cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Contact and Group Structure: A Natural Experiment of Interracial College Roommate Groups

The contact hypothesis offers a tantalizing promise, suggesting that people of different races can build positive relationships through contact. The present research situates contact in its local social structure, showing how group size and racial composition shape contact. We analyze a natural experiment at Harvard University where incoming first-year students (freshmen) were randomly assigned to freshman roommates and months later chose their own second-year roommates. Interracial dyads within two-person groups and three-person groups without a white majority were as likely to dissolve as all-white dyads. However, interracial pairs disbanded more frequently when one East Asian lived with two whites. Using a context that is both experimental and naturalistic, the findings go beyond simple contact effects, showing how the local structure within which contact is situated determines its consequences.
ACTH and cyclic adenine nucleotides do not provoke identical adrenocortical responses.

The stimulation of steroidogenesis in rat adrenal tissue by ACTH, adenosine-3’,5’- monophosphate (cyclic AMP), and N6,O2’;-dibutyryl- adenosine-3’,5’-monophosphate (dibutyryl cyclic AMP) was followed in a superfusion system combined with the continuous fluorometric measurement of corticosterone. Responses to ACTH and to dibutyryl cyclic AMP were dependent upon the total dose of the stimulant and not upon the concentration in the medium. In contrast, the response to cyclic AMP was dependent upon the concentration. The tissue responded to both ACTH and cyclic AMP by an increased rate of production of corticosterone that reached a maximum in 20 min and remained at the maximum until the removal of the stimulus. In contrast, stimulation by dibutyryl cyclic AMP reached a maximum more slowly. The data suggest that the stimulation of adrenal steroidogenesis by ACTH and cyclic AMP involves a rate-limiting step that requires 20 min to reach a steady state. In the case of dibutyryl cyclic AMP, the nucleotide may be ...
Exposing Humanism: Prudence, Ingenium, and the Politics of the Posthuman

This article examines posthumanism and its relationship to humanism. First, it is argued that the term “posthumanism” relies upon an incomplete conception of humanism, and in a way that forecloses the possibility of looking to the humanist tradition for support. Addressing Foucault's often quoted comments about the recent invention and imminent demise of man, it is argued that Foucault is not anti-humanist, but is rather critical of the use of humanism as an axis of reflection. Second, the posthumanist perspective is summarized as attending to a set of interrelated ethical and epistemological concerns. Calling into question the boundary between human and nonhuman animals, posthumanism also challenges the primacy of empirico-deductive reasoning and advocates a re-legitimization of rhetoric as a mode of thought. Lastly, using Ernesto Grassi's interpretation of the early Italian humanists, this article demonstrates not only the compatibility of Renaissance humanism with posthumanist concerns, but also the fruitfulness of this tradition as a conceptual resource. Although the Renaissance notion of ingenium, the ability to adapt and make concrete situations meaningful without also affirming strong ontological commitments, is absent from posthumanist discourse, it is a concept that has the power to enrich the posthumanist project. Consequently, posthumanism is not actually at odds with the humanist tradition in general, but rather only with a very limited and relatively recent conception.
Bridging Reading Comprehension and Conceptual Change in Science Education: The Promise of Refutation Text

The use of texts in science classrooms has waned significantly over the past two decades. However, recently, researchers have shown renewed interest in the use of refutation texts as a tool for promoting conceptual change and science learning. In this article, we examine the intersection of conceptual change and reading comprehension research in science education. We begin by explaining how researchers in conceptual change have turned their interests toward text comprehension. We then examine models of reading comprehension that contribute to our understanding of how text can promote science learning in general and conceptual change in particular. Next, we examine recent empirical research concerning the effect of refutation text in promoting conceptual change in science. We close with suggestions for future research that seeks to integrate these two areas for the advancement of both scientific literacy and literacy skill development.
Automated Conflict Resolution for Air Trac Management Using Cooperative Multiagent Negotiation

The National Airspace System in its current incarnation is nearing its maximum capacity. The Free Flight initiative, which would alter the current system by allowing pilots to select more direct routes to their destinations, has been proposed as a solution to these problems. Allowing pilots to fly anywhere, as opposed to being restricted to planned jetways, greatly complicates the problem of ensuring separation between aircraft. In this paper we propose using cooperative, multi-agent negotiation techniques in order to eciently and pseudo-optimally resolve air trac conflicts. Our system makes use of software agents running in each aircraft that negotiate with one another to determine a safe and acceptable solution when a potential air trac conflict is detected. The agents negotiate using the Monotonic Concession Protocol and communicate using aircraft to aircraft data links. There are many benefits to using such a system to handle the resolution of air trac conflicts. Automating CD&R will improve safety by reducing the workload of air trac controllers. Additionally, the robustness of the system is improved, as the decentralization provided by software agents running in each aircraft reduces the dependence on a single ground based system to coordinate all aircraft movements. The pilots, passengers, and carriers benefit as well due to the increased eciency of the solutions reached by negotiation.
Effect of I/Q Imbalance on Pilot Design for MIMO OFDM Channel Estimation

