cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photoproduction in Ultraperipheral Heavy Ion Collisions at RHIC and the LHC

This year HERA has shut down- closing a productive period in the study of photon-hadron interactions. It is interesting to compare electron hadron colliders such as HERA with the LHC -particularly in operation with heavy ions where Z 2 α ∼ 1 and Coulomb interactions are clearly significant. Roughly speaking ion collisions at RHIC cover an equivalent energy range to the fixed target tagged photon experiments at Fermilab in the '80's and those at the LHC will extend the energy range of HERA by a factor of 3–10. It is not suprising then that RHIC results have dealt with vector meson production (ρ and J / ψ ). Similarly we can expect the LHC program with heavy ions to probe the structure of the proton to another order of magnitude in x.
Naive asymptotics for hitting time bounds in Markov chains

A set of sufficient conditions is obtained for Markov chains to yield upper and lower passage time bounds. While obtaining expected passage times is strictly a numerical procedure for general Markov chains, the results presented here outline a simple approach to bound expected passage times provided the chains satisfy certain easy to check criteria. The results may be useful in modelling situations, such as in the analysis of algorithms, where simple ways of obtaining average complexity estimates are required.
Effect of acceleration on the morphology-dependent optical resonances of spherical resonators

An analysis is presented to estimate the perturbation of morphology-dependent optical resonances (MDRs) of spherical dielectric cavities due to acceleration. In the model, the optical cavity is attached to a rigid base that is accelerating. Hertz contact theory is used to describe the contact surface between the base and the sphere, and the Navier equation is solved to obtain an expression for MDR shift dependence on the base acceleration. An experiment is also carried out using a polydimethylsiloxane sphere as the optical cavity. The predictions using the analysis agree well with the experimental results.
Sex Differences in the Use of Alcohol and Tranquilizers: Testing a Role Convergence Hypothesis

Research on adult alcohol and tranquilizer use provides strong evidence of fundamental sex differences in the use of the two types of drugs. Current explanations posited for these differences center around differential sex roles and sex role expectations. Much of the discussion of these differences suggests that as male and female roles converge, these behavioral differences should decrease. Using data from a statewide survey of Illinois adults, we provide a preliminary test of a sex role convergence hypothesis for alcohol and tranquilizer use. To do so, we use a multinomial extension of logistic multiple regression. After controlling for demographic and sex role characteristics, the results show that females have a much higher probability of using tranquilizers rather than alcohol than men do. Thus, the role convergence hypothesis is not supported for the use of these two types of drugs.
Are the communal grazing lands in need of saving

The condition, productivity and profitability of the communal grasslands in the southern African ‘homelands’ are assessed by review of the published data. There is very little empirical data from the communal grasslands themselves. These data, supported by other circumstantial evidence, do not support the often‐held notion that the communal grasslands are severely degraded and beyond recovery. This is especially so for the moist and mesic areas of southern Africa. Results from the arid areas are variable.
Seismic inversion combining rock physics and multiple-point geostatistics

A novel inversion technique combines rock physics and multiple-point geostatistics. The technique is based on the formulation of the inverse problem as an inference problem and incorporates multiple-point geostatistics and conditional rock physics to characterize previously known geologic information. The proposed implementation combines elements of sampling from conditional probabilities and elements of optimization. The technique provides multiple solutions, all consistent with the expected geology, well-log data, seismic data, and the local rock-physics transformations. A pattern-based algorithm was selected as the multiple-point geostatistics component. Rock-physics principles are incorporated at the beginning of the process, defining the links between reservoir properties (e.g., lithology, saturation) and physical quantities (e.g., compressibility, density), making it possible to predict situations not sampled by log data. Results for seismic lithofacies inversion on a synthetic test and a real data application demonstrate the validity and applicability of the proposed inversion technique.
Quality and customer service aspects of faculty practice.

Quality and customer service are accepted as crucial components of the business world. Providing high quality in addition to customer-oriented service is equally critical in academic faculty practice. Key steps involve identifying customers (both external and internal) and researching and codifying needs. A customer-oriented faculty practice model is presented that serves all customers and meets provider needs. This model is built on recognizing the importance of personal ongoing customer relationships and accepting the constancy of change within the boundaries of service. Quality and customer service should reflect standards appropriate to nursing leaders, thus attending to and advancing the public view of nursing. Customer service is more than a sound health care business principle. Customer service also lives out the moral and ethical commitment made in the implicit contract in the care-giving encounter. It is the philosophy and framework inherent in nursing's social policy statement; therefore, these principles can be applied across all health care settings.
Enhanced excitability of guinea pig inferior mesenteric ganglion neurons during and following recovery from chemical colitis.

