cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Studies on the MHC of the Rat: Evidence for More Than One Class I Antigens Using Monoclonal Antibodies

Hybridomas secreting antibodies to rat class I antigens were produced using lymphocytes from WF rats immunized against the DA strain and P3-X63-Ag8.653 myeloma cells. A number of clones from 5 different hybridomas was generated and 5 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), one from each clone, were used for the immunochemical study. All 5 mAbs precipitated molecules having 2 components: 45,000 and 12,000 daltons molecular weight. One mAb, 3–5-118(A-2), precipitated a unique species of molecules. The supernatant reacted with the mAb 3–1–3(B-1), 3–3–56(A-24) or 3–3–60(C-14) and precipitated a second set of molecules. The resulting supernatant when reacted with the mAb 2–1–155(G-4) or the WF anti-DA alloanti-serum precipitated a third set of molecules. In reciprocal experiments, none of the mAbs could precipitate any molecule from the supernatant from the antigen preparation which was first reacted with the mAb 2–1–155(G-4). When the antigen preparation was first reacted with 3–1–3(B-1), 3–3–56(A-24) or 3–3–60(C-14), the supernatant did not contain any antigen reactive with 3–5–118(A-2), but it contained molecules reactive with 2–1–155(G-4). The results thus give evidence that there are 3 Class I molecules: all 3 possess a common determinant reactive with 2–1–155(G-4); 2 of them share determinants reactive with 3–1–3(B-1), 3–3–56(A-24) or 3–3–60(C-14).
African American Women and Work: A Socio-Historical Perspective:

The development of work roles among African American women is discussed using a self-regenerating loop characteristic of historicist theory. The necessity of a multicultural view of women and work ...
Reproducibility of the Standing Position for Repeated Assessment of the Position of the Lower Limbs: A New Approach Using the EOS Imaging System

Introduction The position and orientation of the lower extremities are fundamental for planning and follow-up imaging after arthroplasty and lower extremity osteotomy. But no studies have reported the reproducibility of measurements over time in the same patient, and experience shows variability of the results depending on the protocols for patient positioning. This study explores the reproducibility of measurements in the lower extremity with the patients in “comfortable standing position” by the EOS® imaging system. Materials and Methods Two whole-body acquisitions were performed in each of 40 patients who were evaluated for a spine pathology. The average interval between acquisitions was 15 months (4–35 months). Patients did not have severe spine pathology and did not undergo any surgery between acquisitions. The “comfortable standing position” is achieved without imposing on the patient any specific position of the lower limbs and pelvis. All the measurements were performed and compared in both 2- and 3-dimensional images. Distances between the centers of the femoral heads and between the centers of the knees and ankles were measured from the front. The profile is shown by the flexion angle between the axis of the femur (center of the femoral head and the top of the line Blumensaat) and the axis of the tibia. Results The average radiation dose was 0.80 mGy (0.5–1.11). For the first acquisition, the mean distance between the femoral heads was 17.9 cm (15.8–20.2), the mean distance between the middle of the knee joints was 16.7 cm (11.2–23.1) and the mean distance between the medial malleoli was 13.1 cm (0 to 18). For the second acquisition, the mean distance between the femoral heads was 17.9 cm (14.9–21.5), the mean distance between the middle of the knee joints was 16.9 cm (11.4–23.1) and the mean distance between the medial malleoli was 13.6 cm (0–19.4). For all comparisons no significant difference was demonstrated in related samples by Wilcoxon rank test and paired Student t test. Discussion Two- and 3-dimensional data are not affected by repeated acquisitions several to many months apart in “comfortable standing position.” This work shows the reproducibility of measurements of the lower extremity in the “comfortable standing position” by the EOS® imaging system. Additional research should be considered for combined measures in the face-profile position of each patient.
Impediments to inland resettlement under conditions of accelerated sea level rise

Global mean sea level rise (GMSLR) stemming from the multiple effects of human-induced climate change has potentially dramatic effects for inland land use planning and habitability. Recent research suggests that GMSLR may endanger the low-elevation coastal zone sooner than expected, reshaping coastal geography, reducing habitable landmass, and seeding significant coastal out-migrations. Our research reviews the barriers to entry in the noncoastal hinterland. Using three organizing clusters (depletion zones, win-lose zones, and no-trespass zones), we identify principal inland impediments to relocation and provide preliminary estimates of their toll on inland resettlement space. We make the case for proactive adaptation strategies extending landward from on global coastlines and illustrate this position with land use planning responses in Florida and China.
Emergence of the Molds Other than Aspergillus in Immunocompromised Patients

Immunocompromised patients are at high risk for invasive fungal infections (IFIs); although Aspergillus remains the most common IFI caused by molds, other fungi, such as Mucorales, dematiaceous molds, and Fusarium spp, are being seen with increasing frequency. Presentations can vary, but sinopulmonary and disseminated infections are common. Our understanding of the pathogenesis of these infections is rudimentary. Fungal cultures and histopathology remain the backbone of diagnostics, as no good serologic markers are available. Polymerase chain reaction tests are being developed but currently remain investigational. Management of these infections is usually multidisciplinary, requiring surgical debridement along with antifungal therapy.
The dialogical self in vocal psychotherapy

