cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A deep-sea sediment transport storm

Photographs taken of the sea bottom since the 1960s suggest that sediments at great depth may be actively resuspended and redistributed1. Further, it has been suspected that active resus-pension/transport may be required to maintain elevated concentrations of particles in deep-sea nepheloid layers. But currents with sufficient energy to erode the bottom, and to maintain the particles in suspension, have not been observed concurrently with large concentrations of particles in the deep nepheloid layer2–4. The high-energy benthic boundary-layer experiment (HEBBLE) was designed to test the hypothesis that bed modifications can result from local erosion and deposition as modelled by simple one-dimensional local forcing mechanics5. We observed several 'storms' of high kinetic energy and near-bed flow associated with large concentrations of suspended sediment during the year-long deployments of moored instruments at the HEBBLE study site. These observations, at 4,880 m off the Nova Scotian Rise in the north-west Atlantic, indicate that large episodic events may suspend bottom sediments in areas well removed from coastal and shelf sources.
Permeability of Grout Seals Surrounding Thermoplastic Well Casing

An experimental test program was conducted to measure the longitudinal permeability of a grouted thermoplastic water well casing system. A neat cement grout, with and without calcium chloride or bentonite admixtures, was placed in the annulus of a simulated well. Test pressure and specimen configuration was shown to influence the measured coefficient of permeability. A neat grout with a water/cement ratio of 2.0 had a much higher permeability coefficient than the same grout with a water/cement ratio of 0.46. Once the bond line between the grout and casing was broken, the permeability of the system was generally higher than for the initial test. Specimens with a bell coupling included had a slightly higher permeability than specimens with straight pieces of casing. The effect on permeability of the admixtures in the grout was not conclusive. However, the addition of a bentonite slurry to the test water was observed to decrease the permeability coefficient when tested under low pressure. The permeability coefficient of the basic neat grout casing system ranged from 20 – 100 × 10 −5 cm/sec at low test pressure. It was concluded that the casing has an impact on the longitudinal permeability of the system since the coefficients of permeability measured were significantly higher than other published values. However, the coefficients of permeability measured were in the range of soils with low permeability such as silts.
AMPA receptor activation potentiated by the AMPA modulator 1-BCP is toxic to cultured rat hippocampal neurons

The benzoylpiperidine 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylcarbonyl)-piperidine (1-BCP), and related compounds, potentiate alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole proprionic acidergic (AMPAergic) synaptic currents in central neurons, and improve performance of rodents and humans on learning and memory tasks. Their physiological actions are similar but not identical to thiazides, which also enhance AMPAergic synaptic responses and improve performance of rats in water-maze and passive-avoidance tests. Thiazides also dramatically increase AMPA receptor-mediated neuronal death in vitro and in vivo. Here it was evaluated whether 1-BCP potentiated AMPA receptor-mediated excitotoxicity in hippocampal neuron cultures. Glutamate + MK 801 (to block NMDA receptors) + 1 mM 1-BCP produced neuronal death that was reversed by 10 microM 2,3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(F)quinoxaline (NBQX), a selective AMPA receptor antagonist. 1-BCP and drugs with similar activities can facilitate AMPA receptor-mediated excitotoxicity.
Anomaly detection in hyperspectral imagery using stable distribution

In hyperspectral imaging applications, the background generally exhibits a clearly non-Gaussian impulsive behavior, where valuable information stays in the tail. In this paper, we propose a new technique, where the background is modeled using the stable distribution for robust detection of outliers. The outliers of the distribution can be considered as potential anomalies or regions of interests (ROIs). We effectively utilize the stable model for detecting targets in impulsive hyperspectral data. To decrease the false alarm rate, it is necessary to compare the ROI with the known reference using a suitable technique, such as the Euclidian distance. Modeling data with stable distribution compensates a drawback of the Gaussian model, which is not well suited for describing signals with impulsive behavior. In addition, thresholding is considered to avoid misclassification of targets. Test results using real life hyperspectral image datasets are presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed technique.
A Bacterial Binding Site Which Binds Human Chorionic Gonadotropin but not Human Luteinizing Hormone

Exposed sites on Pseudomonas maltophilia (ATC #1637), which bind both human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and a native hCG-like ligand with equal high affinity, are described. This high-affinity binding site (Kd = 1.3 X 10-10) binds hCG, but does not bind human luteinizing hormone (hLH), nor related human glycoprotein hormones, thyrotropin, and follicle stimulating hormone. A lower affinity, 2.3 X 10-9, is also described which binds hLH and hCG equally well. This is the first description of a high-affinity binding site in nature, which distinguishes hCG from hLH.
Association constants for the interaction of double-stranded and single-stranded DNA with spermine, spermidine, putrescine, diaminopropane, N1- and N8-acetylspermidine, and magnesium: Determination from analysis of the broadening of thermal denaturation curves

