cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lactobacillus acidophilus Induces a Strain-specific and Toll-Like Receptor 2-Dependent Enhancement of Intestinal Epithelial Tight Junction Barrier and Protection Against Intestinal Inflammation.

Defective intestinal tight junction (TJ) barrier is an important pathogenic factor of inflammatory bowel disease. To date, no effective therapies that specifically target the intestinal TJ barrier are available. The purpose of this study was to identify probiotic bacterial species or strains that induce a rapid and sustained enhancement of intestinal TJ barrier and protect against the development of intestinal inflammation by targeting the TJ barrier. After high-throughput screening of >20 Lactobacillus and other probiotic bacterial species or strains, a specific strain of Lactobacillus acidophilus, referred to as LA1, uniquely produced a marked enhancement of the intestinal TJ barrier. LA1 attached to the apical membrane surface of intestinal epithelial cells in a Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2–dependent manner and caused a rapid increase in enterocyte TLR-2 membrane expression and TLR-2/TLR-1 and TLR-2/TLR-6 hetero-complex–dependent enhancement in intestinal TJ barrier function. Oral administration of LA1 caused a rapid enhancement in mouse intestinal TJ barrier, protected against a dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) increase in intestinal permeability, and prevented the DSS-induced colitis in a TLR-2– and intestinal TJ barrier–dependent manner. In conclusion, we report for the first time that a specific strain of LA causes a strain-specific enhancement of intestinal TJ barrier through a novel mechanism that involves the TLR-2 receptor complex and protects against the DSS-induced colitis by targeting the intestinal TJ barrier.
Preparing for the Future - Nanobodies for Covid-19?

Fighting SARS-CoV-2 with Nanobodies New therapies effective against SARS-CoV-2 are desirable. Could nanobodies represent an arrow in the quiver of therapeutic strategies to treat Covid-19?
The Execution of the Innocent in Military Tribunals: Problems from the Past and Solutions for the Future

For the past fifteen years, the United States has struggled with the question of how to administer military tribunals. During that time, most commentators have assumed that the right to a speedy trial that protects traditional criminal defendants also benefits military tribunal defendants. But in the context of military tribunals, history suggests that delay is good for defendants – especially innocent defendants. This is perhaps best illustrated by two previous military tribunals: the Dakota War tribunals of 1862 and the German Saboteurs tribunal from World War II. Those earlier tribunals led to the conviction and execution of defendants who were likely innocent. These injustices were largely the result of the public fear and hysteria surrounding the military events precipitating the tribunals, which in turn caused structural infirmities in the tribunals like denial of counsel, unreliable evidence, unnecessary secrecy, biased decision makers, and hastiness. If the tribunals had been sufficiently delayed, the hysteria likely would have abided, and the structural infirmities would likely have been either improved or even cured. If military tribunals are going to be used in the future, we should remember the benefits of, and insist on, a new right for defendants to delay the tribunals.
Precision, Tolerance, and Consensus: Local Cultures in German and British Resistance Standards

Standards, Witold Kula tells us, have social meaning.1 Bound to dimensions found in everyday life and labor, potently symbolizing the centralizing tendencies of authorities large and small, and setting guidelines for just practice in commerce and trade, standards are strategic loci on which converge several different dimensions of human behavior. But for Kula, that convergence is rich to the degree it occurs in the deeper past of the early modern period when anthropomorphic measures confined to local cultures dominated. In his view, matters changed following the introduction of the metric system at the end of the eighteenth century. Increased precision and accuracy in measurement expanded the geographic range of standards and diluted to the point of eliminating the subjective connotations and associations of standards found in more local cultures. Hence, for Kula, the metric system helped to destroy feudalism and instill modernizing tendencies. More precise standards became, in Kula’s opinion, one foundation for large-scale political unity, a conclusion shared by other historians.2
Sports Technique Charts

(1951). Sports Technique Charts. Journal of the American Association for Health, Physical Education, and Recreation: Vol. 22, No. 5, pp. 56-56.
Methods for Fusion of Individual Decisions

In this paper, we consider the problem of determining the optimal team decision rules in uncertain, binary (dichotomous) choice situations. We show that the Relative (Receiver) Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve plays a pivotal role in characterizing these rules. Specifically, the problem of finding the optimal fusion rule involves finding a set of coupled operating points on the individual ROCs. Introducing the concept of a "team ROC curve", we extend the method of characterizing decision capabilities of an individual decisionmaker (DM) to a team of DMs. Given the operating points of the individual DMs on their ROC curves, we show that the best aggregation rule is a likelihood ratio test. When the individual opinions are conditionally independent, the aggregation rule is a weighted majority rule, but with different asymmetric weights for the `yes' and `no' decisions. We show that the widely studied weighted majority rule with symmetric weights is a special case of the asymmetric weighted majority rule, wherein the competence level of each DM corresponds to the intersection of the main diagonal and the DM's ROC curve. Finally, we demonstrate that the performance of the team can be improved by jointly optimizing the aggregation rule and the individual decision rules.
The Drug Data Base of the Pawtucket Heart Health Program: Development and Description

