cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE LIGHT GROWTH RESPONSE AND THE GROWTH SYSTEM OF PHYCOMYCES

1. The Roscoe-Bunsen law holds for the light growth response of Phycomyces if the time component of stimulation is short. With exposures longer than a few seconds, the reaction time to light is determined by the intensity and not by the energy of the flash. 2. The possible nature of the very long latency in the response to light is considered in terms of the structure of the cell and its mechanism of growth. It is suggested that during the latency some substance produced by light in the protoplasm is transported centrifugally to the cell wall or outermost layer of protoplasm. 3. The total elongation occurring over a period of 1 to 2 hours is independent of flashes of light or temporary darkening. Light acts by facilitating some change already under way in the growth system, and during the principal phase of elongation is not a necessary or limiting factor for growth. 4. Judged by the reaction time, the original sensitivity is restored in the light system following exposure to light in about one-third the time required for equilibrium to be reattained in the growth system.
Improving cache lifetime reliability at ultra-low voltages

Voltage scaling is one of the most effective mechanisms to reduce microprocessor power consumption. However, the increased severity of manufacturing-induced parameter variations at lower voltages limits voltage scaling to a minimum voltage, Vccmin, below which a processor cannot operate reliably. Memory cell failures in large memory structures (e.g., caches) typically determine the Vccmin for the whole processor. Memory failures can be persistent (i.e., failures at time zero which cause yield loss) or non-persistent (e.g., soft errors or erratic bit failures). Both types of failures increase as supply voltage decreases and both need to be addressed to achieve reliable operation at low voltages. In this paper, we propose a novel adaptive technique to improve cache lifetime reliability and enable low voltage operation. This technique, multi-bit segmented ECC (MS-ECC) addresses both persistent and non-persistent failures. Like previous work on mitigating persistent failures, MS-ECC trades off cache capacity for lower voltages. However, unlike previous schemes, MS-ECC does not rely on testing to identify and isolate defective bits, and therefore enables error tolerance for non-persistent failures like erratic bits and soft errors at low voltages. Furthermore, MS-ECC's design can allow the operating system to adaptively change the cache size and ECC capability to adjust to system operating conditions. Compared to current designs with single-bit correction, the most aggressive implementation for MS-ECC enables a 30% reduction in supply voltage, reducing power by 71% and energy per instruction by 42%.
PAULINE WORSHIP AS SEEN BY PAGANS

In Jesus the Magician1 I argued that the earliest pagan reports of persecutions of Christians-those in Suetonius, Tacitus, and Pliny the younger2-indicate that the persecutors believed the Christians were practicing magic. Here I want to explain their belief by reviewing the eariest evidence for Christian congregational practices and indicating how these practices would have been understood by the ancient Christians' neighbors. This does not imply that there were not other grounds for the persecutors' belief. Magic seems to have figured in the charges for which Jesus was condemned;3 it certainly was prominent in the propaganda against his cult that was spread by rival Jewish groups.4 Such propaganda doubtless shaped the expectations with which many outsiders viewed early Christianity, and people are apt to see what they expect to see. Nevertheless, Pliny's famous letter shows that Roman authorities sometimes tried to get beyond rumor to the facts. Accordingly we should ask what the facts would have looked like to men of the Greco-Roman world in the late first and early second centuries, a world in which magic was practiced on all levels of society and almost universally believed to be effective. As "the facts" we may take, with some reservations, the evidence about Christian congregations to be found in Paul's relatively unquestioned letters Romans, Corinthians, Galatians, or Philippians, and Philemon.
Hybrid model predictive control for optimizing gestational weight gain behavioral interventions

Excessive gestational weight gain (GWG) represents a major public health issue. In this paper, we pursue a control engineering approach to the problem by applying model predictive control (MPC) algorithms to act as decision policies in the intervention for assigning optimal intervention dosages. The intervention components consist of education, behavioral modification and active learning. The categorical nature of the intervention dosage assignment problem dictates the need for hybrid model predictive control (HMPC) schemes, ultimately leading to improved outcomes. The goal is to design a controller that generates an intervention dosage sequence which improves a participant's healthy eating behavior and physical activity to better control GWG. An improved formulation of self-regulation is also presented through the use of Internal Model Control (IMC), allowing greater flexibility in describing self-regulatory behavior. Simulation results illustrate the basic workings of the model and demonstrate the benefits of hybrid predictive control for optimized GWG adaptive interventions.
Book Review: Diamond Nanotechnology: Synthesis and Applications

This PDF file contains the editorial “Book Review: Diamond Nanotechnology: Synthesis and Applications” for JNP Vol. 4 Issue 01
The ‘New’ Theory of Optimum Currency Areas

Highbrow opinion is like a hunted hare; if you stand long enough it will come back to the place it started from. Dennis Robertson
Amino acid positions subject to multiple coevolutionary constraints can be robustly identified by their eigenvector network centrality scores

