cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Converting bottom loss measured from a rough-layered sediment to the equivalent 'flat-bottom' loss

A correction factor is derived that can be applied to the measured data to convert it from rough surface loss to the equivalent loss if the interfaces had been smooth. With this correction, the data can be made to conform to the assumptions of the model, which should lead the inversion process to a better fitting set of parameters. Two examples of this application are shown in thin sediments in which the correction gave improved model/data correlations and lower squared errors. The choice of a random Gaussian characterization restricts the use of this correction to Damuth Provinces II and III, where the stochastic nature of the roughness is evident. >
Assortative Matching and Search

In Becker's (1973) neoclassical marriage market model, matching is positively assortative if types are complements: i.e., match output f(x, y) is suipermoddlar in x and y. We reprise this famous result assuming time-intensive partner search and transferable output. We prove existence of a search equilibrium with a continuum of types, and then characterize matching. After showing that Becker's conditions on match output no longer suffice for assortative matching, we find sufficient conditions valid for any search frictions and type distribution: supermodularity not only of output f, but also of log f, and log f Symmetric submodularity conditions imply negatively assortative matching. Examples show these conditions are necessary.
An efficient implementation of the robust tabu search heuristic for sparse quadratic assignment problems

Abstract We propose and develop an efficient implementation of the robust tabu search heuristic for sparse quadratic assignment problems. The traditional implementation of the heuristic applicable to all quadratic assignment problems is of O ( N 2 ) complexity per iteration for problems of size N . Using multiple priority queues to determine the next best move instead of scanning all possible moves, and using adjacency lists to minimize the operations needed to determine the cost of moves, we reduce the asymptotic ( N → ∞) complexity per iteration to O ( N log N ). For practical sized problems, the complexity is O ( N ).
The two user Gaussian compound interference channel

We introduce the two user finite state compound Gaussian interference channel and characterize its capacity region to within one bit. The main contributions involve both novel inner and outer bounds. The inner bound is multilevel superposition coding but the decoding of the levels is opportunistic, depending on the channel state. The genie aided outer bound is motivated by the typical error events of the achievable scheme.
A lattice of gambles

A gambler walks into a hypothetical fair casino with a very real dollar bill, but by the time he leaves he's exchanged that for a random amount of money. What is lost in the process? It may be that the gambler walks out at the end of the day, after a roller-coaster ride of winning and losing, with his dollar still intact—or maybe even with two dollars. But what the gambler loses the moment he places his first bet is position. He exchanges one distribution of money for a distribution of lesser value, and he can't get back to the original distribution. Our first discussion in this work connects known results of economic inequality and majorization to the probability theory of gambling and Martingales. We provide a simple proof that fair gambles cannot increase the Lorenz curve, and we also constructively demonstrate that any sequence of non-increasing Lorenz curves corresponds to at least one Martingale. We next consider the efficiency of gambles. If any fair gamble is available then one can move down the lattice of distributions with respect to the Lorenz ordering. The step from one distribution to the next is not unique. Is there a sense of efficiency with which one can move down the Lorenz stream? One approach would be to minimize the average total volume of money placed on the table. In this case, it turns out that implementing part of the strategy using private randomness can help reduce the need for the casino's randomness, resulting in less money on the table that the casino can get its hands on.
Polarized Broad-Line Emission from Low-Luminosity Active Galactic Nuclei

In order to determine whether unified models of active galactic nuclei apply to low-luminosity objects, we have undertaken a spectropolarimetric survey of LINERs and Seyfert nuclei at the Keck Observatory. The 14 objects observed have a median Hα luminosity of 8 × 1039 ergs s-1, well below the typical value of ~1041 ergs s-1 for Markarian Seyfert nuclei. Polarized broad Hα emission is detected in three LINERs: NGC 315, NGC 1052, and NGC 4261. Each of these is an elliptical galaxy with a double-sided radio jet, and the emission-line polarization in each case is oriented roughly perpendicular to the jet axis, as expected for the obscuring torus model. NGC 4261 and NGC 315 are known to contain dusty circumnuclear disks, which may be the outer extensions of the obscuring tori. The detection of polarized broad-line emission suggests that these objects are nearby, low-luminosity analogs of obscured quasars residing in narrow-line radio galaxies. The nuclear continuum of the low-luminosity Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC 4395 is polarized at p = 0.67%, possibly the result of an electron-scattering region near the nucleus. Continuum polarization is detected in other objects, with a median level of p = 0.36% over 5100-6100 A, but in most cases this is likely to be the result of transmission through foreground dust. The lack of significant broad-line polarization in most type 1 LINERs is consistent with the hypothesis that we view the broad-line regions of these objects directly, rather than in scattered light.
Growth Factor/Cytokine Secretion by a Permanent Human Endometrial Cell Line with Embryotrophic Properties

Objective: Our goal was to identify and quantitate growth factors and cytokines actively secreted by a permanent human endometrial cell line with embryotrophic properties and to determine if cell lines enhancing embryo development secrete common growth factors and/or cytokines.
Money, happiness, and aspirations: An experimental study

