cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification of a forebrain motor programming network for the learned song of zebra finches

The stereotyped delivery of sequences of vocalizations by singing zebra finches is thought to be mediated by a “central motor program.” We hypothesized that electrically stimulating, and thus perturbing, the neural components of this motor program during singing should alter the subsequent singing pattern. In contrast, perturbing the activity of other neurons in the song motor pathway that do not participate directly in generating the song temporal pattern should not affect the singing pattern. We found that unilaterally stimulating the forebrain area RA of singing birds with chronically implanted electrodes distorted ongoing syllables without changing the order or timing of ensuing syllables. However, stimulating forebrain area HVc, which projects directly to RA, altered both ongoing syllables and the ensuing song pattern. These findings indicate that syllable sequencing during singing is organized in forebrain areas above RA (including HVc) and that the resulting pattern is imposed on lower structures of the motor pathway. Furthermore, the observation that unilateral forebrain perturbation was sufficient to alter the pattern of this bilaterally organized behavior suggests that (non-auditory) feedback pathways to the forebrain exist to coordinate the two hemispheres during singing. We suggest that the study of the motor control system for birdsong has provided the most direct evidence to date for localizing the programming of a skilled motor sequence to the telencephalon.
Parking Externalities in Commercial Real Estate

∗∗∗ Local governments have employed a variety of strategies to reduce street congestion through an increase in parking supply. These policies have been criticized as an implicit subsidy that shifts costs from drivers to the public at large. Others have noted that parking lots and structures can lead to increased water and air pollution. However, there has not been an examination of whether parking, presumably by reducing congestion, generates external benefits. We measure whether nearby parking availability influences commercial property prices after controlling for property characteristics, including on-site parking. We find that publicly accessible parking, such as commercial parking garages, generates significant aggregate externalities. We also find evidence of a significant complementary relationship between building and parking area in property values. This suggests that parking regulation could have a significant impact on property development through its effect on the value of the marginal square foot of building area. Local governments often intervene in the parking market in order to decrease externalities from a perceived private under- or oversupply of parking. Until recently, the primary aim of parking policy has been to decrease parking search and attendant congestion costs by increasing the supply of off-street parking (Shoup 2005). The justification for these interventions is that there are externalities from parking provision that accrue to local businesses. However, there is little evidence on the existence or magnitude of these externalities. To the extent that they exist, they should be partially capitalized into property values. This article tests whether parking generates externalities for nearby properties and examines the role of parking in determining a property’s value. Parking requirements in zoning regulations and parking garage development subsidies are two important tools that local governments use as tools intended to reduce parking congestion (Jakle and Sculle 2004). Minimum parking
Congress and criminal justice policy making: The impact of interest groups and symbolic politics

This article explores the congressional criminal justice policy-making process in the United States, using efforts toward federal criminal-code revision and capital punishment as case examples. It examines how interest groups and symbolic politics affect criminal justice policy and thereby attempts to enhance understanding of the political realities of criminal justice policy making. Based on the findings reported here, an approach to criminal justice policy making is recommended. This approach builds on the disjointed incremental model found in the political science literature and should facilitate criminal justice policy makers in becoming more effective participants in the legislative process.
THE FRESHWATER DIATOM CYMBELLA CURSIFORMIS NOM. NOV.1,2

SUMMARY The morphology, ecology, and taxonomy of a pennate diatom, Cymbella cursiformis nom, nov. (family Cymbellaceae), from Cedar Bog, Champaign County, Ohio, originally described from Tasmania by Hustedt as Cymbella cistula var. gracilis, are reported. Photographs of specimens on Hustedt's type, slide, are indistinguishable from Cedar Bog specimens. Scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy reveal that, this taxon cannot be considered a variety of Cymbella cistula (Ehr.) Kirchn.; therefore it has been raised to specific rank.
Effects of cold stress on sleep of an hibernator, the golden-mantled ground squirrel (C. lateralis).

Abstract Contrary to previously reported decreased sleep in nonhibernators, sleep patterns of ground squirrels remained unchanged on acute cold exposure (5δC). However, cold exposure did constitute a physiological stress as indicated by a 55% increase in heart rate. Significant increases in sleep time occurred during recovery sleep (22δC) consistent with the more general finding of a strong correlation between sleep length and metabolic rate in mammals.
Instability of the distal radioulnar joint

The distal radioulnar joint is a complex structure necessary for forearm motion and force transmission across the wrist. Anatomic and biomechanical advances have revealed broad contributions to distal radioulnar joint stability and refined our understanding of the forces acting across it. Instability often co-occurs with other modes of pathology, such as arthrosis or malunion; and appropriate diagnosis and treatment require a comprehensive understanding of all contributing factors. Distal radioulnar joint instability can be broadly categorized as primary, post-traumatic or post-surgical. Treatment strategies include percutaneous, arthroscopic, soft-tissue, osteotomy and arthroplasty techniques. The purpose of this article is to review distal radioulnar joint instability and its management.
Meteorites: A Petrologic, Chemical and Isotopic Synthesis

