cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surface dynamics at well-defined single crystal microfacetted Pt(111) electrodes: in situ optical studies

The assembly and electrochemical oxidation of well-defined CO adlayers on Pt(111) microfacets in aqueous CO-saturated 0.1 M H2SO4 were examined by a combination of in situ, simultaneous, time-resolved, reflectance spectroscopy (RS) and second harmonic generation (SHG), and potential step and linear scan techniques. Optical transients were collected following potential steps from a value high enough for a full monolayer of bisulfate (θ = 0.2) to adsorb on the Pt(111) facet, Eox, to potentials Eads, at which either the c(2 × 2)-3CO or √19 × √19R23.4°-13CO phase is expected to form once surface saturation is achieved. Similar experiments involving subsequent steps from Eads to Eox provided unambiguous evidence that the rates of oxidation of c(2 × 2)-3CO on such quasi-perfect Pt(111) facet at constant overpotential are much slower than those of √19 × √19R23.4°-13CO, an effect attributed to the presence of intrinsic vacant sites within the latter, more dilute phase, which are required for oxidation of adsorbed CO to ensue. Furthermore, continuous CO adsorption–oxidation cycles were found to increase the rate of oxidation of the c(2 × 2)-3CO phase. This phenomenon was tentatively ascribed to the progressive emergence of defects along the edge of the facet (and/or within the facet itself) which serve as nucleation sites for the oxidation of adsorbed CO.
Formulating Abstraction: Conceptual Art and the Architectural Object

Digital techniques, primarily software appropriated from the entertainment and industrial design sectors, have destabilized the essential status of the architectural image-object formulated in classical philosophical thought. Western European art experienced a similar crisis when conceptual art movements of the 1960s challenged Clement Greenberg's notion of medium specificity. The author examines work by conceptual artists whose theories posit alternative views of spatial and social relations based on open-ended systems and indeterminacy. An examination of the relationship between materiality and abstraction as exemplified in new media's reformulation of architectural design processes indicates how a more inclusive and mutable profession has been realized.
Clinical experience in diagnosis and management of superior semicircular canal dehiscence in children.

Objectives/Hypothesis: To identify clinical characteristics of pediatric superior semicircular canal dehiscence (SSCD) and explore suitable options of management. Study Design: Retrospective review. Methods: The study comprised 10 patients with auditory and/or vestibular symptoms suspicious for SSCD. One patient pursued care at another institution, and two did not return for follow-up. Subsequently, seven patients (11 ears, 6 females and 1 male, aged 5–11 years) were included. Patients were evaluated using high-resolution temporal bone computed tomography. Those suspected of having SSCD underwent vestibular evoked myogenic potential testing for confirmation in addition to routine audiologic tests. Results: All seven patients had auditory and/or vestibular impairment. Auditory symptoms included autophony, tinnitus, and conductive or mixed hearing loss. Bone conduction responses were occasionally better than 0 dB HL. Vestibular dysfunction included vertigo, often in response to loud noises, and chronic disequilibrium. One patient underwent surgical repair for disabling vestibular symptoms with dramatic improvement in both auditory and vestibular symptoms postoperatively. The remaining six were closely monitored with routine exams. Conclusions: In contrast to adults, children with SSCD usually present with auditory symptoms first, although they share some similarities with adults in clinical manifestations of SSCD. Our study shows that SSCD syndrome, a well-accepted clinical entity, exists in the pediatric population. Conservative management is preferred for children with SSCD; nevertheless, surgical intervention is necessary for those with disabling vestibular symptoms. To date, this is the first clinical case series of symptomatic pediatric patients with SSCD.
The sensitivity problem in sampled-data feedback systems

This paper is devoted to a discussion of the effect of parameter variations on the system response in sampled-data feedback systems. It is shown that in any single degree of freedom feedback configuration, the system response and especially its overshoot are inherently very sensitive to parameter variation. By means of a suitable transformation, the properties of the sensitivity function can be studied in terms of the usual continuous system frequency concepts, e.g., bandwidth and loop transmission shaping on the Bode plane. There is a basic limitation on the loop transmission bandwidth that can be obtained in any sampled-data feedback configuration. This limitation makes it impossible to secure the unlimited sensitivity reduction which is theoretically available in minimum phase continuous systems. It is shown how one must achieve a compromise between the values of the sampling period, the system response, and the sensitivity function. The design procedure is illustrated in detail with a numerical design problem in which there is substantial parameter variation.
Emotional aspects of sleep disorders: The case of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

Sleep disorders, particularly obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, can have profound emotional consequences that require specialized psychiatric assessment and management.
Social and ecological factors influencing vigilance by northwestern crows, Corvus caurinus

