cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Media Capital: Towards the Study of Spatial Flows

Prior studies that emphasize a one-way flow of US programming to the periphery of the world system are now being reassessed in light of the increasing volume and velocity of multi-directional media flows that emanate from particular cities, such as Bombay, Cairo, and Hong Kong. These emerging centers of transnational cultural production suggest a need to supplement the current scholarly emphasis on national media systems with a more intensive examination of media capitals. Examining the histories of Hollywood, Hong Kong, and Chicago television, this essay illustrates how scholars might use media capital as a concept that would foster empirically grounded analysis of the temporal dynamism and spatial complexity of the global media environment.
Diagnosis of hydrocephalus by CSF pulse-wave analysis: A clinical study

Pulsatility of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is augmented in hydrocephalus. Analysis of pulsatility, including the CSF wave-form, may be a more valid criterion for the diagnosis of hydrocephalus than mean CSF pressure. To test this possibiliey, CSF pressures were measured in 118 patients with presumed hydrocephalus. The pressure measurements included baseline mean pressure and pulse pressure, responses to jugular compression, and CSF wave analysis (amplitude and peak latency). Four groups of pressure recordings were identified and matched with four clinical groups: normal, arrested hydrocephalus, communicating hydrocephalus, and aqueduct stenosis hydrocephalus. The CSF pulse pressure and systolic slope form were highly reliable in the diagnosis of hydrocephalus, whereas mean CSF pressure was not reliable.
Transforming growth factor‐β differentially inhibits epithelial ovarian carcinoma cells from primary and metastatic isolates without up‐regulation of p21WAF1

BACKGROUND Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is known to inhibit primary epithelial ovarian carcinoma cells. The mechanism by which this inhibitory response is achieved is poorly understood. Furthermore, whether this response is consistent in cells from metastatic sites compared with the primary site cells is unknown. The authors wanted to determine whether TGF-β differentially inhibited ovarian carcinoma cells from primary tumor sites compared with metastatic sites and to establish whether this response was associated with up-regulation of p21WAF1 or overexpression of p53. METHODS Tumor cells were purified from primary and metastatic sites in five patients with advanced epithelial ovarian carcinoma. TGF-β effect at concentrations of 10, 1, and 0.1 ng/mL was determined by tritiated thymidine incorporation assay. Expression of p21WAF1 was determined by Northern and slot blot analysis. p53 was detected by immunocytochemistry. RESULTS Metastatic tumor isolates were more responsive to the inhibitory effect of TGF-β compared with their corresponding primary tumor isolates at 0.1 ng/mL. Increasing TGF-β concentration conferred no additional inhibitory effect on the metastatic isolates; however, a dose-related phenomenon was observed in primary tumor isolates. p21WAF1 mRNA was up-regulated in only 2 of 10 primary and metastatic isolates. There was no correlation between TGF-β responsiveness, p21WAF1 up-regulation, and p53 overexpression. CONCLUSIONS Differential inhibition was observed between primary and metastatic tumor isolates. p21WAF1 up-regulation and p53 overexpression were not major modulators in TGF-β regulation of primary and metastatic tumor growth in early passaged ovarian carcinoma cells. Cancer 1999;85:1810–5. © 1999 American Cancer Society.
An immunologist's view of herpes simplex keratitis: Thygeson Lecture 1996, presented at the Ocular Microbiology and Immunology Group meeting, October 26, 1996.

PURPOSE To review recent progress in understanding the mechanisms of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1)-induced immunopathology in the cornea, as revealed by studies in a mouse model. METHODS The corneas of A/J mice were infected with 5 x 10(4) plaque-forming units (PFU) of the RE strain of HSV-1, and the development of inflammation was assessed by slitlamp, histologic, or immunohistochemical examination. The immunopathologic mechanisms were then defined by observing the effect of in vivo depletion of corneal Langerhans' cells, or T-lymphocyte subpopulations, or in vivo neutralization of cytokines on adhesion molecule expression or leukocytic infiltration of the infected cornea. RESULTS After corneal infection, 60-70% of mice develop corneal opacity due to leukocytic infiltration, neovascularization, and edema. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) represent 90% of the infiltrating cells, with numerous CD4+, but few CD8+, T cells present. Depleting CD4+ T cells of Langerhans' cells prevents inflammation from developing. Neutralizing interleukin-2 (IL-2) or interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) can prevent inflammation or cause a remission of existing disease. IFN-gamma neutralization causes a rapid block of PMN extravasation from the blood in association with reduced platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 (PECAM-1) expression on the corneal vascular endothelium. IL-2 neutralization results in decreased IFN-gamma production, reduced chemotaxis, and loss of PMN viability in the infected cornea. CONCLUSION Herpes stromal keratitis is a CD4+ T cell-dependent inflammatory process in which PMN infiltration and destruction of the cornea are regulated, at least in part, by the T-helper type 1 (Th1) cytokines IL-2 and IFN-gamma.
Multiplexage et traitement informatique des signaux IN-CORE

