cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Intergenerational Impact of Intimate Partner Violence against Mothers on Child Functioning over four Years

Intimate partner violence affects one in three U.S. women. Children often witness the violence. Methods: A 4-year cohort analysis of 300 mother-child dyads used latent growth curve techniques to examine the impact of partner violence on mothers’ and children’s mental health and function over time. The dyads entered the study when the mother sought safe shelter or justice services. Data was collected every four months, 13 times. Results: Four models were derived, each with good fit. Maternal age, Adverse Childhood Events, and ethnicity determined the level of maternal PTSD, depression, and anxiety at baseline. Mothers’ self-efficacy and marginalization determined if maternal mental health symptoms decreased or increased over 4-years. Maternal symptom levels determined if child dysfunctions persisted over time. Conclusion: This analysis provides longitudinal evidence that maternal mental health determines children’s recovery from or persistence of behavioral dysfunctions. Primary prevention and informed referral has the potential to improve child outcomes.
Optical components for datacenters

• There is currently little near-term incentive for large-scale datacenter operators to change the way the build datacenters. • Future datacenters will becoming increasingly difficult once the data rate for a single switch chip saturates. — When this will occur is subject to debate. (Best guess is around 25 Tb/s.) • When the data rate for a single switch chip saturates, the existing architectural solutions will have to deal with some from of undesirable scaling although several workarounds have already been demonstrated. • Saturation point of single-chip seems to be the most promising insertion point for some form of hybrid flow-level electrical/optical switching. • The component/system-level ecosystem to support this transition is under development but needs further work.
Ketogenic diet: Predictors of seizure control.

Background:The ketogenic diet is an effective non-pharmacologic treatment for medically resistant epilepsy. The aim of this study was to identify any predictors that may influence the response of ketogenic diet.Methods:A retrospective chart review for all patients with medically resistant epilepsy was performed at a tertiary care epilepsy center from 1996 to 2012. Patient- and diet-related variables were evaluated with respect to seizure reduction at 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12-month intervals and divided into four possible outcome classes.Results:Sixty-three patients met inclusion. Thirty-seven (59%) reported >50% seizure reduction at 3 months with 44% and 37% patients benefiting at 6-month and 12-month follow up, respectively. A trend toward significant seizure improvement was noted in 48% patients with seizure onset >1 year at 12-month (p = 0.09) interval and in 62% patients with >10 seizure/day at 6-month interval (p = 0.054). An ordinal logistic regression showed later age of seizure to have higher odds of fav...
Differences between vaccinated and unvaccinated women explain increase in non-vaccine-type human papillomavirus in unvaccinated women after vaccine introduction.

Abstract The aim of this study was to determine whether an observed increase in non-vaccine-type human papillomavirus (HPV) in unvaccinated women during the first eight years after vaccine introduction may be explained by differences in demographics or sexual behaviors, instead of type replacement. We analyzed data from three cross-sectional surveillance studies of 13–26 year-old women (total N = 1180). For women recruited from a health department clinic, older age (OR = 1.4, 95% CI: 1.2–1.6) and consistent condom use with main partner in the past 3 months (OR = 11.6, 95% CI: 3.4–40) were associated with being unvaccinated. For women recruited from a teen health center African American race (OR = 0.2, 95% CI: 0.07–0.7) and having Medicaid health insurance (OR = 0.3, 95% CI: 0.1–0.7) were inversely associated with being unvaccinated. The observed increase in non-vaccine-type HPV prevalence in unvaccinated women may be explained by differences between unvaccinated and vaccinated women.
A Cross-Cultural Study of the Connection between Students' Attitudes toward Statistics and the Use of Constructivist Strategies in the Course

This study investigated the relationship between a constructivist learning environment and students' attitudes toward statistics. The Constructivist Learning Environment Survey (CLES) and the Attit...
Alterations in the amounts of microbial metabolites in different regions of the mouse large intestine using variably fermentable fibres

