cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Definitional and contextual issues in organizational and group memories

Organizations are looking to augment their memories through information technologies. Organizational and group memories can include a wide variety of materials, including documents, rationales for decisions, formal descriptions of procedures, and so on. This paper discusses findings from case studies of six organizations using or attempting to use the Answer Garden, a type of organizational memory system. Two major issues in the implementation of such systems are examined: (1) the gap between the idealized definition of organizational memory and the constrained realities of organizational life, and (2) the effects of reducing contextual information in computer-based memory. >
Identification of catecholamine-derived alkaloids in mammals by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry.

Abstract Tetrahydropapaveroline, the tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloid derived from dopamine, is convertedin vivo by rats and by rat-liver and brain preparations to tetrahydropprotoberberine alkaloids. The latter alkaloids have also been identified for the first time in the urine of parkinsonian patients receiving l -DOPA therapy. These findings suggest that man, like plants, may have the ability to elaborate several classes of alkaloids with potentially important pharmacological consequences.
New monkey model of severe-volume controlled hemorragic shock

Abstract Three series of experiments were conducted to develop a model of volume-controlled severe hemorrhagic shock in the unanesthetized analgesic cynomolgous monkey. This report concerns the insult without resuscitation. In Series I, seven monkeys were sedated with 75% N 2 O 25% O 2 , bled 40% of their measured blood volume over 20 min and observed until death. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) decreased to 21 ± 6 mmHg, spontaneously increased to 46 ± 5 mmHg, then gradually decreased to pulselessness at 146 ± 42 min (range 101–213). Hemodynamic variables, lactate, base excess, electroencephalogram and sagittal sinus PO 2 followed the same biphasic pattern. In Series II, eight monkeys were bled 27 ml/kg (43% of estimated blood volume) over 20 min under the same N 2 O analgesia and with similar respones as in Series I. In Series 111 26 monkeys were bled 27 ml/kg over 20 min (time zero) as in Series II. Three developed apnea and pulselessness at end of hemorrhage. In 23 the shock period was prolonged for testing resuscitation therapies. Starting at 0 + 30 min, MAP was controlled with minute blood volume adjustments at 30 mmHg until 0 + 2 h. Three died due to inaccurate (preventable) MAP adjustments. At MAP 30 mmHg, all animals lost consciousness, EEG activity decreased, and brain stem reflexes disappeared. The “volume-pressure controlled” hemorrhagic shock model of Series III retains the initial natural response to bleeding, simulates the clinical picture of severe prolonged shock without anesthesia, and represents a more controllable insult than volume controlled hemorrhage alone.
Pessimistic rumination in popular songs and newsmagazines predict economic recession via decreased consumer optimism and spending

Abstract Lyrics of the top 40 U.S. songs of each year from 1955 to 1989 were content-analysed for two depressive psychological traits: rumination about bad events, and pessimistic explanatory style. The cover story captions of Time magazine for those years were also analysed for rumination. Increased pessimistic ruminations in popular music predicted changes in the American media and public's view of real world events with a one- to two-year lead time. It predicted increased rumination about bad events in Time magazine, and increased pessimism about the economy in nationwide consumer surveys. Using two-stage least squares to solve a system of simultaneous equations, pessimistic rumination in songs and rumination in Time predicted changes in consumer optimism, which in turn predicted personal consumption expenditures and GNP growth. Although pessimistic rumination in songs was an indirect predictor of GNP growth, it may provide early warning of recessions, since its two-year moving average correlated highly (− 0.63) with the moving average of GNP change in the subsequent two years. The implication of recent high levels of pessimistic rumination in songs (in 1989) for a recession are discussed.
Inhibition of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) replication by CD8+ cells of SIV-infected rhesus macaques: implications for immunopathogenesis.

The ability of the CD8 + cells from simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected rhesus macaques to inhibit SIV replication was investigated. Inhibition was produced by a heat-stable soluble factor of molecular size greater than 10kDa. CD8 + supernatants from some macaques were found not only to suppress SIV growth but also to be cytolytic toward both infected and uninfected CD4+ cells. Such indiscriminate CD8 + cell-mediated cell killing may therefore account for DC4 + cell depletion in certain SIV-infected macaques.
The de novo origin of the quiescent center regenerating root apices of Zea mays

In roots from which the root cap and quiescent center have been removed new apical tissues regenerated in line with the main axis of the root. Regeneration of these tissues occurred from the region of the proximal meristem, which extends for no more than 350 μm from the cut surface. Accompanying the regeneration of new apical tissues is a change in the architecture of the root apex and initiation and enlargement of a new quiescent center. A possible “role” for the quiescent center in the establishment of pattern at the apex is considered. Regeneration of the original apex failed to occur in those roots from which the root cap, quiescent center and proximal meristem were excised.
Near-field measurements of optical channel waveguide structures