Efficient pilot designs are vital as they improve system performance and resource utilization, especially in multi-input multi-output (MIMO) orthogonal frequency divison multiplexing (OFDM) systems. Most of the existing pilot designs do not consider in-phase and quadrature (I/Q) imbalance whose detrimental effects become more severe since the technology and applications are pushing towards smaller semiconductor node, smaller chip, cheaper equipment, and larger modulation order. This paper studies the impact of I/Q imbalance on the pilot designs, and presents several new pilot designs for equivalent channel estimation of MIMO OFDM systems with frequency-dependent I/Q imbalances. Advantages of the proposed designs are illustrated through simulation and analytical results in terms of estimation accuracy, error rate, overhead efficiency, and generality with the transmission formats (preamble-based or pilot-data-multiplexed systems, with or without null guard tones).
Correction of T2 distortion in multi-excitation RARE sequence

Correction schemes have been implemented to correct for T2 distortions in a multiexcitation RARE (rapid acquisition with relaxation enhancement) sequence where data from multiple echoes and multiple excitations are combined. Computer simulation studies and human imaging studies have been conducted to develop and test the correction procedures. A direct method and an iterative technique have been investigated. The direct technique utilizes Hermitian symmetry of the T2 weighted data and is shown to reduce distortions in T2 weighted images. The iterative scheme begins with an estimation of T2, wherefrom k-space data are computed and compared to the true data to provide error images. The error images are then used to refine iteratively the reconstructed images at a specified echo time. The iterative procedure has been used to improve T1 weighted images acquired through a sequence based on acquisition of two half-plane Fourier samples. These correction techniques should enable a practical implementation of RARE for producing T1 and T2 weighted images comparable to standard spin echo images. >
Rate of fall of single liquid droplets

A study was made of the terminal velocities of fall of liquid droplets in another phase liquid under stationary conditions. The studies include dimensional analysis, experimental work for collection of fall-velocity data, and photographic studies of the drop behavior. Six systems were studied for organic liquids insoluble in and heavier than water. The experimental conditions and procedure have been standardized. For any given system, as the drop size was increased the fall velocities of the droplets increased gradually, reached a maximum, and then fell off asymptotically. Two mechanisms have been postulated, (1) for the range where the fall velocities increased with an increase of drop size and (2) for the range where the fall velocities decreased with an increase of drop size, with the maximum velocity region corresponding to the transition from region 1 and 2.
Dietary phosphorus needs of laying hens.

Abstract Two experiments were conducted with commercial strain, White Leghorn laying hens, kept in wire cages, to determine the effect of low dietary phosphorus (P) levels on production characteristics. In experiment 1, rations that contained 0.19, 0.28 or 0.37% available P (AP) were fed to 22 week old hens. The total (TP) and inorganic (IP) levels of these rations were 0.42, 0.51, 0.60% and 0.09, 0.18, 0.27%, respectively. All dietary P levels supported a high rate of egg production during the 140-day trial. Ration treatments did not affect feed consumption, feed efficiency or average egg weight. Mortality, however, was slightly higher for hens fed 0.19% AP. The second experiment utilized 47 week old hens of a different strain. A basal ration containing 0.10% AP (0.30% TP all from plant sources) was used as one ration treatment. Three additional treatments were obtained by including defluorinated rock phosphate in the diet to supply 0.09, 0.18 or 0.27% IP. Egg production by hens fed 0.10% AP decreased markedly within four weeks, while egg production by hens fed 0.19% or more AP (0.09% or more IP) continued at a high rate throughout the 56-day trial. Hens fed 0.10% AP also lost considerable body weight and suffered a relatively high death loss. Feed consumption and femur ash were not affected significantly by dietary P. The results indicated that relatively low dietary P levels can fulfill the laying hen’s requirement for egg production provided that about 0.19% or more AP is present in the ration. To maintain livability, as well, the AP requirement may be at least 0.28%.
A LIGHT-SENSITIVE YELLOW PIGMENT FROM THE HOUSE-FLY*

Extraction of house-fly heads with neutral phosphate buffer yielded a dark brown solution from which a number of pigments were separated, either wholly or partially, by chromatography on a column of calcium phosphate mixed with celite. One of the pigments was light-sensitive, and had a yellow color, with a spectral absorption maximum at 437 m/z in phosphate buffer at pH 6.5. Several consecutively eluted fractions from each chromatogram of the house-fly head extract showed the characteristic absorption curve of this pigment with no trace, spectroscopically, of the other pigments of the extract. The products of bleaching the pigment at pH 6.5 had an absorption curve showing plateaus at 440 to 460 m~ and 350 to 360 m/~ and an inflection at about 250 m/~. Above pH 8.0 the pigment bleached in the dark giving an absorption maximum at about 380 m~, and inflections at 290 mp and at about 250 m~. With 2.5 to 5 N HC1 or H2504 an absorption maximum at 470 to 475 m~ was obtained with either the unbleached or the bleached pigment. With sulfosalicylic acid, ethanol, or heating at 100°C., a part of the pigment was precipitated, leaving a light-stable yellow supernatant. This light-sensitive house-fly pigment cannot as yet be identified with any of the previously known insect pigments or with the photosensitive pigments of other animals, though these latter compounds exhibit some similarity in their spectroscopic properties.
Absence of social recognition in laboratory-reared cuttlefish,Sepia officinalisL. (Mollusca: Cephalopoda)

