cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Schooling for children with acquired immune deficiency syndrome

The issue of schooling for children with acquired immune deficiency syndrome has been fervently debated in New York City. Adding to the furor of this debate are irrational fears and lack of sufficient scientific data. The past and present controversy can be best understood via a chronologic review of the events surrounding this issue. On August 30, 1985, the Centers for Disease Control published guidelines for education and foster care of children infected with human T-lymphotropic virus type IlI/tymphadenopathy-associated virus. ~ The CDC recommended that "for most infected school-aged children, the benefits of an unrestricted setting would outweigh the risks of their acquiring potentially harmful infections in the setting and the apparent nonexistent risk of transmission of HTLV-III. These children should be allowed to attend school and after-school day-care and to be placed in a foster home in an unrestricted setting." The CDC also recommended that decisions regarding the type of educational and care setting should be evaluated for each case individually. On the same day, in a joint statement issued by the Mayor of New York City, the NYC Schools Chancellor, the President of the NYC Board of Education, and the Health Commissioner of NYC, a policy was announced under which children with AIDS would not be automatically excluded from NYC public schools but would be reviewed on a case-by-case basis to determine whether their health status permitted them to attend school in an unrestricted setting. Shortly thereafter, Dr. D. Sencer, the Health Commission of NYC, announced that a 7-year-old child with AIDS, who had remained well and done well in school in the past 3 years, would continue to attend school in an unrestricted setting and that the child's identity would remain confidential. Parents of children attending public schools in NYC were unprepared for such a circumstance. They were poorly informed about AIDS and
Dentists and oral cytology

Results of a 13-question, direct mail survey of dentists’ knowledge of oral cytology, conducted in the Minneapolis—St. Paul area indicate that dentists who viewed dentistry as a medically allied profession with the responsibilities attendant to it, were more informed about oral cytology.
Space: The Final Frontier for IR

A manned mission to Mars requires advanced on-board medical capabilities to address medical incidents that may arise during long-duration interplanetary spaceflight. As this role does not exactly match that of any single specialty, the ideal choice of physician is not immediately obvious. In this work, we review the considerable challenges of providing medical care in the austere conditions of interplanetary space travel and explain why an interventional radiologist may be well-equipped to deliver diagnostic and therapeutic care within these severely constrained conditions.
New soybean oil–styrene–divinylbenzene thermosetting copolymers. I. Synthesis and characterization

The cationic copolymerization of regular soybean oil, low-saturation soybean oil (LoSatSoy oil), or conjugated LoSatSoy oil with styrene and divinylbenzene initiated by boron trifluoride diethyl etherate (BF3·OEt2) or related modified initiators provides viable polymers ranging from soft rubbers to hard, tough, or brittle plastics. The gelation time of the reaction varies from 1 × 102 to 2 × 105 s at room temperature. The yields of bulk polymers are essentially quantitative. The amount of crosslinked polymer remaining after Soxhlet extraction ranges from 80 to 92%, depending on the stoichiometry and the type of oil used. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and Soxhlet extraction data indicate that the structure of the resulting bulk polymer is a crosslinked polymer network interpenetrated with some linear or less-crosslinked triglyceride oil–styrene–divinylbenzene copolymers, a small amount of low molecular weight free oil, and minor amounts of initiator fragments. The bulk polymers possess glass-transition temperatures ranging from approximately 0 to 105°C, which are comparable to those of commercially available rubbery materials and conventional plastics. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) indicates that these copolymers are thermally stable under 200°C, with temperatures at 10% weight loss in air (T10) ranging from 312 to 434°C, and temperatures at 50% weight loss in air (T50) ranging from 445 to 480°C. Of the various polymeric materials, the conjugated LoSatSoy oil polymers have the highest glass-transition temperatures (Tg) and thermal stabilities (T10). The preceding properties that suggest that these soybean oil polymers may prove useful where petroleum-based polymeric materials have found widespread utility. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 80: 658–670, 2001
Leading from the Middle

Column Editor's Note. Middle managers are often caught between two levels of an organization being pulled on by each side toward competing interests. However, all leaders are in the middle as each ...
RAPID HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY/TANDEM MASS SPECTROMETRY APCI METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF NITROGEN CONTAINING COMPOUNDS IN PLASMA*

We report the development and validation of a method of analysis for nitrogen containing compounds using high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (LC-APCI-MS/MS). This LC/MS-MS procedure has been developed for quantitation of the analyte in rat plasma. The analyte and internal standard were isolated from the plasma matrix using deproteination with perchloric acid as the sole sample preparation involved prior to LC-MS/MS analysis. Analysis time of less than 2 minutes was achieved. The derivatization steps required for typical gas-chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analyses are eliminated. The validation parameters such as specificity (selectivity), limit of quantitation, linearity, precision, accuracy, ruggedness, stability and system suitability were evaluated for this method. The results showed freedom from interference from other analytes. Retention time precision was less than 2% RSD for analyte and internal standard. The limit of quan...
Comparison of various C2Hx for high‐temperature lubrication by in situ pyrolysis

