cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dramatic evidence of charge-reservoir, polarization-pairing, high-temperature superconductivity

By simply plotting the critical temperatures T c for the major superconductors versus the distance d between a cuprate-plane Cu-site and the nearest oxygen site in a charge-reservoir, it becomes apparent that the superconductivity originates in the charge-reservoirs, not in the cuprate planes. By plotting u c versus d, where u c is the amount of impurity Ni or Zn on a Cu-site (presumably in a cuprate-plane) required to suppress T c to zero, it is evident that pair-breaking requires exponentially more impurities as the cuprate-planes become further from the charge-reservoirs, indicating directly that the superconducting condensate is primarily in the charge- reservoirs, not in the cuprate-planes. The fact that u c (Ni) c (Zn) for Nd 2-z Ce z CuO 4 indicates that this material is a BCS-like polarization- pairing superconductor, not a spin-fluctuation paired superconductor. The fact that u c (Ni) approximately equals u c (Zn) for most other high-temperature superconductors indicates that the primary superconducting condensate is more distant than the range of the exchange interaction from the cuprate- plane Cu-sites where the impurities reside. The data for YBa 2 Cu 4 O 8 and for La 0.6 Ca 0.4 Ba 1.35 La 0.65 Cu 3 O x indicate that the behavior of Ni and Zn in YBa 2 Cu 3 O x , u c (Ni) > u c (Zn), is an artifact of different solubilities on different sites, and not evidence of spin-fluctuation- pairing. The trends in the data suggest that there is only one mechanism of high-temperature superconductivity, that the mechanism involves some form of polarization-pairing, and that the superconductivity originates primarily in the charge-reservoirs, not in the cuprate-planes.
The fossil record and primate phylogeny

Fossils provide the only direct evidence of the evolutionary history of primates. A method of phylogeny reconstruction is outlined which is based on an evaluation of phenetic resemblances of fossils interpreted in their stratigraphic context. This stratophenetic approach to phylogeny involves three successive steps: (1) organization of fossils stratigraphically, (2) phenetic linking of similar forms from adjacent stratigraphic intervals, (3) critical testing—Is the density and continuity of the fossil record sufficient to support the proposed linkings?—Does the proposed phylogeny make sense cladistically?—Does it make sense paleogeographically? Evaluation of the known fossil record of primates, following the stratophenetic approach outlined here, has suggested that microsyopoids are primitive primates and that fossil tarsioids and plesiadapoids form a closely linked group. Early anthropoids link most closely with Eocene adapoids, supporting an adapoid origin of Anthropoidea. Large gaps remain in the fossil record of lemuroid and lorisoid primates: they may have been derived from an Adapis-like Eocene genus, or they may possibly have evolved independently of other primates since the late Cretaceous or the Paleocene. This question is closely related to the problem of whether living Tarsius or modern lemurs and lorises are more closely related to the living higher primates. The fossil record and the paleogeography of Central America suggest that platyrrhines evolved from an early anthropoid stock and may have entered South America from Asia via North America at about the end of the Eocene. Dental remains are the only evidence of Plio-Pleistocene hominids known in sufficient quantities from successive stratigraphic intervals to permit stratophenetic analysis. Studying the stratigraphic distribution of measurements of tooth size in the East Rudolf sample of fossil hominids and comparing this with dental variation in a modern human population suggests the probable presence of two hominid lineages in East Africa throughout much of the Plio-Pleistocene. Study of all dental and skeletal remains in an explicitly stratigraphic and temporal context should help to clarify the course and complexity of early hominid evolution.
Understanding Interior Ballistic Processes in a Flash Tube

Vented flash tubes have often been used in the ignition train of medium and large caliber weapon systems. Despite their long history of ballistic usage, there are undesirable features associated with uneven venting of the combustion products. Pressure measurements at various locations from the flash tube have shown severe variations with time, which is associated with spatially nonuniform mass discharging rate from the vent holes. Measured pressure profiles in the flash tube show counterintuitive, nonmonotonic pressure distributions with the lowest pressure in the middle of the venting section of the flash tube. A model of the flash tube venting process was developed to explain these phenomena using modern, high-order numerical schemes. Source terms accounting for mass addition from the black powder pellets, mass loss through the vent holes, wall friction, differential area changes, and volume changes from surface regression of black powder pellets were fully coupled in the model. The numerical results of this model reproduced the severe pressure variations and nonmonotonic pressure profiles observed in experiments. In general, they are caused by gas dynamic effects from a slowly moving normal shock wave in the middle portion of the venting section of the flash tube. As the driving pressure from the burning black powder pellets changes, the location of the normal shock wave jumps from one vent hole set to another, producing pressure variations observed in experiments. The physical understanding gained from this model solution has provided guidance for achieving more uniform mass discharging rate by varying the vent hole sizes as a function of distance along the flash tube.
Vortex Detection and Characterization in Low Reynolds Number Separation

