cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 10

Clinical characteristics Spinocerebellar ataxia type 10 (SCA10) is characterized by slowly progressive cerebellar ataxia that usually starts as poor balance and unsteady gait, followed by upper-limb ataxia, scanning dysarthria, and dysphagia. Abnormal tracking eye movements are common. Recurrent seizures after the onset of gait ataxia have been reported with variable frequencies among different families. Some individuals have cognitive dysfunction, behavioral disturbances, mood disorders, mild pyramidal signs, and peripheral neuropathy. Age of onset ranges from 12 to 48 years. Diagnosis/testing Diagnosis of SCA10 is established in a proband by identification of a heterozygous ATTCT pentanucleotide-repeat expansion in ATXN10. Affected individuals have expanded alleles with up to 4,500 ATTCT pentanucleotide repeats; intermediate alleles (280 to 850 repeats) may show reduced penetrance. Management Treatment of manifestations: Treatment is primarily focused on control of seizures, as uncontrolled seizures may lead to potentially fatal status epilepticus. Conventional anticonvulsants such as levetiracetam, phenytoin, carbamazepine, and valproic acid achieve reasonable control, although occasional breakthrough seizures may occur. Treatment measures for ataxia: canes / walkers / mobilized chairs; standard home modifications; exercise and physical therapy; and weight control to avoid difficulty with ambulation and mobility. For dysphagia: percutaneous placement of a gastric tube for both prevention of aspiration and maintenance of nutritional intake; vitamin supplementation. For dysarthria: speech therapy and speech/communication assistive devices. Weighted utensils and dressing hooks for upper-limb coordination issues. Mild tranquilizers may be helpful for those with anxiety. Surveillance: Clinical neurology evaluation every four to six months; video esophagrams to evaluate those with dysphagia. Agents/circumstances to avoid: Alcohol and drugs that are known to adversely affect cerebellar functions; falls, which may compromise motor function; activities that are potentially dangerous to individuals with ataxia or epilepsy. Genetic counseling SCA10 is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. Offspring of an affected individual have a 50% chance of inheriting the repeat expansion. The risk of developing the SCA10 phenotype in individuals with expanded alleles in the intermediate range (280-850) is uncertain because of the apparently reduced penetrance. Anticipation has been observed in some families with paternal (but not maternal) transmission of the pentanucleotide repeat expansion. Prenatal testing for pregnancies at increased risk is possible if the diagnosis has been established by molecular genetic testing in an affected family member.
INTRODUCTORY COMMENTS TO LASER INTERACTION AND RELATED PLASMA PHENOMENA.

When I looked at the program of the Summer Workshop* “Laser Interaction and Related Plasma Phenomena”, I was somewhat surprised to find my lecture scheduled an an introduction, but then I realized that it is just the fate of older people to speak at such occasions. From my experience I know that the younger generation sometimes enjoys learning about scientists who were the founding fathers of the new branches of science from people who worked with the older generation.
High Performance Clock Distribution Networks

As semiconductor technologies operate at increasingly higher speeds, system performance has become limited not by the delays of the individual logic elements and interconnect but by the ability to synchronize the flow of the data signals. Different synchronization strategies have been considered, ranging from completely asynchronous to fully synchronous. However, the dominant synchronization strategy within industry will continue to be fully synchronous clocked systems. Systems ranging in size from medium scale circuits to large multimillion transistor microprocessors and ultra-high speed supercomputers utilize fully synchronous operation which require high speed and highly reliable clock distribution networks. Distributing the clock signals within these high complexity, high speed processors is one of the primary limitations to building high performance synchronous digital systems. Greater attention is therefore being placed on the design of clock distribution networks for large VLSI-based systems.
Reaction of sodium hypochlorite with amines and amides: A new method for quantitating polysaccharides containing hexosamines

Abstract The NaOCl-amylose-KI spectrophotometric method for determining free and N-acetylated amino sugars has been applied to the analysis of PS Y-6272, which is composed of N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylglucosaminuronic acid and produced extracellularly by the black yeast strain NRRL Y-6272 (6). PS Y-6272, as well as other amino sugar-containing polysaccharides such as chondroitin sulfate A, colominic acid, heparin, and hyaluronic acid, can be assayed readily in the range of 0.04 to 0.30 μmole N without previous depolymerization. Studies of the effects of pH and reaction time and temperature, carried out on these glycosaminoglycans as well as on various glucosamine derivatives and oligosaccharides, indicate that the color yield is influenced by the identity of the amino sugars present as well as by the position and anomeric type of linkages. However, since the color yield accords well with the nitrogen content of a particular amino sugar-containing polysaccharide, unknown quantities in solutions or column effluents can be determined readily and accurately by reference to calibration curves of the individual polysaccharide.
Physical function impairment of older, HIV-infected adults is associated with cytomegalovirus immunoglobulin response.

