cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Rule of Reason After California Dental

Antitrust practioners, scholars, and jurists have struggled for decades with the appropriate form of analysis for restraints among competitors. One theme that emerges from this struggle is that, since the Warren Court era, there has been much progress. Per se categorization no longer determines results in antitrust cases. Nevertheless, as California Dental reveals, the steps of applying the Rule of Reason remains elusive. For restraints that clearly threaten consumer welfare, the crucial issue has become whether the collaborators can justify them. By blessing "truncated" analysis explicitly, CDA demonstrates that categorization remains necessary to determine when such analysis is appropriate for the practice at hand. I argue that the decision to truncate must be based on probable economic effects, not just on analogies. Empirical economic evidence provides the basis for determining these effects. In CDA, for example, although not part of the record, considerable empirical evidence exists to show that when professionals restrict advertising, even partially, prices increase without an offsetting increase in quality. Finally, I argue that the FTC's 1988 Massachusetts Board decision remains highly useful in determining the steps of truncated analysis.
Electron beam propagation in the ion-focused and resistive regimes

Pinched propagation of intense relativistic electron beams occurs in several distinct pressure regimes. In low density gases (∼1–100 mtorr), the beam propagates in the ion-focused regime (IFR). The beam ionizes the neutral gas, and plasma electrons are ejected, leaving behind a positive ion column which pinches the beam electrostatically. At gas densities near 1 atm, the beam-generated plasma is resistive and the pinch effect is provided by the self-magnetic field of the beam. Beam transport experiments in both regimes have been performed on the Advanced Test Accelerator (ATA) at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and on SuperLBEX at the Naval Research Laboratory. IFR methods have been employed in both experiments to transport the beam prior to injection into the air and to introduce a head-to-tail taper in the the beam radius. IFR simulations have shown how the resulting beam radius and emittance profiles are influenced by gas density, chamber dimensions and entrance and exit foils. Beam propagation in dense gas is subject to disruption by the resistive hose instability. However, both experiments and simulations have shown that the emittance variation introduced by IFR transport can substantially reduce the growth of the hose instability. Both experiments have also propagated beams in reduced-density channels. Simulations predict that the channel may in some cases produce a moderate stabilizing and tracking effect arising from plasma currents flowing at the edge of the channel.
Abstract T MP53: Whole Blood Immuno-Chromatography for Rapid Detection of Cerebral Ischemia in the Pre-Hospital Setting

BACKGROUND: Pre-hospital detection of ischemic brain injury will exclude stroke mimics and refine patient triage. Using “dipstick” immuno-chromatography, we validated a rapid-sequence method to identify visinin-like protein-1 (VILIP-1), a neuronal injury marker, in blood sampled after focal cerebral ischemia in rats. METHODS: Transgenic (Tg) rats were constructed to over-express tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) in brain. Suture-occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCAO) was performed in TNFα-Tg animals and wild type (WT) littermates for 1 hr. Arterial blood was sampled at pre-ischemic baseline, after 60 min of MCAO, and at 15 min or 24 hrs of post-ischemic reperfusion. VILIP-1 immuno-reactivity was normalized to pre-ischemic baseline and compared to sham-ischemic animals. Brain infarct volume was measured at 24 hrs. VILIP-1 immuno-reactivity was then correlated with infarct volume to derive Pearson product moment. RESULTS: VILIP-1 immuno-reactivity was increased after 24 hrs of post-ischemic reperfu...
Psych Notes: Clinical Pocket Guide (3rd ed.)

Psych Notes: Clinical Pocket Guide by Darlene D. Pedersen is a compact resource designed for clinical use. The pages are waterproof and can be written on and then the writing can be removed with an...
Christianization, Female Infanticide, and the Abundance of Female Burials at Viking Age Birka in Sweden

T h e S w e d i S h V i k i n g A g e T r A d i n g site of Birka, located on the small island of Bjorko in Lake Malar, is considered an area of such outstanding archaeological importance that it has been added to the United Nations educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNeSCO) list of World Heritage sites. This complex of archaeological monuments includes remains of an urban trading center located below a fortification on a rocky outcropping as well as several cemeteries surrounding the occupation area. Birka was one of a handful of such prototowns around the Baltic Sea where manufacturing of craft items, redistribution of raw materials such as furs and iron from the North, and long-distance trade took place. exchange connected Birka to Continental europe but also to Central Asia and the Middle east. Birka was also the site of one of the earliest documented Christian missions to Scandinavia by Ansgar (d. 865), a Frankish monk who went to Birka as a missionary in the 830s and again in the 850s. One of the numerous ways in which Birka stands out is that women’s graves outnumber men’s graves discovered in the cemeteries there, in contrast to the dearth of female remains evident in many other areas of Scandinavia. The relatively large number of female graves unearthed at Birka may result from the early missionary activity on the island and the interdiction of infanticide that accompanied conversion to Christianity. I have previously proposed that selective female infanticide may be one explanation for a shortage of women’s mortuary remains generally in Viking Age Scandinavia, an argument that is supported by Old Icelandic family
On a new interpretation of the classical Maxwell model