This study focuses on the detection and characterization of vortices in low Reynolds number separation flow over the elliptical leading edge of a flat plate airfoil. Velocity fields were obtained using Time Resolved Particle Image Velocimetry (TRPIV). The Reynolds number based on chord length ranged from 14,700 to 66,700. Experiments were performed for velocities of 1.1, 2.0 and 5.0 m/s and angles of attack of 14°, 16°, 18° and 20°. These velocities correspond to chord length Reynolds numbers of 1.47×104 , 2.68×104 , and 6.70×104 , respectively. A local swirl calculation was used to determine regions of high circulation, and the convection of the centers of these regions was used to determine convective velocities of these vortical structures. The streamwise convective velocity normalized by the freestream velocity is observed to range from approximately 0.4 to 0.65 over the range of angles of attack, with slightly increasing values as the angle of attack increases.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Girl with signs of Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease heterozygous for a mutation in exon 2 of the proteolipid protein gene

We studied a female infant with clinical signs of Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease (PMD), who has a familial mutation (C41-->T) in exon 2 of the proteolipid protein gene (PLP), and selected relatives. While the carrier mother and grandmother of the proposita currently are neurologically normal and show normal T2 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain, the infant has a neurological picture, MRIs, and brain auditory evoked response (BAER) consistent with that diagnosis. The data here presented show that PMD can occur in females carrying a mutation in the PLP gene. Our experience with the MRIs of this patient, her mother and grandmother, and those of a previously reported family [Pratt et al.: Am J Med Genet 38:136-139, 1991] show that molecular genetic analysis and not MRI is the appropriate means for carrier detection.
Synthesis of operating procedures for complete chemical plants—II. A nonlinear planning methodology

Abstract A nonlinear planning methodology for synthesizing operating procedures for continuous chemical processes is developed. The methodology makes use of the hierarchical, distributed, objected-oriented modelling framework described in the first paper of the two-part series. The important algorithms used in the various stages of planning are presented, and the properties of these algorithms, in terms of their correctness and completeness, are stated and proved.
ANATOMICAL STUDIES OF HYPOSPADIAS

AbstractPurpose: Hypospadias is the most common congenital anomaly affecting the penis. Successful repair depends on an accurate understanding of anatomy. We compared the anatomy of hypospadiac and normal fetal penises.Materials and Methods: A fetal penis at 33 weeks of gestation with distal shaft hypospadias was serially sectioned and compared to 10 normal human fetal specimens at 8 to 32 weeks of gestation. Immunohistochemical localization was performed with S-100 protein and protein gene product 9.5 to localize neurons. Blood vessels were localized by the presence of red corpuscles, and immunohistochemical staining with von Willebrand's factor and factor VIII. Three-dimensional computer reconstructions of the nerves, corporeal bodies, tunica and urethra of the hypospadiac and normal fetal penises were compared.Results: Except at the region of the abnormal urethral spongiosum and glans, the hypospadiac and normal penises showed no difference in neuronal innervation, corpora cavernosa and tunica albugine...
No difference in extrapyramidal side effects between first-generation and second-generation antipsychotics.

QUESTION Question: Do second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) reduce extra-pyramidal side effects (EPS) compared with first-generation antipsychotics (FGAs)? Patients: 227 adults (18–65 years) with DSM-IV schizophrenia or schizophreniform, schizoaffective or delusional disorders. Participants were included if positive symptoms had lasted >1 month and their clinician was considering a change to their prescription due to poor clinical response or drug-related impairment of global function. Setting: 14 community psychiatry services, England; July 1999–January 2002. Intervention: FGA (n=118) or SGA (n=109). Clinicians chose a drug within the randomised class, and were asked to keep participants on the medication prescribed for at least 12 weeks, within good practice. Clozapine was not used. Where it was necessary to change drugs, clinicians were asked to switch to another drug within the same class. In an additional analysis, groups were stratified into those prescribed and not prescribed anticholinergics (which are prescribed to treat or prevent EPS). Outcomes: EPS, including akathisia (score ≥2 on the Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale); parkinsonism (score ≥ 3o n the Simpson-Angus scale) and tardive dyskinesia (a score of 3, or two scores of 2 on the Abnormal Involuntary Movement scale). A clinically significant difference was defined as an OR ≥ 2.0 (indicating better performance of first-generation drugs), or an OR≤0.5 (indicating better performance of second-generation drugs). Intention-to-treat analysis carried out for emergent side effects (ie, those not present at baseline but present at follow-up), and relieved side effects (ie, those present at baseline but not follow-up). Patient follow-up: Not reported.
Preliminary report on the effects of diet discontinuation in PKU

A collaborative study of diet discontinuation in children with PKU was initiated in 1973. Children treated with the phenylalanine-restricted diet since early infancy were ramdomly assigned to continue or discontinue dietary therapy at age 6 years after parental consent was obtained. The 115 children participating in this study range in age from 8 to 13 years. At 6 years of age, the IQ of continuers and discontinuers was 101 and 97, respectively. At 8 years, WISC Full-Scale IQ scores adjusted for mean differences on the 6-year Stanford-Binet IQ were 101 for continuers and 98 for discontinuers ( P =0.075). School performance measured by the Wide Range Achievement Test showed significant differences on reading (3.9 vs 3.2) and spelling (3.3. vs 2.9) grade placement, although scores were above actual grade placement (2.7 vs 2.6) for both groups. Continuers and discontinuers were not different in arithmetic scores, with performance at grade placement of 2.7 and 2.6, respectively. Although these data are preliminary in nature, they suggest that subtle changes in cerebral function may occur in children with PKU in whom the phenylalanine diet has been discontinued.
The distribution of chromatin in budding yeast cells.

