cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Statistical Evidence: A Likelihood Paradigm

The First Principle Introduction The Law of Likelihood Three Questions Towards Verification Relativity of Evidence Strength of Evidence Counterexamples Testing Simple Hypotheses Composite Hypotheses Another Counterexample Irrelevance of the Sample Space The Likelihood Principle Evidence and Uncertainty Summary Exercises Neyman-Pearson Theory Introduction Neyman-Pearson Statistical Theory Evidential Interpretation of Results of Neyman-Pearson Decision Procedures Neyman-Pearson Hypothesis Testing in Planning Experiments: Choosing the Sample Size Summary Exercises Fisherian Theory Introduction A Method for Measuring Statistical Evidence: The Test of Significance The Rationale for Significance Tests Troubles with p-Values Rejection Trials A Sample of Interpretations The Illogic of Rejection Trials Confidence Sets from Rejection Trials Alternative Hypothesis in Science Summary Paradigms for Statistics Introduction Three Paradigms An Alternative Paradigm Probabilities of Weak and Misleading Evidence: Normal Distribution Mean Understanding the Likelihood Paradigm Evidence about a Probability: Planning a Clinical Trial and Interpreting the Results Summary Exercises Resolving the Old Paradoxes Introduction Why is Power of Only 0.80 OK? Peeking at Data Repeated Tests Testing More than One Hypothesis What's Wrong with One-SIded Tests? Must the Significance Level be Predetermined? And is the Strength of Evidence Limited by the Researcher's Expectations? Summary Looking at Likelihoods Introduction Evidence about Hazard Rates in Two Factories Evidence about an Odds Ration A Standardized Mortality Rate Evidence about a Finite Population Total Determinants of Plans to Attend College Evidence about the Probabilities in a 2x2x2x2 Table Evidence from a Community Intervention Study of Hypertension Effects of Sugars on Growth of Pea Sections: Analysis of Variance Summary Exercises Nuisance Parameters Introduction Orthogonal Parameters Marginal Likelihoods Conditional Likelihoods Estimated Likelihoods Profile Likelihoods Synthetic Conditional Likelihoods Summary Exercises Bayesian Statistical Inference Introduction Bayesian Statistical Models Subjectivity in Bayesian Models The Trouble with Bayesian Statistics Are Likelihood Methods Bayesian? Objective Bayesian Inference Bayesian Integrated Likelihoods Summary Appendix: The Paradox of the Ravens
Aquatic Risk Assessment of Metals in Sediment from South Florida Canals

A major watershed restoration effort is underway in south Florida, yet there are significant gaps in scientific information on exposure and risks of contaminants to its natural resources. We conducted a two-tier aquatic screening-level ecological risk assessment for metals that were monitored in sediment at 32 sampling sites in south Florida freshwater canals from 1990–2002. For tier 1, the chemicals (or metals) of potential ecological concern (COPECs) were identified as arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, nickel and zinc based on their exceedences of Florida sediment quality guidelines at 10 sites. For tier 2, we used a probabilistic risk assessment method to compare distributions of predicted pore water exposure concentrations of seven metal COPECs with distributions of species response data from laboratory toxicity tests to quantify the likelihood of risk. The overlap of pore water concentrations (90th centile for exposure) for metal COPECs and the effects distributions for arthropods (10th centi...
Asian International Students’ Mental Health-Related Outcomes: A Person × Context Cultural Framework

Guided by a Person × Context cultural framework, this is the first known study to examine the relationship between cultural values and mental health-related outcomes (depressive symptoms and professional psychological help seeking) across diverse interpersonal contexts. Using a quasi-experimental research design, 465 Asian international college students were randomly assigned to report their adherence to the Asian cultural values of emotional self-control and humility during interactions with (a) their families of origin, (b) peers from their country of origin, or (c) American peers. Humility was positively associated with depressive symptoms only during interactions with nonfamily members, and not with family members. Emotional self-control was negatively associated with attitudes toward seeking psychological help only during participants’ interactions with members of their country of origin. Humility was negatively related to psychological help seeking only during participants’ interactions with nonfami...
Lubrication Studies with Alumina‐on‐Alumina, Steel‐on‐Steel, and Steel‐on‐Alumina Bearing Systems

In metal bearing systems, good lubricants for boundary lubrication generally show chemical interaction with the bearing surface under the conditions of temperature and pressure generated in the sliding contact. In this study, tests in a four-ball wear tester have been used to compare lubricants under similar loadings using steel-on-steel, steel-on-alumina, and alumina-on-alumina bearing systems. In general, the alumina appears to be far less reactive with lubricants than steel. Alumina-on-alumina bearing systems do show a sensitivity to lubricant chemical composition with generally higher wear values than the other two bearing systems. Steel-on-alumina bearing systems generally show better wear characteristics than the all-alumina systems which indicates the improved chemical interactions between the steel and the lubricant. This study shows that the chemical reactivity of the lubricant with the bearing surface is important in the wear process.
Hierarchical Management of Service Accountability in Service Oriented Architectures

