cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Angiotensin converting enzyme-independent angiotensin II production by chymase is up-regulated in the ischemic kidney in renovascular hypertension

Background Tissue angiotensin II (ANG II) levels are elevated in both kidneys in renovascular hypertension (RVH). It has been demonstrated previously that intrarenal ANG II is augmented by an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) dependent mechanism in the non-ischemic kidney, but the role of ACE- independent production of ANG II in the kidney by the enzyme chymase is unknown. This study tested the hypothesis that intrarenal chymase activity is up-regulated in RVH. Methods A two-kidney, one-clip (2K1C) rat model was used to induce RVH ( n = 6 rats/group). Regulation of intrarenal chymase activity by plasma ANG II was investigated using an ANG II-infusion model. At sacrifice 14 days post-operatively, steady-state ANG II levels in plasma and kidney were quantified by radioimmunoassay. ANG II production was quantified in kidney homogenates by incubating at 37°C for 60 min with enzyme substrate (200 μ m ANG I) alone or substrate containing the chymase inhibitor chymostatin. ANG II was separated and quantitated by HPLC. Chymase activity was defined as the fraction of ANG II production inhibited by Chymostatin. Results 2K1C and ANG II-infused rats developed significant hypertension, compared to control rats ( P = 0.0001 and P = 0.001, respectively). Chymase-dependent ANG II production was increased in the ischemic kidney, but not the non-ischemic kidney, of 2K1C rats compared to control animals (* P P = NS). Conclusions Chymase activity is up-regulated in the ischemic kidney of 2K1C rats. Plasma ANG II does not appear to regulate intrarenal chymase activity, suggesting that ischemia per se up-regulates chymase activity in the kidney. ACE-independent ANG II production by chymase may provide a mechanism for augmenting intrarenal ANG II in the ischemic kidney in RVH.
The fuzzy c spherical shells algorithm: A new approach

The fuzzy c spherical shells (FCSS) algorithm is specially designed to search for clusters that can be described by circular arcs or, generally, by shells of hyperspheres. A new approach to the FCSS algorithm is presented. This algorithm is computationally and implementationally simpler than other clustering algorithms that have been suggested for this purpose. An unsupervised algorithm which automatically finds the optimum number of clusters is not known. It uses a cluster validity measure to identify good clusters, merges all compatible clusters, and eliminates spurious clusters to achieve the final results. Experimental results on several data sets are presented. >
Illuminating Mental Representations Through Speech and Gesture

Can the gestures people produce when describing algebra word problems offer insight into their mental representations of the problems? Twenty adults were asked to describe six word problems about constant change, and then to talk aloud as they solved the prob- lems. Two problems depicted continuous change, two depicted discrete change, and two depicted change that could be construed as either continuous or discrete. Participants' verbal and gestured descriptions of the problems often incorporated information about manner of change. However, the information conveyed in gesture was not always the same as the information conveyed in speech. Participants' problem representations, as expressed in speech and gesture, were systemati- cally related to their problem solutions. When gesture reinforced the representation expressed in the spoken description, participants were very likely to solve the problem using a strategy compatible with that representation—much more likely than when gesture did not reinforce the spoken description. The results indicate that gesture and speech together provide a better index of mental representation than speech alone.
When to Start Antiretroviral Therapy

The optimal time to start antiretroviral therapy (ART) for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals remains uncertain. Although current ART regimens are effective in suppressing viremia and enhancing immune function and are increasingly convenient and well tolerated, ongoing concerns remain about adherence, drug-related toxicities, drug resistance, and cost. Although few clinical trials results are currently available to inform the question of when to start ART, large clinical cohorts clearly have demonstrated the benefits of earlier initiation of ART for reducing both HIV-related and non-HIV-related clinical events. Additional data suggest that the strategy of earlier initiation of ART is cost-effective and efficient. Consequently, many antiretroviral guidelines from around the world now recommend routine initiation of ART when the CD4 cell count decreases to <350 cells/microL or at higher CD4 cell counts for certain subgroups of HIV-infected individuals, such as pregnant and/or breast-feeding women and persons with HIV-related nephropathy or hepatitis virus coinfection. Additional cohort and clinical trials data are needed.
Deciding to win: interactive effects of residency, resources and 'boldness' on contest outcome in white-footed mice

Various environmental and social factors can bias who wins and who loses a fight, but less is known about how these factors interact with each other to affect contest outcome. We examined this issue in the white-footed mouse, Peromyscus leucopus, as males of this species illustrate great flexibility in aggressive and territorial tactics in the field and in the laboratory. We found that the effects of both residency status and resource abundance (food, water and cover from predators) increased winning ability; however, there was no interaction between these two effects. As such, the impacts of residency and resource abundance on winning might represent two distinct behavioural phenomena that manifest via different mechanisms. We also found that mice that urine-marked an open arena at a high frequency were more likely to win fights in resource-rich environments compared to resource-poor environments. Meanwhile, mice that urine-marked the same type of environment at a substantially lower frequency did not show this behavioural difference between contexts. Because urinary marking behaviour is allied with aspects of risk-taking behaviour and social status, this result implies that males integrate information about their relative ‘boldness’ with information from their environment to make context-appropriate tactical decisions about fighting. We speculate that our data illustrate real-time, decision-making processes that are a necessary component of conditional strategies used to optimize fitness.
Manufacturing and Performance Assessments of Several Applications of Electrotextiles and Large-Area Flexible Circuits