A critical examination of well fixed yeast cells killed at different states in the growth cycle shows that the distribution of chromatin in the yeast cell varies depending on the stage in the growth cycle. Our data support the view (1) that the spindle is intravacuolar, (2) that mitosis occurs on the spindle, (3) that the chromosomes spin out after mitosis to extend into the vacuole, (4) that a large nucleolus appears in the nuclear vacuole of rapidly growing wellnourshed cells, and (5) that in the presence of adequate amounts of phosphate and otherwise favorable conditions the chromosomes are covered with metaphosphate.
Dominant role of tectonic inheritance in supercontinent cycles

During supercontinent cycles, deformation of continental lithosphere is observed to be concentrated near the plate boundaries. Global maps indicative of the strength of the lithosphere and its directional dependence show that strain is concentrated at pre-existing zones of weakness. Supercontinents episodically assemble and break up, in association with the closure and opening of ocean basins1. During these cycles, continental margins are repeatedly weakened and deformed during subduction, orogeny and rifting, whereas continental cores tend to remain intact2,3. It has therefore been suggested that deformation during supercontinent cycles is controlled by the pre-existing structure of the lithosphere, for example by rheological heterogeneities and mechanical anisotropy that were acquired during past tectonic events4,5. However, observational constraints for this idea have been lacking. Here we present global, high-resolution maps of the lithosphere’s effective elastic thickness over the continents—a proxy for the rigidity or long-term strength of the lithosphere—calculated from a comparison of the spectral coherence between topography and gravity anomalies and the flexural response of an equivalent elastic plate to loading. We find that effective elastic thickness is high in Archean cratons, but low in the surrounding Phanerozoic belts. We also estimate the anisotropy in effective elastic thickness, indicative of a directional dependence of lithospheric rigidity, and show that directions of mechanical weakness align with large gradients in effective elastic thickness and with tectonic boundaries. Our findings support the notion that lithospheric rigidity is controlled by pre-existing structure, and that during the supercontinent cycle, strain is concentrated at pre-existing zones of weakness.
The influence of temperature adaptation on the composition of the neutral lipid fraction of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) liver

Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) acclimated to 20°C possessed significantly greater quantities of total neutral lipid, triglyceride, and free fatty acids, and smaller quantities of hydrocarbons in their livers than 5°C-acclimated animals. Regardless of acclimation temperature the relative abundance of the various neutral lipid classes was triglyceride > cholesterol ester > free cholesterol > diglyceride > free fatty acid > wax ester and hydrocarbon. Two patterns of compositional change were observed in response to alterations in environmental temperature. Depot lipids (triglyceride and wax ester) became more unsaturated at lower ambient temperatures due primarily to moderate increases in the content of monoenes, and larger increases in the content of both dienes and polyunsaturates. Increased unsaturation of the triglyceride fraction was mediated primarily by an accumulation of unsaturates belonging to the linoleic and linolenic acid families, whereas oleate- and linoleate-derived fatty acids accumulated in the wax ester fraction. The remaining neutral lipid fractions (free fatty acids, diglycerides, and cholesterol esters) all experienced a decline in the content of unsaturated fatty acids at reduced temperatures due primarily to a loss of monoenes from each fraction and a loss of dienes from the diglyceride and cholesterol ester fractions; unsaturated fatty acids belonging to the oleate family were preferentially lost from these neutral lipids upon cold acclimation. These results suggest that in response to a reduction in environmental temperature, a reorganization of lipid metabolism occurs which in volves a selective uptake of predominantly linolenate-derived unsaturated fatty acids into phospholipids and linoleate-derived unsaturated fatty acids into depot lipids, resulting in a free fatty acid fraction enriched in saturated fatty acids.
Five novel point mutations: two causing haemophilia B and three causing factor X deficiency

Abstract Factors IX and X are plasma glycoproteins important in the middle phase of the coagulation cascade, and a bleeding disorder of variable severity results from abnormalities in the expression of either gene encoding these proteins. Nearly 380 unique molecular mechanisms cause factor IX deficiency, or haemophilia B, but only a limited number of mutations causing congenital factor X deficiency have been characterized to date. In this study enzymatic amplification has been used to examine the molecular basis for factor IX deficiency in two patients and factor X deficiency in two patients. Genomic DNA was isolated from each patient and synthetic oligonucleotide primers were used in the polymerase chain reaction to amplify each axon, splice junction and polyadenylation site. Amplified DNA was then cloned into pUC18 and sequenced. Five novel point mutations were identified, two occurring in the eight exon of the factor IX gene and three in the eight exon of the factor X gene. One of the haemophilia B mutations and one of the factor X mutations altered homologous histidine residues near the serine of the catalytic triad.
Quantifying macromolecular conformational transition pathways

