cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Entropy analysis of Hall current and thermal radiation influenced by cilia with single- and multi-walled carbon nanotubes

The present investigation explores the significance of creeping viscous nanofluids in an axi-symmetric channel influenced by metachronal waves containing magnetohydrodynamics and Hall current. Heat transport analysis is also performed to derive the impact of thermal radiation on internal heat source phenomena. The use of mathematical formulation resulted in a set of nonlinear coupled partial differential equations. The governed differential system is transformed into an ordinary differential system by considering similar variables. Exact solutions in the closed form have been derived for the temperature, momentum and pressure gradient. Moreover, entropy generation due to heat transfer, thermal radiation and magnetic effects has been measured. The graphical results have been presented to interpret sundry parameters of interest. Streamlines and isotherms are also plotted against the multi-walled carbon nanotube. For the validation of our results, a comparison table is presented. It is also seen that entropy of the system increases and the Bejan number decreases with an increase in the Brinkman number.
Polypharmacy risk among five-year cancer survivors.

11565Background: Cancer survivors are increasing in the United States. Survivors often face cancer sequelae and side effects from treatment, which can arise during treatment or even months or years...
In-Band Full-Duplex RF Canceller Tuning using Adaptive Learning Rate Functions

Enhancements in communication and spectral efficiencies can be derived from incorporating In-Band Full-Duplex (IBFD) technology into future wireless systems. These improvements are made possible by reducing each node’s self-interference through a variety of techniques, including RF cancellation in the analog domain. While multi-tap RF cancellers have been proven to deliver high performance in realistic environments, their multivariate nature creates a problem when trying to tune them. This paper investigates different adaptive learning rate functions as well as starting locations for a multi-dimensional gradient-descent algorithm. Results are presented for this research using a two-tap canceller prototype that was measured over 20 MHz centered at 2.5 GHz and provided up to 48 dB of cancellation in a multipath interference scenario.
Treatment for Adolescent Depression: National Patterns, Temporal Trends, and Factors Related to Service Use Across Settings.

Abstract Purpose Untreated major depression can lead to various negative health and social consequences among adolescents. This study aimed to examine national patterns, temporal trends, and factors related to U.S. adolescents' mental health service use for 12-month major depression across service settings. Methods Data on adolescents aged 12–17 years who received treatment for their 12-month major depression were drawn from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2011–2018. Patterns, trends, and factors related to adolescents' service use in specialty mental health, educational, and general medical settings and multiple settings were examined using bivariate and multivariate logistic regression. Results Across the survey years, service use in specialty mental health settings was the most common, followed by educational and general medical settings. A significant increase was observed in adolescents' specialty mental health service use (p Conclusions Continued efforts are needed to improve service provision for adolescents with depression, especially in educational and general medical settings. Strengthened funding and policy support are warranted to expand safety-net mental health services for uninsured, low-income, and racial/ethnic minority adolescents.
Safety and outcomes of immunotherapy re-challenge in lung cancer.

e19355Background: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (CIs) have been shown to improve overall survival in lung cancer and are FDA approved in multiple settings, both as single agents and in combination w...
Neonate Born to a Mother with a Diagnosis of Suspected Intra-Amniotic Infection versus COVID-19 or Both

A diagnosis of intra-amniotic infection is typically made based on clinical criteria, including maternal intrapartum fever and one or more of the following: maternal leukocytosis, purulent cervical drainage, or fetal tachycardia. The diagnosis can also be made in patients with an isolated fever of 39°C, or greater, without any other clinical risk factors present. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the virus SARS-CoV-2, has been noted to have varying signs and symptoms over the course of the disease including fever, cough, fatigue, anorexia, shortness of breath, sputum production, and myalgia. In this report, we detail a case of a newborn born to a mother with a clinical diagnosis of intra-amniotic infection with maternal fever and fetal tachycardia, who was then found to be SARS-CoV-2 positive on testing. Due to the varying presentation of COVID-19, this case illustrates the low threshold needed to test mothers for SARS-CoV-2 in order to prevent horizontal transmission to neonates and to healthcare providers.
On-Chip Fully Integrated Field Emission Arrays for High-Voltage MEMS Applications

Vacuum-sealed fully integrated diode and triode field emission arrays based on Ti Spindt-type field emitters have been developed in a scalable, CMOS-compatible process directly on Si. Diode characterization in air demonstrates effective vacuum sealing and field emission conduction, with current drivability that scales with array size. Triode characterization in vacuum demonstrates gate-modulated field emission of the output current and highlights new effects observed in a fully integrated geometry with closely spaced electrodes. Demonstrating up to 200-V blocking voltage and similar magnitude punchthrough voltages, the arrays can be utilized as high-voltage devices in CMOS applications or with microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technologies using post-CMOS MEMS integration techniques. Low-temperature measurements reveal areas of improvement for electrode isolation; combined with the use of improved cathode materials, these devices have the potential to be used in high-power applications.
Syntheses of Square Planar Gallium Complexes and a Proton NMR Correlation Probing Metalloaromaticity.