Numerous applications of electrotextiles and flexible circuits have been identified that can advance systems performance for many commercial, military, and aerospace devices. Several novel uses of electrotextiles have been developed for lab testing, while others have been utilized in products on the commercial market, as well as items that have flown in space. ILC Dover, Inc. has utilized conductive fibers in various inflatable and tensile structures for signal transmission and electrostatic charge protection. Conductive and pressure sensitive textiles have been incorporated in the advanced development space suit (I-Suit) as switch controls for lights and rovers, and as signal transmission cables. Conductive fibers have been used in several stitched applications for electrostatic charge dissipation. These applications include large pharmaceutical containment enclosures where fine potent powders are being captured for transfer between manufacturing facilities, as well as impact attenuation airbags used in landing spacecraft on the surface of Mars. In both cases, conductive threads are uniquely located in seams and panel locations to gather and direct charge through surface fibers and panel interconnects. Conductive fibers have also been utilized in a conformal Sensate Liner garment for the identification of wound locations and medical sensor signal transmission for soldier health monitoring while on the battlefield. The performance challenges of these structures require a careful, systematic application of electrotextiles because of the flexing, straining, and exposure of the materials to harsh environments. ILC has also been developing “gossamer” spacecraft components utilizing unique materials and multi-functional structures to achieve extremely low mass and low launch volumes. Examples of large deployable structures featuring very thin, large flexible circuits for use in space include synthetic aperture radar (SAR) antennas, communications antenna reflectarrays, and active variable reflectance solar sails. Design and materials challenges of electrotextile and large-area flexible circuit membrane structures as demonstrated in engineered applications will be discussed in this paper.
“One Strike and You're Out” Implications of a Federal Crime Control Policy for Battered Women

In March 1996, the “One strike and you're out” initiative, a federal policy to fight crime in public housing, became official when President Clinton signed the Housing Opportunity Program Extension Act of 1996. Touted by the federal government as a tough anticrime measure to make public housing safe for law-abiding residents, the primary targets of One Strike are supposed to be gangs, drug dealers, and violent criminals. However, this article examines the potentially harmful consequences of the One Strike policy for formerly and currently battered women. These harmful consequences include making it more difficult for a battered woman to leave her abuser and putting her at risk of losing her public housing lease because of the abuser's behavior. The article concludes by suggesting amendments to One Strike as well as raising questions that need to be addressed in future research.
Hypoxia-Ischemia Induces DNA Synthesis without Cell Proliferation in Dying Neurons in Adult Rodent Brain

Recent studies suggest that postmitotic neurons can reenter the cell cycle as a prelude to apoptosis after brain injury. However, most dying neurons do not pass the G1/S-phase checkpoint to resume DNA synthesis. The specific factors that trigger abortive DNA synthesis are not characterized. Here we show that the combination of hypoxia and ischemia induces adult rodent neurons to resume DNA synthesis as indicated by incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and expression of G1/S-phase cell cycle transition markers. After hypoxia-ischemia, the majority of BrdU- and neuronal nuclei (NeuN)-immunoreactive cells are also terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated biotinylated UTP nick end labeling (TUNEL)-stained, suggesting that they undergo apoptosis. BrdU+ neurons, labeled shortly after hypoxia-ischemia, persist for >5 d but eventually disappear by 28 d. Before disappearing, these BrdU+/NeuN+/TUNEL+ neurons express the proliferating cell marker Ki67, lose the G1-phase cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors p16INK4 and p27Kip1 and show induction of the late G1/S-phase CDK2 activity and phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein. This contrasts to kainic acid excitotoxicity and traumatic brain injury, which produce TUNEL-positive neurons without evidence of DNA synthesis or G1/S-phase cell cycle transition. These findings suggest that hypoxia-ischemia triggers neurons to reenter the cell cycle and resume apoptosis-associated DNA synthesis in brain. Our data also suggest that the demonstration of neurogenesis after brain injury requires not only BrdU uptake and mature neuronal markers but also evidence showing absence of apoptotic markers. Manipulating the aberrant apoptosis-associated DNA synthesis that occurs with hypoxia-ischemia and perhaps neurodegenerative diseases could promote neuronal survival and neurogenesis.
Radiations from Ge 69

The radiations from ${\mathrm{Ge}}^{69}$ (39.6 hr) have been studied with the help of a magnetic lens spectrograph. Gamma-rays of energies 0.090, 0.388, 0.576, 0.870, 1.12, 1.340, 1.610 Mev have been found. The positron spectrum is complex and can be analyzed into three groups of end-point energies 1.215 Mev (88 percent) 0.610 Mev (10 percent), and 0.220 Mev (2 percent). Coincidence studies have also been made. A tentative energy level scheme is presented.
Who's on First? or, Books on the History of American Sports

