cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Dichotomy Between Overcriminalization and Underregulation

The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) failed to properly investigate Bernard Madoff’s multi-billion-dollar Ponzi scheme for over ten years. Many individuals and charities suffered devastating financial consequences from this criminal conduct, and when eventually charged and convicted, Madoff received a sentence of 150 years in prison. Improper regulatory oversight was also faulted in the investigation following the Deepwater Horizon tragedy. Employees of the company lost their lives, and individuals were charged with criminal offenses. These are just two of the many examples of agency failures to properly enforce and provide regulatory oversight, with eventual criminal prosecutions resulting from the conduct. The question is whether the harms accruing from misconduct and later criminal prosecutions could have been prevented if agency oversight had been stronger. Even if criminal punishment were still necessitated, would prompt agency action have diminished the public harm and likewise decreased the perpetrator’s criminal culpability? Criminalization and regulation, although two distinct systems, can be evaluated from the perspective of their substantive structure—a universe of statutes or regulations; as well as their enforcement procedures—the prosecution of crimes or enforcement of regulatory provisions. The correlation between criminalization and regulation is less noticed, however, as the advocacy tends to land in two camps: 1) those advocating for increased criminalization and regulation; or, 2) those claiming overcriminalization and overregulation. This Article examines the polarized approach to overcriminalization and underregulation from both a substantive and procedural perspective, presenting the need to look holistically at government authority to achieve the maximum societal benefit. Focusing only on the costs and benefits of regulation fails to consider the ramifications to criminal conduct and prosecutions in an overcriminalized world. This Article posits a moderated approach, premised on political economy, that offers a paradigm that could lead to a reduction in our carceral environment, and a reduction in criminal conduct.
Investigating heterogeneities of live mesenchymal stromal cells using AI-based label-free imaging

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells that have great potential for regenerative medicine, tissue repair, and immunotherapy. Unfortunately, the outcomes of MSC-based research and therapies can be highly inconsistent and difficult to reproduce, largely due to the inherently significant heterogeneity in MSCs, which has not been well investigated. To quantify cell heterogeneity, a standard approach is to measure marker expression on the protein level via immunochemistry assays. Performing such measurements non-invasively and at scale has remained challenging as conventional methods such as flow cytometry and immunofluorescence microscopy typically require cell fixation and laborious sample preparation. Here, we developed an artificial intelligence (AI)-based method that converts transmitted light microscopy images of MSCs into quantitative measurements of protein expression levels. By training a U-Net+ conditional generative adversarial network (cGAN) model that accurately (mean $$r_s$$ = 0.77) predicts expression of 8 MSC-specific markers, we showed that expression of surface markers provides a heterogeneity characterization that is complementary to conventional cell-level morphological analyses. Using this label-free imaging method, we also observed a multi-marker temporal-spatial fluctuation of protein distributions in live MSCs. These demonstrations suggest that our AI-based microscopy can be utilized to perform quantitative, non-invasive, single-cell, and multi-marker characterizations of heterogeneous live MSC culture. Our method provides a foundational step toward the instant integrative assessment of MSC properties, which is critical for high-throughput screening and quality control in cellular therapies.
Integrating an evidence-based medicine curriculum into physician assistant education: Teaching skills for lifelong decision-making!

Background: Medical knowledge continuously evolves and to help health care providers to stay up to date, the evidence-based medicine (EBM) model has emerged. The practice of EBM requires new skills of the health care provider, including directed literature searches, the critical evaluation of research studies and the direct application of the findings to patient care. Methods: This paper describes the integration and evaluation of an evidence-based medicine course sequence into a Physician Assistant curriculum utilizing the expertise from faculty trained in basic science, nursing and primary care practice. Results: Collaboration of faculty with different educational backgrounds resulted in a course series that was equally strong in all aspects of EBM. This new course sequence teaches students to manage and use the best clinical research evidence to competently practice medicine. To assess the effectiveness of the EBM sequence a survey was developed and administered at the beginning and end of the sequence. Conclusion: EBM knowledge gained is essential to effective clinical decision making and this newly developed tool specifically helps to identify student competencies within the defined course objectives. Contributing to the uniqueness of the tool are case-based questions requiring integration of EBM knowledge by the student.
OpenFWI: Benchmark Seismic Datasets for Machine Learning-Based Full Waveform Inversion.

We present OpenFWI, a collection of large-scale open-source benchmark datasets for seismic full waveform inversion (FWI). OpenFWI is the first-of-its-kind in the geoscience and machine learning community to facilitate diversified, rigorous, and reproducible research on machine learning-based FWI. OpenFWI includes datasets of multiple scales, encompasses diverse domains, and covers various levels of model complexity. Along with the dataset, we also perform an empirical study on each dataset with a fully-convolutional deep learning model. OpenFWI has been meticulously maintained and will be regularly updated with new data and experimental results. We appreciate the inputs from the community to help us further improve OpenFWI. At the current version, we publish seven datasets in OpenFWI, of which one is specified for 3D FWI and the rest are for 2D scenarios. All datasets and related information can be accessed through our website at https://openfwi.github.io/.
The Ordination of Elements

