cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Physical and Chemical Properties of Eggs as Affected by Breeding and Age of Hens

Abstract INTRODUCTION RECENT reports (Cunningham et al, 1960; Marion et al., 1964, 1965; Kline et al., 1965) contain reviews of research dealing with the influence of breeding and/or age of laying hens on egg size and the relative proportions of shell, yolk and albumen in eggs. Generally, these reports support the conclusion that egg size can be controlled by breeding, in addition to being influenced by age of the laying hen. Proportions of egg components appear to be amendable by selective breeding, but are greatly influenced by layer age. The percentages of shell and albumen decrease during the first year of lay with an accompanying increase in yolk percentage. The influence of breeding on the chemical composition of egg contents has also been studied. Protein and moisture levels of eggs were shown to differ in different stocks of layers (Cotterill and Winter, 1954; May and Stadelman, 1960). Lipid and fatty acid …
Collective flow from the intranuclear cascade model

The phenomenon of collective flow in relativistic heavy ion collisions is studied using the hadronic cascade model ARC. Comparison is made to data for Au+Au at {ital p}=1.7 GeV/{ital c}, and for Ar+Pb at {ital p}=1.4 GeV/{ital c}. Collective flow is well described quantitatively without the need for explicit mean field terms to simulate the nuclear equation of state. Pion collective flow is in the opposite direction to nucleon flow, as is that of antinucleons and other produced particles. Pion and nucleon flow are predicted at BNL Alternating Gradient Synchrotron energies also, where, in light of the higher baryon densities achieved, we speculate that equation of state effects may be observable.
Bistability and mode hopping in a semiconductor laser

We investigated mode hopping and bistability in an AlGaAs laser diode. The dwell times of a laser mode intensity in the on and off states are measured as a function of the mode suppression ratio. Predictions of the laser behavior made from a multidimensional laser model with Langevin noise sources are compared with experimental results. The model utilizes an asymmetric nonlinear gain that accounts for the experimentally observed bistable and multimode regimes.
THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE HARDERIAN GLAND OF THE MOUSE WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE FORMATION OF ITS SECRETORY PRODUCT.

An electron microscopic examination of the Harderian gland of the albino mouse has revealed two types of secretory cell, one of which (type B) has not previously been reported in this tissue. The more numerous type A cells are responsible for the secretion of lipid droplets, probably containing a high proportion of unsaturated fats, with which the porphyrins may be associated. During the early stages of droplet formation it is suggested that the material containing the porphyrins and the early lipid droplets exist as separate intracellular structures termed (a) dense bodies and (b) “empty” secretory vacuoles, both of which appear to originate from the Golgi apparatus, increase in size by the direct incorporation of material from the cytoplasm, and ultimately fuse with their fellows at a certain stage of development to form the definitive secretory product of the A cell. This may appear in the alveolar lumina under two guises: (i) accumulations of lipid droplets identical with those in the cell, and (ii) randomly situated accumulations of pigmented porphyrin-containing secretion, originating from the lipid droplets, the triglycerides of which may have become oxidized. The fewer B cells produce dark granules which probably contain much phospholipid. During the formation of these dark granules myelin figures appear, and it is proposed that this is an intermediate stage in their formation. A secretory cycle has been described for both A and B cells, and it is suggested that this tissue has a merocrine form of secretion.
Three wide-field telescopes with spherical primary mirrors

This paper presents three optical designs based on the work of Maurice Paul. Paul's three-mirror anastigmats produce well-corrected, distortion-free fields of view. His design equations can be solved for a spherical primary mirror with one limitation: the image field is curved. Adding all-spherical refractive field-flattening optics yields well-corrected, flat image-fields of two degrees angular diameter or more. These designs can be scaled to very large telescopes with current technology.
Dependence of diffusion barrier properties in microstructure of reactively sputtered TiN films in Al alloy/TiN/Ti/Si system

Abstract We have been investigated the diffusion barrier properties of the reactively sputtered titanium nitride (TiN) in Al1wt%Si0.5wt%Cu/TiN/Ti/Si system. The lower dense but N-rich TiN film was easy to react with the Al, showing the poor diffusion barrier properties. By means of plan-view TEM, lots of disorder regions and vacancies in the TiN film could be observed. We conclude that the rearrangement in the lower dense films is easier to occur by thermal treatment, giving rise to diffusion of Ti atoms, even if the TiN is N-rich film. This conclusion indeed implies the dense degree of the TiN film in atomic level has a significant effect on the reaction between the TiN and the Al, or the diffusion barrier properties.
Reactions of (propargyl)dicobalt hexacarbonyl cations with methylmetals

