cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Segregation of alloying elements to planar faults in γ'-Ni3Al

Abstract Systematic first principles calculations are performed to determine the interaction energies between solutes (Co, Cr, Nb, Ta) and stable stacking faults in γ ' -Ni3Al. Our results show that there is no obvious driving force for segregation to already formed SISF, SESF, or twin boundaries, which is in contrast to direct experimental evidence for segregation as provided by high spatial resolution structure and chemical analysis using scanning transmission electron microscopy techniques. This apparent discrepancy provides evidence for possible formation mechanisms of these planar faults via metastable precursor structures that are found to be attractive for solutes. In addition, we study the underlying reasons for the segregation in terms of size and chemical mismatch and find that a favorable change in bonding environment, rather than the solute misfit volume, dominates the solute/fault interaction energy.
Relationship of hope, sense of community, and quality of life

This study examined the role of hope and community in achieving and/or maintaining a successful recovery, and their relationships to quality of life for individuals in recovery. The sample included 229 participants in 42 Oxford House sober living homes in 3 locations in the United States. In this cross-sectional investigation, we assessed whether hope and sense of community were predictors of quality of life for individuals living in recovery homes. Findings indicated that both hope and sense of community were predictors supporting contextual as well as individual characteristics as possible influences on recovery trajectories. These findings have implications for both individual and systems-level resource or competency-based interventions, and they suggest one of the important functions of a recovery residence is in the creation of a sense of community.
Richard Hamilton: Group Efforts

This chapter discusses the sensitive question of whether researchers should share their ideas, especially ideas that are not “complete.” The example of how Hamilton’s work on the Poincare Conjecture was used by Grigori Perlman is raised before revisiting the Unique Games Conjecture.
Introduction to and applications of injury biomechanics

The four aims of impact biomechanics are (1) Identification and explanation of injury mechanisms (2) Quantification of mechanical response of body components to impact (3) Determination of tolerance levels to impact and (4) Assessment of safety devices and techniques to evaluate prevention systems. These are briefly described followed by a discussion of the methods used to study injury biomechanics. The rest of the chapter is devoted to injury mechanisms which need to be understood if preventative measures are to be developed and implemented. The mechanisms covered are brain injury and acute subdural hematoma, neck pain due to whiplash, aortic rupture, spinal injury due to vertical acceleration, disc rupture, hip fracture in the elderly, ankle (pilon) fracture and foot fracture. It is concluded that much misinformation exists in the literature regarding these injuries and the statement in Lancet (Issue 9773): “The most entrenched conflict of interest in medicine is a disinclination to reverse a previous opinion” is indeed true.
STRUCTURE, FUNCTION, AND EVOLUTION OF MICROBIAL PHYTOCHROMES

Light is the dominant environmental signal for almost all cellular organisms, providing both the energy (either direct or indirect) necessary for growth and metabolism and the sensory information helpful for adaptation. Like plants, microorganisms are profoundly influenced by their surrounding light environment (Hader, 1987; Armitage, 1997; Loros and Dunlap, 2001; Braatsch and Klug, 2004). For photosynthetic species, various photosensory systems provide positional information to optimise light capture and to help minimize damage inflicted by excess solar radiation. In the short term, these sensory systems help these microbes move/grow toward more favourable light fluences. In the long term, they help the organism adjust to the spectral quality of the light (sun versus shade) by modulating the complement of photosynthetic accessory pigments, and/or entrain their growth and development to the diurnal and possibly seasonal cycles. For non-photosynthetic microorganisms, light is also an important environmental cue. Here, light directs preference/avoidance and adaptive strategies similar to those used by photosynthetic species, which in turn enhances their survival or assists them in locating more favourable ecological niches. Whereas the architectures of the microbial photoreceptor systems used for energy capture are known in exquisite detail, we have begun to appreciate only recently the repertoire of photoreceptors employed for sensory information. Much of this new understanding has emerged from the exponentially expanding number of completely sequenced genomes that can now be easily searched for signature photoreceptor motifs by the BLAST algorithm. Recent examples include the discovery of retinal-based bacteriorhodopsin, p-hydroxycinnamic acid-based xantopsin, and flavin-based LOV-type and cryptochrome-type photoreceptors in a variety of bacterial, fungal and animal species (van der Horst and Hellingwerf, 2004; Venter et al., 2004; see Chapters 11, 13). Phytochromes (Phys) are one of the best examples where genome analyses have greatly enhanced our understanding of light perception in the microbial world. This class of photoreceptors is defined by the use of a bilin (or linear tetrapyrrole) chromophore (Smith, 2000; Quail, 2002). Once bound to the apoprotein, the bilin
D-wave quarkonium levels of the UPSILON family

