cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Passive Vibration Damping of Aluminum by 1-3 Piezocomposites

The effective properties of 1-3 piezocomposites are used to examine their passive vibration damping characteristics. An aluminum cantilever beam bonded with 1-3 piezocomposite dampers is modeled by means of “ANSYS” and “SIMULINK” softwares to investigate the dynamic behavior of the system. A method of determining the damping ratio introduced by the piezocomposite damper in conjunction with a simple resistive electrical circuit is established. The effect of volume fraction of the 1-3 piezocomposite on the damping of the system is analyzed. Damping ratio is observed to increase with rising volume fraction. At low volume fractions, the participation of piezoelectric fibers in the load-bearing pattern is to a lesser extent and hence the damping ratio is low. On the contrary as the volume fraction rises, the involvement of piezoelectric fibers increases resulting in higher damping ratios. Given that the inherent material damping in the aluminum beam is 0.0002, the additional damping provided by the bonded piezoelectric strips goes up to a maximum of 0.0042. Finally, the methodology developed in this paper can be used to model any type of vibratory structural system to determine the damping introduced by the piezocomposites.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Alcohol induced depressive-like behavior is associated with a reduction in hippocampal BDNF.

Abstract Strong positive correlation between depression and alcoholism is evident in epidemiological reports. However, a causal relationship for this co-morbidity has not been established. We have observed that chronic daily exposure to a relatively high dose of alcohol can induce depressive-like behavior in rats and that pretreatment with nomifensine or imipramine can block the “depressogenic” effects of alcohol. Since brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is considered to play an important role in depressive-like behaviors and its elevation, particularly in the hippocampus, appears to be critical for the action of many antidepressants, we hypothesized that: 1. WKY rats, a putative animal model of depression, will show a lower hippocampal BDNF compared to their control Wistar rats, 2. Alcohol-induced depressive like behavior will be associated with a significant decrease in hippocampal BDNF and 3. Treatments with antidepressants will normalize hippocampal BDNF. These postulates were verified by measuring hippocampal BDNF in Wistar and WKY rats at baseline, following chronic (10 day) treatment with alcohol and combination of alcohol with nomifensine or imipramine. Alcohol was administered via inhalation chamber (3 h/day) such that a blood alcohol level of approximately 150 mg% was achieved. Nomifensine (10 mg/kg) or imipramine (10 mg/kg) was administered i.p. daily immediately after alcohol exposure. BDNF was measured by standard ELISA kit. The results support a role for central BDNF in depressogenic effects of alcohol and antidepressant effects of nomifensine and imipramine. Moreover, depression per se as manifested in WKY rats may be associated with a reduction in hippocampal BDNF.
Total Synthesis of (±)-Jiadifenin and Studies Directed to Understanding Its SAR: Probing Mechanistic and Stereochemical Issues in Palladium-Mediated Allylation of Enolate-Like Structures

The total synthesis of jiadifenin has been accomplished. The synthesis allows us to build an SAR profile which suggests that the jiadifenin skeleton may be less desirable from the standpoint of nominating a potential drug than that of its prerearrangement precursor. The key steps of the jiadifenin problem involve the construction of two 1,3-related quaternary carbons. The paper describes how the stereochemistry was managed in this context. The issue was studied in considerable detail at the level of a then new allyl transfer reaction arising from a palladium-mediated transfer process of an allyl carbonate. By use of externally deuterated diallyl carbonate, we could probe, for the first time, the stereochemical relationship between the inter- and intramolecular versions of this process. The existence of concurrent inter- and intramolecular allylation reactions was demonstrated by deuteration experiments. While in the particular case at hand, we find very little difference in stereochemical outcome as one p...
Just Say Know: An Examination of Substance Use Disorders among Older Adults in Gerontological and Substance Abuse Journals

This article examines the extent to which studies of alcohol abuse, illicit drug use, and prescription drug abuse among older adults appear in the leading gerontological and substance abuse journals. The authors reviewed articles published in the 10 social science gerontological journals and the 10 social science substance abuse journals with the highest 5-year impact factors in PubMed from 2000 to 2010. Articles were selected that presented original research on alcohol, substance, or prescription abuse with older adults aged 50 and older; and were identified through aging and substance abuse-related Medical Subject Headings and word searches of titles and abstracts (N = 634). Full text of each article was reviewed by the authors, and consensus determined inclusion in the final sample. Of the 19,953 articles published respectively in the top 10 gerontological and substance abuse journals, 181 articles met the inclusion criteria of reporting findings related to substance use disorders among older adults. Specifically, 0.9% (102 of 11,700) of articles from the top 10 gerontology journals and 1.0% (79 of 8,253) of articles from the top 10 substance abuse journals met the criteria. Most published articles addressed alcohol misuse/abuse or polysubstance abuse with few articles addressing illicit drug use or the misuse of prescription medications. Less than 1% of articles published in the 10 gerontology journals and the 10 substance abuse journals with the highest 5-year impact scores addressed substance abuse in older adults. Practitioners treating health and/or mental health problems are at a disadvantage in accurately identifying and treating these conditions in older adult populations without a proper understanding of the role of comorbid substance use disorders.
Understanding and Appreciating Ethnic Diversity in America's Public Schools

(1980). Understanding and Appreciating Ethnic Diversity in America's Public Schools. The Review of Education: Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 363-366.
Evidence for the interaction of glutamate and NK1 receptors in the periphery.

