cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Planning a Living Wage: The National Industrial Recovery Act

During the 1920s and early 1930s, the idea of national economic planning had been proposed by several persons. The New Deal responded to this call for planning with an eclectic combination of these programs under the name of the NIRA. This chapter focuses on the relationship between the NIRA and a living wage. First, it considers Roosevelt’s statements on the NIRA and its goal of a living wage. Then, it examines what administrators and supporters of the NIRA said about a living wage. Finally, it will present analyses of the NIRA by supporters of a living wage, along with criticisms from skeptics about a living wage. The conclusion to the chapter will offer an assessment of where the NIRA went wrong.
Numerical Methods for Calculating the Potential of Mean Force

We review different numerical methods to calculate the potential of mean force A(ξ) along one or several reaction coordinates using Molecular Dynamics. We will focus our discussion on thermodynamic integration techniques which attempts to compute dA/dξ by calculating a mean force acting on ξ. The first technique is based on constraining ξ to a constant value. We show that the force needed to impose the constraint can be simply related to the mean force. A recent technique, called Adaptive Biasing Force, is presented, which attempts to calculate the mean force and remove it from the system. This leads to a uniform sampling and a diffusive-like motion along the reaction coordinate. A novel implementation of this technique is derived. The advantages of this new formulation in terms of statistical error and convergence are discussed.
Life in New Jersey: Continuities and Change

This chapter describes family, work, and leisure patterns of migrants in Riverview and shows that although migrants’ lives are different in the United States, there are important similarities. Despite working long hours and not having much leisure time, San Cosmeros/as continue to celebrate events such as baptisms and religious holidays such as Carnival. This allows them to solidify and build their social networks and social capital. As the economy in the United States worsened during the recession, people had fewer resources to spend on such events. Consequently, at the time when networks could be particularly important, they became more difficult to maintain. Despite the difficulty, however, families continued, to the extent possible, to hold the gatherings at which they maintained and developed their social networks.
Does Cystolitholapaxy at the Time of Holmium Laser Enucleation of the Prostate Affect Outcomes

Objective To compare the outcomes of men undergoing holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP) with and without concurrent holmium laser cystolitholapaxy (HLC). Patients and Methods A retrospective review of a prospectively maintained database was performed on patients who underwent HoLEP: Group 1 (N = 279) and HoLEP with concurrent HLC: Group 2 (N = 41) between June 2008 and July 2015. Patient characteristics and outcomes were compared. Results The average bladder stone burden was 3.6 cm. Preoperative characteristics were similar. Not surprisingly, group 2 had longer operative times (172 minutes vs 146 minutes, P = .01) (Table 1) whereas postvoid residual was slightly higher than in group 1 at 6-week follow-up (30 mL vs 52 mL, P = .04). This difference was not clinically significant. Group 2 had a higher rate of early urinary incontinence (UI) (26.8% versus 12.5%, P = .03) (Table 3); however, only 2 patients in the entire cohort experienced long-term UI. Otherwise, outcomes including blood loss, urinary symptom scores, flow rates, and complication rates were similar between the 2 groups. Conclusion This is the largest series of HoLEP with concurrent HLC studied. Patients undergoing concurrent HoLEP and HLC can be counseled that although there is nearly a 30% rate of UI immediately following surgery, they can likely expect complete resolution by 3-6 months. Holmium laser treatment should be considered in all patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia with bladder outlet obstruction and bladder stones, as this multimodality tool treats both pathologies, and results in excellent outcomes.
The RhoA-ROCK pathway in the regulation of T and B cell responses.

Effective immune responses require the precise regulation of dynamic interactions between hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells. The Rho subfamily of GTPases, which includes RhoA, is rapidly activated downstream of a diverse array of biochemical and biomechanical signals, and is emerging as an important mediator of this cross-talk. Key downstream effectors of RhoA are the Rho kinases, or ROCKs. The ROCKs are two serine-threonine kinases that can act as global coordinators of a tissue’s response to stress and injury because of their ability to regulate a wide range of biological processes. Although the RhoA-ROCK pathway has been extensively investigated in the non-hematopoietic compartment, its role in the immune system is just now becoming appreciated. In this commentary, we provide a brief overview of recent findings that highlight the contribution of this pathway to lymphocyte development and activation, and the impact that dysregulation in the activation of RhoA and/or the ROCKs may exert on a growing list of autoimmune and lymphoproliferative disorders.
THE ROLE OF DOUBLE MINUTE CHROMOSOMES IN UNSTABLE METHOTREXATE RESISTANCE

ABSTRACT Murine 3T6 cells resistant to 50 pM MTX and having approximately 50–100 DHFR gene copies per cell lose these amplified sequences and cellular resistance to MTX with prolonged growth in MTX-free medium. Coincident with these losses are the losses of DMs and DHFR sequences in fraction enriched in DMs by filtration. Additionally, the correlation between DHFR enzyme content, gene copy number and DM content was established by analysis of populations of cells prelabeled with a fluorescein derivative of MTX and sorted for fluorescence by fluorescence activated cell sorting.
Experimental demonstration of optical metamaterials with isotropic negative index

