cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Third Emigration and the West

The so-called Third Emigration is, to say the least, an unexpected phenome non. Who would have thought in 1970 that a significantly large number of Soviet citizens would suddenly come to us in the West? Who would have thought that we would associate in our daily lives with people known pre viously to us only as scholarly reputations or legends of dissent? The Third Emigration is also a cultural phenomenon which we do not yet understand, one which we might never fully understand. It is a cultural phenomenon peculiar to the 1970s, and it is in this vexing decade that we are obliged to appreciate and come to grips with it. How are we to understand this unex pected, complex, and peculiar cultural phenomenon? Sometimes, in our efforts to understand cultural phenomena, it is useful to take them out of context and to ask ourselves the question, what if? And so we might begin with the question, what might have happened had the Third Emigration come to the West in the 1960s, a time which we can all agree is the almost perfect antithesis of our present decade? What would these people from that other world have found here in the 1960s? How might they have perceived us? Certainly our new colleagues would have found a quite different West in the 1960s. They would have found a Europe and North America still not out of the darkness of the Cold War in the early decade and even in the mid decade they would have encountered a Western people whose consciousness had not yet been greened, awakened to the capricious evils of which, we now know, even well-intentioned governments and individuals are capable. They would have found a hopeful and optimistic West, and they might perhaps even have judged us to be hopelessly idealistic as to what we could accom plish. They would have arrived at a time of social and intellectual ferment, when mediocre old men seemed about to be replaced by young, politically vigorous activists; and they would have witnessed the heightening, the sharp ening, and then the cruel dissipation of human energy in futile protest. They would have found us to be a more confident and prosperous people, still with a firm faith in what we now know was the delusion of inexhaustible resources
A Critical Appraisal of ‘Applied’ Cartography

Maps are nothing if not useful. Some communicate information in passive, digital form, while others beam their messages with great visual impact. Maps can also confuse, mislead, entrap, or persuade insidiously. But all maps appeal to the human mind because they represent places, and because they are applicable to the universal need for place-related knowledge. Geographers accept maps as indispensable tools for the identification, analysis, and solution of spatial problems. In fact, this direct link between geographers and maps may be the public’s most dominant image of geography.
Mitochondrial and Vacuolar ATPases

Mitochondrial and vacuolar ATPases, often referred to as F-type and V-type ATPases, respectively, are among the most complex enzymes of the cell. Many structural features are shared by both types. They are particularly large enzymes comprised of as many as 14 different types of subunits having aggregate molecular weights of 500–800kDa. Each enzyme can be separated into two structural entities, a membrane sector called F0 or V0 and a water-soluble peripheral sector called F1 or V1. The two types of ATPases also share a common evolutionary origin (disscussed below). However, in their current roles in the cell, they have diverged functionally. The mitochondrizl ATPase serves as the primary producer of ATP in the cell, while the vacuolar ATPase is an zvid consumer of ATP, using the energy derived from ATP hydrolysis to drive a variety of cellular processes.
Contemporary debates in political philosophy

Acknowledgements. Introduction Thomas Christiano and John Christman. Questions of Method . 1. Facts and Principles G.A. Cohen. 2. Constructivism, Facts, and Moral Justification Samuel Freeman. 3. Reason and the Ethos of a Late-Modern Citizen Stephen White. Liberalism. Political Neutrality . 4. The Moral Foundations of Liberal Neutrality Gerald F. Gaus. 5. Perfectionism in Politics: A Defense Steven Wall. Liberty and Distributive Justice. 6. Individualism and Libertarian Rights Eric Mack. 7. Left-Libertarianism and Liberty Peter Vallentyne. Equality. 8. Illuminating Egalitarianism Larry S. Temkin. 9. A Reasonable Alternative to Egalitariansim John Kekes. Democracy and Its Limits. The Value of Democracy . 10. The Supposed Right to a Democratic Say Richard Arneson. 11. Democracy: Instrumental vs. Non-Instrumental Value Elizabeth Anderson. Deliberative Democracy . 12. Deliberative Democracy Russell Hardin. 13. Reflections on Deliberative Democracy Constitutionalism Joshua Cohen. 14. Constitutionalism-A Skeptical View Jeremy Waldron. 15. Constitutionalism Larry Alexander. Persons, Identity and Difference. Individualism and Community . 16. Individualism and the Claims of Community Richard Dagger. 17. Liberalism, Communitarianism, and the Politics of Identity Margaret Moore. Identity and the Politics of Difference. 18. Relational Liberalism and Demands for Equality, Recognition and Group Rights Anthony S. Laden. 19. Structural Injustice and the Politics of Difference Iris Marion Young. Global Justice. Cosmopolitanism . 20. Cosmopolitanism and Justice Simon Caney. 21. Distributive Justice at Home and Abroad Jon Mandle. Human Rights . 22. The Dark Side of Human Rights Onora O'Neill. 23. A Defense of Welfare Rights as Human Rights James W. Nickel. .
Statistical Learning and Spelling

Purpose The purpose of this article is to provide a tutorial on statistical learning and its role in learning to spell and to discuss the implications of the research for educators. Method The tuto...
Joining the club: explaining alliance preferences in the South Caucasus

Foreign policy alliance formation among small states in the aggregate has been extensively examined in the literature, but mass opinion and preferences on alliance formation in these states remains...
Effect of Institutional Volume on Acoustic Neuroma Surgical Outcomes: State Inpatient Database 2009-2013.

