cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Physical function measurement in older long-term cancer survivors.

Objective To establish reliability, validity, and minimal detectable change in measures of function in older long-term cancer survivors. Methods Older cancer survivors were recruited to perform functional measures; 5 Times Sit-to-Stand (5xSTS), 30-second Timed Chair Rise (30sTCR), Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), Physical Performance Test-7 (PPT-7). Two testing sessions were completed two weeks apart. Test-retest reliability was examined using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC2,1), convergent and discriminant validity using Spearman's rho and Minimal Detectable Change (MDC95) was calculated. Results Forty-seven older long-term cancer survivors participated. Test-retest reliability was good for 5xSTS (ICC2,1=0.86), 30sTCR (ICC2,1=0.89), and SPPB (ICC2,1=0.85) and poor for PPT-7 (ICC2,1=0.48). Both convergent and discriminant validity was established. Conclusions SPPB, 5xSTS, and 30sTCR are reliable and valid tools to measure function in older long-term cancer survivors. MDC95 values were larger than those reported in geriatrics and should be interpreted with caution. Residual effects of cancer treatment, comorbidity, and physical inactivity may contribute to decreased physical function in older long-term cancer survivors, therefore valid and reliable measures like SPPB and the timed chair rise tests should be used objectively measure function throughout the survivorship spectrum.
The evolution of correlation functions from low to high p T in PHENIX: from HBT to jets

The PHENIX experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider has performed a survey of momentum correlations ranging from 200 MeV/c to 7 GeV/c in √sNN = 200 GeV p+p, d+Au, Au+Au, and √sNN = 62 GeV Au+Au collisions. The correlations are measured separately for like-sign and unlike-sign pairs. Comparisons of the properties of the near-side peak amplitude and width as a function of centrality and transverse momentum for each collision species are presented and discussed.
Network Security Fundamentals

Communication is at the heart of computer systems. Information stored at one location is moved to another location, combined with data from other sources, and processed to meet the needs of the users. Rarely can user commands or the information they access avoid traversing networks, which leakes the data and systems vulnerable to a variety of attacks. A malicious intruder might intercept, falsify, damage, or altogether prevent the networked communications. Network security has become one of the more critical issues challenging businesses and our daily life. In this chapter, we introduce the fundamentals of network security. The chapter comprises six sections. In the first section, we introduce basic security concepts such as CIA (confidentiality, integrity, and availability). In the second section, we discuss basic cryptography, such as secret key cryptography, public key cryptography, and hash functions. In the third section, we introduce basic security services such as key management and authentication. In the fourth section, we discuss a variety of attacks such as sniffing, spoofing, and DDoS (Distributed Denial of Service) to give a big picture of the cruel world of cyberspace. In the fifth section, we introduce some security systems and protocols such as Kerberos, IPSec, Firewall, and VPN to combat those attacks. Finally, we give a brief overview of wireless network security such as WEP and WPA. Keywords: network security; secret key cryptography; public key cryptography; DoS; sniffing; kerberos; IPSec; firewalls; intrusion detection; wireless security
Abstract P163: Racial Disparities In Coronary Heart Disease Risk Among United States Adults

Introduction: Health disparities remain pervasive in US and eliminating such disparities is one of the overarching goals of the Healthy People 2020 agenda. Previous studies have assessed the disparities in risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality by race/ethnicity, but most of them only focused on the average CHD risk without taking into account the full risk distribution which would enable analysis of specific high-risk sub-groups. In this study, we estimated the 10-year risk distribution of CHD mortality based on 5 leading modifiable risk factors in US (i.e. smoking, adiposity, high blood pressure, serum cholesterol and blood glucose). We quantified the racial disparities in absolute CHD risk while accounting for full risk distribution. Methods: We included 3866 individuals aged 45 to 74 years, who were black or white, non-pregnant, free of CHD and had measurements of all 5 risk factors from 6 consecutive 2-year cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2010. We used mortality data from National Center for Health Statistics to estimate the cause-age-sex-race specific mortality in 2010. We also obtained hazard ratios of the selected 5 risk factors on CHD mortality from large meta-analyses of epidemiological studies. We predicted the 10-year risk of CHD death for each individual by simulating their survival process from 2010 to 2020 incorporating competing risks by death from other correlated causes. To assess health disparities, we compared the 5th, 25th, 50th, 75th and 95th percentile of the predicted risks between black and white by age and sex. Results: More than half of the black and white population aged 45 to 74 years had a low 10-year risk of CHD death (< 2%). The age-sex-race specific distributions of 10-year CHD risk were right-skewed with a large proportion of population on the low risk tail. Comparing to white, black had similar shape of CHD risk distributions, but higher risk levels at all percentiles across age and sex groups. In 55-64 ages where CHD was the major cause of death, the median of CHD risk for black males was 2.9% (interquartile range (IQR) 1.7% - 4.4%), which was 0.7% larger than that for white males (2.2%, IQR 1.4% - 3.3%). This risk difference was similar in females: the median CHD risk for black females was 1.6% (IQR 0.9% - 2.4%) and 0.9% for white females (IQR 0.5% - 1.5%). The disparities became larger on the high risk tail (95th percentile of predicted risk), where black had 2.7% higher risk for male and 2.3% for female in 55-64 ages. In older age groups (65-74 ages), such difference increased to 3.5% for both male and female. Conclusions: This analysis showed a skewed 10-year CHD risk distribution in US. The racial disparities are larger in the high risk sub-groups compared to those in the center of the risk distribution, indicating that the high risk subgroups should be the target population of intervention that aims to reduce health disparities in US.
Erratum: ``Variable Stars in M13. I. Positions and UBVRI Photometry for Variables, Suspected Variables, and Comparison Stars'' [ Astron. J. 119, 2902 (2000) ]

