cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On k-coverage in a mostly sleeping sensor network

Sensor networks are often desired to last many times longer than the active lifetime of individual sensors. This is usually achieved by putting sensors to sleep for most of their lifetime. On the other hand, event monitoring applications require guaranteed k-coverage of the protected region at all times. As a result, determining the appropriate number of sensors to deploy that achieves both goals simultaneously becomes a challenging problem. In this paper, we consider three kinds of deployments for a sensor network on a unit square--a √n × √n grid, random uniform (for all n points), and Poisson (with density n). In all three deployments, each sensor is active with probability p, independently from the others. Then, we claim that the critical value of the function npπ r2/ log(np) is 1 for the event of k-coverage of every point. We also provide an upper bound on the window of this phase transition. Although the conditions for the three deployments are similar, we obtain sharper bounds for the random deployments than the grid deployment, which occurs due to the boundary condition. In this paper, we also provide corrections to previously published results. Finally, we use simulation to show the usefulness of our analysis in real deployment scenarios.
Simple and convenient synthesis of 3,5-bis-(trifluoromethyl)benzylamine via biomimetic 1,3-proton shift reaction

Abstract This paper describes an efficient, practical synthesis of 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzylamine via biomimetic transamination of 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde with benzylamine. From a synthetic standpoint the reported procedure is highly operationally convenient and scalable as it does not require any chromatographic purification of the intermediate products.
Applications of the β-Azidonation Reaction to Organic Synthesis. α,β-Enones, Conjugate Addition, and γ-Lactam Annulation

The s-azido functionalization reaction provides a mechanistically different enone synthesis that involves treatment of 2 with fluoride anion to effect desilylation and concomitant s-elimination to give 3. Table 1 lists a number of examples of the direct conversion of a TIPS enol ether into the corresponding a,s-enone via a s-azido TIPS enol ether. The s-azido group can be ionized with Me3Al or Me2AlCl and the intermediate enonium ion trapped by a variety of nucleophiles such as an allylstannane, electron-rich aromatics, TMS enol ethers, Et2AlCN, Me2AlCCR, Me4AlLi, and vinylaluminum reagents to give the products listed in Table 2. The diastereoselectivity of the reaction of a 4-substituted enonium ion with indole shows an unusual increase of selectivity with increasing temperature. Reduction of the azide 2 provides access to s-amino TIPS enol ethers 5, which, for example, can be converted into a cinnamide derivative and cyclized via a putative “ene” process into a ?-lactam.
An interpersonal communication perspective on resistance in psychotherapy

This article discusses resistance in psychotherapy using the contemporary interpersonal communication model of psychotherapy. This perspective defines resistance as moments during sessions when the patient and therapist are interacting with one another in such a way that the patient is kept from becoming aware of any covert experiences or transactional patterns that are conflictual and anxiety provoking. The ways in which resistance may be conceptualized and worked with are discussed and applied to three patient vignettes, with an emphasis on working with resistances as they are manifested in the patient-therapist relationship. Some of the potential reactions of the therapist to resistance are discussed, including some relatively beneficial and some problematic instances.
Optimal unbiased filtering via linear matrix inequalities

Abstract Solutions to the optimal H∞ and L2−L∞ unbiased reduced-order filtering problems are obtained in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). The order of the optimal filter is equal to the number of measurements. Both continuous- and discrete-time results are presented. An explicit parametrization of all optimal unbiased filters is provided in terms of a free contractive matrix.
Influence of Metal–Graphene Contact on the Operation and Scalability of Graphene Field-Effect Transistors

We explore the effects of metal contacts on the operation and scalability of 2-D graphene field-effect transistors (GFETs) using detailed numerical device simulations based on the nonequilibrium Green's function formalism self-consistently solved with the Poisson equation at the ballistic limit. Our treatment of metal-graphene (M-G) contacts captures the following: 1) the doping effect due to the shift of the Fermi level in graphene contacts and 2) the density-of-states (DOS) broadening effect inside graphene contacts due to metal-induced states (MIS). Our results confirm the asymmetric transfer characteristics in GFETs due to the doping effect by metal contacts. Furthermore, at higher M-G coupling strengths, the contact DOS broadening effect increases the on-current, while the impact on the minimum current (Imin) in the off-state depends on the source-to-drain bias voltage and the work-function difference between graphene and the contact metal. Interestingly, with scaling of the channel length, the MIS inside the channel has a weak influence on Imin even at large M-G coupling strengths, while direct source-to-drain (S → D) tunneling has a stronger influence. Therefore, channel length scalability of GFETs with sufficient gate control will be mainly limited by direct S → D tunneling, and not by the MIS.
Theoretical and experimental status of magnetic monopoles