L'auteur decrit l'application des techniques du multiplexage et du traitement informatise des signaux au pilotage et a l'exploitation des donnees du systeme d'instrumentation « in-core ».
AVOIDANCE CONDITIONING IN THE GUPPY (Lebistes reticulatus)

Sii.mmary.-Acquisition of a conditioned avoidance response has been demonstrated in the guppy. Although no reliable differences were observed between the three CS-US intervals used, the trend of the data showing that fewer trials are required to reach criterion with longer CS-US intervals supports similar observations reported for other species of fish. The use of the guppy for studies of behavioral genetics and behavioral teratology has been considered. In recent years chere has been an upsurge of interest in the phylogenetic and comparative aspects of learning (Bitterman, 1960; Razran, 1961 ). Among the animal species newly rediscovered for experimental behavioral purposes, fish appear to have much popularity. Bitterman and his collaborators have worked extensively with goldfish (Carasszz~~ ailratus) and African mouth breeders (Tilapia macrocephala) on a variety of learning rasks. More recencly they have extended their observations to avoidance conditioning in goldfish (Behrend 8: Bitterman, 1962) and Beau Gregory, Pomacentrus lez~cofiictus (Wodinsky, Behrend, & Bitterman, 1962 ) . Except for two qualicacive reports (Cutting, Baslow, Read, & Furst, 1959; Umbreit & Keller, 1959) on the use of the guppy (Lebzstes reticulatus) for behavioral assay in psychopharmacology, and a quanticative study of maze learning (Kellogg & Gavin, 1960), the guppy has been relatively unnoticed by the behavioral scientist. For workers in che fields of behavioral genetics and teratology, the guppy is a choice S because of the many varieties of available strains characterized by different patterns of pigmentation which can be experimentally altered and related to behavioral changes. In addition, the guppy is an ovoviviparous organism with an internal maternal environment which may be manipulated by teratogens in the absence of the usual placental (maternal-fecal) relationship found in mammals. This report is a quanticative demonstration of the guppy's performance on an avoidance conditioning cask with the interval between condicioned and unconditioned stimulus varied. METHOD Apparatus.-The appararus used was similar to that described by Horner, Longo, and Bitterman (1961). It consisted of two shuttle boxes to permit training of 2 Ss simultaneously. The dimensions of each box were 10 in. long by 4% in. wide and 4% in. high. They were made of 14-En. Plexiglas throughout. Each box was divided into two compartments by a hurdle 1% in. high. The floor and sides of the compartments were
Ether Drift and the Relativity Theory

IN reply to Prof. Eddington's letter in NATURE for June 6 (vol. 115, p.870), it will be enough to state that the type of ether motion alluded to in my first letter on this subject is, in spite of appearances, strictly irrotational. For all details and the literature of the subject the reader may be referred to my paper on “Stokes-Planck's Aether” in the Phil. Mag. for February 1920, p. 161. The irrotationality of Lorentz's solution to which the said motion corresponds is there sufficiently emphasised.
Intra-renal oxygenation in rat kidneys during water loading: effects of cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibition and nitric oxide (NO) donation.

Purpose: To evaluate intra-renal oxygenation by blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) MRI in rat kidneys during water loading and to investigate if the NO donating moiety in naproxcinod could compensate for the effect of cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibition of naproxen. Materials and Methods: Nineteen male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into three groups and dosed with vehicle, naproxen or naproxcinod by gavage for two weeks. On the day of the experiment, hypotonic saline with glucose was infused intravenously to induce water diuresis. BOLD MRI data to monitor renal oxygenation and timed urine samples for estimation of prostaglandins (PGs) and urine flow were obtained. Results: The data in this study is consistent with previous experience in humans in that pre-treatment with naproxen abolished the improvement in medullary oxygenation during water loading. In addition, the inhibition of PGs by naproxcinod reached similar levels as naproxen but maintained the improvement in oxygenation in renal medulla during water loading. Conclusion: This suggests that naproxcinod may have less nephrotoxicity and that the NO donating moiety partially compensates for the hemodynamic effects of prostaglandin inhibition by naproxen. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2010;32:383–387. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Enhanced chemi-mechanical transduction at nanostructured interfaces

Interfacial molecular recognition processes can be converted into mechanical responses via modulation of surface stress. We demonstrate dramatic enhancement in this transduction when quasi 3-D interfaces with nano-size features are used. Microcantelever surfaces are modified with gold nanospheres or granular films and functionalized with macrocycle cavity and receptors. Deflections of these nanostructured cantilevers in response to vapor phase hydrocarbons are two orders of magnitude larger than with conventional smooth surfaces. Such a significant enhancements of surface stress changes resulting from intermolecular interactions at vapor- and liquid-solid interfaces offer an attractive means to develop novel nano-mechanical devices that respond directly and sensitively to chemical stimuli.
Infrared Spectroscopy of (HCl)m(H2O)n Clusters in Helium Nanodroplets: Definitive Assignments in the HCl Stretch Region

