cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of lung tissue phantoms for bioluminescent imaging

White nylon material was chosen to make cylindrical tissue phantoms for development of bioluminescence tomography techniques. A low-level light source, delivered through an optic fiber of core diameter 200 μm, was placed at different locations on one phantom surface. The light travels through the phantom, reaches the external surface, and is captured by a liquid nitrogen-cooled CCD camera. The scattering, absorption, and anisotropy parameters of the phantom are obtained by matching the measured light transmission profiles to the profiles generated by the TracePro software. The perturbation analysis, with the homogeneous phantoms, demonstrated that the imaging system is sufficiently sensitive to capture intensity change of higher than 0.5nW/cm 2 or a location shift of the light source of more than 200 microns. It is observed that the system can distinguish two point light sources with separation of about 2 mm. The perturbation analysis is also performed with the heterogeneous phantom. Based on our data, we conclude that there is inherent tomographic information in bioluminescent measures taken on the external surface of the mouse, which suggests the feasibility of bioluminescence tomography for biomedical research using the small animals, especially the mice.
Relevance of Systems Thinking and Scientific Holism to Social Entrepreneurship

Social enterprises are said to meet two conditions—they address long-standing social problems, and they develop innovative solutions to do so. However, many social enterprises satisfy these two conditions but are unsuccessful in creating sustained positive social change. This article argues that a necessary condition for social enterprises to create and sustain social change is the ability to cognise the ecology of the social problem—the relationship and interaction between a social problem and its context. This article scrutinises how social enterprises conceptualise and address social problems by applying the principles of scientific holism and systems thinking to social entrepreneurial theory and practice. It presents social problem archetypes and develops key lessons for devising effective strategies for addressing social problems.
Mothers' and Fathers' Differential Expectancies and Behaviors: Parent X Child Gender Effects

In 3 studies using 6 subscales, the authors investigated (a) others' parenting expectancies for mothers and fathers and (b) parents' reports of the frequency of their parenting behaviors with their 3- to 6-year-old sons and daughters. Mothers rated higher for physical care and emotional support than did fathers, and mothers reported engaging in the parenting behaviors assessed more frequently than did fathers across subscales. In each study, the authors obtained Parent x Child Gender interactions only for personal-interaction parenting (e.g., hugging their child) and found the lowest scores for fathers with daughters. These findings and the relations between parents' ratings of appropriateness and of their own behaviors support the view that gender-based expectancies prescribe gender differences in parenting.
Regulating axon growth within the postnatal central nervous system

As neuronal development enters its final stages, axonal growth is restricted. Recent work indicates that several myelin-derived proteins, Nogo, MAG and OMgp, play a critical role in restricting axonal growth in the mature central nervous system (CNS). These proteins function by binding to an axonal NgR protein that limits axonal growth by activating Rho in neurons. Hypoxic conditions during the later stages of neuronal development have a prominent effect on oligodendrocytes and hence on the expression of these axon growth inhibitors. Reduced expression of these proteins caused by the developmental hypoxia, or direct blockade of the myelin inhibitor pathways in the adult CNS leads to axonal sprouting and the formation of new neuronal connections. The regulation of axonal growth, sprouting and connections in the postnatal brain by myelin proteins is an area of important investigation and potential therapeutic intervention.
Plasmodium japonicum, P. juxtanucleare and P. nucleophilum in the Far East.

SYNOPSIS. Plasmodium japonicum and P. juxtanucleare are two very similar species of avian malaria parasites. The former was discovered in domestic fowl in Japan, and the latter in the same host species in Brazil; it has since been found in chickens in Uruguay, Mexico, and Ceylon. The present study, based on a Ceylon strain of P. juxtanucleare and slides from the Bamboo Partridge (Bambusicola thoracica sonorivox) of Taiwan indicates that the latter host is a natural reservoir of P. juxtanucleare, since this species appears to differ in no significant way from P. japonicum. Infection is common in the Bamboo Partridge (5 of 26 birds showed it), but it has not so far been found in any other avian species, although a total of 973 birds, belonging to 17 orders, 45 families, 110 genera, and 183 species, have been examined from this area. Since the younger stages of Plasmodium nucleophilum look very much like similar stages of P. juxtanucleare, they are compared. The older stages however are usually easily distinguishable, and the former species is so far known only from non-gallinaceous birds whereas the latter appears to be limited to gallinaceous ones.
Effect of Atmospheric Turbulence on Packet Detection in Optical Communications

The effect of atmospheric turbulence on packet detection is studied in the range of the scintillation index ? relevant to laser communications. The effect of scintillation is treated as a lognormal random process. Therefore, finding the probability of miss is equivalent to finding the cumulative distribution function of a sum of L independent lognormal random variables. Two techniques for finding this sum are compared with simulation, and probability of miss curves are presented for a correlation detector with preamble length L = 108 and ? ranging from 0.2 to 1.0.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN SEAWATER SAMPLES INCUBATED UNDER TWO TYPES OF LIGHT ATTENUATOR1

