cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantifying phytate in dairy digesta and feces: alkaline extraction and high-performance ion chromatography.

Abstract Development of an analytical method with appropriate combination of extraction and quantification approaches for undigested phytate in ruminant feces and digesta will advance knowledge of phytate degradation in ruminants and help to reduce phosphorus excretion. Established quantification methods give satisfactory results for feedstuffs and nonruminant manure but recovery of phytate is incomplete for ruminant feces and digesta because of their complex sample matrix and low ratio of phytate to inorganic P. The objective was to develop a robust, accurate, sensitive, and inexpensive method to extract and quantify phytate in feeds, ruminant feces, and digesta. Diets varying in phytate content were fed to dairy heifers, dry cows, and lactating cows to generate digesta and fecal samples of varying composition to challenge extraction and quantification methods. Samples were extracted with 0.5 M HCl or 0.25 M NaOH + 0.05 M EDTA. Acid extracts were mixed with 20% NaCl, alkaline extracts were acidified to final pH 18 cartridges and 0.2-μm filters. High-performance ion chromatography (HPIC) was used to quantify phytate. In feed samples, the measured phytate was comparable in alkaline and acid extracts (2,965 vs. 3,085μg/g of DM). In digesta and fecal samples, alkaline extraction yielded greater estimates of phytate content than did acid extraction (40.7 vs. 33.6 and 202.9 vs. 144.4μg/g of DM for digesta and fecal samples, respectively). Analysis of alkaline extracts by HPIC is usually not possible because of sample matrix interferences; acidification and C 18 -cartridge elution of alkaline extracts prevented this interference. Pure phytate added to dry samples before extraction was almost completely recovered (88 to 105%), indicating high extraction efficiency, no adverse effect of extract clean-up procedures, and accurate quantification of phytate. The proposed method is rapid, inexpensive, robust, and combines the extraction power of NaOH-EDTA with the precision and sensitivity of HPIC quantification, allowing accurate quantification of phytate in feeds, ruminant digesta, and fecal samples.
Widespread desert affiliation of trebouxiophycean algae (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta) including discovery of three new desert genera

Summary Unlike most other green algae, trebouxiophyceans are predominantly aerophytic and contain many symbiotic representatives. In recent years, a number of new terrestrial trebouxiophycean taxa were described from soils, tree bark, and lichens. The present phylogenetic study reveals three new lineages of free-living trebouxiophyceans found in North American desert soil crusts and proposes new generic names to accommodate them: Desertella, Eremochloris, and Xerochlorella. This survey of desert isolates also led to discovery of representatives of seven existing genera of trebouxiophyceans. Two of these genera have never been reported to contain desert representatives and one was known previously only from aquatic habitats. Furthermore, we expand the known geographic range of the recently described genus Chloropyrula, heretofore only known from the Ural Mountains. We demonstrate that the diversity of trebouxiophyceans is still underestimated and poorly understood, and that most major trebouxiophycean lineages contain desert-dwelling taxa.
Pharmacological adjuncts for the treatment of withdrawal syndromes.

Abstract Alternative explanations for symptoms that occur during the period of drug (medical or nonmedical) withdrawal are examined. These symptoms are not necessarily due to the discontinuation of the drug and should be considered when treating a patient for a withdrawal syndrome. The rationale behind treating withdrawal syndromes and criteria to consider for hospitalizing a patient during the withdrawal period are discussed. The main focus of this article is the appropriate use of prescription drugs for treating withdrawal syndromes. In addition, protocols of the Drug Detoxification, Rehabilitation, and Aftercare Project of the Haight Ashbury Free Clinics are reviewed in detail. Finally, information is provided on some potentially promising medications that are currently being investigated for the treatment of withdrawal.
Sensitivity-driven co-synthesis of distributed embedded systems

Abstract: Describes a new, sensitivity-driven algorithm for the co-synthesis of real-time distributed embedded systems. Many embedded computing systems are distributed systems: communicating periodic processes executing on several CPUs/ASICs connected by communication links. We use performance estimates to compute a local sensitivity of the design to process allocation. We propose a priority prediction method to schedule processes. Based on these techniques, we develop a gradient-search algorithm which co-synthesizes heterogeneous distributed systems of arbitrary topology and the associated application software architecture. Experimental results show that our algorithm can find good implementation architectures in small amounts of CPU time.
Quantification of Expired Metabolites Following Potassium Cyanide Administration: A New Method

A sensitive and specific radiolabel method for measuring expired hydrogen cyanide (HCN) or carbon dioxide (CO=) derived from cyanide was developed. An ethanol collecting solution containing a 10-=M of cobalt chloride trapped 88% of the HldCN passed through the solution following acid volatilization of a known amount of K14CN. The range of linearity, r=0.998, exceeded the 0.01 to 0.1 /~moles tested for measuring the pulmonary metabolites. The cobalt chloride collecting solution trapped less than 0.02% of the 10 to 100/~moles of ~4CO= generated by acid hydrolysis of 14C-sodium bicarbonate (NaH14COa). Introduction of a second collecting solution specific for COz, composed of ethanol: ethanolsmine (2:1, v/v), was used to collect the CO2 derived from cyanide. Following the subcutaneous (sc) administration of 4.6 mg/kg of potassium cyanide (KCN) and 4.5 microcuries (~Ci) K~dCN, 1 to 2% and 2 to 3% of the dose was expired as H~4CN and ~4CO2, respectively.
PC-assisted instruction of introductory electromagnetics

