cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of below-ground herbivory by Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (Coleoptera) on biomass allocation and carbohydrate storage of maize

Abstract Effects of herbivory by larvae of western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera Leconte on the roots of maize, Zea mays , and interactions with soil moisture on plant biomass and leaf carbohydrate concentrations were investigated. Maize was infested with 0, 50 or 100 larvae of D. virgifera virgifera at the six-leaf stage of development. Water stress was induced at cyclic intervals to half of the plants in each treatment. Maize suffered extensive damage with the 50-larval infestation removing 13.8% of the root mass, and the 100-larval infestation removing 49.5% of the root mass. After 55 days, plants had recovered as roots of damaged and non-damaged plants were of equal mass. Biomass of leaves and stalk were reduced by herbivory, but leaf-areas were not different. Grain biomass was not reduced by root damage. These results suggest that maize damaged by D. virgifera virgifera during early growth stages may regrow damaged roots by shifting carbon resources from above ground to below ground sinks.
Site-Directed Spin-Label EPR Studies Report on Drug-Induced Conformational Change of Influenza a M2 Protein

The M2 protein from influenza A is a pH-activated proton channel that plays an essential role in the viral life cycle and serves as a drug target. Using spin labeling EPR spectroscopy we studied a 38-residue M2 peptide spanning the transmembrane region and its C-terminal extension. We have obtained residue-specific environmental parameters in the presence of the antiviral drug amantadine to gain information about the drug bound state of M2 in POPC/POPG lipid bilayers. Power saturation studies of spin-labeled peptides reconstituted in a DOGS-NTA(Ni)-containing bilayers report on the accessibility of spin labels to nickel(II) chelated at the aqueous-lipid interface.
Picosecond photoluminescence study of the n-GaAs(100)/methanol interface in a photoelectrochemical cell

Anodic photocorrosion and cathodic photowashing of n-GaAs(100) in a nonaqueous photoelectrochemical cell have been studied using photoluminescence decays and the voltage dependence of both photoluminescence intensity and photocurrent. Photocorrosion of the cell, which is attributed to trace water contamination, results in an increased surface recombination velocity and an overall loss in photoluminescence intensity, but does not affect the photocurrent. The stability of the photocurrent upon corrosion of the cell implies that the photoinduced surface states resulting from the corrosion are intrinsically different from those observed in all other systems studied previously in this laboratory. The techniques listed above were also used to monitor changes in the n-GaAs/methanol interface with incremental water additions to the cell to study the effects of water contamination.
Monochromatic light saturation curves for photosynthesis in Chlorella.

We used a small oxygen electrode and a grating monochromator of 10 mμ half-band width to determine light-saturation curves of photosynthesis for films of Chlorella pyrenoidosa no more than 1 cell thick. All curves were referenced to the lightsaturated rate observed in 5 mw/cm 2 of 680 mμ. To a close approximation (± 2%) the light-saturated rate was independent of wavelength over the region in which light intensity was sufficient to make the test (450-705 mμ). At wavelengths of high absorption we obtained intensities sufficient to cause photoinhibition. As a measure of photoinhibition we used the breakpoint, the lowest intensity at which rate of photosynthesis decreased with time. In general, the saturated rate was slightly lower and the estimated breakpoint was considerably lower at wavelengths of high absorption. Maximum rate of absorption of quanta at the breakpoint was highest in the far-red (≥ 700 mμ), lower and relatively constant in the near-red (630-680 mμ), and lowest in the blue. At 435 and 450 mμ the breakpoint occurred below saturation. We attribute small deviations in maximum rate of photosynthesis to effects of photoinhibition. Independence of wavelength observed for the light-saturated rate is consistent with models of photosynthesis in which maximum rate is limited by the same dark reaction at all wavelengths.
Channel Frequency Response Estimation Under the Effect of RF Impairements in OFDM Based Wireless Systems

In this paper, the effects of various analog front-end impairments on the estimation of channel response for OFDM based wireless communication systems were discussed. Then, channel estimation algorithms that can take these effects into account were suggested. It was shown that the analog-front end impairments affect the performance of channel estimators greatly. However, with careful channel estimation algorithm designs, these effects can be minimized or completely compensated.
The effect of three polishing systems on the surface roughness of four hybrid composites: A profilometric and scanning electron microscopy study

Abstract A highly polished composite restoration is necessary to help promote a plaque-free environment. In this study the polishability of four hybrid composites (Pertac, APH, herculite, and Z100) was compared after finishing and polishing with the Caulk Enhance polishing kit, Kerr composite finishing kit, and the ESPE MFS/MPS polishing kit. Profilometric evaluation revealed that the MFS/MPS polishing system gave a superior polish for Z100, Herculite, and Pertac; the Enhance polishing system demonstrated the poorest polish with all four composites tested. There were no significant differences among the four composites when polished with each of the three polishing systems.
Live Cell Labeling of Glial Progenitor Cells Using Targeted Quantum Dots

