cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conduction-electron resonance linewidth in dilute magnetic alloys above the kondo critical field at very low temperatures

The zero-temperature transverse dynamic susceptibility at frequency $\ensuremath{\Omega}$, ${{\ensuremath{\chi}}_{e}}^{\ensuremath{-}}(\ensuremath{\Omega})$, is calculated diagrammatically for conduction electrons in a dilute magnetic alloy. The static magnetic field is assumed to be sufficiently large to quench the Kondo divergence. The exchange interaction is treated to second order in the coupling constant $J$. It is found that the conduction-electron magnetic-resonance response is a $\ensuremath{\delta}$ function at the exchange-"dressed" conduction-electron resonance frequency ${{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{e}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$, with a superimposed Lorentzian envelope centered at ${{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{e}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$, which is finite ("turns on") at frequencies $\ensuremath{\Omega}g{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{s}$, where ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{s}$ is the localized spin resonance frequency. The implications of this result are discussed with reference to the magnetic-resonance bottleneck, and previous (approximate) calculations of the zero-temperature magnetic-resonance response.
Mutation of NLRC4 causes a syndrome of enterocolitis and autoinflammation

Upon detection of pathogen-associated molecular patterns, innate immune receptors initiate inflammatory responses. These receptors include cytoplasmic NOD-like receptors (NLRs) whose stimulation recruits and proteolytically activates caspase-1 within the inflammasome, a multiprotein complex. Caspase-1 mediates the production of interleukin-1 family cytokines (IL1FCs), leading to fever and inflammatory cell death (pyroptosis). Mutations that constitutively activate these pathways underlie several autoinflammatory diseases with diverse clinical features. We describe a family with a previously unreported syndrome featuring neonatal-onset enterocolitis, periodic fever, and fatal or near-fatal episodes of autoinflammation. We show that the disease is caused by a de novo gain-of-function mutation in NLRC4 encoding a p.Val341Ala substitution in the HD1 domain of the protein that cosegregates with disease. Mutant NLRC4 causes constitutive IL1FC production and macrophage cell death. Infected macrophages from affected individuals are polarized toward pyroptosis and exhibit abnormal staining for inflammasome components. These findings identify and describe the cause of a life-threatening but treatable autoinflammatory disease that underscores the divergent roles of the NLRC4 inflammasome.
Cloning and endonuclease mapping of the hepatitis B viral genome.

THE virus that causes hepatitis B, or serum hepatitis, seems to infect only humans in nature, and experimental infection has been achieved in only a few additional mammals. The limited host range of the hepatitis B virus (HBV), and its failure so far to infect tissue culture cells have drastically restricted study of this virus and have hindered development of a vaccine for the serious disease that it causes. We report here the cloning of double-stranded HBV DNA in Escherichia coli K12, using the unique EcoRI cleavage site on the viral genome to introduce the entire HBV DNA molecule into an EcoRI cleavage site within the chloroamphenicol (Cm) resistance gene of the pACYC184 plasmid vector1.
The effect of social systems on group relations training.

Two Tavistock group relations conferences were held for mental health professionals in different social systems: a university and a medical school. Three-month follow-up studies were conducted. When compared with those attending the medical school conference, members of the university conference reported that they participated more in the application group and conference discussion, learned more in the intergroup event and about how the group effects task performance, that the emotional impact of the conference was greater, and were more likely to recommend the training to a friend. A social systems analysis of the conferences is offered as a way of accounting for these results. The conferences differed with regard to: 1. sponsorship, legitimacy and support of training activities; 2. heterogeneity of learning opportunities, an indication of systems openness and 3. authority and sentient linkages between members and staff. The more positive responses of the university participants probably had to do with multiple departmental sponsors, a heterogeneous environment, and outside authority and sentient ties. The less positive responses of the medical school members most likely were due to sponsorship by only one discipline, low systems openness, and a lack of sentient and authority linkages between members and staff.
FLUCTUATION EFFECTS ON THE SUPERCONDUCTING TRANSITION OF TIN WHISKER CRYSTALS.

We report the results of measurements of the resistive transitions of clean one-dimensional superconductors (pure tin whiskers) at currents of \ensuremath{\sim} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}7}$ A. Comparison with the McCumber-Halperin theory, including consideration of the current-dependent terms necessary at these current levels, yields good agreement with no adjustment of the attempt frequency. We conjecture, however, that precise conclusions concerning the magnitude of the attempt frequency cannot yet be drawn. Rather, we present arguments which suggest that a meaningful fit to the data in the top portion of the transition must await an improved theory, and that adjustments of the attempt frequency such as those used by Lukens, Warburton, and Webb (in fitting lower-current data) may not be meaningful.
Determination of phospholipids in vegetable oil by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

