cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Separation of Campaign and State

In a pair of recent decisions, Davis v. FEC and Arizona Free Enterprise Club’s Freedom Club PAC v. Bennett, the Supreme Court has struck down on First Amendment grounds laws that would have arguably created more, not less speech. The federal statute at issue in Davis actually raised contribution limits for certain candidates being outspent from the personal resources of wealthy opponents; the state law in Arizona Free Enterprise Club provided for state subsidies to candidates being outspent by their opponents and independent spenders.The Court’s opinions in these cases, taken on their own terms, are unsatisfying. The Court correctly recognizes the deeply troubling nature of the government policies at issue in Davis and Arizona Free Enterprise Club, which involved the government in favoring certain candidates over others, but it has not successfully articulated why those policies are offensive to the First Amendment, given that each law provides more resources for a candidate to speak.This Article argues that the Court’s opinions show only an inchoate recognition of the core problem. Government involvement in regulating and especially in subsidizing candidate speech inherently entangles government in campaigns in a manner incompatible with core American assumptions about democracy, in much the same way that direct subsidies to churches violate the First Amendment’s religion clauses even if made available to all religions.The Roberts Court, however, is trapped by its refusal to challenge precedents allowing government subsidies of campaigns and wrongly confusing the government’s authority to regulate the “time, place and manner” of elections under Article I, Section 4 of the Constitution as the authority to regulate political speech and campaigns. This Article argues from history, text, and structure that Article I, Section 4 applies only to regulating such actual election mechanics as the system of election, maintenance of voter lists, and the method of casting and counting ballots, not to the regulation of political debate that precedes elections.The Article further argues that the text of the First Amendment and the structure of the Constitution require a “separation of campaign and state,” limiting direct government regulation or subsidizing of political speech and campaigning analogous to the judicially created doctrine of “separation of church and state.” The Article concludes with a review of some of the implications of such a doctrine.
Determinants of Transactional Internet Banking

The decision of credit unions in the United States to adopt transactional web-based services is consistent with profit-maximization behavior. Credit unions adopt transactional internet banking services when they provide a higher proportion of consumer loans and when there is increased competition from other financial institutions. They adopt transactional internet banking to attract new customers. The larger the credit union the higher the probability of adoption of transactional internet banking. The probability of adoption of transactional banking is directly related to credit unions’ efficiency and indirectly related to loan delinquencies. We also find that the probability of credit unions offering transactional internet banking is positively related to the percentage of the young population in the counties where credit unions are located.
A Continuous Sampling Technique for Quantitatively Measuring Transcorneal Penetration in Vivo

This paper reports on a dynamic technique for measuring penetration of radiolabeled substances topically applied to the cornea! surface of anesthetized dogs. The agent was collected for analysis by perfusion of the aqueous chamber with isotonic saline as it traversed the corneal tissue. During collection of the perfusate over a period of 80 to 100 minutes, nearly physiologic conditions were maintained in that the blood-aqueous barrier remained intact and changes in intraocular pressure were slight and gradual. After collection, the perfusate was analyzed and steady-state rates of penetration were estimated by plotting cumulative amounts of agent collected as a function of time. In order to take into account loss of agent by absorption from the aqueous chamber during the collection of perfusate, a correction factor was applied. In these experiments, the average loss of agent under equilibrium conditions was 14 per cent. This absorptive loss was significantly less in the mydriatic than in the control or the miotic eye. Using the technique described, diethyl-o-cresyl phosphate (DECP), an organic lipophilic liquid with limited aqueous solubility, traversed the intact dog cornea at about 19 fig per square centimeter per minute under steady-state conditions. Removal of the epithelium did not alter this rate significantly.
'Wait, what do you mean by college?': a critical race analysis of Latina/o students and their pathways to community college

ABSTRACTAs a group, Latina/o students are more likely to experience a substandard K–12 education complete with underresourced schools, high teacher turnover, and fewer college-preparatory courses. It is this same inferior education that denies many Latina/o high school students the opportunity to engage in college-choice—leading to their disproportionate enrollment in community colleges over 4-year colleges or universities. In California alone, approximately 75% of Latina/o students in higher education can be found in the community college sector—making this an important pathway for many Latina/o students. This qualitative study incorporated a Critical Race Theory (CRT) in Education framework to focus on the racialized K–12 experiences of four Latina/o graduate students who started their postsecondary career at a community college. This study was undertaken to better understand what led Latina/o students to enroll in community colleges after high school. Exploring the pathways of Latina/o students from hi...
The Impact of Criminal Justice Involvement and Housing Outcomes Among Homeless Persons with Co-occurring Disorders

The relationship between criminal justice involvement and housing among homeless persons with co-occurring disorders was examined. Program participants assisted in moving to stable housing were interviewed at baseline, six months, and discharge. Those who remained homeless at follow-up and discharge had significantly more time in jail in the past month than those who were housed. However, criminal justice involvement was not significantly related to housing status at the six month follow-up or discharge. Findings suggest that housing people with complex behavioral health issues reduces the likelihood of further criminal justice involvement.
A 4.3 to 5.7 GHz frequency-agile receiver for rapidly-changing channels

This work reports a frequency-agile receiver front-end for rapidly changing channels. The receiver includes a programmable low noise amplifier (LNA) that can be tuned from 4.3 to 5.7 GHz using an all-digital phase-locked loop (ADPLL). It also includes a power detector, a 10-bit SAR ADC, and a closed-loop system to dynamically optimize the matching of the LNA.
Expandacell, a new sponge for endoscopic sinus surgery.

