cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Resource Pricing for Differentiated Services

In paper we present an overview of recent work on resource pricing for differentiated Services in the Internet. This approach is based upon encouraging Cooperation between the end-systems and the network by use of the correct feedback signals. These Signals reflect the congestion shadow prices at a resource, and their use means then even ‘selfish’ end-systems, acting in their own best interests, will push the System to a global or social Optimum. In contrast to most current Diffserv proposals, little is required from resources in the network; they just have to mark packets correctly, while the end-system can use complex or simple strategies. All that is needed is for the end-systems to have an incentive to react to the feedback signals, and then we have a distributed resource sharing mechanism. We give examples of typical end-system behaviour, and show how this approach can also implement Distributed Admission Control, where the decision is in the hand of the end-system. We comment on how ECN (Explicit Congestion Notification) could be used as an enabling technology. Lastly we outline how guarantees can be constructed with this framework.
Screening mammography for women aged 40–49: Are we off the fence yet?

Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death among women in North America.[1][1],[2][2] Over the past 10 years, decreases in breast cancer mortality have occurred in several Western countries, including Canada, Britain and the United States.[3][3] These decreases can probably
Coping and Coping Styles

Coping refers to cognitive and behavioral efforts to manage specific external and/or internal demands that are appraised as stressful. An individual determines whether the situation is controllable and assesses his or her abilities to make effective responses. In other words, coping is using effort to solve personal, situational, and interpersonal problems, and seeking to master, minimize, or change conflict or stress. Psychological coping mechanisms are commonly termed coping strategies or coping skills. The term coping also means that those strategies were able to reduce stress levels. Furthermore, coping generally refers to reactive coping – that is, the coping response follows the stressor. Coping strategies can be functional or dysfunctional. Functional coping strategies can effectively reduce stress levels, whereas maladaptive (dysfunctional) coping is not helpful to reduce the stress a person perceives. Coping strategies are partly controlled by personality (habitual traits), partly by culture, and partly by the social context – particularly the nature of the stressful environment. Keywords: counseling psychology; stress management
Possible Biosphere-Lithosphere Interactions Preserved in Igneous Zircon and Implications for Hadean Earth

Abstract Granitoids are silicic rocks that make up the majority of the continental crust, but different models arise for the origins of these rocks. One classification scheme defines different granitoid types on the basis of materials involved in the melting/crystallization process. In this end-member case, granitoids may be derived from melting of a preexisting igneous rock, while other granitoids, by contrast, are formed or influenced by melting of buried sedimentary material. In the latter case, assimilated sedimentary material altered by chemical processes occurring at the near surface of Earth—including biological activity—could influence magma chemical properties. Here, we apply a redox-sensitive calibration based on the incorporation of Ce into zircon crystals found in these two rock types, termed sedimentary-type (S-type) and igneous-type (I-type) granitoids. The ∼400 Ma Lachlan Fold Belt rocks of southeastern Australia were chosen for investigation here; these rocks have been a key target used to...
A Master List of Non-Stellar Objects

It has been nearly 70 years since Dreyer completed his famous NGC and IC compendia of all the 13, 000 non-stellar objects known in his time. Since then, the number of these objects known has increased by an order of magnitude, but this knowledge is scattered throughout the astronomical literature in such a way that it is nearly inaccessible from a practical standpoint to any individual.
Design and Performance of a Simple Interferometer for Wind-Tunnel Measurements

The design of an interferometer with a 3 1/2" diameter light field and its application to a continuously operating 4" x 10" supersonic wind tunnel are discussed. The main features of this interferometer are (1) its very law cost compared to previous designs, (2) its light weight and flexibility, (3) a simple device permitting the instrument to be used also as a Schlieren system, and (4) its unique feature of passing both light beams through the test section to minimize the effect of the side wall boundary layers in the interferograms.
From ‘differential expression’ to ‘differential networking’ – identification of dysfunctional regulatory networks in diseases

Understanding diseases requires identifying the differences between healthy and affected tissues. Gene expression data have revolutionized the study of diseases by making it possible to simultaneously consider thousands of genes. The identification of disease-associated genes requires studying the genes in the context of the regulatory systems they are involved in. A major goal is to identify specific regulatory networks that are dysfunctional in a given disease state. Although we still have not reached a stage where the elucidation of differential regulatory networks is commonly feasible, recent advances have described the first steps towards this goal – the identification of differential coexpression networks. This review describes the shift from differential gene expression to differential networking and outlines how this shift will affect the study of the genetic basis of disease.
Fundamental law preservation in model reduction

