cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Decoupled dynamics of Space manipulators

Decoupled expressions for various dynamical quantities are derived based upon a dual approach to space manipulator dynamics. These expressions provide insights into the structure of dynamical quantities and provide a decoupled alternative to the conventional O(N) forward dynamics algorithm. >
Porphyrin-Embedded Silicate Materials for Detection of Hydrocarbon Solvents

The development of porphyrin-embedded mesoporous organosilicate materials for application to the detection of volatile hydrocarbon solvents is described. Design of the receptor and optical indicator construct begins with parallel selection of the porphyrin indicator and design of the mesoporous sorbent. For the porphyrin indicator, high binding affinity and strong changes in spectrophotometric character upon target interaction are desired. The sorbent should provide high target binding capacity and rapid binding kinetics. A number of porphyrin/metalloporphyrin variants and organosilicate sorbents were evaluated to determine the characteristics of their interaction with the targets, benzene, toluene, and hexane. The selected porphyrin candidates were covalently immobilized within a benzene-bridged sorbent. This construct was applied to the detection of targets using both fluorescence- and reflectance-based protocols. The use of red, green, and blue (RGB) color values from the constructs in a highly simplified detection scheme is described.
Pain-related anxiety mediates the relationship between depressive symptoms and pain interference in veterans with hepatitis C

Abstract Objective Depression and chronic pain are common in persons chronically infected with the hepatitis C virus (HCV), although little is known about the rate of co-occurrence or mechanisms by which they are associated. We evaluated whether pain-related anxiety mediates the relationship between depressive symptoms and pain-related physical functioning in patients with HCV. Methods Patients with HCV ( n =175) completed self-report measures assessing demographic characteristics, pain-related function and mental health. Path analyses examined direct effects of cognitive-affective and somatic symptoms of depression on pain interference and indirect effects of these relationships via four subscales of the Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale-20. Results Cognitive-affective and somatic symptoms of depression were positively and significantly related to pain interference. Pain-related anxiety mediated the relationship between both cognitive-affective and somatic symptoms of depression, and this mediation was predominantly accounted for by the escape-avoidance component of pain-related anxiety. Conclusions Findings indicate a potential mediating role of pain-related anxiety, particularly escape-avoidance anxiety, on the relationship between depression and pain interference in patients with HCV. These findings suggest that escape-avoidance anxiety may be a particularly germane target for treatment in patients with HCV and chronic pain, particularly when depression, with characteristic features of withdrawal and inhibition, is a comorbid condition.
Mechanical and energetic factors underlying gait transitions in bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus)

SUMMARY As their swimming speed increased, bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) switched from pectoral-fin-powered labriform swimming to undulations of the body axis. This gait transition occurred at a mean swimming speed of 0.24±0.01 m s–1 and a pectoral fin beat frequency of 2.79±0.11 Hz (mean ± s.e.m., N=6). The power output available from the main upstroke (adductor profundus) and downstroke (abductor superficialis) muscles, measured using the work-loop technique was maximal at the gait transition point. The cost of transport, measured by respirometry, increased as the fish switched from labriform to undulatory swimming. Our data show that bluegill changed gait as swimming speed increased to recruit additional muscle mass, rather than to maximize economy, as is the case for many terrestrial animals.
Exploiting unused periodic time for aperiodic service using the extended priority exchange algorithm

Real-time scheduling algorithms that provide responsive aperiodic service in the presence of hard real-time periodic tasks require the creation of a high-priority periodic server task for servicing aperiodic requests. The authors describe the extended priority exchange algorithm, which can provide better aperiodic response than previous aperiodic service algorithms, particularly for cases where the worst-case periodic load is high and little or no utilization is left for a server task. The extended-priority-exchange (EPE) algorithm attains better aperiodic responsiveness by exploiting unused time allocated to periodic tasks for aperiodic service. The average aperiodic response times for the EPE algorithm and four other aperiodic service algorithms (background, polling, deferrable server, and priority exchange) are compared for a range of periodic and aperiodic loads. Simulation results show that for a difference between the average and worst-case periodic load of only 12.5%, the EPE algorithm provides significantly better response times for aperiodic tasks. >
Reclaiming Poch@ Pop: Examining the Rhetoric of Cultural Deficiency, by Cruz Medina

As postcolonial studies and decolonial thinking continue to intersect with the field of rhetorical studies, two primary aims are articulated. The first aim speaks to how language, knowledge, and rh...
The Un-Kuhnians: Relativism via the Problem-Solving Theory of Rationality

A central problem for the new philosophy of science is that of characterizing the rationality of science, in particular the rationality of theory choice. We have seen in the last three chapters that on a Kuhnian conception of science a satisfactory account of rationality is elusive. There have been, however, non-Kuhnian efforts at articulating science’s rationality. In this chapter we consider two such efforts.
On Trying and Failing To Resolve Interstate Disputes

The Supreme Court of the United States bills itself as an appellate tribunal whose function is to resolve issues of federal law. That is accurate - for the most part. For even today, the Supreme Court still hears trials as a Court of Original Jurisdiction, where it primarily resolves interstate disputes relating to sovereignty over land or water. Almost invariably, writers assume that the Court has authority under its Original Jurisdiction Clause actually to award the land or water at issue. This Article argues that the Court has no direct constitutional authority to award the land or water in Original Jurisdiction cases. Rather, the Court has direct constitutional authority to remedy breaches of interstate peace. The Court may, as a prophylactic remedy, award the land or the water. But expansive prophylactic remedies are disfavored, as they prevent much conduct that is constitutionally permissible. To establish the appropriateness of such a remedy, facts must exist which show that the remedy is required to prevent further breaches of defendant’s duty, that less intrusive forms of equitable relief would be futile, and that even granting these points the injunction is not too intrusive. The Article further argues that, at least in the case of interstate water disputes, the presumption cannot be rebutted. Far from preventing interstate aggression, the Court's resolution of the disputes induces the states to take aggressive measures to protect themselves against a threat of suit. Further, the Court’s resolution discourages states from resolving the disputes themselves, rather than having the Court resolve it for them. Finally, the Court’s remedy encourages states to waste precious time waiting for a judicial windfall, time that could be spent negotiating in earnest for a compromise solution - as is well illustrated by the recent Asian Carp invasion of Lake Michigan. The Article concludes that, at least in the case of interstate water rights, the Court's decision to actually allocate is both unwise and contrary to the grant of Original Jurisdiction.
Modulating Conformational States in the Glutamate Transporter Homologue Gltph using Protective Osmolytes

Gltph is a sodium dependent aspartate transporter from archaea that is structurally homologous to glutamate transporters and, therefore, provides a model for excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs). Crystal structures suggest a model for transport, but do not provide structures for intermediate or transition states that must mediate transport. Moreover, conditions that are used for crystallography as well as the crystal lattice may drive the protein into conformations that are not highly populated in bilayers under conditions that support transport. In the present work, distance distributions were measured for Gltph in bilayers though site directed spin labeling (SDSL) and double electron-electron resonance (DEER) to determine if the crystal structures are representative of biologically relevant conformations. Distances were measured both across the subunits of the trimer and within an individual monomer. The protective osmolyte sucrose was used to modulate the populations of individual states and to determine if the conformational states observed by pulse EPR in bilayers were in equilibrium. Distance distributions for the single mutant S278R1 on hairpin loop (HP) 1 revealed three populations with average distances that were close to distances predicted from crystal structures. However, the width of the distance distributions suggests that there are biologically relevant states that are not seen in the crystal structures. The distributions were altered in the presence of sucrose, favoring shorter distances and narrower distributions. These sucrose mediated effects were not equivalent between substrate loaded states or the empty transporter, suggesting that either the conformational equilibrium or the rates of interconversion between states may be modulated by substrate binding.This work was supported by NIGMS, GM035215.
Black Existence in Philosophy of Culture

This article examines an Africana philosophy of culture of black existence through, after offering a critique of a theodicy of textuality and social reality, exploration of the construction of “problem people,” of people whose existence, marked by blackness, has been treated as a challenge to reason and the search for knowledge in the modern world. As Africana philosophy raises concerns of philosophical anthropology, philosophy of freedom, and a metacritique of reason, it offers, as well, a case for the central importance of philosophy of culture in modern and late modern thought.
Structure Characterization of Metamict and Glassy Lead Phosphates

Single crystals of Pb2P2O7 (beam stable under 200 kV TEM electrons to a fluence > 1027 e/m2 and an ionizing dose > 1014 Gy) were rendered metamict (amorphized) with ion-implantation (100 kV P+ ions with several fluences. Pb2P2O7 and PbO·P2O5 glasses were also ion implanted at identical fluences. Radial distribution functions of metamict and glassy phosphates are being generated using energy filtered electron diffraction (EFED) data collected on 100 kV field emission STEM (VG HB-5). Ion-implanted lead phosphate glasses exhibit a significant difference in their FSDP as compared to the non-irradiated ones. XTEM results also show that ion-beam damage layer was around 200 nm deep. XTEM-HREM structure images of ion-implanted single crystals, along with their optical diffraction analysis will be presented and briefly discussed.
Approximating the 3D Character of a Van Der Waals Atom-Solid Potential

A truncated Fourier decomposition of the atom–substrate potential energy is developed for three-dimensional models of van der Waals systems, specifically for adsorption on the basal plane surface of graphite or the (111) face of a face-centered-cubic lattice. This provides a framework for analysis of a priori calculations of physical adsorption energies.
A Retrospective Study on the Preoperative Diagnosis and Treatment of Complete Transposition of Great Arteries(D-TGA)

Objective To investigate the pre-operative diagnosis,treatment and prognosis of the pediatric patients with D-TGA.Methods Forty one cases of D-TGA diagnose with Ultrasound echocardiography(UCG) were analyzed retrospectively.Cardiovascular angiography was performed on 27 patients undergone balloon atrial septostomy(BAS).Results All patients could be diagnosed to suffer from D-TGA by UCG,but associated abnormalities were found by angiocardigraphy effectively,which were not revealed by UCG just as follows:five cases with stenosis in the branches of pulmonary arteries.one case with abnormal course of right coronary artery,one case with coarctation of aorta and one case with double sides of patent ductus arteriosus.The clinical status of the patients undergoing BSA got better,and cyanosis relieved apparently.The SpO2 before and after the intervention was 50% to 70% and 80%,respectively.Twenty one patients were performed exchanging great arteries operation,among them,12 patients died and abnormality coronary arteries was revealed in 5 patients amony these 12.Conclusion(1) When combined with UCG and angiocardiograply,it can provid accurate information to improve operation achievement ratio;(2) BSA,which should be operated immediately on the D-TGA patients with complete IVS,can overcome hypoxemia and metabolic acidosis apparently,such intervention makes it possible for the patient's further surgery treatment.(3) Deformations of coronary arteries which was one of the high risk factors of surgery procedure should be revealed pre-operation,in order to improve the prognosis.
Factors Associated to Health Care Service Use among Latino Day Laborers.

Latino day laborers (LDLs) are at elevated risks for disease and injury because of the environments in which they work. Despite this recognition, a comprehensive examination of factors related to L...
Should functional renal scans be obtained prior to upper abdominal IMRT for pancreatic cancer

Abstract Background Upper abdominal irradiation for pancreatic cancer is administered in close proximity to the radiation-sensitive kidneys. There is difficulty in defining dose-volume parameters to predict late renal toxicity after partial kidney irradiation. Less than 10% of the general population is estimated to have asymmetrical kidney function; however, there are no studies that examine this in patients with pancreatic cancer. The primary purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of asymmetrical kidney function in patients with pancreatic cancer. A secondary aim was to determine if asymmetrical kidney function was associated with abnormal laboratory values or kidney size on computed tomography scans. Finally, we aimed to develop recommendations for when a functional renal scan in patients with pancreatic cancer should be ordered. Methods and materials We performed a retrospective review of patients with resectable, borderline resectable, and locally advanced pancreatic cancer who received abdominal radiation therapy and had preradiation functional renal scans between 2009 and 2015. Asymmetrical kidney function was defined as a difference between the 2 kidneys that was ≥60%/40% on a functional renal scan. Serum studies (blood urea nitrogen [BUN], creatinine [Cr], and glomerular filtration rate [GFR]) and abdominal computed tomography scans were routinely obtained before simulation. Results Of the 204 patients examined, 23 (11.2%) had asymmetrical kidney function that was identified on preradiation functional renal scans. Elevated Cr or BUN, a GFR Conclusions In our series, approximately 11% of patients with pancreatic cancer have asymmetrical kidney function that was not identified by kidney size, serum BUN, Cr, GFR, or a significant medical history. These data suggest that in cases in which renal radiation doses exceed a V18 of 20% to 30% or there is concern about baseline renal function, a functional renal scan should be considered.
Caruncular Oncocytoma Mimicking Malignant Melanoma.

Purpose: To report a case of pigmented caruncular oncocytoma that simulated malignant melanoma and discuss the associated ultrasonographic and pathologic features
Accessibility and Modernist Architecture: The Work of Oscar Niemeyer in Brazil

Mid-century Modern architecture represents a paradigm shift in the way society thought about the role of buildings. No longer exclusive to the rich or powerful, architecture became a utopian means including all of society, particularly the working class. This movement, originated in Europe, was adopted in the Americas, becoming influential not only in architecture but in other design professions as well. The quest for inclusion manifested in different forms, the most representative being the ramp as the primary means to enter a building. With the ramp, architecture opened its arms to the masses in a gesture welcoming everybody as equals. The ramp became an iconic element full of beauty and symbolism, even though at times it did not work technically. This chapter is about the way architects incorporated the use of the ramp in their buildings and the reasons behind their inclusion. The work of architect Oscar Niemeyer in Brazil will be highlighted in order to demonstrate that issues of inclusion were considered by architects decades before laws about accessibility were enacted.
Signal Reconstruction and Estimation from Short-Time Fourier Transform Representation: A Summary of Recent Results

Abstract Recently, there have been considerable theoretical advances on the problem of reconstructing or estimating a signal from its short-time Fourier transform (STFT) representation. In this paper, we summarize recent theoretical results on this problem and illustrate an example in speech processing where these theoretical results have been successfully applied.
Obstructing by Omission: The Troubling Expansion of the Criminal Offense of Obstructing the IRS and How DOJ Internal Policy Has Played a Role

A majority of circuits hold that it is possible to be convicted of corruptly obstructing the administration of the Internal Revenue laws even if there is no pending IRS proceeding to obstruct. Even more strikingly, the Second Circuit recently held that making an omission is sufficient to obstruct the IRS, which means that it is a federal felony to corruptly not maintain records or to corruptly not provide records to an accountant. Despite the obvious potential problems with these issues, there is very little recent scholarship addressing them. In June, the Supreme Court granted certiorari to consider these issues. This article examines the circuit split over whether 26 U.S.C. § 7212(a), interfering with the administration of the Internal Revenue laws, requires that the defendant obstructed a known IRS proceeding. Only the Sixth Circuit has imposed such a requirement, and even that court has twice reversed itself on the issue. Further, the Department of Justice limits charges under § 7212(a) to conduct that is prototypically “obstructive.” These policy limitations have caused only prototypically obstructive cases to reach the courts, and have therefore ensured that constitutional overbreadth challenges to the statute necessarily fail. Notwithstanding the majority of opinions on the issue, this article explains that the logical reading of § 7212(a) requires that, to obstruct the IRS, the defendant must have been aware of a pending IRS proceeding. Without this requirement, other crimes carefully delineated in the federal tax code would become superfluous, and individuals would be subject to a vast new array of previously uncontemplated criminal tax prosecutions. Moreover, this limitation is consistent with the Supreme Court’s interpretation of the nearly-identical general obstruction of justice statute. Unless § 7212(a) is limited to conduct that obstructs a pending IRS action, the statute will be unconstitutionally overbroad.
Beyond the non/monogamy system: fluidity, hybridity, and transcendence in intimate relationships

While the traditional understanding of monogamy and nonmonogamy as polar opposites has been deconstructed, the conceptual and experiential territory beyond the non/monogamy system (and attendant mo...
Ca2+-activated K+ currents in Necturus choroid plexus.

The tight-seal whole-cell recording method has been used to studyNecturus choroid plexus epithelium. A cell potential of −59±2 mV and a whole cell resistance of 56±6 MΩ were measured using this technique. Application of depolarizing step potentials activated voltage-dependent outward currents that developed with time. For example, when the cell was bathed in 110mm NaCl Ringer solution and the interior of the cell contained a solution of 110mm KCl and 5nm Ca2+, stepping the membrane potential from a holding value of −50 to −10 mV evoked outward currents which, after a delay of greater than 50 msec, increased to a steady state in 500 msec. The voltage dependence of the delayed currents suggests that they may be currents through Ca2+-activated K_ channels. Based on the voltage dependence of the activation of Ca2+-activated K+ channels, we have devised a general method to isolate the delayed currents. The delayed currents were highly selective for K+ as their reversal potential at different K+ concentration gradients followed the Nernst potential for K+. These currents were reduced by the addition of TEA+ to the bath solution and were eliminated when Cs+ or Na+ replaced intracellular K+. Increasing the membrane potential to more positive values decreased both the delay and the half-times (t 1/2) to the steady value. Increasing the pipette Ca2+ also decreased the delay and decreasedt 1/2. For instance, when pipette Ca2+ was increased from 5 to 500nm, the delay andt 1/2 decreased from values greater than 50 and 150 msec to values less than 10 and 50 msec. We conclude that the delayed currents are K+ currents through Ca2+-activated K+ channels. At the resting membrane potential of −60 mV, Ca2+-activated K+ channels contribute between 13 to 25% of the total conductance of the cell. The contribution of these channels to cell conductance nearly doubles with membrane depolarization of 20–30 mV. Such depolarizations have been observed when cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) secretion is stimulated by cAMP and with intracellular Ca2+. Thus the Ca2+-activated K+ channels may play a specific role in maintaining intracellular K+ concentrations during CSF secretion.
Il collo: un safari nel paese delle tigri

Le ferite del collo sono, anatomicamente parlando, “il paese delle tigri”, dove un insieme di strutture mediane vitali insistono in uno spazio molto ristretto, affiancate da un grosso peduncolo neurovascolare su ciascun lato. E, come se non bastasse, sono poste proprio nel bel mezzo di un grosso ematoma che non aspetta altro che un passo falso. Anche per i chirurghi piu esperti in chirurgia del collo, un ematoma cervicale in rapida espansione, che ricopre i punti di riferimento anatomici e distorce l’anatomia, rappresenta una situazione molto impegnativa. Per non perderti, segui il percorso di sicurezza, vale a dire una sequenza ben definita di passi che ti guideranno con cautela da un punto di riferimento anatomico all’altro senza smarrire l’orientamento e soprattutto senza causare danni iatrogeni.
Movement and Animation

This chapter (“Movement and Animation”) examines the fundamental structures of self-movement and external movement perception. It considers the centrality of movement to animacy and the perception of animacy in living and non-living elements of one’s environment. Humans have a perceptual predisposition to recognize biological movement and involve themselves kinesthetically with movements that fall within a repertoire of familiar sensorimotor experience. The chapter applies these insights to theatre by exploring the phenomenology of animacy in performing objects and the kinesthetic dynamics of stillness and movement with actors onstage. The sections include discussions of Sandglass Theater’s puppet play about dementia, D-Generation: An Exaltation of Larks; the statue scene in Shakespeare’s The Winter’s Tale; and Samuel Beckett’s Footfalls.
Acquisition, study abroad and individual differences: The case of subject pronoun variation in L2 Spanish

Abstract The current study examines the combined effect of type and quantity of contact with the target language on the second language development of a variable structure, ‘subject pronoun expression’ in L2 Spanish. A written contextualized task and a language contact questionnaire were given to 26 second language learners of Spanish before and after a six-week study abroad in Valencia, Spain. Their selection of overt and null subject pronouns was compared to native speakers from the study abroad region as well as to learners and native speakers in previous research in a US university context. Results suggest that learners with higher rates of self-reported contact with native speakers while abroad approximate the Valencian native speaker norms more at the end of study abroad than those who report fewer contact hours. However, differences between the groups at the beginning of study abroad indicate that characteristics other than contact hours also differentiate the two learner groups.
Release of fascial compartment boundaries reduces muscle force output

Most limb muscles are enclosed within compartments bound by robust fascial sheets. The mechanical significance of the close packing of muscle and fascia is largely unexplored. We used an animal mod...
MicroRNAs in Cancer

Initially considered an epiphenomenon, micro ribonucleic acids (also called miRNAs) and other small noncoding RNA molecules are now considered major players in cell biology. MiRNAs regulate gene expression through effects on translation, transcription and chromatin modification. Multiple miRNAs are dysregulated in human cancer and affect the proliferation and apoptosis, metastatic behaviour, invasiveness and phenotype of cancer cells. Virtually every cell type and cancer have a particular expression pattern of miRNA expression. This miRNA profile permits to classify cancer and often gives prognostic information. Profiling based on miRNAs may be more specific and robust than profiling based on mRNAs. MiRNAs can be studied in virtually all tissues including plasma. More work is necessary, but miRNAs have already improved our understanding of the pathogenesis of cancer and appear promising for diagnostic purposes as biomarkers and for the development of new genetic treatments. Key Concepts: MicroRNAs regulate gene expression. MicroRNAs are important in the pathogenesis and progression of human cancer. MicroRNAs can function as tumour suppressors and as tumour promoters (oncomirs). MicroRNAs can serve as biomarkers for cancer and may become useful for the treatment of cancer. Keywords: microRNAs; noncoding RNAs; gene profiling; cancer; leukaemia; malignancy
Use of Patient-Reported Outcome Measures in Athletic Training: Common Measures, Selection Considerations, and Practical Barriers.

Context Current evidence suggests that a low percentage of athletic trainers (ATs) routinely use patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs). An understanding of the perceptions of ATs who use (AT-US...
Design and evaluation of an external control arm using prior clinical trials and real-world data

Importance: The use of existing data (real world data or prior trials) to design and analyze clinical studies has the potential to accelerate drug development processes and can contribute to rigorous examination of new treatments. Objective: We discuss designs and interpretable metrics of bias and statistical efficiency of "externally controlled" trials (ECTs) and compare ECTs performance to randomized and single arm designs. Setting: We specify an ECT design that leverages information from real world data (RWD) and prior clinical trials, to reduce bias associated with inter-study variations of the enrolled populations. We then used a collection of clinical studies in glioblastoma (GBM) and RWD from patients treated with the current standard of care to evaluate ECTs. Validation is based on a "leave one out" scheme, with iterative selection of a single arm from one of the studies, for which we estimate treatment effects using the remaining studies as external control. This produces interpretable and robust estimates on ECTs bias and type I errors. Results: We developed a model-free approach to evaluate ECTs based on collections of clinical trials and RWD. For GBM we verified that inflated false positive error rates of standard single-arm trials can be considerably reduced (up to 30%) by using external control data. Conclusions: The use of ECT designs in GBM, with adjustments for the clinical profiles of the enrolled patients, should be preferred to single arm studies with fixed efficacy thresholds extracted from published results on the current standard of care.
Martínez Osorio, Emiro. "Authority, Piracy, And Captivity in Colonial Spanish American Writing. Juan de Castellanos’s Elegies of Illustrious Men of the Indies". Lanham, Maryland: Bucknell University Press, 2016, 155 pp

La epica fue uno de los generos literarios mas prestigiosos de la modernidad temprana. Produjo una amplia variedad de textos epicos renacentistas y barrocos que ofrecen valiosas perspectivas del imperialismo iberico y la conquista de America.
Haptic Feedback and the Internal Model Principle

According to the internal model principle from control engineering, error feedback together with a controller containing an internal model that generates an expected disturbance signal can achieve perfect delay-tolerant disturbance rejection using only modest loop gains. While internal models of plant dynamics have been central to the study of human motor control, internal models of reference or disturbance signal generators have received very little attention. In this paper we show how the internal model principle suggests a certain control strategy for achieving steady oscillatory motion in a virtual spring-mass. The strategy relies on haptic feedback in its dual roles of carrying power and information and this dual reliance may be used to derive numerous testable hypotheses. We present results from an initial study involving N=5 human subjects in which high time-correlation between surface electromyography and commanded torque signals suggests the adoption of a control strategy based on the internal model principle.
Swirling flow induced by jets and plumes

The interactions of the slow flow induced by the entrainment of axisymmetric jets and plumes with the surrounding geometry may result in the appearance of azimuthal swirling motion. This swirling flow evolves as it approaches the jet (or plume) as a result of the action of viscous forces on the solid surfaces bounding the fluid domain. When the initial size of the jet or plume a is much smaller than the characteristic radial distance $$R_\infty $$ at which the swirl is generated, the evolution of the flow leads to a self-similar description with weak swirling motion, valid at intermediate radial distances R such that $$a \ll R \ll R_\infty $$ and axial distances L from the source such that $$a \ll L \ll R_\infty $$ . In the present investigation of both laminar and turbulent jets and plumes, it is found that the circulation $$\varGamma $$ is described by a self-similar solution of the second kind, with the exponent $$\lambda $$ in the radial decay rate $$\varGamma \propto (R/R_\infty )^\lambda $$ obtained as an eigenvalue. The resulting azimuthal velocity distributions can find application in mathematical formulations of jet and plume problems involving interactions with ambient swirl, relevant in studies of dust devils and fire whirls.
Chapter 26 – Address Translation

Publisher Summary NetScreen is well known for its firewall and virtual private network (VPN) technologies primarily due to the Application-Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC)-based design of most of their core features, including address translation. This chapter focuses on how the address translation features of NetScreen products have evolved from a simple physical interface translation (Screen OS 2.5 and below) to a solution capable of handling complex address translation design requirements. High-level network address translation (NAT) is the ability to masquerade one Internet Protocol (IP) address from another. This functionality is completely transparent to the users. NAT provides the ability to hide the originating IP address thus providing an extra layer of security to protect the host's identity. NAT provides a short-term solution to the depleting IP v.4 addresses on the Internet. NAT provides the ability to utilize one IP for several thousand devices thus conserving non-RFC 1918 IP addresses. With the cost of NAT devices going down each year and the increase in Internet usage, it is not surprising that NAT is a widely used feature.
The paradoxical performance by different species on the ephemeral reward task

The ephemeral reward task consists of giving an animal a choice between two distinctive stimuli, A and B (e.g., black and white), on each of which is placed a bit of food. If the animal chooses the food on A, it gets that reinforcer, but the other stimulus, B, is removed, and the trial is over. If it chooses the food on B, however, it gets that food and the stimulus A remains, so it can have that food as well. Thus, choice of stimulus B gives the animal two reinforcers rather than one. Wrasse (cleaner fish) easily learn to choose optimally, whereas surprisingly, most non-human primates do not. Parrots, however, appear to learn this task as easily as the fish. To test the hypothesis that animals that choose with their mouth can learn it, we tested pigeons and found that they show no evidence of optimal learning with this task (with either the manual presentation of the stimuli or the operant presentation of the stimuli). Similarly, rats show no evidence of optimal learning. However, if a 20-s delay (fixed-interval schedule) is inserted between stimulus choice and reinforcement, both pigeons and rats learn to perform optimally. The ephemeral reward task appears to promote impulsive choice in several species, but with this task (and others), inserting a delay between choice and reinforcement promotes more careful choice, leading to optimal performance.
Step by Step Application of the Framework

Having studied several examples, historic and contemporary, of luxury fashion brands that have isolated specific elements in the cultural landscape and introduced them into innovative design that changed the course of fashion history, it is time to review the steps one can follow in applying the Transmedia Fashion Production framework to enrich the creative work in a luxury fashion brand. This reinforces the idea that luxury brands are as much culture producers as they are culture supporters. The latter has been the only aspect that has been discussed in the academic literature prior to the current study. Additional details reveal that culture-based creative strategy results in highly desirable content, which, in turn, yields unwavering consumption.
Sociodemographic Differences in Intimate Partner Violence Prevalence, Chronicity, and Severity Among Young Sexual and Gender Minorities Assigned Male at Birth: The P18 Cohort Study:

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is prevalent among young sexual and gender minorities assigned male at birth (YSGM-AMAB). However, few studies have examined the chronicity or distinguished between minor and severe forms of IPV among YSGM-AMAB. Furthermore, while past research has documented differences in IPV by race/ethnicity, sexual identity, gender identity, income, and education in other populations, few studies have examined these sociodemographic characteristics in relation to IPV in YSGM-AMAB. Thus, the present study aims to: (1) estimate past year prevalence and chronicity of minor and severe forms of IPV victimization and perpetration in a diverse sample of (N = 665) YSGM-AMAB in New York City, and (2) examine differences in IPV prevalence and chronicity by the aforementioned sociodemographic characteristics. Cross-sectional data from [BLINDED] informed these descriptive and inferential analyses. Nearly half of all participants reported past year IPV victimization and approximately 40% reported perpetration. Psychological violence was the most common form of victimization, followed by sexual, physical, and injury victimization. Psychological violence was the most common form of perpetration, followed by physical, sexual, and injury perpetration. Regarding sociodemographic differences in last year IPV prevalence, bisexual, transgender, and lower income YSGM-AMAB were more likely to report several subtypes of IPV victimization. Whereas Asian/API, bisexual, transgender, and lower income participants were more likely to report several subtypes of IPV perpetration. Regarding last year IPV chronicity, non-graduate YSGM-AMAB reported more instances of two subtypes of IPV victimization, while Black, White, cisgender, upper income, non-graduate participants reported more instances of several subtypes of IPV perpetration. These findings may be used to develop IPV prevention and intervention programs, inform future research endeavors, and develop and strengthen policies that reduce sociodemographic inequalities and promote more favorable sociopolitical conditions for YSGM-AMAB.
Einfluß der Sympathicusblockade auf den Venendruck

Die Sympathicusblockade, deren Auswirkungen auf das venose System hier behandelt werden sollen, haben wir am Francis Delafield Hospital in New York als totale Blockade durch Epidural- bzw. hohe Spinalanaesthesie durchgefuhrt.
Role of General Medical & Surgical Hospitals in the Economy of Cumberland & Dauphin Counties

General medical and surgical hospitals are an important part of the history and economy of Cumberland and Dauphin counties in Pennsylvania. The industry creates jobs and compensation for workers and generates tax revenues in the counties.
Lidar observations of neutral Fe layers and fast gravity waves in the thermosphere (110–155 km) at McMurdo (77.8°S, 166.7°E), Antarctica

[1] We report the first lidar observations of neutral Fe layers with gravity wave signatures in the thermosphere from 110–155 km at McMurdo, Antarctica in May 2011. The thermospheric Fe densities are low, ranging from ∼200 cm−3 at 120 km to ∼20 cm−3 at 150 km. The measured temperatures from 115–135 km are considerably warmer than MSIS and appear to be related to Joule heating enhanced by aurora. The observed waves originate in the lower atmosphere and show periods of 1.5–2 h through 77–155 km. The vertical wavelength increases from ∼13 km at 115 km to ∼70 km at 150 km altitude. These wave characteristics are strikingly similar to the traveling ionospheric disturbances caused by internal gravity waves. The thermospheric Fe layers are likely formed through the neutralization of vertically converged Fe+ layers that descend in height following the gravity wave downward phase progression.
Games Machines Play

Individual rationality, or doing what is best for oneself, is a standard model used to explain and predict human behavior, and von Neumann–Morgenstern game theory is the classical mathematical formalization of this theory in multiple-agent settings. Individual rationality, however, is an inadequate model for the synthesis of artificial social systems where cooperation is essential, since it does not permit the accommodation of group interests other than as aggregations of individual interests. Satisficing game theory is based upon a well-defined notion of being good enough, and does accommodate group as well as individual interests through the use of conditional preference relationships, whereby a decision maker is able to adjust its preferences as a function of the preferences, and not just the options, of others. This new theory is offered as an alternative paradigm to construct artificial societies that are capable of complex behavior that goes beyond exclusive self interest.
The E1B 19-kilodalton protein is not essential for transformation of rodent cells in vitro by adenovirus type 5.

Abstract The newly constructed adenovirus type 5 mutant in1 carries a single AT base pair insertion immediately after nucleotide position 1715 in the E1B gene sequence which destroys the proximal AUG normally present in E1B messages and prevents production of intact E1B 19-kDa protein in infected cells. We have used in1, variants of in1 containing mutant alleles of viral genes known to enhance transformation frequency, and adenovirus type 5 mutant dl337 (S. Pilder, J. Logan, and T. Shenk, J. Virol. 52:664-671, 1984), in which the sequence between nucleotides 1770 and 1916 within the 19-kDa reading frame is deleted, to test the generally accepted hypothesis that this E1B protein is essential for the transformation of rodent cells and maintenance of the transformed phenotype. We find that these mutants transform rat embryo cells, rat kidney and mouse kidney primary cells, and cells of the 3Y1 rat line with decreased frequencies only when virus is added to these various cells at high input multiplicities of infection. In contrast, when lower doses of virus are used, the mutants transform with wild-type frequencies. Cells infected with higher doses of mutant virus show increased levels of DNA degradation and cell killing compared with those of cells infected with the same levels of wild-type virus, and these effects most likely contribute to the decreased transformation frequencies observed. On the basis of these results and the results of phenotypic analyses of numerous transformants, we propose that the E1B 19-kDa protein is not required for induction and/or maintenance of transformed-cell characteristics in rodent cells infected with adenovirus type 5.
Measurement of the wall pressure and shear stress distribution using molecular tagging diagnostics

A new non-intrusive surface pressure and shear stress diagnostics technique is introduced in the present work. The technique is enabled by the unique ability of one-component molecular tagging velocimetry (1c-MTV) to provide measurements at very high spatial resolution (at every pixel along a tagged line of molecules) in the imme- diate proximity of surfaces. The utility of the new method to provide accurate measurements of the wall pressure and shear stress is demonstrated in an experiment involving a cylinder in cross flow at a Reynolds number of 6000. These measurements agree very well with experimental and com- putational data published in literature. The new technique is particularly advantageous in situations where embed- ding sensor arrays in the wall is impractical or cost/time prohibitive.
Spatial arrangement and metabolic capacity of fiber types in self-reinnervated cat muscle

The recovery potential of skeletal muscle was explored by examining cat muscle between 10 and 33 mo after complete transection and immediate surgical reunion of its own nerve. Biochemical analysis of single muscle fibers showed that the activities of key enzymes in energy metabolism (malate and lactate dehydrogenase and adenylokinase) were similar to normal for their respective fiber types, suggesting that incomplete recovery of the ability to sustain submaximal contraction in reinnervated muscles (T.C. Cope, C.B. Webb, and B.R. Botterman. J. Neurophysiol. 65: 648-656, 1991) is explained in some other way. Two independent statistical procedures for assessing the randomness of adjacencies of histochemically identified fiber types showed type grouping in some areas, but there were also many regions with randomly distributed fiber types. These findings demonstrate the potential for substantial recovery of both energy metabolism and dispersion of fiber types after self-reinnervation.
Pipestoneomyidae, a New Family of Fossil Rodents (Mammalia) from the Duchesnean (Late Middle Eocene, Bartonian) to Orellan (Early Oligocene, Priabonian) of North America

Additional specimens of the problematical rodent Pipestoneomys Donahoe, 1956, have allowed for recognition of a new family, Pipestoneomyidae. A new genus and species of pipestoneomyid is recognized from the late middle Eocene (Duchesnean North American Land Mammal Age; Bartonian), Argorheomys septendrionalis, which is morphologically more primitive than Pipestoneomys and demonstrates that this new family has been distinct since the Duchesnean. The Pipestoneomyidae share a number of derived characters with the Geomorpha, especially the two-part inner layer of incisor enamel of the Eoymidae. The Pipestoneomyidae differ from the Eomyidae in lacking the basic “omega” pattern of the cheek teeth of the former, so are in the Eomyoidea as a distinct family.
Model lamellar-lamellar phase equilibria

We study some examples of lamellar-lamellar phase equilibria in a previously introduced lattice model of surfactant solutions. The model is treated in a local mean-field approximation. The emphasis is on the properties of the interfaces between coexisting phases. We present an example in which lamellar phases of periods two and four lattice spacings are of equal free energy and both locally stable as bulk phases but metastable with respect to a phase of period three. The interface between the former two is then unstable and nucleates the formation of the latter, which spreads through the entire mass. We conjecture that the period-three phase, had it coexisted as a bulk phase with those of periods two and four, would have wet the period-two/period-four interface, and that this may be a general mechanism for the destruction of metastability. An example is also given of a phase of period three and its antiphase, each being stable as a bulk phase and with a stable interface between them. This case illustrates...
Implantable Cook-Swartz Doppler probe versus Synovis Flow Coupler for the post-operative monitoring of free flap breast reconstruction

Summary Background The Cook-Swartz Doppler has long been a trusted tool for close monitoring of blood flow after microvascular reconstruction; however, device implantation requires additional operating time. Synovis Life Technologies, Inc. received FDA approval in 2010 for the Flow Coupler, which combines an end-to-end anastomotic coupler with a removable 20 MHz Doppler, allowing both procedures to be performed simultaneously. However, its short history of widespread use necessitates further evaluation in the clinical setting. The authors studied the Synovis Flow Coupler in comparison to the more well-established Cook-Swartz Doppler for effectiveness and reliability in detection of vascular compromise. Methods The authors reviewed 220 free flap breast reconstructions in 150 patients over a three-year period in which either the Cook-Swartz Doppler or the Synovis Flow Coupler was implanted to monitor blood flow. Outcomes measured include false-positive or false-negative rates (FPR, FNR); rates of OR take-back and salvage; and flap survival. Results FPR was 1.0% for the Cook-Swartz Doppler and 1.9% for the Synovis Flow Coupler ( p > 0.05). FNR was 0.0% for both groups. Take-back rates were 10.1% for the Cook-Swartz, and 4.5% for Synovis ( p > 0.05). Flap failure rates were 1.8% and 0.9% for the Cook-Swartz and Synovis devices, respectively ( p > 0.05). Conclusions Our study reveals no statistically significant differences in outcomes for free flap breast reconstruction where either the Cook-Swartz Doppler or the Synovis Flow Coupler was used to monitor blood flow to the perforator flap. Level of Evidence : III. •Retrospective case series study; non-randomized.
EFFECT OF PDA ON GENTAMICIN PHARMACOKINETICS IN BABIES < 1500 GRAMS

As part of a study of variables affecting gentamicin (G) pharmacokinetics in neonates, we examined the effect of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in babies <1500g. G levels were drawn at 1,4 and 8 hours. Data points were computer fitted into a one compartment, first order, open pharmacokinetic model by the method of least squares. The half life (T1/2), elimination rate constant(Ke), and distribution volume (Vd) were derived. We analyzed G pharmacokinetics in 8 babies without PDA (1161±258g) (mean±SD) and 9 babies with proven PDA (1000±255g). Six babies with PDA were treated (968±269g).