A key test of the nonrelativistic potential description of quarkonium is the confirmation of predicted D-wave levels. For the bb\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} system (\ensuremath{\Upsilon} family), the lowest spin-triplet levels (1 $^{3}D$) are expected to lie in the range 10 157\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}10 MeV/${c}^{2}$ and the next set of levels is expected in the range 10 441\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}10 MeV/${c}^{2}$. Predictions are made for electric dipole transitions involving these levels, and specific suggestions are made for their observation. The most favorable decay chain appears to be \ensuremath{\Upsilon}(3S)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{1}$+2P\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{1}$+${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{2}$+1D\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{1}$+${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{2}$+${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{3}$+1P, where ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{1}$ and ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{2}$ have energies of about 100 MeV and \ensuremath{\approxeq}250 MeV. Angular distributions of these photons are discussed.
Redefining Customer Relationships in the Age of the Ascendant Consumer

Socrates once observed that relationships were like cities under siege: everyone on the outside, wishing to get in, those on the inside, wishing to get out. We are a little hesitant to begin an article by disputing Socrates, but the retail financial services business, particularly retail banking, has powerful economic incentives to develop relationships with retail customers.
Understanding Transition and Remanence Noise in HAMR

Transition noise and remanence noise are the two most important types of media noise in heat-assisted magnetic recording. We examine two methods (spatial splitting and principal components analysis) to distinguish them: both techniques show similar trends with respect to applied field and grain pitch (GP). It was also found that PW50 can be affected by GP and reader design, but is almost independent of write field and bit length (larger than 50 nm). Interestingly, our simulation shows a linear relationship between jitter and PW50NSRrem, which agrees qualitatively with experimental results.
Sensitivity-Enhanced 207Pb Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy for the Rapid, Non-Destructive Characterization of Organolead Halide Perovskites

Organolead halide and mixed halide perovskites (CH3NH3PbX3, CH3NH3PbX3–nYn, X and Y = Cl–, Br–, or I–) are promising materials for photovoltaics and optoelectronic devices. 207Pb solid-state NMR spectroscopy has previously been applied to characterize phase segregation and halide ion speciation in mixed halide perovskites. However, NMR spectroscopy is an insensitive technique that often requires large sample volumes and long signal averaging periods. This is especially true for mixed halide perovskites, which give rise to extremely broad 207Pb solid-state NMR spectra. Here, we quantitatively compare the sensitivity of the various solid-state NMR techniques on pure and mixed halide organolead perovskites and demonstrate that both fast MAS and DNP can provide substantial gains in NMR sensitivity for these materials. With fast MAS and proton detection, high signal-to-noise ratio two-dimensional (2D) 207Pb–1H heteronuclear correlation (HETCOR) NMR spectra can be acquired in less than half an hour from only ca...
VV > VC > V for Stress: Coercion vs. Prominence

A common approach to ternary VV > VC > V weight for stress involves coerced moraicity, by which codas are moraic only under stress, when no VV is available. As I show, coercion is untenable for abo...
Comparison of 2 Natural Language Processing Methods for Identification of Bleeding Among Critically Ill Patients

Importance To improve patient safety, health care systems need reliable methods to detect adverse events in large patient populations. Events are often described in clinical notes, rather than structured data, which make them difficult to identify on a large scale. Objective To develop and compare 2 natural language processing methods, a rules-based approach and a machine learning (ML) approach, for identifying bleeding events in clinical notes. Design, Setting, and Participants This diagnostic study used deidentified notes from the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care, which spans 2001 to 2012. A training set of 990 notes and a test set of 660 notes were randomly selected. Physicians classified each note aspresentorabsentfor a clinically relevant bleeding event during the hospitalization. A bleeding dictionary was developed for the rules-based approach; bleeding mentions were then aggregated to arrive at a classification for each note. Three ML models (support vector machine, extra trees, and convolutional neural network) were developed and trained using the 990-note training set. Another instance of each ML model was also trained on a sample of 450 notes, with equal numbers of bleeding-present and bleeding-absent notes. The notes were represented using term frequency–inverse document frequency vectors and global vectors for word representation. Main Outcomes and Measures The main outcomes were accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value for each model. Following training, the models were tested on the test set and sensitivities were compared using a McNemar test. Results The 990-note training set represented 769 patients (296 [38.5%] female; mean [SD] age, 67.42 [14.7] years). The 660-note test set represented 527 patients (211 [40.0%] female; mean [SD] age, 67.86 [14.7] years). Bleeding was present in 146 notes (22.1%). The extra trees down-sampled model and rules-based approaches were similarly sensitive (93.8% vs 91.1%; difference, 2.7%; 95% CI, −3.8% to 7.9%;P = .44). The positive predictive value for the extra trees model, however, was 48.6%. The rules-based model had the best performance overall, with 84.6% specificity, 62.7% positive predictive value, and 97.1% negative predictive value. Conclusions and Relevance Bleeding is a common complication in health care, and these results demonstrate an automated and scalable detection method. The rules-based natural language processing approach, compared with ML, had the best performance in identifying bleeding, with high sensitivity and negative predictive value.
A Big Part of Education Also: A Mixed-Methods Evaluation of a Social and Emotional Learning (SEL) Course for Pre-Service Teachers.