A preceding paper [1] provides an abstract setting for the process of mathematically reducing, or simplifying, a complicated mathematical model of a physical system to a more manageable, intelligible model. A model reduction framework is developed in this paper which modifies the formalism of the preceding paper so as to allow, in the model synthesis process, the direct preservation of part of the original, complex model in the reduced model. This revised formalism encompasses the previous formalism as a special case. The revised formalism can be used to guide the development of more specific model reduction methods for those cases for which the preservation, in the reduced model, of the appropriate fundamental laws found in the original model is vital. As a common example, any reduced model in a continuum physics setting should include the universal, material-independent version of the appropriate conservation laws found in the original model if it is to predict responses such that one can still associate a physical interpretation with each response. The revised formalism is given entirely in terms of mapping and the required algebraic properties of these mappings. Since these properties are expressed exclusively in terms of mapping composition, this formalism establishes a very general mathematical foundation for the subject. It is used to outline a possible approach to implementing the model reduction process, based upon trial mappings and norm minimization, for nonlinear problems. The formalism is extended so as to allow a model reduction method developed for systems described in one space (such as physical space), to be utilized for model reduction of systems described in other spaces (such as wave number space).
Size of the urogenital hiatus in the levator ani muscles in normal women and women with pelvic organ prolapse.

Abstract Objective : Compare urogenital hiatus size in normal women and women with pelvic organ prolapse. Methods : The sagittal and transverse urogenital hiatus diameters were measured and hiatus area calculated in 300 women whose support was scored using a modified Baden system. Results : In women with normal support and without prior surgery, hiatus area was 5.4 cm 2 (±1.71 standard deviation [SD], n = 197). In women with uncorrected clinical prolapse (grade 2–3), the area of the hiatus was enlarged (9.6 cm 2 ± 3.97, n = 34, P 2 ± 1.71, n = 197; grade 1, 7.3 cm 2 ± 1.91, n = 27; grade 2, 8.3 cm 2 ± 2.45, n = 18; grade 3,11.0 cm 2 ± 4.90, n = 16). When matched for age and parity, prolapse patients had a larger hiatus than normal women. Women with recurrent prolapse had a larger hiatus than cured women (13.3 cm 2 ± 3.86 n = 8 compared with 8.1 cm 2 ± 2.44 n = 16 P 2 ± 1.77 n = 18 P 2 ± 2.44, n = 16) did not return to normal (5.4 cm 2 ± 1.71, n = 197, P r 2 = 0.9, P r 2 = 0.6, P r 2 = 0.0, P > .05). Conclusion : Increasing pelvic organ prolapse is associated with increasing urogenital hiatus size; the hiatus is larger after several failed operations than after successful surgery or single failure.
IN VITRO EFFECT OF ADRENAL STEROIDS ON CARBOHYDRATE SYNTHESIS IN LIVER.

The in vitro effects of certain adrenal steroids and synthetic analogs on hepatic gluconeogenesis have been investigated. Physiologic amounts of these hormones caused increased carbohydrate synthesis when liver of normal or adrenalectomized rats was incubated with alanine. The steroid effect on gluconeogenesis was more marked in normal hepatic tissue. Incubation of liver slices with pyruvate resulted in greater formation of carbohydrate than when alanine was substrate; however, the steroids did not stimulate gluconeogenesis from pyruvate. (Endocrinology 74: 123, 1964)
Disseminated Mycobacterium haemophilum infection in a 72-year-old patient with rheumatoid arthritis on infliximab.

Mycobacterium haemophilum is a slow growing, aerobic, fastidious mycobacterium requiring hemin and a temperature of 30–32° C for optimal growth that is ubiquitous in nature. Disease in immunocompromised adults typically manifests as skin lesions such as papules, pustules and ulcerations. This organism also causes lymphadenitis in immunocompetent children. Antitumour necrosis factor-α (anti-TNF-α) therapy with agents such as infliximab, etanercept and adalimumab is increasingly being used for immunosuppression in patients with various autoimmune conditions. These agents are known to place patients at increased risk for tuberculosis and other granulomatous diseases. However, little is known about illness caused by M haemophilum in patients on immunosuppression with anti-TNF-α therapy. We describe a case of disseminated M haemophilum manifesting as skin lesions in a 72-year-old man with rheumatoid arthritis on infliximab and methotrexate.
The role of a generalized ultraviolet cue for blackbird food selection.

Abstract Birds utilize ultraviolet (UV) wavelengths for plumage signaling and sexual selection. Ultraviolet cues may also be used for the process of avian food selection. The aim of our study was to investigate whether a UV cue and a postingestive repellent can be used to condition food avoidance in red-winged blackbirds ( Agelaius phoeniceus ). We found that birds conditioned with an UV-absorbent, postingestive repellent subsequently avoided UV-absorbent food. Thus, the UV-absorbent cue (coupled with 0–20% of the conditioned repellent concentration) was used to maintain avoidance for up to 18 days post-conditioning. Similarly, birds conditioned with the UV-absorbent, postingestive repellent subsequently avoided UV-reflective food. Thus, conditioned avoidance of an UV-absorbent cue can be generalized to an unconditioned, UV-reflective cue for nutrient selection and toxin avoidance. These findings support the hypothesized function of UV vision for avian food selection, the implications of which remain to be explored for the sensory and behavioral ecology within agronomic and natural environments.
Mapping hydrothermally altered rocks by analyzing hyperspectral image (AVIRIS) data of forested areas in the Southeastern United States

