cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chart For Determining Equivalent Single-Wheel Loads

A new chart based on Burmister's layered theory programmed for a high-speed computer is developed for determining equivalent single-wheel loads for flexible pavements. The equivalent single-wheel load is defined as a single wheel load which results in a maximum deflection in the subgrade equal to that produced by a set of dual wheels. A salient feature of the chart is that it takes the ratio of the moduli of elasticity of the pavement and subgrade into account and presents the results of a wry involved problem in a simple manner. The equivalent single-wheel load for any combinations of pavement thickness, modulus ratio, wheel spacing, and contact radius can be obtained from the chart with simple calculation and interpolation. The chart shows that the equivalent single-wheel load increases appreciably with the increase in modulus ratio. Current practice of assuming pavements as homogeneous media always gives an equivalent single-wheel load which is too small and is not in line with the finding of the WASHO road test.
Monoclonal antibodies to human intermediate filament proteins. III. Analysis of tumors.

A panel of monoclonal antibodies to human intermediate filament proteins was tested on an unselected series of 246 neoplasms. The antibody panel includes two different anti-cytokeratin antibodies, an anti-vimentin antibody, and an anti-neurofilament antibody (Gown and Vogel, Am J Pathol 114:309, 1984). The studies were done on Carnoy’s or methacarn-fixed, paraffinembedded tissue. When used as a panel, they can unequivocally distinguish carcinomas, melanomas, and lymphomas. All carcinomas react with at least one of the anti-cytokeratin antibodies, and carcinomas can be subtyped based upon the pattern of reactivity with the two anti-cytokeratin antibodies. Melanomas react only with the anti-vimentin antibody, and lymphomas react with none of the antibodies. Neural and neuroendocrine tumors can be identified with the anti-neurofilament antibody. A minority of neoplasms, including lymphomas, seminomas, and some sarcomas, do not react with any of the antibodies. These antibodies are reliable diagnostic reagents that are useful in distinguishing different categories of human tumors.
H/sub 2/-suboptimal stable stabilization

We present new results that are in the spirit of Halevi, Bernstein and Haddad (1991), Jacobus (1990) and Jacobus et al. (1990). Specifically, in these references the authors modify full- and reduced-order LQG theory to obtain suboptimal controllers that are stable. The new results given herein are based upon two different modifications of LQG theory that offer advantages over these earlier approaches. The first approach is based upon an a posteriori modification of LQG theory in the vein of Halevi, Bernstein and Haddad (1991). Unlike the technique of Halevi, Bernstein and Haddad, our modification of LQG theory involves a third equation coupled to the regulator Riccati equation. The advantage of our approach over Halevi, Bernstein and Haddad is a unified treatment of the reduced-order case. Our second approach involves an a priori modification to LQG theory (that is, prior to optimization) in the vein of Jacobus (1990) and Jacobus et al. (1990). Our approach is an improvement over the approach of Jacobus in that the modification to the design equations is less conservative. >
Pre-activation based stereoselective glycosylations: Stereochemical control by additives and solvent

Stereochemical control is an important issue in carbohydrate synthesis. Glycosyl donors with participating acyl protective groups on 2- O have been shown to give 1,2- trans glycosides reliably under the pre-activation based reaction condition. In this work, the effects of additives and reaction solvents on stereoselectivity were examined using donors without participating protective groups on 2- O . While several triflate salt additives did not have major effects, the amount of AgOTf was found to significantly impact the reaction outcome. Excess AgOTf led to lower stereochemical control presumably due to its coordination with the glycosyl triflate intermediate and a more SN1 like reaction pathway. In contrast, the stereoselectivity could be directed by reaction solvents, with diethyl ether favoring the formation of α glycosides and dichloromethane leading to β isomers. The trend of stereochemical dependence on reaction solvent was applicable to a variety of building blocks including the selective formation of β-mannosides.
Ultrasound-guided posterior approach for the placement of a continuous interscalene catheter.

Background and Objectives: The posterior approach to performing a continuous brachial plexus block at the level of the nerve roots has been described using traditional superficial landmarks. We describe an ultrasound-guided approach for the placement of a continuous interscalene brachial plexus catheter at the level of the nerve roots using a posterior approach. In addition, we provide the clinical characteristics of the first 16 catheters placed at our institution utilizing this approach. Methods: Sixteen patients having major shoulder surgery underwent ultrasound-guided placement of a posterior interscalene catheter at the level of the nerve roots. After generation of an optimized short axis image of the neural and vascular structures in the midneck, a 17-gauge Tuohy needle was directed into the skin between the levator scapulae and middle scalene muscles. Using the in plane approach, the needle was advanced until the tip was located between C5 and C6 nerve roots. Following a bolus injection of local anesthetic, a catheter was threaded 2 to 4 cm and secured. Visualization of the spread of local anesthetic through the catheter was used to dynamically confirm correct perineural catheter location. The characteristics of these catheters were assessed including dislodgment, postoperative opioid consumption, complications, and patient satisfaction. Results: All 16 catheters were successfully placed. There were no unintended catheter dislodgments. Patient satisfaction was high and postoperative opioid consumption was minimal. Conclusions: Results suggest the use of ultrasound for placing a continuous interscalene nerve catheter via the posterior approach is a viable technique that offers an alternative to the more conventional non-image-guided superficial landmark techniques.
Developmental exposure to organophosphate flame retardants causes behavioral effects in larval and adult zebrafish.