Meteorites, through their astonishingly diverse record of exotic geological environments that chronicle the formation of the solar system, provide us with a material connection to our fundamental origins. They inform us about processes including condensation of Stardust in stellar outflows, formation of the solar nebula cloud, interactions between water and minerals on asteroids, planetary core formation, and igneous as well as surface processes on Mars and the Moon.Meteorites: A Petrologic, Chemical and Isotopic Synthesis is a book that invites one to explore the wonders of our solar system and beyond. This book, written by Robert Hutchison, is loosely modeled as an update of the classic volume by Dodd [1981]. In the intervening 24 years, meteoritics has undergone a fast-paced revolution, resulting from the recovery of thousands of new samples from Antarctica and the hot deserts, combined with dramatic progress in analytical techniques.
Evaluation of Capnography Using a Genetic Algorithm To Predict Paco2

Introduction Noninvasive estimates of Paco 2 are usually done by measuring exhaled carbon dioxide at end-expiration (Petco 2 ). While commonly used in studies involving healthy patients, it is less useful in sicker patients. Conditions that affect the terminal dead space and hence the accuracy of Petco 2 as a surrogate for Paco 2 may also affect other components of the capnogram. A genetic algorithm is a computer technique for discovering relationships between variables. The purpose of this study was to use a genetic algorithm to improve the precision of Paco 2 prediction in comparison to Petco 2 . Methods Inspiratory and expiratory volumes were measured and analyzed by the computerized capnogram. Data were recorded for 2 min. Within 5 min of recording the capnograms, arterial blood gases were obtained. After excluding artifact and incomplete capnograms, five of the remaining breaths from each patient were selected. A genetic algorithm, constructed in postfix notation, consisted of 1,000 chromosomes with genes randomly selected from the 11 capnographic data fields and mathematical operators. The algorithm was constructed on 400 breaths from 83 randomly selected patients (construction group) and tested on 160 breaths from the remaining 32 patients (test group). Results For the construction group, the bias and precision between Petco 2 and Paco 2 were 4.3 ± 4.9 mm Hg (mean ± SD). For the 160 breaths in the test group, Petco 2 predicted Paco 2 with bias and precision of 2.9 ± 4.2 mm Hg. The best chromosome found by the genetic algorithm was (10 × 5 + 5 × 5 × 5)/(10 × 10) × Petco 2 – (5 × 5 × 10 + 5 × 5)/(10 × 10) × int time + 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 + (2 × 2)/10, which reduces to 0.65 × Petco 2 – 2.75 × int time + 16.4. This produced a bias and precision of 0.9 ± 4.1 mm Hg in the construction group and 0 ± 3.7 mm Hg in the test group (p Conclusions In this study of nonintubated emergency department patients, a genetic algorithm produced an improvement in bias and precision of Paco 2 prediction.
Ethics in security vulnerability research

Debate has arisen in the scholarly community, as well as among policymakers and business entities, regarding the role of vulnerability researchers and security practitioners as sentinels of information security adequacy. The exact definition of vulnerability research and who counts as a "vulnerability researcher" is a subject of debate in the academic and business communities. For purposes of this article, we presume that vulnerability researchers are driven by a desire to prevent information security harms and engage in responsible disclosure upon discovery of a security vulnerability. Yet provided that these researchers and practitioners do not themselves engage in conduct that causes harm, their conduct doesn't necessarily run afoul of ethical and legal considerations. We advocate crafting a code of conduct for vulnerability researchers and practitioners, including the implementation of procedural safeguards to ensure minimization of harm.
Enhanced-approximation linear solution technique (EALST)

Abstract The enhanced discretization and solution techniques are among the advanced computational methods we rely on in simulation and modeling of complex flow problems, including those with moving boundaries and interfaces. The set of enhanced discretization and solution techniques includes those based on enhancement in spatial discretization, enhancement in time discretization, and enhancement in iterative solution of nonlinear and linear equation systems. The enhanced-approximation linear solution technique (EALST) was introduced to increase the performance of the iterative technique used in solution of the linear equation systems when some parts of the computational domain may offer more of a challenge for the iterative method than the others. The EALST can be used for computations based on semi-discrete or space–time formulations.
A wound-induced Wnt expression program controls planarian regeneration polarity

Regeneration requires specification of the identity of new tissues to be made. Whether this process relies only on intrinsic regulative properties of regenerating tissues or whether wound signaling provides input into tissue repatterning is not known. The head-versus-tail regeneration polarity decision in planarians, which requires Wnt signaling, provides a paradigm to study the process of tissue identity specification during regeneration. The Smed-wntP-1 gene is required for regeneration polarity and is expressed at the posterior pole of intact animals. Surprisingly, wntP-1 was expressed at both anterior- and posterior-facing wounds rapidly after wounding. wntP-1 expression was induced by all types of wounds examined, regardless of whether wounding prompted tail regeneration. Regeneration polarity was found to require new expression of wntP-1. Inhibition of the wntP-2 gene enhanced the polarity phenotype due to wntP-1 inhibition, with new expression of wntP-2 in regeneration occurring subsequent to expression of wntP-1 and localized only to posterior-facing wounds. New expression of wntP-2 required wound-induced wntP-1. Finally, wntP-1 and wntP-2 expression changes occurred even in the absence of neoblast stem cells, which are required for regeneration, suggesting that the role of these genes in polarity is independent of and instructive for tail formation. These data indicate that wound-induced input is involved in resetting the normal polarized features of the body axis during regeneration.
Incompressible 3D Navier–Stokes Equations as a Limit of a Nonlinear Parabolic System

