cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
William James’s Pragmatism and Some Aspects of Roman Catholic Teaching

The Catholic Church, from its earliest times, attempted to synthesize religious faith and human reason by appropriating the insights of Greek philosophy. Thereby, it hoped to root its teachings in the objective order of the universe. However, modern philosophy called into question the degree to which there is an objective, knowable order. In the face of this challenge, William James argued that one should focus directly on religious experience itself, rather than on doctrine, which, he believed, one could not rationally argue in a compelling way. In contrast, the leadership of the Catholic Church responded to the challenge by reasserting the classic synthesis of faith and reason, especially as found in the writings of Thomas Aquinas. However, innovative Catholic thinkers, like Karl Rahner, tried to engage creatively the challenge of modern philosophy by giving more room, in their philosophy and theology, to religious experience. The efforts of theologians like Rahner have somewhat influenced the formal teachings of the Catholic Church. This, in turn, has positive ramifications for issues such as interreligious dialogue.
Brief of 15 Law Professors as Amici Curiae, Return Mail, Inc. v. United States Postal Service, No. 17-1594, Supreme Court of the United States

Structurally, Congress in the Patent Act and the America Invents Act (AIA) preserved and established four distinct offices within Covered Business Method proceedings before the Patent Trial and Appeal Board (Board) — (1) accused infringer, (2) patentee, (3) the Patent Office, and (4) an agency which enjoys sovereign immunity and the power of eminent domain. It declared and incorporated the traditional rights and duties of accused infringers and patent owners to initiate and answer to proceedings concerning patent validity, while in the AIA it moved some of those proceedings from Article III courts to administrative proceedings before the Board. Congress extended to those proceedings the Patent Office’s power to initiate the determination of patent validity. All the while, it preserved the power of agencies other than the Patent Office to appropriate patent rights by eminent domain. Because different rights and duties are at stake in each of those four offices, and because the combination of separate powers could jeopardize the due process rights of patent owners and accused infringers, Congress did well to keep them separate. The powers of private parties and the federal government to initiate proceedings that implicate patent rights have important due process implications. The ruling below makes a hash of the procedural and institutional structure that Congress carefully designed. In jurisprudential terms, the Postal Service claims the powers and immunities of the legislative sovereign, who possesses the inherent power of eminent domain and is immune from liability for infringement. At the same time, it claims the powers of an accused infringer and so disavows the legal disadvantages of the sovereign. It cannot have both. In fact, the Postal Service cannot infringe and cannot be charged with infringement. The sovereign who exercises the power of eminent domain and pays just compensation has acted lawfully, not unlawfully, and therefore has not trespassed against the patent. And the Postal Service must pay compensation when it appropriates a license to practice a patented invention. Vested patents are property for Fifth Amendment purposes and a government must pay for licenses taken from them just as it pays for real and personal property that it appropriates.
Evaluating the Computerized Assessment and Referral System (CARS) Screener: Sensitivity and Specificity as a Screening Tool for Mental Health Disorders among DUI Offenders

Background/Purpose: A growing body of evidence suggests that people who are arrested for driving under the influence (DUI) of alcohol are more likely to screen positive for psychiatric disorders th...
Real Bite: Legal Realism and Meaningful Rational Basis in Dog Law and Beyond

On August 5, 2002, the City of Toledo, Ohio issued a warrant for the arrest of resident Paul Tellings on the charge of violating the limitation on harboring vicious dogs. Both the Toledo ordinance and Ohio state law in effect in 2002 labeled “pit bull” type dogs per se vicious purely based on their visual identification. Toledo’s ordinance specifically limited citizens to only one “vicious” dog per household. During a routine lead-based paint inspection in Tellings’s home, the health inspector noted three dogs that looked like pit bulls in the household, reported it to the dog warden, and set in motion a legal action that proceeded all the way through the state’s highest court, and ended in a denial of certiorari from the United States Supreme Court.
Structural role of osteocyte lacunae on mechanical properties of bone matrix: A cohesive finite element study

Despite the extensive studies on biological function of osteocytes, there are limited studies that evaluated the structural role of osteocyte lacunae on local mechanical properties of the bone matrix. As a result, the goal of this study was to elucidate the independent contribution of osteocyte lacunae structure on mechanical properties and fracture behavior of the bone matrix uncoupled from its biological effects and bone tissue composition variation. This study combined cohesive finite element modeling with experimental data from a lactation rat model to evaluate the influence of osteocyte lacunar area porosity, density, size, axis ratio, and orientation on the elastic modulus, ultimate strength, and ultimate strain of the bone matrix as well as on local crack formation and propagation. It also performed a parametric study to isolate the influence of a single osteocyte lacunae structural property on the mechanical properties of the bone matrix. The experimental measurements demonstrated statistically significant differences in lacunar size between ovariectomized rats with lactation history and virgin groups (both ovariectomized and intact) and in axis ratio between rats with lactation history and virgins. There were no differences in mechanical properties between virgin and lactation groups as determined by the finite element simulations. However, there were statistically significant linear relationships between the physiological range of osteocyte lacunar area porosity, density, size, and orientation and the elastic modulus and ultimate strength of the bone matrix in virgin and lactation rats. The parametric study also revealed similar but stronger relationships between elastic modulus and ultimate strength and lacunar density, size, and orientation. The simulations also demonstrated that the osteocyte lacunae guided the crack propagation through local stress concentrations. In summary, this study enhanced the limited knowledge on the structural role of osteocyte lacunae on local mechanical properties of the bone matrix. These data are important in gaining a better understanding of the mechanical implications of the local modifications due to osteocytes in the bone matrix.
Minimally Invasive Percutaneous Spinal Techniques

