cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Daily Spousal Responsiveness Predicts Longer-Term Trajectories of Patients' Physical Function.

Everyday interpersonal experiences may underlie the well-established link between close relationships and physical health, but multiple-timescale designs necessary for strong conclusions about temporal sequence are rarely used. The current study of 145 patients with knee osteoarthritis and their spouses focused on a novel pattern in everyday interactions, daily spousal responsiveness—the degree to which spouses’ responses are calibrated to changes in patients’ everyday verbal expression of pain. Using couple-level slopes, multilevel latent-variable growth models tested associations between three types of daily spousal responsiveness (empathic, solicitous, and punishing responsiveness), as measured during a 3-week experience-sampling study, and change in patients’ physical function across 18 months. As predicted, patients whose spouses were more empathically responsive to their pain expression showed better physical function over time compared with those whose spouses were less empathically responsive. Thi...
Economic Analysis of Dairy Cattle Enterprises: The Case of Konya Province

This study evaluates the economic activity results of dairy cattle enterprises in Konya Province. The data used in the research was obtained through questionnaire technique from 125 dairy cattle enterprises which were determined with stratified random sampling method on a voluntary basis. The total active captial of the enterprises are $845,330.85 and the share of animal capital is 26.27%. Average cattle number in the enterprises have been determined to be 104.95 heads, cow number is 61.22 heads per farm while average daily milk yield in the enterprises is determined as 27.45 lt/head for milker cows. The total average variable cost in dairy cattle enterprises is calculated to be $104,235.23 and the sum of all fixed cost is $40,496.15. The share of feed cost in variable costs is 84.33%. Gross Production Value (GPV) is $194,759.57 and 85.08% of this value is from milk and milk products. Gross profit per enterprise is $90,524.34 and net profit is $50,028.19. In the study, the milk cost is calculated at $0.31/lt. Sale price of milk of enterprises is $0.42/lt in 2015. In the research field, economic profitability of enterprises is calculated at 2.04% and financial profitability is calculated at 2.02%. As a result of the research, the greatest problems of dairy cattle enterprises are identified as supplying of roughage and concentrate feed, low levels of organization, low number of milked stocks, and taking individual actions against the market.
Antipsychotic Dosing and Drug Delivery

This chapter addresses the current state of affairs regarding proposed mechanism of action for antipsychotic medications and how this mechanism relates to dosing and delivery strategies. The initial portion describes the history of antipsychotic medication, including key discoveries that contribute to the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia and provide evidence that dopamine D2 receptor antagonism remains the most copasetic explanation for both determination of dose and degree of efficacy for current antipsychotic medications. Early observations regarding the unique properties of clozapine and how those observations led to the misconception and misnomer of atypicality are also discussed. Subsequent sections relate the dosing of available medications using chlorpromazine equivalents, with a discussion of non-D2-related mechanisms to antipsychotic effects. The balance of the chapter explores the temporal pattern of receptor occupancy as a key determinant of antipsychotic effectiveness, noting that continuous infusion would present the optimal method of treatment. In addition to the pharmacodynamic benefits of continuous long-term delivery systems, the incidence, causes, and clinical consequences of poor adherence are addressed. These observations are then discussed in the context of clinical studies and meta-analyses, demonstrating superiority of long-term depot preparations over oral administration. However, despite overwhelming evidence in favor of long-term delivery systems, few options are available to provide such ideal medication delivery profiles. Barriers to creating traditional depot preparations for a large number of antipsychotic agents, as well as efforts to address these limitations with polymer-based microspheres are described. The potential extension of current formulations to very long-term delivery implants using biodegradable and nonbiodegradable platforms is then described. Benefits as well as limitations of such systems are discussed with respect to clinical and ethical issues as well as a brief description of potential regulatory and logistic barriers to developing better delivery options. In summary, this chapter describes the basis for relating the dose of all existing antipsychotic medications to dopamine D2 receptor affinity and the potential contribution of continuous occupancy to enhanced efficacy through superior biological effects and improved adherence.
Managing Disruptive Behavior through Non-Hierarchical Governance: Crowdsourcing in League of Legends and Weibo

Disruptive behaviors such as flaming and vandalism have been part of the Internet since its beginning. Various models of hierarchical governance have been established and managed in different online venues, with both successes and failures. Recently, a new model of non-hierarchical governance has emerged using crowdsourcing technology to allow an online community to manage itself. How do people view and work with non-hierarchical governance? In this paper, we present an interview study with people from two sites: the video game League of Legends and Weibo, a microblogging site in China. We found that people were passionate about participation in crowdsourcing, but at the same time, struggled with the system, and acted beyond their designated role within the system. We derive implications for designing online non-hierarchical governance from our research.
Physical activity and diet on atherogenic index of plasma among adults in the United States: mediation considerations by central adiposity.

