cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Roll/Pitch Determination with Scanning Horizon Sensors: Oblateness and Altitude Corrections

Analytical models are developed to relate horizon sensor locations, measurements, and their mounting geometry with roll/pitch attitude of Earth-pointing spacecraft, negotiating circular orbits around an oblate Earth. Two arrangements of a pair of horizon sensors are considered: left and right and aft and forward of the velocity vector, tilted in the pitch-yaw or roll-yaw plane, respectively. The corresponding roll/pitch oblateness corrections are formulated that involve 1) noncircularity of the Earth disk seen from space, 2) slight changes in azimuth angles of the horizon crossing points, and 3) scan angles of the sensors to travel the Earth disk. These corrections are compared with the closed-form roll/pitch components of the angle between geodetic and geocentric normals at the instantaneous location of the spacecraft—an alternate approach, also developed in the paper, to determine the corrections. The two approaches yield nearly the same result if a spacecraft is equipped with a pair of sensors (or four diagonal sensors). In that instance, the use onboard of the closed-form expressions of oblateness corrections, independent of the sensor geometry and location, suggests itself. But if due to cost, weight, or configuration constraints, only one Earth sensor is used, the corrections will then depend on the sensor geometry and location and may be determined for a given orbit before flight and stored numerically to minimize the processing load on the flight computer. The altitude corrections in the roll/pitch measurements, corresponding to the use of one or two sensors and arising from the spacecraft's altitude variations, are also formulated and illustrated in the paper.
Incidence of postoperative seizures with and without levetiracetam pretreatment in dogs undergoing portosystemic shunt attenuation.

Background In dogs with congenital portosystemic shunts (CPS), postligation seizures can be challenging to treat and often result in mortality. Levetiracetam (LEV) is a novel anticonvulsive drug that is commonly used in humans with seizure disorders who have hepatic comorbidity. Objectives To compare the incidence of postoperative seizures in dogs that underwent surgical attenuation of an extrahepatic CPS and preoperatively received either LEV or no anticonvulsant medication. Animals A total of 126 dogs undergoing attenuation of an extrahepatic CPS that preoperatively received either LEV or no anticonvulsant medication. Methods Retrospective case review. Information obtained included signalment, duration of clinical signs, presence of neurologic abnormalities before surgery, preoperative bile acid and ammonia concentrations, diagnostic imaging modality, duration of hospitalization, postoperative complications including seizures, and discharge status. Bayesian Poisson regression was used to estimate the risk of seizures in LEV-treated dogs when compared with untreated dogs. Results Levetiracetam was administered to 33% (42/126) of dogs. No dog treated with LEV experienced postoperative seizures, whereas 5% (4/84) of dogs not treated with LEV experienced postoperative seizures. The relative risk of seizures was significantly (P < .0002) < 1 for the LEV-treated dogs, indicating LEV protection against development of postoperative seizures. No dog that experienced postoperative seizures survived to discharge from the hospital. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Levetiracetam administered at 20 mg/kg PO q8h for a minimum of 24 hours before surgery significantly decreased the risk of postoperative seizures and death in dogs undergoing surgical attenuation of extrahepatic CPS with ameroid ring constrictors.
Significance of Haematological Parameters in the Non‐Hodgkin's Malignant Lymphomas

Blood findings at diagnosis, in 140 adults with lymphoma, were correlated with bone marrow involvement and survival. An abnormal haemoglobin, leucocyte count or platelet count was found in 57% of patients. Lymphocytopenia occurred in 46%. All patients with thrombocytopenia or neutropenia, 69% with leucopenia and 63% with anaemia had marrow involvement with lymphoma. Marrow involvement in histiocytic and stem cell lymphoma was always associated with anaemia. Marrow involvement in poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma (PDL) was associated with anaemia, thrombocytopenia, leucopenia, lymphocytopenia or lymphoma cells in the blood in 93% of patients. Bone marrow involvement was found in only 13% of patients with normal haematological parameters. In the absence of marrow involvement blood abnormalities at diagnosis did not generally correlate with survival. However, among patients with diffuse PDL who had marrow involvement, anaemia, thrombocytopenia and leucopenia adversely affected survival. Lymphocytopenia did not correlate with survival.
Estimates of the J-Integral for Elastic-Plastic Specimens in Large Scale Yielding

A generalization of the area under the load-deflection curve method for estimating the J-integral in cracked elastic-plastic specimens in large scale yielding is proposed. The results of this method are compared to values of J from other theoretical techniques, all based on finite element calculations for plane strain cracked specimens. The new formulae are found to be reasonably accurate. In particular, the results for the compact tension specimen are superior to those obtained from the established Merkle-Corten formula. The technique could be extended to structures in service containing cracks, and then would have similarities to the reference stress method already used in high temperature design against creep.
Analysis of the kinetics of peritoneal adhesion formation in the rat and evaluation of potential antiadhesive agents