Abstract It is known that Substance P (SP) enhances glutamate- and N -methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA)-induced activity in spinal cord dorsal horn neurons and that this enhancement is important in the generation of wind-up and central sensitization. It is now known that SP and glutamate receptors are present on sensory axons in rat glabrous skin. This raises the issue as to whether SP and glutamate interact in the periphery. Using the tail skin in rats, the present study demonstrates 1) that unmyelinated axons at the dermal–epidermal junction immunostain for antibodies directed against NMDA, non-NMDA or SP (NK1) receptors; 2) that glutamate injected into the tail skin results in dose-dependent nociceptive behaviors interpreted as mechanical hyperalgesia, mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia, which are blocked following co-injection with glutamate antagonists; 3) that peripheral injection of SP potentiates glutamate-induced nociceptive behaviors in that the co-injection of SP+glutamate results in a significantly longer duration of behavioral responses compared to the responses seen following injection of either substance alone. These data provide support for the hypothesis that primary afferent neurons might well be subject to similar mechanisms that result in wind-up or central sensitization of spinal cord neurons.
Vegetation and plant food reconstruction of lowermost Bed II, Olduvai Gorge, using modern analogs.

Abstract Vegetation and plant foods for hominins of lowermost Bed II, Olduvai Gorge were modeled by examining vegetation in modern habitats in northern Tanzania (Lake Manyara, Ngorongoro, Serengeti) that are analogous to the paleolandscape in terms of climate, land forms, and soil types, as indicated by previous paleoenvironmental studies of Olduvai. Plant species in the modern habitats were identified in a series of sample plots, and those known to be eaten by modern humans, chimpanzees, or baboons were considered potentially edible for early hominins. Within the 50–80 kyr deposition of lowermost Bed II, periods of drier climate were characterized by low lake stands and a broad eastern lacustrine plain containing a mosaic of springs, marsh, woodland, and edaphic grassland. Based on results of this study, plant food diversity in each of those habitats was relatively low, but the mosaic nature of the area meant that hominins could reach several different habitat types within short distances, with access to potential plant foods including marsh plants, grass grains, roots, shrub fruits, edible parts from palms, leafy herbaceous plants, and Acacia pods, flowers, and gum. Based on Manyara analogs, a greater variety of plant foods, such as tree fruits (e.g., Ficus, Trichilia) and the roots and fruits of shrubs (e.g., Cordia, Salvadora) would be expected further east along the rivers in the lacustrine terrace and alluvial fans. Interfluves of the alluvial fans were probably less wooded and offered relatively fewer varieties of plant foods, but there is sparse paleoenvironmental evidence for the character of Olduvai's alluvial fans, making the choice of appropriate modern analogs difficult. In the western side of the basin, based on modern analogs in the Serengeti, riverine habitats provided the greatest variety of edible plant food species (e.g., Acacia, Grewia, Justicia). If the interfluves were grassland, then a large variety of potentially edible grasses and forbs were present seasonally. Periods of wetter climate resulted in a much expanded paleolake and a shrinking of the eastern lacustrine plain mosaic into a narrow zone. The dominant landscape features were then forest-lined rivers in the eastern alluvial fans, and rivers in the western side of the paleo-Olduvai basin were also better watered at these times, supporting denser woody vegetation with large varieties of edible fruits, leaves, and underground parts.
HIV-1–Receptor Interactions

Publisher Summary Viral recognition of host receptors forms a special subset of molecular recognition. Unusual properties arise from the exceptional constraints that viruses encounter during infection. Although each virus is unique, examination of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) illustrates some of the special features. HIV particles interact with several receptors on cell surfaces. Two receptors, CD4, and a co-receptor act sequentially to trigger fusion of viral and cellular membranes and confer virus entry into cells. These molecular interactions highlight several unique features of viral interactions. The first is the ingenious manner by which the virus usurps host systems, with a redundancy of mechanisms to ensure viral propagation. Second, virions are not metabolically active. Third, HIV proteins function under severe constraints on genome size. Multiple functionalities are encoded by different subunits as well as by different conformational states of the same polypeptide. The small size of the HIV genome, coupled to high rates of replication error and recombination, facilitates rapid antigenic escape. HIV-1 receptor surfaces are partially protected by variable loops. These loops have little structural restraint, and sequence variation can occur at a rate roughly 1,000,000 times faster than the human genome. HIV-1 receptor recognition thus provides an example of a system driven to an extraordinary level of sophistication by the incredible evolutionary speed of HIV-1 opposed by the equally remarkable adaptive capabilities of the immune system.
Signal Processing For The NASA Multispectral Linear Array