This article addresses the notable yet unexplored similarities between dialogical self theory (DST) in psychotherapy and the therapeutic approaches of vocal psychotherapy, a voice-based model of mu...
The Book of Thoth

This article offers an overview and description of the Ancient Egyptian Book of Thoth. This is a Graeco-Roman Period scholarly priestly composition associated with the House of Life, which was not only a kind of temple scriptorium but also a center of Osirian ritual.
Wearable Computers for Sign Language Recognition

A Sign Language Recognition (SLR) system translates signs performed by deaf individuals into text/speech in real time. Low cost sensor modalities, inertial measurement unit (IMU) and surface electromyography (sEMG), are both useful to detect hand/arm gestures. They are capable of capturing signs and are complementary to each other for recognizing signs. In this book chapter, we propose a wearable system for recognizing American Sign Language (ASL) in real-time, fusing information from an inertial sensor and sEMG sensors. The best subset of features from a wide range of well-studied features is selected using an information gain based feature selection approach. Four popular classification algorithms are evaluated for 80 commonly used ASL signs on four subjects. With the selected feature subset and a support vector machine classifier, our system achieves 96.16 and 85.24% average accuracies for intra-subject and intra-subject cross session evaluation respectively. The significance of adding sEMG for American Sign Language recognition is explored and the best channel of sEMG is highlighted.
An Investigation of the Interaction between NOx and SOx in Oxy-Combustion

This study focuses on revealing the interaction of sulfur oxides (SOx) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) and investigating the application of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to quantify SOx and NOx emissions from gas-phase oxy-combustion systems. The authors aim to contribute to the current state of knowledge by providing speciation data of NOx and SOx species and it elucidates the influence of nitric oxide (NO) on sulfur trioxide (SO3) generation. Detailed kinetic simulations revealed the influence of combustion parameters and the sensitivity analysis confirmed the dominating influence of hydrocarbon fragments on NO reduction. Accompanying experimental analysis exhibited higher reduction of NO to nitrogen (N2) comparing to the predictions by the kinetic simulations. Moreover, the presence of NO in the system was observed to influence the SO3 generation to a variable degree based on the reaction set employed for kinetic simulations. Experimentally, slight decrease in SO3 concentration was observed ...
Influence of perceived stress on dressing and eating behaviors of Chinese female university students residing in the United States

The objective of this research was to evaluate how perceived stressful conditions (PSC) and perceived non-stressful conditions (PNSC) influence eating and dressing behaviors of Chinese females. Chinese female university students (18–30 years) residing in the United States, completed a validated and reliable 45-itemized Chinese Stress Eating and Dressing Survey (CSEDS). The CSEDS included: (i) effort to control making healthy eating choices and dressing, (ii) foods eaten and dress items selected during PSC, (iii) foods eaten and dress items selected during PNSC, and (iv) demographics. Seven comfort food categories and eight appearance categories were used. The CSEDS included multiple choice, yes/no, and Likert scale questions. Statistical analyses were performed using t tests. A total of 129 females completed the CSEDS. Mean body mass index (BMI) calculated from reported heights and weights was 20.86 ± 3.86. From PNSC to PSC, there were significant decreases in all dressing patterns (p < .028), and the majority of the participants reported dressing casually during PSC (78.3%). Overall, there was a decrease in the types of foods eaten during PNSC to PSC, but significance was noted for common foods (e.g., Chinese, Other Asian, Italian, American, and Mexican; p = .033), mixed dishes (e.g., casseroles, soy and vegetable based dishes, meat entrees, and salads; p = .018), and soft foods (e.g., rice, noodles, bread, dumplings, and eggs; p = .003). During PSC, Chinese females tended to select a limited variety of foods, forgo appearance enhancement items, and dress casually suggesting that ethnic groups vary in eating and dressing behaviors. Findings from this research contribute to the body of knowledge related to stress and its influence on appearance (eating and dressing) behaviors specifically of Chinese female university students when transitioning from one country to another.
Mathematical Problem Solving. By Alan H. Schoenfeld

(1989). Mathematical Problem Solving. By Alan H. Schoenfeld. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 96, No. 1, pp. 68-71.
Goldschmidt and the evolutionary synthesis : A response

La theorie de Goldschmidt (R.) sur l'origine et l'evolution des especes s'oppose a la theorie de Darwin (C.)
Visual Roots of Mathematical Symbols

