cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clustered Support Vector Machines

In many problems of machine learning, the data are distributed nonlinearly. One way to address this kind of data is training a nonlinear classifier such as kernel support vector machine (kernel SVM). However, the computational burden of kernel SVM limits its application to large scale datasets. In this paper, we propose a Clustered Support Vector Machine (CSVM), which tackles the data in a divide and conquer manner. More specifically, CSVM groups the data into several clusters, followed which it trains a linear support vector machine in each cluster to separate the data locally. Meanwhile, CSVM has an additional global regularization, which requires the weight vector of each local linear SVM aligning with a global weight vector. The global regularization leverages the information from one cluster to another, and avoids over-fitting in each cluster. We derive a data-dependent generalization error bound for CSVM, which explains the advantage of CSVM over linear SVM. Experiments on several benchmark datasets show that the proposed method outperforms linear SVM and some other related locally linear classifiers. It is also comparable to a fine-tuned kernel SVM in terms of prediction performance, while it is more efficient than kernel SVM.
Anomalous Dimensions for Boundary Conserved Currents in Holography via the Caffarelli–Silvestre Mechanism for p-forms

Although it is well known that the Ward identities prohibit anomalous dimensions for conserved currents in local field theories, a claim from certain holographic models involving bulk dilaton couplings is that the gauge field associated with the boundary current can acquire an anomalous dimension. We resolve this conundrum by showing that all the bulk actions that produce anomalous dimensions for the conserved current generate non-local actions at the boundary. In particular, the Maxwell equations are fractional. To prove this, we generalize to p-forms the Caffarelli/Silvestre (CS) extension theorem. In the context of scalar fields, this theorem demonstrates that second-order elliptic differential equations in the upper half-plane in $${\mathbb{R}_{+}^{n+1}}$$ reduce to one with the fractional Laplacian, $${\Delta^{\gamma}}$$ , with $${\gamma \in {\mathbb{R}}}$$ , when one of the dimensions is eliminated. From the p-form generalization of the CS extension theorem, we show that at the boundary of the relevant holographic models, a fractional gauge theory emerges with equations of motion of the form, $${\Delta^{\gamma} A^{t} = 0}$$ with $${\gamma \in R}$$ and At the boundary components of the gauge field. The corresponding field strength $${F = d_{\gamma} A^{t} = d \Delta ^\frac{\gamma-1}{2} A^t}$$ is invariant under $${A^{t} \rightarrow A^{t} + d_{\gamma} \Lambda}$$ with the fractional differential given by $${d_{\gamma} \equiv (\Delta)^\frac{\gamma-1}{2}{d}}$$ , implying that $${[A^{t}] = \gamma}$$ which is in general not unity.
Application of Nonphosphorylative Metabolism as an Alternative for Utilization of Lignocellulosic Biomass

Production of chemicals via fermentation has been evolving over the past 30 years in search of economically viable systems. Thus far, there have been few industrially relevant chemicals that have seen commercialization, examples being lactic acid and ethanol. Currently, many of these fermentation processes still compete with food sources. In order to reduce this competition fermentation of alternative feedstocks, such as lignocellulosic biomass must to be utilized. Hemicellulosic sugars can be employed effectively for the production of chemicals by incorporating nonphosphorylative metabolism. This review covers nonphosphorylative metabolism, the pathways and enzymes involved, as well as the products that have been produced using nonphosphorylative metabolism.
IMMUNOHISTOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THE LOCALIZATION OF RELAXIN IN THE HUMAN PLACENTA AND DECIDUA

Mit Hilfe der direkten und indirekten Immunofluorescenzmethode nachCoons gelang der Nachweis von Relaxin in menschlicher Placenta, Decidua und Endometrium. Dem Ort der Antigen-Antikorperreaktion entsprachen in der Placenta die Proteineinschlusse der basalen Trophoblastzellen (Dallenbach-Hellweg undNette) und in Decidua und Endometrium die Kornchen der endometrialen Kornchenzellen (Hamperl). Auf Grund aller fruher erhobenen Befunde erscheint es sehr naheliegend, das das Relaxin in diesen zwei Zellarten nicht nur gespeichert, sondern auch gebildet wird. Die aus dem zeitlichen und ortlichen Vorkommen dieser Zellen und aus den bisherigen klinischen Untersuchungen abzuleitende Funktion des Relaxins scheint danach im wesentlichen eine Auflosung der Bindegewebsfasern zu sein, die sich als Lokal- und als Fernwirkung entfaltet. Ihr Substrat ist 1. die Auf- und Ablosung der Menstruationsschleimhaut (lokal) und die Cervixerweiterung (distal) zur Erleichterung der Menstruation; 2. die Faserauflosung in der jungen Decidua im Bereich der chorialen Invasion zur Erleichterung der Implantation; 3. die Ablosung der Placenta (lokal) und Erweiterung der Geburtswege (distal) zur Erleichterung der Geburt. Die sich im Grundprinzip nahestehenden Vorgange der Menstruation und der Geburt werden demnach durch das gleiche Hormon Relaxin gefordert, dessen morphologisches Substrat in histologisch, histochemisch und fluorescenzmikroskopisch ubereinstimmenden Kornchen zweier verschiedener Zellarten zu suchen ist.
Plasma Discharges for Materials Processing and Display Applications

