cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Shear Deformation of Dry Polycrystalline Olivine Under Deep Upper Mantle Conditions using a Rotational Drickamer Apparatus (RDA)

Abstract Shear deformation experiments on dry hot-pressed polycrystalline San Carlos olivine have been conducted at 4.9–9.6 GPa, 1300–1870 K and strain rates of 0.6–7.4 × 10 −5 s −1 using a rotational Drickamer apparatus (RDA) at a synchrotron facility. The stress was measured from the orientational dependence of lattice spacing for the (1 3 0), (1 3 1), (1 1 2), (1 2 2), (1 4 0) and (2 4 1) planes, as well as from the dislocation densities. Based on the mechanical and microstructural observations, we infer that deformation occurs by power-law creep involving dislocation glide and climb under high temperature conditions, whereas deformation is due to exponential creep through the Peierls mechanism at relatively low temperatures. In both regimes the strength of olivine at steady-state deformation at these pressures is much larger than those at lower pressures. The activation volumes V * is estimated to be ∼15–20 × 10 −6 m 3 /mol for the power-law creep. Combined with the previous results under wet conditions, we present the recommended values of flow law parameters on olivine for power-law creep constrained by high-pressure deformation experiments.
Adjuvant postoperative fluorouracil-modulated chemotherapy combined with pelvic radiation therapy for rectal cancer: initial results of intergroup 0114.

PURPOSEThe combination of radiation therapy with fluorouracil (5-FU)-based chemotherapy is generally accepted as appropriate postoperative therapy for patients with adenocarcinomas of the rectum that extend through the bowel wall or with lymph nodes positive for tumor. We attempted to determine whether the efficacy of this postoperative therapy could be improved by the addition of leucovorin and/or levamisole.METHODSA total of 1,696 patients were randomized and eligible for treatment with one of four treatment schemes. All patients received two cycles of bolus 5-FU-based systemic chemotherapy followed by pelvic radiation therapy with chemotherapy and two more cycles of the same systemic chemotherapy. Chemotherapy was either 5-FU alone, 5-FU with leucovorin, 5-FU with levamisole, or 5-FU with leucovorin and levamisole.RESULTSWith a median follow-up duration of 48 months, there is no statistically significant advantage to any of the treatment regimens compared with bolus 5-FU alone. There is evidence of inc...
Individualizing a web-based structure strategy intervention for fifth graders' comprehension of nonfiction.

In the study, we investigated effects of 2 different versions of a web-based tutoring system to provide 5th-grade students with strategy instruction about text structure, which was an intervention to improve reading comprehension. The design feature assessed varied in individualization of instruction (individualized or standard). The more individually tailored version was developed to provide remediation or enrichment lessons matched to the individual needs of each student. Stratified random assignment was used to compare the effects of 2 versions of the 6-month web-based intervention. Students in the individualized condition made greater improvements from pretest to posttest on a standardized reading comprehension test (d 0.55) than did students in the standard condition (d 0.30). Students receiving more individualized instruction demonstrated higher mastery achievement goals when working in the lessons than did students receiving the standard instruction (d 0.53). Students receiving more individualized instruction showed greater improvement in using signaling, better work in lessons, and more positive posttest attitudes toward computers than did students receiving standard instruction. Students in both conditions improved their recall of ideas from texts and their use of the text structure strategy and comparison signaling words.
On the Physics of Magnetic Anisotropy in Co/Pd Multilayer Thin Films

(Co/Pd)N multilayers with Co and Pd layer thicknesses of only a few monolayers exhibit high vertical magnetic anisotropy and have been extensively explored as recording medium candidates for high density magnetic recording applications. In the work reported here, the magnetic properties of (Co/Pd)N multilayers deposited by magnetron sputtering and designed for bit-patterned medium applications are correlated with X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) data – an approach commonly used to probe the binding energies and valence band positions. Although the XPS probing depth is limited to ˜2–3 nm, it is sufficient for the evaluation of the 1–2 topmost bilayers in a multilayer stack, and allows us to infer the relevant details of the bandstructure of the entire film. Confirming theoretical predictions, we demonstrate that the degree of d-shell hybridization at Co/Pd interfaces directly correlates with the magnitude of the magnetic anisotropy. Significantly, the highest hybridization of Pd atoms is observed for about one monolayer thick Co layers in the bilayer stack. Variation of the deposition conditions (e.g., deposition pressure) shows a measurable influence on d-electron hybridization, multilayer microstructure, and magnetic anisotropy.
U.S. Trade Policy and the Adjustment Process

