cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluating efficacy of treatment of stuttering: School-age children

Abstract Our purpose in writing this article is to discuss current problems and progress in evaluating efficacy of treatment of stuttering in school-age children. We will focus on children between approximately 6 and 12 years of age (i.e., 1st through 6th grades of elementary school). Problems unique to this population in terms of nature of stuttering, treatment approaches, measurement, reliability, validity, and long-term outcome will be discussed, with particular relevance to the evaluation of therapeutic efficacy with school-age stutterers. We will suggest guidelines and standards for conducting and evaluating research on treatment efficacy with school-age children who stutter, in the hope that this may lead to a more focused, coordinated effort in this area. One major point we wish to make in this chapter is that true therapy efficacy involves improving the stuttering child's ability to use his speech in daily communicative situations. Thus, we are concerned not only with improvement in stuttering in clinical settings, but also with gains in the child's use of his speech—whether he is fluent or stuttering—at home, school, and play.
3D Reconstructions Of Quail-Chick Chimeras Provide A New Fate Map Of The Avian Scapula

Limbed vertebrates have functionally integrated postcranial axial and appendicular systems derived from two distinct populations of embryonic mesoderm. The axial skeletal elements arise from the paraxial somites, the appendicular skeleton and sternum arise from the somatic lateral plate mesoderm, and all of the muscles for both systems arise from the somites. Recent studies in amniotes demonstrate that the scapula has a mixed mesodermal origin. Here we determine the relative contribution of somitic and lateral plate mesoderm to the avian scapula from quail-chick chimeras. We generate 3D reconstructions of the grafted tissue in the host revealing a very different distribution of somitic cells in the scapula than previously reported. This novel 3D visualization of the cryptic border between somitic and lateral plate populations reveals the dynamics of musculoskeletal morphogenesis and demonstrates the importance of 3D visualization of chimera data. Reconstructions of chimeras make clear three significant contrasts with existing models of scapular development. First, the majority of the avian scapula is lateral plate derived and the somitic contribution to the scapular blade is significantly smaller than in previous models. Second, the segmentation of the somitic component of the blade is partially lost; and third, there are striking differences in growth rates between different tissues derived from the same somites that contribute to the structures of the cervical thoracic transition, including the scapula. These data call for the reassessment of theories on the development, homology, and evolution of the vertebrate scapula.
Changing the corporate IT development model: tapping the power of grassroots computing

The recent rise of grassroots computing among both professional programmers and knowledge workers highlights an alternative approach to software development in the enterprise: Situational applications are created rapidly by teams or individuals who best understand the business need, but without the overhead and formality of traditional information technology (IT) methods. Corporate IT will be increasingly challenged to facilitate the development, integration, and management of both situational and enterprise applications. In this paper, we describe the emerging prevalence of situational application development and the changing role of IT. We also describe the experience at IBM in building, deploying, and managing the IBM Situational Applications Environment that enables employees to take responsibility for some of their own solutions. Finally, we discuss ways in which the situational application development paradigm may evolve in coming years to benefit enterprises, the demands that it will put on IT departments, and possible ways to address these challenges.
A Global Energy Theorem for Linear Systems

Abstract A fundamental theorem and inequalities were derived earlier by the author describing arithmetic-geometric means and convex behaviour of the active energy dissipated by arbitrary linear reciprocal passive systems. These results are extended to give a new global theorem concerning bounds of energy for arbitrary linear active or passive, reciprocal or non-reciprocal systems.
Submonthly Variability in the South American Monsoon System

In this study, we examine the South American Monsoon System (SAMS) variability with an emphasis on three-day periods or longer during which time the low-level wind in central Amazonia is consistently from the west or the east (westerly and easterly wind regimes, WWRs and EWRs, respectively). We use observational and Reanalysis datasets for the southern summer, as in previous studies on SAMS variability. Our research methodology involves the addition of model data that consists of the Coordinated Enhanced Observing Period (CEOP) Model Output Location Time Series (MOLTS) at locations in the SAMS region, and ensemble atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) simulations of the southern summer season. For both wind regimes, the observed and simulated composites of anomalous precipitation over South America show a dipole pattern with poles in northwestern and central-southeastern Brazil. During WWRs (EWRs), precipitation anomalies at the central-southeastern pole are positive (negative), indicating a stronger (weaker) SACZ. In addition, during WWRs the upper-level monsoon high is stronger and the subtropical jet in the South American sector is stronger and closer to the equator. We also examine the diurnal cycle of rainfall from three CEOP MOLTS for Rondonia and Brasilia, which are situated at different poles of the rainfall anomalies dipole. The diurnal cycle in precipitation during both wind regimes shows an early-afternoon maximum at the selected locations. At Rondonia (Brasilia), there is a second early-morning (nocturnal) maximum on EWR (WWR) days. The diurnal mean precipitation in the regime that shows this maximum value, which is primarily due to enhanced cumulus convection, is higher than that in the other regime. In the simulation, WWRs and EWRs occur with approximately equal frequency. There is also a dipole pattern in anomalous precipitation during the days of each regime, although the poles are displaced relative to the observations. The simulated diurnal cycles of rainfall for the different wind regimes are nearly identical. Possible explanations for these AGCM difficulties are briefly discussed. Lag composites of geopotential height anomalies at 700 mb prior to the establishment of the wind regimes in Amazonia show the development of structures in the South Pacific that resemble the principal modes of variability in that region. This indicates the existence of links between the wind regimes and the modes of intraseasonal variability over South America. It is proposed that the wind regimes are associated with low-frequency variability in the extratropical circulation.
Inhibition of the synthesis of β-galactosidase in Escherichia coli by 2-nitrophenyl-β-d-fucoside

