cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification and Etiology of Visible Quiescent Infections of Monilinia fructicola and Botrytis cinerea in Sweet Cherry Fruit

Visible quiescent infections were detected as small (<1 mm) necrotic flecks on green cv. Bing cherry fruit and as reddish halos surrounding tannish spots (1 to 2 mm) on immature, yellow-pink cv. Rainier cherry fruit in commercial orchards in California. Monilinia fructicola or Botrytis cinerea, the fungal pathogens causing brown rot and gray mold of cherry fruit, respectively, were isolated from most of the viable infections. M. fructicola was isolated more frequently from quiescent infections than B. cinerea in two years of the study, whereas similar isolation frequencies for both fungi were obtained in the other two years of sampling from one commercial Rainier cherry orchard. Using immature-pink Bing fruit that were inoculated in the laboratory, significantly more visible quiescent infections than active decay were reproduced in 6-, 9-, or 12-h wetness-period treatments after inoculation as compared to 18- or 24-h wetness periods where more active decay developed. Non-visible quiescent infections of M. fructicola or B. cinerea of immature Bing and Rainier fruit collected 2 weeks before harvest were identified on surface-sterilized, paraquat-treated fruit. In both years of the study, significantly more brown rot and gray mold occurred on the surface-sterilized, paraquat-treated fruit than on the non-treated or surface-sterilized fruit, indicating the presence of non-visible quiescent infections by these fungi in cherry fruit. Thus, for the first time, we demonstrated the presence of visible quiescent infections caused by M. fructicola and B. cinerea and we confirmed the occurrence of non-visible quiescent infections in sweet cherry fruit in California.
Macrophage functional polarization (M1/M2) in response to varying fiber and pore dimensions of electrospun scaffolds

In this study, we investigated the effect of fiber and pore size of an electrospun scaffold on the polarization of mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMΦs) towards regenerative (M2) or inflammatory (M1) phenotypes. BMMΦs were seeded on Polydioxanone (PDO) scaffolds electrospun from varying polymer concentrations (60, 100, and 140 mg/ml). Higher polymer concentrations yielded larger diameter fibers with larger pore sizes and porosity. BMMΦ cultured on these scaffolds showed a correlation between increasing fiber/pore size and increased expression of the M2 marker Arginase 1 (Arg1), along with decreased expression of the M1 marker inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Secretion of the angiogenic cytokines VEGF, TGF-β1 and bFGF was higher among cultures employing larger fiber/pore size scaffolds (140 mg/ml). Using a 3D in vitro angiogenesis bead assay, we have demonstrated that the M2-like profile of BMMΦ induced by the 140 mg/ml is functional. Furthermore, our results show that the pore size of a scaffold is a more critical regulator of the BMMΦ polarization compared to the fiber diameter. The study also shows a potential role for MyD88 in regulating M1 BMMΦ signaling on the large vs. small fiber/pore size PDO scaffold. These data are instructive for the rationale design of implantable prosthetics designed to promote in situ regeneration.
Rescue of IgM, IgG, and IgA production in common varied immunodeficiency by T cell-independent stimulation with Epstein-Barr virus.

We previously defined three categories of B-cell defects in common varied immunodeficiency (CVI): failure to produce IgG and IgA in response to T cell-dependent (TD) stimulation byStaphylococcus bacteria (Sac) plus pokeweed mitogen or B-cell inducing factor (BIF), failure to produce any immunoglobulin, and failure of Sac-induced proflieration and differentiation. The present study includes the responses of 22 CVI patients to T cell-independent (TI) stimulation by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). In the majority of patients, EBV-stimulated B cells showed normal proliferation and IgM production. In addition, IgG and IgA production was in the range of that for EBV-stimulated normal cells in many patients. Among 11 patients with no TD production of immunoglobulin of any isotype, two showed normal IgM secretion in response to EBV and five others had significant but subnormal responses. Four patients never had humoral responses despite repeated testing and removal of potentially suppressing T cells and monocytes. Concanavalin A stimulation of the T cells from all the patients tested resulted in the production of B-cell inducing factor at higher levels than for normal donor T cells, as assayed on normal Sac-stimulated B cells. These results show that many cases of B-cell defects in CVI patients involving TD production of IgM, switching to TD production of IgG and IgA, and mitogen responses to Sac are not absolute defects. The B cells will respond normally to some stimuli.
Final Charge States of Ions Scattered to Large Angles by Single Collisions

Measurements of the charge states of ions following ion or atom excitation, have been used as probes of atomic structure since the early 1900's. More recently, the investigation of the final charge states of heavy ions scattered from heavy atoms has led to the realization that much of the ionization results from the production and subsequent cascade filling of inner-shell vacancies. The development, by Fano and Lichten, of the molecular orbital model for heavy ion-atom collisions has made our present understanding of these collisions possible. Today charge state measurements are made not only because of their intrinsic interest, but because they shed light on the molecular dynamics of collisions over a wide range of collision energies. It is found that collisions from 100 ev to 100 Mev can have features in common, and that an effective way of testing the molecular orbital model over this wide range of energies is to measure charge states as a function of scattering angles for single collisions.
Transoral closure of a perforation of the hypopharynx from blunt trauma

