cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Analytical Model for Traffic Delays and the Dynamic User Equilibrium Problem

In urban transportation planning, it has become critical (1) to determine the travel time of a traveler and how it is affected by congestion, and (2) to understand how traffic distributes in a transportation network. In the first part of this paper, we derive an analytical function of travel time, based on the theory of kinematic waves. This travel-time function integrates the traffic dynamics as well as the effects of shocks. Numerical examples demonstrate the quality of the analytical function, in comparison with simulated travel times. In the second part of this paper, we incorporate the travel-time model within a dynamic user equilibrium (DUE) setting. We prove that the travel-time function is continuous and strictly monotone if the flow varies smoothly. We illustrate how the model applies to solve a large network assignment problem through a numerical example.
Pharmacists' role in improving diabetes medication management.

Today there are significant gaps between reaching the goal of “optimal medication therapy” and the current state of medication use in the United States. Pharmacists are highly accessible and well-trained—yet often underutilized—key health care professionals who can move us closer toward achieving better medication therapy outcomes for patients. Diabetes medication management programs led by pharmacists are described. This is consistent with the “medical home” concept of care that promotes primary care providers working collaboratively to coordinate patient-centered care. Pharmacists utilize their clinical expertise in monitoring and managing diabetes medication plans to positively impact health outcomes and empower patients to actively manage their health. In addition, pharmacists can serve as a resource to other health care providers and payers to assure safe, appropriate, cost-effective diabetes medication use.
Locoweed dose responses to nitrogen: Positive for biomass and primary physiology, but inconsistent for an alkaloid

Premise of the study Plant communities may be influenced by toxic secondary metabolites or enhanced plant growth from plant-symbiont interactions. The C:N hypothesis predicts that carbon or nitrogen constrains plant secondary metabolite production, but it does not consider compounds produced by plant symbionts. Locoweeds are legumes that can have fungal endophyte alkaloid (swainsonine [SWA]) production, which causes livestock poisoning. We studied four locoweed taxa to test whether average SWA concentrations influenced SWA positive dose responses to N fertilizer. Methods We measured locoweed leaf SWA, pigment concentrations and photosynthetic activity, and plant biomass dose responses to N supplementation for 3 mo in two greenhouse experiments. Key results Leaf photosynthesis, leaf pigment concentrations, and plant biomass had positive, unsaturated dose responses across tested N doses. Although N enhanced primary growth, two moderate-SWA taxa (Astragalus mollissimus var. bigelovii and Oxytropis sericea) had negative SWA dose responses to increasing N, the high-SWA taxon (A. moll. var. mollissimus) had no SWA change, and the very low-SWA taxon (A. moll. var. matthewsii) had a transient positive dose response. Conclusions Supplemented N led to positive dose responses for plant biomass and leaf photosynthesis and pigments, but SWA dose responses differed across locoweed taxa and time. At N levels that enhanced plant growth and reduced antioxidant protective systems, fungal endophyte alkaloid production was not strongly influenced. Production of SWA may be more strongly influenced by factors other than C:N supply (e.g., seasonality, plant age) in the locoweed-endophyte-Rhizobium complex.
Lipid peroxidation on the down syndrome protein

Abstract The Down Syndrome protein (DSP) has been shown to be a variant of beta-lipoprotein with an increased electrophoretic mobility. The authors propose that the increased electrophoretic mobility of the DSP may be caused by low density lipoprotein (LDL) peroxidation in vivo. The results of a heat study indicated that increased temperature caused apolipoprote. B to mimic the DSP pattern, which suggested that lipid peroxidation may have been initiated in the serum after heat incubation, and/or the in vivo antioxidant systems failed to function properly. Some transition metal ions, Fe+2 and Cu+2, are catalysts of lipid peroxidation in vivo; their serum concentrations were also evaluated by x-ray fluorescence. The results showed that the concentration of serum copper was significantly higher in the DSP positive donors. It suggested that the higher serum copper concentration enhanced the lipid peroxidation by either catalyzing the autoxidation reaction or bound to serum antioxidants to reduce their activities.
Utilization of Energy for Maintenance and Gain in Broilers and Leghorns at Two Ages

Abstract Regression equations describing die relationship between energy gain and metabolizable energy intake per unit metabolic weight were derived for 8- to 22-day-old and 28- to 42-day-old broilers and 14- to 28-day-old and 28- to 42-day-old Leghorns. The estimated maintenance energy requirements were lower in the 28-to 42-day-old birds than in the younger birds, but the decreases were small. Maintenance energy requirements of Leghorns were 36% less than those of broilers. Age had no effect on the efficiency of energy utilization above maintenance in broilers. However, the efficiency of energy utilization above maintenance in Leghorns was 43% lower in the older birds. This was correlated with a lower percentage fat gain in the older Leghorns. The percentage fat gain in broilers was substantially higher in the older birds, but this was not correlated with changes in energetic efficiency.
Environment, Strategy, Organization Structure and Performance: Patterns in One Industry

