cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A probabilistic model for distinguishing between sheep and goat postcranial remains

Abstract Distinguishing morphologically-similar taxa is a perennial problem for zooarchaeologists. As an example, zooarchaeological methods to distinguish sheep and goat bones are limited by the fact that diagnostic traits are not exclusive to each species. For this reason, we argue that sheep/goat bones should be considered probabilistically, not absolutely. That is, each bone should be considered as falling along a spectrum from sheep to goat. To that end, we present a probabilistic method for assigning taxonomic status to sheep/goat postcranial specimens. Suites of diagnostic traits present on each specimen are translated into probabilities, which we then use in simulations to estimate the number of sheep and goat bones. We apply our model to two assemblages: ‘Ain Dara (Syria) and Tell Sakhariya (Iraq). We evaluate the effectiveness of standard diagnostic traits, finding that distal tibias and second phalanges particularly problematic to identify to species. In addition, our probabilistic method improves the reliability and replicability of sheep/goat identifications in zooarchaeological assemblages by making explicit the diagnostic criteria used and providing clear standards that other projects can follow and thus be directly compared.
Why Worry about Inequality and Ethnic Politics

The central argument of this book is that economic inequality and ethnic diversity interact to influence the importance of class and ethnic identities, and thereby influence the extent to which democracy can be expected to redress inequality. This chapter draws on the existing literature to motivate and situate the research in two respects. The first is to describe the substantive consequences of an electoral dynamic that fails to address inequality and instead encourages ethnic politics. Why do we care if democracy fails to redress inequality, or if electoral competition fosters ethnic identities? The second is to situate the argument in two existing literatures. How have scholars previously studied the salience of ethnic identity in electoral politics, or the politics of redistribution? How does the argument here contribute to these previous approaches? The chapter has four sections. Section 2.1 reviews arguments about the problems associated with leaving inequality unaddressed, and Section 2.2 discusses problems that can ensue when ethnic identity becomes salient in politics. The remaining two sections situate the argument in the literature on ethnic politics (Section 2.3) and redistribution (Section 2.4). PROBLEMS WITH INEQUALITY Economic inequality is often viewed as intrinsically unjust, and normative theorists have articulated a number of frameworks for thinking about how to evaluate different distributions of economic well-being, and of policies that change these distributions. A Rawlsian perspective, for example, encourages us to consider the “fairness” of economic outcomes, in which the notion of “fairness” emerges from thinking about choice from behind Rawls’ veil of ignorance. Rawls argues that from behind such a veil, people would agree on a distribution of welfare that satisfies a maximin principle, in which society is structured so as to maximize the well-being of the least well-off individual (see Rawls 1971). This perspective does not preclude economic inequality: it may well be that the social structure that maximizes the well-being of the least well-off individual will also lead to inequality of outcomes. Taxes on the rich, for example, could be used to obtain revenues that are redistributed to the poor, but if such taxes are set so high that they substantially discourage economic activity, they may not maximize the welfare of the least well-off. Such taxes would be unjust from the perspective of Rawls’ “fairness principle.”
Matrix Metalloproteinases: A challenging paradigm of cancer management

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are members of zinc-dependent endopeptidases implicated in a variety of physiological and pathological processes. Over the decades, MMPs have been studied for their role in cancer progression, migration, and metastasis. As a result, accumulated evidence of MMPs incriminating role has made them an attractive therapeutic target. Early generations of broad-spectrum MMP inhibitors exhibited potent inhibitory activities, which subsequently led to clinical trials. Unexpectedly, these trials failed to meet the desired goals, mainly due to the lack of efficacy, poor oral bioavailability, and toxicity. In this review, we discuss the regulatory role of MMPs in cancer progression, current strategies in targeting MMPs for cancer treatment including prodrug design and tumor imaging, and therapeutic value of MMPs as biomarkers in breast, lung, and prostate cancers.
How the Theological Priorities of Pope Francis Inform His Policy Goals

As discussed in the introduction of this volume, social scientists trying to make sense of the complicated and confusing papacy of Francis face an array of conceptual difficulties. This chapter seeks to contribute to a more robust understanding of Pope Francis by an examination of how his priorities inform his policy goals, with a focus on Evangelii Gaudium. The chapter further argues that the theology of the people helps to explain his theological reasoning, apostolic exhortations, and encyclicals, as well as his policy priorities. Finally, it also suggests that the field of moral theology offers social scientists a novel vocabulary to dialog about how Pope Francis sees, understands, and prioritizes his papacy.
Readability of Online Materials for Rhinoplasty