A comparative study was made of the photosynthetic efficiency of seawater samples incubated under either neutral density filters or under blue glass filters which were used to simulate the absorption of ocean water. In the first set of experiments, the two types of filters were matched to transmit the same irradiance of light as measured by a selenium photocell and VG9 green glass filter. In the second set of experiments, water samples were incubated under filters that had been matched with a radiometer, so that they transmitted equal irradiances of visible light. The results of the first set of experiments showed that photosynthesis in seawater samples under the two filters was about the same. In the second set of experiments, the rate of photosynthesis for samples under the blue filters was about 66% higher than that of samples under the neutral density filters. The importance of these findings to primary productivity measurements is discussed.
Valuing low probability risk: survey and experimental evidence

Abstract This study uses a survey question and an economics experiment to elicit the value of a risk mitigation investment. For 93 subjects (48 males and 45 females) the responses to hypothetical questions are compared with a risk mitigation decision that has a salient outcome. We find no gender-differentiated responses to either the maximum accepted price in the economics experiment or hypothetical willingness to pay questions from the survey. In our design, the two procedures generate aggregate measures that were in close agreement, however individual decisions were seldom consistent.
Demonstration by plaque reduction technique of immunologic relationship between canine herpes virus and herpes simplex virus.

SummaryCanine herpes virus and herpes simplex virus have been shown by neutralization tests (multiplicity analyses) to be immunologically related, but not identical. Previous investigators have failed to demonstrate an antigenic relationship between canine herpes virus and two other herpes viruses: pseudorabies virus and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus. The results are discussed in terms of the immunologic relationship between various members of the herpesvirus group.
Studies on vitellogenin from the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta

In the tobacco hornworm moth, Manduca sexta, vitellogenin (Vg) is a very high-density (1.29 g/ml) phosphoglycolipoprotein containing 13% lipids, 3% carbohydrates, and 0.6% protein-bound phosphorus. Vitellogenin (Mr∼500,000) has two apoproteins designated apoVg-l (Mr 177,000 ± 3,600) and apoVg-ll (Mr45,000 ± 5,000). ApoVg-l and apoVg-II can be dissociated with 6 M guanidine HCI and separated from each other by gel permeation chromatography. Immunoblotting experiments using antibodies against the apoproteins showed that apoVg-l and apoVg-II antigens were immunologically distinct polypeptides. Antibodies against Vg reacted only with apoVg-l. Antibodies against Vg and apoVg-l reacted with Vg in double immunodiffusion experiments, whereas antibodies against apoVg-II did not. These results suggest that in the native Vg molecule, apoVg-II is positioned inside the molecule away from the aqueous environment. Only apoVg-I contained covalently bound carbohydrate as shown by fluorescein isothiocyanateconjugated concanavalin A, periodate-Schiff reagent, and in vivo labeling with 3H-Man. In vivo labeling with 32P-inorganic phosphate and chemical determination showed that apoproteins of both Vg and vitellin contain covalently bound phosphate groups.
Volumetric scattering and absorption by aerosols: parametric sensitivity in Mie modeling and comparisons to observations.

Aerosol complex indices for soot, ammonium sulfate, methylene blue, ambient, Arizona road dust, and combinations were employed in Mie calculations to determine the volume scattering and absorption coefficients βs and βa, respectively. Parametric aerosol properties (i.e., number density, particle size distribution, optical complex index of refraction, and particle shapes) were used in the first principles of Mie calculations to derive βs and βa, which were then compared to corresponding measurements. The result of the βs and βa calculation was found to depend very sensitively on the number density and size distribution of the aerosols and less strongly on the optical complex index of refraction. The refractive and absorptive portions of the index affect the wavelength dependence of βs and βa. When particles are of irregular shapes or when they agglomerate, the effect is to produce increased scattering, the amount depending on the sizes and numbers of the asperities or constituents of the agglomerates.
Visual and somatosensory evoked potential characteristics of patients undergoing hemodialysis and kidney transplantation

Abstract The effects of prolonged hemodialysis and kidney transplantation on visual and somatosensory evoked potentials and EEG frequency were assessed. Significant changes were found in both amplitude and latency characteristics of evoked potentials recorded from eight hemodialysis patients. Their evoked potentials tended to be of longer latency and larger amplitude when compared to responses of an age-matched control group. This was true for visual and somatosensory responses recorded from several scalp locations. A correlational analysis revealed no consistent relationship between blood chemistries and evoked potential characteristics. EEG power spectral analysis showed that the dominant frequency of five of the eight dialysis patients was in the 8–10 c/sec range. Two other patients demonstrated EEG frequencies which were scattered across the 3–12 c/sec range while for another subject the dominant frequency was 7–8 c/sec. The evoked potential latencies and amplitudes of patients with successful kidney transplant tended to return to the normal range and their predominant EEG frequency increased to around 10 c/sec. A depression of function in those neural systems underlying the visual and somatosensory modalities, along with a reduction in the cortical suppression of afferent stimulation normally exerted by the thalamic reticular system and the basal ganglia were postulated to account for the reported findings.
Chronic Management of Blood Pressure After Stroke