The Multispectral Linear Array Sensor is being developed by NASA as a next generation remote sensor. The development is presently in a competitive design phase. This paper describes the on-board signal processing electronics for the Honeywell design. The signal processing includes focal plane electronics for push broom arrays in six spectral bands, on-board radiometric calibration, digitization, bandwidth compression, and formatting for transmission over a high bandwidth data link. The signal processing must adapt to different detector dwell times and bandwidth compression ratios for three different orbital altitudes. A high degree of fault detection and redundant circuitry is incorporated into the design to meet the high reliability requirements of a space sensor.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
PAIRWISE DOMINANCE AND SOCIAL PREFERENCE IN SQUIRREL MONKEYS

5 male and 5 female squirrel monkeys, previously dominance tested, were observed in a noncompetitive social preference situation. Following nonsocial adaptation trials, all possible pairs of monkeys were observed, one pairmate serving as S and the other as a stimulus animal in a free-choice preference test. Ss' latencies to enter the apparatus and activity levels were greatly reduced by the addition of social partners. While social choices were largely uninfluenced by the dominance of the stimulus animal, the sex of the stimulus monkey proved to be an effective variable in that females elicited more approach behaviors than males. These results are consistent with previous studies of squirrel monkeys' preferences measured in noncompetitive social situations.
Generation of femtosecond optical vortices by molecular modulation in a Raman-active crystal

We have generated multi-color optical vortices in a Raman-active crystal PbWO4 using two-color Fourier-transform limited femtosecond laser pulses. This setup overcomes some of the limitation of our previous research by allowing for the production of subcycle femtosecond optical vortices without the need for compensating for added chirp. In addition, the use of an OPA allows for greater flexibility in exciting different Raman modes. We verified the topological charges using two different methods. These diagnostic experiments verify not only theoretically predicted OAM algebra but demonstrated instabilities in high-order OVs. We have also studied factors which affect the high-order vortex sidebands such as the diameter and intensity of the input beams.
An ultraviolet and visible spectrophotometric assay method for chlordiazepoxide.

A method for quantitative assay of chlordiazepoxide is described using a combination of ultraviolet spectrophotometry and the Bratton-Marshall reaction for colorimetric confirmation in the presence of interfering substances. The coefficient of variation for the quantitative ultraviolet screening portion of the tests is 10% and that of the quantitative colormetric confirming test is 11%. The quantitative assay method is linear through the range 0.2 to 3.0 mg% actual blood concentration. No significant interfering substances were found in examination of 41 drugs of toxicologic interest with the exception of oxazepam. Specifically procaineamide and sulfonamides do not interfere. The method is useful both as a confirming method for gas chromatographic assay of chlordiazepoxide, and as a primary assay method for toxicology units not equipped with gas chromatography.
The mechanism of cervical flexure formation in the chick

Chick embryos, during stages 14 to 25, undergo an arching of the hindbrain and cervical neural tube that is termed cervical flexure. We have found that if the truncus arteriosus is severed during stage 12-13, the embryos survive for more than 24 h and do not show cervical flexure. The embryos have a beating heart, the expected number of somites, and often have discernible wing and leg buds. Light and electron micrographs reveal no histological abnormalities. The percentage of cells that become labeled with tritiated thymidine is close to normal, indicating that most of the cells are healthy. These results suggest that cervical flexure is related to normal morphogenesis of the heart. At stage 10, the heart is almost straight, with the prospective ventricle cranial to the prospective sinus venosus. The heart tube loops between stage 10 and stage 23, first to the right and then caudad, so that the ventricle becomes caudal to the sinus venosus. The heart undergoes these morphogenetic movements autonomously. The truncus arteriosus does not increase in length during caudal movement of the ventricle, so the cervical region is pulled into an arch. Bending of the cervical region into an arch can be prevented in intact embryos by injecting agar into the foregut, so that the foregut cannot bend. However, after about 24 h of further growth, if the axis cannot bend, the truncus begins to leak blood and the embryo dies. We conclude that cervical flexure is a response of the embryonic axis to the morphogenesis of the heart.
Grid generation for three-dimensional turbomachinery geometries including tip clearance

An efficient technique for the generation of structured grids for viscous flow computations in turbomachinery blade rows (two- and three-dimensional), and a specialized embedded //-grid for application, particularly to tip clearance flows, are presented. The grid generation technique uses a combination of algebraic and elliptic methods to obtain smooth grids while maintaining strict control over grid spacing and orthogonality at domain boundaries. A geometric series scheme is used to distribute boundary points. Algebraically generated layers next to boundaries are used, thus excluding highly clustered regions from the elliptic generation procedure's domain. The computational efficiency of the elliptic generation procedure is greatly enhanced by the application of the minimal residual method. The embedded //-grid topology provides good resolution of tip clearance effects. This topology requires only minor modifications to flow solvers developed for conventional //-grids. The results obtained with an embedded //-grid are compared to those obtained using a thin-tip approximation. A linear compressor cascade with tip clearance was used as a test case. Both grid topologies capture the dominant flow structures associated with the leakage flow. The embedded //-grid provided better quantitative agreement with the experimental results.
A role for social workers in improving care setting transitions: a case study.

