cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Contribution of amino compounds to dissolved organic nitrogen in forest soils

Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) may play an important role in plantnutrition and nitrogen fluxes in forest ecosystems. In spite of the apparentimportance of DON, there is a paucity of information concerning its chemicalcomposition. However, it is exactly this chemical characterization that isrequired to understand the importance of DON in ecosystem processes. Theprimaryobjective of this study was to characterize the distribution of free aminoacidsand hydrolyzable peptides/proteins in the DON fraction of Oa horizon leachatesalong an extreme edaphic gradient in northern California. Insitu soil solutions were extracted by centrifugation from Oahorizonscollected beneath Pinus muricata (Bishop pine) andCupressus pygmaea (pygmy cypress) on slightlyacidic/fertile and highly acidic/infertile sites. DON accounted for 77 to99% of the total dissolved nitrogen in Oa horizon leachates. Nitrogen infree amino acids and alkyl amines ranged from 0.04–0.07 mgN/L on the low fertility site to 0.45–0.49 mg N/L onthe high fertility site, and accounted for 1.5 to 10.6% of the DON fraction.Serine, glutamic acid, leucine, ornithine, alanine, aspartic acid andmethylamine were generally the most abundant free amino compounds. Combinedamino acids released by acid hydrolysis accounted for 48 to 74% of theDON, suggesting that proteins and peptides were the main contributor to DON inOa horizon leachates. Together, nitrogen from free andcombined amino compounds accounted for 59 to 78% of the DON. Most of theDON was found in the hydrophobic fraction, which suggests the presence ofprotein/peptide-polyphenol complexes or amino compounds associated withhumic substances. Because free and combined amino acids can be an importantnitrogen source for some plants, soil DON may play an important role in plantnutrition and ecosystem function.
Characteristics and pathogenicity of a capsulated Pseudomonas isolated from goldfish

Characteristics of a capsulated bacterium isolated from an epizootic among goldfish (Carassius auratus) were determined as well as the ability of the bacterium to produce experimental infections. The bacterium was found to be a gram-negative rod which oxidized carbohydrates, produced green fluorescent pigment, and otherwise seemed to fit into the genus Pseudomonas, except that it was nonmotile and failed to oxidize gluconate. These last two characteristics are typical of pseudomonads. However, the bacterium was classified as a pseudomonad, best fitting the description of the nonmotile variety of Pseudomonas fluorescens. Goldfish and rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were infected experimentally by injection, but not by being fed bacteria-laden food. Goldfish were infected by exposure to the bacterium, but only if two or three scales were removed prior to exposure. It is suggested that the bacterium is an opportunistic pathogen.
Increased Excitability of Afferent Neurons Innervating Rat Urinary Bladder after Chronic Bladder Inflammation

The properties of bladder afferent neurons in L6 and S1 dorsal root ganglia of adult rats were evaluated after chronic bladder inflammation induced by 2 week treatment with cyclophosphamide (CYP; 75 mg/kg). Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings revealed that most (70%) of the dissociated bladder afferent neurons from control rats were capsaicin sensitive, with high-threshold long-duration action potentials that were not blocked by tetrodotoxin (TTX; 1 microM). These neurons exhibited membrane potential relaxations during voltage responses elicited by depolarizing current pulses and phasic firing during sustained membrane depolarization. After CYP treatment, a similar proportion (71%) of bladder afferent neurons were capsaicin sensitive with TTX-resistant spikes. However, the neurons were significantly larger in size (diameter 29.6 +/- 1.0 micrometer vs 23.6 +/- 0.8 micrometer in controls). TTX-resistant bladder afferent neurons from CYP-treated rats exhibited lower thresholds for spike activation (-25.4 +/- 0.5 mV) than those from control rats (-21.4 +/- 0.9 mV) and did not exhibit membrane potential relaxation during depolarization. Seventy percent of TTX-resistant bladder afferent neurons from CYP-treated rats exhibited tonic firing (average 12.3 +/- 1.4 spikes during a 500 msec depolarizing pulse) versus phasic firing (1.2 +/- 0.2 spikes) in normal bladder afferent neurons. Application of 4-aminopyridine (1 mM) to normal TTX-resistant bladder afferent neurons mimicked the changes in firing properties after CYP treatment. The peak density of an A-type K+ current (IA) during depolarizations to 0 mV in TTX-resistant bladder afferent neurons from CYP-treated rats was significantly smaller (42.9 pA/pF) than that from control rats (109.4 pA/pF), and the inactivation curve of the IA current was displaced to more hyperpolarized levels by approximately 15 mV after CYP treatment. These data suggest that chronic inflammation induces somal hypertrophy and increases the excitability of C-fiber bladder afferent neurons by suppressing IA channels. Similar electrical changes in sensory pathways may contribute to cystitis-induced pain and hyperactivity of the bladder.
Entity Rationalization: What Can or Should Be Done About the Proliferation of Business Organizations?, PUBOGRAM