Abstract The reactions of several methyl-metallic compounds, (CH 3 )ML n with the cobalt complexes [(HCCCR 1 R 2 )Co 2 (CO) 6 ] + BF 4 − (I) and (HCCCR 1 R 2 OAc)Co 2 (CO) 6 (VIII) have been examined and assessed as a synthetic method for methyl/propargyl coupling. No methyl transfer was observed in the reactions of the cationic complexes I with CH 3 MgI, (CH 3 ) 2 Cd, (CH 3 ) 2 Gg, (CH 3 ) 4 Si, (CH 3 ) 4 Sn or (CH 3 ) 3 SiSi(CH 3 ) but rather reductively coupled products, (HCCCR 1 R 2 CR 1 R 2 CCH)[CO 2 (CO) 6 ] 2 (III), and (HCCCHR 1 R 2 )Co 2 (CO) 6 (V) were obtained in low yields. Modest yields (5–30%) of methylation products (HCCCR 1 R 2 CH 3 )Co 2 (Co) 6 (II) were produced from I and (C 5 H 5 )Fe(CO) 2 CH 3 or (CH 3 ) 3 Al, accompanied by varying amounts of III. The most efficient route to the methylated derivatives II (25–90% yields) combines the complexed propargyl acetates VIII with (CH 3 ) 3 Al under unusually mild conditions (CH 2 Cl 2 , −78°C).
Pre-Meal Affective State and Laboratory Test Meal Intake in Adolescent Girls with Loss of Control Eating

Loss of control eating confers risk for excess weight gain and exacerbated disordered eating. Affect theory proposes that loss of control eating is used to cope with negative mood states. Self-report data suggest that negative affect may contribute to the etiology of loss of control eating, but this theory has not been well-tested using laboratory paradigms. We examined associations between pre-meal affective states and intake during a laboratory test meal. One-hundred and ten adolescent girls with reported loss of control eating whose body mass index fell between the 75th and 97th percentile for age and sex completed state mood ratings prior to a test-meal. Results indicated that pre-meal state negative affect was associated with greater carbohydrate and less protein consumption, as well as greater snack and dessert and less fruit and dairy intake. All girls experienced significant decreases in negative affect from pre- to post-meal, but intake during the meal was unassociated with post-meal affect. In support of affect theory, negative affective states reported among girls with loss of control may be a driving factor for increased energy-dense food intake, which may play a role in excess weight gain.
Activin causes premature superovulation

In the rat ovary, follicle cells produce and respond to activin, but as yet, the functional significance of the autocrine/paracrine effects of ovarian activin remains equivocal. To assess the effects of activin on folliculogenesis, normal cycling female rats were injected once every 8 h over a 40-h period with recombinant human activin A (120 micrograms/kg) beginning at 1300 h on estrus (day 1 of treatment). A total of 10 rats were injected with activin in 2 separate experiments. On days 3 and 4 of treatment, blood was obtained for hormone measurements, and the ovaries were removed for histology. Follicle counts were performed in 1 ovary from 3 representative animals in each treatment group. All antral (Graafian) follicles 300 microns or more in diameter were measured and classified as healthy or atretic based on the number of pyknotic nuclei in the largest cross-section. On day 3, all rats were in diestrus (diestrous day 2). After 3 days of activin administration, serum levels of estradiol were increased 200%, progesterone levels were decreased 67%, and FSH levels were unchanged compared with those in matched controls. By day 4 (i.e. 1 day after the last injection), no changes in the levels of these hormones were observed. Injection of activin for 3 days did not change the total number of antral follicles per ovary (control, 41.3 +/- 4.9; activin, 43.7 +/- 3.9); however, activin significantly increased the total number of atretic follicles (control, 69%; activin, 92%). Morphometric analysis of the ovaries removed on day 3 showed a marked increase (2-fold) in the number of large follicles, but most (89%) were atretic. Follicle counts suggested that the additional large follicles may have come from the pool of healthy small follicles. Histological studies showed that some of the day 3 activin-treated follicles had initiated ovulation. On day 4, control and activin-treated animals were at proestrus and estrus, respectively. Therefore, activin shortened the estrous cycle by 1 day. Little or n change in the follicle populations was observed in day 4 control ovaries. Interestingly, however, in 2 of the 3 activin-treated animals, 1 set of large follicles had ovulated (12 +/- 1 expanded egg cumulus complexes/oviduct), and another set (13 +/- 2) was just about to rupture. The activin-exposed oocytes (tubal and follicular) appeared arrested in metaphase I. After ovulation, activin-treated follicles developed into typical corpora lutea. No ovulations were found in control animals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
When is life without value? A study of life-death decisions on a hemodialysis unit.

In this study of value conflicts in a medical setting both broad, general and “ideal” values as well as practical, everyday, and “real” values are identified and examined within the context of four...
Management of food allergies

Worldwide, approximately 8 and 2% of children and adults, respectively, suffer from food allergy. Cow's milk, egg, peanut, soy, wheat, fish, shellfish and tree nuts are responsible for the majority of allergic reactions to foods. Allergic reactions to food can occur by a variety of immune mechanisms including: IgE-mediated; non-IgE-mediated (T-cell-mediated); and combined IgE- and T-cell-mediated. Food allergies can affect any organ system, but most frequently involve the gastrointestinal system, the skin and the respiratory system. Knowledge of the spectrum of food allergies is important in order to identify patients at risk for severe or life-threatening allergic reactions. This article will review the mechanisms of specific food allergy disorders. It will also summarise the diagnosis of food allergy including the history of a food reaction, skin tests and laboratory tests. The management of food allergy will also be discussed with particular emphasis on the avoidance of food allergens and the pharmacotherapy of allergic reactions. Future therapy for food allergies will also be discussed.
Transfer of Tetracycline or Clindamycin Resistance among Strains of Bacteroides fragilis in Experimental Abscesses

