cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Implementation and Initial Evaluation of the Glimmer Community Ice Sheet Model in the Community Earth System Model

AbstractThe Glimmer Community Ice Sheet Model (Glimmer-CISM) has been implemented in the Community Earth System Model (CESM). Glimmer-CISM is forced by a surface mass balance (SMB) computed in multiple elevation classes in the CESM land model and downscaled to the ice sheet grid. Ice sheet evolution is governed by the shallow-ice approximation with thermomechanical coupling and basal sliding. This paper describes and evaluates the initial model implementation for the Greenland Ice Sheet (GIS). The ice sheet model was spun up using the SMB from a coupled CESM simulation with preindustrial forcing. The model's sensitivity to three key ice sheet parameters was explored by running an ensemble of 100 GIS simulations to quasi equilibrium and ranking each simulation based on multiple diagnostics. With reasonable parameter choices, the steady-state GIS geometry is broadly consistent with observations. The simulated ice sheet is too thick and extensive, however, in some marginal regions where the SMB is anomalousl...
The DDC Relative Index

SUMMARY The “Relative Index” of the Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) is investigated over the span of its lifetime in 22 editions of the DDC as to its character as a concept indexing system, its provision of conceptual contexts for the terms it lists, and the way in which the index intersects with special tables of categories used in the system. Striking features of the index that are discussed include how the locater function of an index is expressed in it, its practice of including concepts that have not been given specific notational locations in the system, its two methods of providing conceptual contexts for indexed terms (by means of the notation of the system and by the insertion of enhancement terms that portray conceptual context), and how the index has intersected with three types of special tables of categories in the system. Critical issues raised include the indexing of constructed or synthesized complex concepts, inconsistencies in how enhancement terms are portrayed and the absence of the...
Research drilling at Katmai, Alaska

Drilling observations made in a young igneous system following a single, recent, well-described volcanic event can greatly improve our understanding of magmatic and hydrothermal processes and of the rates at which these processes operate. A group of geoscientists (Table 1) has been working since May 1985 to formulate and advance a plan for research at the site of the historically important 1912 eruption at Katmai, Alaska, as part of the Continental Scientific Drilling Program (CSDP). The plan was presented at the June 12–13, 1986, CSDP Workshop, held in Rapid City, S.Dak., and has now entered a more formal proposal development stage for consideration by the U.S. Department of Energy, National Science Foundation, and U.S. Geological Survey as an interagency effort. This report is provided to inform the geoscience community of the rationale for CSDP research at Katmai and of the forthcoming opportunities for participation in this multidisciplinary effort in the field of magmatic processes.
Transcriptional responses in rat brain associated with sub-chronic toluene inhalation are not predicted by effects of acute toluene inhalation.

Abstract A primary public health concern regarding environmental chemicals is the potential for persistent effects from long-term exposure, and approaches to estimate these effects from short-term exposures are needed. Toluene, a ubiquitous air pollutant, exerts well-documented acute and persistent CNS-mediated effects from a variety of exposure scenarios, and so provides a useful case for determining whether its persistent effects can be predicted from its acute effects on the CNS. We recently reported that acute inhalation of toluene produced transcriptional effects in rat brain 18 h following a single, acute 6-h exposure to toluene. The goal of the present study was to determine whether these acute effects are also evident after long-term (sub-chronic) exposure to toluene, and thereby provide a mechanistic basis for predicting its persistent effects from short-term exposures. Male Long–Evans rats were exposed to toluene via inhalation (0, 10, 100, 1000 ppm, n = 5/dose), 6 h/day for 64 days, excluding weekends. The day following the final exposure, total mRNA was extracted from the cerebral cortex and striatum, and gene expression evaluated using Affymetrix arrays. Principal component analysis using all samples showed a clear discrimination of tissues, with striatum having more within-group variance than cortex. Differentially-expressed genes (DEGs) whose expression was altered by toluene were identified in each tissue by ANOVA followed by mapping to pathways. Analysis of striatum revealed 22, 57, and 94 significant DEGs for the 10 ppm, 100 ppm, and 1000 ppm doses, respectively, far fewer than the 3352 DEGS previously observed after acute exposure. In addition, the direction of change in the 57 DEGs common to both exposures differed between acute and sub-chronic exposure scenarios. Thus, relative to acute toluene exposure, sub-chronic exposure yielded both quantitative and qualitative differences in transcriptional response. Based on the current data, long-term gene expression changes after toluene inhalation cannot be readily predicted by acute responses.
Nickel phytotoxicity in relationship to soil ph manipulation and chelating agents

Abstract The main objective of this study was to ascertain effects of some edaphic factors on the uptake and influence of Ni on plant growth sinee Ni is a common trace element contaminant as well as an important component of serpentine soils. Corn (Zea mays L. inbred Ys1/Ys1) was rown in Yolo loam soil amended to give soil pH values of 4.2, 5.6, 7.5, and 8.2. A level of 100 μg Ni/g soil was not toxic to the corn. Shoot concentrations of Ni increased as soil pH decreased for both application rates of Ni. A level of 250 μg Ni/g soil decreased yields more at soil pH below 7 than above 7. Iron, Zn, and Mn levels in shoots did not appear to be directly related to the Ni applications although Fe levels tended to increase as a result of smaller plant size. PI54619–5–1 soybeans (Glycine max L. ) were grown in soil at two different pH values (with and without CaCO3) and with and without a level of 1000 μg Ni/g added as the sulfate and thoroughly mixed with the soil and equilibrated for 1 month prior to transplanti...
The nonplanarity of n-doped polyenes and of carbanions with alkali metal counterions

