cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clinical Decision Support Intervention for Rib Fracture Treatment.

Background Rib fractures are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Despite the publication of management guidelines and national outcomes benchmarking, there is significant variation in evidence-based (EB) adherence and outcomes. Systems for clinical decision support intervention (CDSI) allow rapid ordering of bundled disease-specific EB treatments. We developed an EB rib fracture protocol and CDSI at our institution. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate implementation and clinical outcomes using this CDSI. Study Design A rib fracture care CDSI was developed, disseminated, and implemented in July 2018. Implementation outcomes were evaluated using the Proctor framework. Adherence was tracked monthly via run charts and acceptance was evaluated on a 7-point Likert scale using the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology questionnaire. Propensity score matching was used to compare in-hospital morbidity and mortality in pre-implementation (January 1, 2016 through December 31, 2016) vs post-implementation (September 1, 2018 through April 30, 2019) cohorts. Results A total of 197 patients were eligible for the intervention. Provider CDSI adherence was 83% at 1 month and reached 100% after 7 months. Acceptance of CDSI using the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology had a mean Likert score higher than 6 (range 6.1 to 6.8, SD 0.5 to 1.5), indicating high acceptance. A significant reduction in hospital length of stay was found post implementation (incident rate ratio 0.80; 95% CI, 0.66 to 0.98; p = 0.03) comparing propensity-matched subjects. Conclusions The development and use of a CDSI resulted in improved provider delivery of EB practice and was associated with reduced hospital length of stay.
Auxiliary Particle Filter–Based Multisensor Data Fusion for Quantification of Corrosion in Aerostructures

The identification of structural flaws and subsequent management is significant for health monitoring of aviation structures. Wall thickness loss can occur because of corrosion in exposed aerostructures, thereby reducing the strength of the structure. This may impose prolonged downtimes for repair and replacement activities if not detected at early stages. Eddy current testing (ECT) is a viable technique to detect such anomalies. Fusing multifrequency data produces better results because of complementary features of each contributing mode. Particle filter–based methods have already been proposed to detect and quantify flaw profiles of corrosion damage to an aircraft structure using a multifrequency ECT data fusion technique. However, to address the associated drawbacks, an auxiliary particle filter (APF) method is proposed here. In APF, the proposed importance density is a mixture of the prior state and the latest measurements, yielding focused estimation into a high-likelihood region. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate effectiveness of the proposed technique to quantify damages in aerostructures.
Static Timing Analysis (STA) with Timing Bleed: Certifying Much Higher Performance for Rapid Single Flux Quantum (RSFQ) Logic

Josephson-junction based technologies, such as RSFQ, are receiving growing investments due to their high speeds and low power.As the time interval between the data input and the clock becomes smaller, clock-to-Q delay of a flip-flop increases. In conventional timing analysis, setup time is defined as the interval where clock-to-Q delay increases by 10%. This allows the pipeline to be divided into separate stages and STA to be performed independently for each stage.However, since RSFQ is pipelined at gate-level, setup time is a significant portion of the clock period and makes this timing constraint extremely conservative. Instead, we define setup time based on the probability of causing a logic error and develop a new STA method that allows larger increases in clock-to-Q delay, i.e., timing bleed, whenever the data input arrives late. We present results of simulations for benchmark circuits with process variations to demonstrate that our new method certifies much higher speeds for RSFQ logic.
Persistent concerns: Questions for research on ethnic-racial identity development.

Research on ethnic-racial identity (ERI) and its development has increased exponentially over the past decade. In this paper we discuss five questions that the Lifespan ERI Study Group grappled wit...
Neighborhood Disadvantage Measures and COVID-19 Cases in Boston, 2020.

ObjectiveUnderstanding the pattern of population risk for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is critically important for health systems and policy makers. The objective of this study was to descri...
Peak states of molybdenum single crystals shock compressed to high stresses

To determine crystal anisotropy effects at high stresses, peak states behind the plastic shock waves were examined in BCC single crystals. Using plate impact experiments, molybdenum (Mo) single crystals were shock compressed up to 190 GPa elastic impact stress along [100], [110], and [111] orientations. Laser interferometry was used to measure wave velocities and particle velocity profiles at the Mo–LiF window interface. These data were analyzed to obtain in-material quantities in the peak states. The Hugoniots for [100] and [110] orientations were comparable, but the Hugoniot for the [111] orientation was different from the other two orientations. Also, these Mo single crystal Hugoniots display differences from the polycrystalline Mo Hugoniots. Although none of the differences can be considered large, the present results demonstrate that, unlike FCC metal single crystals (Cu, Al), some anisotropy is preserved in Mo single crystal Hugoniots even at high stresses.
Morbidity of late-season influenza during pregnancy.

