cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Embracing the essence of inquiry: New roles for science teachers

‘‘This is the thing I really get excited about. There are some great ideas here, some really neat projects. Wanda and Joan are working on amphibian decline. Ann is interested in territorial behavior or some sort of feeding behavior in crawdads. That is a good one to study because crawdads are an important decomposer in the stream. We’re looking at what kinds of criteria in a stream make it habitable for different kinds of organisms. And when you see those different combinations of organisms, what do they mean? How do you interpret them? I mean we’re really getting into higher levels of thinking, because we’re looking at different kinds of organisms and interpreting them in terms of stream health.’’ Jake, biology teacher, Northwestern High School. fl 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 37: 916 ‐ 937, 2000
Positive Emotional Traits and Ambitious Goals among People at Risk for Mania: The Need for Specificity

Recent psychosocial theories implicate disturbances in reward pursuit among individuals putatively at risk for mania. The present study examined associations of a measure of risk for mania (the Hypomanic Personality Scale; HPS) with both four trait positive emotions (joy, pride, compassion, and love) and ambitious life goals in five domains (fame, wealth, political influence, family, and friends) among 302 participants from two university settings. Findings indicated that higher HPS scores were related to reward (joy) and achievement-focused (pride) positive emotions, with weaker relations to prosocial (compassion, love) positive emotions. HPS scores were more robustly related to extrinsic (fame, politics) as compared to other-oriented (friends, family) ambitious life goals, with the exception of wealth. These effects were independent of current symptoms of mania and depression. Discussion focuses on the implications of elevated reward and achievement-related positive emotions and goals in understanding risk factors for mania.
Modeling Vortex Generators in the Wind-US Code

*A source term model which simulates the effects of vortex generators was implemented into the Wind-US Navier Stokes code. The source term added to the Navier-Stokes equations simulates the lift force which would result from a vane-type vortex generator in the flowfield. The implementation is user-friendly, requiring the user to specify only three quantities for each desired vortex generator: the range of grid points over which the force is to be applied and the planform area and angle of incidence of the physical vane. The model behavior was evaluated for subsonic flow in a rectangular duct with a single vane vortex generator, supersonic flow in a rectangular duct with a counter-rotating vortex generator pair, and subsonic flow in an S-duct with 22 co-rotating vortex generators. The validation results indicate that the source term vortex generator model provides a useful tool for screening vortex generator configurations and gives comparable results to solutions computed using a gridded vane.
Deletion of the triplet repeat encoding polyglutamine within the mouse Huntington's disease gene results in subtle behavioral/motor phenotypes in vivo and elevated levels of ATP with cellular senescence in vitro

Huntingtin (htt), the protein encoded by the Huntington’s disease (HD) gene, contains a polymorphic stretch of glutamines (polyQ) near its N-terminus. When the polyQ stretch is expanded beyond 37Q, HD results. However, the role of the normal polyQ stretch in the function of htt is still unknown. To determine the contribution of the polyQ stretch to normal htt function, we have generated mice with a precise deletion of the short CAG triplet repeat encoding 7Q in the mouse HD gene (Hdh DQ ). Hdh(DQ/DQ) mice are born with normal Mendelian frequency and exhibit no gross phenotypic differences in comparison to control littermates, suggesting that the polyQ stretch is not essential for htt’s functions during embryonic development. Adult mice, however, commit more errors initially in the Barnes circular maze learning and memory test and perform slightly better than wild-type controls in the accelerating rotarod test for motor coordination. To determine whether these phenotypes may reflect an altered cellular physiology in the Hdh DQ mice, we characterized the growth and energy status of primary embryonic and adult Hdh(DQ/DQ) fibroblasts in culture. The Hdh DQ fibroblasts exhibited elevated levels of ATP, but senesced prematurely in comparison with wild-type fibroblasts. Taken altogether, these results suggest that htt’s polyQ stretch is required for modulating longevity in culture and support the hypothesis that the polyQ stretch may also modulate a htt function involved in regulating energy homeostasis.
The hidden side of the work: Teacher knowledge and learning to teach. A perspective from north American educational research on teacher education in English language teaching

This paper argues that teachers' mental lives represent the ‘hidden side’ of teaching. It examines how teacher learning and teacher knowledge, as central attributes of those mental lives, have been conceptualized and studied since 1975 and traces connections to similar work in English language teaching (ELT) In this paper, I use the phrase ‘English language teaching,’ or (ELT), to refer to the teaching of English as a second, additional, or foreign language, known in the US as TESOL. I recognize that the phrase ELT is a bit problematic in that in the United States it can be taken to refer to English as mother tongue or first language instruction (language arts), while in Europe it would seem to be more accurately applied in this case.. While the majority of literature reviewed is drawn from the north American perspective, parallels are sketched in some of the emerging research in ELT teacher education. The analysis examines four broad families of issues: how teachers learn content and teaching practices, how teachers' mental processes are conceived, the role of prior knowledge in learning to teach, and the role of social and institutional context. Taken together, research in these areas suggests implications for the design and practice of teacher training and professional development in Second language teacher education.
Improving Vehicle Fleet Fuel Economy via Learning Fuel-Efficient Driving Behaviors