Hydroxylated polyvinyl acetal (PVAc) sponges are routinely used for control of bleeding following endoscopic sinus surgery. The physical characteristics of the Merocel® sponges and the new Expandacell® sponges were evaluated, including pore diameter, sponge size and rate of expansion. The Expandacell® sponges were found to have a smaller pore diameter and to expand more slowly, giving the surgeon a bit more time for placement of the pack in the middle meatal cavity. Changing the physical characteristics of the PVAc sponges, such as making the pore size smaller, decreasing the thickness, coating with a laminated polyethylene surface or placing a fenestration in the center of the sponge, resulted in a significant decrease in the degree of pain associated with removal of the sponge.
Civil conflict, domestic violence, and poverty as predictors of corporal punishment in Colombia

Abstract Background With lingering effects from more than 50 years of war, young children in Colombia are exposed to multiple risk factors such as poverty, civil conflict, and domestic violence. In addition to these environmental stressors, public and legal support for corporal punishment remains high, which is shown by the high prevalence of young children exposed to corporal punishment in Colombia. Objective The purpose of this study is to identify individual, family, and municipality-level predictors of corporal punishment (i.e., hitting with objects and spanking) in Colombia in order to inform prevention and intervention strategies. Participants and setting We use information gathered in 2015 from a representative sample of 11,759 mothers of children younger than five in Colombia. Methods We employed multi-level models to account for the clustering of families in 217 municipalities. Results Results show that mothers’ prior exposure to corporal punishment by their own parents ( β = 0.229 ; p 0.01 ) , attitudes towards domestic violence β = 0.013 ; p 0.05 , municipality homicide rates β = 0.028 ; p 0.05 and presence of armed groups β = 0.031 ; p 0.05 , household poverty β = 0.030 ; p 0.01 and poverty of the municipality β = 0.022 ; p 0.05 predicted mothers’ hitting their young children with an object. However, family β = - 0.028 ; p 0.05 and municipality poverty β = - 0.016 ; p 0.05 had a negative association with mothers’ use of spanking. Conclusions These findings suggest that both family and neighborhood level factors have simultaneous associations with parents’ use of corporal punishment. Given the accumulating evidence concerning the adverse effects of corporal punishment on child well-being and development, legislative efforts aimed at reducing and ultimately banning corporal punishment are warranted.
Formation of biologically active benzodiazepine metabolites in Arabidopsis thaliana cell cultures and vegetable plants under hydroponic conditions

The use of recycled water for agricultural irrigation comes with the concern of exposure to crops by contaminants of emerging concerns (CECs). The concentration of CECs in plant tissues will depend on uptake, translocation and metabolism in plants. However, relatively little is known about plant metabolism of CECs, particularly under chronic exposure conditions. In this study, metabolism of the pharmaceutical diazepam was investigated in Arabidopsis thaliana cells and cucumber (Cucumis sativus) and radish (Raphanus sativus) seedlings grown in hydroponic solution following acute (7 d)/high concentration (1 mg L-1), and chronic (28 d)/low concentration (1 μg L-1) exposures. Liquid chromatography paired with mass spectrometry, 14C tracing, and enzyme extractions, were used to characterize the metabolic phases. The three major metabolites of diazepam - nordiazepam, temazepam and oxazepam - were detected as Phase I metabolites, with the longevity corresponding to that of human metabolism. Nordiazepam was the most prevalent metabolite at the end of the 5 d incubation in A. thaliana cells and 7 d, 28 d seedling cultivations. At the end of 7 d cultivation, non-extractable residues (Phase III) in radish and cucumber seedlings accounted for 14% and 33% of the added 14C-diazepam, respectively. By the end of 28 d incubation, the non-extractable radioactivity fraction further increased to 47% and 61%, indicating Phase III metabolism as an important destination for diazepam. Significant changes to glycosyltransferase activity were detected in both cucumber and radish seedlings exposed to diazepam. Findings of this study highlight the need to consider the formation of bioactive transformation intermediates and different phases of metabolism to achieve a comprehensive understanding of risks of CECs in agroecosystems.
Stellar Activity–Phenomenology and General Principles

The term “stellar activity” is routinely used to characterize phenomena that are more energetic, brighter, time-variable or otherwise different from the normal behavior of a star. Stellar activity plays a central role in the evolution of exoplanet atmospheres, but the term is rarely defined or tied to underlying causes of active phenomena on stars. In this chapter, I will describe the different types of stellar activity whose underlying cause is heating and particle acceleration by magnetic processes.
Identifying Fall Risk in the Emergency Department

