cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Crack cocaine trajectories among users in a midwestern American city

AIMS: Although crack cocaine first appeared in cities in the United States in the mid-1980s, little is known about its use over long periods of time. This study identified crack cocaine user groups on the basis of long-term trajectories. DESIGN: Following a natural history approach, data were collected periodically from 1996 to 2005. Group-based modeling assessed the probability of a crack smoker becoming abstinent during the observation period. SETTING: A targeted sampling plan guided the recruitment of a community sample of crack cocaine users in Dayton, Ohio. PARTICIPANTS: Crack smokers (n = 430) 18 years or older whose urine tested positive for cocaine metabolites at the baseline interview. MEASUREMENTS: Interviewer-administered and audio computer self-administered, structured questionnaires were used to collect data on a range of variables, including frequency of crack use. Abstinence was defined as not having used crack for at least 6 consecutive months during the study. FINDINGS: Three trajectory-based groups were identified: (1) No Change, characterized by a very low probability of abstinence; (2) Some Change, characterized by a low to moderate probability of abstinence; and (3) Dramatic Change, characterized by a high probability of abstinence. African Americans and men were significantly less likely to become abstinent. For the majority of the people (63.6%), crack use was uninterrupted by extended periods of abstinence during the study. CONCLUSION: Crack cocaine use that persists for a decade or longer may well be the norm for a large proportion of people who have experience with the drug. Language: en
Gender Stereotypes, Ascribed Gender and Social Perception:

This study studied the effects of gender labeling on the descriptions made by naive observers (43 males and 104 females) of filmed presentations of five individuals. For several of the five individuals the chromosomal and anatomic gender was discrepant with the apparent gender assumed from dress or physical appearance. The observers were informed after the first rating of the biological gender of the five persons and were asked to repeat their descriptions. Merely changing the label, i.e., male/female, significantly altered the descriptions. The label appeared to invoke the observers' stereotypic model of male/female qualities and overrode "objective" assessment.
Connections between cytoplasmic proteins and the erythrocyte membrane

Abstract Certain enzymes, cytoskeletal proteins and hemoglobin have been shown to bind reversibly to the cytoplasmic side of the erythrocyte membrane. Band 3 protein — the asymmetrically arranged, transmembrane glycoprotein which is involved in anion transport — is also responsible for these binding reactions. This review considers the sites of binding, changes in the functional properties of cytoplasmic proteins upon binding, the problem of demonstrating binding under physiologic conditions and the possible role of binding in the maintenance of cellular function.
Risk Perception and Behavior Change Among Female Drug Users

A range of different behaviors place people at risk for HIV infection. As of January 1993, homosexual and bisexual men continue to constitute the largest group affected by the AIDS epidemic in the Western world. HIV infection rates are the second highest among injecting drug users (IDUs), who are at risk both through the sharing of contaminated needles and through unprotected sex. During the late 1980s, crack cocaine users were also identified as being at risk for HIV infection because of drug-related sexual activities. (See C. Sterk, "Cocaine and HIV Seropositivity," The Lancet 1 [1988]: 1952-1953.)
A model of acetic acid and 2,3-butanediol inhibition of the growth and metabolism of Klebsiella oxytoca

The main product of fermentation byKlebsiella oxytoca is 2,3-butanediol. This organism also produces acetic acid, ethanol, and acetoin. In this report, product inhibition due to 2,3-butanediol and acetic acid is considered. Although the acetate ion has little effect on growth, acetic acid is a strong inhibitor. Acetic acid inhibits growth more strongly than it inhibits respiration. The neutral product 2,3-butanediol is not a strong inhibitor; its effect on growth is no more than is expected by the decrease in water activity it causes. The effect of 2,3-butanediol on respiration can also be explained by a decreased water activity. It appears that it is possible to accumulate as much as 130 g/L butanediol while as little as 0.45 g/L acetic acid completely inhibits growth.
Validation of Cultural Awareness Training Concept

A self-paced computer-based training (CBT) tool, designed by Klein Associates Inc. as proof of concept for their Cultural Lens model, was delivered to the Army Research Laboratory (ARL) (Hahn, Harris, & Klein, 2002). The model posits that interactions between members of multinational teams will improve if team members could see the world through each other's eyes. The training concept was based on interviews and observations of culturally-based cognitive differences and barriers to team performance at Stabilization Force (SFOR) headquarters in Bosnia-Herzegovina (B-H). A usability study was conducted by ARL at SFOR HQ to determine the tool's applicability for training cultural awareness and assessing its ability to improve multinational team performance. The proof of concept was found to be viable. Findings support refinement of the tool and development of additional CBT interventions designed to improve multinational mission effectiveness.
SUMMER SESSION FACULTY SALARIES: A Research Note

This brief research note addresses the issue of summer session faculty salaries. Specifically, it demonstrates that for 77 reporting institutions, only 15 indicated that they paid the standard 2/9ths, or 22.2%, of the previous academic year's salary for full-time summer session teaching. The percentages paid for full-time summer session faculty ranged from 11% to 34%, with an average rate of 17.4%.
Peripheral arterial disease affects kinematics during walking

