cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acceptability of time out procedures for schoolage children: Evaluations by direct care staff and students in child development and child care

This study deals with direct care staff and child development and child care studients' rationales for selecting and implementing time out procedures when managing children's behavior. The implications of the results for selecting specific management techniques along with their relevance for the training of child care personnel are discussed.
Effect of Direct Steam Heating and Vacuum Treatment on Levels of Pesticide Residues in Milk

Abstract Milks containing added DDT (p,p′-), heptachlor, lindane, and dieldrin were passed through commercial steam distillation—vacuum processing equipment. This process, developed to expel volatile off-flavors, removed the following percentages of pesticides: dieldrin, 3.0; heptachlor, 0; lindane, 23.8; and DDT (p,p′-), 8.4.
College Library Directors Mentor Program: "Passing It On:" A Personal Reflection.

Abstract The College Library Directors Mentor Program provides an avenue through which first-year college library directors benefit from the advice and guidance of their more experienced colleagues. During the past five years more than 120 college library directors have participated in this program.
Zero-point energy of a cylindrical layer of finite thickness

The zero-point electromagnetic (Casimir) energy of an infinitely long cylindrical layer of finite thickness is calculated. The dielectric and magnetic properties of the layer and those of the surrounding medium are assumed to be described by real constant dielectric permittivities and magnetic permeabilities satisfying the relationship of constant speed of light across the interfaces. We use the mode summation technique together with the Riemann $\ensuremath{\zeta}$-function regularization procedure to remove the occurring divergences from the Casimir energy. We present analytical expressions and numerical calculations for various limiting cases in terms of the radial dimension, curvature, and material composition of the cylindrical layer.
DNA fingerprinting in investigation of apparent nosocomial acquisition of neonatal herpes simplex

HERPESVIRUS HOMINIS INFECTION in the newborn period may be a devastating disease leading to death or to serious neurologic sequelae.' The infant is usually infected with the virus during the intrapartum period. In addition, there is great concern about transmission of this relatively common virus to other babies in the hospital. Isolation of exposed infants and their mothers and exclusion of personnel With genital or oral herpetic lesions from the nursery are currently recommended,'-' but remain controversial. Recently, we observed herpes simplex in two newborn infants who had been in adjacent cribs for several hours. The possibility that the virus had been transmitted from one infant to another was tested by fingerprinting the DNA of the viruses ~ isolated from these two patients.
Real-Time, In-Line, and Mapping Spectroscopic Ellipsometry for Applications in Cu(In $_{{\bf 1}-{\bm x}}$ Ga $_{\bm x}$ )Se $_{\bf 2}$ Metrology

In the scale-up of Cu(In1-xGax)Se2 (CIGS) solar cell processing for large-area photovoltaics technology, the challenge is to achieve optimum values of layer thicknesses, as well as CIGS Cu stoichiometry and alloy composition x within narrow ranges and simultaneously over large areas. As a result, contactless metrologies - those that provide such information in real-time or in-line process step by step, with the capabilities of large-area mapping - are of great interest in this technology. We have demonstrated high-speed multichannel spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) in a number of modes for CIGS metrology, including 1) single-spot real-time SE monitoring of (In1-xGax)2Se3 as the first stage in multisource evaporation of three-stage CIGS; 2) control of Cu stoichiometry in the second and third stages of the process; 3) single-spot in situ SE analysis of alloy composition and grain size averaged through the thickness for the final CIGS film; 4) offline mapping of the CIGS thickness and composition over large areas, as well as mapping after each device fabrication step for correlation with local small area cell performance; 5) ex situ single-spot analysis of alloy composition profiles in CIGS and of completed solar cell stacks to extract thicknesses and properties of semiconductor and contact layers; and 6) predictive capability for quantum efficiency based on the results of SE multilayer analysis. With the future development of new instrumentation, the offline and ex situ capabilities in multilayer analysis and mapping will be possible in-line for both rigid and roll-to-roll flexible substrates.
A new classification for cervical vertebral injuries: influence of CT.

Objective. Computed tomography (CT) has been demonstrated to be superior to radiography in identifying cervical vertebral injuries. However, many of these injuries may not be clinically significant, and require only minimal symptomatic and supportive treatment. It is therefore imperative that radiologists and spine surgeons have criteria for distinguishing between those injuries requiring surgical stabilization and those that do not. The authors propose a new classification of cervical vertebral injuries into two categories: major and minor.
Fast local temperature tracking in electrophysiological preparations by means of controlled laser irradiation

