cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mesoporous silica nanoparticles for drug delivery and biosensing applications

Recent advancements in morphology control and surface functionalization of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) have enhanced the biocompatibility of these materials with high surface areas and pore volumes. Several recent reports have demonstrated that the MSNs can be efficiently internalized by animal and plant cells. The functionalization of MSNs with organic moieties or other nanostructures brings controlled release and molecular recognition capabilities to these mesoporous materials for drug/gene delivery and sensing applications, respectively. Herein, we review recent research progress on the design of functional MSN materials with various mechanisms of controlled release, along with the ability to achieve zero release in the absence of stimuli, and the introduction of new characteristics to enable the use of nonselective molecules as screens for the construction of highly selective sensor systems.
CUSTOMER-ORIENTED MAINTENANCE DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM: DEVELOPING A PROTOTYPE

Performance of highway maintenance units has been traditionally measured by output or production rates. Today, more and more highway agencies are incorporating customer-oriented performance measures to evaluate their maintenance management processes. The Minnesota Department of Transportation (MnDOT) has been adapting and applying private-sector business practices to the management of its maintenance functions. The department initiated a maintenance business planning (MBP) project several years ago to focus on rethinking highway maintenance from the customer's perspective. A prototype decision support system (DSS) was developed that builds on the MBP by modeling performance measurement parameters and implementing analytical processes that can support MnDOT's maintenance managers in responding to customer needs. The DSS uses input, output, outcome, environment, and customer data from existing databases to measure efficiency and effectiveness of maintenance activities, as defined by the customer. The pilot ...
Detection of anatomical landmarks in human colon from computed tomographic colonography images

Colon cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths per year in industrial nations. Virtual colonoscopy is a new, less invasive alternative to the usually practiced optical colonoscopy for colorectal polyp and cancer screening. In this paper, we present some physics-based modeling and pattern recognition techniques to identify anatomical landmarks in the human colon like the haustral folds and the tenia coli to further exploit the benefits of virtual colonoscopy. A combination of heat diffusion field algorithm and fuzzy c-means clustering algorithm is used to detect the haustral folds in human colon from volumetric computed tomography (CT) images. Each voxel on the corresponding colon surface is parameterized using the colon centerline information and associated local Frenet frames. The parameterized fold information is utilized to establish the tentative location of one tenia coli. Preliminary results on automated detection of tenia coli are shown on the colon surface.
Palladium metallurgy and cold fusion: Some remarks

In this paper the recent confusion surrounding claims for the observation of cold fusion involving palladium electrodes in electrochemical cells containing deuterium might be clarified to some extent if the palladium metallurgy, particularly in the context of fundamental microstructures, are accurately defined. Both the palladium/hydrogen and palladium/deuterium systems have been extensively investigated, and it is asserted more than two decades ago that the palladium/hydrogen system was perhaps the most extensively, experimentally investigated metal/gas system. Ordinary hydrogen absorbed in palladium fused to form helium, while in the 1940's Wilner actually observed the fusion reaction at the center of the current cold fusion controversy: d + d {yields} {sup 3}He + n (where d = {sup 2}H represents a deuteron, and n is a neutron). In the experiment by Wilner, a deuterium-saturated palladium sheet was bombarded with accelerated deuterons. The product neutrons (n) were slowed by paraffin wax and detected by the activation of silver.
The Relationship between Soil Chemistry and the Occurrence of Echinacea laevigata in Northeast Georgia

ABSTRACT Echinacea laevigata, or smooth coneflower, is a federally listed endangered species found in open woods and human maintained clearings, including roadsides and utility rights of way. The species is disjunctly distributed in the eastern United States, with populations in Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia, where they are associated with calcium and magnesium rich soils. This research was designed to determine if there is a nonrandom relationship between soil chemistry and the occurrence of E. laevigata along roadsides in northeast Georgia. Soil samples were collected from sites along roadsides with known populations and from arbitrarily selected sites without E. laevigata along the same roadsides. Multiple response permutation procedure (MRPP) found a nonrandom relationship between soil chemistry and occurrence. Sites with E. laevigata had a wider range of pH values but had lower iron values than the set of arbitrarily selected sites, suggesting that the species may be excluded ...
Diffractive and micro-optics for spatial, spectral, and polarization modification

This paper summarizes applications of micro-optics and nano-optics for spatial and spectral beam control. Methods of fabrication will be summarized with specific examples in beam conditioning, imaging, and filtering.
U.S. Naval Academy Small Satellite Program: Leveraging Small Satellites for Engineering Education and Research