BACKGROUND In the Northern Hemisphere, influenza season typically starts in December and lasts through March. Pregnant people are at increased risk for influenza-related morbidity and mortality. Potentially, new viral strains or reduced provider suspicion leading to delayed diagnosis of late-season influenza could result in an increased risk of severe infection. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to assess the incidence and morbidity associated with late-season influenza in pregnancy, compared with influenza in other seasons. STUDY DESIGN This was a retrospective cohort study using the 2007–2018 National Inpatient Sample. Pregnant patients with discharge diagnosis codes consistent with influenza infection were compared on the basis of hospital admission quarter (quarter 1: October to December; quarter 2: January to March; quarter 3: April to June; quarter 4: July to September), with quarter 3 defined as “late-season.” The primary outcome was the severe maternal morbidity composite defined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The secondary outcomes included sepsis, shock, acute renal failure, acute heart failure, temporary tracheostomy, and invasive mechanical ventilation. Associations between outcomes and quarter of infection were adjusted for age, hospitalization type (antepartum, delivery, or postpartum), and comorbid conditions using relative risk regression, weighted to reflect the National Inpatient Sample design. RESULTS Of 7355 hospitalizations, corresponding to a weighted national estimate of 36,042, 2266 (30.8%) occurred in quarter 1, 4051 (55.0%) in quarter 2, 633 (8.6%) in quarter 3, and 405 (5.5%) in quarter 4. A nonsignificant trend toward higher rates of severe maternal morbidity was seen in the “late-season” compared with other quarters (13.9% [quarter 3] vs 10.5% [quarter 1] vs 12.1% [quarter 2] vs 13.6% [quarter 4]; P=.07). Moreover, sepsis was more common in patients with late-season influenza (8.0% [quarter 3] vs 4.8% [quarter 1] vs 5.8% [quarter 2] vs 5.9% [quarter 4]; P=.03). In the adjusted analyses, patients with late-season influenza had a 1.34 (95% confidence interval, 1.01–1.78) higher risk of severe maternal morbidity and 1.57 (95% confidence interval, 1.06–2.32) higher risk of sepsis than patients with influenza in quarter 1. CONCLUSION Influenza infection between April and June, that is, late-season influenza, is associated with a higher risk of severe maternal morbidity and sepsis in pregnant patients. Obstetrical providers must continue to have awareness and suspicion for influenza infection during these months.
Worlds More or Less: Nineteenth-Century Ethno-Astronomy and Cosmologies of Reference

This essay reads William Herschel’s nebular hypothesis (and the debates it galvanized) in light of Sylvia Wynter’s account of the cosmology of Man. Tracing the relationship between Western monohuma...
Transnational Legal Orders

1. Transnational legal orders Terence Halliday and Gregory Shaffer Part I. Transnational Legal Orders and Business Law: 2. Settling in transnational legal orders: corporate bankruptcy law and international trade by sea Susan Block-Lieb and Terrence Halliday 3. When lenders have too much cash and borrowers have too little law: the emergence of secured-transactions transnational legal orders Roderick Macdonald 4. Settling and unsettling the transnational legal order of international taxation Philip Genschel and Thomas Rixen Part II. Transnational Legal Orders and Regulatory Law: 5. The alignment of the transnational legal orders for monetary and trade law Gregory Shaffer and Michael Waibel 6. The emergence and limits of the transnational financial legal order: regulating the regulators Eric Helleiner 7. Institutionalization and its consequences: the TLO(s) for food safety Tim Buthe 8. Climate change: bottom-up evolution or international failure? Daniel Bodansky Part III. Transnational Legal Orders and Human Rights Law: 9. Pharmaceutical patents and the human right to health: the contested evolution of the transnational legal order on access to medicines Laurence Helfer 10. 'Rule of law' as transnational legal order Jothie Rajah 11. Firming up soft law: the impact of indicators on transnational human rights legal orders Sally Merry 12. Framing and transnational legal organization: the case of human trafficking Paulette Lloyd and Beth Simmons 13. The justice paradox?: transnational legal orders and accountability for past human rights violations Leigh Payne 14. Researching transnational legal orders Terence Halliday and Gregory Shaffer.
Effect of Early Bilingualism on Metalinguistic Development and Language Processing: Evidence from Chinese-Speaking Bilingual Children

Psychologists have long been interested in the impact of early bilingualism on children’s cognitive development. However, despite vigorous investigation into the topic, research on the effect of bilingualism on metalinguistic awareness and language processing has remained largely unexplored, either producing mixed findings or revealing advantages that cannot be ascribed solely to bilingualism per se. Many Chinese-speaking children around the world speak a second language, usually one that is typologically distant from Chinese, which affords an opportunity for isolating extraneous factors and identifying effect of bilingualism per se and provides a fertile ground for studying theories of early bilingualism in a broader cross-linguistic context. The purpose of this chapter is two-fold. First, it provides a critical review of the conceptual and methodological challenges in conducting research on the metalinguistic development and language processing of bilingual children. Second, it reports two empirical studies with Chinese-speaking bilingual children that were designed to investigate structural sensitivity theory Kuo & Anderson (Scientific Studies of Reading, 14, 365–385, 2010), an augmented theoretical framework to examine bilingual cognitive advantage in the verbal domain.
Brisson and Buffon: Ornithology 1760–1780

Two publications in the third quarter of the eighteenth century stand out as vanguards of a new type of study of birds: Mathurin-Jacques Brisson’s (1723–1806) Ornithologie and Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon’s (1707–1788) Histoire naturelle des oiseaux.
CHAPTER 14 – Resonance

This chapter discusses the properties of resonance as well as its effect on the impedance, currents, and voltages of a circuit. Resonance plays a very important role in the operation of many circuits used to transmit, and receive radio and television signals. Radio and television could not operate without resonant circuits. A circuit is said to be resonant at the frequency where its inductive reactance ( X L ) and capacitive reactance ( X C ) are of the same value. This frequency is called the resonant frequency of the circuit. At resonance, the impedance of the series RLC circuit appears entirely resistive and is equal to the resistance in the circuit. As the impedance of the circuit is at a minimum, it follows that the current flowing in the circuit must be a maximum. Ohm's law verifies the same. At resonance, when X L = X c , then the voltage across the inductor, E L , must equal to the voltage across the capacitor, E C. If E L = E c , these voltages cancel because they are 180 degrees out of phase. As a result the applied voltage, E A , is in phase with and equal to the voltage across the resistor. A circuit is sensitive to changes when used at the resonant frequency. This is determined by the Q or the quality factor of the circuit.
Phrenic nerve afferent activation of neurons in the cat SI cerebral cortex

Stimulation of respiratory afferents elicits neural activity in the somatosensory region of the cerebral cortex in humans and animals. Respiratory afferents have been stimulated with mechanical loads applied to breathing and electrical stimulation of respiratory nerves and muscles. It was hypothesized that stimulation of the phrenic nerve myelinated afferents will activate neurons in the 3a and 3b region of the somatosensory cortex. This was investigated in cats with electrical stimulation of the intrathoracic phrenic nerve and C5 root of the phrenic nerve. The somatosensory cortical response to phrenic afferent stimulation was recorded from the cortical surface, contralateral to the phrenic nerve, ispilateral to the phrenic nerve and with microelectrodes inserted into the cortical site of the surface dipole. Short-latency, primary cortical evoked potentials (1° CEP) were recorded with stimulation of myelinated afferents of the intrathoracic phrenic nerve in the contralateral post-cruciate gyrus of all animals (n= 42). The mean onset and peak latencies were 8.5 ± 5.7 ms and 21.8 ± 9.8 ms, respectively. The rostro-caudal surface location of the 1° CEP was found between the rostral edge of the post-cruciate dimple (PCD) and the rostral edge of the ansate sulcus, medio-lateral location was between 2 mm lateral to the sagittal sulcus and the lateral end of the cruciate sulcus. Histological examination revealed that the 1° CEP sites were recorded over areas 3a and 3b of the SI somatosensory cortex. Intracortical activation of 16 neurons with two patterns of neural activity was recorded: (1) short-latency, short-duration activation of neurons and (2) long-latency, long-duration activation of neurons. Short-latency neurons had a mean onset latency of 10.4 ± 3.1 ms and mean burst duration of 10.1 ± 3.2 ms. The short-latency units were recorded at an average depth of 1.7 ± 0.5 mm below the cortical surface. The long-latency neurons had a mean onset latency of 36.0 ± 4.2 ms and mean burst duration of 32.2 ± 8.4 ms. The long-latency units were recorded at an average depth of 2.4 ± 0.2 mm below the cortical surface. The results of the study demonstrated that phrenic nerve afferents have a short-latency central projection to the SI somatosensory cortex. The phrenic afferents activated neurons in lamina III and IV of areas 3a and 3b. The cortical representation of phrenic nerve afferents is medial to the forelimb, lateral to the hindlimb, similar to thoracic loci, hence the phrenic afferent SI site in the cat homunculus is consistent with body position (thoracic region) rather than spinal segment (C5–C7). The phrenic afferent activation of the somatosensory cortex is bilateral, with the ipsilateral cortical activation occurring subsequent to the contralateral. These results support the hypothesis that phrenic afferents provide somatosensory information to the cerebral cortex which can be used for diaphragmatic proprioception and somatosensation.
Teacher Qualification and the Achievement Gap in Early Primary Grades

Title I of the No Child Left Behind Act (P.L. 107-110, 115 Stat. 1245, 2002) holds schools accountable for reducing the academic achievement gap between the different ethnic groups and requires elementary school teachers to have at least a bachelors degree and a state certification. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of the qualification requirement of NCLB to the goal of reducing the academic achievement gap. The study found that students with a certified teacher for most of their early school experience scored higher in reading than students who did not have a certified teacher. In addition, certification was associated with slightly narrowing the academic gap between African American and European American students across early elementary grades.
Studies on the endocrine control of metabolism in Leucophaea maderae (Blattaria): I. The hemolymph proteins during egg maturation

Abstract During egg maturation, particularly in its later phase, the blood protein concentration dropped to approximately half the original level. In the course of pregnancy it slowly rose again. A low blood protein level was found in allatectomized animals and in females whose pars intercerebralis had been electrocoagulated. Difficulties in interpreting total blood protein determinations after various operations are pointed out since some of these operations apparently affect the animal's metabolism and behavior in uncontrollable ways. Electrophoresis of sera on cellulose acetate strips revealed a total of 9 bands, but only 2 major bands were present during all phases of the sexual cycle. The appearance of a third major band could be correlated with corpus allatum activity. In all pars intercerebralis cauterized females which did not mature eggs the third band was absent. However, it was present in the operated females which matured eggs, i.e., which had active corpora allata in spite of the absence of neurosecretion from the pars intercerebralis. It was absent in allatectomized but present in ovariectomized females. Immunodiffusion techniques showed the presence of 4 antigens in the hemolymph of newly emerged females and males. Five antigens were detected in sera of females and males at all other stages of the sexual cycle. The appearance of a sixth antigen in females was associated with active corpora allata. This antigen was also found in saline extracts from mature oocytes. From these experiments and observations it is concluded that the synthesis of a specific female protein is under the control of the corpus allatum hormone.
Dealing with prime numbers I.: On the Goldbach conjecture

In this paper we present some observations about the well-known Goldbach conjecture. In particular we list and interpret some numerical results which allow us to formulate a relation between prime numbers and even integers. We can also determine very thin and low diverging ranges in which the probability of finding a prime is one.
Equal Worth and the Duty to Adopt

Is one child more worthy of love, the opportunity to learn to read, a polio vaccination, or enough to eat than another child? Those who answer “no,” should consider that when one makes the decision to conceive a child instead of adopting an already existing child, one is saying that simply by virtue of its blood relation, a yet-to-exist child who has no needs is more worthy of one’s time, love, energy and money than an existing orphan who has great need.1 But if all children are equally worthy of love and resources, one must give these things based on who needs them the most as opposed to any morally irrelevant characteristic such as race, sex, birthplace, or potential biological relation to oneself, and already existing orphans desperately need these things while yet-to-exist children do not need them at all.2 If one truly believes that all children are equally worthy of love, education and material necessities, then one must act on the duty to adopt instead of conceiving biological children.3 One might object that biological relation to oneself is somehow in a different category from traits like race, sex, or birthplace. Yet blood relation is an ascriptive aspect of identity in the same way that race, sex, and birthplace are. Furthermore, these traits are all morally irrelevant, as they are traits for which one bears no responsibility. As Martha Nussbaum, of the University of Chicago, writes, “the accident of being born a Sri Lankan, or a Jew, or a female, or an African-American, or a poor person, is just that-an accident of birth” and thus should “not be taken to be a determinant of moral worth”.4 Aspects of identity that have no bearing on the worth of a child cannot be used to justify bringing that child into the world.5 6 Res Publica 87
Comments on the general dynamics of the nonlinear oscillator x¨+(1+x˙2)x=0

Abstract Velocity-dependent-frequency (VDF) oscillators are represented (for one-degree-of-freedom systems) by the differential equation x ¨ + f ( x ˙ ) x = 0 , f ( 0 ) > 0 . However, the standard methods for determining approximations to the periodic solutions may breakdown in their corresponding first-order calculations. In particular, the frequencies may become singular for finite values of the amplitude. A technique combining averaging and first-order iteration is shown to resolve this difficulty.
Efficient multicast on a terabit router

Multicast routing protocols and routers on the Internet enable multicast transmission by replicating packets close to the destinations, obviating the need for multiple unicast connections, thereby saving network bandwidth and improving throughput. Similarly, within a router, multicast between linecards is enabled by a multicast capable switch fabric. A multicast cell is sent once from the source linecard to the switch fabric; the switch fabric sends the cells to all the destination linecards obviating the need for, and the waste of, linecard to fabric bandwidth that would result from multiple unicast cell transmissions. For high capacity routers (several terabits), the fixed size destination field of the cell is inadequate to specify exactly the subset of the switch ports the multicast cell should be sent to the number of multicast connections to be supported. Therefore, for several connections, we have to supercast, i.e., send the cell to non-subscribing linecards and have them drop the cell. We study the problem of assigning destination labels for multicast cells so that the amount of supercast, i.e., wasted bandwidth, is minimized, and the throughput of the router is maximized. We formalize this combinatorial optimization problem and prove it NP-complete and hard to find approximate solutions. We have devised several heuristic algorithms that we have implemented and we report the experimental results. Faster heuristics can support a higher multicast connection establishment rate; slower heuristics can be invoked off-line to further optimize multicast label maps.
Vasopressin-responsive, Soluble Adenylate Cyclase from the Rat Renal Medulla

Abstract The vasopressin-sensitive adenylate cyclase from the rat renal medulla has been solubilized using the detergent Lubrol PX. The enzyme in the detergent did not respond to hormone but after removal of the Lubrol PX with DEAE-cellulose, vasopressin responsiveness was partially restored. On gel filtration, 40% of the applied adenylate cyclase activity eluted as if it had a molecular weight of 100,000 to 200,000, another 30% had an apparent molecular weight of about 600,000, and the remainder was found in the void volume of Sepharose 4B.
Infinitely-long-range nonlocal potentials and the Bose-Einstein supersolid phase

It is shown that with the aid of the Bogoliubov inequality, that a Bose-Einstein condensate has the Bloch form and represents a self-organized supersolid provided the interaction between the condensate atoms is nonlocal and of infinitely long-range.
Training Neighborhood Residents to Conduct a Survey

As a requirement for a federal neighborhood revitalization grant, the authors trained resident interviewers and coordinated the conduct of more than 1000 door-to-door interviews of a stratified random sample. The targeted area was a multiethnic, lower income neighborhood that continues to experience the effects of past segregation. Monitoring and pivots to the training procedures are described within the context of community development and capacity-building theory. Including local participation in the interview process yielded enhanced collaborative participation in decision making on the part of interviewers and interviewees. Resident contribution to community development is described within the framework of advocacy and consultative participation.
Biological relevance of oxidative debris present in as-prepared graphene oxide

The influence of oxidative debris (OD) present in as-prepared graphene oxide (GO) suspensions on proteins and its toxicity to human embryonic kidney cells (HEK-293T) are reported here. The OD was removed by repeated washing with aqueous ammonia to produce the corresponding base-washed GO (bwGO). The loading (w/w) of bovine serum albumin (BSA) was increased by 85% after base washing, whereas the loading of hemoglobin (Hb) and lysozyme (Lyz), respectively, was decreased by 160% and 100%. The secondary structures of 13 different proteins bound to bwGO were compared with the corresponding proteins bound to GO using the UV circular dichroism spectroscopy. There was a consistent loss of protein secondary structure with bwGO when compared with proteins bound to GO, but no correlation between either the isoelectric point or hydrophobicity of the protein and the extent of structure loss was observed. All enzymes bound to bwGO and GO indicated significant activities, and a strong correlation between the enzymatic activity and the extent of structure retention was noted, regardless of the presence or absence of OD. At low loadings ( 100 μg mL−1). In control studies, OD by itself did not alter the growth rate even after a 48 h incubation. Thus, the presence of OD in GO played a very important role in controlling the chemical and biological nature of the protein–GO interface and the presence of OD in GO improved its biological compatibility when compared to bwGO.
Incorporation in vivo of labeled plasma cholesterol into aortas of young and old rabbits

Male and female rabbits from 3 to 36 months of age were fed tracer amounts of labeled cholesterol for 2 days. Incorporation of plasma cholesterol into cardiac ventricular and skeletal muscle as well as into aorta was measured. In addition, the cholesterol specific activities of liver, lung, heart, skeletal muscle, skin, adipose tissue and aorta were compared to that of unesterified cholesterol in plasma. Liver was the only tissue that contained relatively large amounts of labeled esterified cholesterol. Aorta and skeletal muscle contained small amounts of labeled cholesterol ester and studies with 51Cr-labeled red blood cells showed that nearly all of this was due to contamination of these tissues with small amounts of labeled blood. The incorporation of plasma unesterified cholesterol per gram of aorta was smaller for the older than for the younger animals. In females this difference, which was less pronounced than in the males, was statistically only marginally significant. Expressed as intimal “clearance” of unesterified cholesterol (μl of plasma per cm2 per day) no age difference for aorta was seen in either sex. In female rabbits the specific activities of aorta, skeletal muscle, skin and adipose tissue, after 2 days of labeled cholesterol feeding, varied from 3 to 15 % of the plasma cholesterol specific activity, whereas the relative values for cardiac muscle, lung and liver were 40, 50 and 100 % respectively. The relative specific activities of cholesterol in adipose tissue were about four times higher in the very young than in the older animals. Plasma cholesterol concentrations in male and female abbits at 7 weeks of age varied between 100 and 150 mg/100 ml. With increasing age, the cholesterol concentrations in the females decreased somewhat, but in the males the levels decreased to about one-fourth of the earlier values.
Combinatorial studies of mechanical properties of Ti–Al thin films using nanoindentation

Abstract In this paper, we describe an on-going effort to develop a thin film combinatorial method for identifying alloy compositions of potential interest as structural materials. To investigate this idea, compositionally graded Ti–Al thin films have been sputter deposited onto Si substrates, and the mechanical properties of the “library” of compositions are then probed using nanoindentation. This combinatorial method offers the possibility of rapidly varying the compositions and microstructures of alloys and quickly determining the compositions and microstructures of greatest interest for further development as bulk structural alloys. Nanoindentation experiments are used to extract the properties of the film so that the bulk properties of the material may be estimated. A new method for extracting the hardness of films on substrates from nanoindentation experiments has been developed and is applied to the compositionally graded Ti–Al thin films. Together with the nanoindentation data and a compositional analysis, we are able to establish a relationship between the hardness of the film and the composition. We discuss the results of these combinatorial experiments in connection with estimating the properties of bulk materials.
The flow topology of chemical reaction networks

Abstract Analysis of the flow topology of dynamic systems modelling chemical reaction networks leads to the following conclusions: (1) a connected chemical system with a negative feedback circuit containing all except one of the internal species (phase determining intermediates) can exhibit chaotic oscillations; (2) a chemical system in which the only negative feedback circuit contains all of the internal species can exhibit periodic oscillations; (3) a chemical system containing no negative feedback circuits cannot exhibit oscillatory behavior but only multiple steady states. In this analysis a negative feedback circuit refers to a circuit containing an odd number of inhibitory relationships between internal species.
Rupture of Aortic Valve Secondary to Aneurysm of Ascending Aorta

A case of aneurysm of the ascending aorta, the result of cystic medial necrosis, is presented. The feature of peculiar interest is that as the diseased part of the aorta became elongated it stretched the attached aortic cusps. As a consequence, one cusp developed a gross fenestration, while the other ruptured and prolapsed.
Phosphatidylserine headgroup diastereomers translocate equivalently across human erythrocyte membranes

Abstract The natural chiral phospholipid substrates for the plasma membrane aminophospholipid translocator are L -α-phosphatidyl- L -serine and L -α-phosphatidylethanolamine. The glyceric D -stereoisomers of these lipids, D -α-phosphatidyl- L -serine and D -α-phosphatidylethanolamine, are not translocated (Martin, O.C. and Pagano, R.E. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 5890–5898). We have synthesized a diastereomer of phosphatidylserine, L -α-phosphatidyl- D -serine, to study the effects of headgroup stereochemistry on translocation. The diastereomer was synthesized as the dilauroyl (12:0) species, and the translocation was monitored by human erythrocyte morphology changes at 25°C and 37°C. Unlike other phosphatidylserine stereoisomers, L -α-phosphatidyl- D serine is translocated to the same degree as the natural L,L -isomer. Incorporation of apparently equal amounts of the L,D - and L,L -diastereomers does produce minor quantitative differences in the cell morphological response, possibly as a result of differences in lipid packing of the two isomers.
The interpretation of multielemental INAA data using pattern recognition methods

Three hundred ancient Turkish potsherds were analyzed by instrumental neutron activation analysis, and the resulting data analyzed by several techniques of multivariate statistical analysis, some only recently developed. The programs AGCLUS, MASLOC, and SIMCA were sequentially employed to characterize and group the samples by type of pottery and by site of excavation or collection. Comparison of the statistical analyses by each method provided archaeological insight into the site/type relationships of the samples and ultimately evidence relevant to commercial relations between the ancient communities and to specialization of pottery production over time. The techniques used for statistical analysis were found to be of significant potential utility in the future analysis of other archaeometric data sets.
Nonlinear Optical Properties Of Liquid Crystals For Optical Imaging Processes

We present an account of two recently observed nonlinear optical imaging processes, wavefront conjugation and infrared-to-visible image conversion, in liquid crystal films. We include discussion of dynamics, efficiency, resolution, aberration correction, and noise removal in these two processes.
Effect of pH on growth and uptake of copper by Swingle citrumelo seedlings 1

Abstract Copper (Cu) phytotoxicity is closely related to pH and Cu activity in solution. The effect of pH on growth and uptake of Cu by Swingle citrumelo rootstock seedlings were investigated in solution culture with varying Cu activities. Copper activities of either 0.05, 0.5, 5, and 10 μM at pH 5 and 6 were maintained by adding copper sulfate (CuSO4) to the hydroponic solution based on the calculation by GEOCHEM computer program. After 42 days, root and shoot growth decreased significantly in solutions where Cu activities were greater than 0.5 μM. The concentration of Cu in roots are greater and the dry weights of roots and shoots were less in solutions at pH 6 than those at pH 5. A 200‐fold increase in Cu activity in solution resulted in a corresponding increase in concentration of Cu in the root but not in the shoot.
Study on the Electrodeoxidation of Solid Dy2O3 in Molten CaCl2

The electrodeoxidation of Dy2O3 for preparing metal Dy in CaCl2 melt was studied by cyclic voltammetry, constant potential electrolysis techniques and thermodynamics analysis. Two electrodes system was employed during measuring cyclic voltammetry. Only one cathodic current peak(at about -1.75V ) was discovered before the decomposition of CaCl2 which corresponded to the electrodeoxidation of Dy2O3 in the cyclic voltammograms in molten CaCl2 at 850°C. The validity of the cyclic voltammograms was further confirmed by thermodynamics analysis and the CO2、CO anodic gas detected. In constant potential electrolysis products there were no other intermediates except Dy2O3 and Dy observed by XRD. And the results confirmed the following electrodeoxidation sequence: Dy2O3→Dy.
Our minds on freedom: women and the struggle for black equality in Louisiana, 1924-1967

by Shannon Frystak, Baton Rouge, Louisiana State University Press, 2009, 261 pp., $42.50, ISBN 0807134937 A good many books have now been written on the civil rights struggle in Louisiana. Adam Fai...
Phase diagram of the electronic states of trilayered ruthenate Sr 4 Ru 3 O 10