Postganglionic sympathetic neurons in the prevertebral ganglia (PVG) provide ongoing inhibitory tone to the gastrointestinal tract and receive innervation from mechanosensory intestinofugal afferent neurons primarily located in the colon and rectum. This study tests the hypothesis that colitis alters the excitability of PVG neurons. Intracellular recording techniques were used to evaluate changes in the electrical properties of inferior mesenteric ganglion (IMG) neurons in the trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) and acetic acid models of guinea pig colitis. Visceromotor IMG neurons were hyperexcitable 12 and 24 h, but not 6 h, post-TNBS during “acute” inflammation. Hyperexcitability persisted at 6 days post-TNBS during “chronic” inflammation, as well as at 56 days post-TNBS when colitis had resolved. In contrast, there was only a modest decrease in the current required to elicit an action potential at 24 h after acetic acid administration. Vasomotor neurons from inflamed preparations exhibited normal excitability. The excitatory effects of XE-991, a blocker of the channel that contributes to the M-type potassium current, and heteropodatoxin-2, a blocker of the channel that contributes to the A-type potassium current, were unchanged in TNBS-inflamed preparations, suggesting that these currents did not contribute to hyperexcitability. Riluzole, an inhibitor of persistent sodium currents, caused tonic visceromotor neurons to accommodate to sustained current pulses, regardless of the inflammatory state of the preparation, and restored a normal rheobase in neurons from TNBS-inflamed preparations but did not alter the rheobase of control preparations, suggesting that enhanced activity of voltage-gated sodium channels may contribute to colitis-induced hyperexcitability. Collectively, these data indicate that enhanced sympathetic drive as a result of hyperexcitable visceromotor neurons may contribute to small bowel dysfunction during colitis.
VHF General Urban Path Loss Model for Short Range Ground-to-Ground Communications

From a radio frequency propagation perspective, the general focus of the commercial wireless communications community has been primarily on frequencies above 800 MHz. Therefore, there is a limited number of available empirical data and validated prediction methods indicating what type of path loss or signal degradation one should expect in various urban settings at a very high frequency (VHF) range, which is the range of operation for numerous military tactical communications systems. Furthermore, the extensive literature survey revealed that indoor propagation models are particularly lacking in either availability and/or proven fidelity. This paper presents a new general urban path loss model derived from a log-distance path loss model, floor attenuation factor model and path loss measurements taken on campus of The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (JHU/APL), Laurel, MD, with a measurement hardware suite in 30-88 MHz frequency range. The authors felt that there is a void in the open literature on simple, empirically-verified large-scale path loss models that implicitly address the lower VHF range, more than one urban setting, short communications ranges (<1 km) and low transmitting and receiving antenna heights as well as offer reasonably high fidelity without requiring a lot of information about the site.
Speech breathing during reading in women withvocal nodules

This study examined speech breathing patterns during reading by women with bilateral vocal fold nodules judged as mildly dysphonic and by women without vocal nodules. Although it might be predictable that the speech breathing patterns of individuals with laryngeal dysfunction will differ from those without laryngeal dysfunction, there is a lack of empirical data to support such assumptions. The results of the current study indicated that glottal airflow was greater during reading for the women with vocal nodules and that a larger volume of air was expended both per syllable and per breath group during reading. The rate of speech did not significantly differ between the two groups of women. There was no significant difference for the average duration of the breath groups and no significant difference for the number of syllables spoken per breath group. Additionally, both groups of women demonstrated a similar pattern of inspiratory pause location during the reading. The results suggest that speech breathing patterns associated with dysphonia be examined independently to distinguish specifically the nature of the interaction between the laryngeal dysfunction and the speech breathing pattern. Certainly, more information on how the severity of a voice disorder influences speech breathing is necessary.
Threshold Voltage Shift in Hetero-nanocystal Floating Gate Flash Memory

The threshold voltage shift of a p-channel Ge/Si hetero-nanocrystal floating gate memory device was investigated both numerically and phenomenologically. The numerical investigations, by solving 2-D Poisson-Boltzmann equation, show that the presence of the Ge on Si dot tremendously prolongs the retention time, reflected by the time decay behavior of the threshold voltage shift. The increase of the thickness of either Si or Ge dot will reduce the threshold voltage shift. The shift strongly depends on the dot density. Nevertheless, only a weak relation between the threshold voltage shift and the tunneling oxide thickness was found. A circuit model was then introduced to interpret the behavior of threshold voltage shift, which agrees well with the results of the numerical method.
Diagnostic and prognostic significance of ischemic electrocardiographic changes with regadenoson-stress myocardial perfusion imaging