The ability of directed streams of three representative hydrocarbon gases - acetylene C2H4, ethylene C2H4, and ethane C2H6 - to provide extended-duration lubrication to high-temperature sliding contacts via surface deposition of pyrolytic carbon has been demonstrated. One order- and two order-of-magnitude reductions in friction coefficient and wear rate of self-mated silicon nitride sliding contacts can be realised by this technique. The ability of these gases to provide ‘adequate’ lubrication at high temperature is illustrated through mapping the normal load/temperature/precursor flow rate space over which reduced friction may be maintained. Acetylene was the most effective precursor for pyrolytic carbon deposition, providing adequate lubrication over the broadest range of normal load/temperature/flow rate combinations, while ethane was the least effective. The boundary of the regions of adequate lubrication represents the locus of contact conditions with equal rates of lubricious carbon deposition and removal by wear. The shape of this boundary, as explored in the mapping study, supports a proposed model in which the removal rate is proportional to the product of normal load and sliding speed, while the deposition rate is proportional to the product of precursor flow rate and an Arrhenius temperature dependence.
Effect of combining MCP treatment, heat treatment, and biocontrol on the reduction of postharvest decay of ‘Golden Delicious’ apples

‘Golden Delicious’ apples were treated with 1-methylcyclopropene (MCP) or kept at room temperature for the duration of the MCP treatment. After the MCP treatment, they were wounded and inoculated with the pathogen Penicillium expansum or with P. expansum and a heat tolerant yeast (antagonist). After incubation at room temperature for up to 48 h, the apples were treated with heat at 38 °C for 4 days, and/or moved to cold storage for up to 5 months. Heat had an eradicative effect, when the pathogen was allowed to incubate in the apple wounds for 6 or 12 h after inoculation, resulting in less decay than at any other incubation time. The highest decay incidence occurred on the control that was inoculated with the pathogen and placed in cold storage. The least decay incidence and the smallest lesion diameter occurred on apples treated with a combination of the antagonist plus heat or heat alone. In general, MCP-treated apples had a higher lesion incidence, but similar lesion severity compared with non-MCP-treated apples. Only in the combination treatment of heat plus the antagonist, when the incubation time of the pathogen was between 6 and 24 h, was the lesion diameter slightly larger on MCP-treated fruit than on fruit not treated with MCP. This difference between the MCP-treated apples and non-MCP-treated apples decreased during storage. Antagonist populations in the apple wounds were stable or increased for all treatments. They were higher on MCP-treated apples than on non-MCP-treated apples and they increased with increasing incubation periods at room temperature after inoculation. Antagonist populations on apples heat treated after inoculation were higher than those kept at room temperature immediately after the heat treatment and after 3 months storage. The heat treatment had an eradicative effect, whereas the antagonist had a protective effect. The combination of heat and antagonist was more effective than either treatment alone, even when there was a delay of the heat treatment for up to 24 h. The combination of these two control measures, therefore, was complementary and resulted in better decay control than either treatment alone.
Synergistic interleukin-18 and low-dose interleukin-2 promote regression of established murine neuroblastoma in vivo.

Abstract Background/Purpose: Severe systemic toxicities have limited the clinical applications of the potent cytokine, interleukin-2 (IL-2). Recent studies have shown that IL-18 synergizes with IL-2 to enhance cytolytic activity in vitro. Combination therapy allows for IL-2 dose reduction, thus, limiting its toxicity while augmenting natural killer cell activity. The authors hypothesize that IL-18 plus low-dose IL-2 may induce a potent and sustained antitumor response in vivo providing effective immunotherapy for neuroblastoma. Methods: Four groups of A/J mice (n = 28) were inoculated subcutaneously in the right flank with 1 × 10 6 murine neuroblastoma cells (TBJ). On day 7, 5 consecutive daily peritumoral injections were performed with saline (control), human rIL-2 (30,000 IU), murine IL-18 (1 μg), or IL-2 plus IL-18. Tumor growth was monitored, and animals with tumor progression were killed on day 21. Seven weeks after the initial treatment, animals with rejected tumors were rechallenged with 5 × 10 6 cells in the opposite flank. Quantitative data were analyzed by Student's t test. Results: Rapid tumor growth and death was noted in all control animals by 21 days. Complete tumor eradication was seen in 28% of mice treated with IL-2 ( P =.03), 42% of mice treated with IL-18 ( P P Conclusions: Coadministration of low-dose IL-2 plus IL-18 induced a potent primary response to murine neuroblastoma likely caused by activation of natural killer cells in the tumor microenvironment. This combined cytokine therapy strategy was unable to induce sustained immunity to rechallenge. However, dendritic cell vaccination combined with IL-2 plus IL-18 cytokine treatment did allow for the establishment of a complete and durable antitumor response. J Pediatr Surg 38:301-307. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Evaluation of psychometric properties of Walking Impairment Questionnaire in overweight patients with osteoarthritis of knee