Abstract Analysis of Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) data of the Carolina slate belt, a region in the Southeastern United States, has shown that certain types of hydrothermally altered rocks can be delineated based on the spectral reflectance characteristics of forest vegetation growing on them. These altered rocks are typically highly silicified and commonly associated with gold, silver, and pyrophyllite ores. Field evaluation of the resulting forest classification identified several previously unmapped areas of altered rocks, and no areas that were mapped erroneously. Distinction of the altered rocks from unaltered siliceous volcanic bedrock areas, also silica-rich, is especially significant as chestnut oak forests are characteristic of both. We conclude that the dominant chestnut oak canopy and the lack of other species that are usually present here on the unaltered rocks, result in lower apparent canopy density at the altered sites, which is expressed in the AVIRIS data by lower O–H absorption intensity. These differences in species composition and canopy architecture may be caused by one or several factors, including soil depth and physical properties, direction and steepness of slope, moisture availability, and the amount of nutrients present and their availability to the trees.
Imaging-guided interstitial tumor therapy for treatment of recurrent head and neck carcinomas: clinical experience

Interstitial laser phototherapy (ILP) is a technique whereby laser energy is directly applied into tumors at variable depths. This technique is attractive since it is minimally invasive and carries a low morbidity. ILP allows treatment of deep and difficult to reach tumors in the head and neck and other areas, since sensitive and non-invasive monitoring techniques of laser-tissue interactions are currently available. Recent studies have demonstrated, the efficiency of ultrasound (UTZ) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for real time interstitial needle placement in tumors, identification of vessels, monitoring and quantifying laser-induced tissue damages. We now report an initial experience with patients in which MRI and/or UTZ guided ILP techniques were successfully applied for the treatment of recurrent, nonresectable, metastatic squamous cell carcinoma.
Image-Guided Frontal Trephination: A Minimally Invasive Approach for Hard-To-Reach Frontal Sinus Disease

Objectives Peripherally located frontal sinus pathology may be unreachable with standard endoscopic techniques. Patients with superiorly or laterally based lesions often undergo osteoplastic flap with or without obliteration. Image-guided frontal trephination (IGFT) can localize pathology and provide excellent exposure. We present 13 patients in whom this technique was applied. Study design Medical records of 13 patients undergoing IGFT were retrospectively reviewed. Results The patients’ mean age was 49.2 years, (range 14-79); follow-up time was 29.9 months (range 12-39). Indications for IGFT were superiorly or laterally based mucoceles (3), fibrous dysplasia or osteoma (3), type 4 frontal cells (3), and frontal recess stenosis or ossification (4). In five patients, IGFT was combined with endoscopic transethmoid frontal sinusotomy; eight patients were treated through a trephination approach, and three patients underwent trephination with unilateral frontal sinus obliteration. One patient required revision; all others remain symptom free. Conclusions/significance IGFT offers an attractive alternative to osteoplastic flap.
Studies on the availability of intramitochondrial carbamoylphosphate for utilization in extramitochondrial reactions in rat liver

Abstract The following observations with isolated mitochondria prepared from rat liver demonstrate that Carbamoylphosphate can readily traverse the mitochondrial membrane: (a) Citrulline synthesis occurs within isolated intact mitochondria at the expense of exogenously added ornithine and [14C]carbamoylphosphate, providing evidence that the initochondrial membrane does not exclude extramitochondrial car bamoylphosphate from penetrating the intramitochondrial matrix, (b) The [14C]carbamoylphosphate synthesized within isolated intact mitochondria from NaH14CO3 by the action of the N-acetyl- l -glutamate-activated carbamoylphosphate synthetase (CPS-I) is equally available for consumption in intramitochondrial and extramitochondrial reactions, as judged by the coupled activity of CPS-I with either intramitochondrial ornithine carbamoyltransferase or extramitochondrial aspartate carbamoyltransferase. The possibility that the coupled action of CPS-I with intramitochondrial ornithine carbamoyltransferase might prevent the export of carbamoylphosphate into the extramitochondrial medium was also examined. The addition of ornithine to the reaction mixture, at concentrations which are optimal for citrulline production, did not reduce carbamoylphosphate export below 1 3 of the total amount of carbamoylphosphate synthesized. These results indicate that the carbamoylphosphate generated intramitochondrially is not compartment ally excluded from participating in cytoplasmic reactions, and raise the possibility that the intramitochondrial carbamoylphosphate synthetase, CPS-I, may be a significant source of the carbamoylphosphate incorporated into hepatic pyrimidines by the cytoplasmic enzymes of the orotate pathway.
Channel support activities and perceived goal orientation: an exploration in the Indian market

This study empirically explores one of the important channel issues – the relationship between various channel support given to channel partners and the perceived (by managers) goal‐orientation of a firm. Results from an emerging market, India, indicate that perceived orientation towards both profitability and market share is not associated with any of the channel support considered. Growth orientation however is strongly associated with most of the channel support activities – both business (e.g., business advice, pricing and ordering assistance, and personnel training) as well as marketing (advertising support, sales promotional material, and inventory management assistance) oriented activities. In contrast, perceived sales volume orientation is only associated with advertising support and business advice, however, the relationship is negative. These findings have interesting implications for channel management and channel motivation.
Plaque, caries, periodontal diseases, and acculturation among Yanomamö Indians, Venezuela.

