cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Job and Work Environment Predictors of Turnover Intention in Long-Term Care Facilities

The purpose of this study was to examine whether job characteristics, the work environment, participation in quality improvement (QI) activities, and facility quality improvement environment predicted turnover intention in nursing homes. 6584 nursing home employees from seventy-six nursing homes in a midwestern state participated. A self-administered survey was used to collect the data. The results suggest that specific work organization factors, such as workload and work scheduling, can be manipulated to affect turnover intentions. The implications for retaining nursing home employees are discussed.
Experimental solid-liquid equilibria of binary mixtures of organic compounds

Abstract A simple and reliable cell has been constructed and operated, which permits the determination of the solid solubility of binary organic mixtures down to − 35 C. The cell contents, vigorously stirred with a magnetic bar, are heated or cooled by circulating methanol from a thermostated system through a jacket surrounding the cell. The temperature is monitored with a platinum resistance thermometer (resolution: 0.01 K), which is immersed in the solid-liquid mixture. Solutions of known composition are partially crystallized, and then carefully heated at a rate of approximately 0.06 K/min. When the last crystal is melted, a sharp rise in this rate occurs, which allows the precise determination of the equilibrium temperature. Systems investigated include mixtures of nitrobenzene with methanol, 2-butanone, o-xylene and p-xylene, and of n-butyric acid with n-heptane, i-octane, acetone and 2-butanone.
A simulation study of WIP inventory drive systems and their effect on financial measurements

This simulation study explores and compares the potential benefits of three work‐in‐process (WIP) inventory drive systems and their associated inventory buffer characteristics. The three inventory drives are a push, a pull and a hybrid push/pull system. While these systems have some aspects in common, their buffer management systems vary. The statistical analysis associated with the study was based on data gathered from three computer simulated flow‐shop assembly line environments. Hypotheses concerning the financial performance measurements were established. The independent variables were controlled and manipulated for each of the models. From the statistical analysis, a conclusion was drawn as to which system would afford the operation optimum results. While inventory has traditionally been considered and is currently being shown as an asset from an accounting point of view, it is obvious from the findings of this study, that excess WIP inventory, above the minimal requirements for production, will have a negative effect on the financial measurements evaluated in this study.
Vorinostat enhances the activity of temsirolimus in renal cell carcinoma through suppression of survivin levels.

Purpose: The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor temsirolimus has exhibited promising anticancer activity for the treatment of renal cell cancers (RCC). Survivin expression has been implicated in drug resistance and reducing its levels with the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor vorinostat may enhance the anticancer activity of temsirolimus. Experimental Design: The sensitivity of RCC cell lines to the combination of temsirolimus and vorinostat was determined by measuring cell viability, clonogenic survival, and apoptosis. The effects of this combination on survivin levels were determined in vitro and in vivo . Survivin expression was silenced using small interfering RNA to evaluate its role in determining sensitivity to temsirolimus and vorinostat. The effect of the combination on angiogenesis was also determined in RCC xenograft models. Results: Vorinostat synergistically improved the anticancer activity of temsirolimus in a panel of RCC cell lines in vitro and in two xenograft models in vivo . While each single agent led to a modest decrease in survivin levels, the combination dramatically reduced its expression, which correlated with an induction of apoptosis. Silencing survivin levels induced apoptosis and significantly improved the efficacy of temsirolimus and vorinostat. In addition, the temsirolimus/vorinostat combination led to a strong reduction in angiogenesis. Conclusions: Vorinostat augmented the anticancer activity of temsirolimus in both in vitro and in vivo models of RCC. The effectiveness of the combination was due to a decrease in survivin levels and corresponding induction of apoptosis, and enhanced inhibition of angiogenesis. Targeting survivin may be a promising therapeutic strategy to improve RCC therapy. Clin Cancer Res; 16(1); 141–53
A new account of Berkeley's likeness principle

In the opening sections of the Principles of Human Knowledge, Berkeley contends that sensible objects, those things that are or are capable of being sensed, are ideas which cannot exist apart from ...
Variable cross-section reactors for highly exothermic reactions

Abstract The use of variable cross-section reactors is proposed for exothermic reactions with sensitivity problem. The cross-sectional area of these reactors varies along the length as opposed to the conventional reactor of uniform radius. The additional degree of freedom offered by these reactors allows a higher conversion than that attainable with the conventional reactor or a considerably broader safe operating range at the same conversion for the exothermic reactions with the sensitivity problem.
Estimating Loyalty and Switching with an Application to the Automobile Market

A brand switching model that considers the choices: previous choice, current choice, and substitute choice, if the current choice were not available, is developed and estimated. An important assumption of the model is that the market consists of two types of consumers: "Loyals" and "Shoppers." The model provides estimates for: 1 the proportion of Loyals in a submarket, and 2 the success of each submarket in capturing Shoppers. We illustrate how the model can be used to characterize the competitive structure of a market. We also show how the estimated parameters of the model can be validated using simulation and a theoretically derived covariance matrix. Our empirical application to automobile data from J. D. Power and Associates provides insights into several interesting marketing phenomena including: 1 the competitiveness of domestic versus foreign makes of automobiles, 2 competition between submarkets defined by form, and 3 the effect of previous dealer experience on loyalty and shopping.
Hypertension from Carotid Occlusion Decreases Renal Papillary Plasma Flow, Hypotension from Hemorrhage Increases It, an Autoregulatory Paradox.

