cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Foundation of Jaca (1076): Urban Growth in Early Aragon

FOR many years the feeling that the Iberian peninsula somehow lay outside the orbit of European affairs led medieval historians to a certain neglect of Spanish development. Constitutional historians have concentrated their attention upon England, France, and the Holy Roman Empire, and urban historians have developed materials primarily from the Lowlands, France, and northern Italy. Although numerous exceptions can be cited to these generalities, it remains true that the processes of urbanization, the rise of the middle class, and the development of municipal governance in Spain remain areas incompletely and imperfectly investigated.' The degree to which this distorts our picture of these movements within European society as a whole can be illustrated by a simple chronology: municipal representatives were first admitted into the assembly of Aragon in 1164; they appear in the cortes of Castile-Leon in 188, in the diet of the Holy Roman Empire in 1232, in the English Parliament in 1265, and in the Estates-General of France only in 1302. Moreover, it should be noted that urban life was integrated into Spanish society perhaps more perfectly than in any other western European state; the pueblo became the prime political instrument of Spanish overseas expansion. Given the importance of the Spanish experience to our understanding of the rise of towns and the middle class, it is not enough that new studies progress in this area; old conclusions must be re-examined. This is particularly the case for Jaca, once capital of the Pyrenean kingdom of Aragon. To understand the nature of the growth of Jaca as an urban center, as well as some of the misconceptions which have arisen concerning its process, it is necessary to understand the nature of the country and society in which the town arose. Prior to the close of the eleventh century the Aragonese were almost exclusively a rural people. Although most of the population lived in small villages, their fields and meadows were widely dispersed in order to utilize to the fullest advantage the rare patches of arable and productive soil afforded by the mountainous terrain. Village households were often scattered, and isolated farmsteads were an accepted feature of the Aragonese settlement pattern. Although agriculture, particularly cereal production and viticulture, was important, it was limited in scope and was relatively expen-
Computational analysis of three-dimensional epithelial morphogenesis using vertex models

The folding of epithelial sheets, accompanied by cell shape changes and rearrangements, gives rise to three-dimensional structures during development. Recently, some aspects of epithelial morphogenesis have been modeled using vertex models, in which each cell is approximated by a polygon; however, these models have been largely confined to two dimensions. Here, we describe an adaptation of these models in which the classical two-dimensional vertex model is embedded in three dimensions. This modification allows for the construction of complex three-dimensional shapes from simple sheets of cells. We describe algorithmic, computational, and biophysical aspects of our model, with the view that it may be useful for formulating and testing hypotheses regarding the mechanical forces underlying a wide range of morphogenetic processes.
On the Design and the Implementation of Secure Xenix Workstations

Secure Xenix * is an experimental system designed to run on IBM PC/AT workstations. Like Xenix, it is a Unix implementation on the PC/AT workstation; unlike Xenix, it eliminates the Unix security deficiencies and it enhances security policies. In this paper, we present the design features of Secure Xenix, their integration within Xenix, and some of the lessons learned from this experiment to date. In addition, we address some of the problems specific to workstations in the security management area. The major design differences between Secure Xenix and other experiments with Unix security enhancements, such as LINUS IV, are also presented. In a companion paper, we present the important problems that arise in the testing of Secure Xenix and their solutions.
Reliability and Validity A Quick Review

The purpose of this article is to provide a brief review of reliability and validity testing. These concepts are important to researchers who are choosing techniques and/or developing tools that will be applied and evaluated in diabetes education practice. Several types of reliability and validity testing are defined, and an easy-to-use check sheet is provided for research purposes. Following testing for the basic aspects of reliability and validity such as face and construct validity, a tool may be appropriate for use in practice settings. Those conducting comprehensive outcomes evaluations, however, may desire additional validation such as testing for external validity. Diabetes educators can and should incorporate rigorous testing for these important aspects when conducting assessments of techniques and tools relating to diabetes self-management training.
Uridine 5′-Monophosphate Synthase Is Transcriptionally Regulated by Pyrimidine Levels in Nicotiana plumbaginifolia

To understand the regulation and expression of pyrimidine biosynthesis in plants, we have examined the effect of the metabolic inhibitor 5-fluoroorotic acid (FOA) on uridine-5'-monophosphate synthase (UMPSase) expression in cell cultures of Nicotiana plumbaginifolia. UMPSase is the rate-limiting step of pyrimidine biosynthesis in plants. Addition of FOA causes an up-regulation of UMPSase enzyme activity in cell cultures after a lag phase of several days. Western-blot analysis demonstrated that the up-regulation in enzyme activity was caused by increased expression of the UMPSase protein. Northern-blot analysis demonstrated a higher level of UMPSase mRNA in the FOA-induced tissues than in control tissues. Run-on transcriptional assays showed that the UMPSase gene was transcriptionally activated after FOA treatment. The mechanism of toxicity of FOA is through thymine starvation. We found that addition of thymine abrogated the FOA-mediated up-regulation of UMPSase. In addition, methotrexate and aminopterin, which affect thymine levels by inhibiting dihydrofolate reductase, also up-regulate UMPSase in N. plumbaginifolia cells.
Clobazam Kinetics: Intrasubject Variability and Effect of Food on Absorption