Service-oriented architecture (SOA) provides a powerful and flexible paradigm to compose dynamic service processes using individual atomic services. However, these service processes can become vastly complex, involving many service partners, thereby giving rise to difficulties in terms of runtime problem detection and determination. In this research, we propose hierarchical service accountability management, an efficient and effective mechanism to detect service delivery failures and pinpoint the service(s) responsible for failures. We design the hierarchical system architecture of the accountability management model that leverages Bayesian network reasoning engine to identify the most likely problematic services in a process and selectively inspect those services. Hierarchical accountability management benefits SOA in terms of significant monitoring and diagnosis resource saving and fast recovery during the run-time execution of service processes.
Hegemony and the structure of international trade reassessed: a view from Arabia

Mercantilist explanations for the development of international trading orders have assumed that changes in peripheral areas during the 19th century corresponded with developments among the largest and most advanced countries of the period. Relatively free trade, however, was not the rule at three important ports along the Arabian coast when Great Britain was in a hegemonic position in the area. Rather, British predominance in this part of the world was generally associated with increasing closure in commercial affairs at these three ports. This finding throws doubt on both the collective goods logic and the notions of “the imperialism of free trade” that have been appropriated by writers such as Gilpin, Kindleberger, Krasner, and Keohane. Two alternative ways of explaining the pattern of trading relations at these three ports are sketched, and three ways of amending the mercantilist position to account for these data are suggested.
CSF N-CAM in neuroleptic-naïve first-episode patients with schizophrenia

Abstract An increased concentration of neural cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM) 105–115 kDa has been reported in patients with schizophrenia in both CSF and in post-mortem brain samples. To determine whether increased N-CAM is integral to the disease process or, alternatively, results from early treatment, CSF N-CAM was measured in a blind study of first episode (FE) patients, who were either neuroleptic-naive (NN) or neuroleptic-treated (NT,
Alternative Effects of the Ubiquitin-Proteasome Pathway on Glucocorticoid Receptor Down-Regulation and Transactivation Are Mediated by CHIP, an E3 Ligase

The ubiquitin/proteasome-dependent protein degradation pathway (UPP) is responsible for the accelerated down-regulation of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) levels in cells subjected to chronic glucocorticoid exposure. Whereas hormone-dependent down-regulation of GR operates in most cells, the receptor is not down-regulated after long-term glucocorticoid treatment of either cultured embryonic hippocampal neurons or the HT22 hippocampal cell line. In this report, we show that stable overexpression of the carboxy terminus of heat shock protein 70-interacting protein (CHIP) E3 ligase can restore hormone-dependent down-regulation of GR in HT22 cells. Proteasome inhibitor studies establish that ubiquitylated GR can be efficiently engaged with the proteasome upon CHIP overexpression, unlike the case in parental HT22 cells. In addition to its impact on GR down-regulation, CHIP overexpression alters the coupling between the UPP and GR transactivation. Unlike other steroid receptors whose transactivation properties are typically reduced upon proteasome inhibition, GR transactivation in HT22 cells and other cell lines is enhanced upon proteasome inhibition. However, in HT22 cells overexpressing CHIP, proteasome inhibition leads to a reduction in GR transactivation activity. Thus, the divergent response of a single transactivator (i.e. GR) to the UPP can be dictated by CHIP, an E3 ligase that also functions as a proteasome-targeting factor.
Particle exposure levels during CVD growth and subsequent handling of vertically-aligned carbon nanotube films

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are being researched worldwideto create countless new technologies [1,2], including transis-tors, solar cells, biomaterials, and hybrid advanced compos-ites [3–7]. Concerns exist about the possibility of nanoscaleparticle release, notably release of CNTs and catalyst parti-cles, during CNT growth and subsequent handling and pro-cessing steps. Limited animal toxicity data raises concernsabout possible adverse health effects from CNTs, such as pul-monary inﬂammation, oxidative stress, onset of early inter-stitial ﬁbrosis, and granulomas [8–11]. Additional concernsexist about potential exposures to other nanoscale carbona-ceous particles, such as carbon black, which have been shownto cause oxidative stress in biologically relevant media suchas human blood serum [12–14]. The main objective of thiswork is to evaluate potential exposure to nanoscale particlesduring CVD growth of vertically-aligned ‘‘forests’’ of CNTs in auniversity research lab, and during subsequent handling asthe CNTs are removed from the furnace and detached fromthe growth substrate.Forests of vertically-aligned CNTs are grown by atmo-spheric pressure CVD at 750 C [7], using a horizontal quartztube furnace at atmospheric pressure, where the tube issealed using aluminum end caps with lip-style ring seals(SKF) [15]. Growth occurs on a silicon substrate coated witha Fe/Al
Technical communique: Realization of systems with CCD-based measurements

This paper considers systems that have a measurement that is computed from the post-processing of a short duration image. The measurement can be regarded as the integral of a linear function of the state variables of the system. The input to the system is assumed to be generated with a zero-order hold whose sampling frequency is the same as that of the measurement. The paper presents a discrete-time finite dimensional state variable model for such systems.
The implementation of a tobacco use registry in an academic family practice.

