cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Co-ordination of Physics With Electrical Engineering

THE early departments of electrical engineering in American universities were outgrowths of courses developed in physics. In most engineering colleges some member of the physics faculty offered application courses in physics for engineering students and after a few years these developed into a complete curriculum with a separate faculty for electrical engineering in parallel with the older civil and mechanical engineering curricula.
Matriderm® versus Integra®: A comparative experimental study

Abstract Aim To compare engraftment rates and vascularisation in a rat model using either Integra Artificial Skin® or Matriderm®. Methods Matriderm® and the dermal part of Integra® were compared in a two-step procedure including matrix implantation and subsequent epidermal grafting. Neonatal rat epidermis was used as coverage to test for rapid and complete take. Results Efficiency and quality of vascularisation expressed by take rate of epidermis, and thickness of resulting neodermis, were identical for both matrices. Conclusion This first comparison of Matriderm® with Integra® in a rat model revealed no major differences in engraftment rates or vascularisation.
Increased Ammoniagenesis as a Determinant of Progressive Renal Injury

Loss of renal mass evokes increased ammoniagenesis in surviving nephrons, which in turn enables net acid excretion by the kidney. However, this compensatory increase in ammonia production in surviving nephrons triggers the alternative complement pathway, thereby instigating progressive tubulointerstitial injury. Ammonia has recently been identified as a stimulus to renal growth. Enhanced renal growth may serve as a forerunner for renal injury. The growth-promoting properties of ammonia may provide another mechanism through which augmented ammoniagenesis may underlie the enhancement of renal growth and injury observed in such models as the remnant kidney, hypokalemic nephropathy, high protein feeding, experimental diabetes nephropathy, and dietary deficiency of antioxidants.
The underside of slavery: The internal economy, self‐hire, and quasi‐freedom in Virginia, 1780–1865

From the beginning of the twentieth century, scholars have shown an keen interest in various aspects of black life in Virginia. In 1902, J. C. Ballagh published A History of Slavery in Virginia in. Johns Hopkins Press series on race and slavery; and between 19t),; and 1930, Beverley Munford, Charles Ambler, John Russell, and Theodore Whitfield wrote on such subjects as the anti-slavery movement, the origin and legal status of free blacks, and the political crises following the publication of David Walker's Appeal and Nat Turner's slave revolt. During the 1930s and 1940s, black scholars Luther Porter Jackson and James. Hugo Johnston analyzed the economic, religious, social, and cultural condition of slaves and free Negroes in the state. Jackson's study, Free Free Negro Labor and Property Holding in Virginia, 1830-1860, culminated more than twenty years of research. In the past quarter-century, historians have explored such topics as slave rebelliousness, industrial slavery, free black slave owners, emigration, and the criminal justice system, among others.
A sex-specific relationship between capillary density and anaerobic threshold

Although both capillary density and peak oxygen consumption (Vo2) improve with exercise training, it is difficult to find a relationship between these two measures. It has been suggested that peak...
1621 NONINVASIVE NEONATAL REGIONAL CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW

Alterations in CBF are believed to be causally related to hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and intracranial hemorrhage in newborn infants. Using a modification of the standard 133-Xenon inhalation technique, rCBF was measured in 10 neurologically normal low birth weight (LBW)infants of mean birth weight 1322 g, gestational age 31.2 wks. The infants were studied at mean postnatal age 4.4 wks and had mean systolic BP 70, hgb 12.2g. 133-Xenon was administered as a small bolus (0.5 mCi/kg). Arterial Xenon concentration was measured with an external chest probe and used to correct for recirculation. Fifteen min. desaturation curves were obtained from 4 homologous cerebral regions and analyzed with Obrist's program. Compared to normal adults, mean grey matter flow (89.8 ml/100 gm/min) was significantly higher (p<.01) and mean grey matter weight (28.6%) significantly lower (p<.001). The interregional variation showed a trend towards low frontal and high occipital flows which is the opposite of adult regional flow patterns. There was a highly significant (p<.001) inverse correlation between CBF and hgb concentration. Unlike previous reports in the literature, the correlation between CBF and systolic BP was not significant, and the slope of the least squares regression line was not significantly different from zero. Our results demonstrate that noninvasive neonatal rCBF studies are possible and suggest that normal LBW babies have intact CBF autoregulation and physiologic responses to alterations in hgb concentration.
The physics and chemistry of THz sensors and imagers: long-standing applications, new opportunities, and pitfalls

Important applications of the Terahertz/Submillimeter/Nearmillimeter/Millimeter/Far Infrared have been known for many years and a number of scientific laboratory and field instruments that approach fundamental limits have been developed. More recently, a number of 'public' applications for the non-specialist have been heavily promoted. In spite of this, no 'public' application has come to fruition and been widely adopted. With specific examples, we will show that advances in technology and scientific understanding are poised to change this. A particular emphasis will be placed on distinguishing between those opportunities for which there is a clear path to a 'public' application and those for which fundamentally unknown phenomenology or technological breakthroughs will be required.
Theoretical evidence for the coupling of winding to compression in the solution conformation of duplex DNA