Objective Claudication is the most common manifestation of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) producing significant ambulatory compromise. The purpose of this study was to use advanced biomechanical analysis to characterize the kinematic ambulatory pattern of claudicating patients. We hypothesized that compared with control subjects, claudicating patients have altered kinematic gait patterns that can be fully characterized utilizing advanced biomechanical analysis. Methods The study examined fourteen PAD patients (age: 58 ± 3.4 years; weight: 80.99 ± 15.64 kg) with clinically diagnosed femoro-popliteal occlusive disease (Ankle Brachial Index (ABI): 0.56 ± 0.03, range 0.45 to 0.65) and five healthy controls (age: 53 ± 3.4 years; weight: 87.38 ± 12.75 kg; ABI ≥ 1). Kinematic parameters (hip, knee, and ankle joint angles in the sagittal plane) were evaluated during gait in patients before and after the onset of claudication pain and compared with healthy controls. Joint angles were calculated during stance time. Dependent variables were assessed (maximum and minimum flexion and extension angles and ranges of motion) and mean ensemble curves were generated. Time to occurrence of the discrete variables was also identified. Results Significantly greater ankle plantar flexion in early stance and ankle range of motion during stance was observed in PAD patients ( P P Conclusion PAD patients with claudication demonstrate significant gait alterations in the ankle joint that are present prior to the onset of claudication pain. In contrast, the joint motion of the hip and knee did not differ in PAD patients when compared with controls. Further research is needed to verify our findings and assess the impact of more proximal disease in PAD patients as well as the effect of revascularization on joint kinematics.
Effective librarian and discipline faculty collaboration models for integrating information literacy into the fabric of an academic institution

In academe, information literacy is best integrated into student learning through meaningful collaboration between discipline faculty and librarians, and through strategic, curricular, and programmatic efforts that align it with an institution's mission and outcomes. The author describes a framework for collaboration and reviews exemplars for collaborations that lead to successful information literacy development and infusion.
Repair of x-ray damage in aging WI-38 cells.

Abstract Rate of strand rejoining and the ability to perform repair replication were determined in young ad old X-irradiated WI-38 cells. No differences in either process were apparent and we conclude that reduced efficiency in one or both of them is not responsible for in vitro aging of human cells.
The ubiquinone homologue of the green mutant of Rhodopseudomonas spheroides

Abstract Ubiquinone was isolated from aerobically, semi-aerobically, and photosynthetically grown cells of the green mutant of Rhodopseudomonas spheroides (strain 2.4.1 Ga). The ubiquinone in each case was characterized by its oxidized and reduced absorption spectra and the specific homologue was identified chromatographically. Under all growth conditions ubiquinone-10 was the only homologue found to be present.
Physics of lattice relaxation at surfaces of simple metals

The physics of the inward or outward relaxation of the first plane of ions at a metal surface is explored by means of semi-self-consistent calculations for Al, Mg, and Na. The adiabatic screening response of the electron density to a shift of the first lattice plane drastically reduces the curvature of the potential in which this plane sits, and thus cannot be ignored in any qualitatively correct theory of the equilibrium lattice configuration at the surface. Because the electronic screening is nearly perfect, the calculated face-dependent surface energies and work functions are nearly independent of small displacements of the first lattice plane. Just as in the calculation of the bulk-longitudinal-phonon frequencies, there is a delicate cancellation between Madelung forces which are treated exactly and electronic forces which are approximated. Indeed a quantitatively correct theory of the surface interplanar spacing must also be detailed enough to predict the correct bulk-phonon frequencies.
Strategic Decision Processes: Critical Review and Future Directions

This article develops an integrative framework of strategic decision processes based on a review of the past literature. The framework incorporates environmental, organizational, and decision-specific antecedents of process characteristics, and their process and economic outcomes. Key empirical studies are reviewed in the context of the framework and major patterns and contradictions are identified. Based on this review, useful implications for theory building, research methods and managerial practice are identified and several directions for future research are presented.
WE5 - Intermolecular vibration-to-vibration energy transfer in HF/DF(v = 1) + HF/DF(v = 1) &#8594; HF/DF(v = 0)+ HF/DF(v = 2) through the formation of dimers

A theory of vibration-to-vibration energy transfer is developed for HF/DF(υ = 1) + HF/DF(υ = 1) → HF/DF(υ = 0) + HF/DF(υ = 2) based on the model of dimer formation. This model is shown to be primarily responsible for the energy transfer below 500 K where a strong negative temperature dependence of energy-transfer rates is found; above this temperature the rapid rotational motion of the colliding molecules causes the energy exchange to take place with the result that the rate increases with temperature in a normal fashion. The model represents the low-temperature limit of the energy-transfer process, while the rapid rotational model gives the high-temperature limiting rate, so the overall collision process can be explained in terms of these two contributions. The sum takes a minimum value near 700 K in both HF + HF and DF + DF collisions.
Spatial filter pinhole development for the national ignition facility.

