cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An FD/FDD transceiver with RX band thermal, quantization, and phase noise rejection and >64dB TX signal cancellation

A transceiver system with active cancellation of the TX signal for full duplex (FD) or frequency division duplex systems (FDD) is presented. A replica cancellation digital-to-analog converter and highly linear receiver with +25dBm OOB IIP3 enable FDD operation without a duplexer at TX power up to +17dBm, FD operation without a circulator up to +5dBm, and FD operation with a circulator up to +13dBm. In addition to providing over 64dB of RF cancellation for a 20MHz modulated TX signal, the front-end demonstrates techniques to cancel noise sources in the RX band, including 3dB reduction of the thermal noise from the self-interference cancellation circuits, >25dB cancellation of quantization noise from the digital TX, and >20dB cancellation of TX LO phase noise in the RX band.
The Assessment of Keynes's a Treatise on Probability from the Point of View of a PhD Student in Statistics from Harvard University's Department of Statistics in 2006: The Impact of the Failure to Read Part II of Keynes's a Treatise on Probability

Historical, as well as practically all current, assessments of J M Keynes’s A Treatise on Probability suffer immensely due to the failure of the readers of that book to cover Part II of the Treatise. As acknowledged by Emile Borel in his 1924 review of the A Treatise on Probability, this part of the book is extremely difficult and daunting. Borel’s solution to this problem was to simply skip Part II entirely and base his review only on the other four parts of the book. This eventually lead to only Part I of the A Treatise on Probability being covered as future readers also skipped Part II. Unfortunately, in skipping this part of the book, Borel completely overlooked Keynes’s explicit discussions about additivity being a special case while non(sub) additivity was the general case. Keynes then followed this analysis with his interval valued approach to estimating probabilities using Boole’s lower and upper bounds approach that Keynes called approximation. Skipping Part II was also the solution chosen by F Y Edgeworth, by Edwin Bidell Wilson initially, and by Bruno de Finetti. It is highly likely that this same choice, to skip Part II and read only Part I, was made by the “Fundamentalist Keynesians” centered around the economics and philosophy departments at Cambridge University, England in the last quarter of the 20th century. It should not be surprising that this same approach would be taken toward Keynes’s A Treatise on Probability at American universities, such as Harvard, as well. The idea that Keynes just had some suggestions,or intuitions, or hints, or ideas about non measurable probabilities (interval valued probabilities) has no support once Part II is fully integrated into an assessment of what it was that Keynes accomplished in 1921 in his A Treatise on Probability. Keynes’s contribution to interval valued probability ,both indeterminate (chapters 15-17,20,22 of the TP) and imprecise(chapter 29) probabilities, far, far exceeds the small one paragraph discussions on pages 30 and 34 of chapter III.
Discriminative training of Markov logic networks

Many machine learning applications require a combination of probability and first-order logic. Markov logic networks (MLNs) accomplish this by attaching weights to first-order clauses, and viewing these as templates for features of Markov networks. Model parameters (i.e., clause weights) can be learned by maximizing the likelihood of a relational database, but this can be quite costly and lead to suboptimal results for any given prediction task. In this paper we propose a discriminative approach to training MLNs, one which optimizes the conditional likelihood of the query predicates given the evidence ones, rather than the joint likelihood of all predicates. We extend Collins’s (2002) voted perceptron algorithm for HMMs to MLNs by replacing the Viterbi algorithm with a weighted satisfiability solver. Experiments on entity resolution and link prediction tasks show the advantages of this approach compared to generative MLN training, as well as compared to purely probabilistic and purely logical approaches.
Procedural Treatments: Perioperative Medication

Inflammation plays a significant role in the success of glaucoma surgery. It has been shown that chronic use of topical glaucoma therapy is associated with inflammatory and atypical changes of the conjunctiva. In a recently published study, conjunctival cells obtained from the ocular surface of patients receiving long-term glaucoma treatment demonstrated a significantly in­creased expression of inflammatory markers, suggesting that inflammatory mechanisms, both allergic and toxic, are at work on the ocular surface of these patients [1]. The response appears to be dose-related. HLA-DR class II antigen, a hallmark of inflammation, was elevated significantly in patients receiving multiple therapies, whereas patients on monotherapies showed only slight and insignificant increases [1]. Indeed it is not uncommon for patients to be on three to four different topical medications for a long period of time before trabeculectomy is considered. In these patients, the third and fourth medications added may have minimal or no intraocular pressure (IOP) reduction effect, yet they may incrementally add to conjunctival inflammation (Fig. 36.1). Ideally, one would discontinue as many topical drops as possible prior to surgery to allow the ocular surface to return to a less inflammatory state. If a drop is inducing an allergic reaction, the agent definitely should be discontinued prior to surgery. The effectiveness of a topical medication causing an allergic reaction is no longer reliable and the active inflammatory reaction is likely to adversely affect the outcome of the surgical procedure.
An empirical evaluation of economic limits in the shallow water Gulf of Mexico, 1990–2017

