cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bridge network maintenance prioritization under budget constraint

Abstract This study develops a decision model to assist bridge authorities in determining a preferred maintenance prioritization schedule for a degraded bridge network in a community that optimizes the performance of transportation systems within budgetary constraints at a regional scale. The study utilizes network analysis methods, structural reliability principles and meta-heuristic optimization algorithms to integrate individual descriptive parameters such as bridge capacity rating, condition rating, traffic demand, and location of the bridge, into global objective functions that define the overall network performance and maintenance cost. The performance of the network is measured in terms of travel time between all possible origin-destination (O-D) pairs. In addition to the global budgetary constraint, the optimization is also conditioned on local constraints imposed on traffic flow by insufficient load carrying capacity of deficient bridges. Uncertainties in traffic demands, vehicle weights and maintenance costs are also considered in the problem formulation. Two project priority indices are introduced – the static priority index (SPI), defined as a function of the difference in network travel time between block running (with reduced load carrying capacity before repair) and smooth running (design-level load carrying capacity after repair) of a bridge, and the dynamic priority index (DPI) defined as the likelihood of a bridge being selected for repair when the budget is fixed and the uncertainties governing the performance of the transportation network are considered. Finally, this decision model is illustrated with a hypothetical network with 160 bridges.
Walking Toward A Healthy Academic Environment: An Examination of Enhanced Administration Presence as Implemented in a Rural South Texas High School

This article is a phenomenological study written to understand a new concept that is relatively new in the educational / leadership genre of administration. Administrative presence has always been implemented, at a very minimal and fragmented frequency. This new phenomenon promotes the presence of administrators and their designees in all classrooms on a very frequent schedule. Administrators, counselors, and other individuals are prepared to make observations in the classroom. Administrators are looking for teacher engagement, student engagement, samples of student work, relevancy in learning, and classroom management. The very presence of administrators also promotes a sense of validation to the students and teachers; it is apparent that administrators value and are interested in the quality of their education.
Multi-decadal records of stratospheric composition and their relationship to stratospheric circulation change

Abstract. Constituent evolution for 1990–2015 simulated using the Global Modeling Initiative chemistry and transport model driven by meteorological fields from the Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications version 2 (MERRA-2) is compared with three sources of observations: ground-based column measurements of HNO3 and HCl from two stations in the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC, ∼ 1990–ongoing), profiles of CH4 from the Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE) on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS, 1992–2005), and profiles of N2O from the Microwave Limb Sounder on the Earth Observing System satellite Aura (2005–ongoing). The differences between observed and simulated values are shown to be time dependent, with better agreement after ∼ 2000 compared with the prior decade. Furthermore, the differences between observed and simulated HNO3 and HCl columns are shown to be correlated with each other, suggesting that issues with the simulated transport and mixing cause the differences during the 1990s and that these issues are less important during the later years. Because the simulated fields are related to mean age in the lower stratosphere, we use these comparisons to evaluate the time dependence of mean age. The ongoing NDACC column observations provide critical information necessary to substantiate trends in mean age obtained using fields from MERRA-2 or any other reanalysis products.
Bufadienolides (lucibufagins) from an ecologically aberrant firefly (Ellychnia corrusca)

The winter firefly (Ellychnia corrusca) is common throughout the eastern United States and Canada. It is notable among fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) for its adult activity during the winter and early spring months, and for its lack of a light-producing organ. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that E. corrusca is chemically protected, specifically its unusual phenology which results in prolonged exposure to predators, its aposematic coloration, its reflex bleeding upon disturbance, and its relatedness to toxic firefly genera. Chemical investigation of this species revealed the presence of large quantities (>500 μg/beetle) of steroidal pyrones known as lucibufagins. The structures of these lucibufagins were determined using 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy along with UHPLC-HRMS. Four of these compounds were previously detected in fireflies of the genus Photinus, while the remaining four, which contain a highly modified D-ring of the steroid core, are previously unknown. Analysis of reflex bleeding showed that the hemolymph contained the lucibufagins and that it was primarily released via a band of cuticular pores along the costal margin of the elytra. In addition, our analysis of the eggs, larva, and pupa established that all immature stages possess lucibufagins, thus representing the first instance of a firefly species for which all life stages have been investigated chemically.
Food Web Interactions Associated With a Lahontan Cutthroat Trout Reintroduction Effort in an Alpine Lake

Abstract Fisheries managers have stocked Lahontan Cutthroat Trout Oncorhynchus clarkii henshawi into Fallen Leaf Lake, California, since 2002 in an attempt to reestablish a naturally reproducing la...
How participants report their health status: cognitive interviews of self-rated health across race/ethnicity, gender, age, and educational attainment