As proteins evolve, amino acid positions key to protein structure or function are subject to mutational constraints. These positions can be detected by analyzing sequence families for amino acid conservation or for coevolution between pairs of positions. Coevolutionary scores are usually rank-ordered and thresholded to reveal the top pairwise scores, but they also can be treated as weighted networks. Here, we used network analyses to bypass a major complication of coevolution studies: For a given sequence alignment, alternative algorithms usually identify different, top pairwise scores. We reconciled results from five commonly-used, mathematically divergent algorithms (ELSC, McBASC, OMES, SCA, and ZNMI), using the LacI/GalR and 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase protein families as models. Calculations used unthresholded coevolution scores from which column-specific properties such as sequence entropy and random noise were subtracted; "central" positions were identified by calculating various network centrality scores. When compared among algorithms, network centrality methods, particularly eigenvector centrality, showed markedly better agreement than comparisons of the top pairwise scores. Positions with large centrality scores occurred at key structural locations and/or were functionally sensitive to mutations. Further, the top central positions often differed from those with top pairwise coevolution scores: instead of a few strong scores, central positions often had multiple, moderate scores. We conclude that eigenvector centrality calculations reveal a robust evolutionary pattern of constraints-detectable by divergent algorithms--that occur at key protein locations. Finally, we discuss the fact that multiple patterns coexist in evolutionary data that, together, give rise to emergent protein functions.
HIV-1-induced depletion of CD4+ T cells in the gut: mechanism and therapeutic implications

The mechanism of CD4 + T-cell depletion remains a central unresolved issue in AIDS research. Recent studies have examined the massive depletion of CD4 + T cells observed in macaque models of acute HIV infection. A key question is whether the observed CD4 + T-cell death is due to direct consequences of viral infection and to indirect mechanisms including increased expression of mediators of T-cell apoptosis. The therapeutic implications of the early CD4 + T-cell loss are discussed.
Synergy for Clinical Excellence: The AACN Synergy Model for Patient Care

An essential reference for nursing students in developing and implementing the competencies necessary in caring for critically ill patients! Synergy for Clinical Excellence: The AACN Synergy Model for Patient Care enhances the understanding of The Synergy Model in practice. Based on a decade of work by the American Association of Critical-Care Nurses, the text encompasses the history and development of the nurse and patient characteristic inherent in The Synergy Model, and then thoroughly addresses each characteristic individually and applies the model in practice. Includes sample test questions relevant to the model that will assist nursing students in preparing for certification through AACN, and provide further examples of the integration of the Synergy Model in practice.
Phase I and Pharmacokinetic Study of NSC 655649, a Rebeccamycin Analog With Topoisomerase Inhibitory Properties

PURPOSE: To assess the feasibility of administering NSC 655649, a water-soluble, rebeccamycin analog with topoisomerase inhibitory properties, as a brief intravenous (IV) infusion once every 3 weeks and to determine the maximum-tolerated dose (MTD) of NSC 655649, characterize its pharmacokinetic behavior, and seek preliminary evidence of antitumor activity. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with advanced solid malignancies were treated with escalating doses of NSC 655649 administered over 30 to 60 minutes IV once every 3 weeks. An accelerated dose-escalation method was used to guide dose escalation. After three patients were treated at the first dose level, doses were escalated in increments that ranged up to 150% using single patient cohorts until moderate toxicity was observed, when a more conservative dose-escalation scheme was invoked. MTD was defined as the highest dose level at which the incidence of dose-limiting toxicity did not exceed 20%. MTD was determined for both minimally pretreated (MP) and he...
The Interregnum of Hegemonies: Reflections on the Recent Puerto Rican Shift in the Hegemonic Discourse of Heteronormativity

Gramsci’s hegemony framework has been the subject of extensive study and enhancement since its emergence. However, the interregnum of hegemonies – the period during which the hegemonic discourse has started to lose its supremacy and the counter-hegemonic discourse has started to become a real antagonistic force – has not been the object of study or of theoretical formulation. This paper attempts to describe and explain the phenomena that evolve during such period. In order to do so, this paper takes as a case study the current shift in the hegemonic discourse of heteronormativity in Puerto Rico. After the discussion on how the hegemonic discourse of heteronormativity was established, maintained and defied in Puerto Rico, the paper focuses on the most recent event related to the aforementioned shift. With this in mind, a study of the legislative and political process surrounding Resolution 99, a bill proposing the amendment of the Constitution to prohibit same-sex marriage, is given. This study is followed by an analysis of the actions and reactions taken by the groups attempting to either preserve or acquire the dominion over the regulation of sexuality. Finally, based on the Puerto Rican experience, a theoretical formulation of the interregnum of hegemonies is given.
Cost-Effectiveness of Field Trauma Triage among Injured Adults Served by Emergency Medical Services