Vigilance behaviour is thought to be largely controlled by the threat of predation on foragers. In addition, an inverse relationship between group size and vigilance has been documented repeatedly and is known as the group size effect. We suggest that groups of beach-foraging northwestern crows are vigilant for predators and for opportunities to steal (‘scrounge’) from conspecifics. We collected data using 5-min focal samples that recorded search time, scanning frequency and bout lengths, predator presence, prey type and theft. We also recorded group size, time of day, temperature, and tide height and direction, resulting in 2950 foraging trials. Results indicated that increased scanning during a trial predicted trials that would end in theft. Group size did not significantly influence the proportion of scanning in a trial, but scan bout length increased with increasing group size. This result is opposite to that predicted by the group size effect and suggests that more birds means more opportunities to scrounge or be scrounged upon. This rejection of the group size effect is most likely due to the trade-offs between group size and scrounging opportunities.
3-D Simulation of Parasitic Mosfet Effects for Box Isolation Technologies

Summary form only given. Despite the higher integration capability, trench isolation in MOS technologies presents a number of problems associated with the fabrication of deep trenches as well as problems arising from the electrical properties of the parasitic MOSFETs formed in conjunction with the trenches. The latter problem is addressed. The 3-D device simulator SECOND was used to quantify the contribution of both the lateral and vertical parasitic MOSFETs as a function of channel and well doping, trench width, and bias conditions. The I-V characteristics of all three MOSFETs as a function of technology parameters, are discussed along with derivation of design rules for box isolation technologies. >
Diastolic dysfunction in an unusual case of cardiomyopathy in a child: insights from Doppler and Doppler tissue imaging analysis.

Abstract Objectives: This case report describes an unusual form of cardiomyopathy in a child with abnormalities in both ventricular relaxation and compliance. The diastolic abnormalities are well-defined using Doppler inflow velocities and Doppler tissue imaging, and the Doppler findings are correlated with intracardiac pressure measurements. This case illustrates the use of noninvasive Doppler techniques in identifying diastolic dysfunction, and it sheds additional light on the interplay of relaxation, compliance, and heart rate in creating the variable inflow Doppler patterns encountered clinically. (J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2003;16:176-81.)
Cost function considerations in hierarchical growth of lightwave networks

In this paper the potential usefulness of hierarchical networks is investigated from the viewpoint of growth of light-wave networks. To that end, a simple cost function is defined and used to measure the benefit of using hierarchical networks. Simple closed-form relationships developed for the cost function indicate that the most significant reduction occurs going from a single level network to a 2 level network, and the cost function reduces from the order of N/sup 2/ to N/sup 3/2/ where N is the number of nodes. When other network parameters are also considered (such as the amount of fiber required), star/ring hybrid networks are shown to be a good choice among different possibilities for 2 level networks. >
Thermoelectric properties of pulsed electric current sintered samples of AgPb m SbSe 17 (m = 16 or 17)

Lead chalcogenide materials have drawn attention in recent years because of their outstanding thermoelectric properties. Bulk n-type materials of AgPbmSbTe2+m have been reported to exhibit high figure of merit, ZT, as high as 1.7 at 700 K. Recent reports have shown p-type lead selenide-based compounds with comparable ZT. The analogous material AgPbmSbSe17 shares a similar cubic rock-salt structure with PbTe-based compounds; however, it exhibits a higher melting point, and selenium is more abundant than tellurium. Using solid solution chemistry, we have fabricated cast AgPb15SbSe17 samples that show a peak power factor of approximately 17 μW/cm K2 at 450 K. Increasing the strength of such materials is commonly achieved through powder processing, which also helps to homogenize the source materials. Pulsed electric current sintering (PECS) is a hot-pressing technique that utilizes electric current through the die and sample for direct Joule heating during pressing. The mechanisms present during PECS processing have captured significant research interest and have led to some notable improvements in sample properties compared with other densification techniques. We report the thermoelectric properties of PECS samples of AgPbmSbSe17 along with sample fabrication and processing details.
Appraising quantitative research in health education: guidelines for public health educators.

Research studies, including qualitative studies, form the basis for evidence-based practice among health professionals. However, many practicing health educators do not feel fully confident in their ability to critically appraise qualitative research studies. This publication presents an overview of qualitative research approaches, defines key terminology used in qualitative research, and provides guidelines for appraising the strengths and weaknesses of published qualitative research. On reading, health educators will be better equipped to evaluate the quality of the evidence through critical appraisals of qualitative research publications.
A Small Volatile Bacterial Molecule Triggers Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Murine Skeletal Muscle