A teacher training course entitled Classroom and Individual Emotional and Behavioral Supports (CIEBS) includes four modules: School-wide Positive Behaviour Supports (SWPBS), Trust-based Relational ...
The Developmental Physical Exam

The developmental physical exam includes three areas: the neurologic exam, the general exam, and the dysmorphology exam. Children with ASD may be reluctant to participate in an exam. The value of foreshadowing and observation is discussed. Some ideas for engagement and distraction are presented, such as the use of bubbles and the gam Squiggles. This section includes tips that I’ve learned over many years that can be helpful with children who are challenging to examine. A short review on genetic testing is presented. Some syndromes commonly associated with the development of ASD are discussed, including fragile X syndrome, Rett syndrome, Down syndrome, Williams syndrome, and neurocutaneous disorders. More on developmental assessment follows in Chap. 8.
Comparing analytical and machine-learning techniques for predicting acoustic fields in ideal single- and multi-path environments

Neural-network-based machine learning provides a modern solution paradigm for a wide variety of problems. Trained neural networks can provide answers quickly because the primary computational effort is front-loaded into network training. This presentation provides the results of an investigation into the neural-network-development effort necessary to replace point-source Helmholtz-equation solutions in axisymmetric single-path, two-path, and multi-path environments having constant sound speed. Here, the acoustic and environmental input parameters are provided to the neural network as they would be to a propagation simulation. The single-path (free space) environment involves four parameters (sound speed, frequency, receiver range, and receiver depth). The two-path (Lloyd’s mirror) environment adds a reflecting surface and a fifth parameter, source depth. The multipath (ideal waveguide) environment further adds a second (deeper) reflecting surface and a sixth parameter, waveguide depth. In all cases, neural network training data and performance comparisons are developed from well-known analytical Helmholtz-equation solutions. Uniform and non-uniform sampling strategies for neural-netwok training are considered for frequencies in the 100s of Hz, depths up to 200 m, and ranges up to 2 km for sound speeds near 1500 m/s. Comparisons emphasize acoustic-field amplitude. Extensions of these results to acoustic-field phase and more than three propagation paths are considered.Neural-network-based machine learning provides a modern solution paradigm for a wide variety of problems. Trained neural networks can provide answers quickly because the primary computational effort is front-loaded into network training. This presentation provides the results of an investigation into the neural-network-development effort necessary to replace point-source Helmholtz-equation solutions in axisymmetric single-path, two-path, and multi-path environments having constant sound speed. Here, the acoustic and environmental input parameters are provided to the neural network as they would be to a propagation simulation. The single-path (free space) environment involves four parameters (sound speed, frequency, receiver range, and receiver depth). The two-path (Lloyd’s mirror) environment adds a reflecting surface and a fifth parameter, source depth. The multipath (ideal waveguide) environment further adds a second (deeper) reflecting surface and a sixth parameter, waveguide depth. In all cases, neura...
Road to identifying endpoint biomarkers in the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: are we there yet?

In the United States (US), the landscape of chronic liver disease has been in flux in recent years as chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is no longer the leading indication for liver transplantation and now ranks behind alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) as the third leading indication for liver transplantation (1).
Laparoscopic Hiatal Hernia Repair with Nissen Fundoplication

This chapter discusses technical aspects of laparoscopic hiatal hernia repair with Nissen fundoplication including instrumentation and equipment, patient positioning, trocar placement, and surgical steps. The authors also offer pearls and pitfalls.
Aggregation affects optical properties and photothermal heating of gold nanospheres

Laser heating of gold nanospheres (GNS) is increasingly prevalent in biomedical applications due to tunable optical properties that determine heating efficiency. Although many geometric parameters (i.e. size, morphology) can affect optical properties of individual GNS and their heating, no specific studies of how GNS aggregation affects heating have been carried out. We posit here that aggregation, which can occur within some biological systems, will significantly impact the optical and therefore heating properties of GNS. To address this, we employed discrete dipole approximation (DDA) simulations, Ultraviolet-Visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) and laser calorimetry on GNS primary particles with diameters (5, 16, 30 nm) and their aggregates that contain 2 to 30 GNS particles. DDA shows that aggregation can reduce the extinction cross-section on a per particle basis by 17-28%. Experimental measurement by UV-Vis and laser calorimetry on aggregates also show up to a 25% reduction in extinction coefficient and significantly lower heating (~ 10%) compared to dispersed GNS. In addition, comparison of select aggregates shows even larger extinction cross section drops in sparse vs. dense aggregates. This work shows that GNS aggregation can change optical properties and reduce heating and provides a new framework for exploring this effect during laser heating of nanomaterial solutions.
Confident Risk Premia: Economics and Econometrics of Machine Learning Uncertainties