Syntheses of square planar (SP) coordination complexes of gallium(III) are reported herein. Using the pyridine diimine ligand (PDI), we prepared both (PDI2–)GaH (4) and (PDI2–)GaCl (5), which were ...
A Novel Pediatric Hospital-Based Violence Intervention Program – Lessons Learned From the First Year

Purpose: Homicide and violent injury are leading causes of child morbidity and mortality in urban areas. Previous violent injury is a major risk factor for reinjury and death. Hospital-based violence intervention programs (HVIPs) have been effective in reducing reinjury. While the ultimate objective of HVIPs is to prevent reinjury, research is needed to elucidate intermediate measures of success. In our urban community, violent injuries disproportionately affect Black or African American children. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the engagement, retention rate, and ability to address participant needs in the first year of the Antifragility Initiative (AI), a …
Investigating Academic Performance, Faith, and Entrepreneurship of Late-Adolescent Catholics

This research seeks to examine a gap in the literature between academic performance, faith, and entrepreneurship of late-adolescent Catholic college students. As such, the purpose of this study is to explore the differences of faith manifestations and entrepreneurial orientations of late-adolescent Catholic college students based on three levels of academic performance (i.e., three GPA levels). This empirical research adapts The Integration Profile (TIP; Miller & Ewest, 2014) and the Individual Entrepreneurial Orientation (IEO; Bolton & Lane, 2012) for instrumental measurements of faith and entrepreneurship. A purposive non-probability sample was selected on the basis of the knowledge of the population, its elements, and the nature of the research aims. The data for testing the variables of TIP and IEO were gathered through an administered paper survey to late-adolescent Catholic college students. Comparisons between faith manifestation and entrepreneurial orientation observations were made using one-way ANOVA with GPA as the factor at three levels (i.e., 2.30-2.99, 3.00-3.60, 3.61-4.00). ANOVA revealed several significant differences between the three groups. Significant differences were demonstrated for all four TIP faith manifestations: The ethics type, the expression type, the experience type, and the enrichment type. With respect to individual entrepreneurial orientations, a significant difference was exhibited with the “proactiveness” variable. This research contributes to the body of scholarly knowledge in numerous ways. First, it adds to the body of knowledge concerning faith manifestations and individual entrepreneurial orientations within a specific religious orientation (i.e., Catholicism). Second, it adds to the body of knowledge concerning faith manifestations and entrepreneurial orientations with a specific cohort (i.e., late-adolescent). Third, it adds to the body of knowledge concerning faith manifestations and individual entrepreneurial orientations within a modified work environment (i.e., college work). Fourth, it offers a new adapted instrument for the measurement of faith manifestations and individual entrepreneurial orientations. Fifth, it provides an academic foundation for future research of faith manifestations and individual entrepreneurial orientations in other faith, spirituality, religious practices. Finally, it offers implications for education and practice, as well as possible future directions for this research stream.
Sjogren's Syndrome Presenting with Solely Cutaneous Features.

Sjogren’s syndrome is classically characterized by symptoms of keratoconjunctivitis sicca and xerostomia, secondary to lymphocytic infiltration of the salivary and lacrimal glands. Cutaneous findings of this disease are infrequently discussed and thus rarely considered among patients without the typical symptomatology. However, these patients can develop xerosis, alopecia, vitiligo, papular or nodular lesions, or cutaneous vasculitis. A 56-year-old Asian female presented with intermittent cutaneous erythematous lesions of her bilateral pinna and preauricular areas. Despite initial symptom presentation causing concern for tumid lupus versus cutaneous T cell lymphoma versus relapsing polychondritis, extensive serologic and histopathologic workup eventually indicated a likely diagnosis of Sjogren’s syndrome. This case brings to light that Sjogren’s syndrome is truly a multi-systemic disease and can present with primarily extra glandular cutaneous symptoms. When approaching the workup of a new patient, it is absolutely vital to maintain a broad differential and keep in mind that overlap syndromes among multiple autoimmune diseases do exist as well.
General Introduction to Silicone Surfaces

Silicones, particularly polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), are widely exploited for their surface properties. A quantitative review of relevant properties is presented including liquid surface tension measurements, water contact angle studies and solid surface tension determinations from both contact angle and contact mechanics approaches. The properties are considered in the light of the fundamental characteristics of PDMS and related siloxane polymers in order to establish a structure/property relationship of importance in any examination of the surface science of this family of polymers. The central position of PDMS in silicone science and industry follows inevitably from its structure. The combination of small, low-intermolecular-force methyl groups arrayed along the uniquely flexible siloxane backbone produces a polymer whose low surface energy can be equaled or bettered by relatively few other polymers. There is also the additional benefit of greater thermal and oxidative stability than most comparable organic polymers that is important in many applications.
Influence of chemical composition and cold deformation on aging precipitation behavior of high nitrogen austenitic stainless steels

