cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Testing large scale streaming Internet applications over wireless LANs

The amount of real-time traffic over the Internet as well as most corporate, government and academic IP networks is growing. Streaming applications are moving from purely entertainment to being essential for daily business and strategic operations. Examples include instructional training, telemedicine, unmanned vehicles, and remote security monitoring with both fixed and mobile cameras. At the same time we are experiencing an enormous growth in wireless connectivity to satisfy pervasive computing and operations requirements. Software testing on the other hand is now seen as a discipline capable of saving millions of dollars in software developing and maintenance costs as well as lives and other costs related to the failure of specific applications. However, software testing, streaming applications, and wireless LANs have rarely been considered together. In this paper, we bring these three issues together developing a network emulation tool to enable validation and verification of the performance requirements for large-scale video-based Internet software applications over 802.11b wireless LANs. Network emulation will allow for a greater range of normal and exception conditions to be tested in a controlled fashion than does connection to the actual Internet.
Targeted mutagenesis in vitro: lac repressor mutations generated-using AMV reverse transcriptase and dBrUTP

Abstract We have cloned the gene for the lac operon repressor (lacI) of Escherichia coli into the M13 related phage f1. Mutagenesis of the lacI gene was performed in vitro by filling dsDNA molecules gapped over the lacI gene with Avian Myeloblastosis Virus (AMV) reverse transcriptase. LacI mutants are found at a frequency of 1 in 10(4) using a genetic screen in vivo. For two-thirds of the 60 mutants, lesions were identified within the first 400 bases of lacI, by dideoxy sequencing. An unexpectedly wide range of different lesions were observed, including transitions, transversions, and deletions (of which the most common were the removal of single base pairs). The replacement of dTTP by dBrUTP in the filling reaction resulted in a doubling of deletions in the sample population as well as the anticipated T to C and C to T transitions. Although the lacI gene has been extensively studied in vivo, the power of this technique for mutagenesis in vitro is demonstrated by the generation of three previously undescribed lacI mutations.
Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenocortical Regulation Following Lesions of the Central Nucleus of the Amygdala

Previous reports indicate that the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) stimulates adrenocorticotropin and corticosterone secretion, suggesting a role for this region in central hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) stress regulation. To evaluate this hypothesis, this study assessed the impact of CeA lesion on the response of hypophysiotrophic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) neurons to acute restraint and chronic unpredictable stress exposure. In contrast to previous reports, CeA lesions did not affect corticosterone or ACTH secretion induced by acute stress. Acute restraint increased PVN corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) mRNA expression, increased the number of parvocellular PVN neurons expressing the co-secretagogue arginine vasopressin (AVP), and induced cFOS mRNA expression in the parvocellular PVN. However, there was no additional effect of CeA lesion on any measure of PVN activation. Chronic unpredictable stress exposure induced long-term activation of the HPA axis, noted by thymic involution, adrenal hypertrophy and increased PVN CRH mRNA expression. Stress-induced changes in thymus and adrenal weights were not affected by CeA lesion. Further, CeA lesion rats did not differ from controls in post-stress CRH mRNA expression. However, basal CRH mRNA expression was increased in the PVN of CeA rats, suggesting that the CeA plays a role in long-term inhibition of the PVN. The results of these studies are not consistent with the hypothesis that the CeA is necessary for stress-induced pituitary-adrenocortical activation. Rather, this region may play a stressor-specific modulatory role in regulation of HPA function.
Effect of aural and visual presentation modes on Argentine and US musicians' evaluations of conducting and choral performance:

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of presentation modes on evaluations of conducting and choral ensemble performance. Participants (N = 36) were graduate music students with conducting and teaching experience studying in Argentina (n = 18) or the USA (n = 18). The participants viewed and evaluated a stimulus videotape that presented a director conducting two different choral performances in three different presentation modes (aural-only, visual-only, and aural—visual). The conductor alternated between good and bad conducting in each of the two performances. While the good conducting remained consistent, the bad conducting changed in style from performance 1 to performance 2. A four-way ANOVA with repeated measures indicated significant differences as a result of performer (director and choir) and excerpt (performance 1 and performance 2). No significant differences were indicated as a result of presentation mode or culture. Results indicated that experienced teachers may be more crit...
Enzymatic Synthesis and Structural Characterization of 13C, 15N-Poly(ADP-ribose)

