cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Integration of Case-Based and Model-Based Reasoning and its Application to Physical System Faults

Case-Based Reasoning (CBR) systems solve new problems by finding stored instances of problems similar to the current one, and by adapting previous solutions to fit the current problem, taking into consideration any differences between the current and previous situations. CBR has been proposed as a more robust and plausible model of expert reasoning than the better-known rule-based systems. Current CBR systems have been used in planning, engineering design, and memory organization. There has been minimal work, however, in the area of reasoning about physical systems. This type of reasoning is a difficult task, and every attempt to automate the process must overcome the problems of modeling normal behavior, diagnosing faults, and predicting future behavior. CBR systems are currently quite difficult to compare and evaluate, because there is currently no common mathematical framework in which the systems can be described. The only avenue available at present for comparison and evaluation of CBR systems requires an intellectual synthesis of the semantics of the program sources. Important constraints on the operation of a CBR system are often hidden in obscure programming tricks in the system's source code. This thesis presents a hybrid methodology for reasoning about physical systems in operation. This methodology is based on retrieval and adaptation of previously experienced problems similar to the problem at hand. In this methodology the ability of a CBR to reason about a physical system is significantly enhanced by the addition to the Case-Based Reasoner of a model of the physical system. The model describes the physical system's structural, functional, and causal behavior. Additionally, this thesis presents a mathematical formalization of the case-based reasoning paradigm and a formal specification of the interaction of the CBR component with the model-based component of a case-based system. To prove the feasibility and the merit of such methodology, a prototypical system for dealing with the faults of a physical system has been designed and implemented. Through testing has been proved that this hybrid methodology allows the generation of diagnoses and prognoses that are beyond the capabilities of current reasoning systems.
An effective explicit building block MOEA, the MOMGA-IIa

In the multiobjective messy genetic algorithm (MOMGA), the current version, MOMGA-IIa, incorporates efficient processes for obtaining the Pareto front while maintaining a distribution of solutions evaluating to vectors across the Pareto front. Initially described are principle classifiers within explicit building block (BB) multi-objective evolutionary algorithms (MOEAs). Novel design characteristics are addressed as essential elements for making MOMGA-IIa a state-of-the-art explicit BB MOEA. Additionally, a comparison of state-of-the-art explicit BB MOEAs using test suite problems, contemporary quality metrics, extensive testing, and statistical analysis is delivered. Finally, a supplementary historical view of the development of the MOMGA-series MOEA is provided
Hsp25 and -90 immunoreactivity in the normal rat eye.

PURPOSE The distributions of heat shock protein (Hsp)25 and -90 in various regions of the rat eye are described to provide a basis for understanding their roles in normal, damaged, and diseased ocular tissues. This work complements the earlier examination of Hsp70 and Hsc70 (the constitutive form). METHODS Eyes of adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were fixed in methacarn and embedded in paraffin. Sagittal sections (10 microm) through the optic nerve were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, or incubated with anti-Hsp90, anti-Hsp25, or control IgG. Bound antibody was visualized using an avidin-biotin-horseradish peroxidase detection system. RESULTS Hsp90 immunoreactivity was abundant in the retina, whereas only low levels of Hsp25 were detected there. In the optic nerve, the relative difference in immunoreactivity for the two Hsps was reversed, with Hsp25 being considerably greater than Hsp90. Both Hsps were detected at low levels in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), except for that portion within 250 microm of the optic disc, where Hsp25 and -90 immunoreactivities were increased. Similar to the optic nerve, the corneal epithelium showed greater staining for Hsp25 than for Hsp90, and basal cells contained the highest levels of immunoreactivity for both Hsps. In the ciliary body and iris, Hsp25 and -90 were abundant and similarly distributed in the epithelial and stromal layers. CONCLUSIONS Each of the ocular tissues had distinctive patterns of Hsp25 and -90 immunostaining. These results suggest that the various structures of the eye have unique requirements for the particular chaperoning and supportive functions of these two Hsp families.
An analytical method for predicting surface soil moisture from rainfall observations

A simple analytical method for estimating surface soil moisture directly from rainfall data is proposed and studied. Soil moisture dynamics are represented by a linear stochastic partial differential equation ( Entekhabi and Rodriguez-Iturbe, 1994 ). A diagnostic equation is derived from the soil moisture dynamics equation by eliminating the diffusion term. The derived daily soil moisture function is a time-weighted average of previous cumulative rainfall over a given period (e.g., >14 days). The advantage of this method is that information on the initial condition of soil moisture, which is often not available at all times and locations, is not needed. The loss coefficient in the diagnostic equation for soil moisture can be estimated from land surface characteristics and soil properties. The method for determining the averaging window size, the loss coefficient, and the infiltration coefficient are described and demonstrated. The soil moisture data observed during three field experiments, i.e., Monsoon'90, Washita'92, and SGP'97, are compared to the calculated soil moisture. The results indicate that the proposed method is robust and has the potential for useful soil moisture predictions.
200 GHz f/sub max/, f/sub /spl tau// InP/In/sub 0.53/Ga/sub 0.47/As/InP metamorphic double heterojunction bipolar transistors on GaAs substrates

