cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Safety Analysis of Florida Urban Limited Access Highways with Special Focus on the Influence of Truck Lane Restriction Policy

Detailed modeling of traffic crashes occurring on urban limited access highways in Florida was conducted to determine the influence of various geometric and traffic variables on crash occurrence with special emphasis on presence of truck lane restriction. The geometric variables modeled were length of each segment, number of lanes, number of interchanges, number of ramps, lane width, and shoulder width. The traffic variables modeled were average annual daily traffic, percent of trucks, operating speeds, presence of high occupancy vehicle lane, and presence of truck lane restriction lanes. Also included in the modeling were variables accounting for differences in driving behavior in different urban regions of the State of Florida. The results showed that, although statistically insignificant (p<=0.808), the presence of truck lane restriction had a negative modeling coefficient suggesting that sections with truck lane restriction tended to have less crashes than sections without truck lane restriction. This tendency was confirmed with a marginal effect analysis which showed that implementing truck lane restriction on a Florida urban freeway would have an annual effect of reducing crashes by approximately 4%. These results are in line with the results reported in a number of previous studies investigating the efficacy of truck lane restriction. In addition, various modeling paradigms revealed that there were regional differences in crash occurrence in which the probability of crash occurrence increased from the Orlando area, the Jacksonville area, the Tampa area, the to tricounty area of Palm Beach, Broward, and Miami-Dade, in that order.
Hidden Markov Model of Cortical Synaptic Plasticity: Derivation of the Learning Rule

Cortical synaptic plasticity depends on the relative timing of pre- and postsynaptic spikes and also on the temporal pattern of presynaptic spikes and of postsynaptic spikes. We study the hypothesis that cortical synaptic plasticity does not associate individual spikes, but rather whole firing episodes, and depends only on when these episodes start and how long they last, but as little as possible on the timing of individual spikes. Here we present the mathematical background for such a study. Standard methods from hidden Markov models are used to define what "firing episodes" are. Estimating the probability of being in such an episode requires not only the knowledge of past spikes, but also of future spikes. We show how to construct a causal learning rule, which depends only on past spikes, but associates pre- and postsynaptic firing episodes as if it also knew future spikes. We also show that this learning rule agrees with some features of synaptic plasticity in superficial layers of rat visual cortex (Froemke and Dan, Nature 416:433, 2002).
Signal Transduction and Mechanical Stress

Bone undergoes a constant process of remodeling in which mass is retained or lost in response to the relative activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Weight-bearing exercise-which is critical for retaining skeletal integrity-promotes osteoblast function, whereas a lack of mechanical stimulation, as seen during spaceflight or prolonged bed rest, can lead to osteoporosis. Thus, understanding mechanotransduction at the cellular level is key to understanding basic bone biology and devising new treatments for osteoporosis. Various mechanical stimuli have been studied as in vitro model systems and have been shown to act through numerous signaling pathways to promote osteoblast activity. Here, we examine the various types of stress and the sequential response of transduction pathways that result in changes in gene expression and the ensuing proliferation of osteoblasts.
Evaluation of heuristic techniques for test vector ordering

Vector reordering is an essential task in testing VLSI systems because it affects this process from two perspectives: power consumption and correlation among data. The former feature is crucial and if not properly controlled during testing, may result in permanent failure of the device-under-test (DUT). The atter feature is a so important because correlation is captured by coding schemes to efficiently compress test data and ease memory requirements of Automatic-Test-Equipment (ATE),while reducing the volume of data and lowering the test application time. Reordering however is NP-complete. This paper presents an evaluation of different heuristic techniques for vector reordering using ISCAS85 and ISCAS89 benchmark circuits in terms of time and quality. For this application, it is shown that the best heuristic technique is not the famous Christofides or Lin-Kernighan, but the Multi-Fragment technique.
Transference-countertransference repetitions of traumatic affects

Some patients defend against all affective experiencing, which limits their ability to process feelings verbally. When they establish such defenses to cope with early traumatic experiences, they may need to repeat the affective tone of these experiences within the transference. Using case material, the author explore ways that therapists can utilize the transference-countertransference matrix—particularly their own affective responses in the hour—to help patients to know these experiences.
Ultrasonic sensing based robot localization using entropy nets

It is pointed out that the most attractive feature of artificial neural networks is the procedural nature of learning that allows the capturing of the mapping present in the input-output data without the need for extensive model building. The authors exploit this feature to solve the task of robot localization using ultrasonic sensors. The localization problem is casted as a regression problem which is then solved by using a feedforward-type multiple-layer neural network. The network design and training are done following the entropy net model that uses a tree to network mapping to obtain the network of appropriate size. A representation layer is added to improve output accuracy. Experimental results for the simulated and real data are presented to demonstrate the performance of the proposed approach. >
Bacteremia, endocarditis, and the Hancock valve

