cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Time of dark adaptation after stimulation by various brightnesses and colors.

Experiments were carried out in which an observer, previously dark adapted, was stimulated for 3 minutes by fields of various brightnesses and colors and the time required for him to become dark adapted again was measured. It was found (1)that for stimulation at 6-foot candles by equally bright fields of various colors the times to become dark adapted were about 4, 5, 7, 11, and 13 minutes for wavelengths 650, 600, 550, 500, and 450 mμ, respectively; stimulation by the ultraviolet 366 mμ line caused little disturbance to dark adaptation at the intensity used;(2)that for equally bright white and red 650-mμ stimulations at 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 footcandles, the times to become dark adapted were about 4, 5, 10, and 21 minutes for white and 3, 4, 5, and 7 minutes for red, respectively.
Altered sensory feedbacks in pianist's dystonia: the altered auditory feedback paradigm and the glove effect.

Background: This study investigates the effect of altered auditory feedback (AAF) in musician's dystonia (MD) and discusses whether altered auditory feedback can be considered as a sensory trick in MD. Furthermore, the effect of AAF is compared with altered tactile feedback, which can serve as a sensory trick in several other forms of focal dystonia. Methods: The method is based on scale analysis (Jabusch et al. 2004). Experiment 1 employs synchronization paradigm: 12 MD patients and 25 healthy pianists had to repeatedly play C-major scales in synchrony with a metronome on a MIDI-piano with 3 auditory feedback conditions: 1. normal feedback; 2. no feedback; 3. constant delayed feedback. Experiment 2 employs synchronization-continuation paradigm: 12 MD patients and 12 healthy pianists had to repeatedly play C-major scales in two phases: first in synchrony with a metronome, secondly continue the established tempo without the metronome. There are 4 experimental conditions, among them 3 are the same altered auditory feedback as in Experiment 1 and 1 is related to altered tactile sensory input. The coefficient of variation of inter-onset intervals of the key depressions was calculated to evaluate fine motor control. Results: In both experiments, the healthy controls and the patients behaved very similarly. There is no difference in the regularity of playing between the two groups under any condition, and neither did AAF nor did altered tactile feedback have a beneficial effect on patients’ fine motor control. Conclusions: The results of the two experiments suggest that in the context of our experimental designs, AAF and altered tactile feedback play a minor role in motor coordination in patients with musicians' dystonia. We propose that altered auditory and tactile feedback do not serve as effective sensory tricks and may not temporarily reduce the symptoms of patients suffering from MD in this experimental context.
Oxidation of Butadiene Monoxide tomeso-and (±)-Diepoxybutane by cDNA-Expressed Human Cytochrome P450s and by Mouse, Rat, and Human Liver Microsomes: Evidence for Preferential Hydration ofmeso-Diepoxybutane in Rat and Human Liver Microsomes☆

Butadiene monoxide (BM) can be oxidized by cDNA-expressed human cytochrome P450 enzymes and by mouse, rat, and human liver microsomes to yield meso- and (+/-)-diepoxybutane (DEB). The DEB diastereomers were separated by gas chromatography (GC) and characterized by GC-mass spectrometry. Of eight cDNA-expressed human P450 enzymes examined, only incubations with 2E1, 2A6, and 2C9 led to DEB detection; total DEB formation rate by 2E1 was nearly four- and sixfold higher than the rates observed with 2C9 and 2A6, respectively, while incubations with 1A1, 1A2, 2B6, 2D6, or 3A4 did not lead to DEB detection. meso-DEB was detected preferentially in 2A6 and 2E1 incubations (ratios nearly 2:1), whereas incubations with 2C9 led to detection of both isomers in approximately equal amounts. Incubations of mouse, rat, or human liver microsomes with BM and chlorzoxazone provided further evidence for the involvement of 2E1 in BM oxidation; meso-DEB was the major DEB form detected at high BM concentrations. The Vmax/Km ratio for total DEB formation obtained with mouse liver microsomes was higher than the ratios obtained with rat and human liver microsomes. However, DEB hydrolysis in human liver microsomes was greater than that observed with rat liver microsomes, while no hydrolysis was detectable in mouse liver microsomes. When the DEB diastereomers were added in a 1:1 ratio to human or rat liver microsomes, selective hydrolysis of meso-DEB was observed. These results, which characterize new metabolic reactions for BM and DEB, may be of toxicological importance, as significant species differences reflecting both the stereoselective oxidation of BM by P450 enzymes and the subsequent preferential meso-DEB hydration by epoxide hydrolase have been demonstrated.
The field of educational technology as reflected through its definitions

The purpose of this article is to examine how, over time, the major definitions of the field of educational technology have reflected changes in the field itself. Major definitions from the early 1900s through 1994 are reviewed and compared. Each definition is discussed in terms of the events and ideas that were current at that time. Major changes in the field, as reflected by the definitions, are identified and thoughts regarding future definitions are presented.
An expert system for machine-aided indexing