Abstract Five experiments were performed to determine the level of social recognition in captive-reared adult cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis L. No evidence of discrimination of familiar from unfamiliar individuals was found in either females or males. Despite good evidence for mate guarding, no recognition of individual mates was found. Within sex classes, associations between freely moving animals were not different from random (f–f, f–m and m–m). Male dominance, measured by displacement success, was consistent from day to day, was related to size and was consistent with number of copulations obtained. Dominance ranks were not learned or recognized and did not result in energy savings through a reduction in agonistic encounters. Social interactions of these marine invertebrates depend upon relative size, internal motivation and the behaviour patterns of conspecifics, rather than upon any direct recognition of social partners.
Central nervous system serotonin and personality as variables contributing to excessive alcohol consumption in non-human primates.

Non-human primates will readily consume an alcohol solution for its reinforcing effects when such a solution is palatable, with some subjects consuming alcohol to excess. In this review, we discuss variables that contribute to high alcohol consumption and the behaviours that are correlated with it in a non-human primate model. Developmental and behavioural correlates of central nervous system (CNS) serotonergic activity, as measured by concentrations of the serotonin metabolite 5-hydroxyindol-3-ylacetic acid (5-HIAA) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), were used to investigate neurogenetic influences on alcohol consumption, as well as personality traits that characterize excessive alcohol intake. Inter-individual differences in CSF 5-HIAA concentrations were shown to have trait-like qualities, and with stable inter-individual differences across time and settings. Research has shown numerous similarities between human and non-human primates with respect to Type I- and II-like alcohol abuse and their associated behaviours. In the present series of studies, features characteristic of Type I alcohol misuse, such as high levels of anxiety, hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal output, and situational stress predicted high alcohol intake. Primates with low CSF 5-HIAA concentrations also exhibited behaviours characteristic of Type II alcohol abuse. Principal among the traits that these subjects exhibited were deficits in impulse control. For example, subjects with low CSF 5-HIAA concentrations engaged in spontaneous behaviours that bring reinforcement but placed them at risk, such as entering food baited traps, jumping from dangerous heights to get from one tree to another, and consuming large amounts of alcohol. They can be characterized by other Type II-like deficits, such as impaired social competence, social alienation, and unrestrained, violent aggression. Non-human primates with low CSF 5-HIAA concentrations also exhibited high intrinsic tolerance following modest intakes of alcohol, and high rates of aggression during intoxication. High preferences for sweet solutions were shown to predict excessive alcohol consumption. Maternal and paternal genetic influences played major roles in producing low CNS serotonin function and excessive alcohol consumption. These genetic influences on serotonin function were exacerbated by early rearing experiences, particularly parental deprivation.
Efficiency of π−π Tunneling in [2]Rotaxane Molecular Electronic Switches

We perform large-scale density functional and matrix Green's function calculations, and study the coherent charge tunneling properties of molecular electronic devices based on the central part of [2]rotaxane molecules. We extract molecular core regions from realistic monolayer configurations with folded molecular structures and sandwich them between Au(111) electrodes to form device models. We show that the electrical switching behavior can be observed within the π−π stacked serial arrangement of redox-active components in the [2]rotaxane monolayer as with the parallel arrangement in the [2]catenane case. We thus demonstrate the effectiveness of the π−π electron tunneling and the universality of the switching mechanism based on the energetic movement of frontier orbitals accompanying the conformational switching. In addition, via considering the energetic ordering of highest-occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and HOMO-1 levels that originated from tetrathiafulvalene and dioxynaphthalene in several ground-state conformation device models, we show that the molecule−electrode configurations critically affect the device functionality.
Correlates of missed appointments in orofacial injury patients