The design and application of a temperature-tracking apparatus using a laser as heating source for electrophysiological preparation are presented. The apparatus provides the ability to follow a given temperature pattern at a local site. The studies were conducted to understand the mechanisms underlying thermal damage to ion channels in the frog nerve node of Ranvier. Main objectives of the temperature controller design are short temperature rise time and precise static temperature control. The temperature controller allows a minimum rise time of 150 ms with an accuracy of +/- 0.2 degree(s)C in the nerve membrane of nodes of Ranvier. The application of the device to nerve membrane thermal damage study showed that after a 5-second exposure to laser-induced hyperthermia at temperature of 48 - 54 degree(s)C, there was a differential suppression of Na and K currents in the nodal membrane currents. Potential applications of the temperature controller design can be found in other research areas in medicine and biophysics that require a stable high temperature heat source for local heating.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The reaction of cis-sulphatoaquotetra-ammine-cobalt(III)ion with chromium(II) ion in aqueous perchloric acid

Abstract The reduction of cis -sulphatoaquotetra-ammine-cobalt-(III) ion by chromium(II) in aqueous perchloric acid proceeds through both single- and double-bridged transition states. The rate constants are k SB =0.49/[H + ]+3.2+7.8[H + ] and k DB =0.36/[H + +0.37 (l.mole −1 sec. −1 ; 25°C; 1.0 ionic strength) respectively.
Mitigation of paraffin wax deposition in cretaceous crude oils of Wyoming

In this paper we describe a laboratory simulation of paraffin deposition using a specially designed flow-tube apparatus. This was used to determine the deposition from the Dakota crude oil obtained from the wells of the Fourteen Mile field in the Big Horn basin. Two paraffin inhibitors were obtained for this Dakota crude and used to mitigate the wax deposition in these experiments. The inhibitors were tested at different concentrations and the deposition rates were obtained for each of the inhibitors. Based on these experiments, the use of one of the inhibitors resulted in a 35% reduction in wax deposition. However, it was also determined that this solvent was not effective in removing wax once it had already deposited.
Fiber optic sensor for continuous monitoring of chlorinated solvents in the vadose zone and in groundwater: field test results

A fiber optic chemical sensor has been designed for groundwater and vadose zone monitoring of volatile halogenated hydrocarbons. The principle of detection is a quantitative, irreversible chemical reaction that forms visible light absorbing products. This absorption is measured remotely using fiber optics. Modifications of our previous sensor design have resulted in lower detection limits and increased durability. In this paper we describe the measurement system and present the new sensor design along with calibration data and preliminary field test results.
Scaling behaviour in the frequency dependent conductivity of mixed alkali glasses

Abstract The frequency dependent conductivity of xLiF–(80−x)KF–20Al(PO3)3 mixed alkali glasses has been studied at 323 K≤T≤523 K and over a frequency range 20 Hz≤ν≤1 MHz. The data have been analyzed assuming a power-law for the frequency dependence of the conductivity. We demonstrate that while the individual compositions exhibit temperature independent scaling of the ac conductivity, the composition dependent ac conductivity can be explained only using two scaling functions, one each for the dominant K+ and Li+ cation regions on either side of the minimum in the ac/dc conductivity of the mixed alkali glasses. This is consistent with the dynamic structure model. It is proposed that the ion dynamics in mixed mobile ion glasses may be universally explained with two scaling functions.
Mandibular Position and Upper Body Strength: A Controlled Clinical Trial

Occlusal appliances that increase vertical dimension have been advocated as a means of improving upper body strength during athletic competition. A dynamometer was used to test the strength of shoulder abduction and adduction in 14 athletes.
Helix Formation in Preorganized β/γ-Peptide Foldamers: Hydrogen-Bond Analogy to the α-Helix without α-Amino Acid Residues

We report the first high-resolution structural data for the β/γ-peptide 13-helix (i,i+3 C═O···H—N H-bonds), a secondary structure that is formed by oligomers with a 1:1 alternation of β- and γ-amino acid residues. Our characterization includes both crystallophaphic and 2D NMR data. Previous studies suggested that β/γ-peptides constructed from conformationally flexible residues adopt a different helical secondary structure in solution. Our design features preorganized β- and γ-residues, which strongly promote 13-helical folding by the 1:1 β/γ backbone.
Price competition between two international firms facing tariffs

Abstract This paper examines the effects of tariffs on price-setting duopolists selling a homogeneous product. The producers cannot segment geographically distinct markets. It provides a complete characterization of the equilibrium (mixed) strategies and analyzes the pattern of competition for different tariffs. If a country raises its tariff, the profits of both producers increase, although the protected firm typically benefits more than its foreign counterpart. Growth in one market may reduce the profits of the firm located in the other market.
Salt effects on non-electrolyte activity coefficients in mixed aqueous electrolyte solutions - II. Artificial and natural sea waters