This study describes the development of targeted quantum dots (T-QDs) as biomarkers for the labeling of glial progenitor cells (GPCs) that over express platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) and its receptor PDGFR (GPC(PDGF)). PDGFR plays a critical role in glioma development and growth, and is also known to affect multiple biological processes such as cell migration and embryonic development. T-QDs were developed using streptavidin-conjugated quantum dots (S-QDs) with biotinylated antibodies and utilized to label the intracellular and extracellular domains of live, cultured GPC(PDGF) cells via lipofection with cationic liposomes. Confocal studies illustrate successful intracellular and extracellular targeted labeling within live cells that does not appear to impact upstream PDGFR dynamics during real-time signaling events. Further, T-QDs were nontoxic to GPC(PDGF) cells, and did not alter cell viability or proliferation over the course of 6 days. These results raise new applications for T-QDs as ultra sensitive agents for imaging and tracking of protein populations within live cells, which that will enable future mechanistic study of oncogenic signaling events in real-time.
Avulsion of Central Incisors by Elastic Bands with Subsequent Orthodontic Treatment

Elastic bands, used to correct a diastema, slipped and resulted in the loss of the central incisors.
Interactive splatting of nonrectilinear volumes

This paper describes various techniques for achieving interactive direct volume rendering of nonrectilinear data sets using fast projection (splatting) methods. The use of graphics hardware, rendering approximations, parallelization and reduced resolution meshes are discussed. Results from the use of these techniques are presented in the form of color photos and comparative timings.
Full-color three-dimensional microscopy using white-light interference on a color camera

We present experimental demonstration of a novel full-color three-dimensional microscopy method. A white-light high-brightness LED illuminates a Michelson interferometer. A color CCD camera records the color image of an object in superposition with the reference beam. The short-coherence interferometric process is applied to each of the three color channels to extract tomographic contour images of the object. The set of three images are recombined as RGB channels to construct a color tomographic image of a section of the object. The reference mirror is scanned over a range of axial distances to construct a three-dimensional tomographic image of the object with full natural color representation. The technique is applied to imaging of artificial color objects as well as colorful biological objects with about 10 um axial resolution, about 100 ~ 200 um penetration depth, and 50 ~ 60 db dynamic range. In contrast to most existing three-dimensional microscopy methods, the present technique allows monitoring of tissue structures close to its natural color, which may be useful in various physiological and pathological applications.
Modeling and analysis of path-averaging noise in phasor-based phase reconstruction

Phase reconstruction algorithms, which determine phase from measured phase differences, are used in several areas, such as adaptive optics and speckle imaging. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of noisy phase difference measurement inputs on reconstructor output phase noise. An analytic procedure for finding the probability density function, and hence the variance and gain, of the output noise in a general phasor-based path averaging operation is given. Also, noise performance comparisons between the phasor-based and optimal linear techniques are shown.
Respiratory Tract Infections Increase Susceptibility to Neurogenic Inflammation in the Rat Trachea

This study reveals that respiratory tract infections make the tracheal mucosa of rats more susceptible to neurogenic inflammation, which is a type of inflammation mediated by neuropeptides released from sensory nerves. Neurogenic inflammation was produced in the tracheas of 2 groups of Long-Evans rats by electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve (5 V, 1 ms, 20 Hz for 5 min) or by an injection of capsaicin (15 to 200 µg/kg i.v.) or substance P (0.05 to 5.0 µg/kg i.V.). Rats of one group were pathogen-free; the others had serologic evidence of naturally occurring airway infections caused by Sendai virus, coronavirus, and Mycoplasma pulmonis. The stimuli produced neurogenic inflammation in both groups of rats, but the magnitude of this inflammation was much greater in the infected rats. The susceptibility of the infected rats to neurogenic inflammation was manifested by a 2.0 to 3.1 times larger increase in vascular permeability to Monastral blue, 5 times larger increase in number of neutrophils adhering to ...
The select agent rule and its impact on clinical laboratories

Abstract The Select Agent Rule was established to protect public health and safety and was designed specifically to address the possession, use, and transfer of select agents and toxins. It was published in the Federal Register Friday, 18 March, 2005, and became effective on 18 April, 2005. This rule applies to virtually all laboratories, including clinical, diagnostic, and research laboratories. What has been somewhat unclear is the impact of this rule on the day-to-day operation of clinical laboratories that may, in the course of routine analysis, isolate one of the select agents. Clearly, clinical microbiologists should be aware of the risks associated with manipulation of any of the select agents, the precautions necessary to protect laboratory personnel, and particularly, the regulatory requirements imposed upon those laboratories that choose to maintain and work with these agents. Thus, understanding the Select Agent Rule should be a goal of clinical microbiologists and laboratory directors that oversee diagnostic and research procedures. For most clinical laboratories, there should be no need to register with the Select Agent Program, as long as suspected isolates of select agents are forwarded to a registered reference laboratory for confirmatory identification and stock cultures of these agents are not maintained. Details of the application process are available on the internet at http://www.cdc.gov/od/sap/.
Estimating reproductive rates for female bears: Proportions versus transition probabilities

