cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Outlook for Independent Plastic Surgery Training: A Survey of Plastic Surgery Program Directors.

Introduction Traditionally, plastic surgery training occurs through the independent model after completion of another surgical residency. Training is a minimum of 3 years in duration. Integrated training in contrast commences upon completion of medical school and is a minimum of 6 years. Independent programs have increasingly been converting positions to integrated positions. Our survey was designed to evaluate possible plans for further conversion of independent positions to integrated positions. Methods An electronic survey was prepared using the online survey platform Qualtrics. The survey questions were designed to solicit information regarding plans to convert independent positions to integrated positions. The survey was distributed by e-mail to program directors of the independent programs participating in the 2019 match. A reminder was sent 3.5 weeks after initial distribution, and results were collected for an additional 3 weeks. Results Sixteen program directors responded to our survey including 15 complete responses and 1 partial response representing a 40% response rate. Four respondents reported that they are considering decreasing their independent program by 1 position and converting the position to an integrated position. Three respondents reported that they are considering eliminating their independent program and converting to an integrated program. Each of these programs reported their independent program as having 1 position per year. With only a 40% response rate, 7 or more positions may be converted to integrated positions in the coming years. Conclusions Independent programs have been converting some or all positions to integrated positions. Although most plastic surgery positions were previously through the independent model, in 2019, 172 positions were offered through the integrated match compared with 63 for the independent match. Results of our study indicate that independent positions will continue to be converted to integrated positions for the next few years.
A Roadmap to Reopening a Neurosurgical Practice in the Age of COVID-19.

Background The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak has left a lasting mark on medicine globally. Methods Here we outline the steps that the Lenox Hill Hospital/Northwell Health Neurosurgery Department—located within the epicenter of the pandemic in New York City—is currently taking to recover our neurosurgical efforts in the age of COVID-19. Results We outline measurable milestones to identify the transition to the recovery period and hope these recommendations may serve as a framework for an effective path forward. Conclusions We believe that recovery following the COVID-19 pandemic offers unique opportunities to disrupt and rebuild the historical patient and office experience as we evolve with modern medicine in a post–COVID-19 world.
Far infrared detection without preamplifiers

An injection pulse phenomenon1,2 which can be used to detect infrared (IR) radiation without the use of preamplifiers at 4.2K is described and analyzed.
Heterogeneous Thermoset/Thermoplastic Recycled Carbon Fiber Composite Materials for Second-Generation Composites

With an increase in the use of carbon fiber composites in the aerospace and automobile industry a collateral issue of what to do with end-of-life carbon fiber composites has risen. In this study, we successfully developed a second-generation composite using a heterogenous mixture of thermoset and thermoplastic recycled carbon fiber composites (CFCs). The recovered vinyl ester and epoxy CFCs (thermosets) were characterized using thermogravimetric analysis. Adhesive performance was evaluated through double lap shear tests by melt-bonding a thermoplastic polyether ether ketone (PEEK) CFC to either the thermoset epoxy or vinyl ester CFC. The waste carbon fiber composites were also mechanically milled and classified through screening techniques. The resulting milled materials were used to form and produce composite panels through high temperature compression molding. The influence of particle size and platen temperature were evalauted through mechanical testing. Results indicate that melt-bonding with the vinyl ester/CFC exhibited significantly higher lap shear strength values than that between epoxy/CFC and PEEK. Findings also show that adding thermoset CFCs to the thermoplastic system (PEEK) enhanced the flexural properties of composites.
1125. Innovative Virtual Learning in the Midst of a Pandemic - Patients, Populations, and Pandemics: Responding to COVID-19

Background The COVID-19 pandemic has posed a unique challenge to undergraduate medical education Medical schools postponed student participation in direct patient care in mid-March 2020, creating the need for rapidly-designed, virtual, and innovative learning experiences Methods Utilizing Kern's six-step approach to curriculum development, faculty and medical student liaisons rapidly designed a six-week online and interactive course for clerkship-year students and above, launched on March 30th, 2020 “Patients, Populations, and Pandemics: Responding to COVID-19” emphasized honing higher level skills of Bloom's taxonomy, namely evaluating, synthesizing, and creating Following weekly faculty-led lectures, student groups identified research questions, analyzed literature, presented data, critiqued peer presentations, and created infographics for the public Results We aimed to maintain quality and interactiveness despite challenges posed by our timeframe, the evolving COVID-19 literature, and the virtual setting We recruited frontline faculty and designed the course to facilitate discussion, thereby promoting real-time exploration of public health and clinical challenges Encouraging student participation, we incorporated group synthesis sessions and instructed use of video, hand-raising, and chat features In a survey administered at the end of the first week, 85 7% (18/21) of students strongly agreed or agreed that small group presentations successfully enabled synthesis of new and emerging data Among the 29 enrolled students, 82 8% (24/29) of students completed final course evaluations, with 87 5% (21/24) agreeing that the learning activities “usually” or “always” helped meet the learning objectives identified at the beginning of the course The course was rated as “excellent” or “very good” by 83 3% (20/24) of students Conclusion Lessons learned include providing students with increased direction on critically reviewing peer presentations and imparting guidance on best practices for data synthesis This course model will be disseminated throughout our institution and beyond to address challenges in remote learning and to serve as a paradigm during future health crises
A Case Report on Distinguishing Emphysematous Pyelitis and Pyelonephritis on Point-of-care Ultrasound.

