cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Honey, Where Should We Sit?

There are times when, in their haste to solve a particular problem, students (and their instructors) miss an opportunity to notice some interesting mathematics. For example, when calculus students are introduced to the derivatives of inverse trigonometric functions, they frequently run across a classic problem that goes something like this: There is a 6-foot tall picture on a wall, 2 feet above your eye level. How far away should you sit (on the level floor) in order to maximize the vertical viewing angle 0? (See FIGURE 1.)
Optical frequency domain imaging with 16 kHz A-line acquisition rate and 110 dB sensitivity

We demonstrate high-speed optical frequency domain imaging (OFDI) capable of acquiring 16,000 A-lines/sec with sensitivity of 110 dB over depth range of 3.8 mm, using a rapidly swept laser at 1.3 μm center wavelength.
Simple procedure for isolation of DNA, RNA and protein fractions from cultured animal cells.

Abstract A simple nonenzymatic procedure is described for the separation of DNA, RNA, and proteins of cultured animal cells. DNA isolated by this procedure is large molecular weight and double stranded.
Medication Alert Fatigue: The Potential for Compromised Patient Safety:

Isaac et al conducted a ret-rospective of 3,570,378 prescrip-tions written by 2,872 prescribersin 3 states over 9 months in 2006.All the prescribers used an electron-ic prescribing software programmade by the same vendor. Thesoftware generated 233,537 med-ication safety alerts during thisperiod related to 6.6% of allattempted electronic prescriptions.The prescribers overrode 90.8% ofthe drug interaction alerts and 77%of the drug allergy alerts. The ac -ceptance rates of drug interactionalerts varied a little based on thelevel of severity; the acceptance ratefor high-severity alerts was 10.4%,whereas the acceptance rates formoderate-severity (7.3%) and low-severity (7.1%) alerts were slightlylower.A smaller study conducted in2007 over 1 month found that am -bulatory prescribers overrode al -lergy alerts 97% of the time.
Comparison of transesophageal color flow Doppler imaging of normal mitral regurgitant jets in St. Jude Medical and Medtronic Hall cardiac prostheses.

Transesophageal color flow Doppler imaging of mitral mechanical prostheses is now widely used. This method eliminates the frequent problems of acoustic shadowing and flow masking that are commonly seen with a transthoracic Doppler study of mechanical mitral prostheses. Transesophageal color flow Doppler imaging was performed postoperatively in seven patients who had received St. Jude Medical mitral prostheses (St. Jude Medical, Inc., St. Jude, Minnesota) and in six patients who received Medtronic Hall mitral valves (Medtronic, Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota). Maximal systolic regurgitant jet length and area determinations were obtained in all patients. A comparison of maximal jet lengths and areas for each type of mechanical prosthesis demonstrated that the Medtronic Hall prostheses produced longer maximal jet lengths ( p = 0.0001) and larger jet areas ( p = 0.0009) than those produced by the St. Jude Medical mitral valves. Medtronic Hall prostheses produce a large centrally directed jet, whereas St. Jude Medical prostheses typically generate three smaller jets. Recognition of these differences in transesophageal color flow Doppler images in these commonly used cardiac valve prostheses is necessary to avoid misinterpretation of the normally large systolic regurgitant jet of the Medtronic Hall prosthesis as representing prosthetic dysfunction.
Nanomanufacturing via fast laser-induced self-organization in thin metal films

