cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The impact of explicit racial cues on gender differences in support for confederate symbols and partisanship

Researchers have argued that explicit racial appeals are rejected in contemporary American politics because they are perceived as violating the norm of racial equality. We test this claim with an experimental design, embedded in a representative survey of Georgia where, until recently, the state flag featured the Confederate battle emblem. In our experiment, we manipulate the salience of racial cues in news accounts of the state flag controversy in Georgia. We hypothesize that women are more likely than men to reject explicit racial appeals. We focus on the effects of explicit messages in two areas: support for Confederate symbols and identification with the Democratic Party. As hypothesized, when the racial significance of this debate is made explicit support for the Confederate flag declines, but only among women. Similarly, explicit appeals lead to lower levels of Democratic identification among men, but among women the effects are weaker and less consistent.
Performance in extinction as a function of deprivation and incentive in training

The experiment was designed to determine the relationship between food deprivation and food incentive when the former variable is manipulated by ad lib feeding vs a single (10-g) meal daily and the latter variable by concentration of sucrose. Rats highly deprived and highly rewarded remained relatively resistant to extinction, as did rats not deprived but given the low reward, whereas deprived rats given the low reward extinguished rapidly. It is concluded that the presumed deleterious influence of frustration on nonreinforced performance may not occur under the conditions of deprivation and incentive used in the present experiment.
A brief survey of papers on scheduling for pipelined processors

Most microprocessors introduced into the market in the past few years employ pipelining to enhance execution speed. Moreover, many of these processors use multiple pipelined functional units. This paper surveys several heuristics reported in the literature on the topic of code optimization and reordering for exploiting instruction level parallelism in pipelined processors. Five methods are described in detail and several others are briefly reviewed
Pseudospin symmetry and relativistic single-nucleon wave functions

We show that the occurrence of approximate pseudospin symmetry in nuclei is connected with certain similarities in the relativistic single-nucleon wave functions of the corresponding pseudospin doublets. We perform a case study in which several examples and the systematics of this connection are explored. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
The Effects of Brazil’s Taxation and Social Spending on the Distribution of Household Income:

Relative to other countries in Latin America, Brazil has high rates of taxation and large social spending. We estimate the redistributive effect of fiscal policy on income distribution and poverty ...
APPRAISAL PSYCHOLOGY, NEUROBIOLOGY, AND LANGUAGE

This volume of The Annual Review of Applied Linguistics explores the connections between psychology and language. In the following chapter, I will show how a field that increasingly informs psychology can also inform the psychological issues that concern applied linguists. Neurobiology and psychology have become more closely integrated in recent years as evidenced by the emergence and development of such disciplinary interfaces as biopsychology and cognitive neuroscience. The recognition that psychological phenomena are subserved by the brain is widely accepted; via developments in neuroimaging technology, the brain is becoming amenable to direct psychological investigation. In this chapter, I examine brain mechanisms that are involved in second language acquisition motivation, in cognitive/motor exploratory activity in learning, and in decision-making aspects of pragmatics in language use.
My Name Is Maria: Supporting English Language Learners in the Kindergarten General Music Classroom

For many young children who are English language learners (ELLs), the transition from home to kindergarten can be challenging. Music teachers face the challenge of working with all individuals in a student population and often engage with children who represent home environments whose native language is not English. As ELL students adjust to the new school environment, adults and peers can provide support in learning the new language. Tabors and Snow identify four periods of language use by ELL students: use of the home language, a nonverbal period, participation through use of short phrases, and use of productive language. This article addresses the context for supporting oral language development through an examination of common strategies demonstrated by ELL students. Through the lens of one case study, general music teachers can gain an understanding of ELL strategies and consider instructional practices that support sequential language acquisition for ELL students and for all learners.
BUCKLING UNDER COMBINED LOADING OF SHEAR DEFORMABLE LAMINATED ANISOTROPIC PLATES USING 'INFINITE' STRIPS

An efficient formulation is presented to predict the buckling under combined loading of relatively long shear deformable laminated anisotropic plates. The numerical formulation is based on a semi-analytical Reissner-Mindlin ‘infinite’ strip. The effect of shear locking is eliminated by the use of higher Lagrangian polynomials. The deterioration of Kirchhoff theory (classical plate theory (CPT)) in the case of moderately thick anisotropic plate is highlighted. A complete convergence study of the present theory was carried out and the accuracy of the method is demonstrated by comparison with the published results.
The Effect of Fabric-Controlled Layering On Compressional And Shear Wave Propagation In Carbonate Rock