The diagnostic and prognostic value of regadenoson-induced ST-segment depression (ST↓) is not defined. Due to the low incidence of ST↓ ≥1.0 mm with vasodilator stress, a lower threshold to define ischemic ECG response may provide improved clinical utility. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients who underwent regadenoson-stress SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) followed by coronary angiography within 6 months. Ischemic ST↓ was defined as ≥0.5 mm. The prevalence of angiographically severe coronary artery disease (CAD) and the rates of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) including cardiac death, myocardial infarction, and coronary revascularization were determined. In a diagnostic cohort of 629 subjects, 117 (18.6%) had ST↓ ≥0.5 mm. Severe CAD was more prevalent in the ST↓ ≥0.5 vs ST <0.5 group (13.7% vs 5.3%, P = .001). Among patients with normal MPI (n = 229), the prevalence of severe CAD was higher in the ST↓ ≥0.5 group (8.2% vs 2.2%, P = .04). Adjusting for clinical and imaging covariates, ST↓ ≥0.5 mm was independently predictive of severe CAD [odds ratio = 3.37, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.67-6.83, P = .001], and provided incremental diagnostic value (Chi square increment = 10.3, P = .001). In an outcome cohort of 748 subjects, after adjusting for clinical and imaging covariates, ST↓ ≥0.5 mm was associated with increased MACE rate in the entire cohort [hazard ratio = 1.41, CI 1.01-1.96, P = .04] and in the subgroup of patients with normal MPI [hazard ratio = 2.2, CI 1.11-4.39, P = .02], and provided incremental prognostic value (Chi square increment = 3.9, P = .049). A diagnostic ST↓ threshold of 0.5 mm provided greater discriminatory capacity than a 1.0 mm cutoff (P = .03). Among patients selected to undergo coronary angiography, regadenoson-induced ST↓ ≥0.5 mm was associated with higher rates of severe CAD and MACE, irrespective of MPI finding.
Dynamic Stall in Pitching Airfoils: Aerodynamic Damping and Compressibility Effects

Dynamic stall is an incredibly rich fluid dynamics problem that manifests itself on an airfoil during rapid, transient motion in which the angle of incidence surpasses the static stall limit. It is an important element of many manmade and natural flyers, including helicopters and supermaneuverable aircraft, and low–Reynolds number flapping-wing birds and insects. The fluid dynamic attributes that accompany dynamic stall include an eruption of vorticity that organizes into a well-defined dynamic stall vortex and massive excursions in aerodynamic loads that can couple with the airfoil structural dynamics. The dynamic stall process is highly sensitive to surface roughness that can influence turbulent transition and to local compressibility effects that occur at free-stream Mach numbers that are otherwise incompressible. Under some conditions, dynamic stall can result in negative aerodynamic damping that leads to limit-cycle growth of structural vibrations and rapid mechanical failure. The mechanisms leading to negative damping have been a principal interest of recent experiments and analysis. Computational fluid dynamic simulations and low-order models have not been good predictors so far. Large-eddy simulation could be a viable approach although it remains computationally intensive. The topic is technologically important owing to the desire to develop next-generation rotorcraft that employ adaptive rotor dynamic stall control.
RF/microwave Sensed Cantilevers, Diaphragms, and Tactile Sensors for Passive and Active Sensor Systems

Sensors and sensor systems for in-vivo implantation present several challenges. These include power requirements and compatibility with low voltage integrated circuit technology at the one to three volt level. This paper in addition to discussing several sensing structures, discusses a cantilever structure that has demonstrated low pull in voltages and for which the pull in voltage is easily designed. Passive sensing structures need to be remotely sensed. Active structures need power supplies. Some considerations are given for some power supply systems.
Velocity profiling: Some expectations and assurances

Experiment planning and data quality assurance techniques are discussed for ocean velocity profiling. The importance of specifying goals for measurement coverage and quality is stressed. The experimental plan should be realistic, providing for redundancy and reserve capability. Performance expectations and acceptance criteria need to be developed before the experiment. Data quality should be examined and acted upon in real time during the field work. Following a brief review of velocity profilers, the basis or evidence for performance expectations is presented for one class of profilers, that based on the measurement of motionally induced electric effects. Method specific and general data quality assurance tests are suggested and illustrated.
Mistake #37: The Effect of Previously Encountered Prices on Current Housing Demand*

Based on contrast effects studies from psychology, we predicted that movers arriving from more expensive cities would rent pricier apartments than those arriving from cheaper cities. We also predicted that as people stayed in their new city they would get used to the new prices and would readjust their housing expenditures countering the initial impact of previous prices. We found support for both predictions in a sample of 928 movers from the PSID. Alternative explanations based on unobserved wealth and taste, and on imperfect information are ruled out.
IL23 as a novel serum based biomarker in ulcerative colitis- an editorial.