The number of DM and d teeth and surfaces was recorded for 220 Yanomamoe Indians from three groups of villages with different degrees of contact with Western culture. Specimens of plaque were taken from the teeth, transported in a holding solution, cultured, and examined for specific oral streptococci. In addition, the periodontal health and oral hygiene of one group of villagers were assessed using the Russell PI and the Greene and Vermillion OHIS. Caries experience among the Yanomamoe was shown to be positively associated with exposure to Western culture. S. mutans was recovered with about the same frequency from specimens taken from the teeth of Indians living at all three village locations. However, the presence of S. mutans alone did not account for the disparity in dental caries scores. The examinees had abundant and persistent accumulations of soft deposits on their teeth accompanied by markedly inflamed gingival tissues. However, periodontal pockets and loss of appreciable amounts of bone did not appear as early in life nor were they as severe as reported for some other populations which practice little oral hygiene. Those disparities in the distribution of plaque-induced oral diseases between Western populations and the Yanomamoe warrant further study.
Laser opto-acoustic tomography for medical diagnostics: experiments with biological tissues

Feasibility of laser optoacoustic tomography to detect turbid tissues with different optical properties was experimentally investigated using real biological tissues. The following abilities of this technique were quantitatively studied: maximal depth of optoacoustic signal detection, acoustic attenuation of laser-induced pressure waves, and limit of resolution. Two types of biological tissues were used for the experiments: chicken breast muscle as a tissue with low absorption coefficient and bovine liver as a tissue with higher absorption coefficient. Tissue samples were irradiated by Q-switched Nd:YAG-laser pulses to satisfy stress-confined irradiation conditions. Laser-induced pressure waves generated in the liver samples were detected by a wide-band acoustic transducer. Pressure wave amplitude, duration, and propagation time were analyzed after the experiments. The results and theoretical calculations have demonstrated that laser-induced optoacoustic signals from biological tissues with higher absorption coefficient are measurable at depth 5 times higher than penetration depth of radiation. Low acoustic attenuation (0.006 cm-1) for laser-induced pressure waves was detected. Feasibility of the proposed imaging to detect 3 mm3 liver sample (tumor model) placed inside 80 mm-muscle tissue is demonstrated.
Improving peptide-MHC class I binding prediction for unbalanced datasets

Establishment of peptide binding to Major Histocompatibility Complex class I (MHCI) is a crucial step in the development of subunit vaccines and prediction of such binding could greatly reduce costs and accelerate the experimental process of identifying immunogenic peptides. Many methods have been applied to the prediction of peptide-MHCI binding, with some achieving outstanding performance. Because of the experimental methods used to measure binding or affinity between peptides and MHCI molecules, however, available datasets are enriched for nonbinders, and thus highly unbalanced. Although there is no consensus on the ideal class distribution for training sets, extremely unbalanced datasets can be detrimental to the performance of prediction algorithms. We have developed a decision-theoretic framework to construct cost-sensitive trees to predict peptide-MHCI binding and have used them to 1) Assess the impact of the training data's class distribution on classifier accuracy, and 2) Compare resampling and cost-sensitive methods as approaches to compensate for training data imbalance. Our results confirm that highly unbalanced training sets can reduce the accuracy of classifier predictions and show that, in the peptide-MHCI binding context, resampling methods do not improve the classifier performance. In contrast, cost-sensitive methods significantly improve accuracy of decision trees. Finally, we propose the use of a training scheme that, when the training set is enriched for nonbinders, consistently improves the overall classifier accuracy compared to cost-insensitive classifiers and, in particular, increases the sensitivity of the classifiers. This method minimizes the expected classification cost for large datasets. Our method consistently improves the performance of decision trees in predicting peptide-MHC class I binding by using cost-balancing techniques to compensate for the imbalance in the training dataset.
Thermodynamics of open two-phase systems with coherent interfaces.

We develop the thermodynamic theory for the decomposition of a ``coherent'' two-phase open system consisting of an interstitial solid solution in equilibrium with a gas reservoir of solute atoms. It is shown that, contrary to what is expected for incoherent systems, the phase rule is inapplicable and the ``plateau'' on the pressure-composition isotherm does not correspond to two coexisting phases. The coherency strain introduces an unsurmountable macroscopic energy barrier between the transforming phases, which prevents the coexistence of the phases and results in a reversible hysteresis in the pressure-composition isotherm. The proposed theory is applicable to metal-hydrogen systems.
HomeProxy: a physical proxy for video messaging in the home

HomeProxy is a research prototype that uses a physical proxy to support video messaging at home among distributed family members. A physical artifact dedicated to remote family members makes it easier to chat with them over video. HomeProxy combines a form factor designed for the home environment with a "no-touch" user experience and an interface that quickly transitions between recorded and live video communication. We designed and implemented a prototype and our early experiences with it indicate the promise of offering quick video messaging at home and the challenges of a no-touch interface.
Texturing the cathode of white organic light-emitting diodes with a lattice of nanoscale scatterers for enhanced light out-coupling

The external quantum efficiency of white organic light-emitting diodes is often limited by light out-coupling losses due to surface plasmons. We demonstrate how texturing of the metal-cathode surface using a two-dimensionally periodic lattice of nanoscale scatterers with limited disorder can be used to reduce plasmonic losses while simultaneously enhancing both the light out-coupling and the spontaneous-emission rate of the excitons. We use electrodynamic simulations and statistical modeling to explore the relationship between the topology of the surface texture and its corresponding scattering efficiency. From this, we outline attributes of textures that can most enhance device performance.
Extreme Cases: A Strategy for Ecological Risk Assessment in Ecosystem Health

I contend that focusing on the “absence of health,” or what I will call “extreme cases,” provides a basis for agreement about ecosystem health in ecosystem management. An extreme case is defined where there exists (1) scientific agreement about models, (2) scientific agreement about scale, (3) policy agreement that the risks will be great and unnecessarily so. Scientific agreement requires that a link be established between biodiversity and ecosystem processes, goods, and services. I discuss recent work concerning ecosystem engineers that demonstrates such a link. Agreement about scale requires consensus about the scale of management decisions, both spatial and temporal, and reconciliation of management goals and objectives of the various stakeholders in an ecosystem. Finally, policy agreement requires that ecological risks be great and unnecessarily so. Where these extreme cases do not apply, I suggest that it will be useful to appeal to stakeholder negotiations to seek agreement concerning ecosystem health.
Current and Potential Pharmacological Treatment Options for Maintenance Therapy in Opioid-Dependent Individuals

Opioid dependence, manifesting as addiction to heroin and pharmaceutical opioids is increasing. Internationally, there are an estimated 15.6 million illicit opioid users. The global economic burden of opioid dependence is profound both in terms of HIV and hepatitis C virus transmission, direct healthcare costs, and indirectly through criminal activity, absenteeism and lost productivity. Opioid agonist medications, such as methadone and buprenorphine, that stabilize neuronal systems and provide narcotic blockade are the most effective treatments. Prolonged provision of these medications, defined as maintenance treatment, typically produces improved outcomes when compared with short-duration tapers and withdrawal. The benefits of opioid agonist maintenance include decreased illicit drug use, improved retention in treatment, decreased HIV risk behaviours and decreased criminal behaviour. While regulations vary by country, these medications are becoming increasingly available internationally, especially in regions experiencing rapid transmission of HIV due to injection drug use. In this review, we describe the rationale for maintenance treatment of opioid dependence, discuss emerging uses of opioid antagonists such as naltrexone and sustained-release formulations of naltrexone and buprenorphine, and provide a description of the experimental therapies.
Effects of light quantity and quality and soil nitrogen status on nitrate reductase activity in rainforest species of the genus Piper.

We studied nitrate reductase (NR) activity in six species of the genus Piper (Piperaceae) growing under a broad range of light availabilities. Field measurements were made on plants growing naturally in rainforest at the Los Tuxtlas Tropical Biological Preserve, Veracruz, Mexico at high- and lowlight extremes for each species. Foliar nitrogen on an area basis was positively related to the average daily photosynthetically active photon flux density (PFD) received by the leaf (r=0.76, p<0.01). In vivo NR activity was highly correlated with PFD (r=0.95, p<0.001) and less so with total leaf nitrogen (r=0.68, p<0.05). In vivo NR activity was always higher in high-light plants than in low-light plants within a species. Similarly, gap species such as P. auritum had much higher in vivo NR activities than shade species such as P. aequale. Soil NO 3 − and NH 4 + pools and nitrogen-mineralization rates at Los Tuxtlas were similar between high- and low-light sites, indicating that the elevated NR activities in high-light plants were not the result of higher NO 3 − availabilities in high-light microsites. We performed additional experiments at Stanford, California, USA on Piper plants grown at high- and low-light. Foliar NR was highly inducible by nitrate in the gap species (auritum) but not in the generalist (hispidum) or shade (aequale) species. Root NR activities were, in general, an order of magnitude lower than foliar activities. In total, these studies suggest that Piper gap species are inherently more competent to assimilate NO 3 − and are better able to respond to sudden increases in NO 3 − availability than are shade species.
Evaluation of integrals required in scattering theory: I. Non-exchange type integrals

In any many-body variational approach to electron-atom scattering theory certain types of matrix elements not encountered in bound state problems must be evaluated. In this paper the new integrals which occur are identified and procedures for obtaining all but the exchange type integrals in all reasonable cases are presented. The techniques discussed are oriented toward rapid and accurate evaluation on a computer. A number of previously unpublished formulas and properties of integrals involving spherical Bessel functions are presented.
Delayed alumina scale spallation on Rene'N5+Y: moisture effects and acoustic emission

The single crystal superalloy Rene'N5 (with or without Y-doping and hydrogen annealing) was cyclically oxidized at 1150 C for 1000 hours. After considerable scale growth (>= 500 hours), even the adherent alumina scales formed on Y-doped samples exhibited delayed interfacial spallation during subsequent water immersion tests, performed up to one year after oxidation. Spallation was characterized by weight loss, the amount of spalled area, and acoustic emission response. Hydrogen annealing (prior to oxidation) reduced spallation both before and after immersion, but without measurably reducing the bulk sulfur content of the Y-doped alloys. The duration and frequency of sequential, co-located acoustic emission events implied an interfacial crack growth rate at least 10(exp -3) m/s, but possibly higher than 10(exp 2) m/s. This is much greater than classic moisture-assisted slow crack growth rates in bulk alumina (10(exp -6) to 10(exp -3) m/s), which may still have occurred undetected by acoustic emission. An alternative failure sequence is proposed: an incubation process for preferential moisture ingress leads to a local decrease in interfacial toughness, thus allowing fast fracture driven by stored strain energy.
Functioning, capability and the standard of living – an axiomatic approach

The standard of living of an agent is viewed as her capability of achieving various functionings (Sen, 1985, 1987). The agent is thus characterized by her capability set that consists of different functioning vectors. The task of measuring the standard of living of the agent formally is therefore to rank different capability sets. This paper explores the problem of ranking capability sets in terms of the standard of living offered to the agent. For this purpose, we consider capability sets that are non-degenerate, compact, comprehensive and convex subsets of the $n$ -dimensional real space, propose several intuitively plausible properties for the ranking and give characterizations of some ranking rules.
Clonal evolution of a follicular lymphoma: evidence for antigen selection

Abstract The potential role antigens play in growth stimulation or in clonal selection of follicular lymphomas is unknown. To study this issue, we sequenced the immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region genes expressed by a follicular lymphoma from multiple biopsy specimens and also cloned and sequenced the corresponding germ-line variable gene from this patient. Comparison to the germ-line gene revealed numerous nucleotide substitutions in all of the lymphoma variable gene sequences. Some of the substitutions may have occurred in the nonmalignant precursor B cell that gave rise to this lymphoma because they were shared among all of the variable genes, but many of the mutations accumulated as the malignant clone expanded. The mutations were distributed in such a way that strongly suggested the majority of tumor cells had been positively selected through their antigen receptor. This was especially evident for the mutations that developed late in the clonal evolution of this lymphoma. These findings indicate that antigen stimulation may be involved in the growth of follicular lymphoma tumors.
Pressure dependence of the superconducting transition temperature of superoxygenated La 2 CuO 4 + δ

We report the pressure dependence of the superconducting transition temperatures (${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$) of two phases of superoxygenated ${\mathrm{La}}_{2}$${\mathrm{CuO}}_{4+\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}$ prepared by both high-pressure and electrochemical charging with oxygen. The results are strikingly different from those observed in ${\mathrm{La}}_{1.85}$${\mathrm{Sr}}_{0.15}$${\mathrm{CuO}}_{4}$, which has a similar maximum value for ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$. The results are discussed in the framework of a model in which a positive contribution to the pressure derivative ubiquitous to the copper oxide superconductors is canceled to varying degree by a negative derivative due to charge transfer associated with oxygen mobility which depends upon the temperature at which the pressure is applied.
An examination of professional and ethical issues in the fellowship application process in pathology

Approximately 34 medical specialty and subspecialty fellowship programs in the United States have formalized the application process through the National Resident Matching Program. This approach sets standards for the application process, offers a formalized match similar to that for residency programs, functions within a specific timeline, and establishes binding rules of behavior for both applicants and programs. For fellowship programs that operate outside the National Resident Matching Program, such as those in pathology, no published guidelines exist to help programs and applicants address the many questions and problems that can arise. As a result, programs are free to set their own timelines for interviews, application requirements, contract negotiations and finalizations, and other details. Consequently, applicants often feel pressured to apply earlier and earlier in their residency for competitive fellowship programs, are often required to fill out multiple unique applications, may feel no "loyalty" toward honoring an acceptance without a contract, and often feel disenfranchised by the whole process. This article addresses professional and ethical aspects of the current application process and offers possible solutions for improving it.
Corporate acquisition strategies and economic performance

