cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Games Prisoners Play

A new inmate, or `rookie', who enters a total institution usually faces `tests' and `games' organized by the `old crew'. In this article I argue that such initiation rituals are often designed by inmates in order to uncover a rookie's personal characteristics, such as toughness and cleverness. While such rituals may seem violent, they usually involve more skillful deception and tricks than pain and suffering. The basic idea is to persuade the rookie that he or she faces some tough choices - and watch his or her reaction to adverse or unusual circumstances. The mock character of a typical test creates a fundamental problem for its validity, since an informed rookie can simulate both toughness and cleverness. Thus, an informed rookie cannot be distinguished from one with the desired characteristics. This problem is well recognized by most knowledgeable inmates and motivates them to search for new games and tests. The result is a wide variety of competing tests, frequent changes of argot and the secret code ...
Delirium Associated with Hypophosphatemia in a Patient with Anorexia Nervosa

Malnourished patients may suffer from many metabolic derangements during refeeding. Cardiac insufficiency, hyperglycemia, hyperosmotic nonketotic coma, sudden death, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, and hypophosphatemia have been described (1,2). Severe hypophosphatemia has been associated with red blood cell dysfunction, rhabdomyolysis, cardiac decompensation, neurologic dysfunction, and sudden death (2). Neurologic complications of hypophosphatemia most commonly described include paresthesias and muscle weakness with decreased nerve conduction velocity. Paralysis and acute respiratory failure have also been observed (3,4). Central nervous system abnormalities resulting from hypophosphatemia, however, have received little attention (5). We report such a case, review available literature, discuss pathophysiology, and make suggestions for prevention and treatment.
Bi-2223/Ag-sheathed tape processing studies

The production of high critical current density Jc Bi-2223/Ag sheathed conductors is a complex process involving interactions among many different parameters. The effects of three factors: 1) powder production path, 2) the first sinter temperature, and 3) the subsequent sinter temperatures were investigated. Statistical methods were used to design the experiment and interpret the results. Transport Jc was the main response for the analysis, but microstructural results were also used to assess the physical basis for the differences in performance. The powder variable had the largest main effect with only very weak main effects for the other factors.
Ionophore-induced efflux of sodium and potassium ions from sea urchin eggs

The efflux of K+ and Na+ from sea urchin eggs during Ca2+ ionophore A23187-induced parthenogenesis was studied in a K+ and Na+-free artificial seawater using extracellular ion-specific electrodes. We have probed this model system with monovalent cation-specific ionophores to determine if they affect K+ efflux in the unfertilized egg and whether any changes in ionophore sensitivity are observed during egg activation. In 500 mM choline chloride, 10 mM CaCl2, 50 mM MgCl2, 10 mM Tris-Cl pH 8.0, A23187 induced a rapid efflux of K+ and Na+ from the eggs after a short lag time (10–15 seconds). After the burst, the rate of K+ efflux remained higher than the pre-activation rate, but was lower than during the burst phase, while the rate of Na+ efflux became nearly zero. Monovalent cation-specific ionophores (valinomycin, gramicidin and nigericin) had no effect on K+ efflux from the unfertilized eggs in our model system. However, once the egg was activated by A23187, each of the above ionophores caused a prolongation of the burst phase for many minutes. These results show that the unfertilized egg plasma membrane (using our artificial conditions) is not susceptible to the monovalent cation-specific antibiotics and suggest that either the inserted cortical granule membrane or the developing fertilization envelope interacts with these ionophores to cause the change in rate-limiting step for K+ efflux observed egg activation.
Background subtraction under sudden illumination change

In this paper, we propose a Multiple Background Model based Background Subtraction (MB2S) algorithm that is robust against sudden illumination changes in indoor environment. It uses multiple background models of expected illumination changes followed by both pixel and frame based background subtraction on both RGB and YCbCr color spaces. The masks generated after processing these input images are then combined in a framework to classify background and foreground pixels. Evaluation of proposed approach on publicly available test sequences show higher precision and recall than other state-of-the-art algorithms.
The effects of larval abundance, settlement and juvenile mortality on the depth distribution of a colonial ascidian

Abstract The colonial ascidian Didemnum candidum (Savigny) is more abundant at shallow depths on floating docks than at greater depths along pilings in Pearl Harbor, Oahu, Hawaii. To compare the effects of selective settlement and postsettlement mortality on adult distribution, I determined if settlement was nonrandom relative to depth, if differences in adult abundance were responsible for the depth distribution of settlement, and if juvenile mortality varied with depth. A plankton pump was used to measure variation in larval abundance with depth. Acrylic settling plates were suspended at different depths and sampled nondestructively to measure settlement intensity and juvenile mortality. Settlement and mortality of the didemnid ascidians Diplosoma listerianum Milne-Edwards and Diplosoma sp. were also measured in the field and compared to that of D. candidum . Settlement of D. candidum was indeed nonrandom over depth. Both planktonic larvae and settled juvenils were more numerous at 0.5 than 3 or m. Settlement intensity on vertical plates was greatest within 1–2 cm of the water surface in the laboratory and within 2–3 cm in the field. Directly adjacent to the floating dock, where adults were equally abundant, settlement on horizontal plates was greater at shallow depths, suggesting directed movement of larvae upward. However, the ratio of settled juveniles to planktonic larvae (number of settlers: number of larvae) did not significantly differ with depth, suggesting that larvae were not more likely to settle at a particular depth. Settlement of the Diplosoma species was also heaviest near the surface. Juvenile mortality was greater at 0.5 than at 3 or 6 m for both D. candidum and the Diplosoma species. Experimental settlement showed that mortality, per se, of D. candidum was independent of depth. Rather, mortality was density-dependent, and the higher mortality near the surface was due to the greater number of larvae settling there. At this location, nonrandom settlement appears to determine the adult distribution of D. candidum , despite greater juvenile mortality at shallow depths. The pattern of settlement over depth is largely determined by adult proximity, rather than active larval behavior.
Occurrence of hernia of Morgagni with filial cervical lung hernia: a hereditary defect of the cervical mesenchyme?