A method was developed to determine the total phospholipid content in vegetable oil by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Calibration curves of I-α-phosphatidylcholine (PC), I-α-phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and I-α-phosphatidylinositol (PI) in hexane were generated at different concentrations. The optimal phospholipid absorption bands between 1200–970 cm−1 were identified and used for quantitative determination. High R 2≥0.968 were observed between band areas and phospholipid standard concentrations. Phospholipids from crude soybean oil were obtained by water degumming, and purification was performed on a silicic acid column. The phospholipid contents of purified phospholipid extract, degummed and crude soybean oil determined from calibration equations were >90, 0.0113, and 1.77%, respectively. High correlations of determination (R 2≥0.933) were observed between the FTIR method and thin-layer chromatography-imaging densitometry method for the determination of phospholipid content. FTIR was found to be a useful analytical tool for simple and rapid quantitative determination of phospholipids in vegetable oil.
Law, Sexuality, and Society: The Enforcement of Morals in Classical Athens

Centering on the examination of the social and legal context of adultery, homosexuality, impiety, and the public-private dichotomy in Athenian society, this book attempts to examine the problems of social control and the regulation of sexuality in a way that will be of interest to a broad readership. It uses a comparative approach to show how the examination of such issues can deepen our understanding of classical Athens, particularly in regard to the role of law in society. Further, it argues that this historical investigation can, in turn, enrich our general appreciation of the relation of social and legal norms, and the roles they play in regulating complex social practices, such as those associated with sexuality, morals and the family.
Policies and laws affecting Mexican-origin immigrant access and utilization of substance abuse treatment: Obstacles to recovery and immigrant health

This article reports the results of a study carried out with 30 Mexican-origin immigrants in drug user treatment in the United States-Mexico Border city of El Paso, Texas during 2007. Qualitative, semi-structured interviews were implemented to assess the dynamic social and economic factors that affect the delivery and utilization of treatment services, with emphasis on the impact of recent immigration-related laws and policies. The research provides initial data for evidence-based intervention and reinforces the need for culturally and gender appropriate treatment services for poor immigrants and their families. The study's limitations are noted.
Viper fangs: functional limitations of extreme teeth.

Abstract The fangs of vipers are extremely long, rotating, hollow teeth. Analysis of video records of more than 750 strikes recorded at 60 or 250 frames per second for 285 individuals representing 86 species in 31 genera shows that vipers reposition fangs after initial contact with prey in more than a third of the strikes. Repositioning resulted when fangs missed prey entirely or hit prey regions that did not permit adequate penetration. The prevalence of repositioning, even among species that normally release prey, suggests strong selective pressure for rapid neuromotor response to fang placement error. The rapidity of repositioning suggests the existence of (a) fine‐scale sensory detection of fang penetration depth, (b) rapid modulation of contraction of antagonistic muscles, and (c) possibly neurological modifications to shorten transmission time between sensory input and motor output. Extreme fang length has apparently coevolved with extreme functions.
Genomic insights into the etiology of Alzheimer's disease: a review

Over the past decade, studies capitalizing on high-throughput genome technologies have significantly advanced the knowledge on the genetic underpinnings of Alzheimer's disease (AD) by identifying a wide set of pathophysiological mechanisms implicated in the disease in addition to amyloid precursor protein (APP) metabolism. These include: innate immune response and inflammation, lipid metabolism, endocytosis, cell migration, tau pathol - ogy, hippocampal synaptic function and axonal transport, regulation of gene expression and posttranslational modification of proteins, and microglial and myeloid cell function. The cumu - lative population attributable fraction associated with known genetic variants amounts now to ∼80%. High-throughput sequencing studies have started to map specific causative variants in these genes and have provided invaluable evidence for an involvement of rare variants in AD, overturning the "common disease-common variant" hypothesis. The ongoing and future large-scale translational studies and next generation whole genome or whole exome sequencing efforts hold the promise of mapping the specific causative variants in these genes; of identifying additional risk variants, including rare and structural variants; and of identifying novel targets for genetic testing, prevention, and treatment.
The aluminium and iodine pentoxide reaction for the destruction of spore forming bacteria

The threat of biological weapons is a major concern in the present day and has led to studying methods to neutralize spore forming bacteria. A new technique involves the use of a thermite reaction that exhibits biocidal properties to limit bacterial growth. The objective was to examine the influence on bacteria growth upon spore exposure to thermite reactions with and without biocidal properties. Three thermites are considered: two that have biocidal properties (aluminium (Al) combined with iodine pentoxide (I(2)O(5)) and Al combined with silver oxide (Ag(2)O)); and, one that produces a highly exothermic reaction but has no biocidal properties (Al combined with iron oxide (Fe(2)O(3))). Results show that Al + I(2)O(5) is extremely effective at neutralizing spores after only one hour of exposure. The temperature generated by the reaction was not determined to be an influential factor affecting spore growth kinetics. Further analysis of the thermite reactions revealed that the Al + I(2)O(5) reaction produces iodine gas that effectively interacts with the spores and neutralizes bacteria growth, while the Al + Ag(2)O reaction temperature does not vaporize silver. In the condensed phase silver does not interact with the spores enough to neutralize bacteria growth. This study gives evidence that a thermite can be used as a stable transportation and delivery system for biocidal gas.
Agoraphobia, the panic attack and the hyperventilation syndrome