With easier access to space provided by CubeSats and various launch initiatives, it has become possible for the student conceived and developed research payloads to gain access to on-orbit testing with lower cost and shorter timeline. Accordingly, the Small Satellite Program at the U.S. Naval Academy (USNA) has developed a standard CubeSat bus that can be leveraged in integrating and launching experiments into space more easily. There are currently three CubeSats of different sizes manifested and awaiting launch. These satellites carry communication experiment payloads and electric micro-thrusters for on-orbit characterization. The data-relay communication missions of three CubeSats (PSAT, BRICSat-P and USS Langley) are a continuation of over a decade of Naval Academy experiments using the Automatic Packet Reporting System (APRS). These missions are to enable a universal, generic digital relay capability on as many spacecraft as possible to maintain global communication coverage for students and other experimenters worldwide. This approach greatly enhances student access to space by enabling ground terminal and remote data sensing experiments, to a large number of participants, not just a selected few who get to work on spacecraft projects. Future USNA satellite missions include enhanced communication service satellites, propulsion system demonstration mission, and orbital debris characterization mission. The propulsion mission, BRICSat-P, will demonstrate on-orbit operation of an electric propulsion system. A four thruster head system will be placed around the BRICSat-P’s center of mass and will autonomously demonstrate tip-off rate control. The paper gives an overview of the USNA Small Satellite Program including summaries of the past and current satellite projects. The future vision to leverage these programs in enhancing student education and faculty research is also discussed.
Prophylactic and Therapeutic Effect of Sulfonamide Compounds in Experimental Malaria

SummarySulfanilamide was found to have a prophylactic value and a marked therapeutic effect on acute P. knowlesi infections in rhesus monkeys. It had, in addition, a direct action upon the parasites in vitro.Sulfanilyl sulfanilate proved an ineffective prophylactic agent; it had no apparent in vitro action on the parasites, but some therapeutic value in acute P. knowlesi infection was noted.In chronic infections 3.0 g of sulfanilamide given intraperitoneally was sufficient to render blood non-infectious for susceptible monkeys, while the same amount of sulfanilyl sulfanilate was without effect.Sulfanilamide and sulfanilyl sulfanilate were ineffective for prophylaxis and had no therapeutic value when tested against infections produced by 2 different species of avian plasmodia.
Systems of Congruences

An interesting problem is to discuss the solutions of the congruences in n variables (x)=(x l,…,x n ), (1) where
The Rate and Equilibrium Constants for the Reaction NO3• + Cl- ⇄ NO3- + Cl• in Aqueous Solutions

The rate and equilibrium constants for the reaction NO3• + Cl- ⇄ NO3- + Cl• in aqueous solutions were measured by pulse radiolysis. The formation and decay of the nitrate radical, NO3•, and the dichloride radical anion, Cl2•-, in irradiated aqueous solutions containing nitric acid and chloride ions were followed under various conditions. Because of the complexity of the system, the forward rate constant and the equilibrium constant were derived from modeling the experimental results, including secondary formation and decay reactions. The modeling study results in an equilibrium constant of Keq = (3.5 ± 0.5) at an ionic strength between 0.1 and 1 mol L-1 and a forward rate constant k1 = (3.5 ± 0.5) × 108 L mol-1 s-1. In contrast with previous reports, no effect of ionic strength (up to 2 mol L-1) on the forward rate constant was observed.
Are professionals jumping the gun in the fight against chronic diseases

The first steps in implementing a national nutrition policy of providing a food supply which meets the nutritional requirements of our population have been the periodic issuance of the Recommended Dietary Allowances. More recently, the "Dietary Goals for the United States" have been released by the Select Committee on Nutrition and Human Needs of the U.S. Senate, developed in the belief that they would, if followed, serve as one avenue of preventing coronary heart disease. The author presents a "critique" of the Dietary Goals, including a re-examination of food consumption statistics and a summary of intervention trials in five countries in which diet or drug therapy was aimed at lowering serum cholesterol. Listed are four criteria for evaluating recommendations to the public about diet and chronic disease. Rather than making a major revision in the proportion of fat and carbohydrates in our national diet, he recommends only limitation of the overall amounts to achieve weight control for those who need it.
Dress in 18th-Century English Life and Literature

In eighteenth-century England, the color of skin (for instance, ruddy or pale), physique, gait, and manner and style of dress were thought to proclaim one’s social status and occupation: a ruddy-faced, sturdy-legged milkmaid from Devonshire walked, talked, and looked differently from a pale, delicate, society miss from London, or so it was believed. However, the social landscape of England—London, in particular—was unstable, with wealthy members of the middle station mingling with the nobility, aspiring and quick-witted young clerks becoming wealthy and respected city merchants, and naive young country boys and girls rapidly acquiring city mannerisms and mores. Aileen Ribeiro notes, “It is a cliche, but none the less true for all that, that in England there were fewer glaring gulfs between the classes; a greater sartorial freedom produced—depending on the viewpoint—a kind of social anarchy, or a refreshing individualism. … Foreign visitors to England often confessed themselves puzzled by the conflicting signals sent out by clothing.”1 Contemporary accounts confirm this view: As the author of The Ladies Library comments, “What Difference is there now between the Dress of a Citizen and a Courtier, of a Taylor and a Gentleman, or a Servant and a Master? The Maid is very often mistaken for the Mistress, and the Valet for my lord.”2
Lack of concordance between genetic diversity estimates at the molecular and quantitative-trait levels

In many applications of population genetics, particularly in the field of conservation biology, estimates of molecular diversity are used as surrogate indicators of less easily acquired measures of genetic variation for quantitative traits. The general validity of this approach to inferring levels of quantitative genetic variation within populations is called into question by the demonstration that estimates of molecular and quantitative-genetic variation are essentially uncorrelated in natural populations of Daphnia, one of the few organisms for which multiple estimates of both quantities are available. On the other hand, molecular measures of population subdivision seem to give conservatively low estimates of the degree of genetic subdivision at the level of quantitative traits. This suggests that although molecular markers provide little information on the level of genetic variation for quantitative traits within populations, they may be valid indicators of population subdivision for such characters.
Mental stress-induced left ventricular dysfunction and adverse outcome in ischemic heart disease patients.