Purpose: Patients who use tobacco often are not provided evidence-based interventions because of barriers such as lack of time or expertise. Using a chronic disease model, we sought to improve delivery of care with an innovative decision support tool and a tobacco use registry. Methods: We designed and implemented a decision support tool in an academic family medicine clinic. To assess barriers, we measured duration of visit and provider confidence (scale of 0‐10) in prescribing cessation medications before and after the introduction of the tool. We examined fidelity through daily counts of returned forms. Results: No significant differences in mean office visit cycle times occurred for tobacco users (64.7 vs 63.1 minutes; P .90) or between tobacco users and nontobacco users (63.1 vs 62.5 minutes; P 1.00) before or after implementation of the decision support tool. Mean provider confidence in prescribing cessation medications increased significantly for nicotine inhalers (4.8 vs 6.4; P .01), nicotine nasal spray (3.9 vs 5.5; P .03) and combination nicotine replacement therapy (5.5 vs 6.2; P .05). Two years after implementation, 88% of forms were filled out and returned daily, and >2200 tobacco users have been entered into the registry. Conclusions: The tobacco use decision support tool resulted in an increase in provider confidence in prescribing cessation medications without lengthening the duration of patients’ visits, and the tool continues to be used routinely in the practice 2 years after introduction, indicating sustainability. The use of a tobacco use registry and decision support tool aids in standardizing care and overcoming barriers to cessation counseling. (J Am Board Fam Med 2015;28:214‐221.)
Dark matter at DeepCore and IceCube

With the augmentation of IceCube by DeepCore, the prospect for detecting dark matter annihilation in the Sun is much improved. To complement this experimental development, we provide a thorough template analysis of the particle physics issues that are necessary to precisely interpret the data. Our study is about nitty-gritty and is intended as a framework for detailed work on a variety of dark matter candidates. To accurately predict the source neutrino spectrum, we account for spin-correlations of the final state particles and the helicity-dependence of their decays, and absorption effects at production. We fully treat the propagation of neutrinos through the Sun, including neutrino oscillations, energy losses and tau regeneration. We simulate the survival probability of muons produced in the Earth by using the Muon Monte Carlo program, reproduce the published IceCube effective area, and update the parameters in the differential equation that approximates muon energy losses. To evaluate the zenith-angle dependent atmospheric background event rate, we track the Sun and determine the time it spends at each zenith-angle. Throughout, we employ neutralino dark matter as our example.
Activation Energy for Glucose-Induced Germination of Bacillus megaterium Spores

The maximum germination rate of Bacillus megaterium QM B1551 spores in glucose increased, and the lag before its attainment decreased, with increasing germination temperature. The activation energy for germination (mu = approximately 20 kcal/mole), based on rate or on lag, was consistent with an enzymatic mechanism.
Decoration of carbon nanotubes with iron–cobalt (FeCo) alloy using polymer-stabilization and electroless deposition techniques for thermotherapy applications

FeCo nanoparticles were successfully plated onto the surface of CNTs via a one-step catalyzation method for electroless deposition. The FeCo plated CNTs were studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM). FeCo deposition and plating uniformity were also characterized. The results show the approach as a feasible means of decorating CNTs with metal nanoparticles without the use of Sn sensitization solution. The CNT–FeCo composite easily heated to the desired temperature range of 43–46 °C required to inhibit thermotolerance development in cancer thermotherapy. Using the elemental mappings of the deposited nanoparticles, a quantitative distribution index is defined and it is used to quantitatively characterize the influence of catalyst on the deposit uniformity on the CNTs. Pd distribution appears to control the plating uniformity and hence has significant influence on the magnetic properties of the deposit.
Human Heart Failure Is Associated With Abnormal C-Terminal Splicing Variants in the Cardiac Sodium Channel