Using ab initioRHF-SCF-MO theory with the 3-21G basis set and geometry optimization with a gradient method, trans pentadienyl lithium and sodium have been shown to have a carbon backbone in which the middle carbon atom falls ca. 40° out of the plane of the other carbon atoms. The free anion was found to be planar. Optimization of the dilithium octateraene complex (C8H10Li2) with C2 symmetry gave a structure where the hydrocarbon backbone is distorted out of plane and folded about the lithium atoms. A partially optimized C8H10Li2 where the C and H atoms are constrained to remain in-plane lies ca. 0.6 eV above the folded structure. The consequences of the distortion are discussed for the applicability to longer polyenes and n-doped polyacetylene. In a vibrational analysis of C5H7Li and C5H7Na and of allyl Li and allyl Na, two very intense bands near 800 cm–1 appear which are not present in the flat, free allyl and pentadienyl anions. The similarity to the broad band at 800 cm–1 which appears in doped polyacetylene is discussed.
Cross-fostering and Parent-offspring Responses in Cichlasoma citrinellum (Pisces, Cichlidae1

Summary Previous studies of parent-young interactions in cichlid fish have establish­ed some of the details of such relations, but have raised, or left unanswered many questions. In particular, there are questions as to the recognition of parents and young by each other, and to what extent learning might be involved in such recognition. Based on observations of exchanges of parents between families of Cichla­soma citrinellum, we suggest that parents learn to recognize young during each pare!1tal cycle. They appear to have a moderately short term memory for recognition of young, and accept young corresponding to this memory. Parental fish accept conspecific fry younger than, or the same age, but not those older than their own. Successive presentations of young fry maintained parental behavior for much longer than normal. Changes in color pattern, and some aspects of parental behavior are described. Zusammenfassung Fruhere Arbeiten uber Eltern-Kind-Beziehungen an Cichliden haben einige Details einer solchen Beziehung aufgezeigt. Unbeantwortet ist, wie Eltern und Junge sich gegenseitig erkennen und in wieweit ein LernprozeB an dies em Erken­nen beteiligt ist. Nach Beobachtungen uber den Austausch von Elternfischen zwischen Fami­lien von Cichlasoma citrinellum halten wir es fur moglich, daB die Eltern ihre Jungen wahrend jedes Brutzyklus neu kennen lernen. Sie scheinen eine Art Kurz­zeitgedachtnis fur das Erkennen der Jungen zu besitzen und nehmen nur Junge an, die diesem Gedachtnisinhalt entsprechen. Elternfische nehmen Jungfische der gleichen Art an, wenn sie gleich alt oder junger als die eigenen sind; altere Jungfische werden nicht angenommen. Bietet man standig junge Brut, erhalt sich das Brutverhalten sehr viellanger als normal. Anderungen des Farbmusters und einige Aspekte des Pflegeverhaltens sind be­schrieben.
Rocket ultraviolet spectroscopy of comet Halley and abundance of carbon monoxide and carbon

Two far ultraviolet observations of comet Halley made on 26 February, 1986 and 13 March, 1986 with a sounding rocket experiment are reported. The observed CO spatial profiles can be modelled by a radial outflow model for a parent molecule and suggest that the CO is produced directly from the nucleus of the comet. Using the observed O I emission profile to deduce the H2O production rate, the abundance of CO relative to H2O is found to be 20 percent + or - 5 percent for the first flight and 17 percent + or - 4 percent for the second flight, making CO the second most abundant parent molecule in the coma. The derived production rate of atomic carbon is consistent with that expected from the photodissociation of carbon monoxide.
Esterase Isozymes as Markers of Somatic Embryogenesis in Cultured Carrot Cells

Summary Two major groups of esterase isozymes were identified in extracts of carrot ( Daucus carota L. var. Royal Chantaney) cells cultured in vitro using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In the slow moving group, an isozyme marked «y» was absent and another marked «x» was present in the embryogenic cell line (Ca-7) as compared to the non-embryogenic cell line (Ca-4). The pattern of a slow moving esterase was also maintained in different stages of embryo development. The substrate specificity for esterase isozymes suggested that the slow moving group to which isozyme «x» and «y» belongs is the aryl esterase (3.1.1.2). The potential use of these isozymes as markers of competence of cells to undergo somatic embryogenesis is discussed.
Teachers' Conceptions of Reading Comprehension and Motivation to Read.