Industrial applications of low temperature plasma discharges have become increasingly important in the last decade and represent a new and expanding frontier of plasma physics. Such applications are strongly interdisciplinary, combining elements of plasma science and technology, gas phase chemistry, surface science, and atomic and molecular physics to create new industrial products. Two applications are discussed in this review: (1) plasma-assisted materials processing for semiconducting device fabrication and (2) plasma display panels for wide screen high definition television.
Measure and Integration

In this chapter and the next, the theory of integration in uniform spaces will be developed. This chapter will only be concerned with those aspects of integration theory that do not depend on the uniform structure of the space. In elementary analysis one encounters the concept of the Riemann integral. Intuitively, the process of Riemann integration in one, two and three dimensional Euclidean space corresponds to calculating lengths, areas and volumes respectively. The formalization of the Riemann integral occurred during the nineteenth century. Briefly, the main idea for one dimensional Euclidean space is that the Riemann integral of a function f over an interval [a,b] can be approximated by sums of the form $$ \sum\nolimits_i^n = 1f(x_i )\Delta (I_i ) $$ where I1 … I n are disjoint intervals whose union is [a, b], Δ(I i ) denotes the length of I i and x i ∈ I i for each i = 1…n.
Prior storage conditions influence the destruction of Escherichia coli O157:H7 during heating of apple cider and juice.

In apple beverage manufacture, cider and juice may be stored for a short time prior to pasteurization. Storage time and temperature may affect the subsequent thermotolerance of bacteria in these beverages. This study examined whether prior storage in pH 3.4 apple cider or apple juice affected the thermotolerance of two Escherichia coli O157:H7 strains in the same beverages at 61°C. Both strains exhibited biphasic survivor curves. Strain ATCC 43894 was consistently more thermotolerant than strain ATCC 43889, with 33 to 153% greater D values derived from the linear portion of each survivor curve. Prior storage at 21°C for 2 or 6 h hastened thermal destruction of both strains in apple cider, but not to a statistically significant extent. In apple juice, prior storage at 21 °C for 2 h significantly decreased thermotolerance of strain ATCC 43889, but not of strain ATCC 43894. During 6 h of storage in 21°C apple juice, populations of strains ATCC 43889 and 43894 decreased by 2.1 and 0.5 log10 CFU/ml, respective...
Targeting Metalloenzymes for Therapeutic Intervention

Metalloenzymes are central to a wide range of essential biological activities, including nucleic acid modification, protein degradation, and many others. The role of metalloenzymes in these processes also makes them central for the progression of many diseases and, as such, makes metalloenzymes attractive targets for therapeutic intervention. Increasing awareness of the role metalloenzymes play in disease and their importance as a class of targets has amplified interest in the development of new strategies to develop inhibitors and ultimately useful drugs. In this Review, we provide a broad overview of several drug discovery efforts focused on metalloenzymes and attempt to map out the current landscape of high-value metalloenzyme targets.
Computational Fluid Modeling to Understand the Role of Anatomy in Bifurcation Lesion Disease

Background: Treatment of bifurcation lesion disease is complex with limited studies that describe the influence of lesion anatomy on clinical outcomes. Hypothesis: Computational simulations can be used to understand the interplay between morphological characteristics of lesion and clinical diagnostic metrics. Methods: Geometric modifications along the bifurcation in a patient-derived left coronary artery were made to incorporate unique combination of anatomic features: curvature, length and occlusion severity. The resulting geometries were used to perform CFD simulations using physiological flow parameters. Three diagnostic metrics, resting gradient, instantaneous wave free ratio (iFR) and diastolic-systolic velocity ratio (DSVR), were computed from the simulations. Results: We report occlusion severity to be an independent predictor for lower resting gradient and iFR values, whereas lesion length and curvature did not yield dramatic changes in iFR and resting gradient. Our results suggest that DSVR is more sensitive to nuanced flow disturbances; however, it may be complex to derive direct correspondence to disease severity relative to resting gradient and iFR. Conclusion: Spatial lesion characteristics can be used to determine diseased bifurcation cases that may lead to interventional complications.
Stochastic Differential Equations for the Deterioration Processes of Engineering Systems

This work was supported in part by the MAE Center at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) through the Center for Risk-Based Community Resilience Planning under Award No 70NANB15H044. Opinions and findings presented are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the sponsors.
Rapid-scan EPR imaging of a phantom comprised of species with different linewidths and relaxation times.