Many older adults in the emergency department (ED) are at risk for falls. Many times their fall risk has little to do with their chief complaint. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Stopping Elderly Accidents, Deaths, and Injuries (STEADI) program advocates screening, functional testing, and intervention to identify patients at risk for falling and modifying that risk. Common modifiable risk factors include orthostasis, slow gait, lower extremity weakness, and poor balance. For patients at risk for falling, use of additional resources such as physical therapy (PT) in the ED, at home, as an outpatient, or in a skilled nursing facility may be beneficial for patients at risk for falling. There are multiple choices for fall risk identification program which may be tailored to available resources. In the absence of formal programs, simple tests are available for individual clinicians to help identify patients at risk for falling.
Religion and Globalization: New Possibilities, Furthering Challenges

The relationship between globalization and religion is one with new possibilities and furthering challenges. On the one hand, while religion takes advantage of communication and transportation technology, it is at the same time the source of globalization’s greatest resistance by acting as a haven for those standing in opposition to its power. On the other hand, because globalization allows for daily contact, religion enters a circle of conflict in which religions become “more self-conscious of themselves as being world religions.” This essay argues that the relationship between religion and globalization is complex, one with new possibilities and furthering challenges. However, this essay cannot provide a comprehensive overview of religion and globalization, as the terrain is too vast. Still, it does provide several examples to illustrate the complex relationship between the two.
Recovering Time-Resolved Imaging Forces in Solution by Scanning Probe Acceleration Microscopy: Theory and Application

Scanning probe acceleration microscopy (SPAM) is a technique that reconstructs the time-resolved tip/sample forces during standard tapping-mode atomic force microscopy (TMAFM) imaging in solution, allowing for the simultaneous mapping of topography and mechanical properties of surfaces. Here, we describe the relationship between tapping forces and sample mechanical properties, the theoretical basis for the SPAM technique, and its application to a variety of systems.
OS EFEITOS BIOLÓGICOS DA RADIAÇÃO IONIZANTE NA GRAVIDEZ

INTRODUCAO: Na realizacao de exames radiologicos em mulheres gravidas e necessaria atencao especial, pois, no periodo gestacional e contraindicado o uso de radiacao ionizante devido os efeitos biologicos nocivos ao embriao ou feto. A maior sensibilidade aos raios ionizantes se da na fase inicial de implantacao, do 4° ao 6° dia. A radiacao ionizante pode causar efeitos malformativos, tais como: microcefalia, hidrocefalia, atraso mental, reducao de inteligencia, e, ate, abortamento ou interrupcao da gravidez. OBJETIVOS: Discorrer a respeito dos efeitos biologicos da radiacao ionizante aos embrioes ou fetos, descrevendo ainda, exames de diagnostico por imagem que podem ser realizados durante o periodo gestacional. METODOLOGIA: Constitui-se de uma revisao de literatura narrativa, realizada a partir das bases de dados virtuais Scielo e Google Academico, e ainda, de livros das bibliotecas virtual e fisica da Faculdade Evangelica de Ceres-Goias. RESULTADOS E DISCUSSAO: Se o organismo humano for submetido a altas doses de radiacao, e normal ocorrer lesoes. A irradiacao do feto/embriao podera interromper a evolucao e maturacao celular. O efeito nocivo da radiacao ionizante que predomina no desenvolvimento ou crescimento do embriao e o efeito malformativo, as anormalidades estao condicionadas ao tecido que esta se formando naquele momento, e ao valor da dose empregada na exposicao do exame radiologico. CONCLUSAO: Os exames de ultrassonografia e ressonância magnetica devem ser priorizados na gestacao. Sendo os exames radiologicos, indicados para situacoes em que nao haja a possibilidade de realizacao por metodos diagnosticos inocuos ao feto/embriao.
Ultrasonographic findings of gastrointestinal histoplasmosis in dogs.

Histoplasmosis, a mycotic infection caused by Histoplasma spp, can infect the gastrointestinal tract of dogs. Clinical signs of gastrointestinal histoplasmosis can include diarrhea, profound weight loss, anorexia, and vomiting. Rectal scrape for cytology can provide a quick diagnosis, but if negative abdominal ultrasound is often pursued. Ultrasonographic abnormalities in dogs with gastrointestinal histoplasmosis have rarely been reported. This retrospective, single-center case series aimed to describe the ultrasonographic features of gastrointestinal histoplasmosis in dogs. Nineteen cases with a diagnosis of gastrointestinal histoplasmosis confirmed with gastrointestinal cytology or histopathology (N = 15) or gastrointestinal lymph node cytology (N = 4) that had undergone an abdominal ultrasound examination from 2005 to 2020 were included. Ultrasound images were reviewed by an American College of Veterinary Radiology (ACVR)-certified veterinary radiologist and diagnostic imaging resident. Eighteen cases had sonographic abnormalities within the gastrointestinal tract. The colon was the most affected organ. Colonic thickening and abnormal wall layering were the most frequent findings (N = 16 dogs); thickening ranged from 0.36 to 1.2 cm. Diffuse, multifocal, and focal thickening patterns were seen. Sixteen patients had abnormal wall layering of the colon (complete loss of layering or altered with partial loss of layering). Other frequent findings included lymphadenopathy, small intestinal thickening with abnormal wall layering and peritoneal effusion. Based on the authors' review of the literature, this is the first description of ultrasonographic findings of gastrointestinal histoplasmosis in a group of dogs. Although abnormal gastrointestinal wall layering seen sonographically is most frequently associated with neoplasia, this is not pathognomonic. Gastrointestinal histoplasmosis should be considered as a differential diagnosis due to the similarities and overlap of ultrasonographic features.
Assessing Lead Exposure in Free-Ranging Gray Wolves (Canis lupus) in Minnesota, USA