In this paper, we consider the Cauchy problem for a nonlinear parabolic system $${u^\epsilon_t - \Delta u^\epsilon + u^\epsilon \cdot \nabla u^\epsilon + \frac{1}{2}u^\epsilon\, {\rm div}\, u^\epsilon - \frac{1}{\epsilon}\nabla\, {\rm div}\, u^\epsilon = 0}$$ in $${\mathbb {R}^3 \times (0,\infty)}$$ with initial data in Lebesgue spaces $${L^2(\mathbb {R}^3)}$$ or $${L^3(\mathbb {R}^3)}$$ . We analyze the convergence of its solutions to a solution of the incompressible Navier–Stokes system as $${\epsilon \to 0}$$ .
Effects of Pinealectomy, Anosmia and Blinding Alone or in Combination on Gonadotropin Secretion and Pituitary and Target Gland Weight in Intact and Castrated Male Rats

Pinealectomy had inconstant effects on serum gonadotropins when blood samples were taken during the day, however late nocturnal titers of both FSH and LH tended to decline and this decline tended to b
Consistency of current commutators

Abstract : An apparent paradox is presented that originates from current commutators in quantum electrodynamics, followed by its solution. In the two appendices the author discusses the presentation made of the same (or a closely related) paradox by Schwinger in 1959 and Johnson in 1961. The conclusion is that there is no need to modify the current commutators. (Author)
You are who you watch: Identification and transportation effects on temporary self-concept

Identification and transportation are believed to be major moderators of the impact of media consumption on its consumers. A study (N = 118) was conducted to examine the effects of identification and transportation on activation of media concepts in the “real world” lives of media consumers. Results indicated that under conditions of high identification, participants temporarily displayed increased activation of trait characteristics displayed by a character in a film clip within their self-concept. Supportive albeit inconsistent evidence of a similar role for transportation was also obtained. These findings indicate that traits exhibited by media characters may spill over into the self-concept of the viewer, and identification and transportation appear to play a significant role in such increased activation.
Composition of Pneumocystis carinii Neutral Lipids and Identification of Coenzyme Q10 as the Major Ubiquinone Homolog

The lipids of purified preparations of Pneumocystis carinii carinii freshly isolated from infected rats were analyzed and compared with those of whole lungs from normal and methylprednisolone-immunosuppressed uninfected rats. In this study, the neutral lipid fraction was examined in detail; the relative concentrations of individual classes making up this fraction were quantified. Of particular interest was the nature of the organism's ubiquinone (coenzyme Q, CoQ) fraction because atovaquone, a hydroxynaphtho-quinone (566C80) analog of ubiquinone, is efficacious in the treatment of P. carinii pneumonia. The ubiquinone concentration in both P. carinii and lung tissues was relatively low compared to that present in rat heart and liver tissues. Two homologs were identified in the organism: CoQ10 was the predominant homolog with lesser amounts of CoQ9 present. In contrast, the lungs of normal and immunosuppressed uninfected rats had CoQ9 and lesser amounts of CoQ8, but no detectable CoQ10. Furthermore, radiolabeled mevalonic acid was incorporated in vitro into the ubiquinone fraction of P. carinii indicating that the organism has the de novo branch of the isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway leading to polyprenyl formation. Hence, it was concluded that CoQ10 (if not both CoQ110 and CoQ9) in P. carinii as not scavenged from the host but was synthesized by the organism. Although lung tissues contained substantial free fatty acids, the organism was enriched in these lipids. The high concentration of free fatty acids and relatively low level of triglycerides in P. carinii suggest that fatty acids may represent major carbon sources for ATP production by the organism.
Enhancing the Informal Curriculum of a Medical School: A Case Study in Organizational Culture Change

Background Calls for organizational culture change are audible in many health care discourses today, including those focused on medical education, patient safety, service quality, and translational research. In spite of many efforts, traditional “top–down” approaches to changing culture and relational patterns in organizations often disappoint.
Use of a free radial artery graft for correction of bland-white-Garland syndrome

A radial artery free graft was used to create a two-coronary artery system for a 15-month-old child with Bland-White-Garland syndrome. The anomalous left main coronary artery originated from the proximal right pulmonary artery.
The Impact of Learning Goal Orientation Similarity on Formal Mentoring Relationship Outcomes

The problem and the solution. Protege-mentor pairs were examined regarding the impact of the similarity of their learning goal orientation (LGO) on mentoring support provided and protege outcomes. In this study, 143 protege-mentor pairs who articipated in a formal mentoring program in a large health care organization were the respondents. Results supported Ragins’s theory that pair homogeneity may influence support and outcomes for the protege. Protege-mentor pairs sharing high LGO were reported to have higher levels of idealized influence, managerial aspirations, and commitment to achieving goals than protege-mentor dyads who had low or dissimilar levels of LGO. Implications for human resource development research and practice are discussed.
Magnetic resonance chemical exchange saturation transfer imaging and nanotechnology.

Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) agents and paramagnetic CEST (PARACEST) agents display bound water signals that exchange protons with the bulk water. CEST magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) relies on exchangeable protons that resonate at a chemical shift that is distinguishable from the bulk water signal. In some cases, paramagnetic chelates are utilized to shift the bound water frequency further away from the bulk water. Radiofrequency prepulses applied at the appropriate frequency can saturate the exchangeable protons, which transfer into the bulk water pool and lead to reduced equilibrium magnetization. Therefore, CEST and PARACEST agents allow the image contrast to be switched ‘on’ and ‘off’ by simply changing the pulse sequence parameters. One of the main limitations with this approach is the inherent insensitivity of MRI to CEST and PARACEST agents. Nanoscale carriers have been developed to improve the limit of detection for these agents, demonstrating the feasibility of in vivo molecular or cellular MRI based on CEST or PARACEST contrast. These carriers have been based on a number of different nanoparticle constructs, such as liposomes, dendrimers, polymers, adenovirus particles, and perfluorocarbon nanoparticles. The unique MRI properties of CEST and PARACEST nanoparticle systems have spawned research into an array of potential medical applications. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2012, 4:389–398. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1167 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Risk of Lymph Node Metastasis in T1 Carcinoma of the Colon and Rectum

PURPOSE: Several recent reports of high local recurrence and lymph node metastasis in T1 carcinoma of the rectum prompted us to study the risk factors for lymph node metastasis in these lesions. METHODS: We reviewed the clinical records of 7,543 patients who underwent operative treatment for carcinoma of the colon and rectum from 1979 to 1995. Only patients with sessile T1 lesions who underwent colorectal resection were included in the study, yielding an analysis cohort of 353 patients. The following carcinoma-related variables were assessed: size, mucinous subtype, carcinomatous component, grade, site in colon and rectum, lymphovascular invasion, and depth of submucosal invasion. For the depth, the submucosa was divided into upper third (sm1), middle third (sm2), and lower third (sm3). Chi-squared tests and logistic regression were used to evaluate the variables as potential risk factors for lymph node metastasis. RESULTS: The incidence of T1 lesions was 8.6 percent. In the analysis cohort, the lymph node metastasis rate was 13 percent. Significant predictors of lymph node metastasis both univariately and multivariately were sm3 (P = 0.001), lymphovascular invasion (P = 0.005), and lesions in the lower third of the rectum (P = 0.007). Poorly differentiated carcinoma was significant univariately (P = 0.001) but not in the multivariate model. No other parameter was associated with a significant risk. CONCLUSIONS: T1 colorectal carcinomas with lymphovascular invasion, sm3 depth of invasion, and location in the lower third of the rectum have a high risk of lymph node metastasis. These lesions should have an oncologic resection. In a case of the lesion in the lower third of the rectum, local excision plus adjuvant chemoradiation may be an alternative.
Thiono compounds. 4. In vitro mutagenic and antineoplastic activity of TEPA and thio-TEPA.

Tris (1-aziridinyl) phosphine oxide (TEPA) and tris (1-aziridinyl) phosphine sulfide (thio-TEPA) induced base pair mutations in the Ames mutagenic assay. Thio-TEPA required metabolic activation while TEPA was active without metabolic activation. Growth of a human vaginal carcinoma (A431), a human breast carcinoma (MDAMB-231), and a human cervical carcinoma (HeLa) were inhibited in soft agar in vitro at concentrations which induced mutagenesis in the Ames Assay. A fourth line, JEG choriocarcinoma, was sensitive to the antigrowth properties of both drugs at concentrations below that which induced mutagenesis. These data suggest that as more antineoplastic agents become available, and as mean survival times increase, knowledge of the relative in vitro sensitivity of a patient's neoplasm to a specific antineoplastic drug (i.e., dose required for growth inhibition) as a function of its mutagenic index might be useful for prediction of clinical remission, as well as the risk of secondary neoplasm induction.
Application of signal and noise theory to digital VLSI testing