Abstract The previously demonstrated additivity of ionic contributions to the salting-out of non-polar non-electrolytes by mixed aqueous electrolytes has been applied to predict the salt effects on naphthalene solubility (S, mole 1.−1) at 25° in sea water of chlorosity Cl/120 as log S = −3.590 ± 0.003 − (0·00680 ± 0·00009) Cl/120. Naphthalene solubility was measured as a function of chlorosity in a ten-salt artificial sea water and precise agreement with the above expression was observed. Four samples of natural sea water and one estuarine water were similarly examined with results indistinguishable from those for artificial sea water or those predicted from the pure salt data. This precise accounting of the non-electrolyte solubility in sea water on the basis of the major electrolyte constituents alone indicates the absence of solubilization phenomena. Applications of such experiments to interstitial and other natural waters in which solubilization processes may indeed regularly occur are considered. The results are also employed as a starting point for the study of salt effects on the solubilization of naphthalene by added surfactants under controlled conditions in sea water. The results of these and similar experiments are employed to re-examine the proposed role of salinity changes in the transport of solubilized hydrocarbons in sediments. Finally, the McDevit-Long theory of non-electrolyte salting is applied to prediction of the effects of depth on non-electrolyte salting coefficients in the oceans.
Attenuation of dopamine transporter activity by α-synuclein

Abstract α - synuclein accumulates in Lewy bodies in idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Neither the normal function nor contribution of α-synuclein to the pathophysiology of neurodegeneration is known. Here we show that a normal function of α-synuclein is the negative modulation of human dopamine transporter (hDAT) activity. In cotransfected Ltk − cells, α-synuclein attenuated the reuptake of dopamine by hDAT, in a manner dependent on expression levels of α-synuclein. α-synuclein-mediated inhibition of hDAT activity was independent of expression vectors, cell types and methods of transfection. The α-synuclein-mediated decrease in DAT activity occurred through diminished uptake velocity of dopamine, without changes in the affinity of hDAT for dopamine. Co-immunoprecipitation studies confirmed the formation of a stable complex between α-synuclein and DAT, through direct protein:protein interactions. Thus, under normal (non-toxic) expression conditions, α-synuclein negatively modulates dopamine uptake by DAT.
Catalytic roles of arginine residues 82 and 92 of Escherichia coli 6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropterin pyrophosphokinase: site-directed mutagenesis and biochemical studies.

The roles of a pair of conserved positively charged residues R82 and R92 at a catalytic loop of Escherichia coli 6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropterin pyrophosphokinase (HPPK) have been investigated by...
Flow of viscous fluid through a circular aperture

The creeping flow of a highly viscous incompressible fluid through a circular aperture located in an infinitely wide horizontal plate is analyzed by solving Navier-Stokes equations without inertia terms. Solutions for vertical and radial velocities as well as pressure have been obtained in terms of integral equations with an undetermined Kernal function. This function has been evaluated by assuming several different velocity distributions at the aperture, and the corresponding pressure drop for each case has been calculated. The results show that the pressure loss for a given flow rate goes through a minimum as the assumed velocity profile changes from flat to parabolic. Based on the minimum energy dissipation theorem of Helmholtz, the most appropriate velocity distribution is discussed. Experimental data obtained using sharp-edged orifices are compared with theoretical predictions.
The Civil War's medical cadets: medical students serving the union.

Among the medical personnel serving the United States during the Civil War was an obscure group of young men called medical cadets. Composed of medical students, the US Army medical cadet corps was created to dress wounds and act as ambulance attendants. As mounting war casualties overwhelmed Army surgeons, medical cadets found themselves taking on much more responsibility for patient care. Although all but ignored in histories of Civil War medicine, the story of the medical cadets provides valuable insight about medical training and military medicine during that conflict.
Relationship between P300 amplitude and subsequent recall for distinctive events : Dependence on type of distinctiveness attribute

Distinctive words elicit the P300 component of the event-related brain potential, and are also likely to be recalled. Previous studies have shown that the larger the P300 elicited by distinctive words, the more likely it is that those words will be recalled. The present study addressed whether this relationship is affected by the manner in which distinctiveness is induced. Distinctiveness was manipulated either by varying the size of the characters in which a word was displayed, or by surrounding the word with a frame at close or far distance. All distinctiveness attributes resulted in improved recall performance. The words whose size was distinctive elicited a large P300, and P300 amplitude was larger for subsequently recalled words. The frame attributes elicited a small P300, and the amplitude of these P300s was not correlated with subsequent recall performance. Instead, a frontal slow wave was correlated with subsequent recall performance in the far frame group. It is concluded that the relationship between P300 amplitude and subsequent recall depends on the type of distinctiveness attribute, and should therefore not be ascribed to a generalized effect of distinctiveness on memory encoding processes.
Cloning and Differential Tissue-specific Expression of Three Mouse β Chemokine Receptor-like Genes, Including the Gene for a Functional Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-1α Receptor