"Minimally Invasive Percutaneous Spinal Techniques", by Daniel H. Kim, MD, FACS, Kyung Hoon Kim, MD, and Yong Chul Kim, MD, helps you apply methods of spinal pain relief that involve less risk and shorter recovery times. Focusing on the broad appeal of this goal for you and your patients, this volume will help surgeons and specialists in various areas of pain management provide less invasive alternatives and faster recovery procedures for those suffering with spinal injuries. Step-by-step techniques are well-illustrated in the book and demonstrated extensively on DVD and online.
PARENTING PRACTICES AND PARENTING STRESS IN AFRICAN AMERICAN FAMILIES OF CHILDREN WITH AND WITHOUT ADHD

PARENTING PRACTICES AND PARENTING STRESS IN AFRICAN AMERICAN FAMILIES OF CHILDREN WITH AND WITHOUT ADHD By Annie E. Rabinovitch, M.A. A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science at Virginia Commonwealth University Virginia Commonwealth University, 2014 Major Director: Heather A. Jones Assistant Professor Department of Psychology This study examined differences in parenting practices and parenting stress between 44 African American maternal caregivers of children ages 6-10 with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and 25 caregivers of children without ADHD. Results indicated significant group differences on inconsistent discipline, as child ADHD significantly predicted this parenting construct. There were no mean group differences in positive parenting. Parenting stress was related to parenting practices for the caregivers of children without ADHD, but was unrelated to parenting practices among control caregivers. Child ADHD predicted several subscales of the Parenting Stress Index. However, child ADHD failed to be a significant predictor when a comorbid disruptive behavior disorder was entered in the model as a covariate. As the presence of a comorbid disruptive behavior disorder predicted parenting stress better than child ADHD for African American caregivers, treatment for such families should include a component targeting parenting stress.
Corporate Reporting Transparency, Board Independence and Expertise, and CEO Duality

Compared to audit committee composition, relatively little research has been devoted to analyzing the role board composition and having one person serve as the CEO and chairman (CEO duality) play in improving corporate reporting transparency. My results indicate that after controlling for audit committee composition, board composition and CEO duality are related to various measures of corporate reporting transparency. I find that greater insider participation on the board (regardless of level of financial expertise) is related to less transparent disclosures, especially those related to board and management structure and processes. Independent directors, particularly those with financial expertise, are related to more transparent disclosures, especially those related to ownership structure and investor rights and board and management structure and processes. Finally, having different people serve as CEO and chairman of the board is not related to greater corporate reporting transparency. These results indicate that limiting insider participation on boards while encouraging the addition of independent financial experts to boards may improve corporate reporting transparency, but splitting the role of CEO and chairman may not.
The Adoption and Characteristics of Performance Stock Option Grants

Traditional executive stock options are granted at fair market value on the grant date and vest over time. Although executive stock options are a popular compensation vehicle, they have received increasing criticism for providing inadequate incentives for executives to improve shareholder wealth. Critics of traditional options, together with a growing body of theoretical studies, call for the use of performance options that link option vesting or exercise to the achievement of performance targets. We examine the factors influencing the adoption and characteristics of performance (i.e., premium-priced and performance-vested) stock option grants to CEOs. We find some evidence that the characteristics of performance option grants (but not their adoption) are associated with the economic determinants identified in theoretical studies. However, many of the associations are opposite the predictions from the theoretical studies. We find stronger evidence that performance options are associated with exceptionally large option grants to CEOs of firms with weak governance structures and large pension fund holdings. Overall, our results are most consistent with the explanation that performance option grants are used to minimize criticism of controversial compensation decisions.
The evolution of plant response to herbivory: simultaneously considering resistance and tolerance in Brassica rapa