Mixed chemical and clastic sedimentary processes form carbonate rock with fine bedding that results in a weakly directed fabric. Laboratory experiments were performed to determine the effect of fabric-controlled layering on compressional and shear wave propagation. X-ray tomographic scans of the sample found a density variation among the layers that ranged from 1700 kg/m 3 to 2300 kg/m 3 in a cubic sample 100 mm on edge. Wavefront imaging results show that the density contrasts among the layers produced energy confinement. The amplitude and arrival time of the compressional and shear waves are affected by saturation of the sample with water, i.e., by changing the impedance contrast among the layers. Seismic monitoring of the fluid-front during saturation indicates that the fine bedding also affects the hydraulic properties of the sample.
A CLUB OF THEIR OWN: THE “LITERARY LADIES,” NEW WOMEN WRITERS, AND FIN-DE-SIÈCLE AUTHORSHIP

THE NEW WOMAN was both a discursive formation and a figure produced by materialist history as a result of debates over marriage, sexualities, political rights, labor conditions, life styles, and fashion. Unnamed until 1893 (Tusan 169), the “New Woman” became a lively topic in the press only in 1894 (Schaffer, “‘Nothing’” 39–40), at which point the rhetoric aimed at actual women quickly transformed into attacks on or defense of a literary phenomenon – in part, Ann Ardis suggests, because a literary controversy was less threatening than the prospect of actual social change (12). The “‘props’” attributed to the New Woman by Punch, the preeminent periodical to construct the literary stereotype, included five defining activities: “She smoked, rode a bicycle, frequented women's clubs, read voraciously and wore bloomers” (Miles 247). Scholars have long acknowledged that the New Woman did not suddenly appear but had a pre-history dating back to the 1880s (e.g., Ledger 23). A crucial part of that pre-history in life and in print was the founding of the “Literary Ladies,” a women writers' dining club, in 1889. The club not only represented significant innovation in fin-de-siecle authorship but also, more crucially, precipitated in the press the “props” (bloomers excepted) that would typify – and target – the New Woman from 1894 onward.
A Sector Scanner for Real Time Two-Dimensional Echocardiography

During the past several years one-dimensional pulse-echo ultrasound techniques have proven extremely useful in cardiac diagnosis. A one-dimensional system, however, only visualizes structures lying along a single straight line. The spatial relationships of the various cardiac structures are therefore not so easily defined as with two-dimensional systems which display the heart by constructing a plane image composed of many straight lines. We have developed a sector scanning system for obtaining two-dimensional echocardiograms in real time using ultrasonic pulse-echo techniques. Images are produced by angling rapidly a single transducer through a 30-degree sector from a fixed spot (between ribs) on the patient's chest. Thirty complete sectors (or frames) are produced per second. The use of a large diameter transducer ensures that signal strength is good and cardiac structures, including endocardium, can be visualized. Other advantages include high transducer sensitivity, real time imaging and easy visualiz...
Selection of aberrant class II restricted CD8+ T cells in NOD mice expressing a glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)65-specific T cell receptor transgene.

We previously described the generation of non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice expressing a transgenic T cell receptor (TCR) specific for peptide epitope 286–300 of the diabetes related self antigen, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)65 in the context of I-Ag7 class II MHC, that are paradoxically protected from diabetes. In this report, we examine the atypical CD8+ cells in these mice. Unlike typical class II restricted TCR transgenic mice, GAD286 mice have normal numbers of CD8+ cells, half of which express high levels of the transgenic TCR. These MHC mismatched CD8+ cells persist in the periphery and proliferate to GAD286–300 peptide in vitro and in vivo in a class II restricted fashion. Interestingly, the CD8+ tetramer− T cells that are expressing endogenous TCR can delay diabetes induction in a transfer model, as we previously showed for CD4+ tetramer+ T cells in these mice. The MHC mismatched CD8+ cells appear to be positively selected in an atypical fashion, in that they do not upregulate CD69 or reexpress ...
Linking Transportation and Land Use Goals Through Scenario Planning: Case Study of Metropolitan Washington Region

The federal transportation legislation Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act (MAP-21) provides metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs) with a framework for developing and evaluating scenarios for consideration in metropolitan transportation planning. Scenario planning will be an important tool as the National Capital Region Transportation Planning Board (TPB), the MPO for the metropolitan Washington, D.C., region, works to develop a Regional Transportation Priorities Plan. TPB has a long history of scenario planning work. This paper discusses TPB's Financially Constrained Long-Range Transportation Plan (CLRP) Aspirations Scenario Study, completed in October 2011, which combines for the first time significant changes in land use with an extensive network of variably priced lanes (VPLs) and high-quality bus rapid transit (BRT) service into an integrated scenario. Two variations of this scenario were developed as sensitivity tests to (a) analyze the effect of land use changes without the VPL a...
Moving android: on social robots and body-in-interaction.