High 30-day readmission rates are a major burden to the American medical system. Much attention is on transitional care to decrease financial costs and improve patient outcomes. Social workers may be uniquely qualified to improve care transitions and have not previously been used in this role. We present a case study of an older, dually eligible Latina woman who received a social work–driven transition intervention that included in-home and telephone contacts. The patient was not readmitted during the six-month study period, mitigated her high pain levels, and engaged in social outings once again. These findings suggest the value of a social worker in a transitional care role.
Antisymmetry in male fiddler crabs and the decision to feed or breed

Summary 1 In male Sand Fiddler Crabs, Uca pugilator, a major cheliped (with claw), used in intersexual displays and intrasexual contests, develops opposite a minor cheliped used for feeding. Cheliped size demonstrates antisymmetry because greater development is equally likely on the right or left side. 2 The side with the major cheliped (major side) also has longer walking legs which may facilitate use of the claw. In contrast, eye stalk asymmetry is equally due to antisymmetry and fluctuating asymmetry. Fluctuating asymmetry is a subtle, non-adaptive departure from the population-level trajectory relating growth on major and minor sides. 3 In a South Carolina (USA) marsh, cheliped and leg antisymmetries are greater and eye stalk asymmetry is less among males able to defer feeding in favour of breeding. However, the composition of up-slope breeding and down-slope feeding subpopulations changes across the lunar cycle. 4 The number of mates sequestered in breeding burrows is positively correlated with cheliped and leg antisymmetry and negatively correlated with eye stalk asymmetry. Male fitness is a function of the product of time spent breeding and the number of mates per unit time while breeding. Both fitness components are predicted by relative cheliped antisymmetry and eye stalk fluctuating asymmetry, which are themselves significantly negatively correlated.
Flight delays, capacity investment and social welfare under air transport supply-demand equilibrium

Abstract This paper analyzes benefits from aviation infrastructure investment under competitive supply-demand equilibrium. The analysis recognizes that, in the air transportation system where economies of density is an inherent characteristic, capacity change would trigger a complicated set of adjustment of and interplay among passenger demand, air fare, flight frequency, aircraft size, and flight delays, leading to an equilibrium shift. An analytical model that incorporates these elements is developed. The results from comparative static analysis show that capacity constraint suppresses demand, reduces flight frequency, and increases passenger generalized cost. Our numerical analysis further reveals that, by switching to larger aircraft size, airlines manage to offset part of the delay effect on unit operating cost, and charge passengers lower fare. With higher capacity, airlines tend to raise both fare and frequency while decreasing aircraft size. More demand emerges in the market, with reduced generalized cost for each traveler. The marginal benefit brought by capacity expansion diminishes as the capacity-demand imbalance becomes less severe. Existing passengers in the market receive most of the benefit, followed by airlines. The welfare gains from induced demand are much smaller. The equilibrium approach yields more plausible investment benefit estimates than does the conventional method. In particular, when forecasting future demand the equilibrium approach is capable of preventing the occurrence of excessive high delays.
The Kinetid Structures of the Choreotrichous Ciliate Strobilidium velox and an Assessment of Its Evolutionary Lineage

The ciliary (kinetid) structures of the ciliate Strobilidium velox have been examined with scanning and transmission electron microscopes. Somatic kineties consist of a linear row of kinetosomes (monokinetids) and short cilia lying partially beneath a thin fold of cytoplasm. The only fibrillar kinetid structure extending from the kinetosomes is a transverse ribbon of microtubules. The paroral membrane is a single-file polykinetid possessing a possible transverse ribbon of microtubules and a nematodesma. The oral polykinetids or membranelles are complex, with microtubules extending from both anterior and posterior rows of cilia. While the kinetid structures do not satisfy the criteria for the order Choreotrichida, they are similar to the tintinnids in several other relevant ways. Strobilidium velox is proposed to be an unusual ciliate that is an exception to the concept that somatic kinetids are conservative and reliable phylogenetic indicator structures.
Natural classes of universals: Why Armstrong's analysis fails 1

Realists, D. M. Armstrong among them, claim, contrary to natural class nominalists, that natural classes are analysable. Natural classes of particulars, claim the realists, can be analysed in terms of particulars having universals in common. But for the realist, there are also natural classes of universals. And if the realist's claim that natural classes are analysable is a general claim about natural classes, then the realist must also provide an analysis of natural classes of universals. For Armstrong, the unity (or naturalness) of a natural class of universals is analysed in terms of universals resembling each other. I argue that Armstrong's account fails. His account fails for the same reason all other resemblance accounts of natural classes fail: some arbitrary classes satisfy the analysis for natural classes.
Characterization of brain acetaldehyde oxidizing systems in the mouse