Trilayered ruthenate ${\mathrm{Sr}}_{4}{\mathrm{Ru}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{10}$ exhibits an interesting itinerant metamagnetic transition for magnetic fields applied along in-plane directions. Our earlier work has revealed that this metamagnetic transition occurs via a phase separation process with magnetic domain formation [Z. Q. Mao et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 077205 (2006)]. We recently performed systematic investigations on its magnetotransport properties and constructed a magnetic field\char21{}temperature $(H\text{\ensuremath{-}}T)$ phase diagram. In the phase separated regime of the phase diagram, due to domain boundary scattering, the resistivity is increased and shows nonmetallic temperature dependence, while outside the phase separation regime, the system shows Fermi-liquid ground-state properties, i.e., $\ensuremath{\rho}\ensuremath{\propto}{T}^{2}$. The Fermi-liquid temperature is strongly suppressed near the metamagnetic transition. The transport properties in the mixed phase region are sensitive to the disorders, and the magnetoresistivity steps in this region are found to be suppressed by increasing the level of disorders. In addition, we discussed the possible mechanism of the metamagnetic transition of this material.
Gravitropism of hypocotyls of wild-type and starch-deficient Arabidopsis seedlings in spaceflight studies

The major purpose of this spaceflight project was to investigate the starch-statolith hypothesis for gravity perception, and a secondary goal was to study plant growth and development under spaceflight conditions. This research was based on our ground studies of gravity perception in the wild type and three starch-deficient (one starchless and two reduced starch) mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. Dark-grown seedlings that developed in microgravity were given one of several (30 min, 60 min, or 90 min) 1-g stimuli by an on-board centrifuge, and additional controls for seedling development also were performed. These latter control experiments included a morphological study of plants that developed in space in microgravity (F microg), in space on a centrifuge (F 1g), on the ground (G 1g), and on a rotating clinostat on the ground. Since elevated levels of ethylene were reported in the spacecraft atmosphere, additional controls for morphology and gravitropism with added ethylene also were performed. While exogenous ethylene reduced the absolute magnitude of the response in all four strains of Arabidopsis, this gas did not appear to change the relative graviresponsiveness among the strains. The relative response of hypocotyls of microgravity-grown seedlings to the stimuli provided by the in-flight centrifuge was: wild type > starch-deficient mutants. Although the protoplast pressure model for gravity perception cannot be excluded, these results are consistent with a statolith-based model for perception in plants.
Contribution of the Ultra-Violet Absorption Spectrum of Asparagine to the Problem of its Structure

SINCE Steward and Thompson first proposed their new cyclic structure for asparagine indicated in the formulae1, there have been a number of communications which have questioned this point of view2. In commenting on these communications, Steward and Thompson emphasized the importance of collecting evidence on solutions of free asparagine, since it is possible that crystalline asparagine and derivatives of asparagine may not conform to the cyclic structure3.
Negative Feedback as Regulation and Second Language Learning in the Zone of Proximal Development

enties, with the ground breaking publications of Pit Corder, Burt and Kiparsky, George, and Richards (14), one of the central themes of second language research has been the study of learner errors as a reflection of hypothesis testing on the part of second language learners (8; 15; 20; 23;).1 Eventually, the attention of those working on learner errors has moved away from the analysis of errors in their own right as indications of hypothesis testing and interlanguage development to concern with questions relating to the potential effects of corrective procedures on language learning. The fundamental question is: does error correction lead to learning, or are corrective moves by teachers or other caretakers ineffective? In addition, some corollary questions have also been addressed, including how and when errors should be corrected (7: p. 135). Research aimed at answering these questions has been carried out in either an ethnographic or an experimental framework.2 Those working within the ethnographic approach have conducted careful observational studies of corrective behaviors both in the classroom and natu-
Specific gravity—Solids correlations in Russet Burbank with respect to point of origin and storage history

Three Idaho potato producing areas were sampled for these studies. The 1962 crop was sampled shortly after digging time and again from storage in late January. Three sampling times were used the second year, the additional one having been made from storage in late March and early April. Upon arrival at the laboratory all samples were separated into specific gravity classes by means of brine separation, following which solids content was determined by means of oven drying. Over-all regression coefficients were determined for both years and for each area and each sampling period. The second sampling of potatoes from the 1962 crop resulted in a higher regression coefficient than the first, but not significantly so. However, there was a significant difference between the regression coefficients of the first and second samplings from the 1963 crop, indicating a change in the specific gravity-solids relationship as the storage season progresses. The third sampling, made in early spring, did not result in a regression coefficient significantly different from the other two. No differences were observed in the regression coefficients calculated for potatoes from the three production areas. The over-all regression coefficients for the 2 years were identical and agree with work done by others, although there is some difference between the dry matter values.
Comparison of methods to categorize undernutrition in children