A comprehensive, user-interactive software package for the IBM PC or compatible, resulting from an ongoing effort by the author to enhance the teaching and learning processes in the instruction of introductory electromagnetics courses is described. The associated topics are distributed throughout the realm of introductory electromagnetics, ranging from coordinate systems to antenna fundamentals. The PC-assisted instruction involves the use of the software in the classroom integrated with the lecture-discussion of the subject matter, as well as outside the classroom by the student at his/her own pace and leisure. Following brief descriptions of the 15 programs of the software package, four examples are presented in detail to illustrate the teaching and learning nature of the software. Student responses to the PC-assisted instruction are included. >
Physical and Chemical Sputtering at Very Low Ion Energy: the Importance of the Sputtering Threshold

A variety of data for physical etching (i.e. sputtering) and for ion-enhanced chemical etching of Si and SiO2 is analyzed in the very-low-ion-energy regime. Bombardment by inert ions alone, by reactive ions, and by inert ions in the presence of reactiveneutrals is considered. In all cases the etch yield follows a square root dependence on the ion energy all the way down to the threshold energy for etching. At the same time, the threshold energy has a non-negligible effect on the etch yield even at intermediate ion energies. The difference between physical and ion-enhanced chemical etch yields can be accounted for by a reduction in the average surface binding energy of the etch products and a corresponding reduction in the threshold energy for etching. These results suggest that, in general, the selectivity for ion-enhanced etch processes relative to physical sputtering can be increased significantly at low ion energy.
Context-dependent corallivory by parrotfishes in a Caribbean reef ecosystem

This study assesses the patterns of corallivory by parrotfishes across reefs of the Florida Keys, USA. These reefs represent a relatively unique combination within the wider Caribbean of low coral cover and high parrotfish abundance suggesting that predation pressure could be intense. Surveys across eight shallow forereefs documented the abundance of corals, corallivorous parrotfishes, and predation scars on corals. The corals Porites porites and Porites astreoides were preyed on most frequently with the rates of predation an order of magnitude greater than has been documented for other areas of the Caribbean. In fact, parrotfish bite density on these preferred corals was up to 34 times greater than reported for corals on other reefs worldwide. On reefs where coral cover was low and corals such as Montastraea faveolata, often preferred prey for parrotfishes, were rare, predation rates on P. porites and P. astreoides, and other less common corals, intensified further. The intensity of parrotfish predation increased significantly as coral cover decreased. However, parrotfish abundance showed only a marginal positive relationship with predation pressure on corals, likely because corallivorous parrotfish were abundant across all reefs. Parrotfishes often have significant positive impacts on coral cover by facilitating coral recruitment, survival, and growth via their grazing of algae. However, abundant corallivorous parrotfishes combined with low coral cover may result in higher predation on corals and intensify the negative impact that parrotfishes have on remaining corals.
Mothers' maximum drinks ever consumed in 24 hours predicts mental health problems in adolescent offspring.

Background: The maximum number of alcoholic drinks consumed in a single 24-hr period is an alcoholism-related phenotype with both face and empirical validity. It has been associated with severity of withdrawal symptoms and sensitivity to alcohol, genes implicated in alcohol metabolism, and amplitude of a measure of brain activity associated with externalizing disorders in general. In a previous study we found that the maximum number of drinks fathers had ever consumed in 24 hrs was associated with externalizing behaviors and disorders in preadolescent and adolescent children. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether maternal maximum consumption has similar correlates. Method: We examined associations between maternal maximum consumption and alcohol dependence, respectively, and disruptive disorders and substance-related problems in two large independent population-based cohorts of 17-year-old adolescents. Results: Maximum consumption was associated with conduct disorder, disruptive disorders in general, early substance use and misuse, and substance disorders in adolescent children regardless of sex. Associations were consistent across cohorts, providing internal replication. They also paralleled our previous findings regarding paternal status. They could not be explained by maternal alcohol dependence, effects of drinking during pregnancy, or paternal maximum consumption. They were not simple artifacts of the fact that maximum consumption is a continuous measure while alcohol dependence is dichotomous. Conclusions: Despite deriving from a single question about lifetime behavior, parental maximum consumption appears to reflect vulnerability for mental health problems, especially substance-related ones, more directly than a diagnosis of alcohol dependence. Language: en
Response to Joint Attention in Toddlers at Risk for Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Prospective Study