Circuit dependent vectors like functional verification vectors, RTL test vectors, or gate-level ATPG vectors contain circuit specific information in the form of spatial correlations (among bits of a vector) and temporal correlations (among bits of the bit stream at an input pin). Some specified bits have don't care behavior because they can be changed without affecting the relevant (testing or functional) properties of the signal. In this paper, we develop a functional analysis framework for digital signals which extracts this information content from the vectors under consideration. Our proposed method is based on spectral analysis of binary bit-streams using Hadamard transform. A bit-stream corresponding to an input pin is transformed to Hadamard spectral components. The information content is distinguished from the noise in the signal using spectral analysis of random binary bit-streams. The magnitude of the spectral components represent temporal correlations while the phases of spectral components of separate bit streams represent the spatial correlations. Applications to ATPG, test compression and BIST (combinational and sequential), as described in recent publications, will benefit from this analysis, because the previous works have used ad-hoc methods for extracting spectral components from samples of test signals. We illustrate the analysis with an application to test generation for sequential benchmark circuits.
Hypersonic merged-layer flow on a sphere

With the objective to achieve the desired reduction in velocity by aerodynamic forces, an aeroassisted orbital transfer vehicle (AOTV) is expected to fly in the higher region of the atmosphere for a sustained period of time. This aeroassist maneuver will occur in the transitional regime, if the vehicle is designed for a low ballistic coefficient. In this case, a merged-layer (ML) is formed around the space vehicle. The flow characteristics of the vehicle can be studied by making use of the full Navier-Stokes (NS) equations, taking into account slip and temperature jump conditions. The present investigation has the objective to obtain a two-term series solution of the full Navier-Stokes equations with surface slip and temperature jump conditions for the ML flow on a sphere. Attention is given to the mathematical formulation of the problem, the numerical method of integration, and the results.
Role of corneal elasticity in damping of intraocular pressure.

Purpose To determine corneal elasticity and its contribution in damping acute intraocular pressure spikes. Methods Twenty corneas with intact scleral rims were excised from human donor eyes and mounted on an artificial anterior chamber. A watertight seal was obtained with 17 corneas. Saline was infused into the chamber at a rate of 10 mL/h, and subsequent changes in pressure were measured to generate a pressure-volume relationship. Real-time anterior segment OCT was used to measure the change in radius of curvature and corneal thickness in nine eyes. Results The pressure-versus-volume curves of all corneal-scleral buttons were concave-up asymptotes, demonstrating elasticity. The range of the slope was 0.34 to 1.6 +/- 0.29 mm Hg/microL. The mean change in the radius of curvature in the nine eyes that were visualized by optical coherence tomography (OCT) was 247 +/- 106 microm (range, 168-412 microm). The OCT image was centered on the epithelial surface. In two eyes, the entire cornea was visible by OCT throughout the course of the experiment, and corneal thickness was measured and found to decrease by 116 +/- 4 microm. Conclusions Human eye bank corneas demonstrate elasticity ex vivo, with expansion and thinning in response to increases in anterior chamber pressure. These elastic properties may serve as a buffering mechanism for microvolumetric changes in the eye, thus protecting the eye from intraocular pressure surges in vivo.
Impact absorber with linear spring and quadratic law damper

Abstract The performance of an impact absorber with a linear spring and a quadratic law damper is analyzed. The equation of motion is non-dimensionalized and a closed form solution is obtained. Chosen response variables are presented in terms of a dimensionless parameter, the quadratic damping ratio. The performance is compared with that of an absorber with viscous damper.
Gene for the RNA polymerase sigma subunit mapped in Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli by cloning and deletion

Abstract The genes for the RNA polymerase sigma subunit (rpoD) and DNA primase (dnaG) of Salmonella typhimurium have been cloned into lambda vectors. Combined restriction, deletion and functional analysis of the cloned fragment allows us to map the genes precisely on the fragment, establishes the direction in which rpoD is transcribed, and reveals the existence of at least one new gene in the vicinity. A closely homologous, smaller fragment of Escherichia coli DNA, also cloned into lambda, contains rpoD and at least part of dnaG.
Acute subdural hematoma caused by an unruptured, thrombosed giant intracavernous aneurysm

Introduction Acute subdural hematoma (SDH) is an infrequent complication after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. SDH associated with unruputed intracavernous aneurysm has never been reported.
Phosphorescence microwave photoexcitation spectrum of 1,4-dibromonaphthalene☆

The phosphorescence microwave photoexcitation spectrum of 1,4-dibromonaphthalene is obtained by monitoring the X-trap phosphorescence at 20164 cm−1 and AM modulating the 2942 MHz zero-field spin resonance. The comparative spectrum shows that the spin alignment of the emitting T1 state is dependent upon the nature of the pumping state. The result is discussed in terms of the spin—orbit coupling routes and various intramolecular relaxation schemes.
Ciprofloxacin treatment of periapical Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection

Survival of bacteria in periapical tissues may be the reason for endodontic failures. This case report describes the treatment of a patient with periapical lesions refractory to endodontic treatment. Microbiological sampling from fistulae associated with the lesions revealed the presence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Phenoxymethyl penicillin, metronidazole and carbenicillin were ineffective in eliminating the periapical infection. However, an investigational antibiotic, Ciprofloxacin, which was administered orally twice daily for 15 weeks, proved to be an effective, safe and convenient medicament in the treatment of periapical Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. The fistulae closed in less than 2 weeks and a radiograph taken during the fourteenth week of therapy showed healing of the apical periodontitis with osseous regeneration. It is suggested that Ciprofloxacin is a valuable agent in the treatment of apical periodontitis, and probably other odontogenic infections caused by susceptible aerobic gram-negative bacilli.
Effect of exercise during dietary restriction on skeletal muscle protein degradation in the rat