Background. Peritoneal adhesions continue to be a significant cause of postoperative complications. Elucidating the origin of these adhesions has been hampered by the lack of a reproducible animal model. The purpose of this study was to create a standardized model in which a single, specific adhesion, could be objectively measured. With this model the kinetics of adhesion formation were then evaluated. A variety of peotential antiadhesive agents were then tested and compared. Methods. In this study a reproducible, quantitative rat model was developed that used uniform defects on the peritoneal wall and cecal surface. The resulting adhesions were subsequently scored, and their strength was measured with a tensiometer. An evaluation of the kinetics of peritoneal adhesion formation was obtained by using a timed removal of silicone elastomer sheeting held between the two injured surfaces. The following antiadhesive agents were evaluated: Ringer's lactate solution; dextran 70 (32%); modified carboxymethylcellulose (1.0% and 2.0%); an absorbable barrier of specially knitted material composed of oxidized regenerated cellulose; fibrin sealant; silicone elastomer film; and expanded polytetrafluoroethylene membrane. Results. Evaluation of the kinetics of peritoneal adhesion formation indicated that the susceptibility for adhesion formation was significantly decreased or eliminated after the first 36 hours. Evaluation of antiadhesion agents indicated that the magnitude of adhesion prevention was directly proportional to the agent's ability to remain at the site of injury during the critical period of adhesion formation. Permanent barriers (silicone elastomer film, expanded polytetrafluoroethylene membrane) provided the greatest antiadhesion effect but were not believed to be ideal agents because they remained at the site of injury well after the critical period of adhesion formation. The incidence of adhesion formation for the other agents was as follows: control, (34 of 34), Ringer's lactate (12 of 12), absorbable barrier of knitted cellulose (10 of 10), 32% dextran 70 (8 of 12), 1% carboxymethylcellulose (6 of 12), fibrin sealant (4 of 9), and 2% carboxymethylcellulose (4 of 12). Conclusions. The efficacy of antiadhesion agents appears to be related to the agent's viscosity, ability to coat the wound surface, and residence time at the site of injury. In this rat model an agent that remained on the injured surfaces for at least 36 hours after injury appeared to be more effective in reducing adhesion formation than an agent with a shorter residence time.
Increased localization and incorporation of iododeoxyuridine into tumour DNA in vivo when coupled to polycation.

THERE is some evidence that tumour cell surfaces are in a hyperanionic state which could be associated with lowered intercellular adhesion and contact inhibition of mitosis1,2. If cells of tumour tissues have a higher anionic surface charge or the hyperanionic state lasts for a greater portion of the intermitotic cycle than other growing cells of the body, it should be possible to accumulate cations in favour of the tumour cell surface. By coupling cytotoxic drugs to these cations it might be further possible to attain lethal toxicity in tumour cells before destroying other vital tissues.
Rethinking Genre from a Sociocognitive Perspective.

This article argues for an activity-based theory of genre knowledge. Drawing on empirical findings from case study research emphasizing “insider knowledge” and on structuration theory, activity the...
Sample filtration, concentration, and separation integrated on microfluidic devices.

Microfabricated devices integrating sample filtration, solid-phase extraction, and chromatographic separation with solvent programming were demonstrated. Filtering of the sample was accomplished at the sample inlet with an array of seven channels each 1 μm deep and 18 μm wide. Sample concentration and separation were performed on channels 5 μm deep and 25 μm wide coated with a C18 phase, and elution was achieved under isocratic, step, or linear gradient conditions. For the solid-phase extraction, signal enhancement factors of 400 over a standard injection of 1.0 s were observed for a 320-s injection. Four polycyclic aromatic compounds were resolved by open channel electrochromatography in under 50 s. Chip operation was unaffected by the presence of the 5-μm silica particles at the filter entrance.
Cytochrome P-450 and steroid biosynthesis in the human placenta.

Abstract 1. 1. Cytochrome P-450 was detected and measured in human term placenta and its role in steroid hormone biosynthesis by this endocrine tissue was examined. 2. 2. The cytochrome P-450 concentration in mitochondria was found to be several times that in microsomes but no qualitative difference in properties of cytochrome P-450 located in different particulate fractions was found. 3. 3. Side-chain cleavage of cholesterol, catalyzed by mitochondrial preparations, was inhibited by CO in the dark. Light partially reversed this inhibition. 4. 4. CO did not inhibit the aromatization of androst-4-ene-3,17-dione by microsomes under conditions of limiting oxygen supply. 5. 5. The participation of cytochrome P-450 in these key steps in the biosynthesis of steroid hormones by the human placenta is discussed.
Mathematical techniques for quantitative elemental analysis by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence

Recent interest in the use of automated or semi-automated energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis has created the need for improved mathematical techniques and computer software for use with this type of analysis. The present paper reviews the efforts to date to develop the mathematical techniques necessary for implementing: (1) the library least-squares method for the determination of characteristic elemental X-ray intensities and (2) the use of the Monte Carlo method for extending the fundamental parameters approach to radioisotope and X-ray machine exciting sources for the determination of elemental amounts.
Benefits and complications of troleandomycin (TAO) in young children with steroid‐dependent asthma

