cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Early Pleural Effusions Related to the Myocardial Injury after Open‐heart Surgery for Congenital Heart Disease

Objectives. The degree of effusion immediately after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) can vary and may reflect several factors including the degree of myocardial injury. We compared the degree of pleural effusions after CPB to the overall myocardial injury as determined by serum cardiac troponin I (cTnI) levels after elective repair of a variety of congenital heart defects, including univentricular surgeries via cavopulmonary shunts. Methods. Serum was collected pre-CPB, post-CPB, and daily after that and cTnI level measured. The postoperative pleural effusion was measured each day until the chest tube was removed. Results. The 21 study patients were of average age of 5.5 years (±5.6). The duration of chest-tube drainage after open-heart surgery was 4.3 days (±3.5) and the amount was 2.4 mL/kg/hour (±2.9). For the biventricular repairs, cTnI levels on the postoperative day (POD) 1 best correlated with amount of effusion (n = 16, r = 0.5, P = 0.02) and the average (POD 0–3) cTnI levels with the total duration (n = 16, r = 0.4, P = 0.01) and also the amount (n = 16, r = 0.5, P = 0.02) of effusions. For the cavopulmonary shunts, the post-CBP cTnI level best correlated with the duration (n = 5, r = 0.8, P = 0.02) and amount (n = 5, r = 0.9, P = 0.02) of effusions. A cTnI level on the first postoperative day ≥15 µg/L was associated with effusions >2 days (sensitivity of 81% and specificity of 80%). Conclusion. We found that higher the cTnI released, especially ≥15 µg/L, longer the duration and greater the amount of early pleural effusions for a variety of congenital heart surgeries including cavopulmonary shunts. A number of factors may lead to excessive pleural effusions and the degree of myocardial injury may be one of them.
The effect of Enron, Andersen, and Sarbanes‐Oxley on the US market for audit services

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of the Enron scandal, Arthur Andersen's demise and the Sarbanes‐Oxley Act on audit fees.Design/methodology/approach – The paper uses empirical methodology (univariate and multivariate).Findings – Audit fees and the Big‐4 premium increased in 2002. Increase was larger for bigger and riskier clients. Evidence is also consistent with a competitive market for former Andersen clients.Research limitations/implications – Data requirements might bias the sample towards larger sized firms. Data availability limits the number of observations.Practical implications – The research findings on audit fees in post‐Enron and Arthur Andersen period reported in this paper are important for policy makers.Originality/value – It is found that the premium charged by Big 4 over non‐Big 4 has increased in 2002, and that the ability of an auditor to charge a premium is adversely affected when its reputation is tarnished. It is also reported that the frequency of volunta...
Circadian rhythms in gonadotropin excretion in prepubertal and pubertal children.

Timed urinary collections were obtained during sleep and waking hours from 27 prepubertal children ranging in age from 2–12 years and from 13 subjects in various stages of puberty, 12–18 years old. The urine samples were extracted with acetone and introduced into FSH and LH radioimmunoassays. Results of the study indicate a significant nocturnal augmentation of LH secretion in pubertal subjects, confirming existing reports using blood sampling techniques. Increased LH and FSH excretion during sleep was also found in prepubertal children.
Automatic Edison Substation of the Indianapolis Light and Heat Company

This paper describes a two-unit automatic station which supplies power to a 3-wire, 250-volt, d-c. Edison network. It covers a general description of the machines and of some of the devices, of the scheme of automatic operation employed in controlling these machines, and of the method of protecting against emergency conditions. Although the paper itself deals with this specific installation only, the fundamentals involved are the same for the general class of equipments employed in this service. However, there are generally certain important differences caused by special operating requirements of the individual installation or system. The character of the load determines whether the station is to be in service continuously, or is to be placed in service in response to load demand, by remote control or by some other means. The capacity and regulation of the a-c. system determine whether Y-delta, compensator or reactor starting is to be employed. The location of the station with respect to the load and the layout of the d-c. system determine whether only one bus, or both high and low-voltage buses are required. These and other factors must be taken into consideration so that the equipment will meet the requirements of the individual installation or system. Hence, each installation is to a certain extent its own problem, for it must maintain the required character of service under all conditions no matter what special operating requirements are present.
Hostility Predicts Restenosis After Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty

Objective To investigate the "toxic" total (potential for) hostility component of the type A behavior pattern (assessed by means of the structured interview) as it relates to prediction of restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA). Design Patients with single vessel or multivessel coronary artery disease in whom PTCA had been scheduled or done were administered the structured interview by one trained interviewer prospectively or retrospectively (blinded to angiographic endpoints). Material and Methods A total of 41 patients underwent 53 initial balloon dilations on native arteries by 1 of 5 participating cardiologists. Inclusion criteria for this study were a successful initial PTCA and post PTCA recatheterization if a patient complained of ischemic symptoms possibly related to restenosis. Results Of the 41 patients, 15 (36.6%) had restenoses at a total of 18 previous angiopiasty sites. Patients with high total (potential for) hostility ratings were almost 2.5 times more likely to have restenosis than those with low total (potential for) hostility scores (95% confidence interval=1.03 to 5.32). Logistic regression revealed that total (potential for) hostility scores predicted post-PTCA restenosis overall as well as when adjusted for gender and race. Total (potential for) hostility scores were also positively associated with the number of arteries restenosed ( P = 0.01). Conclusion This is the first report of type A total (potential for) hostility behavior conferring an increased risk for restenosis after PTCA. Its modification may be effective in reducing recurrent cardiac events. A coronary-prone behavior modification program for patients with persistent, same-site restenosis after PTCA has been initiated.
Drug-induced liver injury due to varenicline: a case report