The past decade has witnessed an explosion of interest in the scientific study of happiness. Economists, in particular, find that happiness increases in income but decreases in income aspirations, and this work prompts examination of how aspirations form and adapt over time. This paper presents results from the first experimental study of how multiple factors—past payments, social comparisons, and expectations—influence aspiration formation and reported satisfaction. I find that expectations and social comparisons significantly affect reported satisfaction, and that subjects choose to compare themselves with similar subjects when possible. These findings support an aspirations-based theory of happiness.
Communication in a Poisson Field of Interferers--Part I: Interference Distribution and Error Probability

We present a mathematical model for communication subject to both network interference and noise. We introduce a framework where the interferers are scattered according to a spatial Poisson process, and are operating asynchronously in a wireless environment subject to path loss, shadowing, and multipath fading. We consider both cases of slow and fast-varying interferer positions. The paper is comprised of two separate parts. In Part I, we determine the distribution of the aggregate network interference at the output of a linear receiver. We characterize the error performance of the link, in terms of average and outage probabilities. The proposed model is valid for any linear modulation scheme (e.g., M-ary phase shift keying or M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation), and captures all the essential physical parameters that affect network interference. Our work generalizes the conventional analysis of communication in the presence of additive white Gaussian noise and fast fading, allowing such results to account for the effect of network interference. In Part II of the paper, we derive the capacity of the link when subject to network interference and noise, and characterize the spectrum of the aggregate interference.
On the large N limit of conformal field theory

Abstract Following recent advances in large N matrix mechanics, I discuss here the free (Cuntz) algebraic formulation of the large N limit of two-dimensional conformal field theories of chiral adjoint fermions and bosons. One of the central results is a new affine free algebra which describes a large N limit of su (N) affine Lie algebra. Other results include the associated free-algebraic partition functions and characters, a free-algebraic coset construction, free-algebraic construction of osp (1|2) , free-algebraic vertex operator constructions in the large N Bose systems, and a provocative new free-algebraic factorization of the ordinary Koba–Nielsen factor.
Efficient system-enforced deterministic parallelism

Deterministic execution offers many benefits for debugging, fault tolerance, and security. Current methods of executing parallel programs deterministically, however, often incur high costs, allow misbehaved software to defeat repeatability, and transform time-dependent races into input-or path-dependent races without eliminating them. We introduce a new parallel programming model addressing these issues, and use Determinator, a proof-of-concept OS, to demonstrate the model's practicality. Determinator's microkernel application programming interface (API) provides only "shared-nothing" address spaces and deterministic interprocess communication primitives to make execution of all unprivileged code---well-behaved or not---precisely repeatable. Atop this microkernel, Determinator's user-level runtime offers a private workspace model for both thread-level and process-level parallel programming. This model avoids the introduction of read/write data races, and converts write/write races into reliably detected conflicts. Coarse-grained parallel benchmarks perform and scale comparably to non-deterministic systems, both on multicore PCs and across nodes in a distributed cluster.
DISCOVERING THE GROWTH HISTORIES OF EXOPLANETS: THE SATURN ANALOG HD 149026b

The transiting "hot Saturn" HD 149026b, which has the highest mean density of any confirmed planet in the Neptune-Jupiter mass range, has challenged theories of planet formation since its discovery in 2005. Previous investigations could not explain the origin of the planet's 45-110 Earth-mass solid core without invoking catastrophes such as gas giant collisions or heavy planetesimal bombardment launched by neighboring planets. Here we show that HD 149026b's large core can be successfully explained by the standard core accretion theory of planet formation. The keys to our reconstruction of HD 149026b are (1) applying a model of the solar nebula to describe the protoplanet nursery, (2) placing the planet initially on a long-period orbit at Saturn's heliocentric distance of 9.5 AU, and (3) adjusting the solid mass in the HD 149026 disk to twice that of the solar nebula in accordance with the star's heavy element enrichment. We show that the planet's migration into its current orbit at 0.042 AU is consistent with our formation model. Our study of HD 149026b demonstrates that it is possible to discover the growth history of any planet with a well-defined core mass that orbits a solar-type star.
The Roles and Needs of Families of Adolescents With ASD

The transition of a student out of high school and into the adult world can be a stressful time for many families of high school students. This major life transition can be particularly challenging for students with ASD and their families. In this paper we first discuss the roles of families in the transition process for their son or daughter with ASD. Next, we present literature on the unique needs of families of adolescents with ASD during the transition to adulthood. Finally, we highlight current research on best practices for supporting transition-aged students and their families as well as discuss future directions for research and practice.
An Optimal Control Approach to Minimizing Entropy Generation in an Adiabatic Internal Combustion Engine