Response to joint attention (RJA) is impaired in preschoolers with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and is pivotal to social and communication development. Response to joint attention was examined at 14 and 24 months in 51 children at high risk for autism (siblings of children with autism). Outcome groups at age 3 years included ASD (n = 16), broader autism phenotype (n = 8), and non-broader autism phenotype (n = 27). The ASD group made minimal improvement in RJA between 14 and 24 months, but stability of RJA across tasks increased for all three groups. Significantly, lower RJA was observed for the ASD group at 24 months. Response to joint attention performance at 14 months predicted ASD outcome. Response to joint attention is an important screening and early intervention target.
The boston qualitative scoring system for the rey-osterrieth complex figure: A study of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Abstract The Boston Qualitative Scoring System (BQSS) for the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure (ROCF) was utilized to examine the qualitative features of ROCF performance of children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Thirty-nine children with ADHD were compared to age-matched controls (n = 39) on their reproduction of the ROCF. ADHD children performed more poorly than did control children on measures of attention to detail, expansion, accuracy, and neatness. Sensitivity and specificity of individual BQSS measures for discriminating ADHD from control subjects were determined, and a logistic regression model was derived, yielding an overall sensitivity of 64% and specificity of 97% for the classification of ADHD. Eighty-one percent of all children were correctly classified. Cross-validation of this model on an independent sample of ADHD and control subjects revealed good predictive accuracy. These findings suggest that the BQSS may be a useful measure in the neuropsychological evaluation of...
Nuclear Policy and World Order: Why Denuclearization

While taking note of the growing anxiety, particularly on the part of the superpowers, over the spread of nuclear technology and of the frantic campaign (most of all on the part of the USA), through a combination of pressures and blandishments, to halt proliferation, the paper does not see much chance of the campaign succeeding so long as as it remains suspect because, among other reasons, of its being spearheaded by a power which is itself the greatest proliferator and one, too, which has not only got an enormous stockpile of nuclear weapons, but is constantly engaged in evolving ever more sophisticated (which means deadly) weapons. Nonproliferation, unless wedded to denuclearization, will continue to be viewed by non-nuclear states as unacceptably discriminatory and as a geopolitical confidence trick calculated to freeze the present hegemonistic global structure. Obviously, the first moves toward denuclearization have to be made by nuclear nations, but, above all, by the two superpowers. However, denucl...
Patient-reported outcomes for open versus laparoscopic living donor nephrectomy.

Background—Rates of living kidney donation have increased dramatically in recent years, in large part because of improved surgical techniques such as laparoscopic nephrectomy.Objective—To compare patient-reported outcomes of laparoscopic nephrectomy versus open donor nephrectomy in 84 adult live kidney donors.Outcome Measures—Outcomes included perceptions of pain and surgical scarring, number of surgical/medical complications, hospital length of stay, physical health problems related to donation, return to work, financial impact, health-related quality of life, and satisfaction with the donation experience.Results and Conclusion—The 2 groups did not differ significantly in pain perceptions, number of surgical/medical complications, physical health problems, financial impact, health-related quality of life, or overall satisfaction. However, laparoscopic nephrectomy donors had significantly fewer hospital days and faster return to work time than open donor nephrectomy donors. The majority of donors report e...
INORGANIC CARBON LIMITATION OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN ULVA ROTUNDATA (CHLOROPHYTA)1

A computerized oxygen electrode Astern was used to make rapid and accurate measurements of photosynthetic light and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) response cures with a macroalga. Ulva rotundata Blid. was grown in an outdoor, continuous flow system in seawater under sunlight or 9% of sunlight at Beaufort, North Carolina. The light compensation points in the shade- and sun-grown plants, measured in seawater, were at photon flux densities (PFDs) of 16 and 27 μmol. Photons·m−2·s−1, respectively but the quantum yield of O2 evolution was not significantly different. Rates of photosynthesis in seawater per unit area of thallus under saturating light and rates of dark respiration were about 1.5-fold higher in sun- than in shade-grown plants. The concentration of DIC in seawater (approximately 2 mM) limited photosynthesis at absorbed PFDs above 60–70 μmol photons·m−2·s−1 Addition of 20 mM inorganic carbon had no effect on quantum yield but caused about a 1.5-fold increase in the light-saturated photosynthetic rate in both shade- and sun-grown Ulva. The effect of DIC supplementation was greatest in plants grown in October and least in plants grown in June. The light- and DIC-saturated rate of photosynthesis in seawater was similar to the maximum rate obtained by exposing Ulva to 10% CO2, in the gas phase. The carbon isotope values (δ13C, reflecting the 13C/12C ratio compared to a standard) of Ulva grown in the same seawater supply were dependent on light and agitation. Samples from Beaufort Inlet were more negative (δ13C value, −20.03‰) than those grown in bright light with agitation (δ13C value, −17.78‰ outdoors; −17.23‰ indoors), which may indicate DIC supply limited carbon uptake in seawater.
Human β-Herpesvirus Interactions in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients

The replication of beta-herpesviruses-cytomegalovirus (CMV), human herpesvirus (HHV)-6, and HHV-7-and their association with CMV disease and response to antiviral therapy were prospectively investigated in 33 liver transplant recipients not given antiviral prophylaxis. CMV, HHV-6, and HHV-7 DNA were detected within 8 weeks after transplantation in 70%, 33%, and 42% of the patients, respectively. The univariate association between CMV disease and the 3 beta-herpesviruses was more significant by virus load quantitation than by qualitative detection of DNA. This association with high levels of CMV, HHV-6, and HHV-7 (P<.001,.022, and.001, respectively) occurred mainly in CMV-seronegative recipients of transplants from CMV-seropositive donors. Antiviral therapy with ganciclovir (Gcv) reduced the load of CMV and HHV-6 and HHV-7. These results suggest that CMV disease in transplant recipients is related to the unique interaction of the 3 beta-herpesviruses and is ultimately reduced after intravenous Gcv treatment.
Process variation mitigation via post silicon clock tuning

Manufacturing process corner, voltage and temperature (PVT) conditions lead to variation in path delays and clock skews. Such variations end up degrading the performance of manufactured chips. Since, such variations are hard to predict in pre-silicon phase, tunable clock buffers have been used in several microprocessor designs. These buffers are tuned to maximize operating clock frequency of a design. In this paper, we report a study on using measured delays on selected patterns to determine which buffers should be targeted for tuning. Based on statistical simulation studies, it is found that the proposed approach can improve clock frequency by as much as 9% in the average case.
Application of Infrared Radiometers to Meteorology

Abstract Various types of infrared radiometers have been used to make measurements of surface temperature from aircraft and to make measurements of temperature during cloud traverses. Instruments for surface temperature are sensitive in the water-vapor window 8 to 13 μ, and in the range from 8 to 35 μ, and instruments for cloud temperature are sensitive in the 15 μ CO2 band. The instrumentation shows great promise for operational measurement of surface temperature from aircraft. The infrared atmospheric thermometer (IRAT) (15 μ CO2 band) makes it possible to measure free-air and in-cloud temperatures remotely without actual exposure to the cloud droplets which cause errors in other types of sensors. Relative accuracy of the IRAT is ±0.25C.
Dynamics of Immune Cell Types Within the Macaque Corpus Luteum During the Menstrual Cycle: Role of Progesterone

The goal of the current study was to characterize the immune cell types within the primate corpus luteum (CL). Luteal tissue was collected from rhesus females at discrete intervals during the luteal phase of the natural menstrual cycle. Dispersed cells were incubated with fluorescently labeled antibodies specific for the immune cell surface proteins CD11b (neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages), CD14 (monocytes/macrophages), CD16 (natural killer [NK] cells), CD20 (B-lymphocytes), and CD3epsilon (T-lymphocytes) for analysis by flow cytometry. Numbers of CD11b-positive (CD11b(+)) and CD14(+) cells increased significantly 3 to 4 days after serum progesterone (P4) concentrations declined below 0.3 ng/ml. CD16(+) cells were the most abundant immune cell type in CL during the mid and mid-late luteal phases and were 3-fold increased 3 to 4 days after serum P4 decreased to baseline levels. CD3epsilon(+) cells tended to increase 3 to 4 days after P4 decline. To determine whether immune cells were upregulated by the loss of luteotropic (LH) support or through loss of LH-dependent steroid milieu, monkeys were assigned to 4 groups: control (no treatment), the GnRH antagonist Antide, Antide plus synthetic progestin (R5020), or Antide plus the estrogen receptor agonists diarylpropionitrile (DPN)/propyl-pyrazole-triol (PPT) during the mid-late luteal phase. Antide treatment increased the numbers of CD11b(+) and CD14(+) cells, whereas progestin, but not estrogen, replacement suppressed the numbers of CD11b(+), CD14(+), and CD16(+) cells. Neither Antide nor steroid replacement altered numbers of CD3epsilon(+) cells. These data suggest that increased numbers of innate immune cells in primate CL after P4 synthesis declines play a role in onset of structural regression of primate CL.
A New G-Quadruplex with Hairpin Loop Immediately Upstream of the Human BCL2 P1 Promoter Modulates Transcription

The abnormal overexpression of the BCL2 gene is associated with many human tumors. We found a new 28-mer G-quadruplex-forming sequence, P1G4, immediately upstream of the human BCL2 gene P1 promoter. The P1G4 is shown to be a transcription repressor using a promoter-driven luciferase assay; its inhibitory effect can be markedly enhanced by the G-quadruplex-interactive compound TMPyP4. G-quadruplex can readily form in the P1G4 sequence under physiological salt condition as shown by DMS footprinting. P1G4 and previously identified Pu39 G-quadruplexes appear to form independently in adjacent regions in the BCL2 P1 promoter. In the extended BCL2 P1 promoter region containing both Pu39 and P1G4, P1G4 appears to play a more dominant role in repressing the transcriptional activity. Using NMR spectroscopy, the P1G4 G-quadruplex appears to be a novel dynamic equilibrium of two parallel structures, one regular with two 1-nt loops and a 12-nt middle loop and another broken-strand with three 1-nt loops and a 11-nt middle loop; both structures adopt a novel hairpin (stem-loop duplex) conformation in the long loop. The dynamic equilibrium of two closely related structures and the unique hairpin loop conformation are specific to the P1G4 sequence and distinguish the P1G4 quadruplex from other parallel structures. The presence of P1G4 and Pu39 in adjacent regions of the BCL2 P1 promoter suggests a mechanism for precise regulation of BCL2 gene transcription. The unique P1G4 G-quadruplex may provide a specific target for small molecules to modulate BCL2 gene transcription.
Cardiovascular Effects of Androgen Deprivation Therapy for the Treatment of Prostate Cancer: ABCDE Steps to Reduce Cardiovascular Disease in Patients With Prostate Cancer.