The kinetics of single 20-mg oral doses of clobazam was determined on two occasions in 12 healthy male volunteers. Clobazam was given in the fasting state on one occasion and following a standard breakfast on another. Compared with the fasting state, administration of clobazam with food reduced mean peak plasma concentrations (465 vs. 333 ng/ml, P less than 0.01), and prolonged the time to reach peak concentration (1.7 vs. 2.5 hours after dosage, P less than 0.1). Total area under the curve nor the extent of formation of desmethylclobazam, the major metabolite. Clobazam AUC and elimination half-life each were highly correlated within subjects between the two trials (r = 0.97 and 0.95, respectively). Thus, administration of clobazam with food slows the rate of clobazam absorption but does not alter the completeness of absorption. The rate of drug elimination is highly replicable upon repeated administration clobazam to the same individual.
Risk of Pneumonia in Elderly Nursing Home Residents Using Typical Versus Atypical Antipsychotics

BACKGROUNDAntipsychotic medications are extensively used in nursing homes for management of behavioral and psychiatric disorders in the elderly. Prior research suggests that pneumonia is one of the common causes of anti psychotic-related mortality in this population. None of the studies compared typical and atypical antipsychotics with respect to pneumonia.OBJECTIVETo examine the risk of pneumonia with use of typical versus atypical antipsychotics in dual eligible elderly nursing home residents.METHODSThe study involved a retrospective cohort design matched on propensity score using Medicare and Medicaid Analytical eXtract data from 4 US states. The study population included all elderly dual eligible (Medicaid and Medicare) nursing home residents (aged ≥65 years) who initiated antipsychotics any time between July 1, 2001, and December 31, 2003. The risk of pneumonia during the 6-month follow-up period was modeled using a Cox proportional model and extended Cox hazard model stratified on matched pairs base...
On the Prediction of Running-In Behavior in Mixed-Lubrication Line Contact

A model is presented, which enables one to predict the running-in performance of the rolling/sliding surfaces subjected to mixed-lubrication line contact. The load-sharing concept was used, in which it is assumed that both the fluid film and the asperities contribute in carrying the imposed load. The plastic deformation of asperities during the running-in is taken into consideration. In the application of the load-sharing method, it is often assumed that asperity heights have a Gaussian distribution. This assumption has been relaxed in this model. Prediction results for the variation in the arithmetic average of asperity heights (R a ) during the running-in period for contact of two rollers are compared with published experimental data. Also presented are the results for the variation in wear volume, wear rate, and friction coefficient during the running-in period. The effect of surface pattern, speed, and load on the running-in behavior is studied. The steady-state wear rate for different surface patterns calculated from this model is compared with the wear rate predicted by the thermal desorption model, and the results are in agreement both in trend and magnitude. The effect of running-in on the Stribeck curve for different surface pattern is discussed.
Heroin-related noncardiogenic pulmonary edema : a case series.

Study objectives To examine the current clinical spectrum of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema (NCPE) related to heroin overdose. Design Retrospective chart review of all identified patients from August 1994 through December 1998. Setting Urban academic hospital. Patients or participants Heroin-related NCPE was defined as the syndrome in which a patient develops significant hypoxia (room air saturation 12/min) within 24 h of a clinically apparent heroin overdose. This should be accompanied by radiographic evidence of diffuse pulmonary infiltrates not attributable to other causes, such as cardiac dysfunction, pneumonia, pulmonary embolism, or bronchospasm, and which resolve clinically and radiographically within 48 h. Interventions None. Measurements and results Twenty-seven patients were identified during this 53-month period, with a majority being male patients (85%; average age, 34 years). Twenty patients (74%) were hypoxic on emergency department arrival, and 6 patients (22%) had symptoms develop within the first hour. One patient had significant hypoxia develop within 4 h. Nine patients (33%) required mechanical ventilation, and all intubated patients but one were extubated within 24 h. Eighteen patients (66%) were treated with supplemental oxygen alone. Hypoxia resolved spontaneously within 24 h in 74% of patients, with the rest (22%) resolving within 48 h. Twenty patients (74%) had classical radiograph findings of bilateral fluffy infiltrates, but unilateral pulmonary edema occurred in four patients (15%) and more localized disease occurred in two patients (7%). Conclusion NCPE is an infrequent complication of a heroin overdose. The clinical symptoms of NCPE are clinically apparent either immediately or within 4 h of the overdose. Mechanical ventilation is necessary in only 39% of patients. The incidence of NCPE related to heroin overdose has decreased substantially in the last few decades.
Mites and Lice: Biology and Control

Dogs and cats frequently encounter a diverse variety of mite and lice species, which may result in mild to severe consequences depending on husbandry conditions, the severity of the infestation, and the nature of the localized or systemic defense mechanisms mobilized by the host in response to the parasite. Some of these external parasites are obvious to detect, identify, and control, although others may offer a significant challenge to the practitioner. Traditional acaricide and insecticide formulations, including dips, sprays, powders, and shampoos, have been used to treat and control these infestations. Some of the more recently developed, low-volume, topically applied insecticides and systemically acting macrolide formulations, although not always labeled for specific claims, may offer safe, efficacious, and convenient alternatives. The practitioner may wish to consider these products when implementing treatment and control programs involving these pests.
Apparel Import Intermediaries: The Impact of a Hyperdynamic Environment on U.S. Apparel Firms

This study's objectives were to clarify the standing of apparel import intermediaries (AIIs) and to obtain an immediate, deeper understanding of them in real-life settings from the perspective of industry experts with years of immersion in apparel industry phenomena. Based on interpretive analysis of qualitative in-depth interviews with 13 corporate executives of AII firms in New York City, the authors critically evaluated AIIs' views of their environment, development, and functions. Findings indicated ambivalent reactions to the hyperdynamic environment that has resulted from the global reordering of the apparel industry and described two development paths of AIIs, transformation or birth. Results also showed that this hyperdynamic environment has shaped firms' functional responses, leading AIIs to implement design, marketing, sourcing, and service activities in unique ways. The study explicates the critical role that classification systems and terminology play in firm identity, the tracking of economic ...
Foraging Proficiency During the Nonbreeding Season of a Specialized Forager: Are Juvenile American Oystercatchers “Bumble-Beaks”1 Compared to Adults?

Abstract. In many species, immature individuals are less proficient at foraging than are adults, and this difference may be especially critical during winter when survival can be at its minimum. We investigated the foraging proficiency of adult and immature American Oystercatchers (Haematopus palliatus) during the nonbreeding season. Oystercatchers forage on prey that must be handled with specialized skills, so age-related differences in foraging behavior may be expected. We found that adults spent more time searching than did immatures, a trend toward immatures taking longer to handle prey than did adults, and immatures more often handling prey unsuccessfully than did adults. Feeding rates and diet composition did not differ by age class. We posit that the immature birds traded off longer handling times with shorter searching times and that ultimately the abundant prey in the region may contribute to the ability of immature birds to feed at rates similar to those of adults.
Many-body potentials and atomic-scale relaxations in noble-metal alloys.

We derive empirical many-body potentials for noble-metal alloy systems in the framework of the Finnis-Sinclair model [Philos. Mag. A 50, 45 (1984)] which is based on a second-moment approximation to the tight-binding density of states for transition metals [F. Cyrot, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 29, 1235 (1968)]. The most important extension of the model is a simple incorporation of interspecies interactions which involves fitting the alloying energies. The importance of properly accounting for the local atomic relaxations when constructing the potentials is emphasized. The observed principal features of the phase diagrams of the alloys are all well reproduced by this scheme. Furthermore, reasonable concentration dependences of the alloy lattice parameter and elastic constants are obtained. This leads us to suggest that fine details of the electronic structure may be less important in determining atomic structures than are more global parameters such as atomic sizes and binding energies.
Physical and social access to land: spatio-temporal patterns of agricultural expansion in Madagascar

Abstract The expansion of agriculture is posited as one of the main dynamics of land cover change globally, and the robust modeling of these processes is important for policy as well as academic concerns. Madagascar’s farmers stand accused as the “proximate agents” of land conversion in one of the world’s “hottest” biodiversity hotspots, and numerous studies have been conducted to describe and model the processes by which the country’s forests are giving way to agriculture. This paper concerns a relatively small area on the island’s eastern escarpment where considerable national and international attention has been paid to slow the expansion of agriculture into the remaining natural forests. The approach adopted here is to begin by examining the degree to which patterns of agricultural conversion can be attributed to a set of factors that have been identified as significant at broader scales in Madagascar and elsewhere, namely topography and prior human settlement and land use patterns. A regression model is constructed, and its predictions compared to the observed land conversion over a 43-year period. The study then examines in detail the spatial patterns highlighted by the failure of the model (the residuals of the regression), breaking the study area into smaller zones, or landscapes. The spatio-temporal trajectories of these zones are then contrasted, with particular attention to the institutional arrangements governing access to land resources. The study finds that while overall land change patterns in the region are largely explained by elevation and village proximity, more specific, sub-regional, trajectories reflect the signatures of institutions governing access to land.
Sudden cardiac death: the role of risk stratification.

Sudden cardiac death syndrome remains a major health problem responsible for approximately 400 000 deaths annually in the US. Effective therapies exist but are costly and are associated with potential complications. Currently used strategies for selection of the best candidates for implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) therapy are imperfect and leave a large number of high-risk patients unprotected. At the same time, many patients who received ICDs will never develop tachyarrhythmia and require ICD intervention. The article summarizes the current status and applicability of the noninvasive and invasive tests used for sudden cardiac death risk assessment with the emphasis on the increasingly recognized value of microvolt T wave alternans.
An architecture for DOA estimation for broad-band sources

High-resolution direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation is important in many sensory systems like radars, sonars and seismic exploration. With the advances in the area of VLSI it is now possible to design a special purpose hardware for DOA estimation which will be suitable for real-time sonar applications. One of the methods for DOA estimation for broad-band sources proposed by Buckley and Griffiths [1988] has been selected for hardware implementation. This BASS-ALE algorithm has been simplified, parallelized and is mapped on an architecture suitable for real time processing. >
Graph coloring algorithms for multi-core and massively multithreaded architectures

We explore the interplay between architectures and algorithm design in the context of shared-memory platforms and a specific graph problem of central importance in scientific and high-performance computing, distance-1 graph coloring. We introduce two different kinds of multithreaded heuristic algorithms for the stated, NP-hard, problem. The first algorithm relies on speculation and iteration, and is suitable for any shared-memory system. The second algorithm uses dataflow principles, and is targeted at the non-conventional, massively multithreaded Cray XMT system. We study the performance of the algorithms on the Cray XMT and two multi-core systems, Sun Niagara 2 and Intel Nehalem. Together, the three systems represent a spectrum of multithreading capabilities and memory structure. As testbed, we use synthetically generated large-scale graphs carefully chosen to cover a wide range of input types. The results show that the algorithms have scalable runtime performance and use nearly the same number of colors as the underlying serial algorithm, which in turn is effective in practice. The study provides insight into the design of high performance algorithms for irregular problems on many-core architectures.
GREEN-TAILED TOWHEE RESPONSE TO PRESCRIBED FIRE IN MONTANE SHRUBLAND

Abstract Fire alters the structure and composition of shrublands and affects habitat quality for the associated avifauna. Because shrubland ecosystems have been greatly reduced from their original extent in western North America and fire is increasingly being used to manage these landscapes, a better understanding of how fire affects the associated vegetation and wildlife is imperative. We evaluated the response of Green-tailed Towhees (Pipilo chlorurus) to prescribed fire in the montane shrublands of Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado during 2002 and 2003. Three to five years following prescribed burning, Green-tailed Towhee density and shrub cover were generally higher in unburned areas. Nests (n = 179) were located in unburned vegetation; within burned sites, all nests were in remnant patches. Green-tailed Towhee nest survival was 57% (95% CI = 49%–65%) across the two years of the study. More than half of the nests were in common juniper (Juniperus communis) shrubs, and nest survival was higher...
Accounting For Employee Stock Options As Contingencies

The accounting profession has long attempted to improve the disclosure of compensatory stock option information in financial reporting. While evidence of inconsistent practice has been publicized and acknowledged, suggestions for readjustment center largely around technicalities. The purpose of this article is to: (1) identify the inherent weakness of existing accounting principles on stock options, and (2) propose a new framework to account for employee stock options so that conflicting issues can be resolved in theory as well as in accounting practice.
Maternal depression and child growth in developing countries: A focus on the postnatal period

The prevalence of maternal depression and infant malnutrition is high in developing countries. Maternal depression can interfere with parenting behaviors and may negatively impact infant nutrition and growth. This review examines studies that look at the relationship between maternal depression and infant growth. A literature search was conducted in PubMed. Articles published that examined associations between maternal mental health, depression, and infant growth (ages 0–36 months) in developing countries were reviewed and summarized. Fifteen publications described 16 studies that met the above review criteria. Of these studies, nine examined the associations between maternal depression and infant growth and seven examined general maternal mental health symptoms and infant growth. Almost all studies of maternal depression/depressive symptoms found an association with poor infant growth (eight out of nine). Likewise, the majority of studies of general mental health symptoms and poor infant growth (five out of seven) reported a significant association. The review suggests that the relation between maternal depression and poor infant growth occurs at extremes of nutrition (e.g., underweight, stunting, or wasting) rather than along the nutrition continuum. Most publications examined relations with growth problems at the extremes; and nearly all (11/12) of these reported significant associations between maternal depression/mental health problems and some form of severe malnutrition (e.g., underweight, stunting, or wasting). Findings from two of the three publications that examined either mild malnutrition or growth along a continuum (e.g., weight-for-age or length-for-age on a continuous scale) reported no significant associations between maternal depression/depressive symptoms and growth. Inclusion of covariates in multivariable models generally attenuated the associations, emphasizing that there are many diverse determinants of maternal depression and infant growth. Only 3 of the 16 studies were longitudinal. The current review suggests that an association exists between maternal depression/depressive symptoms and poor infant growth in developing countries, especially when nutrition problems are severe (e.g., underweight, stunting, or wasting). Additional research is needed to better understand the relations between maternal depression/depressive symptoms and poor infant growth.
Gender, Ethnicity, and Their Intersectionality in the Prediction of Smoking Outcome Expectancies in Regular Cigarette Smokers