The J2000.0 position for L306 (V2) in Table 2 is incorrect. The correct position is given in Table 5.
Anglo-American Land Law: Diverging Developments from a Shared History - Part II: How Anglo-American Land Law Diverged after American Colonization and Independence

This series of three articles describes the history of land law shared by the British and American legal systems, and how and why these legal traditions have diverged from each other in modern times.This Article - part 2 in this series - describes the legal process used to establish British colonies in North America and the adoption or adaptation of English land law in the original thirteen colonies. It also describes the development of land law in each country from formal separation until England's massive property law reforms of the 1920s.Major developments in English property law after the watershed changes that the Statute of Uses introduced in 1536 included abolition of tenures completed by the Tenures Abolition Act of 1660, establishment of legal protections for leaseholds, modernization of future interests, and acceptance of succession of land interests among successive generations within a family. The rule against perpetuities was created and defined, trusts emerged as one of the truly brilliant inventions of English common law, mortgage law matured, and an elaborate law of servitude - including easements, covenants, profits, and licenses--arose from the law governing incorporeal hereditaments.Simultaneously, England's North American colonies established and transformed the common law of land in England. The development of colonial land law may be usefully compared with changes in English land law occurring during the same period. This Article discusses this comparison and the development of Anglo-American property law up to the 1920s, detailing the most important features of those developments and the circumstances that caused the differences.
Cholecystokinin depolarizes guinea pig sphincter of Oddi neurons by activating CCK-A receptors

Motility studies indicate that cholecystokinin (CCK) acts through a neural mechanism in the sphincter of Oddi (SO) after meals. To evaluate its actions in SO ganglia, CCK was applied by microejection (0.1 mM) or superfusion (0.1 to 300 nM) while recording was carried out intracellularly from intact SO neurons. In tonic cells, microejection and superfusion of CCK caused a prolonged depolarization accompanied by action potentials. In phasic cells, microejection of CCK caused brief and/or prolonged depolarizations, but superfusion caused only prolonged depolarizations. In afterhyperpolarized cells, CCK did not cause a detectable change in the resting membrane potential. In low-Na+ Krebs solution, the prolonged depolarizations in both tonic and phasic cells were significantly reduced. Unsulfated CCK (100 nM) had no effect. CCK-induced depolarization was significantly reduced by a CCK-A, but not a CCK-B, receptor antagonist. It is concluded that CCK can act on CCK-A receptors to depolarize SO neurons. However, it is unlikely that hormonal CCK could mediate such an action because of the discrepancy between the sensitivity of SO neurons for CCK and the peak concentrations of CCK in the serum after a meal.
Linear Temporal Logic and Finite Semigroups

This paper gives a gentle introduction to the semigroup-theoretic approach to classifying discrete temporal properties and surveys the most important results.
Two Sides of the 'Sargasso Sea': Successive Prosecution for the 'Same Offense' in the United States and the United Kingdom

This article analyzes the U. S. constitutional law interpreting the concept of "same offense." Included is a survey of the Supreme Court's attempts to interpret constitutional text in order to provide adequate protection for the underlying double jeopardy interest against vexatious reprosecutions, which have frequently produced inconsistent and illogical results. Part III of this article analyzes U.K. law relating to the concept of "same offense," where the same narrow double jeopardy protection adopted by the U.S. Supreme Court is supplemented with a broad discretion to prevent unfair successive prosecution that constitutes an abuse of process. Part IV draws lessons from a comparison of U.S. and U.K. law that might serve to rationalize and clarify the U.S. Supreme Court's jurisprudence by supplementing the narrow same-elements interpretation of the Double Jeopardy Clause with a due process or supervisory-power protection against oppressive multiple prosecutions.
Pulse oximetry and transcutaneous oxygen tension in hypoxemic neonates and infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

