cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Longevity of restorations: survey results of dentists’ estimates and attitudes

A cross-sectional survey of 571 clinicians was conducted to obtain information about expected and observed restoration longevity as well as the causes of restoration failure. A cross-sectional survey of 571 clinicians was conducted to obtain information about expected and observed restoration longevity. Clinicians believed that average large amalgam, small amalgam, and cast restorations lasted 6, 11, and 13 years, respectively. Patients were thought to be responsible for 47%, dentists for 30%, andmaterials used for 23% of restoration failures. The clinicians perceived the restorations that they placed to be more long-lasting than those placed by other clinicians. Clinical measurements of restoration longevity were shown to be influenced by the judgment criteria used by clinicians.
The Negative Appendectomy Rate: Who Benefits From Preoperative CT?

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this article is to determine the negative appendectomy rates of patients who did and did not undergo preoperative CT and to determine, more specifically, whether men benefit from preoperative CT. MATERIALS AND METHODS. We identified 512 patients who had a nonincidental appendectomy between July 1, 2002, and June 30, 2007. Pathology records were compared with a radiology records search to determine which patients underwent preoperative CT. Proportions of patients were compared between groups using the Fisher exact test. RESULTS. Of 512 patients who had a nonincidental appendectomy, 465 (91%) underwent preoperative CT, and 47 (9%) underwent appendectomy only on the basis of clinical findings. Overall, 22 of 465 patients (4.7%) who underwent preoperative CT had a negative appendectomy compared with six of 47 patients who did not undergo preoperative imaging (negative appendectomy rate, 12.7%; p = 0.03). Among men, six of 237 (2.5%) with preoperative CT had a negative appendectomy, v...
Accelerated α Relaxation Dynamics in the Exfoliated Nylon-11/Clay Nanocomposite Observed in the Melt and Semicrystalline State by Dielectric Spectroscopy

Melt state properties of nylon-11 and its exfoliated silicate nanocomposite were monitored during extrusion compounding using an on-line dielectric slit die sensor, and solid-state properties were probed off-line below the melting temperature by a dielectric spectrometer. A comprehensive relaxation master map for nylon-11 and its exfoliated clay nanocomposite featuring six relaxation modes in both melt and semicrystalline states revealed changes in molecular dynamics upon the addition of nanofillers. α relaxation was observed in the neat resin as well as the composite, and a Maxwell−Wagner−Sillars (MWS) relaxation was detected in the composite melt yet absent from the neat molten nylon. The MWS relaxation mode, which exhibited a broader relaxation time distribution and a much greater dielectric intensity compared to the α relaxation, resulted from polarization at the filler/polymer interfaces. MWS can be used to distinguish the neat polymer from the composite during real-time processing. The presence of e...
Fitting a linear relationship with confidence intervals by correlation

The study of the empirical linear relationship between two measured variables should use correlation analysis which treats the variables symmetrically, rather than linear regression which inappropriately assumes a dependent and an independent variable. An APL computer program calculates the best fitting bivariate Gaussian distribution and plots the data with the superimposed straight line relationship and the confidence interval.
Adjuvant irradiation for early breast cancer an on‐going controversy

Adjuvant irradiation has been used in the treatment of breast cancer for over 80 years, but its use has always been, and remains, controversial. It is extremely valuable in the treatment of Stage III and IV breast cancer because of its ability to reduce the local recurrence rate in these late stages down to acceptably low levels; however, to have a significant benefit in Stages I and II, in which the local recurrence rate is only 10% to 20% with mastectomy alone, it should be able to improve survival as well as prevent local recurrence. All of the early trials indicated that adjuvant irradiation neither increased nor decreased survival; however, these trials were flawed by poorly executed randomization processes and/or by the use of radiotherapy that would be considered inadequate by today's standards. The two recent trials, Oslo and Stockholm, which were more stringently randomized and which employed more modern radiotherapy techniques, showed an improved disease-free survival with adjuvant irradiation. Overall, survival, however, was unaffected, save for the small subset of patients with medial tumors and histologically positive axillary nodes. For these patients there was a trend toward survival enhancement by internal mammary node irradiation. All of the trials testing irradiation and surgery against surgery alone have very little relevance in today's adjuvant chemotherapy era; thus, the entire question of survival enhancement by irradiation must be reassessed within the context of adjuvant chemotherapy. Will the combination of adjuvant chemotherapy and irradiation yield a better survival than either adjuvant modality alone? The results of the few prospective trials that have addressed this question are still preliminary, and longer follow-up is necessary before any conclusions can be reached. Also, future studies must be undertaken to address two issues that may be very important when combining chemotherapy and radiotherapy: the sequencing of these two modalities, and the optimum radiotherapy technique for minimizing hematologic suppression.
Boundedness of infinite delay difference systems

