cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conditions governing localized high-latitude dayside aurora

[1] In a recent study of IMAGE FUV data, Frey et al. [2003] examined cases of high-latitude dayside aurora (HiLDA) caused by precipitating electrons predominantly during northward IMF with a strongly positive IMF By component. To determine the conditions that control these auroral emissions, we examine field-aligned currents observed by the Iridium constellation for 25 events of prolonged steady IMF orientation with both Bz and By positive. We find that localized FACs are sustained under all observed solar wind conditions, but that the occurrence of HiLDA is generally restricted to solar wind proton densities below 4 cm−3 and peak current densities higher than 0.7 μA/m2. That the solar wind density orders the occurrence of the auroral emissions indicates that magnetosheath plasma has ready access to the field lines carrying the upward current. Assuming that the magnetosheath plasma density and temperature govern the high-altitude conditions on these field lines, we find that the intensity of the HiLDA emissions correlates with an estimate for the particle precipitation energy density based on the Knight relation, using the measured current density and the magnetosheath temperature and density.
Teaching Regressions an Exploratory Approach

Abstract An applied statistics and data-analysis course designed for students of public management and policy analysis, but suitable as an introductory graduate-level applied course in other contexts, is discussed. The course, Quantitative Methods for Public Management (QMPM), is a departure from traditional instruction in statistics. It uses subject-matter hierarchies to schedule the presentation of substantive material, and it integrates exploratory data analysis (EDA) and standard classical techniques. This integration is accomplished by using exploratory methods to clarify and evaluate analyses performed with classical procedures. The course, taught since 1975 at Carnegie-Mellon University's School of Urban and Public Affairs, has been evaluated experimentally through a randomized assignment of students to either a traditional introductory statistics course or QMPM. We concentrate here on the QMPM approach to teaching regression.
A topology-preserving parallel 3D thinning algorithm for extracting the curve skeleton

We introduce a new topology-preserving 3D thinning procedure for deriving the curve voxel skeleton from 3D binary digital images. Based on a rigorously defined classification procedure, the algorithm consists of sequential thinning iterations each characterized by six parallel directional sub-iterations followed by a set of sequential sub-iterations. The algorithm is shown to produce concise and geometrically accurate 3D curve skeletons. The thinning algorithm is also insensitive to object rotation and only moderately sensitive to noise. Although this thinning procedure is valid for curve skeleton extraction of general elongated objects, in this paper, we specifically discuss its application to the orientation modeling of trabecular biological tissues.
The role of gender and other factors in the prognosis of young patients with colorectal cancer

Fifty patients from a socioeconomically disadvantaged population who were diagnosed when younger than 40 with colorectal cancer between 1968 and 1978 were analyzed. These patients had an increased survival compared with their older counterparts aged 40 years and older who were diagnosed during the same time. The young women had significantly better survival than the young men. Advanced stages, distribution of primary sites, and precancerous conditions were not major factors. The fact that the younger patients' cancers had a higher incidence of extracellular mucin production may have been counterbalanced by their receiving more extensive treatment. At the same time, cultural and social factors related to gender may have more to do with better survival than do factors evaluated in previous studies. In fact, because of the pervasive lack of male/female analysis, it is not known whether the survival difference due to gender found in this report is a universal tendency in young populations.
Biomass Harvesting Guidelines affect downed woody debris retention

Abstract Our objective was to determine if a retention area-based Biomass Harvesting Guideline (BHG) strategy maintained desired volumes of downed woody debris (DWD) following woody biomass harvests. We implemented six randomly-assigned treatments in four clearcuts in loblolly pine plantations in the Coastal Plain physiographic region of North Carolina during 2010–2011: 1) woody biomass harvest with no BHGs (NOBHG); 2) 15% retention with woody biomass dispersed (15DISP); 3) 15% retention with woody debris clustered (15CLUS); 4) 30% retention with woody biomass dispersed (30DISP); 5) 30% retention with woody biomass clustered (30CLUS); and 6) no woody biomass harvest (i.e., clearcut only; NOBIOHARV). Prior to harvesting, we flagged 15% or 30% of the treatment area to serve as woody biomass retention sources for the four BHG treatments, and all woody biomass from the flagged area were retained and distributed across that entire treatment area. We examined effects of treatments on: 1) fraction estimated volume of pre-harvest standing volume (total and woody biomass) retained as residual DWD; and 2) fraction retained DWD in treatments 2–5 relative to retained DWD in the NOBHGS and NOBIOHARV treatments. Adding a woody biomass harvest reduced volume of residual DWD by 81% in NOBHG compared to NOBIOHARV. Estimates based on the second metric were most similar to target retentions with retention percentages at 18.8% in 15CLUS, 14.1% in 15DISP, 39.0% in 30CLUS, and 38.0% in 30DISP. Treatments resulted in retention of DWD fractions approximate to those prescribed, suggesting BHGs can be implemented successfully in an operational setting.
Adverse reaction characterized by chest pain, shortness of breath, and syncope associated with verteporfin (visudyne).

