cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Do estrogens improve bone mineral density in osteoporotic women over age 65

A retrospective analysis of our experience with estrogen and fluoride treatment in 91 patients with postmenopausal osteopenia followed for 6-47 months has been performed. Treatment included calcium (1000 mg/day) and either conjugated estrogens (0.625 mg/day) or sodium fluoride (50 mg/day), or both. All patients had at least two serial dual-photon spinal bone mineral density measurements performed 6 months or more apart. Estrogen treatment was associated with increased bone mineral density (5.3%/year), as was fluoride alone (7.5%/year). Estrogen and fluoride together were additive (9.6%/year). In women over age 65 the estrogen effect was just as great (6.9%/year) as in younger women. Estrogen benefit occurred predominantly in the first 18 months of treatment (7.0%/year), after which time changes in bone mineral density were similar to those in untreated controls, who showed stable bone mineral density. We conclude that aggressive estrogen and fluoride treatment tailored to the severity of the individual's postmenopausal osteopenia results in short-term improvement in spinal bone mineral density. These data further support that elderly women respond to estrogen replacement therapy with absolute and relative increments in bone density similar to those in younger women.
A System for Diurnal Heart Rate Measurement in Chickens

Abstract INTRODUCTION A VARIETY of methods have been used to measure the heart rate of chickens and commonly heart rate has been altered by the measurement process. In general birds have been placed in an unfamiliar environment either restrained or anesthetized. Time of day, comfort of the bird or activity of the investigator have often been contributing factors to the heart rate obtained. We wished to develop a system permitting the heart measurement and comparison of a large number of birds under essentially normal conditions. Such a system would allow valid comparisons of breeds, sexes and ages, any of which may react differently to handling. In this report a measurement system developed to satisfy these criteria and its application is described. APPARATUS A scanning device was developed to automatically survey the electrocardiograms (EKG) of twenty chickens each hour. The multiplexing unit scanned stations, without switching transients to the pen recorder, by…
Extensions of the Levine-Nahikian method for constructing involutory matrices

Abstract Various characterizations for sums of matrices over arbitrary fields to be involutions are established. Applications of these results in constructing involutions of matrices with elements from finite fields are considered.
Earthquake calamity warning from space station: orbital dynamics coupling geology mantle convection

It is not surprising that the earthquakes happened among clashing tectonic plate boundaries where numerous earthquake stations exist. Then, why do we need more? The significance of Sichuan and Tongshan earthquakes of China is a wakeup call that major earthquakes of logarithmic Richter scales beyond 7 could happen exactly within a single tectonic plate surprisingly. Thus, the previous border surveillance is broadened to areas coverage. Judging the success of archival survey of NASA with the gravitational potential by Liu et al., we review a unified earthquakes theory covering both the peripheral and the central plate in this paper, so that we can take seriously the need of a comprehensive global surveillance of natural calamity in the Space. The earth surface crust, like a kitchen kettle lid, covers tightly the melted mantle rock layer, like a pea soup cooking in the kettle. Given the time they will all become bubbling, rattling & shaking, known as the Bernard instability. This instability is ubiquitous for any liquid state matter being heated from below, if and only if it has a real positive thermal expansion coefficient. Likewise, the earth mantle is being cooked from below by an enormously hot fireball of the size of a moon. The heat comes from the radioactive decay confined within the core over eon's age. Due to the enormous gravitation attraction being always real positive and additive, the inner core is bifurcated into 2 regimes, a heat-melted liquid metal regime, where the earth magnetic field is produced and predicted by Faraday induction law. And further inside there exists a tightly squeezed solid metal ball regime, due to the gigantic weight compression, as confirmed by sonar experiments. The complexity of earth Bernard instability is due to the extra rotational Coriolis force that makes the up-down thermal convection side-way, creating the mass imbalance and permitting in-situ measurements feasible at a distance.
HIV Reverse-Transcriptase Drug Resistance Mutations During Early Infection Reveal Greater Transmission Diversity Than in Envelope Sequences

Background Drug resistance mutations (DRMs) can serve as distinct, nonpolymorphic markers for evaluating diversity of expressed HIV-1. We screened for DRMs during early-acute viremia and examined the diversity in reverse transcriptase (RT) relative to envelope (env) in cases of transmitted drug resistance. Methods We evaluated 111 longitudinal plasma samples collected every 2-7 days from 15 individuals who seroconverted for HIV-1 infection in 1994-2000. The samples were screened with sensitive polymerase chain reaction assays for the commonly transmitted M41L and K70R mutations and for K65R, which was undetected by bulk sequencing. Mutation-positive samples were further characterized by clonal sequencing of RT and env V1-V3. Results Drug resistance mutations were detected in 4 of 15 seroconverters at 5-50 days of viral nucleic acid expression; most mutations disappeared about the time of seroconversion. Clonal sequencing verified low-level K65R at frequencies of 0.4%-4.9%. In each case, K65R coexisted unlinked with variants carrying 2-5 thymidine analog mutations at frequencies of 1.6%-23.0%. In one seroconverter, variants with M184V and nonnucleoside RT inhibitor mutations were also identified at first RNA expression. Each seroconverter displayed a homogeneous V1-V3 env population. Conclusions Reverse-transcriptase DRMs demonstrate that the breadth of variants in transmission may be greater than what is reflected in envelope sequences.
The Regulated Expression of the Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A in the Rodent Ovary: A Proposed Role in the Development of Dominant Follicles and of Corpora Lutea