Abstract C57BL mice were treated (75 or 100 mg/kg) with pargyline or Lilly 51641 90 min prior to sacrifice. Liver and brain subcellular fractionation revealed that pretreatment with these drugs resulted in a significant inhibition of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) in liver cytosol and mitochondria, while brain ALDH in these same fractions was unaffected. Administration of pargyline or Lilly 51641 prior to ethanol treatment (3.0 g/kg) resulted in a significant elevation of blood acetaldehyde. Significant increases in brain acetaldehyde concentrations were not observed until blood acetaldehyde levels surpassed 200 nmol/ml. When mice were injected with ethanol (3.0 g/kg) and acetaldehyde (200 mg/kg), a similar relationship between blood and brain acetaldehyde concentrations was observed. Data presented in the present study indicate that there are very efficient enzymatic mechanisms responsible for acetaldehyde oxidation in brain and that at blood acetaldehyde concentrations normally occurring after ethanol ingestion, brain acetaldehyde levels would be extremely low.
Kokanee Population Density and Resulting Fisheries

Abstract Catch rate and effort for and yield of kokanee Oncorhynchus nerka in seven lakes and reservoirs in Idaho and Oregon were related to fish density. The relationships were not linear. As kokanee density increased from less than 10 to 30–50 fish/ha. values of all three fishery characteristics tended to increase. Little or no improvement occurred at higher densities. and yield appeared to decline at densities above 50 fish/ha. The domed shape of' these relationships was explained by a model linking density-dependent length at age and size-dependent catchability: as density increases. anglers encounter kokanee more frequently, but fish length declines at high densities, reducing catchability; low densities should allow fast growth and high catchability, but reduced populations could he subjected to depensatory and potentially destabilizing mortality. This model and its empirical Support indicate that management to increase the density of kokanees likely will not produce a proportional benefit for angle...
Solidification of YBa2Cu3O6+δ: Part I. Morphology

A new quenching technique was used for detailed microstructural examination of quenched YBa2Cu3O6+δ/liquid interfaces. The examination revealed that the growth rate and the amount of excess Y2BaCuO5 (211) had a strong influence on the growth morphology of YBa2Cu3O6+δ (123). The maximum growth rate at which single crystal growth could be obtained increased from 1 μm/s to 1.5 μm/s as excess 211 content increased from 0 to 20 wt. %. It then decreased to 1 μm/s as excess 211 increased to 40 wt. %. Dendritic growth with distinguishable secondary arms occurred for stoichiometric 123 samples in the regime of cellular/dendritic growth. A highly curved 123 envelope was formed on 211 particles located at the 123 growth interface for stoichiometric 123 samples in the regime of single crystal growth. The microscopic 123 growth interface became flat as excess 211 content increased to 20 wt. %. The engulfment of 211 particles into 123 matrix is discussed based on detailed microstructural examination. It is found that the formation of a small highly curved 123 envelope on 211 particles for stoichiometric 123 samples is due to the large 211 particle spacing.
Failure-driven software safety

Software safety and software risk management are two of the most important facets of modern software engineering. To understand safety requires that we understand first what is not safe. This paper examines the concept of failure in software engineering and describes an approach to failure-driven software design (FDSD).
The Complexity of Evidence-Based Practice: A Case Study

In this article, the author addresses areas of complexity within evidence-based social work practice that she has encountered in her work with clients. The author offers an in-depth case study from her practice that involves the assessment and treatment of a client with a complicated diagnostic presentation. Clinical choices are discussed using a biopsychosocial framework that highlights the importance of attending to the client's specific needs as the author select interventions based on the best available research.
How educators find educational resources online

Search engines are mostly targeted toward the generic user but educators have specific information needs with specialized information-seeking behaviors. When designing a course, educators may create a syllabus, lecture slides, and use tools as lecture aides. These resources are scattered across a large number of websites and require time and effort in finding them. To design a useful system for educators we must understand the problems they face when they seek, use, and re-use online resources. With that in mind, the Ensemble team conducted focus groups to identify current practices and problems in locating online resources for educational purposes. The data provides better understanding of the information-seeking process of educators that can lead to better educational resource sites.
New species of Lagenophrys (Ciliophora, Peritrichia) from New Zealand and Australia

Lagenophrys novazealandae n. sp. occurs on the gills of Paranephrops zealandicus, a parastacid crayfish from New Zealand. The new species has the hemispheroidal lorica most common among members of its genus and is distinguished by its possession of large tubercles on the thickened edge of the anterior lip of the lorica aperture, a deep cleft in the left side of the lip's edge, and a ovoid to reniform macronucleus located in the right-hand part of the body. It is probable that an as yet unnamed species of Lagenophrys known to occur on another species of Paranephrops in New Zealand is distinct from L. novazealandae but phylogenetically related to it. Lagenophrys petila n. sp. occurs on setae of Parastacoides tasmanicus, a parastacid from Tasmania. The new species has an ovoid lorica tapering to a slender pseudostalk at the posterior end, a type of lorica possessed by only two other members of its genus that also attach to their host's setae. It is distinguished from the other ovoid species by the proportions of the lorica, the extreme shortness of the lips of the lorica aperture, and an ovoid macronucleus located in the right, anterior part of the body. Clefts in the lips of L. novazealandae and other members of Lagenophrys may function as points of flexure to allow the lips to bend in ways that accommodate interspecific differences in the size of the epistomial disk and its operation during suspension feeding.
Model of microbial transport and inactivation in the surf zone and application to field measurements of total coliform in Northern Orange County, California.