Hypopharyngeal perforation secondary to blunt trauma is a rare injury. It can be managed operatively or expectantly without clear criteria for either approach. Here, we present a case of a 17-year-old adolescent boy who had a hypopharyngeal tear from direct blunt trauma to the anterior neck received during a high school football game. Physical examination demonstrated cervical crepitus, and neck radiograph revealed air in the retropharyngeal space. Rigid endoscopy diagnosed a 3-cm linear tear in the posterior hypopharynx. The tear was repaired transorally using laparoscopic instruments and visualized by a rigid endoscope, followed by anterior neck dissection and drain placement. Postoperatively, he was kept nil per os and received intravenous antibiotics. He was discharged home and returned to the football field the same fall.
Psychological and Contextual Influences on the Teacher Selection Interview: A Model for Future Research

Within the K-12 educational arena, interviews are a required component of the selection process and represent the most popular predictor for hiring teachers (Castetter & Young, 2000). Noticeably absent from empirical examination is the psychological interplay between interviewers and interviewees during the face-to-face teacher selection interview. While some research has identified potential ways in which isolated psychological variables affect hiring decisions, there has been little systematic investigation of how such variables, combined, influence the face-to-face teacher selection interview process. To begin filling a research void that exists in face-to-face teacher interviewing, this paper will: (a) review relevant literature on the selection interview and psychological variables' (e.g., similarity and attraction, likeability, perceived expertness) effects on the interview process, (b) apply findings of psychological research to the teacher selection interview (dyad vs. panel format), (c) propose a model that integrates these various influences, and (d) outline research directions that would allow for empirical validation of the proposed model.
Parallel clustering for visualizing large scientific line data

Scientists often need to extract, visualize and analyze lines from vast amounts of data to understand dynamic structures and interactions. The effectiveness of such a visual validation and analysis process mainly relies on a good strategy to categorize and visualize the lines. However, the sheer size of line data produced by state-of-the-art scientific simulations poses great challenges to preparing the data for visualization. In this paper, we present a parallelization design of regression model-based clustering to categorize large line data derived from detailed scientific simulations by leveraging the power of heterogeneous computers. This parallel clustering method employs the Expectation Maximization algorithm to iteratively approximate the optimal data partitioning. First, we use a sorted-balance algorithm to partition and distribute the lines with various lengths among multiple compute nodes. During the following iterative clustering process, regression model parameters are recovered based on the local lines on each individual node, with only a few inter-node message exchanges involved. Meanwhile, the workload of regression model computing is well balanced across the nodes. The experimental results demonstrate that our approach can effectively categorize large line data in a scalable manner to concisely convey dynamic structures and interactions, leading to a visualization that captures salient features and suppresses visual clutter to facilitate scientific exploration of large line data.
Considerations for Establishing Nutrient Criteria for Reservoirs

ABSTRACT The recent requirement to establish nutrient criteria for lakes and reservoirs provides the means for water resource management agencies to link watershed influences and water quality responses. Establishing reference conditions, as required for setting realistic criteria, raises a number of questions concerning the potential importance of differences and similarities between lakes and reservoirs. Discussed here are considerations for establishing reservoir nutrient criteria, including linkages between reservoir design, operation and water quality, spatial heterogeneity in water quality conditions, and analytical approaches.
Parent-Adolescent Separation Intrafamilial Perceptions and Difficulty Separating from Parents

This study examined interpersonal perception relating to adolescent home-leaving. It was expected that perceived discrepancies between adolescents and parents in the importance of several indicators of parent-adolescent separation would be related to self-reported difficulty leaving home. The results for 50 male and 55 female college freshmen generally supported the hypothesis. Perceptual discrepancies with regard to the importance of the home-leaving indicators labeled "residence " and "physical separation" revealed the strongest relationship to home-leaving difficulty. Perceptual discrepancies showed a stronger relationship to home-leaving difficulty for females than for males. The results suggest the importance of intrafamilial perceptions of parent-adolescent separation.
Planetary-wave behavior and Arctic air pollution☆

Abstract An attempt has been made to relate episodes of air pollution at Barrow, Alaska, containing vanadium, to the behavior of planetary waves in middle and high latitudes. A stationarity index for planetary waves is defined as the ratio between amplitudes computed from monthly mean maps and the mean amplitudes computed on a daily basis and averaged over the same month, irrespective of phase angle. Longitude-time sections of 500 mb height anomalies at various latitudes are related to vanadium pollution episodes at Barrow.
Comparative morphology of the tapetum lucidum (among selected species)