Among 373 patients with porcine xenografts, there were 27 instances of exposure of the xenograft to bloodstream or endocardial infection in 22 patients. Nine patients underwent 10 separate insertions of xenografts for active infective endocarditis. There were no early infections or valve failures. Three patients returned with a late prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE) due to a new infection. There were 6 instances of bacteremia early after xenograft valve insertion with no early infection, no valve dysfunction, and 1 instance of late PVE. Eleven patients had PVE on a porcine xenograft. Blood cultures in the 10 patients treated with antibiotics promptly became negative. There were 3 valve-related deaths: 2 from valve incompetence and 1 from mitral and aortic xenograft stenosis. Our experience suggests that the Hancock porcine xenograft is: (1) as resistant to infection as are rigid prostheses in active infective endocarditis; (2) resistant to early postoperative bacteremias; and (3) easier to sterilize than rigid prostheses and more durable than other tissue valves in the face of PVE.
Multiliteracies in the Secondary English Classroom: Becoming Literate in the 21st Century.

Conceptions of literacy in the secondary English language arts classroom today have expanded in multiple directions, moving far beyond former emphases on reading comprehension and writing ability. This article presents the efforts of two secondary English language arts teachers in the Midwestern United States to expand the meaning of literacy in their own classrooms. Using a case study approach, the authors examine each teacher's understanding of literacy, views on enacting literacy in the classroom and efforts to engage students in multiliteracies. The authors then discuss the implications of the teachers' literacy work, focusing on the teachers' individual classrooms and the preparation of secondary English teachers.
Explosive Connections? Mass Media, Social Media, and the Geography of Collective Violence in African States

Growing evidence indicates that the diffusion of information and communication technologies (ICTs) can substantially alter the contours of collective violence in developing nations. However, empiri...
Sex, Menopause, and Culture Sexual Orientation and the Meaning of Menopause for Women's Sex Lives

Past research finds that after menopause some women experience negative changes such as vaginal dryness, decreased libido, and decreased orgasm quality; very little research inquires about positive changes. In contrast, this study shifts the research focus from whether women experience menopausal changes to how women view any changes in sex life. Based on 30 in-depth interviews with heterosexual and lesbian women, the author finds that most women emphasize cultural and social issues, such as relationship status and quality, health, and sexual history, rather than menopausal changes when they describe sex after menopause. However, she finds a difference by sexual orientation in how women handle problems in sex. The author concludes by discussing the implication of this research for future menopause and sex research; most important, she emphasizes studying sex in the context of women's lives rather than as a result of the biological changes of menopause.
The Quest for Number One in College Football: The Revised Bowl Championship Series, Antitrust, and the Winner Take All Syndrome

Beyond the varying opinions and critiques of the BCS, a more fundamental issue regarding the system is whether it is legal. Specifically, does it violate the antitrust laws? This is not a specious question. The Senate Judiciary Committee conducted hearings on the legality of the BCS in October 2003, and the House Subcommittee on Commerce, Trade, and Consumer Protection conducted similar hearings in December 2005. Another important aspect of the BCS is its prominent place as a visual symptom of America's "winner-take-all" society. Is extreme competition, where everyone strives to be the best but very few actually achieve that goal, a good thing for our society? Is our cultural predilection for excessive competition helpful or harmful to individual initiative, achievement, and satisfaction? These two fundamental issues, the legality of the BCS and the larger cultural issue regarding the "winner-take-all" society are symmetrical in a way. The initial question is whether the BCS stands as an abuse of accepted methods of economic competition as regulated by the antitrust laws, while the second issue focuses more broadly on whether the BCS is symptomatic of the excesses of competition in our society at large.
Brain Drain from Developing Countries: How can Brain Drain be Converted into Wisdom Gain?:

Brain drain is defined as the migration of health personnel in search of the better standard of living and quality of life, higher salaries, access to advanced technology and more stable political conditions in different places worldwide. This migration of health professionals for better opportunities, both within countries and across international borders, is of growing concern worldwide because of its impact on health systems in developing countries. Why do talented people leave their countries and go abroad? What are the consequences of such migrations especially on the educational sector? What policies can be adopted to stem such movements from developing countries to developed countries? This article seeks to raise questions, identify key issues and provide solutions which would enable immigrant health professionals to share their knowledge, skills and innovative capacities and thereby enhancing the economic development of their countries.
Building a Global Federation System for Climate Change Research: The Earth System Grid Center for Enabling Technologies (ESG-CET)

The recent release of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 4th Assessment Report (AR4) has generated significant media attention. Much has been said about the U.S. role in this report, which included significant support from the Department of Energy through the Scientific Discovery through Advanced Computing (SciDAC) and other Department of Energy (DOE) programs for climate model development and the production execution of simulations. The SciDAC-supported Earth System Grid Center for Enabling Technologies (ESG-CET) also played a major role in the IPCC AR4: all of the simulation data that went into the report was made available to climate scientists worldwide exclusively via the ESG-CET. At the same time as the IPCC AR4 database was being developed, the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), a leading U.S. climate science laboratory and a ESG participant, began publishing model runs from the Community Climate System Model (CCSM), and its predecessor the Parallel Coupled Model (PCM) through ESG. In aggregate, ESG-CET provides seamless access to over 180 terabytes of distributed climate simulation data to over 6,000 registered users worldwide, who have taken delivery of more than 250 terabytes from the archive. Not only does this represent a substantial advance in scientific knowledge, it is also a major step forward in how we conduct the research process on a global scale. Moving forward, the next IPCC assessment report, AR5, will demand multi-site metadata federation for data discovery and cross-domain identity management for single sign- on of users in a more diverse federation enterprise environment. Towards this aim, ESG is leading the effort in the climate community towards standardization of material for the global federation of metadata, security, and data services required to standardize, analyze, and access data worldwide.
The Labor Supply Effects of Delayed First Birth