Mitochondria integrate distinct signals that reflect specific threats to the host, including infection, tissue damage, and metabolic dysfunction; and play a key role in insulin resistance. We have found that the Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum sensing infochemical, 2-amino acetophenone (2-AA), produced during acute and chronic infection in human tissues, including in the lungs of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, acts as an interkingdom immunomodulatory signal that facilitates pathogen persistence, and host tolerance to infection. Transcriptome results have led to the hypothesis that 2-AA causes further harm to the host by triggering mitochondrial dysfunction in skeletal muscle. As normal skeletal muscle function is essential to survival, and is compromised in many chronic illnesses, including infections and CF-associated muscle wasting, we here determine the global effects of 2-AA on skeletal muscle using high-resolution magic-angle-spinning (HRMAS), proton (1H) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabolomics, in vivo 31P NMR, whole-genome expression analysis and functional studies. Our results show that 2-AA when injected into mice, induced a biological signature of insulin resistance as determined by 1H NMR analysis-, and dramatically altered insulin signaling, glucose transport, and mitochondrial function. Genes including Glut4, IRS1, PPAR-γ, PGC1 and Sirt1 were downregulated, whereas uncoupling protein UCP3 was up-regulated, in accordance with mitochondrial dysfunction. Although 2-AA did not alter high-energy phosphates or pH by in vivo 31P NMR analysis, it significantly reduced the rate of ATP synthesis. This affect was corroborated by results demonstrating down-regulation of the expression of genes involved in energy production and muscle function, and was further validated by muscle function studies. Together, these results further demonstrate that 2-AA, acts as a mediator of interkingdom modulation, and likely effects insulin resistance associated with a molecular signature of mitochondrial dysfunction in skeletal muscle. Reduced energy production and mitochondrial dysfunctional may further favor infection, and be an important step in the establishment of chronic and persistent infections.
The Impact of a History of Childhood Abuse on Life as a College Student

Several studies demonstrate the impact that childhood abuse has on adult life (Felitti et al., 1998; Galea, 2008). This study sought to examine the impact of childhood abuse on college student life. Physical, sexual, emotional, and spiritual abuse were examined in a group of college students from Andrews University and Southern Adventist University. The research team sought to assess whether childhood abuse correlated with challenges for students in the areas of emotional distress, relationship distress, addictive behaviors, spiritual distress, academic problems, and self-indulgence. This research found that nearly all independent variables correlated with one another and with each dependent variable at a statistically significant level (p ≤ .001). The implications of these findings for college students are explored.
Whither, the Language Club?

Author's summary.— Real conversation practice in a foreign tongue is best handled in serious class groups. The language club, while of negligible benefit in this regard, has its own raison d'etre. Suggestions follow for stimulating this moribund organization and redirecting its scope.
Kant's Analysis of Obligation: The Argument of Foundations I

One of the debates of recent moral philosophy concerns the question whether moral judgments express "internar' or "external" reasons.1 Ac cording to internalists, if someone knows or accepts a moral judgment then she must have a motive for acting on it. The motive is part of the content of the judgment: the reason why the action is right is a reason for doing it. Ac cording to externalists, this is not necessarily so: there could be a case in which I understand both that and why it is right for me to do something, and yet have no motive for doing it. Since most of us believe that an action's being right is a reason for doing it, internalism seems more plausible. It cap tures one element of our sense that moral judgments have normative force: they are motivating. But some philosophers believe that internalism, if cor rect, would also impose a restriction on moral reasons. If moral reasons are to motivate, they must spring from an agent's personal desires and com mitments.2 This is unappealing, for unless the desires and commitments that motivate moral conduct are universal and inescapable, it cannot be re quired of everyone. And this leaves out the other element of our sense that moral judgments have normative force: they are binding. Some internalists, however, have argued that the force of internalism cuts the other way. If moral reasons must motivate, and I show you that an action is morally right, I have ipso facto provided you with a motive for doing it. Moral reasons motivate because they are perceived as binding.3 A good person, ac cording to these internalists, does the right thing because it is the right thing, or acts from the motive of duty. Many of the moves in the contemporary debate were anticipated in the debate between the Rationalists and the Sentimentalists of the eighteenth century. At the center of their dispute was the notion of obligation, a term they used primarily to refer to the normativity of duty. The term "obliga tion" is a source of confusion, because "an obligation" is sometimes used loosely as synonym for "a duty," a required action. But "obligation" refers not so much to the action as to the requiredness of the action, to its normative pull. We say that we feel obliged, or are under an obligation, to express our sense that the claims of morality are claims on us. The idea that moral conduct is obligatory, like the idea that moral judgments express in
Exploring caller dialogue: analyzing directed information search for tourism products.