Abstract Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is associated with poor outcomes, including physical function impairment, in older HIV-uninfected adults. Whether CMV is associated with physical functional impairment in HIV-infected adults is unknown. The primary objective of this study was to determine the relationship between CMV-specific humoral and cell-mediated immune responses with functional impairment in well-controlled HIV infection. In a case-control study, low-function cases were matched by age, gender, and time from HIV diagnosis to high-function controls. Quantitative CMV IgG and %CMV-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cells (interferon-γ expression following CMV pp65 stimulation) were used to estimate physical function. Among 30 low-function cases and 48 high-function matched controls, CMV IgG ranged from <10 to 8,830 EU/ml, including four controls with results <10 EU/ml. Each log10 increase in CMV IgG was associated with 5-fold greater odds of low function (p=0.01); these findings were robust to adjustment for concomi...
Mortuary Behavior, Labor Organization, and Social Rank

Mortuary analysis has a long and erratic history in archaeology. Studies of skeletal remains were first motivated by a desire for information on racial affiliation and population movement, while the associated grave goods seemed to offer detailed chronological ordering of artifact types. Much enthusiastic and unsystematic excavation also centered on monuments or site complexes with large quantities of mortuary remains. While archaeological interest has turned away from constructions of sequences and reconstruction of racial types, these complex sites and their archaeological materials, testifying to organized human activity on a large scale, have become key sources of information on broad patterns of social change. Mortuary remains, too, are often highly patterned and are differently so in societies of differing organization, seeming to inform us of social dimensions not readily visible in other archaeological materials. Consequently, we have a current problem (the understanding of social dimensions of nonliterate, prehistoric societies) and a large body of patterned material. The temptation to put two and two together is irresistible.
An unsual example of exstrophy of the bladder with marked separation of the pubic bones

Abstract The unusual features in this particular case were: 1. 1. The marked diastasis of the symphysis pubis, (fully five inches), so that there certainly was sufficient room for the fetal head to pass through the birth canal; yet the patient had been subjected to a cesarean section. 2. 2. The ability of this patient to walk comfortably with a wabbling gait and her indifference to such a distressing abnormality, refusing to allow any further attempt of curative operative measures to be instituted. 3. 3. That regardless of such a deformity, she was quite promiscuous as to her sexual relations, as evidenced by her former Neisserian infection, and the contraction of her present luetic manifestations; a chancre at the introitus of the vagina and another primary lesion at the anal opening.
Determination of gabapentin in plasma by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection after solid-phase extraction with a C18 column.

Gabapentin (Neurontin®), one of the relatively new antiepileptic drugs, has a novel mechanism of action that is not fully understood. Gabapentin has been shown to increase γ-aminobutyric acid concentrations in the brain of epilepsy patients (1)(2). There is an approximate linear relationship between dose and plasma concentrations. A therapeutic range of 2–20 mg/L has been commonly accepted (2), although a higher minimum concentration of 6 mg/L has also been suggested (1). Various analytical methods have been used for the determination of gabapentin in plasma, with liquid chromatography being the most commonly used approach in clinical laboratories. Gabapentin does not have a natural chromophore; therefore, it must be derivatized to be detected spectrophotometrically or fluorometrically unless detected by mass spectrometry (3). Gabapentin has been derivatized with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid for photometric detection (4)(5). Several approaches have been described for the preparation of fluorescent derivatives. Garcia et al. (6) derivatized gabapentin with fluorescamine for determination by capillary electrophoresis. However, the preparation of o -phthalaldehyde (OPA) derivatives of gabapentin has been the most popular and practical approach for liquid chromatographic determinations (7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12). In all of these procedures, plasma proteins are precipitated by different reagents and the resulting supernatant is treated with the derivatizing reagent. As a result, all endogenous amino compounds produce fluorescent derivatives, which produce very large solvent peaks, decreasing the sensitivity and increasing the length of the chromatographic run times. These procedures have another limitation in that the OPA derivatives must be injected almost immediately after preparation because …
A trapped collision pair approach to vibrational predissociation in hydrogen-bonded complexes

Abstract A preliminary study in the application of collision theory to the determination of predissociative lifetimes in the weakly bound hydrogen-bonded complexes HCNHF, HCNHCN and OCHF is presented. Results for a semiclassical trapped collision pair approach are given.
Automated data collection for observed events

This paper presents the general requirements for dealing with the temporal aspects of multiple binary events. Discussions of the need for common data structures in this work and the optimal structures for efficient storage of this type of data are also presented. General features of automated data collection devices and a description of the data input device used by the author are detailed. Finally, a comparison is made between a number of data input devices.
Comparison of Theoretical Structural Models with Experiment for a High-Aspect-Ratio Aeroelastic Wing