The articles that follow here and in the August issue were originally presented on November 1 , 2002, at the University of Maryland School of Law at the school's newly dedicated state of the art building in Baltimore The Nathan Patz Law Center. The occasion was the first annual business law symposium sponsored by the school, the student staff of The Business Lawyer, and the ABA Section of Business Law Committee on Corporate Laws, Committee on Partnerships & Unincorporated Business Organizations, and Ad Hoc Committee on Entity Rationalization. The formal title of the meeting was Entity Rationalization: What Can or Should Be Done About the Proliferation of Business Organizations? As the name suggests, the symposium focused on the proliferation of business forms (including corporations, partnerships, LLCs, LLPs, LLLPs, business trusts, etc.), the advantages and disadvantages of the various forms, and whether anything can or should be done to unify the law governing these various entities. The symposium was planned and organized by William H. Clark, Jr., Esq. (of Philadelphia), George W Coleman, Esq. (of Dallas), James J. Hanks, Jr., Esq. (of Baltimore), and Professor Richard A. Booth (of the University of Maryland School of Law). The symposium drew over sixty participants including practicing lawyers, academics, judges, and students from fourteen states and all four coasts. The symposium consisted of four sessions. The first morning session, chaired by Jim Hanks, focused on the big picture. The Clark paper recounts the history of entity proliferation, the broad trends at work, the current efforts at rationalization, and issues remaining to be addressed. The Ribstein paper discusses alternative approaches to rationalization, the costs and benefits of the process, and the practical difficulties that may be encountered. Commentators for this session included Professor Alan Bromberg (SMU), Stuart Levine (of Baltimore), and John Small (of Wilmington).
Evaluation of Emission Control Technology Approaches for Heavy-Duty Gasoline Engines

This paper summarizes a laboratory effort toward reducing nine-mode cycle composite emissions and fuel consumption in a heavy-duty gasoline engine, while retaining current durability performance. Evaluations involved standard carburetors, a Dresserator inductor, a Bendix electronic fuel injection system, exhaust manifold thermal reactors, and exhaust gas recirculation, along with other components and engine operating parameters. A system consisting of electronic fuel injection, thermal reactors with air injection and exhaust gas recirculation, was assembled which met specified project goals. An oxidation catalyst was included as an add-on during the service accumulation demonstration. In addition, the driveability of this engine configuration was demonstrated. /GMRL/
Universals and Limits

Universal constructions appear throughout mathematics in various guises — as universal arrows to a given functor, as universal arrows from a given functor, or as universal elements of a set-valued functor. Each universal determines a representation of a corresponding set-valued functor as a hom-functor. Such representations, in turn, are analyzed by the Yoneda Lemma. Limits are an important example of universals — both the inverse limits ( = projective limits = limits = left roots) and their duals, the direct limits ( = inductive limits = colimits = right roots). In this chapter we define universals and limits and examine a few basic types of limits (products, pullbacks, and equalizers ...). Deeper properties will appear in Chapter IX on special limits, while the relation to adjoints will be treated in Chapter V.
The Effect of Closed Reduction of Small Finger Metacarpal Neck Fractures on the Ultimate Angular Deformity.

Purpose To assess whether or not attempted closed reduction of fifth metacarpal neck fractures results in decreased fracture angulation at final follow-up. Methods Retrospective chart review of all patients aged 18 and older managed for isolated fifth metacarpal neck fractures between 2004 and 2014. Results Sixty-six patients managed for an isolated boxer fracture met inclusion criteria. Twenty-three patients underwent attempted reduction and 43 patients did not. Patients undergoing attempted reduction had a statistically significant improvement in fracture angulation following reduction compared with patients not undergoing attempted reduction. At final follow-up, there was no difference in fracture angle between the 2 groups. Conclusions Closed reduction and splint immobilization of fifth metacarpal neck fractures was not an effective means of maintaining a significant improvement in fracture alignment upon healing. Other means, such as closed reduction with pin fixation or open reduction internal fixation, should be considered when maintenance of reduction is desired. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic III.
Recent Progress in the Use of the Lallemand Electronic Camera in Astronomical Spectroscopy

Publisher Summary This chapter summarizes the technical and instrumental improvements of using the electronic camera and some of the scientific results. Recently, Prof. Lallemandi has succeeded in preparing S-1 photocathodes for use with the electronic camera, thus extending its wavelength coverage out into the infra-red. The Lallemand electronic camera has been in use at the focus of the 20-in. Schmidt camera of the coude spectrograph of the 120-in. The electronic camera is presently used with an inefficient optical spectrograph system. There are a few types of observations in that the use of the image tube provides a real advantage over conventional methods. One of the limitations of the electronic camera is the existence of parasitic background, which, after a certain length of exposure, produces a relatively uniform blackening of the projected area of the photocathode on the plate. With continued refinement of the technique of preparing the tube and resultant improvements in the cleanliness of the interior of the system, it became apparent that at least one component of this background decreases with time after the cathode ampoule is broken and the cathode placed in its operating position. A new preparation stand has been constructed for the electronic camera, having a pumping system consisting of a sorption pump and a large ion pump instead of the usual diffusion pump and cold trap. The new system has the advantage of being virtually oil-free and eliminates the danger of back-streaming from the diffusion pump or cold trap.
In vivo and in vitro effects of the azidothymidine analog dideoxyinosine on the exocrine pancreas of the rat.