Tourism enterprises communicate with their potential customers through various communication channels including call centers. The conversation between travel counselors and the tourists can be seen as one type of directed information search. The analysis of the records of caller dialogue indicates that travelers mainly search information through two simple heuristics: search by location (SBL) and search by interests (SBI). The implications of this finding for the design of information technology and future research are discussed.
Quality-aware visual data analysis

The quality, certainty, or confidence of decisions made during the visual analytics process depends on many factors, including the completeness and reliability of the initial data, information loss due to filtering, sampling, and other transformations, and the accuracy and clarity of the visual presentation. Unfortunately, in most visualization tools the analyst is unaware of these and other forces that degrade the meaningfulness of their results. In this paper, we describe our efforts to design strategies for tackling the measurement, display, and utilization of quality aspects at all stages of the visualization pipeline. The goal is to help analysts maintain an awareness of the accuracy and completeness of the information conveyed in the images, and subsequently the patterns observed and decisions made based on the analysis. Quality measures can be used both to assist analysts in selecting, transforming, and mapping their data as well as to automatically refine processes to generate higher quality views. We have implemented several such techniques within XmdvTool, a public-domain package for visual analytics. We illustrate the quality-specific components of our tool with several case studies to show the usefulness of the approach. We also describe user studies that were performed to validate the accuracy of our quality measures.
Seminole Tribe, the Eleventh Amendment, and the Potential Evisceration of Ex Parte Young

In its 1996 decision, Seminole Tribe v. Florida, the Supreme Court, reversing itself, held that Congress lacks Article I power to abrogate states' Eleventh Amendment immunity from suit in federal court. In exploring the decision's ramifications, Professor Jackson contends that it may foreshadow more pervasive, and more troubling, shifts in the balance of power between state and federal governments, and among the federal, judicial, legislative and executive branches. In particular, the Court's reasoning in Seminole Tribe may have serious repercussions on the federal courts' ability to enjoin state officials from violating federal law in the future. The availability of such equitable relief, under the so-called Ex parte Young doctrine, has long been accepted as a necessary counterbalance to the states' Eleventh Amendment immunity from federal jurisdiction. While the new restrictions on Congress's power would seem to make the availability of such relief more important than before, Professor Jackson examines how the Court's unfortunate analysis in Seminole Tribe may presage a substantial limitation of the Ex parte Young doctrine in the federal courts. Professor Jackson concludes by articulating the dangers that such a course might pose to federal courts' role in maintaining the rule of law and the supremacy of federal law.
The Austroasiatics in Ancient South China: Some Lexical Evidence

(1976). The Austroasiatics in Ancient South China: Some Lexical Evidence. Monumenta Serica: Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 274-301.
A REVIEW OF THE CHARACTERISTICS AND QUALITY OF HUANGLAYU IN LONGLING,YUNNAN

The huanglayu is a new type of jade in Yunnan.The main component of it is quartz.It has the 3 criteria of jade,ie beauty,duration and rarity,which fully meet the requirements of a jade.It is a new type of jade with excellent quality,which is consistent with or similar to feicui,nephrite.And it has more fine quality,soft colour and brilliant than those of quartzic jade jingbaiyu,donglingyu,miyu,guicui,etc,in other areas of China.The huanglayu of Longjing has a distinct technological value and an important scientific significance,which will provide great economic benefit for Yunnan.
Prevalence of Common Diseases among Senior High School Students in Yanji City in 2009 and 2010

[Objective]To understand the prevalence and trend of common diseases among senior high school students in Yanji city,provide the basis for prevention and control of common diseases in students.[Methods]According to the methods and requirements of the Screening criteria of height and weight for Chinese children in 2000 and the Handbook of health monitoring for Chinese students in 2000,the physical examination and common diseases monitoring were conducted among students in 2009 and 2010.[Results]The detection rates of poor eyesight,dental caries and obesity were high,and showed an increasing trend.The detection rate of malnutrition showed a downward trend.The detection rates of poor eyesight and dental caries of girls were higher than those of boys,the detection rates of obesity and malnutrition of girls were lower than those of boys,and the differences were significant(P0.01).[Conclusion]It is necessary to carry out the comprehensive prevention measures to effectively control and reduce the incidence of poor eyesight and dental caries.
Surface Geophysical Methods for Characterising Frozen Ground in Transitional Permafrost Landscapes

The distribution of shallow frozen ground is paramount to research in cold regions, and is subject to temporal and spatial changes influenced by climate, landscape disturbance and ecosystem succession. Remote sensing from airborne and satellite platforms is increasing our understanding of landscape-scale permafrost distribution, but typically lacks the resolution to characterise finer-scale processes and phenomena, which are better captured by integrated surface geophysical methods. Here, we demonstrate the use of electrical resistivity imaging (ERI), electromagnetic induction (EMI), ground penetrating radar (GPR) and infrared imaging over multiple summer field seasons around the highly dynamic Twelvemile Lake, Yukon Flats, central Alaska, USA. Twelvemile Lake has generally receded in the past 30 yr, allowing permafrost aggradation in the receded margins, resulting in a mosaic of transient frozen ground adjacent to thick, older permafrost outside the original lakebed. ERI and EMI best evaluated the thickness of shallow, thin permafrost aggradation, which was not clear from frost probing or GPR surveys. GPR most precisely estimated the depth of the active layer, which forward electrical resistivity modelling indicated to be a difficult target for electrical methods, but could be more tractable in time-lapse mode. Infrared imaging of freshly dug soil pit walls captured active-layer thermal gradients at unprecedented resolution, which may be useful in calibrating emerging numerical models. GPR and EMI were able to cover landscape scales (several kilometres) efficiently, and new analysis software showcased here yields calibrated EMI data that reveal the complicated distribution of shallow permafrost in a transitional landscape. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermal Management in Electrochemical Energy Storage Systems