Renal papillary plasma flow was tested during acute increases and decreases of perfusion pressure using the 125I-labelled albumin technique. Increases of pressure were attained through ligation of carotid arteries; decreases of pressure through modest hemorrhage. In 12 control rats with blood pressure of 144mmHg, the papillary plasma flow averaged 21.5ml per 100g papilla per min. In 12 rats after ligation of carotid arteries, blood pressure rose from 143mmHg to 172, a 20% increase. The papillary plasma flow in these rats with acute hypertension averaged 17.9ml per 100g papilla per min, a 17% decrease (p<0.025). In another 12 rats after bleeding 1% of body weight over a period of 10min, blood pressure dropped from 146mmHg to 104, a 29% decrease. The papillary plasma flow in these rats with acute hypotension averaged 26.0ml per 100g papilla per min, a 21% increase (p<0.025). The decrease in papillary plasma flow during acute hypertension strongly suggests an increased vascular resistance of the descending vasa recta, while the increase in papillary plasma flow during acute hypotension suggests that vasodilatation occurred in these vessels. This dilatation may be produced by the local release of prostaglandins or other vasoactive substances. Thus, the renal papilla appears to "overshoot" its autoregulation of plasma flow, with actual reduced flow during an acute blood pressure rise and increased flow during an acute blood pressure fall, an enigmatic over-compensation. (Hypertens Res 1996; 19: 17-22)
Attraction of beagles to conspecific urine, vaginal and anal sac secretion odors

Abstract Attraction of male and female Beagles to conspecific urine, vaginal and anal sac secretion odors was examined in four experiments. Males spent more relative time investigating female urine odors than odors of vaginal or anal sac secretions. Sexually experienced males, but not sexually inexperienced ones, spent more time investigating estrous than diestrous female urine and vaginal odors. Anal sac secretions from estrous bitches were not more attractive to males than those from diestrous bitches. Estrous females spent no more time than diestrous ones in the investigation of male anal sac secretion and urine odors. Male urine and anal sac secretions elicited little investigation from male conspecifics. Females spent more time investigating female urine odors than female anal sac or vaginal secretion odors, and exhibited a slight general preference for diestrous over estrous stimuli. A positive correlation between the odor investigation times of this study and investigation times of comparable animals to conspecifics in a social situation suggests odor preferences are relatively good indicators of social preferences, and vice versa, in this breed.
EFFECT OF A DIET CONTAINING SODIUM DEOXYCHOLATE ON THE INTESTINAL MUCOSA OF THE MOUSE.

THE life-span of the mucosal cell of the intestinal villi is short; reported values range from about 1 to 2 days depending on the region and the species examined1–5. Neither the reasons for the extremely short life-span nor the factors that influence the life-span are understood.
Metabolism of radiotestosterone to 3 beta,6 alpha- and 3 beta,7 alpha-dihydroxy 5 alpha-steroids by rat ventral, canine and human prostate in organ culture.

We report here the structural assignment for the hydroxylated 5 alpha-reduced metabolites in the culture medium following incubation of radiolabelled testosterone with explants of rat ventral prostate, canine cauda epididymidis and prostate, and benign hyperplastic canine and human prostate. Explants were incubated for 21 h at 37 degrees C in surface contact with serum-free Trowell's T8 medium containing 1.7 microM or 8.5 nM substrate. After uptake determination, radiosteroid patterns in explants and media were obtained by t.l.c. The C19O3-metabolites released into the culture medium were resolved by h.p.l.c. and fractions migrating with appropriate reference compounds were crystallized to constant SA with carriers synthesized for this purpose. 5 alpha-Androstane-3 beta,6 alpha,17 beta-triol and 3 beta,6 alpha-dihydroxy-5 alpha-androstan-17-one were identified as the major C19O3-radiometabolites of rat ventral prostate. In the culture medium of canine prostate and epididymis and human prostate, 5 alpha-androstane-3 beta,7 alpha,17 beta-triol and 3 beta,7 alpha-dihydroxy 5 alpha-androstan-17-one were the principal hydroxylation products, with 6 alpha-hydroxy epimers as significant minor products of the canine prostate and epididymis and 5 alpha-androstane-3 beta,7 beta,17 beta-triol as a significant minor radiometabolite of human prostate tissue. Treatment of the castrated dog with androgen and estrogen causes an oxidative shift to striking predominance of 3 beta,7 alpha-dihydroxy 5 alpha-androstan-17-one. The 3 beta-hydroxy-5 alpha-androstane configuration of the identified C19O3-metabolites supports a pathway of prostatic and epididymal testosterone disposition which effects activation by 5 alpha-reductase and inactivation and egress by the coupled 5 alpha-3-oxosteroid reductase/3 beta-hydroxysteroid hydroxylase reactions.
Na l-14C Stearate and Na 2-14C Acetate Metabolism and Morphological Analysis of Late Prepartum Bovine Mammary Tissue