AimsMental stress-induced myocardial ischemia (MSIMI) occurs in up to 70% of patients with clinically stable ischemic heart disease and is associated with increased risk of adverse prognosis. We aimed to examine the prognostic value of indices of MSIMI and exercise stress-induced myocardial ischemia (ESIMI) in a population of ischemic heart disease patients that was not confined by having a recent positive physical stress test.Methods and resultsThe Responses of Mental Stress Induced Myocardial Ischemia to Escitalopram Treatment (REMIT) study enrolled 310 subjects who underwent mental and exercise stress testing and were followed annually for a median of four years. Study endpoints included time to first and total rate of major adverse cardiovascular events, defined as all-cause mortality and hospitalizations for cardiovascular causes. Cox and negative binomial regression adjusting for age, sex, resting left ventricular ejection fraction, and heart failure status were used to examine associations of indic...
High-Density Lipoprotein Subfractions and Cholesterol Efflux Capacity Are Not Affected by Supervised Exercise but Are Associated with Baseline Interleukin-6 in Patients with Peripheral Artery Disease.

Objective To quantify the association between high-density lipoprotein (HDL) subfractions, efflux capacity, and inflammatory markers at baseline, and the effect of supervised exercise on these HDL parameters in patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD). Methods The Study to Improve Leg Circulation (SILC) was a randomized trial of supervised treadmill exercise, leg resistance training, or control in individuals with PAD. In a post-hoc cross-sectional analysis, we quantified the associations between baseline HDL subfraction concentrations (HDL2 and HDL3), HDL cholesterol efflux capacity, and inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein [CRP] and interleukin-6 [IL-6]). We then examined the effect of supervised exercise on changes in these lipoprotein parameters and inflammatory markers in 88 patients from SILC. Results Baseline HDL cholesterol efflux capacity was associated with baseline concentrations of HDL2 (β=0.008, P=0.0106), HDL3 (β=0.013, P<0.0001), and IL-6 (β=-0.019, P=0.03). Baseline HDL3 concentration was inversely associated with IL-6 concentration (β =-0.99, p=0.008). Compared to control, changes in HDL2, HDL3, normalized HDL cholesterol efflux capacity, CRP, or IL-6 were not significantly different at 6-months following the structured exercise intervention. Conclusion HDL efflux and HDL3 were inversely associated with IL-6 in PAD patients. Structured exercise was not associated with changes in HDL subfractions, HDL cholesterol efflux capacity, CRP, and IL-6 in PAD patients. Our preliminary findings support the theory that inflammation may adversely affect HDL structure and function, however further studies are needed evaluate these findings.
The Enduring Use of the Theory of Planned Behavior

The theory of planned behavior (TPB) has been used to understand a variety of different wildlife-related behaviors for more than two decades. Since its introduction, a large body of research involving this theory has allowed for a critical look at the concept to develop. This opinion piece is designed to give researchers and professionals in the field a holistic perspective on TPB, including the merits of using the theory, the criticisms of the theory, why TPB is likely to see continued use in human dimensions research, and directions for future exploration. Collectively, readers will better understand the strengths and weaknesses of TPB and how they can contribute to its utility moving forward.
Student Group Dynamics: Strategies for Achieving Successful Group Projects

(1993). Student Group Dynamics: Strategies for Achieving Successful Group Projects. Hospitality & Tourism Educator: Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 59-65.
Comparing Point-of-care-ultrasound (POCUS) to MRI for the Diagnosis of Medial Compartment Knee Injuries

Abstract Background Ultrasound has become an increasingly utilized tool for the imaging of the musculoskeletal system, especially for imaging the components of the knee. Even though MRI is touted as being the golden standard for identifying knee pathologies, the use of ultrasound has gained popularity in this field given its ability for rapid diagnosis. This study aims to investigate the efficacy of point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) to diagnose injuries to the medial knee compartment when compared to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Methods This was a prospective, observational study conducted at an orthopedic outpatient clinic. Prospective patients with medial knee pain scheduled for an MRI of the knee were evaluated by POCUS prior to the MRI. Sonographic findings were then compared to MRI results to assess correlation. Results Nine patients were enrolled in the study. Median age was 53 years and eight were male (89%). POCUS demonstrated 100% sensitivity and 50% specificity for medial meniscus tear and 67% sensitivity and 83% specificity for medial collateral ligament (MCL) tear. Conclusion Ultrasound may have a role as the initial rapid imaging modality in patients with suspected medial meniscus or MCL tears as it is highly sensitive, and it may serve as an effective screening tool for patients with both acute and chronic knee pain.
A New Sampling Method for Flame Photometry

The use of emulsions and dispersions to convey liquid organic samples to the flame in atomic absorption and emission provides an elegant method of analysis of lubricating oils, polymer solutions, and other organic materials containing metals. Types of emulsifiers, and the effect of various emulsion characteristics an the analytical results are discussed.
Intraoperative Radiation Therapy (IORT): A Series of 1000 Tumors.