The critical challenge to the successful implementation of ‘perfect lens’ and ‘optical cloaking’ is to achieve isotropic negative index metamaterials. Here we experimentally demonstrate isotropic negative index metamaterials at optical frequency by proper design and scalable self-assembly.
Applications of the differential balances to energy and mass transfer

In Chapter 3, we discussed detailed descriptions of flows in which the effects of any temperature or concentration gradients could be neglected. In what follows, we offer a brief guide to the solution of problems in which these effects can not be dismissed.
Product Differentiation, Benchmarking, and Corporate Fraud

We exploit a pairwise measure of product market differentiation to study the relation between economic comparability and financial accounting fraud. We show that firms with greater economic comparability exhibit a significantly lower incidence of fraud. Importantly, this effect is economically larger than that of most predictors of fraud documented in the literature. To help establish identification, we exploit economic comparability with rivals issuing IPOs, as well as cross-sectional variation in accounting comparability, firm complexity, institutional ownership, and analyst coverage. Our analyses suggest that greater economic comparability enhances the external information environment, which improves external monitoring and disciplines manager reporting behavior.
Big data technology and ethics considerations in customer behavior and customer feedback mining

The rapidly increasing attention to customer behavior and satisfaction by department stores and commercial companies and development in social media as well as online systems has promoted production and research in user engagement pattern recognition, user network analysis, topic detection from customer feedback, text-based sentiment analysis, etc. With the development of Internet of Things and social media network, ethics consideration has also playing an important role in application of big data, especially customer behavior and feedback mining. Our proposed novel system, which extracts the important topics or issues from Skype customer feedback sources and measures the emotion associated with those topics using Vibe metric, can be a good example in this area. Unlike other previous research, which has focused on extracting the user sentiments either globally or in separate topics, our work focuses on tracking the correlated emotional trajectories across all the important issues from Skype customer feedback over time. Moreover, it also provides a platform for both studying customer emotions and tracking how the emotions regarding different important topics correlatively change over time by leveraging unstructured textual customer feedback data and structured user activity telemetry data.
Vasopressin and prostanoid mechanisms in control of cerebral blood flow in hypotensive newborn pigs.

The interaction between vasopressinergic and prostanoid mechanisms in the control of cerebral hemodynamics in the conscious hypotensive newborn pig was investigated. Indomethacin treatment (5 mg/kg) of hypotensive piglets caused a significant decrease in blood flow to all brain regions within 20 min. This decrease in cerebral blood flow resulted from increased cerebral vascular resistances of 52 and 198% 20 and 40 min after treatment, respectively. Cerebral oxygen consumption was reduced from 2.58 +/- 0.32 ml.100 g-1.min-1 to 1.01 +/- 0.12 and 0.29 +/- 0.08 ml.100 g-1.min-1 20 and 40 min after indomethacin, respectively, in hemorrhaged piglets. Treatment with the putative vascular (V1) receptor antagonist [1-(beta-mercapto-beta, beta-cyclopentamethylene propionic acid-2-(O-methyl)tyrosine]arginine vasopressin (MEAVP) had no effect on regional cerebral blood flow, calculated cerebral vascular resistance, or cerebral metabolic rate either before or during hemorrhagic hypotension. However, decreases in cerebral blood flow and metabolic rate and increases in vascular resistance on treatment with indomethacin were blunted markedly in animals treated with MEAVP. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that the prostanoid system contributes to the maintenance of cerebral blood flow and cerebral metabolic rate during hypotension in the newborn pig, as reported previously, and implicate removal of vasopressinergic modulation by prostanoids as a potential mechanism for indomethacin-induced cerebral vasoconstriction in hypotensive newborn piglets.
VOTE: A ray-casting study of vote-oriented technique enhancements

Abstract When making selections within 3D user interfaces (3DUIs), a user can fail to select a desired target despite indicating that target during most of the interaction process. This is due to numerous factors that can negatively impact which object is being indicated during the final confirmation step. In this paper, we present a novel vote-oriented technique enhancement (VOTE) for 3D selection that votes for indicated object each interaction frame and then selects the object with the most votes during confirmation. VOTE can be applied to nearly any 3D selection technique, as it does not require additional user input and does not require any prior knowledge of the environment or task. To demonstrate the effectiveness of VOTE, we present a ray-casting selection study that compared traditional, Snap-To, and VOTE ray-casting techniques for a standard multidirectional selection task. The results of our study show that VOTE afforded faster selections than traditional ray-casting and resulted in fewer incorrect selections than the Snap-To enhancement. Additionally, VOTE yielded significantly better effective throughput than traditional ray-casting and the Snap-To enhancement for selections within clustered environments.
Weight Suppression in Eating Disorders: a Research and Conceptual Update.