Abstract As a demonstration of the application of rapid-scan EPR to imaging at low frequency and magnetic field, a multi-compartment phantom containing six different samples was imaged. The samples were nitroxide radicals, trityl (substituted triarylmethyl) radicals, and the oxygen-sensitive solid lithium phthalocyanine (LiPc), all of which are useful for in vivo imaging. The 2D spectral-spatial image demonstration was performed at 250 MHz, with samples in sealed tubes of various sizes arranged in a 3D-printed plastic holder. Maximum gradients of 10 G/cm gave a spatial resolution of about 0.1 mm for the narrow trityl and LiPc signals and about 1 mm for the nitroxide. The importance of proper selection of resonator bandwidth and scan rate for obtaining accurate linewidth information is demonstrated for a case in which the phantom is composed of species with signal linewidths and relaxation times that differ by more than a factor of 10.
Grassroots urbanism in contemporary São Paulo

In the last decade, manifestations of grassroots urbanism have transformed Sao Paulo into a playfield for creative interventions. Initiatives focus on art, culture, and education; greenery and open spaces; public equipment; water and environmental resources; and gender, race, and class justice. I argue that these initiatives are more than the sum of their parts; they influence social imaginaries, expectations, and urban policies beyond the scope of each case. My research tries to understand crucial differences among initiatives—while some open up spaces for the emancipation of disenfranchised groups, others inadvertently engage in processes of gentrification and exclusion despite claims to representing a diverse public. These differences in goals and outcomes can be understood in terms of the opposition between tactical and insurgent urbanism. As such, the study of these differences is meaningful not only for understanding the case of Sao Paulo, but also for expanding theoretical debates on grassroots urbanism at a global scale.
ISOLATED RIGHT VENTRICULAR NON COMPACTION: A VERY RARE GENETIC CAUSE OF CARDIOMYOPATHY

Isolated right ventricular non compaction is a very rare genetic cause of cardiomyopathy that leads to arrested intrauterine development of endomyocardial tissue resulting in spaced trabeculae that can result in arrhythmia and depressed right ventricular function. It is associated with congenital
Novel Coronavirus and Old Lessons - Preparing the Health System for the Pandemic.

Novel Coronavirus and Old Lessons Bolstering our health system for the Covid-19 pandemic requires several critical moves, from expanding testing to protecting and expanding the health care workforc...
Contractility and Myofibrillar Content in Skeletal Muscle are Decreased During Post-Sepsis Recovery, But Not During the Acute Phase of Sepsis.

ABSTRACT Convalescence in humans after severe sepsis occurs over weeks to months and is associated with prolonged functional disabilities and impaired quality-adjusted survival. While much is known regarding the acute early phase of sepsis, there is a knowledge gap pertaining to restoration of muscle mass and function after elimination of the septic nidus. We used a sepsis-recovery model-where cecal-ligation-puncture (CLP) was performed in adult male mice followed 24 h later by removal of the cecum and antibiotic treatment-to assess changes in the abundance of muscle contractile proteins and function during the acute phase of sepsis (24 h post-CLP) and during the recovery phase (day 10 post-CLP). Although body weight and food consumption decreased acutely with sepsis, both had normalized by day 10; however, extensor digitorum longus mass remained decreased 10%. During acute sepsis, there were few contractile defects or significant changes in contractile proteins. In contrast, during sepsis recovery, specific maximum isometric twitch and specific maximum tetanic force were decreased ≈50%, compared with time-matched pair-fed controls, and defects were independent of the concomitant reduction in muscle mass. Force generation in sepsis-recovery mice was decreased 30% with increasing stimulus frequency. Contractile defects during sepsis-recovery were associated with 50% to 90% reductions in thin filament (troponin T, troponin I, tropomyosin, α-sarcomeric actin), thick filament (myosin heavy and myosin light chains), Z-disc (α-actinin 3), and M-band (myomesin-2) proteins, but no change in the intermediate filaments desmin and vimentin. During sepsis recovery, myofibrillar protein synthesis did not differ from control, but synthesis of sarcoplasmic proteins was increased 60%. These data suggest intrinsic defects in muscle contractile function exist during the recovery phase of sepsis and may negatively impact convalescence.
Effects of compost and biochar amendments on soil fertility and crop growth in a calcareous soil

Crop performance in calcareous and alkaline soils is often limited by low nutrient availability and uptake following poor soil fertility. The positive agronomic effects of compost and biochar origi...
Neural vulnerability and hurricane-related media predict posttraumatic stress in youth

As natural disasters increase in frequency and severity (1,2), mounting evidence reveals that their human toll extends beyond death, injury, and loss. Posttraumatic stress (PTS) can be common among exposed individuals, and children are particularly vulnerable (3,4). Curiously, PTS can even be found among youth far removed from harm9s way, and media-based exposure may partially account for this phenomenon (5-8). Unfortunately, susceptibility to media effects has been difficult to characterize because most research is initiated post-event, precluding examination of pre-disaster factors. In this study, we mitigate this issue with data from nearly 400 9- to 11-year-old children collected prior to and after Hurricane Irma. We evaluate whether preexisting neural patterns predict degree of media effects on later Irma-related PTS. We show that "dose" of Irma-related media exposure predicted Irma-related PTS, even among children dwelling thousands of kilometers away from the hurricane. Furthermore, we show, using pre-hurricane functional magnetic resonance imaging data, that neural responses in brain regions associated with anxiety and stress confer particular vulnerability to media effects and PTS among certain children. Specifically, right amygdala predicted Irma-related PTS, and bilateral orbitofrontal cortex and left parahippocampal gyrus moderated the association between Irma-related media exposure and PTS. Collectively, these findings run counter to outdated "bullseye" models of disaster exposure that assume negative effects are narrowly circumscribed around a disaster9s geographic epicenter (9). In contrast, for some youth with measurable preexisting vulnerability, consumption of extensive disaster-related media appears to offer an alternative pathway to disaster exposure that transcends geography and objective risk. This preventable exposure should be considered in disaster-related mental health efforts.
Mantle flow distribution beneath the California margin.

