cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The impact of procedurally-just policing on citizen perceptions of police during traffic stops: The Adana randomized controlled trial.

The process-based model of police legitimacy suggests, when police are perceived to make fair decisions and treat people with respect, they will be viewed as legitimate authorities. A randomized controlled trial was used to test the impact of a procedural justice policing intervention, relative to routine police behavior, during traffic stops for excessive speeding in Adana, Turkey. Drivers stopped by traffic officers for speeding violations were randomly assigned to treatment and control groups. Subjects in the treatment group received the procedural justice policing intervention during traffic stops, while subjects in the control group experienced business-as-usual traffic stops. Treatment officer behavior was guided by a script that helped to ensure that key components of a procedurally-just encounter were delivered. After completion of the traffic stop, drivers were interviewed on the encounter and general perceptions of traffic police. The experimental analyses show that the infusion of procedural justice principles into police traffic stops does improve citizens’ perceptions of the specific encounter relative to routine police traffic stops. However, the procedural justice treatment did not generate a robust improvement in citizens’ general perceptions of traffic officers. These results indicate it might be overly optimistic to suggest a single positive encounter can exert a strong influence on durable citizen perceptions of confidence and trust in the police. In addition to ensuring procedurally-just encounters, police executives and police makers should also pay attention to other relevant performance dimensions such as crime control effectiveness, distributive fairness, and lawfulness to change global perceptions of the police.
Unifying the p73 knockout phenotypes: TAp73 orchestrates multiciliogenesis

Multiciliogenesis is essential for the function of different epithelia, and its failure results in brain defects, respiratory diseases, and infertility. In this issue of Genes & Development, Nemajerova and colleagues (pp. 1300-1312) reveal the p53 family member and p73 isoform TAp73 as a transcription factor dictating the differentiation of multiciliated cells. Their findings provide the long-awaited unifying explanation for the diverse phenotypes of the p73 knockout mice.
Individuals and their environments

While affirming Craig Martin's analysis of how the language of spiritual freedom celebrates individual agency in a way that deflects attention from the institutional conditions that produce individuals, this essay wonders whether there are useful distinctions to be made among people who Martin reads as sharing uncritical appraisals of capitalist individualism. On the question of the relationship between individuals and social contexts, for example, William James's assessment of the role played by social and natural environments might distinguish him from contemporary subjects who describe themselves as "spiritual but not religious" and who seek to transcend institutional constraints to gain personal freedom. Different responses to alienation suggest that there might be some role for individual creativity and criticism as resources for imagining institutional change.
Information Sharing in Supply Chain Management with Demand Uncertainty

Information sharing is a major strategy to counteract the amplification of demand fluctuation going up the supply chain, known as the bullwhip effect. However, sharing information through interorganizational channels can raise concerns for business management from both technical and commercial perspectives. The existing literature focuses on examining the value of information sharing in specific problem environments with somewhat simplified supply chain models. The present study takes a simulation approach in investigating the impact of information sharing among trading partners on supply chain performance in a comprehensive supply chain model that consists of multiple stages of trading partners and multiple players at each stage. IDEA GROUP PUBLISHING This chapter appears in the book, Advanced Topics in Information Resources Management, Volume 5 edited by Mehdi Khosrow-Pour © 2006, Idea Group Inc. 701 E. Chocolate Avenue, Suite 200, Hershey PA 17033-1240, USA Tel: 717/533-8845; Fax 717/533-8661; URL-http://www.idea-group.com ITB11800
AHP for Group Negotiation and Conflict Resolution

AHP has been widely used for group negotiation and conflict resolution [Saaty and Alexander. (2013). Conflict resolution: The analytic hierarchy approach. Pittsburgh, PA: RWS Publications].
Fast oxygen diffusion in bismuth oxide probed by quasielastic neutron scattering

Abstract We present the first, to our knowledge, study of solid state oxygen translational diffusion by quasielastic neutron scattering. Such studies in the past might have been precluded by relatively low diffusivities of oxygen anions in the temperature range amenable to neutron scattering experiments. To explore the potential of the quasielastic scattering technique, which can deduce atomic diffusion jump length of oxygen anions through the momentum transfer dependence of the scattering signal, we have selected the fastest known oxygen conductor, bismuth oxide. We have found the oxygen anion jump length in excellent agreement with the nearest oxygen-vacancy distance in the anion sublattice of the fluorite-related structure of bismuth oxide.
An integrated method for real time and offline web robot detection