Near field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) has been used to investigate the guided mode intensity distribution in optical channel waveguides, phase-matched directional couplers, and symmetric Y- junctions. A near field measurement of the lateral guided mode intensity profile was performed across the optical channel waveguide, and compared with model calculations. The near field guided mode intensity profiles above the waveguides were measured as a function of distance along both a directional coupler and a Y-junction, providing a near field view of the spatial evolution of optical power in these structures.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Constituents of newsprint and municipal solid waste hydrolyzates

Abstract Aqueous samples from the dilute acid hydrolysis of two different cellulose sources (newspaper and municipal solid waste pellets) were analyzed. Compounds identified included substituted furans such as furfural and furfuryl alcohol, sugar decomposition products such as levulinic acid, lignin degradation products such as vanillin and homovanillic acid, and natural plant constituents such as palmitic acid.
Dissecting the hematopoietic microenvironment. I. Stem cell lodgment and commitment, and the proliferation and differentiation of erythropoietic descendants in the S1-S1d mouse.

The anemic Sl/Sld mouse and its normal (+/+) congenic control were used to explore the possibility of stromal control over four phases of erythropoiesis: CFU lodgment, commitment of multipotent stem cells to the erythropoietic line, proliferation of stem cells and their descendants, and the differentiation of those descendants into successively more mature forms. Lodgment was found to be the same in the Sl/Sld as in the normal mouse, but commitment, although characteristically different for spleen compared to the bone marrow, was subnormal. The stimulus to proliferate, as measured by spleen colony size and cell type content, was even more reduced. It is suggested that the direct control of differentiation into more mature cells may not be under stromal control.
Preparation and structure of (calix[8]arene methyl ether) · 2CDCl3

The methyl ether of calix[8]arene crystallizes from CDCl3 with two molecules of the solvent per molecule of host. An X-ray structural investigation has shown that the CDCl3 guests exist within the calixarene framework. The complex resides on a crystallographic center of inversion, and the cavity is roughly circular in projection as measured by the distance between centroids of aromatic rings related by the center: 14.5, 13.9, 10.1, and 11.2 A. Six of the oxygen atoms are found on the inside and two on the outside. Crystals belong to the triclinic space group\(P\bar 1\) witha=11.741(9),b=11.810(9),c=12.484(8) A, α=94.74(8), β=104.41(8), γ=111.30(9)°, andD c =1.31 g cm−3 forZ=1. Refinement led to a finalR value of 0.086 for 949 observed reflections.
Of the atypical PKCs, Par-4 and p62: recent understandings of the biology and pathology of a PB1-dominated complex

The recent identification of a novel protein–protein interaction module, termed PB1, in critical signaling molecules such as p62 (also known as sequestosome1), the atypical PKCs, and Par-6, has unveiled the existence of a new set of signaling complexes, which can be central to several biological processes from development to cancer. In this review, we will discuss the most recent advances on the role that the different components of these complexes have in vivo and that are relevant to human disease. In particular, we will review what we are learning from new data from knockout mice, and the indications from human mutations on the real role of these proteins in the physiology and biology of human diseases. The role that PKCζ, PKCλ/ι, and Par-4 have in lung and prostate cancer in vivo and in humans will be extensively covered in this article, as will the multifunctional role of p62 as a novel hub in cell signaling during cancer and inflammation, and the mechanistic details and controversial data published on its potential role in aggregate formation and signaling. All this published information is shedding new light on the proposed pathological implications of these PB1-regulators in disease and shows their important role in cell physiology.
Context and the gendered status of teachers: women’s empowerment through leadership of non‐formal schooling in rural Bangladesh

Empowering women to control and change their lives continues to be an important goal for many nations. This article examines the empowering effects of being selected and trained to lead rural schools in Bangladesh, using survey and interview data from 152 village women working with the Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee education programme. The adoption by women of the traditional male roles of teacher and educational leader combined with a commitment to serving the poor have led to the widespread acceptance and normalisation of non‐traditional roles for women in conservative village culture. The study confirms the need for a holistic approach and context sensitivity when designing change initiatives to empower women and promote gender equity.
Ontogenetic changes in the auditory sensitivity of damselfishes (pomacentridae)

Psychophysical experiments demonstrated that the hearing abilities of two damselfish species change during ontogeny. Auditory thresholds of four size-groups of juvenile bicolor damselfish. Pomacentrus partitus, and for comparative purposes, three different sized juveniles belonging to a closely related species, P. variablis, were determined through classical conditioning experiments conducted in a standing wave tube. Young juveniles (10–27 days post-metamorphosis) exhibited poor hearing, with detection limens ranging from 54 dB (at 300 Hz) to 15 dB (at 1500 Hz) higher than known adult thresholds. Thresholds decreased exponentially with increasing age, while rapidly approaching adult levels. Youngest juveniles exhibited flat, untuned audiograms, with the appearance of a best frequency and a pattern of increasing acuity progressing in a manner similar to that observed in mammals and birds.
No DL1 Notch ligand? GATA be a mast cell.

Transcription factor GATA-3 is essential for T lineage development. New data suggest that GATA-3 also can have a determining function in mast cell lineage development.
Administration of Folic Acid to Patients Without Anemia.