Abstract PURPOSE: To report a serious adverse reaction associated with verteporfin infusion. DESIGN: Observational case report. METHODS: Case report of a single individual undergoing photodynamic therapy (PDT) with verteporfin. RESULTS: A 77-year-old man with long-standing asymptomatic atrial fibrillation, but no known coronary artery disease experienced severe chest and neck pain, shortness of breath, and syncope while undergoing a fourth photodynamic therapy (PDT) treatment with verteporfin. This infusion had been preceded by three prior infusions; the first two were uneventful, and the third was associated with milder, but similar symptoms. Evaluation demonstrated that the chest pain was noncardiac in origin. CONCLUSION: As verteporfin continues to be used around the world, physicians must be alert to the possibility of serious adverse side effects associated with its use.
Quasiresonant vibration-rotation transfer in atom-diatom collisions: A classical adiabatic interpretation

Abstract We show that the remarkably strong propensity rules observed in recent experimental and theoretical studies of atom-diatom collisions arise naturally from classical adiabatic invariance theory and the assumption that the phase space of the system contains large isolated nonlinear resonances. We substantiate our explanation with numerical evidence.
Cretaceous/Tertiary extinctions we know the answer, but what is the question?

Much progress has been made in our understanding of the Cretaceous/Tertiary (K/T) and other extinction events throughout Phanerozoic time. Scenarios for the K/T extinctions have been outlined. Suggested exogenic causes include a large asteroid impact or a number of smaller impacts over a year or soon both continental and oceanic terranes, or a comet shower of six to ten impacts over a 1- to 3-m.y. period. Suggested endogenic causes include the environmental effects of a major sea level regression and intense global volcanism.
Shield: DoS filtering using traffic deflecting

Denial-of-service (DoS) attacks continue to be a major problem on the Internet. While many defense mechanisms have been created, they all have significant deployment issues. This paper introduces a novel method that overcomes these issues, allowing a small number of deployed DoS defenses to act as secure on-demand shields for any node on the Internet. The proposed method is based on rerouting any packet addressed to a protected autonomous system (AS) through an intermediate filtering node — a shield. In this way, all potentially harmful traffic could be discarded before reaching the destination. The mechanisms for packet rerouting use existing routing techniques and do not require any kind of modification to the deployed protocols or routers. To make the proposed system feasible, from both deployment and usage points of view, traffic rerouting and outsourced filtering could be provided as an insurance-style on-demand service.
Factors Affecting Middle School Students’ Reading Motivation in Taiwan

This study employed a triangulated mixed method to investigate reading motivation of Chinese middle school students in Taiwan. A total of 247 seventh grade students (122 boys and 125 girls) participated voluntarily by completing the Chinese Motivation for Research Questionnaire (CMRQ). Sixteen of the 247 students were purposely selected to participate in the semistructured interviews and classroom observations over the course of the month. A multiple linear regress, a zero-order correlation statistical analysis, and content analyses showed high-achieving students placed greater value on grades and social recognition than low-achieving students. Motivation was enhanced by utilizing materials associated with interests.
Cytochrome P450 enzymes in aquatic invertebrates: recent advances and future directions

A variety of enzymes and other proteins are produced by organisms in response to xenobiotic exposures. Cytochrome P450s (CYP) are one of the major phase I-type classes of detoxification enzymes found in terrestrial and aquatic organisms ranging from bacteria to vertebrates. These enzymes metabolize a wide variety of substrates including endogenous molecules (e.g. fatty acids, eicosenoids, steroids) and xenobiotics (e.g. hydrocarbons, pesticides, drugs). Aquatic invertebrates, especially those in marine habitats, occupy every aspect of the environment, from above the surface (intertidal) to below the sediments. In turn, they have extremely diverse physiologies and are exposed to a vast array of potential toxicants. Aspects of aquatic invertebrate cytochrome P450 enzymes have been studied for the last 25 years. In a few phyla, P450 activities have been measured and are responsive to xenobiotic exposures. Until the last several years, little progress had occurred in the identification of P450 gene diversity in aquatic invertebrates. Molecular biology tools have greatly aided this search, and are likely to identify as much diversity for this protein superfamily as is present in higher marine and terrestrial organisms. Recent work has expanded our knowledge of the CYP superfamily, and new developments will rapidly advance the usefulness of these genes into such fields as biomarker research. Advances of the last decade are reviewed and insights are presented from related insect studies.
Ethane and ethylene evolution from alfalfa seedlings infected with Peronospora trifoliorum.

Abstract Shoots from healthy downy mildew-susceptible alfalfa seedlings placed in glass syringes released small amounts of both ethane and ethylene during a 12 to 16 h incubation period in the dark. Susceptible shoots at 7 days after inoculation with Peronospora trifoliorum released similar amounts of ethylene in the dark, but they typically produced 2 to 6 times more ethane than healthy seedlings did. Ethane and ethylene production from shoots of both healthy and inoculated resistant seedlings resembled that of healthy susceptible seedlings. All shoots emitted ethane during development of anaerobic conditions in the syringes but ceased to do so after several hours of anaerobiosis. Enhanced release of both ethylene and ethane was observed when syringes containing infected susceptible seedlings were incubated under low light. Thus release of the two gases was differentially influenced by light and/or anaerobiosis. Neither ethane nor ethylene enhanced sporulation by P. trifoliorum .
Differences in resting energy expenditure between black and white smokers: implications for postcessation weight gain.

