cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rubella virus and birth defects: Molecular insights into the viral teratogenesis at the cellular level

BACKGROUND In utero rubella virus (RV) infection of a fetus can result in birth defects that are often collectively referred to as congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). In extreme cases, fetal death can occur. In spite of the availability of a safe and effective vaccine against rubella, recent worldwide estimates are that more than 100,000 infants are born with CRS annually. RECENT PROGRESS Recently, several significant findings in the field of cell biology, as well as in the RV replication and virus-cell interactions, have originated from the authors' laboratory, and other researchers have provided insights into RV teratogenesis. It has been shown that 1) an RV protein induces cell-cycle arrest by generating a subpopulation of tetraploid nuclei (i.e., 4N DNA) cells, perhaps representative of the tetraploid state following S phase in the cell cycle, due to its interaction with citron-K kinase (CK); 2) RV infection induces apoptosis in cell culture, and 3) CK functional perturbations lead to tetraploidy, followed by apoptosis, in specific cell types. CONCLUSIONS Based on several similarities between known RV-associated fetal and cellular manifestations and CK deficiency–associated phenotypes, it is reasonable to postulate that P90-CK interaction in RV-infected cells interferes with CK function and induces cell-cycle arrest following S phase in a subpopulation, perhaps representative of tetraploid stage, which could lead to subsequent apoptosis in RV infection. Taking all these observations to the fetal organogenesis level, it is plausible that P90-CK interaction could perhaps be one of the initial steps in RV infection–induced apoptosis-associated fetal birth defects in utero. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A decision support tool for greenhouse farmers in low-resource settings

Affordable greenhouses have been proven to substantially increase crop yields by allowing farmers to grow year-round while, at the same time, decreasing water consumption. These benefits translate to improved livelihoods and food security for urban farmers and improved nutrition for their rural counterparts in resource-constrained areas. Accordingly, affordable greenhouses have been introduced to experienced and novice farmers in Kenya, Rwanda, Cameroon, Mozambique, Zambia, and Sierra Leone. Across these countries with different horticultural traditions, educational infrastructure and agricultural extension systems, there is a distinct knowledge gap on the basics of greenhouse farming. Even those who have previous farming experience need to rethink their strategies in order to transition more efficiently from conventional open-air farming to greenhouse farming. This problem has created the need for a comprehensive and context-appropriate decision-support tool to guide farmers through a series of questions across four phases of greenhouse operations: preparation, planting, nurturing, and harvesting. This article describes a highly visual decision support tool that educates farmers about important considerations and helps them make informed horticultural decisions. It also provides case studies for commonly grown produce like tomatoes, bell peppers and greens. This tool can be deployed on a computer, a tablet, or even a three-ring binder, and has been co-developed with, and validated by, farmer groups in Zambia.
Deformity, Erosion, Lesion, and Tumor Occurrence, Fluctuating Asymmetry, and Population Parameters for Bluntnose Minnow (Pimephales notatus) as Indicators of Recovering Water Quality in a Great Lakes Area of Concern, USA

The Grand Calumet River is an industrial river and a Great Lakes Area of Concern in southwestern Lake Michigan, USA. Recovery end points require well-formulated designs to assess the use of occurrence of internal and external anomalies, fluctuating asymmetry, and population indicators to determine recovery from the water-quality Beneficial Use Impairments of fish tumors and deformities. A paired-watershed approach using three reaches within the study area was sampled weekly and separated into near- and far-field reaches, whereas the Little Calumet River, Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, served as a control. Field-collected Pimephales notatus were inspected for occurrence of deformities, erosion, lesion, and tumor (DELT) anomalies, measured for body symmetry, and dissected to ascertain sex and the condition of internal organs. Morphometric measurements (p ≤ 0.000), internal organ conditions (p = 0.001), and sex ratios of the fish (p = 0.001) were significantly different between the control and P. notatus test populations. The near-field individuals had the highest incidence of DELT occurrence (70 %) followed by the far-field reaches at Roxana Marsh (45 %) and Kennedy Avenue (41.9 %). Morphometric analysis showed significant differences between body size and shape and age class structure between populations. No test-reach individual lived to reach age >2 years. Gonads and livers from Grand Calumet individuals were found to be blackened, ruptured, and decreased in thickness. None of the fish from test study reaches displayed sexual structure in a 1:1 ratio. High sediment-contaminant concentrations for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metals in the Grand Calumet River correlated (r (2) = 0.998) with decreased population fitness and decreased individual reproductive health.
Practical Considerations for Monitoring and Responding to Bottlenecks in Real Time