Diverse classes of proteins such as molecular motors, enzymes, and active transmembrane transporters function through large-scale conformational changes. Computer simulations of these conformational transitions are challenging. A range of coarse-grained and biased simulation techniques have been used to generate individual transitions or ensembles of transition pathways but it has been difficult to compare pathways produced by different methods and so to assess their relative strengths. We introduce a comprehensive method (pathway similarity analysis, PSA) for quantitatively characterizing and comparing macromolecular pathways. The Hausdorff and Frechet metrics (known from computational geometry) are used to quantify the degree of similarity between piecewise-linear curves in configuration space. We tested PSA on a toy system to study the effect of temperature fluctuations (path roughness) and dimensionality. We compare a sample of publicly accessible transition pathway simulation servers and our own dynamic importance sampling (DIMS) MD method for the closed-to-open transitions of the apo enzyme adenylate kinase (AdK). PSA was applied to ensembles of hundreds of trajectories of the conformational transitions of the transporter Mhp1 and of AdK and diphtheria toxin, which were produced by DIMS MD and the Geometrical Pathways algorithm. Clustered PSA enabled the selection of a small subset of representative trajectories for further analysis. A strength of PSA is its use of the full information available from the 3N-dimensional configuration space trajectory, without requiring additional specific knowledge about the system. We show how trajectory analysis methods relying on pre-defined collective variables such as native contacts or geometric quantities can be used synergistically with PSA. We discuss the method's potential to enhance our understanding of transition path sampling methods, validate them, and ultimately help guide future research toward deeper physical insights into conformational transitions.
Molecular Parameters of Head and Neck Cancer Metastasis

Metastasis remains a major cause of mortality in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). HNSCC patients with metastatic disease have extremely poor prognosis with survival rate of less than a year. Metastasis is an intricate sequential process which requires a discrete population of tumor cells to possess the capacity to intravasate from the primary tumor into systemic circulation, survive in circulation, extravasate at a distant site, and proliferate in a foreign hostile environment. Literature has accumulated to provide mechanistic insight into several signal transduction pathways, receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3), Rho GTPases, protein kinase Ce (PKCe), and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), that are involved in mediating a metastatic tumor cell phenotype in HNSCC. Here we highlight accrued information regarding the key molecular parameters of HNSCC metastasis.
Electrolytes of isolated epiphyseal chondrocytes, matrix vesicles, and extracellular fluid

Chondrocyte, matrix vesicle, and membrane fractions, as well as interstitial fluid samples from the proliferating and hypertrophic zones of chicken epiphyseal cartilage were analyzed for electrolyte content. Intracellular Ca levels were 1.4–2.1 mM, over 90% of which was nondiffusible. Isolated hypertrophic chondrocytes had higher intracellular Na and lower K than proliferating cells. Matrix vesicles contained 25 to 50 times higher concentrations of Ca than the adjacent cells. Vesicles from the zone of hypertrophy contained twice as much Ca as did those from the proliferating area. Ca/P1 molar ratios of matrix vesicles were much higher than those of cells or of later mineral deposits. These findings indicate that Ca is concentrated in matrix vesicles during formation, but acuumulation of Ca and P1 must continue in the matrix. X-ray diffraction of freeze-dried vesicle and membrane fractions failed to detect crystalline apatite, suggesting that crystals seen in electron micrographs of matrix vesicles may be artifacts. Interstitial fluid expressed from epiphyseal cartilage was higher in K, Pi, Mg and nucleotides, and lower in Na and Cl, than blood plasma. Fluid from the hypertrophic zone was higher in K and nucleotides, but not Pi or Mg, than that from the proliferating layer. These data suggest that selective leakage or extrusion of these constituents, which are normally intracellular, must occur, especially in the hypertrophic zone. More of the Ca and Mg, and less of the Pi, was protein-bound in cartilage fluid than in blood plasma. There was more binding of the divalent cations in fluid from proliferating than from hypertrophic cartilage. The presence of greater amounts of ultrafilterable peptides in fluid from hypertrophic than from proliferating cartilage or blood plasma, suggests that proteolytic activity may release bound divalent cations during mineralization.
Odorant Threshold Following Methyl Bromide-Induced Lesions of the Olfactory Epithelium