Although the surface deformation of tectonic plate boundaries is well determined by geological and geodetic measurements, the pattern of flow below the lithosphere remains poorly constrained. We use the crustal velocity field of the Plate Boundary Observatory to illuminate the distribution of horizontal flow beneath the California margin. At lower-crustal and upper-mantle depths, the boundary between the Pacific and North American plates is off-centered from the San Andreas fault, concentrated in a region that encompasses the trace of nearby active faults. A major step is associated with return flow below the Eastern California Shear Zone, leading to the extrusion of the Mojave block and a re-distribution of fault activity since the Pleistocene. Major earthquakes in California have occurred above the regions of current plastic strain accumulation. Deformation is mechanically coupled from the crust to the asthenosphere, with mantle flow overlaid by a kinematically consistent network of faults in the brittle crust. Although the surface deformation of tectonic plate boundaries is well determined by geological and geodetic measurements, the pattern of flow below the lithosphere remains poorly constrained. Here, the author finds that major earthquakes in California have occurred above the regions of current plastic strain accumulation in the mantle.
Feasibility and safety of ultrasound-guided minimally invasive autopsy in COVID-19 patients.

To determine the feasibility and safety of ultrasound-guided minimally invasive autopsy in COVID-19 patients. 60 patients who expired between 04/22/2020–05/06/2020 due to COVID-19 were considered for inclusion in the study, based on availability of study staff. Minimally invasive ultrasound-guided autopsy was performed with 14G core biopsies through a 13G coaxial needle. The protocol required 20 cores of the liver, 30 of lung, 12 of spleen, 20 of heart, 20 of kidney, 4 of breast, 4 of testis, 2 of skeletal muscle, and 4 of fat with total of 112 cores per patient. Quality of the samples was evaluated by number, size, histology, immunohistochemistry, and in situ hybridization for COVID-19 and PCR-measured viral loads for SARS-CoV-2. Five (5/60, 8%) patients were included. All approached families gave their consent for the minimally invasive autopsy. All organs for biopsy were successfully targeted with ultrasound guidance obtaining all required samples, apart from 2 patients where renal samples were not obtained due to atrophic kidneys. The number, size, and weight of the tissue cores met expectation of the research group and tissue histology quality was excellent. Pathology findings were concordant with previously reported autopsy findings for COVID-19. Highest SARS-CoV-2 viral load was detected in the lung, liver, and spleen that had small to moderate amount, and low viral load in was detected in the heart in 2/5 (40%). No virus was detected in the kidney (0/3, 0%). Ultrasound-guided percutaneous post-mortem core biopsies can safely provide adequate tissue. Highest SARS-CoV-2 viral load was seen in the lung, followed by liver and spleen with small amount in the myocardium.
Vulnerable populations and social media use in disasters: Uncovering the digital divide in three major U.S. hurricanes

Abstract How populations use social media in disasters is essential for evaluating the representation of subpopulations while analyzing social media data for emergency response and disaster research. Existing machine learning models can extract, characterize and make sense of digital trace data from social media, but are unable to account for diversity in population groups and use of social media. Consequently, the reliability of their decision-making ability remains questionable. This paper presents an exploratory analysis of empirical household survey data on the information seeking, sharing activity, and perceptions of information reliability on social media platforms across different population groups during three major hurricane storm events in the United States between 2017 and 2018. The results of this analysis suggest significant associations between social media use and socioeconomic factors: (1) Socioeconomic factors along with geographic effects play a role in determining not only platform uptake but both motivations for information seeking and the action of information sharing on social media, (2) The type of social media platform influences the type of information people seek, (3) Households from lower socioeconomic and minority backgrounds were more likely to seek out different information on social media from their peers, (4) perceptions of information reliability are also influenced by social divides, where households in rural areas, lower income groups, and racial minorities were more likely to report greater unreliability in social media information. These findings provide new insights into the roles of social media use in creating or dismantling the digital divide during disasters.
An analysis of content of lay-press articles focused on cancer from leading U.S. newspapers from 2010 to 2019.

e24032Background: Newspaper coverage of cancer-related topics has historically focused on research, treatment, survival, and impact of tobacco and diet on risk, with less coverage of prevention, de...
Udder Hygiene in the Control of Mastitis