A cervical hernia of the lung of probable congenital etiology is reported in the daughter of a woman with a diaphragmatic hernia of Morgagni. Both of these hernias result from defects in tissues derived from the cervical mesenchyme. The coexistence of these unusual hernias in mother and daughter raises the possibility of a hereditary deficiency of the cervical mesenchyme as an etiologic factor in both of these hernias.
Thermal equilibration of soot charge distributions by coagulation

Abstract Flame generated soot particles acquire a symmetric electrical charge distribution shortly after inception. Coagulation between soot particles causes the electrical charge to evolve to a Boltzmann distribution characterized by the flame temperature. When the soot is removed from the flame and allowed to coagulate further, the charge temperature (as defined via the Boltzmann distribution) is observed to fall to room temperature over a period of a few seconds. The resulting charge distribution is independent of the initial condition, e.g., the height in the flame at which the soot is sampled. In effect, coagulation acts to equilibrate the electrical charge distribution with the surrounding gas temperature even though the process is itself irreversible. The experimental observations are reproduced by a kinetic coagulation model that includes Coulomb forces between the colliding particles. In the case of diesel soot, a charge temperature of ∼ 1100 K is found at the vehicle tailpipe, presumably because cooling by coagulation remains incomplete over the transit time from engine to tailpipe.
Understanding the causes of packet delivery success and failure in dense wireless sensor networks

We present empirical measurements of the packet delivery performance of the Telos and MicaZ sensor platforms. At a high level, their behavior is similar to that of earlier platforms. They exhibit a reception "grey region," and temporal variations in packet loss. Looking more deeply, however, there are subtle differences, and looking deeper still, the patterns behind these complexities become clear. Environmental noise (802.11b) has high spatial correlation. Packet loss occurs when a receiver operating near its noise floor experiences a small decrease in received signal strength, rather than an increase in environmental noise. These variations cause the reception "grey region." Packet losses are highly correlated over short time periods, but are independent over longer periods. Based on these findings, current practices could be easily changed that would greatly improve efficiency and performance.
The eggshell of the almond wasp Eurytoma amygdali (Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae) - 2. The micropylar appendage.

Abstract Micropylar apparatuses in insects are specialized regions of the eggshell through which sperm enters the oocyte. This work is an ultrastructural study and deals with the structure and morphogenesis of the micropylar appendage in the hymenopteran Eurytoma amygdali . The micropylar appendage is a 130 μm long cylindrical protrusion located at the posterior pole of the egg, unlike other insects i.e. Diptera. in which the micropylar apparatus is located at the anterior pole. In mature eggs there is a 0.4 μm wide pore (micropyle) at the tip of the appendage leading to a 6 μm wide micropylar canal. The canal contains an electron-lucent substance, it travels along the whole appendage and finally reaches the vitelline membrane of the oocyte. The vitelline membrane is covered by a wax layer and an electron-lucent layer, whereas the chorion surrounding the canal consists of a granular layer (fine and rough) and a columnar layer. The morphogenesis of the appendage starts in immature follicles: four central cells located at the posterior tip of the oocyte near the vitelline membrane, differing morphologically from the adjacent follicle cells. These central cells degenerate during early chorionic stages, thus assisting in the formation of the micropylar canal. The adjacent, peripherally located cells secrete the electron-lucent substance which fills the canal and at the same time, the fine granular layer is formed starting from the base towards the tip of the appendage. The secretion persists at late chorionic stages and results in the formation of the chorion around the micropylar canal. The extremely long (compared to other insects) micropylar appendage seems to facilitate the egg passage through the very thin and long ovipositor. The structure and morphogenesis of this appendage differs significantly from the micropylar apparatuses studied so far in other insects i.e. Diptera, and may reflect adaptational and evolutionary relationships.
The microstructure of ice and its influence on mechanical properties