The influence of chemical composition and cold deformation on aging precipitation behavior of 18Cr-16Mn-2Mo-1.1N (HNS-A), 18Cr-16Mn-1.3N (HNS-B), 18Cr-18Mn-2Mo-0.96N (HNS-C) and 18Cr-18Mn-2Mo-0.77N (HNS-D) high nitrogen austenitic stainless steels was investigated. The results show that the “nose” temperatures and incubation periods of the initial time-temperature-precipitation (TTP) curves of aged HNSs are found to be 850 °C, 60 s; 850 °C, 45 s; 850 °C, 60 s and 900 °C, 90 s, respectively. Based on the analysis of SAD patterns, the coarse cellular Cr2N precipitate which presents a lamellar structure has a hexagonal structure of a=0.478 nm and c=0.444 nm. The χ phase corresponding to a composition of Fe36Cr12Mo10, is determined to be a body-centered cubic structure of a=0.892 nm. The precipitating sensitivity presents no more difference with the nitrogen content increasing from 0.77% to 0.96%, but exhibits so obviously that the cellular precipitates nearly overspread the whole field. The addition of Mo element can restrain the TTP curves moving left and down, which means decreasing the sensitivity of aging precipitation. With increasing the cold deformation, the sensitivity of precipitation increases obviously.
Effects of Intermittent Noise on Human Target Detection

The purpose of the present investigation was to examine the effects of intermittent noise on target detection performance. Specifically, the present study was designed to test whether the effects of noise presented at a 70% on-off, “neutral” ratio are independent of the noise intensity level. Four levels of noise were used: no noise, and 80, 90, and 100 db. The results revealed that detection time was not significantly affected by the noise level. The total number of errors recorded for each noise condition showed that, in general, as intensity level increased, the total number of errors decreased. These findings are related to the concept of “flexibility of attention.”
Thread-modular model checking

We present thread-modular model checking, a novel technique for verifying correctness properties of loosely-coupled multithreaded software systems. Thread-modular model checking verifies each thread separately using an automatically inferred environment assumption that abstracts the possible steps of other threads. Separate verification of each thread yields significant space and time savings. Suppose there are n threads, each with a local store of size L, where the threads communicate via a shared global store of size G. If each thread is finite-state (without a stack), the naive model checking algorithm requires O(G.Ln) space, whereas thread-modular model checking requires only O(n.G.(G + L)) space. If each thread has a stack, the general model checking problem is undecidable, but thread-modular model checking terminates in polynomial time.
THE INTRAFAMILIAL TRANSMISSION OF RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS-IV RECALLED PARENT-CHILD RELATIONS BY RHEUMATOID ARTHRITICS AND CONTROLS

Abstract The study is based on data from three survey interviews, taken four months apart, on adults over 30 yr old. Subjects were drawn both from a National sample of the United States and a Clinic sample in Ann Arbor. The results indicate that females with rheumatoid arthritis, in contrast to controls without RA, reported mothers who were more arbitrary in authority, and toward whom the daughter felt more covert hostility but showed less overt aggressiveness. Nevertheless, RA females rated their mothers as strong role models as did the non-RA women. No such differences with the father were evident. Female RA's also showed the lowest childhood self-esteem score, compared to female controls and males. By contrast, RA males reported a more positive image of the mother toward whom less covert hostility was felt. No such differences in the father-child relations were seen.
Molecular dynamics of ferrocytochrome c: Magnitude and anisotropy of atomic displacements

Abstract Two computer simulations of the atomic motion in tuna ferrocytochrome c have been carried out. The average structures and the structural correlations of the magnitudes of the atomic position fluctuations are in substantial agreement with recent X-ray diffraction results, particularly for the protein interior. The simulations show, however, that the atomic displacements are quite anisotropic. The degree of anisotropy and the preferred directions of atomic displacement exhibit correlations with structural features of the protein.
Multiple cholinergic differentiation factors are present in footpad extracts: comparison with known cholinergic factors

