cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biological and Neuropsychological Characterization of Physostigmine Responders and Nonresponders in Alzheimer's Disease

To assess the efficacy of oral physostigmine for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, 20 patients were entered into a clinical trial. All patients underwent a dose-finding phase (two weeks), followed by an open trial (two weeks), and a double-blind crossover phase (two weeks drug, two weeks placebo). Extensive neuropsychological testing (Buschke Selective Reminding procedure, category generation, picture recognition, finger tapping) and measurement of systemic cholinergic parameters were measured during each of these phases. Patients were classified as physostigmine responders and nonresponders based on a priori established criteria. Using these, nine patients were found to respond to physostigmine, while 11 were classified as nonresponders. During baseline conditions, responders when compared to nonresponders were found to have higher concentrations of red blood cell (RBC) choline (Ch) and higher ratios of RBC Ch to plasma Ch. Neuropsychological tests were found to fall into one of three categories. The first group of tests were sensitive to drug effects and differentiated physostigmine responders from nonresponders; the second group was found to predict responsiveness; and the third group was neither predictive nor sensitive to drug effects.
A Focused Bibliography on Robotics

THIS BIBLIOGRAPHY was searched in January 1982, and is focused on eight topical areas in selected intersection believed to be of primary interest to membership of the Industrial Electronics Society. The search was made using the DIALOG Information Retrieval Service on the COMPENDEX database covering the period 1970 through 1981 and the INSPEC database covering the period 1969 through 1981.
DISENTANGLING THE ANNUITY FROM THE REDISTRIBUTIVE ASPECTS OF SOCIAL SECURITY IN THE UNITED STATES

In the United States, the life-cycle relationship between initial Social Security contributions and subsequent benefits causes the effect of Social Security on income distribution to be overestimated in a single-period analytical framework. By separating the annuity from the redistributive aspects of Social Security we provide a life-cycle framework for measuring its net effect on redistribution. To this point in its history, we find all income classes have received positive net life-cycle income transfers and, in an absolute sense, upper-income groups have done at least as well as lower-income groups. This suggests a reason for the near-universal support of Social Security by past generations, as well as the controversy which now surrounds it. As it becomes apparent to younger cohorts of taxpayers that many of them will be net losers, it is inevitable that Social Security will be subject to the same controversy as other welfare programs which attempt to redistribute income.
Discussion of Hiroshi Kunita’s Article: Analysis of nondegenerate Wiener-Poisson functionals and its applications to Itô’s SDE with jumps

This paper deals with the Malliavin Calculus on the Wiener-Poisson space and its application to the regularity of the density of stochastic dif ferential equations with jumps. The Malliavin Calculus is an infinite-dimen sional differential calculus on the Wiener space which is well tailored to analyze the regularity of probability densities of nondegenerate Wiener func tionals. This calculus originated from a pioneering work by Malliavin (1978), where he provided a probabilistic proof of Hdrmander's hypoellipticity the orem. Contributions by Bismut, Stroock, Kusuoka and Watanabe, among others, have expanded this theory in different directions.
Characterization of mandibular bone in a mouse model of chronic kidney disease

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a worldwide health problem with increasing prevalence and poor outcomes, including severe cardiovascular disease and renal osteodystrophy. With advances in medical treatment, patients with CKD are living longer and require oral care. The aim of this study is to determine the effects of CKD and dietary phosphate on mandibular bone structure using a uremic mouse model.Methods: Uremia (U) was induced in female dilute brown agouti/2 mice by partial renal ablation. Uremic mice received a normal-phosphate (NP) or a high-phosphate (HP) diet. sham surgeries were performed in a control group of mice; half received an NP diet, and the other half was fed an HP diet. At termination, animals were sacrificed, and mandibles were collected for microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) and histologic analysis.Results: Sera levels of blood urea nitrogen, parathyroid hormone, and alkaline phosphatase were significantly increased in U/NP and U/HP mice versus sham controls, whereas serum ...
An exaggerated blood pressure response to treadmill exercise does not increase the likelihood that exercise echocardiograms are abnormal in men or women.

Background Some experts have suggested that patients with exaggerated blood pressure responses during exercise echocardiography are more likely to have abnormal exercise echocardiographic findings and less likely to have angiographically significant coronary artery disease than patients with normal blood pressure responses. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of exercise blood pressure on exercise echocardiographic findings and subsequent angiographic results in men and women. Methods In this retrospective study, clinical, exercise, and echocardiographic characteristics of patients who underwent treadmill exercise echocardiography over a 2-year period were examined, and the angiographic findings of the subgroup of patients who subsequently underwent coronary angiography within 30 days were analyzed. Results Among the 7,015 patients (mean age, 61 ± 13 years), 3,992 were men (57%). The likelihood of patients' having abnormal exercise echocardiographic results was similar at all levels of exercise blood pressure, except in men who had low peak systolic blood pressures ( P > .99). A subgroup of 508 patients underwent coronary angiography. The rate of false-positive findings was similar for patients who had exaggerated blood pressure responses and those who had normal blood pressure responses. The false-positive rate tended to be lower in patients who had low blood pressure responses. Conclusions Patients who have exaggerated blood pressure responses to exercise are not more likely to have abnormal exercise echocardiographic findings than those with normal blood pressure responses. The majority of patients who have echocardiographic abnormalities and subsequently undergo coronary angiography have substantial (≥50% stenosis) coronary artery disease.
C‐type natriuretic peptides are potent dilators of shark vascular smooth muscle