Abstract Background Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) have grown in usage since concerns about the health effects of the previously used polybrominated flame retardants led to their being phased out. The potential for OPFRs to cause adverse health effects of their own is still unexamined. Because of their structural similarities to organophosphate pesticides, which have themselves been heavily researched and shown to be neurobehavioral teratogens, we investigated the possibility that developmental exposure to two OPFRs, triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), and tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl)phosphate (TDCIPP) might lead to behavioral impairment across the lifespan, as has been observed with the organophosphate pesticide chlorpyrifos. Methods Zebrafish were exposed to 0.03 or 0.3 μM of TPHP, TDCIPP, or chlorpyrifos from 0 to 5 days post fertilization. Vehicle control consisted of 0.03% solution of DMSO. At 6 days post fertilization, larvae were tested on a locomotor assay. Separate cohorts of 6 day old larvae that were not tested on the larval assay were allowed to grow to adulthood. At 12 weeks post fertilization, these adult zebrafish were tested on a battery of behavioral assays that included tests of novel environment exploration, startle habituation, social affiliation, and predator escape. Results Developmental exposure altered zebrafish behavior across the lifespan. Larval zebrafish exposed to the 0.03 μM doses of chlorpyrifos or TDCIPP exhibited significant (p Discussion Early developmental exposure to OPFRs produced behavioral impairment that persisted into adulthood. These findings support broader research investigating the role of organophosphate compounds, including the OPFRs used here, in developmental neurotoxicity.
Cluster multispacecraft determination of AKR angular beaming

[1] Simultaneous observations of AKR emission using the four-spacecraft Cluster array were used to make the first direct measurements of the angular beaming patterns of individual bursts. By comparing the spacecraft locations and AKR burst locations, the angular beaming pattern was found to be narrowly confined to a plane containing the magnetic field vector at the source and tangent to a circle of constant latitude. Most rays paths are confined within 15° of this tangent plane, consistent with numerical simulations of AKR k-vector orientation at maximum growth rate. The emission is also strongly directed upward in the tangent plane, which we interpret as refraction of the rays as they leave the auroral cavity. The narrow beaming pattern implies that an observer located above the polar cap can detect AKR emission only from a small fraction of the auroral oval at a given location. This has important consequences for interpreting AKR visibility at a given location. It also helps re-interpret previously published Cluster VLBI studies of AKR source locations, which are now seen to be only a subset of all possible source locations. The observations are inconsistent with either filled or hollow cone beaming models.
Vascular endothelial growth factor-C promotes vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, and collagen constriction in three-dimensional collagen gels

Objective Neovascularization, angiogenesis, and collagen constriction are essential for wound healing. We tested whether vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) can promote collagen constriction, capillary sprouting (angiogenesis), and invasion/migration of bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells into collagen (vasculogenesis). Methods We used a recently characterized three-dimensional collagen matrix assay with either monolayers of human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HMVECs) or bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells (BMD EPCs), obtained from Tie-2 LacZ transgenic mice, overlaid with an acellular layer and then a cellular layer of collagen embedded with fibroblasts, that were nontransduced or transduced with either LacZ adenoviral vector (Ad5) or VEGF-C/Ad5. The ability of VEGF-C to enhance fibroblast-mediated collagen constriction was measured, and gels overlying HMVECs or BMD EPCs were co-cultured, harvested, and assayed for HMVEC migration, sprouting, and capillary-like formation; gels containing BMD EPCs were assayed for EPC invasion/migration into the collagen extracellular matrix. Results VEGF-C significantly increased collagen constriction and formation of capillary-like structures with true lumina ( P P P Conclusion Fibroblast-specific expression of VEGF-C promotes collagen constriction by fibroblasts and enhances microvascular endothelial cell migration, branching, and capillary sprouting in association with up-regulating MT1-MMP expression. Fibroblasts are necessary for BMD EPC invasion/migration into collagen, and their overexpression of VEGF-C enhances this fibroblast-mediated vasculogenic effect. Collectively, these findings suggest a role for VEGF-C in multiple biologic steps required for wound healing (angiogenesis, vasculogenesis, and collagen constriction).
Methodology in South African historiography: A defence of idealism and empiricism 1