IL23 is a heterodimeric member of the IL-12 cytokine family composed of two subunits, IL12p40 and IL23p19. It is produced by antigen presenting cells and has been shown to promote the production and survival of a distinct lineage of T-cells called TH17 cells (1). Studies have revealed that naive T cells when stimulated by TGFβ and IL-6 are differentiate into TH17 cells. However, this is inhibited by the presence of IFN-γ and IL-4. Once committed to the TH17 lineage, the TH17 cells remain committed even in presence of cytokines that stimulate other T cell lineages. Once activated, TH17 cells release several cytokines (including IL-6, IL-17A, IL-17F, GM-CSF, TNF, CXCL1 and CCL7) that have been shown to be involved in immune mediated diseases including Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis and multiple sclerosis (1). Studies in knockout mice models have revealed that lack of the IL23p19 subunit (but not the p40 subunit) makes the mice resistant to IBD. Further, administration of anti-IL23p19 or anti-IL12p40 mAbs significantly inhibited the production of cytokines downstream of TH17 activation including IL-17, IL-6 and TNF. IL23p19 mRNA was shown to be significantly upregulated in the biopsies from inflamed areas of the intestine of patients with IBD (Crohn's disease > Ulcerative colitis) (2). Further, the TH17 cytokine TNF was also shown to be elevated in these biopsies. IL-23 dependent T cells have been shown to be a key factor for the development of autoreactive CD4+ T cells that are associated with autoimmunity in the CNS. These studies suggest an important role for the IL-23/TH17 axis in autoimmune diseases including IBD (2). However, it is not known whether serum IL23 levels have any correlation with disease severity and could be useful in the clinical management of IBD. Mirsattari and colleagues in this issue of GHFBB have investigated this question by comparing the level of IL23 in the serum of 85 patients with UC with that of 40 healthy controls. They observed that the level of IL-23 in serum measured by an electrochemiluminiscence assay was significantly higher in patients with UC compared to healthy controls (3). Further, they observe a significant positive correlation between serum IL-23 levels and disease severity, being higher in those with severe UC than in those with moderate or mild UC. Interestingly, there was a positive correlation between serum IL23 levels and duration of UC, suggesting that IL23 could potentially be useful in following the progression of UC.
Effect of N- and P-Type Doping on the Oxygen-Binding Energy and Oxygen Spillover of Supported Palladium Clusters

The oxygen-binding energy is one of the primary factors determining catalytic activity in oxidation reactions. One strategy for controlling the binding of a reactant to a surface is to dope the sur...
Quantitative microfluidic fluorescence microscopy to study vaso-occlusion in sickle cell disease.

Vaso-occlusive crisis is the primary reason for emergency medical care sought by Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) patients.[1][1] In vivo imaging in transgenic SCD mice has identified molecular events that may promote vaso-occlusion.[2][2]–[4][3] However, the relevance of these mechanisms is not
SEGMENTATION, CLUSTERING, AND DISPLAY IN A PERSONAL AUDIO DATABASE FOR MUSICIANS

Managing music audio databases for practicing musicians presents new and interesting challenges. We describe a systematic investigation to provide useful capabilities to musicians both in rehearsal and when practicing alone. Our goal is to allow musicians to automatically record, organize, and retrieve rehearsal (and other) audio to facilitate review and practice (for example, playing along with difficult passages). We introduce a novel music classific ation system based on Eigenmusic and Adaboost to separate rehearsal recordings into segments, an unsupervised clustering and alignment process to organize segments, and a digital music display interface that provides both graphical input and output in terms of conventional music notation.
Metallic Epitaxy of Transition Metals on Semiconductors

Although epitaxial growth of single crystal metal films was reported at least five decades ago, the availability of modern ultra high vacuum technology and sensitive characterization of thin film properties has opened many new directions in this area of materials research. Of considerable interest is the utilization of the interfacial forces associated with epitaxial growth to stabilize structures which may exist in a metastable minimum energy configuration. The problem of metastable structural phases of elemental metals will be discussed with particular emphasis upon the 3-d transition metals. In these materials the magnetic properties both depend dramatically upon the structural phase and contribute toward determining the stable minimum energy configuration.
The Effect of Recommendations on Network Structure

Online social networks regularly offer users personalized, algorithmic suggestions of whom to connect to. Here we examine the aggregate effects of such recommendations on network structure, focusing on whether these recommendations increase the popularity of niche users or, conversely, those who are already popular. We investigate this issue by empirically and theoretically analyzing abrupt changes in Twitter's network structure around the mid-2010 introduction of its "Who to Follow" feature. We find that users across the popularity spectrum benefitted from the recommendations; however, the most popular users profited substantially more than average. We trace this "rich get richer" phenomenon to three intertwined factors. First, as is typical of network recommenders, the system relies on a "friend-of-friend"-style algorithm, which we show generally results in users being recommended proportional to their degree. Second, we find that the baseline growth rate of users is sublinear in degree. This mismatch between the recommender and the natural network dynamics thus alters the structural evolution of the network. Finally, we find that people are much more likely to respond positively to recommendations for popular users---perhaps because of their greater name recognition---further amplifying the cumulative advantage of well-known individuals.
Dual-energy CT for quantification of urinary stone composition in mixed stones: A phantom study

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility of using dual-energy CT to accurately quantify uric acid and non–uric acid components in urinary stones of mixed composition. MATERIALS AND METHODS. A total of 24 urinary stones were analyzed with micro CT to serve as the reference standard for uric acid and non–uric acid composition. These stones were placed in water phantoms to simulate body attenuation of slim to obese adults and scanned with a third-generation dual-source CT scanner by use of dual-energy modes adaptively selected on the basis of phantom size. CT number ratio, which is distinct for different materials, was calculated for each pixel of the stones. Each pixel was then classified as uric acid and non–uric acid by comparison of the CT number ratio with preset thresholds ranging from 1.10 to 1.70. Minimal, maximal, and root-mean-square errors were calculated by comparing composition with the reference standard, and the threshold with the minimal root-mean-square error was de...
Cardiogenic Shock and Respiratory Failure in a Patient With Metastatic Melanoma Receiving Trametinib Therapy.