If all art complexes are internally multiple and if, as we have shown, emergents must appear in them, there will tend to be either several coordinate-coordinate (C-C) emergents coequal in magnitude and character or a dominant emergent, a superordinate element with several more or less related subordinate elements (S-S). Any unity or coherence a complex has will depend upon the relation that elements have to one another in these orders. We shall now address ourselves to these relations. Altogether seven classes of them will be considered: the number of ordinates, their size, extent, magnitude, the intervallic relation between them, and their dimensional, contextual, tendentive, and connotative relations. Since the simplest way in which ordinates may be related to one another, any may therefore, with others, determine the unity of the aesthetic complex, is their number, we shall consider this first.
A Library-Based Approach to Translating OCL Constraints to JML Assertions for Runtime Checking

OCL is a formal notation to specify constraints on UML models that cannot otherwise be expressed by diagrammatic notations such as class diagrams. Using OCL one can document detailed design decisions and choices along with the behavior, e.g., class invariants and method pre and postconditions. However, OCL constraints cannot be directly executed and checked at runtime by an implementation, thus constraint violations may not be detected or noticed, causing many potential development and maintenance problems. In this paper we propose an approach to checking OCL constraints at runtime by translating them to executable JML assertions. The key components of our approach are a set of JML library classes, use of model variables, and a separation of JML assertions from source code. The library classes implement OCL collection types and facilitate a direct mapping from OCL constraints to JML assertions by using model variables. The translated JML assertions are stored in specification files, separate from source code files, to ease change management of OCL constraints and Java source code. Our approach also facilitates a seamless transition from OCL-based designs to Java implementations.
Neurexin Is Expressed on Nerves, But Not at Nerve Terminals, in the Electric Organ

Neurexins are highly variable transmembrane proteins hypothesized to be nerve terminal-specific cell adhesion molecules. As a test of the hypothesis that neurexin is restricted to the nerve terminal, we examined neurexins in the electric organ of the elasmobranch electric fish. Specific antibodies generated against the intracellular domain of electric fish neurexin were used in immunocytochemical and Western blot analyses of the electromotor neurons that innervate the electric organ. Our results indicate that neurexin is not expressed at electric organ nerve terminals, as expected by the neurexin hypothesis. Instead, neurexin is expressed by electromotor neurons and on myelinated axons. This neurexin has a molecular weight of 140 kDa, consistent with an α-neurexin. In addition, we find that perineurial cells of the electromotor nerve also express a neurexin. These cells surround bundles of axons to form a diffusion barrier and are thought to be a special form of fibroblast. The results of the study argue against a universal role for neurexins as nerve terminal-specific proteins but suggest that neurexins are involved in axon–Schwann cell and perineurial cell interactions.
Ureteric bud cells secrete multiple factors, including bFGF, which rescue renal progenitors from apoptosis

Kidney development requires reciprocal interactions between the ureteric bud and the metanephrogenic mesenchyme. Whereas survival of mesenchyme and development of nephrons from mesenchymal cells depends on signals from the invading ureteric bud, growth of the ureteric bud depends on signals from the mesenchyme. This codependency makes it difficult to identify molecules expressed by the ureteric bud that regulate mesenchymal growth. To determine how the ureteric bud signals the mesenchyme, we previously isolated ureteric bud cell lines (UB cells). These cells secrete soluble factors which rescue the mesenchyme from apoptosis. We now report that four heparin binding factors mediate this growth activity. One of these is basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), which is synthesized by the ureteric bud when penetrating the mesenchyme. bFGF rescues three types of progenitors found in the mesenchyme: precursors of tubular epithelia, precursors of capillaries, and cells that regulate growth of the ureteric bud. These data suggest that the ureteric bud regulates the number of epithelia and vascular precursors that generate nephrons by secreting bFGF and other soluble factors.
A Chaotic Attractor in a Periodically Forced Two-Phase Flow System

Motivated by the enhancement of heat transfer under oscillating flow conditions in single-phase heated channels and by stability problems in two-phase systems such as those in boiling water reactor...
Educating Students for the New Market Realities

Social work is increasingly practiced in the context of managed care and private, fee-for-service arrangements. The authors address the implications of new market realities for the practice of social work; for example, changing fields of social work practice, increased credentialing and reimbursement of social workers, and cost-containment measures which impinge on the social workers’ ability to exercise their professional knowledge and judgment. They suggest that social work educators can prepare students to meet these challenges and function effectively in this changing environment by supplementing existing course content with material that reflects these shifting conditions.
Synthesis of one of the major mouse metabolites of lovastatin and simvastatin

Abstract An unequivocal synthesis of the mouse liver metabolites of lovastatin and simbastatin resulting from β-oxidation of the lactone portion is described.
Z-DNA crystallography .