Compelling evidence exists displaying that the intrafollicular IGF-I system constitutes an obligatory mediator of FSH action in the murine ovary. Within this system, the ovarian IGF binding protein-4-directed protease (IGFBP-4ase) may have a critical role. Human IGFBP-4ase has been proved identical to the previously well-characterized pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A). This communication reports the cloning and sequencing of the mouse PAPP-A cDNA as well as its expression and cellular localization in the mouse ovary. PAPP-A mRNA was undetectable in ovaries of untreated immature 25-d-old mice. Treatment with PMSG led to a marked time-dependent increase in PAPP-A expression in well-defined subsets of granulosa cells and follicles. Specifically, PAPP-A expression was detectable exclusively in centrifugally residing membrana granulosa cells of antral follicles during a 3- to 36-h period post PMSG. PAPP-A expression then fell to nondetectable levels in dominant preovulatory follicles at 48 h post ...
EFFECTS OF VIGILANCE AND OTHER FACTORS ON NONSPECIFIC ACOUSTIC RESPONSES IN THE RABBIT.

Abstract Auditory potentials evoked in response to click stimulation were recorded from a wide area of the brain in nine rabbits. Usually 100 of these potentials were averaged with the use of a computer. The resulting averaged nonspecific acoustic responses (NSAR) showed great variability related to a variety of factors including the animal's state of alertness. During active wakefulness and paradoxical sleep the NSAR were greatly reduced as compared with those recorded in relaxed or drowsy animals. Generally, depression of the responses was associated with an aroused EEG, though important exceptions were noted. Movement was found consistently to depress the NSAR or even to suppress them completely. It is suggested that movement per se may play an important role in determining the amplitude and topographical distribution of NSAR. In some animals, the first click of a series elicited a large evoked potential which was correlated with the appearance of an orienting response. This potential became rapidly habituated. The NSAR did not become habituated even after very long periods of repetition of the click.
Production of no-carrier-added 64Cu from zinc metal irradiated under boron shielding.

Background. Positron emission tomography offers advantages for radioimmunodiagnosis of cancer but requires radionuclides of appropriate half-life that have high specific activity and high radio-purity. This work was designed to develop a viable method to produce and purify 64 Cu, which has high specific activity, for positron emission tomography. Methods. 64 Cu was produced at the University of Missouri Research Reactor by the nuclear reaction, 64 Zn(n,p) 64 Cu. Highly pure zinc metal (99.9999%) was irradiated in a specially designed boron nitride lined container, which minimized thermal neutron reactions during irradiation. A new two-step procedure was developed to chemically separate the no-carrier-added 64 Cu from the zinc metal target
Assessment of a semiautomated pelvic floor measurement model for evaluating pelvic organ prolapse on MRI

Introduction and hypothesis The objective of this study was to assess the performance of a semiautomated pelvic floor measurement algorithmic model on dynamic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images compared with manual pelvic floor measurements for pelvic organ prolapse (POP) evaluation.
Dibutyryl-cAMP modulation of receptor expression and antigen presentation capacity in monocyte subpopulations.

Abstract Monocyte phenotype heterogeneity is often associated with functional differences between the distinguished M⊘ subpopulations. We have previously demonstrated that the M⊘ subpopulation separated and stimulated by rosetting M⊘ via the Type I FcγR (CD64) are poor antigen presenting cells but can be induced to greater production of TNFα, IL-6 and PGE2 than the FcγRI− M⊘ population. Here we demonstrate that the FcγRI− M⊘ represent the major antigen presenting M⊘ population and that APC capacity of the FcRI− M⊘ can be further increased by elevating intracellular cAMP levels. Treatment of the FcγRI+ M⊘ with db cAMP decreases both their expression of CD64 and their capacity to produce TNFα to the levels typical of FcγRI− M·. Db cAMP treatment of the FcγRI+ M⊘ subpopulation, however, cannot augment the antigen presenting capacity of this low APC M⊘ subpopulation to the level of that of the FcγRI− M⊘. Basal expression of the Mo3 activation marker was comparable in the FcRI+/FcRI− M⊘ subpopulations, but the FcRI+ M⊘ were induced by db cAMP treatment to increase their Mo3 expression to higher levels than the FcRI− M⊘. These results suggest that although elevated intracellular cAMP levels can modulate some FcγRI+ M⊘ functions to more closely parallel those of the FcγRI− M⊘, this treatment cannot increase the efficiency of the FcγRI+ M⊘ subpopulation as an antigen presenting cell.
Stable isotope compositions of waters in the Great Basin, United States 2. Modern precipitation