Social robotics studies embodied technologies designed for social interaction. This paper examines the implied idea of embodiment using as data a sequence in which practitioners of social robotics ...
OBSERVATION ERROR AND THE DETECTION OF DELAYED DENSITY DEPENDENCE

In an influential 1990 paper, Turchin concluded that delayed density dependence is common among insect populations. The statistical methods on which this conclusion was based assume that populations are observed without error. This note explores the effect of observation error on these methods. The results suggest that observation error can lead to a high rate of spurious detection of delayed density dependence.
Isostatic Consequences of Giant Landslides on the Hawaiian Ridge

—Giant landslides, like melting glaciers, lead to a redistribution of mass which will have isostatic consequences. Three-dimensional numerical modeling experiments were devised to examine how this mass redistribution affects the isostatic flexural curve. A debris avalanche of 10–40% of pre-slide Oahu is required to account for the 1200–5000 km3 Nuuanu deposit, while only ∼ 1% of pre-slide Hawaii Island is necessary to generate the 200–800 km3 Alika I and II avalanche deposits. Trials were run using 25, 30, and 40 km elastic plate thicknesses (T e ). The island uplift resulting from the Nuuanu slide was calculated to be 23 m and 109 m for 10% and 40% volume slides, respectively, both using T e = 25 km. A rebound of 10 m and 49 m was calculated for the same volumes, respectively, using T e = 40 km. A greater amount of uplift is expressed direct lyover the failed flank, causing the edifice to tilt away from the calved-off portion. The landslide deposit depresses the plate several meters beneath the debris field itself. Smaller slides (e.g., Alika I and II) do not produce as much flexural response, with 17 m and 7 m uplift for T e = 25 and 40 km, respectively. The effects of slow moving, intact slumps where the failed blocks remain relatively close to the island pedestal were examined for the case of the Hilina slump, making up approximately 10% of the Hawaii Island edifice. Perhaps more significant than the uplift for the Hilina slump, comparable to that for the 10% Nuuanu debris avalanche, is the 114 m and 56 m of downwarp beneath its massive slumped foot (T e = 25 and 40 km, respectively). The landslide rebound process, in the case of a relatively large landslide, should be considered as an added component to the evolutionary course of oceanic islands.
Consumed-energy-type-aware routing for wireless sensor networks

This study proposes and investigates consumed- energy-type-aware routing (CETAR), a new metric to preserve the energy of active source nodes in the WSNs. CETAR uses statistics of the energy consumed for each type of node activities to select a node which seldom plays a role of source node as a routing node. By preserving the energy of active source nodes, CETAR can prolong the life-span of target specific operations in the WSN in which targets are not precisely known at the deployment of the network. Simulation model shows that the geographical and energy aware routing (GEAR) with CETAR can send significantly more packets than GEAR without CETAR for both uniform and non-uniform traffic regardless of network size. Most importantly, the new metric proposed in this paper can be widely deployed to existing energy aware routing protocols.
The ecohydrology of roots in rocks

Large portions of the world are characterized by shallow soil underlain by weathered bedrock or cemented soil horizons. The implications of this substrate condition for ecohydrological processes have not been systematically explored, but misrepresentation in models could have profound consequences for climate prediction and global vegetation modelling. An issue of particular uncertainty is the characterization of water storage for these regions. A limited number of case studies have shown that plant water uptake is not restricted to shallow soils but can involve uptake from rock layers below. The mechanisms governing root-rock interactions are only beginning to be investigated. Research is needed to further characterize the dynamics of water recharge and depletion in weathered bedrock, to develop a better understanding of plant adaptations and rooting patterns required for effective use of bedrock-stored water, and to explore consequences for below-ground competition.
A context-aware approach to wireless transmission adaptation

Recent advancements in wireless transmission have enabled networks with a high level of physical layer flexibility. Unfortunately, these new opportunities are not harnessed by modern wireless systems. Due to inefficient resource allocation, systems typically encounter problems such as spectrum scarcity, energy depletion or low quality of service. In this paper we consider the problem of physical layer parameter adaptation in a flexible wireless system. We observe that for many practical purposes the acceptable quality of communication depends on the interplay among the packet loss ratio, energy savings and spectrum utilization. We harness this fact and propose a context-aware physical layer parameter adaptation solution, WhiteRate. Our solution adjusts the modulation level, coding scheme and channel width to achieve the communication profile that matches application requirements. We implement WhiteRate in GNUradio and evaluate it in both indoor and outdoor environments. We demonstrate improvements on two important fronts: spectrum utilization and energy efficiency. Moreover, we show that by using WhiteRate, both benefits can be achieved simultaneously.
Face threat sensitivity in negotiation: Roadblock to agreement and joint gain

Negotiation scholars and practitioners have long noted the impact of face, or social image, concerns on negotiation outcomes. When face is threatened, negotiators are less likely to reach agreement and to create joint gain. In this paper, we explore individual differences in face threat sensitivity (FTS), and how a negotiator's role moderates the relationship of his or her FTS to negotiation outcomes. Study 1 describes a measure of FTS. Study 2 finds that buyers and sellers are less likely to reach an agreement that is in both parties' interests when the seller has high FTS. Study 3 finds that job candidates and recruiters negotiate an employment contract with less joint gain when the candidate has high FTS, and that this relationship is mediated by increased competitiveness on the part of the high FTS candidates. The results support Deutsch's (1961) application of face theory (Goffman, 1967) to negotiation.
Bright Light Therapy for Winter Depression—Is Phase Advancing Beneficial?