The gray wolf (Canis lupus) is both an apex predator and a scavenger in Minnesota, US. Monitoring the health of Minnesota's gray wolf population is an important component of wolf management. Concern regarding whether wolves are being exposed to lead through scavenging viscera of hunter-harvested cervids left on the landscape, led to our study to determine lead-exposure rates. In fall 2012, livers from 147 hunter-harvested wolves (89 females, 58 males) were screened for lead and 20 other elements by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy. Ten wolves (6.8%) were exposed to lead; only one had high enough exposure (6.14 ppm) to suggest lead toxicosis. Lead exposure varied by time of harvest, with nearly all lead-exposed wolves taken in the late hunting and trapping season (from 24 November 2012 to 31 January 2013), compared with the earlier hunting-only season (3-18 November 2012). Further, eight of 10 lead-exposed wolves were taken from deer-permit areas that harvested >1 deer/km2; only two of 10 were taken where deer harvest was less. This suggests the availability of viscera on the landscape may influence exposure risk of lead to wolves. More research is needed to determine baseline levels for toxic concentrations of lead in gray wolves and to determine clinical signs of lead poisoning in wild canids.
Active Psychophysics: A Psychophysical Program for Closed-Loop Systems

Concurrent Engineering requires a creative blend of basic research with design. This is particularly true for human-machine systems. Simulators provide both an opportunity and a challenge for basic research on human performance. Simulators provide an opportunity where researchers can manipulate goals, dynamics, and information in a way that will allow direct generalizations to operational environments. Simulators provide a challenge where human performance researchers must provide information with regard to critical design decisions — How much realism is necessary? How can the simulator be used most effectively in training?
Important Developments in Federal Income Tax (2010-11)

This outline covers significant developments in federal income taxation along with related topics that the author finds interesting, curious, or worthy of comment. It is not intended to provide exhaustive coverage, but it offers a selective treatment of items likely to interest practitioners and advisers within a broad range of professional practices. Information discussed includes events from the prior year through November 14, 2011. The outline was presented at the South Dakota Bar Association's Tax Update XXXIII CLE held on December 9, 2011. A prior version was prepared for the 49th Annual Great Plains Tax Institute in Omaha, Nebraska on December 1, 2011.
Stress and Strain Among Personal Care Assistants at an Assisted Living Facility

SUMMARY Personal care assistants at assisted living facilities are responsible for providing residents with a variety of services including personal care, housekeeping, laundry, meal service, and activity programming. Staff often perform these responsibilities with limited training and education while under the burden of heavy workloads. This paper explores the stress and strain experienced by personal care assistants at one assisted living facility. Particular attention is given to the difference between the stress and strain experienced by personal care assistants caring for people with dementia compared to those that work with people who do not suffer from a memory related disorder. Findings reveal staff caring for people with dementia experience more stress in the area of work constraints and interpersonal conflict at work. Differences between the stress and strain of personal care assistants surveyed and the norms found among employees at other workplaces are also discussed.
Permanent alveolar collapse is the predominant mechanism in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

Alveolar epithelial cell loss and impaired epithelial cell regeneration are currently accepted as central initiating events in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), but subsequent downstream effects remain uncertain. The most accepted downstream effect is aberrant and dysregulated mesenchymal cell proliferation and excess extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation. However, biochemical and imaging studies have perhaps somewhat surprisingly indicated little increase in total lung collagen and lung tissue, and have rather shown a substantial decrease in lung aeration and lung air volume. Loss of tissue aeration is a consequence of alveolar collapse, which occurs in IPF as a result of apposition and septal incorporation of denuded basal lamina. Permanent alveolar collapse is well-documented following epithelial injury, has the ability to mimic interstitial fibrosis radiologically and histologically, and is a better supported explanation than dysregulated fibroblast proliferation and excess ECM accumulation for the constellation of findings in patients with IPF.
Laparoscopic orchidopexy: a review of a large clinical series