We present results from a major experimental effort to understand the behavior of spatial filter pinholes and to identify and demonstrate a pinhole that will meet the requirements of the National Ignition Facility (NIF). We find that pinhole performance depends significantly on geometry and material. Cone pinholes are found to stay open longer and to cause less backreflection than pinholes of more conventional geometry. We show that a ±150-µrad stainless-steel cone pinhole will pass a full-energy NIF ignition pulse with required margins for misalignment and for smoothing by spectral dispersion. On the basis of a model fitted to experimental results, a ±125-µrad stainless-steel cone pinhole is also projected to meet these requirements.
Thermography as a Means of Blood Perfusion Measurement

The scanning infrared camera has been used to verify an analytical model relating blood perfusion rate to skin temperature. The blood perfusion rates were measured with both the mercury strain gage and the volume plethysmograph on the human forearm. Thermograms were taken of the forearm and temperature measured using an optical densitometer. Comparison of the volume plethysmograph with the strain gage, and the thermograms with the strain gage indicate thermography to be a useful means of measuring blood flow. Thermography has the advantages of being noninvasive and can be used to measure blood perfusion in parts of the body not easily monitored with occlusive techniques.
Laminar cirrus observed near the tropical tropopause by LITE

The Lidar In-space Technology Experiment (LITE) provided near-global observations of optically thin clouds during a 10-day Space Shuttle mission in September 1994. We report here on layers of cirrus occurring in thin sheets, which we refer to as ‘laminar’ cirrus, observed near the tropical tropopause. The layers were observed to have thicknesses generally between a few hundred meters and one kilometer and to be unusually homogeneous in the horizontal, with extents of up to 2700 km. Layers were observed near and possibly above the mean tropical tropopause, both in clear air and above intense tropical thunderstorms, but only in the tropics (35°N to 20°S). Thin layers near the tropopause were found to be common, but not pervasive, throughout the tropics including regions characterized by large scale subsidence in the middle troposphere.
Surface immunoglobulin light chain expression in pre-B cell leukemias

Cytofluorographic analysis of surface immunoglobulin (sIg) light chain clonal excess (CE), defined as (%kappa+ - %lambda+)/(%kappa+ + %lambda+) cells per discrete level of fluorescence intensity, was carried out on mononuclear cells of 32 leukemic patients. Eight demonstrated sIg light chain CE, including four blastic chronic myeloid leukemias (BL-CML), three "null" acute lymphoblastic leukemias (ALL), and one leukemic lymphoblastic lymphoma. Six of the leukemias demonstrated a kappa CE and two had a lambda CE. Sorted kappa+ PB cells from a BL-CML patient were shown to have a diploid DNA stem line and to bear the "common" ALL antigen. To provide further support for our finding of the expression of sIg light chains in ALL, we studied the REH cell line, derived from a "common" ALL patient and found cytoplasmic mu heavy chain and surface Ig lambda CE. Nucleic acid blotting experiments on REH revealed that both kappa genes had been deleted and that lambda genes had been rearranged, as expected in B cells expressing lambda light chains. Moreover, REH cells contained mu and lambda RNA. When REH cells were treated with TPA the amount of mu chain RNA increased by approximately fivefold and the amount of lambda chain RNA increased by approximately twofold. The finding of sIg light chain in pre-B cell leukemias and in the REH cell line, suggests that these leukemic cells are further differentiated along the B-cell lineage than was previously believed.
Towards 100% testable FIR digital filters

Testability problems that arise in the design of fixed-coefficient finite impulse response (FIR) filters are examined. A class of redundant faults that naturally derive from the structure and behavior of these filters are examined, and design-for-test (DFT) techniques based on scaling theory are used to eliminate the redundancies. Eliminating these redundancies makes it possible for built-in self-test (BIST) approaches to reach 100% coverage, and automatic test-pattern generation (ATPG) based approaches can benefit by more than an order of magnitude reduction in test generation time. A case study provides a demonstration of the approach.
Study of sonoporation dynamics affected by ultrasound duty cycle

Sonoporation is the ultrasound-induced membrane porosity and has been investigated as a means for intracellular drug delivery and nonviral gene transfection. The dynamic characteristics of sonoporation, such as formation, duration and resealing of the pores in the cell membrane, determine the process of intracellular uptake of molecules or agents of interest that are otherwise obstructed by the cell membrane barrier. Sonoporation dynamics is also important for postultrasound cell survival. In this study, we investigated the effects of ultrasound duty cycle on sonoporation dynamics using Xenopus oocyte as a model system. Transducer with a center frequency of 0.96 MHz was used to generate pulsed ultrasound of desired duty cycle (5%, 10% and 15%) at a pulse repetition frequency of 1 Hz and an acoustic pressure of 0.4 MPa in our experiments. Employing voltage clamp techniques, we measured the transmembrane current as the direct result of decreased membrane resistance due to pore formation induced by ultrasound application. We characterized the sonoporation dynamics from these time-resolved recordings of trans- membrane current to indicate cell membrane status, including pore formation, extension and resealing. We observed that the transmembrane current amplitude increased with increasing duty cycle, while the recovering process of membrane pores and cell survival rate decreased at higher duty cycles. (E-mail: cheri.deng@cwru.edu) © 2005 World Federation for Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology.
Progestin Levels in Jugular and Ovarian Venous Blood, Corpora Lutea, and Ovaries of the Nonpregnant Bovine