Self-rated health (SRH) is widely used to measure subjective health. Yet it is unclear what underlies health ratings, with implications for understanding the validity of SRH overall and across sociodemographic characteristics. We analyze participants’ explanations of how they formulated their SRH answer in addition to which health factors they considered and examine group differences in these processes. Cognitive interviews were conducted with 64 participants in a convenience quota sample crossing dimensions of race/ethnicity (white, Latino, black, American Indian), gender, age, and education. Participants rated their health then described their thoughts when answering SRH. We coded participants’ answers in an inductive, iterative, and systematic process from interview transcripts, developing analytic categories (i.e., themes) and subdimensions within. We examined whether the presence of each dimension of an analytic category varied across sociodemographic groups. Our qualitative analysis led to the identification and classification of various subdimensions of the following analytic categories: types of health factors mentioned, valence of health factors, temporality of health factors, conditional health statements, and descriptions and definitions of health. We found differences across groups in some types of health factors mentioned—corresponding, conflicting, or novel with respect to prior research. Furthermore, we also documented various processes through which respondents integrate seemingly disparate health factors to formulate an answer through valence and conditional health statements. Finally, we found some evidence of sociodemographic group differences with respect to types of health factors mentioned, valence of health factors, and conditional health statements, highlighting avenues for future research. This study provides a description of how participants rate their general health status and highlights potential differences in these processes across sociodemographic groups, helping to provide a more comprehensive understanding of how SRH functions as a measure of health.
A Bayesian method for detecting pairwise associations in compositional data

Compositional data consist of vectors of proportions normalized to a constant sum from a basis of unobserved counts. The sum constraint makes inference on correlations between unconstrained features challenging due to the information loss from normalization. However, such correlations are of long-standing interest in fields including ecology. We propose a novel Bayesian framework (BAnOCC: Bayesian Analysis of Compositional Covariance) to estimate a sparse precision matrix through a LASSO prior. The resulting posterior, generated by MCMC sampling, allows uncertainty quantification of any function of the precision matrix, including the correlation matrix. We also use a first-order Taylor expansion to approximate the transformation from the unobserved counts to the composition in order to investigate what characteristics of the unobserved counts can make the correlations more or less difficult to infer. On simulated datasets, we show that BAnOCC infers the true network as well as previous methods while offering the advantage of posterior inference. Larger and more realistic simulated datasets further showed that BAnOCC performs well as measured by type I and type II error rates. Finally, we apply BAnOCC to a microbial ecology dataset from the Human Microbiome Project, which in addition to reproducing established ecological results revealed unique, competition-based roles for Proteobacteria in multiple distinct habitats.
Privacy through familiarity

This paper considers the problem of transmitting digital data from a source reliably to a legitimate user, subjected to a wiretap at a receiver that employs a fixed decoding strategy. Specifically, we assume that the wiretapper views the same channel output as the legitimate user, but decodes the message using some fixed decoding strategy which might be mismatched with respect to the channel. This model aims to capture the natural situation in privacy where knowledge of the privacy mapping at the source can me modeled as channel statistics. In that case, all observers receive the same data, but have different levels of knowledge, or familiarity, regarding the observed user who uses a privacy mapping. We analyze two different security metrics; probability of error at the eavesdropper and semantic-security, and provide achievable rates under both criteria.
Hydrogen transfer reactions relevant to Guerbet coupling of alcohols over hydroxyapatite and magnesium oxide catalysts

Hydrogenation and dehydrogenation reactions were performed over hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2, HAP) and magnesia (MgO) to explore their role in the reaction network for the Guerbet coupling of ethanol to butanol. In particular, the dehydrogenation of benzyl alcohol at 633 K and the hydrogenation of ethene and acetone at 473 K using both H2 and ethanol as a hydrogen source were studied. The H2–D2 exchange reaction at room temperature and the Guerbet coupling of ethanol at 613–673 K in the presence of D2 were also performed. Although there was no consequence of adding D2 to the Guerbet coupling of ethanol in terms of rate or selectivity, incorporation of deuterium into product butanol was only observed over MgO. This was attributed to the rapid exchange of H2–D2 that can occur over MgO but not over HAP. Hydrogenation of acetone occurred with ethanol as a sacrificial hydrogen donor via an MPV-like reaction whereas hydrogenation with H2 was not observed. Hydrogenation of ethene with H2 or ethanol was not observed above background. Comparing the rate of benzyl alcohol dehydrogenation to the rate of ethanol coupling over HAP and MgO suggests that the MPV-like hydrogen transfer reaction over HAP is mostly responsible for generating intermediate acetaldehyde during the Guerbet reaction instead of direct dehydrogenation.
Prader-Willi syndrome.

Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a complex neurogenetic disorder resulting from a silencing of paternally contributed genes on chromosome #15 – q11.2–q13 – with an estimated incidence of 1/10,000–1/25,000 live births. The clinical phenotype and course of the disorder vary over time. Infancy and early childhood are characterized by infantile hypotonia, often accompanied by feeding difficulties and failure to thrive, an abnormal body composition including a markedly reduced muscle mass, facial and body dysmorphisms, hypogonadism, and developmental issues. Between 2 and 3 years of age, significant changes in fat distribution precede an abnormally escalating food intake that can result in morbid, occasionally life-threatening obesity coupled with short stature and endocrinopathies. Cognitive impairments and characteristic learning difficulties become evident in early childhood, accompanied by emergent behavior difficulties that increase across time, with a particular escalation noted in early adolescence.
Template-free fabrication of vertically-aligned polymer nanowire array on the flat-end tip for quantifying the single living cancer cells and nanosurface interaction

Abstract We fabricated vertically aligned polyaniline (PANI) nanowire arrays on flat-end AFM tips via template-free methods. 4-Aminothiophenol was used for tailoring the nucleation size, chain propagation and orientation of the PANI nanowires. The microscopy characterization indicated that diameter was centered at a mean of 33.7 nm with a standard deviation of 6.5 nm, and length was centered at a mean of 50.3 nm with a standard deviation of 7.6 nm. PANI nanowire arrays are non-toxic, low-cost, and tunable, and thus PANI nanowire-grown tips could perfectly simulate different nanosurfaces. Via the force spectroscopy, we demonstrate the feasibility in real-time quantifying the nanostructure-cell interactions at the single cell level with high reliability and accuracy. This work will enable a new tool in precisely quantifying the interactions of single living cells and nanosurface, and thus opens a new door to understand how single living cells sense and respond to the specific nanostructures.
Availability of Outpatient Addiction Treatment and Use of Emergency Department Services Among Medicaid Enrollees.

Objective:The study examined whether the number of outpatient addiction programs accepting Medicaid in South Carolina counties is linked to repeat use of the emergency department for addiction-rela...
Associations among Life Events, Empathic Concern, and Adolescents' Prosocial and Aggressive Behaviors Toward Specific Targets

The goal of the present study was to examine the links between life events and adolescents' social behaviors (prosocial and aggressive behaviors) toward specific targets and to examine how empathic...
Predictors of Outcome of Children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Follow-up investigations relevant to predictors of outcome of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are reviewed, with particular reference to studies examining the relationship between several potential childhood predictors and multiple outcome measures. This article suggests that study predictors of adult outcome have yet to be identified. The importance of choosing appropriate measures and of using statistical controls for biased associations is emphasized. Ultimately, replication on independent childhood cohorts is needed to evaluate the validity and generalizability of any single study.
Differential Systems: Applications

There are many processes in the world that can be modeled by systems of differential equations. In biology, modeling competing species requires coupled systems of nonlinear equations. Chemical mixing problems involving a single solute dissolved in solutions throughout several interconnected containers whose contents are being intermixed, require one differential equation for the amount of solute in each container. In physics, mechanical systems involving multiple springs and multiple masses in various configurations introduce linear (and sometimes nonlinear) systems of differential equations. In electrical engineering, passive L-R-C circuits having multiple loops and hence multiple currents require a system of linear differential equations, one equation for the current in each loop. In fact, passive L-R-C circuits are modeled by a hybrid set of equations consisting of several differential equations and several algebraic equations all to be satisfied simultaneously. In international relations, a linear system of equations proposed by Richardson1 effectively models the forces that govern the armament and disarmament of nations that do not trust one another.
T- and R-state Tertiary Relaxations in Sol-gel Encapsulated Haemoglobin

Tertiary relaxations within the T and R quaternary states of human adult haemoglobin (HbA) are compared for sol-gel encapsulated samples bathed in buffer with either 25% or 75% (v/v) glycerol. T-state tertiary relaxations are initiated by adding CO to an encapsulated T-state deoxyHbA sample, thus generating liganded T-state species. The conformational evolution of the liganded T-state samples is followed by monitoring the frequency of v(Fe-His), the conformation-sensitive iron-proximal histidine stretching mode observed in the resonance Raman spectra of either of the deoxy sample of the 7 ns photoproduct derived from the CO samples. In parallel, the functional properties are monitored by following the evolution of the kinetic traces associated with CO recombination subsequent to nanosecond photodissociation of the CO-heme unit. In contrast, the R-state relaxations are initiated by adding dithionite to encapsulated samples of either oxyHbA or cyanometHbA, thus generating deoxy hemes whose resonance Raman spectra reflect the influence of the relaxing tertiary structure within the R state. After the “deoxy” sample is allowed to relax for a defined time period, CO is introduced. The evolution of the relegated samples is now followed by monitoring the photoproduct frequency of the v(Fe-His) Raman band and the kinetic traces for the CO recombination.
Young Children and Adults' Sensitivity to Contexts for Social Conventions in Make-Believe Play.