2-Nitrophenyl- β - D -fucoside, a specific inhibitor of the induced synthesis of β -galactosidase in Escherichia coli , inhibits the constitutive synthesis of this enzyme in certain leaky o c and i − but not in tight i − mutants. It is concluded that 2-nitrophenyl- β - D -fueoside interacts with the repressor and that one and the same repressor can interact with different effectors in a manner leading either to the induction or the repression of β -galactosidase synthesis.
A partial solution to the homonym problem: parents' linguistic input to young children.

During early word learning, children may assume a unique form-meaning relationship: that a unique form corresponds to each meaning (Clark, 1987) and vice versa (Slobin, 1985). Homonyms appear to violate this one-to-one mapping, and therefore might prove problematic; for example, all things labeledbat might be put into the odd category ‘things that fly and are used to play ball.’ We asked whether parents' descriptions of homonyms to their young children provide linguistic information that could help children to differentiate conceptually and linguistically these cases. Fifteen parents described pictured sets of concrete object homonyms and categorically related objects to their young children. Parents described homonyms by using explicit statements of category inclusion, subordinate forms (compounds, e.g., kiwi-bird), and specific forms that flagged the unusual homonym relationship. Parents especially provided distinctive alternating forms for homonym pairs (e.g.,iceskate vs.skate-fish) suggesting that they were attempting to preserve the unique form-meaning relationship violated by homonyms. We discuss how such linguistic information might be used by children to differentiate homonyms.
When Systems Collide: Improving Court Practices and Programs in Dual Jurisdiction Cases

The purpose of this article is to identify promising court-based or court-linked practices and programs that can effectively address the difficult challenges posed by dual jurisdiction cases. It is an initial effort to present what courts are currently doing or what courts can do to improve coordination of dual jurisdiction matters.
Local Anesthetics Disrupt Energetic Coupling between the Voltage-sensing Segments of a Sodium Channel

Local anesthetics block sodium channels in a state-dependent fashion, binding with higher affinity to open and/or inactivated states. Gating current measurements show that local anesthetics immobilize a fraction of the gating charge, suggesting that the movement of voltage sensors is modified when a local anesthetic binds to the pore of the sodium channel. Here, using voltage clamp fluorescence measurements, we provide a quantitative description of the effect of local anesthetics on the steady-state behavior of the voltage-sensing segments of a sodium channel. Lidocaine and QX-314 shifted the midpoints of the fluorescence–voltage (F-V) curves of S4 domain III in the hyperpolarizing direction by 57 and 65 mV, respectively. A single mutation in the S6 of domain IV (F1579A), a site critical for local anesthetic block, abolished the effect of QX-314 on the voltage sensor of domain III. Both local anesthetics modestly shifted the F-V relationships of S4 domain IV toward hyperpolarized potentials. In contrast, the F-V curve of the S4 domain I was shifted by 11 mV in the depolarizing direction upon QX-314 binding. These antagonistic effects of the local anesthetic indicate that the drug modifies the coupling between the voltage-sensing domains of the sodium channel. Our findings suggest a novel role of local anesthetics in modulating the gating apparatus of the sodium channel.
Safe evolution towards routine off-pump coronary artery bypass: negotiating the learning curve.

Objective: Off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB) hopes to avoid morbidity associated with cardiopulmonary bypass, improving clinical outcomes. Yet its technical difficulty and unfamiliarity raise concern that adoption of OPCAB might be associated with poorer outcomes during each surgeon’s ‘learning curve’. We examined trends in patient selection over time as a single surgeon’s practice evolved to routine OPCAB. Methods: Between 10-1-96 and 12-31-01, 1479 consecutive patients had isolated coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Clinical data were gathered prospectively and reviewed retrospectively. Trends in adoption of OPCAB and clinical outcomes were examined. Results: There were 756 OPCAB and 723 CABG/cardiopulmonary bypass patients. The practice evolved from 90% conventional CABG to 93% OPCAB. An abrupt transition coincided with evolution of techniques to expose the obtuse marginal arteries, and improvements in suction-based coronary stabilizers. Mortality was 1.0% for the off-pump group and 2.1% for the on-pump group. Careful patient selection helped maintain acceptable outcomes during the ‘learning curve’. Patients with depressed left ventricular ejection fraction, left main disease, and complex three vessel disease were excluded from OPCAB until significant experience (. 200 cases) was attained. Presently, all isolated coronary bypass cases are candidates for OPCAB except patients with ischemic ventricular arrhythmias, those in cardiac arrest, and those for whom previous left pneumonectomy or deep pectus excavatum prevent rightward mobilization of heart. Conclusions: Despite a significant learning curve, evolution to routine OPCAB can be achieved while maintaining good patient outcomes. The development of specialized techniques, coronary stabilizers, and apical suction devices allows the application of OPCAB to virtually all coronary bypass patients, as surgeon experience matures. q 2003 Published by Elsevier B.V.
Arithmetic unit design using 180nm TSV-based 3D stacking technology

We describe the design of two three dimensional arithmetic units (a 3D adder and a 3D multiplier) that are implemented using through-silicon-via 3D stacking technology. Compared to their 2D counterparts, our 3D adder incurs 10.6–34.3% less delay and 11.0–46.1% less energy when the width increases from 12-bit to 72-bit; the 32×32 3D multiplier incurs 14.4% less delay and 6.8% less energy, according to the post place and route results. The prototype chip including the implementations of a 3D adder, a 3D multiplier, and simple test interface has been delivered for fabrication in MIT Lincoln Laboratory, using their 3-tier SOI based 3D technology.
“It Goes Hand in Hand with the Parties” Race, Class, and Residence in College Student Negotiations of Hooking Up

Hooking up, or sexual activity outside relationships, is a dominant feature of social life on many college campuses. However, research has yet to explore how social location intersects with campus-level factors to shape students’ negotiations of this script. Interview data from 87 undergraduates at an urban commuter university demonstrate the distinction between “adopting” and “enacting” sexual scripts. Although the majority of students locate hooking up as a salient cultural scenario for their lives, the adoption of hooking up does not neatly translate into its enactment for all students. Where students live emerges as a fault line systematically structuring opportunities for hooking up. There are racial and class divisions even among students with similar residential locations, reflecting the importance of socioeconomic resources and peer group homophily to sexuality. This study points to how race, class, and residence integrally shape the interpersonal sexual scripts of college students.
Phase Relations in the System ZrO2‐Y2O3 at Low Y2O3 Contents

Subsolidus phase relations in the low-Y2O3 portion of the system ZrO2-Y2O3 were studied using DTA with fired samples and X-ray phase identification and lattice parameter techniques with quenched samples. Approximately 1.5% Y2O3 is soluble in monoclinic ZrO2, a two-phase monoclinic solid solution plus cubic solid solution region exists to ∼7.5% Y2O3 below ∼500°C, and a two-phase tetragonal solid solution plus cubic solid solution exists from ∼1.5 to 7.5% Y2O3 from ∼500° to ∼1600°C. At higher Y2O3 compositions, cubic ZrO2 solid solution occurs.
OFDM MIMO Radar With Mutual-Information Waveform Design for Low-Grazing Angle Tracking

We propose an information theoretic waveform design algorithm for target tracking in a low-grazing angle (LGA) scenario. We incorporate realistic physical and statistical effects, such as Earth's curvature, vertical refractivity gradient of lower atmosphere, and compound-Gaussian characteristics of sea-clutter, into our model. We employ a co-located multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) radar configuration using wideband orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signalling scheme. The frequency diversity of OFDM provides richer information about the target as different scattering centers resonate at different frequencies. Additionally, we use polarization-sensitive transceivers to resolve the multipath signals with small separation angles. Thus, we track the scattering coefficients of the target at different frequencies along with its position and velocity. We apply a sequential Monte Carlo method (particle filter) to track the target. Our tracker works in a closed-loop fashion with an integrated optimal waveform design technique based on mutual information (MI) criterion. We seek the optimal OFDM waveform at the current pulse duration to maximize the MI between the state and measurement vectors at the next pulse duration utilizing all the measurement history up to the current pulse. Our numerical examples demonstrate the importance of realistic physical modeling, effects of frequency diversity through OFDM MIMO configuration, and achieved performance improvements due to adaptive OFDM waveform design.
Therapeutic targeting of innate immunity in the failing heart.

