cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cellular Retinoic Acid Binding Proteins: Genomic and Non-genomic Functions and their Regulation.

Cellular retinoic acid binding proteins (CRABPs) are high-affinity retinoic acid (RA) binding proteins that mainly reside in the cytoplasm. In mammals, this family has two members, CRABPI and II, both highly conserved during evolution. The two proteins share a very similar structure that is characteristic of a “β-clam” motif built up from10-strands. The proteins are encoded by two different genes that share a very similar genomic structure. CRABPI is widely distributed and CRABPII has restricted expression in only certain tissues. The CrabpI gene is driven by a housekeeping promoter, but can be regulated by numerous factors, including thyroid hormones and RA, which engage a specific chromatin-remodeling complex containing either TRAP220 or RIP140 as coactivator and corepressor, respectively. The chromatin-remodeling complex binds the DR4 element in the CrabpI gene promoter to activate or repress this gene in different cellular backgrounds. The CrabpII gene promoter contains a TATA-box and is rapidly activated by RA through an RA response element. Biochemical and cell culture studies carried out in vitro show the two proteins have distinct biological functions. CRABPII mainly functions to deliver RA to the nuclear RA receptors for gene regulation, although recent studies suggest that CRABPII may also be involved in other cellular events, such as RNA stability. In contrast, biochemical and cell culture studies suggest that CRABPI functions mainly in the cytoplasm to modulate intracellular RA availability/concentration and to engage other signaling components such as ERK activity. However, these functional studies remain inconclusive because knocking out one or both genes in mice does not produce definitive phenotypes. Further studies are needed to unambiguously decipher the exact physiological activities of these two proteins.
Women's Mental Health and Well-being 5 Years After Receiving or Being Denied an Abortion: A Prospective, Longitudinal Cohort Study.

Importance The idea that abortion leads to adverse psychological outcomes has been the basis for legislation mandating counseling before obtaining an abortion and other policies to restrict access to abortion. Objective To assess women’s psychological well-being 5 years after receiving or being denied an abortion. Design, Setting, and Participants This study presents data from the Turnaway Study, a prospective longitudinal study with a quasi-experimental design. Women were recruited from January 1, 2008, to December 31, 2010, from 30 abortion facilities in 21 states throughout the United States, interviewed via telephone 1 week after seeking an abortion, and then interviewed semiannually for 5 years, totaling 11 interview waves. Interviews were completed January 31, 2016. We examined the psychological trajectories of women who received abortions just under the facility’s gestational limit (near-limit group) and compared them with women who sought but were denied an abortion because they were just beyond the facility gestational limit (turnaway group, which includes the turnaway-birth and turnaway-no-birth groups). We used mixed effects linear and logistic regression analyses to assess whether psychological trajectories differed by study group. Main Outcomes and Measures We included 6 measures of mental health and well-being: 2 measures of depression and 2 measures of anxiety assessed using the Brief Symptom Inventory, as well as self-esteem, and life satisfaction. Results Of the 956 women (mean [SD] age, 24.9 [5.8] years) in the study, at 1 week after seeking an abortion, compared with the near-limit group, women denied an abortion reported more anxiety symptoms (turnaway-births, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.01 to 1.13; turnaway-no-births, 2.29; 95% CI, 1.39 to 3.18), lower self-esteem (turnaway-births, –0.33; 95% CI, –0.56 to –0.09; turnaway-no-births, –0.40; 95% CI, –0.78 to –0.02), lower life satisfaction (turnaway-births, –0.16; 95% CI, –0.38 to 0.06; turnaway-no-births, –0.41; 95% CI, –0.77 to –0.06), and similar levels of depression (turnaway-births, 0.13; 95% CI, –0.46 to 0.72; turnaway-no-births, 0.44; 95% CI, –0.50 to 1.39). Conclusions and Relevance In this study, compared with having an abortion, being denied an abortion may be associated with greater risk of initially experiencing adverse psychological outcomes. Psychological well-being improved over time so that both groups of women eventually converged. These findings do not support policies that restrict women’s access to abortion on the basis that abortion harms women’s mental health.
A Model for Removal of Surface-Bound Tritium Using Humid Air

A model has been developed to describe the observed release rate of tritium from a research-scale laser inertial confinement fusion chamber during humid air purge cycles. The relative roles of succ...
Sleep in Studio Based Courses: Outcomes for Creativity Task Performance