Abstract Macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α) and RANTES, members of the β chemokine family of leukocyte chemoattractants, bind to a common seven-transmembrane-domain human receptor. We have now cloned three related mouse genes: one for a selective MIP-1α receptor (MIP-1αR) and two for orphan receptors provisionally designated MIP-1α receptor-like 1 and 2 (MIP-1αRL1 and 2). Their deduced sequences are 80, 62, and 63% identical to the human MIP-1α/RANTES receptor, respectively. K562 cells stably transfected with MIP-1αR specifically bound I-human MIP-1α and I-human RANTES with high affinity. The rank order of β chemokine competition for I-human MIP-1α binding was human MIP-1α > mouse MIP-1α RANTES MIP-1β > MCP-1. However, human RANTES was 100-fold less potent as a calcium-mobilizing agonist for MIP-1αR than either human or mouse MIP-1α, which matched the selectivity of mouse leukocytes for calcium mobilization by MIP-1α and RANTES. No other β or α chemokines tested were agonists for MIP-1αR. RNA for all three genes was detected in mouse leukocytes, but unique patterns of expression were identified in solid organs: MIP-1αR, heart, spleen, and lung; MIP-1αRL1, skeletal muscle; and MIP-1αRL2, spleen and liver. These data identify potentially important new targets for β chemokine action in the mouse.
Dust: A Study in Sociological Miniaturism

Following the perspective of sociological miniaturism, proposed by Stolte, Fine, and Cook (2001), we examine the significance of dust in social life in order to examine the reverberations of the micro-features of everyday life on social structure. Through the examination of the routine, the unexamined, and the commonplace, we hope to gain some insight on how the taken-for-granted aspects of lived experience fit into the larger social order. Dust, by virtue of its smallness, provides a window through which we can explore social structural issues using microsociological analysis. Specifically we examine how dust and techniques for its control are linked to issues of gender, work, political economy, and nation
Metabolic engineering by genome shuffling.

Two reports on whole-genome shuffling demonstrate the application of combinatorial methods for phenotypic improvement in bacteria.
Nested case-control study of external ionizing radiation dose and mortality from dementia within a pooled cohort of female nuclear weapons workers.

Background A prior investigation of this cohort of female nuclear workers found increased deaths from mental disorders, including dementia. The present study estimates the effect of workplace exposures to ionizing radiations and other hazards on mortality from dementia. Methods A nested case-control study within a pooled cohort of 67,976 female nuclear workers compared 91 cases of death from dementia with 910 controls. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) were employed to estimate the effects of maximum annual and total lifetime radiation doses on the occurrence of dementia in 168 monitored workers. Results Both maximum annual (OR = 2.11, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.98, 4.40) and total lifetime radiation doses (OR = 2.09, 95% CI = 1.02, 4.29) were associated with death from dementia. Significant dose-response trends were present for both exposures. Conclusions Occupational exposure to ionizing radiation (IR) may be associated with increased risk of death from dementia in female workers. Since these findings are based on a small number of cases, replication with a larger case sample should be pursued. Am. J. Ind. Med. 44:351–358, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Generalized "Yoking-Proofs" for a Group of RFID Tags

Recently Ari Juels suggested a "yoking-proof" where a pair of radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags are both read within a specified time bound, and left open for future research the problem of generating a proof for larger groups of tags. We generalize his protocol by developing a proof which ensures that a group of tags is read within a certain time period. The tags generate such a proof even if the reader is untrusted. The proof is improbable to forge, and is verifiable off-line by a trusted verifier. Juels's problem formulation does not take privacy into account and the resulting protocol offers no privacy to the tags. We modify the problem statement to require the "yoking-proof" to maintain privacy, and we give a protocol for this new anonymous yoking problem, along with suggestions for speed ups.
Restless legs syndrome is associated with irritable bowel syndrome and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth.

Abstract Background Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is linked to gastrointestinal disorders. The prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) in RLS patients was determined. Methods RLS subjects were recruited from unbiased ads that did not mention gastrointestinal symptoms. RLS diagnosis was confirmed by a neurologist and utilized the International RLS Study Group criteria. General population controls (GPC) were spouses of gastrointestinal clinic patients and were excluded for RLS. Completely healthy controls (CHC) were excluded for RLS and gastrointestinal symptoms. IBS was diagnosed by Rome II criteria. SIBO was diagnosed by the lactulose breath test (LBT). Results There were 32 RLS subjects (23F/9M; 57 yo), 25 GPC (13F/12M; 58 yo) and 30 CHC (19F/11M; 44 yo). Twenty-nine had RLS unassociated with other GI diseases, one had celiac disease, and two had gastric resections. IBS was diagnosed in 28% of RLS subjects compared to 4% GPC ( p =0.0317). SIBO was diagnosed in 69% of RLS subjects compared to 28% of GPC ( p =0.0033) and 10% of CHC. Using a false positive rate of 10%, 59% of positive LBT results are associated with RLS. Conclusions IBS and SIBO are common in RLS. Three hypotheses developed are (a) RLS patients are selectively immunocompromised or genetically predisposed and thus more subject to SIBO; (b) SIBO leads to autoimmune changes, and subsequent auto-antibodies attack brain and/or peripheral nerves and (c) SIBO inflammation leads to increased hepcidin and CNS iron deficiency which, in turn, leads to RLS. These hypotheses bear further investigation.
Increased plasma gln and Leu Ra and inappropriately low muscle protein synthesis rate in AIDS wasting.