In nine children with steroid-dependent asthma, ranging in age from 2 and 11/12 to 14 and 4/12 years, troleandomycin (TAO) was administered at a dose of 250 mg po QD or BID, along with oral methylprednisolone. Both medications were then rapidly changed to a QOD schedule. Baseline daily steroid dosage requirements decreased from 15.3 +/- 9.1 mg methylprednisolone to 1.4 +/- 0.7 mg (P less than 0.01, paired t-test), and the number of steroid bursts (1-2 mg/kg/day) per year decreased from 12.2 +/- 4.8 to 4.1 +/- 2.0 (P less than 0.01, paired t-test). There was also a significant decrease in the number of hospitalizations per year from 3.4 +/- 4.6 to 0.6 +/- 0.7 (P less than 0.05, paired t-test). The incidence of steroid side effects increased, despite the decrease in the amount of steroid required. Specifically, the prevalence of cataracts increased from 11% to 33% (chi 2 = 4.5, P = 0.15) and the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia increased from 22% to 78% (chi 2 = 16.67, P less than 0.001). There was no elevation of serum transaminases in any of our patients on TAO. Although TAO appears to be efficacious, caution is warranted when TAO is considered for use in younger children with steroid-dependent asthma.
Inhibition of neurotrophic activity in salamanders treated with opioids.

Abstract Regeneration of the amputated hind limb of the salamander was prevented by the injection of methadone or levorphanol. Blastema failed to develop despite formation of a thick epidermal cap at the wound site. Injection of the narcotic antagonist, levallorphan, blocked blastemal development for 4 wk but normal growth then began. Phalanges appeared 4 wk later than in controls. Naloxone, a potent narcotic antagonist without agonist activity, neither altered blastemal development nor prevented normal regeneration and differentiation. Treatment with the opioids methadone or levorphanol produced some atrophy of the lingual epithelium and taste buds of the salamanders. Neither of the antagonists caused these changes.
Anthropological Perspectives on Coastal Management

Perhaps some applied anthropologists have come to their current interests in an organized and linear way. In my own career this has not been the case. My route to the public policy area of coastal management has been a circuitous one, closely related to a growing interest over time in modern technology and in how technology and modern life are intertwined and mutually reinforcing.
A New High Sensitivity Thyroid X-Ray Fluorescence Scanning System

An array of five Si(Li) detectors which partially surrounds a collimated 10 Ci 241Am source, combined with a microprocessor-controlled scanning bed, has been developed for imaging of stable iodine within the thyroid. The sensitivity of the system is sufficient to generate high-quality scan images in a scanning time of approximately 15 minutes, with a spatial resolution of 5.9 mm (FWHM). We have evaluated several phantom studies and used the results to develop a computer code which determines the total thyroid iodine content and thyroid area with acceptable accuracy.
Background and study concerning water wave effects on airborne imagery

This paper describes ongoing research and initial results regarding collection of airborne imagery for detection of submerged features in optically shallow water types. The approach is to utilize land surface, water surface and submerged or in-situ line targets of various types during the airborne flights or fixed platforms. The imagery collected by the airborne sensing systems is processed in concept to correct for the presence of the water surface wave effects and water column effects. The correction approach is based upon calculation of a residual image between either (a) the observed submerged target image and the non-submerged image or (2) the observed submerged target within a scene and a synthetic image of the same scene. The residual image thus contains the distortion and blurring effects due to the presence of water waves and the water column. The residual image contains the information needed to scientifically explain in order to improve our scientific understanding of submerged feature recognition. The approach is described can be applied to airborne, fixed platforms, modeled hyperspectral signatures as well as hyperspectral synthetic reflectance imagery of environmental media, features and objects within such media. When applied to hyperspectral airborne imagery of water, the techniques an be used to identify and optimize the bands and channels that can also be utilized in creating filters to be used in traditional, but high spatial resolution mapping cameras for mapping aquatic and coastal environments. Results presented of submerged target imagery demonstrate the ease to detect submerged features on the order of 3 cm 2 using airborne digital data as well as traditional scanned film cameras. The results suggest that gravity wave effects may be removed from low altitude and high spatial and spectral resolution airborne imagery by careful calibration of airborne sensors, especially focal plane focusing calibration and related sensor settings.
Archaeology: Maya, Khmer and Inca

Past societies have struggled against environmental problems similar to those that beset us today. Three publications illuminate the outcomes for three different tropical civilizations during the period AD 700–1600.
Experimental Investigation of the Development of Cavitation in a Squeeze Film Damper