Sweat glands in rat footpads contain a neuronal differentiation activity that switches the phenotype of sympathetic neurons from noradrenergic to cholinergic during normal development in vivo. Extracts of developing and adult sweat glands induce changes in neurotransmitter properties in cultured sympathetic neurons that mimic those observed in vivo. We have characterized further the factors present in the extract and compared their properties to those of known cholinergic factors. When assayed on cultured rat sympathetic neurons, the major activities in footpad extracts from postnatal day 21 rat pups that induce choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and reduce catecholamines and neuropeptide Y (NPY) are associated with a soluble protein of 22-26 x 10^(3) M(r) and a pI of 5.0. These properties are similar to those of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF). Moreover, the purified fraction from footpads has ciliary neurotrophic activity. Antibodies to CNTF that immunoprecipitate all differentiation activity from sciatic nerve extracts, a rich source of CNTF, immunoprecipitate 80% of the cholinergic activity in the footpad extracts, 50% of the VIP and 20% of the NPY activities. Neither CNTF protein nor CNTF mRNA, however, can be detected in immunoblot and northern analysis of footpads even though both CNTF protein and mRNA are evident in sciatic nerve. CNTF-immunoreactivity is associated with a sparse plexus of sensory fibers in the footpad but not with sweat glands or the Schwann cells associated with them. In addition, in situ hybridization studies with oligonucleotide probes failed to reveal CNTF mRNA in sweat glands. Comparison of the sweat gland differentiation activity with the cholinergic differentiation factor from heart cells (CDF; also known as leukemia inhibitory factor or LIF) suggests that most of the cholinergic activity in foot pads is biochemically distinct from CDF/LIF. Further, antibodies that block the activity of CDF/LIF purified from heart-cell-conditioned medium do not block the ChAT-inducing activity present in footpad extracts of postnatal day 8 animals. A differentiation factor isolated from skeletal muscle did not induce cholinergic properties in sympathetic neuron cultures and therefore is unlikely to be the cholinergic differentiation factor produced by sweat glands. Taken together, our data suggest that there are at least two differentiation molecules present in the extracts and that the major cholinergic activity obtained from footpads is related to, but distinct from, CNTF. The second factor remains to be characterized. In addition, CNTF associated with sensory fibers may make a minor contribution to the cholinergic inducing activity present in the extract.
The economic impact of higher gasoline and electricity prices in Mexico

The analysis in this study examines the impact of an increase in the prices of gasoline and electricity on the Mexican economy. The analytical approach used consists of a general equilibrium model composed of thirteen producing sectors, fourteen consuming sectors, four household categories classified by income and a government. The effects of the recently implemented increase in the price of gasoline and electricity of 26.2 per cent on prices and quantities are examined. The results are revealing. For example, the consequences of an increase in the prices of gasoline and electricity would be a decrease in output by all producing sectors of about 0.31 per cent, a fall in the consumption of goods and services by about 0.56 per cent, a reduction in total utility by 1.29 per cent and higher revenue for the government of 0.31 per cent. When subjected to a sensitivity analysis, the results are reasonably robust with regard to the assumption of the values of the substitution elasticities.
'Intact' dopaminergic midbrain neurons of the rat display unclamped dendritic Ca2+ currents

Abstract Calcium channels play an important role in generating the complex electrophysiology of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). To directly study these calcium currents in dendritically intact neurons, two issues needed to be addressed: the identity of the neuron (DAergic versus non-DAergic) and control of putative dendritic calcium conductances. A measure of the anomalous rectifier ( I h ) was used to identify DAergic neurons. Both groups of neurons produced large (∼1 nA), sustained inward currents that persisted as ‘plateau currents’ for hundreds of milliseconds after the termination of the depolarizing voltage clamp step. We conclude that intact DAergic neurons can be identified under conditions optimal for recording calcium currents (i.e. Cs + internal solution), but powerful dendritic currents limit rigorous biophysical analysis.
Effect of Bragg-Williams disorder on reconstructed polar surfaces of tetrahedrally coordinated compound semiconductors by optically simulated leed patterns

Abstract Laser generated optical diffraction patterns obtained from two-dimensional model gratings have been used to simulate the surface reconstructions observed by LEED with the polar surfaces of tetrahedrally coordinated compound semiconductors. The 2 × 2 and 4 3 × 4 3 −30° reconstructions conform ideally with the 1 4 -monolayer criterion dictated by bonding ionicity [Nosker, Mark and Levine, Surface Science 19 (1970) 291] while the 3 × 3, 3 × 3 −30° and 19 × 19 −23.4° reconstructions do not. It is shown that the introduction of Bragg-Williams disorder that preserves long-range order into the latter structures does permit the achievement of conformity with the 1 4 -monolayer criterion without altering the symmetry of the diffraction pattern. Specifically the intensities of the fractional order beams are reduced relative to those of the integral order beams. Thus all the observed reconstruction LEED patterns can be consistent with the 1 4 -monolayer criterion, provided account is taken of the insensitivity of LEED to surface defect structure.
A pilot study on coexisting symptoms in intensive care patients

Little is known about the symptoms of patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). This pilot study prospectively evaluated the perceptions on nine symptoms (pain, dyspnea, thirst, nausea, hunger, tiredness, anxiety, generalized discomfort, and depressed feelings) of ICU patients receiving ventilation and examined their relationships. Patients' symptoms were assessed by a numeric rating scale. The study found that many symptoms existed at substantial levels and that there was evidence of association among symptoms. It suggests that attention to the multiple symptoms that ICU patients experience is needed to improve their overall comfort. Further research is needed to evaluate and validate the relationships among these symptoms and their impact on the health outcomes of ICU patients.
Measurement of right atrial oxygen saturation by fiberoptic oximetry accurately reflects mixed venous oxygen saturation in swine

