cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Not intending but somewhat willing: The influence of visual primes on risky sex decisions

Objectives This article investigates a potential mechanism underlying the ‘sexually conservative puzzle’ (the scenario where people reporting little to no casual sex intentions nevertheless go on to engage in casual sex). Methods In two experiments, we tested whether people reporting no behavioural intentions (BI) for casual sex were nevertheless more responsive to risk-conducive cues, when compared to those with some BI. Responsiveness to cues was assessed in terms of increases in behavioural willingness (BW) for casual sex. Results In Study 1, subliminal priming of sexual images (vs. control images) increased the casual sex BW of male undergraduates, but only among those who had previously reported no BI for casual sex in a baseline survey. In Study 2, these results were replicated using supraliminal priming with a more diverse online sample; effects were not moderated by age, education, or relationship status. Conclusions Overall, these findings suggest that although sexually conservative people often do not plan on having sex (i.e., they have no BI), for some, their reactive, context-sensitive decision-making (i.e., their BW) can be swayed in the presence of risk-conducive cues. Statement of contribution What is already known on this subject? The sexually conservative puzzle occurs when those with low casual sex intentions go on to have casual sex. When experience for a health-risk behaviour is low, behavioural willingness (BW) tends to predict better than behavioural intentions (BI). Risk-inductive cues can increase risk cognitions and behaviour, but there are important individual differences. What does this study add? Among men with low BI for casual sex at baseline, sexual primes increased casual sex BW. It appears that more sexually conservative men are more swayed by sexual cues. Results highlight an interesting and rather unsuspected group of at-risk individuals.
The Attrition of Hospice Volunteers

This article reviews findings regarding the attrition of hospice volunteers. Ways to improve retention relating to several aspects of the volunteer administrator's job are suggested: selection of v...
Scale and Scale Effects in Market-Based Accounting Research

The nature of the data we usually encounter in market-based accounting research is such that the results of the regression of market capitalization on financial statement data are driven by a relatively small subset of the very largest firms in the sample. We refer to this overwhelming influence of the largest firms as the "scale effect". Firms with large price per share (and large "per share" accounting variables) have a similar effect. This effect is more than heteroscedasticity. It arises due to the non-linearity in the relation between market capitalization (price per share) and the financial statement variables.
Virus infection and other factors affecting ribonuclease activity of plant leaves.

Abstract Rubbing of bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) leaves, partial dehydration of cowpea [ Vigna sinensis (L.) Endl.] leaves, and inoculation of bean leaves with inactivated or viable pod mottle virus or of Datura stramonium L. leaves with tobacco mosaic virus resulted in increased ribonuclease activity of such leaves. The response after rubbing was more pronounced when the leaves were dusted with Carborundum prior to rubbing and when the medium contained Cu ++ or Zn ++ ions. The reaction was first noticeable approximately 2 hours after rubbing, reached its highest level 1 day after rubbing, and lasted for several days. Spraying of unwounded leaves with solutions of CuSO 4 also led to increased ribonuclease activity. Virus-infected leaves maintained higher levels of ribonuclease activity than healthy control leaves or leaves inoculated with inactivated virus. The effect of rubbing was not restricted to the upper epidermis, but extended into the mesophyll. Neither phosphatase nor phosphodiesterase activity significantly increased in bean or Datura leaves after rubbing of the leaves or after inoculation with virus. It is concluded that increased ribonuclease activity is not a specific response to virus infection, but occurs as a general shock reaction. In bean leaves with high ribonuclease activity, more lesions were produced and more pod mottle virus was synthesized than in leaves with lower ribonuclease activity. However, stimulation of ribonuclease activity by rubbing of bean leaves did not lead to increased pod mottle virus lesion formation or to stepped-up virus synthesis. The significance of these results is discussed with respect to a possible role of ribonuclease in the synthesis of viral nucleic acid.
Shelf-Life Extension of Fresh Mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) By Application of Hydrogen Peroxide and Browning Inhibitors

An experimental washing process for fresh mushrooms entailing immersion in 5% H_2O_2, followed by application of a sodium erythorbate-based browning inhibitor, was optimized, scaled up, and made continuous. The laboratory process described previously was modified by adding a pre-wash step using 0.5% to 1% H_2O_2, increasing the wash solution H_2O_2 concentration from 3% to 5%, and substituting 4% sodium erythorbate + 0.1% NaCl for the more complex browning inhibitor formulation used previously. A continuous, commercial-scale washing facility was built to test the new process. Mushrooms washed by this process were free of adhering soil, less subject to brown blotch than conventionally washed mushrooms, and at least as resistant to enzymatic browning as unwashed mushrooms during storage at 4 degrees C. Storage at 10 degrees C accelerated development of brown blotch and browning.
Stability of a Magnetic Suspension Device