Published data indicate linear variation of the duplex winding of DNA with logarithm of the ionic strength. We show that this observation is a natural prediction of a current poly-electrolyte theory if structural coupling between duplex rotation angle (rotation per base pair) and step height (axial translation per base pair) is assumed. We show also that the coupling must then be negative: the positive winding on augmentation of the ionic strength must be accompanied by a decrement of step height, or axial compression. Cation species specificity of winding, CD spectra, and cation binding affinity are discussed in terms of local variation of dielectric shielding, using current accurate data for dielectric constants of aqueous salt solutions. One need not invoke specific complexation of cations, for which there is no present evidence (in aqueous solution), to explain any of these effects. The analysis is limited to low and moderate ionic strengths. Experimental observations at very high ionic strengths are puzzling and possibly conflicting. It is concluded that a need exists for systematic extension of available duplex winding data throughout the region of moderate to very high ionic strengths. It would be useful to extend the region at the low end as well, in order to distinguish clearly the behavior predicted by our model from that predicted by a referee on the basis of an alternate model described herein.
Screening pharmaceuticals for possible carcinogenic effects: initial positive results for drugs not previously screened

To screen commonly used prescription drugs for possible carcinogenic effects. In a large health care program we identified 105 commonly used drugs, not previously screened. Recipients were followed for up to 12½ years for incident cancer. Nested case–control analyses of 55 cancer sites and all combined included up to ten matched controls per case, with lag of at least 2 years between drug dispensing and cancer. Positive associations entailed a relative risk of 1.50, with p ≤ 0.01 and higher risk for three or more, than for one prescription. Evaluation included further analyses, searches of the literature, and clinical judgment. There were 101 associations of interest for 61 drugs. Sixty-six associations were judged to have involved substantial confounding. We found evidence that of the remaining 35, the following associations may not be due to chance: sulindac with gallbladder cancer and leukemia, hyoscyamine with nonHodgkin lymphoma, nortriptyline with esophageal and hepatic cancer, oxazepam with lung cancer, both fluoxetine and paroxetine with testicular cancer, hydrochlorothiazide with renal and lip cancer, and nifedipine with lip cancer. These preliminary findings suggest that further studies are indicated regarding sulindac, hyoscyamine, nortriptyline, oxazepam, fluoxetine, paroxetine, hydrochlorothiazide, and nifedipine.
Attitudes Toward Physical Activity in Adolescents With Cystic Fibrosis: Sex Differences After Training: A Pilot Study

This study compared the attitudes of 16 adolescents (8 males and 8 females) with cystic fibrosis (CF) toward exercise and physical activity (PA) before and after a 6-week exercise program. Although the boys and girls had similar ages (12–18 years), the boys were fitter and leaner and had higher pulmonary function. Subjects reported both positive exercise attitudes of self and perceived attitudes of parents/friends that remained essentially unchanged after strenuous training. Boys reported higher vigorous activities at baseline than girls, but all subjects increased participation in very hard PAs after training. Girls had small but nonsignificant increases in PA at each (mild–vigorous) level. Results emphasize that adolescents with a mild to moderate lung disease can significantly increase PA in a nursing intervention.
Modular Femoral Stems for Revision Total Hip Arthroplasty

Background Modular femoral stems are one option for revision THA surgeons and allow offset restoration, leg length discrepancy correction, and stability independent of distal stem fixation. The complexity of revision THA usually leads surgeons to use multiple revision hip designs to address these issues.
R.F. diode sputtering

Abstract A review of r.f. sputtering principles is presented with reference to recent plasma models and sample calculations. Typical modern sputtering equipment is described and methods of measurement of important process variables. Application to the sputtering of SiO 2 is described, with data on film properties as a function of bias, rate and oxygen additions.
Standing wave enhancement of red absorbance and photocurrent in dye-sensitized titanium dioxide photoelectrodes coupled to photonic crystals.

The light harvesting efficiency of dye-sensitized photoelectrodes was enhanced by coupling a TiO2 photonic crystal layer to a conventional film of TiO2 nanoparticles. In addition to acting as a dielectric mirror, the inverse opal photonic crystal caused a significant change in dye absorbance which depended on the position of the stop band. Absorbance was suppressed at wavelengths shorter than the stop band maximum and was enhanced at longer wavelengths. This effect arises from the slow group velocity of light in the vicinity of the stop band, and the consequent localization of light intensity in the voids (to the blue) or in the dye-sensitized TiO2 (to the red) portions of the photonic crystal. By coupling a photonic crystal to a film of TiO2 nanoparticles, the short circuit photocurrent efficiency across the visible spectrum (400−750 nm) could be increased by about 26%, relative to an ordinary dye-sensitized nanocrystalline TiO2 photoelectrode.
Relating P-wave attenuation to permeability