Background The American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma sets national targets for the accuracy of field trauma triage at ≥95% sensitivity and ≥65% specificity, yet the cost-effectiveness of realizing these goals is unknown. We evaluated the cost-effectiveness of current field trauma triage practices compared with triage strategies consistent with the national targets. Study Design This was a cost-effectiveness analysis using data from 79,937 injured adults transported by 48 emergency medical services agencies to 105 trauma and nontrauma hospitals in 6 regions of the western United States from 2006 through 2008. Incremental differences in survival, quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), costs, and the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (costs per QALY gained) were estimated for each triage strategy during a 1-year and lifetime horizon using a decision analytic Markov model. We considered an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio threshold of Results For these 6 regions, a high-sensitivity triage strategy consistent with national trauma policy (sensitivity 98.6%, specificity 17.1%) would cost $1,317,333 per QALY gained, and current triage practices (sensitivity 87.2%, specificity 64.0%) cost $88,000 per QALY gained, compared with a moderate sensitivity strategy (sensitivity 71.2%, specificity 66.5%). Refining emergency medical services transport patterns by triage status improved cost-effectiveness. At the trauma-system level, a high-sensitivity triage strategy would save 3.7 additional lives per year at a 1-year cost of $8.78 million, and a moderate sensitivity approach would cost 5.2 additional lives and save $781,616 each year. Conclusions A high-sensitivity approach to field triage consistent with national trauma policy is not cost-effective. The most cost-effective approach to field triage appears closely tied to triage specificity and adherence to triage-based emergency medical services transport practices.
Optimal Active Length of Vaginal Cuff High-Dose-Rate Brachytherapy in the Adjuvant Treatment of Endometrial Cancer: A University of Louisville Experience

and received adjuvant high-dose-rate vaginal cuff brachytherapy. Their medical records were retrospectively reviewed in this IRB-approved study. Height and weight data were available at time of hysterectomy from which BMI was calculated (!30, $30 -!38 and $38). Following a univariate analysis, multivariable modeling was done using Cox regression analysis. Results: Median followup was 48 months (range 13-245), median age was 62 years (range 39-91) and median BMI is 33.7 (range 19.7 63.6). There were 126 patients (89.4%) with endometrioid histology, 96 patients (68%) with stage IA, 38 patients 27% with stage IB and 7 (5%) with stage II. Median brachytherapy dose was 37.5 Gy to the surface of a vaginal cylinder in 5 fractions. Only 13 patients (9.2%) received adjuvant chemotherapy. There were only 6 patients with recurrences including only one patient with isolated vaginal cuff recurrence. Due to small number of events and based on exploratory analysis, body mass index (as a continuous variable or categorical) was not a significant predictor of recurrence-free, or disease-specific survival. BMI $38 and older age were the only independent predictor of OS (p50.02 and!0.001, respectively). Five-year recurrence-free, disease-specific and overall survival for the study cohort was 93.2%, 96.3% and 89%, respectively. Conclusions: In our study, vaginal cuff control was excellent with vaginal brachytherapy. Body mass index was not a predictor of tumor recurrence or disease-specific survival in patients with early stage endometrial carcinoma who underwent surgical staging followed by adjuvant vaginal cuff HDR brachytherapy.
Sexual harassment of female nurses in a hospital in Turkey.

Sexual harassment has been identified as a universal factor that can affect nursing performance and work productivity in any type of health care facility. Few studies in the area of sexual harassme...
Properties of Ag/Bi-Based Superconducting Long Wire and Test Coil

Fundamental problems in the application of high-Tc superconductors, such as fabrication of long wire, strain-resistant conductors and large current conductors, were investigated. A 60 m-long wire showed a uniform transport property of 10.5 A critical currents defined as 10−13 4Ω·m. 1,296-core multifilamentary wires sustained 100% of initial transport property even after a strain of 0.33% repeated 20 times. A composite superconductor 50 cm In length showed a critical current of 573 A. Test coil made by the wind & react process generated 500 Gauss at 77.3 K. A react & wind-processed coil using 4.3 m-long 1,296-core wire could maintain the initial transport current after being covered with polyvinyl formal and wound on 15 mm-diameter steel core (13 turns × 7 layers). 1,500 A class current leads made of high-Tc superconducting wires suppressed the liquid helium consumption of 0.93 W/kA, which is lower than with commercially available copper current leads. A flexible cable conductor of 75 cm in length was fabricated using 22 m-long 1,296-core wire. This conductor was proved to have a critical current of 80 A after winding spirally on a 20 mm-diameter spacer.
Neurogenesis in a High Resolution Dentate Gyrus Model.

