cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Issues of Interferences in Therapeutic Drug Monitoring

Abstract Drugs with narrow therapeutic index require routing monitoring for therapeutic drug monitoring. Immunoassays are widely used for therapeutic drug monitoring in clinical laboratories using automated analyzers. However, these immunoassays are subjected to interferences. Digoxin immunoassays are affected by various herbal supplements including Chan Su, Lu-Shen-Wan, oleander-containing herbal supplements, and lily of the valley extract–containing herbal supplements. Bufalin, the active component of both Chan Su and Lu-Shen-Wan;oleandrin, the active component of oleander extract; and convallatoxin, the active component of lily of the valley extract have structural similarity with digoxin thus cross-react with antidigoxin antibody. Carbamazepine is metabolized into carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide, which has a very high cross-reactivity with assay antibody used in the particle-enhanced turbidimetric inhibition immunoassay (PETINIA) carbamazepine assay. Immunoassays are also used for monitoring immunosuppressant drugs such as cyclosporine, tacrolimus, sirolimus, everolimus, and mycophenolic acid. These immunoassays show significant positive bias when values obtained by these immunoassays were compared with results obtained by using chromatographic methods. Therefore chromatography, especially liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry, is considered as the gold standard for monitoring of immunosuppressant drugs.
The global chemical systematics of arc front stratovolcanoes: Evaluating the role of crustal processes

Abstract Petrogenetic models for convergent margins should be consistent with the global systematics of convergent margin volcanic compositions. A newly developed tool for compiling and screening data from the GEOROC database was used to generate a global dataset of whole rock chemical analyses from arc front stratovolcano samples. Data from 227 volcanoes within 31 volcanic arc segments were first averaged by volcano and then by arc to explore global systematics. Three different methods of data normalization produce consistent results that persist across a wide range of Mg# [ Mg# = Mg / ( Mg + Fe ) ] . Remarkably coherent systematics are present among major and trace element concentrations and ratios, with the exception of three arcs influenced by mantle plumes and Peru/N. Chile, which is built on exceptionally thick crust. Chemical parameters also correlate with the thickness of the overlying arc crust. In addition to previously established correlations of Na6.0 with Ca6.0 and crustal thickness, correlations are observed among major elements, trace elements, and trace element ratios (e.g. La/Yb, Dy/Yb, Zr/Sm, Zr/Ti). Positive correlations include “fluid mobile,” “high field strength,” and “large ion lithophile” element groups, with concentrations that vary by a factor of five in all groups. Incompatible element enrichments also correlate well with crustal thickness, with the greatest enrichment found at arcs with the thickest crust. Intra-crustal processes, however, do not reproduce the global variations. High pressure fractionation produces intermediate magmas enriched in aluminum, but such magmas are rare. Furthermore, differences among magma compositions at various volcanic arcs persist from primitive to evolved compositions, which is inconsistent with the possibility that global variations are produced by crystal fractionation at any pressure. Linear relationships among elements appear to be consistent with mixing between depleted primary magma and an enriched contaminant, but the required composition of the theoretical enriched end-member is not similar to compositions expected in the deep crust or to any known rock composition. The large-scale chemical variations among volcanic arcs are therefore likely to be generated by processes in the subducting slab or mantle wedge, rather than the crust. While crustal processes are important in the differentiation of convergent margin magmas, they do not account for the systematics presented here. Models that attribute the chemical variability of arc magmas to slab or wedge processes are also constrained to be consistent with the global chemical systematics, and are discussed in Turner and Langmuir (2015) .
A complete treatise on rational suicide

Abstract It was believed for a long time that people brought to the attention of healthcare and/or legal authorities with suicidality were automatically deemed to lack medical decision-making capacity or competence. This is despite many of these patients possessing the “mental ability to make a rational decision, which includes the ability to perceive, to appreciate all relevant facts and to reach a rational judgment upon such facts”. Several ethical and psychiatric specialists and defenders of patient rights have criticized this traditional paternalistic approach for failing to respect the right of a competent, rational person to self-determination and autonomy. As society increasingly recognizes patients’ rights to refuse treatment, their autonomy to make decisions and the right to self-determination, the bioethical, medical and legal community must strive to identify those individuals who are not just impulsively acting and/or under the influence of factors that may hinder their capacity. As moral people who respect competent individuals who make rational decisions, regardless of whether we agree with them or not, we have a duty to respect their right to self-determination and suicide.
Learning through simulations: The ship simulator for learning the rules of the road

The user study presented in this paper has investigated the potential benefits of incorporating simulation into the learning process. Simulation-based learning has been employed in the field of science and technology to improve the quality of teaching and learning. How effective is simulation in the enhancement of learning, especially compared with traditional learning techniques, is an important research question that can lead to significant benefits. The work presented in this paper has examined the differences between two instructional techniques: using simulation, and respectively, studying online material. For this purpose, we used a simulation that helps students learn about the rules of ship navigation, with the hypothesis that simulation is better than online study for learning difficult concepts. The study used simulation and online material in a self-study environment, with the research aimed at identifying the best of the two learning methods. The results show that the participants who used simulation during their self-study increased their knowledge from pre-test to post-test. These results also suggest that, compared with traditional learning techniques, integrating simulation into education would be a better approach to enhance learning.
Toward 3D Integrated Photonics Including Lithium Niobate Thin Films: A Bridge Between Electronics, Radio Frequency, and Optical Technology