Abstract Nonlactating mammary tissue from two cows, approximately 1 to 2 weeks (A) and 2 days (B) prepartum, actively utilized Na 1- 14 C stearate and Na 2- 14 C acetate for lipid synthesis. Tissue B incorporated significantly more of the radioactive substrates into triglycerides than Tissue A. Tissue B possessed stearyl desaturase which was not detected in Tissue A. Tissue B utilized about six times more acetate for fatty acid synthesis than did Tissue A, and this was preponderantly acylated into triglycerides. Fatty acid synthetase from Tissue B synthesized short chain fatty acids. Microscopic analyses revealed that the alveoli of tissue B were distended, had a low epithelium and abundant lumenal protein and lipid whereas A showed little alveolar distention and a taller epithelium. Tissue B had 30% more lumenal area than A whereas the reverse was true for connective tissue. Epithelial, adipose, and vascular tissue areas were similar in both cows. Cellular lipid inclusions were more abundant and larger in. B than in A. In some instances secreted lipid had coalesced to form a single droplet filling an alveolar lumen. Protein secretion was evident in B but not as apparent in A. From the biochemical data and fatty acid analyses it was apparent that Tissue B synthesized lipids typical of functional secretory tissue whereas A synthesized lipids similar to dedifferentiated or nonfunctional mammary tissue.
Geochemical evidence for diversity of dust sources in the southwestern United States

Several potential dust sources, including generic sources of sparsely vegetated alluvium, playa deposits, and anthropogenic emissions, as well as the area around Owens Lake, California, affect the composition of modern dust in the southwestern United States. A comparison of geochemical analyses of modern and old (a few thousand years) dust with samples of potential local sources suggests that dusts reflect four primary sources: (1) alluvial sediments (represented by Hf, K, Rb, Zr, and rare-earth elements, (2) playas, most of which produce calcareous dust (Sr, associated with Ca), (3) the area of Owens (dry) Lake, a human-induced playa (As, Ba, Li, Pb, Sb, and Sr), and (4) anthropogenic and/or volcanic emissions (As, Cr, Ni, and Sb). A comparison of dust and source samples with previous analyses shows that Owens (dry) Lake and mining wastes from the adjacent Cerro Gordo mining district are the primary sources of As, Ba, Li, and Pb in dusts from Owens Valley. Decreases in dust contents of As, Ba, and Sb with distance from Owens Valley suggest that dust from southern Owens Valley is being transported at least 400 km to the east. Samples of old dust that accumulated before European settlement are distinctly lower in As, Ba, and Sb abundances relative to modern dust, likely due to modern transport of dust from Owens Valley. Thus, southern Owens Valley appears to be an important, geochemically distinct, point source for regional dust in the southwestern United States.
A Novel Quasi-Optical Frequency Multiplier Design for Millimeter and Submillimeter Wavelengths

This paper describes a novel design for millimeter and sub-millimeter wavelength varactor frequency triplers and quadruplers. The varactor diode is coupled to the pump source via waveguide and stripline impedance matching and filtering structures. Output power at the various harmonics of the pump frequency is fed to quasi-optical filtering and tuning elements. The low-loss quasi-optical structures enable near-optimum control of the impedances seen by the varactor diode at the idler and output frequencies, resulting in efficient high-order harmonic conversion. A minimum efficiency of 4 percent with 30-mW input power has been obtained for a tripler operating between 200 and 280 GHz, with a peak efficiency of 8 percent between 250 and 280 GHz. Another tripler, designed for the 260-350-GHz band, gave a minimum conversion efficiency of 3 percent with 30-mW input power, with a peak efficiency of 5 percent at 340 GHz.
When will warming‐induced rainfall changes be perceptible?

Global climate change is not only changing temperatures but also altering precipitation. These changes in precipitation have been studied on large regional levels, but studies have not been able to identify changes in observed precipitation on smaller spatial scales. Natural interannual variability also makes it difficult to perceive precipitation changes caused by global warming at a statistically significant level. Using general circulation climate models to study future precipitation changes, Mahlstein et al. estimated how much global temperatures would need to increase for the warming-induced precipitation changes to be clearly noticeable on local or regional scales. They found that temperatures would need to be 1.4°C warmer than they were in the early twentieth century for regional precipitation changes to be statistically significant. The authors note that this is likely to occur by the end of this century. (Geophysical Research Letters, doi:10.1029/2011GL050738, 2012
Interactions of small organic rings with transition metals; an unusual 1,3-chloropalladation of alkylmethylenecyclopropanes

Abstract Methylenecyclopropanes bearing alkyl substituents on the cyclopropane with are shown to undergo addition of the elements of PdCl in an unambiguous 1,3-fashion, in contrast to their unsubstituted parent. A mechanism involving a dipolar transition state is proposed.
Hydrogen peroxide-induced Akt phosphorylation regulates Bax activation.