A 70-year-old, right-handed African American woman with diabetes mellitus, treated with an oral hypoglycemic, and untreated mild hypertension developed right-sided face, arm, and leg weakness while at home preparing breakfast. She was able to reach the telephone and dial 911. An ambulance was summoned, and the Emergency Medical Service team, on arrival, noted a right facial droop, dysarthria, and right-sided weakness. She was transported to a local hospital, arriving within an hour of the onset of the event. The hospital stroke team was consulted and initiated an evaluation. The patient was afebrile, with a pulse of 72 and a blood pressure of 170/90 mm Hg. Neck was supple with no carotid bruits. Temporal arteries were nontender. Heart was regular with no murmurs or gallops. Peripheral pulses were 2+, and capillary refill was good. There were no peripheral bruits. She was awake, lucid, alert, and well oriented. She did not report headache. Speech was dysarthric, but comprehension was good and she spoke in fully formed sentences. There was no sensory neglect or extinction. Cranial nerve examination revealed equal, reactive pupils and full visual fields; funduscopic examination disclosed grade I hypertensive changes. She had a flattened nasolabial fold on the right, but was able to close her eyes and wrinkle her forehead. Motor examination revealed impaired fine motor movements in the right hand, pronator drift of the outstretched right arm, and mild proximal weakness of the right leg; sensory examination revealed decreased vibratory sensation in the distal feet bilaterally. Tendon reflexes were brisk in the right arm; ankle jerks could not be elicited. Plantar response was flexor bilaterally. Coordination in the arms and legs was normal, allowing for proximal weakness. Gait was not tested. A complete blood count, chemistry profile, coagulation studies, and cardiac enzymes and erythrocyte sedimentation rates were obtained, and …
Changes in antibiotic resistance in equine bacterial ulcerative keratitis (1991–2000): 65 horses

Objective To document changes in antibiotic resistance of organisms in cases of equine bacterial ulcerative keratitis over a 10-year time period. Design A retrospective study. Participants Medical records of equine patients with bacterial ulcerative keratitis seen at the University of Florida's VMTH for the years 1991–2000 were reviewed. Materials and methods All cases of equine bacterial ulcerative keratitis for the above mentioned years were examined. Bacterial isolates were identified and subjected to Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method sensitivity tests. Antibiotics used in the sensitivity tests included bacitracin, ampicillin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, polymyxin B, trimethoprim-sulfa, neomycin, kanamycin, carbenicillin, tobramycin and enrofloxacin. Results A total of 65 bacterial isolates were subjected to sensitivity testing. Of these isolates, Pseudomonas aeruginosa accounted for 14 of the bacterial isolates (22%), Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus accounted for 13 of the bacterial isolates (20%), and Staphylococcus aureus accounted for four of the isolates (6%). A statistically significant increase in resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates to the antibiotics gentamicin and tobramycin was found between the isolates from 1992 to 1998 and those from 1999 to 2000. An increase in resistance of Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus to gentamicin was found between the isolates from 1993 to 1997 and those from 1998 to 2000. Conclusions Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were the most common organisms isolated from cases of equine bacterial keratitis referred to the University of Florida's VMTH for the years 1991–2000. There appears to be an increase in resistance of Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus to gentamicin over the past 10 years. In addition, there is a significant increase in resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to both gentamicin and tobramycin over the same time period.
Butternut (Juglans cinerea) health, hybridization, and recruitment in the northeastern United States

Butternut (Juglans cinerea L.) trees are being extirpated from their natural range by an epidemic caused by a fungal pathogen. Widespread mortality is reminiscent of past epidemics on American ches...
Fundamental dynamics: Past, present and the future — like CP violation and EDMs

Working with Kolya Uraltsev was a real 'marvel' for me in general, but in particular about CP and T violation, QCD and its impact on transitions in heavy flavor hadrons and EDMs. The goal was — and still is — to define fundamental parameters for dynamics, how to measure them and compare SM forces with New Dynamics using the best tools including our brains. The correlations of them with accurate data were crucial for Kolya. Here is a review of CP asymmetries in B, D and τ decays, the impact of perturbative and non-perturbative QCD, about EDMs till 2013 — and for the future.
Appendix Z: Nonstandard Modules

Here we treat unilateral modules that are specified by their input and output impedances and by their transducer gains or their maximum available gains. We see how to compute the gain of a cascade of such modules, using a spreadsheet as an aid, and how to find the S parameters for such modules and cascades.
Effect of vortices on delta wing lee-side heating at Mach 6