Objective To report the overall success rate of a laparoscopic orchidopexy (LO) series over 5 years including over 100 procedures. Patients and methods The records were reviewed of children who underwent laparoscopic procedures for an impalpable testis at our institutions. The laparoscopic procedures included the standard LO and one-stage and staged Fowler–Stephens (F-S) LOs. The success of orchidopexy was defined as a testis in the scrotum with no atrophy after surgery. Results From 1994, 80 children (101 impalpable testes) were treated using LO. Of these patients, 20 (25%) had impalpable testes on the right, 39 (50%) were on the left and 21 (25%) were bilateral. The testicular location was identified during laparoscopy as: intra-abdominal in 46, iliac in 14, in the internal ring in 22, ‘peeping’ in 12, behind the bladder in three and intracanulicular in four. Standard LO was used in 72 testes, a one-stage F-S in 20 and a two-stage F-S in nine (first stage two, second stage seven). The median (range) age of the patients was 18 months (0.5–12 years); the mean (range) follow-up was 5 (1–36) months. After orchidopexy the testis was scrotal in 90 (low 78, mid four and high eight), at the pubis in one and not stated in seven (no follow-up available). Four patients (4%) had testicular atrophy from failed F-S orchidopexies, two of whom had undergone previous testicular surgery and one caused by additional dissection around the vas. The overall success rate, including only those with follow-up, was 96% (90 of 94). Of the 20 one-stage F-S orchidopexies, 17 testes were successfully placed in the scrotum with no atrophy. The overall success rate for all F-S procedures was 85% (23 of 27). However, excluding patients who had previous testicular surgery or who required extensive dissection near the vas, 96% (23 of 24) of the testes were successfully placed into the scrotum with no atrophy. Conclusion The high overall success rate in placing the testis into the scrotum through laparoscopic procedures is considerably better than reported in other series to date. LO is an effective method for managing intra-abdominal testes in children. Patients who had undergone previous surgery had a higher risk of developing testicular atrophy. The additional dissection around the vas almost inevitably leads to testicular atrophy.
Comparative performance analysis of priority rules in a constrained flow shop with multiple processors environment

Scheduling in a flow shop with multiple processors (FSMP) involves the sequencing of n jobs in a flow shop, where two or more identical processors are allowable at a machine stage. The constrained flow shop with multiple processors problem (CFSMP) considered in this study is a special case of the FSMP problem, in which the total number of jobs that can concurrently exist in the system is bounded by a prespecified number. A simulation experiment was performed to investigate the performance of six priority rules in the CFSMP environment for three performance measures namely makespan, mean flow time, and maximum flow time. A dynamic simulation model of the constrained flow shop with multiple processors environment was developed in which the queuing priorities at each machine stage were established dynamically. The results of the simulation study indicated that the shortest processing time first dispatching procedure (SPT) yielded superior performance for the makespan and mean flow time criteria. However, for the maximum flow time criterion, clear superiority of a particular dispatching procedure was not established.
Craniofacial resection of a nasoseptal chondrosarcoma: case report and review of the literature

BACKGROUND Chondrosarcoma of the nasal septum is a rare, malignant neoplasm. A case is presented that illustrates the evaluation and treatment of this malignancy, reviews the relevant literature, discusses surgical approaches, and assesses adjuvant, nonsurgical therapy. METHODS A craniofacial approach using an extended, bifrontal craniotomy and lateral rhinotomy with medial maxillectomy resulted in gross total resection at surgery. Because permanent sections of bone margins after decalcification were positive, conformal external beam radiation was used. RESULTS The patient made a complete recovery, returned to work, and is disease-free 26 months after treatment. CONCLUSIONS Surgical therapy using an anterior craniofacial resection is the preferred approach. External beam radiation therapy is potentially indicated for the following: positive or close surgical margins on permanent histopathology, extensive tumor with known residual at operation, or local recurrence not amenable to resection. Because of late local recurrence, lifelong follow-up is required.
Influence of nitrogen and sulfur application on camelina performance under dryland conditions

Abstract There has been recent interest in camelina (Camelina sativa L.) because of its potential as a low-cost feedstock for biofuels and hence the need to optimize its production. We hypothesized that nutrient requirements under dryland environments with low and highly variable precipitation will depend on year and timely seeding. This study aimed at determining (a) the effects of nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) application on the growth, yield, seed protein and oil content of spring-type camelina for the environmental conditions of northern Wyoming, USA, and (b) N and S requirement when camelina is seeded late. Four N levels (0, 28, 56, and 112 kg ha−1) and two S levels (0 and 25 kg ha−1) were studied. Sulfur had no significant effects on the measured responses. For trials established on May 13, 2013 and April 11, 2014, there was a general increase in plant height, seed yield, protein content, and protein yield with N application. Nitrogen application resulted in 31% seed yield increase but decreased oil content by 2.7% relative to the unfertilized control. As such, biodiesel that could be produced increased with N application. When seeded in May 24, 2014, N application caused a significant increase in the plant height, seed yield, harvest index and estimated biodiesel, but had no effect on the oil and protein content. The application of N showed a quadratic response to seed yield in all the trials. In general, applying N rate beyond 56 kg ha−1 did not result in significant increase in seed yield for trials established in May 13, 2013 and April 11, 2014, and 28 kg ha−1 for the trial established in May 24, 2014.
Determining residential firewood consumption