We review the effect of sequence on the structure of left-handed Z-DNA in single crystals. The various substituent groups that define a nucleotide base as guanine, cytosine, thymine, or adenine affect both the DNA conformation and the organization of solvent around the duplex. These are discussed in terms of their effect on the ability of sequences to adopt the unusual Z-DNA structure. In addition, the experimental and theoretical methods used to treat DNA hydration are discussed as they relate to the stability of Z-DNA. Finally, we argue that Z-DNA, as defined by the crystal conformation, is sufficient in itself to account for the physical properties of left-handed conformations observed in polymers and in genomic sequences. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biopoly 44: 65–90, 1997
Radiosensibilisation induite par le vémurafénib

The recent use of vemurafenib, a specific inhibitor of BRAF, has led to a significant improvement in disease-free survival and overall survival of patients treated for a BRAF-mutated metastatic melanoma. This new class of drugs is not devoid of side effects, including skin effects. In particular, its association with concomitant radiotherapy should be taken into consideration, vemurafenib appearing to be radiosensitizer. The radiation oncologist must be aware of this potential toxicity, which is not uncommon in clinical practice.
A Flexible Cross-Talk Simulator for Multiple Spatial-Mode Free-Space Optical Communication

Laser communication with both high photon information efficiency (many bits/detected-photon) and high spectral efficiency (many bits/sec-Hz) is impossible with a single spatial-mode free-space link. Achieving these high efficiencies in the same system requires operation with 10's to 1000's of high-transmissivity spatial modes. Such systems will likely be restricted to 1 to 10 km line-of-sight terrestrial paths on which turbulence-induced cross talk will be encountered. In this paper we propose a cross-talk simulator for multiple spatial-mode free-space optical communication that could provide valuable information about the relevant merits of different mode sets when they are employed in conjunction with real modal multiplexers and demultiplexers.
Preparation and crystal structures of plutonium(III) pentachloro complexes, K2PuCl5 and Rb2PuCl5

Abstract K 2 PuCl 5 and Rb 2 PuCl 5 were prepared by heating mixtures of anhydrous PuCl 3 and respective alkali metal chlorides in vacuum-sealed quartz ampoules at 400–500°C. Their crystal structures are both orthorhombic with K 2 PrCl 5 -type structure (space group Pnma , Z = 4), determined by powder X-ray crystallography. K 2 PuCl 5 : lattice parameters a = 12.674 ± 0.003, b = 8.727 ± 0.002, c = 7.969 ± 0.002A; cell volume 220.4 ± 0.2 A 3 ; X-ray density 3.726 ± 0.004 g/cm 3 . Rb 2 PuCl 5 : lattice parameters a = 13.093 ± 0.008, b = 8.909 ± 0.005, c = 8.178 ± 0.005 A; cell volume 238.5 ± 0.4 A 3 ; X-ray density 4.088 ± 0.008 g/cm 3 . Fourteen variable atom parameters of these complexes were obtained by electrostatic calculation with a program which maximizes the Madelung constant under the condition that the ion-ion separations in the crystal are all larger than respective critical distances. The measured Raman lines of Rb 2 PuCl 5 are very close to those of hexachloride complexes. The bond lengths and stability of M 2 PuCl 5 ( M = K, Rb) are discussed.
Feeding a Small Fire

Dans cet article, l'A. raconte sa vie et ses relations etroites avec la nature et la foret, ainsi que ses convictions ecologistes
Dynamic agricultural non-point source assessment tool (DANSAT): model development.

Non-point source simulation models are commonly used tools for examining water and water quality issues. The dynamic agricultural non-point source assessment tool (DANSAT) is the distributed-parameter, physically-based, and continuous-simulation model for simulating the spatial and temporal impacts of agricultural best management practices (BMPs) on hydrology and water quality in small agricultural watersheds. The development of model components is described in this paper with results on temporal and spatial evaluation, sensitivity analysis, and application of the model presented in the companion paper. Three model components including dynamic variable, hydrology, and sediment components are described. The dynamic variable component includes interactive soil, plant growth, and residue decomposition subcomponents which predicts temporal changes in hydrology- and detachment-related soil parameters, crop variables, and the decomposition of three types of residues, respectively, according to applied land management practices. The hydrology components include interception, evapotranspiration, infiltration, percolation, overland flow, channel flow, interflow, and base flow components. Sediment components simulate interrill detachment, rill detachment, channel detachment, transport capacity, overland routing, and channel routing.
Magnetic Moment of the Deuteron

A contribution to the deuteron magnetic moment which results from the altered expectation values of nucleon core spins in the bound state is calculated. The adiabatic approximation, in which the $\ensuremath{\pi}$-meson clouds of a static-nucleon model are assumed to follow the orbital motion of the sources, is used. The two-nucleon states are expanded in Heitler-London states; the expectation value of the deuteron magnetic moment operator is related to single-nucleon matrix elements by means of an expansion corresponding to exchange of various numbers of mesons between the nucleons. The single-nucleon matrix elements are evaluated using the Chew-Low-Wick fixed-source theory. If an orbital wave function with a relatively large $D$-state probability is used, the one-meson exchange terms give an increase in the deuteron magnetic moment of about one percent. The two-meson exchange terms are considerably smaller than the one-meson exchange terms.
Fluxes of CO2, water vapor, and energy from a prairie ecosystem during the seasonal transition from carbon sink to carbon source