x(n + 1) = G(n, x(s); S = I,1 + 1, . . . , n) = G(n, X(‘)), (1) where I is an integer or -co, G is a Volterra functional determined by the integer n and the values of x(s) for s = I,1 + 1, . . . , n and taking values in Rk. The stability results of (1) have been recently established in [ 11. However, in order to explore the existence of periodic solutions of (1) we need to know not only the stability but also the boundedness of solutions. For the linear case of (1) for the relevant results we refer to [2], while for the corresponding results of infinite delay differential systems see [3, 41. In this paper we are going to establish theorems on boundedness for (1) in terms of both Liapunov functionals and functions with the so-called Razumikhin techniques. Before doing this we give the following notations and definitions. For any integer m 2 00, let Z, = (m, m + 1, . ..). and Z, = Z, the integer set, if m = -a. Trivially, for any IE~ E Z, and a given bounded initial function 4: (I, I + 1, . . . , no) -+ Rk, there is a unique solution of (l), denoted by x(n, n, , d), such that it satisfies (1) for all integers 17 2 n, and x(n, n,, 4) = d(n) forn=l,l+l,..., n,.
Mere faith and entitlement

The scandal to philosophy and human reason, wrote Kant, is that we must take the existence of material objects on mere faith. In contrast, the skeptical paradox that has scandalized recent philosophy is not formulated in terms of faith, but rather in terms of justification, warrant, and entitlement. I argue that most contemporary approaches to the paradox (both dogmatist/liberal and default/conservative) do not address the traditional problem that scandalized Kant, and that the status of having a warrant (or justification) that is derived from entitlement is irrelevant to whether we take our beliefs on mere faith. For, one can have the sort of warrant that most contemporary anti-skeptics posit while still taking one’s belief on mere faith. An alternative approach to the traditional problem is sketched, one that still makes use of contemporary insights about “entitlement.”
A nonlinear dosimetric model for hemoglobin adduct formation by the neurotoxic agent acrylamide and its genotoxic metabolite glycidamide.

Abstract Hemoglobin (Hb) adducts, formed by the neurotoxic agent acrylamide (AA) and its genotoxic metabolite glycidamide (GA), were measured in the rat by means of a method for simultaneous determination of the adducts formed to cysteine. A novel, nonlinear dosimetric model was developed to describe Hb adduct formation. This model incorporates the saturable kinetics of the metabolic conversion in vivo of AA to GA. The pharmacokinetic parameters Vmax and Km and the first-order rates of elimination, k1 and k2, for AA and GA from all processes except conversion of AA to GA, were estimated directly from Hb adduct data to 19 M hr-1, 66 microM, 0.21 hr-1, and 0.48 hr-1, respectively. At low concentrations, approximately 60% of AA was metabolized to GA. The nonlinear dosimetric model for adduct formation has potential general applicability in high-to-low-dose extrapolation of genotoxic effects.
ONSET OF ATOMIC-SUBSHELL FILLING IN ORDINARY AND SUPERHEAVY ELEMENTS.

Energy considerations in the central-field approximation to the one-electron problem are used to derive a theoretical expression, namely, ${Z}_{1}(l)g~(\frac{1}{6}) {(2l+1)}^{3}$, for the atomic number ${Z}_{1}(l)$ at which a given atomic $l$ subshell first begins to become occupied. The lowest integral values of ${Z}_{1}(l)$ satisfying this relation for $l=0, 1, 2$, and 3 are found to be in exact agreement with the corresponding empirical values, i.e., ${Z}_{1}=1, 5, 21$, and 58, respectively. In the domain of the superheavy elements ($100\ensuremath{\lesssim}Z\ensuremath{\lesssim}200$) and beyond, this relation gives ${Z}_{1}(l)=122$, 222, and 367 for $l=4, 5$, and 6, respectively. The first member of this latter triad is in close accord with a recent estimate of ${Z}_{1}(4)=125$, cited by Seaborg. Comparison is made with the work of others in this field. To the writer's knowledge, this is the first calculation, without arbitrary introduction or adjustment of parameters, to yield results in complete accord with experiment.
Multiplexed Protein Analysis

Multiplexed protein analysis using an antibody-DNA barcoding approach could accelerate early detection and monitoring of cancer biomarkers in patient samples (Ullal et al., this issue).
THE PATHOGENESIS OF INFECTION WITH A VIRULENT (CG 179) AND AN AVIRULENT (B) STRAIN OF NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS IN THE CHICKEN : II. DEVELOPMENT OF ANTIBODY

Circulating antibody appeared in the convalescing NDV-infected chicken concomitantly with the disappearance of virus from the tissues. The antigenic response to the CG 179 and B strains was demonstrated to be approximately equal. The neutralization test in the embryo and the hemagglutination inhibition technique yielded parallel results in the measurement of antibody early in convalescence, but late in convalescence the hemagglutination inhibition titers were relatively lower. This disparity indicates the possible duality of the antibodies. There was a wide ratio between the neutralizing antibody titers found in the brain and in the serum after an asymptomatic infection with NDV. The antibody level in the brain appeared to be related to the extent of virus growth and damage in the central nervous system. It appeared likely that a major factor in determining the virulence of the CG 179 strain was the more rapid attainment in the central nervous system of high virus concentration which outstripped the defense mechanisms of the host.
Lithium, boron, and their isotopes in sediments and pore waters of Ocean Drilling Program Site 808, Nankai Trough: Implications for fluid expulsion in accretionary prisms