To relate P‐wave attenuation to permeability, we examine a three‐dimensional (3-D) theoretical model of a cylindrical pore filled with viscous fluid and embedded in an infinite isotropic elastic medium. We calculate both attenuation and permeability as functions of the direction of wave propagation. Attenuation estimates are based on the squirt flow mechanism; permeability is calculated using the Kozeny‐Carman relation. We find that in the case when a plane P‐wave propagates perpendicular to the pore orientation (Qδ=90°-1), attenuation is always higher than when a wave propagates parallel to this orientation (Qδ=0°-1). The ratio of these two attenuation values Qδ=90°-1/Qδ=0°-1 increases with an increasing pore radius and decreasing frequency and saturation. By changing permeability, varying the radius of the pore, we find that the permeability‐attenuation relation is characterized by a peak that shifts toward lower permeabilities as frequency decreases. Therefore, the attenuation of a low‐frequency wave d...
Prevention of atherosclerosis by specific AT1-receptor blockade with candesartan cilexetil

Several studies indicate that blockade of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) can prevent atherosclerosis and vascular events, but the precise mechanisms involved are still unclear. In this study, we investigated the effect of the AT 1-receptor blocker, candesartan, in the prevention of atherosclerosis in Watanabe heritable hyperlipidaemic (WHHL) rabbits and also the effect of AT1-receptor blockade in the uptake of oxidised LDL by macrophage cell cultures. In the first set of experiments, 12 WHHL rabbits were randomly assigned to three groups: placebo, atenolol 5 mg/kg daily or candesartan 2 mg/kg daily for six months. Compared with controls and atenolol-treated rabbits, candesartan treatment resulted in a significant 50-60% reduction of atherosclerotic plaque formation and a 66% reduction in cholesterol accumulation in the thoracic aorta. Studies in macrophage cultures indicated that candesartan prevented uptake of oxidised LDL-(oxLDL)-cholesterol by cultured macrophages. Candesartan inhibited the uptake of oxLDL in a dose-dependent manner, reaching a maximum inhibition of 70% at concentrations of 5.6 µg/ml. Further studies in other animal models and well-designed trials in humans are warranted to further explore the role of AT1-receptor blockade in the prevention of atherosclerosis.
Fatal over-distention of an atrioseptostomy catheter

The Miller atrioseptostomy catheter was introduced in 1975 to allow a larger balloon atrial septostomy to be routinely performed. We have used this catheter in 36 patients over a 5-year period. In 5 instances, the catheter was inflated beyond 4 ml during the procedure. On one of these occasions, the balloon ruptured and on 2 occasions, fatal cardiac tamponade ensued. No complications occurred when the recommended inflation was adhered to. Long-term palliation was successfully achieved in 81% of the patients.
Trade Wind Rainfall near the Windward Coast of Hawaii

A dynamically based mesoscale climatology of rainfall and other data are examined for typical trade wind conditions near Hawaii. Relative distributions of rainfall are deduced from radar reflectivity data for a 4000 km 2 region over the windward island and the upstream ocean. The cumulative rainfall data suggest three zones of forcing that are characteristic of 1) the regional ocean, 2) upstream island-induced divergence, and 3) flow reversal near and over the island. It is confirmed that most intense rainband amplifications occur over a mesoscale convergence line that separates the easterly trade winds from an island-induced westerly flow. This flow separation line resembles a classical gravity current when positioned over the windward island and near shore. The domain-scale cumulative rainfall is statistically associated with the strength of island blocking, as defined by a Froude number (Fr). When Fr is in the ordinary range (,0.3), the island maximum is five times greater than the oceanic average. When Fr is elevated (.0.3), the rainfall maximum increases to 10 times the oceanic average. Overall, the windward island maximum is seven times the upstream oceanic average. Increased rainfall is more strongly correlated with increased wind speed than with a reduction in dry static stability, both component variables of Fr. Unlike rainfall amount, the position of the island maximum is relatively insensitive to Fr, except in the hours surrounding sunrise. In the upstream divergence zone, 20‐45 km offshore, rainfall is double the oceanic background. It is speculated that the cause is blocking related. There are very strong diurnal variations in rainfall amount and distribution, both over the island and the upstream ocean. Windward island rainfall is at a maximum in the hours surrounding midnight when breeze and blocking forcings are fully cooperative in the coastal region. Seemingly unrelated, oceanic rainfall exhibits a strong nocturnal maximum, the temporal phase of which may be influenced by wind speed. A deep minimum in domain-scale rainfall occurs near noon.
Co-expression of the Squamous Cell Carcinoma Antigens 1 and 2 in Normal Adult Human Tissues and Squamous Cell Carcinomas

Squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCCA) serves as a serological marker for advanced squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) and as an indicator of therapeutic response. Recent molecular studies show that th...
The Economic Impact of Greening Urban Vacant Land: A Spatial Difference-In-Differences Analysis:

Vacant land is a serious problem in many cities, and cities have recently begun to explore greening as a management strategy to reduce the negative influence of vacancy. The city of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania pioneered the use of a simple greening treatment—removal of debris coupled with planting grass and trees—as a means of improving blighted communities. Though they are becoming more popular, the actual economic impact of these programs is not well understood. This paper details the use of a spatial difference-in-differences approach for measuring the impact of Philadelphia's innovative vacant land greening program on nearby residential property values. This approach compares observed changes in property values surrounding treated vacant lots with observed changes around control lots—lots which might have been treated but were not. While property values throughout the city increased during the study period, properties surrounding greened vacant lots had a greater increase in value than properties surro...
Optimal feature extraction based on the minimization of the increase in risk of misclassification

A general approach is presented for finding the optimal finite dimensional subspace of a prescribed dimension onto which to project the data belonging to a (higher dimensional) observation space. The approach is based on the use of suitable approximations of the functions involved, so that a variational technique may be used for the solution of the problem. The optimality criterion used is the minimization of the increase in the Bayes risk of misclassification araising from the dimensionality reduction. As an illustration of this approach, the case of two Gaussian pattern classes is considered in some detail.
Developmental Programming: Differential Effects of Prenatal Testosterone Excess on Insulin Target Tissues

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is the leading cause of infertility in reproductive-aged women with the majority manifesting insulin resistance. To delineate the causes of insulin resistance in women with PCOS, we determined changes in the mRNA expression of insulin receptor (IR) isoforms and members of its signaling pathway in tissues of adult control (n = 7) and prenatal testosterone (T)-treated (n = 6) sheep (100 mg/kg twice a week from d 30-90 of gestation), the reproductive/metabolic characteristics of which are similar to women with PCOS. Findings revealed that prenatal T excess reduced (P < 0.05) expression of IR-B isoform (only isoform detected), insulin receptor substrate-2 (IRS-2), protein kinase B (AKt), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) but increased expression of rapamycin-insensitive companion of mTOR (rictor), and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) in the liver. Prenatal T excess increased (P < 0.05) the IR-A to IR-B isoform ratio and expression of IRS-1, glycogen synthase kinase-3α and -β (GSK-3α and -β), and rictor while reducing ERK1 in muscle. In the adipose tissue, prenatal T excess increased the expression of IRS-2, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), PPARγ, and mTOR mRNAs. These findings provide evidence that prenatal T excess modulates in a tissue-specific manner the expression levels of several genes involved in mediating insulin action. These changes are consistent with the hypothesis that prenatal T excess disrupts the insulin sensitivity of peripheral tissues, with liver and muscle being insulin resistant and adipose tissue insulin sensitive.
Effects of Weekly Review, Socioeconomic Status, and Maternal Belief on Mothers' Compliance with Their Disabled Children's Home Exercise Program

We examined the effects of a weekly review program on the compliance levels of parents with their physically impaired children's home exercise program. The experiment group (n=10) received a weekly review of their exercise program while the control group (n=8) had no review process. Over three weeks, all compliance level dropped. Based on a multivariate analysis of variance, the weekly review process did not influence the socioeconomic status (SES), weekly review, and parents' beliefs in their control of their children's health were not significantly predictive of compliance levels, however, SES was predictive of the therapists' estimates of compliance. The results suggest that therapist may have erroneously based their estimates of parent compliance on family social status.
Correlation of duodenal histology with tissue transglutaminase and endomysial antibody levels in pediatric celiac disease.

Background & Aims: IgA antibodies against tissue transglutaminase (TTGA) and endomysium (EMA) are sensitive and specific markers for celiac disease (CD). Data correlating TTGA and EMA levels with degree of villous atrophy are limited. We compared duodenal histopathology in pediatric CD patients with TTGA and EMA serologies, symptoms, height, and weight. Methods: We identified 117 pediatric patients retrospectively who had serologic testing for IgA TTGA and IgA EMA and duodenal biopsies graded by modified Marsh criteria as 0–3c. Data were analyzed with Spearman rank correlation and multinomial logistic regression. Results: IgA TTGA (r = .704, P 100 units or EMA titer >1:1280) were highly specific (>98%) for Marsh 3a or greater lesions. Among symptoms, abdominal distention and diarrhea were associated with abnormal histology. Conclusions: IgA TTGA and EMA levels correlate with duodenal villous atrophy in pediatric CD patients. IgA TTGA >100 or EMA >1:1280 were nearly always associated with CD histopathology. With further validation of this observation, strongly positive titers might be considered sufficient for diagnosis of pediatric patients at risk for CD. Symptoms, height, and weight are not reliable predictors of CD.
RTDB: a real-time database manager for time-critical applications

Compared with traditional databases, database systems for time-critical applications have the distinct feature that they must satisfy timing constraints associated with transactions. Transactions in real-time database systems should be scheduled considering both data consistency and timing constraints. Since a database system must operate in the context of available operating system services, an environment for database systems development must provide facilities to support operating system functions and integrate them with database systems for experimentation. The authors chose the ARTS real-time operating system kernel. They present their experience in integrating a relational database manager with a real-time operating system kernel, and their attempts at providing flexible control for concurrent transaction management. On-going research issues involving the development of a programming interface and the authors' efforts in using these techniques in implementing a specific experimental application (DOSE, distributed operating system experiment) are also discussed. >
Measuring disability and monitoring the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities: the work of the Washington Group on Disability Statistics

