cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Corrosion of glass surfaces

Abstract Solution analyses and weight losses traditionally have been used for studying glass corrosion. These techniques provide very little if any information concerning the nature of the reaction layer remaining on the glass surface after corrosion. Several analytical surface techniques are now being applied routinely to the characterization of glass and glass surfaces. A clearer understanding of corrosion mechanisms and kinetics emerges when a combination of surface and solution analyses is employed.
PLASMA GROWTH HORMONE (GH) DURING CATCH-UP GROWTH (CUG) AFTER FASTING OR CORTISONE INJECTIONS

This work was undertaken to determine whether GH is involved in CUG after fasting or cortisone injections in the postweaning period. Male Long-Evans rats, 40 d of age, were fasted 2 d or injected sc with 5 mg cortisone acetate daily for 4 d. Untreated rats served as controls. We have shown in these models complete CUG after fast but only return to normal growth rate after cortisone. Plasma GH in decapitation neck blood was determined by radioimmunoassay (Ref NIAMD-Rat-GH-RP-1) before, at the end of treatment, and weekly for 4 w. Pituitary weight and GH content, body size, and cell size and number of heart, skeletal muscle, and liver were determined. The results showed a significant increase of mean values as well as an increased occurrence of very high (> 250 mμg/ml) levels of GH during the posttreatment period in both experimental groups. Control plasma GH was 42 mμg/ml± 11 (SE). At 4 w plasma GH remained significantly elevated in fasted rats. It was normal in cortisone rats. Soft tissue parameters were markedly different between fast and cortisone rats at the end of treatment. These approached normal by 4 w in fasted rats. Cortisone rats had reduced liver size and cell number at 4 w. The results are compatible with the view that GH metabolism is involved in CUG. The mechanism responsible for the increased plasma GH values during the posttreatment period and the possible role of GH in CUG remain to be determined.
Forces and powers of slow and fast skeletal muscles in mice during repeated contractions.

1. The normalized force or power developed during each of a series of repeated contractions was averaged over the entire cycle of activity and rest to provide a measure of performance referred to as sustained force or sustained power. We tested the hypotheses that compared with slow soleus muscles, fast extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles would attain lower maximum values of sustained force, but higher maximum values of sustained power. 2. During repeated contractions at a stimulation frequency of 150 Hz, forces and powers of soleus and EDL muscles of mice were determined in situ at 35 degrees C. The train rate of repeated contractions was incremented every 5 min to increase duty cycle until a maximum value for sustained force or power was reached. 3. In one set of repeated contractions, each contraction was preceded by a quick stretch and thereafter muscle length was held constant. The stretch minimized active shortening of muscle fibres. Sustained force was calculated from force at constant length. The maximum sustained force developed by soleus muscles of 4.58 +/- 0.31 N cm-2 (mean +/- S.E.M.) occurred at a duty cycle of 0.48. Compared with soleus muscles, EDL muscles attained a lower (P less than 0.05) maximum value of 1.38 +/- 0.15 N cm-2 at a 0.35 duty cycle. 4. During isovelocity shortening contractions, the maximum value for sustained power developed by soleus muscles of 7.4 +/- 0.5 W kg-1 occurred at a duty cycle of 0.18. Compared with soleus muscles, EDL muscles achieved a significantly greater maximum value of 9.1 +/- 0.4 W kg-1 at a 0.21 duty cycle.
Beam losses and beam halos in accelerators for new energy sources

Large particle accelerators are proposed as drivers for new ways to produce electricity from nuclear fusion and fission reactions. The accelerators must be designed to deliver large particle beam currents to a target facility with very little beam spill along the accelerator itself, in order that accelerator maintenance can be accomplished without remote manipulators. Typically, particle loss is preceded by the formation of a tenuous halo of particles around the central beam core, caused by beam dynamics effects, often coupled with the slight imperfections inevitable in a practical design. If the halo becomes large enough, particles may be scraped off along the accelerator. The tolerance for beam spill in different applications is discussed, halo mechanisms and recent work to explore and understand their dynamics are reviewed, and possible directions for future investigation are outlined. 17 refs., 10 figs.
Landscape configuration and urban heat island effects: assessing the relationship between landscape characteristics and land surface temperature in Phoenix, Arizona