The current study utilized the intersectionality framework to explore whether smoking outcome expectancies (i.e., cognitions about the anticipated effects of smoking) were predicted by gender and ethnicity, and the gender-by-ethnicity interaction. In a cross-sectional design, daily smokers from the general community (32.2% women; non-Hispanic African American [n = 175], non-Hispanic White [n = 109], or Hispanic [n = 26]) completed self-report measures on smoking expectancies and other co-factors. Results showed that women reported greater negative reinforcement (i.e., anticipated smoking-induced negative affect reduction) and weight control (i.e., anticipated smoking-induced appetite/weight suppression) expectancies than men. Hispanic (vs. African American or White) smokers endorsed greater negative reinforcement expectancies. A gender-by-ethnicity interaction was found for weight control expectancies, such that White women reported greater weight control expectancies than White men, but no gender differences among African American and Hispanic smokers were found. These findings suggest that gender, ethnicity, and their intersectionality should be considered in research on cognitive mechanisms that may contribute to tobacco-related health disparities.
I Don't Know

This is a non-fiction novel, title I Don't Know. It is in three parts, the first economic (which will seem "liberal" to most), the second political (which will seem "conservative" to most), and the third theological (which will seem weird to most). I think you will find it a fun read, and feel free to distribute it at will.
What have we learned from febrile seizures

What have we learned from febrile seizures? We have learned that there is a natural history to different seizure types, what some have taken to calling "seizure syndromes." We have learned that understanding these "natural histories" may be helpful in making decisions about treatment. We have learned that seizures themselves, while unpleasant, may not be harmful and don't always have to be treated. We have learned that sometimes the treatment is worse than the disease and that the side effects of medication may have more consequences than the occurrence of another seizure. We have learned that the determination of the "risks" and consequences of the seizures should be made by the patient or the family, and that they may assess the risks and benefits quite differently than the physician. Similarly, the benefits and consequences of anticonvulsant medication may be assessed quite differently by different people. We have learned that all seizures do not need to be treated, and we have learned that those that are treated should be treated for the shortest time possible. I believe that these are important lessons that should affect our management of afebrile seizures as well.
Waste Heat Recovery and Saving Fresh Water Consumption in Power Plants

A section to delineate ‘waste heat recovery’ has been written to contribute for the ASME Power Plant Cooling Specification/Decision-making Guide to be published in 2013. This paper informs tentative contents for the section on how to beneficially apply waste heat and water recovery technology into power plants. This paper describes waste heat recovery in power plant, current/innovative technologies, specifications, case study, combined cycle, thermal benefits, effects on system efficiency, economic and exergetic benefits. It also outlines water recovery technologies, benefits in fresh water consumptions, reducing acids emission, additional cooling effects, economic analysis and critical considerations.© 2012 ASME
STATIN USE AT TIME OF RESPIRATORY VIRAL INFECTION IN PATIENTS WITH PRIOR HISTORY OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE AND RISK OF SUBSEQUENT CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS

A recent investigation identified a 40% decrease in all-cause mortality in patients admitted with respiratory viral infections (RVI) who received statin therapy. The purpose of this study was to determine the risk of subsequent cardiovascular (CV) events in inpatient subjects with confirmed RVI with
Modeling and Simulation of PV System with Energy Storage Device at High Altitude Areas

High altitude has the advantage of rich light resource. However,in high altitude area,light randomness(cloud and fog) and temperature varying also bring difficulties for Photovoltaic(PV) system. An integrated generation system was built based on practice engineering PV model and CIEMAT model of battery,in which temperature and light intensity were considered. The battery system can balance the power by tracing the deviation of PV output.Simulation model based on Matlab / Simulink was employed to mimic environment changing at high altitude areas.Simulation results show that energy storage device can balance the power change of PV system due to external environment,which guarantees the stability and efficiency of the power generation system.
Removal of TDS from Mixture of RO Concentrate and Wastewater by Chlorella

The primary effluent,secondary effluent and digester supernatant were mixed with RO concentrate respectively to prepare three kinds of mixtures with RO concentrate concentration of 30%.The growth of Chlorella in the mixtures and the removal efficiency of Ca2 +,Mg2 +,Na+,K+,PO3-4,SO2-4and Cl-by Chlorella were investigated. The results showed that the biomasses of Chlorella in the three kinds of mixtures were increased by 330%,310% and 290%,respectively. The concentrations of the four kinds of cations were reduced by 9. 0% to 96. 5%,the removal rates of Ca2 +and Mg2 +were proportional to the alkalinity in the three kinds of mixtures and were up to 96. 5% and 44. 2% respectively in digester mixture,and the removal rates of Na+and K+were between 9. 0% and 26. 2%. The removal rates of PO3-4,SO2-4and Cl-in the three kinds of mixtures were 75. 9% to 99. 7%,1. 5% to19. 4% and 12. 6% to 22. 5%,respectively. The biomasses of Chlorella were proportional to the removal rates of Na+,K+and Cl-.
Antimicrobial treatment did not reduce complications of urinary tract infection in diabetes and asymptomatic bacteriuria.

Source Citation Harding GK, Zhanel GG, Nicolle LE, Cheang M. Antimicrobial treatment in diabetic women with asymptomatic bacteriuria. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:1576-83. 12432044 (All 2003 articles wer...
Basics of Ultrasound Physics

Ultrasound – Refers to sound waves with frequencies higher than 20 kHz, which is higher than the frequencies perceptible to the human ear.
APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the applications of the definite integral to problems in business, economics, motion, biology, consumption of natural resources, and probability. These applications are based on an important relationship between the change in the value of a function and the definite integral of its derivative. The marginal cost (MC), marginal revenue (MR), and marginal profit (MP) are the derivatives of the cost function, revenue function, and profit function, respectively. An equation that involves an unknown function and its derivatives is called a differential equation. The differential equations arise in a variety of important applications, especially those involving rates of change. A function that satisfies a differential equation is called a solution of that equation. A condition that specifies the value of y for some specific value of x is called an initial condition, and the problem of solving a differential equation subject to an initial condition is called an initial value problem.
In Situ Analysis of Asimina triloba (Paw Paw) Plant Tissues for Acetogenins via the Droplet-Liquid Microjunction-Surface Sampling Probe Coupled to UHPLC-PDA-HRMS/MS

Asimina triloba, commonly known as paw paw, is one of approximately 2100 species in the Annonaceae family, scores of which are known to biosynthesize bioactive secondary metabolites, termed Annonaceous acetogenins. Even with over 400 acetogenins identified, a high-throughput screening protocol for these compounds does not exist. Advances in direct ambient ionization mass spectrometry have opened the door to many metabolite profiling methodologies, but for acetogenins, this is often complicated by the abundance of isomers that are present. A droplet-liquid microjunction-surface sampling probe coupled to UPLC-PDA-HRMS/MS system was employed to detect acetogenins in situ from A. triloba. The seeds, fruit pulp, twigs, leaves, and flowers of A. triloba were all examined for acetogenins. Additionally, lithium was infused post-column to increase the sensitivity of the fragments, thus allowing for characterization of the structural classes, and mass defect filtering was used to mine the data for the various acetogenin analogues. This surface sampling system allowed for the rapid identification and differentiation of Annonaceous acetogenins directly from the various organs of A. triloba, including the never before studied flowers.
NCM 3.1: A Conceptual Model for Hyperknowledge Document Engineering

Most of multimedia documents available today are agnostic to data semantics and their specification language offer little to ease authoring and mechanisms to their players so they can retrieve and present meaningful content to improve user experience. In this paper, we present the main entities of the version 3.1 of the Nested Context Model (NCM), which concentrate efforts at integrating support for enriched knowledge description to the model. This extension enables the specification of relationships between knowledge descriptions in the traditional hypermedia way, composing what we call hyperknowledge in this paper. NCM previous version (NCM 3.0) is a conceptual model for hypermedia document engineering. NCL (Nested Context Language), which is part of international standards and ITU recommendations, is an XML application language that was engineered according to NCM 3.0 definitions. The extensions discussed in this paper contribute not only for advances in the NCL specifications, but mainly as a conceptual model for hyperknowledge document engineering.
Evaluating safety of tunneled small bore central venous catheters in chronic kidney disease population: A quality improvement initiative.

Introduction Peripherally inserted central venous catheters (PICCs) may adversely impact future successful arteriovenous fistulae (AVF). As part of a quality improvement project, the performance of tunneled small bore tunneled central venous catheters (TSB-CVCs), as alternatives to PICCs, was evaluated. Methods A retrospective observational study, involving individuals ≥18 years of age who underwent TSB-CVC placement by Interventional Radiology at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN between 1/1/2010 and 8/30/2013. Findings The study cohort included 92 patients with a median age of 55 (46–67) years, who underwent 108 TSB-CVC placements. Baseline renal disease was present in 71% (77/108). Most TSB-CVCs were placed in hospitalized patients (94%; 102/108); five French in diameter (61%; 66/108) and located in an internal jugular vein (84%; 91/108). Median catheter indwelling time was 20 (11–43) days (n = 84). TSB-CVC-related bloodstream infection, deep venous thrombosis (DVT), and superficial venous thrombosis (SpVT) rates per line were 0.009 (1/108), 0.018 (2/108), and 0.009 (1/108), respectively. Venous outcomes in a subgroup of 54 patients, who had documented PICC placements (n = 161) in addition to TSB-CVC (n = 58) were compared. TSB-CVC-DVT rate was lower than the PICC-DVT rate (0.017 [1/58] vs. 0.106 per line [17/161]; P = 0.04). The TSB-CVC-SpVT rate was not different from the PICC-SpVT rate (0 [0/58] vs. 0.037 [6/161] per line; P = 0.14). Discussion TSB-CVCs demonstrated an excellent safety profile in our study. These catheters should be preferentially utilized for arm vein preservation in advanced kidney disease. Their impact on future AVF success needs further evaluation.
Zorua: a holistic approach to resource virtualization in GPUs

This paper introduces a new resource virtualization framework, Zorua, that decouples the programmer-specified resource usage of a GPU application from the actual allocation in the on-chip hardware resources. Zorua enables this decoupling by virtualizing each resource transparently to the programmer. The virtualization provided by Zorua builds on two key concepts — dynamic allocation of the on-chip resources and their oversubscription using a swap space in memory. Zorua provides a holistic GPU resource virtualization strategy, designed to (i) adaptively control the extent of oversubscription, and (ii) coordinate the dynamic management of multiple on-chip resources (i.e., registers, scratchpad memory, and thread slots), to maximize the effectiveness of virtualization. Zorua employs a hardware-software code-sign, comprising the compiler, a runtime system and hardware-based virtualization support. The runtime system leverages information from the compiler regarding resource requirements of each program phase to (i) dynamically allocate/deallocate the different resources in the physically available on-chip resources or their swap space, and (ii) manage the tradeoffbetween higher thread-level parallelism due to virtualization versus the latency and capacity overheads of swap space usage. We demonstrate that by providing the illusion of more resources than physically available via controlled and coordinated virtualization, Zorua offers several important benefits: (i) Programming Ease. Zorua eases the burden on the programmer to provide code that is tuned to efficiently utilize the physically available on-chip resources. (ii) Portability. Zorua alleviates the necessity of re-tuning an application's resource usage when porting the application across GPU generations. (iii) Performance. By dynamically allocating resources and carefully oversubscribing them when necessary, Zorua improves or retains the performance of applications that are already highly tuned to best utilize the hardware resources. The holistic virtualization provided by Zorua can also enable other uses, including fine-grained resource sharing among multiple kernels and low-latency preemption of GPU programs.
Survey of pests and beneficial insects in conventional and transgenic cotton.

A cotton patch that was divided into two sections, one being conventional cotton and the other being transgenic cotton was surveyed for insects. The cotton was transgenic for Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), a naturally occurring bacterium in the soil that is toxic to Lepidoptera larvae, which is one of the most common pests in cotton crops. The arthropods that were collected were separated into two categories, one being whether the arthropod was a pest to the crop and the other being if it was beneficial to the crop. There were more pests on the transgenic cotton than on the conventional cotton but there were also more beneficial insects in the transgenic cotton than in the conventional cotton. In none of our samples was Lepidoptera larvae encountered. If Bt cotton has the most promising effect on reducing pests, then there would be fewer pests on the transgenic cotton than on the conventional cotton. Our results, showed that there were more pests on conventional cotton than in Bt cotton. This information is important for the implementation of integrated pest management strategies. The use of Bt transgenic cotton may not be the best method to manage pests.
Clinical Manifestations of Multiple Sclerosis in Taiwanese Children

Twenty-one patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and onset before 18 years were treated over the past 22 years and their records retrospectively analyzed at the National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, and Min-Sheng General Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
Refining mass formulas for astrophysical applications: A Bayesian neural network approach

The masses of nuclei between the experimentally known region and the neutron drip line are key inputs for a variety of astrophysical applications. Particularly near the drip lines, unstable nuclei are also at the core of fundamental questions about the limits of nuclear binding. The authors use two existing mass models that capture the essential underlying physics and then refine their predictions by training an artificial neural network. The results significantly reduce the root-mean-square deviation relative to experiment. These newly refined mass tables are used to map the neutron drip lines and to study a few critical $r$-process nuclei.
Ulcerative Tinea Corporis in an Immunosuppressed patient

Worldwide, Trichophyton rubrum is the most common cause of dermatophytosis. Infection is classically superficial, limited to the cornified layers of the skin, and may be accompanied by varying degrees of inflammation. Dermatophyte invasion is limited by multiple host factors, including sebum production, an intact skin barrier, and immunocompetence. We describe a 65 year old gentleman with a history of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, nephrogenic systemic fibrosis, and immunosuppressed status due to renal transplant who presented with a non-healing ulcer of the left dorsal hand. Further examination revealed palmar erythema and scale as well as annular erythematous plaques with peripheral scale on his bilateral knees. Laboratory testing yielded the diagnosis of tinea corporis, with bacterial superinfection of the left dorsal hand. The patient was started on systemic antimicrobials with complete healing of the ulcer along with total clearance of the rash. This case highlights an unusual presentation of invasive Trichophyton rubrum in the setting of immunosuppression and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis.
Emergency Department Switching and Duplicate Computed Tomography Scans in Patients With Kidney Stones.

Objective To test whether duplicate imaging relates to a lack of information sharing among providers, we measured the association between emergency department (ED) switching during a kidney stone episode and receipt of a repeat computed tomography (CT) scan. Methods Using the MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounters Database, we identified adults between the ages 18 and 64 with an ED visit for a diagnosis of kidney stones. Among patients who had an abdominal or pelvic CT scan at their initial encounter, we then determined the subset that made an ED revisit within 30 days of their first, distinguishing between those to the same vs a different ED. Finally, we fit multivariable logistic regression models to estimate the risk of receiving a repeat CT scan associated with ED switching. Results Twelve percent of patients who received a CT scan at their initial ED encounter had a revisit within 30 days of discharge. One-third of their revisits were made to a different ED than the index one. Duplicate CT scans were obtained at nearly 40% of all revisits. On multivariable analysis, the risk of receiving a repeat CT was 12% higher if this revisit was made to a different ED (risk ratio, 1.12; 95% confidence interval, 1.03-1.21; P = .010). Conclusion Our study reveals that ED switching during an acute kidney stone episode is associated with higher levels of repeat CT imaging. These findings support the role of better health information exchange among providers to help reduce waste in the health-care system.
Settling volume and morphology changes in cross-linked and unmodified starches from wheat, waxy wheat, and waxy maize in relation to their pasting properties.

Abstract Normal wheat, waxy wheat and waxy maize starches were cross-linked with 0.01, 0.03 and 0.06% (sb) phosphorus oxychloride. The objective of this study was to correlate the morphology changes and settling volume to the pasting properties of those cross-linked and unmodified starches. Pasting and microscopic data for waxy maize starch and its cross-linked products was similar to waxy wheat starch, except changes occurred at ∼5 °C higher in temperature. At 6% solids, waxy wheat starch cross-linked with 0.01% POCl3 had a greater settling volume and a higher pasting viscosity than the cross-linked waxy maize starch, but at 7 and 8% solids, waxy maize starch cross-linked with 0.03% and 0.06% POCl3 had a higher pasting viscosity. At 6% starch solids, particle volume fraction appeared to be the dominant factor controlling consistency, but at higher starch solids contents, the deformability (rigidity) of swollen granules became important in controlling viscosity.
Special Article: Significant Risk Versus Acceptable Risk in Dental Treatment of HIV-Infected Individuals

Dentists are obligated to treat HIV-infected individuals by legal and professional code regardless of personal bias, level of training, or area of specialty. Refusal to treat HIV-infected individuals irrespective of current disease state constitutes discrimination, which is prohibited by law. Universal precautions receive a preponderance of support among the medical and dental communities, thus making it the common denominator in case law. The 1998 U.S. Supreme Court decision Bragdon v. Abbott offered insight into the interpretation of Title III of the Americans with Disability Act of 1992 as it applies to HIV/AIDS as a disability. The resulting dicta raises interesting questions as to what constitutes significant risk versus what is deemed an acceptable level of risk to a practitioner treating HIV-infected individuals.
Migration of Fungicide to Sites of Action

Fungicides migrate to sites of action where reactions with cellular constituents inhibit further growth of the fungus. With protectant fungicides the entire process has to occur on the host before infection occurs. The migration of fungicides proceeds in spite of the ability of many fungous spores to survive in a hostile environment. During migration the fungicide in residues is mobilized and permeates to sites of action on or in the fungous cell. The mechanisms involved will be discussed in view of recent concepts of chemical activity of fungicides and of cellular organization of fungi.