Liver injury due to prescription and nonprescription medications is an expanding public health concern in the United States, with drug-induced liver injury (DILI) being the single most common reason for regulatory actions instituted by the Food and Drug Administration against certain medications and supplements. A 69-year-old Latino man was referred to Hepatology Clinic for urgent evaluation of new onset jaundice, nausea and fatigue associated with a >40-fold increase in his transaminase levels and elevated INR and alkaline phosphatase. The patient had received a new prescription for varenicline to aid with smoking cessation approximately 3 weeks prior to his evaluation in Hepatology Clinic. Within 5 days of starting the varenicline, the patient developed new onset of nausea, vomiting, malaise and deep jaundice. The varenicline was discontinued on day 5 by the patient. Hepatologic evaluation revealed no evidence of acute viral hepatitis, autoimmune, metabolic or alcohol-related liver disorders. The patient’s past medical history was notable, however, for chronic hepatitis C. His liver enzymes and synthetic function completely normalized 9 weeks after discontinuation of the varenicline. This report represents the second documented cases of drug-induced liver injury related to varenicline therapy, highlighting the need for clinician awareness regarding potential hepatotoxicity of varenicline, particularly among patients with pre-existing liver disease.
Impact of Oxygen during Post-Gate Processing on MOS Device Characteristics

The effects of post-gate processing in N2+O2 (0∼40%) ambient (e.g., source/drain annealing, BPSG densification and reflow) on the initial MOS characteristics and reliability are discussed in this study. In comparison with processing in pure N2 ambient, it is found that processing in N2+O2-enriched ambient causes a significant, but, transient low-field breakdown of MOS capacitors on both n- and p-wells when electron injection occurs at the poly-gate/SiO2 interface. As a result, the p-channel MOSFETs with high concentration-O2 (∼40%) processing have an excess (i.e., two orders of magnitude) gate leakage current. The experimental results seem to suggest that the annealing in O2-enriched ambient (vs. pure N2 ambient) may induce positive charges near the poly-gate/SiO2 interface which reduce the electron tunneling barrier. Our results also suggest that the induced positive-charges are annihilated immediately upon the application of electric fields.
The sum of absolute deviations and the sum of squared deviations

(1990). The Sum of Absolute Deviations and the Sum of Squared Deviations. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 97, No. 10, pp. 911-912.
The Value of Sound Research Practices Even Facing Pandemics

Edwards (2013) questions the rationale for restricting new treatments for a pandemic to those that have been proven in confirmatory trials because the precautionary principle guiding most regulator...
Ultrafast Methods Of Cloud Detection For Interceptor Systems

Clouds exist at all levels of the lower, middle and upper atmosphere. This paper presents results of new techniques to use software/hardware systems for the ultrafast detection and use of information on the space/time variation of water and non-water clouds. Examples are chosen from both lower and middle atmosphere situations. Our methods apply to both spaceborne and ground-based detection systems. Output from the new ultrafast methods provides input for both simulation and operation of interceptor systems.
Low severity lignite liquefaction: temperature programming to 350 °C in an inorganic solvent system

Abstract High conversions of Indian Head lignite into THF-soluble products can now be achieved using a temperature programming technique. Various temperature programmes using times up to 60 min and temperatures from 300 °C to 350 °C were used to liquefy Indian Head lignite. The inorganic solvent system H 2 SH 2 O was used in conjunction with CO, H 2 and pyrrhotite as the liquefaction medium. Programming the temperature produced higher THF-, toluene- and cyclohexane-soluble yields than the use of comparable isothermal temperatures. The temperature programme design was based upon data from electron spin resonance, thermal gravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. The maximum 60 min conversions obtained using temperature programming, to a final temperature of 350 °C were 95% THF-, 52% toluene-and 37% cyclohexane-soluble materials. Comparable isothermal yields with the reactor temperature at 350 °C were 78%, 36% and 31%, respectively. Therefore, enhanced liquefaction yields can be obtained by selectively programming the reactor temperature, presumably because of matching the free-radical generation rate with that of hydrogen donation.
"Answers", Assemblages, and Qualitative Research