SUMMARY This paper reports the findings of an empirical field study of savings and loan associations. The investigation centres upon whether combinations of environment, strategy, and organization structure of 'high'-performance firms differ from combinations associated with 'low'performance firms. Results show that such combinations differ, both statistically and with respect to their basic character. There is also evidence that norms held by managers of competing institutions and the nature of relationships between organizations and populations served to influence the vigour and form of interfirm rivalries and, in turn, organizational performance.
Fracture Strengths of Individual Grain Boundaries in Ni3Ai Using a Miniaturized Disk Bend Test

The results of our initial efforts at measuring the fracture strengths of grain boundaries In Ni 3 Al using a miniaturized disk-bend test are presented. The samples tested were 3 mm in diameter and between 150 and 300 μm thick. An Ingot of directlonally-solidlfled, boron-free Ni 3 Al containing 24% Al was annealed between 1300 and 1350 °C to induce grain growth, producing many grain boundaries In excess of 1.5 mm in length. Specimens were cut from these In such a way that one long grain boundary was located near a diameter of the specimen. The relative orientations of the grains on either side of the boundary were determined from electron channeling patterns. Low-angle boundaries are so strong they do not fracture; Instead the samples deform In a completely ductile manner. High-angle boundaries always fracture, but only after considerable plastic deformation of the two grains flanking them. Fracture is Indicated by a load drop in the load vs. displacement curves. A method involving extrapolation of the elastic portion of these curves to the displacement at fracture is used to estimate the fracture stresses. This procedure yields consistent values of the fracture strengths of high-angle boundaries. The measured stresses are large (∼2 to 3 GPa), but considerably smaller than those required for the fracture of special boundaries, as predicted by computer simulations. No correlation was found between the fracture stresses or loads and the geometry of the high-angle boundaries, many of which are close to, but deviate from, coincident site lattice orientations.
Mutism in an Adult Following Hypertensive Cerebellar Hemorrhage: Nosological Discussion and Illustrative Case

Mutism after cerebellar injury has been associated with tumors, hemorrhage, and surgery of midline cerebellar structures. Literature review identified 54 cases, primarily in children after surgical splitting of the inferior vermis. We present a 47-year-old who developed transient mutism after cerebellar hemorrhage. This represents the first report of transient mutism in an adult with neither tumor nor brainstem infarction and documents the importance of cerebellar structures for initiation and production of speech in adulthood. This case further differs from those previous because of the long mute period and the subsequent return of continued ataxic and dysarthric speech.
RABIES IN WILD ANIMALS TRAPPED FOR PELTS

The brains of 1,634 wild animals trapped for pelts were examined for rabies by the fluorescent antibody procedure. Twenty-one of 268 striped skunks and 2 of 52 spotted skunks examined were positive for rabies. Thirteen hundred twenty three animals including 7 badgers, 65 coyotes, 365 foxes, 1 weasel, 377 mink, 52 muskrats, 208 opossums, 219 racoons and 1 wolf were negative.
In Situ Observations of Voiding in Metal Lines Under Passivation

Movies showing high voltage scanning electron microscope (HVSEM) in situ observations of void motion in passivated metal lines were produced. By taking pictures of the line when the void morphology changes and combining these images digitally with a technique called morphing, a time-lapse movie is constructed with the minimum amount of stored images. The sequence of still images from which a movie is constructed are shown in this paper. This sequence demonstrates that wedge voids do not cause failure in near-bamboo pure Al lines; rather the void will move until it encounters a grain which it can grow across in a slit-like manner.
Utilizing Therapists to Obtain Death Penalty Verdicts

As a result of recent decisions by the United States and California Supreme Courts, therapists now have been placed in a position in which they can be forced to testify in death penalty cases for the only purposes of achieving a conviction and a death penalty verdict. Zeal for the death penalty seems to have overcome any concern for the ethics of psychiatrists or even for the welfare of society. In California, therapists can now be forced to testify against their own patients in capital cases even if the patient does not tender his mental state as an issue, despite the presence of a psychotherapist-patient privilege in the state for criminal matters. In California, the only option for therapists who wish to treat potentially dangerous patients may be to conduct the therapy under the umbrella of attorney-client privilege. Otherwise they may not be able to avoid serious ethical problems and personal danger if the patient actually does kill someone during or after therapy. They may be unable honestly and ethically to treat such patients without obtaining truly informed consent to therapy under these potentially “undercover policeman” circumstances. Hopefully, professional organizations will take a more activist position, and courts will appreciate the folly of these decisions and reverse them. Otherwise, they may spread to other states, for which California frequently sets precedents.
Compliant manipulation with a dextrous robot hand

The control of precise, compliant manipulation tasks with multifingered robots is discussed. Emphasis is placed on performing manipulations of grasped objects that are themselves undergoing compliant motion. This class of manipulations include common tasks such as using tools, writing, and sliding an object on a surface. A task-level formulation is presented and illustrated. Results of experiments are presented to demonstrate the feasibility of performing precision manipulations with a dextrous hand. >
CHAPTER 226 – Mechanism of Gβγ Effector Interaction