SummaryA study of long-term folic acid administration in 70 non-macrocytic anemia patients was made. Signs related to sub-acute combined sclerosis or peripheral neuritis did not develop in any of the group.
Adsorption sites on icosahedral quasicrystal surfaces: dark stars and white flowers.

From other work, two preferred sites have been suggested for metals and semimetals adsorbed on the fivefold surfaces of icosahedral, Al-based quasicrystals. Because of their appearance in scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) images, these sites are known as dark stars and white flowers. In this paper, we analyze four bulk structural models in physical space to determine the types, chemical decorations, and densities of the dark star?and, to a lesser extent, the white flower?adsorption sites for the fivefold planes of icosahedral Al?Pd?Mn. We find that the chemical decorations of these sites are heterogeneous, even within a single model. Both features are also structurally heterogeneous, according to STM measurements, and the structural variation is consistent with the bulk structure models. Finally, from the models, the density of dark stars in the planes correlates with the step height. This may explain previous experimental observations of different properties for different terraces.
Coordination of ribosomal RNA synthesis in vertebrate cells.

Xenopus embryo cells and HeLa cells were investigated under various conditions to test for coordinate synthesis of high molecular weight (28S and 18S) and low molecular weight (5S) rRNA. Xenopus embryos initiate 28S and 18S rRNA synthesis at gastrulation (Brown and Littna, '64); we found that 5S rRNA synthesis is coordinately initiated with the 28S and 18S rRNAs at the same time in development. Dissociated Xenopus blastula cells were cultured in vitro for several hours to condition the medium; post-gastrula cells were then grown in the conditioned medium to test for the existence of an inhibitor of rRNA synthesis. No inhibitor was detected. Low doses of actinomycin D profoundly inhibit the synthesis of 28S and 18S rRNA in HeLa cells, while 5S rRNA synthesis is less affected by this treatment. Therefore, actinomycin D does not produce a coordinate inhibition of all rRNA species. Similar effects of the antibiotic were found in cultured amphibian cells. Synchronized HeLa cells reinitiating RNA synthesis following mitosis also respond to actinomycin D in a non-coordinate manner.
Peplau's Theory of Interpersonal Relations

Interpersonal competencies of nurses are key to assisting patients in the work necessary for regaining health and well-being. Peplau's theory of interpersonal relations is detailed, and examples are given of the three phases which occur in developing nurse-patient relationships, along with associated challenges.
Mediation models for longitudinal data in developmental research.

Mediation models are used to describe the mechanism(s) by which one variable influences another. These models can be useful in developmental research to explicate the relationship between variables, developmental processes, or combinations of variables and processes. In this article we describe aspects of mediation effects specific to developmental research. We focus on three central issues in longitudinal mediation models: the theory of change for variables in the model, the role of time in the model, and the types of indirect effects in the model. We use these themes as we describe three different models for examining mediation in longitudinal data.
The NAD(P)H-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase activities of Prevotella ruminicola B(1)4 can be attributed to one enzyme (GdhA), and gdhA expression is regulated in response to the nitrogen source available for growth

Prevotella ruminicola B(1)4 possesses both NADPH- and NADH-linked glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) activities, with the greatest specific activity being measured from ammonia-limited cultures. Relative to cells grown in the presence of 1 mM ammonium chloride, the NADPH-dependent activity was decreased approximately 10-fold when peptides were provided as a nitrogen source. Nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) was used to visualize the GDH protein(s) in cell extracts of P. ruminicola. For all growth conditions tested, only one GDH protein was detectable, and its relative abundance, as well as its reactivity with either NAD(P)+ or NAD(P)H, correlated well with the specific activities measured from whole-cell assays. Consistent with the findings from enzyme assays and PAGE activity gels, Northern (RNA) blot analysis revealed that expression of a gene encoding NAD(P)H-GDH activity was greatest in ammonia-grown cultures and that GDH activity is regulated in response to nitrogen source (ammonia versus peptides), probably at the level of transcription. A gene encoding the NAD(P)H-utilizing GDH activity (gdhA) was cloned, and its nucleotide sequence was determined and shown to contain an open reading frame of 1,332 bp which would encode a polypeptide of 48.8 kDa. The deduced amino acid sequence possesses three highly conserved motifs typical of family I GDHs, but several unique amino acid substitutions within these motifs were evident. These results are discussed within the context of ruminal nitrogen metabolism and the growth efficiency of succinate- and propionate-producing anaerobic bacteria.
Emergency contraception counseling in a retail pharmacy setting: a pilot study.