The ability of strains of Bacteroides fragilis resistant to clindamycin and/or tetracycline to transfer resistance to a susceptible recipient strain in experimental subcutaneous abscesses in mice was investigated. The results indicated that such transfer took place at a frequency similar to that observed in vitro. Transfer of resistance determinants at infected sites may play a role in the epidemiology of disseminated resistance to antimicrobial agents.
CD28 signal transduction: tyrosine phosphorylation and receptor association of phosphoinositide‐3 kinase correlate with Ca2+‐independent costimulatory activity

The interaction of CD28 with its counter-receptor, B7, induces a cosignal in T cells required to prevent clonal anergy and to promote antigen-dependent interleukin-2 production. The molecular basis of the CD28 cosignal is not well understood but involves the activation of protein tyrosine kinase(s) (PTK). In this report we demonstrate that CD28 cross-linking on Jurkat T leukemic cells causes the activation of at least two PTK pathways. A CD28-induced, p56lck kinase-independent pathway causes tyrosine-phosphorylation of a 110-kDa substrate while recruitment of p56lck kinase activity is apparently required for CD28-induced tyrosine-phosphorylation of 97- and 68-kDa substrates as well as CD28-induced increases in intracellular calcium. The tyrosine phosphorylation of p110, but not p97 or p68, correlated with CD28 calcium-independent costimulatory activity. The pp110 molecule was tentatively identified as the catalytic subunit of phosphoinositide (PI)-3 kinase based upon its coimmunoprecipitation with the p85 regulatory subunit of PI-3 kinase. PI-3 kinase protein and catalytic activity were found complexed with the CD28 receptor if the receptor was "activated" by cross-linking on the surface of intact cells prior to detergent solubilization. The kinetics of association of PI-3 kinase with the "activated" CD28 receptor was rapid, occurring within 30 s of receptor cross-linking and was stable for at least 30 min. Analysis of the CD28 cytoplasmic peptide sequence revealed a putative PI-3 kinase src homology 2 binding motif and CD28 tyrosine phosphorylation site, DYMNM. Tyrosine phosphorylation of CD28 was detected in pervanadate-treated Jurkat B2.7 cells, but not untreated cells. Pervanadate-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of CD28 correlated with receptor association of PI-3 kinase in the absence of CD28 cross-linking, suggesting that CD28 association with PI-3 kinase uses a tyrosine phosphorylation-dependent mechanism. These data provide a model for CD28 signal transduction and support a role for PI-3 kinase in mediating the CD28 calcium-independent, cyclosporin A-insensitive costimulatory signal.
An experimental and numerical investigation of the impingement of an oblique shock wave on a body of revolution

Attention is given to the experimental study and numerical simulation of the impingement of oblique shock wave on a cylinder, in order both to document the complex three-dimensional shock wave and boundary layer interaction occurring in practical problems (such as stores carriage interference in a supersonic tactical aircraft) and to conduct a critical comparison of experimental measurements and numerical computations for such complex flows. A thin layer approximation of the Navier-Stokes equations was solved by means of a mixed explicit-implicit scheme. Experimental measurements reveal a highly complex flow field with two distinct adjacent separation zones, regions of high cross flow, and multiply reflected shocks and expansion fans.
Evaluation of chromic oxide, glycerol triether, and β-sitosterol as fecal flow markers in two species of nonhuman primates

Recovery of β-sitosterol, glycerol triether (1-hexadecyl-2,3,-didodecyl glycerol triether), and chromic oxide was studied in African green monkeys and stumptail macaques consuming diets containing 0.75 mg/Cal cholesterol and 38% of calories as safflower oil or butter. Following oral administration of these compounds, feces were collected daily for 9 days. For all animals, excretion of β-sitosterol and glycerol triether paralleled one another almost exactly. Except for two animlas, this was also true for chromic acid. Essentially 100% of the administered β-sitosterol and 90–95% of the glycerol triether were recovered; excretion of these markers virtually was complete by day 3. Ninety-two percent of the β-sitosterol was isolated in the nonsaponifiable lipid extract of the feces with less than 6% in the remaining aqueous phase. A maximum of 3.1% of the β-sitosterol and 1.8% of the glycerol triether were found in the blood. For stumptail macaques, the major excretory form of β-sitosterol was the 5β-derivative. African green monkeys were more variable; one animal excreted the bulk of the β-sitosterol unchanged while others excreted greater than 80% as the ring-saturated 5β-derivative. Animals consuming the safflower oil containing diet consistently excreted a greater percentage of the β-sitosterol unchanged, compared with those animals eating the butter containing diet. There was no evidence for steroid ring degradation in any of the animals used in this study.
Genetic variation in the CRP promoter: association with systemic lupus erythematosus