[1] Precipitation was collected between 1991 and 1997 at 41 locations within and adjacent to parts of the Great Basin lying in California, Oregon, Nevada, and Utah. These samples were analyzed for their deuterium (δD) and oxygen-18 (δ18O) contents. Separate collections were made of summer and winter season precipitation at stations ranging in elevation from –65 m to 3246 m. The δD per mil values of stations that were closely spaced but at different elevations showed an average δD decrease of approximately 10‰/km rise in elevation. Data for all samples representing winter precipitation, when plotted on a δD versus δ18O plot, fall close to the Meteoric Water Line (δD = 8 δ18O + 10); samples representing summer precipitation define a line of slightly lower slope due to evaporation of the raindrops during their passage from cloud to ground. Comparison of our 1991–1997 δD data with those from the same three stations reported by an earlier study in the southeastern California shows seasonal differences ranging from 0 per mil to 19‰ (average: 15) and annual differences ranging from 0 to 13 per mil (average: 2), illustrating the degree of annual and seasonal variability in this region. When contoured, the δD values display gradients indicating a north to northwest decrease in deuterium, with values ranging from −60 to −125‰ in winter precipitation and from −40 to −110‰ in summer precipitation. These gradient trends can be explained by the predominance of air mass trajectories originating in the tropical Pacific, the Gulf of California, and (in summer) the Gulf of Mexico.
INSUSCEPTIBILITY TO SENSITIZATION AND ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK

1. Attempts to produce anaphylactic shock in white rats by second intravenous or subdural injections of horse serum have failed. 2. It was impossible to demonstrate either by skin reactions or by the uterine reaction that white rats can be sensitized to horse serum. 3. It was not possible to sensitize guinea pigs passively with the serum of white rats presumably immunized to horse serum. 4. In spite of the fact that the white rat could not be made anaphylactic to horse serum, the tissues of the animal reacted with the horse serum to form precipitins in fair concentration and the antigen disappeared from the circulation soon after the precipitins reached their greatest concentration in the blood. 5. These experiments would indicate that in the white rat anaphylaxis and precipitin formation are independent and represent different types of immunological processes.
Managing the Solitary Thyroid Nodule: Role of Needle Biopsy

Excerpt Thyroid malignancies are rare, whereas benign nodular disease is common and does not require surgical management unless there is obstruction of the thoracic inlet. The problem is to identif...
REGIONAL AND INDIVIDUAL VARIATIONS IN THE FUNCTION OF THE HUMAN ECCRINE SWEAT GLAND

Derived values for sodium concentration of the precursor fluid, free water clearance and counts of the number of active sweat glands were determined on the forehead, forearm and back of 14 subjects. Maximal sweat rate per gland and maximal free water clearance per gland were also calculated. The sodium concentration of the precursor fluid averaged 140 mEq/L. The large variations among our subjects in the maximal sweat rate (SR max) per m 2 and maximal free water clearance (FWC max) per m 2 depended mainly on differences in the functional capacity of individual sweat glands rather than in differences in population. However, regional variations in SR max per m 2 and FWC max per m 2 in each subject depended largely on differences in the population of active sweat glands. A significant correlation was found between secretory (SR max per gland) and reabsorptive capacity (FWC max per gland).
Some Properties of Variance Component Estimators in the Two-Way Classification

Specific small sample properties are investigated for the two-way model with no interaction. It is observed that each of the usual ANOVA yields estimators with smaller variance in respective snbspaces of the parameter space. The design matrix role is related to both of these. Some representative numerical examples are given.
A Hierarchical Authentication Scheme in Wireless Sensor Networks

A wireless sensor network (WSN) refers to a group of autonomous sensors capable of collecting environmental conditions such as temperature, humidity, and pressure. In addition, WSNs may be deployed in a risky region where sensor nodes are equipped to track suspicious targets and monitor harmful activities. In such scenarios, security is crucial and challenging. Such applications require top security, such as authentication, confidentiality, and integrity. In this paper, we focus on the authentication service in wireless senor network. Authentication is validity of entities and is considered the first line of defense against malicious attacks. With high security requirements, we assume sensor nodes are equipped with sufficient resources and are capable of performing advanced cryptographic operations. We propose a simple authentication protocol for wireless sensor networks based on distributed clustering and asymmetric cryptographic algorithms.
Framework for Evaluating Measures to Control Nosocomial Tuberculosis Transmission

Abstract Diverse control measures can be applied to reduce tuberculosis infection risk in health-care facilities. Selecting optimal controls requires methods for predicting the dependence of infections risk on underlying parameters. A common model for infection risk only explicitly accounts for control by ventilation. This paper proposes a more complete model for evaluating tuberculosis infection control methods in health-care settings. An infection risk parameter is defined as the probable number of infectious droplet nuclei inhaled by all susceptible persons from a single infectious person. Algebraic model equations are presented for two exposure cases. In one, the susceptible and infectious persons are together in a well-mixed indoor environment; in the socond, the infectious person is in respiratory isolation. Model equations are used to explore many common tuberculosis control measures: identification, isolation and treatment of tuberculosis cases; surgical masks and treatment booths applied at the source; environmental controls such as ventilation, air filtration, and ultraviolet germicidal irradiation; and respiratory protection for susceptible persons. Experimental data are limited or lacking on some key variables, such as emissions of infectious droplet nuclei by contagious persons and air leakage rates from isolation rooms. Methods are outlined for collecting additional data.
Chinese origin rhesus macaque major histocompatibility complex class I molecules promiscuously present epitopes from SIV associated with molecules of Indian origin; implications for immunodominance and viral escape