The Tevatron has inspired new interest in the subject of magnetic monopoles. First there was the 1998 D0 limit on the virtual production of monopoles, based on the theory of Ginzburg and collaborators. In 2000 and 2004 results from an experiment (Fermilab E882) searching for real magnetically charged particles bound to elements from the CDF and D0 detectors were reported. The strongest direct experimental limits, from the CDF collaboration, have been reported in 2005. Less strong, but complementary, limits from the H1 collaboration at HERA were reported in the same year. Interpretation of these experiments also require new developments in theory. Earlier experimental and observational constraints on point-like (Dirac) and non-Abelian monopoles were given from the 1970s through the 1990s, with occasional short-lived positive evidence for such exotic particles reported. The status of the experimental limits on monopole masses will be reported, as well as the limitation of the theory of magnetic charge at present.
Optimal transmission switching

In this paper, we formulate the problem of finding an optimal generation dispatch and transmission topology to meet a specific inflexible load as a mixed integer program. Our model is a mixed-integer linear program because it employs binary variables to represent the state of the equipment and linear relationships to describe the physical system. We find that on the standard 118-bus IEEE test case a savings of 25 percent in system dispatch cost can be achieved.
Technology challenges in affordable space based radar

The USA Air Force came to the conclusion in a 1995 migration to space study that there are no technical impediments to moving tactical surveillance radars to space. The main issue is the high cost of current space system designs $the Air Force must develop technologies that make these systems more affordable. Several examples of cost-effective satellite systems have been demonstrated in recent years: the most notable being the Iridium communications constellation. With this motivation, the enabling technologies for a new class of surveillance radar satellites for ground and airborne moving targets is being examined. A timetable for this development was set with the objective of technology readiness by 2005 for the ground surveillance mission, and 2010 for the air surveillance mission. This paper outlines the methodology and rationale for the critical enabling technologies needed for space based radar.
Highly Enantioselective Hydrogenation of Simple Ketones Catalyzed by a Rh–PennPhos Complex

Even alkyl methyl ketones undergo asymmetric hydrogenation with high enantioselectivity when a rhodium complex of the conformationally rigid chiral ligand 1 (Me-PennPhos; R=CH3 ) is used as the catalyst. Basic additives such as 2,6-lutidine contribute to the achievement of high enantiomeric excesses.
Impacts of subsidized hybrid seed on indicators of economic well‐being among smallholder maize growers in Zambia

We test the hypotheses that subsidies on hybrid seed change maize production, total household income, the severity of poverty, and relative deprivation among smallholder maize growers in Zambia. The analysis contributes to the literature by measuring the quantitative effects of seed (as compared to fertilizer) subsidies on indicators of household well-being rather than input demand. We apply a combination of econometric approaches to a nationally representative, balanced panel of smallholder maize-growing households, and invoke the chain rule to generate quantitative estimates of impacts per kilogram of subsidized seed. Our findings demonstrate that in the initial years of the program, subsidized seed enhanced the well-being of smallholder maize growers according to each indicator, but by small magnitudes. Simple calculations suggest high private and social benefit-cost ratios when benefits are measured in terms of household income, although magnitudes are sensitive to seed price and administrative costs.
Adaptive Quality Equalizing: High-performance load balancing for parallel branch-and-bound across applications and computing systems

Abstract In this paper, we present an adaptive version of our previously proposed quality equalizing (QE) load balancing strategy that attempts to maximize the performance of parallel branch-and-bound (B&B) by adapting to application and target computing system characteristics. Adaptive QE (AQE) incorporates the following salient adaptive features: (1) Anticipatory quantitative and qualitative load balancing mechanisms. (2) Regulation of load information exchange overhead. (3) Deterministic load balancing in extended neighborhoods instead of just immediate neighborhoods as in non-adaptive QE. (4) Randomized global load balancing to fetch work from outside the extended neighborhood. AQE yields speedup improvements of up to 80%, and 15% on the average, compared to that provided by QE for several real-world mixed-integer programming (MIP) problems, and near-ideal speedups for two of the largest problems in the MIPLIB benchmark suite on an IBM SP2 system.
Issues in Type IIA Uplifting

Moduli stabilization in the type IIA massive string theory so far was achieved only in the AdS vacua. The uplifting to dS vacua has not been performed as yet: neither the analogs of type IIB anti-D3 brane at the tip of the conifold, nor the appropriate D-terms have been identified. The hope was recently expressed that the F-term uplifting may work. We investigate this possibility in the context of a simplified version of the type IIA model developed in hep-th/0505160 and find that the F-term does not uplift the AdS vacua to dS vacua with positive CC. Thus it remains a challenging task to find phenomenologically acceptable vacua in the type IIA string theory.
Determination of Forces on Arbitrary Concave Bodies in High-speed Rarefied Gases