This article seeks to clarify some issues raised by Marxists in their critique of the “liberal” historians of South Africa. It argues that the liberal school was marked, first, by certain political commitments, and, secondly, by an allegiance to the method of “empirico‐idealism”. This method is based on three principles: methodological idealism, methodological individualism, and empiricism. (1) “Methodological idealism” is distinct from causal idealism, the belief that consciousness determines the organization of society for productive purposes. It is rather the assertion that historical explanation cpnsists of rethinking the thoughts of past historical figures. This view is compatible with causal materialism as well as with causal idealism. (2) “Methodological individualism” asserts that the historical process is the product of the thoughts and actions of individuals, and that historians must recreate these thoughts and actions with individuals (whether known or anonymous) in mind. (3) “Empiricism” does ...
Secondary Data Analysis: An Important Tool for Addressing Developmental Questions

Existing data sets can be an efficient, powerful, and readily available resource for addressing questions about developmental science. Many of the available databases contain hundreds of variables of interest to developmental psychologists, track participants longitudinally, and have representative samples. In this article, the authors discuss the benefits and limitations of secondary data analysis so that researchers can make informed decisions about when it makes sense to use existing data and when it does not. They then provide an overview of best practices for handling the most common conceptual, methodological, and practical issues that arise when adopting this approach.
Best k-digit rational approximation of irrational numbers: Pre-computer versus computer era

Abstract The best k -digit rational approximation for a given irrational number, where the numerator has k digits, is presented. Such an approximation allows better error-free computation in the real-world scenario than that permitted by the k -digit decimal approximation of the irrational number. It is pointed out that such a best k -digit rational approximation, though exponential, has been made possible due to current high-speed computation performed by a digital computer. To appreciate the importance of such an approximation, we have also focused on the rational approximation – not always the best one – of some of the famous irrational numbers such as the π and the exponential function e by the ingenuity of super-mathematicians in several parts of the world during the pre-computer era spanning over centuries.
Seasonal Growth of Free-Ranging Gila Monsters (Heloderma suspectum) in a Southern Arizona Population

We fit asymptotic models to growth data of free-ranging Gila Monsters studied near Tucson, Arizona. We used a mixed-effects modeling procedure that allows for unequal numbers of recaptures by accounting for within-individual covariance and models between-individual variation in growth parameters as random effects. A model selection procedure and diagnostic tests indicated that a von Bertalanffy curve with seasonal cessation of growth and a random effect for asymptotic size fit the data best. Young Gila Monsters in our study grew faster than previously reported growth rates from both field and captive animals, and we discuss potential reasons for this discrepancy.
On the Dynamics of Chip Formation in Machining Hard Metals

Abstract The results of orthogonal cutting tests on electroplated nickel-phosphorus (15% phosphorus) and AISI 52100 bearing steel are presented and compared. For both materials, chips become segmented at relatively low cutting speeds (0.3 m/s to 2 m/s) due to the onset of an oscillation in the material flow that is manifested in the repetitive formation of localised shear bands. The average spacing between the shear bands increases monotonically with cutting speed and asymptotically approaches a limiting value that is determined by the cutting conditions and the properties of the material being cut. The similarity in the behaviour of the two materials (which have significantly different microstructure) and the regularity of the shear band pattern observed in the chips provides strong evidence for a continuum mechanics model of the process. A simplified one-dimensional thermo-mechanical model of a continuous, homogeneous material being sheared by an impinging rigid wedge is developed to explain the observed behaviour. Numerical simulations of this model show that at low wedge speeds, material deformation reaches a thermo-mechanical equilibrium, in which material flow is homogenous and the stress, strain-rate and temperature fields reach a steady state behaviour that is constant in time (when viewed from a tool-fixed reference frame). As the wedge speed is increased, the stress, strain-rate and temperature fields become oscillatory, and the material flow becomes inhomogenous. As the speed of the wedge is increased further, the material shows repetitive shear localisation, with the distance between shear zones increasing montonically to some limiting value, as was observed in experiments.
Near-Interface Brownian Motion of Anisotropic Particles

Anisotropic microscopic objects are ubiquitous such as polymers, biological cells and filamentous macromolecules. Near interfaces, the thermal motion of these objects is strongly constrained due to the hydrodynamic interactions, often impacting the overall behavior of the biophysical systems. Thus, understanding this wall-effect is a key to describe many surface-related problems. Unlike the well-studied case of spheres, however, both the experimental and theoretical studies of the near-wall Brownian motion of anisotropic bodies have been elusive due to the lack of ideal imaging techniques and its intrinsically complex system. Here we present the experimental and computational study of the rotational Brownian motion of silicon nanowires tethered on a substrate. A uniquely developed interference method enables the direct visualization of the microscopic rotations of nanowires in three dimensions with high angular ( 200Hz) with normal CCD camera. The quantitative measurement at short time scales revealed the anisotropic reduction in their rotational diffusivities as a function of the inclined angles. At long time scales, the rotational diffusivity of their free ends into the inclined direction decreased more than 40-80 % in total. We then developed an implicit hydrodynamic model from a string-of-beads idealization, which is equivalent to the infinite-order Stokes superposition of solvent flow around the beads and its implicit solution for their hydrodynamic velocities. The calculation showed excellent agreement with the experimental observations. The demonstrated interferometric method, together with the versatile numerical simulation, provides a systematic approach for studying a variety of colloidal rheology as model biophysical systems. Our observation provides insights into the fundamental diffusive processes, useful for understanding the near-interface behavior of anisotropic microorganisms and macromolecules as well as property of the surfaces themselves.
944-70 Effects of Graded Intracoronary Infusion of Heptanol on Conduction and Susceptibility to Inducible Arrhythmias in Infarcted Canine Myocardium In Vivo