Abstract The effect of Mg2+, putrescine, diaminopropane, N1-acetylspermidine, N8-acetylspermidine, spermidine, and spermine on the thermal denaturation of calf thymus DNA was investigated. As in a previous study with magnesium [W. F. Dove and N. Davidson, (1962) J. Mol. Biol.5, 467–478], these ligands were found to raise the thermal denaturation temperature of the DNA and to broaden the thermal denaturation curve dramatically at the point where 10 to 20% of the DNA charge had been neutralized. At higher levels of charge neutralization the curves became sharper again. This behavior was due to differential binding of the ligands to single- and double-stranded DNA. The broadening was used to determine the ratio of the association constants of each ligand to the two forms of DNA using either an independent sites model of binding or an excluded sites model. The results show that the primary mode of binding of the ligands to DNA is electrostatic but that important secondary, nonelectrostatic, effects are also present.
Comparison of two MGA-PGF2α systems for synchronization of estrus in beef heifers

Yearling beef heifers (n = 193) were used to evaluate reproductive performance attained with 2 MGA-PGF2α synchronization systems. These treatments were compared with an untreated control group. The 14-d MGA heifers were synchronized by feeding 0.5 mg MGA/h/d for 14 d. At 17 d after the last MGA feeding, these heifers were injected with PGF2α (25 mg, im). Heifers in the 7-d MGA treatment group were fed 0.5 mg MGA/h/d for 7 d and received a 25-mg, im injection of PGF2α on the last day of the MGA feeding period. Heifers in all 3 treatment groups were observed for estrus every 12 h for 7 d beginning 24 h after the PGF2α injection. Heifers observed in estrus during this 7-d period were artificially inseminated approximately 12 h after the onset of estrus. The percentages of heifers in estrus during the 7-d synchronized period were 75.4, 56.3 and 17.2% for the 14-d MGA, 7-d MGA and control groups, respectively. The estrous responses were significantly different in each treatment. The percentage of heifers in estrus during the peak 24-h period was higher (P < 0.05) in heifers synchronized with the 14-d MGA system than in heifers synchronized with the 7-d MGA system (75.5 vs 50.0%). The synchronized conception rate of the 14-d MGA heifers was significantly higher (65.3%) than that of both the 7-d MGA (41.7%) and control (45.4%) heifers. Synchronized conception rates were similar (P = 0.79) in the 7-d MGA and control treatments. Synchronized pregnancy rates were 55.2, 32.4 and 15.2% for the 14-d MGA, 7-d MGA and control groups, respectively. Both synchronization treatments resulted in significantly higher synchronized pregnancy rates compared with that of the controls. The synchronized pregnancy rate was higher (P < 0.05) in the 14-d MGA group than it was in the 7-d MGA group. The mean day of conception within the breeding season was 11.5 and 9.3 d shorter in the 14-d MGA heifers than in the 7-d MGA and control heifers, respectively. Our results indicate that using the 14-d MGA system to synchronize estrus in beef heifers results in better reproductive performance than that attained in heifers synchronized with the 7-d MGA system or in control heifers.
Effect of support corrugation on silica xerogel--supported phase-separated lipid bilayers.

Lipid bilayers supported by substrates with nanometer-scale surface corrugations hold interest in understanding both nanoparticle−membrane interactions and the challenges of constructing models of ...
A critical body residue approach for predicting persistent bioaccumulative toxicant effects on reproduction and population dynamics of meiobenthic copepods.

Critical body residues (CBRs) are the measured tissue toxicant concentrations yielding a median dose–response on a dry-weight or lipid-normalized basis. They facilitate management decisions for species protection using tissue analysis. Population CBR is the mean dose yielding 50% population suppression and was predicted here in Amphiascus tenuiremis for fipronil sulfide (FS) using lifetables and the Leslie matrix. Microplate bioassays (ASTM E-2317-14) produced biomass sufficient for dry mass and lipid-normalized CBR estimates of reproduction (fertility) and population growth suppression. Significant FS toxic effects were delayed naupliar development (at ≥0.10 µg L−1), delayed copepodite development (at 0.85 µg L−1), decreased reproductive success (at ≥ 0.39 µg L−1), and decreased offspring production (at 0.85 µg L−1). A reproductive median effective concentration (EC50) of 0.16 µg L−1 (95% CI: 0.12–0.21 µg L−1) corresponded to an adult all-sex CBR and lipid-normalized CBR of 0.38 pg FS · µg−1 dry weight (95% CI: 0.27–0.52 pg FS · µg−1) or 2.8 pg FS · µg−1 lipid (95% CI: 2.2–3.6 pg FS · µg−1), respectively. Copepod log bioconcentration factor (BCF) = 4.11 ± 0.2. Leslie matrix projections regressed against internal dose predicted fewer than five gravid females in a population by the third generation at 0.39 and 0.85 µg FS · L−1 (i.e., 9.6–10.2 µg FS · µg−1 lipid), and 50% population suppression at a CBR of 1.6 pg FS · µg−1 lipid. This more integrative population CBR as a management tool would fall 1.75 times below the CBR for the single most sensitive endpoint—fertility rate. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012; 31: 1076–1082. © 2012 SETAC
Online dynamic security assessment with missing pmu measurements: A data mining approach

A data mining approach using ensemble decision trees (DTs) learning is proposed for online dynamic security assessment (DSA), with the objective of mitigating the impact of possibly missing PMU data. Specifically, multiple small DTs are first trained offline using a random subspace method. In particular, the developed random subspace method exploits the hierarchy of wide-area monitoring system (WAMS), the locational information of attributes, and the availability of PMU measurements, so as to improve the overall robustness of the ensemble to missing data. Then, the performance of the trained small DTs is re-checked by using new cases in near real-time. In online DSA, viable small DTs are identified in case of missing PMU data, and a boosting algorithm is employed to quantify the voting weights of viable small DTs. The security classification decision for online DSA is obtained via a weighted voting of viable small DTs. A case study using the IEEE 39-bus system demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
CHARACTERIZATION OF MECHANICALLY DEBONED HOT AND COLD MUTTON CARCASSES

Bone from one side of chilled mutton carcasses and bone from one side of hot mutton carcasses were physically separated by hand while the other sides were mechanically deboned. Yield of boneless carcass was similar for hot machine-boned and hot hand-boned carcasses. Cold machine-boned carcasses had a slightly lower yield of lean meat than cold hand-boned carcasses. Approximate analysis of meat from cold hand-boned, cold machine-boned, hot hand-boned and hot machine-boned carcasses was similar. However, calcium and hydroxyproline contents were lower for hot machine-boned than for cold machine-boned carcasses. Emulsion stability and total pigment concentration were higher for mechanically deboned meat. Organoleptic evaluations favored bologna made with hand-boned meat.
Applications of multiple small angle neutron scaterring to studies of ceramic processing

Abstract The sintering process for ceramic materials including unfired compacted powder samples ("green" state ceramics) with 50% porosity can be studied non-destructively by small angle neutron scattering techniques. These volume fractions and pore sizes (-1.0/xm) are much larger than can be seen with traditional single particle diffraction techniques in small angle scattering. We have employed multiple scattering methods to elucidate microstructural information including pore size, size distribution, porosity, and surface areas. The analysis procedure utilizes the strong wavelength dependence of the small Q incoherent multiple scattering data to determine the scattering radius of curvature, re, at Q = 0. In addition a Porod analysis is used to determine the total surface area of the pores from the large Q data.
A Comparison of SIR-B Synthetic Aperture Radar Data with Ocean Internal Wave Measurements

An image from the Shuttle Imaging Radar-B (SIR-B) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) shows internal wave features in an area south of Long Island, New York Coincident oceanographic measurements are used in conjunction with hydrodynamic interaction and electromagnetic scattering models to estimate the expected SAR image intensity modulations associated with the internal waves. There is reasonable agreement between the predicted and observed internal wave signatures.
Dynamism in Electronic Performance Support Systems Originally published in 1995, PIQ 8.1

This article introduces a model of dynamic electronic performance support systems. Dynamic support systems are characterized by the ability to change with experience, the ability to be updated and adjusted by the performer, and by the ability to augment other supports found in the performers' community. Dynamic systems are contrasted with the static nature of conventional models of performance support systems. This article reviews the attributes of current performance support systems, describes lessons learned from a project that explored a dynamic model of learning and support, and presents design principles for dynamic performance support.
A crisis to grow on.

Perceiving breast cancer as a crisis in the life of patient and family, crisis intervention techniques are delineated here that can be helpful to all breast cancer patients, in particular the mastectomy patient. The contention is that wider use of such techniques by professionals and those who immediately surround the patient could better insure the patient's successful rehabilitation.
A galois approach to mth roots of matrices with rational entries

Abstract Let A be a given n × n matrix with rational entries and irreducible characteristic polynomial f ( x ). We investigate the Galois groups of f ( x ) and f ( x m ), to find necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a solution B to the matrix equation A = B m , where B is also a matrix with rational entries. We do this by finding necessary and sufficient conditions for f ( x m ) to have a factor of degree n (with rational coefficients).
Level 1C spectra from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS)

The Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS), launched on the EOS Aqua spacecraft on May 4, 2002, is a grating spectrometer with 2378 channels in the range 3.7 to 15.4 microns. Spectra from grating spectrometers are capable of unsurpassed absolute radiometric accuracy, which makes them excellent potential sources for climate data records used in climate trending analyses. However, because each channel has its own detector and (partially) its own electronics, some individual channels can suffer from higher noise than other channels and, in extreme cases, can fail completely. Radiometric quality non-uniformity can complicate error and noise estimation for some products. In particular, crosscalibration with other instruments, frequency interpolation, and frequency shifting are made more difficult. AIRS level 1B data are calibrated spectral radiances from each channel. This paper describes results of creating level 1C spectra from level 1B data, where radiances from channels determined to be very noisy are replaced with values determined by taking advantage of channel-to-channel correlations. Several methods are evaluated and validated.
Reported Likelihood of Reading Over-the-Counter (OTC) Medication Labeling and Contacting a Physician