Background Evolving technologies and health care quality metrics have altered treatment algorithms for acoustic neuromas (ANs), increasing trends toward observation and radiosurgery, with proportionate declines in use of microsurgery. A correlation between increasing surgical volumes and superior outcomes has been investigated previously in numerous surgical diseases, including AN. Objective To re-evaluate the volume–outcome relationship of AN resection in a changing health care system, with evolving treatment strategies. Methods Patients who underwent AN resection between 2009 and 2013 were retrospectively identified in the State Inpatient Database subset of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project. Generalized linear mixed-effect models were used to assess odds of various outcome measures (length of stay [LOS], discharge disposition, and facial nerve or severe clinical complications). Institutions were grouped into low-volume centers (1–6 cases/year) and high-volume centers (HVC; ≥31 cases/year) for analysis. Results A total of 1873 patients underwent AN resection between 2009 and 2013 with a mean age of 50.1 ± 14.1 years (±standard deviation). For each additional case treated annually, patients were 2% (odds ratio [OR], 0.98; 95% confidence interval, 0.96–0.99) less likely to experience a severe complication (P = 0.004). Each additional case also trended toward a decreased rate of facial nerve complications and nonroutine discharge. Inpatient LOS was also shorter for patients at HVCs (median, 4 vs. 5 days; P Conclusions Despite a relative decline in microsurgery compared with previous eras, care at HVCs is still associated with superior short-term outcomes, such as decreased LOS, facial nerve or other severe complications, and nonroutine discharges.
Pressure-Induced Transformations of Three-Component Heterostructural Nanocrystals with CdS–Au2S Janus Nanoparticles as Hosts and Small Au Nanoparticles as Satellites

Heterostructural nanocrystals (HNCs) have drawn enormous attention because of the combined and synergistic properties inherited from their individual components and interactions. Here we design a t...
Intravoxel B0 inhomogeneity corrected reconstruction using a low-rank encoding operator.

Purpose To present a general and efficient method for macroscopic intravoxel B 0 inhomogeneity corrected reconstruction from multi-TE acquisitions. Theory and methods A signal encoding model for multi-TE gradient echo (GRE) acquisitions that incorporates 3D intravoxel B 0 field variations is derived, and a low-rank approximation to the encoding operator is introduced under piecewise linear B 0 assumption. The low-rank approximation enables very efficient computation and memory usage, and allows the proposed signal model to be integrated into general inverse problem formulations that are compatible with multi-coil and undersampling acquisitions as well as different regularization functions. Results Experimental multi-echo GRE data were acquired to evaluate the proposed method. Effective reduction of macroscopic intravoxel B 0 inhomogeneity induced artifacts was demonstrated. Improved R 2 ∗ estimation from the corrected reconstruction over standard Fourier reconstruction has also been obtained. Conclusions The proposed method can effectively correct the effects of intravoxel B 0 inhomogeneity, and can be useful for various imaging applications involving GRE-based acquisitions, including fMRI, quantitative R 2 ∗ and susceptibility mapping, and MR spectroscopic imaging.
Cirrus clouds that adversely affect Landsat 8 images: What are they and how to detect them?

Abstract We developed an algorithm called Cmask (Cirrus cloud mask) for cirrus cloud detection in Landsat 8 imagery using time series of Cirrus Band (1.36–1.39 μm) observations. For each pixel, a harmonic model, which includes a water vapor regressor, based on all available Cirrus Band observations is estimated using the Robust Iteratively Reweighted Least Squares (RIRLS) regression approach, and pixels affected by cirrus cloud are identified by comparing model predictions and actual satellite observations of the Cirrus Band Top-Of-Atmosphere (TOA) reflectance. Furthermore, we analyzed the effect of increasing Cirrus Band TOA reflectance on the surface reflectance of the Blue, Green, Red, Near Infrared (NIR), and two Shortwave Infrared (SWIR) (SWIR 1 and SWIR 2) Bands based on a set of globally distributed random samples. The goal of this study is to answer the question of what are cirrus clouds in the context of a Landsat observation, or more specifically, when should we identify a pixel as cirrus cloud such that we know the reflectance in the other spectral bands has been seriously affected by cirrus clouds. The challenge is to then develop a simple and operational algorithm for accurate detection of cirrus clouds in Landsat 8 images. The Cmask algorithm reduced almost by half the errors found in the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Quality Assessment (QA) Band for distinguishing cirrus cloud and clear observations (8% versus 15% error).
The Role of Minimal Access Surgery in the Treatment of Spinal Metastatic Tumors.

