cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Castration and Androgen Treatment on Sex‐Linked Reactivity of Rat Aorta to a Thromboxane‐Mimic

In order to examine the possible role of androgens in the isotonic response of the isolated rat aorta, a highly active mimic of thromboxane was employed. The maximum response to this TXA2-mimic U46619 was greater by 24 ± 3% (P <0.01) in the male, as compared with the female, In addition, the sensitivity of the male vessel was 35 ± 4% greater than that of the female vessel (P < 0.01). Orchiectomy decreased the maximum contractile response to the TXA2-mimic; however, ovariectomy increased both the maximum response and sensitivity. Testosterone pretreatment (1 mg/kg intramuscularly, biweekly for two weeks) restored the response of the castrated male but did not further increase the response of the ovariectomized female. The maximum response and sensitivity of the aorta of the intact female pretreated with testosterone was increased (P <0.01). These results suggest that the response of rat aorta to a TXA2-mimic may be regulated not only by androgens, but also by ovarian hormones.
Customised 3D Printing: An Innovative Training Tool for the Next Generation of Orbital Surgeons

Additive manufacturing or 3D printing is the process by which three dimensional data fields are translated into real-life physical representations. 3D printers create physical printouts using heated plastics in a layered fashion resulting in a three-dimensional object. We present a technique for creating customised, inexpensive 3D orbit models for use in orbital surgical training using 3D printing technology. These models allow trainee surgeons to perform 'wet-lab' orbital decompressions and simulate upcoming surgeries on orbital models that replicate a patient's bony anatomy. We believe this represents an innovative training tool for the next generation of orbital surgeons.
Particle processing and gut kinematics of planktotrophic bivalve larvae

Although the clearance rates of planktotrophic bivalve larvae have been widely reported, post-oral particle processing is less well understood. Using a series of exposures to differently colored fluorescent polystyrene microbeads, we quantify several post-oral process in the larval gut, including gut fullness, gut passage time, and degree of mixing by modeling larval guts as a continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR), plug flow reactor (PFR) or combinations of the two in series. We also varied several experimental conditions to understand how these affected estimates of gut kinematic parameters. We found the larval guts of M. galloprovincialis aged 2 and 7 days post-fertilization, had gut exchange time >1 h and were best described either as a CSTR or CSTR in series with a PFR. Mixing stomach contents likely aids post-oral particle selection, physical breakdown of ingested material, and accelerates the diffusion of digestive enzymes in the gut volume. Reactor models also provided estimates of ingestion rates, which were compared to those obtained by other authors who measured rates of bead accumulation. In accordance with reactor theory, ingestion rates were negatively and nonlinearly correlated with gut passage times and positively related to maximal gut fullness. Collectively, these studies provide new insight on the digestive strategy of planktotrophic bivalve larvae.
Entrainment of cell division in phytoplankton with dynamic energy budgets

We explore the entrainment behavior of cell division in phytoplankton in the context of Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB) theory. In particular, we explore the range of DEB and environmental parameter values within which a cell divides at regular intervals in a periodic light environment with abundant nutrients and investigate the impact of parameter values on the phase of cell division. We consider three types of cells that differ in the evolution of surface area to volume ratio during the cell cycle: cells with a constant shape (isomorphs), cells with a constant surface area (V0-morphs) and cells with a constant surface area to volume ratio (V1-morphs), the latter being the default choice in studies on the population dynamics of unicellular organisms because of its desirable mathematical implications. Only in isomorphs and V0-morphs, however, cell division can be entrained to a periodic light. Regular cell division in V1 is purely coincidental, as it depends on exact choices for parameter values. We attribute this to the fact that V1-morphs lack the negative feedback of size on the dynamics of reserves in V0-morphs and isomorphs. Because entrained isomorphs and V0-morphs divide during the dark hours in our simulations, these two shapes can represent the division behavior of phytoplankton species that complete the cell cycle during the night, such as dinoflagellates and coccolithophores. A description of the division behavior of species completing the cell cycle during the day, such as silicon dependent diatoms and cyanobacteria, requires a more complex model than used in this paper. Furthermore, we explore the robustness of our findings by randomizing model parameters and introducing unevenness in biomass separation between daughter cells during cell division. We conclude that especially the entrainment in V0-morphs is relatively insensitive to perturbations.
Propranolol can inhibit the development of hypertension in SHR.

The ability of propranolol, a β-adrenergic blocking agent, to decrease blood pressure and inhibit the development of hypertension was assessed in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Oral propranolol was administered via drinking water to SHR and age matched normotensive control (WKY) groups beginning at conception, birth, three, six, or nine weeks of age. Controls for all groups were given tap water. Propranolol treatment was withdrawn from all groups at twelve weeks of age. A comparison of developmental parameters such as water consumption, weight gain and survival showed no differences between SHR and WKY or between SHR with propranolol vs WKY with propranolol. Systolic blood pressures and heart rates were monitored non-invasively from seven to sixteen weeks of age. There was a variable reduction in SHR blood pressures during propranolol treatments starting at 6 weeks of age or earlier, but when propranolol treatment was withdrawn, SHR blood pressures increased as did SHR without propranolol treatmen...
The Impact of Technology on Relationships within Organizations