Given the increasing number of immigrant students in the USA initially schooled in Mexico, Central America, and South America, and the dearth of investigations examining the beliefs of teachers from Mexico, Central America, or South America, an exploration of Latin American teachers’ conceptions may inform policy-makers and researchers about teachers in different cultural contexts and provide insight into the types of instruction Latin American immigrants may have experienced before coming to the USA. Teachers’ conceptions of reading comprehension and motivation to read across two cultural contexts (i.e. the USA and Argentina) were examined by analyzing responses from 21 US teachers and 23 Argentinean teachers. Both groups of teachers held views of reading comprehension in partial agreement with cognitive views of reading comprehension but differed in their views of instructional practices for supporting reading comprehension. Differences also emerged for conceptions of motivation and practices to support...
THE ACCELERATING RATE OF GLOBAL CHANGE

The Earth’s surface temperature represents a balance between incoming solar energy, partial reflection (planetary albedo) and reradiation from the planet modified by the greenhouse effect of atmospheric gases having three or more atoms per molecule. Over the past 6,000 years the Earth’s surface temperatures have remained remarkably stable. However during the last century it became increasingly apparent that human activities, especially the burning of fossil fuels were affecting the planet and causing global warming. The perturbation of climate brought on by humans has been recognized by the proposal of the terms Anthropocene or Anthropogene for the period since the beginning of the industrial revolution or even earlier, when CO2 levels began to rise rather than decline after the beginning of the current interglacial. There are four major greenhouse gases in Earth’s lower atmospheric layer, the troposphere: water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. The atmospheric content of water vapor is controlled by temperature, so its distribution is restricted to the tropics and subtropics and lower part of the troposphere. Methane and nitrous oxide both have short atmospheric lifetimes of a decade or two. However, CO2 introduced into the atmosphere has a lifetime of tens of thousands of years or more. Burning of fossil fuels has increased the level of atmospheric CO2 by about 45 % over the level prior to the industrial revolution. The increasing greenhouse effect is augmented by a series of feedbacks, most positive (+), but a few negative (−), which have appeared in the climate system: Changes in (1) the thermohaline circulation system (+ or −); (2) the Atlantic to Pacific vapor transport (+); (3) Arctic river runoff (+); (4) melting of Arctic sea ice (+); (5) the ice-albedo feedback (+); (6) addition of methane from melting permafrost (+); (7) changes in the rate of ocean mixing (+); (8) changes in vegetation (+ or −); (9) wildfires (+); (10) soot accumulation on snow and ice (+); (11) accelerated melting of the Greenland Ice Sheet (+); (12) decay of the Antarctic Ice Sheet (+); (13) expansion of Southern Ocean sea ice (−), and perhaps an additional potential feedback, (14) slowing the rate of organic matter sinking into the deep ocean (+). ‘Global dimming’ refers to a decrease in insolation reaching the surface of the Earth as a result of introduction of aerosols into the atmosphere, resulting in pauses in the general greenhouse warming. The increasingly chaotic weather is an indication that the Earth’s climate system is becoming unstable in response to the ongoing perturbation.
Effects of Social Context and Other's Competence on Engaging in Controversy

Summary Eighty undergraduates at a large eastern United States university indicated their position on a moral issue, were placed in cooperation or competition, and led to believe the other discussant was more or less competent than themselves. Ss in the cooperative context, compared to competitive context, chose a discussant with an opposing opinion. Ss in competition were more likely to choose controversy when the other discussant was less competent. Results suggest that persons in cooperation may test the validity of their ideas through controversy; persons in competition may attempt to strengthen their opinion either by choosing a more competent discussant with the same opinion or a less competent discussant with an opposing view.
Response to Yarze.

To the Editor: We would like to sincerely thank Yarze (1, 2) for his comments about our manuscript’s findings. In our study, no major endoscopic complications occurred during the procedures performed after a night of call. However, sleep deprivation influences our behaviors in subtle and sometimes difficult-to-measure ways. We commend Dr Yarze for recognizing this phenomenon early during his career and being a pioneer in his willingness to alter his schedule accordingly. As we noted within the manuscript, there are health system, hospital, clinical practice, and individual/personal factors that call for uninterrupted work to be performed by physicians despite sleep deprivation. The pressure to complete healthcare tasks while impaired by the lack of sleep is unacceptable. Similar to Yarze’s practice, our entire practice has now altered our endoscopic schedules to prevent any procedures being completed by sleep-deprived endoscopists. We plan to continue to evaluate the influence of sleep deprivation on endoscopic outcomes. Hopefully, as a field, our understanding of the subtle effects of sleep deprivation on all endoscopic procedures will grow. We can apply this innovative knowledge toward safe patient-centered gastroenterology care.
Abomasal function following injections of elfazepam and 9-aza-cannabinol

Abstract The feed intake stimulants elfazepam (E), a benzodiazepine, and 9-aza-cannabinol (9-AC) decrease rumen contractions and abomasal acid content in sheep and E increases rumen fluid volume, digestibility and overall nutrient availability. E has been hypothesized to decrease the propulsive activity of the entire GI tract. To further examine the effects of E and 9-AC on gastric function, 4 ewes were prepared with abomasal cannuals and 3 silver/silver chloride monopolar electrodes alternated with 2 strain gauges on the distal one-third of the abomasal serosa. Electromyographical (slow waves and action potentials) and contractile (rates and forces) activities and abomasal pH were measured. Treatments of 8 and 16 mg E had no effect on slow wave frequency, action potential rate, contraction rate, or contraction force. Abomasal content pH was decreased with 8 mg E. Treatments of 125 and 250 μg 9-AC depressed action potential and contraction rates and contraction force but had no effect on slow wave frequency or pH.
Exact Image Reconstruction from a Single Projection through Real Computation