Although the evolution of plant response to herbivory can involve either resistance (a decrease in susceptibility to herbivore damage) or tolerance (a decrease in the per unit effect of herbivory on plant fitness), until recently few studies have explicitly incorporated both of these characters. Moreover, theory suggests these characters do not evolve independently, and also that the pattern of natural selection acting on resistance and tolerance depends on their costs and benefits. In a genotypic selection analysis on an experimental population of Brassica rapa (Brassicaceae) I found a complex set of correlational selection gradients acting on resistance and tolerance of damage by flea beetles (Phyllotreta cruciferae: Chrysomelidae) and weevils (Ceutorhynchus assimilis: Curculionidae), as well as directional and stabilizing selection on resistance to attack by weevils. Evolution of response to flea beetle attack is constrained by a strong allocation cost of tolerance, and this allocation cost may be caused by a complex correlation among weevil resistance, weevil tolerance, flea beetle resistance, and flea beetle tolerance. Thus, one important conclusion of this study is that ecological costs may involve complex correlations among multiple characters, and for this reason these costs may not be detectable by simple pairwise correlations between characters. The evolution of response to weevil attack is probably constrained by a series of correlations between weevil resistance, weevil tolerance, and fitness in the absence of weevil damage, and possibly by a cost of tolerance of weevil damage. However, the nature of these constraints is complicated by apparent overcompensation for weevil damage. Because damage by both flea beetles and weevils had non-linear effects on plant fitness, standard measures of tolerance were not appropriate. Thus, a second important contribution of this study is the use of the area under the curve defined by the regression of fitness on damage and damage-squared as a measure of tolerance.
Biomechanics of Invasive Hyphal Growth

Filamentous fungi penetrate diverse solid substrates, including plant and animal tissues, by a process called invasive hyphal growth. Extending hyphae overcome the resistance of their food sources by the secretion of lytic enzymes and the exertion of mechanical force. The forces utilized for invasive growth are derived from turgor pressure and are regulated through loosening of the apical cell wall of the hypha. This chapter explains how hyphae are pressurized and how they apply this pressure during invasive growth. Recent experimental work is discussed, including the use of miniature strain gauges and laser tweezers to measure the forces exerted by hyphae, and information on hyphal mechanics obtained by atomic force microscopy. Other topics in this chapter include current thinking on the role of secreted enzymes and the cytoskeleton in the invasive process, and the remarkable mechanism of leaf penetration by melanized appressoria.
Intelligent predictive control of a power plant with evolutionary programming optimizer and neuro-fuzzy identifier

An intelligent predictive controller is implemented to control a fossil fuel power unit. This controller is a non-model based system that uses a self-organized neuro-fuzzy identifier to predict the response of the plant in a future time interval. The control inputs are optimized in this prediction horizon by evolutionary programming (EP) to minimize the error of identifier outputs and reference set points. The identifier performs automatic rule generation and membership function tuning by genetic algorithm (GA) and error back-propagation methods, respectively. This intelligent system provides a predictive control of multi-input multi-output nonlinear systems with slow time variation.
Landscape and Power in Early China: The fall of the Western Zhou: partisan struggle and spatial collapse

In the spring of 771 bc , the Western Rong poured into the middle Wei River valley, plundering the Zhou capitals Feng and Hao and killing the last Zhou king, You (r. 781–771 bc ). The Western Zhou dynasty came to an end. In many regards, the eventual downfall of the Western Zhou state was the last phase of the prolonged warfare between the Zhou and the Xianyun. When the new king, Ping (r. 770–720 bc ), was established after the death of his father, it was clearly impossible for him to maintain the Zhou court in the Wei River valley, in the immediate reach of the Xianyun who could renew their attacks at any time, much less to rule from it. Thus, King Ping decided to move the royal court to the eastern capital Luoyi, and thereby opened another era in Chinese history. However, the “fall of the Western Zhou” meant much more than just the change in the geographical location of the Zhou capital. It put an end to the long-standing domination of Zhou royal power over the middle and lower Yellow River regions; the Western Zhou state as a complex political organism was extinguished. More significantly, the year 771 bc also marked the end of the long history of the early Chinese states that had sustained the largest society in East Asia since at least the founding of the Shang dynasty in the sixteenth century bc .
Phase-shifting of a neuronal circadian pacemaker in Bulla gouldiana by pentylenetetrazol

Abstract 1. The convulsant agent pentylenetetrazol generates compound action potential activity from the circadian pacemaker cells in the Bulla retina. 2. The phase response curve to 3 hr pulses of pentylenetetrazol consists of only phase delays which occur following pulses delivered in the early subjective night. 3. Phase shifts to pentylenetetrazol are independent of extracellular calcium since they persist in a low-calcium EGTA solution.
The effect of N,N‐dimethylformamide and polymer grafting on the morphology of polyester fibers in fabric substrate

Photo-induced graft polymerization of acrylic acid (AA) and methyl acrylate (MA) in the liquid and vapor phase, respectively, onto N,N-dimethyformamide (DMF)-pretreated poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fibers in fabric substrate was studied. The effect of various synthesis conditions and DMF pretreatment on the graft yields on PET was investigated. The internal morphology and properties of DMF-pretreated and grafted PET fibers in the fabric were characterized using density and birefringence measurements, differential thermal analysis (DTA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), dyeing methods, and critical dissolution times. The grafting was promoted by increasing DMF pretreatment temperature and the amount of DMF retention in the PET. Increasing biacetyl and monomer flow time and irradiation time enhanced grafting. DMF pretreatment resulted in increases in total void content, degree of crystallinity, trans-isomer content, chain folding, segmental mobility, and molecular packing of the PET, but caused decreases in its amorphous orientation, intermolecular forces, and individual void size through longitudinal shrinkage, lateral swelling, and removal of oligomers. Subsequent graft copolymerization led to further changes in the internal morphology and properties of the PET. PET grafted with AA had a higher cohesive energy density, lower degree of molecular packing, and larger individual void size, but less total void content, lower segmental mobility, less chain orientation, and a lower degree of crystallinity. PET grafted with MA showed increases in total void content, individual void size, segmental mobility, and molecular packing, but showed decreases in chain orientation and degree of crystallinity. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Discrete-Event Based Monitoring and Diagnosis of Manufacturing Processes