Life-threatening heart failure can occur with trametinib therapy and is reversible. This article provides recommendations for evaluation of patients receiving trametinib, including those who develop severe cardiomyopathy.
Sch-28080 inhibits bafilomycin-sensitive H+ secretion in turtle bladder independently of luminal [K+]

To explore the possible contribution of an H-K-adenosine-triphosphatase (H-K-ATPase) to H+ secretion (JH) in the isolated turtle bladder, we measured electrogenic JH (JeH) as short-circuit current and total JH (JTH) by pH stat titration in the presence of ouabain at different ambient K+ concentration ([K+]) and during luminal addition of a known gastric H-K-ATPase inhibitor, Schering (Sch)-28080. JH was not reduced by decreasing ambient [K+] to undetectable or very low levels (< 0.05 mM by atomic absorption) and luminal BaCl2 addition to further reduce local [K+] at the apical membrane. These K(+)-removal studies indicate that H+ transport is not coupled to countertransport of K+. JTH did not exceed JeH at any point: in K(+)-free solutions JTH was 0.73 +/- 0.05, and JeH was 0.95 +/- 0.08 mumol/h; in standard (3.5 mM) K+ solutions JTH was 0.72 +/- 0.05 and JeH 0.98 +/- 0.06 mumol/h; in high (118 mM) K+ solutions JTH was 0.65 +/- 0.07 and JeH 0.94 +/- 0.08 mumol/h. Sch-28080 caused a rapid inhibition of JH,...
Damon and Pythias Reconsidered

TO STUDENTS OF PHILADELPHIA’S POLITICAL HISTORY, the names Damon and Pythias mean only one pair of politicians: Joseph Sill Clark Jr. and Richardson Dilworth, the men who inaugurated the current era of Democratic rule in Philadelphia. Although they had been politically active for nearly two decades, their names were relatively unknown in the Quaker City until Dilworth splashed onto the front pages in 1947 and declared virtual war on the rapacious Republican organization that had held sway in Philadelphia since the Civil War.
Psychiatric lifetime diagnoses are associated with a reduced chance of seizure freedom after temporal lobe surgery

SummaryObjective To examine whether psychiatric comorbidity is a predictor of long-term seizure outcome following temporal lobe epilepsy surgery. Methods A sample of 434 adult patients who received temporal lobe resection to treat epilepsy between 1991 and 2009 and were psychiatrically assessed before surgery were followed for 2 years to assess seizure outcome. Stepwise multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to assess the impact of psychiatric variables on complete seizure freedom (Engel class IA), and freedom from disabling seizures (Engel class I). Lifetime histories of three psychiatric syndromes (PS: psychosis; depression; other) and five personality disorders (PD: DSM-IV Clusters A, B, and C; organic personality disorder; other) were considered as predictors, complemented by age at onset, duration of epilepsy, type of lesion (mesiotemporal sclerosis vs. other), and year of surgery. Results Seizure-freedom rates were significantly higher (p < 0.001) in patients with no history of PS or PD (N = 138; Engel class IA: 61.6%; Engel class I: 87.7%) than in those with any PS or PD (N = 296; Engel class IA: 39.5%; Engel class I: 58.8%). Particularly low seizure-freedom rates were found in patients with a diagnosis of psychosis (N = 32, Engel class IA: 21.9%; Engel class I: 40.6%), organic PD (N = 48, Engel class IA: 25.0%; Engel class I: 35.4%) or a double diagnosis of PS plus PD (N = 97; Engel class IA: 27.8%; Engel class I: 45.5%). No other variables emerged as significant risk factors in multivariate logistic regression analyses. Significance Patients with and without psychiatric comorbidities can benefit from temporal lobe epilepsy surgery; however, psychiatric comorbidities are negatively associated with postoperative seizure-freedom rates. Surgical outcome is related to the type and extent of preoperative psychiatric morbidity, which underscores the prognostic value of presurgical psychiatric evaluation. The data support the argument that there are common pathogenetic mechanisms underlying both epilepsy and psychiatric conditions.
A sense of scale: Foraging cetaceans' use of scale‐dependent multimodal sensory systems