Abstract Net revenue during the last year of an offshore structure's life serves as a proxy for the economic limit of production and encapsulate all the relevant cost information available. By reviewing a large group of structures, economic limits can be quantified and compared using structure attributes to obtain insight into operating cost thresholds and business practices. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the gross revenue statistics the last year of production for oil and gas structures in the shallow water Gulf of Mexico. Summary statistics are tabulated by primary production, structure type, manned status and water depth for 3054 decommissioned structures in water depth less than 400 ft from 1990 to 2017. The P50 adjusted gross revenue the last year of production was $1.2 million for gas structures and $627,000 for oil structures. For gas structures, P20 and P80 economic limits are $282,000 and $3.97 million; for oil structures, $135,000 and $2.01 million. Factor models are constructed to distinguish the impact of individual variables and show that majors have an average $820,000 greater economic limit per structure than independents.
Exonuclease EXD2 in mitochondrial translation.

Elucidating regulation of mitochondrial mRNA translation will improve our understanding of mitochondrial function during homeostasis and disease. Ribonuclease EXD2 is now shown to be important for mitochondrial translation and oxidative phosphorylation, and its loss enhances ROS production, slows development and extends lifespan in flies.
Cytoskeleton in high resolution.

Eva Nogales looks back at the early days of structure determination of cytoskeletal components.
Disparity of Imputed Data from Small Area Estimate Approaches – A Case Study on Diabetes Prevalence at the County Level in the U.S.

This paper assesses concordance and inconsistency among three small area estimation methods that are currently providing county-level health indicators in the United States. The three methods are multi-level logistic regression, spatial logistic regression, and spatial Poison regression, all proposed since 2010. Diabetes prevalence is estimated for each county in the continental United States from the 2012 sample of Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. The mapping results show that all three methods displayed elevated diabetes prevalence in the South. While the Pearson correlation coefficients among three model-based estimates were all above 0.60, the highest one was 0.80 between the multilevel and spatial logistic methods. While point estimates are apparently different among the three small area estimate methods, their top and bottom of quintile distributions are fairly consistent based on Bangdiwala’s B-statistic, suggesting that outputs from each method would support consistent policy making in terms of identifying top and bottom percent counties.
Ultrasonic Planar Scanned Tomography

Linear x-ray tomography has been used for decades as a technique that trades depth information for quantity of resolved volume. In linear focal-plane x-ray tomography, a synchronous opposing motion of x-ray source and film during exposure results in an image which has the midplane of the object in sharp focus with all other planes overlaid with various amounts of linear blurring. Nevertheless, the in-focus plane stands out well enough that x-ray diagnosticians still make extensive use of the technique.
Second Order Effects in the Theory of Plasticity

A simple yield condition for the elastic-plastic medium is developed which admits a stress-strain-increment relation including the observed second-order extension associated with pure torsion and the resulting dissimilarity between theMohr circles of stress and strain-increments. This yield condition is then used as the loading function of a strain-hardening medium in conjunction with a rule of kinematic hardening.
Reducing the time between inoculation and first-read of urine cultures using total lab automation significantly reduces turn-around-time of positive culture results with minimal loss of first-read sensitivity.

In order to realize the full potential of total laboratory automation (TLA) in the clinical microbiology laboratory, workflows must be optimized to match each laboratory’s capabilities, patient population, and staffing model. Using TLA-based digital photography to monitor urine cultures, we sought to improve culture result turn-around-time (TAT) by changing the time at which a culture is first photographed and thus available for analysis/work-up (Pre1) from 18 h (16,391 cultures) to 16 h (53,113 cultures) (with a total of 24-h culture incubation in both time periods); in both time periods, cultures were set up 24/7, and culture work-up occurred during the day shift only. With this change, we observed a significant decrease in time-to-final-result TAT for positive cultures (18 h-Pre1 median: 71.6 h; 16 h-Pre1 median: 61.0 h). This effect was most pronounced for Gram-negative organisms, with a median reduction in time-to-final-result for Escherichia coli cultures (51.8% of positive urine cultures) of 14.2 h (18 h-Pre1 median: 77.3 h; 16 h-Pre1 median: 63.1 h). This reduction in TAT was accompanied by a decrease in sensitivity at the Pre1 time point (18 h-Pre1 91.01%; 16 h-Pre1 88.06%), which we also found to vary by species: there was a reduction in sensitivity at the first culture reading of 1 to 2% for cultures with Gram-negative microorganisms, but for some Gram-positive microorganisms (e.g., Aerococcus urinae and non-aureus Staphylococcus species), there was a reduction in sensitivity at the Pre1 time-point of 3 to 7%. These results can guide workflow decisions for laboratories seeking to implement and/or optimize TLA systems, demonstrating a tradeoff between TAT and the sensitivity of preliminary urine culture results.
Electrical System Integration, Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Interface Management of Railway Electrification Systems

This paper outlines the considerations and issues that need to be addressed to ensure that railway electrical systems are integrated successfully. An overview of systems integration in the railway environment is given. Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) is identified as a major component in the systems integration process. The method of demonstrating EMC for railway electrical systems is reviewed. Procedures to control stray current are outlined and the management of the DC/AC interface is examined. Finally the important issue of a systems approach to Earthing Management of both AC and DC railways are summarised.
Synthesis and Characterization of Strong Cyclometalated Iridium Photoreductants for Application in Photocatalytic Aryl Bromide Hydrodebromination

A series of potent bis-cyclometalated iridium photoreductants with electron-rich β-diketiminate (NacNac) ancillary ligands is described. Structure–property analysis reveals that substituent modific...
The Sequelae of Premigration Hunger Among Venezuelan Immigrant Children in the U.S.