In my Algebra 1 class, solving for the unknown in a linear equation occurred when they had to deal with reversal tasks in patterning situations such as item 4 in Fig. 4.1. Figure 4.2 shows the written work of Dung (eighth grader, Cohort 1), who understood the process of solving for the unknown in the context of finding a particular stage number p whose total number of objects is known. As shown in the figure, he initially took 1 away from 73 and then divided the result by 3. For Dung and his classmates, this particular process of undoing has been drawn from their everyday experiences in which doing and undoing form a natural and intuitive action pair. When my Cohort 1 participated in a teaching experiment on patterning and generalization in sixth grade, the first time I saw them use the undoing strategy occurred in the context of the patterning activity shown in Fig. 4.3. When they were confronted with the situation in item 21, the first thought that came to them was to take away the height of the original cup hold and then divide the result by 3.
Intraoperative Radiotherapy in Carcinoma of the Stomach and Pancreas

Intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) involves delivering large single doses of radiation during surgery directly to operatively exposed tumors or to resected tumor beds at risk for residual malignancy. The rationale for the use of IORT is to maximize the dose of radiation delivered to neoplastic tissues and to minimize the radiation dose to normal tissues which may surround the neoplastic area. Normal tissues may be excluded from the irradiated area by operative displacement from the beam path or by protection with shielding materials positioned at surgery. Manipulations to protect normal tissues at the time of IORT may permit high tumoricidal doses of radiation to abdominal malignancies which otherwise might not be possible by conventional radiotherapy techniques. External-beam radiotherapy (EBRT) delivered in standard fashion may result in radiation enteritis or other toxicity when given in high doses to large abdominal fields.
Protein Coats As Mediators of Intracellular Sorting and Organelle Biogenesis

Protein sorting through the secretory and endocytic pathways is essential for many aspects of cell function, including the biogenesis and maintenance of numerous intra-cellular organelles. Efficient protein trafficking requires a complex machinery of regulatory and structural factors. Key components of this machinery include protein coats, which mediate selective recruitment of cargo and transport-vesicle formation and targeting. Through these functions, a diversity of protein coats, often with the aid of accessory factors, regulates protein type and number within secretory and endocytic organelles and at the cell surface. Recent studies both in model organisms and humans have provided new insights into the traditional view of protein coat structure and function. In addition, genetic and genome-based analyses have revealed novel coat components as well as the distinct sorting events in which they participate. The significance of these findings to secretory and endocytic sorting, and their relevance to the biogenesis of organelles comprising these pathways, are the subjects of the present review.
Emotion expression, decision-making and well-being.

Purpose – This chapter discusses the role of emotion expression in decision-making. To understand connections between emotion and decision it is helpful first to differentiate between emotion experience and emotion expression. Understanding how emotion expression influences decision-making is important as a practical matter. However, in contrast to emotion experience, economic research has paid little attention to the significance of emotion expression in decision-making. Approach – I review recent studies on emotion expression, paying specific attention to possible connections between emotion expression, punishment, fair economic exchange, and well-being. Practical implications – In contrast to emotions, which are typically difficult to control, I suggest that opportunities for emotion expression can feasibly be manipulated through appropriately designed policies. I further suggest that this approach may have the ability to positively affect well-being and economic outcomes. Value of the chapter – The chapter provides new perspectives on how policy-makers can benefit by understanding the effect of emotion expression in decision-making. The chapter also suggests future research to improve our understanding of emotion expression.
Surgical imaging of pancreatic cancer using polysaccharide-delivered near infrared fluorophores

Improved methods to determine tumor localization and disease extension are critical factors in the management of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Thus, contrast-enhanced fluorescence-guided detection of these lesions could improve the treatment of PDAC. A current limitation to fluorescence enhancement of PDAC is non-specific signal due to the clearance of the imaging dye, e.g. indocyanine green, like the liver, spleen or other local, intraperitoneal organs where metastatic spread may be present. We report surgical imaging agents that provide strong enhancement of PDAC compared to healthy tissue, but also have significantly reduced nonspecific background signal in clearance organs of the peritoneal cavity.
Fast Forwarding the Brezhnev Years

Summers in southern Kyrgyzstan can be deadly. In June 1990 hundreds of ethnic Kyrgyz from outlying villages clashed with ethnic Uzbeks living in Osh, Uzgen and Jalalabad. In June 2010 the sons of these 1990 rioters clashed in a renewed wave of ethnic riots in Osh, Jalalabad and Bazar-Korgan. This paper investigates the 1990 and 2010 riots and asks if these two conflicts, in addition to sharing similar protagonists, share similar causes. I find that, while one can identify proximate causes of these riots, more distant processes, namely the titular indigenization of Osh during the Brezhnev period, engendered a demographic shift permissive of ethnic conflict.
A Leap towards High-Performance 2D Perovskite Photodetectors

Solution-processed 2D perovskites are increasingly used in the fabrication of photodetectors. A new article by Liu and colleagues (Matter, 2019) demonstrates a surface tension-controlled method for the synthesis of inch-sized 2D perovskite single crystals and investigates the anisotropy of 2D perovskites for fabrication of high-performance planar photodetectors.
Development of a Microwave Imaging System with Applications in Medical Imaging and Treatment of Cancer Patients

