cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Does High Income Promote Democracy

The authors construct a statistical model with which to test whether the regularity that democracy is more commonly found among wealthy countries stems from a democratizing effect of high income or is due entirely to other factors, such as the historical context, various features of the institutional setting, and simultaneity with the process of leadership change. Even after correcting for these many other influences, the democratizing effect of income remains as a statistically significant factor promoting the emergence of democratic political institutions. The authors go on to find that leaders' risks of losing power rise during their time in office and that these risks are higher in more democratic countries. The authors confirm the finding by Burkhart and Lewis-Beck that the democracy-promoting effect of income is stronger among the European countries. They suggest that high income has a more powerful democratizing effect among the Southern European countries because it interacts with pressure from major trading partners to democratize. This suggests a revaluation of policies designed to foster the replacement of authoritarian regimes by democratic ones through free trade.
NMR Study of Conformational Preferences of Inhibitors of Monoamine Uptake

We have used the recently developed tensor decomposition 3D-QSAR method to predict the conformation and alignment of cocaine derivatives bound to the monoamine transporters, NET, DAT and SERT. The analysis revealed that the ligands bind to the receptors in a conformation with the 3β-aryl group orthogonal or approximately orthogonal to the tropane ring. Semi rigid ligands have been prepared with a 3β-aryl group having strong conformational preferences for this orientation. Two compounds had affinities for the DAT and SERT in the low nanomolar range. The solution conformation of one compound has been determined and the results support the results of the 3D-QSAR analysis. Comparisons of affinities and selectivities of these ligands are discussed.
Effects of pre- and post-treatment with unlabeled steroids on thein vivo uptake of [3H]progestins in selected brain regions, uterus and plasma of the female mouse

The levels of ethyl acetate extractable radioactivity retained in various brain samples and in the uterus and plasma of ovariectomized mice 1 h after i.m. injection of [1,2-3H]progesterone was determined using liquid scintillation spectrometry. The effects of pre- and post-treatment with large doses of unlabeled steroids on [3H]-progestin accumulation was also determined. The major findings were: (1) Pretreatment with unlabeled progesterone, estradiol benzoate or testosterone propionate, and post-treatment with unlabeled progesterone, failed to reduce [3H]-progestin accumulation and retention in the brain, while these manipulations did reduce, to varying extents, [3H]progestin concentration in the uterus. (2) Across all treatment groups the interpeduncular region of the anterior mesencephalon was found to retain more [3H]progestin radioactivity that all other brain samples. Middle-posterior hypothalamus, mesencephalic reticular formation, medial-dorsal hippocampus, septal, and anterior hypothalamus samples retained higher [3H]progestin concentrations than occipital cortex and plasma samples. [3H]Progestin accumulation in the middle-posterior hypothalamus and mesencephalic reticular formation was also found to be significantly greater than that in the anterior hypothalamus. (3) Chromatographic analyses revealed that approximately 30% of the ethyl acetate extractable radioactivity retained by brain and uterine samples was iso-polar with progesterone, while less than 10% of the radioactivity in the plasma chromatographed as progesterone. The bulk of the remaining radioactivity was divided betwee two more polar peaks, one of which was retained at the origin of the thin-layer plates.
The temkin isotherm describes heterogeneous protein adsorption

Here we examine how heterogeneous protein adsorption arises from multivalent interactions with a seemingly homogeneous functional surface. During adsorption, some arrangement of functional groups on the protein (e.g., charged or hydrophobic amino-acid residues or specific ligand binding sites) interacts with complementary sites distributed on the adsorbent surface. The protein will show the highest affinity for the surface arrangements which best match its own distribution of functional sites, resulting in a distribution of binding energies. To support this interpretation, we show that changing the density of affinity ligands on a surface (immobilized metal ions) is equivalent to changing the number of target groups on a protein (surface histidines). We also report that reversible protein adsorption obeys the Temkin isotherm and propose that model as a practical framework for describing the behavior of proteins adsorbing via multivalent interactions onto surfaces densely derivatized with a random distribution of binding functionalities. This result has important implications for the design of separations materials and the interpretation of biological recognition phenomena.
Procedure for solving the data‐editing problem with both continuous and discrete data types

A major problem encountered when analyzing data is the presence of errors in the data base. As it is generally expensive and sometimes impossible to go back to the original source of the data, several methods have been suggested for correcting errors in the data base. This article is concerned with a method of correcting data errors by identifying the minimum number of fields that would need to be changed in order that the data record satisfy a set of consistency relationships called edits. In the literature of data editing, most of the work is separated by the data type, i.e., discrete data or continuous data. Little work has been done in the area where there is both continuous and discrete data and interactions between the two types of data. In this article a general mixed integer programming formulation will be suggested for this area of both continuous and discrete data.
Pregnancy and other risk behaviors among adolescent girls in Ohio