The reliability of pulse oximetry and transcutaneous oxygen tension (tcPo2) was investigated in hypoxemic neonates and older infants with chronic hypoxemia due to bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). It was found that during severe hypoxemia (tcPo2 <40 mmHg and saturation <80%) pulse oximetry showed a better correlation with arterial saturation than tcPo2 with arterial oxygen tension. During mild hypoxemia and normoxemia (tcPo2 40’90 mmHg and saturation 80’95%) tcPo2 and pulse oximetry both showed a good correlation with arterial values. Above 95% saturation and a corresponding tcPo2 of 70’120 mmHg, the correlation between arterial and transcutaneous Po2 was better than that between pulse oximetric and arterial saturation. Computer recording and analysis of tcPo2 and pulse oximetry improves the quality of both noninvasive oxygenation parameters in older infants with BPD.
Phytochrome assembly in living cells of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The biological activity of the plant photoreceptor phytochrome requires the specific association of a linear tetrapyrrole prosthetic group with a large apoprotein. As an initial step to develop an in vivo assay system for structure-function analysis of the phytochrome photoreceptor, we undertook experiments to reconstitute holophytochrome in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Here we show that yeast cells expressing recombinant oat apophytochrome A can take up exogenous linear tetrapyrroles, and, in a time-dependent manner, these pigments combine with the apoprotein to form photoactive holophytochrome in situ. Cell viability measurements indicate that holophytochrome assembly occurs in living cells. Unlike phytochrome A in higher plant tissue, which is rapidly degraded upon photoactivation, the reconstituted photoreceptor appears to be light stable in yeast. Reconstitution of photoactive phytochrome in yeast cells should enable us to exploit the power of yeast genetics for structure-function dissection of this important plant photoreceptor.
Beyond Compliance: Participatory Translation of Safety Communication for Latino Construction Workers

Developing effective workplace safety and risk communication materials for Latino construction workers poses a challenge for technical communicators. These workers are at a disadvantage because of ...
Potato spindle tuber viroid: Investigation of the long-distance, intra-plant transport route

Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTV) could be detected in tomato plants by dot-blot hybridization as early as 6-7 days postinoculation (p.i.), approximately 1 week before the appearance of symptoms. The viroid was always first detectable in the shoot tip of the plant and in leaves that were very close to the tip, followed temporally by detection in leaves further from the tip down to and eventually including the inoculated leaf. Although PSTV also moved down to the roots, it did not move into leaves below the inoculated leaf, unless such leaves were shaded to reverse the normal direction of movement of photosynthetic materials from these leaves. Shading the inoculated leaf had the effect of delaying the movement of PSTV out of the inoculated leaf. These results are all consistent with the rapid systemic movement of PSTV from the inoculated leaf to actively growing tissue via the phloem, a route also utilized by most plant viruses.
Modified cell ELISA to determine the solubilization of cell surface proteins: Applications in GPI-anchored protein purification.

Abstract A major step in purifying membrane bound proteins involves the solubilization of the protein of interest from the cell membranes. Glycosylphosphatidyl inositol (GPI)-anchored proteins pose a singular problem in this solubilization step since they are found in detergent-resistant membrane complexes and accordingly are insoluble in cold Triton X-100. In this study we have developed a modified cell ELISA that determines the solubility of these cell surface proteins under various solubilization conditions. Using this non-radioactive method we show that the combination of saponin/Triton X-100 at 4 °C solubilized GPI-anchored proteins more efficiently than Triton X-100 at 4 °C. The combination of saponin/Triton X-100 at 4 °C avoids the potential of activating proteases that occurs when using Triton X-100 at 37 °C. Furthermore, our method also shows the saponin/Triton X-100 solubilized GPI-anchored proteins equivalent to the more expensive octyl β-glucoside. This is a particularly important consideration in large-scale protein purification. This method obviates the need to use radioactivity, gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting procedures. The solubilization conditions determined by this modified ELISA are readily translated to the practical application of large-scale protein purification as demonstrated in the purification of two different recombinant GPI-anchored proteins, GPI-hB7-1 (CD80) and GPI-mICAM-1 (CD54).
Ultrahigh-energy hydrogen thyratron/SCR bidirectional waveform defibrillator.

Presented here is a description of an ultrahigh-energy hydrogen thyratron/SCR bidirectional waveform research defibrillator having a sinusoidal voltage source for inducing fibrillation and three pulse generators for generating defibrillatory waveforms. The first pulse generator uses an 18 kJ capacitor bank at 0·8, 1·6 or 2·4 kV discharged through the chest by two series-connected silicon-controlled rectifiers (SCRs). Two other series-connected SCRs in parallel with the bank terminate the discharge. The second pulse generator uses an 18 kJ bank at 5, 10 or 15 kV. Ceramic-enveloped hydrogen thyratrons in series with the chest initiate the discharge, and in parallel with the bank terminate the discharge. The third pulse generator supplies a reverse-current pulse when used with either the first or second pulse generators to produce bidirectional waveforms. An 18 kJ bank at 2·5, 5 or 10 kV is discharged by an SCR chain in series with the chest. The discharge is terminated by an SCR chain in parallel with the bank. Symmetrical bidirectional rectangular, truncated exponential, and untruncated exponential waveforms are generated by the first and third pulse generators with their respective banks at 2·4 and 2·5 kV, the second and third pulse generators with their banks at 5 kV, or the second and third pulse generators with their banks at 10 kV. The full energy-storage capabilities of the capacitor banks can be used in the first two arrangements; usable energy storage in the third arrangement is limited to about 10 kJ per bank.
Nuclear shape-isomeric vibrations

