cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Early-Diagenetic Sheet-Crack Cements of Guadalupian Shelf, Yates and Tansill Formations, New Mexico--a Field and Chemical Study: ABSTRACT

Tepee-associated sheet-crack structures and carbonate cements that largely fill them are developed in the carbonate facies of the back-reef Capitan Reef complex, Guadalupe Mountains, New Mexico. Sheet cracks, their cements, and associated teepee structures were studied to better understand the timing, nature of precipitating waters, and environment of deposition of the sheet-crack cements. Sheet-crack cements were field classified into 8 morphologic fabrics. Contrary to previous work, this study found that sheet-crack fillings developed symmetrically from roofs and floors. Sheet-crack cements, the sheet cracks, and associated teepee structures developed repeatedly and episodically. Most are erosionally truncated and cross-cut by overlying surfaces. Most cements show isopachous growth indicative of precipitation under phreatic conditions. Some pendant cements suggest precipitation in a vadose environment, indicating occasional exposure of the outer-shelf and shelf-crest facies. Calcite-cement fabrics (39 samples) were analyzed for Sr, Mg, Fe, ^dgr13C, and ^dgr18O. Chemical compositions range from: Sr = 116 to 5,244 ppm; Mg = 215 to 9,188 ppm; Fe = 7 to 758 ppm; ^dgr18O = -5.6 to + 0.4^pmil; and ^dgr13C = +4.9 to 7.5^pmil (PDB). Sr exhibits distinct groupings of more than 2,000 ppm and fewer than 500 ppm. Samples with high Sr are associated with lower ^dgr13C, ^dgr18O, and Mg compositions. The converse is true for the low Sr values. Isotopically heavier samples are interpreted as precipitated from restricted marine waters. Isotopically lighter samples are interpreted as precipitated from mixed meteoric and marine waters. The meteoric water is inferred to have originated from shelfward, terrestrial source areas. It is hypothesized that these waters traveled through an aquifer system and percolated upward as springs to the sheet-crack area. End_of_Article - Last_Page 302------------
Unilateral nigrostriatal lesions induce a bilateral increase in glutamate decar☐ylase messenger rna in the reticular thalamic nucleus

Abstract The reticular thalamic nucleus consists of densely packed neurons containing the neurotransmitter GABA. It surrounds the lateral border of the thalamus, has extensive reciprocal connections with thalamocortical neurons, and is thought to be involved in attentional processes. The reticular thalamic nucleus also receives direct and indirect inputs from the basal ganglia, suggesting that it may be involved in relaying motor information to the thalamus and cortex. We examined the possibility that decreased dopaminergic transmission in the basal ganglia indirectly affects the reticular thalamic nucleus. Rats received unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the substantia nigra pars compacta and were killed two or three weeks after the lesion. Sections of the reticular thalamic nucleus were processed for in situ hybridization histochemistry at the single cell level with RNA probes for both isoforms of glutamate decar☐ylase (Mr 65,000: glutamate decar☐ylase 65 and Mr 67,000: glutamate decar☐ylase 67), the rate limiting enzyme of GABA synthesis. Unilateral nigrostriatal dopaminergic lesions induced a topographically specific, bilateral increase in glutamate decar☐ylase 67 messenger RNA in neurons of the lateral and ventral reticular thalamic nucleus. A much smaller increase in glutamate decar☐ylase 65 messenger RNA was observed which was significant only ipsilateral to the lesion. Short- (seven day) and long-term (eight month) treatments with the antipsychotic drug haloperidol, in regimens that preferentially block D2 dopamine receptors, induced catalepsy and orofacial dyskinesia, respectively, but did not alter glutamate decar☐ylase 67 messenger RNA levels in the reticular thalamic nucleus. Thus, loss of dopaminergic terminals, but not blockade of D2 dopamine receptors, induced the effects observed in the reticular thalamic nucleus. The results reveal a novel bilateral effect of unilateral dopamine depletion. In view of the role of the reticular thalamic nucleus in tremor and attentional processes, which are altered in Parkinson's disease, this effect may contribute to the clinical manifestations of nigrostriatal dopamine depletion.
Intraoral Masson's vegetant intravascular hemangioendothelioma

Two cases of Masson's vegetant intravascular hemangioendothelioma are described. The intraoral appearance of these reported lesions are rare. Due to histologic similarities to angiosarcoma and the benign progression of vegetant intravascular hemangioendothelioma, a thorough discussion of these diseases is presented.
Dietary nitroprusside alleviates atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japanica)

Male Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica), susceptible to cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis, were rendered hypercholesterolemic by feeding a diet containing 0.5% cholesterol in two experiments. Half the animals also received a dietary supplement of sodium nitroprusside ranging in concentration from 0.005% to 0.015%. After 10 weeks on the diets, serum was obtained for cholesterol analysis, the animals were killed, and the aortae removed and examined for the presence of atherosclerotic lesions. The number of animals having lesions and the severity of the lesions was reduced in a dose dependent manner among those animals receiving nitroprusside. Serum cholesterol was also reduced in response to increasing levels of dietary nitroprusside. These findings indicate that, in this model, dietary nitroprusside, a source of nitric oxide, can reduce the appearance and severity of atherosclerotic lesions in the aorta.
OBSERVATIONS ON A CHAMAESIPHONACEOIS ALGA (CYANOPHYCEAE) WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO EXOCYTE FORMATION1,2