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine whether teenage girls who had been pregnant were more likely to engage in other risk or problem behaviors than girls who had had sexual intercourse without becoming pregnant. Methods: The 1993 Ohio Youth Risk Behavior Survey was administered to a random sample of 2461 high school students. A subset of 592 girls (mean age 16.1 ± 1.1 years, 69.2% Caucasian, 24.1% African-American, 2.4% Hispanic, 4.3% other) reported sexual activity (SA) on the anonymous survey. Demographic factors plus risk and problem behaviors were compared between 98 girls who had been pregnant and 494 girls who had never been pregnant using Chi-square analysis. Risk and problem behaviors were classified into four distinct groups: recent risk behaviors, age of onset of behavior, lifetime behavior, and general behavior. Variables which were univariately significant at p Results: Pregnancy was more common in girls of color than in Caucasian girls (OR 99% and CI, 2.09, 1.06–4.11) and in older girls than in younger girls (1.52, 1.12–2.08). Among SA girls, weapon carrying in the past 30 days (4.06, 1.75–9.42) was significantly associated with pregnancy, whereas alcohol use in the past 30 days (0.37, 0.18–0.76) was less likely to be associated with pregnancy. The risk of pregnancy increased 1.75 times (1.26–2.43) for each additional sexual partner. Girls who had tried cocaine were 4.88 times (1.40–16.95) more likely to have been pregnant, and the risk of having been pregnant increased 1.43 times (1.14–1.80) for each additional year of SA. Past history of sexually transmitted disease (3.50,1.28–9.55) was associated with increased pregnancy risk. Conclusions: Girls who had been pregnant also had engaged in other risk behaviors, including recent weapon carrying and cocaine use. A history of previous sexually transmitted diseases plus increasing numbers of partners add to the risk of pregnancy. Counseling and educational efforts should continue to identify teens at risk both to prevent pregnancy and to decrease associated risks.
Stereochemistry of 1,2-elimination reactions at the E2–E1cB interface—tert-butyl 3-tosyloxybutanoate and its thioester

Experimental data on the stereoselectivity of base-catalyzed 1,2-elimination reactions that produce conjugated carbonyl compounds are scarce in spite of the importance of these reactions in organic and biochemistry. As part of a comprehensive study in this area, we have synthesized stereospecifically-deuterated β-tosyloxybutanoate esters and thioesters and studied the stereoselectivity of their elimination reactions under non-ion pairing conditions. With the availability of both the (2R*,3R*) and (2R*,3S*) diastereomers the innate stereoselectivity could be determined unambiguously. 1H and 2H NMR data show that these substrates produce 5–6% syn elimination, the usual amount for acyclic substrates undergoing E2 reactions. Contrary to earlier suggestions, activation by a carbonyl group has virtually no influence upon the stereoselectivity. Elimination of the (2R*,3R*) diastereomer of the β-tosyloxyester and thioester produces 21–25% of the (Z)-alkene, much more than observed with a poorer β-nucleofuge. A relatively large amount of (Z)-alkene product seems to be a good marker for an E2 pathway, in which the transition state is E1cB-like, rather than an E1cBirrev mechanism. Syn KIE values were higher than those for anti elimination for the esters as well as the thioesters. Experimental challenges to the synthesis of stereospecifically-deuterated β-tosyloxyesters are discussed.
A method for identifying a minimal set of test conditions in 2 k experimental design

A primary task of the analysis of a 2k factorial design is to estimate the 2k unknown effects/interactions. When some of these interactions are known to be zero or negligible, a full 2k factorial design may no longer be necessary. In general, when only M effects/interactions are non-zero, only M test conditions are required for the estimation. Both fractional factorial design and Taguchi's method typically require 2n test conditions, n = 2,3,4 ...., and hence do not take full advantage of this fact. We first demonstrate that when there are M non-zero effects/interactions in a 2k model, not every set of M test conditions out of the 2k test conditions would suffice for estimating the M unknowns. We then propose an algorithm to find a set of M test conditions that suffices. The proposed algorithm can be used to identify all such minimal sets of test conditions. In this paper, we report two such minimal sets for all possible scenarios of interest for 23 and 24 designs. If the assumed zero interactions are indeed zero, confounding is not an issue. Moreover, such assumptions can be double-checked via ANOVA.
Hypertension: Development of a prediction model to adjust self-reported hypertension prevalence at the community level