Off-centerline heating on lee surface of supersonic delta wing with separation and vortex initiation at leading edge
Guenther receives 2011 Yoram J. Kaufman Unselfish Cooperation in Research Award: Citation

Alex B. Guenther received the Yoram J. Kaufman Unselfish Cooperation in Research Award at the 2011 AGU Fall Meeting, held 5–9 December in San Francisco, Calif. The award recognizes “broad influence in atmospheric science through exceptional creativity, inspiration of younger scientists, mentoring, international collaborations, and unselfish cooperation in research.”
Dose trends for second-generation antipsychotic treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder

Abstract Background Antipsychotic dosing used in clinical practice can differ from dosing originally recommended in product labeling. This has been reported for olanzapine and quetiapine, where higher doses are commonly used. This may be the case for ziprasidone as well. Method To characterize changes over time in dosing for the initial and subsequent prescriptions of first-line second-generation antipsychotics used during treatment episodes for outpatients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, the 2001–2005 Thomson MarketScan Medicaid Database (Medicaid) and the 2001–2006 MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounters Database (Commercial) were analyzed. Dose trends were evaluated using autoregressive time-series models. Results Data were available for 49 180 treatment episodes of schizophrenia (4683 Commercial and 44 497 Medicaid) and 83 289 treatment episodes of bipolar disorder (57 961 Commercial and 25 328 Medicaid). The initial prescription mean daily and overall mean daily doses of ziprasidone in schizophrenia episodes significantly increased across the Medicaid and Commercial populations, with similar trends observed for bipolar episodes. The first (May 2001) and last (December 2005) observed 3-month mean daily doses for ziprasidone were 112 mg/d and 138 mg/d for patients with schizophrenia and 93 mg/d and 113 mg/d for those with bipolar disorder in the Medicaid cohort, with similar findings for the Commercial cohort. Consistently significant trends in dose changes were not observed for the other medications, although quetiapine and olanzapine doses generally increased while aripiprazole and risperidone doses generally decreased. Conclusions There remains a need for controlled randomized clinical trials that test fixed doses of antipsychotics to ascertain the dose–response relationship within the dose range used in contemporary clinical practice.
An Unsupervised Decontamination Procedure For Improving The Reliability Of Human Judgments

Psychologists have long been struck by individuals' limitations in expressing their internal sensations, impressions, and evaluations via rating scales. Instead of using an absolute scale, individuals rely on reference points from recent experience. This relativity of judgment limits the informativeness of responses on surveys, questionnaires, and evaluation forms. Fortunately, the cognitive processes that map stimuli to responses are not simply noisy, but rather are influenced by recent experience in a lawful manner. We explore techniques to remove sequential dependencies, and thereby decontaminate a series of ratings to obtain more meaningful human judgments. In our formulation, the problem is to infer latent (subjective) impressions from a sequence of stimulus labels (e.g., movie names) and responses. We describe an unsupervised approach that simultaneously recovers the impressions and parameters of a contamination model that predicts how recent judgments affect the current response. We test our iterated impression inference, or II3, algorithm in three domains: rating the gap between dots, the desirability of a movie based on an advertisement, and the morality of an action. We demonstrate significant objective improvements in the quality of the recovered impressions.
User experience: collaboration and knowledge management

’03) The Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) has a long history of supporting evolving areas of research, such as groupware, group support systems and knowledge management and the nurturing of these new concepts and ideas. Both collaboration and knowledge management are currently popular topics and hopefully from this minitrack, we can gain insight into their effective and efficient use on a day to day basis. Over the years, these researchers and practitioners have led the way in their organizations to dramatically improve productivity and organizational efficiency and effectiveness. This minitrack will focus on user experience from real organizations and real problems. The technological and process advances gained through years of research and practical experience are shared by the authors of the papers in this session. The papers in the four sessions describe the recent advances in the collaboration systems and knowledge management development and experiences. We are fortunate to assemble this group of authors and experts who are willing to share the insight and knowledge gained from their experience. The content of each session is as follows:
Caregiver reports of common symptoms in children following a traumatic brain injury

This study describes the common symptoms in children and adolescents following a traumatic brain injury (TBI) as reported by their primary caregivers. Utilizing data from a large-scale state demonstration project, 681 children who had sustained a TBI were ascertained from both Hospital Emergency Departments (n = 409) and Pediatric Inpatient settings (n = 272). The sample ranged in age from infancy to 18 years, was largely male (59.7%), and had equal numbers of Caucasian and minority patients. Most of the participants experienced a mild TBI (83%), with about 5.1% being moderate and 12% severe. Caregivers described the presence of current symptoms (neurological, neurocognitive, behavioral, school problems) using a series of dichotomous questions regarding their child via a structured telephone interview at 1, 4, and 10 months post-injury. Inpatient children were described as manifesting more symptoms at each of the follow-up time points than their ED counterparts. At 1 month inpatients were described as having more symptoms across all 4 domains. At 4 and 10 months, the inpatients were described as having more neurocognitive symptoms and as not returning to school on a full-time basis, with behavior problems approaching significance at the 10-month point. A large number of individuals from both groups also reported persistent symptoms 10 months post-injury including headaches, attention and memory problems, low frustration tolerance, sleep problems, personality changes, and new school problems. Practical implications of these findings for the ongoing management of these children are discussed.
The economics of optimal urban groundwater management in southwestern USA