Robust nanomanufacturing methodologies are crucial towards realizing simple and cost-effective products. Here we discuss nanofabrication of ordered metal nanoparticles through pulsed-laser-induced self-organization. When ultrathin metal films are exposed to short laser pulses, spontaneous pattern formation results under appropriate conditions. Under uniform laser irradiation two competing modes of self-organization are observed. One, a thin film hydrodynamic dewetting instability due to the competition between surface tension and attractive van derWaals interactions, results in nanoparticles with well-defined and predictable interparticle spacings and sizes with short range spatial order. The second, thermocapillary flow due to interference between the incident beam and a scattered surface wave, results in laser induced periodic surface structures. Non-uniform laser irradiation, such as by 2-beam laser interference irradiation, initiates a tunable thermocapillary effect in the film giving rise to nanowires, and continued laser irradiation leads to a Rayleigh-like breakup of the nanowires producing nanoparticles with spatial long-range and short-range order. These self-organizing approaches appear to be applicable to a variety of metal films, including Co, Cu, Ag, Fe, Ni, Pt, Zn, Ti, V and Mn. These results suggest that laser-induced self-organization in thin films could be an attractive route to nanomanufacture well-defined nanoparticle arrangements for applications in optical information processing, sensing and solar energy harvesting.
Addressing Children's Exposure to Violence Across Settings: Linking Innovative Science and Practice

Understanding the nature, timing, and duration of children's exposure to violent experiences is critical to providing effective protection and ultimately, more tailored and timely intervention. Exposure to violence can occur in one or more social ecologies, including the home, school, or the community. As such, this topic cannot be adequately understood by looking at one social context, and it transcends any one particular field of inquiry. Unfortunately, however, much of the scientific inquiry and service provision in the area of violence prevention and intervention occurs in silos based on type of violence, abuse, or maltreatment, precluding a holistic picture of children's exposure. Only a small number of studies provide information about multiple types of exposure to violence.
Ontogeny of centers containing luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in the brain of platyfish (Xiphophorus maculatus) as determined by immunocytochemistry.

We have traced the development from birth to puberty of the ir-LHRH producing centers, the nucleus olfactoretinalis (NOR), nucleus praeopticus periventricularis (NPP) and nucleus lateralis tuberis pars posterior (NLT), in male sibling platyfish genetically determined by differing P alleles to mature at two different ages. In sexually immature fish of both genotypes ir-LHRH is first localized in the NOR in perikarya and neuronal fibers and in the NPP where it is limited to the fibers. At the onset of puberty in early maturing fish (11 weeks), ir-LHRH accumulates in perikarya and fibers of the NPP and NLT. Late maturing siblings first have ir-perikarya in the NPP and a few ir-fibers in the NLT at the same developmental stage but at a later age (25–26 weeks). Ir-perikarya are still not seen in the NLT in late-maturing fish even when maturation is complete. This pattern of a sequential development of the three ir-LHRH containing areas of the brain, which we refer to as a “cascade effect”, is similar in early and late genotypes. It is directly correlated to stage of development and not to chronological age. It is clear that the appearance of LHRH producing brain centers precedes, and is presumably essential for, the completion of the development of pituitary gonadotrops and the subsequent maturation of the gonads. The functional significance of the NOR in puberty and reproduction and as a possible site of action for the P gene is discussed.
Infants with single ventricle: A population‐based epidemiological study

Background Single ventricle, a rare congenital cardiac defect, often occurs as part of a complex group of cardiovascular abnormalities. Little is known of its epidemiologic associations. Methods Using data from the Baltimore-Washington Infant Study [BWIS], (1981–89), a population based case-control study of cardiovascular malformations, infants with single ventricle were evaluated with respect to infant and family characteristics and maternal and paternal exposures. The cases were analyzed according to presence/absence of abnormal cardio-visceral situs. Controls were 3,572 infants without heart defects randomly selected from the regional cohort of live births. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were used as measures of association. Results Single ventricle occurred in 1.25% of infants with congenital cardiovascular defects in the BWIS. Fifty-five infants had single ventricle. In 48 families (87.3%) the parents were interviewed. Thirty-three infants had normal situs and 15 had abnormal situs. Paternal alcohol consumption (OR = 2.0, 95% CI 1.1–3.9) and paternal cigarette smoking (OR = 2.4, 95% CI 1.1–5.1) were associated with all cases of single ventricle. These associations were even stronger in the subset of infants with abnormal situs. Maternal history of a previous induced abortion was also associated with infants born with abnormal situs (OR = 3.2, 95% CI 1.1–11.5). Paternal marijuana use was associated with cases of single ventricle in normal situs (OR = 2.2, 95% CI 1.0–5.2). Conclusions Potential risk factors included paternal smoking and alcohol consumption, highlighting the need for future studies to consider environmental factors in the pathogenesis of this cardiac defect. Teratology 65:106–115, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Kainic acid administration in the fastigial nucleus produces differential cardiovascular effects in awake and anesthetized rats.