Household firewood use has become increasingly popular in the United States over the past few years. Significant problems remain in estimating firewood consumption. Methods of determining the amount of wood consumed vary from state to state. Units used for measuring firewood vary, but the cord remains the researcher's favorite. Factors used for converting other units, such as pickup truck loads to cords also vary. People who do not use firewood are less likely to respond to mailed surveys, resulting in potential overestimates of statewide consumption. This paper identifies some problems associated with estimating household firewood consumption and recommends methods of dealing with them.
Effects of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Partial Pressures on Monascus Growth and Pigment Production in Solid-State Fermentations

Levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the gas environment were found to influence pigment production significantly and growth to a lesser extent in solid-state fermentations with Monascus purpureus on rice. Maximum pigment yields were observed at 0.5 atm of oxygen partial pressure in closed pressure vessels. However, high carbon dioxide partial pressures progressively inhibited pigment production, with complete inhibition at 1.0 atm. In a closed aeration system with a packed-bed fermentor, oxygen partial pressures ranging from 0.05 to 0.5 atm at constant carbon dioxide partial pressures of 0.02 atm gave high pigment yields with a maximum at 0.50 atm of oxygen, whereas lower carbon dioxide partial pressures at constant oxygen partial pressures of 0.21 atm gave higher pigment yields. Maximum oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide evolution rates were observed at 70–90 and 60–80 h, respectively, depending on the gas environment. Respiratory quotients were close to 1.0, except at 0.05 atm of oxygen and 0.02 atm of carbon dioxide partial pressures. Optimum conditions for pigment formation were generally not the same as those for growth.
Abstract 3770: tRNA-mediated regulation of nutrient-responsive pathways in breast cancer cell

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Autophagy or macroautophagy plays a crucial role in the survival of metabolic-stressed tumor cells by providing sufficient intracellular nutrients and energy to sustain growth. Cancer cells experiencing nutritional stress take advantage of the autophagic pathway to maintain viability. When cells experience nutritional stress, the activity of the serine/threonine kinase mTOR is downregulated, leading to reduced protein synthesis and subsequently increased autophagy. Under these conditions tRNAs, which are essential components of the protein synthesis machinery, accumulate in the nucleus. Cancer cells are often nutrient-starved, yet they still grow and proliferate, which indicates that sufficient amino acid-charged tRNAs are present in the cytosol to support protein synthesis. Our studies in human fibroblasts have shown that accumulation of tRNA in the nucleus, caused by reduced expression of the tRNA-transporting karyopherin Xpo-t, induces a starvation-like response, i.e. activity of the mTOR1C1 pathway is reduced and autophagy upregulated. Thus, we hypothesize that nuclear accumulation of tRNA signals cellular starvation. In this work, we aim to determine if tRNA accumulation in the nucleus, accomplished by reduced expression of tRNA transporting karyopherin Xpo-t, induces a starvation response in breast cancer cells. Using MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells as a model system for our in-vitro studies, we have shown significant response to nutrient starvation with regard to autophagy. We are currently analyzing if shRNA-mediated knockdown of Xpo-t in MDA-MB-231 cells triggers a starvation-response. Subsequently, we will determine if starvation in combination with Xpo-t knockdown lead to upregulation of autophagy and reduction of mTOR to such level that induces cancer cell death. Additional studies will be done to examine such response in other breast cancer cells and will be presented. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3770. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3770
Emulsion templating to obtain dual-size-scale mesoporous titania coatings

Abstract Meso- and macroporous TiO 2 coatings have been fabricated using oil-in-water emulsions as the templating phase. Coatings with interpenetrating, polydisperse pore structures are obtained which are useful for applications such as dye sensitized solar cells (DSSC), where permeation of one or more reactants into the inner surface areas of the coating microstructure is critical. Very uniform, defect free coatings are obtained with commercially available TiO 2 nanopowder, with pores in the range of 30–1000 nm. Characterization of the coatings was performed using mercury porosimetry and electron microscopy.
Local spin correlations in ultrathin Fe/W(100) films

Mesure de la variation avec la temperature, des courbes des distributions des energies des bandes de valence des films ultraminces de Fe/W(100), a l'aide de la photoemission a angle et a spin resolus. Les structures majoritaires et minoritaires au point Γ sont stationnaires lorsque l'on eleve la temperature; un elargissement apparent des pics est cause par l'emergence de pics «extraordinaires». La comparaison avec un calcul du cluster (amas) suggere que de l'ordre ferromagnetique a courte distance existe au-dessus de Tc dans le film d'epaisseur egale a 1,5 monocouche
Diffusion of small solutes in the lateral intercellular spaces of MDCK cell epithelium grown on permeable supports.