Abstract This paper provides evidence that the traditional description of the panic attack confuses the cause with the effect. Data are presented which support Ley's (1982) hyperventilation theory of panic fear, a theory which proposes that the panic attack consists of a synergistic interaction between hyperventilation and fear, the nature of which is a positively accelerating loop: with excessive expiration of CO 2 , moderate overbreathing produces relatively mild symptoms (e.g. slight dizziness) which can be tolerated for prolonged periods. If, however, respiration rate increases somewhat, the symptoms of hyperventilatory hypocapnea increase in both number and intensity very rapidly to the point where tolerance gives way to alarm and fear. Details of the reports of agoraphobics who suffered panic attacks indicate clearly that the symptoms of hyperventilatory hypocapnea preceded the experience of fear. Observations of breathing behavior corroborated the data: the S s manifested signs of a strong tendency to hyperventilate.
A functional erythropoietin receptor is necessary for the action of thrombopoietin on erythroid cells lacking c-mpl.

Abstract Objective We hypothesized that thrombopoietin (TPO) exerts its mitogenic effects on erythroid cells, at least in part, via an interaction of TPO with the cells' erythropoietin receptor (EPO-R). Methods We used BaF3 cells stably transfected with EPO-R to demonstrate that TPO alone is sufficient to support the long-term growth and proliferation of BaF3/EPO-R cells and to develop a TPO-dependent variant, BaF3/EPO-R(T), which is highly sensitive to and dependent on TPO for its proliferation. Northern analysis and RT-PCR were used to verify that both BaF3/EPO-R and BaF3/EPO-R(T) cells express EPO-R but lack c-mpl , the TPO receptor. To confirm that TPO responsiveness of BaF3/EPO-R(T) is due to TPO's interaction with EPO-R, EPO-R was downregulated by antisense mRNA. Results Downregulation of EPO-R in BaF3/EPO-R(T) cells abolishes responsiveness to both EPO and TPO. Viability of EPO-treated transfectants decreased from 95% to 36%, while that of TPO-treated transfectants decreased from 95% to 9% by 48 hours. Nontransfected BaF3/EPO-R(T), and BaF3/EPO-R(T) transfected with vector alone, remained viable and grew in either EPO or TPO. Conclusion Our results suggest a functional EPO-R may be necessary and sufficient for TPO to exert its mitogenic effects on erythroid cells.
Factorizations of upper triangular matrices

If D is an integral domain in which every element can be factored as a product of irreducible elements, then every element A∈Tn(D), the semigroup of upper triangular matrices with nonzero determinant, can be factored as a product of irreducible elements. We classify both the irreducible elements and units of this cancellative semigroup. Having achieved this, we provide a means of measuring the uniqueness or non-uniqueness of these factorizations in terms of the uniqueness or non-uniqueness of factorizations in D. In addition to using well-studied invariants from factorization theory of commutative semigroups, we introduce a new tool, weak transfer homomorphisms, which are more appropriate for noncommutative settings.
Gene Expression After Uninephrectomy in Rat: Simultaneous Expression of Positive and Negative Growth Control Elements *

AbstractPurpose: Compensatory renal growth after contralateral nephrectomy consists largely of hypertrophy of the renal cortex. The signals initiating compensatory renal growth are as yet unknown.Materials and Methods: Using a technique of quantitative dot-blot hybridization, we examined the expression of a number of genes after contralateral nephrectomy in the rat in an effort to establish a characteristic “fingerprint” which might shed light on the mechanism of compensatory renal growth.Results: Negative growth control elements, including transcriptional repressors (WT-1, junB, myn, HNF-1, p53, RB, Dr1, gas2, gadd153) were induced 1.7 to 4.7-fold within 1 hour after uninephrectomy, as were positive growth control elements (egr-1, c-jun, cyclin C, cyclin E; 1.9-to 4.2-fold induction). The steady state mRNA levels for heat shock genes hsp70, hsp86 and hsp90 beta, as well as extracellular matrix genes fibronectin and collagen I (alpha1 chain) were also increased 1 hour after uninephrectomy. In addition, 2 ...
Survey Measures of Web-Oriented Digital Literacy

This article presents survey measures of web-oriented digital literacy to serve as proxies for observed skill measures, which are much more expensive and difficult to collect for large samples. Findings are based on a study that examined users' digital literacy through both observations and survey questions, making it possible to check the validity of survey proxy measures. These analyses yield a set of recommendations for what measures work well as survey proxies of people's observed web-use skills. Some of these survey measures were administered on the General Social Survey 2000 and 2002 Internet modules, making the findings relevant for the use of existing large-scale national data sets. Results suggest that some composite variables of survey knowledge items are better predictors of people's actual digital literacy based on performance tests than are measures of users' self-perceived abilities, a proxy traditionally used in the literature on the topic.
The Press as an Elite Power Group in Japan