Objectives The phenomenon of ‘eye-shine’ is seen in a variety of animal species, and is generally thought to be related to the presence of an intraocular reflecting structure, the tapetum lucidum. The tapetum lucidum is a biologic reflector system that is a common feature in the eyes of vertebrates. It normally functions to provide the light-sensitive retinal cells with a second opportunity for photon-photoreceptor stimulation, thereby enhancing visual sensitivity at low light levels. The tapetum lucidum is presented here according to a classification based on the location, as well as the composition, of this reflective layer. Finally, the physical and chemical properties, as well as the origins of the different tapeta lucida, are discussed and compared. Methods The anatomic and biochemical aspects of the tapetum lucidum in various vertebrates are examined. Morphologic observations were made from paraffin and plastic embedded specimens. Specimens were treated with traditional stains and observed by light and transmission electron microscopy. Results Some species (primates, squirrels, birds, red kangaroo and pig) do not have this structure and they usually are diurnal animals. In vertebrates, the tapetum lucidum exhibits diverse structure, organization and composition. Therefore, the retinal tapetum (teleosts, crocodilians, marsupials, fruit bat), the choroidal guanine tapetum (elasmobranchs), the choroidal tapetum cellulosum (carnivores, rodents, cetacea), and the choroidal tapetum fibrosum (cow, sheep, goat, horse) are described. Conclusions The tapetum lucidum represents a remarkable example of neural cell and tissue specialization as an adaptation to a dim light environment and, despite these differences, all tapetal variants act to increase retinal sensitivity by reflecting light back through the photoreceptor layer. These variations regarding both its location and structure, as well as the choice of reflective material, may represent selective visual adaptations associated with their feeding behavior, in response to the use of specific wavelengths and amount of reflectance required.
Deadtime Effect on GaN-Based Synchronous Boost Converter and Analytical Model for Optimal Deadtime Selection

It is widely acknowledged that gallium nitride (GaN)-based power switching devices are superior to conventional silicon (Si) devices in terms of lower semiconductor loss and faster switching speed. However, the deadtime related losses in GaN HEMT-based converters can be detrimental if not optimized, especially when operating at very high switching frequencies. This paper proposes an original analytical model for deadtime optimization for the GaN converters. The proposed model is more accurate than conventional deadtime optimization methods used in Si converters. A GaN-based synchronous boost converter is used as a case study. Circuit simulation and experimental tests are successfully performed to verify the analysis and proposed model.
Kinetic and Mechanistic Studies of the Deuterium Exchange in Classical Keto-Enol Tautomeric Equilibrium Reactions.

An extension of the classic keto−enol tautomerization of β-dicarbonyl compounds into a kinetic analysis of deuterium exchange is presented. It is shown that acetylacetone and ethyl acetoacetate undergo nearly complete deuterium exchange of the α-methylene carbon when dissolved in methanol-d4. The extent of deuteration may be monitored via NMR spectroscopy as a function of time. A mechanism for deuterium exchange is presented and shown to be consistent with a consecutive first-order process. The data for acetylacetone are consistent with steady-state kinetics, whereas those of ethyl acetoacetate illustrate nonsteady-state behavior, offering an accessible example where students might collect and analyze real data to examine the applicability of the steady-state approximation.
Earth, Dream, and Healing: The Integration of Materia and Psyche in the Ancient World

Influenced by the methods and practices of Hippocrates, the Asclepius cult used herbal formulae and medicinal applications intricately connected with Asclepius cult rituals and worship. An understanding of the types of herb and medical applications surrounding their use by the cult aids understanding of the inner world and symbolism of ancient dreams.
Analysis of cis-acting sequence and structural elements required for antitermination of the Bacillus subtilis tyrS gene

The Bacillus subtilis tyrS gene belongs to the T box family of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase and amino acid biosynthesis genes, which are regulated by a common mechanism of transcriptional antitermination. Each gene is induced by specific amino acid limitation; the uncharged cognate tRNA is the effector inducing transcription of the full-length message. The leader regions of the genes in this family share a number of conserved primary sequence and secondary structural elements, the functions of which are unknown. In this study, we examine these regions and report the effects of mutations in several of these elements. In addition, two alternative basepairings in the F box region were found to be necessary for tyrS antitermination.
Insulin resistance in the liver in fasting and diabetes mellitus: The failure of insulin to stimulate the release of a chemical modulator of pyruvate dehydrogenase

To further define the mechanism(s) of insulin resistance in the liver associated with diabetes and fasting, we evaluated the ability of insulin to release an activator of pyruvate dehydrogenase activity from a liver particulate fraction. Insulin reproduceably and significantly enhanced the release of mediator from the liver particulate fraction of control animals. The particulate fractions from fasted and diabetic animals were resistant to this effect of insulin. Refeeding and insulin treatment, respectively, restored responsiveness to insulin. These data support the concept that alterations at or near the plasma membrane can be responsible for or accompany the insulin resistance observed in the liver in fasting and diabetes mellitus.
System distortion errors in radiorespirometry curves

