cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Why It's OK to Make Bad Choices

If we are kind people, we care about others, including others who tend to hurt themselves. We all have friends or family members who have potential but squander or even ruin their lives from things like drug abuse, unwise spending decisions, or poor dietary habits. Concern for others often motivates us to endorse laws or private interventions meant to keep people from harming themselves even if that’s what they want to do in the moment. However, it is far from clear that such paternalistic measures are, on net, benign, and they tend to violate an understanding that we should let adults make their own decisions. In this little book, William Glod argues that it’s OK to allow people to make bad choices. It’s OK even if those choices risk causing a lot of harm. Most defenders of paternalism agree that some bad choices are not harmful enough to require laws to stop them. However, Glod goes further. He argues that some people might want – and deserve – the freedom to make truly bad choices because such freedom is the only way they can act responsibly. He also argues that some "bad" choices may not even be bad, even if we can't know with confidence a person's true desires. In addition, the book explores choices that are bad because they might impose high monetary costs on others, arguing that mandatory insurance may be a better solution than eliminating the choice. Finally, it explores the potential pitfalls of paternalistic laws and policies – and how unintended, costly consequences can sabotage the most well-intended plans. Key Features Introduces key concepts for understanding paternalism and freedom of choice for undergraduates and general readers Discusses how many of our preferences are not easily understood by others, and shows how assumptions of what our true preferences can often backfire Explores ways in which people may want the freedom to make mistakes Examines the unintended consequences and associated problems of many paternalistic laws and regulations
Looking at cardiac transplantation through a 20-year retrospective study-invited commentary.

The authors present an excellent large cohort review and complete analysis of long-term heart transplant survival including multiple institutions. Most studies on long-term heart transplant survival have single-center institutional experience. The authors present a comprehensive national review of the United Network for Organ Sharing Database (UNOS). The paper reflects the early transplant era through 1998 and demonstrates the long-term survival of this time.
Forecasting Rogue Waves in Oceanic Waters

We present a novel approach for the prediction of Rogue Waves in oceans using Machine Learning methods. Since the ocean is composed of many wave systems, the change from a bimodal or multimodal directional distribution to unimodal one is taken as the warning criteria. Further, we explore various features that help in predicting Rogue Waves. The analysis of the results shows that the Spectral features are significant in predicting Rogue Waves. Finally, we propose a Random Forest Classifier based algorithm to predict Rogue Waves in oceanic conditions. For a range of windows, the proposed algorithm has accuracies between 89.57% and 91.81%, and the balanced accuracies between 79.41% and 89.03%. Moreover, we have also introduced the publicly available buoy dataset, which can serve as a benchmark dataset.
Experimental Explications for Conceptual Engineering

This paper argues for two conclusions: (1) evaluating the success of engineered concepts necessarily involves empirical work; and (2) the Carnapian Explication criterion precision ought to be a methodological standard in conceptual engineering. These two conclusions provide a new analysis of the race and gender debate between Sally Haslanger and Jennifer Saul. Specifically, the argument identifies the resources Haslanger needs to respond to Saul’s main objections. Lastly, I contrast the methodology advocated here with the so-called “method of cases” and draw out some general implications for how we should think about concepts.
In Search of a Monetary Constitution for Brazil

The present paper examines various episodes of the monetary history of Braziland other countries as well as the recent empirical evidence to look into critically thetwo principal proposals of monetary constitution for Brazil: currency board and independentcentral bank proposals. We outline also a monetary constitution inspired in the Pandia?Calo?geras’s Monetary Project (1926) with the only purpose of shedding light on the basicprinciples involved in the design of a monetary constitution aimed at controlling the powerto create money and curbing inflation: (a) separation between the power to create moneyand the agents that determine public expenditure; (b) a clear monetary rule to constraint thepower to create money; and (e) separation of the power to create money from the regulationand supervision of banks. JEL Classification: E51; E58; E42.
Actions of Sex Steroids on Behaviours Beyond Reproductive Reflexes

The actions of sex steroids in the brain have been shown, from molecular to systems levels, to control reproductive behaviour in a wide range of vertebrates. It has become increasingly clear that gonadal steroid hormones have regulatory functions which extend far beyond the direct coordination of an animal's physiological state and its display of sexual behaviour. While some of these actions may include changes in mood or other behavioural measures, such as exploration or excitability, sex steroid hormones also influence neural plasticity, neuronal activity and, possibly, learning and memory, as reflected by long-term potentiation or age-related deficits. Here we describe two systems that have been used to explore the non-reproductive roles of gonadal steroid hormones. The first of these is to examine the oestrogen-sensitive opioid peptide gene expression in the hypothalamus. Currently, we are attempting to identify the types of behaviour which may be altered consequent to the oestrogenic induction of the preproenkephalin gene. The second approach involves studying the effects of progesterone at the neuronal cell membrane and characterizing the metabolites of progesterone which have benzodiazepine-like actions in the brain. A number of studies suggest that this may provide an alternative mechanism through which progesterone can influence mood or behaviour.
Lesions of the Precentral Gyrus in Nonhuman Primates: A Pre-Medline Bibliography