Abstract Objective. The purposes of this study were to compare the sociodemographic and health-related characteristics of orofacial injury patients who miss appointments with those of patients who do not and to determine which patient characteristics best predict missed-appointment behaviors (eg, the number of missed clinic visits). Study design. A total of 190 patients (134 African American and 56 Hispanic) treated for mandible fractures at the King/Drew Medical Center, Los Angeles, participated in a prospective study involving structured interviews at 4 points (denoted recalls 1-4 ) over a 6-month period. To be included in the study, patients were required to have attended recall 1. Most patients in the study sample were male, more than 32 years of age, unmarried, and unemployed; most had completed high school; and most had sustained their injuries as a result of assault. Results. Only 22% of the patients attended all 4 recall clinic appointments. However, 42% completed 3 recall visits, and 69% completed 2 recall visits. Patients who missed appointments were more likely to be African American than Hispanic and more likely to be unemployed than employed. There was a significant negative association between perceived social support and missed appointments ( r = –0.18, P = .01). Patients who missed more appointments perceived themselves to have less social support than those who missed fewer or no appointments. The data revealed no associations between missed appointment behavior and age, gender, marital status, or education. None of the health-related variables investigated were associated with missed appointments. Multiple regression analysis confirmed that race, unemployment, and perceived social support were the best predictors of missed appointments. Conclusions. Social variables have a greater impact than health variables in predicting missed-appointment behavior. Unemployed African American patients are at the greatest risk for missing recall clinic appointments; however, this finding is independent of health insurance. Accessing and enlisting patients’ social networks to support follow-up medical care has potential for improving appointment-keeping behavior and should be further examined. (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1999;87:405-10)
Robust MSE equalizer design for MIMO flat-fading channels in the presence of model uncertainties

This paper considers a robust mean-square error (MSE) equalizer design problem for flat-fading multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channels with imperfect channel and noise information at the receiver. When the channel state information (CSI) and the noise covariance are known exactly at the receiver, a minimum mean square error (MMSE) equalizer can be employed to estimate the transmitted signal. However, in actual systems, it is necessary to take into account channel and noise estimation errors. We consider here a worst-case equalizer design problem where the goal is to find the equalizer minimizing the equalization MSE for the least favorable channel model within a neighborhood of the estimated model. Lagrangian optimization is used to convert this min-max problem into a convex min-min problem over a convex domain which is solved by interchanging the minimization order.
Revisiting the spread spectrum sliding correlator: why filtering matters

A wireless channel sounder based upon the conventional spread spectrum sliding correlator implementation uses unfiltered pseudo-random noise (PN) at both the transmitter and receiver to generate a time-dilated copy of the channel's impulse response. However, in addition to this desired impulse response, the sliding correlator also produces a noise-like, wideband distortion signal that decreases the measurement system's dynamic range. Careful selection of the sliding correlator's low-pass filter can significantly reduce this distortion, but no amount of filtering will remove it completely. In contrast, using filtered PNs at both the transmitter and receiver enables one to remove this distortion in entirety and realize a measurement system whose dynamic range closely approximates the theoretical ideal for spread spectrum systems.
The wadsworth BCI research and development program: at home with BCI

The ultimate goal of brain-computer interface (BCI) technology is to provide communication and control capacities to people with severe motor disabilities. BCI research at the Wadsworth Center focuses primarily on noninvasive, electroencephalography (EEG)-based BCI methods. We have shown that people, including those with severe motor disabilities, can learn to use sensorimotor rhythms (SMRs) to move a cursor rapidly and accurately in one or two dimensions. We have also improved P300-based BCI operation. We are now translating this laboratory-proven BCI technology into a system that can be used by severely disabled people in their homes with minimal ongoing technical oversight. To accomplish this, we have: improved our general-purpose BCI software (BCI2000); improved online adaptation and feature translation for SMR-based BCI operation; improved the accuracy and bandwidth of P300-based BCI operation; reduced the complexity of system hardware and software and begun to evaluate home system use in appropriate users. These developments have resulted in prototype systems for every day use in people's homes.
Animal models of VT: to change or not to change?

In this issue of Blood , [Banno et al][1] generated and characterized a mouse line with this point mutation of the protein S (PS) gene that is found in the Japanese population.[1][2] ![Figure][3] Schematic representation of the animal model of VT (EIM) to study antithrombotic and
Dispersion of Dense Gas Releases in a Wind Tunnel

In view of numerous accidental releases of toxic gases into the atmosphere in recent years, there is increasing concern regarding the atmospheric dispersion of toxic and hazardous materials. Given that exposures to the toxic substances could be life threatening or severely incapacitating, there is an urgent need to develop and validate modeling approaches relevant to the atmospheric dispersion of airborne toxic material. Tools for modeling re-leases of toxic materials into the atmosphere that involve neutrally buoyant non-reactive chemicals are already available. However, many hazardous chemicals are heavier than air and tend to hug the ground and not mix well with the ambient air. These releases may be due to evaporation of highly volatile liquids or venting of pressurized vessels, which may significantly affected by the buoyancy forces. The available experimental data suggest that these types of releases displace the atmospheric flow in the near-field, resulting in increased dwell time of the cloud at any particular location.
A pragmatic checklist to identify pediatric ICU patients at risk for cardiac arrest or code bell activation