Abstract It is argued that the correlated resonances observed in low-energy collisions of light heavy-ions may be vibrational-rotational states built on the shape-isomeric configurations of the composite nuclear system. These states are calculated for the shape-isomer of the 24 Mg nucleus by studying the response of the system to an external perturbation.
Transverse-discharge excitation of the 1.315-μm atomic iodine laser I. Experiment

Abstract Prompt laser emission of 100 nsec fwhm from the 5 2 P 1 2 → 5 2 P 3 2 atomic iodine transition has been produced by a transverse electrical discharge. Electron impact dissociation of i-C3F7I in He buffer gas populates the excited state, and UV photodissociation and/or anomalous diffusion mechanisms are shown not to be responsible for the observed emission.
The Cytochrome P450 CYP86A22 Is a Fatty Acyl-CoA ω-Hydroxylase Essential for Estolide Synthesis in the Stigma of Petunia hybrida

The stigmatic estolide is a lipid-based polyester constituting the major component of exudate in solanaceous plants. Although the exudate is believed to play important roles in the pollination process, the biosynthetic pathway of stigmatic estolide, including genes encoding the key enzymes, remains unknown. Here we report the cloning and characterization of the cytochrome P450 gene CYP86A22, which encodes a fatty acyl-CoA ω-hydroxylase involved in estolide biosynthesis in the stigma of Petunia hybrida. A CYP86A22 cDNA was isolated from a developing stigma cDNA library, and the corresponding gene was shown to express predominantly in the developing stigma. Among six P450 genes isolated from this library, only CYP86A22 was implicated in ω-hydroxylation following RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated suppression. Unlike wild-type plants in which ω-hydroxy fatty acids (mainly in the form of 18-hydroxy oleic acid and 18-hydroxy linoleic acid) compose 96% of total stigma fatty acids, the ω-hydroxy fatty acids were essentially absent in the stigmas from 18 of 46 CYP86A22-RNAi transgenic plants and had varying levels of suppression in the remaining 28 plants. Furthermore, lipids in the 18 CYP86A22-RNAi stigmas were predominantly triacylglycerols and diacylglycerols instead of the estolides, which characterize the wild-type stigma. Analyses of recombinant CYP86A22 conclusively demonstrated that this P450 is a ω-hydroxylase with a substrate preference for both saturated and unsaturated acyl-CoAs rather than free fatty acids. We conclude that the cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP86A22 is the key fatty acyl-CoA ω-hydroxylase essential for the production of ω-hydroxy fatty acids and the biosynthesis of triacylglycerol-/diacylglycerol-based estolide polyesters in the petunia stigma.
Derivation of the theoretical autocovariance and autocorrelation function of autoregessive moving average processes

Closed form expressions for the theoretical autocovariance and autocorrelation function of mixed autoregressive moving average processes are presented. The results provide insight into the construction of autocovariances and autocorrelatians and are useful in theoretical analysis, model identification as well as in implementing maximum likelihood estimation algorithms.
Comparative molecular chemistry of molybdenum and tungsten and its relation to hydroxylase and oxotransferase enzymes

The similarities and differences in the fundamental coordination chemistry of molybdenum and tungsten mainly in physiological oxidation states MIV–VI are examined in relation to the properties of enzyme sites that catalyze oxygen atom transfer reactions. The comparative aspects of dithiolene complexes, which as synthetic analogues simulate structural and electronic features of these sites, are emphasized. Analogue reaction systems of enzymes are summarized. The mechanism of reduction of the biological substrate Me2SO in one such system as elucidated with density functional calculations is presented as a case study.
Energy expenditure and enjoyment during video game play: differences by game type.

Purpose: Play of physically active video games may be a way to increase physical activity and/or decrease sedentary behavior, but games are not universally active or enjoyable. Active games may differ from traditional games on important attributes, which may affect frequency and intensity of play. The purpose of this study was to investigate differences in energy expenditure and enjoyment across four game types: shooter (played with traditional controllers), band simulation (guitar or drum controller), dance simulation (dance mat controller), and fitness (balance board controller). Methods: Energy expenditure (METs) and enjoyment were measured across 10 games in 100 young adults age 18-35 yr (50 women). Results: All games except shooter games significantly increased energy expenditure over rest (P < 0.001). Fitness and dance games increased energy expenditure by 322% (mean ± SD = 3.10 ± 0.89 METs) and 298% (2.91 ± 0.87 METs), which was greater than that produced by band simulation (73%, 1.28 ± 0.28 METs) and shooter games (23%, 0.91 ± 0.16 METs). However, enjoyment was higher in band simulation games than in other types (P < 0.001). Body mass-corrected energy expenditure was greater in normal weight than in overweight participants in the two most active game types (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Active video games can significantly increase energy expended during screen time, but these games are less enjoyable than other more sedentary games, suggesting that they may be less likely to be played over time. Less active but more enjoyable video games may be a promising method for decreasing sedentary behavior.
Adiabatic thermo-optic Mach–Zehnder switch