Phase I clinical trials of the purine analog 2',3'-dideoxyinosine (ddl) revealed that 10% of the patients developed pancreatitis, yet there was no clear relationship between increasing doses of ddl and the development of pancreatitis. To test the effects of chronic ddl administration on the structure and function of the rat pancreas, male Wistar rats were given ddl at 100 mg/kg/day i.p. for 35 days or 1400 mg/kg/day for 30 days, in two divided doses. Serum amylase levels, pancreatic tissue water content (edema) and pancreatic morphology by light and electron microscopic examination of pancreata from ddl-treated rats were similar to those of rats receiving saline injections only (controls). 2',3'-Dideoxyinosine administration did not alter the subcellular distribution of the lysosomal enzyme cathepsin B, whose redistribution to a more dense zymogen granule-enriched subcellular fraction is an early indicator of acute pancreatitis. Dispersed pancreatic acini from rats receiving ddl (100 mg/kg/day for 30 days) were incubated in vitro for 15 min with either caerulein or carbamylcholine as secretory stimuli. There was no detectable difference in the stimulatable amylase secretion from ddl-treated animals compared to the control group. Based on these findings, we conclude that ddl has no direct toxic effect on the rat pancreas. 2',3'-Dideoxyinosine may be contributing to pancreatitis in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients by potentiating other pancreatotoxic agents or by its action on a pancreas that is already altered by the human immunodeficiency virus infection.
Electronic and chemical surface studies in oxide cathodes

Abstract Modern surface electronic and chemical analysis techniques are used to study the behavior of an oxide cathode during various states of activation and life. Compositional changes are noted at the interface with the substrate and at the vacuum surface, and these are correlated with changes in the work function. The existence of surface monolayers was not observed and it was noted that both chemical and electronic behavior were analoguous to that seen in BaO single crystal films.
Rowboat in a Hurricane: Metaphors of Interpersonal Conflict Management

Metaphors are cognitive structures that help individuals understand their world. In interpersonal conflict management, metaphors can function as models for how conflicts should be negotiated. Hocker and Wilmot (1991) asserted that negative metaphors appear to dominate interpersonal conflicts. The results from this investigation support the prevalence of negative interpersonal conflict metaphors. The 349 respondents in this study used 6l6 interpersonal conflict metaphors that resulted in 28 categories. These data, however, contradict the categories previously specified in the literature. To highlight the function of metaphors as models of interpersonal conflict, the natural processes metaphor is analyzed to illustrate the (a) general nature of the conflict process within the metaphor, (b) role of the person using the metaphor, (c) role of the conflict partner within the metaphor, (d) power distribution inherent within the model, and (e) conflict management strategies and tactics encouraged by the metaphori...
Association of the FTO Obesity Risk Variant rs8050136 With Percentage of Energy Intake From Fat in Multiple Racial/Ethnic Populations The PAGE Study

The prevalence of obesity has been increasing globally, resulting in increased rates of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and certain cancers (1). Risk factors for obesity include a sedentary lifestyle, overconsumption of energy, and genetic susceptibility (2, 3). Recent genome-wide association studies have identified several common genetic variants associated with body mass index (BMI; weight (kg)/height (m)2), a measure of adiposity (4, 5). However, the mechanisms underlying these associations have yet to be characterized. Given that macronutrient consumption plays a key role in obesity (6), understanding the biological links between inherited genetic variation and components of energy intake may suggest strategies for reducing the increasing prevalence of obesity (7). To date, at least 32 independent loci have been found to be associated with BMI (8). Many of the genes involved, such as the brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene (BDNF), the melanocortin 4 receptor gene (MC4R), and the fat mass and obesity-associated gene (FTO), are expressed in the central nervous system (9–11), suggesting that they may act through the neurological control of various aspects of energy balance. Indeed, studies have found that obesity risk variants in intron 1 of the FTO gene are associated with greater energy consumption (12–17) or frequency of energy consumption (18) and a reduction in satiety (19–21) and intake control (12, 22, 23). In a recent study of approximately 2,100 adults of mostly European descent (77%), McCaffery et al. (18) found that FTO rs1421085 was associated with percentage of calories derived from fat. Additionally, this and another study found that obesity risk variants in the potassium channel tetramerization domain-containing 15 gene (KCTD15) and BDNF were associated with macronutrient intake (24) or increased meat and dairy intake (18). However, many of these previous studies were conducted in populations of primarily European descent. To further understand the relationship between obesity single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and energy consumption, we investigated, as part of the Population Architecture using Genomics and Epidemiology (PAGE) Study (25), the relationship between 6 obesity risk variants and intake of macronutrients (carbohydrate, protein, ethanol, and fat and its subtypes) among type 2 diabetes-free adults from 5 racial/ethnic groups.
SUDDEN DESTABILIZATION OF CONTROLLED CHEMICAL PROCESSES

Abstract Input multiplicity occurs when more than one set of inputs can produce the same set of outputs. Input multiple steady states are divided into compatible steady states having process gains of similar sign, and opposed steady stales with process gains of opposite sign. For a system controlled with reset action, only the compatible steady states satisfy the necessary condition for stability. Any disturbance which drives the controlled system from the designed steady state to a less stable or unstable compatible steady state can cause sudden destabilization of the process. Several examples are given of the possible types of behavior resulting from this phenomenon. Multiple steady states also occur for systems with proportional controllers. For single-input-single-output systems with continuous process characteristics, whether or not reset action is used, two steady states positioned next to each other cannot both be stable under closed-loop control. However, under proportional control, opposed steady...
A colorimetric PCR-enzyme immunoassay to identify hantaviruses

Abstract Background: Hantaviruses cause two serious human diseases: hantavirus pulmonary syndrome and hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. At least nine hantaviruses are known to be pathogenic for humans and numerous others, with unknown disease potential, have been detected in rodents. Assays to quickly identify specific hantaviruses would be useful both for clinical diagnosis and in risk assessment studies. Objectives: The goal of our study was to develop and test a specific and sensitive PCR-based assay for identification and differentiation of hantaviruses. Study design: We developed an assay that combined RNA-PCR amplification and colorimetric enzymatic detection to identify representative European, Asian, and north American hantaviruses. RNAs from 18 hantavirus strains of nine species were amplified in the presence of digoxigenin-dUTP by using a single pair of oligonucleotide primers and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) performed by using rT th DNA polymerase. Digoxigenin-labeled PCR products were hybridized in solution to virus type-specific biotinilated probes, captured onto streptavidin-coated microtiter plates and detected by horseradish peroxidase-labeled anti-digoxigenin antibodies and a chromogenic substrate. Results and conclusions: The assay correctly identified each homologous virus type tested. The detection limit of the assay was approximately 15 PFU or at least 50 copies of the viral genome. The assay is simple and strain-specific and is adaptable for automation, making it more practical than other available techniques for accurate and reliable diagnosis and typing of hantaviruses.
Cholera toxin potentiates TPA‐induced mitogenesis and c‐fos expression in BALB/c‐3T3‐derived proadipocytes

Treatment of quiescent density-arrested A31T6 proadipocytes with medium supplemented with either 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), insulin, or cholera toxin alone did not simulate G0/G1 traverse and initiation of DNA synthesis. Combinations of either TPA and cholera toxin or insulin and cholera toxin caused a small stimulation of proliferation. Addition of medium supplemented with TPA and insulin caused a marked stimulation of cell cycle traverse which was significantly potentiated by the coaddition of cholera toxin. The actions of cholera toxin were mimicked by forskolin. Expression of c-fos was regulated in a manner that reflected the results of the mitogenic experiments. TPA caused a marked induction of expression, while only a small increase in transcript levels was seen after treatment with cholera toxin. Addition of a combination of cholera toxin and TPA caused a synergistic induction of c-fos expression. The model system described in this paper allows a detailed analysis of the regulation, by independent second messenger system, of the transcription of a gene in a mitogenically relevant manner. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Sodium trivanadium(III) bis(sulfate) hexahydroxide.

The title compound, NaV3(SO4)2(OH)6, was synthesized and found to crystallize in the trigonal space group R\overline 3m with the Na atom at a site with 3¯m symmetry, the V atom at a site with 2/m symmetry, and the S and a terminal O atom at sites with 3m symmetry; the remaining two O atoms and the H atom are at sites with m symmetry. Octahedrally coordinated vanadium and tetrahedral sulfate ions share corners to form layers that are held together by hydrogen bonds and by sodium ions, which are located between the layers.
Sodium butyrate causes reexpression of three membrane proteins on glycolipid-anchoring mutants.

Murine Thy-1-negative lymphoma mutants synthesize membrane proteins that normally bear glycolipid anchors but do not express these proteins on the cell surface. This phenotype may reflect altered regulation of gene(s) required for anchor biosynthesis. Since tissue culture cells treated with sodium butyrate transcribe new DNA sequences and since these transcripts are translated, it was of interest to determine whether butyrate treatment could restore surface expression of lipid-anchored proteins. When Thy-1-negative lymphoma mutants (complementation groups A–C, E, F, and H) were cultured for three days in 1.5 mM butyrate, a small percentage of the class H cells acquired phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C-releasable surface Thy-1 and J11d. Membrane-associated Thy-1 was not observed before 24 h of treatment. Induction was reversible. Cell fusion studies have shown that murine LM (TK−) fibroblasts can be assigned to the class H lymphoma complementation group. Although these cells synthesize Ly-6, this normally lipid-anchored protein is absent from the cell surface. When LM (TK−) cells were cultured for three days in butyrate, 10% of the cells reversibly expressed Ly-6. In addition, LM (TK−) cells transfected with a plasmid encoding Thy-1 do not express Thy-1, but could be induced to express both Ly-6 and Thy-1 by butyrate treatment. Northern analysis of total RNA from Ly-6/Thy-1-expressing cells indicates that increased steady-state transcript levels cannot account for surface expression of these proteins. We conclude that the lack of expression of three proteins at the surface of class H mutant and the LM (TK−) cells is not due to gross structural lesions in genes along the anchor biosynthetic pathway.
Immunology in alcoholic liver disease.