Groundwater serves as the primary water source for approximately 80% of public water systems in the United States, and for many more as a secondary source. Traditionally management relies on groundwater to meet rising demand by increasing supply, but climate uncertainty and population growth require more judicious management to achieve efficiency and sustainability. Over-pumping leads to groundwater overdraft and jeopardizes the ability of future users to depend on the resource. Optimal urban groundwater pumping can play a role in solving this conundrum. This paper investigates to what extent and under what circumstances controlled pumping improves social welfare. It considers management in a hydro-economic framework and finds the optimal pumping path and the optimal price path. These allow for the identification of the social benefit of controlled pumping, and the scarcity rent, which is one tool to sustainably manage groundwater resources. The model is numerically illustrated with a case study from Albuquerque, New Mexico (USA). The Albuquerque results indicate that, in the presence of strong demand growth, controlled pumping improves social welfare by 22%, extends use of the resource, and provides planners with a mechanism to advance the economic sustainability of groundwater.
Reflections on a Monument to a Monument: A Review of Tikal Report 14

Excavations in the North Acropolis, North Terrace, and Great Plaza of Tikal. William R. Coe.
Going Beyond MAC and DAC Using Mobile Policies

Many access control requirements cannot be automated using traditional mandatory access control (MAC) and discretionary access control (DAC) security mechanisms. Example includes user-attribute (---) based access control and owner-retained access control for handling specially marked data. While several researchers have identified the need for access controls that provide more flexibility than MAC and DAC, the proposed mechanisms for implementing these controls have several shortcomings. In this paper, we describe an access control mechanism that combines attribute certificates permit fine-grained authorisations based on user attributes, such as group membership, rank, and role. Mobile policies allow application-specific policies to move along with the object to other elements of the system. Mobile policies are expressed using an extension to a high-level definition language that we previously proposed in Reference.
Computer vision for systems biology

This short paper introduces the scope of our special emphasis session on computer vision for systems biology. It attempts to define the needs for computer vision based readouts in systems biological research and to shed light on some of the challenges computer vision researchers should tackle for the systems biology community. Finally, it will give a short overview of the invited and contributed papers that will be presented in this session.
The complex integration strategies of multinationals and cross country dependencies in the structure of foreign direct investment

Abstract The behavior of many multinational enterprises is not well described by existing models of foreign direct investment (FDI). Firms often follow strategies that involve vertical integration in some countries and horizontal integration in others, a strategy known as complex integration. This paper presents a three-country model that is used to analyze why firms might follow a strategy of complex integration. My analysis reveals that complex integration strategies create complementarities between potential host countries that have important implications for the structure of FDI. The analysis also shows that falling transport cost between countries may increase the importance of complex integration strategies.
Field Quality and Stability of Permanent Magnet Quadrupoles

We plan to increase the peak luminosity of the Cornell Electron Storage Ring by providing tighter vertical focussing at the interaction points. The final focussing devices will be large permanent magnet quadrupoles operating inside the 10-15 kG solenoidal field of the experimental detector. We present the results of tests demonstrating that quadrupoles with the required field quality and resistance to demagnetization can be built from commercially available Rare Earth Cobalt magnets.
Adaptation of Multimedia Presentations for Different Display Sizes in the Presence of Preferences and Temporal Constraints

Multimedia content adaptation has become important due to many devices with different amounts of resources like display sizes, memories, and computation capabilities. Existing studies perform content adaptation on web pages and other media files that have the same start times and durations. In this paper, we present a content adaptation method for multimedia presentations constituting media files with different start times and durations. We perform adaptation based on preferences and temporal constraints specified by authors and generate an order of importance among media files. Our method can automatically generate layouts by computing the locations, start times, and durations of the media files. We compare three solutions to generate layouts: 1) exhaustive search, 2) dynamic programming, and 3) greedy algorithms. We analyze the presentations by varying screen resolutions, media files, preferences, and temporal constraints. Our analysis shows that screen utilizations are 92%, 85%, and 80% for the three methods, respectively. The time to generate layouts for a presentation with 100 media files is 1200, 17, and 10 s, respectively, for the three methods.
Semantic Tyranny: How Edward L. Bernays Stole Walter Lippmann’s Mojo and Got Away With It and Why It Still Matters