A microwave imaging system that is sensitive for different tissue densities which can image phantoms of patient scale using a large field of view was developed. The different imaging parameters including noise, position and contrast resolutions of this microwave system based on a single transducer and receiver were characterized and an image reconstruction algorithm based on holographic back-projection was developed to reconstruct 2D microwave images.
Inferring the Genetic Influences on Psychological Traits Using MRI Connectivity Predictive Models: Demonstration with Cognition

Abstract Genetic correlations between brain and behavioral phenotypes in analyses from major genetic consortia have been weak and mostly non-significant. fMRI models of systems-level brain patterns may help improve our ability to link genes, brains, and behavior by identifying reliable and reproducible endophenotypes. Work using connectivity-based predictive modeling (CBPM) has generated brain-based proxies of behavioral and neuropsychological variables. If such models capture activity in inherited brain systems, they may offer a more powerful link between genes and behavior. As a proof of concept, we develop models predicting intelligence (IQ) based on fMRI connectivity and test their effectiveness as endophenotypes. We link brain and IQ in a model development dataset of N=3,000 individuals; and test the genetic correlations between brain models and measured IQ in a genetic validation sample of N=13,092 individuals from the UKBiobank. We compare an additive connectivity-based model to multivariate LASSO and ridge models phenotypically and genetically. We also compare these approaches to single “candidate” brain areas. We find that predictive brain models were significantly phenotypically correlated with IQ and showed much stronger correlations than individual edges. Further, brain models were more heritable than single brain regions (h2=.155-.181) and capture about half of the genetic variance in IQ (rG=.422-.576), while rGs with single brain measures were smaller and non-significant. For the different approaches, LASSO and Ridge were similarly predictive, with slightly weaker performance of the additive model. LASSO model weights were highly theoretically interpretable and replicated known brain IQ associations. Finally, functional connectivity models trained in midlife showed genetic correlations with early life correlates of IQ, suggesting some stability in the prediction of fMRI models. We conclude that multi-system predictive models hold promise as imaging endophenotypes that offer complex and theoretically relevant conclusions for future imaging genetics research.
Severe Lung Injury Associated With Use of e-Cigarette, or Vaping, Products-California, 2019.

Importance Since August 2019, more than 2700 patients have been hospitalized with e-cigarette, or vaping, product use–associated lung injury (EVALI) across the United States. This report describes the outbreak in California, a state with one of the highest case counts and with a legal adult-use (recreational) cannabis market. Objective To present clinical characteristics and vaping product exposures of patients with EVALI in California. Design, Setting, and Participants Case series describing epidemiologic and laboratory data from 160 hospitalized patients with EVALI reported to the California Department of Public Health by local health departments, who received reports from treating clinicians, from August 7 through November 8, 2019. Exposures Standardized patient interviews were conducted to assess vaping products used, frequency of use, and method of product acquisition. Vaping products provided by a subset of patients were tested for active ingredients and other substances. Main Outcomes and Measures Demographic and clinical characteristics, level of care, and outcomes of hospitalization were obtained from medical record review. Results Among 160 patients with EVALI, 99 (62%) were male, and the median age was 27 years (range, 14-70 years). Of 156 patients with data available, 71 (46%) were admitted to an intensive care unit, and 46 (29%) required mechanical ventilation. Four in-hospital deaths occurred. Of 86 patients interviewed, 71 (83%) reported vaping tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)-containing products, 36 (43%) cannabidiol (CBD)-containing products, and 39 (47%) nicotine-containing products. Sixty-five of 87 (75%) THC-containing products were reported as obtained from informal sources, such as friends, acquaintances, or unlicensed retailers. Of 87 vaping products tested from 24 patients, 49 (56%) contained THC. Vitamin E or vitamin E acetate was found in 41 (84%) of the THC-containing products and no nicotine products. Conclusions and Relevance Patients’ clinical outcomes and vaping behaviors, including predominant use of THC-containing products from informal sources, are similar to those reported by other states, despite California’s legal recreational cannabis market. While most THC products tested contained vitamin E or vitamin E acetate, other underlying cause(s) of injury remain possible. The California Department of Public Health recommends that individuals refrain from using any vaping or e-cigarette products, particularly THC-containing products from informal sources, while this investigation is ongoing.
Molecular markers and targeted therapy in pediatric low-grade glioma

Recently discovered molecular alterations in pediatric low-grade glioma have helped to refine the classification of these tumors and offered novel targets for therapy. Genetic aberrations may combine with histopathology to offer new insights into glioma classification, gliomagenesis and prognosis. Therapies targeting common genetic aberrations in the MAPK pathway offer a novel mechanism of tumor control that is currently under study. We have reviewed common molecular alterations found in pediatric low-grade glioma as well as recent clinical trials of MEK and BRAF inhibitors. In this topic review, we examine the current understanding of molecular alterations in pediatric low-grade glioma, as well as their role in diagnosis, prognosis and therapy. We summarize current data on the efficacy of targeted therapies in pediatric low-grade gliomas, as well as the many unanswered questions that these new discoveries and therapies raise. The identification of driver alterations in pediatric low-grade glioma and the development of targeted therapies have opened new therapeutic avenues for patients with low-grade gliomas.
Strategies to Increase Peer Support Specialists' Capacity to Use Digital Technology in the Era of COVID-19: Pre-Post Study.