Abstract Understanding the fermentation profiles of dietary fibres in the different regions of the large intestine is needed to design dietary strategies for desired outcomes related to health such as targeting region-specific diseases. In order to test how variably fermentable dietary fibres affect microbial fermentation metabolites in different regions of the large intestine, mice were fed with fructooligosaccharides (FOS, fast fermentation rate), resistant starch type 2 (native potato, RS2, moderate fermentation rate), starch-entrapped microspheres (SM, very slow fermentation rate), and lignin (control) for 14 days. Analysis of intestinal contents obtained from the cecum, proximal colon, and distal colon revealed that short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) metabolites as well as branched-chain fatty acids (BCFA) levels in different regions of the large intestine were influenced by fibre type and rate of fermentation. Slower fermenting resistant starch-based fibres (RS2 and SM) produced more butyrate than FOS in the proximal and distal colon regions. SM substantially lowered the amount of total BCFAs in the distal colon compared to FOS, suggesting that SM promotes delayed saccharolytic activity throughout the colon. Moreover, the microbial analysis done with length-heterogeneity-PCR showed that all fermentable substrates shifted the microbial community with respect to the control group. Overall, our findings show that the type and amount of SCFAs and BCFAs generated in different regions of the large intestine is dietary fibre type and fermentation rate dependent, which should be considered for increasing the health promoting effects of dietary fibres.
Endotoxin Activity in Neonates Undergoing Cardiac Surgery: Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND Endotoxemia in pediatric cardiac surgical patients is poorly understood. The endotoxin activity assay (EAA) levels were examined in neonates undergoing cardiac surgery in order to assess their reference levels and their association with other pre-, intra-, and postoperative risk factors for gut hypoperfusion. We finally observed if refeeding was associated with modification of endotoxin levels. METHODS In a prospective cohort study, neonates undergoing surgery for correction or palliation were enrolled. Preterm birth, weight below 1.5 kg, the need for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and urgent surgery were exclusion criteria. RESULTS Among the 26 enrolled neonates, 12 underwent on-pump and 14 off-pump surgery, 22 received a preoperative infusion of prostaglandin E2. Overall, 11 patients were surgically corrected and 15 received a palliation. Endotoxin activity assay baseline levels were inversely correlated with age at surgery ( r = -.50, P = .006) and they increased to postoperative day2 ( P = .002). On-pump versus off-pump surgery ( P =.36) and surgical palliation with a Blalock-Taussig shunt versus correction ( P = .45) did not predict increase in EAA levels. Aortic clamping for coarctation repair was associated with the lowest levels ( P = .04). Systolic, mean, and diastolic pressures were associated with EAA levels ( r = -.55, P = .01; r = -.45, P = .02; r = -.37, P = .04, respectively). Endotoxin activity assay levels after refeeding were similar to baseline levels. Patients with abdominal distension and feeding intolerance showed higher median peak EAA levels (0.7, 0.66-1.11) than asymptomatic patients (0.53, 0.35-0.64; P = .01). CONCLUSIONS Endotoxin activity assay levels increase after elective neonatal surgery and are not modified by refeeding. High postoperative levels may predict feeding intolerance.
THE SYMMETRY GROUP OF VECTOR AND AXIAL VECTOR CURRENTS

We review, modify slightly, generalize, and attempt to apply a theory proposed earlier of a higher broken symmetry than the eightfold way. The integrals of the time components of the vector and axial vector current octets are assumed to generate, under equal time commutation, the algebra of $\mathrm{SU}(3)\phantom{\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\phantom{\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\mathrm{SU}(3)$. The energy density of the strong interactions is assumed to consist of a piece invariant under the algebra, a piece that violates conservation of the axial vector currents only and belongs to the representation $(3,\phantom{\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}3*)$ and $(3*,\phantom{\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}3)$, and a piece that violates the eightfold way and probably belongs to $(1,\phantom{\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}8)$ and $(8,\phantom{\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}1)$. Assuming the algebraic structure is exactly correct, there is still the question of whether one can assign particles approximately to super-supermultiplets. The pseudoscalar meson octet, together with a pseudoscalar singlet, a scalar octet, and a scalar singlet, may belong to $(3,\phantom{\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}3*)$ and $(3*,\phantom{\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}3)$. The vector meson octet, together with an axial vector octet, may belong to $(1,\phantom{\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}8)$ and $(8,\phantom{\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}1)$. The baryon octet with $\mathrm{J}\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}1/{2}^{+}$, together with a singlet with $\mathrm{J}\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}1/{2}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, may belong to $(3,\phantom{\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}3*)$ and $(3*,\phantom{\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}3)$, as suggested before. Several crude coupling patterns and mass rules emerge, to zeroth or first order in the symmetry violations. Some are roughly in agreement with experiment, but certain predictions, like that of the existence of a scalar octet, have not been verified. Whether or not they are useful as an approximate symmetry, the equal time commutation rules fix the scale of the weak interaction matrix elements. Further rules of this kind are found to hold in certain Lagrangian field theory models and may be true in reality. In particular, we encounter an algebraic system based on $\mathrm{SU}(6)$ that relates quantities with different kinds of behavior under Lorentz transformations.
Speed-dependent Voigt lineshape parameter database from dual frequency comb measurements at temperatures up to 1305 K. Part II: Argon-broadened H2O absorption, 6801-7188 cm-1.

Abstract We report argon-broadened water vapor transition parameters and their temperature dependence based on measured spectra spanning 6801–7188 cm−1 from a broad-bandwidth, high-resolution dual frequency comb spectrometer. The 25 collected spectra of 2% water vapor in argon ranged from 296 K to 1305 K with total pressure spanning 100 Torr to 600 Torr. A multispectrum fitting routine was used in conjunction with a quadratic speed-dependent Voigt profile to extract broadening and shift parameters, and a power-law temperature-dependence exponent for both. The measurements represent the first broad bandwidth, argon-broadened water vapor absorption study, and are an important step toward a foreign-gas-perturbed, high-temperature database developed using advanced lineshape profiles.
Excess Mg2+ and Central Nervous System Metabolism

There is perhaps no more dramatic evidence for a depressant effect on the central nervous system (CNS) than the ability of a drug or compound to produce a state of general anesthesia. Mg2+ was at one time thought to have such marked effects on the CNS that early in this century Peck and Meltzer (1916) reported performing surgery on humans under Mg2+ “anesthesia.” Less profound CNS signs and symptoms, ranging from drowsiness to light coma, have also been reported in hypermagnesemic individuals (Randall et al. 1964; Mordes and Wacker 1978; Paymaster 1976).
Pharmacogenomics, Pharmacoproteomics, and Pharmacometabolomics and Personalized Medicine: An Overview

The mapping of the human genome has been an important milestone in understanding the interindividual differences in genetic predisposition to diseases and individuals’ responsiveness to drugs. These factors have now begun to revolutionize the clinical landscape with new therapeutic strategies defined as “personalized medicine.” Personalized medicine is believed to transform the traditional “one size fits all” model of medicine by applying individual gene-based information to better manage a patient’s disease or predisposition toward a disease and to tailor strategies for the prevention and treatment of diseases. In this context, recent explosion in the omics tools and technologies is believed to generate valuable pharmacogenomic, proteomic, and metabolic information of patients which would serve as potential accelerating factors for the development of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine has the ability to change the overall landscape of medicine from diagnosis and treatment to prevention. The success of personalized therapy in the future will depend on scientific advances in pharmacogenomics, proteomics, and metabolics and on a systems biology approach in the diagnosis and treatment of complex diseases. This chapter discusses the basic concepts and advancements in the fields of pharmacogenomics, pharmacoproteomics, and pharmacometabolomics and their applications in personalized medicine.
Pathogenesis and vaccination of influenza A virus in swine.

Swine influenza is an acute respiratory disease of pigs caused by influenza A virus (IAV) and characterized by fever followed by lethargy, anorexia, and serous nasal discharge. The disease progresses rapidly and may be complicated when associated with other respiratory pathogens. IAV is one of the most prevalent respiratory pathogens of swine, resulting in substantial economic burden to pork producers. In the past 10–15 years, a dramatic evolution of the IAV in U.S. swine has occurred, resulting in the co-circulation of many antigenically distinct IAV strains, derived from 13 phylogenetically distinct hemagglutinin clusters of H1 and H3 viruses. Vaccination is the most common strategy to prevent influenza in pigs, however, the current diverse IAV epidemiology poses a challenge for the production of efficacious and protective vaccines. A concern regarding the use of traditional inactivated vaccines is the possibility of inducing vaccine-associated enhanced respiratory disease (VAERD) when vaccine virus strains are mismatched with the infecting strain. In this review, we discuss the current epidemiology and pathogenesis of swine influenza in the United States, different vaccines platforms with potential to control influenza in pigs, and the factors associated with vaccine-associated disease enhancement.
Regioselective Acute Tubular Necrosis in Renal Cortical Slices Following HgCl2 and K2Cr2O7: Localization and Transport Studies

Recently, the selective necrosis of renal convoluted (CPT) and straight proximal tubules (SPT) following administration of K2Cr2O7 and HgCl2, respectively, has been reproduced in renal cortical slices (Ruegg et al, 1987a). This demonstrates that the toxicity of these two metals results from the innate sensitivity of these segments of the nephron to the specific metal and is not a result of altered blood flow or feed-back mechanisms . The question remains as to why these nephron segments are specifically intoxicated. Is it the result of a specific uptake and localization of the metals in the intoxicated cells?
Territory and Nationality

The Attorneys General have rendered numerous opinions on territory and nationality. Of these, some have construed general international law. Others have dealt with legal problems created by the various treaties of cession that have accompanied the territorial expansion of the United States. Many opinions, however, have been confined to interpretation of domestic statutes, and opinions in this last category are important mainly as evidence of United States practice regarding territory and citizenship.
Plasma L-Tryptophan Depletion and Aggression

There is a well-established relationship between aggression and lowered serotonin neurotransmission. Recently developed methodologies for manipulating L-tryptophan levels (and brain serotonin) have been applied to human laboratory studies of aggression. Collectively, these studies provide further evidence for the serotonin-aggression relationship. Two important findings have been made recently: (1) subsets of individuals (e.g., persons self-rating high on aggressive or hostility scales) may differ in their susceptibility to aggression produced through plasma tryptophan depletion; and (2) alcohol in combination with L-tryptophan depletion has an additive effect on aggression. All previous studies have been conducted with men. Extending these studies to women appears to be the much-needed next step given that serotonergic levels appear to vary both as a function of the menstrual cycle phase and menstrual symptomatology.
Abstract 3993: Efficacy of SHP2 phosphatase inhibition in cancers with nucleotide-cycling oncogenic RAS, NF1 loss and RAS-GTP-dependent oncogenic BRAF

Oncogenic alterations in the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK pathway, including mutant forms of KRAS, BRAF, and loss of the tumor suppressor and RAS GTPase-activating protein (GAP) NF1, drive the growth of a wide spectrum of cancers. While BRAF and MEK inhibitors are efficacious against BRAFV600E-driven cancers, effective targeted therapies are lacking for most cancers driven by other pathway alterations, including oncogenic KRAS, NF1 loss, and non-V600E oncogenic BRAF. Here, we show that targeting the PTPN11/SHP2 phosphatase with a novel small molecule allosteric inhibitor is effective in human cancer models bearing nucleotide-cycling oncogenic RAS (e.g. KRASG12C), NF1 loss, or RAS-GTP dependent oncogenic BRAF (e.g. class 3 BRAF mutants). SHP2 inhibitor treatment decreases oncogenic RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK signaling and cancer growth by disrupting SOS1-mediated RAS-GTP loading. Our findings illuminate a critical function for SHP2 in promoting oncogenic RAS activation and downstream signaling in cancers with nucleotide-cycling oncogenic RAS, RAS-GTP dependent oncogenic BRAF, and NF1 loss. SHP2 inhibition is a promising molecular therapeutic strategy for patients with cancers bearing these oncogenic drivers. Citation Format: Trever G. Bivona, Robert Nichols, Franziska Haderk, Carlos Stahlhut,Christopher Schulze, Golzar Hemmati, David Wildes. Efficacy of SHP2 phosphatase inhibition in cancers with nucleotide-cycling oncogenic RAS, NF1 loss and RAS-GTP-dependent oncogenic BRAF [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3993.
Comparative effectiveness and safety of antiplatelet drugs in patients with diabetes mellitus and acute coronary syndrome.

Purpose Comparative outcomes of treatment with antiplatelet drugs in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and co-morbid diabetes mellitus (DM) are not well studied. Methods We performed a cohort study using US commercial claims data (2009-2015) and conducted the following pairwise comparisons in ACS patients with DM: prasugrel vs clopidogrel, ticagrelor vs clopidogrel, and prasugrel vs ticagrelor. Outcomes of interest included (1) a composite effectiveness endpoint including myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, or inpatient mortality; (2) a composite safety endpoint including major bleeding events requiring hospitalization; and (3) pneumonia hospitalizations as a negative control endpoint. We used calendar time-specific propensity score matching to account for confounding and applied Cox proportional hazard models to calculate hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results Comparative risk of the effectiveness endpoint was lower among prasugrel initiators compared to clopidogrel initiators (HR 0.82, 95% CI 0.68-0.99, N = 7011 matched pairs), but no different between ticagrelor and clopidogrel (HR 1.02, 95% CI 0.76-1.37, N = 3013 pairs) or prasugrel and ticagrelor (HR 0.83, 95% CI 0.58-1.18, N = 2207 pairs). Bleeding risk was higher among prasugrel initiators when compared to clopidogrel initiators within the first month of treatment (HR 1.85, 95% CI 1.03-3.35); no other comparison indicated any difference. No differences in the negative control outcomes were noted after PS matching for all comparisons, indicating adequate confounding control. Conclusions Prasugrel was associated with superior cardiovascular outcomes and a higher risk of short-term bleeding compared to clopidogrel in patients with ACS and DM. Comparative outcomes were similar between ticagrelor and clopidogrel or prasugrel and ticagrelor.
TLR Signaling Is Activated in Lymph Node-Resident CLL Cells and Is Only Partially Inhibited by Ibrutinib

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a malignancy of mature B cells driven by B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling and activated primarily in the lymph node. The Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor ibrutinib effectively inhibits BCR-dependent proliferation and survival signals and has emerged as a breakthrough therapy for CLL. However, complete remissions are uncommon and are achieved only after years of continuous therapy. We hypothesized that other signaling pathways that sustain CLL cell survival are only partially inhibited by ibrutinib. In normal B cells, Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling cooperates with BCR signaling to activate prosurvival NF-κB. Here, we show that an experimentally validated gene signature of TLR activation is overexpressed in lymph node-resident CLL cells compared with cells in the blood. Consistent with TLR activation, we detected phosphorylation of NF-κB, STAT1, and STAT3 in lymph node-resident CLL cells and in cells stimulated with CpG oligonucleotides in vitro. CpG promoted IRAK1 degradation, secretion of IL10, and extended survival of CLL cells in culture. CpG-induced TLR signaling was significantly inhibited by both an IRAK1/4 inhibitor and ibrutinib. Although inhibition of TLR signaling was incomplete with either drug, the combination achieved superior results, including more effective inhibition of TLR-mediated survival signaling. Our data suggest an important role for TLR signaling in CLL pathogenesis and in sustaining the viability of CLL cells during ibrutinib therapy. The combination of ibrutinib with a TLR pathway inhibitor could provide superior antitumor activity and should be investigated in clinical studies. SIGNIFICANCE: CLL relies on the concomitant cooperation of B-cell receptor and Toll-like receptor signaling; inhibition of both pathways is superior to inhibition of either pathway alone. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/79/2/360/F1.large.jpg.
Intimate Political Economies of the Andes

This essay reviews the following works: Rhythms of the Pachakuti: Indigenous Uprising and State Power in Bolivia. By Raquel Gutierrez Aguilar. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2014. Pp. ix + 284. $25.24 paperback. ISBN: 9780822356042. State Theory and Andean Politics: New Approaches to the Study of Rule. Edited by Christopher Krupa and David Nugent. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015. Pp. v + 328. $56.56 hardcover. ISBN: 9780812246940. Embodied Protests: Emotions and Women’s Health in Bolivia. By Maria Tapias. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2015. Pp. ix + 160. $21.67 paperback. ISBN: 9780252080746.
Turbulent Transfer Across Smooth and Rough Surfaces

A resistance in series model is used to correlate transfer coefficients for smooth and rough surfaces. The former incorporates a viscous and diffusional sublayer in the surface film component and the latter the roughness height in the renewal component. A function is proposed for the transitional region, which incorporates both of these parameters. The correlations are used as a basis for estimating transfer coefficients for environmental conditions.
Predictors of occupational differences in tipping

Abstract An online survey of MTurk workers was used to obtain measures of average tipping likelihood as well as worker and service characteristics for each of 108 service occupations. Examination of the occupation-level relationships among these variables indicated that U.S. consumers are more likely to tip occupations to the extent that: the server-customer relationship is important, the server is subordinate to the customer, the server-customer interaction is brief, the customer can monitor server efforts more easily than can managers, the service is customized, the customer is wealthier than the server, and the server handles the bill. Managers can use these findings to (i) anticipate the likely success of counter-normative tipping policies when deciding whether or not to adopt such policies, and (ii) design messages and efforts to reduce consumer resistance to counter-normative tipping policies when they are adopted.
8 – Precipitation Measurements

A long-standing problem in meteorology is distinguishing, by radar, ice and liquid phases of precipitation. This is especially challenging in convective storms, where liquid water can exist at temperatures colder than 0°C and ice can be found at temperatures warmer than 0°C. Virtually all multiparameter radar techniques conceived so far have, at one time or another, been aimed at this problem (e.g., Special Issue of Radio Science, Vol. 19, No. 1, Jan.–Feb. 1984). Equally important is the problem of quantifying rain-, snow-, or hail-fall rates. Accurate estimates from radar measurements of these rates or of the liquid water content M require detailed knowledge of the precipitation size distribution N(D). Different measured distributions giving the same Z can cause rainfall rates to differ by as much as a factor of 4 ( Richards and Crozier, 1981).
Speaker-Invariant Adversarial Domain Adaptation for Emotion Recognition

Automatic emotion recognition methods are sensitive to the variations across different datasets and their performance drops when evaluated across corpora. We can apply domain adaptation techniques e.g., Domain-Adversarial Neural Network (DANN) to mitigate this problem. Though the DANN can detect and remove the bias between corpora, the bias between speakers still remains which results in reduced performance. In this paper, we propose Speaker-Invariant Domain-Adversarial Neural Network (SIDANN) to reduce both the domain bias and the speaker bias. Specifically, based on the DANN, we add a speaker discriminator to unlearn information representing speakers' individual characteristics with a gradient reversal layer (GRL). Our experiments with multimodal data (speech, vision, and text) and the cross-domain evaluation indicate that the proposed SIDANN outperforms (+5.6% and +2.8% on average for detecting arousal and valence) the DANN model, suggesting that the SIDANN has a better domain adaptation ability than the DANN. Besides, the modality contribution analysis shows that the acoustic features are the most informative for arousal detection while the lexical features perform the best for valence detection.
Beyond talk: Contributions of quantity and quality of communication to language success across socioeconomic strata.

Infants from low-socioeconomic status (SES) households hear a projected 30 million fewer words than their higher-SES peers. In a recent study, Hirsh-Pasek et al. (Psychological Science, 2015; 26: 1071) found that in a low-income sample, fluency and connectedness in exchanges between caregivers and toddlers predicted child language a year later over and above quantity of talk (Hirsh-Pasek et al., Psychological Science, 2015; 26: 1071). Here, we expand upon this study by examining fluency and connectedness in two higher-SES samples. Using data from the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development, we sampled 20 toddlers who had low, average, and high language outcomes at 36 months from each of 2 groups based on income-to-needs ratio (INR; middle and high) and applied new coding to the mother-toddler interaction at 24 months. In the high-INR group, the quality of mother-toddler interaction at 24 months accounted for more variability in language outcomes a year later than did quantity of talk, quality of talk, or sensitive parenting. These results could not be accounted for by child language ability at 24 months. These effects were not found in the middle-INR sample. Our findings suggest that when the quality of interaction, fluency and connectedness, predicts language outcomes, it is a robust relation, but it may not be universal.
The impact of body fat on thermoregulation during exercise in the heat: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objectives We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to examine the effect of body fat on thermoregulatory responses to exercise in the heat. Design Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Methods We systematically searched databases (N = 8) for studies that included: healthy participants; an aerobic exercise intervention under heat stress; a measure of body fat by a high and low body fat group; pre- and post-exercise internal temperature, and/or post-exercise mean skin temperature and whole body sweat loss. Criteria to distinguish high body fat and low body fat were determined by each qualifying study. Out of 1222 potential studies, 10 qualified. Robust variance estimation models were utilized to determine the pooled effect size (ES, 95% CI) for interventions that performed unbias comparisons between groups. Results Participants (n = 211) were mostly male (70%) and young (19.3 ± 7.1 years) with a maximal oxygen consumption of 50.42 ± 9.3 ml∙kg-1∙min-1 by high body fat (36.7 ± 11.8%) and low body fat (17.8 ± 5.7%). Exercise duration was between 30 and 60 min at moderate-high intensity (44.1-71.4% VO2max) at 28-40.3 °C and 26-50% humidity. Of the 7 interventions that normalized metabolic heat production to body mass and 5 interventions that normalized to external workload, there were no differences in any of the three outcome variables between groups. Conclusions Many of the included studies did not control for confounding factors that may affect the relationship between body fat and thermoregulation during exercise in the heat such as metabolic heat production and body mass. Given the small number of interventions included, future work must make unbiased comparisons to appropriately assess the independent influence of body fat.
The transcriptome of rabbit conjunctiva in dry eye disease: Large-scale changes and similarity to the human dry eye

The pathophysiology of dry eye disease (DED) remains largely unknown, accounting in part for the lack of successful treatments. We explored the pathophysiology of DED using a rabbit model of chronic DED induced with 3 weekly injections of Concanavalin A into the periorbital lacrimal glands. The transcriptome of full-thickness’s conjunctival tissue from rabbits with DED and from normal controls was determined using microarrays and, as needed, confirmatory real-time polymerase chain reactions. Results were subjected to bioinformatic analysis. DED induced large-scale changes in gene transcription involving 5,184 genes (22% of the total). Differentially expressed genes could be segregated into: functional modules and clusters; altered pathways; functionally linked genes; and groups of individual genes of known or suspected pathophysiological relevance to DED. A common feature of these subgroups is the breadth and magnitude of the changes that encompass ocular immunology and essentially all aspects of cell biology. Prominent changes concerned innate and adaptive immune responses; ocular surface inflammation; at least 25 significantly altered signaling pathways; a large number of chemokines; cell cycle; and apoptosis. Comparison of our findings to the limited extant transcriptomic data from DED patients associated with either Sjogren’s syndrome or non-Sjogren’s etiologies revealed a significant correlation between human and rabbit DED transcriptomes. Our data, establishing the large-scale transcriptomic changes of DED and their potential similarity to the human, underscore the enormous complexity of DED; establish a robust animal model of DED; will help expand our understanding of its pathophysiology; and could guide the development of successful therapeutic strategies.
Re-orienting a Science Methods Course to Prepare Sustainability Literate K-6 Pre-service Teachers: A Mixed Methods Investigation

This study examined the extent to which pre-service teachers participating in a 16-week SCE 4310 Teaching Elementary Science methods course enhanced their (a) dispositions toward teaching sustainable systems, (b) self-efficacy, and (c) content knowledge. The re-oriented curriculum and teaching were framed and guided by the nine themes of sustainability literacy (Nolet, Teachers College Record 111(2):409–442, 2009). The study included ninety-two participants and used the parallel mixed methods approach where investigators independently collected and analyzed qualitative data and quantitative data simultaneously developing inferences that were independently constructed. Results indicated that the newly designed course improved participants’ dispositions towards providing sustainable systems instruction, self-efficacy, and content knowledge, as demonstrated by both the quantitative measures and analysis of qualitative artifacts including professional portfolios, lesson development and teaching practice reflections.
Optimal Regularity of Elastic and Thermoelastic Kirchhoff Plates with Clamped Boundary Control

We consider mixed problems for the Kirchhoff elastic and thermoelastic systems, subject to boundary control in the clamped Boundary Conditions B.C. (“clamped control”). If w denotes elastic displacement and θ temperature, we establish optimal regularity of {w, w t , w tt } in the elastic case, and of {w, w t ,w tt , θ} in the thermoelastic case. Our results complement those in [L-L.1], where sharp (optimal) trace regularity results are obtained for the corresponding boundary homogeneous cases. The passage from the boundary homogeneous cases to the corresponding mixed problems involves a duality argument. However, in the present case of clamped B.C., the duality argument in question is both delicate and technical. Indeed, it produces new phenomena which are accounted for by introducing new, untraditional factor (quotient) spaces. These are critical in describing both interior regularity and exact controllability of mixed Kirchhoff problems with clamped controls.
Calculating infinite-medium α-eigenvalue spectra with Monte Carlo using a transition rate matrix method

Abstract The time-dependent behavior of the energy spectrum in neutron transport was investigated with a formulation, based on continuous-time Markov processes, for computing α eigenvalues and eigenvectors in an infinite medium. For this, a research Monte Carlo code called “TORTE” (To Obtain Real Time Eigenvalues) was created and used to estimate elements of a transition rate matrix. TORTE is capable of using both multigroup and continuous-energy nuclear data, and verification was performed. Eigenvalue spectra for infinite homogeneous mixtures were obtained, and an eigenfunction expansion was used to investigate transient behavior of the neutron energy spectrum.
The Religious Foundations of America's Oldest Socialist Press: A Centennial Note on the Charles H. Kerr Publishing Company

IN MARCH 1986, AMERICA'S oldest labour and socialist publishing house celebrated its one hundredth anniversary. A century ago, an ambitious young publisher in Chicago named Charles H. Kerr founded the publishing company that bears his name. Within a decade of its establishment, the Charles H. KenPublishing Company had been incorporated as a not-for-profit enterprise and had begun publishing works by labour activists, muckrakers, Utopian writers, and socialists from the United States and Europe. In 1893, Kerr launched an experiment in cooperative publishing that has endured in an era of mergers and conglomerates in corporate America. In its early years of operation, the press published works by such leftist luminaries as Clarence Darrow, Josef Dietzgen, Mother Jones, Karl Kautsky, Wilhelm Liebknecht, William Morris, and John Spargo at a price that made them accessible to working people. Between 1900 and 1917, Kerr also published the International Socialist Review, which kept his publishing house near the centre of radical literary circles in the new century. Since that time the Kerr company has remained attuned to the interests of labouring men and women by preparing inexpensive reprints of classic socialist tracts and literature and by publishing studies by and about twentiethcentury reformers, labour activists, and socialists.
Effects of Changes in EEC Currency Exchange Rates on Prices, Production, and Trade of Agricultural Commodities in the Community

En este articulo se examinan los probables efectos de las modificaciones de los tipos de cambio en los precios, la produccion y el comercio de productos agricolas en la Comunidad Economica Europea (CEE), si no se aplican medidas oficiales expresamente concebidas para evitarlos o reducirlos. En particular, se trata de determinar el grado en que las inflexibilidades inherentes de la Politica Agricola Comun de la CEE eliminan los ajustes de los precios, la produccion y el comercio que normalmente cabe esperar tras una modificacion de los tipos de cambio. A los efectos del presente analisis, se determina la forma probable de las curvas de la demanda y de la oferta agregadas de la CEE (vease el Grafico 1), para estudiar despues sus posibles traslaciones a consecuencia de modificaciones de los tipos de cambio (veanse los Graficos 2 a 5). Se llega a la conclusion de que cuando se trata de una modificacion de la paridad oficial de una moneda de la CEE (modificacion de jure del tipo de cambio), la Politica Agricola Comun no limita en modo alguno el posible alcance de los ajustes de los precios, la produccion y el comercio. Ahora bien, cuando se trata de una variacion de facto del tipo de cambio de una moneda de la CEE sin modificacion de su paridad oficial, la rigidez de los precios de intervencion de la CEE puede reducir o impedir totalmente estos ajustes, ya que, en virtud de disposiciones de la Politica Agricola Comun, los precios se determinan en funcion de la unidad de cuenta de la CEE y luego se convierten en monedas nacionales al tipo de cambio oficial, en vez de al tipo de mercado. En particular, se demuestra que en un pais de la CEE que revalue su moneda, el precio de un producto agricola determinado aumentara menos--y, por ende, seran mas pequenos los ajustes de la produccion y el comercio--cuanto mas se aproxime el precio original de mercado al precio oficial de intervencion. Aparte de sus efectos en el alcance de los ajustes de los precios, la produccion y el comercio, la rigidez del precio de intervencion del pais de la Comunidad cuya moneda se revalue puede tener consecuencias muy perturbadoras en el funcionamiento de la Politica Agricola Comun de la CEE, en vista de que produce una diferencia efectiva entre el precio de intervencion en el pais que revalua su moneda, por una parte, y el precio de intervencion en los demas paises de la CEE, por otra. Esta divergencia puede iniciar un considerable y poco conveniente arbitraje de productos agricolas entre los distintos paises de la Comunidad Economica Europea.
Comparative Study of Diagnostic Procedures for Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection

In a prospective study the incidence of congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection was 2.2% (31 of 1,412) as evidenced by viruria during the first week of life. Among immunoserologic methods used to screen these neonates, the rheumatoid factor test, although non-specific, proved to be the most convenient; its sensitivity for identifying infants with CMV infection was 35% to 45% with no false-positives. The rates for correct and incorrect identification of neonates at risk was, respectively, 33% and 3.1% when testing for increased levels of IgM; 5% and 10% when testing for increased levels of IgA; 76% and 21% when testing for IgM anti-CMV (IgM immunofluorescent test) antibody, and 0% when testing for IgA anti-CMV antibody. Rapid virologic diagnosis was achieved by assessing urine specimens. Confirmation by electron microscopy was possible in less than one hour in 92% of cases. The detection of early induced CMV-specific nuclear antigens by anticomplement immunofluorescence was diagnostic in 91% of cases within one day of inoculation of specimens in tissue culture. Infectivity of CMV in urine was well preserved for at least seven days at 4 C. Thus, in order to achieve a rapid diagnosis of congenital CMV infection, in sick as well as asymptomatic neonates, urine specimens may, if necessary, be transported at 4 C to distant laboratories.
Preferred Learning Methods of the Millennial Generation