Poly(ADP-ribose) is a significant nucleic acid polymer involved with diverse functions in eukaryotic cells, yet no structural information is available. A method for the synthesis of 13C, 15N-poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) has been developed to allow characterization of the polymer using multidimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Successful integration of pentose phosphate, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide biosynthesis, and cofactor recycling pathways with poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 permitted labeling of PAR from 13C-glucose and 13C, 15N-ATP in a single pot reaction. The scheme is efficient, yielding ∼400 nmoles of purified PAR from 5 μmoles ATP, and the behavior of the synthetic PAR is similar to data from PAR synthesized by cell extracts. The resonances for 13C, 15N-PAR were unambiguously assigned, but the polymer appears to be devoid of inherent regular structure. PAR may form an ordered macromolecular structure when interacting with proteins, and due to the extensive involvement of PAR...
Substantive Symbols: The Attitudinal Dimension of Black Political Incorporation in Local Government

Traditional studies of minority incorporation focus on the redistribution of public resources that purportedly follows black gains in representation. The present study departs from this approach by focusing on the attitudinal effects of black leadership. Two research questions guide this study: To what extent do blacks' assessments of neighborhood services and conditions stem from black representation in local executive and legislative offices? Are these attitudinal effects rooted in policy and service delivery outcomes? Employing survey data from 3,000 blacks embedded in 52 cities and 53 school districts, this study reveals that blacks report higher levels of satisfaction with their neighborhood conditions, police services, and public schools when represented by blacks in city hall and on school boards and that these evaluations are most positive when improvements in local services are conspicuous. Overall, these findings extend conventional conceptualizations of substantive benefits and challenge more pessimistic accounts regarding the effects of black representation in local politics.
Thyroid activity in mice with hypothalamic lesions induced by goldthioglucose.

A single injection of goldthioglucose (GTG) into CBA/Ki mice produced hypothalamic lesions and subsequent obesity in all animals. Thyroid activity in groups of GTG-injected mice was compared to that of similar groups of saline-injected control animals by determining thyroidal 131I uptakes, 131I release curves, thyroid / serum radioiodide concentration ratios, and 24-hr protein-bound 125I concentrations in the thyroid glands and plasma. Studies were begun 3 days prior to GTG injections and were continued throughout the time that the mice were losing weight after the injection, repeated during the time animals were gaining weight rapidly, and repeated again after 60 days, when body weights tended to plateau. Studies were done while mice were fed a diet relatively high in iodine (Purina lab chow) or a Remington iodine-deficient diet. Thyroidal uptake of radioiodine was lower in GTG-injected mice than in controls on the normal diet, but this difference was abolished when the dietary intake of iodide was reduc...
Nonlinear dynamics, complex systems, and occupational accidents

This article explains how some concepts of nonlinear dynamics—attractors, bifurcations, catastrophes, chaos, and self-organization—contribute to the explanation of deterministic processes in occupational accidents. Empirical results from factory, transportation, and health care settings are compared. The complex dynamics of chaos and self-organization have recently become more important as work systems themselves have become more complex. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Hum Factors Man 13: 293–304, 2003.
George Ralph Mines, Ventricular Fibrillation and the Discovery of the Vulnerable Period.

The discovery of the vulnerable period of the ventricle unmasked one of the major electrical properties of the heart. Since its description by George Ralph Mines in 1914, it has become a crucial concept in understanding the electrophysiologic basis for ventricular fibrillation. Mines also proposed the theoretical basis for the occurrence of reentrant arrhythmias. Although these concepts are widely known, Mines himself remains an obscure figure since his own sudden death at a young age. Mines was a talented researcher who had a short but prolific career in electrophysiology. The historical importance of his work lies in the influence he had on our understanding and treatment of cardiac arrhythmias as well as in the experimental methods he developed, which inspired a new era of quantitative thinking in electrophysiology.
Static and Dynamic Determinants of Left Ventricular Chamber Stiffness and Filling

Ventricular filling occurs as a consequence of a left atrial to left ventricular pressure gradient which has generally been though to be primarily due to passive mechanisms influencing both chambers. Left atral pressure is determined by the compliance of the left atrium and pulmonary venous system, the central blood volume, and to some extent by the contractile strength of the atrial myocardium. Left ventricular diastolic pressure is determined by all of the static and dynamic factors which influence chamber stiffness. In this article we will outline the factors which influence the diastolic properties of the left ventricular chamber[1–6]. The discussion will be divided into a review of static factors (i.e. chamber volume, wall mass, and stiffness of the wall) and dynamic factors (i.e. pericardial and right ventricular effects, a hydraulic effect of the coronary vasculature, and the process of myocardial relaxation). This distinction is based on the notion that change in the static factors evolve very slowly, while dynamic factors may change from moment to moment. It should be emphasized, however, that these factors are interdependent and the effect of any single mechanisms is difficult to isolate and evaluate.
The Progress of Democratic Policing in South Africa