Author(s): Santos, Pauline Joy F; Daar, David A; Paydar, Keyianoosh Z; Wirth, Garrett A | Abstract: BACKGROUND:Rhinoplasty is a popular aesthetic and reconstructive surgical procedure. However, little is known about the content and readability of online materials for patient education. The recommended grade level for educational materials is 7th to 8th grade according to the National Institutes of Health (NIH). This study aims to assess the readability of online patient resources for rhinoplasty. METHODS:The largest public search engine, Google, was queried using the term "rhinoplasty" on February 26, 2016. Location filters were disabled and sponsored results excluded to avoid any inadvertent search bias. The 10 most popular websites were identified and all relevant, patient-directed information within one click from the original site was downloaded and saved as plain text. Readability was analyzed using five established analyses (Readability-score.com, Added Bytes, Ltd., Sussex, UK). RESULTS:Analysis of ten websites demonstrates an average grade level of at least 12th grade. No material was at the recommended 7th to 8th grade reading level (Flesch-Kincaid, 11.1; Gunning-Fog, 14.1; Coleman-Liau, 14.5; SMOG 10.4; Automated Readability, 10.7; Average Grade Level, 12.2). Overall Flesch-Kincaid Reading Ease Index was 43.5, which is rated as "difficult." CONCLUSION:Online materials available for rhinoplasty exceed NIH-recommended reading levels, which may prevent appropriate decision-making in patients considering these types of surgery. Outcomes of this study identify that Plastic Surgeons should be cognizant of available online patient materials and make efforts to develop and provide more appropriate materials. Readability results can also contribute to marketing strategy and attracting a more widespread interest in the procedure.
On the Relationship between the Different Methods to Address Privacy Issues in the Cloud

In conjunction with regulation, information security technology is expected to play a critical role in enforcing the right for privacy and data protection. The role of security in privacy by design is discussed in this paper, as well as the relationship of these to accountability. The focus within these discussions is on technological methods to support privacy and data protection in cloud scenarios.
Does time to definitive treatment matter in patients with ductal carcinoma in situ

Little is known about factors influencing time between diagnosis and definitive treatment in patients with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). We sought to determine the factors influencing this delay time and implications on outcome. A retrospective review was performed of 127 patients with DCIS who were treated with definitive surgical excision at an academic center from 2000 to 2003. The mean time from diagnosis of DCIS to definitive surgical treatment was 39.5 days (range, 3 to 130 days). Age, race, tumor grade, and histopathologic features were not associated with time to definitive treatment (P > 0.05). However, patients who opted for breast-conserving surgery had a shorter time to definitive treatment compared with patients treated with mastectomy (mean time 32.9 vs 53.9 days, P < 0.001). Of patients undergoing mastectomy, those who opted for reconstruction did not have a prolonged time to treatment (55.0 vs 52.4 days, P = 0.880). Increased time between diagnosis and treatment (greater than 39.5 days) was not associated with worse prognosis in terms of overall survival (five-year actuarial survival: 93.0 vs 97.6%, P = 0.322). No demographic or histopathologic factors were associated with increased time to definitive treatment, although patients treated with mastectomy tended to have a longer diagnosis-to-treatment interval. However, the delay time was not associated with worse outcome.
Alex: A Study in Avian Cognition

A grey parrot, Alex, trained via a modeling technique to communicate with humans using sounds of English speech, learned labels for objects, colors, shapes, categories, quantities, and numerals up to 8; he combined these labels to identify, request, categorize, quantify, and refuse more than 100 different objects. He had functional use of phrases such as ‘Want X’ and ‘Wanna go Y,’ where X and Y were appropriate object or location labels. He understood concepts of category, same–different, relative size, absence, number (including a limited zero-like concept), could comprehend conjunctive phrases, and, toward the end of his life, acquired phonological awareness.
Kinetic Studies of Boron and Aluminum Species

We measured the temperature and pressure dependence of the rate constants of several key chemical reactions important in the combustion of boron and aluminum including: BO + O 2 , BO + H 2 , BH + D 2 , Al + CO 2 , and Al + O 2 . Elementary reaction rate constants are obtained in our high temperature reactor using laser pump-and-probe techniques. For several reactions, we monitor the products to confirm proposed reaction mechanisms. We find that the oxidation reactions of BO and Al are fast at combustion temperatures and proceed by O-atom transfer. The reactions of BO + O 2 and Al + O 2 proceed by complex formation followed by rapid decomposition of the complex. There are two product channels in the reaction of Al + CO 2 . Near room temperature complex formation dominates while above 750 K the dominant reaction is direct O-atom transfer. The reaction of BO + H 2 proceeds by direct H-atom transfer while the reaction of BH + D 2 involves complex formation. The experimental studies of the reactions BO + H 2 and BH + D 2 are combined with ab initio studies of the potential energy surface to provide further insight into the reaction mechanisms.
A periodic comparison of the survival and prognostic factors of biliary atresia after Kasai portoenterostomy: a single-center study in Korea.