Results from a comprehensive study of B, δ11B, Li, and δ6Li distributions in both sediment and pore-water samples of Ocean Drilling Program Site 808, Nankai Trough, Japan, show a strong correlation between Li and B concentrations, in agreement with previously published information from surface-marine sediments, suggesting similar geochemical behavior in sedimentary environments. The δ6Li and δ11B analyses provide additional data on the systematics of Li and B in marine sediments. Our results provide information on fluid-expulsion activity that has occurred at this drill site. Anomalies in all these constituents in the vicinity of the decollement zone (∼960 m below sea floor [m bsf]) suggest an influx of deeply generated fluids having distinct chemical compositions. The maximum concentrations of B and Li in bulk sediment, as well as their corresponding isotopic compositions, suggest uptake of both elements via chemisorption or secondary-mineral formation near the fluid conduit associated with the decollement zone. The low δ11B in pore waters suggests contribution of exchangeable plus lattice-bound B from greater depths. The corresponding high δ6Li similarly indicates mobilization from sediment under high-temperature conditions.
Just do it? impact of a science apprenticeship program on high school students' understandings of the nature of science and scientific inquiry

The purpose of this study was to explicate the impact of an 8-week science apprenticeship program on a group of high-ability secondary students' understandings of the nature of science and scientific inquiry. Ten volunteers (Grades 10–11) completed a modified version of the Views of Nature of Science, Form B both before and after their apprenticeship to assess their conceptions of key aspects of the nature of science and scientific inquiry. Semistructured exit interviews provided an opportunity for students to describe the nature of their apprenticeship experiences and elaborate on their written questionnaire responses. Semistructured exit interviews were also conducted with the scientists who served as mentors for each of the science apprentices. For the most part, students held conceptions about the nature of science and scientific inquiry that were inconsistent with those described in current reforms. Participating science mentors held strong convictions that their apprentices had learned much about the scientific enterprise in the course of doing the science in their apprenticeship. Although most students did appear to gain knowledge about the processes of scientific inquiry, their conceptions about key aspects of the nature of science remained virtually unchanged. Epistemic demand and reflection appeared to be crucial components in the single case where a participant experienced substantial gains in her understandings of the nature of science and inquiry. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 40: 487–509, 2003
A Multidisciplinary Systems-Based Practice Learning Experience and Its Impact on Surgical Residency Education

Objective To design and implement a multidisciplinary systems-based practice learning experience that is focused on improving and standardizing the preoperative quality of care for general surgical patients. Design Four parameters of preoperative care were designated as quality assessment variables, including bowel preparation, perioperative beta-blockade, prophylactic antibiotic use, and deep venous thrombosis prevention. Four groups of general surgery residents (PGY I-V), each led by 1 chief resident, were assigned a quality parameter, performed an evidence-based current literature review, and formulated a standardized management approach based on the level of evidence and recommendations available. Because preoperative preparation includes anesthetic care and operating room preparation, we presented our findings at the Department of Surgery Grand Rounds in a multidisciplinary format that included presentations by each resident group, the Department of Anesthesia, the Department of Medicine, and the Department of Nursing. The aim of the multidisciplinary quality assurance conference was to present the evidence-based literature findings in order to determine how standardization of preoperative care would alter anesthetic and nursing care, and to obtain feedback about management protocols. To determine the educational impact of this model of integrated systems-based practice quality assessment on the teaching experience, residents were queried regarding the value of this educational venue and responses were rated on a Likert scale. Results Resident participation was excellent. The residents garnered valuable information by performing a literature review and evaluating the best preoperative preparation given each parameter. Furthermore, integration of their findings into systems-based practice including anesthesia and nursing care provided an appreciation of the complexities of care as well as the associated need for appropriate medical knowledge, communication, and professionalism. The derivation of treatment protocols included an opportunity to incorporate several competencies across multiple disciplines. The residents evaluated 5 questions and deemed the educational exercise an effective model to enrich surgical resident education while simultaneously improving patient care. The residents also strongly agreed that they would participate in similar projects in the future as well as recommend this educational exercise to other residents. A finalized preoperative order set was created and distributed to all residents for use in the preoperative care of general surgery patients. Conclusions Our multidisciplinary systems-based practice learning experience focused on improving and standardizing the preoperative quality of care for patients, and general surgery residents were pivotal participants in that process. This exercise had a positive impact on our general surgery residency education program and proved to be a valuable model of systems-based practice competency.
SU-FF-J-130: PET Free Breathing Motion Artifact Reduction Using List-Mode Data

