cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Investigation into Effective Pedagogies in a Flipped Classroom: A Case Study

The flipped classroom is being increasingly used in a wide range of instructional situations, yet little is known about how to facilitate it. The purpose of this study is to explore what types of learning activities in a flipped classroom are perceived to be the most effective in the achievement of desired course competencies. This case study specifically focused on the classroom lab sessions—the student-centered classroom—rather than online self-learning modules. Employing a case study using a mixed method approach, this research identifies effective pedagogy in facilitating a flipped classroom. Merrill’s (2002) first principles of instruction were used as a research framework. While results show that students engaged in learning activities of demonstration and application, they were barely exposed to higher-order learning activities. That leads to the conclusion that implementing problem-centered instructional activities, accompanied by desirable challenges, is highly advisable to foster deep engagement. Implications and future directions are discussed. Resume Une investigation sur des pedagogies efficaces dans une salle de classe inversee : Une etude de cas La classe inversee est de plus en plus utilisee dans un large eventail de situations pedagogiques, mais on en sait peu sur la facon de la faciliter. Le but de cette etude est d'explorer quels types d'activites dans une salle de classe inversee sont percus comme etant les plus efficaces dans la realisation des competences de cours visees. Cette etude de cas a ete specifiquement centree sur des sessions de laboratoire en classe – classe centree sur l'etudiant — plutot que des modules d'auto-apprentissage en ligne. En se servant d’une etude de cas tout en utilisant une approche de methodes mixtes, cette recherche propose une pedagogie efficace pour faciliter une salle de classe inversee. Les premiers principes d'instruction de Merrill (2002) ont ete utilises comme cadre de reference pour la recherche. Bien que les resultats montrent que les etudiants participaient a des activites d’apprentissage de demonstration et d'application, ils etaient a peine exposes a des activites d'apprentissage d'ordre superieur. Cela mene a la conclusion que la mise en œuvre d’activites pedagogiques centrees sur les problemes, accompagnees de defis souhaitables, est hautement recommandee pour favoriser l'engagement profond. Les implications et les orientations futures sont discutees.
Web-Based Temporal Typography for Musical Expression and Performance

This paper introduces programmable text rendering that enables temporal typography in web browsers. Typing is seen not only as a dynamic but interactive process facilitating both scripted and live musical expression in various contexts such as audio-visual performance using keyboards and live coding visualization. With the programmable text animation , we turn plain text into a highly audiovisual medium and a musical interface which is visually expressive. We describe a concrete technical realization of the concept using Web Audio API, WebGL and GLSL shaders. We further show a number of examples that illustrate instances of the concept in various scenarios ranging from simple textual visualization to live coding environments. Lastly, we present an audiovisual music piece that involves live writing augmented by the visualization technique.
Gender Differences in Consumer-Retailer Relationship Building via Retail Store Attributes

Although the importance of relationship marketing is well understood in marketing in general, research, to date, has been limited to: (1) developing conceptual studies proposing relationship marketing models across different service/retail contexts, (2) examining its outcomes such as satisfaction, commitment, trust, and attitudinal and behavioral loyalty, and (3) testing selected attributes driving customer-company relationship building. Less attention has been paid to consumer-company relationship building via a variety of retail attributes and its moderators. This study aims to enrich the current knowledge by exploring: (1) how a comprehensive set of retail attributes affects consumer-retailer relationship building and (2) if such relationship building process differs by gender.
Shear Induced Grain Refinement of a Continuously Cast Ingot

In previous investigation [1] has demonstrated the wide variation of grain size found through the cross-section of a Direct-Chill (DC) cast ingot due to the location-dependent solidification rate inherent to the process. Recently we have demonstrated [2] that the use of a turbulent jet as a metal entrance method has the potential to significantly reduce grain size and its variability upon location. We herein report a series of experiments investigating the influence of jet power on the grain size and distribution in Al4.5Cu DC cast ingots. Our findings indicate that significantly increasing the jet power does not appreciably decrease the grain size. Instead, a threshold jet power required for grain refinement is anticipated, beyond which only marginal improvements are anticipated.
Across the Conference Table: Private and Public Mothering of Children With Learning Disabilities:

In this article, a narrative inquiry approach is used to investigate how mothers report their experiences of parenting children with learning disability (LD) within the culture of American motherho...
Spreadsheet-Based Decision Support Systems

With the increasing use of information technology and availability of high-quality data, business organizations have a greater need for analyzing data and using this analysis to guide their decisions. An information system based on decision models is called a decision support system (DSS). A DSS uses the data residing in spreadsheets and/or databases, models it, processes or analyzes it using problem-specific methodologies, and assists the user in the decision-making process through a graphical user interface. In this chapter, we discuss the usefulness and capabilities of spreadsheet software for developing a DSS. Spreadsheets are a great option for developing many DSS applications since they are available with almost any operational system and have many features that are relatively easy to learn and can be implemented for a large variety of problems.
Laparoscopic splenopexy for wandering spleen, a video demonstration of technique by encircling the spleen with polyglactin 910 woven mesh.