Although educational researchers predominately study complex, multidimensional problems, research findings and proposed arguments can sometimes be characterized as definite, simplified, and prone to particular types of answers or expected outcomes. The authors seek to problematize these definite and simplified notions of answers by looking at some historical developments of dialogue and how answers have been conceptualized within these historical discourses. The authors propose that answers be seen not as a final step in the research process but rather as an opening, an assemblage, a jar, or a call to transition into new forms of questions, new outlooks on methods, and new processes of thought. Finally, the renegotiation of the philosophical notion of answers that the authors will discuss in this article exemplifies potential for a renewed commitment to meaningful educational research.
Structuring Chemical Technology to Produce Cost Effective Ceramic Products

The chemical industry is quite capable of supplying high purity ceramic precursors on the largest scale, whether as powders, colloidal slurries or preceramic polymers. Particularly interesting, now that “high-tech” ceramics are already entering automobiles in Japan, and will soon be demanded everywhere on a massive scale for automobiles and trucks, is the case of silicon nitride. On the basis of its physical properties, it had been proposed 36 years ago to be a prime candidate material for engine applications. However, due to the nature of the socio-technical-political set-up, the economic, large-scale, high purity powder synthesis, the without-which-nothing, was not addressed in the USA.Lack of market so far is the main reason why the chemical engineering aspects of ceramic precursors have not been sufficiently emphasized, but, with the recent developments, it will be interesting to see how the community adjusts as major improvements in the way materials innovation† (information openness and flexibility ...
Prespectives on Ocean Ranching of Pacific Salmon

The outlook for private salmon farms engaged in ocean ranching of Pacific salmon is examined from four perspectives-biologic, methodic, sociologic, and economic. Ecological, physiological, behavioral, and genetic questions which relate to growth and survival of juvenile salmon released from husbandry systems are considered under biologic perspective. Recent innovations in technology to produce at low cost juvenile salmon which retain a capacity for rapid growth and high survival while at sea are described under methodic perspective. Recent changes in public policy that permit private ownership of Pacific salmon on the west coast of the United States are reviewed under sociologic perspective. Finally, questions which must be resolved before the feasibility of ocean ranching can be evaluated are identified under economic perspective.
Impact of Moderate Dose of Postoperative Radiation on Urinary Continence and Potency in Patients with Prostate Cancer Treated with Nerve Sparing Prostatectomy

AbstractPurpose: We analyzed the impact on potency and urinary continence of moderate doses of radiation (45 to 54 Gy.) given postoperatively after nerve sparing prostatectomy.Materials and Methods: Between 1983 and 1992, 294 of 762 prostate cancer patients were selected to undergo nerve sparing prostatectomy. Subjective patient reports regarding potency and urinary continence status were obtained preoperatively, 1 year postoperatively or 1 year after completion of radiation.Results: Of the 294 patients 105 received postoperative radiotherapy (45 to 54 Gy.) to the prostatic bed. There were patients with more advanced stages of disease in the irradiated group, including 89 percent with stages C and D1 (pT3N0 and pT1 to 3, N1 to 3), compared to 14 percent with stages C and D1 (pT3N0 and pT1 to 3, N1 to 3) in the nonirradiated group (p less than 0.001). No difference in urinary continence was noted in the irradiated (94 percent) compared to the nonirradiated group (92 percent, p = 0.64). Of the patients who ...
Are pepsinogens activated in gastric mucosa after aspirin-induced injury?

La conversion intramuquese du pepsinogene en pepsine a ete consideree comme l'un des facteurs responsables des lesions gastriques produites par l'aspirine chez le rat. Les experiences realisees in vitro seraient en en faveur de cette hypothese, mais elle n'a pas pu etre confirmee in vivo.
Protoplanet Migration by Nebula Tides

Abstract The tidal interaction of a protoplanet with a circumstellar gaseous disk results in mutual angular momentum exchange that modifies both the disk and the orbit of the secondary. There are two, conceptually distinct circumstances wherein nebula torques can cause a secular variation in a protoplanet's semimajor axis. (I) The net torque exerted on a secondary by an undisturbed disk is not, in general, zero. Although gradients in the disk density and temperature can contribute to this torque, it is mostly due to asymmetries in the disk/planet interaction that are inherent to a Keplerian disk. For a relatively thick disk, the differential torque can be a significant fraction of the torque from either its exterior or its interior portion. In this case, the protoplanet drifts relative to disk material on a time scale inversely proportional to its mass. (II) The protoplanet opens a gap in the disk that establishes a flow barrier to disk material. A density discontinuity that locks the protoplanet into the disk's viscous evolution develops across the orbit. The protoplanet migrates on a time scale set by the disk's viscosity. A unified model that clarifies the relationship between these migration types and reveals under what circumstances a given type is selected is presented. In both cases, orbital decay is the prevailing outcome, although type I migration rates can be between one and two orders of magnitudes faster than type II. Estimates of orbital lifetimes are given and are generally shorter than the expected lifetime of the disk. Some implications to the issue of planetary formation are discussed.
Bioactive steroidal glycosides from the marine sponge Erylus lendenfeldi

Abstract Bioassay-guided fractionation of the methanol extract of Erylus lendenfeldi using engineered strains of budding yeast ( Saccharomyces cerevisiae ) has resulted in the isolation of the known compound eryloside A ( 1 ) and two new compounds, erylosides K ( 2 ) and L ( 3 ). The structures were established based mainly on 1D and 2D NMR data. The absolute stereochemistry of eryloside A, which had never been fully characterized, was determined using the modified Mosher's method. The absolute stereochemistry of eryloside K was determined by comparison with tetrahydroeryloside A. Compounds 1 – 3 exhibited selective cytotoxicity against a yeast strain ( Δrad50 ) deficient in double strand break (DSB) repair.
Characterization of neuropathies associated with elevated IgM serum levels.

