cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nitrogen Fertilization Influences the Quantity, Composition, and Tissue Association of Foliar Phenolics in Strawberries

Unlike quantitative changes, the compositional changes of plant phenolics and changes in their tissue association as influenced by the nutrient supply are less well understood. We evaluated the quantity, composition, and tissue association of phenolics in leaves of two Fragaria ananassa cultivars in response to different levels of nitrogen (N) fertilization using global metabolomic approaches. Influence of N supply on phenolic content in both cultivars was similar, but the magnitude of this response was compound specific. Ellagitannins, the most abundant class of phenolic oligomers, were less responsive to the applied N treatments, whereas proanthocyanidins, the less abundant class of phenolic oligomers, exhibited higher fold change. Within mono-phenolics, the hydroxycinnamates were more abundant but showed lower fold change than the hydroxybenzoates. Among flavonoids, the hydroxylated flavonols showed higher abundances than the flavones, with a preferential accumulation of dihydroxylated flavonol at lower N levels. Furthermore, glycosylated flavonols were higher than the acylated forms. The extractable fraction of phenolics was more influenced by the N treatment than the fiber-bound fraction. The extensive compositional modification of phenolics and a greater response of non-bound fractions in response to N rates highlight the potential to use precise management of N supply as an effective strategy to enhance the bioactive compounds in crops.
Characterizing attitudes related to child-bearing in young women diagnosed with early breast cancer (EBC).

165Background: Young women diagnosed with breast cancer face unique challenges. The desire to have a biologic child (bchild) is often a factor in treatment decisions at diagnosis and follow-up. The...
Land and Privilege in Byzantium: The Institution of Pronoia

Introduction 1. The non-technical senses of the word pronoia 2. Pronoia during the twelfth century 3. Choniates' 'gifts of Paroikoi' 4. Origins 5. Pronoia during the Period of Exile (1204-1261) 6. Pronoia during the era of Michael VIII Palaiologos 7. Terminology, late thirteenth and fourteenth centuries 8. The nature of pronoia, late thirteenth and fourteenth centuries: a handbook in three parts 9. Pronoia during the later fourteenth and fifteenth centuries 10. Pronoia and timar Conclusion Appendices.
Demand Model for Bus Network Design

A demand model based on the concepts of transit accessibility and route directness was developed. Transit accessibility was expressed in terms of transit service coverage and transit service frequency. Route directness, on the other hand, was measured by a meandering penalty. The two measures were then combined into a single index, on which the estimation of transit demand was based. The development of the current model ensures a sensitive relation between the design of network configuration and the estimation of transit demand, therefore providing transit planners a better tool in bus network design.
Noble Gas Induced Relaxation of the Li 3S-3P Transition Spanning the Short Term Impact Regime to the Long Term Asymptotic Regime

Photon echoes have a Doppler free character which allows one to study relaxation processes which would otherwise be hidden in the inhomogeniously broadened spectral profile. It has recently been shown, for example, that contrary to expection, a radiating atom in a linear superposition of dissimilar electronic states can undergo identifiable velocity changing collisions [1]. Studies of this nature require an examination of the sub-Doppler region of the spectral line shape. The effect manifests itself, in the case of photon echoes, in a dependence of the effective relaxation cross section σeff on the excitation pulse separation τ. In this paper we report measurements in Li vapor where τ can be increased into the regime where σeff once again becomes independent of τ. In the limit τ=0 we measure σ0 which is the phase changing cross section as calculated by Baranger [2] while in the large τ limit we measure σ∞ the average total scattering cross section of the ground and the excited states. Our data at intermediate values of τ is used to determine the form of the scattering kernel and the average velocity change per collision. These measurements are for the 2S–2P superposition states in atomic Li perturbed by each of the noble gases. For He perturbers the scattering kernel is found to be Lorentzian, for the other perturbers it is Gaussian.
Professions for world disarmament and development: Armaments and the third world crisis

The fourth annual conference of PWDD at the Royal Society of Medicine, London, considered the relationship between the arms race and world development, with emphasis on its effect on developing countries.
Nutritional Effects of Dietary Protein Restriction in Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus

The effects of dietary protein deprivation in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) have been investigated in a merely rudimentary fashion in human subjects. Moderate dietary protein restriction of 0.6 g/(kg ideal body weight.d) over 3 mo in free-living IDDM patients produces increased adiposity during weight maintenance and decreased muscle strength. These effects might have been predicted from studies of protein deprivation in diabetic subjects, indicating impairment of nitrogen retention. The clinical consequences of dietary protein restriction in IDDM may be more complex than described to date. This is suggested by the overriding paradox that the actions of insulin on protein synthesis are inconsistent among in vitro, animal and human in vivo models. The inconsistency and the observation that insulin deficiency in humans accelerates both proteolysis and protein synthesis imply that knowledge about insulin, diabetes and protein metabolism in humans is inadequate and should be studied in increasing detail. Better understanding of the clinical consequences of dietary protein restriction in diabetes, both beneficial and adverse, is likely to come from future studies incorporating clinically relevant levels of insulin deficiency and protein deprivation into studies of bodily function, clinical outcomes and specific examination of the metabolism of individual proteins.
I/O in Parallel Applications: the Weakest Link