A unicellular cyanophycean culture contaminant had features of both Geitleribactron Kom. and Cyanophanon Geitl. The cells were elongated, sheathless, mostly similar in diameter throughout their length, and attached polarly in rosettes or groups and produced only a single elongated exocyte (=exospore). Young cells were moderately elongated and resembled Geitleribactron. As cells aged, they greatly elongated and then resembled Cyanophanon. Some cells formed Y-shaped bifurcations, features of C. mirabile Geitl. and C. minus Geitl., but they lacked the basal sheath (pseudovagina) of C. mirabile. During exocyte formation, a thick and localized L-II wall layer protuberance extended the exocyte away from the parent cell. This terminal wall thickening then appeared to move to one side from subsequent and unequal cell wall growth. Cells sovnetimes bent abruptly, occasionally opposite a thickening in the L-II wall layer. Further studies in culture of putative Geitleribactron and Cyanophanon isolates are necessary to ascertain the breadth of their structural diversity and the identity of the present taxon.
Tamoxifen reduces fat mass by boosting reactive oxygen species.

As the pandemic of obesity is growing, a variety of animal models have been generated to study the mechanisms underlying the increased adiposity and development of metabolic disorders. Tamoxifen (Tam) is widely used to activate Cre recombinase that spatiotemporally controls target gene expression and regulates adiposity in laboratory animals. However, a critical question remains as to whether Tam itself affects adiposity and possibly confounds the functional study of target genes in adipose tissue. Here we administered Tam to Cre-absent forkhead box O1 (FoxO1) floxed mice (f-FoxO1) and insulin receptor substrate Irs1/Irs2 double floxed mice (df-Irs) and found that Tam induced approximately 30% reduction (P<0.05) in fat mass with insignificant change in body weight. Mechanistically, Tam promoted reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, apoptosis and autophagy, which was associated with downregulation of adipogenic regulator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and dedifferentiation of mature adipocytes. However, normalization of ROS potently suppressed Tam-induced apoptosis, autophagy and adipocyte dedifferentiation, suggesting that ROS may account, at least in part, for the changes. Importantly, Tam-induced ROS production and fat mass reduction lasted for 4–5 weeks in the f-FoxO1 and df-Irs mice. Our data suggest that Tam reduces fat mass via boosting ROS, thus making a recovery period crucial for posttreatment study.
Understanding and Altering the Longitudinal Course of Marriage

Weak and counterintuitive findings linking couples' interactional processes to marital outcomes have prompted new lines of research on how marriages change. Recent findings reviewed here highlight the value of (a) expanding conceptions of marital interaction by considering how social support and positive affect moderate the effects of problem-solving skills on changes in marital quality; (b) examining partners' individual strengths and vulnerabilities as antecedents of marital aggression and hostile interaction; and (c) recognizing the central role of chronic and acute circumstances in governing fluctuations in spouses' judgments of marital quality. We outline implications of these findings for ongoing efforts to prevent adverse marital outcomes, and for recent federal initiatives to strengthen healthy marriages among people with low incomes.
Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Blacks Risk Factors, Subtypes, and Outcome

Background and Purpose Blacks are at a higher risk for intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) than whites; however, few data are available regarding the demographic and clinical characteristics of ICH among blacks. Methods We determined the frequency of risk factors, etiologic subtypes, and outcome among consecutive black patients admitted with nontraumatic ICH to a university-affiliated public hospital. Results The most common risk factors in the 403 black patients with ICH were preexisting hypertension (77%), alcohol use (40%), and smoking (30%). Among the 91 nonhypertensive patients, 21 (23%) were diagnosed with hypertension after onset. Compared with women, men had a younger age of onset (54 versus 60 years; P <.001) and higher frequency of alcohol use (54% versus 22%; P <.001) and smoking (39% versus 17%; P <.001). ICH secondary to hypertension (n=311) and of undetermined etiology (n=73) were the most common subtypes in blacks. Patients aged 65 years and older (compared with those aged 15 to 44 years; P =.001) and women (compared with men; P =.02) were more likely to be dependent at discharge. Conclusions Primary preventive strategies are required to reduce the high frequency of modifiable risk factors predisposing to ICH in blacks.
Technoeconomic and Structural Correlates of Organizational Culture: An Integrative Framework

An analytic framework which relates cultural variables to structural and technoecono mic factors, both inside and outside the organization, is derived from the methods employed by cultural anthropologists to generate a functional theory. The framework divides variables into two classes — social and organization, and along three different subsystems — technoeconomic, structural, and cultural. Useful in reconciling previously inconsistent or incompatible theories of organization, the framework is offered as a coordination device to integrate the results of divergent approaches to organizational culture studies.
Improving Violence Intervention Outcomes by Integrating Alcohol Treatment