Lithium Niobate (LN) was the dominant material platform for integrated optics for several decades, based on its superior electro-optical and nonlinear (NL) optical properties. However, silicon photonics, despite its less favorable intrinsic properties, has been rapidly adopted by industry to support a smaller device footprint; higher component density; lower energy consumption; and compatibility with high-volume, low-cost silicon microelectronics manufacturing processes. However, the performance of LN integrated optics remains unsurpassed by silicon photonics. By adopting a thin-film technology and hybrid waveguide designs, LN and silicon photonics could both be integrated as optoelectronics layers in future 3D integrated microsystems. We discuss the multilayer device architecture vision and recently reported enabling research progress in thin-film LN technology and its integration into the silicon photonics system.
Negotiation: an overall framework

NEGOTIATION is involved, either at personal, group or international levels, in managing almost every arena of human affairs. In particular, joint solutions are required in many public spheres, both domestic and international, sometimes with grave consequences to the welfare of larger collective communities. Many international actors argue over the terms of settling territorial boundaries, arms control, termination of long-term hostilities, reduced pollution, protection of endangered species, free trade, monetary systems or other shared problems. When more than one solution exists, actors may have different preferences for types of mutually desirable agreements. This produces dilemmas for negotiation. Negotiation is a unique set of social interactions in which negotiators differ but have complementary needs or desires. Facing one of the largest threats to the future of humanity, for instance, every reasonable person would accept the necessity for collective action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions responsible for the irrevocable damage to the global atmosphere, but it has proven difficult for governments to agree to measures to be taken to obtain the objective. Though it has now become part of history (from the 1950s to the early 1990s), the United States and the Soviet Union kept increasing their stockpiles of nuclear weapons the use of which would have left neither side with any chance of survival. Although both sides realized the need to control the arms race through negotiation, they still competed to gain military superiority. It took more than two decades and cost approximately one million lives to end the civil war between the Sudanese government and the south's ‘liberation forces’ prior to the conclusion of a peaceful settlement in 2005. In all these incidents, any one actor's security and welfare cannot be achieved alone, requiring mutually agreed actions. In entering negotiation, each party has certain expectations, but one's objectives cannot be realized without joint solutions to the shared problems. In negotiation settings, a mutually acceptable solution is sought by two or more parties, who have differing preferences over feasible outcomes. Even if the attainment of one party's goals is in fundamental conflict with those of the other parties, negotiation still takes place due to converging interests as well as opposing ones. Incompatible preferences can be resolved through the recognition of the interdependence in which cooperation becomes an inevitable part.
Keeping it classy: classification of live fish and ghost PIT tags detected with a mobile PIT tag interrogation system using an innovative analytical approach

The ability of passive integrated transponder (PIT) tag data to improve demographic parameter estimates has led to the rapid advancement of PIT tag systems. However, ghost tags create uncertainty a...
Growing Healthy Minds, Bodies, and Communities: early childhood teachers' perceptions of a nutrition-integrated pilot curriculum.

Objective: Healthy eating behaviours are often developed early in life, yet nutrition is rarely emphasised in early childhood education. Integration of nutrition into academic content is warranted, still its ability to positively impact teaching and learning has been understudied. Therefore, the current study explored the feasibility of application in the classroom and the perceived usability of a nutrition-integrated pilot curriculum. Design: Early childhood teachers’ perceptions of four nutrition-integrated lessons were explored through a qualitative research approach. Data were collected through pre- and post-focus groups, lesson observations and teacher feedback. Focus group transcripts were analysed using inductive thematic analysis and supplemented with observations and lesson feedback. Setting: This pilot study took place in Northwest Mississippi at three pre-schools which are part of the Mississippi Early Learning Collaborative. Participants: A non-probability convenience sample was utilised to acquire participants. Ten early childhood teachers and 132 Pre-K4 students participated in the study. Results: Three themes emerged and were categorised accordingly: (a) preconceived concern of the unknown v. experienced reality, (b) promoting buy-in and engagement through hands-on learning experiences and (c) manifestation of perceived prioritisation. Conclusions: Nutrition-integrated lessons were reported to be creative, facilitate positive food behaviours and highly engaging for teachers and children. Concerns for new and unfamiliar curriculum were noted but could be alleviated with more detailed instructions. Future nutrition-integrated curriculum efforts should include detailed video instructions and offer a gradual and flexible schedule allowing teacher autonomy in how to prioritise implementation.
Going rogue: Reconceptualizing government employees’ contentious politics on Twitter