Since 2015, two defining features of life in Venezuela are hunger and emigration. In the face of the once prosperous nation’s hyperinflation and severe economic collapse, food scarcity is a regular occurrence such that undernourishment is a growing issue.1 The UN2 estimates that more than 4 million Venezuelans have left their country as a result of their nation’s manifold social and economic challenges. Although prior research has shown that hunger and the stress of migration can potentiate risk for behavioral health problems, no research has examined the experiences of Venezuelan children in diaspora.3,4 Venezuelans are by far the fastest growing Hispanic origin group in the U.S.,5 and it is critical that policymakers and practitioners understand how hunger among children impacts post-migration adaptation. Such knowledge will directly inform ongoing/future programs to support this at-risk population.
Halogen Bonding Facilitates Intersystem Crossing in Iodo-BODIPY Chromophores

BODIPY chromophores can serve as organic-based triplet photosensitizers for a wide range of applications. To perform this function, the formation of the triplet state is critical, and a better unde...
MPO-C-ANCA Renal-Limited Vasculitis: A Puzzling Phenomenon

Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs) are autoantibodies directed against antigens in the cytoplasm of neutrophils and can be used diagnostically to identify different types of systemic vasculitides such as microscopic polyangiitis (MPA), granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA), and renal-limited vasculitis (RLV). Two methods are used concomitantly to detect ANCAs: indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). IIF yields either a cytoplasmic (C-ANCA) or peri-nuclear (P-ANCA) pattern with a corresponding antigen identified on ELISA; either proteinase-3 (PR-3) or myeloperoxidase (MPO), respectively. Here, we present a 76 year-old female with a presenting complaint of nausea and emesis, ultimately found to have renal-limited MPO-C-ANCA vasculitis, an unusual IIF and ELISA pairing. The patient presented with lower extremity edema and without nasopharyngeal or pulmonary involvement, complicating the clinical picture for an ANCA-vasculitis. Given other published reports and studies pertaining to this unique finding of C-ANCA with anti-MPO antibodies, we emphasize the importance of using caution while interpreting ANCA results. The diagnosis of vasculitis should be comprehensive and should not solely rely on IIF or physical exam findings.
A reconfigurable magnetorheological elastomer acoustic metamaterial

Resonant acoustic metamaterials (AMMs) are structures with intrinsic resonances designed to interact with acoustic wavefields to enable applications like low-frequency sound mitigation using materials much smaller than the wavelength affected. However, the addressable frequency range of the AMM is set at the time of manufacture by the geometry, materials, and construction. In this work, a reconfigurable magnetorheological elastomer (MRE)-based AMM is proposed to alter the addressable frequency range without the need for remanufacture. By changing the spatial placement and the mass of neodymium magnets attached to the MRE plate by magnetic attraction, it is possible to engineer the mode shape of the MRE-AMM and tune the absorption, transmission loss, and effective density. It is shown through simulations and experiments that the MRE-AMM can affect wavelengths in air up to 13 170× greater than its own thickness.
Validation of left ventricular volume and ejection fraction measurements by high-definition blood flow imaging: Comparisons with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and contrast echocardiography

Background We recently reported the efficacy of High-definition blood flow imaging (HDI) in the assessment of left ventricular (LV) function and demonstrated that the results are comparable to those obtained by contrast echocardiography (CE). The present study validates HDI in measurements of LV volumes and ejection fraction (EF) by simultaneous comparisons with CE and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR). Methods Eighteen patients (age range 25-79 years) with limited echocardiographic images had measurements of LV end-diastolic volume (EDV, mL), end-systolic volume (ESV, mL), and EF (%) by HDI, CE, and CMR. Results Using the three techniques, measurements of EDV, ESV, and EF correlated well with correlation coefficients (r) ranging from .91 to .98 in comparisons between HDI and CMR, and .89 to .97 in comparisons between CE and CMR. The limits of agreement for the inter-methods comparisons by Bland-Altman analysis (mean ± 1.96 SD) between HDI and CMR were 4.92 ± 16.87% for EF, 21.53 ± 32.18 mL for EDV, and 10.69 ± 36.12 mL for ESV, between CE and CMR, the agreement limits were 2.48 ± 18.52% (LVEF), 24.58 ± 47.41 mL (EDV), and 14.09 ± 43.55 mL (ESV). Conclusions Measurements of LV volumes and EF by HDI and CE correlated well with CMR. Using CMR as the gold standard, the agreements in measurements of LV volumes were superior for HDI compared to CE. In measurements of EF, CE showed less mean difference when compared to HDI. HDI measurements compared well with those obtained by CMR.
A Novel Background Calibration Technique for Microwave Radiometric Sensors in Indoor Applications