Abstract Kainic acid was microinjected or microdialyzed into the rostral medial aspect of the fastigial nucleus to determine its effect on mean arterial pressure and heart rate. This was carried out in both the awake and the anesthetized (α-chloralose) rat. In awake animals, kainic acid elicited an initial phasic pressor response which was followed by a long-term elevation of mean arterial pressure that lasted for the duration of the experiment (2 h). Rats anesthetized with α-chloralose exhibited only a tonic depressor response. This converted to a pressor response as the rats began to emerge from anesthesia after 2 h. Both the awake and the anesthetized rats exhibited regular phasic changes in mean arterial pressure that was superimposed on the longer term changes in the mean arterial pressure. Similar results were obtained in both the microinjected and the microdialyzed animals. Thus, stimulation of the intrinsic fastigial neurons by kainic acid evokes an elevation of the mean arterial pressure in the awake rat. This is manifested as a decrease in pressure in the anesthetized animal. Thus, stimulation of the cardiovascular region of the fastigial nucleus can increase or decrease mean arterial pressure. It is possible that the direction of the change in mean arterial pressure is dependent on the level of afferent or intrinsic fastigial neural activity.
Origins of differentiation via phenotypic plasticity

How cell types of multicellular organisms came to be differentiated is still an open issue. Here I offer a model that posits that the origins of some cell differentiation patterns were originally passive outcomes of environmental effects. As cells' contact with the external environment was diminished, their patterns of gene expression were altered, due to changes in concentrations of externally supplied substances. Later, as multicellular growth continued, the relationships of cell layers to each other shifted, producing concentration gradients of signaling molecules. These gradients emanated both from the external cell layer toward the inside and from internal cell layers to adjacent layers. In this scenario then, differentiation arose initially as a by-product of the changing patterns of gene expression and of the complex mixtures and changing concentrations of substances passing among layers. Subsequent selection would operate to stabilize the expression patterns in those cell layers whose phenotypes provide a fitness advantage to the organism.
Repressed chromatin from virus infected and from differentiated cells.

Aus Virus-infizierten Zellen isoliertes Chromatin wurde mit dem Erythrocytenchromatin verglichen. Die durch Infektion oder Differenzierung verlorene Kapazitat des Chromatins der RNS-Syntheseunterstutzung wird durch Entfernung eines Teiles des Proteins wieder hergestellt.
Hatching Date Influence on Age‐Specific Diet and Growth of Age‐0 Largemouth Bass

Abstract Largemouth bass can hatch over a 70-d period, and among fish less than 90 d old, those hatched earlier can grow faster than those hatched later. Because faster growth of age-0 largemouth bass has been positively linked with fish consumption, it has been suggested that faster growth of largemouth bass hatched earlier was also due to higher fish consumption. We determined hatching-date-specific diets and growth of largemouth bass up to about 180 d old, collected in summer and fall 1987 in a North Carolina reservoir. Frequency of fish consumption for age-0 largemouth bass of all sizes tended to decrease as the growing season progressed. Largemouth bass that hatched earlier, however, were piscivorous at a younger age and maintained a higher level of piscivory late in the growing season than did fish that hatched later. Dietary differences that were hatching-date-dependent seemed to be due to seasonal decrease in prey fish availability. The growth advantage for fish hatched earlier was primarily expre...
Improvement of nutritional value of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) by autoclaving or extraction

Larval weight of Tribolium castaneum was used to evaluate six varieties of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris). Beans incorporated into test diets were raw, autoclaved, or extracted with either water or 80% methanol. All treatments improved the nutritional quality of beans when compared to raw beans. The bean extracts were growth depressing. In another study heating of the freeze-dried water extract of black beans improved its nutritive value but not of the methanol extract. Tribolium castaneum larvae may be used to evaluate the nutritional quality of Phaseolus vulgaris and different bean treatments.
Modeling the temperature response to forced climate change over the last six centuries

Development of improved proxy estimates of climate forcing and temperature change over the past six centuries provides a new opportunity to examine the role of forced variability in the climate system. We utilize an energy balance model to estimate that as much as 18–34% of low frequency temperature change over the preanthropogenic interval could be forced by volcanism and solar variability. Comparison of residuals with estimates of unforced variability from control runs of coupled models indicates that the spectra of the two time series agree at the 90% significance level.
Formation of native-like mammalian sperm cell chromatin with folded bull protamine

The DNA of most vertebrate sperm cells is packaged by protamines. The primary structure of mammalian protamine I can be divided into three domains, a central DNA binding domain that is arginine-rich and amino- and carboxyl-terminal domains that are rich in cysteine residues. In native bull sperm chromatin, intramolecular disulfide bonds hold the terminal domains of bull protamine folded back onto the central DNA binding domain, whereas intermolecular disulfide bonds between DNA-bound protamines help stabilize the chromatin of mature mammalian sperm cells. Folded bull protamine was used to condense DNA in vitro under various solution conditions. Using transmission electron microscopy and light scattering, we show that bull protamine forms particles with DNA that are morphologically similar to the subunits of native bull sperm chromatin. In addition, the stability provided by intermolecular disulfide bonds formed between bull protamine molecules within in vitro DNA condensates is comparable with that observed for native bull sperm chromatin. The importance of the bull protamine terminal domains in controlling the bull sperm chromatin morphology is indicated by our observation that DNA condensates formed under identical conditions with a fish protamine, which lacks cysteine-rich terminal domains, do not produce as uniform structures as bull protamine. A model is also presented for the bull protamine·DNA complex in native sperm cell chromatin that provides an explanation for the positions of the cysteine residues in bull protamine that form intermolecular disulfide bonds.
Chlamydial and gonococcal testing during pregnancy in the United States

Objective The objective of the study was to estimate the rates of testing, prevalence, and follow-up testing for chlamydial and gonococcal infection in a nationally based population that is comparable with the US pregnant population in terms of age and race. Study Design We extracted laboratory results for 1,293,423 pregnant women tested over a 3-year period. Results During pregnancy, 59% (761,315 of 1,293,423) and 57% (730,796 of 1,293,423) of women were tested at least once for Chlamydia trachomatis or for Neisseria gonorrhoeae , respectively. Of those women tested, 3.5% (26,437 of 761,315) and 0.6% (4605 of 730,796) tested positive for chlamydial and gonococcal infection, respectively, at least once during pregnancy. Of those women who were initially positive for the given infection, 78% (16,039 of 20,489) and 76% (2610 of 3435) were retested, of whom 6.0% (969 of 16,039) and 3.8% (100 of 2610) were positive on their last prenatal test for C trachomatis and N gonorrhoeae , respectively. Conclusion Many pregnant women are not tested for C trachomatis and N gonorrhoeae despite recommendations to test. Follow-up testing to monitor the effectiveness of treatment is also not always performed.
Skeletal stature compared to archival stature in mid‐eighteenth century America: Ft. William Henry

Fourteen soldiers buried at Ft. William Henry, New York, between 1755 and 1757 are compared for stature to a sample of 2, 232 New York Provincial soldiers measured anthropometrically in 1760. The William Henry stature mean of 177.3 cm is significantly higher than that of the Provincials (169.7 cm), and their variation of stature is significantly lower—suggesting that the cemetery population was a select group. A historical explanation is offered for this unexpected finding.
Separable modules over finite-dimensional algebras