Case Presentation: A 74-year-old man with a new diagnosis of locally advanced prostate cancer is referred to the cardio-oncology clinic for optimization of his cardiovascular health after treatment with degarelix, a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor antagonist, for his prostate cancer. Two years ago, he had a myocardial infarction resulting in placement of a drug-eluting stent in his proximal left anterior descending artery. He has had no recurrent symptoms but lives a sedentary lifestyle. An electrocardiogram showed normal sinus rhythm. His most recent echocardiogram demonstrated a structurally normal heart with normal left ventricular ejection fraction. He takes aspirin 81 mg daily. He has hypertension, with the last recorded blood pressure of 160/90 mm Hg, and he is currently treated with metoprolol 25 mg twice daily and lisinopril 40 mg daily. He has diabetes mellitus that is treated with glipizide 10 mg daily, and his last hemoglobin A1c level was 7.4 mg/dL. He is also treated with pravastatin 40 mg daily; his low-density lipoprotein was 120 mg/dL at his most recent clinic visit. He continues to smoke 1 pack of cigarettes daily, and his body mass index is 30 kg/m2. Prostate cancer is the most common noncutaneous cancer diagnosed in men in the United States and the second leading cause of cancer death.1 In 2015, there were an estimated 3 million prostate cancer survivors in the United States; this number will reach 4 million in the next decade.1 Because of the indolent, slowly progressive disease course of prostate cancer and advances in early detection and effective treatment, non–cancer-related deaths are the most common causes of mortality.2 In particular, given the prevalence of pre-existing and new cardiovascular disease (CVD), ischemic heart disease is the most common noncancer cause of death in patients with prostate cancer.2 Androgen …
Growth hormone levels in slipped capital femoral epiphysis.

No abnormalities of serum growth hormone or estrogen levels, either absolute or relative, were found in the five patients studied with slipped capital femoral epiphysis. Serial levels on one patient during the development of a slip were also normal.
Trace Normalization

Identifying truly distinct traces is crucial for the performance of many dynamic analysis activities. For example, given a set of traces associated with a program failure, identifying a subset of unique traces can reduce the debugging effort by producing a smaller set of candidate fault locations. The process of identifying unique traces, however, is subject to the presence of irrelevant variations in the sequence of trace events, which can make a trace appear unique when it is not. In this paper we present an approach to reduce inconsequential and potentially detrimental trace variations. The approach decomposes traces into segments on which irrelevant variations caused by event ordering or repetition can be identified, and then used to normalize the traces in the pool. The approach is investigated on two well-known client dynamic analyses by replicating the conditions under which they were originally assessed, revealing that the clients can deliver more precise results with the normalized traces.
Supercritical Vapor Explosions: Comparisons Between Thermodynamic and Mechanistic Models

The thermal interaction of certain molten materials such as Al 2 O 3 with water results in vapor explosions with very high (supercritical) pressures and propagation velocities. A quasi-steady-state analysis and a transient analysis of a supercritical vapor explosion in one-dimensional multiphase flow were applied to analyze experimental data of an Al 2 O 3 -water fuel/coolant interaction obtained from the KROTOS 26, 28, 29, and 30 tests. The shock adiabatic thermodynamic model and the TEXAS mechanistic model were used to perform this analysis. The predicted results of the initial vapor void fraction and explosion conversion ratio from both models, together with the estimated experimental results, for the KROTOS 26 test were compared.
Planar Imaging Investigation of Supersonic Hypermixer Configurations

An experimental investigation of the mixing characteristics of several Mach 3 hypermixer flowfields is conducted. Through a combination of laser-based diagnostics including planar laser scattering (PLS) of CO2, planar laser Mie scattering (PLMS) of seeded TiO2 particles, and PIV, four different hypermixer configurations are studied for determination of their wake structure and dispersion characteristics. Two of the mixers tested, one featuring a combination of compressive and expansive ramps and another featuring purely expansive ramps, exhibit far greater dispersion characteristics than the other geometries tested. The mixing enhancement afforded by the compressive mixer was largely due to the strength of the streamwise vortices shed in addition to a broader base region that allowed the injected fluid to expand rapidly after injection. The principle dispersion direction for this mixer was transverse to the flow. The expansive configuration exhibited a modest enhancement to transverse dispersion, and was the only mixer capable of sustained spanwise dispersion in the far-field of the mixer while maintaining the potential advantage of minimal total pressure loss.
ON THE BIOLOGICAL IMPROBABILITY OF ZAHNREIHEN AS EMBRYOLOGICAL UNITS.