Abstract Recent studies suggest that the heart possesses an intrinsic system that is intended to delimit tissue injury, as well as orchestrate homoeostatic responses within the heart. The extant literature suggests that this intrinsic stress response is mediated, at least in part, by a family of pattern recognition receptors that belong to the innate immune system, including CD14, the soluble pattern recognition receptor for lipopolysaccharide, and Toll-like receptors 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 9. Although this intrinsic stress response system provides a short-term adaptive response to tissue injury, the beneficial effects of this phylogenetically ancient system may be lost if myocardial expression of these molecules either becomes sustained and/or excessive, in which case the salutary effects of activation of these pathways are contravened by the known deleterious effects of inflammatory signaling. Herein we present new information with regard to activation of innate immune gene expression in the failing human heart, as well as review the novel TLR antagonists that are being developed for other indications outside of heart failure. This review will discuss the interesting possibility that the TLR pathway may represent a new target for the development of novel heart failure therapeutics. This article is part of a special issue entitled "Key Signaling Molecules in Hypertrophy and Heart Failure."
Adolescent aspirations for change: creativity as a life purpose

Through a cultural dynamics lens, what are the promises and pitfalls of having a life purpose to make a creative contribution to one’s culture? Purpose is self-regulation that focuses on a personally meaningful intention to accomplish something prosocial. Although previously studied among older adults reflecting on their lives, a more recent perspective on purpose studies youth prospectively planning their lives. Creativity is the introduction of a novel yet appropriate meaning into a situation that, over time if it is adopted by enough others, can become a new cultural norm. Purpose is a stabilizing personal beacon for understanding and enacting one’s role within a culture, whereas creativity initiates and amplifies a ripple effect on the culture’s dynamics. A creativity-driven life purpose aims to change, redirect, or augment some aspect of culture. It brings the promise of deepening and elaborating cultural resources and the common good. Yet, creativity often requires that the creator provides most of the momentum to proceed. The uncertainty of creativity can lead to fewer social and institutional supports plus more challenges and resistance. Creators need to find tolerant early adopters to demonstrate and educate their novel contributions to others. Despite these challenges, many creators describe their purposes in strongly moral terms: they consider their aim a personal responsibility to share with other minds something “beloved” in their cultural domain as a way to enlarge cultural opportunities for all. Educators can support or thwart creativity-driven purposes in youth; practical suggestions for helping such purpose development are discussed.
Evaluation of Hip Pain in Young Adults

Hip pain is a common complaint in the young, athletic patient population. Primary, intra-articular sources of hip pain are becoming increasingly recognized by primary care providers and sports medicine specialists. Prior to deciding among the various treatment options for the many sources of hip pain in the athletic patient population, the clinician must be able to recognize and accurately diagnose the underlying pathology. Advances in imaging modalities and our understanding of the pathophysiology have improved our ability to accurately understand and diagnose the source of hip pain in this patient population. This review presents a comprehensive strategy for the workup and diagnosis of young, athletic patients presenting with hip pain, and provides the sports medicine specialist with the tools to correlate the patient's history, physical examination, and imaging findings and to treat these challenging patients.
The Relationship of Hyperthermia to Liver Growth and Liver Glycogen in the Chick Embryo

Abstract INTRODUCTION NUMEROUS studies have indicated that elevated incubation temperature for the chick embryo results in visceral overgrowth and protrusion of the viscera into the body stalk (celosomia), various other congenital malformations and growth acceleration. Ancel and Lallemand (1941) reported the production of visceral overgrowth and celosomia in chick embryos incubated at 39.0°C. during the third through the sixth day of incubation. This same malformation was produced in the chick embryo by Delphia and Eveleth (1961) from continuous incubation temperature of 40.0°C. Alsop (1919) and de la Cruz et al. (1966) recorded numerous congenital malformations in chick embryos incubated at 40.0°C. Rott (1957a, b) observed that incubation of the chick embryo at 38.5°C. accelerated growth during the first half of incubation. Delphia and Elliott (1965) using a temperature of 40.0°C. during the third through the sixth day and continuously, found lowered myocardial glycogen levels. The present study is concerned with the . . .
Analysis of dynamical recognizers

Pollack (1991) demonstrated that second-order recurrent neural networks can act as dynamical recognizers for formal languages when trained on positive and negative examples, and observed both phase transitions in learning and interacted function system-like fractal state sets. Follow on work focused mainly on the extraction and minimization of a finite state automaton (FSA) from the trained network. However, such networks are capable of inducing languages that are not regular and therefore not equivalent to any FSA. Indeed, it may be simpler for a small network to fit its training data by inducing such a nonregular language. But when is the network's language not regular? In this article, using a low-dimensional network capable of learning all the Tomita data sets, we present an empirical method for testing whether the language induced by the network is regular. We also provide a detailed "-machine analysis of trained networks for both regular and nonregular languages.
A practical second-order delta-sigma frequency-to-digital converter