When cavitation takes place in the squeeze film damper (SFD), its types and extent affect the performance of the SFD significantly. Thus, a fundamental understanding of the incipience, formation and evolution of this phenomenon becomes important both for predicting the dynamic properties of the damper and for the practitioner designers. A test rig was set up to investigate the formation of the cavitation bubbles during the process of a steady-state operation. By adopting a crankshaft configuration, the SFD journal orbit can be fixed at a specified eccentricity. The journal position and its eccentricity are tracked by means of Bently proximity sensors. When cavitation takes place, its shape and evolution are recorded by a Photron APX-RS high speed camera. With the Dow Corning 200 lubricant, the gaseous bubbles form in a fern-leaf shape even at low whirling speed. The bubbles evolve to a miniature flattened shape and as the angular speed increases, the gaseous cavitation gives way or is joined by vaporous cavitation. With a further increase of whirling speed, the vaporous bubbles can be clearly seen to occupy a large area. The evolution of the cavitation can be explained by the Sommerfeld pressure curve as it relates to the gaseous and vaporous saturation pressure. The experimental results confirm the assumption made by these authors in the previous numerical simulations for the homogeneous cavitation models.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Functional and oncological outcomes after orthotopic neobladder reconstruction in women

OBJECTIVE To review our experience with orthotopic neobladder reconstruction (ONR) in women, highlighting functional and oncological outcomes, as ONR has been used increasingly for urinary diversion in women after radical cystectomy (RC), largely due to a better understanding of the natural history of urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC) and of the anatomy underlying the female continence mechanism, but defining the safety and long-term efficacy of ONR remain important to expanding its use. PATIENTS AND METHODS We identified 59 women who had RC with ONR between 1995 and 2006 at the Mayo Clinic. Their records were reviewed for clinicopathological demographics, and functional and oncological outcomes. RESULTS The median (range) age at surgery of the women was 62 (20–82) years, and the median follow-up was 29.2 (1–141) months. Fifty-three women had RC for malignant disease, including UCC in 47. Five women (8.5%) required resection of the anterior vaginal wall during surgery, while 39 (66%) had concurrent hysterectomy. One patient had a positive surgical margin, at the left distal ureter, on final pathology. Thirteen (22%) patients had perioperative complications, including two (3%) who required reoperation. In addition, three patients (5%) developed a neobladder-vaginal fistula after RC with ONR, requiring surgical repair. At the last follow-up, daytime urinary continence (defined as needing no pads) was reported by 44/49 (90%) patients, while 28/49 (57%) had achieved continence at night. Seventeen (31%) patients required intermittent self-catheterization to facilitate emptying of the neobladder. Fifteen (28%) women had recurrence of disease, at a median of 8 (2–36) months after ONR, including seven (13%) who developed a pelvic recurrence. Twelve (20%) patients died during the follow-up, with four (8%) dying from UCC at a median of 14 (11–65) months after surgery. CONCLUSION ONR provides a safe and effective option for urinary diversion in women, with oncological and functional outcomes similar to those for men. Thus, the technique remains a preferred option for urinary diversion in appropriately selected women treated with RC.
Effects of Multimedia Software on Achievement of Middle School Students in an American History Class

AbstractThis study investigated social studies achievement as a result of utilizing a multimedia-based American history software program (Ignite Early American History, 2003) to augment textbook and lecture materials for seventh-grade middle school history students in an ethnically and linguistically diverse urban school district. The instructional software used was an interactive multimedia program designed to teach middle school students through video, song, animation, text, and other media to develop critical thinking skills while acquiring knowledge of required content strands (Ignite Learning, 2003). Teacher and student activities, pretest and posttest scores, and instructional methods for experimental and control conditions were documented in order to provide a comprehensive understanding of the results.
Accuracy of chemical shift MR imaging in diagnosing indeterminate bone marrow lesions in the pelvis: review of a single institution’s experience

To re-assess the accuracy of chemical shift imaging in diagnosing indeterminate bone marrow lesions as benign or malignant. We retrospectively reviewed our experience with MR imaging of the pelvis to assess the accuracy of chemical shift imaging in distinguishing benign from malignant bone lesions. Two musculoskeletal radiologists retrospectively reviewed all osseous lesions biopsied since 2006, when chemical shift imaging was added to our routine pelvic imaging protocol. Study inclusion criteria required (1) MR imaging of an indeterminate bone marrow lesion about the pelvis and (2) subsequent histologic confirmation. The study group included 50 patients (29 male, 21 female) with an average age of 67 years (range, 41–89 years). MR imaging results were evaluated using biopsy results as the “gold standard.” There were 27 malignant and 23 benign lesions. Chemical shift imaging using an opposed-phase signal loss criteria of less than 20 % to indicate a malignant lesion, correctly diagnosed 27/27 malignant lesions and 14/23 benign lesions, yielding a 100 % sensitivity, 61 % specificity, 75 % PPV, 100 % NPV, and 82 % accuracy. The area under the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve was 0.88. The inter-rater and intra-rater agreement K values were both 1.0. Chemical shift imaging is a useful adjunct MR technique to characterize focal and diffuse marrow abnormalities on routine non-contrast pelvic imaging. It is highly sensitive in identifying malignant disease. Despite its lower specificity, the need for biopsy could be eliminated in more than 60 % of patients with benign disease.
TH‐A‐218‐01: Managing Fat in MRI: A Technical Perspective