Author(s): Mazumder, Proma; Al-Khouja, Fares; Moeller, John; Lahham, Shadi | Abstract: Introduction: Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) in the emergency department (ED) is being performed with increasing frequency. The objective of this study was to demonstrate how utilization of POCUS can help the emergency physician recognize emphysematous pyelitis (EP) and emphysematous pyelonephritis (EPN). Case Report: A 60-year-old female presented to the ED with normal vital signs and intermittent left-sided flank pain that radiated to her groin. She also had a history of obstructive nephrolithiasis. Within 20 minutes of arrival she became febrile (101.2°Fahrenheit), tachycardic (114 beats per minute), tachypneic (21 breaths per minute), and had a blood pressure of 114/82 millimeters mercury. POCUS was conducted revealing heterogeneous artifact with “dirty shadowing” within the renal pelvis, which was strongly suggestive of air. The emergency physician ordered a computed tomography (CT) to confirm the suspicion for EP and started the patient on broad-spectrum antibiotics. The CT showed a 1.3-centimeter calculus and hydronephrosis with foci of air. The patient received intravenous antibiotics and had an emergent nephrostomy tube placed. Urine cultures tested positive for pan-sensitive Escherichia Coli. Urology was consulted and a repeat CT was obtained to show correct drainage and decreased renal pelvis dilation.Conclusion: Distinctly different forms of treatment are used for EP and EPN, despite both having similar pathophysiology. In EP, air can be seen in the renal pelvis on POCUS, as in this case study, which distinguishes it from EPN. In the case of our patient, the use of POCUS was useful to aid in rapid differentiation between EP and EPN.
Combining high-speed planar PIV and motion tracking of a flexible cylinder in cross-flow

Most modeling studies investigating the flow dynamics in vegetation canopies are limited to rigid models as proxies for vegetation elements. However, most canopies embody some degree of structural flexibility, resulting in aeroelastic mechanisms coupling the motion of the vegetation with the surrounding flow. Studies addressing flexible canopies typically quantify either the flow or the plant motion independently, thus missing the instantaneous coupling between turbulent stresses and structural deformations. Few experiments have been devoted to measuring both quantities simultaneously. Okamoto and Nezu (2009) utilized a combined PIV-PTV technique to capture both flow and canopy motion. However, only the motion of the stem tips was captured, as opposed to the deformation of the entire stem. Py et al. (2006) employed digital image correlation (DIC) to quantify the motion of crop canopies using in-field images. However, the wind itself was not measured across the domain. The present work presents an experimental technique that can be utilized to study the flow–structure interaction in flexible canopies, and that could be extended to other flexible and/or moving objects. High-speed PIV data of the flow surrounding an idealized canopy element, consisting of a flexible cylinder, together with the corresponding displacement field throughout the cylinder were simultaneously obtained combining fluorescent imaging and refractive index matching (RIM).
Caregiver Knowledge of and Attitudes Towards the Levonorgestrel-Containing IUD for the Treatment of Heavy Menstrual Bleeding in Adolescents and Young Adults.

ABSTRACT Study Objective : We evaluated caretaker knowledge of and attitudes towards the levonorgestrel-containing intrauterine device (L-IUD) as a treatment option for their adolescent/young adult daughter with heavy menstrual bleeding. Design : A survey assessed demographics, menstrual history, perception of the L-IUD, and knowledge of the indications, risks, and benefits of the L-IUD. Setting : Participant recruitment occurred in offices of a pediatric gynecologist, pediatric hematologist, and adolescent medicine physician in a hospital-based practice in New York. Participants : English-speaking caretakers of patients with a chief concern of heavy menstrual bleeding ( Interventions : Electronic and paper surveys were administered prior to seeing the physician. Main Outcome Measures : The primary outcome was participant willingness to allow their daughter to use the L-IUD for heavy menstrual bleeding. Additional outcomes were explored by calculating a mean knowledge score and performing a descriptive analysis of the perception questions. Results : 40 surveys were included. Seventy percent of participants said they would allow their daughter to use birth control pills for heavy menstrual bleeding, while only 10% said the same of the L-IUD. The mean knowledge score was 73.3% (+/- 15.7). Sixty-five percent of participants expressed the need for additional information on the L-IUD. Conclusion : Caretaker acceptance of the L-IUD as treatment for their daughter with heavy menstrual bleeding is limited. While baseline knowledge was high, many indicated needing additional information. As heavy menstrual bleeding can negatively impact quality of life, potential caretaker bias must be addressed to ensure full access to this highly effective treatment option.
Astrocyte Reactivity in a Mouse Model of SCN8A Epileptic Encephalopathy.