Continuous fiberoptic measurement of mixed venous oxygen saturation (SvO2) via a pulmonary artery catheter is a useful, though invasive, monitoring technique. Continuous right atrial venous oxygen saturation measurement by oximetry offers the potential of a significantly less invasive SvO2 measurement. However, catheter motion, character of the vessel, chamber wall reflection, the filtering technique involved in calculating oxygen saturation, and the streaming of venous blood prior to ventricular mixing may influence the feasibility of continuous right atrial (RA) SvO2 measurement. This study investigated the performance of fiberoptically measured RA SvO2, at a position 2 cm from the tricuspid valve, relative to simultaneously measured pulmonary artery (PA) SvO2. Ten pigs were subjected to circulatory shock or chemically induced lung damage. Over a total monitoring period of approximately 40 hours, 464 paired data points were sampled at 5-minute intervals. The difference between the overall means of RA and PA SvO2 was 0.91% with a standard error of the estimate of 4.7%, a regression equation of RA SvO2 = PA SvO2 (0.94 + 2.1) PA So2, and a correlation coefficient of 0.94. Our conclusion, although extrapolated from a pig model, is that fiberoptic SvO2 monitoring may be accomplished less invasively and at a lower cost with a right atrial catheter.
Solution of nonlinear equations with space filling curves

Abstract Space filling curves provide a means of finding solutions of sets of nonlinear equations by exhaustive search, and hence appear to be useful for determining the approximate solutions usually required as starting points when using classical methods, for determining the nonexistence of solutions, and for determining all of a finite number of solutions. This paper extends the theory and techniques of employing space filling curves to accomplish these things. One result is the refinement of methods for determining the nonexistence of solutions and for determining all of a finite number of solutions. The results are, however, incomplete with respect to the latter problem; more work is required. Two basic methods, a first-order method and a second-order method, are proposed and it is shown that the two may profitably be combined into a hybrid method. A second result is an economical method of determining single (coarse) solutions. A third result is the development of a theory for studying asymptotic convergence rates. It is shown that both the first- and second-order methods, as well as the hybrid method, converge geometrically under usual conditions, provided the set of equations has a solution, and provided the “prime member” of the solution set is in a certain set Tn. The set Tn is dense, uncountable, of measure zero, and includes the rational vectors. An unanswered question is what sorts of equations have solutions in Tn; neither the difficulty nor the importance of this question is known at present. Experimental evidence is presented wherever necessary.
Possibilities of Heavy Ion Bombardment in Nuclear Studies

Bombardment of nuclei by multiply charged ions of medium atomic weight such as ${\mathrm{C}}^{12}$ or ${\mathrm{O}}^{16}$ is considered as a possible means of studying nuclear structure. Estimates are made regarding the approximate magnitude of: (a) distortion effects in target nuclei produced by the incident particles, (b) consequences of the distortion such as effects on thresholds of reactions having their origin in Coulomb barriers, (c) stimulation to fission, (d) effects characteristic of the leakage of neutrons and protons out of the two colliding nuclei by wave-mechanical penetration of the regions of negative kinetic energy; an exploration of these effects should amount to a study of the halo of neutrons and protons surrounding the more compact nuclear interior and might be helpful in determining the number of nuclear particles at the nuclear surface having a given energy. The treatment is qualitative and the mathematical discussion involves many approximations. General design characteristics of a 60-inch cyclotron that should be capable of imparting the necessary energy to multiply charged ions are considered.
Pencil beam coded aperture x-ray scatter imaging

We use coded aperture x-ray scatter imaging to interrogate scattering targets with a pencil beam. Observations from a single x-ray exposure of a flat-panel scintillation detector are used to simultaneously determine the along-beam positions and momentum transfer profiles of two crystalline powders (NaCl and Al). The system operates with a 3 cm range resolution and a momentum transfer resolution of 0.1 nm−1. These results demonstrate that a single snapshot can be used to estimate scattering properties along an x-ray beam, and serve as a foundation for volumetric imaging of scattering objects.
A variable dimension homotopy for computing spatial equilibria

We present a variable dimension homotopy algorithm for computing an equilibrium for a model of interregional trade in a single commodity. The variable dimension feature of the algorithm is based on the underlying market structure. Computational results indicate that the algorithm performs most of its work in lower dimensions and can solve large problems efficiently.
Robust low-k film with sub-nm pores and high carbon content for highly reliable Cu/low-k BEOL modules

Critical parameters of low-k films were defined to keep capacitance benefit and TDDB reliability in the scaling BEOL module, according to various analyses. In order to meet the criteria of high carbon content, low porosity with small pores, and high adhesion strength with less adhesion layer, precursor and process were designed for the SiOCH with k∼2.5. The benefits in integration and reliability from the newly developed robust low-k film were verified through the trench-first integration of 80 nm-pitch BEOL modules.
Genetic control of leucocyte responses to endotoxin.

THE many pathophysiological effects produced by endotoxins are subject to considerable variation. Such variation may serve as a useful tool for analysing the mechisms of endotoxin activity, if different strains of highly inbred animals raised in the same environmental conditions can be found to differ in their responses to the same materials. Previous observations have indicated that this might be so with regard to the intraperitoneal leucocyte response to endotoxin in mice1. The investigation reported here was initiated to determine the extent of the intraspecies variation in this type of cellular response and eventually the degree of genetic control involved.
PIXE analysis with external beams: Systems and applications

Abstract A survey of PIXE analytical systems and microprobe systems where the beam is extracted from the accelerator vacuum is presented. The merits of external-beam analysis are discussed and examples of experiments with these systems are given.
Effects of Beef Carcass Electrical Stimulation and Hot Boning on Muscle Display Color of Polyvinylchloride Packaged Steaks

Ninety-six beef sides from 48 carcasses were used to determine the effects of control (C, chilled 48 hr at 5°C), electrical stimulation (ES, 45 min postmortem, 400 volts for 2 min, pulsed), hot boning (HB, 2 hr postmortem), and combination (ESHB) treatments on muscle color of longissimus (LD) and semimembranosus (SM) steaks packaged in polyvinylchloride film. LD from HB was mostly visually darker, had less oxymyoglobin, and more metmyoglobin than other treatments as was the SM, but SM had fewer differences between HB and ESHB. ES and ESHB muscles were visually similar, suggesting ES minimized the darkening effect of HB. Regardless of treatment, muscle color was acceptable at 0, 1, 3 and 5 days of display.
Static thermoelasticity problems for layered thermosensitive plates with cubic dependence of the coefficients of heat conductivity on temperature

We describe an analytic-numerical method of solution of one-dimensional static thermoelasticity problems for layered plates, heated in different ways. We take into account the cubic dependence of the coefficients of heat conductivity and arbitrary nature of the dependence of other physicomechanical parameters on temperature. Here, using the constructed exact solution of an auxiliary problem, we have reduced the heat conduction problems, irrespective of the number of layers, to the solution of one or a system of two nonlinear algebraic equations. We have also studied the temperature fields and stresses in four-layer plates under conditions of complex heat exchange.
Certain Activating Mutations within Helix 6 of the Human Luteinizing Hormone Receptor May Be Explained by Alterations That Allow Transmembrane Regions to Activate Gs

Male-limited gonadotropin-independent precocious puberty (MPP) is frequently associated with mutations of the human LH/CG receptor (hLHR) that result in constitutively active hLHRs. Many such activating mutations have been identified in transmembrane 6 of the hLHR, with the substitution of Asp-578 being the most frequently observed mutation. Mutagenesis of a transmembrane helix of a G protein-coupled receptor can cause local alterations in the conformation near the mutated residue, allosteric changes elsewhere in the protein, and/or changes in the interhelical packing of the receptor. Therefore, while it has been hypothesized that activation of the receptor by mutations of Asp-578 may arise via alterations in the interactions of helix 6 with other transmembrane helices and/or by allosterically altering the conformation of the third intracellular loop, it has not been possible to ascertain the role of the sixth transmembrane helix per se in activating Gs in the mutated full-length receptor. Recently, howev...
Should caches be split or shared? Analysis using the superposition of bursty stack depth processes

Abstract We address the question as to whether caches containing items of different types should be split or shared. We characterize the access to those caches as stack depth processes and show that the process defining the mixing of the access streams to the different types is the critical determining factor, with the burstiness of the individual streams being a key parameter. We characterize the mixing process using a double-geometric model, and give an exact solution for the behavior of a LRU cache when it is subjected to such a mixed stream of stack depth processes. We show that this minimalist approach is quite successful in dealing with real data from a database application. We further extend the model to a Markov mixing model which is more accurate but has higher complexity.
Antisera to selected outer membrane proteins of Vibrio cholerae protect against challenge with homologous and heterologous strains of V. cholerae

Each year cholera epidemics occur in various places around the world. Though there is no effective vaccine against cholera, people who recover from an infection usually have prolonged immunity to the disease. Sera from convalescent patients contain antibodies to a number of outer membrane proteins (OMPs) of V. cholerae. We isolated several OMPs (43, 42, 30, and 22 kDa) from V. cholerae V86 El Tor Inaba, sequenced their amino-termini, and generated hyperimmune sera against them in rabbits. Antisera to the 43-, 42-, and 22-kDa OMPs, but not the preimmune sera, significantly reduced V. cholerae-induced fluid secretion seen in rabbit intestinal loops challenged with the homologous strain. In addition, a combination of antisera to the different OMPs reduced the fluid secretion induced by challenge with heterologous V. cholerae Ogawa and O139 strains. These results have significance in the development of vaccines to V. cholerae, as the hyperexpression of these OMP encoding genes in vaccine strains may improve the efficacy of cholera vaccines.
Vertical Tilts of Tropospheric Waves: Observations and Theory

Two methods are used to investigate the vertical tilts of planetary waves as functions of zonal wavenumber and frequency. The vertical tilts are computed by cross-spectral analysis of the geopotential heights at different pressures. In the midlatitude troposphere, the eastward-moving waves had a westward tilt with height, as expected, but the westward-moving waves with frequencies higher than 0.2/d showed statistically significant eastward vertical tilts. For a free Rossby wave, this implies that the Eliassen-Palm flux is downward along with its energy propagation. A downward energy propagation suggests an upper-level source of these waves. It is proposed that the eastward-tilting waves were forced by the nonlinear interaction of stationary waves and baroclinically unstable cyclone-scale waves. The predicted vertical tilt and phase speed were consistent with the observations. In addition, simulations of a general circulation model were analyzed. In the control run, eastward-tilting waves disappeared when the sources of stationary waves were removed. This is consistent with the present theory.
The irregular Z-buffer: Hardware acceleration for irregular data structures

The classical Z-buffer visibility algorithm samples a scene at regularly spaced points on an image plane. Previously, we introduced an extension of this algorithm called the irregular Z-buffer that permits sampling of the scene from arbitrary points on the image plane. These sample points are stored in a two-dimensional spatial data structure. Here we present a set of architectural enhancements to the classical Z-buffer acceleration hardware which supports efficient execution of the irregular Z-buffer. These enhancements enable efficient parallel construction and query of certain irregular data structures, including the grid of linked lists used by our algorithm. The enhancements include flexible atomic read-modify-write units located near the memory controller, an internal routing network between these units and the fragment processors, and a MIMD fragment processor design. We simulate the performance of this new architecture and demonstrate that it can be used to render high-quality shadows in geometrically complex scenes at interactive frame rates. We also discuss other uses of the irregular Z-buffer algorithm and the implications of our architectural changes in the design of chip-multiprocessors.
The Landscape of Diversity in U.S. Higher Education Geography

Patterns of racial, ethnic, and gender participation in higher education are diverse and vary spatially, yet they fail to fully reflect the changing demographic landscape of the United States. This article explores two key questions: (1) How does diversity within geography compare to diversity within U.S. higher education more broadly? (2) How does the participation of underrepresented minorities and women in geography programs differ across regions and settings? We conclude that departmental strategies and goals for enhancing diversity should be sensitive to institutional and geographic contexts that shape individual programs’ unique opportunities and constraints.
Xenon-iodine dating: Primordial xenon in meteorites

The difference in the xenon-iodine formation intervals for the magnetite samples from the carbonaceous chondrites Orgueil, Murchison and Karoonda is less than 0.7 million years and the chondrites Bjurbole and Arapahoe began to retain xenon a few million years after the magnetites. The isotopic composition of the trapped xenon in these meteorites is identical to that of the carbonaceous chondrite Murray.
Laparoscopic versus open appendectomy in children: the effect of surgical technique on healthcare costs

Abstract Background Reducing healthcare costs while maintaining quality of care is one of the challenges of the current healthcare system. The purpose of this study was to compare the hospital charges accrued following laparoscopic (LA) and open (OA) appendectomies in the pediatric population. Methods We retrospectively reviewed all pediatric appendectomies (n = 264) performed from 2007 to 2013 at a single academic center. Subgroup analysis on charges and costs was performed on perforated and nonperforated LA and OA. Results A total of 195 (73.9%) appendectomies were performed laparoscopically. LA in both perforated and nonperforated groups was associated with higher surgical supply, operating room, and total hospital charges compared with OA. Surgical supply costs to the facility were higher by an average of $1,000 for both nonperforated and perforated appendicitis in the LA group. Length of stay and postoperative complications were comparable within all groups. Conclusions In this study, LA is associated with significantly higher surgical costs and charges than OA without improvement in outcomes. Investigation into cost reduction strategies of laparoscopy should be a component of future clinical appendicitis research.
Heat transfer analysis of soil heating systems

Abstract Heat transfer from a pipe in a soil heating system has been numerically examined in this study. The Brinkman-extended Darcy equations are used to model the flow in the soil while Navier--Stokes equations are used for that above the soil. A parametric study has been performed to investigate the effects of Rayleigh number, Darcy number, and air layer thickness on the flow patterns and heat transfer rates. The results show that heat transfer increases with the Rayleigh number, but the convective strength decreases with a reduction in the Darcy number. The present results confirm the existence of a critical fluid layer thickness that leads to a minimum heat transfer from the pipe. However, the critical layer thickness is a more complicated function of Rayleigh number and Darcy number than that reported in the previous studies.
Cloning and 5′-flanking sequence of a rat cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase gene

A cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase gene containing 8 kb of the 5'-flanking region and 5 kb of the transcription region which covers exons 1 to 5 was isolated from a rat genomic library. The 2015 bp nucleotide sequence 5'-upstream from the start codon was determined. This promotor region contains many liver-enriched or -specific elements (TGT3, HNF/LF-B1), putative hormone responsive elements (TRE, GRE, RRE or RARE) and ubiquitous transcription factor binding sites (NF-1, OCT-1). In addition, 21 CA repeats which have potential to form the Z-DNA structure were found in this region. These putative regulatory elements and repetitive motifs may play roles in the regulation of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase gene in the liver. The sequence identity of the rat gene to the human gene in this region is low. Only liver-enriched elements are conserved in the cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase genes.
Report of the 44th Annual Meeting, Pacific Association of Pediatric Surgeons, Cancun, Mexico, April 10-14, 2011