This paper presents an analysis of a magnetic suspension device which is used in place of mechanical bearings for the gyro rotors of inertial guidance systems. A formula for the suspension device's strength is derived, the criteria for the device's stability is given, and the device's potential instability (when that criteria is violated) is explained. Data are given of an experiment which confirms the analysis of this instability.
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering analysis of perchlorate using silver nanofilms deposited on copper foils

Abstract Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has recently emerged as a tremendous potential method for chemical and biomolecular sensing. SERS analysis of perchlorate using Ag nanofilms deposited on Cu foils (Ag–Cu films) by galvanic displacement reaction was investigated for the first time in this work. The Ag–Cu films were prepared in the solutions containing 2.5–50 mM of AgNO 3 with the reaction time from 0.5–60 min. The relationship between the surface nanostructures of the Ag–Cu films and the SERS sensitivity of perchlorate was examined. The close-packed Ag nanoparticles with an average diameter of 105 nm yielded the highest SERS enhancement for perchlorate. Standard calibration curves were prepared with SERS spectra recorded on this optimum Ag–Cu film. At low concentration and in a narrow concentration range, a linear relationship between peak areas and perchlorate concentrations was observed, while a log–log plot yielded a linear relationship over a broad concentration range. The detection limit was determined to be 50 μg L −1 for perchlorate.
Incentive Compensation and Promotion-Based Incentives of Mid-Level Managers: Evidence from a Multinational Corporation

ABSTRACT: This study re-examines the hypothesis that explicit, compensation-based incentives of mid-level managers are adjusted to the level of implicit incentives provided by the possibility of moving to higher-level positions. Using compensation data from a large multinational corporation, I find that, after controlling for the position’s scope and level of accountability, bonus-based incentives are stronger for managers who (1) have fewer organizational levels left to climb, (2) face weaker implicit incentives from getting promoted to the next level, and (3) face weaker implicit incentives from getting promoted to the top of the organization. The findings are consistent with the notion that implicit incentives are taken into consideration in the design of explicit incentive contracts. In particular, the results support the prediction that explicit incentives are optimally stronger in situations with weaker implicit incentives.
Titin-based modulation of active tension and interfilament lattice spacing in skinned rat cardiac muscle

The effect of titin-based passive tension on Ca2+ sensitivity of active tension and interfilament lattice spacing was studied in skinned rat ventricular trabeculae by measuring the sarcomere length (SL)-dependent change in Ca2+ sensitivity and performing small angle X-ray diffraction studies. To vary passive tension, preparations were treated with trypsin at a low concentration (0.31 μg/ml) for a short period (13 min) at 20°C, that resulted in ~40% degradation of the I-band region of titin, with a minimal effect on A-band titin. We found that the effect of trypsin on titin-based passive tension was significantly more pronounced immediately after stretch than at steady state, 30 min after stretch (i.e., trypsin has a greater effect on viscosity than on elasticity of passive cardiac muscle). Ca2+ sensitivity was decreased by trypsin treatment at SL 2.25 μm, but not at SL 1.9 μm, resulting in marked attenuation of the SL-dependent increase in Ca2+ sensitivity. The SL-dependent change in Ca2+ sensitivity was significantly correlated with titin-based passive tension. Small-angle X-ray diffraction experiments revealed that the lattice spacing expands after trypsin treatment, especially at SL 2.25 μm, providing an inverse linear relationship between the lattice spacing and Ca2+ sensitivity. These results support the view that titin-based passive tension promotes actomyosin interaction and that the mechanism includes interfilament lattice spacing modulation.
The Impact of Product, Market, and Relationship Characteristics on Interorganizational System Integration in Manufacturer-Supplier Dyads

Firms are increasingly using collaborative systems to enhance supply-chain visibility. A key emphasis of these interorganizational systems (IOS) is to improve the coordination between buyers and suppliers through electronic integration. While such IOS integration is purportedly good, because it tightens linkages in the supply chain, it is not clear whether it is the best configuration under all conditions. A review of literature on adoption and use of electronic data interchange (EDI) systems (a type of IOS) shows that this issue has been examined from multiple theoretic perspectives. Researchers have examined how contingencies related to technology, organization, and environment shape EDI use. Limited attention has been directed toward understanding how conditions under which transactions are conducted impact the use of IOS. We argue that transactional characteristics are important antecedents to IOS integration and propose that demand uncertainty, complexity, market fragmentation, and market volatility capture key characteristics. These factors coupled with an open information-sharing environment are hypothesized to influence IOS integration. Data collected from the electronics industry is used to examine the research model. Results show that firms tend to deploy integrated IOS when complexity of the component is high, market fragmentation is low, and an open information-sharing environment exists. Thus, from a managerial perspective, IOS integration is the appropriate configuration under conditions of high product complexity and open information-sharing environment, but it precludes the firm from participating in the open market and gaining brokerage benefits.
Driver Preview Distances at Night Based on Driver Eye Scanning Recordings as a Function of Pavement Marking Retroreflectivities