The diffusion coefficients of four solutes ranging in molecular weight from 238 to 10,000 in the lateral intercellular spaces (LIS) of cultured kidney cells (MDCK) grown on permeable supports were determined from the spread of fluorescence produced after the release of caged compounds by a pulse from a UV laser. Two types of experiments were performed: measurement of the rate of change of fluorescence after releasing a caged fluorophore, and measurement of the change in fluorescence of a relatively static fluorescent dye produced by the diffusion of an uncaged ligand for the dye. Fluorescence intensity was determined by photon-counting the outputs of a multichannel photomultiplier tube. Diffusion coefficients were determined in free solution as well as in the LIS of MDCK cells grown on permeable supports and the hindrance factor, θ, determined from the ratio of the free solution diffusivity to that in the LIS. The hindrance factors for 3000-MW dextran, 8-hydroxypyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid (HPTS, MW 524) and N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N′-2-ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES, MW 238) were not significantly different from 1. The diffusion of 10,000-MW dextran was substantially reduced in the LIS with a θ of 5.6 ± 0.3. Enzymatic digestion by neuraminidase of the sialic acid residues of the glycosylation groups in the LIS increased the diffusivity of the 10,000-MW dextran 1.8-fold indicating hindrance by the glycocalyx. We conclude that small solutes, such as Na+ and Cl−, would not be significantly restricted in their diffusion in the LIS and that solute concentration gradients could not develop along the LIS under physiologic conditions.
Some remarks on the stability of shock waves

Some questions arising in linear stability and reflection stability of a plane shock are discussed, both in classical and relativistic fluid dynamics. The stability properties of a van der Waals gas are discussed.
Emerging roles of fibronectin in thrombosis

Fibronectin (FN) is a glycoprotein recognized originally in the 1940's as a contaminant of fibrinogen in Cohn fraction I of plasma. Decades of research demonstrated FN synthesis by a variety of cells and defined FN as an essential component of the extracellular matrix with roles in embryogenesis, development, and wound healing. More recently, FN has emerged as player in platelet thrombus formation and diseases associated with thrombosis including vascular remodeling, atherosclerosis, and cardiac repair following a myocardial infarct. We discuss the mechanisms by which this might occur and conclude that FN may have a unique role in thrombosis without affecting normal hemostasis and therefore may be a reasonable therapeutic target for the prevention of thrombotic diseases.
The role of stimulus context on apparent duration

The influence of stimulus context on apparent duration was investigated using direct scaling procedures. The results indicate that the use of such scaling methods minimizes contextual effects in judged duration. The results also suggest that apparent duration is a continuous linear function of physical duration.
Improving the efficiency of subset queries on raster images

We propose a parallel method to accelerate the performance of subset queries on raster images. The method, based on map-reduce paradigm, includes two principles from database management systems to improve the performance of subset queries. First, we employ column-oriented storage format for storing locationand weather variables. Second, we improve data locality by storing multidimensional attributes such as space and time in a Hilbert order instead of a serial, row-wise order. We implement the principles in a map-reduce environment, maintaining compatibility with the replication and scheduling constraints. We show through experiments that the techniques improve data locality and increase performance of subset queries, respectively, by 5x and 2x.
iTunes University and ARL Academic Libraries

iTunes University is a free service offered by Apple iTunes to educational institutions. It serves as a platform for the management and distribution of educational, instructional, and informational resources through both audio and video podcasts. Participation in the service among colleges and universities continues to grow since its official launch in 2007 as an official offshoot of the iTunes store. While several universities in the United States and Canada have established a presence on iTunes University, the involvement of the ARL members varies. This study surveys the presence of ARL academic libraries on iTunes University and the visibility of the library on the school's iTunes University page and examines the types of resources offered by participating libraries. It also highlights model participants as examples for other institutions and considers what implications future involvement in the service may hold for academic libraries.
Horizontal plane head stabilization during locomotor tasks.

Frequency characteristics of head stabilization were examined during locomotor tasks in healthy young adults(N = 8) who performed normal walking and 3 walking tasks designed to produce perturbations primarily in the horizontal plane. In the 3 walking tasks, the arms moved in phase with leg movement, with abnormally large amplitude, and at twice the frequency of leg movement. Head-in-space angular velocity was examined at the predominant frequencies of trunk motion. Head movements in space occurred at low frequencies ( 4.0 Hz) when the arms moved at twice the frequency of the legs. Head stabilization strategies were determined from head-on-trunk with respect to trunk frequency profiles derived from angular velocity data. During natural walking at low frequencies (< 3.0 Hz), head-on-trunk movement was less than trunk movement. At frequencies 3.0 Hz or greater, equal and opposite compensatory movement ensured head stability. When arm swing was altered, compensatory movement guaranteed head stability at all frequencies. Head stabilization was successful for frequencies up to 10.0 Hz during locomotor tasks. Maintaining head stability at high frequencies during voluntary tasks suggests that participants used feedforward mechanisms to coordinate head and trunk movements. Maintenance of head stability during dynamic tasks allows optimal conditions for vestibulo-ocular reflex function.
Constraints on Ωm, ΩΛ, and σ8 from Galaxy Cluster Redshift Distributions