We explored the chronologic changes in prognostic factors and clinical outcomes of Kasai portoenterostomy (KPE) for biliary atresia (BA). Patients undergoing KPE between 1997 and 2016 were analyzed retrospectively. Ninety-two consecutive patients who underwent KPE from 1997 to 2006 (Era 1) were compared with 150 patients who underwent KPE from 2007 to 2016 (Era 2) for clinical outcomes and prognostic factors. The jaundice clearance rate increased by 8.8% (66.7% vs. 75.5% for Eras 1 and 2, respectively, p = 0.180), and the 5-year native liver survival (NLS) rate improved slightly (62.5% vs. 64.0% for Eras 1 and 2, respectively, p = 0.617) in Era 2. The hazard ratio for age at KPE (≥ 90 days) with regard to 5-year NLS and the odds ratio for age at KPE (< 90 days) with regard to jaundice clearance were both lower in Era 2 than in Era 1 (1.95 vs. 2.25 and 2.67 vs. 5.21, respectively). The clinical outcomes improved over a period in a single surgeon’s practice. We demonstrated that the impact of age at the time of KPE on operative outcomes became less significant over time with the increase in the single surgeon’s experience and improvement in medical treatment for BA.
Primary Language in Relation to Knowledge of Diagnosis and Sun-Related Behaviors in Adults with Sun-Exacerbated Dermatoses.

Objective: To evaluate how patients’ primary spoken language influences the understanding of their disorder and their subsequent sun-related behaviors. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted between February 2015 and July 2016 in two outpatient dermatology clinics among 419 adults with a sun-exacerbated dermatosis. The primary outcome was a successful match between the patient-reported diagnosis on a survey and the dermatologist-determined diagnosis. Results: Of participants, 42% were native English speakers, and 68% did not know their diagnosis. Fewer non-native English speakers identified one risk factor for their condition (46% versus 54%, p < 0.01). A greater number of non-native English speakers were less familiar with medical terminology. Native English speakers were 2.5 times more likely to know their diagnosis compared to non-native speakers (adjusted odds (aOR) 2.5, 95% confidence interval, 1.32 to 4.5; p = 0.005). Additional factors associated with higher odds of knowing the diagnosis included: Higher education, sunscreen use, female gender, symptoms for 1–5 years, and diagnosis of melasma and postinflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH). Conclusions: Knowledge of the diagnosis and understanding of factors that may influence skin disease may promote conscious sun behavior. Patients who knew that their diagnosis was sun-exacerbated had higher odds of wearing sunscreen.
A User-Based Perspective of an Academic Chemistry Library Relocation People First

The relocation of a departmental chemistry library into a centralized academic library is felt most keenly by the primary users of the departmental library. The departmental library is a user-based system by nature. The main concern in the centralization project should be in convincing the Chemistry user group that the relocation is not a loss. Closing and relocating a branch requires extra sensitivity to this group. The emphasis should be placed on improved servces and collection management, rather than library administrative efficiency. The successful closure should highlight the human underpinning of a library.
APPLICATION OF DIFFERENT SOURCES AND DOSES OF BORON IN THE CORN CROP

One of the main problems faced in corn cultivation, especially in Cerrado regions, is the deficiency of micronutrients. Among the micronutrients essential for the development of plants, boron (B) stands out for participating in a series of physiological processes. Based on this, the present work aimed to evaluate the performance of corn under fertilization with different sources and doses of boron. The randomized block design in a 4x3 factorial scheme was used. Four boron doses (0, 1, 2, and 3 kg ha -1 ) and three nutrient sources (boric acid, borax, and ulexite), applied in topdressing, were evaluated. Plant height (cm), stem diameter (mm), first ear insertion height (m), ear length (cm), ear diameter (mm), number of rows per ear, number of grains per row, 1000-grain weight (g), and grain yield (kg ha -1 ) were evaluated. It was concluded that the boron sources and doses used did not influence the results of plant height, first ear insertion height, number of rows per ear, and grain yield. The three doses evaluated provided increases in stem diameter, with a dose of 2.08 kg ha -1 being the one with the highest average. The application of borax and ulexite results in higher values of ear diameter, number of grains per row, and 1000-grain weight. The dose of 1.74 kg ha -1 of boron provides the highest 1000-grain weight.
Evaluation and selection of the liver transplant candidate: updates on a dynamic and evolving process

Purpose of review Although conceptually unchanged, the evaluation and selection of the liver transplant candidate has seen significant recent advances. Expanding criteria for transplant candidacy, improved diagnostics for risk stratification and advances in prognostic models have paralleled recent changes in allocation and distribution that require us to revisit core concepts of candidate evaluation and selection while recognizing its now dynamic and continuous nature. Recent findings The liver transplant evaluation revolves around three interrelated themes: candidate selection, donor selection and transplant outcome. Introduction of dynamic frailty indices, bariatric surgery at the time of liver transplant in obese patients and improved therapies and prognostic tools for hepatobiliary malignancy have transformed candidate selection. Advances in hypothermic organ preservation have improved outcomes in marginal donor organs. Combined with expansion of hepatitis C virus positive and split donor organs, donor selection has become an integral part of candidate evaluation. In addition, with liver transplant for acute alcohol-related hepatitis now widely performed and increasing recognition of acute-on-chronic liver failure, selection of critically ill patients is refining tools to balance futility versus utility. Summary Advances in liver transplant candidate evaluation continue to transform the evaluation process and require continued incorporation into our clinical practice amidst a dynamic backdrop of demographic and policy changes.
Comment on "X-ray absorption spectra reveal the inapplicability of the single-band hubbard model to overdoped cuprate superconductors".