Good sleep quality is important to cognition, physical health, mental well-being, and creativity—factors critical to academic and professional success. But, undergraduate students often report engaging in short, irregular, and poor-quality sleep. Anecdotal and questionnaire data suggest that poor sleep habits might be prevalent in students who are in studio- or project-based majors that implicitly encourage consecutive nights of disrupted sleep to complete projects. We investigated sleep quantity and quality using both objective measures (wristband actigraphy monitoring) and subjective measures (sleep diary) in 28 interior design undergraduate students for a 7-day period. Our primary aim was to measure sleep quantity (total sleep time) and quality (e.g., nighttime awakenings) and to compare whether undergraduate interior design students' objective measures of sleep (actigraphy) differed from their subjective measures (sleep diary). The secondary aim was to investigate detrimental outcomes of poor sleep habits on laboratory-based measures of cognitive function (symmetry span, prospective memory, Raven's progressive matrices, remote associates task) that were administered pre- and poststudy. We found that the interior design students in our study overestimated their total sleep time by 36 minutes, that 79% of students slept for fewer than 7 hours at least three nights per week, and that many students cycled between nights of restricted/short sleep and recovery/long sleep. Importantly, students who maintained short sleep durations, highly variable night-to-night sleep durations, or had fragmented sleep (i.e., waking after sleep onset) demonstrated pre- to poststudy declines on the laboratory measure of creativity (remote associates task). These findings suggest the need for further investigations, which may lead to a broader discussion of studio culture and the role of the “all-nighter,” both in professional practice and in design education.
Determination of Atrazine, Simazine, Alachlor, and Metolachlor in Surface Water Using Dispersive Pipette Extraction and Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry

Four commonly found pesticides (alachlor, atrazine, metolachlor, and simazine) in surface water were determined using dispersive pipette extraction followed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry....
Enzymes produced by autoactivation of blood factor XII in buffer: A contribution from the Hematology at Biomaterial Interfaces Research Group

Abstract High-resolution electrophoresis of FXII -derived proteins produced by contact activation of FXII in buffer solutions ( i.e . in absence of plasma proteins) with hydrophilic and silanized-glass activators spanning the observable range of water wettability (hydrophilic to hydrophobic), shows no evidence of proteolytic cleavage of FXII into αFXIIa or βFXIIa . The autoactivation mixture contains only a single-chain protein with a molecular weight of ∼80 kDa, confirming Oscar Ratnoff's previous finding of a single-chain activated form of FXII that he called ‘ HF ea ’. Functional assays have shown that these autoactivation products exhibit procoagulant potential (protease activity inducing clotting of blood) or amidolytic potential (cleaves amino bonds in s-2302 chromogen but do not cause coagulation of plasma) or both amidolytic potential and procoagulant potential. Some of these proteins also have the remarkable potential to ‘suppress autoactivation’ ( i.e . suppress creation of enzymes with procoagulant potential). It is thus hypothesized that autoactivation of FXII in the absence of plasma proteins generates not just a single type of activated conformer, as suggested by previous researchers, but rather an ensemble of conformer products with collective activity that varies with activator surface energy used in contact activation of FXII . Furthermore, reaction of αFXIIa with FXII in buffer solution does not produce additional αFXIIa by the putative autoamplification reaction FXIIa + FXII → 2 FXIIa as has been proposed in past literature to account for the discrepancy between chromogenic and plasma-coagulation assays for αFXIIa in buffer solution. Instead, net procoagulant activity measured directly by plasma-coagulation assays, decreases systematically with increasing FXII solution concentration. Under the same reaction conditions, chromogenic assay reveals that net amidolytic activity increases with increasing FXII solution concentration. Thus, although autoamplification does not occur it appears that there is some form of “ FXII self reaction” that influences products of αFXIIa reaction with FXII . Electrophoretic measurements indicate that no proteolytic cleavage takes in this reaction leading us to conclude that change in activity is most likely due to change(s) in FXII conformation (with related change in enzyme activity).
Election integrity: the constitutionality of transitioning to electronic voting in comparative terms

While we tend to think of digital democracy as a positive development, embracing electronic voting may be a risky endeavor for democracies. Even assuming technology can reliably replace traditional paper voting, transitioning to e-voting may mean paying heavy prices in terms of transparency, popular participation in elections, and public trust in the democratic system. Additionally, the assumption that digital elections can be reliable may not comport with reality, given that saboteurs have immeasurable incentives to sway electoral results. Were we to permit remote digital voting, it would also be impossible to guarantee the free and secret nature of elections. Moreover, remote digital voting would completely transform the communal nature of elections as integral to a nation's collective self-definition. Changing the voting processes should thus be treated as a constitutional matter, with distinct variables in any given country. Countries should thus be careful when drawing conclusions from other countries' experiences with digital voting. Especially in the context of e-voting, the application of constitutional standards may require different decisions for different countries. The factors affecting such decisions are enumerated.
Medicaid Prior Authorization Policies for Medication Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Young Children, United States, 2015:

Objectives:In 2011, the American Academy of Pediatrics updated its guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) to recommend that clin...
Exposure to Point-of-Sale Marketing of Cigarettes and E-Cigarettes as Predictors of Smoking Cessation Behaviors.