Abstract A sound knowledge of and ability to model the mechanical behavior of ice is a key element in addressing a wide range of needs of the ice research community. Continued advancement requires an understanding of the relationship between microstructure and the flow and fracture of ice under a wide range of conditions. To provide perspective on this relationship, the paper presents a description of the main microstructural types of ice and their origins, and examines current knowledge of the relationship between the microstructure and the flow and fracture of freshwater and sea ice. The influence of microstructure on the components of strain (elastic, anelastic and viscous) receives attention, as does the flaw structure of sea ice and its influence on larger-scale crack propagation. Comments are offered on the nature of the microphysical processes that underlie the viscous deformation of single crystal and polycrystalline ice. Some aspects of the microstructural changes that occur during deformation are also discussed.
Comparison of chronic ethanol and chronic intermittent ethanol treatments on the expression of GABAA and NMDA receptor subunits

Abstract We examined the mRNA and protein levels of GABA A and NMDA receptor (NMDAR) subunits in cultured mouse cortical neurons following exposure to chronic ethanol (CE) or chronic intermittent ethanol (CIE), and after 5 days of withdrawal. With respect to GABA A receptor mRNA, both treatments decreased the levels of α1 and α2 subunits, and increased the level of α4. However, only CE treatment caused parallel changes in the protein levels; α2 and α4 protein levels did not change after CIE. Both treatments did not alter β2 and β3 mRNA levels, but they increased β2/3 protein levels. The γ2 subunit mRNA levels decreased with both treatments, but protein levels did not change. Most of the changes returned to control levels after withdrawal, except for the γ2 subunit protein, which was lower than controls. In the case of NMDAR subunit, both treatments greatly increased the levels of NR2B mRNA, but barely altered NR1 mRNA and polypeptide levels. CIE treatment caused a relatively higher increase in NR2B protein, and this was the only sustained increase after long-term withdrawal. Taken together, our results show that CIE regimen has less pronounced effects on GABA A receptor expression, but increases NR2B expression more dramatically than CE treatment in cultured cortical neurons. These differential effects on subunit expression may result in altered receptor structure and function as a result of ethanol exposure.
Extension theorems, orbits, and automorphisms of the computably enumerable sets

We prove an algebraic extension theorem for the computably enumerable sets, e. Using this extension theorem and other work we then show if A and Â are automorphic via ψ, then they are automorphic via A where λ ? L *(A) = ψ and Λ e* (A) is Δ 0 3 . We give an algebraic description of when an arbitrary set Â is in the orbit of a computably enumerable set A. We construct the first example of a definable orbit which is not a Δ 0 3 orbit. We conclude with some results which restrict the ways one can increase the complexity of orbits. For example, we show that if A is simple and Â is in the same orbit as A, then they are in the same Δ 0 6 -orbit and, furthermore, we provide a classification of when two simple sets are in the same orbit.
Intensity in the Raman Effect. I. Reduction of Observed Intensity to a Standard Intensity Scale for Raman Bands in Liquids

A standard intensity scale for Raman bands in liquids has been proposed which is referred to the Raman band at 458 cm−1 in CCl4 taken under the same experimental conditions. Standard intensities are obtained from the photoelectrically registered spectra by correcting for convergence error, spectral sensitivity of the photomultiplier tube, optical density of the sample and reflection loss, and reduction to scattering per molecule. In all cases integrated intensities are used. Calculation of the effect of a triangular slit function on a Lorentz type Raman contour yields correction factors for converting the product of the peak intensity and the observed half band width to integrated intensities. Standard intensities are given for the Raman bands of liquid CH2Cl2, CHCl3, and CCl4. The apparent departure of the intensity from its linear dependence on concentration is also discussed.
Forecasting rough diamond prices: a non-linear optimization model of dominant firm behaviour

Abstract The purpose of this research is to explain the pricing behaviour of a dominant firm in a natural resource market. The model developed in this paper is applied to the market of rough gem diamonds and appears to have potential to predict future diamond prices.
Mitogen-stimulated lymphocyte proliferation and pituitary hormones in major depression ☆

Abstract To assess cellular immune status and the hypothalamic-pituitary (HP) axis in patients with major depression, we examined peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and measured the plasma levels of cortisol, adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH), growth hormone (GH), andprolactin (PRL). Twenty patients with major depression were compared with 20 control subjects matched for age, sex, and race. The dose-response curves for concunavalin-A (Con-A) and phytohemagglutinin (PHA) stimulation were not significantly different between the two groups. The patients had decreased Con-A—stimulated T-lymphocyte proliferation when compared to the control subjects, but only at the lowest suboptimal concentration of Con-A. None of the four concentrations of PHA-stimulated proliferation were different between the two groups, neither was PHA-induced interleukin-2 production. Within the patient group only, plasma prolactin (PRL) correlated significantly with stimulated lymphocyte proliferation using two optimal concentrations of PHA and one optimal concentration of Con-A, when the proliferation was expressed using the stimulation index.
Acid Stimulation (Sour Taste) Elicits GABA and Serotonin Release from Mouse Taste Cells