Description of a method for evaluating the maximum error producible in the system distortion of a carrier gas type radiorespirometer. The maximum producible error is evaluated on the basis of a second order. The maximum producible decrease in peak height output is calculated as a function of the system's time constant or flow rate by using the system's transfer function and the Laplace transformation equation (Gardner and Barnes, 1961).
Sonography in the Treatment of Calcific Tendinitis of the Rotator Cuff

escribed as early as 1872, calcific tendinitis of the rotator cuff is a commonly diagnosed entity that may be responsible for considerable shoulder pain and limitation of motion in many patients. 1 By definition, this disease involves the deposition of calcium hydroxyapatite within the tendons of the rotator cuff. The entity is more common in women and is most often symptomatic in patients 40 to 60 years of age. The etiology of this condition is uncertain, with most theories suggesting that the calcium deposition occurs within an area of tendon degeneration or hypovascularity. Over the years, several therapies have been proposed as the optimal treatment for this condition. The ideal treatment technique for this or any other condition should meet several criteria. The procedure should be relatively comfortable for the patient, minimally invasive, and of as short a duration as possible. It should be cost-effective and safe, with a proven record of minimal complications. As the calcium deposition is the cause of the patient’s symptoms, a procedure that includes the effective removal of this calcification is ideal. Finally, a procedure that also addresses the patient’s pain during the ensuing weeks and months would be optimal. This article will discuss the vital importance of sonography in confirming the diagnosis of calcific tendinitis as well as in guiding the percutaneous lavage aspiration that should be the mainstay of therapy in this patient population.
The murine biglycan: complete cDNA cloning, genomic organization, promoter function, and expression.

Biglycan is a ubiquitous chondroitin/dermatan sulfate proteoglycan that belongs to a growing family of proteins harboring leucine-rich repeats. We have cloned and sequenced the cDNA containing the complete murine biglycan, elucidated its genomic organization, and demonstrated functional promoter activity of its 5' flanking region. The deduced biglycan protein core was highly conserved across species. However, the mouse biglycan (Bgn) gene was significantly larger than the human counterpart, primarily because of a large > 4.5-kb intron between exons 1 and 2. The mouse Bgn gene spanned over 9.5 kb of continuous DNA and comprised 8 exons, with a perfectly conserved intron/exon organization vis-a-vis the human counterpart. The promoter region was enriched in GC dinucleotide and contained numerous cis-acting elements including binding sites for SP-1, AP-1 and AP-2 factors. It lacked TATA and CAAT boxes typical of housekeeping genes. In support of this, primer extension analysis showed the existence of multiple transcription start sites. Transient cell transfection assays with a construct comprising the 548 bp upstream of the major transcription start site fused to the chloramphenicol acetyl transferase reporter gene showed functional promoter activity. Internal and 5' deletion constructs showed that the distal promoter of the Bgn gene was required for full transcriptional activity. In contrast to the homologous proteoglycan decorin, the highest expression of biglycan mRNA was observed in lung, liver, and spleen of adult mouse and the lowest in skin, heart, and kidney. These results will be useful for the study of biglycan gene regulation and for the generation of mice with targeted null mutation of the Bgn gene.
Self-Efficacy as a Mediator of the Relationships between Personality Factors and Career Interests.

Relationships among the Big Five personality factors (openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism), career interests, and career self-efficacy (using Holland’s realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising, and conventional types for both of the latter) were examined. Among a sample of 147 college students, self-efficacy mediated four out of five personality-interest relationships that have been found to be robust across a number of other samples. The findings generally support social cognitive career theory’s model of interest development and have implications for career counselors who are working to help clients understand their interest assessment results.
The Good, the Poor and the Wealthy: who Responds Most to College Financial Aid?

Financial aid programmes for students in the United States focus increasingly on academic merit, rather than financial need. There is little empirical evidence, however, on the distributional effects of merit-based aid - who benefits or responds most. We develop a bivariate probit model of the enrolment process estimated using data for a large public university over several years. Results show that merit-based aid increases enrolment for all students, but that financially-able students respond disproportionately, even with academic merit held constant. Thus, increased emphasis on merit in financial aid may exacerbate the trend toward greater income inequality in the US, even among students of equal academic merit.
Extending the tunability and spectral narrowing of Ti:Sapphire oscillator via Volume Bragg Grating based feedback

A Ti:sapphire oscillator tunable over 138 nm and maintaining a spectral linewidth less than 15 pm with no spectral jitter is presented. Outputs in the 200 mW regime with an excellent beam quality were achieved.
Resolution of Decompensated Cirrhosis From Wilson’s Disease With Zinc Monotherapy: A Potential Therapeutic Option?