We describe a decentralized control method that augments Boolean logic control to provide greatly enhanced diagnostics and monitoring of systems with discrete-valued sensors and actuators. Unlike conventional Boolean logic where logic is associated with the actuators, the new method defines a behavior and timing model for both sensors and actuators (called Control Elements). The behavior model is defined by a sequence of events called the event signature, in a Control Element's (CE) neighborhood. The event signature encodes a subset of the process state into each CE. We describe a method for the continuous evaluation of this signature to compute a measure of the likelihood of a CE to change state. This likelihood measure called an Expectation Function, is used to check and enforce the correct behavior of a CE. Also, each CE learns a statistical temporal model in real time. The temporal model predicts delays in the states of the CE as a function of the previous delays and the current delays in the evaluation of its event signature. The distributed behavior model and the on-line estimated timing model are applied to a simulated bottle filling station to illustrate the detection and-diagnosis of incorrect behavior and failures of Control Elements.
Hybridization studies in the further characterization of erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.

Die Hybridisierung von Ratten- und Rinder-Glukose-6-Phosphat Dehydrogenase ergibt 2 Hybride, was darauf hindeutet, dass das Enzym in beiden Gattungen ein Polymer von verschiedenen Aminosaureketten ist.
A Novel Interferometric Sub-THz Doppler Radar With a Continuously Oscillating Reference Arm

In this paper, we have built and tested a mixerless sub-terahertz (sub-THz) Doppler radar consisting of just a continuous wave (CW) source and a Schottky diode intensity detector based on optical interferometry technique. The reference arm features an oscillating mirror to modulate the low-frequency-band (LFB) Doppler signature to the high-frequency-band (HFB) centered at the reference arm frequency. The reference arm frequency needs to oscillate at a frequency that is higher than twice the Doppler frequency of the object to avoid overlapping of the LFB and HFB signals. Rigorous mathematical formulas have been derived to solve for both the amplitude and the unambiguous phase of the Doppler signal, by using both LFB and HFB signals. The unwrapped phase can be obtained in two ways: a simply phase unwrapping process and a universal fitting process. The Doppler frequency signature of a moving object can be obtained from the Fourier transform of the phase. Computer simulation was first used to show the validity of the derived mathematical formulas. Then a prototype at 0.15 THz was built and tested using a ball pendulum as target. Experimental scenarios for phase span of less than 2π and greater than 2π were studied. The measured amplitude and phase have been shown to agree well with the set up experimental parameters.
Pt-Re bimetallic supported on CeO2-ZrO2 mixed oxides as water–gas shift catalysts

Abstract The addition of Re to Pt/Ce 0.46 Zr 0.54 O 2 was shown to enhance the water–gas shift (WGS) rate compared with the rate observed with Pt alone supported on either Ce 0.46 Zr 0.54 O 2 or Ce 0.6 Zr 0.4 O 2 at similar Pt weight loadings. The results from CO chemisorption showed that the Pt was more highly dispersed on Pt-Re/Ce 0.46 Zr 0.54 O 2 than on the Pt/Ce 0.46 Zr 0.54 O 2 or Pt/Ce 0.6 Zr 0.4 O 2 . Based on this Pt dispersion, the exposed Pt surface area was calculated for Pt-Re/Ce 0.46 Zr 0.54 O 2 , Pt/Ce 0.46 Zr 0.54 O 2 and Pt/Ce 0.6 Zr 0.4 O 2 . The WGS rate was observed to be proportional to the exposed Pt surface area for the Pt-Re and Pt catalysts; however, the rate per m 2 of exposed Pt for Pt-Re/ Ce 0.46 Zr 0.54 O 2 was higher than that of Pt/Ce 0.46 Zr 0.54 O 2 or Pt/Ce 0.6 Zr 0.4 O 2 . The difference in the rates upon the addition of Re to Pt WGS catalysts suggests that the role of Re in enhancing the WGS activity of Pt is more complex than to just increase the Pt dispersion.
The importance of cardiac derangements after SAH.

