cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A-BPS: Automatic Business Process Discovery Service using Ordered Neurons LSTM

Automatic business process discovery from textual process documentation is highly desirable to reduce the time and cost of Business Process Management (BPM) implementation in organizations. However, existing automatic process discovery approaches mainly focus on identifying activities out of the documentations. Deriving the hierarchical structural relationships between activities, which is important in the whole process discovery scope, requires great human labeling effort and is still a challenge. Facing this challenge, we propose to retrieve the latent hierarchical structure present in the textual process documentation by building a neural network without any extra human-labeled knowledge. The proposed neural network leverages a novel recurrent architecture, Ordered Neurons LSTM (ON-LSTM), with a process-level language model objective. On the base of this, we provide an automatic business process service (A-BPS) which could support the goal of automatically discovering business processes out of the uploaded documentation and generate Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN) scripts to represent the discovered process model through a service ecosystem. Experimental results show that 58.76% of the hierarchical structures could be correctly retrieved. A-BPS could generate 32% of the whole BPMN process model with average execution time 5–8 minutes. The time benefit of A-BPS is up to 40% reduction.
Idiopathic adult intestinal intussusception: a rare cause of an acute surgical abdomen

Intussusception is uncommon among adults. The condition, which is defined as a telescoping of a proximal portion of the small or large bowel into the lumen of an adjacent segment of bowel, is most commonly seen in children. Among pediatric cases, the majority is benign and treated non-operatively. However, in adults, intussusception is the result of pathologic and often malignant lead points in the majority of cases. This makes surgical resection and tissue diagnosis the only definitive treatment option. While the majority of adult intussusception cases involves a pathologic lead point, a small percentage is idiopathic, without an identifiable lead point. We present a 32-year-old man with acute on chronic abdominal pain and cross-sectional imaging that identified jejunal intussusception, which was confirmed in operating room and resected. Interestingly, no pathologic lead point was identified on pathologic review. We discuss our diagnostic approach, surgical decision making and final tissue diagnosis.
Reduction of circuit depth by mapping qubit-based quantum gates to a qudit basis

We present a scalable set of universal gates and multiply controlled gates in a qudit basis through a bijective mapping from N qubits to qudits with D = 2^N levels via rotations in U(2). For each of the universal gates (H, CNOT, and T), as well as the NOT gate and multiply-controlled-Z gates, we describe a systematic approach to identifying the set of U(2) rotations required to implement each gate for any qudit of size D and with minimal use of an ancilla level. The qudit gates are analyzed in terms of the total rotation count and gate depth as the system scales with D. We apply the qudit-basis to Grover's Algorithm and compare the circuit depth vs. system size to a qubit-based circuit. The results show that there is a dramatic reduction in circuit depth as the size of the system increases for the qudit circuit compared to qubit circuit. In particular, multiply controlled gates are the driving factor in the reduction of circuit complexity for qudit-based system scales with D.
SERVICE QUALITY IMPLICATIONS OF TRANSBUS

The results of this bus service simulation indicated that mobility limited riders of handicapped-accessible buses can cause late bus arrivals, deteriorated reliability or slower bus travel times. The investigation was designed to analyze the purchase of Transbus, a kneeling, wide-door, ramp equipped urban bus. Reasonable levels of transit travel demand for the mobility limited and estimates of the time required for their boarding and alighting of Transbus were used as inputs to a simulation model. Three different types of bus service and different levels of handicapped patronage were combined in a series of experiments designed to test the sensitivity of bus service to delays associated with the boarding and alighting of transportation handicapped persons. The magnitude of the deterioration in the bus service is dependent upon the number and type of handicapped persons as well as the distribution of their arrivals and departures along the bus route. Levels of handicapped ridership between 2% and 5% are enough to consume the time saved by faster boarding times for mobile passengers on the improved buses; higher handicapped travel demand levels affect the performance and reliability noticeably
Asymptotic SINR for millimeter wave massive MIMO cellular networks

Thanks to the small wavelength at millimeter wave (mmWave) frequency, it is promising to combine massive multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) with mmWave. MmWave massive MIMO will differ from the conventional massive MIMO, due to the differences in propagation and hardware constraints. This paper proposes a stochastic geometry framework for evaluating the performance in large-scale mmWave massive MIMO networks. Based on the system model, analytical expressions are provided for the asymptotic signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) distributions in both uplink and downlink, when the number of base station antennas goes to infinity. Numerical results indicate a fast convergence in the SINR distribution to its asymptotic equivalence in dense mmWave networks. A comparison with conventional massive MIMO shows that mmWave massive MIMO achieves a higher cell throughput with sufficiently dense deployments.
More Than Just Sex