Background & Aims: Wilson's disease is a genetic autosomal-recessive copper deposition disorder often presenting with neurologic or hepatic symptoms. In cases of hepatic presentation, treatment usually is initiated with potentially toxic copper chelators, such as D-penicillamine or trientine. Although multiple studies have introduced zinc as a low-toxicity and low-cost Wilson's disease treatment, its use has been limited to adjunctive or single-agent maintenance options. In this report, we describe the use of zinc monotherapy in a patient with severe hepatic presentation of Wilson's disease. Methods: Zinc has not been evaluated as a single-agent treatment option for active hepatic Wilson's disease. Zinc monotherapy was initiated for a single patient with fulminant hepatic failure caused by Wilson's disease while awaiting liver transplantation. Results: Over a 1-year period with zinc monotherapy, this patient experienced normalization of hepatic synthetic function and resolution of hypoalbuminemia and coagulopathy. Clinical stabilization of variceal bleeds, ascites, and lower-extremity edema also were observed. The patient is no longer a transplant candidate as a result of clinical recovery and improvement of Model for End-stage Liver Disease and Child–Turcotte–Pugh scores. Conclusions: This case highlights the potential use of zinc as a low-toxicity and low-cost single-agent treatment in severely decompensated hepatic Wilson's disease. Despite promising results in this case, further clinical evaluation will be necessary to assess fully the clinical efficacy of zinc monotherapy.
How to prevent echocardiographic misinterpretation of Gerbode type defect as pulmonary arterial hypertension

We present a rare case of left ventricular to right atrial communication, a Gerbode type defect discovered in an adult female, originally misinterpreted as pulmonary arterial hypertension. The case report will be followed by the review of the literature and a discussion about how to prevent echocardiographic misinterpretation of this defect as pulmonary arterial hypertension using careful echocardiographic examination.
Appropriately Timed Analgesics Control Pain Due to Chest Tube Removal

• BACKGROUND Pain during chest tube removal can be moderately to severely intense and distressful to patients. Little evidence-based research has guided clinicians in attempts to alleviate such pain. • OBJECTIVE To test pharmacological and nonpharmacological interventions to alleviate pain during chest tube removal in cardiac surgery patients. • METHODS Four interventions were tested in 74 patients in a randomized, double-blind study: (1) 4 mg intravenous morphine and procedural information; (2) 30 mg intravenous ketorolac and procedural information; (3) 4 mg intravenous morphine plus procedural and sensory information; and (4) 30 mg intravenous ketorolac plus procedural and sensory information. Analgesics were administered to correspond to peak effect, and scripted information was provided. Pain intensity and pain distress were measured before analgesic administration, immediately after chest tube removal, and 20 minutes later. Pain quality was measured immediately after chest tube removal. Level of sedation was measured before and 20 minutes after chest tube removal. Repeated-measures analyses of variance were used to test differences among groups over time. • RESULTS Pain intensity, pain distress, and sedation levels did not differ significantly among groups. However, procedural pain intensity (mean 3.26, SD 3.00) and pain distress (mean 2.98, SD 3.18) scores for all were low. Patients remained alert, regardless of which analgesic was administered. • CONCLUSIONS If used correctly, either an opioid (morphine) or a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory (ketorolac) can substantially reduce pain during chest tube removal without causing adverse sedative effects. Thus, clinicians may choose among several safe and effective analgesic interventions during chest tube removal. (American Journal of Critical Care. 2004;13:292-304)
Society for Latin American Studies 2004 Plenary Lecture The Return of Cuba to Latin America: The End of Cuban Exceptionalism?

Comparing Cuban history and contemporary circumstances to those in the rest of the region, this article challenges the idea of Cuban exceptionalism. The last four decades have seen Cuba move away from typical Latin American patterns such as economic and geographical inequalities. The Revolution has not been able, however, to reverse a historical dependence on external financing nor has it resolved racial inequities. While the Revolution did establish an unusually effective political apparatus, it did not use this opportunity to nurture democracy. As the social welfare advances of the revolution erode, Cuba resembles the rest of the continent ever more and reflects the central problems facing the region.
An improved process, metrology and methodology for shallow trench isolation etch

This paper discusses the development of an improved process for shallow trench isolation (STI) etch, the implementation of scatterometer for metrology and a new methodology for improved STI etch process control and monitoring. Cp/Cpk improvement, reduction in or elimination of process related excursions, higher mean time between clean (MTBC), improved tool availability, improved transistor performance and yield that resulted with the implementation of new process and metrology are reported.
The Management of Extrapulmonary Poorly Differentiated (High-Grade) Neuroendocrine Carcinomas

