cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cooperative adaptive sampling via approximate entropy maximization

This work deals with a group of mobile sensors sampling a spatiotemporal random field whose mean is unknown and covariance is known up to a scaling parameter. The Bayesian posterior predictive entropy provides a direct mapping between the locations of a new set of point measurements and the uncertainty of the resulting estimate of the model parameters. Since the posterior predictive entropy and its gradient are not amenable to distributed computation, we propose an alternative objective function based on a Taylor series approximation. We present a distributed strategy for sequential design which ensures that measurements at each timestep are taken at local minima of the objective function. The technical approach builds on a novel reformulation of the posterior predictive entropy.
Postural Activity and Motion Sickness among Drivers and Passengers in a Console Video Game

We investigated the influence of vehicle control (driver vs. passenger) on postural activity and motion sickness in the context of a console video game. Using a yoked control design, individuals participated as driver-passenger dyads. Within dyads, individuals participated alone, with Driver sessions being recorded and played back to corresponding Passengers. Passengers were more likely than Drivers to report motion sickness. During game exposure, Drivers tended to move more than passengers. Yet participants who later became motion sick moved differently than those who did not, with changes in movement variability of the head and torso. The results confirm that control of a simulated vehicle reduces the risk of motion sickness, and that postural instability precedes motion sickness. The results can be used to guide the design of driving simulations and video games.
Pros and cons of using arrays of small antennas versus large single dish antennas for Deep Space Network

This paper briefly describes pros and cons of using arrays of small antennas instead of large single dish antennas for spacecraft telemetry, command, and tracking (TT&C) - communications and navigation (C&N) - and science support that the Deep Space Network (DSN) normally provides. It considers functionality and performance aspects, mainly for TT&C, though it also considers science. It only briefly comments on the cost aspects that seem to favor arrays of small antennas over large single antennas, at least for receiving (downlinks).
Neural net with adaptive activation functions for face recognition

An efficient two-stage algorithm to compute nonlinear features is described. Its implementation on a neural net with adaptive activation functions that raise the input data to an arbitrary power is described. Its use in face recognition with unknown input poses is presented.
Rare-earth 4d absorption spectra in rare-earth trifluorides

The absorption spectra of all the rare-earth trifluorides except PmF3 and EuF3 were measured in the 90–200-eV region in which the 4d electrons of the rare earths are excited. The spectra were compared with those of the metals and with calculated spectra for some free tripositive rare-earth ions. The spectra of Nd and Tb also were measured to aid in this comparison. The spectra are nearly identical with those of the metals but with somewhat more structure and an increased sharpening of some structures. The principal difference was an increased amount of structure in the continuum region, which is presumably due to the effects of band structure on the decay of the excited states.
A Convexity Principle for Interacting Gases

A new set of inequalities is introduced, based on a novel but natural interpolation between Borel probability measures on R d . Using these estimates in lieu of convexity or rearrangement inequalities, the existence and uniqueness problems are solved for a family of attracting gas models. In these models, the gas interacts with itself through a force which increases with distance and is governed by an equation of state P=P(*) relating pressure to density. P(*) * (d&1)d is assumed non-decreasing for a d-dimensional gas. By showing that the internal and potential energies for the system are convex functions of the interpolation parameter, an energy minimizing stateunique up to translationis proven to exist. The concavity established for &\t & & pd q as a function of t # [0, 1] generalizes the BrunnMinkowski inequality from sets to measures. 1997 Academic Press
Power and Intimacy in the Christian Philippines

Power and Intimacy in the Christian Philippines. Fenella Cannell. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. xxvi. 312 pp., illustrations, appendix, notes, bibliography, index.
Glutamine and fatty acid oxidation are the main sources of energy for Kupffer and endothelial cells.