Bovine mastitis persists as the most expensive disease in dairy cows. Losses can reach more than $180 per cow annually. Decreased milk production, due to subclinical mastitis, accounts for approximately 70% of the economic losses. Discarded milk, cost of antibiotics, premature culling, and veterinary expenses are responsible for the remaining 30% (4). Prevention of the disease is the most economically feasible method of control. The 5 point plan for mastitis control will reduce mastitis losses and increase profits: I) Dry cow therapy, 2) proper treatment procedures for clinical cases, 3) use of recommended milking practices, and 4) effective culling contribute to a complete mastitis control program. The fifth point, udder hygiene, is probably the single most effective control procedure in the prevention of udder infections (2, 4). Rate of new udder infections is highly correlated to the number of mastitis pathogens on the teat end. Every effort must be made to maintain minimal bacterial load at the teat end. Good udder hygiene practices assure this goal. The hygiene program should be a 24 hour program; not only at milking time.
Diabetic cardiomyopathy

Diabetes mellitus is a major risk factor for the development of congestive heart failure (CHF). Diabetic cardiomyopathy has been acknowledged as a distinct disease entity that is an additional risk for diabetic patients to develop CHF, especially when they are affected by hypertension or epicardial coronary artery disease. Moreover, diabetic cardiomyopathy has been documented to lead to CHF even in the absence of other risk factors. As the combination of hypertension and diabetes has shown to be particularly detrimental, aggressive blood pressure control with a goal of less than 130/85 mm Hg is of critical importance. The first choice for pharmacologic treatment is angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibitors. Double- or triple-drug therapy is frequently required for good control. The increased risk of epicardial coronary artery disease in patients with diabetes warrants stringent treatment of dyslipidemia. If dilated cardiomyopathy with low ejection fraction is present, therapy with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, digoxin, diuretics, beta-blockers, and spironolactone (for patients with New York Heart Association class III to IV functional status) is indicated. If cardiac dysfunction consists predominantly of impaired diastolic function, heart rate control with a beta-blocker or a calcium antagonist is of particular importance. Control of blood glucose should be achieved, with hemoglobin A1c levels of less than 7%. Hyperinsulinemia should be avoided when possible; therefore, insulin-sensitizing agents are preferred over insulin-secretion-enhancing agents. Symptoms of CHF and acutely decompensated CHF should be treated no differently than nondiabetic patients. Care for patients with diabetes always includes lifestyle changes consisting of smoking cessation, decreasing obesity, regular exercise, and a heart-healthy diabetic diet.
Merkel Cell Carcinoma: A Bibliometric Analysis of the Top 100 Cited Publications.

Background Bibliometric studies provide a quantitative statistical analysis of the published literature within a field of interest and allow for easy identification of the major contributing authors, funding sources, and publication trends within the field. To date, no bibliometric studies have been performed pertaining to Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC). Objective To identify the 100 most frequently cited articles in MCC through a bibliometric analysis of the literature. Methods Web of science was queried to determine the 100 most frequently cited MCC publications published between the years 1970 and 2019. Articles were listed by title, authors and their affiliated institutions, journal title and type, year of publication, country of origin, funding sources, and citation frequency. Results Among the 100 most frequently cited MCC publications, articles were cited between 67 and 589 times with a mean of 136.3 times. Articles were cited between 2.0 and 98.2 times per year since publication with a mean of 11.3 times per year. 67% of the articles were published in oncology journals; 33% and 10% of the articles in dermatology and surgery journals, respectively. The most represented journal was Cancer (12%). Paul Nghiem was the most frequently identified author (18%). 36% of the top 100 articles were published out of the University of Washington. The most frequent funding agency was the National Institutes of Health (77%). Conclusion Through this bibliometric analysis, researchers can easily identify key publications pertaining to MCC, which may in turn enhance their approach to understanding and practicing evidence-based medicine regarding MCC.
An Interprofessional Team-Based Experiential Learning Experience in Public Libraries:

The Stony Brook Medicine Healthy Libraries Program (HeLP) is an interprofessional team-based experiential learning opportunity for health professional students. University faculty members in the fi...
Source and Mechanism of Release of Arachidonic Acid in Blood Platelets

It is now well established that in response to certain physiological stimuli such as collagen and thrombin arachidonic acid is released from platelet membrane phospholipids and converted into oxygenated products including thromboxane A2. Thromboxane A2 aggregates blood platelets and is a potent constrictor of vascular smooth muscle. It is presently undecided which phospholipids release arachidonic acid for thromboxane formation in response to stimulation. The purpose of the present investigations was to determine which platelet phospholipids provide arachidonic acid for thromboxane formation and elucidate the mechanism of its liberation.
Automatic control system for dispensing precise amounts of finely divided solids

A device for automatic dispensing of precise amounts of finely divided solids has been developed. Precision is a function of dispensing time. Smaller than gram quantities may be dispensed at a rate of about 1/3 g/min with a precision corresponding to a weight range of about 0.001 g for a series. The process consists in moving the material with the effect of the vibratory motion of a miniature air-powered vibrator. Operation is automatically controlled by the electronic system of the weighing unit interfaced to the pneumatic dispensing device via a combination fluidic and pneumatic control system.
Eliminating arsenic containing residue that create killer defects in 20 nm HVM