The Washington Group on Disability Statistics is a voluntary working group made up of representatives of over 100 National Statistical Offices and international, non-governmental and disability organizations that was organized under the aegis of the United Nations Statistical Division. The purpose of the Washington Group is to deal with the challenge of disability definition and measurement in a way that is culturally neutral and reasonably standardized among the UN member states. The work, which began in 2001, took on added importance with the passage and ratification of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities since the Convention includes a provision for monitoring whether those with and without disabilities have equal opportunities to participate in society and this will require the identification of persons with disabilities in each nation. The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) developed by the World Health Organization provided a framework for conceptualizing disability. Operationalizing an ICF-based approach to disability has required the development of new measurement tools for use in both censuses and surveys. To date, a short set of six disability-related questions suitable for use in national censuses has been developed and adopted by the Washington Group and incorporated by the United Nations in their Principles and Recommendations for Population and Housing Censuses. A series of extended sets of questions is currently under development and some of the sets have been tested in several countries. The assistance of many National and International organizations has allowed for cognitive and field testing of the disability questionnaires in multiple languages and locations. This paper will describe the work of the Washington Group and explicate the applicability of its approach and the questions developed for monitoring the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.
Gap Junctional Coupling in Lenses from α8 Connexin Knockout Mice

Lens fiber cell gap junctions contain � 3 (Cx46) and � 8 (Cx50) connexins. To examine the roles of the two different connexins in lens physiology, we have genetically engineered mice lacking either � 3 or � 8 con- nexin. Intracellular impedance studies of these lenses were used to measure junctional conductance and its sensi- tivity to intracellular pH. In Gong et al. (1998), we described results from � 3 connexin knockout lenses. Here, we present original data from � 8 connexin knockout lenses and a comparison with the previous results. The lens has two functionally distinct domains of fiber cell coupling. In wild-type mouse lenses, the outer shell of differentiat- ing fibers (see Fig. 1, DF) has an average coupling conductance per area of cell-cell contact of � 1 S/cm 2 , which falls to near zero when the cytoplasm is acidified. In the inner core of mature fibers (see Fig. 1, MF), the average coupling conductance is � 0.4 S/cm 2 , and is insensitive to acidification of the cytoplasm. Both connexin isoforms appear to contribute about equally in the DF since the coupling conductance for either heterozygous knockout ( � / � ) was � 70% of normal and 30-40% of the normal for both � / � lenses. However, their contribution to the MF was different. About 50% of the normal coupling conductance was found in the MF of � 3 � / � lenses. In con- trast, the coupling of MF in the � 8 � / � lenses was the same as normal. Moreover, no coupling was detected in the MF of � 3 � / � lenses. Together, these results suggest that � 3 connexin alone is responsible for coupling MF. The pH- sensitive gating of DF junctions was about the same in wild-type and � 3 connexin � / � lenses. However, in � 8 � / � lenses, the pure � 3 connexin junctions did not gate closed in the response to acidification. Since � 3 con- nexin contributes about half the coupling conductance in DF of wild-type lenses, and that conductance goes to zero when the cytoplasmic pH drops, it appears � 8 connexin regulates the gating of � 3 connexin. Both connexins are clearly important to lens physiology as lenses null for either connexin lose transparency. Gap junctions in the MF survive for the lifetime of the organism without protein turnover. It appears that � 3 connexin provides the long-term communication in MF. Gap junctions in DF may be physiologically regulated since they are capable of gating when the cytoplasm is acidified. It appears � 8 connexin is required for gating in DF.
Huntingtin facilitates polycomb repressive complex 2

Huntington's disease (HD) is caused by expansion of the polymorphic polyglutamine segment in the huntingtin protein. Full-length huntingtin is thought to be a predominant HEAT repeat α-solenoid, implying a role as a facilitator of macromolecular complexes. Here we have investigated huntingtin's domain structure and potential intersection with epigenetic silencer polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), suggested by shared embryonic deficiency phenotypes. Analysis of a set of full-length recombinant huntingtins, with different polyglutamine regions, demonstrated dramatic conformational flexibility, with an accessible hinge separating two large α-helical domains. Moreover, embryos lacking huntingtin exhibited impaired PRC2 regulation of Hox gene expression, trophoblast giant cell differentiation, paternal X chromosome inactivation and histone H3K27 tri-methylation, while full-length endogenous nuclear huntingtin in wild-type embryoid bodies (EBs) was associated with PRC2 subunits and was detected with trimethylated histone H3K27 at Hoxb9. Supporting a direct stimulatory role, full-length recombinant huntingtin significantly increased the histone H3K27 tri-methylase activity of reconstituted PRC2 in vitro, and structure–function analysis demonstrated that the polyglutamine region augmented full-length huntingtin PRC2 stimulation, both in HdhQ111 EBs and in vitro, with reconstituted PRC2. Knowledge of full-length huntingtin's α-helical organization and role as a facilitator of the multi-subunit PRC2 complex provides a novel starting point for studying PRC2 regulation, implicates this chromatin repressive complex in a neurodegenerative disorder and sets the stage for further study of huntingtin's molecular function and the impact of its modulatory polyglutamine region.
Airy beam propagation through unbiased photorefractive media