It has often been thought that adult brains are unable to produce new neurons. However, neurogenesis, or the birth of new neurons, is a naturally occurring phenomenon in a few specific brain regions. The well-studied dentate gyrus (DG) region of hippocampus in the medial temporal lobe is one such region. Nevertheless, the functional significance of neurogenesis is still unknown. Artificial neural network models of the DG not only provide a framework for investigating existing theories, but also aid in the development of new hypothesis and lead to greater neurogenesis understanding.
Afterword: Challenges and Lessons

The chapters presented in this volume permit us to identify some of the challenges in addressing the HIV/AIDS pandemic. These challenges exist at three levels: the level of the individual, of government and of the international community.
Uplifting the Empire: Colonial Cinema and the Educational Film-Movement, 1913–1940

By 1930 commercial movies were spreading from town to village throughout much of Asia, the Caribbean, and Southern Africa. They were seen in a variety of venues, from art deco picture palaces to makeshift tents run by traveling entrepreneurs. During the 1920s colonial peoples began to get moving pictures from a new source — directly from their government, and from its allied institutions, such as missionary societies and commercial growing associations. These were educational films produced specifically for rural peoples, and were often distributed on vehicles rigged with projection equipment. These traveling screenings differed significantly from the cinema exhibitions of the growing urban centers. Unlike audiences in the city, rural people often had little or no experience with modern media when they first encountered these cinema demonstrations. For many people the mobile cinema presented them with their first exposure to internal combustion engines, or electric lights. The fact that these films arrived on government trucks and were screened by government agents further established a close connection between the state and the new medium. Through these shows the colonial state played a key role in spreading cinema technology in the inter-war era.
Probing the Pu 4 + magnetic moment in PuF 4 with F 19 NMR spectroscopy

The magnetic fields produced by ${\mathrm{Pu}}^{4+}$ centers have been measured by $^{19}\mathrm{F}$ NMR spectroscopy to elucidate the Pu-F electronic interactions in polycrystalline ${\mathrm{PuF}}_{4}$. Spectra acquired at applied fields of 2.35 and 7.05 T reveal a linear scaling of the $^{19}\mathrm{F}$ line shape. A model is presented that treats the line broadening and shifts as due to dipolar fields produced by Pu valence electrons in localized noninteracting orbitals. Alternative explanations for the observed line shape involving covalent Pu-F bonding, superexchange interactions, and electronic configurations with enhanced magnetic moments are considered.
Warts of the Fingertips in a Pediatric Patient With Type 1 Diabetes.

An 11-year-old girl, diagnosed with type 1 diabetes 3 years ago, presented to the pediatric endocrinology clinic for her scheduled, quarterly follow-up visit. She and her mother received diabetes self-management instruction from a certified diabetes educator at the time of diagnosis and received ongoing self-management education at her regular visits. Her glucose control was suboptimal, with an A1C of 11.4% (normal <6.5%). The patient was largely responsible for her own diabetes care because her mother is a single parent and works full-time. During the visit, the patient’s mother mentioned that, in the past few months, the child had developed lesions on her fingertips. These lesions were appearing at the sites where she uses a lancet to prick her fingers for capillary blood glucose monitoring several times per day. The patient assured the diabetes care team that she used alcohol swabs to clean the …
Low-synchronization, mostly lock-free, elastic scheduling for streaming runtimes

We present the scalable, elastic operator scheduler in IBM Streams 4.2. Streams is a distributed stream processing system used in production at many companies in a wide range of industries. The programming language for Streams, SPL, presents operators, tuples and streams as the primary abstractions. A fundamental SPL optimization is operator fusion, where multiple operators execute in the same process. Streams 4.2 introduces automatic submission-time fusion to simplify application development and deployment. However, potentially thousands of operators could then execute in the same process, with no user guidance for thread placement. We needed a way to automatically figure out how many threads to use, with arbitrarily sized applications on a wide variety of hardware, and without any input from programmers. Our solution has two components. The first is a scalable operator scheduler that minimizes synchronization, locks and global data, while allowing threads to execute any operator and dynamically come and go. The second is an elastic algorithm to dynamically adjust the number of threads to optimize performance, using the principles of trusted measurements to establish trends. We demonstrate our scheduler's ability to scale to over a hundred threads, and our elasticity algorithm's ability to adapt to different workloads on an Intel Xeon system with 176 logical cores, and an IBM Power8 system with 184 logical cores.
Privacy and Security in Multi-User Health Kiosks

Enforcement of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) and the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act (HITECH) has gotten stricter and penalties have become more severe in response to a significant increase in computer-related information breaches in recent years. With health information said to be worth twice as much as other forms of information on the underground market, making preservation of privacy and security an integral part of health technology development, rather than an afterthought, not only mitigates risks but also helps to ensure HIPAA and HITECH compliance. This paper provides a guide, based on the Office for Civil Rights (OCR) audit protocol, for creating and maintaining an audit checklist for multi-user health kiosks. Implementation of selected audit elements for a multi-user health kiosk designed for use by community-residing older adults illustrates how the guide can be applied.
Is Oil-Well Produced Water Effective in Abating Road Dust?