Extrapulmonary high-grade neuroendocrine carcinomas (HGNECs) are rare but aggressive tumors that can be found throughout the body but are most commonly located in the gastrointestinal (GI) and the genitourinary tracts. They also have been described in the thymus, breast, oropharynx, and other organs. Due to the rarity of these tumors, publications are limited to small series and, as a result, treatment regimens are extrapolated from more robust data published on pulmonary HGNECs. For metastatic disease, platinum-based chemotherapy is the backbone of treatment. For localized disease, there are currently no standard treatment algorithms. Surgical resection with low morbidity is a reasonable treatment option, particularly in lesions where the possibility of obstruction is high. However, given the very high risk of disease recurrence, a multimodality approach with either neoadjuvant or adjuvant therapy is warranted. For locally advanced disease, chemoradiation should be considered, incorporating a platinum-based regimen when possible. Chemoradiation also should be considered when primary resection would lead to significant morbidity, such as with rectal, pancreas, and esophageal HGNECs.
Synthesis of passive microwave and radar altimeter data for estimating accumulation rates of polar snow

Dry-snow extinction coefficients derived from radar altimeter data are compared with brightness temperature data from passive microwave measurements over a portion of the East Antarctic plateau. The comparison between the extinction coefficients and the brightness temperatures shows a strong negative correlation, where the correlation coefficients ranged from -0.87 to -0.95. The extinction coefficient of the dry polar snow decreases with increasing surface elevation, while the average brightness temperature increases with surface elevation. The author's analysis shows that the observed trends are related to geographic variations in scattering coefficient of snow, which in turn are controlled by variations in surface temperature and snow accumulation rate. By combining information present in the extinction coefficient and brightness temperature datasets, the author develop's a model that can be used to obtain quantitative estimates of the accumulation rate of dry polar snow. >
Forging the copper collar : Arizona's labor management war of 1901-1921

Archaeologists study a wide array of material remains to propose conclusions about non-material aspects of culture. The intricacies of these findings have increased over recent decades, but only limited attention has been paid to what the archaeological record can tell us about the transfer of cultural knowledge through apprenticeship. Apprenticeship is broadly defined as the transmission of culture through a formal or informal teacher-pupil relationship. This collection invites a wide discussion, citing case studies from all over the world and yet focuses the scholarship into a concise set of contributions. The chapters in this volume demonstrate how archaeology can benefit greatly from the understanding of the social dimensions of knowledge transfer. This book also examines apprenticeship in archaeology against a backdrop of sociological and cognitive psychology literature, to enrich the understanding of the relationship between material remains and enculturation. Each of the authors in this collection looks specifically at how material remains can reveal several specific aspects of ancient cultures: What is the human potential for learning? How do people learn? Who is teaching? Why are they learning? What are the results of such learning? How do we recognize knowledge transfer in the archaeological record? These fundamental questions are featured in various forms in all chapters of the book. With case studies from the American Southwest, Alaska, Egypt, Ancient Greece, and Mesopotamia, this book will have broad appeal for scholars - particularly those concerned with cultural transmission and traditions of learning and education - all over the world.
Understanding sex partner selection from the perspective of inner-city black adolescents.

Black adolescents in inner-city settings are at increased risk for HIV and other STDs. Sex partner characteristics as well as individual behavior influence individuals STD risk yet little is known about the process of sex partner selection for adolescents in this setting. Semistructured in-depth interviews were conducted during the summer and fall of 2002 with 50 inner-city black adolescents (26 females and 24 males) who had been purposively recruited from an STD clinic. Content analysis was used to study interview texts. Young women desire a monogamous romantic partner rather than a casual sex partner; however to fulfill their desire for emotional intimacy they often accept a relationship with a nonmonogamous partner. Young men seek both physical and emotional benefits from being in a relationship; having a partner helps them to feel wanted and they gain social status among their peers when they have multiple partners. For men these benefits may help compensate for an inability to obtain jobs that would improve their financial and as a result social status. Both women and men assess partners STD risk on the basis of appearance. HIV and other STD prevention initiatives must go beyond the scope of traditional messages aimed at behavior change and address the need for social support and socioeconomic opportunities among at-risk inner-city adolescents. (authors)
Characterizing gameplay in a player model of game story comprehension

This work seeks to validate the use of a situation model (a model for the comprehension processes in non-interactive narrative) for use modeling a player's comprehension process within interactive narratives and games. Unlike conventional narratives, games contain actions and events that might not carry any narrative significance; consequently, a cognitive model of player understanding may require a new distinction between "narratively important" and "narratively unimportant" events. This hypothesis was tested in an experiment using Event Segmentation Theory. Our results failed to reject the null hypothesis (Fisher's exact test, p = 1) but were insightful. Narrative importance seems to be perceptually oriented, and dependent on the outcomes of the event in question. Although our data failed to reject the null hypothesis, more work must be done before rejecting the necessity of the distinction between narratively important and unimportant events when modeling a player's comprehension process of an unfolding story-focused game.
Effectiveness of Cone Emergence Traps for Detecting Phyllophaga vandinei Emergence Over Time

Abstract Cone emergence cages are used to monitor populations of soil-borne insects, particularly beetles, during adult emergence. Because the cone emergence cage presumably denies access to adult beetles, including adult females, it is thought that a cone emergence cage left in place for longer than the lifecycle of the insect will have few or no beetles emerge in it. The authors tested the premise that a cone emergence cage left in place for 1 year or longer would no longer be useful as a tool to monitor the emergence of adult Phyllophaga vandinei Smyth. Our results indicate not only that cone emergence cages left in place for more than a year (P. vandinei is reported to be univoltine) are still effective at monitoring P. vandinei emergence, but often yield even more adult beetles than cone emergence cages that have been in place for a shorter time. It is not clear if this is a result of when the trap is placed or where the trap is placed. This also raises the question of whether the larvae of P. vandin...
Psychological femininity and the prospective female physical educator.