This study tested the psychometric properties of the Walking Impairment Questionnaire (WIQ) in overweight patients with osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee. Internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and concurrent validity of the WIQ were measured. Used in a randomized clinical trial, the WIQ was one of the instruments completed by overweight adults with OA of the knee. A total of 105 patients completed the WIQ. Internal consistency of the WIQ was supported in this population with a Cronbach alpha total score of 0.97. Test-retest reliability scores were not different when subjects completed the WIQ 14 days apart (p > 0.05). The relationships were moderate between the WIQ subscales and other established measures, such as the 6-minute walk distance, stair climb and descend, and the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities (OA Index) questionnaire. After evaluating the psychometric properties of the WIQ, we found that it is a valid and reliable instrument to use in overweight patients with symptomatic OA of the knee.
Neutron radiographic study of limiting planar heat pipe performance

Abstract A condition limiting the maximum heat transfer rate attainable by heat pipes has been investigated experimentally. Using neutron radiographic techniques, a detailed investigation of the vaporization processes which occur interior to the wick structure of a planar heat pipe employing water as a working fluid was conducted for a number of wicks having different mean pore sizes and for several angles of inclination of the wick. The neutron radiographic system employed permitted measurements of the liquid layer thickness, in the wick, to be made with an accuracy of 0·006 in. for thicknesses up to 0·125 in. of water, and with a lateral resolution of 0·0135 in. Two models of the heat transfer process occurring in planar heat pipes were postulated and analytically formulated. The first model assumed that evaporation occurred only from the upper surface of the wick whereas the second assumed that vapor was generated at the wick's base and released solely from the sides of the wick. With a secondary assumption of variable pore size, the second model proved to be more realistic for correlating the test date than the first. The apparent variation of pore size, indicated by the data to be a function of heat transfer rate, has been interpreted as a manifestation of the “Leverett effect”.
Treatment of radioulnar synostosis by radical excision and interposition of a radial forearm adipofascial flap.

A patient had radical excision of type II diaphyseal radioulnar synostosis and interposition of a radial forearm adipofascial flap. Neither adjuvant nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications nor radiation therapy were used. Three years after surgery the patient showed 90° of pronation and 90° of supination without any evidence of recurrence.
Viscoelasticity and creep recovery of polyimide thin films

Creep and recovery of a polyimide thin film well below its glass transition temperature is demonstrated through use of a circular membrane bulge test. Extensive use is made of a recently developed mechanical CAD system linked to the fabrication process to model the structure. A creep power law is used in a nonlinear finite-element analysis to fit the experimental results, thereby measuring the viscoelastic properties. The use of circular membranes in measuring the viscoelastic and plastic material properties of thin films has some advantages over the uniaxial techniques. The membranes are edge free and therefore less susceptible to cracks which can prohibit observation of yield in glassy materials such as PI2525. The maximum stress region (center point) is also identified in advance; hence, the viscoelastic properties of thin films can be observed without having to yield or creep the entire sample. However, the analysis to determine the viscoelastic properties is more cumbersome. An attempt at such data analysis is presented. It has been determined that the creep compliance of PI2525 is a very nonlinear function of the stress (n=8) and also requires a threshold strain before creep begins. >
Purification of bovine somatomedin

Abstract A procedure for the purification of bovine somatomedin (SM 4 ) is presented. The purification scheme utilizes ultrafiltration through membranes of nominal mol. wt. cutoffs, molecular sieve chromatography and finally iso-electric focusing. Two peaks of SM activity, measured by the in vitro stimulation of 35S-Na2SO4 and 3H-thymidine uptake by costal cartilage, were present after focusing; an acidic component having a pI of 6.0 – 6.7 and a basic component having a pI in the range of 7.8 – 8.3. The acidic component comprised 2% of the initial activity and was 120,000-fold purified: the basic component comprised 10% of the initial activity and was 350,000-fold purified relative to the starting material. These components are similar in molecular size and pI to SM-A and SM-C isolated from human plasma.
Joint Priors for Variational Shape and Appearance Modeling

We are interested in modeling the variability of different images of the same scene, or class of objects, obtained by changing the imaging conditions, for instance the viewpoint or the illumination. Understanding of such a variability is key to reconstruction of objects despite changes in their appearance (e.g. due to non-Lambertian reflection), or to recognizing classes of objects (e.g. cars), or individual objects seen from different vantage points. We propose a model that can account for changes in shape or viewpoint, appearance, and also occlusions of line of sight. We learn a prior model of each factor (shape, motion and appearance) from a collection of samples using principal component analysis, akin a generalization of "active appearance models" to dense domains affected by occlusions. The ultimate goal of this work is stereo reconstruction in 3D, but first we have developed the first stage in this approach by addressing the simpler case of 2D shape/radiance detection in single images. We illustrate our model on a collection of images of different cars and show how the learned prior can be used to improve segmentation and 3D stereo reconstruction.
Electron Bremsstrahlung Hard X-Ray Spectra, Electron Distributions and Energetics in the 2002 July 23 Solar Flare