Dry oxide removal techniques are used as pre-spacer cleans to remove sidewall oxide (without undercutting the gate oxide and maintaining the gate CD (critical dimension)) in 20 nm HVM (high volume manufacturing). This results in arsenic containing residues on the wafer surface. Dry etch, although effective in accomplishing most of the desired process objectives, is not effective in removing arsenic, implanted into the oxide during the junction formation. As a result, arsenic residues are left on the wafer surface after the pre-spacer clean which then get coated by spacer nitride. Nitride-coated arsenic residues are difficult to remove and new cleans were developed to completely remove arsenic residue from the wafer surface at the pre-Spacer clean step. Defectivity reduction and electrical data are presented to show the effectiveness of these new cleans and the resultant yield increase, respectively.
USE OF A BACTERIAL CULTURE FILTRATE AS AN AID TO THE ISOLATION AND GROWTH OF ANAEROBIC SPIROCHETES

Abstract Hardy, Paul H., Jr. (The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md.), Young C. Lee, and E. Ellen Nell. Use of a bacterial culture filtrate as an aid to the isolation and growth of anaerobic spirochetes. J. Bacteriol. 87:1521–1525. 1964.—A previously described procedure that permits colonial growth of laboratory-adapted anaerobic spirochetes on surface streaked media was applied to the isolation of new spirochetal strains from human oral microflora. Primary isolates were readily cultivable as colonies, but they were found to be nutritionally dependent upon other microorganisms with which they are normally associated in vivo. Spirochetal growth was first noted around colonies of oral bacteria; pure cultures were then grown on media fortified with the culture filtrate of one such organism—a microaerophilic diphtheroid.
New delay model for 0.5/spl mu/ CMOS ASIC

As silicon geometry moves closer to deep sub-micron (smaller than 0.5-/spl mu/m) technology, new physical phenomena start to appear and dominate the delay through an ASIC cell. As delays become smaller and the overall performance of applications increase, the emphasis on delay calculation accuracy increases. The authors demonstrate 0.5-/spl mu/m CMOS delay related physical phenomena such as coupling and shielding effects. They show how these components affect the cell and interconnect delays. The effects of these physical phenomena on CAD technology are discussed. A delay model for 0.5-/spl mu/m CMOS ASIC technology is described. This model takes into consideration the following items: unique 0.5-micron physical phenomena; optimization of ASIC library cell characterization time; speed of delay calculator CAD tool; the requirement of interconnect extraction and calculation accuracy; and the extensibility and flexibility of the model to provide additional accuracy for future silicon technology. >
11 – Type I Superconductivity and the Intermediate State

This chapter describes Type I superconductivity and the intermediate state. In the formation of the intermediate state a material can continue to possess some of this favorable superconducting-state energy while still satisfying the boundary conditions on the surface field. The intermediate state forms is explained by considering the case of a Type I superconducting film in a perpendicular magnetic field. It is found that a material in the intermediate state is an admixture of normal and superconducting regions that coexist at the mesoscopic level. It is also observed that the Gibbs free energy is increased by the magnetic energy stored in the domain walls. A long repetition length reduces the number of domains and decreases the domain wall energy, whereas a short repetition length lessens the distortion of the field and decreases the field distortion energy at the expense of more domain wall energy. The intermediate state that forms when a transport current from a current generator produces a magnetic field at the surface of a superconducting wire that exceeds the critical field is examined in the chapter. The mixed state in Type II superconductors is also elaborated.
Cognitive Processing Therapy for PTSD in a Survivor of the World Trade Center Bombing

Abstract The present case study describes the successful treatment, including long-term follow-up of a survivor of the first World Trade Center (WTC) bombing who developed posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The literature indicates that behavioral, particularly exposure based techniques, and cognitive applications have shown promising results in reducing symptoms of PTSD, in adults exposed to combat and rape. To our knowledge, no treatment protocol has been developed for PTSD following a terrorist incident. This paper presented the application of a PTSD treatment protocol based on Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT) (Resick & Schnicke, 1992, 1993) in the treatment of an adult female exposed to such terrorist trauma.
A tablet that shifts the clock

When my parents bought our first color television in the early 1970s, they measured off 6 ft from the screen and insisted that we not watch from any closer distance. They feared blinding radiation emanating from the color cathode tube (indeed, in 1967 General Electric did recall 90,000 televisions that produced X-rays at thousands of times the recommended exposure level, but other than with this model, there was no demonstrable risk). Fast forward 40 y, and I see my teenage child spending most free moments in the evenings staring at her computer screen, phone, or tablet at close range. Is there risk in this? In PNAS, Chang et al. (1) provide compelling data that there may indeed be unappreciated effects and perhaps dangers of evening exposure to electronic screens, specifically demonstrating a negative effect on sleep in young adults following evenings spent reading from a tablet-based eReader.
Polyhedral end games for polynomial continuation