The classic model of pollutant transport in the surf zone of a long, sandy beach developed by Inman et al. (J. Geophys. Res. 1971, 76, 3493) is altered to account for first-order pollutant inactivation in an effort to understand how rip cell dilution and bacterial inactivation control the length of shoreline adversely impacted by microbial pollution from a point source. A dimensionless number Γ dictates whether physical processes (dilution of microbes in the surf zone by rip cell mixing) or biological processes (microbial inactivation) control the distribution of pollution along the shoreline. Estimates of Γ for beaches in Northern Orange County, California, indicate that dilution is the primary factor controlling total coliform levels surrounding two drains that release nuisance runoff directly onto the beach. It is also shown that, even when alongshore currents are fast, pollutant levels will drop e-fold at distances under 4000 m from the point source due to dilution alone. Because dilution is ultimatel...
Enzymatic sulfation of cholesterol by rat gastric mucosa

Abstract A sulfotransferase which catalyzes transfer of the sulfate group from 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'phosphosulfate to cholesterol has been demonstrated in the rat gastric mucosa. The product of the reaction was characterized as cholesterol sulfate by two-dimensional thin-layer Chromatographic behavior, and gas-liquid chromatography of cholesterol after acid solvolysis. The bulk of enzyme activity was found in the cytosol fraction. Sulfation of cholesterol did not require added Mg +2 , Mn +2 , or Ca +2 , and was unaffected by ethylenedia-minetetraacetate. Triton X-100 moderately enhanced the enzyme activity. A broad pH optimum from pH 6.0–9.0 was exhibited with a maximum at pH 7.0–7.5. The apparent Km for PAPS was 0.8 × 10 −6 M. The possible function of cholesterol sulfate in gastric mucosa is discussed.
TO BE FEMALE, MIDDLE CLASS, ANXIOUS, AND BLACK

Women of color theorists have suggested that the double minority status of gender and ethnicity places African American women at higher risk for anxiety. However, little information is available about anxiety disorders among African American women. The existing literature subsumes Black women under the general category of African Americans and focuses on low-income samples. In this study, we examine the manifestation of panic disorder in a sample of 15 predominantly middle-class African American women. We then compare these women to a group of 35 predominantly middle-class African American women without panic disorder on several factors, including presence of isolated sleep paralysis, presence of other anxiety disorders, help-seeking behavior, and victimization. Results indicate that African American women with panic disorder experienced isolated sleep paralysis, and that both groups had high levels of sexual victimization. Help-seeking among women with panic and other anxiety disorders was limited to rel...
The Release of Fibroblast Growth Factor-1 from NIH 3T3 Cells in Response to Temperature Involves the Function of Cysteine Residues

Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-1 is released from NIH 3T3 cells in response to heat shock as a biologically inactive protein that is unable to bind heparin and requires activation by (NH4)2SO4 to generate a biologically active extracellular heparin-binding growth factor (Jackson, A., Friedman, S., Zhan, X., Engleka, K. A., Forough, R., and Maciag, T.(1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 10691-10695). To further study the mechanism of FGF-1 release in response to heat shock (42°C), we examined the kinetics of FGF-1 release from FGF-1-transfected NIH 3T3 cells and observed that the cells require at least 1 h of exposure to heat shock conditions for the release of FGF-1. Interestingly, agents that interfere with the function of the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi apparatus, exocytosis, and the multidrug resistance pathway (brefelden A, methylamine, and verapamil, respectively) do not inhibit the release of FGF-1 in response to temperature; rather, they exaggerate the release of FGF-1. Because immunoblot analysis of FGF-1 in the conditioned medium of heat-shocked NIH 3T3 cells revealed the presence of a minor band with an apparent molecular weight of a FGF-1 homodimer and because we have previously shown that FGF-1, but not FGF-2, is able to form a homodimer in response to chemical oxidation by CuCl2 (Engleka, K. A., and Maciag, T.(1992) J. Biol. Chem. 267, 11307-11315), we examined whether reducing agents would substitute for (NH4)2SO4 and activate extracellular FGF-1. Indeed, dithiothreitol and reduced glutathione are able to individually generate a FGF-1 monomer as a heparin-binding protein from the conditioned medium of heat-shocked NIH 3T3 cell transfectants. To confirm that cysteine residues are involved in the release of FGF-1 in response to temperature, we used mutagenesis to prepare a human FGF-1 Cys-free mutant in which Cys30, Cys97, and Cys131 were converted to serine. Analysis of the release of the FGF-1 Cys-free mutant in NIH 3T3 cells transfected with the FGF-1 Cys-free mutant demonstrated that the FGF-1 Cys-free mutant is not released into the conditioned medium in response to temperature. Interestingly, exposure of the NIH 3T3 cell FGF-1 Cys-free transfectants to brefelden A followed by heat shock also demonstrated the absence of the extracellular FGF-1 Cys-free mutant. Finally, ion-exchange and reverse-phase chromatographies of heat-shocked conditioned medium analyzed by FGF-1 immunoblot analysis were able to resolve FGF-1 as a homodimer under nonreducing conditions and as a monomer under reducing conditions. These data demonstrate that FGF-1 utilizes cysteine residues as an important component of its release from NIH 3T3 cells in vitro in response to temperature and exits the cell as a biologically inactive homodimer with reduced heparin affinity that requires activation by reducing agents to generate heparin binding and biological activities.
Testing for multiple invasion routes and source populations for the invasive brown treesnake (Boiga irregularis) on Guam: implications for pest management