Background/objectives The potential interactive or combined association of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and dietary behavior with atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) has yet to be explored in a representative sample of US adults. Thus, the study aim was to examine the association of MVPA and dietary behavior on AIP, with potential mediation considerations by central adiposity. Subjects/methods Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used (N = 2701 adults aged 20-85 years). AIP was evaluated via blood sample, MVPA was assessed via accelerometry, and two 24-h recalls were utilized to calculate Healthy Eating Index (HEI), a metric of dietary quality. Android-specific dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was used to measure central adiposity. Results Meeting MVPA guidelines (OR = 0.58; 95% CI: 0.41-0.82; P = 0.004), but not meeting dietary guidelines (OR = 0.89; 95% CI: 0.69-1.15; P = 0.37), was associated with reduced odds of having an elevated (>0.24 mmol/L) AIP. Having one (OR = 0.68; 95% CI: 0.52-0.89; P = 0.007) or both (OR = 0.55; 95% CI: 0.37-0.82; P = 0.005) health-enhancing behaviors (adequate physical activity and/or healthy diet), when compared to having neither, was associated with reduced odds (32 and 45%) for having an elevated AIP. The relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI) was 0.06 (95% CI: -0.06 to 0.18; P = 0.31), suggesting there is no additive interaction between MVPA and dietary behavior on AIP. All associations were attenuated when including central adiposity as a covariate, suggesting a mediation effect of central adiposity. Conclusions MVPA is independently associated with reduced odds of having an elevated AIP, having both adequate levels of MVPA and a healthy diet does not substantively reduce the odds of AIP, and there is no additive interaction effect between MVPA and diet on AIP. Central adiposity mediated the relationship between MVPA and AIP.
On the Origin of Light Emission from Chlorella Pyrenoidosa

It has become customary in the past few years to speak of the relative amounts of “dead” and “variable” fluorescence produced by photosynthetic organisms. This terminology is useful in that most of the observed variation in fluorescence yield is attributable to changes in the photochemical efficiency of System. When System II is impaired by chemical or physical means the variation in fluorescence yield is proportionately less. The usefullness of the terminology, however, does not justify the implied assumption that “dead” fluorescence is emitted primarily by chlorophyll molecules that are not associated with the functional photosynthetic system. A demonstration that this cannot be the case in intact cells is shown in Fig. 1. Light 1 background illumination increases the rate of Light 2 induced oxygen evolution and decreases the light 2 induced fluorescence yield by oxidizing the primary electron acceptor of Systemll (DUYSENS & SWEERS 1963). The residual fluorescence is considered to be “dead”. Fig. 1 shows a subsequent slow increase in both fluorescence yield (F) and oxygen yield (a.c.) as cells of Chlorella pyrenoidosa slowly adapt to the light 1 background. The methodology utilized in this experiment has been described previously (BONAVENTURA & MYERS 1969). The simultaneous 9 % increase in both oxygen and fluorescence yields is incompatible with the idea that the chlorophyll Open image in new window Fig. 1 Fast and slor changes of O2 evolution (a.c.) and fluorescene (F) showing complementary relations between a.c. and F for the fast changes only. The light I state is initially assumed in response to modulated lights 2 (13 Hz. 645 mμ,300μW/cm2) with light I background (710 mμ, 572 μW/cm2). Removal of light I background is shown by upward arrows, addition by downward. Fluorescene was measured at 686 mμ. molecules responsible for the emission are not associated with the oxygen-evolving photosystem.
Kaplearning as a Way

Recent books and articles about willpower refer to the power of mindfulness. Schools and universities rarely deal with willpower partly because it is difficult to measure.
Exploring Expressions of Depression in Black Single Mothers.

Problem: This study investigates the experience of depression from the perspective of Black single mothers, an understudied diverse-sub-group who consistently report high levels of depressive sympt...
The Impact of Adding Written Discourse to Six Year Olds' Mathematics Explanations within a Problem-Based Learning Unit.

Communicating their thinking in mathematics is challenging for young children. This research studied the change in six-year old students’ oral and written solution explanations before and after six problem-based mathematics lessons that focused on developing conceptual understanding of adding or subtracting a 2-digit number and a multiple of ten. Participants were assigned to a comparison group or an intervention group based on the classroom in which they were assigned. All students completed a pre-and post-assessment. Both groups received the same, six problem-based lessons. To encourage growth in their communication skills, students in both groups were asked to talk about their strategies, while the intervention group was asked to both talk and write about their strategies during each lesson. Oral and written pre-and post-assessments were scored using a rubric adapted from the Project M3 curriculum (Gavin et al., 2006-2008) and interrater reliability was established. T-test analyses were conducted to determine if a significant difference exists between first-graders oral and written mathematical explanations within discourse modes (comparing pre/post writing or pre/post talking) and between discourse modes (comparing talking and writing) for the intervention and comparison groups. A significant difference between discourse modes was found on the pre-assessments but not the post-assessments, suggesting that increasing oral discourse decreased the gap between the children in both groups ability to talk and write about their thinking. A significant difference was found within discourse modes for the intervention group, but not the comparison group, suggesting that adding written discourse to problem-based lessons further increased the children in the intervention group’s ability not only to write about their solutions, but also to talk about their thinking. In order to give a glimpse of the development of the first graders in the intervention group’s oral and written mathematical explanations, the work of three focus students was selected to share. Through the use of problem-based instruction and cognitively demanding tasks along with the development of sociomathematical norms and discourse knowledge, the young children in this study were able to improve their verbal and written communications skills.
HIV gp120-induced neuroinflammation potentiates NMDA receptors to overcome basal suppression of inhibitory synapses by p38 MAPK.

HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder affects about half of HIV-infected patients. HIV impairs neuronal function through indirect mechanisms mainly mediated by inflammatory cytokines and neurotoxic viral proteins, such as the envelope protein gp120. HIV gp120 elicits a neuroinflammatory response that potentiates NMDA receptor function and induces the loss of excitatory synapses. How gp120 influences neuronal inhibition remains unknown. In this study, we expressed a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged recombinant antibody-like protein that binds to the post-synaptic scaffolding protein gephyrin to label inhibitory synapses in living neurons. Treatment with 600 pM gp120 for 24 h increased the number of labeled inhibitory synapses. HIV gp120 evoked the release of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) from microglia to activate IL-1 receptors on neurons. Subsequent activation of the tyrosine kinase Src and GluN2A-containing NMDA receptors increased the number of inhibitory synapses via a process that required protein synthesis. In naive cultures, inhibition of neuronal p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) increased the number of inhibitory synapses suggesting that p38 MAPK produces a basal suppression of inhibitory synapses that is overcome in the presence of gp120. Direct activation of a mutant form of p38 MAPK expressed in neurons mimicked basal suppression of inhibitory synapses. This study shows for the first time that gp120-induced neuroinflammation increases the number of inhibitory synapses and that this increase overcomes a basal suppression of synaptic inhibition. Increased inhibition may be an adaptive mechanism enabling neurons to counteract excess excitatory input in order to maintain network homeostasis. OPEN SCIENCE BADGES: This article has received a badge for *Open Materials* because it provided all relevant information to reproduce the study in the manuscript. The complete Open Science Disclosure form for this article can be found at the end of the article. More information about the Open Practices badges can be found at https://cos.io/our-services/open-science-badges/.
The Therapeutic Effect of Immune-Modifying Microparticles in an Acute Graft-Versus-Host Disease Model

Introduction Inflammatory monocytes are recruited to target organs during acute Graft versus Host Disease (aGVHD). As seen in other autoimmune disorders, inflammatory monocytes play an important role in antigen presentation and cytokine production. These actions allow for a sustained activation and proliferation signal to T-cells. Objective Previous studies have shown that IMP treatment in mouse models of colitis, encephalitis, myocardial infarction and peritonitis markedly reduced monocyte accumulation in the affected end-organs – promoting tissue repair; reducing disease symptoms and increasing survival. Therefore, our objective was to test clinical outcomes after IMP treatment in a mouse model of aGVHD. Methods Murine aGVHD model: BALB/c mice were given 800 cGy total body irradiation, irradiated BALB/c mice were transplanted with 5 × 106 C57BL/6 bone marrow cells and 1 × 106 C57BL/6 spleen cells via tail vein. IMP treatment: IMPs were made with PLGA (Phosphorex Inc, Hopkinton MA) was administered to the recipient mice (1.4 mg/kg body weight) by IV daily starting from day 5 to day 10 after bone marrow transplantation (BMT). PBS at the same volume was used as vehicle control. In vivo bioluminescence imaging: Mice were given an intraperitoneal injection of luciferin (150 mg/kg body weight) and then anesthetized and imaged using the IVIS Imaging system (Xenogen). Imaging data were analyzed and quantified with Living Image Software (Xenogen). Results IMP treated mice had significantly less severe acute GVHD symptoms (average score of 2.48) than the untreated BM+Sp group (average score 3.96) starting at the time of IMP treatment (days 5-10) and remained with significantly reduced symptoms for the 30 day course (Figure 1). IMP treatment also rescued BM+Sp mice from aGVHD associated mortality with a 30-day overall survival of 62% compared to 4% in the untreated BM+Sp group (Figure 2). Intestinal tissue from the IMP treated mice compared to the BM+Sp mice demonstrated less evidence of aGVHD (an average score of 1.25 and 2.75, respectively). Hepatic tissue from the IMP treated mice compared to the BM+Sp mice demonstrated less evidence of aGVHD (an average score of 1.5 and 2.42, respectively) (Figure 3). IMP treatment also significantly reduced INF-γ levels in the intestinal tissues of treated mice compared to untreated BM+Sp mice. In the mice infused with lymphoma cells (A20-luc), IMP treatment reduced aGVHD symptoms and death while preserving the GVL effect. (Figure 4) Conclusions Our results demonstrate that IMPs significantly reduce symptoms and mortality in a murine model of aGVHD while preserving GVL. The reduction in inflammatory monocytes with IMPs leads to a reduction in inflammatory cytokines, hepatic lymphocyte infiltration and intestinal mucosal denudation. These findings highlight the potential of IMP therapy as a specific and potentially safe treatment in acute GVHD.
Clinical spectrum of previously undiagnosed pediatric cardiac disease