AbstractThe author focused on how young children understand the nature of social conventions relating to pretend play. Twenty 4-year-olds, fifteen 6-year-olds, and 20 adults (undergraduate students) listened to vignettes in which a new child in each vignette violated a convention used by other children while playing. Participants indicated whether the violations would be corrected and whether someone needed to teach the conventions to the new children. The scope of a convention (wide versus narrow) in combination with how long the convention has been used affected 6-year-olds’ responses but not the responses of younger children or adults. In addition, there were age-related differences in participants’ beliefs about who could teach characters about the conventions and why characters might not need to be taught by others. These results demonstrate that children at the start of middle childhood can be sensitive to contextual differences in the conventions that shape everyday activities more so than adults a...
Empirical Kolmogorov Complexity

The Kolmogorov complexity of a string is the shortest program that outputs that string, and, as such, it provides a deterministic measure of the amount of information within the string that is related, but independent of, Shannon entropy. In practice, this complexity measure is uncomputable and mainly useful for deriving theoretical bounds. In this work, we consider the task of empirically computing Kolmogorov complexity for short strings. We design and build a virtual One Instruction Set Computer that we use to empirically compute the Kolomogorov complexity of short strings (within this computing model). It is hoped that this approach could inform novel cloud-based data compression methods that more effectively digest human data than standard Lempel-Ziv based compression.
Using Structural Analysis to Facilitate Treatment of Aggression and Noncompliance in a Young Child At-Risk for Behavioral Disorders:

This study examined the use of structural analysis as part of assessment-based intervention. The participant, JB, was a 4-year-old boy whose noncompliance and aggressive behavior put him at risk fo...
The senescence-associated matricellular protein CCN1 in plasma of human subjects with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

Abstract Introduction Cellular senescence has been linked to the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). CCN1 is a matricellular protein that has been shown to induce cellular senescence and contribute to lung fibrosis in pre-clinical models. In this report, we determined plasma CCN1 levels in patients with IPF and its potential role in clinical outcomes. Methods and Results We evaluated 88 patients diagnosed with IPF at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. CCN1 levels were measured in plasma specimens by ELISA. The primary outcome measure was transplant-free survival (TFS) duration. High-CCN1 levels were associated with a lower transplant-free survival independent of %FVC and %DLCO compared to patients with low plasma CCN1 (HR = 2.15; 95%CI 1.04–4.45, p = 0.04). Conclusion This study demonstrates that plasma levels of CCN1 may be predictive of survival in IPF. Given the plausible role of CCN1 in cellular senescence and pathobiology of IPF, the predictive value of CCN1 in disease progression among patients with IPF warrants further investigation.
Investigating the active layer thickness dependence of non-fullerene organic solar cells based on PM7 derivatives

Power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) in organic solar cells (OSCs) have rapidly improved in the last 5 years owing largely to the development of novel small-molecule acceptors and polymer donors with several systems’ performances exceeding 17%. A key factor for these materials implementation into industrial relevant devices is their active layer thickness tolerance as solar cell performances are typically reported with thicknesses on the order of 100–150 nm, but thicker films (ca. 300 nm) are needed for printing and roll-to-roll processing. In this report, two PM7 isomeric derivatives were synthesized featuring a chlorinated benzodithiophene and ester functionalized terthiophene moieties for the incorporation into non-fullerene OSCs. The fundamental difference between the two isomeric polymers is the location of the ester side chains where the PM7 D1 esters are located on the outer thiophene units, whereas the esters on PM7 D2 are located on the central thiophene unit. This simple modification produced polymers with similar absorption profiles, electrochemical onsets, charge carrier mobilities when blended with ITIC-4F, and grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering patterns. Thin-film (100 nm) OSCs were fabricated resulting in average PCEs of 11.6% for PM7, 12.1% for PM7 D1, and 9.9% for PM7 D2 when blended with ITIC-4F. In contrast, large differences are observed in PCE when the active layer thickness is increased to 180 nm resulting in a decrease in average PCE for PM7 D2 (5.3%), whereas PM7 D1 was able to retain a 11.9% average PCE. The difference in active layer thickness tolerance between PM7 D1 and PM7 D2 is rationalized by extracting the energetic disorder (σ) for hole transport using temperature dependent space-charge limited current studies. In the end, this study conveys how small changes to polymer structure, such as side chain placement, may have a small effect on thin-film polymer properties and device performance, but significant differences are realized when charges are transported over longer distances (thicker films, >150 nm).
Including the stable sagittal vertebra in the fusion for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis reduces the risk of distal junctional kyphosis in Lenke 1–3 B and C curves

The selection of lowest instrumented vertebra (LIV) in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is determined by coronal and sagittal plane indicators. Failure to properly select the LIV can lead to suboptimal outcomes and the need for revision surgery. A subset of patients have discordant coronal last touched vertebra (cLTV) and stable sagittal vertebra (SSV) which complicates the choice of LIV. The purpose of this study is to report the incidence of discordant cLTV and SSV when choosing LIV and investigate the association between length of fusion and patient-reported outcomes (PROs) and distal junctional kyphosis (DJK). This retrospective multicenter cohort study included AIS patients with discordant pre-operative cLTV and SSV. Patients fused only to include the proximal cLTV were compared to patients fused to include the distal SSV. Primary outcomes included DJK and PROs measured by SRS-22. Eight hundred and fifty-six patients were identified of which 114 (13.3%) had discordant SSV and cLTV. The DJK incidence was 7.7% and 45.5% in patients fused to include the SSV versus short of the SSV, respectively. Lenke Modifier type B and C patients with fusions short of the SSV had a 9.2 times increased risk of developing DJK at 2 years compared to patients with fusions including the SSV (95% CI 2.8, 29.7; p < 0.001). However, patients with fusions short of the SSV and no evidence of DJK were 9.2 times more likely to have improvement in the SRS-22 pain domain compared to patients with fusions including the distal SSV (95% CI 1.1, 77.4; p = 0.042) Patients fused short of the SSV are at significant risk for the development of DJK at 2 years post-operatively. However, patients with shorter fusions were more likely to have an improvement in their pain as measured by patient-reported outcomes than patients with longer fusions.
Adaptation, Culture, and the Energy Transition in American Coal County

The U.S. coal industry has experienced economic decline over the past several decades, which has resulted in a loss of mining jobs and severe economic hardship in many coal communities. Recent efforts to relax environmental regulations are ostensibly intended to help relieve this hardship and to revitalize this industry. Based on evidence gathered from focus groups and interviews conducted in U.S. coal communities, we argue that coal communities that have experienced mine closures have already begun an economic and social transition, one that is based on reshaping their culture and sense of identity, and false promises to return coal jobs can be destructive to the progress that has been made.
Generation Interrupted: Rethinking “Students with Interrupted Formal Education” (SIFE) in the Wake of a Pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted schooling worldwide, compelling educators, researchers, and policymakers to grapple with the implications of these interruptions. However, while the scale of these d...
Ethical Problems Regarding Sex between Therapist and Patient

The sexual exploitation of patients by their therapists has been a perennial thorn in the side of psychiatry. Surveys of therapists have revealed that 5–10% have engaged in sexual activity with patients, while about 40% of psychiatrists admit knowing at least one such colleague. Forensic psychiatrists are also subject to sexual misconduct, although the national organization, the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, has traditionally relied on the far larger American Psychiatric Association (APA) to adjudicate such charges against its members. An examination of the workings of a large APA District Branch Ethics Committee suggests that psychiatrists can successfully investigate, discipline, and deter unethical behavior by colleagues. Although due-process considerations impose certain limitations on ascertaining the veracity of some allegations of sexual abuse, the ethics committee remains a viable means to safeguard the standards of our profession.
MobiSLIC : Content-Aware Energy Saving for Educational Videos on Mobile Devices

We present a context-aware system that simultaneously increases energy-efficiency and readability for educational videos on smartphones with OLED displays. Our system analyzes the content of each frame of the video and intelligently modifies the colors and presentations of specific regions of the frame to drastically reduce display energy consumption while retaining relevant content of the lecture video. We achieve this by leveraging the mapping between frames and electronic versions of slides used in the lecture. This enables separate manipulation of the slide area and the background. Further, since the slides can themselves be analyzed for content (e.g. text and images within) this approach provides substantive control over energy use and user experience. We evaluate the system using extensive energy measurements performed on phones using two different display technologies. Our method was able to reduce energy usage up to 59.2 % of the energy used by the display which amounts to 27 % of the total energy used by the device.
Efficiently Estimating Nested Logit Models with Choice-Based Samples: Example Applications

Choice-based samples oversample infrequently chosen alternatives to obtain an effective representation of the behavior of people who select these alternatives. However, the use of choice-based samples requires recognition of the sampling process in formulating the estimation procedure. In general, this procedure can be accomplished by applying weights to the observed choices in the estimation process. Unfortunately, the use of such weighted estimation procedures for choice models does not yield efficient estimators. However, for the special case of the multinomial logit model with a full set of alternative-specific constants, the standard maximum likelihood estimator-which is efficient¯can be used with adjustment of the alternative-specific constants. The same maximum likelihood estimator can also be used with adjustment to estimate nested logit models with choice-based samples. The proof of this property is qualitatively described, and examples demonstrate how to apply the adjustment procedure.
Learning Fuzzy Membership Functions in a Function-Based Object Recognition System