We present and analyze the first high-resolution hard X-ray spectra from a solar flare observed in both X-ray/gamma-ray continuum and gamma-ray lines. The 2002 July 23 flare was observed by the Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI). The spatially integrated photon flux spectra are well fitted between 10 and 300 keV by the combination of an isothermal component and a double power law. The flare plasma temperature peaks at 40 MK around the time of peak hard X-ray emission and remains above 20 MK 37 min later. We derive the evolution of the nonthermal mean electron flux distribution by directly fitting the RHESSI X-ray spectra with the thin-target bremsstrahlung from a double power-law electron distribution with a low-energy cutoff. We also derive the evolution of the electron flux distribution on the assumption that the emission is thick-target bremsstrahlung. We find that the injected nonthermal electrons are well described throughout the flare by this double power-law distribution with a low-energy cutoff that is typically between 20 - 40 keV. Using our thick-target results, we compare the energy contained in the nonthermal electrons with the energy content of the thermal flare plasma observed by RHESSI and GOES. We find that the minimum total energy deposited into the flare plasma by nonthermal electrons, 2.6 x 10(exp 31) erg, is on the order of and possibly less than the energy in the thermal plasma. However, these fits do not rule out the possibility that the energy in nonthermal electrons exceeds the energy in the thermal plasma. This work was supported in part by the RHESSI Project and the NASA Sun-Earth Connection program.
Organic Matter Type and Hydrocarbon Occurrences on Eastern Canadian Margin: ABSTRACT

The type of organic matter present in the Mesozoic-Cenozoic sections of offshore eastern Canada is related to the geologic histories of the western North Atlantic Ocean and the Labrador Sea. On the Scotian Shelf-Grand Banks, marine organic matter (amorphogen), largely the remains of phytoplankton and the primary precursor of oil, did not become abundant until the Late Jurassic, and then only where marine conditions were more fully developed. Floods of terrestrial organic material in deltaic sediments considerably diluted the amorphogen in the Early Cretaceous, particularly on the Scotian Shelf. In contrast, amorphogen continued to be common in the East Newfoundland Basin. Major marine transgression led to uniformly abundant amorphogen throughout the Late Cretaceous and Ce ozoic of the Scotian Shelf and Grand Banks, with terrestrial organic material only becoming important in the Neogene. Coloration studies indicate that sediments are generally immature in the Late Cretaceous-Cenozoic, except in: (1) areas where the Cenozoic is extremely thick in the East Newfoundland Basin and Labrador Shelf; and (2) where anomalously high geothermal gradients result as from salt intrusion. Older strata, where mature, are generally gas-prone, except where amorphogen is common. The Labrador Shelf shows a similar but later sequence of organic types with amorphogen being common only in the Paleogene. Our results are consistent with hydrocarbon distribution encountered to date in offshore eastern Canada. They also indicate that the relative abundance of amorphogen increases i an offshore direction, of particular importance where the type of organic material is the limiting factor for oil generation as in the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1659------------
The genome of Mycobacterium leprae: a minimal mycobacterial gene set

Comparison of the recently sequenced genome of the leprosy-causing pathogen Mycobacterium leprae with other mycobacterial genomes reveals a drastic gene reduction and decay in M. leprae affecting many metabolic areas, exemplified by the retention of a minimal set of genes required for cell-wall biosynthesis.
Reconfiguration of two-dimensional VLSI arrays by time-redundancy

The authors present various approaches for reconfiguring two-dimensional VLSI arrays using pure time-redundancy, i.e., no spare cells are employed. This technique is based on the full processing utilization of fault free cells. The basic principles of the proposed time-redundancy technique are discussed. The first approach is based on a distributed execution of the reconfiguration process. The second is based on a more complex reconfiguration procedure which accounts for an iterative execution of the first approach. These approaches have been evaluated under multiple faults in both cells and in the switches of the provided interconnection network. >
Career Transitions: Varieties and Commonalities,

The effects of increasingly prevalent job and profession changing and re-evaluation of work vs. family priorities have led to a growing interest in careers issues. However, aids to understanding and managing career transition phenomena have not yet been developed. Toward that end, varieties of career transitions are identified here, and commonalities across transitions are explored.
Isolation and Visualization of Codon Usage Biases

While genomic sequencing projects have proved an abundant source of information for biological studies ranging from the molecular to the ecological in scale, much of the information present may yet be hidden from casual analysis. One such information source, trends in codon usage, can provide a wealth of information about an organism?s genes and their expression. Degeneracy in the genetic code causes more than one codon to code for the same amino acid, and usage of these codons is often biased such that one or more of these synonymous codons is preferred. Detection of this bias is an important tool in the analysis of genomic data, particularly as a predictor of gene expressivity. There are many algorithmic methods for identifying bias in genomic data, all of which are susceptible to being obscured by the presence of factors simultaneously influencing codon selection. Presented here is a new technique for removing the effects of confounding factors and of visualizing the bias data through the use of a bias landscape. This technique is shown to successfully isolate expressivityrelated codon usage trends where other techniques fail due to the presence of confounding influences.
Impact of Body Doping and Thickness on the Performance of Germanium-Source TFETs