Objective SCN8A epileptic encephalopathy is caused predominantly by de novo gain-of-function mutations in the voltage-gated-sodium channel Nav 1.6. The disorder is characterized by early onset of seizures and developmental delay. Most patients with SCN8A epileptic encephalopathy are refractory to current anti-seizure medications. Previous studies determining the mechanisms of this disease have focused on neuronal dysfunction as Nav 1.6 is expressed by neurons and plays a critical role in controlling neuronal excitability. However, glial dysfunction has been implicated in epilepsy and alterations in glial physiology could contribute to the pathology of SCN8A encephalopathy. In the current study, we examined alterations in astrocyte and microglia physiology in the development of seizures in a mouse model of SCN8A epileptic encephalopathy. Methods Using immunohistochemistry we assessed microglia and astrocyte reactivity before and after the onset of spontaneous seizures. Expression of glutamine synthetase, Nav 1.6 and Kir 4.1 channel currents were assessed in astrocytes in wildtype (WT) mice and mice carrying the N1768D SCN8A mutation (D/+). Results Astrocytes in spontaneously seizing D/+ mice become reactive and increase expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a marker of astrocyte reactivity. These same astrocytes exhibited reduced barium-sensitive Kir 4.1 currents compared to age-matched WT mice and decreased expression of glutamine synthetase. These alterations were only observed in spontaneously seizing mice and not before the onset of seizures. In contrast, microglial morphology remained unchanged before and after the onset of seizures. Significance Astrocytes, but not microglia, become reactive only after the onset of spontaneous seizures in a mouse model of SCN8A encephalopathy. Reactive astrocytes have reduced Kir 4.1-mediated currents, which would impair their ability to buffer potassium. Reduced expression of glutamine synthetase would modulate the availability of neurotransmitters to excitatory and inhibitory neurons. These deficits in potassium and glutamate handling by astrocytes could exacerbate seizures in SCN8A epileptic encephalopathy. Targeting astrocytes may provide a new therapeutic approach to seizure suppression.
Quantitative posture analysis of 2D, 3D, and optical microscope visualization methods for microsurgery tasks

The purpose of this paper is to present a quantitative posture analysis of microsurgery tasks performed with different visualization methods. Microsurgery is traditionally performed using a binocular microscope; however surgeons are constrained by the optical eyepieces and are forced to assume joint angles that deviate away from neutral postures. This may be especially problematic for the neck and can increase surgeon discomfort and fatigue. Alternative visualization methods may improve surgeon posture by eliminating the constraints imposed by the microscope. This study examines both 2D and 3D heads-up displays as possible alternatives. Six subjects performed microsurgical tasks with each visualization methods for four hours. Quantitative posture analysis was done using Maxtraq software that tracks reflective markers on the subjects. The initial analysis of neck, upper arm, and elbow angles found significant differences between each display. A biomechanical analysis found that the differences in angles can result in loads on the neck joint that are twice as high in the microscope than the headsup displays. Although the alternative displays can result in better postures, improvements the display technology is needed to improve microsurgical task performance.
Purification and properties of deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase from Micrococcus lysodeikticus.

Deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase from Micrococcus lysodeikticus has been purified 1500-fold as measured by the polymerization primed by the alternating copolymer d(A-T). The properties of the enzyme do not differ significantly from those of other bacterial DNA polymerases previously described.
Growth of Escherichia coli on fatty acids: requirement for coenzyme A transferase activity.

Abstract The ability of an Escherichia coli strain (E-26) to grow on butyrate or valerate as the sole source of carbon has previously been correlated with the glyoxylate-short chained fatty acid acyl-CoA ester condensing activities (1). In attempting to confirm and expand these results, several strains of Escherichia coli K12, of previously defined genotype and physiology (2) were employed. From one of them, constitutive for the enzymes of the glyoxylate shunt, a new mutant, V10, has been selected for its ability to grow on butyrate or valerate as the sole source of carbon. The growth of this strain on these fatty acids is rapid and is not preceded by any significant lag when transfered from a glucose medium. This physiological behavior is related to the presence of a constitutive level of an acyl-CoA: acetate transferase activity. This enzymatic reaction, not previously reported in Escherichia coli , is measurable by spectrophotometric assays and a radioisotopic microassay. A second mutant, derived from V10, is simultaneously deficient in the transferase activity and in the ability to grow on butyrate or valerate. The data presented suggest that the required transferase functions as an activating mechanism which permits the organism to utilize these fatty acids as a carbon source for growth.
Viral oncogene expression during differentiation of Abelson virus-infected murine promonocytic leukemia cells.

Abstract A cloned, virus-producing, tumorigenic, promonocytic leukemia cell line, AC8, derived from an Abelson murine leukemia virus-infected mouse can differentiate in vitro . Differentiated cells, purified from a population containing undifferentiated cells on the basis of expression of the macrophage differentiation antigens Mac-1 (C3 receptor) and F4/80, were phagocytic, produced lysozyme, were less tumorigenic, and had a reduced replicative capacity compared with undifferentiated cells. Differentiated cells produced less infectious Abelson virus than undifferentiated cells, but helper virus production was unaffected by differentiation. Cloning studies indicated that differentiation was the cause rather than the effect of reduced Abelson virus production. However, the intracellular amount and the tyrosine-specific protein kinase activity of the Abelson virus oncogene product, P120v-abl, were not affected by differentiation of the leukemic cells. Thus, these results show that Abelson virus-transformed myeloid lineage cells can differentiate without expression of the viral oncogene product being affected, which implies, in turn, that P120v-abl expression is not sufficient for maintaining transformation by blocking differentiation.
A- and C-type rat nodose sensory neurons: Model interpretations of dynamic discharge characteristics

1. Neurons of the nodose ganglia provide the sole connection between many types of visceral sensory inputs and the central nervous system. Electrophysiological studies of isolated nodose neurons provide a practical means of measuring individual cell membrane currents and assessing their putative contributions to the overall response properties of the neuron and its terminations. Here, we present a comprehensive mathematical model of an isolated nodose sensory neuron that is based upon numerical fits to quantitative voltage- and current-clamp data recorded in our laboratory. Model development was accomplished using an iterative process of electrophysiological recordings, nonlinear parameter estimation, and computer simulation. This work is part of an integrative effort aimed at identifying and characterizing the fundamental ionic mechanisms participating in the afferent neuronal limb of the baroreceptor reflex. 2. The neuronal model consists of two parts: a Hodgkin-Huxley-type membrane model coupled to a lumped fluid compartment model that describes Ca2+ ion concentration dynamics within the intracellular and external perineuronal media. Calcium buffering via a calmodulin-type buffer is provided within the intracellular compartment. 3. The complete model accurately reproduces whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings of the major ion channel currents observed in enzymatically dispersed nodose sensory neurons. Specifically, two Na+ currents exhibiting fast (INaf) and slow tetrodotoxin (TTX)-insensitive (INas) kinetics; low- and high-threshold Ca2+ currents exhibiting transient (ICa,t) and long-lasting (ICa,n) dynamics, respectively; and outward K+ currents consisting of a delayed-rectifier current (IK), a transient outward current (I(t)) and a Ca(2+)-activated K+ current (IK,Ca). 4. Whole-cell current-clamp recordings of somatic action-potential dynamics were performed on enzymatically dispersed nodose neurons using the perforated patch-clamp technique. Stimulus protocols consisted of both short ( or = 200 ms) duration current pulses over a wide range of membrane holding potentials. These studies clearly revealed two populations of nodose neurons, often termed A- and C-type cells, which exhibit markedly different action-potential signatures and stimulus response properties. 5. Using a single set of equations, the model accurately reproduces the electrical behavior of both A- and C-type nodose neurons in response to a wide variety of stimulus conditions and membrane holding potentials. The structure of the model, as well as the majority of its parameters are the same for both A- and C-type implementations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
OSTEOGENESIS IN THE SUBCHONDRAL BONE OF RABBITS.

Osteogenesis was studied in the distal subchondral area of the femur of older but still immature rabbits (four to six months old, weighing approximately two kilograms), using routine histology and autoradiography with tritiated thymidine and tritiated glycine. At this age, the subchondral area in the rabbit is a zone of diverse histological appearance. The basal layer of cartilage is diffusely calcified and shows little proliferative activity. Bone formation appears to be occurring around a profusion of capillaries arising from the underlying nucleus of the epiphysis. Each capillary is ringed by osteoblasts and a delicate layer of bone. Serial autoradiographs after intra-articular injection of tritiated thymidine demonstrated a progression of the "permanent" label from a cell of vascular origin (one hour), to osteoblasts (twenty-four hours), to the osteocytes in their lacunae (five to seven days). In similar studies with tritiated glycine the perivascular osteoblasts were labeled at one-half hour and the adjacent bone matrix at one hour. At later times, the label was found deeper in the bone mass. One can conclude that osteogenesis in the subchondral bone is mediated by the capillary and that the osteoblasts arise from a cell lying in the wall or within the capillary.
Early tertiary elephant-shrews from Egypt and the origin of the Macroscelidea.

Abstract Recent expeditions to the Fayum Depression, Egypt, have made possible the discovery of mandibles and a maxilla of a new genus and species of late Eocene elephant-shrew as well as initial evidence of the upper dentition of the early Oligocene taxon Metoldobotes. These fossils demonstrate that macroscelideans underwent a significant radiation in the Early Tertiary of Africa. Two new subfamilies are recognized and described. These Tertiary macroscelideans are the most primitive elephant-shrews known and indicate that previous hypotheses of a close phylogenetic relationship between macroscelideans and either lagomorphs, erinaceotans, or tree-shrews are unlikely. Rather, the dental anatomy of the Fayum macroscelideans provides evidence for a derivation of the order from within the Condylarthra.
A synoptic survey of musty/muddy odor metabolites and microcystin toxin occurrence and concentration in southeastern USA channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus Ralfinesque) production ponds