Bright light is the recommended treatment for winter seasonal affective disorder (SAD). Previously we showed that the antidepressant effect of morning (but not evening) light was greater than placebo after 3 weeks of treatment. Here, we determined if the magnitude and direction of circadian rhythm phase shifts produced by the bright light in the previous study were related to the antidepressant effects. Twenty-six SAD patients from the original sample of 96 had their rectal temperature continuously monitored while they participated in a placebo-controlled parallel design conducted over six winters. After a baseline week, there were three treatments for 4 weeks—morning light, evening light, or morning placebo. Bright light was produced by light boxes (˜6000 lux). Placebos were sham negative ion generators. All treatments were 1.5 h in duration. Depression ratings were made weekly by blind raters. Circadian phase shifts were determined from changes in the timing of the core body temperature minimum (Tmin). ...
Physicochemical Properties and Functionality of Rice Bran Protein Hydrolyzate Prepared from Heat-stabilized Defatted Rice Bran with the Aid of Enzymes

ABSTRACT: Molecular size, thermal properties, hydrophobicity, nitrogen solubility, and emulsifying and foaming properties were determined for protein products from heat-stabilized defatted rice bran. The freeze-dried and spray-dried proteins had molecular sizes between 6.5 to 66.2 kDa; denaturation temperatures of 84.1 and 84.6 °C, enthalpies of 2.5 and 2.37 J/g, hydrophobicities of 20677 and 22611, maximum solubilities of 66.3% and 66.1% at pH 12.0, emulsifying capacities of 0.19 and 0.18, emulsion stabilities of 16.5 and 17.3 min, foam capacities of 4.0 mL and 4.2 mL, and negligible foam stabilities. These results demonstrated that the extracted rice bran protein has potential as a nutraceutical ingredient in food applications.
Energy transfer and inelastic collisions in ozone

Vibrational and rotational energy transfer rate coefficients have been measured for ozone in collisions with O3 ,O 2, N2, and other collision partners, using the time-resolved infrared double-resonance technique. State-to-state rotational relaxation rates and total relaxation rates have been calculated for these systems and compared with the experimental results. The methods include simple energy- or angular-momentum-based scaling procedures and more rigorous semi-empirical formulations which have been developed for the calculation of pressure-broadening coefficients. While agreement with experiment is good for transitions with DJ5 2, the semi-empirical models cannot address large changes in rotational angular momentum which are found to occur. Additional developments are suggested for improving the theoretical models. © 1998 Elsevier Science B.V.
Increased susceptibility to cortical spreading depression in an animal model of medication-overuse headache:

ObjectiveThe objective of this article is to evaluate electrically evoked thresholds for cortical spreading depression (CSD) and stress-induced activation of trigeminal afferents in a rat model of medication-overuse headache (MOH).MethodsSumatriptan or saline was delivered subcutaneously by osmotic minipump for six days to Sprague-Dawley rats. Two weeks after pump removal, animals were anesthetized and recording/stimulating electrodes implanted. The animals were pretreated with vehicle or topiramate followed by graded electrical stimulation within the visual cortex. CSD events were identified by decreased EEG amplitude and DC potential shift. Additional unanesthetized sumatriptan or saline-pretreated rats were exposed to bright light environmental stress and periorbital and hindpaw withdrawal thresholds were measured. Following CSD stimulation or environmental stress, immunohistochemical staining for Fos in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis (TNC) was performed.ResultsSumatriptan pre-exposure significantly d...
The measurement of blood pressure in developing countries.

One of the consequences of the adoption of a Western lifestyle is an increased prevalence of hypertension, and it has been estimated that cardiovascular disease is likely to become the leading global cause of death and disability in the very near future [1]. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) there are 600 million people in the world with hypertension, which accounts for 7 million deaths annually [2]. The rates of control of hypertension are nothing to be proud of, even in countries with the most advanced economies. In the US, we top the list, with approximately 30% of hypertensives controlled to less than 140/90mmHg [3]. In countries like Egypt and China the control rates are much lower – 8 and 5% [4]. The problem is particularly acute in rural areas: in 1991 the awareness of hypertension was 36% in urban areas in China, but only 14% in rural areas. The corresponding control rates were 4 and 1% [4]. The low awareness rates in less developed countries mean that greater emphasis needs to be placed on screening than in the developed world, where most people have had their blood pressure checked at some stage in their lives. The accurate measurement of blood pressure is therefore of critical importance in developing countries no less than elsewhere. In the United States and Europe there has been considerable debate as to how blood pressure should be measured in routine clinical practice. This has been triggered by the imminent banning of mercury, which will soon result in the demise of the standard technique for measuring blood pressure that has been used virtually unchanged for the past 100 years. Indeed, given the inaccuracies of the auscultatory technique as routinely used, it is perhaps surprising that it has not happened sooner. Most of the debate has been on whether aneroid or oscillometric devices should be preferred.
FDG- and FLT-PET for early measurement of response to 37.5 mg per day of sunitinib in metastatic renal cell carcinoma