The impact of body doping and thickness on the performance of a germanium-source tunnel field-effect transistor in which band-to-band tunneling occurs entirely within the source region is investigated via 2-D device simulations calibrated to experimental data. It is found that the dominant leakage mechanism varies depending on the body design parameter values. A moderately doped (1018 cm-3) body that is not fully depleted provides for the best transistor performance.
Risk factors for hospitalization among adults with asthma: the influence of sociodemographic factors and asthma severity

Background The morbidity and mortality from asthma have markedly increased since the late 1970s. The hospitalization rate, an important marker of asthma severity, remains substantial.
Characterization of a candidate gene for GP72, an insect stage-specific antigen ofTrypanosoma cruzi

Abstract The Trypanosoma cruzi insect stage-specific antigen GP72 was purified from epimastigotes and the amino acid sequences of peptide fragments determined. Oligonucleotides derived from these data were used to amplify and clone a cDNA sequence, which was used to isolate a full-length gene. All the sequenced peptides were encoded within the gene. The characteristics of the encoded 62 600-Da protein, including a potential amino-terminal signal sequence, a hydrophobic car☐y-terminus, and a large number of potential O -glycosylation sites, are consistent with the properties of GP72. No sequence homologies were found in searches of DNA and protein data banks. GP72 is encoded by a single pair of non-telomeric allelic genes.
Hope and Its Place in Mind

People may have open minds on whether a life-extending drug or technology is going to be developed before their sixties and may strongly desire that development. Do they therefore hope that it occurs? Do they hope for it in the substantive sense of “pinning their hopes” on the development? No, they do not. Hoping for a prospect in that sense certainly presupposes having an open mind on whether it will occur and having a desire for its occur-rence. But, more crucially, it means investing the prospect with a characteristic, galvanizing, and orientating role: it involves setting aside doubts about the possible nonoccurrence of the prospect and acting accordingly. This article offers a characterization of hope in that substantive sense and argues both that it can be rational and that it is ubiquitous.
OASIS: A Service-Oriented Architecture for Dynamic Instrumentation of Enterprise Distributed Real-Time and Embedded Systems

Performance analysis tools for enterprise distributed real-time and embedded (DRE) systems require instrumenting heterogeneous sources (such as application- and system-level hardware and software resources). Traditional techniques for software instrumentation of such systems, however, are tightly coupled to system design and metrics of interest. It is therefore hard for system testers to increase their knowledge base and analytical capabilities for enterprise DRE system performance using existing instrumentation techniques when metrics of interest are not known during initial system design. This paper provides two contributions to research on software instrumentation for enterprise DRE systems. First, it presents OASIS, which is service-oriented middleware for instrumenting enterprise DRE systems to collect and extract metrics without design time knowledge of which metrics are collected. Second, this paper empirically evaluates OASIS in the context of a representative enterprise DRE system from the domain of shipboard computing. Results from applying OASIS to a representative enterprise DRE system show that its flexibility enables DRE system testers to precisely control the overhead incurred via instrumentation.
Evaluation of expanded heuristics in a heterogeneous distributed data staging network

Providing up-to-date input to users' applications is an important data management problem for a heterogeneous distributed computing environment, where each data storage location and intermediate node may have different data available, different storage limitations and different communication links available. Sites in the heterogeneous network request data items, and each request has an associated deadline and priority. In a military situation, the data staging problem involves positioning data for facilitating a faster access time when it is needed by programs that will aid in decision making. This work concentrates on solving a basic version of the data-staging problem in which all parameter values for the communication system and the data-request information represent the best-known information collected so far, and they stay fixed throughout the scheduling process. The heterogeneous network is assumed to be over-subscribed, and not all requests for data items can be satisfied. Three multiple-source, shortest-path algorithm-based procedures for finding a near-optimal schedule of the communication steps for staging the data are described. Each procedure can be used with each of three cost criteria developed in this paper (based on results from earlier experiments). A subset of the possible procedure/cost criterion combinations are evaluated in simulation studies considering different priority weighting schemes, different average numbers of links used to satisfy each data request, and different network loadings. The proposed heuristics are shown to perform well with respect to upper and lower bounds.
The Hospital: An Important Site for Family-Centered Early Intervention

Advances in medical technology have increased the survival rate of infants with chronic health impairments and developmental disabilities. As a result, infants are often hospitalized for longer per...
The Committee of the Regions: A Functional Analysis of the CoR's Institutional Capacity

This article is a functional analysis of the Committee of the Regions (CoR) of the European Union (EU). Whereas what little has been written of the CoR tends to downplay its significance, relegating it to a ‘merely’ advisory role, this article contends that it has assumed and performs meaningful advisory and representational functions. The article also places the CoR fully in the context of the EU's commitment to the principle of subsidiarity and within the debate over the EU's ‘democratic deficit’. Basing the analysis on CoR and Commission documents, its performance of advisory, representational and symbolic roles are evaluated adapting Christiansen's functional categories. While the CoR is not a co-equal of the Commission or Council it has established for itself a presence in the constellation of EU bodies.
Suppression of Multipactoring in Superconducting Cavities