Le service central de traitement de l'information de l'Institut du Petrole Americain (API-CAIS) utilise des systemes experts pour selectionner les termes d'indexation dans les resumes d'articles. Utilisant le thesaurus API comme base, le systeme fonctionne depuis fevrier 1985. Les termes d'indexation selectionnes par la machine sont verifies par la personne responsable de l'edition de l'indexation
Teacher Evaluation Policy and Conflicting Theories of Motivation

Current interest in teacher evaluation focuses disproportionately on measurement issues and performance-based pay without an overarching theory of how evaluation works. To develop such a theory, I contrast two motivation theories often used to guide thinking about teacher evaluation. External motivation theory relies on economics and extrinsic incentives. Internal motivation uses psychology and intrinsic incentives. These theories and available evidence raise doubts about performance-based pay, but not the use of other extrinsic incentives. These theories also suggest that to maintain effective intrinsic incentives, policies to remove ineffective teachers should not reduce autonomy or trust among effective teachers and that evaluations should provide teachers with useful feedback and policy makers with information on the conditions that facilitate good teaching.
Upregulation of N-acetylaspartic acid alters inflammation, transcription and contractile associated protein levels in the stomach and smooth muscle contractility.

N-acetylaspartic acid (NAA) is converted into aspartate and acetate by aspartoacylase. Abnormal levels of the enzyme leads to accumulation of NAA and these changes have been observed in Canavan disease and type 2 diabetes. How upregulation of NAA affect the gastrointestine protein levels and the function is not known. Incubation of rat stomach tissue with NAA 1.5 mM, 1.5 μM and 1.5 nM induced inflammatory agents TNFα, p38MAPK, iNOS, PKC, COX2 and ICAM3; transcription factors phospho-NF-kBp65, cjun and cfos; contractile proteins MLCK and phospho MLC; and calcium channel α1C and calcium channel, voltage-dependent, beta 3 subunit compared to their respective control. Incubation of circular smooth muscle cells with the above doses of NAA induced contractility compared to the control. These studies suggest that NAA alters proteins levels and smooth muscle contractility and these changes likely to contribute to gastrointestinal disorder seen in these diseases.
The Physiology of Gibberellin-Induced Elongation

Despite the fact that the discovery of the gibberellins (GA s) resulted from the dramatic effect these compounds exert on stem elongation, our understanding of the physiology of this process has progressed slowly. Progress has been hampered by both methodological and conceptual limitations, particularly by the lack of an appropriate test system. Experiments have been confined largely to studies with whole plants (1,2) and to studies with excised sections which show a very limited growth response to GA (3,4) or some dependence on, or response to, auxins (3,5,6).
Human Peptidoglycan Recognition Proteins Require Zinc to Kill Both Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria and Are Synergistic with Antibacterial Peptides

Mammals have four peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs or PGLYRPs), which are secreted innate immunity pattern recognition molecules with effector functions. In this study, we demonstrate that human PGLYRP-1, PGLYRP-3, PGLYRP-4, and PGLYRP-3:4 have Zn 2+ -dependent bactericidal activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria at physiologic Zn 2+ concentrations found in serum, sweat, saliva, and other body fluids. The requirement for Zn 2+ can only be partially replaced by Ca 2+ for killing of Gram-positive bacteria but not for killing of Gram-negative bacteria. The bactericidal activity of PGLYRPs is salt insensitive and requires N -glycosylation of PGLYRPs. The LD 99 of PGLYRPs for Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria is 0.3–1.7 μM, and killing of bacteria by PGLYRPs, in contrast to killing by antibacterial peptides, does not involve permeabilization of cytoplasmic membrane. PGLYRPs and antibacterial peptides (phospholipase A 2 , α- and β-defensins, and bactericidal permeability-increasing protein), at subbactericidal concentrations, synergistically kill Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. These results demonstrate that PGLYRPs are a novel class of recognition and effector molecules with broad Zn 2+ -dependent bactericidal activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria that are synergistic with antibacterial peptides.
Knowledge-based IS implementation support: an application to the IS change agent role problem

The threat of abandoned or extensively overhauled IS is a major concern for both MIS specialists and businesses. This concern may stem from the mismatch between MIS specialist change agent role and IS environment, and is a complex problem to solve. The problem results when the MIS specialist's role outlines responsibilities that cannot possibly manage the state of uncertainty surrounding the IS initiative. This paper explores how the change agent role problem can be detected and alleviated with the help of a knowledge-based diagnostic support tool. A conceptual model of the IS change agentry application domain is developed to capture the interactions among IS implementation factors. This knowledge representation scheme guides the reasoning process. The proposed approach could be used by MIS specialists proactively to facilitate the analysis of complex domain facts prior to committing resources to a change agent role. The approach is illustrated with case data. Managerial implications of the study are discussed.
Irradiation to control insects in fruits and vegetables for export from Hawaii

Abstract Phytosanitary or quarantine treatments are often required to disinfest host commodities of economically important arthropod pests before they are moved through market channels to areas where the pest does not occur. Irradiation is an accepted treatment to control quarantine pests in 10 fruits and five vegetables for export from Hawaii to the US mainland. Irradiation is the ideal technology for developing generic quarantine treatments because it is effective against most insect and mite pests at dose levels that do not affect the quality of most commodities. A generic dose of 150 Gy has been proposed for tephritid fruit flies. Contrary to the 150 Gy dose, approved irradiation quarantine treatment doses for Mediterranean fruit fly, melon fly, and oriental fruit fly in Hawaii are 210–250 Gy. Irradiation studies were conducted to determine if the approved doses were unnecessarily high and could be reduced. Irradiation is also a viable alternative to methyl bromide fumigation to disinfest Hawaii sweetpotatoes, and studies are in progress to identify an effective dose for two key sweetpotato insect pests. Results indicate that irradiation doses
Genetic and Epigenetic Somatic Alterations in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas Are Globally Coordinated but Not Locally Targeted

Background: Solid tumors, including head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC), arise as a result of genetic and epigenetic alterations in a sustained stress environment. Little work has been done that simultaneously examines the spectrum of both types of changes in human tumors on a genome-wide scale and results so far have been limited and mixed. Since it has been hypothesized that epigenetic alterations may act by providing the second carcinogenic hit in gene silencing, we sought to identify genome-wide DNA copy number alterations and CpG dinucleotide methylation events and examine the global/local relationships between these types of alterations in HNSCC. Methodology/Principal Findings: We have extended a prior analysis of 1,413 cancer-associated loci for epigenetic changes in HNSCC by integrating DNA copy number alterations, measured at 500,000 polymorphic loci, in a case series of 19 primary HNSCC tumors. We have previously demonstrated that local copy number does not bias methylation measurements in this array platform. Importantly, we found that the global pattern of copy number alterations in these tumors was significantly associated with tumor methylation profiles (p,0.002). However at the local level, gene promoter regions did not exhibit a correlation between copy number and methylation (lowest q=0.3), and the spectrum of genes affected by each type of alteration was unique. Conclusion/Significance: This work, using a novel and robust statistical approach demonstrates that, although a ‘‘second hit’’ mechanism is not likely the predominant mode of action for epigenetic dysregulation in cancer, the patterns of methylation events are associated with the patterns of allele loss. Our work further highlights the utility of integrative genomics approaches in exploring the driving somatic alterations in solid tumors.
Uniparental Inheritance of Chloroplast Genomes

An intriguing feature of most eukaryotes is that chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes are inherited almost exclusively from one parent. This can be explained for those organisms that produce gametes of different sizes as chloroplasts and mitochondria are mostly excluded from the sperm or pollen. However, uniparental inheritance also typifies those organisms that produce gametes of identical sizes. In Chlamydomonas, the uniparental inheritance of chloroplast genomes is achieved by a series of mating type-controlled events that culminate in the early zygote with the selective degradation of chloroplast DNA (but not the chloroplast) contributed by the mating-type minus (mt−) parent. Thus, only the chloroplast DNA from the mating-type plus (mt+) parent persists in the zygote to be transmitted to meiotic progeny. How Chlamydomonas selectively degrades a subset of organelle genomes has long fascinated researchers and is the subject of this chapter. The molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain elusive, but are hypothesized to entail two distinct events that occur during different stages of the life cycle: a ‘protection’ of plus chloroplast DNA, perhaps during gametogenesis, and a ‘destruction’ of unprotected minus chloroplast DNA during early zygote development. The gene(s) required for protection have yet to be isolated but all evidence to date indicates that they will be present in mt+ cells only. The degradation of unprotected minus chloroplast DNA appears to be accomplished, in part, by a zygote-specific nuclease targeted to the chloroplast during early zygote development. Interestingly, multiple genes have now been identified that all appear to play a role in accomplishing this degradation. As will be shown, the specific elimination of minus chloroplast DNA during early zygote development is a complex and carefully orchestrated phenomenon likely requiring the activity of several proteins. Potential mechanisms for regulating this process are highlighted.
PDE‐5 inhibition improves skin flap viability in rats that are exposed to nicotine

Introduction Nicotine causes ischemia and necrosis of skin flaps. Phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) inhibition enhances blood flow and vasculogenesis. This study examines skin flap survival in rats exposed to nicotine that are treated with and without PDE-5 inhibition. Materials and methods Eighty six rats were divided into five groups. Group 1 received saline subcutaneous (SC) once per day. Group 2 received nicotine SC 2 mg/kg day. Group 3 received sildenafil intraperitoneal (IP) 10 mg/kg day. Group 4 received nicotine SC 2 mg/kg and sildenafil IP 10 mg/kg day. Group 5 received nicotine SC 2 mg/kg day and sildenafil IP 10 mg/kg two times daily. After 28 days of treatment, modified McFarlane flaps were created, silicone sheets were interposed, and flaps were sutured. Photographs were taken on postoperative days 1, 3, and 7 and fluorescence angiography was used on day 7, both to evaluate for skin flap necrosis. Rats were euthanized and flaps were harvested for Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) Western blot analysis. Images were analyzed by three blinded observers using ImageJ, and necrotic indices were calculated. Results The nicotine and PDE-5 inhibition twice-daily group showed a 46% reduction in flap necrosis when compared to saline only (P 0.05). Conclusions PDE-5 inhibition exhibits a dose-dependent reduction in skin flap necrosis in rats exposed to nicotine. This suggests that PDE-5 inhibition may mitigate the ill effects of smoking on skin flaps. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 34:390–397, 2014.
Parkinson's Disease: Genetics and Pathogenesis

Current treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD) is entirely symptomatic. The extremely effective therapies aimed at the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system and motor symptoms fail to address non-motor symptoms and their underlying neurobiology. Even with a renewed focus on non-motor symptoms, PD therapeutics still lacks the ultimate therapy: a curative or neuroprotective agent. Such compounds will come out of a nuanced understanding of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of disease. New, rapid advances in medical genetics, neuroepidemiology, and neuroscience are driving interlocking theories of PD pathogenesis that may ultimately change the definition of disease to reflect biologic pathways in addition to clinical features. The list of PD-related (PARK) loci and associated genes will change as PARK loci syndromes move away from PD definitions by clinical signs, neuropathology, or potential cause, or new syndromes fit into PD disease pathways. The current PARK loci, including disease-causing genetic mutations, loci without specific mutations, and unconfirmed mutations, add up to a complex but interrelated group of neurobiologic pathways. Protein aggregation, proteasome dysfunction, mitochondrial inhibition and oxidative stress are some of the major theories of PD pathogenesis. Much of this information comes from working forward from disease-causing genetic mutations. At the same time, toxin models of disease, human toxin exposure parkinsonism, and neuroepidemiology are also converging on a set of disease mechanisms. Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress is an example of how data from environmental exposure models and epidemiology fits with disease-causing mutations and their protein products. Cutting edge PD neurotherapeutics will exploit targets in pathways clearly relevant to both inherited and sporadic parkinsonisms. Keywords: Parkinson's; synuclein; parkin; PINK1; DJ-1; LRRK2; dardarin; genetics; locus; MPTP; mitochondria; oxidative stress; protein aggregation; proteasome; epidemiology; pesticide; synphillin-1
The nonspecificity of electroencephalographic triphasic waves: the emperor defrocked.

A blind analysis of 56 EEGs with triphasic wave patterns was performed to determine the diagnostic specificity of individual electrographic features. EEG and clinical variables analyzed included longitudinal topography, phase lags, symmetry, background activity, reactivity, longitudinal bipolar phase reversal sites, responses to photic stimulation and mental status at the time of recording. The only statistically significant finding for any of the diagnostic groups tested was the presence of severe background slowing in cases of hepatic encephalopathy (P<0.001). We found no evidence to suggest that other features may contribute to a more highly characteristic pattern for hepatic encephalopathy. None of the features studied reliably distinguished hepatic encephalopathy from other forms of metabolic encephalopathy.
Negamycin Binds to the Wall of the Nascent Chain Exit Tunnel of the 50S Ribosomal Subunit

Negamycin, a small-molecule inhibitor of protein synthesis, binds the Haloarcula marismortui 50S ribosomal subunit at a single site formed by highly conserved RNA nucleotides near the cytosolic end of the nascent chain exit tunnel. The mechanism of antibiotic action and the function of this unexplored tunnel region remain intriguingly elusive.
Energy-efficient protocol for cooperative networks

In cooperative networks, transmitting and receiving nodes recruit neighboring nodes to assist in communication. We model a cooperative transmission link in wireless networks as a transmitter cluster and a receiver cluster. We then propose a cooperative communication protocol for establishment of these clusters and for cooperative transmission of data. We derive the upper bound of the capacity of the protocol, and we analyze the end-to-end robustness of the protocol to data-packet loss, along with the tradeoff between energy consumption and error rate. The analysis results are used to compare the energy savings and the end-to-end robustness of our protocol with two non-cooperative schemes, as well as to another cooperative protocol published in the technical literature. The comparison results show that, when nodes are positioned on a grid, there is a reduction in the probability of packet delivery failure by two orders of magnitude for the values of parameters considered. Up to 80% in energy savings can be achieved for a grid topology, while for random node placement our cooperative protocol can save up to 40% in energy consumption relative to the other protocols. The reduction in error rate and the energy savings translate into increased lifetime of cooperative sensor networks.
Failure of Internet-based audit and feedback to improve quality of care delivered by primary care residents.

Objective. To determine the effectiveness of Internet-based audit and feedback to physicians to improve care for diabetes and hypertension. Design. Time-series analysis of an intervention. Methods. The study setting was Harvard Vanguard Medical Associates, a 14-site multispecialty group in greater Boston. The study period was July 1997–June 1999. Participants were 12 primary care internal medicine residents who provided care to adult patients with diabetes (n = 76 pre-intervention and n = 88 post-intervention), hypertension (n = 329 pre-intervention and n = 338 post-intervention), or both (n = 62 pre-intervention and n = 71 post-intervention). We determined the proportion of each resident’s patients whose care fulfilled national guidelines for quality (i.e. diabetes patients had hemoglobin testing in the previous 6 months or hypertension patients received a β-blocker or diuretic in the same time period). After meeting individually with each resident to obtain informed consent and to encourage participation, we sent each resident information for accessing his or her practice profile on a secure website. The main outcome measures were (i) the proportion of resident physicians who accessed their profiles and (ii) change following the intervention in the proportion of patients whose care followed national guidelines. Results. Over a 1-year period, only four of the 12 residents accessed their websites. One of the residents visited her site three times, while the other three residents visited their sites once each. In interrupted time-series analyses, the intervention had no discernible effect on adherence to practice guidelines for diabetes or hypertension. Conclusion. The lack of participation in this Internet-based intervention may have important implications for the development of future programs that require physicians to interact with technology to improve quality of care.
Towards a realistic simulation of plate margins in mantle convection

We have incorporated faults as plate margins into time-dependent mantle convection models by using a mixed Eulerian and Lagrangian finite element formulation. Plate margins in our models can migrate dynamically in response to variations in mantle buoyancy, and this enables us to study the dynamics of mantle and plates including changes in plate size. Convection models in a cylindrical geometry with such a faulted converging margin, non-Newtonian rheology, and continents indicate that the converging margin tends to migrate oceanward. The oceanward trench migration leads to an increase in the size of the overriding continental plate.
TEACHING THE NINE TECHNOLOGIES OF CONCEPTUAL AIRCRAFT DESIGN

The aircraft design curriculum at the United States Air Force Academy presents conceptual design in terms of nine fundamental technologies or activities, namely customer focus, design synthesis, engineen'ng drawing and geometry modeling, aerodynamic analysis, constraint analysis, mission analysis, sizing, optimization, and performance and cost reporting. This paper describes these nine activities, explains how they fit together in the conceptual design process, and shows how they are taught and learned at USAFA. Examples of student work show the effectiveness of this approach. This paper also provides an overview of the aircraft design course to our own students.
Phase adjustment of large antennas

A technique is described for adjustment of phase paths within large antenna arrays or paraboloidal surfaces which are now in use, or are planned, for radio astronomy. After large paraboloids have been constructed, they suffer distortions which are very difficult to investigate and for which photogrammetry, millimeterwave radar and optical survey have been suggested. A new suggestion, based on experiment at Stanford with phase measurement of long paths, is to place modulated gas discharge tubes, acting as scatterers, at various points on the paraboloidal surface and to monitor the phase path from a signal generator through the feed at the focus to each discharge tube in turn, and back. By means of a second probe, say a dipole situated at the vertex of the paraboloid, it is possible to triangulate on deflections. The feasibility of this scheme has been established in connection with the large Stanford cross antenna which has an aperture of 1339 wavelengths at 9.1 cm. The phase of the modulated reflected wave produced by the discharge tube is determined by adding it to a reference continuous wave of large amplitude and applying the resultant to a receiver sensitive to the modulating frequency. A null is obtained when the two waves are in quadrature. The coherent detection system allows measurement of the phase of the modulated reflection even when its amplitude is below -130 dbm. Using a 10-mw S -band signal generator, no difficulty was found in detecting the reflection from a small discharge tube placed 100 feet away from a 3 by 4 inch horn, which is sufficient range for applying the method to large paraboloids.
Silicon electroosmotic micropumps for integrated circuit thermal management

We are developing a class of electroosmotic micropumps fabricated from silicon substrates that can be used for integrated circuit thermal management applications. Prototype micropumps with 0.15 cm/sup 3/ packages produce a maximum flow rate of 170 /spl mu/L min/sup -1/ and a maximum pressure of 10 kPa operating at 400 V. These specifications approach the requirements for single-phase forced-convective cooling of small IC hot spots. The micropumps operate on less than 200 mW and, having no moving structural elements, offer inherent reliability advantages. The impact on pump performance of geometry, surface treatment, and choice of working fluid has been characterized.
Sulphate adsorption at the Fe (hydr)oxide–H2O interface: comparison of cluster and periodic slab DFT predictions

Summary The transport and bioavailability of sulphate in soils are significantly affected by adsorption reactions at the mineral–H2O interface. Therefore, an understanding of the mechanisms and kinetics of sulphate adsorption is of fundamental importance in soil chemistry. In this investigation, the binding geometries of bidentate bridging and monodentate sulphate complexes at the Fe (hydr)oxide–H2O interface were predicted with static cluster and periodic slab density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The cluster calculations were performed with edge-sharing dioctahedral Fe 3þ models, using the unrestricted PBE0 exchange-correlation functional and a combination of effective core potential (LanL2DZ – Fe atoms) and all-electron (6–311þG(d,p) or 6–311þG(3df,p) – S, O, and H atoms) basis sets. The periodic slab calculations were performed with a (3 � 2) slab of the (100) a-FeOOH surface, by means of the projector-augmented wave method and a plane-wave basis set. For the periodic slab DFT calculations, the spin-polarized (SP) PBE exchange-correlation functional, with and without explicit consideration of an on-site Coulomb interaction parameter (i.e. SP-PBE and SP-PBEþU methods), was used. Despite the lack of long-range order, cluster model predictions of the interatomic distances and angles of bidentate bridging and monodentate sulphate were in good agreement with the periodic slab model predictions. Quantitative analysis of the cluster and periodic slab DFT predictions is expected to result from theoretical fitting of extended X-ray absorption fine structure measurements. The application of computational chemistry methods to soil chemistry research is anticipated to provide novel insight into the mechanisms and kinetics of ion sorption.
Gain and phase margins of SISO systems from modified root locus plots

Graphically based methods for determining the gain margin and phase margin of linear time-invariant single-input, single-output (SISO) control systems are treated. The gain margin can be found from a graph showing the angle of each closed-loop system eigenvalue in the complex plane as a function of real gain. At any constant real gain, the phase margin can be identified from a graph of the angle of each closed-loop system eigenvalue in the complex plane as a function of gain angle. The proposed methods do not require frequency calculations and highlight the importance of root sensitivity, with the practical design guideline of not selecting control gains that place eigenvalues near break points. >
Implementation and Evaluation of Emulator for Testing Service Programs in MANET

Debugging of service programs using a real MANET requires enormous number of devices, a vast testing space, and a lot of people. For this reason, many MANET emulators have been proposed so far. However, these emulators have some drawbacks and advantages. In this article, a new emulator is proposed to effectively test service programs for MANET. Moreover, we implemented the emulator to evaluate the performance and to compare it with existing emulators. The comparative results show that the proposed emulator can realize more efficient and larger range of the test.
Acoustic Interference in Solids and Holographic Imaging

This paper reports a new technique for the visualization of ultrasonic interference in solids. The technique utilizes small (≈ 1 μm) polystyrene spheres suspended in a very thin liquid film formed on the surface of the solid. The nonlinear response of this film to acoustic waves is such that the spheres reveal the interference pattern present at the surface. There are two important advantages to this technique. The first is the simplicity of the technique, no elaborate equipment is required. The second is the easing of restrictions on ultimate resolution by our ability to visualize ultrasonic interference in solids.
The Persuasive Effect of Salesperson Credibility: Conceptual and Empirical Examination

There has been extensive research on the effect of source credibility on persuasion in social psychology. This paper suggests that some of the research on source credibility in social psychology may not be valid in a personal selling situation. Thus, in a personal selling situation, relationships between buyer's prior expectations and effect of salesperson credibility are proposed and tested experimentally. Some direct effects of salesperson credibility were observed which were as suggested by social psychology research. However, inverse persuasive effects of salesperson credibility predicted by social psychology research were not observed. Managerial implications of the research are suggested and directions for future research proposed.
Sleep and emotion regulation: An organizing, integrative review

A growing body of research suggests that disrupted sleep is a robust risk and maintenance factor for a range of psychiatric conditions. One explanatory mechanism linking sleep and psychological health is emotion regulation. However, numerous components embedded within this construct create both conceptual and empirical challenges to the study of emotion regulation. These challenges are reflected in most sleep-emotion research by way of poor delineation of constructs and insufficient distinction among emotional processes. Most notably, a majority of research has focused on emotions generated as a consequence of inadequate sleep rather than underlying regulatory processes that may alter these experiences. The current review utilizes the process model of emotion regulation as an organizing framework for examining the impact of sleep upon various aspects of emotional experiences. Evidence is provided for maladaptive changes in emotion at multiple stages of the emotion generation and regulation process. We conclude with a call for experimental research designed to clearly explicate which points in the emotion regulation process appear most vulnerable to sleep loss as well as longitudinal studies to follow these processes in relation to the development of psychopathological conditions.
Considering Curriculum and Pedagogy: Preparing Students for living in an eSociety through Cross-Cultural Conversation in a ‘Global Classroom’

This paper considers globally-connected student experiences as a means for training them for an emergent eSociety. It does so by emphasizing three main points. First, this paper situates ‘eSociety’ as a relevant term to demark the social and cultural life for which contemporary learners are trying to prepare. Then, this paper offers an example of the variegated transdisciplinary curriculum needed to prepare today’s student nested within this eSociety. Finally, this paper offers ‘cross-cultural conversation’ as an appropriate pedagogic style for transdisciplinary training, providing a brief description of a case of a ‘global classroom.’ Practical means for implementing transdisciplinary curricula and globally-connected pedagogies are discussed.
Task Oriented Reading of Instructional Materials and Its Relationship to Message Scores in Online Learning Conversations

This paper examines the utility of an unobtrusive attention guidance functionality integrated into an anchored discussion system. Our proposed design is founded in social constructivism and accomplishes two objectives: (1) to promote students' task oriented reading of central domain principles from instructional materials, (2) to support students' progressive improvement of tentative ideas focusing on central domain principles from instructional materials. We perform experimental research to test our design and apply quantitative techniques to rigorously evaluate the utility of the developed attention guidance functionality. Results show that attention guidance prompted students to reflect on and monitor their cognitive processes while reading information they deemed important. Moreover, we found that students invested deliberate efforts to improve tentative ideas by focusing on information they deemed important. Finally, we discovered such efforts to be a significant predictor of task oriented reading of central domain principles from instructional materials. Theoretical and practical implications are outlined.
Effects of Contents of Serum Zinc, Calcium, Manganese on Short Stature Children's Height and Bone Age

Objective:To investigate the effects of contents of serum zinc, calcium, manganese on short stature children' s height and bone age.Methods:The contents of serum of zinc,calcium and manganese were determined in 30 short stature children and 30 healthy children. And the relationship of zinc,calcium,manganese with height and bone age were observed.Results:The contents of serum zinc,calcium,manganese in short stature group were significantly lower than that in the control group. A significant positive correlation was found between serum zinc,calcium,manganese and height(P 0.01) , and a significant positive correlation between serum zinc, manganese and bone age( P 0.01) ,but no significant correlation between serum calcium and bone age ( P 0.05). Conclusion:Serum Zinc,calcium,manganese have a close relationship with increase of height and maturation of bone age in children.
Evaluation of A Home Made Immunochromatographic Test Kit for the Detection of HRP-II Antigen of Plasmodium falciparum

Objective To evaluate the quality and performance of a home made immunochromatographic test kit for the detection of histidine-rich protein II (HRP-II) of Plasmodium falciparum. Methods 49 blood samples collected from patients infected with Plasmodium falciparum, 30 from patients infected with Plasmodium vivax and 43 from uninfected people were used for the detection of HRP-II antigen using the home made immunochromatographic test kit. The sensitivity, specificity, stability and precision of the detection were assessed. Results The immunochromatographic test kit was easily to use and the result could be obtained in 5-10 minutes, with a sensitivity and specificity of 98% and 100%, respectively. The minimal detection limit of the test for the blood sample was 0.01% parasite density and 10 ng/ml for recombinant HRP-II. The test strips can be stored at 4～8℃ for more than 18 months. Three different lots of strips showed consistent results. Conclusion The test kit is a valuable diagnostic tool for Plasmodium falciparum, especially for field study which requires rapid and accurate diagnosis.
Forty Years of Use and Abuse of Impact Testing: A Practical Guide to Making Good FRF Measurements

Impact testing first came into common use over 40 years ago, once the fast Fourier transform (FFT) was commercially available. Over this period of time, implementation of impact testing has evolved but some of the same problems seem to reoccur. This paper documents the practical guidelines that have evolved, along with some practical examples of what happens when the guidelines are not followed, particularly with respect to overload detection and related errors. In particular, the ADC hardware differences are noted and the distortion problem associated with overloads is thoroughly reviewed. Other issues that are discussed include factors that affect force spectrum, impact hammer calibration, double impacting, use, application and correction for exponential windows and understanding how the time truncation causes leakage for a realistic case involving a lightly damped structural system.
The evolution of the treatment of isolated pulmonary valve stenosis.

Abstract In the course of studies covering 40 years, 1913 to 1953, leading to the development of cardiopulmonary bypass, many ingenious blind instrumental or digital intrusions were made into the heart chambers to treat lesions therein. Limits were defined for the arrest of circulation through part or all of the heart to permit a brief glimpse of the lesion and effect at least a partial correction. The often remarkably good results of operations performed under less than ideal operating conditions for lesions such as isolated pulmonary stenosis encouraged the interventional cardiologist and radiologist, working together, to adapt the cardiac catheter, used previously for exploration of the vascular system and diagnosing intravascular lesions, to therapeutic purposes. They positioned a catheter with uninflated balloon attached in the pulmonary artery, then either by inflating the balloon beyond the constricted orifice and pulling it through or by rapidly and precisely inflating the balloon lying across the orifice were able to disrupt the stricture and relieve the stenosis. Results matched those of early non-visual operations. Recently the cardiologist has expanded the approach to relieve other constricted orifices in the heart and great vessels and to close abnormal openings. In isolated pulmonary stenosis, the nearly complete relief of obstruction and the tolerance of the circulation to blunt disruption of valvular stenosis bodies well for the long-term success of balloon valvuloplasty in this congenital malformation of the heart.
Numerical Modeling of the Lake Mary Road Bridge for Foundation Reuse Assessment

This project uses numerical techniques to assess the structural integrity and capacity of the bridge foundations and, as a result, reduces the risk associated with reusing the same foundation for a new superstructure. Nondestructive test methods of different types were used in combination with the numerical modeling and analysis. The onsite tests included visual inspection, tomography, ground penetrating radar, drilling boreholes and coreholes, and the laboratory tests on recovered samples. The results were utilized to identify the current geometry of the structure with foundation, including the hidden geometry of the abutments and piers, and soil and foundation material properties. This data was used to build the numerical models and run computational analyses on a high performance computer cluster to assess the structural integrity of the bridge and foundations including the suitability of the foundation for reuse with a new superstructure and traffic that will increase the load on the foundations. Computational analysis is more cost-effective and gives an advantage of getting more detailed knowledge about the structural response. It also enables to go beyond non-destructive testing and find the failure conditions without destroying the structure under consideration.
Neuroepigenetics of Sexual Differentiation of Brain and Behavior

Sexual differentiation of the brain occurs during a developmental sensitive period under the influence of gonadal steroids. As understanding of the brain has increased in sophistication, so too has the awareness that the enduring consequences of hormonally mediated differentiation are not understood. Epigenetics offers a means by which changes in gene expression can be established and maintained or reactivated by the adult steroid milieu. While still in the earliest stages of discovery, some principles are emerging including that masculinization of brain and behavior involves an escape from repression by DNA methylation and that not all epigenetic changes can be temporally tied to hormone exposure. Steroid modulation of enzymes regulating DNA methylation and histone modifications create the divergence in epigenetic patterns in some regions of male and female brains. RNA-Seq highlights diversity in both gene expression and transcriptional variation due to specific promoter usage and/or splicing. Challenges abound, but the future is bright for unraveling many mysteries of brain development in both males and females.
Finescale Structure of a Snowstorm over the Northeastern United States: A First Look at High-Resolution HIAPER Cloud Radar Observations

AbstractThe newly developed High-Performance Instrumented Airborne Platform for Environmental Research (HIAPER) Cloud Radar (HCR) is an airborne, W-band, dual-polarization, Doppler research radar that fits within an underwing pod on the National Center for Atmospheric Research Gulfstream-V HIAPER aircraft. On 2 February 2015, the HCR was flown on its maiden research voyage over a cyclone along the Northeast coast of the United States. Six straight flight legs were flown over 6 h between the northern tip of Delaware Bay and Bangor, Maine, crossing the rain–snow line, and passing directly over Boston, Massachusetts, which received over 16 in. of snow during the event. The HCR, which recorded reflectivity, radial velocity, spectral width, and linear depolarization ratio with a 0.7° beam, was pointed at nadir from a flight altitude of 12,800 m (42,000 ft). The along-track resolution ranged between 20 and 200 m, depending on range, at aircraft speeds varying between 200 and 275 m s−1. The range resolution was ...
Sanctioning Matrimony: Western Expansion and Interethnic Marriage in the Arizona Borderlands. By Sal Acosta

Sanctioning Matrimony: Western Expansion and Interethnic Marriage in the Arizona Borderlands . By Sal Acosta. (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2016. xii + 241 pp. Illustrations, maps, tables, notes, bibliography, index. $55.00; ebook.) S anctioning Matrimony recreates an intriguing world where Mexicans, and especially Mexican women, are central, where other people of color and Euro-Americans steep in Mexican culture to fit into the Arizona borderlands. The book complicates the picture of race, class, and gender in the history of the borderlands. It moves past intermarriage between Mexican women and white men, beyond elite marriages, to explore little-known unions between Mexicans and Chinese, African-Americans, and whites across class. Mexican women and intermarriage played a key role in the formation of the Southwest borderlands and in the transformation of Tucson into an … jschiavonecamacho{at}antiochcollege.org
Introduction: Prospects for a Conceptual Synthesis

To even a casual observer, the great diversity among organisms in size, form, locomotion, and color is evident. If the microscopic world is also considered, the variety becomes overwhelming: With respect to size (mass) alone, for example, the range extends approximately 21 orders of magnitude, from the smallest bacteria at 10−13 grams to blue whales, which exceed 108 grams (see Chapter 4).