Abstract Previously undiagnosed pediatric cardiac disease represents a clinical challenge for the emergency physician. The clinical presentation of these disorders can mimic other conditions of the respiratory, gastrointestinal and neurologic systems at a time when the need for early identification and treatment is at a premium. A high index of suspicion and superb clinical acumen is required to make a timely diagnosis and initiate optimal care. Methods A retrospective chart review using explicit criteria and a structured data collection process was performed on all children presenting with previously undiagnosed cardiac disease over a five and half year period. Results Thirty-six patients were identified over a five and a half year period representing one patient per 4838 pediatric ED presentations. A diverse set of chief complaints, triage categories, clinical presentations and diagnoses were identified. Undiagnosed congenital lesions, acquired cardiac disease, dysrhythmias and infectious diseases of the heart were represented. The need for surgical intervention (22%) and mortality (6%) was substantial. Conclusion In the aggregate, these conditions occur at an important rate and represent a high risk subset of pediatric patients presenting to the emergency department. Individually, the conditions occur infrequently and ‘pattern recognition’ may not aid the clinician. Early diagnosis and prompt intervention is important in this population.
The Effect of Ovarian Steroids on Glucose, Insulin, and Growth Hormone

As the popularity of the oral method for fertility control increased, so did the recognition of potentially serious complications. One area which has been extensively Investigated is the effect of these medications on carbohydrate metabolism. Our investigations involve five areas of study: 1) prospective studies of blood glucose and insulin levels in women using several types of oral contraceptives; 2) cross-sectional studies of blood glucose and insulin levels in women who have used various types of oral contraceptives for prolonged periods of time; 3) investigations of the individual components (estrogens and progestins) of the oral contraceptive drugs; 4) studies of the characteristics of women developing the most marked alterations in order to determine a profile for the high risk group; 5) studies of human growth hormone (HGH) levels in women using oral contraceptives thus seeking to determine a mechanism involved in these alterations.
Use of a multi-drug regimen gemcitabine, 5-fluorouracil, irinotecan, cisplatin, bevacizumab, docetaxel, and cyclophosphamide (GFIP/BDC) for heavily pretreated relapsed epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube and primary peritoneal cancer.

Epithelial ovarian cancer has the highest fatality rate of all gynecologic malignancies. Although the majority of patients achieve complete clinical response after initial cytoreductive surgery and platinum-based chemotherapy, most recur and almost all will eventually acquire platinum-resistance for which treatment options become limited. The objective of the study was to describe response and tolerability of metronomic chemotherapy regimen GFIP/BDC, a modification of the G-FLIP regimen, in patients with persistent or recurrent epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube, and primary peritoneal cancer. A retrospective descriptive analysis of 20 patients from a single academic institution who received combination GFIP/BDC therapy from January 1, 2011 to August 31, 2016 for persistent or recurrent EOC/FT/PP. Treatment consisted of a 2-day combination of gemcitabine 300 mg, 5-fluorouracil 500 mg/m2, irinotecan 20-30 mg/m2, cisplatin 20 mg/m2, bevacizumab 4 mg/kg, docetaxel 20 mg/m2, and cyclophosphamide 200 mg/m2 administered every 14 days. Toxicities were retrospectively graded using CTCAE v4.0. Twenty patients were identified with a median age 57.5 years (range 32–71). A total of 85% of patients were non-Hispanic white, 90% had cancer of high-grade serous histology, and all had a GOG performance status of 0–1. Patients had received a median of 3 prior regimens and 95% were platinum-resistant. Median number of cycles of GFIP/BDC administered was 9 (range 3–48) and patients remained on treatment for a median of 5.1 months (range 1.5–24). Eleven patients (55%) experienced a partial clinical response with a median duration of 6 months (range 1.5–20). Six patients (30%) survived progression free for at least 6 months. Ten patients (50%) experienced at least one grade 3/4 adverse event. Grade 3 adverse events were hematologic (n = 5), constitutional (n = 3), gastrointestinal (n = 3), neurologic (n = 2), and vascular (n = 1). There was only one grade 4 adverse event which was severe neutropenia. Patients discontinued treatment due to disease progression 65% (n = 13), toxicity 20% (n = 4), patient preference 10% (n = 2), and 5% (n = 1) is currently on treatment. Selected patients with epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube or primary peritoneal cancer who have failed multiple lines of conventional cytotoxic treatment may benefit from GFIP/BDC. Toxicity might be a limiting factor for administration.
Healing with Horses: Pilot Study of Equine-Facilitated Cancer Therapy

Abstract Background: As the incidence of cancer increases, there is a growing need to address consequences such as depression, fatigue, pain, distress, and decreased self-esteem, which often limit ...
DIRECT REPORTED SPEECH IN SPOKEN INDONESIAN: VERBAL MARKERS AND DISCOURSE PRACTICES

The analysis of first, second and third-person reported speech in this paper reveal different uses of verbal markers and discourse practices surrounding direct reported speech in spoken Indonesian. The reporting verb and noun phrases bilang ‘to say,’ ngomong ‘to talk,’ and katanya ‘his/her word’ are the most frequently used. The moodinvoking reporting verbal markers are not frequently used in conversational Indonesian. Speech-signalling reporting verbs embody illocutionary forces and presuppose the performative modality of the projected reported speech. Furthermore, speakers of reported speech use different strategies to introduce or mark quoted speakers. Some of them are not specifically marked yet their existence can be interpreted by taking the underlying operations of the turn taking system into account.
Stemming the Tide: The Impact of Redistricting on the 2018 Midterm Election