Background: Prior to the outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), telemental health to support mental health services was primarily designed for individuals with professional clinical degrees, such as psychologists, psychiatrists, registered nurses, and licensed clinical social workers. For the first the time in history, peer support specialists are offering Medicaid-reimbursable telemental health services during the COVID-19 crisis; however, little effort has been made to train peer support specialists on telehealth practice and delivery. Objective: The aim of this study was to explore the impact of the Digital Peer Support Certification on peer support specialists’ capacity to use digital peer support technology. Methods: The Digital Peer Support Certification was co-produced with peer support specialists and included an education and simulation training session, synchronous and asynchronous support services, and audit and feedback. Participants included 9 certified peer support specialists between the ages of 25 and 54 years (mean 39 years) who were employed as peer support specialists for 1 to 11 years (mean 4.25 years) and had access to a work-funded smartphone device and data plan. A pre-post design was implemented to examine the impact of the Digital Peer Support Certification on peer support specialists’ capacity to use technology over a 3-month timeframe. Data were collected at baseline, 1 month, 2 months, and 3 months. Results: Overall, an upward trend in peer support specialists’ capacity to offer digital peer support occurred during the 3-month certification period. Conclusions: The Digital Peer Support Certification shows promising evidence of increasing the capacity of peer support specialists to use specific digital peer support technology features. Our findings also highlighted that this capacity was less likely to increase with training alone and that a combinational knowledge translation approach that includes both training and management will be more successful.
Numerical investigation of surface curvature effect on the self-propelled capability of coalesced drops

We numerically investigate the curvature effect on the self-propelled capability of coalesced drops. The numerical method is based on a well validated multiphase flow solver that solves the three-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations. The liquid–air interface is captured using the moment of fluid method, and a direction splitting method is applied to advect the interface. Afterward, an approximate projection method is used to decouple the calculation of velocity and pressure. Different cases were validated by comparing the experimental results with the simulation results. The coalescence-induced jumping behavior on a flat surface is carefully captured using this numerical method. To investigate the effect of curvature of a curvy substrate on the self-jumping behavior, a case with a single drop impinging on a convex surface and a case with two drops’ coalescence on a fiber are also studied and compared with the experimental results. The asymmetric bouncing of a single drop on the convex surface leads to 40% reduction in contact time, as found in our study. Our study also reveals that due to the curvature of the wedge, the drop forms a lobe shaped region on the symmetric sides of the wedge. The lobed region forces the drop to convert more surface energy into kinetic energy in the upward direction. The jumping capability is improved by increasing the surface curvature. Our study also shows that at lower angles of contact, the drops can easily get attached to the substrate and, at the same time, have difficulty detaching from the substrate.
Active magnetic dampers for controlling lateral rotor vibration in high-speed rotating shafts

Abstract High-speed rotating machinery frequently operates supercritically, traversing self-excited resonance during startup and shutdown. The rotor's peak radial displacement often occurs during this critical transition, thus defining minimum clearances between the rotor and stator. Squeeze film dampers (SFDs) are frequently used to reduce lateral rotor vibration (LRV), but their passive nature imposes design and performance limitations. An alternate approach, the subject of this paper, employs active magnetic dampers (AMDs) to overcome the inherent tradeoffs associated with squeeze film dampers. This paper details the design, fabrication and experimental demonstration of an AMD for reducing LRV in a high-speed rotating shaft through its critical speed. A finite-element method (FEM) model of a high-speed flexible shaft with an AMD mounted proximal to a compliant bearing support is developed and parameterized using test data. Different actuator locations are evaluated using the FEM model, revealing that the primary mechanism for LRV reduction is the moment exerted about the compliant bearing. Performance of a SFD is simulated for comparison, revealing that the AMD more effectively reduces LRV. Peak radial deflection is reduced by an average of 79% through the shaft's first critical speed.
Outcomes of Mild Aortic Regurgitation After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement

Background: There has been an explosion in the clinical application of transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) worldwide. While moderate and severe grades of paravalvular regurgitation (PVR) ...
Coverage of credible intervals in nonparametric monotone regression