In 2016, following the election of President Donald Trump, dozens of Twitter accounts emerged, purporting to represent a network of resistance within the U.S. government. These alt- and rogue- Twitter accounts, known as Rogue Twitter, shared tweets aiming to rebuke the administrations new information restrictions on federal agencies. Using established social movement theories, we investigated if Rogue Twitter is an online social movement. We qualitatively analyzed 43,569 original tweets from 102 Rogue accounts. We evaluated the tweets on three dimensions: Their attempts to challenge state institutions (macro-level), their organizing and mobilizing strategies (meso-level), and their shared understandings (micro-level). We found that the Rogue Twitter Movement exemplifies how online social movements engage in coordinated contentious activity via an online platform. Members of this network collectively framed as their main grievance the State’s control of information. Accordingly, their mobilization repertoire focused on calling the attention of the State and the public by openly criticizing the new information control policies. They strategically released controlled scientific information and demonstrated dissent by satirizing Trump. Moreover, they supported off-line political activity by promoting protests like the Science March. This study shows how incorporating multidisciplinary approaches yields nuanced understandings of protest in Internet platforms like Twitter.
Power requirements for the hovering flight of insects with different sizes

Abstract Winged insects vary greatly in size, from tiny wasps (0.015 mg) to large moths (1.6 g). Previous studies on the power requirements of insect flight focused on relatively large insects; those of miniature insects remain relatively unknown. In this study the power requirements of a series of miniature insects were calculated, and changes with size across a range of insect sizes were investigated. Aerodynamic power was computed by numerically solving the Navier–Stokes equation, and inertial power was computed analytically. Comparison analysis was then conducted on the power requirements of miniature and large insects. Despite a 100,000-fold weight difference, the required power per unit insect mass, referred to as mass-specific power, was approximately equal for all the insects examined. This finding is explained as follows. Power is approximately proportional to the product of the wing speed and the wing drag per unit weight (i.e., “drag-to-lift ratio”). When insect size decreased, wing speed decreased (due to reduced wing-length), while wing drag increased (due to increased air-viscosity), resulting in an approximately unchanged mass-specific power. For large or small insects, flight power is derived from the same type of muscles (striated). Assuming that the mean power per unit muscle mass is the same under the same type of muscle, the above size/specific-power relation indicates that the ratio of flight-muscle mass to insect mass is the same for different sized insects.
Rheology of fresh cement pastes modified with nanoclay-coated cements

Abstract Nanoclays (NC) can serve as thixotropy modifiers for fresh concretes, and show potential to meet the rheological demands of 3D concrete printing. Here, we propose a dry dispersion technique that produces NC-coated cement and compare to conventional methods of dispersion. Pastes incorporating NC were tested via shear rheology, scanning electron microscopy, and isothermal calorimetry. Dry dispersion was found to be the most effective method, where incorporating 4.0 wt% NC increased the static yield stress and storage modulus of cement paste by 1500% and 550%, respectively, with a minimal increase in viscosity of 90%. Results of small amplitude oscillatory shear and isothermal calorimetry indicated NC can enhance fresh-state stiffening through seeding, although shear rheology results of kerosene-based cement systems indicated the increase in static yield stress by NC is mainly due to ionic forces. Finally, we discuss how these properties translate to high buildability and stable layer deposition.
The Use of Focus Groups in Assessing Ethnic and Racial Group Concerns About Nuclear Waste Cleanup

A lack of confidence and widespread distrust in US government institutions has led policy-makers in this country to experiment with new approaches to incorporate citizen participation in their policy decisions. These experiments reflect the idea that the relationship between government and the governed should be one of collaborative decision-making; “communicating with rather than to the public is more likely to meet public expectations” (Beierle & Cayford, 2002; Bradbury, 1994: 363; Hester, 2006; see Koontz & Thomas, 2007 for an overview). The absence of citizen input can hinder the implementation of laws and subsequently, produce increased litigation over agency decisions. For effective policy-making, agencies increasingly attempt to include citizen views in the development, implementation, and evaluation of policies. Ethnic and racial minority and low-income groups concerns about environmental risk and their impressions that their viewpoints are not being represented in the political and societal arenas sparked the emergence of the US Environmental Justice Movement in the last 30 years. A variety of governmental agencies, such as the Environmental Protection Agency, have incorporated environmental justice principles in their agency protocols for environmental evaluation and decisionmaking. Environmental justice includes the equal distribution of environmental risk, but some research indicates that in the United States there are several instances of environmental injustice, even racism, with regard to risk exposure. Considering many agencies’ concerns about environmental justice, these governmental departments are attempting to include further citizens in the policy-making process to Chapter 3 The Use of Focus Groups in Assessing Ethnic and Racial Group Concerns About Nuclear Waste Cleanup
Cardiac arrhythmia diagnosis by digital computer. Considerations related to the temporal distribution of P and R waves.