Two prospective, randomized trials, TARGIT-A and ELIOT, have shown intraoperative radiation therapy to be a safe alternative, with a low-risk of local recurrence, compared with whole breast radiation therapy, following breast-conserving surgery, for selected low-risk patients. We report the first 1000 tumors treated with this modality at our facility. A total of 1000 distinct breast cancers in 984 patients (16 bilateral) were treated with breast conserving surgery and X-ray IORT from June 2010 to August 2017. Patients were enrolled in an IORT registry trial. Local recurrence was the primary endpoint. There have been 28 ipsilateral local recurrences, ten DCIS and 18 invasive. Four local recurrences were within the IORT field, 13 outside of the IORT field but within the same quadrant as the index cancer, and 11 were new cancers in different quadrants. There have been four regional nodal recurrences and one distant recurrence. There have been no breast cancer related deaths and 14 non-breast cancer deaths. With a median follow-up of 36 months, Kaplan–Meier analysis projects 3.9% of patients will recur locally at 4 years. This includes all ipsilateral events in all quadrants. The local, regional, and distant recurrence rates observed in this trial were comparable to those of the prospective randomized TARGIT-A and ELIOT trials. The low complication rates previously reported by our group as well as the low recurrence rates reported in this study support the cautious use and continued study of X-ray IORT in women with low-risk breast cancer.
Criminal Prosecutions and Civil Litigation Concerning Virtual Currencies

In this chapter, we review the major laws affecting virtual currencies and explore in substantial detail the many cases that have arisen that required governmental intervention. Among the most egregious cases are “The Silk Road” and “Darknet” cases whereby blockchain and virtual currencies formed the basis of numerous violations of the laws of both the United States and numerous other countries. Governments have the choice of proceeding criminally against violators or civilly which requires a much lower standard of proof and consequently is much easier to prosecute successfully.
Assessment of radioisotope heaters for remote terrestrial applications

This paper examines the feasibility of using radioisotope byproducts for special heating applications at remote sites in Alaska and other cold regions. The investigation included assessment of candidate radioisotope materials for heater applications, identification of the most promising cold region applications, evaluation of key technical issues and implementation constraints, and development of conceptual heater designs for candidate applications. Strontium-90 (Sr-90) was selected as the most viable fuel for radioisotopic heaters used in terrestrial applications. Opportunities for the application of radioisotopic heaters were determined through site visits to representative Alaska installations. Candidate heater applications included water storage tanks, sludge digesters, sewage lagoons, water piping systems, well-head pumping stations, emergency shelters, and fuel storage tank deicers. Radioisotopic heaters for water storage tank freeze-up protection and for enhancement of biological waste treatment processes at remote sites were selected as the most promising applications.
Law of the Intermediated Information Exchange

When Wikipedia, Google, and other online service providers staged a ―blackout protest‖ against the Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA) in January 2012, their actions inadvertently emphasized a fundamental truth that is often missed about the nature of cyberlaw. In attempts to address what is unique about the field, commentators have failed to appreciate that the field could— and should—be reconceptualized as a law of the global intermediated information exchange. Such a conception would provide a set of organizing principles that are lacking in existing scholarship. Nothing happens online that does not involve one or more intermediaries—the service providers who facilitate all digital commerce and communication by providing the hardware and software through which all interactions take place. This Article advocates a fundamental shift in the nature of cyberspace scholarship towards a law of the ―intermediated information exchange,‖ and explains the benefits of such an approach in developing a more predictable and cohesive body of legal principles to govern cyberspace interactions. INTRODUCTION 1338 I. CURRENT CONCEPTIONS OF CYBERLAW 1339 II. INTERNET INTERMEDIARIES 1343 A. Defining Internet Intermediaries 1343 B. Direct Versus Indirect Liability for Internet Intermediaries 1345 C. Questions of Secondary Liability 1351 D. Benefits of a Renewed Focus on Intermediary 1355 Liability 1355 E. Responsibility to Unmask Wrongdoers 1359 * Baker Botts Professor of Law and Co-Director, Institute for Intellectual Property and Information Law, University of Houston Law Center (jdlipton@central.uh.edu). The author would like to thank Professor Joel Reidenberg, Ms. Jamela Debelak, and participants at the Law and Information Society Informational Workshop at Fordham Law School (hosted by the Center on Law and Information Policy) on September 16, 2011, for generous support in workshopping of an earlier draft of this paper. Particular thanks to Professor Derek Bambauer, Professor Steven Bellovin, Professor Gaia Bernstein, Professor Ira Bloom, Professor Margaret Chon, Professor James Grimmleman, Professor Leah Grinvald, Professor Sharona Hoffman, Professor Nancy Kim, Mr. Jordan Kovnot, Professor Ed Lee, Professor Jessica Litman, Professor Irina Manta, Dean Lawrence Mitchell, Professor David Post, Professor Cassandra Robertson, Professor Susan Scafidi, Professor Olivier Sylvain, and Professor Jane Yakowitz for comments on earlier drafts of this Article. Any mistakes and omissions are, of course, my own. 1 Lipton: Law of the Intermediated Information Exchange Published by UF Law Scholarship Repository, 2012 1338 FLORIDA LAW REVIEW [Vol. 64 III. JURISDICTION 1361 CONCLUSION 1367
The Discovery Theory in Mathematics