In the 2018 election, the Democratic Party rode a midterm wave to win a majority in the US House of Representatives. Throughout the campaign and its aftermath, a great deal of attention has been paid to the effects of gerrymandering, sorting, and district boundaries on the outcome of House races. We assess the impact of current district boundaries on electoral outcomes, using actual election results from 2018 alongside those generated by a simulation technique that relies upon advanced geographic information systems (GIS) and principles of graph theory. We find that redistricting practices in Republican-drawn states were at least partially effective in stemming the blue wave, allowing them to hold more seats than we would otherwise expect. Finally, we demonstrate that the insulating properties of Republican redistricting efforts also impacted the makeup of state legislatures, which could impact House redistricting in 2020.
Overcoming Chemoresistance: Altering pH of Cellular Compartments by Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine

Resistance to the anti-cancer effects of chemotherapeutic agents (chemoresistance) is a major issue for people living with cancer and their providers. A diverse set of cellular and inter-organellar signaling changes have been implicated in chemoresistance, but it is still unclear what processes lead to chemoresistance and effective strategies to overcome chemoresistance are lacking. The anti-malaria drugs, chloroquine (CQ) and its derivative hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) are being used for the treatment of various cancers and CQ and HCQ are used in combination with chemotherapeutic drugs to enhance their anti-cancer effects. The widely accepted anti-cancer effect of CQ and HCQ is their ability to inhibit autophagic flux. As diprotic weak bases, CQ and HCQ preferentially accumulate in acidic organelles and neutralize their luminal pH. In addition, CQ and HCQ acidify the cytosolic and extracellular environments; processes implicated in tumorigenesis and cancer. Thus, the anti-cancer effects of CQ and HCQ extend beyond autophagy inhibition. The present review summarizes effects of CQ, HCQ and proton pump inhibitors on pH of various cellular compartments and discuss potential mechanisms underlying their pH-dependent anti-cancer effects. The mechanisms considered here include their ability to de-acidify lysosomes and inhibit autophagosome lysosome fusion, to de-acidify Golgi apparatus and secretory vesicles thus affecting secretion, and to acidify cytoplasm thus disturbing aerobic metabolism. Further, we review the ability of these agents to prevent chemotherapeutic drugs from accumulating in acidic organelles and altering their cytosolic concentrations.
Safety and Efficacy of Biological Therapy in Chronic Antibiotic Refractory Pouchitis: A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis.

Background Pouchitis is the most common long-term complication after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis in patients with ulcerative colitis. Those with ≥3 episodes of pouchitis/year and symptoms despite antibiotics are considered to have chronic antibiotic refractory pouchitis (CARP). While several agents including probiotics, steroids and immunomodulators have been used, treatment of CARP remains challenging. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis evaluating the safety and efficacy of various biological agents in treatment of CARP. Methods Multiple databases were searched through June 2020 for studies that reported the efficacy and safety of biological therapy including antitumor necrosis factor-alpha agents [infliximab (IFX) and adalimumab (ADA)], vedolizumab (VDZ), and ustekinumab in CARP. We excluded studies on Crohn's like and/or other inflammatory complications of the pouch. Meta-analysis was performed to calculate pooled rates of clinical as well as endoscopic improvement and remission. Results We included 15 studies with 311 patients in our final analysis. Ninety-two patients were treated with IFX, 42 with ADA, 144 with VDZ and 33 with ustekinumab. Pooled rate of clinical improvement was 71.4%, 58.2%, 47.9% and clinical remission was 65.7%, 31%, 47.4% with IFX, ADA, and VDZ, respectively. Pooled rate of endoscopic improvement was achieved in 61.2% patients treated with VDZ while endoscopic remission was achieved in 70.3% patients treated with IFX. Adverse events were reported in 3.9% patients. Conclusion Biologic therapy is safe and effective in the treatment of CARP.
Understanding addiction through molecular imaging

I in the development of brain imaging methods have advanced the ability to study the neurochemistry of the living brain in psychiatric disorders, including addiction. Particularly positron emission tomography (PET) has been used to determine neurochemical substrates of addiction. Imaging studies investigate vulnerability to addiction through dopamine, serotonin, opiate, and more recently glutamate-receptor and transporter binding, as well as exploring dopamine transmission via pharmacologic challenge and depletion studies. Hypotheses regarding neurotransmitter function in addiction derived from preclinical and clinical observations have been able to be evaluated through a growing availability of radiotracers to explore neurotransmitter synthesis, transportersand receptors. For example, both dopamine receptors and dopamine release in areas of the striatum are reducedin cocaine, methamphetamine, heroin, and alcohol dependence, possibly related toclinical outcome. This talk will provide an overview of key findings illustrating how molecular imaging has extended our knowledge of the neurobiological bases of drug abuse and addiction, how they address potential clinical and therapeutic applications, and will integrate the findings from imaging studies to propose a model of drug addiction.
The structure and expression of maize genes encoding the major heat shock protein, hsp70