Abstract A synoptic profile was conducted in July–August 2000 to assess the occurrence of off-flavor compounds beta -cyclocitral, 2-methylisoborneol (MIB), and geosmin, and the cyanobacterial toxin microcystin in catfish production ponds. A total of 485 ponds were sampled during a 1-week period; sample collections were weighted to reflect state area in production. Over 47% of ponds had detectable toxin concentrations, although less than 10% of ponds exceeded 1 ng/ml microcystin. MIB and/or geosmin off-flavors occurred in 25% of the samples. Beta -cyclocitral was detected in over 98% of ponds, and was strongly correlated with presence of myxoxanthin ( r =0.94) and zeaxanthin ( r =0.82), both indicative of cyanobacterial production of this compound. Off-flavor compounds (geosmin and MIB) were correlated to a lesser degree with zeaxanthin production ( r =0.78), whereas aphanizyphyl was better correlated with MIB and geosmin ( r =0.89 and 0.56, respectively), again suggesting cyanobacterial production of these compounds.
Multiresolution image acquisition and surface reconstruction using active stereo

This paper is concerned with the problem of surface reconstruction from stereo images for large scenes having large depth ranges. The passive stereo paradigm is inadequate for this problem because of the need to aim cameras in different directions and to fixate at different objects. We present an active stereo approach in which the scene is systematically scanned and image acquisition and surface reconstruction are integrated using a four-step process. First, a new fixation point is selected from among the nonfixated, low resolution scene parts of current fixation. Second, a reconfiguration of cameras is initiated for refixation. As reconfiguration progresses, the images of the new fixation point gradually deblur and the accuracy of the stereo estimate of the point improves. In the third step, the improved stereo estimate is used to achieve accurate focus and vergence settings of the cameras for fixation. Finally, focus-based depth estimates are obtained at a grid near the fixation point whose density is determined by the local surface slope. These estimates are fused with those obtained from stereo using maximum likelihood (weighted averaging) and are interpolated to the non-grid points.
Application of quantum dot gate nonvolatile memory (QDNVM) in image segmentation

This paper presents the application of quantum dot gate nonvolatile memory (QDNVM) in image processing application. The charge accumulation in the gate region varies the threshold voltage of QDNVM, which can be used as a reference voltage source in a comparator circuit. A simplified comparator circuit can be implemented using the QDNVM. In this work, the use of QDNVM-based comparators in image processing specially image segmentation is demonstrated, which can be efficient in future image processing application.
Cyclical estrogen and free radical damage to the rabbit urinary bladder

Introduction and hypothesis There are a number of lower urinary tract dysfunctions (LUTD) that occur primarily in women. Our hypothesis is that cyclical estrogen will produce LUTD in part by the generation of free radicals and oxidative damage to cellular and subcellular membranes.
Magnetic resonance imaging analysis of amygdala and other subcortical brain regions in adolescents with bipolar disorder

Objectives: Few studies have examined the abnormalities that underlie the neuroanatomy of bipolar disorder in youth. The aim of this study was to evaluate brain regions that are thought to modulate mood utilizing quantitative analyses of thin-slice magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of adolescents with bipolar disorder. We hypothesized that adolescents with bipolar disorder would exhibit abnormalities in brain regions that are involved in the regulation of mood including the amygdala, globus pallidus, caudate, putamen, and thalamus. Methods: Bipolar adolescents (n = 23) and healthy subjects (n = 20) matched for age, race, sex, socioeconomic status, IQ, education and Tanner stage, were evaluated using the Washington University at St Louis Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (WASH-U K-SADS). Contiguous 1 mm axial T1-weighted MRI slices were obtained using a GE 1.5 T MR scanner. Regions of interest (ROI) included total cerebral volume, amygdala, globus pallidus, caudate, putamen, and thalamus. Results: Total cerebral volume was smaller in bipolar adolescents than in healthy adolescents. A MANCOVA revealed a significant group difference in overall ROI volumes after adjusting for total cerebral volume. Specifically, adolescents with bipolar disorder exhibited smaller amygdala and enlarged putamen compared with healthy subjects. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that adolescents with bipolar disorder exhibit abnormalities in some of the brain regions that are thought to be involved in the regulation of mood. Additional structural and functional neuroimaging investigations of children, adolescents, and adults with bipolar disorder are necessary to clarify the role of these brain regions in the neurophysiology of adolescent bipolar disorder.
Temporomandibular disorders. Part III: Occlusal and articular factors associated with muscle tenderness

Abstract Two complete classes of freshman dental and dental hygiene students, 120 men and 102 women (mean age 23.9 years), were assessed for the presence of masticatory pain or dysfunction by questionnaire, clinical examination, and evaluation of dental casts. The purpose of these examinations was to determine potential relationships between clinical muscle tenderness, occlusal relationships, and signs of TMJ dysfunction. Awareness of muscle tenderness increased with the number of muscle sites involved ( p ≤ .025) but 80% of clinically tender subjects were unaware of any tenderness ( p ≤ .01). In comparison, subjects with generalized clinical muscle tenderness more often reported TMJ clicking that was not verified at the time of clinical examination ( p ≤ .001). Occlusal factors, except in highly selective categories, were not associated with muscle tenderness. All subjects with moderate or severe TMJ tenderness had clinically tender muscle sites, whereas subjects with generalized muscle tenderness (≥4 sites) had more severe TMJ tenderness ( p ≤ .01). Subjects with localized ( p p p ≤ .001). TMJ dysfunction was verified more often in subjects with more localized muscle tenderness ( p ≤ .025). Although occlusal factors were not good predictors of muscle tenderness, intracapsular signs of TMJ disorders and muscle tenderness were often associated.
Low-temperature phonon-drag thermoelectric power in heterojunctions.

The phonon-drag contribution to the thermoelectric power is calculated at low temperatures in polar semiconductor heterostructures. Carries are assumed to interact with longitudinal acoustic phonons through deformation potential and with both longitudinal and transverse acoustic phonons through piezoelectric field. The magnitude and the temperature dependence of the phonon-drag contribution calculated without any adjustable parameter agree reasonably well with recent data from $\frac{{\mathrm{Al}}_{x}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}\mathrm{As}}{\mathrm{Ga}\mathrm{As}}$ heterolayer. Both piezoelectric scattering and deformatin potential scattering yield comparable contributions in the temperature range studied (i.e., below 10 K), although the former (latter) contribution becomes more important below (above) 3-4 K. Dielectric screening is found to reduce the phonon-drag thermopower significantly.
The role of categorical information in processing relational attributes.

In two experiments, the effect of knowledge about relevant common taxonomic categories on judgments of relative magnitude was investigated. In Experiment 1, subjects judged the relative size of objects that belonged to the categoriesbuilding andanimal. The symbolic distance effect was smaller for between-category pairs (e.g.,horse-cabin) whose members could be classified more quickly into the two categories. This result strongly suggests that subjects used category membership to determine relative size on at least some portion of the trials. In Experiment 2, a similar attenuation of symbolic distance was obtained when subjects judged the relative height of furniture and vehicles. A simple explanation of the reduced symbolic distance effect for between-category pairs is that subjects occasionally fail to categorize the items into different categories and have to compute relative magnitude from the magnitudes of the two items. Fits to the data using the bootstrap technique suggest that more involved assumptions are required.
Detection and mitigation of soft failure due to polarization-mode dispersion in optical networks

A combination of polarization-mode dispersion (PMD) monitoring and network-layer switching managed by the control plane can reduce the outage probability due to PMD to an acceptable level for a link in an optical network, without physical-layer mitigation.
Statistical evaluation of diagnostic criteria for bacterial vaginosis

Bacterial vaginosis is the most common cause of vaginitis in women of reproductive age. In an attempt to clarify diagnosis of this condition, various parameters of signs and symptoms and groups of parameters were compared with classical diagnostic criteria in 310 patients. There was no significant difference in positive diagnosis rates between the Amsel et al. criteria and those of Thomason et al. ( p = 0.25). The single most reliable indicator of bacterial vaginosis was the presence of clue cells on wet mount examination of vaginal secretions (sensitivity 98.2%, specificity 94.3%, positive predictive value 89.9%, negative predictive value 99.0%). The best two combinations of parameters for rapid accurate clinical diagnosis were clue cells and odor on alkalinization (sensitivity 81.6%, specificity 99.5%, positive predictive value 98.8%, negative predictive value 92.1%). Gram stain criteria (bacterial morphologic types) were less accurate predictors of the disease (sensitivity 97.0%, specificity 66.2%, positive predictive value 57.2%, negative predictive value 97.9%). Even when the bacterial morphologic type criteria were combined with presence of clue cells, predictive accuracy did not exceed that of clue cells on wet mount examination alone (sensitivity 93.9%, specificity 84.7%, positive predictive value 74.2%, negative predictive value 96.8%). Homogeneous discharge was found to be of little diagnostic value. (Ann J OBSTET GYNECOL 1990;162:155-60.)
Major depression and stages of smoking. A longitudinal investigation.

Background Epidemiologic studies have reported an association between major depression and smoking. This prospective study examines the role of depression in smoking progression and cessation, and the role of smoking in first-onset major depression. Methods Data are from a 5-year longitudinal epidemiologic study of 1007 young adults. Incidence and odds ratios (ORs) are based on the prospective data. Hazards ratios are based on the combined lifetime data and estimated in Cox proportional hazards models with time-dependent covariates. Results Based on the prospective data, history of major depression at baseline increased significantly the risk for progression to daily smoking (OR, 3.0; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-8.2), but did not decrease significantly smokers' rate of quitting (OR, 0.8; 95% confidence interval, 0.4-1.6). History of daily smoking at baseline increased significantly the risk for major depression (OR, 1.9; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-3.4). These estimates were reduced somewhat when history of early (ie, before age 15 years) conduct problems was controlled. Estimates based on lifetime data were consistent with these results. Conclusions The observed influences from major depression to subsequent daily smoking and smoking to major depression support the plausibility of shared etiologies. Separate causal mechanisms in each direction might also operate, including self-medication of depressed mood as a factor in smoking progression and neuropharmacologic effects of nicotine and other smoke substances on neurotransmitter systems linked to depression.
Antenatal vitamin A decreases ventilation-induced lung injury in the lamb model of congenital diaphragmatic hernia.

Objective Infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) are susceptible to ventilation-induced lung injury. Vitamin A may protect the lung from injury during ventilation. The authors investigated the effects of antenatal vitamin A on ventilation-induced lung injury in CDH lambs using lung myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity as an indicator of lung injury. Methods Left-sided diaphragmatic defects were created in 10 lambs at 79-81 days' gestation. Six CDH lambs had right jugular venous catheters inserted at 120 days' gestation and were given vitamin A until 135 days' gestation. Four CDH lambs were not treated. Twin littermates ( n = 3) served as controls. All lambs were delivered at 136-139 days of gestation and ventilated for 2 hours. Lambs were sacrificed following ventilation and samples of left lung were snap frozen. MPO was extracted from lung tissue and MPO activity was assayed. Results CDH lambs treated with antenatal vitamin A demonstrated significantly lower MPO activity than untreated CDH lambs (0.0477 ± 0.0150 vs. 0.1106 ± 0.0230 units/mg protein, p Conclusion This is the first study to look at the effect of vitamin A on lung injury in CDH. In the lamb model of CDH, antenatal vitamin A decreases ventilation-induced lung injury.
Promoting effect of polybrominated biphenyls on tracheal papillomas in Syrian golden hamsters

Male Syrian golden hamsters were used for an initiation‐promotion study of respiratory tract carcinogenesis. Hamsters were given a single subcutaneous dose of 0 or 80 mg N‐nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA)/kg body weight and were fed diets containing 0 or 100 mg polybrominated biphenyls (PBB)/kg diet for 140 d. Basal diet was fed from d 140 until the end of the experiment on d 273. The number of tracheal papillomas was significantly increased in hamsters given NDEA and PBB as compared to those in hamsters given only NDEA. Tracheal papillomas were not seen in untreated hamsters or in those not given NDEA and fed diets containing PBB. Nasal tumors occurred at approximately the same incidence in hamsters given NDEA as in those given NDEA and PBB. Results indicate that PBB may promote the development of tracheal papillomas in the hamster.
Assessing the impact of intrinsic birefringence on 157-nm lithography

Birefringence can be represented using the matrix generated by multiplying together Jones matrices for the separate lens elements. Conventional vector imaging methods, which use orthogonal electric field components in resist combined to yield the intensity, can be extended to handle this matrix representation of the optical pupil. The mean amplitude ratio of the off-diagonal elements in the matrix pupil is shown to correspond quite well to the birefringence-induced CD error.
X-Ray Spectral Variability Signatures of Flares in BL Lacertae Objects

We are presenting a detailed parameter study of the time-dependent electron injection and kinematics and the self-consistent radiation transport in jets of intermediate and low-frequency peaked BL Lac objects. Using a time-dependent, combined synchrotron-self-Compton and external-Compton jet model, we study the influence of variations of several essential model parameters, such as the electron injection compactness, the relative contribution of synchrotron to external soft photons to the soft photon compactness, the electron- injection spectral index, and the details of the time profiles of the electron injection episodes giving rise to flaring activity. In the analysis of our results, we focus on the expected X-ray spectral variability signatures in a region of parameter space particularly well suited to reproduce the broadband spectral energy distributions of intermediate and low-frequency peaked BL Lac objects. We demonstrate that SSC- and external-Compton dominated models for the gamma-ray emission from blazars are producing significantly different signatures in the X-ray variability, in particular in the soft X-ray light curves and the spectral hysteresis at soft X-ray energies, which can be used as a powerful diagnostic to unveil the nature of the high-energy emission from BL Lac objects.
The Myths of Psychoanalysis

The most persistent and baffling question raised by Freud's psy choanalytic work is, precisely, what was it that he gave us? Witt genstein's instructive answer is that he propounded a new myth. "The attractiveness", he says, "of the suggestion . . . that all anxiety is a repetition of the anxiety of the birth trauma, is just the attractive ness of a mythology".11 must say that I find this the most promising hint about Freud's sprawling work and should like to explore its usefulness in a general way. I shall be more interested here in what might be called the shape of Freud's conception than in a detailed analysis of the tenability of any of his particular theories: I take this to have been Wittgen stein's concern as well. Also, in the spirit of the effort, I thumbed through the short Collected Papers of Freud's work to find nearly random specimens of his characteristic remarks on a variety of topics. They fall together very suggestively. For instance, in a paper, "Anal Erotism and the Castration Complex", Freud confidently remarks:
The Future of Solar Physics