T HE method presented here utilizes the fundamentals discussed in the literature1'5 to investigate the forces on concave bodies at angles of attack. Other investigators6'7 have also determined the forces of some concave surfaces; however, their investigations were limited to molecular im- pingements on all parts of the surfaces. A numerical process discussed in Ref. 8 is used here to integrate the effects over the concave surfaces, which permits the bodies to be oriented at arbitrary angles of attack (0<a<90), at a relatively wide range of molecular speed ratios and with variable molecular accommodation. Contents The forces imparted to a concave surface can be determined by integrating the pressure over the total surface area since the effect of shear is zero. 4 The pressure is obtained from the freestream contribution plus the effect of interreflecti ons. Since the body is at an angle of attack, the pressure distribution may be conveniently divided into one representing direct incidence and another representing the area receiving only reflected molecules. The pressure at any point in region I (area of direct incidence) can be written (1) Pf and P.are defined in Refs. 4 and 8. Faj is the view factor traditionally used in radiant exchanges. The pressure in region II (area of reflected molecules only) is the same equation less the contribution of Pf. The drag on an arbitrary surface can be determined from the equation D=\ J i (2)
Costs and effectiveness of ximelagatran for stroke prophylaxis in chronic atrial fibrillation.

ContextRecent trials have found that ximelagatran and warfarin are equally effective in stroke prevention for patients with atrial fibrillation. Because ximelagatran can be taken in a fixed, oral dose without international normalized ratio monitoring and may have a lower risk of hemorrhage, it might improve quality-adjusted survival compared with dose-adjusted warfarin.ObjectiveTo compare quality-adjusted survival and cost among 3 alternative therapies for patients with chronic atrial fibrillation: ximelagatran, warfarin, and aspirin.DesignSemi-Markov decision model.PatientsHypothetical cohort of 70-year-old patients with chronic atrial fibrillation, varying risk of stroke, and no contraindications to anticoagulation therapy.Main Outcome MeasuresQuality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) and costs in US dollars.ResultsFor patients with atrial fibrillation but no additional risk factors for stroke, both ximelagatran and warfarin cost more than $50 000 per QALY compared with aspirin. For patients with additional stroke risk factors and low hemorrhage risk, ximelagatran modestly increased quality-adjusted survival (0.12 QALY) at a substantial cost ($116 000 per QALY) compared with warfarin. For ximelagatran to cost less than $50 000 per QALY it would have to cost less than $1100 per year or be prescribed to patients who have an elevated risk of intracranial hemorrhage (>1.0% per year of warfarin) or a low quality of life with warfarin therapy.ConclusionAssuming equal effectiveness in stroke prevention and decreased hemorrhage risk, ximelagatran is not likely to be cost-effective in patients with atrial fibrillation unless they have a high risk of intracranial hemorrhage or a low quality of life with warfarin.
Current opinions regarding care of the mature pediatric urology patient.

Summary Introduction With continued improvements in pediatric urology care of patients with complex congenital genitourinary conditions, many survive into adulthood. This fact has created a challenging situation of transitioning from pediatric to adult care. Establishing long-term follow-up with appropriate specialists is a critical part of a successful transition to adulthood for this population. Objective This study sought to elucidate current practices and opinions regarding the management of adult complex genitourinary patients by pediatric urologists, in order to determine if a consensus for adult care exists. Study design An anonymous, 15-question online survey was created to address practice patterns and opinions regarding the transition of care of complex genitourinary patients. An invitation to participate was distributed via email to 200 pediatric urologists who were members of the American Urological Association. Complex genitourinary patients were defined broadly as those with a history of: spina bifida, bladder exstrophy, cloacal exstrophy, cloacal anomalies, posterior urethral valves or disorders of sex development. Fisher's exact test was used for analysis. Results The response rate was 31.0% (62/200). Two-thirds (67.7%) cared for adults with complex genitourinary conditions. Overall, 51.6% of pediatric urologists felt that general urologists best follow adult patients, but only 6.5% recommended this for patients with prior complex genitourinary reconstruction ( P P = 0.47 and P = 0.72, respectively). Overall, 69.4% would refer mature complex genitourinary patients to a urologist with interest and training in adolescent/transitional urology, if one was available. However, only 45.2% had such an individual available in their practice ( P Discussion In the present study, the opinions of pediatric urologists regarding optimal providers of long-term follow-up for mature complex genitourinary patients were presented. While the results may not represent the views of the entire pediatric urology community, responses from motivated individuals with a particular interest in transition care may be especially valuable. Although the present study did not outline a mechanism for improving transitional care, it offered valuable information on prevailing opinions in this area. Finally, the opinions of mostly North American Pediatric Urologists were presented, which may not apply to other healthcare settings. Conclusions Pediatric urologists appeared to be virtually unanimous in recommending that urologists provide the most appropriate long-term follow-up of patients with congenital genitourinary conditions. Specifically, 80% recommended that patients with prior complex surgical reconstruction be followed by a urologist with specific interest, training and experience in the area of transitional urology. The data suggest that this may be an unmet need of these specialists and may signify the need for specific training in the care of such patients.
Single-color centers implanted in diamond nanostructures

The development of material-processing techniques that can be used to generate optical diamond nanostructures containing a single-color center is an important problem in quantum science and technology. In this work, we present the combination of ion implantation and top-down diamond nanofabrication in two scenarios: diamond nanopillars and diamond nanowires. The first device consists of a 'shallow' implant ( 20nm) to generate nitrogen-vacancy (NV) color centers near the top surface of the diamond crystal prior to device fabrication. Individual NV centers are then mechanically isolated by etching a regular array of nanopillars in the diamond surface. Photon anti-bunching measurements indicate that a high yield (>10%) of the devices contain a single NV center. The second device demonstrates 'deep' ( 1µm) implantation of individual NV centers into diamond nanowires as a post-processing step. The high single-photon flux of the nanowire geometry, combined with the low background fluorescence of the ultrapure diamond, allowed us to observe sustained photon anti-bunching even at high pump powers.
A ferroelectric DRAM cell for high density NVRAMs

The operation of a ferroelectric memory cell for nonvolatile random access memory (NVRAM) applications is described. Because ferroelectric polarization reversal only occurs during store/recall but not DRAM read/write, ferroelectric fatigue is not a serious endurance problem. In the worst case, the effective silicon dioxide thickness of the unoptimized film studied here is less than 15 A. The resistivity and endurance properties of the ferroelectric films can be optimized by modifying the composition of the film. This cell can be the basis of a very high density nonvolatile RAM with practically no read/write cycle limit and at least 1010 nonvolatile store/recall cycles
Design of photocleavable lipids and their application in liposomal "uncorking".

The design of o-nitrobenzyl containing photocleavable lipid–amino acid conjugates, and their application in liposomal uncorking are described.
Robust adaptive LQ control schemes

The certainty equivalence principle is used to combine a robust adaptive law with a control structure derived from the linear quadratic (LQ) control problem. The resulting adaptive control scheme is applicable to minimum and nonminimum phase continuous-time plants and is robust with respect to unmodeled dynamics and bounded disturbances. The computational complexity of the continuous-time adaptive LQ control scheme is improved by using a hybrid adaptive law which requires the solution of an algebraic Riccati equation at each interval of time rather than at each time t. >
Stable and efficient reduction of large, multiport RC networks by pole analysis via congruence transformations

A novel technique is presented which employs pole analysis via congruence transformations (PACT) to reduce RC networks in a well-conditioned manner. Pole analysis is shown to be more efficient than Pade approximations when the number of network ports is large, and congruence transformations preserve the passivity (and thus absolute stability) of the networks. The error incurred by reducing the networks is shown to be bounded by values which are fully selectable by the user. Networks are represented by admittance matrices throughout the analysis, and this representation both simplifies interfacing the reduced networks with circuit simulators and facilitates realization of the reduced networks using RC elements. A prototype SPICE-in, SPICE-out, network reduction CAD tool called RCFIT is detailed, and examples are presented which demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the PACT algorithm.
Properties and detection of spin nematic order in strongly correlated electron systems

A spin nematic is a state which breaks spin SU(2) symmetry while preserving translational and time reversal symmetries. Spin nematic order can arise naturally from charge fluctuations of a spin stripe state. Focusing on the possible existence of such a state in strongly correlated electron systems, we build a nematic wave function starting from a t-J-type model. The nematic is a spin-2 operator, and therefore does not couple directly to neutrons. However, we show that neutron scattering and Knight-shift experiments can detect the spin anisotropy of electrons moving in a nematic background. We find the mean-field phase diagram for the nematic taking into account spin–orbit effects.
Synthesis of perfluorinated ethers by an improved solution phase direct fluorination process

Abstract We have developed schemes to make perfluorinated ethers that cover a wide range of molecular weights and boiling points. We describe a relationship that can be used to predict the boiling points of perfluoro polyethers; this is used to assist in the combination of reagents for synthesizing a target having particular physical properties such as boiling point, etc. Our first scheme is to build molecular weight by condensing polyols with fluoro-olefins such as TFE and HFP. These intermediates are then fluorinated by a simple solution phase, batch, photo-assisted direct fluorination to give high yields of isomerically pure perfluorinated ethers. In a second scheme we use ethylene oxide to fine-tune the molecular weight of the polyol, and the weight of these can be extended by reaction with an appropriate fluoro-olefin. These intermediates can be fluorinated using our batch fluorinator to make new perfluorinated ethers of a specific molecular weight and boiling point.
Cerium(III) Chloride-Mediated Reactions of Sulfonamide Dianions