The present research examined the extent to which consumers reported reading information on over-the-counter (OTC) packaging and labels. Two studies consisting of a total of 652 participants were conducted. Study 1 participants completed a survey in which they reported their OTC medication behaviors in terms of saving the packaging from the medication and the likelihood that they would contact a physician with OTC medication questions. In Study 2, participants completed a survey in which they reported the likelihood of reading information on the medication packaging and label both before and after using the product the first time. Results indicated that participants frequently discard the box after using medication and rarely call a physician with questions regarding OTC medications. Findings also indicated that information is more likely to be read prior to using medication than afterwards. Age, sex, and student status differences in reading behaviors were also found. Implications for the delivery of OTC...
The effect of autonomic nerve stimulation cyclic adenosine monophosphate in skeletal muscle

Abstract The effect of electrical stimulation of autonomic nerves on c-AMP levels in the tibial muscle of rats was studied after pretreatment with a phosphodiesterase inhibitor and a muscle paralyzant. Cyclic-AMP levels in the skeletal muscle increase significantly. This increase is not the result of changes in muscle blood flow which might have resulted from autonomic nerve stimulation. These studies indicate that the adenyl cyclase-cyclic AMP system in skeletal muscle may be controlled by the autonomic nervous system.
Size effect and asymptotic matching analysis of fracture of closed-cell polymeric foam

Abstract The effect of structure size on the nominal strength of closed-cell PVC foam (Divinycell H100) is investigated experimentally, theoretically and numerically. Two types of size effect are considered––Type I, characterizing failure of structures with large cracks or notches, and Type II, characterizing failure at crack initiation. Geometrically similar single edge-notched prismatic specimens of cross section widths 6.35, 43.9 and 305 mm, are tested under tension. The results are shown to agree with Bažant’s law for type I energetic (deterministic) size effect derived by asymptotic matching of a solution by equivalent linear elastic fracture mechanics for large sizes and plastic crack solution for small sizes (in the derivation, the statically indeterminate size-dependent lateral shift of the axial load resultant due to rotational end restrain is taken into account). Fitting this law, previously verified for many quasibrittle materials, to the test results furnishes the values of the fracture energy of the foam as well as the characteristic size of the fracture process zone of foam. The size effect method of measuring the fracture characteristics of foam is further supported by analysis of recent notched beam tests of Zenkert and Backlund. Furthermore, it is shown that compressed V-notched specimens exhibit no size effect. Subsequently, the size effect of Type II is studied using previous test data of Fleck, Olurin and co-workers for dissimilar long holed panels having different width and different diameter-width ratios. An asymptotic matching formula for this type of size effect (similar to a previously derived formula for kink band failure of fiber composites) is set up and is shown capable of matching the test data well. But its verification as a predictive tool cannot yet be claimed because of inaccurate asymptotic properties of the available energy release function. Finally, the size effect of Type I is analyzed using the eigenvalue method for the cohesive crack model and the numerical results are shown to agree again with both Bažant’s size effect law and the test results.
Evaluation of a plasmon nano-cavity laser employing CdSe as the gain material

Simulations of gold/silver vias of different diameters terminating on CdSe are shown to have dipole resonances matched to the bandgap of CdSe. Using simplified models, a threshold carrier concentration required to achieve lasing is estimated.
Treating Women with HIV: Is it Different than Treating Men?

While antiretroviral therapy (ART) has had a tremendous impact on the morbidity and mortality of patients with HIV, there is evidence that many HIV-infected women experience treatment challenges that are different from men and these challenges are often associated with poorer outcomes. In the United States, blacks and Latino women are disproportionately affected by the HIV epidemic related to lack of access to high-quality HIV care, and socioeconomic factors. In Africa and Asia, HIV infection in women is affected by gender norms that often leave women dependent upon men (either emotionally or financially) and vulnerable in relationships. These gender norms and, in some cases, fears of violence make it difficult for women to refuse unprotected sex, and can contribute to higher infection rates in women and delayed entry to care. Many African migrants in Europe and Australia may feel stigmatized and fear discrimination when accessing care. As a consequence, despite the availability of highly active antiretroviral therapy, women with HIV often have delayed entry into care and experience poor outcomes. With the notable exception of treatment during pregnancy, there is little in the published literature to suggest that the treatment of choice for treatment-naive patients should be determined by the patient’s sex. While virologic efficacy of ART may be similar in large clinical trials, differences in the frequency of treatment-related side effects and the impact of pregnancy and/or child-bearing status on treatment choice is well documented. In this paper we aim to discuss antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected women, the sex-specific barriers to starting care, the differences in outcomes, and complications.
Working with Transgender Children and Their Classmates in Pre-Adolescence: Just Be Supportive

This study documents a school district's coordinated response to an elementary student's social transition from a gender variant boy to a female gender expression. Data were gathered through analysis of journal entries, lesson plans, and interviews with the child, guardian, and district personnel. Stakeholders reported a favorable outlook on the transition, particularly in the areas of classroom and school interventions, peer involvement, and maintaining safety for all. The greatest concerns related to communication and language. This article provides a record of the model followed in order that other schools and districts may use it as a starting point.
Come Hack with Me: Adapting Anthropological Training to Work in Civic Innovation