Many contemporary investigators are unaware of the important papers involving lesions of the primate primary motor cortex published prior to those revealed by a computer search of the literature (i.e., papers published prior to about 1966). In order to increase awareness of these reports, we present here an annotated bibliography of these papers beginning with that of Ferrier and Yeo (1884). We provide evidence that these papers can provide valuable information on the function of the primate motor cortex and on recovery of behavior after brain lesions, and are also useful for sharpening the questions posed by more refined modern studies.
Ixabepilone: a new treatment option for the management of taxane-resistant metastatic breast cancer

Ixabepilone (Ixempra(®); Bristol-Myers Squibb) is a novel microtubule stabilizing agent recently approved for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer (MBC). This article focuses on considerations for ixabepilone administration and adverse event (AE) management, drawing from the biomedical literature indexed in PubMed, published abstracts from the American Society of Clinical Oncology annual meetings, and the manufacturer's prescribing information for ixabepilone. Administered as monotherapy or in combination with capecitabine in clinical studies, ixabepilone demonstrated positive clinical response rates, prolonged progression-free survival, and a favorable safety profile in patients with MBC. Treatment-related AEs were predictable and manageable with dose modification, treatment interruption, and active management. As ixabepilone undergoes development in earlier lines of breast cancer therapy and in other solid tumors, oncology nurses will encounter more and more patients receiving ixabepilone therapy. If nurses are acquainted with the unique management strategies associated with ixabepilone treatment, as detailed herein, patients are more likely to receive the full benefit of therapy.
Formalizing O Notation in Isabelle/HOL

We describe a formalization of asymptotic O notation using the Isabelle/HOL proof assistant.
An assessment of the mobile source contribution to PM10 and PM2.5 in the United States

Mobile sources are significant contributors to ambient particulate matter (PM) in the United States. As the emphasis shifts from PM10 to PM2.5, it becomes particularly important to account for the mobile source contribution to observed particulate levels since these sources may be the major contributor to the fine particle fraction. This is due to the fact that most mobile source mass emissions have an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 µm, while the particles of geological origin that tend to dominate the PM10 fraction generally have an aerodynamic diameter greater than 2.5 µm. A common approach to assess the relative contributions of sources to observed particulate mass concentrations is the application of source apportionment methods. These methods include material balance, chemical mass balance (CMB), and multivariate receptor models. This paper describes a number recent source attribution studies performed in the United States in order to evaluate the range of the mobile source contribution to observed PM. In addition, a review of the methods used to apportion source contributions to ambient particulate loadings is presented.
Classical Microcanonical Ensemble

Classical many-particle systems are governed by continuous variables, the positions and momenta of all particles in multi-dimensional phase space. Total energy depends on these variables and is called the Hamiltonian. Hamilton’s equations govern dynamics. According to Liouville’s theorem, the time rate of change of the density of a given set of particles in phase space is independent of time. For a system in equilibrium, this will be true if the density depends only on the Hamiltonian. The classical microcanonical ensemble is obtained by assuming that this density is uniform in the volume of phase space available to the system for a narrow band of energies; it plays the same role as the assumption of equal probability of microstates for the quantum ensemble. The entropy is calculated within an additive constant by assuming it to be proportional to the logarithm of available phase space. We illustrate this ensemble for an ideal gas and three-dimensional harmonic oscillators.
A PLAQUE ASSAY FOR ENUMERATING ANTIGEN-SENSITIVE CELLS IN DELAYED-TYPE HYPERSENSITIVITY

A general method is described for enumerating antigen-sensitive lymphocytes obtained from individuals having delayed hypersensitivity, in this case from highly tuberculin-sensitive guinea pigs. The method is based on the observation that resting lymphocytes are generally unable to support replication of RNA viruses, whereas antigen-"activated" lymphocytes can. Lymph node lymphocytes from individual animals were cultured in the presence or absence of tuberculin purified protein derivatives (PPD). After various periods of time, the cells were infected either with Newcastle disease virus or vesicular stomatitis virus, and plated in agar over a monolayer of cells susceptible to the virus. Wherever a lymphocyte yielded infectious virus, a discrete plaque in the monolayer could be seen. The increase in plaques of the antigen-stimulated cells over the background of the control sample was taken as the number of antigen-sensitive cells in the population. When lymphocytes from normal guinea pigs or from guinea pigs immunized to produce only circulating antibody to PPD were similarly tested, no increase in plaque-forming units (PFU) was observed. The average increase in PFU due to antigenic stimulation varied from 1 per 1000 lymphocytes at 24 hr to 16 per 1000 lymphocytes at 96 hr. By employing inhibitors of mitosis (colchicine, vinblastine, and thymidine) it was evident that the increase in PFU at least up to 48 hr was primarily due to initial antigen-reactive cells and not their progeny.
STUDIES IN THE SEROLOGY OF SYPHILIS : IV. A MORE SENSITIVE ANTIGEN FOR USE IN THE WASSERMANN REACTION.