Abstract In a previous study we observed that one day of food restriction caused an increase in the rate of total muscle protein degradation and that this increase could be prevented by a bout of exercise. The present study was conducted to determine if this effect occurred after 15 days of exercise and food restriction. The rate of muscle protein degradation was determined using the perfused rat hindlimb model by measuring the rates or release of tyrosine and 3 methylhistidine. In contrast to our previous study, food restriction resulted in a decreased rate of total skeletal muscle protein degradation, and moderate exercise did not affect the rate of protein degradation in either the food restricted or ad lib fed rats. Thus, it would appear that moderate regular exercise has little or no affect on the rate of skeletal muscle protein degradation either alone or together with food restriction.
Influence of oxygen pressure, temperature and substrate/target distance on Cu2Ta4O12 thin films prepared by pulsed-laser deposition

Abstract Cu2Ta4O12 (CTaO) thin films were deposited on Si(100) substrates by pulsed-laser deposition technique in coexistence with Ta2O5. The crystalline structure and the surface morphology of the CTaO thin films were strongly affected by substrate temperature, oxygen pressure and target–substrate distance. During the deposition of CTaO, an initial formation of a Ta2O5 layer occurred, on which CTaO grew with different orientations. We report on details for film deposition and the film properties determined by Scanning Electron Microscope, Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Transmission Electron Microscope and X-ray diffraction.
Deconvolution in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

Abstract Published Mg and Al Kα X-ray lineshapes have been used to study the removal of the effects of X-ray broadening in XPS spectra by deconvolution. These results are compared with spectra obtained for the same specimens in the same instrument using a monochromatic X-ray source. The use of deconvolution to remove analyzer broadening from spectra has also been examined, and it has been verified experimentally that the maximum improvement in the full width at half-maximum of a peak that can be achieved is 30%. Deconvolution has also been examined as a means to remove backgrounds from XPS spectra over wide energy ranges, up to 100 eV.
Research on People Counting Based on Stereo Vision

In both industrial field and office building, the accurate statistic of people who enter or leave the elevator has important practical meaning in security and analysis of passenger flow. We present a binocular vision system to count the people pass by. The camera is set in the height of 2.45 meters to monitor the people overhead in order to reduce the overlap of pedestrians. The object segment and tracking method proposed in this paper show good result with the disparity map gained by the dual-camera. Dynamic promotion of threshold is used in the object segmentation. Feature matching is used to track the moving objects. The system can get the number of people accurate and timely. Experiment results show that our system has good performance under relatively complex circumstance.
Experimental Study of Single Spin Asymmetries and TMDs

Single Spin Asymmetries and Transverse Momentum Dependent (TMD) distribution study has been one of the main focuses of hadron physics in recent years. The initial exploratory Semi-Inclusive Deep-Inelastic-Scattering (SIDIS) experiments with transversely polarized proton and deuteron targets from HERMES and COMPASS attracted great attention and lead to very active efforts in both experiments and theory. A SIDIS experiment on the neutron with a polarized 3He target was performed at JLab. Recently published results as well as new preliminary results are shown. Precision TMD experiments are planned at JLab after the 12 GeV energy upgrade. Three approved experiments with a new SoLID spectrometer on both the proton and neutron will provide high precision TMD data in the valence quark region. In the long-term future, an Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) as proposed in US (MEIC@JLab and E-RHIC@BNL) will provide precision TMD data of the gluons and the sea. A new opportunity just emerged in China that a low-energy EIC (1st stage EIC@HIAF) may provide precision TMD data in the sea quark region, complementary to the proposed EIC in US.
Experimental testing of liquid slosh suppression in a suspended container with compound-pendulum dynamics

Liquid slosh is a concern for industries that move liquids in rapid or precise operations. The majority of existing control techniques utilize feedback control to reduce liquid slosh. On the other hand, open-loop input shaping has shown to be robust and effective in minimizing liquid slosh without the use of sensors. This paper examines through experimentation the use of a wide range of input shapers to reduce liquid slosh. The container used in the experiments is suspended from an overhead trolley and exhibits compound-pendulum dynamics. Test results demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of input shaping in reducing liquid slosh and the ability to provide fast settling times over a broad range of frequency variations. The results also provide a thorough comparison of several different types of input shaping. These results will help guide engineers working on slosh-control problems.
Constructing molecular polygons using halogen bonding and bifurcated N-oxides