For nonparametric univariate regression under a monotonicity constraint on the regression function f, we study the coverage of a Bayesian credible interval for f(x0), where x0 is an interior point. Analysis of the posterior becomes a lot more tractable by considering a “projection-posterior” distribution based on a finite random series of step functions with normal basis coefficients as a prior for f. A sample f from the resulting conjugate posterior distribution is projected on the space of monotone increasing functions to obtain a monotone function f∗ closest to f, inducing the “projection-posterior.” We use projection-posterior samples to obtain credible intervals for f(x0). We obtain the asymptotic coverage of the credible interval thus constructed and observe that it is free of nuisance parameters involving the true function. We observe a very interesting phenomenon that the coverage is typically higher than the nominal credibility level, the opposite of a phenomenon observed by Cox (Ann. Statist. 21 (1993) 903–923) in the Gaussian sequence model. We further show that a recalibration gives the right asymptotic coverage by starting from a lower credibility level that can be explicitly calculated.
Using Shiny to Teach Econometric Models

This Element discusses how shiny, an R package, can help instructors teach quantitative methods more effectively by way of interactive web apps. The interactivity increases instructors' effectiveness by making students more active participants in the learning process, allowing them to engage with otherwise complex material in an accessible, dynamic way. The Element offers four detailed apps that cover two fundamental linear regression topics: estimation methods (least squares, maximum likelihood) and the classic linear regression assumptions. It includes a summary of what the apps can be used to demonstrate, detailed descriptions of the apps' full capabilities, vignettes from actual class use, and example activities. Two other apps pertain to a more advanced topic (LASSO), with similar supporting material. For instructors interested in modifying the apps, the Element also documents the main apps' general code structure, highlights some of the more likely modifications, and goes through what functions need to be amended.
Mathematica as an Environment for Doing Economics andEconometrics

Today‘s graduate students in economics must master early on a computational environment suitable for their research needs. A case is made here why Mathematica is an eminently reasonable choice for this purpose for many students. Salient features of Mathematica are examined in this context, and the breadth of economic research accomplished in Mathematica is illustrated.
A practical introduction to data structures and algorithm analysis

From the Publisher: Clifford A. Shaffer provides a treatment of fundamental data structures and the principles of algorithm analysis understandable by sophomore and junior level students in Computer Science and related fields. The author focuses on teaching students and practitioners to understand the principles required to select or design the data structure that will best solve his/her problem.
The Full Automorphism Group of Cayley Graphs of $\mathbb{Z}_p\times\mathbb{Z}_{p^2}$

Let $p\ge 5$ be prime. We determine the full automorphism groups of Cayley digraphs of $\mathbb{Z}_p\times\mathbb{Z}_{p^2}$.
Influence of laser illumination during an oxidation-reduction cycle on the surface structure of silver

Abstract The structural changes produced by oxidation and reduction of a silver surface in 1 M CKl with and without illumination were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Laser illumination (632.8 nm) during the oxidation-reduction cycle (ORC) produces a surface covered with a high density of sub-μm sized particles. The silver particles are the result of the photolytic reduction of the silver chloride made possible by the presence of the applied electric field within the silver chloride layer which prevents the recombination of the photoelectrons and holes. As the maximum anodization voltage of the ORC is increase to +100 mV vs. SCE, the number of photolytically produced silver particles increases. As the maximum anodization voltage is increased from +100 mV to +200 mV, the individual particle size increases from ≈200 nm to ≈800 nm. The intensity of Raman scattering from water adsorbed on the silver surface was maximized by a laser illuminated ORC with a maximum anodization voltage of +100 mV. Since recent theoretical studies indicate an optimum particle size of r ≈50 nm for maximizing the electromagnetic component of the enhancement, the present results indicate that either the individual silver particles contain small scale (≈50 nm) roughness features or the electromagnetic factors are not the sole contributors to the enhancement.
Philosophy of Biological Classification

Biological classification is natural in that all cultures classify life, and humans acquire classifications as they learn the general terms in a language. This tendency is reflected in the Linnaean hierarchy that has dominated biological classification for the last several centuries. Even as this hierarchy has become entrenched though, there are enduring disputes about biological classification. First is metaphysical, the nature of biological categories. Are they natural kinds, historical kinds or historical individuals? Second are the theoretical bases and operational procedures. What should a biological classification represent, and how should it be constructed? Third are the nature and value of tree thinking, and the implications that has for the formal classificatory framework. If a classification is to represent the evolutionary tree in all its complexity, it is not clear that the Linnaean hierarchy and its nomenclature will be adequate. Key Concepts: The theoretical basis of a classification is what it represents. The formal structure of a classification involves the organisation of the categories. The operational procedures of a classification are the rules for generating the classification. An evolutionary tree is a branching diagram that represents at minimum the branching order of evolution. Nomenclature is the naming system for the categories in a classification. Keywords: biological classification; essentialism; evolutionary systematics; cladistics; phylogenetic systematics; nomenclature
Cosmic dust investigations I. PVDF detector signal dependence on mass and velocity for penetrating particles