The discovery (1) that there are many substances with the sensitizing properties hitherto believed peculiar to cholesterol and its derivatives, and (2) that sensitizer can be added to antigen in very large quantities, many times those currently used, and yet continue to increase its complement-fixing efficiency with no danger of giving falsely positive tests has made possible the preparation of an antigen much more sensitive than any now available for use in the Wassermann reaction. 100 gm. of dry powdered beef heart muscle are extracted with 500 cc. ether for 15 minutes at 37°C. with shaking. After filtration with suction, the ether filtrate is discarded. The powder is then dried and extracted for 3 to 5 days with 500 cc. of 95 per cent alcohol, with intermittent shaking. The mixture is filtered, and the moist powder washed on the filter paper with two portions of alcohol, each 100 cc. The alcoholic filtrate and washings are combined and evaporated on the steam bath down to 250 to 300 cc. Cholesterol (0.8 per cent), and sitosterol (0.6 per cent) are then added, and dissolved at 65°–75°C. The excess sensitizer which crystallizes out upon cooling is dissolved just before using by immersing the antigen in a 56°C. bath for a few minutes. It is diluted by pouring the saline rapidly into the antigen. A 1:40 dilution is recommended for use in water bath fixation (½ hour at 37°C.), as well as for the short ice box fixation (8°, 4 hours) and a 1:120 dilution for use in the overnight ice box method (16 to 24 hours at 8°C.), as being well beyond its anticomplementary range; the anticomplementary quantities being 1:5 and 1:25 respectively. There is reason to believe that this antigen possesses almost the maximum sensitivity obtainable. The method of preparation insures its being almost saturated with antigen-lipoids; and more sensitizer could not be added without increasing the turbidity of its dilution in saline to a point where it would interfere with the reading of hemolysis. Any further improvement must await the discovery of better sensitizers. Preliminary experiments indicate that this new sensitizer, sitosterol, will find an immediate application, not only in the Wassermann reaction, but also in a more sensitive flocculation test to be described in a following paper.
Identification and characterization of the chicken transforming growth factor-beta 3 promoter.

The promoter regions of the three mammalian transforming growth factor-beta genes (TGF-beta s 1, 2, and 3) have been recently cloned and characterized. The sequences show little similarity, suggesting different mechanisms of transcriptional control of these genes. To study differences in transcriptional regulation of mammalian and avian TGF-beta, we have cloned and sequenced the 5'-flanking region of chicken TGF-beta 3. Characterization of this region showed a TATA box and cAMP-responsive element (CRE) and AP-2 binding site consensus sequences starting at 12 and 28 base pairs, respectively, upstream from the TATA box. Moreover, four additional AP-2-like sites, 10 binding sites for the transcription factor Sp1, as well as two AP-1-like sites were also identified. Except for 32 base pairs of identity centered around the TATA box and CRE site and four other relatively small regions of identity, the chicken TGF-beta 3 promoter was found to be structurally very different from the human TGF-beta 3 promoter. Pro...
DNA synthesis and development in reciprocal interordinal hybrids of a sea urchin and a sand dollar.

Abstract Reciprocal, interordinal crosses are described. The hybrids seem to be examples of biparental inheritance, rather than maternal dominance. The variability in hybrid morphology (plutei) is ascribed to chromosomal imbalance (pending further investigation), rather than to external influences. Thymidine- 14 C incorporation data are interpreted in terms of initial (pronuclear) replication periods which are independent of the cytoplasm and catalyzed by enzymes (DNA polymerase) carried by the gamete nuclei. Subsequent replication periods are presumed to be dependent on maternal (cytoplasmic) timing, and on protein synthesis. The observed decrease in nuclear DNA synthesis during the early blastula stage of SD is discussed in terms of negative feedback control through a specific relationship between DNA content and cytoplasmic volume (or concentration of a cytoplasmic constituent(s)).
Scale-Up of Microwave-Promoted Reactions to the Multigram Level Using a Sealed-Vessel Microwave Apparatus

A range of synthetic transformations have been scaled up successfully using a sealed-vessel multimode microwave unit. These include metal-catalyzed couplings, synthesis of heterocycles, reactions under an atmosphere of reactive gas and two-step one-pot procedures. Also, observations have been made along the way that are of use to chemists addressing scale-up of microwave-promoted reactions.
Prompt proton emission in heavy-ion-induced fusion reactions below 10 MeV/nucleon

Abstract Pre-equilibrium emission of protons in fusion-like reactions has been observed for 135 MeV 16 O + 93 Mb, with the proton energy spectra exhibiting a forward-backward asymmetry in the exponential tails. Gamma-ray multiplicity data for 100–400 MeV 16 O+ 96 Mo reactions are consistent with prompt emission arising from a broad range of entrance-channel partial waves. The results are interpreted as favoring a central jetting mechanism.
The Swing Control of Cranes with Variable Rope Length Based on Linear Time Varying System Theory

In this paper, following the state-feedback stabilization for time-varying systems proposed by Wolovich, a controller is designed for the overhead cranes with a linearized parameter-varying model. The resulting closed-loop system is equivalent, via a Lyapunov transformation, to a stable time-invariant system of assigned eigenvalues. The simulation results show the validity of this method.
Protein interactions in genome maintenance as novel antibacterial targets.