Pharmacoepidemiology has become an important tool for identifying patterns of drug use and adverse drug reactions in the general population. Drug data bases derived from population-based samples have been particularly useful in addressing questions such as adherence to national guidelines for the treatment of chronic diseases. As part of the Pawtucket Heart Health Program, a continuing community-based research and demonstration project, detailed information regarding the use of drugs among the general population of two southeastern New England cities was collected using cross-sectional and longitudinal methodologies.
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor desensitization is regulated by activation-induced extracellular adenosine accumulation

Adenosine modulation of nicotinic ACh receptor (nAChR) function was studied in primary cultures of rat skeletal muscle. Activation of the nAChR by carbachol increased extracellular adenosine concentration in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, carbachol activation of the nicotinic receptor resulted in a twofold increase in cAMP levels in the muscle cells. The carbachol-dependent increase in cAMP levels was inhibited by adenosine receptor antagonists as well as by nicotinic receptor antagonists. These results suggest that the increased cAMP levels were due to adenosine receptor activation by the extracellular adenosine accumulated on nAChR activation. Others have shown that desensitization of the nAChR by agonist is mediated, in part, by phosphorylation. Since we found that nicotinic cholinergic agonists also cause adenosine accumulation with concomitant cAMP increases, we determined whether the accumulated adenosine has a role in desensitization. We found that the adenosine receptor antagonist, BW1434U, significantly inhibited carbachol-induced nAChR desensitization, indicating that extracellular adenosine is involved in nAChR desensitization. Our data suggest that nAChR function is regulated via a feedback mechanism mediated by adenosine released from muscle on activation of the nAChR.
Sobol Sensitivity Analysis: A Tool to Guide the Development and Evaluation of Systems Pharmacology Models.

A systems pharmacology model typically integrates pharmacokinetic, biochemical network, and systems biology concepts into a unifying approach. It typically consists of a large number of parameters and reaction species that are interlinked based upon the underlying (patho)physiology and the mechanism of drug action. The more complex these models are, the greater the challenge of reliably identifying and estimating respective model parameters. Global sensitivity analysis provides an innovative tool that can meet this challenge. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst. Pharmacol. (2015) 4, 69–79; doi:10.1002/psp4.6; published online 25 February 2015
Data Streams: An Overview and Scientific Applications

In recent years, advances in hardware technology have facilitated the ability to collect data continuously. Simple transactions of everyday life such as using a credit card, a phone, or browsing the web lead to automated data storage. Similarly, advances in information technology have lead to large flows of data across IP networks. In many cases, these large volumes of data can be mined for interesting and relevant information in a wide variety of applications. When the volume of the underlying data is very large, it leads to a number of computational and mining challenges: With increasing volume of the data, it is no longer possible to process the data efficiently by using multiple passes. Rather, one can process a data item at most once. This leads to constraints on the implementation of the underlying algorithms. Therefore, stream mining algorithms typically need to be designed so that the algorithms work with one pass of the data. In most cases, there is an inherent temporal component to the stream mining process. This is because the data may evolve over time. This behavior of data streams is referred to as temporal locality. Therefore, a straightforward adaptation of one-pass mining algorithms may not be an effective solution to the task. Stream mining algorithms need to be carefully designed with a clear focus on the evolution of the underlying data. Another important characteristic of data streams is that they are often mined in a distributed fashion. Furthermore, the individual processors may have limited processing and memory. Examples of such cases include sensor networks, in which it may be desirable to perform in-network processing of data stream with limited processing and memory [1, 2]. This chapter will provide an overview of the key challenges in stream mining algorithms which arise from the unique setup in which these problems are encountered. This chapter is organized as follows. In the next section, we will discuss the generic challenges that stream mining poses to a variety of data management and data mining problems. The next section also deals with several issues which arise in the context of data stream management. In Sect. 3, we discuss several mining algorithms on the data stream model. Section 4 discusses various scientific applications of data streams. Section 5 discusses the research directions and conclusions.
The Educational Activities of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific.

We report on some of the educational programs and publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific (ASP) that may be of particular interest to scientists and educators who are involved with NASA E/PO activities. Founded in 1889, the ASP now has members in all 50 states and over 60 other countries, and is the largest general astronomy organization in the U.S. The ASP devotes a considerable part of its resources to education and outreach (in both the formal and informal arenas). As discussed below, the Society has several networks of educators and a range of publications and programs that could be of use to missions and projects that wish to test or disseminate their materials or activities more widely.
Linear Spaces and Gâteaux Variations

Each problem considered previously reduces to that of optimizing (usually minimizing) a real valued function J defined on a subset \(\mathcal{D}\) of a linear space \(\mathcal{Y}\) In the present chapter we shall view problems in this context and introduce the associated directional derivatives (Gâteaux variations) of the functions which will be required for what follows. We begin with a catalogue of standard linear spaces presupposing some familiarity with vector space operations, with continuity, and with differentiability in ℝd.
Baseline Wander Cancellation on Trellis for Perpendicular Magnetic Recording

In this work, we consider a perpendicular magnetic recording channel where the data is stored perpendicular to the plane of magnetic media. The perpendicular magnetic recording provides significant aerial density gain compared to the conventional longitudinal magnetic recording. This gain comes at the cost of adding a baseline wander noise which degrades the system performance and affects the data integrity. In this article, we propose a model for the baseline wander noise. The parameters of the proposed model are computed by posing the problem as minimizing the mean square error. We demonstrate that this problem can be appropriately simplified and posed as finding a least squares problem. The proposed model on the baseline wander noise requires the knowledge of information bits to estimate the noise but this information is unavailable at the time of decoding. We propose a novel technique to cancel the baseline wander effect on the Viterbi trellis. This cancellation is done on the fly in the trellis and obviates the need of the information bits yet provides the performance gain close to the genie performance. Simulation and experimental results corroborate the analysis of the proposed algorithm and demonstrate that the proposed algorithm provides the performance gain.
VLSI sensori-motor systems

The authors describe their efforts in developing sensorimotor chips which contain arrays of sensing elements, circuitry for processing the raw sensor data into forms relevant to motion-related tasks, circuitry for generating motion signals based on the processed sensor data and the goals of the system, and an operating system which selects a unique motor command from a set of usually conflicting motion signals. Sensors of this kind are intended for use in robots. They would greatly reduce the computational burden from that imposed with standard sensing techniques that use high bandwidth video cameras or even tactile sensing arrays, since they would generate motor signals directly rather than sensor signals from which another computer would have to generate motor signals. >
The Molecular Chaperone gp96/GRP94 Interacts With Toll-Like Receptors And Integrins Via Its C-Terminal Hydrophobic Domain

The structural basis for molecular chaperones to discern misfolded proteins has long been an enigma. As the endoplasmic reticulum paralogue of the cytosolic HSP90, gp96 (GRP94, HSP90b1) is an essential molecular chaperone for Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and integrins. However, little is known about its client-binding domain (CBD). Herein, we provide genetic and biochemical evidence to definitively demonstrate that a C-terminal loop structure, formed by residues 652–678, is the critical region of CBD for both TLRs and integrins. Deletion of this region affects neither the intrinsic ATPase activity nor the overall conformation of gp96. However, without it, the chaperoning function of gp96 collapses. We also find a critical Met pair (Met658-Met662) for the folding of integrins but not TLRs. Moreover, we find that the TLR binding to gp96 is also dependent on the C-terminal dimerization domain but not the N-terminal ATP-binding pocket of gp96. Our study has unveiled surprisingly the exquisite specificity of gp96 in substrate binding and suggests a manipulation of its CBD as an alternative strategy for targeted therapy of a variety of diseases.
Noninvasive detection of early asbestos-related disease of the thorax: algorithmic analysis of radiographic, nuclear, and serologic tests.

Improved imaging techniques may assist in the diagnosis of early asbestosis, such as could occur from asbestos in place.' These include (1) increased visualization of visceral pleural thickening, (2) high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT), and (3) gallium scanning, combined with evidence of serum markers indicating inflammation-associated pulmonary collagen formation. Combining these imaging and serum test observations with a clinically useful algorithmic approach may permit the diagnosis of early' asbestosis, which is not now possible from the individual test results or from an unweighted combination of such data.35 references.
Progress on developing an optical adaptive processor based on multichannel architectures

Adaptive beamforming is a technique to suppress the interference coupled to the antenna through the antenna sidelobes and minimize the corruption ofthe signal of interest by means of adaptively tracking the source of interference with the nulls of radiation pattern [1-2]. Adaptivity is vital to a host of mission-critical applications, for which jamming suppression in a radar has been studied extensively [3]. As the time-bandwidth product (TBWP) of the adaptive processor increases, the computational burden rapidly exceeds the capabilities of the state-of-the art integrated microelectronics technology. A computation power of 1013 bps may be required. Insufficient parallelism has limited performance of electronic radar processors to approximately 50 dB jam suppression over the bandwidth of 1 MHz.
Teaching Introductory Measurement: Suggestions for What to Include and How to Motivate Students

In this article, we discuss the importance of measurement literacy and some issues encountered in teaching introductory measurement courses. We present results from a survey of introductory measurement instructors, including information about the topics included in such courses and the amount of time spent on each. Topics that were included by the largest percentages of respondents were: validity, reliability, item analysis, item development, norms, standardized scores, classical test theory, instrument interpretation, and the history of testing, each of which was covered by at least 50% of respondents. Respondents were also asked the number of class sessions spent on each topic, and were asked to rate the importance of each. Responses to these questions closely paralleled those regarding the percentages of respondents who included these topics in their courses. We also report suggestions for class activities, arguing that those teaching introductory measurement courses should emphasize the relevance of measurement concepts to students’ lives and future careers. To this end, we provide suggestions for activities that might help to accomplish this goal.
Liquid crystal domains and thixotropy of filamentous actin suspensions.

Abstract The thixotropic properties of filamentous actin suspensions were examined by a step-function shearing protocol. Samples of purified filamentous actin were sheared at 0.2 sec-1 in a cone and plate rheometer. We noted a sharp stress overshoot upon the initiation of shear, indicative of a gel state, and a nearly instantaneous drop to zero stress upon cessation of shear. Stress-overshoot recovery was almost complete after 5 min of "rest" before samples were again sheared at 0.2 sec-1. Overshoot recovery increased linearly with the square root of rest time, suggesting that gel-state recovery is diffusion limited. Actin suspensions subjected to oscillatory shearing at frequencies from 0.003 to 30 radians/sec confirmed the existence of a 5-min time scale in the gel, similar to that for stress-overshoot recovery. Flow of filamentous actin was visualized by polarized light observations. Actin from 6 mg/ml to 20 mg/ml showed the "polycrystalline" texture of birefringence typical for liquid crystal structure. At shear rates less than 1 sec-1, flow occurred by the relative movement of irregular, roughly ellipsoidal actin domains 40-140 microns long; the appearance was similar to moving ice floes. At shear rates greater than 1 sec-1, domains decreased in size, possibly by frictional interactions among domains. Eventually domains flow in a "river" of actin aligned by the flow. Our observations confirm our previous domain-friction model for actin rheology. The similarities between the unusual flow properties of actin and cytoplasm argue that cytoplasm also may flow as domains.
Parallel VLSI algorithm for stable inversion of dense matrices

A fast, efficient, parallel algorithm for stable matrix inversion based on Givens plane rotations is described. The algorithm is implemented on VLSI systolic architecture that is capable of inverting any n*n nonsingular dense matrix in 5n units of time, including I/O time. The array architecture consists of n/sup 2/+n processing elements (PEs) arranged as a cascade of two triangular arrays of (n/sup 2/+n)/2 PEs each. The parallel algorithm involves the following processes: QR-decomposition by the Givens rotations technique; inversion of the upper triangular matrix R and multiplication of R/sup -1/ by Q. All three components of the algorithm are maximally overlapped with no need for intermediate I/O or global communications. A novel technique for concurrently inverting distinct matrices on the same array has also been suggested. This technique, based on the use of two levels of pipelining, significantly improves the array throughput. The execution speed of the algorithm matches that of the fastest systolic implementation of matrix inversion using Gaussian elimination without pivoting (which is unstable in most cases) reported to date.< >
EFFECTS OF SEASON AND AREA ON ECTOPARASITES OF WHITE-TAILED DEER (ODOCOILEUS VIRGINIANUS) IN MISSISSIPPI

Nine species of ectoparasites (4 Acari, 2 Mallophaga, 1 Anoplura, 1 Diptera, and 1 Siphonaptera) were recovered from 126 white-tailed deer collected in northern, central, and southern Mississippi. Intensity and prevalence of adults of Ixodes scapularis and larvae, nymphs, and adults of Amblyomma americanum varied significantly over collection periods, but not between host sexes. Lipoptena mazamae occurred on deer from only one study area. Although individual deer were heavily parasitized by Tricholipeurus parallelus and T. lipeuroides, their prevalence was limited. Hoplopsyllus sp., Solenopotes sp., Amblyomma maculatum, and Dermacentor albipictus had prevalences of <10% and were not tested for area, host sex, and seasonal effects. The potential pathogenicity of these ectoparasite species are related to white-tailed deer in Mississippi.
Customer Service as a Function of Shopper's Attire:

A field experiment explored whether a female shopper's appearance would influence the customer service she received. Specifically, a female confederate dressed in formal work clothes (skirt and blouse) or informal gym clothes (tights and t-shirt) entered a series of randomly selected women's clothing stores in a large mall and proceeded to "shop." The amount of time that passed before an employee approached and acknowledged the confederate served as the dependent variable. As hypothesized, she was acknowledged significantly sooner when formally attired than when informally dressed. Thus, clothing, like other aspects of appearance, influences how people are evaluated and treated by others.
Tensors associated with a pair of quadratic differential forms

Abstract A pair of quadratic differential forms in n dimensions determine at least partly at each point of space, a system of n invariants and a set of n orthogonal unit vectors, with a one to one correspondence between the two sets. It is found very convenient to use these invariants and vectors as auxiliary quantities in terms of which tensors associated with the two forms can be expressed. In order that a tensor, which is a rational function 1 of these auxiliary quantities and their higher derivatives, be also a rational function of the components of the original two forms and their higher derivatives, it is necessary and sufficient that this tensor be invariant under a certain group of transformations on the auxiliary quantities. The Galois theory of groups is applied and a generalization to tensors is obtained of the theorem that every rational symmetric function of the roots of an algebraic equation is a rational function of the coefficients of the equation. The tensors that are rational functions of the components of the original two forms are considered in detail. Certain systems of fundamental tensors, symmetric relative to the auxiliary quantities, are introduced, such that every rational tensor function of the auxiliary quantities and symmetric relative to these quantities, can be expressed uniquely in terms of these fundamental tensors. Only tensors of even order are rational functions of the two forms. If one form is invariantively related to the other, the theory here developed becomes a theory for a single form.
Factors controlling throughfall chemistry in a balsam fir canopy: A modeling approach

This paper presents a model of water flux and throughfall concentrations of K+ and NH 4 + in a subalpine balsam fir forest. The model is based on a multi-layer submodel of hydrologic flow. Cloud water deposition and evaporation are incorporated as separate submodels. Chemical exchange is parameterized with diffusion resistances and internal foliar concentrations determined from leaching experiments on isolated canopy components. The model is tested against within-storm throughfall measurements and found to agree reasonably well in most instances. Some specific departures from observed data are noted, of which some can be explained. Differences between observed and modeled concentrations of K+ early in the storm events suggest that pre-storm conditions, which were not modeled, are important in controlling the chemical exchange. Responses of throughfall chemistry to changes in rain rate, rain concentration, and stand surface area index (SAI) were investigated by simulation with the model. Increasing rain rates increased leaching of K+ and uptake of NH 4 + . Increasing concentrations of K+ in rain decreased slightly the amount of K+ leached, but increasing concentration of NH 4 + in rain increased NH 4 + uptake proportionately. Increasing canopy SAI increased the leaching of K+ and the uptake of NH 4 + , with the pattern of the increase dependent on rain rate.
PAMAM dendrimers as supramolecular hosts through non-covalent interactions

This manuscript reports on the binding of fluorescent polyanionic probes to various generations of amine-terminated poly(amidoamine) dendrimers (G3–G6) in buffered aqueous media, monitored through optical spectroscopy. These binding processes were used as a tool to investigate how structural features of the guest (e.g. charge, electronic structure and hydrophobicity) influence the binding process. Our results provide an initial understanding of the nature of the fundamental intermolecular interactions involved when these interesting highly regular water-soluble hyperbranched polymers function as supramolecular hosts. Electrostatics was found to be the major driver of the binding process, but solvation effects and cation–π interactions also play a significant role in these processes.
Expert And Novice Dietetic Practice Behavior Is Tracked In A Problem-based Clinical Nutrition Module

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To comparatively profile the learning behaviors, experiences, and outcomes of expert clinical nutrition practitioners and undergraduate dietetic students. Four clinical nutrition cases were presented as a closed-loop problem-based learning (PBL) module to undergradute dietic students (NV) (N=10) and experienced clinical nutrition RDs(XP) (N=13) Performance was monitored qualitatively and quantitatively using surveys of learning behavior/opinions.knowledge/comprehension tests, double-entry journals, and videotaping. Mean NV ace was 22.1 y (range 20 to 25) mean XP age was 44.8 y (range 38 to 66). Median years of clinical experience was 9.0 y (range 2 to 26) NV showed, a strong academic background 9had a GPA greater than 3.0. Pre-study comfort with teamwork leadership, and information management abilities was expressed by NV and XP, Qualitative and quantitative methods showed XP more sure off knowledge base. Active discussion was a preferred learning method for both XP and NV; working independently to meet course objectives was a less preferred method for both groups with demonstration and frequent instructor feedback less preferred by XP. On a scale of 1 (agree) to 5 (disagree) both XP and W enjoyed the PBL method (1.0,1.3.respectively) and motivated to learn(1.5, 1.2 respectively) NV perceived significant improvement in confidence to problem solve, conduct independent learning, and evaluate nutrition information. XP spent less time than NV in independent study (8.0 hr vs 13.5 hr, H=4.7, df=1, p=.03) Likert scale response showed greater XP frustration and stress qualitative instruments reveled concerns for the adequacy and validity of self-reported competence, yet verified affective response, XP expressed frustration justifying data request, nothing a desire to alert this PBL process component; XP difficulty integrating new, terminology was apparent only on videotape. Results an observational component to assess dietetic practice/process with cautious interpretation of self-reported competence. Use of PBL to develop and assess practice expertise was supported.
Melanocytic galectin-3 is associated with tyrosinase-related protein-1 and pigment biosynthesis.

Galectin-3 is a family member of the carbohydrate-binding proteins widely expressed by many cell types and exhibits multiple cellular functions. We demonstrate that melanocytes express galectin-3, which is predominantly localized to the cell body peripherally along the Golgi zone. Downregulation of galectin-3 in human melanocytes using short hairpin RNA technology resulted in the reduction of both melanin synthesis and expression/activity of tyrosinase-related protein-1 (Tyrp-1). In the cell body, galectin-3 colocalizes with melanosome-destined cargo, specifically tyrosinase and Tyrp-1. We studied melanocytes cultured from patients with forms of Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome (HPS) containing defects in trafficking steps governed by biogenesis of lysosome-related organelle complex-2 (BLOC-2) (HPS-5), BLOC-3 (HPS-1), and adaptin-3 (HPS-2). We found that galectin-3 expression mimicked the defective expression of the tyrosinase cargo in dendrites of HPS-5 melanocytes, but it was not altered in HPS-1 or HPS-2 melanocytes. In addition, galectin-3 colocalized predominantly with the HPS-5 component of BLOC-2 in normal human melanocytes. These data indicate that galectin-3 is a regulatory component in melanin synthesis affecting the expression of Tyrp-1.
Chromatography of rare basic amino acids

Abstract l -Ornithine, l -lysine, α,γ-diaminobutyric acid, and α,β-diaminopropionic acid were separated chromatographically on PA 35 in the presence of amino acids normally present in protein hydrolysates or physiological fluids. The resolution of these components in the mixture was excellent. The content of these lower homologs of lysine can be quantitatively determined by means of the chromatography.
Enzymatic Synthesis and some Biochemical Effects of 2′-Deoxy-6-thioguanosine

6-THIOGUANINE (TG) has been reported to be an inhibitor of the growth of both human and rodent neoplasms. Investigations of some of the biochemical effects of this agent by LePage1,2 have led to the suggestion that incorporation of TG as a deoxyribonucleotide into deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the mechanism by which this antimetabolite inhibits growth. Accordingly, it was of interest to demonstrate the enzymatic synthesis of the 2′-deoxyribonucleoside of TG (dTGR) and to determine whether this compound had any advantage over either TG or 6-thioguanosine (TGR). The chemical synthesis of dTGR has been reported recently3,4. Biochemical and biological studies carried out with the synthetic material indicated that dTGR is superior to TG as an inhibitor of the growth of transplanted rodent neoplasms, and greater quantities of dTGR were incorporated into the DNA of mammary adenocarcinomas of mice than of TGR (ref. 5).
What are male caregivers talking about

Purpose: Using secondary analysis and Friedemann’s framework of systemic organization as a guide, the purpose of this article is to examine the experience of a subsample of five men caring for women with stroke who participated for 3 months in a Web-based support group. Method: Analysis of qualitative data (N = 224 entries) obtained from interview questions and discussion amongst the caregivers followed established protocols. Results: Results revealed that these men were dealing with role changes and women’s depression and irritability. The stroke event also fostered closer family ties and “being there” for one another. Conclusion: These findings begin to explore the complex experience of men caring for women with stroke.
Justice and Retaliation

Abstract Punishment and Reparations are sometimes held to express retaliatory emotions whose object is to strike back against a victimizer. I begin by examining a version of this idea in Mill's writings about natural resentment and the sense of justice in Chapter V of Utilitarianism. Mill's view is that the ‘natural’ sentiment of resentment or ‘vengeance’ that is at the heart of the concept of justice is essentially retaliatory, therefore has ‘nothing moral in it,’ and so must be disciplined or moralized from without by the desire to promote the general welfare. I argue to the contrary that if ‘reactive attitudes’ like resentment and moral blame are understood as Strawson analyzed them, as essentially ‘interpersonal’ or ‘second personal’, they have a different content and function. They implicitly demand respect in a way that also expresses respect for the victimizer as a member of mutually accountable community of moral equals. Some implications of this idea are discussed for the ‘expressive theory of pu...
Accelerations of Nonstructural Components during Nonlinear Seismic Response of Multistory Structures

AbstractA simple method is presented for determining the peak horizontal acceleration of nonstructural components attached to the floor system of multistory structures subjected to strong ground motions. The procedure was developed for nonstructural components based on shake-table data measured on the floor diaphragms of 30 small-scale reinforced concrete test structures. The observed response led to a general expression that directly accounts for the level of inelastic response of the structures. Floor acceleration data from existing instrumented buildings during strong seismic events were used to test the validity of the method. The method was also assessed analytically using acceleration data calculated after nonlinear dynamic analyses of 6- and 12-story reinforced concrete frames subjected to a suite of 10 ground motions scaled to three intensity levels to cause varied degrees of inelastic response in the frame elements. These analyses allowed the inclusion of flexible nonstructural components in the ...
Skills in the management oriented IS and enterprise system job markets

With turmoil in the U.S. and world economies, it is more necessary than ever to ensure that graduates and employees have the skills necessary to compete in the job market. Some of the previous research on job skills has looked at job advertisements in print and online media to determine skills that employers were seeking; other research interviewed or surveyed employers to determine employers' needs. Results were often conflicting as previously summarized in Litecky, Zwieg and Huang. Now web content data mining techniques allow for much greater sampling and specific analysis of current MIS (simply defined as Management oriented Information Systems types of skills) oriented job ads. In this approach over two million advertisements were filtered to over one half million U.S. job advertisements for MIS degree graduates from various job websites. Management-oriented IS skills were compiled in a thesaurus and then those skills were extracted from the selected job ads. These skills were compared to the job advertisements for subsequent analysis. Results suggest much more concordance between disparate job advertisements and survey-based research. These results reinforce much of the desired uniqueness of MIS curricula as compared to other computing degree curricula. Results herein are limited to U.S. and are also contrasted with the similar content and analysis of job skills in the Australian IS job market. In addition an analysis is performed on the cross disciplinary data on Enterprise System/SAP jobs which were not limited to MIS graduates.
Critical working frequency of reciprocating heat-transfer devices in axially reciprocating mechanisms

Abstract The reciprocating heat-transfer device or reciprocating heat pipe has a high effective thermal conductance, and applications can be found in various reciprocating mechanisms, including offset cam mechanisms, Scotch yoke mechanisms, and piston assemblies of internal combustion engines. The liquid return mechanism presents the most important operating limitation for this type of heat-transfer device. In this paper, the potential applications of the reciprocating heat-transfer device to various reciprocating mechanisms are described. Theoretical analyses are performed for the critical working frequency of the device in connection with the reciprocating mechanisms. An analytical solution and semi-empirical correlation, with and without taking into account the flow resistance, are obtained. Extensive experiments for the critical working frequency are then undertaken on an engine tester. Comparison of the analytical and experimental results indicates that the analytical solutions and semi-empirical correlation provide an accurate prediction for the working limits of reciprocating heat-transfer devices.
Speculative hardware/software co-designed floating-point multiply-add fusion

A Fused Multiply-Add (FMA) instruction is currently available in many general-purpose processors. It increases performance by reducing latency of dependent operations and increases precision by computing the result as an indivisible operation with no intermediate rounding. However, since the arithmetic behavior of a single-rounding FMA operation is different than independent FP multiply followed by FP add instructions, some algorithms require significant revalidation and rewriting efforts to work as expected when they are compiled to operate with FMA--a cost that developers may not be willing to pay. Because of that, abundant legacy applications are not able to utilize FMA instructions. In this paper we propose a novel HW/SW collaborative technique that is able to efficiently execute workloads with increased utilization of FMA, by adding the option to get the same numerical result as separate FP multiply and FP add pairs. In particular, we extended the host ISA of a HW/SW co-designed processor with a new Combined Multiply-Add (CMA) instruction that performs an FMA operation with an intermediate rounding. This new instruction is used by a transparent dynamic translation software layer that uses a speculative instruction-fusion optimization to transform FP multiply and FP add sequences into CMA instructions. The FMA unit has been slightly modified to support both single-rounding and double-rounding fused instructions without increasing their latency and to provide a conservative fall-back path in case of mispeculation. Evaluation on a cycle-accurate timing simulator showed that CMA improved SPECfp performance by 6.3% and reduced executed instructions by 4.7%.
An ecological ethic? Left Aristotelian Marxism versus the Aristotelian right

Hans Jonas, The Principle of Responsibility (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1984). Robert Spaemann and Reinhardt Loew, Die Frage Wozu? Geschichte und Wiederentdeckung des teleologischen Denkens (The Question Whereto? History and the Rediscovery of Teleological Thinking) (Munich: R.Piper and Co., 1985). Robert Spaemann, Das Natuerliche und das Vernuenftiche (The Natural and the Rational) (Munich: Piper and Co., 1987). Fritz Reusswig and Michael Scharping, “Wo steht die Nature, wenn der Geist rechts steht”; ("Where Does Nature Stand When Spirit Stands on the Right”;, in Die Kunst des moeglichen. Neo‐konservativen und Individualismus, eds., Horst‐Dieter Zahn and Thomas Noetzer (Marburg: SP Verlag, 1989).
Involvement of protein kinase C-δ in CD28-triggered cytotoxicity mediated by a human leukaemic cell line YT

Ligation of CD28 molecules expressed on the surface of human leukaemic natural killer-like YT cells triggers intracellular signals leading to cytolysis of target cells expressing CD80 or CD86 molecules. Known intracellular events include tyrosine phosphorylation, activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and protein kinase C (PKC). In this study, we report that PKC-delta isoenzyme activity is required for CD28-triggered cytotoxicity mediated by YT cells and we also demonstrate that one of the primary targets of bryostatin 1, a modulator of PKC activity, is PKC-delta. Treatment of YT cells with bryostatin 1 caused degradation of PKC-delta, but not other PKC isoenzymes, and completely blocked the cytolytic activity of YT cells. In addition, PKC-delta-specific antibody introduced into YT cells by electroporation inhibited partially the YT cell-mediated cytotoxicity of B-lymphoblastoid cell line JY. This effect was specific, since addition of anti-PKC-delta antibody-blocking peptide in combination with anti-PKC-delta antibody to YT cells for electroporation, neutralized the effect of this antibody. These results demonstrate that YT cell cytolytic activity is dependent on PKC-delta, which is selectively down-regulated by bryostatin 1.
Programmable assembly of nanoarchitectures using genetically engineered viruses.

Biological systems possess inherent molecular recognition and self-assembly capabilities and are attractive templates for constructing complex material structures with molecular precision. Here we report the assembly of various nanoachitectures including nanoparticle arrays, hetero-nanoparticle architectures, and nanowires utilizing highly engineered M13 bacteriophage as templates. The genome of M13 phage can be rationally engineered to produce viral particles with distinct substrate-specific peptides expressed on the filamentous capsid and the ends, providing a generic template for programmable assembly of complex nanostructures. Phage clones with gold-binding motifs on the capsid and streptavidin-binding motifs at one end are created and used to assemble Au and CdSe nanocrytals into ordered one-dimensional arrays and more complex geometries. Initial studies show such nanoparticle arrays can further function as templates to nucleate highly conductive nanowires that are important for addressing/interconne...
The Posterior Parietal Cortex Encodes in Parallel Both Goals for Double-Reach Sequences

The parietal reach region (PRR) is known to be involved in the preparation of visually guided arm movements to single targets. We explored whether PRR encodes only the target of the next movement or, alternatively, also a subsequent goal in a double-reach sequence. Two monkeys were trained to memorize the locations of two peripheral cues and to prepare for a memory-guided delayed double-reach sequence. On a GO-signal they had to reach in a predefined order to both remembered target locations without breaking eye fixation. The movement goals were arranged such that either the first or the second target was inside the response field of an isolated neuron. We analyzed the neural activity of single cells in PRR during the late memory period between cue offset and the GO-signal. During this memory period, most PRR cells encoded the first as well as the second goal of the planned reaching sequence. The results indicate that the posterior parietal cortex is involved in the spatial planning of more complex action patterns and represents immediate and subsequent movement goals.
MR and TL-201 Spect Imaging with Pathologic Correlation for the Assessment of CNS Lymphoma vs. Toxoplasmosis in AIDS Patients

Abstract Purpose: Analyze the value of T1-201 (T1) brain single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), to differentiate CNS lymphoma from toxoplasmosis in AIDS patients. Material and Methods: Twenty-four AIDS patients with MR enhancing lesion(s), underwent a brain T1 SPECT. Final diagnosis was established by pathology and clinical/MR follow-up. Results: Nine patients had CNS tumor, 9 toxoplasmosis and 6 other non-tumorous lesions. The sensitivity of T1 to diagnose CNS tumor was 77% and the specificity 93%. Two false negative studies corresponded to tumors with significant necrosis. Conclusions: T1 proved useful for differentiating brain neoplasm from toxoplasmosis. Tumors with significant necrosis, did not show the expected increase in T1 uptake. Determination of T1 uptake ratios help detect tumor with faint tracer uptake.
Rollers and ripples in sand, streams and sky: rhythmic alteration of transverse and longitudinal vortices in three orders

Sediment ripples are caused by systematically-spaced transverse roller vortex systems in a moving fluid undergoing shear. With greater shear, these transverse rollers change over into longitudinal (helicoidal) vortices. This is the basic cause for the change from so-called ‘lower flow regime’ conditions to ‘upper flow regime’ conditions. All characteristics of these two regimes (sediment transport rate, bed form, sedimentary structures) are logically explained by attributing them to change in type of vortex system. For currents depositing sediments, there are three orders of magnitude of vortices, each order beginning with transverse rollers, passing through festoon to longitudinal rollers. A chaos zone (antidunes) ensues, followed by resumption of transverse rollers that are five to ten times as large as those in the previous order. Features of river sediments, marine sands, turbidites, desert sand dunes, sky, and stars are satisfactorily explained by this model.
Reference data for head circumference and 1-month increments from 1 to 12 months of age.

Serial head circumference measurements in 462 participants, in the Fels Longitudinal Study were used to develop reference data for ages 1 to 12 months. We used a three-parameter mathematical function to model the serial head circumference data for each individual and estimated head circumference at 1-month intervals. Reference data for selected, percentiles of head circumference status and 1-month increments were calculated from the estimated head circumferences. These reference data are presented in tables and charts for use in testing hypotheses about group differences or to monitor changes within individuals
The Changing Geography of the U.S. Water Budget: Twentieth-Century Patterns and Twenty-First-Century Projections

Persistent changes in temperature and precipitation patterns have dramatic effects on the availability of surface water for natural vegetation, streamflow, agricultural production, and human consum...
The contribution of sexual behavior to Darwinian fitness

The idea that sexual selection is responsible for most of the characters, morphological, physiological, and behavioral, that are observed as subserving the efficiency of the reproductive act as an important monitor of fitness is developed. As a corollary, sexual isolation is downgraded, being considered a relatively unimportant secondary process for which the term “mechanism” is singularly inappropriate. The reproductive isolation frequently observed between allopatric species appears to me to be mostly an incidental out come of the fine tuning of the intrapopulational efficiency of the process of sexual reproduction. Two points are stressed: first, sexual selection is a powerful means of serving fitness; and second, hybridization poses little threat to the integrity or future well-being of a species.