Accurate estimates of hypertension prevalence are critical for assessment of population health and for planning and implementing prevention and health care programs. While self-reported data is often more economically feasible and readily available compared to clinically measured HBP, these reports may underestimate clinical prevalence to varying degrees. Understanding the accuracy of self-reported data and developing prediction models that correct for underreporting of hypertension in self-reported data can be critical tools in the development of more accurate population level estimates, and in planning population-based interventions to reduce the risk of, or more effectively treat, hypertension. This study examines the accuracy of self-reported survey data in describing prevalence of clinically measured hypertension in two racially and ethnically diverse urban samples, and evaluates a mechanism to correct self-reported data in order to more accurately reflect clinical hypertension prevalence. We analyze data from the Detroit Healthy Environments Partnership (HEP) Survey conducted in 2002 and the National Health and Nutrition Examination (NHANES) 2001–2002 restricted to urban areas and participants 25 years and older. We re-calibrate measures of agreement within the HEP sample drawing upon parameter estimates derived from the NHANES urban sample, and assess the quality of the adjustment proposed within the HEP sample. Both self-reported and clinically assessed prevalence of hypertension were higher in the HEP sample (29.7 and 40.1, respectively) compared to the NHANES urban sample (25.7 and 33.8, respectively). In both urban samples, self-reported and clinically assessed prevalence is higher than that reported in the full NHANES sample in the same year (22.9 and 30.4, respectively). Sensitivity, specificity and accuracy between clinical and self-reported hypertension prevalence were ‘moderate to good’ within the HEP sample and ‘good to excellent’ within the NHANES sample. Agreement between clinical and self-reported hypertension prevalence was ‘moderate to good’ within the HEP sample (kappa =0.65; 95% CI = 0.63-0.67), and ‘good to excellent’ within the NHANES sample (kappa = 0.75; 95%CI = 0.73-0.80). Application of a ‘correction’ rule based on prediction models for clinical hypertension using the national sample (NHANES) allowed us to re-calibrate sensitivity and specificity estimates for the HEP sample. The adjusted estimates of hypertension in the HEP sample based on two different correction models, 38.1% and 40.5%, were much closer to the observed hypertension prevalence of 40.1%. Application of a simple prediction model derived from national NHANES data to self-reported data from the HEP (Detroit based) sample resulted in estimates that more closely approximated clinically measured hypertension prevalence in this urban community. Similar correction models may be useful in obtaining more accurate estimates of hypertension prevalence in other studies that rely on self-reported hypertension.
Tracing Sewage Effluent Recharge Tucson, Arizonaa

Publisher statement: The definitive version is available at www3.interscience.wiley.com. (UA affiliates have access to link in Additional Links.)
Creating Radiocephalic Arteriovenous Fistulas: Technical and Functional Success

Background The radiocephalic arteriovenous fistula (RC-AVF) at the wrist is the recommended first choice for hemodialysis access. Several authors have reported early thrombosis or failure of RC-AVFs to mature in up to 20% to 57% of patients. We report a consecutive series of individuals in whom physical and ultrasonography (US) examinations predicted success with RC-AVFs. Study Design Records of all patients who underwent vascular access operations by the communicating author from June 2003 through June 2008 were reviewed to identify those individuals with RC-AVF procedures. Physical examination and US screening criteria for creating a RC-AVF included a continuous and uninterrupted outflow vein diameter ≥ 2.5 mm and a normal radial artery inflow examination with vessel diameter ≥ 2.0 mm. A venous branching point at the wrist was identified to create a broad patch for the RC-AVF anastomosis. Results We reviewed 796 consecutive vascular access operations, identifying 75 RC-AVFs created in 74 patients. Patient ages were 20 to 82 years (mean 57 years). Eighteen were women and 42 were diabetic. Mean followup was 14.5 months. Primary, primary-assisted, and cumulative (secondary) patency were 58.3%, 96.2%, and 100%, respectively, at 12 months and 48.1%, 91.5%, and 95.7%, respectively, at 24 months. Conclusions RC-AVF at the wrist remains our first choice for vascular access in the subset of patients meeting specific preoperative criteria by physical and United States examinations. Cumulative patency was 100% at 12 months and 95.7% at 24 months. Although RC-AVF construction technique is important, careful patient selection is believed to be the critical element in creating functional and durable RC-AVFs.
The Geography of Food Cooperatives in the United States

For our society to become sustainably viable in the future, the ways in which we obtain our food and the methods used to create that food will be very important. One of the most environmentally friendly methods of food obtainment is membership in a food cooperative. This research delves into the basics of food cooperatives, highlights similar studies of other sustainability indicators, and examines the geographic distribution of food co-ops across the United States. Faculty Sponsor: Dr. George Pomeroy
Tracking wind-dispersed seeds using 15N-isotope enrichment

Seed dispersal influences a wide range of ecological processes. However, measuring dispersal patterns, particularly long-distance dispersal, has been a difficult task. Marking bird-dispersed seeds with stable (15)N isotopes has been shown to be a user-friendly method to trace seed dispersal. In this study, we determined whether (15)N urea solution could be used to enrich seeds of two common wind-dispersed plants, Eupatorium glaucescens (Asteraceae) and Sericocarpus tortifolius (Asteraceae). We further tested if the water type (distilled versus tap) in (15)N urea solutions influences the level and variability of enrichment of plant seeds, and if increasing spraying frequency per se increases enrichment. Because droughts may lower seed set or kill plants, we wanted to investigate if the additional use of an externally applied anti-transpirant affects the intake of externally applied (15)N into seeds. The results demonstrate that (15)N enrichment of seeds can facilitate dispersal experiments with wind-dispersed plants. The use of distilled water in (15)N urea solutions did not increase (15)N enrichment compared to tap water. Further, enrichment was more efficient at lower spray frequencies. Both the use of tap water and low frequencies could lower time, effort and project costs. The results suggest that species can be protected from drought using an anti-transpirant without decreasing the incorporation of (15)N into seeds.
Thermal characterization and crystallization of novel poly(arylene ether ether sulfide)s