Objective: To examine differences in resting energy expenditure (REE) between black and white smokers in order to determine whether REE might contribute to postcessation weight gain. Design: Cross-sectional and prospective investigation of ethnic differences in REE. Differences in REE between black and white smokers were examined at baseline while all participants were smoking, and again during 2 weeks of abstinence from smoking. Setting: Memphis, Tennessee, USA. Subjects: Sixty-six black and 112 white smokers (age 30.4 y; cigarettes per day 21.4; weight 71.7 kg; body mass index 24.5 kg=m 2 ). Results: Black smokers had a significantly lower baseline REE after adjusting for gender and body weight. Changes in REE following smoking cessation did not differ by ethnicity. Conclusions: These results suggest that black smokers may be more energy efficient, which could contribute to ethnic differences in postcessation weight gain. Sponsorship: Support for this study was provided by grant no. HL46352 from the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. Descriptors: resting energy expenditure; ethnic differences; smoking; obesity European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2000) 54, 895‐899
Synthesis of benzoxazine functional silane and adhesion properties of glass-fiber-reinforced polybenzoxazine composites

A silane coupling agent with a benzoxazine functional group has been syn- thesized. A series of nonpolar solvents is found to favor benzoxazine monomer forma- tion. Employing these nonpolar solvents, a high-purity benzoxazine functional silane coupling agent is obtained. The effectiveness of this silane coupling agent is evaluated by measuring the interlaminar short-beam shear strength of silane treated glass-fiber- reinforced polybenzoxazine composites. q 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 69: 2559-2567, 1998
Effects of Atrazine, Metolachlor, Carbaryl and Chlorothalonil on Benthic Microbes and Their Nutrient Dynamics

Atrazine, metolachlor, carbaryl, and chlorothalonil are detected in streams throughout the U.S. at concentrations that may have adverse effects on benthic microbes. Sediment samples were exposed to these pesticides to quantify responses of ammonium, nitrate, and phosphate uptake by the benthic microbial community. Control uptake rates of sediments had net remineralization of nitrate (−1.58 NO3 µg gdm−1 h−1), and net assimilation of phosphate (1.34 PO4 µg gdm−1 h−1) and ammonium (0.03 NH4 µg gdm−1 h−1). Metolachlor decreased ammonium and phosphate uptake. Chlorothalonil decreased nitrate remineralization and phosphate uptake. Nitrate, ammonium, and phosphate uptake rates are more pronounced in the presence of these pesticides due to microbial adaptations to toxicants. Our interpretation of pesticide availability based on their water/solid affinities supports no effects for atrazine and carbaryl, decreasing nitrate remineralization, and phosphate assimilation in response to chlorothalonil. Further, decreased ammonium and phosphate uptake in response to metolachlor is likely due to affinity. Because atrazine target autotrophs, and carbaryl synaptic activity, effects on benthic microbes were not hypothesized, consistent with results. Metolachlor and chlorothalonil (non-specific modes of action) had significant effects on sediment microbial nutrient dynamics. Thus, pesticides with a higher affinity to sediments and/or broad modes of action are likely to affect sediment microbes' nutrient dynamics than pesticides dissolved in water or specific modes of action. Predicted nutrient uptake rates were calculated at mean and peak concentrations of metolachlor and chlorothalonil in freshwaters using polynomial equations generated in this experiment. We concluded that in natural ecosystems, peak chlorothalonil and metolachlor concentrations could affect phosphate and ammonium by decreasing net assimilation, and nitrate uptake rates by decreasing remineralization, relative to mean concentrations of metolachlor and chlorothalonil. Our regression equations can complement models of nitrogen and phosphorus availability in streams to predict potential changes in nutrient dynamics in response to pesticides in freshwaters.
Crystal structure and electrical properties of (BEDT-TTF)2Cp(CN)5·(solvent)x

Abstract The crystal structure and electrical properties of (BEDT-TTF) 2 Cp(CN) 5 · (Solvent) x , where BEDT-TTF is bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene (ET), Cp(CN) 5 is pentacyanodicyclopentadienide (PCCP) and the solvent is TCE or THF, have been determined. The crystals are orthorhombic, space group Pncm , with unit cell dimensions a = 6.774(2), b = 14.657(5) and c = 41.05(1)A. The ET molecular network is similar to that of the α′ phase of (ET) 2 AuBr 2 with interstack S…S interactions between almost coplanar donor molecules ranging from 3.532(5) A to 3.566(5) A and intrastack interactions greater than 3.7 A. The TCE and THF solvates have room-temperature conductivities of 0.32 μ −1 cm −1 and 0.45 μ −1 cm −1 , respectively, and are semiconductors with activation energies of about 0.12 eV. The ESR studies indicate an antiferromagnetic ordering below 90 K, leading to an insulator ground state.
GutenTag: high-throughput sequence tagging via an empirically derived fragmentation model.