Parallel computers are increasingly being used to run large-scale applications that also have huge input/output I/O requirements. However, many applications obtain poor I/O performance on modem parallel machines. This two-part special issue of the Intemational Journal of HighPerformance Computing Applications contains papers that describe the I/O requirements and the techniques used to perform I/O in real parallel applications. The authors first explain how the I/O application program inter face API plays a critical role in enabling such applications to achieve high I/O performance. They describe how the commonly used UNIX I/O interface is inappropriate for parallel I/O and how an explicitly parallel API with support for collective I/O can help the underlying I/O hardware and software perform I/O efficiently. They then describe MPI- IO, a recently defined, standard, portable API specifically designed for high performance parallel I/O. They conclude with an overview of the papers in Part 1 and Part 2 of this special issue.
Use of supplemental oxygen during bystander-initiated CPR***

Study objective: To evaluate the efficacy of three methods by which rescuers can breathe supplemental oxygen to increase their delivered oxygen concentration (FDO 2 ) during singlerescuer, bystander-initiated CPR. Design: Controlled, randomized, crossover study. Setting: Simulation in laboratory setting using a CPR manikin. Subjects: Thirteen-volunteer convenience sample group. Interventions: Volunteers trained only in basic life support performed ventilation only and full CPR on a CPR manikin using room air and each of three supplemental oxygen delivery methods: nasal cannula, oxygen supply tube, and demand valve. The volunteers received minimal instruction on how to use the supplemental oxygen delivery methods. Main outcome measures: Peak FDO 2 and peak carbon dioxide concentration; American Heart Association-defined ventilation and CPR compression performance indices. The data were analyzed using Duncan's method of analysis of variance. Results: The mean peak FDO 2 during ventilation-only/full CPR for the baseline (room air ventilation) and each supplemental oxygen delivery method (at specified flow rate) was: baseline (room air), −17.96%±0.56%/16.77%±0.56%; nasal cannula (at 10 L/min), −31.77%±3.06%/27.01%±3.68%; oxygen supply tubing (at 15 L/min), −36.82%±9.93%/30.41%±4.88%; and demand valve, −78.17%±9.10%/68.22%±7.10%. CPR performance was not hampered by the use of the supplemental oxygen methods. Conclusion: The use of supplemental oxygen increases the rescuer's FDO 2 during ventilation-only and full CPR without interfering with CPR performance.
Heat shock proteins HSP70 and GP96: structural insights.

Several heat shock proteins (HSPs) act as potent adjuvants for eliciting anti-tumor immunity. HSP-based tumor vaccine strategies have been highly successful in animal models and are undergoing testing in clinical trials. It is generally accepted that HSPs, functioning as chaperones for tumor antigens, elicit tumor-specific adaptive immune responses. HSPs also appear to induce innate immune responses in an antigen-independent fashion. Innate responses generated by HSPs may contribute to anti-tumor immunity. Immunologically active chaperones with anti-tumor activity are referred to as “immunochaperones”. Here, we review the studies that address the role of structural domains or regions of the immunochaperones HSP70 and GP96 that may be involved in the induction of adaptive or innate immune responses.
Heely injuries: A new epidemic warranting a government health warning

Summary Introduction Heelys™, the new craze gripping the nation, were first introduced to Ireland in 2005 having been available in the United States since 2000. Designed as “the only shoe with a removable wheel in the sole” and initially marketed among rollerbladers and skateboarders they have been adopted by children as contemporary footwear. Material and methods From April to June 2006, all patients presenting to trauma orthopaedic services at our institutions with injuries sustained while wearing Heelys were included in this study. Results Thirty-nine patients are included in this study. The mean age was 9.1 years (range 7–13, median 9 years). Of the 39 patients referred to the orthopaedic service, 8 required admissions to hospital. One patient admitted following a head injury, required craniotomy and evacuation of an extradural haematoma. Conclusion The significance of the injuries encountered demonstrates the potentially devastating results from the use of Heelys. The public perception of safety is incorrect and manufacturers rightly recommend strongly the use of safety gear.
Business Communications: A Highly Valued Core Course in Business Administration

Abstract Our purpose in this research was (a) to determine whether the business communications course, a traditionally important required core course for college and university business graduates, continues to be perceived as a highly valued component of the core business courses and (b) to assess its perceived level of difficulty and instructional effectiveness. The results of this research suggest that business communications is the most important course of all core business courses. Though perceived to be the easiest, it is also perceived to have more effective instruction than five of the other core business courses. Therefore, if changes are forthcoming in the core business curriculum as a result of the recent AACSB accreditation standards, the business communications course should certainly continue to be an integral part of the core.
Improvement in liver histology is associated with reduction in dyslipidemia in children with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