Water and fat are the two predominant sources of signal for in vivo MRI. Because fat is omnipresent in many parts of our body and because fat appears bright in many types of basic MR images, it is often essential to be able to successfully suppress the fat signal. Chemical shift selective saturation (CHESS) and short‐tau inversion recovery (STIR) are the two well‐known techniques for this purpose. Despite their widespread use and success, CHESS and STIR have fundamental limitations and as a consequence, poor fat suppression is one of the most frequently‐encountered image quality issues in clinical practice. Further, it is difficult to implement the CHESS or STIR‐based techniques for some emerging applications such as fast dynamic imaging. Another MRI technique for managing fat that has gained increasing clinical use only in the last few years was first published by Tom Dixon in 1984. The original idea of the so‐called Dixon techniques is to collect two images that have water and fat signals in‐phase and 180o out‐of‐phase, respectively. These two images can be added and subtracted to yield a “water‐only” image and a “fat‐only” image. Thus, the Dixon techniques have the potential for simultaneous fat suppression and fat quantification. Additionally, it was recognized and is now demonstrated that the Dixon techniques can be made highly insensitive to magnetic field inhomogeneity and highly SNR and scan time efficient. In this talk, I will provide an overview of some major development of the techniques for managing fat in MRI. I will focus particularly on the physical basis as well as the respective pros and cons of the different fat management techniques in MRI. Learning Objectives: 1. Understand the physical basis and advantages and disadvantages of several major fat management techniques in MRI 2. Understand some major issues and technical development of the Dixon techniques for water and fat imaging 3. Understand some remaining challenges and future opportunities for fat imaging and applications by MRI
Distribution, Conditioning, and Interspecific Effects of Blackmargined Aphids and Yellow Pecan Aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) on Pecan

Field studies on the yellow pecan aphid Cornplex showed that, among leaves growing from the same bud, the distal younger and larger leaves of pecan, Carya illinoensis (Wang.) K. Koch, were able to support a higher number of blackmargined aphids, Monellia caryella (Fitch), and yellow pecan aphids, Monelliopsis pecanis Bissell, than the proximal older and smaller leaves, before the leaves become unsuitable for further aphid development. Cumulative aphid days (one aphid on one leaf for 1 d = 1 aphid d) required to render foliage unsuitable for further development ranged from 421 on the most distal leaf to 50 on the most proximal leaf of the same shoot for blackmargined aphids during a 2-mo period, and from 15,132 to 1,322 for yellow aphids during a 4-mo period in separate infestations. Results of sequential infestations where foliage was initially subjected to an epidemic of black margined aphids averaging 18,900 aphid-d per 10 leaves showed that the foliage would support 20,345 aphid-d of yellow pecan aphid development; the reciprocal sequential infestation experiment following a yellow pecan aphid epidemic of 100,861 aphid-d per 10 leaves resulted in the foliage supporting 74 aphid-d of black margined aphid development. Foliage conditioned by blackmargined aphid remained suitable for subsequent infestation by substantial numbers of yellow pecan aphids, but the latter species caused substantial defoliation, rendering foliage unsuitable in the reverse situation. The average calendar time of infestation was 64 d for the blackmargined aphid and 114 d for the yellow pecan aphid.
Non-asbestos-related malignant mesothelioma. A review

Malignant mesothelioma is an uncommon, but increasingly important, neoplasm. The existing English-language medical literature concerning non-asbestos-related malignant mesotheliomas was reviewed for evidence of other agents associated with the induction of malignant mesothelioma. Both animal and human data were reviewed. In most reviews of malignant mesothelioma, there are a significant proportion of cases without documented asbestos exposure (range, 0% to 87%). Furthermore, there are several fairly well-documented agents other than asbestos that induce malignant mesothelioma in animals, and strong evidence exists that such is the case in man. In reviews of malignant mesothelioma, the percentage of cases with asbestos exposure varies, but a significant number are apparently not asbestos related. It is believed that sufficient evidence exists to suggest that non-asbestos agents can induce malignant mesotheliomas in man, and additional epidemiologic studies in this area are needed.
VACUUM PACKAGING OF LAMB. 1. Microbial Considerations

SUMMARY –Paired loins from 148 lamb carcasses were utilized to determine the subsequent case-life of chops from loins that had been stored in vacuum packages. Bacterial samples which were obtained from the surface of the longissimus muscle were used to evaluate the retail case-life of loin chops. Longer periods of storage in vacuum packages were associated with higher initial psychrotrophic counts for subsequent loin chops. Comparisons between vacuum packaged loins that were stored at 0°C vs. 7°C indicated that storage temperatures of 7°C were more favorable for psychrotrophic bacteria growth and thus resulted in decreased subsequent case-life for chops from these loins. 8 days appears to be a reasonable maximum period for the storage of loins in vacuum packages. Fresh chops that were fabricated 8 days postmortem and displayed immediately exhibited an advantage of 1½1/4 days of increased case-life in comparison to those chops from loins which were vacuum packaged 8 days postmortem, stored under vacuum for 8 days, fabricated and subsequently displayed. The average case-life of fresh chops was 3½1/2 days when stored in a retail case at 0°C. The results of the present study indicate that vacuum packaging of lamb loins may be feasible; however, unless low storage temperatures are maintained and the storage interval is short, the retail case-life of chops will be reduced.
PICSEL: measuring user-perceived performance to control dynamic frequency scaling