Hepatic fibrosis is a known consequence of long-term use of alcohol and is regarded as a turning point in alcohol-induced liver disease because it can lead to cirrhosis. The mechanisms of injury are not well understood, but recent studies have helped advance the understanding of the earliest events in the process that eventually leads to hepatic injury and, in some cases, fibrosis. It is hoped that increasing understanding of the role played by the immune system in the process will lead to the development of new therapies for these patients.
Dos and don'ts of wound healing

Abstract Humans have attempted to accelerate the healing of wounds from earliest times, using a wide range of devices and remedies. Some proved useful; others were often detrimental to the injury and, more so, to the patient. 1 Hippocrates called attention to healing by primary or secondary intention, and the controversy between "dry" healing and "laudable pus" was initiated. Various agents, promulgating one theory or another, have been suggested during the ensuing centuries, thus pitting practitioners against one another in the quest for the more correct approach. 2–3 Although there is no absolutely perfect way of dealing with tissue repair, certain concepts have emerged as being more appropriate than others. 4 Few would adhere today to cauterizing wounds to stimulate proud flesh proliferation, but some quaint concepts continue to survive. 5 In this presentation, we list the dos and don'ts of wound healing that we have learned in our studies of ulcer repair.
Xenoestrogens Regulate the Activity of Arginine Methyltransferases

Arginine methylation is a common post-translational modification that has been strongly implicated in transcriptional regulation. The arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) were first reported as transcriptional coactivators for the estrogen and androgen receptors. Compounds that inhibit these enzymes will provide us with valuable tools for dissecting the roles of these enzymes in cells, and will possibly also have therapeutic applications. In order to identify such inhibitors of the PRMTs, we have previously performed a high-throughput screen using a small molecule library. These compounds were named arginine methyltransferase inhibitors (AMIs). The majority of these inhibitors were polyphenols, and one in particular (AMI-18) shared additional features with a group of known xenoestrogens. We, thus, tested a panel of xenoestrogens and found that a number of them possess the ability to inhibit PRMT activity, in vitro. These inhibitors primarily target CARM1, and include licochalcone A, kepone, benzyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, and tamoxifen. We developed a cell-based reporter system for CARM1 activity, and showed that tamoxifen (IC(50) =30 μM) inhibits this PRMT. The ability of these compounds to regulate the activity of transcriptional coactivators may be an unappreciated mechanism of action for xenoestrogens, and might also explain the efficacy of high-dose tamoxifen treatment on estrogen receptor negative cancers.
Environmental awareness on bamboo product purchase intentions: do consumption values impact green consumption?

The objective of this study is to identify the factors influencing bamboo textile and apparel purchase intentions. The theory of consumption value is used as a theoretical background to explain the mechanism of bamboo product purchase decisions in relation to consumer environmental awareness (i.e. perceived consumer effectiveness, environmental concern and clothing environmental attitudes). A total of 122 mostly female college students participated in this study via an online Qualtrics-created survey. A hierarchical regression analysis was used to test the hypotheses. The results revealed that promotion-effort products should clearly deliver economic, epistemic and emotional values, whereas social and functional values are not significant. In addition, environmental consumer awareness overall is a significant factor in determining bamboo textile and apparel purchase intentions. Further marketing implications are suggested.
Construction and characterization of plasmid libraries enriched in sequences from single human chromosomes.

Abstract Plasmid libraries enriched in sequences from single chromosome types have been constructed for all human chromosomes. This was accomplished by transferring inserts from the Charon 21A phage libraries constructed by the National Laboratory Gene Library Project into Bluescribe plasmids. Insert material freed by complete digestion of the phage libraries with Hin dIII or Eco RI was cloned into the corresponding sites in Bluescribe plasmids. The sizes of the Bluescribe library inserts determined by gel electrophoresis range from near 0 to ∼6 kb. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with the plasmid libraries showed that all hybridize along both arms of the expected (target) chromosome type with varying intensity. However, the plasmid libraries for chromosomes 1, 4, 9, 11, 16, 18, and 20 hybridize weakly or not at all near the centromeres of the target chromosome types. The libraries for chromosomes 13, 14, 15, 21, and 22 cross-hybridize near the centromeres of all members of this group and hybridize weakly to the short arms of the target chromosomes. FISH with each library allows specific staining of the target chromosome type in metaphase spreads. The signals resulting from FISH with libraries for chromosomes 1, 4, 8, 9, 13, 14, 17, 18, 21, and Y are sufficiently intense to permit analysis in interphase nuclei. Examples of the use of these libraries for translocation detection, marker chromosome characterization, and interphase aneuploidy analysis are presented.
A controlled study on diagnostic and prognostic measurements of palatally displaced canines on lateral cephalograms.

Abstract Objectives The aim of this prospective controlled study was to determine the role that the lateral cephalogram can play in the detection of palatally displaced canines (PDCs). Materials and methods The study was comprised of 85 subjects in the late mixed dentition. Thirty-five subjects had PDCs (either unilateral or bilateral) identified on the panoramic radiograph (PDC group), and 50 subjects presented with a normal pathway of upper permanent canine eruption as assessed on panoramic radiographs (No-PDC group). Linear and angular measurements on the lateral cephalograms concurrent with panoramic radiographs were compared between the PDC and No-PDC group statistically. Results All angular measurements that incorporated the main axis of the canine (to Frankfort horizontal, to the palatal plane, or to the axis of the central incisor) were significantly smaller in the PDC group (p Conclusions Early diagnosis of PDC is essential in order to avoid the occurrence of final canine impaction. If 3-D images of a displaced canine cannot be acquired, a lateral cephalogram can be a useful tool for the early detection of PDC in the late mixed dentition. The angle between the vertical axis of the canine and the palatal plane demonstrate diagnostic value when assessing PDCs. Values for this angle smaller than 102 degrees can indicate the presence of PDC.
The impact of emollients on phototherapy: A review

When treating psoriasis, various topical emollients exist that can affect the penetration of ultraviolet radiation in phototherapy. Compared with normal-appearing skin with a reflectance of 4% to 5%, psoriatic skin has higher reflectance as a result of its increased air-to-corneocyte interfaces. Studies have tested the effect of emollients on light penetration by assessing psoriatic plaque clearance, differences in minimal erythema dose, and physical properties of the emollient (eg, monochromatic protection factor and absorbance). Psoriatic plaque clearance was found to improve with serous (thin liquid)-based emollients (eg, Vaseline oil [Unilever, Blackfriars, London, UK], mineral oil, and glycerol), whereas clearance decreased with salicylic acid and viscous-based emollients (eg, petrolatum). Emollients with high ultraviolet absorbance properties increased minimal erythema dose, and those with low absorbance properties decreased minimal erythema dose. Interestingly, when a liquid emollient with a refractive index close to that of normal-appearing skin was applied, there was a net increase in light absorption, or a reduction in reflection that exceeded the emollient's innate ability to absorb light.
Reader agreement studies.

This is the 17th in the series designed by the American College of Radiology (ACR), the Canadian Association of Radiologists, and the American Journal of Roentgenology. The series, which will ultimately comprise 22 articles, is designed to progressively educate radiologists in the methodologies of rigorous clinical research, from the most basic principles to a level of considerable sophistication. The articles are intended to complement interactive software that permits the user to work with what he or she has learned, which is available on the ACR Web site (www.acr.org).
Changes in expired end-tidal carbon dioxide during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in dogs: a prognostic guide for resuscitation efforts.

Expired end-tidal carbon dioxide (Pco2) measurements made during cardiopulmonary resuscitation have correlated with cardiac output and coronary perfusion pressure when wide ranges of blood flow are included. The utility of such measurements for predicting resuscitation outcome during the low flow state associated with closed chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation remains uncertain. Expired end-tidal Pco2 and coronary perfusion pressures were measured in 15 mongrel dogs undergoing 15 min of closed chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation after a 3 min period of untreated ventricular fibrillation. In six successfully resuscitated dogs, the mean expired end-tidal Pco2 was significantly higher than that in nine nonresuscitated dogs only after 14 min of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (6.2 ± 1.2 versus 3.4 ± 0.8 mm Hg; p < 0.05). No differences in expired end-tidal Pco2 values were found at 2, 7 or 12 min of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. A significant decline in end-tidal Pco2 levels during the resuscitation effort was seen in the nonresuscitated group (from 6.3 ± 0.8 to 3.4 ± 0.8 mm Hg; p < 0.05); the successfully resuscitated group had constant Pco2 levels throughout the 15 min of cardiac arrest (from 6.8 ± 1.1 to 6.2 ± 1.2 mm Hg). Changes in expired PC02 levels during cardiopulmonary resuscitation may be a useful noninvasive predictor of successful resuscitation and survival from cardiac arrest.
Interfacial spin trapping in model membrane systems

Summary Spatially resolved spin trapping in ordered media has been demonstrated by using an amphiphilic nitrone derived spin trap co-assembled with other amphiphiles to form either micelles or vesicles. The ability of α-(4-dodecyloxyphenyl)-N- tert -butyl nitrone to trap transient phenyl radicals generated either in the bulk aqueous phase or in the hydrophobic region of the vesicle or micelle confirms its location and function at the “membrane”/solution interface. These results establish that reactions involving transient free radicals occurring at the interface of ordered systems can be studied using spatially resolved spin trapping.
Solvent effects in the absorption spectra of the Ninhydrin chromophore