Recent academic and industry reports confirm that web robots dominate the traffic seen by web servers across the Internet. Because web robots crawl in an unregulated fashion, they may threaten the privacy, function, performance, and security of web servers. There is therefore a growing need to be able to identify robot visitors automatically, in offline and in real time, to assess their impact and to potentially protect web servers from abusive bots. Yet contemporary detection approaches, which rely on syntactic log analysis, finding statistical variations between robot and human traffic, analytical learning techniques, or complex software modifications may not be realistic to implement or remain effective as the behavior of robots evolve over time. Instead, this paper presents a novel detection approach that relies on the differences in the resource request patterns of web robots and humans. It rationalizes why differences in resource request patterns are expected to remain intrinsic to robots and humans despite the continuous evolution of their traffic. The performance of the approach, adoptable for both offline and real time settings with a simple implementation, is demonstrated by playing back streams of actual web traffic with varying session lengths and proportions of robot requests.
Medial Femoral Condyle Corticocancellous Flap for Treatment of Scaphoid Nonunion

Free vascularized corticocancellous flap from the medial femoral condyle based on the descending genicular artery was described by Sakai, and Doi et al., and separately by Masquelet in 1991 (Sakai et al., Plast Reconstr Surg 87:290–298, 1991; Masquelet, Plast Reconstr Surg 88:1106, 1991). Since then, the application of this free flap has broadened the surgeon’s armamentarium to successfully treat nonunions of the clavicle, tibia, humerus, mandible, and scaphoid (Friedrich et al. 7:45–54, 2012). The success of this flap has been attributed to its robust blood supply (Rogers and Gladstone. J Bone Joint Surg Am 32-A:4:867–874, 1950). Originally described as a small corticoperiosteal tubular bone flap, it has been frequently employed as a living patch to recalcitrant nonunions and necrosis of larger bones because it provides adequate living cells and growth factors. This chapter describes the use to the free corticocancellous bone flap for the reconstruction of scaphoid nonunion associated with avascular necrosis and humpback deformity. Indications, preoperative markings, surgical steps, postoperative care, complications, operative dictation, and suggested readings are included.
Melting of calcite in the presence of water

In a recent note in this journal Paterson (1958) described the partial melting of calcite in the presence of water and carbon dioxide at temperatures "around 900° C. to 1000° C. at a total pressure of 50 bars. The ratio of water vapor to carbon dioxide in the system was not known.
Performance Review of Jack Thorne's 'The Solid Life of Sugar Water'

The performance review of Jack Thorne's The Solid Life of Sugar Water (Temporary Space, National Theatre production) argues that Thorne's play and Graeae Theatre Company succeeds admirably in producing a work that details the story of a disabled couple's failed pregnancy. The play is not about a married disabled couple suffering a loss. The play is instead about a married couple suffering a loss. In short, disability is not the focus of the play, but instead the inevitable pain and reaffirming love we all experience in our lives.
Role of hypertension in progression of chronic kidney disease in children.

Purpose of review Hypertension is an independent risk factor for progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children. Children with early CKD develop hypertension secondary to renal disease. This review aims to highlight recent advances that help us better understand the current role of hypertension in progression of CKD in children. Recent findings There is increasing evidence that children with CKD who have hypertension develop early atherosclerosis and cardiac adaptive changes. Emerging data from pediatric research in CKD show that elevated blood pressure is associated with the presence of abnormal subclinical markers of cardiovascular disease including increased carotid intima-media thickness, pulse wave velocity and left ventricular mass index. There is also some evidence that these early cardiovascular changes are reversible. Twenty-four hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) is recommended in children with CKD by the American Academy of Pediatrics to diagnose hypertension. Summary Hypertension is associated with subclinical cardiovascular disease in children with CKD. Early diagnosis of hypertension by ABPM and identification of subclinical cardiovascular changes provide a window for intervention, which may reverse early cardiovascular disease, thereby delaying dialysis and improving cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
A primary breast cancer with distinct foci of estrogen receptor-alpha positive and negative cells derived from the same clonal origin as revealed by whole exome sequencing.

Tumor heterogeneity is a now well-recognized phenomenon that can affect the classification, prognosis and treatment of human cancers. Heterogeneity is often described in primary breast cancers based upon histologic subtypes, hormone- and HER2-receptor status, and immunolabeling for various markers, which can be seen within a single tumor as mixed cellular populations, or as separate discrete foci. Here, we present a case report of a patient’s primary breast cancer that had two separate but adjacent histologic components, one that was estrogen receptor (ER) positive, and the other ER negative. Each component was subjected to whole exome sequencing and compared for gene identity to determine clonal origin. Using prior bioinformatic tools, we demonstrated that both the ER positive and negative components shared many variants, including passenger and driver alterations. Copy number variations also supported the two components were derived from a single common clone. These analyses strongly suggest that the two ER components of this patient’s breast cancer were derived from the same clonal origin. Our results have implications for the evolution of breast cancers with mixed histologies, and how they might be best managed for optimal therapy.
Trip-specific training enhances recovery after large postural disturbances for which there is NO expectation.

Abstract Purpose Informed consent usually provides foreknowledge of experimental methods that can potentially increase expectation of stimuli and, therefore, influence the response. We determined the effects of increased expectation and trip-specific training on the recovery response following a treadmill-delivered, trip-specific disturbance. To deliver unexpected disturbances, subjects were deceived during the informed consent process. The primary hypothesis was that the recovery response following an expected postural disturbance would be characterized by trunk kinematics that have been shown to decrease the likelihood of a fall, compared to following an unexpected postural disturbance. We further hypothesized that following an unexpected postural disturbance, the recovery response of the subjects who had completed a trip-specific training protocol would be more biomechanically favorable to recovery compared to those of subjects who had not received the training. Methods Young adults were randomized into Untrained or Trained groups. During the informed consent process, the purpose of the study was explained to subjects in both groups as being to determine the effect of trip-specific training on postural sway while performing an attention-demanding task. Untrained subjects completed two trials during which they minimized their postural sway. During the second trial, an unexpected disturbance was delivered while they performed the attention-demanding task. Trained subjects performed a pre-training postural sway trial, followed by the delivery of a series of expected, training disturbances. Finally, an unexpected disturbance was delivered while they minimized postural sway and performed the attention-demanding task. Results Expectation significantly improved trunk kinematics (p Conclusion Improved trunk kinematics following trip-specific training may be independent of the extent to which the disturbance is expected.
Spiritual Care with Sick Children and Young People: A Handbook for Chaplains, Pediatric Health Professionals, Arts Therapists, and Youth Workers

Paul Nash, Kathryn Darby, and Sally Nash have written a beautiful handbook mainly aimed at staff in children's hospitals and hospices as well as community members. The authors spend time exploring ...
Lasalocid toxicosis is inadequately quantified for horses.

The current estimate of LD50, 21.5 mg/kg BW, for lasalocid in horses is based on an analysis of 8 data from 4 horses that died at dose levels of 15, 21, 22 and 26 mg/kg. This analysis neglected 14 data from another 6 horses that survived at dose levels of 5, 10, 14, 18. 19, 25, 29 and 50 mg/kg, and so was biased by selection of data. An examination of all the data indicates they are insufficient to determine the LD50. In contrast, the whole data set suggests a lowest toxic dose of 15 mg/kg, although this estimate was based on only I affected animal in 8 tests from 5 to IS mg/kg in an unbalanced experiment and thus needs confirmation.
Fabrication of High Quality, Large Wet Lay-Up/Vacuum Bag Laminates by Sliding a Magnetic Tool.

This study presents a novel method to fabricate high-quality, large composite parts which can be used in a wet lay-up/vacuum bag (WLVB) process. The new method utilizes a commercial lifting magnet, which is commonly used for transporting ferrous plates, to apply a magnetic consolidation pressure on the WLVB composite lay-up. The pressure is applied on a large area of the laminate by slowly sliding the magnet over the vacuum bag surface, which leads to an improved laminate quality. When further improvement is desirable, multiple passes of the magnet can be performed, where each pass successively compacts the lay-up. To explore the feasibility of implementing this technique, random mat and plain weave glass/epoxy laminates were fabricated, and their properties compared to conventional WLVB laminates. The effects of the number of moving passes of the lifting magnet on the laminate microstructure and properties are also investigated. As a result of multiple passes, the fiber volume fraction in random mat and plain weave laminates increases to 34% and 53%, representing 80% and 16% improvements, respectively. In addition, the void volume fraction reduces almost by 60% to a very low level of 0.7% and 1.1%, respectively. Consequently, the flexural properties considerably enhance by 20–81%, which demonstrates the potential of the proposed method to produce WLVB parts with substantially higher quality. It is also shown that there exists an optimal number of passes, depending on the fabric type where additional passes induce new voids as a result of excessive resin removal.
Tropical Forest Tree Species Classification Using Meter-Scale Image Data

Accurate identification of tropical tree species is critical for studies of forest habitat, composition, biomass, and ultimately a better understanding of the role trees play in climate variability through carbon uptake. The aim of this study was to derive an accurate classification of a tropical forest study site in Costa Rica using high-resolution imagery. A series of corrections for look and view angle, and the utilization of the DigitalGlobe atmospheric compensation procedure (AComp) provided the study with an accurate surface reflectivity dataset from WorldView-3 imagery. A rule-set object-oriented classification schema defined trees in the study area using ENVI -defined tree canopies through a segmentation of the multispectral image. The results show that select WorldView-3 bands, and WorldView-3-specific vegetation indices, can produce an accurate species-level tree classification in a complex tropical forest.
The data center of tomorrow is made up of heterogeneous accelerators

The data center of tomorrow is a data center made up of heterogeneous systems, which will run heterogeneous workloads. The systems will be located as close as possible to the data. Heterogeneous systems will be equipped with binary, biological inspired and quantum accelerators. These architectures will be the foundations to address challenges. Like an orchestra conductor, the hybrid cloud will make it possible to set these systems to music thanks to a layer of security and intelligent automation.
Decreased functional connectivity within the salience network after two-week morning bright light exposure in individuals with sleep disturbances: a preliminary randomized controlled trial

Abstract Background Bright light (BL) exposure is a safe non-pharmacological intervention for sleep disturbances. However, the functional brain correlates underlying the effects of bright light exposure need to be further clarified. As alterations in the salience network were reported in individuals with sleep disturbances, we have investigated whether bright light exposure may improve sleep quality by altering functional connectivity in this network. Methods In the current study, 30 individuals with sleep disturbances were randomly assigned to one of the two interventions for two weeks: (1) 1 h of bright light (10,000 lux) exposure (BL-exposed group) and (2) 1 h of dim light ( Results After two weeks of the intervention, the BL-exposed group showed greater improvement with respect to sleep efficiency (t = 2.27, p = 0.03) and sleep latency (t = −2.40, p = 0.03) as compared to the DL-exposed group. In addition, functional connectivity decreased in the cluster that encompasses the right anterior insular and the frontal opercular regions in the salience network (uncorrected p 100 mm3) in the BL-exposed group. Decreased functional connectivity in the cluster was associated with decreased sleep latency in the BL-exposed group (β = 0.54, p = 0.01). Conclusions Our results suggest that bright light exposure may improve sleep quality in individuals with sleep disturbances by modulating functional connectivity in the salience network. Clinical trial registration https://cris.nih.go.kr/cris ; KCT0002607.
Adverse Birth Outcomes in Botswana Among Women With Vertically or Horizontally Acquired Human Immunodeficiency Virus.

Background Women with vertically acquired HIV (VHIV) may have a greater risk of adverse birth outcomes than women with horizontally acquired HIV (HHIV). Methods The Tsepamo study performed birth outcomes surveillance at 8 government delivery sites in Botswana from July 2014 through March 2019. Pregnant women diagnosed with HIV before their 11th birthday received VHIV status, and other women had HHIV. Small for gestational age (SGA), preterm delivery (PTD), stillbirth, and neonatal death were compared using χ2 and Fisher's exact tests. Log-binomial regression models determined risk ratios (RRs). Results VHIV women (n = 402) aged 15-27 years were identified over 4 years of surveillance and compared with HHIV women (n = 8465) of the same age. VHIV women were more likely to use nevirapine (NVP)-based antiretroviral treatment (ART) in pregnancy and to have SGA and very SGA infants, but less likely to have very PTD infants. In unadjusted analyses, VHIV women had a higher risk of any adverse birth outcome combined (RR = 1.21, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08-1.36). After adjusting for potential confounders, particularly use of NVP-based regimens, the risk of adverse birth outcomes among VHIV and HHIV women was similar. Conclusions NVP-based ART is a primary and modifiable risk factor for adverse birth outcomes. Updating ART regimens could improve birth outcomes for women with HIV.
Influencer Marketing Between Mothers: The Impact of Disclosure and Visual Brand Promotion

Mothers are among the original social media influencers and their social media content plays a vital role in supporting and sustaining motherhood through relationships of social exchange while simu...
Electronic, Optical, and Magnetic Properties of Materials: A Comic-Based MOOC

This paper discusses the development of Electronic, Optical, and Magnetic Properties of Materials as a MOOC offered on the edX platform. In particular, we discuss the decision to include comics and comic-based themes as a component of the homework assignments in the course. We present an A/B test conducted on the edX platform that compares the performance of students given the comic-based homework assignments with students given traditional homework assignments. No difference in performance is observed between the two groups. We also present survey data that compares the reactions of MOOC learners and residential university students to the comic-based homework assignments. The university students reported a high degree of enjoyment of the comic-based homework, while the MOOC learners had a more mixed reaction.
Consensus recommendations for the use of retinoids in ichthyosis and other disorders of cornification in children and adolescents

Topical and systemic retinoids have long been used in the treatment of ichthyoses and other disorders of cornification. Due to the need for long-term use of retinoids for these disorders, often beginning in childhood, numerous clinical concerns must be considered. Systemic retinoids have known side effects involving bone and eye. Additionally, potential psychiatric and cardiovascular effects need to be considered. Contraceptive concerns, as well as the additive cardiovascular and bone effects of systemic retinoid use with hormonal contraception must also be deliberated for patients of childbearing potential. The Pediatric Dermatology Research Alliance (PeDRA) Use of Retinoids in Ichthyosis Work Group was formed to address these issues and to establish best practices regarding the use of retinoids in ichthyoses based on available evidence and expert opinion.
Beneficial Effects of Amnion-Chorion Stem Cell Grafting in the Long Term Management of Nonuremic Calciphylaxis Wounds

Calciphylaxis is a poorly understood disease with high morbidity and mortality. The current primary literature on treatment is lacking; however, disease management often involves a multifaceted approach with a primary focus on consistent wound care. This report describes a case outlining the long-term management of nonuremic calciphylaxis wounds in a patient with severe malnutrition with the use of human amniotic membrane grafts, aggressive surgical debridement, nutritional therapy, and advanced wound healing techniques. A 38-year-old African American female with a history of non-uremic calciphylaxis presented from a transitional facility with numerous non-healing wounds in the setting of severe malnutrition secondary to bariatric surgery. Biweekly wound debridement was initiated utilizing an amniotic stem cell skin graft, dry applicable absorbent dressing, high-frequency ultrasonic ablation, and wound vacuum-assisted closure (VAC) over the course of approximately nine months. Nutritional supplementation was given in the form of jejunostomy tube feed due to a gastric bypass and a perforated viscus. At the current date, the patient demonstrates significant improvement in pain and wound healing. The patient is also able to ambulate with care and has begun steps towards independent management of wounds. Future goals of care include independent bedside wound management, placement of allograft, and discharge to a long-term care facility. Most patients with refractory pain, widespread necrotic wounds, and dangerous comorbidities will inevitably be referred to palliative care. This case creates a framework for the long term management of medically complex patients with nonuremic calciphylaxis using human amniotic membrane stem cell grafts and appropriate advanced wound care techniques.
MaxSense: Side-channel Sensitivity Maximization for Trojan Detection Using Statistical Test Patterns

Detection of hardware Trojans is vital to ensure the security and trustworthiness of System-on-Chip (SoC) designs. Side-channel analysis is effective for Trojan detection by analyzing various side-channel signatures such as power, current, and delay. In this article, we propose an efficient test generation technique to facilitate side-channel analysis utilizing dynamic current. While early work on current-aware test generation has proposed several promising ideas, there are two major challenges in applying it on large designs: (i) The test generation time grows exponentially with the design complexity, and (ii) it is infeasible to detect Trojans, since the side-channel sensitivity is marginal compared to the noise and process variations. Our proposed work addresses both challenges by effectively exploiting the affinity between the inputs and rare (suspicious) nodes. The basic idea is to quickly find the profitable ordered pairs of test vectors that can maximize side-channel sensitivity. This article makes two important contributions: (i) It proposed an efficient test generation algorithm that can produce the first patterns in the test vectors to maximize activation of suspicious nodes using an SMT solver, and (ii) it developed a genetic-algorithm based test generation technique to produce the second patterns in the test vectors to maximize the switching in the suspicious regions while minimizing the switching in the rest of the design. Our experimental results demonstrate that we can drastically improve both the side-channel sensitivity (62× on average) and time complexity (13× on average) compared to the state-of-the-art test generation techniques.
Enhancement of high dielectric permittivity in CaCu3Ti4O12/RuO2 composites in the vicinity of the percolation threshold

We observe the large enhancement in the dielectric permittivity near the percolation threshold in a composite nanoparticle system consisting of metallic RuO2 grains embedded into CaCu3Ti4O12 (CCTO) matrix and annealed at 1100 °C. To understand the nature of the dielectric response, we prepared CCTO by using standard solid state and sol-gel processes, with the relative permittivity found to be on the order of 103–104 at 10 kHz. For RuO2/CCTO composites, an increase in the real part of the dielectric permittivity by approximately an order of magnitude is observed in the vicinity of the percolation threshold, with moderate losses at room temperature. The critical exponent of dielectric permittivity and conductivity of these composites are lower than universal value (0.8–1). In these composite systems, both Maxwell-Wagner and percolation effects have been found responsible for the enhancement of dielectric permittivity.
Substituent Effect in Pyridinium Alkynylanthracenes on their Performance as Photosensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy

Progress in photodynamic therapy (PDT) relies on the design and synthesis of photosensitizers that can efficiently sensitize singlet oxygen using visible light irradiation while displaying limited dark toxicity. Here, we highlight the paper by Linker and coworkers published in this issue of Photochemistry and Photobiology, which evaluates the effect of the regiochemistry of pyridinium rings in three isomeric pyridinium alkynylanthracenes on their performance as photosensitizers for PDT in HeLa cells.
Clinical Outcomes of Metastatic Intra-cerebral Hemorrhage and Role of Acute Radiotherapy (P3.077)

OBJECTIVES: To review the outcomes of patient with metastatic intracerebral hemorrhage and role of acute radiotherapy. BACKGROUND: Tumor related intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) represents 0.8-4.4[percnt] of all spontaneous ICH. Causes of tumor related ICH include intratumoral bleeding, cerebral metastases, coagulation disorders and complication of chemoradiotherapy. Specific guidelines for critical care management of metastatic ICH are lacking and studies on outcomes have been sparse. METHODS: Retrospective review of 7 patients with metastatic ICH with known primary malignancy by tissue biopsy admitted to the neuro-critical care unit between 2010-2014. RESULTS: Out of 7 patients, five were males. Mean age was 64 years. Acute to subacute motor symptoms were seen in five (71[percnt]) patients. Melanoma and Small Cell Lung Cancer were the common primary malignancies. On presentation, mean systolic blood pressure was 145 mm Hg and mean platelet count was 197,000/uL. Mass effect was seen in all cases. Midline shift seen in 3 cases (43 [percnt]). Five patients (71.4 [percnt]) received corticosteroid therapy. Four patients (57[percnt]) received prophylactic anti-epileptic medication. Two patients (28[percnt]) received continuous hypertonic saline as osmotherapy. Four patients (57[percnt]) received radiotherapy. Time of initiation of radiotherapy was variable ranging from 1-20 days from presentation. Emergent radiotherapy was performed in 1 patient with infratentorial ICH. Recurrence of hematoma was seen in three patients (43[percnt]). Out of these three patients, two patients never recieved radiotherapy and one patient had recurrence prior to initiation of radiotherapy. Delayed initiation of radiotherapy results commonly to increased recurrence of metastatic ICH. CONCLUSIONS: Early recognition of metastatic disease as the etiology of ICH is important, particularly when it is the presenting manifestation. Despite the overall poor prognosis of metastatic cancer, early radiotherapy may increase survival and offer quality of life in selected group of patients. A larger case series is needed. Disclosure: Dr. Afzal has nothing to disclose. Dr. Mendoza has nothing to disclose. Dr. Latorre has nothing to disclose.
CDC's Global Efforts To Address Emerging Diseases

The 1992 Institute of Medicine (IOM) report Emerging Infections: Microbial Threats to Health in the United States posed several challenges to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as the nation's prevention agency, and CDC responded by developing a strategic plan, released in 1994, entitled Addressing Emerging Infectious Disease Threats: a Prevention Strategy for the United States. The plan contained four primary goals: (i) to improve surveillance efforts to better detect, promptly investigate, and monitor emerging pathogens, the diseases they cause, and the factors influencing their emergence; (ii) to foster applied research to integrate laboratory science and epidemiology to optimize public health practice; (iii) to strengthen prevention and control through enhanced communication of public health information about emerging diseases and prompt implementation of prevention strategies; (iv) to improve the national infrastructure needed to fulfill these goals by increasing local, state, and federal public health capacity to support surveillance and implement prevention and control programs. These four goals became the pillars of the CDC program in emerging infectious diseases. The CDC is working closely with the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), the World health organization (WHO) regional office for the Americas, to implement a regional plan to address emerging infectious diseases. The convergence of thinking by world leaders in health offers a tremendous opportunity for meaningful international collaboration in addressing the global challenges of emerging infectious diseases.
The Homogeneous Catalytic Isomerization of Olefins by Transition Metal Complexes

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the homogeneous catalytic isomerization of olefins by transition metal complexes. Transition metal hydrides play a key role in the catalytic homogeneous isomerization of olefins. The pure hydrides, such as HCo(CO) 4 can function as the catalyst or transition metals complexed to stabilizing ligands can function as catalysts. The catalysis almost certainly proceeds through hydride intermediates in many cases. The most attractive mechanism for olefin isomerization consists of initial complexing between olefin and metal, addition of H–M across the double bond to generate a σ carbon-metal bond, and then elimination of H–M in the opposite direction with eventual release of the isomerized olefin. The evidence for such a mechanism is compelling, especially with the heavier transition metals. However, when some σ-alkyl metals of cobalt and iron have been treated with olefins under conditions appropriate for isomerization, no transfer of the metal to the olefin occurred.
Growth of multilayered epitaxial films by pulsed excimer laser ablation

The characteristics of pulsed laser ablation for epitaxial film growth are reviewed. New developments in the growth of heteroepitaxial multilayers, stabilization of metastable phases, and growth of semiconductor alloys with continuously variable composition, are described. >
Earth rotation from a simultaneous reduction of LLR and LAGEOS laser ranging data

As the techniques of lunar and artificial satellite laser ranging mature, emphasis is being placed upon the use of these observations to monitor the Earth’s rotation. It is important to note, however, that at the present time neither technique alone can furnish all three components of this rotation to an accuracy which surpasses those results obtained from classical techniques. In the case of LAGEOS laser ranging, unmodeled secular orbital effects couple with axial Earth rotation in such a way that these effects are not separable in the analysis of those observations. In the case of lunar laser ranging, observations have been regularly available only from a single station for the past ten years or so with the result that a change in latitude along the McDonald Observatory meridian is not separable into the ordinary (x,y) components of polar motion. The main purpose of this paper is to present the first stages of an investigation to combine LAGEOS and lunar laser ranging observations. It is hoped that the proper implementation of such a process might eliminate the shortcomings inherent in each technique, while accentuating the advantages of each. This has the potential of producing all three components of the Earth’s rotation to an accuracy and precision which is compatible with the present observational uncertainties.
The condensation of aldehydes with malonic acid in the presence of organic bases

2: 4 Resorcylaldehyde undergoes condensation with malonic acid giving umbelliferon or umbellic acid according to the conditions. The yield is as expected lower than the lowest obtained with mono-hydroxybenzaldehydes.
Structure and function of parallel pathways in the primate early visual system

Parallel processing streams in the primate visual system originate from more than a dozen anatomically and functionally distinct types of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). A central problem in determining how visual information is processed is understanding how each of these RGC types connects to more central structures, including the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the thalamus and (via the LGN) the primary visual cortex. Neverthelss, the available functional and anatomical evidence linking together specific cell types across these structures is surprisingly indirect. This review evaluates the available evidence and assesses the strength of the many inferences that can be made from these observations. There is strong evidence that parasol RGCs are the provenance of the magnocellular (M) visual pathway and that midget RGCs give rise to the parvocellular (P) pathway. Furthermore, the M and P pathways remain segregated up to the input layer of primary visual cortex. The relationships between the numerous other RGC types and cell types in the LGN remain less certain. and there remains ambiguity about how best to define additional pathways, such as the koniocellular (K) pathway, which probably arise from these other, less common, RGC types.
Rates of Catalytic Reactions

The sections in this article are Introduction Turnover Rate/Turnover Frequency: Generalities Comparison of Rate Data Collection of Reaction Kinetics Data Catalytic Cycles Building Kinetic Models Thermodynamic Consistency Transition State Theory and Entropies of Surface Species Formulation of Kinetic Models in Terms of Transition States Degree of Rate Control/Rate-Determining Step Conditions for Catalyst Optimality Keywords: reaction rates; reaction kinetics; turnover rate; turnover frequency; catalytic cycles
A novel vacuum filling process for polymeric optical waveguide fabrication

A novel vacuum filling process for polymeric optical waveguide fabrication has been presented in this paper. The polymeric optical waveguides fabricated by this process have successfully been obtained. Some initial tests about the polymeric waveguide have been done. The testing results indicate that the polymeric waveguide has high quality, while the process is simple, low-cost, easy to fabricate channel waveguide, good for mass production, and suitable for almost all polymers.
First Report of Pseudoperonospora cubensis Causing Downy Mildew on Momordica balsamina and M. charantia in North Carolina

Momordica balsamina (balsam apple) and M. charantia L. (bitter melon/bitter gourd/balsam pear) commonly grow in the wild in Africa and Asia; bitter melon is also cultivated for food and medicinal purposes in Asia (1). In the United States, these cucurbits grow as weeds or ornamentals. Both species are found in southern states and bitter melon is also found in Pennsylvania and Connecticut (3). Cucurbit downy mildew (CDM), caused by the oomycete Pseudoperonospora cubensis, was observed on bitter melon and balsam apple between August and October of 2013 in six North Carolina sentinel plots belonging to the CDM ipmPIPE program (2). Plots were located at research stations in Johnston, Sampson, Lenoir, Henderson, Rowan, and Haywood counties, and contained six different commercial cucurbit species including cucumbers, melons, and squashes in addition to the Momordica spp. Leaves with symptoms typical of CDM were collected from the Momordica spp. and symptoms varied from irregular chlorotic lesions to circular le...
Can America Finance Freedom? Assessing U.S. Democracy Promotion via Economic Statecraft

Recent discourse on U.S. efforts to promote democracy has focused on military activities; especially the strategic and normative perils of democracy promotion at the point of bayonets. This paper explores the United States' use of economic statecraft to foster democratization, with particular attention to democracy incentive and assistance strategies. Incentive approaches attempt to promote democracy from the top-down, by leveraging aid and trade privileges to persuade authoritarian leaders to implement political reform. Assistance approaches aim to induce democratization from the inside, through funding and technical assistance to state institutions, and from the bottom-up, by providing support to civil society and elections. This study finds that while top-down incentive approaches can stimulate democratic change, this strategy tends to work only when aid and trade benefits are conditional; that is, when benefits are withheld until recipient states meet rigorous democratic benchmarks. Washington has historically eschewed democratic conditionality, however, and thus can claim very few aid-induced or trade-induced democratization events. Scant evidence exists to demonstrate that inside approaches—that is, institutional aid—possesses significant capacity to induce democracy. It is the bottom-up approach—empowering the masses to compel democratic change—that has registered the greatest number of democracy promotion successes.
Congestion-triggered Multipath Routing based on Shortest Path Information

We present a multipath routing scheme that is designed to increase throughput and alleviate congestion in networks employing shortest path routing. The multipath routing scheme consists of an algorithm to determine a set of multiple disjoint or partially disjoint paths and a mechanism for distributing traffic over a multipath route to reduce the traffic load on a congested link. The algorithm for finding multipath routes is based on shortest path routing and does not require pre-establishment of paths or support for source routing. The mechanism for multipath traffic distribution is triggered at a node when the average load on an outgoing link exceeds a threshold. Our simulation results demonstrate that the proposed congestion-triggered multipath routing scheme can effectively improve network performance by exploiting routing redundancies inherent in the network topology.
Resonance transition probabilities in intermediate coupling for some neutral non- metals.

Resonance transition probabilities in intermediate coupling for some neutral nonmetals, noting radiative lifetime measurements by phase shift
Use of Self‐Efficacy and Dyspnea Perceptions to Predict Functional Performance in People with COPD

This correlational and comparative study explored whether self-reports of self-efficacy and dyspnea perceptions predict the perceived level of functional performance in adults who have chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The convenience sample included 97 Caucasian men (52) and women (45). Participants had to have a forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) of less than 70% predicted, and a FEV1/forced vital capacity (FVC) of less than 70%. Participants were recruited from pulmonary function laboratories and from better breather support groups in a Midwestern state. Three standardized, self-report instruments, COPD Self-Efficacy Scale (CSES), the Pulmonary Functional Status and Dyspnea Questionnaire (PFSDQ), and Functional Performance Inventory (FPI) were used to measure the participants' self-report of their perceptions of self-efficacy, dyspnea, and functional performance. Dyspnea predicted 38.1% of the variance in functional performance, with self-efficacy contributing an additional 6.5% to the variance in the total sample. Self-efficacy predicted 36.5% of the variance in functional performance in men, with dyspnea contributing an additional 7.2% to the variance. However, in women, only dyspnea was a significant predictor of functional performance, at 48.5% when both dyspnea and self-efficacy were entered as independent variables. To improve patients' perceptions of functional performance, nurses can use methods such as breathing techniques and upper- and lower-body exercises that increase optimal management of dyspnea. Nurses may increase the self-efficacy of managing dyspnea by helping patients master breathing techniques and exercise through coaching and providing vicarious experiences through patient support groups or pulmonary rehabilitation programs.
PEDIATRIC BURN VICTIMS: AN ECOBEHAVIORAL ANALYSIS

Investigators assert that the ward behavior of pediatric burn victims is a variant of the “ICU syndrome”. Given the lack of data from pediatric burn care units (PBCU's) and the differences which exist between these patient units and PICU's systematic observational data were collected on 40 PBCU patients. An observational coding scheme was used to code patient and staff responses for a total of 1919 observations. Patients were often observed (49% of observations) in burn unit locations (e.g., playroom) outside of patient rooms. Children were most often awake (75%) with neutral affect (61%). Positive affect and verbal-motor distress were noted during 18% and 24% of observations, respectively. Patient-staff verbal interactions were frequent (>50%) while physical interactions were less common (8%). Other individuals were often observed in close proximity to patients (nurses-33%, other patients-33%, family-16%, psychosocial staff-11%, child life-6%, & physicians-4%). Children engaged in a variety of ward activities (playing-32%, walking-10%, TV-8%, & reading-2%) and received medical treatments during 5% of observations. These data contrast markedly with those available from pediatric ICU studies. Children on PBCU's are more alert, physically active, exposed to more environmental stimulation, and exhibit more positive affect that their ICU counterparts. Results indicate negative responses and poor adaptation of children to PBCU's environments may be exaggerated.