Antibacterial compounds typically act by directly inhibiting essential bacterial enzyme activities. Although this general mechanism of action has fueled traditional antibiotic discovery efforts for decades, new antibiotic development has not kept pace with the emergence of drug resistant bacterial strains. These limitations have severely restricted the therapeutic tools available for treating bacterial infections. Here we test an alternative antibacterial lead-compound identification strategy in which essential protein-protein interactions are targeted rather than enzymatic activities. Bacterial single-stranded DNA-binding proteins (SSBs) form conserved protein interaction “hubs” that are essential for recruiting many DNA replication, recombination, and repair proteins to SSB/DNA nucleoprotein substrates. Three small molecules that block SSB/protein interactions are shown to have antibacterial activity against diverse bacterial species. Consistent with a model in which the compounds target multiple SSB/protein interactions, treatment of Bacillus subtilis cultures with the compounds leads to rapid inhibition of DNA replication and recombination, and ultimately to cell death. The compounds also have unanticipated effects on protein synthesis that could be due to a previously unknown role for SSB/protein interactions in translation or to off-target effects. Our results highlight the potential of targeting protein-protein interactions, particularly those that mediate genome maintenance, as a powerful approach for identifying new antibacterial compounds.
Calibration and Stability of Oxygen Sensors on Autonomous Floats

AbstractThe calibration accuracy and stability of three Aanderaa 3835 optodes and three Sea-Bird Electronics SBE-43 oxygen sensors were evaluated over four years using in situ and laboratory calibrations. The sensors were mostly in storage, being in the ocean for typically only a few weeks per year and operated for only a few days per year. Both sensors measure partial pressure of oxygen, or equivalently saturation at standard pressure; results are expressed in this variable. It is assumed that sensor drift occurs in the oxygen sensitivity of the sensors, not the temperature compensation; this is well justified for the SBE-43 based on multiple calibrations. Neither sensor had significant long-term drift in output when sampling anoxic water. Sensor output at 100% saturation differed from the factory calibrations by up to ±6% (averaging −2.3% ± 3%) for the SBE-43 and up to −12.6% for the optodes. The optode output at 100% saturation is well described by a single decaying exponential with a decay constant of...
Extended analysis of wake-induced oscillation of bundled conductors

Wake-induced oscillations of bundled conductors are caused by aerodynamic shielding of leeward conductors of a bundle by windward ones. An analysis of these instabilities in a previous paper was based on use of normal wave propagation modes in the transfer matrix method. This paper extends that analysis to take into account effects of support mobility, conductor torsion, catenarity and unequal subconductor tensions, and to permit its application to bundles having more than two subconductors.
Adhesive and Friction Forces between Chemically Modified Silicon and Silicon Nitride Surfaces

We report the results of probing adhesion and friction forces between surfaces with functional terminal groups with chemically modified scanning probe microscopy (SPM) tips. Surfaces with terminal groups of CH3, NH2, and SO3H were obtained by direct chemisorption of silane-based compounds on silicon/silicon nitride surfaces. We studied surface properties of the resulting self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) in air and aqueous solutions with different pHs. Work of adhesion, “residual forces”, and friction coefficients was obtained for four different types of modified tips and surfaces. Absolute values of the work of adhesion between various surfaces, Wad, were in the range 0.5−8 mJ/m2. The work of adhesion for different modified surfaces correlated with changes of solid−liquid surface energy estimated from macroscopic contact-angle measurements. Friction properties varied with pH in a register with adhesive forces showing a broad maximum at intermediate pH values for a silicon nitride/silicon nitride mating pa...
PET and [18F]-FDG in oncology: A clinical update

Positron emission tomography (PET) has become a very useful adjunct to anatomic imaging techniques, adding unique information to the characterization of disease. The whole-body PET FDG technique developed over the last few years has surpassed most expectations with respect to its utility in clinical oncology. The large spectrum of neoplasms that now can be studied with this approach makes it an essential clinical imaging tool in diagnosis and management for many patients with cancer. The metabolic information provided by this technique is complementary to results from standard clinical and morphological examinations. It may be anticipated that through application of the multi-modality imaging approach, significant advances in medical care will come.
Abstract IA21: Of niche construction and loss of homeostasis: New insights into the cancer diaspora