Abstract Visible spectra of the Ninhydrin chromophore, Ruhemann's purple, were studied in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), formamide, N, N -dimethylformamide (DMF), and pyridine, as well as in mixed aqueous-nonaqueous solvent media. Large differences in both the position of absorption maxima and extinction coefficients for the two bands in the visible spectra in the various solvent media were observed. Both the absorption maxima and the extinction coefficients of the Ninhydrin chromophore were a linear function of the composition of dimethyl sulfoxide-H 2 O solvent media. The experimental evidence allows predictions of values for the two absorption maxima of Ruhemann's purple as a function of the nature of the solvent medium. In nonaqueous aprotic solvents (i.e., DMSO and DMF), the maxima should be near 605 and 420 mμ; in nonaqueous aprotic solvents capable of undergoing charge-transfer interactions (i.e., pyridine), near 550 and 420 mμ; and in nonaqueous protic solvents (i.e., formamide), near 575 and 410 mμ. The maxima in aprotic media will be displaced to about 575 mμ (higher wavelength band) and 410 mμ (lower wavelength band) on dilution with protic solvents.
Effects of retinoids on ovarian cancer cells

Purpose: To identify retinoids that are active against ovarian cancer cells in a biologically relevant system and to evaluate the mechanism of action. Methods: Commercially available ovarian cancer lines OVCAR-3, Caov-3, and SK-OV-3 were grown in organotypic cell cultures. These cultures were then treated with a variety of retinoids. Growth inhibition was evidenced by the number of cells or cell groups counted following treatment. Because both differentiation and apoptosis are possible mechanisms for the growth inhibition, studies were performed to determine which mechanism might be responsible. The Tunel assay for apoptosis and PAS staining for differentiation were used. Results: We were able to demonstrate that retinoids do cause both apoptosis and differentiation. Linear regression analysis of percent apoptosis to percent growth inhibition in the OVCAR-3 cell line was statistically significant P = 0.0099 and r2 = 0.9804. There was no significant relationship between growth inhibition and differentiation in any of the cell lines. Conclusions: Retinoids do induce both apoptosis and differentiation. The apparent mechanism of growth inhibition with retinoid treatment is apoptosis, at least in the OVCAR-3 line. Further studies are needed to correlate the structure of retinoids with their function against ovarian cancer cells.
Insecticide has asymmetric effects on two tadpole species despite priority effects

Priority effects are defined as asymmetric responses of different species colonizing the same habitat in different sequences and are important in structuring communities, particularly for ephemeral systems that are colonized annually. Amphibians often use ephemeral ponds and have been shown to experience priority effects from interspecific competition. Pesticide exposure can impact amphibian species interactions like competition, and has been linked to declines. We investigated whether insecticide exposure interacted with colonization history to impact priority effects in Bufo americanus and Rana pipiens. We predicted that exposure to the insecticide carbaryl and colonization history would affect tadpole metamorphosis independently and interactively. Our results indicated that Bufo time to metamorphosis experienced priority effects: Bufo introduced early reached metamorphosis sooner when Rana were absent, but Bufo introduced late reached metamorphosis sooner when Rana were also late. Insecticide exposure eliminated differences in Bufo time to metamorphosis due to Rana colonization history. Rana survival and mass at metamorphosis were affected by intraspecific colonization history. Bufo had significantly fewer survivors and Rana had more survivors in insecticide-exposed treatments. Bufo did better when reared without Rana, but Rana was unaffected by Bufo presence. The effects on anuran metamorphosis occurred without any effects on periphyton abundance. We suggest that the effects of insecticide exposure on amphibian metamorphosis are not related to colonization history, although each factor alone can have substantial impacts. These results preliminarily suggest that managing pesticide applications with sensitivity to amphibians may be less complex than implied by traditional food web theory, although more research is needed.
What can individual differences tell us about the specialization of function

Can the study of individual differences inform debates about modularity and the specialization of function? In this article, we consider the implications of a highly replicated, robust finding known as positive manifold: Individual differences in different cognitive domains tend to be positively intercorrelated. Prima facie, this fact, which has generally been interpreted as reflecting the influence of a domain-general cognitive factor, might be seen as posing a serious challenge to a strong view of modularity. Drawing on a mixture of meta-analysis and computer simulation, we show that positive manifold derives instead largely from between-task neural overlap, suggesting a potential way of reconciling individual differences with some form of modularity.
Multilateral Trade and Militarized Conflict: Centrality, Openness, and Asymmetry in the Global Trade Network