Muscle protein wasting occurs in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals and is often the initial indication of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Little is known about the ...
Synthesis and biological evaluation of gamma-aminophosphonates as potent, subtype-selective sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor agonists and antagonists.

Abstract The synthesis of N-arylamide phosphonates and related arylether and arylamine analogues provided potent, subtype-selective agonists and antagonists of the five known sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptors (S1P1–5). To this end, the syntheses of phosphoserine mimetics—selectively protected and optically active phosphonoserines—are described. In vitro binding assays showed that the implementation of phosphonates as phosphate mimetics provided compounds with similar receptor binding affinities as compared to their phosphate precursors. meta-substituted arylamide phosphonates were discovered to be antagonists of the S1P1 and S1P3 receptors. When administered to mice, an antagonist blocked the lymphopenia evoked by a S1P receptor agonist and caused capillary leakage in both lung and kidney.
Single-molecule tools elucidate H2A.Z nucleosome composition

Although distinct epigenetic marks correlate with different chromatin states, how they are integrated within single nucleosomes to generate combinatorial signals remains largely unknown. We report the successful implementation of single molecule tools constituting fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS), pulse interleave excitation-based Forster resonance energy transfer (PIE-FRET) and fluorescence lifetime imaging-based FRET (FLIM-FRET) to elucidate the composition of single nucleosomes containing histone variant H2A.Z (Htz1p in yeast) in vitro and in vivo. We demonstrate that yeast nucleosomes containing Htz1p are primarily composed of H4 K12ac and H3 K4me3 but not H3 K36me3 and that these patterns are conserved in mammalian cells. Quantification of epigenetic modifications in nucleosomes will provide a new dimension to epigenetics research and lead to a better understanding of how these patterns contribute to the targeting of chromatin-binding proteins and chromatin structure during gene regulation.
Solubility analysis of multicomponent systems capable of interacting in solution.

The results obtained in this study show that individual solubility profiles may be of no value for predicting the equilibrium solubility of mixtures of drugs, particularly when the drugs are capable of interacting in solution to form a very insoluble complex.
Data Management and Other Logistical Challenges for the GEMS: The Data Coordinating Center Perspective

The Cooperative Studies Program Coordinating Center provided the data management, administrative, and statistical support to the Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS). The GEMS study, the largest epidemiological study in the diarrheal disease area among children <5 years of age, was carried out in 4 African countries and 3 Asian countries. Given the geographical and geopolitical differences among the countries, the administration of a centralized data management operation was a major challenge. The sheer volume of the data that were collected, regular transfer of the data to a centralized database, and the cleaning of the same also posed some challenges. This paper outlines the details of the support that the data coordinating center provided and the challenges faced during the course of the study.
Computational Model of Edge Effects in Graphene Nanoribbon Transistors

We present a semi-analytical model incorporating the effects of edge bond relaxation, the third nearest neighbor interactions, and edge scattering in graphene nanoribbon field-effect transistors (GNRFETs) with armchair-edge GNR (AGNR) channels. Unlike carbon nanotubes (CNTs) which do not have edges, the existence of edges in the AGNRs has a significant effect on the quantum capacitance and ballistic I-V characteristics of GNRFETs. For an AGNR with an index of m=3p, the band gap decreases and the ON current increases whereas for an AGNR with an index of m=3p+1, the quantum capacitance increases and the ON current decreases. The effect of edge scattering, which reduces the ON current, is also included in the model.
Which Risk Model to Use? Clinical Implications of the ACS MRI Screening Guidelines

The American Cancer Society (ACS) guidelines define the appropriate use of MRI as an adjunct to mammography for breast cancer screening. Three risk assessment models are recommended to determine if women are at sufficient risk to warrant the use of this expensive screening tool, however, the real-world application of these models has not been explored. We sought to understand how these models behave in a community setting for women undergoing mammography screening. We conducted a retrospective analysis of 5,894 women, who received mammography screening at a community hospital and assessed their eligibility for MRI according to the ACS guidelines. Of the 5,894 women, 342 (5.8%) were eligible for MRI, but we found significant differences in the number of eligible women identified by each model. Our results indicate that these models identify very different populations, implying that the ACS guidelines deserve further development and consideration. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 22(1); 146–9. ©2012 AACR .
Quantifying the response of photosynthesis to changes in leaf nitrogen content and leaf mass per area in plants grown under atmospheric CO2 enrichment