Pavement marking visibility models and tightly controlled pavement marking field experiments indicate that increased pavement marking retroreflectivity does in fact result in longer pavement marking visibility distances. The authors suggest that drivers should be provided with a pavement marking visibility distance long enough to allow for a preview time of 3.65 s at a given vehicle speed. This minimum required preview distance can be translated into a minimum required pavement marking retroreflectance. Questions were raised that perhaps drivers may not take advantage of brighter pavement markings (increased retroreflectance)—that is, drivers may not be looking as far ahead as possible from a pavement marking visibility point of view. This study was conducted to test whether drivers increase their longitudinal eye fixation distance when pavement marking retroreflectance is increased. Eye scanning data from six subjects were used to establish longitudinal eye fixation distributions on straight and level ro...
Interfacial Spring Model for Ultrasonic Interactions with Imperfect Interfaces: Theory of Oblique Incidence and Application to Diffusion-Bonded Butt Joints

The quasi-static distributed spring model is used to derive the ultrasonic reflectivity of an imperfectly-bonded interface as a function of frequency and angle of incidence. The results are then incorporated in a model for the corner reflection from a diffusion-bonded joint between two abutting plates, the corner being defined by the bond plane and the common lower surface plane of the plates. An immersion-inspection geometry is assumed, and seven categories of corner reflections are identified and examined in detail. These fall into two classes: those having parallel incident and exiting rays in water (φ′=φ), and those having nonparallel water rays (φ′ ≠ φ). The φ′ = φ categories are suitable for single probe (pulse-echo) inspections of the joint. Based on the amplitude of the outgoing corner-reflected signal, two φ = φ′ geometries appear promising. These employ, respectively, a corner reflection involving only longitudinal waves with the interface illuminated at near-grazing incidence (LLL), and a corner reflection involving only transverse waves with the interface illuminated at near 45° incidence (TTT). In addition, two practical φ′ ≠ φ geometries are indicated; these both involve mode conversion upon reflection from the interface, with the incident or outgoing longitudinal wave traveling nearly parallel to the interface. Model predictions for LLL and TTT reflections are compared to measurements on diffusion-bonded Inconel specimens, and techniques for applying the model results to more complicated bond geometries are discussed.
Efficacy of Beauveria bassiana for Controlling the House Fly and Stable Fly (Diptera: Muscidae)

Abstract Two strains of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin (P89 and L90) were evaluated for pathogenicity to adult and larval house flies, Musca domestica L., and the adult stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.). B. bassiana conidia formulated as a dust or aqueous solution were applied to plywood surfaces. Adult flies of both species were exposed to the treated plywood surfaces for 3 h. House fly mortality was dose dependent, with ≥ 90% dying at 1 × 10 8 conidia/cm 2 (high dose) for strains P89 and L90 formulated as dusts. Stable flies were not as susceptible as house flies to either pathogen strain. In similar experiments, a high dose of 1 × 10 8 conidia/cm 2 killed only 70 and 84% of the adult stable flies exposed to strains P89 and L90, respectively. A dose response was evident for medium (1 × 10 7 conidia/cm 2 ) and low doses (1 × 10 6 conidia/cm 2 ) for both species of flies. Aqueous formulations were less effective for controlling both species of adult flies than for dust formulations. B. bassiana lost pathogenicity over time and plywood treated 28 days before host exposure retained little residual effect on flies. In larval bioassays, B. bassiana was most effective against the house fly at 1 × 10 10 conidia/cm 3 , at which 56 and 48% of the house fly larvae died following a high-dose treatment with strains L90 and P89, respectively. A dose response also was observed for the medium (1 × 10 9 conidia/cm 3 ) and low doses (1 × 10 8 conidia/cm 3 ).
Fibroblast monolayer cultures in scintillation counting vials: Metabolic and growth experiments using radioisotopes and a microfluorometric DNA assay

We have developed a simple technique for the investigation of cellular metabolism and growth in cultured human fibroblasts which facilitates experiments using up to 3×105 cells in each of 100 or more culture vessels. The method has been used to study cell growth, glucose utilization and oxidation, and protein, RNA and DNA synthesis. The use of radiolabeled substrates in tracer experiments is simplified since transfer of cell material is not required. Methods for measuring both total cellular protein and DNA have been adapted to this culture system. Although we have used this technique for fibroblast cultures, it also can be easily applied to experiments on any other type of cell that can be grown in a monolayer.
Reply to Recanati

Recanati is looking in detail at some things described in Varieties only with very broad strokes. I will try here to think and explain more carefully. Thank you, Francis, for so carefully and sympathetically setting the stage. But before stepping into the scene, I want to lower a somewhat different backdrop, and recast a character or two terminological adjustments. I would rather compare the semantic project of Part HI of Varieties with "situation semantics" as outlined in Barwise and Perry (1983), a semantics that both Barwise and Etchemendy, whose book Recanati calls to his support, originally helped to design. Barwise and Perry (B&P) were unhappy with traditional semantic programs that seek propositions or intensions as correspondents for sentences, entities that float free of any given situation or world. Citing Gibson (1979) and Dretske (1980), their plan was to begin by describing natural signs carrying natural informational content and then to spell out how conventional linguistic forms carried intentional informational content in an analogous way.
The use of self-administered covert sensitization in the treatment of exhibitionism and sadism

This case study examines the response-response relationships between three distinct patterns of sexual arousal—exhibitionism, sadism, and heterosexual arousal—in the treatment of a 25-year-old male arrested for exhibitionism and attempted rape. Physiological and self-report measures of appropriate and deviant arousal were obtained in a baseline phase. Subsequently, a modification of covert sensitization involving the use of realistic aversive scenes and self-administration was successively employed with the two deviant arousal patterns in multiple-baseline fashion. Implementation of the treatment program led to rapid and stable reductions in both physiological and self-report measures of the specific arousal patterns being treated, while the other patterns of sexual arousal remained unchanged. At the end of treatment the client displayed low levels of arousal to exhibitionistic and sadistic stimuli, while maintaining appropriate heterosexual arousal. These treatment gains were sustained during a 2-month follow-up period. The data support the view that patterns of sexual arousal are independent entities which require individual assessment and treatment. The theoretical advantages of self-administered covert sensitization are discussed.
Binding Relationships of Membrane Tethering Components: THE GIANTIN N TERMINUS AND THE GM130 N TERMINUS COMPETE FOR BINDING TO THE p115 C TERMINUS

By forming a molecular tether between two membranes, p115, giantin, and GM130 may mediate multiple Golgi-related processes including vesicle transport, cisternae formation, and cisternal stacking. The tether is proposed to involve the simultaneous binding of p115 to giantin on one membrane and to GM130 on another membrane. To explore this model, we tested for the presence of the putative giantin-p115-GM130 ternary complex. We first mapped p115-binding site in giantin to a 70-amino acid coiled-coil domain at the extreme N terminus, a position that may exist up to 400 nm away from the Golgi membrane. We then generated glutathioneS-transferase (GST) fusion proteins containing either giantin's or GM130's p115 binding site and tested whether such proteins could bind p115 and GM130 or bind p115 and giantin, respectively. Unexpectedly, GST fusions containing either the giantin or the GM130 p115 binding site efficiently bound p115, but the p115 bound to GST-giantin did not bind GM130, and the p115 bound to GST-GM130 did not bind giantin. To explain this result, we mapped the giantin binding site in p115 and found that it is located at the C-terminal acidic domain, the same domain involved in binding GM130. The presence of a single binding site in p115 for giantin and GM130 was confirmed by demonstration that giantin and GM130 compete for binding to p115. These results question a simple tethering model involving a ternary giantin-p115-GM130 complex and suggest that p115-giantin and p115-GM130 interactions might mediate independent membrane tethering events.
Effects of rapid eye movement sleep deprivation on hypocretin neurons in the hypothalamus of a rat model of depression.

Hypocretin (Hcrt, also known as orexin) is a hypothalamic neuropeptide linked to narcolepsy, a disorder diagnosed by the appearance of rapid eye-movement sleep (REMS)-state characteristics during waking. Major targets of Hcrt-containing fibers include the locus coeruleus and the raphe nucleus, areas with important roles in regulation of mood and sleep. A relationship between REMS and mood is suggested by studies demonstrating that REMS-deprivation (REMSD) ameliorates depressive symptoms in humans. Additional support is found in animal studies where antidepressants and REMSD have similar effects on monoamiergic systems thought to be involved in major depression. Recently, we have reported that Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats, an animal model of depression, have reduced number and size of hypothalamic cells expressing Hcrt-immunoractivity compared to the parent, Wistar (WIS) strain, suggesting the possibility that the depressive-like attributes of the WKY rat may be determined by this relative reduction in Hcrt cells [Allard, J.S., Tizabi, Y., Shaffery, J.P., Trouth, C.O., Manaye, K., 2004. Stereological analysis of the hypothalamic hypocretin/orexin neurons in an animal model of depression. Neuropeptides 38, 311–315]. In this study, we sought to test the hypothesis that REMSD would result in a greater increase in the number and/or size of hypothalamic, Hcrt-immunoreactive (Hcrt-ir) neurons in WKY, compared to WIS rats. The effect of REMSD, using the multiple-small-platforms-over-water (SPRD) method, on size and number of Hcrt-ir cells were compared within and across strains of rats that experienced multiple-large-platforms-over-water (LPC) as well as to those in a normal, home-cage-control (CC) setting. In accord with previous findings, the number of Hcrt-ir cells was larger in all three WIS groups compared to the respective WKY groups. REMSD produced a 20% increase (p < 0.02) in the number of hypothalamic Hcrt-ir neurons in WKY rats compared to cage control WKY (WKY-CC) animals. However, an unexpected higher increase in number of Hcrt-ir cells was also observed in the WKY-LPC group compared to both WKY-CC (31%, p < 0.001) and WKY-SPRD (20%, p < 0.002) rats. A similar, smaller, but non-significant, pattern of change was noted in WIS-LPC group. Overall the data indicate a differential response to environmental manipulations where WKY rats appear to be more reactive than WIS rats. Moreover, the findings do not support direct antidepressant-like activity for REMSD on hypothalamic Hcrt neurons in WKY rats.
Temperature-dependent subconducting states and kinetics of deltamethrin-modified sodium channels of neuroblastoma cells