Shotgun proteomics is a powerful tool for identifying the protein content of complex mixtures via liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. The most widely used class of algorithms for analyzing mass spectra of peptides has been database search software such as SEQUEST. A new sequence tag database search algorithm, called GutenTag, makes it possible to identify peptides with unknown posttranslational modifications or sequence variations. This software automates the process of inferring partial sequence “tags” directly from the spectrum and efficiently examines a sequence database for peptides that match these tags. When multiple candidate sequences result from the database search, the software evaluates which is the best match by a rapid examination of spectral fragment ions. We compare GutenTag's accuracy to that of SEQUEST on a defined protein mixture, showing that both modified and unmodified peptides can be successfully identified by this approach. GutenTag analyzed 33 000 spectra from a hum...
Levoglucosan, a tracer for cellulose in biomass burning and atmospheric particles

Abstract The major organic components of smoke particles from biomass burning are monosaccharide derivatives from the breakdown of cellulose, accompanied by generally lesser amounts of straight-chain, aliphatic and oxygenated compounds and terpenoids from vegetation waxes, resins/gums, and other biopolymers. Levoglucosan and the related degradation products from cellulose can be utilized as specific and general indicator compounds for the presence of emissions from biomass burning in samples of atmospheric fine particulate matter. This enables the potential tracking of such emissions on a global basis. There are other compounds (e.g. amyrones, friedelin, dehydroabietic acid, and thermal derivatives from terpenoids and from lignin—syringaldehyde, vanillin, syringic acid, vanillic acid), which are additional key indicators in smoke from burning of biomass specific to the type of biomass fuel. The monosaccharide derivatives (e.g. levoglucosan) are proposed as specific indicators for cellulose in biomass burning emissions. Levoglucosan is emitted at such high concentrations that it can be detected at considerable distances from the original combustion source.
Room Acoustics Effects on Monosyllabic Word Discrimination Ability for Normal and Hearing-Impaired Children

The monosyllabic word discrimination of normal and hearing-impaired children was evaluated in situations selected to simulate acoustical conditions in current educational environments. All listener...
Myeloperoxidase-antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies (MPO-ANCA) and Proteinase 3-ANCA without Immunofluorescent ANCA Found by Routine Clinical Testing

Objective. Concurrent testing for serum antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) by indirect immunofluorescence (IF) and by antiproteinase 3 (PR3)/antimyeloperoxidase (MPO) antibody assays may identify patients with PR3-ANCA or MPO-ANCA despite a negative IF (IF-negative MPO/PR3-positive); however, the significance of this result is not clear. We sought to determine whether IF-negative, MPO/PR3-positive results identified any cases of clinically meaningful systemic vasculitis at our institution. Methods. We conducted a retrospective chart review of all IF-negative, MPO/PR3-positive patients identified at our institution over a 2-year period. Results. Of the 2345 samples tested over 2 years, 1998 were IF-negative. Among these IF-negative samples, 49 samples (2.5%) derived from 38 patients tested positive for MPO-ANCA or PR3-ANCA. Only 1 IF-negative, MPO/PR3-positive patient was subsequently diagnosed with ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV). Eleven IF-negative, MPO/PR3-positive patients (29%) had been previously diagnosed and treated for AAV, all with positive IF and antibody tests prior to treatment. Four patients had evidence of cutaneous vasculitis not attributed to AAV, while several of the remaining IF-negative, MPO/PR3-positive patients had other immunologic disorders, including systemic lupus erythematosus (5 patients) and inflammatory bowel disease (3 patients). Conclusion. In this real-life cohort assayed simultaneously by IF and multiplexed bead assays, the detection of MPO-ANCA or PR3-ANCA without a positive IF rarely led to a new diagnosis of systemic vasculitis, and was more likely to occur in the context of a non-vasculitic inflammatory condition. Our results suggest that concurrent IF and MPO/PR3 testing may be of limited use in preventing a missed diagnosis of new-onset AAV.
Healthy Aging in Cities

In the coming decades the global population will urbanize and age at high rates. Today half of the worlds populations lives in cities.1 By 2030 that proportion will rise to 60% and urbanization will occur most greatly in developing countries. At the same time the worlds population aged 60 and over will double from 11% to 22% by 2050 and that growth will be concentrated in urban areas in less developed countries. All of these trends challenge public health workers doctors researchers and urban planners to ensure healthy livable cities for older people. (excerpt)
Osmolality and solute concentration--their relationship with oral hydration solution effectiveness: an experimental assessment.