Previous studies of the effects of C-type natriuretic peptides (CNP) in intact mammals have demonstrated limited hypotensive responses, in contrast to other natriuretic peptides. Our previous studies, on isolated vascular smooth muscle (VSM) from various fish species, utilizing either mammalian or non-homologous fish atrial natriuretic peptides (ANP), have demonstrated vasodilation with a relatively high sensitivity (EC50 approximately 5 nM). The recent sequencing of a C-type natriuretic peptide from the heart of the dogfish shark, Squalus acanthias, has enabled us to compare the efficacy of this peptide on aortic VSM from that species with two other CNPs (from killifish and pig), as well as rat ANP. The EC50 of dilation for sCNP, as well as kCNP and pCNP, was 0.5 nM, over 15 times lower than the EC50 of the response to rANP. These data suggest that CNP is released from the dogfish shark heart and is a circulating hormone with potent vasodilatory effects, in sharp contrast to the apparent role of CNP predominantly as a brain neuropeptide in mammals.
Trypanosoma brucei: some properties of the cytotoxic reaction induced by normal human serum.

Abstract The trypanocidal activity of normal human serum has been studied in vitro using Trypanosoma brucei as the test organism. The variables affecting the rate and extent of lysis, such as time, temperature, serum concentration, and pleomorphism of trypanosomes, are described. Trypanocidal titers of serum and serum fractions were quantitatively determined under standardized incubation conditions. Inactivation and/or removal of components of both the classical and alternate pathways of complement activation had no effect on the trypanocidal properties of human serum. The active factor was nondialyzable, present in plasma at equivalent levels to that in serum, and not removed by absorption with IgG fractions of antisera against human IgM or α 2 -macroglobulin. The trypanocidal factor could be inactivated by heat (65 C), dithiothreitol, urea, and trypsin. Gel filtration studies indicated that the trypanocidal activity eluted as a single protein with a molecular weight of about 500,000.
Turbulent forced convection heat transfer from a bottom heated open surface cavity

Abstract The results of an experimental investigation of forced convection heat transfer from a bottom heated open surface cavity are presented. The Reynolds numbers investigated, based on the cavity width, extended from 2 × 104 to 4 × 105. Four cavities with aspect ratios (height/width) of 1, 4 3 , 2, and 4 were investigated. The average heat transfer coefficients on the bottom of the cavities were measured. A correlation was obtained relating the Nusselt number based on the cavity height to the Reynolds number based on the cavity height and a calculated cavity fluid velocity. This correlation fits the data with an r.m.s. error of 8%.
Properties of profile parallelism tests in repeated measures designs

Properties of several test statistics for profile parallelism in repeated measures designs are evaluated by simulation. The procedures were derived to test secondary hypotheses in the presence of significant time by treatment interactions. Statistical techniques commonly available in computer packages are found to be inferior to the recommended test statistics.
The role of fracture toughness in the wear of metals

Abstract A model is proposed to explain increasing relative wear rates with decreasing toughness of metallic materials. It is based on the comparison of the strain that occurs during asperity interactions with the critical strain at which crack growth is initiated. If the applied strain is smaller than the critical strain, the wear rate is independent of toughness and Archard's law is followed. Applied strain larger than the critical strain of the material lead to an increased probability of crack growth and therefore to a higher wear rate. The transition to an increased wear rate (Ranges I → II) depends on the conditions of the particular wear experiment, for example, pressure, strain rate, impingement angle, and on the properties of the material. In Range I the wear coefficient is constant at the minimum value, wear resistance increases proportional to hardness. Wear rate in Range II can increase (less than in Range I), be independent of, or decrease with hardness depending on the particular toughness
Learning Mendelian Genetics through a Simple Coin Toss Game.

can provide. The pedigree charts already have the circles and squares connected by lines (Figure 1). Each group of 3 to 5 students is provided with pedigree charts: one "genotype" chart and several blank "phenotype" charts. The genotype chart has the genotype of select individuals noted (Figure la and Figure 2) and whether the trait to be simulated is dominant, recessive, or sex-linked recessive. The phenotype charts have the same number and orientation of squares and circles connected by lines but are otherwise blank. The exercise involves filling in the genotype chart by tossing a coin to determine which of the two alleles is inherited by an offspring. Thus, the exercise simulates nature; each offspring is a result of random choice of one of the two copies of the gene in each parent. Instructors can make their own pedigree charts. A blank pedigree chart can be made using the pedigree charts
Hydrostatic pressure studies of native and synthetic thick filaments: in vitro myosin aggregates at pH 7.0 with and without C-protein.