In this paper I compare the relationship between first-birth timing and post-birth labor supply for high school and college graduate mothers. Given that pre-birth wages are increasing in fertility delay, the rising opportunity cost of time would suggest that among both groups, later mothers work more. Yet I only find this pattern for high school graduates. For college graduates, I instead find that there is a strong U-shaped pattern between hours worked within motherhood, and the career timing of first birth.
DECREASE IN INCIDENCE OF BLOOD SPOTS IN CHICKEN EGGS BY INJECTION DERIVATIVES OF PYRROLE-2-ALDEHYDE CHALCONES INTO HENS.

SummarySix types of chalcones were tested for effect on incidence of blood spots in chicken eggs. Single daily subcutaneous injections of 3 pyrrole-2-aldehyde chalcones significantly reduced, from pre-injection levels, the percentage of blood spots in eggs laid by a high blood-spot-producing line of Single Comb White Leghorns, from 78 to 47, 85 to 38 and 85 to 30, respectively, during 14 days of injection. No significant effect of chalcone injections on whole blood clotting time, pro-thrombin time, hematocrit values, buffy coat, erythrocyte count, or differential white blood cell counts was noted. No systemic toxic reaction was observed in chickens injected with the chalcones. A slight local reaction believed due to impurities was noted with 3 of the 6 chalcones used. Since certain chalcones are known to reduce capillary fragility in man, it is assumed that the problem of blood spots in eggs probably is related to capillary fragility.The technical assistance and synthesis of the new chalcones by Mr. A. Ha...
Problem Solving with Pentagons: Tsai-Type Quasicrystal as a Structural Response to Chemical Pressure

Even after significant advances in the structural characterization of quasicrystals—phases whose diffraction patterns combine the sharp peaks normally associated with lattice periodicity and rotational symmetries antithetical to such periodicity—this new form of long-range order remains enigmatic. Here, we present DFT–chemical pressure calculations on the Tsai-type quasicrystal approximant CaCd6, which reveal how its icosahedral clusters can be traced to simple CaCu5-type (hP6) intermetallics. The results indicate that the Tsai-type clusters emerge from an atomic-size-driven transformation from planar arrangements to spherical clusters, recalling the relationship between graphene and C60.
A Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Sorghum in the United States

Sorghum is a type of grain, forage, and sugar crop that has been grown in warm, arid climates around the world for 10,000 years. It is a drought-tolerant crop, and is among the most efficient crops in the conversion of solar energy and use of water. In the United States, South America, and Australia, sorghum grain is used primarily for livestock feed and ethanol production and is becoming popular in the human food sector because of its use in gluten-free food products. The U.S. sorghum belt stretches from South Dakota to southern Texas. From the mid-1950s to the mid-1980s, sorghum was harvested, on average, from more than 14 million acres of cropland. Today, the United States harvests just over 7 million acres, with most of those acres in Kansas (2.7 million) and Texas (2.25 million). This article provides a spatiotemporal analysis of sorghum grown in the United States over the past century to help understand farmers' decision making in response to changing markets, policy, and environmental variables.
Steady-State Analysis and Performance of Low Frequency AC Transmission Lines

The steady-state performance of low frequency AC (LFAC) systems for bulk power transmission is proposed and investigated in this paper. It is demonstrated that the LFAC is superior to the conventional 60 Hz AC system in terms of power transfer capability and voltage stability. An existing power system can increase its power transfer capability by up to more than eleven times if it operates at 5 Hz. In low operating frequency conditions, the transmission overhead line reactance is significantly lowered and thus results in less voltage drop along the line. If the system operating frequency is in the range of 1 to 10 Hz, the voltage profile along a transmission line is comparable to the surge impedance loading at the no-load condition or approaches that of the HVDC system at the full-load condition. More importantly, the V-P and Q-V characteristic curves show that the dependency of voltage on the real and reactive power flow is greatly reduced. In other words, the sensitivity of voltage on reactive power variations is diminished and results in a more stable voltage and a higher stability margin for the LFAC system compared to the conventional 60 Hz system.
Levels and their significance of PICP,PIIINP,HA and laminin in cerebrospinal fluid in posthaemorrhagic chronic hydrocephalus