A Comment on the Letter by D. C. Peets et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 087402 (2009). The authors of the Letter offer a Reply.
Au(I) Complexes as the Efficient Catalyst for Hydration of Alkynes at Room Temperature

A series of( 1,1'-biphenyl)-2-yldi( adamantan-1-yl) phosphine ligands was synthesized to prepare eight kinds of Au( Ⅰ) complexes. And their catalytic performances were investigated in the hydration of alkynes using methanol as solvent. At room temperature,it was found that Au( Ⅰ) complexes containing the group of 3'-( pyrrolidin-1-ylcarbonyl) showed the excellent catalytic performance in the hydration of alkynes with the catalyst loading of 0. 1% ― 0. 3%( molar fraction,base on alkynes). The reaction parameters were further optimized for spreading the applied scope of the catalysts. Therefore,a mild catalytic system with good applicability was explored for the hydration of terminal and internal alkynes using less dosage of catalyst.
Freedom's Captives: Slavery and Gradual Emancipation on the Colombian Black Pacific

Freedom's Captives is a compelling exploration of the gradual abolition of slavery in the majority-black Pacific coast of Colombia, the largest area in the Americas inhabited primarily by people of African descent. From the autonomous rainforests and gold mines of the Colombian Black Pacific, Yesenia Barragan rethinks the nineteenth-century project of emancipation by arguing that the liberal freedom generated through gradual emancipation constituted a modern mode of racial governance that birthed new forms of social domination, while temporarily instituting de facto slavery. Although gradual emancipation was ostensibly designed to destroy slavery, she argues that slaveholders in Colombia came to have an even greater stake in it. Using narrative and storytelling to map the worlds of Free Womb children, enslaved women miners, free black boatmen, and white abolitionists in the Andean highlands, Freedom's Captives insightfully reveals how the Atlantic World processes of gradual emancipation and post-slavery rule unfolded in Colombia.
A novel protocol to assess the impact of prescription stimulants on blood pressure in adults using ambulatory blood pressure monitoring.

Prescription stimulants are an important cause of secondary hypertension and their use is increasing in adult patients who are also at risk for essential hypertension. Although stimulants increase blood pressure, a systematic approach for assessing their impact in individual patients is lacking. We developed a protocol using ambulatory blood pressure monitoring for up to 36 h to compare blood pressure over two sequential days. Average blood pressure on the first day (without stimulant medication) was compared to average blood pressure on the second day (after re-starting stimulant medication). We describe the outcomes of this protocol for a case series of eleven adults. Patients demonstrated one of three outcomes: normal blood pressure on both days, hypertension on both days, or hypertension only on the day patients received their stimulant medications. This novel protocol provides valuable information on the blood pressure effects of stimulant medications and allows clinicians to make personalized decisions regarding treatment.
Postoperative venous thromboembolism in gynecologic oncology patients undergoing minimally invasive surgery: Does modality matter?

Abstract Objectives Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) is increasingly utilized for gynecologic cancers. While incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) after MIS is low, some guidelines recommend extended chemoprophylaxis for these patients undergoing MIS. Our objectives were to determine incidence of postoperative VTE in patients undergoing MIS, evaluate differences in the incidence by MIS modality and assess the need for extended chemoprophylaxis. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study including all patients undergoing MIS (robot-assisted, multi-port laparoscopy, single-port laparoscopy) for gynecologic cancers between January 2014 and December 2018 at our institution. Demographic and perioperative variables were collected. Patients Results We identified 806 patients who underwent MIS with median age 61. Most had Stage I disease (81.5%) and uterine cancer (81.5%). Five VTE events occurred within 90 days following surgery (0.6%). Incidence of 90-day VTE did not differ between MIS modalities (p = 0.6). Patients with longer OR times (p = 0.004) were more likely to experience VTE. Age, smoking status, BMI, type of cancer and stage were not significant risk factors for VTE. Conclusions The incidence of postoperative VTE in patients with gynecologic cancers undergoing MIS is low and does not appear to differ by MIS modality. Given the very low incidence of postoperative VTE, extended chemoprophylaxis is unlikely to benefit patients with gynecologic malignancies undergoing MIS procedures.
Diagnosis of Neoplasia in Endometrial Biopsies: A Pattern-Based and Algorithmic Approach