Since the end of apartheid in South Africa the country has been forced to democratize. A major part of that democratization is the new police organization that was implemented post-apartheid. This article looks at the policy changes in the police department and the effects these policies have had on making the South African police a democratic police force. Using data from the Afrobarometer, the public’s opinion of the new police over a three year span is analyzed to see if the police have succeeded in their new role in South Africa. Major changes were required to assist the South African police in becoming a democratic organization. These changes can be made quickly by passing new legislation, but the assimilation of these policy changes are not as fast. The South African police have made important strides to achieving democratic policing and the South African people have acknowledged such progress through their acceptance of the new South African Police Service.
Effect of IL-1, IL-6, GM-CSF and Erythropoietin on the in vitro Toxicity Associated with AZT on Human Bone Marrow Haematopoietic Progenitor Stem Cells: CFU-GM and BFU-E:

The drug azidothymidine (AZT), a synthetic thymidine analogue, has been used in the treatment of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Clinical use of AZT has induced haematopoietic toxicity manifested by anaemia, neutropenia, and overall bone marrow suppression. Cytokines/growth factors, such as erythropoietin (EPO), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), are agents responsible for the growth and regulation of normal haematopoiesis by influencing various classes of haematopoietic progenitors. We report the results of studies designed to investigate the capacity of these factors to influence the toxicity of AZT. Low density, ≤ 1.077 g/cm3, adherent and/or T-cell depleted normal human marrow cells were co-cultured in the presence or absence of AZT and the appropriate growth factor, i.e. EPO for the early erythroid haematopoietic colony-forming progenitor stem cell (BFU-E) and GM-CSF for the granulocyte–macrophage haematopoietic colony-for...
Risk Management and Distributive Justice

This paper surveys the relationship between risk management, particularly financial risk management, and questions of distributive justice. Risk management proceeds by mitigation or transfer. When risk is transferred, questions of distributive justice are often relevant, but they are seldom addressed or even acknowledged by risk managers. Questions of distributive justice in risk management arise with varying intensity in different market settings. This paper argues that perfect financial markets provide a context in which questions of distributive justice are seldom salient. In such markets, all traders have access to the same information about the item being traded and traders are generally anonymous. For the most part, I argue, these conditions justify ignoring questions of distributive justice. In imperfect markets, managing risk becomes relevant to distributive justice. Differential information between trading parties can quickly lead to a situation in which one party exploits another, particularly when the advantageous information is gained by some privileged position or by some illegitimate means. As the degree of market imperfections increases, so does the importance of considerations of distributive justice. In non-financial markets generally, and in labor markets particularly, the firm’s efforts to manage risk often affect others in ways that may be unjust. Finally, the risk management activities of firms can create risks for parties far beyond those who actually manage the risk or participate in the risk management process. These affected parties can even include the public at large.
Optimization of The Motion of a Mobile Gateway to Improve Connectivity in a Network of Autonomous Underwater Vehicles

The concept of using a mobile gateway vehicle to improve the connectivity of a network of underwater vehicles is investigated. A communications architecture is used to develop a simulation of a fleet of autonomous underwater vehicles patrolling an area of interest. A mobile gateway surface vehicle is added to the configuration and is commanded to move in an optimal manner so its location improves the connectivity of the underwater vehicle network. The simulation framework is tested on various underwater vehicle configurations in order to show the difference in the connectivity of the network with and without the gateway surface vehicle. The results of this study show that including a mobile gateway significantly improves the connectivity of the underwater vehicle network.
Vocal Communication of Pan Troglogytes: “Triangulating” to the Origin of Spoken Language

This chapter develops an expanded adaptation of Hockett’s design features of language, to compare the purely-vocal communication of humans and free-ranging chimpanzees. The hypothesis is that a chimpanzee type of vocal communication system provides an important preadaptation that could have facilitated the origin of human language. This preadaptation consists of a complex and varied repertory of vocal communication signals, the product of a well-bonded territorial community that is subject to constant internal fission and fusion. Because individuals are contimually changing subgroups, this species appears to have a greater variety of reasons to communicate, when out of sight, than does any other nonhuman primate.
Scientific and Literary Progress

The epoch of translation (ca. 750–850), discussed in a previous chapter (XXIV), was followed by one of creative activity; for the Arabs not only assimilated the ancient lore of Persia and the classical heritage of Greece but adapted both to their own peculiar needs and ways of thinking. In medicine and philosophy their independent work was less conspicuous than in alchemy, astronomy, mathematics and geography. In law, theology, philology and linguistics as Arabs and Moslems they carried on original thinking and research. Their translations, transmuted in no small degree by the Arab mind during the course of several centuries, were transmitted, together with many new contributions, to Europe through Syria, Spain and Sicily and laid the basis of that canon of knowledge which dominated medieval European thought. And transmission, from the standpoint of the history of culture, is no less essential than origination, for had the researches of Aristotle, Galen and Ptolemy been lost to posterity the world would have been as poor as if they had never been produced.
Factors Influencing Survival and Development of Macaca nemestrina and Macaca fascicularis Infants in a Harem Breeding Situation