There is extensive empirical and theoretical support for a link between alcohol use and intimate partner violence. Recent innovations in the assessment of these constructs have shown a strong temporal link between alcohol use and intimate partner violence. The majority of men participating in batterer intervention programs have alcohol problems, and these men are at very high risk for violence recidivism. Research has shown substantial decreases in partner violence among alcoholics subsequent to obtaining alcohol treatment. It is likely that violence outcomes could be significantly improved by incorporating alcohol treatment as a standard component of batterer intervention programs.
236 AN OVINE MODEL OP PETAL (F) HYPERINSULINEMIA — EFFECTS ON GLUCOSE (G) KINETICS

We used the chronically catheterized pregnant sheep in late gestation (130 ± 2D; term ∼150D) and simultaneous infusion of labeled G to mother (2-3H) and F (U-14C) to assess the effects of short term insulin (I) infusion on glucose kinetics across the placenta. After achieving steady state, I was infused to F at 0.05 U/kg/hr. (group A; n=10) or 0.1U/kg/hr (group B; n=4) for 3 hrs. F pH,pO2 and Hb did not change throughout. M glucose kinetics and plasma insulin (IRI) remained unchanged in all studies. In A, IRI rose from 18 ± 1 to 80-100 uU/ml after 60 min; glucagon levels were unchanged. Fetal G turnover (GT), production (Ra) and utilization (Rd) dropped from 31 ± 2 to 20 ± 2 mg/min at 3 hrs; no change in GT occurred until IRI was ∼100 uU/ml. Similarly fetal G fell by 25% after 2 hrs. In contrast, in B, F GT, Ra and Rd dropped by 50% within 15 min when IRI rose to 157 ± 5 although G levels remained unchanged. These effects were transient, so that by 90 min all had returned to pre-insulin values. The fall in Ra and Rd in the absence of a change in G concentration suggested a reduction of the glucose space. This was assessed by infusing U-14C inulin along with insulin; the radioactivity increased. In neither group was there any evidence of endogenous F Ra, all of F G being derived from M. Conclusions: (i) I at high normal concentrations reduces F glucose flux. (ii) At even higher doses, continuous I infusion exerts only a transient effect on GT. (iii) Failure to show an increase in F Rd may be a consequence of ignoring placental changes, since only M and F were sampled.
Stem Cell Research, Regulatory Regimes, and Citizens’ “Calculus of Consent” in the European Union

What factors affect support for the development of human embryonic stem cell (hESC) research? Ordered logit analysis of responses to a 2005 Eurobarometer survey finds that Europeans with greater trust in the European Union and national hESC regulatory systems report significantly more support for hESC research. Higher levels of religiosity and concern for the moral status of the fetus reduce support for hESC research, while citizens more interested in politics, those getting their news from the print media, more highly educated respondents, and those reporting higher knowledge about stem cells tend to be more supportive of the technique. Nevertheless, the objectively more knowledgeable citizens exhibit less consistency in their support.
Should Drug Prices Be Negotiated Under Part D Of Medicare? And If So, How?

Medicare’s Part D prescription drug benefit has offered affordable coverage to millions of elderly Americans since its January 2006 implementation. A great deal of concern has been expressed about whether drugs are being purchased in a cost-effective manner. Many believe that the government should be negotiating prices with pharmaceutical manufacturers. We look at prescription drug pricing under Part D by examining the logic behind existing arrangements and by reviewing initial evidence on the behavior of prices. We make a modest proposal for how to improve purchasing of prescription drugs in Medicare.
THE DIRECTION OF LINKAGE DISEQUILIBRIUM

The previous paper (Langley, Tobari and Kojima 1974) reports that the directional linkage disequilibria, D(omega) = P(AB)P(ab)-P(Ab)P(aB), tend to be negative for data between allozymes and linked to inversions. A and B stand for the two alleles with the greatest frequency in the population. In this paper we show that linkage disequilibrium in this direction is produced at equilibrium when double homozygotes have fitnesses that are a constant fraction of the product of the two component single homozygote fitnesses, a pattern that is frequently observed in experimental data.
Manifest variable path analysis: Potentially serious and misleading consequences due to uncorrected measurement error.

Despite clear evidence that manifest variable path analysis requires highly reliable measures, path analyses with fallible measures are commonplace even in premier journals. Using fallible measures in path analysis can cause several serious problems: (a) As measurement error pervades a given data set, many path coefficients may be either over- or underestimated. (b) Extensive measurement error diminishes power and can prevent invalid models from being rejected. (c) Even a little measurement error can cause valid models to appear invalid. (d) Differential measurement error in various parts of a model can change the substantive conclusions that derive from path analysis. (e) All of these problems become increasingly serious and intractable as models become more complex. Methods to prevent and correct these problems are reviewed. The conclusion is that researchers should use more reliable measures (or correct for measurement error in the measures they do use), obtain multiple measures for use in latent variable modeling, and test simpler models containing fewer variables.
Human-Resources Practices of TQM Hotels:

Abstract To develop a culture of total quality management, a hotel company must make its human-resources department a full-fledged player in the hotel's operations, because specific human-resources practices are essential to a successful TQM program.
EVOLUTION AND REGULATION OF UREA SYNTHESIS AND UREOTELY IN (BATRACHOIDID) FISHES

Selected teleostean (bony) fish species of the family Batrachoididae (toadfishes and midshipmen) possess high titers of all enzymes of the ornithine-urea cycle in their livers. These species have proven valuable in understanding the short-term regulation of urea synthesis, urea permeability, and transport across epithelial tissues, and how urea synthesis and excretion have evolved among vertebrates. One species in particular, the gulf toadfish (Opsanus beta), has been shown to rapidly switch from ammonia excretion to urea synthesis and excretion during a variety of stress conditions (including confinement). The transition is accompanied by an upregulation of hepatic glutamine synthetase activity, and a switch to pulsatile urea excretion from the anterior end of the fish. In fact, a single day's excretion can be voided in a period of < 3 h. Hypotheses on the environmental significance of these patterns of urea synthesis and excretion are discussed.
Influence of bilayer fluctuations on the steric interactions between polymer-grafted bilayers

Abstract We propose a mechanism, through which the low membrane bending rigidity changes the steric polymer repulsion between polymer-grafted bilayers. We calculate the energy of a polymer chain trapped between two thermally undulating surfaces. The proposed treatment is in terms of de Gennes' theory of fluctuations in liquid crystals, later developed by Helfrich for membranes. We show that the confinement energy of the polymer increases due to membrane fluctuations. Also, the repulsive forces between soft polymer-grafted bilayers can extend further from the surface than the height of the polymer layer.
Coassembly of Mgm1 isoforms requires cardiolipin and mediates mitochondrial inner membrane fusion

Two dynamin-related protein (DRP) families are essential for fusion of the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes, Fzo1 (yeast)/Mfn1/Mfn2 (mammals) and Mgm1 (yeast)/Opa1 (mammals), respectively. Fzo1/Mfns possess two medial transmembrane domains, which place their critical GTPase and coiled-coil domains in the cytosol. In contrast, Mgm1/Opa1 are present in cells as long (l) isoforms that are anchored via the N terminus to the inner membrane, and short (s) isoforms were predicted to be soluble in the intermembrane space. We addressed the roles of Mgm1 isoforms and how DRPs function in membrane fusion. Our analysis indicates that in the absence of a membrane, l- and s-Mgm1 both exist as inactive GTPase monomers, but that together in trans they form a functional dimer in a cardiolipin-dependent manner that is the building block for higher-order assemblies.
Novel model for end-neuroma formation in the amputated rabbit forelimb

The forelimb amputee poses many reconstructive challenges in the clinical setting, and there is a paucity of established surgical models for study. To further elucidate the pathogenic process in amputation neuroma formation, we created a reproducible, well-tolerated rabbit forelimb amputation model. Upon approval from the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee, 5 New Zealand White rabbits underwent left forelimb amputation. During this initial surgery, the median, radial and ulnar nerves were transected 1.6-2.5 (mean 2.0) cm distal to the brachial plexus, transposed onto the anterior chest wall and preserved at length. Six weeks subsequent to the amputation, the distal 5 mm of each neuroma was excised, and the remaining stump underwent histomorphometric analysis. The nerve cross sectional areas increased by factors of 1.99, 3.17, and 2.59 in the median (p = 0.077), radial (p < 0.0001) and the ulnar (p = 0.0026) nerves, respectively. At the axonal level, the number and cross-sectional area of myelinated fibers demonstrated an inverse relationship whereby the number of myelinated fibers in the median, radial and ulnar nerves increased by factors of 5.13 (p = 0.0043), 5.25 (p = 0.0056) and 5.59 (p = 0.0027), and the cross-sectional areas of these myelinated fibers decreased by factors of 4.62 (p < 0.001), 3.51 (p < 0.01), and 4.29 (p = 0.0259), respectively. Given that the surgical model appears well-tolerated by the rabbits and that patterns of morphologic change are consistent and reproducible, we are encouraged to further investigate the utility of this model in the pathogenesis of neuroma formation.
Tolerance and early outcome results of postprostatectomy three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy

PURPOSE Three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) has been associated with a reduction in acute and late toxicity among patients treated for localized prostatic cancer. The purpose of this study is to assess the acute and late toxicity of 3D-CRT delivered to patients in the postprostatectomy setting and to analyze which factors predict for durable biochemical control in this group of patients. METHODS AND MATERIALS Between 1988 and 1994, 42 patients were treated after prostatectomy with three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy. The median time from prostatectomy to radiotherapy was 11 months. Indications for treatment included a rising serum PSA level in 28 patients (65%) and positive surgical margins without a rising PSA level in 14 (35%). Twenty-five patients (60%) had pathologic stage T3 disease, and 32 (74%) had tumor at or close to the surgical margins. The median dose was 64.8 Gy, and the median follow-up time was 2 years. RESULTS 3D-CRT in the postprostatectomy setting was well tolerated. Three patients (7%) experienced Grade II acute genitourinary toxicity and nine patients (21%) experienced Grade II acute gastrointestinal toxicity during treatment. No patient experienced Grade III or higher acute morbidity. The 2-year actuarial risk for Grade II late genitourinary and gastrointestinal late complications were 5 and 9%, respectively. In patients with existing incontinence, the incidence of worsening stress incontinence 6 months after treatment was 17%, which resolved within 12 months to its preradiotherapy level in four of six cases (66%). The overall 2-year postirradiation PSA relapse-free survival rate was 53%. The 2-year PSA relapse-free survival was 66% for patients with undetectable PSA levels in the immediate postoperative period compared to 26% for those with detectable levels of PSA after surgery (p 1.0 ng/ml (p 1 ng/ml (p < 0.002) was the most important covariate predicting for a rising PSA after radiotherapy. CONCLUSIONS After prostatectomy, three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy is associated with minimal treatment-related morbidity. Patients with postprostatectomy, preradiotherapy PSA levels < or = 1.0 ng/ml, and those patients who had undetectable PSA levels in the immediate postoperative period are more likely to benefit from local adjuvant therapy.
Adolescent and Young Women's Experience with the Vaginal Ring and Oral Contraceptive Pills

Abstract Study Objective To compare acceptability of the vaginal contraceptive ring to that of oral contraceptive pills. Design Randomized, cross-over, 6-month study. Setting Urban family planning clinic for young low-income patients. Participants Sexually active females aged 15–21 years (n = 130). Interventions Participants were randomly assigned to use the vaginal ring or oral contraceptive pills for an initial study interval of three 28-day cycles, followed by three cycles of the alternate method. Main Outcome Measures Participants completed surveys about method use, acceptability, and side effects at baseline, after three cycles, and after six cycles. We analyzed study data using ANOVA models for cross-over designs. Results We did not detect higher compliance with the ring as compared to oral contraceptive pills (P = 0.176), although overall approval of the ring was significantly higher on several items measured, including liked using method (P = 0.015), would recommend it to friends (P = 0.012), and not as hard to remember to use method correctly (P ≤ 0.000). Participants were less worried about health risks while using the ring (P = 0.006), but reported that the ring was more likely to interfere with sex than the pill (P ≤ 0.001) and that sex partners liked the pill (P = 0.034). Most women did not report bothersome side effects with either method. Conclusions Adolescent and young women showed favorable acceptability of the vaginal contraceptive ring compared to oral contraceptive pills.
Effects of phenytoin and carbamazepine on calcium transport in Caco-2 cells

Adverse effects of anti-seizure/anti-epileptic medications on bone density have been observed and reported since the early 1960s. Phenytoin and carbamazepine are two commonly prescribed anti-epileptic drugs most frequently associated with osteomalacia including fractures, bone demineralization, and reduced bone formation. The mechanism by which anti-epileptic drugs induce bone loss is not fully explained. We hypothesized that anti-epileptic drugs may impair dietary calcium absorption in the intestine. Using Caco-2 cells, a model transport system for study of the function of the intestinal epithelium, we determined the effects of several anti-epileptic drugs on intestinal epithelial calcium transport. In our system, phenytoin and carbamazepine dose-dependently inhibit active calcium transport from the apical to basolateral side of Caco-2 cells under physiologic calcium conditions. Vitamin D ameliorates the anti-epileptic drug-induced decrease in calcium permeability.
Is gerontology a branch of astrology? The role of advanced age in scientific explanation

Abstract Although gerontologists have been troubled by meta-scientific problems such as the proper definition of their discipline, the nature of time and age, and the lack of a nonarbitrary distinction between the old and the not old [e.g., Baltes & Goulet (1970) In Life-span developmental psychology (pp. 4–23). New York: Academic Press; Birren (1959) In Handbook of aging and the individual (pp. 3–42). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press; McKee (1982) Philosophical foundations of gerontology . New York: Human Sciences Press; Reese & Overton (1970) In Life-span developmental psychology (pp. 116–149). New York: Academic Press; Wohlwill (1970) Psychological Review , 77 , 49–647], philosophers of science have paid little attention to the meta-scientific problems of gerontology. In this paper some philosophical problems in gerontology are examined through an analysis of the nature of scientific explanation. An argument is presented that claims that gerontology avoids many of the meta-scientific problems associated with time and advanced chronological age because these terms will tend to be obviated or “screened off” in scientific explanations in gerontology.
Development of characterization methods for micromachined embedded test structures

Methods of characterizing low frequency embedded passives on silicon substrates are suggested. Durioid fixtures and on-wafer methods are discussed for extracting Q factor of embedded coils on high and low resistivity silicon. Feedline designs are discuss and data is presented regarding the performance limitation of CPW based design architectures. A quality (Q) factor of an embedded inductor > 50 is successfully extracted for operation below 1 GHz based on a 15 turn configuration using S-parameter measurements. Finally inductor performance in terms of Q factor is presented based on on-wafer measurements.
Systemic administration of a cyclic signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) decoy oligonucleotide inhibits tumor growth without inducing toxicological effects.