This paper derives ex-ante standard errors of risk premium predictions from neural networks (NNs). Considering standard errors, I provide improved investment strategies and ex-post out-of-sample (OOS) statistical inferences relative to existing literature. The equal-weighted (value-weighted) confident high-low strategy that takes long-short positions exclusively on stocks that have precise risk premia earns an OOS average monthly return of 3.61% (2.21%). In contrast, the conventional high-low portfolio yields 2.52% (1.48%). Existing OOS inferences do not account for ex-ante estimation uncertainty and thus are not adequate to statistically compare the OOS returns, Sharpe ratios and mean squared errors of competing trading strategies and return prediction models (e.g., linear, NN, and random forest). I develop a bootstrap procedure that delivers robust OOS inferences. The bootstrap tests reveal that large OOS return and Sharpe ratio differences between NN and benchmark linear models' traditional high-low portfolios are statistically insignificant. However, the NN-based confident high-low portfolios significantly outperform all competing strategies. Economically, standard errors reflect time-varying market uncertainty and spike after financial shocks. In the cross-section, the level and precision of risk premia are correlated, thus NN-based investments deliver more gains in the long positions.
Cardiac physiological regulation across early infancy: The roles of infant surgency and parental involvement with mothers and fathers

Abstract High baseline respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) and infant temperament are associated with a child’s ability to self-regulate, but moderators of this association have not been thoroughly examined in the literature. Parents who are more involved might have more opportunities to interact with and soothe their children. The current study examined whether parental involvement moderated the association between infant temperament and baseline RSA with mothers and fathers across early infancy. Participants included families (n = 91) assessed at 4 and 8 months of age. Infant temperamental surgency and parental involvement were measured via parent-report when infants were 4 months old, and infant baseline RSA was measured at 4 and 8 months of age. Results revealed differences in mother versus father predictors of infant baseline RSA. A significant Infant Surgency X Maternal Play interaction was revealed; infants of mothers who were low involvement increased in their baseline RSA as their surgency increased. A significant main effect of father care was found; infants with highly involved fathers had higher baseline RSA. In conclusion, mothers and fathers may differentially influence their infant’s cardiac physiological regulation based on their specific type of involvement.
Myeloid-associated lipin-1 transcriptional co-regulatory activity is atheroprotective.

Abstract Background and aims Atherosclerosis is the most prominent underlying cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD). It is initiated by cholesterol deposition in the arterial intima, which causes macrophage recruitment and proinflammatory responses that promote plaque growth, necrotic core formation, and plaque rupture. Lipin-1 is a phosphatidic acid phosphohydrolase for glycerolipid synthesis. We have shown that lipin-1 phosphatase activity promotes macrophage pro-inflammatory responses when stimulated with modified low-density lipoprotein (modLDL) and accelerates atherosclerosis. Lipin-1 also independently acts as a transcriptional co-regulator where it enhances the expression of genes involved in β-oxidation. In hepatocytes and adipocytes, lipin-1 augments the activity of transcription factors such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARs). PPARs control the expression of anti-inflammatory genes in macrophages and slow or reduce atherosclerotic progression. Therefore, we hypothesize myeloid-derived lipin-1 transcriptional co-regulatory activity reduces atherosclerosis. Methods We used myeloid-derived lipin-1 knockout (lipin-1mKO) and littermate control mice and AAV8-PCSK9 along with high-fat diet to elicit atherosclerosis. Results Lipin-1mKO mice had larger aortic root plaques than littermate control mice after 8 and 12 weeks of a high-fat diet. Lipin-1mKO mice also had increased serum proinflammatory cytokine concentrations, reduced apoptosis in plaques, and larger necrotic cores in the plaques compared to control mice. Conclusions Combined, the data suggest lipin-1 transcriptional co-regulatory activity in myeloid cells is atheroprotective.
SPORT SPECIALIZATION, ATHLETIC IDENTITY, AND COPING STRATEGIES IN YOUNG ATHLETES:

Background:Child and adolescent sports participation continues to rise, often with specialization in a single sport at an early age. Psychological associations with sport specialization have been r...
Twin Studies in Sleep Medicine: A Review