The pentraxin C-reactive protein (CRP), an innate immune system opsonin which binds nuclear debris and apoptotic bodies, may protect against autoimmunity. A relative deficiency of CRP levels in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) might contribute to altered handling of self-antigens. We report that the proximal 5 0 promoter region of CRP contains several polymorphisms that exhibit association with SLE in multiple populations. Strongest association was observed at the proximal promoter single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs3093061 (CRP-707) (P 5 6.41 3 10 27 and P 5 2.13 3 10 26 in African-American and Caucasian case –c ontrol samples respectively). This association remains after adjustment for admixture. Linkage disequilibrium exists between SNPs in the proximal promoter and association of functional haplotypes containing rs3091244/rs3093062 (CRP-409/-390) appear to be driven by the rs3093061 (CRP-707) association. These data demonstrate that rs3093061 at the -707 site within the CRP gene is an SLE susceptibility locus.
Functional antagonism by monoclonal antibody to digoxin in the guinea-pig atria

Abstract A monoclonal antibody with a high affinity for digoxin (K a = 1.14 × 10 9 M) was produced by somatic cell fusion. This antibody, designated 35 6.1 , displayed little or no cross reactivity with other steroids. In the guinea-pig atria, 35 6.1 antagonized functionally the positive inotropic effect of digoxin but did not alter that of isoproterenol. Our results suggest that this monoclonal antibody may represent a useful probe for studying the physiological role of the putative endogenous digoxin-like factor in various pathophysiological conditions.
Textural and Bile Acid-Binding Properties of Muffins Impacted by Oat β-Glucan with Different Molecular Weights

ABSTRACT Water-soluble β-glucan (BG) extracted from a high-BG oat line was treated with different amounts of lichenase (1→3)(1→4)-β-d-glucanase) enzyme to yield three different molecular weight (MW) BG extracts. Low (LMW-BG, 157,000), medium (MMW-BG, 277,000), and high (HMW-BG, 560,000) MW BG extracts were added to plain muffin formulations at a level of 0.52% (0.42% in the batter, 0.52% in the resultant muffins) to investigate the effect of MW of BG on textural and bile acid (BA) binding properties of the muffins. In addition, treatments were prepared containing LMW-BG, MMW-BG, and HMW-BG extracts in amounts providing equivalent batter firmness as determined on a texture analyzer. Resultant BG concentrations (and per serving amounts) of these muffins were 1.36% (0.81 g/60 g muffin), 1.05% (0.63 g/60 g muffin), and 0.52% (0.31 g/60 g muffin), respectively; thus, the LMW treatment complied with a U.S. Food and Drug Administration health claim requiring 0.75 g of BG per serving. The firmness, springiness, a...
STUNTED PLANT 1 Mediates Effects of Cytokinin, But Not of Auxin, on Cell Division and Expansion in the Root of Arabidopsis

Plants control organ growth rate by adjusting the rate and duration of cell division and expansion. Surprisingly, there have been few studies where both parameters have been measured in the same material, and thus we have little understanding of how division and expansion are regulated interdependently. We have investigated this regulation in the root meristem of the stunted plant 1 (stp1) mutation of Arabidopsis, the roots of which elongate more slowly than those of the wild type and fail to accelerate. We used a kinematic method to quantify the spatial distribution of the rate and extent of cell division and expansion, and we compared stp1 with wild type and with wild type treated with exogenous cytokinin (1 microM zeatin) or auxin (30 nM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid). All treatments reduced average cell division rates, which reduced cell production by the meristem. Auxin lowered root elongation by narrowing the elongation zone and reducing the time spent by a cell in this zone, but did not decrease maximal strain rate. In addition, auxin increased the length of the meristem. In contrast, cytokinin reduced root elongation by lowering maximal strain rate, but did not change the time spent by a cell within the elongation zone; also, cytokinin blocked the increase in length and cell number of the meristem and elongation zone. The cytokinin-treated wild type phenocopied stp1 in nearly every detail, supporting the hypothesis that cytokinin affects root growth via STP1. The opposite effects of auxin and cytokinin suggest that the balance of these hormones may control the size of the meristem.
Textural Determination of ‘Montmorency’ Cherries Using Shear/Compression and Stone Removal Forces

Selection of firm tart cherry cultivars has traditionally been limited by instrumental limitations when measuring cherry texture. Current methods estimate cherry texture by evaluating skin strength and/or turgor pressure rather than pericarp firmness. An attachment to a Kramer Shear Press was designed and built to determine the force required for stone removal. Pericarp strength was measured by placing pitted cherries in a shear/compression cell and measuring shear, compression, and extrusion forces. Preliminary testing indicated stone removal force with shear/compression force may be useful for determining texture of tart cherries in cultivar screening studies.
A conditionally replicative, Wnt/ β -catenin pathway-based adenovirus therapy for anaplastic thyroid cancer

Thyroid cancer affects between 10 000 and 15 000 people per year in the US. Typically, this disease can be controlled with surgical resection and radioiodide treatment. However, resistance to these conventional therapies is observed in some patients, who develop intractable anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC), for which no effective therapies exist. Recently, a sizable fraction of undifferentiated or poorly differentiated thyroid cancers were shown to contain mutations in β-catenin, an oncogenic protein involved in the etiology of cancers of many tissues. We developed a conditionally replicative adenovirus (named ‘HILMI’) which, by virtue of TCF response elements drives E1A and E1B expression, replicates specifically in cells with an active Wnt/β-catenin pathway. We show that several thyroid cancer cell lines, derived from undifferentiated or anaplastic tissues and possessing an active Wnt/β-catenin pathway, are susceptible to cell killing by HILMI. Furthermore, viral replication in ATC cells as xenograft tumors in nude mice was observed, and prolonged survival of mice with ATC tumors was observed following administration of the HILMI therapeutic vector. The results warrant further development of this therapeutic approach for ATC patients.
Opening remarks about the LSE panel