InP/In/sub 0.53/Ga/sub 0.47/As/InP Double Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors were grown on GaAs substrates using a high-thermal-conductivity InP metamorphic buffer layer. InP metamorphic buffer was selected because it has a large thermal conductivity, which is very important in high power device operation. 200 GHz f/sub max/ and 200 GHz f/sub /spl tau// were obtained. This f/sub max/ is the highest reported for a metamorphic HBT. The breakdown voltage BV/sub CEO/ was 6 V and the DC current gain /spl beta/ was 27. The base-collector reverse leakage current was 54 nA at V/sub CB/ = 0.3V.
Evaluation of Al Manaahil: An Original Arabic Children's Television Series in Reading.

Between April 1985 and January 1988, Educational Testing Service conducted an evaluation of AL MANAAHIL (The Sources), a children's television series in reading for Arab children. The series, produced and broadcast in Jordan, contained 65 half-hour shows in Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) designed for children in Grades One through Four. The shows were intended to expose children to modern vocabulary and examples of accurate uses of MSA in everyday situations. More than 5,000 children in Jordan, Morocco, and Tunisia were tested in the evaluation. Based on the Jordan test data, AL MANAAHIL had a positive impact on children's reading skills. The positive findings were replicated in Government schools, United Nations schools, and Private schools. The findings were similar for boys and girls. They held up across different tests. The positive results were more pronounced on items more clearly related to specific goals of the series than on items less clearly related. The majority of children who participated in the testing program reported that they watched the AL MANAAHIL series and liked it. Responses of teachers, parents, and other adults to an ETS survey about the series were also positive. The majority of teachers (65%) indicated that they liked the series or liked it very much. Most (74%) noted that the series had a positive or very positive impact on the children. When asked about AL MANAAHIL's effect on their teaching, a majority (54%) of teachers indicated that AL MANAAHIL had a positive or very positive effect. In several adult literacy programs, participants were asked to take the AL MANAAHIL tests and respond to questions about how frequently they viewed the series and how much they liked or disliked it. Of 83 adults in the literacy sample, 33 (40% of the sample) reported that they watched the programs on a regular basis. That group of 33 performed better on the AL MANAAHIL test battery than a group of 28 who did not watch the series at all - a result that supports the overall positive findings of the evaluation. In summary, based on the data gathered in 1986 and 1987, AL MANAAHIL had a positive effect on children in this study. It is likely to have a similar effect on children who view the series in the future in Jordan and other Arab countries.
A neural network for synthesizing the pitch of an acoustic source

The authors describe a neural network model capable of generating a spatial representation of the pitch of an acoustic source that can be naturally imbedded in an architecture for signal separation. The model is a type of pattern matching model. The input to the pitch detecting module is a spectral representation, which is discussed. Pitch is one of several auditory percepts used by humans to separate multiple sound sources in the environment from each other. The model provides a neural instantiation of a type of harmonic sieve. It is capable of quantitatively simulating a large body of psychoacoustical data, including new data on octave shift perception. >
New paradigms for the future: keynote perspectives from The R&D Management Conference 2008

The R&D Management Conference 2008 theme of ‘emerging and new approaches to R&D management’ sought to draw out how R&D-based organizations today are changing the way they manage (in terms of novel approaches, techniques, models and tools) in face of the challenges and opportunities presented in the current environment. Six keynote presentations by executives, representing both the public and private sectors, elaborated on the following subjects reflecting their experiences on the theme: hyperconnectivity and changing R&D tenets, accelerating discoveries in human health via open access public-private partnerships, role of government in bridging the innovation gap, building sustainability and innovation in a traditional resource sector, R&D management in the aerospace sector, and leveraging diversity to build a culture of innovation. Their presentations highlighted amongst other things – global trends that are affecting how R&D organizations are operating, economic imperatives driving change in business models, working through partnerships within an open innovation environment, and leveraging the diversity presented by an increasingly globalized R&D workforce for success. Within these presentations are also challenges to researchers to generate new thinking to address current and future problems presented by the R&D environment. The keynote perspectives are summarized in this paper.
The theory of the laughable in the sixteenth century

(1949). The theory of the laughable in the sixteenth century. Quarterly Journal of Speech: Vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 1-16.
Semi-regular graphs of minimum independence number

Many functions of the degree sequence of a graph give lower bounds on the graph's independence number. In particular, α(G)?R(d(G)), where R is the residue of the degree sequence of G. We consider the precision of this estimate when it is applied to semi-regular degree sequences, showing that the residue nearly always gives the best possible estimate on independence number: when d is semi-regular and graphic, we construct a graph G realizing d with R(d)≤α(G)≤R(d)+1. Moreover, we determine explicitly which inequality is strict. We prove this directly for most semi-regular sequences, giving an outline of proof for the remainder.
Effect of streptozotocin on erythrocyte and retinal superoxide dismutase.

The Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of rat retinae and erythrocytes was decreased by 30–40% from control levels 5 days after the induction of diabetes with streptozotocin. Homogenates prepared from lungs, liver, brains, aortas, kidneys, whole eyes and lens of streptozotocin-diabetic rats showed no change in SOD activity. Treatment with insulin for three days which restored plasma glucose levels close to normal failed to affect retinal SOD activity in diabetic rats. Retinas (rat and bovine) and erythrocytes (human and rat) showed decreased SOD activity followingin vitro incubation with streptozotocin. The need for careful differentiation of drug-induced from diabetes-induced effects in studies of experimental diabetes is reemphasized.
Safety of nerve conduction studies in patients with peripheral intravenous lines

Nerve conduction studies (NCS) may be deferred because of a perceived risk of cardiac arrhythmia in the presence of same-limb peripheral intravenous lines. Patients with implanted pacemakers or defibrillators provide a model in whom this risk can be assessed. Twenty patients, seven with pacemakers and 13 with defibrillators, had peripheral intravenous lines placed during routine care and underwent NCS in the same limb. NCS were performed with the intravenous line clamped and then with saline open to gravity. The implanted cardiac device was interrogated before and after the study. During NCS the surface electrocardiogram and intracardiac electrograms were monitored continuously. Electrical impulses generated during routine NCS were never detected by the sensing amplifiers of the pacemakers/defibrillators and did not affect the programmed settings or interfere with pacing of the device. Routine NCS are safe in patients with same-limb peripheral intravenous lines, even with saline open to gravity.
Voltage-independent calcium release in heart muscle

The Ca2+ that activates contraction in heart muscle is regulated as in skeletal muscle by processes that depend on voltage and intracellular Ca2+ and involve a positive feedback system. How the initial electrical signal is amplified in heart muscle has remained controversial, however. Analogous protein structures from skeletal muscle and heart muscle have been identified physiologically and sequenced; these include the Ca2+ channel of the sarcolemma and the Ca2+ release channel of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Although the parallels found in cardiac and skeletal muscles have provoked valuable experiments in both tissues, separation of the effects of voltage and intracellular Ca2+ on sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release in heart muscle has been imperfect. With the use of caged Ca2+ and flash photolysis in voltage-clamped heart myocytes, effects of membrane potential in heart muscle cells on Ca2+ release from intracellular stores have been studied. Unlike the response in skeletal muscle, voltage across the sarcolemma of heart muscle does not affect the release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, suggesting that other regulatory processes are needed to control Ca2(+)-induced Ca2+ release.
Ultrasound guidance for biopsy of omental abnormalities

Abstract We review our two-year experience with ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration biopsy of omental pathology. Eleven patients were referred for biopsy of omental abnormalities. Biopsy was performed without complication in all cases and the aspirates were positive for malignancy in 9. The discharge diagnosis was ovarian carcinoma in 6 patients, adenocarcinoma of unknown origin in 1, lymphoma in 1, and carcinoma of the colon in 1. The technique requires the use of a linear array transducer for biopsy guidance, and is safe, rapid, and easy to perform.
Accelerated multigrid high accuracy solution of the convection-diffusion equation with high Reynolds number

A fourth-order compact finite difference scheme is employed with the multigrid algorithm to obtain highly accurate numerical solution of the convection-diffusion equation with very high Reynolds number and variable coefficients. The multigrid solution process is accelerated by a minimal residual smoothing (MRS) technique. Numerical experiments are employed to show that the proposed multigrid solver is stable and yields accurate solution for high Reynolds number problems. We also show that the MRS acceleration procedure is efficient and the acceleration cost is negligible. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Testing models of thalamic dysfunction in schizophrenia using neuroimaging

Neural models of schizophrenia have implicated the thalamus in deficits of early sensory processing and multimodal integration. We have reviewed the existing neuroimaging literature for evidence in support of models that propose abnormalities of thalamic relay nuclei, the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus, and large-scale cortico-thalamic networks. Thalamic volume reduction was found in some but not all studies. Studies of the early stages of schizophrenia suggest that thalamic volume reduction is present early in the course of the illness. Functional imaging studies have revealed task related abnormalities in several cortical and subcortical areas including the thalamus, suggesting a disruption of distributed thalamocortical networks. Chemical imaging studies have provided evidence for a loss of thalamic neuronal integrity in schizophrenia. There is, at present, inadequate data to support the hypothesis that schizophrenia is associated with abnormalities of sensory relay or association nuclei. There is evidence for a perturbation of cortico-thalamic networks, but further research is needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms at the cellular and systems levels. The challenges ahead include better delineation of thalamic structure and function in vivo, the combination of genetic and imaging techniques to elucidate the genetic contributions to a thalamic phenotype of schizophrenia, and longitudinal studies of thalamic structure and function.
Use of laser triangulation probes in coordinate measuring machines for part tolerance inspection and reverse engineering