Several transmitter candidates including serotonin (5-HT), ATP, and norepinephrine (NE) have been identified in taste buds. Recently, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) as well as the associated synthetic enzymes and receptors have also been identified in taste cells. GABA reduces taste-evoked ATP secretion from Receptor cells and is considered to be an inhibitory transmitter in taste buds. However, to date, the identity of GABAergic taste cells and the specific stimulus for GABA release are not well understood. In the present study, we used genetically-engineered Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells stably co-expressing GABAB receptors and Gαqo5 proteins to measure GABA release from isolated taste buds. We recorded robust responses from GABA biosensors when they were positioned against taste buds isolated from mouse circumvallate papillae and the buds were depolarized with KCl or a stimulated with an acid (sour) taste. In contrast, a mixture of sweet and bitter taste stimuli did not trigger GABA release. KCl- or acid-evoked GABA secretion from taste buds was Ca2+-dependent; removing Ca2+ from the bathing medium eliminated GABA secretion. Finally, we isolated individual taste cells to identify the origin of GABA secretion. GABA was released only from Presynaptic (Type III) cells and not from Receptor (Type II) cells. Previously, we reported that 5-HT released from Presynaptic cells inhibits taste-evoked ATP secretion. Combined with the recent findings that GABA depresses taste-evoked ATP secretion [1], the present results indicate that GABA and 5-HT are inhibitory transmitters in mouse taste buds and both likely play an important role in modulating taste responses.
What Kind of Canon Do the Lectionaries Constitute

The Roman Catholic Church inaugurated a three-year cycle of three readings from the Bible entitled LECTIONARY FOR MASS in Advent, 1969. Four U.S. Protestant Churches shortly produced their own patterned on it, one of them proposed for use by eight of the member Churches of the Consultation on Church Union (the ninth had its own). At present there are three in use, the Catholic lectionary that is internationally employed, one composed by the U.S. Episcopal Church for its revised BOOK OF COMMON PRAYER, and the REVISED COMMON LECTIONARY of the Consultation on Common Texts. The last named has been adopted by the Lutheran, Reformed tradition, and Methodist Churches that had previously developed a lectionary of their own. The proclamation of God's life-giving and redemptive deed in Jesus Christ in the power of the Holy Spirit is the architectonic principle governing all the lections proposed. In aid of this, the ancient resort to typology has been employed, which sees a prefiguring of something in every Gospel ...
COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON RESPIRATION : VIII. THE RESPIRATION OF BACILLUS SUBTILIS IN RELATION TO ANTAGONISM.

1. In relatively low concentrations of NaCl, KCl, and CaCl(2) the rate of respiration of Bacillus subtilis remains fairly constant for a period of several hours, while in the higher concentrations, there is a gradual decrease in the rate. 2. NaCl and KCl increase the rate of respiration of Bacillus subtilis somewhat at concentrations of 0.15 M and 0.2 M respectively; in sufficiently high concentrations they decrease the rate. CaCl(2) increases the rate of respiration of Bacillus subtilis at a concentration of 0.05 M and decreases the rate at somewhat higher concentrations. 3. The effects of salts upon respiration show a well marked antagonism between NaCl and CaCl(2), and between KCl and CaCl(2). The antagonism between NaCl and KCl is slight and the antagonism curve shows two maxima.
Optimal Control In Adaptive Optics Modeling Of Nonlinear Systems

The problem of using an adaptive optics system to correct for nonlinear effects like thermal blooming is addressed using a model containing nonlinear lenses through which Gaussian beams are propagated. The best correction of this nonlinear system can be formulated as a deterministic open loop optimal control problem. This treatment gives us a limit for the best possible correction. Aspects of adaptive control and servo systems are not included at this stage. We ask for that control in the transmitter plane which minimizes the time averaged area or maximizes the fluence in the target plane. The standard minimization procedure leads to a two-point-boundary-value problem, which is ill-conditioned in our case. We were able to solve the optimal control problem using an iterative gradient technique. An instantaneous correction is introduced and compared with the optimal correction. The results of our calculations show that for short times or weak nonlinearities the instantaneous correction is close to the optimal correction, but that for long times and strong nonlinearities a large difference develops between the two types of correction. For these cases the steady state correction becomes better than the instantaneous correction and approaches the optimum correction.
Application of Vacuum-Tube Oscillators to Inductive and Dielectric Heating in Industry

THE knowledge that metals could be heated inductively and that nonconductors could be heated dielectrically dates from the earliest experiments with electricity. In the last few years inductive and dielectric losses, which have long been obstacles in the electrical industry, have been profitably employed in a new industrial tool powered by high-frequency motor-generator sets and vacuum-tube oscillators. Low-frequency inductive heating has been used in specialized melting applications for approximately 20 years and for some surface hardening work for the last ten years. However with the advent of the new equipment and knowledge of its use, it is no longer a highly restricted application but is ready to handle thousands of heating processes throughout the industry. Hence, it is felt that a short review of the theory of inductive and dielectric heating, together with a description of the vacuum-tube circuits used and some of their applications, would be of value at this time.
Spectra of hydrate frosts: Their application to the outer solar system