Abstract A digital computer program has been described for automatic interpretation of cardiac arrhythmias. Emphasis has been placed on determining the diagnostic information which can be obtained by considering only the temporal location of the P and R waves, without regard to their shape. Mechanisms are included which permit progressive reclassification of beats and consequent refinement of the diagnosis in successive parts of the program. Primary attention has been given in this paper to separating out and distinguishing among those sustained (“dominant”) cardiac rhythms which are controlled by the sinus pacemaker (“sinus rhythm group”). Only one of the 21 cases belonging to the abnormal dominant rhythm group was incorrectly diagnosed or could not be assigned a dominant rhythm on the basis of temporal beat distribution input information alone. It is anticipated that the addition of information concerning the shape of the P and R waves will materially reduce the errors further.
NADP+-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase of Escherichia coli: III. Two-step purification employing affinity chromatography

Abstract The NADP + -specific isocitrate dehydrogenase ( threo- d s -isocitrate:NADP + oxidoreductase (decarboxylating), EC 1.1.1.42) of Escherichia coli has been purified to electrophoretic homogeneity by a two-step purification procedure employing affinity chromatography. The overall yield of enzyme was 30% with specific activity 125 μmol/min per ng protein. Electrophoretic homogeneity of the isocitrate dehydrogenase was determined in analytical polyacrylamide gels in a Tris/acetate/EDTA buffer system at pH 7.5 and in a citrate/phosphate buffer system at pH 6.0.
Is the ocean at the helm

Is the ocean a passive participant in the global climate, or does it take a more active part? Thisis a central question in climate modelling, which may now have a partial answer. Sea surfacetemperature oscillations have been observed in the Atlantic to persist for several years, and,along with surface pressure variations, appear to form a whole-ocean oscillation that could helpexplain some climate variations over timescales of years to decades. The orderly fluctuations ofsea surface temperature may eventually help us to make long-term climate forecasts.
Leukocyte Myeloperoxidase and Salivary Lactoperoxidase: Identification and Quantitation in Human Mixed Saliva

Human salivary lactoperoxidase (HS-LP) is synthesized and secreted by the salivary glands, whereas myeloperoxidase (MPO) is found in PMN leukocytes, which migrate into the oral cavity at gingival crevices. HS-LP levels vary with changes in salivary gland function, but increased numbers of MPO-containing leukocytes indicate infection or inflammation of oral tissues. To determine the contribution of each enzyme to the peroxidase activity of mixed-saliva samples, activity was assayed at pH 5.4 with tetramethylbenzidine as the substrate, with and without the inhibitor dapsone (4,4'-diaminodiphenylsulfone). Dapsone blocked the activity of HS-LP but not MPO. The enzymes were also separated and partially purified from the soluble portion of saliva samples and from detergent extracts of the saliva sediment. Chromatographic properties of the proteins were similar to those of LP from bovine milk (BM-LP) and MPO from human leukocytes. The identity and amounts of the enzymes were confirmed by the absorption spectra and by immunoblotting with antibodies to BM-LP and human MPO. Eosinophil peroxidase (EPO), a distinct enzyme found in eosinophilic leukocytes, was not detected by chromatography or with antibodies to human EPO. On average, 75% of the activity in samples from normal donors was due to MPO and 25% to HS-LP. When corrected for the lower specific activity of HS-LP in this assay, the average amount of MPO (3.6 micrograms/mL) was twice the amount of HS-LP (1.9 micrograms/mL). The amount of MPO corresponded to 1 x 10(6) PMN leukocytes/mL of saliva. The enzymes were distributed differently: Eighty-nine percent of the HS-LP was in the soluble portion of saliva, and 78% of the MPO was in the sediment, which contained 51% of the total activity. In contrast to results obtained with PMN leukocytes from blood, detergent was not required for MPO activity to be measured in saliva, indicating that the enzyme was accessible to peroxidase substrates. The results indicate that MPO is responsible for a large portion of peroxidase-catalyzed reactions in mixed saliva. The unique function of HS-LP may be carried out within the salivary glands, prior to secretion into the oral cavity.
A model for entrepreneurial spin-offs from public technology sources

This paper presents a model of the entrepreneurial mode for the commercialization of public–sector technology. The model is derived from more than a decade of experiments in promoting the commercialization of technology from the federal laboratories located in the State of New Mexico, USA. The experiments have resulted in a fragmented but consequential local support infrastructure for new ventures. Two critical elements are still well below the critical mass required to stimulate and support a substantial flow of new ventures: (1) risk capital devoted to technology–based ventures, and (2) technical entrepreneurs. This paper explores the availability and creation of a cadre of technical entrepreneurs able to commercialize the business opportunities created by proprietary positions in technology developed at the federal laboratories. A model of two kinds of entrepreneurs is developed and discussed: (1) inventor–entrepreneurs who are or were laboratory employees and who actively seek to commercialize their own inventions, and (2) surrogate–entrepreneurs who are not the inventors but who acquire rights to the federally–sponsored technology.
Stable isotope model for estimating colonic acetate production in premature infants