With its unique algorithmic and pattern-based approach, Diagnosis of Neoplasia in Endometrial Biopsies is an essential practical guide to interpreting endometrial biopsy samples. All potential entities are classified based on the dominant histologic pattern, with each resulting sub-group progressively sub-classified to reach a diagnosis. Decision tree flowcharts facilitate rapid narrowing of the differential diagnosis. Recent advancements are discussed and explained, and strengths and limitations of diagnostic tests are identified in the context of their application to the biopsy sample. Lavishly illustrated throughout, this book serves the practising pathologist as a scope-side assistant for quick reference, up-to-date guidance, and recommendations for ancillary testing. For the resident, this book facilitates quick and comprehensive mastery of the interpretation and diagnosis of endometrial biopsies. The book is packaged with a password, giving the user online access to all the text and images.
Grain-Scale Measurements During Low Velocity Impact in Granular Media

This chapter will explore the connection between macroscopic and microscopic behavior during low velocity impact into granular media. We will discuss important grain-scale quantities, their use in understanding macroscopic penetration behavior, and numerical and experimental measurement techniques for obtaining them. A new experimental technique for measuring interparticle forces in opaque granular materials will be introduced. Examples of this technique applied to low velocity impact into granular media will be presented and discussed.
Manganese Redox Chemistry Revisited

Manganese in natural oxygen-poor waters can persist in a3 oxidation state, a state previously seen only in the lab, necessitating a major revision of the current understanding of manganese aqueous geochemistry.
Object Deltas in an Active Database Development Environment

Although the use of deltas in relational environments is fairly well established, the use of deltas in an object-oriented database (OODB) environment has not yet been fully explored. As OODB's continue to expand in functionality to include the use of active rules and integrity constraints, the need for object deltas becomes more apparent. This is especially true for active, object-oriented environments that also include deductive or declarative capabilities that are typically associated with relational systems. In this paper we present an object delta structure as an integral part of the architecture of an active database system. The object delta structure represents deltas as a natural extension to database objects through object-oriented concepts such as inheritance, encapsulation and abstraction. Object deltas are first-class objects that may be manipulated through a given set of behavior. The structure proposed goes beyond previous object delta definitions by representing incremental changes to arbitrarily complex data structures as part of the delta object. Object deltas are represented at different levels of granularity to better support the needs of different active system functions. We describe examples of using object deltas for condition monitoring and also for effective support of run-time testing and debugging tools.
The end of the (DNA) line

Telomerases contain an essential RNA subunit (TER), as well as an essential protein reverse transcriptase subunit (TERT). The RNA subunit includes a short template region that is copied into telomeric DNA, but otherwise it is large and divergent. However, phylogenetic studies have revealed a conserved core secondary structure for TER. Much of the divergence can be accounted for by the acquisition of different types of RNA domains that function in RNA stabilization. Some of the nontemplate portions of TER, which include regions in the conserved core, are important for aspects of telomerase enzymatic activity independent of their role in telomerase assembly. Mutational studies indicate that telomerase enzyme function results from a collaboration of both protein and RNA functional groups contributed by TERT and TER.
Upregulation of L-type calcium channel function in the colon of P/Q-type calcium channel deficient mice (1110.9)

The objective of this study was to examine the role of P/Q-type voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) in enteric neuromuscular transmission in mice with a spontaneous mutation in P/Q channels (tot...
Electrical characterization of a Space Station Freedom alpha utility transfer assembly

Electrical power, command signals and data are transferred across the Space Station Freedom solar alpha rotary joint by roll rings, which are incorporated within the Utility Transfer Assembly (UTA) designed and manufactured by Honeywell Space Systems Operations. A developmental Model of the UTA was tested at the NASA Lewis Research Center using the Power Management and Distribution DC test bed. The objectives of these tests were to obtain data for calibrating system models and to support final design of qualification and flight units. This testing marked the first time the UTA was operated at high power levels and exposed to electrical conditions similar to that which it will encounter on the actual Space Station. Satisfactory UTA system performance was demonstrated within the scope of this testing.
Elaine Tyler May. America and The Pill: A History of Promise, Peril, and Liberation

America and The Pill: A History of Promise, Peril, and Liberation by Elaine Tyler May is not only a book about the history of the pill, but also an account of women's struggles to gain reproductive...
Saturated hydraulic conductivity prediction from microscopic pore geometry measurements and neural network analysis

Traditional models to describe hydraulic properties in soils are constrained by the assumption of cylindrical capillarity to account for the geometry of the pore space. This study was conducted to develop a new methodology to directly measure the porosity and its microscopic characteristics. The methodology is based on the analysis of binary images collected with a backscattered electron detector from thin sections of soils. Pore surface area, perimeter, roughness, circularity, and maximum and average diameter were quantified in 36 thin sections prepared from undisturbed soils. Saturated hydraulic conductivity Ksat, particle size distribution, particle density, bulk density, and chemical properties were determined on the same cores. We used the Kozeny-Carman equation and neural network and bootstrap analysis to predict a formation factor from microscopic, macroscopic, and chemical data. The predicted Ksat was in excellent agreement with the measured Ksat (R2=0.91) when a hydraulic radius rH defined as pore area divided by pore perimeter and the formation factor were included in the Kozeny-Carman equation.
Accommodating multiple illumination sources in an imaging colorimetry environment