Abstract Reflectance spectra from 1 to 6 microns were taken of CH 4 and CO 2 gas hydrates and were found to be very similar to H 2 O frost spectra over the entire wavelength region. H 2 O clathrates have a gas to H 2 O ratio of about 1 6 , hence a surface may contain 17% (by number) gas and appear spectroscopically similar to an H 2 O frost covered surface. This is important in the pressure-temperature regime of the outer solar system where hydrates, which often have vapor pressures 10 −5 (or less) that of the pure gas component, are marginally stable as solids (e.g., the vapor pressure in Torr at 60 K for CH 4 ·6H 2 O = 10 −8 while for CH 4 = 10 −1 ). We may conclude that reflectance spectroscopy (especially Earth-based) is useful for positive identification of some components of the surface, but does not set stringent limits for spectroscopically active hydrate forming substances in the presence of water frost.
Subtherapeutic ganciclovir (GCV) levels and GCV-resistant cytomegalovirus in lung transplant recipients

Background Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection results in significant morbidity and mortality in lung transplant recipients. Ganciclovir (GCV) has dramatically reduced complications caused by CMV infections. Unfortunately, GCV resistance is identified in 5–10% of CMV-infected patients. Mismatched CMV status and ongoing replication due to immunosuppression are risk factors for drug resistance. Whether subtherapeutic GCV levels contribute to resistance remains unknown. Methods A retrospective review was conducted in all 51 patients who underwent lung transplantation between March 2007 and June 2008 at Loyola University Medical Center. GCV resistance and outcome data of CMV-infected patients were analyzed to identify variables that may contribute to suboptimal response to CMV infection. Results During the 16-month period, CMV infection was identified in 21 of 51 lung transplant recipients. Ten of 21 patients (47.6%) had CMV infection with early response to GCV, and 11 patients (52.4%) had CMV infection with suboptimal response to GCV. GCV levels were obtained in the 11 CMV-infected patients with suboptimal response. In 6 patients, GCV levels were therapeutic; all 6 had delayed response to GCV. In 5 patients, GCV levels were subtherapeutic; each had persistent suboptimal response to GCV. Genotyping documented GCV-resistant (GCV-R) CMV in all 5 patients. Cystic fibrosis as the diagnosis requiring lung transplantation was associated with GCV-R CMV infection (P = 0.01). Conclusion In our lung transplant recipient cohort, GCV levels were subtherapeutic in all patients with persistent suboptimal response to GCV, each of whom had GCV-R CMV infection. In contrast, GCV levels were therapeutic in CMV-infected patients with delayed GCV response.
Spin transfer effect in magnetic tunnel junction with low resistance

In this work, current-induced-magnetization-switching (CIMS) in low resistance magnetic tunnel junction structure (RA MTJ) with relatively low critical current density is demonstrated. The MTJ structure is composed of Si/SiO/sub 2//bottom electrode/Ta/IrMn/CoFe/Al/CoFe/Ta/top electrode. The magneto-resistance (MR) ratio induced by current is up to 16%. Furthermore, in order to decrease the critical current density, adding a nanogranular layer in the MTJ multilayer structure is proposed which will reduce the critical current density and remain high MR signal.
Comparative Outcomes and Assessment of Trifecta in 500 Robotic and Laparoscopic Partial Nephrectomy Cases: A Single Surgeon Experience

Purpose: We report a comparative analysis of a large series of laparoscopic and robotic partial nephrectomies performed by a high volume single surgeon at a tertiary care institution.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical charts of 500 patients treated with minimally invasive partial nephrectomy by a single surgeon between March 2002 and February 2012. Demographic and perioperative data were collected and statistically analyzed. R.E.N.A.L. (radius, exophytic/endophytic properties, nearness of tumor to the collecting system or sinus in mm, anterior/posterior and location relative to polar lines) nephrometry score was used to score tumors. Those scored as moderate and high complexity were designated as complex. Trifecta was defined as a combination of warm ischemia time less than 25 minutes, negative surgical margins and no perioperative complications.Results: Two groups were identified, including 261 patients with robotic and 231 with laparoscopic partial nephrectomy. Demographics w...
Gravity studies in Utah

Since 1955, the Department of Geophysics of the University of Utah has made gravity surveys throughout Utah in a continuing program to compile a gravity map of the entire state [Cook and Berg, 1958]. The field wrork and compilation and interpretation of data have been chiefly done by graduate students and faculty of the Department of Geophysics incident to thesis and staff research. Financial support for the surveys has been provided by various federal, state, and private agencies and organizations, including the National Science Foundation, Utah Engineering Experiment Sta-G13649. tion of the University of Utah, University Research Fund of the University of Utah, and several petroleum and mining companies. The techniques of collection and reduction of the gravity data are given by Cook and Berg [1961] and Cook et al. [1964] and will not be repeated here. The areas of published gravity coveragein Utah are shown in Figure 1 and are numerically keyed to the References, Part 2. The areas of unpublished gravity coverage by the University of Utah or of gravity surveys in progress are listed in Table 1. The areas of published and unpublished gravity coverage in Utah by the U. S. Geological Survey [Case, 1965] are also included in Figure 1 and Table 1. All unpublished gravity data of the University of Utah, including theses, are being prepared for publication, ordinarily in approximately 1° X 1° (or fractions or multiples thereof) quadrangle maps in which the Bouguer gravity anomaly contours are superimposed on the generalized geology of the surveyed area. The final publication of the gravity maps of several areas lias been deferred, pending the publication of the new geologic maps of the state of Utah [Stokes and Madsen, 1961; Stokes, 1963; Hintze, 1963; Hintze and Stokes, 1964]. These geological maps of Utah have recently been completed, and the gravity maps will be published as soon as possible.
A numerical method for coupled differential equations