The following papers are concerned with the contribution of the London School of Economics to economics. We already have F. A. Hayek's, Lord Beveridge's, and Sir Henry Caine's respective accounts of the administrative and organizational changes that occurred at LSE since its inception of 18952 The papers presented here are the first report about the intellectual contributions of the economics faculty itself. Certainly a school whose special mission was (and continues to be) the encouragement of fundamental reserach in the social sciences while at the same time catering to the particular needs of a large number of foreign and local students (many of whom intend to take positions in government) is apt to become a special educational institution indeed. This is exactly what has happened at LSE. LSE is something of a legend in its youthful 87 year history boasting a roster of economics professors that has included E. Cannan, W. Hewins, A Bowley, A Plant, L. Knowles, L. Robbins, W. Cunningham, F. A. Hayek, R. H. Tawney J. R. Hicks, H. S. Foxwell, F. Paish, H. Dalton, T. S. Ashton, A. W. Phillips, N. Kaldor, F. C. Benham, R. G. D. Allen, J. Wiseman, R. Edwards, A. Lerner, R. Coase, A. Peacock, B. Yamey, A. Young, A. Watters, H. Johnson, J. Meade and many others. It is difficult to conceive of a more heterogeneous and yet accomplished group of scholars. It may be instructive to compare this panet's efforts at evaluating LSE's contribution to economics, with a recent evaluative effort carried out by Watt Street Journal staff reporter, Mr.
MASSIVE VIRGINAL BREAST HYPERTROPHY AS A CAUSE OF RECURRENT HUMORAL HYPERCALCEMIA DUE TO PARATHYROID HORMONE-RELATED PROTEIN (PTHrP) SECRETION

Humoral hypercalcemia associated with certain neoplasms is caused by their secretion of a parathyroid-like 16-18 kd peptide, PTHrP. PTHrP also is expressed by keratinocytes, placenta, fetal parathyroids, and lactating mouse mammary tissue. We report a 15 y old female who presented with massive virginal breast hypertrophy and symptoms of urinary frequency, fatigue, and personality changes attributable to hypercalcemia. At 13 1/2 y she had a successful liver transplant for α1-anti-trypsin deficiency. This was followed by rapid breast growth; 6 months later she had menarche and then regular menses. At 15 y symptomatic hypercalcemia was documented -serum Ca 16 mg/dl, P 2.7 mg/dl, alk phosphatase 151 U/l, PTH 5 pg/ml (n=10-65), and PTHrP 9.4 pmol/L (n=<1.5); 1,25(OH)2D 28 pg/ml (20-76) unlike the usually elevated level with PTH excess. The hypercalcemia responded promptly to saline diuresis. Imaging studies failed to show a parathyroid abnormality or tumor. She had three subsequent episodes of symptomatic hypercalcumin 4 - 5 days prior to menses; PTHrP levels were undetectable between episodes. Following an extensive reduction mammoplasty, the hypercalcemia has not recurred. Studies of PTHrP mRNA in the tissue are in progress. In summary, benign breast hypertrophy can cause secretion of PTHrP which results in hypercalcomia. The cyclical occurrence and its temporal relationship to the menstrual cycle suggests that changes in circulating ovarian sex steroids may have affected PTHrP synthesis.
A case of classical maple syrup urine disease "thiamine non-responsive".

Leukocytes and skin fibroblasts from a patient with classical maple syrup urine disease (M.S.U.D.) contained virtually no branched-chain keto acid decarboxylase activity. Those of his parents had approximately 50 % of normal activity, and those of his sister had normal activity. The patient was treated from the second week of life with a “synthetic diet”. At the age of 2 months, when the patient was completely free of symptoms, 20 mg of thiamine three times daily was given orally. On the second day of treatment, he was challenged with cow's milk. Within 12 hours he became irritable; within 24 hours he refused feeding and his urine had the characteristic odor of M.S.U.D. The symptoms became more marked with progressive increase of plasma branched-chain amino acids. This classical M.S.U.D., like the intermediate type, did not respond to thiamine Iherapy.
Multidimensional analysis of complex structure: Mixtures of class and quantitative variation

For certain kinds of structure consisting of quantitative dimensions superimposed on a discrete class structure, spatial representations can be viewed as being composed of two subspaces, the first of which reveals the discrete classes as isolated clusters and the second of which contains variation along the quantitative attributes. A numerical method is presented for rotating a multi-dimensional configuration or factor solution so that the first few axes span the space of classes and the remaining axes span the space of quantitative variation. The use of this method is then illustrated in the analysis of some experimental data.
Sn(OTf)2 and Sc(OTf)3: Efficient and versatile catalysts for the controlled polymerization of lactones