While much research has been undertaken to examine how technology impacts individuals and groups in organizations, as well as how it impacts organizations in their entirety, attention has not been directed at how technology impacts the relationships between these different levels in an organization--individual, group, and organization-wide. This paper seeks to address this void. Specifically, a grounded theory approach is used to begin development of a theory for how technology impacts these relationships. Based on a semi-structured survey, the resultant model is presented. Eight technology variables are identified in the model as responsible for impacting the relationships between the different levels of an organization. As a first foray into this area, the findings in this paper can serve as the foundation for further theory development and empirical testing.
Ease of Reuse: An Empirical Comparison of Components and Objects

The paper presents an empirical study that compares IT professionals' perceptions about the ease of reuse in modeling business systems from component versus object libraries. Results indicate that they perceive components to be much easier to reuse than objects.
A NbO-type metal–organic framework derived from a polyyne-coupled di-isophthalate linker formed in situ

A NbO-type metal–organic framework, PCN-46, was constructed based on a polyyne-coupled di-isophthalate linker formed in situ. Its lasting porosity was confirmed by N2 adsorption isotherm, and its H2, CH4 and CO2 adsorption capacity was examined at 77 K and 298 K over a wide pressure range (0–110 bar).
988 AMPICILLIN (A)/NAFCILLIN (N) SYNERGY AGAINST AMPICILLIN-RESISTANT HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE TYPE B (Hib R )

Three infants with HibR bacteremic infections had good clinical responses to A and N therapy. This observation prompted in vitro evaluation of this combination against HibR clinical isolates. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) in μg/ml of A and N alone and in combination were determined by a microdilution method for 5 HibR isolates; A: 8-32, N: 8-16, A/N: 0.5-1/1-2 at a 104 colony forming unit/ml inoculum. Results indicate synergy since the MIC of each drug alone is at least 4 times greater than the MIC of the drug in combination. The proposed mechanism of A/N synergy is N inhibition of β-lactamase which protects A from hydrolysis allowing it to exert its antibacterial effect. A spectrophotometric assay of β-lactamase activity was used to study this proposal. The supernatant of sonified HibR cell preparations was the β-lactamase source; A served as substrate; and N, methicillin(M) and oxacillin(O) were studied as potential inhibitors. The hydrolysis of A in the absence and presence of the inhibitors obeyed Michaelis-Menten kinetics. N, M, and 0 acted as purely competitive inhibitors of A hydrolysis with N being the most effective and 0 the least as evidenced by KI values of 7.10 × 10−2, 3.16 × 10−1, and 3.35 μM respectively. These findings provide an explanation for the observed in vitro A/N synergy which in vivo may have been responsible for favorable outcomes in 3 infants with HibR bacteremic infections treated with A and N.
Early B-cell Factor-1 (EBF1) Is a Key Regulator of Metabolic and Inflammatory Signaling Pathways in Mature Adipocytes

EBF1 plays a crucial role in early adipogenesis; however, despite high expression in mature adipocytes, its function in these cells is currently unknown. To identify direct and indirect EBF1 targets in fat, we undertook a combination of transcriptional profiling of EBF1-deficient adipocytes and genome-wide EBF1 location analysis. Our results indicate that many components of metabolic and inflammatory pathways are positively and directly regulated by EBF1, including PI3K/AKT, MAPK, and STAT1 signaling. Accordingly, we observed significant reduction of multiple signaling events in EBF1 knockdown cells as well as a reduction in insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and lipogenesis. Inflammatory signaling, gene expression, and secretion of inflammatory cytokines were also significantly affected by loss of EBF1 in adipocytes, although ChIP-sequencing results suggest that these actions are indirect. We also found that EBF1 occupies some 35,000 sites in adipocytes, most of which occur in enhancers. Significantly, comparison with three other published EBF1 ChIP-sequencing data sets in B-cells reveals both gene- and cell type-specific patterns of EBF1 binding. These results advance our understanding of the transcriptional mechanisms regulating signaling pathways in mature fat cells and indicate that EBF1 functions as a key integrator of signal transduction, inflammation, and metabolism.
Trichoptera (Caddisflies) Collected on and Near Plummers Island, Maryland in 2004 and 2005

ABSTRACT During 2004 and 2005 insects were collected on or adjacent to Plummers Island, Montgomery County, Maryland using an ultraviolet light trap (2004 (2005) and two Malaise traps (2005). Forty-seven species of Trichoptera were identified from this material, representing 13 families and 25 genera. Most of the species are common and widely distributed over eastern North America, and none is considered of special concern or sensitive.
Role of receptor-mediated endocytosis in the formation of vaccinia virus extracellular enveloped particles

Infectious intracellular mature vaccinia virus particles are wrapped by cisternae, which may arise from trans-Golgi or early endosomal membranes, and are transported along microtubules to the plasma membrane where exocytosis occurs. We used EH21, a dominant-negative form of Eps15 that is an essential component of clathrin-coated pits, to investigate the extent and importance of endocytosis of viral envelope proteins from the cell surface. Several recombinant vaccinia viruses that inducibly or constitutively express an enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP)-EH21 fusion protein were constructed. Expression of GFP-EH21 blocked uptake of transferrin, a marker for clathrin-mediated endocytosis, as well as association of adaptor protein-2 with clathrin-coated pits. When GFP-EH21 was expressed, there were increased amounts of viral envelope proteins, including A33, A36, B5, and F13, in the plasma membrane, and their internalization was inhibited. Wrapping of virions appeared to be qualitatively unaffected as judged by electron microscopy, a finding consistent with a primary trans-Golgi origin of the cisternae. However, GFP-EH21 expression caused a 50% reduction in released enveloped virions, decreased formation of satellite plaques, and delayed virus spread, indicating an important role for receptor-mediated endocytosis. Due to dynamic interconnection between endocytic and exocytic pathways, viral proteins recovered from the plasma membrane could be used by trans-Golgi or endosomal cisternae to form new viral envelopes. Adherence of enveloped virions to unrecycled viral proteins on the cell surface may also contribute to decreased virus release in the presence of GFP-EH21. In addition to a salvage function, the retrieval of viral proteins from the cell surface may reduce immune recognition.
Littoral and shoreline wood in mid‐continent great rivers (USA)

Woody debris has several important roles in running water. Less is known about the ecology of wood in great rivers than in smaller rivers and streams. We used a probability survey to estimate the abundance of littoral and shoreline wood along the following mid-continent great rivers of the United States in summer 2004–2006: the Missouri River, Upper Mississippi River, and the Ohio River. We counted wood pieces >0.3 m in diameter from a zone between the bank full level out into the river 10 m. We categorized wood according to its origin and function as “beached” (transported from upriver but not providing aquatic habitat), “wet” (origin unknown and providing aquatic habitat; includes snags), or “anchored” (attached to the bank at its current location and providing aquatic habitat). We counted 5900 pieces of wood at 447 sites across rivers. Approximately 56 percent of pieces were beached, 30 percent were wet, and 14 percent were anchored. Overall, mean abundance of wood was 2.6 pieces of wood 100 m−1 of shoreline (approximately 3.0 m3 100 m−1). Abundance of wood (pieces per unit distance of river) was much lower than has been reported for many smaller streams and rivers. There was more wood along the Upper Mississippi River (3.3 pieces 100 m−1) than elsewhere (≤2.4 pieces 100 m−1). The mean abundance of wood on the Ohio River decreased significantly between the 2004 and 2005 survey periods due to high flows. Longitudinal patterns in wood abundance were weak. There was less anchored and wet wood along shorelines protected by revetment (e.g., rip rap). There was generally more wood along shorelines where the riparian land use was characterized as forest rather than agriculture or developed. Mean abundance of wood along forested, un-revetted shorelines was approximately four pieces 100 m−1 of shoreline (= 80 pieces km−1 of river). This estimate of mean wood abundance for what amounts to least disturbed riparian and shoreline conditions is relevant for great river bioassessment and management. Published in 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Se Non è Vero è Ben Trovato

The title of my essay is the phrase a senior colleague used more than a decade ago when telling me his thoughts on my first book. Should I have been happy? At the time, I could only find the words ...
Effects of Part-based Similarity on Visual Search: The Frankenbear Experiment

Abstract Do the target–distractor and distractor–distractor similarity relationships known to exist for simple stimuli extend to real-world objects, and are these effects expressed in search guidance or target verification? Parts of photorealistic distractors were replaced with target parts to create four levels of target–distractor similarity under heterogenous and homogenous conditions. We found that increasing target–distractor similarity and decreasing distractor–distractor similarity impaired search guidance and target verification, but that target–distractor similarity and heterogeneity/homogeneity interacted only in measures of guidance; distractor homogeneity lessens effects of target–distractor similarity by causing gaze to fixate the target sooner, not by speeding target detection following its fixation.
Empirical support for interrater reliability of Rorschach Comprehensive System coding.

Although a great deal of data has been published in the past 20 years supporting the interrater reliability of the Rorschach, recently commentators have raised anew concerns over the interrater reliability of this well-known and frequently used measure. An analysis of the literature reveals that these concerns are based on a selective review of the literature. The current study reports interrater reliability statistics for 70 interpretive Rorschach variables (n = 84), breaking down intraclass correlations statistics by base rate. Results confirm the strong empirical evidence of the interrater reliability of this measure when scored by a well-trained and diverse group of researchers and clinicians. Reliability is especially strong and consistent for the high base-rate variables from which clinicians often base their interpretations. These data further suggest that large samples are needed for stable reliability estimates of low base-rate variables and that estimates of the reliability of low base-rate variables are subject to error.
Release of prostaglandins from healthy and sensitized guinea-pig lung and trachea by histamine.

Abstract The effects of histamine and its antagonists on the release of prostaglandin E and F2α (PGE and PGF2α) and the 15-keto-13,14-dihydro PGF2α/E (metabolites) were examined in minced and whole perfused guinea pig lung. Lung fragments released considerable amounts of prostaglandins into the incubation media with time alone: parenchyma more PGF2α than PGE, trachea more PGE than PGF2α. The levels of PGF2α found in the filtrates of both tissues on per gram basis were about the same, whereas the concentrations of PGE were several fold higher in the media of incubated trachea. In contrast to lung, trachea released only trace amounts of metabolites. These differences in synthesis and turnover are probably of importance for maintenance of the adequate ventilation-perfusion ratios. The process of sensitization caused a significant increase in the outflows of PGF2α and metabolites from the lung fragments. The PGE to PGF2α ratio was decreased in both parenchymal and tracheal tissues. Increased spontaneous release of prostaglandins was also found in whole perfused sensitized lung. This was consistent with the hypothesis that sensitization with antigen alters the biochemical properties of the organism. Incubation of lung fragments with histamine had only a small additional effect on the liberation of prostaglandins, since the baseline release was high due to the trauma of mincing. However, histamine perfusion of whole lung caused severalfold increase in the outflows of prostaglandins. Pretreatment with pyrilamine (histamine receptor 1 antagonist) decreased the subsequent release of PGF2α by histamine. On the other hand, pretreatment with metiamide (histamine receptor 2 antagonist) diminished the subsequent release of PGE. It is suggested that stimulation of histamine receptor 1 is predominantly (but not solely) related to the synthesis of PGF2α, and stimulation of the receptor 2 is related to the synthesis of PGE.
Assessment Methodology for the Detail Control Room Review

Following the Three Mile Island Unit 2 (TMI-2) incident, the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission promulgated requirements for detailed control room design reviews (DCRDR) of all nuclear power plants. As a result, Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) planned a DCRDR for each of its nuclear power plants: Bellefonte, Browns Ferry, Sequoyah, and Watts Bar. A DCRDR seeks to identify and correct sources of manmachine error in nuclear power plant control rooms. There are five phases of a DCRDR: (1) preparation and planning, (2) survey (which includes operational experience review, checklist, and task analysis), (3) assessment, (4) implementation, and (5) reporting. This paper will focus on the assessment phase of TVA's Bellefonte Nuclear Power Plant DCRDR. The paper will first give the methodology and then the results obtained.
Democrats, Republicans, and the Politics of Women's Place

Democrats, Republicans, and the Politics of Women's Place. By Kira Sanbonmatsu. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2004. 328 pages. 22.95 paper.In her book, Kira Sanbonmatsu provides a compelling and evenhanded analysis of how political parties have come to embrace issues of gender. She provides a penetrating longitudinal and cross-sectional analysis of this response of political parties against a backdrop of the women's movement. With elections since 1992 focusing on women as voters and candidates, and with a growth of interest in parties due to their apparent polarization on issues and their newfound ways around campaign finances laws, her timely study contributes to a broader understanding of party realignment and adds to recent scholarship (e.g., see Keith T. Poole and Howard Rosenthal Congress: A Political-Economic History of Roll Call Voting, 1997).
Osmotic stress effects on the N2(C2H2) ASE activity of aquatic cynobacteria

Abstract Aqueous suspension cultures of Anabaena cylindrica Lemm. and A. variabilis Kutz. ex Born. et Flah. were used to study the effect of varying osmotic potentials on the N 2 (C 2 H 2 )-ase activity of aquatic Cyanobacteria Aqueous N-free Allens' medium was adjusted to various osmotic potentials ( ψ o ) by adding polyethylene glycol (PEG) 400. Cultures exposed to various osmotic potentials showed a lag period in their response to the osmotica. The length of the response lag appears to be affected by the strength of the osmotica, i.e. increased osmotic stress, which decreases the length of the response lag. After 72 h exposure to the stress, both Anabaena species showed a linear decline in N 2 (C 2 H 2 )ase activity ( r = 0.76) to ψ o = −4.4 atm, with a decrease in activity of approximately 25% atm −1 . Cessation of activity occured immediately at ψ o = −7.7 atm.
Vitreous amyloidosis in familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy. Report of a case with the Val30Met transthyretin mutation

We present a clinical pathological review of vitreous amyloidosis in a case of familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy, type I. Vitreous opacification was the first manifestation of disease in the proband, who was successfully treated with vitrectomy. The eyes were obtained at autopsy after the patient died from an unrelated cause, and the histopathology is presented here. Analysis of DNA from the pathology specimen revealed the most commonly reported transthyretin mutation, Val30Met. The classification of systemic and ocular amyloidosis as well as the genetics of familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy are briefly reviewed.
Rupture of the right hemidiaphragm due to blunt trauma

Five cases of right-sided rupture of the diaphragm are reviewed. Orthopedic injury, head injury, and shock were the most common associated findings. Apparent elevation of the right hemidiaphragm was seen initially in all cases, but two were misdiagnosed. An algorithm that includes modified peritoneal lavage, CT scan with contrast, and intraperitoneal Tc sulfur colloid is suggested for patients with suspected right diaphragmatic trauma.
Peer evaluation as a needed web 2.0 activity in project management for teaching practical software engineering

Effective communication and collaboration is important in any team project. There has been a trend to use Web 2.0 tools - such as Facebook and Google Docs - for effective communication and collaboration. For example, Facebook and other social networks can be used for general discussion and communication. Google Docs can be used to create live documents that can be modified by more than one person at a time.A number of Web 2.0 tools can be used together to promote team cohesion. These tools have been shown to be effective in software engineering capstone classes at Georgia Southern University. Through the course project, students were hired to complete software projects for clients outside the university. The instructor had to consider the following for effective project management: 1) Determining the Web 2.0 tools that would be applicable to the course and 2) Determining how to assess individuals and their teams throughout the semester, while striving to meet deadlines.Results show that peer evaluation coupled with a number of other collaboration and communication Web 2.0 software can offer a way for students to evaluate each other in a short time, while producing a product that is highly pleasing to the client.
OBJECT MANIPULATION, TOOL USE AND SENSORIMOTOR INTELLIGENCE AS FEEDING ADAPTATIONS IN CEBUS MONKEYS AND GREAT APES.

In this paper we propose a typology for classifying object manipulation and tool use. We then classify tool use as context specific or intelligent tool use on the basis of criteria drawn from Piaget's Sensorimotor Intelligence Series in human infants. In an extension of Hamilton's hypothesis we argue that intelligent tool use and tertiary sensorimotor intelligence in cebus monkeys and great apes is an adaptation for feeding on a variety of seasonally limited embedded food sources, while context specific tool use is an adaptation for feeding on one class of embedded food sources. We also argue that the evolution of specific object manipulation schemata must be considered separately from the evolution of intelligence.
Intracellular labeling of dentate granule cells in fixed tissue permits quantitative analysis of dendritic morphology

Abstract Although cortical neurons in fixed tissue can be labeled by intracellular dye injection, it is not yet known whether the dye diffuses to the most distal tips of the dendrites, or whether all dendritic branches of a neuron are labeled. In this study we addressed these questions by injecting granule neurons from the rat dentate gyrus in fixed, 400-μm-thick hippocampal slices with the fluorescent dye Lucifer yellow and comparing the resultant dendritic morphologies with those of neurons labeled in slices maintained in vitro . Results indicated that each dendritic branch was filled to its most distal tip and that the average number of branches per neuron in the fixed tissue was the same as that seen after in vitro labeling. Thus, intracellular labeling of neurons in fixed tissue permits quantitative studies of dendritic tree structure.
A suggested effect on levels of catecholamine in brain produced by small doses of reserpine.

IN a recent communication, Sheppard and Zimmerman1 criticized the results obtained by numerous other workers indicating that reserpine reduces the content of brain norepinephrine and serotonin. Their objections were based on the “toxicological doses” which had been used. However, they failed to mention that reserpine had also been reported to reduce levels of brain serotonin2 and norepinephrine3 in non-toxic doses as low as 0.1 mgm./kgm. and to deplete heart norepinephrine in doses as low as 5 µgm./kgm.4. Sheppard and Zimmerman's results showed that the administration of 0.1 mgm./kgm. of reserpine subcutaneously to female guinea pigs weighing 300 gm. elicited a rise of 74 per cent in brain norepinephrine in 20 min. and a rise in heart norepinephrine of 30 per cent in 20 min. and 45 per cent in 2 hr. No diminution in brain and heart norepinephrine was noted for 8 hr. In contrast, serotonin-levels in the brain fell by 50 per cent in 4 hr. They concluded that their results constituted the first demonstration of a rise in catecholamine content following the administration of reserpine.
An Approach to Robust Bayesian Analysis for Multidimensional Parameter Spaces

Abstract In some multiparameter Bayesian problems the prior is more naturally described as a joint density for all of the parameters and in others it is more naturally described as a product of marginal and conditional densities. Although ordinary quantile, e-contamination, and density-ratio classes of priors may be sensible choices for robust Bayesian analyses in the former case, they may be less satisfactory in the latter. This article shows how to construct product classes of priors for use in the second case, using one class of priors for the marginal and another for each conditional. Then the article introduces density-bounded classes as an alternative to the more familiar classes for representing uncertainty about the prior. It is often of interest to find tight bounds on posterior expectations as the prior ranges over the class of priors—an apparently difficult nonlinear optimization problem regardless of which class of priors is used. This article describes a technique for turning the problem into...
Phonological Recoding Ability in Young Children with Reading Disabilities

Abstract Hurford and Sanders (1990) previously found that second- and fourth-grade children with reading disabilities who were given an auditory phonological intervention significantly improved their processing abilities. In the present study, 10 second-grade children with reading disabilities (RD) were presented with the visual analog of the earlier phonological training procedure. The post-training performance of these children was then compared to that of the children from the earlier study. The results indicated that the children who received the visual intervention also significantly improved their phonological processing abilities. Although second-grade children with RD may be deficient in more complex phonological processing skills, they are capable of recoding short graphemic elements into their phonologic analogs, even when those elements are very briefly presented.
Probing Structure and Conformational Changes in the Extracellular Loops of CFTR

CFTR is a member of the ABC transporter family, and as such bears closer homology to transporters than to other channels. However, it is unknown whether, like transporters, the transmembrane domains of CFTR undergo an inward-to-outward facing transition upon NBD dimerization. To test this, we made cysteine substitutions in the extracellular loops (ECL) 1 and 4, which appose each other in inward-facing but not outward-facing structures of ABC transporters. We found that the macroscopic current of D110C/K892C-CFTR channels (but not corresponding single mutants) was increased in the presence of DTT. Multichannel patch recordings revealed that DTT increased NPO of double cysteine mutant channels, indicating that they were locked into a closed state by a spontaneous disulfide bond prior to DTT. To further understand the kinetics of the interaction, we applied Cd2+ trapping and found that D110C alone is transiently bound by Cd2+, causing a rapidly reversible 33 +/- 4.6% inhibition of current. By contrast, Cd2+ inhibited D110C/K892C-CFTR irreversibly and to a greater extent (72.5 +/-6.8%) under identical cumulative exposure. Results were consistent in 2 mM, 20 uM and 200 nM Cd2+. K892C was reversibly modified to a small extent (1.5 +/- 0.9%) and E115C (near the end of ECL1) was not functionally modified by Cd2+, but was labeled by MTS-TAMRA, indicating accessibility. The data suggest: 1) ECL1 and ECL4 come into close proximity in a closed state of CFTR; 2) K892 is located away from the conductance pathway of open CFTR; and 3) ECL1 is oriented such that D110 is closer to the pore than E115. Experiments are currently investigating the single channel effect of Cd2+ on ECL mutants and state-dependent kinetics of Cd2+ coordination by D110C/K892C and other ECL pairs. (NIH R01-DK 056481).
EXPOSURE TO HEAT RESTORES SLEEP IN CATS WITH PREOPTIC/ANTERIOR HYPOTHALAMIC CELL LOSS

Evidence suggests that thermosensitive neurons of the preoptic/anterior hypothalamus (POAH) influence sleep- and arousal-regulating mechanisms. We examined the effeccts of POAH cell loss, produced by microinjection of neurotoxin (N-methyl-dl-aspartic acid), on sleep and thermoregulation in cats. Cats with bilateral POAH cell loss did not defend their body temperatures in the heat as effectively as normals, and did not initiate panting until brain temperatures rose to abnormally high levels. During 14 h polygraphic recordings of sleep-waking state conducted at an ambient temperature (Ta) of 23°C, POAH-damaged cats exhibited reduced sleep. Amounts of deep slow-wave sleep (SWS2) were significantly less than prelesion values through 7 weeks postlesion; significant REM sleep deficits persisted for 5 weeks. However, these sleep disturbances were dramatically attenuated when cats were exposed to highTaS. During 6 h recordings atTaS of 13, 23, or 33 °C, total sleep time was greatest at 33 °C at both 2 and 4 weeks postlesion. At 4 weeks, amounts of SWS2 at 33 °C were similar to maximal prelesion values. Increased sleep at 33 °C was associated with elevated brain temperatures. The finding that, after POAH damage, abnormally high brain temperatures were required to elicit both panting and normal amounts of SWS suggests that impaired hypothalamic sensitivity to heat was responsible for both deficits. These results support the hypothesis that thermosensitive neurons participate in the tonic regulation of sleep and arousal.
Enumeration of wurtzite derivatives and related dipolar tetrahedral structures

Abstract Polya's theorem and related results are used to count and classify by space group all possible wurtzite derivatives with small unit cells having composition ABX2, AB2X3, AB3X4, or ABC2X4. The same arguments are applied to the dipolar tetrahedral structures, which resemble wurtzite but have a different pattern of occupancy of the tetrahedral voids in the hcp anion framework. Covalent molecular orbital and electrostatic calculations are used to study the two real and eight hypothetical structures for Li3PO4. Both predict shared edges to be destabilizing, in keeping with Pauling's rules.
Soils Cool as Climate Warms in the Great Lakes Region: 1951–2000

Abstract We modeled soil temperatures at 50-cm depth, using 1951–2000 air temperature and precipitation data from 194 National Weather Service stations in Wisconsin and Michigan. The accuracy and bias of the physical model used in this study were validated by comparing its output data to 22,401 actual soil temperature readings taken from sandy soils at thirty-nine forested sites throughout northern Michigan; the model was shown to have almost no temperature bias. Although mean annual air temperatures across the region show no strong spatial or temporal trends over the fifty-year period, at many sites, especially in Wisconsin, wintertime air temperatures have been increasing slightly in recent years. Conversely, mean annual soil temperatures have been decreasing at most sites in the region, some by more than 0.5°C. Likewise, wintertime soil temperatures are also decreasing, especially at sites downwind from the Great Lakes—many of which are in snowbelt locations. Increasing wintertime air temperatures over...
Abstract 737: Modeling of σ2 selective agonists for the development of new anticancer agents that utilize the celecoxib scaffold

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Celecoxib has proved to be an enigma as a potential anticancer agent. COX-2 inhibition is not necessarily involved in its mechanism of cytotoxicity, and it induces a non-classical apoptotic pathway leading to cell death in some cell culture models. Because the classical pathways are not always induced by celecoxib, we hypothesized that celecoxib might be working as a σ2 receptor agonist as part of its cytotoxicity. In addition, published research has supported the therapeutic potential of σ2 receptor agonists in cancer chemotherapy. We have determined that celecoxib will inhibit the CRL-1620 cell line with an IC50 of 32 μM, and the 9L rat glioma model with an IC50 of 60 μM. Using a group of 41 high affinity σ2 receptor selective agonists and following a ligand-based drug design approach, we have developed a four-site pharmacophore model for σ2 receptor agonists. Upon aligning celecoxib to this model, it matched three of the four sites, further supporting our hypothesis that celecoxib might be working as a σ2 receptor agonist as part of its cytotoxicity. Additional compounds have been developed utilizing the celecoxib scaffold as σ2 receptor agonist anticancer agents. From the pharmacophore model we also developed an in silico model for the σ2 receptor binding pocket as it has not been cloned nor has its three dimensional structure been determined. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 737.
Interfacial chemistry of poly(vinyl chloride) adhesive on cold-rolled and galvanized steels

—The interfacial chemistry of a model poly(vinyl chloride) adhesive formulation applied to cold-rolled and galvanized steels has been studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Chemical changes suggesting enhanced dehydrochlorination of poly(vinyl chloride) in the polymer/ metal interfacial region were observed on both substrates. An ionic chloride species (probably zinc chloride) and an increased level of hydrocarbon were observed at the adhesive/substrate interface on galvanized steel; the total amount of chlorine present near the interface was much less than in the bulk of the adhesive. On cold-rolled steel, the amount of chloride was only slightly lower near the metal surface, and no ionic chloride was observed. Polymer degradation is suggested by an increase in hydrocarbon observed at the interface. Changes in the oxidation state of the iron surface oxide were also observed.
Two-dimensional echocardiographic findings in double orifice mitral valve

Between December 1981 and April 1984, five children ranging in age from 1 month to 5½ years examined by two-dimensional echocardiography appeared to have a double orifice mitral valve. The diagnosis was verified in one patient at surgery, one patient by angiography and one patient by necropsy. Associated malformations included mitral stenosis and regurgitation, coarctation of the aorta, ostium primum and secundum atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect and hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Three varieties of double orifice mitral valve were observed: an incomplete bridge type (one patient), in which a small strand of tissue connected the anterior and posterior leaflets at the leaflet edge level; a complete bridge type (three patients), in which a fibrous bridge divided the atrioventricular orifice completely into equal or unequal parts and a hole type (one patient), in which an additional orifice with subvalvular apparatus occurred in the posterior commissure of the mitral valve. These three types could be distinguished by sweeping the transducer in cross-sectional view from the apex toward the base of the heart. Both orifices could be seen throughout the scan in the complete bridge type while in the incomplete bridge type the two orifices could be seen only at the level of the papillary muscles. In the hole type, the second orifice was seen at about midleaflet level. In all three types, the chordae surrounding each orifice attached to only one papillary muscle. Congenital mitral stenosis or regurgitation was evident in three patients. The type of the double orifice mitral valve did not predict the presence or severity of symptoms.
Radiation therapy of Waldeyer's ring lymphoma

Forty-nine patients with biopsy-proven Waldeyer's ring lymphoma were treated with radiation therapy between 1968 and 1979; 45 to 50 Gy were given to Waldeyer's ring structures with a 5- to 10-Gy boost to the primary site. Uninvolved low cervical nodes received 40 to 50 Gy. Chemotherapy was reserved for treatment failures. Actuarial 5-year survival was 53%, disease-free survival was 48%, and local control was 98%. Patients with Stage I disease fared better than patients with Stage II disease, and unilateral adenopathy conferred a better prognosis than bilateral adenopathy. When classified by the Rappaport system, nodular lymphomas had a better prognosis than diffuse lymphomas, and of the diffuse lymphomas, histiocytic lymphoma was a more lethal disease than lymphocytic lymphoma. Patients with diffuse undifferentiated lymphomas in the Rappaport system, or high-grade lymphomas in the Working Formulation, fared poorly. Most relapses were systemic, and actuarial 5-year survival after salvage was only 20%. A logical approach to the treatment of this disease can be based on these prognostic features.
Agglutination of avirulent strains of Pseudomonas sofanacearum by potato lectin

Fifty-five virulent isolates and 34 avirulent variants of Pseudomonas solanacearum from different geographic regions and representing all major races and biotypes were tested for their ability to bind to potato lectin. The lectin was extracted from “Katahdin” potato tubers and purified to homogeneity. All avirulent isolates agglutinated strongly with the lectin, whereas virulent isolates either failed to agglutinate or agglutinated only weakly and at much higher lectin concentrations. Failure of the virulent cells to bind to the lectin was correlated with the presence of extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) which is formed by virulent, but not avirulent, cells. Virulent cells were agglutinated strongly by potato lectin after most of the EPS was removed by repeated washing and centrifugation. Agglutination of avirulent cells or washed virulent cells could be totally prevented by the addition of EPS to the cells prior to addition of lectin. The weak agglutination exhibited by some unwashed virulent cells in suspension could also be prevented by addition of EPS. This indicates that the amount of EPS formed in culture and released in water suspensions determines the degree of agglutination obtained when lectin is added. Potato lectin, conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate, bound to rabbit erythrocytes and to avirulent, but not to virulent, cells of P. solanacearum . Moreover, binding of lectin to avirulent cells was hapten-specific and could be inhibited by chitin oligomers. Purified lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from P. solanacearum K60-B1 cells precipitated when mixed with purified potato lectin. Initial evidence indicates that binding sites for the lectin are present in the lipid A portion of the LPS.
Shadowing in inclusive reactions on composite systems and large-p ⊥ inclusive reactions in nuclei

We show that there are no shadowing corrections to certain types of inclusive reactions in nuclei, in the sense that the results one finds when shadowing corrections are applied are the same as if no corrections are applied. Among these processes is production of particles at fixed angle. We suggest that this process should have a linear $A$ dependence at large transverse momentum, in contradiction with experimental data. We discuss possible resolutions of this difference, and find we cannot explain it in a natural way, suggesting this process may harbor even more interesting new physics than it has already revealed. We also mention a possible linear $A$ dependence for the production of high-mass dileptons on nuclei.
Crusoe’s Foe, Foe’s Cruso, and the Origins and Future of the Novel

Abstract The following paper explores how J. M. Coetzee’s 1986 Foe provides a postcolonialist critique of Daniel Defoe’s 1719 Robinson Crusoe through revising its temporal structure and reconceptualizing its treatment of time. I begin with Foe, explaining its function as a fictional urtext to Robinson Crusoe, an urtext whose characters listlessly while away their time and whose narrative lacks plot potential. Turning next to Robinson Crusoe, I discuss how its linear time-scheme reinforces the key colonialist assumptions about progress. I then return to Foe, explaining its reshaping of the past in service of a hoped-for future.
Experimental test of the Preisach–Arrhenius model with temperature

Abstract The magnetic aftereffect was measured for a magnetic particle tape over a temperature range of 10–380 K. Data were obtained for the saturation magnetization, the coercive field, and the remanent coercive field as a function of temperature. Switching field distributions and other Preisach parameters were also determined as a function of temperature. Based on these data, the Preisach–Arrhenius (PA) model predicts that the decay rate, S, should decrease monotonically as the temperature is reduced. It was found that, for the material studied, S is nearly proportional to temperature, T, for T between about 150 and 380 K, in good agreement with the PA model, but that there is considerable deviation for T
Senescence, Aging, and Disease

All over the world people are surviving into their seventh and later decades of life more frequently today than ever before in human history. Some remain in good health, while others show chronic degenerative conditions (CDCs), frailty, and relatively rapid mortality. Thereafter, multiple factors promoting health and well-being become ever more complex as we age. After attainment of reproductive maturation, many physiological decrements occurring in concert with age reflect both senescent and disease processes, not simply the passage of time. Senescence is a process that begins with DNA, molecules and cells and ultimately terminates in cellular death, loss of organ function, and somatic frailty. These changes are different from benign changes with age that do not alter function. Both differ from the pathological processes represented by disease. Either disease or senescence may be age-related, but neither is age-determined. Disease results from pathological alterations and it affects all age groups. Diseases need not be related to senescence, which includes alterations due to inherent aspects of organismal biology. Distinctions among senescence, aging, and disease blur for the late-life CDCs because, in addition to disease processes, many CDCs are phenotypic manifestations of senescing DNA, organelles, cells, and organs. During earlier epochs of human evolution, greater environmental exposures and fewer cultural buffers likely lead to greater frailty and mortality before senescence progressed greatly, as they still do for most animals. In modern-day settings, culturally patterned behaviors have allowed human frailty to become disconnected somewhat from mortality, unlike non-human species.
Phonon spectra of crystalline iodine

Abstract First and second order Raman scattering is reported in thin film crystalline I. The first order spectra indicate previously unobserved weak intermolecular k = 0 Raman modes which are systematically lower than neutron scattering results. The second order high frequency spectra indicate a narrow overtone band that yields the form of the intramolecular phonon density of states. Lower frequency overtone and combination processes are compared to a theoretical model for the intermolecular phonon spectra.
Coordinating government funding of file system and I/O research through the high end computing university research activity

In 2003, the High End Computing Revitalization Task Force designated file systems and I/O as an area in need of national focus. The purpose of the High End Computing Interagency Working Group (HECIWG) is to coordinate government spending on File Systems and I/O (FSIO) R&D by all the government agencies that are involved in High End Computing. The HECIWG tasked a smaller advisory group to list, categorize, and prioritize HEC I/O and File Systems R&D needs. In 2005, leaders in FSIO from academia, industry and government agencies collaborated to list and prioritize areas of research in HEC FSIO. This led to a very successful High End Computing University Research Activity (HECURA) call from NSF in 2006 and has prompted a new HECURA call from NSF in 2009. This paper serves as both a review of the 2008 HEC FSIO identified research gaps as well as a preview of this forthcoming HECURA call.