Summary Progesterone and Δ 4 -pregnene-20 β -ol-3-one (20 β -ol) were chemically assayed in 42 corpora lutea, ovaries (with corpora lutea removed), ovarian venous blood plasma, and jugular venous blood plasma samples collected from 31 non-pregnant dairy cows and heifers. Corpus luteum weights and progestin (progesterone plus 20 β -ol) content of corpora lutea increased significantly during the first 14 days of the estrous cycle and showed a precipitous decline to the next estrus. Total progestins in the ovary increased significantly to Day 11 postestrus, but levels were generally less than 2.0 μ g/g. No progestin was detected in ovarian venous plasma at estrus or one day following estrus, but progestin concentrations in this plasma increased significantly from Day 2 of the estrous cycle to a peak value of 6.2 μ g/ml on Day 15. Ovarian venous blood plasma progestins were significantly correlated to day of the cycle (r = 0.78) and corpora lutea concentrations of progestin (r = 0.55). Progesterone concentrations in jugular vein plasma did not reflect the stage of the cycle, progestin levels in tissues, or progestin concentrations in ovarian venous plasma. In no case was 20 β -ol found in jugular vein plasma.
Gain Expanded Free Electron Lasers

Gain expansion is a technique that was proposed to make the operation of an FEL insensitive to energy spread in the electron beam (1,2). To see how this can be done, we note that the basic synchronism condition $$ {{\rm{\lambda }}_{\rm{r}}}\;{\rm{ = }}\;\frac{{{{\rm{\lambda }}_{\rm{w}}}}}{{{2_{\rm{\lambda }}}}}2\;\;\left( {1\;{\rm{ + }}\;\;\frac{{{{\rm{e}}^2}{{\rm{B}}_{\rm{w}}}{}^2{{\rm{\lambda }}_{\rm{w}}}^2}}{{{{\left( {2{\rm{\pi }}\;{\rm{m}}{{\rm{c}}^2}} \right)}^2}}}} \right)\;\;\; \equiv \;\;\frac{{{}^{\rm{\lambda }}{\rm{w}}}}{{2{\rm{\gamma }}}}2\;\;\left( {1\;{\rm{ + }}\;{{\rm{\alpha }}^2}\;{{\rm{B}}_{\rm{w}}}{}^2} \right) $$ (1) can be satisfied even for electrons of differing energies if the value of the magnetic field seen by any electron, Bw, is correlated with its energy, γ. This leads to energy independent gain. Gain expanded magnets accomplish this correlation by incorporating a transverse gradient to the wiggler field and dispersing the electrons injected in the FEL to match the intrinsic dispersion of the wiggler.
Aerosol Therapy for Obstructive Lung Diseases: Device Selection and Practice Management Issues

Inhaled aerosol therapies are the mainstay of treatment of obstructive lung diseases. Aerosol devices deliver drugs rapidly and directly into the airways, allowing high local drug concentrations while limiting systemic toxicity. While numerous clinical trials, literature reviews, and expert panel guidelines inform the choice of inhalational drugs, deciding which aerosol device (ie, metered-dose inhaler, nebulizer, or dry powder inhaler) best suits a given patient and clinical setting can seem arbitrary and confusing. Similar confusion regarding Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) coding for administration of aerosol therapies can lead to lost revenue from underbilling and wasted administrative effort handling denied claims. This article reviews the aerosol devices currently available, discusses their relative merits in various clinical settings, and summarizes appropriate CPT coding for aerosol therapy.
Making nested parallel transactions practical using lightweight hardware support

Transactional Memory (TM) simplifies parallel programming by supporting parallel tasks that execute in an atomic and isolated way. To achieve the best possible performance, TM must support the nested parallelism available in real-world applications and supported by popular programming models. A few recent papers have proposed support for nested parallelism in software TM (STM) and hardware TM (HTM). However, the proposed designs are still impractical, as they either introduce excessive runtime overheads or require complex hardware structures.This paper presents filter-accelerated, nested TM (FaNTM). We extend a hybrid TM based on hardware signatures to provide practical support for nested parallel transactions. In the FaNTM design, hardware filters provide continuous and nesting-aware conflict detection, which effectively eliminates the excessive overheads of software nested transactions. In contrast to a full HTM approach, FaNTM simplifies hardware by decoupling nested parallel transactions from caches using hardware filters. We also describe subtle correctness and liveness issues that do not exist in the non-nested baseline TM.We quantify the performance of FaNTM using STAMP applications and microbenchmarks that use concurrent data structures. First, we demonstrate that the runtime overhead of FaNTM is small (2.3% on average) when applications use only single-level parallelism. Second, we show that the incremental performance overhead of FaNTM is reasonable when the available parallelism is used in deeper nesting levels. We also demonstrate that nested parallel transactions on FaNTM run significantly faster (e.g., 12.4x) than those on a nested STM. Finally, we show how nested parallelism is used to improve the overall performance of a transactional microbenchmark.
Combined active/passive hurricane wind retrieval algorithm for the Seawinds scatterometer