The structure of urban environments is known to alter local climate, in part due to changes in land cover. A growing subset of research focuses specifically on the UHI in terms of land surface temperature by using data from remote sensing platforms. Past research has established a clear relationship between land surface temperature and the proportional area of land covers, but less research has specifically examined the effects of the spatial patterns of these covers. This research considers the rapidly growing City of Phoenix, Arizona in the United States. To better understand how landscape structure affects local climate, we explored the relationship between land surface temperature and spatial pattern for three different land uses: mesic residential, xeric residential, and industrial/commercial. We used high-resolution (2.4 m) land cover data and an ASTER temperature product to examine 90 randomly selected sample sites of 240 square-meters. We (1) quantify several landscape-level and class-level landscape metrics for the sample sites, (2) measure the Pearson correlation coefficients between land surface temperature and each landscape metric, (3) conduct an analysis of variance among the three land uses, and (4) model the determinants of land surface temperature using ordinary least squares linear regression. The Pearson’s correlation coefficients reveal significant relationships between several measures of spatial configuration and LST, but these relationships differ among the land uses. The ANOVA confirmed that mean land surface temperature and spatial patterns differed among the three land uses. Although a relationship was apparent between surface temperatures and spatial pattern, the results of the linear regression indicate that proportional land cover of grass and impervious surfaces alone best explains temperature in mesic residential areas. In contrast, temperatures in industrial/commercial areas are explained by changes in the configuration of grass and impervious surfaces.
A Worker Productivity Model and Its Use at Lincoln Electric

A worker productivity model was developed to illustrate the manner in which factors interact to yield productivity. Thirteen individual factors and fourteen organizational factors are combined as a servosystem using procedures similar to those of industrial dynamics. Use of the model in training supervisors at the Lincoln Electric Company is reported.
The Morphology of H. Pertussis Grown Under Varying Conditions and on Different Mediums

Freshly isolated H. pertussis organisms when grown on 20*^ to 25% human placental hemoglobin blood agar medium (Bordet), having a pu of from 6.0 to 6.4 as modified by Povitzky, appear as small ovoid bacilli which at times are nearly indistinguishable from coccoid bacteria. These organisms appear entirely unlike the typical bacillary forms that are usually considered when speaking of H. pertussis. This coccoid stage was originally termed the "state I" of the organism by Bordet and Sleeswyck1 and later "phase I" by Lesslie and Gardner.2 We have called it the disease producing state3 because it is in this state that the organism is most virulent for guinea pigs,4 produces the highest agglutinin titer when injected into rabbits5 and causes the disease in human beings and monkeys.6 When the coccoid or ovoid organisms are transferred every 4 days on the same medium (hemoglobin blood agar), they all begin to become ovoid in form within a few generations and only bacillary at about the 160th to the 180th generation removed from the parent strain. In sequence, under unfavorable conditions, the morphology changes first, the virulence later and finally the antigenic producing ability of the organisms, even though they may have been continuously transplanted on hemoglobin blood agar.7 If the organisms that have become bacillary at about the 160th generation are injected into a guinea pig, and if the organisms now recovered from its peritoneal cavity 24 hours later, are replanted on hemoglobin blood agar and the hemolytic colonies again transplanted from these to other plates of the same medium, it will be found that the bacillus has again become ovoid or occasionally even coccoid in form, and that its antigenic ability to produce agglutinins and virulence have likewise returned. If the organism is transplanted for more than 160 generations, its morphology may become fixed. As long as the organisms remain coccoid or ovoid in form and are grown on hemoglobin blood agar with a pu of 6.0, they will not produce the sticky exudate to which attention has been previously drawn.8 The coccoid forms may be arranged in
Zeste-mediated activation by an enhancer is independent of cooperative DNA binding in vivo

It is not clear how transcription factors bound at distal enhancer and proximal promoter sequences cooperate to stimulate transcription in vivo. To distinguish between different models for the action of enhancer elements, we have directly measured DNA binding of the Drosophila activator zeste by in vivo UV crosslinking. Experiments in Drosophila embryos show that binding of zeste protein to either the proximal promoter of the Ultrabithorax (Ubx) gene or to a Ubx enhancer element does not require the presence of the other element. However, significant transcription is observed only when both elements are present and bound by zeste. The results indicate that stimulation by an enhancer can occur by a mechanism other than increasing the occupancy of an activator to binding sites near the start site of transcription.
Conserved Regions of Gonococcal TbpB Are Critical for Surface Exposure and Transferrin Iron Utilization

The transferrin-binding proteins TbpA and TbpB enable Neisseria gonorrhoeae to obtain iron from human transferrin. The lipoprotein TbpB facilitates, but is not strictly required for, TbpA-mediated iron acquisition. The goal of the current study was to determine the contribution of two conserved regions within TbpB to the function of this protein. Using site-directed mutagenesis, the first mutation we constructed replaced the lipobox (LSAC) of TbpB with a signal I peptidase cleavage site (LAAA), while the second mutation deleted a conserved stretch of glycine residues immediately downstream of the lipobox. We then evaluated the resulting mutants for effects on TbpB expression, surface exposure, and transferrin iron utilization. Western blot analysis and palmitate labeling indicated that the lipobox, but not the glycine-rich motif, is required for lipidation of TbpB and tethering to the outer membrane. TbpB was released into the supernatant by the mutant that produces TbpB LSAC. Neither mutation disrupted the transport of TbpB across the bacterial cell envelope. When these mutant TbpB proteins were produced in a strain expressing a form of TbpA that requires TbpB for iron acquisition, growth on transferrin was either abrogated or dramatically diminished. We conclude that surface tethering of TbpB is required for optimal performance of the transferrin iron acquisition system, while the presence of the polyglycine stretch near the amino terminus of TbpB contributes significantly to transferrin iron transport function. Overall, these results provide important insights into the functional roles of two conserved motifs of TbpB, enhancing our understanding of this critical iron uptake system.
Weak link between conventional and unconventional superconductors

In this paper we consider the Josephson coupling between a conventional and an unconventional superconductor through a constriction. It is demonstrated that a weak link is very different from a tunnel junction. In particular, in an orientation where the coupling in a tunnel junction vanishes because of symmetry, the Josephson current in the case of a weak link can nevertheless be finite, albeit with the distinctive characteristics of(i) a current phase relationship with a period of 2π/n, (ii) the critical current near but below the transition temperature T 1 of the lower transition temperature superconductor is proportional to (1−(T/T 1)) n/2, where n is an integer determined by the symmetry.
Family ecological predictors of physical activity parenting in low-income families.

Physical activity (PA) parenting, or strategies parents use to promote PA in children, has been associated with increased PA in children of all ages, including preschool-aged children. However, little is known about the circumstances under which parents adopt such behaviors. This study examined family ecological factors associated with PA parenting. Low-income parents (N = 145) of preschool-aged children (aged 2 to 5 years) were recruited from five Head Start centers in upstate New York. Guided by the family ecological model (FEM), parents completed surveys assessing PA parenting and relevant family and community factors. Hierarchical regression analysis identified independent predictors of PA parenting. Parent depressive symptoms, life pressures that interfere with PA and perceived empowerment to access PA resources were associated with PA parenting. Community factors, including neighborhood play safety and social capital, were not independently associated with PA parenting in the multivariate model. Tog...
X-RAY DIFFRACTION CHARACTERIZATION OF Ag-Rh CATALYSTS FOR OXYGENATE AND HYDROCARBON SYNTHESIS

ABSTRACT Ag-Rh/SiO2 catalysts which exhibit activity and selectivity for oxygenate and hydrocarbon synthesis have been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD). XRD patterns show that the catalysts prepared using Rh chloride precursor contain Rh, Ag, AgCl, and AgClO2 crystallites. The size of these crystallites varied with the amount of Ag in the catalyst. The variation in crystallite size of Rh, Ag, AgCl, and AgClO2 with Ag/Rh ratio has an impact on the activity and selectivity for synthesis of oxygenates and hydrocarbons during CO hydrogenation and ethylene hydroformylation reactions. The selectivity towards oxygenates is decreased on the Ag-Rh catalysts due to the presence of AgCl and AgClO2 crystallites on the catalyst surface. Ag-Rh catalyst with Ag/Rh ratio of 0.5 gives a higher activity and selectivity for ethanol and propanol during CO hydrogenation and ethylene hydroformylation than the other Ag-Rh catalysts. Ag-Rh catalysts prepared from Rh chloride and Ag nitrate precursors are less active and ...
Social Support: A Mediator between Child Maltreatment and Developmental Outcomes

The purpose of the current study was to investigate the relationship between child maltreatment, social support, and developmental outcomes in first-year college students. Participants were 202 undergraduate students (137 female, 65 male) who completed surveys at two time points: once before entering college and once during their first year of college. It was hypothesized that child maltreatment would predict poorer developmental outcomes in adolescence and early adulthood, but that social support would mediate this relationship. Results indicated that child maltreatment related negatively to developmental outcomes and to perceived social support; adolescent and young adult development related positively to perceived social support. In addition, a mediational model in which social support mediates child maltreatment and developmental outcomes was supported.
Introduction to the Special FMS Issue

It is pleasant to realise that every leading institution and manufacturing company in the world is dealing with some aspects of flexible automation, because many researchers and managers in industry have found that the concept of designing and making goods and products on order, rather than for stock, is the key issue in order to cut down manufacturing costs and lead time, and eventually to stay in business in the future.
Family and Consumer Sciences Graduate Research Productivity in 2013

Requests were sent in April 2014 to representatives of 151 universities and colleges with family and consumer science programs. The purpose was to collect the titles and authors of theses and dissertations completed in 2013. Thirty-nine universities responded and they reported a total of 480 theses and dissertations. Of the 480 titles, 307 titles were for theses and 173 titles were for dissertations. The largest number of titles reported for master's theses was in Nutrition and Dietetics. The largest number of titles reported for dissertations was in Family Relations. In addition, 21 of the 39 universities stated that 282 master's students completed nonthesis options in 2013.
Retinopathy and Progression of CKD: The CRIC Study

Background and objectives Retinal abnormalities may be associated with changes in the renal vasculature. This study assessed the association between retinopathy and progression of kidney disease in participants of the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) study. Design, setting, participants, & measurements This was a prospective study in which patients with CKD enrolled in CRIC had nonmydriatic fundus photographs of both eyes. All CRIC participants in six clinical sites in which fundus cameras were deployed were offered participation. Photographs were reviewed at a reading center. The presence and severity of retinopathy and vessel calibers were assessed using standard protocols by graders masked to clinical information. The associations of retinal features with changes in eGFR and the need for RRT (ESRD) were assessed. Results Retinal images and renal progression outcomes were obtained from 1852 of the 2605 participants (71.1%) approached. During follow-up (median 2.3 years), 152 participants (8.2%) developed ESRD. Presence and severity of retinopathy at baseline were strongly associated with the risk of subsequent progression to ESRD and reductions in eGFR in unadjusted analyses. For example, participants with retinopathy were 4.4 times (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 3.12 to 6.31) more likely to develop ESRD than those without retinopathy ( P P Conclusions The presence and severity of retinopathy were not associated with ESRD and decline in eGFR after taking into account established risk factors.
Full Scale Demonstration and Modeling of a Quick Recovery Stagnating Radiator

Missions to the moon, Mars and near earth objects may require operational phases of low heat rejection in very cold environments followed by higher heat rejection in warmer environments. Spacecraft heat rejection systems are being developed to perform this turn down and turn up within a required time frame reliably and predictably. The system described here is a single-loop fluid pumped system that allows stagnation of part of the fluid in a given radiator tube to minimize heat rejection in that tube, essentially reducing the active area for heat rejection. As full fluid stagnation is avoided, stagnation recovery to full heat rejection capability is more responsive than previous stagnating systems have demonstrated. A full scale single panel was built and tested in a thermal vacuum chamber at NASA Johnson Space Center. Turn down ratios of 6.5 at a 100 K sink and recovery rates ranging from 15 to 200 minutes will be presented. The rate of stagnation recovery was an order of magnitude greater than required. Modeling and data analyses are presented to support the current hypothesized dominating physics. Modeling captures overall stagnation onset and heat rejection well. Recommendations for model improvements are provided to better capture stagnation recovery.
Nonresidential Grandparents' Emotional and Financial Involvement in Relation to Early Adolescent Grandchild Outcomes

This study examined links between grandparents' involvement and grandchildrens' positive outcomes. Data were from 408 families taken from Time 1 and Time 2 (1 year later) of the Flourishing Families Project, which is a study involving families with a child between the ages of 10 and 14 at Time 1 (M age of child=11.30, 49% female, 82% Caucasian). Results suggested that grandparents' emotional involvement at Time 1 was positively related to adolescents' prosocial behaviors concurrently and longitudinally, for single- and 2-parent families, and that grandparents' financial involvement at Time 1 was positively related to adolescents' school engagement at Time 2 (for single-parent families). Discussion focuses on the unique importance of grandparents' involvement, even after controlling for parent–child attachment.
FUNCTIONAL MODELING EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES

As more design methodologies are researched and developed, the question arises as to whether these new methodologies are actually advancing the field of engineering design or instead cluttering the field with more theories. There is a critical need to test new methodologies for their contribution to the field of design engineering. This paper presents the results of research attempts to substantiate repeatability claims of the functional model derivation method. Three experiments are constructed and carried out with a participant pool that possesses a range of engineering design skill levels. The experiments test the utility of the functional model derivation method to produce repeatable functional models for a given product among different designers. Results indicate the method is largely successful and identify its key strengths as well as opportunities for improvement.
President Jimmy Carter, Evangelicalism, Church-State Relations, and Civil Religion

Jimmy Carter is a self-proclaimed "born again" Christian. He has readily acknowledged that from the time of his conver sion as a youth until well into his adult life he regarded himself as a Christian and was even very active in his local Baptist church, but that his religion did not make much difference in his life. When he was defeated in the Georgia gubernatorial campaign of 1966 his intense discouragement forced him into a period of personal reevaluation. Under the urging of his sister Ruth, he pledged to take his religion more seriously.1 At about the same time, he was also greatly influenced by a sermon entitled "If You Were Arrested for Being a Christian, Would There Be Any Evidence to Convict You?" "And my answer by the time that sermon was over was no. I never had committed
Thrombolytic Therapy in Dogs and Cats

Objective: To review the thrombolytic agents most commonly used in humans, their mechanisms of action, potential uses, adverse effects, and reports of their use in dogs and cats. Human data synthesis: Thrombolytic agents available in human medicine include streptokinase, urokinase, tissueplasminogen activator (t-PA), single-chain urokinase plasma activator (scu-PA) and anisoylated plasminogen-streptokinase activator complex (APSAC). These agents were originally used for the management of proximal deep vein thrombosis and severe pulmonary embolism but more recently, use of these drugs has been extended to include the treatment of acute peripheral arterial disease, cerebrovascular disease (stroke) and acute coronary thrombosis. The most predictable side effect associated with the use of thrombolytic therapy is hemorrhage. Veterinary data synthesis: Clinical experience with thrombolytic agents in small animals is limited to streptokinase and t-PA. It is possible, that as in humans, canine and feline patients with PTE and right ventricular dysfunction may benefit from thrombolytic therapy but there are no veterinary studies to support this theory to date. Successful use of streptokinase has been documented in a small number of canine patients with systemic thromboembolism. 63 Thrombolytic therapy is relatively efficacious in cats with aortic thromboemboli but is associated with a high mortality rate. 59,60,64 With regard to use of t-PA in veterinary medicine, the small number of animals treated with varying protocols makes it impossible to provide safe and effective dose recommendations at this time. Conclusions: Future goals for thrombolytic therapy in veterinary medicine include determination of more specific clinical indications, as well as design of effective protocols that minimize mortality and morbidity. (J Vet Emerg Crit Care 2001; 11(2): 111-121)
Transient Response Improvement in DC-DC Converters Using Output Capacitor Current for Faster Transient Detection

Demanding high power applications, such as fast processors, and pulsed loads are requiring new levels of performance from DC/DC converters. The requirements of high slew rate of load current with minimal output voltage deviation along with high conversion efficiency, small size and low cost, are all contradicting requirements for the DC/DC converter design. Proposed is a new approach to significantly limit the voltage overshoot and undershoot during load transient and reduce the number of capacitors, without compromising on the efficiency, cost or size of the DC/DC converter. It allow to optimize the power stage efficiency for the DC operation with less concern of dynamic performance, while an additional switching circuit; that utilizes the output capacitor current to detect load transient; is activated during load step up to deliver the shortage charge to the output capacitor, and also to pull out the extra charge from the output capacitor during load step down. Therefore, lower voltage deviation is achieved during load transient. The principle of operation and experimental results are presented.
Sovereign Time, Storied Moments: The Temporalities of Law, Tradition, and Ethnography in Hopi Tribal Court

This article analyzes the temporalities that emerge in interactions before the tribal court of the Hopi Indian Nation. Particular attention will be paid to the interdiscursive strategies employed by courtroom interlocutors negotiating between adherence to Anglo-legal notions of fact and norm, and the narratives of Hopi tradition regularly raised by litigants in property dispute hearings. It will be argued that such negotiations are at once central to the “sovereign time” that contemporary Hopi law instantiates for the Hopi Nation, but also stand in a complex relationship to the temporalities generated by the “storied moments” of Hopi litigants' tradition discourses. The effect is that these traditions get legally framed as sometimes near to, sometimes far from, the lives and times of Hopi people today. In conclusion, it will be suggested that similar tensions of norm and fact resound in certain critical assessments of anthropology in the 1980s and 1990s, particularly those that focus on the implicit orientations to time and temporality that rest at the heart of ethnography's representational practices and the authority they generate. [time; tradition; law; interdiscursivity; Hopi]
Organic cyclic difluoramino-nitramines: infrared and Raman spectroscopy of 3,3,7,7-tetrakis(difluoramino)octahydro 1,5-dinitro-1,5-diazocine (HNFX)

We present the first vibrational structure investigation of 3,3,7,7-tetrakis(difluoramino)octahydro-1,5-dinitro- 1,5-diazocine (HNFX) - and, more generally, of a member of the new class of gem-bis(difluoramino)-substituted heterocyclic nitramine energetic materials - using combined theoretical and experimental approaches. Optimized molecular structure and vibrational spectra of the Ci... symmetry conformer constituting the HNFX crystal were computed using density functional theory methods. Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectra of HNFX crystalline samples were also collected at ambient temperature and pressure. The average deviation of calculated structural parameters from X-ray diffraction data is {approx}1% at the B3LYP/6-311 + + G(d,p) level of theory, suggesting the absence of significant molecular distortion induced by the crystal field. Very good agreement was found between simulated and measured spectra, allowing reliable assignment of the fundamental normal modes of vibration of the HNFX crystal. Detailed analysis of the normal modes of the C-(NF{sub 2}){sub 2} and N-NO{sub 2} moieties was performed due to their critical importance in the initial steps of the molecular homolytic fragmentation process.
A time warp implementation of Sharks World

The authors discuss the TWOS (Time Warp Operating System) implementations of the Shark's World simulation, a simple simulation of sharks and fish swimming through a toroidal world. Shark's World was coded and debugged in two man-weeks; after the initial debugging and tuning, it ran all tests without modifications. Shark's World provides a good performance under TWOS. It has demonstrated speedups as high as 29.5, with efficiencies as high as 63.75%. With a sufficient number of sectors, TWOS provides a smooth speedup curve. If the number of sectors is close to the number of nodes, the speedup curve is likely to have a plateau between the points of two objects per node and one object per node. Shark's World provides a test example for lazy cancellation versus aggressive cancellation. Due to its nature, lazy cancellation should do very well with Shark's World, and does indeed do better than aggressive cancellation. The authors examine methods of improving TWOS performance on this application, and the possible effects of adding more complexity to the simulation. >
Waveform-agile mimo radar for urban terrain tracking

We investigate the problem of tracking a moving target in urban terrain using a multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) radar system. Our proposed method aims to maximize the target information using an optimal configuration of MIMO widely-separated radar sensors while exploiting multipath returns from all the sensors. Furthermore, we adaptively configure the parameters of the transmit waveforms of the MIMO system at each time step in order to minimize the overall mean-squared tracking error. We demonstrate our results using a realistic urban environment, by varying the regions of obscuration and the number of bounce path returns. An important advantage of the MIMO system is that, based on the radar configuration, it is possible to completely eliminate the obscuration regions.
The effects of perceived similarity upon the use of reward and punishment

Abstract Subjects were led to perceive a trainee as either similar or dissimilar to themselves. During subsequent influence trials, subjects attempted to assess the causes of the trainee's performance and to employ rewards, punishments, or manipulations of the trainee's environment to optimize her performance. It was predicted that subjects would perceive the performance of dissimilar trainees as caused more by the dispositional factor of motivation than the performance of similar trainees, and that dissimilar trainees would thus be rewarded more upon success as well as punished more upon failure. The hypotheses were supported, and a model of reward-punishment behavior and attribution is discussed.
Resistance and some enzyme activities in Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel (Psocoptera: Liposcelididae) in relation to carbon dioxide enriched atmospheres

Abstract Two populations (S-1 and S-2) of the psocid, Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel were exposed to carbon dioxide enriched atmospheres. Carbon dioxide resistance developed at steady rates in these two populations during this study period. Selection with 35 and 55% CO 2 resulted in resistance development as expressed by LT 50 . Resistance increased steadily under continuous selection to 4.6- and 5.3-fold by generation F 30 for S-1 and S-2, respectively. Throughout the selection process, the slopes of regression lines were always lower than that of the control. The results of biochemical assays showed that the activities of carboxyl esterase (CarE) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in vitro increased in the selection process. Exposure to higher CO 2 content (HCC) resulted in a gradual decrease in CarE activity in both selected and control populations. Although the induction effect of CO 2 on SOD was brief, the induction times for the S-1 and S-2 were greater than those of the control. The elevated catalase (CAT) activity in association with resistance development was also evident, but no statistical correlation was found between CAT activity and HCC resistance. No significant differences were found in acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase activities in both selected and control populations during this study. This study demonstrated that high CarE and SOD activities were positively correlated to CO 2 resistance.
Fighting for Business: The Limits of Professional Cooperation among American Doctors during the First World War

The American medical profession participated extensively in preparedness and mobilization for the First World War, with more than one in five doctors voluntarily enlisting in various branches of the Army and Navy Medical Corps. Medical officers were widely valorized for suspending their civilian careers and for sacrificing their professional income while in service. Because of the meager commissions that medical officers received by comparison with fees many doctors earned in established private medical practices, scores of county medical societies implemented organizational solutions to this business problem, with the hopes of removing a significant disincentive to enlistment. In these "practice protection plans," a civilian doctor promised to take care of the patients of a military doctor, to forward a portion of the fees collected thereby to the family of the military doctor, and to refer these patients to the military doctor upon his return. Despite initial enthusiasm and promotion, these plans ultimately failed to achieve their objectives, leading some medical officers to accuse civilian doctors of being opportunistic, unpatriotic "slackers." This episode reveals the limits of professional cooperation in American medicine at the time and the need to explain organizational failures in the grand narrative of professionalization during the "Golden Age" of American medicine.
Retrograde seeding of malignant cells during hysteroscopy in presumed early endometrial cancer.

Abstract Objective. The aim of this study was to determine the effect that preoperative hysteroscopy has on the frequency of positive cytology at the time of definitive surgical management in endometrial cancer. Methods. Charts of 222 patients with endometrial cancer were reviewed. Patients were divided according to whether ( n = 64) or not ( n = 158) they had hysteroscopy with saline infusion. Each group was stratified into low or high risk for positive peritoneal cytology. Logistic regression analysis was used to compare the prevalence of positive peritoneal cytology with and without hysteroscopy, before and after the stratification, adjusting for the confounding risk factors. Results. After adjusting for confounding variables there was a statistical difference in the frequency of positive peritoneal cytology in those who had hysteroscopy versus those who did not (odds ratio (OR) = 2.6, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.02–6.63, P = 0.05). Even after stratifying patients into a low-risk group (OR = 2.12, 95% CI=0.13–35.9, P = 0.6) and a high-risk group (OR = 3.46, 95% CI=1.3–9.12, P = 0.01) the difference in the high-risk group was statistically significant. Conclusion. Hysteroscopy seems to affect the prevalence of positive peritoneal cytology, especially in those patients with high-risk cell types. Its use in patients with suspicion of endometrial cancer should be reconsidered.
US preexposure: Effects on flavor aversions produced by pairing a poisoned partner with ingestion