Bifurcated halogen bonds constructed from N-oxides and complementary halogen-bond donors provide the basis for a synthetic strategy for the deliberate assembly of molecular polygons in the solid state. The donor- and acceptor sites were located on different molecular components and a co-crystallization approach furnished the desired architectures.
Perioperative pulmonary aspiration of patients who have had an esophagectomy with a gastric pull-up: the value of preoperative computed tomography of the neck

Patients who have had an esophagectomy with gastric pull-up are at a higher risk for perioperative pulmonary aspiration due to loss of the esophageal sphincter. Altered neck anatomy following esophagectomy may render the conventional cricoid pressure maneuver unreliable in preventing pulmonary aspiration during induction of general anesthesia. Two patients who suffered perioperative pulmonary aspiration are presented. Retrospective review of their preoperative computed tomography of the neck showed the altered anatomical position of the esophago-gastric connection, causing the cricoid pressure to be ineffective.
Anadromous species and the new international law of the sea

Abstract This article examines the evolution of international law relating to anadromous species, focusing exclusively on salmon and primarily considering the period since World War II. The discussion concerns major international harvesting in the western North Pacific, eastern North Pacific, and the North Atlantic. Unilateral actions are also described. Special attention is given to the relevant articles of the 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea and to developments since its conclusion. Evidence is assessed for considering that the customary international law of the sea now recognizes the authority of the state of origin of salmon to prohibit high seas harvesting of salmon.
Cued platform training reveals early development of directional responding among preweanling rats in the Morris water task.

Previous studies on the ontogeny of spatial learning report that rats younger than 19–21 days of age are incapable of learning the location of a platform relative to distal cues in the Morris water task. Here, we manipulated the spatial relationship of a cued platform to the pool and the distal visual room cues to investigate whether distal cues can control navigation among 16- to 24-day-old rats. Rats were trained to navigate to a cued platform in a rich distal cue environment. During critical test trials, the pool was shifted to a different, overlapping position and the cued platform was placed either in the same absolute location in the room or the same relative location in the pool as during training. Rats aged 17 days and older exhibited a disruption in performance when the cued platform was in the absolute location but not the relative location, indicating that rats had learned the direction of the cued platform within the distal cue environment. These observations indicate that (1) information acquired from distal room cues influences navigation as early as 17 days of age, (2) this distal cue information is preferentially used to guide navigation in a particular direction rather than to a precise place in the room, and (3) the directional nature of the influence of distal cues on navigation is invariant across development. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 53: 1–12, 2011.
Residual processing capacity during verbal organization in memory

Continuous compensatory tracking performed concurrently with a verbal memory task was used to monitor the information-processing demands of memory. Tracking performance within two temporally defined memory stages (encoding and retrieval) reflected processing demands as the following variables were investigated: blocked versus nonblocked presentation, association strength to a category, and number of list presentations. These variables were manipulated in an attempt to isolate the memory stage in which organization occurs. Adding a memory task to the tracking task caused a consistent decrement in tracking performance. More processing was required for retrieval from memory than for encoding. Finally, retrieval of the blocked lists required less processing on succeeding trials, whereas retrieval of nonblocked lists required equal amounts of processing over trials.
Construction of the Courant-Snyder invariants for the nonlinear equations of motion and criterion for the long-term stability of the beam in a storage ring

Abstract The Courant-Snyder invariants become Lyapunov functions when the β-functions admit non-zero lower and finite upper bounds. The long-term stability of motion then follows. This alternative criterion for the long-term stability of motion can be generalized to the nonlinear case. A single particle subjected to an arbitrary static magnetic field is considered in some detail as an example.
60GHz wireless links in data center networks

A novel approach for data center networking is described in this manuscript. It is proposed to replace wires in data centers with high data-rate, point-to-point, line of sight wireless links in the 60GHz frequency band. Beam forming using phased-array transceivers is employed to create such links between node pairs. The simulation results performed on the designed transceiver have shown that a high beam rotation angle, small phase rotation step and low phase rotation latency are achievable. Instead of arranging server racks in rows, a polygonal arrangement of server racks has been proposed where the line of sight wireless links are formed in the enclosed space between racks. Data center topologies are emulated with the polygonal prism arrangement. A large volume of wires removed from data center enclosure would not only reduce the total infrastructure cost but also enhance the cooling efficiency.
Japanese Adolescent Boys’ Senses of Empathy (Omoiyari) and Carol Gilligan’s Perspectives on the Morality of Care: A Phenomenological Approach

This study replicated the interview method of Carol Gilligan and her colleagues to examine the nature of the care perspective in Japanese adolescents’ real-life experiences of moral conflicts and decision making. Four emergent themes that contradicted Gilligan’s theoretical perspectives were identified: (1) both Japanese male and female adolescents showed what Gilligan would call a ‘female’ (i.e. ‘care-oriented’) concern; (2) the care orientation was expressed as a normative voice of a larger (Japanese) society, whereas Gilligan saw it as a subordinate (to justice) voice of male-oriented Western society; (3) caring and justice were linked in the thought and actions of Japanese adolescents, whereas Gilligan saw them as polar opposites; (4) Japanese adolescents saw caring as a communal responsibility, whereas Gilligan saw it as individual feelings. Implications for the applicability of Gilligan’s concept of the morality of care in crosscultural research are discussed.
Corticoid stress responses to handling and temperature in salmonids.