A general and novel method for the controlled synthesis of aliphatic polyesters is presented. The evaluation of stannous (II) trifluoromethane sulfonate [Sn(OTf)2] and scandium (III) trifluoromethane sulfonate [Sc(OTf)3] as catalysts for the ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of various lactones is described as a route to polyesters under mild and highly selective polymerization conditions. Size exclusion chromatograms of poly(ϵ-caprolactone) initiated from ethanol in the presence of either Sn(OTf)2 or Sc(OTf)3 demonstrate the facile synthesis of narrowly dispersed products. Predictable molecular weights, typical of a living or controlled polymerization, were obtained with high yields. These catalysts are versatile and applicable toward the ROP of other cyclic (di)esters, including β-butyrolactone, which produces the synthetic analogue of the biopolymer poly(β-hydroxybutyrate). © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 38: 2067–2074, 2000
Why be a Wikipedian

Wikipedia is a user-edited encyclopedia. Unpaid users contribute articles, edit them, and have heated debates about what information should be included or excluded. This study is designed to learn more about why people are willing to do this work without any fiscal compensation. Wikipedia administrators (n=115) completed an online survey with Likert-scaled items of potential types of satisfaction derived from participation as well as comments that were used to check the validity of the Likert-scaled items and allow participants to say in their own words why they were Wikipedian. Results showed that contributors in Wikipedia are driven largely by motivations to learn and create.
Sociobiology and Human Nature: A Perspective from Catholic Theology

This paper addresses a nonspecialist audience on how sociobiological accounts of human nature might be relevant to Christian theology. I begin with some confessional remarks to clarify what I mean by Christian theology and how I understand it to be related to science. I indicate briefly why sociobiology might be of interest to theology and then move on to sketch some ways in which sociobiology might relate to theological ethics. My basic point is that sociobiology is directly relevant to theological ethics in its understanding of evolved human emotional predispositions but not in its normative reflection proper.
Single-crystal EPR of the Eu 2+ ion in pentacalcium-oxide trialuminate, 5CaO·3Al 2 O 3

Abstract X-band (∼9.8 GHz) EPR studies on a single crystal of pentacalcium-oxide trialuminate (5CaO·3Al 2 O 3 ) doped with Eu 2+ were carried out at 4.2, 77.4 K and in the range 120–300 K. The site symmetry, as revealed by the angular variation of the EPR spectrum, was found to be nearly axial. The Eu 2+ spin-Hamiltonian parameters were estimated from the positions of the EPR lines at various temperatures. The absolute sign of the zero-field splitting parameter, B 2 0 , was determined to be positive from the relative intensities of lines at liquid-helium temperature. The resolved Eu 2+ hyperfine (HF) structure was observed only for a few fine-structure EPR lines, and only at some orientations of the external magnetic field. HF-interaction constants for the 151 Eu and 153 Eu isotopes were estimated from an analysis of the partly resolved HF structure.
Molecular basis of CLL.

B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), the most common leukemia in the Western world, results from an expansion of a rare population of CD5+ mature B-lymphocytes. CLL occurs in two forms, aggressive and indolent. For the most part indolent CLL is characterized by low ZAP-70 expression and mutated IgH VH; aggressive CLL shows high ZAP-70 expression and unmutated IgH VH. Although clinical features and genomic abnormalities in CLL have been studied extensively, molecular mechanisms underlying disease development are still emerging. In the last few years, several important insights were reported in this area. MiR-15/16 targeting BCL2 and MCL1 and DLEU7 targeting TNF pathway were proposed as tumor suppressors at 13q14, a commonly deleted region in indolent CLL. Molecular details of how activation of TCL1, a critical oncogene in aggressive CLL, results in the initiation of this malignancy were clarified. Importance of these pathways was supported by investigations of several mouse models of CLL. Here, we present what has been learned from these new pathways, discuss mouse CLL models and how these mouse models recapitulate the molecular mechanisms of this common leukemia.
Radical-radical coupling of polystyrene chains using AGET ATRC

Activators generated by electron transfer (AGET) was integrated into atom transfer radical coupling (ATRC) systems to drastically reduce the amount of copper catalyst required to achieve dimerization of monohalogenated polystyrene (PStX) precursors. PStCl or PStBr, prepared by ATRP, were activated and coupled in ATRC systems with varying equivalents of the reducing agent tin(II) ethyl hexanoate (Sn(EH)2) with ligand-bound copper(I) and/or copper(II) present. Effective coupling was only observed in PStBr systems, with total copper content in the reaction mixture able to be reduced into the range of 10–25% of what is typically reported in traditional ATRC reactions of PSt while maintaining coupling yields of >50%. Additional reducing agents, glucose and ascorbic acid, were also studied and were found to be even more effective in some AGET ATRC reactions compared with Sn(EH)2. Best results were achieved with ascorbic acid as the reducing agent (>80% coupled product) with total copper content 25% of what was used for a traditional ATRC. Using an activators regenerated by electron transfer ATRP–AGET ATRC sequence resulted in an overall reduction of total copper down to 0.1–0.25% for the overall reaction sequence (compared with a traditional ATRP–ATRC sequence). © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2010
Kinetics equations for neutron distributions