Study Design:Literature review.Objective:To provide an overview of the recent advances in minimal access surgery (MAS) for spinal metastases.Methods:Literature review.Results:Experience gained from...
Coexisting lipid phases alter lipid dynamics and sort on nanoscale membrane curvature

The cellular homeostasis requires precise control of membrane shape and lipid phases. The membrane curvature likely sorts lipids and proteins to regulate the membrane composition of <100-nm radius endocytic pits and viral buds. However, the interplay between membrane curvature and local membrane composition is poorly understood at the nanoscale. Here, we employed single-molecule localization microscopy to observe single-lipid diffusion in model bilayers with varying lipid compositions, phase, temperature, and nanoscale membrane curvature. Engineered membrane buds were observed for the creation of lateral compositional heterogeneity in otherwise homogeneous membranes. Membrane curvature recruited liquid-disordered lipid phases in phase-separated membranes and altered the diffusion of the lipids. Supported lipid bilayers were created over 50-nm radius nanoparticles to engineer nanoscale membrane curvature that mimics the size of naturally occurring endocytic pits and viral buds. The disorder-preferring lipids sorted to the nanoscale curvature at all temperatures, but only when embedded in a membrane capable of sustaining liquid-liquid phase separation at low temperatures. This result suggests that lipid sorting by the membrane curvature was only possible when coupled with lipid phase separation. The curvature affected the local membrane composition most strongly when the curvature was locally surrounded by a liquid-ordered phase typically associated with a stiffer bending modulus. The curvature-induced sorting of lipid phases was quantified by the sorting of disorder-preferring fluorescent lipids, single-lipid diffusion measurements, and simulations that couple the lipid phase separation to the membrane shape. Unlike single-component membranes, lipids in phase-separated membranes demonstrated faster diffusion on curved membranes than the surrounding, flat membrane. These results demonstrate that curvature-induced membrane compositional heterogeneity can be achieved by collective behavior with lipid phase separation when single-molecule properties (i.e., packing parameter) are insufficient. These results support the hypothesis that the coupling of lipid phases and membrane shape may yield lateral membrane composition heterogeneities with functional consequences. SUMMARYO_LINanoscale membrane curvature couples to lipid phase separation C_LIO_LIMembrane curvature concentrates the liquid-disorder preferring lipids C_LIO_LIIn ternary mixtures, single-lipids diffuse faster in curved vs. flat membranes C_LIO_LIPhase separation induced by curvature propagated onto the surrounding planar bilayer C_LI
AC-ROS: assurance case driven adaptation for the robot operating system

Cyber-physical systems that implement self-adaptive behavior, such as autonomous robots, need to ensure that requirements remain satisfied across run-time adaptations. The Robot Operating System (ROS), a middleware infrastructure for robotic systems, is widely used in both research and industrial applications. However, ROS itself does not assure self-adaptive behavior. This paper introduces AC-ROS, which fills this gap by using assurance case models at run time to manage the self-adaptive operation of ROS-based systems. Assurance cases provide structured arguments that a system satisfies requirements and can be specified graphically with Goal Structuring Notation (GSN) models. AC-ROS uses GSN models to instantiate a ROS-based MAPE-K framework, which in turn uses these models at run time to assure system behavior adheres to requirements across adaptations. For this study, AC-ROS is implemented and tested on EvoRally, a 1:5-scale autonomous vehicle.
The orbital hoods of snapping shrimp have surface features that may represent tradeoffs between vision and protection.

Abstract Snapping shrimp (Alpheidae) are decapod crustaceans named for the snapping claws with which they produce cavitation bubbles. Snapping shrimp use the shock waves released by collapsing cavitation bubbles as weapons. Along with their distinctive claws, snapping shrimp have orbital hoods, extensions of their carapace that cover their heads and eyes. Snapping shrimp view the world through their orbital hoods, so we asked if the surfaces of the orbital hoods of the snapping shrimp Alpheus heterochaelis have features that minimize the scattering of light. Using SEM, we found that surface features, primarily microbial epibionts, covered less space on the surfaces of the orbital hoods of A. heterochaelis (∼18%) than they do elsewhere on the carapace (∼50%). Next, we asked if these surface features influence aerophobicity. By measuring the contact angles of air bubbles, we found the orbital hoods of A. heterochaelis are less aerophobic than other regions of the carapace. Surfaces that are less aerophobic are more likely to have cavitation bubbles adhere to them and are more likely to have shock waves cause new cavitation bubbles to nucleate upon them. Computational modeling indicates the orbital hoods of A. heterochaelis face a functional trade-off: fewer surface features, such as less extensive communities of microbial epibionts, may minimize the scattering of light at the cost of making the adhesion and nucleation of cavitation bubbles more likely.
Is foliar Cl- concentration the cause of photosynthetic decline in grapevine during mild salinity?