Introduction:Nonprescription emergency contraception (EC) is now available for purchase without age restrictions. This is a great opportunity for pharmacists to provide counseling to ensure that customers use EC correctly.Objective:This pilot study explored the impact of student pharmacist counseling on customer knowledge of EC in a retail pharmacy setting and assessed customer satisfaction with the counseling.Methods:Counseling was performed at 2 retail pharmacies during June and July 2012. Participants completed a 12-question pretest that measured baseline knowledge of EC prior to a 5- to 10-minute education session, followed by the same 12-question posttest. A follow-up test was conducted via telephone within 1 to 3 months after the counseling.Results:Eighty-seven women participated with a mean age of 30.2 (standard deviation = 7.2) years. The average posttest score was significantly higher than the pretest score (11.5 ± 1.0 vs 8.5 ± 2.5; P < .001). The mean follow-up score (9.9 ± 1.1) was significantl...
Occurrence of Urotensin II (Bladder‐Contracting Activity) in the Caudal Spinal Cord of Anamniote Vertebrates

1 Urotensin II (bladder-contracting activity) is present in the caudal spinal cords of teleosts, elasmobranchs, holosteans, and chondrosteans, in order of decreasing activity. It is questionably present in holocephalans and probably absent from lungfishes. 2 Cyclostomes and tailed amphibians show no evidence for any specific caudal urotensin II. 3 The pharmacological evidence parallels the cytological evidence for the occurrence of a caudal neurosecretory system.
Teacher preparation: Meeting the needs of the limited English speaking student

Abstract There are 3.6 million identified limited English speaking school‐age children with special linguistic, cultural, and educational needs in our schools. The Federal Government, the Courts, and many state governments have mandated that elementary and secondary schools provide appropriate education for these children. This study focused on the response of teacher training institutions to this directive to train teachers to work with limited English speaking student populations. Specifically, thirty‐eight major United States colleges and universities were surveyed to determine the extent to which the reading education component of their teacher certification programs was attempting to train teachers to meet the special needs of linguistic minority children. The results of this study show that nearly all of the schools surveyed (91%) were located close to large linguistic minority populations. Most reading programs covered topics related to the teaching of reading to linguistic minority children. Final...
Pulmonary blastomycosis: a new endemic area in New York state.

Summary We describe three cases of pulmonary blastomycosis in patients from central New York State (NYS). Two of these cases occurred in 2012, and in patients who resided in the same county. Moreover, two of these cases manifested with acute respiratory distress syndrome and survived. Interestingly, one of the two received corticosteroids and was extubated within 1 week. To the best of our knowledge, these are the first cases of human blastomycosis to be reported from NYS and we propose that corticosteroids administration might reduce hospitalisation time and ventilator-associated complications, even though it is not currently recommended in standard treatment.
Achilles Tendinopathy After Treatment with Ophthalmic Moxifloxacin

To the Editor: Systemic fluoroquinolones have been known to cause tendinopathy. Since 2008, the US Food and Drug Administration has required a “black-box” warning on all systemic fluoroquinolones because of the risk of tendinopathy and tendon rupture1. Fluoroquinolone-associated tendinopathy symptoms have been documented from as early as 2 hours after the initial exposure to as late as 6 months after discontinuation of therapy2. However, in contrast to systemic fluoroquinolones, no reported cases of tendinopathy have been associated with the use of ophthalmic fluoroquinolones. Further, there is no black-box label for this formulation. We describe a case of tendinopathy following topical ophthalmic fluoroquinolone treatment. A 56-year-old man with a history of hypothyroidism and cataracts underwent cataract surgery and was administered daily moxifloxacin ophthalmic drops. On day 14 of … Address correspondence to Dr. Gladue; E-mail: hgladue{at}med.umich.edu
Subcutaneous and cutaneous melanins in Rhabdomys: complementary ultraviolet radiation shields

We describe the pigmented tissue layer covering the skull of Rhabdomys pumilio and test the hypotheses that it is melanin and that it functions in absorption of ultraviolet solar radiation. The parietals were covered by a dark tissue layer with smaller amounts of pigment extending over the frontals and nasals. Pigment granules also were observed in many skeletal muscles. Histologically, these tissues contained granules that stained black with hematoxylin and eosin, and silver impregnation. Spectrographic absorbency scans of pigment on the skull and in the skin showed two pigment layers absorbing maximally at different ultraviolet wavelengths. We suggest that both pigments are melanin acting in a complementary manner to provide an effective central nervous system radiation shield in Rhabdomys .
Race, Aptitude and Vocational Interests

One hundred Negro ninth graders were matched with 100 Caucasian ninth graders on the basis of scores attained on the Multiple Aptitude Test. Aptitude scores were then correlated with vocational interest scores derived from the Picture Interest Inventory. When matched, correlations between aptitude and interest were found to be negligible and to be differentiating between the races to only a small degree. Vocational interests of the two races, on the other hand, were found to be significantly different. The Negro youth was interested in interpersonal, business, verbal, computational, and long training occupations; the Caucasian, in occupations concerned with nature and with machines.
Do pediatric hospitalizations have a unique geography