Digital phase-locked loops (DPLLs) that operate in an analogous fashion to delta-sigma (/spl Delta//spl Sigma/) modulator A/D converters have been recently proposed. Although they offer certain advantages over conventional DPLLs, their direct implementation requires components that are difficult to realize without high-precision analog circuitry. This paper presents an alternate mechanization approach that gives rise to systems that have the same theoretical performance as those presented previously but consist of easily implemented components such as analog integrators, digital flip-flops, and digital counters.
Prevalence of Noncardiac Structural Anomalies in Twin-Twin Transfusion Syndrome

OBJECTIVES Compared to singleton pregnancies, monochorionic twins have increased rates of perinatal morbidity and mortality, believed due in part to both twin-twin transfusion syndrome and an increased risk of congenital anomalies. Here we describe the prevalence of noncardiac structural anomalies in monochorionic twins with twin-twin transfusion syndrome who underwent laser surgery. METHODS In a retrospective study of 221 consecutive cases of twin-twin transfusion syndrome treated with laser surgery, noncardiac anomalies were identified by review of antepartum and neonatal medical records. RESULTS Of 377 live-born twins, 19 (5.0%) had a noncardiac anomaly. This rate was increased for donor versus recipient twins (8.5% versus 2.0%; P < .01). The presence of an anomaly was unrelated to the Quintero stage, the presence of donor intrauterine growth restriction, or 30-day survival of the donor or recipient. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of noncardiac anomalies in pregnancies complicated by twin-twin transfusion syndrome who underwent laser surgery was higher in donors versus recipients.
Design of C-slot microstrip patch antenna for WiMax application

A small compact microstrip patch antenna with C-shaped slot is presented. It is developed to operate in the WiMax frequency range of 2.5–2.69 GHz. The antenna presents a size reduction of about 37% when compared to a conventional microstrip patch.
Numerical Heat Transfer Attic Model Using a Radiant Barrier System

A two-dimensional, steady-state finite-element model was developed to simulate the thermal effects of the application of an attic radiant barrier system (ARBS) inside a ventilated residential attic. The attic is ventilated using the exhaust air from an evaporative cooler. The study uses a k-e turbulent model to describe the velocity and temperature distributions in the attic. The ambient temperature and solar isolation densities on the outside inclined attic surfaces are used as driving functions for the model. The model also included the appropriate heat exchange modes of convection and radiation on these outside surfaces. Several recirculation zones were visually observed in the attic flow pattern. Also, the use of the ARBS seems to lower the heat transfer through the ceiling by 25–30%, but this effect decreases significantly as the outside ventilation rates are increased through the attic space. The 2D model revealed some interesting temperature distributions along the attic surfaces that could not hav...
Platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α-positive cells and not smooth muscle cells mediate purinergic hyperpolarization in murine colonic muscles

Enteric inhibitory neurotransmission is an important feature of the neural regulation of gastrointestinal motility. Purinergic neurotransmission, via P2Y1 receptors, mediates one phase of inhibitor...
Name-it: naming and detecting faces in video by the integration of image and natural language processing

We have been developing Name-It, a system that associates faces and names in news videos. First, as the only knowledge source, the system is given news videos which include image sequences and transcripts obtained from audio tracks or closed caption texts. The system can then either infer the name of a given face and output the name candidates, or can locate the faces in news videos by a name. To accomplish this task, the system extracts faces from image sequences and names from transcripts, both of which might correspond to key persons in news topics. The proposed system takes full advantage of advanced image and natural language processing. The image processing contributes to the extraction of face sequences which provide rich information for face-name association. The processing also helps to select the best frontal view of a face in a face sequence to enhance the face identification which is required for the processing. On the other hand, the natural language processing effectively extracts names by using lexical/grammatical analysis and knowledge of the news video topics structure. The success of our experiments demonstrates the benefits of the advanced image and natural language processing methods and their incorporation.
Corticosteroids enhance hepatic injury following ischemia-reperfusion

HISTORICALLY, in solid organ transplantation, corticosteroids (CCS) have been used widely as an integral part of the immunosuppression protocols. However, due to long-term CCS side effects, as well as the availability of newer and more potent immunosuppressive agents, the role of CCS has been reassessed. Recently, CCS-free immunosuppressive protocols have been successfully proposed for liver and kidney transplantation. Although these approaches seem safe when compared with historic controls, the majority of transplant programs are still wary of their introduction. Nevertheless, the role of CCS in ischemia-reperfusion injury following transplantation has not been adequately investigated. Because data on the effect of CCS on I-R injury are scant, the present study aims to investigate whether CCS administration interferes with I-R–induced hepatic injury in rats.
Hyaluronidases of Gram-positive bacteria

Bacterial hyaluronidases, enzymes capable of breaking down hyaluronate, are produced by a number of pathogenic Gram-positive bacteria that initiate infections at the skin or mucosal surfaces. Since reports of the hyaluronidases first appeared, there have been numerous suggestions as to the role of the enzyme in the disease process. Unlike some of the other more well studied virulence factors, much of the information on the role of hyaluronidase is speculative, with little or no data to substantiate proposed roles. Over the last 5 years, a number of these enzymes from Gram-positive organisms have been cloned, and the nucleotide sequence determined. Phylogenetic analysis, using the deduced amino acid sequences of the Gram-positive hyaluronidases, suggests a relatedness among some of the enzymes. Molecular advances may lead to a more thorough understanding of the role of hyaluronidases in bacterial physiology and pathogenesis.
Using Collaborative Advocacy to Foster Intergroup Cooperation: A Joint Insider-Outsider Investigation

Two of the authors of this paper have developed a model for promoting intergroup collaboration called collaborative advocacy. This model aims at achieving intergroup relationships that are both productive and empowering for their members; its cornerstone process goals include intergroup cooperation, group co-empowerment, and member empowerment. In this paper, an outside researcher and the two developers of this model describe and evaluate its use in the advisory board of an education and advocacy project for persons with developmental disabilities, family members, and professionals. Results of archival and interview investigations indicated that the project has succeeded in fostering educational activities, spawning the development of new advocacy projects, obtaining financial support, and providing opportunities for participants to make public contributions to the understanding of disabilities. Most board members have been satisfied with their level of influence. Group differences remain regarding the ad...
Digital hybrid ripple-based constant on-time control for voltage regulator modules

This paper presents a digital hybrid ripple-based constant on-time control scheme for voltage regulator modules (VRMs). Due to the sampling effects of the digital implementation, the stability issue becomes worse than the analog ripple-based control schemes, especially when low-ESR decoupling capacitors are used as the output filter. In order to stabilize the system and to fulfill the output impedance requirement of adaptive voltage positioning (AVP), a hybrid ramp compensation strategy, which includes the external ramp and the estimated current ramp, is proposed. The small-signal model of the proposed architecture is derived to provide the design guideline for the ramp compensation gains and the number of output and decoupling capacitors. Besides, only low sampling-rate Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs) are required to sample the input voltage, the output voltage, and the average current making the proposed architecture compatible with the cost/complexity constraints of VRM applications. Simulation and experimental results show that the ripple-based control can achieve high-bandwidth performance, and the proposed digital control architecture can fulfill the AVP design requirements of single-phase VRMs.
2,3‐Naphthalenedicarboxylic Acid

2,3-Naphthalenedicarboxylic acid product: 2,3-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid product: 2-naphthoic acid Keywords: oxidation, CH3 CO2H; autoclaves and pressure reactors, use of hydrogenation bombs as reactors
Crossing boundaries: Toward integrating creativity, innovation, and entrepreneurship research through practice.

In contrast to the siloed research domains of creativity, innovation, and entrepreneurship, where interdisciplinary barriers have largely prevented collaboration and integration, this article focuses on the inextricable, self-reinforcing linkages between the 3 and the productive exploitation of those linkages in both education and practice. In addition, an educational program designed to integrate creativity, innovation, and entrepreneurship in practice, called Innovation Quest, is described to illustrate how these domains can be and should be complementary. Emphasizing the capturing of market opportunity and value-laden outcomes, this experiential program has evolved over 16 operational years by continually integrating knowledge developed from each of these domains. Ideally, it is hoped that this discussion will serve as a catalyst to encourage creativity, innovation, and entrepreneurship researchers to work together. In so doing, they can exploit the intersection of these domains, particularly at the boundaries where the potential to expand knowledge is rife with opportunity, thereby moving us closer to integrating and benefitting both theory and practice.
Combining Optical Reporter Proteins with Different Half-lives to Detect Temporal Evolution of Hypoxia and Reoxygenation in Tumors