Moderate levels of Cl- have been associated with grapevine salt tolerance. The hypothesis to be tested in this work is: photosynthesis in grapevine is negatively correlated with foliar Cl- concentration. To further test this hypothesis, multiple mild salinity experiments on four different Vitis genotypes (Cabernet-Sauvignon, Riparia Gloire, Ramsey and SC2) were conducted and photosynthesis, ion concentrations and gene expression responses were quantified. The salt-tolerant rootstock Ramsey had greater Cl- exclusion capabilities than V. vinifera cultivars both during rooted cutting greenhouse experiments and three years of field-grafted experiments; SC2 also excluded Cl-. Differential gene expression indicated that salinity affected transcript abundance more in salt-sensitive genotypes (97.7 % of DEGs in the dataset), especially chloroplast-related transcripts. The transcript abundances of known anion transporters were determined and a family of putative B transporters was associated with the Cl- exclusion phenotype. Photosynthesis and growth were maintained in Ramsey and SC2 under mild salinity. However, photosynthesis declined in Cabernet-Sauvignon with isosmotic 20 mM salt concentrations of NaCl, KCl or NaNO3, independent of the salt type. While foliar Cl- concentrations did correlate with salt tolerance during control and NaCl conditions, it was not found to be the cause of photosynthetic decline in Vitis during mild salinity.
Approximation by Polynomials Whose Zeros Lie in a Given Set

A recent survey [7] of the subject lists a number of problems and conjectures. Some of these conjectures have now been proved. The following report, although it contains few proofs, is essentially self-contained.
BANK COLLECTIONS-THE DIRECT ROUTING PRACTICE

The establishment of the Federal Reserve system gave promise of sweeping aside a half century of unsound bank collection practices. The most spectacular of these, the one which largely preoccupied the economists interested in banking, was that of circuitous routing.l Under this practice items on relatively close points were often shunted back and forth across the country for days and even weeks before finally being presented for payment, and then, in event of dishonor, were sent back through the same devious route to reach the depositor again. The method was slow, costly, and fraught with risk. The additional handling increased the chance of error, the delay increased the risk of non-payment, and, even when payment was made, the multiplication of banks increased the risk of loss through bank failure. Coupled with this practice, and in part accounting for it, were other evils of even more serious character. With the inauguration of the National Banking System during the Civil War, ending the previous years of wildcat banking, the practice developed of giving depositors immediate credit for out of town checks, with the attendant privilege of drawing against the credit at once.2 This was induced by competition for accounts and made possible in part because such items might be sent on to city correspondents who in turn would give immediate credit subject to drawing, the credit counting at once as part of the depositing banks reserves. Such banks in turn were often able to send the item on to other banks in larger centers and to count the credit received as part of their reserves. It takes no argument to demonstrate that this pyramiding process constituted only a paper reserve, and in times of financial stress, when large numbers of items had to be charged back unpaid, it was apparent that the system was altogether unsatisfactory.3 The New York and large city banks generally, which assisted in bringing about this situation, were probably motivated largely by a desire to increase deposits; and to avoid loss through pay-
Expected Profit Selling Goods of Variable Quality

The expected profit of a supplier of goods (contractor) is analyzed for the general situation where renumeration is a function of the quality of the goods and this quality cannot be precisely controlled. It is assumed that the supplier can choose the mean value, and possibly the coefficient of variation, of the random quality and it is shown how he can choose the values of these parameters in order to maximize his own profit. The minimum price at which he could bid the job without expecting to lose money is also considered. Several pricing policies are considered, including the conventional policy of a constant price for all units accepted. For each policy graphical results are presented which allow simple computation of the optimum values of production parameters and of the minimum bid price. An example illustrates application of some of the results to a situation where the product is cast-in-place concrete.
Observed Climatic Variability: Time Dependence

Preconceived notions concerning the nature and causes of climate variability determine the datasets that scientists examine, the analysis tools they employ, and the questions they address in their research. Their choices, in turn, define and limit the range of possible outcomes. If these notions are wrong, the research is likely to get off on the wrong track. If they are lacking altogether, the course of the research may be determined by default, through ad-hoc choices, as in the maxim: “If all you have is a hammer, all you’ll see is nails”.
Folding and Deployment of Thin Shell Structures

Thin shells made of high modulus material are widely used as lightweight deployable space structures. The focus of this chapter is the most basic deployable thin shell structure, namely a straight, transversely curved strip known as a tape spring. Following a review of the materials used for the construction of deployable thin shell structures, including constitutive models and failure criteria developed specifically for this type of structures, this chapter provides an introduction to the mechanics of tape springs and tape spring hinges. Finite element techniques to model deployable structures containing tape springs are presented and the ability of these models to accurately simulate experimentally observed behavior is demonstrated. These tools can be used to design structures able to achieve specific behaviors. As an example, the design of a two-hinge boom that can be wrapped around a small spacecraft without any damage, and can dynamically deploy and smoothly latch into the deployed configuration is presented.
Towards the Experimental Assessment of NLBeam for Modeling Large Deformation Structural Dynamics