Abstract Estimating reproductive rate is an important element in understanding the demographic status of any bear population. These rates have been traditionally estimated by marking a sample of individuals with radiocollars and tracking them for the life of the transmitter. Rates of reproduction have been estimated in various ways, but all essentially calculate a ratio of female cubs produced by the number of females in the sample. Inherent in these calculations is the assumption that the sample is representative of the female population at large. We compare methods used to estimate reproductive rate, comparing the proportion of females in various reproductive states estimated from capture data with a method that estimates transition probabilities and stable state conditions. The latter is unaffected by capture heterogeneity among reproductive states. We use examples from 2 study areas (Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem [Wyoming, Montana, Idaho] and Kenai Peninsula, Alaska), with grizzly (Ursus arctos) and b...
Nanoliter volume, high-resolution NMR microspectroscopy using a 60-/spl mu/m planar microcoil

Previous studies demonstrated the feasibility of using 100-/spl mu/m inner diameter planar spiral inductors (microcoils) as detectors in /sup 1/H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) microspectroscopy. However, high-resolution NMR applications were not possible due to poor spectral resolution and low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). These limitations in performance have now been largely overcome by using a nonconductive liquid fluorocarbon (FC-43) to minimize the effects of susceptibility mismatch between materials, and by carefully optimizing the microcoil geometry for maximum SNR. In this study, liquid samples were loaded into a fused silica capillary (75-/spl mu/m inner diameter, 147-/spl mu/m outer diameter). The capillary was positioned 50 /spl mu/m above a 3.5-turn microcoil so that approximately 1 nL of the sample was present in the sensitive region of the microcoil. The microcoil was fabricated on a gallium arsenide substrate with an inner diameter of 60 /spl mu/m, an outer diameter of 200 /spl mu/m, trace width of 10 /spl mu/m, trace spacing of 10 /spl mu/m, and trace height of 3 /spl mu/m. At 5.9 T (250 MHz) in /sup 1/H-NMR microspectroscopy experiments using a spectral width of 1 kHz, 4096 sampled data points, and a recovery delay of 1 s, a SNR of 25 (per acquisition) and a spectral linewidth of less than 2 Hz were obtained from a sample of water. These results demonstrate that planar microcoils can be used for high-resolution NMR microspectroscopy. Such coils may also be suitable for localized NMR studies at the cellular level and as detectors in capillary electrophoresis or microbore liquid chromatography.
Synthesis of N-[4-[(2-Amino-6-Methyl-3,4-Dihydro-4-Oxo-7H-Pyrrolo[2,3-d]-Pyrimidin-5-Yl)Methyl]Benzoyl]-L-Glutamic Acid as an Antifolate

Thymidylate synthase (TS) coupled with dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) plays an important role in the de novo synthesis of deoxythymidylate (dTMP) from deoxyuridylate (dUMP) which is required for DNA biosynthesis. Inhibition of TS and/or DHFR leads to cell death. Therefore, inhibitors of TS and DHFR have found clinical utility as antitumor agents (1,2).
On the existence of supervisory policies that enforce liveness in discrete-event dynamic systems modeled by controlled Petri nets

We consider discrete-state plants represented by controlled Petri nets (CtlPNs), where a subset of transitions can be prevented from firing by a supervisor. A transition in a CtlPN can fire at a marking if there are sufficient tokens in its input places and it is permitted to fire by the supervisor. A CtlPN is live if it is possible to fire any transition from every marking that is reachable under supervision. In this paper we derive a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of a supervisory policy that enforces liveness in CtlPNs. We show this condition cannot be tested for an arbitrary CtlPN. However, for bounded CtlPNs or CtlPNs, where each transition is individually controllable, we show the existence of a supervisory policy which enforces that liveness is decidable. We also show the existence of a supervisory policy that enforces liveness is necessary and sufficient for the existence of a minimally restrictive supervisory policy.
The synthesis of head-to-tail cyclic sulfono-γ-AApeptides

We report an efficient method for the preparation of unprecedented head-to-tail cyclic sulfono-γ-AApeptides. Following this method, a number of cyclic sequences bearing two to five subunits were efficiently synthesized. In addition, the X-ray crystal structure study of a three-membered cyclic sulfono-γ-AApeptide revealed a type II β-turn-like character.
Cascaded Bayesian inferencing for switching activity estimation with correlated inputs