The future of solar physics is founded on the existing fundamental unsolved problems in stellar physics. Thus, for instance, the physics of stellar interiors has been called into serious question by the very low-measured neutrino flux. The 71Ga neutrino detection experiment is the next step in unravelling this mystery. If that experiment should find the expected neutrino flux from the basic p-p reaction in the Sun, then astrophysics is in a difficult situation, because the most likely explanation for the low neutrino flux found in the 37C1 experiment would be an error in our calculation of the opacity or an error in our understanding of the elemental abundances in stellar interiors, with serious implications for present ideas on stellar structure and the age of the galaxy.
Pre‐service teachers tutoring 3rd, 4th, and 5th graders one‐on‐one within the school setting

Abstract This article describes the results of a study that used pre‐service teachers as tutors to provide one‐on‐one instruction to 3rd, 4th, and 5th graders throughout one school year. The university tutors worked with at least two children each week on reading and writing skills using a balanced, yet flexible literacy framework. The tutors provided two separate 40–45 minute sessions for each child. Many children had two tutors that totaled four sessions each week. The results of one year of tutoring revealed that measurable progress occurred in reading. The mean gain in reading grade levels for each of the three grades was greater than one year's growth.
Male breast cancer outcomes: validation and modification of a guideline.

CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2008 Abstracts Abstract #4131 Purpose : Previously, we have proposed that male patients be staged, treated, and evaluated for outcomes similar to women with breast cancer. This study examines the outcomes of our recommended guideline. Methods and Materials : 262 patients were registered at our institution between 1944 and 2008 and were reviewed per an IRB approved protocol. Patients having metastatic, recurrent, bilateral, and inflammatory disease were excluded. Radiology and pathology were reviewed. Surgical techniques, systemic therapy utilization, and XRT use were analyzed. Descriptive, Kaplan-Meier, and log-rank statistics were generated. Results : 233 patients were evaluable. Median age was 60 years. Mean follow-up was 95 months. Laterality was equally distributed. 60% had a positive family history. 45% were T1. 52% were clinically node negative. Only 29% underwent any staging-related imaging. Over 80% of the patients whose hormonal status was known were ER +; fewer than 7% of the patients were margin positive. 90% of patients had mastectomy while 7% were managed by conservation. 90% of patients whose systemic therapy recommendation was known received tamoxifen. 65% received no chemotherapy while 23% received doxorubicin -based, 5% received taxanes, and 5% received novel systemic regimens. 39% received radiation therapy and the median dose was 55Gy. The 5 and 10 year OS, DMFS, and LRC for the entire cohort was 72%/47%, 68%/49%, and 87%/81%. OS was significantly improved by smaller tumor size, decreased number of positive nodes, and receipt of adjuvant hormonal therapy ( all p 0.15). Interestingly, there was no significant OS benefit with the utilization of chemotherapy (p=.60) although patients receiving novel regimens or regimens with doxorubicin and taxanes had better OS (10% of all patients and NSS). Decreased OS was noted in patients treated with conservation approach as compared to mastectomy (p 0.15)); and decreased with use of conservation (p=0.04). DMFS : improved with smaller tumor size, less LN+, and adjuvant hormonal therapy (all p 0.2). Conclusions : Our study confirms our recommended guidelines for MBC;however, the presence of skin and nipple involvement does not appear to predict outcome. Conservation should be utilized in selected patients and XRT emphasized. Chemotherapy was utilized in worse prognosis patients yet OS, and DMFS was equivalent to favorable groups. Modifications should be made to update guidelines for future studies. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(2 Suppl):Abstract nr 4131.
Numerical Simulation of Spark Plasma Sintering

A macro-scale model of spark plasma sintering (SPS) that couples electrical, thermal, stress-strain and densification components is presented. The continuum theory of sintering is incorporated enabling the evolution of the densification based on local conditions, thus a true spatial density distribution could be obtained. Specimen behavior is described through a non-linear viscous constitutive relation. The simulation is based on an FEM computer code. Several examples are shown and results are compared with experimental data available.
Cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum isolation from slaughterhouse beef heart.

Abstract A method by which slaughterhouse beef heart may be used to obtain a cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum with high sarcoplasmic reticulum activities and low non-sarcoplasmic reticulum contamination is described. Moreover conditions which influence the yield and activity of this preparation are extensively explored. The characteristics of this sarcoplasmic reticulum preparation are compared with the preparations obtained by the other available methods.
The crystal structure and properties of the group VB to VIIB elements and of compounds formed between them

Abstract The crystal structures of the Group VB to VIIB elements and of compounds formed between them are discussed on the basis of the valence-bond theory. A consistent bond scheme is proposed and applied to derive qualitative band structures for these materials. The band structures, which in many cases deviate from the usual semiconductor band model, afford a satisfactory interpretation of the anomalous electrical and optical properties observed in some of the substances under consideration. Thus, for instance, they provide an explanation of the anomalous sign reversals of the Hall coefficients observed in both tellurium and Bi 2 Te 3 . Semiconducting properties are predicted for a series of ternary compounds.