cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 5011: Targeting hypoxia-induced immune suppression to overcome immunotherapy resistance in prostate cancer

Immune checkpoint blockade is effective in “hot” tumors like melanoma with pre-existing immune infiltrates; however, “cold” tumors like prostate cancer fail to respond. We found that prostate cancers harbor regions of hypoxia that resist T cell infiltration even in the context of anti-CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated protein-4) and anti-PD-1 (programmed cell death protein 1) blockade. These hypoxic zones serve as islands of immune privilege through the recruitment and suppressive polarization of immature myeloid cells into myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) and tumor-associated macrophages (TAM). We found that targeted hypoxia ablation using TH-302, a hypoxia-activated prodrug, sensitized both transplantable and spontaneous models of prostate cancer to checkpoint blockade, coincident with enhanced T cell infiltration and effector function and loss of MDSC recruitment and suppressive function. Tumors treated with the combination of TH-302 and checkpoint blockade showed a reduced capacity to suppressively polarize new myeloid immigrants, implying a durable reconditioning of the tumor microenvironment (TME) into an immune-infiltrated, pro-inflammatory milieu. T cells infiltrating combination-treated tumors exhibited increased mitochondrial respiration, consistent with creation of a metabolically favorable milieu for T cell function. Based on these findings, we hypothesized that other approaches capable of metabolically rewiring the TME should promote anti-tumor immunity and sensitize checkpoint blockade-resistant tumors to immunotherapy. With this in mind, we performed a longitudinal study comparing a panel of different mitochondrial respiration inhibitors and a glutaminase inhibitor for their efficacy in reducing hypoxia, improving T cell infiltration and decreasing myeloid cell recruitment and suppressive polarization using immunofluorescence staining and confocal microscopy. Our preliminary data suggests that inhibitors targeting mitochondrial respiration, rather than those targeting glutamine metabolism synergize with checkpoint blockade and exhibit the highest efficacy in increasing T cell recruitment. We continue to characterize the dynamics of hypoxia reduction, duration of normalization following drug withdrawal, and impact on the immune microenvironment of these diverse approaches to metabolic reconditioning. Citation Format: Priyamvada Jayaprakash, Midan Ai, Arthur Liu, Pratha Budhani, Todd Bartkowiak, Jie Sheng, Casey Ager, Courtney Nicholas, Ashvin Jaiswal, Yanqiu Sun, Krishna Shah, Sadhana Balasubramanyam, Nan Li, Guocan Wang, Jing Ning, Anna Zal, Tomasz Zal, Michael Curran. Targeting hypoxia-induced immune suppression to overcome immunotherapy resistance in prostate cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5011.
A High Quality Educative Curriculum in Engineering Fosters Pedagogical Growth

The Next Generation Science Standards call for the integration of engineering into mainstream science education, yet challenges arise for teachers unfamiliar with engineering-based pedagogy or concepts. The INSPIRES Hemodialysis educative curriculum may address such challenges by explicitly integrating all areas of STEM in an authentic learning experience with pedagogical support for teachers. Preparation and implementation of the INSPIRES curriculum is paired with professional development (PD) guided by the PrimeD framework. The present three-year study explored the role of the INSPIRES curriculum and PD in strengthening teacher pedagogical skills while implementing engineering ideas and practices in high school biology and technology education classrooms. Teachers’ classroom practices were measured with the RTOP and qualifying themes emerged through further analyses across multiple time points. Initially, PD focused on the INSPIRES curriculum but later supported teachers in individual areas of concern. Growth in design-based pedagogy was evident in both engineering-rich INSPIRES lessons and subsequent teacher-developed lessons which highlighted the transfer of new skills. While skill transfer occurred within the teacher population discussed here, sustained pedagogical reform may require continued PD support over time. Overall, educative curricula may provide a vector for integrating elements of educational reform to address NGSS challenges, especially in engineering education.
Man proposes, God disposes: Re-assessing Correspondences in Hypertext and Anti-Authorist Literary Theory

Second-wave criticism of literary hypertext fiction (2000-2010) consisted largely of reading studies and alternative semiotic models that challenged first wave assumptions (1992-1999) on empirical grounds. Focus on the phenomenology of reading did not directly question inconsistencies in the correspondence between Continental literary and hypertext theory. This paper argues that philosophical approaches to freedom found respectively in 1960s Continental literary theory and the Bay Area counterculture that influenced early digital computing are incompatible, despite being the foundation for early criticism of literary hypertext fiction. 1960s Continental literary theory emphasised a philosophical liberation from the author, with interpretation a demarcated and sacrosanct space outside the impositions of an author; contemporaneous computer and information science theorists, however, emphasised a framework within which the reader could access knowledge according to their need.
Enabling Timing Error Resilience for Low-Power Systolic-Array Based Deep Learning Accelerators