With the growth of the wind energy industry, it has become apparent that gear boxes in wind turbines, which link the blades to the generator, tend to wear down faster than anticipated. This phenomenon is not clearly understood; one theory is that existing wind turbine modeling approaches used to design the turbines do not properly account for nonlinearities caused by large amplitude blade deformations. To help understand the effects of geometric nonlinearities, a finite element based code, NLBeam, has been developed to simulate structural dynamic responses of wind turbine blades by employing the geometrically exact beam theory. This research focuses on assessing the adequacy of NLBeam by comparing simulation to experimental results. Three aluminum blade surrogates with different geometries were tested by applying large amplitude base excitations while assuring the surrogates stayed within the elastic range. A variety of orientations were utilized changing the dynamic characteristics of the surrogates and reflecting actual turbine blade behavior. The results are used to guide future development of NLBeam which will be coupled with large scale simulations of wind plants in a Computational Fluid Dynamics based program developed at Los Alamos National Laboratory called WindBlade.
Introduction to Networking and Media Streaming

This chapter identifies and characterizes some of the networking issues faced by media streaming. The characteristics of streaming media are often application-, media-, and transport protocol-specific. Interactive applications require low latency and delay jitter bounds. These requirements are particularly acute for audio applications because the ability to carry on a conversation is hampered by delays greater than 150 ms. Noninteractive applications do not require strict latency bounds and can alleviate delay jitter by using receiver-side buffers to smooth media playback. Different media types lend themselves to different network congestion adaptation strategies. Audio data types have fewer dimensions of scalability. Unfortunately, a specific media encoding or representation may not lend itself to exploiting all of these techniques. The perceived loss in quality that occurs with different packet loss and data rates is also media specific and highly nonlinear. The interaction between streaming media and network queue management policies, such as RED, which were designed specifically for TCP-like congestion control, is complicated and not well understood. It is also important to consider Crossmedia relationships. Media scaling schemes continually estimate network conditions and in response adjust media coding parameters. Typically, available bandwidth is estimated and frame rate or encoding quality is modulated to adjust bit rate to an appropriate level. The success of media scaling techniques depends on accurate estimates of network conditions and stable adaptation schemes.
Integrating IP Multicasting in Standard Network Management Protocols

Supporting multi-point group communications in the network management platform is essential for improving scalability and responsiveness of management applications. With the deployment of IP multicasting as the standard infrastructure for multi-point group communications in the Internet, the integration of IP multicasting in SNMP becomes significantly important to achieve these goals. This paper presents a flexible, efficient and easy-to-integrate framework for integrating IP Multicast in standard SNMP agents. The proposed framework enables managers to re-configure the agents’ group membership (e.g., join and leave) and the communication model (e.g., one-to-many, many-to-one and many-to-many) dynamically based on the application requirements. This framework exploits the advantages of IP multicasting without requiring any significant changes or performance overhead in the protocol or the agent architecture. Our ultimate goal is to promote the integration of IP multicasting as a standard service in SNMP agents.
The active site of hamster 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase resides at the subunit interface and incorporates catalytically essential acidic residues from separate polypeptides.

We employed site-directed mutagenesis based on sequence comparisons and characterization of purified mutant enzymes to identify Glu558 and Asp766 of Syrian hamster 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase (EC 1.1.1.34) as essential for catalysis. Mutant enzymes E558D, E558Q, and D766N had wild-type Km values for (S)-HMG-CoA and NADPH, but exhibited less than 0.5% of the wild-type catalytic activity. The inactive mutant polypeptides E558Q and D766N nevertheless can associate to generate an active enzyme. In vitro, 6% of the wild-type activity was observed when mutant polypeptides E558D and D766N were mixed in the absence of chaotropic agents. When mutant polypeptides E558Q and D766N were co-expressed in Escherichia coli, the resulting purified enzyme had 25% of wild-type activity. Hamster HMG-CoA reductase thus is a two-site, dimeric enzyme whose subunits associate to form an active site in which each monomer contributes at least one residue (e.g. Glu558 from one monomer and Asp766 from the other). The wild-type enzyme behaves as a dimer during size exclusion chromatography and has one HMG-CoA binding site per monomer. Syrian hamster HMG-CoA reductase thus appears to be a homodimer with two active sites which are located at the subunit interface.
Modulation of developing dorsal horn synapses by tissue injury

Although tissue injury can evoke significant hyperalgesia in infants from the first days of life, little is known about how injury affects emergent central pain networks at the synaptic level. Recent studies have investigated whether tissue damage at different ages has distinct consequences for synaptic function in the rat superficial dorsal horn (SDH) using in vitro patch clamp recordings from spinal cord slices prepared at different times after an injury. The results demonstrate that tissue damage during the first postnatal week transiently increases the frequency (but not amplitude) of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs), while no changes are observed at inhibitory synapses onto the same neurons. Prolonged blockade of sciatic nerve activity in vivo with bupivacaine hydroxide or tetrodotoxin prevented the elevation in mEPSC frequency following early injury. In contrast, tissue damage during the third postnatal week failed to significantly alter spontaneous excitatory or inhibitory synaptic transmission in the SDH. These data show that afferent activity arising from injured peripheral tissue selectively regulates glutamatergic synaptic signaling in the developing SDH in a highly age-dependent manner.
Introduction: Tort Law as Cultural Practice

Most scholars would agree that tort law is a cultural phenomenon and that its norms, institutions, and procedures both reflect and shape the broader culture of which it is a part. Yet relatively few studies have attempted to analyze tort law as a form of cultural practice or to address basic challenges regarding the methods or subject matter that are appropriate to such analyses. This essay introduces and summarizes a new volume of interdisciplinary, comparative, and historical studies of tort law in the United States as well as in the United Kingdom, Japan, Italy, India, Thailand, and elsewhere (the volume is entitled Fault Lines: Tort Law as Cultural Practice, Stanford University Press, 2009). The introductory essay contends that culture is not some 'thing' outside of tort law that may or may not influence legal behavior and deposit artifacts in the case law reporters. Rather, tort law and culture are inseparable dimensions of social practice in which risk, injury, liability, compensation, deterrence, and normative pronouncements about acceptable behavior are crucial features. Contributors to this volume demonstrate a variety of ways in which tort law’s cultural dimensions can be explored as they write about such topics as causation and duty, gender and race, the jury and the media, products liability and medical malpractice, insurance and the police, and tobacco and asbestos litigation. Their analyses extend far beyond the confines of the tort reform debate, which has until now set the agenda for much of the sociolegal research on tort law.
How Complete is HMDA?: HMDA Coverage of Freddie Mac Purchases

The Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA) mandates the reporting of mortgage loan applications. Nearly all studies of mortgage lending patterns done in recent years rely on the data collected under HMDA. However, not all mortgages are reported under HMDA. Understanding the relationship between HMDA coverage and neighborhood characteristics is particularly important because neighborhood rates of applications and loan originations from HMDA are used by many analysts to measure neighborhood lending activity. If HMDA coverage rates vary systematically with neighborhood characteristics, then studies that use these neighborhood characteristics to explain lending activity will yield biased results.This paper presents the results of an analysis that attempts to estimate the fraction of mortgage activity that is reported under HMDA, and examines how HMDA coverage rates vary with the racial and income characteristics of the neighborhood. The basic idea for this analysis is simple; identify a group of loans from an in...
La sanitarisation du social : les professionnels et l’éducation pour la santé en milieu pénitentiaire

La reforme du 18 janvier 1994 delegant au secteur hospitalier la gestion des soins en prison, qui relevait auparavant de l’Administration penitentiaire, marque l’inscription d’une logique de sante publique en milieu carceral. Outre la delivrance de soins primaires, le legislateur fixe au personnel hospitalier une mission de prevention. Orientees vers la liberation et la reinsertion du detenu, les actions d’education pour la sante visent egalement a ameliorer de facon marginale la vie quotidienne en detention. Pourtant, cette demarche de prevention s’apparente a certains egards a un processus de « sanitarisation » de l’institution penitentiaire. Interroger ce phenomene a partir du point de vue des professionnels sur leur propre pratique permet de souligner les contradictions qu’ils eprouvent de facon quotidienne, sans delegitimer leur action.
Teacher Ratings of Students in Relation to Ethnicity of Students and School Ethnic Balance

Presently, in order to identify more gifted minority students, alternative identification techniques are being employed in many school districts. One common technique has been the use of teacher ch...
Teaching Journalism Students About Confidential Whistleblower Sources: An Analysis Of Introductory News Writing Textbooks

Whistleblowers are a key journalistic source for many current news stories. However, reporters pursuing these major stories must navigate the dilemma between transparent full disclosure and protecting their confidential source. Professional journalists begin their journey as students, and students begin their journey in the classroom with a teacher and a textbook. But are journalism students being trained to deal effectively, and sensitively, with a whistleblowing source who may bring complex needs and difficulties to the news gathering process? This study explores how contemporary introductory news writing textbooks tackle issues surrounding the use of unnamed whistleblower sources. Beginning with a quantitative analysis as its foundation, the study explores, qualitatively, the advice being offered to students on how to handle these sources. We suggest that there are a number of important gaps that characterize textbooks when it comes to whistleblowing and associated concepts, with scant attention being paid to, for example, differentiation among varying types of anonymous source, the contextualization of a whistleblower’s unique circumstances, and the potential of positive source motivation. Suggestions are included for enhancing textbook content in this important area.
Interference-Contrast and Phase-Contrast Microscopy of Sporulation in Clostridium thermosaccharolyticum Grown Under Strict Anaerobiosis

Cells of Clostridium thermosaccharolyticum grown under strict anaerobiosis (modified Hungate technique) were examined during growth and sporulation by employing Nomarski interference-contrast and Zernike phase-contrast optics to delineate the sequence of morphological changes leading to the formation of free, mature spores. A 0.5% l-arabinose, liquid, complex medium was used to obtain a yield of 30 to 40% free, refractile spores (ca. 10(8)/ml) by 48 hr of incubation. The mean doubling time for the glucose culture (vegetative cells) was found to be 80 min, and that for the l-arabinose culture (sporulating cells), 498 min. By 8 hr of incubation, beginning spore formation became evident in the arabinose culture by the development of a distinct arrowhead-shaped terminal swelling. By 32 hr of incubation or shortly thereafter, Nomarski optics showed the mature spore to be uniformly spherical, whereas the enlarged terminal swelling containing it was not. The use of phase-contrast and interference-contrast optics permitted the characterization of the distinctive morphological changes occurring during sporulation of C. thermosaccharolyticum.
The challenges of research in Native American communities: Incorporating principles of cultural competence