Abstract In many temperate-zone ecosystems, seasonal changes in environmental and biological factors influence the dynamics and magnitude of surface-atmosphere exchange. Research was conducted to measure surface-layer fluxes of CO 2 , water vapor, and energy in a C 4 -dominated tallgrass prairie during the autumnal transition from carbon sink to carbon source. Data were collected between DOY 220 and 320, 1996 on the Konza Prairie Research Natural Area near Manhattan, KS, USA. Mass fluxes were measured with a tower-based conditional sampling (CS) system, and the surface energy balance was measured with Bowen ratio (BR) methods. Soil-surface CO 2 fluxes were measured with a closed-chamber system. Carbon and energy fluxes decreased over the study period as the canopy senesced. When skies were clear, daily net CO 2 exchange (NCE) varied from a maximum gain of 17.8 g CO 2 m −2 day −1 on DOY 226 to a maximum loss of −10.3 g CO 2 m −2 day −1 on DOY 290. Over the 100-day study period, the ecosystem had a net loss of −217 g CO 2 m −2 , with the change from sink to source occurring on about DOY 255. Soil-surface CO 2 fluxes were −0.4 mg CO 2 m −2 s −1 at the start of the study but declined to −0.04 mg CO 2 m −2 s −1 on DOY 320. The Bowen ratio increased from 0.5 to 4 over the study period. The seasonal trend in NCE was governed by the senescence of the canopy and not abrupt changes in weather. Senescence also influenced canopy conductance, which caused a seasonal transformation in the surface energy balance. Data suggest that any climatic or management factors that affect the rate and timing of the autumnal sink-source transition can have a strong influence, on the carbon and water balance in the ecosystem.
Reliability of scanning electron microscopy information

Abstract The reliability of information obtained with the scanning electron microscope is influenced by human and instrumental factors. The human factor enters, for example, when a microstructure is described as being typical of the material when in fact it is only a minor component. Some instrumental factors include charging of the specimen, problems differentiating between positive and negative relief and distortion of the shape of the sample in micrographs. The determination of the amount of a phase present in a composite is a complex problem involving both preparation of representative surfaces and appropriate methods of evaluation. A number of experimental results are provided. Where smearing of surfaces is not a problem, point counting evaluation on sawn surfaces is shown to provide reliable results.
X-Ray Fluorescence Determination of Composition and Thickness of Nickel—Iron—Cobalt Thin Films: Application of Solution Techniques

In computer-memory technology, it is important to know the composition and thickness of nickel–iron–cobalt thin films. These parameters affect the magnetic properties of the films and must be determined accurately for evaluation purposes. An x-ray fluorescence procedure was used in this work. Nickel–iron–cobalt thin-film standards were developed by a solution technique. Thin films in the approximate composition range of 79% Ni, 18% Fe, and 3% Co and thickness range of 600–1300 A were analyzed. Precision of the thin-film compositional analysis yields coefficients of variation of ±0.02% for Ni, ±0.12% for Fe, and ±0.43% for Co. Accuracy is 0.04% for Ni, and 0.17% for Fe, and 0.34% for Co. Precision of the thickness measurement yields a coefficient of variation of ±0.2%. Accuracy, checked against optical interferometric data, is ±10 to 20 A (∼1%-2% at the 1000-A level).
Effects of Electrical Stimulation on Carcass Quality and Meat Palatability Traits of Charolais Crossbred Bulls and Steers

Forty-four Charolais crossbred bulls and steers from a similar background and fed commercially were slaughtered and the right side of each carcass was electrically stimulated. Electrical stimulation reduced lean maturity scores (bulls and steers) and, for steers, lowered lean firmness scores (softer lean) and improved “heat-ring” scores. Electrical stimulation significantly improved most tenderness measurements on steaks from young bulls, but was only effective in decreasing shear force values of steaks from steers. Electrical stimulation was more effective in improving the tenderness of steaks from bulls than those from steers.
Theory of Fluid Lubrication of Hydrogels and Articular Cartilage during Compression Under an Applied Load

A fluid lubrication model for articular cartilage was put forward by Mc Cutchen, in which a high percentage of the load is supported by fluid pressurization in the interface region separating the two cartilage coated surfaces as the cartilage is compressed under load. This reduces the friction by reducing the percentage of the load which is carried by solid material in the cartilage. For two bones which are in contact in a healthy joint, which are each coated by a layer of cartilage whose thickness is much smaller than its lateral dimensions, it will be argued that since the bone is impervious to fluid flow in healthy joints, almost all of the fluid that is expressed from the cartilage under load flows through the interface region, where it supports part of the load. This is in contrast to previous theoretical and in vitro experimental studies of this problem, in which most of the fluid does not flow into the interface. It is shown that for mean asperity height small compared to a length scale (which depends on the cartilage or hydrogel permeability, the fluid viscosity and the dimensions of the cartilage or hydrogel) a large percentage of the load is supported by fluid pressurization.
New concept: Treating nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy with light adaptation of rods during sleep

New concept: treating nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy with light adaptation of rods during sleep
Surface wavelength content based clustering using neural networks for manufacturing process mapping

Abstract Manufacturing processes produce a unique texture on the surface that serves as a fingerprint of the process. It is possible to provide feedback to the process by studying the surfaces carefully. Analytical techniques such as Fourier analysis and digital filters are commonly used to characterize surface profiles. Parameters extracted from filtered profiles are monitored to detect variations in the process. This requires the development of an inference engine to map metrology parameters to manufacturing process parameters. This paper presents an artificial neural network (ANN) based inference engine for providing process feedback with surface finish input. Parameters such as Ra and Wa as well as advanced wavelet based features are extracted from surface finish data collected from a crankshaft manufacturing line and fed as input to the neural network. This input is then clustered using a competitive neural network trained in unsupervised mode. The resulting clusters are analyzed and discussed. The network is then tested with new data to evaluate the quality of the clusters previously generated and to demonstrate the applicability of this technique for detecting process variations.
An enzymatic assay for activity of lipoprotein lipase

An enzymatic method for the determination of the amount of free fatty acids released from triglyceride by lipoprotein lipase is described. The quantity of free fatty acids present in media before and after incubation is measured spectrophotometrically by the oxidation of NADH in the final reaction of a series of coupled enzymatic reactions. This assay for lipoprotein lipase is unlike previously described assays in that radioactive substrates or titration procedures are not used in the free fatty acid determination. In addition, another method for assay of lipoprotein lipase activity that involves the separation of free fatty acids from triglycerides by adsorption chromatography with Florisil as a stationary phase is described.
Identity by descent estimation with dense genome-wide genotype data

We present a novel method, IBDLD, for estimating the probability of identity by descent (IBD) for a pair of related individuals at a locus, given dense genotype data and a pedigree of arbitrary size and complexity. IBDLD overcomes the challenges of exact multipoint estimation of IBD in pedigrees of potentially large size and eliminates the difficulty of accommodating the background linkage disequilibrium (LD) that is present in high-density genotype data. We show that IBDLD is much more accurate at estimating the true IBD sharing than methods that remove LD by pruning SNPs and is highly robust to pedigree errors or other forms of misspecified relationships. The method is fast and can be used to estimate the probability for each possible IBD sharing state at every SNP from a high-density genotyping array for hundreds of thousands of pairs of individuals. We use it to estimate point-wise and genomewide IBD sharing between 185,745 pairs of subjects all of whom are related through a single, large and complex 13-generation pedigree and genotyped with the Affymetrix 500k chip. We find that we are able to identify the true pedigree relationship for individuals who were misidentified in the collected data and estimate empirical kinship coefficients that can be used in follow-up QTL mapping studies. IBDLD is implemented as an open source software package and is freely available. Genet. Epidemiol. 35:557–567, 2011. r 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Convex envelopes generated from finitely many compact convex sets

We consider the problem of constructing the convex envelope of a lower semi-continuous function defined over a compact convex set. We formulate the envelope representation problem as a convex optimization problem for functions whose generating sets consist of finitely many compact convex sets. In particular, we consider nonnegative functions that are products of convex and component-wise concave functions and derive closed-form expressions for the convex envelopes of a wide class of such functions. Several examples demonstrate that these envelopes reduce significantly the relaxation gaps of widely used factorable relaxation techniques.
Annual and seasonal differences in pesticide mixtures within channelized agricultural headwater streams in central Ohio

a b s t r a c t Only a limited amount of information on pesticide mixtures within agricultural headwater streams is available. A greater understanding of the characteristics of pesticide mixtures and their spatial and temporal trends within agricultural headwater streams is needed to evaluate the risks of pesticide mixtures. We measured concentrations of 13 pesticides within seven channelized agricultural headwater streams in central Ohio for 5 years to document what types of pesticide mixtures occur, trends in pesticide mixtures with increasing watershed size, and annual and seasonal trends in pesticide mixtures. Pesticide mixtures consisted mostly of combinations of herbicides or herbicides and fungicides. Only one of 14 response variables differed between watershed sizes. Seasonal trends in the percent occurrence, complexity, concentration, and types of pesticide mixtures differed annually. Our results suggest channelized agricultural headwater streams with watershed sizes ranging from 0.7 to 4.5 km 2 will exhibit greater temporal variation than spatial variation in pesticide mixtures.
Effects of slash-and-burn management on soil aggregate organic C and N in a tropical deciduous forest

Abstract Our study examined the effect of slash-and-burn management on the distribution of soil organic carbon (SOC) across water-stable aggregate size fractions. Macroaggregates (>250 μm) are an important source of SOC and soil organic nitrogen in forest soil: they account for approximately 80% of the total C and N content. Slashing and burning did not destroy macroaggregates, but the SOC associated with macroaggregates decreased by 32% due to combustion during burning. Fire also disrupted soil aggregate stabilization by changing the chemical nature of SOC. The largest changes were noted after the first growing season following fire: macroaggregates and associated C decreased 50% while microaggregates increased by the same proportion. The changes in organic C observed after the first growing season can be attributed to macroaggregate instability.
Experiments on turbulent heat transfer in an asymmetrically heated rectangular duct