The brown treesnake (Boiga irregularis) population on the Pacific island of Guam has reached iconic status as one of the most destructive invasive species of modern times, yet no published works have used genetic data to identify a source population. We used DNA sequence data from multiple genetic markers and coalescent-based phylogenetic methods to place the Guam population within the broader phylogeographic context of B. irregularis across its native range and tested whether patterns of genetic variation on the island are consistent with one or multiple introductions from different source populations. We also modeled a series of demographic scenarios that differed in the effective size and duration of a population bottleneck immediately following the invasion on Guam, and measured the fit of these simulations to the observed data using approximate Bayesian computation. Our results exclude the possibility of serial introductions from different source populations, and instead verify a single origin from the Admiralty Archipelago off the north coast of Papua New Guinea. This finding is consistent with the hypothesis that B. irregularis was accidentally transported to Guam during military relocation efforts at the end of World War II. Demographic model comparisons suggest that multiple snakes were transported to Guam from the source locality, but that fewer than 10 individuals could be responsible for establishing the population. Our results also provide evidence that low genetic diversity stemming from the founder event has not been a hindrance to the ecological success of B. irregularis on Guam, and at the same time offers a unique ‘genetic opening’ to manage snake density using classical biological approaches.
Multifunctional D2/D3 Agonist D-520 with High in Vivo Efficacy: Modulator of Toxicity of Alpha-Synuclein Aggregates

We have developed a series of dihydroxy compounds and related analogues based on our hybrid D2/D3 agonist molecular template to develop multifunctional drugs for symptomatic and neuroprotective treatment for Parkinson’s disease (PD). The lead compound (−)-24b (D-520) exhibited high agonist potency at D2/D3 receptors and produced efficacious activity in the animal models for PD. The data from thioflavin T (ThT) assay and from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis demonstrate that D-520 is able to modulate aggregation of alpha-synuclein (αSN). Additionally, coincubation of D-520 with αSN is able to reduce toxicity of preformed aggregates of αSN compared to control αSN alone. Finally, in a neuroprotection study with dopaminergic MN9D cells, D-520 clearly demonstrated the effect of neuroprotection from toxicity of 6-hydroxydopamine. Thus, compound D-520 possesses properties characteristic of multifunctionality conducive to symptomatic and neuroprotective treatment of PD.
Prevention and Management of Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury

Contrast-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) is an important complication associated with coronary angiography, percutaneous coronary intervention, and computed tomography studies. The increasing utilization of contrast agents for imaging makes the importance of this complication even greater. Patients can be risk stratified for the risk of contrast-induced AKI by several clinical factors including hypotension, renal function, age, advanced heart failure, anemia, and diabetes mellitus. Contrast volume is also an important and modifiable risk factor for AKI. For the prevention of contrast-induced AKI, multiple approaches have been tried. The most effective prevention strategy is hydration. Normal saline has been the standard, but other options such as sodium bicarbonate may be a reasonable alternative. Further studies will be required to clarify the best preventive strategies.
Painting with triangles

Although vector graphics offer a number of benefits, conventional vector painting programs offer only limited support for the traditional painting metaphor. We propose a new algorithm that translates a user's mouse motion into a triangle mesh representation. This triangle mesh can then be composited onto a canvas containing an existing mesh representation of earlier strokes. This representation allows the algorithm to render solid colors and linear gradients. It also enables painting at any resolution. This paradigm allows artists to create complex, multi-scale drawings with gradients and sharp features while avoiding pixel sampling artifacts.
Properties of heart fibroblasts of adult rats in culture.