The history of sports is a category of social history whose scholarly legitimacy was proclaimed as early as 1801 when Joseph Strutt argued, "In order to form a just estimation of the character of any particular people, it is absolutely necessary to investigate the Sports and Pastimes most generally prevalent among them." ' Americans were not quick to follow Strutt's lead. When books on American sports began to appear, they tended to be compilations of facts with only the most superficial efforts to relate the chronicled activities to the social context in which they occurred. Charles A. Peverelly's Book of American Pastimes was typical. It named the first sports clubs and teams, recorded scores, times, and distances, and immortalized the heroes of the day.2 Aside from rather excited remarks about the suitability of baseball to "the American temperament and disposition," there was little in the way of interpretation.3 As twentieth-century historians became interested in social history and even in what has now come to be termed "'popular culture,'" it was all but inevitable that they turn their attention to sports. In historiography, as in athletic encounters, the amateurs were challenged if by no means supplanted by the professionals. Compared to their predecessors, Stewart Culin, John Allen Krout, Herbert Manchester, and Jennie Holliman were more systematic and reliable, but scarcely more interpretive.4 Culin's enormous ethnographical study, The Games of the North American Indians, remains the most useful compendium of information on the sports of the native Americans, but Krout, Manchester, and Holliman have all been surpassed by more recent historians.
Clinical distribution and drug resistance of main pathogens in Ningbo Women and Children′s Hospital in 2009

Objective To analyze the main pathogens found in Ningbo Women and Children′s Hospital with respect to their clinical distribution and drug resistance.Methods Blood was cultured in BacT/Alert3D of Bio-Merieux of France.The clinical isolates were identified by VITEK-60 of Bio-Merieux of France.K-B agar diffusion method and confirmed test were used to detect the drug resistance of ESBLs-producing K.pneumoniae and E.coli.Results The composition ratios of the top 10 bacteria were as follows: Escherichia coli(27.1%),Candida albicans(8.7%),Gardnerella vaginalis(7.8%),Staphylococcus epidermidis(6.9%),Staphylococcus aureus(5.6%),Klebsiella pneumoniae(4.9%),Bowman acinetobacter compound calcium acetate(3.9%),Enterococcus faecalis(D group)(3.1%),Pseudomonas aeruginosa(2.7%) and Staphylococcus haemolyticus(2.0%).The positive rate of ESBLs producing strains of E.coli was 52.5%,while that of Klebsiella pneumoniae was 45.2%.Urine was the main source of Escherichia coli,followed by pus/wound.Most of Klebsiella pneumoniae were found in sputum and throat swabs. 46 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 11 Acinetobacter calcium acetate complex were imipenem resistant.Conclusion For ESBLs producing strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli,MRSA and MRCNS,imipenem-resistant composite Baumannii acinetobacter calcoaceticus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa,isolation and prevention measurements should be strengthed to restrict their spreading hospital and reduce the emergence of resistant strains.
System software design of UDP datagram and TCP transmission based on the DPU of DCS

In order to enhance the transmission efficiency and reliability of DCS data transmission,this paper proposes to adopt the Distributed Processing Unit(DPU) based on the ARM controller with low power consumption and high performance as the main controller and points out that the complicated Sliding Window Algorithm should be avoided to enhance communication rate from the aspect of software design.This system software design creates network connection,TCP and UDP,among which the priority of TCP is the highest.The three tasks switch by the function provided by the system.
Regulation of Amelogenin Gene Expression

The X-chromosomal amelogenin gene is expressed at a high level by ameloblast cells within the enamel organ for a short time during tooth development. Therefore, expression is both tooth specific and developmentally regulated. A Y-chromosomal amelogenin gene is also active in human and cow, but has not been detected in mouse. Genes and/or cDNAs have been cloned for mouse, human, cow, rat, pig, opossum, and hamster, and analyses have indicated that coding and upstream regions are conserved across species. Alternative splicing is extensive and produces as many as 9 mRNAs from the 7 exon murine gene, resulting from single and multiple exon skipping and alternate 3' site selection within exon 6. The pattern of alternative splicing varies both between species and during development, which is expected to result in some diversity through varying complements of amelogenin proteins associated with this highly conserved gene.
Subthreshold aortic nerve inputs to neurons in nucleus of the solitary tract.