M ATERIALS of various densities and stiffnesses typically constitute the experimental slender wing structures designed for flutter and limit cycle oscillation experiments of high-altitude long-endurance (HALE) aircraft. Recent research performed atDuke University includes a study inter alia of the effects of structural nonuniformity on the natural frequencies and mode shapes of very flexible beams, which are frequently used in geometrically nonlinear structural analyses of HALE wings [1–5]. Jaworski and Dowell [6] demonstrated that such beamlike structures with spanwise discontinuities could be represented modally as a uniform beam for sufficiently small spanwise discontinuities. However, determining the set of natural frequencies requires knowledge of any such discontinuities or variations. This work addresses the effects of these nonuniformities on the four lowest natural frequencies of a cantilevered HALE-type wing. Here, the experimental wing model used by Tang and Dowell [2–4] is analyzed using the commercial finite element program ANSYS. As shown in Fig. 1, the HALE wing is composed of a steel spar with multiple steps, periodically-spaced aluminum ribs, balsa wood fairings to fill the space between ribs, and a tip store. Specifically, the effects examined herein are the step depth for the particular step distribution used by Tang and Dowell [2–4]; the addition of periodically-spaced ribs; the presence of balsa wood fairings with varying levels of rigid connection to the central spar; and the addition of a tip store.
Is HIV infection a risk factor for complications of surgery

BACKGROUND The literature is inconsistent as to whether HIV-infected patients have higher rates of surgical complication rates than HIV-uninfected patients. This inconsistency reflects the failure to control for confounding variables in many of the previous studies. METHODS A retrospective cohort study of records of HIV-infected individuals who underwent surgical procedures between 1990 and 1995 was matched with the records of HIV-uninfected control patients. We performed a logistic regression analysis to determine the independent effects of HIV infection and other potential risk factors for surgical complications. RESULTS The crude rates of death and infectious and hematologic complications were higher among HIV-infected patients than among uninfected patients. Although the crude risk of having any complication was higher among the HIV-infected (odds ratio [OR]=2.47, p=0.015), the adjusted risk was not (OR=0.72 [p<0.613]). Variables significantly associated with complications were American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) risk class (OR=2.7), age (OR=1.06 per year), and weight (OR=0.96 per kg). CONCLUSIONS HIV sero-status was not found to be an independent risk factor for complications of surgery. The most important risk factor for complication of surgery in HIV-infected patients is ASA risk class.
Public Health and the Physical Environment in Boston Public Housing: A Community-Based Survey and Action Agenda

(2000). Public Health and the Physical Environment in Boston Public Housing: A Community-based Survey and Action Agenda. Planning Practice & Research: Vol. 15, No. 1-2, pp. 31-49.
Functional Mapping of the N-terminal Regulatory Domain in the Human Raf-1 Protein Kinase

Raf-1 is a serine/threonine kinase poised at a key relay point in mitogenic signal transduction pathways from the cell surface to the nucleus. Activation of the transforming potential of Raf-1 has been associated with N-terminal truncation and/or fusion to other proteins, suggesting that the Raf-1 N-terminal half harbors a negative regulatory domain. Seven internal deletion mutants that together scan the entire N-terminal half of human Raf-1 protein were generated to map functional regions in this regulatory domain. Effects of the deletion mutations on kinase activity of Raf-1 were evaluated using a baculovirus/insect cell overexpression system and an in vitro kinase assay with the known physiological substrate of Raf-1, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase. Deletion of amino acids 276-323 in the unique sequence between conserved regions 2 and 3 leads to modest elevation of Raf-1 basal kinase activity, whereas deletion of amino acids 133-180 in conserved region 1 results in diminished kinase activity. Surprisingly, none of the Raf-1 N-terminal deletion mutants, including a truncated version that is transforming in rodent fibroblasts, exhibits greatly increased levels of basal kinase activity. In addition, while activation of Raf-1 kinase by Ras requires sequences in conserved region 1, only the C-terminal half containing the kinase domain of Raf-1 is required for activation by Src. These findings demonstrate that N-terminal deletions in Raf-1 do not necessarily result in constitutively elevated basal kinase activity and that the N-terminal regulatory domain is completely dispensable for Raf-1 activation by Src.
Accumulation of cadmium by larvae and adults of an Hawaiian bivalve, Isognomon californicum, during chronic exposure

Larvae and adults of an Hawaiian bivalve, Isognomon californicum, were exposed to sublethal, environmentally realistic concentrations of cadmium (2 and 20 ppb) for 28 d, and the accumulation of cadmium was evaluated. The concentrations of cadmium were expressed in terms of total cadmium (tissue and shell concentrations combined) and tissue cadmium. The accumulation rates of larvae were one to two orders of magnitude greater than adult rates. This study suggests that the faster uptake rates of larvae may explain why larvae are more sensitive than adults. Furthermore, the magnitude of differences between larval and adult accumulation rates may be related to metabolic rate. When larvae and adults were exposed to cadmium for only 14 d, followed by a 14 d depuration period, a substantial loss of cadmium was observed during the depuration period. Possible accumulation mechanisms and their similarity between larvae and adults are discussed.
The Impact of Compositional and Redistributive Forces on Poverty Concentration: The Case of the Atlanta, Georgia, Metropolitan Region: 1980-1990