Several large breeding colonies are committed to harem or large group breeding situations, and the success of these programs clearly depends on the survival and development of the offspring. Most of the infants born at the Primate Field Station of the Regional Primate Research Center at the University of Washington are born into harem groups, but a few enter all-female or multi-male groups. Harem groups typically contain a single adult male, 8–13 adult females, and the unseparated offspring of females in the group. In many cases infants are not separated from their mothers at birth to be reared in nurseries, but are instead reared for some time in their natal or other groups. The time at which infants are separated from their mothers ranges from less than 3 months to a little more than 1 year of age, but most infants are removed from their natal groups at 5–7 months. This report focuses on survivorship of two macaque species, the pigtail macaque (Macaca nemestrina) and the crabeating macaque (M. fascicularis), under essentially identical circumstances in harem groups, and on some risk factors that operate contrary to survival in this situation.
A High-Throughput RNA Extraction for Sprouted Single-Seed Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Rich in Polysaccharides.

Germinated seed from cereal crops including barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is an important tissue to extract RNA and analyze expression levels of genes that control aspects of germination. These tissues are rich in polysaccharides and most methods for RNA extraction are not suitable to handle the excess polysaccharides. Here, we compare the current methods for RNA extraction applicable to germinated barley tissue. We found that although some of these standard methods produced high-quality RNA, the process of extraction was drastically slow, mostly because the frozen seed tissue powder from liquid N2 grinding became recalcitrant to buffer mixing. Our suggested modifications to the protocols removed the need for liquid N2 grinding and significantly increased the output efficiency of RNA extraction. Our modified protocol has applications in other cereal tissues rich in polysaccharides, including oat.
Does Pregnancy Increase Use and Awareness of Nutrition Information in Food Labels

Objectives This study aims to examine food label use, specific reading behaviors and the awareness of dietary recommendations among U.S. pregnant women in comparison to non-pregnant women. Methods A cross-sectional data analysis was conducted using a representative national sample of U.S. women aged 16 to 44 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005–2006 (n = 1875). Food label users were defined as woman who used the Nutrition Facts panel when making a food choice in the frequency of always, most of the time, or sometimes. Pregnancy status was assessed in relation to food label use, specific reading behaviors and the awareness of dietary recommendations by conducting hierarchical multivariable logistic regression models including covariates of SES and perceived health and weight variables. Results The prevalence of using food labels at purchase greatly differs by SES, perceived health and weight variables, and awareness of dietary recommendations but not by pregnancy: 68.6% of pregnant and 66.1% of non-pregnant women used food labels in the U.S. However, after controlling for SES and perceived health and weight status, pregnant women are more likely to read food labels than their counterparts (OR = 1.43, 95% CI = 1.07–1.89). Pregnant women were less likely to check cholesterol (OR = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.44–0.77) and calories from fat content (OR = 0.61, 95% CI = 0.42–0.89), after adjusting for SES variables. Pregnant women may not have a higher awareness of dietary recommendations compared to non-pregnant women in the U.S. Conclusions While pregnancy itself is a factor that appears to encourage the reading of food labels, pregnancy does not encourage positive reading behaviors. The findings suggest a great need for prenatal nutrition education programs in the U.S.
Quantitative assessment of lung stiffness in patients with interstitial lung disease using MR elastography

Purpose To investigate the use of magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) in the quantitative assessment of pulmonary fibrosis by comparing quantitative shear stiffness measurements of lung parenchyma in patients diagnosed with fibrotic interstitial lung disease (ILD) and healthy controls. Materials and Methods A 1.5T spin-echo, echo planar imaging MRE (SE-EPI MRE) pulse sequence was utilized to assess absolute lung shear stiffness in 15 patients with diagnosed ILD and in 11 healthy controls. Data were collected at residual volume (RV) and total lung capacity (TLC). Spirometry data were obtained immediately prior to scanning. To test for statistical significance between RV and TLC shear stiffness estimates a two-sample t-test was performed. To assess variability within individual subject shear stiffness estimates, the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Krippendorff's alpha were calculated. Results Patients with ILD exhibited an average (±1 standard deviation) shear stiffness of 2.74 (±0.896) kPa at TLC and 1.32 (±0.300) kPa at RV. The corresponding values for healthy individuals were 1.33 (±0.195) kPa and 0.849 (±0.250) kPa, respectively. The difference in shear stiffness between RV and TLC was statistically significant (P < 0.001). At TLC, the ICC and alpha values were 0.909 and 0.887, respectively. At RV, the ICC and alpha values were 0.852 and 0.862, respectively. Conclusion In subjects with known fibrotic interstitial lung disease, parenchymal shear stiffness is increased when compared to normal controls at both RV and TLC, with TLC demonstrating the most significant difference. MRE-derived parenchymal shear stiffness is a promising new noninvasive imaging-based biomarker of interstitial lung disease. Level of Evidence:1 J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2017;46:1–1
Finite element analysis of stress intensity factors for cracks at a bi-material interface