In the heart of the adult rat, fibroblasts are mainly responsible for the synthesis and deposition of the collagenous matrix. Because these cells in vitro may serve as an important model system for studies of collagen metabolism in heart tissue, we have cultured and characterized rat-heart fibroblasts from young adult and old animals. Conditions included use of media of different compositions with and without addition of ascorbate. Cell used were either cultured directly from fresh tissues or thawed previously frozen cells. Cultured cells were studied with respect to growth properties, morphology and ultrastructure and patterns of collagen. Heart fibroblasts generally resembled fibroblasts cultured from other tissues, but were more like skeletal muscle fibroblasts in that they deposited, in addition to type I collagen, type IV collagen and laminin. The fibroblasts showed a typical appearance in phase-contrast microscopy and electron microscopy. In the case of cells grown with added ascorbate, aligned collagen fibrils in the extracellular matrix showed a periodicity typical of type I collagen. The deposition of type I collagen occurred only in medium supplemented with ascorbate, and in that circumstance increased as a function of time past confluence; this was independent of the age of the animal from which the cells were obtained or of other changes of medium composition studied. Immunofluorescence studies with specific antibodies revealed that the cells deposited types I and IV collagens, laminin and fibronectin. In contrast to the case of type I collagen, the deposition of type IV collagen occurred in cells grown either with or without ascorbate. Direct observation of type IV collagen is consistent with the previous finding of type IV mRNA in cardiac fibroblasts in situ and in freshly isolated populations of these cells.
An ultramicro method for quantitation of amino acids in biological fluids.

Abstract A rapid, inexpensive method has been developed to determine the quantity and specific radioactivity of individual amino acids in samples containing as little as 3 × 10−12 moles. The amino acid mixture is reacted with 1-dimethyl-aminonaphthalene 5-sulfonyl chloride (dansyl chloride), and the products are separated by two-dimensional chromatography onpolyamide layers. The eluted dansyl derivates are quantitated fluorometrically and by scintillation counting. This method can be applied to a number of biological systems and is as accurate as and 10,000 times more sensitive than a standard Beckman 120C amino acid analyzer.
The early effects of ischemia upon skeletal muscle mitochondria.

Abstract The effects of early ischemia were studied in the anterior tibial muscle of Sprague-Dawley rats after 2–24 hr of tourniquet compression at the thigh. Ragged-red fibers, moth-eaten fibers, cores and targets were seen in tissue examined by enzyme histochemistry and electron microscopy. Giant mitochondria, abnormalities of cristal arrangement, crystalloids, osmiophilic inclusion bodies and myeloid figures were dominant features of the mitochondrial reaction. The results of this experiment indicate that early ischemia induces a variety of changes described in other neuromuscular conditions such as dystrophy and the “mitochondrial myopathies.” The pathogenesis of these changes and their relationship to human disease of muscle is discussed.
Entropy of continuous flows on compact 2-manifolds

THEOREM. Let Q, be a continuous flow on a compact 2-dimensional manifold M. Then h(cp,) = 0. The idea of the proof is as follows: Via an ergodic measure we can realize the flow as a suspension of part of a circle. The problem is then reduced to a l-dimensional one and the base transformation has entropy zero for the same reason that homeomorphisms of the circle have entropy zero. I wish to thank R. Bowen for suggesting this problem. LEMMA 1. Let D C S’ be a subset of the circle. Let f: D+ D be a piecewise monotonic bijection and m an f-invatiant Bore1 probability measure on D. Then the measure-theoretic entropy off, h,(f) = 0. Proof. Piecewise monotonicity of f means that S’ is the union of finitely many disjoint intervals {I,, Z,, . . ., Zk} such that f restricted to each (4 fl D) is order-preserving. Let Q = {A,, . . ., A,} be any finite partition of D with the properties that Ai = D n (some interval) and that each Aj C some Zi. For any two partitions /3 and y of this kind, card (~3 v y)scard (/3)+card (y). We show by induction that for each n, the number of nonempty elements in : f-‘a is at most (n + 1)s. Each element in “i’ fmia is of the form D n (an interval), so by our i=O i=O
A high-order immersed interface method for simulating unsteady incompressible flows on irregular domains

Immersed boundary methods and immersed interface methods are becoming increasingly popular for the computation of unsteady flows around complex geometries using a Cartesian grid. While good results, both qualitative and quantitative, have been obtained, most of the methods rely on low-order corrections to account for the immersed boundary. The objective of the present work is to present, as an alternative, a high-order modified immersed interface method for the 2D, unsteady, incompressible Navier-Stokes equations in stream function-vorticity formulation. The method employs an explicit fourth-order Runge-Kutta time integration scheme, fourth-order compact finite-differences for computation of spatial derivatives, and a nine-point, fourth-order compact discretization of the Poisson equation for computation of the stream function. Corrections to the finite difference schemes are used to maintain high formal accuracy at the immersed boundary, as confirmed by analytical tests. To validate the method in its application to incompressible flows, several physically relevant test cases are computed, including uniform flow past a circular cylinder and Tollmien-Schlichting waves in a boundary layer.
Argon laser therapy for perianal Bowen's disease: a case report.

Bowen's disease (intraepithelial squamous cell carcinoma) may occasionally occur in anal canal or perianal region. Surgical excision in this area may result in significant complications and a recurrence rate of 9–19%. A case of successful treatment of anal and perianal Bowen's disease using argon laser therapy is presented. No acute or chronic complications resulted from laser therapy. Twenty-eight months after the initial diagnosis the patient is disease free. Laser therapy also provides the potential for repeated treatment of recurrent lesions without significant patient discomfort or inconvenience. Argon laser therapy should be considered as a therapeutic option in the treatment of Bowen's disease.