This letter presents a novel background calibration technique for microwave radiometers in indoor applications such as security sensing for static targets where unknown noise sources may add to background noise and degrade measurement accuracy. Such a background correction is important for absolute measurement of radiometric apparent temperature as opposed to relative measurement of contrast. The technique is validated by measuring the error in apparent temperature of hot water using a 23.55 GHz radiometer in an uncontrolled environment where the background noise is artificially increased using a diode-based noise source. The calibration technique reduced the prediction error introduced due to incorrect assumptions about the background by approximately 1 to 3 K.
Why? Why not? When? Visual Explanations of Agent Behavior in Reinforcement Learning.

Reinforcement Learning (RL) is a widely-used technique in many domains, including autonomous driving, robotics, stock trading, and video games. Unfortunately, the black box nature of RL agents, combined with increasing legal and ethical considerations, makes it increasingly important that humans understand the reasoning behind the actions taken by an RL agent, particularly in safety-critical domains. To help address this challenge, we introduce PolicyExplainer, a visual analytics interface which lets the user directly query an RL agent. PolicyExplainer visualizes the states, policy, and expected future rewards for an agent, and supports asking and answering questions such as: "Why take this action? Why not this other action? When is this action taken?". PolicyExplainer is designed based upon a domain analysis with RL experts, and is evaluated via empirical assessments on a trio of domains: taxi navigation, an inventory application, and the safety-critical domain of drug recommendation for HIV patients.
Rotating three-dimensional velocimetry

Flow evolution over helicopter rotors, wind turbine blades, and insect wings are unsteady, three-dimensional (3D), and influenced by phenomena unique to the rotating frame of reference (FoR), e.g., Coriolis and centrifugal forces. Conventional 3D-PIV techniques are unable to fully characterize these rotating FoR physics, since the measurements are limited to a fixed FoR of a relatively small volume through which the rotor blade or wing traverses intermittently. In this paper, a new “Rotating Three-Dimensional Velocimetry (R3DV)” technique is proposed to address these gaps. R3DV consists of 3D measurements made with a single stationary plenoptic camera in combination with a hub-mounted mirror that aligns the camera’s field of view with a rotating wing. In post-processing R3DV data, a rotational volumetric calibration method is developed to account for image acquisition through a rotating mirror. Rotating FoR volumes are then reconstructed using the Multiplicative Algebraic Reconstruction Technique (MART) algorithm with the adapted calibration scheme and subsequently cross-correlated to derive a 3D velocity field. R3DV was experimentally demonstrated in a study of 3D unsteady flow over an impulsively rotated flat-plate wing. Prominent flow features like the formation and shedding of the primary and secondary leading-edge vortices (LEVs) were observed, which corroborate well with the existing literature on rotating wings. The time-resolved variation of LEV velocity profiles and circulation with azimuthal angle exhibited expected trends. The ability to quantify 3D and time-resolved velocity fields in the rotating FoR demonstrates the feasibility of adopting R3DV as a technique to investigate rotating flows.
Outcome of early and intermediate-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): A single institution experience at MGUH.

328Background: Liver transplant (LT) remains the best curative standard for HCC within Milan criteria (Milan). Nonsurgical locoregional treatments, including TACE and ablation, offer a bridge to su...
Infection-induced type I interferons critically modulate the homeostasis and function of CD8+ naïve T cells

Naive T (Tn) cells require two homeostatic signals for long-term survival: tonic T cell receptor:self-peptide–MHC contact and IL-7 stimulation. However, how microbial exposure impacts Tn homeostasis is still unclear. Here we show that infections can lead to the expansion of a subpopulation of long-lived, Ly6C+ CD8+ Tn cells with accelerated effector function. Mechanistically, mono-infection with West Nile virus transiently, and polymicrobial exposure persistently, enhances Ly6C expression selectively on CD5hiCD8+ cells, which in the case of polyinfection translates into a numerical CD8+ Tn cell increase in the lymph nodes. This conversion and expansion of Ly6C+ Tn cells depends on IFN-I, which upregulates MHC class I expression and enhances tonic TCR signaling in differentiating Tn cells. Moreover, for Ly6C+CD8+ Tn cells, IFN-I-mediated signals optimize their homing to secondary sites, extend their lifespan, and enhance their effector differentiation and antibacterial function, particularly for low-affinity clones. Our results thus uncover significant regulation of Tn homeostasis and function via infection-driven IFN-I, with potential implications for immunotherapy. Infections induce activation of naive T cells for protective immunity, but insights for this host-pathogen crosstalk are still missing. Here the authors show that infection-induced type I interferon (IFN-I) signaling promote the differentiation, expansion and functional maturation of naive CD8 T cells, particularly for low affinity clones, to enhance anti-microbial immunity.
Drought: The Dust Bowl

A major economic depression and poor land-use practices contributed to one of the worst natural disasters in United States history.
The Impeachment Trial of President William Clinton

In 1999, for only the second time in United States history, the Senate conducted an impeachment trial of a President. The acquittal of William Jefferson Clinton on February 12 came as no great surprise, given the near party-line vote on impeachment charges in the House of Representatives leading to the trial. The impeachment saga of President Clinton has its origins in a sexual harassment lawsuit brought in Arkansas in May, 1994 by Paula Jones, a former Arkansas state employee. Lawyers for Clinton argued that the Jones suit would distract him from the important tasks of his office and should not be allowed to go forward while he occupied the White House. Clinton's immunity claim eventually reached the United States Supreme Court. The Court ruled unanimously in May, 1997 against the President, and allowed discovery in the case to proceed. As a result of the Supreme Court's action, Judge Susan Weber Wright allowed discovery to proceed in the Paula Jones lawsuit. Judge Wright ruled that lawyers for Jones, in order to help prove her sexual harassment claim, could inquire into any sexual relationships that Clinton might have with subordinates either as Governor of Arkansas or as President of the United States. A critical moment in the cascade of events that would eventually lead to impeachment came on December 5, 1997 when Jones's lawyers submitted a list of women that they would like to depose. Included on the list the name of Monica Lewinsky. This is a trial that never should have happened. Clinton should have reached an early settlement (or defaulted) in his suit with Jones, which would have happened if he'd been honest with his own lawyers about his sexual history. The Supreme Court should have struck down the independent counsel law as a violation of separation of powers when it had a chance to do so in 1988. The Supreme Court missed a second chance to prevent impeachment when it failed to recognize, in Clinton v. Jones, that civil suits against a sitting president had the serious potential to be a major distraction from the president's duties. Clinton should not have trusted Lewinsky to be discreet. Kenneth Starr should not have engaged in a sting operation against the President of the United States, and the Administration should not have engaged in an operation to trash the OIC. Finally, of course, the President should not have lied under oath about his relationship with Monica Lewinsky. Despite its predictable outcome, the impeachment trial of President Clinton is well worth studying, both for what it says about the failure of the judiciary and political institutions to respond adequately to an unprecedented situation, and what it tells us about the failures of Bill Clinton, the all-too-human occupant of the nation's highest office. The trial also raises fascinating questions about the distinction between public morality and private morality.
Prospective randomized control trial comparing Biostop, a bioabsorbable cement restrictor with the standard Hardinge cement plug

This study is a randomized control trial comparing the effectiveness of Biostop, an absorbable cement restrictor with Hardinge, a nonabsorbable cement restrictor in 136 consecutive patients who had a Charnley total hip replacement inserted. Type of cement restrictor, the surgical approach, the surgeon, the viscosity of the cement, the cementing technique, and the femoral canal diameter were statistically compared to the distal migration of the cement. We found no statistical difference between any of these variables. In conclusion, Biostop is as effective as the Hardinge cement restrictor, and in the presence of adequate cement restriction, the above factors in vivo have little effect in distal migration of the cement mantle.
PREDICTION OF COMMUNITY NOISE FROM RAIL SYSTEMS

This paper presents a simple procedure for predicting noise in the vicinity of rail lines including intercity freight and passenger services and metropolitan systems. The procedure accounts for the effects of speed; wheeland rail condition; travel on bridges and elevated transit structures; geometrical spreading of sound energy; excess attenuation due to propagation over the ground and through the air; and barrier attenuation by sound screens, cuttings, embankments, and houses. A-weighted sound pressure level is the basic quantity predicted; equations are given to determine various noise exposure measures such as the 24-hour energy equivalent sound level (L e q (24h)), the day-night average sound level (Ldn) and the community noise equivalent level (CNEL).
If I were king

I first want to thank all of you, members and guests alike, for your warm welcome. I wish particularly to thank the members of The Western Thoracic Surgical Association for the honor of being elected to be your president. It is an important highlight in my career and I am genuinely grateful. I am a most fortunate man. First of all, I had marvelous parents. They are both gone now but their inspiration lingers on. I have a wonderful wife, children, and grandchildren. Along the way I have been associated with firstclass educational institutions-Vanderbilt, Yale, and Stanford. We live in a great place. I enjoy my chosen professional field and I occasionally have a really satisfying round of golf. Who could ask for anything more? It is not often that one has an opportunity to speak on any chosen subject to an important audience that is more or less obliged to hear the speaker out. The late Andy Warhol said something about everyone having the spotlight for 15 minutes or so during a lifetime. Referring to sermons, my father said, "No souls are saved after 20
Reducing noise pollution in the hospital setting by establishing a department of sound: a survey of recent research on the effects of noise and music in health care.

A proposal for a solution to reduce stress and anxiety in the hospital setting by combining the problems of excess noise in a hospital setting with the efficacy of music therapy is supported through an analysis of research in the field of noise, hospital noise pollution, and music medicine. Included in this overview are articles describing the effects of noise on health, the problems of noise pollution in the health care setting, and the benefits of replacing noise with music to reduce heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rate, emotional anxiety, and pain. By combining these areas of research, the authors propose the establishment of a department assigned to (1) control the amount of noise in a hospital and (2) provide a center of music therapy for all individuals in the hospital setting, including in-patients, out-patients, doctors, and staff. Due to the large specificity of these areas, this unifying source, or "Department of Sound," is suggested to aid in thoroughly addressing and combining these two concepts most effectively.
Cell-to-cell transfer of interferon-induced antiproliferative activity

Interferon-treated cells rapidly and efficiently transferred the antiproliferative activity of interferon to untreated cells. This phenomenon was not due to the carry-over of interferon by the interferon-treated cells. Thus, to evoke an antiproliferative state, interferon did not directly contact each cell in a population. The results suggest a novel mechanism by which interferon may indirectly regulate cell growth, and suggests that cells other than those of the immune system may play a role in controlling tumor growth in tissue where cell-to-cell contact occurs.
Effect of Bile Salts upon the Activity of Antibiotics

IN the course of studies on the effect of bile salts upon the activity of a variety of antibiotics it was observed that the susceptibility to neomycin of a series of recently isolated strains of staphylococci (which are pigmented, coagulase positive, haemolytic, and ferment mannitol) and of enterococci was increased when the in vitro tests were performed in a medium to which 0.5 per cent bile salts (Difco) had been added, as shown by the significant and consistent reduction in the minimum amount of antibiotic required to inhibit the growth of standard inocula of these strains in bile-salts medium as compared with the same medium without adjuvant (Table 1). The same concentration of bile salts also resulted in enhanced activity of penicillin against staphylococci resistant to penicillin, but had little or no effect upon the efficacy of this antibiotic against penicillin-sensitive strains of the same species or strains of enterococci tested. No such consistent potentiation against either resistant or sensitive strains was observed with bacitracin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, nitrofurantoin, novobiocin, oleandomycin, streptomycin and tetracycline. With polymyxin, ristocetin and vancomycin, however, an opposite effect to that noted above was observed, namely interference, since significantly greater amounts of each of these antibiotics were required to inhibit similar inocula of a number of strains of both Gram-positive species in bile salts medium than was required in plain medium.
Recognition and Encapsulation of an Electroactive Guest within a Dynamically Folded Polymer

Diaminotriazine-functionalized polymer 1 folds in nonpolar media into unimolecular “micelles”, in which the diaminotriazine units are inwardly directed to form a polar pocket analogous to the active sites found in proteins. To explore the possibility of site isolation within this pocket we synthesized the redox active guest 6-ferrocenyluracil 2. Encapsulation of guest 2 by polymer 1 was established by NMR studies; functional site isolation was demonstrated through cyclic voltammetry studies.
Protein functionality modification by extrusion cooking

Cooking extruders process high-protein materials into palatable foods. New applications have been developed for protein extrusion during the past decade. Improvements in functional characteristics of proteins may be achieved through modification of temperature, screw speed, moisture content, and other extrusion parameters. Flavors and odors may be removed during expansion at the extruder die. Extrusion can improve the digestibility of proteins, while reducing gossypol, proteinase inhibitors, allergens, aflatoxins, and other undesirable compounds. In the future the use of extruders as chemical reactors for both animal and plant proteins will provide new food ingredients as well as novel, nutritious foods.
Rapid deterioration of insulin secretion in obese adolescents preceding the onset of type 2 diabetes.

Objective To identify pathophysiologic changes that lead to the onset of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) in adolescents. Study design Obese adolescents with normal glucose tolerance (n = 41) were studied longitudinally over the course of 4 years with serial measure of the acute insulin response to glucose (AIR g ) as well as proinsulin (PI) concentrations. Insulin resistance was estimated with the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), the disposition index (DI) computed as AIR g × 1/HOMA-IR, and intravenous glucose tolerance estimated as the glucose disappearance constant. Results Four adolescents developed diabetes mellitus (DM) during the study, and the rest of the cohort remained nondiabetic. Baseline PI exceeded the IQR of the nondiabetic group in 3 of 4 subjects with DM, and all had >85% reduction from baseline AIR g , and DI, within 6 months of diagnosis. All the subjects with DM gained weight over the course of the study, but these changes paralleled those for the nondiabetic group. HOMA-IR increased substantially in 1 of the subjects with DM at the time of diagnosis but was comparable with baseline in the other 3. The DI and glucose disappearance constant of the subjects with DM was less than the 10th percentile of the nondiabetic group before and after diagnosis. Conclusion Conversion from normal glucose tolerance to T2DM in adolescents can occur rapidly, and the onset of T2DM is heralded by a substantial decrease in AIR g and DI, as well as increased release of PI. These results support loss of β-cell function as the proximate step in the development of T2DM in this age group.
Inelastic light scattering studies of silicon chemical vapor deposition (CVD) systems