Changes in poverty concentration have been shown to result from intrametropolitan forces that redistribute population among neighborhoods and metropolitan-wide forces that alter the overall populat...
Keeping It Public: Defending Public Service Values in a Customer Service Age

Notwithstanding the persistence and proliferation of calls to serve “customers,” these relationships incorporate distinctively public priorities and performance expectations—priorities and expectations often shaped by a desire to reduce customer vulnerabilities and prevent seller strategies that are deemed unacceptable. The authors examine these distinctively public relationships—between professionals and clients, guardians and wards, facilitators and citizens, and regulators and subjects. By acknowledging that public administration often involves relationships with multiple constituencies and that opportunities to serve them are bounded by particular legal and institutional contexts, this essay provides a pragmatic account of strategic opportunities to defend public service values.
An unprecedented nucleic acid capture mechanism for excision of DNA damage

DNA glycosylases that remove alkylated and deaminated purine nucleobases are essential DNA repair enzymes that protect the genome, and at the same time confound cancer alkylation therapy, by excising cytotoxic N3-methyladenine bases formed by DNA-targeting anticancer compounds. The basis for glycosylase specificity towards N3- and N7-alkylpurines is believed to result from intrinsic instability of the modified bases and not from direct enzyme functional group chemistry. Here we present crystal structures of the recently discovered Bacillus cereus AlkD glycosylase in complex with DNAs containing alkylated, mismatched and abasic nucleotides. Unlike other glycosylases, AlkD captures the extrahelical lesion in a solvent-exposed orientation, providing an illustration for how hydrolysis of N3- and N7-alkylated bases may be facilitated by increased lifetime out of the DNA helix. The structures and supporting biochemical analysis of base flipping and catalysis reveal how the HEAT repeats of AlkD distort the DNA backbone to detect non-Watson-Crick base pairs without duplex intercalation.
Quantification and Statistics in Six Anthropology Journals

The prominence of interpretive, literary, self-reflexive, and hermeneutic approaches in sociocultural anthropology in recent years has led some commentators to argue that the field has taken a humanistic turn. This article examines quantification and statistics in articles about sociocultural anthropology over the past several decades in six U.S. journals, assuming that the proportion of articles using these methods at any given time is a rough indicator of the balance between humanistic and scientific approaches. Although there has been a reduction in recent years in the proportion of articles using quantification and statistics in these journals, the overall drop has not been nearly as marked as many writers suggest. A notable shift away from quantifi - cation has occurred in the American Anthropologist, American Ethnologist, and Ethnology. The proportion of articles using quantification and statistics, however, has increased greatly in the Journal of Anthropological Research and remained about the same inCurrent Anthropology and Human Organization.
The E6 ⊗ SO(10) preon model based on global SU(18) color-flavor

Abstract We have constructed a version of the chiral three-preon model E6 ⊗ SO(10) based on the global color-flavor symmetry group SU(18). By applying the 't Hooft anomaly matching condition to the subgroup SU(16)×SU(2) of SU(18) together with a few physical constraints, we obtain a unique solution that gives rise to three generations of the spinorial representation 16 of SO(10) without exotics. Except for N = 18, no solution at all exists for the global color-flavor group SU(N) (16
Direct Detection of Cold Dark Matter Substructure

We devise a method to measure the abundance of satellite halos in gravitational lens galaxies and apply our method to a sample of seven lens systems. After using Monte Carlo simulations to verify the method, we find that substructure comprises fsat = 0.02 (median, 0.006 < fsat < 0.07 at 90% confidence) of the mass of typical lens galaxies, in excellent agreement with predictions of cold dark matter (CDM) simulations. We estimate a characteristic critical radius for the satellites of 00001 < b < 0006 (90% confidence). For a dn/dM M-1.8 (Mlow < M < Mhigh) satellite mass function, the critical radius provides an estimate for the upper mass limit of 106 M? Mhigh 109 M?. Our measurement confirms a generic prediction of CDM models and may obviate the need to invoke alternatives to CDM such as warm dark matter or self-interacting dark matter.
Identification and characterization of a matrix metalloproteinase (Pta1-MMP) expressed during Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) seed development, germination completion, and early seedling establishment