1213 Objectives This study evaluated early response to continuous dose of 37.5 mg of sunitinib in metastatic renal cell carcinoma using FDG- and FLT-PET. Methods FDG- and FLT-PET scans were performed on 20 patients (pts) before and early after 1, 2, 3 or 4 weeks with 37.5 mg continuous daily dose of sunitinib. SUVmax of target lesions and the per-patient average SUVmax were calculated. Prognostic value of FDG- and FLT-PET was evaluated by comparing predictors of baseline average FDG and FLT SUVmax to overall survival. Metabolic and proliferative response was assessed based on the change of average SUVmax relative to baseline (Partial Response ≤ -25% Results Proliferative responses were observed in 9/19 pts and in 2/4 pts at 1 week after the initiation of therapy. Metabolic response was observed in 5/19 pts but 0/4 after 1 week and 1/7 after 2 weeks. There was a significant trend in metabolic response with increasing weeks of treatment (p = 0.045) but no trend with proliferative response (p = 0.93). Baseline FDG-PET tumor average SUVmax correlated inversely with overall survival (p = 0.0036) while baseline FLT-PET imaging did not have prognostic value (p = 0.56). Conclusions These results show an immediate and sustained proliferative response followed by a delayed metabolic response beginning after two weeks of initiation of therapy in metastatic renal cell carcinoma pts treated with lower-dose continuous daily 37.5 mg sunitinib. FDG-PET was a good prognostic indicator of overall survival while FLT-PET was more sensitive to detecting early pharmacodynamic response. Research Support This study was approved and funded in part by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) Oncology Research Program from general research support provided by Pfizer, Inc.
Warming Up to Water Markets

Water policy experts contend that the United States is heading toward a water scarcity crisis in the coming years. Global climate change is likely to make water scarcity much worse in the long run. This article argues that demands of current and projected water management challenges can best be met through a greater reliance on water markets. To facilitate this, water management must shift toward recognition of transferable rights in water that facilitate voluntary exchanges and the market pricing of water resources.
Goodyear Experience in Temperature Control of Mill Rolls

Abstract IT is well known that in milling a batch of rubber or compounded stock, the temperature of the mill rolls rises—rapidly at first, then more slowly—to a given temperature at the end of the run. There are, however, a number of factors which affect in varying degree not only the temperature eventually reached, but the intermediate temperature of the roll surfaces. Of these we may form two groups, those tending to increase and those tending to decrease the temperature. Factors Affecting Roll Temperature Initially high temperature of batch, toughness of the rubber or stock, heavy loading, large bank and gage and increasing ratios of roll speeds, tend to increase the temperature. Merely starting the average cold rubber through the mill increases the roll temperature 15° F. in the first five minutes, while using hot stocks increases this to 20° F. in two minutes. Toughness of stock affects roll temperature by varying the amount of heat produced in the first few minutes of milling, the rise of temperatur...
EAST 2015 Presidential Address: Look both ways.

T you, Stan, for such a nice introduction. It is truly an honor and a privilege to have served as the president of this outstanding organization for the last year. Before I begin my comments, there are a multitude of individuals who I need to thank for, without them, I would not be standing here today. The first are clearly my parents, Warren and Sigrid Davis. My dad, who died in 2001, would have been thrilled about thisVit was from him that I learned towork with my hands, whether it was decorating the ceiling of the bathroom in Vermont, grouting the tub, or helping with the plumbing when there was a leak. He was an amazingly supportive man, and he is greatly missed. My mother too has been very supportive, offering advice and encouragement, while constantly pushing her children to strive to be better and do more. My sister Meredith, her husband Nick, and their three children, Nicholas, Charlotte, and Tim, were unable to make the trip but have been a constant source of amusement and entertainment. And, finally, my brother Gregory, his wife Kerry, and their adorable daughter Claire are here and enjoying Disney. Moving back to the East Coast has allowed me to be more engaged in all of their lives, something for which I am very grateful. I would also like to thank mymentors, particularly Dr.William Cioffi, chairman at Brown and the immediate past president of the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma. Cioffi has been a friend, a colleague, and a confidant for 20 years. He arrived at Brown during the start of my fourth year of residency. Despite the fact that our first interaction probably convinced him that he
Establishing the Validity of Using Network Analysis Software for Measuring Students’ Mental Storage of Chemistry Concepts

When designing a chemistry education research study it is important that the researcher select or create assessment instruments and methodologies that are valid. This ensures that correct interpretations can be made from the data collected using the instrument or methodology. The two studies described here introduce a novel method for investigating students’ structural knowledge of chemistry topics using a program called Pathfinder. In these studies, the Pathfinder program is investigated for validity (content, construct, criterion, and concurrent), as well as its sensitivity to changes in students’ structural knowledge. Once shown to be valid when used properly, the Pathfinder program can then be employed in future chemistry education research studies to investigate students’ structural knowledge.
Engineering preferential adsorption of single-walled carbon nanotubes on functionalized ST-cut surfaces of quartz.