This research investigates the conceptual argument that acquisitions which are related in productlmarket or technological terms create higher value than unrelated acquisitions. Related acquisitions are found to have greater total dollar gains than unrelated acquisitions. Acquired firms in related acquisitions have substantially higher gains than acquired firms in unrelated acquisitions. These findings indicate that related target firms benefit more from acquisition than unrelated target firms. Implications of these findings for managers are discussed. Research on corporate diversification is an important area in the strategic management literature. As this research has developed, some appealing operationalizations of diversification have emerged (Rumelt, 1974). These have resulted in generalizations about the linkage between diversification strategy and profitability. As the specificity of research on diversification has increased, corporate acquisitions have been researched as an exclusive focus. Notable among this research is Salter and Weinhold's (1979)
First Case of Intracardiac Foregut Cyst Occurring in the Left-Ventricular Outflow Tract

An 11 day-old female infant underwent resection of a mass in the subaortic region secondary to critical aortic stenosis. At 3 months of age, recurrent severe left-ventricular outflow obstruction (LVOT) in the setting of heart failure prompted redo surgery, and the resected mass revealed an intracardiac foregut cyst, which is a rare finding. To our knowledge, this is the first case describing obstruction of the LVOT.
Distributed programming framework for fast iterative optimization in networked cyber-physical systems

Large-scale coordination and control problems in cyber-physical systems are often expressed within the networked optimization model. While significant advances have taken place in optimization techniques, their widespread adoption in practical implementations has been impeded by the complexity of internode coordination and lack of programming support for the same. Currently, application developers build their own elaborate coordination mechanisms for synchronized execution and coherent access to shared resources via distributed and concurrent controller processes. However, they typically tend to be error prone and inefficient due to tight constraints on application development time and cost. This is unacceptable in many CPS applications, as it can result in expensive and often irreversible side-effects in the environment due to inaccurate or delayed reaction of the control system. This article explores the design of a distributed shared memory (DSM) architecture that abstracts the details of internode coordination. It simplifies application design by transparently managing routing, messaging, and discovery of nodes for coherent access to shared resources. Our key contribution is the design of provably correct locality-sensitive synchronization mechanisms that exploit the spatial locality inherent in actuation to drive faster and scalable application execution through opportunistic data parallel operation. As a result, applications encoded in the proposed Hotline Application Programming Framework are error free, and in many scenarios, exhibit faster reactions to environmental events over conventional implementations. Relative to our prior work, this article extends Hotline with a new locality-sensitive coordination mechanism for improved reaction times and two tunable iteration control schemes for lower message costs. Our extensive evaluation demonstrates that realistic performance and cost of applications are highly sensitive to the prevalent deployment, network, and environmental characteristics. This highlights the importance of Hotline, which provides user-configurable options to trivially tune these metrics and thus affords time to the developers for implementing, evaluating, and comparing multiple algorithms.
Transverse-discharge excitation of the 1.315-μm atomic iodine laser II. Kinetic model

Abstract A kinetic model is presented for the transverse-electric-discharge iodine laser which includes electron-impact dissociation, electron attachment and ionization, collisional and radiative deactivation, two- and three-body recombination, and dimerization. Numerical results compare favorably with the experiments of Wong and Beverly (paper I) and Pleasance and Weaver.
A prospective study of fibrinogen and risk of myocardial infarction in the Physicians' Health Study.

Abstract OBJECTIVES We examined the association of baseline plasma fibrinogen with future risk of myocardial infarction (MI) in the Physicians’ Health Study. BACKGROUND Elevated plasma fibrinogen increases and low dose aspirin decreases risk of MI. However, prospective data are limited about their interrelationships. METHODS Blood samples were prospectively collected at baseline from 14,916 men in the Physicians’ Health Study, aged 40 to 84 years, who were randomly assigned to take aspirin (325 mg every other day) or placebo for 5 years. We measured baseline plasma fibrinogen among 199 incident cases of MI and 199 age- and smoking-matched control subjects free of cardiovascular disease at the time of the case’s diagnosis. RESULTS Cases had significantly higher baseline fibrinogen levels (geometric mean: 262 mg/dl) than did control subjects (245 mg/dl, p = 0.02). Those with high fibrinogen levels (≥343 mg/dl, the 90th percentile distribution of the control subjects) had a twofold increase in MI risk (age- and smoking-adjusted relative risk = 2.09, 95% confidence interval = 1.15 to 3.78) compared with those with fibrinogen below 343 mg/dl. Adjustment for lipids and other coronary risk factors as well as randomized aspirin assignment did not materially change the result. Furthermore, we observed no interaction between fibrinogen level and aspirin treatment. CONCLUSIONS Among these apparently healthy U.S. male physicians, fibrinogen is associated with increased risk of future MI independent of other coronary risk factors, atherogenic factors such as lipids and antithrombotics such as aspirin.
Measuring experiments in GENI

Abstract Experimentation with new network architectures and protocols is one of the primary motivations for building future Internet testbeds such as the Global Environment for Network Innovations (GENI) testbed. A key part of experimentation is the ability to observe, measure, evaluate, and compare these new architectures and protocols. Observing an experiment’s network performance requires setting up the measurement infrastructure needed to monitor and record the behavior of the network. It also requires a full set of tools and user interfaces that enable access to the measurement data both while the experiment is running and later during post-analysis. To simplify the task of measuring experiments in future Internet testbeds like GENI, we developed an instrumentation and measurement system called INSTOOLS . It automates the process of setting up the measurement infrastructure, tailoring the measurement infrastructure and the data capture to the experimental network’s topology and configuration. In addition, INSTOOLS provides a suite of tools via its “portal” service that make it easy for users to observe, measure, format, and archive data from their experiments. This paper describes the INSTOOLS system and the set of interfaces/tools it offers to users. INSTOOLS has been in use for several years, and we provide performance results that illustrate its scalability. We also present our second-generation portal, the GENI One Stop Portal, that offers a comprehensive interface to a wide range of tools.
The purification and crystal growth of lithium chloride

Abstract A four-step procedure for the purification of LiCl is described embodying: (1) solvent extraction, (2) vacuum dehydration, (3) halogen treatment of the molten salt, and (4) horizontal zone melting. Zone refining, by itself, does not yield salt of high purity since several contaminating cations are found to have effective segregation coefficients (k∗) greater than or close to unity. Fe, Co, Ni and Ca have k∗ values of 2.0, 1.9, 2.6 and 0.9 respectively. Preliminary purification by solvent extraction reduces Fe and Ni to μ g/g and Ca to μ g/g. Treatment of the melt with Cl 2 and HCl reduces the initial 50 μg/g Br − contamination to μ g/g. Final purification by zone melting results in an impurity level of ∼ 0.5 μ g/g for Na and μ g/g for the remaining alkali metals. Oscillator strengths for Fe and Ni impurity-absorption bands in LiCl are also presented.
Phosphate Solubility and the Cyanate-Mediated Synthesis of Pyrophosphate

The justification for a less alkaline primordial ocean (than present) is briefly reviewed, along with constraints on aqueous phosphate under such conditions. Based on the assumption that CaHPO4 dihydrate determined the availability of phosphorus species, we have carried out laboratory simulations to determine equilibrium concentrations as a function of pH (in PIPES buffer) with added NaCl and CaCl2. Consistent with expectations, solubility declines with higher pH and [CaCl2], but increases only slightly with [NaCl]. Significantly, PIPES shows no specific effect on the dissolution beyond its influence on pH and ionic strength. Data are also presented on the synthesis of pyrophosphate from the NaOCN/CaHPO4·2H2O system, which could have provided a source of this phosphate anhydride on the early Earth.
Density Functional Theory of Adsorption in Spherical Cavities and Pore Size Characterization of Templated Nanoporous Silicas with Cubic and Three-Dimensional Hexagonal Structures

Adsorption in spherical cavities is studied by the nonlocal density functional theory (NLDFT). Theoretical results are compared with experimental data on ordered nanoporous materials with cubic Pm3n (SBA-1, HMM-3), cubic Im3m (SBA-16), and 3D hexagonal P63/mmc (SBA-2, SBA-12) cagelike structures. Quantitative comparison shows that capillary condensation of N2 at 77 K in sufficiently small cavities (pore diameters 3 ca. 6 nm, the capillary condensation step corresponds to the theoretical limit of stability of the metastable adsorption film. For pores wider than ca. 10 nm, this limit is approximated by the macroscopic Derjaguin−Broekhoff−de Boer equations. Desorption from cavities of >6 nm is controlled by the size of the windows that connect the cavity with the bulk fluid. If the diameter of the window is below ca. 4 nm, desorp...
Action of oxytocin and related peptides on epididymal adipose tissue of the rat.

Synthetic oxytocin and analogues of oxytocin exert an insulinlike action on the utilization of glucose by rat epididymal adipose tissue. The insulinlike action appears to be dependent upon the factors that determine the oxytocic properties of the peptides.
Structure of IL-22 Bound to Its High-Affinity IL-22R1 Chain.

IL-22 is an IL-10 family cytokine that initiates innate immune responses against bacterial pathogens and contributes to immune disease. IL-22 biological activity is initiated by binding to a cell-surface complex composed of IL-22R1 and IL-10R2 receptor chains and further regulated by interactions with a soluble binding protein, IL-22BP, which shares sequence similarity with an extracellular region of IL-22R1 (sIL-22R1). IL-22R1 also pairs with the IL-20R2 chain to induce IL-20 and IL-24 signaling. To define the molecular basis of these diverse interactions, we have determined the structure of the IL-22/sIL-22R1 complex. The structure, combined with homology modeling and surface plasmon resonance studies, defines the molecular basis for the distinct affinities and specificities of IL-22 and IL-10 receptor chains that regulate cellular targeting and signal transduction to elicit effective immune responses.