Abstract Recently, [Rao, I.J., Rajagopal, K.R., 2007. Status of the K-BKZ model within the framework of materials with multiple natural configurations. Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics, 141, 79–84] showed that the K-BKZ Model is a special sub-class of models based on a thermodynamic framework that takes into account the fact that bodies are capable of existing stress free in multiple configurations with special choices being made for the way in which the body stores energy and the way it dissipates energy. They also showed that several generalizations of the K-BKZ model are possible. In this short note we show that two distinct methods of storing energy and dissipating energy lead to the classical Maxwell model. That is, in addition to the classical choice for the storage of energy and rate of dissipation (the usual spring dashpot analogy) a more complicated choice also leads to the same model. This result is rather important as it shows that a variety of means for storing and dissipating energy can lead to the same mechanical response, when one restricts oneself to purely mechanical considerations.
Measurements of modulation of the current in a field emitter caused by a laser

Numerical simulations suggest that laser illumination of a field emitter increases the tunneling current due to a resonant interaction in which tunneling electrons exchange quanta with the laser. Thus, a laser may be used as a gate, and a time-varying current is produced if the laser is amplitude modulated. We have measured an RF tunneling current of 0. 4 nA when the tungsten tip of a sealed field emitter tube is illuminated with a laser diode that is amplitude modulated at 1 MHz, and the DC current is 5 μA. The laser diode increases the DC current by 270 nA, which is attributed to tip heating. However, the RF current (0.4 nA) has a period less than estimates of the thermal relaxation time.
Rawls and the Kantian Ethos

John Rawls had a life-long interest in Kant. To provide a new perspective on Rawls's political thinking, to illuminate Kant's legacy for political theory, and to contribute to current debates about the Enlightenment, I track how Rawls interprets and transforms Kant's legacy. In this essay, I show how Rawls reconceptualizes four key Kantian activities: the identification of the problem, the engagement with common sense, the construction of principles, and the authentication of principles. I defend Rawls from the charge—made by Allan Bloom, Michael Sandel, and Allen Wood, among others—that Rawls fundamentally misunderstands or misuses Kant. The basis of my defense is that Rawls considers a critical intellectual sensibility (or ethos), rather than a specific doctrine (e.g., the categorical imperative), as the most valuable component of Kant's legacy.
Effect of passivation and dry heat-sterilization on surface energy and topography of unalloyed titanium implants

Abstract The effects of nitric acid passivation (P) and dry heat-sterilization (S) on the surface topography and energy of unalloyed titanium were examined. Surfaces were treated using the following sequences: cleaned in phosphoric acid (C), C and passivated (CP), CP and dry heat-sterilized (CPS), CPS and resterilized (CPSS), and C and dry heat-sterilized (CS). Surface roughnesses were examined with atomic force microscopy (AFM) and mechanical profilometry. Critical surface tensions γ c and solid surface tensions γ t were determined from contact angles of distilled water and diiodomethane. Analysis of micro-roughness using AFM revealed no statistically significant differences among most roughness parameters for the various treatment conditions. However, the CS samples had a lower ratio of real to projected surface area. Macro-roughness analysis using mechanical profilometry showed that CPSS had lower peak count (PC, i.e. number of peaks above the mean line) values than CP and CS; PC values for C surfaces were also lower than CS. Also, CPSS had higher macro- R q values than C and CPS. Values of γ c correlated positively with the non-polar/dispersive components of γ t ; values were highest with the CS specimens. Higher γ t values were found for the CPSS and CPS treated surfaces, reflecting greater polar contributions on these surfaces. Thus, P and S together resulted in increased surface energy, which is thought to be a desirable surface property for bone implants.
Spatially non-uniform, isotropic misfit strain in thin films bonded on plate substrates : The relation between non-uniform film stresses and system curvatures

Abstract Current methodologies used for the inference of thin film stress through curvature measurements are strictly restricted to stress and curvature states which are assumed to remain uniform over the entire film/substrate system. By considering a circular thin-film/substrate system subject to arbitrarily non-uniform misfit strain distributions, we derive relations between the film stresses and the misfit strain, and between the plate system's curvatures and the misfit strain. These relations feature a “local” part which involves a direct dependence of the stress or curvature components on the misfit strain at the same point, and a “non-local” part which reflects the effect of misfit strain of other points on the location of scrutiny. Most notably, we also derive relations between components of the film stress and those of system curvatures which allow for the experimental inference of such stresses from full-field curvature measurements in the presence of arbitrary non-uniformities. These relations also feature a “non-local” dependence on curvatures making full-field measurements of curvature a necessity for the correct inference of stress. Finally, it is shown that the interfacial shear tractions between the film and the substrate are related to the gradients of the first curvature invariant and can also be inferred experimentally.
Moral justice and legal justice in managed care: the ascent of contributive justice.

Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 23 (1995): 247–65. © 1995 by the American Society of Law, Medicine & Eth‐ Several prominent cases have recently highlighted ten‐ sion between the interests of individuals and those of the broader population in gaining access to health care resources. The care of Helga Wanglie, an elderly woman whose family insisted on continuing life support long after she had lapsed into a persistent vegetative state (PVS), cost approximately $750,000, the majority of which was paid by a Medi‐gap policy purchased from a health maintenance organization (HMO).1 Similarly, Baby K was an anencephalic infant2 whose mother, believing that all life is precious regardless of its quality, insisted that the hospital where her daughter was born provide mechanical ventilation, including intensive care, whenever respiratory distress threatened her life. Over the hospital’s objections, courts ruled that aggressive care must be provided.3 Much of Baby K’s care was covered by her mother’s HMO policy.4 In the 1993 case of Fox v. HealthNet, a jury awarded $89 million to the family of a woman whose HMO had refused, as experimental, coverage for autologous bone marrow transplant in treating her advanced breast cancer.5 On a more mundane level, studies show that low‐os‐ molar contrast media (a new kind of dye used for radio‐ graphic studies) can save the lives of some people at risk for allergic reactions to an older dye, and can be much more comfortable for most patients. But the new dyes are far more expensive—to the point that numerous lives could be saved elsewhere were the costlier dyes reserved only for high‐risk patients.6 Examples abound in which one test or treatment may be somewhat superior, but only at vastly higher cost.7 In each of the above cases, a high level of care for a few individuals is very expensive. Yet only recently has the national bioethics conversation begun to consider that these costs, and their implications for people with compet‐ ing needs and claims, pose a serious moral challenge. This article will explore how this historically weak interest in statistical, unidentified other people must now emerge as a potent force in health care ethics. In the process, we must reconsider prevailing notions of justice.
A stochastic optimization model to improve production planning and R&D resource allocation in biopharmaceutical production processes

The increasing cost of health care has brought pressure to reduce pharmaceutical costs, and because manufacturing and R&D are significant cost factors, these areas have been targeted as potential sources of cost reduction. Manufacturing costs are particularly high in the biotechnology industry because process technologies are relatively new. Contamination, genetic instability, and other factors complicate production planning and make bioprocess systems unreliable. This paper presents a Markov decision process model that combines features of engineering design models and aggregate production planning models to obtain a hybrid model that links biological and engineering parameters to optimize operations performance. Using tissue plasminogen activator as a specific example, the paper shows how the hybrid modeling approach not only improves production planning, but also provides accurate information on the operating performance of bioprocesses that can be used to predict the financial impact of process changes. Therefore, the model can be used to guide investments in manufacturing process improvement and R&D e.g., genetic modifications. Although stochastic production models are not commonly used in process design, this paper shows how a combined engineering/production model can facilitate a concurrent design approach to reduce cost in bioprocess development.
Hepatitis C virus in body fluids after liver transplantation

Recurrence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) after liver transplantation is common and is associated with high blood levels of HCV RNA. Higher blood levels of HCV may promote body fluid expression of the virus. We tested 152 body fluid specimens from 33 patients with chronic hepatitis C, 21 of whom had undergone prior liver transplantation. All patients had hepatitis C viremia, as determined by a reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to the 5' noncoding region. The virus was quantitated in serum by the branched chain DNA assay (bDNA). Body fluids (33 sputum, 33 saliva, 33 urine, 32 tear, 9 vaginal, and 12 semen samples) were analyzed using PCR for HCV RNA. Serum HCV RNA by bDNA in the posttransplantation group was 255 +/- 229 x 10(5) compared with 50 +/- 56 x 10(5) eq/mL in the patients who did not undergo transplantation (P = .01). All urine, tear, and semen specimens were negative for HCV RNA. Five of 21 (24%) posttransplantation patients had detectable HCV RNA using PCR in oral secretions compared with 0 of 12 patients who did not undergo transplantation (not statistically significant). However, 5 of 11 patients with serum HCV RNA by bDNA results greater than 150 x 10(5) eq/mL had positive RNA in oral secretions compared to 0 of 22 patients with bDNA less than 150 x 10(5) eq/mL (P = .01). Posttransplantation patients were more likely to have bDNA levels exceeding 150 x 10(5) eq/mL (11 of 21 v 1 of 12, P = .03). Patients within the first year of transplantation were particularly prone to viral RNA levels exceeding 150 x 10(5) eq/mL (8 of 9 v 3 of 12, P = .01). We conclude that HCV RNA can occasionally be detected using PCR in oral secretions after liver transplantation. This is more likely during the first year posttransplantation when blood levels of HCV RNA often exceed 150 x 10(5) eq/mL by the branched chain DNA assay. Whether or not these observations represent an increased risk of transmission of infection during the early posttransplantation period is not certain.
Pediatric diseases in Juan Carreño de Miranda's paintings.

Pediatric obesity has become a widespread problem of health in developed countries. Overweight in the pediatric population obeys to a variety of causes. A few of Carreno de Miranda's paintings show pathological conditions occurring in children of his epoch. We briefly illustrate the significance of Carreno's paintings that portray some of these diseases. Two of his best-known works constitute an artistic representation of childhood obesity.
Intensity Nonuniformity Correction for Brain MR Images with Known Voxel Classes

Intensity nonuniformity in magnetic resonance (MR) images, represented by a smooth and slowly varying function, is a typical artifact that is a nuisance for many image processing methods. To eliminate the artifact, we have to estimate the nonuniformity as a smooth and slowly varying function and factor it out from the given data. We reformulate the problem as a problem of finding a unique smooth function in a particular set of piecewise smooth functions and propose a variational method for finding it. We deliver the main idea using a simple one-dimensional example first and provide a thorough analysis of the problem in a three-phase scenario in three dimensions whose application can be found in the brain MR images. Experiments with synthetic and real MR images and a comparison with a state-of-the-art method, N3, show our algorithm's satisfactory performance in estimating the nonuniformity with and without noise. An automated procedure is also proposed for practical use.
The Marine Microalga, Heterosigma akashiwo, Converts Industrial Waste Gases into Valuable Biomass

Heterosigma akashiwo is an excellent candidate for growth on industrial emissions, since this alga has the ability to metabolize gaseous nitric oxide (NO) into cellular nitrogen via a novel chimeric protein (NR2-2/2HbN) and also tolerates wide fluctuations in temperature, salinity, and nutrient conditions. Here, we evaluated biomass productivity and composition, photosynthetic efficiency, and expression of NR2-2/2HbN for Heterosigma growing on simulated flue gas containing 12% CO2 and 150 ppm NO. Biomass productivity of Heterosigma more than doubled in flue gas conditions compared to controls, reflecting a 13-fold increase in carbohydrate and a 2-fold increase in protein productivity. Lipid productivity was not affected by flue gas and the valuable omega-3 fatty acids, EPA and DHA, constituted up to 16 % of total FAMEs. Photochemical measurements indicated that photosynthesis in Heterosigma is not inhibited by high CO2 and NO concentrations, and increases in individual fatty acids in response to flue gas were driven by photosynthetic requirements. Growth rates and maximum cell densities of Heterosigma grown on simulated flue gas without supplemental nitrogen, along with a significant increase in NR2-2/2HbN transcript abundance in response to flue gas, demonstrated that nitrogen derived from NO gas is biologically available to support enhanced CO2 fixation. Together, these results illustrate the robustness of this alga for commercial-scale biomass production and bioremediation of industrial emissions.
Sidelobe control of antenna patterns

Using the iterative sampling method, sidelobe peaks can be made to conform to a specified shape within a given tolerance. The iterative sampling method allows the specifications for a given problem to be just satisfied, thereby avoiding an overdesigned pattern which may have a complicated current distribution or wide main beam. The type of calculations involved are typically only summations of series of elementary functions and, consequently, the method is easy to apply to both large and small antennas. Several computer examples are presented, all of which have low ratios of maximum to minimum current amplitudes and low super directive ratios.
Imitative Production of Rising Speech Intonation in Pediatric Cochlear Implant Recipients.

Purpose This study investigated the acoustic characteristics of pediatric cochlear implant (CI) recipients' imitative production of rising speech intonation, in relation to the perceptual judgments...
Personality Differences in Male and Female Medical Students

According to the results of two psychological tests administered to freshman medical students of classes 1960–67, Adjective Check List measuring self-concept, and the California Psychological Inven...
Generating Sorted Lists of Random Numbers

Abstract : The empirical testing of a program often calls for generating a set of random numbers and then immediately sorting them. In this paper we consider the problem of accomplishing that process in a single step: generating a sorted list of random numbers (specifically, reals chosen uniformly from (0,1)). The method we describe generates the randoms in linear time, is perfectly random (if it can call a perfectly random generator for a single uniform), and can be described in just three lines of Algol or Pascal code. If the numbers are not required to be generated all at once (but are rather to be used one-at-a-time), then the method can be implemented as a subroutine to produce the next number and requires only constant storage. (Author)
Hybrid Large-Eddy / Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes Simulation of Shock-Separated Flows

An assessment of a hybrid large-eddy/Reynolds-averaged simulation (LES/RANS) procedure for high-speed, shock-separated flows is reported. A distance-dependent blending function is used to shift the turbulence closure fromMenter's k-w shear-stress-transport model near solid surfaces to a k-Δ subgrid closure away from solid surfaces and in free-shear regions. A modified recycling/rescaling procedure is used to generate time-dependent fluctuation data that are fed into the inflow plane for some calculations, with the goal being to replace the incoming boundary layer with a hybrid LES/RANS boundary layer that maintains nearly the same levels of fluctuation energy. Simulations of Mach 3 flow over a ramped-cavity configuration highlight the effects of grid refinement and choice of hybridization strategy, while simulations of Mach 3 flow over a 20-deg compression corner illustrate the effects of the choice of model constants and the inclusion of boundary-layer recycling on the mean-flow solutions.
Brief Report: Measuring the Effectiveness of Teaching Social Thinking to Children with Asperger Syndrome (AS) and High Functioning Autism (HFA)

This is the first report from a large multiple baseline single-subject design study of children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). This brief report examines effectiveness of teaching a social cognitive (Social Thinking) approach to six males with Asperger syndrome (AS) or High Functioning Autism (HFA). Data included are restricted to pre- post-treatment comparisons of verbal and non-verbal social behaviors. Structured treatment and semi-structured generalization sessions occurred over eight weeks. Results indicated significant changes from pre- to post- measures on both verbal/nonverbal "expected" and "unexpected" behaviors, significant increases in the subcategories of "expected verbal", "listening/thinking with eyes", and "initiations", and robust decreases in the subcategories of "unexpected-verbal" and "unexpected-nonverbal". Importance of social cognitive approaches for children AS and HFA is discussed.
Assessing cultural sensitivity in printed cancer materials.

objectives: Printed cancer education materials (PCEMs) (pamphlets and fact sheets) are used to educate individuals about cancer prevention and awareness. Culture is an important variable affecting the retention and use of information in printed materials to African Americans that has not been fully addressed in the literature. materials and methods: The major goal of the Cancer Prevention Materials for African Americans project, funded by the Texas Cancer Council, was to assess cultural sensitivity of currently disseminated PCEMs targeting African Americans. The project consisted of conducting focus groups, forming an advisory committee, and developing and using the Printed Cancer Education Materials for African Americans Cultural Sensitivity Assessment Tool. results: Cultural sensitivity of PCEMs was assessed in terms of format, visual message, and written message. The majority of the PCEMs (56.2%) were culturally insensitive, with the visual message being the weakest component of all the materials. conclusion: Future PCEMs targeting African Americans should include culturally sensitive visual messages to be more effective in delivering the cancer prevention message. The use of the assessment tool can assist cancer control specialists in developing culturally sensitive materials.
Chlordiazepoxide injection elevates the NaCl solution acceptance-rejection function

Injection (SC) of chlordiazepoxide (2-8 mg/kg) increased the intake of NaCl solution (0.5-3.0% NaCl) as well as water in water-deprived rats when these fluids were made available singly during daily 1-hr rehydration periods. The marked enhancement of this drug effect when NaCl solution was the available fluid does not appear to be due to the induction of a sodium appetite or the mimicking of an increase in water deprivation. The exaggeration of the drug effect when an NaCl solution is the drinking fluid, as opposed to water, may be useful as a sensitive index of action for punishment-attenuating (anxiolytic) drugs.
Effects of Prostaglandin E2 on Proliferation and Apoptosis of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Cells

Objective There is strong evidence indicating that prostaglandins (PG) and their synthesizing enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) play an important role in tumorigenesis. The purposes of the present study were to determine the pattern of expression of COX-2 and the effect of PG treatment on proliferation and apoptosis in epithelial ovarian cancer cells. Methods Two epithelial ovarian cancer cell lines, MDAH-2774 and SKOV3, were grown in flasks to confluence. Cells were then treated with exogenous dimethyl prostaglandin E(2) (dmPGE(2)) at increasing concentrations of 0-10 microg/mL. Total RNA was extracted from cells at different treatment doses and subjected to reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction for the semiquantitative analysis of COX-2, Bcl-2, and bax expression. Flow cytometry was performed to assess effect of treatment on the cell cycle. The TUNEL assay was used to assess apoptosis. Results We found that COX-2 was constitutively expressed in the MDAH-2774 and SKOV3 epithelial ovarian cancer cells as determined by detection of a 304-bp amplified fragment using specific primers for the COX-2 gene. Treatment of both cell lines with dmPGE(2) resulted in dose-dependently higher expression of COX-2, Bcl-2, and bax mRNA compared with untreated cells. These changes were associated with an increase in the proliferative fraction and with a simultaneous reduction in apoptosis. Conclusions Prostaglandin E(2) stimulated proliferation and reduced apoptosis in epithelial ovarian cancer cells. These effects were associated with overexpression of COX-2 and an increase in the ratio of Bcl-2:bax mRNA.
Relationship of keywords in titles to references cited

Some machine-produced indexes have been compared. The objectives of an index and the search procedure are analyzed. It is proposed that a hypothetical title be used for searching, not a question. This permits comparison of similar items for common characteristics. A relationship between “keywords in title” and “key references” of the same article is given. It is shown that for an efficiently produced article there will be more references than keywords in the title. This is because, according to the basic theorem of linear programming, there will be as many concepts in the article as there are completely utilized references. The structural model proposed requires additional experimental verification.
The Effects of Interval Duration on Temporal Tracking and Alternation Learning.

On cyclic-interval reinforcement schedules, animals typically show a postreinforcement pause that is a function of the immediately preceding time interval (temporal tracking). Animals, however, do not track single-alternation schedules—when two different intervals are presented in strict alternation on successive trials. In this experiment, pigeons were first trained with a cyclic schedule consisting of alternating blocks of 12 short intervals (5 s or 30 s) and 12 long intervals (180 s), followed by three different single-alternation interval schedules: (a) 30 s and 180 s, (b) 5 s and 180 s, and (c) 5 s and 30 s. Pigeons tracked both schedules with alternating blocks of 12 intervals. With the single-alternation schedules, when the short interval duration was 5 s, regardless of the duration of the longer interval, pigeons learned the alternation pattern, and their pause anticipated the upcoming interval. When the shorter interval was 30 s, even when the ratio of short to long intervals was kept at 6:1, pigeons did not initially show anticipatory pausing—a violation of the principle of timescale invariance.
Computer “personalities”: A new approach to understanding user compatibility

While many scholars have looked at computer processes as a means of better understanding how the brain functions, very few have explored the opposite perspective, that computers have “personalities” which may influence how they interact with people. This article describes a study which compared the personalities of two popular personal computers, then discusses the implications for computer development, documentation, marketing and training.
Brownfield redevelopment in Toronto: an examination of past trends and future prospects

Abstract Although the development of greenfield sites in suburban peripheries is still the predominant trend in Canada, in the decade of the 1990s a growing inclination to redevelop under-utilized urban brownfield sites emerged. This study describes brownfield redevelopment patterns in the former “City of Toronto” during the 1990s and examines the key factors shaping them. The relevant data for the study were compiled from a City of Toronto land-use database, the appurtenant policy and planning studies, interviews with stakeholders, and case studies. Toronto's redevelopment experience has obvious implications for cities of similar socio-cultural and socio-economic character undergoing redevelopment planning and can thus be viewed as a “case-in-point” in brownfield redevelopment planning and policy.
Down-Regulation of Filamin Ainteracting protein 1-like Is Associated with Promoter Methylation and an Invasive Phenotype in Breast, Colon, Lung and Pancreatic Cancers

Identifying key mediators of cancer cell invasion and metastasis is critical to the development of more effective cancer therapies. We previously identified Filamin A interacting protein 1-like (FILIP1L) as an important inhibitor of cell migration and invasion in ovarian cancer. FILIP1L expression was inversely correlated with the invasive potential of ovarian cancer cell lines and ovarian cancer specimens. We also demonstrated that DNA methylation in the FILIP1L promoter was a mechanism by which FILIP1L was down-regulated in ovarian cancer. In our present study, we tested this observation in other cancer histologies: breast, colon, lung and pancreatic cancers. Both mRNA and protein expression of FILIP1L were down-regulated in these cancer cells compared with their normal epithelial cells. As in ovarian cancer, DNA methylation is a mechanism by which FILIP1L is down-regulated in these cancer histologies. Methylation status of the FILIP1L promoter was inversely correlated with FILIP1L expression. Reduced methylation in the FILIP1L promoter following treatment with a DNA demethylating agent was associated with restoration of FILIP1L expression in these cancer cells. Further, FILIP1L expression was inversely correlated with the invasive potential of these cancer cells. Re-expression of FILIP1L in FILIP1L-low expressing, highly-invasive cancer cell lines resulted in inhibition of cell invasion. Correspondingly, knockdown of FILIP1L in FILIP1L-high expressing, low-invasive cancer cell lines resulted in increase of cell invasion. Overall, these findings suggest that down-regulation of FILIP1L associated with DNA methylation is related with the invasive phenotype in various cancers. Thus, modulation of FILIP1L expression has the potential to be a target for cancer therapy.
Development of the elm spanworm, Ennomos subsignarius, on artificial diet.

Artificial diet is suitable for rearing the elm spanworm, Ennomos subsignarius (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae), a defoliator of hardwoods. Survival and fecundity are intermediate for spanworms reared on artificial medium between those on foliage of two natural hosts: pignut hickory, Carya glabra (Mill.) Sweet, and white oak, Quercus alba L. Development proceeds normally, except for some wing crumpling in males. Most rapid development and heaviest pupal weight result from feeding on pignut hickory, artificial diet, and white oak, in that order. Artificial diet is much less labor-intensive than seedlings for raising larvae, it is prepared on short notice, and requires no synchronization with larval hatch.
Practical techniques in commercial Tbps WDM optical fiber transmission equipment

Key techniques in practical Tbps WDM optical transmission equipments are summarized in this talk, regarding optical transmission issues and the relative engineering solutions in the wide spectrum range and long distances, for example, the issues and solutions of Raman amplification and enhanced forward error correction. Moreover, new challenges in the manufacturing of this equipment include the controlling and managing aspects, to meet the practical requirements of Tbps WDM transmission. New devices and systems should be highly automatic, to ensure characteristics of automatic auxiliary maintenance or adjusting. Hence, intelligence solutions of spectral controlling, bit error rate optimizing, security ensuring, protection switching etc. are also referred in this talk. These are new characteristics of commercial Tbps WDM equipments in the future.
Dielectric loss and defect mode of SrTiO3 thin films under direct-current bias

The dielectric behavior of SrTiO3 thin films prepared by the pulsed-laser deposition technique on SrTiO3 single-crystal substrates is studied under dc electric field. A high dielectric constant maximum emax(∼2280) and a low-loss tan δ (∼0.001) are obtained. Compared with the observation in SrTiO3 single crystals, an additional dielectric loss peak with frequency dispersion is observed around 150 K (at 1 kHz). With increasing dc bias, the peak is suppressed and finally disappears at ∼350 kV/cm; however, the temperature at which the peak occurs is independent of electric field. The possible physical mechanism of the peak is briefly discussed.
Determination of the single chain density of states for membrane systems

Abstract We have derived the full single chain density of states for membrane systems ω(e, a ) where e is the isomeric energy and a is the area of the configuration. Since there is no analytic relation between the area and a particular bond sequence it is necessary to assign an area for each chain configuration. Due to the large number of isomeric states (e.g. for a chain with 16 carbons there are ∼5 × 106 distinct configurations), we found it necessary to perform the calculation on the computer. In order to avoid having to evaluate each distinct state, we used a Monte Carlo sampling technique which we found converged very rapidly. Our Monte Carlo calculation of the area distribution of the complete set of isomeric states is the first determination of the full single chain density of states. Due to the complexity of the internal coordinates of the chains and the importance of packing considerations, the knowledge of m (e, a) is very important to the understanding of the physical properties of the bilayer. For example, we found that chain configurations statistically tend to have an elongated shape quite independently of interactions between chains. As examples of the usefulness of ω (e, a ) we have calculated an upper bound on the entropy change of the phase transition given ω (e, a ), the X-ray long spacing of a system of non-interacting chains (i.e. no steric interactions), and the n.m.r. order parameter for non-interacting chains. The quantitative and qualitative agreement of these calculated values with experiment is discussed.
IMPLEMENTING EMPIRICAL CHARACTERISTIC FUNCTION PROCEDURES

Abstract The problem of estimating the first positive zero of the real part of a characteristic function is discussed. Knowledge of the location of this zero is essential for the application of inferential procedures based on the empirical characteristic function. A simple explicit nonparametric estimator is proposed and shown to solve simultaneously both the finite sample and asymptotic problems.
Rapid Thermal Anneal and Furnace Anneal of Silicon and Beryimlum Implanted Gallium Arsenide

A comparison has been made between rapid thermal annealing (RTA) and furnace annealing (FA) of implanted GaAs. Hall measurements showed consistently higher electrical activation of n-type (Si-5E12 cm −2 ) implants with FA and higher electrical activation of p-type (Be-1E14 cm −2 ) implants with RTA. Photoluminescence (PL) revealed that for RTA temperatures above 950°C some of the Si was going onto As, acceptor sites, thus reducing the net donor concentration. PL for RTA below 950°C showed signs of incomplete recrystallization. By a technique of “dual implantation” of As and Si into GaAs we were able to force the Si onto Ga-sites resulting in a higher donor concentration after RTA.
Anaplasma phagocytophilum specifically induces tyrosine phosphorylation of ROCK1 during infection.

Summary Anaplasma phagocytophilum, an obligate intracellular pathogen that persists within polymorphonuclear leucocytes, is the second most common tick-borne agent in North America. We now show that infection of a promyelocytic cell line and neutrophils with A. phagocytophilum results in pathogen-specific tyrosine phosphorylation of ROCK1. Phosphorylation is associated with PSGL-1 and Syk, because PSGL-1 blocking antibodies and siRNA targeting Syk interfere with ROCK1 phosphorylation in A. phagocytophilum-infected cells. Knockdown of either Syk or ROCK1 also markedly impaired A. phagocytophilum infection. These data demonstrate a role for A. phagocytophilum-mediated ROCK1 phosphorylation in infection, and suggests that inhibiting this pathway may lead to new, non-antibiotic strategies to treat human granulocytic anaplasmosis.
Effects of collagen density on cardiac fibroblast behavior and gene expression.

Interactions between cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM) play essential roles in modulating cell behavior during development and disease. The myocardial ECM is composed predominantly of interstitial collagen type I and type III. The composition, organization, and accumulation of these collagens are altered concurrent with cardiovascular development and disease. Changes in these parameters are thought to play significant roles in myocardial function. While a number of studies have examined how changes in the ECM affect myocardial function as a whole, much less is known regarding the response at the cellular level to changes in the collagenous ECM. Experiments were carried out to determine the effects of alterations in collagen density and ECM stiffness on the behavior of isolated heart fibroblasts. In vitro bioassays were performed to measure the effects of changes in collagen concentration (0.75-1.25 mg/ml) on adhesion, migration, spreading, and gene expression by heart fibroblasts. Increased density of collagen in 3-dimensional gels resulted in more efficient adhesion, spreading, and migration by heart fibroblasts. These experiments indicated that the density of the collagen matrix has a significant impact on fibroblast function. These studies begin to elucidate the effects of ECM density at the cellular level in the myocardium.
A critique of Abraham and Acree’s correlation for deca-1,9-diene/water partition coefficients

This letter critiques a new correlation for deca-1,9-diene/water partition coefficients reported by Abraham and Acree. Solvation parameters used as independent variables should represent fundamental molecular properties, yet they are assigned revised values apparently based partly on the very data being fitted. The result is a self-fulfilling prophesy that is not nearly as predictive as is reported.
Infrared spectra and optical constants of astronomical ices: II. Ethane and ethylene