Researchers at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory have been developing a method for measuring color quality in textile products using a tri-stimulus color camera system. Initial results of the Imaging Tristimulus Colorimeter (ITC) were reported during 1999. These results showed that the projection onto convex sets (POCS) approach to color estimation could be applied to complex printed patterns on textile products with high accuracy and repeatability. Image-based color sensors used for on-line measurement are not colorimetric by nature and require a non-linear transformation of the component colors based on the spectral properties of the incident illumination, imaging sensor, and the actual textile color. Our earlier work reports these results for a broad-band, smoothly varying D65 standard illuminant. To move the measurement to the on-line environment with continuously manufactured textile webs, the illumination source becomes problematic. The spectral content of these light sources varies substantially from the D65 standard illuminant and can greatly impact the measurement performance of the POCS system. Although absolute color measurements are difficult to make under different illumination, referential measurements to monitor color drift provide a useful indication of product quality. Modifications to the ITC system have been implemented to enable the study of different light sources. These results and the subsequent analysis of relative color measurements will be reported for textile products.
Neurofilament content is correlated with branch length in developing collateral branches of Xenopus spinal cord neurons.

During development, axons form interstitial collateral branches, which are initially dynamic but gradually stabilize as the projection sharpens. The initial outgrowth of collaterals is characterized by transitions in growth dynamics that occur at different lengths. Below 10 μm, collateral branches start out as unstable, thin filopodia. Above 30 μm, the branches stabilize. Although the relationship between branch length and the presence of microfilaments and microtubules has been well characterized, relatively less is known about the development of the neurofilament cytoskeleton in collateral branches. In the main axon, successive stages of outgrowth are accompanied by changes in the polypeptide composition of neurofilaments (NFs), which shifts from being rich in Type III neuronal intermediate filament proteins (nIFs) to progressively favoring Type IV subunits. To characterize the NF composition of developing collateral branches, antibodies to peripherin (a Type III nIF) and NF-M (a Type IV nIF) were used to stain newly differentiating embryonic Xenopus laevis spinal cord neurons in culture. In contrast to what happens in the main axon, staining for both subunits coincided in collaterals. Branches shorter than 10 μm seldom had NFs, whereas all branches longer than 30 μm did. In branches that had NFs staining either extended all the way to branch tip or terminated ∼10 μm from it. These lengths correspond remarkably well with lengths associated with branch stabilization. Given that NFs are the most stable of the cytoskeletal polymers, we speculate that they may contribute to this stabilization.
Simulations of electric fields in planar dielectric waveguides

Three-dimensional, animated electric field simulations of the transverse electric (TE) modes of a planar dielectric waveguide are presented.
The effects of children on the major dimensions of home-based employment

Using an ordinary least squares regression procedure and data from the NE-167 sample of home-based employment households, the effects of children on seven major home-based work dimensions, respectively, are estimated along with remaining work dimensions and a series of control variables. The findings show that having a child equal to or under 18 years of age reduces home-based work hours by 407 hours per year, which equates to 1 work day per week. The separate effect of a child under 6 years of age reduces work hours by 296 hours per year or about three-quarters of a work day per week. Being a male home-based worker offsets these children effects considerably compared with being a female home-based worker. Children in general are negatively related to large-scale businesses that hire employees or services. Younger children negatively affect the likelihood of being a home-based business owner and being involved in seasonal home-based employment.
Seasonality of primarily childhood and young adult infectious diseases in the United States

The Center for Disease Control (CDC) in the United States collects and maintains records of communicable (so-called notifiable) infectious diseases that cause significant morbidity and mortality and impact the national economy. This investigation focused on seasonal patterns in the primarily childhood and young adult infectious diseases of meningococcal meningitis, mumps, pertussis, typhoid fever, streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (1990 to 2003 CDC database), and varicella (1993 to 2003 CDC database). Linear regression was performed to ascertain the trend in the incidence of each disease, and multi-component cosinor analysis was applied to determine and describe periodicities. Significant decreasing trends in incidence were detected in meningococcal meningitis, mumps, typhoid fever, and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome, and increasing trends were found in pertussis and varicella. Significant annual patterns were documented in meningococcal meningitis (January peak), mumps (April peak), pertussis (August peak), varicella (April peak), typhoid fever (August peak), and in the hospital-acquired streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (February peak). Such seasonal patterns and long-term trends in infectious diseases are of practical public health significance in indicating which can benefit from timely prevention interventions.
Hierarchical ordered mesoporous carbon from phloroglucinol-glyoxal and its application in capacitive deionization of brackish water

Templated carbon materials have recently received tremendous attention due to energy storage and separations applications. Hierarchical structures are ideal for increased mass-transport throughout the carbon material. A new ordered mesoporous carbon material has been developed using glyoxal which exhibits a hierarchical structure with pore sizes up to 200 nm. The hierarchical structure arises from the cross linking reagent and not from the standard spinodal decomposition of a secondary solvent. The carbon material was studied for potential application as a capacitive deionization (CDI) electrode for brackish water. Results indicate that the hierarchical structure provides a pathway for faster adsorption kinetics when compared to standard resorcinol-formaldehyde CDI electrodes.
Compound-specific carbon isotope analyses of individual long-chain alkanes and alkanoic acids in Harmattan aerosols

Abstract The higher molecular weight n -alkane, n -alkanol and n -alkanoic acid series from higher plant wax are ubiquitous components of aerosol particles in remote areas. The carbon isotopic compositions of individual n -alkanes and n -alkanoic acids have been determined in samples of Harmattan aerosol and composited vegetation wax from Nigeria. The data confirm the terrestrial origin of these compounds and support the distinction among the vegetation sources of C 4 plants (savannah) from C 3 and CAM plants (wet climate, mixed vegetation). The superimposed petroleum components from vehicular emissions in urban areas could not be differentiated from C 3 vegetation by compound-specific isotope analysis.
Numerical experiments on the inner magnetospheric electric field

[1] Inner magnetospheric electric fields are often complicated by a reduction of the total electric field at low-latitudes called shielding and an intensification of the electric field equatorward of the auroral oval called a subauroral polarization stream (SAPS). To better understand the stormtime behavior of these electric fields, computer experiments have been conducted using the Rice Convection Model (RCM). The RCM computes the Region-2 Birkeland currents and the inner magnetospheric electric field and particle distribution. It uses as input a magnetic field and the plasma sheet pressure and energy distribution and assumes that particle loss is negligible. The base or control run used realistic model inputs, while the experiments varied fundamental model inputs to test the electric field's sensitivity to magnetospheric conditions. The first experiment is a high-pressure or dense plasma sheet run, where the boundary density and pressure are a factor of three higher than in the base run. The high-pressure run produced better shielding and a stronger SAPS. The second experiment is a cold plasma sheet run in which the plasma sheet temperature was reduced by a factor of thirty, while the pressure remained constant. In this run, the gradient and curvature drift is small compared with the × drift. With particle transport similar to ideal MHD, the cold plasma sheet run produced excellent shielding and strong Region-2 currents. This is in contrast to the weak shielding and Region-2 currents produced by global MHD codes. In addition, the SAPS feature is significantly strengthened. The final experiment held the magnetic field constant. This run produced marginally better shielding. However, the magnetospheric signature of SAPS is very weak, suggesting that magnetic field variations are important in SAPS formation.
Production and detection of drops of strange matter.

The theoretical possiblity that strange matter is more stable than nuclear matter has enormous implications. It has been suggested to search for the possible formation of metastable strange matter with a relatively small baryon number {ital A}, {ital S} drops, in present fixed-target relativistic heavy-ion collisions at BNL and CERN. In this paper we estimate the sensitivity required for the above experiments to be successful. These estimates of the production (and lifetimes) of {ital S} drops as a function of {ital A}, strangeness {ital S}, and electric charge, {ital Z}, should be useful in designing and evaluating searches for {ital S} drops, {sup {ital S}A{ital Z}}. For example, the production estimates for metastable {ital S} drops with {ital A}{approx lt}30 indicate that they could be detected with dedicated experiments having high sensitivity. Furthermore, specific searches for metastable {ital S} drops with {ital Z}{lt}0 would have the advantage of a low intrinsic background.
Leaching of alachlor from alginate-encapsulated controlled-release formulations

The mobility of alachlor from alginate-encapsulated controlled-release (CR) formulations was investigated in two contrasting soil profiles. Two CR formulations of alachlor were prepared with the following components (1) base-sodium alginate + kaolin + 'Tween' 20® (1 + 10 + 0.5 by mass) and (2) base + 40 g kg -1 linseed oil. These were compared to technical grade alachlor and to a commercial alachlor EC formulation ('Lasso' 4EC). All herbicide treatments were labeled with [ 14 C]alachlor and were applied to duplicate soil columns that were composed of a surface and a subsoil horizon. Each horizon was packed to a depth of 12.5 cm, giving a total column length of 25 cm. The columns were leached with 21 cm (420 ml) to 30 cm (600 ml) of 0.01 M calcium chloride for a period of 7 to 10 days. Alachlor leaching from the EC formulations was the same as that from the technical material in both soils : 33% in the Evesboro and 10% in the Conover soil. The CR-Oil formulation leached 4 and 2% of the applied [ 14 C]alachlor, compared to 12 and 3% for the CR-N formulation for the Evesboro and Conover soils, respectively. The CR-Oil formulation also increased the amount of [ 14 C]alachlor retained in the soil surface horizon (105-114%), compared to CR-N (39-45%), technical material (14-23%) and EC (12-17%).
Wind-aided flame spread over an unsteadily vaporizing solid