In a series of odontological essays Boll (1922) observed that in the polyphyodoni dentitions of elasmobranchs and other nonmammalian vertebrates teeth were replacec alternately. In order to explain the evolu. tion of mammalian diphyodonty from rep. tilian diphyodonty he proposed that on( alternating set of teeth in a reptile corresponded with the whole deciduous dentition together with the permanent molars ol a mammal, and that the other alternating set corresponded with the permanent incisors, canine and premolars. Parrington (1936) extended the observations of Bolk when he demonstrated that in the mammal-like reptile Thrinaxodoon the postcanine teeth were replaced in waves which swept through alternate tooth positions from the back to the front of the jaw rather than the strict alternation described by Bolk. Romer and Price (1940) demonstrated the same condition in the Pelycosaurs and Edmund (1960), in what has now become the classic work in this field, documented the condition in a wide variety of fossil and recent reptiles. In order to explain the ontogeny of the sequences he had described, Edmund (1960) introduced the Zahnreihe theory which is the subject of the present paper. His theory linked together several types of tooth replacement phenomena and he extended it to include the evolution of mammalian dentitions. Since this time numerous workers have documented the wave replacement of alternate teeth by studying tooth replacement in individual dentitions over periods of many months (for example Cooper, 1963) .
Short-term environmental variability and phytoplankton abundance in a shallow tidal estuary. I: Winter and summer

Fixed-point sampling of a shallow tidal estuary was performed hourly for 14 d in summer of 1982 and again in winter of 1983. This sampling regime was of statistically appropriate duration to allow characterization of the variability between periods of 2 to 96 h by spectral analysis of the time-series. The project (PULSE) took place in the Newport River Estuary, located behind the Outer Banks of North Carolina, USA. In all, twentyeight parameters were monitored, encompassing the meteorology, hydrology, water chemistry and phytoplankton-production physiology. Although the annual cycle was monitored, only the winter and summer seasons are compared here, i.e., the lowest water temperatures with the highest water temperatures. The physics, chemistry and biology of the estuary at the hourly scale were highly variable and non-random. The estuary is riverine in winter; growth-limiting nitrogen is supplied as nitrate (NO 3 - ) and ammonium (NH 4 + ) by runoff from the drainage basin. In summer, the estuary is lagoonal; nitrogen is supplied as NH 4 + by biological regeneration. Chlorophyll a biomass varies primarily at the ∼4 d period in winter and at the diel period in summer. Although finely tuned to environmental variability, phytoplankton abundances were at equilibrium insofar as daily chlorophyll production was balanced by losses, i.e., grazing, export and deposition. Most important, high-frequency processes, here periods at the scale of cell-division times, can be very important in phytoplankton ecology.
Studies for structure determination and quality specification of synthetic peptide drugs

Based on Guidance on Chemistry,Manufacturing,and Controls Studies for Synthetic Peptide Drugs and the common issues about drug registration,this paper summarized and analyzed some key problems on structure determination and quality specification studies about synthetic peptide drugs.A number of technical requirements, such as the requirements for impurities study,were deeply clarified,while some controversial issues in the process of drafting the guidance were described.
Current Cardiovascular Genetic Counseling

Purpose of Review Genetic counseling is an increasingly important component of cardiovascular care in the era of precision medicine.
Jury Size and Composition: An Economic Approach

The facilities and processes that governments provide for resolving legal disputes constitute an important public service. For the resolution of some of these disputes, society turns to a body of laymen—a jury. In considering the fury as a conflict-resolving instrument, several interrelated questions arise concerning the jury’s size, the way its members are selected, and the voting rule that it uses in reaching its decision. This paper presents a theoretical structure to help address these questions. The model, which uses a statistical decision-theoretic framework, is then used to examine the specific issue of how ‘representative’ a jury should be.
Patent Barbarians at the Gate: The Who, What, When, Where, Why & How of U.S. Patent Subject Matter Eligibility Disputes

Patent subject matter determinations continue to present a moving target in the United States, primarily for biotechnology, software, business methods, and diagnostic methods, with court decisions, patent office policies, and legislative initiatives sometimes expanding, and sometimes contracting, eligibility boundaries. Moreover, decisions in the United States often have repercussions for patenting abroad. This Chapter explores changes in the “who” (players), “what” (disputes), “when” (timing), “where” (venues), “why” (theories), and “how” (mechanisms) of patent eligibility challenges fueling these developments now and for the foreseeable future.
RISC Computer Architecture and Internet Growth: Two Applications of Extrapolation

In some problems, we know the consequences of every possible alternative. For such problems, finding the best alternative is naturally formalized as an optimization problem. In many problems, however, we only have a partial information about the consequences of different alternatives. To solve such problems, we first need to extrapolate this partial information to a complete description. In this lesson (and in several follow-up lessons), we provide several examples of important computer science problems in which such an extrapolation is necessary, and we show how continuous mathematics helps such extrapolation.
Palliative care and pediatric surgical oncology