Abstract YOUNGENTOB, S. L., J. E. SCHWOB, P. R. SHEEHE AND L. M. Youngentob. Odorant threshold following methyl bromide-induced lesions of the olfactory epithelium. PHYSIOL BEHAV 62(6) 1241–1252, 1997.—The present study assessed the functional consequences of peripheral olfactory destruction on the minimum detectable levels of stimulation for the odorants 2-propanol, d -limonene, and ethyl acetoacetate. Using standard operant techniques, eight Long–Evans rats were trained to criterion on an air versus odor differential response task. Odorant threshold was then determined on 10 consecutive testing sessions, using a computer-automated olfactometer and psychophysical tracking procedure. Following the last testing session, the rats were lesioned by exposing them to 330 ppm methyl bromide gas for 6 h. For each lesioned animal the anatomical state of the olfactory epithelium was evaluated relative to behavioral performance on the odorant threshold task at 3 days postlesion. For the group of rats, a comparison of pre- and postlesion performance demonstrated that, on the average, odor sensitivity was not altered by lesions that destroy roughly 95–98% of the epithelium. However, analysis of individual cases illustrated that two of the eight rats showed an elevation in odor sensitivity, albeit minimally, that was considered different from the prelesion performance. For those animals affected, we could extract no apparent relationship between the behavioral findings and the extent of anatomical damage. The results of this study demonstrate the remarkable capacity of the olfactory system to maintain normal or near-normal detection sensitivity in the face of massive damage. This capacity presumably reflects both the normal exposure of the epithelium to continual injury and the importance of maintained olfactory function for the survival of the animal.
On boundary conditions for a certain class of problems in mixture theory

Abstract An additional boundary condition is proposed for solid-fluid mixtures for the situation in which a mixture boundary is in a saturated state. This condition on the boundary is derived from a thermodynamic characterization of the state and takes the form of a relationship between the total stress tensor, the stretch tensor and the volume fraction of the solid. This additional condition is sufficient to make several boundary value problems involving mixtures, determinate.
Physician Attitudes Toward Urinary Incontinence Identification.

UNLABELLED Urinary incontinence (UI) is a prevalent condition. Urinary incontinence impacts health, quality of life, and financial resources. Most barriers research is evaluated from the patient perspective. Research from physician perspective is needed to determine how best to address UI barriers. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to elucidate physician barriers to UI identification and treatment. METHODS After institutional review board waiver, we surveyed 78 NorthShore University HealthSystem primary care physicians. The survey was designed to assess physician comfort, familiarity with UI, and current practice patterns. RESULTS Fifty-five (71%) of the 78 physicians completed the survey. Most indicated that they clearly understood UI and that UI was a common problem in their practice. Fifty-six percent of the physicians were very comfortable inquiring about UI. Only 19% of the physicians were very comfortable diagnosing UI and 11% of the physicians were very comfortable treating UI. Fifty-nine percent of the physicians agreed that differentiating the different types of UI is difficult and 69% of the physicians believed that managing UI is difficult. However, only 26% of the physicians agreed that managing UI takes too much time. Overall, 65% of the physicians would like to diagnose and treat UI more in their practices. The most common barriers listed were (1) "not familiar with algorithm available for treatment," (2) "no good screening tool," and (3) "uncomfortable with diagnosis and treatment." CONCLUSIONS We initially thought that time would be the biggest barrier to care for UI, but we identified discomfort with diagnosis and treatment as barriers. The most common barrier was the lack of an accessible algorithm. Attention to physician education implementation of a screening tool algorithm for treatment of UI could improve UI identification.
Using ritual to reduce barriers between sub-cultures.

Examines the potential for reducing the dysfunctional consequences of demarcation between work groups and professions in the NHS. Suggests that change may be achieved by interpreting and manipulating rituals which preserve the negative aspects of professional and work group autonomy. Discusses a number of rituals observed in a case study hospital during an extensive research exercise and demonstrates how they help maintain potentially dysfunctional culture norms and behaviours which, consciously or not, serve to resist moves to achieve more flexible, team‐orientated, patient‐centred changes. In addition, explores new rituals which may question current practices, and argues that attention to rituals in the wider change process may facilitate the desired change. Suggests that changes which confront unnecessary demarcation, but which do not undermine professional integrity, can create real benefits for NHS hospitals.
Salt-Starch Interactions as Evidenced by Viscosity and Dielectric Property Measurements

Increasing the concentration of salt (NaCl) or starch in a salt-starch solution depressed the dielectric constant and loss factor relative to a pure salt solution, except for the loss factor when no salt was present. The addition of salt to a starch solution increased the viscosity. Both viscosity and dielectric properties were decreased by mechanical agitation and by action of amylase. Above 10% starch the decrease in dielectric loss was abrupt, corresponding to the increase in viscosity. The changes were hypothesized to be due to an interaction between salt and starch, either through direct binding of the salt, or indirectly through the increase in viscosity.
Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva and progressive osseous heteroplasia

Heterotopic ossification (HO) as a primary clinical finding is uncommon, but it occurs in two human genetic disorders: fibrodysplasia ossific, ans progressiva (FOP) and progressive osseous heteroplasia (POH). In these disorders, the progression and stages of the ectopic bone formation appear normal, but disregulation of cell differentiation leads to improper induction of bone formation—in other words, normal bone forms in the wrong place at the wrong time. Cases of POH were initially recognized following misdiagnosis as FOP. However, POH can be distinguished from FOP by several criteria: the presence of cutaneous ossification, the absence of congenital malformations of the skeleton, the absence of inflammatory tumor-like swellings, the asymmetric mosaic distribution of lesions, the absence of predictable regional patterns of HO, and the predominance of intramembranous rather than endochondral ossification. Both FOP and POH are rare conditions, with most cases apparently the result of a de novo (spontaneous) mutation: however, when inherited, both are transmitted through an autosomal-dominant inheritance pattern. Although FOP can be inherited from either a mother or a father, POH is only inheried paternally. Consistent with this parental inheritance pattern, POH patients carry inactivating mutations of the GNAS gene, a gene that is regulated through genomic imprinting and allele-specific gene expression. The genetic cause of FOP remains undetermined. A combination of clinical and genetic evaluations can identify FOP and POH, two distinct disorders of extensive HO.
Analysis of protein phosphorylation and cellular signaling events by flow cytometry: techniques and clinical applications