Entropy generation due to combustion destroys as much as a third of the theoretical maximum work that could have been extracted from the fuel supplied to an engine. Yet, there is no fundamental study in the literature that addresses the question of how this quantity can be minimized so as to improve combustion engine efficiency. This paper fills the gap by establishing the minimum entropy generated in an adiabatic, homogeneous combustion piston engine. The minimization problem is cast as a dynamical system optimal control problem, with the piston velocity profile serving as the control input function. The closed-form switching condition for the optimal bang-bang control is determined based on Pontryagin's maximum principle. The switched control is shown to be a function of the pressure difference between the instantaneous thermodynamic state of the system and its corresponding equilibrium thermodynamic state at the same internal energy and volume. At optimality, the entropy difference between these two thermodynamic states is shown to be a Lyapunov function. In thermodynamic terms, the optimal solution reduces to a strategy of equilibrium entropy minimization. This result is independent of the underlying combustion mechanism. It precludes the possibility of matching the piston motion in some sophisticated fashion to the nonlinear combustion kinetics in order to improve the engine efficiency. For illustration, a series of numerical examples are presented that compare the optimal bang-bang solution with the nonoptimal conventional solution based on slider-crank piston motion. Based on the solution for minimum entropy generation, a bound for the maximum expansion work that the piston engine is capable of producing is also deduced.
Interface modes and their instabilities in accretion disc boundary layers

We study global non-axisymmetric oscillation modes trapped near the inner boundary of an accretion disc. Observations indicate that some of the quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs) observed in the luminosities of accreting compact objects (neutron stars, black holes and white dwarfs) are produced in the innermost regions of accretion discs or boundary layers. Two simple models are considered in this paper. The magnetosphere-disc model consists of a thin Keplerian disc in contact with a uniformly rotating magnetosphere with and low plasma density, while the star―disc model involves a Keplerian disc terminated at the stellar atmosphere with high density and small density scaleheight. We find that the interface modes at the magnetosphere-disc boundary are generally unstable due to Rayleigh-Taylor and/or Kelvin―Helmholtz instabilities. However, differential rotation of the disc tends to suppress Rayleigh-Taylor instability, and a sufficiently high disc sound speed (or temperature) is needed to overcome this suppression and to attain net mode growth. On the other hand, Kelvin―Helmholtz instability may be active at low disc sound speeds. We also find that the interface modes trapped at the boundary between a thin disc and an unmagnetized star do not suffer Rayleigh-Taylor or Kelvin―Helmholtz instability, but can become unstable due to wave leakage to large disc radii and, for sufficiently steep disc density distributions, due to wave absorption at the corotation resonance in the disc. The non-axisymmetric interface modes studied in this paper may be relevant to the high-frequency QPOs observed in some X-ray binaries and in cataclysmic variables.
Diophantine properties of elements of SO(3)

A number $ \alpha \in {\Bbb R} $ is diophantine if it is not well approximable by rationals, i.e. for some $ C,\varepsilon > 0 $ and any relatively prime $ p,q \in {\Bbb Z} $ we have $ |\alpha q - p| > Cq^{-1-\varepsilon} $ . It is well-known and is easy to prove that almost every $ \alpha $ in $ {\Bbb R} $ is diophantine. In this paper we address a noncommutative version of the diophantine properties. Consider a pair $ A, B \in SO(3) $ and for each $ n \in {\Bbb Z}_+ $ take all possible words in A, A -1, B, and B - 1 of length n, i.e. for a multiindex $ {\cal I} = (i_1,i_1,\ldots,i_m,j_m) $ define $ |{\cal I}|= \sum^m_{k=1}(|i_k|+|j_k|) = n $ and $ W_n(A,B ) = \{W_{\cal I}(A,B) = A^{i_1} B^{j_1} \dots A^{i_m} B^{j_m}\}_{|{\cal I|}=n $ .¶Gamburd—Jakobson—Sarnak [GJS] raised the problem: prove that for Haar almost every pair $ A,B \in SO(3) $ the closest distance of words of length n to the identity, i.e. $ s_{A,B}(n) = {\rm min}_{|{\cal I}|=n} \parallel W_{\cal I}(A,B) - E \parallel $ , is bounded from below by an exponential function in n. This is the analog of the diophantine property for elements of SO(3). In this paper we prove that s A,B (n) is bounded from below by an exponential function in n 2. We also exhibit obstructions to a “simple” proof of the exponential estimate in n.
Solid-matrix luminescence analysis: photophysics, physicochemical interactions and applications

Abstract Solid-matrix luminescence spectrometry (SMLS) has become an established approach for the trace analysis of organic compounds, and more recently, for several inorganic species. A rather large amount of photophysical data has been obtained from lumiphors adsorbed on solid matrices. However, these data have not been compared nor discussed in detail. In this review, fluorescence quantum yields and phosphorescence quantum yields for several lumiphors adsorbed on solid matrices are considered. Also, a number of solid-matrix luminescence quantum yield values are compared to solution quantum yield values. Both fluorescence and phosphorescence lifetimes are contrasted for lumiphors on solid matrices and lumiphors in solution. Several fundamental photophysical equations are presented. The discussion centers around how the equations can be used to calculate basic photophysical rate constants for compounds adsorbed on solid matrices. Photophysical rate constants for fluorescence and phosphorescence and intersystem crossing are compared in some detail. Several recent advances in physicochemical interactions are considered in light of recent data. The importance of rigidity in SML, the effects of moisture and gases in SML, the effects of heavy atoms in SML, the role of the heat capacity in SML, and other parameters are discussed. Recent applications, with emphasis on solid-matrix phosphorescence (SMP), are also presented.
Aluminoborate Glass‐Ceramics with Low Thermal Expansivity