In the U.S. small-area health services research studies are often based on the hospital service areas (HSAs) defined by the Dartmouth Atlas of Healthcare project. These areas are based on the geographic origins of Medicare Part A hospital patients, the great majority of whom are seniors. It is reasonable to question whether the geographic system so defined is appropriate for health services research for all ages, particularly for children, who have a very different system of healthcare financing and provision in the U.S. This article assesses the need for a unique system of HSAs to support pediatric small-area analyses. It is a cross-sectional analysis of California hospital discharges for two age groups – non-newborns 0–17 years old, and seniors. The measure of interest was index of localization, which is the percentage of HSA residents hospitalized in their home HSA. Indices were computed separately for each age group, and index agreement was assessed for 219 of the state's HSAs. We examined the effect of local pediatric inpatient volume and pediatric inpatient resources on the divergence of the age group indices. We also created a new system of HSAs based solely on pediatric patient origins, and visually compared maps of the traditional and the new system. The mean localization index for pediatric discharges was 20 percentage points lower than for Medicare cases, indicating a poorer fit of the traditional geographic system for children. The volume of pediatric cases did not appear to be associated with the magnitude of index divergence between the two age groups. Pediatric medical and surgical case subgroups gave very similar results, and both groups differed substantially from seniors. Location of children's hospitals and local pediatric bed supply were associated with Medicare-pediatric divergence. There was little visual correspondence between the maps of traditional and pediatric-specific HSAs. Children and seniors have significantly different geographic patterns of hospitalization in California. Medicare-based HSAs may not be appropriate for all age groups and service types throughout the U.S.
A New Aporocotylid (Digenea) Species from Blood Vascular System of Gag Grouper, Mycteroperca microlepis (Perciformes: Serranidae), off Alabama, with an Emendation of Pearsonellum Overstreet & Køie, 1989

Abstract: Pearsonellum lemusi n. sp. (Digenea: Aporocotylidae) infects the blood vascular system of the gag grouper, Mycteroperca microlepis (Perciformes: Serranidae), in the north central Gulf of Mexico, approximately 80 km south of Dauphin Island, Alabama (29°34′09″N, 88°22′16″W). The new species can be most easily differentiated from its only congeners Pearsonellum corventum Overstreet and Koie, 1989 (type species) and Pearsonellum pygmaeus Nolan and Cribb, 2004, both of which infect Australian serranids, by the combination of having a large adult body (3,237 × 570 µm), a cecal intersection comprising an elongated medial channel, anterior ceca >10% of total body length, ovary narrower than testis, and pre-ovarian uterus not looping between testis and ovary. The embryonated eggs of the new species infect gill epithelium, are spheroid, and measure 25–30 µm in diameter. Sympatric Gulf of Mexico serranids were negative for aporocotylid infections: coney, Cephalopholis fulva (n = 1); Nassau grouper, Epine...
On the values attained by a k-regular sequence

A sequence is said to be k-automatic if the nth term of this sequence is generated by a finite state machine with n in base k as input. Allouche and Shallit first defined k-regular sequences as a natural generalization of k-automatic sequences. We study the set of values attained by a k-regular sequence and characterize sets with the property that any k-regular sequence taking values in this set is necessarily k-automatic. In particular, we show that an unbounded regular sequence must have infinitely many composite values, answering a question of Allouche and Shallit.
On the placement of infrastructure overlay nodes

Overlay routing has emerged as a promising approach to improving performance and reliability of Internet paths. To fully realize the potential of overlay routing under the constraints of deployment costs in terms of hardware, network connectivity and human effort, it is critical to carefully place infrastructure overlay nodes to balance the tradeoff between performance and resource constraints. In this paper, we investigate approaches to perform intelligent placement of overlay nodes to facilitate (i) resilient routing and (ii) TCP performance improvement. We formulate objective functions to capture application behavior: reliability and TCP performance, and develop several placement algorithms, which offer a wide range of tradeoffs in complexity and required knowledge of the client-server location and traffic load. Using simulations on synthetic and real Internet topologies, and PlanetLab experiments, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the placement algorithms and objective functions developed, respectively. We conclude that a hybrid approach combining greedy and random approaches provides the best tradeoff between computational efficiency and accuracy. We also uncover the fundamental challenge in simultaneously optimizing for reliability and TCP performance, and propose a simple unified algorithm to achieve both.
Commentary: Out of the Silence: Confronting Depression in Medical Students and Residents

In this commentary, the authors reinforce the call to action made in the accompanying reports by Goebert et al and Dunn et al. Depression among medical students and residents is a continuing and worrisome phenomenon; its chronic nature has long-term and compounding effects on trainees. Yet, barriers exist to appropriate care seeking, such as inadequate education about causes, effects, and treatment; unwillingness to take the needed time; limited financial resources to pay for care; and concerns over confidentiality, stigma, or adverse effects on residency application or licensability. Each of these barriers, the authors contend, can be circumvented. Moreover, given the cost of unrecognized or untreated depression among the health care workforce, removal of the barriers reflects both moral and practical necessities. The authors discuss successful prevention and treatment plans at some medical schools and academic health centers (AHCs), as well as initiatives by the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention geared specifically to the nation's medical trainees and physicians. Finally, strong leadership is encouraged in order to remove the barriers to recognizing and treating depression and to change the culture of medicine that contributes to and/or stigmatizes depression among its members.The authors outline the chronic nature of depression and discuss its possibility for long-term impacts on trainees. Given these conditions, the leadership of the nation's schools of medicine and AHCs. Language: en
Utility of Routine Outpatient Cervical Spine Imaging Following Anterior Cervical Corpectomy and Fusion.