Background: In contrast to the IgM monoclonal gammopathies the neuropathy associated with polyclonal IgM gammopathy has not been well characterized. Objective: To characterize the neuropathy in patients with elevated serum IgM. Design: Retrospective review. Setting: Academically based neuropathy center. Patients: 45 patients with elevated quantitative immunoglobulin M were identified. Main outcome measures: Patients are described with regard to clinical phenotype, electrodiagnostic features of demyelination or focality, presence of IgM monoclonal gammopathy, and presence of autoantibody activity. Results: Elevated IgM levels occurred in 45 (11.5%) of 391 patients. Of these, 24 (53%) had polyclonal gammopathy and 21 (47%) had an IgM monoclonal gammopathy. Anti-nerve antibodies occurred in 14/21 (67%) of patients with monoclonal gammopathy, as compared to 1/ 24 (4%) with polyclonal gammopathy. Clinically, most patients in all groups had a predominantly large fiber sensory neuropathy. Thirty patients underwent electrodiagnostic testing. Of these, 22/30 (73%) fulfilled at least one published criteria for CIDP, including 92% of the monoclonal gammopathy patients and 59% of the polyclonal gammopathy patients. Fifteen of the 30 patients had evidence of focality or multifocality, with 14 of these 15 showing evidence of demyelination. Conclusions: Monoclonal and polyclonal IgM patients have similar distributions of neuropathy phenotypes. Neuropathy in association with elevated serum IgM, with or without monoclonal gammopathy or autoantibody activity, is more likely to be demyelinating or multifocal. Serum quantitative IgM level and immunofixation in neuropathy patients may aid in identification of an immune mediated or a demyelinating component.
Simultaneous inspection of variable equivalence for finite populations

Abstract In this paper, we study the problem of simultaneously inspecting n finite normal populations for variable equivalence with respect to a control. Our goal is to select all equivalent populations and to exclude all nonequivalences. By incorporating information from the samples taken from each of the n populations, an empirical Bayes simultaneous inspection procedure δ ∼ * is constructed. The relative regret of δ ∼ * is used as a measure of performance of δ ∼ * . It is proved that δ ∼ * is asymptotically optimal in the sense that the relative regret of δ ∼ * converges to zero at a rate n - 1 ( ( ln n ) ( ln ln n ) ) 2.5 .
Thomas L Petty's Lessons for the Respiratory Care Clinician of Today

Because of the importance of his original contributions and their practical relevance today, Thomas L Petty (1932-2009) was arguably the most important physician in the history of respiratory care. As much as any single individual, he was responsible for the concept of intensive and multidisciplinary respiratory care. In the 1960s and 1970s, he made key observations and introduced pioneering therapies in the ICU and in the home. He was the first to describe and name ARDS and to show how to use PEEP to treat life-threatening hypoxemia. He was one of the first anywhere to organize a pulmonary rehabilitation program and to show the beneficial effects of long-term oxygen therapy in COPD. Dr Petty emphasized the importance of practical, hands-on respiratory care education for both physicians and non-physicians using a collaborative team approach. He targeted educational activities and practical resources specifically to patients, and he showed how researchers and clinicians could interact responsibly with innovators in industry to the benefit of both. His life and career provide 6 important lessons for respiratory clinicians today and in the future: (1) whatever their roles, RTs and other clinicians in this field need to be experts in its core areas, such as mechanical ventilation, ARDS, and COPD; (2) respiratory care is a team activity: every member is important, and all the members need to communicate well and work together; (3) education needs to be targeted to those in the best position to benefit the patient, including primary care providers and family members; (4) everyone in the field needs to understand the important role of the respiratory care industry and to deal with it responsibly; (5) it must never be forgotten that it is all about the patient; and (6) respiratory care should be exciting and fun.
The impact of shopbots on electronic markets

Internet shopbots are automated tools that allow customers to easily search for prices and product characteristics from online retailers. Some market observers have predicted that shopbots will benefit consumers at the expense of retailers. In this view, shopbots will radically reduce consumer search costs and reduce retailer opportunities to differentiate their products; as a result, they will drive retailer margins toward zero. However, a review of the literature suggests that while shopbots may place pressure on retailer margins in some circumstances, retailers retain numerous opportunities to differentiate their products, leverage brand names, set strategic prices, and reduce the effectiveness of consumer search at shopbots. The article closes by identifying significant questions for future research.
EUS-Guided Sampling of Suspected GI Stromal Tumors

Results: A total of 112 patients (45.5% female, mean age 61.6 years) underwent EUS-FNA (mean number of FNA passes 5.3). Tumor location was as follows: stomach 62.5%, esophagus 30.4%, and duodenum 7.1%. EUS-FNA was diagnostic in 61.6%, suspicious (spindle cells) in 22.3%, and nondiagnostic in 16.1%. The histologic results were 31.3% GIST, 26.8% leiomyomas, 22.3% spindle cell neoplasms, 3.5 % neural tumors, and 16.1% nondiagnostic. Fifteen (12.5%) patients also underwent EUS-guided core needle biopsy needle sampling; 7 were diagnostic, 2 suspicious, and 6 nondiagnostic. Twenty-four (20.0%) patients underwent jumbo forceps sampling; 5 were diagnostic, 1 suspicious, and 18 nondiagnostic. There were no cases of diagnostic core needle biopsy after nondiagnostic FNA core needle biopsy. Jumbo forceps biopsy of ulcerated masses was diagnostic in 3 GISTs in which FNA was nondiagnostic. Univariate and multivariate analyses showed that no variable was associated with an increased diagnostic yield. Conclusions: EUS-FNA sampling of subepithelial lesions was diagnostic in 61.6% and showed a spindle cell neoplasm (‘‘suspicious’’) in another 22.3% (diagnostic yield 83.9%). Core needle biopsy needle sampling did not increase the yield, but in the setting of an ulcerated mass, forceps biopsy may be diagnostic. (Gastrointest Endosc 2009;69:1218-23.)
Cell volume measurement as an estimation of mammalian cell biomass

Measurements of volume distributions and dry weight are made on hybridoma cells in culture. The volume of viable hybridoma cells is significantly larger than that of nonviable cells. During exponential growth, the volume of the viable hybridoma cells is found to be significantly larger than that during other stages of batch culture. Proportionality is found between the volume of the cells and their dry weight, indicating that the volume data can be used in conjunction with cell concentration data as a practical technique for indirect measurement of the biomass concentration present in a culture. Comparison of dry weight concentrations in continuous culture to predictions from the volume data shows very good agreement.
Re-reading the Power of Satire: Isaiah’s ‘Daughters of Zion’, Pope’s ‘Belinda’, and the Rhetoric of Rape:

This essay’s semiotic and feminist approach proposes a re-reading of the ‘daughters of Zion’ poem (Isa. 3.16-4.1) as a rape text. Analysis of such a text (including intertextuality with Alexander P...
Content and Complexity in Policy Reinvention and Diffusion: Gay and Transgender-Inclusive Laws against Discrimination

This article sheds new light on policy diffusion by exploring policy complexity in state-level lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) antidiscrimination policies. The multiple component event history approach taken in this research allows for the concurrent study of both policy content and the factors that affect policy adoption. Results reveal that the factors influencing policy adoption vary depending on both the content and scope of the policy in question. In addition to addressing laws that protect gay people from discrimination, this article is one of the first studies in the political science and policy literature to empirically investigate the spread of transgender-inclusive laws. Despite combined advocacy and public conflation of identities, gay and transgender-inclusive laws appear to be influenced by different internal and external factors.
Mutational activation of BRAF is not a major event in sporadic childhood papillary thyroid carcinoma.

Mutational activation of BRAF is not a major event in sporadic childhood papillary thyroid carcinoma
Energetic electrons in the magnetosphere of Saturn

The energy spectra and angular distributions of electrons observed by Pioneer 11 as a function of radial distance in the inner magnetosphere of Saturn are reanalyzed and phase space densities are then calculated. The radial dependence of phase space density requires a distributed loss process. The loss is greatest in the region of the E ring (5.5 less than L less than 8.5) and is attributed to collisions with the ring particles in agreement with earlier work by Van Allen et al. (1980). Quantitative analysis yields the following properties of the E ring: the particle radii are in the range of 4 x 10(exp -5) to 3.2 x 10(exp -4) cm and the thickness of the ring is approximately 3 R(sub s). Between the inner edge of the E ring (5.5 R(sub s)) and the outer edge of the A ring (2.3 R(sub s)) there are more energetic electrons than can be supplied by radial diffusion from an external source. Detailed calculations show that a cosmic ray albedo neutron decay (CRAND) source in the A and B rings is a plausible source for this excess. The radial diffusion coefficient required to explain the E ring absorption and CRAND source for electrons is 1 x 10(exp -12) greater than D(sub 0) greater than 3 x 10(exp -12) R(exp 2, sub s)/s, assuming that D(sub LL) = D(sub 0)L(exp 3). As part of the reanalysis program, a method for the deconvolution of pitch angle distributions observed by simple detectors on a rotating spacecraft is developed. This process removes the instrumental response and rotational smear due to finite sampling periods and yields true angular distributions.
Reactivity modes of bridged bimetallic [(η5-C5H5)Fe(CO)]2-μ-dppe with electrophiles. Preparation and reactions of bimetallic hydride complexes