The effects of temperature on the properties of sodium channels from mouse neuroblastoma cells modified by the pyrethroid insecticide deltamethrin were investigated using the patch-clamp technique. The study was aimed at determining various states of modified channels which were expected to be revealed by raising the temperature as a result of an increase in channel activity. After exposure to 10 microM deltamethrin, the decay of whole cell sodium current at -30 mV was drastically slowed. It is expressed by two exponential functions at 11 degrees C and by three exponential functions at room temperature (22 +/- 1 degree C). Thus, raising the temperature reveals a new process. Whole cell sodium tail currents associated with step repolarization from -30 mV to -100 mV were best fit by the sum of two exponential functions both at 11 degrees C and at room temperature. The decay of the summed modified single sodium channel currents at -30 mV was expressed by a single exponential function at 11 degrees C, and by two exponential functions at room temperature. In keeping with these results, the open time histograms show the single (11 degrees C) and double (room temperature) exponential distributions. Thus, raising the temperature allows a new single channel process to be revealed. Other modified open states observed previously at 11 degrees C were also found at room temperature including a flickering state and a subconducting state. In addition, several new subconducting states were found at room temperature.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Molecular cloning and functional expression of a rabbit renal organic cation transporter.

Abstract A cDNA encoding an organic cation transporter (rbOCT1) was isolated from rabbit kidney. The cDNA encodes a 554 amino acid protein that is highly homologous to other mammalian organic cation transporters. rbOCT1 mediated 3 H-1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ( 3 H-MPP + ) transport in Xenopus laebis oocytes was saturable, sensitive to membrane potential, and inhibited by various organic cations. rbOCT1 mRNA transcripts are expressed in the kidney, liver, and intestine.
Behavioral solutions to breeding cheetahs in captivity: insights from the wild

Knowledge of cheetahs' behavior is increasingly seen as the key to solving the mystery of cheetahs' poor breeding performance in captivity. In the absence of zoos' maintaining systematic records of individuals' behavior during introductions, behavior of free-living animals can be informative. In the wild, most female cheetahs probably mate with males living in small groups or coalitions; thus, zoos may benefit from replicating these social conditions, provided injuries can be minimized. Relations between free-living coalition members are amicable, and escalated aggression was never witnessed during 4 years of observation. Some antagonism was seen in newly formed trios, although this had disappeared in longer established coalitions. Minor aggression occurred over carcasses, being greater at small and intermediate sized kills than at large ones. In the presence of females, mild intramale aggression was only seen within 1 of 7 coalitions. Free-living females showed similar rates of behavior in the presence of different numbers of males, aside from more frequent growling at large groups. These findings suggest that captive institutions should be less nervous about housing male cheetahs together and introducing females to groups of males for purposes of breeding. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Mpk1 MAPK association with the Paf1 complex blocks Sen1-mediated premature transcription termination

The Mpk1 MAPK of the yeast cell wall integrity pathway uses a noncatalytic mechanism to activate transcription of stress-induced genes by recruitment of initiation factors to target promoters. We show here that Mpk1 additionally serves a function in transcription elongation that is also independent of its catalytic activity. This function is mediated by an interaction between Mpk1 and the Paf1 subunit of the Paf1C elongation complex. A mutation in Paf1 that blocks this interaction causes a specific defect in transcription elongation of an Mpk1-induced gene, which results from Sen1-dependent premature termination through a Nab3-binding site within the promoter-proximal region of the gene. Our findings reveal a regulatory mechanism in which Mpk1 overcomes transcriptional attenuation by blocking recruitment of the Sen1-Nrd1-Nab3 termination complex to the elongating polymerase. Finally, we demonstrate that this mechanism is conserved in an interaction between the human ERK5 MAPK and human Paf1.
A method for analysing gravity anomalies due to a geologic contact by Fourier transform