This handbook summarizes the main findings and takeaways from a review of real time monitoring (RTM) methods and practices as well as an assessment of selected initiatives supported by UNICEF. It is intended to offer practical guidance: to help identify the most appropriate RTM method for a given purpose and in a given context, and to discuss an initial set of proposed guiding principles when considering undertaking a RTM initiative. UNICEF undertook a learning agenda under the name “RTM: Equity in Action” during 2011-12 to inform ongoing investments in RTM. The main takeaway from the learning is that, if implemented properly, RTM is an effective tool to advance social inclusion, equity and child rights. What drives the value added of RTM is linking RTM data to speedy use and responsive action. As such, it is important to take a systemic approach to RTM, one that goes beyond data collection to give sufficient attention to each of the distinct components — data analysis, reporting and, most importantly, response capability — and treats them in an integrated manner.The learning yielded further insights on performance issues that may arise when implementing RTM. Overall, this handbook proposes eight guiding principles to maximize the equity potential of RTM initiatives. It also details each of the main methodological approaches for implementing RTM, which include: (i) routine data systems; (ii) sentinel site surveillance; (iii) rapid surveys and assessments; (iv) community-based monitoring; and (v) citizen-based monitoring. Both the overview of the methods and guiding principles are illustrated with recent examples from UNICEF case studies and the existing literature. The handbook concludes by presenting several tools to help practitioners get started.
Obesity Weighs down Memory through a Mechanism Involving the Neuroepigenetic Dysregulation of Sirt1

Aberrant gene expression within the hippocampus has recently been implicated in the pathogenesis of obesity-induced memory impairment. Whether a dysregulation of epigenetic modifications mediates this disruption in gene transcription has yet to be established. Here we report evidence of obesity-induced alterations in DNA methylation of memory-associated genes, including Sirtuin 1 (Sirt1), within the hippocampus, and thus offer a novel mechanism by which SIRT1 expression within the hippocampus is suppressed during obesity. Forebrain neuron-specific Sirt1 knock-out closely recapitulated the memory deficits exhibited by obese mice, consistent with the hypothesis that the high-fat diet-mediated reduction of hippocampal SIRT1 could be responsible for obesity-linked memory impairment. Obese mice fed a diet supplemented with the SIRT1-activating molecule resveratrol exhibited increased hippocampal SIRT1 activity and preserved hippocampus-dependent memory, further strengthening this conclusion. Thus, our findings suggest that the memory-impairing effects of diet-induced obesity may potentially be mediated by neuroepigenetic dysregulation of SIRT1 within the hippocampus. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Previous studies have implicated transcriptional dysregulation within the hippocampus as being a relevant pathological concomitant of obesity-induced memory impairment, yet a deeper understanding of the basis for, and etiological significance of, transcriptional dysregulation in this context is lacking. Here we present the first evidence of epigenetic dysregulation (i.e., altered DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation) of memory-related genes, including Sirt1, within the hippocampus of obese mice. Furthermore, experiments using transgenic and pharmacological approaches strongly implicate reduced hippocampal SIRT1 as being a principal pathogenic mediator of obesity-induced memory impairment. This paper offers a novel working model that may serve as a conceptual basis for the development of therapeutic interventions for obesity-induced memory impairment.
Vitamin E deficiency and xanthine oxidase in rabbits.

SummaryVit. E-deficient rabbits with muscular dystrophy had elevated liver xanthine oxidase activity. This increase was observed in the presence or absence of added dietary molybdenum, and with 15 or 24% casein in the diet. Low intestinal xanthine oxidase levels were not increased during vit. E deficiency. Xanthine oxidase was not detected in rabbit heart, lung, kidney, spleen, brain, or skeletal muscle normally or during vit. E deficiency. The molybdenum content of various rabbit tissues was influenced by the Mo content of the diet, but was not altered by the presence or absence of vit. E.
FUZZY OPTIMAL CONTROL SYSTEM FOR BALL MILLS AND APPLICATION THEREOF

In fuzzy optimal control system of ball mills,the load of ball mills,i.e.coal in the mill,is measured by using noise sensors.Utilizing the singnal processing technique and fitting with multi-element function,as well as Fast Fourier Transform(FFT),the noise character spectrum has been identified,and combining with neural network soft-measuring technique,the comparatively accurate measured value being obtained.A simple optimization method has been adopted to carry out stead-state supervisory optimization,so as to enhance output capacity of the coal-pulverizing system.The date-base maintenance,system control,and system configuration are managed separatly,making the system to have more flexibility.Practical application shows that the output capacity has increased by a big margin after adopting the fuzzy optimal control system,the unit consumption of total coal-pulverizing system decreased about 3.5 kW·h/t,having remarkable energy-saving reslut.
Operative Adjuncts for Distal Revascularization

The performance of distal arterial bypass procedures in poor outflow situations may require adjunctive techniques to maximize short- and long-term patency. The rationale and technique for the most commonly used modifications are presented along with the indications for use.
A Comparison of Weak Supervision methods for Knowledge Base Construction

We present a comparison of weak and distant supervision methods for producing proxy examples for supervised relation extraction. We find that knowledge-based weak supervision tends to outperform popular distance supervision techniques, providing a higher yield of positive examples and more accurate models.
Prior antibiotics and outcomes in patients hospitalized with pneumonia