Abstract Plasma corticoid concentrations in juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) netted and confined in a small live-cage rose from approximately 100 ng/ml to about 500 ng/ml in 24 h, then fell to 250 ng/ml at 48 h. In juvenile chinook salmon dip netted into a bucket containing aerated water and sampled serially at 90-s intervals, plasma corticoids increased from < 10 ng/ml to approximately 100 ng/ml in 20 min. In juvenile cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki clarki) acclimated to 13 C and subjected to a rapid increase in water temperature to 26 C, plasma corticoid concentration increased from about 20 ng/ml to 70 ng/ml in 25 min and remained elevated for more than 3 h. Juvenile cutthroat trout acclimated to diurnal temperature cycles (13–23 C) had no substantial changes in plasma corticoid concentration throughout the cycles. Juvenile cutthroat trout acclimated to 23 C had the same initial corticoid concentration as cutthroat trout acclimated to 9 C. When both groups were subjected to identical ne...
Unique response to antipsychotic drugs is due to absence of terminal autoreceptors in mesocortical dopamine neurones.

A projection of dopamine (DA) neurones has been identified which runs from the rat midbrain ventral tegmental area to the cerebral cortex1. Relative to other cortical areas, the prefrontal cortex is enriched in DA2,3, tyrosine hydroxylase3, DA uptake2,3, DA-sensitive adenylate cyclase2 and DA-responsive neurones4. Lesions of the prefrontal cortex or selective lesions of the prefrontal cortical DA innervation induce functional deficits, including detrimental effects on delayed response tasks, a difficulty in suppressing attention to irrelevant stimuli and a diminution in affective and social behaviour (for a review, see ref. 5). Recent studies have shown that this mesocortical DA system differs from other DA systems (such as the nigrostriatal and mesolimbic DA systems) in terms of drug responsiveness. For example, the acute administration of antipsychotic drugs (for example, haloperidol) greatly accelerates DA turnover in the nigrostriatal and mesolimbic DA systems through multiple sites of action, but only modestly accelerates mesocortical DA turnover. Following the chronic administration of moderate doses of antipsychotic drugs, tolerance to the effects of a haloperidol challenge dose is generally seen in the striatum and olfactory tubercle but not in the frontal cortex6–8. Similar results obtained in experiments involving primates have led to the suggestion that the frontal cortex may be the site of therapeutic action of the antipsychotic agents9,10. In light of the recent finding that rat mesocortical DA neurones lack terminal autoreceptors11, we have investigated the possible role of nerve terminal DA autoreceptors in mediating the varied responses seen in different brain regions following acute and chronic antipsychotic drug treatment. The results, reported here, suggest that both the relatively small activation of the mesocortical DA system in response to a haloperidol challenge, and the lack of tolerance to haloperidol following chronic treatment, may be related to the absence of nerve terminal autoreceptors.
Migration and the Latino Family: The Union Formation Behavior of Puerto Rican Women*

This study examines the transition to first union among Puerto Rican women. I argue that understanding the behavior of mainland Puerto Ricans requires attention to family patterns in Puerto Rico and to the dynamics of migration between Puerto Rico and the United States. The study therefore is based on pooled data from comparable surveys undertaken in the two settings. These data allow for event history analyses that compare the union formation behavior of migrants with that of nonmigrants, and consider the role of migration in producing the observed union patterns. Multivariate models show that migrants are more likely than nonmigrants to form unions early and to enter informal unions. Additional analyses show that selective migration plays a role in producing this pattern. Overall the findings demonstrate the importance of using data from both origin and destination locales for understanding the behavior of migrant groups.
A silicon force sensor for large magnitude impact loads

Abstract We present a novel force sensor to measure large forces over a wide bandwidth (from static loads to 100's of kHz) for use as a shock sensor in challenging environments. The sensor is configured as a washer with embedded MEMS (Microelectromechanical Systems) piezo-resistive doped polysilicon sensing elements. The silicon sensing elements utilize photolithographically patterned strain gages on deforming sense plates to provide a high sensitivity linear response (1–10 mV/1000 lbf, 0.2–2 mV/kN) to input loads of up to 10,000 lbf (45,000 N). Higher loads are achievable by implementing relatively simple design changes, for instance a thicker or smaller diameter sense plate. Very small silicon sensor elements (as small as 10–100 μm in diameter) allow multiple sensors to be embedded in the washer to provide redundant load measurement and the determination of load direction. Readily available engineering materials FR4 (epoxy circuit board), copper, Kapton (polyimide), and steel are used to package the silicon sensor die in a sandwich that protects the brittle silicon allowing it to survive high magnitude impact loads. The design procedures presented allow the sensor designer to control the stress level at the silicon sensor die and therefore the effective load range of the sensor, while maintaining a high signal to noise ratio (>100:1).