Survival rate for childhood cancer has increased in recent years, reaching as high as 70% in developed countries compared with 54% for all cancers diagnosed in the 1980s. In the remaining 30%, progression or metastatic disease leads to death and in this framework palliative care has an outstanding role though not well settled in all its facets. In this landscape, surgery has a supportive actor role integrated with other welfare aspects from which are not severable. The definition of surgical palliation has moved from the ancient definition of noncurative surgery to a group of practices performed not to cure but to alleviate an organ dysfunction offering the best quality of life possible in all the aspects of life (pain, dysfunctions, caregivers, psychosocial, etc.). To emphasize this aspect a more modern definition has been introduced: palliative therapy in whose context is comprised not only the care assistance but also the plans of care since the onset of illness, teaching the matter to surgeons in training and share paths. Literature is very poor regarding surgical aspects specifically dedicated and all researches (PubMed, Google Scholar, and Cochrane) with various meshing terms result in a more oncologic and psychosocial effort.
Optical Coherence Tomographic Angiography in Acute Macular Neuroretinopathy

Importance Acute macular neuroretinopathy (AMN) is a rare, yet increasingly recognized, entity identified predominantly in young healthy females with acute onset of paracentral scotomas. The exact pathophysiology is unknown but an underlying vascular process is suspected. This study used optical coherence tomographic angiography (OCTA) to assess for any evidence of vascular flow abnormality in the retina or choroid in this elusive disease. Observations Three eyes from 2 young female patients with classic features of AMN are presented. Multimodal imaging testing, including near-infrared reflectance, spectral-domain OCT, and OCTA (Carl Zeiss Meditec), were performed. Near-infrared reflectance identified typical hyporeflective tear-drop parafoveal lesions, which corresponded to OCTA flow deficits at the level of the choriocapillaris. Conclusions and Relevance Recognizing that these findings are based only on 3 eyes from 2 patients, lesions in AMN may result from a vascular insult in the choriocapillaris. The evaluation of OCTA was with the knowledge of the AMN diagnosis, which may have biased the interpretation.
Advanced safeguards for the Nuclear renaissance

The global expansion of nuclear energy provides not only the benefit of carbon-neutral electricity, but also the potential for proliferation concern as well. Nuclear safeguards implemented at the state level (domestic) and at the international level by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) are essential for ensuring that nuclear materials are not misused and are thereby a critical component of the increased usage of nuclear energy. In the same way that the 1950’s Atoms for Peace initiative provided the foundation for a robust research and development program in nuclear safeguards, the expansion of nuclear energy that is underway today provides the impetus to enter a new era of technical development in the safeguards community. In this paper, we will review the history of nuclear safeguards research and development as well future directions.
Equity, Eco-racism and Environmental History

Influenced by European Romanticism, Americans have thought and written about their relationship to the natural world at least since the beginning of the nineteenth century. The earliest works of environmental history-concerning the United States at least-were written primarily in the 1930s and 1940s and focused on the West.2 But American environmental history as a distinct field of study-possessing a wide range of nuance and topic-did not take shape until the late 1960s with the emergence of the modem environmental movement. Although it drew enthusiastic support from college students and others caught up in the political and social turmoil of the 1960s, the modem environmental movement was rooted more deeply in the American experience. Attracting major support from the middle and upper-middle classes, and bolstered by the maturing of ecological science, it functioned politically as a coalition of groups with a variety of interests, including natural-environment issues such as outdoor recreation, wildlands, and open space, and in concerns over public health and environmental pollution.
Abstract 332: Persistent Use Of Evidence-Based Medications After Discharge Among Patients With Non-ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction Treated At Academic Versus Non-Academic Hospitals

Background: While academic hospitals are more likely to apply evidence-based therapies in-hospital for patients with non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) than non-academic hospitals, differences in post-discharge persistence of evidence-based medications have never been evaluated. Methods: We examined 3,184 NSTEMI patients over age 65 treated at 250 hospitals in 2006 in the CRUSADE registry linked to Medicare part D pharmacy data. Using multivariable Poisson regression adjusting for case mix, we compared continued filling of prescriptions for beta-blockers, ACEI/ARB, clopidogrel, and statins at 90 days and 1 year post-discharge between patients treated at academic and non-academic hospitals. Results: Patients treated at academic hospitals were more frequently non-white (19% vs. 8%, p 4 (36% vs. 30%, p=0.001), yet the rates of in-hospital PCI (48%) and CABG (8%) were similar between groups. Rates of persistence to evidence-based medications did not differ substantially between patients treated at academic vs. non-academic hospitals at 90 days or 1 year (Table). Persistence to all drug classes prescribed at discharge was low and not significantly different between academic and non-academic hospitals at 90 days (46% vs. 45%, p=0.44 with adjusted incidence rate ratio (IRR)=0.99 (0.95,1.04) and at 1-year (39% vs. 39%, p=0.93, adjusted IRR=1.02 (0.98,1.07)). There were no significant differences in index hospitalization duration (median 4 days, interquartile range (IQR) 3-6 for both, p=0.51) and time to first post-discharge cardiac follow-up visit (median 28 days [IQR 15-54] vs. 28 days [IQR 16-56], p=0.25) between patients treated at academic vs. non-academic hospitals. Conclusion: Rates of persistence to evidence-based medications were similar between older NSTEMI patients treated at academic vs. non-academic hospitals, and may reflect similar in-hospital treatment and post-discharge cardiac follow-up. However, persistence rates are low both early and late post-discharge, highlighting a continued need for quality improvement efforts to optimize post-MI management.
The Relationship Between High School Counselors’ Self-Efficacy and Conducting Suicide Risk Assessments