The stress singularity at the tip of a crack, either lying along or perpendicular to the interface of the two materials, is first investigated by the complex variable method. The order of the singularity is shown to be dependent on both the crack geometry and two parameters α, β which are related to the four elastic constants of the two materials. A hybrid crack element is constructed to properly account for the crack tip singularity. The stress intensity factors and energy release rate for cracks in different bi-material continua are then calculated using the finite element method. The results show that the present finite element analysis makes possible a highly accurate and efficient numerical solution of fracture mechanics problems.
Fuchs' Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy and RNA Foci in Patients With Myotonic Dystrophy.

Purpose The most common cause of Fuchs' endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD) is an intronic CTG repeat expansion in TCF4. Expanded CUG repeat RNA colocalize with splicing factor, muscleblind-like 1 (MBNL1), in nuclear foci in endothelium as a molecular hallmark. Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is a neuromuscular disorder caused by a CTG repeat expansion in the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of DMPK. In this study, we examine for RNA-MBNL1 foci in endothelial cells of FECD subjects with DM1, test the hypothesis that DM1 patients are at risk for FECD, and determine prevalence of TCF4 and DMPK expansions in a FECD cohort. Methods Using FISH, we examined for nuclear RNA-MBNL1 foci in endothelial cells from FECD subjects with DM1. We examined 13 consecutive unrelated DM1 patients for FECD using slit-lamp and specular microscopy. We genotyped TCF4 and DMPK repeat polymorphisms in a FECD cohort of 317 probands using short-tandem repeat and triplet repeat-primed PCR assays. Results We detected abundant nuclear RNA foci colocalizing with MBNL1 in endothelial cells of FECD subjects with DM1. Six of thirteen DM1 patients (46%) had slit-lamp and specular microscopic findings of FECD, compared to 4% disease prevalence (P = 5.5 × 10-6). As expected, 222 out of 317 (70%) FECD probands harbored TCF4 expansion, while one subject harbored DMPK expansion without prior diagnosis of DM1. Conclusions Our work suggests that DM1 patients are at risk for FECD. DMPK mutations contribute to the genetic burden of FECD but are uncommon. We establish a connection between two repeat expansion disorders converging upon RNA-MBNL1 foci and FECD.
Integration Hypothesis: A Parallel Model of Language Development in Evolution

There are generally two views of how language emerged in evolution: emergent and gradual. The emergent view holds that language appeared relatively rapidly within the last 100,000 years, possibly due to some minor mutation. The gradualist view postulates stages of “protolanguage” that began as a simple system that progressively developed into ever-complex systems until language as we know it emerged. The original protolanguage may have been singing, as Darwin conjectured, or lexical in nature as proposed by a number of linguists. Human language is enormously rich and complex, which makes it difficult to imagine that all the components of it emerged somehow out of the blue in recent evolutionary time, yet there is no evidence for such a system earlier in evolution. The Integration Hypothesis holds that language is an integration of two independently occurring systems in nature that underlie communication. One system, exemplified by the alarm calls of primates, is the lexical system, which is composed of isolated units of utterance that typically have a specific referent, such as “leopard,” “snake,” and “eagle,” we see in the calls of vervet monkeys. The expression system, associated with birdsong, creates patterns without the use of lexical items. Each system has developed over a long span of time, millions and possibly hundreds of millions of years. At some point in recent evolutionary time, the two systems, L and E, integrated uniquely in humans to give rise to language, which gives the appearance of rapid emergence. I will speculate on how the integration may have been triggered.
Self-Stigma of Mental Illness and Help Seeking Among School Counselors

The authors reported the findings from a correlational investigation examining the relationship between school counselors' (N = 333) self-stigma of mental illness, help-seeking behaviors, burnout, stress, and life satisfaction. The authors used a path analysis to test a hypothesized causal framework that self-stigma of mental illness contributed to help-seeking behaviors, which contributed to stress and burnout. The findings showed that the data fit the hypothesized model. The authors discuss the implications of the findings.
Best-Matched Internal Standard Normalization in Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Metabolomics Applied to Environmental Samples.