This study assessed and compared the rate of glucose utilization, activity of the hexose-monophosphate shunt (HMS), and the oxidation of glutamine, lactate, and palmitate in Kupffer (KC), endothelial (EC), and parenchymal liver cells (PC). Cells were isolated by collagenase and pronase digestion followed by centrifugal elutriation. The freshly isolated cells were incubated in the presence of 5 mM glucose, 0.5 mM glutamine, 1 mM lactate, and 0.4 mM palmitate, and the oxidation rate of individual substrates was determined by the measurement of 14CO2 production. Glucose utilization was assessed by detritiation of [2-3H]glucose. Glucose flux through HMS was 2.6, 1.6, and 0.72 nmol.h-1.mg protein-1 in KC, EC and PC, respectively. The oxidation rate of palmitate in PC (3.5 nmol.h-1.mg protein-1) was about twofold greater than in nonparenchymal cells. Glutamine oxidation was 6.1, 4.2, and 2.1 nmol.h-1.mg protein-1 in KC, EC, and PC, respectively. In contrast, oxidation of exogenous lactate by PC (32.1 nmol.h-1.mg protein-1) was about seven- to eightfold greater than by KC or EC. Presence of prevailing lactate concentrations did not inhibit glucose oxidation in these cells, while it attenuated glucose utilization by PC. Our data show that in the presence of a physiological substrate mixture, less than 20% of the ATP generated from exogenous substrates is derived from glycolysis in KC or EC. Oxidation of glutamine and palmitate are the main sources for energy in these cells. In PC, however, lactate and palmitate oxidation is responsible for approximately 90% for the ATP production derived form the oxidation of exogenous substrates.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Histological changes accompanying the growth of the mid-intestine of Japanese beetle larvae (Popillia japonica Newman)

A study was made of the changes in the mid-intestinal epithelium accompanying the growth of first and scond instar Japanese beetle larvae. The columnar cells were counted and measured in the region limited by the second and third rings of gastric caeca. During the first 4 days of each instar (at 25°C.), there is no increase in the number of columnar cells, growth being due entirely to an increase in the size of cells already present. The number of columnar cells begins to increase about the fifth day of each instar and continues to increase until the larva prepares for the succeeding molt. New columnar cells are produced by divisions of the basal or interstitial cells and their transformation into columnar cells. The new cells become elongated and push between adjacent columnar cells. They continue to grow until they have reached the size of columnar cells already present. Cell multiplication and differentiation occur simultaneously, and most rapidly near the end of each instar.
Power conversion challenges with a multidisciplinary focus

Power electronics is a key enabling technology in modern power conversion. However, there are rather substantial challenges which limit its more widespread acceptance. The challenges covered in this paper relate to fundamental design paradigms that could be changed via a true multidisciplinary focus. Amongst such major challenges are (1) the need for solid geometric concurrent design methods, (2) the need for enhanced dynamic range consistent with applications, (3) the need for sustained operation in physical limits without shutdown, and (4) the need for integrated sensing methodologies. For each of these challenges, the paper identifies and discusses the salient issues and relates them to promising new multidisciplinary technologies in power electronic systems.
Linezolid and Vancomycin, Alone and in Combination with Rifampin, Compared with Moxifloxacin against a Multidrug-Resistant and a Vancomycin-Tolerant Streptococcus pneumoniae Strain in an In Vitro Pharmacodynamic Model

Potential alternatives, including linezolid, adjunctive rifampin, and moxifloxacin, were evaluated against vancomycin-tolerant (P9802-020) and vancomycin-susceptible clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model. Vancomycin exhibited maximal killing of 2-log(10) CFU/ml against P9802-020. Linezolid, moxifloxacin, and linezolid plus rifampin exhibited 99.9% killing against both isolates. These alternatives should be considered for further evaluation against vancomycin-tolerant S. pneumoniae.
TRAITS ATTRIBUTED TO OVER- AND UNDERCHOSEN WOMEN

Sociometric studies have investigated differences between popular and unpopular persons with observations being taken over a long period of time. The present study determined whether strangers could detect differences between these two groups after just a few minutes of observation. 12 over- and 13 underchosen females from a college dormitory were videotaped as each interacted with a confederate. The videotapes were shown to judges who indicated which of 555 personality traits described each woman. Judges also rated their liking for each woman. Mean liking for the overchosen was significantly greater than mean liking for the underchosen. The overchosen were more likely to be described with traits indicative of extraversion, sociability, and positive emotionality. The underchosen were more likely to be described with traits indicative of introversion and negative emotionality: unhappiness, moodiness, and depression. Trait descriptions were generally positive for all of the overchosen and approximately half...
Observation of THz to near-Infrared parametric conversion in ZnGeP(2) crystal.