In this issue of Neurocritical Care , the University of California San Francisco group makes another important contribution to our understanding of neurocardiology (see pp. 199 – 205 for the article by Kothavale et al.). Cardiac dysfunction after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), neurogenic stunned myocardium (NSM) (1) , may have a major impact on critical care. These data provide a model for further study, answer some important questions, and raise interesting new pathways for further research. A large number of patients with SAH were prospectively followed with standardized data collection. Although treatment decisions are hard to derive from nonrandomized data, observational studies generally do not suffer from selection bias because few patients (or their families) decline to participate. The authors point out that regional wall motion abnormalities (RWMAs), a form of NSM, were common. They reiterate the association between higher Hunt & Hess grade and mild elevations in cardiac troponin I (cTi) (2) . The additional prognostic significance of neurostimulant use and tachycardia lend further support to the hypothesis that a sympathetic surge leads to NSM. Cocaine has a central mechanism of action on the heart (3) , and the adverse effects of a combination of cocaine and SAH are probably synergistic. These data further support the idea that cTi — fast, cheap, and prognostic (4) — should be measured in all patients with SAH. Phenylephrine use was associated with a dose-dependent increase in RWMA. These data cannot tell us if it is cause or effect, but this is an important distinction. If NSM leads Editorial Neurocritical Care Copyright © 2006 Humana Press Inc. All rights of any nature whatsoever are reserved. ISSN 1541-6933/06/4:197–198 ISSN 1556-0961 (Online) DOI: 10.1385/Neurocrit. Care 2006;04:197–198
Glass transition temperature of low molecular weight styrene–isoprene block copolymers

Different series of poly(styrene–isoprene) diblock and poly(styrene–isoprene–styrene) triblock copolymers were prepared. In each series, the low molecular weight polystyrene block was kept constant, and the molecular weight of the polyisoprene block varied. The glass transition behavior of these polymers was studied and their glass transition temperatures compared with those of the random copolymers of styrene and isoprene. It is concluded that some low molecular weight styrene-isoprene block copolymers form a single phase. Krause's thermodynamic treatment of phase separation in block copolymers was applied to the data. One arrives at a polystyrene–polyisoprene interaction parameter χ1,2 ≈ 0.1. The experimental and theoretical limitations of this result are discussed.
Comparison of stratum corneum thickness in children and adults

We compared the thickness of the stratum corneum from abdominal skin in infants less than 3 months of age, children between 3 months and 11 years, and adults. Measurements were made with a filar micrometer eyepiece on histologic sections obtained at autopsy. No significant differences were seen; therefore, a stratum corneum of different thickness cannot be used to explain differences in percutaneous absorption, supporting previous work which suggested that term infants and children have an efficient skin barrier. The greater toxicity from percutaneous absorption of topical compounds sometimes seen in children is more likely due to their increased surface to volume ratio and/or metabolic differences.
The dynamical transition to step-flow growth during molecular-beam epitaxy of GaAs(00l)

Scanning tunneling microscopy studies have been performed on GaAs homoepitaxial films grown by molecular-beam epitaxy. Images show that in the earliest stages of deposition the morphology oscillates between one with two-dimensional islands and flat terraces. After the initial transient regime, the system evolves to a dynamical steady state. This state is characterized by a constant step density and as such the growth mode can be termed step flow. Comparison with RHEED shows that there is a direct correspondence between the surface step density and the RHEED specular intensity. Furthermore, thick films (up to 1450 monolayers) display a constant or slowly increasing surface roughness consistent with long adatom diffusion lengths and limited upward diffusion.
An Elongated Dihydrogen Complex of Iridium

Reaction of [Cp*Ir(dmpm)Cl]Cl with [Et3Si]B(ArF)4 (dmpm = bisdimethyl-phosphinomethane; ArF = C6F5) under hydrogen gas affords the dicationic complex [Cp*Ir(dmpm)H2]2+ (1), which is readily deprotonated by weak bases to give [Cp*Ir(dmpm)H]+. Complex 1 exists as a mixture of two isomers (97:3). On the basis of the magnitude of 2JH-P couplings and T1 measurements, a cis-dihydride or dihydrogen complex structure is suggested for the predominant isomer 1-cis (2JH-P = 6 Hz), with the minor isomer assigned a transoid structure 1-trans (2JH-P = 20 Hz). When the preparative reaction is carried out with HD gas, the resonance in the 1H NMR spectrum assigned to 1-cis-d1 exhibits1JH-D = 9.0 Hz. The observed values of 1JH-D vary significantly with temperature, increasing from 7.0 Hz at 223K to 9.0 Hz at 300 K. The observed chemical shift of 1-cis-d1 also varies significantly with temperature. These observations are interpreted in terms of a dynamic equilibrium between a cis-dihydride and a dihydrogen complex.
Illicit Drug Use in a Community-Based Sample of Heterosexually Identified Emerging Adults.

In this study we assess lifetime and recent drug use patterns among 261 heterosexually identified 18- to 25-year-olds through brief street intercept surveys conducted in New York City. Marijuana, hallucinogens, powder cocaine, and ecstasy were the most frequently reported drugs for both lifetime and recent use. Findings further suggest significant differences in lifetime use along the lines of gender, race/ethnicity, and school enrollment for various drugs. Males reported using significantly greater numbers of different drugs compared to females, as did those not enrolled in school compared to school enrollees. These data suggest that illicit drug use in emergent adulthood does not develop in a monolithic manner and synergies must be considered in relation to gender, school enrollment, and employment that first surface in the child and adolescent developmental stages. In addition, primary prevention efforts targeting child and adolescent drug use may mitigate the emerging adult and lifetime substance use.
Heterogeneity in protein expression induces metabolic variability in a modeled Escherichia coli population.

Stochastic gene expression can lead to phenotypic differences among cells even in isogenic populations growing under macroscopically identical conditions. Here, we apply flux balance analysis in investigating the effects of single-cell proteomics data on the metabolic behavior of an in silico Escherichia coli population. We use the latest metabolic reconstruction integrated with transcriptional regulatory data to model realistic cells growing in a glucose minimal medium under aerobic conditions. The modeled population exhibits a broad distribution of growth rates, and principal component analysis was used to identify well-defined subpopulations that differ in terms of their pathway use. The cells differentiate into slow-growing acetate-secreting cells and fast-growing CO2-secreting cells, and a large population growing at intermediate rates shift from glycolysis to Entner–Doudoroff pathway use. Constraints imposed by integrating regulatory data have a large impact on NADH oxidizing pathway use within the cell. Finally, we find that stochasticity in the expression of only a few genes may be sufficient to capture most of the metabolic variability of the entire population.
Sevoflurane anaesthesia in clinical equine cases: maintenance and recovery

SUMMARY A new inhalant anaesthetic, sevoflurane, was used to maintain anaesthesia in 40 animals (2 mules and 38 horses of 9 breeds) presented for various surgical procedures. Eighteen mares, 11 stallions and 11 geldings underwent 6 orthopaedic and 34 soft tissue operations. Induction of anaesthesia was achieved with combinations of xylazine (0.5–1.1 mg/kg), diazepam (0.03–0.1 mg/kg), butorphanol (0.02 mg/kg), guaifenesin (50–84 mg/kg) and ketamine (1.1 mg/kg). Following tracheal intubation, a surgical plane of anaesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane in oxygen delivered from a precision vaporiser. Temperature, ECG, arterial blood pressure and expired gas composition were monitored. Mechanical ventilation was used in most animals (n=37) because of hypoventilation (PaCO2 > 7.31 kPa [55 mmHg]). Following surgery, horses were moved to a recovery room and allowed to recover alone (n=36) or with assistance (n=4). Time to sternal recumbency, standing, the time when satisfactory coordination was present (after standing) and the number of attempts to stand were recorded. The quality of recovery was scored on a 1 (best) to 6 (worst) scale. Mean blood pressures at 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 min of anaesthesia were 72, 73, 74, 75 and 72 mmHg, respectively. Systolic and diastolic pressures at 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 min of anaesthesia were 97, 97, 94, 96, 93 and 59, 63, 64, 68, 67 mmHg, respectively. Dobutamine was used in 23 horses to maintain mean arterial blood pressure > 60 mmHg. Mean heart and respiratory rates at 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 min of anaesthesia were 36, 38, 39, 38 and 38 beats/min, and 9, 8, 8, 8 and 8 breaths/min. Mean duration of anaesthesia was 121 rnin (sd: 56 min), mean time to sternal recumbency was 27 min (sd: 13 min), average time to standing (all horses) was 33 min (sd: 12 min) and time to satisfactory coordination was 44 min (sd: 13 min). Most horses (n=37) received xylazine during recovery (mean dose 0.18 mg/kg iv). The median number of attempts to sternal recumbency and standing were 1.0 (range; 1–7) and 2.0 (range; 1–20), respectively, while the median recovery score was 1.5 (range; 14). The ‘depth’ of anaesthesia was easy to control and recoveries were generally very satisfactory.
Structure of small-scale magnetic fields in the kinematic dynamo theory

A weak fluctuating magnetic field embedded into a a turbulent conducting medium grows exponentially while its characteristic scale decays. In the interstellar medium and protogalactic plasmas, the magnetic Prandtl number is very large, so a broad spectrum of growing magnetic fluctuations is excited at small (subviscous) scales. The condition for the onset of nonlinear back reaction depends on the structure of the field lines. We study the statistical correlations that are set up in the field pattern and show that the magnetic-field lines possess a folding structure, where most of the scale decrease is due to the field variation across itself (rapid transverse direction reversals), while the scale of the field variation along itself stays approximately constant. Specifically, we find that, though both the magnetic energy and the mean-square curvature of the field lines grow exponentially, the field strength and the field-line curvature are anticorrelated, i.e., the curved field is relatively weak, while the growing field is relatively flat. The detailed analysis of the statistics of the curvature shows that it possesses a stationary limiting distribution with the bulk located at the values of curvature comparable to the characteristic wave number of the velocity field and a power tail extending to large values of curvature where it is eventually cut off by the resistive regularization. The regions of large curvature, therefore, occupy only a small fraction of the total volume of the system. Our theoretical results are corroborated by direct numerical simulations. The implication of the folding effect is that the advent of the Lorentz back reaction occurs when the magnetic energy approaches that of the smallest turbulent eddies. Our results also directly apply to the problem of statistical geometry of the material lines in a random flow.
Behavior Therapy for Stereotypic Movement Disorder in Typically Developing Children: A Clinical Case Series

Abstract Stereotypic movement disorder (SMD) is characterized by repetitive, rhythmic, episodic movement and is associated with distress and functional impairment. A range of behavioral strategies have been implemented for the treatment of stereotypies, but research on the effectiveness of behavior therapy in typically developing children is limited. The following case series describes the implementation of behavior therapy for 3 typically developing children (ages 12 to 14) with SMD. Results showed significant reductions in the frequency and intensity of the stereotypies. Future refinement and testing of a behavior therapy protocol is recommended.
Weighing the consequence of doing nothing versus those of doing something: post-exposure chemoprophylaxis for occupational exposures to HIV

In 1988, the Clinical Center at the n’ational Institutes of Health elected to offer post-exposure antiretroviral chemoprophylaxis with the then novel antiviral agent, 3’-azido-3’-deoxythymidine (zidovudine, ZDV) to healthcare workers who had sustained occupational exposures to the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Th’ d 1s ecision was made, in great measure, in response to an occupational exposure and infection that occurred in the Department of Transfusion Medicine at the Clinical Center.‘12 Although a few institutions, most notably The University of California at San Francisco’s San Francisco General Hospital,3 began offering post-exposure chemoprophylaxis with ZDV at approximately the same time, other authorities were highly skeptical about the use of antiretroviral agents in this setting.&’ Concerns were expressed about: the potential toxicities of antiretroviral agents in otherwise healthy healthcare workers;’ the fact that the mechanism of action of available antiretroviral agents at the time was not optimal for chemoprophylaxis and that these drugs might mask the clinical and serologic manifestations of HIV infection in exposed healthcare workers;‘a7 the documented failures of zidovudine to prevent HIV infection in specific instances;6’8-‘6 the apparently lessthan-optimal mechanism of action of available antiretrovirals; the potential for fostering viral resistance as a result of increased use;” and the ethics of administering agents for off-label use in a circumstance filled with fear and emotion.5 Each of these concerns was, and remains, legitimate. Ten years later, a substantial body of data has been amassed that provides encouraging, albeit indirect, support for institutions electing to offer post-exposure antiretroviral chemoprophylaxis for healthcare workers’ occupational exposures to HIV. Whereas the data collected over the past several years fall short of definitive proof of the efficacy of post-exposure antiretroviral chemoprophylaxis, these data do make a reasonably compelling argument for offering these agents for occupational HIV exposures. Table I lists the categories of information that, taken together, constitute the rationale for offering post-exposure antiretroviral chemoprophylaxis.
Abstract A69: Subtype-specific targeting of RAS signal transduction in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA), the fourth-leading cause of cancer related death in the US, remains an incurable disease. Among the most promising targets for new treatments for PDA is the KRAS oncogene since mutations in this gene are found in about 90% of all cases. Because attempts to target the KRAS protein itself have failed so far, inhibiting pathways down-stream of KRAS in particular the MAPK and PI3K pathways, represent promising targets. We discovered that inhibition of MEK, a major effector of KRAS signaling, leads to feedback activation of the pro-survival PI3K/AKT pathway through an EGFR-mediated mechanism. In agreement with this finding, many PDA cell lines show synergistic growth inhibition and induction of apoptosis when treated with combinations of MEK and EGFR inhibitors or MEK with PI3K inhibitors. We profiled gene expression patterns in an extensive panel of human PDAC cell lines and identified two subtypes with epithelial and mesenchymal features, respectively. The vast majority of cell lines demonstrating synergism in response to combinations of MEK inhibitors (CI1040 or PD0325901) with EGFR inhibitors (erlotinib) were of epithelial sub-type. In contrast, none of the mesenchymal-type PDA lines showed synergistic effects with respect to apoptosis or cell growth inhibition. Predictor analysis using the cell line mRNA expression data revealed a 13-gene signature predictive of sensitivity to the drug combination. We hypothesize that these predictors will allow for the development of patient selection strategies for clinical application of combinations of MEK- and EGFR inhibitors in PDA. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2011 Nov 12-16; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2011;10(11 Suppl):Abstract nr A69.
Isothermal physical aging characterization of Polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK) and Polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) films by creep and stress relaxation

This paper considers the experimental characterization of isothermal physical aging of PEEK and PPS films using a dynamic mechanical analyzer. Using the short-term test method established by Struik, momentary creep and stress relaxation curves were measured at several temperatures within 15–35°C below the glass transition temperature (Tg) at various aging times. Stress and strain levels were such that the materials remained in the linear viscoelastic regime. These curves were then shifted together to determine momentary master curves and shift rates using the PHYAGE program. In order to validate the obtained isothermal physical aging behavior, the results of creep and stress relaxation testing were compared and shown to be consistent with one another using appropriate interconversion of the viscoelastic material functions. Time–temperature superposition of the master curves was also performed. The temperature shift factors and aging shift rates for both PEEK and PPS were consistent for both creep and stress relaxation test results.
On the spectra of Schrödinger operators