This paper describes a numerical method for solving first-order coupled matrix differential equations. Recursive equations are used to find ‘reflection’, ‘transmission’ and ‘source’ coefficients; these coefficients are then used to construct the vector solution to the differential equations. The method can be used to solve linear and non-linear differential equations with specified initial or two-point boundary values. Numerical results for several initial value problems are given in the paper.
Some effects of fault recovery order on software reliability models

Since traditional approaches to software reliability modeling allow the user to formulate predictions using data from one realization of the debugging process, it is necessary to understand the influence of the fault recovery order on predictive performance. We introduce an experimental methodology using a data structure called the debugging graph and use it to analyze the effects of various fault recovery orders on the predictive accuracy of four well-known software reliability algorithms. Further we note fault interactions and their potential effects on the predictive process. Based on our experiment, we conjecture that the accuracy of a reliability prediction is affected by the fault recovery order as well as by fault interactions. >
Subaqueous Slump Structures

Curved, grading into planar, discordant slump scar surfaces are not uncommon in sedimentary rocks. It is suggested that the slump movement took place penecontemporaneously with the processes of sedimentation and in response to loading imbalances due to the presence of a slope. The curvature of the slump surface may be derived by resolving the vector representing the displacement, or offset, and relating its vertical component to the volume decrease associated with void ratio reduction. The particular shape of the surface is largely a function of the clay mineral content of the sediments.
A Review of Chevron-Notched Fracture Specimens

The historical development of chevron notched fracture specimens is reviewed. Stress intensity factors and load line displacement solutions proposed for some of these specimens are compared. The original bend bar configurations up to the present day short rod and bar specimens are reviewed. The results of an analytical round robin that was conducted on chevron-notched specimens are presented. In the round robin, stress-intensity factors for either the chevron notched round rod or square bar specimens were calculated. The consensus stress intensity factor (compliance) solution for these specimens is assessed. The stress intensity factor solutions proposed for three and four point bend chevron notched specimens are reviewed.
A convenient and adaptable package of DNA sequence analysis programs for microcomputers

Abstract We describe a package of DNA data handling and analysis programs designed for microcomputers. The package is convenient for immediate use by persons with little or no computer experience, and has been optimized by trial in our group for a year. By typing a single command, the user enters a system which asks questions or gives instructions in English. The system will enter, alter, and manage sequence files or a restriction enzyme library. It generates the reverse complement, translates, calculates codon usage, finds restriction sites, finds homologies with various degrees of mismatch, and graphs amino acid composition or base frequencies. A number of options for data handling and printing can be used to produce figures for publication. The package will be available in ANSI Standard FORTRAN for use with virtually any FORTRAN compiler.
Clinical Predictors of Pneumonia As a Guide to Ordering Chest Roentgenograms

To develop criteria for a more efficient approach to the ordering of chest roentgenograms, patients with fever or respiratory symptoms who were being evaluated with this diagnostic test were prospectively monitored. During a six-month period, residents working in a pediatric emergency room collected data on 136 children, 3 months to 15 years of age. Pneumonia, defined by appropriate abnormal chest roentgenographic findings, occurred in 19 per cent. Of the 29 single symptoms or signs examined, the variable which was the best predictor of pneumonia was tachypnea. In addition, a cluster of pulmonary findings was also a good index, for pneumonia. If these clinical criteria had been applied to the patients under investigation, the number of chest roentgenograms obtained would have been reduced by 30 per cent.
Poly(amidoamine) dendrimers as skin penetration enhancers: Influence of charge, generation, and concentration

ABSTRACT: The study investigates the influence of surface charge, generation and concentration of poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers on skin permeation of a model hydrophilic drug, 5-fluorouracil (5FU). Permeation studies were performed using excised porcine skin in a Franz diffusion cell. Saturated concentration of 5FU in isopropyl myristate was applied on the skin after pretreatment with dendrimers and 14 C labeled 5FU was analyzed using a liquid scintillation counter. The influence of dendrimer surface charge (G4-NH 2 , G3.5-COOH, and G4-OH), generations (G2-G6-NH 2 ) and concentration (0.1–10 mM of G4-NH 2 ) on skin permeation of 5FU were studied. The enhancement in drug permeability coefficient ( K p ) was in the following decreasing order G4-NH 2 > G4-OH > G3.5-COOH. Dendrimer increased the skin permeation by increasing the skin partitioning of 5FU. Transepidermal water loss, skin resistance measurements and ATR-FTIR studies revealed that cationic dendrimers act by interacting with the skin lipid bilayers. Increase in G4-NH 2 concentration did not proportionally increase the skin permeation of 5FU. The 5FU K p was inversely related to the molecular weight of the dendrimer. G2-NH 2 dendrimer reduced skin resistance to a greater extent than higher generation dendrimers. Overall, the study showed that lower generation cationic dendrimer is more effective in enhancing the skin permeation of hydrophilic drugs. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association.
Optimal use of the AUDIT in screening and brief intervention programs: a decision theoretic approach (part of Economics of SBI symposium)