Abstract A method is developed to analyze the first horizontal derivative of the gravity profile observed over a geologic contact. The method requires transforming the second horizontal derivative profile (obtained by differentiating the observed first derivative profile) into the spatial frequency domain and representing it in terms of its amplitude and phase spectra. It is found that phase spectrum directly yields the value of the dip of the contact. Analysis of the amplitude spectrum gives the depth to the top of the contact, along with the density contrast of the embedded structure.
Development of a Course on Product Design for Environment

This paper outlines the development of a senior undergraduate course concerned with product design for environment. The course sits alongside other well established courses devoted to product design for manufacture and assembly and is aimed at giving students experience of the use of evaluation procedures that enable the environmental impact of products to be taken into account during product design. The course is partially project based and culminates in the students working in small groups to evaluate existing products. Based on this evaluation design changes are developed for improved environmental performance, including ease of recycling.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Backcountry Settlement Development and Indian Trails A GIS Land-Grant Analysis

During the 18th century, the Southern backcountry underwent both rapid settlement by Europeans and a period of intense urbanization, in contrast to other parts of the South where town building continued to lag. This article examines one Southern backcountry region, the North Carolina Piedmont, and describes the use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to analyze spatial and temporal pattern in the 18th-century granting of land in this region in relation to the emergence of towns. The results support the idea that initial conditions, including the presence of indigenous landscape features such as the Indian Trading Path, must be considered to understand town formation in the backcountry.
Ultrarapid Staining for Cutaneous Melanoma: Study and Protocol

Background Immunohistochemistry has revolutionized the use of frozen sections for the removal of melanoma. Objective Two studies were performed to address the best and fastest way to stain melanocytes in frozen tissue sections. Materials and Methods Fifty-six standing cones were taken from sun-damaged white skin and stained with combinations of anti–S-100, anti–HMB-45, anti–Melan-A, and azure B with appropriate controls. Results Anti–Melan-A was the best immunohistochemical stain. Azure B stains melanin granules metachromatically green and allows differentiation of melanocytes and melanophages. Ultrarapid staining worked as well as rapid staining. Conclusion Dako's EnVision ultrarapid staining protocol and azure B counterstain represent a dramatic improvement and should be considered the easily obtainable histologic standard when excising cutaneous melanoma
The Impact of Experience and Time on the Use of Data Quality Information in Decision Making

Data Quality Information (DQI) is metadata that can be included with data to provide the user with information regarding the quality of that data. As users are increasingly removed from any personal experience with data, knowledge that would be beneficial in judging the appropriateness of the data for the decision to be made has been lost. Data tags could provide this missing information. However, it would be expensive in general to generate and maintain such information. Doing so would be worthwhile only if DQI is used and affects the decision made.This work focuses on how the experience of the decision maker and the available processing time influence the use of DQI in decision making. It also explores other potential issues regarding use of DQI, such as task complexity and demographic characteristics. Our results indicate increasing use of DQI when experience levels progress through the stages from novice to professional. The overall conclusion is that DQI should be made available to managers without domain-specific experience. From this it would follow that DQI should be incorporated into data warehouses used on an ad hoc basis by managers.
Systems of Practice: How Leaders Use Artifacts to Create Professional Community in Schools

This article explores how local school leaders construct the conditions for professional community in their schools. This paper argues that professional community is a special form of social capital that results, in part, from the design and implementation of facilitating structural networks by instructional leaders in schools. The structural aspects of a school community can be conceived as a system of practice , that is, a network of structures, tasks and traditions that create and facilitate complex webs of practice in organizations. Systems of practice are composed of networks of artifacts , such as policies, programs and procedures, which can be seen as powerful tools used by local leaders to influence local instructional practices. The system of practice framework suggests that leaders use artifacts to establish structures that facilitate the closure of professional networks among teachers, which in turns builds professional community. The leadership
Mapping of electrical leakage in transistors by anodic oxidation

Recently developed electrochemical methods permit the optical mapping of large and small bipolar transistors in an integrated circuit for electrical leakage before metallization. In one methods the emitters of the leaky transistors are decorated by a deposit of amorphous silicon produced as a result of anodic dissolution of the n+silicon in that region. Other methods depend on the colors of the anodic oxide grown on the emitter and base regions of the leaky transistors. A close relationship has been established between the oxide growth on the emitter and the base regions and the defective electrical characteristics of the transistor.
Employee Adoption of Corporate Blogs: A Quantitative Analysis

A new form of computer mediated communication that promises to revolutionize the way organizations communicate is internal corporate blogs. However, the academic literature on this relatively new phenomenon is limited. In this study, we apply the traditional theories of technology adoption and innovation diffusion to examine the role of socio-demographic characteristics and social networks in blog adoption by employees in a large multi-national corporation. The results indicate that individual characteristics such as age are negatively correlated with adoption, while there is no significant impact of gender. At the same time, managerial influences and usage in spatial networks explain much of the variance in adoption. We elaborate on the significance of these findings, and discuss future research plans in this direction.
A Screen for Germination Mutants in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Spore germination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a process in which a quiescent cell begins to divide. During germination, the cell undergoes dramatic changes in cell wall and membrane composition, as well as in gene expression. To understand germination in greater detail, we screened the S. cerevisiae deletion set for germination mutants. Our results identified two genes, TRF4 and ERG6, that are required for normal germination on solid media. TRF4 is a member of the TRAMP complex that, together with the exosome, degrades RNA polymerase II transcripts. ERG6 encodes a key step in ergosterol biosynthesis. Taken together, these results demonstrate the complex nature of germination and two genes important in the process.
Prophylactic vena cava filters for trauma patients: a systematic review of the literature.