Reducing the fuel consumption of road vehicles has the potential to decrease environmental impact of transportation as well as achieve significant economical benefits. This paper proposes a novel methodology for improving the fuel economy of vehicle fleets via learning fuel-efficient driving behaviors. Vehicle fleets composed of large number of heavy vehicles routinely perform runs with different drivers over a set of fixed routes. While all drivers might achieve on-time and safe driving performance their actual driving behaviors and the subsequent fuel economy can vary substantially. The proposed Intelligent Driver System (IDS) utilizes vehicle performance data combined with GPS information on fixed routes to incrementally build a model of the historically most fuel efficient driving behavior. During driving, the calculated optimal velocity for specific location is compared to the current vehicle state and a fuzzy logic PD controller is used to compute the optimal control action. The control action can be projected to the drivers via a specialized HMI or used directly as a predictive cruise control to achieve overall fuel economy improvements. The method has been validated on a simulated heavy vehicle model, showing potential for substantial fuel economy improvements.
Sagebrush steppe recovery after fire varies by development phase of Juniperus occidentalis woodland

Woodland ecosystems of the world have been changed by land use demands, altered fire regimes, invasive species and climate change. Reduced fire frequency is recognised as a main causative agent for Pinus-Juniperus L. (pinon-juniper) expansion in North American woodlands. Pinon-juniper control measures, including prescribed fire, are increasingly employed to restore sagebrush steppe communities. We compared vegetation recovery following prescribed fire on Phase 2 (mid-succession) and Phase 3 (late-succession)Juniperus occidentalisHook. (western juniper) woodlands inOregon.TheherbaceouslayeronPhase2siteswascomprisedofnativeperennialandannualvegetationbeforeandafter fire. On Phase 3 sites the herbaceous layer shifted from native species to dominance by invasive Bromus tectorum L. (cheatgrass). After fire, shrubs on Phase 2 sites were comprised of sprouting species and Ceanothus velutinus Dougl. (snowbrush). On Phase 3 woodland sites the shrub layer was dominated by C. velutinus. The results suggest that Phase 2 siteshaveagreaterlikelihoodofrecoverytonativevegetationafterfireandindicatethatsitestransitioningfromPhase2to Phase 3 woodlands cross a recovery threshold where there is a greater potential for invasive weeds, rather than native vegetation, to dominate after fire. Additional keywords: Artemisia tridentata, Bromus tectorum, Great Basin, mountain big sagebrush, state-and- transition, threshold.
ISOLATION, CRYSTALLIZATION, AND PROPERTIES OF SWINE PEPSINOGEN

1. A method is described for the preparation of pepsinogen from swine gastric mucosae which consists of extraction and fractional precipitation with ammonium sulfate solutions followed by two precipitations with a copper hydroxide reagent under particular conditions. Crystallization as very thin needles takes place at 10 degrees C., pH 5.0 and from 0.4 saturated ammonium sulfate solution containing 3-5 mg. protein nitrogen per milliliter. 2. Solubility measurements, fractional recrystallization, and fractionation experiments based on separation after partial heat or alkali denaturation and after partial reversal of heat or alkali denaturation failed to reveal the presence of any protein impurity. 3. The properties of the enzymatically inactive pepsinogen were studied and compared with the properties of crystalline pepsin. The properties of pepsinogen which are similar to those of pepsin are: molecular weight, absorption spectrum, tyrosine-tryptophane content, and elementary analysis. The properties in which they differ are: enzymatic activity, crystalline form, amino nitrogen, titration curve, pH stability range, specific optical rotation, isoelectric point, and the reversibility of heat or alkali denaturation. 4. Conversion of pepsinogen into pepsin at pH 4.6 was found to be autocatalytic; i.e., the pepsin formed catalyzes the reaction. Conversion of pepsinogen into pepsin is accompanied by the splitting off of a portion of the molecule containing 15-20 per cent of the pepsinogen nitrogen.
Quasi-Synchronous Phrase Dependency Grammars for Machine Translation

We present a quasi-synchronous dependency grammar (Smith and Eisner, 2006) for machine translation in which the leaves of the tree are phrases rather than words as in previous work (Gimpel and Smith, 2009). This formulation allows us to combine structural components of phrase-based and syntax-based MT in a single model. We describe a method of extracting phrase dependencies from parallel text using a target-side dependency parser. For decoding, we describe a coarse-to-fine approach based on lattice dependency parsing of phrase lattices. We demonstrate performance improvements for Chinese-English and Urdu-English translation over a phrase-based baseline. We also investigate the use of unsupervised dependency parsers, reporting encouraging preliminary results.
Global Transcription Profiling Reveals Multiple Sugar Signal Transduction Mechanisms in Arabidopsis