Abstract Background In-hospital cardiac arrest is a rare event associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The ability to identify the ICU patients at risk for cardiac arrest could allow the clinical team to prepare staff and equipment in anticipation. Methods This pilot study was completed at a large tertiary care pediatric intensive care unit to determine the feasibility of a simple checklist of clinical variables to predict deterioration. The daily checklist assessed patient risk for critical deterioration defined as cardiac arrest or code bell activation within 24 h of the checklist screen. The Phase I checklist was developed by expert consensus and evaluated to determine standard diagnostic test performance. A modified Phase II checklist was developed to prospectively test the feasibility and bedside provider “number needed to train”. Results For identifying patients requiring code bell activation, both checklists demonstrated a sensitivity of 100% with specificity of 76.0% during Phase I and 97.7% during Phase II. The positive likelihood ratio improved from 4.2 to 43.7. For identifying patients that had a cardiac arrest within 24 h, the Phase I and II checklists demonstrated a sensitivity of 100% with specificity again improving from 75.7% to 97.6%. There was an improved positive likelihood ratio from 4.1 in Phase I to 41.9 in Phase II, with improvement of “number needed to train” from 149 to 7.4 providers. Conclusions A novel high-risk clinical indicators checklist is feasible and provides timely and accurate identification of the ICU patients at risk for cardiac arrest or code bell activation.
Teaching Comparative Civil Procedure (Διδάσκοντας Συγκριτική Πολιτική Δικονομία)[Greek]

The English version of this document can be found at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1016897 La version francaise de ce document se trouvent a: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1016412 La version en espanol de este articulo puede encontrarse en: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2063017 Despite recent developments, American scholars are among the most parochial in the world. In this article, the author shares his experience and innovative techniques on teaching comparative civil procedure seminars to US and foreign students. In this seminar, each session addresses a different topic assigned to pairs of students on the first day of class. If possible, each pair consists of one American (usually a JD student) and one foreign student (usually an LLM student.) The American student presents the topic from the point of view of the foreign system and the foreign student presents the topic from the point of view of the American system. In addition to requiring that each student understand a different procedural system, this provides for more engaging discourse because each student will analyze his or her assigned system with a different perspective from that of a lawyer trained in that tradition.
A Sampler of Religious Experiences in International Law

Religious principles, religious problems, and religious enthusiasts have all played profound, if sometimes little appreciated roles in the development of international law.' This essay highlights the impact of religion on international law by providing a sampler of religious experiences in international law, to wit: three suspicions international lawyers have of religion, two contributions made between religion and international law, and one great and telling similarity between religion and international law.
Plastomes of Bryophytes, Lycophytes and Ferns

We review current progress in our understanding of chloroplast genomes (plastomes) of liverworts, mosses, hornworts, lycophytes and monilophytes. We briefly cover some of the methods used to obtain complete nucleotide sequences of plastomes and we summarize the published sequences from the plant groups above. We explore some of the evolutionary changes that have occurred in terms of gene content, introns and position of the inverted repeat boundaries. We also discuss RNA editing, which is especially high in plastome genes of some non-seed land plants. We finish with a phylogenetic analysis of available plastome genes and we suggest some possible directions for future research.
Teachers’ Judgments of the Academic Achievement of Children With and Without Characteristics of Inattention, Impulsivity, and Hyperactivity

Some evidence suggests that teachers may have a negative bias against and be less accurate in academic judgments of students with behavioral characteristics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Thus, examining the accuracy of their judgments is an important area of investigation. The current study examined the accuracy of teachers’ judgments on curriculum-based measures (CBM) of reading, math, and writing for students with and without characteristics of inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Participants included 72 elementary students, 30 with characteristics of inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity (IIH group) and 42 without these characteristics (comparison group). Overall, there were no major differences between groups in teachers’ accuracy. Regarding indirect judgments (i.e., ratings of academic skills on a rating scale), teachers’ ratings were positively related to reading- and math-CBM for both groups. There were few significant differences in teacher judgments between the groups of students with and without symptoms of IIH on indirect ratings of achievement, but when examining overestimation and accuracy of direct ratings, a different picture emerged. Teachers overestimated performance on reading for both groups (75 and 43 words, comparison and IIH, respectively); however, this difference was not statistically significant. For math, teachers overestimated for both groups (7.5 and 11.5 points, comparison and IIH, respectively) and they overestimated significantly more for the comparison group.
Structural Inertia, Social Media and Organizational Change

The paper addresses structural inertia and radical change in countries which have suffered from stagnant inertial forces. In light of the punctuated equilibrium model, the paper introduces two propositions which suggest that such forces have established the necessary conditions for radical change. Also, social media networks have been a factor in creating such change by galvanizing protestors and by allowing them to share information, to organize, and to build support and momentum for the change process.
Cutaneous manifestations of multiple myeloma and other plasma cell proliferative disorders