Analysis of protein phosphorylation with flow cytometric techniques has emerged as a powerful tool in the field of immunological signaling, allowing cellular subsets in complex populations to be analyzed accurately and rapidly. In this review, we examine the development of phospho-epitope, or phospho-specific, flow cytometry and the premises upon which the technique is based. Phospho-specific flow cytometry is compared to traditional biochemical methods, and its advantages, such as single cell analysis, multiparameter data acquisition, rapid protocols, and the ability to analyze rare cell subsets, are detailed. We also discuss the many technical considerations that must be addressed when developing new antibodies or analyzing new epitopes including antigen accessibility, stability of the phospho-epitope, fluorophore selection, surface phenotype integrity, and antibody suitability for staining epitopes inside fixed and permeabilized cells. The methods that have been used to date are described in light of these technical considerations. The importance of developing bioinformatic platforms in parallel with these techniques is emphasized due to the large, multiparameter datasets that are rapidly accumulated and which require more efficient data viewing and complex clustering methods than currently available for flow cytometric data. Finally, we discuss the potential clinical applications of phospho-specific flow cytometry in analyzing immune cell development and antigen-specific immune responses, as well as pharmacodynamic profiling of disease states or drug efficacy and specificity against particular signaling proteins.
Field-strength formulation of classical dynamics for spherically symmetric non-Abelian systems

We employ the conditions of spherical symmetry to study the field equations for a classical S${\mathrm{U}}_{2}$ gauge theory coupled to specified currents. To emphasize the overlap with classical electrodynamics we create a field-strength formulation employing electric and magnetic non-Abelian fields as dynamic variables. We find that the covariant field equations which are the non-Abelian generalizations of Maxwell's equations can be simplified by using gauge-invariant projections. These projections allow the residual gauge variables to be removed from the formalism and replaced by the topological current. We eliminate transverse degrees of freedom and find that the topological charge ${E}_{i}^{a}{B}_{i}^{a}$, along with the Euclidean density ${E}_{i}^{a}{E}_{i}^{a}+{B}_{i}^{a}{B}_{i}^{a}$, constitute nonlinear source terms in wave equations for radial projections of ${G}_{\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\nu}}^{a}$. The ready comparison with electrodynamics allowed by the field-strength approach clarifies several dynamical issues.
Cytokine-induced iNOS and ERK1/2 inhibit adenylyl cyclase type 5/6 activity and stimulate phosphodiesterase 4D5 activity in intestinal longitudinal smooth muscle

This study identified a distinctive pattern of expression and activity of adenylyl cyclase (AC) and phosphodiesterase (PDE) isoforms in mouse colonic longitudinal smooth muscle cells and determined the changes in their expression and/or activity in response to proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNF-α) in vitro and 2,4,6 trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS)-induced colonic inflammation in vivo. AC5/6 and PDE4D5, expressed in circular muscle cells, were also expressed in longitudinal smooth muscle. cAMP formation was tightly regulated via feedback phosphorylation of AC5/6 and PDE4D5 by PKA. Inhibition of PKA activity by myristoylated PKI blocked phosphorylation of AC5/6 and PDE4D5 and enhanced cAMP formation. TNBS treatment in vivo and IL-1β and TNF-α in vitro induced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression, stimulated ERK1/2 activity, caused iNOS-mediated S-nitrosylation and inhibition of AC5/6, and induced phosphorylation of PDE4D5 and stimulated its activity. The resultant decrease in AC5/6 activity and increase in PDE4D5 activity decreased cAMP formation and smooth muscle relaxation. S-nitrosylation and inhibition of AC5/6 activity were reversed by the iNOS inhibitor 1400W, whereas phosphorylation and activation of PDE4D5 were reversed by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor LY294002 and the ERK1/2 inhibitor PD98059. The effects of IL-1β or TNF-α on forskolin-stimulated cAMP formation and smooth muscle relaxation reflected inhibition of AC5/6 activity and activation of PDE4D5 and were partly reversed by 1400W or PD98059 and completely reversed by a combination of the two inhibitors. The changes in the cAMP/PKA signaling and smooth muscle relaxation contribute to colonic dysmotility during inflammation.
BACTERIOPHAGE FORMATION WITHOUT BACTERIAL GROWTH I. FORMATION OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS PHAGE IN THE PPRESENCE OF BACTERIA INHIBITED BY PENICILLIN