In this Letter, we propose and demonstrate a high-speed and power-efficient thermo-optic switch using an adiabatic bend with a directly integrated silicon heater to minimize the heat capacity and therein maximize the performance of the thermo-optic switch. A rapid, τ=2.4 μs thermal time constant and a low electrical power consumption of P(π)=12.7 mW/π-phase shift were demonstrated representing a P(π)τ product of only 30.5 mW·μs in a compact device with a phase shifter of only ~10 μm long.
Coaptation Mechanism of Dilated Mitral Valves

Functional mitral regurgitation, which occurs as a consequence of regional of global left ventricular or global left ventricular dysfunction despite structurally normal mitral valve (MV), is a common complication in patients with ischemic or non-ischemic cardiomyopathies [1].Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Adsorption of Radon from a Humid Atmosphere on Activated Carbon

Temperature and relative humidity can influence the adsorption capacity of radon on activated carbon to a great extent, depending on the physical properties of the carbon. Experiments were carried out to measure the radon uptake by an activated carbon in the presence of water vapor in a specially designed adsorption apparatus. The radon concentrations in the gas and solid phases were measured simultaneously once the adsorption equilibrium and the radioactive equilibrium between the radon daughter products were reached. The experiments in the presence of water vapor were carried out using two approaches. In one case the activated carbon was preequilibrated with water vapor prior to exposing it to radon. In the other case the carbon was exposed to a mixture of water vapor and radon. The uptake capacity for radon decreased substantially when both components were introduced together compared to when carbon was preequilibrated with water.
Hypoxia-Induced Haem Oxygenase-1 Gene Expression in Neonatal Rat Cardiac Myocytes

Abstract Background: Haem oxygenase (HO-1), a heat shock or stress protein, is a rate-limiting enzyme in the conversion of pro-oxidant haem to biliverdin and carbon monoxide (CO). The products of haem catabolism serve regulatory and protective functions. Previous studies have shown that hypoxia induces HO-1 expression in cardiac myocytes. Accordingly, we investigated whether hypoxia-induced HO-1 expression is accompanied by increased CO production in cultured neonatal rat cardiac myocytes, and whether protein kinase C (PKC) is involved in hypoxia induced HO-1 gene expression. Methods and Results: Expression of HO-1 in hypoxia-treated cells was examined by using northern and western blotting, and immunofluorescent staining. The level of HO-1 mRNA at 24 and 48 h was increased after the onset of hypoxia, with corresponding increase in the HO-1 protein level (6.7- and 8.7-fold at 24 and 48 h of hypoxia, respectively). HO-1 protein was colocalised with sarcomeric α-actin in hypoxic myocytes. Hypoxia also significantly increased the production of CO by 2.5- and 8-fold at 24 and 48 h, respectively. Under normoxic conditions, activation of PKC by phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA; 100 nmol/L) markedly increased HO-1 gene expression, while inhibition of PKC activity by calphostin C (100 nmol/L) blocked hypoxia-induced HO-1 gene expression in cardiac myocytes. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that hypoxia markedly induces HO-1 expression and increases the production of CO in cardiac myocytes. This hypoxic response is attributed, at least in part, to activation of PKC. Increased HO-1 expression and resultant CO production may be beneficial with respect to protection of cardiac myocytes under hypoxic conditions.
Solutes and potential sources in a portion of the Trinity aquifer, Texas, USA

Concentrations of several solutes––arsenic, nitrate, chloride, and bromide––along with total dissolved solids (TDS) in a portion of the Trinity aquifer were compiled, mapped, and evaluated relative to regional land use and geology. Agriculture and oil/gas production are significant land uses and potential sources of groundwater contamination in the study area. Data were compiled from 60 wells with a median depth of 245 ft (75 m). Only two observations surpassed the 44.3 mg/L drinking water standard for nitrate, and no observations exceeded the 10 µg/L standard for arsenic. A statistically significant, negative correlation was apparent between nitrate and well depth. The median chloride concentration was 28.7 mg/L; however, the maximum level was more than double the secondary drinking water standard of 250 mg/L. Nearly half of the TDS observations exceeded the secondary drinking water standard of 500 mg/L. Most chloride/bromide ratios were between 100 and 300; the median value was 184. Two mapped chloride/bromide ratios above 1,000 were consistent with evaporite dissolution. Results suggest modest impacts to groundwater quality from a combination of natural and human sources, the latter potentially including agriculture and oil/gas production.
Accurate graphical methods for the analysis of asymmetric Breit-Wigner resonances in nuclear reactions☆

Abstract A formula for Breit-Wigner resonances in excitation functions of nuclear reactions is derived for the general case that the scattering amplitudes contain nonresonant parts. This formula is used to develop graphical methods, which lead to accurate resonance parameters. The importance of these methods lies in their simplicity and generality.
Abnormalities of thalamic volume and shape detected in fetally irradiated rhesus monkeys with high dimensional brain mapping.