Would you like to find a career that reflects your values, applies your research expertise, and welcomes your creativity? If so, perhaps a career in civic innovation may be something of interest. What follows is a primer on civic innovation based on my experiences at Code for America (CfA), a civic start-up organization located in San Francisco, California. Particular emphasis is given to how I adapted my anthropological training to work in this area. I also offer suggestions for interested readers about exploring this type of a career. My insights come from participating in CfA's 11-month fellowship program in 2013. This fellowship also allowed for post-doctoral research about civic innovation (Hebert and Hughes 2013). The references and examples used here mainly highlight the work of small and medium-sized businesses and organizations because often the work of larger companies is more widely known.
Preparative reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography collection efficiency for an antimicrobial peptide on columns of varying diameters (1mm to 9.4mm I.D.)

The present study examines the effect of reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) column diameter (1 mm to 9.4 mm I.D.) on the one-step slow gradient preparative purification of a 26-residue synthetic antimicrobial peptide. When taken together, the semi-preparative column (9.4 mm I.D.) provided the highest yields of purified product (an average of 90.7% recovery from hydrophilic and hydrophobic impurities) over a wide range of sample load (0.75–200 mg). Columns with smaller diameters, such as narrowbore columns (150 × 2.1 mm I.D.) and microbore columns (150 × 1.0 mm I.D.), can be employed to purify peptides with reasonable recovery of purified product but the range of the crude peptide that can be applied to the column is limited. In addition, the smaller diameter columns require more extensive fraction analysis to locate the fractions of pure product than the larger diameter column with the same load. Our results show the excellent potential of the one-step slow gradient preparative protocol as a universal method for purification of synthetic peptides.
Progressive Cutaneous Hyalohyphomycosis Due to Paecilomyces lilacinus: Rapid Response to Treatment with Caspofungin and Itraconazole

A case of rapidly progressive cutaneous infection due to Paecilomyces lilacinus developed in a woman with advanced pancreatic cancer who did not have granulocytopenia. The infection responded favorably to caspofungin and itraconazole combination therapy.
Ionic mechanisms of the depression of automaticity and conduction in the rabbit atrioventricular node caused by hypoxia or metabolic inhibition and protective action of glucose and valine

The effects of hypoxia and a metabolic inhibitor, sodium cyanide (NaCN), on the spontaneous action potential and membrane current systems were studied in small preparations (0.2 x 0.2 x 0.1 mm) of rabbit atrioventricular node. When the PO2 of the superfusate was lowered from 500 to less than 20 mm Hg, all the preparations initially showed reductions in the spontaneous firing frequency (due to the decreased rate of diastolic depolarization) and maximal rate of depolarization, which were followed by a cessation of automatic activity with subsequent membrane hyperpolarization to -57 +/- 3 mV (n = 4). Voltage clamp experiments using double microelectrode techniques revealed that hypoxia reduced the slow inward current by 20 to 80% without affecting its inactivation kinetics. The delayed rectifying potassium current tail was also reduced or abolished by severe hypoxia, whereas the background outward current was greatly increased. The hyperpolarization-activated inward current was decreased by hypoxia. Similar changes in the spontaneous action potential and membrane currents were obtained on adding 0.1 to 0.5 mM NaCN to the superfusate under conditions of normal PO2. Hypoxia-induced suppression of automaticity was reversed completely by 5 mM glucose, and partially by 40 mM valine. These results suggest that (1) hypoxia impairs atrioventricular nodal conduction by reducing the slow inward current and the delayed rectifying potassium current; (2) hypoxia depresses automaticity by increasing the background outward current and, to some extent, by reducing the slow inward current; and (3) glucose and valine contribute to the generation of high-energy phosphates in cytoplasm and mitochondria, respectively, and protect the atrioventricular node from hypoxia.
Reducing recovery time in a small recursively restartable system

We present ideas on how to structure software systems for high availability by considering MTTR/MTTF characteristics of components in addition to the traditional criteria, such as functionality or state sharing. Recursive restartability (RR), a recently proposed technique for achieving high availability, exploits partial restarts at various levels within complex software infrastructures to recover from transient failures and rejuvenate software components. Here we refine the original proposal and apply the RR philosophy to Mercury, a COTS-based satellite ground station that has been in operation for over 2 years. We develop three techniques for transforming component group boundaries such that time-to-recover is reduced, hence increasing system availability. We also further RR by defining the notions of an oracle, restart group and restart policy, while showing how to reason about system properties in terms of restart groups. From our experience with applying RR to Mercury, we draw design guidelines and lessons for the systematic application of recursive restartability to other software systems amenable to RR.
Effect of curing temperature and glass type on the pozzolanic reactivity of glass powder

Abstract Glass cullet has been considered for use in concrete as a fine aggregate or a supplementary cementitious material (SCM). Glass reaction kinetics depends on both temperature and glass composition. Uniform composition, amorphous nature, and high silica content of glass make it ideal for studying effects of glass type on reactivity at different temperatures. In this study, the pozzolanicity of clear and green glass crushed smaller than 25 μm at three different temperatures (i.e. 10 °C, 23 °C, and 50 °C) was measured using isothermal calorimetry, chemical shrinkage, and thermogravimetric analysis. Additionally, mortar compressive strength and water absorption of samples at different temperatures and ages have been used to relate reaction degree to performance. Results indicate that elevated temperatures cause glass powder to exhibit significant pozzolanic reaction, even at early ages. Moreover, glass composition was seen to have a large impact on reactivity. In this study, green glass showed higher reactivity than clear glass.
Advances in hepato-pancreato biliary surgery.

The Americas Hepato–Pancreato Biliary Association (AHPBA) Annual 2011 Meeting provided a forum for discussion of multidisciplinary advances surrounding six tracks including the liver, biliary system, liver transplantation, pancreas, imaging and biomedical engineering and general hepato–pancreato biliary (HPB) surgical disease. The meeting and postgraduate courses attracted the largest ever attendance and participation in the AHPBA annual meeting, including field leaders and participants from across North, Central and South America who interchanged clinical and scientific knowledge, and discussed advances in technology, care and outcomes for treatment of HPB diseases. The AHPBA Foundation, established in 2010, announced progress toward support of meritorious research in HPB disease and enrichment of educational programs. HPB fellowship graduates were recognized, marking successful establishment of the AHPBA as an important body guiding HPB education and training in the USA and the Americas.
Costimulatory effects of IL-1 on the expansion/differentiation of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ and CD4+CD25+Foxp3– T cells

CD4+CD25+forkhead box p3 (Foxp3)+ regulatory T cells (Treg) control peripheral tolerance. Although Treg are anergic when stimulated through the TCR, mature bone marrow-derived, but not splenic, dendritic cells (DC) can induce their proliferation after TCR stimulation in the absence of IL-2. One possibility is that the DC produce proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1 or IL-6 that function as growth factors for Treg. We have analyzed the costimulatory effects of IL-1 on the expansion of Foxp3+ Treg in vitro. When CD4+CD25+ T cells were cultured in the presence of splenic DC and IL-1, marked expansion of the Foxp3+ T cells was observed. The effects of IL-1 were mediated on CD4+CD25+Foxp3– T cells present in the starting population rather than on the DC or on the CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells. In contrast, stimulation of CD4+CD25+ T cells with plate-bound anti-CD3 and IL-1 in the absence of DC resulted in the outgrowth of a CD4+CD25+Foxp3– T cell population composed of NKT cells and non-NKT, IL-17-producing cells. Foxp3+ Treg purified from mice expressing the reporter gene enhanced GFP in the Foxp3 locus failed to proliferate when costimulated with IL-1. These findings have important implications for the design of protocols for the expansion of CD4+CD25+ T cells for cellular biotherapy.
Placing Theory in the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning

As the scholarship of teaching and learning matures as a field, the place of theory has garnered growing attention. Educational research and the learning sciences can certainly contribute, but prof...
Chemical Modification of Surface Active Poly(ethylene oxide)−Poly(propylene oxide) Triblock Copolymers

A general route has been developed to chemically modify a series of poly(ethylene oxide)−poly(propylene oxide) triblock copolymers with molecular weights from 6500 to 14 600. It is initiated by the introduction of p-nitrophenyl groups; such nitrophenyl conjugated copolymers are stable in an organic milieu and in a dry state but are seen to react easily with amino-containing molecules including small peptides. Among them, introduction of 2-pyridyl disulfide groups after coupling with 2-(2-pyridyldithio)ethylamine enables the selective attachment of thiol-containing molecules. The released thiopyridone in such thiol−disulfide reactions can be used to quantify the content of 2-pyridyl disulfide groups. In addition, a new type of modified copolymers was developed for the radioisotope (125I) labeling purpose that consists of a reaction of nitrophenyl conjugated copolymers with hydrazine and a subsequent coupling with N-succinimidyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate (Bolton−Hunter reagent). Adsorption studies of 12...
Controller-Observer Implementation for Cycle-by-Cycle Control of an HCCI Engine

This paper presents experimental cycle-by-cycle control of a single cylinder HCCI engine. The controller is developed from a discrete-time nonlinear model presented in previous work. The model captures the behavior of a gasoline direct-injection engine with an exhaust-recompression strategy used to achieve HCCI. This model is linearized about an operating point so as to enable the synthesis of linear controllers. The model states are represented by the temperature and oxygen content of the retained exhaust, and so are not measurable in practice. Therefore, an observer is used to estimate the states based on a measured ignition proxy. The state estimates are then used by a reference-input tracking controller to track a desired system trajectory. Experimental results show tracking of the model outputs that is comparable to tracking achieved in simulation. The controller is also seen to reduce the cycle-to-cycle variability of combustion significantly, particularly at later combustion phasing. This stabilizes combustion, lowers the instances of misfires, and enables steady operation at points that are normally unstable.
Exercise increases hippocampal neurogenesis to high levels but does not improve spatial learning in mice bred for increased voluntary wheel running.