Abstract Column-purified myosin at pH 7.0 will reproducibly aggregate into filaments of known average length and structure when dialyzed against a low ionic strength medium under controlled conditions. When exposed to increased hydrostatic pressure, followed by quick return to atmospheric pressure, the original filaments shorten linearly with increasing pressure; in addition, a second population of filaments is seen, presumably the result of reaggregation of myosin after release of pressure. This second population is about 0.5 μm long, bipolar, and about half the diameter of the original filaments. The number of these filaments, but not their physical characteristics, is a function of the shortening of the original filament population. Both the remnants of the original population and the new aggregates, once formed, are stable over these and at room temperature. The addition of C-protein to myosin solutions before filament preparation results in a filament population of slightly shorter length. When these filaments are exposed to increased hydrostatic pressure, they are more resistant to disaggregation than myosin filaments without C-protein. However, like the filaments prepared in the absence of C-protein, a second population of shorter, thinner filaments is visible after exposure to pressure.
Effects of Time Required for Reperfusion (Thrombolysis or Angioplasty, or Both) and Location of Acute Myocardial Infarction on Left Ventricular Functional Reserve Capacity Several Months Later

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine whether reperfusion of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) by recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rt-PA) or percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, or both, would improve left ventricular (LV) function when it is measured several months later at rest or maximal bicycle exercise, or both. Radionuclide angiography was performed in 44 patients 5 months (range 6 weeks to 9 months) after AMI to assess function, and tomographic myocardial thallium-201 imaging was performed at maximal exercise and delayed rest to determine whether there was any evidence of myocardial ischemia. As expected, no patient had chest pain or redistribution of a thallium defect during the exercise test, because patients had undergone angioplasty (n = 28) or coronary bypass graft surgery (n = 5) where clinically indicated for revascularization. The LV ejection fraction was plotted as a function of the time elapsed between the onset of chest pain and the time when coronary angiography confirmed patency of the infarct-related artery (achieved in 91% of 44 patients by rt-PA [n = 31] or percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty [n = 9]). Functional responses differed markedly between patients with anterior (n = 20) versus inferior (n = 24) wall AMI. LV ejection fraction during exercise correlated with time to reperfusion in patients with an anterior wall AMI (r = −0.58; standard error of the estimate = 11.9%; p 4.5 hours or not at all, n = 12) at rest (44 ± 8 vs 32 ± 9%, p
Testicular and spermatozoal autoantibody in chronic alcoholic males with gonadal failure

Abstract Sera from 40 chronic alcoholic men, whose liver histology was classified by biopsy, were examined for the presence of autoantibodies utilizing a panel of tissue antigens. The frequency of autoantibodies detected in the alcoholic men was compared to that observed in 450 control men. Antibody only to spermatozoa and testicular antigens was detected in the alcoholic men at an increased frequency ( P ≤ 0.001). The reproductive function of the testes was evaluated in the alcoholic men. Of 22 alcoholic men requested to collect an ejaculate for evaluation, only five were potent enough to obtain a specimen for analysis. Two of these five alcoholic men were azoospermic and one was consistently oligospermic. All nine of the alcoholic men subjected to testicular biopsy demonstrated seminiferous tubular atrophy. The possible role of autoimmunity in the development or perpetuation of the observed gonadal failure present in alcoholic men is discussed.
Fifty Years of Advertising Images: Some Changing Perspectives on Role Portrayals Along with Enduring Consistencies

Content analysis is used to evaluate portrayals of women and men in United States magazine advertisements over a 50-year period, 1950 through 2000. We examine 7,912 portrayals of people in 3,212 advertisements from the time period and analyze changes in those advertisements relative to transitions in feminism and cultural trends. Magazines from representative categories provided the sample data. Over the period studied, magazine advertising showed a trend toward objective role portrayals of women fairly equal to men. This trend perhaps resulted from feminist’s positioning women in the public as well as the private sphere. Women were still subordinated to men in more subtle aspects of advertisements, measured by Goffman’s (1979) cultural positioning framework. Sexual exploitation of both sexes was noticed.
Quenching of tryptophyl fluorescence in proteins by n'-methylnicotinamide chloride.

Abstract—N‘-methylnicotinamide chloride has been investigated as a quencher of the intrinsic fluorescence of tryptophyl residues in proteins. Quenching of the tryptophyl fluorescence (excitation at 305 nm) of model compounds and a select group of proteins provide evidence for a mechanism that follows the classical Stern-Volmer relation. The apparent number of exposed tryptophyl residues was obtained in 6M guanidine hydrochloride and aqueous solution at constant pH. Evidence that quenching occurs predominantly by a collisional mechanism was obtained by comparing the equilibrium constant of the non-fluorescent static state with the much larger quenching constant of the excited state.
Has the United Nations Security Council Implicitly Removed Al Bashir's Immunity?

On 4 March 2009, the ICC issued an arrest warrant for Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir, the incumbent Head of State of Sudan. This article's purpose is to suggest a legal basis for reconciling the well established rule on personal immunities under customary international law with the prosecution of Heads of State from non-parties to the ICC Statute. While arguing for the legality of Al Bashir's warrant as well as the legality of the warrant's enforcement, this article explores the basis upon which the UN Security Council can remove immunities. By giving special attention to the concept of waivers, the article suggests that the UN organ implicitly removed Al Bashir's immunity when it referred the situation of Sudan to the ICC in 2005.
Detonation discrimination techniques using a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer system and a near-infrared focal plane array

To investigate the possibility of battlespace characterization, including the ability to classify munitions type and size, experimental data has been collected remotely from ground-based sensors, processed, and analyzed for several conventional munitions. The spectral, temporal and spatial infrared signatures from bomb detonations were simultaneously recorded using a Bomem MR157 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer and an Indigo Systems Alpha Near-Infrared camera. Three different high explosive materials at three different quantities each were examined in one series of field studies. The FTIR spectra were recorded at 4 cm-1 spectral resolution and 123-ms temporal resolution using both HgCdTd (500-6000 cm-1) and InSb (1800-6000 cm-1) detectors. Novel key features have been identified that will aid in discriminating various types and sizes of flashes. These features include spectral dependent projections of one event's temporal data onto another event's temporal data, time dependence of the fireball size, ratios of specific integrated bands, and spectral dependence of temporal fit constants. Using Fisher discrimination and principal component techniques these features are projected onto a line that maximizes the differences in the classes of flashes and then identify the Bayesian decision boundaries for classification.
Feedback intervention to reduce routine electrocardiogram use in primary care.

Abstract Background Although physicians frequently order non-essential diagnostic tests, including screening tests such as electrocardiograms (ECGs), effective strategies for achieving evidence-based test-ordering are not proven. Our objective was to evaluate the impact of a feedback intervention designed to reduce the rate of screening ECG use and its variation. Methods A non-randomized pre-post intervention trial assessed the ordering of ECGs among primary care providers affiliated with Massachusetts General Hospital. Among outpatients visiting providers, those with cardiac diagnoses or symptoms were excluded, as were providers with Results ECGs were ordered in 4.6% of visits before the intervention. Provider variation in case-mix adjusted ECG ordering was substantial (coefficient of variation, 101.6%; interquartile range, 3.2% [1.5%-4.7%]). ECG ordering averaged 3.5% during the intervention and 2.8% post-intervention ( P Conclusions Feedback to primary care providers successfully reduced ECG use and its variation. This approach may be applicable to other physician behaviors that remain contrary to evidence, but are not questioned because peer comparisons are unavailable.
A Simple Approach to Analyzing Protein Side-Chain Dynamics from13C NMR Relaxation Data

Abstract A simple approach to deriving motional dynamics information of protein and peptide side chains by using 13 C NMR relaxation data is presented. By using linear approximation of internal rotational correlation functions, simple equations for relating side-chain conformation, bond rotational amplitudes, and rotational correlation coefficients with different NMR relaxation parameters have been obtained. Auto- and cross-correlation spectral densities are considered, and it is shown that proton-coupled 13 C NMR relaxation measurements allow detailed motional information to be obtained.
The effect of inhibitors of protein synthesis on the reexpression of surface immunoglobulin following antigenic modulation

Abstract P3, a cell line derived from the plasmacytoma MOPC-21, secretes IgG 1 (K) and is sensitive to complement (C′)-mediated lysis by antibody directed against γ 1 or K. Sensitivity is attributed to the presence of immunoglobulin molecules on the surface membrane, designated Ig-mem. This sensitivity is abolished by antigenic modulation of Ig-mem. Modulated cells, when incubated in the absence of antibody, recover sensitivity to lysis in 4 hr. By measuring the rate of recovery, it has been possible to study the effects of various drugs on the reexpression of Ig-mem. Treatment of modulated cells with cycloheximide (Cx), pactamycin (Pc), anisomycin (An), homoharringtonine (Ha) or sparsomycin (Sm), each a specific inhibitor of a different step in protein synthesis, produces a significant reduction in the rate of recovery. Paradoxically, puromycin (Pm), also a specific inhibitor of protein synthesis, does not reduce the rate of recovery. Studies were performed using Pm together with each of the other drugs to gain an understanding of the relationship between protein synthesis and recovery from modulation. Based upon these studies, we conclude that continued operation of the initiation cycle of protein synthesis is required for reexpression of Ig-mem in the absence of de novo protein formation.
Effects of Flaw Sizing Errors on the Reliability of Vessels and Piping

This paper describes probabilistic fracture mechanics calculations that simulate fatigue crack growth, flaw detection, flaw sizing accuracy, and the impacts of flaw acceptance criteria. The numerical implementation of the model is based on a Latin hypercube approach. Calculations have been performed for a range of parameters. For representative values of flaw detection probability, flaw sizing errors, and flaw acceptance criteria, detection capability is the most limiting factor with regard to the ability of the inservice inspections to reduce leak probabilities. However, gross sizing errors or significant relaxations of current flaw acceptance standards could negate the benefits of outstanding probability of detection capabilities.
HIV-1 hijacks tunneling nanotubes and secretory microvesicles for intercellular spread in monocyte-derived macrophages

Background Tunneling nanotubes (TNT) are cytoskeletal bridges that support intercellular exchanges of receptors, lysosomes and mitochondria. HIV-1 transmission by intercellular connections such as TNT and immunological synapses may facilitate cellular transmission when compared to classical receptor-mediated mechanisms. This permits for acactive viral spread despite neutralizing antibodies. Mechanisms of TNT formation and pathogen immune escape through TNT transport have generated intense interest after failure of vaccination strategies.
Suicide by psychotics.

Abstract The authors studied 31 cases with psychotic diagnoses from a consecutive series of 204 suicides in San Diego. They were compared to 25 similar cases from 134 suicides gathered in the city of St. Louis and St. Louis county 25 years earlier. The proportion of psychotic subjects (less than 20%) in the two samples was similar. The San Diego psychotics were younger on the average than those from St. Louis and had more polysubstance abuse than alcoholism. Only rarely did psychotics in either sample commit suicide by particularly “crazy” methods. In the San Diego suicides, the psychotics without a depressive syndrome had as many depressive symptoms as those with a depressive syndrome. Schizophrenics in the San Diego sample made suicidal communications just as often as the other psychotics and the nonpsychotics. Fewer schizophrenics than other psychotics or nonpsychotics had Stressors identified at the time of death, but over half of all the subjects did have them.
External reviews: What is being done?

Abstract Many universities use external reviews (ERs) for tenure and promotion decisions yet little has been written about the practice. Therefore, a questionnaire was sent to a sample of full professors and administrators at all AACSB-accredited schools to learn what was being done, i.e., what reviewers were asked to do for other institutions and what was being done at their own schools. The response rate on the survey was 46.4%. Responses were stratified into three categories; Group 1 (the 30 top publishing schools), Group 2 (other doctoral-granting institutions), and Group 3 (non doctoral-granting schools) according to the ‘different schools with different mission’ hypothesis. Results showed that individuals from Group 1 schools were more likely to be chosen to perform ERs, more likely to be asked to evaluate only the research component of faculty performance, and more likely to be chosen for their area of specialization. The results also showed that Group 1 and Group 2 schools were more likely to require external reviews in promotion and tenure decisions. In addition, there was a relative lack of negative reviews across all of the school-type groups. This study shows that if external reviews are requested, it is highly likely that only positive reviews will be received from the reviewers. Finally, the results indicate that the process may not be functioning as anticipated. Besides the general failure of the evaluators to give negative reviews, the respondents apparently did not feel that they received adequate information on the necessary criteria by which to conduct a review.
The economic well-being of community-dwelling centenarians

Abstract The economic well-being of community-dwelling and cognitively intact centenarians was compared to two younger cohorts in their 60s and 80s. Sources of income were significantly different for the 100-year-olds with fewer of them having employment earnings. Social Security benefits and retirement pensions. A higher percentage of centenarians received financial assistance from family members, were recipients of Supplemental Security Income and were participants in the Medicaid program. The poverty rate was the highest for the centenarians. Social comparison and relative deprivation theories were proposed as explanations of why over 95% of centenarians reported that financially they were doing the same or better than others their age, when by objective measures just the opposite would be expected.
Filtration of particulate suspensions in acoustically driven porous media

Retention of suspended solids within a porous medium subjected to resonant ultrasonic fields was studied experimentally. In laboratory tests, 325 mesh polystyrene particles were collected with high (typically > 80%) single-pass efficiency using a polyester foam mesh with pores more than two orders of magnitude larger than the particles retained. Deactivation of the acoustic field allows the retained particles to be flushed from the porous medium. The effects on filtration efficiency of processing variables (suspension flow rate, solids concentration in the feed, intensity of the acoustic field, and frequency of the acoustic field) are reported. A simplified analysis of particle trajectories toward cylindrical collectors in response to acoustic and hydrodynamic forces provides insight into the fundamental physical phenomena that govern the acoustically enhanced filtration process.
School social bonds, school climate, and school misbehavior: A multilevel analysis

This research examines the extent to which individual- and school-level factors explain variation in school misbehavior among a nationally representative sample of high school students. The results reveal that higher levels of school attachment, school commitment, and belief in school rules are associated with lower levels of misbehavior in school, net of family and peer influences. With regard to school climate, larger schools in urban areas explain variations in school misbehavior. Overall, the results suggest that individual- and school-level covariates should be included in the study of school misbehavior.
Tuning and Pre-Beam Checkout of 805 MHz Side-Coupled Proton Linac Structures

tuning and checkout of each portion of the accelerator. Methods for tuning accelerating and side cavities before and after they are brazed together into tank sections are described. High power tests of transient behavior, long-term stability, and stopband vs duty factor are outlined and related to structure cooling and frequency errors. Particular attention is given to the problem of unflatness. Progress and pitfalls in measuring unflatness at high power are presented. Experiments to determine the cause and to correct unflatness are described.
Decompositions of cationized heterodimers of amino acids in relation to charge location in peptide ions