The synthesis and properties of calcium, strontium, and barium aluminoborate glass-ceramics are described. Glass powder compacts near the RO-Al 2 O 3 -B 2 O 3 stoichiometry were sintered and crystallized below 1000°C to form dense glass-ceramics containing RAl 2 B 2 O 7 as the principal phase. Thermal expansion coefficients as low as 6.10 -7 /°C, 15.10 -7 /°C, and 23.10 -7 /°C were measured on SrAl 2 B 2 O 7 , CaAl 2 B 2 O 7 , and BaAl 2 B 2 O 7 glass-ceramics, respectively. Two forms of the ultra-low-expansion SrAl 2 B 2 O 7 were not previously reported in the literature and were indexed as cubic and hexagonal crystals. The unique radial spherulitic interbladed microstructures and other important properties of these glass-generated ceramics are also revealed
Compositional noisy-logical learning

We describe a new method for learning the conditional probability distribution of a binary-valued variable from labelled training examples. Our proposed Compositional Noisy-Logical Learning (CNLL) approach learns a noisy-logical distribution in a compositional manner. CNLL is an alternative to the well-known AdaBoost algorithm which performs coordinate descent on an alternative error measure. We describe two CNLL algorithms and test their performance compared to AdaBoost on two types of problem: (i) noisy-logical data (such as noisy exclusive-or), and (ii) four standard datasets from the UCI repository. Our results show that we outperform AdaBoost while using significantly fewer weak classifiers, thereby giving a more transparent classifier suitable for knowledge extraction.
Tandem Cycloisomerization/Suzuki Coupling of Arylethynyl MIDA Boronates.

A tandem gold-catalyzed cycloisomerization/Suzuki cross-coupling sequence involving arylethynylN-methyliminodiacetic acid boronates is described. Combining the mildness of homogeneous gold catalysis with the versatility of N-methyliminodiacetic acid (MIDA) boronates, this tandem two-step method enables the rapid assembly of various aryl-substituted heterocycles without having to isolate or purify any heterocyclic MIDA boronate intermediates. Another major advantage of this method is that a wide range of heterocycles bearing different aryl groups may be made from a single MIDA boronate alkyne precursor.
Scalar field theories on the world sheet: cutoff independent treatment

Following earlier work on the same topic, we consider once more scalar field theories on the world sheet parametrized by the light cone coordinates. For most of the way, we use the same approach as in the previous work, but there is an important new development. To avoid the light cone singularity at p + = 0, one world sheet coordinate had to be discretized, introducing a cutoff into the model. In the earlier work, this cutoff could not be removed, making the model unreliable. In the present article, we show that, by a careful choice of the mass counter term, both the infrared singularity at p + = 0 and the ultraviolet mass divergences can be simultaneously eliminated. We therefore finally have a cutoff independent model on a continuously parametrized world sheet. We study this model in the mean field approximation, and as before, we find solitonic solutions. Quantizing the solitonic collective coordinates gives rise to a string like model. However, in contrast to the standard string model, the trajectories here are not in general linear but curved.
Metal-Salens As Catalysts In Electroreductive Cyclization and Electrohydrocyclization: Computational and Experimental Studies

The use of chiral Ni(II)-salen derivatives was examined in mediated electrohydrocyclization (EHC) reactions. Cyclic voltammetry established the existence of a catalytic current. Bulk electrolysis revealed a slight change in the diastereoselectivity of the cyclizations. Density functional theory (DFT) computational studies showed that Ni(II)-salen and Zn(II)-salen were the best metal-salens for electron transfer, while Co(II)-salen and Cu(II)-salen would likely be ineffective for this purpose. Electron transfer was both considerably more thermodynamically and kinetically (whether through an inner or outer sphere pathway) favorable with Ni(II)salen and Zn(II)-salen. Computational data also suggests Ni(II)-salen to be preferred for promoting inner sphere electron transfer, due in part to the ligand-centered reduction of Ni(II)-salen, and thus for affecting stereoselectivity in mediated EHC reactions. © 2013 The Electrochemical Society. [DOI: 10.1149/2.015307jes] All rights reserved.
High Temperature Structure in Cool Binary Stars