Purpose: To show feasibility of a method for acquiring free‐breathing thoracic PETimages without breathing motion artifacts but with full statistics. Method: Data were collected using a Philips Brilliance and Siemens Biograph PET/CT scanners using list mode. Patient‐modeled tumor trajectories were provided using a custom‐fabricated 4D motion phantom. To synchronize the phantom and PET acquisition, a TTL synchronization signal was fed to the cardiac trigger channel. The trigger was activated when the phantom passed a user‐determined spatial threshold and therefore provided an irregular but well‐determined time pattern. The list mode was queried to determine the relative time of the cardiac triggers and this was used to synchronize the phantom position and the list mode data. The known phantom positions were subdivided into 10 bins of 8 mm width. PET events were selected from the list mode file according to which bin the phantom was in at the time of the PET event. This created 10 separate list mode files. Those list mode files were submitted to the commercial reconstructionsoftware to reconstructimages using only events occurring in the corresponding bins. The reconstruction images were shifted by the known phantom displacement and summed. The subsequent image was compared against the known phantom shape to determine if the reconstruction was successful. Results: The gated reconstructions were compared against the ungated (original list mode file) reconstructions, showing significant improvement in the reconstructed phantom shape. Residual deformation was noted, consistent with the 8 mm wide gating window. Conclusions: This method suggests that the list‐mode based respiratory gating is feasible and may provide an effective method in eliminating the artifacts caused by breathing motion from PETimages. The process should be supported by modern multislice PET/CT scanners. This work supported in part by NIH R01CA96679.
NeuroD6 genomic signature bridging neuronal differentiation to survival via the molecular chaperone network

During neurogenesis, expression of the basic helix-loop-helix NeuroD6/Nex1/MATH-2 transcription factor parallels neuronal differentiation and is maintained in differentiated neurons in the adult brain. To dissect NeuroD6 differentiation properties further, we previously generated a NeuroD6-overexpressing stable PC12 cell line, PC12-ND6, which displays a neuronal phenotype characterized by spontaneous neuritogenesis, accelerated NGF-induced differentiation, and increased regenerative capacity. Furthermore, we reported that NeuroD6 promotes long-term neuronal survival upon serum deprivation. In this study, we identified the NeuroD6-mediated transcriptional regulatory pathways linking neuronal differentiation to survival, by conducting a genome-wide microarray analysis using PC12-ND6 cells and serum deprivation as a stress paradigm. Through a series of filtering steps and a gene-ontology analysis, we found that NeuroD6 promotes distinct but overlapping gene networks, consistent with the differentiation, regeneration, and survival properties of PC12-ND6 cells. By using a gene-set-enrichment analysis, we provide the first evidence of a compelling link between NeuroD6 and a set of heat shock proteins in the absence of stress, which may be instrumental in conferring stress tolerance on PC12-ND6 cells. Immunocytochemistry results showed that HSP27 and HSP70 interact with cytoskeletal elements, consistent with their roles in neuritogenesis and preserving cellular integrity. HSP70 also colocalizes with mitochondria located in the soma, growing neurites, and growth cones of PC12-ND6 cells prior to and upon stress stimulus, consistent with its neuroprotective functions. Collectively, our findings support the notion that NeuroD6 links neuronal differentiation to survival via the network of molecular chaperones and endows the cells with increased stress tolerance.
Enabling materials and processes for large aerospace mirrors

The use of monolithic glass to produce large, rigid segmented members for lightweight space-based mirror systems appears to have reached its limits due to the long production lead times, high processing costs, and launch load/weight requirements. New material solutions and processes are required to meet the US Air Force's optical needs for directed energy, reconnaissance/surveillance, and communications. Mirror structural substrates made out of advanced materials (metal, ceramic, and polymer), composites, foams, and microsphere arrays should allow for CTE and modulus tailorability, low-density, and high values in strength, stiffness, thermal conductivity and toughness. Conventional mechanical polishing to visual specifications for figure and surface finish roughness requirements will be difficult, due to the multi-phase complexities of these new systems. Advances in surface removal technologies as well as replication processes will be required to produce the required optical finishes with reduced schedule and cost. In this paper selected material and process solutions being considered will be discussed.
The Social Basis of Agro-Environmental Concern : Physical versus Social Proximity

In this study, we explore the social basis of environmental concern, specifically focusing on attitudes about the agricultural environment in relation to an individual's geographic and social distance from agriculture. We also consider the significance of rural recreational behaviors in relation to agro-environmental concern. The analysis, based on data from a statewide survey of Ohioans, reveals a strong relationship between one's geographic location along the rural-urban continuum and attitudes about agriculture and the environment. This relationship, though, does not exist once the effects of social proximity to agriculture are accounted for, suggesting that the relationship between residential location along the rural-urban continuum and agro-environmental attitudes may be spurious. The analysis also reveals a strong relationship between participation in rural recreation and attitudes about agriculture and the environment. We describe several conceptual and practical implications of this research for natural-resource management.
Production of 0. 5-TW proton pulses with a spherical focusing, magnetically insulated diode