An experimental investigation of the effect of asymmetrical heating on fully developed turbulent heat transfer has been carried out. The test apparatus was a rectangular duct of aspect ratio 5:1. The duct was constructed so that the two long sides of the rectangular cross section could be heated at different preselected rates, while the two short sides were unheated. Two cases of asymmetrical heating were studied: (a) One of the two long sides was heated, while the second was unheated; (b) both of the long sides were heated, with the heating rate at one side being twice that of the other. For the first case, the heat transfer coefficients are lower than those for the symmetrically heated duct. For the second case, the coefficients for the more strongly heated wall are also below the values for symmetrical heating, while the coefficients for the lesser-heated wall are greater than the symmetric heating results. These findings are in qualitative agreement with analytical predictions for the parallel-plate channel. Furthermore, by applying an analytically motivated correlation procedure (reference [10]), it was shown that overall Nusselt number results for asymmetric heating could be brought into virtual coincidence with those for symmetric heating.
Biodegradable triblock copolymer microspheres based on thermosensitive sol-gel transition

Purpose. The purpose of this study is to design microspheres for sustained protein delivery using thermosensitive, biodegradable triblock copolymer, poly (d,l-lactide-co-glycolide)-b-poly (ethylene glycol)-b-poly (d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA-PEG-PLGA) without using organic solvent.
Biosynthesis of dimboa in maize using deuterium oxide as a tracer

Abstract Growth of root cultures and of shoot cultures of maize ( Zea mays ) was noticeably inhibited by 30% D 2 O in liquid medium. Increasing the concentr
Violence, Conflict, Trickery, and Other Story Themes in TV Ads for Food for Children

Stories in a sample of 92 television (TV) food ads aimed at children were analyzed for thematic and subtextual content. Violence as a surface theme ranked first in use receiving a nonzero score in 62% of the ads, followed by conflict (41%), achievement (24%), mood alteration (23%), enablement (18%), trickery (20%), and product dependence (8%). Cluster analysis identified six groupings of themes, with 64% of the ads characterized by some combination of violence, conflict, and trickery. Regarding subtexts, the computer-based Minnesota Contextual Content Analysis program evaluated the voiced material in ads in terms of four marker categories named "traditional (normative)", "practical", "emotional", and "analytic". It was found that the texts had a strong emphasis on the emotional subtext or thrust, and a pronounced underemphasis on the analytic context. These analyses identify possibly dubious content in a significant segment of children's TV viewing.
Distinct Roles for Release Factor 1 and Release Factor 2 in Translational Quality Control

In bacteria, stop codons are recognized by two similar class 1 release factors, release factor 1 (RF1) and release factor 2 (RF2). Normally, during termination, the class 2 release factor 3 (RF3), a GTPase, functions downstream of peptide release where it accelerates the dissociation of RF1/RF2 prior to ribosome recycling. In addition to their canonical function in termination, both classes of release factor are also involved in a post peptidyl transfer quality control (post PT QC) mechanism where the termination factors recognize mismatched (i.e. error-containing) ribosome complexes and promote premature termination. Here, using a well defined in vitro system, we explored the role of release factors in canonical termination and post PT QC. As reported previously, during canonical termination, RF1 and RF2 recognize stop codons in a similar manner, and RF3 accelerates their rate of dissociation. During post PT QC, only RF2 (and not RF1) effectively binds to mismatched ribosome complexes; and whereas the addition of RF3 to RF2 increased its rate of release on mismatched complexes, the addition of RF3 to RF1 inhibited its rate of release but increased the rate of peptidyl-tRNA dissociation. Our data strongly suggest that RF2, in addition to its primary role in peptide release, functions as the principle factor for post PT QC.
Techniques for visualizing multi-valued flow data

In this paper we discuss several techniques to display multiple scalar distributions within an image depicting a 2D flow field. We first address how internal contrast and mean luminance can effectively be used to represent a scalar distribution in addition to an underlying flow field. Secondly, we expand upon a current technique to more effectively use luminance ramps over dense streamlines to represent direction of flow. Lastly, we present a new method, based on embossing, to encode the out-of-plane component of a 3D vector field defined over a 2D domain. Throughout this paper, we limit our focus to the visualization of steady flows.
CARTILAGE MATRIX DEPLETION BY RHEUMATOID SYNOVIAL CELLS IN TISSUE CULTURE

Articular cartilage fragments were added to monolayer cultures of synovial membrane cells. After 3 wk of incubation, the cartilage fragments were examined histologically for metachromasia and basophilia, and for fluorescent staining using a rabbit antiserum to cartilage protein-polysaccharide. Cartilage incubated with cells derived from rheumatoid synovial membranes showed striking loss of metachromasia and basophilia as well as diminished to absent fluorescent staining. Cartilage fragments incubated with cells from normal synovia, or with cells from the synovial membrane of a patient with Reiter's syndrome, did not show these changes and resembled control cartilage incubated in tissue culture medium alone. It appears, therefore, that rheumatoid synovial cells in tissue culture are able to deplete the matrix of articular cartilage.
Atmospheric speciation of mercury in two contrasting Southeastern US airsheds