Previous modelling exercises and conceptual arguments have predicted that a reduction in biochemical capacity for photosynthesis (Aarea) at elevated CO2 may be compensated by an increase in mesophyll tissue growth if the total amount of photosynthetic machinery per unit leaf area is maintained (i.e. morphological upregulation). The model prediction was based on modelling photosynthesis as a function of leaf N per unit leaf area (Narea), where Narea = Nmass×LMA. Here, Nmass is percentage leaf N and is used to estimate biochemical capacity and LMA is leaf mass per unit leaf area and is an index of leaf morphology. To assess the relative importance of changes in biochemical capacity versus leaf morphology we need to control for multiple correlations that are known, or that are likely to exist between CO2 concentration, Narea, Nmass, LMA and Aarea. Although this is impractical experimentally, we can control for these correlations statistically using systems of linear multiple-regression equations. We developed a linear model to partition the response of Aarea to elevated CO2 into components representing the independent and interactive effects of changes in indexes of biochemical capacity, leaf morphology and CO2 limitation of photosynthesis. The model was fitted to data from three pine and seven deciduous tree species grown in separate chamber-based field experiments. Photosynthetic enhancement at elevated CO2 due to morphological upregulation was negligible for most species. The response of Aarea in these species was dominated by the reduction in CO2 limitation occurring at higher CO2 concentration. However, some species displayed a significant reduction in potential photosynthesis at elevated CO2 due to an increase in LMA that was independent of any changes in Narea. This morphologically based inhibition of Aarea combined additively with a reduction in biochemical capacity to significantly offset the direct enhancement of Aarea caused by reduced CO2 limitation in two species. This offset was 100% for Acer rubrum, resulting in no net effect of elevated CO2 on Aarea for this species, and 44% for Betula pendula. This analysis shows that interactions between biochemical and morphological responses to elevated CO2 can have important effects on photosynthesis.
Impact of Milk Supply Management on the Midwest

Abstract The US dairy industry has experienced surplus milk since 1979. As a result, supply management has been a frequent topic of discussion. Although Midwest dairy farmers in general favor some type of supply management for milk over the alternatives of further cuts in the support price, there does not appear to be a majority support for a specific supply management proposal at this time. Supply management proposals result in higher farm milk prices than would exist under supply and demand conditions. Thus, gross dairy farm income would be enhanced with supply management. However, the amount of net income is less certain. Consumer response to retail price increases is about four times greater for manufactured dairy products than for fluid products. Over 80% of the milk in the Midwest is utilized for manufactured products. A mandatory supply management program that increases retail prices substantially and is administered on a regional basis could call for a reduction in milk production that would reduce net dairy income to Midwest producers. The impact on dairy farm structure depends upon how bases and quotas are allowed to be transferred.
Cardiac Function Before and After Surgery for Pectus Excavatum

A 2006 meta-analysis concluded that thoracic surgery for pectus excavatum (PE) significantly improves cardiovascular function. However, that analysis was flawed by a high level of heterogeneity in the outcomes and inappropriate methods in 5 of the 8 publications analyzed. Therefore, a search of the published research from 1965 to the present was conducted, and only 5 publications were found that reported studies of cardiac function before and after operation, including 118 patients and 82 unoperated controls. Cardiac function was studied most frequently by echocardiography, despite the limitations imposed by the abnormal anatomy of pectus excavatum, but only studies that did not report cardiac or left ventricular dimensions or output were excluded. Studies using indirect estimates on the basis of oxygen pulse, which depends on several other variables, were not included. No improvements were found in left ventricular size, stroke volume, and cardiac output after surgery in 4 of 5 studies, using radionuclides, 2-dimensional echocardiography, radiographic planimetry, and cardiac output by the Fick method. Only a single study, with volumes calculated by squaring the diameter of the left ventricle from M-mode echocardiography, reported an increase (22%) in left ventricular stroke volume after operation, but that increased (17%) in the investigators' unoperated controls. This and 2 other studies used in this meta-analysis were also included in a meta-analysis conducted by Malek et al. In a fourth study, Malek et al included only the first study that found an improvement, but the final study reported no improvement. In conclusion, there is no reliable documentation of improved cardiac function from thoracic surgery for pectus excavatum.
Six Portraits of Political Ambition in Xenophon's Memorabilia