In this paper all modules are unital right modules over finite-dimensional algebras over algebraically closed fields, K. A submodule L of a module N is said to be a pure submodule of N if L is a direct sumand of M whenever L t M c N and M/L is finite-dimensional. A module L is pure-injective if whenever L is pure in M, it is a direct summand of M. A module N is pure-projective if every exact sequence 0 4 L + M 4 N -+ 0 with L pure in M splits. The following proposition is easy to prove:
Technical Note-Equivalent Mixed Integer Programming Problems

Every mixed integer programming problem is shown to be equivalent to an infinite number of other mixed integer programming problems. The optimal solution to any problem in a class determines the optimal solution to every other problem in the class. Canonical problems existing in every equivalence class may be solved in lieu of the original problem. For problems with rational data, the mixed Hermite canonical problem is introduced. A numerical example is included.
Suppression of glucocorticoid-induced elevation of alkaline phosphatase in C-4-1 cells by inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzymea reductase and reversal of the suppression by mevalonate

Cell line C-4-1 which produces alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.1.4) of the placental type in response to glucocorticoids was grown in the presence of inhibitors of mevalonate formation for periods ranging from 1 to 4 days. When C-4-1 cells were incubated in the presence of 25-hydroxycholesterol (1 microM) or compactin (11.6 microM) the induction of alkaline phosphatase by 0.2 microM dexamethasone was suppressed. This suppression could be partially prevented by the addition of mevalonolactone to the growing culture. The reversal effect by mevalonate was most evident with compactin, a well known competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase. In contrast, the effect of tunicamycin which inhibits N-linked protein glycosylation and also prevents alkaline phosphatase induction by glucocorticoids could not be reversed by mevalonate. These results implicate mevalonate in alkaline phosphatase induction, possibly through its role as a precursor of dolichols.
Cloning and characterization of the 5' end (exon 1) of the gene encoding human factor X.

Abstract Human blood-coagulation factor X (hBCFX) is a serine protease zymogen which participates in the middle phase of blood coagulation. Recently, we and others have reported the cDNA sequences. At present, partial hBCFX gene structure is available. In this paper, we report the isolation of two genomic clones, the X-emb λ phage clone encoding exons 1 and 2 of the hBCFX gene, and the X-cos cosmid clone encoding exons 2–8. The restriction map of the hBCFX region spans 55 kb. The gene itself was found to be 27 kb long. The sequence of the 5' region of the hBCFX gene has been determined and reveals an p C A TTT C G pentanucleotide, which also occurs in a similar location in the genes encoding factors VII, IX, protein C and prothrombin, suggesting that this motif might be of importance in the regulation of these genes.
Do the majority of Asian-American and African-American smokers start as adults?

Background: Identifying ethnic differences in the age of smoking onset from nationally representative data can lead to improved targeted prevention programs and policies to combat smoking in ethnic communities. Methods: Analyzing data from the Tobacco Use Supplements of the U.S. Census Bureau’s Current Population Surveys throughout the 1990s, differences in the age of regular smoking onset among Asians/Pacific Islanders (A/PI), African Americans (AA), Hispanics/Latinos (H/L) and non-Hispanic whites (WH) are reported. Data on people aged 26 to 50 years at the time of the survey interview (n = 130,356; mean age = 38.4 years; 47.9% male; 1.9% A/PI, 7.8% AA, 5.2% H/L, and 85.1% WH) were examined. Results: Results indicate significant ethnic disparities in when people start smoking, among A/PIs in particular, and AAs and H/Ls to a lesser degree, who initiate regular smoking at later ages than do WHs. The majority of A/PIs and AAs initiated smoking as young adults, with almost half (47.8%) of A/PIs who were ever regular smokers starting between ages 18 and 21, compared with 39.8% of AAs, 37.5% of H/Ls, and 36.7% of WHs. Conclusions: These findings indicate significant ethnic disparities in relation to when people start smoking, with the majority of A/PIs and AAs initiating as young adults. The findings suggest that prevention strategies should begin at a young age and continue throughout young adulthood, especially among ethnic minority populations. Further consideration of the different influences on later initiation in ethnic minorities may lead to suggestions to improve current smoking-prevention programs aimed at adolescents and young adults.