Hardware-accelerated learning and inference algorithms are quite popular in edge devices where predictable timing behavior and minimal energy consumption are required, while maintaining robustness to timing errors. To achieve this, dynamic voltage scaling techniques have been utilized in several accelerators. Therefore, this article presents Thundervolt, a framework allowing adaptive aggressive voltage underscaling while maintaining the robustness (reliability, predictability, performance) of such accelerators. —Theocharis Theocharides, University of Cyprus —Muhammad Shafique, Technische Universitat Wien
Organ-Specific Requirements for Thyroid Hormone Receptor Ensure Temporal Coordination of Tissue-Specific Transformations and Completion of Xenopus Metamorphosis

Background: Thyroid hormone (triiodothyronine [T3]) is essential for the development throughout vertebrates. Anuran metamorphosis mimics mammalian postembryonic development, a period around birth w...
Deterioration models for prediction of remaining useful life of timber and concrete bridges: A review

Abstract Bridge deterioration models are used for prioritization and maintenance of bridges. These models can be broadly classified as deterministic and stochastic models. There are mechanistic models (or physical models) as well as Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based models, each of which can be stochastic or deterministic in nature. Even though there are several existing deterioration models, state-based stochastic Markov chain-based model is widely employed in bridge management programs. This paper presents a critical review of different bridge deterioration models highlighting the advantages and limitations of each model. The models are applied to some case studies of timber superstructure and concrete bridge decks. Examples are illustrated for arriving at bridge deterioration models using deterministic, stochastic and Artificial Neural Network (ANN)-based models based on National Bridge Inventory (NBI) data. The first example is based on deterministic model and the second on stochastic model. The deterministic model uses the NBI records for the years 1992–2012, while the stochastic model uses the NBI records for one year (2011–2012). The stochastic model is state-based Markov chain model developed using Transition Probability Matrix (TPM) obtained by Percentage Prediction Method (PPM). The two deterioration models (i.e., deterministic and stochastic models) are applied to timber highway bridge superstructure using NBI condition data for bridges in Florida, Georgia, South Carolina and North Carolina. The illustrated examples show that the deterministic model provides higher accuracy in the predicted condition value than the stochastic Markov chain-based model. If the model is developed based on average of transition probabilities considering the data for the period 1992 to 2012, the prediction accuracy of stochastic model will improve. Proper data filtering of condition records aids in improving the accuracy of the deterministic models. The third example illustrates the ANN-based deterioration model for reinforced concrete bridge decks in Florida based on the NBI condition data for the years 1992–2012. The training set accuracy and testing set accuracy in the ANN model are found to be 91% and 88% respectively. The trained model is utilized to generate missing condition data to fill the gaps due to irregular inspections of concrete bridges. This paper also discusses scope for future research on bridge deterioration modeling.
A pH-Neutral, Aqueous Redox Flow Battery with a 3600-Cycle Lifetime: Micellization-Enabled High Stability and Crossover Suppression.

Redox-flow batteries (RFBs) are a highly promising large-scale energy storage technology for mitigating the intermittent nature of renewable energy sources. Here, the design and implementation of a micellization strategy in an anthraquinone-based, pH-neutral, nontoxic, and metal-free aqueous RFB is reported. The micellization strategy (1) improves stability by protecting the redox-active anthraquinone core with a hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) shell and (2) increases the overall size to mitigate the crossover issue through a physical blocking mechanism. Paired with a well-established potassium ferrocyanide catholyte, the micelle-based RFB displayed an excellent capacity retention of 90.7 % after 3600 charge/discharge cycles (28.3 days), corresponding to a capacity retention of 99.67 % per day and 99.998 % per cycle. The mechanistic studies of redox-active materials were also conducted and indicated the absence of side reactions commonly observed in other anthraquinone-based RFBs. The outstanding performance of the RFB demonstrates the effectiveness of the micellization strategy for enhancing the performance of organic material-based aqueous RFBs.
Identifying Vulnerabilities in Security and Privacy of Smart Home Devices.

Smart Home Devices (SHDs) offer convenience that comes at the cost of security and privacy. SHDs can be subject to attacks and they can be used to conduct attacks on businesses or governments providing services to individuals. In this paper, we report vulnerabilities that have been published in research papers in IEEE Xplore digital library and ACM digital library. We followed a systematic approach to search for vulnerabilities in the literature, analyzed them and placed them in common categories. The study resulted in 153 vulnerabilities. The categories are based on the place of occurrence or component of smart home architecture, such as device, protocol, gateway, network, and software architecture. We also identified areas of research and development that have been underexplored in the past and need further efforts. Researchers, developers and users will benefit from this comprehensive analysis and systematic categorization of smart home vulnerabilities.
Characterization of two extraordinary AmLi neutron sources.

Abstract Two legacy AmLi sources have been actively used across several projects within Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, however, applicability of source measurement data has been substantially limited due to the lack of original manufacturer documentation and cross comparison to other sources. This paper summarizes measurements conducted to better quantify source radionuclide content, neutron energy spectrum and emission rate of the AmLi sources. The measured neutron energy spectra of AmLi sources produced by Monsanto Research Corporation have not been found in open literature before and therefore the focus of the study was to obtain the high definition energy distribution of the sources. The initial gamma spectrometry measurements, aimed to estimate the radionuclide content and potential impurities, revealed a significant contamination of the source material with beryllium. Consequent neutron spectrum measurements confirmed beryllium contamination through the presence of a high energy tail contributing up to 17% to the total neutron emission rate. The obtained lithium-only portion of the measured source energy distribution was compared against other AmLi spectra discussed in the past and recent literature. Determination of the total neutron yields of the sources was made with measurements in a neutron well counter. Detection efficiency of the well counter was calculated specifically for these sources via detailed Monte Carlo simulations based on the obtained neutron energy distribution.
Low Thermal Budget (<250 °C) Dual-Gate Amorphous Indium Tungsten Oxide (IWO) Thin-Film Transistor for Monolithic 3-D Integration

We experimentally demonstrate back-end-of-the-line (BEOL) compatible ( ${I}_{D{,SAT}}$ of $370~\mu \text{A}/\mu \text{m}$ , and on–off ratio $> 4\times 10^{9}$ at ${V}_{DS} = 1$ V and ${V}_{GS}$ – ${V}_{TH}= 2$ V. We identify fundamental transport mechanisms that limit electron mobility in amorphous IWO transistors at different gate-bias ( ${V}_{GS}$ ) and temperature. Benchmarking reveals that amorphous IWO FETs are promising candidate for in situ transistor fabrication in the BEOL for enabling high-performance monolithic 3-D (M3-D) integrated circuits.
Seasonal Inhomogeneous Nonconsecutive Arrival Process Search and Evaluation

Time series often exhibit seasonal patterns, and identification of these patterns is essential to understanding the data and predicting future behavior. Most methods train on large datasets and can fail to predict far past the training data. This limitation becomes more pronounced when data is sparse. This paper presents a method to fit a model to seasonal time series data that maintains predictive power when data is limited. This method, called SINAPSE, combines statistical model fitting with an information criteria to search for disjoint, and possibly nonconsecutive, regimes underlying the data, allowing for a sparse representation resistant to overfitting.
Highlights from the 2021 Conference of the International Academy of Nursing Editors.

Exhilarated by the stimulating presentations at a recent conference of nurse editors from across the globe, I want to share with you some highlights that are especially relevant to new nurse author...
Chapter 1 Basic principles

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the use of atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) as an analytical tool. The widespread analytical utility of the phenomenon have made major contributions that solved problems and have prevented its use in quantitative work. AAS is the measurement of absorption of radiation by free atoms. The total amount of absorption depends on the number of free atoms present and the degree to which the free atoms absorb the radiation. The key to understanding the application of atomic absorption spectrometry to analytical chemistry lies in understanding the factors that affect (1) the ability of the atoms to absorb and (2) the generation and loss of free atoms from a particular atom population. These two factors are discussed in the chapter. The chapter also discusses that the equilibrium between atoms in the high energy state and atoms in the low energy state depends on the energy required to excite the atoms and the temperature of the system.
Induction of Prolonged Electrographic Seizures In Vitro Has a Defined Threshold and Is All or None: Implications for Diagnosis of Status Epilepticus

Summary: Purpose: To study whether induction of prolonged (>30-min duration) in vitro electrographic seizure discharges resembling status epilepticus (SE) is graded or all-or-none, and to determine the critical factors mediating SE induction. Methods: Prolonged electrographic seizure discharges were induced in combined hippocampal–entorhinal cortical (HEC) brain slices by electrical stimulation of the Schaeffer collaterals. Discharges were recorded by using field-potential electrodes in the dentate gyrus, CA3, CA1, and entorhinal cortex. Slices were prepared from rats that were (a) 21- to 30-day-old naive, (b) 60- to 120-day old naive, (c) epileptic, and (d) status post a prior traumatic brain injury. Results: Induction of SE discharges was dependent on the duration, but not amplitude of the preceding stimulus train–induced afterdischarge in HEC slices from 21- to 30-day-old control, brain-injured, and epileptic animals, but not from 60- to 120-day-old animals. In slices from 21- to 30-day-old control animals, once afterdischarges exceeded 4 min in duration, SE was induced in 50% of slices, and after ≥6 min 37 s seizure activity; SE was induced in 95% of slices. A defined SE threshold also was evident in brain-damaged rats, including rats in which an epileptic condition was induced by pilocarpine injection 4–16 weeks before recording, and rats subjected to a fluid percussive head trauma 1–8 weeks before recording. However, in these brain-damaged animals, mean SE threshold was considerably lower (24 and 44 s, respectively). HEC slices from 60- to 120-day-old controls for the brain-injured and epileptic animals did not develop SE even after 20 stimulations, demonstrating the pronounced effect of brain injury and epilepsy on the development of SE in the HEC slice preparation compared with that in age-matched controls. Conclusions: In vitro, SE discharges have a defined temporal threshold for initiation. Once a seizure exceeds 6–7 min in duration in control animals, and 30–55 s in brain-damaged animals, the probability of SE induction is greatly increased. This demonstrates that brain injury lowers the afterdischarge duration required to produce SE and suggests that brains injured from trauma or SE are more susceptible to develop status epilepticus.
A Review of: “The Neuroscience of Human Relationships: Attachment and the Developing Social Brain”

Dr. Cozolino is a Professor of Psychology at Pepperdine University and a clinical psychologist. In the past, he has written two books on the same topic: The Neuroscience of Human Relationships and ...
On the structure of Saturn's rings and the 'real' rotational period for the planet

An analysis of the Lowell Observatory photographic plates of Saturn gave the following results: (1) ring A and B show peculiar brightness distributions around the planet, from which we conclude that both are composed of particles in synchronous rotation. (2) The leading side of the particles in ring A is brighter than the trailing side by about 4%, which may indicate an interaction between such particles and the interplanetary medium. (3) Scans of the rings across the major axis show a small (∼0.3″) region of enhanced brightness, from which we derive a value ofTs=10h13.m8±5.m4 for the actual planetary rotational period of Saturn. (4) In order to explain the synchronous rotation, the particles in ring A have to be at least 42 m in diameter.
Functional changes in inter- and intra-hemispheric cortical processing underlying degraded speech perception

Previous studies suggest that at poorer signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs), auditory cortical event-related potentials are weakened, prolonged, and show a shift in the functional lateralization of cerebral processing from left to right hemisphere. Increased right hemisphere involvement during speech-in-noise (SIN) processing may reflect the recruitment of additional brain resources to aid speech recognition or alternatively, the progressive loss of involvement from left linguistic brain areas as speech becomes more impoverished (i.e., nonspeech-like). To better elucidate the brain basis of SIN perception, we recorded neuroelectric activity in normal hearing listeners to speech sounds presented at various SNRs. Behaviorally, listeners obtained superior SIN performance for speech presented to the right compared to the left ear (i.e., right ear advantage). Source analysis of neural data assessed the relative contribution of region-specific neural generators (linguistic and auditory brain areas) to SIN processing. We found that left inferior frontal brain areas (e.g., Broca's areas) partially disengage at poorer SNRs but responses do not right lateralize with increasing noise. In contrast, auditory sources showed more resilience to noise in left compared to right primary auditory cortex but also a progressive shift in dominance from left to right hemisphere at lower SNRs. Region- and ear-specific correlations revealed that listeners' right ear SIN advantage was predicted by source activity emitted from inferior frontal gyrus (but not primary auditory cortex). Our findings demonstrate changes in the functional asymmetry of cortical speech processing during adverse acoustic conditions and suggest that "cocktail party" listening skills depend on the quality of speech representations in the left cerebral hemisphere rather than compensatory recruitment of right hemisphere mechanisms.
Accurate analytical approximations for error function and its integral

Analytical expressions for the error function and the integral of the error function, which can be used in the calculation of electric field and potential distribution in semiconductor junctions with a Gaussian doping profile, are presented. For both functions, the complete x-interval, ranging from 0 to infinity, is handled with a single expression. The absolute accuracy of the analytical expressions for all x-values is better than ±1.6×10−9for the error function and better than ±3.7×10−8 for the integral of the error function.
Tungsten, Tricarbonyl(4,6‐dimethyl‐1,3,2‐benzodioxaborol‐2‐yl)[(1,2,3,4,5,‐η)‐1,2,3,4,5‐pentamethyl‐2,4‐cyclopentadien‐1‐yl), Cp*W(CO)3[Bcat(Me)2]

[193952-55-5] C21H23BO5W (MW 550.11) InChI = 1S/C10H15.C8H8BO2.3CO.W/c1-6-7(2)9(4)10(5)8(6)3;1-5-3-6(2)8-7(4-5)10-9-11-8;3*1-2;/h1-5H3;3-4H,1-2H3;;;;/q;+1;;;;-1 InChIKey = BICSDBVUCJROKS-UHFFFAOYSA-N (transition metal boron reagent1-3 for stoichiometric borylation of alkanes and arenes under photochemical conditions) Alternative Name: tricarbonyl(3,5-dimethylcatecholatoboryl)(η5-pentamethyl-2,4-cyclopentadien-1-yl)tungsten. Solubility: soluble in hydrocarbon solvents. Form Supplied in: amber crystalline solid. Analysis of Reagent Purity: 1H NMR (C6D6) δ 6.83 (s, 1H), 6.49 (s, 1H), 2.30 (s, 1H), 2.13 (s, 1H), 1.82 (s, 15H); 11B NMR (pentane, BF3·OEt2) δ 53. Preparative Methods: addition of ClBcat(Me2) in pentane to a pentane suspension of NaCp*W(CO)3 at ambient temperature followed by filtration, condensation, and crystallization at −30 °C from pentane solution.4 Purification: recrystallization at −30 °C from pentane solution. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: air and moisture sensitive, not compatible with donor solvents like alcohol and THF, should be stored and handled under an inert atmosphere or by using standard Schlenk techniques.
Mycophenolate mofetil-induced oral ulcerations in solid organ transplant recipients: A report of 3 cases

Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) is a potent immunosuppressive agent frequently used to prevent acute graft rejection in solid organ transplant recipients.1, 2, 3 Common adverse effects of MMF include gastrointestinal disturbances, leukopenia, and an increased susceptibility to viral infections.4 Rarely, oral ulcerations may occur in patients—especially solid organ transplant recipients—undergoing treatment with MMF.5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 We present 3 cases of MMF-induced oral ulcers in recipients of kidney, liver, and lung transplants.
New semiphenomenological proton-proton potential

A static plus spin-orbit proton-proton potential model has been derived semiphenomenologically. The potential resolves asymptotically to the one-pion-exchange potential and has been fixed in the region withinF=1.5Ħ/Μc by matching the 310 MeV MacGregor-Moravcsik-Stapp phase shift solution no. 1. The resulting potential gives an improved fit to the p-p scattering data over the 40 to 310 MeV energy range.
Smart tagged composite using piezoelectric particles

A new class of materials called smart tagged composites has great potential for use in structural health monitoring. This paper introduces concepts and interrogation schemes for piezoelectric tagged composite materials. Experiments were undertaken to demonstrate the feasibility of piezoelectric tagging by incorporating PZT-5A particles into a polyester matrix. Several types of diametral compression specimens were fabricated and tested to failure while monitoring the induced charge across electrodes placed on the front and back faces of the specimens. The effect of volume fraction of piezo particles and glass reinforcement was investigated along with connectivity of the piezo phase. Small amounts of graphite were added to some specimens to aid in the poling process, however this proved to be of little benefit. The greatest sensitivity and highest induced fields were obtained for a pseudo 1 - 3 piezocomposite system with 6% volume fraction loading of the piezo phase.
The Problem of Intractability: The Continuing Need for New Medical Therapies in Epilepsy

Treatment of epilepsy, one of the most common neurologic disorders, has evolved from "institutional" polytherapy to "dogmatic" monotherapy, and, most recently, to "rational" polypharmacy. The introduction of bromides for the treatment of epilepsy was followed first by phenobarbital and then by phenytoin as therapeutic options. Although attempts to combine medications were legion, none was supported by studies that demonstrated the benefit of such combinations. The issue of adverse effects became a principal argument in favor of monotherapy. Monotherapy, using newly developed drugs, avoided problems due to drug interactions but was ineffective in 20-30% of patients. A greater understanding of basic disease mechanisms and developments in molecular biology have led to an increased number of effective drugs for the estimated 6-12% of patients with epilepsy whose condition is intractable. Clinical research continues to build on the work of basic scientists in attempting to develop treatments based on a desire to move beyond the palliative and to affect the causative mechanisms of the disease. Novel medical approaches now under exploration include the use of drugs with complementary mechanisms of action, stimulation of various components of the nervous system, biochemical manipulations, focal intracerebral drug perfusion, and gene therapy.
Morphologies of microporous polyethylene and polypropylene crystallized from solution in supercritical propane

The morphologies of solvent-free, microporous, mechanically self-supporting cylinders of linear polyethylene and isotactic polypropylene, crystallized from solution in supercritical propane, were examined by an SEM technique. The morphology of gels (or foams), obtained with little or no shrinkage from 2% to 35% solutions by weight of polyethylene (99% to 85% porosities), is shown in some detail. Lamellae with very little or considerable mutual organization occur, often in the form of stacks with straight or coiled axes (axialites). Further growth of these can lead to particles with a roughly spherical overall shape and a predominantly radial orientation of the lamellae at the particle surface. Subcooled isotactic polypropylene, on the other hand, crystallizes in the form of perfectly shaped birefringent microspheres of very uniform size
Worksite-based research and initiatives to increase fruit and vegetable consumption.

Abstract Background . Worksite initiatives to promote increased consumption of fruits and vegetables include a wide range of programs. Some initiatives focus on the physical and informational environments, with the dual aim of increasing the availability of healthful food options and providing education and support through point-of-choice labeling and signage. Methods . Authors reviewed recent literature on comprehensive worksite health promotion programs that have addressed some type of environmental/organizational intervention to increase fruit/vegetable consumption. Results . This review revealed that environmental/organizational initiatives rely on management commitment, supervisory support, and supportive organizational structures to sustain policy efforts over time. Program effectiveness is enhanced when they are based on social ecological approaches; include worker participation in program planning and implementation (e.g. employee advisory boards and peer-delivered interventions); address multiple (vs. single) risk factors for change; and integrate workers' broader social context (e.g. families, neighborhoods, etc.). Conclusions . Priorities for future worksite-based interventions include identifying and reducing barriers to organizational and environmental change, addressing social disparities in fruit and vegetable consumption, addressing social contextual factors driving behaviors, and building expanded networks of community partnerships. Future research is needed to identify key policy and program components that will yield meaningful increases in fruit and vegetable consumption; barriers/facilitators of organizational and environmental change within worksites; effective community-based participatory methods; and methods to disseminate cost-effective interventions for all worksites.
Money without collaboration won't bring cures

It's up to stakeholders at every stage of therapeutic development—industry and academic researchers, policymakers, patient foundations and even patients themselves—to embrace the power of collaboration. Only then will we enable translational research and push much-needed treatments to the clinic faster.
Performance prediction of throughput-centric pipelined global interconnects with voltage scaling

Due to the ever increasing demand for computing capacity, throughput-centric design for on-chip global interconnects has played an important role in the emerging parallel computing architectures. In this paper, we explore the performance of flip-flop-based pipelined global interconnects with more design freedoms under the voltage and technology scaling for different applications. Based on the derived accurate voltage-scaled models of pipelined interconnects, we propose a general evaluation flow using numerical experiments to study the impact of pipelining depth, voltage scaling, and different processes on the performance of pipelined interconnects under four different design objectives. Our experimental results show that, with the dedicated throughput-centric optimization, at 45 nm node, up to 25x overall throughput-per-energy-area (TPEA) improvement can be obtained with only 4x increase on the interconnect latency compared with the conventional minimum-latency design, making this new design methodology more promising in the future nodes.
Astrophysics: Two black holes found in a star cluster.

The detection of two candidate black holes in a dense system of stars in the Milky Way suggests that a larger population of such objects might be lurking in this system. See Letter p.71 The current consensus is that a typical globular star cluster can accommodate just one stellar-mass black hole. Many more will be created, but all but one will be ejected following dynamical interactions. New observations of the Milky Way globular cluster M22, however, reveal the presence of two radio sources in one cluster, with properties typical of accreting black holes each more than ten times the mass of the Sun. This suggests that the ejection of black holes is not as efficient as predicted by most models. And it may not stop there: the authors speculate that there could be a population of tens of black holes in M22, either as single black holes or in binaries where there is no mass transfer taking place.
Resistance of rat erythrocytes to osmotic and saponin lysis-dependence on age

Abstract Except for a brief phase of high resistance, which is probably coterminous with the reticulocyte stage, the rat red cell does not undergo any change of resistance to hypotonic saline lysis during the greater part of its life span. Since hypotonic saline tests both the system concerned with osmotic homeostatis and also the mechanical strength of the cell membrane, this finding does not support a view of red cell aging as a nonspecific structural weakening. The course of red cell aging as measured by resistance to saponin hemolysis consists of a period of maturation lasting a week or so during which resistance increases, followed by a steady decline of resistance which apparently continues throughout the entire subsequent lifetime of the cell. Two independent estimates obtained from the data agree in partitioning the total variance of saponin resistance in the red cell population of all ages equally between age variance and variance within homogeneous age cohorts. The absence of evidence for aging of osmotic or structural properties, together with evidence for a pronounced aging of resistance to a surface-active agent, suggests the hypothesis that the red cell survival curve is generated by a specific programmed aging process which serves to terminate red cell survival at an age when all properties associated with gas transport have experienced only a small decrement from the optimal values for young cells.
Criteria for Evaluating School-Based Distance Education Programs:

As the presence of distance learning technologies increases so does the call for them to show if and how they improve instruction and learn ing. What criteria and guidelines can administrators use ...
Instruction-following behavior of a retarded child and its controlling stimuli

A combination of positive reinforcement and fading of physical guidance was used to teach a profoundly retarded boy specific responses to specific verbal instructions. The design consisted of a multiple baseline of probe data across different verbal instructions. The subject started responding correctly to each verbal instruction as that item was trained in a multiple-baseline order. Generalization did not occur to items that had not yet been trained, nor did it occur to items included to assess generalization. Probes of variations in the verbal instructions, conducted after training was completed, revealed that generalization was minimal except in those cases where the variation consisted of the verb only, the noun only, the noun plus preposition, or where the verb of the instruction was presented last. Training a profoundly retarded 11-yr-old subject to respond to specific verbal instructions did not adequately facilitate the development of a generative instruction-following capability, nor did all verbal elements of the instruction control a specific response.
Interpreting the Bible with the Value Orientations Model: History and Prospects

This article summarizes the Value Orientations Model developed by Florence Kluckhohn and Fred Strodtbeck (1961) and surveys publications in which the model has been used as an aid to cross-cultural interpretation of the New Testament (History). Like the Documentary Hypothesis and the Two-Source Hypothesis, this social science model has weathered challenges and proved itself adaptable to modifications and innovative applications especially in conjunction with other models (Prospects).
The image of the "brain surgeon" in American culture: the influence of Harvey Cushing.

✓ In contemporary American culture, the term “brain surgeon” conjures up the image of an intensely singleminded professional, who deals with terribly complex matters of life and death. These descriptors find their personification in Harvey Cushing, because they are derived directly from him. This hypothesis was tested by a complete search of the New York Times Index and the Reader's Guide to Periodical Literature for the years 1919 to 1942. All entries for Harvey Cushing were reviewed in the original sources. In the New York Times, Cushing's first significant exposure was in response to his winning a Pulitzer Prize in 1925. Major editorial coverage began in 1934, and was especially prominent with the publication of From a Surgeon's Journal in 1936. The process of lionizing Cushing by creating an overdrawn caricature reached its apotheosis in Time magazine in 1939. The Time article was actually a report of Cushing's 70th birthday party. It expounded all of the descriptors that are now associated with “brai...
Rapid adaptation of the vestibulo-ocular reflex and induced self-motion perception

Directional asymmetries of vestibular induced self-motion perception and the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) were observed in darkness following adaptation to unidirectional movement of a large textured visual field. Following short-term adaptation (1 min) to visual motion with the body stationary, observers reported that their sensitivity to body rotation in darkness was reduced in the same direction as the previous adapting stimulus and was enhanced in the opposite direction. The duration of this aftereffect was at least six times longer than those of aftereffects of circular vection when the observer remained stationary in darkness. The opposite distortion of self-motion perception was observed after long-term visual adaptation (15 min) in which sensitivity to body rotation in darkness was reduced in a direction opposite to the adapting drum rotation. Changes in self-motion perception resulted from interactions between visually induced illusions of self-motion (vection) and habituation of vestibular induced self-motion perception. The short- and long-term aftereffects were both accompanied by reductions of slow-phase gain of the VOR when the body rotated in the same direction in which self-motion perception was reduced. If the observer was stationary in darkness, there was also a motion-induced afternystagmus. Following short-term adaptation, afternystagmus was too brief to interact with the modified VOR; following long-term adaptation, however, a sustained inverted afternystagmus could have summed linearly with the vestibular responses and caused an apparent modification of the VOR. A pure visual stimulus is believed to produce rapid modification of the VOR so that it can anticipate head movements and maintain stability of the retinal image while the observer tracks a moving visual field.
Technical Note-A Single-Commodity Transformation for Certain Multicommodity Networks

We derive a sufficient condition by which a multicommodity minimal cost network flow problem can be transformed and solved as an equivalent single-commodity problem. The condition is based on the topological structure of the network and unifies several special results that have been established. The transformation is given, and potential applications are discussed.
Vegetables, fruits, associated micronutrients, and risk of prostate cancer.

This report briefly summarizes the conclusions from a review published in 1997 on fruits and vegetables and their major nutrients and phytochemicals. It also discusses major studies on the literature issued since 1997 as well as a few earlier studies and suggests directions for future research. Overall it is noted that fruits are unlikely to substantially influence prostate cancer risk while vegetables and their associated nutrients and phytochemicals may have anti-prostate cancer properties. Each of these however requires further study and several biologic and methodological issues should be considered. Three of these issues are: 1) there may be biologic interaction among nutrients and phytochemicals; 2) some factors may be important in the context of other exposures such as vitamin E among smokers; and 3) varying diagnostic and screening technologies may cause substantial biologic heterogeneity in prostate cancer across studies; the impact of a factor may be different for early-stage prostate-specific antigen-detected tumors versus aggressive fatal cancers. Additional studies on specific vegetables micronutrients and prostate cancer with careful consideration of these issues are recommended.
A novel nanoscale resist using 10-undecanoic acid monolayers on silicon dioxide

Abstract In this paper, we discuss the use of 10-undecanoic acid monolayers on silicon dioxide films in a novel electron beam patterning process. The monolayers are locally fixed by electron exposure and subsequently act as an oxide etch initiator in HF vapor, thereby allowing the oxide to be patterned. We present the effects of various post-exposure solvent treatments on etch rate enhancement and selectivity. The influence of electron beam dose on the etching of thermal and deposited SiO 2 is also shown.
Detection of Isoenzymes of Chicken Serum Alkaline Phosphatase Using Polyacrylamide Disc Electrophoresis

Abstract STARCH, agar, and polyacrylamide gels have been used in the separation of chicken serum and plasma alkaline phosphatase. Phosphatase zymograms using starch gel consisted of a single isoenzyme (Law and Munroe, 1965; Wilcox, 1966; Grunder et al., 1969). Tamaki and Tanabe (1970) compared starch, agar and polyacrylamide gel separations of plasma alkaline phosphatase. Starch and agar gel zymograms contained either 1 or 2 isoenzymes. Polyacrylamide gel zymograms contained two isoenzymes. Zymograms from starch-gel electrophoretic separations of individual chicken and Japanese quail sera each contained a single phosphatase isoenzyme (Savage, 1970). In contrast, the examination of over 700 quail sera in our laboratory, using polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis has shown that each serum sample contained at least two alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes and some samples as many as 4 (Savage et al., 1970a). The purpose of this report is to demonstrate additional isoenzymes of chicken serum alkaline phosphatase which have been detected…
Combination antiplatelet therapy: implications for pharmacists.

Objectives To present two case reports of patients who received suboptimal oral antiplatelet therapy and to review recent changes in national guidelines for management of acute coronary syndromes. Data Sources Personal observation by the authors, and clinical practice guidelines and related clinical trials of the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology. Summary The American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association revised the guidelines for administration of antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy in patients with unstable angina and non–ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction in March 2002. Two cases observed by the authors illustrate the consequences of suboptimal antiplatelet therapy when a combination of two antiplatelet drugs should have been administered. Conclusion Evidence from recent randomized, controlled trials led to changes in the national guidelines for administration of oral antiplatelet therapy in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Pharmacists should be aware of these changes and counsel patients about appropriate administration of antiplatelet drugs.
Sex trafficking in Latin America: dominant discourse, empirical paucity, and promising research

Much has been written in the English-speaking world on the topic of sex trafficking, but little is known about what researchers elsewhere have produced on this topic. An exhaustive literature search was conducted to locate publications on this topic from Latin America. A total of 74 publications were located and put through a systematic content analysis. Four main discernible patterns were noticed: (1) the vast majority of the publications were produced by individuals affiliated with international or non-government organisations; (2) the production of trafficking-related literature sharply declined after 2007; (3) of the small number of studies involving empirical data, most were qualitative in nature; and (4) the literature was primarily focused on the sexual exploitation of children. The discourse on sex trafficking in Latin America appeared to be dominated by advocacy groups. There were few scholarly articles, suggesting limited attention from the academic community. Despite limited empirical data, man...
Cumulative beam breakup in linear accelerators with periodic beam current

An analytic formalism of cumulative beam breakup in linear accelerators is developed. This formalism is applied to both low-velocity ion accelerators and high-energy electron accelerators. It includes arbitrary velocity, acceleration, focusing, initial conditions, beam-cavity resonances, finite bunch length, and arbitrary charge distribution within the bunches, and variable cavity geometry and spacing along the accelerator. For both direct-current beams and beams comprised of \ensuremath{\delta}-function bunches, both the steady-state and transient displacements of the beam are calculated, and scaling laws are determined for the transient beam breakup. The steady-state transverse displacement of particles between bunches is also calculated since, if allowed to impinge on the accelerating structures, these particles could cause activation over long periods of continuous-wave operation. The formalism is then applied to high-current ion accelerators by studying the effects of finite bunch length and arbitrary charge distribution within the bunches. The role of focusing in controlling cumulative beam breakup is quantified in each of these cases. Additionally, the effects of random initial conditions and a distribution of deflecting-mode frequencies in the cavities are also quantified.
Effect of hydrazine treatment on hepatic protein biosynthesis in vivo.

Abstract The effect of a single subconvulsive dose of hydrazine (40 mg/kg body weight) on several parameters associated with hepatic protein biosynthesis was studied in adult, male rats. The results suggested that hydrazine treatment might have stimulated hepatic protein biosynthesis in vivo. This conclusion was based upon increased levels of liver RNA DNA and Protein DNA as well as increased incorporation of radioactive leucine into liver protein of the hydrazine-treated compared to the control rats. No alterations in these parameters due to hydrazine treatment were observed in the brain. The free amino acid patterns of the liver and skeletal muscle implied that the amino acids required to obtain the increased liver protein content in the hydrazine-treated rat might have been supplied via mobilization of skeletal muscle “protein reserves”.
Arsenic and human health: epidemiologic progress and public health implications

Elevated concentrations of arsenic in groundwater pose a public health threat to millions of people worldwide, including severely affected populations in South and Southeast Asia. Although arsenic is an established human carcinogen and has been associated with a multitude of health outcomes in epidemiologic studies, a mode of action has yet to be determined for some aspects of arsenic toxicity. Herein, we emphasize the role of recent genetic and molecular epidemiologic investigations of arsenic toxicity. Additionally, we discuss considerations for the public health impacts of arsenic exposure through drinking water with respect to primary and secondary prevention efforts.
Grain size softening in nanocrystalline TiN

Abstract The effect of grain size d on the hardness H of TiN is considered, with focus on the nanometer grain size range. H increases from ∼22 GPa to ∼32 GPa with decrease in d from single crystals to d = 50 nm. Three sets of data show that H decreases with further reduction in d below 50 nm, i.e., grain size softening occurs. The softening is not in complete or unequivocal accord with any of the three models normally proposed for such softening, namely Coble creep, grain boundary shear and dislocation line tension modification. Factors which could have contributed to the softening are: (a) changes in texture and in turn the corresponding value of the Taylor orientation factor M and (b) the presence of weakening imperfections produced during fabrication.