Abstract The purpose of this research was to identify behaviors in addition to those of an explicitly sexual or romantic nature that men and women define as unfaithful acts in the context of committed dating relationships. We also sought to identify possible gender differences in the proportions of men and women who have engaged in these unfaithful behaviors while in dating relationships. We examined 219 college men's and women's reported involvement in sexual behaviors, romantic attachments, sexual and nonsexual fantasies, sexual attraction, romantic attraction, flirting, and social participation in dyads and groups with someone other than their current or past dating partner. A sizable proportion of both men and women reported engaging in one or more of the behaviors at some point in their dating history. Proportionately more men than women indicated having engaged in sexual fantasies of various types about someone other than their primary partner and reported “hitting on” someone else while in a dating...
Designing with Composites

Understanding how to design with composites, especially fiber reinforced composites, is very important because composite materials do not represent just another new class of materials. Although there have been, over the years, ongoing efforts by researchers to improve the properties of different materials such as new alloys, composite materials, especially fiber reinforced composites, represent a rather radical departure. Schier and Juergens (1983) analyzed the design impact of composites on fighter aircraft. The authors echoed the sentiments of many researchers and engineers in making the following statement: “Composites have introduced an extraordinary fluidity to design engineering, in effect forcing the designer-analyst to create a different material for each application….” A single component made of a laminated composite can have areas of distinctively different mechanical properties. For example, the wing-skin of an F/A-18 airplane is made up of 134 plies. Each ply has a specific fiber orientation and geometric shape. Computer graphics allow us to define each ply “in place” as well as its relationship to other plies. The reader can easily appreciate that storage and transmission of such engineering data via computer makes for easy communication between design engineers and manufacturing engineers. In this chapter, we discuss some of the salient points in regard to this important subject of designing with composites.
Formulation and Analysis of a Sequential Quadratic Programming Method for the Optimal Dirichlet Boundary Control of Navier-Stokes Flow

The optimal boundary control of Navier-Stokes flow is formulated as a constrained optimization problem and a sequential quadratic programming (SQP) approach is studied for its solution. Since SQP methods treat states and controls as independent variables and do not insist on satisfying the constraints during the iterations, care must be taken to avoid a possible incompatibility of Dirichlet boundary conditions and incompressibility constraint. In this paper, compatibility is enforced by choosing appropriate function spaces. The resulting optimization problem is analyzed. Differentiability of the constraints and surjectivity of linearized constraints are verified and adjoints are computed. An SQP method is applied to the optimization problem and compared with other approaches.
Maximizing helium-neon laser optical absorption with micromachined single-crystal silicon wafer surfaces coated with antireflective thin films

The optical absorptivity (helium-neon laser illumination, lambda =632.8 nm) of [100]- and [110]-oriented single-crystal silicon wafers was enhanced by synergistically combining etching, isotropic etching, and antireflection coatings (silicon nitride, tantalum pentoxide, titanium dioxide, and zirconium dioxide) with four distinct micromachined structures (V-shaped grooves, deep vertical-wall grooves, inverted pyramids, and randomly spaced and sized pyramids). The uncoated, deep vertical-wall groove structure and the titanium-dioxide-coated randomly spaced and sized pyramids yielded the most significant reduction in the bidirectional reflectance distribution function's peak and average values when compared to the performance of an unprocessed silicon wafer control sample. >
Group vibrations: Part I. Methods

Abstract Many complex molecules contain “characteristic groups,” such as CH3, whose group frequencies and approximate vibrational modes are reasonably well known in advance of calculation. A method is desirable whereby these “group vibrations” may be eliminated from the vibrational problem once and for all, in advance, and whereby the reduced problem of “framework” vibrations may be simply written down without considering the complete molecular problem. This paper presents such a method. Constructions are given by which effective masses of the group atoms and adjusted group force constants may be determined such that a reduced secular equation for the framework vibrations alone may be derived. The methyl group is used as an example.
Fluorometric Fast Analyzer: Some Applications to Fluorescence Measurements in Clinical Chemistry

A fluorometric Fast Analyzer has been developed, based on the GeMSAEC Fast Analyzer principle. Potential applications of a multiple-cuvet fluorometric analyzer are considered. A primary concern must be referencing enzyme activity assays and enzymic substrate analyses. Once adequate referencing techniques are developed, adaptation of analyses can proceed. The advantages of fluorescence procedures are sensitivity, availability of a variety of fluorogenic substrates, and potential perturbation of the excited state for direct physical measurements of interacting species. We describe the development of a direct kinetic assay, with use of 4-methylumbelliferyl phosphate, for human prostatic acid phosphatase; discuss assay of alkaline phosphatase activity with use of the same substrate; and consider the sensitivity of the analyzer as it relates to fluorescence tracer techniques and measurement of fluorescence polarization with the Fast Analyzer.
The effects of working memory resource availability on prospective memory: a formal modeling approach.