Studies of the trade-conflict relationship typically emphasize dyadic over multilateral trade, ignoring the large-scale effects of trade integration. Openness, a common measure of integration, is conceptually problematic and yields inconsistent empirical results. Drawing on the concept of network centrality, I develop a network approach to integration, emphasizing three aspects of multilateral trade: breadth of trade ties, depth of trade ties, and commercial distance between nonpartners. I then extend the dyadic logics of the trade-conflict literature to the multilateral level, focusing on (1) theories that predict that trade reduces conflict, either by increasing opportunity costs or by creating signaling mechanisms, and (2) theories that predict that trade, especially when asymmetric, increases the political autonomy of states and thus encourages aggression. Extensive country-year analysis shows that, consistent with the first set of theories, network centrality unilaterally constrains aggression. More ...
BLADDER STRETCH ALTERS URINARY HEPARIN-BINDING EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR AND ANTIPROLIFERATIVE FACTOR IN PATIENTS WITH INTERSTITIAL CYSTITIS

Purpose:: The etiology of interstitial cystitis is unknown. Urine from patients with interstitial cystitis has been shown to inhibit urothelial proliferation through a putative antiproliferative factor and to contain decreased levels of heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF) compared to controls. Stretch of detrusor smooth muscle cells is known to stimulate HB-EGF production. Because bladder hydrodistention sometimes alleviates the symptoms of interstitial cystitis, we determined whether the stretch stimulus of hydrodistention alters antiproliferative factor activity and/or HB-EGF in interstitial cystitis urine specimens.Materials and Methods:: Urine was collected immediately before, and 2 to 4 hours and 2 weeks after hydrodistention from 15 patients with symptoms and cystoscopic findings compatible with interstitial cystitis and 13 controls. Hydrodistention was performed with the subject under general or regional anesthesia and bladders were distended to 80 cm. water 3 times....
Behavioral analysis of stress controllability effects in a new swim stress paradigm.

Previous animal stress studies have illustrated the marked impact of coping on subsequent behavior and physiology by using shock as the stressor. The current study evaluates the generality of shock stress controllability effects in a new swim stress paradigm on several dependent measures: behavioral despair, analgesia, shuttlebox escape, and alcohol reactivity. In this new paradigm, rats in the escape group are able to learn the behavioral response as evidenced by significant reduction in the acquisition of a lever press response. Both escape and yoked subjects showed ‘‘behavioral despair’’ in comparison to both restrained and home cage controls when tested 24 h later. In the standard shuttlebox escape task 24-h post-stress, no group differences emerged, although a trend for poorer performance in the yoked subjects was evident. No group differences were observed in pain sensitivity after the first or second forced swim exposure. Finally, stress controllability effects were observed in behavioral reactivity to alcohol 2-h post-stress as measured by rotarod performance. This effect is opposite to the previous observations with the tailshock stress controllability paradigm. These results suggest that (1) there are certain similarities, but some fundamental differences between the behavioral endpoints measured following intermittent swim stress in comparison to the well-established effects of the intermittent tailshock stress model and (2) the qualitative nature of a stressor may markedly influence the behavioral and physiological consequences of stress and coping. D 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.
Tuberculosis and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: A historical perspective on recent developments

The incidence of tuberculosis has increased in recent years, at least in part as a result of the ongoing worldwide epidemic of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). In addition, the occurrence of outbreaks caused by multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis organisms has greatly heightened concern. In retrospect, a number of seminal studies that have appeared during the past decade have helped to define changing concepts concerning the epidemiology, pathogenesis, approaches to preventive care, diagnosis, and treatment of tuberculosis in HIV-infected persons. Such reports have shown that the variable clinical manifestations of tuberculosis in patients with AIDS are greatly influenced by the degree of HIV-induced immunosuppression. Explosive outbreaks of tuberculosis occurring in closed environments have emphasized that patients with AIDS and pulmonary tuberculosis may be highly contagious, especially when diagnosis and implementation of appropriate infection control measures are delayed. The extent to which homelessness and illicit drug use complicate management of tuberculosis have been examined, and the high risk of persons who are both tuberculin-positive and HIV-positive ultimately developing active tuberculosis, unless chemoprophylaxis is completed, has been clearly shown. The utility of sputum smears, bronchoscopy, and newer technologies such as polymerase chain reaction for diagnosis has been examined. The risk of relapse appears to be low when patients with AIDS with drug-sensitive tuberculosis complete appropriate multiple-drug therapy. Recent reports have addressed important hospital infection control, tuberculin testing, and chemoprophylaxis issues. This paper describes this evolution of understanding, focusing on reports that we believe have been conceptually important.
Searching insight into the atomistic structure of SiCO ceramics

We investigate elements comprising the atomistic structure of amorphous silicon oxycarbide ceramics: glassy SiCO, “free” carbon, and the interface between them. Using a network modeling approach we generate a wide variety of structure models, incorporating different hypotheses of atomic arrangements. The models are subsequently treated within density functional theory including ab initio molecular dynamic simulations. Analyzing the structure and energy of optimized models, we find that enthalpy of formation of glassy SiCO increases with increasing phase content of SiC. Models with high SiC content show a preference for precipitation of SiC clusters embedded in amorphous silica. Addressing a possible interface between SiCO glass and “free” carbon, we find no support for a favorably bonded interface. Instead, the two phases are separated completely even at the expense of dangling bonds within the carbon phase. This separation is driven by the low surface tension of silica glass.