The Gβγ subunit was initially recognized as an inactive subunit in G-protein-mediated signal transduction. Its main function was considered to form a high-affinity complex with GDP-bound Gα to generate an inactive heterotrimer. Only GTP-bound Gα subunits were thought to be responsible for the regulation of effectors. In 1987, Logothersis et al. presented the first clear evidence that βγ subunit free from Gα can activate K + channels in cardiac atrial cells. Activated Gα subunit did not have an effect on K + channel activity. The following year, Whiteway et al. showed that βγ, but not Gα, is the responsible subunit to mediate mating-factor response in yeast. Since then, various effectors or regulatory proteins have been identified as direct targets for the βγ subunit. It is now clear that receptor activation of G proteins generate two active signal mediators, GTP-bound Gα and free βγ subunit. It is important to note that the βγ subunit does not change its conformation when it dissociates from a subunit.
Persistence and movement of sethoxydim residues in three Minnesota soils

The persistence and movement of sethoxydim residues were determined in the top 45 cm of an Estherville sandy loam (sl), Port Byron silt loam (sil), and Webster clay loam (cl) in the field. Analysis of sethoxydim residues simultaneously quantified parent and eight metabolites by conversion to a common volatile end product, 3-(2(ethylsulfonyl)propyl)-pentanedioic acid dimethyl ester, followed by analysis using gas chromatog- raphy (GC) and a flame photometric detector. Recovery of residues from soil spiked with 100 ixg kg-1 was 86 + 21%. Residues remaining in soil 21 days after treatment (DAT) in 1989 were 37, 51, and 29% of the applied sethoxydim in the sl, sil, and cl, respectively, while in 1990, 86, 52, and 24% remained in the sl, sil, and cl, respectively. Alachlor remaining 21 DAT in 1989 was 66, 52, and 65% of that applied in the sl, sil, and cl, respectively, while in 1990, it was 16, 13, and 100% in the sl, sil, and cl, respectively. Atrazine had the greatest % of applied chemical remaining 21 DAT in 1989: 100, 71, and 73% in the sl, sil, and cl, respectively. Of the atrazine applied in 1990, atrazine remaining 21 DAT was 87% in the sl, 42% in the sil, and 100% in the cl. Over all soils and years, the amount of total sethoxydim residues remaining 137 DAT was the least of the three herbicides. In terms of leaching, sethoxydim residues showed least movement, with minimal detections below 0 to 15 cm. Although sethoxydim appears to be advantageous over alachlor and atrazine in terms of potential impact on ground water quality, additional information regarding composition of the detected residues is needed to better assess its environmental impact. Nomenclature: Sethoxy- dim, 2-(1-(ethoxyimino)butyl)5-(2-ethylthio)propyl)-3- hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one; alachlor, 2-chloro-N-(2,6- diethylphenyl)-N-(methoxymethyl)acetamide; atrazine, 6-chloro-N-ethyl-N'-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-dia-
Simple Partial Seizures

Simple and complex partial seizures have in common by definition a focal or localized area of onset. A complex partial seizure involves impaired consciousness, whereas in patients exhibiting simple partial seizures do not have impaired consciousness. They are able to answer questions, respond, etc. during the seizure. In contrast, impaired consciousness involves altered awareness/responsiveness. The patient cannot respond to questions or follow directions during the seizure (Dreifuss 1981). Awareness refers to the patient’s contact during the seizure, with the environment, and to recall events.
Reasoning and Choice: The new racism and the American ethos

Racial prejudice refers to how some people feel and think about blacks, racial discrimination to how they treat them. Plainly, the public opinion survey is well-suited for the study of prejudice; but consensually, it is not suited for the study of discrimination, since by definition an opinion survey only records opinions, not behaviors. We want to urge a less self-denying ordinance, a slight relaxation of the definition of discrimination. Our interest is politics, so by racial discrimination we shall mean a person honoring a claim for government assistance for a white but refusing to honor exactly the same claim, made on exactly the same grounds, for a black. Chapter 13 introduces a technique for the assessment of racial discrimination, so defined. As with Chapters 11 and 12, the technique capitalizes on computer-assisted interviewing. The key experiment – the “laid-off worker” experiment – makes particularly plain how our introduction of planned variations has burst the constraints of the traditional paper-and-pencil split-ballot technique. In the laidoff worker experiment five attributes of an unemployed worker are randomly varied: race, gender, age, marital–parental status, and work history. Because each is varied independently of the other, there are ninety-six different combinations in all, far more than could possibly be accommodated in the traditional technique. One word of caution. Chapter 13 reports initial results. We have a high degree of confidence in them, but they do not represent our complete analysis of discrimination. In particular, it would be unwarranted – indeed, flatly wrong – to infer from the results of the laid-off worker experiment that racial discrimination no longer occurs. […]
Effect of microbial fermentation on functional specific gravity of small forage particles.