Research on cetacean foraging ecology is central to our understanding of their spatial and behavioral ecology. Yet, functional mechanisms by which cetaceans detect prey across different scales remain unclear. Here, I postulate that cetaceans utilize a scale-dependent, multimodal sensory system to assess and increase prey encounters. I review the literature on cetacean sensory systems related to foraging ecology, and hypothesize the effective scales of each sensory modality to inform foraging opportunities. Next, I build two “scale-of-senses” schematics for the general groups of dolphins and baleen whales. These schematics illustrate the hypothetical interchange of sensory modalities used to locate and discriminate prey at spatial scales ranging from 0 m to 1,000 km: (1) vision, (2) audition (sound production and sound reception), (3) chemoreception, (4) magnetoreception, and somatosensory perception of (5) prey, or (6) oceanographic stimuli. The schematics illustrate how a cetacean may integrate sensory modalities to form an adaptive foraging landscape as a function of distance to prey. The scale-of-senses schematic is flexible, allowing for case-specific application and enhancement with improved cetacean sensory data. The framework serves to improve our understanding of functional cetacean foraging ecology, and to develop new hypotheses, methods, and results regarding how cetaceans forage at multiple scales.
When a friend is in need: Feelings about seeking, giving, and receiving social support

Publisher Summary This chapter examines the role of emotion before, during, and after a supportive interaction takes place. The chapter also examines the role that emotions play in a potential supporter's willingness and ability to give effective support, and in their response to their partner's reaction to their supportive attempts. A distressed person's tactics for activating social support may be either direct and unambiguous about the desire for help, or indirect and ambiguous about whether help is being sought. Direct support seeking behaviors may be verbal, by asking for help, which includes talking about the problem in a factual manner, telling the supporter about the problem, giving details of the problem, and disclosing what has been done so far about the problem. Direct support seeking also may involve nonverbal communication such as showing distress about the problem through crying or using other direct behaviors such as eye contact with furrowed brow. Indirect support-seeking behaviors, by contrast, are more subtle and less informative. An interactive coping episode generally begins with a problem, and with a support seeker who communicates the need for assistance. The nature of the problem, the temperament of the support seeker, and past supportive interactions with the partner can affect the intensity of the anxiety, anger, sadness, or embarrassment that is to be dealt with in the interaction. These emotions stem from either the nature of the problem or the anticipation of the potential supporter's reaction.
Vik Muniz's Pictures of Garbage and the Aesthetics of Poverty

This essay focuses on Brazilian–American artist Vik Muniz's 2008 Pictures of Garbage and the pendant 2010 documentary on their making, Waste Land, directed by Lucy Walker. Muniz enlists a group of Brazilian garbage pickers as subjects and participants in the construction of their own portraits, using garbage picked from a landfill outside of Rio de Janeiro. The use of garbage as a material draws attention to global patterns of exploitation that produce both the waste itself and the poverty of the garbage pickers. However, this essay argues that Muniz's social aims are undermined by formal incoherences within the portraits and their subsequent recommodification on the global art market. Using Michael Fried's theories, the essay identifies a tension in Pictures of Garbage between the theatricality of the subjects' poses, drawn from canonical European paintings, and the absorptive qualities of the garbage itself. This dissonance reflects Muniz's own split position as a cosmopolitan global artist compelled to...
Predicting job satisfaction and motivation of aviation security personnel: a test of job characteristics theory

The subject of job satisfaction and motivation of personnel employed in law enforcement and order maintenance has received some attention from researchers in recent years. Despite the transformation experienced in the area of airport security post-9/11 terrorist attacks, our understanding about job satisfaction and motivation as it relates to airport police officers engaged in aviation security is limited. The aim of this article is to explore our understanding of police officers assigned to aviation security by examining factors that influence their motivation and job satisfaction. We employed Hackman and Oldham’s (Org Behav Hum Perform 16(2):250–279, 1976, Work redesign, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1980) job characteristics model to examine the predictors of job satisfaction and motivation in this context. Our findings from a survey of 637 airport police officers in Turkey suggest that while rewards and autonomy influence officers’ job satisfaction, autonomy, task significance, and feedback clearly affect motivation. The overall findings offer important insights and implications, both theoretically and practically, to the field of aviation security and policing, suggesting a practical framework for managers to enhance officers’ motivation and job satisfaction more generally.
Human Regular 500 units/mL Insulin Therapy: A Review of Clinical Evidence and New Delivery Options

Human regular U-500 insulin (U-500), a fivefold concentrated form of U-100 regular human insulin, was introduced to address the insulin needs of patients with severe insulin resistance (1). Severe insulin resistance has historically been characterized by patients with total daily insulin dose (TDD) requirements exceeding 200 units/day (1). With the increasing prevalence of diabetes and obesity in the United States, severe insulin resistance has become more common, increasing the need for U-500. The safe and effective use of U-500 requires careful monitoring to optimize glycemic control while minimizing the risk of hypoglycemia. The elevated risk of medication errors associated with U-500 therapy and a lack of clear guidelines for its use may have been responsible for its underutilization by both patients and health care providers (HCPs). In a survey administered to internal medicine physicians and ward nurses evaluating the inpatient use of U-500, 47% of respondents said they were “very uncomfortable” with the use of U-500 (2). A 2013 article published by the Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP) reported on an increasing number of medication error reports and complaints from HCPs related to the use of U-500 (3). To address these medication errors, innovations (i.e., a dedicated U-500 syringe and a U-500 pen delivery device) have been developed to help solve dosing confusion issues and potentially enhance HCP and patient comfort with U-500 therapy. Here, we review the available evidence for U-500 and the innovations for its delivery. When considering the use of U-500, patients and HCPs must be aware of the unique pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) profile that distinguishes it from both basal insulins and prandial insulins. Unlike other insulins, U-500 covers both the basal and prandial insulin needs of patients. This unique PK/PD profile allows for its use as monotherapy, and patients can inject smaller volumes with fewer injections …
Pharmacokinetics of protein and peptide conjugates

