cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
V.M. Goldschmidt and the origin of the elements

Abstract Goldschmidt's fundamental data of geochemistry, in particular his values for the abundances of the elements and of the individual nuclear species, calculated from his observed elemental abundances, can be interpreted as having resulted from “primordial” nuclear reactions and subsequent cosmochemical processes. The compositions of meteorites investigated by Goldschmidt was shown to reflect this in a convincing manner. With this viewpoint in mind, it is possible now to understand, at least in principle, the origin of the elements. On the basis of Goldschmidt's analytical experimental data three individuals won Nobel prizes in the field of theoretical physics.
Conditioning of Carbon Fiber Cathodes in UHV-Sealed Tubes at 200 A/cm 2

This paper presents a study on outgassing and electrical conditioning for three carbon fiber cathode types in a vacuum-sealed, high-power microwave virtual-cathode-oscillator (vircator) that operates in the low 10 -9 torr pressure regime. The three cathode types consist of a bare bimodal fiber structure, a bare unimodal fiber structure, and a cesium-iodide coated bimodal fiber structure with identical fiber coverage of 2% by area with a surface area of ~20 cm 2 . The electrodes are cleaned by a 1.2 kW, argon/oxygen microwave plasma prior to complete vircator assembly, followed by a 300 °C bake-out for 72 h. Each cathode was pulsed in a single pulse operation by an 80 J, low inductance Marx generator with an approximate pulsewidth of 100 ns full-width at half-maximum for 10000 current pulses. The data presented includes individual gas constituents, high-speed intensified charge coupled device (ICCD) imaging, and voltage and current waveforms. The conditioning process resulted in a gas load reduction of ~80% overall, with the indication that the bare bimodal fiber structure performed the best as diode power increased throughout the experiment, while the power decreased for the other tested cathode types.
The energetics of lactation in the Northern elephant seal, Mirounga angustirostris

The energy and material transferred from Northern elephant seal mothers to their pups during the 26.5-day lactation interval was measured using mass change and water influx data. The dilution of tritium- and deuterium-labelled water was monitored in six female elephant seals and their pups. During the nursing period, pup mass increased by 10.4% of the initial body mass per day while females lost 4.19% of their initial body mass per day. Over the entire nursing period, females lost 42.2±4.9% of their initial body mass. Maternal mass transfer to the pup was efficient; pups gained 54.9% of the mass lost by their mothers. Females lost only 14.9% of their lean mass compared to 57.9% of their adipose mass. The fasting metabolic rate of females was 66.2±7.5 MJ/day, 2.41 times the predicted standard metabolic rate (SMR) of a terrestrial mammal of equal size; the total energy output was 163±11 MJ/day, 5.98 times the predicted SMR. Energy consumption for the entire lactation interval was 4330±460 MJ. Milk production accounted for 60% of this energetic expenditure. This efficient milk production was made possible by temporal separation of lactation and feeding. Separation of feeding from lactation confers several energetic and ecological advantages: reduction in the metabolic overhead used for maintenance metabolism onshore, reduction of foraging effort required to meet the demands of lactation, since feeding can be spread out over a significantly longer interval, and a greater flexibility while foraging at sea due to the absence of the pup.
Reliability worth assessments of electrical distribution networks

Reliability evaluation techniques have reached a stage at which they can be applied to real systems in a very effective and efficient manner. However, the economic impact of system reliability, or more specifically system unreliability, on users and customers is not so readily available. In order to achieve this, there is a need to know customer and user outage costs and their evaluation of reliability worth. During the past 5 years, major surveys of domestic, commercial and industrial customers have taken place in the UK in order to provide this information. These outage costs can then be used as input data to cost implications and worth assessments of system planning and operational decisions. This paper first reviews these outage cost data and secondly describes how this information can be used in system planning considerations. Although this paper deals with the electricity supply industry, the concepts are equally applicable to all types of systems.
Will biomedical innovation change the future of healthcare

Healthcare costs in all industrial nations have increased and payors are starting to look at new ways to contain costs and at new funding models. The business model of pharmaceutical companies is also undergoing rapid changes – potentially disruptive new modalities, such as RNAi, therapeutic vaccines, and cell therapy are emerging, R&D costs have increased year on year, pressures on drug pricing and the efficacy and safety of medicines are mounting. Change is therefore inevitable and already ongoing in healthcare systems and pharmaceutical companies alike. This paper presents several major forces which could drive different future scenarios including: R&D costs, the source of payments for medicines and the emergence of new modalities.
Information Coding in the Vertebrate Olfactory System

The olfactory systems of vertebrates are able to discriminate a vast array of structurally diverse odorants. This perceptual acuity derives from a series of information-processing events that occur within distinct neural structures through which olfactory sensory information flows. This review discusses current knowledge concerning the mechanisms by which olfactory stimuli are initially detected and transduced into electrical signals that are transmitted to the olfactory bulb of the brain. It also reviews how information may initially be organized, or encoded, and then reorganized as it flows through the system.
Stress-Block Parameters for Unconfined and Confined Concrete Based on a Unified Stress-Strain Model

Equations to obtain equivalent rectangular stress-block parameters for unconfined and confined concrete are derived for rapid (hand) analysis and design purposes. To overcome a shortcoming of existing commonly used stress-strain models that are not easy to integrate, a new stress-strain model is proposed and validated for a wide range of concrete strengths and confining stresses. The efficacy of the equivalent rectangular stress-block parameters is demonstrated for hand calculations in predicting key moment-curvature results for a confined concrete column. Results are compared with those obtained from a computational fiber-element analysis using the proposed stress-strain model and another widely used existing model; good agreement between the two is observed.
The Existence of Axially Symmetric Flow above a Rotating Disk

The paper studies the boundary-value problem arising from the behaviour of a fluid occupying the half space x > 0 above a rotating disk which is coincident with the plane x = 0 and rotates about its axis which remains fixed. The equations which describe axially symmetric solutions of this problem are f 999 + ff 99+½( g 2 – f 9 2 ) = ½ Ω 2 ∞ , g "+ fg 9 = f 9 g , with the boundary conditions f (0) = a , f 9(0) = 0, g (0) = Ω 0 ); f 9(∞) = 0, g (∞) = Ω ∞ , where a is a constant measuring possible suction at the disk, Ω 0 is the angular velocity of the disk, and Ω ∞ is an angular velocity to which the fluid is subjected at infinity. When Ω ∞ = 0, existence of solutions has previously been proved by the ‘shooting technique’. This method breaks down when Ω 0 ǂ 0 because of oscillations in the functions f and g , but in the present paper existence is first proved by a fixed point method when Ω 0 is close to Ω ∞ and then extended for all Ω 0 , with the important restriction that Ω 0 and Ω ∞ be of the same sign.
Frequency of Multiple Blood Meals Taken in a Single Gonotrophic Cycle by Anopheles arabiensis Mosquitoes in Macha, Zambia

Abstract. Anopheles arabiensis is a major vector of Plasmodium falciparum in southern Zambia. This study aimed to determine the rate of multiple human blood meals taken by An. arabiensis to more accurately estimate entomologic inoculation rates (EIRs). Mosquitoes were collected in four village areas over two seasons. DNA from human blood meals was extracted and amplified at four microsatellite loci. Using the three-allele method, which counts ≥ 3 alleles at any microsatellite locus as a multiple blood meal, we determined that the overall frequency of multiple blood meals was 18.9%, which was higher than rates reported for An. gambiae in Kenya and An. funestus in Tanzania. Computer simulations showed that the three-allele method underestimates the true multiple blood meal proportion by 3–5%. Although P. falciparum infection status was not shown to influence the frequency of multiple blood feeding, the high multiple feeding rate found in this study increased predicted malaria risk by increasing EIR.
Real-time combining of residual carrier array signals using ML weight estimates

A real-time digital signal combining system for use with array feeds is proposed. The combining system attempts to compensate for signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) loss resulting from antenna deformations induced by gravitational and atmospheric effects. The combining weights are obtained directly from the observed residual carrier samples in each channel using a 'sliding-window' implementation of a maximum-likelihood (ML) parameter estimator. It is shown that with averaging times of about 0.1 s, combining loss for a seven-element array can be limited to about 0.1 dB in a realistic operational environment. This result suggests that the real-time combining system proposed is capable of recovering virtually all of the signal power captured by the array feed, even in the presence of severe wind gusts and similar disturbances. >
Improving California's Bay Area Rapid Transit District Connectivity and Access with Segway Human Transporter and Other Low-Speed Mobility Devices:

To evaluate the potential for low-speed modes to improve transit access, the EasyConnect field test will offer shared-use Segway Human Trans porters (HT), electric bicycles, and bicycles linked to a Bay Area Rapid Transit District station and surrounding employment centers in Califor nia. Because of safety concerns, research was conducted to understand the risks associated with these modes and potential risk factors. A review of the safety literature indicates that user error is the major cause of low-speed mode crashes, and significant risk factors are poor surface condi tions and obstructions to drivers' vision. As a result, an extensive training program and carefully selected routes have been included in the field test. The regulatory and legislative history of the HT is chronicled to under stand how concerns about its interaction with pedestrians have produced legislation that includes specific safety requirements. The low-speed modes used in this project will be equipped with safety devices, and part...
MOVING BEYOND GENDER: PROCESSES THAT CREATE RELATIONSHIP EQUALITY

Equality is related to relationship success, yet few couples achieve it. In this qualitative study, we examine how couples with children in two time cohorts (1982 and 2001) moved toward equality. The analysis identifies three types of couples: Postgender, gender legacy, and traditional. Movement toward equality is facilitated by: (a) Stimulus for change, including awareness of gender, commitment to family and work, and situational pressures; and (b) patterns that promote change, including active negotiation, challenges to gender entitlement, development of new competencies, and mutual attention to relationship and family tasks. Implications for practice are discussed.
Positioning protein molecules on surfaces: a nanoengineering approach to supramolecular chemistry.

We discuss a nanoengineering approach for supramolecular chemistry and self assembly. The collective properties and biofunctionalities of molecular ensembles depend not only on individual molecular building blocks but also on organization at the molecular or nanoscopic level. Complementary to “bottom-up” approaches, which construct supramolecular ensembles by the design and synthesis of functionalized small molecular units or large molecular motifs, nanofabrication explores whether individual units, such as small molecular ligands, or large molecules, such as proteins, can be positioned with nanometer precision. The separation and local environment can be engineered to control subsequent intermolecular interactions. Feature sizes as small as 2 × 4 nm2 (32 alkanethiol molecules) are produced. Proteins may be aligned along a 10-nm-wide line or within two-dimensional islands of desired geometry. These high-resolution engineering and imaging studies provide new and molecular-level insight into supramolecular chemistry and self-assembly processes in bioscience that are otherwise unobtainable, e.g., the influence of size, separation, orientation, and local environment of reaction sites. This nanofabrication methodology also offers a new strategy in construction of two- and three-dimensional supramolecular structures for cell, virus, and bacterial adhesion, as well as biomaterial and biodevice engineering.
The Class Asteroidea (Echinodermata): Fossils and the Base of the Crown Group 1

SYNOPSIS. Because of limited research, a generally accepted hypothesis has not emerged for the phylogeny of the Asteroidea. The fossil record is a potential source of needed data, although fossil asteroids are rare, and they tend to be poorly preserved. Emphasis in the taxonomy of both recent and fossil asteroids has been on characters visible from the exterior, and paleontologists have sought to fit even the most ancient (i.e., Ordovician) specimens into taxonomic ordinal schemes devised for recent asteroids. Animal form and arrangement of body wall ossicles of Paleozoic asteroids can be similar to those of younger species, thereby suggesting close affinities, yet ambulacral arrangements indicate clear separation of Paleozoic stem groups from the crown group. Traits taken from the ambulacral column that mark crown-group asteroids include presence of dorsal podial pores (which allowed transfer of the ampullae to the arm interior), an offset arrangement of ambulacrals on the adambulacrals, and increased complexity of the articulation structures between ambulacrals and adambulacrals. Transfer of ampullae to the arm interior provided protection and more space for ampullae within the arm, as well as space within the furrow and between the ambulacral and adambulacral ossicles for elaboration of the soft tissues that enhance arm motion.
The Constitutional Power of the Chief Officer in American Labor Unions

Scope of the study, 459. — The classification, 459. — The "routine power" group, 460. — The "moderate power" group, 461. — The "considerable power" group, 464. — Sub-classification of A. F. of L. unions in this group, 465.
Misrepresentation of evidence favoring early normalizing surgery for atypical sex anatomies: response to Baratz and Feder (2015).

‘‘Corrective,’’‘‘normalizing,’’or‘‘gender-confirming’’genital surgery in individuals with inborn genital ambiguity continues to be highly controversial in regard to its appropriateness, timing, and techniques. In this context, Baratz and Feder (2015) raised three points of critique concerning a brief paragraph of mine in a wide-ranging overview chapter on the psychosocial aspects of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), the most prevalent syndrome of somatic intersexuality (Meyer-Bahlburg, 2014): (1) I am a‘‘a proponent of the current standard of care’’; (2) the survey questions used in the cited studies are insufficient; and (3) my paragraph misrepresents published data on patients’
Toward a Theory of Familiness: A Social Capital Perspective

In the search for ways in which the family firm context is unique to organizational science, the construct of “familiness” has been identified and defined as resources and capabilities that are unique to the family’s involvement and interactions in the business. While identification and isolation of a construct unique to family firms is both groundbreaking and important for family firm research, it is also important that the development of the construct continues to be examined from complementing theoretical viewpoints. As such, we set out to review the development of the familiness construct and identify its dimensions. We also explore the nomological relationships of the construct based on a social capital theory perspective and offer a theory of familiness.
Secrecy Throughput of MANETs Under Passive and Active Attacks

The secrecy throughput of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) with malicious nodes is investigated. The MANET consists of n legitimate mobile nodes and m malicious nodes. Transmissions between legitimate nodes are subject to a delay constraint D. A model under passive attack is first studied, in which the malicious nodes are assumed to be eavesdroppers that only listen to transmission without actively injecting signals. An information-theoretic approach for security is applied to achieve secure communication among legitimate nodes in MANETs with transmissions being kept perfectly secure from eavesdroppers. A critical threshold on the number of malicious nodes (m) is identified such that when m = o(√{nD}), i.e., limn→∞m/√{nD} = 0, the optimal secrecy throughput equals that of MANETs without malicious nodes, i.e., the impact of the presence of malicious nodes on the network throughput is negligible; and when m = Ω(√{nD}poly(n)), i.e., limn→∞m/(√{nD}poly(n)) ≥ c for a positive constant c, the optimal secrecy throughput is limited by the number of malicious nodes. A model under active attack is further studied, in which the malicious nodes actively attack the network by transmitting modified packets to the destination nodes. It is shown that to guarantee the same throughput as the model under passive attack, the model under active attack needs to satisfy more stringent condition on the number of malicious nodes.
Magnetic Properties of Multilayered Co-Cu Granular Composites

The magnetic properties of granular CO25Cu75/CU multilayer films prepared by sputtering onto heated glass substrates have been investigated in the range of ultrathin alloy films (5–250A) and Cu spacer thicknesses (0–50A). Both the coercive field at 10K and the maximum superparamagnetic blocking temperature TB are found to be sensitive to finite-size effects in single-layer films, and to interactions between layers in multilayer films. Our results indicate that the magnetic properties of granular alloy layers can be engineered to a large extent by selectively modifying the local environment of the Co particles.
Violent behavior and positive parenting

Purpose – The majority of child, sibling, dating, intimate partner, spousal and elder abuse and bullying interventions have as a primary goal the cessation of physical assaults. However, too many contemporary domestic violence efforts are reactionary, most occur following the use of physical assaults or after coercive behavior is exhibited and almost all do not begin until school age or much later. Recent research suggests that children express anger and use aggression soon after birth and that children are physically able and use physical assaults before age one. Children also obtain understandings about social interactions and have ideas about causal relationships before age four. This paper aims to consider these issues.Design/methodology/approach – The author gives a viewpoint on violent behavior and the effect of positive parenting, based on research in the USA.Findings – All 50 states in the USA allow the use of physical assaults by parents and guardians against children with the goal of behavioral ...
Case of Primary Pericardial Mesothelioma

Primary malignant pericardial mesothelioma is extremely rare, with a reported prevalence of 0.0022% at autopsy series. It is, however, the most common primary malignancy of the pericardium. To date, only few hundred cases have been reported in the literature. Unlike peritoneal and pleural mesothelioma, there has been no definite correlation between asbestos exposure and pericardial disease. Malignant pericardial mesothelioma carries a poor prognosis with no successful treatment strategies and little benefit from radiation and chemotherapy. We report a 28 year-old man with no medical history who presented with two weeks of worsening dyspnea on exertion to minimal efforts and severe orthopnea. We discuss the diagnostic approach and therapy in our patient and provide a review of the literature pertaining to the epidemiology, clinical features of pericardial mesothelioma and its diagnosis and treatment. Key words: Cardiac neoplasm, Pericardium, Mesothelioma, Constrictive pericarditis.
PTX-sensitive G proteins and permissive action of prostacyclin in newborn pig cerebral circulation

The present study of newborn pig cerebral circulation investigated the role of pertussis toxin (PTX)-sensitive GTP binding proteins in the permissive action of prostacyclin in specific dilator resp...
Ontogeny and Innervation Patterns of Dopaminergic, Noradrenergic, and Serotonergic Neurons in Larval Zebrafish

We report the development of aminergic neurons from 0-10 days postfertilization (dpf) in zebrafish (Danio rerio). This study was prompted by the lack of information regarding patterns of spinal aminergic innervation at early stages, when the fish are accessible to optical, genetic, and electrophysiological approaches toward understanding neural circuit function. Our findings suggest that aminergic populations with descending processes are among the first to appear during development. Descending aminergic fibers, revealed by antibodies to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT), innervate primarily the ventral (TH, 5-HT), but also the dorsal (5-HT) aspects of the spinal cord by 4 dpf, with the extent of innervation not changing markedly up to 10 dpf. By tracking the spatiotemporal expression of TH, 5-HT, and dopamine beta hydroxylase reactivity, we determined that these fibers likely originate from neurons in the posterior tuberculum (dopamine), the raphe region (5-HT) and, possibly, the locus coeruleus (noradrenaline). In addition, spinal neurons positive for 5-HT emerge between 1-2 dpf, with processes that appeared to descend along the ventrolateral cord for only 1-2 muscle segments. Their overall morphology distinguished these cells from previously described "VeMe" (ventromedial) interneurons, which are also located ventromedially, but have long, multisegmental descending processes. We confirmed the distinction between spinal serotonergic and VeMe interneurons using fish genetically labeled with green fluorescent protein. Our results suggest that the major aminergic systems described in adults are in place shortly after hatching, at a time when zebrafish are accessible to a battery of techniques to test neuronal function during behavior.
The effect of furadroxyl treatment and x-irradiation on the hyaluronidase concentration of rat testes.

RIISFELDT (1, 2), on the basis of studies of hyaluronidase concentration in testes of rats under various experimental conditions, suggested that the spermatocytes are the testicular cells responsible for hyaluronidase production. Steinberger and Nelson (3), analyzing the effects of hypophysectomy, cryptorchidism, and estrogen and androgen treatment on the hyaluronidase concentration and morphological picture of rat testes, secured evidence that cells beyond the stage of spermatocytes, the spermatids, are more likely to be the site of hyaluronidase production than are the spermatocytes. The present study was conducted to provide additional evidence concerning the cell of origin of hyaluronidase in the rate testis.
Time Dependent Message Spraying for Routing in Intermittently Connected Networks

Intermittently connected mobile networks, also called delay tolerant networks (DTNs), are wireless networks in which at any given time instance, the probability of having a complete path from a source to destination is low. Several routing algorithms have been proposed for such networks based on control flooding in which there is a fixed number of copies for each message. Although a DTN is delay tolerant by definition, often there is an upper bound imposed on message delivery delay. In this paper, we propose a novel spraying algorithm in which the number of message copies in the network depends on the urgency of meeting the expected delivery delay for that message. The main objective of this algorithm is to give a chance to early delivery with small number of copies in existence, consequently decreasing the average number of copies sprayed in the network. We derive the formula for the optimum borders of periods for spraying for two-period and three-period variants of our algorithm. We also present simulations of the method and compare their results with the analytical ones and observe the good match between them. Furthermore, we demonstrate that time dependent spraying algorithm provides a significant decrease in average copy count per message while preserving the percentage of the messages delivered before the upper bound of the acceptable delay expires.
Real Time Novelty Detection Modeling for Machine Health Prognostics

The paper deals with a real time algorithm for modeling and prediction of machine health status. It utilizes the concepts of fuzzy k-Nearest Neighbor clustering and the Gaussian Mixture Model to model the machine feature space as a loose collection of clusters representing the dynamics of the main operating modes.
Reduced Skeletal Muscle Calpain-10 Transcript Level Is Due to a Cumulative Decrease in Major Isoforms

The DNA polymorphism SNP-43 in the calpain-10 gene is associated with insulin resistance and reduced skeletal muscle transcript in Pima Indians. Alternative splicing generates transcript isoforms calpain-10a to -10h. We determined the contribution of calpain-10 mRNA isoforms to the decreased total skeletal muscle calpain-10 mRNA levels observed in the G/G homozygotes. The expression levels of the major isoforms, calpain-10a and -10f, were positively correlated with the total calpain-10 mRNA levels, indicating a cumulative effect.
Triapine Disrupts CtIP-Mediated Homologous Recombination Repair and Sensitizes Ovarian Cancer Cells to PARP and Topoisomerase Inhibitors

PARP inhibitors exploit synthetic lethality to target epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) with hereditary BRCA mutationsanddefectsinhomologousrecombinationrepair(HRR).However,suchanapproachislimitedtoasmall subset of EOC patients and compromised by restored HRR due to secondary mutations in BRCA genes. Here, it was demonstrated that triapine, a small-molecule inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, enhances the sensitivity of BRCA wild-type EOC cells to the PARP inhibitor olaparib and the topoisomerase II inhibitor etoposide. Triapine abolishes olaparib-induced BRCA1andRad51foci,and disruptstheBRCA1interaction withtheMre11–Rad50– Nbs1(MRN)complexinBRCA1wild-typeEOCcells.IthasbeenshownthatphosphorylationofCtIP(RBBP8)is required for the interaction with BRCA1 and with MRN to promote DNA double-strand break (DSB) resection during S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. Mechanistic studies within reveal that triapine inhibits cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) activity and blocks olaparib-induced CtIP phosphorylation through Chk1 activation. Furthermore, triapineabrogatesetoposide-inducedCtIPphosphorylationandDSBresectionasevidencedbymarkedattenuation of RPA32 phosphorylation. Concurrently, triapine obliterates etoposide-induced BRCA1 foci and sensitizes BRCA1 wild-type EOC cells to etoposide. Using a GFP-based HRR assay, it was determined that triapine suppresses HRR activity induced by an I-SceI–generated DSB. These results suggest that triapine augments the sensitivity of BRCA wild-type EOC cells to drug-induced DSBs by disrupting CtIP-mediated HRR. Implications: These findings provide a strong rationale for combining triapine with PARP or topoisomerase inhibitors to target HRR-proficient EOC cells. Mol Cancer Res; 12(3); 381–93. � 2014 AACR.
An algorithm for defining a single near-optimum mesh for multiple-load-case problems

A method for defining a single near-optimum finite element discretization for multiple-load-case problems is described. An example problem is included to demonstrate the application of the multiple-load-case algorithm. A comparison to a fine uniform mesh is also included to indicate the computational efficiencies possible with such a procedure. †Assistant Professor; formerly Research Assistant, Department of Structural Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, U.S.A.
Museum of Comparative Zoology Library--The Agassiz Library: Harvard University.

The MCZ Library reflects the union between the incomparable nineteenth century natural history values of Louis Agassiz and twentieth century Library and Information Science methodology. Besides maintaining its tradition, which it shares with the Library of the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia, of being foremost in the field of older historical zoological collections, the MCZ Library has become a respected resource and research center for learning in Zoological and related disciplines world-wide. As part of the Harvard University Library System it supports several teaching and research programs in Biological Sciences offered by the Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
Adaptive Filtering Using Complex Data and Quaternions

Abstract We provide an overview of complex-data and quaternion-based nonlinear adaptive filtering. The use of quaternion-valued data has been drawing recent interest in various areas of statistical signal processing, including adaptive filtering, image pattern recognition, and modeling and tracking of motion. Specifically, linear and widely linear adaptive filter designs based on quaternion data have been presented in the literature. The benefit for quaternion-valued processing in particular includes performing data transformations in 3 or 4-dimensional space conveniently compared to vector algebra. The transformations are performed using quaternion addition and multiplication, which differs from real and complex-valued multiplication in that quaternion multiplication is non-commutative. Recently, new algorithms have been developed that outperform others for these kinds of problems. We present an overview and discuss performance analysis results as well as simulations to verify the theory.
Distributed MIMO radar based on sparse sensing: Analysis and efficient implementation

In sparse sensing based distributed multiple-input multiple-output radars, the problem of target estimation is formulated as a sparse vector recovery problem, where the vector to be recovered is block sparse, or equivalently, the sensing matrix is block diagonal and the sparse vector consists of equal-length blocks that have the same sparsity profile. This paper derives the theoretical requirements and performance guarantees for the application of sparse recovery techniques to this problem. The obtained theoretical results confirm previous, simulations-based observations that exploiting the block sparsity of the target vector can further reduce the amount of measurements needed for successful target estimation. For signal recovery, two low-complexity approaches are proposed. The first one is an alternating direction method of multipliers-based sparse signal recovery algorithm, which in addition to significantly reducing computations is also amenable to a parallel and semidistributed implementation. The second approach decouples the location and speed estimation into two separate stages, with each stage addressing a sparse recovery problem of lower dimension while maintaining high estimation accuracy.
Abstract A18: Pre-diagnostic serum antioxidant levels and prediction of TMPRSS2:ERG fusion status in prostate cancer

Background: The TMPRSS2:ERG gene fusion is a distinct molecular subtype of prostate cancer characterized by chromosomal rearrangements joining the androgen responsive TMPRSS gene with ERG, an oncogenic member of the ETS gene family. TMPRSS2:ERG is thought to be an early pathologic event occurring in 50% of prostate tumors and resulting in more than 100,000 fusion positive cancer cases each year in the US. No studies to date have examined underlying risk factors associated with development of the fusion. Oxidative stress and the production of free radicals may result in chromosomal instability and predispose to the formation of TMPRSS2:ERG positive prostate cancer. Higher levels of serum antioxidants prior to prostate cancer diagnosis may therefore be protective against later development of fusion positive cancer. Methods: We undertook a case-control analysis nested within the prospective Physicians' Health Study and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study among men with prostate cancer (n=331) and age-matched controls (n=2139). The cohorts include pre-diagnostic bloods with antioxidant levels at baseline as well as tumor tissue to characterize TMPRSS2:ERG status among prostate cancer cases. We used multivariate logistic regression analysis to determine if plasma antioxidant levels influenced the development of the TMPRSS2:ERG fusion. Results: Of seven antioxidants examined (alpha-tocopherol, alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin, gamma-tocopherol, lutein, and lycopene), levels of beta-carotene above the lowest quartile were protective against fusion positive vs. fusion negative prostate cancer (OR 0.49, 95% CL 0.28-0.86, p = 0.01). This association was driven by a non-significantly decreased risk of fusion positive cancer vs. controls (OR 0.75, 95% CL 0.51-1.09, p = 0.13) and a significantly increased risk of fusion negative cancer vs. controls (OR 1.58, 95% CL 1.03-2.41, p = 0.03). None of the six other antioxidants were associated with fusion status, and none of the antioxidants, including beta-carotene, predicted overall prostate cancer risk. Discussion: Previous studies examining antioxidant status and overall prostate cancer risk have been inconclusive. This is the first study to examine pre-diagnostic serum antioxidant levels in relationship to fusion status. We find that beta-carotene levels may alter prostate cancer risk based on molecular subtype. Citation Format: Gregory Judson, Andreas Pettersson, Allison Meisner, Lorelei Mucci. Prediagnostic serum antioxidant levels and prediction of TMPRSS2:ERG fusion status in prostate cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research; 2012 Oct 16-19; Anaheim, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Prev Res 2012;5(11 Suppl):Abstract nr A18.
The Exploration of Digital Public Administration and E-Government in the Management and Engagement of California's Drought

California’s ongoing drought presents definite environmental and economic implications for statewide water governance, though the extent to which political and social dynamics will change is uncertain. This uncertainty is compounded with the advent of the Internet and digital technologies as platforms for the broadcasting and administrative functions of government, as well as with the varying civic dispositions of California communities to embrace collective participation in conservation strategies.As E-government and open data may be explored and implemented to cultivate new strategies for public engagement and drought awareness in modern governance, the perception of these tools by water agency general managers – a crucial leadership group in effectuating changes – will be vital in establishing future policy strategies and engagement campaigns.Surveys to water agency general managers yielded overall positive perceptions of civic cohesion and digital public administration within their service districts, with relatively more positive responses reflecting optimism about civic cohesion and e-government from general managers who are newer to the field and have more familiarity with the role and their service district. These trends, along with takeaways from specific responses and areas of interest, may be able to inform scholarship and practice of public leadership and digital engagement in the context of California’s ongoing drought conditions and shifting water ecology.
A review of research on smoking behavior in three demographic groups of veterans: women, racial/ethnic minorities, and sexual orientation minorities

ABSTRACTBackground: Veterans comprise a large segment of the U.S. population and smoke at high rates. One significant way to reduce healthcare costs and improve the health of veterans is to reduce smoking-related illnesses for smokers who have high smoking rates and/or face disproportionate smoking consequences (e.g. women, racial/ethnic minorities, sexual orientation minorities). Objectives: We reviewed published studies of smoking behavior in three demographic subgroups of veterans – women, racial/ethnic minorities, and sexual orientation minorities – to synthesize current knowledge and identify areas in need of more research. Methods: A MEDLINE search identified papers on smoking and veterans published through 31 December 2014. Results: Twenty-five studies were identified that focused on gender (n = 17), race/ethnicity (n = 6), or sexual orientation (n = 2). Female and sexual orientation minority veterans reported higher rates of smoking than non-veteran women and sexual orientation majority veterans, ...
Response of maize seed number to solar radiation intercepted soon after anthesis

A versatile method for predicting maize (Zea mays L.) seeds per plant would be valuable for simulating maize yield with different population densities. The objective of this work was to characterize the form of the response of seeds per plant to intercepted photosynthetically active radiation per plant in the 10 d following silking and to test the generality of the response function across several hybrids at different locations. Data from the literature and results with 2 yr of field experiments at Temple, TX, on Houston Black clay (fine montmorillonitic, thermic Udic Haplusterts) and 1 yr in central Pennsylvania on Hagerstown silt loam (fine, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludalfs) were used to evaluate this seed number response. The data support a linear response function, with values being on a plateau when the potential number of seeds of a hybrid has been reached. A single regression equation was adequate for 10 hybrids at Temple and/or in central Pennsylvania. Several other hybrids at these or other locations showed significantly different responses. Prediction functions for other hybrids can be derived with similar linear models, with a plateau defined by the potential seeds per plant produced at low planting densities
Time-domain simulation for LTCC structures

This paper demonstrates the success in simulating a low temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) structure in a 15-layer substrate stack. This circuit is one of the filtering blocks in a complex front-end transmit-receive module for a cell phone application. The microwave studio EM simulator is demonstrated to be faster than the frequency-domain simulators during comparison and proved a suitable tool for performing EM analysis of the complex LTCC structure. This simulation-based design approach with MWS has also proved to be effective in reducing number of design iterations for developing LTCC RF modules.
Electro- and Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production by Molecular Cobalt Complexes With Pentadentate Ligands

The search for efficient production of hydrogen from sunlight and water has received extensive research efforts over the past few years. Among other earth-abundant metals, Co complexes with polyden...
RETINOPATHY OF PREMATURITY: LATE COMPLICATIONS IN THE BABY BOOMER GENERATION (1946–1964)

Purpose To report the natural history and late complications of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in members of the baby boomer generation (1946–1964).
The Comparison of Hydrochloric Acid and Phosphoric Acid Treatments in the Preparation of Montmorillonite Catalysts for RNA Synthesis

The treatment of clay minerals with a preliminary acid wash and titration to pH 7 has proven to generate catalysts for the most interesting of oligomerization reactions in which activated RNA-nucleotides generate oligomers up to 40-mers. Significantly, not all clay minerals become catalytic following this treatment and none are catalytic in the absence of such treatment. The washing procedure has been modified and explored further using phosphoric acid and the outcomes are compared to those obtained when clay samples are prepared following a hydrochloric acid wash.
Conflict, cheap talk, and Jespersen’s cycle

Game-theory has found broad application in modeling meaning in both the classical Gricean case of common interests between interlocutors and, more recently, in cases of conflicting interests. Here we consider how conflicting interests between speakers and hearers can be used to explain language change. We use tools from evolutionary game theory to characterize the effect of conflicting interests in the case of Jespersen’s cycle. We show how the cycle can be modeled as an inflationary process due to signaling with costless signals under conflicting interests. We fit the resulting dynamic model to time series data drawn from a historical corpus of Middle English. EARLY ACCESS Supplementary Material Appendix (PDF) Material (ZIP)
Shifting the Costs of Policing Online Conduct: Using Internet Intermediary Liability to Uphold Social Norms

Online information traffic passes through layers of intermediation as communication flows between users. Each of these waypoints is a type of Internet Intermediary Platform, an online service or Internet provider that provides a means for information and information services to be indexed, hosted, accessed, shared, and transmitted between third parties on the Internet. These services play a critical role in the information economy, making it possible for users to find and evaluate online information and also providing forums which establish transactional norms and codes of conduct. However, intermediary platforms also provide affordances for undesired user behaviors; they may become forums for content that is deemed defamatory, objectionable, obscene, or an invasion or privacy rights. The result of this unintended facilitation is that intermediaries are targeted for civil action by stakeholders that see them not only as conduits but also as potential gatekeepers. There has consequently been a rise in lawsuits in which stakeholders sue intermediaries in an effort to hold them responsible for online activities conducted by their third party users. The use of secondary liability is an approach by which governments and individuals strive to impose legal responsibilities on intermediary platforms in order to achieve their desired social outcomes and the protection of individual rights. The question of whether intermediaries operating within a borderless Internet should be held liable for third party behaviors governed by disparate national laws has been the subject of much legal and philosophical debate. In contrast, this study opts to empirically examine the phenomenon of intermediary liability in defamation and objectionable content lawsuits. Internet intermediary liability is framed as a transaction cost strategy in which stakeholders use secondary liability as a mechanism to shift some costs of policing and enforcing behavioral norms from the state and its law enforcement agencies onto Internet intermediaries. Drawing from a dataset of 250 intermediary liability lawsuits drawn from six countries to empirically test my hypotheses, it is argued that different social objectives lead to heterogenous selection preferences amongst types of intermediary targets for litigation. Furthermore, the network centrality of the type of intermediary platform targeted may influence the magnitude of policing and monitoring activities requested. Consequently, some types of platforms may bear a disproportionate 'gatekeeping burden' leading to increased costs of operation and market entry. These results have important implications for policymakers with respect to Internet governance, online conduct, and online platform competition.
Is Information Good for Deliberation? Link-Posting in an Online Forum

Does information improve deliberation? Proponents of online deliberation argue that the availability of the Internet can solve two longstanding problems of citizen decisionmaking: that preexisting inequalities tend to be reproduced rather than minimized in deliberative forums and that citizen decisionmaking sacrifices the benefits of expertise. Because all deliberators online can access information during their discussion, deliberation should be more informed and more equal. We put those claims to the test by analyzing URL-link posting in an online deliberative forum composed of 25 deliberating groups. On the positive side of the ledger, we show that participants did take advantage of the informational capacities of the web. URL-link posting not only generated more interaction than did opinions posted without links but it also responded to what we call the scale and uptake problems of public deliberation. On the negative side of the ledger, far from equalizing deliberation, the availability of online information may have given additional advantages to already advantaged groups. This was true even in groups that were actively facilitated. The availability of online information may also have fostered discussions, in some instances, that were more opinionated than informed. Information in the Internet age is newly accessible, we conclude, but is also politicized in unfamiliar ways.
Lay Health Worker Involvement in Evidence-Based Treatment Delivery: A Conceptual Model to Address Disparities in Care

Mobilizing lay health workers (LHWs) to deliver evidence-based treatments (EBTs) is a workforce strategy to address mental health disparities in underserved communities. LHWs can be leveraged to support access to EBTs in a variety of ways, from conducting outreach for EBTs delivered by professional providers to serving as the primary treatment providers. This critical review provides an overview of how LHW-supported or -delivered EBTs have been leveraged in low-, middle-, and high-income countries (HICs). We propose a conceptual model for LHWs to address drivers of service disparities, which relate to the overall supply of the EBTs provided and the demand for these treatments. The review provides illustrative case examples that demonstrate how LHWs have been leveraged globally and domestically to increase access to mental health services. It also discusses challenges and recommendations regarding implementing LHW-supported or -delivered EBTs.
A population sample registry for public health survey investigations: methods, lessons, and successes

Public health relies on sample surveys to monitor the health of populations and investigate factors that contribute to population health and illness. Such investigations require surveying individua...