Weight suppression, the discrepancy between an individual’s highest past weight at adult height and his or her current weight, is related to many characteristics of individuals with eating disorders. This paper reviews research findings from the past 5 years, draws several implications regarding the mechanism underlying these effects, and proposes new approaches to measuring weight suppression. Studies were reviewed under the categories of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and mixed or miscellaneous samples, with more studies falling into the last category than in the first two. Recent findings have continued to show that weight suppression is related to a wide variety of biological and behavioral features in both diagnosed and sub-clinical samples. Weight suppression promotes weight gain which is anathema to individuals with eating disorders, putting them in a biobehavioral bind that appears to prolong their disorder. Priorities for future research are to understand the mechanisms underlying the effects of weight suppression, evaluate new ways of defining weight suppression, and study its implications for modifying treatment.
Compliance and command I—categorical imperatives

I develop a semantics for imperatives within the truthmaker framework by taking the meaning of an imperative to be given by the actions that are in compliance with or in contravention to the imperative.
A Generalized Phase Gradient Autofocus Algorithm

The phase gradient autofocus (PGA) algorithm has seen widespread use and success within the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging community. However, its use and success has largely been limited to collection geometries where either the polar format algorithm (PFA) or range migration algorithm is suitable for SAR image formation. In this paper, a generalized phase gradient autofocus (GPGA) algorithm is developed that is applicable with both the PFA and backprojection algorithm (BPA), thereby directly supporting a wide range of collection geometries and SAR imaging modalities. The GPGA algorithm is shown to preserve the four crucial signal processing steps comprising the PGA algorithm while alleviating the constraint of using a single scatterer per range cut for phase error estimation, which exists with the PGA algorithm. Moreover, the GPGA algorithm, whether using the PFA or BPA, is shown to yield an approximate maximum marginal likelihood estimate of phase errors having marginalized over unknown complex-valued reflectivities of selected scatterers. Simulation and experimental results produced by applying the GPGA algorithm to PFA and BPA SAR images are presented.
Haploidentical (HAPLO) Vs Umbilical Cord Blood (UCB) Allogeneic Hematopoieitc Cell Transplant (ALLO-HCT) in Patients ≥ 60 Years with Hematological Malignancies

Introduction Allo HCT is a curative option for many aggressive hematological malignancies that increase with age. HAPLO donors and UCB are alternative sources of hematopietic cells for patients lacking a matched sibling or unrelated donor. The choice between UCB and HAPLO HCT is challenging as there is no direct comparison between the two. Objectives The goal of this study is to compare outcomes of UCB vs HAPLO HCT in patients ≥ 60 years who received an allo-HCT at UMass Memorial Medical Center over the past 5 years. Methods We retrospectively analyzed data of all patients ≥60 years who underwent allo-HCT with either HAPLO or UCB between June 2013 – June 2018. Patient characteristics were collected from the electronic medical records. We assessed rates of neutrophil and platelet engraftment, length of hospitalization, rates of acute (a) and chronic (c) graft vs host disease (GVHD), relapse rates, as well as day 100 and 1 year nonrelapse mortality (NRM) and overall survival (OS) rates. Results Tables 1 & 2 summarize patient characteristics and HCT outcomes. 22 patients were identified from the database. All patients received RIC with Thiotepa/Fludarabine/Melphalan with the exception of 1 UCB patient who received Fludarabine/Cyclophosphamide. UCB patients received GVHD prophylaxis with tacrolimus/mycophenolate/antithymocyte globulin (ATG). HAPLO cohort received GVHD prophylaxis with post-transplant cyclophosphamide (PTCy) plus tacrolimus/sirolimus/ATG. Conclusion Despite the higher HCT-CI/age in the HAPLO group, its day-100 NRM rate was lower. Although day 100 OS was superior in HAPLO, the 1-year OS rate was similar in both cohorts. The use of PTCy in HAPLO GVHD prophylaxis may explain the higher relapse rate. Length of hospitalization is markedly shorter for HAPLO, which may translate into lower HCT cost. These results need to be validated in a prospective randomized trial. UCB and HAPLO HCT are both feasible in patients ≥ 60 years. The choice should rely on the urgency of HCT, available cell dose and the expertise of the HCT center.
The Metadatabase Model

The enterprise modeling method in chapter 4 provides enterprise metadata for information integration; thus an enterprise information manager (EIM) turning these metadata into action is readily in line to be developed. The metadatabase model develops such an EM. In particular, it provides an organic architecture using ubiquitous enterprise metadata to facilitate dynamic alignment, as discussed in chapter 1. The details of the model are provided in the ensuing chapters while a technical overview is presented below.
Development of Solenoid-Driven and Pneumatic Punches for Launching High- Z Cryogenic Pellets for Tokamak Disruption Mitigation Experiments

Mitigation of disruption events in future high energy density tokamaks is essential for machine longevity. The creation of runaway electrons, large electromagnetic forces, and high localized heat l...
Disease in Invasive Plant Populations