Objective To study levels and their significance of procollagen Ⅰ C-propeptide(PⅠCP),procollagen Ⅲ N-propeptide(PⅢNP),hyaluronic acid(HA)and laminin(LN)in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with chronic hydrocephalus after cerebral hemorrhage.Methods The levels of PⅠCP,PⅢNP,HA and LN in the cerebrospinal fluid in 36 patients with posthemorrhagic chronic hydrocephalus and 29 patients without hydrocephalus(control group)were detected by radioimmunoassay.Results The levels of PⅠCP,PⅢNP,HA and LN in posthemorrhagic chronic hydrocephalus group were significantly higher than that of the control group(P0.01).Conclusion The increase of PⅠCP,PⅢNP,HA and LN levels in the cerebrospinal fluid may play an important role in the development of chronic hydrocephalus after cerebral hemorrhage.
Abstract P039: Testosterone Increases BP in Male SHR by Activating the Renin-angiotensin System: A Cautionary Tale for “Low T” Supplements

Testosterone supplements are widely prescribed for men in the US to improve overall quality of life by increasing libido and sexual performance and protecting against osteoporosis. Whether testosterone supplements affect CVD either positively or negatively is not clear since study results are controversial. Previously, we showed that chronic testosterone supplements cause hypertension in obese male Zucker rats but improves inflammation and metabolic syndrome symptoms. We also found that testosterone supplements in young male SHR further increase their BP, and that castration attenuates the hypertension. In the present study we followed up on these previous studies and tested the hypothesis that, because the SHR are lean, chronic testosterone supplements will increase lean body mass but increase the BP via a renin angiotensin system (RAS) mechanism. Male SHR were treated with testosterone (8 mg/10 mm silastic pellet implanted sc) or placebo (empty pellets sc), beginning at 12 weeks of age for 8 weeks. Fat mass and lean mass were measured by ECHO MRI. Contrary to our hypothesis, testosterone supplements had no effect on lean mass, but reduced fat mass by 49% (4.9±0.6 vs 2.5±0.4 %BW, p
Characterization of a monoclonal antibody having selective reactivity with normal and neoplastic plasma cells.

A myeloma cell-reactive monoclonal antibody (MoAb), MM4, was generated from BALB/c mice immunized with alternate injections of cells from two human multiple myeloma (MM) cell lines. Screening by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique showed that MM4 reacted with human MM cell lines (7 of 7 positive), as well as bone marrow aspirates from MM patients (4 of 4 cases positive). MM4 did not react with marrow aspirates from control patients (3 cases), or with peripheral blood mononuclear (PBM) cells from normal subjects, lymphocytic (12 cases) and myelogenous (8 cases) leukemia patients. In addition, MM4 was negative with polymorphonuclear leukocytes and RBCs from normal donors. By means of the immunoperoxidase technique, the MM4-reactive antigen was detected in paraffin-embedded, Zenker formalin-fixed bone marrow biopsies of MM (12 of 12 cases positive), Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia (2 of 2 cases positive), asymptomatic plasma cell dyscrasia (4 of 4 cases positive), and certain lymphomas (2 of 5 cases positive). Marrow biopsies from lymphocytic (5 cases) and myelogenous (5 cases) leukemias were uniformly negative. The MM4-reactive antigen also was expressed on plasma cells generated from pokeweed mitogen (PWM)-stimulated normal PBM cultures. The pattern of reactivity of MM4 with lymphocytes of B origin was similar to that of the plasma cell MoAb PCA-1. Competitive binding studies showed, however, that these two MoAbs recognized distinct antigenic determinants. These observations suggest that MM4 may be useful for the study of human plasma cell dyscrasias.
The nose in internal medicine

Compared with the lower respiratory tract, the nose reacts with greater physiological sensitivity to environmental stimuli by means of secretion, obstruction and sneezing. When a certain level of nasal reaction is exceeded, we have what is called vasomotoric rhinopathy. Systemic illnesses can also be reflected in the nose. Timely recognition can prevent life-threatening situations such as arise in Wegener's granulomatosis or rhinoliquorrhoea. In rhinitic complaints thought should also be given to the possible side effects of medication. Antihypertensive products and hormonal contraceptives are those most frequently responsible. The suffering experienced by a patient with chronically blocked nasal breathing is often underestimated. A variety of possible causes are reviewed.
Cohabitation and Policymaking in Semi-Presidential Systems

The capacity of political systems to promote policymaking efficiency is an essential question in democratic polities. By policymaking efficiency, I mean the ability of a legitimately elected government to enact important and needed reforms without undue obstructions from the minority. Obviously, the role and impact of the opposition on policymaking remains a matter for discussion, especially regarding what “undue obstructions” are. Should the minority be shunned from the policy process completely? Should it be able to block legislation engaged by the government, even if it is supported by an extreme majority of the citizenry? The perception of policymaking efficiency developed here stands equally apart from both propositions. It considers that the minority has a role to play in policymaking; but it also recognizes that the government should be able to take minority inputs into consideration while being able to govern following the electoral mandate it received.
The Transition Metals