Abstract In Discrete Tomography one aims to reconstruct a function (image) with a known discrete range from its projection along certain directions. By modern electron-microscopy techniques, one can count the number of atoms laying on a line representing, e.g., an X-ray. The so obtained data is used in the integer programming formulation. However, in real applications the size of the problem, that is well-known to be NP-hard, is so large that no method seems to be applicable to it. Other natural restrictions can make the problem even harder. In an attempt to avoid such kind of difficulties, we present an alternative approach to the problem. With this, we also aim to shed more light on the theoretical limitations for efficient computation in Discrete Tomography. Our approach is based on image reconstruction from a single projection, under the hypothesis that all computations take place in an algebraic computation model. In terms of computational efficiency, the proposed algorithm is significantly superior to the known algorithms for the problem. We also discuss on the possibilities for practical implementation of our method.
Community Resilience Interventions Participatory, Assessment-Based, Action-Oriented Processes

This article compares six interventions to enhance community resilience. In this review, underlying principles for community resilience interventions are (a) use a multihazard approach relevant to the local context, (b) utilize community assessment, (c) focus on community engagement, (d) adhere to bioethical principles, (e) emphasize both assets and needs, and (f) encourage skill development. The interventions are compared with respect to parameters that address their foundation, methodology, and implementation.
Determination of Perchlorate in Tobacco Plants and Tobacco Products

Previous field and laboratory studies with vascular plants have shown that perchlorate is transported from perchlorate fortified soils and is accumulated in the plant tissues and organs. This paper...
Snowmelt runoff, sediment, and phosphorus losses under three different tillage systems

In cold climates, snowmelt runoff often exceeds rainfall runoff during the year. Conservation tillage practices may be effective in reducing runoff during the cropping season but not during the snowmelt period. A plot study was conducted on a cropped hillslope to assess how tillage practices affect snowmelt runoff and the associated losses of sediment, phosphorus (P), and chemical oxygen demand (COD). Tillage systems were fall moldboard and chisel plowing with spring disking, and a ridge till system utilizing only the tillage associated with summer row cultivation. Tillage and planting were done up and down the slope. Ridge tilled plots had higher fall residue cover, retained more snow, had less surface roughness, and consequently produced more runoff than the moldboard plow treatment. The amount of runoff from chisel plowed plots was similar to runoff from ridge tilled plots despite a relatively rough surface and moderate amount of residue cover. Phosphorus losses in runoff were higher for the ridge till and chisel plow systems than for the moldboard plow system. For all tillage systems, soluble P represented a major portion (75%) of the total P loss in snowmelt runoff. Although erosive losses in snowmelt were low, the P losses were substantial and merit consideration in studies evaluating management systems impact on surface water quality in regions where snowmelt runoff is important.
A computational theory of enterprise transformation

This paper translates a qualitative theory of enterprise transformation into a quantitative, mathematical theory. This enables computational exploration of the phenomena outlined in the theory, as well as the sensitivity of these phenomena to a range of parameters intended to reflect the elements of the theory. The overall question addressed is, “What should an enterprise do in response to perceptions of impending substantial change?” A mixture of three types of responses is considered—predict better, learn faster, and act faster. As these responses all require investments, it is not the case that an enterprise should always pursue all of them. Indeed, there are conditions under which an enterprise should not pursue any of them. This paper elaborates the nature of these conditions, explains why they arise, and discusses the implications for enterprises entertaining transformation. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Amsacrine: a review.

Amsacrine is an acridine derivative that has been extensively evaluated for its antitumor activity in recent years. Amsacrine is active in the treatment of acute leukemias and lymphomas but largely ineffective in solid tumors. In acute myelogenous leukemia, amsacrine is as effective as the two most active drugs, cytarabine and daunorubicin and can produce complete remissions in patients refractory to these drugs. The addition of amsacrine to the limited therapeutic armamentarium for this disease offers the potential for improved remission rates and remission duration.
Ototoxicity from high-dose use of platinum compounds in patients with neuroblastoma.