A simple but realistic model for the flame length and the flame front speed during windaided flame spread on a thick vaporizing solid like PMMA is presented. The model predictions compare favorably with the experiments conducted in the ceiling configuration. This model is based on the following experimental observations: (i) During wind-aided flame spread, the solid-phase undergoes transient pyrolysis while the gas-phase remains quasi-steady, (ii) In the ceiling configuration, the flame stand-off distance is much smaller than the thermal boundary layer thickness. To incorporate the first observation into the model, an expression was derived for the transient mass flux as a function of the net incident heat flux. This expression was verified by transient pyrolysis experiments conducted on PMMA for heat fluxes ranging from 1.6 to 5 W/cm2 in N2 atmosphere. The second observation was exploited to obtain considerable simplification in the gas-phase enabling an explicit expression for the convective heat flux from the flame to the solid. This heat flux was corrected for shielding due to blowing of fuel mass from the solid surface. A comparison of the model with the experimental results show that shielding of heat transfer due to blowing and the radiative heat loss from the sample surface have a large effect on the flame length and the flame front speed. It was also found that for cases where the flow is laminar and flame radiation is small, surface heat loss causes the pyrolysis front speed to eventually become zero for a thick sample. This may occur even before the pyrolyzing zone achieves steady state as assumed by previous theoretical models. Once the pyrolysis front speed becomes zero, the flame spread rate is controlled by the speed of the burnout front which propagates behind the pyrolysis front for thin or charring materials.
IMMOBILIZATION HYPERCALCEMIA AFTER SINGLE LIMB FRACTURES IN CHILDREN & ADOLESCENTS

Immobilization hypercalcema has been uncommonly documented in children. In 1975 we began a systematic surveillance of immobilized children by analyzing urinary calclum/creatinine ratios and concentrations of ionized calcium (Ca++) and phosphate in serum. 6 out of 10 children developed immobilization hypercalcemia after a single limb fracture of a weight bearing bone. Their ages ranged from 4 3/12 to 15 8/12 years. The Ca++ in serum ranged from 4.88mg/dl to 6.44mg/dl (normal range = 4.37mg/dl to 4.79mg/ dl). Hypercalcluria, defined as a urinary Ca/creatinine ratio ≥ 0.40, was noted in all 6 patients. This represents an early warning of impending hypercalcemia. Urinary levels of hydroxyproline ranged from 170mg/24h to 225mg/24h (normal mean = 63.7mg/24h). Concentrations in urine of cyclic-AMP and serum levels of both parathyroid hormone and 25-hydroxyvitamin D were within normal range. 2 patients with Ca++ in serum ≥ 6.00mg/dl were treated with salmon calcltonin. The combination of salmon calcitonin therapy, and as rapid mobilization as possible, produced prompt resolution of the biochemical abnormalities. These data indicate that: 1) Immobilization hypercalcemia commonly occurs in both children and adolescents; 2) Single limb fracture of a weight bearing bone is sufficient to produce it;and 3) Frequent measurements of 24h urine collections for calcium/creatinine ratios represents a reliable laboratory method for monitoring such patients.
Poster 21: Insurance Ownership and Genetic Risk

Background Individuals at risk for Huntington disease (HD) face a possibly shortened lifespan, and, as a result, they may want to own more life insurance. However, insurance companies may discriminate against this population, resulting in lower ownership rates. Methods We compared rates of life insurance ownership and amount of life insurance owned between 567 individuals at risk for HD in the PHAROS population (a longitudinal, observational study of individuals at risk for HD) and matched controls in the nationally representative Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF). Individuals were matched based on five-year age group, gender, employment status, race, marital status, whether they had children, and education category. If an individual from PHAROS was matched with more than one individual from the SCF, insurance ownership was compared to the average of the matched controls. We compared rates of insurance ownership and amount of ownership with t-tests. Results Compared to their matched controls, individuals at risk for HD were 3 percentage points more likely to own life insurance (86.4% vs. 83.4%, p = 0.04). However, among those who owned insurance, individuals at risk for HD were 17 percentage points less likely to own a policy larger than $250,000 (49% vs. 32%, p Conclusions Individuals at risk for a genetic disease are slightly more likely to own life insurance than matched controls, although they tend to own smaller policies. The higher overall ownership suggests higher demand for insurance. The smaller size of policies may point to discrimination. However, this could also point to lower income in this population, which we were not able to adjust for in this study.
Fragmentation in Exclusive Measurements

Abstract Fragmentation processes have been explored for nucleus-nucleus collisions as a function of impact parameter and as a function of incident energy. Fragment multiplicities for central collisions increase with incident energy towards a maximum at about E A =100 MeV and then decline towards vaporization as multifragment emission becomes increasingly peripheral. Fragment emission in peripheral collisions at lower incident energies occurs preferentially from neck-like structures that momentarily join the projectile-like and target-like residues, unlike the case at higher incident energies where fragments originate primarily from the multifragment decay of the residues, themselves.