Abstract Reactive oxygen species such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) are involved in many cellular processes that positively and negatively regulate cell fate. H2O2, acting as an intracellular messenger, activates phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) and its downstream target Akt, and promotes cell survival. The aim of the current study was to understand the mechanism by which PI3K/Akt signaling promotes survival in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. We demonstrate that PI3K/Akt mediates phosphorylation of the pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family member Bax. This phosphorylation suppresses apoptosis and promotes cell survival. Increased survival in the presence of H2O2 was blocked by LY294002, an inhibitor of PI3K activation. LY294002 prevented Bax phosphorylation and resulted in Bax translocation to the mitochondria, cytochrome c release, caspase-3 activation, and cell death. Collectively, these findings reveal a mechanism by which H2O2-induced activation of PI3K/Akt influences post-translational modification of Bax and inactivates a key component of the cell death machinery.
Submacular Fibrosis After Photocoagulation for Diabetic Macular Edema

Ten eyes of nine patients developed submacular fibrotic scars without fluorescein angiographic evidence of choroidal neovascularization between two and 11 months (mean, 6.1 months) after argon laser treatment for diabetic macular edema. In four eyes, development of the subretinal scar was associated with visual acuity loss of two, two, four, and eight lines of Snellen visual acuity, respectively, within five to 11 months of laser treatment. At the final follow-up visit, the visual acuity of the eyes with two lines of visual acuity loss had returned to within one line of the initial value, but the visual acuity of the eyes with more severe initial visual acuity loss did not recover notably. In four eyes, fibrous submacular strands extended from macular laser scars, suggesting an iatrogenic role of the laser in inducing this complication.
Structural Characterization of Dialkylaluminum Carboxylates: Models for Carboxylate Alumoxanes

The reaction of Al(tBu)3 with carboxylic acids, RCO2H, yields the dimeric di-tert-butylaluminum carboxylates [(tBu)2Al(μ-O2CR)]2, where R = tBu (1), CCl3 (2), Ph (3), CH2Ph (4), CHPh2 (5), CPh3 (6)...
Lead isotopic compositions of the Western Dharwar craton, southern India: Evidence for distinct Middle Archean terranes in a Late Archean craton

Abstract Lead and Sr isotopic compositions of whole rocks and feldspar separates from several fielddefined suites of rocks from the Western Dharwar craton of southern India elucidate a complex history of the area. The evolution of the craton earlier than ≈3.0 Ga is difficult to determine because of thermal and metasomatic overprinting at ≈3.0 Ga. Many whole rocks were completely reset then, but feldspar separates preserve some of the earlier history. Apparently, a series of terranes evolved from the mantle over the period > 3.4 to ≈3.0 Ga to form the Western Dharwar craton. In each case, metamorphism and anatexis of older terranes accompanied extraction of juvenile material from the mantle. The oldest gneisses (≈3.4 Ga) had radiogenic Pb and Sr isotopic compositions when they formed and were derived from older crustal protoliths that were plausibly accreted to the crust at, or even before, 3.8 Ga. The old gneisses were greatly depleted in Rb, probably at ≈3.4 Ga when the protoliths of younger magmatic rocks may have separated from the mantle. Younger gneisses apparently formed from these mafic-intermediate protoliths in the age range of ≈3.2 to ≈3.0Ga. The ≈3.0 Ga event in the central part of the craton was accompanied by intrusion of small diapiric trondhjemites, formed by melting of older crust, and penecontemporaneous metasomatism of country rocks by hydrous fluids carrying U and other lithophilic elements. The resultant deep crust was greatly depleted in heat-producing elements, and the craton has been inactive since ≈3.0 Ga except for production of minor granites from depleted source regions at 2.5–2.6 Ga. The lack of activity at ≈2.5 Ga contrasts strongly with extensive magmatism and metamorphism in surrounding areas that had not undergone depletion at ≈3.0 Ga. Lower-crustal depletion also has caused present-day reduced heat flow to be very low.
pI-shifted insulin analogs with extended in vivo time action and favorable receptor selectivity

A long-acting (basal) insulin capable of delivering flat, sustained, reproducible glycemic control with once daily administration represents an improvement in the treatment paradigm for both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Optimization of insulin pharmacodynamics is achievable through structural modification, but often at the expense of alterations in receptor affinity and selectivity. A series of isoelectric point (pI)-shifted insulin analogs based on the human insulin sequence or the GlyA21 acid stable variant were prepared by semi-synthetic methods. The pI shift was achieved through systematic addition of one or more arginine (Arg) or lysine (Lys) residues at the N terminus of the A chain, the N terminus of the B chain, the C terminus of the B chain, or through a combination of additions at two of the three sites. The analogs were evaluated for their affinity for the insulin and IGF-1 receptors, and aqueous solubility under physiological pH conditions. Notably, the presence of positively charged amino acid residues at the N terminus of the A chain was consistently associated with an enhanced insulin to IGF-1 receptor selectivity profile. Increased IGF-1 receptor affinity that results from Arg addition to the C terminus of the B chain was attenuated by cationic extension at the N terminus of the A chain. Analogs 10, 17, and 18 displayed in vitro receptor selectivity similar to that of native insulin and solubility at physiological pH that suggested the potential for extended time action. Accordingly, the in vivo pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of these analogs were established in a somatostatin-induced diabetic dog model. Analog 18 (A0:Arg, A21:Gly, B31:Arg, B32:Arg human insulin) exhibited a pharmacological profile comparable to that of analog 15 (insulin glargine) but with a 4.5-fold more favorable insulin:IGF-1 receptor selectivity. These results demonstrate that the selective combination of positive charge to the N terminus of the A chain and the C terminus of the B chain generates an insulin with sustained pharmacology and a near-native receptor selectivity profile.
Fibrin glue for prevention of recurrent epithelial ingrowth under a LASIK flap with a central buttonhole defect.

A 61-year-old woman presented with a paracentral buttonhole flap defect associated with a linear tear, extensive epithelial ingrowth, and macrostriae in the right eye. A laser in situ keratomileusis enhancement had been performed 3 weeks earlier. The epithelial ingrowth was removed after careful lifting of the flap, and tissue adhesive was used postoperatively as a barrier to further ingrowth. Six months postoperatively, the patient's corrected distance visual acuity had improved to 20/20 and the slitlamp examination showed no evidence of recurrent epithelial ingrowth. This case presents a novel approach to the management of a buttonhole defect. Financial Disclosure Neither author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
The Effect of Carbon Dioxide Packaging on Detection of Campylobacter jejuni from Chicken Carcasses

Abstract Commercially-processed broilers were held at 4 C in carbon dioxide(CO2)-flushed bags or in natural atmosphere for nine days prior to determining the most probable number of Campylobacter jejuni on individual carcasses. Fifty broilers were evaluated. The CO2-enriched atmosphere packaging of broilers had no detectable effect on the C. jejuni populations.
Is there a dynamic DNA-protein interface in the transcription factor IIIA-5 S rRNA gene complex?

Abstract Others (Foster, M. P., Wuttke, D. S., Radhakrishnan, I., Case, D. A., Gottesfeld, J. M., and Wright, P. E. (1997) Nat. Struct. Biol. 4, 605–608; Wuttke, D. S., Foster, M. P., Case, D. A., Gottesfeld, J. M., and Wright, P. E. (1997) J. Mol. Biol. 273, 183–206) have proposed that several amino acid side chains exhibit considerable conformational mobility at the DNA-protein interface in the transcription factor IIIA·5 S rRNA gene complex and that the rapid movements of these side chains permit them to make fluctuating contacts with adjacent bp in the DNA target site. This “dynamic interface” model makes biochemical predictions concerning the consequences of truncating specific amino acid side chains and the effects of these truncations on sequence selectivity in DNA binding. The model also makes predictions concerning the effects of DNA sequence context on the apparent energetic contributions to binding made by individual bp. We have tested these predictions, and our results are inconsistent with any significant energetic role being played by the contact of multiple bp by conformationally mobile amino acid side chains. They do, however, show that some individual amino acids affect the recognition of multiple bp through mechanisms other than direct interaction.
Improved model for nonequilibrium phenomena in MIS device under linear voltage ramp bias

An improved theoretical investigation into the nonequilibrium characteristics displayed by a metal-insulator-semiconductor device when subjected to a linear voltage ramp is presented. The model takes into account the finite bulk-trap generation width for those traps initially above the Fermi-level. The resulting I/V characteristics show considerable deviation from those where it assumed that the bulk traps intially above the Fermi-level either generate as a whole or do not generate at all.
Measurement of the continuous distribution of binding sites in molecularly imprinted polymers

Reported is the first affinity spectrum (AS) [number of binding sites (N) vs. association constant (K)] for a non-covalently imprinted polymer. The AS method yields the distribution of sites over a continuous range of binding constants and characterizes the heterogeneity present in imprinted polymers better than current methodologies. To demonstrate the generality of the AS method, the distributions for three different imprinted polymers (two of which were taken from the literature) were calculated from their respective binding isotherms. The shapes of the distribution curves were different yet consistent with the respective covalent or non-covalent imprinting mechanisms. Finally, the binding parameters derived from the AS method were compared with those determined by the more common Scatchard analysis and were in general agreement.
Incipient deformation twinning in dynamically sheared bcc tantalum

Abstract Mechanical twinning has been introduced into a body-centered cubic metal, tantalum, through shear-dominant dynamic loading at a high shear strain rate (up to 3 × 104/s) at 77 K. Direct measurement of shear stress combined with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed the occurrence of deformation twinning at applied global shear stresses of 520 MPa and above. The TEM characterization was focused on nanometer-sized individual twins that are interspersed and aligned in association with slip bands. These small twins belong to the {1 1 2} 〈 1 1 1 ¯ 〉 twinning system but show unusual morphologies and growth characteristics, and are believed to be incipient twins at the early stages of their development. TEM analysis revealed a multifaceted growth characteristic of the incipient twins following at least two {1 1 2} planes in the 〈 1 1 1 ¯ 〉 zone. While the formation of a macroscopic twin is a result of growth and coalescence of an array of small twins, the early stage growth of an incipient twin is rationalized through a slip-assisted double-cross-slip growth mechanism.
Sources of fluctuations in regional growth

This paper re-examines the role of employment and population growth in regional development. Previous studies have found evidence for both the “chicken and the egg”: both demand-side employment shocks and supply-side population shocks have been found to influence regional growth. Using recent developments in causality testing for pooled samples, this study also finds evidence of bivariate causality, but support for the “people follow jobs” approach to regional development is marked by results that are more consistent and more often statistically significant. Impulse response functions also sustain this point.
An Alternative Approach to the Concept of Demand

Charging that there are inherent disadvantages in the concept of demand as it usually appears in economics textbooks, Professor Awh suggests a redefinition of demand and presents the arguments for and against this definition as opposed to the convential. He asks: “Is the predominant importance of price in the determination of quantity purchased a fact or myth?” He then goes on to examine the extent to which price is subject to manipulation, and discusses the nonprice variables that affect sales. Three disadvantages of the conventional concept of demand are set forth, after which the author calls for a broader notion of demand which treats the price-quantity relationship “as a special case of the more general concept of demand.” Awh insists that by including several relevant variables, a better description and prediction of demand can be obtained.
In vivo anergy reversal with cimetidine in patients with cancer

• Impaired cell-mediated immune response is commonly seen in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. This immune defect has been associated with poor clinical performance. Recent evidence indicates an immunoregulatory action for cimetidine. For this reason, the effect of this medication on delayed hypersensitivity reactions in previously untreated patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck was studied. Patients hyporesponsive to an initial skin test battery were treated with cimetidine. A statistically significant increase in delayed hypersensitivity responses on repeated skin testing during cimetidine hydrochloride therapy was observed. Four of these patients who converted their skin tests while receiving cimetidine were again studied one to two weeks after cessation of therapy. All four returned to their precimetidine treatment status. These skin test response results suggest that histamine-mediated suppression of immune response occurs in patients with head and neck cancer. Cimetidine should be considered as an immunomodulator in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. ( Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1986;112:1074-1077)
Transmission of Palm Lethal Decline to Veitchia merrillii by a Planthopper Myndus crudus

Myndus crudus Van Duzee was implicated as a vector of the agent that causes lethal decline of the Manila palm, Veitchia merrillii (Becc.) H. E. Moore. Five of 7 Manila palms in cages into which M. crudus captured in the vicinity of lethal decline-infected palms were introduced showed symptoms of the disease. The presence of mycoplasmalike organisms (MLO) in sieve tubes of these palms was confirmed by electron microscopic examination. Seven Manila palms in cages free of M. crudus remained healthy, and MLOs were not observed in samples from these palms.
Inhibition of MAP kinase by sphingosine and its methylated derivative, N,N-dimethylsphingosine

Endogenous sphingolipid metabolites such as ceramides and sphingosines have been increasingly recognized as lipid mediators of cell growth, differentiation and apoptosis. We have previously studied the ability of sphingosine (Sph) and N,N-dimethylsphingosine (DMS) to induce apoptosis in a variety of solid tumor cell lines. Here we report that in tumor cell lines displaying high mitogen-activated protein kinase activity (MAPK), treatment with 5 mu M of these sphingolipids significantly inhibited MAPK activity within 2-5 min (p < 0.005-0.01 as compared to controls) and induced apoptosis within hours. In contrast, untransformed cells and those tumor cell lines with low MAPK activity showed no significant change in activity and no apoptosis. High concentrations of C2-ceramide (50-100 mM), which induced apoptosis in the solid tumor cells, did not show significant effect on MAPK activity. MAPK activity was not directly inhibited in vitro, but tyrosine phosphatase activity was increased 2-4 fold in solid tumor cells by Sph or DMS (p < 0.01-0.05), suggesting that a phosphatase may play an important role in sphingolipid-directed MAPK regulation. Sph/DMS-induced apoptosis, but not MAPK inhibition, was blocked by protease inhibitors, indicating that MAPK inhibition is an earlier step of Sph/DMS-induced apoptosis than proteolysis. Furthermore, in human breast carcinoma MDA468 cells and human epidermal carcinoma A431 cells, both of which overexpress the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor, 20-200 nM EGF inhibited MAPK (p < 0.005-0.01) and induced apoptosis. These observations suggest that inhibition of the MAPK cascade may be involved in apoptotic signaling by Sph/DMS in some solid tumor cells, or by EGF in some cancer cells which overexpress the EGF receptor. Finally, the PKC-specific inhibitor, calphostin C, under conditions in which PKC is completely suppressed, inhibited MAPK activity and induced apoptosis only weakly in these solid tumor cells, whereas the non-specific PKC inhibitor staurosporine induced both apoptosis and MAPK inhibition significantly, suggesting that MAPK inhibition and apoptosis by Sph/DMS occurs independently of PKC in these cell lines, although these pathways may act cooperatively in other cell types. This study provides insight into possible mechanisms involved in sphingolipid-induced apoptosis in solid cancer tumor cell lines.
Neuromyelitis Optica in a Young Child With Positive Serum Autoantibody

Relapsing neuromyelitis optica is rare in children. The identification of a highly specific serum autoantibody marker (neuromyelitis optica-immunoglobulin G) differentiates neuromyelitis optica from other demyelinating disorders, particularly in clinically challenging cases. We present a child with multiple episodes of transverse myelitis and optic neuritis with positive neuromyelitis optica-immunoglobulin G titers, consistent with a diagnosis of relapsing neuromyelitis optica. Serial titers of neuromyelitis optica-immunoglobulin G normalized during remission.
Examining the link between coronary heart disease and the elimination of chronic dental infections

ABSTRACT Background While it has been suggested that periodontal disease may be associated with coronary heart disease, or CHD, there are no data to suggest that the elimination of chronic dental infections actually lowers the risk of developing chronic CHD. The goal of this study was to determine whether people with a definitive elimination of all potential dental infections—edentulous people, who are at the optimum endpoint of dental infection elimination from a CHD perspective—lower their CHD risk over time when compared with people who have a specific dental infection, periodontitis. Methods The authors examined data from a prospective cohort of 4,027 people who participated in the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, or NHANES I, Epidemiologic Follow-up Study. The primary outcome measure was the first CHD event. Results During a mean follow-up of 17 years, there were 1,238 CHD events (538 fatal). The confirmed elimination of chronic dental infections did not lead to a decreased risk of experiencing a CHD event (relative risk, 1.02; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.86–1.21). The CHD risk among people with and without chronic dental infections remained constant over time with respect to each other (test for increasing or decreasing trend over time: not significant, χ 2 1 = 0.48; P = .93). Conclusions People who had a complete, definitive and long-term elimination of all potential dental infections through extraction of all teeth did not have lower CHD risk when compared with people with diagnosed periodontitis. Clinical Implications Until evidence is found to the contrary, the authors suggest that prevention of CHD should not be used as the basis for recommending treatment to eliminate chronic dental infections.
Grand Evolutionary Theory Is Alive and Kicking

(1) it is his definitive statement of ecologicalevolutionary theory (hereafter EET); (2) it provides several empirical applications of the theory; (3) it is a critique of American sociology; and (4) it is a slice of intellectual autobiography. Many sociologists, including this reviewer, owe a debt to Lenski for his inspiration to study long-term social change. His work is a major reason evolutionary theory is "alive and kicking" (cf. Chirot 2005). It is also an effort to help sociology remain true to its name: the study of societies.
Are immature psychological defense mechanisms recently associated with junk food, alcohol, and television also associated with age?

In reading “Immature psychological defense mechanisms are associated with greater personal importance of junk food, alcohol, and television” (Costa and Brody, 2013) I was struck with the absence of statistical control for age in their otherwise well detailed analysis. The report revealed an association between poorer defensive functioning and participants' self-reported personal importance of television viewing, alcohol, junk food, and non-coital sex (as opposed to penile– vaginal intercourse). Although their sample consisted principally of young women (Mean age, 25.74 yrs [S.D. 7.8], its range (15–58 yrs)) should allow for testing an a priori expectation: that with greater age comes greater maturity. Hence examining associations using a partial correlation analysis controlling for age might be useful and, perhaps, revealing. References
An early pharyngeal muscle enhancer from the Caenorhabditis elegans ceh-22 gene is targeted by the Forkhead factor PHA-4

Caenorhabditis elegans pharyngeal muscle development involves ceh-22, an NK-2 family homeobox gene related to genes controlling heart development in other species. ceh-22 is the earliest known gene expressed in the pharyngeal muscles and is likely regulated directly by factors specifying pharyngeal muscle fate. We have previously implicated the ceh-22 distal enhancer in initiating ceh-22 expression. Here we analyze the distal enhancer using functional and comparative assays. The distal enhancer contains three subelements contributing additively to its activity, and functionally important regulatory sequences are highly conserved in Caenorhabditis briggsae. One subelement, termed DE3, is strongly active in the pharyngeal muscles, and we identified two short oligonucleotides (de199 and de209) contributing to DE3 activity. Multimerized de209 enhances transcription similarly to DE3 specifically in the pharyngeal muscles, suggesting it may be an essential site regulating ceh-22. de209 binds the pan-pharyngeal Forkhead factor PHA-4 in vitro and responds to ectopic pha-4 expression in vivo, suggesting that PHA-4 directly initiates ceh-22 expression through de209. Because de209 enhancer activity is primarily limited to the pharyngeal muscles, we hypothesize that de209 also binds factors functioning with PHA-4 to specifically activate ceh-22 expression in pharyngeal muscle.
Does financial globalization promote risk sharing

article i nfo In theory, one of the main benefits of financial globalization is that it should allow for more efficient international risk sharing. In this paper, we provide an empirical evaluation of the patterns of risk sharing among different groups of countries and examine how international financial integration has affected the evolution of these patterns. Using a variety of empirical techniques, we conclude that there is at best a modest degree of international risk sharing, and certainly nowhere near the levels predicted by theory. In addition, only industrial countries have attained better risk sharing outcomes during the recent period of globalization. Developing countries have, by and large, been shut out of this benefit. Even emerging market economies, many of which have reduced capital controls and all of which have witnessed large increases in cross-border capital flows, have seen little change in their ability to share risk. We find that the composition of flows may help explain why emerging markets have not been able to realize this presumed benefi to f financial globalization. In particular, our results suggest that portfolio debt, which had dominated the external liability stocks of most emerging markets until recently, is not conducive to risk sharing.
Preparation and Reactions of Methyl Iridium Complexes in Water

Reactions of methylating agents, MeI and Me 3 OBF 4 , with trans -Ir(CO)(Cl)(TPPTS) 2 (TPPTS=P( m -C 6 H 4 SO 3 Na) 3 ) are examined in H 2 O and DMSO. Three products are observed with MeI in water, Ir(CO)(Cl)(I)(Me)(TPPTS) 2 , Ir(CO)(Cl)(Me)(H 2 O)(TPPTS) 2 + and Ir(CO)(I)(Me)(H 2 O)(TPPTS) 2 + ; reactions in the presence of excess Cl m and I m form Ir(CO)(Cl) 2 (Me)(TPPTS) 2 and Ir(CO)(I) 2 (Me)(TPPTS) 2 , respectively. Reaction of trimethyloxonium + with trans -Ir(CO)(CI)(TPPTS) 2 produced only Ir(CO)(Cl)(Me)(H 2 O)(TPPTS) 2 + . None of the methyl compounds underwent hydrolysis or carbonylation.
Identification of the human U7 snRNP as one of several factors involved in the 3' end maturation of histone premessenger RNA's.

In eukaryotic cells, the conversion of gene transcripts into messenger RNA9s involves multiple factors, including the highly abundant small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) complexes that mediate the splicing reaction. Separable factors are also required for the 39 end processing of histone pre-mRNA9s. The two conserved signals flanking the 39 cleavage site are recognized by discrete components present in active HeLa cell extracts: the upstream stem loop associates with a nuclease-insensitive factor, while binding to the downstream element is mediated by a component having the properties of a snRNP. The sequence of the RNA moiety of the low abundance human U7 snRNP suggests how the relatively degenerate downstream element of mammalian pre-mRNA9s could be recognized by RNA base-pairing.
Definitive Surgery for the Treatment of Esophageal Perforation with Distal Obstruction

he treatment usually advocated for intrathoracic perforation of the esophagus is surgical repair of the damage and drainage of T the pleura and mediastinum, if the diagnosis is made within 10 to 12 hours of the accident [3, 10, 121. In the past, little distinction has been made between obstructed and unobstructed cases. The criteria for surgical treatment and success were related to the time elapsed before proper treatment was instituted and the site of the perforation, its size, and the method of injury, rather than the underlying pathology. Although they may be faced with distal obstruction that will prevent a fistula from closing and often makes repair of the fistula impossible, some thoracic surgeons feel that definitive surgery to relieve the obstruction is too hazardous to be undertaken at that time [81. It was not until Groves analyzed the results with respect to the underlying pathology and reported on primary esophageal resection for obstruction that further impetus for such surgical intervention occurred [41. Kerr reviewed the salient features of the 19 reported cases of esophagogastrectomy for the treatment of perforation with distal obstruction and added 3 successful cases [71. Johnson recently reported six early esophagogastrostomies for iatrogenic perforation of the esophagus with distal obstruction and advocated this therapy if the operation is undertaken six to eight hours following injury 161. After noting in detail 3 cases of esophageal perforation with distal obstruction treated with definitive surgery, we attempt in the present report to place this form of therapy in proper perspective in relation to a larger series of esophageal perforations.
Technological status of nickel oxide cathodes in molten carbonate fuel cells. A review

Abstract The technological status of NiO cathodes in molten carbonate fuel cells is examined in terms of four properties: electrode conductivity, electrode kinetics, electrode structure, and electrode material stability. Several problems must be solved before the cathode can meet the requirements for commercial applications of fuel cells. The major problem is the instability of NiO over long-term operations, other concerns are the compaction of the cathode structure during cell operation and the lack of definite information on the electrode kinetics. This paper critically examines efforts by industry (especially in the U.S.) and other investigators in addressing those problems.
Investments in training and downsizing versus reducing pay

In this study, I propose a moderated mediation model that directly compares the results of downsizing and reducing pay on firm’s financial performance through the mediation of collective organizati...
Two tales of a city: John Walson, Sr., Mahanoy city, and the “founding”; of cable TV

For the last 20 years, scholarly and popular accounts of the development of cable television have recounted the story of John Walson, Sr., who claimed to have started the first CATV system in June of 1948 in Mahanoy City, Pennsylvania. When Walson died in March of 1993, newspapers around the country credited him with starting the nation's first cable system and even “founding”; the industry. The claim, however, has always been clouded by questions and a lack of documentation. This paper reports the results of an investigation of the Walson story. It concludes that, as bright and promising as the Walson tale may be, it probably is not true. At the very least, the preponderance of evidence suggests that Walson got his start in the community antenna television business in late 1950, about the same time as many others around the country and, importantly, probably after another group of businessmen already had begun a system in Mahanoy City itself.
Determination of trace elements in coal and other energy-related materials by inductively-coupled plasma emission spectrometry after collection on a poly(dithiocarbamate) resin

Abstract Trace elements in energy-relatd materials (coal, residual fuel oil, and shale oil) are quantified by inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry after separation and preconcentration with a poly(dithiocarbamate) chelating resin. Trace elements were determined in coal (NBS 1632a), in a residual fuel oil (NBS 1634a), and in a shale oil (TOSCO). Detection limits ranged from a low of 2 ng ml −1 for manganese to a high of 150 ng ml −1 for lead. Relative standard deviations ranged from 1 to 5% and deviations from certified values (coal and residual fuel oil) were in the same range for fourteen elements. Recoveries of 1–5 μg of twelve elements added to the shale oil ranged from 96 to 99.5%.