Abstract Background: Prior research has indicated neuroanatomical abnormalities of the thalamus in schizophrenia. To study the possible pathogenesis, an animal model of neurodevelopmental thalamic damage has been developed by applying low-dose radiation to rhesus monkeys in early gestation. Irradiated monkeys sacrificed as infants demonstrate neuronal losses in specific thalamic nuclei and decreases in cortical neuropil. Methods: Magnetic resonance scans were collected in adult Rhesus monkeys exposed to irradiation during thalamic neurogenesis (E33-42), after thalamic neurogenesis (E70-81), and in nonirradiated control animals. High dimensional brain mapping was used to compare thalamic volumes and shape characteristics in the three groups of animals. Results: Animals exposed to irradiation at E33-42 showed a significant bilateral loss of thalamic volumes (> 20%) compared with controls and with animals irradiated at E70-81 when total brain volume was used as a covariate in the analysis. Thalamic volume loss was associated with a nonuniform deformation of thalamic shape. Conclusions: A first-trimester, neurodevelopmental insult in the nonhuman primate during thalamic neurogenesis produces a complex pattern of thalamic volume loss and shape deformation in adulthood. Low-dose irradiation of the fetal primate may be useful for modeling key features of the pathology described in schizophrenic patients.
Aminophylline use in the critically ill: An old ally or new foe?

Although the use of aminophylline as a first line bronchodilator has declined during the last 2 decades, there are other clinical indications for which aminophylline is effective and may be the drug of choice. In this article, the author describes the drug's pharmacokinetics, physiologic effects, and indications for use. In addition, research pertaining to contemporary use of the drug is summarized. It is hoped that this article will help the critical care nurse assess and care for those critically ill patients for whom in aminophylline is used as primary or adjunctive therapy.
Co-purification of gastric mucoproteins with DNA: An explanation for the reported ‘interaction’ of omeprazole with DNA in rat tissues

Abstract Recently, Phillips et al. reported that small amounts of radioactivity derived from [ 14 C]omeprazole were ‘associated’ with DNA purified from gastrointestinal tissues of treated rats (Mutagenesis 7, 277–283, 1992). We hypothesized that this radioactivity arose from omeprazole bound to contaminating protein in the DNA fraction (Mutagenesis 7, 395–396, 1992). Using rats injected with 35 S-labeled amino acids, we found significant protein contamination (0.06 mu;g of protein per mu;g of DNA) in DNA purified from gastrointestinal tissues. Gastric mucous proteins represent likely candidates for binding of omeprazole in the rat model used by Phillips et al. To investigate this, we partially purified proteins from gastric mucus, incubated them with [ 14 C]omeprazole, and then added these radiolabeled mucoproteins to homogenates of rat colon and duodenum before starting the DNA purification. Detectable amounts of the added mucoproteins remained in the DNA fraction, but none of the control protein, bovine serum albumin, remained with the DNA. Further characterization of the mucoproteins by hydroxyapatite chromatography indicated that a certain population of these proteins survived the DNA purification procedures. These data indicate that the association of omeprazole with DNA reported by Phillips et al. most probably is explained by binding of omeprazole to mucous glycoproteins (or other proteins present in the GI tract) that selectively survive DNA purification protocols.
Performing item- and subject-based analyses using ALICE

By using the program ALICE, we are able to perform subject- and item-based analyses of randomly ordered sets of data without the usual computational effort. The program allows us to transform data and combine, partition, or systematically manipulate them by simple, readily interpretable instructions. Of equal importance to us is the ease with which students and staff learn to use the program independently.
AN ANALYSIS OF CONGESTION MEASURES AND HETEROGENEOUS ANGLER PREFERENCES IN A RANDOM UTILITY MODEL OF RECREATIONAL FISHING

The potential importance ofcongestion effects on the management andrationing of recreational facilities andservices in the presence of heterogeneouspreferences were highlighted nearly twenty-fiveyears ago by Freeman and Haveman (1977). Whilethere have been a number of theoretical modelsextending and expanding upon this work(McConnell 1988; Anderson 1993), empiricalresearch evaluating such impacts is limited. Evidence of the potential impacts of congestionon resource usage is of obvious importance,especially for natural resource managers whounderstand that congestion can be an effectiverationing device and because users likelydiffer in both their preferences for use andaversion to congestion. It is the objective ofthis research to compare alternative measuresof congestion for explaining site choice withina random utility modeling framework. Thecongestion measures differ with respect to thetime horizon over which they are assumed to beformulated and the measure of central tendencyused to represent them. Furthermore, weinvestigate how the response to thesecongestion measures may differ across twodistinct angler types and the implications ofthose differences on the per trip willingnessto pay for stock enhancement.
High mobility group box 1 promotes tumor cell migration through epigenetic silencing of semaphorin 3A