Laser triangulation range sensors mounted in coordinate measuring machines are finding increasing use for dimensional measurement applications. These applications include confirming that part dimensions are within tolerances and, in some cases, providing the dimensional database needed to reverse engineer products. This paper summarizes the results of recent studies on the performance characteristics of triangulation probes, describes certain effects which are not commonly understood, and presents concepts for improved designs and data analysis.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Mechanisms of cholesterol monohydrate dissolution in aqueous taurocholate-, taurochenodeoxycholate-, and tauroursodeoxycholate-lecithin solutions—correlation between micellar species and dissolution rates

Abstract A complete mapping study of the cholesterol monohydrate (ChM) dissolution rates ( J ) has been completed for the aqueous taurocholate (TC)-, taurochenodeoxycholate (TCDC)-, and tauroursodeoxycholate (TUDC)-lecithin (L) systems over a wide range of bile salt concentrations at seven levels of lecithin (0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, and 32 m M ) and two levels of added NaCl (0.20 and 0.40 M ). From equilibrium dialysis experiments, the simple micelle—mixed micelle coexistence equilibria were quantified and the micellar species concentrations determined. The rate constants for the simple micelle ( k s ) and for the mixed micelle ( k M ) at each level of lecithin were deduced from the J values and the micelle concentrations. The following were the important conclusions. First, these studies have confirmed our previous finding that the TC simple micelle is the principal species and the TC-L mixed micelle is much less important in the interfacially controlled ChM dissolution rates in the TC-L system. In the TCDC-L and TUDC-L systems, the relative importance of the simple and the mixed micelles depends on the lecithin and the total Na + concentrations in the dissolution medium. However, at physiological levels of lecithin (i.e., 24 m M and above), it is always the simple micelle which dominates the ChM dissolution kinetics in both systems. In the TCDC-L system, the k s value first increased dramatically with the addition of lecithin from 2 to 16 m M and then leveled off. In the TC-L system, the k s value remained relatively unchanged over a wide concentration range of lecithin. These results were interpreted to mean that surface-adsorbed lecithin facilitates the TCDC simple micelles, but not the TC simple micelles, in ChM dissolution. Lecithin facilitation of TUDC simple micelles was found to be intermediate. The mechanisms by which surface-adsorbed lecithin may facilitate the attack of ChM crystallites by simple micelles remain to be clarified. The k M values generally decreased with increasing lecithin concentration for the three bile salt-lecithin systems. This decrease in k M with the addition of lecithin may be related to the molecular composition (the K value) and the increasing stability of the mixed micelles at higher lecithin levels. As previously noted, the addition of lecithin to a constant level of TC results in a decrease in the ChM dissolution rate despite a linear increase in the equilibrium solubility. However, in the TCDC-L system, the ChM dissolution rate first rises with increasing lecithin to 16 m M lecithin and then levels off. These differing patterns for the TC-L and the TCDC-L systems are explained on the basis of the simple micelle-mixed micelle coexistence phenomenon and the relative effectiveness of the micellar species in dissolving the ChM crystallites.
Production, decay, and mixing models of the iota meson. II.

We solve a five-channel mixing problem involving eta, eta', zeta(1275), iota(1440), and a new hypothetical high-mass pseudoscalar state between 1600 and 1900 MeV. We obtain the quark and glue content of iota(1440). We compare two solutions to the mixing problem with iota(1440) production and decay data, and with quark-model predictions for bare masses. In one solution the iota(1440) is primarily a glueball. This solution is preferred by the production and decay data. In the other solution the iota(1440) is a radially excited (ss-bar) state. This solution is preferred by the quark-model picture for the bare masses. We judge the weight of the combined evidence to favor the glueball interpretation.
Low-Dose Methotrexate Results in the Selective Accumulation of Aminoimidazole Carboxamide Ribotide in an Erythroblastoid Cell Line

Therapeutic and toxic response to low-dose methotrexate (MTX) in the treatment of autoimmune disease continues to be highly variable, resulting in a critical need to identify predictive biomarkers of response. Biomarker development has been hampered by an incomplete understanding of the molecular pharmacology of low-dose MTX. To address this issue, accumulation of the substrates for aminoimidazole carboxamide ribonucleotide transformylase (AICART) and thymidylate synthase (TS) was measured as markers of pharmacological activity of MTX in an erythroblastoid cell line. A 115-fold increase in the AICART substrate and anti-inflammatory mediator, 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-d-ribofuranosyl 5′-monophosphate (ZMP), was observed following exposure to 10 nM MTX but subsequently decreased with increasing MTX concentrations, declining to baseline levels with 1000 nM MTX. In contrast, the TS substrate, 2′-deoxyuridine 5′-monophosphate disodium salt (dUMP), displayed concentration-dependent accumulation, increasing 29-, 342-, and 471-fold over baseline with 10, 100, and 1000 nM MTX, respectively. Cellular levels of dUMP correlated with levels of the parent drug (MTX-PG1; r = 0.66, P < 0.001) and its polyglutamates (MTX-PG2–6) (r = 0.81, P < 0.001), whereas cellular levels of ZMP were only moderately correlated with MTX-PG1 (r = 0.34, P < 0.01). In contrast, accumulation of ZMP at 10 nM MTX was associated with a 2.9-fold increase in the AICART inhibitor dihydrofolate (DHF), represented primarily by long-chain DHF polyglutamates. Selectivity, defined as the ratio of ZMP to dUMP, was maximal following exposure to 6 nM MTX. Characterizing the range of MTX concentrations that selectively promote ZMP accumulation while preserving pyrimidine biosynthesis may lead to optimization of low-dose MTX therapy.
On the transition from power-law creep to diffusional creep

Abstract Experimental studies of high-temperature creep have shown that polycrystalline materials exhibit a transition from power-law creep to diffusional creep as the applied stress decreases. On the basis of a theoretical analysis, it is predicted that the stress marking this transition varies not only with the grain size and the stress exponent n for power-law creep, as concluded before, but also with the Peierls stress τP of the material if n>3 such that, the higher τP, the higher is [sgrave]t, under otherwise identical conditions. it is demonstrated that there is a reasonable agreement between this theoretical prediction and experimental observations for a wide range of materials.
Concurrent communications with adaptive interference cancellation in MIMO networks

Exploitation of the spatial dimension in MIMO systems enables co-channel concurrent transmissions between the nodes, thus increases the capacity of the network. A major challenge in the implementation of concurrent transmissions is the mitigation of the interference without causing excessive communication overhead in the network. In this paper, we present a low overhead Concurrent Communications scheme based on Adaptive Interference Cancellation (CC-AIC), which does not require any explicit channel estimations between the nodes in the network. By using the adaptive RLS algorithm for interference cancellation and PN sequence based preamble, we address the channel estimation and communication overhead problems of the previous Space Division-Carrier Sense Multiple Access (SD-CSMA) based protocols. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme effectively cancels the interference caused by other concurrent communications and delivers an aggregate network throughput that is 29%–78% higher than that delivered by the existing SD-CSMA based protocol. In addition, we present experimental results on the interference cancellation performance of the proposed method to prove the practicality of our method.
The effects of superficial and structural information on online problem solving for good versus poor anagram solvers

The two experiments reported here tested two predictions concerning the sensitivity of good and poor problem solvers to superficial and structural information during online problem solving: (a) Superficial features have a greater effect on solution difficulty for poor problem solvers, whereas (b) structural features have a greater effect on solution difficulty for good problem solvers. The tests were conducted in the domain of anagram solution by manipulating or measuring several superficial and structural characteristics in this domain. The results supported both predictions. They also indicated that better problem solvers have access to structural information from the earliest stages of processing (within the first 2 s). The authors discuss the implications of their results for the types of solution strategies used by more and less competent anagram solvers.
Improving the composition and assembly of services in process-oriented environments

Current research initiatives in the area of service oriented architectures mainly concentrate on the technical aspects of the service composition and assembly. Difficulties and problems in service oriented analysis and design are often overlooked. This paper introduces the new method and models for proper alignment of business architecture, business processes and services. The paper describes the integration of service oriented analysis and design principles with enterprise architecture principles, to create a new method and models required for the improvement of servicespsila composition and assembly in process-oriented information systems.
Consumer acceptance of virtual stores: a theoretical model and critical success factors for virtual stores

Virtual stores provide great efficiency in the retail value chain, and their existence has tremendously paved the way for the diffusion of electronic commerce. Understanding the determinants of consumer acceptance of virtual stores will provide important theoretical contributions to the area of business-to-consumer (B-to-C) electronic commerce and lead to the development of more effective and meaningful strategies for virtual stores. By expanding the Technology Acceptance Model and the Innovation Diffusion Theory, this study aims to provide an integral theoretical paradigm that can successfully support a wide array of technical, business, and consumer issues involved in online retailing. The results from a Web-based survey of 253 online consumers indicate that the proposed theoretical model is able to explain and predict consumer acceptance of virtual stores substantially well. The resulting theoretical model explains a large portion of the factors that lead to a user's behavioral intention to use and actual use of a virtual store. In addition to providing new theoretical grounds for studying the virtual store phenomenon, this article also supplies virtual stores with a number of operative critical success factors to remain competitive in the volatile electronic marketplace.
Chain length specificity of the saturated fatty acyl desaturase in rat liver preparations.

Chain length specificity of the saturated fatty acyl desaturase was studied in rat liver preparations using both de novo synthesized long chain fatty acids and equimolar mixtures of preformed fatty acids. Both experiments show that myristic acid is least desaturated and palmitic and stearic acids are desaturated in about equal amounts.
Earth-flattening procedure for the propagation of Rayleigh wave

The propagation of Rayleigh waves in the earth is investigated in the period range of about 60 to 590 seconds. It has been shown that a set of earth-flattening approximations can be used to transform the heterogeneous spherical earth into plane-layered earth on which the dispersion computations by matrix method can be applied effectively to describe the fundamental mode of spheroidal oscillations involving the crust and the mantly only.
Private Property in Talmudic Legal Tradition

I. The Background: Theories of Property The institution of property is one of the oldest in human experience. Because of the many approaches to the study of the origins of society and the functions of its various structures, the idea of property has been investigated from numerous points of view. In this subject, many disciplines of modern scholarship converge, each beginning with a consideration of some aspect of existent society, and then, to a greater or lesser degree, looking back into the origins of the institution in question.
PMMA tacticity and alumina powder dispersion stability

Sedimentation experiments and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS or ESCA) analyses have been used to study the effect of poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) tacticity on aluminum oxide powder dispersion stability in a common solvent medium. The relative trends from sedimentation densities, and from surface analyses after solvent washing show that (PMMA) adsorption is greatest with isotactic polymer, where isotactic>atactic>syndiotactic adsorption. These results suggest that surface adsorption and hence dispersion stability can be influenced by polymer chain configuration as well as by chain conformation.
Measurement of protein in tannin‐protein precipitates using ninhydrin

A method was tested for quantifying protein in precipitated tannin-protein complexes in which protein was hydrolysed with acid and the amino acids released were measured with ninhydrin. Unlike previously published methods, this technique requires no prior separation of tannin and protein and can be used to compare the binding of different soluble proteins to tannins under identical conditions. The method was used to compare the precipitation of bovine serum albumin, porcine pancreatic protease, β-glucosidase and γ-globulin by tannic acid. The amount of tannic acid required to precipitate maximal amounts of protease and β-glucosidase was approximately 7–8 times that required to cause maximal precipitation of albumin and γ-globulin when tested with 2 mg ml−1 protein. All protein preparations contained a fraction (10–40% of total protein) which was not precipitated by tannic acid. Protein in tannin-protein precipitates produced in a standard haemanalysis assay were also measured with ninhydrin. Per cent precipitation at each tannic acid concentration as measured with ninhydrin was identical to that determined by haemanalysis within the linear portions of the binding curves produced by the two methods. These results confirm that the ninhydrin method accurately measures precipitation of protein by tannin.
Post-earthquake evaluation of pipelines rehabilitated with cured in place lining technology using acoustic emission

Abstract To increase the operational lifetime of existing underground pipelines without laborious and costly excavation, replacement, and embankment, in situ pipeline lining technology has received significant interest over the past three decades. This paper presents the results of an experimental study aimed at monitoring the performance of full scale pipeline-lining systems, subjected to static and dynamic (seismic) loading, using acoustic emission (AE) technique. Particularly, two damage mechanisms are investigated – delamination between pipeline and liner, and incipient failure of the liner. A statistical pattern recognition technique based on a multivariate outlier analysis is presented for automatically identifying the onset of critical damage. Such a system could inform decision makers about the need for repair and ultimately ensures the safe and reliable operation of underground infrastructure.
Absolute Configuration of Hexahelicene

HEXAHELICENE (I), first synthesized and resolved by Newman and Lednicer1,2, is a classical example of an inherently dissymmetric chromophore3 whose dissymmetry extends in a helical fashion through the entire molecule. Two theoretical treatments linking the sign of the long wavelength Cotton effect4 and the chirality of hexahelicene are at variance with each other. One treatment predicted that (+)-hexahelicene would correspond to a right-handed helix5 (Ia), the other to a left-handed helix6 (Ib). (But after complete configuration interaction in a π-electron SCF calculation, a negative long wavelength Cotton effect is predicted for hexahelicene of left-handed chirality7.) Although the configuration of a (−)-thia-helicene has been found to have left-handed helicity by X-ray methods8,9, until this report no experimental data rigorously establishing the absolute configuration of hexahelicene have appeared (Fig. 1).
Opioid receptor expression in human brain and peripheral tissues using absolute quantitative real-time RT-PCR

Background The actions of endogenous opioid peptides are mediated by 3 main classes of opioid receptors; mu (MOR), kappa (KOR), and delta (DOR).
Age-related brain changes associated with motor function in healthy older people.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the MRI imaging findings associated with motor changes in healthy older people. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study. SETTING: A study of neurologic function in very healthy older people, the Oregon Brain Aging Study. PARTICIPANTS: Clinical and MRI data were examined in 50 very healthy older subjects (mean age = 85.1, SD = 7.2 years). MEASUREMENTS: Clinical measures (finger tapping, hand opening and closing, steps and time to walk 30 feet and timed standing on one foot) were dependent variables in multiple regression analyses using age and the following MRI measures as independent variables: total brain volume (TBV)/intracranial volume; ventricular volume/TBV; periventricular high signal/TBV; deep high signal/TBV. RESULTS: The number of steps and the time to walk 30 feet were each associated with periventricular high signal (steps: r = .58, P < .001; time: r = .60, P < .001) and ventricular volume (steps: r = .54, P < .001; time: r = .58, P < .001). These associations remained significant after adjusting for age. None of the other clinical variables was associated with the MRI volumes. CONCLUSIONS: Gait measures were associated significantly with periventricular high signal and ventricular volume. These CNS changes contribute to the cause of these important markers of aging.
Artificial Bowel Sphincter: Long-Term Experience at a Single Institution

PURPOSE: This study was undertaken to evaluate a single-institution experience with the Acticon artificial bowel sphincter for the treatment of intractable fecal incontinence. METHODS: At the University of Minnesota, 45 consecutive patients underwent artificial bowel sphincter placement (Group I, 1989-1992, n = 10; Group II, 1997-2001, n = 35). Group I was reviewed retrospectively and Group II prospectively. RESULTS: The outcome for Group I patients was initially reported in 1995 (mean age, 32; range, 15-52 years; 7 males). Of these 10 patients, 4 required explantation (2 required stomas), and 6 have a functional artificial bowel sphincter; 2 patients had devices successfully replaced for fluid leaks (at 6 and 10 years). In Group II, artificial bowel sphincter placement was attempted in 37 patients and was successful in 35 (mean age, 47; range, 18-72 years; 11 males). A total of 14 patients required explantation, 12 (34 percent) for infection and 2 (6 percent) for pain. In total, 13 patients have required 21 revisions, including 7 complete device replacements. The infection rate for revisions was 19 percent; four patients required explantation after revisions. Of 18 patients whose artificial bowel sphincter failed, 9 required a stoma. In all, 17 (49 percent) patients have a functional artificial bowel sphincter. In Group II fecal incontinence severity scores decreased from a mean of 103 preimplant to 59 at one year and to 23 at two or more years (P < 0.001) in patients who retained their devices. Quality of life scores improved in all patients at six months and at one year (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Artificial bowel sphincter therapy leads to long-term improved continence and quality of life in patients whose implantation is successful. Success rates have not improved in the two patient groups, with infection remaining a major challenge. However, once successfully established, artificial bowel sphincter function remains stable for many years.
Using student‐based organizations within a discipline as a vehicle to create learning communities

Student-based organizations offer another approach to promote learning communities above and beyond particular curricular or classroom approaches. Not only can they create connections among students with shared disciplinary or professional interests on a single campus, but they also offer the possibility for creating connections to larger communities beyond an institution.
Investigation of labeling FRET pairs to biomolecules for the development of dual-receptor biosensors

We report herein on the development of a dual receptor detection method for enhanced biosensor monitoring. The proposed scheme requires the integration of a chemical transducer system with two unique protein receptors that bind to a single biological agent. Optical transduction occurs because the two protein receptors are tagged with special molecular groups. When bound to a single biological agent, these fluorescently labeled proteins undergo a change in fluorescence. This `fluorescent switching' relies on the well-known mechanisms of fluorescent resonance energy transfer (FRET). The paper focuses on the investigation and optimization of the chemical transduction system (FRET). A number of FRET dye pairs were tested in a spectrofluorimeter, and promising FRET pairs (FITC/TRITC and DMACA/FITC) were further tagged to the protein, avidin and its ligand, biotin. Due to their affinities, the FRET-tagged biomolecules combine in solution, resulting in a stable, fluorescent signal from the acceptor FRET dye with a simultaneous decrease in fluorescent signal from the donor FRET dye. The results indicate that the determined FRET pairs can be utilized in the development of dual receptor sensors.
GVCBLUP: a computer package for genomic prediction and variance component estimation of additive and dominance effects

Dominance effect may play an important role in genetic variation of complex traits. Full featured and easy-to-use computing tools for genomic prediction and variance component estimation of additive and dominance effects using genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers are necessary to understand dominance contribution to a complex trait and to utilize dominance for selecting individuals with favorable genetic potential. The GVCBLUP package is a shared memory parallel computing tool for genomic prediction and variance component estimation of additive and dominance effects using genome-wide SNP markers. This package currently has three main programs (GREML_CE, GREML_QM, and GCORRMX) and a graphical user interface (GUI) that integrates the three main programs with an existing program for the graphical viewing of SNP additive and dominance effects (GVCeasy). The GREML_CE and GREML_QM programs offer complementary computing advantages with identical results for genomic prediction of breeding values, dominance deviations and genotypic values, and for genomic estimation of additive and dominance variances and heritabilities using a combination of expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm and average information restricted maximum likelihood (AI-REML) algorithm. GREML_CE is designed for large numbers of SNP markers and GREML_QM for large numbers of individuals. Test results showed that GREML_CE could analyze 50,000 individuals with 400 K SNP markers and GREML_QM could analyze 100,000 individuals with 50K SNP markers. GCORRMX calculates genomic additive and dominance relationship matrices using SNP markers. GVCeasy is the GUI for GVCBLUP integrated with an existing software tool for the graphical viewing of SNP effects and a function for editing the parameter files for the three main programs. The GVCBLUP package is a powerful and versatile computing tool for assessing the type and magnitude of genetic effects affecting a phenotype by estimating whole-genome additive and dominance heritabilities, for genomic prediction of breeding values, dominance deviations and genotypic values, for calculating genomic relationships, and for research and education in genomic prediction and estimation.
Radiative Lifetime Modification of LaF3:Nd Nanoparticles Embedded in 3D Silicon Photonic Crystals

IO N Control of spontaneous emission (SE) is central to many applications involved with photon management including light emitting sources, [ 1–3 ] solar energy [ 4 , 5 ] and quantum information processing. [ 6 , 7 ] For example, control of the direction of SE may facilitate more effi cient light extraction in optical display devices. Spectral redistribution of SE may permit more photons to couple into useful optical modes in optical cavity devices (e.g. lasers). According to Fermi’s golden rule, the rate of SE is governed by the number of available electromagnetic modes and the coupling between the electric fi eld and the emission dipole at the location of the emitter, namely, local density of states (LDOS). [ 8 ] Therefore, key to the manipulation of SE is full control of the photonic DOS. Photonic crystals (PhCs), materials with periodically varying refractive index on a length scale comparable to the wavelength of light, provide an excellent means to modify the photonic DOS. [ 4 , 9 ] In analogy to Bragg diffraction of electrons in atomic crystals, photons with a specifi c range of energies (the so called stopgap) cannot propagate along certain directions in the PhC. [ 10 ] If the refractive index contrast between the two materials is large enough, stopgaps can exclude a substantial solid angle in the crystal, which results a decreased DOS at these photon energies. [ 11 ] In extreme cases, where a full photonic band gap (PBG) arises, light is forbidden to travel in all directions and the DOS vanishes at the PBG. [ 12–14 ] However, because the integrated number of photonic states over photon energies is conserved, the DOS is strongly enhanced at the edges of PBG and highly depleted within the PBG. [ 15 ] Thus, PhCs can be used to suppress SE within the PBG and enhance SE at the edge of PBG. Compared to 1D and 2D PhCs, which inherently cannot control SE in all three directions, 3D PhCs hold promise for complete control over SE. While various methods have been developed to realize 3D PhCs, [ 16 ] self-assembled 3D PhCs (so-called artifi cial opals), constructed by close-packed spheres in a face-centered cubic lattice, are attractive owning to their ease of fabrication and because their optical properties can be tuned simply by varying the sphere diameter. [ 17 ] Artifi cial opals made of polystyrene or silica can also be used as sacrifi cial templates
Feminist Therapy in Bulgaria

The purpose of this article is to help begin the development of a Bulgarian model of feminist therapy. It begins with a historical and political overview of the development of feminism in Bulgaria, as well as Bulgarian women's gender role experience. Then, using case material, the article identifies some of the themes Bulgarian women bring into therapy and the techniques and formulations that therapists can use when applying a feminist therapy model. Finally, an initial Bulgarian model of feminism in psychotherapeutic work is explored from the perspective of the therapist as well as the client.
Pelvic inflammatory disease. Key treatment issues and options.

Objective. —To examine available data regarding optimal antimicrobial therapy for pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and to address selected treatment issues confronting clinicians caring for women with PID. Data Sources. —Studies evaluated to help establish the Centers for Disease Control's 1989 Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines and other reports published since 1985. A MEDLINE search of English-language literature was conducted using the indexing terms "pelvic inflammatory disease" or "pelvic infections" or "salpingitis" and "treatment." In addition, abstracts and bibliographies of articles and books were reviewed. Study Selection. —Studies were selected for detailed review if they evaluated the effectiveness of an antimicrobial regimen for treatment of PID. Data Extraction. —All studies were evaluated to determine the numbers of women treated and the percentage with clinical or microbiologic evidence of cure. Data Synthesis. —A variety of combination antimicrobial regimens are highly effective in providing clinical and microbiologic evidence of cure; few data are available to assess optimal therapy for prevention of late sequelae. Because PID is polymicrobial in cause, recommended antimicrobial regimens are broadspectrum in coverage. Conclusions. —No single agent that provides sufficient coverage is currently available. Several combination regimens appear highly effective clinically even among women with tubo-ovarian abscess formation. Uncertainties regarding the effectiveness of antimicrobial therapy for prevention of late sequelae complicate decisions regarding the choice among regimens and the appropriateness of ambulatory treatment of women with PID. Pending better data, hospitalization should be strongly considered, where feasible, particularly for those women with PID desiring further childbearing. Sex partners of all women with PID should be treated. ( JAMA . 1991;266:2605-2611)