cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deductive verification of pipelined machines using first-order quantification

We outline a theorem-proving approach to verify pipelined machines. Pipelined machines are complicated to reason about since they involve simultaneous overlapped execution of different instructions. Nevertheless, we show that if the logic used is sufficiently expressive, then it is possible to relate the executions of the pipelined machine with the corresponding Instruction Set Architecture using (stuttering) simulation. Our methodology uses first-order quantification to define a predicate that relates pipeline states with ISA states and uses its Skolem witness for correspondence proofs. Our methodology can be used to reason about generic pipelines with interrupts, stalls, and exceptions, and we demonstrate its use in verifying pipelines mechanically in the ACL2 theorem prover.
Presentations of noneffective orbifolds

It is well known that an effective orbifold M (one for which the local stabilizer groups act effectively) can be presented as a quotient of a smooth manifold P by a locally free action of a compact Lie group K. We use the language of groupoids to provide a partial answer to the question of whether a noneffective orbifold can be so presented. We also note some connections to stacks and gerbes.
Against Intellectual Monopoly

1. Introduction 2. Creation under consumption 3. Innovation under competition 4. The evil of intellectual monopoly 5. The devil in Disney 6. How competition works 7. Defenses of intellectual monopoly 8. Does intellectual monopoly increase innovation? 9. The pharmaceutical industry 10. The bad, the good, and the ugly.
Viability of Cooperation in Evolving Interaction Structures

We examine the emergence and sustainability of cooperation in an multiperson local public good provision game in which partner selection is endogenized. The game takes place on a social network; that is, a collection of players, each of whom is acquainted with a subset of the other players (i.e., ”partners”) in the network. The network evolves over time as players sever ties and create new ties amongst each other based on who their current partners recommend. We analyze cooperation with a specific focus on the explicit dependence between old and new ties. We show that the interaction structure necessary for cooperation and cooperation co-evolve in the system. ∗Department of Economics, Columbia University, e-mail: nh85@columbia.edu. †Department of Economics, Columbia University, e-mail: ap11@columbia.edu ‡We are grateful to Duncan J. Watts, Rajiv Sethi, Duncan K. Foley, John H. Miller, Scott E. Page, and members of the Complex Networks Workshop (Department of Sociology, Columbia University) for helpful comments and encouragement.
ARCHER DANIELS MIDLAND: PRICE FIXER TO THE WORLD

Both market structure and corporate practices of Archer Daniels Midland fostered the implementation of the largest price-fixing conspiracies seen in modern times. The overcharges imposed on U.S. buyers of lysine and citric acid during 1994-1995 by ADM and its co-conspirators amounted to at least $250 million, and the total amount of public penalties, private damages, and legal costs exceeds $666 million. Perpetrators of price-fixing now face monetary exposures that are five times the amount of the harm caused to buyers. These events have spurred renewed attention by U.S. antitrust authorities in prosecuting international cartels.
Pyridine treatment of illinois no. 6 coal: The effect of pyridine removal on particle morphology and the liquefaction characteristics of the soluble and insoluble components

Illinois no. 6 coal was swollen and extracted with pyridine to produce pyridine-soluble and pyridine-insoluble fractions. The morphology and liquefaction behaviour of the pyridine-insoluble fraction was affected by the manner in which the residual pyridine was removed. Vacuum drying at 110 °C caused collapse of the pore structure compared to the starting coal. This is evidenced by a loss in macropore surface area (measured with N2) and a decrease in porosity. Using supercritical CO2 extraction to remove the residual pyridine maintained the expanded pore structure. Both the macropore and micropore (measured with CO2) surface areas and the porosity increased. The expanded structure, however, collapsed with time. Thermal and catalytic liquefaction of the supercritical-CO2-extracted sample showed marginal improvements in conversion compared to results for the vacuum-dried sample. Additional liquefaction tests were performed on both the pyridine-soluble and insoluble fractions of the Illinois no. 6 coal, and on samples reconstituted from these fractions in proportions similar to those in the unextracted coal. A hydrogen-donor solvent or catalyst was found to be necessary to prevent retrogressive reactions from occurring in the pyridine-soluble material. The conversion of a reconstituted sample under catalytic liquefaction conditions was less than that observed for the original coal but higher than the value estimated from the conversions of the separate pyridine-soluble and pyridine-insoluble components.
The Stock Market in the Overlapping Generations Model with Production