Bernshtein’s theorem provides a generically exact upper bound on the number of isolated solutions a sparse polynomial system can have in (ℂ*)n, with ℂ* = ℂ\{0}. When a sparse polynomial system has fewer than this number of isolated solutions some face system must have solutions in (ℂ*)n. In this paper we address the process of recovering a certificate of deficiency from a diverging solution path. This certificate takes the form of a face system along with approximations of its solutions. We apply extrapolation to estimate the cycle number and the face normal. Applications illustrate the practical usefulness of our approach.
Programming fuzzy logic in assembly language

This paper outlines the subjects covered in a half-day class an programming fuzzy logic algorithms in assembly language. The short course covers assembly language examples that are not shown in this paper, and goes into much greater detail. Assembly language allows more efficient fuzzy logic programs in terms of code space and execution time compared to C programs. After attending this class, a participant should be able to estimate the code size and execution time requirements for various fuzzy logic programs and data structures. These skills can then be applied to embedded control applications.
Optimizing muscle force for functional electrical stimulation

A procedure has been developed to determine the number of pulses and interpulse intervals necessary for an N-let (set of N closely spaced stimulation pulses) to elicit the maximal twitch response in human skeletal muscle. It was found that using a doublet (N=2) produced the largest force-time integral per pulse. Since muscular fatigue during electrical stimulation is believed to be a function of the number of pulses received, the doublet was identified as the optimal twitch producing mechanism. >
Reexamining Roles of Learner, Text, and Context in Secondary Literacy

(2000). Reexamining Roles of Learner, Text, and Context in Secondary Literacy. The Journal of Educational Research: Vol. 93, New Discoveries in Literacy for The 21st Century, pp. 165-180.
Resource characteristics and foraging adaptations in the silvery mole-rat (Heliophobius argenteocinereus), a solitary Afrotropical bathyergid

The African mole rats (Bathyergidae) is a rodent family unique for subterranean life and diverse social systems. Solitary species are thought to be confined to areas with abundant, evenly distributed food resources and easily workable soils, which favors early natal dispersal and independent reproduction. However, there is a paucity of empirical data confirming this assumption. We examined ecological conditions of a typical natural habitat of the solitary silvery mole-rat (Heliophobius argenteocinereus), which is the Miombo woodland, and we identified behavioral and other adaptations which potentially improve its foraging success. We also tested food selectivity of captive mole-rats. In the Miombo, mole-rat food resources were clumped, but relatively ample. This, along with a predictable and relatively short period of year with dry and difficult-to-work soil, creates relatively moderate ecological conditions. Analysis of food stores showed that food storing alone probably does not secure enough food to overcome the advanced dry season in this species. In light of this, several other adaptations, such as food generalism and area-restricted search can assist silvery mole-rats retaining positive energy balance during these times. Food-preference tests showed that silvery mole-rats prefer tubers with high sugar content, followed by those with high water content.
Supporting information management and information superiority via federation services

Network-centric warfare is often credited for the superior warfighting capabilities of the United States. One of the fundamental requirements for network-centric warfare is the timely exchange of information critical to mission success. The Phoenix Information Management Services (IMS) have been developed to address this all-important requirement. This paper describes a set of federation services that extend the Phoenix IMS to span multiple enclaves or domains of information management. Federation services interconnect multiple instances of Phoenix and support controlled information exchange across enclaves. Federation services, coupled with the core Phoenix information management services, are a force multiplier, allowing information to be shared across not just one, but any number of domains and information spaces. This in turn promotes shared situational awareness, unity of command, and synchronized operations across a variety of missions.
The paradoxical effect of a juvenile code change in Virginia

The impact of a new state juvenile code on the processing of youth through one court locale was examined using an interrupted time-series design. The intent of the new code was to limit penetration of youth into the juvenile justice system. This locale, however, showed an increased number of youth going through to court despite no increase in the number of youth arrested. The importance of this paradoxical effect for local juvenile justice planners and court officials is discussed briefly.
Seasonal toxicity of ammonia to five fish and nine invertebrate species.

Ammonia is a widely distributed chemical found in surface waters. Its toxicity to aquatic life is principally due to the un-ionized (NH3) form. An extensive review on ammonia toxicity to aquatic life has been recently compiled by the US EPA with most information consisting of fish test values and limited data available for aquatic plants and invertebrates. Invertebrates were found to be generally more tolerant to ammonia than were fishes. This laboratory study is part of a larger evaluation in assessing the impact of ammonia nitrogen in outdoor experimental streams at and above derived water quality criteria concentrations. Primary objective for this laboratory study was to determine the relative sensitivity of un-ionized ammonia to fish and invertebrates in river water at ambient seasonal temperatures.
Numerical Analysis of Solidification in a Thick-Walled Cylindrical Container