Hyperactivation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) has been linked to tumorigenesis in most malignancies, including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Intravenous delivery of a chemically modified cyclic STAT3 decoy oligonucleotide with improved serum and thermal stability demonstrated antitumor efficacy in conjunction with downmodulation of STAT3 target gene expression such as cyclin D1 and Bcl-XL in a mouse model of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. The purpose of the present study was to determine the toxicity and dose-dependent antitumor efficacy of the cyclic STAT3 decoy after multiple intravenous doses in Foxn1 nu mice in anticipation of clinical translation. The two doses (5 and 10 mg/kg) of cyclic STAT3 decoy demonstrated a significant decrease in tumor volume compared with the control groups (mutant cyclic STAT3 decoy or saline) in conjunction with downmodulation of STAT3 target gene expression. There was no dose-dependent effect of cyclic STAT3 decoy on tumor volume or STAT3 target gene expression. There were no significant changes in body weights between the groups during the dosing period, after the dosing interval or on the day of euthanasia. No hematology or clinical chemistry parameters suggested toxicity of the cyclic STAT3 decoy compared with saline control. No gross or histological pathological abnormalities were noted at necropsy in any of the animals. These findings suggest a lack of toxicity of intravenous administration of a cyclic STAT3 decoy oligonucleotide. In addition, comparable antitumor effects indicate a lack of dose response at the two dose levels investigated.
“THE LAW'S THE LAW, BUT FAIR IS FAIR: ” RAPE SHIELD LAWS AND OFFICIALS' ASSESSMENTS OF SEXUAL HISTORY EVIDENCE

Recently enacted rape shield laws, which restrict the introduction of evidence of the complainant's prior sexual conduct, have engendered considerable controversy. This paper examines the responses of judges, prosecutors, and defense attorneys in six major urban jurisdictions to a set of hypothetical cases in which evidence of the victim's past sexual conduct is at issue. The different kinds of sexual history evidence evoke different responses from officials, and the specific provisions of the six rape shield statutes also affect officials' judgments.
Student Participation in the College Classroom: An Extended Multidisciplinary Literature Review

The goal of this study was to integrate previous research conducted on student participation in the college classroom. Numerous studies have been completed on engaging students in classroom discussions, but no study has synthesized this information in the form of an extensive literature review. Here, previous research is pulled together to gain a comprehensive overview of the benefits of participation, logistical issues in participation, student confidence and personality traits in participation, the instructor's influence on and suggestions for increasing participation, the role of sex in participation, and participation in web-based courses. Specifically, academic journal articles that were published over the past 51 years (1958–2009) with student in-class participation as a major variable were included. Details of the selection process, a thorough review of the literature, implications for the classroom, and directions for future research are provided.
Cortisol and behavior in fragile X syndrome.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine if children with fragile X syndrome, who typically demonstrate a neurobehavioral phenotype that includes social anxiety, withdrawal, and hyper-arousal, have increased levels of cortisol, a hormone associated with stress. The relevance of adrenocortical activity to the fragile X phenotype also was examined. Method: One hundred and nine children with the fragile X full mutation (70 males and 39 females) and their unaffected siblings (51 males and 58 females) completed an in-home evaluation including a cognitive assessment and a structured social challenge task. Multiple samples of salivary cortisol were collected throughout the evaluation day and on two typical non-school days. Measures of the fragile X mental retardation (FMR1) gene, child intelligence, the quality of the home environment, parental psychopathology, and the effectiveness of educational and therapeutic services also were collected. Linear mixed-effects analyses were used to examine differences in cortisol associated with the fragile X diagnosis and gender (fixed effects) and to estimate individual subject and familial variation (random effects) in cortisol hormone levels. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were conducted to determine whether adrenocortical activity is associated with behavior problems after controlling for significant genetic and environmental factors. Results: Results showed that children with fragile X, especially males, had higher levels of salivary cortisol on typical days and during the evaluation. Highly significant family effects on salivary cortisol were detected, consistent with previous work documenting genetic and environmental influences on adrenocortical activity. Increased cortisol was significantly asso
MEMBRANE FILTRATION OF NATURAL ORGANIC MATTER: INITIAL COMPARISON OF REJECTION AND FLUX DECLINE CHARACTERISTICS WITH ULTRAFILTRATION AND NANOFILTRATION MEMBRANES

Two source waters containing natural organic matter (NOM) with different physical and chemical characteristics were crossflow-filtered using four types of membranes having different material and geometric properties. Transport measurements of NOM rejection and flux decline were made. A resistances-in-series model was used to represent and quantitatively compare membrane flux decline and recovery. As anticipated, the resistance due to specific adsorption depended on the concentration at the membrane interface. For the two membranes showing evidence of NOM adsorption, reducing the initial flux (which we infer to also reduce the interfacial NOM concentration) also lowered the measured resistance assigned to adsorption in our protocol. Relative molecular mass (RMM) distribution measurements (by size exclusion chromatography) were used to calculate the average RMM of the NOM and persuasively illustrated that the nominal relative molecular mass cut-off (MWCO) of a membrane is not the unique predictor of rejection characteristics for NOM compounds. Size exclusion, electrostatic repulsion, and NOM aromaticity all influenced the NOM rejection. For a given water composition (including pH and ionic strength), membrane characteristics (such as the surface charge, hydrophobicity and nominal MWCO) can be combined with the NOM properties (such as total dissolved organic carbon, specific UV absorbance at 254 nm and humic content) to provide a consistent qualitative rationale for the transport results.
Absorption and Metabolism of Tritium Oxide and Tritium Gas by Bean Plants.