Strong high temperature emission lines in the EUVE spectra of binary stars containing cool components (Alpha Aur [Capella], 44 Boo, Lambda And, and VY Ari) provide the basis to define reliably the differential emission measure of hot plasma. The emission measure distributions for the short-period (P ≤ 13 d) binary systems show a high temperature enhancement over a relatively narrow temperature region similar to that originally found in Capella (Dupree et al. 1993). The emission measure distributions of rapidly rotating single stars 31 Com and AB Dor also contain a local enhancement of the emission measure although at different temperatures and width from Capella, suggesting that the enhancement in these objects may be characteristic of rapid rotation of a stellar corona. This feature might be identified with a (polar) active region, although its density and absolute size are unknown; in the binaries Capella and VY Ari, the feature is narrow and it may arise from an interaction region between the components.
STILL SEARCHING FOR OPTIMAL CAPITAL STRUCTURE

The optimal balance between debt and equity financing has been a central issue in corporate finance ever since Modigliani and Miller (1958) showed that capital structure was irrelevant. Thirty years later their analysis is textbook fare, not in itself controversial. Yet in practice it seems that financial leverage matters more than ever. I hardly need document the aggressive use of debt in the market for corporate control, especially in leveraged buyouts, hostile takeovers, and restructurings. The notorious growth of the junk bond market means by definition that firms have aggressively levered up. In aggregate there appears to be a steady trend to more debt and less equity. Of course none of these developments disproves Modigliani and Miller’s irrelevance theorem, which is just a "no magic in leverage" proof for a taxless, frictionless world. Their practical message is this: if there is an optimal capital structure, it should reflect taxes or some specifically identified market imperfections. Thus, managers are often viewed as trading off the tax savings from debt financing against costs of financial distress, specifically the agency costs generated by issuing risky debt and the deadweight costs of possible liquidation or reorganization. I call this the "static trade-off" theory of optimal capital structure. My purpose here is to see whether this or competing theories of optimal capital structure can explain actual behavior and current events in financial markets, particularly the aggressive use of debt in leveraged buyouts, takeovers, and restructurings. I will consider the static trade-
Oil flow at discharge valve in a scroll compressor

This work focuses on high-speed visualization of the three reed valves in a scroll compressor. The visualization was performed to obtain qualitative description of the oil flow in terms of morpholo...
Mind and matter: the question of primacy

Considers the questions asked by F. Engels (1888): “Which is primary, spirit or nature?” and by Max Delbruch (1986): “How can we construct a theory of a universe without life, and therefore without mind, and then expect life and mind to evolve, somehow, from this lifeless and mindless beginning?” Views these questions historically and interprets them with further questions and analysis. Discusses the Logos doctrine and the development of scientific methodology. Asks a further question: “Can mindless objects obey mathematical laws?”. Examines the limitations of Leibniz as a scientist and the importance of his monadology. Finally, discusses Haldane’s views on the mind of a material system. Includes an extensive appendix which elaborates on the “curious vocabulary” used by the pioneers who founded wave mechanics.
What's new: finding significant differences in network data streams

Monitoring and analyzing network traffic usage patterns is vital for managing IP Networks. An important problem is to provide network managers with information about changes in traffic, informing them about "what's new". Specifically, we focus on the challenge of finding significantly large differences in traffic: over time, between interfaces and between routers. We introduce the idea of a deltoid: an item that has a large difference, whether the difference is absolute, relative or variational. We present novel algorithms for finding the most significant deltoids in high-speed traffic data, and prove that they use small space, very small time per update, and are guaranteed to find significant deltoids with pre-specified accuracy. In experimental evaluation with real network traffic, our algorithms perform well and recover almost all deltoids. This is the first work to provide solutions capable of working over the data with one pass, at network traffic speeds.
FASTQSim: platform-independent data characterization and in silico read generation for NGS datasets

High-throughput next generation sequencing technologies have enabled rapid characterization of clinical and environmental samples. Consequently, the largest bottleneck to actionable data has become sample processing and bioinformatics analysis, creating a need for accurate and rapid algorithms to process genetic data. Perfectly characterized in silico datasets are a useful tool for evaluating the performance of such algorithms. Background contaminating organisms are observed in sequenced mixtures of organisms. In silico samples provide exact truth. To create the best value for evaluating algorithms, in silico data should mimic actual sequencer data as closely as possible. FASTQSim is a tool that provides the dual functionality of NGS dataset characterization and metagenomic data generation. FASTQSim is sequencing platform-independent, and computes distributions of read length, quality scores, indel rates, single point mutation rates, indel size, and similar statistics for any sequencing platform. To create training or testing datasets, FASTQSim has the ability to convert target sequences into in silico reads with specific error profiles obtained in the characterization step. FASTQSim enables users to assess the quality of NGS datasets. The tool provides information about read length, read quality, repetitive and non-repetitive indel profiles, and single base pair substitutions. FASTQSim allows the user to simulate individual read datasets that can be used as standardized test scenarios for planning sequencing projects or for benchmarking metagenomic software. In this regard, in silico datasets generated with the FASTQsim tool hold several advantages over natural datasets: they are sequencing platform independent, extremely well characterized, and less expensive to generate. Such datasets are valuable in a number of applications, including the training of assemblers for multiple platforms, benchmarking bioinformatics algorithm performance, and creating challenge datasets for detecting genetic engineering toolmarks, etc.
Metal-Mediated Barbier-Type Carbonyl Allylation Under Solvent-Free Conditions