Extracellular matrix (ECM) modifications occur during plant growth, development, and in response to environmental stimuli. Key modulators of ECM modification in vertebrates, the extracellular matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), have also been described in a few plants. Here, we report the identification of Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) Pta1-MMP and its characterization during seed development and germination. Pta1-MMP protein has the structural characteristics of other plant MMPs, the recombinant protein exhibits Zn2+-dependent protease activity, and is inhibited by EDTA and the active site-binding hydroxamate inhibitor GM6001. The Pta1-MMP gene is expressed in both embryo and megagametophyte, with transcript levels increasing in both during the period from proembryo to early cotyledonary stage, then declining during late embryogenesis and maturation drying. Protein extracts exhibited similar developmental-stage MMP-like activity. Seed germination was stimulated by GA3 and inhibited by ABA, and the timing of germination completion was mirrored by the presence of MMP-like protease activity in both water- and GA3-imbibed embryos. Pta1-MMP gene transcript levels increased in association with radicle protrusion for both GA3- and water-treated embryos, in agreement with MMP-like activity. In contrast, by 11 days after imbibition, Pta1-MMP gene transcripts in ABA-treated embryos were at levels similar to the other treatments, although MMP-like activity was not observed. The application of GM6001 during Loblolly pine seed germination inhibited radicle protrusion. Our results suggest that MMP activity may be involved in ECM modification, facilitating the cell division and expansion required during seed development, germination completion, and subsequent seedling establishment.
Complex geometry and the asymptotics of Harish-Chandra modules for real reductive Lie groups. I

Let G be a connected semisimple real matrix group. It is now apparent that the representation theory of G is intimately connected with the complex geometry of the flag variety 9. By studying appropriate orbit structures on 9, we are naturally led to representation theory in the category of Harish-Chandra modules X@, or the representation theory of category (9'. The Jacquet functor J: F(9' has proved a useful tool in converting "yFW problems" into "(9' problems," which are often more tractable. In this paper, we advance the philosophy that the complex geometry of 9, associated to yF and (9', interacts in a natural way with the functor J, leading to deep new information on the structure of Jacquet modules. This, in turn, gives new insight into the structure of certain nilpotent cohomology groups associated to Harish-Chandra modules. Our techniques are based upon many of the ideas present in the proof of the Kazhdan-Lusztig conjectures and Bernstein's proof of the Jantzen conjecture.
Valparaíso: la ciudad-puerto más importante de Chile y la vulnerabilidad de su patrimonio arquitectónico a los riesgos sísmicos

Historical processes, Geographical conditions and seismical conditions are the prime factors that have directly determined the permanence of the architectural heritage in the City of Valparaiso, whose Foundational Area has been included by UNESCO in the World Heritage Roster. Cyclical and frequent natural phenomena (seismic activity and tsunamis) have configured a Geography that exhibits the vulnerability of its natural landscape and the risks of its cultural heritage together with the lives of its population.
Applications of Biologically Inspired Membranes

Nastic materials are a novel high energy density engineered membrane based on processes found in the plant kingdom. These membranes are engineered using biomimetic principles using protein transporters extracted from beet cells. These embedded transporters are capable of producing work through pumping fluid across the membrane (dependent on concentrations and fuel availability). Through this process, they may also produce controllable bulk deformation through the establishment of an osmotic gradient.Current experimental testing has been focused largely on a cylindrical setup, where the membrane is stretched across one side of a barrel apparatus. To determine the total potential of the nastic material, a spherical set up must be examined, which is costly to create in a laboratory environment. To determine the worth of the spherical model, a computational model was created using transport principles examined by Endresen et al.This model will be examined and modified to simulate a wide variety of conditions. Through careful evaluation of the results, data for actuation properties and model performance based on inputs and conditions will be obtained. This data will assist in determining the overall capabilities of the nastic material, and will aid future research. Finally, alternate uses for the nastic materials will be explored and discussed.
A novel thermal-constrained energy-aware partitioning algorithm for heterogeneous multiprocessor real-time systems

Next-generation multiprocessor real-time systems consume less energy at the cost of increased power density. This increase in power density results in high heat density and may affect the reliability and performance of real-time systems. Thus, incorporating maximum temperature constraints in scheduling of real-time task sets is an important challenge. This paper investigates a novel algorithm for thermal-constrained energy-aware partitioning of periodic real-time tasks in heterogeneous multiprocessor systems. When designing our new algorithm, we have applied insights gained from a famous knapsack problem solution. Both simulation and experimental results show that our new branch-and-bound based partitioning algorithm can significantly reduce the total energy consumption of multiprocessor real-time systems.
The Dynamics of Wetland Landscape Pattern of Qinhuangdao City

This paper explored the dynamics of the wetland landscape patterns of Qinhuangdao city from 1993 to 2008 on the GIS platform and based on the TM / ETM remote sensing image data source. The results showed that, during the year of 1993 to 2008, the wetland area has reduced by nearly 263 km2, among which, paddy field area reduced of 216 km2, accounting for 82% of the total reducing. This showed that the wetlands of Qinhuangdao city is mainly consisting of artificial wetlands, and because of the changing climate and the pressure of the water resources, the paddy field disappeared, which is the main factor that deciding the wetland.
Integrated Networking and Visualization Approach to Crash Data Analysis