Bacteriophage will increase 100,000 times in Staphylococcus muscae cultures whose multiplication has been completely inhibited by penicillin.
The relativistic equations of motion for a satellite in orbit about a finite-size, rotating Earth

The relativistic equations of motion are derived for N self-gravitating, rotating finite bodies. These equations are then applied to the near-Earth satellite orbit determination problem. The apparent change of the shape of the Earth from the Earth centered frame to the Solar System barycentric frame changes the value of the Newtonian potential term in the metric. This in turn leads to a simplification of the equations of motion in the barycentric frame.
A simple relation for the excess functions of nonrandom mixtures

Abstract Semi-empirical three-parameter relations for the average intermolecular energy ūm and the excess functions of nonrandom mixtures have been derived from a hypothesis that the asymmetry of the functions result from the formation of molecular clusters. It is postulated that changes in cluster concentration upon dilution in an inert solvent can be interpreted as changes in the apparent three-body interaction parameters. Comparison with data for binary systems where there is unusual composition dependence of the excess chemical potentials demonstrates the accuracy of the relations. Conclusions regarding the sources of deviations from random mixing come from computer simulations and other data.
Institutional pathology in a psychiatric inpatient service.

Government hospitals appear to be particularly prone to certain forms of institutional pathology manifested in bureaucratic malaise, inadequate compensation for difficult work tasks, distorted communication between groups, and a sense of despair, low morale, and “burn-out” in the staff. It is also manifested in anonymous, autocratic leadership that, although fitting the system in which it works, results in a “narcissistic state,” felt by the staff as fundamentally injurious. The consequence is a collusion among leadership, staff, and patients that feeds the institutional pathology and erodes the work task. Finally, quality is relinquished, individuality is forgotten; education, service, productivity, creativity, and patient care become secondary to stability and security.
DOES HYDROXYUREA INHIBIT CHROMOSOME REPAIR IN CULTURED HUMAN LYMPHOCYTES.

HYDROXYUREA is a powerful inhibitor of normal, semi-conservative DNA synthesis1–6. It has been suggested that hydroxyurea may exert its effect at the level of the conversion of ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides. While the search for the precise mechanism of action of hydroxurea continues, its properties, especially for cell synchronization, have made it extremely useful7,8.
SUPPRESSION OF RADIATIONS AT HIGH TEMPERATURES BY MEANS OF CERAMIC COATINGS

A method was developed for measuring the emissivities of ceramic coatings and ceramic-coating materials with respect to oxidized stainless steel. The emissivities in the visible-red and near-infrared spectral regions were studied over a temperature range of 800° to 1600°F. The numerous materials investigated were found to cover an emissivity range from more than 100% to less than 10%. Lepidolite was the highest emitter, Uverite the lowest. Transmission of radiant energy decreased with coat thickness according to established laws. The transmission of radiant energy through coat-bonding glasses could be greatly influenced by composition. Every material has a characteristic tendency to emit radiations at a given temperature. High-temperature ceramic paints were found to be effective radiation suppressors and thermal insulators.
The Mer receptor tyrosine kinase is expressed on discrete macrophage subpopulations and mainly uses Gas6 as its ligand for uptake of apoptotic cells

The Mer receptor tyrosine kinase is both an important mediator of apoptotic cell phagocytosis and a regulator of macrophage and DC cytokine production. Since phenotypically distinguishable macrophages are known to have different functions, we have examined Mer expression of murine splenic macrophages. We also used serum deficient in the Mer ligand, growth arrest-specific protein 6 (Gas6) to define better the role of this Mer ligand in macrophage function. By immunofluorescence staining, we found Mer to be strongly expressed in splenic red pulp, largely on platelets. We also found Mer expression on marginal zone macrophages. Strikingly, all tingible body macrophages bore Mer. In functional phagocytosis assays of apoptotic cells, Gas6 appeared to be the sole ligand for Mer, and this system accounted for about 30% of splenic macrophage phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. Taken together, the expression pattern of Mer on macrophage subpopulations in the spleen and its Gas6-dependent role in macrophage phagocytosis suggest an important role for Mer in the modulation of immune responses.
Process Modeling of Heat Transfer and Crystallization in Complex Shapes Thermoplastic Composites

Heat transfer and crystallization kinetics during the processing of thermo plastic composite materials are modeled mathematically in order to predict the tempera ture and degree of crystallinity as a function of position and time. The model can accom modate complex geometries, variable properties as well as a choice of boundary conditions. The model was verified by comparison with experimental results.
A rare and painful deformity of the wrist