This paper focuses on the adjustment environment in the United States as set out by the active U.S. trade remedy laws (antidumping, countervailing duties, and safeguards) and the Trade Adjustment Assistance program. We document U.S. industries' use of these various laws and relate industry use of trade policies to import competition and revealed comparative advantage. We also examine potential effects of U.S. trade policies on adjustment to shifting comparative advantage and give examples of industry outcomes. An important conclusion is that trade policies delaying industry adjustment can promote new entry into the domestic industry and thereby increase rather than alleviate the pressure on existing plants and workers. Copyright 2005, International Monetary Fund
Space-Time Symmetries on Clifford Algebra C 4 Based Representation Spaces of su(4) ∼ so(6)

Representations of algebras on spaces with operators as basis vectors are discussed. These spaces are constructed using the properties of Clifford algebras. Thus the bases for these representations have, apart from their usual symmetry properties, an “internal” structure determined by the properties of a Clifford algebra. The elements of the Clifford algebra serve both, as operators and basis elements (“operator states”).
Works Recited: Franz Kafka and the Art of Literary Recitation

Literary recitation—the practice of reading out a written work before an audience—was an important dimension of Kafka's experience as a writer. In addition to documented encounters with famous Rezitatoren and his well-known habit of reading works to friends and family, Kafka engaged with the practice of recitation in several diary entries from early 1912. Examining these reflections in their historical and literary contexts, this article demonstrates Kafka's profound discomfort with the power of recitation to reconfigure and indeed disturb the “proper” relationship between work, author, performer, and audience. At the same time, Kafka is seduced by the reciter's vocal powers, which can confer fame, recognition, and praise upon the reciter. Recitation is thus a hybrid acoustic form (much like Josefine's singing and the Yiddish of the traveling theater troupe) through which Kafka explores the problems and possibilities of vocal expression.
3-D video coding with redundant-wavelet multihypothesis

Multihypothesis with phase diversity is introduced into motion-compensated temporal filtering by deploying the latter in the domain of a spatially redundant wavelet transform. The centerpiece of this redundant-wavelet approach to multihypothesis temporal filtering is a multiple-phase inverse transform that involves an implicit projection significantly reducing noise not captured by the motion model of the temporal filtering. The primary contribution of the work is a derivation that establishes analytically the advantage of the redundant-wavelet approach as compared to equivalent temporal filtering taking place in the spatial domain. For practical implementation, a regular triangle mesh is used to track motion between frames, and an affine transform between mesh triangles implements motion compensation within a lifting-based temporal transform. Experimental results reveal that the incorporation of phase-diversity multihypothesis into motion-compensated temporal filtering improves rate-distortion performance, and state-of-the-art scalable performance is observed.
Osteoarthritis: Differential expression of matrix metalloproteinase‐9 mRNA in nonfibrillated and fibrillated cartilage

Expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 mRNA in osteoarthritic and normal cartilage was analyzed using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization. Fifty-four osteoarthritic cartilage samples were obtained from 24 patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty. Sixteen normal cartilage samples were obtained from non-osteoarthritic knees of four autopsy cases. With normal cartilage, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis for matrix metalloproteinase-9 mRNA showed that chondrocytes exhibited only a trace signal. In analysis of osteoarthritic cartilage, chondrocytes of moderately and severely fibrillated cartilage exhibited a 73-fold and 110-fold increase in matrix metalloproteinase-9 mRNA signal, respectively, relative to normal cartilage. Chondrocytes of nonfibrillated osteoarthritic cartilage exhibited a 6-fold increase (p < 0.02) in matrix metalloproteinase-9 mRNA signal relative to normal cartilage. Analysis of matrix metalloproteinase-9 mRNA expression in fresh-frozen sections of normal and osteoarthritic cartilage by in situ hybridization confirmed these results. This study showed that reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction provides a sensitive index of mRNA levels in normal and osteoarthritic cartilage samples and suggests that increased expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 precedes fibrillation of cartilage in the development of osteoarthritis.
Effects of gonadal steroids on gender-related differences in transmural dispersion of L-type calcium current.

Objectives: Repolarization-prolonging drugs induce torsades de pointes (TdP) in females more than males. The action potential plateau and the early afterdepolarizations that induce TdP are determined, in part, by L-type calcium current ( I Ca,L). Therefore, we studied gender- and hormone-related differences in I Ca,L in age-, and weight-matched normal male, female and hormonally-treated, castrated rabbits. Methods: Oophorectomized (OVX) or orchiectomized (ORCH) 50- to 60-day-old rabbits were subcutaneously implanted with pellets impregnated with placebo (PLA), 5α-dihydroxytestosterone (DHT), or 17β-estradiol (EST). Four to five weeks later, epicardial and endocardial myocytes were isolated from the left ventricle. Patch clamp technique was performed to assess I Ca,L. Results: I Ca,L density (measured as peak current density [pA/pF] at +15 mV, V h=−40 mV), was greater in female epicardium (−7.4±0.9) than endocardium (−5.6±0.7, P 0.05). OVX-female, DHT and EST-treated groups had epicardial I Ca,L density (−5.6±0.6, and −5.9±0.7, respectively) greater than endocardial (−4.3±0.3, and −3.6±0.4, P <0.05). However, OVX-females had hormone levels not significantly different from female controls and EST-treated females had non-physiological levels of estradiol. There were no differences between endocardial and epicardial I Ca,L activation and inactivation. In contrast, epicardial–endocardial differences in I Ca,L density in EST-treated OVX-females were associated with epicardial–endocardial differences in I Ca,L activation and conductance; in DHT-treated OVX-females only epicardial–endocardial activation differed. The other groups, showed no I Ca,L transmural gradient, or differences in activation, inactivation or conductance. Conclusions: The greater dispersion in I Ca,L density of OVX–DHT and OVX–EST than OVX–PLA suggests both hormones can modulate I Ca,L density in females. That gonadal steroids had no effect on I Ca,L dispersion in males suggests gender differences in mechanism of action of both hormones. The greater I Ca,L dispersion in females may contribute to gender differences in repolarization.
Mechanisms underlying sexual and affiliative behaviors of mice: relation to generalized CNS arousal

The field of social neuroscience has grown dramatically in recent years and certain social responses have become amenable to mechanistic investigations. Toward that end, there has been remarkable progress in determining mechanisms for a simple sexual behavior, lordosis behavior. This work has proven that specific hormone-dependent biochemical reactions in specific parts of the mammalian brain regulate a biologically important behavior. On one hand, this sex behavior depends on underlying mechanisms of CNS arousal. On the other hand, it serves as a prototypical social behavior. The same sex hormones and the genes that encode their receptors as are involved in lordosis, also affect social recognition. Here we review evidence for a micronet of genes promoting social recognition in mice and discuss their biological roles.
Does relative economic value of food elicit purposeful encounter in the yellow baboons (Papio hamadryas cynocephalus) of Ruaha National Park, Tanzania?

In the dry season, baboons traveled purposefully to spatially predictable foods that provided a relatively large number of grams per minute of preparation (e.g., economical foods), but not to predictable foods that merely accounted for a large proportion of feeding time (Pochron in Int J Primatol 22:773-785, 2001). In this paper, I examined the generality of those findings across seasons and applied the same methods to baboons eating a lush-season diet. I hypothesized that baboons should travel quickly and directly (i.e., purposefully) only to economical foods. The change in diet brought about by season provided an important comparison. In the lush season, none of the spatially predictable foods provided a relatively large number of grams per minute of preparation, so baboons were predicted to travel purposefully to no lush-season food. In short, baboons who traveled quickly and directly to some foods in the dry season were expected to use indirect and/or slow travel for all lush-season foods. The hypothesis was supported—baboons traveled quickly and directly to no lush-season food. Detailed comparisons between the dry- and lush-season characteristics of baobab fruit show that the food’s economic value relative to other foods predicts concurrent fast and direct travel, or the lack thereof, in both seasons.
Selenium concentration of bermudagrass after spraying with sodium selenate

Abstract An experiment was conducted in North Florida to study pasture fertilization with selenium as a method of increasing intake of this nutrient by livestock. Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) was sprayed with sodium selenate at rates of 0, 24, 120, 240, and 480 g/ha of selenium and forage samples were collected for analyses at 2, 4, 6, 12, and 18 weeks after spraying. The bermudagrass from 24 g/ha selenium plots had non‐toxic but adequate levels of selenium for livestock at all clipping dates. The 120, 240, and 480 g/ha selenium application rates resulted in toxic forage levels of selenium up to the sixth week after spraying. However, by the twelfth week, the selenium levels were non‐toxic and at the same time adequate to meet livestock reguirements. At 18 weeks after spraying, the levels of selenium in the forage were also non‐toxic and adeguate for livestock. The results of this study suggest that spraying with 24 g/ha selenium can be an adeguate means to meet reguirements of this mineral for grazing...
The Tongue Enables Computer and Wheelchair Control for People with Spinal Cord Injury

The Tongue Drive System (TDS) is a wireless and wearable assistive technology, designed to allow individuals with severe motor impairments such as tetraplegia to access their environment using voluntary tongue motion. Previous TDS trials used a magnetic tracer temporarily attached to the top surface of the tongue with tissue adhesive. We investigated TDS efficacy for controlling a computer and driving a powered wheelchair in two groups of able-bodied subjects and a group of volunteers with spinal cord injury (SCI) at C6 or above. All participants received a magnetic tongue barbell and used the TDS for five to six consecutive sessions. The performance of the group was compared for TDS versus keypad and TDS versus a sip-and-puff device (SnP) using accepted measures of speed and accuracy. All performance measures improved over the course of the trial. The gap between keypad and TDS performance narrowed for able-bodied subjects. Despite participants with SCI already having familiarity with the SnP, their performance measures were up to three times better with the TDS than with the SnP and continued to improve. TDS flexibility and the inherent characteristics of the human tongue enabled individuals with high-level motor impairments to access computers and drive wheelchairs at speeds that were faster than traditional assistive technologies but with comparable accuracy.
Periprocedural MRI perfusion imaging to assess and monitor the hemodynamic impact of intracranial angioplasty and stenting for symptomatic atherosclerotic stenosis