Horizontal alignment during synthesis of single-walled carbon nanotubes has been found experimentally along certain directions of well-defined quartz surfaces. The reasons for such alignment are here examined using first-principles computational analysis, as a function of structure and chemistry of the specific exposed facet, presence and location of OH and H functional groups, and degree of hydration of the surface. It is found that selective functionalization of low-coordinated surface sites may cause exposure of low-coordinated Si atoms that bond strongly to nanotube walls. On the other hand, saturation of low-coordinated oxygen also favors carbon nanotube adhesion to the substrate. As found previously on bare silica surfaces, a chirality preference is confirmed on functionalized surfaces toward zigzag over armchair nanotubes. Magnetization effects on the surface originated by the presence of adsorbed functional groups are found to enhance adsorption of arm-chair nanotubes compared to that on clean sur...
Static human motion recognition by using Kinect depth image

In order to solve the problem that the traditional intelligent surveillance with video image sequence are easily influenced by light, color and other factors, this paper proposed a new method for human motion recognition combined Kinect depth image with the support of vector machine. Kinect was used to obtain real-time depth images in the monitored area, and to erase background, filter and extract Haar feature of the images. This study utilized the classification algorithm with support vector machine to generate a classifier, and analyzed the recognition result of a set of specific static human motions. Experimental results show that this method is not only insensitive to light, color and other factors, but also improves the recognition rate and efficiency. The proposed method has high application value.
Wittgenstein's Apprenticeship with Russell: Logic as the essence of philosophy

Structure is central to logical form and logical analysis. Wittgenstein held that “It was Russell who performed the service of showing that the apparent logical form of a proposition need not be its real one” ( TLP 4.0031). This overreaches. The notion is also found in Frege's analysis of cardinal number and in the work of many others. Russell's 1905 theory of definite descriptions simply offered a new tool for research. It was certainly an important tool. Ramsey aptly described the theory of definite descriptions as “a paradigm of philosophy.” But what is logical form? What precisely was Russell's paradigm? According to Russell's conception of philosophy, metaphysical conundrums arise because ordinary (and quasi-scientific) notions such as “space,” “time,” “matter,” “motion,” “limit,” “continuity,” “change,” and the like are hybrid notions whose logico-semantic components have not been separated from their empirical/physical components. Analytic philosophy aims at a separation of these components, accomplished by means of a logical analysis running side by side with advancements and empirical discoveries in physical science. In the process, a new more exacting account of the world emerges. Abandoning the ontological speculations of philosophers working in darkness, the new theory offers a reconceptualization of the issues involved and a solution of philosophical problems. Consider the following statement: (P) The temperature of O is 98 degrees and rising. We all know what this means – in some sense of “knowing meaning.” But we are equally unclear what ontology its truth commits us to.
Socio-spatial entanglement theory, the I2S2A method, and civil legal service realized accessibility

Thesis: Ph. D. in Urban and Regional Studies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, 2016.
Vector-Borne Bacterial Plant Pathogens: Interactions with Hemipteran Insects and Plants.

Hemipteran insects are devastating pests of crops due to their wide host range, rapid reproduction, and ability to transmit numerous plant-infecting pathogens as vectors. While the field of plant-virus-vector interactions has flourished in recent years, plant-bacteria-vector interactions remain poorly understood. Leafhoppers and psyllids are by far the most important vectors of bacterial pathogens, yet there are still significant gaps in our understanding of their feeding behavior, salivary secretions, and plant responses as compared to important viral vectors, such as whiteflies and aphids. Even with an incomplete understanding of plant-bacteria-vector interactions, some common themes have emerged: 1) all known vector-borne bacteria share the ability to propagate in the plant and insect host; 2) particular hemipteran families appear to be incapable of transmitting vector-borne bacteria; 3) all known vector-borne bacteria have highly reduced genomes and coding capacity, resulting in host-dependence; and 4) vector-borne bacteria encode proteins that are essential for colonization of specific hosts, though only a few types of proteins have been investigated. Here, we review the current knowledge on important vector-borne bacterial pathogens, including Xylella fastidiosa, Spiroplasma spp., Liberibacter spp., and 'Candidatus Phytoplasma spp.’. We then highlight recent approaches used in the study of vector-borne bacteria. Finally, we discuss the application of this knowledge for control and future directions that will need to be addressed in the field of vector-plant-bacteria interactions.
Update on angiotensin AT2 receptors.

