cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Trace organic contaminant concentration by freezing—III. Ice washing

Abstract Recovery of organic solutes is improved by ice washing after concentration by freezing from aqueous solution. At comparable freezing rates, −12°C bath temperature, and mixing, 80 rev/min, it was demonstrated that even with ice washing, the organic solute recovery decreased with increased dissolved salt content. A kinetic analysis of the experimental data shows that in complex systems containing both organic and inorganic solutes, the organic recovery does not follow the idealized model relationships derived for normal freezing. The effective distribution coefficient is not constant but varies with fraction frozen. This effect is postulated to be the result of morphological alternation of the forming ice phase with resultant incorporation of solute-rich liquid. Ice washing in such instances can only recover the solute present in the surface film retained when the liquid concentrate is decanted.
Tunable Metallicity of the La 5 / 8 Ca 3 / 8 MnO 3 ( 001 ) Surface by an Oxygen Overlayer

We studied the surface structure of ${\mathrm{La}}_{5/8}{\mathrm{Ca}}_{3/8}{\mathrm{MnO}}_{3}(001)$ thin films using in situ scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Atomically resolved STM images reveal that a $(\sqrt{2}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\sqrt{2})R{45}^{\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}}$ reconstructed surface and a ($1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1$) surface can be converted back and forth through adsorption and desorption of oxygen at the surface. The electrical properties of the surfaces are investigated by scanning tunneling spectroscopy. $I\ensuremath{-}V$ curves clearly show that the presence of an oxygen overlayer renders the surface insulating while the ($1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1$) surface without the oxygen overlayer is metallic.
Pre-Stressing Micron-Scale Aluminum Core-Shell Particles to Improve Reactivity

The main direction in increasing reactivity of aluminum (Al) particles for energetic applications is reduction in their size down to nanoscale. However, Al nanoparticles are 30–50 times more expensive than micron scale particles and possess safety and environmental issues. Here, we improved reactivity of Al micron scale particles by synthesizing pre-stressed core-shell structures. Al particles were annealed and quenched to induce compressive stresses in the alumina passivation shell surrounding Al core. This thermal treatment was designed based on predictions of the melt-dispersion mechanism (MDM); a theory describing Al particle reaction under high heating rate. For all anneal treatment temperatures, experimental flame propagation rates for Al combined with nanoscale copper oxide (CuO) are in quantitative agreement with the theoretical predictions based on the MDM. The best treatment increases flame rate by 36% and achieves 68% of that for the best Al nanoparticles.
Adding thermal and granularity effects to the effective density fluid model

Previously, an effective density fluid model (EDFM) was developed by the author [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 110, 2276–2281 (2001)] for unconsolidated granular sediments and applied to sand. The model is a simplification of the full Biot porous media model. Here two additional effects are added to the EDFM model: heat transfer between the liquid and solid at low frequencies and the granularity of the medium at high frequencies. The frequency range studied is 100 Hz–1 MHz. The analytical sound speed and attenuation expressions obtained have no free parameters. The resulting model is compared to ocean data.
TU‐EE‐A3‐05: Simultaneous Tracking and Four‐Dimensional Radiotherapy Delivery: Accounting for Spatial and Morphological Tumor Changes

Purpose: The aim of this work was to develop the formalism for, and experimentally verify, radiotherapy delivery to tumors undergoing spatial and morphological changes induced by respiration.Method and Materials: To determine the leaf sequence to be delivered at a given time based on a 4D plan, LPlan (M,θ), in which the leaf sequence varies not only with monitor units, M, but also respiratory phase θ can be summarized by L Del (t) = L Plan (M,θ) + R[T Del (x,y,z) − T Plan (x,y,z,θ)] where T is the 3D target position and L are leaf positions. A 4D treatment plan of a translating, rotating, deforming tumor exhibiting hysteresis with values well above those typically observed clinically was created. The theory derived was coded into a prototype 4D MLC controller. The treatment plan was loaded onto the controller, and delivered on a linear accelerator. The motion was detected by the monitoring of the marker block by the RPM system. The RPM signal was output in real time to the MLC controller that reshaped the beam according to the position and phase of the incoming signal. An EPID, operating in cine mode was used as the detector.Results: The treatment plan from phase T0–T9 matched the real‐time EPIDimages. The EPIDimages demonstrate the ability of the MLC leaves, driven based on the theory derived above, to conform to spatial and morphological changes. Conclusion: A theory has been developed to deliver 4D plans in which the leaf sequences can vary as a function of phase to account for the spatial and morphological tumor and normal tissue changes with respiration. This theory has been integrated into a MLC controller. A 4D radiotherapy treatment plan that includes translation, rotation, hysteresis and deformation was delivered. The method allows for variable respiratory patterns during treatment delivery. Conflict of Interest: Research supported by Varian Medical Systems.
An extensible probe architecture for network protocol performance measurement

This paper describes the architecture and implementation of Windmill, a passive network protocol performance measurement tool. Windmill enables experimenters to measure a broad range of protocol performance metrics by both reconstructing application-level network protocols and exposing the underlying protocol layers' events. Windmill is split into three functional components: a dynamically compiled Windmill Protocol Filter (WPF), a set of abstract protocol modules, and an extensible experiment engine. To demonstrate Windmill's utility, the results from several experiments are presented. The first set of experiments suggests a possible cause for the correlation between Internet routing instability and network utilization. The second set of experiments highlights: Windmill's ability to act as a driver for a complementary active Internet measurement apparatus, its ability to perform online data reduction, and the non-intrusive measurement of a closed system.
Cell lineage in fracture healing in chimeric bone grafts.

Previous studies have shown that differences in nuclear morphology are generally sufficient to determine the species origin of cells in interspecific grafts between the Japanese quail and domestic chicken. Most quail nuclei possess 1–3 large nucleolus-associated masses of heterochromatin. Chick cells, on the other hand, usually present a more diffuse, stippled distribution of nuclear heterochromatin. Quail embryonic limb rudiments, some with and some without established marrow cavities, were explanted and grown on the chorioallantoic membrane of the chick. Three to five days post-grafting, the explants were surgically fractured and allowed to heal. Tissues were collected and histologically processed during the latter period. The fractures healed completely within 5–6 days and no callus was established in the process. The nuclear staining pattern of the osteoblasts and osteocytes throughout the rudiments and at the fracture site indicated that they were derived from the graft. Possible sources for these cells included the periosteum, endosteum, and posthypertrophy chondrocytes. By contrast, most of the nuclei in the osteoclasts were chick-like and were apparently derived from cells originating in the host. Because the quail-like heterochromatin marker was normally present in a small number (2.5%) of chick osteoclast nuclei and was lacking in about 5% of native quail osteoclast nuclei, the precise extent of the participation of donor, i.e., quail bone and marrow stromal cells in osteoclast formation, could not be determined. However, the data suggest that in large measure the precursor cells for most osteoclasts were hematogenously derived and were carried to the grafted rudiments by the blood vascular system.
Louis F. Post and the Single Tax Movement, 1872–98

Abstract. The career of Louis F. Post (1849–1928), upon his return to New York following a stint as a Carpetbagger in South Carolina, became, for a time, that of publicist. Post first attempted to break into regular Republican politics, then turned to Journalism on the staff of the New York Truth, and finally was converted to the Single Tax philosophy of Henry George in the early 1880s. Thereafter, Post became George's closest confidante and labored hard as a writer, lecturer, and political organizer to elect George and others to make the Single Tax a reality (1). The author's sources include Post's unpublished autobiography, the files of The Public, The Standard and the Cleveland Recorder, as well as material from the Henry George Collection in the New York Public Library.
Simulating RHIC with Viscous Hydrodynamics

I discuss various relaxation schemes which can be used to simulate viscous hydrodynamics in a relativistic regime. A viscous simulation of RHIC collisions is presented.
Further observation on the fine structure of a colloid cyst of the third ventricle

The fine structure of a surgically excised colloid cyst is described. The cyst was lined by ciliated and nonciliated columnar cells. The nonciliated cells contained secretory material and had a surface coating. In addition, a third type of smaller cell was seen wedged between the columnar cells and abutting on the basement membrane. These cells contained abundant free ribosomes and tonofilaments and displayed well developed desmosomes and half desmosomes. The cyst lining closely resembled the upper respiratory epithelium rather than neuroepithelium, thus supporting the contention that colloid cysts are derived from an endodermal source.
EFFECT OF OLIGEMIA ON REGIONAL METABOLITE LEVELS IN CAT BRAIN

— Incomplete cerebral ischemia (oligemia) was produced in cat by carotid occlusion combined with arterial hypotension. Lowering arterial pressure to 50–60 Torr for 20 min caused marked alterations of the ATP, phosphocreatine, and lactate content of subcortical white matter. In contrast, metabolite levels in cerebral cortex and caudate nucleus were only moderately perturbed from control values. More severe oligemia resulted when arterial pressure was lowered to 30 Torr for 20 min following carotid occlusion. Metabolite levels in cortex, caudate nucleus, and white matter were greatly altered from control. In the gray matter there was regional heterogeneity of metabolic alteration, as evidenced from the pattern of NADH tissue fluorescence. The cortex contained micro-patches (0.1mm) of increased NADH, which frequently exhibited a columnar orientation. These findings demonstrate two distinct types of cerebral inhomogeneity of metabolic failure with reduced blood flow; white matter fails before gray matter, and there is micro-heterogeneity of metabolic failure in the gray matter.
The k-free Divisor Problem

Let \(\) be the number of k-free divisions of n, and let \(\) be the counting function of \(\). We improve on the known estimates for the error term in the asymptotic formula for \(\) under the assumption of the Riemann Hypothesis. We also obtain an unconditional asymptotic formula for \(\), for small y.
Long-term health consequences of PCOS

The prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors, insulin resistance/diabetes and/or uterine pathology appears to be increased in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), although more outcome studies are necessary to determine incidence. Data pertaining to some of the potential long-term health consequences associated with PCOS are summarized. Medline, Current Contents and PubMed were searched for studies from the time of our original interest in this issue in 1980 to the present. The review is limited to published human data. The current literature indicate that women with this syndrome cluster risk factors for premature morbidity and mortality. Large multi-site co-operative studies are necessary to evaluate the long-term health outcomes.
Extraction of tsunami source coefficients via inversion of DART \(^{\circledR}\) buoy data

The ability to accurately forecast potential hazards posed to coastal communities by tsunamis generated seismically in both the near and far field requires knowledge of so-called source coefficients, from which the strength of a tsunami can be deduced. Seismic information alone can be used to set the source coefficients, but the values so derived reflect the dynamics of movement at or below the seabed and hence might not accurately describe how this motion is manifested in the overlaying water column. We describe here a method for refining source coefficient estimates based on seismic information by making use of data from Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis (DART $$^{\circledR}$$ ) buoys (tsunameters). The method involves using these data to adjust precomputed models via an inversion algorithm so that residuals between the adjusted models and the DART $$^{\circledR}$$ data are as small as possible in a least squares sense. The inversion algorithm is statistically based and hence has the ability to assess uncertainty in the estimated source coefficients. We describe this inversion algorithm in detail and apply it to the November 2006 Kuril Islands event as a case study.
‘THE CRUELL PRESSURE OF AN ENRAGED, BARBAROUS PEOPLE’: IRISH AND ENGLISH IDENTITY IN SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY POLICY AND PROPAGANDA

Seventeenth-century English men and women, caught in the upheaval of the Civil War, sought to understand what it was to be English and sought to grasp England's proper role in the world. One of the ways in which they did this was through their encounters with other people. The Irish had a long history of interaction with the English, but in the middle of the seventeenth century their role in defining Englishness became acute. Late Tudor and early Jacobean commentaries on Ireland had stressed the superiority of English culture while acknowledging some virtues of Ireland and its people that would make it amenable to beneficial transformation by the English. In the middle of the century, occasioned by the events of the 1641 uprising, this ameliorative view of the Irish gave way to the view that English and Irish were incompatible. Earlier studies have emphasized the role of religion in the discordant relationship between the two peoples in the seventeenth century. This essay maintains that the shift in attitude had as much to do with ethnicity as it did with religion and considers the central role of John Temple and his treatise The Irish rebellion in changing English attitudes on both a national and local level. The study suggests that Temple's view became the dominant one for more than 200 years because of the demographic changes within the Irish community in London and puritan concerns about a godly community that occurred at the time Temple set forth his ideas.
Polymorphic wavelet architectures using reconfigurable hardware

Traditional microprocessor-based solutions are insufficient to serve the dynamic throughput demands of real-time scalable multimedia processing systems. This paper introduces a Polymorphic Architecture for the Discrete Wavelet Transform (Poly-DWT) as a building block of reconfigurable systems to address these needs. We illustrate how our Poly-DWT architecture can dynamically make resource allocation decisions according to application requirements. We perform a quantitative analysis of our Poly-DWT architecture using an FPGA prototype, and compare our filters to existing approaches to illustrate the area and performance benefits inherent in our approachrdquo.
Dissecting tRNA-derived fragment complexities using personalized transcriptomes reveals novel fragment classes and unexpected dependencies

We analyzed transcriptomic data from 452 healthy men and women representing five different human populations and two races, and, 311 breast cancer samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas. Our studies revealed numerous constitutive, distinct fragments with overlapping sequences and quantized lengths that persist across dozens of individuals and arise from the genomic loci of all nuclear and mitochondrial human transfer RNAs (tRNAs). Surprisingly, we discovered that the tRNA fragments' length, starting and ending points, and relative abundance depend on gender, population, race and also on amino acid identity, anticodon, genomic locus, tissue, disease, and disease subtype. Moreover, the length distribution of mitochondrially-encoded tRNAs differs from that of nuclearly-encoded tRNAs, and the specifics of these distributions depend on tissue. Notably, tRNA fragments from the same anticodon do not have correlated abundances. We also report on a novel category of tRNA fragments that significantly contribute to the differences we observe across tissues, genders, populations, and races: these fragments, referred to as i-tRFs, are abundant in human tissues, wholly internal to the respective mature tRNA, and can straddle the anticodon. HITS-CLIP data analysis revealed that tRNA fragments are loaded on Argonaute in a cell-dependent manner, suggesting cell-dependent functional roles through the RNA interference pathway. We validated experimentally two i-tRF molecules: the first was found in 21 of 22 tested breast tumor and adjacent normal samples and was differentially abundant between health and disease whereas the second was found in all eight tested breast cancer cell lines.
Biotic and Abiotic Interactions in Aquatic Microcosms Determine Fate and Toxicity of Ag Nanoparticles. Part 1. Aggregation and Dissolution

To better understand their fate and toxicity in aquatic environments, we compared the aggregation and dissolution behavior of gum arabic (GA) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) coated Ag nanoparticles (NPs) in aquatic microcosms. There were four microcosm types: surface water; water and sediment; water and aquatic plants; or water, sediment, and aquatic plants. Dissolution and aggregation behavior of AgNPs were examined using ultracentrifugation, ultrafiltration, and asymmetrical flow field flow fractionation coupled to ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, dynamic and static laser light scattering, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Plants released dissolved organic matter (DOM) into the water column either through active or passive processes in response to Ag exposure. This organic matter fraction readily bound Ag ions. The plant-derived DOM had the effect of stabilizing PVP-AgNPs as primary particles, but caused GA-AgNPs to be removed from the water column, likely by dissolution and binding of released Ag ions on sediment and plant surfaces. The destabilization of the GA-AgNPs also corresponded with X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy results which suggest that 22-28% of the particulate Ag was associated with thiols and 5-14% was present as oxides. The results highlight the potential complexities of nanomaterial behavior in response to biotic and abiotic modifications in ecosystems, and may help to explain differences in toxicity of Ag observed in realistic exposure media compared to simplified laboratory exposures.
Modeling and simulation of a helicopter-mounted antenna using WIPL-D

The results obtained using WIPL-D for simulation of a seven element helicopter-mounted switched-beam antenna have been discussed. We have discussed the magnitude of the distortions caused in the antenna amplitude pattern for different rotor blade positions. We compared the results from these simulations to patterns when the main rotor and rotor hub are removed from the helicopter. This allows us to isolate the effects due to the blades and rotor from those of the rest of the helicopter airframe. As expected, the blades of the helicopter have a large impact on the pattern of the antenna. Fluctuations 10 dB in magnitude or more can be seen in the predicted patterns. Using a switching scheme that assigns a fixed coverage area to each patch element would not be the best choice because the gain performance will suffer when one of the elements experiences a drop in performance due to an obstacle. Based on the results shown, a more sophisticated switching method may be necessary since multipath degrades the performance of helicopter-mounted antennas. We have found that WIPL-D is a valuable tool throughout the process of modeling a helicopter-mounted antenna.
Natural Disasters Prevention of Power Communications System

Natural disasters of China mainland mainly include earthquake disaster, geological disaster, sandstorm, typhoon, flood, thunderbolt, snowstorm, low-temperature sleet and freezing. For enhancing the emergency response capacity of power communication network, impact of the natural disasters on power communication facilities was analyzed. The disasters categories and distribution were introduced. China power communication network includes wire communication and wireless communication technology. For instance, optical fiber, power line carrier and microwave. The different communication technology's capacity of resistance to natural disasters was analyzed and compared. Conceptual paradigm for disaster digital simulation model was introduced. And disaster direct loss estimation method based on property loss rate model is proposed. The measures for enhancing emergency response capacity of power communication network are explored. Successful cases of withstanding blizzard and earthquake disaster in 2008 are also illustrated.
Regulated assembly and disassembly of the yeast telomerase quaternary complex

The enzyme telomerase, which elongates chromosome termini, is a critical factor in determining long-term cellular proliferation and tissue renewal. Hence, even small differences in telomerase levels can have substantial consequences for human health. In budding yeast, telomerase consists of the catalytic Est2 protein and two regulatory subunits (Est1 and Est3) in association with the TLC1 RNA, with each of the four subunits essential for in vivo telomerase function. We show here that a hierarchy of assembly and disassembly results in limiting amounts of the quaternary complex late in the cell cycle, following completion of DNA replication. The assembly pathway, which is driven by interaction of the Est3 telomerase subunit with a previously formed Est1–TLC1–Est2 preassembly complex, is highly regulated, involving Est3-binding sites on both Est2 and Est1 as well as an interface on Est3 itself that functions as a toggle switch. Telomerase subsequently disassembles by a mechanistically distinct pathway due to dissociation of the catalytic subunit from the complex in every cell cycle. The balance between the assembly and disassembly pathways, which dictate the levels of the active holoenzyme in the cell, reveals a novel mechanism by which telomerase (and hence telomere homeostasis) is regulated.
Monte Carlo Simulation of Radioactive Contaminant Transport in Fractured Geologic Media: Disorder and Long-Range Correlations

The geologic media near Yucca mountain site consist of fractured welded tuffs along with less fractured unwelded tuff. Numerical simulation of flow and transport in such media poses a number of challenging problems, due mainly to the heterogeneities and disorder in the media. In addition, because of different dominant transport mechanisms in different regions of the media, investigations need to be carried out at different time-scales. “Time-marching” will pose a considerable problem in analyzing such multi-scale transient problems. We develop a field-scale network model of fractures and study transport of radionuclides through geologic media as a function of disorder and correlated fracture-permeabilities.
Investigation of flux decline in tortuous pore structures via three-dimensional simulation of cross-flow microfilter fouling

This paper presents a fluid dynamic-based approach to the prediction of the flux decline due to partial and complete pore blocking in the microfiltration process. The electrostatic force model includes both particle–particle (PP) and particle–membrane (PM) electrostatic forces. The addition of such forces was shown to affect particle trajectories in a tortuous three-dimensional microfilter membrane geometry. The model was validated by comparing experimental flux decline data with simulation flux decline data. A design of experiments was conducted to investigate the effects of transmembrane pressure, PM- and PP-zeta potential on flux decline. The simulation experiments revealed that low flux decline was associated with relatively low transmembrane pressures and near-zero values of PP- and PM-zeta potential; and relatively high transmembrane pressures and more-negative values of PP- and PM-zeta potential. The amount of flux decline was shown to be correlated to the specific nature of partial and complete pore blocking in the pore structure.
Substituent effects on the physical properties and pKa of aniline

The aniline molecule is nonplanar, with its NH2 group lying at an angle of approximately 42 to the plane of the benzene ring. Substituents on the phenyl ring alter this out-of-plane angle as well as other molecular properties such as the ring bond lengths and angles, the barrier to inversion Einv ,a nd the pKa of the amino group. Ab initio 6-311G quantum chemical calculations have been employed to examine these substituent influences and the extent to which they are interrelated. Electron-donating substituents increase the C—N bond length R(C—N),, Einv ,a nd the pKa ,w hereas electron-withdrawing substituents have the opposite effect. Among the molecular parameters that might serve as regression indicators for these changes, Hammett constants, which traditionally have been used to represent substituent electronic effects, yield fair to good correlations for R(C—N) (r 2 D 0.797), (r 2 D 0.804), Einv (r 2 D 0.829), and the amino group pKa (r 2 D 0.931) for aniline and 18 substituted anilines. Of several measures of atomic charge, the Mulliken and electrostatic charges on the amino nitrogen atom show essentially no correlation with these properties. In contrast, the natural charge Qn on the amino nitrogen is well correlated with the bond length R(C—N) (r 2 D 0.889), (r 2 D 0.932), Einv (r 2 D 0.839), and the amino group pKa (r 2 D 0.960). This latter result suggests that the natural charge, rather than either the Mulliken or electrostatic charges, may be the preferred charge descriptor for correlation purposes. Inclusion of electron correlation at the MP2 level increases the correlations of Einv with both (r 2 D 0.951) and Qn (r 2 D 0.892). c 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem 80: 1107-1115, 2000
Processes of Working Memory in Mind and Brain

Working memory is often conceptualized as storage buffers that retain information briefly, rehearsal processes that refresh the buffers, and executive processes that manipulate the contents of the buffers. We review evidence about the brain mechanisms that may underlie storage and rehearsal in working memory. We hypothesize that storage is mediated by the same brain structures that process perceptual information and that rehearsal engages a network of brain areas that also controls attention to external stimuli.
Test vector compression using EDA-ATE synergies

This paper presents a new test vector compression technique, which utilizes synergies between Automatic Test Pattern Generation (ATPG) tools provided by EDA (Electronic Design Automation) vendors and Automatic Test Equipment (ATE). The basic approach is to achieve significant compression by agreeing between ATE and ATPG on how to fill don't care values in the test vectors such that these bits need not be stored on ATE and also possibly not communicated to DUT if decompression is done on chip. Our new technique allows sub-vector level fine grained mixing of pseudo-randomly generated bits and ATPG generated bits. Experimental results, on an actual industrial network processor design, show a compression ratio of about 17x.
The beam profile measurement system at the Bates linac

A linac beam profile measurement system using wire scanners has been implemented at the Bates Linear Accelerator Center. Obtaining an optimum linac focussing solution is facilitated by the system. A nearly noninvasive beam size measurement is made of the two beams which are accelerated simultaneously in the recirculating linac. The wire scanner's mechanical accuracy is near one mil. Beam size measurements are reproducible to a few mils. >
An Approach for Symbolic Mapping of Memory References

Understanding and tuning memory system performance is a critical issue for most scientific programs to achieve reasonable performance on current high performance systems. Users need a data-centric performance measurement infrastructure that can help them understand the precise memory references in their program that are causing poor utilization of the memory subsystem. However, a data-centric performance tool requires the mapping of memory references to the corresponding symbolic names of the data structure, which is non trivial, especially for mapping local variables and dynamically allocated data structures. In this paper we describe with examples the algorithms and extensions implemented in the sigma environment for symbolic mapping of memory references to data structures.
Central catheter infections: use of a multidisciplinary team to find simple solutions.

“In Our Unit” highlights unique practices, innovations, research, or resourceful solutions to commonly encountered problems in critical care areas and settings where critically ill patients are cared for. If you have an idea for an upcoming “In Our Unit, ” send it to CRITICAL CARE NURSE, 101 Columbia, Aliso Viejo, CA 92656; fax, (949) 362-2049; e-mail, ccn@aacn.org. The team effort improved patient care, the hospital’s bottom line, and our own professional satisfaction. Inspired by the Institute for Healthcare Improvement’s “100,000 Lives Campaign,” Hunterdon Medical Center organized an interdisciplinary team to tackle central catheter bacteremias. The team, led by the intensive care unit (ICU) clinical coordinator, also consisted of a nurse epidemiologist, the quality improvement director, the process improvement manager, the ICU nurse manager, and the medical director. We chose the Six Sigma improvement methodology to help us define, measure, analyze, improve, and control our process. According to a review of the data, our unit had incurred 3.3 central catheter infections per 1000 catheter days during 2005, which translated to 6 central catheter infections for the year at an approximate cost of $40 000 per infection or $240 000 for the year. It was clear that we had some work to do, not only for the financial implications but, most importantly, to prevent these life-threatening infections in our patients. We began by examining the entire central catheter process, from insertion to removal, and identifying opportunities during the process that could lead to infection. The team determined that the following factors potentially increased a patient’s risk of infection through the central catheter: • choice of insertion site, • skin preparation material and technique, • use of sterile barriers during insertion, • dressing maintenance and change techniques, and • use of aseptic technique during catheter access. The team identified baseline measurements of compliance with recommended practices in each identified area. ICU nurses observed physicians’ use of infection control practices during catheter insertions, completing central catheter insertion checklists with each insertion. This checklist included documentation of insertion site; hand washing or alcohol cleansing before insertion; and use of maximum barriers precautions. Our nurse epidemiologist produced graphs from the resulting data, which were shared with the physicians involved. In addition, a data collection sheet was created for baseline
P-N-P variable capacitance diode theory

The symmetrical p-n-p structure may, under certain conditions, exhibit an effective nonlinear capacitance. These conditions are derived making use of Baker's method of charge analysis. The nonlinearity is essentially due to the nonconstancy of the reverse current of each junction, brought about by properly doping the depletion layer space charge regions.
A modeling framework for potential induced degradation in PV modules

Major sources of performance degradation and failure in glass-encapsulated PV modules include moisture-induced gridline corrosion, potential-induced degradation (PID) of the cell, and stress-induced busbar delamination. Recent studies have shown that PV modules operating in damp heat at -600 V are vulnerable to large amounts of degradation, potentially up to 90% of the original power output within 200 hours. To improve module reliability and restore power production in the presence of PID and other failure mechanisms, a fundamental rethinking of accelerated testing is needed. This in turn will require an improved understanding of technology choices made early in development that impact failures later. In this work, we present an integrated approach of modeling, characterization, and validation to address these problems. A hierarchical modeling framework will allows us to clarify the mechanisms of corrosion, PID, and delamination. We will employ a physics-based compact model of the cell, topology of the electrode interconnection, geometry of the packaging stack, and environmental operating conditions to predict the current, voltage, temperature, and stress distributions in PV modules correlated with the acceleration of specific degradation modes. A self-consistent solution will capture the essential complexity of the technology-specific acceleration of PID and other degradation mechanisms as a function of illumination, ambient temperature, and relative humidity. Initial results from our model include specific lifetime predictions suitable for direct comparison with indoor and outdoor experiments, which are qualitatively validated by prior work. This approach could play a significant role in developing novel accelerated lifetime tests.
Correction of Wrist Deformity in Diaphyseal Aclasis by Stapling

Successful correction of progressive radial deformity in a case of multiple exostoses by a wire staple inserted across the lateral aspect of the distal radial epiphysis is described and the deforming forces and mechanism of correction are discussed briefly.
Physical distribution management: logistics problems of the firm

industrias localizadas no municipio de Sao Paulo. O trabalho abrange onze secoes, tres das quais podem ser consideradas introdutorias; as outras apresentam um resu- mo das analises dos oito setores fabris investigados, ou seja, da industria de bens de consumo imediato e semidu- raveis de alimentacao, chocolates, bebidas, vestuario e cal- cados, tecelagem e malharia, produtos farmaceuticos e ar- tigos de toucador, moveis e estofados e, finalmente, de apa- relhos eletrodomesticos. Para o administrador que opera em um destes setores, o inquerito constitui uma fonte inesgotavel de inspiracao para a tomada de decisoes mercadologicas, particularmen- te no setor da remuneracao de vendedores e das diretrizes de venda, pois pelo simples confronto de dados, podera ele comparar a sua propria posigao com a de seus concorrentes. Contudo, o valor do trabalho nao se limita a isto. Dada a sua natureza inedita no Brasil, os dados coligidos pela PMV sao uteis, tambem, para industriais que operam em outros ramos de atividade, alem dos produtores, como tam- bem para os comerciantes em geral e para os intermedia-
Dioxygen and hydrogen peroxide reduction with hemocyanin model complexes.

Three copper polypyridyl complexes were examined as electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR): a Cu–N3 complex, [Cu–[tris(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)methane]-(NCMe)]PF6 (1); a related Cu2N6 derivative, [Cu2–[1,2-bis(6-(bis(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)methyl)pyridin-2-yl)ethane]-(NCMe)2](PF6)2 (2); and the CuN4 species [Cu–[tris(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)amine]](ClO4)2 [3](ClO4)2. Compared to other copper complexes, [3](ClO4)2 exhibits the highest reported ORR onset potential for a Cu complex of 0.53 V vs reversible hydrogen electrode at pH 1. The Cu2N6 hemocyanin model is more active than the CuN3, but both are less active than the CuN4 complex. The results indicate that copper polypyridyl complexes are promising cathode catalysts for ORR.
A Micromechanical Approach to Static Failure Prediction of Heterogeneous Materials

The objective of this paper is to enable Variational Asymptotic Method for Unit Cell Homogenization (VAMUCH) to predict the static failure strength and the initial failure envelop of heterogeneous materials obeying various failure criteria. These predictions are performed using several representative examples of heterogeneous materials such as continuous fiber reinforced composite, particle reinforced composite, discontinuous fiber reinforced composite, and woven composite. The static failure predictions of VAMUCH are partially evaluated with various micromecahnics approaches such as Mori-Tanaka (MT), Double Inclusion (DI), Generalized Methods of Cells (GMC), High Fidelity Generalized Methods of Cells (HFGMC) and also Finite Element Analysis (FEA). The evaluation reveals that MT and DI insufficiently approximate the static failure compared with FEA whereas GMC and HFGMC better predict compared with MT and DI. However GMC and HFGMC poorly predict failure particularly for maximum principal stress failure criterion. GMC shows relatively better agreement with FEA for Tsai-Hill failure criterion. On the contrary, VAMUCH shows excellent agreements with FEA for all aforementioned examples of heterogeneous materials. Moreover, VAMUCH also generates the initial failure envelop for combined axial and transverse shear using maximum shear stress and Tsai-Hill failure criteria. The prediction of combined shear usually cannot be rigourously performed using commercial FEA software due to complex boundary conditions. In general, the outputs of the predictions signify that maximum principal stress criteria is more conservative compared with Tsai-Hill and Tsai-Wu failure criteria. It is also noticed that the predictions of Tsai-Hill and maximum shear stress criteria agree well for shear loading conditions except for the woven composite.
Fun activities at work: do they matter to hospitality employees?

ABSTRACTThe present study examined the impact of fun activities among entry-level employees in the hospitality industry. Specifically, this research examined the impact of 12 fun activities on employee engagement, constituent attachment, and employee turnover, with a sample of 205 employees from 11 hotel properties in the United States. The results demonstrated that the fun activities overall were significantly related to both engagement and constituent attachment, but not turnover. However, closer inspection revealed that specific activities were related to each of the three outcomes. A key implication is that not all fun activities are equal, and they may impact workplace outcomes differently.
Development tendency of polyolefin halogen-free flame retardant

Though polymer materials have many uses, these materials are mostly combustible and some of them can give off amount of poisonous gases therefore the fire hidden danger caused becomes the question paid close attention to in the whole world. Adding effective flame retardant can make polymer materials have incombustible ability, self extinction ability and smoke suppression. Flame retardant include halogenated flame retardant and halogen-free flame retardant. At present, halogenated flame retardants are dominant in the flame retardant field, but they will give off amount of smoke and hydrohalogenation, so halogen-free falme retardant will be popular in future. Halogen-free flame retardant has many advantages, such as good retardant efficiency, low smoke, non-poisonous, it being paid attention to by the world market. In this article, the kinds of halogen-free flame retardant used for PE、PP, relative products and the development of flame retardant are introduced.
Abstract 2080: Demonstration of casual relationship between blood-tumor barrier permeability changes and chemotherapeutic uptake and effect in brain micrometastases of breast cancer

Background: 10-16% of women with advanced breast cancer will develop symptomatic brain metastases, the survival rate of which is less than 2 years. When metastasis develop within the brain, the BBB anatomy changes due to increased angiogenesis with increase in permeability of BBB in the tumor region (> 1mm diameter). We have also demonstrated in our previous study that, once the metastases are established in the brain (>1 mm in diameter) chemotherapy fails to induce cytotoxicity in most of them. The efficacy of a chemotherapeutic agent in the metastatic brain tumors significantly correlates to its uptake in the micro metastases ( Methods: Female nude mice were intracardially injected with different human brain seeking breast cancer cell and allowed it to metastasize. Metastases were allowed to develop until neurologic symptoms appeared and animals were injected with IV bolus dose of permeability markers 14C-AIB (104 Da) and Texas Red dextran (3kDa) 10 minutes prior to euthanasia. After euthanasia rain sample were harvested, sectioned and analyzed by autoradiography and fluorescent microscopy. Results: Passive permeability changes in 4T1 metastatic lesions was 3.171 + 1.52 (SD) for 14C-AIB, and 2.529 + 0.84 (SD) for the passive diffusion marker 3kDa Texas Red Dextran(TRD). MDA-MB-231BR HER2 metastatic lesions has 14C-AIB permeability 4.936 + 3.6 (SD) and for TRD 1.301 + 0.49 (SD). For MDA-MB-231Br cell line permeability changes with 14C-AIB was found to be 3.001 ± 0.1514 (SD) and the BTB permeability to TRD ranged was found to be 1.159 ± 0.3137 (SD). In JIMT-1Br, 14C-AIB permeability was found to be 2.212 + 0.72 (SD) and TRD was 1.502 + 0.344 (SD). Sum190 micrometastases showed maximum 14C-AIB permeability in the range of 1 to 28.64 fold (Mean was 10.11 ± 5.68; SD) and TRD was found to be in the range of 1 to 2.10 (Mean was 1.287 ± 0.293; SD). Conclusions: We have demonstrated that there are differences in passive permeability between each cell line and there are differences in overall survival and the size of lesions at the time neurological symptoms develop. The increased permeability of the vasculature of CNS micrometastases is critically important for both diagnosis and treatment. Citation Format: Afroz Shareef Mohammad, Chris E. Adkins, Emma L. Dolan, Tori B. Terrell-Hall, Paul R. Lockman. Demonstration of casual relationship between blood-tumor barrier permeability changes and chemotherapeutic uptake and effect in brain micrometastases of breast cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 2080.
Estimation of the occupancy of butterflies in diverse biogeographic regions

Aim We explored the extent to which occupancy of butterflies within three biogeographic regions could be explained by vegetation structure and composition, topography and other environmental attributes; whether results were consistent among regions; and whether assumptions of closure were met with assemblage-level sampling designs. Location Chesapeake Bay Lowlands (Virginia), central Great Basin (Nevada) and western Great Basin (Nevada and California) (all USA). Methods We applied single-season occupancy models that either assumed closure or relaxed the closure assumption to data from 2013 and 2014 for 13–15 species in each region. Results Maximum single-year estimates of detection probabilities ranged from 0.14 to 0.99, and single-year occupancy from 0.28 to 0.98. The assumption of closure was met for a maximum of 54% of the species in a given region and year. Detection probabilities of > 90% of the species in each region increased as the categorical abundance of nectar or mud increased. Measures of the dominance or abundance of deciduous woody species and structural heterogeneity were included in the greatest number of occupancy models for the Chesapeake Bay Lowlands, which may in part reflect the intensity of browsing by white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Elevation and precipitation were prominent covariates in occupancy models for Great Basin butterflies. Main conclusions Because occupancy models do not rely on captures or observations of multiple individuals in a population, they potentially can be applied to a relatively high proportion of the species in an assemblage. However, estimation of occupancy is complicated by taxonomic, temporal and spatial variation in phenology. In multiple, widely divergent ecosystems, all or some associations between covariates and detection probability or occupancy for at least one-third of the species could not be estimated, often because a given species rarely was detected at locations with relatively low or high values of a covariate. Despite their advantages, occupancy models may leave unexplained the environmental associations with the distributions of many species.
Ecology: Signals of impending change.

An analysis of arid lands around the world shows how patterns in vegetation may serve as harbingers of things to come.
The “Dry-Run” Analysis: A Method for Evaluating Risk Scores for Confounding Control

A propensity score (PS) model's ability to control confounding can be assessed by evaluating covariate balance across exposure groups after PS adjustment. The optimal strategy for evaluating a disease risk score (DRS) model's ability to control confounding is less clear. DRS models cannot be evaluated through balance checks within the full population, and they are usually assessed through prediction diagnostics and goodness-of-fit tests. A proposed alternative is the "dry-run" analysis, which divides the unexposed population into "pseudo-exposed" and "pseudo-unexposed" groups so that differences on observed covariates resemble differences between the actual exposed and unexposed populations. With no exposure effect separating the pseudo-exposed and pseudo-unexposed groups, a DRS model is evaluated by its ability to retrieve an unconfounded null estimate after adjustment in this pseudo-population. We used simulations and an empirical example to compare traditional DRS performance metrics with the dry-run validation. In simulations, the dry run often improved assessment of confounding control, compared with the C statistic and goodness-of-fit tests. In the empirical example, PS and DRS matching gave similar results and showed good performance in terms of covariate balance (PS matching) and controlling confounding in the dry-run analysis (DRS matching). The dry-run analysis may prove useful in evaluating confounding control through DRS models.
Identification of Genes under Purifying Selection in Human Cancers

There is widespread interest in finding therapeutic vulnerabilities by analyzing the somatic mutations in cancers. Most analyses have focused on identifying driver oncogenes mutated in patient tumors, but this approach is incapable of discovering genes essential for tumor growth yet not activated through mutation. We show that such genes can be systematically discovered by mining cancer sequencing data for evidence of purifying selection. We show that purifying selection reduces substitution rates in coding regions of cancer genomes, depleting up to 90% of mutations for some genes. Moreover, mutations resulting in non-conservative amino acid substitutions are under strong negative selection in tumors, whereas conservative substitutions are more tolerated. Genes under purifying selection include members of the EGFR and FGFR pathways in lung adenocarcinomas, and DNA repair pathways in melanomas. A systematic assessment of purifying selection in tumors would identify hundreds of tumor-specific enablers and thus novel targets for therapy.