Background Current evidence suggests that screening and brief intervention (SBI) programs can be effective at reducing risky alcohol consumption. While validity and reliability have been demonstrated for existing screening instruments, little is known about how the diagnostic properties of an instrument influence the cost-effectiveness of SBI. We develop a decision theoretic framework to model this issue, and to measure the potential improvement in cost-effectiveness that could result from changes in screening instrument properties and other factors associated with SBI.
A taxonomy of vernacular architecture: An addendum to “Ancient vernacular architecture: Characteristics categorization and energy performance evaluation” (Zhai and Previtali, 2010)

Abstract The paper is an addendum to the paper entitled “Ancient vernacular architecture: characteristics categorization and energy” that was published at “Energy and Buildings” in 2010 [1] . This addendum provides an explicit list of 114 codes representing vernacular architectural regions across the whole globe defined by climate, culture and continent. Codes are intended to support work in analyzing and memorializing vernacular building characteristics that otherwise may be lost. This addendum will be an important and useful resource for analyzing and studying vernacular architecture.
An Expansive Intelligence Community Regime as a Threat to U.S. National Security

It is often said that we live in a dangerous world. The rise of Al-Qaeda has underlined the threat of religiously-inspired terrorism to the maintenance international peace and security. The U.S. government has responded to this threat by embracing a new security agenda that entails creating new government agencies, revising existing laws or adopting new ones. Key to the process however has also been the adoption of a new security rhetoric where policymakers emphasis a pervasive, yet often imprecise threat that fuels the new security environment that has facilitated the rise of the National Surveillance State. Evidence for this threat comes from the intelligence community, which is beholden to the executive branch. The contribution made in this paper is twofold. First, that to have an effective counterterrorism agenda one needs multiple lines of discourse to test claims and hypotheses. Such a system does not seem to exist, as those responsible for security in the U.S. are insular as they constitute a regime, and yet it is they and the executive branch to which they answer to, who shape the security discourse. Second, to highlight that information — words and images — largely disseminated by intelligence community, which operates under the executive branch, have the ability to create the notion that the terrorist threat is greater than it actually is, enabling the executive branch to demand more power as a way to ensure protection. The paper concludes that the post-9/11 security apparatus instead of providing greater security is counter-intuitive, fueling anti-Americanism and undermining fundamental rights, which is why there is a need for greater oversight of the executive branch and by extension the intelligence community.
Role of Antiepileptic Drugs in Migraine Prevention

Abnormal brain excitability as a migraine trigger mechanism, and the use of antiepileptic drugs (AED) in migraine prevention, are reviewed from The Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, IL.
Ultrasound to diagnose spontaneous intestinal perforation in infants weighing ⩽ 1000 g at birth.

To evaluate the usefulness of abdominal ultrasound in infants with gasless abdomen radiographically suspected to have spontaneous intestinal perforation (SIP). This was a retrospective analysis of data from our neonatal database including infants with birth weight ⩽1000 g with suspicion of SIP, for the period January 2000 to May 2012. Four hundred and ninety-six infants weighing ⩽1000 g were identified. There were 68 infants with suspicion for SIP, 11 with pneumoperitoneum and 57 with gasless abdomen on X-rays. Ultrasound was performed in 55 of 57 infants with gasless abdomen, 10 with SIP and 45 nonperforated. Echogenic free fluid (EFF) was present in 70% of patients with SIP and 11% of nonperforated patients (P<0.001). When performed within 2 days of surgical diagnosis, EFF had 100% sensitivity and 89% specificity, with 58% positive predictive value and 100% negative predictive value. These data suggest that abdominal ultrasound may be useful for the diagnosis of SIP in infants with birth weight ⩽1000 g presenting with gasless abdomen.
Human transplantation antigens: isolation and radioimmunoassay.

SummaryHuman transplanation antigens, HL-A1 and HL-A2, have been obtained from cells of a single hematopoietic line which has both antigens. HL-A1 has been obtained essentially free of HL-A2. Both have a molecular weight of about 48,000. They appear to be of protein nature and can be labeled with radioiodine. The radioactive antigens permit the use of sensitive radioimmunoassay methods for identifying and quantitating HL-A antigens.
Book Review: Practical Applications of Mechanical Ventilation. Shaila Shodhan Kamat MBBS DA MD. First published New Delhi, India: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers, 2009. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional, 2010. Soft cover, 592 pages, $79.95.