In premature infants, a nutritionally significant proportion of lactose is apparently fermented in the colon to acetate. To estimate the rate of entry of acetate into the peripheral circulation, a model that takes into account extraction of gut-derived acetate by splanchnic and hepatic tissues was developed. Using a [1-13C]acetate orogastric infusion technique, six studies were carried out on five premature infants during constant orogastric feeding. Ranges in gestational age, postnatal age, and breath H2 concentration (corrected for CO2 content) were 28-32 weeks, 16-29 days, and 45-252 microL/L, respectively. The estimated rate of entry of acetic acid (mean +/- SD) was 63.7 +/- 33.8 mumol.kg-1.min-1 (range, 22.9-123.2 mumol.kg-1.min-1), which corresponded to 64.3% +/- 38.6% (24%-136%) of the potential two carbon units from dietary lactose. Thus, a substantial fraction of dietary lactose in premature infants may be converted to acetic acid; this conversion could have a significant effect on protein as well as energy requirements.
The adenovirus E1A 12S product displays functional redundancy in activating the human proliferating cell nuclear antigen promoter.

The adenovirus E1A 243R oncoprotein stimulates expression from the promoter of the human proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). To gain insight into the mechanism of activation, we analyzed deletion and point mutations of the 243R protein for their abilities to activate PCNA promoter-directed reporter gene expression upon cotransfection into HeLa cells. Large deletions that in combination span the entire protein severely impaired the ability of EIA 243R to induce PCNA expression. Smaller deletions and specific point mutations that target specific E1A-binding proteins were less deleterious to PCNA induction. The data suggest that E1A activates transcription of the PCNA gene by multiple mechanisms and that, of the known 243R-associated proteins, p300 and p107-cyclin A can mediate the response while p105-RB does not appear to participate. Presumably, the functional redundancy ensures that 243R can activate expression of this essential DNA replication protein regardless of cell type and physiological conditions.
Terpenoid and morphological variability of Pinus quadrifolia and the natural hybridization with Pinus monophylla in the San Jacinto Mountains in California

Monoterpenoids from wood of Pinus quadrifolia and Pinus monophylla from south of the San Jacinto Mountains in southern California were analysed by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC). The number of needles per fascicle, the number of resin canals, and the number of abaxial and adaxial stomatal rows in the needles were determined. Percentages of mycrene, α-pinene, and to a minor extent of camphene, β-pinene, limonene, and β-phellandrene, the above mentioned morphological characteristics and previously obtained data were all used for identification and characterisation of species intermediacy in the San Jacinto area. It was concluded that many P. quadrifolia trees in the mixed Buck Ridge stand and some trees in two pure stands of the same area were hybrids and that sympatric and to a lesser extent allopatric introgression of P. monophylla into P. quadrifolia takes place in the San Jacinto region. Introgression of P. quadrifolia into P. monophylla could not be demonstrated.
Resource allocation in auditory processing of emphatically stressed stimuli in aphasia

Kimelman and McNeil (1987) suggested that improved auditory comprehension for emphatically stressed information might be attributed to recruitment of additional processing resources. This study investigated effects of emphatic stress when it was applied to target words during a semantic judgement task on the auditory processing of non-stressed targets for a lexical decision task. Response time and accuracy were analysed for this dual-task experiment. It was first established that the stimuli contained appropriately placed stressed lexical items and that all subjects benefited from the emphatic stress. Next it was established that all subjects were able to voluntarily trade processing resources in the dual task under investigation, and were able to generate a performance operating curve (POC). Normal subjects showed the predicted performance decrement on the non-stressed word in the context of the preceding stressed word; subjects with aphasia did not. Results are discussed relative to resource allocation theory with normal subjects, and a working memory explanation for aphasic subjects' performance.
NON-AQUEOUS TITRATIONS AS A TOOL IN THE STUDY OF MOLECULAR RECOGNITION PHENOMENA. USES IN DISTINGUISHING HYDROGEN BONDING FROM PROTON TRANSFER, THE MEASUREMENT OF COMPLEX INDUCED pKa SHIFTS, AND THE ABILITY TO DISTINGUISH THE CATALYTIC ROLES OF GENERAL ACIDS AND BASES

Whenever hydrogen bonding is involved in molecular recognition, the possibility of a proton transfer from the donor to the acceptor arises. In most cases the pKa of the donor is far enough above the pKa of the conjugate acid of the acceptor for it to be clear that no proton transfer will occur. However, as the difference between the donor and acceptor pKas decreases, it can become difficult to predict whether a proton transfer will occur. Since most hydrogen bond-driven molecular recognition is studied in low dielectric solvents, non-aqueous titrations can be used to measure the pKas and therefore predict proton transfers. In this paper three studies which involved non-aqueous titrations are summarized. The first deals with distinguishing simple proton transfer from host–guest complex formation. The second involves measuring pKa shifts upon host–guest complex formation. The last is a study of the catalysis of a phosphoryl transfer. In all three scenarios the non-aqueous titration method gave results which would have been difficult to obtain by other means, and which proved crucial for a complete understanding of the molecular recognition process. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Removing Noise from the Vertical Component Records of Ocean‐Bottom Seismometers: Results from Year One of the Cascadia Initiative

Through an array of ocean‐bottom seismometers, the Cascadia Initiative is investigating the structure of the Juan de Fuca and Gorda plates. Because the instruments are on the seafloor, they are subject to substantial noise from water waves and bottom currents, especially at long periods. If the seismometer is slightly tilted, some of the high bottom current noise on the horizontals leaks onto the vertical record. Another major type of noise, compliance noise, is created when pressure variations associated with infragravity waves physically deflect the seabed. Extending the work of Crawford and Webb (2000), we developed a methodology for reducing the amplitude of vertical noise sources by 1–2 orders of magnitude, revealing many events that could not be distinguished before noise reduction, and for correcting for any signal distortion caused by the noise removal. We use the horizontal records to predict and remove the tilt noise from the verticals, and we use the pressure records to predict and remove the compliance noise from the first year of Cascadia Initiative data. After determining the degree and direction of tilt for each day at each station, we assessed the success of different instrument designs at minimizing tilt noise; external shielding of the seismometer sensor package is effective at reducing bottom current noise. Tilt at individual instruments can vary continuously throughout a several month deployment and should be determined at least daily for optimal noise removal. By understanding and reducing these noise sources, we hope to open the Cascadia dataset to a wider range of applications.
Double-trace operators and one-loop vacuum energy in AdS/CFT

We perform a one-loop calculation of the vacuum energy of a tachyon field in anti\char21{}de Sitter space with boundary conditions corresponding to the presence of a double-trace operator in the dual field theory. Such an operator can lead to a renormalization group flow between two different conformal field theories related to each other by a Legendre transformation in the large N limit. The calculation of the one-loop vacuum energy enables us to verify the holographic c theorem one step beyond the classical supergravity approximation.
Relationships of defined PVX infection levels to verticillium wilt, yield, and quality of the Russet Burbank potato

Field studies were conducted over a three-year period to investigate effects of potato virus X (PVX) on the Russet Burbank potato cultivar. Seed (PVX-free and PVX-infected) used for this three-year study originated from the same PVX-free source and was grown and stored under similar conditions. PVX-free seed was found to increase yield over PVX-infected plots by 9 to 32%. With these yield benefits, effects of PVX on either the incidence of verticillium wilt or plant nutrition were not significant. There was a trend (P = 0.10) for a reduction of mean tuber weight when the PVX infection level exceeded 19%. Because of increases of undersized potatoes, the yields of U.S. #1 potatoes were reduced as levels of PVX infection were increased. With a PVX infection level of 36%, the yield of U.S. #1 tubers was reduced by 21% when compared with plots having 0% PVX. At an 88% infection level, the yield of U.S. #l’s was reduced still further (36% lower than plots with 0% PVX). Results demonstrate the importance of the level of PVX infection to potato production.
Titanium and Zirconium Et2C2B4H4−Metal−Phosphine Complexes: Synthesis, Characterization, and Ethylene Polymerization Activity1

The synthesis, structures, and reactivity of a series of 14-electron complexes including L2Cl2Ti(Et2C2B4H4) (1−3, L2 = 2 PMe3, Me2P(CH2)2PMe2, or Me2P(CH2)3PMe2], [Me2P(CH2)3PMe2]2Me2Ti(Et2C2B4H4) (22), and related compounds are reported together with the preparation and spectroscopic characterization of the analogous zirconium species L2Cl2Zr(Et2C2B4H4) (L2 = 2PMe3 or Me2P(CH2)3PMe2 (24 and 25). Compounds 1−3, 22, and 25 are catalyst precursors for the polymerization of ethylene at 1 atm pressure in the presence of methylaluminoxane, thus extending Ziegler−Natta chemistry for the first time to complexes of the [R2C2B4H4]2- small carborane ligands. Although the choice of phosphine ligand has a dramatic effect on catalyst activity, NMR data reveal aluminum−phosphine binding under conditions approximating the catalytic mixtures for the PMe3 and Me2P(CH2)2PMe2 (dmpe) systems, whereas the state of Me2P(CH2)3PMe2 (dmpp) coordination is not clear. Multiple catalyst species are probably active in these reaction ...
Bilateral congenital nasopalatine communication.

Abstract An unusual case of a young adult demonstrating bilateral nasopalatal communications with clinical symptoms is described. Patency of the incisive canals in adults is an extremely rare condition. The embryogenesis and morphology of the incisive canals and the nasopalatine ducts as it relates to this phenomenon is described.
The transliminal brain at rest: Baseline EEG, unusual experiences, and access to unconscious mental activity

Transliminality reflects individual differences in the threshold at which unconscious processes or external stimuli enter into consciousness. Individuals high in transliminality possess characteristics such as magical ideation, belief in the paranormal, and creative personality traits, and also report the occurrence of manic/mystic experiences. The goal of the present research was to determine if resting brain activity differs for individuals high versus low in transliminality. We compared baseline EEG recordings (eyes-closed) between individuals high versus low in transliminality, assessed using The Revised Transliminality Scale of Lange et al. (2000). Identifying reliable differences at rest between high- and low-transliminality individuals would support a predisposition for transliminality-related traits. Individuals high in transliminality exhibited lower alpha, beta, and gamma power than individuals low in transliminality over left posterior association cortex and lower high alpha, low beta, and gamma power over the right superior temporal region. In contrast, when compared to individuals low in transliminality, individuals high in transliminality exhibited greater gamma power over the frontal-midline region. These results are consistent with prior research reporting reductions in left temporal/parietal activity, as well as the desynchronization of right temporal activity in schizotypy and related schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Further, differences between high- and low-transliminality groups extend existing theories linking altered hemispheric asymmetries in brain activity to a predisposition toward schizophrenia, paranormal beliefs, and unusual experiences.
Impact of Host Proteases on Reovirus Infection in the Respiratory Tract

Virion uncoating is an essential early event in reovirus infection. In natural enteric infections, rapid proteolytic uncoating of virions is mediated by pancreatic serine proteases. The proteases that promote reovirus disassembly and cell entry in the respiratory tract remain unknown. In this report, we show that endogenous respiratory and inflammatory proteases can promote reovirus infection in vitro and that preexisting inflammation augments in vivo infection in the murine respiratory tract.
Biosynthesis of retinoyl-β-glucuronide, a biologically active metabolite of all-trans-retinoic acid

Abstract All-trans-retinoic acid is metabolized in vitro to a biologically active metabolite, retinoyl-β-glucuronide. We have studied the synthesis of this metabolite in vitro. The identity of the product was established by cochromatography on reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, β- d -glucuronidase hydrolysis, and fast atom bombardment and collisionally activated decomposition/fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. The formation of retinoyl-β-glucuronide is catalyzed by a UDP-glucuronosyltransferase with apparent Km's of 54.7 μ m for all-trans-retinoic acid and 2.4 m m for UDP-glucuronic acid. The reaction requires enzyme, UDP-glucuronate, and no other factor. It is strongly inhibited by millimolar concentrations of coenzyme A. The specific activity of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase is greatest in the liver and least in the kidney of those tissues examined. The specific activity of the enzyme is increased by vitamin A deficiency. The increased specific activity observed in the vitamin A-deficient rat liver is uncharacteristic of retinoic acid inactivation enzymes; therefore, retinoyl-β-glucuronide may be of functional importance.
Cross-section for the dissociative photoionization of hydrogen by 584 A radiation - The formation of protons in the Jovian ionosphere

Abstract The cross-section for dissociative photoionization of hydrogen by 584 A radiation has been measured, yielding a value of 5 × 10−20 cm2. The process can be explained as a transition from the X 1 Σ g + ground state to a continuum level of the X 2 Σ g + ionized state of H2 The branching ratio for proton (H+) vs molecular ion (H2+) production at this energy is 8 × 10−3. This process is quite likely an important source of protons in the Jovian ionosphere near altitudes where peak ionization rates are found.
An error-correcting parse algorithm

During the past few years, research into so-called “Syntax Directed Compiler” and “Compiler Compiler” techniques [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] has given hope that constructing computer programs for translating formal languages may not be as formidable a task as it once was. However, the glow of the researchers' glee has obscured to a certain extent some very perplexing problems in constructing practical translators for common programming languages. The automatic parsing algorithms indeed simplify compiler construction but contribute little to the production of “optimized” machine code, for example. An equally perplexing problem for many of these parsing algorithms has been what to do about syntactically incorrect object strings. It is common knowledge that most of the ALGOL or FORTRAN “programs” which a compiler sees are syntactically incorrect. All of the parsing algorithms detect the existence of such errors. Many have considerable difficulty pinpointing the location of the error, printing out diagnostic information, and recovering enough to move on to other correct parts of the object string. It is the author's opinion that those algorithms which do the best job of error recovery are those which are restricted to simpler forms of formal languages.
Crabgrass-Roots Politics: Race, Rights, and the Reaction against Liberalism in the Urban North, 1940–1964

The dominant narratives of twentieth-century United States history depict the rise of a triumphant liberal state, shaped by the hopeful marriage of government and expertise and validated by a "liberal consensus" of workers, corporations, southerners and northerners, whites and Blacks, Catholics and Jews. Conservative critics of the state have remained on the fringes of historiography, as Alan Brinkley has recently argued, a "largely neglected part of the story of twentieth-century America." One of the unexamined ironies of recent American history is that the most influential critics of the liberal state came neither from the ranks of the Republicans nor from such radical rightist organizations as the Liberty League, the Black Legion, and the John Birch Society, nor from the ranks of Communists and socialists. The most vocal and ultimately the farthest-reaching challenge to liberalism came from within the New Deal coalition itself. Southern whites, whether die-hard Democrats or disaffected Dixiecrats, constrained New Deal liberalism from its inception. Corporate leaders and business unionists limited the possibilities for social democratic reform in the workplace. Their stories are well known. But crucial to the fate of liberalism and antiliberalism in the mid-twentieth-century United States were northern, urban whites. They were the backbone of the New Deal coalition; their political views and their votes limited the possibilities of liberal reform in the mid-twentieth century and constrained the leading liberal social movement, the extension of civil rights and liberties to African Americans. 1
MICROWAVE-OPTICAL DETERMINATION OF RYDBERG-STATE FINE STRUCTURE: THE 7$sup 1$D--7F INTERVALS IN $sup 4$He.

We have measured the ${\mathrm{He}}^{4}$ electrostatic fine-structure intervals ${7}^{1}{D}_{2}\ensuremath{-}{7}^{1}{F}_{3}$ and ${7}^{1}{D}_{2}\ensuremath{-}{7}^{3}{F}_{3}$ neat 31.5 GHz. The latter transition appears because of spin-orbit mixing of singlet and triplet $7F$ states of the same $J$. The 3-ppm precision represents a ${10}^{4}$-fold improvement over the mean ${7}^{1}D\ensuremath{-}7F$ spectroscopic value. We have also measured the mean $7F\ensuremath{-}7G$ and $7G\ensuremath{-}7H$ intervals. The microwave-optical method used appears widely applicable to atomic and molecular Rydberg states.
Acute myocardial injury from carbon monoxide poisoning by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging

A 40-year-old patient presented to our emergency department with altered mental status and supraventricular tachycardia. His carboxyhaemoglobin level was detected at 14%. He was found to have developed myocardial injury with a typical troponin rise and fall peaking at 22.6 ng/mL. Coronary angiography demonstrated normal coronary arteries. A battery of inflammatory and viral serologies was also negative. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) was performed to evaluate the patient's left ventricular function and myocardial damage. Steady-state free-precision cine …
Biologically plausible learning rules for neural networks and quantum computing

Abstract Hebb's rule is assumed to be closely associated with biological learning. It has not been so far a source of powerful learning algorithms for artificial neural networks. We point to the fact that Hebb’s rule implemented in a quantum algorithm leads to learning algorithm converging much faster. The origin of the difference is “quantum entanglement”. Quantum entanglement may have a neuronal equivalent, which may be the reason why biological learning uses rules which are difficult to implement on a computer.
Differential Galois theory II

Abstract First, it is pointed out how the author's new differential Galois theory contributes to the understanding of the differential closure of an arbitrary differential field (of characteristic 0). Secondly, it is shown that a superstable differential field has no proper differential Galois extensions.
An examination of how exposure to humid air can result in changes in the adsorption properties of activated carbons

Abstract Dynamic water adsorption isotherms and methanol and hexane breakthrough curves have been measured for samples of ASC, BPL and 208A activated carbons under conditions appropriate to their use in vapor filters. The differences in performance between control and samples that had previously been exposed to air at RH 80% and 22°C is discussed in terms of surface oxidation. Comparison of the breakthrough of methanol vapor through samples of dry charcoal is a convenient way of monitoring surface changes.
The canadian experience with flexible exchange rates: Further evidence

The Atlantic Economic Journal has been established on the premise that there is a substantial need to increase communication and share constructive viewpoints between economists. In addition to formal publication of full length articles, other avenues of less formal communication should be available. A small point may not be worthy of a formal paper but is important enough to warrant dissemination to colleagues. Research in progress may be of interest to other economists. A research approach ending in negative results needs to be shared to save others from similar pitfalls. The Anthology has been established to facilitate this form of communication. It will provide a means by which short manuscripts can quickly appear in the Journal with no formal referee process. Requirements for submission are nominal: 1. Categories of manuscripts: (a) A summary of original research completed, briefly stating why it was undertaken, its methodology, and results obtained. (b) A summary of research in progress and available upon request. (c) A positive comment about a printed article. This should be of a nature that does not require formal reply. (d) A corrective comment on errors in one's own previously printed work.
An effective strong coupling lattice model for finite temperature QCD

Abstract We present a strong coupling lattice model for finite temperature QCD. It is shown to contain what are thought to be the essential features of the underlying theory: At a finite physical temperature T D we observe the remnants of the deconfining phase transition. At low temperatures chiral symmetry is broken but is restored at a temperature T ch > T D . The zero temperature spectrum is computed and estimates for T ch , T D are given.
Estimation of error in the determination of Al26 in stone meteorites by indirect γ-ray spectrometry

Abstract The error involved in the determination of the Al 26 concentration by the method of Rowe and his co-workers was measured and the values they reported should be increased by a factor of 1.36 ± 0.05. The potassium contents of the meteorites measured by Rowe et al. , are not affected by this error and can be used with confidence.