Subthreshold aortic nerve (AN) inputs to neurons receiving a monosynaptic AN-evoked input (MSNs: respond to each of two AN stimuli separated by 5 ms) and neurons receiving a polysynaptic AN input (...
Cross-Sectional and Prospective Associations Between Positive Emotions and General Life Satisfaction in Adolescents

Informed by the broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions (PE), we tested a model of the origins of life satisfaction (LS) with a sample of 567 middle school students from the Southeastern United States. The pathways thinking domain of hope was proposed to mediate the relation between PE and general LS at a single time point, as well as over 1 year. At Time 1, pathways thinking was a significant mediator of PE and LS. In the prospective model, PE did not predict later LS after controlling for baseline LS. The findings have implications for theory and efforts to promote and sustain LS over time in adolescents.
The Kinetics of Primary Electron Transfer steps in PS I Reaction Centers

The primary electron transfer kinetics were determined for the first time in core antenna - reaction center complexes from photosystem I of wild-type Synechocystis sp. pee 6803 containing about 100 chlorophylls, by comparing femtosecond pump-probe profiles for samples with open and closed reaction centers.
3D Eddy Current Testing by FEM for Detection of Crack’s in Materials

In this paper, we present a nondestructive Testing by sensor Eddy current is used as a tool to control cracks and micro-cracks in materials. A new method for computing by measuring and testing related 3D Eddy currents is considered. In the process, a Potential Magnetic Vector is provided on the basis of formulations taken from the theoretical set up. Thus, results of relevant applications are obtained to check the theory consistency. A simulation by a numerical approach using Finite element discretization of 3-D Eddy Current governing equations is employed to detect cracks and damaged zones in materials and eventually to study their propagation.
A New Efficient Method for Detecting Phase Singularity in Cardiac Fibrillation.

Background The point of phase singularity (PS) is considered to represent a spiral wave core or a rotor in cardiac fibrillation. Computational efficiency is important for detection of PS in clinical electrophysiology. We developed a novel algorithm for highly efficient and robust detection of PS. Methods In contrast to the conventional method, which calculates PS based on the line integral of the phase around a PS point equal to ±2π (the Iyer-Gray method), the proposed algorithm (the location-centric method) looks for the phase discontinuity point at which PS actually occurs. We tested the efficiency and robustness of these two methods in a two-dimensional mathematical model of atrial fibrillation (AF), with and without remodeling of ionic currents. Results 1. There was a significant association, in terms of the Hausdorff distance (3.30 ± 0.0 mm), between the PS points measured using the Iyer-Gray and location-centric methods, with almost identical PS trajectories generated by the two methods. 2. For the condition of electrical remodeling of AF (0.3 × ICaL), the PS points calculated by the two methods were satisfactorily co-localized (with the Hausdorff distance of 1.64 ± 0.09 mm). 3. The proposed location-centric method was substantially more efficient than the Iyer-Gray method, with a 28.6-fold and 28.2-fold shorter run times for the control and remodeling scenarios, respectively. Conclusion We propose a new location-centric method for calculating PS, which is robust and more efficient compared with the conventionally used method.
Biomechanical Evaluation of the Depth of Resection During Femoral Neck Osteoplasty for Anterior Impingement Following Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis.

BACKGROUND Femoroacetabular impingement as a result of slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) has been treated traditionally with a proximal femoral osteotomy, but open and arthroscopic femoral osteoplasty is becoming increasingly popular. Cam lesions result from excess bone primarily at the anterolateral femoral head-neck junction. SCFEs result from posterior and inferior slippage of the femoral epiphysis, causing the metaphysis to move anteriorly. This study's purpose was to compare fourth-generation sawbones standard femurs with SCFE femurs to determine whether bone resection from the anterior metaphysis results in similar biomechanical properties. METHODS A custom fourth-generation composite SCFE sawbone was created with a 30-degree slip angle. Control group consisted of fourth-generation composite standard nondeformed medium femurs. The femoral neck at the head-neck junction was divided into 4 quadrants. All resections were done in the anterolateral quadrant. Twenty SCFE sawbones and 20 standard sawbones were divided into 4 subgroups based on resection depths of 0%, 10%, 30%, and 50% of the metaphysis at the head-neck junction. After resection, all proximal femurs were loaded to failure in an Instron testing machine to determine the ultimate load to failure, stiffness, and energy to failure. RESULTS The standard femurs were significantly stronger than the SCFE femurs (P<0.001) and the strength of the femurs decreased significantly as the resection amount increased (P<0.001). Similarly, the standard femurs withstood significantly more energy before failing than the SCFE femurs (P<0.001) and the energy to failure decreased significantly with varying resection amounts (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS SCFE femurs demonstrate a significant reduction in strength and energy to failure after osteoplasty compared with nondeformed femurs in a sawbone model. Strength and energy to failure are inversely proportional to the depth of bone resection. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Aggressive femoral neck osteoplasty for treatment of a SCFE deformity may lead to increased risk of fracture. Further studies are necessary to determine the safe depth of resection in a clinical setting.
Interlaminar endoscopic lateral recess decompression—surgical technique and early clinical results

Background: Lateral recess stenosis is a common pathology causing de-novo or residual radicular pain following lumbar spine surgery. Diagnostic criteria and treatment strategies for symptomatic lateral recess stenosis are not well established. Methods: We identified ten patients in our prospective patient database (n=146) who underwent endoscopic interlaminar decompression for unilateral symptomatic lateral recess stenosis. Lateral recess height and angle were measured on axial T2-weighted MRI. Values from the symptomatic side were compared to the contralateral side which served as asymptomatic control. Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for back and leg pain were collected preoperatively, postoperatively and at last follow-up. Results: Preoperative MRI revealed that both lateral recess angle and height were significantly smaller on the symptomatic compared to the asymptomatic side (angle: 19.3˚ vs . 35.7˚; height: 2.9 vs . 5.7 mm; P vs . postoperatively 1.7±0.9, P Conclusions: Lateral recess height and angle correlate with symptomatic lateral recess stenosis which is effectively treated utilizing interlaminar endoscopic lateral recess decompression.
Steady RANS methodology for calculating pressure drop in an in-line molten salt compact crossflow heat exchanger