We observed a THz parametric conversion in which a near-infrared laser beam was mixing with a THz wave to generate a radiation in the near-infrared region (i.e. an upconverted signal) through difference-frequency generation phase-matched in a ZnGeP2 crystal. By measuring the upconverted signal, we deduced the characteristics of the THz pulses participating in the frequency mixing. Specifically, we determined the range of the incident wavelengths, the minimum detectable energy per pulse, and the average linewidth of the THz pulses as 91–139 μm, 276 pJ, and 0.36 cm-1, respectively.
Mishandling Misconduct: The NSABP Lumpectomy Trial

To the Editor. —Dr Rennie 1 was right on target in his editorial comments. His Editorial on what went wrong in the NSABP misconduct case highlights numerous areas, within the scientific process in general and the NSABP specifically, in need of critical examination and revision. The process of understanding what happened in this unfortunate episode has strayed considerably from the mark, however. At a recent international professional meeting I attended, the head of the NSABP, Dr Bernard Fisher, was praised and the "bully boys" at the National Cancer Institute (NCI) were excoriated for their respective roles in spearheading important breast cancer trials and in impaling Fisher. The scientific and medical community appears all too ready to focus on the individuals involved and not the more critical issue of where the system broke down and the ways in which it should be modified so that similar problems do not occur in
Effect of fluorochrome location in protein A on sensing efficiency of IgG

Fragment B of protein A conjugated with fluorescein at various lysine residues is prepared and separated by using a DEAE column in anion-exchange chromatography. The binding of IgG Fc to fragment B contributes to an additional positive electric potential around fragment B. The change in the local electrostatic environment and pH can then be specifically monitored by measuring the fluorescence intensity of fluorescein conjugated with fragment B before and after the introduction of IgG. The studies for the quantitative dependence of fluorescein location on the effectiveness of fluorescein for sensing the protein A-IgG reaction are presented and discussed.
Constrained source apportionment of coarse particulate matter and selected trace elements in three cities from the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis

PM10-2.5 mass and trace element concentrations were measured in Winston-Salem, Chicago, and St. Paul at up to 60 sites per city during two different seasons in 2010. Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) was used to explore the underlying sources of variability. Information on previously reported PM10-2.5 tire and brake wear profiles was used to constrain these features in PMF by prior specification of selected species ratios. We also modified PMF to allow for combining the measurements from all three cities into a single model while preserving city-specific soil features. Relatively minor differences were observed between model predictions with and without the prior ratio constraints, increasing confidence in our ability to identify separate brake wear and tire wear features. Brake wear, tire wear, fertilized soil, and resuspended soil were found to be important sources of copper, zinc, phosphorus, and silicon, respectively, across all three urban areas.
A Thunderstorm Bow Wave

Abstract The thunderstorm solitary gust or bow wave, observed by Doviak and Ge, is examined from the viewpoint of boundary layer wave theory. It is concluded that all its well defined characteristics are consistently modeled as a bow wave of ducted atmospheric modes accompanying the traveling storm. Secondary features, such as the later onset of turbulence, the solitary echo in the radar return, and the apparent rarity of such events can also be understood through a bow wave model. It is also suggested that the radar echo return cannot be attributed to a homogeneous distribution of scattering centers, and more investigation into the actual scattering process is needed.
Clothes Make the Ape: The Satirical Animal in Rochester's Poetry

This paper argues that by attending to the role of the ape, or monkey, in Rochester's satirical practice we can reevaluate both the role of the animal in Rochester's work, and the conceptual limits of early modern theriophilic discourse. Previous criticism, focusing on 'A Satyr Against Reason and Mankind', has located Rochester within a stable and defined tradition of theriophily. Recent work in animal studies, however, has necessitated a revised look at the conceptual limits of theriophily, and this also provides an opportunity to look again at Rochester's most famous poem. I argue that Rocehester pushes the limits of theriophily by producing an account of man that is not anthroppocentric. In Laurie Shannon's terms, man is, for Rochester, an 'unaccomodated animal' who has no proper place in nature. While Shannon focuses on man's tragic insufficiency, I demonstrate that Rochester's satire shows man as always overgrown and monstrous, even in his nakedness. Rochester uses the imitative ape in his poems 'Artemisia to Chloe' and 'Tunbridge Wells' as a figure of the satirist. Because the ape naturally imitates man merely by mirroring him, man gets caught in the ape's reflective trap and is unable to establish the normative outside of the happy beast common to theriophily. Man is thus decentred in the world by his inability to distance himself from what Rochester calls 'the ape's mock face'.
A Bibliography of Applications

Although this volume has been chielfy concerned with analysis of various aspects of the evolution of cellular automata and generalizations, their applications have played a catalytic role in their genesis and study. A survey would not be fairly complete without a description, even if superficial, of the major applications of cellular models (including probabilistic cellular automata).
Estimating the Burden of Pandemic Infectious Disease: The Case of the Second Wave of Pandemic Influenza H1N1 in Forsyth County, North Carolina.