Future application of superconducting cavities to accelerators for high energy physics will probably require cavities designed for the UHF region. Experience has shown that vacuum electronic phenomena, particularly multipactoring, play an important role in limiting performance of cavities in this frequency domain. We report here work aimed at the suppression of multipactoring by deposition of superficial films on superconducting surfaces.
ORIGIN OF THE WOODSTOWN, NEW JERSEY, MACRO-KAOLINITE

A kaolin bed in which many of the individual kaolinite platelets exceed 0·2 mm in size occurs in the immediate vicinity of the base of the middle-Miocene Kirkwood Formation, near Woodstown, New Jersey. These platelets appear to have resulted from breakdown of pre-existing illite and montmorillonite coupled with concurrent epitaxial growth and diagenetic growth of primary kaolinite. The alteration of the clay minerals is thought to be a product of upward leaching (dialysis) by groundwaters in the underlying Vincentown Sand. This is further evidenced by abnormally high percentages of clay-size kaolinite in the clays that lie above the Vincentown Sand but beneath the macro-kaolinite horizon. Growth of the macro-kaolinite was facilitated by face-to-edge sedimentation and the resultant high permeability of the stratum.
On Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations and the Continental (French), Intellectual Connection: There Was a Small, Intellectual Connection

The common view among economists is that Adam Smith’s technical and economic analysis in the Wealth of Nations (1776) was not original and/or had been borrowed, much without proper credit or citation being made to the original authors. Smith’s contribution was taking the works of others and integrating it into a systematic whole. This claim is demonstrated to be false. Much of Adam Smith’s work in the Wealth of Nations was highly original and creative. Smith’s work on decision theory, interval valued probability, the uncertainty versus risk divide, and his understanding of who the primary contributors were to the problems of deflation and inflation in the macro economy placed him at least 150 years ahead of any of his contemporaries. It was left to John Maynard Keynes and Joseph Schumpeter to equal and surpass Adam Smith’s contributions to economic theory and decision theory.
H-dependent magnetic domain structures in La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 thin films

Abstract Maze- and bubble-like magnetic domain structures have been observed under ambient conditions in La 0.67 Sr 0.33 MnO 3 (LSMO) films by magnetic force microscopy (MFM) for films grown on a compressive (LaAlO 3 ) lattice-mismatched substrate. The substrate-induced stress in this soft magnetic material appears to be a necessary but not sufficient condition for the appearance of these structures, i.e. no magnetic structure has been seen for other films grown under similar conditions on the same substrate with similar distortions to the unit cell. In this study, in order to understand the stability of these structures, we have examined two films grown at 750°C and three films grown at 800°C by pulsed-laser deposition by scanning tunneling and magnetic force microscopy to obtain microstructure and domain structures as a function of in-plane magnetic field strength. The latter films consisted of pitted coalesced layers with some surface 3D growth. Although the films were nominally grown under the same conditions, there were subtle differences in the domain structure, wall spacing, the latter due in part to differences in film thickness, and response to an applied in-plane magnetic field. As the field was increased, the maze-like structures became stripe domains with reduced out-of-plane magnetization and decreased wall spacing, consistent with parallel rather than antiparallel alignment of in-plane spin polarization. After removal of the field, the stripe domains remained but the wall spacing and z polarization component returned to the original value. For one 800°C film the field required for changes in and disappearance of the domains paralleled the slope in the field-dependent magnetization. In contrast, the magnetic structure for one film with a thin insulating cap layer was reversible, suggesting that the walls were pinned by the cap.
Four Steps to Being a Local Advocate form Physical Education

Although advocacy can also take place at the state and national levels, the foundation of advocacy is high-quality teaching and local initiatives. The purpose of this article is to review four steps that can be taken by PE teachers who are interested in engaging in local advocacy efforts
Theories and the Rise and Fall of the Medical Profession

The modern profession of medicine stands among the powerful, if not the most powerful, of occupational groups in contemporary society. Medicine and its practitioners are the arbiters of life and death; of possibilities realized, possibilities reclaimed and possibilities dashed; and of evaluations of “normal” and “abnormal.” The expansion of medicine’s claim over more and more life spheres has been chronicled and criticized (see Olafsdottir, Conrad, both in this volume). In contemporary society, we turn to physicians to understand what we do, what we should eat, and whether we should punish or treat those who step outside society’s norms. And, despite claims that the power of the medical profession may be waning, no viable alternatives have come forth to replace the allopathic system. Even “complementary alternative medicine” (both indigenous and New Age) has been absorbed, transformed, or otherwise brought under its jurisdiction.
Autophagy Induction Causes a Synthetic Lethal Sensitization to Ribonucleotide Reductase Inhibition in Breast Cancer Cells

Macroautophagy can promote cellular survival or death depending on the cellular context and its extent. We hypothesized that autophagy induction would synergize with a therapeutic agent targeting the autophagic cargo. To test this hypothesis, we treated breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells with tamoxifen (TMX), which induces autophagy through an estrogen receptor-independent pathway. Induction of autophagy reduced cellular levels of RRM2, a subunit of ribonucleotide reductase (RR), the rate limiting enzyme in the production of deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs). This autophagy inducer was combined with COH29, an inhibitor developed in our laboratory that targets RR through a novel mechanism. The combination therapy showed synergistic effects on cytotoxicity in vitro and in an in vivo xenograft model. This cytotoxicity was blocked by knockdown of the autophagy protein ATG5 or addition of chloroquine, an autophagy inhibitor. The combined therapy also induced dNTP depletion and massive genomic instability, leading us to hypothesize that combining autophagy induction with RR inhibition can lead to mitotic catastrophe in rapidly dividing cells. We propose that this TMX + COH29 combined therapy may have clinical benefit. Furthermore, autophagy induction may be a general mechanism for augmenting the effects of chemotherapeutic agents.
Ultrasound-Guided Femoral Nerve Blocks in the Initial Emergency Department Management of Pediatric Femur Fractures

Femur fractures are extremely painful injuries that frequently involve a number of transfers from the field to stretcher to imaging table to hospital bed. Prompt pain relief is essential. Traditionally, systemic analgesia has been provided orally or parenterally. Systemic medicines are frequently limited by potential deleterious effects on the patient's sensorium and hemodynamic status. Alternatively, regional anesthesia targeting the femoral nerve can control femur fracture pain. A femoral nerve block, historically placed using landmark or nerve stimulator techniques, is now easier, more effective, and better tolerated by emergency department patients with the use of ultrasound guidance. This review summarizes the current state of medical evidence regarding the use of bedside ultrasound guidance to perform femoral nerve blocks for the initial management of femur fracture pain in children as well as a review of the technique.
Autonomic Hydrogels through Postfunctionalization of Gelatin

Autonomic systems in biology, such as the circulatory system, function independently without an external stimulus. Materials that mimic this behavior hold promise for energy and medical technologies in the form of sensors, energy conversion units, and versatile micrometer scale machinery. Self-oscillating hydrogels driven by the Belousov–Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction are one class of autonomic materials that convert chemical energy to mechanical swell–deswell motion. Effective feedback control techniques, as well as materials and processing options, are key challenges in making these materials technologically relevant. To address these challenges we have expanded BZ hydrogel materials options, by utilizing a flexible water-based succinimide–amine coupling reaction for functionalizing bio- and synthetic polymers containing primary amines for use in BZ devices. Herein we characterize the chemomechanical behavior of homogeneous BZ gelatin gels and determine the range of periods and strains attainable. We highlig...
Application of multiple seasonal ARIMA model in forecasting the incidence of hepatitis A in Shanghai

Objective To explore the application of auto-regressive integrated moving average(ARIMA) model of time series in forecasting the incidence of hepatitis A. Methods ARIMA model was fitted with data of monthly reported cases in Shanghai from Jan.1990 to Dec.,2011 for hepatitis A.Parameters were estimated according to unconditional least square method.Multiple seasonal ARIMA model was established for monthly incidence of hepatitis A in Shanghai after index was identified. Results Non-seasonal and seasonal moving average coefficients were 0.634 1 and 0.999 9,respectively.Seasonal auto-regressive coefficient was 0.405 9.P values for t-test of all coefficients were all below 0.000 1.The estimated variance was 0.159 3,AIC=282.147 8,SBC=292.724 2.Autocorrelation test for residuals of model was white-noise series.ARIMA(0,1,1)(1,1,1)12NOINT was identified to fit and forecast monthly hepatitis A cases.Model equation was(1-0.405 9B12)(1-B)(1-B12) Yt=(1-0.634 1B)(1-0.999 9B12)et. Conclusions The multiple seasonal model of ARIMA can be used to fit trends of incidence for hepatitis A in Shanghai and forecast within short period.
Neutralization of streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins and staphylococcal enterotoxins by antiserum to synthetic peptides representing conserved amino acid motifs.

The pyrogenic exotoxins of Group A Streptococci and the enterotoxins of Staphylococcus aureus constitute a family of structurally related toxins which also share similar biological activities8, 10. These toxins share the ability to bind the major histocompatability complex (MHC) molecules of their hosts, as well as the variable beta chain of the T-cell receptor complex (TCR), causing an aberrant proliferation of specific T-cell subsets4, 9, 3. These “Superantigen” toxins cause a variety of syndromes in humans. Staphylococcal enterotoxins have been implicated in staphylococcal food poisoning, as well as toxic shock like syndromes20, 2. The streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins have been implicated in causing the symptoms of scarlet fever and toxic shock like syndrome21, 7, 15. Gram negative bacterial endotoxin and the pyrogenic toxins can work synergistically to produce lethal toxic shock22, 12.
Left ventricular thrombi after STEMI in the primary PCI era: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract Background Left ventricular (LV) thrombus formation following myocardial infarction (MI) has not been well characterized since the advent of primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI). Ascertainment of the utility of prophylactic anticoagulation is hindered by the lack of reliable information on its modern incidence. We sought to provide an estimate of the rate of LV thrombus formation in patients treated with pPCI for ST segment elevation MI (STEMI) by means of a systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods We searched Ovid MEDLINE and Ovid EMBASE databases for studies between 1990 and 2015 documenting LV thrombi after STEMI treated with pPCI. We estimated the rate of echocardiographically-diagnosed LV thrombi within 90days of pPCI, calculating the rate of LV thrombi after STEMI in any infarct territory as well as only anterior infarcts. Results From an initial yield of 1144 studies, inclusion criteria were met by 19 studies, including 10,076 patients across 27 centers in 9 countries. Rate of LV thrombi after all STEMI was 2.7% (95% CI 1.9%–3.5%) and 9.1% (95% CI 6.6%–11.6%) after anterior STEMI. Among anterior STEMI, there was an inverse relationship between size of study and rate of LV thrombi. Conclusions LV thrombi persist as an important part of the management of STEMI after pPCI, particularly among anterior infarcts. Estimating risk of thrombus formation and embolization as well as utility of treatment remains critical.
Detection of Breast Malignancy: Different Magnetic Resonance Imaging Modalities

Publisher Summary This chapter presents several innovative magnetic resonance imaging techniques employed for the detection of breast malignancy. One of the techniques, ultrasound (US), is an excellent method for assessing palpable abnormalities, differentiating between cystic and solid lesions, and classifying solid masses. It also allows accurate needle placement for biopsy. Ultrasound used as a mammography supplement detects additional cancers, but it also increases the false-positive rate. Furthermore, US is time consuming, and it is difficult to ensure that the entire breast is imaged. Breast dynamic contrast-enhanced-magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) involves acquisition of a time series of T1-weighted images, during which an intravenous contrast reagent (CR) bolus injection is made. The images are usually acquired with gradient echo pulse sequence, such as spoiled gradient-recalled acquisition at steady state (GRASS) sequence, with short echo time TE (
Micro-Scale Solder Joints between Cu-Cu Wires Formed by Nanoparticle Enabled Lead-Free Solder Pastes

Micro-scale solder joints have been formed between copper-copper (Cu-Cu) wires by nanoparticle enabled lead-free solder pastes. Tin-based alloy nanoparticles (Sn-In) have been synthesized by using a surfactant-assisted chemical reduction method. The solder nanoparticles were characterized for size and composition by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Electrical resistivity measurements were conducted for the micro-scale solder joints formed between Cu-Cu wires for evaluation of joint quality and performance. These results were compared to the joints formed using commercial micro-sized lead-free solder pastes. The nanosolder paste is currently capable of melting into small solder balls with a diameter below 500 µm. Additionally, Cu wires with diameters as small as 25 µm have been soldered. Cross-section of the solder balls and solder joints were examined by SEM imaging to characterize their interfacial structure. This investigation shows that nanosolder paste can be used as an effective soldering material to join micro-sized Cu-Cu wires.
Belousov–Zhabotinsky Hydrogels: Relationship between Hydrogel Structure and Mechanical Response

The novel chemo-mechanical feedback within autonomic Belousov–Zhabotinsky (BZ) hydrogels mimics the complex adaptivity found in natural systems and inspires soft device concepts for chemical computing, sensing, and actuation. A quantitative relationship between the dynamic response, strain, BZ reagents, and hydrogel constituents, however, is still evolving due to a limited material suite. Using a modular synthesis strategy for free-radical BZ-catalyst monomers, we compare the impact of cross-linker, catalyst, and total polymer concentration on the cyclic strain of PNIPAm- and PAAm-based BZ hydrogels. The oscillator strain of the hydrogel in the BZ solution relative to the difference between equilibrium swelling of the fully oxidized and reduced states highlights the trade-off between BZ reaction kinetics, hydrogel elasticity, and catalyst concentration. For a PNIPAm-based BZ gel, a maximum strain of 20% occurs at a total polymer and [Ru] concentration of 4.8 ± 0.5 μg/mm3 and 1.5 mM due to a complementary ...
Fast Multilevel Computation of Low-Rank Representation of ${\mathcal{ H}}$ -Matrix Blocks

A physics-based algorithm for accelerating the computation of method of moments matrix blocks’ low-rank approximation is presented. The algorithm relies on efficient sampling of phase- and amplitude-compensated interactions using nonuniform grids. Rank-revealing analysis is applied, in a multilevel fashion, to matrices of reduced column and row dimensions that describe subdomains’ interactions with these coarse grids, rather than to the original matrix blocks. As a result, significant savings are achieved, especially for the inherently more compressible dynamic quasi-planar and quasi-static cases. The algorithm’s reduced storage and computation time requirements are estimated analytically and verified numerically for representative examples.