The hippocampus is important for the acquisition of new memories. It is also one of the few regions in the adult mammalian brain that can generate new nerve cells. The authors tested the hypothesis that voluntary exercise increases neurogenesis and enhances spatial learning in mice selectively bred for high levels of wheel running (S mice). Female S mice and outbred control (C) mice were housed with and without running wheels for 40 days. 5-Bromodeoxyuridine was used to label dividing cells. The Morris water maze was used to measure spatial learning. C runners showed a strong positive correlation between running distance and new cell number, as well as improved learning. In S runners, neurogenesis increased to high levels that reached a plateau, but no improvement in learning occurred. This is the first evidence that neurogenesis can occur without learning enhancement. The authors propose an alternative function of neurogenesis in the control of motor behavior. The hippocampus plays an important integrative role in the
Evaluation of Electrocardiographic Leads for Detection of Atrial Activity (P Wave) in Ambulatory EGG Monitoring: A Pilot Study

The usual lead systems for ambulatory ECG monitoring (AECG) used in the evaluation of arrhythmias is a modified bipolar V-1 and V-5. A comparison of various lead systems to enhance the detection of atrial activity (p waves) has not been reported. We evaluated various surface lead systems in 12 subjects comparing p waves recorded at 20 mm/mV and 50 mm/sec. We compared p wave area, amplitude, and duration from modified bipolar V1 and V5 as well as seven nonstandard leads recorded on a AECG monitor. Of the seven nonstandard leads, a vertical sternal lead, with the negative pole just below the suprasternal notch and the positive pole at the xiphoid process, had the largest area (1.46 +/- 0.65 mm2), and also had a greater area than the standard V1 (0.88 +/- 0.45 mm) and V5 (1.06 +/- 0.49 mm2) lead system (P less than 0.01). We conclude that the bipolar vertical sternal lead system provides a larger p wave area than seven nonstandard bipolar lead systems and the two standard lead systems currently used in AECG monitoring. Replacement of the modified bipolar V1 lead with a vertical sternal lead should improve the recognition of atrial activity and, therefore, enhance the diagnosis of cardiac arrhythmias.
Supervised learning in CINets

Continuous Inference Networks (CINets), a form of multilayer fuzzy value networks, allow computation with fuzzy values in concise structures, are capable of universal function approximation, and are readily interpretable through natural language, aiding maintenance, modification, collaboration, and knowledge sharing. However CINets have been reliant on Subject Matter Expertise (SME) and manual tuning to realize optimal performance, limiting their applicability. With ONR support[i], ARL has developed a supervised learning process for CINets, capable of designing a CINet structure, and of optimizing an existing CINet structure. The CINet supervised learning process allows the automated development of data fusion, classification, and pattern recognition structures that are interpretable, modifiable, and concise. Performance of CINets developed with the supervised learning process is compared to that of Artificial Neural Network (ANNs), fuzzy logic rule set, and Bayesian network approaches.
Generating Model Transformations for Mending Dynamic Constraint Violations in Cyber Physical Systems

Cyber physical systems (CPSs) by definition involve design constraints addressing the computation and communication necessary to control physical systems. These systems have been modeled using domain specific modeling languages, but some limitations exist in the continued application of such a modeling approach to more complex, or safety-critical, systems. Specifically, it is well known how to formulate constraints in a domain-specific modeling language in order to prevent users from building invalid structures, but existing constraint-based techniques do not take into consideration design requirements that may require analysis in the physical domain (i.e. dynamic constraints). Those analysis results, when interpreted by a domain expert, can inform changes to the model: unfortunately, this ``by hand'' process does not scale. This paper presents an approach to automate the process of evolving models based on dynamic constraints that are not structurally enforceable into the modeling of CPSs. This new methodology---called dynamic constraint feedback (DCF)---is described herein and demonstrated with specific examples derived from the domain of data adaptable reconfigurable embedded systems (DARES). In DCF, expert blocks are integrated with a modeling language to perform dynamic constraint analysis on system models. The results from these analyses are then used to generate model transformations that can be applied to the source models.
Geometric Integrability and Consistency of 3D Point Clouds

Numerous applications processing 3D point data will gain from the ability to estimate reliably normals and differential geometric properties. Normal estimates are notoriously noisy, the errors propagate and may lead to flawed, inaccurate, and inconsistent curvature estimates. Frankot-Chellappa introduced the use of integrability constraints in normal estimation. Their approach deals with graphs z = f(x,y)- We present a newly discovered general orientability constraint (GOC) for 3D point clouds sampled from general surfaces, not just graphs. It provides a tool to quantify the confidence in the estimation of normals, topology, and geometry from a point cloud. Furthermore, similarly to the Frankot-Chellappa constraint, the GOC can be used directly to extract the topology and the geometry of the manifolds underlying 3D point clouds. As an illustration we describe an automatic Cloud-to-Geometry pipeline which exploits the GOC.
Reducing the Impact of the MemoryWall for I/O Using Cache Injection

