cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lemuel Haynes and ‘Little Adults’: Race and the Prehistory of Childhood in Early New England

Philip Greven has described the Congregational minister, theologian, and writer Jonathan Edwards as ‘the most articulate rationalizer and defender of eternal punishment in American history,’ and Edwards’s writings abound in evidence both of this view and of the steady severity with which he applied his central truth, original sin, to his society’s thinking about children. ‘As innocent as children seem to be to us, yet, if they are out of Christ, they are not so in God’s sight, but are young vipers, and are infinitely more hateful than vipers,’ Edwards affirms in Some Thoughts Concerning the Present Revival of Religion in New England (1742). In that work, Edwards defended the Great Awakening of the 1730s and 1740s, in which he was a central figure, against critics whose rejection of the legitimacy of the region’s religious revivals evinces an unease that is not unlike Greven’s with Edwards’s readiness to preach hellfire to children. The chapter ‘Ministers blamed for speaking terror to those who are already under great terrors,’ in which Edwards’s (in)famous remark about child-vipers appears, steadily and vividly presents the peril of damnation as the inescapable condition of both children and adults. But, at the same time, this insistence on the common vulnerability of all people has a levelling potential: all people—regardless of age, gender, race, class, or even the religion into which they are born—are doomed to burn unless they receive God’s grace. Edwards does not speak gently to children, instead condemning as negligent those who would shield children from the threat of damnation. ‘Why should we conceal the truth from them? Will those children that have been dealt tenderly with, in this respect, and lived and died insensible of it, till they come to feel it in hell, ever thank parents, and others, for their tenderness, in not letting them know what they were in danger of?,’ he writes—a remark that interestingly carries a rationale not only for the cruelty that Edwards’s critics see but also for the potential acceptance of pious children’s superiority to impious adults, of children’s right to meet to pray and talk apart from adults, and of the rhetorical authority of child preachers.
An efficient second‐order poisson–boltzmann method

Author(s): Wei, Haixin | Advisor(s): Luo, Ray | Abstract: Immersed interface method (IIM) is a promising high-accuracy numerical scheme for the Poisson-Boltzmann model that has been widely used to study electrostatic interactions in biomolecules. However, the IIM suffers from instability and slow convergence for typical applications. In this study, we introduced both analytical interface and surface regulation into IIM to address these issues. The analytical interface setup leads to better accuracy and its convergence closely follows a quadratic manner as predicted by theory. The surface regulation further speeds up the convergence for nontrivial biomolecules. In addition, uncertainties of the numerical energies for tested systems are also reduced by about half. More interestingly, the analytical setup significantly improves the linear solver efficiency and stability by generating more precise and better-conditioned linear systems. Finally, we implemented the bottleneck linear system solver on GPUs to further improve the efficiency of the method, so it can be widely used for practical biomolecular applications.
Abstract 287: Does a Higher Level of Education Translate Into a Lower Prevalence of Cardiovascular Disease

Background: Education is one of the determinants of health as described by the WHO, and it is one of the primary determinants of Socio-Economic Class (SEC), a higher level of education is associate...
Sorption of Water Vapor in Poly(L-Lactic Acid): A Time-Resolved FTIR Spectroscopy Investigation.

In this contribution the diffusion of water vapor in Poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) was studied by time-resolved FTIR spectroscopy. The collected FTIR data were analyzed by complementary approaches such as difference spectroscopy, two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D-COS), and least-squares curve-fitting analysis which provided information about the overall diffusivity, the nature of the molecular interactions among the polymer and the penetrant and the dynamics of the various molecular species. The diffusion coefficient were evaluated as a function of vapor activity and were found in good agreement with previously reported values. The system showed a Fickian behavior with diffusivity increasing with penetrant concentration. Two distinct water species (first-shell and second-shell layers) were detected and quantified by coupling FTIR and gravimetric measurements.
Food parenting practices that influence early adolescents' food choices during independent eating occasions.

ABSTRACT Objective To identify practices that parents use to influence early adolescents’ food choices during independent eating occasions (iEOs) from parent and child perspectives. Design In-depth interviews. Participants Low-income parents (n = 49) and early adolescent children (aged 10–13 years; n = 44) from 10 US states and the District of Columbia. Phenomenon of Interest Parent and child perspectives on parenting practices that influence food choices during iEOs. Analysis Audio-recorded interviews transcribed verbatim, NVivo coding, and directed content analysis. Results Parents reported setting rules and expectations and managing availability or accessibility as the most common practices used to influence iEOs. Other practices included teaching, pressuring to eat, monitoring, and modeling. Children reported that their parents had rules about what they could or could not eat during iEOs and that they used specific strategies (eg, call or text) to monitor their iEOs. Conclusions and Implications Additional studies are needed to confirm findings from this exploratory study. Future cross-sectional and longitudinal studies could determine whether and to what extent food parenting practices identified in the current study are associated with healthy dietary intake during iEOs, as well as potential racial and ethnic differences.
CAD is a Risk Factor for Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction: The ARIC Study

Introduction Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a potent risk factor for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), and is a common comorbidity in HF with preserved EF (HFpEF). However, data regarding the association of incident CAD with subsequent HFpEF independent of shared comorbidities are limited. Hypothesis Incident CAD is a risk factor for incident HFpEF independent of common shared comorbidities. Methods We evaluated 9,902 CAD-free and HF-free participants in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) cohort and followed them from 2005 to 2017. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard models were used to assess the association of incident CAD (defined as adjudicated MI or revascularization) with subsequent adjudicated hospitalization for incident HFpEF (EF ≥50%) or incident HF with mid-range or reduced EF (HFmrEF/HFrEF; EF 1 year after CAD diagnosis. Results The average age as of 2005 was 70 ± 6, 61% were female, and 26% were black. During median follow-up of 13 years, incident CAD occurred in 892 participants who subsequently experienced 71 incident HFpEF events and 86 HFmrEF/HFrEF events. Risk of both incident HFpEF and HFmrEF/HFrEF was greatest early following CAD diagnosis. Incident CAD remained predictive of both incident HFpEF (HR 1.9 [1.4 - 2.6]) and HFmrEF/HFrEF (HR 2.8 [2.0 - 3.8]) at >1 year following the CAD event, with no detected effect modification by sex or race (Figure). Similar risks for HFpEF were observed at >1 year following incident MI or following incident revascularization alone. At >1 year after incident CAD, the adjusted incidence rates of HFpEF and HFmrEF/HFrEF were similar (1.10 [95% CI 0.77 - 1.43] and 1.10 [95% CI 0.77 - 1.44] per 100 person-years respectively). Conclusions Incident CAD is an independent risk factor for subsequent incident HFpEF. At >1 year after incident CAD, incidence of HFpEF is similar to HFmrEF/HFrEF. These findings argue for an important, and potentially under-recognized, role of CAD in the development of HFpEF.
A detailed smoking history and determination of MYC status predict response to checkpoint inhibitors in advanced non-small cell lung cancer.

Background Although many studies have determined that PD-L1 expression by immunohistochemistry can be somewhat predictive of a response to checkpoint inhibitor the impact of specific genomic changes and smoking history in the context of PD-L1 expression is limited. This single-center study examined clinical and genomic factors beyond STK11 and EGFR in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) to determine which patients benefit from therapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Methods Clinical and genomic features of patients with NSCLC treated with immunotherapy were compiled into a database. Genomic information collected included gene mutations via next generation sequencing, tumor mutation burden (TMB), and PD-L1 tumor proportional scores. Results A total of 131 patients with advanced NSCLC treated with ICIs were examined. Race was not associated with response. A positive response to immunotherapy was associated with smoke year increase (P=0.042). KRAS mutation and MYC amplification were associated with a positive response to immunotherapy while EGFR, RB1, and NF1 mutations were associated with a lack of response. KRAS mutation (P=0.007) and high TMB (P=0.070) were positively associated with smoking history. EGFR mutation was negatively associated with smoking history (P=0.002) . In multivariate analysis controlling for age and smoking history, MYC amplification continued to be the only predictive genomic marker with a trend toward response to therapy (P=0.092) beyond the smoking history. Conclusions Among the clinical and genomic factors examined in this study, smoking status is the most predictive of response to ICIs. Only MYC amplification continued to predict a trend toward response to immunotherapy when controlling for smoking history. Other genomic predictors such as EGFR and KRAS simply reflect their association with smoking. Detailed smoking history and MYC amplification alone can predict response to ICI.
Optical coherence tomography for the investigation of skin adaptation to mechanical stress

Background Skin breakdown due to limb-socket interface stress is a significant problem for lower limb prosthesis users. While it is known that skin can adapt to stress to become more resistant to breakdown, little is understood about skin adaptation and few methods exist to noninvasively investigate it. In this study, we present novel, noninvasive imaging methods using Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) to assess key features of the cutaneous microvasculature that may be involved in skin adaptation. Materials and methods Eight able-bodied participants wore a modified below-knee prosthetic socket for two weeks to stress the skin of their lower limb. Two OCT-based imaging tests were used to assess the function and structure, respectively, of the cutaneous microvasculature at multiple time points throughout the socket wear protocol. Results A measurable reactive hyperemia response was reliably induced in the skin of study participants in the vascular function assessment test. The vascular structure assessment demonstrated excellent field-of-view repeatability, providing rich data sets of vessel structure. No statistically significant differences were found in any of the measurements when compared between time points of the adaptation protocol. The participants' limbs were likely not stressed enough by the able-bodied socket to induce measurable skin adaptation. Conclusion This study introduced new techniques to investigate skin adaptation to mechanical stress. If the key limitations are addressed, these methods have the potential to provide insight into the function and structure of the cutaneous microvasculature that previously could not be attained noninvasively.
CO2 Sequestration by Carbonation Processes of Rubblized Concrete at Standard Conditions and the Related Mineral Stability Diagrams

A study is conducted to evaluate the carbonation processes from rubblized concrete (RC) as it relates to CO2 sequestration and carbon life-cycle analyses for cement and concrete industries. In a on...
Estimation of left behind subway passengers through archived data and video image processing.

Abstract Crowding is one of the most common problems for public transportation systems worldwide, and extreme crowding can lead to passengers being left behind when they are unable to board the first arriving bus or train. This paper combines existing data sources with an emerging technology for object detection to estimate the number of passengers that are left behind on subway platforms. The methodology proposed in this study has been developed and applied to the subway in Boston, Massachusetts. Trains are not currently equipped with automated passenger counters, and farecard data is only collected on entry to the system. An analysis of crowding from inferred origin–destination data was used to identify stations with high likelihood of passengers being left behind during peak hours. Results from North Station during afternoon peak hours are presented here. Image processing and object detection software was used to count the number of passengers that were left behind on station platforms from surveillance video feeds. Automatically counted passengers and train operations data were used to develop logistic regression models that were calibrated to manual counts of left behind passengers on a typical weekday with normal operating conditions. The models were validated against manual counts of left behind passengers on a separate day with normal operations. The results show that by fusing passenger counts from video with train operations data, the number of passengers left behind during a day’s rush period can be estimated within 10 % of their actual number.
Nonlinear r-modes in a spherical shell: issues of principle

We use a simple physical model to study the nonlinear behaviour of the r-mode instability. We assume that r-modes (Rossby waves) are excited in a thin spherical shell of rotating incompressible fluid. For this case, exact Rossby wave solutions of arbitrary amplitude are known. We find that: (a) These nonlinear Rossby waves carry ZERO physical angular momentum and positive physical energy, which is contrary to the folklore belief that the r-mode angular momentum and energy are negative. (b) Within our model, we confirm the differential drift reported by Rezzolla, Lamb and Shapiro (1999). Radiation reaction is introduced into the model by assuming that the fluid is electrically charged; r-modes are coupled to electromagnetic radiation through current (magnetic) multipole moments. We find that: (c) To linear order in the mode amplitude, r-modes are subject to the CFS instability, as expected. (d) Radiation reaction decreases the angular velocity of the shell and causes differential rotation (which is distinct from but similar in magnitude to the differential drift reported by Rezzolla et al.) prior to saturation of the r-mode growth. This is contrary to the phenomenological treatments to date, which assume that the loss of stellar angular momentum is accounted for by the r-mode growth. We demonstrate, for the first time, that r-mode radiation reaction leads to differential rotation. (e) We show that for l=2 r-mode electromagnetic radiation reaction is equivalent to gravitational radiation reaction in the lowest post-Newtonian order.
Engineering of biomaterials for tumor modeling

Development of biomaterials mimicking tumor and its microenvironment has recently emerged for the use of drug discovery, precision medicine, and cancer biology. These biomimetic models have developed by reconstituting tumor and stroma cells within the 3D extracellular matrix. The models are recently extended to recapitulate the in vivo tumor microenvironment, including biological, chemical, and mechanical conditions tailored for specific cancer type and its microenvironment. In spite of the recent emergence of various innovative engineered tumor models, many of these models are still early stage to be adapted for cancer research. In this article, we review the current status of biomaterials engineering for tumor models considering three main aspects - cellular engineering, matrix engineering, and engineering for microenvironmental conditions. Considering cancer-specific variability in these aspects, our discussion is focused on pancreatic cancer, specifically pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). In addition, we further discussed the current challenges and future opportunities to create reliable and relevant tumor models.
Steam condensation heat transfer on lubricant-infused surfaces.

Summary Steam condensation is fundamental to several industrial processes, including power generation, desalination, and water harvesting. Lubricant-infused surfaces (LISs) promote sustained dropwise condensation, leading to significantly higher heat transfer performance that trades off with durability. Here, we present a systematic study on lubricant-infused copper tubes in a partial vacuum environment typical of power plant condensers to elucidate the influence of the design parameters—texturing, functionalizing agent, and lubricant viscosity—on condensation heat transfer performance and durability. Heat transfer effectiveness is introduced as a relevant parameter to quantify the effects of condensation heat transfer coefficient enhancement on the overall system heat transfer performance. Analytical expressions are developed for lubricant retention fraction and heat transfer effectiveness in terms of Bond number, viscosity ratio, and a dimensionless logarithmic mean temperature difference that can be used for predicting the performance of a LIS or for designing surfaces for a desired performance.
Modeling and analysis of vibratory feeder system based on robust stick–slip motion

This study presents model and analysis of a robust one-dimensional stick–slip transportation of an object, on dry contact with an oscillating platform suspended by nonlinear leaf spring. The oscill...
Periprocedural Outcomes of Popliteal vs Upper Extremity Access in the Treatment of Superficial Femoral Artery Occlusive Disease

PURPOSE Percutaneous lower extremity revascularization is being performed via upper extremity, pedal, or popliteal access with increasing frequency. This study aimed to compare periprocedural outcomes of popliteal (POA) and upper extremity (UEA) access for the treatment of isolated superficial femoral artery (SFA) occlusive disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective cohort study compared the outcomes of patients undergoing primary percutaneous intervention of SFA occlusive disease with POA or UEA using the Vascular Quality Initiative database from December 2010 to June 2019. Our primary endpoint was technical success. Secondary endpoints included factors associated with perioperative complications. RESULTS A total of 349 patients underwent isolated SFA intervention through the popliteal, radial, or brachial artery. UEA was performed in 188 (53.9%) patients and POA in 161 (46.1%). Technical success with TASC A lesions was 95.8% and with TASC D lesions, 65.0%. POA had a higher proportion of TASC D lesions (24.8% vs 10.6%, p<0.001), and larger (≥7 Fr) sheath size (14.3% vs 2.7%, p<0.001). UEA had a higher proportion of no calcification (27.1% vs 11.2%, p<0.001), and smaller (4-5 Fr) sheath size (46.8% vs 34.8%, p=0.023). There was no difference in technical success between UEA and POA (88.8% vs 84.5%, p=0.230), which was also seen on multivariable analysis (p=0.985). Univariate analysis revealed technical failure was associated with TASC D lesions (45.7% vs 12.9%, p<0.001) and the presence of severe calcifications (39.1% vs 17.5%, p=0.002). Multivariable analysis confirmed technical failure was associated with degree of calcification (OR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.18 to 4.89; p=0.016) and TASC D lesions (OR, 5.01; 95% CI, 2.45 to 10.24; p<0.001). Postoperative complications were associated with UEA on univariate (p=0.041) and multivariate analysis (OR, 2.08; 95% CI, 0.80 to 5.37; p=0.016). Access site complications were also associated with UEA compared to POA (4.3% vs 0.0%, p=0.027). CONCLUSIONS There is no difference in technical success between UEA and POA when treating isolated SFA occlusive disease, and UEA is associated with a higher complication rate. Technical success is dependent on calcification and TASC II classification. Based on similar technical success rates and low complication rates, POA should be considered as a viable alternative to UEA when planning endovascular interventions.
Baptismal and Missional Ecclesiology in the American Book of Common Prayer

I argue that the ecclesiology expressed in the American 1979 Book of Common Prayer is, in addition to being a baptismal ecclesiology, also inherently missional. After briefly attending to debates about patterns of initiation, I turn my attention to the prayer book’s theology of ministry, wherein all ecclesial ministry is rooted in baptismal identity. I weigh the relative merits of considering the laity as an ‘order’ within the Church, and consider the diaconal nature of the Church and its mission. I finally pursue the connections between between a baptismal ecclesiology and Christian mission. This involves a consideration of the prayer book’s baptismal liturgy (with particular reference to the baptismal covenant), and of the fact that baptism implicates the Church in mission because it implicates Christians in the paschal mystery.
Influence of Spatial Variations of Track Stiffness on Fatigue Crack Initiation and Propagation

The bending of rail due to the repeated loading from railcar wheels is a known source of rail fatigue. If rail stresses are sufficiently high, they can initiate and propagate fatigue cracks after repeated cyclic loading such that they ultimately result in rail failure. Previous analyses of stresses from wheel loads have primarily focused on track beds for which the track stiffness is assumed uniform across a length of many cross-ties. In reality, however, spatial variations of track stiffness are known to exist and are affected by many factors such as the weather. These stiffness variations can lead to stresses that are locally higher than those predicted using models based on uniform average track stiffness alone. The work presented here is focused on the influence of spatial variations of track stiffness along the rail with respect to the maximum stresses generated. A computational model of a rail on a set of cross-ties with a statistically varying stiffness is used to study the maximum stresses generated when the track stiffness is not spatially uniform. The mean and standard deviation of the local track stiffness are varied and the maximum stresses at various positions within the rail are examined. This computational procedure is repeated for an ensemble of local track stiffness profiles to acquire the needed statistics of the corresponding stresses. These stresses are then related to crack initiation and the expected rate of crack propagation relative to the given the statistics of the track stiffness. This work is anticipated to have application for rail maintenance and the scheduling of rail defect inspections.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Radio Evidence for Nonthermal Magnetic Activity on Main-Sequence Stars of Late Spectral Type

The Very Large Array (VLA) and other radio interferometric arrays provide information about the magnetic fields, electrons, temperatures and both thermal and nonthermal particle acceleration on the Sun and other nearby magnetically active stars of late spectral type. The long-lived, nonthermal radio emission of these stars is correlated with their thermal X-ray luminosity. The nonthermal particle acceleration process is probably related to coronal heating in these stars, and to magnetic activity resulting from internal rotation and convection. Thermal radiation dominates the quiescent radio output of the Sun, which is radio underluminous when compared to other radio-underluminous active stars. However, different thermal and nonthermal radio structures are detected at different wavelengths and in different places on the Sun. Peculiar nonthermal radio sources and nonthermal noise storms, are respectively found above solar active regions and in more extended large-scale coronal loops; they may both be fed by global reservoirs of high-energy particles. High-velocity electrons can be nearly continuously accelerated in the magnetically confined coronae of nearby active stars of late spectral type, providing nonthermal incoherent gyrosynchrotron or synchrotron radiation and/or nonthermal coherent radiation.
Characteristics of Josephson Point Contacts at the Center of a Spherical Cavity

We report the measurement of the characteristics of superconducting Nb—Nb point contacts located at the center of a spherical cavity of large diameter compared to the wavelength of Josephson radiation in the millivolt range of interest. In this range the cavity could reasonably be expected to behave as a broadband mirror (or equivalently a cavity operating in a high mode) which provides “optical feedback.” Since the center of the cavity is a perfect optical focus, it would appear that any radiation leaving the point–contact region would be returned there “in focus” with a wavelength–dependent phase shift. In principle, by comparing measurements made with or without the cavity something could be learned about the explicit effects of optical feedback on the tunneling currents as well as on the emission and detection properties.
Tax-Motivated Cost-Shifting by Tax-Exempt Organizations

Although not-for-profit organizations are generally exempted from income taxation, they are subject to tax on profits generated by activities unrelated to their primary exempt purpose. The purpose of the tax on unrelated income is to prevent unfair competition with for-profit entities and to raise revenue. In the aggregate, not-for-profits report annual losses on their taxable activities of over $1 billion on $4 billion of revenues. In contrast, they report aggregate profits of over $50 billion on their tax-exempt activities. This study uses a new database of actual tax returns to compare firm-specific estimates of preshifted costs to actual cost allocations in order to determine how much of the reported losses on taxable activity are due to cost-shifting. Results find that over one-half of reported costs related to taxable activities is the result of shifting, suggesting that the unrelated business income tax as currently structured falls short of fully achieving its two objectives.
A performance analysis of a multiplexer with priority queues and correlated arrivals

We present performance analysis of a discrete-time system with two priority queues and correlated arrivals. The arrival process to each priority queue consists of the superposition of the traffic generated by independent binary Markov sources. The joint probability generating function of the two queue lengths is derived and the unkown boundary function is determined using the busy period of the high-priority queue. From here, we determine closed form expressions for the mean and variance of the queue lengths. Then we show the applicability of the results in multiple priority queueing systems. Finally, we present numerical results that shows the effect of the priority mechanism on the low-priority queue length.
Specific Targeting of Tau Oligomers in Htau Mice Prevents Cognitive Impairment and Tau Toxicity Following Injection with Brain-Derived Tau Oligomeric Seeds

Neurodegenerative disease is one of the greatest health crises in the world and as life expectancy rises, the number of people affected will continue to increase. The most common neurodegenerative disease, Alzheimer's disease, is a tauopathy, characterized by the presence of aggregated tau, namely in the form of neurofibrillary tangles. Historically, neurofibrillary tangles have been considered the main tau species of interest in Alzheimer's disease; however, we and others have shown that tau oligomers may be the most toxic form and the species responsible for the spread of pathology. We developed a novel anti-tau oligomer-specific mouse monoclonal antibody (TOMA) and investigated the potential of anti-tau oligomer passive immunization in preventing the toxicity of tau pathology in Htau mice. We injected pure brain-derived tau oligomers intracerebrally in 3-month-old wild-type and Htau mice and investigated the protective effects of a single 60 μg TOMA injection when compared to the same dose of non-specific IgG and found that TOMA conferred protection against the accumulation of tau oligomers and cognitive deficits for up to 1 month after treatment. Additionally, we injected pure brain-derived tau oligomers intracerebrally in 3-month-old wild-type and Htau mice and treated animals with biweekly injections of 60 μg TOMA or non-specific IgG. We found that long-term administration of TOMA was effective as a preventative therapy, inhibiting oligomeric tau and preserving memory function. These results support the critical role of oligomeric tau in disease progression and validate tau oligomers as a potential drug target.
Radiofrequency ablation of colorectal hepatic metastases

Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) may be performed intraoperatively, laparoscopically, or percutaneously. The percutaneous approach is associated with the least procedural risk and may be performed under local anesthesia. Percutaneous RFA should be considered a primary treatment option for patients with unresectable hepatic tumors or conditions that prohibit general anesthesia or abdominal surgery. Continually improving thermal ablation and imaging technologies are likely to further increase tumor ablation efficacy and expand its role in treatment of hepatic metastases. J. Surg. Oncol. 2010;102:978–987. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Sequence analysis and lipid modification of the cysteine-rich envelope proteins of Chlamydia psittaci 6BC.

Abstract The envelopes of elementary bodies of Chlamydia spp. consist largely of disulfide-cross-linked major outer membrane protein (MOMP) and two cysteine-rich proteins (CRPs). The MOMP gene of Chlamydia psittaci 6BC has been sequenced previously, and the genes encoding the small and large CRPs from this strain were cloned and sequenced in this study. The CRP genes were found to be tandemly arranged on the chlamydial chromosome but could be independently expressed in Escherichia coli. The deduced 87-amino-acid sequence of the small-CRP gene (envA) contains 15 cysteine residues, a potential signal peptide, and a potential signal peptidase II-lipid modification site. Hydropathy plot and conformation analysis of the small-CRP amino acid sequence indicated that the protein was unlikely to be associated with a membrane. However, the small CRP was specifically labeled in host cells incubated with [3H]palmitic acid and may therefore be associated with a membrane through a covalently attached lipid portion of the molecule. The deduced 557-amino-acid sequence of the large-CRP gene (envB) contains 37 cysteine residues and a single putative signal peptidase I cleavage site. In one recombinant clone the large CRP appeared to be posttranslationally cleaved at two sites, forming a doublet in a manner similar to the large-CRP doublet made in native C. psittaci 6BC. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences of the CRPs from chlamydial strains indicated that the small CRP is moderately conserved, with 54% identity between C. psittaci 6BC and Chlamydia trachomatis, and the large CRP is highly conserved, with 71% identity between C. psittaci and C. trachomatis and 85% identity between C. psittaci 6BC and Chlamydia pneumoniae. The positions of the cysteine residues in both CRPs are highly conserved in Chlamydia spp. From the number of cysteine residues in the MOMP and the CRPs and the relative incorporation of [35S]cysteine into these proteins, it was calculated that the molar ratio of C. psittaci 6BC elementary body envelope proteins is about one large-CRP molecule to two small-CRP molecules to five MOMP molecules.
Cylooxygenase-dependent Formation of the Isoprostane, 8-Epi Prostaglandin F2α

Isoprostanes are a family of prostaglandin (PG) isomers formed in an enzyme-independent manner. They circulate in plasma and are excreted in urine. One of them, 8-epi PGF2 alpha is a vasoconstrictor and mitogen, effects which are prevented by thromboxane antagonists. Given that 8-epi PGF2 alpha may be formed by cyclooxygenase (COX) (Corey, E. J., Shih, C., Shig, N-Y., and Shimoji, K. (1984) Tetrahedron Letts. 44, 5013-5016; Hecker, M., Ullrich, V., Fischer, C., and Meese, C.O. (1987) Eur J. Biochem. 169, 113-123) and that this might confound its use as an index of free radical generation, we sought to characterize the mechanism of its formation by human platelets. Activation of platelets by threshold concentrations of collagen, thrombin, and arachidonic acid resulted in formation of 8-epi PGF2 alpha coincident with that of the COX product, thromboxane, and the 12 lipoxygenase product, 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, as detected by selected ion monitoring assays using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The effect appeared selective for 8-epi PGF2 alpha among the F2 isoprostanes. Pretreatment of platelets with aspirin or indomethacin abolished 8-epi PGF2 alpha formation. COX-independent activation of platelets by high doses of collagen or thrombin, by the phorbol ester, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, or the prostaglandin endoperoxide analog, U 46619 was not associated with 8-epi PGF2 alpha formation. Confirmation of the nature of the material formed by platelet COX as 8-epi PGF2 alpha included its cochromatography over three highly resolving high performance liquid chromatography systems, identification by electron impact mass spectrometry, and its formation by partially purified COX. Inhibition of platelet thromboxane formation was associated with augmented 8-epi PGF2 alpha formation. A major component of 8-epi PGF2 alpha formed in serum by healthy volunteers was shown to be sensitive to inhibition by aspirin ex vivo. In addition to its generation by free radical catalyzed mechanisms, 8-epi PGF2 alpha may be formed as a PG by human platelets. Given that activation of platelet COX characterizes many of the human syndromes which are putatively associated with free radical generation, assessment of the contribution of this pathway is relevant to the use of 8-epi PGF2 alpha as an index of lipid peroxidation in vivo.
Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography using metal chelate additives

This paper reports a continuation of earlier work on the addition of metal chelates to the mobile phase in reversed-phase liquid chromatography. Usinjg the relatively hydrophobic chelating agent C12-dien in a 1:1 molar ratio with Zn(II) we have been able to observe high-separations with high selectivity as a consequence of complexation of the solute in the outer coordination sphere of the metal-chelate system. We have studied a series of 24 dansyl amino acids by this approach and found unusual structural selectivities. In particular, the retention of the diacids (Asp, CySO3H) suggests bidentate attachment to the atoms of the inner-coordination sphere. Bidentate attachment is also suggested for Asn, where stabilizing electrostatic and hydrogen-bonding interactions are assumed. We have studied the effect of acetate and trifluoroacetate concentration, as well as acetonitrile composition, on retention. Use of these results has led to the achievement of rapid separations of these substances under gradient elution conditions. In the second section of the paper we report the effect of substituting Cd(II) for Zn(II) in teh C12-dien system. In general, Cd(II) gives lower absolute retention as a result of the larger size of the C12-dien-metal complex. Selectivity differences are generally observed for the dansyl amino acids. The weaker binding Cd(II) chelate permits separation of nucleotide monophosphates with good peak symmetry. Finally, the Cd(II) chelate appears to be able to bind drugs more strongly than the Zn(II) chelate.
Serum hormone and metabolite concentrations in fasted young bulls and steers.

The effect of dietary energy restriction on serum insulin, insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), growth hormone, (GH), cortisol, plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) and nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations was examined. Angus bulls and steers (10 mo) were allotted to two groups of 12 animals and assigned a treatment order. In a switchback design, animals in order 1 were fed a high grain diet, then fasted, while order 2 animals were fasted, and then fed. Animals were allowed 60 hr to acclimate between treatments. Serum and plasma were obtained at 20 min intervals and 60 min, respectively, for 6 hr after feeding and for the last 6 hr of a 30 hr fast. Serum was assayed for insulin, IGF-I, GH, and cortisol (total and free). Plasma was assayed for PUN and NEFA. Mean insulin (ng/ml) differed between fed (.95 +/- .08) and fasted (.26 +/- .08) animals (P less than 01). Both mean total and free cortisol (ng/ml) were lower in fed (11.48 +/- .99) (1.06 +/- .12) than in fasted (17.10 +/- .93) (1.62 +/- .12) animals, respectively (P less than .01). Animals in order 1 differed in mean IGF-I (ng/ml) between fed (199.0 +/- 8.0) and fasted (116.5 +/- 7.2) treatments (P less than .01). Mean IGF-I for animals in order 2 was 146.7 +/- 7.2 in fed and 213.9 +/- 7.2 in fasted animals (P less than .01). Mean GH did not differ between treatments. Mean PUN and NEFA were higher in fasted than in fed animals (P less than .01). Except for % free cortisol (P less than .05), the hormones did not differ between bulls and steers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Quenching effects and the afterglow of chlorophyll

Abstract The weak light-emission of Chlorella pyrenoidosa about 4 seconds after illumination by photosynthesizing blue light shows an apparent partial quenching when radiation at λ7000 A is simultaneously applied. This result accords with the present view that this afterglow arises from the thermal release of electrons trapped in a crystalline structure of chlorophyll. The “quenching” radiation would provide optical release. Phosphorescence excited by longer wavelengths than blue is not quenched, suggesting it to arise by an essentially different mechanism. Chlorophylls and derivatives dissolved in a film of cellulose butyrate show a rather characteristic weak afterglow, often of several minutes half-life, of shorter wave-length than the fluorescence, and which is not certainly a light-induced oxidative chemiluminescence.
Spontaneous Formation and Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence of Tris(bipyridine) Ru(II) Derivative Nanobelts

The single crystalline nanobelts were successfully fabricated with an ionic compound by a simple reprecipitation method. The compound used is the water-insoluble derivative of tris(bipyridine) Ru(II), [Ru(bpy)2(4,4′-(CH3(CH2)14COO)2-bpy)](ClO4)2. The prepared nanobelts show an enhanced fluorescence emission and relatively strong electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL), that have potential analytical applications. More interesting, ECL of a single nanobelt deposited on an ultramicroelectrode was observed. The observation of ECL in such nanostructures leads to the development of a new class of ECL systems that may prove useful for a variety of purposes.
A waste assimilative capacity model for a shallow, turbulent stream

Abstract A water quality model for self-purification of small streams has been modified and applied for the waste assimilative capacity determination of a shallow turbulent stream. The verification of the model, using the data of two water quality surveys, demonstrated that the model can be successfully applied (excluding the effect of photosynthesis). The model requires determination of deoxygenation and degree of treatment. The solution matrix includes temperature, the deoxygenation coefficient, flow, waste water loads, depth and the reaeration coefficient as vectors for the waste assimilative capacity determination.
Dramatic Improvement in Pulmonary Hypertension With Rapamycin

This is a report of a 61-year-old woman with improved pulmonary arterial hypertension following treatment with rapamycin for an islet cell tumor of the pancreas with liver metastases.
The Predictive Ability of Dividend and Earnings Yields for Long‐Term Stock Returns

We use empirical models to examine the predictive ability of dividend and earnings yields for long-term stock returns. Results show that dividend and earnings yields share a similar predictive power for future stock returns and growth. We find that the predictive power of dividend yields increases with the return horizon, but that yields forecast future returns and growth over a much longer horizon. Finally, dividend and earnings yields exhibit high autocorrelation and strong contemporaneous relations.
Reinnervation of long-term denervated rat muscle freely grafted into an innervated limb

This experiment was designed to test the hypothesis that in the presence of regenerating nerve fibers long-term denervated skeletal muscle does not become reinnervated. This hypothesis was tested in rats by the transplantation of 22-month denervated extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles into the sites of EDL muscles in the contralateral, normally innervated legs. Two months after transplantation, the muscles contracted when stimulated via the motor nerve, and based on silver-acetylcholinesterase staining, all grafts possessed innervated motor end plates. Compared to values for control EDL muscles in old rats, the maximum force developed by standard free grafts in old rats was 19% and that of long-term denervated grafts was 7%. For standard free grafts, nerve stimulation produced a maximum force that was 81% of that produced by direct stimulation, and for control EDL muscles in young and old rats, the values were 96 and 90%, respectively. These results show that after long-term denervation rat muscles are capable of becoming functionally reinnervated, even though by the time of reinnervation the animals have attained an advanced age of 26 months.
Postextubation pulmonary edema: A case series and review

Summary We report a series of patients with postextubation pulmonary edema who had no obvious risk factors for the development of this syndrome. Methods Patients identified by the pulmonary consultation service at an academic medical center were reviewed. Results Fourteen cases were collected and analyzed. The average age was 34.5 years; 12 patients were male. The average BMI was 25.5. None had documented previous lung disease. Most operations were scheduled as outpatient procedures, and the type of surgery ranged from an incision and drainage of a bite wound to an open reduction- internal fixation of the radius. None of the patients had upper airway surgery. The length of surgeries ranged from 27 to 335min. Laryngospasm was the most commonly identified obstructing event postextubation. Treatment involved airway support when needed, supplemental oxygen, and diuretics. Conclusions It would appear that all patients, especially young men, are at risk for the development of this syndrome and that the pathogenesis remains uncertain in many cases.
Advances and Challenges at the National Hurricane Center

Abstract The National Hurricane Center issues analyses, forecasts, and warnings over large parts of the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, and in support of many nearby countries. Advances in observational capabilities, operational numerical weather prediction, and forecaster tools and support systems over the past 15–20 yr have enabled the center to make more accurate forecasts, extend forecast lead times, and provide new products and services. Important limitations, however, persist. This paper discusses the current workings and state of the nation’s hurricane warning program, and highlights recent improvements and the enabling science and technology. It concludes with a look ahead at opportunities to address challenges.
Precipitation of Nb(CN) during high strain rate compression testing of a 0.07 Pct Nb-bearing austenite

The recrystallization of austenite in plain carbon steel (C-Mn) following high temperature deformation is a rapid process which may take only fractions of a second to complete. ~-1~ It is also well known 1"2 that additions of minute amounts of elements such as niobium to a C-Mn austenite strongly delay the recrystallization of austenite, and are responsible for the development of pancaked austenite during controlled rolling. While this retarding effect of niobium has been recognized for almost 20 years,11'12 there continues to exist some controversy about the nature of the mechanism responsible for the observed retardation. Some authors 13'14'15 suggest that this retardation results from solute drag effects, while others 16-18'2~ propose that it results mainly from precipitation effects. Results of recent work 7'19 indicate that recrystallization is substantially delayed in Nb-bearing austenite decarburized to carbon levels of 0.002 pct. Since precipitation has been prevented by the decarburization treatment, the observed retardation is attributed to solute drag effects alone. However, the question remains as to which mechanism is, in fact, responsible for the observed recrystallization retardation, when precipitation is allowed as a competing process at the normal carbon levels (->0.02 pct C) typical of microalloyed (MA) steels. Retardation of recrystallization of the microalloyed austenite unequivocally attributable to precipitation effects has been extensively reported from results of experiments performed using different techniques. These include direct studies of precipitation using electron microscopy of thin foils and replica specimens, 7'16-18'2~ gross precipitate extraction, 5'~9 and indirect interrupted mechanical testing methods.6 10.13-15,17-19 However, in most of these studies, the lack of rapid quenching prevented reliable metallographic observations from being made during the first few critical seconds after the completion of the deformation. At the same time, it is well known that C-Mn austenite can undergo significant recrystallization in elapsed times of the order of one second s-1~ when deformed under conditions similar to those employed in the precipitation studies in the MA steels. The inability to observe specimens quenched within a fraction of a second has, therefore, restricted our understanding of the role played by precipitation in the early stages of retardation of recrystallization. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that when hot deformation is followed by rapid quenching, it is possible to show clearly that well-developed precipitates do form in austenite in less than 0.5 second. The steel investigated has the following chemical composition, in weight percent: 0,08 C, 1.25 Mn, 0.40 Si, 0.005 P, 0.005 S, 0.07 Nb, and 0.025 N. The steel was
Gender differences in pharmacokinetics of maintenance dosed buprenorphine.

Aims Gender differences are known to occur in the pharmacokinetics of many drugs. Mechanisms may include differences in body composition, body weight, cardiac output, hormonal status, and use of different co-medications. Recently subtle gender-dependent differences in cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A-dependent metabolism have been demonstrated. Buprenorphine N-dealkylation to norbuprenorphine is primarily performed by CYP3A. We therefore asked whether gender-dependent differences occur in the pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine.
Threshold behavior for heavy lepton production

Abstract The azimuthal dependence of heavy lepton production by polarized electron-positron beams is found to be a sensitive function of the c.m. energy. The azimuthal dependence can distinguish between production schemes and determine the threshold energy.