Tritium (H3) is a radioactive isotope of hydrogen, having a half life of 12.4 years and emitting 0.019 mev. beta particles. Due to its radioactivity, accurate measurement of this tracer can be made even when small quantities are present. The experiments described in this paper were designed to evaluate the extent of incorporation and retention of tritium in bean plants which had been grown in a nutrient solution containing tritium oxide. The tritium oxide content of the plant water and the tritium organically bound in the various plant tissues were determined under several environmental conditions. A brief study was also made of the incorporation of tritium by a bean plant when exposed to an atmosphere containing tritium gas. The molecules containing tritium were HTO and H-T, respectively. Little work has been published on the absorption and metabolism of tritium oxide in plants. It has been reported that tritium could not be detected in chlorophyll isolated from Chlorella grown in a medium containing tritium oxide (7). Considerable research has been done on the effect of deuterium oxide on plant systems. It generally has been reported as retarding respiration (8), retarding germination of seeds and spores (4), and retarding photosynthesis (3) with the degree of retardation increasing with the concentration of deuterium oxide. The concentrations of deuterium oxide employed in these experiments were, however, many orders of magnitude greater than the tracer concentrations of tritium oxide employed in the present study.
Too Little and Too Late

David Levine's article examines a time-honored topic?the transition to industrial capitalism?in ways that represent a departure from traditional approaches. More than forty years ago, Maurice Dobb wrote the classic Marxist work on this topic, Studies in the Development of Capitalism, and fashioned an entirely economic explanation for the emergence of the English proletariat.1 David Levine, in contrast, explores the psychological, political, and demographic dimensions of this larger process. There is much that is rich and provocative in Levine's account. Drawing upon the writings of Michel Foucault, Levine emphasizes several interrelated themes. Foremost among these is the shift from a discipline based on tradition and overt power differences to a more subtle exercise of authority based on "rationality" and administration. A second important theme concerns the role of the demographic transition in the emergence of early industrial capitalism. Levine argues that the relative overpopulation evident in the period 1780-1870?resulting primarily from declining mortality?was crucial to economic development and transformation in the early phase of the industrial revolution in Europe. Much of the emphasis of the article is on the growing concern for discipline of the working class on the part of the emerging European bourgeoisie in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The concern for cultural issues in the transition to industrial capitalism is salutary, though not in itself particularly novel. E. P. Thompson, after all, in his pathbreaking article, "Time, Work Discipline, and Industrial Capitalism," pointed out that more than economic subordination was entailed in the creation of the modern proletariat.2 Levine casts this process in more social-psychological terms, yet despite the different vocabu lary he is exploring much the same terrain. What seems problematic about Levine's account is the way he views the bourgeoisie as all-powerful. He states at one point that "the modern [proletarian] family is impotent to resist intrusions into its space. . . . The paternalism of the state and its agencies has been substituted for the power of the patriarch." There is in Levine's view an overdrawn totality (and totalitarian character) to bourgeois authority that separates the modern world from the early modern. Yet one only has to consider the massive conflict and violence that marked the nineteenth century to wonder about the totality of the transformation that emerges. As plebeians became "citizen/workers" (following Levine's usage), they did not become unmitigated individualists, but acted in collective ways to challenge the
Firm Newness, Entrepreneurial Orientation, and Ethical Climate

Faced with the liability of newness, a scarcity of resources, and concerns of survival, new firms frequently encounter difficult ethical decisions and might be pressured to make choices that run counter to the tenets of more developed ethical and moral reasoning. This study explores the impact of newness and entrepreneurial orientation on the ethical climate of firms. Data collected from 304 individuals across 37 firms indicated that firm newness was more strongly related to ethical climate than was an entrepreneurial orientation. Results also revealed that firm newness may be usefully conceptualized in both continuous and categorical terms, with each operationalization holding a somewhat different relationship with climate. Finally, results revealed that firm size was related to several types of ethical climates.
IMP: indirect memory prefetcher

Machine learning, graph analytics and sparse linear algebra-based applications are dominated by irregular memory accesses resulting from following edges in a graph or non-zero elements in a sparse matrix. These accesses have little temporal or spatial locality, and thus incur long memory stalls and large bandwidth requirements. A traditional streaming or striding prefetcher cannot capture these irregular access patterns. A majority of these irregular accesses come from indirect patterns of the form A[B[j]]. We propose an efficient hardware indirect memory prefetcher (IMP) to capture this access pattern and hide latency. We also propose a partial cacheline accessing mechanism for these prefetches to reduce the network and DRAM bandwidth pressure from the lack of spatial locality. Evaluated on 7 applications, IMP shows 56% speedup on average (up to 2.3×) compared to a baseline 64 core system with streaming prefetchers. This is within 23% of an idealized system. With partial cacheline accessing, we see another 9.4% speedup on average (up to 46.6%).
C1q PRECIPITINS IN THE SERA OF PATIENTS WITH SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS AND OTHER HYPOCOMPLEMENTEMIC STATES: CHARACTERIZATION OF HIGH AND LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT TYPES.