Thermal management of electrochemical energy storage systems is essential for their high performance over suitably wide temperature ranges. An introduction of thermal management in major electrochemical energy storage systems is provided in this chapter. The general performance metrics and critical thermal characteristics of supercapacitors, lithium ion batteries, and fuel cells are discussed as a means of setting the stage for more detailed analysis in later chapters.
Walking the Tightrope: Ethical Dilemmas of Doing Fieldwork with Youth in US Sex Markets

In this chapter, we explore how we traversed the “carnivalesque” atmosphere of underground sex markets. This term was claimed by Mikhail Bakhtin (1984) and depicts “unofficial” worlds, where, if you are not looking from the vantage point of a “world turned upside down,” you may see nebulous rules, loose social boundaries, and changeable hierarchies. We use this concept to examine how we approached ethical dilemmas in doing fieldwork with young sex workers and pimps. While we keep a foot in both “unofficial” and “official” worlds, we approach the dilemmas with the view of a “world turned upside down.” We critically explore the more relevant concept of exploitation, especially coercion, in light of the idea that sex-market-involved youth are inherently exploited due to age-related constrained agency, e.g., immaturity, naivete, or traumatic upbringings (Dank 2011; Lloyd 2011). The themes of constrained agency manifested in unexpected ways, that is, in ways that were alternative to how some scholars and the public culturally and socially construct their lives. Further, we examine themes of constraint in the contexts of the sex market, the licit market, and the research sphere, which are worlds that can collide, but also hold important intersections. As researchers, we walk the moral/ethical line of doing fieldwork with young participants, and we also illustrate the balancing act involved in near missteps.
Dependence of the Band Gap of CdSe Quantum Dots on the Surface Coverage and Binding Mode of an Exciton-Delocalizing Ligand, Methylthiophenolate

Displacement of native octylphosphonate (OPA) ligands for methylthiophenolate (CH3-TP) on the surfaces of CdSe quantum dots (QDs) causes a moderate (up to 50 meV) decrease in the band gap (Eg) of the QD. Plots of the corresponding increase in apparent excitonic radius, ΔR, of the QDs versus the surface coverage of CH3-TP, measured by 1H NMR, for several sizes of QDs reveal that this ligand adsorbs in two distinct binding modes, (1) a tightly bound mode (Ka = 1.0 ± 0.3 × 104 M–1) capable of exciton delocalization, and (2) a more weakly bound mode (Ka = 8.3 ± 9.9 × 102 M–1) that has no discernible effect on exciton confinement. For tightly bound CH3-TP, the degree of delocalization induced in the QD is approximately linearly related to the fractional surface area occupied by the ligand for all sizes of QDs. Comparison of the dependence of ΔR on surface coverage of CH3-TP over a range of physical radii of the QDs, R = 1.1–2.4 nm, to analogous plots simulated using a 3D spherical potential well model yield a ...
Bradycardia Associated with Steroid Use for Laryngeal Edema in an Adult: A Case Report and Literature Review

Steroids are used for specific indications in the perioperative period to reduce laryngeal or spinal cord edema, or for prophylaxis and treatment of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Given the other potential causes for hemodynamic alterations in the perioperative setting, it is important for physicians to be aware of cardiovascular side effects of short term steroids. Changes in blood pressure and heart rate, cardiac dysrhythmias, and even death have been described in patients receiving short term intravenous steroids. Bradycardia has been reported following short term methylprednisolone and dexamethasone therapy in both adult and pediatric patients. There are only two case reports in the literature of bradycardia following short term intravenous dexamethasone use in adult patients. This is the first case report that describes bradycardia following the use of dexamethasone in the postoperative setting for management of laryngeal edema in an adult. Telemetry and twelve lead electrocardiograms revealed sinus bradycardia and correlated directly with administration of dexamethasone in our patient. Bradycardia resolved following discontinuation of dexamethasone. We advocate for hemodynamic monitoring in patients receiving more than one dose of intravenous steroid therapy in the perioperative period, especially those with known cardiac and hepatic comorbidities and those taking medications with negative chronotropic effects.
Cybersecurity in Power Systems

Did you know that cyberattackers have already created outages in Ukraine, not once but twice? On 23 December 2015, cyberintruders at three electric distribution companies in Ukraine opened breakers, creating a power outage that affected 225,000 people. Power was restored in approximately 6 h, as field personnel manually closed the breakers.
A radiogenomic analysis of hepatocellular carcinoma: association between fractional allelic imbalance rate index and the liver imaging reporting and data system (LI-RADS) categories and features.

Objective:To evaluate the association between the liver imaging reporting and data system (LI-RADS) categories and features and the fractional allelic imbalance (FAI) rate index of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).Methods:The institutional review board approved this retrospective study. Medical records collected between January 2008 and December 2013 were reviewed to find patients with histologically confirmed HCC, FAI analysis, and CT or MR imaging of the liver. The final population included 71 patients (54 males, 17 females). Three radiologists reviewed the images using the LI-RADS v. 2014. The association between FAI and LI-RADS categories and features was tested using the Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient (rho) and the Wilcoxon rank-sum test [low FAI (<40%) vs high FAI (≥40%)]. A p value < 0.007 was used as the threshold for statistical significance after application of the Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons.Results:HCCs were classified as LR-3 (n = 4), LR-4 (n = 22), and LR-5 (n = 45)...
Recent Perspectives on Sexual Health

ABSTRACTThe Society for Advancement of Sexual Health (SASH) formed a committee to developing a working definition of sexual health for review by the executive board. The process of developing a definition, not based primarily on the absence of dysfunction or disease, encouraged review of some definitions, descriptions, and visions of the World Health Organization (WHO) and several professional associations. The result of the committee's efforts was a working definition for ongoing review and commentary.
Evocative and function-altering effects of contingency-specifiying stimuli

This study examined the effects of various forms of contingency-specifying stimuli (CSSs) on the compliance of 4-year-old children, and attempted to separate the evocative vs. function-altering functions of the CSSs. Each child was presented with a series of CSSs (one per day) that differed with respect to the deadline specified (immediate or delayed) and the consequence specified for performing the task. In the second part of the experiment, the CSSs either specified a delayed deadline or did not specify a deadline. Also, the consequences that were specified were either immediate or delayed. The results showed that under conditions where the opportunity to respond was immediately available, (a) CSSs that specified deadlines and immediate consequences exerted reliable control over behavior, and (b) deadlines, whether delayed or immediate exerted some control over the behavior, even when CSSs specified no consequences for task completion. Under conditions where the opportunity to respond was delayed, (a) CSSs of any kind were less likely to exert reliable control, and (b) children were most likely to respond when CSSs specified immediate consequences and made no mention of a deadline. Results are interpreted in terms of the role of CSSs as evocative and/or function-altering and in terms of deadlines as learned aversive conditions.
Phenylbutazone blood and urine concentrations, pharmacokinetics, and effects on biomarkers of inflammation in horses following intravenous and oral administration of clinical doses.

Phenylbutazone (PBZ) is a potent mon-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug used commonly in performance horses. The objectives of the current study were to describe blood and urine concentrations and the pharmacokinetics of PBZ and its metabolites following intravenous (IV) and oral administration and to describe the duration of pharmacodynamic effect. To that end, 17 horses received an IV administration and 18 horses an oral administration of 2 g of PBZ. Blood and urine samples were collected prior to and for up to 96 hours post drug administration. Whole blood samples were collected at various time points and challenged with lipopolysaccharide or calcium ionophore to induce ex vivo synthesis of eicosanoids. Concentrations of PBZ and eicosanoids were measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and non-compartmental pharmacokinetic analysis performed on concentration data from IV and oral administration. Serum concentrations of PBZ and its metabolites were below the limit of quantitation at 96 hours post administration. The volume of distribution at steady state, systemic clearance, and terminal half-life was 0.194 ± 0.019 L/kg, 23.9 ± 4.48 mL/h/kg, and 10.9 ± 5.32 hours, respectively. The terminal half-life following oral administration was 13.4 ± 3.01 (paste) and 15.1 ± 3.96 hours (tablets). Stimulation of PBZ treated whole blood with lipopolysaccharide and calcium ionophore resulted in an inhibition of TXB2 , PGE2 , LTB4 and 15-HETE production for a prolonged period of time post drug administration. The results of this study suggest that PBZ has a prolonged anti-inflammatory following IV or oral administration of 2 g to horses.
Coherence and Fidelity of the Function Concept in School Mathematics

We define notions of mathematical coherence and mathematical fidelity and apply them to a study of the function concept in school mathematics, as represented by the results of image searches on the word “function” in various languages. The coherence and fidelity of the search results vary with the language. We study this variation from a mathematical viewpoint and distill dimensions which characterize that variation, and which can provide insights into the characteristics of professional communities of school educators and into principles for selection and evaluation of curriculum resources.
Sector Choice and Sector Regret