Merging the social science concept of diaspora with ecological and population sciences concepts can inform the cancer field to understand the biology of tumorigenesis and metastasis and inspire new ideas for therapy. Together, cancer cells and host cells, interacting within their habitat, create an ecosystem. This ecosystem, in turn, exists within a larger environment (the host patient as biosphere). Cancer cells escape their confinement of their original habitat in the primary tumor, likely forced out by ecological changes in their home niche. A diaspora is the scattering of people away from an established homeland. To date, “diaspora” has been a uniquely human term utilized by social scientists, however, the application of the diaspora concept to metastasis may yield new biological insights as well as therapeutic paradigms. The diaspora paradigm takes into account and models several variables: the quality of the primary tumor microenvironment, the fitness of individual cancer cell migrants as well as migrant populations, the rate of bidirectional migration of cancer and host cells between cancer sites, and the quality of the target microenvironments to establish metastatic sites. Once seeded to a new site, diaspora populations do not assimilate into the new environment, they try “recapitulate” their homeland. Niche construction is the process in which an organism alters its own (and consequently, other species) environment, usually in a manner that increases its chances of survival. This creates a feedback relationship between natural selection and niche-construction: when organisms affect their environment, that change can then cause a shift in what traits are being naturally selected for. The effect of niche construction is especially pronounced in situations where environmental alterations persist for several generations, introducing the evolutionary role of ecological inheritance. Ecological scientific principles can be applied to the cancer diaspora to develop new therapeutic strategies (ecotherapy). It is easier to drain the swamp that the cancer cells created than swat a million cancer cell mosquitos. Alternatively, ecological traps, habitats that lead to the extinction of a species, could be developed to attract cancer cells to a place where they can be better exposed to treatments or to cells of the immune system for improved antigen presentation. Targeting the microenvironment in addition to the cancer cells themselves should improve therapeutic outcomes. Citation Format: Kenneth J. Pienta. Of niche construction and loss of homeostasis: New insights into the cancer diaspora. [abstract]. In: Abstracts: AACR Special Conference on Cellular Heterogeneity in the Tumor Microenvironment; 2014 Feb 26-Mar 1; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(1 Suppl):Abstract nr IA21. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.CHTME14-IA21
The undergraduate research fellows program: a unique model to promote engagement in research.

Well-educated nurses with research expertise are needed to advance evidence-based nursing practice. A primary goal of undergraduate nursing curricula is to create meaningful participatory experiences to help students develop a research skill set that articulates with rapid career advancement of gifted, young graduates interested in nursing research and faculty careers. Three research enrichment models—undergraduate honors programs, research assistant work-for-hire programs, and research work/mentorship programs—to be in conjunction with standard research content are reviewed. The development and implementation of one research work/mentorship program, the Boston College undergraduate research fellows program (UGRF), is explicated. This process included surveying previous UGRFs followed by creating a retreat and seminars to address specific research skill sets. The research skill sets included (a) how to develop a research team, (b) accurate data retrieval, (c) ethical considerations, (d) the research process, (e) data management, (f) successful writing of abstracts, and (g) creating effective poster presentations. Outcomes include evidence of involvement in research productivity and valuing of evidenced-based practice through the UGRF mentorship process with faculty partners.
Immunopathology associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection: Evidence for interactions with T-lymphocyte EBV receptor CD21

Abstract Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), also termed Human Herpes Virus 4, is the causative agent of infectious mononucleosis and may be a cofactor in some human cancers. The virus has also been suggested to play a role in human autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and multiple sclerosis. X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome caused by the deficiency of the Sarc homology 2 domain protein 1A, also termed signaling lymphocyte activation marker–associated protein, can result in immune dysfunction and death after EBV infection. The EBV-related immunopathology in X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome and prototypical autoimmune syndromes is summarized in this review. A novel model of viral interaction with complement receptor CD21, which is also the receptor for EBV, is proposed to account for both the immunological abnormalities of X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome and autoimmune diseases associated with EBV infection. The pathogenesis of both X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome and EBV-associated immune diseases is proposed to result from increased direct infection of T cells by EBV through the T-cell complement receptor CD21 expressed on T cells. A prediction of this model is that therapy designed to decrease CD21-mediated EBV infection of T lymphocytes could also be beneficial in the treatment of some autoimmune diseases.
Intensity, gradients and reversals in late glacial environmental change in east-central north America

Abstract Radiocarbon-dated pollen sites from the Allegheny Plateau (east) and the Till Plains (west) document significant vegetational and climatic change between 15,000 and 9000 14 C BP south of the Great Lakes. Although limited by the problems of no-analog vegetation, pollen transfer functions (TF) and response surfaces (RS) quantify the climatic changes, including a cold oscillation chronologically equivalent to the European Younger Dryas. Phase I : before ca. 13,000 14 C BP, conditions across the region were similar, (January −20 to −16°C; July 12°C (RS) or 19°C (TF); mean annual precipitation, 80 to 90 cm year −1 ). Phase IIa : between ca. 13,000 and 11,000 14 C BP, N-S and E-W climate gradients were initiated. Till Plains temperatures increased by ca. 8°C in January and by 8°C (RS) or 2–3°C (TF) in July. Plateau increases for January were 3–6°C and for July were 8°C (RS) or 1–2°C (TF). Precipitation generally increased somewhat. Phase IIb : ca. 11,000 to 10,000 14 C BP, gradients became less pronounced. The western sites show a climate reversal (January drop of ca. −5 to −2°C; July drop to ca. 1–2°C), becoming more like the Plateau sites which show a brief, small fluctuation. This is followed by an abrupt 10 to 20 cm year −1 reduction in precipitation, January warming of ca. 3°C and continued cooler Julys. Phase III : After 10,000 14 C BP, gradients similar to those of today developed. The changes in Phases IIb and III are probably linked to the drainage history of the Great Lakes and via that history to the changes on the European continent.
Combined Vibrational/Temperature Programmed Reaction Spectroscopy Studies of Reaction Intermediates on Metal Surfaces