An integrated networking and visualization approach to crash data analysis is proposed and tested. A three-tier client server networking system is set up to serve as the backbone framework for data communication between the central database and distributed users. By using a local database-management system, a user at the client level can view the crash data through data mapping and attribute listing and can analyze the data through nested query and sorting operations. A visualization module, based on the types, movement characteristics, and points of impact of the vehicles involved in the crash, automatically constructs the collision diagram by using data selected for visual display. Data on both intersections and pipeline sections can be visualized and analyzed. The model was tested by using crash data obtained from the Ohio Department of Public Safety, and examples are presented. It was discovered that the proposed approach to crash data analysis not only is very effective but also is more accurate and ...
Pre-slaughter transport, AMP-activated protein kinase, glycolysis, and quality of pork loin

Numerous studies have revealed that pre-slaughter stress, like transport, increases the occurrence of pale, soft, and exudative (PSE) pork meat. The molecular mechanism underlying this phenomenon, however, is poorly defined. In this study, we investigated the effects of pre-slaughter transport and subsequent rest on energy metabolism, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation, and glycolysis in postmortem pork loin. Results indicated that pre-slaughter transport accelerated ATP depletion, which led to lower energy status in postmortem muscle immediately post-exsanguination when compared with control. The lower energy status led to AMPK activation within 1 h postmortem, subsequently increasing glycolysis, leading to rapid glycolysis and high incidence of PSE meat. Allowing pigs to rest after transport restored energy status in muscle ante-mortem. Higher energy status then prevented premature and rapid AMPK activation in postmortem muscle and lessened the negative effects of pre-slaughter transport on meat quality. AMPK regulated glycolysis in postmortem muscle, at least partially, through phosphorylation and activation of phosphofructose kinase-2, since fructose-2,6-diphosphate content, an allosteric activator of phosphofructose kinase-1, was well correlated with AMPK activation and glycolytic rate. This suggests that AMPK is a potential molecular target for the control of PSE incidence in pork.
Logarithmic Lp Bounds for Maximal Directional Singular Integrals in the Plane

Let K be a Calderon–Zygmund convolution kernel on ℝ. We discuss the L p -boundedness of the maximal directional singular integral $$T_{\mathbf{V}} f (x)= \sup_{v \in \mathbf{V}} \bigg| \int_{\mathbb{R}} f(x+t v) K(t) \, \mathrm{d} {t} \bigg| $$ where V is a finite set of N directions. Logarithmic bounds (for 2≤p<∞) are established for a set V of arbitrary structure. Sharp bounds are proved for lacunary and Vargas sets of directions. The latter include the case of uniformly distributed directions and the finite truncations of the Cantor set. We make use of both classical harmonic analysis methods and product-BMO based time-frequency analysis techniques. As a further application of the latter, we derive an L p almost orthogonality principle for Fourier restrictions to cones.
Choline sulfate (ester) in marine higher fungi

Abstract Choline sulfate (ester) was isolated from the marine imperfect fungus Zalerion maritimum (Linder) Anastasiou, and was subsequently revealed by comparative thin-layer chromatography in eighteen additional isolates of marine fungi including Z. maritimum and ten species of Ascomycetes. The possible role of choline sulfate in the metabolism of marine fungi is discussed in the light of its demonstrated roles in terrestrial higher fungi. The IR and NMR spectral characteristics of choline sulfate (ester) are reported for the first time.
Measurement of Tropospheric Index-of-Refraction Fluctuations and Profiles

This paper presents measurements of index-of-refraction fluctuations and profiles made with a direct reading microwave refractometer over the Atlantic Ocean and coastal areas near Lakehurst, N.J., in April 1951 and over the vicinity of Wright-Patterson Field, Dayton, Ohio, in June 1951.
Coupled-mode analysis of dynamic polarization volume holograms

A new theory is presented that describes the writing and readout of polarization volume holograms in dynamic photoanisotropic organic materials (DPOMs). Based on the coupled mode theory, the stationary coupled differential equations, which incorporate self diffraction, of two recording beams are derived in the slowly varying amplitude approximation. From these equations, the intensity and phase of the recording beams at steady state can be studied so that the final recorded polarization hologram can be described. The analytic solutions are presented for orthogonal linear and orthogonal circular recording geometries. Under the assumption of a weak probe beam, the readout equations are derived and the diffraction efficiency of polarization volume holograms is analytically solved. Numerical simulation results are provided and compared with the analytic solutions.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
MISSING LINKS IN THE PUBLIC SCHOOL CURRICULUM: FOUR DIMENSIONS FOR CHANGE

Our society is changing at a pace hardly imagined a century, even a few decades ago. The role of education is crucial in helping prepare our young people to both cope with and take responsibility for shaping these changes in ways consistent with the values of a free society. To this end, four overarching themes for change in curriculum are examined: (1) the competencies and attitudes needed to understand and engage in systems thinking; (2) the development of self and inter-personal knowledge and skills; (3) understanding of the connectiveness of knowledge; and (4) the ability to think critically.
High-power, widely tunable Cr 2+ : ZnSe laser