Abstract Raman and resonance fluorescence spectra, determined by inelastic light scattering measurements, are used to identify molecular species and to measure their concentration gradients on a fine spatial scale throughout a CVD reactor. Raman spectra are also analyzed to give gas temperature and tempetature profiles. The temperature profiles near the leading edge of a horizontal rf heated susceptor in a laminar flow system are adequately described by using Leveque's solution to an energy balance equation, assuming temperature-independent fluid properties. Raman spectra at room temperature of some of the compounds commonly used as source materials for Si epitaxial growth, SiCl 4 , SiCl 3 H, SiCl 2 H 2 and Si 2 Cl 6 indicate that these species are all detectable at the 10–100 ppm level and are distinguishable from each other. Measurements at 500–1300°C of these compounds reveal the presence of a common species, SiCl x (probably SiCl 2 ), which exhibits a resonance flourescence spectrum at least 1000 times more intense than typical Raman spectra. SiCl x density profile measurements above the susceptor indicate a concentration boundary layer thickness of 0.7-0.8 cm for one set of experimental conditions. SiCl x density measurements as a function of suspector temperature are observed to vary over a range of 4 to 5 orders of magnitude, and are much higher for a SiCl 2 H 2 input than for a SiCl 4 input.
Evolutionary dynamics of two related malignant plasma cell lines.

Cancer is the consequence of sequential acquisition of mutations within somatic cells. Mutations alter the relative reproductive fitness of cells, enabling the population to evolve in time as a consequence of selection. Cancer therapy itself can select for or against specific subclones. Given the large population of tumor cells, subclones inevitably emerge and their fate will depend on the evolutionary dynamics that define the interactions between such clones. Using a combination of in vitro studies and mathematical modeling, we describe the dynamic behavior of two cell lines isolated from the same patient at different time points of disease progression and show how the two clones relate to one another. We provide evidence that the two clones coexisted at the time of initial presentation. The dominant clone presented with biopsy-proven cardiac AL amyloidosis. Initial therapy selected for the second clone that expanded leading to a change in the diagnosis to multiple myeloma. The evolutionary dynamics relating the two cell lines are discussed and a hypothesis is generated in regard to the mechanism of one of the phenotypic characteristics that is shared by these two cell lines.
Diet and food web support of the white perch, Morone americana, in the Hackensack Meadowlands of New Jersey

I analyzed stomach contents of white perch, Morone americana, caught throughout the year in the Hackensack River in northern New Jersey. The dominant prey items were amphipods, with shrimp and fish being less important. Stable isotope analysis indicated that the primary producers of importance in the food web leading to white perch were benthic or planktonic microalgae and secondarily Phragmites australis, the dominant macrophyte in the Hackensack Meadowlands. Despite their large size, white perch do not generally appear to feed any higher in the food web than killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus.
Conformational analysis of β‐methyl‐para‐nitrophenylalanine stereoisomers of cyclo[D‐Pen2, D‐Pen5]enkephalin by NMR spectroscopy and conformational energy calculations

Solution conformations of beta-methyl-para-nitrophenylalanine4 analogues of the potent delta-opioid peptide cyclo[D-Pen2, D-Pen5]enkephalin (DPDPE) were studied by combined use of nmr and conformational energy calculations. Nuclear Overhauser effect connectivities and 3JHNC alpha H coupling constants measured for the (2S, 3S)-, (2S, 3R)-, and (2R, 3R)-stereoisomers of [beta-Me-p-NO2Phe4]DPDPE in DMSO were compared with low energy conformers obtained by energy minimization in the Empirical Conformational Energy Program for Peptides (ECEPP/2) force field. The conformers that satisfied all available nmr data were selected as probable solution conformations of these peptides. Side-chain rotamer populations, established using homonuclear (3JH alpha H beta) and heteronuclear (3JH alpha C gamma) coupling constants and 13C chemical shifts, show that the beta-methyl substituent eliminates one of the three staggered rotamers of the torsion angle chi 1 for each stereoisomer of the beta-Me-p-NO2Phe4. Similar solution conformations were suggested for the L-Phe4-containing (2S, 3S)- and (2S, 3R)-stereoisomers. Despite some local differences, solution conformations of L- and D-Phe4-containing analogues have a common shape of the peptide backbone and allow similar orientations of the main delta-opioid pharmacophores. This type of structure differs from several models of the solution conformations of DPDPE, and from the model of biologically active conformations of DPDPE suggested earlier. The latter model is allowed for the potent (2S, 3S)- and (2S, 3R)-stereoisomers of [beta-Me-p-NO2Phe4]DPDPE, but it is forbidden for the less active (2R, 3R)- and (2R, 3S)-stereoisomers. It was concluded that the biologically active stereoisomers of [beta-Me-p-NO2Phe4]DPDPE in the delta-receptor-bound state may assume a conformation different from their favorable conformations in DMSO.
Spectroscopic and time-sliced imaging of human breast tissue

Two-dimensional transillumination images of in vitro human breast tissue specimens were recorded as a function of the wavelength of near-infrared laser light, as well as, the position of picosecond-duration temporal slices of transmitted light pulse. Spectroscopic imaging arrangement made use of 1225 - 1300 nm light from a chromium-doped forsterite laser for sample illumination, a Fourier space gate and a polarization gate to sort out a fraction of the image-bearing photons, and an InGaAs area camera for recording two-dimensional images. Time-sliced imaging approach used 800-nm, approximately 130-fs duration, 1 kHz repetition-rate pulses from a Ti:sapphire laser system to illuminate the sample, and a gated imaging system that provided a variable-position, ~80 ps-duration electronic gate to record time-sliced two-dimensional images. Excised female breast tissue specimens comprising normal and cancerous, as well as, adipose and fibrous tissues were imaged. Marked enhancement of image contrast between adipose and fibrous tissues in the specimen was observed when the wavelength of imaging light was near-resonant with an absorption band of the human fatty tissue centered on 1203 nm. In time-sliced images, earlier time slices highlighted cancerous tissues, while the later slices accentuated the normal tissues in most of the specimens.
Exploring K–3 Teachers' Implementation of Comprehension Strategy Instruction (CSI) Using Expectancy-Value Theory

This research investigated factors that influence the implementation levels of evidence-based comprehension strategy instruction (CSI) among K–3 teachers. An explanatory design was chosen to gather and probe the data. Quantitative data were gathered via a mailed survey distributed through a representative sample of the 40 school districts (through a stratified-random selection of teachers) in a state in the Rocky Mountain West. Expectancy-value theory was applied as it affects self-reported levels of teacher implementation of CSI. Both expectancy and value showed significance for predicting self-reported CSI implementation in two multiple regression analyses. Surveys revealed teachers' perceptions of what impedes or supports their sustained implementation of CSI. These findings suggest that increases in school support will also raise teacher CSI implementation levels.
Investigating the Effects of Basis Set on Metal–Metal and Metal–Ligand Bond Distances in Stable Transition Metal Carbonyls: Performance of Correlation Consistent Basis Sets with 35 Density Functionals

Density functional theory (DFT) is a widely used method for predicting equilibrium geometries of organometallic compounds involving transition metals, with a wide choice of functional and basis set combinations. A study of the role of basis set size in predicting the structural parameters can be insightful with respect to the effectiveness of using small basis sets to optimize larger molecular systems. For many organometallic systems, the metal–metal and metal–carbon distances are the most important structural features. In this study, we compare the equilibrium metal–ligand and metal–metal distances of six transition metal carbonyl compounds predicted by the Hood-Pitzer double-ζ polarization (DZP) basis set, against those predicted employing the standard correlation consistent cc-pVXZ (X = D,T,Q) basis sets, for 35 different DFT methods. The effects of systematically increasing the basis set size on the structural parameters are carefully investigated. The Mn–Mn bond distance in Mn2(CO)10 shows a greater ...
Factors affecting acoustically triggered release of drugs from polymeric micelles

A custom ultrasonic exposure chamber with real-time fluorescence detection was used to measure acoustically-triggered drug release from Pluronic P-105 micelles under continuous wave (CW) or pulsed ultrasound in the frequency range of 20 to 90 kHz. The measurements were based on the decrease in fluorescence intensity when drug was transferred from the micelle core to the aqueous environment. Two fluorescent drugs were used: doxorubicin (DOX) and its paramagnetic analogue, ruboxyl (Rb). Pluronic P-105 at various concentrations in aqueous solutions was used as a micelle-forming polymer. Drug release was most efficient at 20-kHz ultrasound and dropped with increasing ultrasonic frequency despite much higher power densities. These data suggest an important role of transient cavitation in drug release. The release of DOX was higher than that of Rb due to stronger interaction and deeper insertion of Rb into the core of the micelles. Drug release was higher at lower Pluronic concentrations, which presumably resulted from higher local drug concentrations in the core of Pluronic micelles when the number of micelles was low. At constant frequency, drug release increased with increasing power density. At constant power density and for pulse duration longer than 0.1 s, peak release under pulsed ultrasound was the same as stationary release under CW ultrasound. Released drug was quickly re-encapsulated between the pulses of ultrasound, which suggests that upon leaving the sonicated volume, the non-extravasated and non-internalized drug would circulate in the encapsulated form, thus preventing unwanted drug interactions with normal tissues.
Enhancement-mode In 0.70 Ga 0.30 As-channel MOSFETs with ALD Al 2 O 3

In this paper, long-channel enhancement-mode In0.70Ga0.30As MOSFETs with ALD Al2O3 is demonstrated. These devices show good output and pinch-off characteristics, have Ion/Ion of 105, six orders of magnitude lower gate leakage than Schottky-gated devices, and a peak effective mobility of 1280 cm2/Vs. These results are promising for realizing scalable InGaAs-channel MOSFETs suitable for VLSI applications.