Sleep and sleep disorders are complex phenotypes with genetic, epigenetic, and environmental influences. Twin studies allow researchers to parse out how these factors influence variability in sleep outcomes such as sleep duration and quality, chronotype, and disorders such as insomnia, hypersomnia, sleep apnea, sleep-related movement disorders, and parasomnias. Twin studies assess the overlap in genetic influences for sleep variance and other medical and psychiatric disorders and allow exploration of gene-environment interactions. Longitudinal twin studies demonstrate how these interactions change over the course of a lifetime. In general, twin studies demonstrate that the heritability of common sleep measures such as duration, quality, and chronotype is about 30-50%; however, this can vary widely between samples according to age, sex, comorbidities, and geographic location. Similarly, the heritability of sleep disorders including insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea, and parasomnias is also around 30-50%, with higher estimates for disorders known to run in families, such as sleepwalking. Heritability estimates for medical and psychiatric problems including obesity, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and mortality are higher with short sleep duration (typically < 7 h/n), suggesting that short sleep activates disease-related gene expression. Significant genetic overlap exists between insomnia and issues such as obesity, chronic pain, depression, and psychosis. In this review, we describe the major findings of twin studies related to sleep and how they impact our understanding of this critical component of health and disease.
Polygenic adaptation and clonal interference enable sustained diversity in experimental Pseudomonas aeruginosa populations.

How biodiversity arises and can be maintained in asexual microbial populations growing on a single resource remains unclear. Many models presume that beneficial genotypes will outgrow others and purge variation via selective sweeps. Environmental structure like that found in biofilms, which are associated with persistence during infection and other stressful conditions, may oppose this process and preserve variation. We tested this hypothesis by evolving Pseudomonas aeruginosa populations in biofilm-promoting arginine media for three months, using both a bead model of the biofilm life cycle and planktonic serial transfer. Surprisingly, adaptation and diversification were mostly uninterrupted by fixation events that eliminate diversity, with hundreds of mutations maintained at intermediate frequencies. The exceptions included genotypes with mutator alleles that also accelerated genetic diversification. Despite the rarity of hard sweeps, a remarkable 40 genes acquired parallel mutations in both treatments and often among competing genotypes within a population. These incomplete soft sweeps include several transporters (including pitA, pntB, nosD, and pchF) suggesting adaptation to the growth media that becomes highly alkaline during growth. Further, genes involved in signal transduction (including gacS, aer2, bdlA, and PA14_71750) reflect likely adaptations to biofilm-inducing conditions. Contrary to evolution experiments that select mutations in a few genes, these results suggest that some environments may expose a larger fraction of the genome and select for many adaptations at once. Thus, even growth on a sole carbon source can lead to persistent genetic and phenotypic variation despite strong selection that would normally purge diversity.
Disparities in Cancer Screening: The Role of County-Level Metropolitan Status and Racial Residential Segregation

Mortality from cervical and colorectal cancers can be reduced through routine screening, which can often be accessed through primary care. However, uptake of screening in the US remains suboptimal, with disparities observed across geographic characteristics, such as metropolitan status or level of racial residential segregation. Little is known about the interaction of metropolitan status and segregation in their relationship with cancer screening. We conducted a quantitative survey of 474 women aged 45–65 in central Pennsylvania. The survey collected county-level characteristics and participant-level demographics, beliefs, cancer screening barriers, and cervical and colorectal cancer screening. We used bivariate and multivariable logistic regression to analyze relationships between metropolitan status and segregation with screening. For cervical cancer screening, 82.8% of participants were up-to-date, which did not differ by county type in the final analysis. Higher healthcare trust, higher cancer fatalism, and reporting cost as a barrier were associated with cervical cancer screening. For colorectal cancer screening, 55.4% of participants were up-to-date, which differed by county type. In metropolitan counties, segregation was not associated with colorectal cancer screening, but in non-metropolitan counties, segregation was associated with greater colorectal cancer screening. The relationship between metropolitan status and being up-to-date with colorectal, but not cervical, cancer screening varied by segregation. Other important beliefs and barriers to screening varied by county type. This research can guide future cancer screening interventions in primary care settings in underserved communities.
Inter-calibrating Brightness Temperatures of a Constellation of Radiometers

In 2010, the National Aeronautics and Space Agency (NASA) of the U.S.A. and the Japanese Exploration Agency (JAXA) of Japan in cooperation with other U.S. and international partners will launch the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission. The mission center-piece is a core U.S. provided satellite holding a scanning microwave imager provided by the U.S. A. and a dual-frequency precipitation radar provided by Japan. The core satellite is in a 65 deg inclination (the current Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission -TRMM is in a 35 deg inclination). Joining the core satellite are a constellation of approximately 8 satellites containing scanning radiometers. The purpose of the constellation is to increase the global sampling capability of the mission. One constellation satellite will be provided by NASA. Some of the constellation radiometers will provided by other U.S. agencies with existing (e.g. SSMI/S) or planned (NPOESS) radiometer assets. International groups have also expressed interest in contributing to the GPM mission including providing radiometer data for the GPM constellation. The use of a heterogeneous group of scanning radiometers each with its own unique purpose, characteristics and calibration offers a significant challenge for combining brightness temperatures or rain retrievals to create meaningful combined global radiometer products. However, the availability of active dual precipitation radar on the GPM core in combination with a well-calibrated radiometer on the same platform offers the possibility of inter-calibrating the constellation radiometers using the core satellite as a calibrator. This paper describes a joint NASA/GSFC and Colorado State University prototype effort at inter-calibrating existing radiometers using such a core calibrator approach. In the prototype, existing radiometers (i.e. SSM/I and AMSR-E) are intercalibrated, as required, using the TRMM Precipitation Radar (PR) and TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI) as the calibration core. This prototype includes four basic steps: provide the data in a normalized-common logical radiometer format, convert all data to a granule that stops and starts at the southernmost latitude rather than at the equator, perform basic processing and finally inter-calibrate the radiometers with the TRMM core as appropriate. Basic processing includes quality control, cross-track bias correction as well as the core action of converting T(sub a), to T(sub b). The purpose of the inter-calibration step is to provide consistent brightness temperatures for the various SSMA sensors, TMI and AMSR-E. The C appended to the level of the product indicates common brightness temperature (T(sub c)). The paper provides a summary of each of these actions. The details of the processing as well as data format and tools can be obtained by connecting to the website at mrain.atmos.colostate.eduLEVEL1C .
The Effect of Surgical Site Infection on Older Operative Patients

OBJECTIVES: To determine the effect of surgical site infection (SSI) on mortality, duration of hospitalization, and hospital cost in older operative patients. DESIGN: Retrospective matched-outcomes study. SETTING: Eight hospitals, including Duke University Medical Center, and seven community hospitals. PARTICIPANTS: Patients aged 65 and older undergoing surgery from 1991 to 2003. Cases were defined as patients who developed deep incisional or organ or space SSI; controls were operative patients who did not develop SSI. Controls were frequency matched to cases according to type and year of operative procedure and to hospital in a 1:1 ratio. MEASUREMENTS: Mortality, duration of hospitalization (including re-admissions), and hospital charges for the 90 days after surgery. RESULTS: One thousand three hundred thirty-seven patients were enrolled in the study: 561 cases with SSI and 576 controls without SSI. In cases, the most common SSI pathogen was Staphylococcus aureus (n=275, 51.6%). Of S. aureus isolates, 58.2% were methicillin resistant. One hundred sixteen subjects died within 90 days of surgery (8.6%). In multivariable analysis, SSI was associated with greater mortality risk (odds ratio (OR)=3.51, 95% confidence interval (CI)=2.20–5.59), 2.9 times longer postoperative hospitalization (95% CI=2.61–3.13), and 1.9 times greater hospital charges (95% CI=1.78–2.10). CONCLUSION: In elderly operative patients, SSI was associated with almost 4 times greater mortality, a mean attributable duration of hospitalization after surgery of 15.7 days (95% CI=13.9–17.6) and mean attributable hospital charges of $43,970 (95% CI=$31,881–56,060).
Methodological overview of the drowsy driver warning system field operational test

This paper discusses the method and data collection instrumentation being used to conduct a field operational test of a drowsy driver warning system. The experimental plan involves 102 drivers each operating one of 34 instrumented heavy trucks for 16 weeks. This data is collected continuously, as the vehicle is in motion, during the drivers' regular runs. The data collected will include video, audio and non-video truck performance/driver input data. Data collection is underway and is expected to be completed by the middle of 2005. The very large data set resulting from this field test will not only provide information on the safety benefits associated with the warning system, but can serve as a naturalistic heavy vehicle driving database for future analysis efforts.
Bayesian shape estimation: Shape-from-shading and photometric stereo revisited

We present a Bayesian approach to the machine vision processes of shape-from-shading and photometric stereo, also considering the associated question of the detection of shape discontinuities. The shape reconstruction problem is formulated as a maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimation from probability distributions of Gibbs form, and is solved via simulated annealing. In shape-from-shading, our formulation leads to a constrained optimization problem, where the constraints come from the image irradiance equation and from the incorporation of the necessary boundary conditions. In photometric stereo, we are able to estimate shape directly from degraded input images. We also propose an edge-detection algorithm that works cooperatively with the reconstruction process, employing the shape estimates to locate the discontinuities of the reconstructed surface. We show results of the application of our framework both to synthetic and to real imagery.
Development and Application of a New Four-Equation Eddy-Viscosity Model for Flows With Transition, Curvature and Rotation Effects

This paper presents the development and implementation of a new scalar eddy-viscosity turbulence model designed to exhibit physically correct responses to flow transition, streamline curvature and system rotation effects. The eddy-viscosity model developed herein is based on the k-ω framework and employs four transport equations in addition to the mean flow equations. The model inherits three transport equations from the transition-sensitive k-kL-ω model and the v2 equation from the previously documented curvature-sensitive SST k-ω-v2 model. The new model is implemented into a commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solver, and is tested on several two-dimensional (2D) problems involving flow transition, streamline curvature and rotation effects. In order to assess the model’s performance, three test cases are presented: a zero-pressure-gradient flat plate, flow over a cylinder for a wide range of Reynolds numbers and flow over an elliptic airfoil test case with different angles of attack. The results obtained from the test cases are compared with experimental data and several other RANS-based turbulence models. These indicate that the new model successfully resolves both flow transition and curvature effects with reasonable engineering accuracy, for only a small increase in computational cost. Results also suggest that the new model has potential as a practical tool for the prediction of flow transition and curvature effects over blunt bodies.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Activating College Men to Prevent Sexual Violence: A Qualitative Investigation

This study explores the experiences of male college students who participated in a theatre-based, peer-education, sexual assault prevention presentation. The program was established through the use of Pedagogy of the Oppressed and Theatre of the Oppressed, as well as multicultural feminist theory and approaches. These models emphasize subverting social norms that perpetuate sexual violence. Data were collected via field notes and focus group interviews. Implications for how higher education administrators can develop programs to prevent sexual violence against college women are discussed, as well as future research opportunities.
Extending command and control infrastructures to cyber warfare assets

The goal of this work is to identify a framework for the integration of cyber command and control within the classical command and control infrastructure. The advent of cyber resources and military capabilities, as well as additional cyber information, requires that command and control infrastructures be updated to incorporate such cyber infrastructures. While much of these infrastructures operate in isolation from the physical resources, there are needs for cross-over between the two disciplines. Such crossovers require far more flexibility than traditional command and control hierarchies allow. This paper discusses available cyber resources, typical goals of such resources, the reasoning behind such crossover activity, and a developed model for providing such a hierarchy.
Communication During Interpersonal Arguing: Implications for Stress Symptoms

Research suggests that arguing can be stressful. We report two studies that explore the relationships between distributive, integrative, and avoidant communication reported to have occuned during a...
Phorbol ester-stimulated secretion in chicken ileum: role of arachidonic acid metabolism.

Abstract Phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate, an activator of protein kinase C, stimulates electrogenic anion secretion in chicken ileum. This effect can be inhibited by the cyclooxygenase inhibitor piroxicam, suggesting arachidonic acid metabolites as mediators. Phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate stimulates increases in prostaglandin E 2 release and mucosal 3′,5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate content in intact mucosa. Stimulation of prostaglandin E 2 release appears to come mainly from the subepithelial compartment and not from epithelial cells. Unlike its effect on anion secretion, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate inhibition of sodium uptake by sodium-hydrogen exchange in isolated mature villus enterocytes is not inhibited by piroxicam. This study concludes that phorbol ester effects on anion secretion in chickens appear to be mediated by arachidonic acid metabolites most likely produced by cells of the lamina propria and submucosa, whereas phorbol ester effects on inhibiting upper villus cell sodium-hydrogen exchange may be a direct effect of phorbol esters.
Programming gene expression in developing epidermis

As the major proteins of adult keratinocytes, keratins provide biochemical markers for exploring mouse epidermal embryogenesis. Here, we used a modified method of whole-mount in situ hybridization to track skin-specific expression of endogenous keratin mRNAs throughout embryogenesis. To monitor transcriptional regulation, we coupled this with beta-galactosidase expression of a human epidermal keratin promoter-driven transgene. These studies have radically changed our perception of how the program of gene expression becomes established during epidermal development. Specifically, we have discovered that (1) basal keratin (K5 and K14) genes are first detected at E9.5 in a highly regional fashion, and surprisingly as early as the single layered ectodermal stage; (2) the early patterns do not correlate with morphogenesis per se, but rather with regional variations in the embryonic origin of underlying mesenchyme, supporting morphogenetic criteria that early inductive cues are mesenchymal; (3) epidermal keratin genes are expressed in periderm, supporting the notion that this layer arises from ectodermal stratification, even though it is simple epithelial-like in morphology and is subsequently sloughed during development; (4) later embryonic patterns of K5 and K14 gene expression parallel proliferative capacity and not stratification; and (5) K1 and K10 mRNAs are first detected as early as E13.5, and their patterns correlate with differentiation and not stratification. These patterns of epidermal gene expression led us to explore whether potential transcriptional regulators of these genes are expressed similarly. We show that AP2 (but not Sp1) cRNAs hybridize in a pattern similar to, but preceding that of basal keratin cRNAs. Finally, using gene expression in cultured cells, we demonstrate that AP2 has a strong inductive effect on basal keratin expression in a cellular environment that does not normally possess AP2 activity.
Immune surveillance, organophosphorus exposure, and lymphomagenesis

Prevalence of lymphoproliferative disorders is increased in populations with various chemical exposures, including organophosphorus compounds. Lymphomas are also more common in individuals with a substantially decreased monocyte esterase activity. Organophosphorus compounds inhibit esterases associated with monocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells, and cytotoxic T lymphocytes, and these inhibitory effects impair immune surveillance and cytotoxic functions mediated by such cells. Lymphoma development is also associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) infections, which are regulated by cytotoxic immune responses mediated by monocytes, T cells, and NK cells. My hypothesis is that lymphomagenesis is a multistep process, and the absence or inhibition of monocyte esterase and perhaps other immune cell esterases alters esterase-dependent detoxification of a factor critical for the early steps of oncogenesis. Also, such an enzyme deficit might impair the processes that regulate the dissemination and limit the total burden of pathogens such as the lymphoma-associated herpesviruses. An added risk to any viral-mediated lymphoproliferation might be an organophosphorus-induced oncogenic genetic change.
New approaches to the Doppler echocardiographic assessment of diastolic function: from research laboratory to clinical practice

Over the past decade, Doppler echocardiography has become a well-established tool for the diagnosis of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction. Unfortunately, in many clinical situations traditional Doppler indices of transmittal and pulmonary venous flow are inconclusive, primarily due to their dependence on left atrial pressure. Recently, new Doppler indices that are much less dependent on preload have been developed, based on intraventricular flow propagation and intrinsic myocardial velocity. These methodologies provide direct assessment of ventricular relaxation and the small intraventricular pressure gradients essential to efficient filling of the ventricle. We review in this article the theoretical and experiment background of these new echo techniques as well as how they can be implemented in routine clinical practice.
Tsallis distributions of the large-scale magnetic field strength fluctuations in the solar wind from 7 to 87 AU

[1] The solar wind is a driven nonlinear, nonequilibrium system with large jumps and fluctuations in the temporal profiles of the magnetic field strength B. Relatively large clusters of strong fields (“merged interaction regions,” MIRs) form beyond 1 AU, grow out to ≈5–30 AU, and decay slowly between ≈30 AU and at least 90 AU. We analyze the probability distribution functions (PDFs) of fluctuations of B observed by Voyager 1 between 7 and 87 AU on scales from 1 to 128 days during each of four years (1980, 1991, 2001, and 2002). The 32 PDFs of the increments of B can be described by a single function, the q-exponential distribution of the nonextensive Tsallis statistical mechanics. The tails of the PDFs are described by the entropic index q, which is scale dependent. The Tsallis distribution has a finite variance when q 5/3 at 80 AU suggests the possibility of a phase transition in the distant heliosphere.
Políticas de etiquetado en los paquetes de cigarrillos: situación actual en América Latina y el Caribe

In 2002, Brazil became the first country in the region to implement pictorial health warning labels on cigarette packages. Since the adoption of the FCTC/WHO in 2005, nine more countries adopted pictorial labels and six passed legislation that is pending of implementation. The message content and the picture style vary across countries. Seventeen countries have banned brand descriptors and nine require a qualitative label with information on constituents and emissions. Since 2005, important progress has been achieved in the region. However, countries that have ratified the FCTC have not yet implemented all the recommendations of Article 11 Guidelines.
Eating Disorders in Paraguayan Adolescents.

Eating disorders, once thought to be exclusively a disorder of the more affluent Western countries, are now spreading around the world. Despite the wealth of information on the prevalence of eating disorders in developed countries, epidemiological data for South America is scarce. The 26-item Eating Attitude Test (EAT-26) was used to explore the prevalence of disordered eating attitudes and behaviors among Paraguayan adolescents. A total of 561 students in Grades 6 through 12 from three private schools in Asuncion, Paraguay participated in this study. Disordered eating (EAT ≥ 20) was present in 91 (16.2%) adolescents. Significantly more females (25.0%) than males (8.2%) scored above the cutoff point on the EAT-26. Body mass index was found to be associated with abnormal eating attitudes, with overweight adolescents being significantly more at risk than underweight ones. Overall, this population demonstrated a high degree of dissatisfaction with body weight and a desire to be thin. These results suggested ...
Adverse Events and Substance Use Among Female Adolescent Offenders: Effects of Coping and Family Support

This study examined a stress-coping model for substance use among female adolescents (N = 305, 69% African American) involved in the Mississippi juvenile justice system. Participants were interviewed in 2006 , regarding exposure to adverse and traumatic events, and they completed self-administered measures of social support from relatives, coping strategies, and questions on frequency of alcohol and other drug use. Results from nested regression models revealed that stressors are associated with drug, but not alcohol use. The use of supportive kinship ties and religion to cope were protective factors. The implications and limitations of the study are discussed.