Precipitin reactions of C1q in gel diffusion proved useful in detecting unknown complexes containing γ-globulin in the sera of patients with SLE. Using this method low molecular weight C1q reactants also have been detected in a number of sera from patients with SLE as well as other diseases. Both the circulating complexes and the unidentified low molecular weight reactants are associated with disease activity and in vivo complement depression. In some sera from patients with SLE, circulating complexes as detectable by C1q precipitation were closely associated with cryoprecipitins and an active nephritic process. Evidence is presented that both rheumatoid factors and C1q interact with circulating complexes in these patients and that the interaction is related to cryoprecipitation. The demonstration of the same rheumatoid factors in the cryoprecipitates and in the renal glomerular deposits suggests that rheumatoid factors have a special significance in the presence of circulating complexes.
Aggregation-Induced Amplified Quenching in Conjugated Polyelectrolytes with Interrupted Conjugation

A pair of anionic conjugated polyelectrolytes that contain three-ring (phenylene ethynylene) units linked by a single -CH(2)- or -O- tether (P1 and P2, respectively) are studied. The linkers serve to interrupt the π conjugation along the polymer backbone. Fluorescence spectroscopy reveals that P2 forms a fluorescent aggregate in methanol and water; however, the fluorescence of P1 is much weaker in water, and P1 exhibits only weak aggregate fluorescence. Fluorescence quenching of the polymers was examined using methyl viologen (MV(2+)) as a cationic quencher. P1 shows only a weak amplified quenching effect, with a Stern-Volmer quenching constant of K(SV) ≈ 6 × 10(5) M(-1) in methanol. Interestingly, for P2 in methanol, the aggregate emission is strongly quenched with K(SV) ≈ 5 × 10(6) M(-1), which is comparable to the highest quenching efficiency observed for fully π-conjugated polyelectrolytes. By contrast, the monomer emission is quenched much less efficiently, with K(SV) ≈ 2 × 10(5) M(-1). The results are explained by a model in which -O- linked polymer P2 is able to fold into a helical conformation in solution, which facilitates the formation of extended π-stacked aggregates allowing long-distance exciton transport.
Gamma/delta T-cell posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorder primarily in the spleen.

A 31-year-old renal transplant recipient developed an unusual T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder 3 years after transplantation. The neoplasm involved the spleen, without concomitant hepatomegaly, lymphadenopathy, or obvious bone marrow involvement. Peripheral blood involvement developed after splenectomy. Immunophenotypically, the neoplastic cells expressed CD2, CD3, CD7, CD16, CD45, CD56, and the γ/δ T-cell receptor on the surface membrane. The neoplastic cells were negative for surface membrane CD4, CD5, and CD8. Serologic and/or DNA analyses for viruses, including Epstein-Barr virus, human T-cell lymphotropic virus-1, human immunodeficiency virus, and human herpesvirus-6, were negative. Cytogenetic findings included a translocation breakpoint at chromosome 7p15, consistent with involvement of the T-cell receptor γ -chain locus. Although γ/δ T-cell lymphomas have been reported to have a predilection for hepatosplenic localization, this is the first well-documented case to be described in the setting of posttransplantation immunosuppression.
Cell Signaling and Neurotoxicity: 3 H-Arachidonic Acid Release (Phospholipase A 2 ) in Cerebellar Granule Neurons

Cell signaling is a complex process which controls basic cellular activities and coordinates actions to -maintain normal cellular homeostasis. Alterations in signaling processes have been associated with -neurological diseases, such as Alzheimer's and cerebellar ataxia, as well as cancer, autoimmunitiy, and diabetes. Recent evidence also indicates a role for signaling molecules in the adverse effects associated with the exposure to environmental chemicals. One of these signaling molecules is arachidonic acid (AA). AA is abundant in the membrane phospholipids of the brain, where its release has been shown to be involved in synaptic plasticity processes, such as long-term potentiation. AA release is primarily produced by the activation of phospholipases, most commonly by phospholipase A₂ (PLA₂). The release of ³H-AA is often used as a measure of PLA₂ activity in cell culture studies. In our laboratory, we have demonstrated the relationship between the stimulation of ³H-AA release by persistent chemicals, such as polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and the associated cytotoxicity following in vitro exposure. Understanding the role of the AA signaling pathway in chemically-induced effects on the nervous system will provide specific mode of action information that can be used in assessing the compound risk.
Subluxation of the Shoulder in Athletes

Shouldery subluxation is an extremely common problem among athletes. A careful history and examination will allow a diagnosis to be made in most patients. Surgery is indicated after the failure of conservative treatment and should be followed by a well-directed exercise program to restore flexibility.