13-year-old premenarchal female presented with a 1-year history of left wrist pain and progressive flexion deformity. She described the pain as a dull ache, predominantly on the ulnar side, that increased throughout the day. The pain was moderately severe and, apart from NSAIDs, which provided only minimal relief, nothing made the pain better or worse. The patient was left-handed, and the pain was limiting her ability to write in school. She denied any numbness or tingling in the wrist but said she was experiencing weakness in the wrist secondary to pain. Other than the progressively worsening wrist pain, the patient had been in her usual state of health. History The patient had no history of trauma to the wrist, no recent weight loss or infection, and no surgical history. Her only significant history was seasonal allergies, for which she took loratadine (Claritin) as needed. She lived in an urban area with her parents and two sisters, who were healthy. There was no family history of genetic disorders or musculoskeletal pathology. The patient was in the seventh grade and not active in any sports. Physical examination The patient weighed 115 pounds and was 63 inches tall. The left wrist was in a flexed position with a prominent ulna, but no ecchymosis, erythema, edema, or muscle wasting was noted. The left wrist did have an obvious flexion deformity: excessive active palmar flexion to 100 degrees and active dorsiflexion to 70 degrees (normal wrist range of motion [ROM] is 75 degrees of flexion and 70 degrees of extension). Passive ROM measurements were the same. Supination of the left forearm was 80 degrees, and pronation was 70 degrees (normal supination is 85 degrees; normal pronation, 70 degrees). The distal ulna was tender to palpation. The radial, ulnar, and median nerves were intact. Capillary refill was less than 2 seconds (normal capillary refill is 2-3 seconds). The right wrist had no gross deformity; there was active palmar flexion to 90 degrees and active dorsiflexion to 80 de
Placental Growth Hormone-Related Proteins and Prolactin-Related Proteins

The placentas of ruminants and muroid rodents express prolactin (PRL)-related genes whereas the placentas of anthropoid primates express growth hormone (GH)-related genes. The evolution of placental expression is associated with accelerated evolution of the corresponding pituitary hormone and destabilization of conserved endocrine systems. In particular, placental hormones often evolve novel interactions with new receptors. The adaptive functions of some placental hormones may be revealed only under conditions of physiological stress.
Asymptotically optimal detection in unknown colored noise via autoregressive modeling

The problem of detecting a known signal in colored Gaussian noise of unknown covariance is addressed. The noise is modeled as an autoregressive process of known order but unknown coefficients. By employing the theory of generalized likelihood ratio testing, a detector structure is derived and then analyzed for performance. It is proven that for large data records the detection performance is identical to that of an optimal prewhitener and matched filter, and therefore the detector itself is optimal. Simulation results indicate that the data record length necessary for the asymptotic results to apply can be quite small. Thus, the proposed detector is well suited for practical applications.
MinC Mutants Deficient in MinD- and DicB-Mediated Cell Division Inhibition Due to Loss of Interaction with MinD, DicB, or a Septal Component

The min locus encodes a negative regulatory system that limits formation of the cytokinetic Z ring to midcell by preventing its formation near the poles. Of the three Min proteins, MinC is the inhibitor and prevents Z-ring formation by interacting directly with FtsZ. MinD activates MinC by recruiting it to the membrane and conferring a higher affinity on the MinCD complex for a septal component. MinE regulates the cellular location of MinCD by inducing MinD, and thereby MinC, to oscillate between the poles of the cell, resulting in a time-averaged concentration of MinCD on the membrane that is lowest at midcell. MinC can also be activated by the prophage-encoded protein DicB, which targets MinC to the septum without recruiting it first to the membrane. Previous studies have shown that the C-terminal domain of MinC is responsible for the interaction with MinD, DicB, and the septal component. In the present study, we isolated mutations in the C-terminal domain of MinC that affected its interaction with MinD, DicB, and the septal component. Among the mutations isolated, R133A and S134A are specifically deficient in the interaction with MinD, E156A is primarily affected in the interaction with DicB, and R172A is primarily deficient in the interaction with the septum. These mutations differentiate the interactions of MinC with its partners and further support the model of MinCD- and MinC-DicB-mediated cell division inhibition.
Lunasin induces apoptosis and modifies the expression of genes associated with extracellular matrix and cell adhesion in human metastatic colon cancer cells.

Scope Lunasin is an arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) cancer preventive peptide. The objective was to evaluate the potential of lunasin to induce apoptosis in human colon cancer cells and their oxaliplatin-resistant (OxR) variants, and its effect on the expression of human extracellular matrix and adhesion genes. Methods and results Various human colon cancer cell lines which underwent metastasis were evaluated in vitro using cell flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. Lunasin cytotoxicity to different colon cancer cells correlated with the expression of α(5) b(1) integrin, being most potent to KM12L4 cells (IC(50) = 13 μM). Lunasin arrested cell cycle at G2/M phase with concomitant increase in the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21 and p27. Lunasin (5-25 μM) activated the apoptotic mitochondrial pathway as evidenced by changes in the expressions of Bcl-2, Bax, nuclear clusterin, cytochrome c and caspase-3 in KM12L4 and KM12L4-OxR. Lunasin increased the activity of initiator caspase-9 leading to the activation of caspase-3 and also modified the expression of human extracellular matrix and adhesion genes, downregulating integrin α(5), SELE, MMP10, integrin β(2) and COL6A1 by 5.01-, 6.53-, 7.71-, 8.19- and 10.10-fold, respectively, while upregulating COL12A1 by 11.61-fold. Conclusion Lunasin can be used in cases where resistance to chemotherapy developed.