Plasma cell proliferative disorders cause rare but extremely varied dermatologic manifestations that may occur as an accompaniment to established diagnoses, or may be a first clue of an underlying neoplasm in the setting of clinical suspicion. In some instances skin lesions result from aggregation of misfolded monoclonal immunoglobulins or their fragments, as in light chain-related systemic amyloidosis. On other occasions the cutaneous lesions result from deposits of malignant plasma cells or monoclonal proteins. In still others, the dermatologic manifestations are related to antibody activity of monoclonal protein, as in many cases of cryoglobulinemia. This report provides insights into the well-recognized cutaneous manifestations associated with plasma cell disorders.
Exciton Dynamics at CuPc/C60 Interfaces: Energy Dependence of Exciton Dissociation

Donor–acceptor interfaces are critical for the operation of organic photovoltaic devices. Exciton dynamics at these interfaces play a significant role in determining efficiency and controlling open circuit voltage (VOC), short circuit current (JSC), or fill factor (FF). These fundamental interfacial dynamical processes are dependent on the interfacial electronic and molecular structure. In this report we use time-resolved two-photon photoemission (TR-2PPE) to investigate exciton dissociation, recombination, and relaxation processes occurring at well-characterized prototypical donor–acceptor interfaces of copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) layers on C60. S1 excitons are created by excitation in the CuPc Q-band. The excited S1 population is probed as a function of time via photoemission with a UV probe pulse. TR-2PPE measurements provide a picture of subpicosecond charge separation and recombination processes as a function of distance from the CuPc/C60 interface, starting with a CuPc single layer. Analysis via ra...
Crystallization of Ge-Rich Amorphous Mo-Ge Alloys

The crystallization behavior of amorphous Mo-Ge alloys in the Ge-rich region have been characterized by resistivity measurements and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Alloys with compositions in the metalsemiconductor transition region, where two distinct types of SRO occur, show compositional segregation on a fine scale during the first transformation step. Alloys in the adjacent composition region, where SRO is similar to the intermetallic compounds, crystallize polymorphically into metastable structures based on the equilibrium intermetallic structures. The resistivity characteristics and the relationship between the amorphous and partially transformed structures are discussed.
Reproduction by Peromyscus polionotus: Number, Size, and Survival of Offspring

Relationships involving female size, litter size, offspring size, and offspring survival were examined using records available from a laboratory colony of Peromyscus polionotus. Female size was positively correlated to (1) birth size of offspring, (2) number of offspring per litter, (3) litter mass at birth, (4) size of offspring on day 21, and (5) postnatal gain from day of birth to day 21. In contrast to female size, increased litter size led to (1) reduced birth size, (2) reduced size on day 21, (3) reduced postnatal gain, and (4) reduced survival of offspring. On day 21, mice in litters experimentally reduced to three from four or more individuals were larger, gained more, and were more likely to have survived than offspring in unmanipulated litters, but were similar in the three characteristics to mice in natural litters of three. Results of litter reductions indicate that female P. polionotus do not simply prorate “potential” parental investment into a smaller number of offspring, but rather the interaction between a female and the number of nursing young leads to changes in both investment per progeny and total investment per litter.
PM-07LOSS OF ATRX DECREASES SURVIVAL AND IMPROVES RESPONSE TO DNA DAMAGING AGENTS IN A NOVEL MOUSE MODEL OF GLIOBLASTOMA

Pediatric glioblastoma (GBM) remains one of the most difficult childhood tumors to treat. ATRX is a histone chaperone protein that is mutated primarily in younger patients with GBM. No previous animal model has demonstrated the effect of ATRX loss on GBM formation. We cloned an ATRX knockdown sequence into a Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposase-responsive plasmid (shATRX) for insertion into host genomic DNA. Glioblastomas were induced in mice by injecting plasmids encoding SB transposase/ luciferase, shp53 and NRAS, with or without shATRX, into the ventricle of neonatal mice. Tumors in both groups (with or without shATRX) showed histological hallmarks of human glioblastoma. The loss of ATRX was specifically localized only within tumors generated with the shATRX plasmid and not in the adjacent cortex. Notably, loss of ATRX reduced median survival of mice by 43% (p = 0.012). ATRX-deficient tumors were significantly more likely to develop microsatellite instability (p = 0.014), a hallmark of impaired DNA-damage repair. Analysis of three human GBM sequencing datasets confirmed increased number of somatic nucleotide mutations in ATRX-deficient tumors. Treatment of primary cell cultures generated from mouse GBMs showed that ATRX-deficient tumor cells are significantly more sensitive to DNA damaging agents. In addition, mice with ATRX-deficient GBM treated with whole brain irradiation had trend towards improved survival (p= 0.06), with some long-term survivors. Treated ATRX-deficient tumor cells showed greater evidence of double-stranded DNA breakage, by gH2A.X. In summary, this mouse model prospectively validates ATRX as a tumor suppressor in human GBM for the first time in an animal model. In addition, loss of ATRX leads to increased mutation frequency and response to DNA-damaging therapy. We have generated the hypothesis that ATRX loss leads to a genetically unstable tumor; which is more aggressive when untreated, but more responsive to DNA-damaging therapy, ultimately resulting in equivalent or improved overall survival.
Teratogenic activity of six disazo dyes in the Wistar albino rat.