Protein and peptide conjugates have become an important component of therapeutic and diagnostic medicine. These conjugates are primarily designed to improve pharmacokinetics (PK) of those therapeutic or imaging agents, which do not possess optimal disposition characteristics. In this review we have summarized preclinical and clinical PK of diverse protein and peptide conjugates, and have showcased how different conjugation approaches are used to obtain the desired PK. We have classified the conjugates into peptide conjugates, non-targeted protein conjugates, and targeted protein conjugates, and have highlighted diagnostic and therapeutic applications of these conjugates. In general, peptide conjugates demonstrate very short half-life and rapid renal elimination, and they are mainly designed to achieve high contrast ratio for imaging agents or to deliver therapeutic agents at sites not reachable by bulky or non-targeted proteins. Conjugates made from non-targeted proteins like albumin are designed to increase the half-life of rapidly eliminating therapeutic or imaging agents, and improve their delivery to tissues like solid tumors and inflamed joints. Targeted protein conjugates are mainly developed from antibodies, antibody derivatives, or endogenous proteins, and they are designed to improve the contrast ratio of imaging agents or therapeutic index of therapeutic agents, by enhancing their delivery to the site-of-action.
Control of Modular Multilevel Converters Based on the State-Plane Analysis and Coordinate Transformation

Because of its simple modular structure and easy voltage scaling, the modular multilevel converter (MMC) is deemed the most suitable for high-voltage power conversion using relatively low-voltage devices. In most practices, the volume of the capacitors is more than 50% of the total module size. Hence, methods of reducing circulating energy and the size of the capacitor bank have been widely pursued. The state plane analysis offers graphical visualization of the power throughput and circulating energy. It also identifies the cause for each component of the circulating energy. The corresponding coordinate transformation provides a simple equivalent circuit model, leading to the establishment of the two control laws that enable maximum power throughput with minimum circulating energy. In this paper, the state plane analysis and the two control laws are utilized to evaluate the effectiveness of existing control methods. Moreover, based on the two control laws, a method consisting of current injection, common-mode voltage injection, and input voltage control is proposed, which achieves a dramatic capacitor reduction compared to the existing methods.
Variable laying times among King Rails (Rallus elegans)

ABSTRACT Female birds tend to lay consecutive eggs in a clutch 24 h apart. Typically, this spacing results in individuals laying within a narrow interval corresponding to a time of day generalizabl...
Intimate Enemies: Religious Difference in Seventeenth-Century French Catholic Hagiography

In the opening article of this collection, ‘Intimate Enemies: Religious Difference in Seventeenth-Century French Catholic Hagiography’, Barbara Diefendorf uses French seventeenth-century Catholic biographies to examine relations between Catholics and Protestants in intimate settings such as in family life, work, and friendship. Previous research has tended to emphasise the relatively peaceful inter-confessional relations, despite repeated violent outbreaks, that reigned more or less until the suppression of the Protestant faith in 1685 by the king. In her article, Diefendorf shows that the hardening of confessional lines had begun already before the actions of Louis XIV and that in this, Catholic hagiography was one important tool used to point to the dangers of heresy.
Primary Care Physician Perspectives on Caring for Adult Survivors of Hematologic Malignancies and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation.

Abstract Background Primary care physicians (PCPs) may face barriers to caring for hematologic malignancy and hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) survivors. Methods A Web-based survey consisting of 40 questions and 2 case scenarios was administered to 302 PCPs at 2 large integrated health care systems. The questionnaire assessed perceived barriers to delivery of care to hematologic malignancy/HCT survivors, resources available to care for cancer survivors, practices for care coordination with hematologist-oncologists, and preferred models of care delivery. Results Overall response rate was 30% (n = 86). PCPs reported several barriers such as lack of resources to facilitate care (69%), lack of awareness of screening/prevention guidelines (55%) and psychosocial needs of survivors (65%), inadequate time (65%), and patient preference to follow up with their oncologists (66%). They expressed confidence in caring for general medical issues (84%) and general cancer screening (73%), but they preferred that oncologists manage cancer-related medical issues (42%) as well as screen for cancer recurrence (52%) and secondary cancers (55%). In multivariable analysis, PCPs who had previously cared for a large number of hematologic malignancy/HCT survivors and those with a longer time since graduation from medical school had greater confidence in managing cancer-related medical issues. Conclusion PCPs report several barriers in providing care to hematologic malignancy/HCT survivors. Clinical experience with this patient population is associated with greater confidence in providing survivorship care. Several barriers identified by PCPs in providing survivorship care to hematologic malignancy/HCT survivors are potentially addressable by education and clinical decision support tools and guidelines, thereby enhancing the patients’ clinical experience and care coordination with hematologist-oncologists.
Civic Attitudes and Engagement Among Middle Eastern and North African Refugees and Immigrants in the U.S.