Introduction Cue-reactivity theory suggests that smoking-related visual cues such as point-of-sale (POS) marketing (eg, advertising, product displays) may undermine cessation attempts by causing an increase in nicotine cravings among users. This study examined the relationship between recall of exposure to POS marketing and subsequent cessation behaviors among young adult cigarette smokers. Methods Participants included 813, 18-29 year old (m = 21.1, SD = 2.70), current cigarette smokers attending 24 Texas colleges. Multivariable logistic regression models examined the impact of baseline self-reported exposure to cigarette and e-cigarette advertising and product displays, on using e-cigarettes for cessation and successful cigarette cessation at 6-month follow-up. Two-way interactions between product-specific advertising and between product-specific displays were examined to determine if the marketing of one product strengthened the cue reactivity of the other. Baseline covariates included sociodemographic factors, past quit attempts, intentions to quit smoking, and nicotine dependence. Results Exposure to e-cigarette displays was associated with lower odds of cigarette smoking cessation, controlling for covariates and conventional cigarette display exposure. E-cigarette advertising was positively associated with the use of e-cigarettes for cigarette cessation among participants exposed to low (ie, at least 1 SD below the mean) levels of cigarette advertising. Cigarette advertising was associated with the use of e-cigarettes for cigarette cessation only among those exposed to low levels of e-cigarette advertising. Exposure to cigarette displays was not associated with either outcome. Conclusion Smoking-related cues at POS may undermine successful cigarette cessation. Exposure to product displays decrease odds of cessation. Advertising exposure increased odds for using e-cigarettes for cessation attempts, but may have guided smokers towards an unproven cessation aid. Implications By examining the interaction of conventional cigarette and e-cigarette marketing exposure, this study adds a unique insight into the impact of retail tobacco marketing on cigarette smoking cessation behavior among young adults. These findings suggest that policies that balance encouraging cigarette smoking cessation while limiting marketing strategies should be considered, such as POS product displays, that may undermine successful cessation attempts.
Mass Flow Meters and the Citrus Industry

Units of mass, length, and time constitute the basis of all physical measurement. As a fundamental standard of measurement, mass does not derive its units of measure from any other source. A pound is always a pound and is not affected by changes in temperature, pressure, density, or viscosity. This consistency makes mass an ideal property to measure.Paper published with permission.Compilation Copyright © 2018 ASME
A System-of-Systems Approach to the Strategic Feasibility of Modular Vehicle Fleets

The value proposition for ground vehicle modularity in the U.S. Army and other services has been a topic of continuing debate. Studies to date have largely focused on individual system elements such as manufacturing or maintenance, lacking a holistic perspective of the implications of modularity for the entire fleet operation and life-cycle. The U.S. Army Science and Technology community has demonstrated the technical feasibility of large-scale, transformative ground vehicle modularity, but the business case for modularity remains incomplete. There are multiple criteria tradeoffs between modular and mission-specific (conventional) vehicle platforms, such as total life-cycle cost, mission utility, personnel requirements, and fleet adaptability. This paper presents a system-of-systems framework to address these tradeoffs to support high-level decisions on the strategic feasibility of ground vehicle modularity. We demonstrate this framework with a notional example and an application to the Joint Tactical Transport System (JTTS), a U.S. Army Tank Automotive Research, Development and Engineering Center demonstrator program. Under certain modeling assumptions with regards to the operation of a modular fleet, results for the JTTS study indicate that modularity can lead to significant cost savings at the expense of increased personnel requirements.
The Sulfur Dioxide Submillimeter Wave Lasers

Coherent far-infrared or submillimeter-wave (SMMW) radiation has been obtained by using sulfur dioxide (SO2) as the active medium of optically pumped lasers (Bugaev and Shliteris; Calloway and Danielewicz, 1981A; Simonis, et al.; Tobin; Calloway and Danielewicz, 1981B) and of electric discharge lasers (Dyubko et al.; Hard; Hassler and Coleman; Hubner et al.; Hassler et al.). This article will primarily review the results for optical pumping with a CO2 laser, but will also discuss briefly the mechanisms proposed for the discharge laser.
Botulinum neurotoxin-producing bacteria. Isn’t it time that we called a species a species?

ABSTRACT Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are produced by a diverse set of seven clostridial species, though alternate naming systems have developed over the last 100 years. Starting in the 1950s, a single-species taxonomy where any bacterium producing BoNT would be designated Clostridium botulinum was introduced. As the extreme diversity of these strains was recognized, a secondary system of taxonomic “groups” evolved. It became clear that these groups also had members that did not produce BoNT, and in some cases, they were given formal species names. Genomic analysis now clearly identifies species affiliations whether an isolate is toxigenic or not. It is clear that C. botulinum group nomenclature is no longer appropriate and that there are recognized species names for each clostridium. We advocate for the use of the scientific binomials and that the single-species group nomenclature be abandoned.
Chronic rhinosinusitis in elderly patients is associated with an exaggerated neutrophilic proinflammatory response to pathogenic bacteria