Background: Prior studies of antibiotics prior to hospitalization for pneumonia have had divergent findings. Our purpose was to examine the association between classes of prior antibiotics and outcomes for those hospitalized with pneumonia. Methods: We included patients > 65 years admitted to US Veterans Affairs hospitals between 2002-2012 with pneumonia. Using multilevel regression models we examined prior antibiotic use within 90 days on 30-day mortality, ICU admission, mechanical ventilation, and vasopressors. Antibiotics were grouped as aminoglycosides, outpatient community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) antibiotics, other beta-lactams, and other antibiotics. Results: Cohort consisted of 94,910 patients and 29.8% received a prior antibiotic. Prior CAP antibiotics was associated with lower risk of non-mortality outcomes. Receipt of other beta-lactam antibiotics or other antibiotics were associated with increased mortality and other outcomes. View this table: Association of Prior Antibiotics with Outcomes Conclusions: Prior CAP antibiotics was not associated with worse outcomes, but beta-lactams or other antibiotics were associated with worse outcomes. Those being treated for outpatient pneumonia should be treated with antibiotics recommend by CAP clinical practice guidelines.
An Evaluation of the Validity of a Script-Driven Imagery Procedure among Traumatic Event Exposed Adolescents

Objective Adult research employing script-driven imagery procedures has shown the method to be a valuable tool for studying the nature, correlates, and consequences of trauma and posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). The purpose of the current study was to examine the validity of a trauma-focused script-driven imagery procedure among youth. Method Responding to script-driven imagery was examined in relation to PTSS among 60 traumatic event-exposed adolescents, ages 10 to 17 years. Results In support of concurrent validity, PTSS was associated with self-reported anxiety, fear, disgust, and distress responses to the script. Script-elicited reexperiencing, dissociation, and total state-symptoms were associated with interview-measured severity of PTSS. However, neither script-elicited avoidance symptoms nor physiological reactivity to the script were related to PTSS. In support of discriminant validity, adolescents' self-reported thought problems were not related to script-elicited affective, physiological, or state-symptom outcomes. Conclusion Research is needed to understand why certain variables, such as physiological reactivity to the script, did not relate to PTSS. However, results suggest the traumatic event-focused script driven imagery procedure is a useful method for activating a trauma-related emotion network and measuring psychological reactivity to reminders of traumatic event cues among adolescents. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
Adapt Design: A Methodology for Enabling Modular Design for Mission Specific SUAS

Abstract : Recent advances in small unmanned aircraft systems (SUAS)have greatly broadened the scope of their potential applications.However, traditional design processes applied to SUAS produce asingle design for a single set of requirements. Off-design missionperformance is often greatly degraded due to the vehicles small scale.This paper considers a different approach to SUAS design aimed ataddressing this issue. In this approach, a hybrid modular and scalableproduct family is coupled with linked engineering analyses in order toautomatically formulate a design given a set of mission requirements.This allows multiple SUAS designs to be rapidly synthesized frommultiple sets of design requirements using a common set ofcomponents. Designs are then rapidly generated and manufacturedon-demand using automated manufacturing techniques in order toaddress unforeseen mission needs.The design approach, named Aggregate Derivative Approach toProduct Design (ADAPt Design), consists of four actions: (1)requirements analysis, (2) architecture selection, (3) interface design,and (4) concept refinement and design. The outcomes of the methodare a family of designs which are highly compatible with designautomation, and a toolset that automatically translates changes inrequirements to changes in detailed 3-D models. Results of theapplication of this approach are presented via the design of severalSUAS. The capability of the design paradigm is assessed through acomparison of design requirements to the measured performance ofthe designed vehicle, and conclusions are drawn about the approachsapplicability and scalability.
The Microbead-Free Waters Act of 2015: Model for Future Environmental Legislation, or Black Swan?

Environmental law scholars have long lamented that it has become unthinkable — or at least exceedingly unlikely — for Congress to pass significant new environmental legislation. This is not uniformly the case, as shown by the recent enactment of Public Law 114-114, the Microbead-Free Waters Act of 2015 (“the Act”). Yet, more nuanced questions must be answered before the Act can be hailed as an important break in the legislative logjam. Was the Act insignificant, simply not worth the time and political currency necessary for opponents of environmental regulation to stop? Was it the fortuitous product of a unique confluence of circumstances, a “black swan”? Or could the circumstances surrounding its passage be instructive for future proponents of environmental legislation? This article asserts that the Act addressed a significant environmental issue, and that the strategic building blocks underlying the Act — including an emphasis on public health issues and broad stakeholder support driven by industry concerns about unfair competition and opposition to local legislation — may provide innovative and useful foundations for future efforts to pass environmental legislation.
Copper wire bonding — Elimination of pad peel