Background Wandering spleen is a rare clinical entity caused by absence of the spleen's peritoneal attachments, allowing the spleen to move freely within the peritoneal cavity [1]. This disease is most commonly seen in children and young women [1, 2]. Affected individuals are predisposed to complications including splenic torsion, splenic infarction, and pancreatic necrosis [3, 4]. Patients may present with constipation, an abdominal mass, swelling, or acute abdominal pain if splenic torsion has occurred [4]. Wandering spleen is difficult to diagnose without imaging, as symptoms are non-specific or may be absent. Imaging studies to confirm the diagnosis may include computed tomography (CT) scan or duplex ultrasonography [5]. Definitive management of a wandering spleen is primarily surgical [2]. Splenectomy is the preferred treatment in patients who present with an acute splenic infarction [2, 6]. Splenopexy, however, is first line treatment for patients with a non-infarcted wandering spleen [2, 7, 8]. Case presentation In this video, we present a case of an 11 year old male with a symptomatic wandering spleen who was treated at our institution with laparoscopic splenopexy. The patient had a history of arthrogryposis multiplex congenita and presented with recurrent, episodic abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. The diagnosis was confirmed by CT scan which demonstrated the spleen in the right lower quadrant. We performed laparoscopic splenopexy by encircling the spleen with polyglactin 910 woven mesh and attaching the mesh to the left lateral abdominal wall with absorbable tacks. Discussion Our surgical technique for splenopexy was successful and the patient returned home on postoperative day four. No significant complications occurred. This video demonstrates this technique and highlights the key steps. Splenopexy by encircling the spleen with polyglactin 910 mesh is feasible, preserves splenic function, and can be performed with standard laparoscopic equipment. Tacks or transfascial sutures are a potential option for securing mesh.
Politica in Italia. I fatti dell’anno e le interpretazioni. Edizione 2017, edited by Alessandro Chiaramonte and Alex Wilson, Bologna, Il Mulino, 2017, 266 pp., € 24,00 (paperback), ISBN 978-88-15-27170-9

Imagine you have to analyse in a scholarly way a constitutional referendum that sharply divided the Italian electorate, that was conducted as a plebiscite on the performance of the Prime Minister a...
Agreement between endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration and endobiliary brush cytology in suspected pancreaticobiliary malignancies.

Background and study aims For suspected pancreaticobiliary malignancies, endobiliary brush cytology during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) remains the diagnostic test of choice despite historically poor and variable sensitivity. This has led to increased use of endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) as an initial test. Recently, our institution began using a cytology brush that was designed specifically to collect a more substantial and higher-quality sample. The aim of this study was to investigate whether this brush design would provide more adequate samples and have high agreement with EUS-FNA in patients who underwent both procedures. Patients and methods A retrospective chart review was conducted of all patients who underwent both EUS-FNA and endobiliary brush cytology for suspicion of pancreaticobiliary malignancy from January 2013 to May 2015. A total of 41 patients met the inclusion criteria. Initially, sample quality was evaluated. Final cytology results were then assessed for agreement with EUS-FNA using Cohen’s kappa. The effect of considering atypical cytology as negative was also uniquely evaluated by running separate analyses. Results Brush cytology provided an adequate sample in 95.1 % of cases. Cohen’s Kappa demonstrated moderate agreement between brush cytology and EUS-FNA: κ = 0.42 (P = 0.001). When atypical results were excluded, agreement increased: κ = 0.60 (P = 0.02), but remained moderate. If atypical results were considered “positive,” the two procedures demonstrated equal cancer detection rates of 80.8 %. Conclusions The studied brush provided more adequate samples compared with historical rates for brush cytology and had moderate agreement with EUS-FNA. If this brush truly increases sample adequacy, it could potentially provide results comparable to EUS-FNA at lower cost.
Acting virtuously as an end in Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics

Sometimes, in the Nicomachean Ethics (NE), Aristotle describes virtuous actions as the sorts of actions that are ends; it is important for Aristotle to do so if he wants to maintain, as he seems to...
Healthcare utilization and costs associated with COPD among SEER-Medicare beneficiaries with NSCLC.

Aim: To estimate the healthcare utilization and costs in elderly lung cancer patients with and without pre-existing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).Methods: Using Surveillance, Epidemi...
Greater Portland: Experiments with Professional Planning, 1905-1925

Carl Abbott Before the great extravaganza of the Lewis and Clark Exposition in 1905, Portlanders felt daring when they predicted a metropolitan population of 200,000. In the decade that followed the exposition, they became accustomed to targets that have yet to be reached 1.5 million, 2 million, 4 million. The "Greater Portland Plan" of 1911 envisioned a Paris of the Pacific, with the Willamette River standing in for the Seine. In a Utopian pastiche that a businessman published in 1913, the city of 1999 stretched 40 miles from Hillsboro
Case-control study of diet and other risk factors for gastric cancer in Hawaii (United States).

Objective: To investigate the association of diet and other factors with gastric adenocarcinoma of the distal stomach. Methods: Three hundred cases and 446 population-based controls were interviewed with a quantitative, food frequency questionnaire, which listed over 250 foods. The questionnaire also included information on smoking history, alcohol intake, education, medical history, medication use, and a family history of cancer. Results: Cigarette smoking, family history of gastric cancer and personal history of gastric ulcer were positively associated with gastric cancer, while education and past use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were inversely related to risk. The consumption of all vegetables, mainly dark green, light green, and yellow vegetables, reduced risk. Many of these vegetables contain β-carotene, vitamin C, vitamin E or folate, which were also inversely related to gastric cancer risk. When these nutrients were analyzed simultaneously, the inverse association was mainly with β-carotene. The intake of processed meats and bacon was positively associated with gastric cancer risk, but primarily in men. When we simultaneously adjusted these meats for the intake of the different vegetables, the association was no longer significant. Conclusions: These findings provide additional support that the consumption of dark green and yellow vegetables are protective against adenocarcinoma of the distal stomach.
Hydrocode simulations of a hypervelocity impact experiment over a range of velocities

Abstract This work investigates how the Eulerian hydrocode PAGOSA performs while simulating a hypervelocity impact experiment of stainless steel 304-L into aluminum 6061-T6. The specifications of the simulation were established in a paper detailing an experiment conducted at the Atomic Weapons Establishment (AWE) in the UK and the Centre d’Etudes de Gramet (CEG) in France. A variety of strength models and equations of state are employed under several different mesh sizes. The results display an excellent comparison with the experimental data and demonstrate dramatic differences in impacted crater geometries over various strength models and mesh sizes.
Themis: automatically testing software for discrimination

Bias in decisions made by modern software is becoming a common and serious problem. We present Themis, an automated test suite generator to measure two types of discrimination, including causal relationships between sensitive inputs and program behavior. We explain how Themis can measure discrimination and aid its debugging, describe a set of optimizations Themis uses to reduce test suite size, and demonstrate Themis' effectiveness on open-source software. Themis is open-source and all our evaluation data are available at http://fairness.cs.umass.edu/. See a video of Themis in action: https://youtu.be/brB8wkaUesY
Repurposing of Administrative Data for Research: Still Useful but for How Much Longer?

* Abbreviation: EHR — : electronic health record Ever since Deyo et al1 translated the Charlson Comorbidity Index from chart-abstracted information into International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision diagnosis codes, the repurposing of administrative billing data has been a staple of health services research and epidemiological surveillance. This is especially true for studies of rare but devastating outcomes, such as mortality and morbidity among neonates with very low birth weight, in which the collection of clinical data across multiple hospitals is an expensive undertaking. In a study in this issue of Pediatrics , Tawfik et al2makes an important contribution to this research by validating the codes used in administrative data against information extracted from medical charts from a large number of hospitals across California. They find excellent correlation for important variables that researchers rely on for surveillance and performance modeling, and they find some areas for improvement. In general, clinicians can feel confident that the big issues affecting neonatal outcomes, such as very low birth … Address correspondence to Paul L. Hebert, PhD, Department of Health Services, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Magnuson Health Sciences Center, 1959 NE Pacific St, Box 357660, Seattle, WA 98195-7660. E-mail: heberp{at}u.washington.edu
Inelastic neutron scattering studies of Se76

The low-lying, low-spin levels of $^{76}\mathrm{Se}$ were studied with the $(n,{n}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{\gamma})$ reaction. Gamma-ray excitation function measurements were performed at incident neutron energies from 2.0 to 3.5 MeV, and $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray angular distributions were measured at neutron energies of 2.4, 3.0, and 3.7 MeV. From these measurements, level spins, level lifetimes, branching ratios, and multipole mixing ratios were determined. We established the ${0}_{2}^{+}$ band, which supports the shape coexistence in $^{76}\mathrm{Se}$ predicted by large-scale shell model calculations and the interacting boson model.
Recent progress in the utilization of pea protein as an emulsifier for food applications.