Background Potential effects of aging on chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) pathophysiology have not been well defined but might have important ramifications given a rapidly aging US and world population. Objective The goal of the current study was to determine whether advanced age is associated with specific inflammatory CRS endotypes or immune signatures. Methods Levels of 17 mucus cytokines and inflammatory mediators were measured in 147 patients with CRS. Hierarchical cluster analysis was used to identify and characterize inflammatory CRS endotypes, as well as to determine whether age was associated with specific immune signatures. Results A CRS endotype with a proinflammatory neutrophilic immune signature was enriched in older patients. In the overall cohort patients 60 years and older had increased mucus levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α when compared with their younger counterparts. Increases in levels of proinflammatory cytokines were associated with both tissue neutrophilia and symptomatic bacterial infection/colonization in aged patients. Conclusions Aged patients with CRS have a unique inflammatory signature that corresponds to a neutrophilic proinflammatory response. Neutrophil-driven inflammation in aged patients with CRS might be less likely to respond to corticosteroids and might be closely linked to chronic microbial infection or colonization.
Choice of Tethering Material Influences the Magnitude and Significance of Treatment Effects in Whitefly Electrical Penetration Graph Recordings

The electrical penetration graphing or electropenetrography (EPG) technique is essential for understanding interactions of hemipteran insects with their host plants. Typically, 10–12.5 μm diameter gold wire is used as the tethering material in EPG studies. This wire was originally chosen based on suitability for aphids, but application of the EPG technique to other insects necessitates testing of alternative tethering materials that permit natural foraging and probing behavior. Whiteflies are one group for which EPG studies are increasing, with most researchers using 10 or 12.5 μm diameter gold wire even though these insects are smaller than aphids and very different in mobility. However, 2.5 μm diameter Wollaston process platinum wire has been used for a subset of EPG studies and seems to permit more natural movement and feeding behaviors. Here, we compared EPG variables derived from recordings of the sweet potato whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) tethered with 12.5 μm diameter gold wire or 2.5 μm diameter platinum wire. On a suitable host, gold-tethered whiteflies had reduced phloem phases, which are indicative of host plant acceptance, compared to platinum-tethered whiteflies. When we included a treatment known to reduce plant quality (methyl jasmonate application), platinum-tethered whiteflies exhibited expected reductions in EPG variables related to host acceptance, while gold-tethered whiteflies either had no response, or the opposite response. Our results indicate that tethering material strongly influences the outcome of EPG experiments, with important consequences for evaluations of host plant resistance, putative instances of plant virus manipulation, and feeding variables associated with virus transmission.
An approach for analyzing the spatial welfare and distributional effects of ocean wind power siting: The Rhode Island/Massachusetts area of mutual interest

Abstract Coastal and marine spatial planning (CMSP) involves characterizing the potential socioeconomic consequences of locating one or more human uses in place of others in the coastal ocean. Most commonly, the focus of CMSP is on the siting of alternative uses across ocean space. This article examines the broader economic and distributional effects of the potential siting of a renewable energy facility (wind power) in a southern New England offshore area that also is used intensively for commercial fishing. For a leading siting alternative, a counterfactual involving the complete displacement of commercial fishing would result in estimated direct output impacts to the regional economy of $5 million, leading to $11 million in direct, indirect, and induced impacts and a corresponding loss of about 150 jobs. Total economic welfare losses were estimated at $14 million, reflecting not only output reductions but also the effects of price increases in the relevant markets. The welfare losses would be progressively distributed, such that households in mid- to high-income categories would likely bear the most significant impacts. Adjusting these welfare losses for society׳s aversion to income inequality, inequality-adjusted impacts would be more pronounced in areas that are not necessarily located in close proximity to the coastline. Individual low-income households located in five non-coastal census tracts would bear estimated median impacts (≥$140/year), which would be an order of magnitude larger than those borne by the next group of impacted households. When implementing CMSP, it is critically important to characterize not only the distribution of effects over the coastal ocean but also the distribution of impacts on coupled human communities onshore, including those communities that may not be considered strictly coastal.
Black-White Differences in the Use of Personal Advertisements for Individuals Seeking Interracial Relationships:

The study of interracial unions is valuable in understanding the nature of race relationships (Aldridge, 1978). Negative attitudes toward interracial unions from both dominant and subordinate racial group members provide for formidable psychological and emotional barriers to interracial contact, helping to maintain a racially stratified society (Lewis & Yancey, 1994-1995). Stember (1976) has argued that majority group attitudes and beliefs that negatively view interracial marriages are key components of sexual racism. Gordon (1964) stresses that widespread acceptance of biracial marriage within society is a major step in an assimilation process whereby majority and minority racial groups eventually amalgamate one another. It has been suggested that assimilation may provide a realistic way topromoteracial equality (Myrdal, 1964; Parsons, 1965-1966; Patterson, 1977). This viewpoint holds that wherever racial and cultural separation exists, misunderstanding and division canoccur. Therefore, members of other races can become alienated from each other if they do not have sufficient personal interaction. Assimilation may give the opportunity for individuals of different races to develop intimate and personal knowledge of each other and thus reduce the probability of conflict. Thus, biracial relationships may
Dehydration assessment via a portable, single sided magnetic resonance sensor.