We compared the results of three methods of categorizing undernutrition in a group of 258 children referred for evaluation of “failure to thrive”. There was broad variation between the number of children classified as malnourished (75% to 98%) and the degree of undernutrition, depending on the method used. We recommend that categorization systems be used only to define a child as having a risk of possible adverse effects of undernutrition, not as being malnourished.
ErratumErratum to “Simultaneous non-invasive analysis of DNA condensation and stability by two-step QD-FRET” [Nano Today 4 (2009) 125–134]

Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, 136 Hudson Hall, Box 90281, Duke University, Durham, C 27708, United States vailable online 6 May 2009
On the Remote Monitoring of Karenia Brevis Blooms of the West Florida Shelf

Abstract In situ surveys (1997–2002) of Karenia brevis distribution on the west Florida shelf were used to explain spectral remote sensing reflectance, chlorophyll- a concentration, and backscattering coefficient estimates derived using SeaWiFS satellite data. Two existing approaches were tested in an attempt to differentiate K. brevis blooms from other blooms or plumes. A chlorophyll-anomaly method used operationally by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) sometimes correctly identified K. brevis blooms but also generated false positives and false negatives. The method identified approximately 1000 km 2 of high chlorophyll-anomalies (>1 mg m −3 ) off southwest Florida between the 10 and 50-m isobaths nearly every day from summer to late fall. Whether these patches were K. brevis blooms or not is unknown. A second method used a backscattering:chlorophyll- a ratio to identify K. brevis patches. This method separated K. brevis from other blooms using in situ optical data, but it yielded less satisfactory results with SeaWiFS data. Spectral reflectance ( R rs ) estimates for K. brevis blooms, diatom blooms, and coastal river plumes are statistically similar for many cases. Large pixel size, shallow water, and imperfect algorithms distort satellite retrievals of bio-optical parameters in patchy blooms. At present, a combination of chlorophyll- a , chlorophyll-anomaly, backscattering:chlorophyll- a ratio, RGB composites, MODIS fluorescence data, as well as time-series analysis and ancillary data such as winds, currents, and sea surface temperature can improve K. brevis bloom assessments. Progress in atmospheric correction and bio-optical inversion algorithms is required to help improve capabilities to monitor K. brevis blooms from space. Further, satellite sensors with improved radiometric capabilities and temporal/spatial resolutions are also required.
Clathrate model for the thermodynamics of the interaction of metmyoglobin and an anesthetic gas.

Abstract The cell theory of liquids and a potential due predominately to van der Waals forces, including charge-induced dipole and repulsive forces, can account for experimental results.
Dynamic programming on a functional memory computer

Abstract In a previous paper [1], we described the solution of dynamic programming problems on a new class of parallel processing systems, the Hawaii Parallel Computer (HPC). The HPC has a novel architecture distinguished by its incorporation of field programmable gate arrays to evaluate expressions and by its use of a decision-table data structure to represent computer programs. As specific examples, we showed how the HPC can be used to implement dynamic programming solutions of shortest-path and traveling-salesman problems. In that earlier implementation, we simply adapted algorithms intended for execution on conventional deterministic von Neumann computers. More recently, we designed a successor to the HPC, a “functional memory” computer, which includes constructs for nondeterministic computation. In this paper, we discuss how dynamic programming algorithms can be adapted to take advantage of this nondeterminism.
Assembly of b/HLH/z Proteins c-Myc, Max, and Mad1 with Cognate DNA: Importance of Protein−Protein and Protein−DNA Interactions†

Among the best characterized of the transcription factors are the b/HLH/z proteins: USF, Max, Myc and Mad. These proteins bind to the DNA E-box, a six base pair sequence, CACGTG. Max and Myc form a heterodimer that has strong oncogenic potential but can also repress transcription, while Mad and Max form a heterodimer that acts as a transcription repressor. We have used fluorescence anisotropy to measure protein-protein and protein-DNA affinity. The specific binding between MLP DNA and Max (K = 2.2 ± 0.5 nM) is about 10-fold higher affinity than LCR DNA and about 100-fold higher than for a non-specific DNA. USF has a similar binding affinity as Max to MLP DNA (K = 15 ± 10 nM), but Max binds more tightly to LCR and non-specific DNA. The series of oligonucleotides designated E-box, half-E-box and non-E-box were constructed to examine the effects of DNA sequence. The binding results indicate that for Max protein most of the binding energy can be attributed to individual elements with little cooperativity among the two halves of the E-box. Further studies measured the equilibria for the entire thermodynamic cycle of monomer-dimer-DNA interactions. Surprisingly, the affinity of the Max monomer-DNA for the second monomer was greatly reduced (K for the first monomer nM, second monomer μM). Looked at from the perspective of Max protein, the binding of DNA to Max significantly reduces the affinity of Max protein for the second monomer, whether the second monomer is Myc, Mad, or Max. These data suggest the importance of protein-protein interactions in assembly of a transcription initiation complex.