Abstract In many cases temperature programmed reaction spectroscopy (TPRS) and surface vibrational spectroscopy can be effectively combined to yield the details about the mechanism of surface reactions. When reaction products are evolved from the surface in reaction-limited steps, TPRS is often sufficient to identify the stable reaction intermediates. On the other hand, if product evolution is desorption-limited, vibrational spectroscopy, as well as XPS or UPS,is indispensable for identification of reaction intermediates. In some cases, the two methods complement one another, and both the identity of the intermediate and its orientation can be defined. Examples of the combined use of these techniques are given. Reactions of formic acid and methanol on metal surfaces are discussed. The dehydrogenation of formic acid on Ni(110) forms coadsorbed CO and formate intermediates, leading to abnormal decomposition kinetics of the formate due to lateral interactions.
Raman spectroscopy for characterization of interfacial debonds between carbon fibers and polymer matrices

Abstract A systematic study on Raman spectroscopy of carbon fibers, both experimental and commercial, has been undertaken. The objectives of this study are to (i) use the Raman spectra of carbon fibers to quantify the degree of chemical bonding and interdiffussion across the fiber–matrix interface, and (ii) to characterize interfacial debonds. Key experimental results include: (i) spectra from the same location of a fiber, repeated thrice, (ii) spectra from three different locations of a particular fiber, (iii) spectra from the same location of a fiber as a function of laser power, and (iv) comparison of the spectra of commercial fibers (AS4), manufactured at Hercules, Inc. (presently Hexel), Magna, with those of the experimental fibers, produced in a more controlled laboratory environment at the Hercules Research Center, Wilmington, DE. In the present investigation, the experimentally determined crystallite size (inversely proportional to the ratio of the relative intensities of the Raman peaks corresponding to the week (A 1g ) and strong (E 2g ) modes) is correlated to the deformation and stress states in the vicinity of the circumferential tip of a fiber–matrix interfacial debond under the combined mode I/II. The experimental results obtained by means of Raman spectroscopy in combination with a three-dimensional eigenfunction approach can provide a powerful tool for characterization of interfacial debond nucleation and propagation in real-life carbon fiber/polymer matrix composites.
Diagnosis of Aortic Transection by Transesophageal Echocardiography

Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) offers spectacularly detailed images of thoracic aortic anatomy and blood flow; however, its utility for diagnosis of aortic trauma is unknown. Our case underscores the ability of TEE to diagnose aortic transection. The speed, mobility, and accuracy of TEE makes it an attractive means of diagnosing aortic trauma in the critically ill.
Effects of Chronic Systemic Administration of Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor on Collateral Development in the Canine Heart

Background Recently we reported that intracoronary administration of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), a potent angiogenic peptide, increases collateral blood flow in dogs subjected to progressive left circumflex coronary artery (LCx) occlusion. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of systemically administered bFGF on collateral blood flow and to assess its pharmacokinetics and potential side effects. Methods and Results Forty-seven dogs were subjected to progressive ameroid-induced occlusion of the LCx, an intervention known to induce the development of collateral vessels. In phase I of the investigation, dogs were randomized to receive bFGF 1.74 mg/d (n=10) or saline (n=9) as a left atrial injection for 4 weeks. Relative collateral blood flow was assessed serially with radiolabeled microspheres in the conscious state during maximal coronary vasodilatation. Initiation of bFGF treatment was temporally associated with a marked acceleration of collateral development; however, collateral flow in control dogs improved toward the end of the study, approaching that of bFGF-treated dogs at the 38-day end point. Phase II of the investigation was a three-armed study of extended duration to determine whether bFGF caused a sustained increase in collateral function. Dogs were randomized to receive bFGF 1.74 mg/d for 9 weeks (n=7), bFGF 1.74 mg/d for 5 weeks followed by placebo for 4 weeks (n=11), or placebo for 9 weeks (n=10). Relative and absolute collateral blood flow were assessed serially with microspheres during maximal coronary vasodilatation. Between the 10th and 17th days after ameroid placement, bFGF-treated dogs exhibited marked improvement in collateral flow such that maximal collateral conductance exceeded that of controls by 24% at the 5-week crossover point. Final collateral conductance was similar in dogs receiving bFGF for 5 and 9 weeks despite withdrawal of treatment in the former group. bFGF administration was associated with a 21% increase in final collateral conductance as well as a 49% increase in collateral zone vascular density. Prolonged bFGF administration was also associated with a decrease in arterial pressure, moderate thrombocytopenia, and moderate, reversible anemia. Conclusions Systemic administration of bFGF enhanced collateral conductance in dogs with progressive single-vessel coronary occlusion. The beneficial effect of bFGF occurred primarily between the 7th and 14th days of therapy, and regression of collateral development was not noted after withdrawal of treatment. The present investigation provides impetus to the concept that collateral development can be enhanced pharmacologically–specifically by bFGF–raising the possibility that such an intervention might eventually be applied clinically.
Some words of caution