Abstract. The PAM theory of event-based prospective memory (Smith, 2003; Smith & Bayen, 2004a) proposes that successful prospective memory performance demands upon the interaction of preparatory attentional processes and retrospective memory processes. The two experiments in the current study represent the first application of a formal model to investigate the sensitivity of these underlying processes to variations in working memory resource availability. Multinomial modeling of data from prospective-memory tasks showed that working memory span influenced preparatory attentional processes and retrospective-memory processes.
Design of input shapers using modal cost for multi-mode systems

This paper presents two techniques for the determination of modal weights for the design of robust input shapers for multi-mode systems. The weights for the first technique are derived based on the scaling factor for the potential energy in each mode, such that the modal displacement is the same. The second technique exploits the modal cost analysis which uses the angle between the right eigenvectors and the row vectors of the output matrix to determine the contribution of each mode to the output.
Oral lesions accompanying pachyonychia congenita

Abstract A case of pachyonychia congenita, with characteristic gross and microscopic oral changes, has been presented.
When the games industry and academia collide: How we impact each other

What started as a list of suggested courses for students interested in focusing their Computer Science or Film degree on animation and games has grown into the #3 video game design program in the U.S. The key to this success has been directly involving the games industry in the Entertainment Arts and Engineering program. This programnot only combined students and faculty from the arts and engineering, but spaned the public/private gap by actively including industry in the programs academic and professional mission. This paper extracts the impact we have each had on the other and lessons learned from not just collaboration across campus but across the city as we have partnered with industry.
Making the Data Perform: An Ethnodramatic Analysis

This article describes the analytical process of transforming a single interview into a dramatic vignette. Building on the tradition of ethnodramatic writing in the social sciences, as presented by...
Atomic-scale friction and its connection to fracture mechanics

This paper present a study of contact, adhesion, and friction for nanoasperities using atomic-force microscopy. Proportionality was observed between friction and true contact area, as well as agreement with continuum mechanics models at the nanometer scale, although several features unique to the nanoscale were also observed. The continuum models can be understood in the framework of fracture mechanics and are used to determine the fundamental tribological parameters of nanoscale interfaces: the interfacial shear strength and the work of adhesion.
Anchor effect limits

In a category rating study, anchors of.01 sec,.05 sec, and 1.0 sec were compared as to their effects on judgments of duration for series stimuli of 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 sec. The rationale was to try to find a breakpoint in terms of anchor effects; i.e., an extreme stimulus value which did not affect series judgments. Since the.01 sec anchor had no effect in lowering adaptation level, whereas both of the other anchors did (1 sec group, p=.05;.05 sec group, p=.03), the assumption of a breakpoint was supported.
A genetic approach to monoterpenoid compositional variation in Satureja douglasii

Genetic control of monoterpenoid compositional variation among plants of Satureja douglasii was examined by growth of plants under controlled conditions and by hybridization. The results are insufficient to establish a genetic model for the variations which occur, but suggest that distinct patterns in compositional variation result from genes with large effects and tight control on biosynthesis. Clinal variation in composition was not related to differences in yield. Lower seed set and seed fertility were observed in selfed vs outcrossed pollinations. These outcrossing mechanisms, as well as gynodioecy, may provide a mechanism for maintenance of chemical variability as a defense against leaf-eating generalist herbivores.
Tornen aan zekerheden

Binnen vierentwintig uur rolden via de mail de vragen bij me binnen. Deze keer niet alleen van tandartsen, maar ook van een huisarts, en allemaal naar aanleiding van een door een mondhygienist verzorgd verslag, gepubliceerd in dental INFO van december 2013, van een voordracht van een collega-internist tijdens het 12e VPMcongres, met als titel ‘Zin en onzin van de antibioticaprofylaxe’. Die publicatie bleek veel vragen op te roepen en veroorzaakte onrust en onzekerheid, getuige de overheersende vraag in de mails: ‘Vertel ons wat we hiermee aan moeten.’ Hoewel ik niet bij dat congres betrokken was, vormen de mij gestelde vragen voldoende aanleiding om daarop voor de TP-lezers/tandartsen dieper in te gaan.
A superconducting cyclotron for neutron radiation therapy

The physical and clinical specifications of a neutron therapy facility utilizing a superconducting cyclotron are presented. The cyclotron and its support system are described. Details of the operation of the cyclotron in a hospital environment are given; the requirements of the helium liquifier and cryogenic system are described together with a summary of its mode of operation. The simplicity of the cyclotron control system is discussed. The physical characteristics of the neutron beam are described. The central axis percent depth dose curve is equivalent to that of a 4 MV x‐ray beam. The depth of maximum dose occurs at approximately 9 mm depth and the surface dose is between 40% and 45%. The multirod collimator allows for the production of irregularly shaped fields of size up to 26.5×30 cm, without excessive exposure to operating personnel.
Conditional means of the dependent variable in a double-selection model: The roles of diet and exercise in body weight