Abstract Zinc, tin, and indium mediated Barbier-type cross coupling between carbonyl compounds and allyl halides have been investigated without additional solvent. The indium mediated reactions proceed effectively under solvent free conditions. To a more limited extent, the reactions were found to be mediated by zinc and tin. Various carbonyl compounds are transformed into the corresponding allylation product in this way. No apparent competing pinacol-coupling or homo-coupling of the allyl halide was observed.
Is the Chinese growth miracle built to last

Is the Chinese growth miracle—a remarkably high growth rate sustained for over two decades—likely to persist or are the seeds of its eventual demise contained in the policies that have boosted growth? For all its presumed flaws, the particular approach to macroeconomic and structural policies that has been adopted by the Chinese government has helped to deliver high productivity and output growth, along with a reasonable degree of macroeconomic stability. In tandem with a benign international environment, this approach makes it unlikely that the economy will face a collapse in growth. But there comes a point when the policy distortions needed to maintain this approach could generate imbalances, impose potentially large welfare costs, and themselves become a source of instability. The traditional risks faced by emerging market economies, especially those related to having an open capital account, do not loom large in the case of China. In the process of securing protection against external risks, however, Chinese policymakers may have increased the risks of internal instability. There are a number of factors that could trigger unfavorable economic dynamics that, even if they don’t rise to the level of a crisis, could have serious adverse repercussions on growth and welfare. The flexibility and potency of macroeconomic tools to deal with such negative shocks is constrained by the panoply of policies that has supported growth so far.
A general scheme for incorporating nonnatural functionality into peptides

Abstract We describe a convergent synthesis of ΔGCN4 229–248 terpyridyl 1 , which contains a terpyridyl ligand attached covalently through a disulfide bond to the proposed DNA binding domain of the yeast transcriptional activator protein GCN4.
A Web-Based Game for Collecting Music Metadata

Abstract We have designed a web-based game, MajorMiner, that makes collecting descriptions of musical excerpts fun, easy, useful, and objective. Participants describe 10 second clips of songs and score points when their descriptions match those of other participants. The rules were designed to encourage players to be thorough and the clip length was chosen to make judgments objective and specific. To analyse the data, we measured the degree to which binary classifiers could be trained to spot popular tags. We also compared the performance of clip classifiers trained with MajorMiner's tag data to those trained with social tag data from a popular website. On the top 25 tags from each source, MajorMiner's tags were classified correctly 67.2% of the time, while the social tags were classified correctly 62.6% of the time.
Collision avoidance for general aviation

This presented the development and simulation of optimized collision avoidance logic to operate on-board general aviation aircraft. Framing the collision avoidance problem as a Markov decision process allows the logic to be generated using a specified encounter model and performance metrics. Past work has focused on using this framework to develop an improved collision avoidance system for non-GA aircraft. This presented results using the framework to optimize logic for lower performance GA aircraft and comparing its performance to the existing version of TCAS, as well as a simple Descend/Climb responsive logic. The results presented herein show that the optimized logic, issuing only climb, descend, and level-off advisories, was able to outperform the current version of TCAS and the Descend/Climb responsive logic against intruders that are equipped with TCAS. The optimized logic issuing 1000 feet = min advisories resulted in the best performance with respect to safety and alerting. For encounters where two GA aircraft are equipped with a collision avoidance system, the optimized logic was 3.1 times safer than TCAS for 500 feet = min advisories and 3.6 times safer for 1000 feet = min advisories. Both of the optimized methods resulted in lower probabilities of alert and reversal than TCAS and the Descend/Climb logic, which is desirable from an operational standpoint. The optimized logic that resulted in the best performance had a relatively high cost of reversing. This resulted in a very low probability of reversing for the GA aircraft, as low as zero in one case. The reversal rate for a TCAS-equipped intruder aircraft was slightly higher, but this was offset by a lower probability of strengthening advisories on the TCAS aircraft.
Bead pattern optimization

Plane sheet panels exhibit poor stiffness and NVH (noise, vibration, and harshness) performance due to their flexibility. A common and cost-effective approach in the automotive industry to improve the stiffness and NVH peformance of sheet panels is the addition of beads. However, no systematic methodology is available for determining the optimal pattern of beads in sheet metal. This research explores the feasibility of applying topology optimization methods to the bead design of sheet panels. The approach starts with adding beam elements to the shell element model of the sheet panel to simulate the stiffness improvement of the structure and then uses the topology optimization method to obtain the optimal layout of the beam elements. A cantilever plate is used to perform a preliminary study for bead pattern design and a simplified vehicle structure is used to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed method.
Cross-layer design for adaptive data reporting in wireless sensor networks