Since starting production with Copper wire bonding for almost a decade, there are still many findings in order to achieve the most stringent quality requirements. Furthermore, some older machine platforms were also converted to Copper wire bonding in order to increase production capacity. In the cases of running extremely sensitive devices, there were many occurrences of lifted bond and pad peel defects at the same time. From the initial assessments, even those bond pad structure which was improved until reasonable robust level could still fail for pad peeling issue. On top of that, some pad peeling cases could not be simulated, rejects could not be duplicated. In order to understand the pad peeling issue, comprehensive study was conducted in order to eliminate this issue. The first set of evaluations was performed on bonding parameters, and results met most of the expectations. The results showed parameters of bonding time and bonding force did not provide much significant effect as long as they were operating within reasonable levels. As for the bonding power, its effect exhibited weird scenario. When power increased, ball shear strength was also increased accordingly. However, pad peeling defect was not able to be correlated linearly to ball shear strength, other than higher power made it becoming worse. In order to understand this issue, another new approach was initiated, equipment characterization along with process optimization. With new optimum process window, equipment characterization was performed in depth. From all the characterized machine parts, it was found that capillary installation was the most suspicious root cause. With the Copper kit installed at the firing location, normal installation jig was no longer useful. The capillary setup became inconsistent, and capillary could be slanting in any direction. The most common setup would be either capillary slanting towards operator or away from operator. One of this slant directions might interact with the transducer movement and vibration, resulted severe pad peeling rejects. In order to resolve this root cause, a breakthrough capillary installation jig was invented and deployed in production. This new jig enabled stress-free and self-center capillary setup. The proper installed capillary would allow desired ultrasonic energy transfer to the Copper ball, without any mechanical stress point. The overall improvement was combining optimum process window and consistent capillary setup. With deployment in production, pad peel issue has reduced to zero.
Screening for Functional Cognition in Postacute Care and the Improving Medicare Post-Acute Care Transformation (IMPACT) Act of 2014

Occupational therapists have a long history of assessing functional cognition, defined as the ability to use and integrate thinking and performance skills to accomplish complex everyday activities. In response to passage of the Improving Medicare Post-Acute Care Transformation (IMPACT) Act of 2014 (Pub. L. 113-185), the American Occupational Therapy Association has been advocating that the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services consider functional cognition for inclusion in routine patient assessment in postacute care settings, with important implications for occupational therapy. These efforts have the potential to increase referrals to occupational therapy, emphasize the importance of addressing functional cognition in occupational therapy practice, and support the value of occupational therapy in achieving optimal postacute care outcomes.
An ecological view of international economics

Garrett Hardin is Professor emeritus of human ecology at the University of California at Santa Barbara and Chairman of the Board of the Environmental Fund in Washington, D C. In this article Professor Hardin explores the concept of global interdependence and contends that the call for NIEO will result in the ""commonisation"" of goods based on Marxist principles.
Propensity score matched comparison of intermediate-intensity chemotherapy induction versus intensive chemotherapy induction in elderly patients (age ≥ 60) with acute myeloid leukemia (AML).

7097 Background: A majority of patients (pts) with AML age ≥ 60 are unable to tolerate intensive chemotherapy (IC) induction. Front-line therapy with clofarabine plus low dose cytarabine (CLDA) has...
Rethinking Child Protection in Emergencies

The humanitarian system is struggling to adapt to changes in the global political environment, trends in armed conflict and displacement, and advances in science and technology. In recent years, the international community has undertaken a number of efforts to overcome these challenges, such as the Agenda for Humanity, a plan that outlines the changes needed to alleviate suffering, reduce risk, and lessen vulnerability on a global scale. This article reviews recent evidence from a range of disciplines to inform these efforts, especially as they relate to the protection of children. Early childhood and adolescence constitute two critical periods of child development that lay the foundations for future health and wellbeing. Exposure to adversity in crisis contexts can compromise this development, with potentially life-long consequences. Evidence suggests that relationships with caregivers and peers play a central role in mediating childhood experiences of adversity. Unfortunately, interventions for children affected by crises are usually too fragmented to maximize the protective effects of healthy relationships. This article stresses the importance of developing multisectoral and relational interventions capable of promoting healthy development across the life course. Given the central role of caregivers, the household is an especially powerful level of intervention for combining approaches from different sectors. More concerted efforts are needed to develop household interventions that combine traditional sectoral approaches with innovative, cross-cutting measures, such as cash transfers and parental support. Household interventions should also be an integral part of broader community and society level actions, which together form more comprehensive systems of care.
NEUROPATHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF LOW-LEVEL X-IRRADIATION OF THE MAMMALIAN EMBRYO