The production, focusing, and numerical simulation of a 0.5-TW proton beam is reported. This beam is produced with a spherical, magnetically insulated, ion diode fed symmetrically by the dual--pulse-line Proto I generator. The ions are accelerated with electric fields due to a virtual cathode supported by magnetic field surfaces. Approximately 75% of the diode electrical power is delivered to ions and 25% of the ion beam is focused upon thin, 1-cm-diam, 1-cm-long conical targets to produce the first experimental ion-driven implosions.
Properties and specificities of a digestive aminopeptidase from larvae of Attagenus megatoma (Coleoptera: dermestidae)

1. 1. Properties of an aminopeptidase isolated from midguts of larvae of the black carpet beetle, Attagenus megatoma, by anionic and cationic ion exchange and affinity chromatography were studied by use of the substrate l-leucine-p-nitroanilide. 2. 2. Inhibition of the enzyme by metal chelators and the results of dialysis experiments indicated that the aminopeptidase was a metalloprotein. Metallic cations such as Co2+, Mn2+, Sn2+, and Zn2+ activated the dialyzed enzymed. Inhibition by Hg2+, Cu2+, Cd2+,and Fe2+ indicated that sulfhydryl groups were required for activity. 3. 3. The concentration of alcohol required for complete inhibition of the enzyme was inversely related to alcohol chain length. 4. 4. The aminopeptidase cleaved l-amino acids from the N-terminal end of dipeptidaseand tripeptides and also hydrolyzed a number of aminoacyl-β-naphthylamides.
Formation of single-phase microemulsions in toluene/water/nonionic surfactant systems.

Mixtures of toluene and water from 5 to 50% oil fraction and 5 to 25% surfactant by weight were studied. Winsor Type IV microemulsions were formed in numerous cases. Review of partial ternary phase diagrams for these systems indicated the area of single-phase microemulsion with toluene could be maximized at an hydrophilic−lipophilic balance (HLB) of approximately 14.5. Select single-phase samples were further analyzed by surface tension and dynamic light scattering techniques, which allowed a detailed characterization of the solution equilibrium thermodynamics and size stability. Particle sizes averaged ∼5 nm and were nearly constant over a wide variety of conditions and for 6−18 months. When benzyl alcohol was used instead of toluene, the optimum HLB for the formation of single-phase systems was found to have a lower limit of 17. Particle sizes in these systems were <30 nm but showed greater variability. The decrease in particle size as surfactant concentration increased was determined to be associated w...
U.S. blockade of a conference in Cuba.

In March, the U.S. Treasury Department's Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC), which administers economic sanctions against Cuba, unexpectedly prohibited about 60 researchers from attending an international neurological conference in Cuba. The researchers were planning to travel to Cuba under a
How is the hungry brain like a sieve

Whether some hypothalamic neurons have direct access to circulating metabolic cues represents a crucial question that has been intensely debated. New findings reveal that fasting promotes "leakiness" of some hypothalamic blood vessels, increasing the access of circulating factors to certain hypothalamic neurons that control feeding (Langlet et al., 2013).
Analysis of the costs of school-based mouthrinsing programs

Previous research on a group of school-based mouthrinsing programs showed costs per participant to increase with program size. This paper examines the behavior of average costs as they relate to wages and labor productivity. Costs are found to increase because of differences in the mix of voluntary and paid labor. As program size increased, administrators substituted relatively high priced paid labor for low priced voluntary labor.
Note on a variation of the Schröder-Bernstein problem for fields

In this note we study fields F with the property that the simple transcendental extension F(u) of F is isomorphic to some subfield of F but not isomorphic to F. Such a field provides one type of solution of the Schroder-Bernstein problem for fields.
Disuse atrophy of the periodontium in mice.

Abstract Right, first and second maxillary molars of albino mice were extracted at 25 days of age to observe the long-term effect of early loss of function on teeth without antagonists. Four experimental and three intact controls were sacrificed every 50 days thereafter. Molars were studied grossly as well as microscopically. Macroscopic observations showed marked gingival recession and root exposure on teeth without function. Little cuspal wear occurred on these molars, and there was an intense blackening and discoloration of the enamel. Histologic sections revealed that loss of function alone, without any apparent infection, caused a remarkable and progressive atrophy of the periodontium, leading to its almost total disappearance by 900 days. Alveolar bone was extensively resorbed, particularly interdental bone. There was an apical proliferation of the epithelial attachment, a disorientation and detachment of fibres of the periodontal ligament and a considerable resorption of cementum. Only traces of periodontal tissues remained in the interdental region at 900 days and, in some instances, fusion of root tips of adjacent molars had taken place. There was a pronounced narrowing of the interdental space, but the direction of tooth movement could not be evaluated due to extensive loss of familiar periodontal landmarks. No cemental hyperplasia or supraeruption was apparent. These severe changes, which apparently are initiated at the alveolar crest, were interpreted as being due to the almost complete lack of stimulation of the periodontal tissues by occlusal contact.
Effect of the anthranilic diamide insecticide, chlorantraniliprole, on Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) efficacy against white grubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

Abstract Combinations of the anthranilic diamide, chlorantraniliprole, and the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora were tested for control of third-instar white grubs in turfgrass. In greenhouse experiments, the combinations had a synergistic or additive effect on the oriental beetle, Anomala (= Exomala ) orientalis mortality, whether chlorantraniliprole was applied 1 week before H. bacteriophora or simultaneously. Combinations caused mortality to occur more rapidly than for the single agents. H. bacteriophora -chlorantraniliprole combinations had a synergistic effect on mortality of Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica , and northern masked chafer, Cyclocephala borealis , larvae in greenhouse experiments. Synergistic and additive effects on larval mortality were also observed in field experiments with A. orientalis and P. japonica . Across all experiments, synergistic interactions (based on a χ 2 test) were observed in 64% of the combinations. Significant control (based on ANOVA) was observed in 12% of the chlorantraniliprole alone treatments and 29% of the H. bacteriophora alone treatments, but significant control occurred in 76% of the combination treatments. H. bacteriophora progeny production per dead larva recovered in greenhouse experiments did not differ between H. bacteriophora alone and the combination treatments. Nematode densities were higher at 28 days after treatment in soil from the combination treatments due to the higher number of larvae succumbing to nematode infection. H. bacteriophora and chlorantraniliprole were compatible in tank mixes. Agitation in solution with up to 900 ppm chlorantraniliprole did not affect survival, infectivity, and reproduction of H. bacteriophora . H. bacteriophora -chlorantraniliprole combinations offer a safe and highly IPM compatible alternative for remedial white grub control.
Multiwavelength Comparison of Modeled and Measured Remote Tropospheric Aerosol Backscatter Over Pacific Ocean

Aerosol concentrations and size distributions in the middle and upper troposphere over the remote Pacific Ocean were measured with a forward scattering spectrometer probe (FSSP) on the NASA DC-8 aircraft during NASA's Global Backscatter Experiment (GLOBE) in May-June 1990. The FSSP size channels were recalibrated based on refractive index estimates from flight-level aerosol volatility measurements with a collocated laser optical particle counter (LOPC). The recalibrated FSSP size distributions were averaged over 100-s intervals, fitted with lo-normal distributions and used to calculate aerosol backscatter coefficients at selected wavelengths. The FSSP-derived backscatter estimates were averaged over 300-s intervals to reduce large random fluctuations. The smoothed FSSP aerosol backscatter coefficients were then compared with LOPC-derived backscatter values and with backscatter measured at or near flight level from four lidar systems operating at 0.53, 1.06, 9.11, 9.25, and 10.59 micrometers. Agreement between FSSP-derived and lidar-measured backscatter was generally best at flight level in homogeneous aerosol fields and at high backscatter values. FSSP data often underestimated low backscatter values especially at the longer wavelengths due to poor counting statistics for larger particles (greater than 0.8 micrometers diameter) that usually dominate aerosol backscatter at these wavelengths. FSSP data also underestimated backscatter at shorter wavelengths when particles smaller than the FSSP lower cutoff diameter (0.35 micrometers) made significant contributions to the total backscatter.
Geometric and Electronic Structure of the Aqueous Al(H2O)63+ Complex

The bonding environment of the aqueous Al(H2O)6(3+) complex was studied using X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy at the Al K-edge, with spectral interpretations based on density functional theory (DFT). Calculations for a highly symmetric complex (T(h) symmetry) indicate electron transitions into Al3 p-O 2s and Al3 p-O 2p antibonding orbitals, with a split O 2p contribution that appears to be due to a weak pi-interaction of the Al 3p orbitals with water ligands off-axis (equatorial) with respect to the Al 3p axis. Calculations were performed with several hypothetical structures to assess the effects of Al-O bond length, orientation of water ligands in the first coordination shell, and the presence of a second solvation shell on the XANES spectrum. Similar transitions were observed in all of these cases, but with further splitting on addition of 12 solvation waters, inward tilting and random twisting of the water ligands, and nonuniform Al-O bond lengths. Although it was previously hypothesized that the broadness of the XANES spectrum for this complex is due to an asymmetric geometry, these results illustrate how an Al(H 2O)6(3+) geometry that is octahedral (O(h)) with respect to the Al-O6 core could produce the broad spectrum observed. Because geometric distortions would affect relative Al-O bond strengths, an understanding of the equilibrium Al(H2O)6(3+) geometry is prerequisite to a quantitative description of reaction chemistry, including acidity and ligand exchange.
Surface modification of microporous PVDF membranes by ATRP

Abstract This contribution describes a methodology to convert commercially available, microporous membranes into ion-exchange membranes using primary anchoring polymer (mono)layers and graft polymerization from the surfaces of the membranes. Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) was used to modify the membranes with pyridinium exchange groups. Polymerization time was used as the independent variable to manipulate the amount of grafted poly(2-vinylpyridine) on the membrane surface. Results indicate that by changing polymerization time, it is possible to tune the ion-exchange capacity and the average pore size in rational ways. Equally important, membranes with initially broad pore-size distributions had narrower pore-size distributions following polymerization. A polymerization time of 24 h reduced the pore-diameter polydispersity (PDP) from 2.05 to 1.44. A polymerization time of 8 h resulted in a static ion-exchange capacity of 7.32 × 10−2 mmol/g (7.32 × 10−2 meq/g) of dry membrane.
Bounding the probability of the union of events by aggregation and disaggregation in linear programs

Given a sequence of n arbitrary events in a probability space, we assume that the individual probabilities as well some or all joint probabilities of up to m events are know, where m<n. Using this information we give lower and upper bounds for the probability of the union. The bounds are obtained as optimum values of linear programming problems or objective function values corresponding to feasible solutions of the dual problems. If all joint probabilities of the k-tuples of events are known, for k not exceeding m, then the LP is the large-scale Boolean probability bounding problem. Another type of LP is the binomial moment problem, where we assume the knowledge of some of the binomial moments of the number of events which occur. The two LPs can be obtained from each other by aggregation/disaggregation procedure In this paper, we define LPs which are obtained by partial aggregation/disaggregation from these two LPs. This way we can keep the size of the problem low but can produce very good bounds in many cases. The obtained lower bounds generalize the bounds of de Caen (Discrete Math. 169 (1997) 217) and Kuai, Alajaji and Takahara (Discrete Appl. Math. 215 (2000) 147). Practical applications are mentioned and numerical examples are presented.
Recruitment Source and Behavioral Risk Patterns of HIV-Positive Men Who have Sex with Men

To effectively target HIV prevention activities, community outreach workers need to know how to locate persons at greatest risk for acquiring or transmitting HIV. This study compared the behavioral characteristics of HIV-positive men who have sex with men recruited from different sources: AIDS service organizations, mainstream gay environments, public/private sex environments, and friend referrals. Men recruited from sex environments exhibited the riskiest behavior: more male partners, more likely to have casual sex, more likely to have had unprotected insertive sex with men of HIV-negative or unknown status, less likely to have disclosed serostatus to primary partners, less comfortable discussing serostatus with others, and less feeling of personal responsibility for disclosure. A distinctive group of men, the referral group, did not identify with the gay community and reported sex with men and women. Future efforts should continue to assess the types of people that are recruited from different sources so that program and research efforts can be appropriately targeted.
IDENTIFYING NEAREST NEIGHBORS IN A LARGE-SCALE INCIDENT DATA ARCHIVE

Large-scale data archives compiled by transportation management systems capture a wide range of experience. However, to use this experience effectively, transportation professionals must be able to search these archives efficiently to identify cases of interest. An example of this challenge is to find past events that are similar to a current event to understand traffic flow and the impact of utilized control strategies. These similar events are referred to as nearest neighbors to the current event. To identify near neighbors in a data archive, a distance metric is required to measure similarity between cases. However, common distance metrics, such as Euclidean distance, are not valid when used with categorical variables, which commonly make up traffic event data. To address this challenge, this research effort developed a distance metric that can be effectively used with categorical data. The metric is based on the influence of variable values on a measurable objective meaningful to the purpose of selecting nearest neighbors. The metric was developed in a case study to identify similar past incidents in an archive to a current incident, with the objective of forecasting incident duration. When this method was incorporated in a nonparametric regression forecasting model, it was demonstrated to outperform parametric forecasting models significantly.
The Conditions of Beginning Reading Instruction for Students With Autism Spectrum Disorder

A disproportionate number of students with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are below grade level in reading. This trend may be due in part to characteristics of the disability, but it may also reflect lack of access to the instructional conditions needed for success in beginning reading. In this study, we surveyed special education teachers to investigate the conditions of reading instruction for K-3 students with ASD. Consistent with recommendations regarding beginning reading, teachers (n = 66) indicated that the vast majority of students with ASD (n = 226) participated in daily reading instruction and received more comprehensive instruction than the sight word approach that has been used in the past. Findings of concern included frequency of use of paraprofessionals to provide primary instruction, teachers’ relatively low self-efficacy for teaching reading to students with ASD, and provision of less than the recommended instructional time for K-3 reading.
Genetic mapping of the gene for a novel tyrosine kinase, Blk , to mouse chromosome 14

Abstract The gene Blk , which encodes a novel tyrosine kinase expressed preferentially in B-lymphoid cells, was mapped by Southern blot analysis of DNA from the progeny of an intersubspecific backcross. Blk maps to the proximal region of chromosome 14 with the gene order centromere- (Np-1, Tcra)-Blk-sys-Es-10 .
Civil War Pensions and the Reconstruction of Union Families

In 1864 a song entitled "The Children of the Battle Field" immortalized the life and death of one Union volunteer. The lyrics told of a soldier who perished on the field at Gettysburg, a photograph of his three children clutched to his breast. This sentimental view of war and death was typical of Civil War-era songs, which celebrated home and family and depicted Union soldiers as husbands, fathers, brothers, and sons. Such lyrics suggested that Northern men went to war to defend their loved ones as well as their country and, indeed, that nation and home were symbolically intertwined.' "The Children of the Battle Field" also reminded midcentury Americans that a patriotism born of emotional attachment to the nation would not by itself sustain wartime sacrifice. According to its preamble, "The Children of the Battle Field" was based on the true story of a devoted husband and father who had declined to enlist for the first fifteen months of the war, choosing familial obligations over patriotic service. Only after "he received assurance from responsible citizens that his family should be cared for during his absence" did Amos Humiston sign up to fight for the Union.2 This tale of conflicting duties addressed the dilemma
Cancer immunotherapy via dendritic cells

Cancer immunotherapy attempts to harness the power and specificity of the immune system to treat tumours. The molecular identification of human cancer-specific antigens has allowed the development of antigen-specific immunotherapy. In one approach, autologous antigen-specific T cells are expanded ex vivo and then re-infused into patients. Another approach is through vaccination; that is, the provision of an antigen together with an adjuvant to elicit therapeutic T cells in vivo. Owing to their properties, dendritic cells (DCs) are often called 'nature's adjuvants' and thus have become the natural agents for antigen delivery. After four decades of research, it is now clear that DCs are at the centre of the immune system owing to their ability to control both immune tolerance and immunity. Thus, DCs are an essential target in efforts to generate therapeutic immunity against cancer.
Architecture for caching responses with multiple dynamic dependencies in multi-tier data-centers over InfiniBand

It has been well acknowledged in the research community that in order to design a data-center environment which is efficient and offers high performance, one of the critical issues that needs to be addressed is the effective reuse of cache content stored away from the origin server. However, for caching dynamically changing content (e.g., content involved in online banking, Internet auctions, etc.). consistency and coherency issues need to be addressed. In addition, most current real world requests have multiple dynamic dependencies, i.e., these requests might depend on multiple data objects. Further, these requests are not entirely independent; several requests might have common dependencies. While there have been previous research solutions on maintaining coherent caches for dynamic content, these solutions have several shortcomings including inability to adapt to server load or handle multiple dynamic dependencies. In this paper, we propose a load resilient architecture using one sided operations supported by several high performance interconnects such as InfiniBand, while maintaining multiple dynamic dependencies per response. Our experimental results show that our schemes to tackle the multi-dependency issue efficiently and significantly outperform the existing approaches. Further, our results demonstrate that the proposed load resilient architecture can possibly improve the performance of loaded data-centers by over an order of magnitude.
Phytate phosphorus intake and disappearance in the gastrointestinal tract of high producing dairy cows.

Thirty Holstein cows were fed diets of 50% grain and 50% corn silage (dry matter basis) through the first 18 wk of lactation. Grain mixes were supplemented with inorganic calcium sources (aragonite, calcite flour, or albacar) to provide .6 or .9% dietary calcium (dry matter basis). Phytate phosphorus intake averaged 38.3 and 42.6 g/d in digestion trials conducted during wk 4 and 10 of lactation, respectively. Even though large quantities of feed and significant amounts of grain were consumed, 98% of dietary phytate phosphorus was hydrolyzed to inorganic phosphorus. Neither calcium source nor calcium quantity affected the hydrolysis of phytate phosphorus.
A comparison of the study-recall and anticipation methods in steady state paired-asociate learning

Steady-state paired-associate learning was investigated, using both study-recall and anticipation procedures. In both conditions, an item was dropped from the list and replaced with a new item upon its first correct recall. This steady-state paradigm was a logical extension of Battig’s (1965) “correction”-adjusted learning procedure and, in the study-recall condition, equated the degree of learning across items for individual Ss. The results also gave strong evidence that the anticipation procedure disrupted the learning and responding processes as compared to the study-recall procedure.
Towards a scalable hybrid sparse solver

Consider the solution of very large, sparse linear systems. The most popular techniques can be broadly classified as either direct or iterative. When the sparse matrix is symmetric and positive definite, direct methods use Cholesky factorization while iterative methods rely on Conjugate Gradients. Our goal is to develop a scalable and memory-efficient hybrid of the two methods that can be implemented with high efficiency on both serial and parallel computers and be suitable for a wide range of problems. We discuss our overall design with emphasis on performance and scalability issues, and report on progress to date.
Vibrational characterization of thiophene decomposition on the Mo(100) surface

The chemisorption and thermal decomposition of thiophene over Mo(100) single crystal surfaces has been studied by using HREELS, AES and TDS. The mechanism for molecular decomposition changes as a function of initial thiophene coverage. At low coverages, the ring adsorbs parallel to the surface, C−S bonds are broken, and sequential dehydrogenation of the remaining hydrocarbon fragment takes place in the 100–340 K temperature range. After saturation (0.3 thiophene molecules per Mo atom), thiophene molecules chemisorb in a perpendicular configuration and decompose in a stepwise manner. The primary reaction pathway consists of a stepwise dehydrogenation, starting with a α-H atom. A stable intermediate forms after the molecule loses two hydrogens, between 400 and 550 K. Full dehydrogenation is not achieved until temperatures above 700 K. Even at saturation coverage, about 20% of the molecules decompose through a mechanism similar to that observed at low coverage.