Osmolality and Solute Concentration—Their Relationship with Oral Hydration Solution Effectiveness: An Experimental Assessment
Ligaments, Joint Surfaces, Conjunct Rotation and Close-pack

Summary Working from simple first principles — the surface form of ovoid joints and the layout of the ligaments that control them — the mechanisms of conjunct rotation and close-pack are derived. The clinical examination of normal and injured joints is related throughout to joint mechanics, and a final section discusses these mechanisms in relation to current practice in joint prosthetics.
Biochemical and molecular studies of symbiotic nitrogen fixation.

Abstract Significant advances in the area of symbiotic nitrogen fixation include the identification of a rhizobial factor responsible for nodule induction and new insights into nodulin gene regulation, as well as the elucidation of a signal transduction pathway involved in nitrogen fixation gene control. There have also been reports about the nodulation of non-legumes such as rice, wheat and oilseed rape.
Recommended standards for newborn ICU design

This paper presents the work of the sixth Consensus Committee on Recommended Standards for Newborn intensive care unit (NICU) design. Recommended standards for NICU structure, lighting, noise control, infection control, family support and other design considerations are offered, along with supporting interpretations, references and a glossary of terms.
Antiferromagnetism in Some Manganous Compounds

The temperature dependence (300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K to 40\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K) of the magnetic susceptibility of the following ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{++}$ salts has been measured: MnO, MnS, MnSe, MnTe. A $\ensuremath{\lambda}$-point transition at low temperatures makes the susceptibility break away from a Weiss-Curie law and decrease with lowering temperatures. Each salt has its characteristic transition temperature, increasing with increasing molecular weight. Evidence for field dependence of the susceptibility and for magnetic hysteresis has been found. It seems likely that an exchange force is the cause of the transition from paramagnetism to antiferromagnetism.
An organizational analysis of political action committees

As the number and putative importance of political action committees have grown, so too has scholarly attention to this new breed of political organization. Yet this attention has been uneven. Although much is now known about the aggregate spending patterns of PACs, much less is known about their internal lives. The present study attempts to open the PAC black box to empirical inquiry. Drawing on interviews with the managers of 70 Washington-based political action committees, we suggest how theoretical perspectives about formal voluntary associations may be usefully applied in explaining the behavior of PACs. After examining the relationships among several variables — organizational goals, constituency relations and decision making, strategy, and interorganizational relations — we show how these forces affect the behavior of corporate, trade/membership, labor, and nonconnected PACS.
The spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian paradigm: a critique of the adaptationist programme

An adaptationist programme has dominated evolutionary thought in England and the United States during the past 40 years. It is based on faith in the power of natural selection as an optimizing agent. It proceeds by breaking an organism into unitary 'traits' and proposing an adaptive story for each considered separately. Trade-offs among competing selective demands exert the onlv brake upon perfection; non-optimality is thereby rendered as a result of adaptation as well. We criticize this approach and attempt to reassert a competing notion (long popular in continental Europe) that organisms must be analysed as integrated wholes, with Bauplane so constrained by phyletic heritage, pathways of development and general architecture that the constraints themselves become more interesting and more important in delimiting pathways of change than the selective force that may mediate change when it occurs. We fault the adaptationist programme for its failure to distinguish current utility from reasons for origin (male tyrannosaurs may have used their diminutive front legs to titillate female partners, but this will not explain why they got so small); for its unwillingness to consider alternatives to adaptive stories; for its reliance upon plausibility alone as a criterion for accepting speculative tales; and for its failure to consider adequately such competing themes as random fixation of alleles, production of nonadaptive structures by developmental correlation with selected features (allometry, pleiotropy, material compensation, mechanically forced correlation), the separability of adaptation and selection, multiple adaptive peaks, and current utility as an epiphenomenon of non-adaptive structures. We support Darwin's own pluralistic approach to identifying the agents of evolutionary change.
The relationship between maternal characteristics, maternal vulnerability beliefs, and immunization compliance.

The purpose of this descriptive study was to determine the relationship of demographic variables and mothers' perceived vulnerability to eight communicable diseases with immunization compliance. A random sample consisting of 40 mothers with preschool-age children 4–24 months of age was interviewed by means of the Communicable Disease Perceived Vulnerability Scale and the investigator-developed Demographic Data Collection Instrument. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics and chi-square (p ≤. 05). The average mother in the sample was White, had a 10th-to 12th-grade education, was 24–31 years old, and had a yearly income of $10,000-$45,000. Statistically there were no significant relationships between maternal characteristics or between maternal vulnerability beliefs and immunization compliance. However, it is clinically significant that the overall compliance rate of 70% in this rural area is much higher than the national average of 50%. Findings suggest that using health education materials at the...
A Constant Intensity Vacuum Spectroscopic Light Source

A vacuum spectroscopic light source was developed which furnished a constant intensity emission line spectrum. Reproducibility was achieved by controlling with an oscilloscope the spark breakdown potential and the number of breakdowns per cycle of the applied high voltage. The gas composition in the source was found to be critically important. The constancy was checked photometrically and found to be about 2 percent.
White Response to Neighborhood Racial Change

Abstract In this study of ten cities, data for tracts that underwent racial transition were employed. Normal household turnover rates were predicted on the basis of nonracial housing and demographic characteristics. It was found that the white population of these tracts exhibited abnormally high household turnovers, indicating “white flight” from changing areas. The in-migration of whites was found to fall short of both the level necessary to replace those whites who actually moved out, and the level needed to replace whites who would have moved under conditions of racial stability.
A Coded Table of Finite Integral Transforms and Some of its Non‐Routine Applications∗

Summary ∗ Work partially supported by U.S. National Science Foundation Grant No. GP‐9377. A coded, compact, but fairly complete table of finite Fourier and Hankel transforms can be constructed and some entries are here presented, together with some non‐routine examples of its application. These examples, mostly heat conduction problems, are not to be found in the texts on integral transforms, mathematical physics, heat transfer or other technological sciences, and thus serve to enlarge the student's view on the method of finite transforms and their many uses.
An Investigation of Multidimensional Knowledge Structure and Computer Auditor Performance

This study assesses the internal control knowledge structure dimensions and antecedents, as well as the relationship between structure and performance, for a set of computer auditors. The study extends prior research in two ways. First, in an effort to investigate the impact of multiple knowledge structures on auditor performance, a multidimensional model is employed through the use of multidimensional scaling (MDS). An added benefit of this methodology is that it facilitates the evaluation of the extent of auditor knowledge structure. Second, a more complete understanding of the influence of experience and education on auditor performance is gained through investigating the role of knowledge structure as a mediator. Results suggest that computer auditors employ both control objective and transaction flow structural dimensions simultaneously, as well as a third dimension not previously identified, which represents the degree of computerization of a particular procedure. Transaction flow was identified as ...
406 ACTH INSENSITIVITY: A NEW RECEPTOR DEFECT DETECTED BY THEOPHYLLINE STIMULATION

A 2 y/o male was evaluated for hypoglycemia and hyperpigmentation. Studies confirming the diagnosis of ACTH insensitivity were as follows: {cortisol=C, aldosterone (ng/dl)=A, renin (ng/ml)=R, ACTH (pg/ml)=ACTH}: (1) Cortrosyn stimulation: ACTH =2000; C undetectable at 0′ and 30′. (2) Upright posture + furosemide: ACTH=2000; A=4.0 at 0′, 48.2 at 60′; R=60 at 0′, 195 at 60′. (3) Cortrosyn stimulation + high-dose dexamethasone + supine position: ACTH=130; C undetectable at 0′ and 30′; A=9.0 at 0′, 23.7 at 30′; R=48 at 0′, 59 at 30′. Thus ACTH failed to induce glucocorticoid production by the zona fasciculata and reticularis (ZFZR) whereas mineralocorticoid or zona glomerulosa (ZG) response to physiologic stimuli of upright posture and salt-water depletion was preserved. ZG responsiveness to ACTH was also clearly shown for the first time. In an attempt to demonstrate the secretory potential of ZFZR, bypassing the initial interaction of ACTH with the cell, we administered IV theophylline, a cAMP phosphodiesterase inhibitor. After a 120′ infusion C rose from undetectable to 7.5 μg/dl. The defect in this form of ACTH insensitivity appears to be failure to generate intracellular cAMP either because of lack of ACTH-receptor binding or impaired coupling of the ACTH-receptor complex with adenylate cyclase. When cAMP levels are increased by a mechanism that circumvents the receptor-adenylate cyclase complex, C production is stimulated.
Platform technologies and network goods: insights on product launch and management

Entrepreneurs of technology platforms and network goods face distinctive challenges in managing customer adoption, and in trading off growth and profitability. The firm has several levers of control including managing product design and the intensity of network effects, managing the timing of product announcement versus actual product release, selecting the target market for initial product launch, and whether to sell a single version or an expanded product line. Product line expansion is especially useful under network effects. A freemium approach can help the firm manage both growth (via the free product) and profitability (via the premium higher-priced version). However, expanding the product line carries substantial fixed costs (e.g., marketing cost, cost of additional plant, managing multiple sets of inventory, increased distribution cost). Firms are deterred from incurring these fixed costs when there is uncertainty about product success. Such uncertainty is particularly relevant for multi-sided networks--where the value from joining one network (e.g., users) depends on the size of the other side (e.g., developers)--because potential participants on each side may be uncertain about participation on the other side. Despite uncertainty, product line expansion can be attractive for both startups and established firms. Established firms face lower uncertainty about developer participation, and should expand when fixed costs of expansion are low (and do so early in the product's life cycle). In contrast, startup firms face greater uncertainty in securing participation from third-party developers, and are more likely to benefit from a "wait and see" or deferred expansion strategy.
Topological and phylogenetic analyses of bacterial holin families and superfamilies

Holins are small “hole-forming” transmembrane proteins that mediate bacterial cell lysis during programmed cell death or following phage infection. We have identified fifty two families of established or putative holins and have included representative members of these proteins in the Transporter Classification Database (TCDB; www.tcdb.org). We have identified the organismal sources of members of these families, calculated their average protein sizes, estimated their topologies and determined their relative family sizes. Topological analyses suggest that these proteins can have 1, 2, 3 or 4 transmembrane α-helical segments (TMSs), and members of a single family are frequently, but not always, of a single topology. In one case, proteins of a family proved to have either 2 or 4 TMSs, and the latter arose by intragenic duplication of a primordial 2 TMS protein-encoding gene resembling the former. Using established statistical approaches, some of these families have been shown to be related by common descent. Seven superfamilies, including 21 of the 52 recognized families were identified. Conserved motif and Pfam analyses confirmed most superfamily assignments. These results serve to expand upon the scope of channel-forming bacterial holins.
Battery–Inductor Parametric System Analysis for Electromagnetic Guns

Growing interest in battery performance and cost reduction for hybrid and electric vehicles has restimulated interest in the United States in the use of high-power batteries as a potential source of pulsed power. Recent progress in high-power density lithium-ion batteries and high-power semiconducting switches has suggested that a battery-inductor-based pulsed power system could become a viable option to pulsed alternators for electromagnetic (EM) launchers and other pulsed loads in the megajoule range. Approximate system sizing and a parametric study are presented, showing the effects of battery and inductor parameters on the overall efficiency and system size for a conceptual 2-MJ muzzle energy EM launch system utilizing the STRETCH circuit topology. The results show the relationship between potential increases in future component performance on overall system size reduction and efficiency.
Alpha-1-adrenergic receptors: targets for agonist drugs to treat heart failure.

Evidence from cell, animal, and human studies demonstrates that α1-adrenergic receptors mediate adaptive and protective effects in the heart. These effects may be particularly important in chronic heart failure, when catecholamine levels are elevated and β-adrenergic receptors are down regulated and dysfunctional. This review summarizes these data and proposes that selectively activating α1-adrenergic receptors in the heart may represent a novel and effective way to treat heart failure.
An Essay on the Role of Language in Collegiate Foreign Language Programmatic Reform1

This position paper argues that collegiate foreign language (FL) education has lost sight of the central role that language plays in the profession. Regardless of one's sub-field within foreign language education (i.e., linguistic, literary, or cultural studies), the profession shares the common focus of exploring how to make and interpret meaning in and through language. The paper therefore recommends that an acknowledgement of and re-commitment to this foundational principle provides common ground to effect the types of change within departments that have long been called: the integration of upper- and lower-level instruction; the reform of graduate student teacher education to foster curricular thinking; the explicit and systematic attention to the development of advanced language abilities; and the establishment of a collaborative departmental culture centered around publicly shared beliefs and concerns.
Prevalence of asymptomatic femoral artery atheromas in hyperlipoproteinemic patients.

Abstract Atheroma prevalence in hyperlipoproteinemic patients was evaluated by femoral angiography. The femoral arteries of 29 men (20–51 years of age) were injected with contrast medium using an 18 gauge needle. Eighteen patients were post myocardial infarction, two had prior claudication. Angiography caused no vascular complications. The films were graded using the International Atherosclerosis Grading System as previously applied to angiograms and validated by autopsy studies. Percent of arterial edge involvement (%AEI) was measured and was reproducible on double blind testing (γ = 0.991, SEE=4.4 %). Grade 1, 2 or 3 lesions were distinguishable in 28 of 29 patients. An exponential relationship was found between %AEI and age in 17 Type II patients (γ = 0.844, P in vivo .
Prevalence of various depressive symptoms in a sample of the general population.

Data on prevalence of and demographics associated with various symptoms of depression are reported for a sample of the general population. Of the nine symptoms assessed, the most frequently occurring were dysphoric mood (17.8%), increased sleep (15%), and loss of interest in other people or activities previously enjoyed (11 8%) 39% of subjects reported one or more symptoms of depression. 8% of subjects reported wondering if life is worth living, a symptom that in and of itself is suggestive of clinically significant depression. The number of depressive symptoms reported was related to income, education, age, and residence (city versus county), but not to sex. The findings provide evidence that various symptoms of depression may be more common in the general population than previously suspected.
Corneal Abnormalities Early in the Course of Fuchs' Endothelial Dystrophy

Purpose Corneas with advanced Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy that require endothelial keratoplasty manifest anterior corneal structural and cellular abnormalities that have been associated with visual deficits before and after endothelial keratoplasty. In this study, we determined the onset of these abnormalities in the course of the disease. Design Cross-sectional study. Participants Sixty-three eyes (39 subjects) with a range of severity of Fuchs' dystrophy and 25 eyes (13 subjects) with normal corneas. Methods All corneas were examined using slit-lamp biomicroscopy, ultrasonic pachymetry, and confocal microscopy. The clinical grade of Fuchs' dystrophy was assessed according to the presence and extent of guttae and clinically evident edema and was categorized as mild (grades 1 and 2), moderate (grades 3 and 4), or advanced (grades 5 and 6). Normal corneas were devoid of any central guttae (grade 0). Corneal backscatter (haze) was measured from the confocal image light intensity profile. Stromal cell density and number and the presence of abnormal subepithelial cells were determined from confocal images. Comparisons between groups were made by using generalized estimating equation models. Main Outcome Measures Anterior corneal backscatter, stromal cell density and number, presence of subepithelial cells, and central corneal thickness. Results Anterior corneal backscatter was 18% to 67% higher in eyes with moderate and advanced Fuchs' dystrophy compared with normal eyes ( P ≤ 0.003); a similar trend was noted in mild Fuchs' dystrophy eyes compared with normal eyes ( P = 0.08). Stromal cell density and the absolute number of stromal cells in the anterior 10% of the stroma were approximately 20% and 27% lower, respectively, in Fuchs' dystrophy (regardless of severity) compared with normal ( P P Conclusions Anterior corneal cellular and structural abnormalities begin early in the course of Fuchs' dystrophy, before the onset of clinically evident edema. The chronicity of these changes can explain their incomplete resolution after endothelial keratoplasty, and understanding the onset of these may help to determine the optimal time to intervene to achieve best outcomes.
NMR study of the binding of all-trans-retinoic acid to type II human cellular retinoic acid binding protein

Cellular RA binding proteins are thought to play important roles in the (RA), a hormonally active metabolite of vitamin A that has profound effects on cell growth, + differentiation and morphogenesis. Binding of RA to type II human cellular RA binding proteins (CRABPII) has been investigated by NMR spectroscopy. The sequential resonance assignments of +CRABPII in the presence of RA were established by heteronuclear three-dimensional NMR at pH 7.3. The resonance assignments of the bound RA were achieved by homonucl NMR. The secondary structures of holo-CRABPII determined by NMR were ess as revealed by the crystal structure of holo-CRABPII. Most of the nuclear Overhauser effects (NOEs) between CRABPII and the bound RA were consistent with those predicted crystal structure of holo-CRABPII. The results suggested that the conformations in solution and in the crystalline state are highly similar. Compared to the ligand binding pocket, especially the ligand entrance, was stabilize Ser12-Leu18, one of the structure elements that constitute the ligand binding pocket, became more mobile upon binding of RA. Intramolecular NOEs between protons of the bo the carboxylate end of the bound RA is well fixed but the β-ionone
Recent progress in understanding larval dispersal: new directions and digressions

Larvae have been difficult to study because their small size limits our ability to understand their behavior and the conditions they experience. Questions about larval transport focus largely on (a) where they go [dispersal] and (b) where they come from [connectivity]. Mechanisms of transport have been intensively studied in recent decades. As our ability to identify larval sources develops, the consequences of connectivity are garnering more consideration. Attention to transport and connectivity issues has increased dramatically in the past decade, fueled by changing motivations that now include management of fisheries resources, understanding of the spread of invasive species, conservation through the design of marine reserves, and prediction of climate-change effects. Current progress involves both technological advances and the integration of disciplines and approaches. This review focuses on insights gained from physical modeling, chemical tracking, and genetic approaches. I consider how new findings are motivating paradigm shifts concerning (1) life-history consequences; (2) the openness of marine populations, self-recruitment, and population connectivity; (3) the role of behavior; and (4) the significance of variability in space and time. A challenge for the future will be to integrate methods that address dispersal on short (intragenerational) timescales such as elemental fingerprinting and numerical simulations with those that reflect longer timescales such as gene flow estimates and demographic modeling. Recognition and treatment of the continuum between ecological and evolutionary timescales will be necessary to advance the mechanistic understanding of larval and population dynamics.
The Origin of Molorc[h]us

In his exemplary edition of the papyrus fragments of Callimachus' Victoria Berenices, P. J. Parsons briefly considered the spelling of the name of Hercules' host, who played such a major role in Callimachus' αἴτιον on the founding of the Nemean games. At B iii 2 the papyrus has M⋯[λ]ορκοϲ. On this Professor Parsons noted ‘elsewhere M⋯λορχοϲ: the unusual spelling, which no doubt comes from the text, reappears in Apollodorus, Bibl. 2.5.1 (Mολ⋯ρκῳ, but later M⋯λορχοϲ), Nonnus, Dion. 17.52 and Stephanus of Byzantium s.v. Mολορκ⋯α (above p. 2f)’.
Direct versus indirect effects of tropospheric humidity changes on the hydrologic cycle

Abundant evidence indicates that tropospheric specific humidity increases in a warmer atmosphere, at rates roughly comparable to those at constant relative humidity. While the implications for the planetary energy budget and global warming are well recognized, it is the net atmospheric cooling (or surface heating) that controls the hydrologic cycle. Relative humidity influences this directly through gas-phase radiative transfer, and indirectly by affecting cloud cover (and its radiative effects) and convective heating. Simple calculations show that the two indirect impacts are larger than the direct impact by roughly one and two orders of magnitude respectively. Global or regional relative humidity changes could therefore have significant indirect impacts on energy and water cycles, especially by altering deep convection, even if they are too small to significantly affect global temperature. Studies of climate change should place greater emphasis on these indirect links, which may not be adequately represented in models.