Abstract These observations are intended to raise some issues that should be addressed prior to embarking on any major research program in the area of data visualization. The environmental professions are not at the leading edge of technical development in data visualization, nor are they likely to be, within the foreeseable future. Most of the innovations of the last decade have come through military, aerospace, automotive, medical and entertainment oriented research and development.
Workshop on Personal Motion Technologies for Healthy Independent Living: Executive Summary

The objective of the June 2010 "Workshop on Personal Motions Technologies for Healthy Independent Living" was to discuss personal motion technologies that might enable older adults and individuals with disability to live independently for longer periods. The 60 participants included clinicians, academic researchers, engineers, patient advocates, caregivers, members of the public, and federal representatives. The workshop was divided into 6 sessions that addressed the following: (1) use of technologies in identifying early indicators of disease or adverse events; (2) monitoring daily activities; (3) coping with impairment; (4) managing mild cognitive impairment; (5) rehabilitation and exercise in the home; and (6) caregiver support. Presentations and discussion focused on clinical needs, the health impact of addressing those needs, state-of-the-art technologies, and challenges to adoption of those technologies. Conclusions included the following: (1) Involvement of end-users in research and development will increase the likelihood that technologies will be adopted. (2) Integration of differing types of technology into a system that includes clinical measures is required for independent living. (3) Seniors are willing to sacrifice some privacy for an effective technology that keeps them in their homes as long as they control who receives their data. (4) Multilevel and multiscale models are needed to understand motion in the context of the environment and to design effective systems.
The population growth debate in the public sphere

(1995). The population growth debate in the public sphere. Social Epistemology: Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 289-310.
DNA polymerases from a dimorphic fungus,Histoplasma capsulatum

Abstract DNA polymerases from the yeast and mycelial phases of a fungus, Histoplasma capsulatum , were partially purified and analyzed. Two classes of enzymes were identified in each morphological form. No significant differences were found among polymerases Ia and Ib from mycelia and I from yeast; similarly, polymerases II from both phases were almost identical. (Numbering refers to the order of elution from phosphocellulose.) However, all of the class I polymerases differed significantly from the class II enzymes. DNA polymerases I ( M r 122,000) were unaffected by 0.2 m KCl and resistant to 10 m m N -ethylmaleimide; their levels fluctuated significantly in relation to cell growth, and they showed no nuclease activity. All of the enzymes had similar template dependence and Mg 2+ requirements. These results are compared to data on other eucaryotic DNA polymerases. Possible roles for class I and class II polymerases are discussed.
Measurement of the activity of attached bacteria using a sorption microcalorimeter

A method is described in which a flow sorption microcalorimeter was used to measure the heat production of Vibrio alginolyticus attached to polyacrylamide beads. Starved cells were attached to the beads and placed in the column of the calorimeter. Heat production from the metabolism of glucose by the attached cells was then determined. The specific rate of heat production of cells on the surface is compared with that of cells growing in solution. The results show a lowered rate of heat production per cell by the attached bacteria.
Historical changes in sediment and phosphorus loading to the upper Mississippi River: mass-balance reconstructions from the sediments of Lake Pepin

Long-term changes in sediment and phosphorus loading to the upper Mississippi River were quantified from an array of 25 sediment cores from Lake Pepin, a large natural impoundment downstream of the Minneapolis-St Paul metropolitan area. Cores were dated and stratigraphically correlated using 210Pb, 137Cs, 14C, magnetic susceptibility, pollen analysis, and loss-on-ignition. All cores show a dramatic increase in sediment accumulation beginning with European settlement in 1830. Accumulation rates are highest and show the greatest post-settlement increases in the upper end of the lake. Present-day sediment-phosphorus concentrations are roughly twice those of pre-settlement times, and the Fe/Al-bound fraction makes up a greater portion of the total. Diatom assemblages record a marked increase in nutrient availability over the last 200 years, changing from clear-water benthic forms and mesotrophic planktonic taxa in pre-settlement times to exclusively planktonic assemblages characteristic of highly eutrophic conditions today. Lake-water total-phosphorus concentrations, estimated by weighted averaging regression and calibration, increased from 50 to 200 μg l−1 during this period. Sediment loading to Lake Pepin from the Mississippi River has increased by an order of magnitude since 1830. Modern fluxes are about 900,000 metric tons annually, and are more than 80% detrital mineral matter. About 17% of the lake’s volume in 1830 has been replaced by sediment, and at current accumulation rates the remainder will be filled in another 340 years. Phosphorus accumulation in Lake Pepin sediments has increased 15-fold since 1830, rising from 60 to 900 metric tons annually. This rise represents a sevenfold increase in phosphorus loading from the Mississippi River coupled with more efficient retention of phosphorus inflows by bottom sediments. More efficient trapping of phosphorus in Lake Pepin over the last century resulted from higher rates of sediment burial. The most dramatic changes in nutrient and sediment inputs to Lake Pepin have occurred since 1940, although gradual increases began shortly following European settlement. Sediment accumulation rates rose sharply between 1940 and 1970 and then leveled off, while phosphorus inflows record their largest increases after 1970.
Romanticism and Caricature; Portraiture and British Gothic Fiction: The Rise of Picture Identification, 1764–1835