BACKGROUND. The young age of neuroblastoma patients makes them especially prone to the ototoxic effects of widely used treatments that feature aggressive use of platinum compounds. We present data defining the extent of the problem in a large series of neuroblastoma patients whose induction included high-dose cisplatin/etoposide (HD-P/E) as used in both the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center N7 regimen and the Children's Oncology Group A3973 study. METHODS. N7/A3973 patients were divided into 3 groups: Group 1 had hearing tested after induction, that included 2 cycles of HD-P/E (cumulative cisplatin = 400 mg/m2); Group 2 had hearing tested after induction, that included 3 cycles of HD-P/E (cumulative cisplatin = 600 mg/m2); and Group 3 had hearing tested following carboplatin-containing myeloablative therapy administered after induction, that included 2 cycles of HD-P/E. Ototoxicity was scored by the Brock method. RESULTS. All 3 groups had similar clinical characteristics, including median age at diagnosis of about 3 years. Little or no hearing loss in the speech range (Grade 0/1) was documented in 21 (32%) of the 65 Group 1 patients, 5 (10%) of the 50 Group 2 patients, and 9 (15.5%) of the 58 Group 3 patients. Severe (Grade 3/4) deficits affected 25% of Group 1, 54% of Group 2, and 50% of Group 3 patients. Patients < 5 years at diagnosis had greater ototoxicity than older patients had, with adolescents/adults being the least affected. Findings were stable in repeated assessments over 2 or more years. CONCLUSIONS. Ototoxicity is a serious and pervasive problem in this patient population. Strategies to ameliorate ototoxicity without compromising on antitumor activity of treatments are urgently needed. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Comparison of Late Ordovician epicontinental seas and their relative bathymetry in North America and China

Six widely separated areas with Upper Ordovician strata in Canada and the United States are compared with six localities in southern China. Cyclic sedimentation, including evaporites, carbonates, and phosphatic black shales, occurred in relatively shallow epicontinental seas of North America. As many as three Ashgill cycles of regionally different styles may have been coeval throughout North America in response to modest changes in sea level. Environments in South China primarily included carbonates and black shales with a far more uniform distribution. Absence of comparable sedimentary cycles confirms that the platform bathymetry of South China was consistently deeper than in North America. The almost complete exposure of North China (Sino-Korean Plate) by Late Ordovician time underscores the fact that independent cratons have different bathymetric histories. By mid-Silurian time, South China also was fully exposed. Such hypsographic variation is critical to the intercontinental correlation of features related to eustasy, water chemistry, and even the patterns of extinctions.
Prevalence and determinants of headaches in Hawaii: The Hilo Women's Health Study

Background: Headache frequency has been associated with ethnicity, menopause, abdominal obesity and stress.Aim: To examine the prevalence and determinants of headaches in the multi-ethnic community of Hilo, Hawaii.Subjects and methods: A random sample of 1824 women aged 16–100 was recruited by postal survey; 206 women aged 45–55 were recruited for clinical measures. Both studies queried the presence/absence of headaches during the past 2 weeks. The clinical study also examined migraines and tension headaches. Headaches were examined in relation to demographic, reproductive and lifestyle variables, stress, symptoms and anthropometric measures.Results: Headache prevalence was 47%. Japanese women were less likely to report headaches compared to women of European descent, but, after controlling for measures of stress, Japanese women were at a higher risk for headaches. Post-menopausal women were half as likely to report headaches compared with pre-menopausal women. Women with children younger than 18 were 4-t...
Early epoetin alfa treatment in children with solid tumors.

Background Combination chemotherapy is often used for long periods in children with solid malignancies, leading to anemia and necessitating intervention with red blood cell (RBC) transfusions. Transfusions, however, are associated with a variety of adverse events and risks. Recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO, epoetin alfa) has been shown to reduce the need for transfusions and to ameliorate the symptoms of anemia in adults, but few studies have been conducted thus far in pediatric patients. Procedure Thirty-seven children with solid tumors receiving treatment with platinum- or nonplatinum-based chemotherapy were treated with epoetin alfa and supplemental iron in a single-center, open-label, 28-week, case-control study. Results Epoetin alfa significantly reduced the need for RBC (P = 0.007) and platelet (P = 0.01) transfusions, and prolonged the time to first RBC transfusion (P = 0.0004) as compared to the control group. Moreover, epoetin alfa was effective in maintaining mean hemoglobin levels during the course of the study, whereas they declined below baseline after week 9 in the control group. Conclusions Epoetin alfa is effective and safe in reducing transfusion requirements and maintaining adequate hemoglobin levels in children with solid tumors undergoing combination chemotherapy. Med Pediatr Oncol 2002; 39:459–462. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The use of a priori estimates in engineering computations

Abstract The use of a priori information in finite element analysis is discussed with reference to definition of mathematical models; selection of the extension process for controlling the errors of discretization; a posteriori estimation of energy in energy norm, and extraction of engineering data from finite element solutions. The discussion focuses on the displacement formulation. Examples are presented.
Robinson instabilities with a higher-harmonic cavity

A radio frequency system with a fourth-harmonic ``Landau'' cavity suppresses coupled-bunch instabilities and increases the beam lifetime of the Aladdin electron storage ring. When the storage ring is operated with a small momentum compaction, instabilities limit the utility of the Landau cavity. Analytical modeling of instability frequencies and growth rates, simulations, and experiments suggest that the observed instabilities result from coupling between dipole and quadrupole Robinson modes.
Not So Innocent Anymore Making Recording Devices Matter in Qualitative Interviews

The purpose of this article is to throw into radical doubt the material-discursive practices of recording devices (e.g., tape and digital recorders) used in qualitative interviews. To do this work,...
Research in Coronary Heart Disease in Blacks: Issues and Challenges