The history of public relations has recently attracted the interest of critical media scholars. Edward L. Bernays, the author of several pioneering PR books, has profoundly influenced how critical scholars have conceived of public relations. Bernays deceptively claimed that Walter Lippmann provided the theory and that he provided the practice, creating the false impression that Lippmann was an apologist for PR. Lippmann actually denounced government and corporate publicity agents as propagandists and censors. Yet critical PR scholarship has uncritically accepted and amplified Bernays’ misrepresentation. This article seeks to correct this error by comparing the key texts: Lippmann’s Public Opinion (1922) and Bernays’ Crystallizing Public Opinion (1923).
A study of gender parity: department culture from the students' perspective

The School of Industrial Engineering (IE) at the University of Oklahoma (OU) has an unusual trend of gender parity at the undergraduate level. To investigate local factors contributing to the success of IE at OU, we interviewed 41 IE majors (23 female) about their background, choices, experiences, and goals, with a semi-structured protocol. Using established qualitative research methods, we examined interview transcript excerpts related to relevant categories. Participants described the cohesive community among the undergraduate majors. As a social networks model would predict, the student-student connections (horizontal ties) provide emotional support, in particularly strong ways. What is most unusual, however, are the vertical ties. Faculty in IE at OU are especially proactive and diligent about offering resources to students as well as providing an additional layer of emotional support. Three faculty, in particular, seem to have acquired critical roles in the students' support structure
The Detection of Human B Lymphocytes by Both Light and Electron Microscopy Utilizing Colloidal Gold Labeled Anti-Immunoglobulin

Colloidal gold was used to label rabbit anti-goat IgG for the indirect detection of goat anti-human IgD and IgM. Utilizing this technique surface immunoglobulin was visualized on human blood B lymphocytes at both the light and electron microscopic levels of resolution. By this technique, percentages of lymphocytes were found to closely correlate with those of the standard immunofluorescent procedure. The ease of the procedure along with the clarity of the marker in both light and electron microscopy suggest wide applicability in clinical and research studies of lymphocyte membrane markers.
Moral Hazard and Financial Crises: Evidence from US Troop Deployments ⇤

Many observers worry that international moral hazard is a source of financial instability. Governments might adopt riskier macroeconomic policies ex ante if they can rely on a external lender of last resort such as the I.M.F. Yet past research has found little evidence that moral hazard is a source of financial instability. We claim this lack of evidence is due to the fact that most studies have focused on the role of the I.M.F., ignoring the role of the U.S. as the actual lender of last resort in the past decades. We hypothesize that a credible political commitment by the U.S. towards a foreign country works like an insurance scheme, enabling their governments to pursue overly expansionary macroeconomic policies. As a result, the risk of suffering from a financial crisis increases. Empirically, we use U.S. troop deployments across the world to capture the degree of American commitment to each country. Relying on within-country variation, we find that a one percent increase in U.S. troops raises the likelihood of a financial crisis by 3 to 7%. We also show that hosting U.S. troops increases the likelihood of implementing a deposit insurance scheme, increases the degree of capital openness, reduces interest rates spreads, and strengthens the exchange rate. This reduces concerns of reverse causality, and buttresses the argument that moral hazard is a significant source of financial instability.
A preliminary treatment of the Holomitrium complex (Musci: Dicranaceae) in Central America

The Holomitrium -complex (consisting of Holomitrium, Eucamptodontopsis, and Schliephackea) is a group of closely related genera in the Dicranaceae characterized by five features: 1. a strong single costa, 2. well developed alar cells, 3. long, sheathing perichaetial leaves, 4. erect capsules, and 5. undivided peristome teeth. Holomitrium sinuosum is newly described. Dicranoloma brittonae is transferred to Eucamptodontopsis . Holomitrium standleyi is a synonym of H. arboreum. Breedlovea chiapensis is a synonym of Holomitrium pulchellum and the genus Breedlovea is placed into the synonymy of Holomitrium .
The Ethics of Belief, Cognition, and Climate Change Pseudoskepticism: Implications for Public Discourse

The relationship between knowledge, belief, and ethics is an inaugural theme in philosophy; more recently, under the title "ethics of belief" philosophers have worked to develop the appropriate methodology for studying the nexus of epistemology, ethics, and psychology. The title "ethics of belief" comes from a 19th-century paper written by British philosopher and mathematician W.K. Clifford. Clifford argues that we are morally responsible for our beliefs because (a) each belief that we form creates the cognitive circumstances for related beliefs to follow, and (b) we inevitably influence each other through those beliefs. This study argues that recent cognitive research supports Cliffordian insights regarding patterns of belief formation and social influence. From the confirmation offered by such research, it follows that informational accuracy holds serious ethical significance in public discourse. Although scientific and epistemological matters are not always thought to be linked to normative morality, this study builds on Clifford's initial insights to show their linkage is fundamental to inquiry itself. In turn, Clifford's ethical and epistemic outline can inform a framework grounded in "public reason" under which seemingly opposed science communication strategies (e.g., "information deficit" and "cultural cognition" models) are philosophically united. With public discourse on climate change as the key example, empirically informed and grounded strategies for science communication in the public sphere are considered.
Methods for detecting kernel rootkits