The goal of metabolomics is to measure the entire range of small organic molecules in biological samples. In liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry-based metabolomics, formidable analytical challenges remain in removing the nonbiological factors that affect chromatographic peak areas. These factors include sample matrix-induced ion suppression, chromatographic quality, and analytical drift. The combination of these factors is referred to as obscuring variation. Some metabolomics samples can exhibit intense obscuring variation due to matrix-induced ion suppression, rendering large amounts of data unreliable and difficult to interpret. Existing normalization techniques have limited applicability to these sample types. Here we present a data normalization method to minimize the effects of obscuring variation. We normalize peak areas using a batch-specific normalization process, which matches measured metabolites with isotope-labeled internal standards that behave similarly during the analysis. This method, ...
Government in Contemporary Brazil

The problems of present-day Brazil are the travail of a people in the midst of a three-dimensional renovation. Their economy, politics, and social structure are changing simultaneously, but at different speeds. Much the fastest transformation is the economic. Political alterations are slower. Social reconstruction is the slowest. The purpose of this paper is to analyse some of the contradictions that exist within the state when the economy propels it forward while the social order holds it back. What happens in politics when reform of government must be adjusted to a fast rate of economic change and a slow rate of social change? And can such reform be accomplished when foreign examples are invoked to displace ingrained traditions? The character of Brazilian government is curiously akin to that of the new buildings which abound in the Copacabana suburb of Rio and elsewhere. The architect, a master of the modern idiom, has designed an imposing elevation to the street and an entrance of striking beauty. But, as one enters, much will be found in the finish of the interior, and in the services and maintenance, that conflicts with the external view. For periods of varying length, water will cease to flow from the faucets; electricity will be cut off; street drains may be inadequate to carry off rain and sewage; and, sooner or later, the bichos will find their way in. A building may look a thing of beauty, but without the necessary utilities it will not be a joy forever to live in.
THE CHALLENGES NATIVE ADVERTISING POSES: EXPLORING POTENTIAL FTC RESPONSES AND IDENTIFYING RESEARCH NEEDS

Abstract Native advertising is a new form of online advertising that appears in many settings such as blogs, social media, and entertainment and news publishers. Native ads typically blend with their surrounding context, stem from sources or placements that don't signal advertising, lack overtly persuasive or sales-focused messaging, and have less clear material outcomes. Such characteristics raise ethical concerns since native ads are more difficult for consumers to identify, as well as challenge concepts that are central to current deceptive advertising policy. Native advertising is an FTC enforcement priority and the agency has developed guidelines for this new ad form. However, the unique characteristics of native advertising likely require novel approaches to protect consumers. In this paper we trace the evolution of regulation relevant to native advertising. We identify shortcomings and propose possible remedies the FTC or industry could adopt to both prevent consumer harm as well as detect and enfo...
Stumbo, N. (2002). Client Assessment in Therapeutic Recreation Services

(2004). Stumbo, N. (2002). Client Assessment in Therapeutic Recreation Services. SCHOLE: A Journal of Leisure Studies and Recreation Education: Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 167-168.
A New Method for Proving the Existence of Phase Transitions

In this paper we will describe a new method for proving the existence of phase transitions, developed in joint work with Maury Bramson, and apply it to four examples. The material here is related to Ted Harris’ work in at least four ways. First, all four examples are related to the contact process, a system he invented in 1974. Second, the method we are going to describe was used in his 1974 paper to show that the contact process has a phase transition. Third, all of our processes are constructed from Poisson processes using either the procedure he invented in 1972 for general finite range models or the graphical representations he invented for the contact process and related systems in 1978. Finally, branching processes play an important role in the proofs below.
Laws Affecting Genetic Services

In Austra lia there are eight state/territorial jurisdictions, in addition to a federal jurisdiction. Laws affecting genetic services are, in general, the province of state or territorial legislatures. As Australia is a common law jurisdiction, court rulings are an important part of the law. This is particularly important, as the legislatures are often unwilling to legislate on areas that are overtly controversial. For example, the provisions of the New South Wales Crimes Act relating to abortion (Sections 82–83) have remained unchanged since they were enacted in 1900; changes in the legal attitude toward abortion have come about through a series of court rulings.
Boundary layer methods for ordinary differential equations with small coefficients multiplying the highest derivatives

Many singular perturbation problems of applied mathematics involve differential equations with a small parameter multiplying the highest derivatives. Many of the asymptotic results obtained through the familiar boundary layer methods carry over to equations with small coefficients multiplying these derivatives. Moreover, these results can be readily obtained through numerical experimentation. Specific results are given for boundary value problems for certain higher order linear equations and for some second order quasilinear equations.
Die Erhöhung der epithelialen parazellulären Permeabilität durch Interferon gamma erfolgt Apoptose unabhängig durch Umverteilung von tight junction Proteinen in „Membrane Rafts“