We show that the number and redshift distribution of galaxy clusters in future deep cluster surveys can place strong constraints on the matter density, Ωm, the vacuum energy density, ΩΛ, and the normalization of the matter power spectrum, σ8. Degeneracies between these parameters are different from those in studies of either high-redshift Type Ia supernovae or cosmic microwave background anisotropies. Using a mass threshold for cluster detection expected to be typical for upcoming Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect surveys, we find that constraints on Ωm and σ8 at the level of roughly 5% or better can be expected, assuming redshift information is known at least to z ~ 0.5 and in the absence of significant systematic errors. Without information past this redshift, ΩΛ is constrained to 25%. With complete redshift information, deep (Mlim ~ 1014 h-1 M☉), relatively small solid angle (~12 deg 2) surveys can further constrain ΩΛ to an accuracy of ~15%, while large solid angle surveys with ground-based, large-format bolometer arrays could measure ΩΛ to a precision of ~4% or better.
Cis-elements important for the expression of the ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase small-subunit are located both upstream and downstream from its structural gene.

ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGP) is a key regulatory enzyme in the biosynthesis of starch in higher plants. Previous studies have suggested that, unlike other plants that display tissue-specific AGP genes, potato expresses the same AGP small-subunit gene (sAGP) in multiple tissues. This view was confirmed by the spatial patterns of expression of the sAGP gene in transgenic potato plants observed when a promoter-dependent-beta-glucuronidase (beta-GUS) system was used. sAGP-beta-GUS chimeric gene fusions were expressed at high levels in tubers and in many other starch-containing cells throughout the plant. Deletional analysis of the 5'-upstream region of sAGP revealed that the observed spatial patterns of expression were due to different regions of the promoter of sAGP functioning in combination to confer cell- and organ-specific patterns of expression. Depending on the tissue examined, the patterns of reporter-gene expression were enhanced, suppressed, or altered when the 3'-nopaline-synthase terminator was replaced by the 3'-flanking sequence of sAGP. The observed cellular expression patterns of sAGP only partially overlap with the reported expression patterns of the major large-subunit gene (lAGP) in leaves. Since AGP is a heterotetrameric enzyme, composed of two sAGP and two lAGP subunits, this difference in the cellular expression patterns as well as quantitative differences in expression of the two AGP genes may account for the observed post-transcriptional regulation, i.e., relatively high levels of transcript but low levels of sAGP subunit in leaves.
Characterization and distribution of estrogen receptors in the diencephalon of the gray short-tailed opossum

Abstract The Brazilian gray short-tailed opossum is a pouchless marsupial whose young are born sexually undifferentiated making this animal ideal for developmental studies. Previously, Etgen and Fadem ( Dev. Brain Res. , 49 (1989) 131–133; Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. , 66 (1987) 441–446) detected estrogen receptor (ER) in the hypothalamus-preoptic area, and compared males and females in the adult and during development. In this study we characterized the ER and determined its distribution in specific diencephalic regions in the brains of adult male and female opossums. ER were measured by the in vitro binding of [ 3 H]estradiol to cytosol of microdissected brain nuclear regions. Radioinert moxestrol (R2858) was used to define non-specific binding. Saturation analysis showed a single high-affinity binding site. Binding was displaced by estradiol (E 2 ), diethylstilbestrol (DES) and R2858, but not by non-estrogenic steroids. Ligand bound receptor adhered to DNA-cellulose and was eluted as a single peak with 0.2–0.3 M NaCl. High levels of ER were found in the medial preoptic-periventricular area. Intermediate levels were seen in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, medial amygdala and arcuate nucleus. No sex differences were observed. The presence of a neural ER and its similarity of distribution to that of the laboratory rat support the use of this animal model in studies examining steroid dependent organization of the hypothalamus.
Patterns of movement in open country baboons

In early accounts, baboons are described as invariably assuming a particular troop formation when moving across open country. This movement pattern is an integral part of a model of social organization in which behavior is a response to predator pressure. The model, in turn, has been applied to describe populations of early hominids moving onto the savannah from the forest. The special formation was not observed during a year's study of free-ranging baboons in Kenya, nor has it been reported by other field workers since its original description. Thus at least one aspect of an early model of baboon social organization lacks empirical support and this model should not be used uncritically in reconstructing the behavior of early human groups.
Least-squares Fit of Measured Points for Square Line-profiles

Abstract The pseudoinverse of a rectangular matrix is used to compute the least-squares fit of a set of points that have been measured along a line-profile. Tolerances on line profiles are used to control cross-sectional shapes of parts, such as turbine blades. The specified profile is treated as a moving platform of a hypothetical, redundant, and planar in-parallel-actuated robot, and all the measured points are presumed to be fixed in it. The locations of the linear actuators are represented with screw (torsor) coordinates, and these are arranged in a matrix equation that relates the three small displacements of the platform to the corresponding deviations (treated as small displacements) of the measured points. The Moore-Penrose (pseudoinverse) solution uniquely produces displacements of the platform which correspond to the least-squares minimum for the deviations at all of the measured points.