Abstract Simultaneous measurement of gaseous elemental, reactive gaseous, and fine particulate mercury took place in Tuscaloosa AL, (urban airshed) and Cove Mountain, TN (non-urban airshed) during the summers of 2002 and 2003. The objective of this research was to (1) summarize the temporal distribution of each mercury specie at each site and compare to other speciation data sets developed by other researchers and (2) provide insight into urban and non-urban mercury speciation effects using various statistical methods. Average specie concentrations were as follows: 4.05 ng m −3 (GEM), 13.6 pg m −3 (RGM), 16.4 pg m −3 (Hg-p) for Tuscaloosa; 3.20 ng m −3 (GEM), 13.6 pg m −3 (RGM), 9.73 pg m −3 (Hg-p) for Cove Mountain. As a result of urban airshed impacts, short periods of high concentration for all mercury species was common in Tuscaloosa. At Cove Mountain a consistent mid-day rise and evening drop for mercury species was found. This pattern was primarily the result of un-impacted physical boundary layer movement, although, other potential impacts were ambient photochemistry and air-surface exchange of mercury. Meteorological parameters that are known to heavily impact mercury speciation were similar for the study period for Tuscaloosa and Cove Mountain except for wind speed (m s −1 ), which was higher at Cove Mountain. For both sites statistically significant ( p 0.0001 ), inverse relationships existed between wind speed and Hg 0 concentration. A weaker windspeed-Hg 0 correlation existed for Tuscaloosa. By analyzing Hg concentration—wind speed magnitude change at both sites it was found that wind speed at Cove Mountain had a greater influence on Hg 0 concentration variability than Tuscaloosa by a factor of 3. Using various statistical tests, we concluded that the nature of Tuscaloosa's atmospheric mercury speciation was the result of typical urban airshed impacts. Cove Mountain showed atmospheric mercury speciation characteristics indicative of a non-urban area along with potential influence from steady regional input of mercury pollution from larger sources.
The Use of Thoracoscopy in the Treatment of Iatrogenic Esophageal Perforations

Treatment options for patients with iatrogenic esophageal perforations are multiple and remain a source of controversy. Therapeutic options range from conservative, nonoperative treatment to esophageal exclusion or eosphagectomy. We present herein what we believe to be the first described repair of an esophageal perforation using thoracoscopic surgical techniques. We believe this approach offers several advantages over open thoracic surgery and has a role in minimizing postoperative morbidity in an already potentially life-threatening condition. (Chest 1993; 103:1905-06)
Preparation of titanium diboride from the borothermic reduction of TiO2, TiOx(OH)y, or Ti(O-n-Bu)4-derived polymers

The reaction between amorphous boron powder and TiO2, TiOx(OH)y or titanium-alkoxide derived polymers (B : Ti = 4 : 1) was studied at 25–1500°C in a flow of argon. The borothermic reduction of TiO2 resulted in formation of Ti2O3 and TiBO3 at 600°C; TiB2 was formed by further borothermic reduction of Ti2O3 and TiBO3 above 700°C; the overall reaction was found to be complete at 1300°C. The particle sizes of TiB2 powders obtained were directly related to the starting material used as the titania source. The largest particles were obtained when TiO2 powder was used as the starting material The particles were smaller when TiOx(OH)y powder was used, and the smallest particles were obtained when the partially-hydrolyzed Ti polymer, [BuOTiO1·5]n, was used as the titanium source. The pyrolysis chemistry of these precursors as well as the morphology of the pyrolysis products were studied by FT-IR, TGA, SEM, XRD, BET, elemental analyses and particle size analyses.
Achievable rates for pattern recognition: binary and Gaussian cases

Recently we presented information-theoretic bounds for the achievable rates of pattern recognition systems operating under data compression constraints. In this paper we improve on our previous inner bound, and report progress toward finding formulas for the achievable rate region boundaries in the special cases where the pattern data is either binary or Gaussian
Linked Leslie matrices for the simulation of succession

Abstract Efforts to manage vegetation as a fire hazard and as a resource require knowledge of the successional sequence. A computer simulation links Leslie matrices of survivorship and natality for each species with density dependent functions of total foliar cover. Population sizes of each species are converted to cover values by age specific growth relationships. The proportion of species populations resprouting after fire is included. The model simulates several fixed and variable sequences of fire intervals in Californian coastal sage scrub. The potential of this simulation compares well with other models for evaluating hypotheses and management policies.
Heavy Higgs production in e + e - and e - e - collisions

Abstract Production of a heavy Higgs boson in very high energy e + e − and e − e − interactions is studied. The two-photon background for the H → W + W − decay mode is shown to be significant and its reduction is discussed. Comparison of e + e − and e − e − collision is made.
8- to 13-μm Spectra of Saturn's A and B Rings

Abstract Thermal IR spectroscopy of Saturn's A and B rings in the 8- to 13-μm range reveals a smooth, Planck-like continuum with no spectral structure that could be attributed to optically thin water ice or silicate dust. The brightness temperatures of the A and B rings obtained by fitting a Planck function to the spectra were 90.3±0.9 and 90.5±0.6 K, respectively, in good agreement with and extending earlier photometric measurements.
SECOND‐ORDER ANALYSIS OF POINT PATTERNS: THE CASE OF CHICAGO AS A MULTI‐CENTER URBAN REGION *

A comprehensive approach to the analysis of point patterns demonstrates the usefulness of second-order methods by exploring population distribution in the Chicago region. The methods are based on the development of a distribution of all interpoint distances representing the total covariation in a pattern. Clustering and inhibition models are explored with regard to the population pattern. Some evidence supports a multi-center city hypothesis for the region.
The histology of palatal closure in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta).