Abstract This is the report of the 44th Annual meeting of the Pacific Association of Pediatric Surgeons held in Cancun, Mexico, April 10-14, 2011.
The effect of soil acidification on atmospheric methane uptake by a Maine forest soil

Soil from the zone of maximal methanotrophic activity (approximately 5–8 cm depth) in a mixed coniferous–hardwood forest consumed atmospheric methane over a wide pH range (3.5–7.5) with a broad optimum between 4.8 and 6.0. Methane uptake at native soil pH values (4.4–4.8) was only slightly less rapid than rates at optimal pH values. Addition of mineral acids to intact soil cores in pulsed applications decreased atmospheric methane consumption. The extent of inhibition varied with the type, concentration and volume of acid added: nitric acid was more inhibitory than sulfuric acid at an equivalent soil pH, and methane uptake decreased with increasing volumes and concentrations of added acid. Although ammonium chloride at 1 μmol g fresh weight (gfw) soil−1 inhibited methane uptake, the extent of inhibition did not vary significantly with decreasing soil pH below values of 4.4.
Plant architecture, sectoriality and plant tolerance to herbivores

The evolution of tolerance is one potential plant response to selection imposed by herbivores. Plant architecture, and in turn, sectoriality may influence a plant's ability to tolerate tissue loss. However, each may either constrain or facilitate a plant's ability to compensate following herbivore attack depending on the plant part damaged and the identity of the damaging herbivore. Plants are limited in their ability to respond to localized damage by chewing insects because carbon does not flow freely from damaged to undamaged plant parts, particularly between branches. Thus, defoliation of individual branches invariably results in decreased growth and reproduction of those branches. Within branches, carbon flow via vascular connections between orthostichies may ameliorate the effects of damage restricted within an orthostichy. Local induction of secondary chemicals to spread damage by folivores throughout a plant's canopy, redistribution of resources within and between IPU's, and delaying reproductive activity until resources have been pooled may all alleviate the constraints on response of plants to grazing. In contrast to the effects of damage by grazers, the metameric construction of plants typically ensures points of regrowth from dormant buds when apical meristems are destroyed either by vertebrate browsers or galling insects. Sectoriality constrains the ability of sap-sucking insects to tap the entire resource base of a plant, thus having a positive effect on plant fitness. However, both the site and timing of attack mitigate the degree of limitation imposed by sectoriality. During peak periods of assimilation, photosynthate flow is mainly over short distances (between sources and sinks within the canopy), and thus sap-sucking insects have a small resource base to draw upon. In contrast, when sucking insects tap into vascular elements in which the flow is from roots to leaves and vice versa, resource availability to the insect (and in turn, potential resource loss from the plant) are only limited by the resources present in those vascular elements. Studies of specific traits in species which demonstrate differential tolerance would greatly add to our understanding of herbivore impacts on plant growth and reproduction. In particular, intraspecific variation in tolerance has been documented for individuals within and among populations with different grazing histories. A number of traits related to sectoriality and architecture probably contribute to such variation in tolerance, and because they are easily manipulated and easily quantified, represent potentially profitable avenues of research. These traits include distribution of leaves and buds, ability to release secondary meristems from dormancy, and the timing of resource movement both before and subsequent to damage.
The mechanism of hardening in aged aluminum-copper alloys☆

Abstract Single crystals were grown in aluminum-copper alloys containing from 1 to 5 per cent copper. Crystals were tested in tension after an air-quench from the solution-treating temperatures. The aging behaviour of crystals containing 4 per cent copper was studied by X-rays and by hardness tests. Four per cent copper crystals were tested in tension after aging for various times at 130°C and 190°C. Crystals in all stages of aging obeyed the critical resolved shear stress law, though crystals containing θ′ particles deformed by multiple slip in the same manner as that previously found for overaged crystals. Strengthening due to the presence of Guinier-Preston zones was calculated by summing the contributions from Mott and Nabarro's coherency strain strengthening, Kelly's chemical strengthening and the strength of the residual solid solution. The calculated values of critical resolved shear stress are in agreement with measured values on crystals aged for 2 (GP-I) and 10 (GP-II) days at 130°C and for 5 (GP-I) days at 110°C.
Maternal-Fetal Physical Assessment in the Home Setting: Role of the Advanced Practice Nurse

Maternal-fetal physical assessment in the home setting reflects a review of the literature, AWHONN's practice guidelines, and the authors' clinical experience. The goals of prenatal home care and the role of the advanced practice nurse are described. Emphasis is placed on the maternal-fetal physical assessments that allow the advanced practice nurse to provide additive or substitutive prenatal care visits in the home. Delivering prenatal care in the home by the advanced practice nurse is an alternative type of health-care delivery for pregnant women.