The unimolecular decompositions of protonated heterodimers of native and derivatized amino acids to yield the protonated monomers were studied as a guide to charge location in peptide ions. Analyses using a hybrid instrument of BEqQ geometry demonstrated the advantages (with respect to mass resolution, sensitivityr reproducibility, and the elimination of extraneous signals) of the detection of product ions formed in the radiofrequency-only quadrupole region (q) rather than in the field-free region between Band E. Conversion of arginine to dimethylpyrimidylomithine (DMPO) reduced the proton affinity, as evidenced by the decomposition of the protonated arginine/DMPO heterodimer. Conversion of cysteine to pyridylethylcysteine enhanced the proton affinity. Application of these derivatization procedures to peptides resulted in changes in the observed fragmentations of the protonated precursors consistent with the predicted modifications in charge location. Unimolecular decomposition of the protonated dimer composed of glycine and N-acetylglycine yielded both protonated monomers with abundances differing by a factor of only 2; this suggests that in protonated peptides, the amide bonds are competitive with the N-terminal amino group as sites of protonation. It is clear that the propensities to proton' or metal-cation location at particular sites in peptides are influenced by both short- and long-range intraionic interactions. In peptides composed of amino acids of similar cation affinities, it may be postulated that the ion population is heterogeneous with respect to the site of charge, with consequent promotion of multiple low-energy fragmentation routes.
Infinite cardinalities in the Hausdorff metric geometry

The Hausdorff metric measures the distance between nonempty compact sets in Rn, the collection of which is denoted H (Rn). Betweenness in H (Rn) can be defined in the same manner as betweenness in Euclidean geometry. But unlike betweenness in Rn, for some elements A and B of H (Rn) there can be many elements between A and B at a fixed distance from A. The authors of [1] demonstrate that there are infinitely many positive integers k such that there exist elements A and B having exactly k different elements between A and B at each distance from A while proving the surprising result that no such A and B exist for k = 19. In this vein, we prove that there do not exist elements A and B with exactly a countably infinite number of elements at any location between A and B.
An Ethanol Protocol To Prevent Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome

Background Alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) occurs in dependent patients during the initial period of sudden onset abstinence. It is usually manifested by mild symptoms such as disorientation, agitation, and tachycardia, but, if untreated, can lead to severe confusion, seizures, and even cardiovascular collapse. Prevention of AWS has been shown to improve morbidity and mortality and shorten hospital and ICU stays. We examined the efficacy of ethanol as a method of prophylaxis. Study Design Our patient population was divided into two groups. Group 1 consisted of surgical patients receiving alcohol prophylaxis for AWS between January 2001 and July 2004 (n=124), as identified by retrospective chart review. We then developed a protocol for the initiation, dosage, and weaning of intravenous ethanol in patients at risk for AWS, based on blood alcohol levels and clinical assessment of withdrawal symptoms and signs. Group 2 consisted of all patients treated prospectively with this protocol during the subsequent year (n=76). Patients who did not fit inclusion criteria for the protocol were excluded from analysis, resulting in 92 and 68 patients in group 1 and group 2, respectively. We compared initiation criteria, efficacy, dosage, route, duration, and referral pattern to the substance abuse clinic before and after initiation of the protocol. Results Our initial use of intravenous ethanol was very variable in dosage, duration, and indication. The protocol decreased the duration of treatment between the two groups from 7 days to a mean of 3 days. The failure rate dropped from 20% to 7%. Referral to the substance abuse clinic rose from 7.6% to 20%. The only complication was asymptomatic hyponatremia in one patient. Conclusions Intravenous ethanol is a viable option for AWS prophylaxis when administered in a systematic protocol.
Epigenetics, Development, and the Kidney

How cells partition the genome into active and inactive genes and how that information is established and propagated during embryonic development are fundamental to maintaining the normal differentiated state. The molecular mechanisms of epigenetic action and cellular memory are increasingly amenable to study primarily as a result of the rapid progress in the area of chromatin biology. Methylation of DNA and modification of histones are critical epigenetic marks that establish active and silent chromatin domains. During development of the kidney, DNA-binding factors such as Pax2/8, which are essential for the intermediate mesoderm and the renal epithelial lineage, could provide the locus and tissue specificity for histone methylation and chromatin remodeling and thus establish a kidney-specific fate. The role of epigenetic modifications in development and disease is under intense investigation and has already affected our view of cancer and aging.
THE SHADING CYCLE IN SHIFTING CULTIVATION

Shifting cultivators allow trees to regrow on fields to shade weeds. Shade kills the perennial weeds that would compete with rice without the labor of building terraces to drown them or breaking the soil (with hoes or plows) to disrupt their root systems. In west Kalimantan, Indonesia, the normal shading cycle is from five to eight years.
Car-Top Test Module as a Low-Cost Alternative to Wind Tunnel Testing of UAV Propulsion Systems

In an effort to assess motor and propeller performance for small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), a car-top test module has been developed. This device allows for characterization of propeller and motor combinations in mean flow without the investment that is inherent with wind tunnel testing. Additionally, propulsion systems can be tested for reliability in real-world environments without risk to an airframe. Measurements of the propeller efficiency, thrust coefficient, power coefficient, and temperature of the motor and the electronic speed controller as initial parameters of interest are reported. Thrust at different advance ratios is compared to data from wind tunnel testing in order to gauge the accuracy of this technique. The module performed well in its intended role, and it is recommended that similar devices be used for time-critical or low-cost applications.
The Spectrum of the Night Sky over Mount Hopkins and Kitt Peak : Changes after a Decade1

Recent (1998¨1999) absolute spectrophotometry of the night sky over two southern Arizona astronomical sites, Kitt Peak and Mount Hopkins, is compared to similar data obtained in 1988 at each site. The current zenith sky brightness in the range D3700¨6700 is essentially identical at the two sites and is as Ae dark now as Palomar Observatory was in the early 1970s, when it was generally considered a premier dark observing site. Converted to broadband measurements, our spectrophotometry is equivalent to B \ 22.63, V \ 21.45 mag arcsec~2, for the zenith night sky. The contribution of high-pressure sodium street lights to broadband V is about 0.2 mag arcsec~2, comparable to the strong airglow O I j5577 line. During the period from 1988 to 1998¨1999, the zenith sky brightness increased only modestly, with the largest changes being seen for Kitt Peak, where the zenith sky has brightened by B0.1¨0.2 mag arcsec~2 in the blue-optical region. For Kitt Peak we also have both 1988 and 1999 observations at modestly large zenith distances (ZD B 60i). In the directions away from Tucson, the sky has brightened by B0.35 mag arcsec~2 over the intervening decade. Toward Tucson the change has been larger, approximately 0.5 mag arcsec~2. In most directions the increase in the sky brightness has lagged behind the fractional increase in population growth, which we attribute to good outdoor lighting ordinances, a fact which is further re—ected in the decrease in Hg emission. However, our results emphasize the need for diligent attention as developments creep closer to our observing sites.
ANGLOR: a composite machine-learning algorithm for protein backbone torsion angle prediction.

We developed a composite machine-learning based algorithm, called ANGLOR, to predict real-value protein backbone torsion angles from amino acid sequences. The input features of ANGLOR include sequence profiles, predicted secondary structure and solvent accessibility. In a large-scale benchmarking test, the mean absolute error (MAE) of the phi/psi prediction is 28°/46°, which is ∼10% lower than that generated by software in literature. The prediction is statistically different from a random predictor (or a purely secondary-structure-based predictor) with p-value <1.0×10−300 (or <1.0×10−148) by Wilcoxon signed rank test. For some residues (ILE, LEU, PRO and VAL) and especially the residues in helix and buried regions, the MAE of phi angles is much smaller (10–20°) than that in other environments. Thus, although the average accuracy of the ANGLOR prediction is still low, the portion of the accurately predicted dihedral angles may be useful in assisting protein fold recognition and ab initio 3D structure modeling.
Emotional and Behavioral Problems Reported in Child Welfare Over 3 Years

Child welfare agencies are required to provide services that ensure that children receive adequate mental health care. This study provides a comprehensive view of the emotional and behavioral problems of children who are referred to child welfare services, using nationally representative data. Bivariate analyses compare rates by child demographics, and conditional probability tables present changes in clinical status. Results show that 62% of children have at least one clinical-level score over 3 years. Rates are highest at baseline. Posttraumatic stress most frequently improves, whereas thought, attention, and aggressive/ delinquent behavior problems are most persistent. Sexualized behavior is more common among White and Hispanic children, and boys are reported with more internalizing problems than do girls. Targeted services are needed for young children who experience posttraumatic stress, as is treatment for attention problems that accounts for both biological and environmental components. Distinguishing the effects of age, environment, and assessment methods on boys' internalizing problems is also critical.
The right kind of interior for multifunctional electrode architectures: carbon nanofoam papers with aperiodic submicrometre pore networks interconnected in 3D