Abstract We derive the conditional means of the dependent variables and their marginal effects in a dual ordinal selection model with log-transformed and untransformed dependent variables. Results are applied to a body mass index equation with endogenous diet and exercise treatments.
Strategies for integrating gainsharing and restructuring into the post‐NAFTA maquiladora industry

The moderate Mexican labour cost has been the key incentive for the relocation of US production operations in Mexico. This co‐operative operational programme, known as “production sharing”, has developed in the US/Mexico border zone and in designated regions of the Mexican interior. This programme is also known by the common Spanish name of maquiladora (meaning “contract milling”) industry. Ironically, one of the most neglected factors of production in the maquila industry is labour management. Until recently, human resource management has been executed with minimal consideration to labour costs. American corporations desperately jockeying for global market share soon realized that by attending to and restructuring Mexican manufacturing operations, management would then be able to place the firm ahead of the competition. Restructuring is an essential part of progressive management but can hinder production and reduce profitability if poorly implemented. Restructuring by downsizing can have detrimental eff...
Generating variables with arbitrary properties

There are occasions in psychological research where it is desirable to have available sets of variables with arbitrary intercorrelations. A quite simple procedure is described for generating pairs of such variables.
Some Physical Properties of Bimolecular Lipid Membranes produced from New Lipid Solutions

ALL bimolecular lipid membranes (BLM) (which are also known as bilayer or black lipid membranes) so far investigated have been formed from solutions containing phospholipids, with perhaps one exception1,2. In an attempt to understand more fully the structure of BLM, and in particular the factors responsible for BLM formation and stability, we tried to generate BLM from a variety of substances and to measure their physical properties. Previous measurements of properties have been restricted chiefly to electrical characteristics, thickness and water permeability3, but a technique has recently been developed which permits direct quantitative measurements of iriterfacial tension.
Candida albicans Shunt Infection

Seven cases of successfully treated Candida albicans cerebrospinal fluid shunt infections are reported. Treatment consisted of shunt removal and intravenous Amphoteracin B in all ca
Cardiac risk factors and complications in non-cardiac surgery

In an attempt to assess cardiac risk in non-cardiac surgery, 1001 patients over 40 years of age who underwent major operative procedures were examined preoperatively, observed through surgery, studied with at least one postoperative electrocardiogram, and followed until hospital discharge or death. Documented postoperative myocardial infarction occurred in only 18 patients; though most of these patients had some pre-existing heart disease, there were few preoperative factors which were statistically correlated with postoperative infarction. Postoperative pulmonary edema was strongly correlated with preoperative heart failure, but 21 of the 36 patients who developed pulmonary edema did not have any prior history of heart failure. Nearly all of these 21 patients were elderly, had abnormal preoperative electrocardiograms, and had intraabdominal or intrathoracic surgery. In the absence of an acute infarction, bifascicular conduction defects, with or without PR interval prolongation, never progressed to complete heart block. Spinal anesthesia protected against postoperative heart failure but not against other cardiac complication. By multivariate regression analysis, postoperative cardiac death was significantly correlated with (a) myocardial infarction in the previous 6 months; (b) third heart sound or jugular venous distention immediately preoperatively; (c) more than five premature ventricular contractions per minute documented at any time preoperatively; (d) rhythm other than sinus, or premature atrial contractions on preoperative electrocardiogram; (e) age over 70 years; (f) significant valvular aortic stenosis; (g) emergency operation; (h) a 33% or greater fall in systolic blood pressure for more than 10 minutes intraoperatively. Notably unimportant factors included smoking, glucose intolerance, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, peripheral atherosclerotic vascular disease, angina, and distant myocardial infarction.
Oxidative stress and graft coronary artery disease: Early factors contributing to late outcomes

Graft coronary artery disease continues to obstruct the long-term success of heart transplantation. Although antigen-dependent factors play a central role, more recent data indicate the importance of antigen-independent events in this disease process. In particular, the obligatory oxidative stress that cardiac allografts incur with ischemia and reperfusion appears to be associated with later graft function and the development of vasculopathy. This review provides evidence for this link, highlights some of the molecular events in this process, and points toward therapies that may benefit heart transplant recipients in the future.
Luck, blame, and desert

T.M. Scanlon has recently proposed what I term a ‘double attitude’ account of blame, wherein blame is the revision of one’s attitudes in light of another person’s conduct, conduct that we believe reveals that the individual lacks the normative attitudes we judge essential to our relationship with her. Scanlon proposes that this account justifies differences in blame that in turn reflect differences in outcome luck. Here I argue that although the double attitude account can justify blame’s being sensitive to outcome luck, it cannot justify allocating blame differently when agents with the same attitudes differ only with respect to the luck-based outcomes of their actions. However, Scanlon’s own contractualist theory of morality can be invoked to show that the double attitude account is compatible with blame-based sanctions (e.g., compensation mandated when negligence or reckless result in harm) being sensitive to outcome luck. The resultant view of blame and luck remains desert-based while making sense of the common intuition that differences in outcome luck can matter to how lucky and unlucky individuals are justifiably treated.
Strategic decisions under one-stage multi-candidate voting systems