Gaining access to Native American communities can be a major challenge for social work researchers. This paper discusses some of the reasons why access may be difficult and how researchers can begin to address these challenges. The principles of conducting culturally competent research in Native American communities are demonstrated using case examples. Examples illustrate techniques for soliciting and maintaining the cooperation of reservation and urban Native American communities for research projects. The challenges of conducting a large scale needs assessment with an off-reservation Native American population in an urban area are discussed.
Critical Role of C-Jun N-terminal Protein Kinase in Promoting Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Acute Liver Injury

The mechanism by which c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK) promotes tissue injury is poorly understood. Thus we aimed at studying the roles of JNK and its phospho-target proteins in mouse models of acute liver injury. Young male mice were exposed to a single dose of CCl4 (50mg/kg, IP) and euthanized at different time points. Liver histology, blood alanine aminotransferase, and other enzyme activities were measured in CCl4-exposed mice without or with the highly-specific JNK inhibitors. Phosphoproteins were purified from control or CCl4-exposed mice and analyzed by differential mass-spectrometry followed by further characterizations of immunoprecipitation and activity measurements. JNK was activated within 1h while liver damage was maximal at 24h post-CCl4 injection. Markedly increased phosphorylation of many mitochondrial proteins was observed between 1 and 8h following CCl4 exposure. Pretreatment with the selective JNK inhibitor SU3327 or the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant mito-TEMPO markedly reduced the levels of p-JNK, mitochondrial phosphoproteins and liver damage in CCl4-exposed mice. Differential proteomic analysis identified many phosphorylated mitochondrial proteins involved in anti-oxidant defense, electron transfer, energy supply, fatty acid oxidation, etc. Aldehyde dehydrogenase, NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase, and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase were phosphorylated in CCl4-exposed mice but dephosphorylated after SU3327 pretreatment. Consistently, the suppressed activities of these enzymes were restored by SU3327 pretreatment in CCl4-exposed mice. These data provide a novel mechanism by which JNK, rapidly activated by CCl4, promotes mitochondrial dysfunction and acute hepatotoxicity through robust phosphorylation of numerous mitochondrial proteins.
Multiplicative linear phase FIR filters

A linear phase MFIR realization of a desired frequency response magnitude |H_{d}| is shown to require O(n \log_{2}N) multipliers and adders, where N is the order of the minmax FIR design of |H_{d}| and n of the IIR design of |H_{d}|^{1/2} . Lowpass filters are used as the basis of our computational comparison. Frequency response error bounds are found and roundoff noise properties considered. The optimal ordering for minimum roundoff noise output is found for a class of MFIR filters. Several design examples are considered and their computational efficiency compared to direct optimal designs. Other applications are suggested. In particular, comb filters are shown to have an exact MFIR realization.
Molecular architecture of the neuromuscular junction

The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is a complex structure that serves to efficiently communicate the electrical impulse from the motor neuron to the skeletal muscle to signal contraction. Over the last 200 years, technological advances in microscopy allowed visualization of the existence of a gap between the motor neuron and skeletal muscle that necessitated the existence of a messenger, which proved to be acetylcholine. Ultrastructural analysis identified vesicles in the presynaptic nerve terminal, which provided a beautiful structural correlate for the quantal nature of neuromuscular transmission, and the imaging of synaptic folds on the muscle surface demonstrated that specializations of the underlying protein scaffold were required. Molecular analysis in the last 20 years has confirmed the preferential expression of synaptic proteins, which is guided by a precise developmental program and maintained by signals from nerve. Although often overlooked, the Schwann cell that caps the NMJ and the basal lamina is proving to be critical in maintenance of the junction. Genetic and autoimmune disorders are known that compromise neuromuscular transmission and provide further insights into the complexities of NMJ function as well as the subtle differences that exist among NMJ that may underlie the differential susceptibility of muscle groups to neuromuscular transmission diseases. In this review we summarize the synaptic physiology, architecture, and variations in synaptic structure among muscle types. The important roles of specific signaling pathways involved in NMJ development and acetylcholine receptor (AChR) clustering are reviewed. Finally, genetic and autoimmune disorders and their effects on NMJ architecture and neuromuscular transmission are examined.
The evolution and early experience with robot-assisted mitral valve surgery.

Abstract Cardiac surgeons, with a warranted enthusiasm, have embraced minimally invasive surgery. The acceleration of technological advances in optics, instrumentation, and cardiopulmonary bypass has allowed safe, effective, and efficient minimally invasive cardiac procedures. In this Technology Focus section, we review the evolution and early experience with robot-assisted mitral valve surgery. The articles of leading minimally invasive cardiac surgeons, both American and European, are reviewed to define the development toward cardiac robotic surgery. The current state of robotic mitral surgery is described.
Random Variables and Correlational Overkill

Research findings may be more publishable if significant results are reported. This type of publication bias would increase the likelihood of "chance" relationships being disseminated. The implications of these assumptions are empirically investigated in a correlational analogue study. A large number of significant relationships were found in several groups of subjects between their actual scores on 45 SVIB scales and scores on 10 "experimental" scales which were determined by a set of random numbers. Furthermore, "logical" factors were shown to underly relationships which existed among scores on a given random scale with its significant correlations to SVIB scales. Considerations in such overkill in simple correlational studies are the subject-to-variable ratio, variable independence, and more stringent probability levels.
Management of Pulmonary Complications in Neuromuscular Disease

Restrictive lung disease occurs commonly in patients with neuromuscular disease. The earliest sign of respiratory compromise in the patient with neuromuscular disease is nocturnal hypoventilation, which progresses over time to include daytime hypoventilation and eventually the need for full-time mechanical ventilation. Pulmonary function testing should be done during regular follow-up visits to identify the need for assistive respiratory equipment and initiate early noninvasive ventilation. Initiation of noninvasive ventilation can improve quality of life and prolong survival in patients with neuromuscular disease.
Combustion of poly(Vinyl chloride) studied by the moving wire technique

This paper is a demonstration of the utility of the Moving Wire Technique (MWT) for studying polymer pyrolysis, ignition and burning. The polymer is coated on a support wire and transported at a uniform and controlled speed through a heat or ignition source flame. An advantage of the MWT is that residence time, as seen by an observer moving with the wire, is resolved spatially in laboratory coordinates (residence time is the ratio of distance to wire speed). This allows greater precision in measurements of composition and temperature profiles and makes it easy to obtain smaples of the solid phase. In this study, we compared reagent and commercial grade poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC). Our heat source was the wake of a flat CH4−O2−N2 flame. Excess O2 for polymer combustion was a part of the flame gases in some experiments but was confined to an adjoining flowing “atmosphere” in others. Ignition in an O2-rich source flame required a minimum of about 20% excess O2. Above this value, the O2-level had no effect on the critical surface temperatures at ignition, which were 295±5°C for the pure PVC and 370±10°C for two different brands of commercial PVC. Earlier studies with the MWT indicated that critical ignition temperatures appear to be independent of the diameter and heat capacity of the support wire, and the thickness of the polymer coating. Ignition occurred at the first appearance of flammable gas, identified as principally benzene in pyrolysis experiments. Reagent PVC emitted HCl prior to ignition but the commercial PVC did not. Quenched samples of the solid phase were collected for analysis; the quenching was accomplished by rapid cooling with cold He. A long-lived free radical was detected in the burned PVC, which was charred.
Decomposition Theory for Lattices without Chain Conditions

The classical structure theorems of algebraic systems usually assume some type of finiteness condition. The most common finiteness restriction is a chain condition. Thus the proofs of the fundamental structure and decomposition theorems for lattices have customarily required the ascending chain condition. Moreover, these theorems generally fail to hold in arbitrary lattices. Nevertheless, there are important examples of decomposition theorems for lattices associated with abelian groups and rings in which the ascending chain condition does not hold. These lattices have in common another distinctive property—they are compactly generated. Namely, the lattice is generated by a collection of elements which are finitely dependent in the sense that any such element is contained in the union of a set of lattice elements if and only if it is contained in the union of a finite subset. The compact elements of the lattice of ideals of a ring are the finitely generated ideals. Likewise the compact elements of a lattice of congruence relations are the congruence relations generated by collapsing a finite collection of element pairs. More generally, the lattice of congruence relations and the lattice of subsystems of a universal algebra are compactly generated. Since structure theorems for an algebraic system correspond to decomposition theorems in the lattice of congruence relations, this strongly suggests that compactly generated lattices are the appropriate domain in which to study decomposition theory. Furthermore, since every lattice satisfying the ascending chain condition is trivially compactly generated, it follows that the classical case will be subsumed in the more general theory.
PDZ protein interactions regulating glutamate receptor function and plasticity.

Neurotransmission occurs at synapses, specialized points of contact between presynaptic nerve terminals and postsynaptic neurons. At excitatory synapses, receptors and downstream signaling enzymes are clustered in the postsynaptic density (PSD), a cytoskeletal web beneath the plasma membrane.
Terahertz Spectroscopy of Histidine Enantiomers and Polymorphs

We have measured terahertz and powder x-ray diffraction spectra of D-histidine, L-histidine, and DL-histidine. The as-received D and L material exists in two different polymorphs: D-histidine is in the metastable monoclinic form, while L-histidine is in the stable orthorhombic form. For both the L and D enantiomers, recrystallization of the as-received material results in a mixture of the monoclinic and orthorhombic forms.