In this paper, we investigate the estimation of switching activity in VLSI circuits using a graphical probabilistic model based on cascaded Bayesian networks (CBNs). First, we develop a theoretical analysis for Bayesian inferencing of switching activity and then derive upper bounds for certain circuit parameters which, in turn, are useful in establishing the cascade structure of the CBN model. We formulate an elegant framework for maintaining probabilistic consistency in the interfacing boundaries across the CBNs during the inference process using a tree-dependent (TD) probability distribution function. A TD distribution is an approximation of the true joint probability function over the switching variables, with the constraint that the underlying BN representation is a tree. The tree approximation of the true joint probability function can be arrived at by using a maximum weight spanning tree (MWST) built using pairwise mutual information about the switching occurring at pairs of signal lines on the boundary. Further, we show that the proposed TD distribution function can be used to model correlations among the primary inputs which is critical for accuracy in modeling of switching activity. Experimental results for ISCAS circuits are presented to illustrate the efficacy of the proposed CBN models.
SoC with an integrated DSP and a 2.4-GHz RF transmitter

We present a system-on-chip (SoC) that integrates a TMS320C54x digital signal processor (DSP), which is commonly used in cellular phones, with a multigigahertz digital RF transmitter that meets the Bluetooth specifications. The RF transmitter is tightly coupled with the DSP and is directly mapped to its address space. The transmitter architecture is based on an all-digital phase-locked loop (ADPLL), which is built from the ground up using digital techniques and digital creation flow that exploit high speed and high density of a deep-submicrometer CMOS process while avoiding its weaker handling of voltage. The frequency synthesizer features a wideband frequency modulation capability. As part of the digital flow, the digitally controlled oscillator (DCO) and a class-E power-amplifier are created as ASIC cells with digital I/Os. All digital blocks, including the 2.4-GHz logic, are synthesized from VHDL and auto routed. The use of VHDL allows for a tight and seamless integration of RF with the DSP. To take advantage of the direct DSP-RF coupling and to demonstrate a software-defined radio (SDR) capability, a DSP program is written to perform modulation of the GSM standard. The chip is fabricated in a baseline 130-nm CMOS process with no analog extensions and features high logic gate density of 150 kgates per mm/sup 2/. The RF transmitter area occupies only 0.54 mm/sup 2/, and the current consumption (including the companion DSP) is 49 mA at 1.5-V supply and 4 mW of RF output. This proves attractiveness and competitiveness of the "digital RF" approach, whose goal is to replace RF functions with high-speed digital logic gates.
Prose Styles of Concerned Anthropology

Adolf F. Bandelier. The Delight Makers. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1971. xxvii. 490 pp. $7.95 (paper) (first published 1890) Gerald D. Berreman. The Politics of Truth. Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Humanities, 1982 xii. 298 pp. $17.25 (cloth) (first published 1980) Hugh Brody. Maps and Dreams. London: Jill Norman and Hobhouse, 1981. xix. 297 pp. £7.95 (cloth) Paul Record. Tropical Frontier. New York: Knopf, 1969. xiii. 325 pp. (OP) Dan Rose. Energy Transition and the Local Community. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1981. xx. 189 pp. $21.50 (clot
A Natural Gas Severance Tax—An Economic Analysis

This study estimates the economic effects of a severance tax on the market for natural gas produced from shale sources using non-conventional extraction methods, such as horizontal drilling and fracking. Results suggest that a severance tax of 5 % would increase the price of natural gas by as much as 3.82 % and decrease gas extraction by an estimated 1.16 % to a value of 9.52 %. If applied to the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in the United States, a 5 % severance tax is estimated to raise between US $443 and $486 million per year in public revenue. The marginal deadweight loss associated with a 5 % severance tax is estimated between 1.27 % and 12.85 % of the last dollar earned. The burden of this tax falls on both producers and consumers and depends upon the underlying assumptions made regarding the price responsiveness of consumers and producers. Under plausible assumptions, a family consuming 1000 MMcfs (≈2.8×104 m3) per year of natural gas is estimated to pay an additional $100 per year after the implementation of a 5 % severance tax.
Stability robustness conditions for market power analysis in industrial organization networks

Business networks provide one of the most compelling environments to study the conflicting effects of competition and cooperation on multi-agent dynamical systems. While firms engage various merger and divestiture strategies to create the desired cooperative environment that enhances their market power, governmental regulatory agencies enforce antitrust measures that protect competition as a means to limit the market power of these organizations. Merger simulation has subsequently evolved in recent years as a mechanism to study the impact of different organizational structures on the market. Nevertheless, typical economic models can often lead to competition dynamics that arbitrarily lose stability when considering different organizational structures. This work provides stability robustness conditions with respect to coalition structure for profit-maximizing dynamical systems with network demand, and partially convex utility. In particular, we show that stability of the coalition of all agents is sufficient to guarantee stability of all other coalition structures. These conditions are then leveraged to provide a systematic methodology for estimating a rich variety of demand systems that guarantee sensible stability results regardless of the structure of cooperation in the marketplace.
A comparison of two eigen-networks

The authors compare two linear networks which project adaptively the input data points on their principal components. They rederive Sanger's algorithm as the result of a constrained optimization problem and compare it to the cascaded network suggested by P. Foldiak (1989). It is shown how the two approaches are asymptotically equivalent. The cascaded network does not require any backpropagation, seems to be faster, and perhaps could be more easily implemented in real hardware. >
Association of Home-Delivered Meals on Daily Energy and Nutrient Intakes: Findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys.

This study examines the impact of a home-delivered meal program on daily energy and nutrient intakes using nationally representative data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003–2012 waves. First-difference estimator addressed selection bias by using within-individual variations in diet and service use status between two nonconsecutive 24-hour dietary recalls among 145 home-delivered meal service users. Service use was found to be associated with a net increase in daily intake of protein by 8.39 g, fiber 3.39 g, calcium 145.94 mg, copper 0.16 mg, magnesium 45.37 mg, potassium 317.39 mg, selenium 14.04 mcg, and sodium 327.52 mg; whereas the effects on daily intake of total energy, fat, and vitamin D were not statistically significant. Home-delivered meals improve nutrient intakes among participants, but currently the program may be too limited in scale and capacity to best capitalize its beneficial impact on healthy aging and health care cost containment at the national level.
A high-power W-band quasi-optical frequency tripler

A monolithic W-band quasi-optical array consisting of 196 heterostructure barrier varactors mounted in a waveguide has produced 684 mW of CW output power with a peak conversion efficiency of 11.3% at 93 GHz. The compact 32 mm/sup 2/ array was fabricated using two-barrier twin-mesa varactors with InGaAs/InAlAs/AlAs barriers on a lattice-matched InP substrate. Device measurements demonstrate low series resistance and high cutoff frequency. Simulations show even greater output power and efficiency can be achieved by increasing the device density in the array.
Cerebral Lesions Incidentally Detected on 2-Deoxy-2-[18F]Fluoro-D-Glucose Positron Emission Tomography Images of Patients Evaluated for Body Malignancies

Abstract Objectives: The purpose of this work was done to evaluate the value of including the brain in the field of view of a whole-body 2-deoxy-2-[ 18 F] fluoro-D-glucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) study of patients referred for the evaluation of body malignancies. Methods: A total of 1026 consecutive patients were included in this work. The primary diagnoses were the following: lung (n = 253), colorectal (n = 148), head and neck (n = 61), lymphoma (n = 249), melanoma (n = 84), and others (n = 231). Whole-body FDG images including the brain were acquired with a dedicated PET tomograph (GE advance, General Electronic Medical Systems, Milwaukee, WI) one hour after the intravenous administration of 10 mCi of FDG. Two experienced nuclear medicine physicians interpreted the images. Positive findings in the brain or the skull were correlated with other imaging studies and clinical follow-up. Results: Abnormal findings were detected in 3.9% (40/1026) of the patients. Among the 40 abnormal focal lesions, 29 patients had a known history of cerebral disease, cerebrovascular or metastatic disease in most patients. Of the 11 patients without a prior history of cerebral disease, four patients had increased focal FDG uptake suggestive of metastases. Among these, two were proven clinically, one was proven to be a skull base metastasis on MRI, and the other had negative clinical follow-up, but only of two months duration. The other seven patients had a decreased focal FDG uptake most consistent with infarct, one was proven clinically, and the other six had a negative clinical follow-up (mean of 6.3 months, range 1–10), but had multiple risk factors for cerebrovascular disease. Conclusions: We conclude that FDG-PET screening for cerebral lesions in patients with body malignancy has little clinical impact. Unsuspected cerebral or skull metastases were detected in 0.4% (4/1026) of the patients. (Mol Imag Biol 2002;4:359–362)
Is there an association between sweetened beverages and adiposity

Four mechanisms were reviewed to explain the possible association between sweetened beverages and increased overweight or obesity: excess caloric intake, glycemic index and glycemic load, lack of effect of liquid calories on satiety, and displacement of milk. The findings were inconsistent across studies. The strongest support was for the excess caloric intake hypothesis, but the findings were not conclusive. Assigning possible links between sweetened beverage consumption and adiposity requires research that compares and contrasts specific mechanisms, especially in populations at risk for obesity, while controlling for likely confounding variables.
The governance of NGOs in China since 1978: How much autonomy?

Does the surge of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in China indicate a shift in power away from the party-state and the emergence of a civil society? In an attempt to shed light on the relationship between the state and the NGOs, this article examines the aims of official NGO policy and its influence on the growth patterns of NGOs. The discussion is divided into three sections. The first section analyzes the NGO concept in China and the features of official policy. The second and third sections address two models of Chinese NGOs. The study concludes that even as the Chinese government remains the most decisive component in the development of NGOs, the state is withdrawing from responsibilities toward society. The interactive and mutually dependent relations between the government and NGOs indicate the continuing power of the party-state as well as the decline in its capacity to control the growth of organizations.
The Effects of Taxes on Labor in a Dynamic Efficiency Wage Model

This paper studies the impact of wage and employment taxes in an intertemporal efficiency wage model. The cases with fixed, linear and quadratic adjustment costs associated with job creation are considered. In general, the model shows that an increase in the employment tax leads to an increase in unemployment, reducing job creation, and has ambiguous effect on wages. While an increase in the wage tax reduces wages and has ambiguous impact on unemployment and job creation.
Employer-Employee Based Quality Circles in Japan: Human Resource Policy Implications for American Firms

This paper traces the development of the quality circle in Japan with reference to such traditions as permanent employment, nenko (seniority-based compensation), enterprise unionism, and management paternalism. Quality circles are examined as tools for motivating employees, reducing labor turnover, effecting employee "career expansion," and allowing employee participation in job redesign.
Development of the Identification of Functional Ankle Instability (IdFAI).

Background: Self-reported questionnaires are a common method used in identifying individuals with ankle instability. Recently a study illustrated the singular use of any of the most frequently utilized questionnaires failed to significantly predict ankle stability status. Therefore, the purpose of this article was to present information related to the development of the Identification of Functional Ankle Instability (IdFAI). Methods: Volunteers (n = 278; 125 males, 153 females, 19.8 ± 1.4 years) completed the IdFAI on one occasion. An exploratory factor analysis was conducted with principal axis factoring as the extraction method with varimax rotation. Additionally, a discriminant function analysis was conducted to identify a discrimination score and to evaluate the accuracy of the questionnaire. Results: The factor analysis revealed: factor 1 (four questions) explained 53.7% of the variance, factor 2 (four questions) with an additional 17.4%, and factor 3 (two questions) an additional 6.3%. Overall, thes...
Political Parties and Political Participation: A Reexamination of the Standard Socioeconomic Model

This paper examines conventional explanations as to why many lower status persons in the United States are less inclined than others to participate in politics. Such explanations typically treat lower status nonparticipation as the result of SES-related personality traits and therefore as an inevitable consequence of stratification. We present two lines of analysis. First, a review of comparative data suggests that such explanations ignore characteristics of U.S. political institutions-especially the programs and recruitment strategies employed by the major political parties-which are important sources of lower status political disinterest and nonparticipation. Second, in contrast to previous studies, we examine the effects of political party recruitment patterns on voting and campaign activity. Using the 1976 CPS election study, we find that: (1) voter contact by a political party or candidate increases the likelihood of voting and campaign activity, although it made no difference which party made the overture; (2) voter contact by the two major parties did not reduce the greater likelihood that high SES citizens would participate more in politics; and (3) the impact of contact was the same across social status and political party lines. The implications of these findings for theory and research on social class and political participation are discussed in the text.
Protein structural dynamics revealed by site-directed spin labeling and multifrequency EPR

Multifrequency electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), combined with site-directed spin labeling, is a powerful spectroscopic tool to characterize protein dynamics. The lineshape of an EPR spectrum reflects combined rotational dynamics of the spin probe’s local motion within a protein, reorientations of protein domains, and overall protein tumbling. All these motions can be restricted and anisotropic, and separation of these motions is important for thorough characterization of protein dynamics. Multifrequency EPR distinguishes between different motions of a spin-labeled protein, due to the frequency dependence of EPR resolution to fast and slow motion of a spin probe. This gives multifrequency EPR its unique capability to characterize protein dynamics in great detail. In this review, we analyze what makes multifrequency EPR sensitive to different rates of spin probe motion and discuss several examples of its usage to separate spin probe dynamics and overall protein dynamics, to characterize protein backbone dynamics, and to resolve protein conformational states.
Statistics for studies when N = 1

we have all grown up respecting the traditional scientific method, a cornerstone of which is making measurements not just in one cell, animal, or person but in N such individuals, where N is a magic number calculated to provide the power necessary to answer the question posed. Occasionally, however
Preconditioning a mixed discontinuous finite element method for radiation diffusion

We propose a multilevel preconditioning strategy for the iterative solution of large sparse linear systems arising from a finite element discretization of the radiation diffusion equations. In particular, these equations are solved using a mixed finite element scheme in order to make the discretization discontinuous, which is imposed by the application in which the diffusion equation will be embedded. The essence of the preconditioner is to use a continuous finite element discretization of the original, elliptic diffusion equation for preconditioning the discontinuous equations. We have found that this preconditioner is very effective and makes the iterative solution of the discontinuous diffusion equations practical for large problems. This approach should be applicable to discontinuous discretizations of other elliptic equations. We show how our preconditioner is developed and applied to radiation diffusion problems on unstructured, tetrahedral meshes and show numerical results that illustrate its effectiveness. Published in 2004 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
When to sample: flow variation mediates low-head dam effects on fish assemblages

Low-head dams are a primary source of anthropogenic disturbance to river systems. They have the ability to change rivers from lotic to lentic habitats, affect sediment transportation, connectivity, water quality, linkages with wetlands and the quality of in-stream and riparian habitats. These changes can effect fish community structures and have the potential to alter the success of organisms in the system. However, there is no standard sampling protocol to assess dam impacts under varying flow regimes. The Vermilion River and its tributary, the North Fork Vermilion, are both impacted by low-head dams creating lentic habitats within each system. In October 2012 and May 2013, fish assemblages were sampled using direct current (DC) electrofishing at a total of 12 sites. Community composition at base flow responded strongly to both dams and differed between the two drainages. In sharp contrast, there was no effect of dams or differences between rivers during high flow. To adequately assess dam impacts on fis...
Characterizing Thyroid-Depression Interactions: An Interdisciplinary Approach

Clinical lore in psychiatry has long suggested interactions between thyroid function and mood, with clinicians often reporting hypothyroidism accompanied by depressed mood in affected subpopulations. Researchers from an array of disciplines have sought to elucidate the shared pathophysiology, symptomalogy, and etiology underlying these thyroid-mood comorbidities. This review assembles recent findings in an effort to better understand the biological basis of thyroid-depression interactions. The convergence of genetic, biochemical, animal behavior, neuroimaging, and drug-related approaches holds notable promise in this developing field. Further work has implications for pharmacological augmentation in the treatment of mood and thyroid disorders.
Effect of adrenergic agonists on progesterone production by human placental cells in culture

Abstract Human placental cells maintained in culture were used to determine the direct effect of beta-adrenergic agonists on progesterone accumulation by the placenta. In five studies, when either of the beta-adrenergic receptor agonists, terbutaline or isoproterenol, 1.5 μg/ml, was incubated for 24 hours with the placental cells, significantly more progesterone was present in the culture medium than in the medium of matched controls. Compared with the medium of matched controls, progesterone in medium increased 36 ± 6% (mean ± SE) when cells were treated with terbutaline and 38 ± 7% when cells were treated with isoproterenol. In two dose-response studies with terbutaline, a minimal dose of 0.15 μg/ml was required to significantly increase progesterone in medium compared with that in matched controls. In three studies, propranolol at a concentration of 1.5 μg/ml completely blocked the stimulatory effect of 1.5 μg/ml of terbutaline.
Oncologic Imaging in Gynecologic Malignancies

18F-FDG PET imaging is underutilized in patients with gynecologic malignancies, and its role in current clinical practice has yet to be established. In cervical cancer, it has high sensitivity in detection of nodal disease. Its use is probably most suitable in patients with negative or ambiguous findings on other types of radiographic imaging. Data support its usefulness in asymptomatic cervical cancer patients with high tumor markers and negative conventional-imaging findings, although more data are needed to ascertain whether it has a positive impact on survival. Similarly, its role in monitoring response to therapies needs to be consolidated. In ovarian cancer, 18F-FDG PET holds promise in evaluation of recurrent or residual disease when other radiographic data are uncertain. In endometrial cancer, there are encouraging, although limited, data supporting the use of 18F-FDG PET in patients with recurrent disease. To reduce extensive lymph node dissection in patients and to decrease subsequent morbidity, investigators have advocated applying the sentinel node technique to patients with cervical, endometrial, or vulvar cancers. The overall results are encouraging for the use of LS in planning surgical procedures, although more data and larger planned studies are needed to establish clinical utility in the surgical management of patients with these malignancies.
Estimating actual areal evapotranspiration from potential evapotranspiration using physical models based on complementary relationships and meteorological data

The potential evapotranspiration E p , which is controlled by the atmospheric conditions and the saturation vapour pressure at the actual surface temperature, represents an upper limit to evapotranspiration from a wet soil-plant surface. The actual evapotranspiration E is the amount of water that evapotranspirates to the atmosphere under given energy and climatic conditions. According to Bouchet, dE+dE p =0. The author has verified the relationship using the measured data of pan evaporation. Both Morton and Brutsaert and Stricker applied the Bouchet's complementary relationship as the basis of their models and used Penman's model for E p . The author has used both the models to estimate E in the USA, South America and India from meteorological data such as precipitation, temperature, vapour pressure, wind velocity, and solar radiation. This method enables E to be estimated anywhere in the world, especially where the supply of water is less abundant.
Accountability and Institutional Design: Some Thoughts on the Grammar of Governance

Accountability is a protean concept, a placeholder for multiple contemporary anxieties. Public concern about the unaccountability of bureaucrats, corporations, supranational institutions and privatized governmental services - to name but a few targets - is ubiquitous. Accountability is surely a problem. But exactly what sort of problem? And what accountability structures would suffice to assure the public that the behavior of a multitude of powerful actors is subject to effective oversight and control. This essay begins by unpacking accountability to demonstrate that accountability talk is at base talk about the answer to six linked questions whose answers form the basic building blocks of what I will refer to as accountability regimes. These questions take on multiple meanings in diverse contexts, but my claim is that they are a set of questions that must be addressed to make sense of any claim about the efficacy of accountability. I then present a partial taxonomy of accountability regimes. This taxonomic exercise provides a basic map of the choices available to institutional designers (or institutional critics) when addressing accountability questions. It also begins to illustrate why institutional design issues are at base a set of choices among competing, overlapping and inevitably unsatisfactory, accountability regimes. Part III, illustrates the way this conceptual framework of accountability, a sort of grammar of governance for addressing accountability issues, can be deployed in a contemporary arena of increasing importance and widespread dispute: contracted out governance. This section looks at the accountability concerns that contracting out generates and sets those anxieties within a framework of long-standing debates about the relative roles of government, the market, and civil society in pursuing collective projects. This sets the stage for an exercise in auditing the accountability books - a demonstration of how accountability issues might be analyzed systematically within the context of a specific, contracted out governmental system. This audit illustrates how the taxonomy helps reveal the complex of accountability issues that can arise in a highly contracted out system, along with some of the difficulties and unanticipated accountability consequences of particular design choices. Finally, the Conclusion addresses an issue that lurks beneath the surface of the whole discussion: How should we assess the acceptability of particular accountability arrangements? The point here is not to suggest that, if we get the normative stance, right we can always solve our accountability problems through clever institutional design. It illustrates instead that once we get the analytics or grammar of accountability reasonably straight, and understand the basic purposes of different forms of accountability, we can then see more clearly what many accountability disputes really entail. For, at base, much of the dispute about accountability is a dispute about what particular institutions are meant to do, not how accountable they are in the doing of it.
Long lasting elimination of B cells in NZB/W F1 mice can be induced by NZB but not NZW parental CD8 CTL. (143.12)

B cells are a target in current lupus therapy. In the parent-into-F1 (P->F1) model of induced murine lupus, lupus is prevented by donor anti-host cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) elimination of B cells. To determine the therapeutic feasibility of CTL in a spontaneous lupus model, we transferred NZB or NZW parental splenocytes (60 or 90 x 10 6 cells) into 8 week old female NZB/W F1 mice. 2 weeks after transfer, NZB->F1 mice exhibited significant host B cell reduction and upregulation of B cell Fas consistent with in vivo CTL activity, better seen at the higher dose. By contrast, neither dose of NZW donor cells induced elimination of host B cells below control despite significant donor CD4/CD8 T cell engraftment and donor CD4 upregulation of CD44. At 12 weeks after transfer, NZB->F1 mice exhibited persistent reduction of host B cells significantly below control at both doses whereas B cells were not eliminated in NZW->F1 mice at either dose. No mice developed proteinuria >2+. Thus, NZW splenocytes fail to induce detectable B cell elimination short or long term despite engraftment and activation of donor T cells, indicative of defective effector CTL function. In contrast, NZB->F1 mice support the feasibility of CD8 CTL induction and B cell elimination both short and long term. Studies are in progress to determine if lupus-like disease is also attenuated. If so, more narrowly targeted CD8 CTL may be useful in selectively targeting pathogenic B cells in lupus.
Towers of Hanoi and Analysis of Algorithms

(1985). Towers of Hanoi and Analysis of Algorithms. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 92, No. 6, pp. 407-420.
A microfabricated superfluid4He “RF squid”

We have developed an apparatus which is the superfluid analog of the RF SQUID and exhibits the characteristics “staircase” response. This device is of the type demonstrated by O. Avenel and E. Varoquaux. The superfluid Helmholtz resonator is constructed from Silicon using microfabrication techniques and has an internal volume of only 5.0 mm3. The staircase pattern can be reliably reproduced in each new cell constructed by this technique. This device can, in principle, be used to detect absolute rotation. Numerical calculations of the flow field for our particular geometry predict sufficient sensitivity to detect the rotation of the Earth with s/n∼100. An ongoing search is being performed to observe the rotation effects.
Cell-free determination of binary complexes that comprise extended protein-protein interaction networks of Yersinia pestis

Binary protein interactions form the basic building blocks of molecular networks and dynamic assemblies that control all cellular functions of bacteria. Although these protein interactions are a potential source of targets for the development of new antibiotics, few high-confidence data sets are available for the large proteomes of most pathogenic bacteria. We used a library of recombinant proteins from the plague bacterium Yersinia pestis to probe planar microarrays of immobilized proteins that represented ∼85% (3552 proteins) of the bacterial proteome, resulting in >77,000 experimentally determined binary interactions. Moderate (KD ∼μ m ) to high-affinity (KD ∼n m ) interactions were characterized for >1600 binary complexes by surface plasmon resonance imaging of microarrayed proteins. Core binary interactions that were in common with other gram-negative bacteria were identified from the results of both microarray methods. Clustering of proteins within the interaction network by function revealed statistically enriched complexes and pathways involved in replication, biosynthesis, virulence, metabolism, and other diverse biological processes. The interaction pathways included many proteins with no previously known function. Further, a large assembly of proteins linked to transcription and translation were contained within highly interconnected subregions of the network. The two-tiered microarray approach used here is an innovative method for detecting binary interactions, and the resulting data will serve as a critical resource for the analysis of protein interaction networks that function within an important human pathogen.