This paper studies a simple OLG model with production under the assumption that capital investment is completely irreversible: installed capital cannot be transformed back into consumption good nor transferred from one firm to another. Since firms cannot be dismantled at each generational change without loosing their value, their ownership is transmitted from generations to generations through a stock market. The paper shows that the financial price of a firm can be lower than the replacement value of its capital without creating arbitrage or dampening the incentives to invest. This possibility changes the long-run behavior of the equilibrium, but only for economies with under-accumulation. In the stock market dynamics these economies have two steady states, the Diamond steady state and the Golden Rule. The Diamond steady stable is locally saddle-point stable and can be reached by only one trajectory on which the financial price and replacement value of firms coincide at all times. All other trajectories on which there is a discount on equity converge (when they converge) to the Golden Rule which is locally stable: the discount on equity has the same effect as an increase of the savings of the young, which lowers the interest rate, and increases investment and wages at the next generation, a virtuous cycle which leads to the efficient long-run steady state. On all these trajectories the equity prices are larger than the fundamental value of future dividends and thus include a bubble component.
Bulk Emergence and the RG Flow of Entanglement Entropy

We further develop perturbative methods used to calculate entanglement entropy (EE) away from an interacting CFT fixed point. At second order we find certain universal terms in the renormalized EE which were predicted previously from holography and which we find hold universally for relevant deformations of any CFT in any dimension. We use both replica methods and direct methods to calculate the EE and in both cases find a non-local integral expression involving the CFT two point function. We show that this integral expression can be written as a local integral over a higher dimensional bulk modular hamiltonian in an emergent AdS space-time. This bulk modular hamiltonian is associated to an emergent scalar field dual to the deforming operator. We generalize to arbitrary spatially dependent couplings where a linearized metric emerges naturally as a way of efficiently encoding the field theory entanglement: by demanding that Einstein’s equations coupled to the bulk scalar field are satisfied, we show that EE can be calculated as the area of this metric. Not only does this show a direct emergence of a higher dimensional gravitational theory from any CFT, it allows for effective evaluation of the the integrals required to calculate EE perturbativly. Our results can also be interpreted as relating the non-locality of the modular hamiltonian for a spherical region in non-CFTs and the non-locality of the holographic bulk to boundary map.
The Hypercube of Resistors, Asymptotic Expansions, and Preferential Arrangements

A classic puzzle asks for the effective resistance between vertices at the ends of a long diagonal when the edges of a cube are replaced by 1-ohm resistors. The solution relies on the observation that for each of the endpoints, the three adjacent vertices are at the same potential, by the symmetry of the cube under a 120 ◦ rotation about the long diagonal. The network is thus equivalent to one in which three resistors in parallel are in series with six resistors in parallel and with three resistors in parallel, for a total effective resistance of 1/3 + 1/6 + 1/3 = 5/6 ohms. This problem seems first to have appeared in 1914 in a book by Brooks and Poyser [4]. It has also appeared in this magazine as Quickie Q32, submitted by Nathan Eisen [9], with an alternative solution by C. W. Trigg [23]. In case either the problem or its solution seems mysterious, the Appendix offers a rapid review of the relevant part of circuit theory and the use of symmetry to solve its problems. A natural question is: What happens when the 3-dimensional cube is replaced by an n-dimensional hypercube? This n-dimensional version of the problem was posed in 1976 by Mullin and Zave as Problem E 2620 in the American Mathematical Monthly [14], with a solution by Jagers [12], and again in 1979 by Singmaster as Problem 79-16 in SIAM Review [17], with a solution by Rennie [16]. In this paper, we shall use this more general problem to explore a number of topics involving asymptotic expansion and combinatorial enumeration. We shall conclude by solving the still more general problem (proposed by Singmaster [17], but apparently still unsolved) of determining the resistance between vertices at distance k in the n-dimensional hypercube. First, we consider the resistance between the endpoints of a long diagonal in the n-dimensional hypercube. Reasoning as before, we observe that all the vertices at a given distance from one of the endpoints of the long diagonal are again at the same potential, so the network is equivalent (in the sense that the potential difference across, and current through, each resistor remains unchanged) to a series connection of parallel connections of resistors. Since there are n + 1 distances (0,1 ,..., n) from one endpoint, there are n parallel connections. There are n k vertices at distance k from the endpoint, and for 0 ≤ k ≤ n − 1, each of these vertices is connected by n − k resistors to vertices at distance k + 1. Therefore the total effective resistance is
Pareto analysis of supply chain contracts under satisficing objectives

Abstract Supply chain coordination has become critical to firms as increased pressure is placed on them to improve performance. We evaluate the performance of Push, Pull, and Advance-purchase discount (APD) contracts in a manufacturer–retailer supply chain where one or both firms have a satisficing objective of maximizing the probability of achieving a target profit. We identify the resulting operational modes of the supply chain and potential conflicts over the preferred contracts under the Push, Pull, and APD contracts. When both firms are satisficing, conflict over the preferred contract arises when the manufacturer has an ambitious profit target or the retailer has a low profit target. We show that the Push contract can result in a large decrease in the expected profit of a risk-neutral manufacturer when the retailer maximizes the probability of achieving her maximum expected profit. We find that a modified buy-back and profit guarantee contracts can provide significant Pareto improvement over Push or APD contracts when the manufacturer is risk-neutral and the retailer is satisficing, while revenue-sharing contracts cannot. In contrast, revenue sharing and modified buy-back contracts are Pareto dominant under certain conditions when the manufacturer is satisficing and the retailer is risk-neutral.
Are microcredit participants in Bangladesh trapped in poverty and debt

This paper addresses whether microcredit participants in Bangladesh are trapped in poverty and debt, as many critics have argued in recent years. Analysis of data from a long panel survey over a 20-year period confirms this is not the case, although numerous participants have been with microcredit programs for many years. The results of the analysis suggest that participants derive a variety of benefits from microcredit: It helps them to earn income and consume more, accumulate assets, invest in children's schooling, and be lifted out of poverty. This is not to say that non-participants have failed to progress over the same period. Both participants and non-participants have gained as the economy has grown; however, the rates of poverty reduction have been higher for participants. Testing the net effect of microcredit programs requires applying an econometric method that controls for why some households participated and others did not, conditional on their initial characteristics. In addition, the method must control for time-varying, unobserved heterogeneity that affects everyone over time, albeit in possibly different ways. The paper's econometric estimates show significant welfare gains resulting from microcredit participation, especially for women. They also show that the accrued benefits of borrowing outweigh accumulated debt. As a result, households' net worth has increased, and both poverty and the debt-asset ratio have declined.
Scalable knowledge extraction from legacy sources with SEEK

The SEEK project (Scalable Extraction of Enterprise Knowledge) atthe University of Florida is directed toward developing scaleable data accessand extraction technology for overcoming problems of assembling andintegrating knowledge resident in numerous legacy information systems.Additionally, this integrated information would be made available for analysisand decision-support. Development of theory and knowledge in this area isrelevant to many applications that depend on integrated access to heterogeneousinformation including detection/prevention of terrorist attacks, tactical situationanalysis in battlefields, etc. SEEK is a modular toolkit that provides the abilityto extract and compose knowledge resident in sources to enable the rapidinstantiation and configuration of value-added wrappers and mediators.
Query processing in private data outsourcing using anonymization

We present a query processing scheme in a private data outsourcing model. We assume data is divided into identifying and sensitive data using an anatomy approach; only the client is able to reconstruct the original identifiable data. The key contribution of this paper is a relational query processor that minimizes the client-side computation while ensuring the server learns nothing violating the privacy constraints.
A Decidable Fixpoint Logic for Time-Outs

We show decidability of the satisfiability problem for an extension of the modal µ-calculus with event-recording clocks. Based on techniques for deciding the untimed µ-calculus, we present a complete set of reduction rules for constructing tableaux for formulas of this eventrecording logic. To keep track of the actual value of the clocks, the premises and conclusions of our tableau rules are augmented with timing contexts, which are sets of timing constraints satisfied by the actual value of the clocks. The decidability problem is shown to be EXPTIME complete. In addition, we address the problem of model synthesis, that is, given a formula ?, we construct an event-recording automaton that satisfies ?.
A Selectivity Model of Household Pork Consumption Behavior in Taipei, Taiwan

This paper studies branded pork consumption behavior in Taipei, Taiwan. Since branded pork is only available in some markets, the consumer decision process involves two stages; the first concerns which market to purchase, the second is what product to purchase. A bivariate probit model with sample selection is used. JEL codes: C35, D12, C31
The solar physics Shuttle/Spacelab program and its relationship to studies of the flare build-up

The main phase of solar physics (including flare-buildup) research on Shuttle/Spacelab during the 1980s centers around the use of facility instruments for multiple-user, multiple flight operations. Three main facilities are being considered: a meter-class optical telescope for visible and near-UV wavelengths, an EUV/XUV/soft X-ray facility, and a hard X-ray imaging facility (including a full-sun 5-600 keV spectrometer, a nuclear gamma ray spectrometer, and an X-ray polarimeter for the 5-100 keV range). Smaller instruments designed for specific observations and other classes of instruments such as solar monitors that are not on the facility level are also being considered.
Evolution and Walrasian Behavior in Market Games

We revisit the question of price formation in general equilibrium theory. We explore whether evolutionary forces lead to Walrasian equilibrium in the context of a market game, introduced by Shubik (1972). Market games have Pareto inferior (strict) Nash equilibria, in which some, and possibly all, markets are closed. We introduce a strong version of evolutionary stable strategies (SESS )f orfinite populations. Our concept requires stability against multiple, simultaneous mutations. We show that the introduction of a small number of “trading mutants” is sufficient for Pareto improving trade to be generated. In addition, provided that agents lack market power, Nash equilibria corresponding to approximate Walrasian equilibria constitute the only approximate SESS.
Analysis of Covariance: Nonparametric

There are numerous benefits in adjusting an analysis for one or several covariates, but often these benefits come at the price of having to make additional assumptions, such as distributional assumptions or assumptions regarding the relationship between a covariate and a response variable. For example, the validity of the popular analysis of covariance model is predicated on a variety of assumptions. Clearly, the need to make assumptions, or to restrict the results so that they apply only when these assumptions are true, is a weakness, and it would be preferable to reap the benefits of covariate adjustment without having to rely on unreasonable assumptions. There is a body of nonparametric covariate adjustment techniques that aim to allow for this. Specific techniques depend on the nature of the covariate (e.g., binary or continuous). Keywords: analysis of covariance; stratified analysis; stratified design
Chicane and wiggler based bunch compressors for future linear colliders

In this paper, we discuss bunch compressors for future linear colliders. In the past, the bunch compression optics has been based upon achromatic cells using strong sextupoles to correct the dispersive and betatron chromaticity. To preserve the very small emittances required in most future collider designs, these schemes tend to have very tight alignment tolerances. Were, we describe bunch compressors based upon magnetic chicanes or wigglers which do not need sextupoles to correct the chromatic emittance dilution. The dispersive chromaticity cancels naturally and the betatron chromaticity is not a significant source of emittance dilution. Thus, these schemes allow for substantially reduced alignment tolerances. Finally, we present a detailed design for the NLC linear collider. >
Genital Findings in Sexually Abused, Symptomatic and Asymptomatic, Girls

Although evaluation of the vulva of sexually abused girls using magnification with a colposcope or pediatric otoscope has become increasingly popular, the incidence of various genital findings in sexually abused and asymptomatic children has not been reported. A prospective study was carried out in which 20 genital findings from three groups of girls (mean age 4.8 +/- 2.6 years) were analyzed. The three groups were (1) sexually abused girls (n = 119), (2) normal girls with no genital complaints (n = 127), and (3) girls with other genital complaints (n = 59). Group 1 was more likely than group 2 to have scars on the hymen or posterior forchette (9% v 1%, P = .002), increased friability of the posterior forchette (10% v 1%, P = .001), attenuated hymen (18% v 4%, P = .0003), and synechiae from the hymenal ring to the vagina (8% v 0%, P = .0009). Groups 1 and 3 were remarkably similar with the exception of erythema which was more common in group 3 (34% v 68%, P = .0001). Hymenal diameter was slightly greater in group 1 than 2 but not 3. Although genital findings distinguish some sexually abused girls from asymptomatic girls, many findings also occur in girls with other genital complaints, which suggests that many of these girls have also been molested or that vulvar inflammation may lead to some of these findings.
Quasianalyticity and pluripolarity

be the graph of / in C2. The set Tf is always pluripolar when / is a real analytic function. In [DF], Diederich and Fornaess give an example of a C?? function / with nonpluripolar graph in C2. The paper [LMP] contains an example of a holomorphic function / on the unit disk U, continuous up to the boundary, such that the graph of / over S is not pluripolar as a subset of C2. Thus a priori the pluripolarity of graphs of functions on S is indeterminate. In this paper we prove that graphs of quasianalytic functions are still pluripolar (all necessary definitions can be found in the next section). More precisely,
The Compton Gamma Ray Observatory: Highlights from the First Three Years of the Mission

The Arthur Holly Compton Gamma Ray Observatory is the second in NASA’s series of Great Observatories. It has been in operation for over three years, and has given us a dramatic increase in capability over previous gamma-ray missions. The spacecraft and scientific instruments continue to function nearly flawlessly, and many significant discoveries have been made. We describe the capabilities of the four scientific instruments, and highlight some of the results from the first three years of the mission. These include: the discovery that gamma-ray bursts are isotropic but spatially inhomogeneous in their distribution and evidence for time dilation effects in their durations, pointing toward a cosmological origin; the detection of nonthermal high-energy (MeV and GeV) gamma-ray emission from gamma-ray bursts and solar flares, indicating that particle acceleration lasts long after the prompt emission in both cases; the detection of atmospheric gamma-ray flashes from thunder storms; the discovery of a new class of high-energy AGN, the gamma-ray blazars; the finding that gamma-ray Seyferts have spectral cut-offs at ~100 keV indicative of thermal emission from plasma near the central engine; the detection of nuclear lines from 57Co in SN1987A and from 44Ti in Cas A; the mapping of emission from 26Al and positron annihilation radiation in the ISM near the galactic center and lines of carbon and oxygen due to interactions of cosmic rays with the ISM in the Orion region; a threefold increase in the number of known accretion driven pulsars with gamma-ray emission, from 2 to 6; daily monitoring of all active accretiondriven pulsars.
Synthesis of Reovirus Oligo Adenylic Acid In Vivo and In Vitro

The formation of reovirus double-stranded (ds) RNA and of oligo adenylic acid (oligo A) is inhibited by 5 mug of actinomycin D per ml added at the time of viral infection. Viral proteins are synthesized and assembled into dsRNA-deficient particles under these conditions. The addition of cycloheximide to infected cells during the mid-logarithmic phase of viral replication terminates protein and dsRNA synthesis, but allows continued oligo A synthesis for about 1 h. The (3)H-labeled oligo A formed in the presence of cycloheximide is incorporated into particles whose density in CsCl is identical to that of reovirions. Using the large particulate or virus factory-containing cytoplasmic fraction of infected L-cells, we have established an in vitro system for the synthesis of oligo A. The in vitro product migrates slightly faster in sodium dodecyl sulfate acrylamide gels than marker oligo A. Oligo A synthesis in vitro continues for about 1 h, requires, the presence of only one ribonucleoside triphosphate (ATP), is not inhibited by DNase or RNase, but is abruptly terminated by the addition of chymotrypsin to the reaction mixture. Oligo A formed both in vivo and in vitro is released from the factory fraction by chymotrypsin digestion. The enzymes which catalyze the synthesis of oligo A, dsRNA, and single-stranded RNA all exhibit a similar temperature dependence with an optimum of approximately 45 C. These results indicate that oligo A is formed within the core of the nascent virion after the completion of dsRNA synthesis; they suggest that the oligo A polymerase is an alternative activity of the virion-bound transcriptase and that it is regulated by outer capsomere proteins.
Cluster Categories Coming from Cyclic Posets

Cyclic posets are generalizations of cyclically ordered sets. In this article, we show that any cyclic poset gives rise to a Frobenius category over any discrete valuation ring R. The stable category of a Frobenius category is always triangulated and has a cluster structure in many cases. The continuous cluster categories of [14], the infinity-gon of [12], and the m-cluster category of type A ∞ (m ≥ 3) [13] are examples of this construction as well as some new examples such as the cluster category of ℤ2. An extension of this construction and further examples are given in [16].
Sequential update of Bayesian network structure

There is an obvious need for improving the performance and accuracy of a Bayesian network as new data is observed. Because of errors in model construction and changes in the dynamics of the domains, we cannot afford to ignore the information in new data. While sequential update of parameters for a fixed structure can be accomplished using standard techniques, sequential update of network structure is still an open problem. In this paper, we investigate sequential update of Bayesian networks were both parameters and structure are expected to change. We introduce a new approach that allows for the flexible manipulation of the tradeoff between the quality of the learned networks and the amount of information that is maintained about past observations. We formally describe our approach including the necessary modifications to the scoring functions for learning Bayesian networks, evaluate its effectiveness through and empirical study, and extend it to the case of missing data.
Effect Size Measures

A variety of measures of effect magnitude are described. Many of the measures can be classified as either measures of effect size (typically, standardized mean differences) or measures of strength of association. There also is a large group of statistics that do not fit into either category. Measures of effect magnitude are used for a variety of purposes: (i) to estimate the sample size required to achieve an acceptable power, (ii) to integrate the results of empirical research studies in meta-analyses, (iii) to supplement the information provided by null-hypothesis significance tests, and (iv) to determine whether research results are practically significant. Keywords: effect size; strength of association
A Momentum Budget Analysis of Westerly Wind Events Associated with the Madden–Julian Oscillation during DYNAMO

AbstractThe Dynamics of the Madden–Julian Oscillation (DYNAMO) field campaign was conducted over the Indian Ocean (IO) from October 2011 to February 2012 to investigate the initiation of the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO). Three MJOs accompanying westerly wind events (WWEs) occurred in late October, late November, and late December 2011. Momentum budget analysis is conducted to understand the contributions of the dynamical processes involved in the wind evolution associated with the MJO over the IO during DYNAMO using European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts analysis. This analysis shows that westerly acceleration at lower levels associated with the MJO active phase generally appears to be maintained by the pressure gradient force (PGF), which could be partly canceled by meridional advection of the zonal wind. Westerly acceleration in the midtroposphere tends to be mostly attributable to vertical advection. The results herein imply that there is no simple linear dynamic model that can capture t...
Competition-Induced Preferential Attachment

Models based on preferential attachment have had much success in reproducing the power law degree distributions which seem ubiquitous in both natural and engineered systems. Here, rather than assuming preferential attachment, we give an explanation of how it can arise from a more basic underlying mechanism of competition between opposing forces.
Gauss-Manin connections for arrangements, III Formal connections

Abstract. We study the Gauss-Manin connection for the moduli space of anarrangement of complex hyperplanes in the cohomology of a complex rank onelocal system. We deﬁne formal Gauss-Manin connection matrices in the Ao-moto complex and prove that, for all arrangements and all local systems, theseformal connection matrices specialize to Gauss-Manin connection matrices. 1. IntroductionLet A = {H 1 ,...,H n } be an arrangement of nordered hyperplanes in C l , andlet L be a local system of coeﬃcients on M = M(A) = C l \S nj=1 H j , the comple-ment of A. The need to calculate the local system cohomology H • (M;L) arises invarious contexts. For instance, local systems may be used to study the Milnor ﬁberof the non-isolated hypersurface singularity at the origin obtained by coning thearrangement, see [8, 5]. In mathematical physics, local systems on complements ofarrangements arise in the Aomoto-Gelfand theory of multivariable hypergeometricintegrals [2, 12, 18] and the representation theory of Lie algebras and quantumgroups. These considerations lead to solutions of the Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov dif-ferential equation from conformal ﬁeld theory, see [21, 23]. Here a central problemis the determination of the Gauss-Manin connection on H
Foundations and tools for end-user architecting

Within an increasing number of domains an important emerging need is the ability for technically naive users to compose computational elements into novel configurations. Examples include astronomers who create new analysis pipelines to process telescopic data, intelligence analysts who must process diverse sources of unstructured text to discover socio-technical trends, and medical researchers who have to process brain image data in new ways to understand disease pathways. Creating such compositions today typically requires low-level technical expertise, limiting the use of computational methods and increasing the cost of using them. In this paper we describe an approach -- which we term end-user architecting -- that exploits the similarity between such compositional activities and those of software architects. Drawing on the rich heritage of software architecture languages, methods, and tools, we show how those techniques can be adapted to support end users in composing rich computational systems through domain-specific compositional paradigms and component repositories, without requiring that they have knowledge of the low-level implementation details of the components or the compositional infrastructure. Further, we outline a set of open research challenges that the area of end-user architecting raises.
Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells Are Involved in Lysosomal Acid Lipase Deficiency–Induced Endothelial Cell Dysfunctions

The underlying mechanisms that lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) deficiency causes infiltration of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in multiple organs and subsequent inflammation remain incompletely understood. Endothelial cells (ECs), lining the inner layer of blood vessels, constitute barriers regulating leukocytes transmigration to the site of inflammation. Therefore, we hypothesized that ECs are dysfunctional in LAL-deficient ( lal −/− ) mice. We found that Ly6G + cells transmigrated more efficiently across lal −/− ECs than wild-type ( lal +/+ ) ECs, which were associated with increased levels of PECAM-1 and MCP-1 in lal −/− ECs. In addition, lal −/− ECs showed enhanced migration and proliferation, decreased apoptosis, but impaired tube formation and angiogenesis. lal −/− ECs also suppressed T cell proliferation in vitro. Interestingly, lal −/− Ly6G + cells promoted in vivo angiogenesis (including a tumor model), EC tube formation, and proliferation. Finally, the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway was activated in lal −/− ECs, and inhibition of mTOR reversed EC dysfunctions, including decreasing Ly6G + cell transmigration, delaying migration, and relieving suppression of T cell proliferation, which was mediated by decreasing production of reactive oxygen species. Our results indicate that LAL regulates EC functions through interaction with MDSCs and modulation of the mTOR pathway, which may provide a mechanistic basis for targeting MDSCs or mTOR to rejuvenate EC functions in LAL deficiency–related diseases.
Two-loop superstrings.: I. Main formulas

Abstract An unambiguous and slice-independent formula for the two-loop superstring measure on moduli space for even spin structure is constructed from first principles. The construction uses the super-period matrix as moduli invariant under worldsheet supersymmetry. This produces new subtle contributions to the gauge-fixing process, which eliminate all the ambiguities plaguing earlier gauge-fixed formulas. The superstring measure can be computed explicitly and a simple expression in terms of modular forms is obtained. For fixed spin structure, the measure exhibits the expected behavior under degenerations of the surface. The measure allows for a unique modular covariant GSO projection. Under this GSO projection, the cosmological constant, the 1-, 2- and 3-point functions of massless supergravitons all vanish pointwise on moduli space without the appearance of boundary terms. A certain disconnected part of the 4-point function is shown to be given by a convergent, finite integral on moduli space. A general slice-independent formula is given for the two-loop cosmological constant in compactifications with central charge c =15 and N =1 worldsheet supersymmetry in terms of the data of the compactification conformal field theory. In this Letter, a summary of the above results is presented with detailed constructions, derivations and proofs to be provided in a series of subsequent publications.
Minimum d-dimensional arrangement with fixed points

In the Minimum d-Dimensional Arrangement Problem (d-dimAP) we are given a graph with edge weights, and the goal is to find a 1-1 map of the vertices into Zd (for some fixed dimension d ≥ 1) minimizing the total weighted stretch of the edges. This problem arises in VLSI placement and chip design.Motivated by these applications, we consider a generalization of d-dimAP, where the positions of some k of the vertices (pins) is fixed and specified as part of the input. We are asked to extend this partial map to a map of all the vertices, again minimizing the weighted stretch of edges. This generalization, which we refer to as d-dimAP+, arises naturally in these application domains (since it can capture blocked-off parts of the board, or the requirement of power-carrying pins to be in certain locations, etc.). Perhaps surprisingly, very little is known about this problem from an approximation viewpoint.For dimension d = 2, we obtain an O(k1/2 · log n)-approximation algorithm, based on a strengthening of the spreading-metric LP for 2-dimAP. The integrality gap for this LP is shown to be Ω(k1/4). We also show that it is NP-hard to approximate 2-dimAP+ within a factor better than Ω(k1/4-e). We also consider a (conceptually harder, but practically even more interesting) variant of 2-dimAP+, where the target space is the grid Z√n x Z√n, instead of the entire integer lattice Z2. For this problem, we obtain a O(k log k log n)-approximation using the same LP relaxation. We complement this upper bound by showing an integrality gap of Ω(k1/2), and an Ω(k1/2-e)-inapproximability result.Our results naturally extend to the case of arbitrary fixed target dimension d ≥ 1.
Waves and Mean Flows