Non-native invasive plants can establish in natural areas, where they can be ecologically damaging and costly to manage. Like cultivated plants, invasive plants can experience a relatively disease-free period upon introduction and accumulate pathogens over time. Diseases of invasive plant populations are infrequently studied compared to diseases of agriculture, forestry, and even native plant populations. We evaluated similarities and differences in the processes that are likely to affect pathogen accumulation and disease in invasive plants compared to cultivated plants, which are the dominant focus of the field of plant pathology. Invasive plants experience more genetic, biotic, and abiotic variation across space and over time than cultivated plants, which is expected to stabilize the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of interactions with pathogens and possibly weaken the efficacy of infectious disease in their control. Although disease is expected to be context dependent, the widespread distribution of invasive plants makes them important pathogen reservoirs. Research on invasive plant diseases can both protect crops and help manage invasive plant populations.
Psychosocial interventions for reducing alcohol consumption in sub‐Saharan African settings: a systematic review and meta‐analysis

BACKGROUND Harmful alcohol use is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa (sSA); however, the effects of non-pharmacological alcohol interventions in this region are unknown. DESIGN A systematic review and meta-analysis of the available literature through 14 March 2019 was undertaken. Two authors extracted and reconciled relevant data and assessed risk of bias. Meta-analyses were conducted. The review protocol is registered on International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) (CRD42019094509). SETTING Studies conducted in sSA were eligible for inclusion. PARTICIPANTS Individuals participating in interventions aimed at reducing alcohol use. INTERVENTIONS Randomized and non-randomized controlled trials testing non-pharmacological interventions (psychosocial and structural) on alcohol consumption in sSA. MEASUREMENTS Eligible outcomes included the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) scores; alcohol abstinence; measures of drinking quantity and frequency; and biomarkers of alcohol consumption. FINDINGS Nineteen intervention trials (18 reports) testing psychosocial interventions (no structural interventions included), judged of moderate quality, were included in meta-analyses. A beneficial effect was identified for psychosocial interventions on alcohol abstinence at 3-6 months [odds ratio (OR) = 2.05, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.20-3.48, k = 5, n = 2312, I2 = 79%] and 12-60 months (OR = 1.91, 95% CI = 1.40-2.61, k = 6, n = 2737, I2 = 63%) follow-up. There were no statistically significant effects found for AUDIT score [2-3 months: mean differences (MD) = -1.13, 95% CI = -2.60 to 0.34, k = 6, n = 992, I2 = 85%; 6 months: MD = -0.83, 95% CI = -1.92 to 0.26, k = 6, n = 1081, I2 = 69%; 12 months: MD = -0.15, 95% CI = -1.66 to 1.36, k = 4; n = 677; I2 = 75%], drinks per drinking day (3 months: MD = -0.22, 95% CI = -2.51 to 2.07, k = 2, n = 359, I2 = 82%; 6-36 months: MD = -0.09, 95% CI = -0.49 to 0.30, k = 3, n = 1450, I2 = 60%) or percentage of drinking days (3 months: MD = -4.60, 95% = -21.14 to 11.94; k = 2; n = 361; I2 = 90%; 6-9 months: MD = 1.96, 95% CI = -6.54 to 10.46; k = 2; n = 818; I2 = 88%). CONCLUSION Psychosocial interventions show promise at increasing self-reported alcohol abstinence in sSA, but clinical, methodological and statistical heterogeneity across meta-analytical outcomes suggests that results should be interpreted with caution.
Institutional Racism and Campus Racial Climate: Struggles for Sense of Belonging and Academic Success Among Black Students in the K-12 Public Schools

This paper explored racial discrimination as the primary underlying factor which creates an unwelcoming campus racial climate for Black students in K-12 public schools. It also highlights how the validation of the White race over the Black race perpetuates racial discrimination in the form of institutional racism. It shows how institutional racism creates negative relationships between most Black students and their White teachers, resulting in hostile campus racial climates. This paper, through the lenses of racial battle fatigue and critical race theory, argues that hostile campus racial climate results in a lack of sense of belonging among Black students in K-12 public schools. In addition, this paper demonstrates that the negative relationship that often exists between Black students and White teachers is due to negative perceptions (deficit thinking) and behaviors of White teachers. Various ways White teachers can help eliminate hostile campus racial climate against Black students are discussed. Data for this study were collected through the review of scholarly literature that discussed the experiences and negative effects of campus racial climate on the relationship between most White teachers and Black students in K-12 public schools.
Parasite-host ecology: the limited impacts of an intimate enemy on host microbiomes.

Impacts of biotic stressors, such as consumers, on coral microbiomes have gained attention as corals decline worldwide. Corallivore feeding can alter coral microbiomes in ways that contribute to dysbiosis, but feeding strategies are diverse – complicating generalizations about the nature of consumer impacts on coral microbiomes. In field experiments, feeding by Coralliophila violacea, a parasitic snail that suppresses coral growth, altered the microbiome of its host, Porites cylindrica, but these impacts were spatially constrained. Alterations in microbial community composition and variability were largely restricted to snail feeding scars; basal or distal areas ~ 1.5 cm or 6–8 cm away, respectively, were largely unaltered. Feeding scars were enriched in taxa common to stressed corals (e.g. Flavobacteriaceae, Rhodobacteraceae) and depauperate in putative beneficial symbionts (e.g. Endozoicomonadaceae) compared to locations that lacked feeding. Previous studies that assessed consumer impacts on coral microbiomes suggested that feeding disrupts microbial communities, potentially leading to dysbiosis, but those studies involved mobile corallivores that move across and among numerous individual hosts. Sedentary parasites like C. violacea that spend long intervals with individual hosts and are dependent on hosts for food and shelter may minimize damage to host microbiomes to assure continued host health and thus exploitation. More mobile consumers that forage across numerous hosts should not experience these constraints. Thus, stability or disruption of microbiomes on attacked corals may vary based on the foraging strategy of coral consumers.
Digital Transfer for Hand Reconstruction in Cleft Hand and Foot Differences