Given the importance of civic engagement to the well-being of immigrants and refugees and their communities, the goal of the current study was to investigate civic attitudes among immigrants and refugees from the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). First, the researcher examined predictors of civic attitudes. Second, the mediating effect of attitudes between the potential predictors (i.e., gender, health status, English proficiency, and the U.S. length of stay) and level of civic engagement was investigated. The researcher recruited 145 respondents to complete online and paper-based surveys. Using linear regression models, the results show that health and English language proficiency significantly predict civic attitudes among this group. Attitudes also mediated between health status and level of civic engagement. This study provides some implications for social work, resettlement programs, health policies, and civic organizations that can be beneficial for the target group as well as for the host communities.
In Vivo Vascular Network Forming Assay

The capability of forming functional blood vessel networks is critical for the characterization of endothelial cells. In this chapter, we will review a modified in vivo vascular network forming assay by replacing traditional mouse tumor-derived Matrigel with a well-defined collagen-fibrin hydrogel. The assay is reliable and does not require special equipment, surgical procedure, or a skilled person to perform. Moreover, investigators can modify this method on-demand for testing different cell sources, perturbation of gene functions, growth factors, and pharmaceutical molecules, and for the development and investigation of strategies to enhance neovascularization of engineered human tissues and organs.
88.9-GHz W-Band Multi-Channel Integrated Fiber-Wireless Access Network with KK Coherent Receiver

A novel fiber-wireless integrated access system supporting multi-channel data transmission via the same network infrastructure was experimentally demonstrated with a proposed KK receiver over baseband/IF and W-band at 88.9GHz. By tuning the operating wavelength of the optical carrier, the signal is available to be transmitted over different frequency ranges with over 21 dB optical power margin, and the system can serve up to 128 subscribers.
Transfusion Medicine for Pediatrics

Modern blood donation and component processing are highly regulated processes that enable the safety of transfusion for the patient. Clinicians should use blood transfusion judiciously, only using the necessary component and necessary amount and only when truly clinically indicated. The use of arbitrary triggers is discouraged, and the decision to transfuse blood products should be based on the sum of clinical data, rather than based only on a numerical hemoglobin measurement or a platelet count.
Alternative splicing in plant abiotic stress responses

Modifications of the cellular proteome pool upon stress allow plants to tolerate environmental changes. Alternative splicing is the most significant mechanism responsible for the production of multiple protein isoforms from a single gene. The spliceosome, a large ribonucleoprotein complex, together with several associated proteins, controls this pre-mRNA processing, adding an additional level of regulation to gene expression. Deep sequencing of transcriptomes revealed that this co- or post-transcriptional mechanism is highly induced by abiotic stress, and concerns vast numbers of stress-related genes. Confirming the importance of splicing in plant stress adaptation, key players of stress signaling have been shown to encode alternative transcripts, whereas mutants lacking splicing factors or associated components show a modified sensitivity and defective responses to abiotic stress. Here, we examine recent literature on alternative splicing and splicing alterations in response to environmental stresses, focusing on its role in stress adaptation and analyzing the future perspectives and directions for research.
Effects of Graphene Nanoplatelets on the Lightning Strike Damage Response of Carbon Fiber Epoxy Composite Laminates

With the increasing use of carbon fiber epoxy composite materials in the aerospace and wind energy industries, protecting these composite structures from lightning strike has become a vital and challenging task. Conventional lightning protection of carbon fiber composites requires the use of a surface layer of expanded metal mesh film. Such solution has shown disadvantages including (i) additional weight and cost and (ii) debonding between the mesh film and the composite laminate due to environmental aging. An alternative solution is adding lightweight conductive additives to epoxy resin instead of using heavy metal mesh. In this paper, we investigated effects of premixing highly conductive graphene nanoplatelets with epoxy resin on the overall electrical resistance and lightning damage response of composite laminates. Four carbon fiber composite laminate panels were fabricated using hand-layup followed by hot pressing, including two baseline panels without graphene nanoplatelets, two other panels with 0.5 and 1.0 wt. % graphene nanoplatelets, respectively. The quasiisotropic composite laminates were subjected to simulated lightning strikes with 100 kA impulse current. Both visual observation and ultrasonic inspection were carried out to identify the lightning strike damage and characterize the role of graphene nanoplatelets in mitigating lightning strike damage. Our results indicate that adding nanographene platelets significantly decreases the surface electrical resistance of the composite laminate and reduces the severity of the lightning strike damage.