To the uninitiated, mechanical ventilation for intensive care unit (ICU) patients can be rather mysterious, with its many technical aspects and confusing terminology. Understanding mechanical ventilation requires an appreciation for the integration of human physiology and pathophysiology with
189 A NONINFECTIOUS ETIOLOGY OF MULTIORGAN DYSFUNCTION SYNDROME

Learning Objective Recognize the ability of lymphoproliferative disorders to present as non-cytokine mediated multiorgan dysfunction syndrome and hypotension mimicking sepsis. Case Information A 58-year-old Puerto Rican female was admitted for respiratory distress and lower extremity edema. The patient had been admitted twice in the preceding 6 weeks for community-acquired pneumonia. She was being evaluated for a collagen vascular disease due to an ANA of 1:1280, megaesophagus with motility disorder and interstitial pattern on chest radiograph. Two days after admission, the patient developed acute respiratory failure, lactic acidosis, hyperkalemia, acute renal failure, hypotension, and coagulopathy. Aggressive resuscitation temporarily stabilized the patient. Blood, urine, and sputum cultures were negative. A CT of the abdomen and pelvis suggested acute chylocystitis and a percutanous drain was placed but the culture was negative. Culture of the bone marrow biopsy was negative. Fourteen days after transfer to the ICU the patient was unable to maintain homeostasis and care was withdrawn. Final bone marrow pathology was consistent with a diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Discussion Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is the most common subtype of non-Hodgkin9s lymphoma and is clinically aggressive. The median age at presentation is 64 years and most commonly presents as an enlarging mass in the neck or abdomen. Extranodal involvement can be seen in up to half of patients but organ failure has not been widely reported.
CT measurements and meanings of normal pancreas in Chinese children

Objective To provide references for diagnosis of abnormal pancreas morphology,and to establish the range of the normal pancreas thickness using CT measurement in different age groups.Methods A total of 200children without pancreatic diseases were examined with CT,and were divided into 5groups according to age,i.e.infant group(1yearold),child group(1 — 2year-old),preschool group(3 — 6year-old),school-age group(7 — 12year-old) and adolescent group(13 — 16year-old).The diameters of pancreatic head,the neck of pancreas and pancreatic body were observed and measured on CT images,and then analyzed statistically.Reaults The diameter of pancreatic head,the neck of pancreas and pancreatic body in 5groups was(11.50±3.24) mm,(6.60±2.11) mm and(9.52±3.37) mm in infant group,(15.28 ±3.38) mm,(9.16±3.01) mm and(14.67±1.61) mm in child group,(17.66±4.99) mm,(11.05±3.48) mm and(17.26±1.98) mm in preschool group,(18.87±4.06) mm,(12.04±4.25) mm and(19.83±3.91) mm in school-age group,while(21.71±7.60) mm,(15.76±1.82) mm and(22.93±4.37) mm in adolescent group.The diameters increased with age(P0.05),and there were significant differences among the different site in pancreas(P0.05).Conclusion The data of this study based on image anatomy with regard to the pediatric pancreas are useful for the diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic disease in Chinese children.
The improvement methods and effect of management for surgical instruments in operating room

Objective To improve the management outcome of surgical instruments in operating room.Methods The improvement measures included set- ting up instrument nurse team,providing pre -position training,practicing flexible working shifts,identifying duties and responsibilities,standardizing the management of surgical instruments in the process of preparation,intra - operative supply and postoperative disposal.Results This practice of shortened operating lime,increased doctors and nurses' satisfaction anti improved the cleaning quality of instruments.Conclusions The improvement of measures of instrument management can ensure the high -quality,timely and accurate supply of surgical instruments,which is proved to be effcetive to improve the quality of nursing in operating room.
EFFECT OF DEVOLATILIZATION OF COAL IN IRON ORE CONCENTRATE AND PULVERIZED COAL COMPOSITE ON REDUCTION

In iron ore concentrate and pulverized coal composite, the volatile of coal is thermally cracked into H_2 and C above 700℃. The reduction of iron ore by H_2 plays an important role at 700～900℃. and the reduction by C begins above 900℃. The higher temperature and heating rate, the more volatile amount, the higher cracking velocity and higher reduction rate of iron ore are.
Effects of Electro-Acupuncture with Different Frequency on Space Structures of Cancellous Bone in the Ovariectomized Rat Model

Objective:To observe the effects of electro-acupuncture with different frequency on space structures of cancellous bone in the ovariectomized rat model,and seek the optimal parameter of electro-acupuncture in treating osteoporosis in ovariectomized rat model. Methods:To treat The ovariectomized rats model with osteoporosis ,electro-acupuncture groups were treated with 2Hz,100Hz and 2/100 Hz three different frequencies,the control group received gastric perfusion of Premarin ,and investigate the parameters of cancellous bone space structures with Micro-CT,and the changes of serum estradiol (E2),carboxyterminal propeptide of type I procollagen(PICP),carboxyterminal telopeptide of type I collagen(ICTP).Results:Electro-acupuncture groups could significantly enhance trabecular number(Tb N),trabecular thickness (Tb.Th),bone volume fraction(BV/TV)and serum E2,PICP ,while trabecular spacing (Tb.Sp),bone surface/bone volume (BS/BV) and serum ICTP were reduced significantly in the ovariectomized rat model,therapeutic effect especially better of 100Hz frequency. Conclusion:Electro-acupuncture has protective effect on cancellous bone space structures in the ovariectomized rat model,and 100Hz maybe the best stimulate parameter.