Background: Construct failure is an uncommon but well-recognized complication following anterior cervical corpectomy and fusion (ACCF). In order to screen for these complications, many centers routinely image patients at outpatient visits following surgery. There remains, however, little data on the utility of such imaging. Methods: The electronic medical record of all patients undergoing anterior cervical corpectomy and fusion at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center between 2004 and 2009 were reviewed. All patients had routine cervical spine radiographs performed perioperatively. Follow-up visits up to two years postoperatively were analyzed. Results: Sixty-five patients (mean age 52.2) underwent surgery during the time period. Eighteen patients were female. Forty patients had surgery performed for spondylosis, 20 for trauma, three for tumor, and two for infection. Forty-three patients underwent one-level corpectomy, 20 underwent two-level corpectomy, and two underwent three-level corpectomy, using an allograft, autograft, or both. Sixty-two of the fusions were instrumented using a plate and 13 had posterior augmentation. Fifty-seven patients had follow-up with imaging at four to 12 weeks following surgery, 54 with plain radiographs, two with CT scans, and one with an MRI scan. Unexpected findings were noted in six cases. One of those patients, found to have asymptomatic recurrent kyphosis following a two-level corpectomy, had repeat surgery because of those findings. Only one further patient was found to have abnormal imaging up to two years, and this patient required no further intervention. Conclusions: Routine imaging after ACCF can demonstrate asymptomatic occurrences of clinically significant instrument failure. In 43 consecutive single-level ACCF however, routine imaging did not change management, even when an abnormality was discovered. This may suggest a limited role for routine imaging after ACCF in longer constructs involving multiple levels.
Ocular dysmotility after intra-arterial chemotherapy for retinoblastoma

We report the case of a 15-month-old boy with retinoblastoma who developed exotropia secondary to a right medial rectus infarct after intra-arterial chemotherapy. He had unilateral sporadic group C tumor (International Classification of Retinoblastoma) and was treated with intra-arterial melphalan. One week after the first session of intra-ophthalmic arterial melphalan chemotherapy, he was noted to have orbital congestion, exotropia, and right adduction limitation. Magnetic resonance imaging was suggestive of a right medial rectus infarct. The tumor showed a good response to intra-arterial chemotherapy but the exotropia persisted.
The Dynamics of Cultural Trauma: Implications for the Pacific Nations

Cultural disintegration and dislocation have been associated with certain patterns of personal and social dysfunction such as substance abuse, hopelessness, and suicide. In order to comprehend and address these expressions of human suffering, it is necessary to consider essential psychological functions of culture, predictable consequences of traumatic cultural disruption, and implications for recovery. Becker (1971) saw culture as the highest form of human adaptation. Triandis (1994) placed culture in a context anchored in the ecology from which it arose and adapted. Recent advances in experimental social psychology (Greenberg, SolomonP Solomon,Greenberg,& Pyszcynski, 1991), suggest that that cultures also respond to core existential human concerns that enable adherents to manage the anxiety inherent in human existence and to enhance the probability of adaptive action. Terror Management Theory (TMT) (Becker, 1971; Greenberg, et al., 1991) has generated testable hypotheses that have been replicated in at least six countries in over onehundred experimental studies. These findings suggest that culture serves as an essential psychological defense and that its traumatic disruption has predictable psychosocial consequences. Why do groups of humans create and vigorously maintain a shared systemofmeaningbelieved to be an absolute representationof reality by its
Anticipated Judicial Vacancies and the Power to Nominate

In July 2005, Justice Sandra Day O'Connor retired, but her retirement was expressly effective only upon the nomination and confirmation of her successor. As such, Justice O'Connor served on the Court for more than six additional months while the President nominated three different individuals to her seat and secured the confirmation of Justice Samuel A. Alito. This Note addresses a simple, but unaddressed question: what triggers the President's constitutional power to nominate under the Appropriations Clause? The Note argues that there is a vacancy prerequisite to the operation of the Appointments Clause that requires either an actual vacancy in the office to be filled, or a sufficiently definite and irrevocable anticipated vacancy in such an office. After briefly discussing the relatively recent development of the judicial retirement option, this Note turns to unique issues presented when life-tenured, Article III justices and judges retire. When an irremovable federal judge announces the intention to retire on some future date, that mere announcement does not create a sufficiently definite and irrevocable vacancy to trigger the operation of the Appointments Clause. Instead, the nomination and confirmation of successors upon anticipated judicial vacancies generate tension with the intended operation of the appointments process as well as underlying constitutional norms of judicial independence. Triggering the appointments process on a justice or judge's intention to retire in the future may allow an "incumbent's veto" over nominated successors, skew the advice and consent role of the Senate, delegate a removal-like power to the political branches, and establish a kind of "holdover judge" where vacancies would otherwise allow for the operation of the Recess Appointments Clause. This Note concludes that due to the considerable constitutional difficulties that are presented, the Executive should not assume the power to nominate is constitutionally triggered by anticipated judicial vacancies.
Large TE polarized optical gain from AlInN-delta-GaN quantum well for ultraviolet lasers