Research on coronary heart disease (CHD) has contributed to the decline in cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality during the past three decades. However, life expectancy and rates of illness and death from CHD have not improved for blacks as for whites. Blacks have not experienced the full benefit of research advancements for a variety of reasons, including insufficient scientific data, lack of research focused on minority populations, and limited access to health care resources and technology. In order to address these disparities in prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes of CHD in blacks, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute converted a Working Group on Research in Coronary Heart Disease in Blacks. In its deliberations, the working group identified 10 priority research areas, which are treatment, epidemiology (data collection and analysis), evaluation of chest pain and diagnosis of CHD, prevention and behavior, risk factors, genetics, vascular biology, left ventricular hypertrophy, coronary microvasculature, and sudden cardiac death.
Test of Direct and Indirect Effects of Agrochemicals on the Survival of Fecal Indicator Bacteria

Water bodies often receive agrochemicals and animal waste carrying fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) and zoonotic pathogens, but we know little about the effects of agrochemicals on these microbes. We assessed the direct effects of the pesticides atrazine, malathion, and chlorothalonil and inorganic fertilizer on Escherichia coli and enterococcal survival in simplified microcosms held in the dark. E. coli strain composition in sediments and water column were positively correlated, but none of the agrochemicals had significant direct effects on E. coli strain composition or on densities of culturable FIBs. In a companion study, microcosms with nondisinfected pond water and sediments were exposed to or shielded from sunlight to examine the potential indirect effects of atrazine and inorganic fertilizer on E. coli. The herbicide atrazine had no effect on E. coli in dark-exposed microcosms containing natural microbial and algal communities. However, in light-exposed microcosms, atrazine significantly lowered E. coli densities in the water column and significantly increased densities in the sediment compared to controls. This effect appears to be mediated by the effects of atrazine on algae, given that atrazine significantly reduced phytoplankton, which was a positive and negative predictor of E. coli densities in the water column and sediment, respectively. These data suggest that atrazine does not directly affect the survival of FIB, rather that it indirectly alters the distribution and abundance of E. coli by altering phytoplankton and periphyton communities. These results improve our understanding of the influence of agricultural practices on FIB densities in water bodies impacted by agricultural runoff.
Oxalato complexes of Co(II) and Co(III)

Abstract The results of various chemical and physical-chemical studies on the oxalato complexes of di- and tri-valent cobalt are reported. Evidence is presented for a Co(II) trioxalato complex with a dissociation constant of ca. 0·1, and that the complex known as Durrant's salt, of empirical formula K 2 Co(C 2 O 4 ) 2 (OH)(H 2 O), has a bridged and probably binuclear structure. Durrant's salt is formed by the action of two-electron, oxygen carrying oxidants, such as hydrogen peroxide and hypochlorite, on solutions of Co(II) in excess oxalate. The one electron oxidant, Ce(IV) gives, instead, Co(C 2 O 4 ) 3 −3 . Possible explanations of the specificity of various oxidants are discussed. The kinetics of the thermal decomposition of Co(C 2 O 4 ) 3 −3 and of the exchange with Co(II) are reported on, and a common mechanism is proposed, involving the oxalate radical ion as intermediate.
Increasing the Assessment Probe Performance of Teacher Aides through Written Prompts

Two supervisory procedures for promoting the conduct of in vivo probes by six special education teacher aides were examined. The first procedure served as baseline and consisted of inservice training, self-regulated probing and data recording, and incidental modeling by the primary investigator. This procedure produced poor probing performance, reflecting inconsistency, low frequency, and differential sensitivity toward the three participating students. The second procedure consisted of the addition of delivering data cards to aides, thus prompting them to conduct daily probes. This additional component resulted in a 53% increase in the level of probing and was accompanied by less variability, higher sustained rates of probing, and more equitable probing of the students. Two types of reversal probes produced evidence that (a) the investigator's absence and (b) his presence without delivering cards occasioned low performance levels. Both conceptual (stimulus-control analysis) and applied (aides' preference...
Laying a foundation for academic writing in engineering: Helping international graduate students write in English

Many beginning international graduate students in engineering often need extra support in learning to write basic academic English, yet advanced writing-for-publication courses seem to be more prevalent than writing courses dealing with more fundamental issues. A new course, situated within a particular engineering discipline, attempts to bridge this gap by introducing these students to several common professional documents such as CVs and cover letters. In addition, students write a paper investigating academic discourse in their area of specialization, based on library and ethnographic research. This paper also presents various qualitative results from the students' in-class comments and written course evaluations, along with the instructor's comments and plans for future course offerings.
INFLUENCE OF ADRENAL PREPARATIONS ON BASAL METABOLISM AND SPECIFIC DYNAMIC ACTION1

OVER A PERIOD of years evidence has been accumulating for the participation of the adrenal cortex in the maintenance of the normal metabolic rate. Among the first to furnish conclusive proof were Marine and Baumann (I) and Aub, Forman and Bright (2) who observed a fall in metabolism after adrenalectomy. Swingle et al. (3) demonstrated that cortical extract would return the basal metabolism of adrenalectomized cats to normal. At about the same time this was also shown by Hartman et al. (4) in rats. More recently Thorn and his associates (5) found no change in the metabolism of adrenalectomized dogs kept in good condition by desoxycorticosterone acetate. They studied the fasting blood sugar, the tolerance curve following oral glucose administration, the fasting respiratory quotient (R.Q.) and the R.Q. following glucose administration. No change was found in any of these values. It is interesting to note that in patients with Addison's disease Thorn et al. (6) found a low blood sugar curve following orally a...
Women's Fiction from Latin America: Selections from Twelve Contemporary Authors

Women's Fiction from Latin America: Selections from Twelve Contemporary Authors. Evelyn Picon Garfield. (ed. and trans.). Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1988. 355 pp, illustrations, bibliography. $35.00(cloth),$15.95(paper). ISBN 0-8143-1859-2, ISBN 0-8143-1859-2
Feeding by Cryptophlebia illepida and C. ombrodelta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) on Macadamia Nut Abortion

In paired-cage studies, husk feeding by Cryptophlebia illepida (Butler) resulted in an average twofold increase in nut drop 66 d after introduction compared with nuts that were not fed upon. This data suggested that nut immaturity could be related to Cryptophlebia spp. feeding. Field tests demonstrated that the proportion of nuts with husk damage was related to the proportion of nuts which were immature in a sample. My data show that the effect of Cryptophlebia feeding on macadamia is underestimated when only direct damage to the kernel is assessed.
Teaching ventilation/perfusion relationships in the lung.

This brief review is meant to serve as a refresher for faculty teaching respiratory physiology to medical students. The concepts of ventilation and perfusion matching are some of the most challenging ideas to learn and teach. Some strategies to consider in teaching these concepts are, first, to build from simple to more complex by starting with a single lung unit and then adding additional units representing shunting, mismatch, and deadspace. Second, use simplified analogies, such as a bathtub, to help students conceptualize new ideas. Third, introduce the concept of alveolar to arterial O2 differences and the mechanisms for increasing differences as additional lung units are added. Fourth, use the consistent thread of causes of hypoxemia through the lecture to maintain continuity and provide clinical relevance. Finally, use clinically relevant examples at each step and solidify new concepts by discussing differential diagnoses at the end of the lecture(s).
Correlations between the Quick Test and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised

The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised and the Quick Test were administered to 103 adults. Despite relative inexperience of examiners, a Pearson correlation of .64 between scores was obtained. The Quick Test tended to underestimate superior WAIS-R IQs but did an excellent job in predicting average IQs. The Quick Test is a valid screening device.
Calibrating the quality of therapy: Collaborative archiving of tape samples from therapy outcome trials

Therapy provided in different outcome studies cannot be examined in cumulative analysis unless calibrated for quality across studies. Investigators conducting controlled outcome trials could provide audio or audiovisual samples of therapy in order to quantitatively determine an index of therapeutic quality and create a system of archival storage. Usages for the archival materials are suggested and potential problems are considered.
Crude oil and stock markets: Stability, instability, and bubbles ☆

Abstract We analyze the long-run relationship between the world price of crude oil and international stock markets over 1971:1–2008:3 using a cointegrated vector error correction model with additional regressors. Allowing for endogenously identified breaks in the cointegrating and error correction matrices, we find evidence for breaks after 1980:5, 1988:1, and 1999:9. There is a clear long-run relationship between these series for six OECD countries for 1971:1–1980.5 and 1988:2–1999.9, suggesting that stock market indices respond negatively to increases in the oil price in the long run. During 1980.6–1988.1, we find relationships that are not statistically significantly different from either zero or from the relationships of the previous period. The expected negative long-run relationship appears to disintegrate after 1999.9. This finding supports a conjecture of change in the relationship between real oil price and real stock prices in the last decade compared to earlier years, which may suggest the presence of several stock market bubbles and/or oil price bubbles since the turn of the century.
Lithium treatment and tryptophan transport through the blood-brain barrier

Abstract Tryptophan transport through the blood-brain barrier of lithium-treated animals did not differ from transport by controls. Lithium ion, itself, did not appear to alter such transport, nor did lithium treatment alter serum constituents so as to modify tryptophan passage through the blood-brain barrier. These results suggest that the accumulation of tryptophan in brain during lithium treatment probably results from the reported lithium-induced increase in the high-affinity, neuronal uptake system.
Alewives and rainbow smelt in Lake Huron: midwater and bottom aggregations and estimates of standing stocks

Abstract The continued availability of adequate amounts of forage fish, primarily alewives Alosa pseudoharengus and rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax, is critical to the success of ongoing programs aimed at rebuilding lake trout Salvelinus namaycush populations and maintaining other salmonid stocks in Lake Huron. These forage species are distributed at middepths as well as on or near the bottom. Acoustic methods were integrated with midwater and bottom trawling to characterize the population and estimate the biomass of the forage stocks. The average sizes of alewives and rainbow smelt caught at middepths were smaller than those caught in bottom trawls; however, most size ranges in the bottom trawl catches were also present in the midwater catches. Subadult and adult fish (both species) were rarely caught concurrently in midwater and when they were caught together the fish were invariably large subadults and small adults. Biomass estimates for the pelagic component were determined from trawl catches and echogra...
Phosphorylation controls timing of Cdc6p destruction: A biochemical analysis.