We give two formulas for the lowest point Open image in new window in the spectrum of the Schrodinger operatorL=−(d/dt)p(d/dt)+q, where the coefficientsp andq are real-valued, bounded, uniformly continuous functions on the real line. We determine whether or not Open image in new window is an eigenvalue forL in terms of a set of probability measures on the maximal ideal space of theC*-algebra generated by the translations ofp andq.
Basic FGF induces neuronal differentiation, cell division, and NGF dependence in chromaffin cells: A sequence of events in sympathetic development

To define further the molecules that control sympathoadrenal differentiation, we have investigated the effects of FGF, NGF, and glucocorticoid on cultured neonatal rat adrenal chromaffin cells. Basic FGF (bFGF), like NGF, induces cell division and neurite outgrowth from these cells. Dexamethasone inhibits neuronal differentiation but not proliferation induced by bFGF Unlike NGF, bFGF will not support the survival of chromaffin cell-derived sympathetic neurons. However, bFGF induces a dependence on NGF The overlapping but distinct responses to NGF and bFGF may underlie a sequence of events in sympathetic differentiation. bFGF (or another factor) may act locally in developing ganglia to stimulate mitotic expansion and initial axon outgrowth. Subsequent survival and maturation are then controlled by NGF, which is provided by peripheral targets of innervation. In the adrenal gland, glucocorticoids may permit bFGF to amplify the chromaffin population, while preventing neuronal differentiation.
Econometric testing for risk averse behaviour in agriculture

The time–series behaviour of commodity prices and consumption expenditures are examined under the assumption of risk averse speculative storage. An asset pricing model of commodity storage is specified with constant relative risk aversion utility and lognormally distributed commodity prices. Testing the overidentifying restrictions constitutes a joint test that the model is valid and that agents have rational expectations. The risk premium on commodity storage markets is characterized in terms of the relative risk aversion parameter of a representative agent and estimates of this parameter can be obtained using maximum likelihood methods. In an application to US corn, wheat and soybean storage, a risk premium is found and the resulting estimates of the relative risk aversion parameter compare favourably with prior information about farmer risk attitudes.
Creation of Individual Defects at Extremely High Proton Fluences in Carbon Nanotube $p{-}n$ Diodes

We show that carbon nanotubes are robust under high H2+ ion fluences. We draw this conclusion by analyzing radiation-induced defects in reconfigurable single-walled carbon nanotube p-n diodes with partially suspended nanotubes. Our analysis show that any defects created through radiation is likely the result of interactions between the nanotube and the substrate, whereas the suspended region of the nanotube remains undamaged. In addition, we show that key features in the diode characteristics can be explained by a single radiation-induced defect that enhances the minority carrier generation rate of only one carrier type.
Unstructured adaptive remeshing finite element method for dusty shock flow

The passage of planar shocks in a dusty gas was investigated to note effects due to particle loading and initial shock Mach number. Two-phase flow equations have been added to a conservative, monotonic flow solver to allow study of compressible particle and droplet flows, which are of importance for shock propagation in two-phase flows and spray propulsion systems. The formulation developed herein employed a conservative Eulerian treatment for the gas and particle phases. The computations were performed using the finite element method-flux corrected transport (FEM-FCT) scheme, which has shown excellent predictive capability of various compressible flows which include both strong and weak shocks. The flux limiting technique was modified to provide monotonic particle velocity fields to increase the scheme's computational stability. Adaptive unstructured methodology based on adapting to high gradients of both the fluid and particle densities was used in conjunction with the conservative shock-capturing scheme to adequately resolve strong flowfield gradients. The shock attenuation of this scheme was then compared with previous experimental and numerical results and was found to yield robust predictions. Various interphase coupling terms were also considered to note their effect on the shock attenuation.
Comparison of Parametric, Nonparametric and Semiparametric Modeling of Wind Tunnel Data

﻿A study based on aeronautical research examines a highly nonlinear relationship between the coefficient of lift and the angle of attack in a wind tunnel experiment. Nonparametric and semiparametric approaches provide alternatives to the usual parametri..
Air Concentrations of TDI and Total Reactive Isocyanate Group in Three Flexible Polyurethane Manufacturing Facilities

Abstract In-depth industrial hygiene surveys were conducted in two large facilities manufacturing molded flexible foam and one facility manufacturing and finishing flexible slab foam. These surveys were performed to support a retrospective, cohort, mortality study of workers that were potentially exposed to toluene diisocyanate (TDI). The air sample results show that isocyanate concentrations differed from plant to plant and were probably dependent on the operations performed, engineering controls, and the physical layout of the plant. In the two molded foam facilities, many of the personal exposures were above 35 μg/m3, as had been recommended by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). As expected, pouring line workers were generally more exposed than finishing workers. However, thermal degradation of foam can release toxic substances, including TDI, into the air. This was found to occur in some of the finishing operations, resulting in elevated air concentrations of TDI. Throu...