The ultimate goal of a computer system is to satisfy its users. The success of architectural or system-level optimizations depends largely on having accurate metrics for user satisfaction. We propose to derive such metrics from information that is "close to flesh" and apparent to the user rather than from information that is "close to metal" and hidden from the user. We describe and evaluate PICSEL, a dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) technique that uses measurements of variations in the rate of change of a computer's video output to estimate user-perceived performance. Our adaptive algorithms, one conservative and one aggressive, use these estimates to dramatically reduce operating frequencies and voltages for graphically-intensive applications while maintaining performance at a satisfactory level for the user. We evaluate PICSEL through user studies conducted on a Pentium M laptop running Windows XP. Experiments performed with 20 users executing three applications indicate that the measured laptop power can be reduced by up to 12.1%, averaged across all of our users and applications, compared to the default Windows XP DVFS policy. User studies revealed that the difference in overall user satisfaction between the more aggressive version of PICSEL and Windows DVFS were statistically insignificant, whereas the conservative version of PICSEL actually improved user satisfaction when compared to Windows DVFS.
Guarding the memory of the National Guard: Strategies of avoidance in official historiography

This article examines strategies employed in official state histories to avoid or “collectively forget” an unflattering past. The data comprise the textual histories presented on the websites of the US National Guard. Using content analysis and qualitative textual analysis, I find five different “strategies of avoidance” that these websites employ in their historiography: silence, thematic memory, displacement, invented tradition, and genre switching. These strategies serve to help obscure the occasionally repressive role that the National Guard has played in the history of social justice movements.
Development of a Method to Measure Cotton Spinnability

The spinning quality of lint cotton is related to the efficiency with which the cotton can be processed into a fine yarn. An apparatus was developed to measure the force required to pull an end down during spinning (spinning strength). An electronic force pickup was used on a research ring spinning frame to measure peak yarn tension. Spinning-strength data fit a normal distribution curve. In two specific tests analysis of 2400 breaks taken on a single cotton roving showed, at the 95% level of confidence, that the average strength was within 0.6% of the true mcan, and that the standard de viation was within 3% of the true standard deviation. Of the design parameters tested, front-drafting roll pressure had the greatest influence on spinning strength. Spindle speed and the presence of the yarn-tension transducer did not influence spinning strength.
Designing catastrophic bonds for catastrophic risks in agriculture: Macro hedging long and short rains in Kenya

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to outline a pricing formula for the valuation of catastrophic (CAT) bonds as applied to multiple trigger drought risks in Kenya. Design/methodology/approach – The valuation model is designed around the multiple triggers of the Mexican Catastrophe bonds, but the valuation model is based on Jarrow’s (2010) closed form CAT Bond Pricing model. The authors outline the model structure, the multiple tranches with rainfall triggers, and simulate the model using Monte Carlo methods. Data input was synthesized from historical rainfall data in Kenya’s Moyale region as well as prevailing LIBOR and rates and conventional coupons. Findings – The authors compute the valuation model using Monte Carlo techniques. The authors found the pricing method to be robust and consistent under various parameter settings including trigger levels, time after launch, recovery rates, coupon spreads, and zero coupon curves. For example the higher the trigger rates, the lower will be the bond price ...
Passage of digesta from the abomasum of a calf fed soy flour milk replacers and whole milk.

Abstract Milk replacers containing untreated, acidtreated, or alkali-treated soy flour and whole milk were fed to a calf having a re-entrant duodenal fistula. Analysis of digesta collected from the proximal cannula for eight hours after feeding revealed no differences among the soy flour diets with respect to volume and pH or in the rate of passage of dry matter and total nitrogen. The passage of dry matter and total nitrogen was more rapid for the soy flour diets than for milk, whereas pH declined more rapidly after feeding milk than after the soy flour diets.
THE LEAR SELF‐CORRECTING AUTOMATIC NAVIGATOR (SCAN)

To this time all dead reckoning or position indicating systems for moving vehicles have belonged to either of two types: The selfcontained or the externally referenced. The method herein discloses an advanced technique for utilizing the best features of each of the classical methods so as to greatly enhance accuracy and to avoid, or greatly minimize, the deficiencies of each. The method will be termed the Lear Self-Correcting Auto Navigator, or briefly the SCAN method. The SCAN technique is concerned with the interconnection of a self-contained dead reckoning instrumentation with a ground referenced position indicating system of the radio type. The concept involved is a fundamental departure from current techniques, although as will be shown, the instrumentation can be achieved by relatively simple and conventional methods. The new principles concerned are primarily from the fields of statistical processes and information theory; these applications will be discussed in the following treatment.
Looking through Northern Exposure at Jewish American Identity and the Communication Theory of Identity

This study explores Jewish American identity from a communication theory of identity perspective. We analyzed six episodes of the television show, Northern Exposure, for their representation of Jewish American identity. Next, the shows were edited into video segments reflecting the themes and shown to 26 Jewish Americans in order to elicit their perceptions of the communal expressions of Jewish identity. The study initially focuses on a communal representation of this group-based identity in order to understand how it is portrayed in collective consciousness. We then examine how this representation has interpenetrated the individual, interactional, and relational levels of identity.
Classification of hyperspectral imagery with neural networks: comparison to conventional tools

Efficient exploitation of hyperspectral imagery is of great importance in remote sensing. Artificial intelligence approaches have been receiving favorable reviews for classification of hyperspectral data because the complexity of such data challenges the limitations of many conventional methods. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) were shown to outperform traditional classifiers in many situations. However, studies that use the full spectral dimensionality of hyperspectral images to classify a large number of surface covers are scarce if non-existent. We advocate the need for methods that can handle the full dimensionality and a large number of classes to retain the discovery potential and the ability to discriminate classes with subtle spectral differences. We demonstrate that such a method exists in the family of ANNs. We compare the maximum likelihood, Mahalonobis distance, minimum distance, spectral angle mapper, and a hybrid ANN classifier for real hyperspectral AVIRIS data, using the full spectral resolution to map 23 cover types and using a small training set. Rigorous evaluation of the classification accuracies shows that the ANN outperforms the other methods and achieves ≈90% accuracy on test data.
A comparative study of iodine and potassium perchlorate metabolism in the laying hen. 2. Uptake, distribution, and excretion of potassium perchlorate.

Abstract The concentrations of 36Cl-labeled potassium perchlorate (K36ClO4) and previously reported iodide (131I) in the ova, thyroid gland, and blood of the laying hen were compared in this investigation. Radioperchlorate concentration and deposition properties showed a remarkable resemblance to those of iodide (131I). The topographic distribution of radioperchlorate in ova followed a peripheral and concentric ring deposition identical to that observed in the 131I investigation. The studies of the distribution of radioperchlorate showed that about 10.3, 2.0, and 1.4% of a single intramuscular injection of K36ClO4 was retained in the body at 3, 24, and 48 hours, respectively. The largest total concentration in the 3-hour group was found in the blood (2.9%), followed by muscles (2.4%), internal organs (1.1%), and the 10 largest ova (1.0%). The 24 and 48-hour hens’ ova showed the largest concentrations with values of 1.5 and 1.2% of the dose, respectively. This represented 76.9 and 81.3% of the total activity retained in the body at these times. The excreta in the 3 and 24-hour experiments accounted for most of the radioperchlorate dose.
Factors associated with parents' and adolescents' perceptions of oral health and need for dental treatment.

Objective: The aim of this study was to characterize the association between clinical and psychosocial factors as they related to perceptions by parents and adolescents to the adolescent's oral health status and treatment need. Additionally, the degree to which adolescent's and parent's perceptions of oral health and treatment need were related was examined. Methods: Data from the Pennsylvania oral health needs assessment for 530 parent-adolescent pairs were used to address the objectives of this study. Comparisons between clinical oral health measures, psychosocial factors, and the parent- and adolescent-reported perceptions of the adolescent's oral health status were made using descriptive and inferential statistics, including exploratory factor analysis and path analysis. Results: Parents and adolescents exhibited only modest concordance on ratings of the adolescent's oral health status and need for dental treatment. Furthermore, parents tended to rate their adolescent's oral health status as better than did the adolescent. The results of the path analysis showed that adolescents based their ratings of oral health status more on oral symptoms, while parents rated their adolescent's oral health more on esthetic or psychosocial factors. Conclusions: Adolescents and parents based their perceptions of oral health status and treatment need on different underlying factors. Additionally, adolescents' perceptions of their oral health status and treatment needs did not appear to be communicated to their parents.
Part 1. Regional Studies and Epithermal Deposits

Northern Nevada is one of the Earth’s premier gold- and silver-producing regions, and gold and silver are mined from a wide range of deposit types (Table 1). Current production largely comes from Carlin-type sedimentary rock-hosted disseminated gold deposits (Christensen, 1995; Teal and Jackson, 1997; Bettles, 2002), many of which lie along linear trends (Fig. 1; Roberts, 1960, 1966; Berger and Bagby, 1991). The small area of the Carlin trend (approximately 8 x 65 km) is North America’s most prolific gold mining district, producing nearly 125 t (4 Moz) of gold annually. Since large-scale mining began in 1965 with the opening of the Carlin mine, the Carlin trend has produced more than 1555 t (50 Moz) of gold. During 2001, gold production from the entire state of Nevada was nearly 253 t (8.13 Moz), which accounted for approximately 76 percent of the United States and 10 percent of the world production (Price and Meeuwig, 2002). In 2001, only the countries of South Africa and Australia produced more gold than the state of Nevada. In addition, Nevada produced 543 t (17.4 Moz) of silver in 2001—about 31 percent of the United States production and 3 percent of the world production. In 1996, the Mineral Resources Program of the U.S. Geological Survey began a multidisciplinary project to investigate the origin of gold deposits in northern Nevada. This project was undertaken in collaboration with the Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology, the Ralph J. Roberts Center for Research in Economic Geology at the University of Nevada, Reno, several other universities, and numerous mining companies active in the region. In addition, several universities and mining companies were conducting research on the origin of gold deposits in northern Nevada. This research built on more than a century of studies by the …
Children’s Home Environments Understanding the Role of Family Structure Changes

Using data from the 1996 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) merged mother-child sample, we investigate the impact of two family events, parental divorce and the birth of a sibling, on the cognitive stimulation and emotional support provided to children in the home. We use fixed-effect regression techniques to control for unmeasured mother- and child-specific characteristics and measure responses to these family changes before, during, and after the events. We find that an impending birth is associated with increased emotional support provided to children, whereas concurrent births are associated with decreased support. Additionally, we find that, after controlling for unmeasured variables, divorce does not have an adverse effect on the home environments of boys and girls; in fact, a divorce occurring in a previous time period is associated with a modest increase in emotional support provided to girls.
Ofatumumab as front-line therapy in untreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Ofatumumab is a fully human IgG1 type I anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody that binds to both the small and large loop of the membrane antigen CD20. Much of its therapeutic efficacy is derived through complement-dependent cytotoxicity, although it also appears to operate via induction of caspase-dependent apoptosis and shows potent antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis. CD20 is an important but sometimes difficult antigen to effectively target in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) secondary to its overall dim expression in CLL cells. Currently, ofatumumab is approved in the USA and EU for fludarabine- and alemtuzumab-refractory CLL patients. However, the experience with ofatumumab in untreated CLL patients is mounting and shows competitive response and survival rates with an acceptable adverse event profile. Herein, we outline the efficacy and toxicities of ofatumumab alone and in combination for the front-line treatment of CLL.
Description and Outcomes of a New Technique for Thumb Basal Joint Arthroplasty

Purpose Many surgeries have been described for thumb basal joint arthroplasty, but none is clearly superior to the others. The purposes of this study were to describe a simple technique for trapeziectomy and ligament reconstruction, and to determine its objective and subjective outcomes. Methods The surgical technique involves trapeziectomy, interposition of tissue, and abductor pollicis longus ligament reconstruction around the extensor carpi radialis longus tendon through a single incision. A retrospective chart review was performed on 48 patients who had undergone this surgery over an 11-year period by a single surgeon. Results At a minimum of 8 months' follow-up, grip had improved from 71% of contralateral strength to 93% of contralateral strength (p = .02), an increase of 32%. Appositional pinch had improved from 66% of contralateral strength to 98% of contralateral strength (p = .03), an increase of 49%. Radial abduction did not change to a statistically significant degree. Trapezial space ratio measured 0.44 preoperatively and 0.31 postoperatively (p Conclusions The described technique for trapeziectomy and ligament reconstruction is easy to perform, has a number of potential advantages over other arthroplasty techniques, and has similar short-term outcomes compared with ligament reconstruction and tendon interposition.
Distributed Matlab based signal and image processing using JavaPorts

Many scientists and engineers have signal and image processing applications that involve large data sets and could benefit from parallel processing on readily-available clusters of workstations (COWs). Unfortunately these applications often exist as legacy code, such as Matlab functions, which are not easily parallelizable. The goal of the JavaPorts project is to provide a framework for flexible development of parallel and distributed component-based applications for heterogeneous COWs. The latest version of the package supports the integration of Java and Matlab components into the same application. The main features of the JavaPorts framework and its tools are discussed and application examples are presented which highlight its ability to support the rapid prototyping of parallel and distributed computing strategies with communicating Java and Matlab components.
Requirements for Efficient Correction of ΔF508 CFTR Revealed by Analyses of Evolved Sequences

Misfolding of ΔF508 cystic fibrosis (CF) transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) underlies pathology in most CF patients. F508 resides in the first nucleotide-binding domain (NBD1) of CFTR near a predicted interface with the fourth intracellular loop (ICL4). Efforts to identify small molecules that restore function by correcting the folding defect have revealed an apparent efficacy ceiling. To understand the mechanistic basis of this obstacle, positions statistically coupled to 508, in evolved sequences, were identified and assessed for their impact on both NBD1 and CFTR folding. The results indicate that both NBD1 folding and interaction with ICL4 are altered by the ΔF508 mutation and that correction of either individual process is only partially effective. By contrast, combination of mutations that counteract both defects restores ΔF508 maturation and function to wild-type levels. These results provide a mechanistic rationale for the limited efficacy of extant corrector compounds and suggest approaches for identifying compounds that correct both defective steps.