We have seen that under the assumptions of this study the problem of maximizing a voter's total utility for a number of one-stage decision rules for multi-candidate elections may be specified as linear (or quadratic) programs. Potentially optimal strategies emerge as extreme points of the feasible region in the sense that no other strategies can be uniquely optimal. Categorical, approval, Borda, and z-score decision rules are all minimal in the sense that for each, the feasible region (with abstentions excepted) consists entirely of potentially uniquely optimal strategies. For each of these decision rules we have determined the optimal strategies explicitly in terms of the voter's utility function. Among the minimal voting systems studies, we argue that the voter's task of estimating his optimal strategy is least difficult under approval voting. Application of optimal strategies to the results of a thermometer scale survey suggest that the approval, Borda, and z-score decision rules can produce results very similar to one another but very different from that of categorical voting. Furthermore, for this survey, the former three systems were far less sensitive than categorical voting to the withdrawal of some of the candidates.
Hadronic parity violation: an overview

Abstract The subject of hadronic parity violation is nearly fifty years old, but a good deal of uncertainty remains, despite many efforts both theoretical and experimental. A brief summary of the field is presented and a plan is proposed for new work which should allow resolution of the present difficulties.
U.S.‐Soviet seismology research funds switched to air force

Department of Defense funding for seismology research has seen some changes in both amount and administration. While Congress increased the budget of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) by almost $1.4 billion this year, about 13% over last year (as reported October 30 in the Washington Post), it also rescinded DARPA's authority to manage funding of the Soviet Union program of the Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS).
Product formulas for semigroups with elliptic generators

Abstract Real constant coefficient n th order elliptic operators, Q , which generate strongly continuous semigroups on L 2 ( R k ) are analyzed in terms of the elementary generator, A = (−n) ( n 2 − 1 )(n!) −1 ∑ k j = 1 ∂ n ∂x j n , for n even. Integral operators are defined using the fundamental solutions p n ( x , t ) to u t = Au and using real polynomials q l ,…, q k on R m by the formula, for q = ( q l ,…, q k ), (F(t)ƒ)(x) = ∫ R m ƒ(x + q(z)) P n (z, t)dz . It is determined when, strongly on L 2 ( R k ), e tQ = lim j → ∞ F t j j . If n = 2 or k = 1, this can always be done. Otherwise the symbol of Q must have a special form.
Minimizing Mean Absolute Deviations to Exactly Solve Expected Utility Problems: Comment

In the November 1981 issue of this Journal, Johnson and Boehlje claim to have shown that MOTAD analysis is theoretically as accurate as E-V analysis in ranking alternative strategies on the basis of expected utility.1 They consider a riskaverse decision maker, the derivatives of whose utility function alternate in sign; that is, U'(Y) > 0, U"(Y) 0, and so on. They then argue that (a) if Y, and Y2 are unimodal, symmetrically distributed random returns with equal means, and if Y, has lower variance than Y2, then Y,1 provides the decision maker with greater expected utility than does Y2; (b) if Y, has lower variance than Y2, it also has lower mean absolute deviation (MAD) than Y2 and vice versa; (c) thus, given equal means, if Y, has smaller MAD than Y2, it provides greater expected utility than Y2. The authors devote most of their effort to proving statement (b). They explain that population means, variances, and MADs are rarely known and that we usually must make do with estimates. Because of the sampling variances of such estimates, both E-V and MOTAD models sometimes will select strate-
HIV sexual risk behaviors and perception of risk among college students: implications for planning interventions