In this article I claim that the Greek philosopher Xenophon, in the third book of his Memorabilia, catalogues six—and perhaps the six—essential and enduring forms of human ambition. Most treatments of ambition depict the phenomenon as monolithic; or, at best, as dichotomous. That is, ambition is understood as a single trait or passion shared by all ambitious people, its manifestations differing only according to circumstance; or, alternatively, as a trait or passion with one good (or high) form and one bad (or base) form. Little attention is paid to an enterprise of cataloguing various types of human beings as embodying distinct forms of ambition, forms which a political community must tolerate or encourage, channel or confront, in different ways. This enterprise is best carried out through the dialectical approach, in which the personality of a particular interlocutor emerges in light of, and in response to, Socratic scrutiny.
A case study of multi-threading in the embedded space

The continuing miniaturization of technology coupled with wireless networks has made it feasible to physically embed sensor network systems into the environment. Sensor net processors are tasked with the job of handling a disparate set of interrupt driven activity, from networks to timers to the sensors themselves.In this paper,we demonstrate the advantages of a tiny multi-threaded microcontroller design which targets embedded applications that need to respond to events at high speed. While multi-threading is typically used to improve resource utilization, in the embedded space it can provide zero-cycle context switching and interrupt service threads (IST), enabling complex programmable control in latency constrained environments. To explore the advantages of multi-threading on these embedded problems, we have implemented in hardware a family of controllers supporting eight dynamically interleaved threads and executing the AVR instruction set. This allows us to carefully quantify the effects of threading on interrupt latency, code size, overall processor throughput, cycle time, and design area for complete designs with different numbers of threads.
Correcting a specified set of likely error patterns

The main concern of this article is to find linear codes which will correct a set of arbitrary error patterns. Although linear codes which have been designed for correcting random error patterns and burst error patterns can be used, we would like to find codes which will correct a specified set of error patterns with the fewest possible redundant bits. Here, to reduce the complexity involved in finding the code with the smallest redundancy which can correct a specified set of error patterns, algebraic codes whose parity check matrix exhibits a particular structure are considered. If the number of redundant bits is T, the columns of the parity check matrix must be increasing powers of a field element in GF(2/sup T/). Given a set of error patterns to be corrected, computations to determine the code rates possible for these type of codes and hence the redundancy for different codeword lengths are presented. Results for various sets of error patterns suggest that the redundancy of these algebraic codes is close to the minimum redundancy possible for the set of error patterns specified and for any codeword length. >
Vocal communication in a neotropical treefrog, Hyla ebraccata: Advertisement calls

We studied the vocal communication of Hyla ebraccata in central Panama. The advertisement call of this species consists of a pulsed buzz-like primary note which may be given alone or followed by 1–4 secondary click notes. Primary notes are highly stereotyped, showing little variation within or0 among individuals in dominant frequency, duration, pulse repetition rate or rise time. Males calling in isolation give mostly single-note calls. They respond to playbacks of conspecific calls by increasing calling rates and the proportion of multi-note calls, and by giving synchronized calls 140–200 ms after the stimulus begins. Responses to conspecific advertisement calls are usually given immediately after the primary note of the leading call, but the primary note of the response often overlaps with the click notes of the leading call. Experiments with synthetic signals showed that males synchronize to any type of sound of the appropriate frequency (3 kHz), regardless of the fine structure of the stimulus. Playbacks of synthetic calls of variable duration showed that males do not synchronize well to calls less than 150 ms long, but they do to longer calls (200–600 ms). The variance in response latency increased with increasing stimulus duration, but modal response times remained at around 140–200 ms. Similar results were obtained in experiments withsynthetic calls having a variable number of click notes. Males showed no tendency to increase the number of click notes in their calls in response to increasing stimulus duration or increasing number of clicks in the stimulus. Females preferred three-note to one-note calls in two-choice playback experiments, whether these were presented in alternation, or with the one-note call leading and the three-note call following. Females showed no preference for leader or follower calls when both were one-note. When two-note calls were presented with the primary note of the follower overlapping the click note of the leader, females went to calls in which click notes were not obscured. Our results indicate that male H. ebraccata respond to other males in a chorus in ways which enhance their ability to attract mates.
The mitochondrial trn-cox1 locus: rapid evolution in Pompilidae and evidence of bias in cox1 initiation and termination codon usage.

Background. The translation initiation codon of the mitochondrial (mt) cytochrome oxidase I gene, cox1, frequently differs from conventional AUN triplets, and the termination codon is often incomplete.Methods. To investigate whether initiation and termination codon usage may depend on the rate of mt genome evolution, a fast evolving locus comprising cox1 and adjacent tRNA-encoding trn genes was sequenced from representatives of the major clades of spider wasps, Pompilidae (Hymenoptera), and then included in insect-wide analyses of codon usage in the context of mtDNA sequence stability.Results. The rapid evolution of Pompilidae trn-cox1 locus was particularly evident in the rearrangement of the trnC and trnY genes, the presence of a trn pseudogene in Psorthaspis, and the relatively high frequency of cox1 nucleotide substitutions. Such extensive genetic diversification, underscored by variability in the arrangement of trn genes even at the subfamily level, contrasted with the conventional form of cox1 initi...
A voltage-frequency island aware energy optimization framework for networks-on-chip