Objectives Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common cause of liver disease among US children, may be associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. The present study sought to determine the prevalence of dyslipidemia in children with NAFLD and assess dyslipidemia by liver histology and histologic changes. Methods Individuals in the Treatment of NAFLD in Children (TONIC) trial were included (N = 173). In the TONIC trial, children with NAFLD were randomized to vitamin E, metformin, or placebo for 96 weeks. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) improved in 56 children. Change in lipid levels from baseline and 96 weeks was compared between patients with and without histologic improvement and with and without NASH. Results Dyslipidemia was frequent, with low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) ( 3.0 in 57.2% of patients. Histologic improvement was associated with significant decreases in cholesterol (-11.4 mg/dL vs -1.9 mg/dL, P = 0.04), LDL (-11.2 mg/dL vs -2.1 mg/dL, P = 0.04), and non-HDL-C (-8.8 mg/dL vs 0.5 mg/dL, P = 0.03) compared with those without improvement. Children with NASH resolution had significant decreases in cholesterol (-10.0 mg/dL vs -0.9 mg/dL, P = 0.02) and non-HDL-C (-7.3 mg/dL vs 1.1 mg/dL, P = 0.01) compared with those without NASH resolution. There was no improvement in triglycerides, HDL level, or triglycerides/HDL ratio in either group. Conclusions Dyslipidemia is frequent in children with NAFLD. NASH resolution and histologic improvement are associated with improvements in some forms of dyslipidemia.
High-speed hazard avoidance for mobile robots in rough terrain

Mobile robots have important applications in high speed, rough-terrain scenarios. In these scenarios, unexpected and hazardous situations can occur that require rapid hazard avoidance maneuvers. At high speeds, there is limited time to perform re-planning based on detailed vehicle and terrain models. Furthermore, detailed models often do not accurately predict the robot’s performance due to model parameter and sensor uncertainty. This paper presents a method for high speed hazard avoidance. The method is based on the concept of the trajectory space, which is a compact model-based representation of a robot’s dynamic performance limits in uneven, natural terrain. A Monte Carlo method for analyzing system performance despite model parameter uncertainty is briefly presented, and its integration with the trajectory space is discussed. Simulation results for the hazard avoidance algorithm are presented and demonstrate the effectiveness of the method.
Catabolism of volatile organic compounds influences plant survival.

Plants emit a diverse array of phytogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The production and emission of VOCs has been an important area of research for decades. However, recent research has revealed the importance of VOC catabolism by plants and VOC degradation in the atmosphere for plant growth and survival. Specifically, VOC catabolism and degradation have implications for plant C balance, tolerance to environmental stress, plant signaling, and plant–atmosphere interactions. Here we review recent advances in our understanding of VOC catabolism and degradation, propose experiments for investigating VOC catabolism, and suggest ways to incorporate catabolism into VOC emission models. Improving our knowledge of VOC catabolism and degradation is crucial for understanding plant metabolism and predicting plant survival in polluted environments.
Studies of the anaphylactic antibody

Abstract It has been shown qualitatively that: 1.1. Guinea pigs can be passively sensitized to horse serum by injecting antibody solutions prepared from the pooled serum of rabbits highly immunized against horse serum. 2.2. The anaphylactic antibody was present in both the water-soluble and the water-insoluble globulin fractions of the immune serum. 3.3. The anaphylactic antibody was serially precipitated from sodium chloride suspensions of whole globulin by sodium sulphate in concentrations of 7.5 per cent, 10 per cent, 12.5 per cent, 15 per cent, 17.5 per cent, 20 per cent, 22.5 per cent. Precipitates from the various concentrations were not uniform in amount nor in precipitin titer. The anaphylactic antibody was qualitatively present in each of the precipitates. 4.4. Highly sensitized guinea pigs were appreciably protected from shocking doses of horse serum by specific water-soluble-antibody solutions. 5.5. Highly sensitized guinea pigs were completely protected against small multiples of shocking doses of horse serum by specific whole-globulin-antibody solutions and, by inference, by specific water-insoluble-antibody fractions.
Electrodiagnostic Evaluation of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome and Ulnar Neuropathies

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) and ulnar mononeuropathies at the elbow and wrist are the most common nerve entrapments in the upper extremities. Electrodiagnostic studies are a valid and reliable means of confirming the clinical diagnosis. This review addresses various electrodiagnostic techniques to evaluate the median and ulnar nerves at the wrist and elbow. It also discusses the limitations of electrodiagnostic studies with regard to the sensitivity and specificity of such testing.
Low-temperature photoluminescence of SiGe/Si disordered multiple quantum wells and quantum well wires

Low-temperature photoluminescence from disordered SiGe/Si quantum wells and quantum wires made from periodic quantum wells by electron beam lithography and reactive ion etching has been measured. No enhancement in luminescence is seen, compared to that in periodic quantum wells, in the disordered wells or quantum wires. New transitions are observed in the wire luminescence, including a possible no-phonon transition exhibiting a 32 meV blue shift compared to the same transition in the wells.
A Study of Oxidation of Dental Amalgams with Age