In this paper, we propose an integrated cross-layer data reporting scheme focusing on communication protocols in wireless sensor networks. The scheme operates based on the various application demands and available resources to provide an adaptive quality of service (QoS). The goal of this work is to achieve the expected information quality at the end system by efficiently controlling data reporting functions in communication layers considering parameters from other layers. The main work of this paper focuses on the QoS-aware data reporting tree construction scheme, called QRT, and the QoS-aware node scheduling scheme, called QNS. QRT constructs a data reporting tree based on the conditions of the end-to-end delay and the traffic load to find data reporting paths from each cluster head, which has already collected data from its cluster members, to a sink. QNS schedules a certain number of nodes that are selected based on the QoS requirements in a cluster to report data to its cluster head in a collision-free manner. Simulation results show that these schemes provide good throughput performance while providing stable data reporting that is not affected by network density.
FIRM STRUCTURE, MULTINATIONALS, AND MANUFACTURING PLANT DEATHS

Abstract Plant shutdowns shape industry productivity, the dynamics of employment, and industrial restructuring. Plant closures account for more than half of gross job destruction in U.S. manufacturing. This paper examines the effects of firm structure on U.S. manufacturing plant closures. Plants belonging to multiplant firms and those owned by U.S. multinationals are less likely to exit. However, the superior survival chances are due to the characteristics of the plants rather than the nature of the firms. Controlling for plant and industry attributes, we find that plants owned by multiunit firms and U.S. multinationals are much more likely to close.
Generality in artificial intelligence

My 1971 Turing Award Lecture was entitled "Generality in Artificial Intelligence." The topic turned out to have been overambitious in that I discovered I was unable to put my thoughts on the subject in a satisfactory written form at that time. It would have been better to have reviewed my previous work rather than attempt something new, but such was not my custom at that time.I am grateful to ACM for the opportunity to try again. Unfortunately for our science, although perhaps fortunately for this project, the problem of generality in artificial intelligence (AI) is almost as unsolved as ever, although we now have many ideas not available in 1971. This paper relies heavily on such ideas, but it is far from a full 1987 survey of approaches for achieving generality. Ideas are therefore discussed at a length proportional to my familiarity with them rather than according to some objective criterion.It was obvious in 1971 and even in 1958 that AI programs suffered from a lack of generality. It is still obvious; there are many more details. The first gross symptom is that a small addition to the idea of a program often involves a complete rewrite beginning with the data structures. Some progress has been made in modularizing data structures, but small modifications of the search strategies are even less likely to be accomplished without rewriting.Another symptom is no one knows how to make a general database of commonsense knowledge that could be used by any program that needed the knowledge. Along with other information, such a database would contain what a robot would need to know about the effects of moving objects around, what a person can be expected to know about his family, and the facts about buying and selling. This does not depend on whether the knowledge is to be expressed in a logical language or in some other formalism. When we take the logic approach to AI, lack of generality shows up in that the axioms we devise to express commonsense knowledge are too restricted in their applicability for a general commonsense database. In my opinion, getting a language for expressing general commonsense knowledge for inclusion in a general database is the key problem of generality in AI.Here are some ideas for achieving generality proposed both before and after 1971. I repeat my disclaimer of comprehensiveness.
Blocking spam by separating end-user machines from legitimate mail server machines

Spamming botnets present a critical challenge in the control of spam messages because of the sheer volume and wide spread of the botnet members. In this paper, we advocate the approach for recipient mail servers to filter messages directly delivered from remote end-user EU machines, given that the majority of spamming bots are EU machines. We develop a support vector machine SVM-based classifier to separate EU machines from legitimate mail server LMS machines, using a set of machine features that cannot be easily manipulated by spammers. We investigate the efficacy and performance of the SVM-based classifier using a number of real-world data sets. Our performance studies show that the SVM-based classifier is indeed a feasible and effective approach in distinguishing EU machines from LMS machines. For example, training and testing on an aggregated data set containing both EU machines and LMS machines, on average, we found that the SVM-based classifier can achieve a 99.25% detection accuracy, with very small false positive rate 0.35% and false negative rate 1.27%, significantly outperforming eight Domain Name System-based blacklists widely used today. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Temperature Fields in the Tropical Tropopause Transition Layer

Abstract There has been increasing recognition of the role of the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) in determining stratospheric water vapor concentrations—the TTL being a layer of transition between air showing tropospheric properties below and stratospheric properties above. This study investigates the spatial structure of temperatures in the TTL. A dehydration index based on the atmospheric region with temperatures colder than a specific reference temperature was defined to examine the TTL temperature structure and possible influences on stratospheric water vapor. The results indicate that dehydration regions with cold temperatures (e.g., <190 K) occur mainly over the western Pacific and are about 1.5–2.0 km in depth during Northern Hemisphere winter. The dehydration index is mainly dependent on the annual cycle of the TTL temperatures, but is strongly affected by interannual variations associated with the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) and El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Dehydration regions with ...
Dearomative Indole (3 + 2) Reactions with Azaoxyallyl Cations – New Method for the Synthesis of Pyrroloindolines

Herein, we report the first examples of the synthesis of pyrroloindolines by means of (3 + 2) dearomative annulation reactions between 3-substituted indoles and highly reactive azaoxyallyl cations. Computational studies using density functional theory (DFT) (B3LYP-D3/6-311G**++) support a stepwise reaction pathway in which initial C–C bond formation takes place at C3 of indole, followed by ring closure to give the observed products. Insights gleaned from these calculations indicate that the solvent, either TFE or HFIP, can stabilize the transition state through H-bonding interactions with oxygen of the azaoxyallyl cation and other relevant intermediates, thereby increasing the rates of these reactions.
GAIT CHARACTERISTICS OF ACHONDROPLASIA FOLLOWING LOWER LIMB LENGTHENING

Aim The aim of the study was to characterise gait in patients with achondroplasia post lengthening. Patients/Materials and Methods Full kinematic and kinetic lower limb gait analysis was performed at the Sheffield Children9s Hospital gait laboratory, Sheffield, using a Vicon system (6 cameras working at 50Hz) and processed using Plug In Gait modelling software. The lengthened Achondroplasia group (n=11, mean age = 24.5 ± 6.1) had previously undergone surgical lengthening of the legs. The lengthened Achondroplasia group was compared to a control group of 11 adult normal subjects. Results Averaged sagittal plane kinematics are shown in Figure 1. The key sagittal plane characteristics we found were increased anterior pelvic tilt (Achondroplasia mean = 22.2 ± 7.1°, normal mean = 14.2 ± 5.3°), decreased peak hip extension (Achondroplasia = 10.5 ± 11.2°, normal = −5.8 ± 5.3°), increased peak hip flexion (Achondroplasia = 49.3 ± 9.8°, normal = 40.0 ± 5.2°), and reduced knee extension in midstance (Achondroplasia = 14.0 ± 8.5°, normal = 4.4 ± 8.5°) At the ankle the mean of the lengthened Achondroplasia group lies within one standard deviation of the normal dataset throughout the gait cycle. Summary and Conclusions Three dimensional gait analysis of people with Achondroplasia following lower limb-lengthening surgery showed characteristic Achondroplasic gait, that is: increased anterior pelvic tilt, reduced hip extension and increased hip flexion. The group of lengthened Achondroplasia participants also failed to extend the knees fully in midstance. At the ankle the sagittal plane kinematics were within one standard deviation of the normal dataset.
The Rowling Case: A Proposed Standard Analytic Protocol for Authorship Questions

We propose a possible solution to one of the major weaknesses in the application of authorship attribution—the absence of clear-cut standards for accurate analytic practice. To address this, we propose a specific practice as a possible standard and present four recent cases applying this standard. The key elements of this protocol are the use of an ad hoc distractor set in conjunction with multiple analyses structured as a set of elimination tests. This protocol (or close variants of it) has been used in at least four separate cases across a wide variety of documents and consumers. It is mathematically supported while still being easy to understand. We are confident that the proposed protocol will provide a relatively straightforward and understandable way to reduce controversy regarding stylometric authorship attribution, and thereby increase its uptake and credibility.
Quantum theory for plasmon-assisted local field enhancement

Abstract We applied quantum theory for nonlocal response and plasmon-assisted field enhancement near a small metallic nanoscale antenna in the limit of weak incoming fields. A simple asymmetric bio-inspired design of the nanoantenna for polarization-resolved measurement is proposed. The spatial field intensity distribution was calculated for different field frequencies and polarizations. We have shown that the proposed design the antenna allows us to resolve the polarization of incoming photons.
Tradeoffs in chemical and thermal variations in the post-perovskite phase transition: Mixed phase regions in the deep lower mantle?

The discovery of a phase transition in Mg-rich perovskite (Pv) to a post-perovskite (pPv) phase at lower mantle depths and its relationship to D �� , lower mantle heterogeneity and iron content prompted an investigation of the relative importance of lower mantle compositional and temperature fluctuations in creating topographic undulations on mixed phase regions. Above the transition, Mgrich Pv makes up ∼70% by mass of the lower mantle. Using results from experimental phase equilibria, first-principles computations and empirical scaling relations for Fe 2+ –Mg mixing in silicates, a preliminary thermodynamic model for the Pv to pPv phase transition in the divariant system MgSiO3–FeSiO3 is developed. Complexities associated with components Fe2O3 and Al2O3 and other phases (Ca-Pv, magnesiowustite) are neglected. The model predicts phase transition pressures are sensitive to the FeSiO3 content of perovskite ( ∼− 1.5 GPa per 1 mol% FeSiO3). This leads to considerable topography along the top boundary of the mixed phase region. The Clapeyron slope for the Pv → pPv transition at XFeSiO3 = 0.1 is +11 MPa/K about 20% higher than for pure Mg-Pv. Increasing bulk concentration of iron elevates the mixed (two-phase) layer above the core–mantle boundary (CMB); increasing