in the development of empathy. The nondelinquent group exhibited a significant age-related increase in empathy during the adolescent period, whereas the delinquent group did not. Of three delinquent subgroups utilized, the neurotics were least empathic, the psychopathics next, and the subculturals the most empathic; the groups differed significantly from each other. Aggressive delinquents were significantly lower in empathy level than nonaggressive delinquents, though differentiation by type of aggression (person or property) was not significant.
The trip of the tip: understanding the growth cone machinery

The central component in the road trip of axon guidance is the growth cone, a dynamic structure that is located at the tip of the growing axon. During its journey, the growth cone comprises both 'vehicle' and 'navigator'. Whereas the 'vehicle' maintains growth cone movement and contains the cytoskeletal structural elements of its framework, a motor to move forward and a mechanism to provide traction on the 'road', the 'navigator' aspect guides this system with spatial bias to translate environmental signals into directional movement. The understanding of the functions and regulation of the vehicle and navigator provides new insights into the cell biology of growth cone guidance.
Immunohistochemical demonstration of increase in prostaglandin F2-alpha after recirculation in global ischemic rat brains.

Immunohistochemical localization of prostaglandin F2α (PG F2α) was studied in 24 rats. In 21 rats, global brain ischemia was produced for 5 min by Pulsinelli's method. Prior to decapitation, 13 were recirculated for 5 min, while the remaining eight were not. Three recirculated rats were pretreated with indomethacin before the occlusion. Hypotension was induced during the occlusion to 40–50 mm Hg of mean arterial blood pressure in 11 rats including those unrecirculated, recirculated and pretreated with indomethacin. Three normal rats without occlusion of arteries served as control. The brains were snap frozen and 10-μm cryostat sections were incubated in rabbit anti-PG F2α serum and stained by the indirect immunofluorescence method after fixation in carbodiimide and in Zamboni's solution. Positive staining for PG F2α was noted mainly in pial vessels in normal and ischemic rats both with and without hypotension. The rats recirculated without hypotensive ischemia revealed a positive reaction in the walls of pial and parenchymal vessels. All rats recirculated after the hypotensive occlusion showed positive staining in blood vessels, in the cytoplasm of neurons (especially in hippocampi) and in the interfascicular oligodendrocytes. The above results indicate that recirculation after ischemia results in an increase in PG F2α in parenchymal vessels, neurons and oligodendrocytes.
Friendship and similarities in social‐cognitive and communication abilities: Social skill bases of interpersonal attraction in childhood

Although researchers have examined how different forms of similarity (e.g., demographic similarity, attitudinal similarity) affect interpersonal attraction, little work has focused on how similarities in social-cognitive abilities and communication skills affect attraction and relationship development. The present article suggests how the similarity/attraction literature and filter theories of relationship development can be integrated with research on social skills and cognitive development to provide a framework for understanding how similarities in levels of social skills may affect attraction and friendship formation in childhood. A study was carried out assessing how similarities in levels of social-cognitive and communication skills affected interpersonal attraction and friendship choices by children. It was hypothesized that children would be (a) attracted to and (b) more likely to form friendships with peers who had social-cognitive and communication skills similar in level to their own. Participants (92 grade school children) completed a battery of tasks providing assessments of four social-cognitive and five communication skills. Sociometric procedures were used to determine interpersonal attraction and friendship patterns. Results indicated that children were attracted to peers having social skill levels similar to their own. Moreover, pairs of friends had similar levels of skills related to the expression and management of emotional states.
Gaussian fields: a new criterion for 3D rigid registration

Abstract This paper introduces a new and simple criterion for rigid registration based on Gaussian fields. The criterion is always differentiable and convex in a large neighborhood of the alignment parameters; allowing for the use of well-proven optimization techniques. Using this method we can extend the size of the region of convergence so that no close initialization is needed, thus overcoming local convergence problems of Iterative Closest Point algorithms. Furthermore, the Gaussian energy function can be evaluated with linear complexity using the fast Gauss transform, which permits efficient implementation of the registration algorithm. Experimental analysis on real-world data sets shows the usefulness and points the limits of the approach.
An approach to solving mechanics problems for materials with multiscale self-similar microstructure

This article proposes an efficient method for solving mechanics boundary value problems formulated for domains with multiscale self-similar microstructure. In particular, composite materials for which one of the phases has a fractal-like structure with scale cut-offs are considered. The boundary value problems are solved using a finite element procedure with enriched shape functions that incorporate information about the geometric complexity. The use of these shape functions makes possible the definition of a unique, parametrically defined model from which the solution for configurations with an arbitrary number of scales can be derived. The proposed method is primarily useful for structures with a large number of self-similar scales for which using the usual finite element method would be too expensive. In order to exemplify the method, a 2D composite with fractal microstructure is considered and several boundary value problems are solved.
Compact perturbations of reflexive algebras

Abstract We study compact perturbations of reflexive algebras with commutative invariant subspace lattices. This leads us to study lattice isomorphisms that are uniform limits of spatially induced mappings and satisfy a compactness condition. We prove that two lattices that are nested or complemented are isomorphic in this way iff their corresponding perturbed algebras are unitary equivalent. While for complemented lattices this relation implies unitary equivalence, we prove that any two continuous nests are equivalent in this way.
SMOKELESS TOBACCO CESSATION

Smokeless tobacco use is increasing in the United States, especially among young men, but there are few resources to assist users in quitting their use of moist snuff or chewing tobacco. This article reviews some unique aspects of smokeless tobacco use and provides a systematic four-step clinical plan for providing cessation. The authors provide clear suggestions, measures, and aids for getting the user ready to quit, planning their quit, quitting, and staying quit. The procedures and measures have been validated in randomized clinical trials and provide empirical support for the recommended cessation procedures. Finally, a review of brief cessation interventions in the context of health care is provided.
Activity and Structural Comparisons of Solution Associating and Monomeric Channel-Forming Peptides Derived from the Glycine Receptor M2 Segment

A number of channel-forming peptides derived from the second transmembrane (TM) segment (M2) of the glycine receptor alpha(1) subunit (M2GlyR), including the 22-residue sequence NK(4)-M2GlyR p22 wild type (WT) (KKKKPARVGLGITTVLTMTTQS), induce anion permeation across epithelial cell monolayers. In vitro assays suggest that this peptide or related sequences might function as a candidate for ion channel replacement therapy in treating channelopathies such as cystic fibrosis (CF). The wild-type sequence forms soluble associations in water that diminish its efficacy. Introduction of a single substitution S22W at the C-terminus, NK(4)-M2GlyR p22 S22W, eliminates the formation of higher molecular weight associations in solution. The S22W peptide also reduces the concentration of peptide required for half-maximal anion transport induced across Madin-Darby canine kidney cells (MDCK) monolayers. A combination of 2D double quantum filtered correlation spectroscopy (DQF-COSY), total correlation spectroscopy (TOCSY), nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY), and rotating frame nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (ROESY) data were recorded for both the associating WT and nonassociating S22W peptides and used to compare the primary structures and to assign the secondary structures. High-resolution structural studies were recorded in the solvent system (40% 2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol (TFE)/water), which gave the largest structural difference between the two peptides. Nuclear Overhauser effect crosspeak intensity provided interproton distances and the torsion angles were measured by spin-spin coupling constants. These constraints were put into the DYANA modeling program to generate a group of structures. These studies yielded energy-minimized structures for this mixed solvent environment. Structure for both peptides is confined to the 15-residue transmembrane segments. The energy-minimized structure for the WT peptide shows a partially helical extended structure. The S22W peptide adopts a bent conformation forming a hydrophobic pocket by hydrophobic interactions.
Detection of plutonium contamination in humans by the autoradiographic method.

The autoradiographic technique, using 5 μ paraffin sections in contact with 5 μ NTA emulsion for 10 hr. and similar sections of sputum for 3 days, was found to be more sensitive for detecting contamination with Pu239 than tests with a scintillation counter. Both human and pig skin were tested. The autoradiograms showed characteristic alpha tracks in the emulsion at sites of Pu deposition following its uptake either in solution or in particulate form. Autoradiography is recommended as a routine method to supplement information gained from chemical analyses and counting procedures.
Steam-assisted biomass fractionation. II. fractionation behavior of various biomass resources

The fractionation behavior following steam explosion of three biomass resources, yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) wood chips, peanut hulls (Arachis hypogaea), and sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum) bagasse (three separate fractions, leaf, pith, and whole bagasse) were examined following steam explosion using a Stake II reactor. Component separation was evaluated using a range of different severity factors. Water solubles, alkali solubles, and an insoluble fraction were collected separately and subjected to component analysis. The latter addressed both chemical (component analysis by NMR and UV spectroscopy) and molecular structure (molecular weight determinations). The water soluble fraction consisted primarily of xylose (mono and oligo-saccharides) and water soluble lignin; the alkali soluble fraction contained most of the lignin and unidentified alkali-soluble polysaccharides; and the residual fiber was mostly cellulose. Whereas the hemi-celluloses could not be preserved as polymers, lignin had molecular weights (Mn) in excess of 3000 and dispersities in excess of 10, except for highly severe reaction conditions which produced lignins with lower molecular weight. The molecular weight of the cellulose declined steadily with reaction severity; that of lignin dropped abruptly at a severity of log R0 4.25 where homolytic depolymerization was indicated. Fraction behavior and fraction character were found to be highly dependent on the severity of the steam explosion treatment.
Stability and bifurcation of undrained, plane rectilinear deformations on water-saturated granular soils

Stability and bifurcation of plain-strain, undrained, rectilinear deformations on water-saturated granular soil specimens are discussed. The soil, sand or normally consolidated clay, is described by a 2d-flow theory of plasticity for frictional material with non-associated flow rule. Contractant material becomes unstable (liquefies) at the state of maximum deviatoric stress. For dilatant material the dominant failure mode is shear banding that occurs close to the state of maximum principal effective stress ratio. The theoretical findings are supported by and are used to explain existing experimental results. (Author/TRRL)
The economic burden of depression and reimbursement policy in the Asia Pacific region

Objective: To determine the economic burden of depression in the Asia Pacific region, review the negative economic consequences attributable to depression, and describe the reimbursement policies for health-care services throughout the Asia Pacific region.Methods: Both direct and indirect costs were obtained via a literature review of international mental health journals. Disability adjusted life year (DALYs) estimates were obtained from the World Health Organization. Reimbursement policy data were obtained from personal communication with the SEBoD International Advisory Board.Results: There are only two studies of the economic costs of depression in the Asia Pacific region. From these, the total cost of depression in Australia for 1997–98 was estimated as US$1.8 billion (22% direct costs), and in Taiwan for 1994 as US$1.4 billion (25% direct costs). In the year 2000, it was estimated that unipolar major depression accounted for 14.2 million DALYs in China and 22.7 million DALYs for all other Asia Pacifi...
Properties of upconverting chelates

Up converting chelates are a new type of optical reporter with multiple advantages of biomedical diagnostics. We describe these materials and report spectroscopic properties relevant to their use.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) and autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AHA) in patients with combined variable immunodeficiency (CVID)

Abstract Rationale Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is associated with autoimmunity. Here we describe the frequency and characteristics of immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) and autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AHA) in these patients. Methods A retrospective chart review of CVID patients in the Immunodeficiency Clinic at Mount Sinai Medical Center. Of the 304 CVID patients, 33 had autoimmune hematologic disease (10.8%). Eight patients had both ITP and AHA, 17 had ITP, and 9 had AHA. Twenty-one charts were available for review. Results There was an equal frequency of autoimmune hematologic disease between genders; age at diagnosis ranged from 2-63 years. Sixty-three percent of ITP episodes started prior to the diagnosis of CVID, 3 were diagnosed concurrently, and 4 occurred following CVID diagnosis. For AHA, 7 cases occurred prior and 2 following the diagnosis of CVID. Four patients had isolated recurrences of ITP and/or AHA while on monthly IVIG treatment for CVID. Three of these patients, along with one case of ITP diagnosed after CVID, failed medical management and subsequently required splenectomy. Three patients continued with chronic low levels of platelets while on IVIG; 2 of these had evidence of splenomegaly, which may have contributed. Five patients had CVID associated with granulomas; all of these had recurrences of their ITP while on IVIG, 2 of these cases had both ITP and AHA. Conclusions There is a significant occurrence of hematologic autoimmune diseases in CVID patients. CVID should be suspected in patients with recurrent ITP/AHA. In particular, CVID with granulomas are associated with a higher incidence of these autoimmune diseases.
Cultural worlds/culture wars: contemporary American Muslim perspectives on the role of culture

This article surveys a range of current America Muslim intellectuals’ positions on the ideal relationship between Islam and culture, using as a starting point the suggestive ideal types laid out in H.R. Niebuhr’s classic work, Christ and Culture.
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN HOST AND ENDOPHYTE DEVELOPMENT IN MYCORRHIZAL SOYBEANS

SUMMARY Symbiotic associations of soybeans and the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus fasciculatus were grown to maturity in a sand-perlite rooting medium watered with a nutrient solution containing growth-limiting amounts of soluble phosphorus. Development of fungal mycelia external and internal to the host plant's root system was measured by determining chitin in isolated fungal mycelium, in the rooting medium, and in the mycorrhizae. The biomasses of the extra- and intraradical mycelia were calculated from the values of chitin obtained splectrophotometrically. The amount of total fungal biomass relative to that of the host plant varied throughout the lifespan of the association and reached a maximum of 2-3 % 10 weeks after planting. The amount of intraradical mycelium increased throughout the host plant's life span. Extraradical fungal structures attained a maximum weight at the onset of logarithmic growth of the soybean pods and decreased thereafter. Cessation of the rapid growth phase of G. fasciculatus lagged behind that of the host plant's vegetative structures, but appeared to be related to pod development. The fungus to root dry wt ratio was 12-3 % at senescence. The ratio of extra- to intraradical mycelium decreased throughout the association's lifespan. Since the extraradical hyphae are the organs responsible for enhanced nutrient uptake this ratio is proposed as an index of the endophyte's usefulness to the host. High values for this usefulness index coincided with significant growth enhancement of the host plant. Source-sink relationships in the host appear to be a determining factor in the growth of the fungal endophyte.
Placing Ag+ ion inside penta-indenocorannulene bowl

Abstract Theoretical evaluation of potential coordination sites of the large and strained bowl-shaped polyarene, C 50 H 12 , towards Ag + ion binding has been accomplished using the DFT-D level of theory (RI-BP86-D/def2-TZVPP(Ag)//cc-pVDZ(C,H)). Analysis of all possible {Ag-C 50 H 20 } + mono-adducts reveals the preferential metal binding site inside the C 50 H 20 bowl. The most energetically favorable isomer has the Ag + ion sandwiched between two benzene rings of the adjacent indeno-groups of penta-indenocorannulene in {Ag-endo- B β -C 50 H 20 } + . Several other stable mono-adducts are found to be notably higher in energy: {Ag-exo- spoke -C 50 H 20 } + (+5.41 kcal/mol), {Ag-exo- rim -C 50 H 20 } + (+7.21 kcal/mol), {Ag-exo- hub -C 50 H 20 } + (+8.10 kcal/mol), and {Ag-endo- hub -C 50 H 20 } + (+8.93 kcal/mol). For the series of bis-adducts {C 50 H 20 -Ag-C 50 H 20 } + , in addition to the endo- B β -site, the exo- rim - and exo- spoke -sites of the second C 50 H 20 -bowl provide the next low-energy alternatives for sandwiching a Ag + ion. This coordination is realized in the two most stable bis-adducts which are energetically equivalent (in the frame of DFT approach), but well separated (with a ∼15 kcal/mol gap) from the next isomer on the energy scale.
Reuse-driven interprocedural slicing

To manage the evolution of software systems effectively, software developers must understand software systems, identify and evaluate alternative modification strategies, implement appropriate modifications, and validate the correctness of the modifications. One analysis technique that assists in many of these activities is program slicing. To facilitate the application of slicing to large software systems, we adapted a control flow-based interprocedural slicing algorithm so that it accounts for interprocedural control dependencies not recognized by other slicing algorithms, and reuses slicing information for improved efficiency. Our initial studies suggest that additional slice accuracy and slicing efficiency may be achieved with our algorithm.
In vivo and in vitro skin absorption of lipophilic compounds, dibutyl phthalate, farnesol and geraniol in the hairless guinea pig.

Abstract The relationship between in vitro and in vivo skin absorption of lipophilic cosmetic ingredients (dibutyl phthalate (DBP, Log Kow: 4.45), farnesol (Log Kow: 5.77) and geraniol (Log Kow: 3.56) from an oil-in-water emulsion was investigated in the hairless guinea pig. In vivo absorption of DBP, farnesol and geraniol 24 h after dermal application was 62.0 ± 2.0, 39.8 ± 2.5, and 15.1 ± 1.8% of the applied dose (%AD), respectively. In vitro absorption was measured at 24 and 72 h by using flow-through diffusion cells (0.64 cm2) with a receptor fluid consisting of HHBSS + 4% BSA. In vitro studies of DBP, farnesol and geraniol absorption over 24 h found 27.1 ± 1.9, 43.5 ± 3.3 and 45.9 ± 3.2%AD in receptor fluid, respectively, and over 72 h found 59.9 ± 3.2, 77.5 ± 7.1 and 49.0 ± 6.3%AD, respectively. We found that the amount of DBP absorbed in vivo after 24 h closely agreed with the amount of DBP found in the receptor fluid in vitro after 72 h. In contrast, the amount of topically applied farnesol absorbed in vivo after 24 h was similar to the amount of farnesol found in receptor fluid in vitro after 24 h. A direct comparison between the in vivo absorption of geraniol and the in vitro absorption at 24 and 72 h was not meaningful due to the rapid evaporation of geraniol from the skin. Our in vitro results suggest that lipophilic chemicals initially form a reservoir in skin, and the material in the reservoir may ultimately diffuse out of the skin into the receptor fluid within 72 h. Our results also demonstrate the utility of in vivo studies for resolving questions about the fate of lipophilic chemicals remaining in skin after in vitro absorption studies.
Modeling Driver Behavior in a Cognitive Architecture

Objective: This paper explores the development of a rigorous computational model of driver behavior in a cognitive architecture--a computational framework with underlying psychological theories tha...
Regulation of iron uptake and transport by transferrin in Caco-2 cells, an intestinal cell line.

Abstract Caco-2 cells grown in bicameral chambers, a model of intestinal epithelial iron transport (Biochim. Biophys. Acta (1991) 1070, 205–208), were used to study the effect of apo-transferrin (apo-Tf) in the basal chamber on 59 Fe uptake from the apical surface, intracellular 59 Fe distribution, and 59 Fe transport into the basal chamber. Caco-2 cells were grown with varying amounts of iron to achieve cells that were either iron-deficient (FeD), of normal iron status (FeN), or iron-loaded (FeH). The effect of apo-Tf was most marked in FeD cells with the transport of 59 Fe from 1 μM 59 Fe-ascorbate on the apical side to the basal chamber measured as (22.2 ± 3.0)· 10 4 , (8.2 ± 0.6)· 10 4 , and (2.7 ± 0.4)· 10 4 atoms 59 Fe/cell/min in the presence of apo-Tf, BSA, and no added protein, respectively. Unexpectedly in FeD cells total 59 Fe uptake (i.e., both 59 Fe in the cells and that transported into the basal chamber) was decreased by basolateral apo-Tf with total uptake of (2.6 ± 0.3)· 10 5 , (4.8 ± 0.6)· 10 5 , and (4.8 ± 0.7)· 10 5 atoms/cell/min with apo-Tf, BSA, and no additions, respectively. Analysis of intracellular 59 Fe by isoelectrofocusing in polyacrylamide gels demonstrated 59 Fe migrating both with a basic p I and with the p I values of ferritin (Ft) at a ratio of 200:1 (basic p I moiety: ferritin) in FeD cells. The presence of Tf further decreased the small amount of 59 Fe in Ft. These studies demonstrate that basolateral Tf affects the apical uptake of 59 Fe, the intracellular distribution of 59 Fe, and the transport of 59 Fe across intestinal epithelium, the latter effect occurring even when cellular content of ferritin is high.
Threshold displacement energies and defect formation energies in Y2Ti2O7

Ab initio molecular dynamics simulations have been carried out to determine both threshold displacement energies, E(d), and corresponding defect configurations, and ab initio methods have been used to determine defect formation energies in Y(2)Ti(2)O(7). The minimum E(d) is found to be 27 eV for a Y recoil along the {100} direction, 31.5 eV for Ti atoms along the {100} direction, 14.5 eV for O(48f) atoms along the {110} direction and 13 eV for O(8b) atoms along the {111} direction. The average E(d) values along three directions determined here are 35.1, 35.4, 17.0 and 16.2 eV for yttrium, titanium, O(48f) and O(8b) atoms, respectively. Cation interstitials are observed occupying vacant 8a anion sites and bridge sites between two neighboring cations along the {010} direction after low energy recoil events. A systematic study of the defect formation energies suggests that cation interstitials that are located at 8a sites, at bridge sites along the {010} direction and in split configurations along the {010}, {110} or {111} direction are all stable configurations. It is suggested that the relative stability of cation interstitials may provide a pathway for driving irradiation induced amorphization in Y(2)Ti(2)O(7).
13Cα-NMR assignments of melittin in methanol and chemical shift correlations with secondary structure

Melittin is a naturally occurring hexacosa peptide which forms an amphiphilic helix in methanol, a random coil in water, and a tetramer of helices at basic pH or in the presence of a high salt concentration. The monomeric structure in methanol has been well characterized by proton NMR (Pastore et al. (1989) Eur. Biophys. J., 16, 363–367). In the present paper, chemical shifts of the backbone α-carbons of melittin in methanol were determined by mapping previously published α-proton shifts (Bazzo et al. (1988) Eur. J. Biochem., 173, 139–146), to natural abundance {1H}13C cross peaks appearing in the 2D heteronuclear multiple-quantum NMR spectrum. Changes in chemical shifts consequent to stepwise increases in the percentage of water in a mixed methanol/water solvent system were observed in similar spectra. The α-carbon shifts varied more smoothly than the corresponding α-proton shifts and were found to correlate with the transition from the helix to the random coil conformer in parallel with changes in the circular dichroism spectrum. Chemical shifts of this peptide are interpreted with regard to the current database of assignments in proteins of known 3D structure (Wishart et al. (1991) J. Mol. Biol., 222, 311–333). The N-terminal region of the peptide shows increased flexibility at lower methanol concentrations, as evidenced by the merger of the α-proton resonances of G1 (at 40% and 15% methanol) and G3 (at 15% methanol). Conformational exchange rates for G1 and G3 were estimated by comparison of the experimental spectra with simulated spectra and found to be as large as 4000 s−1 for G1 in 40% and 15% methanol and 600 s−1 for G3 in 15% methanol. Overall, these 1H and 13C chemical shift data support the description of monomeric melittin in methanol currently evolving in the literature and suggest a structure composed of a linked pair of helices with different structural stabilities, each of which experiences dynamical fraying at its free terminus.
X-ray diffraction study of nanocrystalline and amorphous structure within major and minor ampullate dragline spider silks

Synchrotron X-ray micro-diffraction experiments were carried out on Nephila clavipes (NC) and Argiope aurantia (AA) major (MA) and minor ampullate (MiA) fibers that make up dragline spider silk. The diffraction patterns show a semi-crystalline structure with β-poly(L-alanine) nanocrystallites embedded in a partially oriented amorphous matrix. A superlattice reflection ‘S’ diffraction ring is observed, which corresponds to a crystalline component larger in size and is poorly oriented, when compared to the β-poly(L-alanine) nanocrystallites that are commonly observed in dragline spider silks. Crystallite size, crystallinity and orientation about the fiber axis have been determined from the wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) patterns. In both NC and AA, the MiA silks are found to be more highly crystalline, when compared with the corresponding MA silks. Detailed analysis on the amorphous matrix shows considerable differences in the degree of order of the oriented amorphous component between the different silks studied and may play a crucial role in determining the mechanical properties of the silks.
Human T cell leukemia virus type I and neurologic disease: Events in bone marrow, peripheral blood, and central nervous system during normal immune surveillance and neuroinflammation

Human T cell lymphotropic/leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) has been identified as the causative agent of both adult T cell leukemia (ATL) and HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Although the exact sequence of events that occur during the early stages of infection are not known in detail, the initial route of infection may predetermine, along with host, environmental, and viral factors, the subset of target cells and/or the primary immune response encountered by HTLV-I, and whether an HTLV-I-infected individual will remain asymptomatic, develop ATL, or progress to the neuroinflammatory disease, HAM/TSP. Although a large number of studies have indicated that CD4+ T cells represent an important target for HTLV-I infection in the peripheral blood (PB), additional evidence has accumulated over the past several years demonstrating that HTLV-I can infect several additional cellular compartments in vivo, including CD8+ T lymphocytes, PB monocytes, dendritic cells, B lymphocytes, and resident central nervous system (CNS) astrocytes. More importantly, extensive latent viral infection of the bone marrow, including cells likely to be hematopoietic progenitor cells, has been observed in individuals with HAM/TSP as well as some asymptomatic carriers, but to a much lesser extent in individuals with ATL. Furthermore, HTLV-I+ CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells can maintain the intact proviral genome and initiate viral gene expression during the differentiation process. Introduction of HTLV-I-infected bone marrow progenitor cells into the PB, followed by genomic activation and low level viral gene expression may lead to an increase in proviral DNA load in the PB, resulting in a progressive state of immune dysregulation including the generation of a detrimental cytotoxic Tax-specific CD8+ T cell population, anti-HTLV-I antibodies, and neurotoxic cytokines involved in disruption of myelin-producing cells and neuronal degradation characteristic of HAM/TSP. J. Cell. Physiol. 190: 133–159, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Ethnic minorities in higher education adapting to a new social system

This paper presents preliminary findings of a longitudinal study that focuses on the dynamic interaction between an individual of a minority culture and a new social system. Observations and clinical implications are reviewed within a cognitive/psychosocial model.
Calcium-Independent Neurotransmitter Release

The brain is not a muscle. And we should not expect communication between neurons to mimic the well studied events that occur during transmission at a neuromuscular junction. Although many neurons use Ca+2-dependent exocytosis to release transmitters, some retinal neurons now appear to use a different mechanism. A motor neuron rapidly mobilizes the release of sufficient transmitter to ensure muscle contraction. The pre-synaptic signal is an action potential, a 100 mV depolarization that lasts several milliseconds. In contrast, photoreceptors, and other neurons in the outer retina, signal the absorption of light with a slow, graded change in voltage. A dark-adapted rod photoreceptor maintains a potential of approximately −35 mV; the absorption of a photon produces a 30 μV hyperpolarization that lasts nearly one second (Schwartz, 1976). The mechanisms of synaptic transmission that operate in motor neurons and in photoreceptors may be optimized to ensure the reliable communication of their very different pre-synaptic signals.
Diagnosis of an Intense Atmospheric River Impacting the Pacific Northwest: Storm Summary and Offshore Vertical Structure Observed with COSMIC Satellite Retrievals

Abstract This study uses the new satellite-based Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) mission to retrieve tropospheric profiles of temperature and moisture over the data-sparse eastern Pacific Ocean. The COSMIC retrievals, which employ a global positioning system radio occultation technique combined with “first-guess” information from numerical weather prediction model analyses, are evaluated through the diagnosis of an intense atmospheric river (AR; i.e., a narrow plume of strong water vapor flux) that devastated the Pacific Northwest with flooding rains in early November 2006. A detailed analysis of this AR is presented first using conventional datasets and highlights the fact that ARs are critical contributors to West Coast extreme precipitation and flooding events. Then, the COSMIC evaluation is provided. Offshore composite COSMIC soundings north of, within, and south of this AR exhibited vertical structures that are meteorologically consistent with satellit...
Evaluating a Dental Diagnostic Terminology in an Electronic Health Record

Standardized treatment procedure codes and terms are routinely used in dentistry. Utilization of a diagnostic terminology is common in medicine, but there is not a satisfactory or commonly standardized dental diagnostic terminology available at this time. Recent advances in dental informatics have provided an opportunity for inclusion of diagnostic codes and terms as part of treatment planning and documentation in the patient treatment history. This article reports the results of the use of a diagnostic coding system in a large dental school’s predoctoral clinical practice. A list of diagnostic codes and terms, called Z codes, was developed by dental faculty members. The diagnostic codes and terms were implemented into an electronic health record (EHR) for use in a predoctoral dental clinic. The utilization of diagnostic terms was quantified. The validity of Z code entry was evaluated by comparing the diagnostic term entered to the procedure performed, where valid diagnosis-procedure associations were determined by consensus among three calibrated academically based dentists. A total of 115,004 dental procedures were entered into the EHR during the year sampled. Of those, 43,053 were excluded from this analysis because they represent diagnosis or other procedures unrelated to treatments. Among the 71,951 treatment procedures, 27,973 had diagnoses assigned to them with an overall utilization of 38.9 percent. Of the 147 available Z codes, ninety-three were used (63.3 percent). There were 335 unique procedures provided and 2,127 procedure/diagnosis pairs captured in the EHR. Overall, 76.7 percent of the diagnoses entered were valid. We conclude that dental diagnostic terminology can be incorporated within an electronic health record and utilized in an academic clinical environment. Challenges remain in the development of terms and implementation and ease of use that, if resolved, would improve the utilization.
Institutional Repositories: An Analysis of Trends and a Proposed Collaborative Future

This study seeks to give libraries a plan for interinstitutional cooperation for institutional repositories that will benefit all involved: researchers, institutions, and, ultimately, global scholarship. This research uses repository studies, interviews with existing repository managers, and the input of libraries considering a repository to inform the exploration of the opportunities for collaboration in IR development and maintenance. This article proposes opportunities for collaboration between institutions in order to convince libraries that it is possible and effective to work together toward a common goal: highlighting existing working groups or alliances, sharing technology and hardware, building separate interinstitutional bodies to house repositories, and sharing the work of specialists.
a public sphere in Amazonia? the depersonalized collaborative construction of discourse in Xavante

What are the discourse presuppositions of the Habermasian public sphere? The present article explores this question by comparing the Western philosophy of language with the political discourse practices of the Xavante Indians of central Brazil. Specifically, it focuses on the relationships among discourse, the individual, and the collectivity. Discursive practices in Xavante men's council meetings pragmatically represent discourse as an emergent intersubjective production. Elaborate co-performances that incorporate both participant commentary and the discourse of previous meetings oppose the principle of negativity to that of notability. Speech performances effectively detach individuals from the content of their speech, counteracting Xavante factionalism and promoting social cohesiveness as well as egalitarian relations among senior males. Simultaneously, speech practices recreate and reinforce age- and gender-based relations of dominance. [discourse, co-performance, factional politics, principles of negativity and notability, philosophy of language, Brazilian Indians]
B12 Coenzyme-dependent Ribonucleotide Reductase in Rhizobium Species and the Effects of Cobalt Deficiency on the Activity of the Enzyme

Abstract This investigation revealed that the ribonucleotide reductases in extracts of Rhizobium leguminosarum, R. trifolii, R. phaseoli, R. japonicum, and R. meliloti 3DOal (ineffective in nitrogen fixation) are dependent upon B12 coenzyme for activity. Rhizobium and certain Lactobacillus species are the only two groups of organisms known to contain B12 coenzyme-dependent ribonucleotide reductases. Extracts of cobalt-deficient R. meliloti cells assayed in the presence of optimum B12 coenzyme showed a 5- to 10-fold greater ribonucleotide reductase activity than comparable extracts from cells grown on a complete medium. Furthermore, cobalt-deficient cells were abnormally elongated and contained reduced contents of deoxyribonucleic acid. The addition of purified deoxyribonucleosides to cobalt-deficient cultures of R. meliloti failed to alleviate deficiency symptoms.
Imprecise DEA via Standard Linear DEA Models with a Revisit to a Korean Mobile Telecommunication Company

Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) requires that the data for all inputs and outputs are known exactly. When some outputs and inputs are unknown decision variables, such as bounded and ordinal data, the DEA model becomes a nonlinear programming problem and is called imprecise DEA (IDEA). The nonlinear IDEA program can be converted into a linear program by an algorithm based upon scale transformations and variable alterations. Such an algorithm requires a set of special computational codes for each evaluation, because a different objective function and a different constraint with a set of new variables are present for each unit under evaluation. The current paper revisits a published Korean telecommunication analysis, and, by so doing, presents a new and simple approach to execute the IDEA through the standard linear DEA models. This greatly enhances the applicability of IDEA in applications, and the IDEA analysis is no longer limited to obtaining the efficiency scores. The key to the new approach lies in the finding that imprecise data can be easily converted into exact data. Based upon the exact data, models can be developed to determine all possible multiple optimal solutions in imprecise data, and to perform efficiency sensitivity analysis in IDEA.
Studies of Hydrido Transition Metal Cluster Complexes

The hydrido-metal cluster complexes comprise a small but growing group in the larger area of hydrido derivatives of the transition metals of which some 700 are now known. Metal hydrides have come to be recognized for their role as catalysts or intermediates in a number of reactions such as the hydroformylation and hydrogenation of olefins, the hydrogen-deuterium exchange and isomerization of hydrocarbons, and synthetic nitrogen fixation. Only about 25 hydrido-metal clusters are now known.
Persistent Angina Uncovers Unusual Communication Between the Left Anterior Descending and Circumflex Arteries

A 55-year-old man had presented with progressive dyspnea and chest pain on exertion. The patient underwent a treadmill stress echocardiogram which reproduced his symptoms. However, no regional wall motion abnormalities were documented and the stress test was read as negative. He had achieved 10.0 METs on the Bruce protocol (double product 25 988) and had a resting ejection fraction of 62% that improved to 80% with stress. Despite medical optimization with β blockade and long acting nitrates, the patient continued to have significant symptomatology while engaged in activities of daily living. He was referred for coronary angiography because of ongoing angina. Angiography revealed that the left main coronary artery had a 70% stenosis and led to a diminutive left circumflex and ramus intermedius arteries. There was an arterial connection bridging from the ramus intermedius connecting to an anomalous left anterior descending artery (LAD) which filled both anterograde and retrograde (Figure 1). The ostium of the LAD could not be …
Critical DNA damage and mammalian cell reproduction

Abstract Synchronous Chinese hamster cells accumulated 125I-induced DNA damage in the G2 + M† period at 4 °C. The position of the 125I within the nuclear DNA was varied by incorporating [125I]iododeoxyuridine at various times during the previous DNA replication period. When the initial cell inactivation efficiency was compared for damage accumulated in various regions of nuclear DNA, it was found that the efficiency of inactivation was least in early replicating DNA, and that it gradually increased, reaching a maximum during the fourth and fifth hours of the six-hour DNA replication period. Because the DNA that replicated during this maximum corresponds to that DNA which later forms centromeric and near-centromeric regions of the chromosomes, damage in centromeric region DNA may be critical in causing mammalian cell inactivation.
Total EN bloc resection of the temporal bone and carotid artery for malignant tumors of the ear and temporal bone

A technique for single stage total en bloc resection of the temporal bone and intratemporal carotid artery with immediate reconstruction has been described. This formidable procedure requires the collaborative efforts of neurotologic skull base surgeons, neurosurgeons, and head and neck surgeons. Two patients have undergone this procedure; one with squamous cell carcinoma and one with extensive basal cell carcinoma. The quality of life following this procedure is adequate and the cosmetic deformity can be minimized. Longer follow-up is necessary to determine the value and overall impact of this approach to cancer of the temporal bone on disease free interval and patient survival. Further experience with the technical aspects of this procedure should reduce the operating time, blood loss, and resultant morbidity.
Iterative channel estimation and decoding for a turbo-coded OFDM system via the EM algorithm

This paper proposes an OFDM receiver that iteratively estimates the channel during the iterative decoding process of a serially-concatenated code. To track a slowly time-varying channel, the receiver can update the channel estimate using decision-direction based on soft symbols to mitigate error propagation. When the channel changes so quickly that decision-directed updates cannot keep up, the receiver re-estimates the channel during the decoding process using the EM algorithm based on the transmitted symbol probabilities provided by the turbo decoder. The EM algorithm is used to approximate a maximum likelihood solution given the distribution of the transmitted symbols. With this technique, the iterative process of the EM algorithm is naturally combined with the decoding iteration. Improved coded performance is observed for both static and fast time-varying channels.
Overview of the Final Focus Test Beam alignment system

The Final Focus Test Beam was conceived as a technological stepping stone on the way to the next linear collider. Nowhere is this more evident than with the alignment subsystems. Alignment tolerances for components prior to beam turn are almost an order of magnitude smaller than for previous projects at SLAC. Position monitoring systems which operate independent of the beam are employed to monitor motions of the components locally and globally with unprecedented precision. An overview of the FFTB alignment system is presented herein. >