Interactions between waves and mean flows play a crucial role in understanding the long-term aspects of atmospheric and oceanographic modelling. Indeed, our ability to predict climate change hinges on our ability to model waves accurately. This book gives a modern account of the nonlinear interactions between waves and mean flows, such as shear flows and vortices. A detailed account of the theory of linear dispersive waves in moving media is followed by a thorough introduction to classical wave-mean interaction theory. The author then extends the scope of the classical theory and lifts its restriction to zonally symmetric mean flows. It can be used as a fundamental reference, a course text, or by geophysicists and physicists needing a first introduction. This second edition includes brand new material, including a section on Langmuir circulations and the Craik–Leibovich instability. The author has also added exercises to aid students' learning.
Privacy for Free: Posterior Sampling and Stochastic Gradient Monte Carlo

We consider the problem of Bayesian learning on sensitive datasets and present two simple but somewhat surprising results that connect Bayesian learning to "differential privacy", a cryptographic approach to protect individual-level privacy while permitting database-level utility. Specifically, we show that under standard assumptions, getting one sample from a posterior distribution is differentially private "for free"; and this sample as a statistical estimator is often consistent, near optimal, and computationally tractable. Similarly but separately, we show that a recent line of work that use stochastic gradient for Hybrid Monte Carlo (HMC) sampling also preserve differentially privacy with minor or no modifications of the algorithmic procedure at all, these observations lead to an "anytime" algorithm for Bayesian learning under privacy constraint. We demonstrate that it performs much better than the state-of-the-art differential private methods on synthetic and real datasets.
Lake Amenities, Environmental Degradation, and Great Lakes Regional Growth:

Regional migration and growth are increasingly associated with high-quality in situ natural amenities. However, most of the previous U.S. research has focused on the natural amenities of the Mountain West or the South. The Great Lakes, with their abundant fresh water and natural amenities, would also appear well-positioned to provide the foundation for this type of economic growth. Yet, while some parts of the western Great Lakes region are prime examples of amenity-led growth, other areas in the eastern Great Lakes may not have capitalized on their natural amenities, perhaps because of their strong industrial legacy. Using a unique county-level dataset for the Great Lakes region (including Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Minnesota, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin), we test whether growth in the region is associated with proximity to lake amenities and whether there are offsetting industrial legacy or pollution effects. We also examine whether amenities have additional attraction value for those with high levels of human capital. Consistent with theory that suggests that natural amenities are normal or superior goods, we find that coastal areas in the region are positively associated with increases in shares of college graduates. However, we find little evidence that lake amenities contribute to broader household migration, especially after 2000. Based on these results, there may be opportunities to leverage Great Lake amenities to support economic growth in terms of attracting individuals with high levels of human capital who are most likely to make quality of life migration decisions.
How can public spending help you grow ? an empirical analysis for developing countries

Although many studies indicate that both the level and composition of public spending are significant for economic growth, the results in the empirical literature are still mixed. This note is based on a paper of the same title (Bayraktar and Moreno-Dodson 2010) that compares a set of fast-growing developing countries to a mix of developing countries with different growth patterns. Considering the full government budget constraint, the empirical analysis shows that public spending, especially its 'core' components, contributes to economic growth only in countries that are capable of using funds for productive purposes. In addition, those countries must have an adequate economic policy environment with macroeconomic stability, openness, and private sector investments that are conducive to growth.
Folate intake at RDA levels is inadequate for Mexican American men with the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase 677TT genotype.