A quantitative test for corrosion due to oxidation has been accomplished. The oxygen concentration of dental amalgams was measured by fast neutron activation which provides a means of detecting oxygen in as small a quantity as 10 to 20 micrograms. An increase in oxygen content with age of spherical blend amalgam implants was observed, confirming the importance of oxidation processes in in vivo corrosion.
NBS-SURF calibrations: Use in NASA stratosphere and climate programs

Abstract In 1976 a rocket measurement series was begun by NASA/GSFC to determine the variation of the solar ultraviolet spectrum between 140 and 350 nm. This is the spectral region which controls the oxygen photochemistry in the stratosphere and mesosphere. This wavelength region was identified in 1977 as an important spectral region to monitor at least once a year for climate studies by a World Meteorological Organization Panel of Experts for the Monitoring of Trace Gases in the Atmosphere. The measuring devices used for the rocket experiments are single Ebert grating monochromators which have been calibrated at the NBS/ SURF to achieve the best available calibration accuracies for this measurement program. Fair agreement is shown between the SURF absolute calibration and a Johns Hopkins University CTE relative calibration.
A Wireless, Remote Query Glucose Biosensor Based on a pH-Sensitive Polymer

This paper describes a wireless, remote query glucose biosensor using a ribbonlike, mass-sensitive magnetoelastic sensor as the transducer. The glucose biosensor is fabricated by first coating the magnetoelastic sensor with a pH-sensitive polymer and upon it a layer of glucose oxidase (GOx). The pH-responsive polymer swells or shrinks, thereby changing mass, respectively, in response to increasing or decreasing pH values. The GOx-catalyzed oxidation of glucose produces gluconic acid, inducing the pH-responsive polymer to shrink, which in turn decreases the polymer mass. In response to a time-varying magnetic field, a magnetoelastic sensor mechanically vibrates at a characteristic resonance frequency, the value of which inversely depends on sensor mass loading. As the magnetoelastic films are magnetostrictive, the vibrations launch magnetic flux that can be remotely detected using a pickup coil. Hence, changes in the resonance frequency of a passive magnetoelastic transducer are detected on a remote query ...
Biphasic waveform defibrillation using a three-electrode transvenous lead system in humans.

Biphasic Transvenous Defibrillation. Introduction: Biphasic waveform defibrillation is not always more efficacious than monophasic waveform defibrillation. Methods and Results: Waveform efficacy appears to vary with the lead system used. In this prospective, randomized study, defibrillation efficacy with biphasic and monophasic single capacitor 120μF, 65% tilt pulses was compared for a lead system consisting of right ventricular (RV), chest patch (CP), and superior vena cava (SVC) electrodes. Although this lead system is commonly used with monophasic pulses in transvenous defibrillators, few studies have examined the defibrillation efficacy of this lead system in man for biphasic waveform defibrillation. Fourteen cardiac arrest survivors undergoing defibrillator implantation were included in the study using pulses delivered from a cathodal RV electrode simultaneously to anodal SVC and CP electrodes. Biphasic and monophasic waveforms were recorded oscilloscopically to acquire defibrillation threshold (DFT) data on leading edge voltage requirements and for stored energy. The monophasic DFT voltage was 661 ± 177 V compared to the biphasic DFT voltage of 451± 185 V (P < 0.0001). The monophasic DFT stored energy was 28.0 ± 13.4 J compared to the biphasic DFT stored energy of 14.1 ± 12.4 J (P ± 0.0001). The stored energy DFT was < 15 J in only 2 of 14 patients (15%) with monophasic defibrillation but < 15 J in 10 of 14 (71%) patients with biphasic defibrillation. Conclusion: These findings indicate that biphasic defibrillation with an RV, SVC, CP transvenous electrode system is substantially more efficient than monophasic defibrillation. allowing for higher numbers of patients to receive transvenous defibrillators with a relatively simple lead system at a satisfactory cutoff DFT safety margin of 15 J.
Screening for depression in a geriatric rehabilitation sample.

Objective To examine the utility of a short depression inventory (SDI) for use with elderly medical inpatients. Method Subjects were 132 consecutive admissions to the inpatient geriatric rehabilitation unit at MetroHealth Medical Center, a general medical teaching hospital in Cleveland, Ohio. Sixty of the original sample qualified for inclusion in the final sample. Within the first five days of admission, all subjects were administered the Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE). Ss who scored 20 or above were asked to complete the SDI and the GDI. A clinical interview used DSM-III-R criteria to establish the diagnosis of major depression. The order of presentation of questionnaire or interview was varied to control for the effects of presentation order. Results When an optimal cut-off score of 4 or above on the SDI was used, the sensitivity and specificity were 100% and 85% respectively. Using the GDS, sensitivity and specificity were 100% and 90%. Conclusions Using the SDI, impressive sensitivity and specificity were achieved. The SDI was also essentially equivalent to the GDI psychometrically. The SDI appears to have good promise as a depression screen in medical populations.
CMOS current comparator circuit

A CMOS current comparator circuit design is presented and its simulated performance described. A comparator circuit designed to detect the presence of, for example, 5 ?A realised in a standard polysilicon-gate CMOS process technology exhibits a simulated propagation delay of about 10 ns.
Comparison of H-H versus Si-H sigma-Bond Coordination and Activation on 16e Metal Fragments. Organosilane, N(2), and Ethylene Addition to the Agostic Complex W(CO)(3)(PR(3))(2) and Dynamic NMR Behavior of the Latter.

Variable-temperature 31P{1H} NMR spectroscopy of the agostic complexes M(CO)3(PCy3)2 (M = Mo, W) indicates dynamic behavior as evidenced by collapse below −20 °C of a singlet to an AB signal plus a...
Older Lesbians: Experiences of Aging, Discrimination and Resilience

Older lesbians are, at minimum, a triple threat of marginalization due to ageism, heterosexism, and sexism. A national survey specific to this often-invisible population has not occurred in over 25 years. The present study was completed to reveal the needs, strengths, and experiences of the current cohort of older lesbians. Four hundred fifty-six older lesbians responded to an online survey on topics including sociodemographics, social activity, health, sexual identity, family relationships, romantic relationships, service/program use, mental health, end-of-life care, and discrimination. The results and implications are included as well as a comparison to the last studied cohort.
The α1 domain of the HLA-DR molecule is essential for high-affinity binding of the toxic shock syndrome toxin-1

Several exoproteins from the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus are highly potent polyclonal activators of T cells in the presence of cells bearing class II antigens of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). These toxins, including the toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST-1), act at nanomolar concentrations, bind directly to class II molecules, and do not require the processing typical of nominal antigen. Each toxin is capable of stimulating a subpopulation of peripheral T lymphocytes bearing particular V beta sequences as part of their alpha beta T-cell receptors. It is not known how these so-called 'superantigens' bind to class II and how this binding stimulates T cells. In this study, the different affinities of TSST-1 for human class II molecules DR and DP were exploited to define the region of a class II molecule necessary for high-affinity binding. Using chimaeric alpha- and beta-chains of DR and DP expressed at the surface of transfected murine fibroblasts and a binding assay with TSST-1, it was shown that the alpha 1 domain of DR is essential for high-affinity binding, and further that TSST-1 binding did not prevent subsequent binding of a DR-restricted antigenic peptide. This is compatible with a model of superantigen making external contacts with both class II and T cell receptor, and suggests that the V beta portion of the T-cell receptor interacts with the nonpolymorphic alpha-chain of DR.
Congenital bronchopulmonary foregut malformation initially diagnosed as esophageal atresia type C: challenging diagnosis and treatment☆☆☆

Communicating bronchopulmonary foregut malformations are extremely rare congenital malformations, characterized by a communicating fistula between an isolated part of the respiratory system and the esophagus or the stomach. In this article, we present a case of esophageal atresia type C, later diagnosed as a rare form of a communicating bronchopulmonary foregut malformation, an esophageal atresia combined with right main bronchus originating from the lower esophagus. Therapeutic resection of the right lung was complicated by postpneumonectomy syndrome.
On the variability of the Mediterranean Outflow Water in the North Atlantic from 1948 to 2006

[1] Recent work has shown that variability in the properties and/or transport of Mediterranean Seawaters spilling across the Strait of Gibraltar into the North Atlantic have had little impact on the variability of Mediterranean Outflow Water (MOW) in the that basin over the past fifty years. Here we investigate whether circulation changes are the dominant source of MOW variability in the North Atlantic between 1948 and 2006. Using a 1/3° North Atlantic configuration of the HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model combined with the Marginal Sea Boundary Condition model, two simulations forced by either climatological or interannual atmospheric fields are performed. The interannual simulation reproduces the observed MOW variability without Mediterranean Seawater changes. Thus, we conclude that MOW variability in the last 60 years is a consequence of circulation changes in the North Atlantic. A series of simulations that separate the mechanical effect of the wind from the impact of buoyancy forcing show that MOW variability can be attributed to shifts between its dominant northward and westward pathways. The pathway shifts from predominantly northward between 1950 and 1975 to predominantly westward between 1975 and 1995 and finally back to northward after 1995. Though these pathway shifts appear to be wind-induced, the property changes are caused by the combined impact of wind and buoyancy forcing on the circulation of the North Atlantic.
Testicular torsion in adults Plea for its consideration early in clinical evaluation of acute scrotum

A case of a thirty-eight-year-old man with acute scrotum is presented. Past history of transient episodes of testicular pain, negative findings on urinalysis, and lack of symptomatic relief despite antibiotic therapy plus a high index of suspicion helped establish the correct diagnosis of testicular torsion. A long delay between onset of symptoms and surgical exploration resulted in testicular infarction. A plea is made to consider torsion of the testis even in the adult with scrotal pain when all of the classic clinical criteria of epididymitis are not present.
Transport through modes in random media

The ease with which waves can travel through a disordered system is theoretically encapsulated in the separation and width of the energy levels — or modes — describing that system. But extracting this information is experimentally challenging because of the spectral overlap of these modes. Jing Wang and Azriel Genack now show how these modal properties can be reconstructed from measurements of the 'speckle' pattern of radiation transmitted through a disordered medium. The ease with which waves can travel through a disordered system is theoretically encapsulated in the separation and width of the energy levels, or modes, describing that system. However, extracting this information is experimentally challenging due to the spectral overlap of these modes. Here it is shown how these modal properties can be reconstructed from measurements of the 'speckle' pattern of radiation transmitted through a disordered medium. Excitations in complex media are superpositions of eigenstates that are referred to as ‘levels’ for quantum systems and ‘modes’ for classical waves. Although the Hamiltonian of a complex system may not be known or solvable, Wigner conjectured1 that the statistics of energy level spacings would be the same as for the eigenvalues of large random matrices. This has explained key characteristics of neutron scattering spectra2. Subsequently, Thouless and co-workers argued3,4 that the metal–insulator transition in disordered systems4,5,6 could be described by a single parameter, the ratio of the average width and spacing of electronic energy levels: when this dimensionless ratio falls below unity, conductivity is suppressed by Anderson localization5 of the electronic wavefunction. However, because of spectral congestion due to the overlap of modes7,8,9, even for localized waves, a comprehensive modal description of wave propagation has not been realized. Here we show that the field speckle pattern10 of transmitted radiation—in this case, a microwave field transmitted through randomly packed alumina spheres—can be decomposed into a sum of the patterns of the individual modes of the medium and the central frequency and linewidth of each mode can be found. We find strong correlation between modal field speckle patterns, which leads to destructive interference between modes. This allows us to explain complexities of steady state and pulsed transmission of localized waves and to harmonize wave and particle descriptions of diffusion.
Atomic layer deposited borosilicate glass microchannel plates for large area event counting detectors

Abstract Borosilicate glass micro-capillary array substrates with 20 μm and 40 μm pores have been deposited with resistive, and secondary electron emissive, layers by atomic layer deposition to produce functional microchannel plates. Device formats of 32.7 mm and 20 cm square have been fabricated and tested in analog and photon counting modes. The tests show amplification, imaging, background rate, pulse shape and lifetime characteristics that are comparable to standard glass microchannel plates. Large area microchannel plates of this type facilitate the construction of 20 cm format sealed tube sensors with strip-line readouts that are being developed for Cherenkov light detection. Complementary work has resulted in Na 2 KSb bialkali photocathodes with peak quantum efficiency of 25% being made on borosilicate glass. Additionally GaN (Mg) opaque photocathodes have been successfully made on borosilicate microchannel plates.
The changing face of odontogenic infections.

Purpose: The purpose of this investigation was to compare characteristics of patients hospitalized with odontogenic infections during the 1980s to those of the 1990s. Patients and Methods: This study was a retrospective record review that compared 2 cohorts of patients admitted to the same institution during two 81-month periods, one decade apart. Admission criteria were face or neck swelling suggesting abscess or cellulitis and one or more of the following: temperature above 38°C, white blood cell (WBC) count greater than 10.8 × 103/μL, or concern about airway compromise. Characteristics reviewed were age, gender, race, admission temperature, admission WBC count, fascial space(s) involved, tooth of etiology, duration of hospitalization, and bacteria isolated. Data were compared for statistical significance (P <.05). Results: No significant differences were found between the 2 cohorts for age, gender, race, admission temperature, admission WBC count, space involvement, or length of stay (P <.05). One tooth (mandibular left first molar) of 52 was involved more frequently in the 1990 group (P <.03). Gram-positive cocci were isolated significantly more frequently from the 1990s patients than from the 1980s patients (P <.03). There were also significant differences (P <.02) between cohorts in the isolation frequency of individual genera, such as alpha-hemolytic Streptococci, coagulase negative staphylococci, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacteroides melanogenicus, beta-lactamase positive Bacteroides, Eikenella corrodens, and Neisseria species. Eighty-one percent of the bacteria cultured from the 1990s patients were resistant to one or more common antibiotics; 47% of these organisms were Staphylococcus aureus. Conclusion: No clinically significant differences existed in the characteristics of patients hospitalized with odontogenic infections between the 1980s and the 1990s. Although there were differences in the type and prevalence of bacteria isolated, this was probably a result of changes in nomenclature, identification protocols, and isolation techniques. © 2001 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Effect of chronic ethanol feeding upon the catabolism of protein and lipid moieties of chylomicrons and very low density lipoproteins in vivo and in the perfused heart system

Effect of chronic ethanol feeding for 6 weeks to male Wistar rats upon the catabolism of rat chylomicrons and very low density lipoproteins was investigated both in vivo and in the perfused heart system. The exponential decay curves in the plasma compartment or in the perfused heart system of these lipoproteins labeled in the protein or triacylglycerol or cholesterol moieties were determined. It was found that chronic ethanol feeding inhibited the catabolism of both protein and triacylglycerol moieties by 26-35%, whereas that of the cholesterol moiety was inhibited by 67-71%. Since the catabolism of the triacylglycerol moiety takes place essentially in the extrahepatic tissues while that of the cholesterol moiety occurs in the liver, it is concluded that ethanol affects the catabolism of triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins in the liver more than in the extrahepatic tissues.
From “Observer to Activist”: Documentary Memory, Oral History, and Studs Terkel's “Essence” Narratives

Over several decades of interviewing people and crafting their words into published works, Studs Terkel defined, expanded, and challenged the field of oral history. Terkel often described his methods as similar to those of a “prospector for gold” sifting through the statements of his subjects to create essays that reveal each person's “essence.” Drawing on his planning documents, interview transcripts, manuscripts and published texts, I trace Terkel's approach to oral history through two of his best-known works – Hard Times and “The Good War” – and through three stages: his planning and performance of interviews, his editing of the individual transcripts, and his construction of the completed text. I conclude by considering the implications of Terkel's unconventional approach to oral history and the ways in which his methodology may reflect his long history of involvement with progressive political movements. Terkel crafted his subject's narratives into texts I term “documentary memory”; he insisted that his works are subjective “memory books” but also employed a documentary rhetoric of objectivity. Terkel believed telling stories of the past to be a form of social action and he used his texts about the past to comment politically on his present – his “memory books” document earlier periods in American history relevant to the cultural moment in which he published.
Real-time 3-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography in the assessment of ventriculoatrial shunt (Gerbode defect) complicating simultaneous mitral and tricuspid valve repair.

![Figure][1] [![Graphic][3] ][3][![Graphic][4] ][4][![Graphic][5] ][5][![Graphic][6] ][6] A 67-year-old man presented with worsening dyspnea 1 month after double mitral and tricuspid valve repair. Physical examination revealed high-pitched holosystolic murmur across the
Estrogen binding protein of rat liver.

An estrogen binding protein for estradiol-17B is present in the liver cytosol of female intact and one day oophorectomized rats. The dissociation constant reveals high affinity binding (Kd: 0.69 ± 0.14 × 10−10 M). Quantitation of EBP using a dextran-coated charcoal method shows that this specific macromolecular binding is much less than in the rat uterus, but similar to that in DMBA-induced mammary tumors. Sucrose density gradient analysis shows sedimentation at 8–9 S and 4–5 S when compared to bovine serum albumin.
A spectral and lag-correlation analysis of turbulence in a deciduous forest canopy

The processes influencing turbulence in a deciduous forest and the relevant length and time scales are investigated with spectral and cross-correlation analysis. Wind velocity power spectra were computed from three-dimensional wind velocity measurements made at six levels inside the plant canopy and at one level above the canopy. Velocity spectra measured within the plant canopy differ from those measured in the surface boundary layer. Noted features associated with the within-canopy turbulence spectra are: (a) power spectra measured in the canopy crown peak at higher wavenumbers than do those measured in the subcanopy trunkspace and above the canopy; (b) peak spectral values collapse to a relatively universal value when scaled according to a non-dimensional frequency comprised of the product of the natural frequency and the Eulerian time scale for vertical velocity; (c) at wavenumbers exceeding the spectral peak, the slopes of the power spectra are more negative than those observed in the surface boundary layer; (d) Eulerian length scales decrease with depth into the canopy crown, then increase with further depth into the canopy; (e) turbulent events below crown closure are more correlated with turbulent events above the canopy than are those occurring in the canopy crown; and (f) Taylor's frozen eddy hypothesis is not valid in a plant canopy. Interactions between plant elements and the mean wind and turbulence alter the processes that produce, transport and remove turbulent kinetic energy and account for the noted observations.
Photosynthate Partitioning and Enzymes of Sucrose Metabolism in Sugarbeet Roots

Populations of sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) plants that differed in taproot/leaf weight ratio and in photosynthate partitioning between taproots and fibrous roots did not differ in root/shoot ratio as indicated by relative dry weight distribution. Based on the hypothesis that dry weight distribution is influenced by the metabolism of imported sucrose, we examined the relationships between the activity of the enzymes of sucrose metabolism and dry weight distribution as a function of genotype and ontogeny. A decreased specific activity of acid invertase in taproots was associated with increased taproot/fibrous root weight ratio at 21 and at 28 days post-emergence. Alkaline invertase activity was negatively correlated with taproot/fibrous root weight ratio at 28 days. Sucrose synthetase specific activities of taproots were not correlated with dry matter distribution. Acid invertase may influence photosynthate partitioning between the taproot and fibrous roots via regulation of sucrose levels in the region of fibrous root initiation.
VDR deficiency affects alveolar bone and cementum apposition in mice

Abstract Objective To compare the mineralisation density (MD), morphology and histology of alveolar bone and cementum amongst VDR +/+, VDR −/−, and VDR −/− groups supplemented with a diet TD 96348, containing 20% lactose, 2.0% calcium and 1.25% phosphorous. Methods Four groups of mice (6 mice/group) were identified by genotyping: VDR +/+ mice (VDR wild type), VDR −/− mice (VDR deficient), VDR −/− offsprings derived from VDR −/− parents receiving a supplemental diet (early rescued), and VDR −/− mice fed with a supplemental diet beginning at age one month (late rescued). All mice were sacrificed at age 70.5 days. Micro-CT was used to compare MD and morphology of alveolar bone and cementum. H–E and Toluidine blue staining was used to examine the ultrastructure of the alveolar bone and cementum at matched locations. Results In VDR −/− group, alveolar bone and cementum failed to mineralise normally. Early rescue increased MD of alveolar bone in VDR −/− mice with excessive alveolar bone formation, but which not observed in late rescue group. MD and morphology of cementum–dentine complex in both early and late rescue groups were comparable with VDR +/+ group when feeding with high-calcium rescue diet. Conclusions VDR affects alveolar bone mineralisation and formation systemically and locally. However, cementum apposition and mineralisation is mainly regulated by calcium concentrations in serum.
Hierarchical caustic maps

Interactive applications typically rely on local models for lighting, occasionally augmented by GPU-friendly methods for approximating global illumination. Caustic mapping approximates the specular focusing of light using a light-space image, akin to a shadow map, which is projected onto the scene during final rendering. Unfortunately, existing caustic map implementations must choose between quality and speed. Quickly generated maps use few photons and look extremely blurry, while sharper maps created from millions of photons only render at a few frames per second. This paper introduces a number of hierarchical enhancements to caustic mapping that allow real-time rendering with high quality caustic maps, even when using maps from multiple light sources. These techniques utilize the geometry processing stage of recent GPUs to avoid processing every photon and to render a pyramidal caustic map that allows photon splats of varying diameters without the increased costs inherent in rasterizing large splats.
Home Language Survey Practices in the Initial Identification of English Learners in the United States

This article is focused on the different Home Language Surveys (HLS) used across U.S. states as a means of identifying students who, with further assessment, may prove eligible for language-support services. The majority of states mandate some form of HLS, be it state- or district-created. However, there is great variation in the number and the phrasing of survey items across states that raises issues of equity. To date, there is a dearth of evidence for the validity of HLS in the procedures used for identifying students for English learner (EL) status. States must recognize that the fundamental role of an HLS in their English-language proficiency assessment systems necessitates its further scrutiny as part of the assessment validation process. The article concludes with a series of recommendations for federal- and state-level actions to help remedy current concerns with EL identification processes around the nation.
Gastric bypass surgery improves psoriasis

Recent studies have found that psoriasis is linked to a higher rate of obesity, and that obesity itself is a risk factor for the development of psoriasis. There are two recent reports of chronic severe psoriasis improving with weight loss after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. We have observed two patients with body mass indices greater than 50 kg/m 2 who had marked improvement in their psoriasis after gastric bypass surgery. The common link between psoriasis and obesity may be a state of chronic inflammation, including elevated levels of T helper 1 (TH-1) cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor. More recent research has shown that the appetite suppressant leptin is also elevated in patients with psoriasis and obesity, and that levels decrease with weight loss. We conclude that weight loss may be a useful adjunctive therapy for obese patients with psoriasis.
Limitations of Coherent Computer Generated Holograms

Full coherence places limitations on even two-dimensional intensity patterns, e.g. in a Fraunhoffer CGH setup. Consequences of this result, feasible coherent patterns and niceties of partial coherence will be explored.
Isolation of improved free fatty acid overproducing strains of Escherichia coli via nile red based high‐throughput screening

Biological production of hydrocarbons is an attractive strategy to produce drop-in replacement transportation fuels. Several methods for converting microbially produced fatty acids into reduced compounds compatible with petrodiesel have been reported. For these processes to become economically viable, microorganisms must be engineered to approach the theoretical yield of fatty acid products from renewable feedstocks such as glucose. Strains with increased titers can be obtained through both rational and random approaches. While powerful, random approaches require a genetic selection or facile screen that is amenable to high throughput platforms. Here, we present the use of a high throughput screen for fatty acids based on the hydrophobic dye Nile red. The method was applied to screening a transposon library of a free fatty acid overproducing strain of Escherichia coli in search of high producing mutants. Ten gene targets were identified via primary and secondary screening. A strain comprising a clean knockout of one of the identified genes led to a 20% increase in titer over the baseline strain. A selection strategy that combines these findings and can act in an iterative fashion has been developed and can be used for future strain optimization in hydrocarbon producing strains. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2012