Ultraviolet (UV) lasers with wavelength (λ) Therefore, in this work, we propose and investigate the use of AlInN material system as an alternative for mid-UV lasers. Nanostructure engineering by the use of AlInN-delta-GaN QW has been performed to enable dominant conduction band – HH sub-band transition as well as optimized electron-hole wave function overlap. The insertion of the ultra-thin delta-GaN layer, which is lattice-matched to Al 0.82 In 0.18 N layer, would localize the wave functions strongly toward the center of the active region, leading to large transverse electric (TE) polarized optical gain (g TE ) for λ~ 250- 300 nm. From our finding, the use of AlInN-delta-GaN QW resulted in ~ 3-times enhancement in TE-polarized optical gain, in comparison to that of conventional AlGaN QW, for gain media emitting at ~ 255 nm. The peak emission wavelength can be tuned by varying the delta layer thickness while maintaining large TE gain. Specifically, gTE ~ 3700 cm -1 was obtained for λ ~ 280-300 nm, which are very challenging for conventional AlGaN QW active region.
Does thromboxane mediate the fetal ACTH response to acidemia

Intravenous mineral acid infusions into fetal sheep stimulate increases in plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol concentrations that correlate to the induced changes in arterial pH (pHa). We have recently demonstrated that ACTH and cortisol responses to mineral acid infusion in adult sheep are mediated by thromboxane A2 (TxA2). We designed the present experiments to test the hypothesis that fetal ACTH and cortisol responses are also mediated by TxA2. We infused chronically instrumented fetal sheep with 1 N HCl (0.5 ml/min i.v.) for 60 min, with or without pretreatment with the cyclooxygenase inhibitor flunixin-N-methylglucamine. HCl infusion significantly decreased pHa and significantly increased the arterial partial pressure of O2 (PaO2) and CO2 (PaCO2). Flunixin pretreatment significantly decreased fetal plasma thromboxane B2 (TxB2) concentrations but did not significantly alter the blood gas and pH response to HCl. TxB2 is a stable metabolite of TxA2 and was measured as an index of TxA2 generation. HCl increased fetal heart rate only in the flunixin group. Plasma ACTH and cortisol concentrations were increased significantly in both groups; flunixin did not significantly alter the responses. HCl infusion did not significantly alter plasma TxB2 concentrations. We conclude that the fetal ACTH and cortisol responses to HCl infusion are not mediated by TxA2 or other prostanoids whose synthesis depends on cyclooxygenase activity.
Estimation of cell number by neutral red content. Applications for proliferative and survival assays.

A simple photometric method for estimating viable cell number in culture is described. When cultured cells are allowed to internalize 0.005–0.01% neutral red for 1 h, the amount of accumulated dye is directly proportional to cell number. The linear relationship holds for adherent and suspended cell lines. Thus, dye content reflects cell number. Since dye content is easily measured by instruments that photometrically scan microtiter trays, proliferative and survival (cytotoxic) responses can be easily quantitated.
Synthesis of Ordered Silicates by the Use of Organic Structure-Directing Agents

Microporous, crystalline silicates can be synthesized using organic structure-directing molecules whose function is to organize silicate species into particular arrangements that then spontaneously self-assemble into the final crystalline materials. The porosity is obtained by removal of the organic component. We discuss the molecular properties (size, rigidity, hydrophobicity) necessary for the organic component to interact with aqueous silicate species and prepare microporous silicates. It is shown that a strategy to construct large organic molecules in order to prepare large pore crystalline silicates could involve the use of two charge centers if these functionalities are distributed within the molecules such to prevent aggregation in aqueous media. A charge distribution that allows aggregation of the organic molecules at synthesis conditions directs the formation of a locally amorphous, mesoporous silicate rather than a crystalline, microporous material.
Bionomics of the Carrot Beetle in the Texas Rolling Plains

Adults of the scarab, Bothynus (=Ligyrus) gibbosus (DeGeer), are destructive to several field crops in the Rolling Plains of Texas. The species is univoltine, with 2 distinct peaks in adult activity. Mass emergence of overwintering beetles occurs in early April. The 2nd major period of activity begins in late July with the emergence of F1 progeny of overwintering parents. Light-trap catches often exceed 10,000 beetles per trap-night in May and August. Twenty-four species of non-cultivated plants are identified as hosts for the carrot beetle. Preferred hosts are prairie sunflower, Helianthus petiolaris Nutt.; common sunflower, H. annuus L.; carelessweed, Amaranthus palmeri Wats.; horseweed, Conyza canadensis Cronquist; sawleaf daisy, Prionopsis ciliata Nutt.; silverleaf nightshade, Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav.; and white rosinweed, Silphium albiforum Gray. Breeding sites are in sandy or loose soil having a high organic content. Eggs, larvae, and pupae are attacked by undetermined species of fungi and larvae of predatory carabids. Adults are parasitized by the sarcophagids Gymnoprosopa agentifrons Townsend and Sarcophaga sarracenioides Aldrich. A mite, Rhizoglyphus echinopus (Fumouze and Robin), and undetermined species of bacteria also attack the adults of B. gibbosus .
More-than-Human Legalities: Advocating an "Animal Turn" in Law and Society

What is the role of nonhumans, and of nonhuman animals in particular, in the constitution of law? How should legal systems account for societies that include not only humans but also nonhuman entities? What are the intersections between law and nonhuman life? And how to overcome the anthropocentric biases in modern legal systems? Such questions and others may provide fertile grounds for law and society investigations. Despite the richness and complexity of these investigations, however, the law and society community has typically relegated the “question of the animal” to the discourse of animal rights. Within this discourse, legal rights are extended to certain nonhuman animals through the same liberal framework that has afforded humans’ rights beforehand: vertebrates, invertebrates, microbes, and non-living entities must first cross Western law’s threshold of personhood to obtain rights. This chapter suggests, alternatively, that sociolegal scholarship could greatly benefit from moving beyond the rights discourse of animal law to a new subject of inquiry: more-than-human legalities. By acknowledging the myriad ways of being in the world, their inherent interconnections, and their manifestations in and constitutions of law, more-than-human legalities extend the advocacy-oriented scholarship of animal rights to highlight how both animality and humanness are deeply embedded in the construction of law and, reciprocally, how law is acutely relevant for constituting the animal. Indeed, while nonhumans render law’s operations – in fact, its very existence as such – possible, law also constitutes animal life and renders it meaningful in a variety of ways.
The catabolite repressor protein-cyclic AMP complex regulates csgD and biofilm formation in uropathogenic Escherichia coli

The extracellular matrix protects Escherichia coli from immune cells, oxidative stress, predation, and other environmental stresses. Production of the E. coli extracellular matrix is regulated by transcription factors that are tuned to environmental conditions. The biofilm master regulator protein CsgD upregulates curli and cellulose, the two major polymers in the extracellular matrix of uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) biofilms. We found that cyclic AMP (cAMP) regulates curli, cellulose, and UPEC biofilms through csgD The alarmone cAMP is produced by adenylate cyclase (CyaA), and deletion of cyaA resulted in reduced extracellular matrix production and biofilm formation. The catabolite repressor protein (CRP) positively regulated csgD transcription, leading to curli and cellulose production in the UPEC isolate, UTI89. Glucose, a known inhibitor of CyaA activity, blocked extracellular matrix formation when added to the growth medium. The mutant strains ΔcyaA and Δcrp did not produce rugose biofilms, pellicles, curli, cellulose, or CsgD. Three putative CRP binding sites were identified within the csgD-csgB intergenic region, and purified CRP could gel shift the csgD-csgB intergenic region. Additionally, we found that CRP binded upstream of kpsMT, which encodes machinery for K1 capsule production. Together our work shows that cAMP and CRP influence E. coli biofilms through transcriptional regulation of csgD IMPORTANCE The catabolite repressor protein (CRP)-cyclic AMP (cAMP) complex influences the transcription of ∼7% of genes on the Escherichia coli chromosome (D. Zheng, C. Constantinidou, J. L. Hobman, and S. D. Minchin, Nucleic Acids Res 32:5874-5893, 2004, https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkh908). Glucose inhibits E. coli biofilm formation, and ΔcyaA and Δcrp mutants show impaired biofilm formation (D. W. Jackson, J.W. Simecka, and T. Romeo, J Bacteriol 184:3406-3410, 2002, https://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JB.184.12.3406-3410.2002). We determined that the cAMP-CRP complex regulates curli and cellulose production and the formation of rugose and pellicle biofilms through csgD Additionally, we propose that cAMP may work as a signaling compound for uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) to transition from the bladder lumen to inside epithelial cells for intracellular bacterial community formation through K1 capsule regulation.
Leveraging of Open EMR Architecture for Clinical Trial Accrual

Accrual to clinical trials is a major bottleneck in scientific progress in clinical medicine. Many methods for identifying potential subjects and improving accrual have been pursued; few have succeeded, and none have proven generally reproducible or scalable. We leveraged the open architecture of the core clinical data repository of our electronic medical record system to prototype a solution for this problem in a manner consistent with contemporary regulations and research ethics. We piloted the solution with a local investigator-initiated trial for which candidate identification was expected to be difficult. Key results in the eleven months of experience to date include automated screening of 7,296,708 lab results from 69,288 patients, detection of 1,768 screening tests of interest, identification of 70 potential candidates who met all further automated criteria, and accrual of three candidates to the trial. Hypotheses for this disappointing impact on accrual, and directions for future research, are discussed.
Chlorination of 3-Arylsydnones with Iodine Monochloride

Sydnones undergo electrophilic aromatic substitution at the 4-position1,2 and bromi-nation has been the most studied reaction of this type. For the latter, a number of methods, including Br2 / NaH...