Energy development in the Bakken and Three Forks formations of the USA has led to an increase in fugitive dust from unpaved roads. A dust abatement alternative that has been considered in this region is oil-well produced waters. The objectives of this study were to compare dust loading at sites abated with produced water to non-abated control sites and to determine if the elemental constituents in released dust are different compared to control roads. Three previously untreated unpaved roads were selected, and passive dust collectors were placed at 10, 20, 40, and 60 m from the road on the downwind side of the dominant prevailing wind in each mile section. Eighty-four days post-application, two sections treated with produced waters failed to reduce dust when compared to the controls. Dust elemental changes were found on two of the three roads. Elements that were found to have differences included Mo, Mn, Fe, As, Au, and Hg. Overall results indicated that oil-well produced water is not effective at controlling road dust. Results of this study are important to road managers who are contemplating the usage of produced waters to reduce dusts from unpaved roads.
Dendrite fragmentation: an experiment-driven simulation.

The processes leading to the fragmentation of secondary dendrite arms are studied using a three-dimensional Sn dendritic structure that was measured experimentally as an initial condition in a phas...
Atomically-Resolved Oxidative Erosion and Ablation of Basal Plane HOPG Graphite Using Supersonic Beams of O2 with Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Visualization

The detailed mechanism and kinetics for the oxidative erosion and ablation of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) with molecular oxygen has been examined by monitoring the spatiotemporal evolution of the reacting interface. This has been accomplished using a new, unique gas-surface scattering instrument that combines a supersonic molecular beam with a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) in ultrahigh vacuum. Using this new instrument, we are able to tightly control the energy, angle, and flux of impinging oxygen along with the surface temperature and examine the reacted surface spanning atomic, nano, and mesocopic length-scales. We observe that different oxidation conditions produce morphologically distinct etching features: anisotropic channels, circular pits, and hexagonal pits faceted along crystallographic directions. These outcomes depend upon independent effects of oxygen energy, incident angle, and surface temperature. Reaction probability increased with beam energy and demonstrated non-Arrhen...
A New Kind of Man: Representation of Women in Ousmane Sembene's Works

This article explores the egalitarian ideology of the Ousmane Sembene’s films and fiction expressed through specific female characters. Specifically, it shows how Sembene presents these female characters as representative of the oppressed individuals of any given society. The works of Cheikh Anta Diop and Frantz Fanon provide the framework for understanding how these female characters liberate themselves from oppressive social structures through creating new egalitarian societies in the process.
Prodrug Approaches for Drug Delivery to the Brain

The microvasculature of the human brain consists of approximately 400 miles of capillaries with a surface area of about 100 square feet (Pardridge, 1991). Because the capillary network in the brain is so extensive, Pardridge has suggested that “nearly every neuron is virtually perfused by its own microvessel” (Pardridge, 2002). Yet, despite this extensive surface area and the fact that the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is comprised of a cell monolayer having a thickness of only 200–300 nm, the impermeability of this barrier is widely acknowledged, and methods to circumvent it have been the subject of many reviews (Rapoport, 1976; Rapoport et al., 1979; Fenstermacher and Rapoport, 1984; Neuwelt, 1989; Pardridge, 1991, 1993, 2001; Bradbury, 1992; Drewes and Betz, 1993; Anderson, 1996).
Monitoring Serially-Dependent Processes with Attribute Data

A situation in which unacceptable variability in a product at one point in a production sequence causes unacceptable variability in a product at the succeeding station is discussed. Traditional methods of statistical process control are ineffectiv..
What Causes Sciatica

Most ancient people thought that painful diseases like sciatica resulted from evil spirits that invaded the body through the “sinister” left nostril or left ear producing pain by infiltrating the blood vessels and heart. Of the many Egyptian gods Sekhmet and Seth were most commonly associated sciatica. The sudden violent sharp pain of sciatica was called the witch’s shot in Germany and in England, the elf’s arrow. Around the fifth century B.C., Hippocrates and his fellow Greek physicians challenged the notion that diseases resulted from supernatural forces. Hippocrates felt that sciatica resulted from damage to the hip. He observed that it was particularly common during summer and autumn and he speculated that hot weather led to drying up of the joint fluid. From what we know today, this seasonal occurrence was probably due to injuries from increased physical activities such as farming and athletic events common at that time of the year.
Obesity and Weaning from Mechanical Ventilation—An Exploratory Study:

Introduction:Obesity is associated with increased risk of hypercapnic respiratory failure, prolonged duration on mechanical ventilation, and extended weaning periods.Objective:Pilot study to determ...
Coagulation Pathways, Hemostasis, and Thrombosis in Liver Failure