Abstract We have isolated and sequenced two maize genomic clones that are homologous to the Drosophila hsp70 gene. One of the maize hsp70 clones contains the entire hsp70 coding region and 81 nucleotides of the 5' nontranslated sequence. The predicted amino acid sequence for this maize protein is 68% homologous to the hsp70 of Drosophila. The second maize hsp70 clone contains only part of the coding sequence and 1.1 kb of the 5' flanking sequence. This 5' flanking sequence contains two sequences homologous to the consensus heat-shock-element sequence. Both maize genes are thermally inducible and each contains an intron in the same position as that of the heat-shock-cognate gene, hsc1, of Drosophila. The presence of an intron in the maize genes is a distinguishing feature in that no other thermally inducible hsp70 genes described to date contain an intron. We have constructed a hybrid hsp70 gene containing the entire hsp70 coding sequence with an intron, and 1.1 kb of the 5' flanking sequence. We demonstrate that this hybrid gene is thermally inducible in a transgenic petunia plant and that the gene is expressed from its own promoter.
Catabolite Repression and Pyruvate Metabolism in Escherichia coli

A study was made of the reactions involved in the cellular regulatory function known as catabolite repression. These studies employed the glucose-repressible, beta-galactosidase system of Escherichia coli and involved an investigation of glucose dissimilation under cultural conditions capable of permitting or preventing expression of catabolite repression. The results indicated that reactions associated with pyruvate decarboxylation are of particular importance in influencing repression. This conclusion was based on results obtained by measurement of differential rates of C(14)O(2) evolution from specifically labeled (14)C-glucose substrates, and by measurements of H(2) evolution during anaerobic growth. Catabolite repression measured in relation to steady-state growth rates indicated that the repression mechanism may in fact be a direct consequence of a cell's energy balance, as dictated by the production from pyruvate of "high-energy" molecules such as adenosine triphosphate or acetyl-coenzyme A. The apparent involvement of pyruvate metabolism in both the energetics and the expression of catabolite repression in E. coli is consistent with this view.
Central memory CD8+ T cells induce graft-versus-host disease and mediate graft-versus-leukemia.

In allogeneic hemopoietic stem cell transplantation, mature donor αβ T cells in the allograft promote T cell reconstitution in the recipient and mediate the graft-vs-leukemia (GVL) effect. Unfortunately, donor T cells can attack nonmalignant host tissues and cause graft-vs-host disease (GVHD). It has previously been shown that effector memory T cells not primed to alloantigen do not cause GVHD yet transfer functional T cell memory and mediate GVL. Recently, central memory T cells (T CM ) have also been reported to not cause GVHD. In contrast, in this study, we demonstrate that purified CD8 + T CM not specifically primed to alloantigens mediate GVHD in the MHC-mismatched C57BL/6 (B6)→BALB/c and the MHC-matched, multiple minor histocompatibility Ag-mismatched C3H.SW→B6 strain pairings. CD8 + T CM and naive T cells (T N ) caused similar histological disease in liver, skin, and bowel. B6 CD8 + T CM and T N similarly expanded in BALB/c recipients, and the majority of their progeny produced IFN-γ upon restimulation. However, in both models, CD8 + T CM induced milder clinical GVHD than did CD8 + T N . Nonetheless, CD8 + T CM and T N were similarly potent mediators of GVL against a mouse model of chronic-phase chronic myelogenous leukemia. Thus, in contrast to what was previously thought, CD8 + T CM are capable of inducing GVHD and are substantially different from T EM but only subtly so from T N .
Classification of aircraft maneuvers for fault detection

Ensemble classifiers tend to outperform their component base classifiers when the training data are subject to variability. This intuitively makes ensemble classifiers useful for application to the problem of aircraft fault detection. Automated fault detection is an increasingly important problem in aircraft maintenance and operation. Standard methods of fault detection assume the availability of data produced during all possible faulty operation modes or a clearly-defined means to determine whether the data represent proper operation. In the domain of fault detection in aircraft, the first assumption is unreasonable and the second is difficult to determine. Instead we propose a method where the mismatch between the actual flight maneuver being performed and the maneuver predicted by a classifier is a strong indicator that a fault is present. To develop this method, we use flight data collected under a controlled test environment, subject to many sources of variability. In this paper, we experimentally demonstrate the suitability of ensembles to this problem.
The Ocean's Seismic Hum

Since the early 20th century, seismometers have detected a continuous, low-frequency seismic "hum" that is caused by wave-wave interactions in the ocean. In their Perspective, Kedar and Webb review advances reported at a recent meeting toward understanding the origins of this hum (which is referred to as ocean microseisms) and utilizing it in Earth science applications. For example, ocean microseisms can be used to assess El NiA±o conditions for times when few ocean data were available. They can also be used to monitor temporal changes in Earth9s upper crust that cannot be detected with conventional seismology methods. Space- and airborne instruments may help to identify more clearly those regions where ocean microseisms are generated.
Role of Polysulfides in Reduction of Elemental Sulfur by the Hyperthermophilic Archaebacterium Pyrococcus furiosus

Polysulfides formed through the breakdown of elemental sulfur or other sulfur compounds were found to be reduced to H2S by the hyperthermophilic archaebacterium Pyrococcus furiosus during growth. Metabolism of polysulfides by the organism was dissimilatory, as no incorporation of 35S-labeled elemental sulfur was detected. However, [35S]cysteine and [35S]methionine were incorporated into cellular protein. Contact between the organism and elemental sulfur is not necessary for metabolism. The sulfide generated from metabolic reduction of polysulfides dissociates to a strong nucleophile, HS−, which in turn opens up the S8 elemental sulfur ring. In addition to H2S, P. furiosus cultures produced methyl mercaptan in a growth-associated fashion.
The post-genomic era for a select few

A report of the 4th Colmar Scientific Symposium 'Biology in the Post-genomic Era', Colmar, France, 16-17 October 2003.
In vivo quantitative and qualitative assessment of foreign body giant cell formation on biomaterials in mice deficient in natural killer lymphocyte subsets, mast cells, or the interleukin‐4 receptorα and in severe combined immunodeficient mice

In previous studies that explored the influence of cytokines on foreign body giant cell (FBGC) formation, we focused on interleukin (IL)−4 and IL-13, each of which was discovered to induce macrophage fusion leading to FBGC formation in vitro. Two correlative in vivo studies also confirmed that IL-4 plays a role in FBGC formation on implanted biomaterials, but that T lymphocytes are not the source of IL-4 or other cytokines that support this process. The present study focused on identification of the cellular source of macrophage fusion-inducing cytokines, including natural killer (NK) or NKT lymphocytes and mast cells using mouse models genetically deficient in each of these cell types, as well as IL-4 receptor alpha(IL-4Rα)-deficient and severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. Polyetherurethane (PEU) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) polymers were subcutaneously implanted and retrieved after 14, 21, or 28 days. FBGC formation was evaluated using quantitative and qualitative data from retrieved polymer surfaces. Both types of data indicate that, compared to normal control mice, neither NK or NKT lymphocytes nor mast cells are required for FBGC formation. Furthermore, FBGC formation on biomaterials can proceed in IL-4Rα-deficient and in SCID mice. Similar conclusions were made regarding FBGC formation on both PEU and PET biomaterials. These data suggest that other sources of IL-4/IL-13 and/or additional macrophage fusion-inducing cytokines can mediate FBGC formation on implanted biomaterials, or that, in the absence of normal primary pathways, FBGC formation is nevertheless supported by redundant innate mechanisms. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 102A: 2017–2023, 2014.
Self-Centering Behavior of Unbonded, Post-Tensioned Precast Concrete Shear Walls

Self-centering ability of unbonded post-tensioned precast concrete shear walls has been attributed to the presence of post-tensioning force. However, the experimental results presented in this paper indicate that the post-tensioning force may completely die out during cyclic loading while the walls are able to retain their superior self-centering characteristic. Moreover, the analytical study presented in this article indicates that with proper configuration of end-anchorages for post-tensioned tendons, self-centering of post-tensioned walls can be achieved even when the post-tensioning force vanishes. This study also investigates the effects of tendon layout, tendon end-anchorage configuration, and external vertical load on the self-centering ability of unbonded precast concrete shear walls subjected to earthquake loading.
The biochemistry of selenoproteins

There currently are 7 known bacterial selenoenzymes. All but thiolase contain selenocysteine (Se-Cys), presumably at the active site, and all but thiolase catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions. Selenide appears to be a central intermediate in selenium (Se) metabolism in animals, and it may be the precursor used for formation of the Se-Cys moiety in glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px). The incorporation of Se into GSH-Px appears to occur via a post-translational mechanism, but the nature and extent of Se-Cys formation in higher animals has not been established. GSH-Px deficiency remains a logical explanation for a number of Se-deficiency signs, but other known selenoproteins and other functions may match up with defects apparently not prevented by GSH-Px.
INJURY MECHANISMS AND CRITERIA FOR THE HUMAN FOOT AND ANKLE UNDER AXIAL IMPACTS TO THE FOOT

Abstract A series of 50 amputated human lower limbs were tested to determine the injury tolerance of the ankle and foot structure to kinematic and kinetic parameters that could be used to describe the impact environment The test apparatus consisted of a pendulum-driven plate constrained to move longitudinally while simulating the motion of the toepan structure in an automobile. The leg specimens were amputated at the midshaft of the femur and attached to a device simulating the hip joint. The legs were mounted to the plate in a position approximating the geometry typical for drivers and were constrained with a spring loaded tether and knee hamess which simulated the action of the leg muscles. Pendulum speed, foot plate acceleration and loads, leg and foot angular velocities and accelerations, and tibia internal loads were measured directly for each test. The lower limb trauma included fractures of the calcaneus, talus, malleoli, and ligamentous tears identified from radiography and detailed necropsy. Logi...
Autocatalytic effect and microstructural development during ageing of 3 mol% Y2O3-TZP

Abstract The ageing kinetics of a 3 mol% Y-TZP are different at temperatures of 120–400°C in air and in ∼0·1 MPa water-vapour atmosphere. In air, a sigmoidal curve is observed while in water, a characteristic exponential curve is obtained. A new phase with d = 0·3027−0·2979 nm appeared after ageing in air and in a water-vapour atmosphere. An indication of the formation of a superlattice was observed by selected area diffraction pattern (SADP); it is suggested that the orthorhombic phase is responsible for the additional reflections.
Ammonia biofiltration and nitrous oxide generation during the start-up of gas-phase compost biofilters