Purpose of review This review updates major new findings and concepts introduced during the past year on the role of angiotensin II (Ang II) subtype 2 receptors (AT2Rs) in the control of blood pressure and renal function. Recent findings AT2R activation prevents sodium (Na) retention and lowers blood pressure in the Ang II infusion model of experimental hypertension and prevents salt-sensitive hypertension in the obese Zucker rat model of obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Ang II metabolite, des-aspartyl-Ang II (Ang III) is the predominant AT2R agonist in the kidney and possibly also in the vasculature; a novel synthetic Ang III peptide, β-Pro-Ang III, is vasodepressor and lowers blood pressure in conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats in the presence of low-level Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R) blockade. Because nitric oxide is a product of AT2R activation, a potential feed-forward loop, wherein nitric oxide increases AT2R transcription, may reinforce the beneficial actions of AT2R in the long term. AT2R activation also reduces proteinuria and oxidative stress in glomerulosclerotic kidneys of high-salt obese Zucker rats. Summary Studies during the past year have helped to clarify the physiological and pathophysiological roles of AT2Rs and have enhanced the promise of AT2R agonists in cardiovascular and renal disease.
Islamic Education in Syria: Undoing Secularism

Pendidikan Islam di Syiria adalah bagian dari strategi besar negara tersebut menuju nation-building . Sejalan dengan kebijakan pemerintah untuk mengeliminasi semua perbedaan di antara bangsa Syiria, pengajaran Islam di sekolah menanamkan ajaran Islam Sunni kepada semua muslim Syiria tanpa memandang suku. Namun, kurikulum agama ini berkebalikan dengan agenda pemerintah menuju sekularisme. Kurikulum agama Islam mengajarkan ketidaksetaraan di antara bangsa Syiria yang beragama Islam dan non-Islam. Ketidaksetaraan ini, yang menyebabkan perlakuan yang berbeda terhadap non-muslim, menjadikan mereka merasa tidak nyaman, dan pada akhirnya gelombang imigrasi ke negara lain pun terus terjadi.
Applications of Generalized Additive and Bayesian Hierarchical Models for Areal Safety Analysis: Case Study of an Urban Multimodal Transportation System in Chicago, Illinois:

Areal crash modeling has gained increased attention in the past decade because of initiatives to incorporate safety performance–based decision making in transportation planning. Particularly in urban multimodal transportation systems, safety outcomes may be influenced by long-term planning decisions at the area and network levels. How multimodal facilities are layered and prioritized eventually affects conflicts that may result between modes, influencing expected crash frequencies and severities for various road user types. The emphasis on areal crash modeling has opened the door for various innovative statistical methods, applied to explain factors that contribute to crashes, as well as to address issues that arise in spatially aggregated count data. These issues include spatial autocorrelation, ecological fallacy, and the modifiable areal unit problem. Previous studies used generalized linear models with fixed and random effects to address these issues, while the Bayesian framework has become a dominant...
Supply management and family business: A review and call for research

Abstract Family-owned enterprises dominate global business, generating 70–90% of the world's gross domestic product. Existing management research has validated that family businesses often behave differently than non-family businesses, primarily by focusing on idiosyncratic non-economic goals that are not typically assessed in traditional business research. Extant supply management literature has yet to investigate the influences of family business, thus overlooking a potential significant source of variation in our research as well as limiting our managerial relevance. The objective of this paper is to introduce supply management scholars to family business, including its prominence and unique characteristics. Applying socioemotional wealth as a theoretical lens, we develop a research agenda from existing supply management and family business literature by offering propositions for future research where family business influences may permeate contemporary supply management topics including strategic supply management, sourcing strategy, supplier relationships, sustainability, risk, and e-procurement. In doing so, we provide an initial foundation for supply management scholars to both incorporate family business effects into research and launch new research streams. This is one of the first papers to our knowledge that introduces the field of family business to supply management scholars.
Persistent injury-associated anemia: the role of the bone marrow microenvironment.

Abstract Background The regulation of erythropoiesis involves hematopoietic progenitor cells, bone marrow stroma, and the microenvironment. Following severe injury, a hypercatecholamine state develops that is associated with increased mobilization of hematopoietic progenitor cells to peripheral blood and decreased growth of bone marrow erythroid progenitor cells that manifests clinically as a persistent injury-associated anemia. Changes within the bone marrow microenvironment influence the development of erythroid progenitor cells. Therefore, we sought to determine the effects of lung contusion, hemorrhagic shock, and chronic stress on the hematopoietic cytokine response. Materials and methods Bone marrow was obtained from male Sprague–Dawley rats ( n = 6/group) killed 7 d after lung contusion followed by hemorrhagic shock (LCHS) or LCHS followed by daily chronic restraint stress (LCHS/CS). End point polymerase chain reaction was performed for interleukin-1β, interleukin-10, stem cell factor, transforming growth factor-β, high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB-1), and B-cell lymphoma-extra large. Results Seven days following LCHS and LCHS/CS, bone marrow expression of prohematopoietic cytokines (interleukin-1β, interleukin-10, stem cell factor, and transforming growth factor-β) was significantly decreased, and bone marrow expression of HMGB-1 was significantly increased. B-cell lymphoma-extra large bone marrow expression was not affected by LCHS or LCHS/CS (naive: 44 ± 12, LCHS: 44 ± 12, LCHS/CS: 37 ± 1, all P > 0.05). Conclusions The bone marrow microenvironment was significantly altered following severe trauma in a rodent model. Prohematopoietic cytokines were downregulated, and the proinflammatory cytokine HMGB-1 had increased bone marrow expression. Modulation of the bone marrow microenvironment may represent a therapeutic strategy following severe trauma to alleviate persistent injury-associated anemia.
The lack of adequate quality assurance/quality control data hinders the assessment of potential forest degradation in a national forest inventory

Abstract Hardwood lumber harvested from the temperate broadleaf and mixed broadleaf/conifer forests of the east-central United States is an important economic resource. Forest industry stakeholders in this region have a growing need for accurate, reliable estimates of high-quality wood volume. While lower-graded timber has an increasingly wide array of uses, the forest products sectors in those states would be negatively affected if there is ongoing forest degradation due to the relative loss of higher graded timber. The United States national forest inventory provides data that could answer whether the supply of higher graded timber is decreasing despite an overall increase in merchantable wood volume. To study trends over time, however, one must take into account the partial lack of independence within forest inventory and monitoring datasets with repeated measurements on the same permanent plots and the trees within them. By doing this, we demonstrate that the data show significant decreases in the relative saw-log volume found in higher-graded, commercially valuable hardwood trees in the states of Kentucky and Tennessee from 2001 to 2013, most notably a decrease in the percentage of tree grade 1 saw-log volumes in Kentucky and a decrease in tree grade 2 saw-log volumes in Tennessee. We also identified a potential increase in lower quality (tree grade 4) saw-log volume in both states. These findings would be consistent with indirect and anecdotal evidence of degradation in hardwood resource in portions of the region. However, substantial annual fluctuations in the volume percentages by grade led us to question the validity of those observed trends. Quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) data collected in conjunction with those tree grade data were not sufficient or consistent enough to allow us to verify whether we are observing real trends or data collection anomalies, thereby compromising our ability to provide important information to land managers and decision makers. The occurrence of hardwood tree grade fluctuations over time illustrates the need for robust QA/QC procedures in national forest inventories. More frequent QA/QC data collection and analysis, field data collection training consistency across regions, and potentially simplifying field measures of tree stem quality could provide more clarity and confidence when assessing the condition of forest resources.
Increases and Decreases in the Open Country Population of Ohio, 1910–1920

To the person who casually scans the census report for changes in population during the past decade the fact of rural decrease seems at first a simple matter. Thus, if he is examining the fourteenth census with reference to Ohio, he notes that the rural population has declined both relatively and absolutely. A little computation shows that of the two classes of places which go to make up what is known in the census as "rural territory," the incorporated villages of less than 2,500 declined relatively but increased absolutely; while all "other rural territory" decreased relatively from 34.6 per cent to 27.9 per cent of the total population and absolutely by 2.4 per cent.
Latissimus Dorsi Pedicled Musculocutaneous Flap Breast Reconstruction

The latissimus dorsi pedicled musculocutaneous flap (with or without breast implant placement) is an alternative for selected patients requiring breast reconstruction.
Previous Analyses of Tenses in Embedded Clauses

In Chapter 2, we looked at how simple tensed sentences in English and Japanese are analyzed in terms of a compositional semantic theory. On the basis of the proposal we developed there, we will study in the rest of the book the behavior of tense morphemes in various types of embedded clauses. In this chapter, I will review the previous literature and point out some problems with the existing analyses of the sequence-of-tense (SOT) phenomena. Proposals made by traditional grammarians (Jespersen 1931, Curme 1931), modern descriptivists (Quirk et al. 1972), and a modern syntactician (Ross 1967) will be examined first. We will then turn to three recent accounts of the SOT phenomena proposed by semanticists. We will discuss Ladusaw (1977), Enc (1987), and Abusch (1988).
Low-Cost CdTe/Silicon Tandem Solar Cells

Achieving higher photovoltaic efficiency in single-junction devices is becoming increasingly difficult, but tandem modules offer the possibility of significant efficiency improvements. Device modeling shows that four-terminal CdTe/Si tandem solar modules offer the prospect of 25%–30% module efficiency, and technoeconomic analysis predicts that these efficiency gains can be realized at costs per Watt that are competitive with CdTe and Si single junction alternatives. The cost per Watt of the modeled tandems is lower than crystalline silicon, but slightly higher than CdTe alone. However, these higher power modules reduce area-related balance of system costs, providing increased value especially in area-constrained applications. This avenue for high-efficiency photovoltaics enables improved performance on a near-term timeframe, as well as a path to further reduced levelized cost of electricity as module and cell processes continue to advance.