The transition metals are important for many reasons, especially so because they form alloys that are extremely useful. Most of the metals have body-centered cubic, face-centered cubic, or hexagonal structures, but numerous transitions from one crystal structure to another are known (polymorphism). The metals are obtained by reduction of their ores, usually with carbon or hydrogen. Although the metals form oxides, some also form oxyanions such as VO 4 3− or complex hydroxo anions such as Zn(OH) 4 2− . The majority of transition metals exhibit multiple oxidation states, which is reflected in compounds such as the oxides and halides. In the main, the chemistry of the lanthanides is similar to that of the transition metals. Aqueous solutions containing the +3 cations prepared by dissolving the halides are acidic as a result of hydrolysis in which a coordinated water molecule donates a proton to a solvent molecule. In keeping with their lower charge to size ratios, the +2 ions produce less acidic solutions.
Patterns of appendicular skeletal disarticulation : A taphonomic investigation of the Hudson-Meng bonebed

Information from published taphonomic research concerning bison disarticulation frequencies is compared with additional primary data from several recent bison mortality sites to aid in the assessment of patterns of appendicular skeletal disarticulation within a large Paleoindian bison bonebed. Variation in the composition of articulated bison skeletal segments from the 1991-96 excavations at the Hudson-Meng site (25SX115), Sioux County, Nebraska, is compared with a combined data set of actualistic research from several modern bison mortality sites. Comparison of naturally occurring skeletal disarticulation patterns and archaeologically recorded patterns of disarticulation at Hudson-Meng aids in evaluating the formational history of the bonebed. These data indicate that the patterns of disarticulation from within the main bonebed level at Hudson-Meng closely resemble those from modern mortality sites.
Current concepts in elbow arthroplasty

Distal humeral replacement and the total elbow are two commonly-used arthroplastiesEach prosthesis has evolving indications and surgical techniquesRecent changes in device design and implantation methods are due to biomechanical and clinical outcome-based researchNew prostheses and methods provide: better elbow kinematics, more durable bearings and longer-lasting joint replacement potential Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2017;2:83-88. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.2.160064.
Sebastian Sunday Grève and Jakub Mácha, eds. Wittgenstein and the Creativity of Language

Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016. 314pp. $99 Hardcover. ISBN 978-1-137-47253-3 Reviewed by Craig Fox, California University of Pennsylvania.
Pass-Through, Public Trading, and the Dubious Obstacle of Inside Basis Adjustments

Elective “inside basis adjustments” are a central feature of partnership taxation, and their prospective infeasibility for publicly traded companies has played an important role in shaping leading corporate integration proposals. This paper questions whether such adjustments are necessary in the first place. Web Appendix for "Pass-Through, Public Trading, and the Dubious Obstacle of Inside Basis Adjustments" available at:http://ssrn.com/abstract=2968859.
The Un-Common Law

National courts today find themselves ever more confronted with issues that are borderless, and sometimes global. As part of a larger project to determine the potentials of future international legal cross-consultations and harmonization, this paper takes a look at the past of the common law, some aspects of its origins, evolution and characteristics.
Extended abstract: Hard- and soft-sell marketing in white papers

Despite their common use as a marketing tool, high-tech white papers have received little attention from researchers. Many believe the “soft-sell” approach to marketing in a white paper is critical but not well understood. The research in progress, which is described in this extended abstract, focuses on testing a text analysis tool's ability to predict the type of advertising appeals made in white papers.
Mumps: An Emergency Medicine-Focused Update

Abstract Background Mumps is a Paramyxoviridae virus. This disease was rampant prior to introduction of the measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine, resulting in decreased incidence. This disease has demonstrated several outbreaks. Objective This review provides a focused evaluation of mumps, an update on outbreaks, management recommendations, and ways to decrease transmission. Discussion Clusters of mumps outbreaks continue to occur. The virus is a paramyxovirus, a single-stranded RNA virus. The vaccine can provide lifelong immunity if administered properly, though prior to 1967 and introduction of the vaccine, the virus was common. In the past decade, there have been several notable outbreaks. Humans are the only known hosts, with disease spread through exposure to droplets and saliva. Factors affecting transmission include age, compromised immunity, time of year, travel, and vaccination status. Upper respiratory symptoms, fever, and headache are common, with unilateral or bilateral parotitis, and the virus may spread to other systems. Diagnosis is clinical, though polymerase chain reaction and immunoglobulin testing are available. This review provides several recommendations for vaccine in pregnancy, patients living in close quarters, health care personnel, and those immunocompromised. Treatment is generally supportive, with emphasis on proper isolation to prevent widespread outbreaks. Although reporting regulations and procedures vary by state, mumps is reportable in most states. Conclusions Mumps is an easily spread virus. Although vaccination is the most effective way to prevent transmission, early recognition of the disease is crucial. As an emergency physician, it is important to recognize the clinical presentation, recommended testing, treatment, and isolation procedures.
An alternative route to single ion conductivity using multi-ionic salts