Cache injection addresses the continuing disparity between processor and memory speeds by placing data into a processor's cache directly from the I/O bus. This disparity adversely affects the performance of memory bound applications including certain scientific computations, encryption, image processing, and some graphics applications. Cache injection can reduce memory latency and memory pressure for I/O. The performance of cache injection is dependent on several factors including timely usage of data, the amount of data, and the application's data usage patterns. We show that cache injection provides significant advantages over data prefetching by reducing the pressure on the memory controller by up to 96%. Despite its benefits, cache injection may degrade application performance due to early injection of data. To overcome this limitation, we propose injection policies to determine when and where to inject data. These policies are based on OS, compiler, and application information.
The Impact of Commodity Price Instability: Experiments with a General Equilibrium Model for Indonesia

Fluctuations in international commodity prices long have been claimed to have deleterious effects on the producing countries. This claim has lead to considerable efforts to introduce international policies that might mitigate such effects, particularly by UNCTAD most notably in its Integrated Commodity Program and by the IMF in its Compensating Financing Facility. It also has led to a number of studies of its validity, primarily using cross-sectional data, but also, in fewer cases, using economy wide models for case studies.1 Little work has been undertaken, however, in evaluating the impact of commodity price instability within the theoretically consistent economy wide framework of computable general equilibrium (CGE) models, though such models have been used to explore related questions, such as the impact of an one way movement in the terms of trade and of policy options to such a movement (e.g., Dick, Gupta, Mayer, and Vincent, 1983; Gelb, 1985).
MATCHING THE COLOR OF EXCAVATED SOIL: CRYPTIC COLORATION IN THE PLAINS POCKET GOPHER (GEOMYS BURSARIUS )

The plains pocket gopher (Geomys bursarius) is a fossorial rodent noted for having a wide range of pelage colors that tend to match the color of soil in which it lives. This phenomenon is considered adaptive as concealing coloration. If being well camouflaged is advantageous, then natural selection should favor a pelage color that specifically matches the color of soil that surrounds pocket gophers when they are most often exposed to the surface. We tested the hypothesis that dorsal coloration of G. bursarius matches color of moist, freshly excavated soil from its burrow more closely than color of drier soils that surround newly formed mounds. Our study examined 5 subspecies that live in soils having different colors (black, dark brown, reddish brown, yellowish brown, and white). The degree of cryptic coloration was quantified using methods that do not reflect biases of color perception by humans. At all locations, color of the pocket gophers' heads was closer to color of dark moist soil than to the color of pale dry soil. The same was true for their backs, except for a brown individual from the black soils of Illinois.
Towards Background-Limited Kinetic Inductance Detectors for a Cryogenic Far-Infrared Space Telescope

Arrays of tens of thousands of sensitive far-infrared detectors coupled to a cryogenic 4–6 m class orbital telescope are needed to trace the assembly of galaxies over cosmic time. The sensitivity of a 4 Kelvin telescope observing in the far-infrared (30–300 $$\upmu $$ m) would be limited by zodiacal light and Galactic interstellar dust emission, and require broadband detector noise equivalent powers (NEPs) in the range of 3 $$\times 10^{-19}$$ W/ $$\sqrt{\mathrm{Hz}}$$ . We are fabricating and testing 96 element arrays of lumped-element kinetic inductance detectors (LEKIDs) designed to reach NEPs near this level in a low-background laboratory environment. The LEKIDs are fabricated with aluminum: the low normal-state resistivity of Al permits the use of very thin wire-grid absorber lines (150 nm) for efficient absorption of radiation, while the small volumes enable high sensitivities because quasiparticle densities are high. Such narrow absorption lines present a fabrication challenge, but we deposit TiN atop the Al to increase the robustness of the detectors and achieve a 95 $$\%$$ yield. We present the design of these Al/TiN bilayer LEKIDs and preliminary sensitivity measurements at 350 $$\upmu $$ m optically loaded by cold blackbody radiation.
Emergence from Anesthesia Following Pediatric Neurosurgery

Emergence from general anesthesia and tracheal extubation may be associated with tremendous physiologic and metabolic stress in patients. These stress-induced alterations in physiologic parameters may be harmful to patients as they can exacerbate preexisting disease or produce medical or surgical complications in the recovery period. It is important therefore, to implement measures that minimize these stress-induced changes during emergence from anesthesia, particularly in patients at higher risk or after procedures where complications may result in significant morbidity or even mortality.
Chloramphenicol and Tetracyclines

Tetracyclines have a broad range of clinical usefulness because of their broad antimicrobial spectrum of activity. For most routine gram positive and gram negative infections, alternative agents are available, but for Chlamydiae, Rickettsiae, Brucella, and Borrelia they still remain agents of choice. To some extent, gastrointestinal intolerance and inability to use these agents in patients with renal dysfunction have been overcome by the availability of doxycycline. Phototoxicity is a problem with this agent, however. Tetracycline is still useful as a sclerogenic agent for malignant effusions, and demeclocycline often is an agent of choice in therapy of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion.