cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 6007: Post-fasting refeeding enhances intestinal stem cell-mediated regeneration and tumorigenesis

Although short-term fasting interventions improve intestinal stem cell (ISC) function, little is known about how much of this benefit comes from fasting versus the post-fasting refeeding response. Given the central role that ISCs play in driving injury-induced repair and in initiating early intestinal tumors, it is possible that fasting by boosting ISC function not only improves regeneration but also unexpectedly elevates intestinal tumorigenesis. To understand how fasting/refeeding interventions influence the role of ISCs in regeneration and early tumor formation, we assessed the function of ISCs to repair the intestinal lining after injury and to contribute to intestinal tumors. Notably, we find that 24 hours post-fasting refeeding boosts intestinal stem and progenitor cells proliferation and increases ISC function in organoid and in fate mapping assays compared to AL and fasted cohorts. Mechanistically, elevated mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activity mediates the effects of refeeding in ISCs as treatment with mTOR inhibitor blocks these effects. Surprisingly, loss of the APC tumor suppressor gene in ISCs increased intestinal tumor numbers in the refed state compared to the AL and fasted states in an mTOR dependent manner. We propose that refeeding through mTOR signaling stimulates ISC function and in a context-dependent manner this can either improve repair after injury or promote intestinal tumorigenesis. Citation Format: Shinya Imada. Post-fasting refeeding enhances intestinal stem cell-mediated regeneration and tumorigenesis [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 6007.
A model of peer effects on instructor innovation adoption

A considerable body of evidence demonstrates that active, student-centered instructional practices are more effective than lecture-based, transmissionist approaches in improving undergraduate STEM learning. Despite this evidence and extensive reform initiatives, the majority of STEM instructors continue to teach didactically. Awareness of teaching innovations is widespread in some STEM disciplines, and instructors report trying new instructional approaches, yet the majority of them fail to continue using active learning strategies. Recent work suggests that the decision to experiment with and persist in using a teaching innovation is influenced more by instructors’ perceived supports (e.g., access to curricular resources, supportive colleagues, positive departmental climate toward teaching) than perceived barriers. This commentary expands on the notion that the instructional decision-making process is personal and influenced by both individual and contextual factors to explicitly model the potential mechanisms by which peers encourage or discourage adoption of teaching innovations. We also discuss implications of this work for future research. We hope that this model will be helpful for work related to increasing the prevalence of active, student-centered instruction in undergraduate STEM.
A qualitative analysis of barriers and facilitators to reducing sedentary time in adults with chronic low back pain.

Sedentary time (SED) is associated with many detrimental health outcomes, yet little is known about what factors influence one’s ability to reduce SED. Even less is known about these factors in specific patient populations for whom high levels of SED may influence symptoms, such as those with chronic low back pain (cLBP). The purpose of this study was to qualitatively explore participants’ perceptions of factors that influenced their ability to reduce SED across an 8-week intervention to reduce SED in adults with cLBP and elevated depressive symptoms. Three months after a theory-based intervention to break up and reduce sitting, semi-structured interviews explored factors that influenced reducing SED. Three researchers independently coded each conversation. Codes were charted and mapped with participants reviewing their own transcripts and the merged codes. The research team then defined key themes. Factors that were perceived to either facilitate behavior change or acted as barriers were identified and thematized as positive or negative determinants. Common barriers for reducing SED included environmental constraints, opposing social norms, and productivity; these barriers were frequently encountered in the workplace. Common facilitators for reducing SED included habit development, self-monitoring tools, restructuring the physical environment, and social accountability. Notably, back pain was not a frequently reported barrier or facilitator for reducing SED. This sample of patients with cLBP and elevated depressive symptoms had similar determinants for reducing SED as previously reported in non-patient populations and did not appear to need strategies specific to dealing with chronic pain. Since work-related social norms and environmental factors were perceived as significant barriers to sitting less, workplace interventions that provide standing desks, offer standing meetings rooms, and/or institution-wide standing breaks may help reduce SED at work. The use of an activity monitor with sitting reminders and education regarding how to use the reminders as external cues to develop new sitting habits may also aid in adoption and adherence to this behavior change across settings. Developing coping plans and restructuring physical environments were perceived as successful strategies for overcoming social and environmental barriers. Future interventions targeting SED reductions may benefit from incorporating these strategies.
Exposure to Adverse Childhood Experiences and High-Risk Behaviors in Native-Born Adolescents Versus Immigrant Adolescents at a Regional Center for Homeless and At-Risk Youth

Objectives: To compare differences between homeless and at-risk native-born adolescents versus adolescents who immigrated to the United States in those receiving services at a regional center for at-risk youth in southern California: their exposure to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), high-risk behaviors they engage in, and their areas of environmental insecurity. Methods: Survey data was collected from adolescents between 2012-2019 at Youth Hope, a center for homeless, runaway, or at-risk youth in San Bernardino county, CA. Subjects under 21 years old with identifiable birth locations were selected. Those born outside …
Review of Global Near Real Time PM2.5 Estimates and Model Forecasts

Surface concentrations of particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter (PM2.5) are increasingly important as a representative measure of air quality. Studies clearly demonstrate short-term and long-term health impacts due to increases in PM2.5 concentrations. Global in-situ surface observations are routinely made using both expensive regulatory grade monitors and low-cost sensors. However, these measurements do not cover all locations of interest around the globe. Since obtaining adequate ground-based monitor coverage would be cost-prohibitive, there is considerable global interest in instruments aboard earth orbiting satellites and numerical chemical transport models as possible solutions to fill data gaps. Current sources of satellite-derived global estimates and model forecasts were identified and reviewed. Initial evaluations of published accuracies of these data suggest challenges remain to using these sources for accurate, reliable monitoring and forecasting. However, satellite derived PM2.5 estimates were reported to be reliable at longer time intervals, such as one year.
Abstract 1318: Mechanochemical dynamic therapy for focal cancer treatment

This study proposes a new cancer drug delivery modality that allows for spatiotemporal control over activation of the therapeutic. Current standard cancer therapies of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy have their limitations, such as invasiveness and systemic toxicities. Developing a new modality that is localized and triggerable is becoming increasingly advantageous. Currently, photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been shown to be clinically effective but is limited by poor tissue penetration of light. Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) bypasses this pitfall with increased tissue penetration depth of ultrasound. However, PDT has limitations as it relies on the potentially damaging ultrasound cavitation effect and requires sonosensitizers or nanoparticles that have issues with bioavailability, biostability, and biosafety. In this study, we propose a novel ultrasound-based cancer treatment modality called mechanochemical dynamic therapy (MDT). In MDT, high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) delivers mechanical forces to force-responsive moieties of azo mechanophores that are embedded into biocompatible polyethylene glycol (PEG) hydrogel polymers. Upon focal sonication with HIFU, these mechanophores generate highly reactive free radicals (FRs) that are converted to reactive oxygen species (ROSs). The sonicated gels are then placed into in vitro cultures, allowing for the diffusion of ROSs into the cells to induce oxidative cytotoxicity and eventually cell death. Cell proliferation is monitored at 24-hour intervals, and by 72 hours, the sonicated gels produced cell killing effects comparable to lethal doses of H2O2 in both in vitro mouse melanoma (B16F10) and breast cancer (E0771) models. Sonication of control hydrogels that did not contain mechanophores showed minimal cytotoxicity. This study shows the potential of MDT as a drug delivery platform that overcomes the limitations of PDT and SDT and has the potential to be applied synergistically with other current cancer treatments. This is the first demonstration of using HIFU-activated mechanophores to non-invasively deliver cancer therapies with spatiotemporal control. Citation Format: Gun Kim, Qiong Wu, James L. Chu, Emily J. Smith, Michael L. Oelze, King C. Li, Jeffrey S. Moore. Mechanochemical dynamic therapy for focal cancer treatment [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 1318.
Missense variant in insulin receptor (Y1355H) segregates in family with fatty liver disease.

Abstract A missense variant in the cytoplasmic domain of the insulin receptor (INSR) was identified by exome sequencing in affected members of a four-generation family with fatty liver disease (FLD). The variant (rs766457461, c.4063T>C, p.Y1355H) results in the substitution of histidine for a tyrosine that undergoes autophosphorylation in response to insulin stimulation in vitro. Because insulin promotes lipogenesis in hepatocytes, we hypothesized that the variant was causally linked to FLD in the family. To test this hypothesis, we used CRISPR/Cas9 technology to replace the corresponding tyrosine in mouse INSR with histidine (Y1345H). No significant differences were found in hepatic insulin signaling, as assessed by phosphorylation of INSR or AKT levels or in activation of the insulin-responsive transcription factor SREBP-1c. Glucose tolerance and hepatic triglyceride (TG) content in Insr1345H/H mice fed a chow diet or diets rich in fat, sucrose or fructose did not differ significantly from WT littermates. Thus, our studies in mice failed to support the notion that INSR (Y1355H) is causally related to FLD in the family or that phosphorylation of this residue alters hepatic TG metabolism.
Manipulating quantum states of photons on integrated photonic chips

In this talk, we will discuss our recent progress in engineering micro/nanophotonic device structures for producing and manipulating photonic quantum states on chip.
Personal & Non-Personal Information Sources Used in the Purchase of Mens Apparel

The purpose of this study was to examine the personal and non-personal Information sources that male consumers use in making a purchase decision, and to examine the effects of several segmentation variables used in the information gathering step of the purchase decision process. Personal sources refer to family members, co-workers, and friends. Non-personal sources refer to magazine and television advertisements, store displays and salespersons. Segmentation variables included purchase frequency, age, marital status, income, and educational level.
Une méta-analyse des appels à la peur : implications pour des campagnes de santé publique efficaces

La litterature sur l’appel a la peur est ici analysee et synthetisee a l’aide d’une meta-analyse. Cette derniere suggere que les appels a la peur de forte intensite produisent des perceptions elevees de severite de la menace et de vulnerabilite et qu’ils ont un impact persuasif plus important que les appels a la peur de faible intensite. Les resultats indiquent egalement que les appels a la peur motivent la mise en place d’actions adaptees au controle du danger, comme l’acceptation du message, et la mise en place d’actions de controle de la peur mal adaptees, comme l’evitement defensif ou la reactance. Il apparait que des messages generant une forte peur et ayant une efficacite elevee favorisent plus le changement de comportement, alors que les messages generant une forte peur, mais une efficacite faible, favorisent l’apparition de reactions defensives. Des perspectives de recherches ainsi que des implications pratiques sont envisagees.
Immunity in Experimental Syphilis IV. Serological Reactivity of Antigens Extracted from γ-Irradiated Treponema pallidum and Treponema reiteri

Miller, James N. (University of California School of Medicine, Los Angeles), J. H. De Bruijn, and J. H. Bekker. Immunity in experimental syphilis. IV. Serological reactivity of antigens extracted from gamma-irradiated Treponema pallidum and Treponema reiteri. J. Bacteriol. 91:583-587. 1966.-Ultrasonic lysate preparations extracted from virulent Treponema pallidum, Nichols strain, suspensions exposed to 652,800 R of gamma-irradiation exhibited a loss in the serological reactivity of their heat-labile antigens; the heat-stable components of both the lysate and residue antigens were unaffected. The activity of heat-stable, cardiolipin T. pallidum complement-fixing antigen obtained from similarly irradiated organisms was also unaltered. gamma-Irradiation of the cultivable Treponema reiteri with dosages as high as 6,500,000 R failed to alter serologically either the heat-labile or heat-stable component of its lipopolysaccharide-protein (Reiter protein) antigen. The reactivity of the lipopolysaccharide portion of the Reiter protein complex with an antiserum to T. pallidum Nichols indicates previously unsuspected antigenic differences between the rabbit-adapted Nichols strain of the organism and so-called "wild" human strains of T. pallidum in which this antigen is generally absent.
Fructose-amino acids in liver: stimuli of amino acid incorporation in vitro.

We report here the method which we have used to isolate fructose-amino acids from liver, some of the characteristic chemical and physical properties of these substances, and their stimulation of amino acid incorporation in vitro into the proteins of rabbit reticulocytes.
Kinetics of insulin action on protein synthesis in isolated adipocytes. Ability of glucose to selectively desensitize the glucose transport system without altering insulin stimulation of protein synthesis.

Abstract When adipocytes were exposed to [3H]leucine for times ranging from 5 to 180 s, leucine was found to enter cells rapidly and equilibrate with the cell interior within 5 s. After an additional 15-30 s [3H]leucine was incorporated into nascent protein, and the rate of incorporation was linear for up to 6 h in both control and insulin-treated cells. Since treatment of adipocytes with 10 ng/ml insulin enhanced the rate of leucine incorporation 2-3-fold with minimal or no effect on the rate of protein degradation or leucine uptake, we conclude that the predominant effect of insulin is on enhancement of protein synthesis. To assess the time required for insulin to stimulate protein synthesis, we preincubated cells with 10 ng/ml of insulin for various times from 2 to 30 min and then measured [3H]leucine incorporation into protein during a 4-min assay. These results revealed that the insulin stimulation of protein synthesis is rapid (t 1/2 of 4.4 min), but 9-fold slower than insulin activation of glucose transport (t 1/2 less than 0.5 min under identical conditions). In contrast to the rapidity of insulin activation, we found that deactivation proceeded at much slower rates (t 1/2 of 32 and 21 min for protein synthesis and glucose transport, respectively). Desensitization of the glucose transport system has previously been shown to occur after adipocytes are exposed to high glucose and insulin. To examine the specificity of desensitization, we treated cells for 6 h with 20 mM glucose and 25 ng/ml insulin and then examined insulin sensitivity and maximal insulin responsiveness of both the glucose transport and protein synthesis systems. After treatment, the glucose transport was markedly insulin-resistant (60% loss in maximal insulin responsiveness and a marked loss in insulin sensitivity), whereas the protein synthesis system exhibited neither diminished insulin responsiveness nor loss of insulin sensitivity. In fact, insulin sensitivity actually increased, as indicated by the finding that less insulin was required to stimulate protein synthesis (insulin ED50 values of 0.25 and 18 ng/ml at 0 and 6 h of treatment). From these studies we conclude that desensitization of the glucose transport system by glucose and insulin treatment appears to be specific for this particular effector system and does not reflect a state of generalized cellular insulin resistance.
Abstract 532: Genetic Variation in CX3CR1 Protects Against Coronary Artery Disease and Myocardial Infarction but Does Not Impair the Acute Inflammatory Response in Humans

Introduction: CX3CR1 is a leukocyte chemokine receptor that binds the chemokine fractalkine (CX3CL1). CX3CR1 is expressed on all bone marrow derived cells and is proposed to function in chronic homeostasis. CX3CR1 supports recruitment of monocytes to the endothelium and promotes atherosclerosis in model systems. CX3CR1 V249I and T280M variants reduce monocyte adhesion but contemporary data is lacking for their association with myocardial infarction (MI) and coronary artery disease (CAD) in humans. Hypothesis: Do functional variants in CX3CR1, V249I and T280M, reduce risk of CAD and MI and if so do they also attenuate the acute response to inflammatory stress? Methods: We examined differences by CX3CR1 genotypes in endotoxin-induced cytokines in the Genetics of Evoked responses to Niacin and Endotoxemia (GENE) study (n=268). We then examined the association of these SNPs with CAD and MI in two large datasets, (1) the CARDIoGRAM consortium meta-analysis summary data from 14 studies of CAD comprising 22,233 cases (53,814 with MI) and 64,762 controls of European ancestry, and (2) 9,028 MI cases and 8,379 controls in the Pakistan Risk of Myocardial Infarction Study (PROMIS) as well as additional GWAS datasets for metabolic traits. Results: In GENE, there was no significant difference by V249I or T280M genotypes in IL1-RA, IL6, and TNF-alpha cytokine responses to LPS. In CARDIoGRAM, the V249I allele had nominal association with CAD (p=0.037) and MI (p=0.04) with similar trends for T280M allele. In PROMIS, both T280M (p=0.0006) and V249I (p=0.0003) were associated with MI. In comparison, there was no association (p>0.05) of CX3CR1 variants with plasma lipids, type 2 diabetes mellitus, body mass index or glucometabolic traits in GLGC, DIAGRAM, GIANT and MAGIC GWAS consortia meta-analysis data. Conclusion: CX3CR1 harbors functional genetic variants that appear to impact the development of atherosclerosis and risk of MI without compromising the acute inflammatory response.
Six-Month-Olds Comprehend Words That Refer to Parts of the Body.

Comprehending spoken words requires a lexicon of sound patterns and knowledge of their referents in the world. Tincoff and Jusczyk (1999) demonstrated that 6-month-olds link the sound patterns “Mommy” and “Daddy” to video images of their parents, but not to other adults. This finding suggests that comprehension emerges at this young age and might take the form of very specific word-world links, as in “Mommy” referring only to the infant’s mother and “Daddy” referring only to the infant’s father. The current study was designed to investigate if 6-month-olds also show evidence of comprehending words that can refer to categories of objects. The results show that 6-month-olds link the sound patterns “hand” and “feet” to videos of an adult’s hand and feet. This finding suggests that very early comprehension has a capacity beyond specific, one-to-one, associations. Future research will need to consider how developing categorization abilities, social experiences, and parent word use influence the beginnings of word comprehension.
Newspaper coverage of maverick science: Creating controversy through balancing

How do journalists portray the ideas of maverick scientists to the general public? Are mavericks portrayed as credible scientific sources? Do the stories written by journalists function to merely translate maverick theories for nonscientific audiences, or do they more often transform those maverick theories into the realm of scientific controversies? This study hypothesized answers to these questions by analysing how journalists wrote about three maverick theories: (1) a 1990 earthquake prediction, (2) an alternative theory about the cause of AIDS, and (3) cold fusion. A content analysis of 393 news articles in 26 US newspapers and a mailed survey of the journalists who wrote those stories suggest that scientific theories which are believed to be credible by a minority of scientists may be lent credibility in mass media stories, even though the journalists themselves thought that the maverick scientists lacked credibility. Implications for the communication of risk through the mass media are discussed.
Comparing the Use of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and World Health Organization Growth Charts in Children with Cystic Fibrosis through 2 Years of Age

Objective To examine differences between use of World Health Organization (WHO) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) growth reference in children with cystic fibrosis (CF) up to 2 years of age. Study design Growth from 1-24 months in 2587 children, born 2003-2006 and recorded in the US CF Foundation Registry, was evaluated using WHO and CDC references. Results In both boys and girls with CF aged 1-24 months, use of WHO charts resulted in ∼8 percentile lower length-for-age and ∼13% higher short stature rate (length-for-age Conclusions Growth status in children with CF differed when using WHO and CDC references, particularly during the second year of life. These differences need to be considered for all uses of growth assessment in CF.
Orientation of diamagnetic layered transition metal oxide particles in 1-tesla magnetic fields.

The magnetic field-driven orientation of microcrystals of six diamagnetic layered transition metal oxides (HLaNb2O7, HCa2Nb3O103 0.5H2O, KNaCa2Nb4O13, KTiTaO5 ,K TiNbO5 ,a nd H2.2K1.8Nb6O173 nH2O) suspended in epoxy resins was studied by X-ray diffraction using permanent magnets producing a 0.8 T field. Although the degree of orientation, quantified as the Hermans order parameter, was strongly affected by the particle size distribution, in all cases microcrystals with ∼1-2 μm lateral dimensions were found to orient with the magnetic field vector in the layer plane. Controloftheorientationofionicallyconductinglayeredoxidesisofinterestforpracticalapplicationsinbatteriesandfuelcells.The consistent direction of orientation of the lamellar oxides studied can be rationalized in the framework of a quantitative bond anisotropy model developed by Uyeda (Phys. Chem. Miner. 1993, 20 ,7 7-80). The asymmetry of metal-oxygen bonding at the faces of the octahedral layers results in long and short M-O bonds perpendicular to the plane of the sheets. This distortion of the M-O octahedra, which is a structural feature of almost all layered materials that contain octahedral bonding frameworks, gives rise to the diamagnetic anisotropy and results in an easy axis or plane of magnetization in the plane of the sheets.
Interrelations among x-ray scattering, electron densities, and ionization potentials

From the general formalism of elastic x-ray scattering and a few meaningful assumptions we have shown that for an atom, ∫ρ2dτ is an experimentally measurable quantity related to the intensity scattered by an element. We have labeled this quantity (p), the “average electron density.” If ψ obeys the virial theorem, within the Thomas–Fermi approximation we show (within a multiplicative constant) that 〈ρ〉 is a lower bound to (∑ ionization potentials )3/2. Thus, the scattered intensity of x rays is related quantitatively to the energy of the scattering atoms. Inequalities have been developed to express these relationships and have been confirmed for the more exact Hartree–Fock wave functions.
The effect of nucleating agents on physical properties of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) and poly-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate (PHB-co-HV) produced by Burkholderia cepacia ATCC 17759

Abstract In the absence of nucleating agents, polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) generally exhibit slow crystallization rates which make them less favorable for injection molding purposes. The copolymer, PHB- co -HV (poly-3-hydroxybutyrate- co -3-hydroxyvalerate), exhibited increased T c as compared to the homopolymer PHB (poly-3-hydroxybutyrate). Increasing the mol fraction of HV monomer in the PHB- co -HV initially led to a decrease in the T m of the copolymer from 175.4 °C to a minimum of 168.5 °C, at 20 mol% of HV and, subsequently, increased in PHB- co -HV copolymers with higher fractions of HV, indicating a typical isodimorphic relationship. Two nucleating agents, heptane dicarboxylic derivative HPN-68L and ULTRATALC ® 609, were tested to increase the T c and reduce the time for crystallization necessary for injection molding. HPN-68L decreased the T decomp of the homopolymer and all copolymers by almost 50 °C. However, the use of ULTRATALC ® 609 as a nucleating agent slightly enhanced the T decomp and had negligible effect on the T m s of all polymers. Also, PHB and PHB- co -HV with 5% (w/w) talc exhibited higher T c than polymers without ULTRATALC ® 609. A careful comparison of T c , T m and T decomp , for PHB- co -HV with 20 mol% of HV indicated that this copolymer is the best option for injection molding, with both a high T decomp and more rapid crystallization.
INACTIVATION OF THE URDGT2 GENE, WHICH ENCODES A GLYCOSYLTRANSFERASE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE C-GLYCOSYLTRANSFER OF ACTIVATED D-OLIVOSE, LEADS TO FORMATION OF THE NOVEL URDAMYCINS I, J, AND K

A targeted search for glycosyltransferase (GT) encoding genes in the gene cluster of the urdamycin A producer Streptomyces fradiae Tu2717 resulted in the discovery of urdGT2, a GT encoding gene located approximately 7 kb downstream of the minimal polyketide synthase (PKS) encoding genes. Subsequent inactivation of this gene created a mutant strain, which produces completely different metabolites than the wild-type strain, consisting of the three new urdamycins I, J, and K. Their structures provide new insight into the important C-glycosyl-transfer step of the urdamycin biosynthetic pathway. The structures indicate that the corresponding gene product UrdGT2 catalyzes the C-glycosyl transfer of activated d-olivose to an angucyclinone precursor, which already bears the angular 12b-OH group. The structures of the new urdamycins could not have arisen without the involvement of substrate flexible post-PKS modifying genes, i.e., glycosyltransferases and oxidoreductases. This work proves that targeted gene disrup...
Energy dependence of the surface absorption and Ni+16O scattering

Abstract Data for Ni+ 16 O elastic scattering are analyzed to determine the real and imaginary potentials near the strong absorption radius as a function of bombarding energy. A strong energy dependence is found for the ratio of the imaginary part to the real part at this radius.
Virtual ID: A Technique for Mobility, Multi-Homing, and Location Privacy in Next Generation Wireless Networks

Cellular networking standards organizations such as the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) are currently developing System Architecture Evolution (SAE) as their core network architecture. SAE is all-IP based. However, IP-based networks face several known issues, such as mobility, multihoming, location privacy, path preference, etc. Mobile IP (MIP) and its variants, such as Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6), Hierarchical MIP, and Proxy MIP, have been developed primarily to alleviate the mobility problem. These variation and extensions, however, still do not provide many of the features required in Next Generation Wireless Networks (NGWN). The limitations are especially due to the overloading of IP addresses as both node identity and locator. In this paper, we propose an extension to MIPv6 called Virtual ID. This concept applies the ID/Locator split idea into a Mobile IPv6 environment. Virtual ID and its extensiom provide many features that would be desired in the NGWN. Since our proposed scheme is based on the standard MIPv6 and Proxy MIPv6, the scheme is fully compatible with the legacy MIPv6.
Reusable adsorbents for dilute solution separation. 2. Model development and residence time distribution characterization for a laboratory adsorption column

Abstract A general mathematical model was derived that describes the process of adsolubilization, i.e. the adsorption of hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCS) onto a packed bed of surfactant-modified alumina. Analytic solutions of the limiting forms of the model were presented for the case where a constant surfactant loading was maintained (i.e. continuous supply of make-up surfactant). Under this condition, classical concentration ( C / C °) profiles and breakthrough curves resulted. However, when the surfactant loading was not maintained constant (i.e. no supply of make-up surfactant), numerical solutions showed that the synergistic equilibrium between the HOC and the bound surfactant results in concentration pulses ( C / C 0 ⪢ 1) in the HOC profile. It was suggested that the latter mode of operation might be a simple means of concentrating dilute solutions. To demonstrate the adsolubilization process, a laboratory adsorber column was fabricated for continuous operation. Residence time distribution (RTD) experiments were conducted to determine the dependence of the axial dispersion coefficient (an important model parameter) upon the fluid velocity. This information will be valuable when comparing model predictions with experimental data collected in Part III of this series.
ADAPTIVE "COIN-FLIPPING": A DECISION-THEORETIC EXAMINATION OF NATURAL SELECTION FOR RANDOM INDIVIDUAL VARIATION

Abstract A potentially important source of individual phenotypic variation is examined which has heretofore received little recognition as a general and probably widespread phenomenon. Neither the expression of genetic variation nor plasticity of the usual sort, it represents a kind of variation that is random, yet adaptive. A result of decision-theoretic strategy-mixing, such variation is needed in order to maximize long-term fitness in the face of unpredictable short-term temporal fluctuations in the environment. The variation is a product of the action of genetically controlled stochastic processes; metaphorically, it is produced because individuals are genetically programmed to “flip coins” to decide what characteristics to adopt. Thus it is not the variable phenotypic traits themselves that are genetically specified, but only the nature of the coin-flipping process that will ultimately determine them. It is shown that coin-flipping strategies of this kind are robust and can evolve under a variety of conditions.
Interpersonal Assessment in Counseling and Psychotherapy

This article provides a review of some of the major instruments, methodologies, and strategies available to assess clients' interpersonal functioning. The focus is on instruments that provide characterizations of clients' and counselors' overt interpersonal behavior and covert reactions translated onto interpersonal circle models. A suggested interpersonal assessment battery is presented, and how the information obtained from this battery can be applied to assist in conceptualization and treatment efforts is described.
The effect of prolactin and thyroxine on tail resorption in R. pipiens: in vivo and in vitro.

Thyroxine induces tail resorption in anurans both in vivo and in vitro. This event is accompanied by an increase in the activity of the hydrolytic enzymes acid phosphatase and B-N-acetylglucosaminidase. Prolactin treatment promotes tail growth and directly antagonizes the action of thyroxine on tail tissues. This is evident at the gross morphological level as well as at the biochemical level where prolactin inhibits the increase in activity on the hydrolytic enzymes that occurs during thyroid hormone induced resorption.
A new method of recursive estimation in discrete linear systems

Let the measurement z(i) at instant i be of form z(i) = y(i) + \eta(i) where \eta(i) is the noise and y(i) is the signal obeying a system of coupled linear difference equations. A method is given for computing the gains of the predictor and filter for the signal y(i) and the corresponding state x(i) . The gains are computed recursively from the previous gains without involving the covariance matrix of the state. The computational advantages of the scheme are also discussed.
Theoretical modelling of AFM for bimetallic tip-substrate interactions

Recently, a new technique for calculating the defect energetics of alloys based on Equivalent Crystal Theory was developed. This new technique successfully predicts the bulk properties for binary alloys as well as segregation energies in the dilute limit. The authors apply this limit for the calculation of energy and force as a function of separation of an atomic force microscope (AFM) tip and substrate. The study was done for different combinations of tip and sample materials. The validity of the universality discovered for the same metal interfaces is examined for the case of different metal interactions.
The application of vinylogous iminium salt derivatives to efficient formal syntheses of the marine alkaloids lamellarin G trimethyl ether and ningalin B

Studies directed at the synthesis of lamellarin G trimethyl ether and ningalin B via vinylogous iminium salt derivatives are described. The successful strategy relies on the formation of a 2,4-disubstituted pyrrole or a 1,2,3,4-tetrasubstituted pyrrole from a vinylogous iminium salt or vinylogous iminium salt derivative. Subsequent transformations of these highly substituted pyrroles lead to efficient and regiocontrolled formal syntheses of the respective pyrrole containing natural products.
Long-term results with a multiple synchronized-pulse 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser for the treatment of leg venulectasias and reticular veins.

background. The long-pulsed Nd:YAG (1064 nm) laser has been shown to be effective in the treatment of blue venulectasias and reticular veins. objective. The present study examined the clinical efficacy and long-term follow-up (12 months) of patients treated with the 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser technology. methods. Twenty-five female patients (mean age 37.6 years, Fitzpatrick skin types II‐V) were treated with up to three treatment sessions at 6-week intervals on a 5 cm 2 surface area of vessels utilizing the 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser with a circulating cooling device. Treatment parameters were vessel size 0.2‐2.0 mm treated with a double pulse of 7 msec at 120 J/cm 2 and vessel size 2.0‐4.0 mm treated with a single pulse of 14 msec, fluence 130 J/cm 2 , with a spot size of 6 mm. Improvement was judged by double-blinded observer evaluation, macrophotographic imaging, optical chromatography, and a patient evaluation scale. results. Sixty-four percent of patients treated in the present study achieved 75% or greater clearing of vessels after a maximum of three treatment sessions. Optical chromatography revealed statistically significant decreased chromophore intensity (mean blueness reduction index of 41.2b 2 ). Sixty-four percent of patients were greatly satisfied with the results of the laser treatment. Two patients manifested vessel recurrence when examined at 6 and 12 months, respectively. conclusion. The 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser can produce effective long-term photosclerosis of blue venulectasia and reticular veins. The potential for recurrence should be recognized by the vascular laser surgeon. THE LONG-PULSED Nd:YAG (1064 nm) laser has gained increasing popularity over the last 3 years for treating blue venulectasias and reticular veins. The longer wavelength associated with this technology allows treatment of veins with larger intimal diameter and deeper depth down to the reticular dermis. The 1064 nm wavelength also allows darker Fitzpatrick skin types to be treated with minimal risk to the epidermis due to decreased interaction with melanin, thus minimizing the potential for epidermal disruption and pigmentary irregularities (“epidermal bypass”). There are presently five major long-pulsed 1064 nm
The EIC project: Physics prospects and present status

Abstract Significant advances in the understanding of the nucleon spin structure and the structure of heavy nuclei are possible if they are studied in future using deep inelastic scattering with a high luminosity a collider. Compared to fixed target experiments, a collider allows access to higher s , and also allows access to target fragments to be accessed with a suitably designed detector. This paper describes the status & the physics prospects of one such proposal, the Electron Ion Collider (EIC), presently being considered in the US.
The Support Structure as a Necessary Condition for Sustained Judicial Attention to Rights: A Response

Urribarri, Schorpp, Randazzo, and Songer pose an important question in the comparative study of courts: why do some high courts devote sustained attention to rights while others do not? I have argued that a rights-advocacy support structure is a necessary condition, making sustained judicial attention to rights possible. Claiming to test this thesis, USRS propose and test a different hypothesis, that changes in a country’s support structure directly cause changes in judicial attention to rights. This represents a misunderstanding of the nature of a necessary-condition thesis. USRS, however, devote most of their paper to testing this direct-cause thesis. Near the end of their paper they briefly assess my necessary-condition thesis, asserting that several countries’ high courts have had rights agendas in the absence of a support structure. Research on these countries, however, demonstrates that each had a support structure at the relevant time, confirming my thesis.
Sovereign Wealth Funds in the Pacific Island Countries: Macro-Fiscal Linkages

This paper looks at the role Sovereign Wealth Funds have played in the Pacific Island Countries in achieving key macro-fiscal policy objectives, namely, protecting the budget from high revenue volatility and strengthening fiscal prospects. Evidence shows that the funds' effectiveness has been hampered by lack of integration with the budget, institutional weaknesses, and inadequate controls. These factors, together with weak asset management, have sometimes led to substantial financial losses and undermined fiscal policy. Funds, if well designed, could be used as a tool to support a sound fiscal framework, but should not be seen as a substitute for fiscal reforms.
Visualization of internal motion within a treatment portal duringa radiation therapy treatment

Summary We offer a method for visualization of treatment portals continually during a radiation therapy treatment. Using digital image processing in conjunction with a fluorescent screen, portal images are obtained almost instantly. Images of quality that are clinically useful can be visualized every second. Digital enhancement further improves the quality of the images. The availability of instant portal images before each treatment can be most helpful in verifying that the patient is correctly and precisely set up prior to the onset of radiation. The ability to visualize treatment portals continuously during a treatment can help to ensure that radiation is restricted to the prescribed field and is not altered significantly by patient motion. In this report, we show and discuss a sequence of instant portal images obtained during a single treatment in which motion and absence of motion of internal anatomy is clearly demonstrated.
Patch voltage clamp of squid axon membrane

A small area (patch) of the external surface of a squid axon can be "isolated" electrically from the surrounding bath by means of a pair of concentric glass pipettes. The seawater-filled inner pipette makes contact with the axon and constitutes the external access to the patch. The outer pipette is used to direct flowing sucrose solution over the area surrounding the patch of membrane underlying the inner pipette. Typically, sucrose isolated patches remain in good condition (spike amplitude greater than 90 mV) for periods of approximately one half hour. Patches of axon membrane which had previously been exposed to sucrose solution were often excitable. Membrane survival of sucrose treatment apparently arises from an outflow of ions from the axon and perhaps satellite cells into the interstitial cell space surrounding the exolemma. Estimate of the total access resistance (electrode plus series resistance) to the patch is about 100 komega (7 omega cm2). Patch capacitance ranges from 10-100 pF, which suggests areas of 10(-4) to 10(-5) cm2 and resting patch resistances of 10-100 Momega. Shunt resistance through the interstitial space exposed to sucrose solution, which isolates the patch, is typically 1-2 Momega. These parameters indicate that good potential control and response times can be achieved on a patch. Furthermore, spatial uniformity is demonstrated by measurement of an exoplasmic isopotential during voltage clamp of an axon patch. The method may be useful for other preparations in which limited membrane area is available or in special instances such as in the measurement of membrane conduction noise.
Diabetic Dyslipidemia: Causes and Consequences

More cardiovascular disease occurs in patients with either type 1 or 2 diabetes. The link between diabetes and atherosclerosis is, however, not completely understood. Among the metabolic abnormalities that commonly accompany diabetes are disturbances in the production and clearance of plasma lipoproteins. Moreover, development of dyslipidemia may be a harbinger of future diabetes. A characteristic pattern, termed diabetic dyslipidemia, consists of low high density lipoprotein (HDL), increased triglycerides, and postprandial lipemia. This pattern is most frequently seen in type 2 diabetes and may be a treatable risk factor for subsequent cardiovascular disease. The pathophysiological alterations in diabetes that lead to this dyslipidemia will be reviewed in this article.
A MOLYBDENUM(0) COMPLEX OF BIS(HYDROXYMETHYL)PHENYLPHOSPHINE

Abstract The thermal reaction of hexacarbonyl molybdenum with bis(hydroxymethyl)phenylphosphine afforded the 1:1 complex Mo(CO)5[PPh(CH2OH)2]. Its solution spectral behavior and solid-state structure have been determined.
545) Treatment outcomes of an interdisciplinary chronic pain rehabilitation program in smokers and nonsmokers

Previous research suggests there is a relationship between pain and smoking, but there is limited research on the treatment outcomes of people with chronic pain who smoke. This is particularly evident in the context of interdisciplinary chronic pain treatment programs because the only such study (Hooten et al., 2009) has not been replicated. Therefore, the current study examined the immediate treatment outcomes in patients who have been through an interdisciplinary chronic pain rehabilitation program. The treatment outcomes that were examined were depression, anxiety, pain intensity, and pain disability. Depression scores were higher both at admission and discharge for smokers when compared to nonsmokers, anxiety scores and pain intensity scores were higher at admission for smokers, but were no longer significantly different from nonsmokers at discharge, and pain disability scores for smokers and nonsmokers were not significantly different at both admission and discharge. In addition, both smokers and nonsmokers improved on all of these measures between admission and discharge. These data support the findings of Hooten et al. (2009) and provide additional evidence that comprehensive chronic pain rehabilitation programs can be effective for both smokers and nonsmokers, specifically regarding pain intensity, anxiety, depression, and pain disability outcomes.
Achieving ${100}~\hbox{Gb/in}^{2}$ on Particulate Barium Ferrite Tape

The fundamental areal density limits of particulate tape media are investigated with micromagnetic simulations and a one-dimensional recording model, adapted to three-dimensional particle orientation distributions. It is shown that the viability of the particulate technology for tape systems continues well beyond the current 3 Gb/in2 and that 100 Gb/in2 could be obtained by simple optimization of the particle size, magnetic properties and distributions. We demonstrate that a particulate medium that uses 750 nm3 oriented particles having BaFe12O19 bulk magnetic properties could be optimally recorded with a ring-type writer and a reasonable deep-gap field of 16 kOe. With a 150 nm combined tracking margin and for a conservative BB-SNR requirement of 19 dB as used in current tape systems, we determine that such particulate medium would support an areal density of 78 Gb/in2. With the expected improvements in coding and signal processing, we predict that the same particulate medium would achieve areal densities above 100 Gb/in2.
Detecting human interferences to low flows through base flow recession analysis

[1] Human activities directly and indirectly interfere with naturally occurring hydrologic processes. Indirect human interferences, such as those resulting from land use and land cover changes, have been studied and modeled in many watersheds throughout the world. These kinds of human interferences usually have considerable impacts on the rising and falling limbs and the peak of a hydrograph. Direct human interferences, such as water withdrawals and return flows, can affect the base flow recession process, which is not greatly affected by the land surface condition. Direct human interferences are usually assumed to be known but are difficult to observe and model. The withdrawals and return flows are frequently added to or subtracted from estimates of naturally occurring streamflow, underlying an assumed linear relationship between streamflow and water withdrawal and return flow. This paper presents an empirical analysis to incorporate groundwater pumping and return flow as variables in the recession process. This technique is subsequently applied to the Salt Creek Watershed, a highly urban watershed located in the Chicago area. On the basis of the historical streamflow observation during 1946–2006, the analysis provides results that explain the impact of the aforementioned direct human activities on the base flow recession process. Moreover, this empirical method allows estimates of human water uses, such as groundwater pumping and return flow, to be made as long as a sufficiently long term streamflow data record is available. This analysis is verified with the data from the Salt Creek Watershed and can also be applied to other watersheds subject to intensive human interferences.