Abstract Background There is an increasing movement within the food industry to find consumer friendly plant protein ingredients to replace those from animal sources. Pea (Pisum sativum L.) protein has been extensively studied because it provides good nutritional properties, functionality, is readily available, and has low allergenicity. Scope and approach The focus of this review is a summary of the current progress in understanding and characterizing the use of pea protein as an emulsifier. The emulsification properties of pea protein are described in comparison to other protein emulsifiers. The impact of origin, processing, and environmental conditions like temperature, pH, and ionic strength is discussed. The physicochemical properties of the protein, such as solubility, surface charge, hydrophobicity, and composition are also covered, along with current methods to improve functionality. Key findings and conclusions One of the most valuable functional properties of pea protein is emulsification, which can be affected by its origin, isolation method, and the environmental or processing conditions (pH, ionic strength, and temperature). The physicochemical properties including solubility, surface charge/hydrophobicity, and interfacial properties have been examined to evaluate their emulsifying functionality. While several methods such as complexation, glycosylation, and enzymatic hydrolysis have been developed to further improve the pea protein, there remains a gap between the functionality of laboratory and commercially prepared products. There is an opportunity to increase the functionality of pea protein by understanding and closing this gap.
Genetic influence on political discussion: Results from two twin studies

ABSTRACTTwo twin studies are used to explore genetic influence on political discussion. Results from both studies demonstrate latent genetic traits account for, on average, 40.63% of variance in tr...
Population Census in Contemporary Bangladesh: A Multilateral Effort in an Ever-Changing Delta

Bangladesh, located in the Northeastern side of South Asia, is bordered by India to the west, north, and east and shares a small border with Myanmar in the hilly southeastern portion of the country...
Is Human Capital Related to Voluntary Turnover in U.S. State Governments? Evidence from the State of Oklahoma

Building and retaining human capital stock is critical for organizational success and survival. These two practices, however, may inadvertently be at odds with one another. That is, as organizations seek to increase their human capital stock, through both internal and external strategies, they may also unintentionally increase their risk of voluntary turnover. Research has found support for this relationship in the private sector, yet empirical evidence for such a correlation among public sector organizations is nonexistent. This article, therefore, contributes to the understanding of whether the postulated relationship between human capital and voluntary turnover is generalizable to public sector entities, specifically focusing on U.S. state government. Using longitudinal workforce data from the State of Oklahoma, results of econometric analysis demonstrate that this organizational phenomenon transcends sector boundaries.
Spatial Population Dynamics: Location Without Age

The evolution of a single regional population necessarily treats the contribution of migration as a net total. But there is no person who is a net migrant, and uniregional specifications therefore may be misspecified. To treat migration as a probability of transition from a particular origin to a particular destination necessarily involves at least two populations. This chapter sets out the simplest two-region model and illustrates how it may be used to answer an array of practical applications.
A Conceptual and Adaptable Approach to Hospital Preparedness for Acute Surge Events Due to Emerging Infectious Diseases

At the time this article was written, the World Health Organization had declared a global pandemic due to the novel coronavirus disease 2019, the first pandemic since 2009 H1N1 influenza A. Emerging respiratory pathogens are a common trigger of acute surge events-the extreme end of the healthcare capacity strain spectrum in which there is a dramatic increase in care demands and/or decreases in care resources that trigger deviations from normal care delivery processes, reliance on contingencies and external resources, and, in the most extreme cases, nonroutine decisions about resource allocation. This article provides as follows: 1) a conceptual introduction and approach to healthcare capacity strain including the etiologies of patient volume, patient acuity, special patient care demands, and resource reduction; 2) a framework for considering key resources during an acute surge event-the "four Ss" of preparedness: space (beds), staff (clinicians and operations), stuff (physical equipment), and system (coordination); and 3) an adaptable approach to and discussion of the most common domains that should be addressed during preparation for and response to acute surge events, with an eye toward combating novel respiratory viral pathogens.
An Analysis of Anesthesia Induction Dosing in Female Older Adults.

In the context of an aging surgical population, appropriate anesthetic induction dose adjustments for the older adult remain poorly defined. In the present study, we describe the prevalence of excess induction agent dose in reference to US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidance and seek to investigate the possible association of such excess dose with postinduction hypotension and postoperative acute kidney injury (AKI). A retrospective observational study was conducted in a large tertiary teaching hospital in accordance with our a priori analytic protocol as registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03699696). For inclusion, patients had to be 65 years or older and to have received general anesthesia with propofol induction for gynecologic oncology surgery between December 1, 2014 and July 8, 2018. Descriptive variables of the patients, machine-captured perioperative vital signs, induction anesthetic, and vasopressor/inotrope administrations were recorded. A total of 541 female patients met inclusion criteria. The mean (standard deviation) age of the cohort was 72.20 (5.93) years. Regarding the primary outcome, 65.43% (354 patients, 95% confidence interval 61.2–69.4) of the cohort received more than the FDA recommended 1–1.5 mg/kg induction dose for patients of advanced age undergoing general anesthesia. The percentage of patients receiving doses in excess of the FDA guidance remained substantial across all age groups, but decreased progressively with increasing 5-year age intervals (from 74% among those aged 65–69 years to 44% among those aged > 80 years). Excess propofol dose in the present cohort was not associated with our a priori definition of postinduction hypotension. Regarding AKI, among the 30 patients suffering this outcome, it occurred less often in patients who received higher propofol doses (4.1% [9/217] vs. 15.3% [21/138], p < 0.001), a result that may have been confounded by differential rates of missingness. Older adults commonly receive propofol induction doses in excess of the FDA guidance. The immediate hemodynamic effects of these doses on postinduction hypotension were not seen in the present cohort, suggesting that propofol dose adjustments may serve as a marker of physicians’ judgments as to the frailty of patients. The relevance of the AKI association is difficult to interpret due to the non-differential missingness of AKI data between the two groups.
A phase III study of transdermal granisetron versus oral ondansetron for women with gynecologic cancers receiving pelvic chemoradiation.

To compare rates of complete response (no emesis, retching, or rescue antiemetics) in the late phase (days 4–7 post-chemotherapy) of cycle 1 between transdermal granisetron and oral ondansetron in cervical, endometrial, or vaginal cancer survivors undergoing chemoradiation at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center and LBJ Hospital in Houston, TX. In this non-blinded parallel design trial, eligible patients received a granisetron patch replaced every 7 days or 8 mg of ondansetron thrice daily continued for 72 h after chemotherapy completion. Data were collected on medication compliance, episodes of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV), use of rescue antiemetics, and effects of CINV on quality of life. Seventy-five survivors receiving chemoradiation for cervical (n = 61), endometrial (n = 12), or vaginal (n = 2) cancer were electronically randomized to transdermal granisetron (n = 41) or oral ondansetron (n = 34). In the late phase of cycle 1, the rate of complete response was 49.8% (95% CI, 35.2–64.3%) for transdermal granisetron and 39.7% (95% CI, 24.4–56.1%) for oral ondansetron. The posterior probability that transdermal granisetron achieved a higher success rate in controlling late-onset CINV compared with oral ondansetron was 82%. During the acute phase (day 1 post-chemotherapy) of cycles 2 and 3, transdermal granisetron patients used more rescue antiemetics than oral ondansetron patients (p = 0.006 and p = 0.003, respectively). Otherwise, no between-group differences in CINV events were observed. Medication compliance and the effect of CINV on quality of life were similar between groups. Transdermal granisetron was 82% more like to control CINV than oral ondansetron in the late phase of cycle 1 and performed similarly to oral ondansetron in all other cycles. Transdermal granisetron should be considered an option as prophylactic antiemetic therapy for gynecologic cancer survivors undergoing chemoradiation.
Higher Long-term Quality of Life Metrics After Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery Lobectomy Compared With Robotic-Assisted Lobectomy

Background Robotic-assisted thoracic surgery (RATS) lung lobectomy has emerged as an alternative approach to video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). Patient-reported outcomes comparing these approaches have been limited. Methods At a single, high-volume academic center, patients undergoing VATS and RATS lobectomies for stage I and II non-small cell lung cancer from 2014 to 2018 were evaluated. The European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life of Cancer Patients Questionnaire (QLQ-C30) and Quality of Life Questionnaire in Lung Cancer (QLQ-LC13), along with the Fear of Recurrence (FoR) survey, were administered preoperatively and at 1, 6, and 12 months postoperatively. Raw scores underwent linear transformation (0-100 scale). Linear mixed-effects models were used for quality of life and FoR score comparisons. Results The study included 219 patients (139 VATS and 80 RATS). RATS patients had longer (P Conclusions VATS patients report improvement in select quality of life and FoR measures after lobectomy. Further study comparing these 2 approaches is required.
The “technological turn” in translation studies: Are we there yet? A transversal cross-disciplinary approach

Abstract For over two decades, Translation Studies (TS) scholars have argued that the discipline is going through a ‘technological turn’. This paper critically questions whether TS has already completed this “paradigmatic” or “disciplinary turn,” “a clearly visible and striking” change of direction that can “perhaps even [amount] to a redefinition of the subject concerned” (Snell-Hornby 2010, 366). After a revision of the notion of ‘turn’ in TS, it will be argued that the ‘technological’ one has been completed and it can, in fact, be assessed “after it is already complete” (ibid). It will be shown how the emergence and consolidation of this turn were “driven not by theoretical developments in cognate areas of inquiry,” but are an “emergent property from new forms of translation practice” (Cronin 2010, 1). As a consequence, it has permeated TS across its different subdisciplines, both in their theoretical apparatus and/or in their research methodologies. In this examination, the picture that emerges is that translation, across TS, has in fact been redefined in one way or another as an instance of “human-computer interaction,” even in contexts such as literary translation.
A porous crystal’s penchant for bitter almonds

The coupling of a change in bulk magnetism with emergent structural polarization can lead to a material exhibiting multiferroicity. In this preview, we highlight an excellent example of such a phenomenon, whereby a multiferroic metal-organic framework (MOF) features complex chemical properties unlocked by…bitter almonds?
The NEURON Book

Assuming no previous knowledge of computer programming or numerical methods, The NEURON Book provides practical advice on how to get the most out of the NEURON software program. Although written primarily for neuroscientists, teachers and students, readers with a background in the physical sciences or mathematics and some knowledge about brain cells and circuits, will also find it helpful. Covering details of NEURON's inner workings, and practical considerations specifying anatomical and biophysical properties to be represented in models, this book uses a problem-solving approach that includes many examples to challenge readers.
Calcium diffusion enhanced after cleavage of negatively charged components of brain extracellular matrix by chondroitinase ABC

The concentration of extracellular calcium plays a critical role in synaptic transmission and neuronal excitability as well as other physiological processes. The time course and extent of local fluctuations in the concentration of this ion largely depend on its effective diffusion coefficient (D*) and it has been speculated that fixed negative charges on chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans (CSPGs) and other components of the extracellular matrix may influence calcium diffusion because it is a divalent cation. In this study we used ion-selective microelectrodes combined with pressure ejection or iontophoresis of ions from a micropipette to quantify diffusion characteristics of neocortex and hippocampus in rat brain slices. We show that D* for calcium is less than the value predicted from the behaviour of the monovalent cation tetramethylammonium (TMA), a commonly used diffusion probe, but D* for calcium increases in both brain regions after the slices are treated with chondroitinase ABC, an enzyme that predominantly cleaves chondroitin sulphate glycans. These results suggest that CSPGs do play a role in determining the local diffusion properties of calcium in brain tissue, most likely through electrostatic interactions mediating rapid equilibrium binding. In contrast, chondroitinase ABC does not affect either the TMA diffusion or the extracellular volume fraction, indicating that the enzyme does not alter the structure of the extracellular space and that the diffusion of small monovalent cations is not affected by CSPGs in the normal brain ionic milieu. Both calcium and CSPGs are known to have many distinct roles in brain physiology, including brain repair, and our study suggests they may be functionally coupled through calcium diffusion properties.
Phenomena of Childhood Trauma and Expanding Approaches to Early Intervention

Throughout my career, psychoanalytic training has always served three invaluable roles or functions. It has been central to conducting all of my clinical work with patients – whether in consultations, psychoanalysis or psychotherapy; informs all of the teaching and supervision I do as a professor of child and adult psychiatry at the Yale School of Medicine; and it has been the basis for developing new treatment approaches that might benefit a substantial number of children and families who are deeply impacted by trauma that results from their exposure to violence and other catastrophic events. The fact that these children and families were both rarely recognized and rarely seen in our consulting rooms or clinics led to the development the Child Development-Community Policing program (CDCP), a psychoanalytically informed collaboration between law enforcement and mental health professionals (Marans, 1996, Marans et al., 1995). The CDCP program involves the cross-training of both professional groups – clinicians learn about the work and role of police officers as sources of order and safety, while police officers learn about the principles of development as a context for considering the impact of the events that require their presence on the lives of children and families. Over the years, the CDCP program has led to new methods of responding collaboratively to potentially traumatic events that occur in homes and neighborhoods (Marans, Smolover, & Hahn, 2012) and has been replicated or served as model for similar law enforcement–mental health partnerships in numerous communities around the United States and abroad. The notion that psychoanalytic principles could be applied to settings beyond the consulting room was not new. My training at the Hampstead Clinic and earlier exposure to psychoanalysis and its applications while growing up made me especially aware of the enormous contributions made by psychoanalysts – Anna Freud, Dorothy Burlingham, August Aichorn, Sally Provence, Sam Ritvo, Edith Jackson, James and Joyce Robertson, Al Solnit, Dale Meers, Mel Lewis, Selma Fraiberg to name but a few – who increased both the recognition and breadth of response to the needs of children whose optimal development was at greatest risk. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The ecology of environmental DNA and implications for conservation genetics

Environmental DNA (eDNA) refers to the genetic material that can be extracted from bulk environmental samples such as soil, water, and even air. The rapidly expanding study of eDNA has generated unprecedented ability to detect species and conduct genetic analyses for conservation, management, and research, particularly in scenarios where collection of whole organisms is impractical or impossible. While the number of studies demonstrating successful eDNA detection has increased rapidly in recent years, less research has explored the “ecology” of eDNA—myriad interactions between extraorganismal genetic material and its environment—and its influence on eDNA detection, quantification, analysis, and application to conservation and research. Here, we outline a framework for understanding the ecology of eDNA, including the origin, state, transport, and fate of extraorganismal genetic material. Using this framework, we review and synthesize the findings of eDNA studies from diverse environments, taxa, and fields of study to highlight important concepts and knowledge gaps in eDNA study and application. Additionally, we identify frontiers of conservation-focused eDNA application where we see the most potential for growth, including the use of eDNA for estimating population size, population genetic and genomic analyses via eDNA, inclusion of other indicator biomolecules such as environmental RNA or proteins, automated sample collection and analysis, and consideration of an expanded array of creative environmental samples. We discuss how a more complete understanding of the ecology of eDNA is integral to advancing these frontiers and maximizing the potential of future eDNA applications in conservation and research.
Outline of economic planning for underdeveloped countries