A numerical analysis has been conducted to investigate the process of axisymmetric, diffusion-controlled solidification in a thick-walled cylindrical container using an altemating-direction-implicit method to solve a nondimensionalized enthalpy formulation of the governing two-dimensional equations. The effects of wall thickness, thermal properties, initial wall temperature distribution, and container aspect ratio on the freezing process are examined. The complex interaction between these parameters and the external cooling conditions leads to some interesting conclusions concerning casting solidification, particularly when external heat removal rates are low.
TREC and TIPSTER experiments with INQUERY

Abstract INQUERY is a probabilistic information retrieval system based upon a Bayesian inference network model. This paper describes recent improvements to the system as a result of participation in the TIPSTER project and the TREC-2 conference. Improvements include transforming forms-based specifications of information needs into complex structured queries, automatic query expansion, automatic recognition of features in documents, relevance feedback, and simulated document routing. Experiments with one- and two-gigabyte document collections are also described.
Aggregation of anti-streptavidin immunoglobulin gamma‐1 involves Fab unfolding and competing growth pathways mediated by pH and salt concentration

Changes in non-native aggregation mechanisms of an anti-streptavidin (anti-SA) IgG1 antibody were determined over a wide range of pH and [NaCl] under accelerated (high temperature) conditions, using a combination of calorimetry, chromatography, static light scattering, dye binding, and spectroscopy (fluorescence, infra-red, and circular dichroism). Aggregation rates were strongly influenced by conformational stability of at least the Fab regions, but were only weakly affected by changes in electrostatic colloidal interactions. This was in contrast to the effects of electrostatic interactions on aggregate growth, as the dominant growth mechanism shifted dramatically with pH and [NaCl]. Pre-formed aggregates also displayed a reversible cloud-point boundary that quantitatively aligned with the overall pattern of aggregation mechanisms as a function of pH and [NaCl], suggesting an underlying thermodynamic transition may dictate whether molecular aggregates will coalesce into macroscopic particles. Structural changes upon unfolding and aggregation were also sensitive to pH and [NaCl]. Interestingly, Thioflavin T binding was essentially indistinguishable for aggregates formed in different pH and [NaCl] conditions, however, the other assays indicated notable differences across different solvent conditions. This suggests that the overall degree of conformational change during aggregation can be influenced by electrostatic interactions, but suggests caution in interpreting whether available techniques detect changes that are directly relevant to the mechanism(s) of aggregate formation and growth.
Osteoclast Inhibitory Peptide-1 Binding to the FcγRIIB Inhibits Osteoclast Differentiation

Osteoclast inhibitory peptide-1 (OIP) is an autocrine/paracrine inhibitor of osteoclast differentiation, and mice that overexpress OIP-1 in osteoclast lineage cells develop an osteopetrosis bone phenotype. In this study, we show that OIP-1 binding to the Fcγ receptor IIB (FcγRIIB) inhibits osteoclast differentiation. Confocal microscopy revealed colocalization of OIP-1 with FcγRIIB in osteoclasts, and we observed that OIP-1 carboxy-terminal GPI-linked peptide forms a 1:1 complex with recombinant FcγRIIB protein with an affinity binding of a dissociation constant of approximately 4 μm. Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)-bearing adapter proteins (FcRγ and DNAX-activating protein of molecular mass 12 kDa) are critical for osteoclast development, and OIP-1 transgenic mouse-derived preosteoclast cells demonstrated suppression (6-fold) of ITAM phosphorylation of FcRγ but not DNAX-activating protein of molecular mass 12 kDa. Interestingly, these preosteoclast cells demonstrated increased level...
Informing the design of computer-based environments to support creativity

This paper addresses the problem of creating a human-centered computer-based support environment to facilitate innovation and creative work. It focuses on key factors to be considered in the design and development of any such user support environment regardless of the specific domain for which it may be implemented. The paper reviews psychological literature on how creativity, insight and innovation occur and how they can be fostered in working environments. Based on this discussion the paper then describes a generic set of user or functional requirements intended to apply or any domain-specific computer-based working environment for support of creative activities. The paper proposes the conceptual model of a Virtual Workbench as a way of capturing some of these requirements and as a way of organizing thinking about the design of creative problem solving environments (CPSEs) in general. Finally, the paper proposes one possible translation of the Virtual Workbench and some of the functional requirements into a view of a generic model for CPSEs by describing three component sets of functions that would be a subset of those needed in almost any domain-specific CPSE.
Beyond Google: Integrating Chemical Information into the Undergraduate Chemistry and Biochemistry Curriculum

At the University of California, Los Angeles, chemical information instruction focuses on partnering with faculty and teaching assistants in integrating the basics into three laboratory courses taken sequentially by chemistry and biochemistry majors. Resources covered include many recommended in “Information Competencies for Chemistry Undergraduates: The Elements of Information Literacy” (http://units.sla.org/division/dche/il/cheminfolit.pdf). Instructional activities feature guided exercises in small laboratory sections and occasional large group lectures. An instructional resources website encompasses library resources for chemistry and biochemistry, chemical and biomolecular engineering, and materials science and engineering. Web pages for classes provide guided exercises, including an organic chemystery for journal abbreviations, postlab assignments, lecture notes, and links for resources.