Abnormal intracellular coupling is an important element of the arrhythmia substrate in chronic coronary artery disease. To determine the effects of changing cellular coupling on epicardial conduction and susceptibility to inducible ventricular tachycardia (VT), graded intracoronary infusion of heptanol (HI was performed in 9 dogs with chronic (6–18 weeks) occlusionreperfusion LAD infarction. The LAD was supplied with blood via a constant flow bypass system, allowing selective infusion of known, fixed concentrations of H. Activation time (ATI during sinus rhythm (NSR) was measured at 40 epicardial sites in a 0.5 × 1.0 cm plaque positioned within the field of the LAD bypass system. Programmed stimulation (up to three extrastimuli) was performed at each H concentration. Results Control H105 mM) H(1.0mM) Number ot dogs 9 9 7 AT (change vs control) – 108% 151% Noninducible 8 4 3 Sustained VT 0 4 1 Sustained PMVT/VF 1 1 3 VT was induced in one dog at 1.0 mM H despite the absence of electrical activity in the perfusion field during NSR. Conclusion 1) low dose H (0.5 mM) increases susceptibility to inducible VT; 2) high dose H (1.0 mM) decreases susceptibility to inducible VT with significant decreases in conduction or conduction block during NSR; and 3) VT may be induced in this model despite the absence of electrical activity in the LAD perfusion field. This suggests that the border zone between normal and H perfused tissue may contribute to arrhythmogenesis. These observations support the hypothesis that the antiarrhythmic effect of uncoupling agents may be mediated by dissociating poorly coupled cells in infarcted myocardium.
Efficient association mapping of quantitative trait loci with selective genotyping

Selective genotyping (i.e., genotyping only those individuals with extreme phenotypes) can greatly improve the power to detect and map quantitative trait loci in genetic association studies. Because selection depends on the phenotype, the resulting data cannot be properly analyzed by standard statistical methods. We provide appropriate likelihoods for assessing the effects of genotypes and haplotypes on quantitative traits under selective-genotyping designs. We demonstrate that the likelihood-based methods are highly effective in identifying causal variants and are substantially more powerful than existing methods.
Fluid flow along potentially active faults in crystalline rock

The relationship between in-situ stress and fluid flow in fractured and faulted rock is examined by using data from detailed analyses of stress orientation and magnitude, fracture geometry, and precision temperature logs that indicate localized fluid flow. Data obtained from three boreholes that penetrate highly fractured and faulted crystalline rocks indicate that potentially active faults appear to be the most important hydraulic conduits in situ. The data indicate that the permeability of critically stressed faults is much higher than that of faults that are not optimally oriented for failure in the current stress field.
Thyroid Cancer Epidemiology and Prognostic Variables

Thyroid cancer comprises a broad spectrum of diseases with variable prognoses. Although most patients with this disease have excellent overall survival, there are some who do not fare so well. With the worldwide increase in incidence, the need to identify which tumours pose the greatest risk to patients is more acute than ever. This paper will discuss this rising trend in incidence with an analysis of the possible reasons for the increase. In addition, the paper will explore the factors that portend a worse prognosis for the individual patient. Finally, the limitations of the current staging systems will be discussed, with particular emphasis on why they are not as informative in the management of patients with thyroid cancer.
The biogeochemistry of toluene in coastal seawater: radiotracer experiments in controlled ecosystems

The fate of toluene in coastal seawater was investigated in controlled ecosystems using14C- and3H-toluene as tracers. Under winter-like conditions, 80% of the toluene volatilized from the water column in 2 months. Microbial degradation was less important than volatilization and sorption onto particulate matter with resultant loss to the sediments was minor. During summer most of the toluene was degraded by microbes. Nearly 80% of the toluene was converted to CO2 within 1 week and the label remained in the water column as dissolved CO2. The experimental results were applied to estimate the removal rates and the residence time of toluene in adjacent Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island. In winter volatilization would dominate the loss of toluene and a residence time of 6 d would be predicted. However, rapid biodegradation in summer would result in a residence time of < 1 d.
Consequences of Whistle-Blowing: A Study of the Experiences of Management Accountants

A power-dependency model was used to examine what variables are associated with the reported success, i.e., elimination of wrongdoing, and personal consequences of whistle-blowing. A survey of 219 ...
Label dilution method: a novel tool for bioligand interaction studies using bead injection in the lab-on-valve format

This work introduces a novel method, label dilution, which is analogous to the well-established isotope dilution method. The principle is tested on a model system of commercially available antibodies and protein-coated Sepharose beads and implemented using micro-bead injection in the lab-on-valve format. This micro-scale method uses a labeled form of the target molecule as an internal standard. Label dilution employs ratiometric measurements using the absorbance signals from the label and the target molecules for quantitative determination of an analyte. The label dilution method is shown to discriminate between selective and non-selective binding and provides a means for monitoring bioligand interactions in real time. With a detection limit of 470 ng of IgG, this method provides a sensitive, automated technique for the determination of low-level analytes in complex samples. This technique has been developed with the aim of using it to facilitate diabetes research in which the interactions between autoantibodies and the molecules they target are a central focus.
Deposition of thin refractory MIS structures on InP

In the present investigation, we report on significant increases in the refractory-InP Schottky barrier by process modification of the metal-semiconductor interface. Refractory-InP MIS structures were investigated as pos-sible gate metallizations. These structures consisted of Ta/Ta2}O5}/InP and TiW/TiO2} /InP. A thin layer of Ta (100a) was electron beam vapor aeposited followed by the in situ formation of Ta2}O5} at 300‡C and an oxygen overpressure.
Thurscal: A Program for Interval Scaling Using Paired Comparisons or Paired Comparison Treatment of Complete Ranks Under Case III Assumptions

A microcomputer program which performs interval scaling under Thurstone's Case III is reported. Data handled may be from pair comparison procedures or rank orderings (which are converted to their implied pair comparisons). The output includes intermediate proportions (for scaling Case V by hand, if desired), as well as computed scale values and standard deviations for each stimulus.
A family of transport equations in neutron transport theory

Abstract The backward formulation of problems in neutron transport is considered. Boundary conditions are developed from the adjoint system which in turn is rigorously obtained from a variational principle. The variational principle is derived by constraining the flux with the forward transport equation and affiliated boundary/initial conditions, avoiding physically motivated Importance arguments. Extremising the constrained functional yields both the forward and adjoint equations as well as boundary/initial conditions as the Euler Lagrange system. The backward formulation provides a means of developing exact equations for the scalar flux and emergent current as well as internal distributions such as the slowing down density.
Quantitative assessment of tidal wetlands using remote sensing

Effective management of tidal wetlands requires periodic data on the boundaries, extent, and condition of the wetlands. In many states, wetlands are defined wholly, or in combination with other criteria, by the presence of particular emergent halophytic plants. Many important characteristics of the wetlands ecosystem are related directly to the production of emergent plant material or may be inferred from knowledge of the distribution of emergent plant species. Remote-sensing techniques have been applied to mapping of the distribution of wetland vegetation but not to quantitative evaluation of the condition of that vegetation.
Inhibition of proliferation by PERK regulates mammary acinar morphogenesis and tumor formation.

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress signaling can be mediated by the ER kinase PERK, which phosphorylates its substrate eIF2α. This in turn, results in translational repression and the activation of downstream programs that can limit cell growth through cell cycle arrest and/or apoptosis. These responses can also be initiated by perturbations in cell adhesion. Thus, we hypothesized that adhesion-dependent regulation of PERK signaling might determine cell fate. We tested this hypothesis in a model of mammary acini development, a morphogenetic process regulated in part by adhesion signaling. Here we report a novel role for PERK in limiting MCF10A mammary epithelial cell proliferation during acinar morphogenesis in 3D Matrigel culture as well as in preventing mammary tumor formation in vivo. We show that loss of adhesion to a suitable substratum induces PERK-dependent phosphorylation of eIF2α and selective upregulation of ATF4 and GADD153. Further, inhibition of endogenous PERK signaling during acinar morphogenesis, using two dominant-negative PERK mutants (PERK-ΔC or PERK-K618A), does not affect apoptosis but results instead in hyper-proliferative and enlarged lumen-filled acini, devoid of proper architecture. This phenotype correlated with an adhesion-dependent increase in translation initiation, Ki67 staining and upregulation of Laminin-5, ErbB1 and ErbB2 expression. More importantly, the MCF10A cells expressing PERKΔC, but not a vector control, were tumorigenic in vivo upon orthotopic implantation in denuded mouse mammary fat pads. Our results reveal that the PERK pathway is responsive to adhesion-regulated signals and that it is essential for proper acinar morphogenesis and in preventing mammary tumor formation. The possibility that deficiencies in PERK signaling could lead to hyperproliferation of the mammary epithelium and increase the likelihood of tumor formation, is of significance to the understanding of breast cancer.
Evaluation of phosphoenolpyruvate as a phosphoryl group donor for phosphoproteins in skeletal muscle.

Abstract The possible existence of a phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent protein kinase activity in muscle first reported by Khandelwal et al. ( FEBS Lett. 162, 127–132, 1983) was further examined in this study. [ 32 P]Phosphoenolpyruvate was used to assay rabbit muscle extract that was first dialyzed and then passed over a gel filtration column. Fractions from the column were assayed for activity (as shown by counts incorporated into an acid-precipitable product), which was observed only when two distinct and resolved fractions were combined. The approximate masses of these two components, as estimated by nondenaturing gel filtration chromatography, were 30 and 160 kDa. The activity showed time and concentration dependence and was inactivated by heat and proteolysis. [γ- 32 P]ATP could not substitute for [ 32 P]phosphoenolpyruvate in the activity assays, nor was there evidence for the formation of ATP during the assays. Elution of the reaction mixture from a sizing column revealed several radioactive peaks. Other tissues (heart, kidney, liver, lung, spleen, and back skeletal muscle) from rabbit and rat were screened; the total activity was detected in all tissues examined, but was highest in the skeletal muscle of both species, with that from rabbit being twice that from rat.
Design of a virtual auditorium

We built a videoconference system called the Virtual Auditorium to support dialog-based distance learning. The instructor can see dozens of students on a tiled wall-sized display and establish eye contact with any student. Telephone-quality audio and television-quality video can be streamed using commodity codecs such as wavelet and MPEG-4. Support for stream migration allows a seamless user interface to span the multiple computers driving the display wall..We performed user studies on the auditorium parameters. We found that the optimal display wall size must balance two contradictory requirements: subjects prefer larger videos for seeing facial expressions and smaller videos for seeing everyone without head movement. Ideally, each video should have a field of view that spans 14 degrees, which corresponds to a slightly larger than life-size image. At the very least, each video should have a field of view of 6 degrees. We found that a video window should be less than 2.7 degrees horizontally and 9 degrees vertically from the camera in order to maintain the appearance of eye contact for the remote viewer. In addition, we describe a previously unreported gaze phenomenon: a person's expectation determines his perception of eye contact under ambiguous conditions.
The importance of inhalation volume when measuring smoking behavior

Theoretical and technical considerations of measuring puff and inhalation volumes during cigarette smoking are reviewed. Measures of smoking behavior using a flowmeter and inductance plethysmography are described and demonstrated with seven subjects smoking over a 3-to 4-h period. Puff volume and duration, inhaled volume and duration, interpuff and intercigarette interval, and number of puffs varied for each individual over the session. The ratio of puff volume to inhaled volume changed with successive cigarettes. Smokers adjust the concentration of smoke by blending air with the smoke. Thus, to completely characterize smoking behavior, the volume of smoke and air inhaled into the lungs must be measured directly.
Exploiting vector space properties to strengthen the relaxation of bilinear programs arising in the global optimization of process networks

In this paper we present a methodology for finding tight convex relaxations for a special set of quadratic constraints given by bilinear and linear terms that frequently arise in the optimization of process networks. The basic idea lies on exploiting the interaction between the vector spaces where the different set of variables are defined in order to generate cuts that will tighten the relaxation of traditional approaches. These cuts are not dominated by the McCormick convex envelopes and can be effectively used in conjunction with them. The performance of the method is tested in several case studies by implementing the resulting relaxation within a spatial branch and bound framework.
Agrarian Conflict and the State in Mexico

The manner in which people of la provincia adjust to the encroachment of outside political and especially economic forces is key to an understanding of the development of modern Mexico. The penetration of economically and politically marginal and geographically remote indigenous communities with traditional socioeconomic structures based on egalitarianism and reciprocity by so-called modern or capitalistic ways affects institutions from land tenure to kinship ties. It calls into question traditional modes of life and often leads to conflict both within the community and with outsiders. Conflict, especially disorganized and random conflict, within the community is generally tolerated, if not condoned, by outside elites and by the authorities; it helps to divide the community and facilitate manipulation and control from above. Coordinated and organized movements and rebellions that reach outside the community pose a more serious challenge, and responses range from repression to some degree of accommodation. Moreover, the elites and authorities often coordinate their actions; thus, even in the face of acquiescence to community pressure, ultimate control of the sociopolitical structures remains in the hands of the elites, now with official backing. Here we have one of the key ingredients in the formation and longevity of the postrevolutionary Mexican state and its official party, the Partido Revolucionario Institucional (Institutional Revolutionary Party PRI). Three historical-anthropological case studies examine this conflict and its relationship to the elites and the state. Each study approaches the topic from a different perspective, focusing on a different place and time. The work of Thomas Benjamin, a historian, offers the broadest geographical and longest chronological perspective. A Rich Land, a Poor People attempts to explain why the state of Chiapas, despite its great resource base, remains one of the poorest regions in Mexico.
‘NURSE’ry Rhymes for Infection Control Review

ISSUE: Staff education is a challenging and ever evolving project. Yearly education was done at a Education Fair with each area of nursing review at a separate table/booth. We wanted to present the Infection Control review in an attractive and unique format. Presenting the same facts in the same way each year becomes very ineffective. Adult learning principles state that adults have acquired a body of experiences and knowledge and that new learning must be applicable to this base. They are practical, wanting knowledge to be relevant and useful. Our approach met these criteria. PROJECT: A creative, colorful review was developed using familiar ‘NURSE’ry rhyme characters with infection control scenarios. Staff were strongly encouraged to visit the fair during hours when educators were available, but could also attend and learn on their own. Material was coded and answers available for quick feedback. Each scenario ended with “What would you do?” Since the adult learner responds best to information that is practical for their everyday use, the scenarios were created to address relevant issues to our hospital environment. Scenarios were developed for professional staff (RN's and LPN's) and also for the nursing assistants. RESULTS: The ‘NURSE’ry Rhymes for Infection Control Review was received enthusiastically and proved to be an enjoyable way to create a non-threatening atmosphere to learn. The unusual, unexpected and light-hearted scenarios made it a fun learning experience. As a result, our infection control program has continued to use unique approaches to learning and is well recognized and received through-out the hospital. LESSONS LEARNED: We learned that it works much better with an educator present as it provided wonderful opportunities for ‘one on one’ education, reinforcing knowledge and correcting wrong perceptions. This particular program did not require pre- and post-testing for evaluation of learning, but could easily be added to the educational plan. Adult learners respond best in a non-threatening environment, when it's applicable to their work world. This poster abstract is not intended to be the report of a scientific study, but an opportunity to share a unique infection control review strategy.
Electrolytic and ibotenic acid lesions of the medial subnucleus of the medial geniculate prevent the acquisition of classically conditioned heart rate to a single acoustic stimulus in rabbits.

Abstract The present study examined the role of the medial subnucleus of the medial geniculate (mMG) in classical heart rate (HR) conditioning to a single acoustic conditioned stimulus (CS) in rabbits. Previous electrophysiological and neuroanatomical studies have implicated the mMG as a potential site of plasticity in forming the HR conditioned response (CR) to acoustic stimuli. In addition, several studies have found that bilateral lesions of the rabbit mMG prevent differential conditioning to acoustic stimuli, however animals still exhibit a significant bradycardiac response to the tones. In order to determine if the residual bradycardia seen in differential conditioning studies was due to learned responses or non-associativ effects, rabbits with either bilateral electrolytic or ibotenic acid lesions of mMG, and animals with lesion outside of mMG (lesion control), were subjected to one session of single tone Pavlovian conditioning. In this paradigm, an acoustic CS was paired with an aversive unconditioned stimulus (US) in the conditioning groups, and in a pseudoconditioning group the CS and US were unpaired. The results suggest that bilateral lesions of mMG prevent the acquisition of the HR CR relative to control lesioned animals. The results also suggest that cells intrinsic to mMG are involved in conditioned bradycardia to a single tone, as well as in the discrimination between two tones, as reported previously. The lesion effects upon CRs are discussed with respect to other areas in the acoustic thalamus.
Strategic Improvement of Workplace Competence II: The Economics of Competence

The economics of competence—-and incompetence—-need to be understood if managers are to make prudent business decisions about improving workplace competence. I present a rationale for a typical, current cost–of–incompe–tence estimate (33% of payroll), strategies for estimating current cost–of–in–competence for a specific plant, operation, or work group, and a practical strategy for improving workplace competence. The strategy uses low–cost human performance technology to enable everyone from top managers to entry level workers to learn new knowledge, skills, and attitudes while they achieve early productivity gains that pay for later initiatives.
Inositolpolyphosphate binding sites and their likely role in calcium regulation in smooth muscle

Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3) and inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate (InsP4) binding sites have been identified in smooth muscle and other tissues. Subcellular localization of these receptors in smooth muscle indicates that they are present in both the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane and the plasma membrane, although the InsP3 receptor appears predominantly localized in the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. The heterogeneity of InsP3 binding sites is confirmed by radioligand binding and molecular cloning studies. It is now clear that InsP3, in addition to releasing intracellular Ca2+, can also stimulate Ca2+ entry across the plasma membrane. Although the mechanism of Ca2+ entry remains a matter for much debate, what is not in doubt is that increases in InsP3, perhaps acting together with InsP4, can maintain a constant influx of Ca2+ across the cell membrane. Compared to the InsP3 receptor, our understanding of the InsP4 binding site is limited. In most cases, including release of intracellular Ca2+ or Ca2+ entry, the major role of InsP4 appears to be the potentiation of the InsP3-induced response. Future studies of the InsP4 binding site by purification and molecular cloning, as well as subcellular localization, are needed to clarify the role for InsP4 in the regulation of intracellular Ca2+.
Advisee‐advisor communication: An exploratory study examining interpersonal communication variables in the graduate advisee‐advisor relationship

The objective of this study was to investigate graduate students' perceptions of their graduate advisors' communication (competence, credibility, and nonverbal immediacy), and how these perceptions impact advisees' perceptions of learning, effectiveness of the advisee‐advisor relationship, and advisors' degrees of mentoring. Advisee perceptions of her or his advisor's competence and caring/goodwill accounted for 43% of the variance in advisee cognitive learning. Advisee perceptions of her or his advisor's caring/ goodwill accounted for 39% of the variance in advisee perceptions of the effectiveness of the advisee‐advisor relationship. Lastly, this study noted that the linear combination of advisee perceptions of advisor credibility and communication competence accounted for 55% of the variance in an advisee's perception of the amount of mentoring an advisee received from her or his graduate advisor.
The influence of age on the likelihood of receiving end-of-life care consistent with patient treatment preferences.