Although various methods of preventing venous thromboembolism (VTE) have proven effective in many patient populations [1], neither low-dose heparin (LDH) nor mechanical prophylaxis using sequential compression devices (SCD) has proven better than no prophylaxis in patients who are at high risk for VTE due tomajor trauma [2]. Additionally, low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) may be no better than LDH in the prevention of pulmonary embolism (PE) [2]. In response to the limited effectiveness of standard preventive measures, more and more hospitals have adopted the practice of placing prophylactic inferior vena cava (IVC) filters to prevent PE in high risk trauma patients [2]. Athanasoulis et al. [3] reported the indications for placement of 1753 IVC filters from 1973 to 1998 at the Massachusetts General Hospital. Prophylaxis was not an indication until 1982. From that time until 1998, a total of 83 filters (4.7%) were placed for prophylaxis. In 1998, the percentage of prophylactic filters surpassed 15%. Greenfield et al. [4] reported a similar experience at the University of Michigan. Is there evidence to support the safety and efficacy of prophylactic IVC filter placement in patients at high risk of PE after major trauma? To address this question, we conducted a systematic review of the literature that describes the use of IVC filters in this clinical setting.
Cell-size maintenance: universal strategy revealed

How cells maintain a stable size has fascinated scientists since the beginning of modern biology, but has remained largely mysterious. Recently, however, the ability to analyze single bacteria in real time has provided new, important quantitative insights into this long-standing question in cell biology.
Dynamic Advertising Strategies of Competing Durable Good Producers

This work develops a diffusion model which incorporates word-of-mouth and advertising effects for two firms introducing competing brands of a new durable product. The competition between the two firms is formulated as a two-player, nonzero sum Markovian game. The firms are assumed to behave noncooperatively in choosing their advertising strategies and the solution concept is a Nash noncooperative equilibrium. Optimal advertising policies for this stochastic closed-loop control problem are obtained via dynamic programming. Our results indicate that both firms will start with high advertising outlays which will get reduced as the number of adopters increases. This is similar to the result obtained previously for a monopolist. Further, we find that there is a significant value in being the first brand to the market, and the greater the intensity of word-of-mouth effects, the greater the value in being first. The first entrant advantage is due to the goodwill generated by its stock of previous adopters. This first entrant advantage can only be overcome if the second entrant enters with a superior brand which is more enthusiastically endorsed by its adopters.
P-TEFb, a cyclin-dependent kinase controlling elongation by RNA polymerase II.

The elongation phase of transcription by RNA polymerase II is one of the many steps during the generation of mature mRNAs that is subject to regulation. Shortly after initiation, RNA polymerase II comes under the control of negative transcription elongation factors, generally termed N-TEFs, and enters abortive elongation (51). During this postinitiation process, only short transcripts are generated that may be prematurely terminated. These short transcripts arise from transcription of many genes, including c-myb, c-myc, c-fos, HSP70, and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) long terminal repeat (LTR), and are normally subject to rapid degradation (3, 63). Escape from the action of N-TEF requires the action of at least one positive transcription elongation factor (P-TEF), eventually identified as P-TEFb (52). P-TEFb allows the transition into productive elongation, producing long transcripts from which mRNAs are derived. In this way, the fraction of initiating RNA polymerase II molecules that produce full-length transcripts is controlled by a selection process that occurs early in the elongation phase of the transcription cycle. After the transition is made into productive elongation, the efficiency of elongation may be influenced by additional factors, including S-II, TFIIF, ELL, and elongin (62, 65).
Enhanced Effects of Cortisol Administration on Episodic and Working Memory in Aging Veterans with PTSD

Though both glucocorticoid alterations and memory impairments have been noted in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), it is not clear if these phenomena are causally linked. As there is emerging evidence that these domains become further altered in PTSD with increasing age, it is of interest to examine these relationships in an older cohort. Aging (mean age, 62.7+/-8.9; range, 52-81) combat veterans with (n=13) and without (n=17) PTSD received an intravenous bolus of 17.5 mg hydrocortisone (cortisol), a naturally occurring glucocorticoid, or placebo in a randomized, double-blind manner, on two mornings approximately 1-2 weeks apart. Neuropsychological testing to evaluate episodic and working memory performance was performed 75 min later. Cortisol enhanced episodic memory performance in both groups of subjects, but enhanced elements of working memory performance only in the PTSD+ group. The preferential effect of cortisol administration on working memory in PTSD may be related to the superimposition of PTSD and age, as cortisol had impairing effects on this task in a previously studied, younger cohort. The findings suggest that there may be opportunities for developing therapeutic strategies using glucocorticoids in the treatment of aging combat veterans.
Private sector approaches to workforce enhancement.

Objectives: This paper addresses the private practice model of dental care delivery in the US. The great majority of dental care services are delivered through this model and thus changes in the model represent a means to substantially change the supply and availability of dental services. The two main forces that change how private practices function are broad economic factors, which alter the demand for dental care and innovations in practice structure and function which alter the supply and cost of services. Methods: Economics has long recognized that although there are private market solutions for many issues, not all problems can be addressed through this model. The private practice of dentistry is a private market solution that works for a substantial share of the market. However, the private market may not work to resolve all issues associated with access and utilization. Solutions for some problems call for creative private – public arrangements – another form of innovation; and market-based solutions may not be feasible for each and every problem. This paper discusses these economic factors and innovation as they relate to the private practice of dentistry, with special emphasis on those elements that have increased the capacity of the dental practice to offer services to those with limited means to access fee-based care. Results: Innovations are frequently described as new care delivery models or new workforce models. However, innovation can occur on an ongoing and regular basis as dental practices examine new ways to combine capital and human resources and to leverage the education and skill of the dentists to a greater number of patients. Innovation occurs within a market context as the current and projected economic returns reward the innovation. Innovation can also occur through private–public arrangements. Conclusions: There are indications of available capacity within the existing delivery system to expand service delivery. The Michigan Medicaid Healthy Kids Dental program is discussed as one example of how dental services to Medicaid insured children were effectively expanded using the private practice model.
A Black Woman's Journey Into a Predominately White Academic World:

The paucity of Black women at predominately White institutions of higher education is well recognized. Like me, some Black women survived the gauntlet of coursework, qualifying examinations, and dissertation research and writing in pursuit of doctoral degrees, followed by the whirlwind campus visits that are integral to the faculty recruitment process. Upon our arrival, we were confronted by the challenges of being African American and female in a majority White university community. This article is a personal journey that spans 40 years of my life—from an 18-year-old freshman to a tenure-track assistant professor—at the same university.
A growth curve analysis of novel word learning by sequential bilingual preschool children

Longitudinal word learning studies which control for experience can advance understanding of language learning and potential intra- and inter-language relationships in developing bilinguals. We examined novel word learning in both the first (L1) and the second (L2) languages of bilingual children. The rate and shape of change as well as the role of existing vocabulary in new word learning were of primary interest. Participants were 32 three-to-five-year old children. All participants had Hmong as their L1 and English as their L2. A novel word learning paradigm was used to measure children's acquisition of new form–meaning associations in L1 and L2 over eight weekly training sessions (four in each language). Two-level hierarchical linear models were used to analyze change in the comprehension and production of new words in Hmong and English over time. Results showed that there were comparable linear gains in novel word comprehension and production in both the L1 and the L2, despite different starting points. Success in novel word learning was predicted to some extent by existing vocabulary knowledge within each language. Between-language relationships were both positive and negative. These findings are consistent with highly interactive dynamic theories of sequential bilingual language learning.
The first silesaurid dinosauriform from the Late Triassic of Morocco

Disarticulated material from the Late Triassic Timezgadiouine Formation in the Argana Basin of Morocco represents a new taxon of silesaurid dinosauromorph, Diodorus scytobrachion gen. et sp. nov. D. scytobrachion can be distinguished from other silesaurids by the presence of anteriorly-canted teeth that decrease in size towards the anterior end of the dentary and a distinct lateral ridge running parallel to the dentary alveolar margin. In a phylogenetic analysis, D. scytobrachion is recovered as the sister-taxon to the Brazilian Sacisaurus agudoensis, nested deep within Silesauridae. This new taxon provides further evidence of a near-cosmopolitan range for basal dinosauriforms in the Late Triassic and further demonstrates the disparity of dental morphologies within Silesauridae.
Evolution and interaction of interplanetary shocks

Whang's unsteady, one-dimensional, one-fluid MHD model is used to carry out a simulation study of the evolution of the solar wind based on two shock events over a distance of the order of 10 AU in the outer heliosphere. The study is based on the observation of two events, each observed by two or more spacecraft. The results show that the shock process, including the formation, collision, and merging of shocks, dominates the dynamical evolution of large-scale solar wind structures. In the outer heliosphere, the large-scale solar wind and magnetic field evolve into a much simpler structure, and MHD shocks are present as a principal component of the solar wind. The simulation results shed new light on the interaction and evolution of large interplanetary streams.