If an unpoisoned rat drinks a flavored solution and then is exposed to another rat suffering from lithium poisoning, the unpoisoned rat will later exhibit a flavor aversion. This is called the poisoned partner effect (PPE). The present experiments showed that (1) the US preexposure effect applies to the PPE since, if the unpoisoned rat is preexposed to poisoned partners, the PPE is attenuated, (2) the magnitude of the PPE increases with the dose of poison, and (3) a poisoned partner accustomed to poisoning produces a slightly weaker PPE than a partner naive to poisoning. Two earlier findings were confirmed: (1) The PPE occurs because the poisoned partner is an aversive US, not because a learned aversion is transferred from one rat to another; and (2) the PPE is weaker than an aversion produced by poisoning itself.
Offender Needs and Functioning Assessments From a National Cooperative Research Program

SUMMARY OF OFFENDER ASSESSMENTS FOR TREATMENT NEEDS AND FUNCTIONING The first protocol approved for implementation in CJ-DATS was the Performance Indicatorsfor Corrections (PIC) study. Its initial wave of findings is described in this journal volume. Themulticenter PIC protocol is led by the Texas Christian University (TCU) Research Center andincludes collaborating teams from the National Development and Research Institutes, Inc.(NDRI), University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), University of Delaware, andUniversity of Kentucky. The PIC study evaluated instruments for assessing offender function-ing, including the TCU Criminal Justice Client Evaluation of Self and Treatment (CJ CEST),TCU Criminal Thinking Scales (CTS), and the NDRI Client Assessment Inventory (CAI).Specific aims were to establish methodological evidence for these assessments that focus onclient functioning and treatment engagement, criminal thinking patterns, client responses to 1106 CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND BEHAVIOR
On the shape of foregut lumen in sea spiders (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida)

The shape of foregut lumen in both the pharyngeal and the oesophageal regions has been examined from serial histological sections in 16 species of pycnogonids covering all extant families. Each species has a Y-shaped foregut lumen in transverse section. This result shows that some previous authors misoriented the lumen as inverted Y-shaped. The triradiate Y-shaped foregut lumen has been found among ecdysozoans including tardigrades, onychophorans and scatteringly arthropods. At present, it is not clear whether the Y-shaped state of the characteristic in pycnogonids is convergent or symplesiomorphy with that in tardigrades and onychophorans.
A novel algorithm for efficient paging in mobile WiMAX

Idle mode operation is used in Mobile WiMAX networks to conserve battery power when a mobile station (MS) is not engaged in active call sessions. An idle-mode MS is paged to alert it to pending downlink traffic. Paging latency and paging signaling overhead are the two important parameters that determine the performance of paging procedures. It is desired that a paging algorithm minimize paging signaling overhead without compromising paging latency requirements. In this paper, a novel algorithm is proposed to minimize paging signaling overhead while ensuring that paging latency is bounded by a maximum desired value, referred to as paging latency upper limit. The proposed algorithm groups the idle-mode MSs into different paging sets and aggregates their paging information into one paging message. This aggregation of paging information reduces paging signaling overhead significantly. The cardinality of each paging set is determined in such a way that paging latency is bounded by the paging latency upper limit. Therefore, the proposed algorithm achieves a good tradeoff between paging latency and paging signaling overhead
Return difference bode diagram for optimal system design

This paper is concerned with a graphical method for the determination of bandwidth and optimal feedback gains for linear systems employing a quadratic form performing index. Using a fundamental frequency-domain condition of optimality developed by R. E. Kalman [1], the gain and bandwidth estimates are found from a logarithmic amplitude vs. frequency plot of the optimal system return difference. The method can be extended to systems with multiple outputs. An attempt is made to provide some insight into the connection between classical and optimal design, and into the price of optimality in terms of bandwidth.
Prospects for a Viable Community Mental Health System

The current community mental health system is undergoing severe retrenchment. With curtailment in federal funding, priorities are returning to what they were prior to 1950—private psychotherapy for the financially able and supportive care for chronic mental patients. Mental health centers are beginning to assume the functions of private psychiatric clinics and state mental hospitals—the systems of care they were intended to supplant. In the 1980s, the federal government began a steady and systematic withdrawal from community mental health centers, as well as from other health and human service programs. The responsibility for mental health care was returned to the states and to a growing private health care industry. This change produced a profound shift in service delivery, with the emphasis moving toward reimbursable services. Since inpatient services were being reimbursed at a higher rate than outpatient services, patients with a variety of disorders were more likely to be hospitalized than in the previous decade (Kiesler, 1980,1982). The noble experiment of the 1960s to empty the state hospitals had come full circle, with hospitalization now occurring more frequently in private, rather than public, facilities (Kiesler, 1982b; Kiesler & Simpkins, 1991). Since federal dollars for mental health care were being channeled to the states at continuously reduced levels, states that were unable to make up the shortfall increasingly were pressed to restrict their services to those clearly unable to care for themselves—the most severely disabled clients. Similarly, community mental health centers, relying on state dollars, also began limiting their clientele to this same group, or to those with personal financial resources and private insurance (Jerrell & Larsen, 1986)
The Use of Flow Cytometry to Assess the State of Chromatin in T Cells.

During a proper immune response, quiescent T cells become activated upon antigen presentation to their antigen-specific T cell receptor. This leads to clonal proliferation of only those T cells that bear a receptor that recognizes the antigen. Chromatin decondensation is a hallmark of T cell activation and is required for T cells to acquire the ability to proliferate after antigen engagement. This change in chromatin condensation can be detected using antibodies raised against histone proteins. These antibodies cannot bind to their epitopes in naive T cells as well as they can in activated T cells. We describe how to simultaneously stain T cell-specific surface markers, track viability with a fixable dead cell stain, and measure chromatin status via intracellular staining of Histone H3 proteins. Stained cells are analyzed by flow cytometry and chromatin condensation status is measured as the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of the Histone H3 stain. Chromatin decondensation during T cell activation is demonstrated as an increase in the MFI
Ethnographic Study of Gay and Bisexual Working-Class Men in the United States

SUMMARY Thirty-nine working-class gay and bisexual men were interviewed using ethnographic techniques to better understand their resilience in light of homophobia, heterosexism, classism, AIDS, violence and discrimination. Several themes emerged: heterosexual assumption, sense of difference, socialized to hide, gay identity confusion, coming-out as an ongoing process, managing stigma, conflict with religion, family support, relationships, self-concept, working-class attitudes, and drug and alcohol abuse.
Application of well-being therapy to people with disability and chronic illness.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE Research data clearly indicate most people living with a disability return to premorbid levels of psychological functioning. However, some individuals living with a disability are vulnerable for the development of psychological disorders including depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Rather than understanding this phenomenon of vulnerability solely as the presence of psychopathology, it can be understood from a positive psychology standpoint as a deficit of well-being. We extend this approach by demonstrating the links between the historic foundational principles of rehabilitation psychology and the relevant current research on psychology of well-being. The article then explores the implications of providing meaningful interventions that could improve the lives of persons living with disability and chronic illness. RESULTS Based on this view, well-being therapy is proposed as an intervention because it has proven efficacy in acting as a buffer against the development of some negative affective states. The assumptions and dimensions underlying this approach are shown to be relevant to both persons living with disability and to the foundational principles of rehabilitation psychology. A model for assisting people with disability in improving their well-being and decreasing negative aspects of their life by balancing factors relevant to well-being is discussed. CONCLUSIONS/IMPLICATIONS The authors conclude by exploring the benefits of engendering positive well-being versus the traditional focus on solely alleviating negative affective states.
Tychite, Na6Mg2(SO4)(CO3) 4: Structure analysis and Raman spectroscopic data

Tychite, hexa­sodium dimagnesium sulfate tetra­carbonate, is a member of the northupite [Na3Mg(CO3)2Cl] group and has a framework structure consisting of four basic units: CO32− groups (3 symmetry), SO42− tetra­hedra (23 symmetry), MgO6 (\overline{3} symmetry) and NaO6 octa­hedra (2 symmetry). Among them, the CO32−, SO42−, and MgO6 units are regular in shape, but the NaO6 octa­hedron, showing three different Na—O bond lengths, is considerably distorted. The Na atoms in tychite are slightly overbonded relative to those in northupite. The Raman spectroscopic data show three and four vibration modes for the CO32− and SO42− groups, respectively; these are comparable to the corresponding Raman modes observed in other carbonates and sulfates.
Determination of Melamine in Milk Food by High Performance Lquid Chromatography With DiodeArray Detection

Objective To establish a method for the determination of melamine in milk food by high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection.Method The sample was extracted,and protein was precipitated,the supernatant was cleaned-up by solid-phase extraction;the melamine in the sample solution was separated with BioBasic SCX column,the acetonitrile-potassium dihydrogen phosphate(0.05mol/L,pH 3.0) as mobile phase and detected at 236 nm with a diode array detector.Results Melamin content ranging from 25-800μg/ml has a good linearity(r = 0.9999),the regression equation y = 0.1094x-0.049:RSD = 1.38%,the recoveries were 89.91-90.19 %,the limit of detection was 0.07mg/kg.Conclusion The method had a high sensitivity,precision,accuracy,and can be used for detemination of melamine in dairy food.