An argument has been in progress for some time between those who claim that mathematics is a discovery and those who insist that it is an invention: between, in other words, proponents of the theory that mathematics is in­dependent of our knowledge of it until we explore the field of mathematics and proponents of the theory that mathematics is a creation of the human mind. The argument of course is one about mathematics, not in it,though the mathematicians themselves do occasionally get involved.
Policy before practice: genetic discrimination reviewed.

The value of genetics in medicine has been steadily developing with our increasing knowledge of the human genome. Genetic testing to determine disease risk or potential drug effects is set to become more commonplace. With this comes increasing concern about access to genetic information, and the potential for discriminatory usage of such information. At present, the scope and predictability of genetic testing and the conclusions that may be drawn fairly from genetic information are limited. Nonetheless, public concerns about discrimination based on the possession of a genetic trait or condition are well documented. The prospect that such information might be used in decisions regarding employment or insurability has caused anxiety and prompted legislation largely dedicated to the use of information about one’s genotype rather than medical information in general. These laws emphasize genetic information as distinct from other medical information and attempt to prioritize interests in genetic information. As the distinction between genetic and medical information becomes untenable, those who would regulate the use of genotypic information will find this approach to policy problematic. In considering the limits of legislation as an effective tool of regulating genetic discrimination, several conclusions can be drawn: firstly, despite the promise of genomic medicine, current knowledge is insufficient to justify the use or application of certain genetic information in nonmedical contexts; secondly, public resistance to genomic medicine that is based on fear of genetic discrimination poses a danger that justifies a policy response; and thirdly, such a response may be purely symbolic and not entirely effective, provided that the policy establishes a consensus regarding the applicability of genetic information in nonmedical contexts.
Disciplinary Integration in Graduate Environmental and Natural Resources Education

In the context of environmental management and policy, disciplinary integration is an important component of problem analysis. Although the specific meanings of disciplinary integration are difficu...
The Hybrid System of Redistributive Economics

This chapter provides an overview of the book’s general theme that the period following World War II was not an Age of Keynes in macroeconomic policy and that the Employment Act of 1946 was more complicated than previously thought. The chapter also introduces and explains two concepts that display the complex goals of the Act, the political economy of a living wage and the hybrid system of redistributive economics. The first concept describes an effort to use government regulation and taxation to secure a living wage for workers as a method to increase aggregate consumption. The second concept combines the political economy of a living wage with fiscal policy to further augment aggregate consumption through higher wages due to increased aggregate demand.
Higher Levels of Intelligence and Executive Functioning Protect Maltreated Children Against Adult Arrests: A Prospective Study.

Research shows that maltreated children are at elevated risk of arrest as adults and that higher verbal intelligence, reading ability, and executive functioning (abstract reasoning and cognitive fl...
All Networks are not Equal: Multiple Ties and Alliance Formation in High Tech Industries

In this paper we examine the contingent effects of embeddedness in different kinds of networks on alliance formation rates. To form alliances, firms have to be aware of their opportunity set. This ...
Phylogenetic relationships of Hawaiian Drosophilidae based on morphology

Concerning problems in the systematics of Drosophilidae, Sturtevant (1939) states that ’… it is desirable that there be available a satisfactory arrangement of species into some scheme of classification that can be taken as indicating their degree of genetic relationships/ He discussed in detail the methods in analyzing and selecting characters which are important in showing phylogenetic relationships between species. It is clear that Sturtevant’s description of taxonomic methodology in the classification of the genus Drosophila more than 30 years ago has remained a most important contribution in the biosystematics of Drosophila.
The Apiza Corpus: API Usage Dialogues with a Simulated Virtual Assistant.

Virtual assistant technology has the potential to make a significant impact in the field of software engineering. However, few SE-related datasets exist that would be suitable for the design or training of a virtual assistant. To help lay the groundwork for a hypothetical virtual assistant for API usage, we designed and conducted a Wizard-of-Oz study to gather this crucial data. We hired 30 professional programmers to complete a series of programming tasks by interacting with a simulated virtual assistant. Unbeknownst to the programmers, the virtual assistant was actually operated by another human expert. In this report, we describe our experimental methodology and summarize the results of the study.
Who Is to Blame? Children's and Adults' Moral Judgments Regarding Victim and Transgressor Negligence.

Research has documented that individuals consider outcomes, intentions, and transgressor negligence when making morally relevant judgments (Nobes, Panagiotaki, & Engelhardt, 2017). However, less is known about whether individuals attend to both victim and transgressor negligence in their evaluations. The current study measured 3- to 6-year-olds (N = 70), 7- to 12-year-olds (N = 54), and adults' (N = 97, ages 18-25 years) moral judgments about scenarios in which an accidental transgression occurred involving property damage or physical harm. Participants were either assigned to conditions where the victim or the transgressor was negligent. Results revealed attention to negligence among all participants across a range of different moral judgment measures (including acceptability judgments, punishment judgments, and attributions of blame), with age-related increases in attention to negligence evident. Results provide novel evidence that children and adults consider not just outcomes and intentions, but also the role of negligence in both victims and transgressors, when making social decisions.
Upper and Lower Extremity Measurement of Tissue Sodium and Fat Content in Patients with Lipedema

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to compare tissue sodium and fat content in the upper and lower extremities of participants with lipedema versus controls using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). METHODS MRI was performed at 3.0 T in females with lipedema (n = 15, age = 43.2 ± 10.0 years, BMI = 30.3 ± 4.4 kg/m2 ) and controls without lipedema (n = 14, age = 42.8 ± 13.2 years, BMI = 28.8 ± 4.4 kg/m2 ). Participants were assessed for pain and disease stage. Sodium MRI was performed in the forearm and calf to quantify regional tissue sodium content (TSC, mmol/L). Chemical-shift-encoded water-fat MRI was performed in identical regions for measurement of fat/water (ratio). RESULTS In the calf, skin TSC (16.3 ± 2.6 vs. 14.4 ± 2.2 mmol/L, P = 0.04), muscle TSC (20.3 ± 3.0 vs. 18.3 ± 1.7 mmol/L, P = 0.03), and fat/water (1.03 ± 0.37 vs. 0.56 ± 0.21 ratio, P < 0.001) were significantly higher in participants with lipedema versus control participants. In the forearm, skin TSC (13.4 ± 3.3 vs. 12.0 ± 2.3 mmol/L, P = 0.2, Cohen's d = 0.50) and fat/water (0.65 ± 0.24 vs. 0.48 ± 0.24 ratio, P = 0.07, Cohen's d = 0.68) demonstrated moderate effect sizes in participants with lipedema versus control participants. Calf skin TSC was significantly correlated with pain (Spearman's rho = 0.55, P = 0.03) and disease stage (Spearman's rho = 0.82, P < 0.001) among participants with lipedema. CONCLUSIONS MRI-measured tissue sodium and fat content are significantly higher in the lower extremities, but not upper extremities, of patients with lipedema compared with BMI-matched controls.
Addition of Povidone-Iodine to Fluoride Varnish for Dental Caries: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Introduction:Dental caries is the most common chronic childhood disease. Products of metabolism by bacteria populating the tooth surface induce development and progression of cavities.Objectives:We...
An Investigation in Optimal Encoding of Protein Primary Sequence for Structure Prediction by Artificial Neural Networks

Machine learning and the use of neural networks have increased precipitously over the past few years primarily due to the ever-increasing accessibility to data and the growth of computation power. It has become increasingly easy to harness the power of machine learning for predictive tasks. Protein structure prediction is one area where neural networks are becoming increasingly popular and successful. Although very powerful, the use of ANNs requires the selection of the most appropriate input/output encoding, architecture, and class to produce optimal results. In this investigation, we have explored and evaluated the effect of several conventional and newly proposed input encodings and the selected optimal encodings, window sizes, and architectures. We considered 11 variations of input encoding, 11 alternative window sizes, and 7 different architectures. In total, we evaluated 2541 permutations in application to the training and testing of more than 10,000 protein structures over the course of 3 months. Our investigations concluded that one-hot encoding, the use of LSTMs, and window sizes of 9, 11, and 15 produce the optimal outcome. Through this optimization, we were able to improve the quality of protein structure prediction by predicting the ϕ dihedrals to within 14∘–16∘ and ψ dihedrals to within 23∘–25∘. This is a notable improvement compared to previous similar investigations.
Confined fission track revelation in apatite: how it works and why it matters

Abstract. We present a new model for the etching and revelation of confined fission tracks in apatite based on variable along-track etching velocity, vT(x) . Insights from step-etching experiments and theoretical energy loss rates of fission fragments suggest two end-member etching structures: constant-core, with a central zone of constant etching rate that then falls off toward track tips; and linear, in which etching rates fall linearly from the midpoint to the tips. From these, we construct a characterization of confined track revelation that encompasses all relevant processes, including penetration and widening of semi-tracks etching in from the polished grain surface, intersection with and expansion of confined tracks, and analyst selection of which tracks to measure and which to bypass. Both etching structures are able to fit step-etching data from five sets of paired experiments of fossil tracks and unannealed and annealed induced tracks in Durango apatite, supporting the correctness of our approach and providing a series of insights into the theory and practice of fission-track thermochronology. Etching rates for annealed induced tracks are much faster than those for unannealed induced and spontaneous tracks, impacting the relative efficiency of both confined track length and density measurements and suggesting that high-temperature laboratory annealing may induce a transformation in track cores that does not occur at geological conditions of partial annealing. The model quantifies how variation in analyst selection criteria, summarized as the ratio of along-track to bulk etching velocity at the etched track tip ( v T / v B ), likely plays a first-order role in the reproducibility of confined length measurements. It also accounts for and provides an estimate of the large proportion of tracks that are intersected but not measured, and it shows how length biasing is likely to be an insufficient basis for predicting the relative probability of detection of different track populations. The vT(x) model provides an approach to optimizing etching conditions, linking track length measurements across etching protocols, and discerning new information on the underlying structure of fission tracks.
Epidemiology of Hip Injuries in Professional Rodeo: A 4-Year Analysis.

Background:Professional rodeo is a sport with a high risk of injuries for which research is needed to support interventions. To date, there have been no epidemiological studies performed specifical...
662 Statistical learning from clinical and immunogenomic variables to predict response and survival with PD-L1 inhibition in advanced urothelial cancer

Background Urothelial cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy have varied response and survival.1 Clinical and immunogenomic biomarkers could help predict ICI response and survival to inform decisions about patient selection for ICI treatment. Methods The association of clinical metadata and immunogenomic signatures with response and survival was analyzed in a set of 347 urothelial cancer patients treated with the PD-L1 inhibitor atezolizumab as part of the IMVigor210 study.1 Data were divided into a discovery set (2/3 of patients) and validation set (1/3 of patients). We analyzed as potential predictors 70 total variables, of which 16 were clinical metadata and 54 were immunogenomic signatures. Categorical variables were converted to dummy variables (89 total variables: 35 clinical, 54 immunogenomic). Using the discovery set, elastic net regression with Monte Carlo cross-validation was used to build optimal models for response (logistic regression) and survival (Cox proportional-hazards). Model performance was evaluated using the validation set. Results In the optimal model of response, 17 variables (10 clinical, 7 immunogenomic) were selected as informative predictors, including Baseline Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) Score = 0, Neoantigen Burden, Lymph Node Metastases, and Tumor Mutation Burden (figure 1). The final model predicted patient response with good performance (Area Under Curve = 0.828, pAUC = 2.38e-3; True Negative Rate = 91.7%, True Positive Rate = 87.5%, pconfusion matrix = 0.0252). In the optimal model of survival, 32 variables (17 clinical, 15 immunogenomic) were selected as informative predictors, including baseline ECOG Score = 0, IC Level 2+, Race = Asian, and Consensus Tumor Subtype = Neuroendocrine (figure 2). The final model predicted patient survival with good performance (c-indexmodel = 0.652, pc-index = 0.0290). Conclusions Models incorporating clinical metadata and immunogenomic signatures can predict response and survival for urothelial cancer patients treated with atezolizumab. Among predictors in those models, baseline performance status is the greatest and most positive predictor of response and survival. Reference Mariathasan S, Turley S, Nickles D, et al. TGFβ attenuates tumour response to PD-L1 blockade by contributing to exclusion of T cells. Nature 2018;554:544–548.
A scalable algorithm for structure identification of complex gene regulatory network from temporal expression data.

Gene regulatory interactions are of fundamental importance to various biological functions and processes. However, only a few previous computational studies have claimed success in revealing genome-wide regulatory landscapes from temporal gene expression data, especially for complex eukaryotes like human. Moreover, recent work suggests that these methods still suffer from the curse of dimensionality if a network size increases to 100 or higher. Here we present a novel scalable algorithm for identifying genome-wide gene regulatory network (GRN) structures, and we have verified the algorithm performances by extensive simulation studies based on the DREAM challenge benchmark data. The highlight of our method is that its superior performance does not degenerate even for a network size on the order of 104, and is thus readily applicable to large-scale complex networks. Such a breakthrough is achieved by considering both prior biological knowledge and multiple topological properties (i.e., sparsity and hub gene structure) of complex networks in the regularized formulation. We also validate and illustrate the application of our algorithm in practice using the time-course gene expression data from a study on human respiratory epithelial cells in response to influenza A virus (IAV) infection, as well as the CHIP-seq data from ENCODE on transcription factor (TF) and target gene interactions. An interesting finding, owing to the proposed algorithm, is that the biggest hub structures (e.g., top ten) in the GRN all center at some transcription factors in the context of epithelial cell infection by IAV. The proposed algorithm is the first scalable method for large complex network structure identification. The GRN structure identified by our algorithm could reveal possible biological links and help researchers to choose which gene functions to investigate in a biological event. The algorithm described in this article is implemented in MATLAB Ⓡ , and the source code is freely available from https://github.com/Hongyu-Miao/DMI.git .
A GENERAL SIMPLE RELATIVE TRACE FORMULA

In this paper we prove a relative trace formula for all pairs of connected algebraic groups H G G, with G a reductive group and H the direct product of a reductive group and a unipotent group, given that the test function satisfies simplifying hypotheses. As an application, we prove a relative analogue of the Weyl law, giving an asymptotic formula for the number of eigenfunctions of the Laplacian on a locally symmetric space associated to G weighted by their L 2 -restriction norm over a locally symmetric subspace associated to H0 G.
Beyond the Health Deficit Count: Examining Deficit Patterns in a Deficit-Accumulation Frailty Index.