Although sector choice theory is improving, we have less understanding of how social entrepreneurs view their sector choices in hindsight, particularly given the various barriers to changing organi...
Sacrifice in Eudaimonistic Virtue Ethics

Impartial moral theories must deal with the Problem of the Demandingness of Morality—the worry that impartial moral requirements (whether deontological or consequentialist) will be so demanding upon an agent’s time and resources that she will not be able to pursue her own flourishing, a good human life as she conceives it. Proponents of eudaimonistic virtue ethics must confront an inverted form of the demandingness objection, namely that their theory is not demanding enough, does not require that agents ever sacrifice their own good. Of course, the requirements of virtues such as justice, generosity, and courage frequently call for much to be sacrificed (time, resources, even life), but never for agents to sacrifice their pursuit of the good life as they see it. Everything is done for the sake of eudaimonia, so whatever sacrifices agents do make are made for the sake of eudaimonia—and thus, it seems, for the sake of a greater good for the agents themselves. After considering and finding inadequate a range of responses that are analogous to common responses to the problem of demandingness, I outline what I take to be the correct response to the inverted demandingness objection, which is to make clear that the pursuit of eudaimonia is itself a sacrifice; it is indeed the sacrifice of the agent’s whole life. The word “sacrifice” derives from Latin words meaning to make holy, to dedicate something to the divine. More generally, we can say that it is to dedicate something to the good—to a person, community, or cause insofar as it is good. I argue that to live a life of virtue is to sacrifice oneself, is to dedicate oneself to the good. Eudaimonistic virtue ethics never requires of a virtuous agent that she sacrifice by turning aside from her pursuit of flourishing for moral reasons, because this pursuit already is the sacrifice of herself for moral reasons. Eudaimonistic virtue ethics, of course, is not a theory but a family of theories, and not all of them are amenable to this response to the inverted demandingness objection. But for those that are—if they are vulnerable to a demandingness objection, it is not the objection in its inverted form.
Downsizing psychiatric residency programs : a pilot study.

Under the varied pressures of decreasing recruitment of American medical school graduates into psychiatry, the thrust of health care policymakers to decrease the production of specialist physicians, and financial cutbacks for training by hospitals, universities, and governments at all levels, many psychiatric training programs are considering downsizing or have already implemented plans to do so. The authors describe the motivations, early experiences, anticipated concerns, and thoughts regarding downsizing obtained from interviews or questionnaires provided by 17 programs in 1993. On the basis of the authors’ experiences, some recommendations are offered for the many programs likely to deal with this issue in the future.
The Quantified Student: Using Smartpens and Data Mining to Understand Student Learning and Achievement

Dr. Thomas Stahovich gave a keynote in the morning of the first day of the conference. He showed how researchers have long sought to understand the effects of study skills on academic achievement but found no consistent relationship between them. Dr. Stahovich explained that this is due, in part, to the use of research methods that rely on surveys and students’ self-reports of study habits. In his work, he overcomes this limitation by using smartpens and an instrumented document viewer to objectively measure studying. This combination of technology provides a fine-grained view of the learning process not available with conventional assessment methods and enables the use of data mining to examine the relationship between studying and achievement. In his talk he presented novel data mining techniques, as well as the results of several studies that reveal new insights about the relationship between traditional learning activities—completing homework, taking lecture notes, and reading—and performance in introductory engineering courses. Finally, Dr. Stahovich discussed interventions that are based on these insights and are designed to improve student engagement and increase academic achievement. This chapter provides an edited transcription of that keynote. Thank you to David Hoeft for videotaping the sessions.
Differential sensitivity of alcohol drinking and partner preference to a CRFR1 antagonist in prairie voles and mice.

Abstract Available pharmacotherapies to treat alcohol use disorder (AUD) show limited efficacy. Preclinical studies in mice and rats suggested that antagonists of the corticotropin releasing factor receptor 1 (CRFR1) could be more efficacious for such treatment. However, clinical trials with CRFR1 antagonists were not successful. While a number of potential explanations for this translational failure have been suggested, we hypothesized that the lack of success in clinical trials could be in part due to different neuroanatomical organization of the CRFR1 system in mice and rats versus humans. The CRF system in prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster), a socially monogamous rodent species, also shows differences in organization from mice and rats. To test our hypothesis, we compared the efficacy of a potent CRFR1 antagonist, CP-376,395, to modulate alcohol drinking in male and female prairie voles versus male and female C57BL/6J mice using an almost identical 2-bottle choice drinking procedure. CP-376,375 (10 and 20 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly decreased alcohol intake (but not alcohol preference) in mice, but not prairie voles. Furthermore, administration of this antagonist (20 mg/kg, i.p.) prior to the partner preference test (PPT) decreased partner preference (PP) in male prairie voles. These findings support our hypothesis that the greater efficacy of CRFR1 antagonists to suppress alcohol consumption in mice and rats versus other mammalian species could be due to the differences in organization of the CRFR1 system between species. They further indicate that activity of the CRFR1 system is necessary for the formation of pair-bonds, but not consumption of high doses of alcohol. Overall, we suggest that testing potential pharmacotherapies should not rely only on studies in mice and rats.
Management of a Large Artery During Maxillary Sinus Bone Grafting: A Case Report.

Introduction Branches of the posterior superior artery (PSA) are often found within the lateral wall of the maxillary sinus. Most vessels are small and laceration of the blood vessel during sinus augmentation is not uncommon. Such lacerations can result in intra-surgical bleeding complicating the augmentation procedure, otherwise they are typically non-life threatening. The purpose of the present case report is to document a maxillary sinus floor augmentation procedure involving displacement of large artery from its bony canal using a piezoelectric device. Case presentation A maxillary sinus floor augmentation procedure was performed in a 58-year-old healthy female planned for a future implant supported fixed prosthesis. The preoperative computed tomography scan revealed a bony canal within the lateral maxillary sinus wall of the alveolar ridge. The artery tracing obvious on the lateral wall was elevated along with the Schneiderian membrane without any complication or hemorrhage using a piezoelectric device system. The postoperative healing was uneventful. Conclusion Elevation of a large diameter PSA branch with the Schneiderian membrane significantly minimizes the risk of vessel laceration and hemorrhagic complications.
Superatoms in materials science

Clusters are ensembles of bound atoms intermediate in size between a molecule and a bulk solid. Some of these clusters form stable units with atomically precise structures that give rise to collective behaviours that mimic those of traditional atoms, essentially functioning as ‘superatoms’. Such superatoms are exciting, nanoscale building blocks for materials design. Sustained synthetic and theoretical efforts over the past 40 years have created a vast library of chemically tuneable superatoms that display unique physical and chemical properties. The use of superatoms as building blocks for materials offers opportunities to design materials with tailored functionalities; however, this potential has only begun to be realized in the past few years. The assembly of superatomic crystals presents numerous challenges, including the design of suitable building blocks, control of the self-assembly process, promotion of strong inter-superatom coupling and understanding the resulting collective properties. In this Review, we assess recent advances in meeting these challenges by focusing on metal chalcogenide and carbon-based clusters (for example, fullerenes) as superatomic building blocks. Molecular clusters can be used as tuneable, superatomic building blocks to create new functional materials. This Review outlines the synthesis and assembly of superatoms into superatomic crystals and the resulting collective material properties.
Features of DNA signals codistribution in high-content screening of drug-induced demethylation in cancer cells

The main aim of this work is to introduce new features for the automated evaluation of fluorescence signals of methylated and global DNA, to quickly and objectively measure changes resulting from a demethylating anti-cancer drug application in cell nuclei. Drug response can be monitored in a high-content fashion by means of three dimensional (3-D) image cytometry. This technique enables extraction of basic DNA signal intensities that can be converted to more sophisticated features such as a codistribution and its derivatives. In this work, a slope of nuclear DNA codistribution patterns extracted from individual cells, and whole cell populations and divergences between DNA codistributions of untreated as well as drug treated cells were analysed. A progressive decrease of the slope and an increase of the divergence observed for low drug concentrations suggest that these features can be essential for high-content screening of agents with demethylating potency.
Conjugates of antisense oligonucleotides with the Tat and antennapedia cell-penetrating peptides: effects on cellular uptake, binding to target sequences, and biologic actions.

Purpose. The attainment of effective intracellular delivery remains an important issue for pharmacologic applications of antisense oligonucleotides. Here, we describe the synthesis, binding properties, and biologic properties of peptide-oligonucleotide conjugates comprised of the Tat and Ant cell-penetrating peptides with 2′-O-methyl phosphorothioate oligonucleotides.
Advances in computing at the edge for military applications (Conference Presentation)

US Military need to know more and sooner (situational awareness) to allow rapid, decisive action on the emerging multi- domain battlefield with multi-faceted internet of battlefield things, big data, AI, and tactical cloud. Now, and even more so in the future, the battlespace is characterized by highly distributed processing, heterogeneous and mobile assets with limited battery life, communications- dominated but restricted network capacity, and operating with time-critical needs in a rapidly changing hostile environment. Distributed and low power edge processing is one of the essential technologies for maintaining overmatch in various emerging operational and contested environments for various technical groups across DoD COI communities including C4I, microelectronics, cyber, autonomy, human systems, Electronic warfare, and Weapon systems. Number innovations in computing hardware, algorithms, software, networking and complex Military applications at the edge are helping DoD to take advantage of this new paradigm of computing at the edge. This talk will discuss recent advances in trusted computing at the edge for Military applications.