PURPOSE Undiagnosed dehydration compromises health outcomes across many populations. Existing dehydration diagnostics require invasive bodily fluid sampling or are easily confounded by fluid and electrolyte intake, environment, and physical activity limiting widespread adoption. We present a portable MR sensor designed to measure intramuscular fluid shifts to identify volume depletion. METHODS Fluid loss is induced via a mouse model of thermal dehydration (37°C; 15-20% relative humidity). We demonstrate quantification of fluid loss induced by hyperosmotic dehydration with multicomponent T2 relaxometry using both a benchtop NMR system and MRI localized to skeletal muscle tissue. We then describe a miniaturized (~1000 cm3 ) portable (~4 kg) MR sensor (0.28 T) designed to identify dehydration-induced fluid loss. T2 relaxometry measurements were performed using a Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill pulse sequence in ~4 min. RESULTS T2 values from the portable MR sensor exhibited strong (R2 = 0.996) agreement with benchtop NMR spectrometer. Thermal dehydration induced weight loss of 4 to 11% over 5 to 10 h. Fluid loss induced by thermal dehydration was accurately identified via whole-animal NMR and skeletal muscle. The portable MR sensor accurately identified dehydration via multicomponent T2 relaxometry. CONCLUSION Performing multicomponent T2 relaxometry localized to the skeletal muscle with a miniaturized MR sensor provides a noninvasive, physiologically relevant measure of dehydration induced fluid loss in a mouse model. This approach offers sensor portability, reduced system complexity, fully automated operation, and low cost compared with MRI. This approach may serve as a versatile and portable point of care technique for dehydration monitoring.
P-V-T Behavior of Neon at Temperatures from 70° to 120°K and Pressures to 300 Atmospheres

The Burnett method is an experimental technique, introduced by Burnett [1] in 1936, which makes it possible to obtain accurate P-V-T data for pure gases and gas mixtures without requiring volume and mass measurements of the test gas at each experimental point. The mathematical formalism of the method has been presented by several authors [2–7].
The Role of Broad-Based Employee Ownership Opportunities in Prisoner Reentry

This research investigates the relationship between Employee Stock Ownership Plans (ESOPs) and criminal participation as measured by arrests, conviction, and incarceration among formerly incarcerated individuals. Using the 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, I find that formerly incarcerated individuals with ESOP employment are significantly less likely to be arrested, convicted, and incarcerated. This effect likely operates through improvement in labor market outcomes: formerly incarcerated ESOP employees earn approximately 25 percent more in annual income and work roughly 8.8 percent more hours per week than formerly incarcerated workers who are employed but not working for an ESOP firm.
Prevalence of Depression Symptoms in US Adults Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Importance The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and the policies to contain it have been a near ubiquitous exposure in the US with unknown effects on depression symptoms. Objective To estimate the prevalence of and risk factors associated with depression symptoms among US adults during vs before the COVID-19 pandemic. Design, Setting, and Participants This nationally representative survey study used 2 population-based surveys of US adults aged 18 or older. During COVID-19, estimates were derived from the COVID-19 and Life Stressors Impact on Mental Health and Well-being study, conducted from March 31, 2020, to April 13, 2020. Before COVID-19 estimates were derived from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, conducted from 2017 to 2018. Data were analyzed from April 15 to 20, 2020. Exposures The COVID-19 pandemic and outcomes associated with the measures to mitigate it. Main Outcomes and Measures Depression symptoms, defined using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 cutoff of 10 or higher. Categories of depression symptoms were defined as none (score, 0-4), mild (score, 5-9), moderate (score, 10-14), moderately severe (score, 15-19), and severe (score, ≥20). Results A total of 1470 participants completed the COVID-19 and Life Stressors Impact on Mental Health and Well-being survey (completion rate, 64.3%), and after removing those with missing data, the final during–COVID-19 sample included 1441 participants (619 participants [43.0%] aged 18-39 years; 723 [50.2%] men; 933 [64.7%] non-Hispanic White). The pre–COVID-19 sample included 5065 participants (1704 participants [37.8%] aged 18-39 years; 2588 [51.4%] women; 1790 [62.9%] non-Hispanic White). Depression symptom prevalence was higher in every category during COVID-19 compared with before (mild: 24.6% [95% CI, 21.8%-27.7%] vs 16.2% [95% CI, 15.1%-17.4%]; moderate: 14.8% [95% CI, 12.6%-17.4%] vs 5.7% [95% CI, 4.8%-6.9%]; moderately severe: 7.9% [95% CI, 6.3%-9.8%] vs 2.1% [95% CI, 1.6%-2.8%]; severe: 5.1% [95% CI, 3.8%-6.9%] vs 0.7% [95% CI, 0.5%-0.9%]). Higher risk of depression symptoms during COVID-19 was associated with having lower income (odds ratio, 2.37 [95% CI, 1.26-4.43]), having less than $5000 in savings (odds ratio, 1.52 [95% CI, 1.02-2.26]), and exposure to more stressors (odds ratio, 3.05 [95% CI, 1.95-4.77]). Conclusions and Relevance These findings suggest that prevalence of depression symptoms in the US was more than 3-fold higher during COVID-19 compared with before the COVID-19 pandemic. Individuals with lower social resources, lower economic resources, and greater exposure to stressors (eg, job loss) reported a greater burden of depression symptoms. Post–COVID-19 plans should account for the probable increase in mental illness to come, particularly among at-risk populations.
Interaction of lead nitrate and cadmium chloride with Escherichia coli K-12 and Salmonella typhimurium global regulatory mutants.

