cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Framing Inspirational Content: Narrative Effects on Attributions and Helping

Media coverage often construes stories of misfortune as inspirational accounts of individuals overcoming challenges. These reports fail to address the systemic issues that have predisposed these individuals to their current situation, and may have unintended consequences when it comes to the ability to collectively address these failings as a society. The current research examines how audiences are affected by inspirational narrative framings by comparing responses to a narrative that has inspirational coverage of a social challenge to one that includes direct acknowledgement of the larger systemic failings. Participants ( N = 495) were randomly assigned to 1) read an inspirational story about a boy saving up to buy a wheelchair for his friend, 2) read a version of the story that emphasized the need for increased disability funding/services, or 3) a no-story control group. Both story conditions raised readers’ willingness to help people with disabilities. Importantly, emphasizing social responsibility shifted readers’ perceptions: readers of the social responsibility story were less likely to believe an individual with a disability was responsible for paying for their medical devices, believed that some collective measures would have higher efficacy, and viewed the situation as less fair. Even though individuals in the social responsibility condition found the story less enjoyable, they were equally transported into it compared to the inspirational version, and were equally likely to want to share the story with others. Our results offer clear guidelines for media practitioners covering individual struggles and systemic issues within society.
High-Radiation Efficiency in Array Antennas Using Cu/Co Metaconductors

High radiation-efficient $4\times 4 $ array antennas consisting of multiple nanolayered nonmagnetic copper (Cu) and ferromagnetic cobalt (Co), termed as Cu/Co metaconductor, are reported for 5G and millimeter-wave applications. The performance of a ten paired Cu/Co metaconductor-based array antenna, where the thickness of each metal layer is 150 and 25 nm, respectively, is compared with that of two reference antennas. The first reference antenna has the same total thickness but is made of sputtered solid copper and the second one made of five times thicker electroplated solid copper. Because of eddy current cancellation and skin effect reduction in metaconductor, the Cu/Co-based antenna shows lower RF resistance in both feeding lines and antenna patches than reference antennas in $K_{a}$ -band. Nearly 6 dB enhancement in the received signal power and the bandwidth (BW) improvement of 0.18 GHz is obtained for the Cu/Co-based antenna compared to the reference ones. Also shown is the possibility of more than 80% conductor weight reduction without losing antenna performance. Analysis for the enhancement in the antenna gain and BW is provided. Simulations performed in a high-frequency structural simulator are compared with the measured results. The total area of a fabricated $4 \times 4$ array antenna is 5.6 cm2.
CliqueMap: productionizing an RMA-based distributed caching system

Distributed in-memory caching is a key component of modern Internet services. Such caches are often accessed via remote procedure call (RPC), as RPC frameworks provide rich support for productionization, including protocol versioning, memory efficiency, auto-scaling, and hitless upgrades. However, full-featured RPC limits performance and scalability as it incurs high latencies and CPU overheads. Remote Memory Access (RMA) offers a promising alternative, but meeting productionization requirements can be a significant challenge with RMA-based systems due to limited programmability and narrow RMA primitives. This paper describes the design, implementation, and experience derived from CliqueMap, a hybrid RMA/RPC caching system. CliqueMap has been in production use in Google's datacenters for over three years, currently serves more than 1PB of DRAM, and underlies several end-user visible services. CliqueMap makes use of performant and efficient RMAs on the critical serving path and judiciously applies RPCs toward other functionality. The design embraces lightweight replication, client-based quoruming, self-validating server responses, per-operation client-side retries, and co-design with the network layers. These foci lead to a system resilient to the rigors of production and frequent post deployment evolution.
Monte Carlo modeling of spin-polarized photoemission from p-doped bulk GaAs

The anticorrelation between quantum efficiency (QE) and electron spin polarization (ESP) from a p-doped GaAs activated to negative electron affinity is studied in detail using an ensemble Monte Carlo approach. The photoabsorption, momentum and spin relaxation during transport, and tunneling of electrons through the surface potential barrier are modeled to identify fundamental mechanisms, which limit the efficiency of GaAs spin-polarized electron sources. In particular, we study the response of QE and ESP to various parameters, such as the photoexcitation energy, doping density, and electron affinity level. Our modeling results for various transport and emission characteristics are in good agreement with available experimental data. Our findings show that the behavior of both QE and ESP at room temperature can be fully explained by the bulk relaxation mechanisms and the time that electrons spend in the material before being emitted.
A Social Theory of Legal Precedent

Why do judges commonly predicate their own decisions on earlier decisions authored by others? What makes those otherwise discrete and separate decisions of the past nonetheless hang together and form a powerful system of reference to subsequent cases? While legal justification for legal precedent remains remarkably limited, a leading account attributes this ostensibly puzzling authority to its efficiency-enhancing properties. However, conservation of judicial resources can hardly motivate judges to abide by past decisions. Moreover, the consequentialist nature of the rationalist explanation tends to exaggerate the predictive force of legal precedent. No legal precedent guarantees a particular court ruling, while an overarching logic of judicial efficiency might allude in such direction. In an effort to fill such analytical gap, this Article reconstructs legal precedent as a socio-anthropological phenomenon, i.e., “ritual.” The central claim of this Article is twofold. First, legal precedent is explicable in cultural terms, such as symbol and language; second, legal precedent holds a structural-systematic value as it exists for its own sake. This novel approach to legal precedent, this Article argues, can enrich mindsets of legal scholars and practitioners and help them expand their discursive horizons, so as to produce globally relevant decisions. This Article applies the new framework to the jurisprudence of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in order to reconfigure the boundaries of legal precedent in a global dimension.
Linear lesion cryoablation for the treatment of atrioventricular nodal re-entry tachycardia in pediatrics and young adults.

Background: Radiofrequency (RF) ablation is a relatively safe and effective method for treatment of atrioventricular nodal re-entry tachycardia (AVNRT), but carries a 1–2% risk of AV nodal injury. Cryothermal ablation reduces the risk of AV block, but has had decreased procedural success and increased recurrence of tachycardia. We sought to evaluate the technique of linear lesion cryoablation (LLC) for treatment of AVNRT. Methods: Single institution retrospective cohort study. Each patient underwent slow pathway modification using either RF, single lesion cryoablation, or LLC. Procedural success, recurrence, freedom from tachycardia 12 months following ablation and fluoroscopy time were compared between ablation methods. Results: A total of 125 patients, median age 15.5 (4.7–23.1) years, underwent ablation: 32 RF energy, 31 single lesion cryoablation, 62 LLC. Procedural success was obtained in 94% of the LLC group compared to 58% using single lesion cryoablation (P ≤ 0.001). Ninety-seven percent of the LLC group was free from tachycardia recurrence, significantly higher than with single lesion cryoablation (68%, P = 0.001) and equal to that of RF (97%, P = NS). Fluoroscopy time was reduced in the LLC group compared to both single lesion and RF groups (P = 0.02). There was no permanent AV nodal injury in the cryoablation groups. Conclusion: LLC is an effective means of treatment for AVNRT and is associated with significantly improved procedural success and freedom from recurrence compared to single lesion methods, while at the same time obtaining equivalent efficacy to RF. (PACE 2010; 1304–1311)
Understanding Comparative Politics: A Framework for Analysis

1. Introduction Part 1: Approaches to Comparative Analysis 2. Theories of Comparative Politics: A Brief Overview Part 2: The Comparative Study of Politics 3. A Synthesis 4. States and Social Institutions 5. A Framework for Analysis Part 3: State in Comparative Perspective 6. Democratic States 7. Non-Democratic States Part 4: State-Society Interactions: Revolution & Democratization 8. Revolutions 9. Democratization Conclusion Bibliography
Industrial location choice in São Paulo, Brazil: A nested logit model

Abstract Industrial location policies are often used to address regional issues within developing countries, yet the base of empirical knowledge about the factors influencing industrial location is limited. This paper generates greater understanding about plant location decisionmaking by examining economic determinants of interurban location behavior of 360 branch and transfer plants in Sao Paulo State, Brazil. A nested multinomial logit is used to model the location decision. It was found that industrial location choice can be modeled in terms of economic characteristics of cities and that a nested model is appropriate in analyzing interurban location choice in a region dominated by a primate city.
Macromolecular Syntheses During Germination and Outgrowth of Bacillus subtilis Spores

Alanine and glucose used jointly are known to be necessary and sufficient for spore germination in Bacillus subtilis 168. By testing them separately, we have verified that alanine provokes optimal phase-darkening of the spores but inhibits macromolecular syntheses, while glucose is specifically needed for initiating those syntheses. By using them in succession we obtained evidence suggesting that: (i) sporal modifications which lead to phase-darkening must occur before macromolecular synthesis can start; (ii) the amino acid pool, on which the early protein synthesis is solely dependent, expands during incubation in alanine which allows degradative but prevents synthetic activities; and (iii) progression of degradations in alanine not promptly followed by syntheses in glucose produce a metabolic imbalance in the germinating spore. A sharp transition in the origin of building blocks was shown by using a tryptophan-defective mutant. At first the synthesis of proteins depended on pre-existing amino acids from turnover of sporal material since it occurred in the absence of any exogenous amino acid and its rate remained unaltered by supplying either all amino acids except tryptophan or tryptophan alone. Eventually, protein synthesis became dependent strictly on exogenous tryptophan and strongly on the supply of several other amino acids, not required later during vegetative growth. Clearly, by the start of outgrowth, all building blocks must be provided either by endogenous de novo synthesis or by exogenous supply.
Executive skills 21 : A forecast of leadership skills and associated competencies required by naval hospital administrators into the 21st century

Abstract : Those in the Naval Medical Department are experiencing an exciting time of bridled chaos and creative change. Many mid-career officers are uncertain of the leadership behaviors and skills that will be necessary for successful managerial careers. Changes in the method of health care delivery in this nation, combined with the reengineering of the Armed Forces' world wide mission have driven military medical leaders to expand their professional skills, knowledge, and abilities beyond the clinical sciences. This research identifies the most critical domains in the science of health care administration and differentiates and ranks job skill, knowledge, and ability requirements that will be necessary for successful health care management into the 21st century. Top Naval Hospital executives responded to two iterations of a Delphi inquiry. These medical leaders identified 106 unique issues that were content-analyzed into nine domains by a neutral, expert panel. Domains, in order of ranked importance, were leadership, health care delivery systems, cost-finance, technology, accessibility, professional staff relations, marketing, quality-risk management, and ethics. In the second Delphi iteration hospital executives reviewed domain results and rated identified job requirements on their required job importance. The top ten rated skills, knowledge, and abilities (SKAs) are reported. Results indicated that while a business orientation is needed for organizational survival, an emphasis on person-oriented skills, knowledge, and abilities is required for future success as a health care administrator in the Naval health care system.
Age as a factor influencing the power and sensitivity of experiments for assessing body weight, testis size, and spermatogenesis in rats.

Data from 25 rats aged 60, 150, or 240 days (n = 75) were used to determine the number of observations per rat and or rats per treatment group needed to provide future experiments of known power and sensitivity. End points examined included body weight, testicular weight, number of resistant elongated spermatids, yields of germ cells from their younger progenitors, and germ cell: Sertoli cell ratios. Requirements differed in relation to the experimental power and sensitivity desired. However, the replication needed for detecting equivalent treatment effects on paired testes weight or the number of spermatids per gram of testis increased with age, and was twice as great for 240- vs 60-day-old rats. In contrast, approximately twice as many 60-day-old rats were required for detecting treatment effects on the number of spermatids per Sertoli cell than when 150- or 240-day-old rats were used.
Attachment and Bonding

During the 1960s and 1970s, ethological concepts came to hold much fascination for theoreticians of human development. Animal studies on dominance hierarchies and on social bonds were especially influential. Field observations of developing parent-offspring bonds in birds (e.g., Lorenz, 1935/1957; Lorenz, 1957; Tinbergen, 1951) and mammals, especially nonhuman primates (e.g., DeVore, 1965), provided novel ways of thinking about and of studying the human infant’s attachment to parents, as well as human parents’ attachment to their infants. Previously unfamiliar terms, such as imprinting, critical period, supernormal stimulus and fixed action pattern, entered developmental psychologists’ vocabulary.
Energy and Carbon Assessment of Ground Improvement Works. II: Working Model and Example

AbstractA streamlined energy and emissions assessment model (SEEAM) is presented that is based on life cycle analysis (LCA) methods. The SEEAM provides geotechnical engineers with the means to quantify the embodied energy (EE) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions associated with ground improvement projects. A companion paper (Shillaber et al. 2015) provides detailed background for sustainable development and environmental impact assessment, which are at the foundation of the SEEAM. This paper presents the boundary conditions and methodology for this model. Construction of levee LPV 111 in New Orleans, LA is used as a case history example to illustrate the use of the model. This project involved supporting an earthen embankment by deep soil mixing (DSM) elements. Results of a SEEAM analysis of the DSM supported embankment indicate that constructing the levee involved 1,174,000 GJ of EE and 147,000 t of CO2 emissions. For comparison, the SEEAM was also used to estimate the EE and CO2 emissions associated with...
β‐Adrenoceptor Assays

This unit describes the most commonly used isolated-tissue and cellular preparations for studying the β-adrenoceptor subtypes.
Betatron transients caused by rapid changes in the closed orbit

During a normal cycle of operation of CESR, there are three occasions when the closed orbit is deliberately changed: Electrostatic separators create the appropriate pretzel for injection, pre-collision and luminosity conditions. At the same time the separator voltages are varied, corrector magnets create orbit distortions that help reduce radiation sources. In addition to the deliberate changes there are occasional undesired closed orbit alterations due to separator high voltage sparking or magnet power supply anomalies. The analysis in this paper shows that a rapid change of the closed orbit, whether intentional or not, generates betatron motion. The amplitude of the betatron motion is such that at least twice the aperture is required to make a rapid change than a slow one.
Kinetics Investigation of Reaction of Naphthalene with OH Radicals at 1–3 Torr and 240–340 K

The combination of relative rate method with discharge flow and mass spectrometry (RR/DF/MS) technique was employed to determine the rate constant for the gas-phase reaction of hydroxyl radicals (OH) with naphthalene at 240−340 K and a total pressure of 1–3 Torr. At 298 K, the rate constant was measured to be cm3 molecule−1 s−1, which is in good agreement with reported literature values determined using different techniques. The reaction of OH with naphthalene was found to be essentially independent of pressure in a range of 1−3 Torr at both 298 and 340 K. At 240–340 K, the rate constant of this reaction was found to be negatively dependent on temperature, with an Arrhenius expression of k1(T) cm3 molecule−1 s−1 and k1(T) cm3 molecule−1 s−1 using 1,4-dioxane and styrene as the reference compounds, respectively. The atmospheric lifetime of naphthalene was estimated to be 9.6 h using the rate constant of naphthalene + OH determined at 277 K in the present work.
Protecting workers and the environment: An environmental NGO’s perspective on nanotechnology

Nanotechnology, the design and manipulation of materials at the atomic scale, may well revolutionize many of the ways our society manufactures products, produces energy, and treats diseases. New materials based on nanotechnology are already reaching the market in a wide variety of consumer products. Some of the observed properties of nanomaterials call into question the adequacy of current methods for determining hazard and exposure and for controlling resulting risks. Given the limitations of existing regulatory tools and policies, we believe two distinct kinds of initiatives are needed: first, a major increase in the federal investment in nanomaterial risk research; second, rapid development and implementation of voluntary standards of care pending development of adequate regulatory safeguards in the longer term. Several voluntary programs are currently at various stages of evolution, though the eventual outputs of each of these are still far from clear. Ultimately, effective regulatory safeguards are necessary to provide a level playing field for industry while adequately protecting human health and the environment. This paper reviews the existing toxicological literature on nanomaterials, outlines and analyzes the current regulatory framework, and provides our recommendations, as an environmental non-profit organization, for safe nanotechnology development.
Development of a mixed-effect pharmacokinetic model for vehicle modulated in vitro transdermal flux of topically applied penetrants.

ABSTRACT Transient flux profiles from in vitro flow-through cell experiments exhibit different characteristics depending upon the properties of the penetrants and vehicle mixtures applied. To enable discrimination of the chemical properties contributing to these differences, a consistent mathematical model should first be developed. A mixed effects modeling framework was used so that models can be estimated with as few parameters as possible, while also quantifying variability and accounting for correlation in the data. The models account for diffusion and binding within the membrane as well as dynamics on the diffusion coefficient. The models explain key features of the data, such as: lag time, sharp peaks in flux, two terminal phases, and low flux profiles. The models with dynamic diffusivity fit the data better than those without—particularly the sharp peaks. The significance of changing diffusivity over time suggests that vehicle effects are transient and are more accurately estimated when dynamics are modeled.
Phase modulation and morphological evolution associated with surface-bound particle ablation

Surface modification of fused silica windows caused by the ablation of surface-bound microparticles under short pulse laser irradiation is investigated and related to beam propagation effects. Particle material dispersal and subsequent surface pitting after multiple pulses of 351 nm, ∼9 J/cm2 laser light were found to depend strongly on material type and particle size. Surface pitting was most significant for opaque materials (aluminum, steel, acetal homopolymer), yielding pits as deep as 600 nm for ∼30 μm diameter particles. Transparent particles (PET polymer, glass) tended to disperse material more widely and caused less pitting (∼100 nm) than the opaque materials. Paraxial light propagation analysis showed that phase objects created by ablated opaque materials resulted in higher peak intensification (∼3x) than those created by transparent materials (∼1.5x). The fragmentation of ablated material is discussed in terms of brittle or ductile failure at high strain rates, indicating reasonable agreement between experiment and theory. An approximation for the laser-induced plasma pressure and size of the dispersal pattern is derived, indicating an inverse correlation with material density.
Patient returns to the emergency department: the time-to-return curve.

Objectives Although 72-hour emergency department (ED) revisits are increasingly used as a hospital metric, there is no known empirical basis for this 72-hour threshold. The objective of this study was to determine the timing of ED revisits for adult patients within 30 days of ED discharge. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study of all nonfederal ED discharges in Florida and Nebraska from April 1, 2010, to March 31, 2011, using data from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP). ED discharges were followed forward to identify ED revisits occurring at any hospital within the same state within 30 days. The cumulative hazard of an ED revisit was plotted. Parametric and nonparametric modeling was performed to characterize the rate of ED revisits. Results There were 4,782,045 ED discharges, with 7.5% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 7.4% to 7.5%) associated with 3-day revisits, and 22.4% (95% CI = 22.3% to 22.4%) associated with 30-day revisits, inclusive of the 3-day revisits. A double-exponential model fit the data best (p < 0.0001), and a single hinge point at 9 days (multivariate adaptive regression splines [MARS] model) yielded the best linear fit to the data, suggesting 9 days as the most reasonable cutoff for identification of acute ED revisits. Multiple stratified and subgroup analyses produced similar results. Future work should focus on identifying primary reasons for potentially avoidable return ED visits instead of on the revisit occurrence itself, thus more directly measuring potential lapses in delivery of high-quality care. Conclusions Almost one-quarter of ED discharges are linked to 30-day ED revisits, and the current 72-hour ED metric misses close to 70% of these patients. Our findings support 9 days as a more inclusive cutoff for studies of ED revisits.
Clustered impurities and carrier transport in supported graphene

We investigate the effects of charged impurity distributions and carrier-carrier interactions on electronic transport in graphene on SiO$_2$ by employing a self-consistent coupled simulation of carrier transport and electrodynamics. We show that impurity clusters of characteristic width 40--50 nm generate electron--hole puddles of experimentally observed sizes. In the conductivity versus carrier density dependence, the residual conductivity and the linear-region slope are determined by the impurity distribution, and the measured slope can be used to estimate the impurity density in experiment. Furthermore, we show that the high-density sublinearity in the conductivity stems from carrier-carrier interactions.
EnergySmart: Toward energy-efficient manycores for Near-Threshold Computing

While Near-Threshold Voltage Computing (NTC) is a promising approach to push back the manycore power wall, it suffers from a high sensitivity to parameter variations. One possible way to cope with variations is to use multiple on-chip voltage (Vdd) domains. However, this paper finds that such an approach is energy inefficient. Consequently, for NTC, we propose a manycore organization that has a single Vdd domain and relies on multiple frequency domains to tackle variation. We call it EnergySmart. For this approach to be competitive, it has to be paired with effective core assignment strategies and also support fine-grain (i.e., short-interval) DVFS. This paper shows that, at NTC, a simple chip with a single Vdd domain can deliver a higher performance per watt than one with multiple Vdd domains.
American energy and mineral industry involvement in housing

After a lapse of almost two decades, US energy and mining companies are once again involving themselves with worker housing. Reinvolvement began in the 1970s. It is in response to a recognition of the fiscal consequences of project delays and an industry responsibility to both workers and project area communities. It differs from the heavy reliance on company towns which were prevalent in the US during the 19th and early 20th Centuries. Industry involvement now relies not only on supply, but on stimulation. A greater variety of housing initiatives is being utilised and a company must carefully select the housing initiative best suited to its circumstances. These initiatives need to be guided by the following set of decision guidelines: (1) housing function; (2) housing user; (3) housing type and quantity needs; (4) monetary expectations; (5) role of the industry; (6) housing unit location; (7) responsibilities after housing is completed; and (8) amenities and community sharing. Then, housing involvement must be reviewed in light of past and present industry experiences. Innovative ideas need to be evaluated with respect to proven initiatives, as well as their presumed goal and potential for success.
Using trade show information to enhance company success: An empirical investigation

Purpose – This paper seeks to provide an exploratory empirical study of the variables that are part of the return on trade show information (RTSI) concept, which is based on the use and value of information gathered at a trade show.Design/methodology/approach – The research is designed to explore relationships and identify those variables that are a particularly important part of the RTSI concept. The paper provides an exploratory test of the relationship between a series of variables that are related to the value of information gathered at trade shows. Data were collected from trade show attendees approximately 60 days after the trade show. A multiple regression model was developed that explores the relationship between the dependent variable that focuses on information value and the independent variables on various aspects of information acquisition, information dissemination, and information use.Findings – The final multiple regression model found a significant relationship for several variables and ha...
Infrared cirrus, what have we learned?

Abstract IRAS discovered thermal emission from infrared cirrus in 1983 and COBE has extended observations of these interstellar dust clouds to additional IR wavelengths. IR studies of individual high galactic latitude clouds are combined with sensitive optical measurements of scattered light from the same clouds. At least 4 distinctly different types of grains are required to explain the complex relationships revealed by combining observations of various samples of clouds made on different spatial scales and in a number of spectral bands. In addition to the dominant 22 K component seen most prominently at 100 μm, many clouds are bright at 12 and 25 μm, indicating dust at temperatures well above 100 K. Optical studies suggest at least two more types of grains are needed to explain the measured blue and red colors and the highly variable ratio of blue light to l00 μm thermal emission that is observed. We show a new display of 100 μm cirrus on a global scale and we determine the power density in a typical cloud to spatial scales of a few arcsec.
Possibility of a quartet ground state of cerium in a new Kondo lattice compound: CeCuSi2

Abstract We find that CeCuSi 2 is a new relatively weak coherent Kondo-lattice compound with no magnetic or superconducting transition above 1.26 K. Measurements of the magnetic contribution to the electrical resistivity and static magnetic susceptibility of CeCuSi 2 are reported. According to the theory of Cornut and Coqblin, we suggest that the Ce in CeCuSi 2 may have a quartet ground state.
Youth exposure to alcohol use and brand appearances in popular contemporary movies.

Aims To describe alcohol use and alcohol brand appearances in popular movies and estimate adolescents' exposure to this alcohol‐related content. Design and setting Nationally representative, random‐digit dialed survey in the United States and content analysis of alcohol depictions in the top 100 US box office hits each year from 1998 to 2002 and 34 top movies from early 2003. Participants A total of 6522 US adolescents aged 10–14 years. Measurements Frequency of alcohol use and brand appearances in movies by Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) rating. Estimated exposure to minutes of movie alcohol use and brand appearances among US adolescents in this age group. Findings Most movies (83%, including 56.6% of G/PG‐rated movies) depicted alcohol use and 52% (including 19.2% of G/PG movies) contained at least one alcohol brand appearance, which consisted of branded use by an actor 30.3% of the time. These movies exposed the average US adolescent 10–14 years of age to 5.6 [95% confidence interval (CI) 5.4, 5.7] hours of movie alcohol use and 243.8 (95% CI 238, 250) alcohol brand appearances (5 billion in total), mainly from youth‐rated movies. Exposure to movie alcohol content was significantly higher among African American youth than youth of other races. Conclusions Alcohol use and brand appearances are portrayed frequently in popular US movies (which are distributed world‐wide). Children and adolescents in the United States are exposed to hours of alcohol use depictions and numerous brand appearances in movies and most of this exposure is from movies rated for this segment of the population.
Energies and lifetimes of triply excited states of lithium.

Nine triply excited states of lithium are calculated with the saddle-point and saddle-point complex-rotation methods. Relativistic corrections are computed with first-order perturbation theory. The widths are studied with one open channel at a time as well as fully coupled open channels. Some coupled calculations include up to ten open channels. Radiative decays of the triply excited states are also computed. The predicted Auger branching ratios are in excellent agreement with experiment. An identification is found for a weak line in the observed Auger spectra. Our predicted 2s2s2p${\mathrm{}}^{2}$${\mathit{P}}^{\mathit{o}}$ width is substantially smaller than the experiment of Kiernan et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 72, 2359 (1994)] but it agrees much better with the recent experiment of Kiernan et al. [J. Phys. B 28, L161 (1995)].
Quasiparticle gap in a two-dimensional Kosterlitz-Thouless superconductor.

The negative-{ital U} Hubbard model, doped away from half filling, is believed to undergo a Kosterlitz-Thouless transition into a superconducting state with power-law pair-field correlations. We have used numerical simulation techniques to calculate the temperature dependence of the spin susceptibility and the single-particle density of states. These quantities show that a gap in the single-particle spectrum develops for a two-dimensional layer in the Kosterlitz-Thouless state.
Receptor Model Comparisons and Wind Direction Analyses of Volatile Organic Compounds and Submicrometer Particles in an Arid, Binational, Urban Air Shed

The relationship between continuous measurements of volatile organic compounds sources and particle number was evaluated at a Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Station Network (PAMS) site located near the U.S.−Mexico Border in central El Paso, TX. Sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were investigated using the multivariate receptor model UNMIX and the effective variance least squares receptor model known as Chemical Mass Balance (CMB, Version 8.0). As expected from PAMS measurements, overall findings from data screening as well as both receptor models confirmed that mobile sources were the major source of VOCs. Comparison of hourly source contribution estimates (SCEs) from the two receptor models revealed significant differences in motor vehicle exhaust and evaporative gasoline contributions. However, the motor vehicle exhaust contributions were highly correlated with each other. Motor vehicle exhaust was also correlated with the ultrafine and accumulation mode particle count, which suggests th...
The effect on health of alternate day calorie restriction: Eating less and more than needed on alternate days prolongs life

Restricting caloric intake to 60-70% of normal adult weight maintenance requirement prolongs lifespan 30-50% and confers near perfect health across a broad range of species. Every other day feeding produces similar effects in rodents, and profound beneficial physiologic changes have been demonstrated in the absence of weight loss in ob/ob mice. Since May 2003 we have experimented with alternate day calorie restriction, one day consuming 20-50% of estimated daily caloric requirement and the next day ad lib eating, and have observed health benefits starting in as little as two weeks, in insulin resistance, asthma, seasonal allergies, infectious diseases of viral, bacterial and fungal origin (viral URI, recurrent bacterial tonsillitis, chronic sinusitis, periodontal disease), autoimmune disorder (rheumatoid arthritis), osteoarthritis, symptoms due to CNS inflammatory lesions (Tourette's, Meniere's) cardiac arrhythmias (PVCs, atrial fibrillation), menopause related hot flashes. We hypothesize that other many conditions would be delayed, prevented or improved, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, multiple sclerosis, brain injury due to thrombotic stroke atherosclerosis, NIDDM, congestive heart failure. Our hypothesis is supported by an article from 1957 in the Spanish medical literature which due to a translation error has been construed by several authors to be the only existing example of calorie restriction with good nutrition. We contend for reasons cited that there was no reduction in calories overall, but that the subjects were eating, on alternate days, either 900 calories or 2300 calories, averaging 1600, and that body weight was maintained. Thus they consumed either 56% or 144% of daily caloric requirement. The subjects were in a residence for old people, and all were in perfect health and over 65. Over three years, there were 6 deaths among 60 study subjects and 13 deaths among 60 ad lib-fed controls, non-significant difference. Study subjects were in hospital 123 days, controls 219, highly significant difference. We believe widespread use of this pattern of eating could impact influenza epidemics and other communicable diseases by improving resistance to infection. In addition to the health effects, this pattern of eating has proven to be a good method of weight control, and we are continuing to study the process in conjunction with the NIH.
Using Integrators To Manage Conflict in a Research Organization

A government research organization was experiencing dysfunctional conflict within and between divisions. In an attempt to reduce conflict and improve performance, a change strategy was implemented. Four work units were restructured so that one person in each unit performed an integrative role for that unit. Each unit's performance before and after introduction of the integrator was analyzed. The productivity of the integrated units improved during the 2-year observation period and was significantly higher than that of comparison groups.
Cell block preparation by inverted filter sedimentation is useful in the differential diagnosis of atypical glandular cells of undetermined significance in ThinPrep specimens

BACKGROUND Atypical glandular cells of undetermined significance (AGUS) is not a well defined entity in the Bethesda system for reporting cervical cytology diagnoses. An AGUS diagnosis can reflect a variety of conditions ranging from the benign to the malignant. To help differentiate abnormalities associated with suspected AGUS in ThinPrep specimens, the authors devised a novel technique to prepare cell blocks that avoids disruption of glandular structures during preparation. METHODS In the authors' technique, the fluid remaining after the preparation of ThinPrep slide was subjected to sedimentation in the inverted ThinPrep filter cylinder that was used for slide preparation. Sediment that was formed after filtration was completed was collected by separating the filter from the bottom of the cylinder. Filter and sediment then were processed for histology cell block. Remarkable conservation of tissue architecture was noted with this technique, with results comparable to findings in endocervical curettage. RESULTS Seventy specimens with suspected AGUS were processed as described above, 57 of which contained interpretable tissue materials. Of these 57 specimens, 38 (67%) were found to be abnormal and 19 represented benign diagnoses. Final diagnoses in the abnormal AGUS group included 6 cases with AGUS that could not be classified further, 2 cases with invasive squamous cell carcinoma, 15 cases with high grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, 14 cases with adenocarcinoma (in situ or invasive) (including 3 with endometrial adenocarcinoma), and 1 case with endometrial hyperplasia. CONCLUSIONS Inverted filter sedimentation is a useful technique in the differential diagnosis of AGUS. It can provide a training tool with which to increase the sensitivity and specificity of AGUS diagnoses as well as occasionally provide immediate tissue confirmation. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2000;90:265–72. © 2000 American Cancer Society.
The stock market and innovative capability in the New Economy: the optical networking industry

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the impact of the stock market on the innovative capabilities of high‐technology companies that have been central to what in the last half of the 1990s came to be called the ‘New Economy’. The empirical focus is on equipment suppliers in optical networking—an industry that integrates the bandwidth potential of fiber optics with the data communications potential of the internet. The study covers the period from 1996 to 2003, during which the optical networking industry was, first, central to the New Economy boom, and, then from 2001, ensnared by the bursting of the New Economy bubble. This paper shows how, responding to the New Economy business model brought into the industry by Cisco Systems, three Old Economy companies—Nortel Networks, Lucent Technologies, and Alcatel—sought to use their corporate stock as a currency to acquire technology companies and compensate talented people, and thus accumulate innovative capability. To understand the relation between the stock market and innovative capability in the Cisco ‘growth‐through‐acquisition‐and‐integration’ model and in the ‘creative responses’ of the Old Economy companies to the Cisco challenge, we apply an analytical framework that links four functions of the stock market—control, combination, compensation and cash—with three social conditions of innovative enterprise: strategic control—the abilities and incentives of strategic decision makers to allocate resources to uncertain investments in innovative capabilities; organizational integration—the structure of incentives that motivates employees to apply their skills and efforts to collective learning processes; and financial commitment—the availability to the enterprise of resources to sustain cumulative learning processes until, by accessing markets, they can generate financial returns. Using this framework, we show that the ways in which the Old Economy companies used their stock to accumulate innovative capability in the New Economy boom of 1998–2000 made them more vulnerable to the stock market collapse and the slowdown in the optical networking industry in 2001–2003.
A Low Power Real-time On-Chip Power Sensor in 45-nm SOI

This paper introduces a real-time on-chip power and temperature sensor for active power management in scaled CMOS technologies. In a distinct departure from earlier power estimation techniques, this sensor measures the voltage drop due to a current load and converts it into pulse counts to get a power estimate in real time. Linear regression is used to estimate load current based on the measured output frequency at a given temperature. The same sensor is also used to estimate temperature in a mode where output time period decreases linearly with temperature. Measurement results show accuracy to within ±1.05°C for temperature estimation in the range of 22 °C-100°C and within ±10% of the actual power consumed (for loads ≤ 3.3 mA). Fabricated in 45-nm SOI technology, this power and temperature sensor occupies an area of 140 μm×140μm and has a power overhead of 120 μW at 1.2 V supply.
Activation of anti-cancer drugs with ultrasound: Sonodynamic therapy

The effect of porphyrin photosensitizing agents on the HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia cell line in culture and a rabbit VX2 carcinoma in vivo was examined with ultrasound as the "activating" agent. Hematoporphyrin plus ultrasound significantly reduced growth rate of the VX2 tumors when compared to drug only, ultrasound only, and sham treated controls. In an in vitro exposure system, HL-60 cell killing was significantly increased with ultrasound plus mesoporphyrin but only in the presence of albumin stabilized microbubbles suggesting that acoustic cavitation is responsible for the sonochemical activation of the sensitizing agent.
The intraoperative gamma probe: basic principles and choices available.

By taking advantage of the proximity to radioactive sentinel nodes and occult tumors achievable in an operative setting, intraoperative probes are becoming increasingly important in the surgical management of cancer. This article begins with a discussion of the statistical limitations of radiation detection and measurement and of the key performance parameters (sensitivity, energy resolution, and spatial resolution) that characterize detectors. The basic design and operating principle of radiation detectors used in intraoperative probes, scintillation and semiconductor detectors, are then reviewed. Scintillation detector-based intraoperative probes, generally using a NaI(TI) or a CsI(TI) crystal connected to a photomultiplier tube by a fiberoptic cable, have the advantages of reliability, relatively low cost, and high sensitivity, especially for medium- to high-energy photons. Disadvantages include poor energy resolution and scatter rejection, and bulkiness. Semiconductor (CdZn, CdZnTe, HgI 2 )-based probes are compact and have excellent energy resolution and scatter rejection, but with complex energy spectra reflecting charge-carrier trapping. Their main disadvantage is lower sensitivity. The performance parameters of various commercially available intraoperative probes are then compared. The article concludes with a discussion of the practical considerations in selecting and using intraoperative probes, including ergonomic and other design features, as well as performance parameters.
Is there evidence for anticipation in autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease?

Is there evidence for anticipation in autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease? The heritability of autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is marked by an apparent high mutation rate, neonatal onset of disease in some patients and intrafamily variability. These findings raise the possibility of genetic anticipation in ADPKD as has been observed in fragile-X syndrome, myotonic dystrophy and Huntington's disease. We reviewed 242 pedigrees obtained during our prospective studies on the natural history of ADPKD. Anticipation was defined as a 10 year earlier onset of ESRD in offspring as compared to their affected parent or a child diagnosed in the first year of life. Due to the slowly progressive nature of ADPKD, 148 pedigrees were uninfor-mative. Anticipation of ESRD was found in 49% of informative families in at least one parent-offspring pair, and when early onset children were included, 53% of informative families had at least one parent-offspring pair with anticipation. Moreover, the transmitting parent in the pairs with anticipation was more often the mother than the father, similar to myotonic dystrophy, where the most dramatic form of anticipation, congenital disease, occurs almost exclusively with maternal transmission. These observations suggest that ADPKD may be another genetic disorder characterized by heritable unstable DNA.
Vocal jitter and fundamental frequency characteristics in aged, female professional singers

Summary Twenty-five aged singers in good health produced the vowel / a / at a comfortable loudness level and read the first paragraph of the "rainbow passage." Measures of vocal jitter ratio (JR) were calculated from the vowel productions; measures of average speaking fundamental frequency (SFF), SFF standard deviation, and reading time were calculated from the reading passage. These measures were compared to those of a group of aged nonsingers and young adults. Differences in JR values among the three groups were found to be nonsignificant, whereas SFF, SFF standard deviation, and oral reading time were all found to differ significantly among the three groups; the aged singer and young adult groups exhibited higher SFF values when compared to the aged nonsingers, and the two aged groups exhibited significantly higher SFF standard deviation and slower oral reading time values when compared to the younger group.
Functional properties of Photosystem IIβ in spinach chloroplasts

Abstract The activity of Photosystem (PS) IIβ was monitored for the first time in the absence of added herbicides in isolated chloroplast samples and in leaves of spinach in vivo. The new approach was implemented following identification of the initial chloroplast fluorescence rise from F0 to Fp1 (Forbush, B. and Kok, B. (1968) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 162, 243–253) as the variable fluorescence yield controlled by PS IIβ. Evidence is presented indicating the absence of the intermediate plastoquinone pool from the thylakoid membrane in which PS IIβ is localized. A two-step developmental process for PS II assembly and grana formation is proposed. According to this working hypothesis, PS IIβ is the precursor form of PS IIα, structurally and functionally complete except for the absence of the peripheral chlorophyll a b light-harvesting antenna and the complement of the plastoquinone pool. It is postulated that addition of these two hydrophobic components converts PS IIβ into PS IIα and initiates the incorporation of the thylakoid membrane into grana.