Abstract The complex [(η5-C5H5)Fe(CO)]2-μ-dppe (dppe = ethane-1,2-bisdiphenylphosphide) (I) reacts with electrophiles through a η-CO and forms Lewis acid O-Adducts with alkylating reagents (giving cationic μ2-alkoxycarbyne compounds) or with alkulaluminum compounds. Treatment of I with acid affords a stable μ2-hydride salt (IV), [CpFe(CO)]2(μ2-dppe)+, which serves as an intermediate in the stepwise hydrogenation (reversibly) of I to a bridged bimetallic dihydride, [CpFe(CO)H]2-μ2-dppe. This dihydride serves as a hydride donor, regenerating IV, towards Ph3c+ or CpFe(CO)2(η2-CH2CH2)+ hydride acceptors. The necessity of the μ2-dppe as a “mechanical linkage” in facilitating some bimetalic reactions is also established.
Autoignition of n-butanol at elevated pressure and low-to-intermediate temperature

Abstract Autoignition experiments for n-butanol have been performed using a heated rapid compression machine at compressed pressures of 15 and 30 bar, in the compressed temperature range of 675–925 K, and for equivalence ratios of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0. Over the conditions studied, the ignition delay decreases monotonically as temperature increases, and the autoignition response exhibits single-stage characteristics. A non-linear fit to the experimental data is performed and the reactivity, in terms of the inverse of ignition delay, shows nearly second order dependence on the initial oxygen mole fraction and slightly greater than first order dependence on initial fuel mole fraction and compressed pressure. Experimentally measured ignition delays are also compared to simulations using several reaction mechanisms available in the literature. Agreement between simulated and experimental ignition delay is found to be unsatisfactory. Sensitivity analysis is performed on one recent mechanism and indicates that uncertainties in the rate coefficients of parent fuel decomposition reactions play a major role in causing the poor agreement. Path analysis of the fuel decomposition reactions supports this conclusion and also highlights the particular importance of certain pathways. Further experimental investigations of the fuel decomposition, including speciation measurements, are required.
Achille Loria: Agrarian Determinist

ECONOMIC DETERMINISM is so widely identified with Marxian socialism that it is seldom remembered now that there are, or have been, other varieties. It is, however, possible to interpret social phenomena by way of agricultural economics and agricultural history. Not nearly so well known as his American contemporary, Henry George, the Italian writer, Achille Loria was equally concerned with the construction of a system of agrarian determinism. This paper proposes to summarize his general theory, as developed in the available English translations.
Brillouin Spectra of Viscous Liquids

The behavior of the hypersonic Debye waves has been investigated in three viscous liquids by means of the Brillouin effect. The three liquids investigated, glycerin, ethylene glycol, and normal octyl alcohol all give the Landau–Placzek ratio of Ic/2IB = γ − 1 at sufficiently high temperature so that viscosity has a negligible effect. It is found that the Ic/2IB ratio is a linear function of viscosity for viscosities below a few poises. In glycerin, however, measurements were made for a viscosity as high as 103 poises and it was found that the attenuation of the Debye waves increased very slowly when the viscosity was increased from 2.5 poises to 103 poises.
A new regulatory pathway of mRNA export by an F-box protein, Mdm30

Mdm30, an F-box protein in yeast, has been recently shown to promote mRNA export. However, it remains unknown how Mdm30 facilitates mRNA export. Here, we show that Mdm30 targets the Sub2 component of the TREX (Transcription/Export) complex for ubiquitylation and subsequent proteasomal degradation. Such a targeted degradation of Sub2 enhances the recruitment of the mRNA export adaptor, Yra1, to the active genes to promote mRNA export. Together, these results elucidate that Mdm30 promotes mRNA export by lowering Sub2's stability and consequently enhancing Yra1 recruitment, thus illuminating new regulatory mechanisms of mRNA export by Mdm30.
Cell signaling pathways and HIV-1 therapeutics.

Host–virus interactions permeate every aspect of both virus life cycle and host response and involve host cell macromolecular machinery and viral elements. It is these intimate interactions that mandate the outcomes of the infection and pathogenesis. It is also these intimate interactions that lay the foundation for the development of pharmaceutical interventions. HIV-1 is no exception in these regards. In the first two decades, HIV/AIDS research has led to the successful development of a number of antiviral inhibitors and the landmark formulation of the suppressive therapy. It has become apparent that this therapy does not offer a complete solution to cure and eradicate the virus. Meanwhile, this therapy has changed the overall landscape of HIV-associated neurological disorders to a more common and prevalent form so-called minor cognitive motor disorder. Thus, there is an important and continued need for new anti-HIV therapeutics. We believe that this is an excellent opportunity to compile and present the latest works being done during the last few years in this exciting field of HIV–host interactions, particularly cell signaling pathways. We hope that this special issue composed of one brief report, eight thematic reviews, and two original articles will serve to foster the exchange of new scientific ideas on HIV–host interactions and anti-HIV therapy and eventually contribute to HIV/AIDS eradication.
Temporally varying selection on multiple alleles: A diffusion analysis