To investigate the interactions of heavy metals with cells, a minimal medium for the growth of enteric bacteria using glycerol-2-phosphate as the sole phosphorus source was developed that avoided precipitation of Pb2+ with inorganic phosphate. Using this medium, spontaneous mutants ofEscherichia coli resistant to addition of Pb(NO3)2 were isolated. Thirty-five independent mutants all conferred a low level of resistance. Disk diffusion assays on solid medium were used to survey the response ofE. coli andSalmonella typhimurium mutants altered in global regulatory networks to Pb(NO3)2) and CdCl2. Strains bearing mutations inoxyR andrpoH were the most hypersensitive to these compounds. Based upon the response of strains completely devoid of isozymes needed to inactivate reactive oxygen species, this hypersensitity to lead and cadmium is attributable to alteration in superoxide dismutase rather than catalase levels. Similar analysis of chaperonedefective mutants suggests that these metals damage proteins in vivo.
Treatment recommendations to parents during pediatric tonsillectomy consultations: A mixed methods analysis of surgeon language.

Abstract Objective A deeper understanding of the dialogue clinicians use to relay treatment recommendations is needed to fully understand their influence on patient decisions about surgery. We characterize how otolaryngologists provide treatment recommendations and suggest a classification framework. Methods We qualitatively analyzed surgeon recommendations from 55 encounters between otolaryngologists and parents of children evaluated for tonsillectomy, and classified recommendation types by phrasing. Multilevel logistic regression identified predictors of recommendation phrasing. Results Clinicians provided 183 recommendations (mean/visit = 3.3). We identified four domains of recommendation-phrasing (direct, passive, acceptable, parent-oriented). Direct recommendations (n = 68, 37%) included presumptive statements phrasing intentions as inevitable. Passive recommendations (n = 65, 36%) included practice-based recommendations utilizing general statements. Acceptable recommendations (n = 29, 16%) included speaking positively about treatment options. Parent-oriented recommendations (n = 21, 11%) included parent choice statements. Clinicians more commonly made direct recommendations to parents who were racial minorities (OR = 2.7, p = .02, 95% CI [1.7, 5.9]) or had an annual income Conclusion Clinicians provide treatment recommendations in a variety of ways that may introduce more or less certainty and choice to parental treatment decisions. Practice implications Findings may be implemented into training which increases clinician awareness of dialogue use when recommending treatment alternatives to patients.
Health Literacy and Hearing Healthcare Use.

OBJECTIVE To assess whether health literacy is associated with: 1) degree of hearing loss at initial presentation for audiogram and 2) hearing aid adoption for hearing aid candidates. METHODS We identified 1376 patients who underwent audiometric testing and completed a brief health literacy questionnaire at our institution. The association between health literacy and degree of hearing loss at initial presentation was examined using linear regression, adjusted for age, gender, marital status, education level, race, language, employment status, and insurance coverage. The association between health literacy and hearing aid adoption was examined in the subset of patients identified as hearing aid candidates using logistic regression, adjusted for demographic factors and insurance coverage. RESULTS Patients with inadequate health literacy were more likely to present with more severe hearing loss (adjusted mean pure-tone average [PTA] difference, 5.38 dB, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.75 to 8.01). For hearing aid candidates (n = 472 [41.6%]), health literacy was not associated with hearing aid adoption rate (odds ratio [OR] 0.85, 95% CI 0.40 to 1.76). Hearing aid coverage through Medicaid (OR 2.22, 95% CI 1.13 to 4.37), and moderate (OR 2.70, 95% CI 1.58 to 4.69) or moderate-severe (OR 2.23, 95% CI 1.19 to 4.16) hearing loss were associated with hearing aid adoption. CONCLUSIONS In our population, patients with low health literacy are more likely to present with higher degrees of hearing loss, but no less likely to obtain hearing aids compared with patients with adequate health literacy. Hearing loss severity and hearing aid coverage by insurance appear to be the main drivers of hearing aid adoption. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3 Laryngoscope, 131:E1688-E1694, 2021.
Fishing For Food: Values and Benefits Associated With Coastal Infrastructure

While there is substantial literature about the socio-cultural characteristics and values associated with recreational and commercial fisheries in the U.S., studies directed at those who ‘fish for food’—those who depend on consuming their catch to various degrees—are relatively sparse. Using qualitative data collected through 80 semi-structured interviews with fishers in the summer and fall of 2018 in Carteret County, North Carolina, this study aims to better understand the group of recreational fishers who consume their catch by describing social and cultural dimensions and values associated with fishing for food, examining the role of infrastructure in facilitating access to benefits associated with this activity, and considering how knowledge of existing licensing regulations surrounding subsistence license waivers affect this fishing community. Interviews conducted at free public fishing structures in the region revealed that fishers derive a variety of values and benefits from fishing at these sites, including access to recreation, nutrition, a social community, and mental health benefits, which were found to be negatively impacted by Hurricane Florence in September 2018. We also found an informal economy of sharing catch on- and off-site that extends the reach and benefits facilitated by public infrastructure to people beyond those using it directly. Overall, we call for conceptualizations of ‘fishing for food’ that include aspects that go beyond traditional definitions of ‘subsistence’ or ‘recreational’ fishing such as food security, access, and less obvious social and cultural motivations behind the activity. These findings are a compelling rationalization for the creation and maintenance of formal and informal fishing places locally and, by extension, in other coastal areas, given the array of benefits provided by access to these types of locations.
The Impact of Obesity on Disease Severity and Outcomes Among Hospitalized Children with COVID-19.

OBJECTIVE To describe the impact of obesity on disease severity and outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) among hospitalized children. METHODS This retrospective cohort study from the Society of Critical Care Medicine Viral Respiratory Illness Universal Study registry included all children hospitalized with COVID-19 from March 2020 to January 2021. Obesity was defined by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention BMI or World Health Organization weight for length criteria. Critical illness definition was adapted from National Institutes of Health criteria of critical COVID. Multivariate mixed logistic and linear regression was performed to calculate the adjusted odds ratio of critical illness and the adjusted impact of obesity on hospital length of stay. RESULTS Data from 795 patients (96.4% United States) from 45 sites were analyzed, including 251 (31.5%) with obesity and 544 (68.5%) without. A higher proportion of patients with obesity were adolescents, of Hispanic ethnicity, and had other comorbidities. Those with obesity were also more likely to be diagnosed with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (35.7% vs 28.1%, P = .04) and had higher ICU admission rates (57% vs 44%, P CONCLUSION In a large, multicenter cohort, a high proportion of hospitalized children from COVID-19 had obesity as comorbidity. Furthermore, obesity had a significant independent association with critical illness.
Sexual Abstinence Only Programmes to Prevent HIV Infection in High Income Countries: Systematic Review

Objective To assess the effects of sexual abstinence only programmes for HIV prevention among participants in high income countries. Design Systematic review. DATA SOURCES 30 electronic databases without linguistic or geographical restrictions to February 2007, contacts with experts, hand searching, and cross referencing. Review methods Two reviewers independently applied inclusion criteria and extracted data, resolving disagreements by consensus and referral to a third reviewer. Randomized and quasirandomised controlled trials of abstinence only programmes in any high income country were included. Programmes aimed to prevent HIV only or both pregnancy and HIV. Trials evaluated biological outcomes (incidence of HIV, sexually transmitted infection, pregnancy) or behavioral outcomes (incidence or frequency of unprotected vaginal, anal, or oral sex; incidence or frequency of any vaginal, anal, or oral sex; number of partners; condom use; sexual initiation). RESULTS The search identified 13 trials enrolling about 15 940 US youths. All outcomes were self reported. Compared with various controls, no programme affected incidence of unprotected vaginal sex, number of partners, condom use, or sexual initiation. One trial observed adverse effects at short term follow-up (sexually transmitted infections, frequency of sex) and long term follow-up (sexually transmitted infections, pregnancy) compared with usual care, but findings were offset by trials with non-significant results. Another trial observed a protective effect on incidence of vaginal sex compared with usual care, but this was limited to short term follow-up and countered by trials with non-significant findings. Heterogeneity prevented meta-analysis. Conclusion Programmes that exclusively encourage abstinence from sex do not seem to affect the risk of HIV infection in high income countries, as measured by self reported biological and behavioral outcomes.
Intravenous Ketorolac Infusion for Intractable Pleuritic Pain Secondary to Metastatic Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma

Background: Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (EHE) patients can experience severe pain. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, including ketorolac tromethamine, can effectively treat cancer-related ...
Adaptive spacecraft attitude control with application to space station

The attitude control problem for Earth orbiting platforms is considered. A model reference adaptive control law has been developed that stably maintains spacecraft attitude at the torque equilibrium under the influence of large mass variations and external disturbances. The result is demonstrated through simulation using the nonlinear dynamic model of the space station Freedom. >
The interaction of amines with the occluded state of the Na,K-pump.