We aimed to assess the clinical value of MRI perfusion imaging in the periprocedural management of intracranial atherosclerosis, analyzing if changes in mean transit time (MTT), cerebral blood volume (CBV) and cerebral blood flow (CBF) correlated with angiographic outcomes. Pre-procedural and post-procedural MRI perfusion was performed on six patients who underwent angioplasty and/or stenting for symptomatic intracranial atherosclerosis. MTT, CBV and CBF were analyzed and graded. In 83% of patients, perfusion imaging correlated with angiographic outcomes. Perfusion parameters improved to normal in two patients. Two showed marked improvement and one showed mild improvement. In one patient, the results of the post-procedural MRI perfusion prompted an angiogram, which confirmed stent occlusion. Semi-quantitative scores of MTT and CBF changed over time (p = 0.05, p = 0.03) whereas CBV did not change significantly (p > 0.05). We conclude that MRI perfusion appears a promising technique for analyzing the impact of intracranial stenosis on cerebral hemodynamics before and after treatment.
A SYNTACTIC FILTER ON PRONOMINAL ANAPHORA FOR SLOT GRAMMAR

We propose a syntactic filter for identifying non-coreferential pronoun-NP pairs within a sentence. The filter applies to the output of a Slot Grammar parser and is formulated in terms of the head-argument structures which the parser generates. It handles control and unbounded dependency constructions without empty categories or binding chains, by virtue of the unificational nature of the parser. The filter provides constraints for a discourse semantics system, reducing the search domain to which the inference rules of the system's anaphora resolution component apply.
Pragmatic Discourse and Administrative Legitimacy

Legitimacy, the place of public administration in governance, has always been a concern in American society. Responses to this concern have included efforts to control bureaucracy by defining what it should do, to free it from control by elevating its status in relation to other branches of government, and to confine it to micro-level, market-like management techniques. The discourse theory of O. C. McSwite, based on pragmatism, suggests that governmental legitimacy in America may be revived by shifting from an emphasis on the public administrator’s role in directing agencies to thinking about how administrators may assist in creating community through collaboration with citizens. This article offers a critique and extension of McSwite’s work based in part on critical theory, arguing that to recover administrative legitimacy through collaborative discourse, it may be necessary to recognize and respond to the nature of the liberal-capitalist political environment.
Transatrial Approach to Posterior Postinfarct Ventricular Septal Defects

Repair of posterior postinfarct ventricular septal defects via the transinfarct left ventriculotomy is technically challenging and can be associated with significant morbidity. A transatrial approach avoids incising through the acutely infarcted myocardium and, in selected cases, offers a safe and reliable repair of these defects.
Collective self-esteem as a coping resource for male-to-female transsexuals.

The fear of experiencing discrimination often provokes symptoms of psychological distress. One coping resource is positive identification with one’s social group—known as collective self-esteem. This preliminary study investigated whether collective self-esteem was related to fears regarding a transsexual identity and psychological distress among 53 self-identified male-to-female transsexuals (mean age = 50.79). Participants were recruited from transgender events held in Arizona and California. The majority (81%) reported living full-time as women (mean length of time living as a woman = 6.33 years). Negative feelings about the transsexual community and fears regarding the impact of a transsexual identity were positively related to psychological distress. A regression model revealed that the fear of how a transsexual identity would affect one’s life was the best predictor of the severity of psychological distress. These results are consistent with findings from other historically marginalized groups whereby the stress of being stigmatized by society adversely affects mental health.
The association of bone and osteoclasts with vascular calcification

The presence of bone tissue in calcified arteries may provide insights into the pathophysiology and potential reversibility of calcification, but the prevalence, distribution, and determinants of bone and osteoclasts in calcified arteries are unknown. Specimens of 386 arteries from lower limb amputations in 108 patients were examined retrospectively. Calcification was present in 282 arteries from 89 patients, which was medial in 64%, intimal in 9%, and both in 27%. Bone was present in 6% of arteries, essentially all of which were heavily calcified. Multiple sampling revealed that the true prevalence of bone in heavily calcified arteries was 25%. Bone was more common in medial rather than intimal calcifications (10% vs 3%, p=0.03) but did not vary with artery location (above vs below the knee). Heavily calcified arteries with bone were more likely to come from patients who were older (p=0.04), had diabetes (p=0.06), or were receiving warfarin (p=0.06), but there was no association with gender or renal failure. Bone was almost always adjacent to calcifications, along the periphery, but never within. Staining for the bone-specific proteins osteocalcin and osterix was noted in 20% and 45% of heavily calcified arteries without visible bone. Osteoclasts were present in 4.9% of arteries, all of which were heavily calcified and most of which contained bone. The frequent absence of bone in heavily calcified vessels and the histologic pattern strongly suggests a secondary rather than primary event. Recruitment of osteoclasts to vascular calcifications can occur but is rare, suggesting a limited capacity to reverse calcifications.
Radiative electron attachment to small linear carbon clusters and its significance for the chemistry of diffuse interstellar clouds

Abstract Recent spectroscopic studies of carbon chain anions in the gas phase, and more specifically of C7−, have brought insight into the long-standing mystery of the unexplained diffuse interstellar bands. Previously, negative ions had not been considered highly abundant in interstellar clouds, and the question of efficient mechanisms leading to their formation had not been investigated in great detail. This work presents a statistical calculation of the rate coefficients for radiative attachment of an electron to small linear carbon clusters containing 4–9 atoms. We conclude that for molecules with 6 or more C atoms, the attachment occurs on every collision at the low temperatures of diffuse interstellar clouds.
The Effect of Pancreatic Fistula on Gastric Secretion

Summary Heidenhain pouches were constructed in eight mongrel dogs and control collections were obtained for 26 to 63 days. After the pancreas was completely separated f rom the duodenum, with preservation of pancreatic ductal connections and blood supply to the duodenum, the pouch secretion increased in two dogs, was unchanged in three dogs, and decreased in one dog. Subsequent pancreaticoileostomy to a Rouxen-Y limb of terminal ileum in seven dogs without transplantation of duodenal mucosa, uniformly caused highly significant rises in secretion from the Heidenhain pouches when compared with control secretion or secretion after pancreatic separation. Transplantation of the pancreatic duct is responsible at least in part for the hypersecretion of gastric juice observed after shift or excision of the duodenum with diversion of pancreatic juice to the ileum.
The Scope of Psychological Explanation

‘Explanation’ encompasses a complexity of diverse tasks; ‘theoretical explanation’ has conventionally been restricted to a select few, relatively well-defined scientific undertakings. From among these, Harre comments extensively upon what he refers to as the ‘Herzian’ mode, according to which a theoretical-explanatory account of a phenomenon involves the postulation of unobservable entities or mechanisms which could be claimed to ‘generate’ the phenomenon (or its significant properties) under investigation. The brunt of Harre’s argument is to show that such a goal for psychological explanation is misplaced; indeed, that it is itself a major source of conceptual and methodological confusions. Such confusions are not confined to Harre’s intellectual opponents or ‘paradigmatic’ competitors in the human sciences, for he confesses to having been once misled by an adherence to an essentially Herzian style of inquiry himself.
Production of ah receptor ligands in rat fecal suspensions containing tryptophan or indole‐3‐carbinol

Abstract An assay system was developed to test whether bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract are capable of metabolizing tryptophan to compounds that are able to bind to the aryl hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor. Tryptophan (1 mM) was added to feces diluted 1: 1,000 in phosphate‐buffered saline and incubated at 37° C overnight. The suspensions were extracted with chloroform to obtain the hydrophobic compounds. To test for the presence of Ah receptor ligands, a competition binding assay using [2‐125I]iodo‐7,8‐dibromodibenzo‐p‐dioxin and Hepa 1c1c7 cytosol was employed; it was capable of detecting picogram levels of a competing ligand with similar affinity. Fecal suspensions in the presence of 1 mM tryptophan and oxygen are capable of producing greater than 60% inhibition of radioligand binding per 10 μg of feces. In contrast, oxygen‐equilibrated fecal suspensions without tryptophan and argon‐equilibrated fecal suspensions with tryptophan exhibited 10% inhibition of radioligand binding per 10 μg of feces in the c...
Heterogeneous Investor Sentiment and Institutional Real Estate Investments

Commercial real estate investors differ in their sentiment due to factors such as market expertise, investment strategies and expectations about future market conditions. Focusing on the office market, we investigate whether investors with a multiasset investment focus such as pension funds or insurance companies rely on the sentiment of specialized real estate investors such as public REITs or private developers/owners as source of information in their investment decision-making. Using disaggregated sentiment measures and vector autoregression (VAR) we find evidence that changes in REIT and private real estate investor sentiment lead to changes in institutional investor sentiment in the suburban office and office REIT market. Our findings suggest that institutional investors rely on the sentiment of specialized real estate investors to make real estate investment decisions. Our study contributes to the existing literature on sentiment in commercial real estate markets by emphasizing the heterogeneity of investor sentiment and introducing a disaggregated sentiment measure. We also contribute to the institutional herding literature.
Long—Range Ordering in Rapidly Quenched Llo TiAl Compound Alloys

Rapid solidification has an effect on lattice parameters and long&range order parameter in L1o TiAl compound alloys. In these compounds rapid quenching from the liquid state significantly decreases the long—range order parameter while the tetragonal distortion c/a decreases as a result of rapid quenching. The lattice parameter change due to rapid quenching becomes pronounced with increasing aluminum concentration beyond the stoichiometric alloy composition. The recovery from the disordered state and the relaxation from the tetragonal distortion were found to be two different kinetic processes. The long—range ordering requires low temperature and long annealing time in comparison with high temperature and short annealing time for the recovery of the tetragonal distortion.
Effects of Organic Fertilizers on the Fate of 14C Carbofuran in an Agro-microcosm Under Soil Run-off Conditions

The effects of cow manure and sewage sluge on the fate of 14C carbofuran applied to soil were investigated in a run-off microcosm. Both manure and sludge reduced the uptake of 14C carbofuran and its metabolites from soils into oat plant tissue. Movement of 14C carbofuran-derived 14C also occurred in the soil, because 22 to 25% of radiocarbon recovered from the soil was associated with the lower, originally untreated soil layer. After two applications of “rain”, 6.4 to 7.0% of soil-applied 14C had been carried off with the runoff soil and water, but only 3.3 to 3.7% of soil-applied 14C were associated with the aquatic component at the end of the experiment. Of these 14C residues, more than half were recovered from the bottom soil-mud sediments. Run-off water and aquaria water were not toxic to Aedes aegypti L. mosquito larvae. Carbofuran was the major compound detected in terrestrial soils, whereas 3-hydroxycarbofuran was the major compound detected in oat leaves. In all experiments with manure-amended soil, an increased degradation of 14C carbofuran was noticed as evidenced by recoveries of reduced amounts of organic-soluble 14C, by an increased evolution of 14CO2 (144% of control) and by an increased production of bound 14C residues. Apparently, manure microorganisms were responsible for the enhanced 14C carbofuran degradation in soil, based on increased carbofuran recoveries and formation of reduced amounts of bound 14C residues and 14CO2 in soils previously mixed with sterilized manure.
Systems of Partial Differential Equations Which Generalize the Heat Equation

The distribution of heat in an infinite rod is closely bound up with the theory of the Weierstrass transform. This connection is exhibited most clearly in the theory of Widder [3]. Consider the heat equation
Reintroduction and Establishment of Lydella thompsoni and Notes on Other Parasites of the European Corn Borer in Delaware

Parasitism studies from 1961 to 1974 of field-collected European corn borer (ECB), Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), larvae showed that Lydella thompsoni Herting (= L. stabulans grisescens Robineau-Defvoidy) was no longer present in Delaware. Weekly releases of this parasitoid were made in 1975 and 1976 in an attempt to reestablish it in the state. The first recoveries of the parasitoid were in 1978, and it was recovered from ECB larvae collected during the winter of 1979–1980 from corn fields throughout the state. The parasitism rate of ECB larvae by Macrocentrus grandii Goidamich has noticeably increased during the last decade, and the data indicate that Nosema pyraustae Paillot is an important, consistent mortality factor of its host the ECB.
Endoscope-Assisted Microsurgical Approach to the Posterior and Posterolateral Incisural Space.

Objective Despite recent technological advances, direct approaches to the posterolateral incisural space remain surgical challenges. The choice of the operative route depends on the exact location and extent of the target lesion as well as individual preferences. The extreme lateral infratentorial supracerebellar approach to treat pathologies located in the ambient cistern and posterior incisural space is a technically feasible route in selected cases. In this cadaveric study, we demonstrate the benefits of endoscope-assisted microsurgical maneuvers using the extreme lateral supracerebellar infratentorial approach. Methods An endoscope-assisted infratentorial supracerebellar approach was performed in six formalin-fixed cadaveric heads using standard microneurosurgical methods. Dissections were performed in a stepwise fashion, comparing the exposure afforded by the microsurgical route alone to the endoscope-assisted route, using 0- and 30-degree angled lenses. Relationships among the target and the surroundings neurovascular structures were described. Results Endoscope-assisted maneuvers for the extreme lateral supracerebellar approach provide an improved operative view and have the potential to reduce parenchymal trauma and neurovascular injuries. The endoscopic techniques bring the surgeon to the anatomy, enhancing illumination and surgical visualization. Conclusions Direct visualization of the posterior and posterolateral incisural space avoids retraction of the occipital lobe and damage to the deep venous complex. The extreme lateral infratentorial supracerebellar corridor is effective for approaching the posterolateral mesencephalic junction and the posterior incisural space in selected cases. Endoscope-assisted microsurgery can improve visualization and minimize parenchymal retraction, which should enhance surgical control.
Patterns of Cattle Farm Visitation by White-Tailed Deer in Relation to Risk of Disease Transmission in a Previously Infected Area with Bovine Tuberculosis in Minnesota, USA.

The main objective of this study was to characterize spatial patterns of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) movement related to bovine tuberculosis (bTB) transmission risk to cattle in north-western Minnesota. Twenty-one adult deer (16 females and 5 males) were captured during winter (January-March) 2011 in areas adjacent to where an outbreak (2005-2009) of bTB occurred in deer and cattle. Deer were fitted with GPS collars programmed to collect deer location information every 90 min over a 15-month period. The exact locations of cattle, cattle feeding areas, and stored forage that were available to collared deer were assessed seasonally. In total, 47% (n = 9) of collared deer survived to the end of the study. Causes of mortality included wolves (n = 6), hunters (n = 1) and unknown (n = 2); additionally, 2 deer were censored due to collar malfunctions. Our results indicated that 5 deer (25%) had home ranges that included 6 cattle farms (20%). Most (77%) of the deer visits occurred in areas where cattle were present, with most visits (60%) from 00:00 to 06:00. March to May revealed the most farm visitations by deer (37%). This study provided baseline information regarding cattle-deer interactions critical to transmission of bTB in this region and suggested that risk mitigation practices should be implemented to separate wildlife and domestic livestock when feasible.
First-principles phase stability at high temperatures and pressure in Nb90Zr10 alloy

Abstract The phase stability of Nb90Zr10 alloy at high temperatures and compression is explored by means of first-principles electronic-structure calculations. Utilizing the self-consistent ab initio lattice dynamics (SCAILD) approach in conjunction with density-functional theory, we show that pressure-induced mechanical instability of the body-centered cubic phase, which results in formation of a rhombohedral phase at around 50 GPa, will prevail significant heating. The body-centered cubic structure will recover before melting at ∼1800 K.
A Feasibility Study of 60 GHz Indoor WLANs

This paper presents a feasibility study of 60 GHz indoor WLANs. We evaluate 60 GHz performance in a typical academic office building under the primary assumption that 60 GHz WLAN APs and clients will be equipped with wider beam antennas to cope with client mobility. In contrast to previous works which measured performance at a single layer using custom, non-standard compliant hardware, we investigate performance across multiple layers using 802.11ad-compliant wide beam COTS devices. Our study shows that the large number of reflective surfaces in typical indoor WLAN environments combined with wider beams makes performance highly unpredictable and invalidates several assumptions that hold true in static, LOS scenarios. Additionally, we present the first measurements, to our best knowledge, of power consumption of an 802.11ad NIC and examine the impact of a number of factors on power consumption.
Isolated unilateral absence of the right pulmonary artery in two cats visualized by computed tomography angiography

Case series summaryTwo cats were evaluated for progressive exercise intolerance, dyspnea and unilateral infiltrate of the left lung. Computed tomography angiography (CTA) revealed absence of the ri...
Study of (α,p) and (α,n) reactions with a Multi-Sampling Ionization Chamber

A large number of (α,p)(α,p) and (α,n)(α,n) reactions are known to play a fundamental role in nuclear astrophysics. This work presents a novel technique to study these reactions with the active target system MUSIC whose segmented anode allows the investigation of a large energy range of the excitation function with a single beam energy. In order to verify the method, we performed direct measurements of the previously measured reactions 17O (α,n)(α,n)20Ne, 23Na (α,p)(α,p)26Mg, and 23Na (α,n)(α,n)26Al. These reactions were investigated in inverse kinematics using 4He gas in the detector to study the excitation functions in the energy range of about 2–6 MeV in the center of mass. We found good agreement between the cross sections of the 17O (α,n)(α,n)20Ne reaction measured in this work and previous measurements. Furthermore we have successfully performed a simultaneous measurement of the 23Na (α,p)(α,p)26Mg and 23Na (α,n)(α,n)26Al reactions.
Consistency Error Modeling-based Localization in Sensor Networks

We have developed a new error modeling and optimization-based localization approach for sensor networks in presence of distance measurement noise. The approach is solely based on the concept of consistency. The error models are constructed using non-parametric statistical techniques; they do not only indicate the most likely error, but also provide the likelihood distribution of particular errors occurring. The models are evaluated using the learn-and-test techniques and serve as the objective functions for the task of localization. The localization problem is formulated as task of maximizing consistency between measurements and calculated distances. We evaluated the approach in (i) both GPS-based and GPS-less scenarios; (ii) 1-D, 2-D and 3-D spaces, on sets of acoustic ranging-based distance measurements recorded by deployed sensor networks. The experimental evaluation indicates that localization of only a few centimeters is consistently achieved when the average and median distance measurement errors are more than a meter, even when the nodes have only a few distance measurements. The relative performance in terms of location accuracy compare favorably with respect to several state-of-the-art localization approaches. Finally, several insightful observations about the required conditions for accurate localization are deduced by analyzing the experimental results
Effects of the Use of the Provider Resilience Mobile Application in Reducing Compassion Fatigue in Oncology Nursing

Background Oncology nurses have increased exposure to the prolonged illness, tragedy, loss, and premature death of patients. As a result, they are at higher risk for developing compassion fatigue. Objectives The aim of this study was to examine if use of the Provider Resilience mobile application (PRMA) will improve oncology nurses' professional quality of life. Methods The quasiexperimental design was comprised of a longitudinal approach to evaluate the effect of an intervention program, PRMA, on professional quality of life between two nonrandomized groups (intervention and control) using pre- and post-tests in a sample of oncology RNs. Findings The findings of this study demonstrated no significant relationships between the intervention and control groups on secondary traumatic stress, compassion satisfaction, and burnout among oncology nurses.
Internal Consistency of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Electroencephalography Measures of Reward in Late Childhood and Early Adolescence

Abstract Background Abnormal neural response to reward is increasingly thought to function as a biological correlate of emerging psychopathology during adolescence. However, this view assumes that such responses have good psychometric properties, especially internal consistency—an assumption that is rarely tested. Methods Internal consistency (i.e., split-half reliability) was calculated for event-related potential (ERP) and blood oxygen level–dependent (BOLD) responses to monetary gain and loss feedback from the same sample of 8- to 14-year-old girls ( N = 177). Internal consistency for ERP (i.e., feedback negativity) and BOLD responses within the ventral striatum and medial and/or lateral prefrontal cortex to gain, loss, difference scores (gain − loss), and residual scores (gain controlling for loss) was compared. Moderation analyses were conducted to investigate whether internal consistency differed by age. Results ERP and BOLD responses to gain and loss feedback showed high internal consistency in all regions (Spearman-Brown coefficients ≥ .70). When considering difference and residual scores, however, responses showed lower internal consistency (Spearman-Brown coefficients ≤ .50), with particularly low internal consistency for subtraction-based scores (Spearman-Brown coefficients ≤ .36). Age was not a significant moderator of split-half relationships, indicating similar internal consistency across late childhood to early adolescence. Conclusions Within the same subjects, high internal consistency was observed for both ERP and BOLD responses to gains and losses, which did not vary as a function of age. Moreover, excellent psychometric properties were evident even within the first half of the experiment. Difference scores were characterized by lower internal consistency, although regression-based approaches outperformed subtraction-based difference scores.
Why have improved cook-stove initiatives in India failed?

Summary An estimated 2.7 billion people cook meals on biomass-fueled brick, stone, and clay stoves. Scarcity of wood and negative impacts on health and environment have motivated efforts to design and distribute “improved” cook-stoves in developing countries. In India, adoption is limited despite massive promotion over many decades. Existing research suggests that many rural women in India do not want improved stoves, and those who do face obstacles to adoption. We step back from the many good case studies to examine the broader story of improved cook-stoves (ICs) in India. We do so by bringing together technical research of applied science and narrative critique of social science. Rather than assuming a priori that traditional stoves require replacement, we ask why Indian cook-stoves been a magnet for so much attention, why adoptions rates have remained low, and what lessons might be learned from a broad, multi-disciplinary perspective. Our approach is critical and reflexive, given our own involvement in IC efforts, and puts gender at the center. Our “big picture” review shows that the Indian chulha, for all its problems, is a remarkably successful technology which also satisfies several important household needs. Hence, targeting this device for obsolescence has profound implications that cannot be reduced to energy consumption or environmental hazards. Rural women do not prioritize ICs, but addressing their priorities requires either capital-intensive investment or challenging powerful institutions. In contrast, IC interventions are relatively cheap, decentralized, mechanical and seemingly apolitical, hence their popularity in development programs. Our review of chulha research leads us to reject both the optimism of development planners who frame such problems as technical and the antagonistic pessimism of their critics. Searching for a middle ground requires stepping back from the dogma of efforts to improve biomass cook-stoves.
Time Series Simulation with Randomized Quasi-Monte Carlo Methods: An Application to Value at Risk and Expected Shortfall

Quasi-Monte Carlo methods are designed to produce efficient estimates of simulated values but the error statistics of these estimates are difficult to compute. Randomized quasi-Monte Carlo methods have been developed to address this shortcoming. In this paper we compare quasi-Monte Carlo and randomized quasi-Monte Carlo techniques for simulating time series. We use randomized quasi-Monte Carlo to compute value-at-risk and expected shortfall measures for a stock portfolio whose returns follow a highly nonlinear Markov switching stochastic volatility model which does not admit analytical solutions for the returns distribution. Quasi-Monte Carlo methods are more accurate but do not allow the computation of reliable confidence intervals about risk measures. We find that randomized quasi-Monte Carlo methods maintain many of the advantages of quasi-Monte Carlo while also providing the ability to produce reliable confidence intervals of the simulated risk measures. However, the advantages in speed of convergence of randomized quasi-Monte Carlo diminish as the forecast horizon increases.