Abstract Kinetic equations for neutrons and some of the other kinds of particles important to neutron balance in reactors and reactor-like systems are derived from a quantum Liouville equation. In particular, equations for some of the relevant singlet and doublet densities in phase space are deduced for the purpose of studying neutron density fluctuations. The equations describing neutron densities, ignoring delayed neutron precursors, are then singled out for special attention. These equations are reduced to ‘one-speed’ or mono-energetic analogues, and are then approximated by equations for the zeroth and first angular moments of these densities. During the process, points of connexion with the descriptions of neutron density fluctuations by various other authors are made. Formal solutions of the equations in phase space are displayed, along with an explicit solution of the reduced equations. Properties of these solutions are discussed, with particular interest paid to the implications for the ‘critical limit’.
Women in management: reflections and projections

Purpose – A major barrier to women's progress in management worldwide continues to be the gender stereotyping of the managerial position. The purpose of the paper is to examine how this “think manager – think male” attitude has changed over the three decades since the author's initial research and to consider the implications of the outcomes for women's advancement in management today.Design/methodology/approach – The paper reviews the author's research, first conducted in the 1970s and replicated in the USA and internationally, on gender stereotyping and requisite management characteristics.Findings – The overview reveals the strength and inflexibility of the “think manager – think male” attitude held by males across time and national borders. Over the last three decades corporate males in the USA continue to see women as less qualified than men for managerial positions. Internationally, the view of women as less likely than men to possess requisite management characteristics is also a commonly held beli...
Electron Transport in Self-Assembled Bipyridinium Multilayers†

We have identified a simple experimental protocol to assemble electroactive films with attractive electron transport properties on gold electrodes. Their basic building block is a bipyridinium bist...
Critique of interlaboratory evaluation of the reliability of blood-lead analyses.

Interlaboratory comparison of the results of analytical procedures is important to delineate the presence or absence of accuracy and precision. As part of laboratory accreditation must depend on accurate analysis of the results of such interlaboratory trials, a reanalysis of the blood-lead values (Keppler et al., Amer. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 31, 412, 1970) determined by 60 laboratories is presented. In the nonpara-metric procedures used, the outlying laboratories (those whose central tendency and those whose variability were abnormal) are clearly delineated. These outlying laboratories can, therefore, more easily attempt to correct their method of analysis, knowing how they compare with the majority of other laboratories.
Effectiveness of a geometric programming algorithm for optimization of machining economics models

Machining economics problems usually contain highly non-linear equations which may present difficulties for some non-linear programming algorithms. An earlier article by Duffuaa et al. [1] compared the performance of several non-linear programming algorithms, including a geometric programming algorithm, applied to five machining economics problems. Those authors concluded that the Generalized Reduced Gradient (GRG) algorithm is the most suitable method for solving such problems. In this paper, we point out shortcomings in that conclusion and demonstrate the effectiveness of the Geometric Programming technique in such problems compared with the results of GRG which were presented.
Coupling of L-type Ca2+ channels to KV7/KCNQ channels creates a novel, activity-dependent, homeostatic intrinsic plasticity.

Experience-dependent modification in the electrical properties of central neurons is a form of intrinsic plasticity that occurs during development and has been observed following behavioral learnin...
Primordial prevention of cardiovascular disease among African-Americans: a social epidemiological perspective.

Abstract Background. The primordial prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) among African-Americans represents a formidable challenge for public health. This paper discusses the nature of this challenge, highlighting the role that economic and cultural factors play in shaping the distributions of major CVD risk factors among African-Americans. The paper concludes with specific suggestions for research. Methods. Data from recent national health surveys on black/white differences in major CVD risk factors like hypertension, obesity, cholesterol, cigarette smoking, and physical inactivity were reviewed for the purpose of identifying promising avenues for primordial prevention research among African-Americans. Results. Cigarette smoking has a delayed onset among African-Americans compared to whites. Black/white differences in “vigorous” leisure-time physical activity (e.g., social dancing and team sports) are not apparent until around age 40. These findings have relevance for primordial prevention work in black communities since they suggest the existence of broad-based, health-relevant cultural norms which could support primordial prevention programs, such as regular physical activity, across the life cycle. Conclusions. CVD primordial prevention programs among African-Americans must be grounded in an understanding of how cultural values as well as economic conditions shape CVD risk factor distributions in this population. Ultimate success will depend on the strength of the partnerships that public health researchers, primary care providers, and community residents are able to build.
Solid‐state Fermentation of Cellulosic Residuesa

De la paille de ble et des fibres de fumier lavees ont ete convertis en aliment pour animal enrichi en proteines par fermentation solide a l'aide de Chaetomium cellulolyticum ou de cultures mixtes de Chaetomium et Candida lipolytica. Les rendements de conversion sont etudies. Une nouvelle methode de determination de la biomasse dans des substrats solides complexes est mise au point
Reliable Change formula query: A statistician's comments

Dr. Hinton-Bayre has correctly noted a discrepancy here between the Jacobson and Temkin procedures. His comparison of prediction bounds both confirms this and suggests too that the differences are minor.
Black foster parents and agencies: Results of an eight state survey

Abstract This article reports results of research on characteristics of black foster parents and their relationship with child welfare agencies. The data come from the 1980 Survey of Foster Parents in Eight States, conducted by Westat, Inc., and are analyzed using bivariate and multivariate techniques. White foster parents are included for purposes of comparison. Major findings are that black foster parents differ from white foster parents in demographic characteristics, are somewhat more likely to care for children of relatives, and have somewhat more problematic relationships with child welfare and collateral agencies.
Effectiveness of shared leadership in online communities

Traditional research on leadership in online communities has consistently focused on the small set of people occupying leadership roles. In this paper, we use a model of shared leadership, which posits that leadership behaviors come from members at all levels, not simply from people in high-level leadership positions. Although every member can exhibit some leadership behavior, different types of leadership behavior performed by different types of leaders may not be equally effective. This paper investigates how distinct types of leadership behaviors (transactional, aversive, directive and person-focused) and the legitimacy of the people who deliver them (people in formal leadership positions or not) influence the contributions that other participants make in the context of Wikipedia. After using propensity score matching to control for potential pre-existing differences among those who were and were not targets of leadership behaviors, we found that 1) leadership behaviors performed by members at all levels significantly influenced other members' motivation; 2) transactional leadership and person-focused leadership were effective in motivating others to contribute more, whereas aversive leadership decreased other contributors' motivations; and 3) legitimate leaders were in general more influential than regular peer leaders. We discuss the theoretical and practical implication of our work.
Proficiencies for Instruction Librarians: Is There Still a Disconnect Between Professional Education and Professional Responsibilities?

In 1993, based on the proficiencies for bibliographic instruction librarians (1986), Diana Shonrock and Craig Mulder investigated if and where librarians were acquiring these proficiencies. In 2007, ACRL approved a revised set of proficiencies: Proficiencies for Instruction Librarians and Coordinators. The authors recreated the 1993 study, using the revised set of proficiencies. Librarians find the new set of proficiencies to be more relevant to their jobs than the older set of proficiencies; however, they are still most likely to acquire the proficiencies primarily outside their library school education.
Impact dynamics of a solid sphere falling into a viscoelastic micellar fluid

We present an experimental study of the impact of a solid sphere on the free surface of a viscoelastic wormlike micellar fluid. Spheres of various densities and diameters are dropped from different heights above the fluid surface, reaching it with a nonzero velocity which determines the subsequent dynamics. Measurements of the initial sphere penetration are found to scale with the ratio of the kinetic energy of the sphere at impact to the elastic modulus of the fluid. The cavity formed in the wake of the sphere, observed with high-speed video imaging, also undergoes transitions from a smooth to fractured surface texture, dependent on both the Deborah number and the ratio of the gravitational force to elasticity.
Model filled rubber. VI : Dynamic property dependence on filler particle size of rubber compounds during curing

The effect of particle size on curing kinetics and dynamic properties was examined with model filled rubber compounds containing monodisperse size crosslinked polystyrene (PS) particles synthesized from emulsifier-free emulsion polymerization. In the process of curing, the magnitude of the dynamic moduli increased and the gelation time (GP) decreased as PS particle diameter decreased from 1.25 to 0.315 μm. GP was 5.5 hours for the pure matrix, 13 minutes for the composite containing 0.315 μ.m particles, 1.4 hours for 0.688 μm particles and more than 2 hours for 1.25 μm particles. We propose that in PS particle filled systems, the ability to form clusters was due to interparticle dispersive interactions which increase with decreasing particle size. The particle clusters function as physical crosslinks, so that the overall crosslink density was significantly enhanced. Rheologically, the dynamic moduli and gelation rate were increased with decreasing particle diameter.
The timing of scour and fill in a gravel-bedded river measured with buried accelerometers

Summary A device that measures the timing of streambed scour and the duration of sediment mobilization at specific depths of a streambed was developed using data-logging accelerometers placed within the gravel substrate of the Cedar River, Washington, USA. Each accelerometer recorded its orientation every 20 min and remained stable until the surrounding gravel matrix mobilized as sediment was transported downstream and scour reached the level of the accelerometer. The accelerometer scour monitors were deployed at 26 locations in salmon-spawning habitat during the 2010–2011 flood season to record when the streambed was scoured to the depth of typical egg-pocket deposition. Scour was recorded at one location during a moderate high-flow event (65 m 3 /s; 1.25–1.5-year recurrence interval) and at 17 locations during a larger high-flow event (159 m 3 /s; 7-year recurrence interval). Accelerometer scour monitors recorded periods of intermittent sediment mobilization and stability within a high-flow event providing insight into the duration of scour. Most scour was recorded during the rising limb and at the peak of a flood hydrograph, though some scour occurred during sustained high flows following the peak of the flood hydrograph.
Efficient Self-Reconfigurable Implementations Using On-chip Memory

The limited I/O bandwidth in reconfigurable devices results in a prohibitively high reconfiguration overhead for dynamically reconfigured FPGA-based platforms. Thus, the full potential of dynamic reconfiguration can not be exploited. Usually, any attainable speed-up by executing an application on hardware is diminished by the reconfiguration overhead. The self-reconfiguration concept aims at drastically reducing the reconfiguration overhead by performing dynamic reconfiguration on-chip without the intervention of an external host. Thus, using self-reconfiguration, a configurable device can alter its functionality autonomously. Implementations based on self-reconfiguration promise significant speed-up compared with conventional approaches [7,8].