The college environment offers great opportunity for HIV high-risk behaviors, including unsafe sex and multiple partnerships. While the overall incidence of HIV infection has seen some decline in recent years, rates of HIV infection among young adults have not seen a proportionate decline. As in the general population, African American young adults have been disproportionately affected by the HIV/AIDS epidemic. This study examined the sexual risk behaviors and perception of HIV risk of students in a predominantly African American commuter urban university in the Midwest. Students enrolled in randomly selected general education courses completed a paper and pencil survey. Data were collected in Fall 2007, and univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analyses were conducted using SPSS for Windows v.16. The sample included 390 students, the majority (83%) of whom were never married and 87% were sexually experienced. Among males reporting male partnerships those who used marijuana (OR = 17.5, p = 0.01) and those who used alcohol along with illegal drugs (OR = 8.8, p = 0.03) were significantly more likely to report multiple partnerships. Among females reporting male partnerships, those 30 years and older were significantly less likely (OR = 0.09, p = 0.03) to report having multiple male partners. There were significant differences in condom use last sex (p = 0.01) and consistent condom use (p = 0.002) among the different age groups. Older students were less likely to report condom use. Females age 30 years and older (OR = 3.74, p = 0.05) and respondents age 20-29 years (OR = 2.41, p = 0.03) were more likely to report inconsistent condom use than those below 20 years. Marijuana use was correlated with inconsistent condom use (p = 0.02) and alcohol with not using condom last sex among females. Perception of HIV risk was generally poor with 54% of those age 30 years and older, 48.1% of 20-29 year olds, and 57.9% of those below the age of 20 years perceived themselves as not having any chance of being infected with HIV. Predictors of moderate/good perception of HIV risk were drug and alcohol use, inconsistent condom use, and multiple partnerships. Students in the study sample engaged in various HIV risk behaviors but have a poor appreciation of their risk of HIV infection. While low rates of condom use was a problem among older students (30 years and older), multiple partnerships were more common among younger students, and marijuana and alcohol use were related to low condom use among females. Our findings support the need for targeted HIV prevention interventions on college campuses.
Violence without Moral Restraint: Reflections on the Dehumanization of Victims and Victimizers

The paper identifies a class of violent acts that can best be described as sanctioned massacres. The special features of sanctioned massacres are that they occur in the context of a genocidal policy, and that they are directed at groups that have not themselves threatened or engaged in hostile actions against the perpetrators of the violence. The psychological environment in which such massacres occur lacks the conditions normally perceived as providing some degree of moral justification for violence. In searching for a psychological explanation of mass violence under these conditions, it is instructive to focus on factors reducing the strength of restraining forces against violence. Three interrelated processes are discussed in detail: (a) processes of authorization, which define the situation as one in which standard moral principles do not apply and the individual is absolved of responsibility to make personal moral choices; (b) processes of routinization, which so organize the action that there is no opportunity for raising moral questions and making moral decisions; and (c) processes of dehumanization which deprive both victim and victimizer of identity and community. The paper concludes with suggestions for corrective efforts that might help to prevent sanctioned massacres by counteracting the systemic and attitudinal supports for the processes described.
The Many Faces of Empathy: Parsing Empathic Phenomena through a Proximate, Dynamic-Systems View of Representing the Other in the Self:

A surfeit of research confirms that people activate personal, affective, and conceptual representations when perceiving the states of others. However, researchers continue to debate the role of self–other overlap in empathy due to a failure to dissociate neural overlap, subjective resonance, and personal distress. A perception–action view posits that neural-level overlap is necessary during early processing for all social understanding, but need not be conscious or aversive. This neural overlap can subsequently produce a variety of states depending on the context and degree of common experience and emotionality. We outline a framework for understanding the interrelationship between neural and subjective overlap, and among empathic states, through a dynamic-systems view of how information is processed in the brain and body.
Recent climatology, variability, and trends in global surface humidity

In situ observations of surface air and dewpoint temperatures and air pressure from over 15 000 weather stations and from ships are used to calculate surface specific (q) and relative (RH) humidity over the globe (60°S–75°N) from December 1975 to spring 2005. Seasonal and interannual variations and linear trends are analyzed in relation to observed surface temperature (T) changes and simulated changes by a coupled climate model [namely the Parallel Climate Model (PCM)] with realistic forcing. It is found that spatial patterns of long-term mean q are largely controlled by climatological surface temperature, with the largest q of 17–19 g kg 1 in the Tropics and large seasonal variations over northern mid- and high-latitude land. Surface RH has relatively small spatial and interannual variations, with a mean value of 75%–80% over most oceans in all seasons and 70%–80% over most land areas except for deserts and high terrain, where RH is 30%–60%. Nighttime mean RH is 2%–15% higher than daytime RH over most land areas because of large diurnal temperature variations. The leading EOFs in both q and RH depict long-term trends, while the second EOF of q is related to the El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). During 1976–2004, global changes in surface RH are small (within 0.6% for absolute values), although decreasing trends of 0.11% 0.22% decade 1 for global oceans are statistically significant. Large RH increases (0.5%–2.0% decade 1 ) occurred over the central and eastern United States, India, and western China, resulting from large q increases coupled with moderate warming and increases in low clouds over these regions during 1976–2004. Statistically very significant increasing trends are found in global and Northern Hemispheric q and T. From 1976 to 2004, annual q (T ) increased by 0.06 g kg 1 (0.16°C) decade 1 globally and 0.08 g kg 1 (0.20°C) decade 1 in the Northern Hemisphere, while the Southern Hemispheric q trend is positive but statistically insignificant. Over land, the q and T trends are larger at night than during the day. The largest percentage increases in surface q (1.5% to 6.0% decade 1 ) occurred over Eurasia where large warming (0.2° to 0.7°C decade 1 ) was observed. The q and T trends are found in all seasons over much of Eurasia (largest in boreal winter) and the Atlantic Ocean. Significant correlation between annual q and T is found over most oceans (r 0.6–0.9) and most of Eurasia (r 0.4–0.8), whereas it is insignificant over subtropical land areas. RH–T correlation is weak over most of the globe but is negative over many arid areas. The q–T anomaly relationship is approximately linear so that surface q over the globe, global land, and ocean increases by 4.9%, 4.3%, and 5.7% per 1°C warming, respectively, values that are close to those suggested by the Clausius–Clapeyron equation with a constant RH. The recent q and T trends and the q–T relationship are broadly captured by the PCM; however, the model overestimates volcanic cooling and the trends in the Southern Hemisphere.
DEER Studies of Membrane Proteins