Background Digital transfer for hand reconstruction in children with cleft hand and foot differences present unique challenges with anomalous anatomy and rare opportunities to dramatically improve function of one- or two-digit hands. Methods Medical records were reviewed for patients with cleft hand and foot treated at two pediatric institutions between 1996 and 2018. Hospital records, clinical photographs, radiographs, and alginate molds were available on all patients. Patient characteristics, indications for transfer, associated syndromes, donor and recipient anatomy, and complications were examined. Results Twenty digital transfers were identified in 16 patients. The mean age at time of transfer was 6 years (range: 3–18 years). Associated syndromes in this study included ectrodactyly ectodermal dysplasia clefting (EEC) syndrome and Goltz's syndrome. Recipient sites included the thumb (n = 17) and index ray (n = 3) in 10 hands with monodactyly, 6 hands with a two-digit ulnar syndactyly, and 3 hands with central deficiency and associated polydactyly or other anomalies. Donor sites included the great toe (n = 7), fifth toe (n = 9), great toe polydactyly (n = 2), thumb polydactyly (n = 1), and second toe (n = 1). All transfers survived. Revisions included tenolysis (n = 2), repeat fixation for nonunion or malunion (n = 2), and fusion for instability (n = 3). Conclusion Digital transfer in cleft hand and foot patients is a functional endeavor. The transferred digits provide sensation, mobility, and stability for opposition. Technically challenging due to small structures and atypical anatomy, these rare cases represent unique opportunities to improve function and appearance in the pediatric hand. This is a therapeutic study and reflects level of evidence IV.
Experiences with Reproducibility: Case Studies from Scientific Workflows

Reproducible research is becoming essential for science to ensure transparency and for building trust. Additionally, reproducibility provides the cornerstone for sharing of methodology that can improve efficiency. Although several tools and studies focus on computational reproducibility, we need a better understanding about the gaps, issues, and challenges for enabling reproducibility of scientific results beyond the computational stages of a scientific pipeline. In this paper, we present five different case studies that highlight the reproducibility needs and challenges under various system and environmental conditions. Through the case studies, we present our experiences in reproducing different types of data and methods that exist in an experimental or analysis pipeline. We examine the human aspects of reproducibility while highlighting the things that worked, that did not work, and that could have worked better for each of the cases. Our experiences capture a wide range of scenarios and are applicable to a much broader audience who aim to integrate reproducibility in their everyday pipelines.
Coreceptor therapy has distinct short- and long-term tolerogenic effects intrinsic to autoreactive effector T cells

Immunotherapies are needed in the clinic that effectively suppress β cell autoimmunity and reestablish long-term self-tolerance in type 1 diabetes. We previously demonstrated that nondepleting anti-CD4 (αCD4) and αCD8α antibodies establish rapid and indefinite remission in recent-onset diabetic NOD mice. Diabetes reversal by coreceptor therapy (CoRT) is induced by suppression of pathogenic effector T cells (Teffs) and the selective egress of T cells from the pancreatic lymph nodes and islets that remain free of infiltration in the long term. Here, we defined CoRT-induced events regulating early Teff function and pancreatic residency, and long-term tolerance. TCR-driven gene expression controlling autoreactive Teff expansion and proinflammatory activity was suppressed by CoRT, and islet T cell egress was dependent on sphingosine-1 phosphate. In both murine and human T cells, CoRT upregulated the Foxo1 transcriptional axis, which in turn was required for suppression and efficient pancreatic egress of Teffs. Interestingly, long-term tolerance induced in late-preclinical NOD mice was marked by reseeding of the pancreas by a reduced CD8+ Teff pool exhibiting an exhausted phenotype. Notably, PD-1 blockade, which rescues exhausted Teffs, resulted in diabetes onset in protected animals. These findings demonstrate that CoRT has distinct intrinsic effects on Teffs that impact events early in induction and later in maintenance of self-tolerance.
Plato and the Uncertain World

In Plato’s Republic, Socrates imagines philosophers as reluctant to return to the cave. To encourage their return, Socrates suggests persuading philosophers that they will be able to see the images in the cave ten-thousand times better than the others because they know the originals (7, 520C). The problem is that philosophers will still be trading in images, just like sophists. In the late dialogues, Plato addresses the problem, by explaining that opinion can be true if it is based in a stable soul and is directed to stable objects, such as the motions of the heavenly spheres (Timaeus 47C). In practical matters, opinion can also attain a degree of truth if it is supplemented by precise measurements that lend opinion a degree of certainty ultimately derived from knowledge (Philebus 57C–D). In short, opinion can navigate the sea of uncertainty only if it is grounded in a stable soul and directed toward a stable object or standard. In this way, Plato sets up a twin dependency for true opinion in the practical sphere. On the one hand, true opinion depends on a stable soul and on the other, it depends on the guidance of knowledge for its standards. The twin-dependency of opinion has profound implications for Plato’s late political theory, primarily developed in the Laws, where the Athenian establishes a program of education to train well-ordered souls and a Nocturnal Council to preserve true opinion in the city through its own knowledge of the ultimate goal of the city in the form of virtue.
An exploratory study of family-centred help-giving practices in early intervention: families of young children with autism spectrum disorder

The purpose of this exploratory qualitative study was to investigate the early intervention (EI) experiences of mothers who have a young child at risk for autism spectrum disorder. Data were collected through observations, interviews and document analyses. Results of the study suggest (i) interpersonal skills of practitioners and provisions for family choice and collaboration lead to positive experiences for mothers; (ii) asset-based attitudes lead to family progress and competence; (iii) effective partnerships are developed through supportive provider communication techniques; and (iv) satisfaction with EI services results from practitioner responsiveness to help families access resources and facilitate child development.
Transport properties of the galactose-binding protein of Escherichia coli. Occurrence of two conformational states.

The galactose-binding protein of Escherichia coli is shown to exist in two forms, each representing different conformational states. These two forms are in equilbrium with each other, and exhibit binding affinities toward galactose that differ by at least a factor of 10. These properties of the galactose-binding protein are in agreement with the requirements postulated for a carrier molecule involved in active transport. The active transport of galactose through the cell membrane would then involve preferential association of galactose to State I of the protein (highly binding active) on the outside of the cell membrane and subsequent dissociation of galactose from State II (less binding active) on the inside of the membrane. The energy necessary for accumulation of galactose inside the cell might be explained by an energy-dependent continuous transformation from one state to the other followed by an energy independent reversal of this reaction. The maintenance of the different forms of the binding protein on respective sides of the cell membrane could thus explain active transport of galactose in E. coli.
Explaining phonological conditions on affixation: Evidence from suppletive allomorphy and affix ordering1

This paper examines two domains in which phonology may exert an influence on morphology: suppletive allomorph selection and affix ordering. Cross-linguistic facts about both phenomena are examined and ultimately argued to provide evidence for a phonology-morphology interface in which morphology precedes phonology at each level of the grammar in a cyclic-type approach, and phonological conditions on affixation occur when an affix subcategorizes for a particular phonological unit. This is contrasted with an Optimality Theoretic (OT) approach to the phonology-morphology interface in which phonological effects in morphology are modeled by ranking phonological constraints over morphological ones (i.e. ‘P ≫ M’) within a single component of the grammar. It is argued that the former approach makes better predictions for the two phenomena in question as well as for other areas previously discussed in the literature (e.g. infix placement) and that phonological and morphological constraints should not be interranked...
Methadone Pharmacokinetics Are Independent of Cytochrome P4503A (CYP3A) Activity and Gastrointestinal Drug Transport : Insights from Methadone Interactions with Ritonavir/Indinavir

Background Methadone clearance is highly variable, and drug interactions are problematic. Both have been attributed to CYP3A, but actual mechanisms are unknown. Drug interactions can provide such mechanistic information. Ritonavir/indinavir, one of the earliest protease inhibitor combinations, may inhibit CYP3A. We assessed ritonavir/indinavir effects on methadone pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, intestinal and hepatic CYP3A activity, and intestinal transporters (P-glycoprotein) activity. CYP3A and transporters were assessed with alfentanil and fexofenadine, respectively. Methods Twelve healthy human immunodeficiency virus-negative volunteers underwent a sequential three-part crossover. On three consecutive days, they received oral alfentanil/fexofenadine, intravenous alfentanil, and intravenous plus oral (deuterium-labeled) methadone, repeated after acute (3 days) and steady-state (2 weeks) ritonavir/indinavir. Plasma and urine analytes were measured by mass spectrometry. Opioid effects were assessed by miosis. Results Alfentanil apparent oral clearance was inhibited more than 97% by both acute and steady-state ritonavir/indinavir, and systemic clearance was inhibited more than 90% due to diminished hepatic and intestinal extraction. Ritonavir/indinavir increased fexofenadine area under the plasma concentration-time curve four- to five-fold, suggesting significant inhibition of gastrointestinal P-glycoprotein. Ritonavir/indinavir slightly increased methadone N-demethylation, but it had no significant effects on methadone plasma concentrations or on systemic or apparent oral clearance, renal clearance, hepatic extraction or clearance, or bioavailability. Ritonavir/indinavir had no significant effects on methadone plasma concentration-effect relationships. Conclusions Inhibition of both hepatic and intestinal CYP3A activity is responsible for ritonavir/indinavir drug interactions. Methadone disposition was unchanged, despite profound inhibition of CYP3A activity, suggesting little or no role for CYP3A in clinical methadone metabolism and clearance. Methadone bioavailability was unchanged, despite inhibition of gastrointestinal P-glycoprotein activity, suggesting that this transporter does not limit methadone intestinal absorption.
Creating a longitudinal integrated clerkship with mutual benefits for an academic medical center and a community health system.

The longitudinal integrated clerkship is a model of clinical education driven by tenets of social cognitive theory, situated learning, and workplace learning theories, and built on a foundation of continuity between students, patients, clinicians, and a system of care. Principles and goals of this type of clerkship are aligned with primary care principles, including patient-centered care and systems-based practice. Academic medical centers can partner with community health systems around a longitudinal integrated clerkship to provide mutual benefits for both organizations, creating a sustainable model of clinical training that addresses medical education and community health needs. A successful one-year longitudinal integrated clerkship was created in partnership between an academic medical center and an integrated community health system. Compared with traditional clerkship students, students in this clerkship had better scores on Clinical Performance Examinations, internal medicine examinations, and high perceptions of direct observation of clinical skills. Advantages for the academic medical center include mitigating the resources required to run a longitudinal integrated clerkship while providing primary care training and addressing core competencies such as systems-based practice, practice-based learning, and interprofessional care. Advantages for the community health system include faculty development, academic appointments, professional satisfaction, and recruitment. Success factors include continued support and investment from both organizations’ leadership, high-quality faculty development, incentives for community-based physician educators, and emphasis on the mutually beneficial relationship for both organizations. Development of a longitudinal integrated clerkship in a community health system can serve as a model for developing and expanding these clerkship options for academic medical centers.
Operative Management of Chronic Pancreatitis: Longterm Results in 372 Patients

Background Operative treatment of chronic pancreatitis is indicated for patients with intractable pain after failed medical and endoscopic treatment, or for the presence of complications of the disease. This study evaluates a single-center experience with operative management of chronic pancreatitis. Study Design The records of 372 consecutive patients who underwent lateral pancreaticojejunostomy (n = 184), pancreaticoduodenectomy (n = 97), or distal pancreatectomy (n = 91) for chronic pancreatitis between 1995 and 2003 were retrospectively reviewed and analyzed. Longterm outcomes were assessed by patient survey, with a median followup of 5.5 ± 0.2 years. Results Primary indication for operative treatment included intractable pain (n = 215), pancreatic duct disruption (n = 109), inflammatory mass (n = 42), or biliary obstruction (n = 6). Perioperative morbidity was 22%, 51%, and 29% after lateral pancreaticojejunostomy, pancreaticoduodenectomy, and distal pancreatectomy, respectively, with a perioperative mortality rate of 1%. Two hundred twenty-eight patients were available for longterm followup. Fifty-eight patients (25%) died in the followup period. Twenty-four percent of the remaining 170 patients were pain free, and 25% had good pain control after the procedure. On multivariate analysis, risk factors for poor pain control were pancreaticoduodenectomy (p th and 46 th percentile and slightly below, but not substantially different from, a general population. New onset of endocrine and exocrine insufficiency was present in 35% and 29% of patients, respectively. Conclusions Operative management of chronic pancreatitis can be performed with low mortality and acceptable morbidity. Surgical treatment can provide good pain control, return patients to work, and achieve a satisfactory quality of life in the majority of patients. Longterm mortality is high in a subset of patients.
Prolactin modulation of the maternal-like behavior displayed by juvenile rats.

Abstract Reports of elevated prolactin (Prl) levels in juvenile rats of the same strain and approximate age, together with the established role of Prl in maternal behavior in adult female rats, prompted us to examine the possible involvement of Prl in the expression of maternal-like behavior in juvenile Sprague-Dawley males and females. Experiment 1 showed that at 25 days of age both sexes exhibited a rapid onset of full maternal behavior (FMB), with males (median = 2.0 days) responding significantly more quickly than females (median = 4.0 days). Moreover, blood sampled for Prl revealed that males had significantly higher levels of circulating Prl than females, (21.0 vs 10.4 ng/ml, respectively). In Experiment 2, CB-154 treatment significantly delayed the onset of FMB in males only, causing latencies to increase to 5.0 days vs 2.0 days for Controls. Female latencies were unaffected by CB-154, 7.0 and 7.5 days for CB-154 and Control groups, respectively. A second set of both male and female juveniles was treated with either CB-154 or vehicle. CB-154 reduced Prl levels in both sexes. In the Controls, the sex difference in Prl levels (males &females) was again evident. In Experiment 3 juvenile males were treated with either ovine Prl (0.5 mg) + CB-154, CB-154 + Vehicle, or Vehicle + Vehicle and tested for FMB. Males treated with Prl + CB-154 required 3.0 days to exhibit FMB, significantly faster than CB-154 + Vehicle males which responded in 8.0 days. The response of Vehicle + Vehicle males was intermediate, with a latency of 5.0 days. These results provide support for the idea that Prl is involved in the maternal-like responsiveness shown by 25 day old juvenile males, but that in females a maturational factor may have prevented both heightened responsiveness to pups by 25 days of age and sensitivity to the Prl releasing mechanism(s)/Prl feedback involved in the exhibition of maternal behavior.
Calcium, cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate, and the control of cell proliferation: a review.

By manipulating the rat's calcium balance, we have discovered that the calcium homeostatic system is a main regulator of cell proliferation in the bone marrow and thymus gland. Although the limits of the system's sphere of influence have yet to be completely defined, it is already known to include such diverse elements as chicken fibroblasts, liver parenchymal cells, and circulating small lymphocytes. Of even greater significance is the possibility that the ubiquitous cyclic AMP is calcium's partner and may even be the ion's intracellular agent for the control of cell proliferation. Thus, we now have a wide variety of possible explanations for diseases involving uncontrolled cell proliferation.
The recovery of even polynomial potentials

We consider the problem of reconstructing an even polynomial potential from one set of spectral data of a Sturm-Liouville problem. We show that we can recover an even polynomial of degree 2m from m+1 given Taylor coefficients of the characteristic function whose zeros are the eigenvalues of one spectrum. The idea here is to represent the solution as a power series and identify the unknown coefficients from the characteristic function. We then compute these coefficients by solving a nonlinear algebraic system, and provide numerical examples at the end. Because of its algebraic nature, the method applies also to non self-adjoint problems.
A Convenient gHMQC-Based NMR Assay for Investigating Ammonia Channeling in Glutamine-Dependent Amidotransferases: Studies of Escherichia coli Asparagine Synthetase B†

X-ray crystal structures of glutamine-dependent amidotransferases in their “active” conformation have revealed the existence of multiple active sites linked by solvent inaccessible intramolecular channels, giving rise to the widely accepted view that ammonia released in a glutaminase site is channeled efficiently into a separate synthetase site where it undergoes further reaction. We now report a very convenient isotope-edited 1H NMR-based assay that can be used to probe the transfer of ammonia between the active sites of amidotransferases and demonstrate its use in studies of Escherichia coli asparagine synthetase B (AS-B). Our NMR results suggest that (i) high glutamine concentrations do not suppress ammonia-dependent asparagine formation in this bacterial asparagine synthetase and (ii) ammonia in bulk solution can react with the thioester intermediate formed during the glutaminase half-reaction by accessing the N-terminal active site of AS-B during catalytic turnover. These observations are consistent ...
Using Health Care Failure Mode and Effects Analysis for High-Risk Medications:

The Director's Forum series is edited by Robert Weber and Scott Mark and is designed to guide pharmacy leaders in establishing patient-centered services in hospitals and health systems. This month's article focuses on a health care failure mode and effects analysis (HC-FMEA) to analyze the prescribing of high-risk medications. HC-FMEA can provide the pharmacy director with a powerful approach to directly changing processes to improve medication safety.
Use of a flat‐surface combination pH electrode for measurement of soil pH

Abstract Studies to evaluate a flat‐surface combination pH electrode (Sensorex Model 450C) for measurement of soil pH showed that it permitted direct, nondestructive measurement of the pH of soils at natural water contents and had the additional advantages of being durable, inexpensive, and easily cleaned. The electrode gave stable and reproducible pH values when pressed into 15 diverse soils at water potentials ranging from ‐15 bars to ‐0.3 bar, and these values were similar to those obtained when glass and reference electrodes were inserted into suspensions of these soils in 0.01M CaCl2. The pH values obtained by the electrode studied were, on the average, 0.2 pH units higher for a soil saturated with water than for the same soil at 15‐bar water percentage. The pH values of soils at water contents between permanent wilting percentage and saturation average 0.2–0.6 pH units lower than those of 1:1, 1:2, or 1:5 soil:H2O suspensions and averaged 0.4–0.6 pH units higher than those of 1:1 soil:1M KCl suspens...
NON-PARABOLIC FILTRATION BEHAVIOR

ABSTRACT In this paper, the multiphase equations of change are used as a theoretical hasis for analyzing constant pressure, non-parabolic filtration behavior. This theory, verified by experiment, predicts that the medium resistance is the dominant factor influencing filtrate rates and that septum selection, relative to the particulate phase, is the key variable affecting non-parabolic behavior. Experimental data also shows that non-parabolic behavior is more energy efficient than parabolic and that non-parabolic behavior cannot be attributed to non-Darcian effects.
Shock-vortex interaction in superfluid helium

Some previously reported second-sound shock-wave experiments in rotating frames of reference are analyzed using the Schwarz localized-induction-approximation description of the motion of quantized vortices in superfluid helium. A linear-characteristic theory to describe the evolution of the wave is developed which incorporates the nonlinear and intrinsically nonsteady growth of helical perturbations on quantized vortex lines and their interaction with and degradation of the shock-induced counterflow velocity field. This analysis provides an explanation of the seemingly paradoxical experimental results, and numerical calculations based on the theory are in reasonable quantitative agreement with the experimental data.