Rootkits are stealthy, malicious software that allow an attacker to gain and maintain control of a system, attack other systems, destroy evidence, and decrease the chance of detection. Existing detection methods typically rely on a priori knowledge and operate by either (a) saving the system state before infection and comparing this information post infection, or (b) installing a detection program before infection. This dissertation focuses on detection using reduced a priori knowledge in the form of general knowledge of the statistical properties of broad classes of operating system/architecture pairs. Four new approaches to rootkit detection were implemented and evaluated. A general distribution model is employed against kernel rootkits utilizing the system call table modification attack. Using approaches from the field of outlier detection, this approach successfully detected four different rootkits, with no false positives. Scalability is, however, an issue with this approach. A second, normality-based approach was investigated for use against rootkits infecting systems via the system call table modification attack. This approach was partially successful, but did generate false positives in 0.35% of cases. The general distribution model was then applied to rootkits infecting systems via the system call target modification attack. This dataset is dramatically larger, including disassembled memory addresses from the entire kernel. Finally, a modified version of the normality based approach proved effective in detecting kernel rootkits infecting the kernel via the system call target modification attack. This approach capitalizes on the discovery that system calls are loaded into memory sequentially, with the higher level calls, which are more likely to be infected by kernel rootkits loaded first, and the lower level calls loaded later. In the single case evaluated, the enyelkm rootkit, neither false positives nor false positives were indicated. As a final evaluation, these techniques were applied to the Microsoft Windows operating systems. The Windows equivalent of the system call table, the system service descriptor table (SSDT), appears to be almost perfectly normally distributed. A Windows rootkit employing the system call table modification attack was detected using the general distribution and 'assumption of normality' models.
Ultimate capacity of linear time-invariant bosonic channels with additive Gaussian noise

Fiber-optic communications are moving to coherent detection in order to increase their spectral efficiency, i.e., their channel capacity per unit bandwidth. At power levels below the threshold for significant nonlinear effects, the channel model for such operation a linear time-invariant filter followed by additive Gaussian noise is one whose channel capacity is well known from Shannon's noisy channel coding theorem. The fiber channel, however, is really a bosonic channel, meaning that its ultimate classical information capacity must be determined from quantum-mechanical analysis, viz. from the Holevo-Schumacher-Westmoreland (HSW) theorem. Based on recent results establishing the HSW capacity of a linear (lossy or amplifying) channel with additive Gaussian noise, we provide a general continuous-time result, namely the HSW capacity of a linear time-invariant (LTI) bosonic channel with additive Gaussian noise arising from a thermal environment. In particular, we treat quasi-monochromatic communication under an average power constraint through a channel comprised of a stable LTI filter that may be attenuating at all frequencies or amplifying at some frequencies and attenuating at others. Phase-insensitive additive Gaussian noise-associated with the continuous-time Langevin noise operator needed to preserve free-field commutator brackets is included at the filter output. We compare the resulting spectral efficiencies with corresponding results for heterodyne and homodyne detection over the same channel to assess the increased spectral efficiency that might be realized with optimum quantum reception.
Hepatic nodules resembling tumors in rats after administration and withdrawal of ethionine.

SummaryThe addition of 0.5% ethionine to the diet for 63 days caused the production of hepatic nodules resembling tumors in 16 out of 23 male albino rats. When ethionine was fed for 28 days and then removed for the remainder of the 63-day period, hepatic nodules were also produced in approximately the same proportion of cases (5 out of 8). No such nodules were observed in animals sacrificed after 28 days of ethionine administration.
The First Recorded Truffle from Texas

Ascoma 2.0-3.5 cm diametro brunneum scabrum vel minute impariterque verrucosum regulare vel sublobatum cum una vel sulcis pluribus profundis lunaribus. Gleba marmorata. Cortex exterior pseudoparenchymaticus tune dense prosenchymaticus demum in hyphas steriles densas immutans quae in gleba venas internas irregulariter dilatatas vel angustatas formant; venae externae paucae plerumque magnae laxae secus sulcas aperientes. Asci stipitati subglobosi vel elongati 1-5(plerumque 4-) spori; venter 36-47 X 58-68 ,; stipes 15-25 u; sporae breviter vel longe ellipsoideae 14-26 X 22-40 ,u flavescentes spinosae vel plus minusve spinosuloreticulatae spinis 2 , longis.
Adolescent Identity and Self-Perception As Predictors of Scholastic Achievement