Our earlier laboratory investigations of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) dust detectors — which we developed for cometary and interplanetary dust studies — were limited to dust mass and velocity ranges of 10−13–10−10 g, and 1–12 km/s, respectively. These measurements established a unique dependence of detector signal amplitude on particle mass and velocity, namely mavb, where a = 1.3 and b = 3.0, respectively, for particles that stopped in thick (e.g. 28 μm) PVDF detectors. We have now extended our dust accelerator investigations to higher dust masses (∼10−9–10−6 g) in the same velocity range so that the dust particles fully penetrate a wide range of PVDF detector thicknesses, including the 28 μm thick detectors we employed for our Comet Halley dust coma measurements. For these penetrating particles we show that the values of a and b are 0.90±0.05 and 1.05±0.05, respectively. We also report, for the first time, the measurement of crater sizes in the detector for these penetrating particles and the correlated detector signal amplitude and pulse shape. From these simultaneous measurements we have proved that the basic response mechanism is irreversible depolarization in the PVDF detector, as we had proposed earlier. These new laboratory investigations also were arranged to determine particle fragmentation and particle (and fragment) velocity after detector penetration by time-of-flight measurements. We discuss the bearing of these studies on our interpretation of measured Comet Halley dust coma mass spectra.
Uterine Regulatory T cells, IL-10 and hypertension.

Citation Nevers T, Kalkunte S, Sharma S. Uterine Regulatory T Cells, IL-10 and hypertension. Am J Reprod Immunol 2011; 66 (Suppl. 1): 88–92 Problem Regulatory T cells (Treg) are a vital immune cellular population at the maternal–fetal interface. They are likely to aid in immune tolerance by dampening the harmful effects of other immune cellular populations through cell–cell-mediated interactions as well as by producing IL-10 and TGF-β. In addition to the anti-inflammatory properties, IL-10 has emerged as an important vascular cytokine choreographing endovascular interactions and angiogenesis and regulates hypertension. Method of study Review of innovative concepts to understand the temporal role of Tregs in both mouse and human pregnancy, particularly whether uterine Treg play a potential role in regulating vascular homeostasis and blood flow during pregnancy. Results Treg guard immune tolerance, getting cytotoxically activated under certain conditions, leading to adverse pregnancy outcome. Conclusion Despite increasing evidence of Treg tissue-specific expansion and functional plasticity, their role in vascular activity, pre-eclampsia or gestational diabetes is obscure and needs closer investigation to delineate its role later during pregnancy.
Religion and the American Constitutional Experiment

* Introduction * The American Experiment in Historical Context * The First Millennium * The Papal Revolution * The Protestant Reformation * Religious Establishment Versus Religious Freedom * Colonization and Experimentation * The Theology and Politics of the Religion Clauses * Puritan Views * Evangelical Views * Enlightenment Views * Republican Views * The Essential Rights and Liberties of Religion * Liberty of Conscience * Free Exercise of Religion * Religious Pluralism * Religious Equality * Separation of Church and State * Disestablishment of Religion * Interdependence of Principles * Forging the First Amendment Religion Clauses * Religion and the Continental Congress * The 1787 Constitutional Convention * Ratification and Proposed Amendments * Drafting the First Amendment Religion Clauses * The Final Text * Summary and Conclusions * Religion and the States Before 1947 * Liberty of Conscience and Free Exercise * Religious Pluralism and Equality * Separation of Church and State * Disestablishment of Religion * Faith, Freedom, and the Frontier * Religion and the Supreme Court, 1815-1947 * Review of Federal Laws Touching Religion * Review of State Laws Touching Religion * Fundamental Religious Liberty and Incorporation * Modern Free Exercise Law * Mapping Modern Free Exercise Doctrine * The Multiple Principles of Modern Free Exercise Law * Neutralizing the Free Exercise Clause * Free Speech and Statutory Protections of Religion * Conclusions * Modern Disestablishment Law * Mapping Modern Disestablishment Doctrine * The Dominant Principle of Separation of Church and State * Toward Multiple Principles of Disestablishment * Conclusions * Toward an Integration of Religious Liberty: The American Experiment in International Context * Methods and Measures of Integration * Religious Rights and Liberties in International Context * International Norms and American Laws Compared * Concluding Reflections * Appendix 1: Drafts of Federal Religion Clauses (1787-1789) * Appendix 2: State Constitutional Provisions on Religion (as of 1947) * Appendix 3: United States Supreme Court Decisions Relating to Religious Liberty * Notes * Index
Growth to value: A difficult journey for IPOs and concentrated industries

We find evidence that the underperformance of some IPOs, and firms in concentrated industries, have common empirical roots. The most likely explanation for both is a confluence of two well known rational theories, which predict that: (1) entrepreneurs in concentrated industries optimally time their IPOs to coincide with a transition from growth to value (Maksimovic and Pichler (2001)); and (2) the increase in systematic risk associated with this transition generates lower returns (Pastor and Veronesi (2005)). We confirm this link using several tests based on specific portfolio returns, changes in systematic risk, unexpected real cashflows, and the characteristics of firms going public. In addition, we present new evidence of return predictability, and a new explanation for the role VC-backing plays in long-term IPO performance.
Cyclofructans, a New Class of Chiral Stationary Phases