Functionality-based recognition systems recognize objects at the category level by reasoning about how well the objects support the expected function. Such systems naturally associate a "measure of goodness" or "membership value" with a recognized object. This measure of goodness is the result of combining individual measures, or membership values, from potentially many primitive evaluations of diffierent properties of the object's shape. A membership function is used to compute the membership value when evaluating a primitive of a particular physical property of an object. In previous versions of a recognition system known as GRUFF, the membership function for each of the primitive evaluations was hand-crafted by the system designer. In this paper, we provide a learning component for the GRUFF system, called OMLET, that automatically learns membership functions given a set of example objects labeled with their desired category measure. The learning algorithm is generally applicable to any problem in which low-level membership values are combined through an and-or tree structure to give a final overall membership value.
Baret's Alvearies : Challenges for the Scholar

John Baret (died 1580) was a Latin teacher in Cambridge. When asked to write a supplement to Thomas Elyot's English-Latin dictionary (1538) he employed several of his former pupils in the task of seeking new quotations. He then decided to turn it into a new dictionary, adding, with the help of Thomas Chaloner and "M. Claudius" (Claud Holyband?), French equivalents. The resulting dictionaries, The Alvearie, or Triple dictionarie (1573) and The Alvearie or quadruple dictionarie (1580), were hugely successful in England. These dictionaries owe their importance for the history of lexicography to their organization and indexes. Baret based his work on the French-Latin dictionaries of Robert Estienne, both for the Latin and for the French. Through his numbering system he succeeded in transforming his English-Latin-French dictionary into a multi-directional work: Latin-French, Latin-English, French-English, etc. I am particularly interested in the analysis of these dictionaries for the history of Western culture during the Renaissance. In this paper I shall describe the organization of the database for optimal use in this regard. The necessary distinctive units include proper names, literary and proverbial examples and historical references.
Modeling of high‐latitude spring freshet from AMSR‐E passive microwave observations

[1] Snowmelt runoff in high latitudes has significant impacts on global climatic and hydrologic systems. Snowmelt timing and snow water equivalent (SWE) from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for EOS (AMSR-E) are inputs to the new flux-based SWEHydro model to simulate the spring streamflow without meteorological data for high-latitude, snow-dominated drainages. The model was developed for the Ross River (7250 km2) and tested on the Pelly River (49,000 km2), nested tributaries to the Yukon River. The model uses four parameters: snowmelt rate during and after the melt transition (as defined by passive microwave observations), and flow timing during and after the melt transition. A normalized mismatch function was used to calculate the error compared with observed discharge. Curves were ranked by lowest error in freshet timing, peak timing, and magnitude. Melt timing is a good predictor of freshet timing across years and basins. The system is most sensitive to the flow timing after the transition.
Construction Work in Humanistic Perspective

Herbert A. Applebaum. Blue Chips. Lawrenceville, VA: Brunswick Publishing Company, 1985. 141 pp. $7.95 (paper).
Cat scratch disease: an unusual presentation

Cat-scratch disease (CSD) is a zoonotic infection caused by Bartonella henselae occurring in about 24000 patients annually in the United States. It typically presents with fever and regional lymphadenopathy and is considered as one of the most common causes of chronic lymphadenitis in pediatric population. It generally has a benign and self-limited course, though this is not always the case. Rare forms of extra-nodal involvement, and fatalities in immunocompetent patients have been reported. We report a case of cat scratch disease presented with encephalitis without the usual prodromal symptoms. Cat-scratch encephalopathy should always be considered in patients with an altered mental status of unknown etiology.
Social Smoking: Implications for Public Health, Clinical Practice, and Intervention Research

Background Social smoking is increasingly prevalent and poses a challenge to traditional cessation practices. Tobacco companies conducted extensive research on social smokers long before health authorities did and marketed products to promote this smoking behavior. Purpose Research is described and mechanisms identified that are used to promote social smoking to help improve cessation strategies in this growing group. Evidence acquisition Searches from 2006 to 2008 of previously secret tobacco industry documents using keywords social smoker, light smoker, casual smoker, youth smoker , and occasional smoker , followed by snowball searching. Data analysis was conducted in 2008. Evidence synthesis Tobacco industry research identified characteristics of social smokers that include: (1) denial of personal nicotine addiction; (2) self-categorization as a nonsmoker; (3) propensity for decreased tobacco use in response to smoke-free laws; (4) variations in age, education, ethnicity, and socioeconomic backgrounds; and (5) a perceived immunity to personal health effects of tobacco but fear of consequences to others. Tobacco companies developed marketing strategies aimed at social smokers, including “non–habit forming” cigarettes. Conclusions Previously considered a transient behavior, social smoking is also a stable consumption pattern. Focused clinical questions to detect social smoking are needed and may include, “Have you smoked any cigarettes or used any tobacco products in the past month?” as opposed to “Are you a smoker?” Clinicians should recognize that social smokers might be motivated to quit after education on the dangers of secondhand smoke rather than on personal health risks or with pharmacotherapy.
The contribution of specific causes of death to sex differences in mortality.

OBJECTIVE: Men have higher mortality rates than women for most causes of death. This study was conducted to determine the contribution of specific causes of death to the sex difference in years of potential life lost (YPLL). METHODS: The authors examined data from the National Health Interview Survey with linked mortality data through 1997. Using survival analysis estimates, a stochastic simulation model to simulate death events for cohorts of white, African American, and Latino adults was created. RESULTS: YPLL from all causes were greater among men than women. Homicide, motor vehicle accidents, and suicide accounted for 33% of YPLL sex difference among whites, 36% among African Americans, and 52% among Latinos. For all three racial/ethnic groups, cardiovascular disease (principally ischemic heart disease) was the second largest contributor to the sex difference in YPLL (29% among whites, 23% among African Americans, and 25% among Latinos). Lung cancer was also important among whites and African Americans, accounting for 15% and 17% of the sex difference in YPLL from all causes, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Ischemic heart disease, lung cancer, and traumatic deaths account for as much as three-quarters of the excess YPLL among men, suggesting that a few modifiable behaviors such as the use of tobacco, alcohol. Language: en
Protein Repair L-Isoaspartyl Methyltransferase in Plants (Phylogenetic Distribution and the Accumulation of Substrate Proteins in Aged Barley Seeds)

Protein L-isoaspartate (D-aspartate) O-methyltransferases (MTs; EC 2.1.1.77) can initiate the conversion of detrimental L-isoaspartyl residues in spontaneously damaged proteins to normal L-aspartyl residues. We detected this enzyme in 45 species from 23 families representing most of the divisions of the plant kingdom. MT activity is often localized in seeds, suggesting that it has a role in their maturation, quiescence, and germination. The relationship among MT activity, the accumulation of abnormal protein L-isoaspartyl residues, and seed viability was explored in barley (Hordeum vulgare cultivar Himalaya) seeds, which contain high levels of MT. Natural aging of barley seeds for 17 years resulted in a significant reduction in MT activity and in seed viability, coupled with increased levels of "unrepaired" L-isoaspartyl residues. In seeds heated to accelerate aging, we found no reduction of MT activity, but we did observe decreased seed viability and the accumulation of isoaspartyl residues. Among populations of accelerated aged seed, those possessing the highest levels of L-isoaspartyl-containing proteins had the lowest germination percentages. These results suggest that the MT present in seeds cannot efficiently repair all spontaneously damaged proteins containing altered aspartyl residues, and their accumulation during aging may contribute to the loss of seed viability.
Computer science for elementary school teachers

The time line for significant changes in public education is long, and introduction of computers into education is not proving an exception to this. The circumstances that have contributed to relatively rapid progress in introducing computers in higher education do not exist at the pre-college level. This paper concentrates on the problems of computers in elementary education, and suggests several partial solutions to these problems.
A finite-difference alternating method for a cost-effective determination of weight-functions for orthotropic materials in mixed-mode fracture

Abstract In this paper, we present a general two-dimensional finite element alternating method for the determination of weight functions for isotropic or orthotropic cracked structures, subjected to mixed-mode loading. The numerical results show that the weight functions are indeed load-independent, and are insensitive to a wide range of virtual crack extensions of Δa ( 10 −3 a ∼ 10 −9 a ). The present alternating procedure (which involves a stress analysis of only the uncracked structure) is indeed a most effective technique for engineering fracture and life estimation analyses.
Interaction of Hydrogen Plasma with Extreme Low-k SiCOH Dielectrics

SiCOH (carbon-doped oxide) films with ultralow dielectric constants, prepared by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition, have been exposed to hydrogen plasmas on grounded or negatively biased substrates. The hydrogen plasma treatment was performed on either as-deposited or thermally annealed films. The treated films have been characterized after the different treatments by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Rutherford backscattering, and forward recoil elastic scattering analysis, and electrical measurements on metal-insulator-silicon structures. The hydrogen plasma removes CH 3 fractions from the films, decreases the amounts of cage-type SiO bonds, and densifies the films, thus increasing the dielectric constants. These effects were enhanced on films exposed to ion bombardment on the negatively biased substrates during treatment in the hydrogen plasma.
Social isolation impairs adult neurogenesis in the limbic system and alters behaviors in female prairie voles

Disruptions in the social environment, such as social isolation, are distressing and can induce various behavioral and neural changes in the distressed animal. We conducted a series of experiments to test the hypothesis that long-term social isolation affects brain plasticity and alters behavior in the highly social prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster). In Experiment 1, adult female prairie voles were injected with a cell division marker, 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU), and then same-sex pair-housed (control) or single-housed (isolation) for 6 weeks. Social isolation reduced cell proliferation, survival, and neuronal differentiation and altered cell death in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and the amygdala. In addition, social isolation reduced cell proliferation in the medial preoptic area and cell survival in the ventromedial hypothalamus. These data suggest that long-term social isolation affects distinct stages of adult neurogenesis in specific limbic brain regions. In Experiment 2, isolated females displayed higher levels of anxiety-like behaviors in both the open field and elevated plus maze tests and higher levels of depression-like behavior in the forced swim test than controls. Further, isolated females showed a higher level of affiliative behavior than controls, but the two groups did not differ in social recognition memory. Together, our data suggest that social isolation not only impairs cell proliferation, survival, and neuronal differentiation in limbic brain areas, but also alters anxiety-like, depression-like, and affiliative behaviors in adult female prairie voles. These data warrant further investigation of a possible link between altered neurogenesis within the limbic system and behavioral changes.
One Step Shoot Regeneration from Callus of Whole Plant Leaf Explants of Sugarbeet Lines and a Somaclonal Variant for in vitro Behavior

Summary Habituated callus was induced on blade explants from leaves of whole sugarbeet plants on a Murashige-Skoog based medium supplemented with 1.0 mg · 1−1 BA as the sole growth regulator. Callus first appeared after a lag period of several weeks at 31 °C in the dark. Callus of at least one plant each from breeding lines C 566, FC 607, SP 6926-0, EL 44, and EL 45 regenerated shoots directly without transfer. BA at 1.0 mg · 1−1 was optimal for callus induction for the one genotype tested. Smaller less expanded leaves were more responsive than larger leaves from the same plant, and blade explants were superior to petiole explants for callus induction with the more expanded leaves. A somaclonal variant for in vitro response was found in regenerant plants from one genotype. It was capable of earlier shoot regeneration from callus as well as a higher frequency of shoot regeneration on MS + 1.0 mg - 1-1 BA than the control genotype. It also differed from the control genotype in that explants from the variant could callus and regenerate shoots from that callus on MS medium without growth regulators.
Determination of ejection temperature and cooling time in injection molding

Estimation of cooling time for a given injection molding part is becoming increasingly important, especially when a large number of parts are produced. In order to calculate the cooling time, the ejection temperature should be known. However, to date, there is no easy way to obtain the ejection temperature even though the material selected and part thickness are known. This study uses a combination of experimental, analytical, and statistical means to establish equations for calculating ejection temperature according to material properties, part thickness, and molding conditions such as injection and mold temperatures. Therefore the cooling time of a given injection molding part can be estimated in its early design stage.
Short-term spatial memory responses in aged Japanese quail selected for divergent adrenocortical stress responsiveness

Stress-induced glucocorticoids can dampen learning and spatial memory via neuronal damage to the hippocampus. Cognition losses can be transient (associated with acute stress episodes) or permanent as in aged individuals who show chronic glucocorticoid-induced accelerated brain aging and neurodegeneration (dementia). Thus, chronic versus acute stress effects on spatial memory responses of quail selected for reduced (low stress, LS) or exaggerated (high stress, HS) plasma corticosterone (B) response to brief restraint were assessed. Aged food-motivated male LS and HS quail were tested for 10 min in a feed-baited 8-arm radial arm maze (RAM) 1) at 255 d of age (quail who had experienced lifelong management stressors but who were otherwise never intentionally stressed; that is, chronically stressed birds), 2) on the next day post-acute stressor treatment (5 min of restraint), and 3) on the next day without treatment (acute stress recovery). The RAM tests used the win-shift procedure in which visited arms were not rebaited. Radial arm maze performance was measured by determination of the total number of arm choices made, the number of correct entries made into baited arms out of the first 8 choices, the time required to make a choice, and the number of pellets eaten. Line effects (P LS), and number of pellets eaten (HS LS) could not be further altered by acute stressor treatment. Line differences in cognition may reflect lifelong management-induced stress episodes that periodically produce higher plasma B responses in HS than LS quail, which underlie HS quail memory deficits, or other etiologies, or both.
An SIS disease transmission model with recruitment-birth-death demographics

The SIS epidemiological model studied here has a general population-size-dependent disease incidence, recruitment, exponential births and deaths, disease-related deaths, disease-reduced reproduction, and vertical transmission. Explicit threshold parameters and global asymptotic stability results are obtained. The population dynamics are affected by the presence of the disease combined with disease-related deaths and reduced reproduction of infectives. The population size can decrease to a new size below its carrying capacity or the exponential growth rate constant of the population can be reduced.
Eisler and his pocket.

Purpose To identify the original description of the anatomical structure referred to as “Eisler’s pocket.” Design Historical review. Methods Review of published reports. Results Contemporary reports cite a 1963 textbook by an American author as the source of the term “Eisler’s pocket.” The original description by Eisler appears in a multivolume manual of ophthalmology published in Germany in 1930. Conclusion Paul Eisler was a skilled anatomist who contributed to the extensive body of scholarly work originating in Germany in the early 20th century.