A study was made of normal palate embryology in rhesus monkeys. Rotation and initial fusion of the palatal shelves occurred during day 46 of gestation. By day 50 degeneration of both the nasal and midpalatal epithelia along the line of fusion was occurring. The stages of palate development in the rhesus monkey agree very well with those reported for human embryos of approximately the same age.
Differential effects of phenobarbital and 3-methylcholanthrene on rat hepatic ribosomal precursor RNA

Abstract Synthesis of hepatic ribosomal precursor RNA (45S rRNA) was investigated in rats treated with single intraperitoneal injections of methylcholanthrene (MC) (30 mg/kg) or phenobarbital (PB) (100 mg/kg). Labelling in vivo of total nuclear RNA and of nuclear 45S rRNA with [ 3 H]orotic acid was unchanged in rats sacrificed 3 or 20 hr after reveiving a single dose of MC. These results agreed with measurements in vitro of nucleolar RNA polymerase activity, which was unaffected by either MC or PB pretreatment. In rats sacrificed 6 hr after receiving an injection of PB or 3 or 20 hr after receiving an injection of MC, incorporation of [ 3 H]UTP into isolated nucleoli was not enhanced. Labeling in vivo of microsomal 28S and 18S rRNA with [ 3 H]orotic acid increased 50 per cent 6 hr after a single dose of PB but was unchanged 3 or 20 hr after a single dose of MC. The stability of 45S rRNA in rats treated with PB or MC was tested in a nuclear incubation system. After incubation of nuclei at 37° for 2 min in 0.25 M sucrose containing 5 mM MgCl 2 , RNA was extracted and layered on 10–40% sucrose gradients. Planimetric analysis of these sucrose gradients demonstrated that, 16 hr after PB treatment, the stability of 45S rRNA was increased over that of controls, whereas 20 hr after MC, 45S rRNA stability was unchanged. These results suggest that PB, but not MC, enhances post-transcriptional stability of 45S rRNA and labeling in vivo of microsomal RNA. Neither MC nor PB increases synthesis of ribosomal precursor RNA.
Genetic deletion of neuronal pentraxin 1 expression prevents brain injury in a neonatal mouse model of cerebral hypoxia–ischemia

Abstract Neonatal hypoxic–ischemic (HI) brain injury is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in infants and children for which there is no promising therapy at present. Previously, we reported induction of neuronal pentraxin 1 (NP1), a novel neuronal protein of the long-pentraxin family, following HI injury in neonatal brain. Here, we report that genetic deletion of NP1 expression prevents HI injury in neonatal brain. Elevated expression of NP1 was observed in neurons, not in astrocytes, of the ipsilateral cortical layers (I–IV) and in the hippocampal CA1 and CA3 areas of WT brains following hypoxia–ischemia; brain areas that developed infarcts (at 24–48 h), showed significantly increased numbers of TUNEL −(+) cells and tissue loss (at 7 days). In contrast, NP1-KO mice showed no evidence of brain infarction and tissue loss after HI. The immunofluorescence staining of brain sections with mitochondrial protein COX IV and subcellular fractionation analysis showed increased accumulation of NP1 in mitochondria, pro-death protein Bax activation and NP1 co-localization with activated caspase-3 in WT, but not in the NP1-KO brains; corroborating NP1 interactions with the mitochondria-derived pro-death pathways. Disruption of NP1 translocation to mitochondria by NP1-siRNA in primary cortical cultures significantly reduced ischemic neuronal death. NP1 was immunoprecipitated with activated Bax [6A7] proteins; HI caused increased interactions of NP1 with Bax, thereby, facilitating Bax translocation to mitochondrial and neuronal death. To further delineate the specificity of NPs, we found that NP1 but not the NP2 induction is specifically involved in brain injury mechanisms and that knockdown of NP1 only results in neuroprotection. Furthermore, live in vivo T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) including fractional anisotropy (FA) mapping showed no sign of delayed brain injury or tissue loss in the NP1-KO mice as compared to the WT at different post-HI periods (4–24 weeks) examined; indicating a long-term neuroprotective efficacy of NP1 gene deletion. Collectively, our results demonstrate a novel mechanism of neuronal death and predict that inhibition of NP1 expression is a promising strategy to prevent hypoxic–ischemic injury in immature brain.
Can lipid-lowering medication reduce the prevalence of atrial fibrillation in patients with left ventricular dysfunction?

Can lipid-lowering medication reduce the prevalence of atrial fibrillation in patients with left ventricular dysfunction?