Cyclofructans are cyclic oligosaccharides consisting of β-2,1 linked d-fructofuranose units. Although known for more than 20 years, they were only recently proposed as powerful chiral selectors after alkylation or aryl derivatization. The mechanism of chiral recognition of derived cyclofructan is investigated. A structural comparison of the 18-crown-6 ether and the cyclofructans with six fructofuranose units (CF6) and the derivatized CF6 is made taking into account the similarities between the internal ether macrocycles. Clear differences are seen that offer possible explanations for the very different enantioselectivities of the three selectors. The structural modification brought by the alkyl derivation of CF6 allows for a remarkable enantiorecognition of all native chiral amines. Aryl-derivatized CF6 are less selective for amines but have a broad enantiorecognition for other classes of enantiomers. This new type of chiral selector has a high loading potential, allowing it to purify large amounts of materials.
The cannabinoid type-1 receptor carboxyl-terminus, more than just a tail.

J. Neurochem. (2011) 117, 1–18. Abstract The cannabinoid type-1 (CB1) receptor is a G protein-coupled receptor that binds the main active ingredient of marijuana, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, and has been implicated in several disease states, including drug addiction, anxiety, depression, obesity, and chronic pain. In the two decades since the discovery of CB1, studies at the molecular level have centered on the transmembrane core. This interest has now expanded as we discover that other regions of CB1, including the CB1 carboxyl-terminus, have critical structures that are important for CB1 activity and regulation. Following the recent description of the three dimensional structure of the full-length CB1 carboxyl-terminal tail [Biopolymers (2009) vol. 91, pp. 565–573], several residues and structural motifs including two α-helices (termed H8 and H9) have been postulated to interact with common G protein-coupled receptor accessory proteins, such as G-proteins and β-arrestins. This discourse will focus on the CB1 carboxyl-terminus; our current understanding of the structural features of this region, evidence for its interaction with proteins, and the impact of structure on the binding and regulatory function of CB1 accessory proteins. The involvement of the carboxyl-terminus in the receptor life cycle including activation, desensitization, and internalization will be highlighted.
Instructional Strategies for Middle and Secondary Social Studies: Methods, Assessment, and Classroom Management

Instructional Strategies for Middle and High School Social Studies: Methods, Assessment, and Classroom Management is an exciting methods-based text that integrates appropriate management and assessment techniques with seven distinct teaching strategies. Writing explicitly for pre-service social studies teachers, veteran teacher educator Bruce E. Larson offers detailed descriptions of a range of instructional strategies, along with guidelines for deciding how and when to use each. Part I offers the foundations for teaching and learning in a social studies classroom, and explores contextual, theoretical, and policy factors that all teachers need to consider before entering the classroom. Part II delivers a range of comprehensive strategies for providing instruction that is appropriate for particular lessons, student abilities, and classroom environments. The practical strategies in Part II build upon the learning theories described in Part I, positioning Instructional Strategies for Middle and High School Social Studies to be the go-to, all-inclusive teacher’s guide to the social studies classroom. New to this Edition A list of goals before each chapter presents an overview of the chapter’s content focus, and provides an outline for the chapter review. Extensively revised Part I (chapters 1–4) provides an updated review of national standards developed for teaching history, geography, civics, and economics. In-depth applications of the Common Core State Standards for the social studies are also explored. New "Reality Check" feature provides directions for integrating field-based experiences into the chapters, and contextualizes the ideas in the book for a classroom setting. Each chapter in Part II (chapters 5–11) has been expanded to include a section labeled "Enhancing Student Learning with Technology," offering websites, links, and other resources for integrating recent technologies into the classroom. Chapters 5–11 include a new "Making Your Lesson More Meaningful for ELLs" feature, which provides ideas—based on current research and theories about learning language—for engaging ELLs, specific for each instructional strategy. Expanded discussion of the "Understanding by Design" model equips teachers to design learning experiences that promote student understanding by intentionally designing what happens in the classroom, and developing authentic formative assessments of student learning.
Toughening mechanisms in elastomer-modified epoxies

The role Of matrix ductility on the toughenability and toughening mechanism of elastomer-modified, diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA)-based epoxies is investigated. Matrix ductility is varied by using epoxide resins of varying epoxide monomer molecular weights. These epoxide resins are cured using 4,4′ diaminodiphenyl sulphone (DDS) and, in some cases, modified with 10 vol% carboxyl-terminated copolymer of butadiene and acrylonitrile (CTBN). Fracture toughness values for the neat epoxies are found to be almost independent of the monomer molecular weight of the epoxide resin used. However, the fracture toughness of the elastomer-modified epoxies is found to be very dependent upon the epoxide monomer molecular weight. Tensile dilatometry indicates that the toughening mechanism, when present, is similar to the mechanism found for piperidine cured, elastomer-modified epoxies studied previously. Scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy techniques corroborate this finding.