Infrared spectra in the HCl stretch region (2600−2900 cm−1) are presented for small, mixed (HCl)m(H2O)n clusters solvated in helium nanodroplets. Sharp bands associated with the Cl−H···Cl stretch vibrations in m:n = 1:1, 2:1, 2:2, and 3:1 clusters are superimposed on a broad background that increases in intensity as larger clusters are grown within the droplets. The broad background is determined to be partially due to mixed clusters with m > 3 and n > 2. The sharp bands are assigned to specific cluster compositions, m:n, via pick-up pressure dependence studies and optically selected mass spectrometry. Orientation of the clusters is achieved with the application of a large electric field to the laser/droplet beam interaction region. The intensity of each band is measured as a function of the applied field strength. Simulations of this electric field dependence based on ab initio calculations of permanent dipole moments and vibrational transition moment angles leads to definitive structural assignments for...
The Ethics of Efficient Markets and Commons Tragedies: A Review of John Broome's Climate Matters: Ethics in a Warming World

What are the ethical implications of our contributions to global warming on an individual level? In his extended essay, John Broome analyzes the moral implications of our imposing damages on future generations through our greenhouse-gas emissions. He argues that we as individuals owe restitution to those who are in the future damaged by these unjust acts. He suggests that restitution can be accomplished by completely offsetting emissions and thereby having a zero carbon footprint. This review examines the force of his arguments and suggests that off-setting emissions on an individual basis is an imperfect substitute for collective action or more encompassing contributions to those hurt by our externalities. (JEL D63, Q21, Q54, Q58)
Correlating the crystal structure of a thiol-protected Au25 cluster and optical properties.

The total structure determination of thiol-protected Au clusters has long been a major issue in cluster research. Herein, we report an unusual single crystal structure of a 25-gold-atom cluster (1.27 nm diameter, surface-to-surface distance) protected by eighteen phenylethanethiol ligands. The Au25 cluster features a centered icosahedral Au13 core capped by twelve gold atoms that are situated in six pairs around the three mutually perpendicular 2-fold axes of the icosahedron. The thiolate ligands bind to the Au25 core in an exclusive bridging mode. This highly symmetric structure is distinctly different from recent predictions of density functional theory, and it also violates the empirical golden rule—“cluster of clusters”, which would predict a biicosahedral structure via vertex sharing of two icosahedral M13 building blocks as previously established in various 25-atom metal clusters protected by phosphine ligands. These results point to the importance of the ligand−gold core interactions. The Au25(SR)1...
Skin conductance and aesthetic evaluative responses to nonrepresentational works of art varying in symmetry

Skin conductance was recorded as 11 subjects judged the aesthetic potential of abstract works of art and their single- and double-axis symmetrical transformations. It was found that the more structurally complex asymmetrical originals elicited higher levels of arousal than the less complex single-axis symmetrical transformations, which elicited greater arousal than the double- axis transformations. Subjects’ ratings of the hedonic value of the compositions were directly related to the arousal increment gained from viewing the stimuli. The results are discussed in terms of Berlyne’s (1960) theory of aesthetic behavior regarding the relationship among complexity, arousal, and hedonic value.
Probability of quantal transmitter release from nerve terminals: Theoretical considerations in the determination of spatial variation

The release of transmitter occurs in discrete quantal units, such that the number released (m) is equal to the number available (n) times the average probability of release (~p). Although a common method of estimating these parameters is to use simple binomial statistics, results may be biased if there is spatial or temporal variation in n and p (vars p, vart n, vart p). The problem arises in the simultaneous analysis of five variables, which is impractical due to the complexity and margin of error involved. The proposed solution is to eliminate two variables (vart n, vart p) by assuming stationarity and to obtain the required information from the first three moments of m. The resulting quadratic equation gives two solutions, ~p1 and ~p2. Computer simulation of quantal output as a function of vars p indicates that ~pt is the better estimator of ~p when vars p is small, but that ~p2 is better when vars p is large. This changeover or “inflection” occurs at points which correspond to the maximum vars p obtainable by unimodal distributions of p (larger vars p being obtained by bimodal distributions). Comparison of the simulated histogram of m with those predicted by ~p1 and ~p2 shows that ~p1 provides the better fit, whether vars p is large or small. This discrepancy indicates that histogram analysis is unable to distinguish the appropriate estimate. The major limitations in the procedure can be met by assuming (1) stationarity (which can be attained and tested experimentally), and (2) normal distribution of p (since vars p is then
Identification of linear systems using long periods of observation

A new method is presented for identifying parameters in a linear differential system arising, e.g., from compartment models in drug kinetics. The linearity of the system is used to produce a series of recurrence relations that help reduce the computational load. The method is especially useful when a long period of observation is used to identify the parameters. Numerical experiments are described.
Addressing the challenges of low clearance in drug research

As a result of high-throughput ADME screening, early metabolite identification, and exploration of novel chemical entities, low-intrinsic-clearance compounds continue to increase in drug discovery portfolios. Currently available in vitro tools have limited resolution below a certain intrinsic clearance value, which can lead to overestimation of clearance and dose and underestimation of half-life. Significant advances have been made in recent years and novel approaches have been developed to address the challenges of low clearance in drug discovery, such as the hepatocyte relay method, use of qNMR-based standards of biosynthesized drug metabolites to permit monitoring metabolite formation, coculture hepatocyte systems, and the time depending modeling approach. Future development in the field will enable faster, more precise, and lower cost profiling of the properties of low-clearance compounds for intrinsic clearance, metabolite identification, and reaction phenotyping.
Comparison of tryptic peptide maps of two isoenzymes of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase from tobacco tissue cultures

Abstract In a previous study by the authors, two isoenzymes of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase were isolated from cultures of tobacco tissue Nicotiana tabacum W-38 and shown to be similar in their pH optima and MWs and in their affinities toward 6-phosphogluconate or NADP + . In an attempt to clarify the structural relationships between these two isoenzymes, peptide mapping of trypsin digests of the purified isoenzymes was performed. The maps were found to be similar, with at least 29 peptide groups from the trypsin digestion of each isoenzyme being alike. There were, however, definite minor differences in the peptide maps of the two isoenzymes.
SIMULATION FOR SMALL DISTURBANCE STABILITY STUDIES USING FREQUENCY DOMAIN SEPARATION TECHNIQUE

ABSTRACT This paper describes an application of 2-dimensional frequency domain separation technique for predicting the small disturbance stability for a hydro power system. The stability results were obtained in terms of the two unknown AVR gain control parameters. The effects of two kinds of hydro speed governor–turbine controls on the system's stability limits have been carried out in detail. The system's stability is found greatly affected by different governor–turbine models.
Arts-Based Therapies in the Treatment of Eating Disorders

Arts-based therapies are increasingly being employed, in conjunction with empirically valid traditional therapies, in the residential treatment of eating disorders. A systematic database search of arts-based therapies in the treatment of eating disorders was conducted. In addition, program staff at 22 residential eating disorder treatment programs were contacted to provide information regarding arts-based therapy utilization rates. Of the 19 programs that participated in this study, all incorporate arts-based therapies on at least a weekly basis in the treatment of eating disorders. However, while published narrative reflections on arts-based therapies and eating disorders imply a generally positive outcome, no known, empirically valid studies exist on this experiential form of therapy within the area of eating disorders. This work was in part supported by Matina S. Horner, Phd. Summer Research Fellowship.
Colour-Magnitude Diagrams of Transiting Exoplanets. I - Systems with parallaxes

Broadband flux measurements centred around [3.6 $\mu$m] and [4.5 $\mu$m] obtained with Spitzer during the occultation of seven extrasolar planets by their host stars have been combined with parallax measurements to compute the absolute magnitudes of these planets. Those measurements are arranged in two colour-magnitude diagrams. Because most of the targets have sizes and temperatures similar to brown dwarfs, they can be compared to one another. In principle, this should permit inferences about exo-atmospheres based on knowledge acquired by decades of observations of field brown dwarfs and ultra-cool stars' atmospheres. Such diagrams can assemble all measurements gathered so far and will provide help in the preparation of new observational programs. In most cases, planets and brown dwarfs follow similar sequences. HD\,2094589b and GJ 436b are found to be outliers, so is the nightside of HD 189733b. The photometric variability associated with the orbital phase of HD 189733b is particularly revealing. The planet exhibits what appears like a spectral type and chemical transition between its day and night sides: HD 189733b straddles the L-T spectral class transition, which would imply different cloud coverage on each hemisphere. Methane absorption could be absent at its hot spot but present over the rest of the planet.
Becoming the virus: responsibility and cosmopolitan labor in Hari Kunzru’s Transmission

This article considers Hari Kunzru’s 2005 novel, Transmission, and its critique of the attributes and assumptions of globalized neoliberal culture, such as an unequivocally positive view of the value of global mobility, and increased diversity of global job opportunities. Through the metaphorical use of a computer virus, Kunzru complicates widespread representations of “privileged” cosmopolitan subjects as divorced from material place and preoccupied with consumerist pleasures, and imagines a new model for global interconnectedness. I argue that, through this criticism and metaphor, Kunzru posits the need for, and the beginnings of citizenship practices centered around, what might be termed a viral cosmopolitanism, that constantly evolves as it moves throughout the world, becoming more heterogeneous, rather than homogenous, through its various points of global contact.
Exosome Delivered Anticancer Drugs Across the Blood-Brain Barrier for Brain Cancer Therapy in Danio Rerio

Purpose The blood–brain barrier (BBB) essentially restricts therapeutic drugs from entering into the brain. This study tests the hypothesis that brain endothelial cell derived exosomes can deliver anticancer drug across the BBB for the treatment of brain cancer in a zebrafish (Danio rerio) model.
An Exploration of Child Welfare Workers’ Opinions of Using Video Assisted Visitation (VAV) in the Family Reunification Process

Based on a survey of 40 social workers using video assisted visitation as part of family reunification work, this study identifies its perceived advantages and disadvantages. The advantages included connecting to the team, relationship maintenance, therapeutic value, access due to distance, and the added visual component. The disadvantages included the technology, age of the child, limitations of not being in person, and fear VAV would replace in-person visits. The discussion describes how to capitalize on the strengths and provides suggestions for how to work within the disadvantages.
Autoregulated instability of tubulin mRNAs: a novel eukaryotic regulatory mechanism.

Abstract Expression of an increasing number of eukaryotic genes is known to be regulated through mRNA stability. One of the most interesting examples is the autoregulated instability of tubulin mRNAs, which are destabilized by a novel mechanism involving co-translational binding of their own mature translation products (tubulin subunits) to the nascent tubulin polypeptide just after it emerges from the ribosome.
Subretinal migration of a nematode in a patient with diffuse unilateral subacute neuroretinitis.

Thisotherwise healthy 20-year-old man experienced blurred vision in the right eye. His visual acuities were 20/40 OD and 20/20 OS. In the right macula, vitreous cells (+1) and multiple yellow-white lesions at the level of the outer sensory retina and pigment epithelium were present ( Figure , A). The left eye was normal. Angiographically, the yellowwhite lesions in the right eye were hypofluorescent early and stained late; the slightly swollen optic disc stained late (Figure, B and C). These changes were initially diagnosed as unilateral acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy. Four days later, the lesions in the macula had faded, and new lesions appeared inferior to the macula (Figure, D); diffuse unilateral subacute neuroretinitis was suspected. During the next week, the patient returned every other day for contact lens examination of the fundus and fundus photographs. The subretinal nematode that was clearly visible in the photographs (Figure A through F)
Breaking of Ocean Waves and Downshifting

When attending meetings on waves, I always especially looked forward to hearing Enok Palm speak about his work; he has made many important contributions to our understanding. And beyond that, his presence always lends a special grace, dignity, and warmth to the assemblage. For me, it is a real privilege to be able to honor him on this occasion
AluHunter: a database of potentially polymorphic Alu insertions for use in primate phylogeny and population genetics.

Summary AluHunter is a database of taxon-specific primate Alu elements for use in phylogeny and population genetics. The software automatically isolates potentially polymorphic Alu insertions in sequences submitted to GenBank by screening the elements against reference genomes. The resultant database of variable markers is a valuable resource for researchers interested in characterizing Alu elements in their primate taxon of interest. Availability and implementation The AluHunter database can be accessed at http://www.aluhunter.com. Contact cmb433@nyu.edu.
A semi-empirical growth estimation method for matrix models of endangered species

Matrix models are critical for conservation planning of endangered species or any species with limited data. Sufficient growth data to construct growth-transition matrices required for size-structured population dynamics models may be lacking using traditional methods. We present a simple semi-empirical method for converting limited growth data into estimated transition probabilities required as elements in structured matrix models. Rather than approximating transition probabilities by counting actual transition frequencies between sparsely populated size classes, we assume that a selected function represents the entire data set, we obtain the model parameters by conventional curve fitting, and we construct the matrix model from the assumed model function. To illustrate the method, we use a sparse, scattered sample of growth data from the endangered white abalone. We use the slope and intercept of the von Bertalanffy model function to determine the growthtransition matrix elements, where the paucity and or scatter of the data preclude using the traditional counting method. The method we propose can accommodate both linear and non-linear mappings of size into growth rate, as we demonstrate with a Gaussian function which has been used to model growth of red abalone and red sea urchins. We illustrate how our method can convert confidence intervals from the model function into confidence intervals for the matrix elements. We suggest that this modelling procedure, which is simple to use and is suitable in data poor situations, will be broadly applicable for conservation practitioners in developing quantitative models to evaluate the population viability of endangered species.
A Survey of Medical Student Gambling and Implications for Medical School Educators and Program Development

In the United States, 82% of adults admit to gambling over the past year. Approximately 2.3% of people are considered to be problematic gamblers and 0.6% are considered to have pathological gambling problems. As many as 87% of college students admit to gambling over the past 12 months with up to 9% of men and 2% of women college students considered to be probable pathological gamblers. To date, no studies have been published regarding medical student gambling and its relationship to demographic variables, academics, socializing, and various risk factors. This study surveyed medical students on the prevalence of gambling, gambling behavior, problematic gambling, the relationship between gambling and academic and social issues, and other risky behaviors. Survey results found that 61% of medical students admitted to gambling over the past year. Overall, 13.6% of students who gambled reported at least one symptom or behavior related to problem gambling and less than one percent of students reported pathological gambling. Few students reported that gambling negatively impacted academics or relationships. In general, medical students reported high rates of alcohol use. Implications for medical educators and administration are discussed within the article.
Reading between the lines and beyond the pages: A culturally relevant approach to literacy teaching

(1992). Reading between the lines and beyond the pages: A culturally relevant approach to literacy teaching. Theory Into Practice: Vol. 31, Literacy and the African-American Learner/The Struggle Between Access and Denial, pp. 312-320.
Trust Management in Swarm-Based Autonomic Computing Systems

Trust management techniques must be adapted to the unique needs of the system architectures and problem domains to which they are applied. Certain characteristics of swarms, such as their lightweight, ephemeral nature and indirect communication, make this adaptation especially challenging. In this paper we look at the trust issues and opportunities in swarm-based autonomic computing systems and find that by monitoring the trustworthiness of the autonomic managers rather than the swarming sensors, the trust management problem becomes much more scalable and still serves to protect the swarm. We also analyze the applicability of trust management research as it has been applied to architectures with similar characteristics. Finally, we specify required characteristics for trust management mechanisms to be used to monitor the trustworthiness of the entities in a swarm-based autonomic computing system.
Managing the Multifather Family: Stepfathers as Father Allies

Drawing on qualitative in-depth interviews with 46 stepfathers, we explore how stepfathers characterize the biological father and their relations with him. We focus specifically on instances in which stepfathers directly and indirectly act like a father ally; that is, they presumably help the father sustain or improve his relationship with his child. Our analysis generates theoretical insights about father ally properties (development, purpose, awareness level, reciprocity routines, building trust/respect, and social capital) while discussing conditions that either facilitate (male bonding, avoiding the threshold of discomfort, stepfather’s romantic relationship security, father’s perceived worthiness, and having biological children) or could foster (mother as gatekeeper/mediator, quality of stepfather-child relationship) its expression. We consider how stepfathers conceptualize and display a cooperative interactive style reflecting a less traditional masculine self. Our study illustrates some of the interpersonal complexities associated with stepfamily fatherhood in the
The Role of Transformational Leadership Styles in the Home Health Care Industry

The concept of transformational leadership styles has been popular in medical communities in recent years but very limited information is available in the literature on the role of transformational leadership in relation to workplace performance among home health aides. A secondary data analysis was conducted using the 2007 National Home Health Aides Survey (n = 1,828). A multivariate regression analysis was performed to estimate the association of transformational leadership styles with workplace performance among home health aides. Transformational leadership styles were positively linked to performance in reducing injury, increasing career satisfaction, and choosing their career again if they had to choose. Our finding suggests that introducing transformational leadership practices may benefit home health aides in improving their workplace performance.
Acculturation, Religiosity, and Ethnicity Predict Mothers’ Causal Beliefs About Separation Anxiety Disorder and Preferences for Help-Seeking:

This study examined causal beliefs about separation anxiety disorder (SAD) and preferences for help-seeking among 117 Indian American, Puerto Rican, and European American mothers. Mothers completed measures of acculturation and strength of religious faith (SORF) and, after reading vignettes describing SAD, made judgments about the etiology of symptoms and the likelihood of various forms of help-seeking for youth SAD symptoms. Hierarchical multiple regressions revealed that acculturation to mainstream American culture and SORF predicted mothers’ causal beliefs and preferences for help-seeking. In addition, Puerto Rican mothers were more likely than European American mothers to attribute symptoms to medical causes after accounting for cultural variables. Results highlight the importance of examining cultural constructs that contribute to ethnic group differences. Implications for future research and clinical practice are discussed.
An approach to sensorless operation of the permanent-magnet synchronous motor using diagonally recurrent neural networks

Due to the drawbacks associated with the use of rotor position sensors in permanent-magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drives, there has been significant interest in the so-called rotor position sensorless drive. Rotor position sensorless control of the PMSM typically requires knowledge of the PMSM structure and parameters, which in some situations are not readily available or may be difficult to obtain. Due to this limitation, an alternative approach to rotor position sensorless control of the PMSM using a diagonally recurrent neural network (DRNN) is considered. The DRNN, which captures the dynamic behavior of a system, requires fewer neurons and converges quickly compared to feedforward and fully recurrent neural networks. This makes the DRNN an ideal choice for implementation in a real-time PMSM drive system. A DRNN-based neural observer, whose architecture is based on a successful model-based approach, is designed to perform the rotor position estimation on the PMSM. The advantages of this approach are discussed and experimental results of the proposed system are presented.
Botulinum neurotoxin versus tizanidine in upper limb spasticity: a placebo-controlled study

Background: While spasticity is commonly treated with oral agents or botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) injection, these treatments have not been systematically compared. Methods: This study performed a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to compare injection of BoNT-Type A into spastic upper limb muscles versus oral tizanidine (TZD), or placebo, in 60 subjects with upper-limb spasticity due to stroke or traumatic brain injury (TBI). Wrist flexors were systematically injected, while other upper limb muscles were injected as per investigator judgement. Participants were randomised into three groups: (1) intramuscular BoNT plus oral placebo; (2) oral TZD plus intramuscular placebo; (3) intramuscular placebo plus oral placebo. The primary outcome was the difference in change in wrist flexor modified Ashworth score (MAS) between groups. Other outcome measures included MAS at elbow and finger joints, Disability Assessment Scale (DAS) and adverse events (AE). Results: BoNT produced greater tone reduction than TZD or placebo in finger and wrist flexors at week 3 (p Conclusions: BoNT is safer and more effective than TZD in reducing tone and disfigurement in upper-extremity spasticity, and may be considered as first-line therapy for this disorder.
"The other side of the milliken coin": The promise and pitfalls of metropolitan school desegregation

This article explores the efforts of school desegregation proponents as they forwarded a metropolitan challenge to discrimination in school and housing policies that explained the concentration of ...
Stopping decisions: information order effects on nonfocal evaluations.

OBJECTIVE: We investigated how the order in which information is presented affects when a person decides to stop performing a task. BACKGROUND: A stopping decision is a decision to stop performing a task on the basis of a sequence of cues. Previous order-effects models do not account for how these contexts limit available working memory for making such decisions. METHOD: Participants decided how long to perform a task known as the Work Hazard Game that began by rewarding points but later cost points if work continued after an unannounced "emergency." An additive sequence of cues indicated the probability of an emergency. Study I involved a three-group design with cue sequences that indicated the same risk at each decision point but whose final cue presented a high, medium, or low probability. Study 2 had a 2 x 2 design with high or low final cues and an easy or a challenging task. RESULTS: In Study I, participants stopped sooner when the most recent cue presented a high rather than low probability (p = .09), despite the same emergency risk. In Study 2, participants stopped sooner when the most recent cue presented a high rather than low probability for the challenging task but not for the easy task (p = .08). CONCLUSION: Stopping decisions appear sensitive to the most recent cue observed while experiencing task load. Participants responded to the same risks differently only on the basis of a change in presentation. APPLICATION: Findings may be relevant for research and training for hazardous jobs, such as subsurface coal mining, fishing, and trucking. Language: en
The Photosynthetic Dark Reactions Do Not Operate in the Dark

Acommon misconception that has stubbornly persisted in high school and college-level introductory biology texts is that the ‘‘dark reactions’’ of the Calvin cycle actually occur in the dark. The reality of the situation is that several enzymes in the so-called ‘‘dark reactions’’ are, in fact, indirectly dependent on the presence of light for their activity. Evidence was available in the literature throughout the mid-to-late 70s that is irreconcilable with the commonly held view of the dark reactions (Buchanan 1980). Yet, despite these reports, most introductory texts and most high school teachers and college professors still hold to the position that the carbon fixation enzymes can and do operate in the dark, even though most college-level botany and plant physiology texts correctly present the story (Salisbury & Ross 1992; Taiz & Zeiger 1991). There are three pathways by which plants can fix atmospheric CO2 into carbohydrate. When discussing photosynthesis, we normally refer to plants that use the Calvin cycle enzymes to create two molecules of 3-phospho-glyceric acid, a three-carbon compound. Plants that begin photosynthesis in this manner are called C3 plants, and the pathway is referred to as the C3 pathway. Another group of plants have, in addition to the C3 pathway, a second pathway in which CO2 is fixed by the enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEP carboxylase) to form malic acid. Throughout the day, the malate is metabolized and CO2 is regenerated and supplements CO2 entering the leaves through the stomatal pores. Plants having this additional CO2 fixing pathway are called C4 plants (malate is a four-carbon compound). The CO2 generated by the C4 pathway, as well as the atmospheric CO2, is fixed by the C3 pathway in the light and dramatically stimulates growth, making C4 plants greater producers as compared to C3 plants. A third group of plants, the Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) plants, survive living in arid environments by opening their stomata in the dark instead of the light, as do C3 and C4 plants. CAM
Body mass in comparative primatology

Data are presented on adult body mass for 230 of 249 primate species, based on a review of the literature and previously unpublished data. The issues involved in collecting data on adult body mass are discussed, including the definition of adults, the effects of habitat and pregnancy, the strategy for pooling data on single species from multiple studies, and use of an appropriate number of significant figures. An analysis of variability in body mass indicates that the coefficient of variation for body mass increases with increasing species mean mass. Evaluation of several previous body mass reviews reveals a number of shortcomings with data that have been used often in comparative studies.
Alcohol consumption in men is influenced by qualitatively different genetic factors in adolescence and adulthood

BackgroundAlcohol consumption is influenced by genetic factors. Previous studies have examined the heritability of alcohol consumption, or related phenotypes, from adolescence into adulthood, frequently finding that total heritability changes over time. However, it remains unclear whether the same genes underlie liability to alcohol consumption across development versus whether novel risk genes become important over time.MethodA population-based study of adult male twins (n=1790) born in Virginia, USA, retrospectively reported on their average monthly alcohol consumption from early adolescence through adulthood. We used twin modeling methods to explore genetic and environmental influences on alcohol consumption over time.ResultsOne latent genetic factor accounted for the majority of the heritability in alcohol consumption during mid- to late adolescence, but its influence declined thereafter; from young adulthood forward, heritability was largely attributable to a second genetic factor. The total heritability of alcohol consumption increased from 0 at ages 12–14 years to 0.40 by ages 18–21 years. Shared environmental factors declined in influence over time.ConclusionsThe heritability of alcohol consumption over time is dynamic both quantitatively and qualitatively. These results have important implications for gene identification endeavors. Furthermore, these findings could inform efforts to elucidate developmentally dynamic behaviors, such as antisocial behavior.
Exonic splicing enhancers contribute to the use of both 3' and 5' splice site usage of rat beta-tropomyosin pre-mRNA.

The rat beta-tropomyosin gene encodes two tissue-specific isoforms that contain the internal, mutually exclusive exons 6 (nonmuscle/smooth muscle) and 7 (skeletal muscle). We previously demonstrated that the 3' splice site of exon 6 can be activated by introducing a 9-nt polyuridine tract at its 3' splice site, or by strengthening the 5' splice site to a U1 consensus binding site, or by joining exon 6 to the downstream common exon 8. Examination of sequences within exons 6 and 8 revealed the presence of two purine-rich motifs in exon 6 and three purine-rich motifs in exon 8 that could potentially represent exonic splicing enhancers (ESEs). In this report we carried out substitution mutagenesis of these elements and show that some of them play a critical role in the splice site usage of exon 6 in vitro and in vivo. Using UV crosslinking, we have identified SF2/ASF as one of the cellular factors that binds to these motifs. Furthermore, we show that substrates that have mutated ESEs are blocked prior to A-complex formation, supporting a role for SF2/ASF binding to the ESEs during the commitment step in splicing. Using pre-mRNA substrates containing exons 5 through 8, we show that the ESEs within exon 6 also play a role in cooperation between the 3' and 5' splice sites flanking this exon. The splicing of exon 6 to 8 (i.e., 5' splice site usage of exon 6) was enhanced with pre-mRNAs containing either the polyuridine tract in the 3' splice site or consensus sequence in the 5' splice site around exon 6. We show that the ESEs in exon 6 are required for this effect. However, the ESEs are not required when both the polyuridine and consensus splice site sequences around exon 6 were present in the same pre-mRNA. These results support and extend the exon-definition hypothesis and demonstrate that sequences at the 3' splice site can facilitate use of a downstream 5' splice site. In addition, the data support the hypothesis that ESEs can compensate for weak splice sites, such as those found in alternatively spliced exons, thereby providing a target for regulation.
Evaluating power system unbalance in the presence of harmonic distortion

This paper presents a new method to evaluate power system unbalance in the presence of harmonic distortion. The balanced, the first unbalanced, and the second unbalanced components are obtained from the original three-phase current and voltage phasors of each harmonic component. The equivalent root-mean-square (RMS) value of three-phase voltage and current is then decomposed into the balanced fundamental, the unbalanced fundamental, the balanced harmonic, and the unbalanced harmonic components. The same decomposition is applied to the apparent power, and the system unbalance can then be evaluated through the proposed system total unbalance distortion factor. The unbalanced fundamental, the balanced harmonic, and the unbalanced harmonic distortion factors are defined. These distortion factors clarify the interleaving between the unbalance and harmonic distortion, and are suitable for unbalance evaluation in the presence of harmonics. Numerical examples are also presented to illustrate the application of the proposed method on the study and characterization of unbalance in power systems.
The subcellular localization of the Niemann-Pick Type C proteins depends on the adaptor complex AP-3.

Niemann-Pick Type C (NP-C) disease, caused by mutations in either human NPC1 (hNPC1) or human NPC2 (hNPC2), is characterized by the accumulation of unesterified cholesterol in late endosomes. Although it is known that the NP-C proteins are targeted to late endosomal/lysosomal compartments, their delivery mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. To identify mechanisms regulating NP-C protein localization, we used Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which expresses functional homologs of both NP-C proteins – scNcr1p and scNpc2p. Targeting of scNcr1p to the vacuole was perturbed in AP-3-deficient yeast cells, whereas the delivery of scNpc2p was affected by deficiencies in either AP-3 or GGA. We focused on the role of the AP-3 pathway in the targeting of the mammalian NP-C proteins. We found that, although mouse NPC1 (mNPC1) and hNPC2 co-localize with AP-3 to a similar extent in fibroblasts, hNPC2 preferentially co-localizes with AP-1. Importantly, the targeting of both mammalian NPC1 and NPC2 is dependent on AP-3. Moreover, and consistent with the NP-C proteins playing a role in cholesterol metabolism, AP-3-deficient cells have reduced levels of cholesterol. These results provide information about how the NP-C proteins are targeted to their sites of action and illustrate the possibility that defective sorting of the NP-C proteins along the endocytic route can alter cellular cholesterol.