Background Paracellular permeability across epithelial cells is regulated primarily by the apical most intercellular junction referred to as the tight junction (TJ). Proteins that constitute the TJ complex are transmembrane proteins such as occludin, claudin family members, and junction adhesion molecule (JAM) and a number of cytoplasmatic proteins such as zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1). We have previously shown that a major pool of TJ proteins resides in specialized membrane microdomains with properties of membrane rafts. Since IFNγ is elevated in the mucosa of patients with inflammatory bowel disease and contribute to the pro-inflammatory cascade, which includes barrier disruption, we analyzed the influence of IFNγ on TJs and the contribution of apoptosis to the decrease in epithelial barrier function.
Visualizing aviation impacts: Modeling current and future flight trajectories with publicly available flight data

Abstract As the demand for air travel continues to grow both nationally and internationally, airports seek airfield expansions and new infrastructure to accommodate new aircraft movements. However, airport expansion initiatives – runway extensions and/or new runway construction – directly impact terminal airspace operations. A change in flight paths near the airport affects the population living proximate to the airport, increasing noise levels and exposure to pollutants emitted by low-altitude departures and arrivals. While airspace procedures and their impacts are well-understood by aviation stakeholders, they are often convoluted and technical in nature. To this end, we propose a methodology to visualize terminal airspace trajectories leveraging publicly available data and commonly-used software. The trajectories are extracted via polynomial regression and hyperbolic tangent interpolation is applied to reflect accurate final approach maneuvers. Final visualizations are rendered in ArcGIS, a geographic information system used by many Metropolitan Planning Organizations. These trajectory visualization modules can also be combined with external models that provide noise contour projections and emission level estimations. We present a case study of Chicago O’Hare International Airport (ORD) due to the contentious O’Hare Modernization Program. The resultant interactive and dynamic three-dimensional trajectory airspace maps for ORD rendered via ArcGIS are easy to understand and customize, allowing MPOs to package them into downloadable online modules. MPOs armed with these modules will bridge the critical gap between the technical knowledge presented by authorities touting airport expansions and the residents who are impacted by the expansions.
Intravenous Drug Use-Related Complications of the Hand and Upper Extremity.

Background In the last decade, there has been an increase in intravenous drug use (IVDU) and associated medical problems. Users commonly inject into their upper extremities, which can result in infection and other sequelae in this area. The goal of this study was to compare demographics and treatment for upper extremity infections between intravenous drug users and non-intravenous drug users over the past 10 years at 1 level I emergency department (ED). Methods This was a retrospective case-control study. All patients presenting to the ED with an upper extremity infection in 2005, 2010, and 2015 were identified using the ninth revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems and Current Procedural Terminology codes. Patients with an IVDU-related infection were identified by manually reviewing the medical record and matched with patients with non-IVDU-related infection on demographics. Patient-related factors, infection specifics, and treatment parameters were compared in both groups. Results The number of IVDU-related upper extremity infection cases presenting to the ED increased 126% over the 10-year period (65 cases in 2005, 109 cases in 2010, and 147 cases in 2015). The location of infection in the IVDU group was more likely to be in a typical injection site (forearm, P < 0.001; wrist, P = 0.002), and IVDU patients had 33% more hospital admissions and stayed in the hospital longer (3 days versus 0.59; P < 0.001). These patients also were more likely to have a computed tomography scan (P < 0.001) and have Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) or Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) (P = 0.009). Conclusions Over a 10-year period, the number of IVDU-related upper extremity infections more than doubled, with more severe infections that underwent advanced imaging and intensive treatment.
Integrating Variance Reduction Techniques and Parallel Computing in Construction Simulation Optimization

AbstractEfficient planning of construction operations is deemed necessary to meet project objectives. Researchers have used simulation optimization to select the optimum amount of equipment and num...
Two dimension value simulation investigation of a fiber-optic Bragg grating flow sensor

A novel double fiber Bragg gratings(FBG) flow sensor was proposed, application of finite element software ANSYS to simulation of two-dimensional for model, have a good relationship between fluid flow and fiber Bragg grating center wavelength drift volume.Particularly, when the flow is greater than 0.01m3/s, the center wavelength drift of FBG2 and flow have a good linearity, reached 0.9920.Sensitivity reached 12.017nm/(m3/s).
Continuous Hydrogen Sulfide Gas Monitoring During Laparoscopic Surgery to Detect Bowel Injury