Suicide is the second leading cause of death in the United States among adolescents and young adults ages 14 to 24 years old. School counselors are trained to identify students at risk for emotiona...
Conceptual content in images triggers rapid shifts of covert attention

The visual system can use conceptual information to search for targets even in the absence of clear featural signifiers, and visual saccades are often directed at target objects defined by conceptual content. These abilities are a core component of our facility with the visual world. Here, we evaluate whether contingent mechanisms of visual attention, known to trigger in response to target features such as motion, color or luminance, are also triggered by visual patterns that match conceptually specified categories. These pre-registered experiments provide convergent behavioral and electrophysiological support that attention is rapidly triggered by natural image exemplars from superordinate conceptually described target sets such as dinner food or four-legged animal, causing a rapid, spatially selective, covert enhancement of visual input, even though images were never repeated within a given experiment. In the behavioral experiment, two such targets presented in sequence elicited higher accuracy for reporting the second when it appeared in the same spatial location as the first. In the EEG experiment, target images elicited clear N2pc and P3 components only when those images matched the conceptually specified target set. The same images elicited no comparable waveforms when they were not of the target set. The latency of the N2pc peaked at roughly 250ms, which is comparable to that commonly found in other N2pc studies for simpler stimulus types. These results suggest that vision is able to quickly decode conceptual information from natural images and selectively deploy spatial attention to locations containing information that matches current search goals.
Christian Legal Society v. Martinez: In Hindsight

Before becoming a professor, I helped litigate the Christian Legal Society v. Martinez case. Since the Supreme Court issued its decision, scholars and commentators have labeled the decision “narrow” and “inconsequential.” But these conclusions are mistaken. The Martinez Court’s reasoning anticipates the eventual dismantling of the First Amendment doctrine of equal access. A majority of the Court held that a university’s recognition of student groups is a government subsidy rather than the creation of a speech forum. This shift frees universities to argue that they can pick and choose which student groups to recognize, even if it means picking nonreligious groups over religious groups. These consequences flow, at least in part, from CLS’s stipulation to Hastings’ all-comers policy — a stipulation that made sense only to the extent the Court was willing to view the case as about association rather than equal access. But the Justices unanimously viewed the case through the lens of equal access. Looking back, the Justices’ analysis now seems unsurprising, because: (1) since the late 1950s, the Court has treated expressive association as merely another form of speech; and (2) the lower courts had already treated Martinez-like cases as equal access cases.
THz Near Field Focusing using Cassegranian Configuration for EM Side-channel Detection

This paper presents near field focusing at THz frequencies using cassegranian antenna configuration used for the electromagnetic side-channel detection. The antenna is designed to produce the focused beam 30cm away from the aperture. The focusing is done in the near field region by moving the sub-reflector from the focal point along the axis. It is observed in the simulations and measurements that the subreflector position has to shift approximately 11 wavelengths along the axis to create the focus at the required location. The 3dB focus width of the antenna is ~4 mm. Finally, simulation results of near field gain are compared with measurements and good agreement is observed.
CONTROL ROD THEORY FOR ASYMMETRICAL ARRAYS AND REFLECTED CORES

Criticality conditions suitable for hand calculations are derived for reactor control rod configurations of practical interest. Two-group diffusion theory is applied to (a) arrays of several control rods of different materials, sizes, shapes, radial, and angular location; (b) reflected cores containing a symmetric ring of similar rods, with or without an axial rod. The reduction to elementary cases is deonstrated. (auth)
Pediatric Voice Handicap Index Profiles in Patients With Benign Vocal Fold Lesions.

Summary Benign vocal fold lesions (BVFL), including nodules, polyps, and cysts, are the most common etiology of dysphonia in the pediatric population. Voice surveys, such as the Pediatric Voice Handicap Index (PVHI), have become instrumental in the evaluation and monitoring of pediatric patients with dysphonia; however the symptom profiles reported in surveys have not yet been well correlated to specific etiologies for dysphonia. In a retrospective chart review of 95 patients with PVHI surveys and laryngoscopic exams, we sought to correlate the PVHI results with findings of BVFL. Forty-five patients in our study had BVFL. We found that the physical portion of the PVHI survey (PVHI-p) and the overall severity visual analog scale correlated significantly to the presence of BVFL, while the functional and emotional portions (PVHI-f and PVHI-e), the overall PVHI score, and the talkativeness scale did not. This supports the idea that the PVHI is a useful tool for pediatric dysphonia evaluation, and that paying particular attention to the distribution of symptoms within specific portions of the PVHI may be useful for predicting a patient's etiology of dysphonia.