Multi-ionic lithium salts comprised of polyoligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) functionalized with eight – (LiNSO2CF3) groups, referred to as POSS-(LiNSO2CF3)8, can be dissolved at very high loadings into tetraglyme (G4), where they can be considered solvent-in-salt electrolytes. With increasing dilution, colloidal solutions are formed. Two systems were investigated, neat POSS-(LiNSO2CF3)8 in G4 and mixtures of POSS-(LiNSO2CF3)8 with LiPF6 or lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI). PFG-NMR indicates that Li can be un-dissociated, completely dissociated and surrounded by G4 molecules, or as contact ion pairs (in which there are 3–4 ether oxygen contacts and one contact with the oxygen from the anion). Equilibria exist between the species of POSS-(LiNSO2CF3)8 and if there is rapid equilibration between the Li states, and close enough proximity between the POSS-(LiNSO2CF3), then the Li+ ions can migrate by a Grotthus-type coordinated hopping mechanism, as well as by a purely diffusive motion. Unlike polymer single ion conductors, where the backbone flexibility permits cluster/aggregate formation, which inhibits escape and mobility of the Li+ ions, the rigid POSS cube and its colloidal structure in G4 prevents formation of POSS-(NSO2CF3−)⋯Li+⋯(−CF3NSO2)-POSS triplets. Instead, the solvated Li+ in POSS-(NSO2CF3−)⋯Li+⋯G4 can be more easily removed to form conductive G4⋯Li+−⋯G4. Good ionic conductivities (∼10−4 S cm−1) and lithium ion transference numbers of tPP+ = 0.65 can be achieved in these systems. Mixtures of 80 wt% LiTFSI and 20 wt% POSS-(LiNSO2CF3)8 in G4 at an O/Li ratio of 20/1, yield both high conductivity (σ = 3.3 × 10−3 S cm−1) and high (tPP+ = 0.65) transference number. Stable cycling between C/2 and 2C with high capacity retention was achieved using Li/[G4/80 wt% LiTFSI/20 wt% POSS-(LiNSO2CF3)8]/LiFePO4 half-cells.
Origination, Moral Responsibility, and Life-Hopes: Ted Honderich on Determinism and Freedom

Perhaps no one has written more extensively, more deeply, and more insightfully about determinism and freedom than Ted Honderich. His influence and legacy with regard to the problem of free will—or the determinism problem, as he prefers to frame it—loom large. In these comments I would like to focus on two main aspects of Honderich’s work: (1) his defense of determinism and its consequences for origination and moral responsibility; and (2) his concern that the truth of determinism threatens and restricts, but does not eliminate, our life-hopes. In many ways, I see my own defense of free will skepticism as the natural successor to Honderich’s work. There are, however, some small differences between us. My goal in this chapter is to clarify our areas of agreement and disagreement and to acknowledge my enormous debt to Ted. If I can also move him toward my own more optimistic brand of free will skepticism, then that would be great too.
At Variance: Father and Son

This chapter revisits the extent to which John Morley’s rift with his father, which stemmed from his refusal to take holy orders, influenced his literary production. Instead of examining Morley’s writings as a means of assuaging the grief over his father’s rejection of him, or as being manifestly unconcerned with this personal rift at all, which are the two positions generally staked out by scholars, this chapter suggests instead that the breach with his father raised questions of moral philosophy to which Morley would continually return in his writings. The incident spurred a lifelong interest in the ethics of parent–child relationships.
Making Things Harder for Yourself

Making things harder for yourself incorporates a paradox. Why would people apparently seeking success do things that would detract from performance and increase the chances for failure? Why do students so often procrastinate, putting term papers off to the last possible moment? Why would a high school senior stay up late the night before taking the SAT exam? In anticipation of an important job interview, why might an unemployed executive get drunk the night before? Why do the depressed so often withdraw rather than trying for the success that might improve their mood? Why do so many people take drugs that impair their abilities?
ON THE QUESTION OF THE ORIGIN OF URINARY AMMONIA

A few years ago we (1) presented evidence in favor of the view that urinary ammonia is formed by the kidney and that acid is not neutralized by ammonia during transportation in the blood. In subsequent communications (2) we discussed later experimental findings of others bearing on the question of the origin of urinary ammonia. During the past 2 years further work has appeared which is more or less directly related to this question and we feel that a discussion of some of these recent findings is desirable. Embden (3) and Parnas and Mozolowski (4) have studied am- monia formation in muscle tissue in relation to contraction, and later Embden and his collaborators reported extensive studies along this line (5). Recently Bliss (6-8) has reported work related to the problem of the origin of urinary ammonia. Bliss has frankly adopted our view that the traces of ammonia found in the blood are of no significance in connection with the neutralization of acids in the body. Obviously this view involves acceptance of the theory that the urinary ammonia has its origin in the kidney. Bliss has presented evidence from which he con- cludes that the amide nitrogen fraction in blood protein is subject to quantitative variation under certain definite conditions. As a result of this work and the further finding that the kidney possesses an enzyme capable of liberating ammonia from the amide nitrogen of the blood proteins, Bliss draws the inference that this amide nitrogen fraction is closely related to the process of neutralization of acids in the tissues, or at least to the neutralization of lactic acid in muscle, and to the ammonia which is found in the urine.
A RAPID METHOD FOR THE SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF ACETALDEHYDE AND ETHANOL IN BLOOD USING GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY.