Since the establishment of the 1998 folate recommended dietary allowance (RDA), the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) 677C→T variant has emerged as a strong modifier of folate status. This controlled feeding study investigated the adequacy of the RDA, 400 μg/d as dietary folate equivalents (DFE), for Mexican American men with the MTHFR 677CC or TT genotype. Because of the interdependency between folate and choline, the influence of choline intake on folate status was also assessed. Mexican American men (n = 60; 18–55 y) with the MTHFR 677CC (n = 31) or TT (n = 29) genotype consumed 438 μg DFE/d and total choline intakes of 300, 550 (choline adequate intake), 1100, or 2200 mg/d for 12 wk. Folate status response was assessed via serum folate (SF), RBC folate, plasma total homocysteine (tHcy), and urinary folate. SF decreased (P 14 μmol/L. Choline intake did not influence the response of the measured variables. These data showed that the folate RDA is not adequate for men of Mexican descent, particularly for those with the MTHFR 677TT genotype, and demonstrated a lack of influence of choline intake on the folate status variables measured in this study.
Production support flight control computers: research capability for F/A-18 aircraft at Dryden Flight Research Center

NASA Dryden Flight Research Center (DFRC) is working with the United States Navy to complete ground testing and initiate flight testing of a modified set of F/A-18 flight control computers. The Production Support Flight Control Computers (PSFCC) can give any fleet F/A-18 airplane an in-flight, pilot-selectable research control law capability. NASA DFRC can efficiently flight test the PSFCC for the following four reasons: (1) Six F/A-18 chase aircraft are available which could be used with the PSFCC. (2) An F/A-18 processor-in-the-loop simulation exists for validation testing. (3) The expertise has been developed in programming the research processor in the PSFCC. (4) A well-defined process has been established for clearing flight control research projects for flight. This report presents a functional description of the PSFCC. Descriptions of the NASA DFRC facilities, PSFCC verification and validation process, and planned PSFCC projects are also provided.
Effects of Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Education on Conflict Intensity in Africa

This study investigates the impact of different schooling dimensions (primary, secondary and tertiary) on the intensity of intra-state conflicts in 25 African states during the period 1989–2008. It uses fixed-effects and Generalized Methods of Moments (GMM) estimators in an annualized panel data framework. Parameter estimates suggest the following (1) primary schooling broadly mitigates conflicts in Africa. However, in environments with high natural resource rents, it could ignite conflicts; (2) there is evidence, although not overwhelming, that secondary schooling potentially drives conflicts in Africa. There is also evidence that urbanization potentially drives conflicts in Africa. However, although secondary schooling and urbanization potentially drives conflicts, in environments where secondary schooling (urbanization) is high, urbanization (secondary schooling) mitigates conflicts; (3) there is no evidence of a strong direct positive impact of tertiary education on conflicts and conditioning on tertiary schooling, income inequality potentially drives conflicts in African states. However, in contexts where income inequality (tertiary schooling) is high, tertiary schooling (inequality) mitigates conflict. Two important policy implications follow from this study. First, in contexts where income inequality is high (for instance, in South Africa), governments should strive to foster tertiary education in order to reduce conflict. Second, where urbanization rates are high, they should foster both secondary and tertiary education. This study contributes to existing knowledge by clearly demonstrating the utility of distinguishing between different educational dimensions and the contexts wherein they matter for conflict mitigation in Africa.
OLIVE: A SIMPLE METHOD FOR ESTIMATING BETAS WHEN FACTORS ARE MEASURED WITH ERROR

We propose a simple and intuitive method for estimating betas when factors are measured with error: ordinary least squares instrumental variable estimator (OLIVE). OLIVE performs well when the number of instruments becomes large, while the performance of conventional instrumental variable methods becomes poor or even infeasible. In an empirical application, OLIVE beta estimates improve R-squared significantly. More importantly, our results help resolve two puzzling findings in the prior literature: first, the sign of average risk premium on the beta for market return changes from negative to positive; second, the estimated value of average zero-beta rate is no longer too high.
Comparison of Soccer Shin Guards in Preventing Tibia Fracture

The goal of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a number of shin guards in protecting against tibia fracture in soccer players. A secondary purpose was to determine the relationship between the material and structural differences in shin guard design and the protection provided. Twenty-three commercially available shin guards were tested on a model leg containing a synthetic tibia that had been calibrated against human cadaver specimens. Each guard was categorized into one of four material types: plastic (N = 9), fiberglass (N = 6), compressed air (N = 4), and Kevlar (N = 4). The maximum combined force at the ends of the tibia, the principal strain on the posterior side of the tibia, and the contact time of the impact were measured using a drop track impact simulation. Shin guards provided significant protection from tibia fracture at all drop heights. The average guard reduced force by 11% to 17% and strain by 45% to 51% compared with the unguarded leg. At the higher drop heights, material composition and structural characteristics of the shin guards showed significant differences in protective abilities. These findings indicate that all shin guards provide some measure of protection against tibia fracture, although the level of protection may vary significantly among the different guards.
Quantification of Uncertainties in Nuclear Density Functional Theory

Reliable predictions of nuclear properties are needed as much to answer fundamental science questions as in applications such as reactor physics or data evaluation. Nuclear density functional theory is currently the only microscopic, global approach to nuclear structure that is applicable throughout the nuclear chart. In the past few years, a lot of effort has been devoted to setting up a general methodology to assess theoretical uncertainties in nuclear DFT calculations. In this paper, we summarize some of the recent progress in this direction. Most of the new material discussed here will be be published in separate articles.