cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Omnipresence of Labyrinthulaceae in seagrasses

Abstract Seagrass species collected in different parts of the world have been checked for the presence of Labyrinthula spp. Isolations succeeded from all seagrasses studies, indicating a worldwide association between the two groups of organisms. The isolates have been described and compared. Infection experiments have shown that isolates are genus-specific.
Calling behavior in female western corn rootworm beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae).

A postural display by female western corn rootworm beetles, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, was examined in relation to age, mating, and time of day and characterized as a calling or sex pheromone-releasing behavior. Calling was observed in the laboratory on the day that teneral females emerged from the soil, although frequency of the behavior did not peak until a day later. Females called throughout the day but were most active during the first half of photophase on a photoperiod of 14 :10 (L :D) h. Virgin females mated significantly faster and in greater numbers if they had recently engaged in calling activity. Most females ceased calling within 24 h after insemination. Volatiles collected from calling females and used to bait sticky traps exposed in corn fields were significantly more attractive to feral western and northern corn rootworms, D. barberi Smith & Lawrence, than were volatiles from females that did not call. Responses to the latter differed little if any from responses to controls collected from apparatus without females.
BRAF Mutations in Metanephric Adenoma of the Kidney

Abstract Background Metanephric adenoma (MA) of the kidney is a rare, indolent tumor that may be difficult to differentiate from other small renal masses (SRMs). Genetic alterations associated with MA remain largely unknown. Objective We aimed at defining genetic events in MA of the kidney and determining their influence in the management of this disease. Design, setting, and participants Multiplexed mass spectrometric genotyping was performed on 29 MA cases after tumor DNA extraction. We also conducted a mutational screen in an additional 129 renal neoplasms. Immunohistochemistry was performed on the MA cases to assess molecular markers of signaling pathway activation. Patients' baseline characteristics, as well as follow-up data, were captured. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis We used descriptive statistics for baseline clinical characteristics and incidence of mutations. The Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used to correlate patient characteristics with mutational status. Results and limitations We identified the v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1 ( BRAF ) V600E mutation in 26 of 29 MA cases. These results were validated in all cases using the commercially available BRAF Pyro Kit (QIAGEN). In contrast, BRAF mutations were rare in the other 129 non-MA renal neoplasms that were screened. We detected a BRAF mutation (V600E) in only one papillary renal cell carcinoma case. In all MA tumors, we documented expression of phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphorylated extracellular signal–regulated kinase, accompanied by immunoreactivity for p16 (INK4a). All patients were treated with a partial or radical nephrectomy, and after a median follow-up of 26.5 mo, there were no local or distant recurrences. Limitations include the retrospective nature of this study. Conclusions BRAF V600E mutations are present in approximately 90% of all MA cases, serving as a potential valuable diagnostic tool in the differential diagnosis of SRMs undergoing a percutaneous biopsy. The presence of BRAF V600E and mitogen-activated protein kinase activation in a largely benign tumor supports the necessity for secondary events (eg, p16 loss) in BRAF -driven oncogenesis.
A segmented weighting scheme for steepest ascent optimization.

Segmented weighting scheme for steepest ascent optimization applied to extremum values of scalar performance indexes
Increasing longevity and Medicare expenditures.

Official Medicare projections forecast that the elderly population will be less healthy and more costly over the next century. This prediction stems from the use of age as an indicator of health status: increases in longevity are assumed to increase demand for health care as individuals survive to older and higher-use ages. In this paper I suggest an alternative approach, in which time until death replaces age as the demographic indicator of health status. Increases in longevity are assumed to postpone the higher Medicare use and costs associated with the final decade of life. I contrast the two approaches, using mortality forecasts consistent with recent projections from the U.S. Census Bureau and the Social Security Administration. The time-until-death method yields significantly lower-cost forecasts. The hypothetical cost savings from improved health are small, however, relative to the size of the Medicare solvency problem caused by population aging.
Elicitation and modification of the acoustic startle reflex in animals prenatally exposed to cocaine.

Abstract In separate experiments, pregnant Long-Evans rats were administered cocaine orally (60 mg/kg/day) on gestation days 14–21, or subcutaneously (40 mg/kg/day) on gestational days 8–21. For each route of administration, a vehicle control group was pair-fed to the group administered cocaine and another control group was left untreated. Throughout pregnancy, the dams that received cocaine gained approximately 15% less weight than the untreated controls, but none of the dosage procedures affected the size of the litters, or the weight and growth of the offspring. When the offspring reached adulthood, various assessments of reflex function were made using the acoustic startle reflex and prepulse inhibition of startle. There were no effects on startle habituation or reflex modification that could be attributed to the prenatal exposure to cocaine.
Histochemical demonstration of a direct pathway from the fastigial nucleus to the septal region.

Abstract A cholinergic pathway from the fastigial nucleus to the septal region (including the septal nuclei proper, base of the head of the caudate nucleus, nucleus accumbens septi, and nucleus of the gyrus rectus) has been demonstrated in cats by use of the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) staining technique of Shute and Lewis. In cats autopsied 10–30 days after creation of fastigial nucleus lesions, the AChE staining diminished in the septal region on the side of the lesion. No changes in AChE staining were noted in control cats which had lesions elsewhere in the cerebellum. The pathway demonstrated by this technique corresponds closely to the pathway from the fastigial nucleus to the septal region which was previously demonstrated by electrophysiologic and histologic techniques and suggested by clinical data.
Excretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) in urine by pubertal girls.

Extract: Daily urinary excretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) in one premenarchial and four postmenarchial girls was determined over a 3-month collection period. Samples were collected overnight and a 24-hr excretion was extrapolated. Gonadotropins were acetone-precipitated and assessed by using the Second International Reference Preparation of Human Menopausal Gonadotropin (2nd IRP-HMG). Excretion of LH and FSH in the premenarchial girl followed no constant pattern, but average levels were comparable to postmenarchial and adult levels for FSH and early postmenarchial levels for LH. During the 3-month observation period, two simultaneous spikes of LH to 55 international units (IU)/24 hr and FSH to 60 IU/24 hr, occurring 6 days apart, were observed. These were of the magnitude of low normal adult midcyclc peak values. In all postmenarchial girls, simultaneous midcycle surges of FSII to as high as 70 IU/24 hr and LH to 43–155 IU/24 hr were observed in all cycles. During the earliest postmenarchial cycles, peak levels were less than those observed during cycles of girls who were postmenarchial for a longer period of time. Some characteristics of adult cycles, such as follicular phase FSH elevations and higher follicular than luteal phase levels of both gonadotropins, were observed during cycles occurring only 1–4 months after menarche. Other characteristics of adult cycles, such as late luteal phase FSH rises, were seen only in the girl who was 3 years postmenarchial. Speculation: Premenarchial and early postmenarchial girls have gonadotropin surges similar to adult midcycle ovulatory peaks. They presage evolution of the adult gonadotropin pattern in the subsequent postmenarchial years.
Measuring international students' understanding of concepts related to the use of library-based technology

Abstract The ACRL Instruction Section's Committee on Instruction for Diverse Populations developed a multilingual glossary of terms related to the use of library-based technology. This study is a field test of the glossary. Methodology involved two parts, a survey of international students' perceived knowledge of the terms, followed by a series of test questions to measure the degree of their actual knowledge. Degrees of knowledge ranged from not understanding enough English to know what a term meant, to knowing what a term meant to the degree of being able to explain it to others. The majority of students believed that such a glossary would be helpful when using the library, as well as other library materials presented in translation.
Scopolamine does not differentially affect Morris maze performance in adult rats exposed prenatally to alcohol

Abstract Rats exposed prenatally to alcohol have shown deficits in spatial learning in radial-arm and Morris mazes. Prenatal exposure to alcohol in rats has also been shown to alter central nervous system (CNS) cholinergic function. Since cholinergic dysfunction disrupts spatial learning in normal rats, the present experiment assessed the role of putative prenatal alcohol-induced cholinergic dysfunction in spatial learning in rats. Pregnant rats were fed alcohol via liquid diet from gestation day 6 to 20. Control dams were pair-fed liquid diet without alcohol or fed ad lib lab chow and water. Group housed adult male and female offspring (postnatal days 110 to 135) were given scopolamine-HCl (o, 0.5, or 1.0 mg/kg/day) and tested in a Morris maze, with four trials per day for four days. A 15-s probe trial preceded testing on days 2–4. On day 5, the rats were given four trials to learn a new platform location. Scopolamine produced dose-dependent increases in latency to find the platform for all groups. There were no significant differences among prenatal treatment groups in scopolamine-induced shifts in performance. The results did not support the hypothesis that prenatal alcohol-induced CNS cholinergic dysfunction is related to spatial learning performance in these rats.
Management of Massive Retroperitoneal Hemorrhage from an Adrenal Tumor

Spontaneous massive retroperitoneal hemorrhage from an adrenal gland is a rare event. A thoughtful and meticulous approach to such a patient, with appropriate diagnostic studies, ICU and surgical care are essential for patient survival. In patients with active bleeding, angiographic embolization is a valuable adjunct to achieve hemostasis, to allow for further work-up of the adrenal tumor, and an improved subsequent oncologic resection. Hemodynamically unstable patients, however, may require supportive transfusions in the intensive care unit, potential embolization if deemed feasible, or urgent surgical exploration. If possible, however, the acute surgical removal of an adrenal tumor within a large retroperitoneal hematoma should be avoided, as under such conditions a proper oncologic resection may not be possible. The possibility of a pheochromocytoma must always be entertained. Early recognition and treatment of patients with presumed adrenal insufficiency may decrease patient morbidity and mortality.
A locally most powerful test for homogeneity with many strata

SUMMARY A locally most powerful test is proposed for homogeneity of nuisance parameters from many strata in the mixed model setting. The test is based on the difference between the square of the score and the observed information about the nuisance parameters, all evaluated at the null hypothesis. Several examples including constant normal mean with possibly different variances and matched case-control studies are presented in detail. The relative efficiencies of the unstratified estimator of parameter of interest versus the stratified one are calculated. Two data sets on matched case-control studies are used for illustration.
Past Experience, Cultural Intelligence, and Satisfaction With International Business Studies

Despite significant increases in international business education, and cultural competence in particular, in U.S. classrooms we still know relatively little about the roles of specific cultural intelligence dimensions relative to how students affectively respond to such education. This article examines the relationship between prior international experience, cultural intelligence, and satisfaction with international business studies in U.S. college students. Using path analysis, our data indicate that prior international experience relates positively to all dimensions of cultural intelligence and that only metacognitive cultural intelligence and motivational cultural intelligence relate to increased satisfaction with the study of international business.
The Enhanced Self-Reported Health Outcome Observed in Hispanics/Latinos who are Socially-Assigned as White is Dependent on Nativity

A growing body of research seeks to conceptualize race as a multi-dimensional construct, attempting to move beyond a dummy variable approach to study social disparities. This research uses ‘socially-assigned race’, ‘ascribed race’, or ‘what race others think you are’ as opposed to self-identified race to assess self-rated health status among a representative study of the Latino population (n = 1,200). Our analysis shows how important the lived experience of Latinos and Hispanics (as measured by ascribed race and a host of control variables, including nativity and national origin) is on self-reported health. Using a series of logistic regressions, we find support for the ‘white advantage’ in Latino health status that is suggested in the literature, but this finding is sensitive to nativity, citizenship, and national origin. This research informs the study of racial and ethnic disparities, providing a detailed explanation for the ‘white health advantage’ finding within the socially-assigned race and health disparities literature.
Negative acting HLH proteins Id 1, Id 2, Id 3, and Id 4 are expressed in prostate epithelial cells.

Background The four known Id proteins, Id1, Id2, Id3, and Id4 are largely considered as dominant negative helix-loop-helix (HLH) proteins. They can dimerize with basic helix loop proteins (bHLH) but the dimers fail to bind the consensus E box response element (CANNTG). Alternatively, members of the Id family, for example, Id2 can also bind to non-bHLH proteins such as retinoblastoma (Rb) and ETS-TCF to modulate their activities. Consistent with their role as promoters of proliferation, subset of Id genes for example, Id1 and Id2 are expressed in many cancers including that of the prostate. However, their expression and function in the normal prostate is unknown. Methods The present study was designed to evaluate the expression profile and functional significance of all Id isoforms in normal rat prostate epithelial cells. The data suggests that all four Id isoforms are expressed in normal cells, albeit at different levels. Results Agents that promote growth, for example, serum increase the levels of Id1, Id2, and Id3. The hormones and mitogens such as testosterone and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) that promote prostate epithelial cell differentiation stimulate Id4 and Id2, respectively. Conclusions In prostate epithelial cells, Id1 may be specifically involved in promoting proliferation whereas Id4 and Id2 may have defined roles in regulating differentiated functions in response to androgens and local paracrine factors such as HGF. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Rare variant analysis of blood pressure phenotypes in the Genetic Analysis Workshop 18 whole genome sequencing data using sequence kernel association test

Sequence kernel association test (SKAT) has become one of the most commonly used nonburden tests for analyzing rare variants. Performance of burden tests depends on the weighting of rare and common variants when collapsing them in a genomic region. Using the systolic and diastolic blood pressure phenotypes of 142 unrelated individuals in the Genetic Analysis Workshop 18 data, we investigated whether performance of SKAT also depends on the weighting scheme. We analyzed the entire sequencing data for all 200 replications using 3 weighting schemes: equal weighting, Madsen-Browning weighting, and SKAT default linear weighting. We considered two options: all single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and only low-frequency SNPs. A SKAT default weighting scheme (which heavily downweights common variants) performed better for the genes in which causal SNPs are mostly rare. This SKAT default weighting scheme behaved similarly to other weighting schemes after eliminating all common SNPs. In contrast, the equal weighting scheme performed the best for MAP4 and FLT3, both of which included a common variant with a large effect. However, SKAT with all 3 weighting schemes performed poorly. Overall power across all causal genes was about 0.05, which was almost identical to the type I error rate. This poor performance is partly due to a small sample size because of the need to analyze only unrelated individuals. Because a half of causal SNPs were not found in the annotation file based on the 1000 Genomes Project, we suspect that performance was also affected by our use of incomplete annotation information.
Structured Group Activities with Family-of-Origin Themes.

Abstract This article discusses a set of highly structured psychoeducational family-of-origin activities for preventive, growth, theme, or remedial groups. The activities are useful in school and university counseling settings as well as in community agencies. The activities highlight several important themes drawn from family systems therapy: the family of origin as a system, family organization, family communication, and family change. The article presents a rationale for using structured group work to focus on family of origin. Descriptions of the activities include goals, scripts for psychoeducational content for the leader to introduce, questions to facilitate exercises in rounds that promote relating family-origin concepts to the lives of the group members, and questions to facilitate group processing.
Highlights of Anesthetic Considerations for Intraoperative Neuromonitoring

Though relatively new, intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM) has become standard of care for many neurosurgical procedures. The use of IONM has substantially decreased the rate of paralysis after deformity surgery, and has been validated in cervical spine surgery, and thoracic and lumbar laminectomy (1) (2), (3). The main modalities are: somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs), motor evoked potentials (MEPs), and electromyography (EMGs). Each test examines a functionally separate area of the spinal cord, which test is chosen depends on the location of the surgery and the patient's preexisting injuries and deficits (6). Inhaled anesthetics decrease the waveform amplitude and increase latency, intravenous anesthetics have the same effect but to a lesser degree. Best anesthetic regimen for surgery involving intraoperative monitoring is controversial. Both inhaled and intravenous agents depress signal attainment, however for equal MAC concentrations inhaled agents cause more depression(11). While studies have shown that halogenated agents and nitrous oxide do in fact depress MEP signals more than total intravenous anesthesia, less is known on the relationship between IONM and patient characteristics. Lo's study documenting MEP attainment with 0.5 MAC was done in an otherwise healthy scoliosis population (12), and no study to date has analyzed signal attainment in correlation with patient characteristics and anesthetic technique. While it is clear that anesthetic technique is extremely important, certain patient characteristics appear to be more common in difficult to monitor patients. The identification of these characteristics would suggest to the anesthesiologist the need for a more stringent technique (TIVA) and avert surgical delay or cancellation due to inability to obtain baseline or worse- loss of intraoperative waveform and need for a Stagnara wake-up test. Our group at Mt. Sinai has retrospectively studied patient characteristics, anesthetic technique and attainment of neuromonitoring signals. Hypertension and diabetes are independent predictors of monitoring failure, and these are preferentially sensitive to inhalational agents. Age and weight are also predictors, but less significant. In summary, neurophysiologic monitoring has evolved to be a consistent part of many procedures. The anesthesiologist should strive to understand the rationale behind monitoring and the basis of its utility. IONM has many implications for anesthetic technique and need for control of the physiologic milieu. With this knowledge the anesthesiologist can work together with the neuromonitoring team and surgeon to ensure patient safety during and after surgery.
Elastic and inelastic scattering of Li 6 at about 74 MeV and the folding model

The data for the elastic scattering of $^{6}\mathrm{Li}$ at 73.7 MeV from $^{58}\mathrm{Ni}$, $^{90}\mathrm{Zr}$, $^{124}\mathrm{Sn}$, and $^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$ have been fitted using the M3Y effective interaction and the folding model for the real potential. The results confirm that the renormalization of this interaction by about 0.6 needed to fit data at lower energies is required here also. Comparison with data for the inelastic scattering from $^{58}\mathrm{Ni}$ at 71 MeV shows them to be consistent with folding model predictions using the same renormalization, but the dominance of the imaginary coupling makes more detailed conclusions difficult.NUCLEAR REACTIONS $^{58}\mathrm{Ni}$, $^{90}\mathrm{Zr}$, $^{124}\mathrm{Sn}$, $^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$($^{6}\mathrm{Li}$, $^{6}\mathrm{Li}$), $E=73.7$ MeV; $^{58}\mathrm{Ni}$($^{6}\mathrm{Li}$, $^{6}\mathrm{Li}$\ensuremath{'}), $E=71$ MeV. Deduced folding optical model parameters.
A software aided algorithm analysis

System validation in the industry needs a lot of servers to generate test sets and run them on the validated processors or SoCs. With the requirement of a competitive time-to-market, this process has to happen speedily and, yet thoroughly to ensure a quality product. As the validation is automated using software, this implies that effective and efficient validation software is absolutely needed. This paper reports the basics that were revisited while our team was trying to improve the performance of our validation software. The analysis and improvement process was aided by functional-level algorithm analysis software called VTune™ that could precisely pinpoint the caveats in the source code. Revisiting the basics resulted in three key learnings on software improvements. A significant 16 percent performance improvement was achieved.
Derivatives of saxitoxin

Abstract The preparation, spectral characterization, chromatographic and biological properties of several derivatives of saxitoxin, a highly potent neurotoxin, are described. Derivatives include decarbamoylsaxitoxin, both epimers of dihydrosaxitoxin (α- and β-saxitoxinol) and both epimers of decarbamoylsaxitoxinol, as well as several isotopically labeled variants. Natural toxin is readily regenerated from these C13 and C12 alcohols by carbamoylation or oxidation procedures. Evaluation of the biological properties of these compounds provides information on the structural features required for toxin binding to the sodium channel. Hemisuccinate esters of decarbamoylsaxitoxin and saxitoxinol have also been prepared, and the latter derivative was coupled to bovine serum albumin to provide a conjugate for possible antibody production.
Bidirectional modulation of nociception by GABA neurons in the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum that tonically inhibit spinally projecting noradrenergic A7 neurons.

Abstract The A7 catecholamine cell group in the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum constitutes an important part of the descending pathways that modulate nociception. Evidence from immunocytochemical studies demonstrate that noradrenergic A7 neurons are densely innervated by GABA terminals arising from GABA neurons that are located in the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum medial to the A7 cell group. GABA A receptors are also located on the somata and dendrites of noradrenergic A7 neurons. These findings suggest that noradrenergic neurons in the A7 cell group may be under tonic inhibitory control by GABA neurons. To test this hypothesis, the GABA A antagonist bicuculline methiodide in doses of 0.2 or 1.0 nmol was microinjected into sites located dorsal to the A7 cell group and the resulting effects on tail flick and nociceptive foot withdrawal responses were measured. Both doses of bicuculline produced significant increases in tail flick latencies and small, but significant, increases in foot withdrawal latencies. Intrathecal injection of the alpha 2 -adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine, in a dose of 76.7 nmol (30 μg), attenuated the antinociceptive effect of bicuculline on both the tail and the feet. In contrast, the alpha 1 -adrenoceptor antagonist WB4101, in a nearly equimolar dose of 78.6 nmol (30 μg), increased the antinociceptive effect of bicuculline on both the tail and the feet. Intrathecal injection of the antagonists alone did not consistently alter nociceptive responses of either the feet or the tail. These findings suggest that noradrenergic neurons in the A7 cell group are tonically inhibited by local GABA neurons. Furthermore, these findings suggest that inhibition of GABA A receptors located on spinally-projecting A7 noradrenergic neurons disinhibits, or activates, two populations of A7 neurons that have opposing effects on nociception. One of these populations facilitates nociception by an action mediated by alpha 1 -adrenoceptors in the spinal cord dorsal horn and the other population inhibits nociception by an action mediated by alpha 2 -adrenoceptors.
Ischemic ventricular fibrillation: The importance of being spontaneous

Abstract Although the energy level required to defibrillate normal myocardium is low and constant, as determined from studies of induced ventricular fibrillation, little is known of the specific energy requirements in regionally ischemic hearts for spontaneous or induced ventricular fibrillation. In this study the lowest energy threshold for defibrillation was determined in 10 open chest dogs with reversible 10 minute coronary occlusions at various sites for each of 44 events of ventricular fibrillation, using apical and superior vena caval electrodes with a generator providing variable output of 1 to 30 watt seconds. The ischemic mass, quantitated from postmortem angiographic and planimetric data, was 52 ± 9 percent (mean ± standard deviation) of the left ventricle in dogs with induced ventricular fibrillation (Group I), 52 ± 12 percent in dogs with spontaneous ventricular fibrillation after occlusion (Group II) and 54 ± 9 percent in dogs with spontaneous ventricular fibrillation after reperfusion (Group III). Defibrillation thresholds in watt seconds were 9 ± 7 in Group I (n = 12), 19 ± 10 in Group II (n = 13) and 18 ± 10 in Group III (n = 19). (Group I versus Groups II and III, probability [p]
Network-level characteristics of spamming: An empirical analysis

Has the behavior of spammers changed over the last few years? To answer this question, we conduct a study from three recent data sources. Specifically, we focus on the following broad questions: (a) how are email addresses harvested, (b) where is spam coming from, and (c) how does spam evolve over time. First, we discuss whether spammers still use email harvesting: 34% of the honeypot accounts we publicised received spam after 72 days on average. Interestingly, we find that simple email address obfuscation is quite effective against harvesting. Second, we identify significant skew in the spatial distribution of the origin of spam in both the IP-level and AS-level of granularity. We find that 20% of the active IPs are responsible for 80% of the total volume of spam and that 10% of the spamming ASes are responsible for the 90% of the volume. Finally, we study the temporal characteristics of the spamming IPs and find that spam activity has spread to new /8 subnetworks since 2006. Considering these spatio-temporal trends, the future of anti-spam is mixed: the current skewed spatial distribution of spam sources could be helpful in filtering spam, but the fact that spam sources are spreading in the IP space is a worrisome sign.
Happiness and declining inframarginal values

I accept the broad findings of happiness studies on the longitudinal and cross-sectional relationships between income and happiness, and argue that standard demand curve analysis is inconsistent with those findings. This inconsistency is overcome with a simple dynamic modification to the standard demand curve that assumes the psychological adaptation to consuming a good is captured by declining values of inframarginal units. I argue that this modification is consistent with two evolutionary considerations related to happiness and that it has interesting implications for such things as anticipation and happiness, apparent anomalies in discounting the future, the connection between World War II and the end of the Great Depression, and the possibility of increasing our happiness by moderating our consumption.
Institutional Change in Higher Education: Innovation and Collaboration

To remain globally competitive and increase the number of young people completing two- and four-year college degrees, America needs to expand access to higher education and focus attention on the success of those who enroll. Expertise in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) will be particularly important for maintaining a thriving economy and in developing innovative solutions to global challenges. However, only 6 percent of 24-year-olds in the United States hold first degrees in these fields, placing the country 20th in a comparison group of 24 industrialized countries. Many American students initially interested in STEM areas select other fields after they begin college: only 33 percent of white students, 42 percent of Asian American students, and about 20 percent of black, Latino, and Native American students who aspire to complete a STEM major succeed. This paper examines strategies developed at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC) and elsewhere that have created an a...
Microwave Zeeman Spectrum of Atomic Fluorine