Abstract Planning is a complex activity that requires positive efforts to organize resources for promoting development. It involves the use of imagination in setting or appraising goals, analyzing problems, and conceiving solutions. In its broad outlines, the plan will represent not only specifications of things to be done but criteria for judging the validity of things that happen outside of the areas of direct control. The planning agency can have at its disposal only limited means of control by which to encourage or curb the actions of others according to whether they serve or impede progress. At times essential projects or activities will either be overlooked by others, or the latter will lack incentives for undertaking them, so that specific measures have to be proposed to obtain balance between sectors or to fill out neglected aspects of the overall plans. Flexibility in adjusting to changing circumstances must be retained, but without sacrificing valid long-range objectives to expediency. Information and participation programs should serve to increase the acceptability of plans and to gain support at the political level.
Mitochondrial Abnormalities in the Putamen in Parkinson’s Disease Dyskinesia

Prolonged treatment of Parkinson’s disease (PD) with levodopa leads to disabling side effects collectively referred to as ‘dyskinesias’. We hypothesized that bioenergetic function in the putamen might play a crucial role in the development of dyskinesias. To test this hypothesis, we used post mortem samples of the human putamen and applied real time–PCR approaches and gene expression microarrays. We found that mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) levels are decreased in patients who have developed dyskinesias, and mtDNA damage is concomitantly increased. These pathologies were not observed in PD subjects without signs of dyskinesias. The group of nuclear mRNA transcripts coding for the proteins of the mitochondrial electron transfer chain was decreased in patients with dyskinesias to a larger extent than in patients who had not developed dyskinesias. To examine whether dopamine fluctuations affect mtDNA levels in dopaminoceptive neurons, rat striatal neurons in culture were repeatedly exposed to levodopa, dopamine or their metabolites. MtDNA levels were reduced after treatment with dopamine, but not after treatment with dopamine metabolites. Levodopa led to an increase in mtDNA levels. We conclude that mitochondrial susceptibility in the putamen plays a role in the development of dyskinesias.
Performance Enhancement and Limitations of Cobalt Bipyridyl Redox Shuttles in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

A series of one-electron outersphere cobalt bipyridyl redox couples were used as redox shuttles in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Atomic layer deposition was used to deposit an ultrathin coating of alumina on nanoparticle-based TiO2 DSSC photoanodes, which results in significantly improved quantum yields for all of the DSSCs containing outersphere redox systems. However, a significant discrepancy in performance remains between DSSCs containing the different cobalt redox shuttles. Variation of the driving force for regeneration by ∼500 mV, by employing [Ru(bpy)2(4,4′-dicarboxy-bpy)](PF6)2 as a dye, combined with concentration dependence studies indicates that the cobalt redox couples are not limited by dye regeneration; however, in certain cases the iodide electrolyte was, one of the very few systems where alternate redox couples perform significantly better than triiodide/iodide. Electron lifetimes were measured with the open circuit voltage decay technique. The differences in the lifetimes (recombin...
Implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy in patients with ischemic or non-ischemic cardiomyopathy and nonsustained ventricular tachycardia.

Background: Mortality benefit from implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) therapy in ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM) with non-sustained ventricular tachycardia (NS-VT) and inducible VT is well defined. Although NS-VT may suggest an increased risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in non-ischemic cardiomyopathy (NICM), the role of ICD therapy is unclear. This retrospective study compares follow-up data in these two groups after ICD implantation.
Direct Observation of Excited State Fragments Following Molecular Ionization and Dissociation in Strong Fields

Using a new double pulse technique, we have observed for the first time that charge asymmetric dissociation in diatomic molecules leaves one of the fragments in an electronically excited state. For example, we observed the reaction ${\mathrm{I}}_{2}+(\mathrm{pulse}1)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}({\mathrm{I}}_{2}^{2+}{)}^{**}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\mathrm{I}}^{0+}+({\mathrm{I}}^{2+}{)}^{*}+(\mathrm{pulse}2)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\mathrm{I}}^{0+}+{\mathrm{I}}^{3+}$, demonstrating that the ${\mathrm{I}}^{2+}$ fragment must have been in an excited state. More generally, just as asymmetric dissociation implies that the initial molecular ion is in an excited electronic state, the observation of asymmetric channels in the postdissociation ionization shows that the ionic fragments are themselves electronically excited.
Amygdalectomy in the free-ranging vervet (Cercopithecus Aethiops)

environment. Recent field studies of the social behavior of a variety of subhuman primates have emphasized the rich repertoire of social interactions and their adaptive significance for the species.l-3 These studies have also emphasized the differences in individual as well as social behavior that exists between species of primates. However, these differences have generally not been an important consideration in assessing the behavioral changes occurring from experimental brain injury. Therefore, a series of experiments have been planned to study the effects of brain lesions on social behavior both in the laboratory and in the field in several species of Old-World monkeys. Eventually, it may be possible to define more clearly those aspects of a syndrome which are species specific, as well as other aspects which are characteristic of most subhuman primates. Comparison of the behavioral changes seen in the field with those observed in the laboratory may help to clarify the influence of caging and to make laboratory observations more pertinent. For the present experiment we chose to ablate the amygdaloid nuc1ei.S Under laboratory conditions, bilateral lesions of the amygdaloid nuclei in the individually caged, adult rhesus monkey (M. mulutta) results in a syndrome of relative docility, especially toward man, hyperorality, coprophagia and hypersexuality.4 Two studies have examined the effects of amygdalectomy on social interaction in groups of laboratory housed macaques. ROSVOLD, MIRSKY and PRIBRAM~ have reported that
Place, space and knowledge work: a study of outsourced computer systems administrators

Abstract Information technology has the capacity to change time–space configurations making new organizational forms possible. Two principal time–space configurations known as space and place are used to characterize some of the broad transformations occurring in social and organizational structures associated with the intensified use of information technology. The time–space configuration of place with its sense of boundedness, localness and particularity, is contrasted with that of space and its sense of the universal, the generalizable and the abstract. Today's evolving organizational forms reflect an increased reliance on space as a guiding image for organization design and technology deployment. Space as a guiding image brings the hope of making an organization more flexible by freeing it from the constraints of place. This is reflected in the emergence of market-based forms of organizing with their emphasis on outsourcing and inter-organizational alliances. We present an ethnographic account of outsourced computer system administrators in a company that is seeking to be a lean, knowledge-intensive, learning organization. Drawing on Bourdieu's theory of practice we explore the tensions between place and space in the firm as well as in the system administrators' work lives. We argue that place and space are always operating simultaneously in an organization, and that they provide an ongoing source of dialectic tension for the individual worker. In keeping with Bourdieu's generative structuralism, we further argue that the computer contractors' work practices, especially their practice of writing, serve to reproduce the conditions under which those tensions emerge.
Hypertonicity-induced Aquaporin-1 (AQP1) Expression Is Mediated by the Activation of MAPK Pathways and Hypertonicity-responsive Element in the AQP1 Gene

Aquaporin-1 (AQP1) is a water channel that is induced by hypertonicity. The present study was undertaken to clarify the osmoregulation mechanism of AQP1 in renal medullary cells. In cultured mouse medullary (mIMCD-3) cells, AQP1 expression was significantly induced by hypertonic treatment with impermeable solutes, whereas urea had no effect on AQP1 expression. This result indicates the requirement of a hypertonic gradient. Hypertonicity activated ERK, p38 kinase, and JNK in mIMCD-3 cells. Furthermore, all three MAPKs were phosphorylated by the upstream activation of MEK1/2, MKK3/6, and MKK4, respectively. The treatments with MEK inhibitor U0126, p38 kinase inhibitor SB203580, and JNK inhibitor SP600125 significantly attenuated hypertonicity-induced AQP1 expression in mIMCD-3 cells. In addition, hypertonicity-induced AQP1 expression was significantly reduced by both the dominant-negative mutants of JNK1- and JNK2-expressing mIMCD-3 cells. NaCl-inducible activity of AQP1 promoter, which contains a hypertonicity response element, was attenuated in the presence of U0126, SB203580, and SP600125 in a dose-dependent manner and was also significantly reduced by the dominant-negative mutants of JNK1 and JNK2. These data demonstrate that the activation of ERK, p38 kinase, and JNK pathways and the hypertonicity response element in the AQP1 promoter are involved in hypertonicity-induced AQP1 expression in mIMCD-3 cells.
Analysis of current observations on the Georgia shelf

Abstract An analysis is made of HF radar measurements of surface currents in shallow water near the Georgia coast, and also of vertical profile measurements of current and density. The dominant structure is found to be a clockwise ellipse of semidiurnal periodicity, the ellipses becoming smaller, narrower and turning clockwise with depth. There is a definite phase lead of the bottom currents with respect to the upper currents, and some evidence of veering of the currents in the non-Ekman sense. In order to explain the observed vertical variations, a simple analytical expression is developed for periodic rotary currents in a barotropic ocean of constant eddy viscosity and depth h, when the free-surface elliptic motion is known. The solution depends on the ratios ω/f and h/hEkman, and also on the sense of turning of the free surface ellipse. The model is able to explain several features of the observed vertical variations as frictional effects.