Study Objective To determine the feasibility of measuring hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas in the insufflated abdomen during laparoscopic surgery after transmural bowel injury as a marker of unrecognized bowel injuries. Design This is a feasibility study performed on swine models during a robotic training course. We aimed to determine baseline H2S levels and subsequent elevations in H2S levels after enterotomy of the large and small intestine. Setting University based robotic training lab. Patients or Participants N/A Interventions During initial insufflation of the swine abdominal cavity, baseline H2S levels were recorded over 15 second intervals for 10 minutes using the Analytical Technology, Inc. PortaSens II Portable Gas Leak Detector Model C16. The same values were recorded in separate studies after transmural transection of the small intestine and large intestines using laparoscopic shears with and without monopolar electrosurgery. Measurements and Main Results Baseline H2S level over the initial 10 minutes of insufflation were 0 ppm. H2S levels after small and large bowel enterotomy without monopolar electrosurgery failed to show any elevation in H2S levels. H2S levels after small and large bowel enterotomy with monopolar electrosurgery both showed increases to 4 ppm with a duration of elevation measuring 3:45 minutes and 4:15 minutes respectively. Conclusion Our study demonstrates that H2S cannot be utilized as a detection method for unrecognized bowel injury during laparoscopic surgery. While our study did show elevations in H2S after transection with monopolar electrosurgery, this was later determined to be the result of cross contamination with carbon monoxide which was an unexpected and confounding factor. Further testing of other gases produced by the gastrointestinal tract or use of alternative detection methods may provide more clinically relevant results.
Mother's emotion coaching and preschooler's emotionality: Moderation by maternal parenting stress

Abstract This paper examined the moderating role of maternal parenting stress on the reciprocal relations between maternal emotion coaching and child emotionality. Participants included 126 preschoolers and their mothers, assessed at two time points, when children were three (T1) and four (T2). Mothers' coaching of positive emotion, sadness, fear and anger was observationally assessed in a laboratory task at T1 and T2. Mothers reported child emotionality at T1 and T2, and their parenting stress at T1. Path analyses revealed that low levels of maternal coaching of sadness predicted more prospective child sad emotionality, only at moderate and high levels of maternal parenting stress. Child angry emotionality predicted less future maternal coaching of anger, only among highly stressed mothers. Additionally, child fearful emotionality predicted more subsequent maternal coaching of fear. Findings supported the importance of maternal emotion coaching in the context of stress and highlighted areas for intervention programs.
Rates of Fentanyl Positivity in Neonatal Urine Following Maternal Analgesia During Labor and Delivery.

BACKGROUND Fentanyl is commonly given as an analgesic during labor and delivery. The extent of transplacental drug transfer and fetal exposure is not well studied. We analyzed the relationship between neonatal urine fentanyl results and various peripartum factors. METHODS A total of 96 neonates with urine toxicology screening between January 2017 and September 2018 were included in the study. Medical record review was used to obtain maternal, neonatal, and anesthesia parameters. A subset of 9 specimens were further tested for levels of fentanyl and norfentanyl by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS In 29% (n = 24) of cases associated with fentanyl-containing labor analgesia, neonatal toxicology screens were positive for the presence of fentanyl. Positive test results strongly correlated with the cumulative dose and duration of labor analgesia (P < 0.001). The odds of positive neonatal fentanyl screen results increased 4-fold for every 5 hours of maternal exposure to labor analgesia. Importantly, however, neonatal outcomes for infants with positive and negative urine fentanyl screens were the same. CONCLUSIONS Our study establishes that maternal fentanyl analgesia is strongly associated with positive neonatal urine fentanyl screens and suggests that more judicious use of these laboratory tests may be warranted.
Measurement of neuronal Ca2+ transients using simultaneous microfluorimetry and electrophysiology.

Fluorescent indicator molecules, such as fura-2, are useful probes for studying the concentrations of ions in single cells. A key feature of these fluorescent dyes is the shift in their excitation spectra upon binding the ion, thus making alternate excitation from two wavelengths desirable. In this report we describe an inexpensive system for making simultancous electrophysiological and dual excitation fluorescence measurements using equipment much of which is available in a typical biophysical laboratory. In order to synchronize the fluorescence signal with the appropriate excitation wavelength we devised a simple computer program which uses the output of photodiodes placed in the excitation beam to determine which wavelength is illuminating the cell. We also describe the use of a liquid light guide to transmit excitation illumination from the light source to the epifluorescence port of the microscope in order to isolate a perfusion chamber from light, electrical noise and vibration. A sensitive light detection system was assembled using a photomultiplier tube and discriminator that took advantage of sampling single unit events obtained with photon counting rather than the analog of annode current. However, rather than employing a sophisticated and expensive photon counting system, a filter was used to integrate the signal so that an analog output could be presented to a multichannel analog to digital converter commonly used for electrophysiological recordings. This apparatus was sensitive enough to allow the determination of the intracellular free Ca2+ concentration, [Ca2+]i, using fura-2 in the following situations: (a) in single processes of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons grown in primary culture, (b) the release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores in single neurons, (c) the influx of Ca2+ through channels activated by excitatory amino acids and (d) it was also possible to measure [Ca2+]i transients while simultaneously recording Ca2+ currents at precisely controlled membrane potentials in DRG neurons. The instrumentation described here makes use of a number of innovations which investigators developing similar systems may find useful.