Complex and interconnected signaling networks allow organisms to control cell division, growth, differentiation, or programmed cell death in response to metabolic and environmental cues. In plants, it is known that sugar and nitrogen are critical nutrient signals; however, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying nutrient signal transduction is very limited. To begin unraveling complex sugar signaling networks in plants, DNA microarray analysis was used to determine the effects of glucose and inorganic nitrogen source on gene expression on a global scale in Arabidopsis thaliana. In whole seedling tissue, glucose is a more potent signal in regulating transcription than inorganic nitrogen. In fact, other than genes associated with nitrate assimilation, glucose had a greater effect in regulating nitrogen metabolic genes than nitrogen itself. Glucose also regulated a broader range of genes, including genes associated with carbohydrate metabolism, signal transduction, and metabolite transport. In addition, a large number of stress responsive genes were also induced by glucose, indicating a role of sugar in environmental responses. Cluster analysis revealed significant interaction between glucose and nitrogen in regulating gene expression because glucose can modulate the effects of nitrogen and vise versa. Intriguingly, cycloheximide treatment appeared to disrupt glucose induction more than glucose repression, suggesting that de novo protein synthesis is an intermediary event required before most glucose induction can occur. Cross talk between sugar and ethylene signaling may take place on the transcriptional level because several ethylene biosynthetic and signal transduction genes are repressed by glucose, and the repression is largely unaffected by cycloheximide. Collectively, our global expression data strongly support the idea that glucose and inorganic nitrogen act as both metabolites and signaling molecules.
On the Weight Distribution of Some Turbo-Like Codes

Parallel concatenated turbo codes are capable of near-capacity performance at moderate bit-error-rates, while serial concatenated turbo codes are capable of almost error-free performance at higher signal-to-noise ratios. It is desirable to have codes that achieve a combination of these characteristics. In attempting to lower the “error floor” of parallel concatenated turbo codes, we consider several hybrid concatenation schemes with parallel concatenated inner turbo codes serially concatenated with outer block and convolutional codes. The objective is for the outer code to “filter out” the bad input sequences for the inner turbo code and for the outer decoder to collaborate in iterative decoding with the inner turbo decoder. As one example, we consider using a rate 3/4 outer convolutional code and a rate 2/3 inner turbo code in an overall rate 1/2 hybrid concatenation scheme, and we obtain the exact weight distribution of this scheme for some typical interleaves and very short block lengths and compare these results to conventional rate 1/2 turbo codes. The hybrid scheme clearly has a superior weight distribution. We also consider another very interesting turbo-like coding scheme, a serial concatenation of three convolutional codes, and obtain the weight distribution of this scheme with an overall rate of 1/4, for some typical interleaves and very short block lengths. It is again clear that this code has a superior weight distribution compared to both a parallel concatenation of three convolutional codes and a serial concatenation of two convolutional codes with overall rate ¼. Because of their exceptional weight distributions, these schemes have the potential to outperform conventional turbo codes.
Forced COX-2 expression induces PGE2 and invasion in immortalized urothelial cells

Abstract Objectives Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) is aberrantly expressed in multiple tumor types including bladder cancer and is associated with enhanced growth, resistance to apoptosis, invasion, and angiogenesis. To evaluate the mechanisms through which COX-2 expression alters normal urothelium, we transfected the SV-40 immortalized human urothelial cell line SV-HUC with COX-2. Methods SV-HUC cells were stably transfected with a plasmid containing COX-2 under a CMV promoter. Following isolation of monoclonal transfectants, COX-2 expression was determined by Western and Northern analyses. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in the culture supernatant was measured by ELISA. Cell growth was measured by crystal violet assay. Cellular invasion through Matrigel and anchorage-independent growth in 0.4% agarose were assessed. Tumorigenicity was evaluated by subcutaneous injection of cells in nude mice with and without Matrigel. Results Four of 12 clones stably overexpressing COX-2 at high levels relative to vector-transfected control cells were chosen for further study. Cell growth rates of these 4 clones were higher than vector control cells. PGE2 production was elevated in 3 of these 4 clones, and PGE2 levels correlated significantly with invasion through Matrigel. COX-2-transfected cells did not form colonies in soft agarose or tumors in nude mice. Conclusions Forced COX-2 expression in SV-HUC immortalized urothelial cells contributes to increased PGE2 production and increased invasion through Matrigel. However, it is insufficient to induce malignant transformation.
Single nucleotide seed modification restores in vivo tolerability of a toxic artificial miRNA sequence in the mouse brain

Huntington's disease is a fatal neurodegenerative disease caused by polyglutamine-expansion in huntingtin (HTT). Recent work showed that gene silencing approaches, including RNA interference (RNAi), improve disease readouts in mice. To advance RNAi to the clinic, we designed miHDS1, with robust knockdown of human HTT and minimized silencing of unintended transcripts. In Rhesus macaque, AAV delivery of miHDS1 to the putamen reduced HTT expression with no adverse effects on neurological status including fine and gross motor skills, no immune activation and no induction of neuropathology out to 6 weeks post injection. Others showed safety of a different HTT-targeting RNAi in monkeys for 6 months. Application of miHDS1 to Huntington's patients requires further safety testing in normal rodents, despite the fact that it was optimized for humans. To satisfy this regulatory requirement, we evaluated normal mice after AAV.miHDS1 injection. In contrast to monkeys, neurological deficits occurred acutely in mice brain and was attributed to off-target silencing through interactions of miHDS1 with the 3'UTR of other transcripts. While we resolved miHDS1 toxicity in mouse brain and maintained miHDS1-silencing efficacy, these studies highlight that optimizing nucleic acid-based medicines for safety in humans presents challenges for safety testing in rodents or other distantly related species.
Effects of NMDA and its antagonists on ventral horn cholinergic neurons in organotypic roller tube spinal cord cultures

Neurotoxic effects of excitatory amino acid (EAA) receptor agonist N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) and its antagonists on ventral horn cholinergic neurons were studied in organotypic rollertube cultures of spinal cord (OTC-SCs) using biochemical assays of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, and AChE histochemistry. NMDA exposure decreased ChAT and AChE activity by 83% and 66%, respectively. Cultures treated with NMDA also showed a marked loss of AChE staining in both dorsal and ventral horns and a significant, dose-dependent decrease in the number of ventral horn AChE-positive neurons (VHANs). NMDA treatment primarily resulted in the loss of small VHANs (<300μm2). VHANs with a size and distribution typical of α-motoneurons were relatively well preserved. The effects of NMDA on OTC-SCs appeared to be independent of the age of the cultures. The NMDA antagonist DL-AP5 completely prevented the NMDA-induced loss of ChAT activity, but only attenuated the effect of NMDA on AChE activity. The antagonists DL-AP5, D-AP5 and MK-801, used alone, caused significant loss and/or shrinkage of VHANs. These effects appeared to be distinct from the NMDA mediated toxicity. The results indicate that NMDA and its antagonists exert powerful toxic effects on ventral horn cholinergic neurons. The large cholinergic α-motoneurons, however, appear to be relatively immune to these toxic effects.
Translation silenced by fused pair of tRNA synthetases.

In this issue of Cell, Sampath et al. (2004) discover gene-specific translational silencing as a novel function of the fused glutamyl- and prolyl-tRNA synthetase (GluProRS). GluProRS is released from a multisynthetase translation complex in response to γ-interferon and forms a four-protein GAIT complex that silences translation of ceruloplasmin (Cp), a protein linked to the inflammatory response.
Salt intake and depletion increase circulating levels of endogenous ouabain in normal men.

High-salt diets elevate circulating Na+ pump inhibitors, vascular resistance, and blood pressure. Ouabain induces a form of hypertension mediated via the α2-Na+ pump isoform and the calcium influx ...
Effects of Leading-Edge Protection Tape on Wind Turbine Blade Performance

This paper presents results of a study to investigate the impact of using wind protection tape (WPT) to protect the leading edge of wind turbine airfoils from erosion. The tests were conducted on the DU 96-W-180 wind turbine airfoil at three Reynolds numbers between 1 and 1.85 million and angles of attack spanning the low drag range of the airfoil. Tests were run by varying the chordwise extent of the wind protection tape on the upper and lower surface in order to determine the relative impact of each configuration on the aerodynamics of the airfoil. The objective was to assess the performance losses due to the wind protection tape and compare them with losses due to leading-edge erosion in order to determine the potential benefits of using such tape to protect wind turbine blades. Results showed that the application of wind protection tape caused a drag increase of 5–15% for the various configurations tested and was significantly less detrimental to airfoil performance than leading edge erosion that could otherwise occur.
Structural Validation, Restoration, and Prediction

This chapter presents techniques for validating structural interpretations and for extracting additional information, such as the shape of the structure beyond the data, predicting the presence of structures too small to be seen at the resolution of the data, and determining the structural evolution. Most of the techniques of structural restoration, balance and prediction are related to one another by use of a common set of kinematic models, which is why they will be discussed together here.
Fast association tests for genes with FAST.

Gene-based tests of association can increase the power of a genome-wide association study by aggregating multiple independent effects across a gene or locus into a single stronger signal. Recent gene-based tests have distinct approaches to selecting which variants to aggregate within a locus, modeling the effects of linkage disequilibrium, representing fractional allele counts from imputation, and managing permutation tests for p-values. Implementing these tests in a single, efficient framework has great practical value. Fast ASsociation Tests (FAST) addresses this need by implementing leading gene-based association tests together with conventional SNP-based univariate tests and providing a consolidated, easily interpreted report. Fast scales readily to genome-wide SNP data with millions of SNPs and tens of thousands of individuals, provides implementations that are orders of magnitude faster than original literature reports, and provides a unified framework for performing several gene based association tests concurrently and efficiently on the same data. Availability: https://bitbucket.org/baderlab/fast/downloads/FAST.tar.gz, with documentation at https://bitbucket.org/baderlab/fast/ wiki/Home
Hemispherectomy for Hemimegalencephaly Due to Tuberous Sclerosis and a Review of the Literature

Abstract Background Hemimegalencephaly with tuberous sclerosis complex is an uncommon association, usually associated with intractable seizures that begin in the neonatal period or early infancy. Typically, the seizures are managed with medications until the patient is older when surgical treatment is considered safe. Patient Description We describe a 7-week-old infant with tuberous sclerosis ( TSC1 mutation) and hemimegalencephaly who underwent a functional hemispherectomy for status epilepticus. No clinical seizures have occurred since surgery nearly 5 years ago and subsequent weaning of antiepileptic drugs 3 years ago. This is one of the youngest patients with tuberous sclerosis complex treated with a hemispherectomy and one of seven patients described in the literature. Conclusions Our patient, along with previously reported cases, suggests that a hemispherectomy is a viable option in the very young. With evolution of this surgical process since its inception nearly 6 decades ago, it may now be performed safely in early infancy, engendering the possibility of seizure freedom in most and thus optimizing neurodevelopmental outcome.
The epidemiological enigma of heart failure with preserved systolic function.

Background: Current epidemiological evidence suggests that the prevalence of preserved systolic function in patients with heart failure varies widely from 13 to 74%. This inconsistency suggests a lack of consensus as to what this condition really is and how it has been characterised for epidemiological studies. Aims: In this review, we summarise and discuss the current understanding of the epidemiology of heart failure with preserved systolic function and the challenges that this raises. Methods: Studies were identified from Medline and Embase Literature Database searches using the subject headings heart failure, diastolic heart failure, epidemiology, incidence, prevalence, diagnosis, prognosis and mortality. Results: Sixty-one studies of congestive heart failure with preserved systolic function were reviewed. There is great diversity in the criteria used to determine whether heart failure is present, the patient population, the setting of the study and methods of evaluating left ventricular function. This makes epidemiological studies of prevalence, morbidity and mortality impossible to compare. Conclusions: The diagnosis of this syndrome might be better defined in terms of symptoms, elevated neuro hormones and impaired cardiac workload. This would allow accurate identification of cases so that further research could be conducted to measure outcome and assess therapeutic benefit.
Who Protests: Self-Interest and White Opposition to Busing

The most firmly entrenched example of the empirical disjuncture between self-interest and political attitudes concerns busing as a means of integrating schools. National and local survey data demonstrate that whites who are directly affected by busing are no more likely than other whites to oppose it. In this paper, we investigate the behavioral dimension of white opposition to busing--a dimension that previous scholars have ignored. We find that, while personal concerns may not influence what whites think, they do determine whether whites act. Our results underscore the distinction between the behavioral and the attitudinal dimensions of mass politics.
Analysis of near-source contributions to early P-wave coda for underground explosions. III. Inversion for isotropic scatterers

A systematic array processing analysis is applied to 916 teleseismic shortperiod P-wave signals from 25 underground explosions at Pahute Mesa in order to establish whether coherent arrivals scattered from near-source velocity heterogeneity can be identified. The signal coherence is measured using semblance, which can be statistically evaluated using the noncentral F-distribution if the noise properties are suitable. The effects of unsuitable correlated noise due to common path and receiver contributions are suppressed by applying station weighting functions obtained by stacking all observations at a given receiver. Similar corrections for individual events are applied to reduce biases due to variations in surface reflection times and spall effects. The characteristics of the spatial and phase velocity resolution of the semblance analysis are established by a series of synthetic calculations, including cases with random arrivals in the P-wave coda. The procedure is applied to the actual data under the assumption that any scattering structures present radiate isotropically, although this constraint could be relaxed given independent knowledge of a particular scatterer's nature. The Pahute Mesa data show some evidence for enhanced scattering contributions to the first 15 sec of the P-wave signals from the western edge of the Silent Canyon Caldera. The overall confidence level in this interpretation is fairly low because simulations with random scattering in the P coda successfully match many features observed in the stacked data.
Substrate Specificities of Phenylalanine and Tyrosine Hydroxylase: Role of Aspartate 425 of Tyrosine Hydroxylase

The tetrahydropterin-dependent aromatic amino acid hydroxylases phenylalanine hydroxylase (PheH) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TyrH) are 75% identical in their 335 C-terminal amino acid residues (1). Deletion mutagenesis and proteolysis of the native enzymes have shown that these amino acids contain the residues responsible for catalysis (2, 3, 4, 5, 6). Despite these extensive identities, these enzymes differ in their substrate specificities. PheH is very specific for phenylalanine; although it can hydroxylate tryptophan to a small extent, it is unable to hydroxylate tyrosine (7,8). TyrH is able to hydroxylate phenylalanine with approximately 66% the Vmax value with tyrosine (9,10). These substrate specificities are determined by the C domains (11). The goal of the experiments described here was to identify amino acid residues responsible for these different specificities.
Error-Correction and Aggregation in Crowd-Sourcing of Geopolitical Incident Information

A discriminative model is presented for crowd-sourcing the annotation of news stories to produce a structured dataset about incidents involving militarized disputes between nation-states. We used a question tree to gather partially redundant data from each crowd worker. A lattice of Bayesian Networks was then applied to error correct the individual worker annotations, the results of which were then aggregated via majority voting. The resulting hybrid model outperformed comparable, state-of-the-art aggregation models in both accuracy and computational scalability.
Analysis of critical thermal issues in 3D integrated circuits

Abstract Several key attributes of a 3D integrated chip structure are analyzed in this work. Critical features related to the effect of the size of the substrate, heat sink, device layer, through silicon vias (TSVs), thermal interface material (TIM), and the pitch and arrangement of core processors and TSVs as well as variation of thermal conductivity and total heat dissipation and distribution of power within the device layers core processors are investigated in depth. The effects of variation of pertinent features of the 3D integrated circuit (IC) structure on thermal hotspots are established and an optimization route for its reduction is clarified. In addition, a revealing analysis that shows the effect of the number of layers in the 3D structure is presented. Furthermore, the features that have insufficient effect on reduction of thermal hotspots are also established and discussed.
Americans Remember The Home Front. By Roy Hoopes, New York: Hawthorn Books. Inc., 1977. 398 pp. Hardbound $12.95.

(1978). Americans Remember The Home Front. The Oral History Review: Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 71-72.
Mating Frequency of the Western Corn Rootworm

Adult male western corn rootworms, Diabrotica virgifera LeConte, that had access to virgin females every 2–3 days mated a mean of 8.2 times throughout a mean lifetime of 41.6 days. All males tested mated more than once. However, only 7 of 30 ♀ tested mated twice. Two females of 30 mated a 2nd time during the preoviposition period following the 1st mating, but their 1st eggs resulted from the initial mating; eggs laid 10 days after the 2nd mating were fertilized by sperm from the 2nd mating. The other 5 ♀ remated during periods when they were not laying eggs. No females remated as long as they were actively laying eggs.
Structural Health Monitoring of Railroad Bridges - Research Needs and Preliminary Results

The initial content of this paper presents results of a survey-based study that identified simplified displacement monitoring of railroad bridges under trains as the main research interest of railroad bridge structural engineers. The second part of this publication describes a railroad bridge classification towards structural health monitoring (SHM) applications, based on current structural engineering problems and challenges identified by the railroad industry for each railroad bridge type. Finally, this paper briefly describes ongoing research related to attempting to monitor railroad bridge deflections by means of using simplified wireless sensors, and preliminary field experimentation and proof of concept validations.
Phytotoxicity and Ecological Safety of Engineered Nanomaterials

With the dramatically increasing use of nanotechnology-enabled consumer products, engineered nanomaterials (ENMs). ENMs are inevitably discharged into environment, posing unknown risks to ecosystem structure and function. Plants play important roles in soil and water resources in the environment. Although these ENMs have been widely used in medicine, agriculture, and consumer products for great economic benefit, their unique properties, may cause adverse effects on plants. Thus, toxicity and disposition of ENMs in terrestrial plants, especially agricultural crops, should be fully characterized. This mini-review summarizes the current literature on: (1) the distribution and biotransformation of ENMs; (2) ENMs induced phytotoxicity at physiological and molecular levels; (3) nutrient displacement or enhancement in ENMs treated plants; (4) trophic transfer of ENMs in terrestrial food chains.
Survey on microbial contamination in the central air conditioning system before and after the operation of metro line 2 in Xi'an

Objective This study was designed to master the background information of microbial contamination in the air conditioning system before and after the operation ofmetro line 2, in order to provide a basis for the subway supervision and management.Methods Theair conditioning systems of17 subway stations were surveyed before and after the operation ofmetro line 2. According to the technicalrules ofhygienic monitoring in public places, sampling, testing and evaluation were performed. Monitoring items included dust amount, total bacterial count, β-hemolytic streptococcus, and total fungi in wind and on the inner surface of the wind duct. Results Before and after the operation, the average amount of dust was 6.11 g/m2and 0.78 g/m2, respectively; the average total bacterialcountwas 130 cfu/cm2and 4 cfu/cm2, respectively; the average totalfungion the inner surface of duct was 130 cfu/cm2and4 cfu/cm2, respectively; theaveragetotalbacterialcountin wind was 110 cfu/m3and 63.5 cfu/m3, respectively; the average totalfungi in wind was 410 cfu/m3and 900 cfu/m3, respectively. Before and after the operation, the qualified rate for dust amount was 93.33%and 99.18%(P0.05); the qualified rate for total bacterial was 100% and 99.18%(P0.05); the qualified rate for total fungi on the inner surface of duct was 46.06% and 99.59%(P0.05); the qualified rate for total bacterial in wind duct was 96.97% and 98.18%(P0.05); the qualified rate totalfungiin wind ductwas 60.61% and 23.03%(P0.05). The β-hemolytic streptococcus was notdetected on the inner surface of duct or in wind duct. Conclusion With the metro operating for one year, the hygienic condition was passable, butthere was a certain degree offungicontamination in metro line 2. Itis suggested thatthe managing departments should strengthen the cleaning and disinfection for air conditioning system of subway station.
Application of Microwave Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometer in Environmental Protection Inspection of Green Printed Matter