SummaryThe teratogenic action of six disazo dyes was investigated in the Wistar albino rat. Appropriate dosages administered during day 8 of gestation showed the most potent teratogenic dye to be trypan blue followed by Evans blue, Niagara blue 4B, Niagara sky blue 6B, Congo red, and Niagara blue 2B. The diversity in types of malformations produced in the offspring of dye-treated mothers varied with the potency of the dye injected. Trypan blue caused the greatest number of different types of malformations and Niagara blue 2B the least. Ocular defects and hydrocephalus were the two most frequent abnormalities following treatment with each dye. There was no consistent correlation between dye action and maternal weight at the onset of treatment, maternal weight gained during pregnancy, maternal age, parity, fetal weight at autopsy, or placental weight.
Organic Carbon Concentrations in Hyporheic Zone Sediments: A Tool for Measuring Stream Integrity

Effects of channel incision on sand-bed stream carbon reservoirs were examined. Channel incision may deplete hyporheic zone C stores due to bed erosion, less frequent hydrologic exchanges between stream and floodplain, and paucity of riparian vegetation and large woody debris. Presented are organic C concentrations found in hyporheic sediments before and after an incised stream rehabilitation project and in three adjacent streams in northern Mississippi. The sampled streams comprise a spectrum of physical conditions corresponding to the conceptual channel evolution model (CEM). Carbon concentrations in the upper 10 cm of the bed ranged from 0.24 + 0.36% for a nonincised reference site to only 0.01 + 0.02% for aggradational incised channels. Carbon concentrations generally declined with increase in stage of the CEM, increased with increasing percent canopy over the study reach and were not directly related to large woody debris (LWD) density. These findings suggest factors linking ecological degradation to channel incision and prospective pathways for stream rehabilitation design.
Density, dispersion, and composition of desert termite foraging populations and their relationship to superficial dead wood.

To evaluate the importance of subterranean termites in the detritus cycle it was necessary to determine density and dispersion of termite foraging populations and the types and amounts of wood available to them. Sampling was carried out in a shrub-invaded desert grassland south of Tucson, Ariz. Fifty randomly located, circular quadrats were sampled to study the relationships between foraging termites and the abundance of wood. Standing crop biomass of superficial dead wood was 2127 kg/ha. Five plant species represent 97.6% of the biomass while 6 account for 96.4% of the 450 kg/ha of such wood produced annually. Instantaneous estimates of mean surface foraging numbers of Heterotermes aureus (Snyder), Gnathamitermes perplexus (Banks), Paraneotermes simplicicornis (Banks), Amitermes wheeleri (Desneux), and A. minimus Light were 6.89, 0.35, 1.31, 1.51, and 0.12 termites/m2. Caste composition varied between the species and was important in determining total biomass. Neither superficial dead wood nor foraging termites were randomly dispersed; rather, they were aggregated on the site. Estimated total number of all 5 termite species was set at 1025/m2 with a biomass of 0.414 g/m2, based on a literature ratio between surface and subsurface foragers of Gnathamitermes tubiformans . We have tested the hypothesis that quantity and/or quality of wood available influences termite abundance. Results indicate that the abundance of a particular oligophagous species is correlated with the quantity of a highly perferred wood, where there is no correlation between ployphagous species and the quantity of any species of wood.
Fighting Feelings The Emotional Labor of “Old Heads” in an Amateur Boxing Gym

This article explores the mentorship of low-income young men of color by examining amateur boxing coaches and the training techniques that they use. Studying both the actions and the intentions of ...
Cultural Values as a Source of Normative Sanctions

The relationship between cultural values and social norms is a contemporary sociological problem with extensive classical antecedents. The assumption that a harmonious or integrated relationship is necessary for social order is traced by Blake and Davis (1964: 458) to Parsons from many earlier thinkers, leading to the proposition that institutionalized values shape normative role expectations and sanctions (Parsons and Shils, 1954; Parsons, 1964: 122-123). Many writers conceive of values as abstract, goal-like principles, and norms as means-specific rules guiding behavior in concrete settings (Kluckhohn, 1951; Williams, 1960; Taylor, 1965: 59; De Vos and Hippler, 1969: 366). The degree of integration betwen values and norms is of central concern in much theoretical and empirical work (Merton, 1949; Smelser, 1962; Cloward and Ohlin, 1966; Lerman, 1968; Moore, 1969; Jackson and Santee, 1975; Tiryakian, 1975). In this paper we explore the empirical relationships between the values of different Protestant denominations and the norms regulating members' behavior.
Detection method of voltage sag duration based on information-entropy and mathematical morphology

Voltage sag duration is one of the important indicators to measure voltage sag, whose detection precision is a premise and guarantee for the operation of compensation devices, such as Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR). In this paper, the starting and ending time of the voltage sag are detected and located by use of information-entropy theory, and then the voltage sag duration can be calculated. Adaptability of the method is analyzed in conditions of different dropping amplitudes and harmonic waves and noise, the mathematical morphology filter is introduced to preprocess the voltage sag signal containing noise. Matlab software environment is used to prove the feasibility of the proposed method, the simulation result shows that this method not only has simple principle, but also has higher detection accuracy and strong adaptability.
Efficacy and site specificity of hydrogen abstraction from DNA 2-deoxyribose by carbonate radicals

The carbonate radical anion CO(3)(•-) is a potent reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced in vivo through enzymatic one-electron oxidation of bicarbonate or, mostly, via the reaction of CO(2) with peroxynitrite. Due to the vitally essential role of the carbon dioxide/bicarbonate buffer system in regulation of physiological pH, CO(3)(•-) is arguably one of the most important ROS in biological systems. So far, the studies of reactions of CO(3)(•-) with DNA have been focused on the pathways initiated by oxidation of guanines in DNA. In this study, low-molecular products of attack of CO(3)(•-) on the sugar-phosphate backbone in vitro were analyzed by reversed phase HPLC. The selectivity of damage in double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) was found to follow the same pattern C4' > C1' > C5' for both CO(3)(•-) and the hydroxyl radical, though the relative contribution of the C1' damage induced by CO(3)(•-) is substantially higher. In single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) oxidation at C1' by CO3(•-) prevails over all other sugar damages. An approximately 2000-fold preference for 8-oxoguanine (8oxoG) formation over sugar damage found in our study identifies CO(3)(•-) primarily as a one-electron oxidant with fairly low reactivity toward the sugar-phosphate backbone.
Lipoprotein lipase binding to adipocytes: evidence for the presence of a heparin-sensitive binding protein

Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is synthesized by adipocytes, associated with the cell surface, and released from the cells when they are treated with heparin. Release of LPL from the adipocyte is require...
Current status of 4D printing technology and the potential of light-reactive smart materials as 4D printable materials

ABSTRACTThe onset of multi-material 3D printing and the combination of smart materials into the printable material has led to the development of an exciting new technology called 4D printing. This paper will introduce the background and development into 4D printing, discuss water reactive 4D printing methods and temperature reactive 4D printing, modelling and simulation software, and future applications of this new technology. Smart materials that react to different external stimuli are described, along with the benefits of these smart materials and their potential use in 4D printing applications; specifically, existing light-reactive smart materials. 4D printing has the prospective to simplify the design and manufacturing of different products and the potential of automating actuation devices that naturally react to their environment without the need for human interaction, batteries, processors, sensors, and motors.
Fabrication of SiC Films on Si(100) using a C60 molecular source

70 nm thick SiC films have been fabricated on Si(100) wafers under ultrahigh vacuum conditions, by depositing C60 molecules on substrates held at 900 °C. The composition and morphology of the films have been measured using infra-red spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy.
Spectroscopic and Density Functional Theory Characterization of Common Lithium Salt Solvates in Carbonate Electrolytes for Lithium Batteries

The structure and composition of lithium ion solvation spheres of electrolyte solutions composed of common lithium salts (LiTFSI, LiPF6, LiBF4, and LiClO4) dissolved in aprotic polar linear and cyclic carbonate solvents (propylene carbonate (PC) or dimethyl carbonate (DMC)) have been investigated via a combination of FTIR, 13C NMR spectroscopy, and density functional theory (DFT). Results from the two different spectroscopic methods are in strong agreement with each other and with predictions from quantum chemistry calculations. The coordination of the carbonyl oxygen of the solvents to the lithium cation is observed by IR spectroscopy. The ratio of coordinated to uncoordinated PC and DMC has been used to determine solvent coordination numbers which range from 2 to 5 depending on salt, solvent, and concentration. The relative stability of the lithium–anion solvates were examined using DFT employing the cluster-continuum approach including changes to the intensity and frequency of the IR bands along with t...
Direct Observation of Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) Removal from a Graphene Surface

Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is commonly used as a temporary support layer for chemical vapor deposition (CVD) graphene transfer; it is then removed by a chemical or thermal treatment. Regardless of the method used for PMMA removal, polymer residues are left on the graphene surface, which alter its intrinsic properties. A method based on isotope labeling of PMMA and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) has now been developed to identify, locate, and quantify these residues. It is shown that vacuum annealing does not completely remove the PMMA residues but, instead, transforms them into amorphous carbon. In contrast, air annealing under optimized conditions generates a PMMA-free surface with limited damage to the graphene structure. This cleaned graphene surface demonstrates low friction which is comparable with that of pristine graphene film.