A lengthy field study in Japan using interviews and other sources and focusing on the nation's five leading national newspapers and Tokyo's major television stations finds evidence of much overlap between industry and the news media, through interlocking directorships and social club memberships, for example. Also journalists and other industrial leaders tend to be educated at the same exclusive universities and journalists also belong to professional clubs in which common values are shared. There already is a concentration of ownership of Japanese mass media and, through the mean sketched in this study, one can find how the mass media are integrated with other power centers of Japanese society.
The Elimination of Warm Ischemic Time in Kidney Transplantation Using the Ice Bag Technique: A Feasibility Study

Warm ischemic time is an established risk factor for delayed graft function (DGF) after kidney transplantation. DGF is a negative prognostic indicator for long-term allograft survival. We propose a technique that eliminates warm ischemic time during the arterial and venous anastomoses. This is a retrospective review of the first 20 cases performed between January and May 2010 at Albert Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, a nonuniversity tertiary care center. Approximately one-half of the patients who underwent kidney transplantation were selected for this method of implantation while the feasibility of this technique was evaluated. Fifteen patients were male. DGF was seen in 6 of 20 patients (30%). There were no graft losses. Operative time was not lengthened. There were no complications related to the use of this technique. Renal parenchyma frostbite was never encountered. We propose a technique that eliminates warm ischemic time. This may lead to less DGF. In the case of a difficult anastomosis or if an anastomosis needs to be performed again, damage to the kidney is minimized. Right and left donor kidneys and kidneys with multiple vessels can safely be transplanted with this technique. It also allows for improved resident and fellow teaching.
A new approach for effecting surface-induced dissociation in an ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer: a modeling study

With the increasing use of ion cyclotron resonance (ICR) for tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) analysis of biomolecules, surface-induced dissociation (SID) should be given serious consideration as an ion activation technique. There are at least two compelling reasons to consider SID: it can deposit significant amounts of internal energy into large ions, and no collision gas is required. These potential advantages have led us to undertake a modeling study of the SID process in an ICR using the ion optics program SIMION. The various methods previously used to obtain SID spectra are compared to a new approach for effecting SID in an ICR. Through simulations, many different parameters present in the experiment are correlated to the kinetic energy of the parent ion upon impact and the overall product ion collection efficiency (and hence the signal intensity) expected. The modeling results suggest this new approach allows larger, more precise, and controllable impact energies to be used, as well as providing higher collection efficiencies. The validity of the modeling results is supported by good qualitative agreement with previously reported experimental results.
Evidence for a significantly higher than expected depth dependence of wedge transmission factors on the 4 MV beam of a new dual energy accelerator

Wedge transmission factors have been measured for two sets of physical wedges for the 4 MV beam of a new dual energy linear accelerator as a function of field size and depth. The field size dependence of these factors has been compared with the 4 MV beam from another, single-energy linear accelerator and a difference of a factor of approximately 2 has been observed in the relative wedge transmission factors between the two machines.
Atmospheric dustiness, man, and climatic change

Abstract During the past century the world's mean temperature generally rose at least until the early 1940s, since when it has decreased. Three primary reasons for these trends have been hypothesized by various authors, namely, rising concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide brought about by the burning of fossil fuels, sunspot number variations, and dust injected into the atmosphere by volcanic eruptions. Although each of the above can explain short-term temperature trends, they cannot, singly, explain the entire record. The few observations of atmospheric dust concentrations that exist suggest that a catastrophic rise in concentration since the 1930s, due to human activities, may have overcome the warming trend prior to 1940 and caused the subsequent decrease in world mean temperature. The conservational implications of climatic change may be enormous —especially in terms of biogeography and biological productivity.
Air bags and out-of-position children-- A survey

Abstract In a visual survey of 4,602 child passengers traveling in 3,149 automobiles only 123 children—less than 3%—were observed in front seat positions in which they would be contacted by an air bag early in its deployment. Several recent technological developments suggesting that even these few out-of-position children can be protected by air bags are discussed. The importance of providing “passive” (automatic) protection for children traveling in automobiles is emphasized.
Astrocyte mitogen inhibitor related to epidermal growth factor receptor

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a well-characterized polypeptide hormone with diverse biological activities, including stimulation of astrocyte division. A soluble astrocyte mitogen inhibitor, immunologically related to the EGF receptor, is present in rat brain. Injury to the brain causes a time-dependent reduction in the levels of this inhibitor and the concomitant appearance of EGF receptor on the astrocyte surface. Intracerebral injection of antibody capable of binding the inhibitor caused the appearance of numerous reactive astrocytes. EGF receptor-related inhibitors may play a key role in the control of glial cell division in both normal and injured brain.
Developing Information Technology Proficiencies and Fluency in Hospitality Students

Students often complain that a professor or class is boring and how difficult it is to maintain focus during a typical class period, while professors and hospitality industry professionals regularly remark how ill-prepared some program graduates are to face the complex business challenges of the real world. The traditional classroom lecture does not always work because it is often tuned out by students. Thus, different teaching strategies must be considered. This article focuses on the efforts and pedagogical methods used by one professor at the University of Denver's School of Hotel, Restaurant, and Tourism Management to facilitate and improve student learning about information technology through innovative ways that push learning beyond the four-walled boundary of the traditional classroom and engage students through a variety of experiential learning activities.
Inner ear anomalies in Waardenburg's syndrome associated with Hirschsprung's disease.

Summary Congenital inner ear anomalies are reported in temporal bones of a 22-month-old boy with Waardenburg's syndrome and Hirschsprung's disease. Although no changes in the central auditory pathway were identified, peripheral lesions of the cochlear and vestibular membranous labyrinth were observed. Bilateral atrophy of the organ of Corti and stria, and a sparsity of spiral ganglion cells were observed in the cochlea. Degeneration of the vestibular end organs, including a loss of Scarpa's ganglion cells, was also seen. This is the first report of temporal bone histopathology associated with Waardenburg's syndrome and Hirschsprung's disease. The pathoembryology of these inner ear anomalies associated with aganglionosis of the colon supports the hypothesis that Waardenburg's syndrome and Hirschsprung's disease are hereditary defects of neural crest cells.
The EZH2 polycomb transcriptional repressor—a marker or mover of metastatic prostate cancer?

The recent finding of overexpression of the polycomb group transcriptional repressor EZH2 in prostate cancer raises the possibility that transcriptional regulation at the chromatin level may play a role in the development of the metastatic phenotype and suggests new avenues of exploration with respect to patient stratification and therapeutics.
Migration of Brown Shrimp in Nursery Areas of Pamlico Sound, North Carolina, as Indicated by Changes in Length‐Frequency Distributions

Abstract We sampled brown shrimp Penaeus aztecus by small-mesh trawl during 1985 and 1986 in six nursery areas within Pamlico Sound, North Carolina. Size distributions were positively skewed in May through mid-June, and negatively skewed in July through August. Changes in the length-frequency distribution over time appeared to be a result of size-selective emigration; some of the larger brown shrimp apparently began leaving the nursery areas when the upper 10th size percentile reached about 100 mm in total length.
Cytotoxicity of cisplatin in rat intestine.

Abstract Therapeutic treatment with cisplatin ( cis -dichlorodiammineplatinum-II), an antitumor agent, produces toxic side effects involving kidney, GI tract, and bone marrow. Intestinal cytotoxicity of cisplatin was characterized in rats following a single ip dose (5 mg/kg). Cellular necrosis and inhibition of mitosis in the intestinal epithelium were maximal on Days 1–2 and were most severe in the ileum, but mucosal lesions were recovered by 5–7 days. Crypt and villus cell populations were reduced most in the ileum (60–70%), followed by the jejunum (45–60%) and the duodenum (35–40%). Stomach and colon had few mucosal lesions. GI tissues assayed for platinum concentrations indicated no preferential localization of cisplatin in any segment of small intestine. Histologic evidence suggested that proliferating epithelial cells in the crypt are the major targets for cisplatin cytotoxicity.
The Relative Importance of Income and Race in Determining Residential Outcomes in U.S. Urban Areas, 1970-2000

The author uses the unique properties of the entropy index to explore trends in segregation by race/ethnicity and income class for families from 1970 to 2000. Declines in segregation by race and increases in segregation by income class were found until the 1990s, when segregation by income declined. Segregation among certain subgroups was then examined; some groups remain more segregated, even as segregation in general has declined. In particular, the poor families experience greater segregation from others than do families in other income groups from each other. Blacks experience higher levels of segregation from other groups than those other groups do from each other. Finally, the segregation of poor, black families compared to the poor of other race/ethnic groups was examined. The author finds that poor black families are uniquely segregated and that this segregation declines only slightly with time.
Hepatitis C virus mixed genotype infection in patients on haemodialysis

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) has been classified into different genotypes/subtypes with demonstrated clinical implications. Whether there is biological difference between genotypes is unknown. We determined HCV genotype in 120 anti-HCV-positive patients with end-stage renal disease and on haemodialysis, by both serological assay (which showed evidence of previous exposure) and by two molecular assays: restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and line-probe reverse hybridization (LiPA). In mixing experiments, RFLP and LiPA was able to detect the minor HCV genotypes (if present) in 5-30% and 1-2% of the viral population, respectively. Of the 120 patients studied, genotype-specific antibodies were detected in 50 (42%), and eight patients had reactivities to peptides derived from multiple genotypes (genotypes 1 and 2 and/or 3). Only genotype 1 infection was found by RFLP/LiPA in these eight patients with reactivities to multiple HCV genotypes. One-hundred and five of the 120 (88%) patients were positive for HCV RNA by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis and 14 were found to have mixed genotype infection. Follow-up serum samples (4-21 months later) were available in five patients (genotype 1a with another genotype/subtype). All five patients had a reduced number of HCV genotypes detected during follow-up; four of the five patients still had detectable genotype 1a, and one patient lost genotype 1a and was positive for genotype 2b only. These data showed that HCV mixed infection can be reliably detected by molecular methods and, in patients with end-stage renal disease and mixed genotype infection, there is a trend that during follow-up, HCV genotype 1 may prevail, or 'take over' the genotype 2 and 3 infection.
Magnitude Estimation vs Category Scaling of the Hedonic Quality of Food Sounds

ABSTRACT Sixteen “bite and two chew” sounds were evaluated for hedonic quality by 52 subjects using both a magnitude estimation and a category scaling technique. Each subject then evaluated, by the same two scaling methods, the eight sounds they liked most and the eight sounds they liked least. The amount of shift in the subjects’ scores produced by the changed sample set was the same for both scaling techniques. Both scaling techniques were also very similar in their reproducibility and variability. The function relating the magnitude estimation data to the category scaling data was linear as contrasted to curvilinear functions shown in other studies. This linearity may be related to the bipolar nature of the magnitude esti- mation scale. INTRODUCTION MAGNITUDE ESTIMATION and category scaling have frequently been compared for measuring the sensory inten- sity of a variety of stimuli. Relatively few studies, however, have been reported on the comparison of the two scaling techniques for juding hedonic quality. Engen and McBurney (1964) and Henion (1970) studied the pleasantness of odors and found a curvilinear function relating the scores from the category scaling to scores from magnitude estimation. Moskowitz and Side1 (1971) studied the pleasantness of a variety of food products by both tech- niques and also found a curvilinear relationship between the two measures. McDaniel and Sawyer (1981) used both methods to evalute the pleasantness of whiskey sour mixes; they found more significant differences among the samples when. magnitude estimation was used. Pangborn (1981) reported a study by Giovanni on the pleasantness of lemon- ade and milk in which magnitude estimation was compared with category scaling on several criteria such as reliability, precision, and shape of the psychophysical functions. Cate- gory scaling data appeared to be less reproducible than magnitude estimation data. Warren et al. (1982) studied the two scaling methods for measuring the hedonic quality of fabric samples; they found the techniques similar in sen- sitivity and in complete agreement on the rank order of the samples. With very few exceptions, these authors typically used unipolar magnitude estimation (zero represents not pleasant, larger numbers represent greater pleasantness) and a nine-point structured and labeled category scale. Judgments of sensory intensity depend on the context or frame of reference in which they are made. This has been shown repeatedly for several different sensory continua, for example, size and weight of objects (Parducci, 1974), and saltiness of soups (Riskey, 1982). The effects of altering the hedonic context on judgments of pleasantness have not re- ceived as much attention. Such effects appear to exist, as shown by Sandusky and Parducci (1965) for odor pleasant- ness, by Riskey et al. (1979) for the pleasantness of sweet- ened beverages, by Murphy (1982) for the pleasantness of the flavor citral, and by Bacon et al. (1914) for colors. In
Neuroendocrine control of reproduction in lampreys

In most vertebrate classes, the hypothalamus and pituitary have well-defined roles in the control of reproduction. Until recently, there was little evidence for neuroendocrine control of reproduction in lampreys, one of the only two living representative groups of the oldest lineage of vertebrates, the Agnathans. The question whether there is hypothalamic control over reproduction has special significance since these fishes, with the hagfishes, are modern descendants of the most primitive vertebrates available for study. This paper summarizes the studies on the structure and function of lamprey GnRH which provide evidence for the regulatory influence of the hypothalamus on the pituitary-gonadal axis. These data imply that evolution of this mechanism most likely antedated the origin of all known vertebrates.
Velocity of Sound, Density, and Grüneisen Constant in Liquid He 4

By measuring the pressure dependence of the velocity of sound, we have determined both the pressure dependence of the density and the Gr\"uneisen constant $u$ of liquid $^{4}\mathrm{He}$. Measurements were made below 0.1 K and in the vicinity of 0.5 K. Our determinations of the pressure dependence of the density agree quite well with that determined by Boghosian and Meyer, who used a capacitance bridge. Since the latter results rely on the validity of the Clausius-Mossotti relation and a pressure-independent electric polarizability, the present work can be interpreted as supporting both of these assumptions. We found that $u({\ensuremath{\rho}}_{0})\ensuremath{\equiv}(\frac{\ensuremath{\rho}}{c})\frac{\mathrm{dc}}{d\ensuremath{\rho}}=2.84$ under the vapor pressure at 0.1 K. Using this value of $u$ to calculate the attenuation of sound according to a three-phonon mechanism, we obtain an attenuation of less than half the measured value. Thus, the present theory of sound attenuation must be incomplete.
A Novel Clade of Unique Eukaryotic Ribonucleotide Reductase R2 Subunits is Exclusive to Apicomplexan Parasites

Apicomplexa are protist parasites of tremendous medical and economic importance, causing millions of deaths and billions of dollars in losses each year. Apicomplexan-related diseases may be controlled via inhibition of essential enzymes. Ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) provides the only de novo means of synthesizing deoxyribonucleotides, essential precursors for DNA replication and repair. RNR has long been the target of antibacterial and antiviral therapeutics. However, targeting this ubiquitous protein in eukaryotic pathogens may be problematic unless these proteins differ significantly from that of their respective host. The typical eukaryotic RNR enzymes belong to class Ia, and the holoenzyme consists minimally of two R1 and two R2 subunits (α2β2). We generated a comparative, annotated, structure-based, multiple-sequence alignment of R2 subunits, identified a clade of R2 subunits unique to Apicomplexa, and determined its phylogenetic position. Our analyses revealed that the apicomplexan-specific sequences share characteristics with both class I R2 and R2lox proteins. The putative radical-harboring residue, essential for the reduction reaction by class Ia R2-containing holoenzymes, was not conserved within this group. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that class Ia subunits are not monophyletic and consistently placed the apicomplexan-specific clade sister to the remaining class Ia eukaryote R2 subunits. Our research suggests that the novel apicomplexan R2 subunit may be a promising candidate for chemotherapeutic-induced inhibition as it differs greatly from known eukaryotic host RNRs and may be specifically targeted.
Exact results for a composite-fermion wave function

It is noted that the radial distribution function and the interaction energy per particle can be exactly computed for a class of composite fermion wave functions obtained at the mean-field level of the Chern-Simons theory for the fractional quantum Hall effect. These results can be quite instructive and useful to test different numerical methods and approximations used to study these phenomena.
The Changing Nature … and Costs … of Election Administration

Changes during the last decade have significantly altered the nature of election administration and driven up its costs. Interviews with practitioner representatives from the elections community reveal a number of issues that continue to influence this field. Expense data from two counties illustrate how policy changes affect election costs. Scheduled ending of federal funding threatens a “perfect storm” in election finance that may undermine hard-won advances from 2000 to 2010. Possible cost reduction measures as well as critical challenges facing election administration are forecast for 2010 and the years ahead.
Synthesis of Carbon Spheres/Tubes Using a Mixed-Valent Oxide-Catalytic Carbonization Process

A mixed-valent oxide-catalytic carbonization (MVOCC) process is described for synthesizing monodispersed carbon spheres (or tubes) in macroscopic quantities at low cost. The technique uses natural gas and reusable catalysts and produces no environmental waste or pollution. The product is controlled to be either all of spheres (∼ 210 nm) or all of tubes with high purity (> 95 %). In spherical form, the product is solid and comprised of layered graphitic flakes containing paired pentagonal-heptagonal carbon-rings. In spiral tube form, the product is composed of twisted graphitic helix layers containing spherical nodes. A growth mechanism has been proposed, in which the pairing of pentagonal and heptagonal carbon-rings plays an important role. It is concluded that a change in fraction and nucleation rates of pentagonal, hexagonal and heptagonal carbon-rings results in the growth of different geometrical shapes. The success of using mixed-valence metal oxides as catalysts has opened a new field in catalysis research and applications.
A double look at duality

The two forms of duality that are encountered most frequently by the systems theorist-linear duality and convex duality-are examined. Linear duality has a strong algebraic characterization which extends to other structures such as groups and modules. Convex duality, on the other hand, capitalizes so strongly on the vector space structure that the resulting powerful theory (which is typically interpreted geometrically) loses the algebraic flavor of its roots. An algebraic characterization of convex duality is presented that generalizes the standard algebraic characterization of linear duality. This provides a link between the two forms of duality most important for the systems theorist. The algebraic and geometric interpretations together give a double view of duality as used in systems theory. >
A Retrospective Review of the Effectiveness of Recombinant Human TSH as a Preparation for Radioiodine Thyroid Remnant Ablation

Radioiodine remnant ablation (RRA) is frequently used after a thyroidectomy for differentiated thyroid carcinoma because it has been reported to reduce the number of local recurrences and to increase overall survival. Although the traditional method of preparation for RRA is thyroid hormone withdrawal, several physicians at our medical center have offered the option of having RRA after preparation by recombinant human thyroid-stimulating hormone (thyrotropin; TSH) over the past 2 y. During this same time period, other patients at our center were prepared for RRA by hormone withdrawal. Methods: We took this opportunity to retrospectively review the rate of complete remnant ablation in patients having RRA after hormone withdrawal compared with those having RRA after recombinant human TSH. Only patients who had RRA after January 1, 1999, and follow-up diagnostic studies at our medical center, were included in the analysis. A successful ablation was defined as no visible radioiodine uptake on the follow-up diagnostic scans, performed with 185 MBq (5 mCi) 131I. The 2 groups had comparable patient and tumor characteristics and received similar ablative activities of 131I. Results: We found that 84% of those prepared by recombinant human TSH, and 81% of those prepared by hormone withdrawal, had complete resolution of visible thyroid bed uptake after RRA (P = not significant). Conclusion: Given the biases that exist in retrospective studies, we cannot yet recommend RRA preparation by recombinant human TSH for routine use. However, these preliminary findings are favorable enough to support the design of a prospective randomized trial comparing RRA success rates after preparation by either thyroid hormone withdrawal or recombinant human TSH.
Vertical distribution and assemblages of corticolous myxomycetes on five tree species in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park

Corticolous myxomycetes of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park were studied in relation to their association with certain tree species and height of occurrence in the forest canopy. Using the double-rope climbing method, bark was collected at 3 m increments to the tops of trees of five different species. Bark samples from 25 trees were used to prepare 418 moist chamber cultures maintained and observed 4 wk. Eighty-four myxomycete species were identified, including 30 species not known to occur in the park. Tree species, pH, height in tree and water-holding capacity of the bark samples were analyzed to determine the relationships of myxomycete assemblages cultured on the bark. Results suggested that myxomycete community composition among selected tree species were similar, but occurrence and abundance of certain species were related to differences in bark pH. Community similarity values among trees of different species show that trees with the most similar myxomycete communities also have the most simi...
Difficulties with Emotion Regulation and Psychopathology Interact to Predict Early Smoking Cessation Lapse

There is little knowledge about how emotion regulation difficulties interplay with psychopathology in terms of smoking cessation. Participants (n = 250; 53.2 % female, Mage = 39.5, SD = 13.85) were community-recruited daily smokers (≥8 cigarettes per day) who self-reported motivation to quit smoking; 38.8 % of the sample met criteria for a current (past 12-month) psychological disorder. Emotion regulation deficits were assessed pre-quit using the Difficulties with Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS; Gratz and Roemer in J Psychopathol Behav Assess 26(1):41-54, 2004) and smoking behavior in the 28 days post-quit was assessed using the Timeline Follow-Back (TLFB; Sobell and Sobell in Measuring alcohol consumption: psychosocial and biochemical methods. Humana Press, Totowa, 1992). A Cox proportional-hazard regression analysis was used to model the effects of past-year psychopathology, DERS (total score), and their interaction, in terms of time to lapse post-quit day. After adjusting for the effects of gender, age, pre-quit level of nicotine dependence, and treatment condition, the model revealed a non-significant effect of past-year psychopathology (OR = 1.14, CI95 % = 0.82-1.61) and difficulties with emotion regulation (OR = 1.01, CI95 % = 1.00-1.01) on likelihood of lapse rate. However, the interactive effect of psychopathology status and difficulties with emotion regulation was significant (OR = 0.98, CI95 % = 0.97-0.99). Specifically, there was a significant conditional effect of psychopathology status on lapse rate likelihood at low, but not high, levels of emotion regulation difficulties. Plots of the cumulative survival functions indicated that for smokers without a past-year psychological disorder, those with lower DERS scores relative to elevated DERS scores had significantly lower likelihood of early smoking lapse, whereas for smokers with past-year psychopathology, DERS scores did not differentially impact lapse rate likelihood. Smokers with emotion regulation difficulties may have challenges quitting, and not having such difficulties, especially without psychopathology, decreases the potential likelihood of early lapse.
(Corrected) Osmotic stress and water isotope effects in kinesin-1 gliding motility assays

The osmotic pressure and kinetic properties of water play important roles in biomolecular interactions. As pointed out by Parsegian, Rand, and Rau, these crucial roles are often overlooked[1]. In some fields, osmotic stress and isotope effects have been exploited for probing the role water plays in binding interactions of biomolecules. To our knowledge, there have been no studies of osmotic stress and water isotope effects for kinesin, and only a handful for myosin. We're currently using the gliding motility assay to see whether we can extract new information about kinesin-1 / microtubule interactions by changing osmotic stress and water isotopes. We will describe our open-source, automated analysis platform for extracting microtubule gliding speeds from image series. We will also show our preliminary analyses of the changes seen in gliding assays when done in heavy water (either heavy-hydrogen or heavy-oxygen) or osmolytes (betaine). We will discuss whether osmotic stress and isotopes, particularly heavy-oxygen water, might be an important tool for probing effects of water on binding interactions between kinesin and microtubules. We will also discuss potential applications of deuterium water for stabilizing microtubules and kinesin for lab or device applications.[1] Parsegian, V. A., Rand, R. P., & Rau, D. C. (1995). Macromolecules and water: probing with osmotic stress. Methods in Enzymology, 259.This work was supported by the DTRA CB Basic Research Program under Grant No. HDTRA1-09-1-008 in collaboration with Dr. Susan Atlas lab (UNM).CORRECTIONS: At the workshop, Erik Schaffer pointed out to us that some of our speed differences (casein data) were surely due to microscope increasing in temperature. I’ve edited the poster to correct for this. Thanks, Erik!2011 March Correction: Using temperature stabilization and much-improved technique, Andy has taken higher-quality data for the heavy-hydrogen and heavy-oxygen experiments. See the added slides, 6-7.
Teaching and Self‐Formation: Why the Ignoble “Intro to World Religions” Really Matters

This paper explores the idea that the educational process plays a vital role in the formation and transformation of selves. Peter Hodgson's theological interpretation of education as paideia and Lucinda Huffaker's work on the achievement of “clarity of self” are brought together to demonstrate that empathy is central not only to evolution of self, but the educational process as well. The argument insists that introductory courses are places of immense potential for helping students in the lifelong task of achieving self-clarity. The “Introduction to World Religions“ course is used as a practical illustration of the thesis.