Abstract Background: Age differences may help to explain discrepancies in medical care received by cancer patients near death. Objectives: Understanding age differences in advanced cancer patients'...
Stability of adaptive and non-adaptive packet routing policies in adversarial queueing networks

We investigate the stability of packet routing policies in adversarial queueing networks. We provide a simple classification of networks which are stable under any greedy scheduling policy. We show that a network is stable if and only if the underlying undirected connected graph contains at most two edges. We also propose a simple and distributed policy which is stable in an arbitrary adversarial queueing network even for the critical value of the arrival rate r = 1. Finally, a simple and checkable network flow-type load condition is formulated for adaptive adversarial queueing networks, and a policy is proposed which achieves stability under this new load condition. This load condition is a relaxation of the integral network flow-type condition considered previously in the literature.
Somatostatin stimulates prostaglandin production by rat gastric epithelial cells in vitro, but is not cytoprotective.

Whether somatostatin stimulates prostaglandin synthesis by gastric cells is controversial. Also, it is unknown whether somatostatin protects gastric cells against exogenous injury in conditions independent of systemic factors and of inhibition of gastric acid secretion. The present study was undertaken (1) to evaluate the effect of somatostatin on prostaglandin production by rat gastric epithelial cells in monolayer culture and (2) to assess whether somatostatin protects gastric cells against taurocholate- and indomethacin-induced damage in vitro. Somatostatin at concentrations of 10−5 M and 10−4 M significantly stimulated PGE2 and 6-keto-PGF1α production by rat gastric epithelial cells but was not able to prevent damage induced by sodium taurocholate and indomethacin to rat gastric cells in monolayer culture. These results suggest that: (1) somatostatin stimulates prostaglandin synthesis by cultured rat gastric epithelial cells, but (2) is not directly protective to rat gastric epithelial cell monolayers against drug-induced damage in vitro.
The agglutinin response to whole-cell and acellular pertussis vaccines is Bordetella pertussis--strain dependent.

• Objective. —To determine the significance of theBordetella pertussisstrain used as the antigen in the agglutinin assay for the evaluation of pertussis vaccines. Design. —Randomized, double-blind study. Setting. —Health maintenance organization clinics, primary care clinic at a referral hospital, and private practices in Los Angeles County, California. Participants. —Forty healthy infants. Selection Procedures. —Convenience sample. Interventions. —Twenty infants received whole-cell pertussis-component diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine (DTP), and 70 infants received acellular pertussis-component diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine (APDT) at ages 2, 4, and 6 months. Measurements. —The agglutinin assay was performed using three separateB pertussisstrain preparations: (1) strains 130 and 138 in equal quantities, the constituents of the DTP vaccine, (2) strain 460, and (3) strain Tohama, the constituent of the APDT vaccine. Results. —The agglutinin titers were highly strain dependent; in both groups of vaccinees at both ages the Tohama values were highest, followed by strain 460 and then strains 130/138. The vaccine groups had comparable titers at age 2 months regardless of the assay antigen used. However, at age 7 months, after three immunizations, the DTP group geometric mean titer was more than 10 times greater than that of the APDT group using strains 130/138, but only 2.6 times higher using strain 460 and almost equivalent using Tohama strain. Conclusion. —Vaccine group agglutinin value comparisons strongly depend on assay antigens used. (AJDC. 1992;146:1148-1150)
Prospects for spheromak fusion reactors

The reactor study of Hagenson and Krakowski demonstrated the attractiveness of the spheromak as a compact fusion reactor, based on physics principles confirmed in CTX experiments in many respects. Most uncertain was the energy confinement time and the role of magnetic turbulence inherent in the concept. In this paper, a one-dimensional model of heat confinement, calibrated by CTX, predicts negligible heat loss by magnetic turbulence at reactor scale.
Reflections on Don Juan and on the utility of the unhappy love affair

Based on an unusual clinical experience of a teenage boy in child psychotherapy, two conclusions are proposed: (1) that the extremely unhappy, early love affairs that occur in most men's lives serve a valuable function in helping them separate from their mothers sufficiently to be able to realistically relate to appropriate marriage partners, and (2) that some Don Juans start new relationships in order to break them off, rather than the reverse.