High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a 25-kDa chromatin-associated protein that aids in transcription and DNA repair by directly binding to DNA and altering its conformation. Additionally, HMGB1 can act as an extracellular ligand. When released from dying or stressed cells, HMGB1 binds to the RAGE receptor and activates the p42/44 MAP kinase (MAPK) cascade. HMGB1 is overexpressed in many types of cancer and frequently associated with tumor stage and metastasis. This has predominantly been attributed to an autocrine function that drives MAPK pathway activity. However, by using tumor cells with activating MAPK pathway mutations, we have identified a role for HMGB1 in promoting metastasis and tumor growth that is independent of this pathway. In the absence of HMGB1, these tumor cells show defective in vitro migration as well as reduced metastasis and tumor growth in vivo despite high p42/44 phosphorylation. We found that semaphorin 3A (SEMA3A), previously shown to act as a suppressor of angiogenesis and migration, was highly increased during expression in the absence of HMGB1. SEMA3A/HMGB1 double knockdown rescued the migration defect in HMGB1 single knockdown cells. HMGB1 bound at the semaphorin 3A genomic locus, promoted hetrochromatin formation, and decreased occupancy of acetylated histones. Based on human tumor gene expression databases, HMGB1 was significantly inversely correlated with SEMA3A, suggesting that this mechanism may be more widely relevant in different cancer types.
The novel 21-aminosteroid U74006F attenuates cerebral edema and improves survival after brain injury in the rat.

The present study evaluated the effect of the non-glucocorticoid 21-aminosteroid U74006F on the development of regional cerebral oedema after lateral fluid-percussion (FP) brain injury in the rat. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 20) were anaesthetized and subjected to lateral FP brain injury of moderate severity (2.5–2.6 atmospheres). Fifteen minutes after brain injury, animals randomly received an i.v. bolus of either U74006F (3 mg/kg, n = 11) followed by a second bolus (3 mg/kg) at 3 hours vs buffered saline vehicle (equal volume, n = 9). At 48 hours postinjury, animals were sacrificed and brains tissue assayed for water content using wet weight/dry weight methodology. Administration of U74006F significantly attenuated the increase in water content observed in control animals in the ipsilateral hippocampus (adjacent to the site of maximal injury, p < 0.05). Administration of U74006F also significantly reduced post-injury mortality from 28% in control animals to zero in treated animals (p < 0.001). These results suggest that lipid peroxidation may be involved in the pathophysiological sequelae of brain injury and that 21-aminosteroids may be beneficial in the treatment of brain injury.
Lunar magnetic permeability studies and magnetometer sensitivity

A regression of quiet magnetic field components simultaneously measured by the two Explorer 35 magnetometers reveals uncertainties in effective sensitivity factors of up to a few percent in one or both of these instruments. Given this, the validity of previous lunar permeability studies based on Explorer 35/ALSEP regressions, wherein inferences are drawn from regression line slopes differing from unity by the order of one percent, is called into question. We emphasize the need to critically address the question of small deviations in magnetometer sensitivity factors from nominal values as a part of any two-magnetometer lunar permeability study.
The Ectoparasitic Gastropod Boonea (= Odostomia) impressa: Population Ecology and the Influence of Parasitism on Oyster Growth Rates

. Boonea (= Odostomia) impressa is a common ectoparasite of oysters. In the laboratory, small oysters (Crassostrea virginica) parasitized by natural densities of B. impressa produced 75 % less new shell than unparasitized oysters. Shell deposition rates of previously parasitized oysters increased significantly after all B. impressa were removed. Thus, the decrease in growth rate, although significant, apparently was not permanent. B. impressa preferentially parasitized small, living oysters (≤2.5cm) in the field, even though a higher percentage of large, living oysters (>2.5cm) was available. The snails maintained an aggregated distribution on the oyster reef. The number of B. impressa per oyster clump was positively correlated with the number of living oysters per clump, however some clumps with few or no living oysters had many B. impressa. Thus, food availability only partially explained the pattern of distribution. B. impressa was very mobile. About 50 % of the population moved in one week. Reproduction occurred throughout the year with a peak period in May. Recruitment was greatest in July, however new recruits were observed throughout the year. The reduction in growth rate of parasitized oysters, the snaiľs propensity towards parasitizing small oysters and the snail's tendency to be contagiously distributed suggests that B. impressa potentially exerts a significant influence on the population structure and health of oyster populations.
Eliminating capillary coalescence of nanowire arrays with applied electric fields.

Surface tension induces significant forces on wetted nanostructures, such as vertically oriented nanowire arrays, that can force them to aggregate when dried. This aggregation decreases the homogeneity and surface area of the array, often inhibiting their intended application. These aggregation forces are eliminated by introducing small electric fields (∼100 V/m) during drying, providing a simple approach that is applicable to a broad range of nanowire materials, diameters, lengths, and spacing. A model based on the forces acting on two nanowires shows that electrostatic repulsion, rather than field-induced changes to the surface tension, provides the necessary forces to prevent aggregation. These calculations also highlight the substantial surface tension forces acting on nanostructures and the difficulties associated with preventing their aggregation.
EQUAL PAY: PROGRESS AND PROBLEMS (AMERICA)

In 1970, the median earnings of American women employed on a full‐time basis were approximately 60 percent of men's earnings. This figure, taken from the Current Population Reports of the U.S. Department of Commerce, is circulated widely by individuals concerned with pay inequities in the labor market. Unfortunately, it is sometimes used without qualification, tending to cloud the problem of equal pay for equal work. Some writers fail to mention that the Commerce Department's figure relates to all workers in diverse occupations.
NIH Peer Review Reform