Achieving hemostasis, preventing and treating thrombosis, and laboratory measurement of the hemostatic pathways constitute the core elements of managing the critically ill patient with liver failure. Uncontrolled bleeding in acutely decompensated cirrhosis and acute-on-chronic liver failure is probably the most familiar clinical challenge to intensivists. Bleeding in these patients can be broadly divided into pressure-driven (portal hypertension-related) bleeding with only limited dependence on hemostatic pathways and intractable mucosal/wound bleeding, which is much more directly related to a severely disturbed hemostatic system with imbalances in the coagulation cascade and the fibrinolytic system. Both types of bleeding can occur simultaneously and may even coexist with inappropriate thrombosis such as portal vein thrombosis or venous thromboembolism. Due to the fundamental role of the liver in coagulation factor synthesis and its direct and indirect regulation of nearly all aspects of the hemostatic system, laboratory measurements of coagulation pathways also constitute key aspects of all prognostic scores that guide clinical decisions and forecast optimal interventions in both acute and chronic forms of liver failure.
Artificial intelligence technologies: Eight viewpoints

Every year, the ACM Special Interest Group on Artificial Intelligence sponsors a student essay writing contest. This article presents a clear perspective on last year's winners, which represent a diverse collection of opinions on artificial intelligence.
A Convenient Synthesis of 3-Butenylamine

In connection with a project in our laboratory we required an efficient, safe, and scalable synthesis of 3-butenylamine (4-amino-1-butene) (1). Although such homoallylic amines are well known,1 syn...
The Older, Mature, Second-Career Psychiatry Resident

Second-career psychiatric residents may add to the psychiatry recruitment pool. The potential training advantages of these older residents include stability, maturity, facilitation of patient and staff interaction, and enhanced clinical performance. Potential disadvantages include motivational factors for career change, identity issues, and supervisory inflexibility. Based on preliminary observations the older, second-career psychiatric resident may be a viable addition to training programs.
Antisemitism and the Russian revolution: by Brendan McGeever, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2019, 266pp., £75 (hardback), £22.99 (paperback), ISBN-13: 9781107195998

Under the Bolshevik regime, Russian Jews enjoyed unprecedented opportunities for social advancement, political participation, and cultural self-development. Nevertheless, the Bolsheviks did not suc...
LGBTQI+ and Christian? Who decides?

Interviews with 20 adults who self-identified as both Christian and LGBTQI+ were examined for themes of identity and Christian history, affiliation, and vocation. Considered in the context of denom...
Generational Differences and COVID-19: Positive Interactions in Virtual Workplaces

In light of the COVID-19 pandemic which caused many businesses around the world to move to online or virtual workplaces (Center for Disease Control, 2020), intergenerational tensions may be exacerb...
Urban anthropogenic soils—A review

Abstract Urban anthropogenic soils (UASs) are soils formed by: (1) Metapedogenesis, in which human additions of organic matter transform a pre-existing natural soil into a new profile requiring classification as a different type of soil, (2) Technopedogenesis, wherein a new soil profile is developed in artifact-bearing, human-deposited sediment comprised of a mechanical mixture of earth materials, and (3) Ekranopedogenesis, in which pre-existing soils are sealed beneath pavement and other impervious structures and materials. Human-forced melanization results in rapid organic matter accumulation, and because of substrate mixing and the addition of artifactual materials, UASs are generally in a state of thermodynamic disequilibrium which results in accelerated rates of soil formation. Thus, most UASs are characterized by ˆA-ˆC or ˆA-ˆBw-ˆC profiles, which have developed rapidly within only a few decades. In Soil Taxonomy (ST), UASs are distinguished as having formed in human-altered vs. human-transported materials, which correspond closely to Anthrosol vs. Technosol categories, respectively, in the World Reference Base (WRB). However, differentiae in ST do not correspond conveniently with land use type, whereas in the WRB, there is currently no provision for grave soils and several distinct types of UASs are lumped together as Spolic Technosols. Based on the working classification formulated herein, the most widespread UASs are Urbic (residential) and Ekranic (sealed) Technosols. Hortic (garden) and Nekric (cemetery) Anthrosols, and Industric (industrial) and Spolic (mine soils) Technosols, are relatively minor components of the typical urban landscape. UASs are expected to impact growing numbers of people as urbanization expands worldwide.
Maternal Borderline Symptoms, Parent–Child Relationship Patterns, and Child Maladjustment

Identifying specific mechanisms of risk can help better tailor parenting interventions to different forms of maternal psychopathology. Borderline personality disorder (BPD) symptoms interfere with mentalization and emotion regulation capacities; thus, maternal BPD symptoms may uniquely impact aspects of parenting that draw on these capacities. This study examines whether BPD symptoms are independently associated with specific parent–child relatedness factors beyond maternal depressive symptoms, and whether these factors predict subsequent child maladjustment in the context of BPD symptoms. At two points over one year, a United States community sample of 214 mothers of children aged 3–18 completed self-report measures on parenting and mental health, open-ended questions about parenting experiences, and computerized mentalization tasks. Analyses included partial correlations and regression approaches to mediation and moderation. Controlling for depression, mothers with more BPD symptoms reacted with greater hostility towards their child, put more blame on their child for misbehavior, and felt more dissatisfaction in the relationship. Maternal BPD symptoms did not directly predict increased child maladjustment but did interact with several parenting measures to predict subsequent child maladjustment. For mothers high in BPD symptoms, negative emotionality associated with parenting and beliefs about children’s negative emotions predicted increased child internalizing and externalizing symptoms at follow-up; these same interactions did not emerge for depressive symptoms. Results suggest BPD symptoms may be linked to specific types of parenting risks relative to maternal depressive symptoms, and that the meaning of certain parenting risk factors differs depending on BPD symptoms levels.
Comparative effectiveness of surgeon-performed transversus abdominis plane blocks and epidural catheters following open hernia repair with transversus abdominis release

Recovery protocols aim to limit narcotic administration following ventral hernia repair (VHR). However, little is known about the contribution of a protocol’s individual components on patient outcomes. We previously reported that surgeon-performed transversus abdominis plane block (TAP-block) is more effective than ultrasound-guided TAP-block following VHR. This study evaluates the effectiveness of two postoperative analgesia modalities: epidural catheter and surgeon-performed TAP-block following VHR performed with transversus abdominis release (TAR). A retrospective analysis was performed on data prospectively collected between 2012 and 2019. All patients undergoing open VHR with TAR performed by a single surgeon were identified. Parastomal hernia repairs and any patients receiving ultrasound-guided TAP blocks or paraspinal blocks were excluded. Primary outcome was length of stay (LOS) with secondary outcomes including pain scores, opioid requirements, and 30-day morbidity. Linear regression was used to model LOS. One hundred thirty-five patients met inclusion criteria (63 epidural, 72 TAP-block). The majority (67.4%) of patients were modified ventral hernia working group grade 2. The only statistically significant difference in postoperative pain scores between the groups was on postoperative day 2 (TAP block 3.19 versus epidural 4.11, p = 0.0126). LOS was significantly shorter in the TAP block group (4.7 versus 6.2 days, p = 0.0023) as was time to regular diet (3.2 versus 4.7 days, p < 0.0001). After controlling for confounders, epidural was associated with increased LOS by 1.3 days (p = 0.0004). Epidural use following VHR with TAR is associated with increased LOS and increased time to regular diet without reducing pain or opioid use when compared to surgeon-performed TAP block.
Estimating Over Temperature and its Duration in a Flat Plate With Sudden Changes in Heating and Cooling

When the operating condition of a gas-turbine engine changes from one steady state to another, the cooling must ensure that the solid’s temperatures to never exceed the maximum allowable throughout the transient process. Exceeding the maximum allowable temperature is possible even though cooling is increased to compensate for the increase in heating because there is a time lag in how the solid responds to sudden changes in its convective heating and cooling environments. In this paper, a closed-form integral solution (referred to as the 1-D model) is generated to study the unsteady heat transfer in a flat plate subjected to sudden changes in convective heating and cooling. Comparison with the exact solution shows the 1-D model to be accurate within 0.1%. The 1-D model can be used to estimate the over temperature and its duration in a flat plate subjected to sudden changes in heating and cooling rates. For a given change in heating rate, the 1-D model can also be used to estimate the minimum cooling needed to ensure the new steady-state temperature will not exceed the maximum allowable. In addition, this model can estimate the precooled wall temperature needed before imposing a sudden increase in heat load to ensure no over temperature. This 1-D model was generalized for application to problems in multidimensions. The generalized model was used to estimate the duration of over temperature in a two-dimensional problem involving a step change in the heat-transfer coefficient on cooled side of a flat plate and provided results that match the exact solution within 5%.© 2015 ASME
Montaigne: The Embodiment of Identity as Grounds for Toleration

One of the most important and pressing issues facing political thinkers today is the conflict between identity groups that has mushroomed in the last quarter century and accelerated since the fall of communism. Can the concept of toleration provide resources for thinking about how to respond to such a conflict? What does it require that we do and what are the conditions for its realization? If we stick to what many have held as the standard defmition—rejection or disapproval of a practice or belief followed by a constraining of oneself from repressing it—then the usefulness of the idea has clear limits. When mobilized communities of people confront one another with charges of injustice, betrayal, heresy or social repression, then the two-step personal morality of disapproval and then allowance cannot adequately account for thinking about how we ought to engage with one another. If we seek to make political and social conditions of toleration among diverse people a stable reality, then we need to flesh out more deeply and widely what that depends upon.
Alcator C-MOD toroidal field magnet assembly

The Alcator C-MOD toroidal field magnet is a cryocooled copper magnet incorporating several unique design features. Each rectangular magnet turn comprises four separate components, inner and outer vertical legs and upper and lower radial arms. The inner vertical legs of the magnet are bonded together into a wedged self-supporting unit. The radial arms and outer vertical legs carry the magnetic loads to an external superstructure against which the toroidal magnet forces are reacted. Although the superstructure is a massive structure (up to 0.66 m thick), these forces cause substantial deflection of the superstructure, resulting in several millimeters of motion at the connection between the parts of each turn. The electrical connections at each corner of the magnet are made with sliding joints utilizing silver-plated felted and sintered copper pads. These sliding electrical contacts carry the full toroidal field magnet current of 0.26 MA. The manufacturing processes for the various magnet components are outlined, and the assembly of the toroidal field magnet components into the tokamak is described. >
Development of Serum Calcium and Phosphorus as Clinical Biomarkers for Drug‐Induced Systemic Mineralization: Case Study with a MEK Inhibitor

The nonclinical safety of PD0325901 was evaluated in Sprague-Dawley rats given single oral or intravenous (IV) doses, in beagle dogs given oral and IV escalating doses, and in cynomolgus monkeys given escalating oral doses to assess acute toxicity and assist in dose selection for subsequent studies. A significant toxicity was observed that involved mineralization of vasculature and various soft tissues. This article focuses on the development of serum calcium and phosphorus as clinical biomarkers for drug-induced systemic mineralization. Keywords: nonclinical safety; biomarkers; drug-induced systemic mineralization; serum calcium; serum phosphorus
Strong large deviations for Rao test score and GLRT in exponential families

Exact asymptotics are derived for composite hypothesis testing between two product probability measures Pn vs Qn, subject to a type-I error-probability constraint ϵ. Here P is known but Q is an unknown element of a given d-dimensional regular exponential family. We study the Rao score test, which is a quadratic approximation to the GLRT. The type-II error probability is shown to vanish as equation where D and V are respectively the Kullback-Leibler divergence and the variance of information divergence between P and Q; τ(ϵ; d) is the 1 − ϵ quantile for the χ d 2 distribution; and the constants β d > 0 and γ d are explicitly identified. The asymptotic regret relative to the Neyman-Pearson test (which knows Q) is reflected in the coefficient τ(ϵ; d), as is the cost of dimensionality. Looser asymptotics (with O(1) in place of e d ) are obtained for the GLRT.
Intestinal hemangioma presenting as recurrent hematochezia in a 6-week-old male

Abstract In infants, hematochezia must be approached with a broad differential diagnosis, including anal fissure, allergic colitis, Meckel's diverticulum, intestinal malrotation, necrotizing enterocolitis, and less commonly arteriovenous malformations, gastrointestinal duplications, and hemangiomas. Infantile hemangiomas, the most common tumor of infancy, are typically cutaneous lesions. Those arising from viscera are much less common but can cause significant morbidity and mortality if not diagnosed early and managed appropriately. We present a 6-week-old male with recurrent hematochezia who was initially diagnosed with milk protein intolerance but ultimately found to have a diffuse intestinal hemangioma. He was treated with propranolol, methylprednisolone, and exclusively parenteral nutrition. Repeat imaging suggested the lesion responded to pharmacotherapy and the patient is tolerating enteral nutrition.
Development of a compressed natural gas electric hybrid vehicle

A near term compressed natural gas (CNG) parallel electric hybrid vehicle has been developed which utilizes the Plymouth Neon as a base vehicle. The primary aim was to retain all the consumer desired features of the base vehicle as well as providing in addition short range electric capability.
On the minimal relative motion principle - Lateral displacement of a contracting bar

Abstract Xausa, Beghi, and Zanforlin (J. Math. Psychol. 45(4) (2001) 635) provide an account of perceptual organization based on their ‘minimal relative motion’ principle. They claim that this principle can account for the percept generated by a contracting bar that is simultaneously translating laterally. We critique the mathematical analysis provided in the aforementioned paper. We conclude that the ‘minimal relative motion’ principle, in the form presented, cannot adequately explain the percept reported by observers.
The Relationship Between Heteronormative Beliefs and Verbal Sexual Coercion in College Students

Heteronormative standards for sex and romance situate men and women in a hierarchical relationship that characterizes masculinity as active and persistent and femi- ninity as passive and responsive to male sexuality. Individ- uals who endorse heteronormative beliefs, such as the belief that men should dominate women sexually or that men are always ready for sex, may therefore be more approving of and experienced with behaviors that involve one partner exerting sexual pressure on the other. In the present study, we inves- tigated the relationship between the endorsement of hetero- normative beliefs and men's and women's approval of and experience with verbal sexual coercion (both as a perpetrator and as a victim). We first established a gender-neutral higher- order construct representing heteronormative beliefs con- sisting of multiple measures of gender norms for sexuality and relationships in a sample of 555 heterosexual college students (292 women, 263 men) primarily of Hispanic origin. We next found that endorsement of heteronormative beliefs was positively correlated with personal acceptance of verbal sexual coercion strategies and personal experience as the victim and perpetrator of verbal sexual coercion for both men and women. While men reported more overall support for heteronormative beliefs and more experience as a victim and perpetrator of verbal sexual coercion, there were minimal gender differences in how heteronormative beliefs related to verbal sexual coercion variables. The positive association found between heteronormative beliefs and sexual coercion in young men's and women's relationships represents an important step towards better understanding the antecedents and consequences of intimate partner violence.