Learning Preferences of Millennial College Students The Millennial generation is the most computer literate generation to enter the workforce. Also known as the Net Generation, those born from 1981- 2001 have been raised in an era of instant access. Their learning and communication style is through multi-media. The common method of contact is text messaging and instant messaging as well as cell phones. Learning has even moved into web-based tools such as web-ct, online courses, online journals and i-pod downloads. The different environment of this technologically enhanced generation will be important to understand for their learning in school as well as the workplace. The attitudes of Millennial generation students from a small private college were measured regarding the style of learning they use, prefer and which method has resulted most successfully in their acquiring and retaining knowledge. Their views give an illustration of the outlook of this generation. Anyone who has stood in front of a classroom of Millennial, or any students, has been concerned with if and how his or her pupil is learning the material. There may even be a question if the student is truly taking notes on the shielded, black box that sits on his or her desk or simply checking on the plans among friends for the evening’s activities. Trying to stimulate the learning process for the generation that grew up with the Internet is a challenge.
Intrinsic torque reversals induced by magnetic shear effects on the turbulence spectrum in tokamak plasmasa)

Intrinsic torque, which can be generated by turbulent stresses, can induce toroidal rotation in a tokamak plasma at rest without direct momentum injection. Reversals in intrinsic torque have been inferred from the observation of toroidal velocity changes in recent lower hybrid current drive (LHCD) experiments. This work focuses on understanding the cause of LHCD-induced intrinsic torque reversal using gyrokinetic simulations and theoretical analyses. A new mechanism for the intrinsic torque reversal linked to magnetic shear ( s) effects on the turbulence spectrum is identified. This reversal is a consequence of the ballooning structure at weak s. Based on realistic profiles from the Alcator C-Mod LHCD experiments, simulations demonstrate that the intrinsic torque reverses for weak s discharges and that the value of scrit is consistent with the experimental results scritexp≈0.2∼0.3 [Rice et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 125003 (2013)]. The consideration of this intrinsic torque feature in our work is imp...
Competition or Cooperation? Promoting Supplier Performance with Incentives Under Varying Conditions of Dependence

In this study, we use the lens of social exchange theory to investigate the influence of incentives on supplier performance under various conditions of buyer–supplier dependence. We propose that incentives generally fall into two main categories: competitive, market-based incentives that reward suppliers based on how well they perform relative to other suppliers, and cooperative incentives, where both buyer and supplier share benefits based on their joint performance. Using empirical data collected from 230 buyers in a sample of U.S. industrial firms, we measure the effects of these two types of incentives on various measures of performance, as well as the moderating effects of buyer–supplier dependence. Our results suggest that competitive incentives can be an effective approach to improving delivery, quality, innovation and flexibility, for purchases where the buyer–supplier relationship is characterized by balanced and moderate amounts of mutual dependence. However, competitive incentives are ineffective at generating improved cost performance. Cooperation appears to be the only way to improve cost but is only fruitful under conditions of high mutual dependence. In general, we find that high mutual dependence provides a good basis for cooperative incentives to successfully improve each of the types of performance included in our study. Finally, we find evidence that cooperation and competition can coexist without significant risk of decreased performance.
Update on the role of the blood-brain barrier in damage to immature brain.

The microvasculature of the brain acquires special features during development that interact to produce the blood-brain barrier. Although the barrier protects the internal environment of neural tissues from potentially disruptive or damaging substances in the blood, the functional complexity of the barrier produces a vulnerability to injury not present in the microvessels of other organs. On the protective side, circulating catecholamines released from the adrenal glands during stress, neurotoxic bilirubin-albumin complexes, and neuroexcitatory amino acids derived from the diet are markedly restricted in their ability to enter the brain and alter neural function. This restrictive nature of the blood-brain barrier means that the entry of essential substrates into brain must be facilitated by the endothelial cells in brain microvessels.
Effects of pyrophosphate and nucleotide analogs suggest a role for ATP hydrolysis in cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator channel gating.

Abstract Single channel analysis of artificial lipid planar bilayers reconstituted with wild-type human cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) revealed a 10.3 pS Cl- selective channel that was activated upon phosphorylation with protein kinase A. Gating of this channel was described by a simple kinetic model consisting of a single open burst state and two closed states. The open probability of CFTR channels in bilayers increased as a function of increasing Mg-ATP concentration and exhibited negative cooperativity, suggesting the interaction of two or more ATP binding sites in channel gating. Mg-ATP increased channel open probability by decreasing the duration of the long-lived closed state but had no effect on either the mean open time or the fast closed state. ADP inhibited channel opening by precisely antagonizing the effect of ATP, suggesting that ADP inhibits the CFTR channel by competing with ATP for binding. Poorly hydrolyzable ATP analogs such as AMP-PNP and ATP gamma S, polyphosphates such as pyrophosphate (PPi) and tripolyphosphate (PPPi), and orthovanadate failed to support channel activity alone. When applied in the presence of ATP, these compounds all caused the CFTR channel to "lock" into a prolonged open burst state. These data support a model in which hydrolysis of ATP leads to closure of channels that have been opened by ATP.