We observe the propagation of 1D Airy beams through an unbiased photorefractive crystal. For ordinary polarization, the beam diffracts, while for extraordinary polarization it experiences nonlinearity through charge diffusion and has its diffraction suppressed.
Teacher usage behaviors within an online open educational resource repository

With instructional methods such as MOOCs and flipped classrooms rapidly gaining popularity and school budget cuts becoming more prevalent across the nation, increasing the usability of Open Educational Resources (OER) is highly relevant for today's educators. Although several OER databases exist providing access to hundreds of thousands of resources, navigating these spaces, evaluating resources, and integrating them within classroom instruction has proven less than efficient. The present research explores learning analytics for understanding real-world interaction patterns with SAS® Curriculum Pathways®, which has over 120,000 active teacher users and over 1,300 freely available resources across multiple disciplines. In this preliminary investigation, users are clustered based on overall usage patterns. Patterns of resource interaction are then identified using association analysis. Results of this exploratory investigation provide insight into how users interact with large OER databases and introduce many avenues for continued investigation.
COUNTEREXAMPLES IN FRACTAL ROUGHNESS ANALYSIS AND THEIR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

We disprove the widely held notion that a surface with nontrivial roughness exponents fluctuates at all scales ("structure within structure") and has nontrivial fractal dimension. Strong counterexamples are Cantor staircases, which have nontrivial roughness exponents, do not fluctuate at all, and have trivial fractal dimension. Weak counterexamples fluctuate intermittently and have nontrivial fractal dimension. Characteristic of all counterexamples is: (i) they consist of terraces of all sizes and exhibit scaling over the entire range of terrace sizes. (ii) they have roughness exponents Hq that vary strongly with order q; (iii) they are self affine, but not all affinities are invertible. The strong variation of Hq drives a strongly varying surface response to different external interactions (different interactions are governed by different orders q) and abrupt changes similar to a phase transition, with Hq playing the role of temperature. A summary of this extraordinary functional tunability and its appli...
Effects of Bi and Bi/sub 2/0/sub 3/ additions on the microstructure and superconducting properties of powder-in-tube BSCCO (2212) tapes

The microstructural development and superconducting properties of Bi/sub 2/Sr/sub 2/CaCu/sub 2/O/sub x/ (Bi-2212) Ag-clad powder-in-tube tapes with 2 vol% bismuth (Bi) added from either Bi (s) or Bi/sub 2/O/sub 3/ powders were investigated. Such additives reduce the peritectic decomposition temperature of pure Bi-2212 by approximately 15-20/spl deg/C. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical microscopy on polished top and cross-sections revealed that the volume fraction of Bi-free phases was lower in the Bi-added specimens relative to those based on pure Bi-2212. In addition, it appeared that the Bi-added samples had improved grain alignment, which was confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis. Magnetic hysteresis (at 5 K between /spl plusmn/5.5 T) and transport measurements (at 4.2 K) were performed on each specimen. These results showed that Bi-additions yielded superior magnetization critical currents, which is attributed to improved grain alignment and reduced secondary phases. >
Longitudinal Relationships Between Self-Management Skills and Substance Use in an Urban Sample of Predominantly Minority Adolescents

We explored changes in self-management skills and substance use from 7th to 11th grade in a multiwave study of predominantly minority adolescents (N = 1,756). Using latent growth curve analysis, we found that substance use significantly increased, whereas self-management skills significantly decreased. In a parallel process model, we found that participants who reported higher self-management skills in the 7th grade had smaller increases in substance use. Participants who had larger decreases in self-management skills tended to have greater increases in substance use. We also explored the influence of grades and gender and found that (a) participants with higher grades at baseline had lower initial substance use, higher initial self-management skills, and smaller increases in substance use, and (b) male participants had greater increases in substance use. These results suggest that the provision of self-management skills may be an effective strategy for preventing substance-use initiation and escalation during adolescence.
Effects of Temperature on Fecundity and Longevity of Phoracantha recurva and P. semipunctata (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

The cerambycid beetles Phoracantha recurva Newman and Phoracantha semipunctata F. were accidentally introduced into southern California where they have caused significant mortality to eucalyptus trees. In recent years, P. recurva populations have increased rapidly with a concomitant decrease in P. semipunctata numbers in their shared habitat in southern California. P. recurva has been collected in field surveys earlier in the season, suggesting that this species may be active over a broader range of temperatures and consequently have a longer seasonal activity period. We conducted lifetime fecundity studies to examine egg production, egg hatch, and adult longevity of beetles of both species subjected to temperatures typical of late fall and late winter/early spring in southern California. Overall, there were no differences in lifetime fecundity between P. recurva and P. semipunctata. P. recurva did not seem to reproduce over a larger range of temperatures than P. semipunctata, and there did not seem to be any substantial differences in their reproductive biologies. P. recurva eclosed slightly faster and lived slightly longer at reproductive temperatures than P. semipunctata, suggesting that P. recurva may have a slight reproductive advantage over P. semipunctata. However, it seems unlikely that such an advantage can account for the rapid increase in P. recurva populations and the simultaneous decrease in P. semipunctata populations in southern California.
Does Lochner Live?: The Disturbing Implications of Craigmiles v. Giles

The Fourteenth Amendment has long presented interpretive challenges for the courts.1 Although its ratification was a direct response to the problems of Reconstruction, the Amendment's broad language made its application outside the context of race at least possible, if not probable.2 Yet literal application of the Amendment's broad language presented a paradox in the Equal Protection context: Since virtually all legislation creates classifications, and classifications almost necessarily entail differential treatment between groups, broad, literal application of the Amendment would invalidate nearly all legislation.3 In part to resolve this tension, the Supreme Court has adopted differing standards against which to test the validity of legislation that is challenged under the Amendment's Equal Protection and Due Process Clauses.4 While legislation that classifies on the basis of race or other "suspect" characteristics or that involves fundamental rights is subject to some heightened form of scrutiny, most legislation is subject only to rational basis review. Rational basis review, designed to be minimally searching and maximally deferential to legislative judgment, requires only that there be a "rational relationship between the disparity of treatment and some legitimate governmental purpose."5 Thus, the application of rational basis review under this standard almost invariably results
Difference in effect of atrial natriuretic peptide on cGMP in aortic and coronary smooth muscle cells

Blood vessels show a heterogeneous response to the atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP). In our experiments thoracic aorta from the guinea pig relaxed in response to atriopeptin III (AP; rat ANP-103–12...
Statistical Study of Phosphorus Removal in Wisconsin

A statistical study of water quality in the Wisconsin sector of the Lake Michigan watershed revealed that Wisconsin phosphorus removal policy has been only partially effective. A variance components model was applied to water quality data for a sample of 12 municipal treatment plants to test a variety of hypotheses pertaining to phosphorus removal methods and secondary effects on other plant variables. Towns treating with iron compounds achieved significant phosphorus reduction; towns treating with alum did not, possibly because of insufficient alum dosages or incorrect dosing methods. No desirable secondary effects, such as reduction of BOD or suspended solids concentrations, were evident.
Organic–inorganic hybrid semiconductor thin films deposited using molecular-atomic layer deposition (MALD)

Molecular-atomic layer deposition (MALD) is employed to fabricate hydroquinone (HQ)/diethyl zinc (DEZ) organic–inorganic hybrid semiconductor thin films with accurate thickness control, sharp interfaces, and low deposition temperature. Self-limiting growth is observed for both HQ and DEZ precursors. The growth rate remains constant at approximately 2.8 A per cycle at 150 °C. The hybrid materials exhibit n-type semiconducting behavior with a field effect mobility of approximately 5.7 cm2 V−1 s−1 and an on/off ratio of over 103 following post annealing at 200 °C in nitrogen. The resulting films are characterized using ellipsometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV-Vis spectroscopy, transistor behavior, and Hall-effect measurements. Density functional theory (DFT) and many-body perturbation theory within the GW approximation are also performed to assist the explanation and understanding of the experimental results. This research offers n-channel materials as valuable candidates for efficient organic CMOS devices.
Marginalized Sexuality in Tsai Ming Liang's Cinema

Repeated viewings of Taiwanese director Tsai Ming Liang's films never fail to inspire more questions than answers. Celebrated as one of the greatest living directors in numerous international film festivals, yet often denounced in his home base of Taiwan for misrepresenting or even reifying contemporary social ailments, Tsai is renowned for his contemplative yet provocative investigations of social, sexual, and cultural border crossings. His reception in recent academic scholarship in Chinese-language cinema studies is equally divided. Described by some as an avant-gardist in search of alternative modes of everyday survival for marginalized social figures, but by others as producing a self-serving “cinema of disillusionment,” only one aspect of his films is agreed upon: the freedom it imparts upon the spectator through lyrical and sympathetic, yet frequently ambivalent portraits of social marginalization.
Abstract IA17: Microfluidic measurements of single cell mass reveal how growth and division are coordinated

Cell growth during the cell cycle must be coordinated with genome replication and segregation, but the mechanisms underlying this coordination are poorly understood, particularly in mammalian cells. My lab is developing suspended microchannel resonators that can precisely measure the size of single cells – mass, volume and density – over time. Using a microfluidic system for culturing single cells over multiple generations while cell mass and cell cycle progression were continuously measured, we monitored over 1,000 hours of single cell growth from mouse lymphoblasts (L1210). I will present recent data from this system and discuss preliminary experiments where the precision cell sizing capabilities of the resonator are used for biomarker analysis. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Second AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Basic Cancer Research; 2011 Sep 14-18; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(18 Suppl):Abstract nr IA17.
The effects of deprivation and post-deprivation on the heart rate of rats

The heart rate (HR) of male hooded rats was recorded in their individual home cages for three weeks. Then they were deprived of water (Group 1, N = 6) or food (Group 2, N = 10) up to 96 h. Immediately after the deprivation period water (for Group 1) and food (for Group 2) were placed in their home cages. Under these conditions, HR was recorded. During the deprivation period, the HR of Group 1 increased linearly with the duration of deprivation, and that of Group 2 showed an inverse U-shaped function. During the postdeprivation period, the HR of both groups sharply increased about lOmin after food or water was placed in their cages. These findings suggest that HR is clearly influenced both by deprivation and by consummatory activities.
Enzyme Studies on the “Endocrine Kidney.”

SummaryIn “endocrine kidneys” there is a marked indeed almost a complete disappearance of both arginase and “alkaline” phosphatase. On the other hand the “acid” phosphatase decreases in total amount but not in concentration.
Cerebrovascular Malformation Causing Sudden Death: Analysis of Three Cases and Review of the Literature

Three unusual cases of sudden death resulting from cerebrovascular malformation (CVM) are presented. CVMs are highly variable in location and morphology, and may be difficult to detect. Two of the patients discussed here had CVMs that involved the circle of Willis directly, and produced rapidly fatal subarachnoid hemorrhage at the base of the brain; both of these subjects were in their late 30s. One had a history of epilepsy; the other had been completely asymptomatic prior to the catastrophic event. The third was an asymptomatic 6 year old with a cerebellar CVM, who survived long enough for inconclusive neurosurgical intervention. In all three cases, the diagnosis was not made prior to autopsy; in one case, the circumstances of death were initially misleading. The relevant literature is reviewed and discussed, with emphasis on differential diagnosis, anatomic examination, and background investigation.
Intrauterine migration of the porcine embryo: coordination of bead migration with estradiol.

Forty crossbred gilts were used in three experiments to examine the effects of estradiol on embryo migration. Small, spherical beads of Silastic glue containing either cholesterol or estradiol-17 beta were used to mimic embryo migration. In the first experiment, 10 cholesterol- and 10 estradiol-impregnated beads were injected into the tip of the uterine horns, either on the same side (n = 5) or opposite from each other (n = 5). The second experiment consisted of a localized release of cholesterol or estradiol and observing migration of cholesterol-containing beads inserted 10 cm anterior and posterior to this site (n = 5). In the third experiment, 10 cholesterol-impregnated beads were injected into either the tip or base of one uterine horn. Additionally, these gilts were exposed to vehicle or exogenous estradiol in a 2 X 2 factorial arrangement of treatments (n = 5). Results of these experiments indicated that cholesterol-impregnated beads migrated further (P less than .05) when adjacent to estradiol-containing beads than when in an opposite uterine horn. Localized release of estradiol failed to induce movement of beads away from the site of steroid release. Finally, beads inserted at the base of the uterus moved anteriorly following treatment of gilts with estradiol. We suggest from these experiments that the porcine uterine horn cannot discriminate between estradiol- and cholesterol-releasing beads and, further, lacks a coordinated ability to displace adjacent beads. A site-dose dependent mechanism(s) of estrogenic induction of migration may exist such that porcine embryos become bilaterally intermixed following posterior, then anterior, waves of uterine contractions.
Effects of selective attention on spatial form processing in monkey primary and secondary somatosensory cortex

1. The effects of selective attention were studied in SI and SII cortex of a rhesus monkey trained to perform two tasks, a tactile discrimination task and a visual detection task. In the tactile task, a letter was displayed on a video screen in front of the monkey and the animal was rewarded for responding when the raised letter (6.0 mm letter height) scanning across its finger (15 mm/s) matched the letter on the screen. In the visual task, three illuminated squares were displayed on the screen, and the animal was rewarded for detecting when one of the squares dimmed. The neural responses evoked by the raised letters were recorded continuously while the animal's focus of attention was switched back and forth between the two tasks. 2. Significant differences between the discharge rates evoked by raised letters in the two tasks were observed in approximately 50% of neurons in SI cortex and 80% of neurons in SII cortex. The effects in SII cortex were divided between increased (58%) and decreased (22%) rates. In SI cortex only increased rates were observed. 3. The attentional effects were expressed not only as changes in overall neuronal activity but also as modifications of the form of the responses evoked by the letters. 4. Whether attentional effects were observed depended upon the behavioral relevance of individual letters. During brief periods in the tactile task when a behavioral response could not yield a reward (time-out and reward periods) the neuronal responses were not significantly different from the responses evoked by the same letters during the visual task.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)