Carbon nanoarchitectures are versatile platforms for advanced electrode structures in which the carbon edifice serves multiple simultaneous functions: a massively parallel 3-D current collector with an interpenetrating structural flow field that facilitates the efficient transport of electrons, ions, and molecules throughout the structure for further functionalization or high-performance electrochemical operation. We fabricate carbon nanofoam papers by infiltrating commercially available low-density carbon fiber papers with phenolic resin. The polymer-filled paper is ambiently dried and then pyrolyzed to create lightweight, mechanically flexible, and electronically conductive sheets of ultraporous carbon with an electronic conductivity characteristic of the paper support (20–200 S cm−1) rather than RF-derived carbon (typically 0.1–1 S cm−1). The resulting composites comprise nanoscopic carbon walls that are co-continuous with an aperiodic, 3-D interconnected network of mesopores (2 to 50 nm) and macropores (50 nm to 2 µm). Macropores sized at 100–300 nm have not been adequately explored in the literature and offer ample headspace to modify internal carbon walls, thereby introducing new functionality without occluding the interconnected void volume of the nanofoam. Increasing the viscosity of the polymer sol and matching the surface energetics of the carbon fibers and aqueous sol is necessary to avoid forming a standard carbon aerogel pore–solid structure, where the pores are sized in the micropore (<2 nm) and mesopore range. Carbon nanofoam papers can be scaled in x, y, and z and are device-ready electrode structures that do not require conductive additives or polymeric binders for electrode fabrication. This one class of nanofoams serves as a high-surface-area scaffold that can be segued by appropriate modification into multifunctional nanoarchitectures that improve the performance of electrochemical capacitors, lithium-ion batteries, metal–air batteries, fuel cells, and ultrafiltration.
Do children acquire dense neighborhoods? An investigation of similarity neighborhoods in lexical acquisition

This study tests the claim that children acquire collections of phonologically similar word forms, namely, dense neighborhoods. Age of acquisition (AoA) norms were obtained from two databases: parent report of infant and toddler production and adult self-ratings of AoA. Neighborhood density, word frequency, word length, Density×Frequency and Density×Length were analyzed as potential predictors of AoA using linear regression. Early acquired words were higher in density, higher in word frequency, and shorter in length than late acquired words. Significant interactions provided evidence that the lexical factors predicting AoA varied, depending on the type of word being learned. The implication of these findings for lexical acquisition and language learning are discussed.
A generalized semi-analytical load distribution model for clearance-fit, major-fit, minor-fit, and mismatched splines

A generalized semi-analytical load distribution model for all common types of involute spline joints is proposed. It is formulated to model clearance-fit (side-fit) involute splines with contacts happening only at the drive flanks of the spline teeth, major or minor-diameter fit splines where additional contact occurs along the top land and the root land of the external spline teeth, respectively, as well as mismatched splines where an intentional lead mismatch is introduced to initiate contact along both drive and back (coast) flanks. Using this model, load distribution and tooth-to-tooth load sharing of example major and minor diameter-fit spline joints under typical multi-directional spur and helical gear loading conditions are characterized and compared to those of the corresponding side-fit spline joint. Further, self-centralizing performance of major and minor-fit splines versus side-fit splines is quantified including its sensitivity to the radial clearance magnitude. Finally, load distribution of ...
Patterns of autism spectrum symptomatology in individuals with Down syndrome without comorbid autism spectrum disorder

Background Prevalence estimates of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in Down syndrome (DS) are highly varied. This variation is partly due to the difficulty of screening for and diagnosing comorbid ASD in individuals with a syndrome that carries its own set of social communicative and behavioral difficulties that are not well documented. The aim of this study was to identify the typical range of social communicative impairments observed in children, adolescents, and young adults with DS who do not have comorbid ASD.
Aggregation of sodium undecanoate and sodium 10-undecenoate in water at 37°C: Vapor pressure osmometry

Abstract Osmotic coefficients (φ) for aqueous solutions of sodium undecanoate and sodium 10-undecenoate have been determined as a function of surfactant molality (m) at 37°C by vapor pressure osmometry. Plots of φ · m vs m show well-defined breaks yielding critical micelle concentrations of 0.0527 ± 0.0011 and 0.094 ± 0.05 mole/kg, respectively. Burchfield and Woolley's model for the thermodynamics of ionic surfactant solutions (J. Phys. Chem. 88, 2149, 1984) has been shown to give an unbiased description of the experimental data and to yield aggregation numbers of 18 ± 5 (undecanoate) and 12 ± 5 (10-undecenoate).
Canonical Invariants for Corresponding Residue Systems in P-Adic Fields

Abstract Let F be a finite extension of Q p and let L F be a totally ramified, normal extension of degree p2n with normal subextensions K F and K′ F satisfying K ∩ K′ = F, KK′ = L, and [K:F] = [K′:F]. Let B be the maximal ideal of D L. Suppose t 1 ( K F ) = t 1 ( K′ F ) = 1 , where t1 denotes the first breakpoint in the Hilbert ramification sequence for the extensions. We introduce canonical invariants of the extensions L/K/F and L/K′/F which determine ML(K, K′), the maximal integer m so that D K + B m = D K′ + B m. In addition, we show that if π and π′ are prime elements of D K and D K′, then υ L (π−π′)>ν L (π)⇔ν L (π−π′)=M L (K,K′). As a final consequence, we show that M L (K,K′)⩽ max {2p n −|G 2 |,2p n −|G′ 2 |}, where G2 and G′2 are the 2nd ramification subgroups of G = Gal ( K F ) and G′ = Gal ( K′ F ) , sharpening a previous upper bound given for ML(K, K′) under these hypotheses.