Here we have developed a hypoxia response element driven imaging strategy that combined the hypoxia-driven expression of two optical reporters with different half-lives to detect temporal changes in hypoxia and hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) activity. For this purpose, human prostate cancer PC3 cells were transfected with the luciferase gene fused with an oxygen-dependent degradation domain (ODD-luc) and a variant of the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). Both ODD-luciferase and EGFP were under the promotion of a poly-hypoxia-response element sequence (5xHRE). The cells constitutively expressed tdTomato red fluorescent protein. For validating the imaging strategy, cells were incubated under hypoxia (1% O2) for 48 hours and then reoxygenated. The luciferase activity of PC3-HRE-EGFP/HRE-ODD-luc/tdtomato cells detected by bioluminescent imaging rapidly decreased after reoxygenation, whereas EGFP levels in these cells remained stable for several hours. After in vitro validation, PC3-HRE-EGFP/HRE-ODD-luc/tdtomato tumors were implanted subcutaneously and orthotopically in nude male mice and imaged in vivo and ex vivo using optical imaging in proof-of-principle studies to demonstrate differences in optical patterns between EGFP expression and bioluminescence. This novel "timer" imaging strategy of combining the short-lived ODD-luciferase and the long-lived EGFP can provide a time frame of HRE activation in PC3 prostate cancer cells and will be useful to understand the temporal changes in hypoxia and HIF activity during cancer progression and following treatments including HIF targeting strategies.
How American Democracy Learns from Crisis (КАК АМЕРИКАНСКАЯ ДЕМОКРАТИЯ УЧИТСЯ НА КРИЗИСАХ)

English Abstract: This year marks the fortieth anniversary of the influential report The Crisis of Democracy. As it happens, many commentators think that democracy is in crisis again today. And there were major "crises of democracy" before the 1970s as well. It is tempting to think that this series of crises demonstrates the weakness of American democracy, and perhaps of all democracies. This is a mistaken conclusion. Such crises are part of the process by which democracies learn and adapt to new challenges. In a sense, we can think of these crises as evidence of the resilience rather than the fragility of democratic systems.Russian Abstract: В этом году исполняется сороковая годовщина влиятельного доклад Кризис демократии . Как это происходит , многие комментаторы считают, что демократия находится в кризисе и сегодня. И там были крупные кризисы " демократии " перед 1970 , а также. Мы могли бы подумать, что в этой серии кризисов демонстрирует слабость американской демократии, и, возможно, всех демократических странах. Это не правильный вывод. Такие кризисы являются частью процесса, посредством которого демократий учиться и адаптироваться к новым вызовам . В некотором смысле , мы можем думать об этих кризисов в качестве доказательства устойчивости , а не хрупкости демократических систем .
Line Formation in Expanding Atmospheres

The current state of understanding of line formation processes in expanding atmospheres is reviewed, and the successes and limitations of current computational techniques are summarized. Some results for differential rotation are also given, although very little work has been done in this area. Special attention is given to the severe difficulties that are encountered in inferring the structure of rapidly expanding or rotating atmospheres from observed line profiles because of the failure under these conditions of the Eddington-Barbier relation in integrated light; the value in this respect of continuum and interferometric observations is emphasized.
The Exit Structure of Strategic Alliances

Today, many biotechnology firms use strategic alliances to contract with other companies. This article contends that the governance structure of these alliances - specifically, the "contractual board" - provides an integrated restraint on opportunism. While an alliance agreement's exit structure could provide a check on opportunism by allowing the parties to exit at will, such exit provisions also can be used opportunistically. Most alliance agreements, therefore, provide for contractual "lock in" of the alliance partners, with only limited means of exit. Lock in, of course, raises its own concerns, and the contractual board - which typically is composed of representatives from each alliance partner, each wielding equal power - addresses these concerns about opportunism via the potential for deadlock.
Abstract 153: Synergistic Effects of Air Pollution Exposure and Neighborhood Socioeconomic Disadvantage on Initial Stroke Severity

Background: Stroke risk and severity are patterned by neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage (ND). Air pollution may also influence stroke severity through biologic mechanisms. We sought to identify potential synergistic effects of ND and air pollution on initial stroke severity in a large population-based stroke study. Methods: We identified incident ischemic stroke cases from the BASIC project from 2000-2012. NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS) was determined from the medical record or abstracted. Particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone (O3) data were obtained from a state website. An ND score was created for census tracts (proxy for neighborhood) of residence using 12 Census variables. The association between pollutants, ND, and NIHSS was modeled continuously (NIHSS score) and dichotomously (upper quartile (≥7) vs. lower quartiles ( Results: A total of 3,035 ischemic strokes occurred; mean age was 70 (SD=13), 51% female and 53% Mexican American. The difference from the 10th to 90th percentile of the ND score (more disadvantage) was associated with a 24% (95% CI: 0.98 - 1.57) higher odds of severe stroke (Table). Higher previous-day O3 levels were associated with both continuous NIHSS and severe stroke in single and dual exposure models; these associations were not modified by ND. Larger associations between PM2.5 and severe stroke were found for those in higher ND areas than those in lower ND areas (p=0.03). Same-day PM2.5 was not associated with continuous NIHSS nor modified by ND. Conclusion: Synergistic effects of air pollution and ND score on stroke severity existed; increases in PM2.5 were associated with greater odds of severe stroke as ND increased.
Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis over Supported Pt–Mo Catalyst: Toward Bimetallic Catalyst Optimization

The product distribution of the Fischer–Tropsch (FT) process demonstrates a strong dependence upon the choice of catalyst, catalytic support, and reaction temperature. To develop understanding of the factors that underpin catalytic activity, we performed density-functional-theory (DFT)-based first-principles calculations for syngas reaction over bimetallic (Pt–Mo) catalysts including bimetallic surfaces and alloyed nanoparticles (NPs) positioned on a top of γ-Al2O3 substrate. It was found that catalytic activity of the (Pt–Mo) nanoparticles depends upon (i) the selectivity and reactivity of different atomic sites at the surface that may significantly affect the kinetics of different stages of the FT synthesis and (ii) the optimal composition of the NP allowing increasing the methane production at the first stage of the FT synthesis. This work highlights the main mechanisms that govern bimetallic catalyst activity for the FT synthesis. Similar considerations could be developed for any bimetallic catalytic ...
Mary Edwards Walker: The Only Woman Awarded the Medal of Honor.

Dr. Mary E. Walker (1832–1919) is the first woman to be appointed as the U.S. Army assistant surgeon, and the only woman to have received the Medal of Honor, the nation’s highest award for “conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of life above and beyond the call of duty.” Walker (Fig. 1) graduated with honor from Syracuse Medical College in 1855, at the age of 23. At the start of the Civil War, she travelled to Washington, DC, seeking a commission as an Army surgeon or, barring that, as a contract surgeon. Both requests were denied, due to the lack of policy regarding the hiring of women physicians. Although Walker then volunteered her expertise as a nurse, she never stopped requesting a commission as an Army surgeon. After 3 years, she was attached as a contract surgeon to the 52nd Ohio Infantry. Major Generals Sherman and Thomas noted that, as a contract surgeon, she “. . . passed frequently beyond our lines far within those of the enemy, and at one time gained information that led General Sherman to modify his strategic operations as to save himself from a serious reverse and obtain success where defeat before seemed to be inevitable.” Although with the 52nd Ohio,
Vibration analysis for a large capacity turbo-generator stator main lead

Focusing on the vibration abrasion problems of stator main lead for a 135MW air cooled turbo-generator,the vibration analysis and calculation in the structure of main lead was done with an advanced finite element method,and the real reasons caused vibration was found.Some concrete measures to stiffen and improve it were presented based on the vibration model obtained through calculation,the actual operation facts showed that these measures are suitable and effective,enabling to solve the vibration abrasion problems.
Synthesis of Hemilabile Cyclic (Alkyl)(amino)carbenes (CAACs) and Applications in Organometallic Chemistry.

A versatile methodology, involving readily available starting materials, allows for the synthesis of stable hemilabile bidentate cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbenes (CAACs) featuring alkene, ether, amine, imine, and phosphine functionalities. The stability of the free carbenes has been exploited for the synthesis of copper(I) and gold(I) complexes. It is shown that the pendant imine moiety stabilizes the gold(III) oxidation state and enables the C–C bond oxidative addition of biphenylene to the corresponding cationic gold(I) complex. The latter and the corresponding copper(I) complex show high catalytic activity for the hydroarylation of α-methylstyrene with N,N-dimethylaniline, and the copper(I) complex promotes the anti-Markovnikov hydrohydrazination of phenyl acetylene with high selectivity.
SOFIA: flight planning and execution

The Stratospheric Observatory For Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA) is a 2.5-m telescope mounted inside of a Boeing 747SP. Planning and executing astronomical observations from an aircraft moving at 500 miles per hour has its own unique challenges and advantages. Scheduling and optimizing an entire year of science observations is a balancing act with target availability, instrument availability, and operational constraints. A SOFIA flight is well choreographed, and successfully executing observations on SOFIA requires many systems and people to work together- from the telescope assembly compensating for the continual vibration and movement of the plane in order to accurately point the telescope, the expertise of the telescope operators to prepare the telescope for use by the instrument operators, aircraft operations ensuring that the aircraft is ready for flight, and the mission systems control computers keeping track of all the data. In this paper we will discuss what it takes to plan a SOFIA flight, and what we do once we’re in the air. We will share a typical science flight, as well as more challenging and unique observations that require SOFIA being in the right place at the right time.
Assessment of Adderall in ADHD

The time course effects of four doses of Adderall® (5, 10, 15, and 20 mg) were compared to placebo and a single dose of methylphenidate in a randomized, double-blind, crossover study of 30 children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) treated at the Child Development Center, University of California, Irvine.
Risk Detection Among Asymptomatic Patients With Diabetes: Is It Time for a Varied Approach?

This issue of iJACC highlights several papers on the utility of cardiovascular imaging in diabetes. Over the past decade, there has been a plethora of observational registries and randomized trials evaluating the utility of noninvasive imaging, with recent reports examining prognostic risk among