The editorial “NIH Peer Review Reform—Change We Need, or Lipstick on a Pig?” ([1][1]) could not have better exposed the problems of grant peer review and, more importantly, the irreparable harm to innovation and wasting away of potentially good research from scientists who have or will simply
Information sufficiency and attribution of responsibility: predicting support for climate change policy and pro-environmental behavior

This study extends the central part of the risk information seeking and processing model to examine how message elaboration influences individuals’ support for climate change mitigation policy and their intention to engage in pro-environmental behavior. Data were collected through online experimental surveys at two large universities in the Northeastern United States. Results indicate that perceived issue salience triggered negative affect and information insufficiency, both of which prompted systematic processing, which subsequently led to greater policy support and stronger intention to adopt more pro-environmental behaviors. From an applied perspective, this study suggests important pathways to encourage greater message elaboration, which may lead to increased public support for mitigation policies and adoption of pro-environmental behavior.
Selective-area growth of III-nitride core-shell nanowalls for light-emitting and laser diodes

We demonstrate selective-area growth of patterned III-nitride core-shell nanowalls with nonpolar InGaN quantum well shells over large areas. Transmission electron microscopy and photoluminescence are utilized to examine the growth morphology and emission characteristics.
Quantitative risk assessment of polychlorodibenzofurans (PCDFs) released in PCB fires: use of high-resolution gas chromatography

The toxicity of polychlorodibenzofurans (PCDFs), produced during incineration and in accidental fires involving polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), is generally assessed in terms of total concentration or more recently in terms of the group concentrations of the tetra-, penta- and hexachloro-isomers. This approach fails to account for the great differences in potency of the relatively few toxic congeners and isomers present in the sample. A quantitative risk assessment of PCDF mixtures must not only be based on the concentrations of the toxic components but also account for the relative potency of each congener in a form which permits summation of the toxicities of the individual contributors. This paper outlines a method by which the concentration of each of the toxic components, determined by high-resolution congener-specific gas chromatographic analysis, may be converted to equivalent toxic concentrations of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Summation of the resulting values permits the overall toxicity of the sample to be expressed in terms of an equivalent toxic weight of TCDD per unit weight of sample (ng TCDD/g) in the case of fly ash or an equivalent toxic weight of TCDD per unit area (ng TCDD/m2) for soot deposit.
Heat Transfer Enhancement in 2D Magnetohydrodynamic Channel Flow by Boundary Feedback Control

The interaction between an electrically-conducting fluid in a channel flow and an imposed transverse magnetic field generates significant magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) effects, which often result in higher pressure gradients and lower heat transfer rates. The later effect is particularly undesirable in cooling-system applications. A nonlinear Lyapunov-based boundary control law is proposed for mixing and heat transfer enhancement in a magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) channel flow, also known as Hartmann flow. A direct numerical simulation (DNS) code has been developed to simulate the full MHD equations and the heat transfer equation. A numerical study shows the effectiveness of the proposed controller.
Three-dimensional fracture simulation with a single-domain, direct boundary element formulation†

An efficient hypersingular boundary integral equation method for three-dimensional fracture mechanics was presented in a previous paper. The details of the numerical implementation of this method are further discussed herein. In particular, an algorithm for achieving the required differentiability of the crack surface displacement function is discussed. To illustrate the utility of the method, computational results for several strongly interacting multiple-crack geometries are presented. The calculated stress intensity factors are in excellent agreement with those obtained by an approximate analytical method due to Kachanov and Laures.
SU‐E‐T‐439: An Improved Formula of Scatter‐To‐Primary Ratio for Photon Dose Calculation

Purpose: Scatter-to-primary ratio (SPR) is an important dosimetric quantity that describes the contribution from the scatter photons in an external photon beam. The purpose of this study is to develop an improved analytical formula to describe SPR as a function of circular field size (r) and depth (d) using Monte Carlo (MC) simulation. Methods: MC simulation was performed for Mohan photon spectra (Co-60, 4, 6, 10, 15, 23 MV) using EGSNRC code. Point-spread scatter dose kernels in water are generated. The scatter-to-primary ratio (SPR) is also calculated using MC simulation as a function of field size for circular field size with radius r and depth d. The doses from forward scatter and backscatter photons are calculated using a convolution of the point-spread scatter dose kernel and by accounting for scatter photons contributing to dose before (z' d) reaching the depth of interest, d, where z' is the location of scatter photons, respectively. The depth dependence of the ratio of the forward scatter and backscatter doses is determined as a function of depth and field size. Results: We are able to improve the existing 3-parameter (a, w, d0) empirical formula for SPR by introducing depth dependence for one of the parameter d0, which becomes 0 for deeper depths. The depth dependence of d0 can be directly calculated as a ratio of backscatter-to-forward scatter doses for otherwise the same field and depth. With the improved empirical formula, we can fit SPR for all megavoltage photon beams to within 2%. Existing 3-parameter formula cannot fit SPR data for Co-60 to better than 3.1%. Conclusion: An improved empirical formula is developed to fit SPR for all megavoltage photon energies to within 2%.