Because of their high wind gradient structures, tropical cyclones (TCs) present a major challenge to space-borne scatterometer measurements of ocean surface wind vectors. Frequently spiral bands of strong rains accompany the high winds, and this precipitation attenuates the ocean backscatter measured by the scatterometer. Furthermore, traditional geophysical model functions (GMF), which relate wind speed and direction with radar backscatter (sigma-0), have not been tuned for the high wind conditions of TC's. The SeaWinds scatterometer has the ability to measure simultaneously the ocean backscatter and brightness temperature. By using this combined active/passive approach, simultaneous wind and rain estimates are made in TC's. Rain rate, determined passively, is used to model both the attenuative and scattering effects of rain. These parameters are used to correct the measured ocean sigma-0 at 12.5 km resolution. Wind speed retrievals are performed using a special TC-GMF developed using airborne scatterometer measurements in hurricanes. SeaWinds wind speed results for several hurricanes occurring between 1999 and 2002 compare well with high-resolution surface wind fields available from NOAA's Hurricane Research Division aircraft flights.
Response to ‘Comments on “MMFPh

Recently, two new approaches to find overrepresented motifs in phosphoproteomics datasets have been introduced: our MMFPh (Wang et al., 2012) and He et al.’s Motif-All (BMC Bioinformatics 2011). Both methods espouse the importance of completeness— finding all motifs supported by the data—in contrast to previous approaches that may miss some motifs due to algorithmic choices. As we discuss in the Introduction of our article, however, while both methods seek to identify all significant motifs, they employ different significance assessments. In some cases, the difference does not matter much if at all. However, as we show in the Results, in some cases the difference leads to Motif-All finding many more motifs than MMFPh, and many more than those that are biologically supported, including known false positives planted in synthetic datasets. They also lead to Motif-All occasionally missing a motif found by MMFPh, though not for the datasets and parameter settings employed in the presented examples. Since MMFPh and Motif-All employ different notions of significance, it is not surprising that empirically they do not find exactly the same sets of motifs. He et al. (submitted for publication) elaborate on this finding by providing a theoretical characterization with respect to their notion of significance, which is a global assessment of an entire peptide. In contrast, MMFPh employs a local assessment of individual amino acid/position pairs during construction of a motif [our Equation (1)], as introduced by the popular Motif-X approach to phosphorylation motif discovery
Molecular Mechanisms of Ligand-Mediated Attenuation of DNA Binding by MarR Family Transcriptional Regulators

Bacteria and archaea encode members of the large multiple antibiotic resistance regulator (MarR) family of transcriptional regulators. Generally, MarR homologs regulate activity of genes involved in antibiotic resistance, stress responses, virulence or catabolism of aromatic compounds. They constitute a diverse group of transcriptional regulators that includes both repressors and activators, and the conventional mode of regulation entails a genetic locus in which the MarR homolog and a gene under its regulation are encoded divergently; binding of the MarR homolog to the intergenic region typically represses transcription of both genes, while binding of a specific ligand to the transcription factor results in attenuated DNA binding and hence activated gene expression. For many homologs, the natural ligand is unknown. Crystal structures reveal a common architecture with a characteristic winged helix domain for DNA binding, and recent structural information of homologs solved both in the absence and presence of their respective ligands, as well as biochemical data, is finally converging to illuminate the mechanisms by which ligand-binding causes attenuated DNA binding. As MarR homologs regulate pathways that are critical to bacterial physiology, including virulence, a molecular understanding of mechanisms by which ligands affect a regulation of gene activity is essential. Specifying the position of ligand-binding pockets further has the potential to aid in identifying the ligands for MarR homologs for which the ligand remains unknown.
Asymmetric Mbc, active Rac1 and F-actin foci in the fusion-competent myoblasts during myoblast fusion in Drosophila

Myoblast fusion is an intricate process that is initiated by cell recognition and adhesion, and culminates in cell membrane breakdown and formation of multinucleate syncytia. In the Drosophila embryo, this process occurs asymmetrically between founder cells that pattern the musculature and fusion-competent myoblasts (FCMs) that account for the bulk of the myoblasts. The present studies clarify and amplify current models of myoblast fusion in several important ways. We demonstrate that the non-conventional guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) Mbc plays a fundamental role in the FCMs, where it functions to activate Rac1, but is not required in the founder cells for fusion. Mbc, active Rac1 and F-actin foci are highly enriched in the FCMs, where they localize to the Sns:Kirre junction. Furthermore, Mbc is crucial for the integrity of the F-actin foci and the FCM cytoskeleton, presumably via its activation of Rac1 in these cells. Finally, the local asymmetric distribution of these proteins at adhesion sites is reminiscent of invasive podosomes and, consistent with this model, they are enriched at sites of membrane deformation, where the FCM protrudes into the founder cell/myotube. These data are consistent with models promoting actin polymerization as the driving force for myoblast fusion.
A Multisensor Integration Approach toward Astronaut Navigation for Landed Lunar Missions

As experienced by Apollo lunar astronauts, spatial orientation can be affected significantly by lunar environmental conditions such as the moon's altered gravity, lack of an atmosphere, limited spatial references, and different level of reflectivity. To help overcome these challenges, a lunar astronaut navigation system called LASOIS Lunar Astronaut Spatial Orientation and Information System has been developed. It can significantly reduce spatial disorientation and improve real-time navigation capability for astronauts exploring the lunar surface. LASOIS is capable of integrating satellite imagery and sensors mounted on the astronaut spacesuit including inertial measurement units, stereo cameras, and pressure sensors by an extended Kalman filter algorithm. The processed navigation information is presented through a wrist-mounted display system. The system has been tested at three field experiment sites, including Moses Lake, WA, Black Lava Point, AZ, and Haleakala National Park, HI. It is demonstrated that the system has achieved an error rate or relative accuracy of 2.4% for astronaut navigation over a traverse of 6.1 km in a lunarlike environment.
Prevalence and Correlates of Heterosexual Anal and Oral Sex in Adolescents and Adults in the United States

Background. Heterosexual anal and oral sex are related to the acquisition of sexually transmitted infections, including human immunodeficiency virus infection. We examined the correlates of heterosexual anal and oral sex in the general population, using data from the National Survey of Family Growth. Methods. The sample included 12,571 men and women aged 15‐44 years (79% response rate). Results. One-third of men and women had ever had anal sex, and three-quarters had ever had oral sex. Condom use during last oral or anal sex was relatively uncommon. In separate models for men and women, having ever had anal sex was associated with white race, age of 20‐44 years, and having had a nonmonogamous sex partner. White race,ageof20‐44years,beingmarried,andhavinghighernumbersoflifetimesexpartnerswererelatedtohavingever given oral sex in men and women. Giving oral sex was associated with having a nonmonogamous sex partner in men. Ever receiving oral sex was associated with white race and a nonmonogamous sex partner in men and women. Conclusions. It would be beneficial to track the prevalence of heterosexual anal and oral sex and associated
The Demography of Corporations and Industries

The article reviews the book “The Demography of Corporations and Industries,” by Glen R. Caroll and Michael T. Hannan.
Ablation therapy for cardiac arrhythmias

Ablation has become an important and, in some cases, the first-line therapy for a number of tachyarrhythmias. The feasibility of treating arrhythmias with ablation was initially demonstrated with surgical ablation techniques. Recently, catheter ablation techniques have replaced the surgical approach in nearly all cases. Catheter ablation is highly effective for the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, atrioventricular nodal reentry, and atrial ectopic tachycardia. It is effective for atrial flutter, although approximately one quarter of patients treated with catheter ablation continue to require therapy for concomitant atrial fibrillation. The surgical maze procedure has proved to be feasible for preventing atrial fibrillation. The risks and long-term efficacy of catheter ablation maze procedures for atrial fibrillation need to be defined. The efficacy of ablation for ventricular tachycardia varies with the type of tachycardia. Catheter ablation is very effective for the rare idiopathic ventricular tachycardias that occur in structurally normal hearts and for bundle-branch reentry ventricular tachycardia, which occurs most frequently in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. When performed at an experienced center, surgical ablation is an excellent option for selected patients with ventricular tachycardia due to prior myocardial infarction who have a discrete aneurysm but otherwise well-preserved ventricular function. Catheter ablation shows promise for this arrhythmia, but it can be offered only to those patients who have relatively slow tachycardias that allow catheter mapping. Substantial advances in mapping and ablation technology will continue to occur, allowing nonpharmacologic control of cardiac arrhythmias to be achieved in an ever greater number of patients.
CORRECTION RESPONSE SURFACE APPROXIMATIONS FOR STRESS INTENSITY FACTORS OF A COMPOSITE STIFFENED PLATE

A comparison between two methods of employing response surface techniques to predict stress intensity factors (SIF) in cracked composite panels is presented. The first method uses the values of SIF obtained from a highfidelity method of analysis to estimate the SIF at other points of the design space. The second method fits a quadratic response surface to the ratio of SIF obtained from the high-fidelity method and a lower-fidelity method. The value of SIF at other design points is then found multiplying the ratio by the SIF given by the low-fidelity method. This second method proves to be more accurate especially when the value sought lays outside the design space. Moreover a method to calculate the SIF in the zero-deg plies of a laminate from the equivalent orthotropic laminae is presented.
Etch profile control of high-aspect ratio deep submicrometer /spl alpha/-Si gate etch

The well-acknowledged etch profile drift problem in chip production was investigated with a more accurate meads of measuring actual etch thickness to monitor and correct this drift. Using a high-aspect ratio, 0.1-/spl mu/m /spl alpha/-Si gate structure, the investigation was specifically focused on the control of transition timing in the critical interval from main etch (ME) to over etch (OE). This required reliable endpoint detection of /spl alpha/-Si which was achieved through the development of a method employing a Kalman-Bucy filter with a real-time spectroscopic ellipsometer (RTSE). The robustness of our endpoint detection technique was tested and demonstrated under the actual physical and chemical disturbance environments of the etching process. Application of this endpoint detection technique to the etch of a 0.1-/spl mu/m patterned /spl alpha/-Si gate also achieved a significant improvement on the etch profile repeatability.
Verbal Response Modes and Dimensions of Interpersonal Roles: A Method of Discourse Analysis.

Utterances in dyadic communication can be described as concerning the speaker's or the other's experience, using the speaker's or the other's frame of reference, and being focused on the speaker or the other (where "focus" means presuming or not presuming knowledge of the other). The intersection of these three dichotomous principles of classificatio n defines eight familiar verbal response modes: disclosure, question, edification, acknowledgment, advisement, interpretation, confirmation, and reflection. Each mode has a distinctive grammatical form as well as a distinctive interpersonal intent, so the form and the intent of an utterance can be coded separately. The modes can be used to define three conceptually orthogonal dimensions of interpersonal roles, tentatively labeled attentiveness, acquiescence, and presumptuousness. The system of verbal response modes and role dimensions is similar in purpose to Bales's interaction process analysis but has certain methodological and conceptual advantages. A verbal response mode is a category of language behavior that implies a particular interpersonal intent or microrelation ship between communicator and recipient. For example, a question asks for information or advice from the recipient; a self-disclosur e reveals feelings, attitudes, or intentions to the recipient; advice suggests that certain things be done by the recipient. A summary »of the modes used during an interpersonal encounter describes the relationship that existed during the encounter. For example, one dyadic interaction might consist mostly of self-disclosures by both members, whereas another might consist mostly of questions by one member and advice by the other. Verbal response modes describe and quantify the clear differences between the dyad members' relationships in these two interactions.
Irreducibility of large-scale dynamical systems of uni-modules

We consider the class of large-scale dynamical systems consisting of identical subsystems, but with complex connectivity. It is shown that the irreducibility of this large system is directly related to the irreducibility of a simple system, which is obtained by a replacement of the subsystems by integrators.
Determination of Uric Acid in Avian Excreta by the Use of Uricase and Differential Spectrophotometry

Abstract STUDIES on protein metabolism are often handicapped in the avian species because urine and feces are voided together. Since approximately 80% of the urinary nitrogen of the chick is present as uric acid (O’Dell et al., 1960), a simple, reliable method for the determination of this end product of protein metabolism in the chick would be desirable. Colorimetric methods for the determination of uric acid in urine and blood have largely been replaced by combining enzymatic with spectrophotometric methods (Kalckar, 1947); however, this combination has not been used for uric acid determinations in poultry excreta. Bose and Ghosh (1945) determined the uric acid content of poultry excreta by utilizing the difference in iodine titer before and after treatment with uricase. Buys and Potgieter (1959) used a spectrophotometric method but ruled out the use of uricase because of a reported inhibition (up to 95%) of the enzyme by xanthine (van Pilsum, . . .
Fast Heuristic Algorithm for Joint Topology Design and Load Balancing in FSO Networks

We investigate the challenging problem of joint topology design and load balancing in FSO networks. Important factors such as FSO link characteristics, cost constraints, traffic characteristics, traffic demand, and QoS requirements are considered in the problem formulation, along with objective functions of network-wide average traffic load and delay. We develop a fast heuristic algorithm to provide highly competitive solutions. The heuristic algorithm iteratively perturbs the current topology and computes network flows for the new topology, thus progressively improving the configuration and load balancing of the FSO network. Our simulation results show that the heuristic algorithm can achieve an optimality gap close to that of a branch-and-bound algorithm developed in our prior work, with significantly reduced computation time. The heuristic algorithm is complementary to the branch-and-bound algorithm. Jointly applying the algorithms can make the FSO network dynamically reconfigurable and adaptive to events occurring at both large and small timescales.
Fuzzy logic for control of roll and moment for a flexible wing aircraft

A fuzzy-logic based multi-input/multi-output roll controller designed for the Advanced Technology Wing (ATW) aircraft model is presented. The ATW integrates active controls with a flexible wing structure to provide optimal wing shapes to meet particular flight performance criteria. The use of a fuzzy controller for roll rate and load alleviation control was investigated. Fuzzy rules were developed to determine the appropriate control surface deflections to achieve the desired roll rate while ensuring that wing loads are within safe bounds. The modulation of the damping factor is according to the distance of the system state from the goal state. This damping modulation technique allows full utilization of the vehicle's acceleration capability and resulted in an improvement of the response time by a factor of two. The resultant fuzzy controller commands six surface deflections to control the roll rate and four torsion moments. >
Allelochemistry in marine macroalgae

Allelochemistry refers to the effect of an organic compound released from one organism upon an organism separated from its source. When the donor and receptor are plants (or microorganisms placed in the plant kingdom), allelopathy is described whether the effect is harmful or beneficial. In the aquatic environment, water disperses any water‐soluble allelochemical from its point of release, and rapid dilution along with lack of contact between competing organisms reduces potential encounter. This review centers on macroalgae as the source of allelochemicals. In all examples, the releasor organism is a macroalga, but receptor organisms include algae, invertebrates, fish, and microbes. Direct evidence in the sea is scanty, and there is a need for appropriate experiments in the laboratory and field. The compounds that are released by macrolagae (e.g., polyphenolics, halogenated phenols, and terpenoids) may be fortuitous byproducts of metabolism. But where they alter colonization, growth, or reproduction in a ...
An Amplitude-Only Direct Data Domain Least Square Algorithm of Wideband Signals Based on the Uniform Circular Array

Many digital beamforming algorithms result in a set of complex weights including amplitudes and phases. The use of complex weights offers greater control over the array response at the expense of system complexity. And these approaches typically assume a wide sense stationary environment and utilize auxillary training data to estimate the statistics of the interference. However, for a dynamic environment the present method may be more suitable as one process the information based on a single snapshot. Hence, this paper presents an amplitude-only adaptive technique to extract the signal of interest (SOI) arriving from a known direction in the presence of strong interferers-the direct data domain least squares(D3LS) algorithm, which utilizes only a single snapshot of the data for adaptive processing of wideband signals.
Plasma Renin test-guided drug treatment algorithm for correcting patients with treated but uncontrolled hypertension: a randomized controlled trial.

Background Undefined pathophysiologic mechanisms likely contribute to unsuccessful antihypertensive drug therapy. The renin test-guided therapeutic (RTGT) algorithm is based on the concept that, irrespective of current drug treatments, subnormal plasma renin activity (PRA) ( or=0.65 indicate renin-angiotensin vasoconstriction excess "R" hypertension. Methods The RTGT algorithm was applied to treated, uncontrolled hypertensives and compared to clinical hypertension specialists' care (CHSC) without access to PRA. RTGT protocol: "V" patients received natriuretic anti-"V" drugs (diuretics, spironolactone, calcium antagonists, or alpha(1)-blockers) while withdrawing antirenin "R" drugs (converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor antagonists, or beta-blockers). Converse strategies were applied to "R" patients. Eighty-four ambulatory hypertensives were randomized and 77 qualified for the intention-to-treat analysis including 38 in RTGT (63.9 +/- 1.8 years; baseline blood pressure (BP) 157.0 +/- 2.6/87.1 +/- 2.0 mm Hg; PRA 5.8 +/- 1.6; 3.1 +/- 0.3 antihypertensive drugs) and 39 in CHSC (58.0 +/- 2.0 years; BP 153.6 +/- 2.3/91.9 +/- 2.0; PRA 4.6 +/- 1.1; 2.7 +/- 0.2 drugs). Results BP was controlled in 28/38 (74% (RTGT)) vs. 23/39 (59% (CHSC)), P = 0.17, falling to 127.9 +/- 2.3/73.1 +/- 1.8 vs. 134.0 +/- 2.8/79.8 +/- 1.9 mm Hg, respectively. Systolic BP (SBP) fell more with RTGT (-29.1 +/- 3.2 vs. -19.2 +/- 3.2 mm Hg, P = 0.03), whereas diastolic BP (DBP) declined similarly (P = 0.32). Although final antihypertensive drug numbers were similar (3.1 +/- 0.2 (RTGT) vs. 3.0 +/- 0.3 (CHSC), P = 0.73) in "V" patients, 60% (RTGT) vs. 11% (CHSC) of "R" drugs were withdrawn and BP medications were reduced (-0.5 +/- 0.3 vs. +0.7 +/- 0.3, P = 0.01). Conclusions In treated but uncontrolled hypertension, RTGT improves control and lowers BP equally well or better than CHSC, indicating that RTGT provides a reasonable strategy for correcting treated but uncontrolled hypertension.
Large-Scale Volume Holographic Storage In The Long Interaction Length Architecture

We describe a page-formatted random-access holographic memory designed to store up to 160,000 holograms. The memory consists of 16 vertically spaced locations, each containing 10,000 holograms, which in turn are organized as 10 fractal-multiplexed rows of 1000 angularly-multiplexed holograms. A segmented mirror array is used to enable random access to any of the stored holograms within the access time of a non-mechanical angle scanner such as an acousto-optic deflector. Using a mechanical scanner with such a mirror array, we demonstrate storage of 10,000 holograms at a single location of the system, as well as simultaneous storage and recall of holograms at 6 locations, including the highest and lowest of the 16 locations.
Expressional control of a cadmium-transporting P1B-type ATPase by a metal sensing degradation signal.

Cadmium is a highly toxic environmental contaminant implicated in various diseases. Our previous data demonstrated that Pca1, a P1B-type ATPase, plays a critical role in cadmium resistance in yeast S. cerevisiae by extruding intracellular cadmium. This illustrates the first cadmium-specific efflux pump in eukaryotes. In response to cadmium, yeast cells rapidly enhance expression of Pca1 by a post-transcriptional mechanism. To gain mechanistic insights into the cadmium-dependent control of Pca1 expression, we have characterized the pathway for Pca1 turnover and the mechanism of cadmium sensing that leads to up-regulation of Pca1. Pca1 is a short-lived protein (t½