Abstract Thermal characterization has been carried out on a series of biphenol- and hydroquinone-based novel poly(acrylene ether ether sulfide) polymers. Thermogravimetric analyses of the sulfide systems indicate high thermal stability in air as well as in nitrogen. X-ray studies showed the poly(ether ether sulfoxide) precursor materials to be amorphous and the poly(ether ether sulfide) materials to be semicrystalline. Based on the number-average molecular weight of the poly(ether ether sulfoxide) materials, and the glass transition temperatures determined by differential scanning calorimetry (d.s.c.), the limiting T g∞ has been determined for both amorphous precursors. The biphenol-based precursors sulfoxide had a T g∞ of 214°C and the hydroquinone-based precursor had a T g∞ of 179°C. D.s.c. studies showed the biphenol-based poly(ether ether sulfide) to have a T g of 142°C and T m of 347°C, and the hydroquinone-based poly(ether ether sulfide) to have a T g of 100°C and a T m of 243°C. The equilibrium melting temperature T ° m has been determined for both sulfide polymers using the Hoffman-Weeks method. The hydroquinone-based poly(ether ether sulfide) exhibited a T ° m of 278°C, and the biphenol-based poly(ether ether sulfide) showed a T ° m of 371°C. The effect of time and temperature in the melt on the subsequent crystallization behaviour of the two sulfide materials has also been investigated as a function of molecular weight.
Adaptive time invariant finite memory detection

Finite memory detector formulations have provided some insight into the role of receiver memory in signal detection problems[1]-[5]. One design uses a finite set of integers to characterize a µ state memory such that a sequentially operating transition rule involving observation thresholding can offer performance comparable to the optimal infinite memory detector. This generally suboptimal algorithm generates time varying observation thresholds offering a convergent probability of decision error for a rather large class of problems, including SKE, SKEA, and M-ary detection problems[5]. Conversely, it has been shown that time invariant transition rules generally offer a non-convergent decision error probability[1]. The essential contribution here is an analytical analysis of a simple time invariant finite memory detector. These results are compared to the time varying finite memory detector, and the optimal infinite memory detector.
In-Line Desalting Mass Spectrometry for the Study of Noncovalent Biological Complexes

Electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry is becoming widely used as a high-throughput method for the study of biomolecular interactions. It allows for the analysis of complexes from heterogeneous mixtures with high sensitivity and selectivity. In many cases, biomolecules and their complexes must be stored in nonvolatile salt buffers and other solubilizing agents, such as organics or detergents, to maintain stability and integrity. To ensure an efficient electrospray process, desalting and exchanging the biomolecular solutions into a volatile buffer is imperative. Current off-line or on-line methods to accomplish this are time-consuming, frequently disrupt noncovalent interactions, and can result in considerable sample loss. Here we describe a simple, general, and highly efficient, rapid in-line desalting approach using a small gel cartridge to assist in the mass spectrometric analysis of biomolecules and their complexes. Though the method has broad applicability, we focus our analysis on proteins and demonstrate its usefulness by examining protein-metal, protein-protein, protein-DNA, and protein-RNA interactions. The method is shown to provide rapid direct analysis of analyte solutions containing salts, glycerol, organics, and involatile buffers without deleterious effects.
Security models for web-based applications

Using traditional and emerging access control approaches to develop secure applications for the Web.
On the constitutive description of the microinteractions concept in steam explosions

Abstract This paper elaborates on the constitutive description of the `Microinteractions' model used by the computer code ESPROSE.m to simulate the propagation phase of steam explosions. The approach is based on a series of experiments, in the SIGMA-2000 facility, involving molten drops of tin caused to explode under sustained pressure fields, an environment similar to that of a fully developed large-scale detonation. The experimental ranges cover shock pressures of up to 204 bar and melt temperatures of up to 1800°C; a series of isothermal runs, using gallium drops, are also included. The results indicate that, to a first approximation, the basic form of the constitutive laws hypothesized in the original formulation of ESPROSE.m is appropriate. Moreover, through detailed comparison of data with numerical experiments, certain parameters appearing in these laws could be identified quantitatively.
Unsuspected mediastinal hematoma diagnosed by computed tomography

A hemophiliac (factor VIII deficiency) was admitted with falling hematocrit after upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Computed tomography diagnosed a previously unsuspected large mediastinal hematoma. The use of CT in evaluating occult bleeding is discussed.
Cybersecurity Education in Universities

An educated computer security workforce is essential to building trustworthy systems. Yet, issues about what should be taught and how are being ignored by many of the university faculty who teach cybersecurity courses--a problematic situation. Author Fred Schneider explores the issues.
Hydrothermal pretreatment of switchgrass and corn stover for production of ethanol and carbon microspheres.

Abstract Pretreatment of biomass is viewed as a critical step to make the cellulose accessible to enzymes and for an adequate yield of fermentable sugars in ethanol production. Recently, hydrothermal pretreatment methods have attracted a great deal of attention because it uses water which is a inherently present in green biomass, non-toxic, environmentally benign, and inexpensive medium. Hydrothermal pretreatment of switchgrass and corn stover was conducted in a flow through reactor to enhance and optimize the enzymatic digestibility. More than 80% of glucan digestibility was achieved by pretreatment at 190 °C. Addition of a small amount of K 2 CO 3 (0.45–0.9 wt.%) can enhance the pretreatment and allow use of lower temperatures. Switchgrass pretreated at 190 °C only with water had higher internal surface area than that pretreated in the presence of K 2 CO 3 , but both the substrates showed similar glucan digestibility. In comparison to switchgrass, corn stover required milder pretreatment conditions. The liquid hydrolyzate generated during pretreatment was converted into carbon microspheres by hydrothermal carbonization, providing a value-added byproduct. The carbonization process was further examined by GC–MS analysis to understand the mechanism of microsphere formation.
MO-A-144-01: High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Therapy Hands-on Workshop

High‐intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) therapy is a therapeutic modality that uses ultrasound waves as carriers of energy. HIFU is used to focus a beam of ultrasound energy into a small volume at specific target locations within the body. The focused beam causes localized high temperatures and produces a well‐defined regions of necrosis. This completely non‐invasive technology has great potential for tumor ablation and targeted drug delivery. The goal of this ultrasound therapy workshop is to demonstrate advancements in high intensity focused ultrasound. The workshop will offer lectures reviewing ultrasound physics and safety, current ultrasound technology, and an overview of the state‐of‐the art in ultrasound treatment. Furthermore, we will allow the attendees to see configurations, applications, and hands‐on demonstrations with on‐site instructors at separate stations. Target audience: Medical physicists and other medical professionals in diagnostic imaging or radiation oncology with interest in high‐intensity focused ultrasound. Learning Objectives: 1. High‐intensity focused ultrasound as a therapeutic modality 2. Review of ultrasound physics and safety for HIFU applications 3. Introduction to current ultrasound technology and equipment 4. Overview of the state‐of‐the art in ultrasound treatment • NCI funded Cancer Education and Career Development program (R25), Nanotechnology in Imaging and Radiotherapy • Cancer Research Foundation Young Investigator Award • Philips Healthcare Research Grant
Image Misalignment Compensation Method for Page-Oriented Holographic Data Storage

We propose the proper image compensation method for page-oriented HDS. By inserting reserved blocks in data page, misalignment of reserved blocks can be calculated. With obtained misalignment, SLM pixel values can be retrieved.
Positronium Spin Conversion by Phosphorescent Impurities in Gases

Ultraviolet illumination of Ar, N/sub 2/, or air containing trace amounts of SO/sub 2/ or benzaldehyde quenches positronium through interactions with photoexcited impurity triplet states. The measured interaction cross sections are large, approx.10/sup 4/..pi cap alpha../sub 0//sup 2/, and appear to increase as T/sup 1///sup 2/ in the range 300 to 400degreeK. Triplet concentrations as low as 10/sup -8/ can be detected at atmospheric pressures.
Who Is Likely to Commit to a Career With Older Adults

Gerontology, as an academic discipline, provides professionals with the conceptual knowledge and the skills necessary to address the complexities of working with a diverse aging population. We know little about what attracts professionals to the aging field and what maintains commitment to these careers. The aim of this study was to investigate the roles of career motivation, job satisfaction, anxiety about aging, and professional identity in relation to career commitment among those working with older adults. Participants (N = 756) were recruited through organizations and institutions serving older adults and responded to an online survey. Participants’ motivation for working with older adults, level of job satisfaction, and exposure to formal gerontological education significantly predicted career commitment. In addition, aging anxiety mediated the relationship between job satisfaction and career commitment. This study sheds lights on perspectives of professionals working with older adults and highlight...
Probability of Life

DR. FREMLIN'S analogy to probabilities of bridge hands seems far from applicable to evolutionary processes of the kind considered in my article. Before dealing a bridge hand the pack is thoroughly shuffled to avoid retention of patterns of arrangement of the cards. In evolution each step is predicated on an existing pattern which has been formulated in the course of previous evolutionary steps, the pattern being copied (by one means or another) and so retained between steps. Thus, the probability of a given step is to be reckoned in terms of existing pattern, not in terms of a shuffled arrangement as for a bridge hand. The analogy to computer operation used in my article seems more suitable and leads to a very different point of view.
APPLICATION OF FUZZY LANGUAGES TO PATTERN RECOGNITION

The concept of a fuzzy language is applied to pattern recognition using geometric figures, chromosomes and leukocytes as illustrative examples. For chromosomes, an algorithm for classifying a chromosome image as an “approximate median chromosome,” “approximate sub‐median chromosome” or “approximate acrocentric chromosome” is presented. For leukocytes, an equal‐perimeter circular shape measure and an equal‐area circular shape measure are proposed, and various properties, results, and the relationship between these two measures are presented. Quantitative measures of other visual concepts such as elongated, spiculed, indented, slightly indented and deeply indented arc also presented and illustrated by examples. The results obtained in this paper may have useful applications in pattern recognition, cybernetics and fuzzy systems.
Petrology and eruption styles of Kick'em-Jenny submarine volcano, Lesser Antilles island arc

Basaltic magmas erupted from the Kick'em-Jenny submarine volcano have assimilated amphibole-bearing crustal material. The MgO content of the basalts ranges from ~12 to ~4 wt.%, and some of the more evolved members of the suite may have eventually become saturated with amphibole as well as olivine, plagioclase, clinopyroxene, and titanomagnetite. Major-element and trace-element compositions are consistent with processes dominated by assimilation-fractional crystallization. Analysis of glassy melt inclusions (MgO ~2.9 wt.%) in olivine phenocrysts suggests that pre-eruption melt water contents may have been as high as ~5 wt.%. Glass compositions are interpreted to reflect eruption-related loss of water. Submersible observations and dredge sampling of the volcano have revealed two styles of eruption: explosive, tephra-producing eruptions, and non-explosive, dome-forming lava eruptions. The contrasting styles of eruption are thought to be due principally to the rate and extent of eruption-related degassing of ≤ 5 wt.% juvenile H2O, although magma interactions with external water may also play a role in explosive eruptions.
Low temperature specific heat of Ln2CuO4 (Ln=Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu and Gd) and Nd1.85M0.15CuO4−y(M=Ce and Th)

Abstract Specific heat measurements in the temperature T range 0.5 K ⩽ T ⩽ 30 K were performed on insulating Ln 2 CuO 4 compounds (Ln = Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu and Gd) and on superconducting Nd 1.85 M 0.15 CuO 4 − y compounds (M = Ce and Th). The specific heat of Eu 2 CuO 4 and Pr 2 CuO 4 were analyzed to obtain electronic contributions and Debye and Einstein lattice contributions. The data for the compounds Nd 2 CuO 4 , Sm 2 CuO 4 and Gd 2 CuO 4 show magnetic ordering of the trivalent Ln ions at temperatures T M of 1.7 K, 5.94 K and 6.66 K, respectively. Magnetic ordering is also observed in Nd 1.85 M 0.15 CuO 4 − y at T M = 1.2 for both M = Ce and M = Th. The data for doped and undoped Nd 2 CuO 4 were compared to derive an electronic contribution to the specific heat of Nd 1.85 Ce 0.15 CuO 4 − y , with γ ≈ 53 mJ/mol K 2 .
6: Education; Its History and Historiography

The truth of this poetry was illustrated by the zeal of settlers in founding schools, by subscription or through the constitution of a public taxing authority, frequently within days of their arrival. Schoolhouses sometimes preceded homes. Recently, this liberal imagery of "the school triumphant" has been deflated. No reader needs to be reminded of the severe, many-sided criticisms of contemporary public education. To challenge the old imagery, a new, radical one has been proposed: "the processes and apparatus of public education as epiphenomena of deeper forms of social oppression which it is the schools' func-
Thick cutaneous melanoma of the trunk and extremities: an institutional review

The objective of this study was to review our experience with thick cutaneous melanoma of the trunk and extremities and to identify subgroups of long-term survivors. Ninety-one patients admitted between the years 1977 and 1987, with cutaneous melanoma of the trunk or extremities, Breslow thickness ≥ 4.0 mm, or a Clark's level V lesion form the basis of this review. Node positive clinical stage II patients had a 5-year survival rate of 32%. Five-year survival for node positive clinical stage III patients was 0% (P < 0.0001). Node negative clinical stage II patients, and those found to be histologically node positive, had no survival difference, P = 0.88. Sixty per cent of node negative patients with an extremity primary survived 5 years, while patients with a node positive truncal primary had a survival of 14%, P = 0.005. In conclusion, most patients present with local-regional disease. Patients with node negative extremity lesions have the best chance for cure.
Anomaly detection using simulated MTI data cubes derived form HYDICE data

The US Department of Energy is funding the development of the Multi-spectral Thermal Imager (MTI), a satellite-based multi-spectral (MS) thermal imaging sensor scheduled for launch in October 1999. MTI is a research and development (R and D) platform to test the applicability of multispectral and thermal imaging technology for detecting and monitoring signs of proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. During its three-year mission, MTI will periodically record images of participating government, industrial and natural sites in fifteen visible and infrared spectral bands to provide a variety of image data associated with weapons production activities. The MTI satellite will have spatial resolution in the visible bands that is five times better than LANDSAT TM in each dimension and will have five thermal bands. In this work, the authors quantify the separability between specific materials and the natural background by applying Receiver Operating Curve (ROC) analysis to the residual errors from a linear unmixing. The authors apply the ROC analysis to quantify performance of the MTI. They describe the MTI imager and simulate its data by filtering HYDICE hyperspectral imagery both spatially and spectrally and by introducing atmospheric effects corresponding to the MTI satellite altitude. They compare and contrast the individual effects on performance of spectral resolution, spatial resolution, atmospheric corrections, and varying atmospheric conditions.
The Use of Cathodoluminescence during Molecular Beam Epitaxy Growth of Gallium Nitride to Determine Substrate Temperature

In-situ cathodoluminescence (CL) measurement during growth of gallium nitride (GaN) by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) was investigated for determining substrate temperature. Cathodoluminescence was easily observed from room temperature up to and beyond typical temperatures used during growth. Determination of the peak energy of the CL spectrum allows unambiguous determination of the substrate temperature. Temperature drift and reproducibility issues during growth of GaN were observed using the in-situ CL measurement.
The competitive and anticompetitive aheories of advertising: an empirical analysis

(1986). The competitive and anticompetitive aheories of advertising: an empirical analysis. Applied Economics: Vol. 18, No. 6, pp. 599-613.
Bilateral temporal bone involvement with eosinophilic granuloma

We present an unusual case of bilateral temporal bone destruction due to eosinophilic granuloma in a young child. The patient initially presented with otitis media, with subsequent rapidly developing bilaterally symmetric masses in the mastoid region. Computed tomography demonstrated extensive bony destruction which, after a course of vinblastine chemotherapy, improved dramatically on follow-up scans.
Some considerations on the washout of sulfate from stack plumes

A theoretical analysis of the contribution to rainwater sulfate concentration by precipitation scavenging of gaseous S02 and sulfate containing aerosols is presented. Aspects, such as the proper choice of mean raindrop diameter, are discussed in detail, and guidelines for their use are explored. Sample calculations are provided in which emissions from a hypothetical stack are considered as the source of the gaseous S02 and sulfate aerosol. The basic assumption of irreversible sorption behavior is discussed and utilized to obtain an upper limit to the resulting sulfate concentration.
Environmental Learning without Being There

This study seeks to determine how effectively a simulated site visit could provide an older person with a working knowledge of an unknown building. The need for such research is related to the relo...
NUP98-HOXD13 transgenic mice develop a highly penetrant, severe myelodysplastic syndrome that progresses to acute leukemia

The myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs) are a group of clonal hematopoietic stem-cell disorders characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis and dysplasia. A wide spectrum of genetic aberrations has been associated with MDS, including chromosomal translocations involving the NUP98 gene. Using a NUP98-HOXD13 fusion gene, we have developed a mouse model that faithfully recapitulates all of the key features of MDS, including peripheral blood cytopenias, bone marrow dysplasia, and apoptosis, and transformation to acute leukemia. The MDS that develops in NUP98-HOXD13 transgenic mice is uniformly fatal. Within 14 months, all of the mice died of either leukemic transformation or severe anemia and leucopenia as a result of progressive MDS. The NUP98-HOXD13 fusion gene inhibits megakaryocytic differentiation and increases apoptosis in the bone marrow, suggesting a mechanism leading to ineffective hematopoiesis in the presence of a hypercellular bone marrow. These mice provide an accurate preclinical model that can be used for the evaluation of MDS therapy and biology.
On certain charge distribution anomalies in conjugated heteroatomic molecules

It is shown by examination of the diagonal elements of the Hartree-Fock matrix in the Pople-Pariser-Parr π electron method that there exists a simple justification of the auxiliary electronegativity parameters sometimes used in Huckel approximation calculations.
Stress Corrosion of High-Chromium Nickel-Base Weld Metals and AISI 316 Nuclear Grade Stainless Steel in Simulated Boiling Water Reactor Environments

Abstract The stress corrosion cracking (SCC) susceptibility of AISI 316 NG (nuclear grade) stainless steel (SS), which had been welded with three high-chromium nickel-base weld metals (I-72, R-127, and R-135), was investigated by means of a series of slow strain rate tests (SSRTs) at a strain rate of 2×10−7s−1. Tests were conducted in simulated boiling water reactor (BWR) environments at 288 C, which simulated either the normal BWR primary coolant chemistry or the impure (SO42−) chemistry that results from the intrusion of resin from the demineralizer system. The results indicated that all of the materials were immune to SCC in the normal BWR environment. In the resin intrusion environment, both the I-72 and R-135 weld metals were immune to SCC, but the R-127 material exhibited intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC). The AISI 316 NG SS was susceptible to transgranular stress corrosion cracking (TGSCC) in the resin intrusion environment, except when welded with I-72, in which case it was immune to...
Efficient empirical modelling of a high-performance shock absorber for vehicle dynamics studies

This paper develops an intuitive empirical nonlinear dynamic shock absorber model for simulation studies. Unlike other existing dynamic shock absorber models, it does not suffer from the complexity of modelling complex physical behaviour, or the inefficiencies of unstructured black-box modelling. The model consists of an algebraic backbone, which is a function of velocity alone, and a nonlinear low-pass filter, which has been designed based on the observation that the damper can respond more quickly at higher velocities. Due to the simplicity of the model, it can be fitted with data and evaluated quickly. The model was fitted using shock dynamometer test data using a random shock position command. The completed model is then validated using random, sine wave, and bump test data. This analysis shows the strengths and weaknesses of the model and suggests areas for future development.
SnoRNA microarray analysis reveals changes in H/ACA and C/D RNA levels caused by dyskerin ablation in mouse liver

snoRNAs (small nucleolar RNAs) are key components of snoRNP (small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein) particles involved in modifying specific residues of ribosomal and other RNAs by pseudouridylation (H/ACA snoRNAs) or methylation (C/D snoRNAs). They are encoded within the introns of host genes, which tend to be genes whose products are involved in ribosome biogenesis or function. Although snoRNPs are abundant, ubiquitous and their components highly conserved, information concerning their expression during development or how their expression is altered in diseased states is sparse. To facilitate these studies we have developed a snoRNA microarray platform for the analysis of the abundance of snoRNAs in different RNA samples. In the present study we show that the microarray is sensitive and specific for the detection of snoRNAs. A mouse snoRNA microarray was used to monitor changes in abundance of snoRNAs after ablation of dyskerin, an H/ACA snoRNA protein component, from mouse liver, which causes a decrease in ribosome production. H/ACA snoRNAs were decreased in abundance in these livers while, unexpectedly, C/D snoRNAs were increased. The increase in C/D snoRNAs corresponded with an increase in the abundance of the mRNAs transcribed from snoRNA host genes, suggesting the increase may be part of a cellular response to defective ribosome synthesis.
Security Injections 2.0: Using Segmentation, Instant-feedback, and Auto-grading to Enhance Secure Coding Modules for Lower-level Programming Courses (Abstract Only)

Learning interventions based on modules are common in computer science education. Traditional learning modules that present a large amount of content in a linear format can induce cognitive overload in learners. We present theoretical support for increasing the effectiveness of learning modules, describe a system that implements these principles, and discuss the results of a pilot study across two sections of CS0. Using the Security Injections @Towson cybersecurity modules that target key secure coding concepts including integer error, buffer overflow, input validation, for CS0, CS1, and CS2, we enhanced select modules by incorporating the e-learning design principles of segmentation and interactivity. The pilot study compares student engagement and knowledge of software security and secure coding between the current (1.0) modules and the enhanced (2.0) modules. The use of the enhanced 2.0 modules significantly increased both secure coding and software security knowledge. In addition, student engagement increased and feedback from instructors indicates higher student and instructor interest. This project is partially supported by NSF through grant DUE-1241738
Dynamic Creep of Dental Amalgam

The dynamic creep of amalgam was investigated in view of its possible relationship to the clinically observed extrusion of amalgam restorations. It was found that different alloys vary widely in their dynamic-creep characteristics; that higher mercury content demonstrates increased dynamic creep, and that static creep correlates well to dynamic creep.
Lethal Control of Piscivorous Birds at Aquaculture Facilities in the Northeast United States: Effects on Populations

Abstract Predation by piscivorous birds is considered a substantial threat to the aquaculture industry. However, lethal control of birds at aquaculture facilities has raised concerns about the effects on the distribution and abundance of populations of the species killed. We examined the relationship between numbers of piscivorous birds reported killed under U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) permits at aquaculture facilities in New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania and species population trends within the respective states. The USFWS issued 26 permits to 9 facilities from 1985 through September 1997. Eight species appeared on permits, but only six species were reported killed: Black-crowned night-herons Nycticorax nycticorax, double-crested cormorants Phalacrocorax auritus, great blue herons Ardea herodias, herring gulls Larus argentatus, ring-billed gulls L. delawarensis, and mallards Anas platyrhynchos. Over 13 years, the authorized number of birds to be killed per species or group (e.g., gulls) r...
Modulation Spectral Features: In Pursuit of Invariant Representations of Music with Application to Unsupervised Source Identification

AbstractModulation frequency analysis has been studied predominantly in research areas such as communications, filtering and coding of digital signals, and representations of neurons in the biomedical field. In turn, modulation frequency features have surfaced in the area of music data mining, also known as music information retrieval (MIR). The term ‘modulation spectral features’ has been used rather loosely, but we refer to them as temporal patterns in a signal that may be revealed via the modulation spectrum. This paper consists of a literature survey of modulation features in which we review the historical use of general modulation features along with evolving interest in exploring modulation spectral features for data mining in music signals. We also discuss challenges encountered in employing modulation spectral features with music signals and suggest new directions in this area. Lastly, we further exploit modulation spectral features by applying these motivated concepts, properties, and parameters ...
Assessing soil quality data by positive matrix factorization

Abstract Multivariate data analysis techniques such as factor analysis are useful tools in soil quality assessment. In this study, the applicability of a new factor analysis model, positive matrix factorization (PMF), which produces strict non-negative factor loadings and scores, was evaluated. The dataset used was obtained from soil samples taken from a long-term reclaimed wastewater-irrigated cropland and a canal water-irrigated control field. The dataset included 24 measured soil properties (8 physical attributes, 13 chemical attributes, and 3 biological attributes) for each field. The dataset was best modeled by a two-factor model. The first factor was interpreted as the soil component that was coarse-textured, slightly acidic, and physically loose, and the second factor was interpreted as the soil component that was fine-textured, slightly basic, and physically compacted. The factor loadings reflected the characteristic values of the soil attributes for these two components. Further, the new model was able to provide additional information such as cycling patterns of the field variability. Compared to traditional multivariate models, results by PMF model were more mathematically sound and more physically explainable, due to the non-negativity constraints and an individual weighting algorithm devised in the model. Overall, the PMF model proved to be a new multivariate approach that can be useful as a soil quality assessment tool.