Heart failure (HF) is associated with reduced cardiac Na+ channel (SCN5A) current. We hypothesized that abnormal transcriptional regulation of this ion channel during HF could help explain the reduced current. Using human hearts explanted at the transplantation, we have identified 3 human C-terminal SCN5A mRNA splicing variants predicted to result in truncated, nonfunctional channels. As compared with normal hearts, the explanted ventricles showed an upregulation of 2 of the variants and a downregulation of the full-length mRNA transcript such that the E28A transcript represented only 48.5% (P<0.01) of the total SCN5A mRNA. This correlated with a 62.8% (P<0.01) reduction in Na+ channel protein. Lymphoblasts and skeletal muscle expressing SCN5A also showed identical C-terminal splicing variants. Variants showed reduced membrane protein and no functional current. Transfection of truncation variants into a cell line stably transfected with the full-length Na+ channel resulted in dose-dependent reductions in channel mRNA and current. Introduction of a premature truncation in the C-terminal region in a single allele of the mouse SCN5A resulted in embryonic lethality. Embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes expressing the construct showed reductions in Na+ channel-dependent electrophysiological parameters, suggesting that the presence of truncated Na+ channel mRNA at levels seen in HF is likely to be physiologically significant. In summary, chronic HF was associated with an increase in 2 truncated SCN5A variants and a decrease in the native mRNA. These splice variations may help explain a loss of Na+ channel protein and may contribute to the increased arrhythmic risk in clinical HF.
Escaping the Debt Constraint on Growth: A Suggested Monetary Policy for Brazil

Existing interest rates imply explosive debt dynamics for Brazil. Brazil also faces rising inflation from earlier currency depreciations, which could trigger future depreciation. These conditions impose a policy contradiction. Brazil needs lower interest rates for debt sustainability and growth, but tight monetary policy to avoid exchange rate depreciation and inflation. The paper develops a strategy to escape this contradiction. Policy must bolster investor confidence to lower external interest rates, lower domestic interest rates to reduce debt service burdens, and implement domestic credit creation controls to control inflation. Keyword: Debt sustainability, inflation, exchange rate depreciation, credit creation controls.
Multiscale reconstruction for MR fingerprinting.

Purpose To reduce the acquisition time needed to obtain reliable parametric maps with Magnetic Resonance Fingerprinting. Methods An iterative-denoising algorithm is initialized by reconstructing the MRF image series at low image resolution. For subsequent iterations, the method enforces pixel-wise fidelity to the best-matching dictionary template then enforces fidelity to the acquired data at slightly higher spatial resolution. After convergence, parametric maps with desirable spatial resolution are obtained through template matching of the final image series. The proposed method was evaluated on phantom and in vivo data using the highly undersampled, variable-density spiral trajectory and compared with the original MRF method. The benefits of additional sparsity constraints were also evaluated. When available, gold standard parameter maps were used to quantify the performance of each method. Results The proposed approach allowed convergence to accurate parametric maps with as few as 300 time points of acquisition, as compared to 1000 in the original MRF work. Simultaneous quantification of T1, T2, proton density (PD), and B0 field variations in the brain was achieved in vivo for a 256 × 256 matrix for a total acquisition time of 10.2 s, representing a three-fold reduction in acquisition time. Conclusion The proposed iterative multiscale reconstruction reliably increases MRF acquisition speed and accuracy. Magn Reson Med 75:2481-2492, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Gene and translation initiation site prediction in metagenomic sequences

Motivation: Gene prediction in metagenomic sequences remains a difficult problem. Current sequencing technologies do not achieve sufficient coverage to assemble the individual genomes in a typical sample; consequently, sequencing runs produce a large number of short sequences whose exact origin is unknown. Since these sequences are usually smaller than the average length of a gene, algorithms must make predictions based on very little data. Results: We present MetaProdigal, a metagenomic version of the gene prediction program Prodigal, that can identify genes in short, anonymous coding sequences with a high degree of accuracy. The novel value of the method consists of enhanced translation initiation site identification, ability to identify sequences that use alternate genetic codes and confidence values for each gene call. We compare the results of MetaProdigal with other methods and conclude with a discussion of future improvements. Availability: The Prodigal software is freely available under the General Public License from http://code.google.com/p/prodigal/. Contact: [email protected] Supplementary Information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Social relationships, emotional closeness, and loneliness among older meal program participants

In this study we examined the social interactions older persons have with their children, spouses, and/ or friends, the perceived emotional closeness present in these social relation-ships and the extent to which these relationships influence feelings of loneliness. It was revealed that those who were married with no children or friends experienced the greatest loneliness, and that the emotional closeness experienced within social relationships may not be as important in understanding loneliness as is the simple existence of these relationships.
Integrating Sonography Training Into Undergraduate Medical Education A Study of the Previous Exposure of One Institution’s Incoming Residents

Objectives Sonography is a crucial and versatile tool within the field of medicine. Recent advancements in technology have led to increased use of point-of-care sonography. We designed a survey to assess prior point-of-care sonography training among incoming interns at an academic teaching hospital. Methods In 2012 and 2013, we surveyed incoming interns (n = 154 and 145, respectively) regarding point-of-care sonography training received during medical school. The survey questions included formal didactic sessions, bedside instruction, and the use of simulation technology. Results One-fourth (26.3% in 2012 and 23.4% in 2013) of responding interns reported having never done an ultrasound scan at the bedside. In 2012 and 2013, 55.0% and 55.6% of respondents reported never having done an ultrasound scan in a simulation center, respectively. Interns agreed that sonography education should be provided during medical school. On average, interns disagreed with the statement that sonography should be taught in residency only. There was no significant difference in the sex or general previous experience with sonography across both intern classes. Conclusions Point-of-care sonography is inconsistently taught in medical school. The interns in our study also thought that sonography education should begin in medical school, and sonography should be taught by using simulation and at the bedside.
Patent Nonuse and the Role of Public Interest as a Deterrent to Technology Suppression