AbstractThe “Who Am I?” question purports to be a measure of identity development. This question was asked of 150 girls and 167 boys, all of whom were rural Wisconsin high-school seniors. This and additional non-intellectual variables relating to self-concept of ability and self-expectations were used with a measure of mental ability to predict scholastic achievement. All were positively related to achievement and to each other. Girls’ self-expectations, however, was not a satisfactory predictor of achievement; nor was boys’ identity development. It was inferred that girls tended to be more realistic while boys were more idealistic in terms of self-expectations. Boys’ identity development was less mature and more diversified than girls’ identity development.
Nearctic Oecectis scala Group (Trichoptera: Leptoceridae) with the Description of Two New Species from the Interior Highlands

Four species of Oecectis have been recognized as comprising the O. scala group: O. eddlestoni Ross, O. morsei Bueno-Soria, O. scala (Milne), and O. sphyra Ross. Our study of North American Interior Highlands caddisflies has resulted in the discovery of two undescribed species of the O. scala group, therefore increasing it to six species. We herein describe, illustrate, and diagnose these new species in the context of the group and provide a review and key to males of the group. O. ouachita n. sp. is abundant in large river systems of the Ouachita Mountains and Gulf Coastal Plain of Arkansas and Oklahoma. O. ozarkensis n. sp. is known only from two location in the Ozark Mountains of Arkansas and Missouri
Financial Leverage, Product Quality Failures, and Product Market Effects: Evidence from Product Recalls

We study the impact of financial leverage on severe product quality failures that result in product recalls. Using a variety of tests, including two quasi-natural experiments that result in exogenous negative cash flow shocks to firms, we find that firms with higher financial leverage or likelihood of distress have a greater probability of a product recall. This is consistent with the view that these firms face investment distortions, either due to financial constraints or debt overhang, which adversely affect product quality. Further tests indicate that financial constraints, more so than debt overhang, have a greater economic impact in explaining the quality-leverage relation. Consistent with the view that taking on high debt relative to rivals makes the firm a weaker competitor, we find that recalling firms with high relative leverage experience more negative wealth effects to recalls while their industry rivals experience more positive wealth effects. These effects are, however, confined to the sub-sample of recalls in oligopolistic industries, where strategic interactions between firms are more likely. Key suppliers’ losses are exacerbated when they have more leverage or have committed larger relationship-specific investments. Overall, our paper highlights the effect of leverage not only on product quality at the firm level, but also on the broader product market effects of product quality failures.
Prophylaxis of Calcium Oxalate Stones : Clinical Trials of Allopurinol, Magnesium Hydroxide and Chlorthalidone

Despite numerous reports of kidney stone prophylaxis, there is still considerable controversy about the effectiveness of any regimen. Most published clinical trials suffer from one or more of the following faults: (i) lack of an adequate number of subjects, (ii) lack of an adequate follow-up time, (iii) lack of an objective end-point and (iv) lack of an adequate comparison group. We decided to carry out three double-blind controlled clinical trials to test adequately the effectiveness of magnesium hydroxide, chlorthalidone or allopurinol.
Chapter 4 – Sample Processing and Specimen Misidentification Issues

Errors with laboratory specimens may lead to adverse outcomes for patients. These errors most commonly occur in the pre-analytical phase. Among these, problems with patient identification or specimen handling are most frequent. Laboratories must establish strict guidelines for appropriate specimen transport, processing, and in-lab storage for each analyte, based on their stability at various times and temperatures. Serum and plasma specimens must be centrifuged at appropriate speeds, times, and temperatures to ensure integrity. To maintain stability, serum and plasma should be separated with an in-tube separator device, such as a gel separator, or by manually aliquoting after centrifugation. Re-centrifugation of gel tubes is not recommended. Cross-contamination of specimens prior to analysis should be prevented. Laboratories should adopt strict guidelines for identifying and preventing misidentification of specimens. Patient misidentification is the most common cause of laboratory-related adverse events, particularly in the blood bank. Utilization of new technology has significantly reduced these errors.
Time resolved flow field measurements of orifice entrainment during a hydrodynamic ram event

The gaseous cavity resulting from a hydrodynamic ram (HRAM) event in a fluid-filled tank is composed of entrained ambient gases and vaporized local fluid. However, the relative composition during initial cavity formation requires additional research. By measuring and studying the entrained flow through the projectile penetration orifice, calculations to aide in determining the relative composition of entrained gases and vaporized fluid are achieved. Additionally, qualitative assessments on how orifice mass flow correlates with internal cavity dynamics are possible. To complete the measurement, a technique to capture the time-resolved flow field at projectile impact velocities ranging from 100 to 180 m/s is needed. The developed technique utilizes non-invasive diagnostics to include high-speed digital imagery and a continuous wave laser in conjunction with particle image streak analysis to visualize and measure the entrained flow field.