A generalization of Gillespie's SAS-CFF model for natural selection acting on multiple alleles in a randomly fluctuating environment is presented that relaxes symmetry assumptions concerning the variances and covariances of allelic effects. The stationary density for a multidimensional diffusion approximation of the model is obtained and provides approximate necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of stable polymorphisms. These conditions have exactly the same form as those derived by Kimura and Mandel for polymorphism under multiple allele selection in a constant environment, except that the time-invariant fitnesses are replaced by the approximate geometric mean fitnesses of the genotypes over time. An example illustrates that this simple relationship between random environment and constant environment conditions for polymorphism does not hold for more general selection schemes. The implications of these results for the maintenance of multiple alleles by balancing selection are discussed.
Tracking Study for Top-off Safety Validation at SSRL

Abstract A tracking study was performed at SSRL to identify necessary controls and to prove the safety of top-off operation from radiation hazard under such conditions. The safety rationale, tracking setup and the results are presented.
Safe Practice in Labor and Delivery: Intrapartum Nursing Caring of Multiples

Abstract Labor and delivery units are similar to emergency departments in health care facilities; one never knows who will walk through the door. Being prepared for the unexpected is critical to positive neonatal and maternal outcomes. Expertise as a labor and delivery registered nurse is paramount when providing intrapartum management for twins and higher order multiples. The significance of acuity related to intrapartum management and impact of twins and higher order multiples on labor and delivery units in case studies provide insightful, evidence based, and critical nursing assessments to provide safe outcomes for twins and mothers.
The End of Neoliberalism? An Institutional Analysis of the Arab Uprisings

The 1980s economic crises in Egypt and Tunisia ushered in the neoliberal economic austerity era, rampant corruption, increased inequality, and socio-economic exclusion. At the same time, it also built a multi-billion-dollar business empire for the elite class connected to the presidential palace. The increasingly arrogant and violent oppression by the state security apparatus ultimately sparked the revolutionary slogans demanding "freedom, jobs, and dignity." This paper argues that little progress has been made to satisfy those demands because the transition governments (and opposition parties) have failed to put forward an alternative economic program to remedy the negative economic consequences of neoliberalism. Focusing exclusively on Tunisia and Egypt, this paper uncovers the neoliberal roots of economic inequality and socio-economic exclusion that have led to the uprisings. It further suggests that the original institutionalist theory of institutional adjustment provides the most adequate framework f...
The simultaneous-treatment design

The simultaneous-treatment design provides a means of comparing two or more different treatments with an individual subject. The different treatments are implemented in the same phase but are balanced with respect to different conditions of administration (e.g., treatment agents, time periods, and situations). Because the treatments are implemented in the same phase, they can be compared relatively quickly. The design also includes the potential for demonstrating the influence of different conditions of administering treatment (e.g., the effects of different staff members) and the ability to evaluate treatments without a reversal or return to baseline conditions. The requirements of the design, design variations, the relationship to similar single-case experimental designs, and the advantages and limitations are described.
Neat fuel influence on biodiesel blend emissions

The emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) from biodiesel blended fuels reported in the literature vary from an NOx increase to an NOx decrease relative to the neat petroleum diesel fuel (PDF). To explain these NOx differences, three PDFs with varying fuel properties were admixed with a neat soy-derived biodiesel at 10 per cent and 20 per cent volume ratios and evaluated using a heavy-duty diesel engine exercised over transient and steady-state cycles. The PDFs with 'low' and 'medium' cetane numbers led to a change in combustion phasing when blended with the neat biodiesel, resulting in reduced NOx emissions at low engine power. The B100 blended with the 'high'-cetane-number PDF showed minimal change in combustion phasing and resulted in an NOx increase at all engine loads. The derived peak in-cylinder gas temperature variation correlated with the brake-specific NOx emissions indicating that the thermal NOx formation responds to the addition of biodiesel. The biodiesel blends had an NOx-particulate matter trade-off, also suggesting a thermal NOx effect. The increase in NOx emissions of the biodiesel blends also had a strong correlation with the level of saturated hydrocarbons at high engine power.
Composing adaptive software

Interest in adaptive computing systems has increased dramatically in the past few years, and a variety of techniques now allow software to adapt dynamically to its environment. Compositional adaptation enables software to modify its structure and behavior dynamically in response to change in its execution environment. A review of current technology compares how, when, and where recomposition occurs.
Family stability as a protective factor against the influences of pessimistic attributional style on depression

Family stability has been discussed as protective, providing a sense of predictability and consistency in children’s lives. An original measure, the Stability of Activities in the Family Environment (SAFE), was used to evaluate the protective influences of family stability, defined as the regularity of daily family events and activities, within the framework of the Hopelessness Theory of depression. Family stability, as reported by college students about their families of origin, predicted their current depressive symptoms. Family stability moderated the influence of pessimistic attributional style on depressive symptoms in a pattern of a classic protective factor. Family stability may serve as a protective factor against depression by fostering a sense of predictability and controllability in the offspring.
Pedogenesis and surface charge of some Andic soils in Washington, U.S.A.

Abstract Chemical and surface charge characteristics were determined for three soils that were formed in a mantle of volcanic tephra along a bio-climatic gradient in forest in northcentral Washington state. The soils are Nevine silt loam (Typic Vitrandept), Manley silt loam (Entic Cryandept), and Moses silt loam (Andic Cryochrept). Selective dissolution analyses for Al, Fe, and Si suggests that the weathering products in the ash mantle are poorly crystalline aluminosilicates, hydrous and crystalline Fe-oxides, and Al-humus complexes in decreasing order of abundance. The chemical and physical data indicate that Moses silt loam has undergone a greater degree of weathering than either Nevine silt loam or Manley silt loam, and we attribute this to differences in the weathering environment. The measured points of zero charge parameters are typical for soils that are dominated by amphoteric surfaces: the soils exhibit charge reversal, and charge magnitude is dependent upon pH and electrolyte concentration. The point of zero salt effect ranged from 5.1 to 5.3, and the point of zero net charge ranged from 4.3 in Nevine silt loam to 5.4 in Moses silt loam. Pedogenesis has not caused large enough differentiation among the soils to allow us to use zero charge parameters as indicators of the degree of pedogenesis.
Further evidence that amygdala and hippocampus contribute equally to recognition memory

The medial temporal neuropathology found in an amnesic neurosurgical patient [17] was simulated in monkeys in an attempt to determine whether the patient's mnemonic disorder, which had been ascribed to bilateral hippocampal destruction, may have also been due in part to unilateral amygdaloid removal. For this purpose, monkeys were prepared with bilateral hippocampectomy combined with unilateral amygdalectomy, and (as a control) bilateral amygdalectomy combined with unilateral hippocampectomy. The animals were trained both before and after surgery on a one-trial visual recognition task requiring memory of single objects for 10 sec each and then given a postoperative performance test in which their one-trial recognition ability was taxed with longer delays (up to 2 min) and longer lists (up to 10 objects). The two groups, which did not differ reliably at any stage, obtained average scores on the performance test 75 and 80%, respectively. Comparison with the results of an earlier experiment [8] indicates that this performance level lies approximately midway between that of monkeys with amygdaloid or hippocampal removals alone (91%) and that of monkeys with combined amygdalo-hippocampal removals (60%). The results point to a direct quantitative relationship between degree of recognition impairment and amount of conjoint damage to the amygdala and hippocampus irrespective of the specific structure involved. Evidence from neurosurgical cases tested in visual recognition [21] indicates that the same conclusion may apply to man.
Global Civil Society

terms of dialogue, we should allow for other, nonEuropean experiences, aspirations and perspectives as well in assessing different global democracy initiatives. Finally, a concrete utopia is a model of practical and institutional arrangements that does not currently exist, but should be politically possible to achieve, and feasible as an alternative way of organizing social practices and relations
The effect of extrinsic constraints on children's creativity while using a computer

Abstract: Two studies were conducted to examine the impact of extrinsic constraints on children's performance while using a computer. Open‐ended tasks were presented and possible differential effects of rewards and evaluations imposed by human (experimenter) and non‐human (computer) sources were explored in relation to product creativity, motivation, and affective response. Both studies provide support for the hypothesis that reward and evaluation will undermine creativity and motivation, even when a computer serves as the source of these constraints. In addition, a developmental trend emerged with older children being far more adversely affected than their younger counterparts. The theoretical and applied significance of these results are discussed.
Estrogen metabolism, not biosynthesis, in rabbit articular cartilage and isolated chondrocytes: a preliminary study.

Abstract Because serum es trogen levels are associated with the presence of osteoarthritis, and cartilage tissue is known to contain estrogen receptors, it is of interest to determine the extent to which estrogen is biosynthesized and/or metabolized in cartilage tissue or isolated chondrocytes. In this preliminary study, using a sensitive assay method, estrogen synthetase (aromatase) was undetectable in articular cartilage or isolated chondrocytes in culture from immature female rabbits. However, estrogen metabolism, specifically estrogen 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity, was detected in homogenized cartilage tissue, and at substantially higher specific activities in freshly isolated chondrocytes. These fresh chondrocytes, assayed in culture without any exogenous cofactor, demonstrated a significantly higher activity for converting the weak estrogen, estrone, to the more potent estrogen, estradiol. Chondrocytes grown to confluence in culture had very low estrogen 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase specific activity. Homogenized cartilage tissue, tested only with added NADPH as cofactor, also showed a preference for estradiol as the principal product, but this may have been primarily due to the use of reduced cofactor. If subsequent experiments confirm the presence of estrogen 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity, and its preference for converting estrone into estradiol, in human cartilage tissue and chondrocytes, this could have substantial implications in the estrogen dependency of osteoarthritis.
Complement-fixing antibody to colloid and epithelium in monkey thyroiditis.

HASHIMOTO'S disease exhibits features not demonstrable in the autoimmune thyroiditis of guinea-pigs1, rabbits, dogs2 and rats3. Diffuse lymphoid infiltration of the thyroid gland and humoral antibodies against epithelial antigens are not found in the experimental lesion4,5.