Presented here is the first report on the ability of cerium(III) chloride to mediate high-yielding and, oftentimes, highly diastereoselective additions of N-benzyl-α, N-dilithio methanesulfonamide to aldehydes and ketones of biological importance. Smooth addition was effected to base-sensitive substrates such as Fmoc-protected alaninal, citral, 5-cholesten-3-one, uridine 5‘-aldehyde, 3‘-ketouridine, and 3‘-ketothymidine. The reaction was chemoselective for aldehydes in the presence of nitriles. Acetoxy groups are labile and thus not suitable protecting groups for alcohols under these conditions. N-Benzyl-α, N-dilithio methanesulfonamide was found to be of sufficient basicity to cause enolate formation with sensitive substrates, such as 1-phenylacetone. However, the addition of cerium(III) chloride mediated the basicity of the dianion and suppressed enolate formation in these cases. Further, cerium(III) has general utility for the addition of various N-aliphatic/aromatic methanesulfonamide dianions to 3‘-k...
Water transfers in El Paso County, Texas

Water rights transfers for surface water have taken place in El Paso County in far west Texas for many decades. Historically, these exchanges have primarily occurred between agricultural water users. In recent decades, there have also been transfers from agricultural uses to urban uses. Ongoing commercial and demographic expansion in the El Paso metropolitan economy increases the likelihood of additional farm-to-municipal transfers in future years. Although legal mechanisms have periodically been introduced to allow these exchanges to occur, pricing has not played a central role in the process. At present, transfers of surface water rights in El Paso County occur under fairly rigid conditions.
Integrated Product Architecture and Pricing for Managing Sequential Innovation

Science and technology advances drive firms to continually enhance their product's performance and launch sequentially improving offerings. Firms face challenges in marketing such improving products to well-informed, forward-looking consumers who anticipate product improvements and seek to delay their purchase timing. Product design, specifically a modular upgradable architecture in which improving and stable subsystems of a product are separated and selectively upgraded, can be a valuable approach for marketers to alleviate consumer concerns about product obsolescence. However, such an architecture-based approach can present new challenges as well, and dealing with them requires carefully coordinated cross-functional decision making by the firm. In this paper, we identify and formalize the notion of design inconsistency, which refers to the monopolist firm's inability to commit to future product design architectures. We find that firms experience design inconsistency even when they are able to commit to future prices, and design inconsistency lowers firm profits as well as consumer surplus. We then derive a joint product architecture and pricing approach to solve this problem; this enables an innovating firm to optimally and in a time-consistent manner launch modular upgradable products. The modeling and analysis in the paper lends insight into types of markets and products for which modular upgradability is most appropriate and offers guidelines on making pricing and product design decisions jointly for managing sequential innovation. This paper was accepted by Preyas Desai, marketing.
Evaluating Cognitive Models at the Group Level

Cognitive models are usually conceptualized at the individual level, but are often analyzed at the group level. The level at which analysis can be carried out is dictated by the experimental design, which traditionally has been chosen for pragmatic reasons. Defining the model at the group level allows the incorporation of individual difference variables, which are of interest to many researchers, into the model structure. The nested groups design, with participants nested under the classificatory variables, is appropriate when the model is defined at the group level. That design is illustrated with a study testing a multiplicative model of anticipated compliance, in which medical patients were grouped according to the symptoms and prognoses associated with their diseases. Models of cognitive processes are commonplace within a subset of
Cambodia 1998-2008 : an episode of rapid growth

Cambodia's growth over 1998-2008 has been remarkable (almost 10 percent per annum for a decade). This paper applies a"growth diagnostic"approach to understand how this happened and how it can be sustained. Past growth has been driven by the coincidence of a set of historical and geographic factors (including opportunistic policy responses), together with the use of natural assets (although in a non sustainable way) and the elaboration of productive sector-specific governance arrangements. Several of these factors are unfortunately not self-sustaining and the global economic crisis of 2008-09 is exposing these vulnerabilities. A growth diagnostic flags a number of short-term priorities to ensure the competitiveness of existing industries, as well as more medium-term priorities for the country to continue attracting foreign investment and start mobilizing more domestic savings. A key economic policy objective is the diversification of the economy, which requires a reduction in unproductive risks and costs as well as creative solutions to coordination failures.
Simultaneous oblique impacts and contacts in multibody systems with friction

This paper presents a new dissipation principle for resolving post-impact tangential velocities after simultaneous impact events on a system composed of interconnected rigid bodies. In this work, contact is considered as a succession of impacts so that simultaneous contacts and impacts can be treated using the same framework. This treatment includes Coulomb friction and considers hard impacts where deformation of the impacting surfaces is negligible. The impact problem is addressed using the complementarity conditions which lead to an investigation of the relationship between post-impact velocities and feasible coefficients of friction. These conditions do not define a unique post-impact velocity so a dissipation principle is proposed which is encoded as an optimization problem. This solution preserves the discontinuity between the static and dynamic coefficients of friction. The approach is illustrated on a bicycle-like structure with elliptical wheels.
Computational identification of microRNA targets