Abstract Gas-Phase Biofiltration technology is widely utilized for treating ammonia gas (NH 3 ) with one of its potential detrimental by-products being nitrous oxide (N 2 O), a potent greenhouse gas (100-y radiative forcing 298 times greater than carbon dioxide). The present work was conducted to investigate the relation between NH 3 removal during biofiltration and N 2 O generation as a product of incomplete denitrification during the start-up of gas-phase compost biofilters. Four laboratory scale tubular biofilters in up flow mode (20 s residence-time) were studied for 21 days: 3 replicates were subjected to 16 ppm v (0.78 g m −2 h −1 ) of NH 3 and a statistical control not subjected to NH 3 . Ammonia concentration differences between biofilter inlet (Bottom = 16 ppm v ) and outlet (Top) and N 2 O concentration differences between biofilter outlet (Top) and biofilter inlet (background concentrations at the bottom) were used to determine the extent of the correlation between NH 3 removal and N 2 O generation. Correlations with CH 4 and CO 2 were also reported. The high Spearman correlation coefficients for the three replicates ( ρ = −0.845, −0.820, and −0.841, with P ≤ 0.0001 for replications A, B and C, respectively) suggested that availability of nitrate/nitrite owing to NH 3 nitrification favored conditions for N 2 O generation as a sub-product of denitrification. The statistical control received no NH 3 inputs and did not generate N 2 O. Therefore, the results indicated that the process of NH 3 removal was a trigger for N 2 O production. Carbon dioxide and N 2 O were moderately correlated. Methane and N 2 O were weakly correlated and only for replicate C. No significant correlation was found for the Statistical Control between N 2 O and CH 4 .
Brain Temperature Reduction During Ischemia Increases with Immaturity† 1051

Brain temperature (Tb) is a critical determinant of the response and outcome to ischemia. Different Tb may exist in immature vs. mature animals during ischemia due to differences in the balance between heat loss and production, but this has not been explored. To examine this issue, Tb was measured during control and at 2 min intervals during 16 min of partial brain ischemia in 8 newborn miniswine (Nb, age 5±3d, weight 1.4±.2 Kg, x±SD) and 10 older miniswine (Old, age 34±5d, weight 6.1±1.2 Kg). Tb was measured directly with thermocouples implanted to a depth of 2 cm beneath the cortical surface, and cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured with fluorescent microspheres during control and at 2 intervals during ischemia (6-9 and 12-15 min of the 16 min interval) to verify a constant intraischemic CBF reduction in each animal. Ischemia was induced by inflation of a neck cuff plus hypotension. At control rectal temperature (Tr) did not differ between groups (38.4±0.2 vs 38.6±0.2°C for Nb and Old, respectively), but Tb was lower in Nb compared to Old(38.4±0.2 vs. 38.8±0.3°C, p<.01). By design a broad range of CBF reductions were studied in each group during ischemia. In Nb and Old mean intraischemic CBF (% of control, 100%) was 31±27 and 33± 33% respectively, and in each group CBF at 6-9 and 12-15 min did not differ. During ischemia Tr was stable and never decreased by more than 0.2°C in either group. Changes in Tb were expressed as rectal-brain temperature difference (ΔTrb). In Nb ΔTrb was 0.0±0.1°C at control and increased to 0.9±0.7°C at 16 min of ischemia. In Old ΔTrb was -0.2±0.3 at control (p=.02 vs Nb) and increased to 0.1±0.4°C at 16 min of ischemia (p<.01 vs Nb). CBF was inversely correlated with ΔTrb for Nb when measured from 6-9 min of ischemia(r2=.69, p=.01) and 12-15 min of ischemia (r2=.64, p=.02). In contrast there was no correlation between CBF and ΔTrb for Old during ischemia. The thickness of the overlying scalp plus calvarium differed between groups; 2.69±0.55 vs 6.55±1.26 mm in Nb and Old respectively(p<.01). Ischemia results in lower Tb in Nb compared to Old, and the lower Tb could contribute to the resistance of brain to ischemia in younger compared to older mammals. The presence of less insulating tissue (scalp, calvarium) in Nb compared to Old may be responsible for greater intraischemic heat loss in Nb relative to Old.
Photo-Ionization of the Hydrogen Molecule

One-center wave functions are employed to investigate the photo-ionization of the hydrogen molecule from its ground state $X(1s\ensuremath{\sigma}{^{1}\ensuremath{\Sigma}_{g}}^{+})$, from 700 to 300 \AA{}. It is assumed that the residual ion is left in its ground state, and the free electron is in a $p\ensuremath{\sigma} or p\ensuremath{\pi}$ orbital. Using the one-center wave functions for $\mathrm{H}_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{+}$ for the internuclear distance equal to $1.4{a}_{0}$, the free-electron wave functions are obtained by solving the integrodifferential equations in exchange and polarized-orbital approximations. The oscillator strengths obtained in the polarized-orbital approximation are found to be in satisfactory agreement with the experimental data.