Two experiments were designed to determine the effect of gas production during in vitro digestion on functional specific gravity (FSG) of forage particles. In Exp. 1, FSG of ground alfalfa hay decreased from 1.123 to 1.049 between 3 and 9 h of incubation and increased thereafter to reach a plateau at 1.309 after 30 h of incubation. Gas production peaked at 6 h, but gas associated with particles increased until 9 h of incubation. Gas associated with solid residue was correlated to gas production (r = -.67) but also was influenced by gas holding capacity and rate of escape from the particles. In Exp. 2, measurements were performed on ground alfalfa hay, alfalfa silage, and bromegrass hay containing 42.6, 35, and 66.4% NDF, respectively. Gas production seemed to be related to the amount of readily available substrate. Although at 9 h of incubation more gas was produced by alfalfa silage (.235 mL.min-1.g of DM-1) than by bromegrass hay and alfalfa hay (.087 and .187 mL.min-1.g of DM-1, respectively), gas associated with particles was greater for alfalfa hay (.416 mL/g of DM) than for bromegrass hay and alfalfa silage (.256 and .281 mL/g of DM, respectively). The increase in FSG was more rapid for alfalfa silage than for the hays. After 27 h of digestion, gas associated with particles (milliliters per gram of DM) and FSG were .164, 1.226; .147, 1.235; and .001, 1.467 for bromegrass hay, alfalfa hay, and alfalfa silage, respectively. Gas produced during fermentation delayed the increase in specific gravity of forage particles.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Effect of massive sympathetic nervous system activation on coronary blood flow and myocardial energy pool.

Our previous work Indicates that myocardial Ischemia could be the mechanism responsible for the left ventricular (LV) dysfunction that frequently develops after massive sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activation. In this study, coronary blood flow (CBF) and myocardial ATP, creatine phosphate, and lactate concentrations were measured after massively activating the SNS of anesthetized rabbits with an intraclsternal injection of veratrine. CBF was measured at time 0 (baseline), and at 2, 10, and 20 min after SNS activation in one group, and at 0, 45, 90, and 150 min in a second group. Myocardial ATP, creatine phosphate, and lactate were measured at 0, 2, 10, 20, 90, and 150 min in separate groups of rabbits. SNS activation caused LV dysfunction in –60% of the rabbits. SNS-related increases in CBF kept pace with the Increases in myocardial energy demand as determined from the systolic pressure-heart rate product. The subendocardial-to-subepicardlal blood flow ratio did not change significantly. Myocardial cr...
Abstract 3649: Expression of CXCR5 and its natural ligand CXCL13 in ovarian cancer

Ovarian carcinoma (OvCa) is the most lethal gynecological malignancy among women and its poor prognosis is mainly due to metastasis. Chemokines and their corresponding receptors play an important role in metastasis and organ specific homing of cancer cells including OvCa. CXCL13 is a homeostatic chemokine for lymphocyte- and prostate cancer cell-homing and -positioning within secondary lymphoid tissues. This important chemokine acts through its only known receptor, CXCR5. In this study, we provide the first evidence that in OvCa CXCR5 and CXCL13 are highly elevated in OvCa cell lines and clinical samples. Flow cytometry analysis of OvCa cell lines (OVCAR-3 and SK-OV-3) show significantly higher expression of CXCR5 in comparison to normal adult ovarian epithelial cells. To determine the clinical significance of CXCR5 expressed by OvCa cell lines, ovarian cancer tissue microarrays were stained for CXCR5 and CXCL13. Aperio ScanScope scanning system was used to quantify the immuno-histochemical staining of CXCR5 and CXCL13. Our results show significantly higher expression of CXCR5 and CXCL13 (p Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3649. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3649
Direct measurement of stain retention in third molars.

AIM To directly determine the mass of dye retained in teeth following exposure to aqueous solutions of Rhodamine B and to correlate tooth color modifications. MATERIALS AND METHODS Extracted third molars (25) were selected and sectioned at the cementoenamel junction for coronal staining. Pulp tissue was removed and teeth sonicated to remove debris. Teeth were kept in deionized water for 12 hours and subsequently weighed. They were then stained for 4 hours in 5 ml of Rhodamine B dye at two different concentrations. The samples were then subjected to two 8 hours rinses in deionized water. The tooth shade was recorded with a commercially available intraoral spectrophotometer (Vita Easyshade Compact, Vita Zahnfabrik, Bad Sackingen, Germany) at baseline (T1), after dye immersion (T2), and after water rinsing (T3). A standard absorption curve was then used to calculate the dye mass in the rinse solutions as well as the post- treatment stain solutions. All solution optical absorption curves were recorded using a laboratory research spectrophotometer (Cary 300, Agilent, USA). The mass of dye in each solution was then calculated from the standard curve relating optical absorption to aqueous dye concentration. RESULTS An average change in the CIE (a) values of 8.0 ± 0.3 were observed for concentrations of Rhodamine B similar to the optical appearance of wine or other darkly colored juices while an increase of 10× in concentration gave values too high to measure using a standard intraoral spectrophotometer. By measuring the optical absorbance of the staining solutions before and after the staining process, we were able to measure dye retention of 54 ± 26 micrograms per gram of tooth. CONCLUSION While no significant correlation could be found between the amount of stain retention in the dentition and the tooth shade due to the high uncertainties in the spectroscopic measurements, we were able to show that this method should admit such comparisons for future research. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The development of a reliable chromophore infiltration model may provide standardized and reproducible results in evaluating tooth whitening efficacy.
Diastolic dysfunction is associated with myocardial viral load in simian immunodeficiency virus-infected macaques.

Objective:To establish the relationship between HIV-induced cardiac diastolic dysfunction, immune responses, and virus replication in the heart using the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)/macaque model.Design:Cardiac diastolic dysfunction is common in HIV-infected individuals including asymptomati
The Forced Marriage of Minors: A Neglected Form of Child Abuse:

The forced marriage of minors is child abuse, consequently duties exist to stop them. Yet over 14 million forced marriages of minors occur annually in developing countries. The American Bar Association (ABA) concludes that the problem in the US is significant, widespread but largely ignored, and that few US laws protect minors from forced marriages. Although their best chance of rescue often involves visits to health care providers, US providers show little awareness of this growing problem. Strategies discussed to stop forced marriages include recommendations from the UN, the ABA, and the UK. The author anticipates and responds to criticisms that first, no duty to intervene exists without better laws and practice guidelines; and second, that such marriages are not child abuse in traditions where parental rights or familism allegedly justify them.
Segmental arterial mediolysis: a rare non-inflammatory cause of mesenteric bleeding.

Visceral abdominal aneurysms can originate from multiple disease states, including inflammatory, non-inflammatory and infectious aetiologies. It is important to follow a stepwise approach to make the correct diagnosis, because disease prognosis and management can be substantially different. We describe a 60-year-old Caucasian woman who presented from an outside facility to our University Hospital in a critical state with abdominal bleeding. She had no findings to support a vasculitic process, nor a concern for infectious aetiologies. She required a thoughtful approach and detailed imaging to diagnose a rare non-inflammatory disease as the cause for her mesenteric bleeding—segmental arterial mediolysis (SAM). Through our case and discussion, we describe the importance of recognising this rare entity and of understanding how early recognition can save patients from significant morbidity and unnecessary potential harmful therapeutic options.
Determination of lead,cadmium and arsenic in cosmetics by ICP-MS

Objective:To develop a method for detecting lead,cadmium and arsenic simultaneously in cosmetics by ICP-MS.Methods:After the cosmetics samples were pretreated with microwave digestion method,lead,cadmium and arsenic were detected by ICP-MS.Results:The correlation coefficients of the method were greater than 0.999 in the concentration range of 0 μg/ml～0.50 μg/ml.The recoveries for lead,cadmium and arsenic were 92.7%～104.1%,91.7%～96.0% and 95.9%～103.4%,respectively.The detection limits for lead,cadmium and arsenic were 0.000023 μg/ml,0.0000031 μg/ml and 0.000012 μg/ml,respectively.The RSDs of lead,cadmium and arsenic were less than 2%.Conclusion:This method is accurate and precise and applicable for detection of arsenic,lead and cadmium in cosmetics.
Open and Closed Loop Stabilization

Stabilization is, next to controllability, one of the basic problems in control theory. The question is whether one can find a control function such that the resulting system becomes attracted to a given set in the state space. The solution of this problem depends on the following considerations, among others: Is the control range bounded or unbounded? Should one use open loop controls (i.e., time-varying functions depending on the initial state) or feedback laws (i.e., functions defined on the state space)? Is the given set regular (i.e., all points in this set are locally accessible) or singular (i.e., a common limit set of the dynamics and the control vector fields)? Which kind of attraction property is required? And, last not least, should the resulting characterizations of stabilization depend directly on the system dynamics or on other existence results (for a Lyapunov function)? In this chapter we present three approaches to stabilization that are based on a priori given, bounded control range; maximal stabilization regions that need not be global; asymptotic (exponential) stabilization; and direct computability of the stabilizing controls from the system dynamics.
Visual Literacy in a Multicultural Environment: Integrating Aesthetic with Critical Visual Awareness

AbstractThe paper attempts to explicate two heuristic approaches to visual lilenuv a "formal-aesthetic" and a "critical cultural" approach. It arques that in multicultural environments it is important to equip visual communicators with the kind of visual literacy that goes beyond simple perceptions of message effectiveness. They have to be given irilical–cultural skills that help them to interrogate instrumental meaning*, thai is. meimings that may create cross-cultural miscommunication. I he paper discusses two visual artifacts, and the potential f RM * ultural miscommimication they present, to illustrate the need to integrate Ixtth approaches in leaching visual literacy.
Route Assignment for Autonomous Vehicles

We demonstrate a self-organizing, multi-agent system to generate approximate solutions to the route assignment problem for a large number of vehicles across many origins and destinations. Our algorithm produces a set of mixed strategies over the set of paths through the network, which are suitable for use by autonomous vehicles in the absence of centralized control or coordination. Our approach combines ideas from co-evolutionary dynamics in which many species coordinate and compete for efficient navigation, and ideas from swarm intelligence in which many simple agents self-organize into successful behavior using limited inter-agent communication. Experiments demonstrate a marked improvement of both individual and total travel times as compared to greedy uncoordinated strategies, and we analyze the differences in outcomes for various routes as the simulation progresses.
Solar Fuel Production for a Sustainable Energy Future: Highlights of a Symposium on Renewable Fuels from Sunlight and Electricity

69 Synthesis of fuels from sunlight, water and carbon dioxide, without competing with food production, is an important route for sustainable development beyond fossil fuels. The magnitude of the challenge is very significant that requires scientific breakthroughs in materials and processing for creating economic opportunities.1 There are two straightforward conversion pathways for conversion of solar energy to fuels.2 The most important one is the photoelectrochemical (PEC) hydrogen production via water splitting, which combines the electrical generation and electrolysis into a single system. The other pathway is replicating plant photosynthesis process with water and CO2. These direct solar fuel pathways, especially the PEC water splitting approach, have attracted attention world-wide due to their renewable fuel generation and benefit to the environment. In electrochemical and photoelectrochemical techniques, the electrodes combine with catalysts, inhibitors, and an electrochemical flow reactor to convert CO2 to organic fuels. In PEC water splitting, the grand challenge of 10% solar-to-hydrogen (STH) efficiency and 10 year lifetime was defined as the “holy grail of chemistry.”3 The requirements for a successful PEC water splitting device is displayed in Fig. 1, as shown with a p-type semiconductor case. To achieve efficient PEC water splitting at an illuminated semiconductor (SC),
An Optimal Basketball Free Throw

A basketball player attempting a free throw has two parameters under his or her control: the angle of elevation and the force with which the ball is thrown. We compute upper and lower bounds for th...
Evidence for a calcium requirement in the Cypridina bioluminescence reaction

Abstract Emission and atomic absorption spectral analyses of highly purified Cypridina luciferase showed the presence of 1 to 2 atoms of calcium in EDTA-treated luciferase and 5 atoms of calcium in EDTA-treated luciferase exposed to CaCl2 solution and subsequently dialyzed. Studies with metal chelating agents, chelating agents + cations, and EDTA and EGTA chelates of Ca++ and Mg++ showed that luciferase activity is strongly dependent on the presence of calcium. Electrodialysis of EGTA-treated luciferase indicated an apparent strong binding of calcium to luciferase.
A High Slew-Rate Adaptive Biasing Hybrid Envelope Tracking Supply Modulator for LTE Applications

A linear-switch mode hybrid envelope tracking (ET) supply modulator utilizing adaptive biasing and gain enhanced current mirror operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) with class AB output stage in parallel with a switching regulator is presented. In comparison to a conventional OTA design with similar quiescent current consumption, proposed approach improves positive and negative slew rate from 50 to 93.4 V/ $\mu \text{s}$ and −87 to −152.5 V/ $\mu \text{s}$ , respectively, dc gain from 45 to 67 dB while consuming same amount of quiescent current. The proposed hybrid supply modulator achieves 83% peak efficiency, power-added efficiency (PAE) of 42.3% at 26.2 dBm for a 10-MHz 7.24-dB peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) long-term evolution (LTE) signal and improves PAE by 8% at 6 dB back off from 26.2-dBm power amplifier (PA) output power with respect to fixed supply. With a 10-MHz 7.24-dB PAPR quadrature-phase shift keying LTE signal the ET PA system achieves adjacent channel leakage ratio (ACLR) of −37.7 dBc and error vector magnitude (EVM) of 4.5% at 26.2-dBm PA output power, while with a 10-MHz 8.15-dB PAPR 64QAM LTE signal the ET PA system achieves ACLR of −35.6 dBc and EVM of 6% at 26-dBm PA output power without digital predistortion. The proposed supply modulator core circuit occupies 1.1-mm2 die area, and is fabricated in a 0.18- $\mu \text{m}$ CMOS technology.
Determining glacier flow direction from till fabrics

Abstract Field and experimental data indicate that fabrics of sheared basal tills, based on particle orientations and on anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility, are inclined relative to the macroscopic plane of shear. As a result, if this plane is tilted with a transverse component, one of the longest-standing axioms of glacial geology—that particles in basal till are preferentially oriented parallel to the direction of shear—is not strictly true. The resultant correction to the shearing direction increases with the transverse and longitudinal components of shear-plane inclination and with the magnitude of the fabric inclination relative to the shear plane. Azimuthal corrections calculated herein range from being negligible to a few tens of degrees for reasonable ranges of shear-plane tilt. The past success of fabric azimuths as indicators of flow direction, despite the absence of this correction, likely reflects the clustering of shear planes about the horizontal in basal tills. However, on the flanks of accreting subglacial bedforms, shear-plane attitudes may well conform to the local bedform slope. As illustrated with hypothetical fabrics of drumlins and flutes, azimuthal corrections can in that case be sufficiently large and systematic to seriously affect interpretations of bedform genesis.
Pedagogical Agents and Affect: Molding Positive Learning Interactions

Abstract This chapter explores the relationship between animated pedagogical agents and emotions that are associated with learning. The empirical status of pedagogical agents is reviewed, with the conclusion that, although the literature is murky, properly designed and deployed pedagogical agents have a small, but significant impact on learning. These findings are considered alongside emerging research that focuses on affective considerations, such as empathetic agents, the politeness effect, and social agency theory. It is suggested that the design and behaviors of pedagogical agents are important, not just their simple presence (or lack thereof). The chapter concludes with recommendations for future research on increasing nonverbal fidelity, uncovering links between communicative behaviors and emotions related to learning, and building more meaningful relationships over time.
Charity Begins at the Homepage: Providing Access to the Web for People with Disabilities

The Web transformed the environment in which Nonprofit Organizations (NPOs) work. NPOs can now reach donors and recipients inexpensively through cyberspace. They may, however, be missing, a large, untapped clientele—people with disabilities who want to donate, volunteer, or access services of a NPO. If NPO homepages are not accessible to the growing population of people with disabilities, they may not be doing their job. This study assesses 100 NPO homepages to determine how accessible they are. The overall results show that only 10% of all NPO homepages examined are truly accessible.
Calls of the wild: Exploring procedural abstraction in app inventor

One of the most important computational concepts in any programming language is procedural abstraction. We investigate the use of procedures in MIT App Inventor, a web-based blocks programming environment for creating Android mobile apps. We explore how procedures are used “in the wild” by examining two datasets of App Inventor projects: all projects of ten thousand randomly chosen users and all projects of all prolific users (those users with 20 or more projects). Our data analysis indicates that procedural abstraction is a concept that is learned over time by some App Inventor users, but it is used relatively infrequently, and features like parameters and returning values are used even more rarely. Procedures are most frequently called only once, indicating that they are often used to organize code rather than to reuse it. Surprisingly, 10% of declared procedures are never called, suggesting that this situation should be flagged by the environment.
More Domino Games

In this chapter we discuss three variations of induction: strong induction, split induction, and double induction. This arsenal of induction techniques will allow us to prove a variety of fundamental and powerful mathematical statements.
Impact of the US Food and Drug Administration registration of antiretroviral drugs on global access to HIV treatment.

Background Since 2004, the US Food and Drug Administration’s (USFDA) dedicated drug review process in support of President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) has made safe, effective and quality antiretrovirals (ARVs) available for millions of patients. Furthermore, the WHO and Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (Global Fund) can add the USFDA-reviewed products to their respective formularies, through a novel process of ‘one-way reliance’. We assessed the number of ARVs made available through WHO and Global Fund based on the USFDA review. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study of all the USFDA-reviewed PEPFAR drugs between 1 December 2014 and 20 March 2017 to determine 1) the percentage that are included on the WHO and Global Fund formularies; 2) the number of the USFDA ARVs supporting the WHO HIV treatment guidelines, and their uptake by WHO and Global Fund and 3) time between the USFDA review and WHO review of the same ARVs. Findings Overall, 91% (204/224) of the USFDA products appeared on either the WHO/Prequalification of Medicines Programme (PQP) or the Global Fund ARV lists. Forty-five per cent (100/224) and 83% (184/224) appear on WHO/PQP and Global Fund formularies through one-way reliance, respectively. Forty-one per cent (91/224) of the USFDA products support the WHO-preferred first-line HIV treatment options. Of these 91 products, 38% and 85% of products were adopted by WHO/PQP and Global Fund through one-way reliance, respectively. Sixty-six products that were fully reviewed and registered by WHO (vs one-way reliance) had also undergone the USFDA review; 46 of these were registered by WHO after the USFDA review was complete (median delay of 559 days (IQR 233–798 days)). Conclusions The USFDA’s PEPFAR process is making safe and effective ARVs available worldwide, in part because the major global ARV procurement organisations rely on the USFDA registration as proof of quality. There is room for improved information sharing and collaboration to reduce duplication of effort, save resources and further expedite access to ARVs.
Reverse-Phase Protein Microarrays for Theranostics and Patient Tailored Therapy

Although the genome provides information about the somatic genetic changes existing in the tissue and underpins pathology, it is the proteins that do the work of the cell and are functionally responsible for almost all disease processes. Moreover, many diseases such as cancer are a manifestation of deranged cellular protein molecular networks and cell-signaling pathways. These pathways contain a large and growing collection of drug targets, governing cellular survival, proliferation, invasion, and cell death. Thus, the promise of proteomics resides in the study of molecules that extend beyond correlation to causality. The clinical utility of reverse phase protein microarrays, a new technology invented in our laboratory, lies in its ability to generate a functional map of known cell-signaling networks or pathways for an individual patient obtained directly from a biopsy specimen. This patient-specific circuit diagram provides key information that identifies critical nodes or pathways that may serve as drug targets for individualized or combinatorial therapy through the quantification of phosphorylation states of proteins. Using this technique, the entire cellular proteome is immobilized on a substratum with subsequent immunodetection of the phosphorylated, or activated, state of cell-signaling proteins. The results of which pathways are "in use" can then be correlated with biological and clinical information and serve as both a diagnostic and a therapeutic guide: thus providing a "theranostic" endpoint.
An EELS signal-from-background separation algorithm for spectral line-scan/image quantification.

Abstract Background removal is an important step in the quantitative analysis of electron energy-loss structure. Existing methods usually require an energy-loss region outside the fine structure in order to estimate the background. This paper describes a method for signal-from-background separation that is based on subspace division. The linear space is divided into two subspaces. The signal is recovered from a linear subspace containing no background information, and the other subspace containing the background is discarded. This method does not rely on any signal outside the energy-loss range of interest and should be very helpful for multiple linear least-squares (MLLS) regression analysis on experimental signals with little or no available smooth pre-edge region or with overlapping pre-edge features. Use of the algorithm is demonstrated with several practical applications, including closely overlapping core-loss spectra and zero-loss peak removal. Tests based on experimental data indicate that the algorithm has similar or better performance relative to conventional pre-edge power-law fitting methods in applications such as MLLS regression for electron energy-loss near-edge structure.
Intrinsically Switchable Filter Bank Employing Ferroelectric Barium Strontium Titanate

An intrinsically switchable and frequency reconfigurable bulk acoustic wave filter bank based on ferroelectric barium strontium titanate (BST) is presented. Ferroelectric BST possesses electric-field-induced piezoelectricity, enabling the design of voltage-controlled acoustic devices, including thin-film bulk acoustic resonators and solidly mounted resonators. In this paper, a triple-band switchable filter bank, consisting of three 2.5-stage filters based on BST FBARs, is designed, simulated, and fabricated for the first time. The bandpass filters have center frequencies at 1.85, 1.96, and 2.04 GHz and are selectively turned on based upon the external dc bias voltage applied to each filter. Turning off all the filters provide an isolation of more than 27 dB between the input and output ports. The presented intrinsically switchable ferroelectric filter bank potentially simplifies future radio frequency front ends by integrating both switching and filtering functionalities onto a single device and reduces the overall circuit area.
Electron-Hole Theory of the Effect of Quantum Nuclei on the X-Ray Absorption Spectra of Liquid Water.

Electron-hole excitation theory is used to unveil the role of nuclear quantum effects on the x-ray absorption spectral signatures of water, whose structure is computed via path-integral molecular dynamics with the MB-pol intermolecular potential model. Compared to spectra generated from the classically modeled water, quantum nuclei introduce important effects on the spectra in terms of both the energies and line shapes. Fluctuations due to delocalized protons influence the short-range ordering of the hydrogen bond network via changes in the intramolecular covalence, which broaden the preedge spectra. For intermediate-range and long-range ordering, quantum nuclei approach the neighboring oxygen atoms more closely than classical protons, promoting an ``icelike'' spectral feature with the intensities shifted from the main edge to the postedge. Computed spectra are in nearly quantitative agreement with the available experimental data.
Would the elimination of obesity and smoking reduce U.S. racial/ethnic/nativity disparities in total and healthy life expectancy?

Abstract Obesity and smoking are the two leading causes of preventable death and disability in the United States. Both of these health risks are socially patterned in ways that likely produce racial/ethnic/nativity disparities in total and healthy life expectancy. The current study simulates the extent to which the hypothetical elimination of smoking and obesity would change disparities in longevity and disability by analyzing data from 19,574 U.S.-born white, black, Hispanic and foreign-born Hispanic men and women in the 1999–2000 through 2009–2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and linked mortality files. Results suggest that the elimination of both obesity and smoking would significantly narrow disparities in total and healthy life expectancy between black and white adults and remaining differences are statistically non-significant. The longstanding life expectancy advantage of Hispanic immigrants over whites is reduced, but remains large. The life expectancy advantage of U.S.-born Hispanics is reduced as well, though to a smaller extent than what is observed for Hispanic immigrants. There were no significant observed healthy life expectancy differences between white and U.S.-born Hispanic adults. Overall study results suggest that the elimination of obesity and smoking would change the shape of racial/ethnic/nativity disparities in ways that would result in greater health equity.