The presentation of identical peptides by different major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) molecules, termed promiscuity, is a controversial feature of T cell-mediated immunity to pathogens. The astounding diversity of MHC-I molecules in human populations, presumably to enable binding of equally diverse peptides, implies promiscuity would be a rare phenomenon. However, if it occurs, it would have important implications for immunity. We screened 77 animals for responses to peptides known to bind MHC-I molecules that were not expressed by these animals. Some cases of supposed promiscuity were determined to be the result of either non-identical optimal peptides or were simply not mapped to the correct MHC-I molecule in previous studies. Cases of promiscuity, however, were associated with alterations of immunodominance hierarchies, either in terms of the repertoire of peptides presented by the different MHC-I molecules or in the magnitude of the responses directed against the epitopes themselves. Specifically, we found that the Mamu-B*017:01-restricted peptides Vif HW8 and cRW9 were also presented by Mamu-A2*05:26 and targeted by an animal expressing that allele. We also found that the normally subdominant Mamu-A1*001:01 presented peptide Gag QI9 was also presented by Mamu-B*056:01. Both A2*05:26 and B*056:01 are molecules typically or exclusively expressed by animals of Chinese origin. These data clearly demonstrate that MHC-I epitope promiscuity, though rare, might have important implications for immunodominance and for the transmission of escape mutations, depending on the relative frequencies of the given alleles in a population.
The Fourier transform as a signature for chaos in nuclear energy levels

The Fourier transform of the autocorrelation function is an alternative test to characterize level statistics. For GOE statistics there is a suppression of the Fourier transform near the origin; this correlation hole is absent for Poisson statistics. Numerical modeling has been used to quantify the method and determine the dependence of the correlation-hole area on number, density, sampling interval, and fraction of missing or spurious levels. For large N the normalized correlation-hole area is a nearly universal constant and insensitive to missing and spurious levels. However, for the smaller sample sizes typical of nuclear data, application of the FT method yields ambiguous results.
Uranium and minor-element partitioning in Fe-Ti oxides and zircon from partially melted granodiorite, Crater Lake, Oregon

Crystal-liquid partitioning in Fe-Ti oxides and zircon was studied in partially melted granodiorite blocks ejected during the climactic eruption of Mt. Mazama (Crater Lake), Oregon. The blocks, which contain up to 33% rhyolite glass (75 wt% SiO_2), are interpreted to be portions of the magma chamber walls that were torn off during eruption. The glass is clear and well homogenized for all measured elements except Zr. Results for Fe-Ti oxides give DU^(oxide/liq) ≈ 0.1. Partitioning of Mg, Mn, Al, Si, V, and Cr in Fe-Ti oxides indicates that grains surrounded by glass are moderately well equilibrated with the melt for many of the minor elements, while those that are inclusions in relict plagioclase are not. Uranium and ytterbium inhomogeneities in zircons indicate that the zircons have only partially equilibrated with the melt and that uranium appears to have been diffusing out of the zircons faster than the zircons were dissolving. Minimum U, Y, and P concentrations in zircons give maximum DU^(zrc/liq) = 13,DY^(zrc/liq) = 23, and DP^(zrc/liq) = 1, but these are considerably lower than reported by other workers for U and Y. Based on our measurements and given their low abundances in most rocks, Fe-Ti oxides probably do not play a major role in U-Th fractionation during partial melting. The partial melts were undersaturated with zircon and apatite, but both phases are present in our samples. This demonstrates an actual case of non-equilibrium source retention of accessory phases, which in general could be an important trace-element fractionation mechanism. Our results do not support the hypothesis that liquid structure is the dominant factor controlling trace-element partitioning in high-silica rhyolites. Rough calculations based on Zr gradients in the glass indicate that the samples could have been partially molten for 800 to 8000 years.
Increasing physician supply in medically underserved areas

Abstract Physician supply in medically underserved areas has long been an interest of health and labor economists. I employ a rich database containing the location of physicians at 5-year intervals to compare the types of locations chosen by alumni and nonalumni of a United States program charged with increasing physician supply. Using a multinomial logit model with discrete unobserved heterogeneity to account for endogeneity of enrollment in the program, I find that eliminating the program would decrease the supply of physicians in medically underserved communities by roughly 10%.
Effects of Continuous Zinc Exposure on Sockeye Salmon during Adult-to-Smolt Freshwater Residency

Abstract This chronic zinc toxicity test with sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) consisted of a 3-mo adult exposure followed by an 18-mo exposure of embryonic through smolt stages. The zinc concentrations utilized were 30 to 112 μg/liter during the adult-to-smolt exposure period, and an additional 242 μg/liter concentration was used for the embryo-to-smolt exposure period. These zinc concentrations produced no adverse effects on survival, fertility, fecundity, growth, or on the subsequent survival of smolts transferred to seawater. Exposure to 242 μg/liter produced sufficient acclimation to markedly decrease acute mortality at zinc levels lethal to unacclimated sockeye salmon juveniles. The 112- and 242-μg/liter concentrations were 0.15 and 0.32, respectively, of the 749-μg/liter, 96-h LC50 for the 8-mo-old sockeye salmon. An application factor relating 96-h LC50 and “safe” concentrations of zinc to anadromous sockeye salmon in soft water appears to be >0.15 and at least 15 times larger than the often re...
n -type doping of CuIn Se 2 and CuGa Se 2

The efficiency of $\mathrm{CuIn}{\mathrm{Se}}_{2}$ based solar cell devices could improve significantly if $\mathrm{CuGa}{\mathrm{Se}}_{2}$, a wider band gap chalcopyrite semiconductor, could be added to the $\mathrm{CuIn}{\mathrm{Se}}_{2}$ absorber layer. This is, however, limited by the difficulty of doping $n$-type $\mathrm{CuGa}{\mathrm{Se}}_{2}$ and, hence, in its alloys with ${\mathrm{CuInSe}}_{2}$. Indeed, wider-gap members of semiconductor series are often more difficult to dope than lower-gap members of the same series. We find that in chalcopyrites, there are three critical values of the Fermi energy ${E}_{F}$ that control $n$-type doping: (i) ${E}_{F}^{n,\mathrm{pin}}$ is the value of ${E}_{F}$ where the energy to form Cu vacancies is zero. At this point, the spontaneously formed vacancies ($=$acceptors) kill all electrons. (ii) ${E}_{F}^{n,\mathrm{comp}}$ is the value of ${E}_{F}$ where the energy to form a Cu vacancy equals the energy to form an $n$-type dopant, e.g., ${\mathrm{Cd}}_{\mathrm{Cu}}$. (iii) ${E}_{F}^{n,\text{site}}$ is the value of ${E}_{F}$ where the formation of Cd-on-In is equal to the formation of Cd-on-Cu. For good $n$-type doping, ${E}_{F}^{n,\mathrm{pin}}$, ${E}_{F}^{n,\mathrm{comp}}$, and ${E}_{F}^{n,\text{site}}$ need to be as high as possible in the gap. We find that these quantities are higher in the gap in $\mathrm{CuIn}{\mathrm{Se}}_{2}$ than in $\mathrm{CuGa}{\mathrm{Se}}_{2}$, so the latter is difficult to dope $n$-type. In this work, we calculate all three critical Fermi energies and study theoretically the best growth condition for $n$-type $\mathrm{CuIn}{\mathrm{Se}}_{2}$ and $\mathrm{CuGa}{\mathrm{Se}}_{2}$ with possible cation and anion doping. We find that the intrinsic defects such as ${\mathrm{V}}_{\mathrm{Cu}}$ and ${\mathrm{In}}_{\mathrm{Cu}}$ or ${\mathrm{Ga}}_{\mathrm{Cu}}$ play significant roles in doping in both chalcopyrites. For group-II cation (Cd, Zn, or Mg) doping, the best $n$-type growth condition is $\mathrm{In}∕\mathrm{Ga}$-rich, and maximal Se-poor, which is also the optimal condition for stabilizing the intrinsic ${\mathrm{In}}_{\mathrm{Cu}}∕{\mathrm{Ga}}_{\mathrm{Cu}}$ donors. Bulk $\mathrm{CuIn}{\mathrm{Se}}_{2}$ can be doped at equilibrium $n$-type, but bulk $\mathrm{CuGa}{\mathrm{Se}}_{2}$ cannot be due to the low formation energy of intrinsic Cu-vacancy. For halogen anion doping, the best $n$-type materials growth is still under $\mathrm{In}∕\mathrm{Ga}$-rich, and maximal Se-poor conditions. These conditions are not best for halogen substitutional defects, but are optimal for intrinsic ${\mathrm{In}}_{\mathrm{Cu}}∕{\mathrm{Ga}}_{\mathrm{Cu}}$ donors. Again, $\mathrm{CuGa}{\mathrm{Se}}_{2}$ cannot be doped $n$-type by halogen doping, while $\mathrm{CuIn}{\mathrm{Se}}_{2}$ can.
Pulsed CO 2 laser for intra-articular cartilage vaporization and subchondral bone perforation in horses

A pulsed carbon dioxide laser was used to vaporize articular cartilage in four horses, and perforate the cartilage and subchondral bone in four horses. Both intercarpal joints were examined arthroscopically and either a 1 cm cartilage crater or a series of holes was created in the third carpal bone of one joint. The contralateral carpus served as a control. The horses were evaluated clinically for 8 weeks, euthanatized and the joints examined radiographically, grossly, and histologically. Pulsed carbon dioxide laser vaporized cartilage readily but penetrated bone poorly. Cartilage vaporization resulted in no greater swelling, heat, pain on flexion, lameness, or synovial fluid reaction than the sham procedure. Laser drilling resulted in a shallow, charred hole with a tenacious carbon residue, and in combination with the thermal damage to deeper bone, resulted in increased swelling, mild lameness and a low-grade, but persistent synovitis. Cartilage removal by laser vaporization resulted in rapid regrowth with fibrous and fibrovascular tissue and occasional regions of fibrocartilage at week 8. The subchondral bone, synovial membrane, and draining lymph nodes appeared essentially unaffected by the laser cartilage vaporization procedure. Conversely, carbon dioxide laser drilling of subchondral bone resulted in poor penetration, extensive areas of thermal necrosis of bone, and significant secondary damage to the apposing articular surface of the radial carpal bone. The carbon dioxide laser is a useful intraarticular instrument for removal of cartilage and has potential application in inaccessible regions of diarthrodial joints. It does not penetrate bone sufficiently to have application in subchondral drilling.
DiGeorge syndrome gene tbx1 functions through wnt11r to regulate heart looping and differentiation.

DiGeorge syndrome (DGS) is the most common microdeletion syndrome, and is characterized by congenital cardiac, craniofacial and immune system abnormalities. The cardiac defects in DGS patients include conotruncal and ventricular septal defects. Although the etiology of DGS is critically regulated by TBX1 gene, the molecular pathways underpinning TBX1's role in heart development are not fully understood. In this study, we characterized heart defects and downstream signaling in the zebrafish tbx1−/− mutant, which has craniofacial and immune defects similar to DGS patients. We show that tbx1−/− mutants have defective heart looping, morphology and function. Defective heart looping is accompanied by failure of cardiomyocytes to differentiate normally and failure to change shape from isotropic to anisotropic morphology in the outer curvatures of the heart. This is the first demonstration of tbx1's role in regulating heart looping, cardiomyocyte shape and differentiation, and may explain how Tbx1 regulates conotruncal development in humans. Next we elucidated tbx1's molecular signaling pathway guided by the cardiac phenotype of tbx1−/− mutants. We show for the first time that wnt11r (wnt11 related), a member of the non-canonical Wnt pathway, and its downstream effector gene alcama (activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule a) regulate heart looping and differentiation similarly to tbx1. Expression of both wnt11r and alcama are downregulated in tbx1−/− mutants. In addition, both wnt11r−/− mutants and alcama morphants have heart looping and differentiation defects similar to tbx1−/− mutants. Strikingly, heart looping and differentiation in tbx1−/− mutants can be partially rescued by ectopic expression of wnt11r or alcama, supporting a model whereby heart looping and differentiation are regulated by tbx1 in a linear pathway through wnt11r and alcama. This is the first study linking tbx1 and non-canonical Wnt signaling and extends our understanding of DGS and heart development.
Melting in an enclosure heated at constant rate

This paper describes a two-part study of the time-dependent melting of an enclosed phasechange material heated at a constant rate from the side. The first part describes experimental measurements with n-octadecane conducted in a 74 cm tall enclosure. The heat flux Rayleigh numbers of these experiments are of the order of 1013, and the liquid flow pattern is weakly turbulent. The second part of the study describes the liquid-superheat effect analytically, by means of a ‘matched boundary layers’ solution for the convection regime of the heat transfer and melting process. The predicted overall Nusselt number relationship agrees very well with the empirical correlation based on experiments.
The waning of dependence in infant free-ranging yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus) of Mikumi National Park.

Development toward independence during the early years of baboon life is reflected in the infant's transition from riding on its mother to walking on its own during progressions from one location to another. This transition was studied during the first year of life in 55 infants from two differently sized troops living in Mikumi National Park, Tanzania. There was a nearly linear transition in the first year from almost 100% ventral riding to almost 100% walking. The amount of dorsal riding started near zero, reached a plateau lasting from about the 15th to the 26th wk of life, and then gradually declined to zero. Dorsal riding did not replace ventral; rather, dorsal riding increased in frequency until it occurred about as often as ventral riding. Prolonged ventral riding by infants of the smaller of the two troops may have been due to spacing differences or to greater nervousness among members of the smaller troop. There were no significant differences in riding or walking associated with the time of day or the infant's sex. The rate of transition from riding to walking was greatest from about the fifth to the seventh months, which may be especially significant time in the early development of independence.
Metal-support effects on acetone hydrogenation over platinum catalysts

Abstract Acetone hydrogenation was studied over Pt TiO 2 , Pt η- Al 2 O 3 , Pt SiO 2 , Pt powder, and Pt Au catalysts to test the hypothesis that the metal-support effect responsible for higher CO hydrogenation rates over certain metal/TiO 2 catalysts represents a phenomenon capable of activating carbonyl bonds in general. Compared with the other catalysts, the high-temperature reduced (HTR) Pt TiO 2 samples had turnover frequencies more than 500 times higher than those of unsupported Pt and Pt SiO 2 catalysts, and the specific activity (per g Pt) of the Pt TiO 2 catalyst was 10 times that of a Pt SiO 2 catalyst with comparable dispersion. Complete hydrogenation to C 3 H 8 and H 2 O occurred only on large, unsupported Pt crystallites; however, partial hydrogenation to isopropyl alcohol appeared to be structure insensitive and activation energies were similar over all catalysts, as were pressure dependencies, which associates the higher activity with a larger preexponential factor. Only one Langmuir-Hinshelwood model provided a rate expression consistent with experimental results—that which assumed competitive adsorption of H 2 and acetone on the same sites and addition of the second H atom as the rate-determining step. This model is consistent with previous TPD, IR, and EELS studies and is also substantiated by theoretical calculations based on the bond-order conservation method. The much higher activities over Pt TiO 2 catalysts are attributed to an increase in the active site concentration in the Pt-titania interface region. These special sites are presumed to be defects on the titania surface near the Pt that can activate the carbonyl bond in the presence of atomic hydrogen provided by the Pt. This model is very similar to that proposed to explain higher CO hydrogenation activities over TiO 2 -supported Pt.
Industry and Academic Collaboration Via Capstone Design Projects: Recruiting and Retaining Sponsors

Projects having a base in industry have been implemented at the University of Dayton School of Engineering for over 20 years. In the early part of this time period, faculty, having connections in industry, would seek projects of a general nature and then implement them in capstone design courses. Frequently, multiple teams would work on the same design problem and then share the results at the end of the term. In most cases the sponsor from where the project came received a report and drawings but few concepts or designs were implemented. From 1994 to 1996 the School of Engineering, with a grant from the Copeland Corporation, studied ways in which the design and manufacturing curriculum could be enhanced through revisions in the curriculum and closer collaboration with industry representatives. The result was the formation of the Design and Manufacturing Clinic. There were many functions for the clinic including recruiting and retaining sponsors, disseminating projects to capstone design classes and assessing the success of the projects. Since that time, nearly 350 different projects have been implemented from over 70 sponsors and companies. The president of the Copeland Corporation, also chair of our industrial advisory committee, has stated at several meetings that this clinic and curriculum have gone far beyond his original dream. This paper outlines the process used in recruiting projects from industry, the role of the industry mentors before, during and after the project is implemented and completed and the industry assessment that is made of projects and teams at the conclusion of a project. A description of the phases of the Product Realization Process used in several courses is also described.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Thermochemical technologies for biomass energy

Biomass is a renewable resource that can be used for the production of a variety of products currently produced from fossil fuel resources. The concept of "biorefinery" has been introduced as a means of coproducing electric power and commodity chemicals or fuels. This work describes how thermochemical technologies, including combustion, gasification, and pyrolysis, will play important roles in the development of biorefineries.
Characterization of N-myc amplification in a human neuroblastoma cell line by clones isolated following the phenol emulsion reassociation technique and by hexagonal field gel electrophoresis.

The N-myc amplification of human neuroblastomas was characterized by the amplified DNA cloned from the cell line MC-NB-1 using the phenol emulsion reassociation technique (PERT). A number of PERT clones exhibiting amplification in this cell line were tested for amplification in other neuroblastoma cell lines. In almost all cell lines examined, only a few clones were co-amplified with N-myc and most of the others were exclusively amplified in a subset of the cell lines. The total aggregate size of theHind III fragment identified by the PERT clones was approximately 350 kb. Most of the PERT clones were mapped to human chromosome (chr) 2p23-2pter, where the N-myc gene is located. Four types of amplicons, the 100, 420, 480 and 520 kb fragments, shown to beNot I fragments, were identified by hexagonal field gel electrophoresis. Three fragments are ordered in a head-to-tail array, and the remaining fragment is either ordered in a tail-to-head array or something else. Despite the extremely unusual construction of the amplified sequences in this cell line as compared with others, there was a low degree of sequence heterogeneity among the amplicons within this cell line. These observations lead to the idea that the complex rearrangements that give rise to the heterogeneous organization of the amplified sequences among the different cell lines precede the amplification of these sequences.
Validity of the MMPI Prison Maladjustment Scale in identifying disciplinary transfers among federally incarcerated male offenders.

Sirmmay.-The ability of the Prison Maladjustment scale of the MMPI to differentiate between disciplinary transfer and nontransfer minimum security federal prisoners was investigated. There was no difference between the scores of the two groups on the scale (Ms = 25.8 and 23.2, respectively) or on comparisons of other correctional data, age, and ethnic background. It appears that the scale alone or in combination with other data will be a poor predictor of transfer. Also, the rate of transfer was so low as to make accurate prediction from any criteria exuemely unlikely. Within the field of corrections a continuous problem is the necessity for removing prisoners from their court-designated receiving institutions for disciplinary reasons. This not only presents difficulties to prison administrators and custodial staff but to the inmates themselves as they generally face a loss of privileges and a more restrictive level of confinement. To help deal with this problem, Wattron (1963) derived an index of institutional maladjusunent from MMYI items which differentiated rebellious and adjusted state prison inmates (p = .01). As the 72-item Prison Maladjustment scale could distinguish between inmates who had rebelled at prison regulations and been transferred to disciplinary units and those who were able to conform to institutional routine and remain in the general population, Wattron ( 1963) concluded it was a useful instrument with which to screen out potential problem cases among incoming inmates ac scace correctional facilities. However, as the federal penal system typically houses offenders of a different variety, those not convicted of crimes of violence such as murder, assault, robbery, or rape, an investigation into the utility of the scale within the federal system appears warranted. Therefore, the current study was designed to investigate the validity of the Prison Maladjustment scale in differentiating maladjusted and adjusted inmates within a minimum security federal correctional institution.
The Influence of Ultrasonic Treatment on Egg Quality

Abstract A PROBLEM of major concern in the marketing of shell eggs is the heavy financial loss suffered annually by producers, processors and consumers due to soiled eggs. An economically effective means of removing the soil from dirty eggs would not only present a visibly cleaner product, but should also reduce the incidence of bacterial spoilage. In general, eggs cleaned by existing commercial procedures have not been as satisfactory in marketing channels as naturally clean eggs. For this reason, new or improved techniques should be investigated. According to Stuart and McNally (1943), shell eggs are generally sterile when laid, thus microbial spoilage of eggs encountered in commercial distribution channels is mainly due to the invasion of the egg by spoilage-producing organisms after the egg has been laid. Fromm and Munroe (1960) reported that interior quality and rate of bacterial contamination are related to the permeability of the egg shell. Stuart and…
Engineered cyanobacteria: teaching an old bug new tricks.

Cyanobacteria have played an important role in the development of the Earth and have long been studied as model organisms for photosynthesis and the circadian rhythm. Recent developments have led to increased interest in the use of engineered cyanobacteria for the production of protein and chemical products. This review highlights the genetic tools and strategies for manipulation of cyanobacteria as well as previous accomplishments in the development of engineered cyanobacteria for applied use. Particular attention is given to the engineering of cyanobacteria for biofuel production, including both hydrocarbon and hydrogen fuels. Genetic engineering efforts to enhance cyanobacterial fitness are reviewed with an emphasis on physiological improvements for large-scale production. Lastly, a future outlook on engineered cyanobacteria is presented, highlighting the future areas of focus and technical challenges in this field. With the uncertainty of future energy security, it is an exciting time in applied cyano...
Late Pleistocene and Holocene depositional history of sediments in Flathead Lake, Montana: Evidence from high-resolution seismic reflection interpretation

Abstract This paper presents an interpretation of 3.5 kHz reflection seismic data together with information from lower frequency seismic data and sediment cores from Flathead Lake in northwestern Montana. Flathead Lake is located at the margin of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet during the last glacial maximum and is the repository for about 160 m of syn- and post-glacial sediment. Six seismic stratigraphic units (A–F) are identified in Flathead Lake above the acoustic basement reflector. The deepest unit is interpreted to be late Pleistocene glacial till (unit A) overlain by well-layered glaciolacustrine sediments (unit B). Overlying seismic reflectors (unit C) include slump deposits, turbidites fed by meltwater surges associated with retreat of the Flathead glacial lobe, and homogeneous silty mud. Preliminary age models suggest that the transition from glacial rhythmites (unit B) to more homogenous lake sediments (unit C) occurred approximately between 14,500 and 13,180 cal.y.b.p. Parallel high amplitude reflectors of the oldest Holocene unit (unit D) drape Pleistocene stratigraphy. Sediment core analyses suggest that these fine sediments were deposited below wave base by suspension settle out in a lake similar to today's. The Mt. Mazama tephra (7630 ± 80 cal.y.b.p.) is interpreted as the top reflector of unit D. Onlap geometries between units D and E imply a significant drop in lake level before deposition of unit E. Sedimentation of unit E was confined to several sub-basins that were separated by bedrock highs. Lake level rose gradually during deposition of unit E to form the well-developed basal onlap geometry. Parallel high amplitude reflectors of the youngest Holocene sediments (unit F) drape all of the older stratigraphy and bedrock highs across the lake basin, suggesting a late Holocene lake highstand.
The amphetamine challenge test correlates with affective lability in healthy volunteers

The personality dimension of mood lability may be reflected in the mood response to the amphetamine challenge test. To test this hypothesis, the investigators acutely administered oral dextroamphetamine or placebo in a double-blind fashion to 11 normal control subjects who were free of any psychiatric disorders. Increased scores on interview and self-report measures of mood change during the challenge test, particularly increases in depression and anxiety, positively correlated with scores on the Affective Lability Scale, a measure of the lifetime personality trait of mood lability. These findings suggest that a dysphoric response to amphetamine is a marker for affective lability and that it may be useful to study this trait in patients with personality disorders.
Nonparametric reliability modeling for parallel systems

In the present study, we consider a two-component parallel system. We do not know the probability distributions of the lifetimes of each component that characterize their behavior. Using the conventional nonparametric kernel estimate, we introduce three different approaches to estimate nonparametrically the cumulative distribution function or reliability function of the parallel system. In addition to the analytical formulation of these estimates, we utilize the criteria of mean integrated squared error to evaluate and compare each of the proposed estimates. A numerical simulation illustrates and compares three proposed methods of estimating nonparametrically the reliability behavior of a two-component parallel system.
Learning object-oriented software design at a distance

In distance learning, it is more difficult to teach skills than facts. This is particularly so for software analysis and design, which is normally performed as a synchronised group activity. Synchronous activity undermines one of the potential benefits of distance learning; the ability to learn at a time and place that is convenient to the learner. A computer-based simulation approach to learning software design skills, from a distance, is described. The approach allows asynchronous practice in object-oriented design using the CRC-card method. The CRC-card method requires group of designers to role-play the components of an object-oriented design. The approach is intended as a precursor to collaborative design over the Internet.