A simple, rapid, specific and reliable method for the simultaneous determination of blood levels of acetaldehyde (AcH) and ethanol (EtOH) by gas chromatography is described. Air samples equilibrated with blood were used rather than actual blood samples. A programmed temperature gas chromatograph with a hydrogen flame ionization attachment was used with a 1-mv. recorder. The operating procedures are described. Ethanol standards were prepared by diluting 1 g. of absolute ethanol to 50 ml. with distilled water. Volumetric dilutions of this solution with either distilled water or human blood provided EtOH standards of 2, 1, and 0.5 mg. per ml. Standard solutions of AcH were prepared by diluting 1 g. of AcH to 50 ml. with distilled water. Volumetric dilutions of this solution provided AcH standards of 20, 10 and 5 g. per ml. The reference standard solutions were equilibrated for 15 min. at 55 degrees C and injected periodically throughout the experiments. If endogenous EtOH was to be determined, a standard of 0.2 mg. per ml. was used and the attenuation changed to 1. The deproteinizing solutions used were 5% ZnSO4.6H2O and 0.3N Ba(OH)2. Standard and unknown samples were determined by identical procedures. Blood was obtained from rats either by direct cardiac puncture or by decapitation. No difference in levels was noted between these two methods. Degradation of AcH but not EtOH occurred in whole blood samples incubated at 37 or 55 degrees C. This was prevented by alkaline deproteinization of the samples but not by HgCl2 (1 times .0001 M). Following alkaline deproteinization, cold storage (5 degrees C) of samples was shown to be effective for 3 days in preserving initial AcH and EtOH levels. Solutions of lactic acid and pyruvic acid, equal to the normal blood concentrations of these metabolites, could not be detected. Solutions of acetone could be detected but its retention time lies half way between that of AcH and EtOH and its presence would not interfere with this method. The relative retention time of 6 volatile substances which have been encountered in human intoxication (acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, acetone, methanol, isopropanol and n-propanol) were determined and no interference with AcH or EtOH determination could be demonstrated. The methods previously available for the determination of AcH are discussed and it is concluded that the gas chromatographic method described offers the rapidity, reliability and specificity that have been deficient in some older procedures.
Multicultural competence: an empirical comparison of intercultural sensitivity and cultural intelligence

Numerous frameworks have been proposed for describing the set of capabilities associated with multicultural competence. Although overlaps between some frameworks have been discussed, a theory that reconciles conflicting views is still missing. A fundamental reason for the absence of such theory is the scarcity of efforts devoted to contrasting frameworks and identifying generalisable features. This study compares two leading frameworks in the literature, Intercultural Sensitivity (IS) and Cultural Intelligence (CQ). Relying on a sample of undergraduate students (N = 98) who participated in a study-abroad program in Mexico, the study compares IS and CQ's nomological networks. Results indicate overlaps between the cognitive components of CQ and IS. Findings also show that personality traits work as antecedents for both frameworks. Finally, results suggest that, when predicting behavioural adaptation, the variance of fine-grained competencies outperforms broad operationalisations of the general competence. The discussion section addresses the theoretical implications of results for future conceptualisations of intercultural competence and lists practical implications of findings.
Learning and Decision-Making from Rank Data

Abstract The ubiquitous challenge of learning and decision-making from rank data arises in situations where intelligent systems collect preference and behavior data from humans, learn from the data...
Asymmetric dihydroxylation of olefins containing sulfur: Chemoselective oxidation of CC double bonds in the presence of sulfides, 1,3-dithianes, and disulfides

Abstract Osmium tetroxide catalyzed oxidation of sulfide containing olefins in the presence of the chiral ligands (DHQD) 2 PHAL and (DHQ) 2 PHAL resulted in the chemoselective oxidation of the CC double bond rather than oxidation at sulfur. The enantioselectivity is dependent on the substitution pattern of the olefin and ranges from 61–98%. The AD can be performed in the presence of the disulfide and 1,3-dithiane functional groups, also.
Identification of a neurocircuit underlying regulation of feeding by stress-related emotional responses

Feeding is known to be profoundly affected by stress-related emotional states and eating disorders are comorbid with psychiatric symptoms and altered emotional responses. The neural basis underlying feeding regulation by stress-related emotional changes is poorly understood. Here, we identify a novel projection from the paraventricular hypothalamus (PVH) to the ventral lateral septum (LSv) that shows a scalable regulation on feeding and behavioral changes related to emotion. Weak photostimulation of glutamatergic PVH→LSv terminals elicits stress-related self-grooming and strong photostimulation causes fear-related escape jumping associated with respective weak and strong inhibition on feeding. In contrast, inhibition of glutamatergic inputs to LSv increases feeding with signs of reduced anxiety. LSv-projecting neurons are concentrated in rostral PVH. LSv and LSv-projecting PVH neurons are activated by stressors in vivo, whereas feeding bouts were associated with reduced activity of these neurons. Thus, PVH→LSv neurotransmission underlies dynamic feeding by orchestrating emotional states, providing a novel neural circuit substrate underlying comorbidity between eating abnormalities and psychiatric disorders.
Anonymizing Masses: Practical Light-weight Anonymity at the Network Level