In this paper, we present a partitioning, mapping, and routing optimization framework for energy-efficient VFI (voltage-frequency island) based network-on-chip. Unlike the recent work [10] which only performs partitioning together with voltage-frequency assignment for a given mesh network layout, our framework consists of three key VFI-aware components, i.e., VFI-aware partitioning, VFI-aware mapping, and VFI-aware routing. Thus our technique effectively reduces VFI overheads such as mixed clock FIFOs and voltage level converters by over 82% and energy consumption by over 9% compared with the previous state-of-art works [10].
CROSSLINGUISTIC INFLUENCE AND CONCEPTUAL TRANSFER: WHAT ARE THE CONCEPTS?

This chapter surveys recent work on language transfer and focuses on the intersection of second language acquisition (SLA) and linguistic relativity in what is often termed conceptual transfer. The two most famous exponents of relativity, Wilhelm von Humboldt and Benjamin Lee Whorf, developed their ideas largely from their study of Kawi and Hopi respectively, and both scholars viewed crosslinguistic influence as a manifestation of the “binding power” (to use Whorf's characterization) of language on thought. The views of von Humboldt and Whorf diverge in some ways, and the difference is relevant not only to issues in SLA such as ultimate attainment but also to theories of linguistic relativity. Indeed, some recent work on conceptual transfer indicates that even highly proficient learners may never free themselves entirely of the “binding power” of L1. The research reviewed also includes work with native speakers of different languages, suggesting real cognitive differences related to language in, for example, spatial concepts. The importance of distinguishing concepts from meanings is emphasized, as is the difference between meaning transfer and conceptual transfer. The chapter discusses in detail research on transfer involving spatial, temporal, and affective meanings, with some of the studies being interpreted as evidence of conceptual transfer.
The US Great Recession: Exploring its Association with Black Neighborhood Rise, Decline and Recovery

ABSTRACTThe United States experienced the Great Recession between 2007 and 2009 and many American cities and communities are still suffering from its legacy. During the prior period of the early and mid-2000s, many inner city African American communities were experiencing gentrification, driven in part by the real estate bubble that popped in 2007. While much has been written about the institutional and structural causes and consequences of the Great Recession, this article seeks to better understand its community-level implications by investigating the relationship between lending and property value patterns in three gentrifying African American communities just before, during and after this economic calamity. In particular, we investigate Bronzeville in Chicago, Harlem in New York City and Shaw/U Street in Washington, DC. Evidence suggests the Great Recession differentially influenced the development trajectories of these urban neighborhoods. In Bronzeville severe and prolonged property decline resulted...
Buckled Dirac Materials in Ultrashort and Strong Optical Field: Coherent Control and Reversibility Modulation

In this paper, we broadly investigate the interaction of Dirac materials (silicene and germanene) with a few-femtosecond intense optical pulse. We show that electron dynamics in such a short optical pulse is coherent, and its reversibility can be controlled by the polarization of the optical pulse, as well as the direction of propagation, i.e., angle of incidence. By varying the incident angle of the pulse, one can change the electron dynamics from highly irreversible at small angle of incidence (with respect to normal of the plane) to almost fully reversible at large angles. The reversibility of electron dynamics is also sensitive to the polarization of the pulse relative to the orientation of crystallographic planes in silicene/germanene. Such control of electron dynamics in buckled graphene materials is due to the sensitivity of interband coupling in buckled materials with respect to the component of optical field perpendicular to the silicene/germanene monolayer.
Field observations and numerical studies of horizontal stress effects on roof stability in US limestone mines

Limestone formations in the United States can be subject to relatively high horizontal stresses owing to the existence of tectonic loading of the limestone strata. Underground limestone mines use the room-and-pillar method, in which 12to 18-m-wide rooms are typically excavated. The stability of these excavations can be compromised by the horizontal stress, resulting in a rock fall hazard. Rock falls are the cause of 15% of all reportable injuries in underground limestone mines. Horizontal stress related damage can occur in the form of guttering along one or more sides of an excavation, roof beam buckling or oval shaped roof falls, with the long axis perpendicular to the major horizontal stress. Numerical analyses show that the pillar layout and orientation of the mine workings has an effect on the horizontal stress distribution within the roof. The effects of high horizontal stresses can be mitigated by orienting the heading development direction parallel to the maximum horizontal stress, reducing the number of cross-cuts and off-setting the cross-cuts to limit the potential lateral extent of horizontal stress related roof falls. The modeling approach described in this paper can be used as a tool to evaluate potential roof failure and optimize the stability of room and pillar layouts.