Patent nonuse occurs when a patentee fails to commercialize its patent, such as when the patent has no present commercial value or when attempts to license it have been unsuccessful. Patent nonuse may have anticompetitive purposes as well, and will lead to technology suppression when a patented product or process is deliberately withheld from the market by the patentee. This Article explores the phenomenon of patent suppression, examines possible reasons for its occurrence, and discusses potential methods of deterring patent nonuse in general, and technology suppression in particular. First, public reason should be employed to deter suppressive activity by requiring that all patentees file, as a matter of public record, an annual statement that simply indicates whether their patents are being used and, if not, the reasons that the patents are not being used or licensed to others for use. Second, patent nonuse should be given greater evidentiary weight when it is detected as part of other anticompetitive conduct made unlawful under the federal antitrust laws. Finally, the remedy of compulsory licensing should be more readily employed when important public interests are at stake, such as promoting technology competition and innovation or protecting public health and security. However, the public interest must be carefully defined and must be capable of changing as the current economic and social context requires.
Exogenous arginine vasopressin does not enhance carotid baroreflex control in the conscious dog

Arginine vasopressin (AVP) has profound effects on the cardiovascular system, yet has minimal pressor activity at physiological levels in intact subjects. We designed an investigation to delineate the effects of AVP on open-loop carotid baroreflex control of mean arterial pressure (MAP), total peripheral resistance (TPR), and cardiac output (CO) in conscious, chronically instrumented dogs. During graded infusions of AVP (0.5-2.0 ng.kg-1.min-1), the open-loop hemodynamic responses to controlled changes in isolated carotid sinus pressure (CSP) were determined. Increasing levels of AVP infusion led to significant increases in plasma AVP levels (P < 0.01). Increasing doses of AVP led to significant increases in TPR at all levels of CSP (P < 0.01). The overall range and gain of the response were not significantly different at any level of AVP infusion. Despite this increase in systemic resistance, there was no significant change in the MAP-CSP relationship. Infusion of AVP led to a dose-dependent depression in CO (P < 0.01) and heart rate (HR; P < 0.05) at all levels of CSP with no significant effect on open-loop baroreflex control. We conclude that although exogenous AVP induces profound changes in cardiovascular function, it does not alter carotid baroreflex control of MAP, TPR, CO, and HR.
Legal Search: An Industry in Transition

The primary market for legal graduates of top law schools is structured: most graduates find their first job through on-campus interviewing (OCI). The secondary market, however, is less well-organized. Some lawyers transitioning to a second or third job find openings through word-of-mouth. Some undertake a search on their own. This article concerns itself with the third option: finding a job with the help of legal search firms, also called headhunters. A review of the literature could find no scholarly articles on legal search firms, which is surprising considering their ubiquity. The secondary market is called the lateral market because lawyers generally do not lose seniority when moving from one firm to another, hence the term "lateral move."Search firms act as brokers between lawyers and firms, pocketing a success fee paid by the firm. Search firms purport to be agents of the lawyer candidate when in fact there is no such relationship. The adverse interests of the lawyer as the purported principal and the search firm as the perceived agent are a key defect in the secondary market. The other novel defect is the absence of any contractual or other means to ensure exclusive representation of lawyers. Both market defects promote wasteful activity and harm the interests of lawyer candidates.
Effects of protein and amino acid level fed zero to forty-two days on response of broilers to protein and amino acid levels fed forty-two to forty-nine days of age.