In an era of pervasive online surveillance, Internet users are in need of better anonymity solutions for online communications without sacrificing performance. Existing overlay anonymity tools, such as the Tor network, suffer from performance limitations and recent proposals to embed anonymity into Internet protocols face fundamental deployment challenges. In this paper, we introduce Practical Anonymity at the NEtwork Level (PANEL), a practical light-weight anonymity solution based on hardware switching. We implement a prototype of PANEL on a high-performance hardware switch (namely, Barefoot Tofino) using P4 network programming language, and examine the validity and performance of the prototype. Based on our empirical results, PANEL achieves 96% of the actual throughput of the switch and adds a low-latency overhead (e.g., 3% overhead in Skype calls), while offering partial deployablility and transparency (i.e., PANEL requires neither client-side nor server-side modifications).
The Role of Network Support and Interference in Women's Perception of Romantic, Friend, and Parental Relationships

This study examined the association between support/interference from the best friend and closest parent to women's (a) satisfaction with the parent–daughter relationship, (b) satisfaction with the friendship, and (c) love for the romantic partner. The respondents (n = 162 females; 84% Caucasian, 1% Asian American, 10% Hispanic, 4% African American, and 1% Multiracial) completed a questionnaire packet to assess each of the factors. Results revealed that romantic love was unrelated to friend support, friend interference, or parental interference, but positively related to parental support. Parent support was a significant correlate of parent satisfaction, and a similar pattern emerged between friend support/friendship satisfaction. Further, best friend support moderated the relationship between friend interference and friendship satisfaction, such that interference was negatively related to satisfaction in low support conditions. Overall, the results suggested that network reactions to romance played a limited role in romantic affection, but were more strongly associated with network satisfaction.
Nanopore sequencing reveals U2AF1 S34F-associated full-length isoforms

U2AF1 S34F is one of the most recurrent splicing factor mutations in lung adenocarcinoma (ADC) and has been shown to cause transcriptome-wide pre-mRNA splicing alterations. While U2AF1 S34F-associated splicing alterations have been described, the function of altered mRNA isoform changes remains largely unexplored. To better understand the impact U2AF1 S34F has on isoform fate and function, we conducted high-throughput long-read cDNA sequencing from isogenic human bronchial epithelial cells with and without U2AF1 S34F mutation. We found that nearly 75% (49,366) of our long-read constructed multi-exon isoforms do not overlap GENCODE or short-read assembled isoforms. We found 198 transcript isoforms with significant expression and usage changes caused by U2AF1 S34F mutation, including a novel lncRNA. Isoforms from immune-related genes were largely downregulated in mutant cells, none of which were found to have splicing changes. Finally, isoforms likely targeted by nonsense-mediated decay were preferentially downregulated in U2AF1 S34F cells, suggesting that the impact of observed isoform changes may alter the translational output of affected genes. Altogether, long-read sequencing provided additional insights into transcriptome alterations and downstream functional consequences associated with U2AF1 S34F mutation.
Casein Kinase 1δ Triggers Giant Ankyrin Expression.

During development, neurons form growth cones and neurites, but later reduce these activities to maintain a stable architecture. In this issue of Developmental Cell, LaBella et al. demonstrate that CK1δ plays a key role in winding down developmental processes exclusively by regulating poly(A) site choice to promote giant Ankyrin isoform expression.
The Kinematics of Tracked Vehicles via the Power Dissipation Method.

This paper develops a new quasi-static modeling framework for tracked robots based on the power dissipation method. Given a set of track speeds, this method predicts the vehicle's instantaneous rigid body motion. We introduce three specific models: a model for tracked operation on flat ground, a model for vehicle motion when the track's grouser tips touch the ground, and a model for operation on stairs. Experiments show that these models predict tracked vehicle motion more accurately than existing kinematic models, and predict phenomena which are not captured by other models. These novel models provide a basis for new feedback control approaches.
A developmental neuroscience perspective on empathy

Abstract Empathy reflects the natural ability to perceive and be sensitive to the emotional states of others, often coupled with a motivation to care for their well-being. Empathy plays a pivotal role in eliciting prosocial behavior and guiding our preferences and facilitates cooperation. While the development of empathy has traditionally been examined using behavioral methods, a growing body of work in neuroscience sheds light on the neurobiological mechanisms involved in interpersonal sensitivity. This chapter critically examines the current knowledge in developmental and affective neuroscience in both typically developing children and adolescents, as well as in children with deficits in empathic responding because they provide insight into how empathy can go awry. Decomposing the construct of empathy into subcomponents, such as affect sharing, perspective-taking, and empathic concern in conjunction with examining their developmental trajectory, benefits future research in the domain of affective developmental neuroscience and links to moral reasoning and altruistic behavior.