Abstract Women with high interest in sports and games involving physical skill have often been assumed to differ from other women in certain personality dispositions and, in particular, psychological femininity, since high interest in sports has been found to be negatively associated with the female sex role in American society. In order to test this assumption, prospective female physical educators and education majors, who were matched on socioeconomic status, were compared on the masculinity-femininity scale from the MMPI as well as the Gough Scale of Psychological Femininity. On both of these scales physical education majors had significantly lower and less feminine scores than the education majors. However, when individual test items were placed according to content into 11 categories, education majors, as opposed to physical education majors, were found to differ in a feminine direction in only two categories — that of Restrained and Cautious and Religious Beliefs.
The Role of the Endothelium

In summary, the endothelium is a spatially distributed cell layer that displays significant heterogeneity in both structure and function. Endothelial heterogeneity reflects the capacity of the endothelium to meet the diverse needs of the underlying tissues. The endothelium plays an important role in mediating the host response to infection. Not only do endothelial cells express pattern recognition receptors, but they also govern local blood flow and vectorial transport of cells, solutes, and fluids across the vascular wall. The normal response to infection involves activation of endothelial cells without dysfunction. In sepsis, the endothelial response becomes excessive, sustained, and/or disseminated, at which point the activation phenotype poses a liability to the host and may be characterized as dysfunctional. Important goals for the future are to develop reliable diagnostic assays for monitoring the health of the endothelium and to elucidate those components of the endothelial response that are maladaptive and amenable to therapeutic targeting.
Absorption spectroscopy:: A new approach to estimation of biomass

Abstract The results of an interdisciplinary experiment, Modal Lion, which was designed to isolate the effects of absorptivity due to fish with swim bladders from other effects on transmission loss, are described. The experiment was conducted at a 83 m deep site in the Gulf of Lion in September 1995. Absorption losses were measured between 0.6 and 5.0 kHz at a range of 12 km. Trawling operations indicated that the dominant fish in this region were 16.5 cm long sardines. Absorption lines were evident at 1.3 kHz (18 dB) when dispersed sardines were near the surface at night, and at 2.7 kHz (35 dB) when sardines were dispersed near the bottom at dawn just prior to school formation. In addition, an absorption line attributed to 6.5 cm long, dispersed juvenile sardines was evident at a frequency of 3.9 kHz (8 dB) at night. Measured resonance frequencies of 16.5 and 6.5 cm long dispersed sardines at night were in good agreement with theoretical computations based on swim bladder dimensions derived from trawling operations. Results suggest the possibility of spectral separation of juvenile from adult fish, and long term monitoring of the growth and mortality rates of juveniles with absorption spectroscopy measurements.
Neuroendocrine Tumor of the Pancreas as a Manifestation of Cowden Syndrome: A Case Report.

Context: Germline mutations in the phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) tumor suppressor gene are found in the majority of patients with Cowden syndrome (CS), who have an increased risk of breast, thyroid, and endometrial cancer. According to our current understanding of genetic changes in the PTEN gene and the resultant phenotypic features of CS, pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are not considered part of the clinical spectrum of CS. Case description: We report a unique case of an advanced NET of the pancreas in a patient with CS. The germline DNA sequencing confirmed the clinical diagnosis of CS and revealed a PTEN mutation c.697C→T (p.R233*) causing a premature stop codon in exon 7. The tumor DNA sequencing showed no loss of heterozygosity or any copy number changes and no other deleterious genetic alterations, including those commonly mutated in sporadic pancreatic NETs: MEN1, ATRX, DAXX, TP53, and genes involved in the mammalian target of rapamycin pathway. In addition, the high-throughput tr...
The Hardening and Softening Induced by Hydrogen in Carbon Steels

This note briefly describes the results of work carried out on some medium-carbon steels to investigate the plastic response to the presentation of hydrogen at controlled and measured input fugacity. The motivation for this work is the realization that whereas plastic strain can obviously relax stress in a material, it is also a means of generating stress if the strain is inhomogeneously distributed. Therefore, not only is this topic of interest in its own right but also it is a path to understanding how the decohesion model, which was developed for high-strength steels,(1) may be relevant to lower-strength steels.
Response to House Memorial 41 Requesting a Study of the Use of Natural Gas as a Transportation Fuel

This paper addresses legal, logistical and technological issues related to the use of compressed natural gas (CNG) as a transportation fuel in New Mexico. It was prepared at the request of the NM State legislature in House Memorial 41.
When Firm-Level Demand with Price Competition and Inverse Demand with Quantity Competition Coincide

The first part of the paper reviews an analytical method for inverting demand in price competition to find the corresponding inverse demand under quantity competition. The method yields a simple function relating demand elasticities with inverse demand elasticities. The second part of the paper uses this relationship to determine the conditions under which demand and inverse demand are the same. It is found that demand and inverse demand coincide, with both price and cross-price elasticities equal, when the firm's price elasticity of demand is proportional to the number of competitors the firm faces in the product group. The constant of proportionality is found to equal the product group elasticity of demand. The coincidence of demand and inverse demand is found under conditions of perfectly isolated duopoly all the way continuously through to the case of perfectly homogeneous competition among a very large number of firms in which any degree of insulation that may have existed elsewhere along the way has been removed.
The Effect of Crumb Rubber on Freeze-Thaw Durability of Portland Cement Concrete

Scrap tires from automobiles create a significant waste stream all over the world, and their disposal needs a viable and environmentally friendly solution. Past research shows that the inclusion of rubber aggregates in concrete reduces its strength but may be useful for improving durability properties such as the freeze-thaw resistance of the concrete; however, comprehensive assessments of the size effects and ideal rubber type have not been fully undertaken. With an understanding of the factors that enable rubber particles to improve the freeze-thaw resistance of concrete, issues such as instability and loss of entrained air in conventionally air-entrained concretes may be addressed. In this study, we assessed the freeze-thaw durability of rubberized Portland cement concrete with the addition of two types of crumb rubber aggregates created via ambient and cryogenic processes. Also, three different sizes of crumb rubber aggregates at three different replacement levels, 8 %, 16 %, and 24 % by volume of fine aggregates, were used for concrete specimens. The results were compared with non-air-entrained concrete as well as air-entrained concrete without added rubber. Based on this investigation, it was concluded that the finer-sized particles of both types of crumb rubber at 16 % and 24 % replacement levels showed very good performance in improving the freeze-thaw durability of concrete without the need for conventional air entrainment.
Medicare Part D: Pharmacists and formularies--whose job is it to address copays?

Objective To explore pharmacists' perceived responsibility to assist Part D patients in the community in managing their out-of-pocket (OOP) costs as well as pharmacists' overall experience with Medicare Part D. Design Cross-sectional analysis. Setting Maine, New Jersey, New York, Massachusetts, Maryland, and Pennsylvania. Participants 272 pharmacists. Intervention 37-question online survey. Main outcomes Perceived responsibility to assist Part D patients in managing their OOP costs and pharmacists' overall experience with Medicare Part D. Results Of the 4,888 online surveys, 1,108 were assumed to have reached the intended recipients, of which 272 responded (adjusted response rate 25.0%). Fifty-seven percent, 43.3%, and 41.9% of pharmacists reported that it was not their responsibility to address Part D patients' copayment/cost issue, prior authorization issues, or dispense preferred formulary medications, respectively. However, 43.2% reported that their most time-consuming task in reference to Part D were addressing formulary and copayment issues. In reference to overall experience with Part D, 42.9% reported that the impact on pharmacy's workflow was negative or very negative. A significant difference was observed between pharmacists' practice settings, the state in which they practiced, and reporting of negative impact of Part D on workflow (χ² = 4.9, P = 0.028; χ² = 6.16, P = 0.013, respectively). Conclusion Most community pharmacists reported that it was not their responsibility to address patients' OOP costs issues, though a majority reported that the most time-consuming task in reference to Part D was addressing formulary and copayment issues. Almost half of the pharmacists also reported that the impact of Part D on workflow was negative.
Differential regulation of SR calcium transporters by thyroid hormone in rat atria and ventricles.

Thyroid hormone exerts positive inotropic effects on the heart mediated in part by its regulation of calcium transporter proteins, including sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA2), phosp...
Acquaintance Graph Party Problem

(1972). Acquaintance Graph Party Problem. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 79, No. 10, pp. 1113-1117.
Macroglobulins and the Sia water test.

yield a negative Sia water test. 2 - 3> 5 Macroglobulins of the mobility of 7-globulins give a positive Sia water test. Recently, a patient with Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia, whose pathologic pro­ tein migrated at the speed of 182 (71) globu­ lins, came to our attention. His serum yielded a negative Sia water test. The pathologic macroglobulin was isolated from the serum and studied in greater detail, with the hope of gaining some understanding of the mechanism which may be responsible for the precipitation or the absence of precipitation of these proteins in water. The data and results of this study seem to be worthy of documentation. HEPOH T OF CASE