The replication initiation protein Cdc6p forms a tight complex with Cdc28p, specifically with forms of the kinase that are competent to promote replication initiation. We now show that potential sites of Cdc28 phosphorylation in Cdc6p are required for the regulated destruction of Cdc6p that has been shown to occur during the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell cycle. Analysis of Cdc6p phosphorylation site mutants and of the requirement for Cdc28p in an in vitro ubiquitination system suggests that targeting of Cdc6p for degradation is more complex than previously proposed. First, phosphorylation of N-terminal sites targets Cdc6p for polyubiquitination probably, as expected, through promoting interaction with Cdc4p, an F box protein involved in substrate recognition by the Skp1-Cdc53-F-box protein (SCF) ubiquitin ligase. However, in addition, mutation of a single, C-terminal site stabilizes Cdc6p in G2 phase cells without affecting substrate recognition by SCF in vitro, demonstrating a second and novel requirement for specific phosphorylation in degradation of Cdc6p. SCF-Cdc4p– and N-terminal phosphorylation site–dependent ubiquitination appears to be mediated preferentially by Clbp/Cdc28p complexes rather than by Clnp/Cdc28ps, suggesting a way in which phosphorylation of Cdc6p might control the timing of its degradation at then end of G1 phase of the cell cycle. The stable cdc6 mutants show no apparent replication defects in wild-type strains. However, stabilization through mutation of three N-terminal phosphorylation sites or of the single C-terminal phosphorylation site leads to dominant lethality when combined with certain mutations in the anaphase-promoting complex.
Optimization of a Linac-based 4D Cone-beam CT Acquisition Protocol for Image-guided Radiation Therapy

Materials/Methods: We have developed a 4D CBCT acquisition technique to support IGRTfor free-breathing thoracic andabdominal cancer patients. The Varian OBI imager was displaced (half-fan acquisition geometry) extending the FOV to 450 mm. The projections were acquired in 360 gantry rotation arcs. The 8 to 12 minute scanning time was set to cover 120 breathing cycles (BC), with a sampling rate of 20 projections per BC. We used the Varian Real-time positioning and management system as an external surrogate to correlate the patient respiration with the projection acquisition. View aliasing artifacts for single and multiple gantry arc acquisitions were evaluated on patient datasets. Using a synthetic 4D CBCT dataset derived from a 10 minute scan, we evaluated the distribution of gantry angle increments as a function of number of gantry rotations assuming 1 minute rotation time and 10 frames per second. Actual patient respiratory traces were used to sort the projections into phase bins. IQ was assessed as function x-ray exposure (mAs) per projection.
Anti-Dieting Advice From Teammates: A Pilot Study of the Experience of Female Collegiate Cross Country Runners

Disordered eating behaviors and restrictive dieting can have negative health consequences for female athletes. Teammates can play an important role in primary and secondary prevention of these unhealthy eating practices through verbal and non-verbal communication about what behaviors are normative and desirable. The present study tested two tested hypotheses related to the way anti-dieting advice from teammates is distributed: (a) that there are significant between-team differences in the level of anti-dieting advice received, and (b) that the frequency of anti-dieting advice from teammates is positively associated with the severity of an individual's eating disorder symptomatology and negatively associated with their body mass index (BMI). Participants were female members (n = 89) of six U.S. National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I women's cross country teams. Findings revealed significant between-team differences in the frequency of anti-dieting advice, controlling for team levels of disordered eating. Eating pathology and BMI were positively associated with anti-dieting advice received. Implications for the design of interventions to encourage effective within-team communication for promoting teammate health are discussed.
Revised status of Chloridea Duncan and (Westwood), 1841, for the Heliothis virescens species group (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Heliothinae) based on morphology and three genes

The Heliothinae comprise some of the world's most injurious agricultural pests. This study reanalyses a subsample of the Heliothis group to determine the monophyly of Chloridea (Heliothis virescens and H. subflexa). Two nuclear gene regions, elongation factor-1α (EF-1α; 1240 bp) and dopa decarboylase (DDC; 687 bp), and the barcoding region of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI; 708 bp) were used in this analysis for a total of 2635 bp and a morphological dataset of 20 characters and 62 character states. Sixteen species representing five genera plus two outgroup species were used in the analysis. Analyses used were Maximum Parsimony (MP), Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Bayesian Inference (BI). The revised status for the monophyletic genus Chloridea Duncan and (Westwood) was supported by a very strong bootstrap support (BP = 98–100). Larval host-plant usage is discussed within the Heliothis clade. Polyphagy is most likely the ancestral condition with a host shift to monophagy and oligophagy. Based on known larval hosts, Heliocheilus is oligophagous on Poaceae. Traits of host plant use in Helicoverpa and Chloridea where both polyphagy and oligophagy occur in closely related species are discussed.