Abstract We have studied the effect of various amines on the rate of release of 86Rb from the occluded state of dog kidney Na,K-ATPase formed by pre-incubation of the enzyme with 86Rb. In the presence of MgPi, various amines act like K+ or Rb+ in blocking the release of 86Rb from one of two sites for occlusion (the "s" site). Of 38 amines tested, tetrapropylamine and various benzyl amines exhibit the highest affinity; the K1/2 for these compounds is 2-5 mM. In the presence of ATP, when 86Rb is presumably released towards the intracellular face of the pump in the normal mode of operation, 86Rb release is blocked by the presence of amine, but only if the amine is also included in a preincubation with MgPi. The data are consistent with a model in which the interaction of amine with one of the transport sites (the "f" site) prevents the E2----E1 transformation that is stimulated by ATP. When 86Rb deocclusion from the f site has occurred in the presence of amine, the lone 86Rb at the s site can be released in the presence of ATP if the amine is removed from the medium. This suggests that a single 86Rb ion at the s site can be released to the intracellular face of the membrane, and therefore that transport can occur with only one K+ site occupied. The amine that blocks release of one 86Rb ion does not itself become occluded: (a) The interaction of amine and ATP is only seen when both ligands are present in the medium; (b) the effects of amines are not "remembered" after a brief exposure to a rinse medium; (c) with the vanadate-inhibited enzyme, benzyltriethylamine and tetrapropylamine are only weakly effective in blocking 86Rb release from the s site; and (d) organic cations exhibit very low affinity in competition with 86Rb for occlusion at equilibrium. Thus the results are consistent with the idea that monofunctional amines block by binding to the f site but that, unlike K+ and Rb+, they do not become occluded. In contrast, at equilibrium ethylenediamine prevents 86Rb occlusion in a competitive manner, suggesting the possibility of occlusion of the bifunctional amine.
Review article: perioperative checklist methodologies.

Purpose Checklists are increasingly being used by surgical teams in the perioperative period to improve clinical care and increase patient safety. In this article, we review some of the mechanisms by which checklists work and evaluate evidence supporting their use.
Selecting clinical diagnoses: logical strategies informed by experience.

This article describes reasoning strategies used by clinicians in different diagnostic circumstances and how these modes of inquiry may allow further insight into the evaluation and treatment of patients. Specifically, it aims to make explicit the implicit logical considerations that guide a variety of strategies in the diagnostic process, as exemplified in specific clinical cases. It focuses, in particular, in strategies that clinicians use to move from a large set of possible diagnoses initially suggested by abductive inferences – the process of hypothesis generation that creates a diagnostic space – to a narrower set or even to a single ‘best’ diagnosis, where the criteria to determine what is ‘best’ may differ according to different strategies. Experienced clinicians should have a diversified kit of strategies – for example, Bayesian probability or inference to a lovely explanation – to select from among previously generated hypotheses, rather than rely on any one approach every time.
María Mercedes Carranza en inglés. Perspectivas de un traductor

Entre los desafios que enfrenta el traductor de la poesia de Maria Mercedes Carranza, se destacan las alusiones paratextuales e intertextuales, que por su especificidad historica y cultural resisten el proceso de traduccion. Al mismo tiempo existen aspectos esteticos y universalizantes que sirven como contrapeso a tales resistencias. En la interaccion de estas fuerzas contrarias el traductor encuentra un espacio para realizar su trabajo
Collection of Cholecystographic Contrast Material in a Large Ulcerating Leiomyoma of the Stomach

A case has been presented which demonstrated an amorphous collection of oral cholecystographic contrast material in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen. This was found to be within a large ulcerating leiomyoma involving the posterior wall of the mid-body of the stomach. Previous case reports of this phenomenon dealt with the collection of contrast material in benign ulcer craters. The amorphous collection of contrast material in this case was most likely due to the persistent recumbent position at bedrest which allowed contrast material to easily enter the widely patent, posteriorly placed, ulcerating leiomyoma. The contrast material then became entrapped because of the lack of ambulation after the oral ingestion of the cholecystographic tablets.
Size and dimension in Kaluza-Klein theories

Abstract By freezing all degrees of freedom except the radius of the internal subspace of an M 4 ×S n purely quantum mechanical method is used to determine how the radius of the internal subspace depends on n .
Assessing first-order emulator inference for physical parameters in nonlinear mechanistic models

We present an approach for estimating physical parameters in nonlinear models that relies on an approximation to the mechanistic model itself for computational efficiency. The proposed methodology is validated and applied in two different modeling scenarios: (a) Simulation and (b) lower trophic level ocean ecosystem model. The approach we develop relies on the ability to predict right singular vectors (resulting from a decomposition of computer model experimental output) based on the computer model input and an experimental set of parameters. Critically, we model the right singular vectors in terms of the model parameters via a nonlinear statistical model. Specifically, we focus our attention on first-order models of these right singular vectors rather than the second-order (covariance) structure.
Academic analytics landscape at the University of Phoenix

The University of Phoenix understands that in order to serve its large population of non-traditional students, it needs to rely on data. We have created a strong foundation with an integrated data repository that connects data from all parts of the organization. With this repository in place, we can now undertake a variety of analytics projects. One such project is an attempt to predict a student's persistence in their program using available data indicators such as schedule, grades, content usage, and demographics.
Evaluation of a manpower development project in terms of its effects on the personal lives of its graduates

Abstract A survey of the literature revealed little evidence on the validity of manpower development objects, especially in the area of their effects on the personal lives of their graduates. The impact of a training project for the unemployed and underemployed was studied by contrasting a group of program graduates and a matched comparison sample in terms of a variety of financial, economic, social, and psychological criteria. The results indicated that the trainees were more independent financially, more active in trade-related organizations, more active politically, more involved in community and church affairs, and less alienated than their counterparts in the comparison group.