Recent experiments have shown that the genomes of organisms such as worm, fly, human and mouse encode hundreds of microRNA genes. Many of these microRNAs are thought to regulate the translational expression of other genes by binding to partially complementary sites in messenger RNAs. Phenotypic and expression analysis suggest an important role of microRNAs during development. Therefore, it is of fundamental importance to identify microRNA targets. However, no experimental or computational high-throughput method for target site identification in animals has been published yet. Our main result is a new computational method which is designed to identify microRNA target sites. This method recovers with high specificity known microRNA target sites which previously have been defined experimentally. Based on these results, we present a simple model for the mechanism of microRNA target site recognition. Our model incorporates both kinetic and thermodynamic components of target recognition. When we applied our method to a set of 74 Drosophila melanogaster microRNAs, searching 3' UTR sequences of a predefined set of fly mRNAs for target sites which were evolutionary conserved between Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila pseudoobscura, we found that a number of key developmental body patterning genes such as hairy and fushi-tarazu are likely to be translationally regulated by microRNAs.
A Simple Model of Flare Light in Microdensitometers

This paper attempts an analytical treatment of flare light in microdensitometers by developing a model based on scattering from the air-glass interface. Verification of the model is conducted via a breadboard mockup on an optical table, and on an actual microdensitometer. It is, seen that the simple model predicts values for flare irradiance well within an order of magnitude. It is further shown that a sample trace is not only a convolution of the target with the projected sensor aperture but, to some extent, a convolution of the target with the irradiated area in the sample plane as well. Based on this analysis, it is shown that flare can be corrected for provided its magnitude is held constant. This requires that, during a full scan, the target always remains effectively within the irradiated area.
Cross-Domain Multitask Learning with Latent Probit Models

Learning multiple tasks across heterogeneous domains is a challenging problem since the feature space may not be the same for different tasks. We assume the data in multiple tasks are generated from a latent common domain via sparse domain transforms and propose a latent probit model (LPM) to jointly learn the domain transforms, and a probit classifier shared in the common domain. To learn meaningful task relatedness and avoid over-fitting in classification, we introduce sparsity in the domain transforms matrices, as well as in the common classifier parameters. We derive theoretical bounds for the estimation error of the classifier parameters in terms of the sparsity of domain transform matrices. An expectation-maximization algorithm is derived for learning the LPM. The effectiveness of the approach is demonstrated on several real datasets.
Time Delay Integration and In-Pixel Spatiotemporal Filtering Using a Nanoscale Digital CMOS Focal Plane Readout

A digital focal plane array (DFPA) architecture has been developed that incorporates per-pixel full-dynamic-range analog-to-digital conversion and orthogonal-transfer-based realtime digital signal processing capability. Several long-wave infrared-optimized pixel processing focal plane readout integrated circuit (ROIC) designs have been implemented, each accommodating a 256 times 256 30-mum-pitch detector array. Demonstrated in this paper is the application of this DFPA ROIC architecture to problems of background pedestal mitigation, wide-field imaging, image stabilization, edge detection, and velocimetry. The DFPA architecture is reviewed, and pixel performance metrics are discussed in the context of the application examples. The measured data reported here are for DFPA ROICs implemented in 90-nm CMOS technology and hybridized to HgxCd1-xTe (MCT) detector arrays with cutoff wavelengths ranging from 7 to 14.5 mum and a specified operating temperature of 60 K-80 K.
Computational Analysis of Surface Curvature Effect on Mist Film-Cooling Performance

Air-film cooling has been widely employed to cool gas turbine hot components, such as combustor liners, combustor transition pieces, turbine vanes, and blades. Studies with flat surfaces show that significant enhancement of air-film cooling can be achieved by injecting water droplets with diameters of 5-10 μm into the coolant airflow. The mist/ air-film cooling on curved surfaces needs to be studied further. Numerical simulation is adopted to investigate the curvature effect on mist/air-film cooling, specifically the film cooling near the leading edge and on the curved surfaces. Water droplets are injected as dispersed phase into the coolant air and thus exchange mass, momentum, and energy with the airflow. Simulations are conducted for both 2D and 3D settings at low laboratory and high operating conditions. With a nominal blowing ratio of 1.33, air-only adiabatic film-cooling effectiveness on the curved surface is lower than on a flat surface. The concave (pressure) surface has a better cooling effectiveness than the convex (suction) surface, and the leading-edge film cooling has the lowest performance due to the main flow impinging against the coolant injection. By adding 2% (weight) mist, film-cooling effectiveness can be enhanced approximately 40% at the leading edge, 60% on the concave surface, and 30% on the convex surface. The leading edge film cooling can be significantly affected by changing of the incident angle due to startup or part-load operation. The film cooling coverage could switch from the suction side to the pressure side and leave the surface of the other part unprotected by the cooling film. Under real gas turbine operating conditions at high temperature, pressure, and velocity, mist-cooling enhancement could reach up to 20% and provide a wall cooling of approximately 180 K.
Stability of spatially distributed, intersecting aircraft flows under sequential conflict resolution schemes

This paper discusses the effect of sequential conflict resolution maneuvers of an infinite aircraft flow through a finite control volume. Aircraft flow models are utilized to simulate traffic flows and determine stability. Pseudo-random flow geometry is considered to determine airspace stability in a more random airspace, where aircraft flows are spread over a given positive width. The use of this aircraft flow model generalizes the orthogonal flow geometry for arbitrary flow width. A set of upper bounds on the maximal aircraft deviation during conflict resolution is derived. Also with this flow geometry it is proven that these bounds are not symmetric, unlike the symmetric bounds derived in previous papers for simpler flow configurations (i.e. orthogonal flow geometry). Stability is preserved under sequential conflict resolution algorithms for all flow geometries discussed in this paper.
Transport Properties of Random Walks on Scale-Free/Regular-Lattice Hybrid Networks

We study numerically the mean access times for random walks on hybrid disor- dered structures formed by embedding scale-free networks into regular lattices, considering different transition rates for steps across lattice bonds (F ) and across network shortcuts (f ). For fast shortcuts (f/F � 1) and low shortcut densities, traversal time data collapse onto a universal curve, while a crossover behavior that can be related to the percolation threshold of the scale-free network component is identified at higher shortcut densities, in analogy to similar observations reported recently in Newman-Watts small-world networks. Further- more, we observe that random walk traversal times are larger for networks with a higher degree of inhomogeneity in their shortcut distribution, and we discuss access time distri- butions as functions of the initial and final node degrees. These findings are relevant, in particular, when considering the optimization of existing information networks by the addi- tion of a small number of fast shortcut connections.
Multinomial logit analysis of injury severity in U.S. underground bituminous coal mines, 1975-1982.

Relationships among mine and injured miner characteristics and degrees of injury are examined for 91 404 injuries in underground bituminous coal mines in the United States from 1975 through 1982. Injury severity varies by the mining system, geographical region, circumstances surrounding the injury, the injured miner's age, whether the miner was using powered equipment, the year in which the injury occurred and the location in the mine where the injury happened. Injury severity is not related to the injured miner's total mining experience, job experience and experience in the mine in which the injury occurred.
Metallic stripes in high-temperature superconductors

A phenomenological approach is applied to explore signatures of disordered charge stripes and antiphase spin domains in single-particle properties of the high-temperature superconductors. Stripe phases are shown to explain many experimentally observed unusual features measured in angle-resolved photoemission and optical spectroscopy. It is argued that disordered and fluctuating stripe phases are a common feature of high-temperature superconductors, supported by the additional evidence from neutron scattering and NMR.
Testing of the SNS Superconducting Cavities and Cryomodules

The superconducting linac for the Spallation Neutron Source is in the process of being commissioned. Eightyone niobium cavities resonating at 805 MHz are being installed in the SNS tunnel in 11 medium beta (. 61) cryomodules each containing 3 cavities and 12 high beta (. 81) cryomodules each with 4 cavities. The niobium cavities and cryomodules were designed and assembled at Jefferson Lab to operate at 2.1 K. The Central Helium Liquefier has been tested to 2.1 K but is routinely operated at 4.2 K. At this temperature, 70 of the 81 cavities have been tested, mostly in open loop at 10 pulses per second and at a full pulse length of 1.3 msec. The results indicate that high gradients can be reached even at 4.2 K (average value of 17.8 MV/m) and that operation of the superconducting linac at that temperature may be possible.
Deoxyribozymes: DNA catalysts for bioorganic chemistry

Deoxyribozymes are DNA molecules with catalytic activity. For historical and practical reasons, essentially all reported deoxyribozymes catalyze reactions of nucleic acid substrates, although this is probably not a fundamental limitation. In vitro selection strategies have been used to identify many deoxyribozymes that catalyze RNA cleavage, RNA and DNA ligation, and a variety of covalent modification reactions of nucleic acid substrates. Many deoxyribozymes are capable of catalysis with substantial rate enhancements reaching up to 1010-fold over background, and their very high selectivities would often be difficult or impossible to achieve using traditional organic synthesis approaches. This report summarizes the current utility and potential future applications of deoxyribozymes from the bioorganic chemistry perspective.
Stereoselective cascade reactions that incorporate a 7-exo acyl radical cyclization.

Radical cascades that feature a 7-exo acyl radical cyclization followed by a 6-exo or 5-exo alkyl radical cyclization proceed with very good yields and diastereoselectivities. Two stereocenters are created by the reaction, and a single isomeric product was obtained from each of the five substrates examined. The relative configurations of the products are consistent with cyclizations occurring via chairlike or pseudochairlike transition states.
Integrated GHz silicon photonic interconnect with micrometer-scale modulators and detectors.

We report an optical link on silicon using micrometer-scale ring-resonator enhanced silicon modulators and waveguide-integrated germanium photodetectors. We show 3 Gbps operation of the link with 0.5 V modulator voltage swing and 1.0 V detector bias. The total energy consumption for such a link is estimated to be ~120 fJ/bit. Such a compact and low power monolithic link is an essential step towards large-scale on-chip optical interconnects for future microprocessors.
Mining Measured Information from Text

We present an approach to extract measured information from text (e.g., a $1370~^{\circ}C$ melting point, a BMI greater than 29.9 kg/m$^2$). Such extractions are critically important across a wide range of domains --- especially those involving search and exploration of scientific and technical documents. We first propose a rule-based entity extractor to mine measured quantities (i.e., a numeric value paired with a measurement unit), which supports a vast and comprehensive set of both common and obscure measurement units. Our method is highly robust and can correctly recover valid measured quantities even when significant errors are introduced through the process of converting document formats like PDF to plain text. Next, we describe an approach to extracting the properties being measured (e.g., the property ``pixel pitch'' in the phrase ``a pixel pitch as high as $352~\mu m$''). Finally, we present MQSearch: the realization of a search engine with full support for measured information.
Vector symbol decoding with list inner symbol decisions

Prior work showed the ability of a randomly chosen outer code of a concatenated code to correct large numbers of nonbinary symbol errors in a simple manner, provided that the error symbols as vectors are linearly independent. This paper extends the technique in two ways: 1) it is shown how to correct a large class of dependent errors with little additional complexity; and 2) if the inner code supplies a list of two (or more) candidates in some or all decisions, a slightly modified vector symbol decoder can directly reveal most correct alternatives, allowing more powerful and often simpler correction.
The mortality of bacteriophage containing assimilated radioactive phosphorus.

The bacteriophage T4 containing assimilated radioactive phosphorus is inactivated at a rate proportional to the specific radioactivity of the constituent phosphorus. The beta radiation from the phosphorus makes a negligible contribution to this effect. The inactivation is therefore a direct consequence of the nuclear reaction, which kills the phage with an efficiency of about 1/12. Several phages related to T4 behave similarly. When radioactive phage is grown from a seed of non-radioactive phage, all of the phage progeny are subject to killing by radioactive decay. The phage is killed by beta radiation from P32 with an efficiency of about 1/100 per ionization within the particle volume. Bacteriophage T4 and its relatives contain about 500,000 atoms of phosphorus per infective particle. Virtually all this phosphorus is adsorbed to bacteria with the specificity characteristic of the infective particles, and none of it can be removed from the particles by the enzyme desoxyribonuclease. The phosphorus content per particle, together with the published data on analytical composition, indicates a particle diameter close to 110 mµ for the varieties of phage studied.
Effects of genetic strain and light intensity on blood physiological variables of broilers grown to heavy weights

The effects of genetic strain, light intensity, and their interaction were examined on blood physiological variables of broilers maintained in environmentally controlled rooms in each of 5 trials. The study consisted of a 2 × 5 factorial arranged in a randomized complete block design with 10 treatments of 2 strains (Ross × Ross 308 and 708) and exposure to 5 light intensities (25, 10, 5, 2.5, and 0.2 lx) with chicks equally and randomly distributed at 1 d of age. The 5 light intensities were randomly assigned from 22 to 56 d of age. Feed and water were provided ad libitum. Venous blood samples were collected on d 21 (base line), 28, 42, and 56 of age. Main effects indicate that Ross × Ross 308 significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased BW, partial pressure of CO2, Ca(2+), Na(+), Cl(-), and thyroxine, along with significantly (P ≤ 0.05) reduced pH level, partial pressure of O2, HCO3(-), and triiodothyronine in comparison with Ross × Ross 708. No main effect of light intensity was observed on all examined variables. In addition, no significant main effects were observed for strain, light intensity, or their interaction on saturated O2, hematocrit, hemoglobin, K(+), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, glucose, osmolality, and anion gap. Physiologically, although Ross × Ross 308 had a significantly increased BW in comparison with Ross × Ross 708, Ross × Ross 708 showed a significant (P ≤ 0.05) increase in partial pressure of O2 and triiodothyronine along with lower blood partial pressure of CO2 and thyroxine. The results of this study supplement current knowledge of physiological response to differing lighting levels and may be used to establish the normal blood values for commercial broilers grown to heavy weights. Plasma corticosterone was not affected by either treatments or strain, indicating that the treatments did not induce physiological stress in broilers.
Distributed process groups in the V Kernel

The V kernel supports an abstraction of processes, with operations for interprocess communication, process management, and memory management. This abstraction is used as a software base for constructing distributed systems. As a distributed kernel, the V kernel makes intermachine boundaries largely transparent.In this environment of many cooperating processes on different machines, there are many logical groups of processes. Examples include the group of tile servers, a group of processes executing a particular job, and a group of processes executing a distributed parallel computation.In this paper we describe the extension of the V kernel to support process groups. Operations on groups include group interprocess communication, which provides an application-level abstraction of network multicast. Aspects of the implementation and performance, and initial experience with applications are discussed.