We demonstrate high-power (4 W), widely-tunable (400 nm) polycrystalline Cr2+: ZnSe CW laser system utilizing an astigmatically-compensated Littrow-configuration cavity design. Using an etalon, linewidths as low as 2 nm were achieved.
Matrix Assisted Ionization in Vacuum, a Sensitive and Widely Applicable Ionization Method for Mass Spectrometry

An astonishingly simple new method to produce gas-phase ions of small molecules as well as proteins from the solid state under cold vacuum conditions is described. This matrix assisted ionization vacuum (MAIV) mass spectrometry (MS) method produces multiply charged ions similar to those that typify electrospray ionization (ESI) and uses sample preparation methods that are nearly identical to matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI). Unlike these established methods, MAIV does not require a laser or voltage for ionization, and unlike the recently introduced matrix assisted ionization inlet method, does not require added heat. MAIV-MS requires only introduction of a crystalline mixture of the analyte incorporated with a suitable small molecule matrix compound such as 3-nitrobenzonitrile directly to the vacuum of the mass spectrometer. Vacuum intermediate pressure MALDI sources and modified ESI sources successfully produce ions for analysis by MS with this method. As in ESI-MS, ion formation is continuous and, without a laser, little chemical background is observed. MAIV, operating from a surface offers the possibility of significantly improved sensitivity relative to atmospheric pressure ionization because ions are produced in the vacuum region of the mass spectrometer eliminating losses associated with ion transfer from atmospheric pressure to vacuum. Mechanistic aspects and potential applications for this new ionization method are discussed.
Positive Tail Loads for Minimum Induced Drag of Subsonic Aircraft

By applying Prandtl's relation for the induced drag of a biplane to typical wing-tail combinations, it can be shown that the minimum induced drag occurs with a positive tail upload. This fact has been overlooked because the reduction in the total induced drag by a tail download was overestimated by using the total downwash of the wing on the tail, while neglecting the downwash produced on the wing by the tail. It is proved that, regardless of the relative size of the tail, the downwash produced by a tail download increases the induced drag of the wing so as to cancel the additional "tail thrust," and keep the mutually induced drag of a wing-tail combination the same as that induced upon the tail alone when it is in the wing's Trefftz-plane. At any finite tail length the bound circulation vortex of the wing produces a downwash that increases the induced drag of a tail upload. However, the circulation vortex system of the tail upload produces an upwash on the wing that results in a "wing thrust" component that cancels the increased drag on the tail so that the total induced drag is a minimum with a positive tail load. In order to facilitate the calculation of the mutually induced drag of typical wing-tail combinations, an explicit relation is derived for the limiting case of a small-span tail at any distance above or below a large-span wing.
Feasibility of near infrared spectroscopy for analyzing corn kernel damage and viability of soybean and corn kernels

Abstract The current US corn grading system accounts for the portion of damaged kernels, measured by time-consuming and inaccurate visual inspection. Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), a non-destructive and fast analytical method, was tested as a tool for discriminating corn kernels with heat and frost damage. Four classification algorithms were utilized: Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA), k-nearest neighbors (K-NN), and least-squares support vector machines (LS-SVM). The feasibility of NIRS for discriminating normal or viable-germinating corn kernels and soybean seeds from abnormal or dead seeds was also tested. This application could be highly valuable for seed breeders and germplasm-preservation managers because current viability tests are based on a destructive method where the seed is germinated. Heat-damaged corn kernels were best discriminated by PLS-DA, with 99% accuracy. The discrimination of frost-damaged corn kernels was not possible. Discrimination of non-viable seeds from viable also was not possible. Since previous results in the literature contradict the current damage-discrimination results, the threshold of seed damage necessary for NIRS detection should be analyzed in the future. NIRS may accurately classify seeds based on changes due to damage, without any correlation with germination.
Development of a method to determine bioavailable phosphorus loss in agricultural runoff

Abstract The loss of bioavailable P (BAP) in agricultural runoff can accelerate the eutrophication of receiving water bodies. Although several algal assays and chemical extractions have been proposed to estimate BAP, procedural and theoretical limitations have restricted their widespread use. This study evaluates the use of iron-oxide impregnated paper strips (Fe-oxide strips) to estimate the BAP content of runoff from 20 agricultural watersheds in the Southern Plains during 1988–1990. In the proposed method, BAP is determined by shaking 50 ml of unfiltered runoff with one Fe-oxide strip for 16 h. Phosphorus is removed from the strip by 0.1 M H2SO4 and measured. The BAP content of runoff sediment was related (r2 = 0.92–0.95) to the growth of P-starved algae incubated for 29 days with runoff as the sole source of P. Acting as a P sink, the strips have a stronger theoretical basis than chemical extraction in estimating BAP in agricultural runoff.
An empirical evaluation of a scale to measure occupational aspiration level

Abstract Data from 34,118 American high school students are used to evaluate the Occupational Aspiration Scale (OAS). The OAS is successively reevaluated for each of 16 subsamples (cells) generated by cross-classifying respondents by grade in school (9–12), sex, and socioeconomic status (SES). In each cell the OAS is found to be essentially unifactorial, and that factor is identified as level of occupational aspiration (LOA). The reliability of the OAS is slightly lower among females ( r kk = .681) than among males ( r kk = .756); it does not vary appreciably by grade or SES. The mean scores are lower for youth from low SES families than for those from high SES families, in accord with previous research. Mean OAS differences due to sex and grade are small. No important differences by age, sex, or SES are found in the standard deviations of the test scores. This and previously published data from small, local samples indicate that the reliability and validity of the OAS are sufficient for research on high school youth of both sexes and from both higher and lower SES levels.
Weight change in older depressed patients during acute pharmacotherapy with paroxetine and nortriptyline: a double-blind randomized trial.

The authors examined weight change in 32 elderly patients treated for 12 weeks with either nortriptyline or paroxetine during acute-phase pharmacotherapy. Random assignment to treatment and double-blind assessment of weight change were performed, including ascertainment of premorbid (i.e., pre-depression) weight. Pretreatment severity of depression was correlated with weight loss during the depressive episode and depression-related weight loss, in turn, correlated with weight regained during antidepressant treatment. There was no differential weight change associated with nortriptyline vs. paroxetine. Rather, subjects in both groups approximated their premorbid weights by 12 weeks of acute-phase pharmacotherapy with either agent. However, additional investigation of weight change during continuation and maintenance pharmacotherapy is necessary and would be clinically useful for the long-term management of elderly patients with depression.
A2 exchange in the reaction π−p→π−π+n at 17.2 GeV/c

Abstract Absorptive A2 exchange is studied using the recent high statistics π−p→π−π+n CERN-Munich data at 17.2 GeV/c. The model amplitudes are compared with a recent amplitude analysis and their importance for polarized target measurements (imaginary parts of density matrix elements) are discussed and high-energy predictions given.
Greenhouse sensitivity experiments with penetrative cumulus convection and tropical cirrus albedo effects

Results are presented from two versions of a global R15 atmospheric general circulation model (GCM) coupled to a nondynamic, 50-m deep, slab ocean. Both versions include a penetrative convection scheme that has the effect of pumping more moisture higher into the troposphere. One also includes a simple prescribed functional dependence of cloud albedo in areas of high sea-surface temperature (SST) and deep convection. Previous analysis of observations has shown that in regions of high SST and deep convection, the upper-level cloud albedos increase as a result of the greater optical depth associated with increased moisture content. Based on these observations, we prescribe increased middle- and upper-level cloud albedos in regions of SST greater than 303 K where deep convection occurs. This crudely accounts for a type of cloud optical property feedback, but is well short of a computed cloud-optical property scheme. Since great uncertainty accompanies the formulation and tuning of such schemes, the prescribed albedo feedback is an intermediate step to examine basic feedbacks and sensitivities. We compare the two model versions (with earlier results from the same model with convective adjustment) to a model from the Canadian Climate Centre (CCC) having convective adjustment and a computed cloud optical properties feedback scheme and to several other GCMs. The addition of penetrative convection increases tropospheric moisture, cloud amount, and planetary albedo and decreases net solar input at the surface. However, the competing effect of increased downward infrared flux (from increased tropospheric moisture) causes a warmer surface and increased latent heat flux. Adding the prescribed cirrus albedo feedback decreases net solar input at the surface in the tropics, since the cloud albedos increase in regions of high SST and deep convection. Downward infrared radiation (from increased moisture) also increases, but this effect is overpowered by the reduced solar input in the tropics. Therefore, the surface is somewhat cooler in the tropics, latent heat flux decreases, and global average sensitivity to a doubling of CO2 with regard to temperature and precipitation/evaporation feedback is reduced. Similar processes, evident in the CCC model with convective adjustment and a computed cloud optical properties feedback scheme, occur over a somewhat expanded latitudinal range. The addition of penetrative convection produces global effects, as does the prescribed cirrus albedo feedback, although the strongest local effects of the latter occur in the tropics.
Small zeros of quadratic forms modulo p, III

Let Q(x) = Q(x 1 x 2,…, x n) be a quadratic form with integer coefficients and p be an odd prime. Let µ=µ(Q,p) be minimal such that there is a nonzero x∈Z n with max |x i|≤µ and $$ Q\left( x \right) \equiv 0\,\left( {\bmod p} \right). $$ (1)
Recent Development in Precision Thermal Forming of Glass and Plastic Optics

Current research in thermal forming of glass and polymer optics at Ohio State is highlighted in the use of carbide-bonded graphene as an effective and high performance coating material.
Prevalence of colorectal neoplasia among young African Americans and Hispanic Americans.

Background The disproportionately higher incidence of and mortality from colorectal cancer (CRC) among African Americans (AA) led the American College of Gastroenterology to recommend screening starting at age 45 in 2005.