Infrared spectroscopic observations have established the presence of hydrocarbon ices on Pluto and other TNOs, but the abundances of such molecules cannot be deduced without accurate optical constants (n, k) and reference spectra. In this paper we present our recent measurements of near- and mid-infrared optical constants for ethane (C2H6) and ethylene (C2H4) in multiple ice phases and at multiple temperatures. As in our recent work on acetylene (C2H2), we also report new measurements of the index of refraction of each ice at 670 nm. Comparisons are made to earlier work where possible, and electronic versions of our new results are made available.
Ramsey numbers of graphs with long tails

The ramsey number of a connected nonbipartite graph G with a sufficiently long path emanating from one of its points is found to be (n-1)(@g-1)+s, where n is the number of points of G, @g is the chromatic number of G, and s is the minimum possible number of points in a color class in a @g-coloring of the points of G.
Involvement of zeaxanthin and of the Cbr protein in the repair of photosystem II from photoinhibition in the green alga Dunaliella salina.

Abstract A light-sensitive and chlorophyll (Chl)-deficient mutant of the green alga Dunaliella salina (dcd1) showed an amplified response to irradiance stress compared to the wild-type. The mutant was yellow–green under low light (100 μmol photons m−2 s−1) and yellow under high irradiance (2000 μmol photons m−2 s−1). The mutant had lower levels of Chl, lower levels of light harvesting complex II, and a smaller Chl antenna size. The mutant contained proportionately greater amounts of photodamaged photosystem (PS) II reaction centers in its thylakoid membranes, suggesting a greater susceptibility to photoinhibition. This phenotype was more pronounced under high than low irradiance. The Cbr protein, known to accumulate when D. salina is exposed to irradiance stress, was pronouncedly expressed in the mutant even under low irradiance. This positively correlated with a higher zeaxanthin content in the mutant. Cbr protein accumulation, xanthophyll cycle de-epoxidation state, and fraction of photodamaged PSII reaction centers in the thylakoid membrane showed a linear dependence on the chloroplast ‘photoinhibition index’, suggesting a cause-and-effect relationship between photoinhibition, Cbr protein accumulation and xanthophyll cycle de-epoxidation state. These results raised the possibility of zeaxanthin and Cbr involvement in the PSII repair process through photoprotection of the partially disassembled, and presumably vulnerable, PSII core complexes from potentially irreversible photooxidative bleaching.
Enhanced television strategy models: a study of TV Web sites

This study compares the use of enhanced TV features and TV commerce features on the Web sites of cable and broadcast TV networks. Both the quantitative analysis of the specific programs featured on the Web sites and the qualitative analysis of the overall Web sites show some differences in their strategies and site usability. Some program genres could develop TV commerce opportunities more easily than others. Different program genres emphases on the Web site were found between broadcast TV networks and cable TV networks. Three enhanced TV strategy models are proposed as a result of the analysis: welcome all model; fans‐friendly model; and hello model. The managerial implications of these models on TV revenue and viewership are discussed.
Emergency department alcohol and drug screening for Illinois pediatric trauma patients, 1999 to 2009.

BACKGROUND: Recent guidelines recommend universal substance abuse screening for all trauma patients aged 12 years and older because brief interventions can help prevent future trauma. However, little is known about actual rates of screening in this setting. METHODS: The Illinois State Trauma Registry was queried for severely injured patients from 1999 to 2009. Multivariate logistic regression was used to characterize, according to demographic and physiologic parameters, which patients were screened with blood alcohol and urine toxicology and which screened positive. RESULTS: Of the 12,264 pediatric patients, 40% were tested for alcohol and 37% for drugs. Nine percent of patients screened positive for alcohol and 8% for drugs. Age strongly predicted positive tests, as did male sex. Black and Hispanic patients were screened for alcohol most frequently, but only Hispanics were more likely to test positive. CONCLUSION: Although current guidelines recommend screening all trauma patients 12 years and older, current practice falls far short of this goal. Language: en
Capabilities and limitations of multirate control schemes

Abstract A fundamental obstacle in control system design is the presence of plant zeros. Recently it has been suggested that in digital control systems such problems may be overcome by using multirate sampling. In this paper we describe the capabilities of such multirate control schemes with regard to pole and zero assignment. We also point out a limitation of the approach due to degradation in the intersample behavior. In Mita and Chida (1988, Proc. 27th Conf. on Dec. and Control, pp. 1883–1888) it is shown that with a two-delay input control scheme it is possible to assign all the poles and zeros of the closed-loop system using state feedback. In this paper we generalize this result to the case of N -delay input control using dynamic compensators. In an N -delay input control scheme the input to the continuous system is changed N times more often than the output is sampled. Using such a scheme we show how to design output feedback controllers for SISO systems that ensure arbitrary placement of all the poles and zeros of the closed-loop system. Corresponding results for the MIMO regulator and the SISO servomechanism are given. We also show that a hidden cost associated with the use of N -delay input control is a degradation in the intersample behavior. We demonstrate this via simulation and present an analysis which explains why this degradation arises.