Determination method of heavy metal elements in green printed matter by using 4100MP-AES microwave plasma atomic emission spectrometer was put forward.The sampling method was put forward;testing parameters of the apparatus were optimized,and detection limit was given.The method is applicable for environmental protection inspection of books,newspapers,magazines,packaging and etc.
Study on Enhancing Bacterial Blight Resistance of Hybrid Rice Restorer Lines through Marker Assisted Selection of the Xa23 Gene

The bacterial blight is one of the major diseases in rice.One effective control measure for bacterial blight is to breed resistance cultivars through molecular marker closely linked to the resistance genes.The rice bacterial blight resistance gene Xa23,carried by the donor parent IRBB23,was introduced into the restorer line Dongnanhui 012'by regular and back crossing and molecular(marker assisted selection.This research was carried out in low generation without resistance using molecular marker assisted selection with marker C189 closely linked to Xa23 gene,and in high and stable strains using seedling population identification technology.A series of precocious restore lines with homozygous target genes Xa23 and stable good agronomic characters were obtained through testing the flanking marker C189.The eight lines were subject to bacterial blight disease inoculation at the booting stages,and results showed that seven lines were resistant to the most destructive Xoostrain PXO 99(P6).Meanwhile,we also analyzed the main agronomic traits of the seven homozygous lines.These results clearly suggested that the marker C189 linked to Xa23 could be conveniently and effectively used in the bacterial blight resistance breeding programs of rice.
Catching All Passions in His Craft of Will: Portraits and Pater in Oscar Wilde’s “The Portrait of Mr. W. H.”

iv Introduction 1 Chapter One: Facing the Renaissance 6 Chapter Two: Wilde’s Portraits of Pater 24 Chapter Three: Picturing Mr. W.H. 47 Conclusion 72 Works Cited 78 Vita 83
TeleProbe: Zero-power Contactless Probing for Implantable Medical Devices

The lack of post-deployment visibility into system behavior is one of the major challenges in ensuring the reliable operation of implantable medical devices (IMDs). While wireless connectivity is becoming common in IMDs for monitoring device status, conventional wireless links incur significant energy overheads for data acquisition, processing, and active radio transmission. While low-power transceivers have been introduced to reduce the energy consumed by the radio itself, the energy consumed by the microcontroller for processing data and controlling the radio has often been overlooked. As a result, in IMDs that have a stringent energy constraint, prolonged signal monitoring over a wireless channel is infeasible due to this prohibitively high power consumption.To address this challenge, we present TELEPROBE, which enables zero-power probing of signals in IMDs. TELEPROBE is a wireless, oscilloscope-like probing mechanism for IMDs that allows direct readout of analog/digital signals in real-time using an LC tank circuit, without any power overhead imposed on the IMD. We have designed and implemented fully functional prototypes of TeleProbe and demonstrated its utility in the context of two practical usage scenarios: in-situ power analysis and off-chip serial communication bus monitoring in IMDs.
Are those bugs reflective? non-destructive biofilm imaging with white light interferometry

White light interferometry (WLI) is not typically used to image bacterial biofilms that are immersed in water because there is insufficient refractive index contrast to induce reflection from the biofilm’s interface. The soft structure and water-like bulk properties of hydrated biofilms make them difficult to characterize in situ by any means, especially in a non-destructive manner. Here we describe a new method for measuring and monitoring the thickness and topology of live biofilms using a WLI microscope. A microfluidic system was used to create a reflective interface on the surface of biofilms. Live biofilm samples were monitored non-destructively over time. The method enables surface metrology measurements (roughness, surface area) and a novel approach to measuring thickness of the thin hydrated biofilms. Increase in surface roughness preceded observable increase in biofilm thickness, indicating that this measure may be used to predict future development of biofilms. We have also developed a flow cell that enables WLI biofilm imaging in a dynamic environment. We have used this flow cell to observe changes in biofilm structure in response to changes in environmental conditions - flow velocity, availability of nutrients, and presence of biocides.
Evaluation of an in vitro screening model to assess phosgene inhalation injury.

AbstractTherapeutic development against exposure to toxic gases is hindered by the lack of appropriate models to evaluate candidate compounds prior to animal efficacy studies. In this study, an in vitro, air-liquid interface exposure model has been tested to examine its potential application for screening treatments for phosgene (carbonyl chloride)-induced pulmonary injury. Epithelial cultures on Transwell® inserts, combined with a Vitrocell® exposure apparatus, provided a physiologically relevant exposure environment. Differentiated human bronchial epithelial (16HBE) cultures were exposed for 8 min to phosgene ranging from 0 to 64 ppm and assessed for changes in transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER, epithelial barrier integrity), cellular viability (XTT) and post-exposure (PE) cellular metabolic energy status. Exposure to phosgene concentrations ≥8 ppm caused dose-dependent and significant decreases in TEER and XTT which did not recover within 24-h PE. In addition, at 64 ppm the rate of oxidative ...
Blood-based microRNAs as biomarkers for the diagnosis of colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is common and associated with significant mortality. Current screening methods for CRC lack patient compliance. microRNAs (miRNAs), identified in body fluids, are negative regulators of gene expression and are dysregulated in many cancers, including CRC. This paper summarises studies identifying blood-based miRNAs dysregulated in CRC compared with healthy controls in an attempt to evaluate their use as a screening tool for the diagnosis of CRC. A search of electronic databases (PubMed and EMBASE) and grey literature was performed between January 2002 and April 2016. Studies reporting plasma or serum miRNAs in the diagnosis of CRC compared with healthy controls were selected. Patient demographics, type of patient sample (serum or plasma), method of miRNA detection, type of normalisation, and the number of significantly dysregulated miRNAs identified were recorded. Statistical evaluation of dysregulated miRNAs using sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve (AUC) was performed. Thirty-four studies investigating plasma or serum miRNAs in the diagnosis of CRC were included. A total of 31 miRNAs were found to be either upregulated (n=17) or downregulated (n=14) in CRC cases as compared with controls. Fourteen studies identified panels of ⩾2 dysregulated miRNAs. The highest AUC, 0.943, was identified using a panel of 4 miRNAs with 83.3% sensitivity and 93.1% specificity. Meta-analysis of studies identifying a single dysregulated miRNA in CRC cases compared with controls was performed. Overall sensitivity and specificity of 28 individual miRNAs in the diagnosis of CRC were 76% (95% CI 72%–80%) and 76% (95% CI 72%–80%), respectively, indicating good discriminative ability of miRNAs as biomarkers for CRC. These data did not change with sensitivity analyses. Blood-based miRNAs distinguish patients with CRC from healthy controls with high sensitivity and specificity comparable to other common and invasive currently used screening methods for CRC. In future, miRNAs may be used as a relatively non-invasive blood-based marker for detection of CRC.
Debate as Dialectic: A Defense of the Tabula Rasa Approach to Judging

In response to the objections raised by Rowland in the preceding essay, two points are discussed. First, higher standards for argument are not justified and could create problems. Second, theoretic...
Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Abnormalities in Children

The clustering of risk factors for cardiovascular disease, particularly in the presence of obesity, has been recognized for some time. Reaven ([1][1]) first called this syndrome X. The common factors in this cluster are obesity, usually central obesity, increased blood pressure, lipid abnormalities
Living in the Cloud or on the Edge: Opportunities and Challenges of IOT Application Architecture

The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the network of objects, devices, machines, vehicles, buildings, and other physical systems with embedded sensing, computing, and communication capabilities, that sense and share and act on real-time information about the physical world. These objects, through standard communication protocols and unique addressing schemes provide services to the final users or systems. With the rise of low cost, low power single board computers, it is possible to perform certain business logic at the edge of the network utilizing such computers. This way the IoT application is distributed across many devices, some running at or near the edge of the network, at different locations and some running in the public or private cloud. This brings in new research and development challenges in the lifecycle of IoT applications, including modeling, deployment and support of non-functional requirements such as security, privacy, performance, provenance etc. In this paper we outline the challenges related to modeling and deployment of IoT applications and potential research directions in resolving these challenges.
Letter by Chi and Marszalek Regarding Article, “Composite End Points in Clinical Research: A Time for Reappraisal”

We read with great interest the work by Armstrong and Westerhout1 discussing the emerging concerns in the use of composite end points in clinical research. With respect to combining efficacy and safety end points to appraise the net clinical benefit (NCB) of a new intervention, the authors mentioned the application of weights to the components of the composite end point to circumvent the condition requiring uniform directionality of each component. In addition to the uniform directionality, other limitations that are inherent to this weighted approach should be considered. First, the approach assumes a linear relationship between efficacy and safety end points. …
The Devil’s Being God’s Best Inspiration: The Boundary between Research and Care

The patient as Job, the researcher as Faust; such are the roles in the relation of despair in which physician and patient are tempted to use one another. So runs the logic of Jan van Eys, who claims that, since “research has a different intent from therapy,” there is no such thing as “therapeutic research.” Research and therapy, or “care” in Ramsey’s terminology, have different objectives, different goals, van Eys maintains. Van Eys makes these distinctions in the name of fighting against excesses committed by researchers. “Doctors are culpable,” van Eys charges, “when they hold out hopes of cures for any diseases when all they can offer are experiments.”