Abstract Three studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of protein and amino acid (AA) levels fed 0 to 42 days posthatch on response of broiler chickens to levels of protein and AA fed during the finisher period. Birds were grown to 42 days on diets formulated to contain a minimum of 105 or 120% of recommended AA levels, and then randomly assigned to diets formulated to contain a minimum of 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, or 120% of recommended AA levels for 42 to 49 days. No minimum protein level was imposed on the diets. Body weight, feed intake, feed utilization, dressing percentage, abdominal fat content, and parts yield were determined. The protein and AA level fed 0 to 42 days had significant effects on 42- and 49-day body weight and 42- to 49-day feed intake of male but not female broilers. However, there was no interaction of protein and AA levels fed 0 to 42 days on response to protein and AA levels fed 42 to 49 days for these criteria. Weight gain, feed intake, and feed utilization of both males and females 42 to 49 days were significantly influenced by protein and AA levels fed during this time; protein and AA requirements of females during this time appeared to be equal to, or greater than, those of the male broiler. Although there were significant interactions of protein and AA levels 0 to 42 and 42 to 49 days on various carcass parameters for both male and female broilers, these followed no consistent pattern. Protein and amino acid levels fed 0 to 42 days had a significant influence on both quantity and percentage of abdominal fat in both male and female broilers processed at 49 days but not on any other carcass parameters. The protein and AA levels fed 42 to 49 days had a significant effect on both quantity and percentage of abdominal fat in male but not female broilers. The protein and AA levels fed 42 to 49 days significantly influenced quantity but not percentage of breast meat in male but not female broilers. The results of the current study indicate that there was minimal carryover effect of protein and AA levels fed 0 to 42 days on response to AA levels fed 42 to 49 days.
Experience in Treating for 37 Cases Hypertensive Disorders in Pregnancy

Objective To explore treatment approaches for hypertensive disorders in pregnancy.Methods The study analyzed the past 37 hypertensive disorders in pregnancy cases that received treatment in Yanbian Women and Children's Hospital during the period from Jan 2009 to Jul 31,2010.Results Out of all the 37 cases,gestational hypertension 2 cases,mild preeclampsia 9 cases,severe preeclampsia 24 cases,eclampsia 1 case,after having received anticonvulsant,lowering blood pressure and symptomatic treatments,except for one case of maternal and fetal death,patients of all the rest cases were cured and discharged.Conclusion The treatment of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy should be varied in accordance with patient's condition and the number of gestational weeks.
Parental Monitoring, Association with Externalized Behavior, and Academic Outcomes in Urban African-American Youth: A Moderated Mediation Analysis.

African-American adolescents exposed to neighborhood disadvantage are at increased risk for engaging in problem behavior and academic underachievement. It is critical to identify the mechanisms that reduce problem behavior and promote better academic outcomes in this population. Based on social disorganization and socioecological theories, the current prospective study examined pathways from parental monitoring to academic outcomes via externalizing behavior at different levels of neighborhood disadvantage. A moderated mediation model employing maximum likelihood was conducted on 339 African-American students from 9th to 11th grade (49.3% females) with a mean age of 14.8 years (SD ± 0.35). The results indicated that parental monitoring predicted low externalizing behavior, and low externalizing behavior predicted better academic outcomes after controlling for externalizing behavior in 9th grade, intervention status, and gender. Mediation was supported, as the index of mediation was significant. Conversely, neighborhood disadvantage did not moderate the path from parental monitoring to externalizing behavior. Implications for intervention at both community and individual levels and study limitations are discussed.
Blazar flares powered by plasmoids in relativistic reconnection

Powerful flares from blazars with short ($\sim$ min) variability timescales are challenging for current models of blazar emission. Here, we present a physically motivated ab initio model for blazar flares based on the results of recent particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations of relativistic magnetic reconnection. PIC simulations demonstrate that quasi-spherical plasmoids filled with high-energy particles and magnetic fields are a self-consistent by-product of the reconnection process. By coupling our PIC-based results (i.e., plasmoid growth, acceleration profile, particle and magnetic content) with a kinetic equation for the evolution of the electron distribution function we demonstrate that relativistic reconnection in blazar jets can produce powerful flares whose temporal and spectral properties are consistent with the observations. In particular, our model predicts correlated synchrotron and synchrotron self-Compton flares of duration of several hours--days powered by the largest and slowest moving plasmoids that form in the reconnection layer. Smaller and faster plasmoids produce flares of sub-hour duration with higher peak luminosities than those powered by the largest plasmoids. Yet, the observed fluence in both types of flares is similar. Multiple flares with a range of flux-doubling timescales (minutes to several hours) observed over a longer period of flaring activity (days or longer) may be used as a probe of the reconnection layer's orientation and the jet's magnetization. Our model shows that blazar flares are naturally expected as a result of magnetic reconnection in a magnetically-dominated jet.
Adaptive Instruction for Individual Learners Within the Generalized Intelligent Framework for Tutoring GIFT

This paper discusses tools and methods which are needed to support adaptive instruction for individual learners within the Generalized Intelligent Framework for Tutoring GIFT, an open source architecture for authoring, adapting instruction, and evaluating intelligent tutoring systems. Specifically, this paper reviews the learning effect model LEM which drives adaptive instruction within GIFT-based tutors. The original LEM was developed in 2012 and has been enhanced over time to represent a full range of function encompassing both the learner's and the tutor's interactions and decisions. This paper proposes a set of 10 functions to enhance the scope and functionality of the LEM and to extend it to be a career-long model of adaptive instruction and competency.
Synthesis, X-ray Structures, Electronic Properties, and O2/NO Reactivities of Thiol Dioxygenase Active-Site Models

Mononuclear non-heme iron complexes that serve as structural and functional mimics of the thiol dioxygenases (TDOs), cysteine dioxygenase (CDO) and cysteamine dioxygenase (ADO), have been prepared and characterized with crystallographic, spectroscopic, kinetic, and computational methods. The high-spin Fe(II) complexes feature the facially coordinating tris(4,5-diphenyl-1-methylimidazol-2-yl)phosphine (Ph2TIP) ligand that replicates the three histidine (3His) triad of the TDO active sites. Further coordination with bidentate l-cysteine ethyl ester (CysOEt) or cysteamine (CysAm) anions yielded five-coordinate (5C) complexes that resemble the substrate-bound forms of CDO and ADO, respectively. Detailed electronic-structure descriptions of the [Fe(Ph2TIP)(LS,N)]BPh4 complexes, where LS,N = CysOEt (1) or CysAm (2), were generated through a combination of spectroscopic techniques [electronic absorption, magnetic circular dichroism (MCD)] and density functional theory (DFT). Complexes 1 and 2 decompose in the pr...
Experimental Visualizations of a Generic Launch Vehicle Flow Field: Time-Resolved Shadowgraph and Infrared Imaging

Time-Resolved shadowgraph and infrared (IR) imaging were performed to investigate off-body and on-body flow features of a generic, 'hammer-head' launch vehicle geometry previously tested by Coe and Nute (1962). The measurements discussed here were one part of a large range of wind tunnel test techniques that included steady-state pressure sensitive paint (PSP), dynamic PSP, unsteady surface pressures, and unsteady force measurements. Image data was captured over a Mach number range of 0.6 less than or equal to M less than or equal to 1.2 at a Reynolds number of 3 million per foot. Both shadowgraph and IR imagery were captured in conjunction with unsteady pressures and forces and correlated with IRIG-B timing. High-speed shadowgraph imagery was used to identify wake structure and reattachment behind the payload fairing of the vehicle. Various data processing strategies were employed and ultimately these results correlated well with the location and magnitude of unsteady surface pressure measurements. Two research grade IR cameras were positioned to image boundary layer transition at the vehicle nose and flow reattachment behind the payload fairing. The poor emissivity of the model surface treatment (fast PSP) proved to be challenging for the infrared measurement. Reference image subtraction and contrast limited adaptive histogram equalization (CLAHE) were used to analyze this dataset. Ultimately turbulent boundary layer transition was observed and located forward of the trip dot line at the model sphere-cone junction. Flow reattachment location was identified behind the payload fairing in both steady and unsteady thermal data. As demonstrated in this effort, recent advances in high-speed and thermal imaging technology have modernized classical techniques providing a new viewpoint for the modern researcher
Optimal Representations and the Enhanced Indispensability Argument

The Enhanced Indispensability Argument (EIA) appeals to the existence of Mathematical Explanations of Physical Phenomena (MEPPs) to justify mathematical Platonism, following the principle of Inference to the Best Explanation. In this paper, I examine one example of a MEPP—the explanation of the 13-year and 17-year life cycle of magicicadas—and argue that this case cannot be used defend the EIA. I then generalize my analysis of the cicada case to other MEPPs, and show that these explanations rely on what I will call ‘optimal representations’, which are representations that capture all that is relevant to explain a physical phenomenon at a specified level of description. In the end, because the role of mathematics in MEPPs is ultimately representational, they cannot be used to support mathematical Platonism. I finish the paper by addressing the claim, advanced by many EIA defendants, that quantification over mathematical objects results in explanations that have more theoretical virtues, especially that they are more general and modally stronger than alternative explanations. I will show that the EIA cannot be successfully defended by appealing to these notions.
Advances in Auditory Prostheses

Advances in auditory prostheses were accompanied by competing ideas and bold experiments in the 1960s and 1970s, an interesting and exciting time that was reminiscent of the Era of Warring States in ancient China (for a detailed review see Zeng et al. 2008). The most contested technological issue was between a single-electrode (House 1974) and a multi-electrode (Clark et al. 1977) cochlear implant, with the former winning the battle as the first commercially available auditory prosthesis in 1984, but the latter winning the war because it has become the most successful neural prosthesis: it has restored partial hearing to more than 200,000 deaf people worldwide today. For cochlear implants to achieve this remarkable level of success, not only did they have to compete against other devices such as tactile aids and hearing aids, but they also had to overcome doubt from both the mainstream and deaf communities (for a detailed review see Levitt 2008). Many technological advances, particularly innovative signal processing, were made in the 1980s and 1990s to contribute to the progress in cochlear implant performance (Loizou 2006; Wilson and Dorman 2007).
Bone marrow aspiration for regenerative orthopedic intervention: technique with ultrasound guidance for needle placement.

Aim We review relevant anatomy of the iliac crest, and describe an interventional technique to maximize harvesting of desired progenitor cells with ultrasound to guide safe trochar placement. Materials & methods We validated the technique on both sides of the pelvis in four human cadavers. Results Using ultrasound guidance, 32 BMA needles were placed in a safe zone along various portions of the iliac crest. Conclusion Ultrasound guidance can improve accuracy of bone marrow aspirations form the iliac crest. Mastery of this procedure will facilitate cell harvest and aid in patient safety when procuring mesenchymal stem cells from a bone marrow source.
Physical activity and family-based obesity treatment: a review of expert recommendations on physical activity in youth.

Targeting physical inactivity in children is pertinent to aiding in the decrease of childhood obesity rates. Only 33% of adolescents are obtaining the recommended goal of at least 60 min of physical activity per day. The objectives of this review are to summarize professional recommendations for physical activity and exercise in children and adolescents, and identify family-centred strategies that can be implemented by weight management clinicians. Clinically oriented recommendations and policy statements from professional organizations were identified through literature and internet searches, summarized using rubrics of aerobic, muscle strengthening and bone strengthening exercise, then examined for details on family-based focus, inclusion of child developmental stage and age, and application to the prevention and treatment of obesity. Current recommendations give guidelines for the amount of physical activity that children should acquire and how many days a week activities should occur. However, available guidelines need an improved approach to addressing the role of the parents and caregivers in targeting physical activity and weight management in youth. Efforts must be taken in order to make sure that the types of physical activity offered are both suitable and enjoyable. Sports, games, free play and other age appropriate activities are adequate ways to increase moderate to vigorous physical activity in children. Differentiating physical activities types in accordance with developmental stage, level of enjoyment, and family characteristics is needed to establish sustainable habits. One paediatric obesity program has developed approaches to teaching families fun and engaging ways to be active together.
Corticostriatal network dysfunction in Huntington's disease: Deficits in neural processing, glutamate transport, and ascorbate release.

AIMS This review summarizes evidence for dysfunctional connectivity between cortical and striatal neurons in Huntington's disease (HD), a fatal neurodegenerative condition caused by a single gene mutation. The focus is on data derived from recording of electrophysiological signals in behaving transgenic mouse models. DISCUSSIONS Firing patterns of individual neurons and the frequency oscillations of local field potentials indicate a disruption in corticostriatal processing driven, in large part, by interactions between cells that contain the mutant gene rather than the mutant gene alone. Dysregulation of glutamate, an excitatory amino acid released by cortical afferents, plays a key role in the breakdown of corticostriatal communication, a process modulated by ascorbate, an antioxidant vitamin found in high concentration in striatum. Up-regulation of glutamate transport by drug administration or viral-vector delivery improves ascorbate homeostasis and neurobehavioral processing in HD mice. Further analysis of electrophysiological data, including the use of sophisticated computational strategies, is required to discern how behavioral demands modulate the flow of corticostriatal information and its disruption by HD. CONCLUSIONS Long before massive cell loss occurs, HD impairs the mechanisms by which cortical and striatal neurons communicate. A key problem identified in transgenic animal models is dysregulation of the dynamic changes in extracellular glutamate and ascorbate. Improved understanding of how these neurochemical systems impact corticostriatal communication is necessary before an effective therapeutic strategy can emerge.
Survival rates indicate that correlations between community-weighted mean traits and environments can be unreliable estimates of the adaptive value of traits.

Correlations between community-weighted mean (CWM) traits and environmental gradients are often assumed to quantify the adaptive value of traits. We tested this assumption by comparing these correlations with models of survival probability using 46 perennial species from long-term permanent plots in pine forests of Arizona. Survival was modelled as a function of trait × environment interactions, plant size, climatic variation and neighbourhood competition. The effect of traits on survival depended on the environmental conditions, but the two statistical approaches were inconsistent. For example, CWM-specific leaf area (SLA) and soil fertility were uncorrelated. However, survival was highest for species with low SLA in infertile soil, a result which agreed with expectations derived from the physiological trade-off underpinning leaf economic theory. CWM trait-environment relationships were unreliable estimates of how traits affected survival, and should only be used in predictive models when there is empirical support for an evolutionary trade-off that affects vital rates.
Glimpses of Be Binary Evolution

Models of close binary evolution predict that mass gainers will be spun up to speeds close to the critical rotational velocity while the mass donors will appear as stripped down He stars, white dwarfs, or neutron stars. I argue here that the mass gainers are closely related to the Be stars. I present a list of the known Be binary systems which consists of those with bright, Roche-filling companions and those with faint or undetected companions. Notably absent are Be + B systems which are expected if the Be phase is a stage in the life of a single star. We now have the first example of a Be + He star system in the binary, ϕ Per, and taken together with the well known Be X-ray binaries, there is clear evidence that some fraction of Be stars are created in binaries; whether all such rapid rotators are so formed remains unknown.