A paramagnetic resonance absorption spectrum has been observed in the products of a radio frequency electrodeless discharge in fluorine gas. The spectrum consists of eight lines, widely spaced over a magnetic field range 2000-6000 gauss, which can be identified with $\ensuremath{\Delta}{M}_{F}=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1$ transitions in the ground $^{2}P_{\frac{3}{2}}$ level of the ${\mathrm{F}}^{19}$ atom. Analysis of the spectrum yields $\ensuremath{-}\frac{{g}_{J}(\mathrm{F}; ^{2}P_{\frac{3}{2}})}{{g}_{p}}=438.4839\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0003$, $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\nu}(\mathrm{F}; ^{2}P_{\frac{3}{2}})=4020.01\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02$ Mc/sec, $\ensuremath{-}\frac{{a}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}(\mathrm{F}; ^{2}P)}{h}=446\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}10$ Mc/sec, where ${a}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}$ is the coupling constant of the off-diagonal hyperfine interaction in the $^{2}P$ term and ${g}_{p}$ is the $g$ factor of protons in a cylindrical sample of mineral oil.
Dynamics of fractional distillation

One of the numerous equations needed to define the dynamics of a distillation column has been derived. This equation relates the feed composition to the product composition. Thederivation is accomplished by the reduction of the signal flow diagram. The poles and zeros of the equation are almost entirely determined by the ratio of the tray holdup to the liquid flow rates and the number of trays.
Changes Mimicking New Leptomeningeal Disease After Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy for Medulloblastoma

Purpose Acute and late changes in magnetic resonance imaging of the pediatric brain have been described after radiotherapy (RT). We report the post-RT neuroimaging changes in the posterior fossa after intensity-modulated RT (IMRT) in children with medulloblastoma and contrast them with those of leptomeningeal disease. Methods and Materials We performed a retrospective review of 53 consecutive children with medulloblastoma who were treated with craniospinal RT followed by IMRT to the posterior fossa and chemotherapy between 1997 and 2006. Results After IMRT to the posterior fossa, 8 (15%) of 53 patients developed increased fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery signal changes in the brainstem or cerebellum and patchy, multifocal, nodular contrast enhancement at a median of 6 months. The enhancement superficially resembled leptomeningeal disease. However, the enhancement resolved without intervention at a median of 6 months later. The accompanying fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery signal changes occasionally preceded the enhancement, were often parenchymal in location, and resolved or persisted to a lesser degree. All 8 patients with transient magnetic resonance imaging changes in the posterior fossa were alive at last follow-up. In contrast, leptomeningeal disease occurred in 8 (15%) of our 53 patients at a median of 19.5 months after IMRT completion. Of these 8 patients, 7 demonstrated initial nodular enhancement outside the conformal field, and 7 patients died. Conclusion Magnetic resonance imaging changes can occur in the posterior fossa of children treated with IMRT for medulloblastoma. In our experience, these transient changes occur at a characteristic time and location after RT, allowing them to be distinguished from leptomeningeal disease.
Hittite vowel epenthesis and the sonority hierarchy

SummaryThis study examines the distribution of non-etymological vowels in Hittite and shows that non-etymological a is used in contexts where syllabification problems are not expected, suggesting that a is purely orthographic and brought on only by the practices of the cuneiform writing system. Non-etymological i is used in clusters which cannot be syllabified to obey the sonority hierarchy. Therefore, i is linguistically real and epenthetic. The paper argues that the distribution of these vowels is thus predictable and depends solely on the constraints on syllable structure and the sonority hierarchy.ResumeCette etude examine la distribution des voyelles non etymologiques en Hittite et montre que le /a/ non etymologique est utilise dans les contextes ou aucun probleme de syllabation n’est attendu. Ceci suggere que ce /a/ est purement orthographique et qu’il resulte du systeme d’ecriture cuneiforme. La voyelle non etymologique /i/ est utilisee dans les groupes consonantiques qui ne peuvent pas etre syllabes a cause de la hierarchie de sonorite. Ce /i/ est donc reellement phonologique et epenthetique. Cet article supporte l’idee que la distribution de ces deux voyelles est previsible et depend seulement des contraintes de structure syllabique et de la hierarchie de sonorite.ZusammenfassungDie vorliegende Studie untersucht die Distribution nicht-etymologischer Vokale im Hethitischen und zeigt, das nicht-etymologisches a in Kontexten vorgefunden wird, in denen keine Silbifizierungsprobleme zu erwarten waren. Dies deutet auf einen rein orthographischen Charakter des a hin, dessen Ursprung in der Keilschrift liegt. Nicht-etymologisches i hingegen wird in Konsonantenfolgen verwendet, die nicht im Einklang mit der Sonoritatshierarchie silbifiziert werden konnen. i mus daher als linguistisch real sowie als epenthetisch im eigentlichen Sinne eingestuft werden. Es wird gezeigt, das die Erscheinung dieser Vokale systematisch ist und allein auf der Basis von Silbenregeln und der Sonoritatshierarchie ermittelt werden kann.
Coronary magnetic resonance angiography.

Coronary magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) is a powerful noninvasive technique with high soft-tissue contrast for the visualization of the coronary anatomy without X-ray exposure. Due to the small dimensions and tortuous nature of the coronary arteries, a high spatial resolution and sufficient volumetric coverage have to be obtained. However, this necessitates scanning times that are typically much longer than one cardiac cycle. By collecting image data during multiple RR intervals, one can successfully acquire coronary MR angiograms. However, constant cardiac contraction and relaxation, as well as respiratory motion, adversely affect image quality. Therefore, sophisticated motion-compensation strategies are needed. Furthermore, a high contrast between the coronary arteries and the surrounding tissue is mandatory. In the present article, challenges and solutions of coronary imaging are discussed, and results obtained in both healthy and diseased states are reviewed. This includes preliminary data obtained with state-of-the-art techniques such as steady-state free precession (SSFP), whole-heart imaging, intravascular contrast agents, coronary vessel wall imaging, and high-field imaging. Simultaneously, the utility of electron beam computed tomography (EBCT) and multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) for the visualization of the coronary arteries is discussed. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Darwin and Teacher: An Analysis of the Mentorship Between Charles Darwin and Professor John Henslow:

This paper examines the extraordinary mentorship that developed between Charles Darwin and his teacher, John Stevens Henslow of Cambridge University. It reflects upon the application of this relati...
Applying the Framework for Information Literacy to the Developmental Education Classroom

Translating the new Framework for Information Literacy in Higher Education (ACRL November 2014) into learning outcomes, instructional content, and assessments might appear to be an overwhelming task; however, in many cases the revision exemplifies how many librarians have been teaching information literacy in the digital information landscape. This article describes the collaboration between a librarian and an instructor to integrate information literacy into a developmental reading class before the revision of information literacy standards were available and provides an example of adapting the new Framework to library sessions that already reflect a transformation in information literacy instruction for developmental education.
RELIGIOUS EDUCATION AT THE EDGE OF HISTORY

Abstract This article suggests that religious education discourse in the future must be multilingual if it is to prepare people to participate in a postmodern world of religious diversity and secularism. Five “languages” are suggested, including those native to the religious education of particular religious communities, the language of interreligious education, the language of public religious education, a postreligion religious education language, and the language of academic religious education.
Integrated capacity, demand, and production planning with subcontracting and overtime options

Models for integrated production and demand planning decisions can serve to improve a producer's ability to effectively match demand requirements with production capabilities. In contexts with price-sensitive demands, economies of scale in production, and multiple capacity options, such integrated planning problems can quickly become complex. To address these complexities, this paper provides profit-maximizing production planning models for determining optimal demand and internal production capacity levels under price-sensitive deterministic demands, with subcontracting and overtime options. The models determine a producer's optimal price, production, inventory, subcontracting, overtime, and internal capacity levels, while accounting for production economies of scale and capacity costs through concave cost functions. We use polyhedral properties and dynamic programming techniques to provide polynomial-time solution approaches for obtaining an optimal solution for this class of problems when the internal capacity level is time-invariant. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2007
Formal modeling and reasoning for reliability analysis

Transient faults in logic circuits are an important reliability concern for future technology nodes. In order to guide the design process and the choice of circuit optimization techniques, it is important to accurately and efficiently model transient faults and their propagation through logic circuits, while evaluating the error rates resulting from transient faults. To this end, we give an overview of the existing formal methods for modeling and reasoning about transient faults. We describe the main aspects of transient fault propagation and the advantages and drawbacks of different approaches to modeling them.
Ion adsorption and excitation. II.

Les donnees experimentales suggerent que la surface fonctionnelle du nerf (c'est-a-dire la couche a travers laquelle le potentiel de repos se manifeste) est situee a une certaine distance de la surface morphologique de l'axone et sa localisation a chaque moment depend de letat fonctionnel de la cellule. D'apres un calcul fonde sur la duree du «spike» de l'axone du Calmar, la surface fonctionnelle de la cellule serait a 5 µ de la surface morphologique.
Ultraviolet induced stress response in fresh cut cantaloupe.

Abstract Changes in the composition of volatile compounds in cantaloupe melon (Cucumis melo L. var. reticulatus) as a result of UV induced stress were determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Several volatile ester compounds were present, of which twenty-seven were identified in fresh cut cantaloupe. Fruit exposure to UV light decreased the concentrations of most of the aliphatic esters by over 60% of the amounts present in the corresponding fresh cut fruit. Cyclic and acyclic terpenoids, including phytoalexin compounds β-ionone, geranylacetone and terpinyl acetate, were also produced as a result of UV exposure for 15 and 60 min, respectively. β-Ionone, when added to crushed cantaloupe (0.01% w/w) completely inhibited microbial growth in the fruit for 24 h at 20 °C. Geranylacetone and terpinyl acetate reduced the microbial population from 6.3×108 in the untreated control to 1.2×108 and 3.5×107 CFU/g respectively. The results indicate the potential use of UV induced stress for screening cantaloupe melon cultivars for disease resistance, and as a minimal processing method to extend the shelf life of fresh cut cantaloupe products.
A Generalized Robust Control Framework Utilizing Dimensional Analysis

Most engineered systems designed under heavy external constraints share similar dynamics. Using a dimensionless model as system representation, a dimensionless robust controller can be designed and implemented for a class of dynamically similar systems that are different in size. Dimensionless transformations of time scale, inputs and outputs determine a nominal plant model and plant-to-plant uncertainties in a dimensionless form. Using parameter-dependent normalization, a normalized dimensionless model can be derived that has low level of plant-to-plant uncertainties. The benefit of this dimensional analysis is demonstrated by the analysis of a passenger vehicle model for yaw rate control with a database consisting of 36 sets of vehicle data.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Disjointed Governance in University Centers and Institutes.

Research centers and institutes are one example of how institutional governance has become increasingly disjointed; as the “suburbs” of the university expand, core governance structures lose influence.
Agent-based modeling of host-pathogen systems: The successes and challenges

Agent-based models have been employed to describe numerous processes in immunology. Simulations based on these types of models have been used to enhance our understanding of immunology and disease pathology. We review various agent-based models relevant to host-pathogen systems and discuss their contributions to our understanding of biological processes. We then point out some limitations and challenges of agent-based models and encourage efforts towards reproducibility and model validation.
Synthesis of methyl 2-O- and 3-O-α-d-talopyranosyl-α-d-mannopyranoside☆

Abstract Methyl 3,4,6-tri- O -benzyl-2- O -[6- O -( tert -butyldiphenylsilyl)-α- d -mannopyranosyl]-α- d -mannopyranoside ( 2 ) was synthesized by treatment of methyl 3,4,6-tri- O -benzyl-2- O -α- d -mannopyranosyl-α- d -mannopyranoside with tert -butylchlorodiphenylsilane in the presence of imidazole. Isopropylidenation, followed by oxidation with pyridinium chlorochromate, and stereoselective reduction with sodium borohydride, converted 2 into methyl 3,4,6-tri- O -benzyl-2- O -[6- O -( tert )-butyldiphenylsilyl)-2,3- O -isopropylidene-α- d -talopyranosyl]-α- d -mannopyranoside ( 5 ). Treatment of 5 with a molar solution of tetrabutylammonium fluoride in dry oxolane produced a diol which, on O -de-isopropylidenation followed by catalytic hydrogenolysis, afforded the disaccharide glycoside methyl 2- O -α- d -talopyranosyl-β- d -mannopyranoside. Synthesis of methyl 3- O -α- d -talopyranosyl-α- d -mannopyranoside was accomplished by a similar reaction-sequence. The structures of the final disaccharides, and of various other intermediates, were established by 1 H- and 13 C-n.m.r. spectroscopy.
Hedonic possibilities and heritability statistics

Several influential psychologists have attempted to estimate to what extent human happiness levels are directly controlled by genes by comparing the happiness levels of identical twins raised apart...
Giants of orthopaedic surgery: Richard J. Smith MD.

R ichard (Dick) J. Smith MD was a fine educator, author, and clinician who inspired many to enter the then-new subspecialty of hand surgery. One particular meeting I had with Dick was both auspicious and prophetic. ‘‘Do you want a cat?’’ Dick asked as I helped him suture a carpal tunnel operation. ‘‘Yes,’’ I replied, recalling that my tabby, Penelope, disappeared from my friend’s house while I was in Europe. ‘‘Well then, okay; but you’ll have to come to Scarsdale for an interview.’’ Thus did the feline avatar of Dick Smith (Fig. 1) enter my life. I was a second-year resident of orthopaedic surgery at the Hospital for Joint Diseases in New York City where Dick was serving as Chief in the Division of Hand Surgery. I learned that Dick’s son, James, had become allergic to their cat Sam, so Sam needed a new home. My wife and I drove to Scarsdale, NY, USA for the interrogation. As soon as we stepped into the home and sat down on the couch, a lovely cat jumped on my lap and started purring. The three Smith children, Lisa, Tracey, and James, told me that Sam never did this for anyone before that moment. Needless to say, he was ours. Once Sam entered our home, it did not take me long to realize that celestial forces had somehow imbued this remarkable animal with many characteristics so evident in Dick. Based on my own recollections, and discussions with several of Dick’s colleagues, the similarities between Dick and his feline avatar began to pile up. Here follows some examples. Both Sam Smith-Green and Dick were exemplary representatives of their respective species. In Sam’s case, Felis catus domestica, Siamese BluePoint, and in Dick’s phylogeny, Homo Chirurgimanus, (The Hand Surgeon), a species whose evolutionary history Giants of Orthopaedics Published online: 10 February 2015 The Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons1 2015