Background/objectives Exploring deficit patterns among frail people may reveal subgroups of different prognostic importance. Design Analysis of National Health and Aging Trends Study. Setting Community. Participants Community dwelling older adults with mild to moderate frailty (deficit-accumulation frailty index (FI) of 0.25-0.40) (n = 1821). Measurements Latent class analysis identified distinct clinical subgroups based on comorbidity (range: 0-10), National Health and Aging Trends Study dementia classification, and short physical performance battery (SPPB) (range: 0-12). Survival analyses compared 5-year mortality by subgroups. Results Three latent classes existed: Class 1 (n = 831, mean FI = 0.30) had 2.7% probable dementia, high comorbidities (mean = 3.6), and low physical impairment (SPPB mean = 9.9); Class 2 (n = 734, mean FI = 0.32) had 6.9% probable dementia, low comorbidities (mean = 2.8), and moderate physical impairment (SPPB mean = 6.2); Class 3 (n = 256, mean FI = 0.34) had 20.7% probable dementia, low comorbidities (mean = 2.4), and high physical impairment (SPPB mean = 2.0). Compared to Class 1, Classes 2 and 3 experienced higher 5-year mortality (C2: 1.28 (95% confidence intervals (CI) = 1.00-1.62); C3: 1.87 (95% CI = 1.29-2.73)). Conclusion Deficit patterns among the mild-to-moderately frail provide additional prognostic information and highlight opportunities for preventive interventions.
Attitudes and Perceptions Toward Virtual Health in Eye Care During Coronavirus Disease 2019.

Purpose: To evaluate attitudes and perceptions toward virtual health (VH) and its usage among eye care providers before, during, and after the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Materials and Methods: In April and May 2020, an online survey comprised of questions regarding past and current VH practices, as well as plans for future use was distributed among eye care providers nationwide. Results: Of the 117 eye care providers who completed the survey, 96.6% were not using VH before the COVID-19 pandemic. In contrast, 77.4% reported using VH during the pandemic. The majority of visits were for red eye (64.4%, n = 56) and ocular surface complaints (58.6%, n = 51). Examination components tested virtually varied, but most respondents felt these were at least "somewhat reliable." Almost half of respondents (45%) felt it was "very easy" or "somewhat easy" to implement VH and the majority (53.8%, n = 43) were able to get it up and running in under a week. The majority felt the transition to VH was positive (57.5%), however, only 50.4% (n = 53) of those providers planned to use VH regularly once able to see patients safely in clinic again. Conclusions: While the majority of U.S. eye care providers who responded were not using VH before the COVID-19 pandemic, just months into the U.S. outbreak, 77.4% were using VH in their daily practice. In general, providers used these platforms for urgent examinations, adnexal disease, and postoperative care most often. The majority felt the transition was a positive one, however, only half planned to continue regular use of VH once the pandemic ended.
Foreign Sovereign Immunity in the Enforcement of Investor-State Awards

This essay looks at the enforcement of investor-State arbitral awards under the U.S. Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (FSIA). Part I considers immunity from suit, which tends not to be an obstacle because of the arbitration exception to immunity found in Section 1605(a)(6). Part II turns to the FSIA’s rules on venue, which, as currently interpreted, seem to require an initial action in the District of Columbia to reduce the arbitral award to judgment, followed by a second action to execute that judgment where the foreign State has assets. Part III discusses the FSIA’s provision on service of process, which sets forth four methods for serving foreign States that must be followed strictly and in order. Finally, Part IV considers the FSIA’s rules on the immunity of a foreign State’s property from execution. Although Section 1610(a)(6) contains an arbitration exception to immunity from execution that is parallel to Section 1605(a)(6)’s exception to immunity from suit, the property to which the exception applies is limited. Specifically, an investor can enforce its award only against property that is in the United States, is owned by the foreign State itself, and is used by the foreign State for a commercial activity in the United States. In the end, it is the immunity of a foreign State’s property from execution that poses the biggest obstacle to enforcing investor-State awards.
Seasonal Hydroclimatic and Soil Biogeochemical Drivers of N and P Availability in a Constructed Stormwater Wetland

AbstractConstructed stormwater wetlands are green stormwater infrastructure (GSI) practices with potential to treat stormwater nutrient pollution. GSI nutrient removal performance is controlled by ...