An exposure of the 1.5 day mouse embryo (at the 1 to 2 cell stage) to as little as 15 r x rays will delay the early cleavages, increase intra-uterine death and resorption, reduce the number of apparently normals at birth, and occasionally cause the severe brain anomaly of exencephalia (brain hernia) indicating morphogenetic damage. When the embryo at 2.5 days (4 to 8 cells) is exposed to the same low level of 15 r x rays there is less severe damage, and exencephalia has never been produced. However, even some of these embryos go to pieces shortly after exposure or at the time of implantation. Cytologically the most common effect on some embryos of 15 r at 1.5 days is fragmentation of the early cleavages, resulting in reduced and a-nucleate blastomeres. Whether such a reduced but nucleated blastomere could give rise to a stunted fetus is mere conjecture. Other effects of 15 r at 1.5 days are swollen or pyknotic nuclei, hyperchromatic nuclei and occasionally the cytoplasm, and sometimes complete separation of constituent cells of the blastula at a later stage. Damaged blastomeres appear to exude a sticky substance which may be denatured cytoplasmic protein. Radiosensitivity of the embryomore » appears to be greatest immediately after fertilization and becomes progressively less as development proceeds. Until organogenesis is completed, however, embryonic loss may occur through death and resorption as a result of x irradiation and among the others there may be congenital anomalies and stunting which survive delivery. While extrapolation to other mammals is ill-advised, it is certainly suggestive that the radiosensitivity of the very early mammalian embryo may approach that of a genic mutation, and any exposure is too much. (auth)« less
Chapter 2 – Antioxidants and Antioxidant Rich Foods

This chapter focuses on antioxidants and antioxidant-rich foods. The major role of antioxidants in the food industry is to prevent off-flavors, rancidity and to maintain their nutritional value. They have become an indispensable group of food additives. They are substances when present in foods at low concentrations compared with those of an oxidizable substrate markedly delay or prevent the oxidation of the substrate. They are classified as natural and synthetic antioxidants. They are also classified based on their chemical nature, function, and site of synthesis. Sources of natural food antioxidants include most of the fruits and vegetables, such as berries, cranberries ( Vaccinium macrocarpon ), grapes, tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum ), garlic, and tea. The chapter further discusses autoxidation, mechanisms leading to autoxidation in food and biological systems, lipid oxidation, sources of natural and synthetic antioxidants, their chemistry and mechanism of action to prevent autoxidation, and health benefits of some antioxidative foods.
Feasibility of Transthoracic Echocardiography Evaluation of Pulmonary Arteries Following Arterial Switch Operation

Pulmonary artery (PA) stenosis is the most common late sequela following arterial switch for d-transposition of the great arteries. The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of transthoracic echocardiography in evaluating the pulmonary arteries following repair. This was a retrospective, cross-sectional analysis of all echocardiograms performed on patients following arterial switch operation. A numerical scoring system was devised and used to quantify PA visualization based on 2D images, color mapping, and spectral Doppler. The study cohort included 150 patients. The ability to visualize at least one PA was poorer in patients who were older [> 10 years (47%) vs ≤ 10 years (89%) (p 1.25 m2 (40%) vs ≤ 1.25 m2 (90%) (p < 0.001)]. Regardless of age, 2D visualization of the pulmonary arteries was poor for the entire cohort. Of those with at least one non-visualized PA, only 54% had alternative imaging performed or ordered within the 5 years at or prior to their last echocardiogram. In conclusion, PA visualization following arterial switch is worse in patients who are older and in those with larger BSA. In such patients, alternative forms of imaging are more likely to be necessary.
Effects of substrate depth and precipitation characteristics on stormwater retention by two green roofs in Portland OR

Abstract Study Region This study took place in Portland Oregon, a city of over 600,000 residents located in the Willamette Valley in the state of Oregon in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. Portland experiences a temperate climate with Mediterranean features. Study Focus Runoff patterns from two extensive green roofs with substrate depths of 75 and 125 mm, situated on a 5000 square meter retail store, were compared over a one year period. Precipitation, irrigation, and storm water discharge were continuously monitored and the performance of the green roofs for storm water control was investigated in detail. New Hydrological Insights for the Region Over the study period, the 125 mm and 75 mm green roofs retained 32.9% and 23.2% of all precipitation by volume, respectively. The hydrologic response of the green roofs during individual storm events was found to depend strongly on the total depth of the storm event as well as the length of the antecedent dry weather period. Differences in performance between the two substrate depths were most pronounced for small storms with long antecedent dry weather periods. Both green roofs showed strong seasonal dependence in storm water retention, with higher percent retention in the relatively dry summer months compared to lower retention in the wetter winter months. These findings have important implications for the effective installation of green roofs for stormwater management in our region. Because of the increased frequency of storm events during the Pacific Northwest winters, it is imperative that efforts to increase storage capacity through increased substrate depth be paired with efforts to ensure rapid removal. If deeper substrates are to be utilized effectively; more research is needed to identify ways to increase evapotranspiration, for example via more informed plant selection, during wet winter months.
Diagenetic History of the Union 8 Pinnacle Reef (Middle Silurian), Northern Michigan, USA

The subsurface Niagaran pinnacle reef trend of northern Michigan, USA, contains over 500 individual carbonate buildups in a linear belt 15 km wide and 250 km long. This system formed during a period of continuous subsidence in the Michigan Basin (Fischer 1975) and as a result the entire spectrum of reef diagenesis, from near-surface to deep subsurface, can be studied within a framework of known physical and temporal constraints. Correlation of specific diagenetic phases to the burial history of the host carbonates can therefore be used to identify important diagenetic controls such as absolute timing and fluid composition.
Screening Designs for Constrained Mixture Experiments Derived from Classical Screening Designs - An Addendum

This paper is an addendum to a previous paper of mine, which discussed modified XVERT mixture screening designs (MXMSDs) for mixture constraint regions defined by lower and upper bounds on the component proportions. MXMSDs consist of a center point and ..
Transaktionen und Concurrency Control

Im Allgemeinen stellt eine Datenbank eine Informationsbasis dar, auf die von vielen verschiedenen Anwendungsprogrammen und interaktiven Benutzern unabhangig, ohne Wissen voneinander und oft zur selben Zeit, d.h. nebenlaufig (concurrent access), zugegriffen wird. Andererseits soll das DBMS jedem Benutzer den Eindruck vermitteln, als sei das DBMS ein Einbenutzersystem und ausschlieslich fur ihn reserviert. Eine sequentielle Ausfuhrung von Benutzerprozessen ist daher aus Effizienzgrunden ausgeschlossen. Es ist die Aufgabe des Concurrency Control (Nebenlaufigkeitskontrolle; concurrency control), den nebenlaufigen Zugriff auf geteilte Daten (shared data) zu steuern und die beteiligten Prozesse zu synchronisieren, um unerwunschte, zu inkonsistenten Datenbankzustanden fuhrende, gegenseitige Beeinflussungen zu verhindern. Synchronisation im Datenbankbereich bedeutet Serialisierung (serialization) konkurrierender Zugriffe auf gemeinsam benutzte Objekte. Das grundlegende Konzept fur Concurrency Control und Recovery (siehe Kapitel 6) ist die Transaktion (transaction). Eine Transaktion bezeichnet eine Folge von zusammengehorenden Operationen, die eine logische Arbeitseinheit bilden und entweder vollstandig oder gar nicht ausgefuhrt werden. Ein Beispiel ist ein Flugreservierungssystem, wo zu einem Zeitpunkt mehrere Flugtickets verkauft und daher die Anzahlen der verfugbaren Platze in Flugzeugen verandert werden. Hier besteht das Problem, dass ein Ticket fur denselben Sitzplatz zweimal verkauft wird, wenn beim gleichzeitigen Zugriff zweier oder mehrerer Prozesse nicht aufpasst wird. Zwei Prozesse, die dasselbe Objekt lesen und verandern, durfen diesbezuglich also nicht parallel ablaufen. Die Transaktionen eines DBMS werden durch den Transaktions-Manager (transaction manager) verwaltet, der besonders dafur Sorge zu tragen hat, dass die verzahnte Ausfuhrung zweier nebenlaufiger Transaktionen so stattfindet, als wurden beide seriell, d.h. nacheinander, ohne Verzahnung ausgefuhrt.
Citizen Support for Military Expenditure Post–9/11: Exploring the Role of Race, Ethnicity, and Place of Birth

Citizens adjust their perceptions of military expenditure based largely on their worldview, as defined by their race, ethnicity, ideology, gender, socioeconomic status (SES), and education. Worldvi...
Computational modeling of cellular structures using conditional deep generative networks.

MOTIVATION Cellular function is closely related to the localizations of its sub-structures. It is, however, challenging to experimentally label all sub-cellular structures simultaneously in the same cell. This raises the need of building a computational model to learn the relationships among these sub-cellular structures and use reference structures to infer the localizations of other structures. RESULTS We formulate such a task as a conditional image generation problem and propose to use conditional generative adversarial networks for tackling it. We employ an encoder-decoder network as the generator and propose to use skip connections between the encoder and decoder to provide spatial information to the decoder. To incorporate the conditional information in a variety of different ways, we develop three different types of skip connections, known as the self-gated connection, encoder-gated connection and label-gated connection. The proposed skip connections are built based on the conditional information using gating mechanisms. By learning a gating function, the network is able to control what information should be passed through the skip connections from the encoder to the decoder. Since the gate parameters are also learned automatically, we expect that only useful spatial information is transmitted to the decoder to help image generation. We perform both qualitative and quantitative evaluations to assess the effectiveness of our proposed approaches. Experimental results show that our cGAN-based approaches have the ability to generate the desired sub-cellular structures correctly. Our results also demonstrate that the proposed approaches outperform the existing approach based on adversarial auto-encoders, and the new skip connections lead to improved performance. In addition, the localizations of generated sub-cellular structures by our approaches are consistent with observations in biological experiments. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION The source code and more results are available at https://github.com/divelab/cgan/.
A 2,2′-bipyridine-containing covalent organic framework bearing rhenium(I) tricarbonyl moieties for CO2 reduction

The reduction of CO2 into higher energy products such as carbon-based fuels and feedstocks is an attractive strategy for mitigating the continuous rise in CO2 emissions associated with the growing global energy demand. Rhenium tricarbonyl complexes bearing 2,2′-bipyridine (2,2′-bpy) ligands are well-established molecular electrocatalysts for the selective reduction of CO2 to CO. Construction of efficient devices for this electrochemical process requires the immobilization of electrocatalysts to electrode surfaces. To integrate Re(2,2′-bpy)(CO)3 fragments into a covalent organic framework (COF), Re(5,5′-diamine-2,2′-bpy)(CO)3Cl (1) was synthesized and electrochemically investigated. Complex 1 is an active and selective electrocatalyst for the reduction of CO2 to CO with excellent faradaic efficiency (99%). The presence of the amine substituents leads to a destabilization of the π* orbital of the 5,5′-diamine-2,2′-bpy ligand with respect to the metal center. Therefore, 1 requires more negative potentials (−2.47 V vs. Fc+/0) to reach the doubly reduced catalytically active species. DFT studies were conducted to understand the electronic structure of 1, and support the destabilizing effect of the amine substituents. The Re-2,2′-bpy fragments were successfully integrated into a COF containing 2,2′-bpy moieties (COF-2,2′-bpy) via a post-metallation synthetic route to generate COF-2,2′-bpy-Re. A composite of COF-2,2′-bpy-Re, carbon black, and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) was readily immobilized onto glassy carbon electrodes and electrocatalytic CO2 reduction to CO was observed at −2.8 V vs. Fc0/+, with a faradaic efficiency of 81% for CO production.
Proteoglycans, lipoproteins, and atherosclerosis.

Extracellular matrix proteoglycans play an important role in main taining structural integrity and normal function of the arterial wall. These macromolecules provide structural links between fibrous and cellular elements, contribute to viscoelastic properties, regulate permeability and retention of plasma components through the matrix, control vascular cell growth, affect hemostasis and interact with lipoproteins (1,2). These functional properties indicate that proteoglycans are clearly involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
Effects of abdominal drawing-in maneuver with pressure biofeedback, foam-roller and quadruped on lumbopelvic stability and muscle activities in lumbar rotation syndrome.

The abdominal drawing-in maneuver (ADIM) exercise has been commonly applied to recover lumbopelvic stability and normal movement in the clinical field. Although many researchers investigated its effects using several methods, there is further need for comparing those methods. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of ADIM with three different methods including a pressure biofeedback unit, a foam-roller, and the quadruped posture on lumbopelvic rotation and muscle activities. Twenty-five healthy participants (14 males, 11 females) who volunteered for this study were randomly divided into three intervention groups. We obtained pre- and postintervention data through application of a three-dimensional motion analysis system and a surface electromyography. Results showed that lumbopelvic rotation degree was significantly decreased in all groups (P 0.05). The muscle activity of internal oblique of the right side showed significant differences (P<0.05), between ADIM with pressure biofeedback group and ADIM with foam-roller group, and ADIM with foam-roller group and ADIM with quadruped group. Three kinds of ADIM were effective to recover lumbopelvic stability. This study suggests that the proper method of ADIM should be applied to a given patient considering abilities to maintain equilibrium and to control muscular strength.
Camouflage, Extensions, and Electrical Devices to Improve Hair Volume

Many strategies exist to improve hair volume in patients with thinning hair, providing options for various types and severity of hair loss. The most complete form of camouflage is a wig, which can provide total hair replacement. Many different types of wigs exist, varying in the degree of natural appearance, price, and durability. Hair extensions are often used by patients with thinning hair. There is a large range in types and quality of hair extensions, some of which can be damaging to the patient’s natural hair and worsen hair loss. Other camouflage methods utilize the strategy of decreasing the color contrast between the scalp and the hair, minimizing the appearance of hair thinning. These methods include hair fibers, powder cakes, scalp sprays/lotions, hair crayons, and micropigmentation. We also discuss artificial hair transplants, which are not approved in the USA but are frequently performed in Europe and Australia. Various electrical devices can be used to improve hair volume, including specialized hair irons designed specifically for that purpose. The wide array of methods for improving hair volume allows for tailoring an approach specific for a patient’s needs.
Optimization of Combined Modality Therapy for Locoregionally Advanced Head and Neck Cancer

ABSTRACT In recent years, several treatment principles have been firmly established for the treatment of a majority of patients with locoregionally advanced head and neck cancer (HNC). These include (i) therapies are administered with curative intent and (ii) organ preservation is pursued whenever possible. In order to achieve these goals, several tools have emerged as evidence-based approaches. Among these are concomitant chemoradiotherapy, usually with cisplatin as radiation sensitizer, as well as induction chemotherapy with the combination of cisplatin, docetaxel and fluorouracil being best supported by randomized clinical trials. It is unclear which of these approaches might be superior, although concurrent chemoradiotherapy continues to have the most abundant database to support its use. Current questions are whether or not induction chemotherapy and concomitant chemoradiotherapy should be combined in sequence. A recent randomized trial comparing concomitant chemoradiotherapy versus induction chemotherapy followed by concurrent chemoradiotherapy has been completed and results will be available this spring. There are also questions how to best treat patients with HPV-related HNC. It is possible that less intensive treatment might lead to similar cure rates as the current standard treatment approach. Furthermore, the integration of novel molecular diagnostics and therapeutic agents is under investigation.
19 – Control Systems and Instrumentation

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on various control systems and instrumentation used in gas turbines. Control systems are also closely tied up with the Distributed Control Systems (D-CS) and Condition Monitoring Systems (C-MS) with plant optimization software. The control system of gas turbines has three fundamental functions: start-up and shutdown sequencing, steady-state control when the unit is in operation, and protection of the gas turbine. Control systems can be an open loop or closed loop system. The openloop system positions the manipulated variable either manually or on a programmed basis, without using any process measurements. A closed loop control system is one that receives one or more measured process variables, and then uses it to move the manipulated variable to control a device. Most combined cycle power plants have a closed loop control system. Closed loop systems include either a feedback or feedforward, control loop, or both to control the plant. In a feedback control loop, the controlled variable is compared to a set point. The control system requires inputs for speed determination, temperature control, flame detection, and vibration. The speed monitoring system receives an input from magnetic transducers in the form of an AC voltage with a frequency proportional to the rotational speed of the shaft. The protective system is independent of the control system, and provides protection from over speed, over temperature, vibration, loss of flame, and loss of lubrication. The over-speed protection system generally has a transducer mounted on the accessory gear or shaft, and trips the gas turbine at approximately 10% of maximum design speed. The over-temperature system has thermocouples similar to the normal temperature controls with a similar redundant system. The flame detection system consists of at least two ultraviolet flame detectors to sense a flame in the combustion cans.
Conclusions on the Availability of Spectroscopic Information

It was our hope, when this search was initiated, to find sufficient information in the literature from which to draw definite conclusions regarding the feasibility of the production of an electronic transition chemical laser. As can be seen in the following table, our hopes were not fulfilled. At the present time, there does not appear to be sufficient information about any homonuclear diatomic molecule that would lead one to believe that molecule would definitely produce a chemically pumped electronic transition laser.
Gender differences in anxiety: The mediating role of sensitivity to unpredictable threat

Anxiety disorders and symptoms disproportionately impact women relative to men, but it is unclear what mechanism(s) contribute to this phenomenon. The present study examined sensitivity to unpredictable threat as a potential mechanism of gender differences in panic symptoms. The sample included 67 participants (35 women) who completed the no, predictable, and unpredictable threat (NPU-threat) startle paradigm with electric shocks as the aversive stimulus. Participants also completed the self-report Inventory of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms to assess current panic and depression symptoms. Results indicated that women, relative to men, reported greater panic symptoms and demonstrated increased startle potentiation in anticipation of predictable and unpredictable threat. Furthermore, across all participants increased startle potentiation in anticipation of unpredictable (but not predictable) threat was associated with greater panic symptoms, but there was no relationship with depression symptoms. Finally, the gender difference in panic symptoms was mediated by startle potentiation in anticipation of unpredictable (but not predictable) threat. The present study suggests that a heightened sensitivity to unpredictable threat might be a mechanism that contributes to increased anxiety in women.
Aggregate density-based concept drift identification for dynamic sensor data models

The reduced costs of embedded systems and sensor technology coupled with the increased speed in communication enables businesses and consumers to deploy a large number of sensing devices. This conjunction of technologies has come to be known as the Internet of Things (IoT). Data collected from IoT devices are continuously increasing, and many approaches have been proposed to deal with the big data that is now generated. Multiple artificial intelligent techniques have been proposed and used to extract knowledge out of these continuously growing datasets. In this paper, we demonstrate that a better understanding of data can be achieved through dynamic modeling. This dynamic behavior is observed in many practical scenarios and needs to be taken into account to have a higher accuracy in prediction and analysis for policy making and business-related decisions. We propose and test a novel methodology to detect the dynamic nature of data over time. Machine learning models have been known to suffer from changes in streaming data over time which is defined as concept drift and therefore by detecting this phenomena such models can be improved.
Cyber-diplomacy: cyberwarfare and the rules of engagement

This article is designed to outline the lack of international rules of engagement in cyberspace, and how traditional practices and laws of war are applicable to cyberwarfare and how it is not. If t...