Pulsed Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopic techniques such as Double Electron-Electron Resonance (DEER) can provide pertinent structural information on a wide variety of biological systems that have been spin-labeled. This powerful technique can be used to measure distances between 2 spin labels out to about 70 A. However, the application of DEER spectroscopy to study membrane proteins can be difficult due to short phase memory times (Tm) and weak DEER modulation in more biologically relevant proteoliposomes when compared to water soluble proteins or membrane proteins in detergent micelles. The combination of these factors often leads to broad distance distributions, poor signal to noise, and limitations in the determination of longer distances. The short phase memory times are typically due to uneven distributions of spin-labeled protein within the lipid bilayer, which creates local inhomogeneous pockets of high spin concentrations. Approaches to overcome these limitations and improve the quality of DEER measurements for membrane proteins will be discussed: lipodisq nanoparticles, bi-functional spin labels (BSL), and Q-band pulsed EPR spectroscopy.
Dada: a pathfinder

Provides background to the Dada movement, founded by expatriates mainly from Europe in the period from the middle to the end of World War I; and gives guidance on developing a collection of works covering Dadaism.
A Patient Centered System for Snack Delivery

Abstract Nutritional intake limited by poor appetite, fatigue, early satiety or taste alterations can often be augmented by between meal feedings Snacks can be a particularly significant source of nutrition for children, as nutrient needs are increased by growth. Changing taste preferences can make it difficult to plan acceptable snacks in advance for hospitalized pediatric patients; therefore, "The Munchmobile" was introduced. The Munchmobile is a patient-centered system of snack delivery which increases consumption, decreases waste and enhances patient satisfaction with snacks. Three times a day a cart stocked with nutritious snack items circulates through inpatient units. An attendant offers each patient on an increased calorie and protein diet a variety of fresh and prepackaged items from which he/she may choose. Since the implementation of this system the percentage of patients who actually consume the snacks they receive has increased from 50% to 84% Cost savings of more than $8,000 yearly has resulted from reduced waste and labor in preparing snacks that would not have been eaten. In surveys conducted by hospital administration, patients' families frequently express gratitude for the availability of this service. The key to the success of The Munchmobile appears to be the child's ability to make a choice at the time food is to be consumed, creating the opportunity for increased nutrient intake.
Solubilization and characterization of kainate receptors from goldfish brain.

Abstract The binding of [3H]kainate to goldfish brain membrane fragments was investigated. Scatchard analysis revealed a single class of binding sites in Tris-HCl buffer with a Kd of 352 nM and a Bmax of 3.1 pmol/mg wet weight. In Ringer's saline, [3H]kainate bound with a Bmax of 1.8 pmol/mg wet weight and a Kd of 214 nM. Binding in Ringer's saline, but not Tris-HCl buffer, displayed positive cooperativity with a Hill coefficient of 1.15. The [3H]kainate binding sites were solubilized in Ringer's saline using the nonionic detergent n- octyl-β- d -glucopyranoside . Approximately 30–50% of the total number of membrane-bound binding sites were recovered on solubilization. The Kd of [3H]kainate for solubilized binding sites was approximately 200 nM. The rank order of potency for glutamatergic ligands at inhibiting [3H]kainate binding was identical and the competitive ligands had similar Ki values in both membranes and solubilized extracts. In membrane preparations, [3H]kainate displayed a two component off-rate with koff values of0.97· min−1 and0.07· min−1; in solubilized extracts, however, only a single off-rate (koff = 0.52 min−1) was observed. The hydrodynamic properties of n- octyl-β- d - glucopyranoside solubilized [3H]kainate binding sites was investigated by sucrose density centrifugation. A single well defined peak was detected which yielded a sedimentation coefficient of 8.3 S. The results presented in this report suggest that goldfish brain may provide an ideal system in which to study kainate receptor biochemistry.
A beam monitor system for high-intensity photon beam in the multi-GeV range

Abstract A system of instruments used to monitor the high-power SLAC photon beam is described. Operational experience in a series of photoproduction experiments shows an overall accuracy of ±1% with beam powers from 100 W to 3.5 kW at bremsstrahlung end point energies from 5 to 18 GeV.
Efficient Adaptive Double Codebook Based CSI Prediction for SU/MU MIMO-OFDM Systems

In frequency division duplex (FDD) wireless MIMO communications, the channel state information (CSI) of the forward link needs to be fed back to the transmitter for precoder design. In practice, the inevitable CSI feedback delay results in system performance degradation. In this paper, to mitigate the CSI feedback delay, an efficient adaptive double codebook based CSI prediction scheme is proposed by exploiting the LTE Release 10 double codebook framework. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme is effective in mitigating the CSI feedback delay in single- and multi-user (SU/MU) MIMO-OFDM systems.
Triggered star formation and its consequences

Star formation can be triggered by compression from wind or supernova driven shock waves that sweep over molecular clouds. Because these shocks will likely contain processed elements, triggered star formation has been proposed as an explanation for short lived radioactive isotopes (SLRI) in the Solar System. Previous studies have tracked the triggering event to the earliest phases of collapse and have focused on the shock properties required for both successful star formation and mixing of SLRI's. In this paper, we use Adaptive Mesh Refinement (AMR) simulation methods, including sink particles, to simulate the full collapse and subsequent evolution of a stable Bonnor-Ebert sphere subjected to a shock and post-shock wind. We track the flow of the cloud material after a star (a sink particle) has formed. For non-rotating clouds we find robust triggered collapse and little bound circumstellar material remaining around the post-shock collapsed core. When we add initial cloud rotation we observe the formation of disks around the collapsed core which then interact with the post-shock flow. Our results indicate that these circumstellar disks are massive enough to form planets and are long-lived, in spite of the ablation driven by post-shock flow ram pressure. As a function of the initial conditions, we also track the time evolution of the accretion rates and particle mixing between between the ambient wind and cloud material. The latter is maximized for cases of highest mach number.
Investigating long-range aircraft staging for environmental, economic and travel time impacts

The airline industry traditionally looks continuously improve efficiency of operations. The biggest improvements have usually come from airplanes employing new technology, while better flight operations have provided some additional improvements. Recently, the concept of ‘staging’ airline operations has regained attention, driven largely by environmental concerns. A long airline route broken into smaller segments will reduce the total fuel burn for the trip. This method is theoretically straightforward and intuitively simple. However, several factors will contribute to the feasibility of staging. A new aircraft designed specifically for flying staged routes would increase the trip fuel efficiency further but at the expense of total trip time. The problem of designing an aircraft specifically for staging is presented here as a multi-objective optimization problem. The objectives addressed in this study are: 1) fuel burn, which directly relates to CO 2 emissions and reflects environmental considerations; 2) Direct Operating Cost (DOC), which reflects the considerations of airlines operating with staging on long routes; and 3) flight time, which reflects the considerations of the passengers choosing to fly on long routes. These objectives do show some competition. This study examines the effects of designing an aircraft for staging on a single long-distance route and of designing an aircraft for staging on multiple long distance routes. The latter study begins to reflect how an airline might deploy this new designed-for-staging aircraft to serve its network of routes.
Estimating loss rates with TCP

Estimating loss rates along a network path is a problem that has received much attention within the research community. However, deriving accurate estimates of the loss rate from TCP transfers has been largely unaddressed. In this paper, we first show that using a simple count of the number of retransmissions yields inaccurate estimates of the loss rate in many cases. The mis-estimation stems from flaws in TCP's retransmission schemes that cause the protocol to spuriously retransmit data in a number of cases. Next, we develop techniques for refining the retransmission count to produce a better loss rate estimate for both Reno and SACK variants of TCP. Finally, we explore two SACK-based variants of TCP with an eye towards reducing spurious retransmits, the root cause of the mis-estimation of the loss rate. An additional benefit of reducing the number of needless retransmits is a reduction in the amount of shared network resources used to accomplish no useful work.
The role of response effort in extinction: Much ado about nothing

In order to determine the importance of response effort in operant extinction, albino rats (N = 21) were trained on differentially weighted bars in an operant chamber and then extinguished to a 5 min no-response criterion. By using a recessed bar and by giving substantially greater training than in previous studies, the inverse relationship between response effort and resistance to extinction noted in earlier studies failed to appear.
Materials selection and design for the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor(ITER)

The International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) program is a multinational effort to design and develop the technology for a superconducting magnetic fusion energy reactor that can achieve long burn times using a deuterium-tritium fuel. During the recently completed Conceptual Design Activity (CDA), teams from the U.S., Japan, Soviet Union, and EC generated a baseline design useful for physics and component modeling and also serving as a focus for component and materials R&D. Here I will review the ITER CDA magnet design, choice of magnet structural materials, and the effect of materials and design limitations on ITER operation. In addition, the selection and availability of superconducting materials will be briefly discussed.