Abstract The development of molten salt cooled reactors (MSR) and fluoride-salt cooled high temperature reactors (FHR) requires the use of advanced design tools for the primary heat exchanger (PHX) design. Due to geometric and flow characteristics, compact (pitch to diameter ratios equal to or less than 1.25) heat exchangers with a crossflow flow arrangement can become desirable for these reactors. Unfortunately, the available experimental data is limited for compact tube bundles or banks in crossflow. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) can be used to alleviate the lack of experimental data in these tube banks. Previous computational efforts have been primarily focused on large pitch to diameter ratios (larger than 1.4) using unsteady Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) and Large Eddy Simulation (LES) frameworks. These approaches are useful, but have large computational requirements that make comprehensive design studies impractical. A CFD study was conducted with steady RANS in an effort to provide a starting point for future design work. The study was performed for an in-line tube bank geometry with FLiBe (LiF-BeF2), a frequently selected molten salt, as the working fluid. Based on the estimated pressure drops, the pressure and velocity distributions in the domain, an appropriate meshing strategy was determined and presented. Periodic boundaries in the spanwise direction transverse flow were determined to be an appropriate boundary condition for reduced computational domains. The domain size was investigated and a minimum of 2-flow channels (FC) for a domain is recommended to ensure the behavior is accounted for. Lastly, the standard low Re κ-e (Lien) turbulence model was determined to be the most appropriate for steady RANS of this case at the time of writing.
An Interdisciplinary Approach to Toxic Stress: Learning the Lingo

> In conjunction with the Editorial Board of Pediatrics , the Editorial Board of the SOPT Monthly Feature is proud to present the winning essay of the First Annual Advocacy Essay Competition, written by Dr Laura Livaditis. Inspired by the Advocacy Campaign of 2017, “Partnering for Resilience: Learn, Empower and Connect to Address Toxic Stress,” this year’s essay competition sought to increase awareness on this critical topic by asking for submissions that examine the effects and management of toxic stress. The following pages feature Dr Livaditis’s article, in which she demonstrates the importance of developing medical-legal partnerships as a means of combating toxic stress. > > Catherine Spaulding, MD, Editor, Pediatrics , SOPT Monthly Feature As I prepared to meet one of the founders of a legal advocacy nonprofit organization, I reminded myself of the buzzwords I wanted to slip into the conversation: “adverse childhood experiences,” “health disparities,” “trauma-informed care,” and “toxic stress.” During the discussion, the lawyer responded with her own jargon: “juvenile lifer,” “ Graham v Florida ,” and “mitigation hearings.” She then told me a story that seemed unbelievable: that the United States is the only country in which youth can be sentenced to life in prison without the prospect of parole; that the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania single-handedly contributes nearly 25% of the world’s juvenile lifers to the prison system1; and that only within the past decade has the US Supreme Court committed to incorporating neurodevelopmental research into its decisions regarding capital punishment. In fact, only in 2012 … Address correspondence to Laura V. Livaditis, MD, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins Children’s Center, 1800 Orleans St, 8th floor, Baltimore, MD 21287. E-mail: llivadi1{at}jhu.edu
Self-Employment for People With Disabilities: Enhancing Services Through Interagency Linkages

In 2001, an exploratory survey was distributed to more than half of all Small Business Development Centers (SBDCs) across the United States to identify how SBDCs and Vocational Rehabilitation (VR) ...
Abstract 78: Time to Endovascular Treatment and Outcomes in the DAWN Trial

Introduction: It is well-established that, within 0-6 hours, the benefit of thrombectomy rapidly decays over time. The DAWN trial demonstrated that, in the presence of clinical-core mismatch (CCM), thrombectomy remains beneficial within 6-24 hours. We aim to assess the effect of time to randomization on outcomes in the DAWN. Methods: We used traditional multivariate logistic regression controlling age and NIHSS at baseline adding an interaction between Trevo and Time last seen well and then generated the odds ratio of the interaction of Trevo and time at particular time points. Results: Each 1-hour delay to treatment markedly impacted functional independence (OR,0.89 [95% CI 0.75 to 1.03]). Although the odds of functional independence at 90 days (mRS 0-2) with thrombectomy declined with longer time from last seen well (TLSW) to puncture, treatment benefit was observed through 24 hours : cOR at 8 hours, 6.8 (95% CI, 2.1 to 22.0), absolute risk difference (ARD) for mRS 0-2, 24.4%; cOR at 12 hours, 9.4 (95% CI, 4.1 to 21.6), ARD, 35.1%; cOR at 16 hours, 13.0 (95% CI, 4.1 to 41.3), ARD, 37.2%; cOR at 20 hours, 17.8 (95% CI, 2.9 to 110.4), ARD, 36.5%; cOR at 24 hours, 24.6 (95% CI, 1.9 to 322), ARD, 35.5% (Figure). Comparable analysis using time from symptoms first observed (TSFO) yielded similar results. Conclusion: In patients selected based on CCM, treatment benefit persists all the way to 24 hours; however, both the chances of good outcome and the overall treatment effect continuously drop over time.
Atmospheric test environments for planetary in-situ missions: Never quite “Test as you fly”

Abstract The planetary atmospheric and surface environments that planetary probes, landers and rovers may encounter cannot be perfectly replicated in tests on Earth. The temperature, pressure and composition of atmospheric test environments for previous missions are reviewed, and the differences between the conditions used in tests and the actual conditions at the target body are discussed. Generally, it has been the practice to replicate only those few key parameters that determine the phenomena of interest, and the effects of gravity and of minor atmospheric constituents are rarely simulated explicitly. Typically tests have been performed in nitrogen atmospheres (rather than carbon dioxide for Mars and Venus) or Helium (instead of hydrogen for Jupiter): exceptions are a handful of specific tests where the composition was considered critical. In-flight thermal anomalies are generally attributable to differences between the static conditions in a test chamber and the dynamic environment of flight, rather than to the composition of test atmospheres.
Other Significant Hazards: Food Allergies and Intolerances

Consumers experience adverse reactions to foods for a variety of reasons, both immunological and nonimmunological. Nonimmune-mediated adverse reactions can be caused by enzyme deficiencies, toxicological, or pharmacological processes, or may be idiopathic. Immune-mediated adverse reactions may arise through a number of different mechanisms, including antibody-mediated reactions, cell-mediated reactions, and mixed reactions. IgE-mediated food allergies and celiac disease are the immune-mediated responses of greatest public health significance. Although there are few data on the incidence of adverse reactions, the number of consumers with immune-mediated sensitivities appears to be increasing.
Design and Analysis of Low Orbiting Fourier Transform Spectrometer Satellite

The conceptual design of a small Low Orbiting Fourier Transform Spectrometer Satellite is outlined and each of its key systems is discussed. Included are overviews of the mission design, satellite packaging, thermal system, structural analysis, attitude control system, satellite communications, power system, probabilistic risk assessment, and cost analysis. This design fulfills stringent pointing and stability requirements while maintaining a remarkably low weight and cost. The satellite is designed to accommodate the “slide sat” concept with an easily removable hull and four interior mounting panels. This will decrease assembly time and lower production costs. The satellite is recommended to launch on the Shuttle Hitchhiker on June 15, 2000 and expected to live over five years.
Symposium report on "Examining the Changing Landscape of Course Delivery and Student Learning": Experimental Biology 2017.

An APS Teaching Section symposium entitled “Examining the Changing Landscape of Course Delivery and Student Learning” was offered at the Experimental Biology conference on April 24th, 2017, in Chic...
Abetting planned obsolescence by aging 3D networks-on-chip

We set up a security analysis framework by aging the Network-on-Chip (NoC) to study planned obsolescence by the original equipment manufacturer (OEM). An NoC is the communication backbone in a manycore System-on-Chip (SoC). Planned obsolescence may adopt any vulnerability in the NoC to cause the SoC to fail. We show how an OEM can craft workloads to generate electromigration-induced stress and crosstalk noise in TSV-based vertical links in the NoC to hasten failure. We analyzed three malicious workloads and confirm that a crafted workload that injects 3--10% more traffic on to a few selected critical vertical links can shorten the lifetime of the NoC by 11%-25% averaged over the benchmarks considered in this work.
The assignment of the (PNCl2)3 vibrational spectrum

Abstract Additional spectroscopic data including the far infrared spectrum and the Raman spectrum of the single crystal have been obtained for (PNCl2)3. These results have been used to modify and complete the assignment of the fundamental modes of this molecule. The infrared and Raman spectra of the crystal show that the molecule in this phase is slightly distorted from a D3h symmetry.
Closure of subarterial ventricular septal defect with minimally invasive surgical technique: A case report.

Abstract Introduction Minimally invasive cardiac surgery has been applied for the treatment of ventricular septal defect (VSD) with various approaches. However, closure of subarterial VSD with minimally invasive technique via left parasternal thoracotomy is rarely reported. Case presentation A 22-year-old man, weighing 65 kg, with a diagnosis of subarterial VSD underwent successful repair with minimally invasive technique via left parasternal thoracotomy through third intercostal space. The peripheral perfusion was performed with femoral arterial and venous cannulation. Myocardium was protected by warm blood cardioplegia injected directly into aortic root by a long needle and aortic clamp introduced through the thoracotomy incision. Discussion The left parasternal thoracotomy through third intercostal space (ICS) allows to expose both the subarterial VSD and ascending aorta. Myocardial protection and repair of this defect can be performed merely without requirements of video assistance or unique instruments. The patient recovered rapidly and was satisfied with the cosmetic result. The primary concern of this technique is mammary tissue which can be injured by a transverse incision in female patients. In this case, we can transform into the longitudinal incision. Conclusion This minimally invasive technique is feasible for the surgical treatment of subarterial VSD. Long-term follow-up and additional cases will be needed for validation of the safety and efficacy of this approach.
The chippers, the quitters, and the highly symptomatic: A 12-month longitudinal study of DSM-5 opioid- and cocaine-use problems in a community sample.

Abstract Background Individual trajectories of drug use and drug-related problems are highly heterogeneous. There is no standard taxonomy of these trajectories, but one could be developed by defining natural categories based on changes in symptoms of substance-use disorders over time. Methods Our study was conducted in a community sample in Baltimore, Maryland. At baseline, all participants were using opioids and/or cocaine, but none were in treatment. Drug use and symptomatology were assessed again at 12 months (N = 115). Results We defined Quitters as participants who had not used for at least 30 days at follow-up (17%). For the remaining participants, we performed longitudinal cluster analysis on DSM symptom-counts, identifying three trajectory clusters: newly or persistently Symptomatic (40%) participants, Chippers (21.5%) with few symptoms, and Converted Chippers (21.5%) with improved symptom counts. Logistic regression showed that profiles of Quitters did not resemble Chippers, but instead resembled Symptomatic participants, having high probability of disorderly home neighborhood, nonwhite race, and negative mood. Quitters tended to have two protective factors: initiating opioid-agonist treatment during the study (reffect = 0.25, CL95 0.02–0.48) and lack of polydrug use (reffect = 0.25, CL95 0.004–0.49). Converted Chippers tended to be white, with orderly home neighborhoods and less negative mood (reffects 0.24 to 0.31, CL95 0.01–0.54). Conclusions Changes in DSM symptomology provided a meaningful measure of individual trajectories. Quitters shared psychosocial characteristics with Symptomatic participants, but not with participants who continued to use with few symptoms. This suggests that Quitters abstained out of necessity, not because their problems were less severe.
An Exploration of Cross-Disciplinary Peer Education in Natural Resources

Forestry and agricultural education programs need to increase their public communication and cross-disciplinary activities. In this article we present a technique, Cross-Disciplinary Peer Education (CDPE), which allowed forestry students to teach student peers from other disciplines about basic forestry principles. Cross-Disciplinary Peer Education is an innovative way to give natural resource and agriculture students (peer educators) the opportunity to educate students from other disciplines (peer learners). In our exploration of CDPE we found (i) peer learners gained exposure to different disciplines and perspectives of the world, and (ii) peer educators improved their communication skills. The primary challenge of CDPE is the additional time required by faculty instructors to prepare for the CDPE experience.
Repeat Surgery After Decompressive Craniectomy for Traumatic Intracranial Hemorrhage: Outcomes and Predictors

Introduction Repeat surgery (RS) after decompressive craniectomy/craniotomy (DC) for traumatic intracranial hemorrhage (TICH) is a devastating complication. In patients undergoing DC for TICH, we sought to 1) describe the population requiring RS, 2) compare outcomes of those requiring RS with those who did not, and 3) discern RS predictors. Methods A single-institution retrospective case-control study was conducted from 2000 to 2015. Inclusion criteria were DC for acute supratentorial TICH (subdural hemorrhage, epidural hemorrhage, and intraparenchymal hemorrhage) and ≥7 day survival. Patients underwent RS within 7 days of DC; controls did not require RS. Outcomes and predictors of RS were evaluated with univariate and multivariate logistic regression (MLR). Results Of 201 patients requiring DC, 28 (14%) underwent RS. Common mechanisms were ground-level fall (45%) and motor vehicle collision (29%). Anticoagulation/antiplatelet medication was used by 44 patients (21%). Subdural hemorrhage was the most common hemorrhage (64%). Using MLR, those requiring RS were more likely to experience major complications (odds ratio [OR], 22.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 5.06–101.35; P Conclusions Patients requiring RS after DC represent a heterogenous population with worse outcomes. Although the identified risk factors for RS are not modifiable, surgeons should be aware of these factors during the initial surgery.
International Public and Private Response

This chapter addresses the international responses of both the public (governments and nongovernmental organizations) and private (industry or trade associations) activities related to understanding and managing food fraud prevention. To review this scope, there is a very brief overview of incidents to understand the severity of the issue; this is followed by a summary of foundational and more applied activities and then some of the collaboration interactions. The focus includes the UK, EU, China, and the international entities such as WHO, FAO, INFOSAN, Codex Alimentarius, ISO, INTERPOL-Europol, GFSI, and others.
Complete Statistical Theory of Learning

Existing mathematical model of learning requires using training data find in a given subset of admissible function the function that minimizes the expected loss. In the paper this setting is called Second selection problem. Mathematical model of learning in this paper along with Second selection problem requires to solve the so-called First selection problem where using training data one first selects from wide set of function in Hilbert space an admissible subset of functions that include the desired function and second selects in this admissible subset a good approximation to the desired function. Existence of two selection problems reflects fundamental property of Hilbert space, existence of two different concepts of convergence of functions: weak convergence (that leads to solution of the First selection problem) and strong convergence (that leads to solution of the Second selection problem). In the paper we describe simultaneous solution of both selection problems for functions that belong to Reproducing Kernel Hilbert space. The solution is obtained in closed form.
Bispectral EEG (BSEEG) to assess arousal after electro-convulsive therapy (ECT).

Abstract Objectives Postictal confusion is encountered among most patients following electro-convulsive therapy (ECT). This study aimed to test the capabilities of a point-of-care electroencephalography (EEG) method to quantitatively measure and monitor postictal confusion immediately following ECT. We evaluated whether a two-channel frontal EEG device may provide a purely quantitative measure of the postictal state that could aid in the continuous, clinical monitoring of patients following ECT. Methods 50 patients receiving ECT at the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics were recruited for this study. Subsequently, we obtained 5 min of frontal bispectral EEG (BSEEG) recording from a hand-held EEG device at baseline and 10–20 min following ECT. We performed power spectral density analysis to yield a “BSEEG” score and to capture the difference between patients at baseline and after ECT. Results The BSEEG score was demonstrated to be a significant indicator of postictal confusion compared to baseline. For 5 patients, we also obtained continuous EEG recordings following ECT to determine the time course required for a patient's BSEEG score to return to baseline. In this subset of patients, it took between 2 and 3 h in duration for the BSEEG score to return to the baseline range. Conclusions In this pilot study, we showed that BSEEG score was able to distinguish between baseline condition and postictal confusion in patients treated with ECT, and assess the duration for recovery from postictal confusion following ECT. BSEEG may provide a more sensitive measure of arousal in patients following ECT compared to traditional survey-based methods.
Variation in the presence and abundance of anthropogenic microfibers in the Cumberland River in Nashville, TN, USA

Anthropogenic microfibers (thread-like pieces of litter < 5 mm in size) including microplastic fibers have been suggested to pose a growing threat to urban rivers across the world. However, in most urban rivers, we have a limited understanding of how anthropogenic microfibers vary in presence and abundance over time. In this study, we examined how the presence and abundance of anthropogenic microfibers varied in the Cumberland River in Nashville, TN, a growing city with more than one million residents. To measure anthropogenic microfibers, we collected grab samples of surface water weekly from three locations along the Cumberland River in Nashville, TN (one upstream of the city, one in downtown, and one downstream of the city), over a 7-week period in summer of 2018 (n = 151 total samples). We found that anthropogenic microfibers were present at all study sites over time (mean of all samples = 27.9 microfibers/L) and that the mean abundance of anthropogenic microfibers significantly increased in the city and downstream of the city relative to our upstream collection site. In addition, we found that anthropogenic microfiber abundance was significantly variable over time (sample values ranged from 0 to 195 pieces/L) and that multiple factors including the presence of wastewater treatment plants may be contributing to the abundance and distribution of anthropogenic microfibers in this urban river.
The APRIN gene (AS3) is downregulated in invasive breast cancers

5595 B ac k g r o u n d. The APRIN gene was first isolated from prostate cancer cells. It was shown to be upregulated in androgen-induced proliferative arrest and microsatellite markers detected its genomic loss in a number of prostate and other cancers. We mapped the gene on chromosome 13q12.3, in close proximity to BRCA2, a breast cancer associated gene. In most sporadic breast cancers BRCA2 is intact, but deletions indicated a cryptic breast cancer suppressor gene next to BRCA2, in the APRIN area. O b j e c t i v e. The aim of our study was to investigate if these deletions targeted the APRIN gene and whether the loss of APRIN expression correlates with breast cancer, indicating a critical role for APRIN. M e t h o d. We generated an affinity purified polyclonal anti-APRIN antibody and we used immunoblots and immunohistochemistry to detect APRIN expression and localization in normal and breast cancer cells. We developed a tetracycline regulated APRIN expression system to investigate its effect on proliferation. We analyzed in silico microarray and SAGE data to examine APRIN expression in various breast cancer cell lines and breast cancer samples; and we analyzed 57 invasive ductal breast adenocarcinomas to assess APRIN expression. R e s u l t s. Western analysis detected APRIN expression in human breast epithelial cells, in the MCF7 cell line. Immunohistochemistry in normal human breast tissue sections showed that it was predominantly nuclear and mostly epithelial. The tetracycline-induced APRIN expression system in breast cancer cells showed that APRIN induction arrested the proliferation of mammary gland epithelial cells. The in silico microarray and SAGE data indicated that APRIN expression was absent in most of the breast cancer cell lines and clinical cancer samples. Our immunohistochemical analysis detected high expression of APRIN in normal breast tissues. In contrast, our analysis of 57 clinical breast cancer samples indicated that in 90 % of the invasive ductal breast adenocarcinomas APRIN was absent or downregulated. C o n c l u s i o n s. Our results strongly suggest that APRIN is not primarily androgen regulated, its function is not exclusively prostate specific and it also has a critical role in breast cancer. The APRIN protein has domains typical of chromatin regulators and it may link hormonal regulation to chromatin in differentiation and cancer.