Ian Haywood's Romanticism and Caricature and Kamilla Elliott's Portraiture and British Gothic Fiction take up, in different ways, the Romantic era's huge investment in portraiture of various kinds ...
Cardiac arrhythmias provoked by focal application of delphinine.

Delphinine, focally applied on the atria of the exposed heart of the dog, elicits atrial flutter persisting long enough to permit studies of this arrhythmia. Vagus stimulation increased the rate of the flutter. In some experiments when the flutter subsided or before it started, tachycardias were observed which were terminated suddenly by vagus stimulation and re-appeared also suddenly and must therefore be termed paroxysmal tachycardias. Mechanical pressure exerted on the focus on which delphinine had been applied caused atrial fibrillation which disappeared quickly after pressure was discontinued. Ligation across any possible pathway around the venae cavae did not influence existing flutter and fibrillation. Cooling of the focus of application or clamping it from the rest of the atria stopped the flutter immediately. Delphinine is an excellent means to create experimentally atrial flutter or ventricular paroxysmal tachycardia orginating in a focus of rapid impulse formation.
Audiovisual speech gating: examining information and information processing

We investigated the perceptual processing of facial information and vocal information to test the nature of the multisensory integration process. Single-syllable words were presented in background noise at one of eight stimulus durations ranging from 45 to 80% of the total word duration. Performance was evaluated relative to a fuzzy logical model of perception (FLMP) and an additive model (ADD). These two models differ in the nature of the integration process: optimal multiplicative integration in the FLMP and additive in the ADD. The FLMP provided a significantly better description of the word identifications relative to the ADD. Consistent with the outcomes of several other tasks in audiovisual speech perception, the FLMP also accurately describes the continuous uptake of information during word perception.
Detection of Methylated DNA by Modified GP10 Nanopore

We report the electrophysiology of a biological sensor for the detection of methylation state changes of DNA characteristic of carcinogenesis. This sensor is an engineered nanopore composed of a freestanding lipid bilayer containing the capsid portal protein GP10 and several mutants in a freestanding lipid bilayer. The measured conductance is on par with some of the largest biological nanopores, like those of the mechanosensitive channels and porins found in many prokaryotes. The variable region and the C-terminal crown both appear to play a role in restricting conductance. These two areas are known to interact with the viral DNA but remain unresolved in the crystal structure. We have used the C-terminal interaction as a basis for distinguishing dsDNA methylation state by engineering a methylated DNA binding domain onto the crown of GP10. Of the two methylated DNA binding domains tested, MBD2 and MeCP2, MeCP2 imparts greater stability to the nanopore possibly due to its increased ability to interact with DNA or other proteins. The engineered pore has the ability to electrically distinguish methylated and hydroxymethylated DNA from the unmodified form. We envision this sensor as a future tool for detecting the alterations in DNA methylation state commonly associated with carcinogenesis.
Dopamine differentiation factors produce partial motor recovery in 6-hydroxydopamine lesioned rats

Two-week infusion of muscle-derived differentiation factor (MDF), or human recombinant acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF) and/or its muscle-derived activating substance into the striatum of unilaterally 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned rats caused a significant and long lasting (40 days) reduction (48-100%) in amphetamine-induced rotational asymmetry. In parallel with behavioural recovery, striatal tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity, dopamine (DA) and dihydroxy-phenyl-acetic acid (DOPAC) levels recovered in a dose-dependent manner in all treated rats when compared to controls. The greatest increments were observed in rats infused with aFGF and its activator. Increases in biochemical indices were not reflected in trophic changes of the dopamine system; thus, the number of TH-immunoreactive neurones and their striatal innervation were unmodified by treatment with MDF. In contrast with the lesioned brain, infusion of these agents into the intact brain produced no change in nigrostriatal dopamine biochemistry. Our results suggest that dopamine differentiation factors may be important in regulating the production of dopamine in the injured brain and, therefore, may be useful in the treatment of DA imbalances associated with certain neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease.