cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Distances and diversity: sources for social creativity

The power of the unaided, individual mind is highly overrated: The Renaissance scholar no longer exists. Although creative individuals are often thought of as working in isolation, the role of interaction and collaboration with other individuals is critical to creativity. Creative activity grows out of the relationship between individuals and their work, and from the interactions between an individual and other human beings. Because complex problems require more knowledge than any single person possesses, it is necessary that all involved stakeholders participate, communicate, collaborate, and learn from each other. Distances (across spatial, temporal, and technological dimensions) and diversity (bringing stakeholders together from different cultures) are important sources for social creativity.This paper describes conceptual frameworks and socio-technical environments (derived from the systems that we have developed over the last decade) in which social creativity can come alive.
Calculation of solvation free energies using a density functional/molecular dynamics coupled potential

Recently there has been much interest in the development of methods which couple quantum mechanical and molecular mechanical computational models. Herein, we report the first coupling of a density functional Hamiltonian with a molecular mechanical method. The AMBER force field was coupled with a density functional Hamiltonian as implemented in the deMon program. Test calculations of solvation energies were carried out for a small group of ions. We find that our coupled potential method slightly underestimates the solvation energy of the chloride ion while it overestimates the solvation energy of the other ions studied. Nonetheless, this method will allow a chemist to study condensed-phase systems at a level of accuracy currently not available
Biochemical evidence for cholinergic innervation of intracerebral blood vessels

Muscarinic cholinergic receptor sites were detected with [3H]quinuclidinylbenzilate (QNB) binding techniques in two fractions of bovine intracerebral vessels; one of the fractions contained primarily small arteries and veins with some attached capillaries, and the other one was highly enriched in capillaries. The amounts of binding were similar in equivalent vascular fractions isolated from cerebral cortex, caudate nucleus and cerebellar cortex in spite of large differences among the 3 regions in [3H]QNB binding to brain tissue. The different distribution of muscarinic receptors in brain tissue and blood vessels argues against the possibility that the receptors represent a contamination of the vascular fractions by brain parenchyma. Cerebral endothelial cells, which were isolated by treating capillaries with collagenase, bound [3H]QNB to the same extent as did cerebral capillaries. This is consistent with an endothelial localization of capillary muscarinic receptors. Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity, a marker for cholinergic neurons, also was present in the vascular preparations. Within each brain region, ChAT activities in capillaries and larger vessels were similar, but significant regional differences were found for vascular ChAT activity, with the highest values in the caudate. Isolated endothelial cells contained significantly lower levels of ChAT activity than intact capillaries, suggesting a periendothelial location of the enzyme, as would also be the case for attached nerve terminals. The presence of [3H]QNB binding sites and ChAT activity in intracerebral blood vessels is consistent with an innervation of the cerebral vasculature by a cholinergic system that may regulate cerebral blood flow and capillary permeability.
Multiphase Digital Particle Image Velocimetry in a Dispersed, Bubbly, Axisymmetric Jet

A particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique developed for application to two-phase flows is presented and validated. The technique is capable of simultaneously measuring carrier and bubble phase velocities on a plane. The validation experiments have been conducted in a vertical upwards, two-phase (water-air) bubbly jet flow at a Reynolds numbers of 5,673 and 11,345 and low bubble concentration matching the experiments of Stanley and Nikitopoulos (1998). Comparisons with measurements obtained by Stanley and Nikitopoulos (1998) using Phase Doppler Analysis (PDA) experiments indicate that the agreement between the two techniques is very satisfactory (deviations of the order of 5%) for both single-phase and two-phase jet carrier-flow velocities. In addition, bubble phase velocity measurements obtained from backlit visualizations of the bubbly jet flow using the bubble-tracking method of Fiedler et al. (2001) are successfully compared to those obtained from PIV. The PIV study confirms that bubbles experience a substantial deceleration in the unmixed core of the jet near field and illustrates carrier-phase mean-flow modification consistent with past point-wise measurements.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Preliminary studies on the thermal ,environment of low-birth-weight infants

The observations in this limited, preliminary study suggest that low-birth-weight infants can be safely maintained in an open-ended servocontrolled radiant heater, and that the optimal skin temperature is approximately 36.7° C. More extensive observations will be required to test the latter assumption.
Bio-optical properties and ocean color algorithms for coastal waters influenced by the Mississippi River during a cold front.

During the passage of a cold front in March 2002, bio-optical properties examined in coastal waters impacted by the Mississippi River indicated westward advective flows and increasing river discharge containing a larger nonalgal particle content contributed significantly to surface optical variability. A comparison of seasonal data from three cruises indicated spectral models of absorption and scattering to be generally consistent with other coastal environments, while their parameterization in terms of chlorophyll a concentration (Chl) showed seasonal variability. The exponential slope of the colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) averaged 0.0161 plus or minus 0.00054 per nanometer, and for nonalgal absorption it averaged 0.011 per nanometer with deviations from general trends observed due to anomalous water properties. Although the phytoplankton specific absorption coefficients varied over a wide range (0.02 to 0.1 square meters (mg Chl) sup -1)) being higher in offshore surface waters, values of phytoplankton absorption spectra at the SeaWiFS wavebands were highly correlated to modeled values. The normalized scattering spectral shapes and the mean spectrum were in agreement to observations in other coastal waters, while the backscattering ratios were on average lower in phytoplankton dominated surface waters (0.0101 plus or minus 0.002) and higher in near-bottom waters (0.0191 plus or minus 0.0045) with low Chl. Average percent differences in remote sensing reflectance R (sub rs) derived form modeled and in-eater radiometric measurements were highest in the blue wavebands (52%) and at sampling stations with a ore stratified water column. Estimates of Chl and CDOM absorption derived from SeaWiFS images generated using regional empirical algorithms were highly correlated to in situ data.
Substitutional doping in amorphous semiconductors the As-Si system

The amorphous alloy system As-Si has been prepared in thin film form using the plasma decomposition of silane-arsine mixtures. Electrical and optical measurements show effects characteristic of sub...
Sodium Channel Variants Associated with Atrial Fibrillation Exhibit Abnormal Fast and Slow Inactivation

Mutations and rare genetic variants in SCN5A, the gene encoding the cardiac voltage-gated sodium channel NaV1.5, have been associated with inherited predisposition to ventricular arrhythmia. More recently, SCN5A variants have been identified in families segregating atrial fibrillation. We evaluated the biophysical properties of seven novel SCN5A variants associated with atrial fibrillation identified by our previous genetic study to elucidate potential molecular mechanisms underlying this common arrhythmia. Functional properties of E428K, H445D, N470K, E655K, T1131I, R1826C and V1951M were assessed by whole-cell patch clamp recording of recombinant mutant channels heterologously expressed with the human β1 subunit in tsA201 cells. One variant (R1826C) did not exhibit substantial differences in biophysical properties of activation or fast inactivation, and another variant (E655K) only exhibited minor differences in recovery from inactivation as compared with wildtype (WT) channels. However, two mutants (H445D, T1131I) exhibited significant shifts in the voltage-dependence of activation toward more negative potentials (p < 0.005), and four other mutant channels (E428K, H445D, N470K, V1951M) exhibited significant shifts in the voltage-dependence of steady-state inactivation toward more positive potentials as compared with WT channels. Further, H445D and V1951M exhibited more rapid onset, impaired recovery and enhancement of slow inactivation evoked by 1000 ms depolarizing prepulses as compared with WT channels. For the five variants with either hyperpolarized activation voltage-dependence or depolarized steady-state inactivation, we predict increased window current as defined by the overlap of these two curves. Increased window current and enhanced slow inactivation of some variants is further predicted to alter excitability and/or conduction in myocardial tissue and is a plausible mechanism by which SCN5A variants may increase vulnerability to atrial fibrillation.
Learning and Teaching Ethics through Stories: A Few Examples from the Buddhist Tradition

The art of storytelling, similar to poetry, takes us to a different realm, yet always bringing us back to where we are. In many traditional societies, ethical concerns were taught through stories. A few stories from the Buddhist tradition have been selected to convey some basic teachings of the Buddha on ethical issues. This does not mean that these few stories capture the whole of Buddhist ethics. Furthermore, it is understood that similar stories can be found in other traditions, and therefore the same technique can be used in other religions as well. The universalities of these stories provide a means to teach ethics in a multi-cultural context.
Cardiac abnormalities in children with hyperthyroidism.

The cardiac status of 18 hyperthyroid (HT) children (9 black and 9 white) was evaluated by echocardiography. Mitral regurgitation (MR) was diagnosed clinically in 33% (6 of the 9 blacks). None of the 9 white children had MR. Left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD) and volume (LVEDV) did not differ from the predicted normal (PN) based on body surface area and heart rate, except in those with MR where increased LVEDD and LVEDV were noted (p<0.02). LV mass was +1.75 standard deviations (σ) of the PN (p<0.01), due to increased wall thickness or LVEDV. Left ventricular output (LVO) was +0.35σ PN (p=ns); however, when compared to that of normal children, LVO of HT was higher (p<0.001) due to the increased heart rate. Enhanced left ventricular contractility was suggested by increased rate of dimensional change during ejection (peak dD/dt-syst), with a mean value of −11.39 cm/sec as compared to the normal of −9.54 cm/sec (p<0.01). A linear multivariate regression equation differentiated the cardiac status of HT from that of normal children. Following treatment to euthyroid state, MR disappeared in 2 and became less in 4 patients. LVO, LV mass, and peak dD/dt-syst also became less. Significant cardiac changes occur in children with hyperthyroidism, which may be reversible in part after euthyroidism is restored.
A closer look at RNA editing.

Recent advances in high-throughput sequencing technology have made it possible to study RNA editing on a genome-wide scale. But realizing the potential of this approach requires stringent data analysis methods that control for genomic variation, sequencing errors and biases introduced by read-mapping procedures. In this issue, Peng et al. introduce such methods and apply them to conduct a careful, large-scale study of RNA editing in the transcriptome of a Han Chinese individual. These data provide the first reliable map of RNA edits in a person.
The day before.

In this essay, based on an address given in December 2002, John Sexton, President of New York University, offers personal reflections from the days surrounding the attacks of September 11. He then considers the lessons of the attacks from a broader perspective, looking to the example of a past tragedy to see how cities might rebuild, literally and figuratively. He also underlines the potential for rebirth in New York, highlighting the importance of sustaining the "moral surge" experienced in the aftermath of the attacks and nurturing the unique relationship between New Yorkers and their city. Language: en
Selective damage of large diameter peripheral nerve fibers by compression: An application of Laplace's Law

Abstract Rat sciatic nerves were compressed for a period of 24 hr or 4 weeks with a Sundt-Kees aneurysm clip modified with silastic. The compressed nerves and control nerves from the contralateral leg were fixed in gluteraldehyde and osmium and embedded in Araldite. Two micron, toluidine-blue-stained cross-sections of the compressed and control nerves were analyzed with regard to change in the distribution of nerve fiber diameters (axon plus myelin) in both the compressed and control legs. Normalized frequency distribution curves were constructed for each animal. The large diameter nerve fibers were comressed disproportionately more than small diameter nerve fibers, and after four weeks there was a selective loss of large diameter fibers distal to the compression. The finding is explained in terms of Laplace's Law which states that the tension in the wall of a cylinder is proportional to the difference between internal and external pressures and the radius of the cylinder ( T = P × R ). This contribution provides mathematical, statistical, and histological confirmation of a phenomenon which had been previously observed physiologically and microscopically.
Bistability of membrane potential and anomalous rectification in neuron LP1 of Hermissenda

Abstract 1. 1. Neuron LP1 of Hermissenda crassicornis shows pronounced anomalous rectification at a membrane potential of −65 mV, or more negative, indicated by a 3- to 4-fold reduction in input resistance, producing an S-shaped current-voltage relationship. 2. 2. Axotomized LPls show membrane potential bistability since shifts in membrane potential between stable levels at ca −45 and −65 mV accompanied by a change in input resistance occur spontaneously or are induced by current pulses. 3. 3. Stability at −65 mV appears to be due to activation of the anomalous rectifier.
Dynamic stability of edge-cooled superconducting tapes

Abstract The flux jump stability characteristics of an edge-cooled tape superconductor are analysed. Two simple cases (no stabilizer, perfect stabilizer) are considered to establish the lower and upper bounds of the stable operating space. The generalized case is then solved in the interesting limit where the tape thickness is small compared with its width and compared with the one-dimensional condition of Hart. The two-dimensional analysis indicates that finite thermal diffusion in the superconductor can play a significant role for w o / d w o is the half-width of the tape and d is the thickness of the superconductor.
Emotional well-being and discrepancies between child and parent educational expectations and aspirations in middle and high school

Using data from a sample nationally representative of the United States (N = 1,115), this study investigates the association between emotional well-being and discrepant educational possible selves. Discrepancy is characterized as a mismatch between child educational expectations and parent educational aspirations for child or child educational aspirations for self. Age-related hypotheses are tested. Results suggest that middle school children who have expectations that don't match their parents' aspirations for them have lower well-being, and that among high school students, mismatch between a child's own aspirations and expectations is linked with lower well-being. Antecedents of discrepancies are explored: reading and math self-efficacy emerge as having small, but significant positive associations with well-being, partially mediated in middle school students by aspiration/expectation matches between parent and child.
Reflecting on the process: Building competitive dynamics research

This paper examines the process of building a competitive dynamics research program, focusing on my scholarly pursuit in the early part of my career. Reflections on the process reveal insights such as the power of staying focused, execution through time management, and research teaching integration. The paper aims to provide, through firsthand experience, some guideposts for researchers and scholars developing their own research programs and coping with the manifold process challenges in researching and publishing.
Assessment of erlotinib as adjuvant chemoprevention in high-risk head and neck cancer patients.

To determine the tolerability and efficacy of long-term treatment with erlotinib for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma after salvage surgery. An open-label study was conducted of 150 mg of daily erlotinib for 12 months in patients who completed definitive surgical therapy for recurrent head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. The primary outcome measures were tolerability of prolonged erlotinib therapy and disease-free survival and overall survival at 1 and 2 years. Thirty-one patients were enrolled onto this study. Mean duration of erlotinib therapy was 5 months (range 2–374 days), with 8 patients completing the full 12-month course of erlotinib. Of the remaining patients, 8 discontinued therapy as a result of recurrence, 10 for medical or surgical complications deemed unrelated to the study medication, and 3 for drug-related toxicities. There were 25 grade 3 adverse events; 4 were classified as possibly related to study medication. The most common adverse events included acneiform rash (n = 26 patients), fatigue (n = 22), and diarrhea (n = 22). Overall survival was 61 % at 1 year and 56 % at 2 years. Disease-free survival was 54 % at 1 year and 45 % at 2 years. Mean time to recurrence (n = 16) was 8.7 months. Long-term erlotinib is safe and demonstrates some potential survival benefit compared to historical controls. However, despite the absence of grade 3/4 adverse events attributable to the drug, tolerance of long-term erlotinib was a significant barrier to completion of a 12-month course of therapy.
The spin program with CLAS at Jlab

We report on the status of an extensive program to study the scattering of longitudinally polarized electrons from longitudinally polarized NH3 and ND3 targets using the CLAS detector at JLab. The data span a range inQ 2 from 0.05–4.5 (GeV/c)2 and a range inW, the γ* N invariant mass, up to about 3 GeV. With the excellent particle identification available with the CLA, both inclusive and exclusive scattering can be studied. The experimental techniques are reviewed and some preliminary results are presented. This paper focuses on extraction of the spin structure functiongg 1 for the proton and the deuteron.
Sequential closure in product spaces

Abstract Let X denote the product of m -many second countable Hausdorff spaces. Main theorems: (1) If S ⊂ X is invariant under compositions, m is weakly accessible (resp., nonmeasurable), and F ⊂ S is sequentially closed and a sequential G σ -set which is invariant under projections for finite sets (resp., F ⊂ S is sequentially open and sequentially closed), then F is closed. (2) If S ⊂ X is invariant under projections and m is nonmeasurable, then every sequentially continuous {0, 1} valued function on S is continuous. (3) A sequentially continuous {0, 1}-valued function on an m -adic space of nonmeasurable weight is continuous. Now let X denote the product of arbitrarily many W -spaces and S ⊂ X be invariant under compositions. (4) Then in S , the closure of any Q -open subset coincides with its sequential closure.
Note on the modified nonlinear Schrödinger equation for deep water waves

Abstract It is shown that Zakharov's integral equation yields the modified Schrodinger equation for the particular case of a narrow spectrum.
Determining responsibility for development of the moving assembly line

The development of the moving automobile final assembly line was a major milestone in manufacturing. The techniques required to make it work are demanding, but the resulting increase in productivity is phenomenal. Consequently, and not surprisingly, some people have claimed a major role in its development. The initial date for this innovation is either July 1908, or August 1913 and credit is given to Henry Ford, Charles Sorensen, Clarence Avery, or W.C. Klann, depending on whom one reads. This paper tries to clarify what happened on these dates and who was responsible. Investigation reveals that each of these men did play a role in development of the moving automobile assembly line.
Mouse μ opioid receptor gene expression. A 34-base pair cis-acting element inhibits transcription of the μ opioid receptor gene from the distal promoter

The 5′-flanking region of the mouse μ opioid receptor (MOR) gene has two promoters, referred to as distal and proximal, and the activities of each in the brain are quite different from each other. The 5′-distal promoter regulatory sequences (5′-DPRS), positioned between these two promoters, have strong inhibitory effects on the reporter gene expression driven by the MOR distal promoter. In our studies, detailed 3′ deletion mapping of the 5′-DPRS narrowed down the negative cis-acting element to a 34-base pair (bp) segment (position −721 to −687). This 34-bp cis-acting element functions in both neuronal (NMB) and non-neuronal (CHO and RAW264.7) cultured cells. S1 nuclease protection assays indicated that this 34-bp cis-acting element suppresses distal promoter activity at the transcriptional level. Linker scanning mutagenesis demonstrated that nucleotides around position −721 and −689 in the 34-bp cis-acting element are essential for the regulation of distal promoter activity. Operational characterization of the 34-bpcis-acting element in the homologous MOR distal promoter and the heterologous SV40 promoter showed that its effects are position- and promoter-dependent while being orientation-independent in both promoters. Collectively, these data suggested that this 34-bp segment is a conditional transcriptionalcis-acting element that blocks mouse MOR gene expression from the distal promoter.
Floating Sensor Networks for River Studies

Free-floating sensor packages that take local measurements and track flows in water systems, known as drifters, are a standard tool in oceanography, but are new to estuarial and riverine studies. A system based on drifters for making estimates on a hydrodynamic system requires the drifters themselves, a communication network, and a method for integrating the gathered data into an estimate of the state of the hydrodynamics. This paper presents a complete drifter system and documents a pilot experiment in a controlled channel. The utility of the system for making measurements in unknown environments is highlighted by a combined parameter estimation and data assimilation algorithm using an extended Kalman filter. The performance of the system is illustrated with field data collected at the Hydraulic Engineering Research Unit, Stillwater, OK.
Crying: discussing its basic reasons and uses

Abstract Crying can occur in a great variety of contexts, including fulfilment and happiness as well as failure, loss, and sadness or other negative feelings, such as anger and guilt. Despite such differences, we have tried to identify a unitary underlying psychological cause for crying: perceived helplessness. We explore the different crying situations, describing the basic cognitive ingredients and critical steps in the process leading to crying. We start from those situations which directly imply personal frustration and suffering, then we consider empathic crying, crying for joy, and “aesthetic” crying, i.e., crying elicited by aesthetic experiences. We try to show that all of them imply a common core: some frustration (anticipated, actual, or previous), one's attempt to resist, perceived helplessness, and surrender to frustration. Finally, we address both the psychological benefits and costs of crying, either expected or unexpected, showing their links with perceived helplessness.
Biological techniques: Chromosomes captured one by one

Data obtained from analysing chromosomal organization and interactions in individual cells unify previous results obtained by single-cell imaging and studies of population-averaged genomic interactions. See Article p.59 The latest genomic techniques such as Hi-C, based on chromosome conformation capture (3C), can detect chromatin interactions and provide a three-dimensional picture of chromosome organization in the nucleus. The resulting data, averaged over millions of gene loci, are not directly relevant to the organization of a single cell. Peter Fraser and colleagues have bridged the gap between genomics and microscopy studies by developing a single-cell Hi-C approach that allows the detection of thousands of simultaneous genomic contacts in an individual cell. Using the system together with a three-dimensional structural model of the X chromosome, the authors demonstrate how chromosome territory structures vary from cell to cell, particularly the interdomain and trans-chromosomal contacts.
Effect of fertility level on the incidence of hollow heart

1. The present study was undertaken to determine if the incidence of hollow heart can be influenced in a susceptible variety of potatoes by varying the levels of NPK. This work was done during the years 1958 and 1959. 2. Incidence of hollow heart varied between years. Varying the applications of NPK was more effective in increasing the incidence of hollow heart in 1959 than in 1958. 3. Increasing the nitrogen applications tended to increase the incidence of hollow heart in both years but was more effective in 1959 than in 1958. 4. Increasing the potassium applications in 1959 tended to reduce the incidence of hollow heart. 5. Hollow heart was not influenced by the phosphorus applications used in this study.
Associations between body mass and papillary thyroid cancer stage and tumor size: a population-based study.

The incidence of large thyroid tumors has increased over the past decades, suggesting that improved diagnosis is not the only driver of increased thyroid cancer incidence. Obesity has recently been implicated as an independent risk factor for thyroid cancer in specific populations. We aimed to investigate whether thyroid tumor size and advanced stage of diagnosis is associated with the obesity epidemic, for the first time, in a US population-based cohort. We leveraged existing data and linked 1,077 papillary thyroid cancer patients from the Nevada Central Cancer Registry to the Department of Motor Vehicle dataset. Tumor size and cancer stage were assessed from cancer registry records, and obesity was obtained using height and weight in the Department of Motor Vehicle records and measured by a body mass index greater than 25 kg/m2. Crude analysis showed obesity as was associated with tumors larger than 2 cm [odds ratio (OR) 1.50, p = 0.0423] and advanced cancer stage (stage III and IV) (OR 1.40, p = 0.0111). After adjusting for confounders, a significant association was still observed between obesity and tumor larger than 2 cm (OR 1.53, p = 0.0339). A marginally significant association was shown between obesity and advanced cancer stage (OR 1.29, p = 0.0649). As thyroid cancer incidence continues to increase, this study’s finding that obesity was significantly associated with larger tumor size and marginally significantly associated with advanced tumor stage can help establish new preventative actions and identify new target populations for interventions.
Failure of anti-γ3 antibodies to detect some γ 3chains by an agglutination inhibition test

Four of eight anti-gamma3 antibodies that detect gamma3 by double diffusion were found to test for Gm allotypes when they were used in the agglutination inhibition test. One tested for Gm (26), two for Gm (11), and one for both allotypes. So far as the present data show, the remaining four test for a gamma3 isotype in the agglutination inhibition test. We suggest that a sample that is negative by the agglutination inhibition test should be tested by double diffusion before it is concluded that the sample lacks gamma3.
Strategic Social Identities and Judgments: A Murder in Appalachia

This essay extends the work on Whiteness by using the tension between strategic and tactical rhetoric to demonstrate how social identities are reconfigured in the face of challenges to those identities. Through an examination of the media coverage of a murder in West Virginia, the authors argue that the tactical rhetoric from the African American and gay communities forced a reconfiguration of and distancing from the perpetrators by the White and heterosexual community. It extends the focus on Whiteness to include heterosexuality as privileged forms of social identity that function in strategic ways and use strategic discourses in the media.
Acute studies of a new primate model of reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion

The recent failure of many clinical trials of neuroprotective compounds may be due in part to poor animal models of human stroke. We have developed an endovascular stroke model in nonhuman primates that is compatible with serial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) monitoring. Using cynomologous macaques (n = 4), a microcatheter was navigated transarterially (under fluoroscopic guidance) from the femoral artery to the middle cerebral artery (MCA). The microcatheter was wedged in a branch of the MCA for 3 hours to cause focal cerebral ischemia, as verified angiographically. During occlusion and/or reperfusion, animals were scanned with MRI, and imaging findings were compared with the stained brain sections. All animals demonstrated small stroke lesions in the expected vascular territory, as seen on diffusion-weighted MRI and confirmed by postmortem examination. Reperfusion after 3 hours was confirmed angiographically (n = 2) and also by MRI (n = 4). The mean initial lesion volume, measured on the postreperfusion MRI scans, was 2.3 +/- 1.3 mL (n = 4). There was good agreement between anatomic location of the lesion on MRI and postmortem histological staining (n = 3). A "minimally invasive" primate model of focal cerebral ischemia was developed that is ideally suited to MRI studies of both acute and chronic stroke. By using serial MRI scans to measure changes in lesion size over time, we will be able to control for variability in lesion size/location. This model should prove useful as a test bed for new stroke therapies, in which noninvasive imaging findings are readily comparable to human stroke.
Intravenous Ketorolac Significantly Reduces the Pain of Office Transrectal Ultrasound and Prostate Biopsies

Introduction: Campbell’s’ Urology, 8th edition, indicates that office transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) and prostate biopsies require no anesthesia. This is however in contradistinction
Phase-To-Ground and Phase-To-Phase Switching-Surge Flashover of External Insulation of UHV Stations

Switching-surge tests were performed on three basic station insulations: horizontal insulator strings, station post insulators, phase-to-phase air clearances between buses. The influence of different geometrical parameters was investigated.
Activity dependent characteristics of fast and slow muscle: biochemical and histochemical considerations.

The effects of denervation and hindlimb suspension induced disuse on concentrations of ATP, phosphocreatine (PC), and fiber type profile were investigated in slow twitch soleus and fast twitch extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles. The results show that the soleus and EDL muscles differ in their dependency on loadbearing as a stimulus for maintaining normal energy metabolism and the biochemical and morphological characteristics of muscle fibers. As determined by R-P methodology, suspension reduced ATP and PC concentrations of the soleus to 26% and 56%, respectively, while, in EDL only, PC is reduced to 71% of control with no change in ATP. Both muscles, however, show identical losses in ATP and PC following denervation. The energy charge, an indicator of Pi availability in muscle was reduced significantly in both denervated muscles to 82% and 85% in soleus and EDL, respectively. No significant reduction of the energy charge was seen in the muscles from suspended rats. Thus, in parallel with the indirect regulation through muscle loadbearing, the nerve can effectively modulate the levels of high-energy phosphates more directly by some regulatory mechanisms independent of muscle type. Denervation and suspension disuse increased the proportion of type 2 fibers in the soleus with a concomitant decrease in type 1 fibers and a relative rise in the number of very small diameter fibers. The EDL showed only variation in fiber size.
Enteral Stents are Safe and Effective to Relieve Malignant Gastric Outlet Obstruction in the Elderly

Nausea, vomiting and intolerance to oral intake are usually the first presenting symptoms of gastric outlet obstruction, which not only cause malnutrition and increases chances of aspiration pneumonia but also greatly impair the quality of life. Self expandable metallic stents (SEMS) are both effective and safe to relieve the distressing symptoms of gastric outlet obstruction. The aim of this study was to compare the outcomes of endoscopic enteral stent insertion in malignant gastric outlet obstruction in older versus younger patients. Eighty two patients were identified to have undergone SEMs insertion for malignant gastric outlet obstruction. Of these, 26 were ≥65 years (older patient group) and 56 were ≤65 years (younger patient group). These were retrospectively reviewed to assess the success rate and the complications of the procedure. Both groups were comparable in terms of technical success (100 % in older patient group versus 97 % in younger patient group). Clinical success rate, as determined by gastric outlet obstruction scoring system score (GOOSS) was also similar in both groups. Additionally, the rate of complications in both groups was also comparable, 27 % in older patient versus 23 % in younger patients (p = 0.085). Enteral stenting for malignant gastric outlet obstruction is effective in the older patient groups with its success rate and complications comparable to younger patient population.
Use of reference states and constant-property solutions in predicting mass-, momentum-, and energy-transfer rates in high-speed laminar flows

Abstract Two simple cases of laminar flow with simultaneous transfers of mass, momentum, and energy are studied first in order to obtain insight into the nature of transport phenomena and thermodynamic conditions existing in high-speed boundary layers involving diffusion of a gas added at the wall. In laminar Couette flow, simplifications are realized as a consequence of the nature of the boundary conditions, and information concerning the effects of differences in the heat capacities of the two species and the effects of deviations of Prandtl number, Schmidt number, and Lewis number from unity are obtained. An exact expression for the reference composition is obtained for the case of isothermal flow; a linearized expression for the reference temperature is obtained for the case in which the viscosity is a linear function of temperature and independent of composition. To first order in blowing rates, the reference composition is the arithmetic average of the compositions at the two surfaces, whereas the expression for the reference enthalpy is a simple extension of Eckert's expression for the reference enthalpy for a laminar boundary-layer with no mass addition at the wall. In laminar boundary-layer flow with constant properties, simplifications are realized as a consequence of the fluid properties being constant properties, and information concerning the effects of the two-dimensional character of boundary-layer flow is obtained. The information obtained for these two simple cases is combined then, and applied to the case of laminar boundary-layer flow with variable fluid properties. Basing all fluid properties upon the reference state suggested in the Couette flow study, mass-, momentum-, and energy-transfer rates and recovery factors for fluids with variable fluid properties, are given as functions of blowing rates for several coolants (including H2, with molecular weight 2, and I2, with molecular weight 254) and for several speeds (up to Ma = 12) by only two curves to an approximation adequate for many engineering applications. A Reynolds analogy for boundary-layer flows with mass additions at the wall is found to exist.
Prediction of Maximum Flow Rates From Geopressured Aquifers

Geologists developed three methods to estimate the production rate from a geopressured aquifer with a surface pressure maintained at a constant minimal value. The techniques emphasize exponential integral, semisteady-state, and terminal-pressure limited-reservoir solutions to the diffusivity equation. A sensitivity analysis of south Louisiana geopressured aquifers indicates that the parameters affecting the production rate include tubing size, formation damage, and those criteria that dictate the ultimate possible water recovery. Variations in permeability, viscosity, and well location affect production only slightly.
Chaotic Resonance: A Simulation

Stochastic resonance is a statistical phenomenon that has been observed in periodically modulated, noise-driven, bistable systems. The characteristic signatures of the effect include an increase in the signal-to-noise of the output as noise is added to the system, and exponentially decreasing peaks in the probability density as a function of residence times in one state. Presented are the results of a numerical simulation where these same signatures were observed by adding achaotic driving term instead of a white noise term. Although the probability distributions of the noise and chaos inputs were significantly different, the stochastic and chaotic resonances were equal within the experimental error.
Structured illumination for compressive x-ray diffraction tomography

Coherent x-ray scatter (also know as x-ray diffraction) has long been used to non-destructively investigate the molecular structure of materials for industrial, medical, security, and fundamental purposes. Unfortunately, molecular tomography based on coherent scatter typically requires long scan times and/or large incident fluxes, which has limited the practical applicability of such schemes. One can overcome the conventional challenges by employing compressive sensing theory to optimize the information obtained per incident photon. We accomplish this in two primary ways: we use a coded aperture to structure the incident illumination and realize massive measurement parallelization and use photon-counting, energy-sensitive detection to recover maximal information from each detected photon. We motivate and discuss here the general imaging principles, investigate different coding and sampling strategies, and provide results from theoretical studies for our structured illumination scheme. We find that this approach promises real-time molecular tomography of bulk objects without a loss in imaging performance.
Ionic requirements of transepithelial potential difference and net water flux in the perfused midgut of the american lobster, Homarus americanus

Abstract 1. 1. The perfused midgut of intermolt (stage C4) Homarus americanus had a net water flux (mucosa to serosa) of 32.4 μl · cm−2 · hr−1 and generated a small serosa-positive potential difference of 0.26 mV when bathed in normal lobster Ringer. 2. 2. Both potential difference and net water flux required Na+ but not Cl−, were abolished by cyanide (10−3 M) in the serosal bath, and were insensitive to ouabain (10−4 M) when simultaneously applied to both sides of the epithelium. 3. 3. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that net water transport is linked to active transport of Na+ across the lobster epithelium.
Tunneling and proximity effect studies of the high-temperature superconductors

Abstract Tunneling and proximity effect studies of the high-temperature superconductors are reviewed. The data from various studies are compared in order to discern their common features. A considerable degree of consistency is found. The existence of very large gaps as reported in the early experiments is confirmed, and evidence for additional, smaller gaps is presented. The anomalous linear differential conductance observed at high voltages in the early experiments is found to be, perhaps, a property of tunneling in the c-axis direction. Proximity effect studies demonstrate that Josephson proximity coupling appears to exist only into the a-b plane of these materials, and not along the c-axis. It is also found to be apparently very sensitive to any boundary resistance (likely of intrinsic origins) at the superconducting/normal metal interface.
Further studies of drought resistance in woody plants

This publication is an extension of the 1956 review of drought resistance in woody plants. The more important recently used terms are listed and defined. Summaries of reports of drought effects on forest trees are presented in tabular form. Frost-drought is discussed as an important factor in the limitation of woody plants’ geographical ranges. The role that droughts play in the initiation of tree diseases is considered, especially in the light of new evidence from studies of diebacks-declines of forest trees. Interactions between soil moisture and transpiration are discussed as well as ways to control transpiration in large stands. Also considered are drought experiments with tree seedlings and symptomatology of drought injury. The means by which woody plants survive drought (excluding ephemerals) are discussed.
Designing Low Cost Autonomous Robots in Unknown Environments

This paper documents the design and development of a low cost robot capable of autonomous navigation in unknown indoor environments. The proposed design uses only two complementary rotating sensors for navigation. The use of real time mapping allows for detection and avoidance of obstacles. The fusion of the sensors data helped improve accuracy of the online map of the robot environment. The robot builds an online map of its environment, and then automatically plans its navigation path. The feedback control keeps the robot moving along its planned path. The robot has been successfully tested in a cluttered environment in the Advanced Systems Lab. Preliminary tests carried out have shown the success of the robot in navigating autonomously.
Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in the elderly.

OBJECTIVE: It is widely believed that Clostridium difficile (C. difficile)-associated diarrhea is a more severe disease in the elderly than in the young, associated with increased morbidity and mortality. These beliefs are largely anecdotal, and there are few data supporting them. METHODS: We conducted an evaluation in an urban, tertiary care hospital of 89 inpatients in whom C. difficile–associated diarrhea was identified. These patients were evaluated prospectively, and the group was divided by age into those <60 yr of age (younger) and those ≥60 yr (elderly). RESULTS: There was no difference in mortality or morbidity in elderly individuals with C. difficile-associated diarrhea when compared with younger persons similarly infected. The response to standard treatment was similar in both groups. Older patients were more likely to have an elevated white blood cell count in association with C. difficile-associated diarrhea (60% vs 26%, p < 0.05), and were more likely to have acquired their infection in the hospital (89% vs 50%, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: In the elderly, C. difficile-associated diarrhea is almost always acquired in institutions, and may not be obvious among patients’ other problems. The elderly do not seem to have an increase in C. difficile diarrhea–associated morbidity or mortality. There is no evidence that C. difficile-associated diarrhea is more severe in the elderly than it is in the young.
Deadtime correction for pulsed beams

Abstract A method is presented for making deadtime corrections for nonperalyzable electronic devices for the case of counting events from a pulsed beam of finite time spread and a counting interval which encompasses only a fraction of the interval between pulses.
Protection of the ischaemic dog heart by oxfenicine

Myocardial ischaemia was produced in closed-chest anaesthetised dogs by coronary embolisation with Sephadex microspheres. Myocardial enzyme release and lactate production were used to quantitate the severity of ischaemia. In dogs pretreated with oxfenicine (S-4-hydroxyphenylglycine; 0.1mmol.kg−1) 1h prior to embolisation, peak lactate production (extraction ratio −25±13%) was significantly less than in control dogs (−72±5%; p < 0.01), and the time post-embolisation at which nett lactate uptake became re-established was reduced from 1.4h to 0.4h. Myocardial release of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme 1 (HBDH) up to 5h post-embolisation was reduced by 40% in oxfenicine pretreated dogs and there was a similar reduction in the HBDH arterio-coronary sinus difference. Since oxfenicine pretreatment did not modify the major haemodynamic determinants of myocardial oxygen consumption, we conclude that these beneficial effects result from the ability of oxfenicine to divert myocardial metabolism from fatty acid to carbohydrate oxidation, with a consequent reduction in oxygen demand.
Neuropeptides in sensory perikarya projecting to the rat ovary

Afferent perikarya in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) at the T13 and L1 segmental levels projecting to the rat ovary were identified by utilizing the fluorescent retrograde tracer true blue (TB). Subsequently, TB-labeled ovarian afferent perikarya in DRG were examined for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), substance P (SP), cholecystokinin-8 (CCK-8), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and somatostatin (SOM) immunoreactivity and for the presence of fluoride-resistant acid phosphatase (FRAP) enzyme activity. Of the ovarian afferent perikarya at the T13 and L1 segmental levels, 20.5% displayed VIP immunoreactivity, 23.8% displayed SP immunoreactivity, and 43.1% were immunoreactive for CCK-8. No ovarian afferent perikarya contained SOM or NYP immunoreactivity or FRAP activity. It is suggested that different neuropeptides may participate in modulation of specific ovarian functions.
Direct Measurements of Aerosol Diffusion Constants in the Intermediate Knudsen Regime

The authors have measured the diffusion constants of aerosols whose size compares to the mean free path of the gas in three different aerosols. Their experimental diffusion constants do not agree with the kinetic-theory calculations in this intermediate Knudsen regime.