Understanding the burden of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus during the second wave of 2009-2010 is important for future pandemic planning.Persons who presented to the emergency department (ED) or were hospitalized with fever and/or acute respiratory symptoms at the academic medical center in Forsyth County, North Carolina were prospectively enrolled and underwent nasal/throat swab testing for influenza A(H1N1)pdm09. Laboratory-confirmed cases of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus identified through active surveillance were compared by capture-recapture analysis to those identified through independent, passive surveillance (physician-ordered influenza testing). This approach estimated the number of total cases, including those not captured by either surveillance method. A second analysis estimated the total number of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 cases by multiplying weekly influenza percentages determined via active surveillance by weekly counts of influenza-associated discharge diagnoses from administrative data. Market share adjustments were used to estimate influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus ED visits or hospitalizations per 1,000 residents.Capture-recapture analysis estimated that 753 residents (95% confidence interval [CI], 424-2,735) with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus were seen in the academic medical center from September 2009 through mid-April 2010; this result yielded an estimated 4.7 (95% CI, 2.6-16.9) influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus ED visits or hospitalizations per 1,000 residents. Similarly, 708 visits were estimated using weekly influenza percentages and influenza-associated discharge diagnoses, yielding an estimated 4.4 influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus ED visits or hospitalizations per 1,000 residents.This study demonstrates that the burden of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus in ED and inpatient settings by capture-recapture analysis was 4-5 per 1,000 residents; this rate was approximately 8-fold higher than that detected by physician-ordered influenza testing.
Transgenic and null mutant animals for psychosomatic research.

OBJECTIVE Progress in the use of genetically altered animals for psychosomatic research is reviewed. METHOD Analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of these models, particularly from a developmental and behavioral prospective is used to assess the validity of these models. RESULTS Genetically altered animals can be used to create models of the estimated 5000 human diseases in which genetic predispositions play a role, as well as models for diseases that do not involve gene defects, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. In addition, these models have already contributed immensely to our understanding of basic biology and the biology of behavior. Replication of human gene defects in mice has provided direct models of human disease, but there are various factors that sometimes prevent the gene defect from producing the human disease in mice. However, even in this case, the models can contribute to understanding the basic biology of the disease. CONCLUSIONS While genetically altered animals have revolutionized the understanding of single gene disorders, their promise has not yet been fulfilled for multigenic behavioral disorders. Newer techniques to allow control of the tissue and stage of development at which a gene is expressed are likely to enhance the usefulness of these models for psychosomatic research. New models of disease for testing psychological impacts on illness and specific ways altering neurotransmitter function will be discovered. While these models will be extremely useful to psychosomatic medicine, the nature of this discipline of necessity involves emphasis on individual experience, and thus will never be amenable to exclusively genetic analysis.
Emergence and seedling growth from osmotically primed or pregerminated seeds of asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.)

SummaryThe optimum priming treatment for seeds of ‘UC 157’ asparagus was one week in –0.6 MPa polyethylene glycol 8000 at 20°C following three days in water at 20°C. This treatment advanced the time to 50% germination by 5.3 days but did not improve the synchrony or percentage of germination relative to those of untreated seeds. The emergence and plant growth responses from primed or water-soaked seeds that were sown dry or fluid-drilled were compared with those from either 100% germinated seeds that were fluid-drilled or untreated seeds. The relative responses to these treatments were similar under both glasshouse and field conditions. Seedling emergence was more rapid from primed seeds than from water-soaked ones but increased drying of both before planting led to slower emergence. Whilst the most rapid emergence occurred with primed seeds that were fluid-drilled (without drying), emergence was even earlier when 100% germinated seeds were fluid-drilled. Crown fresh weights of plants from primed or germi...
You Better Know It: The U.S. and U.K. Chart Hits, 1957–1962; NYC, 1961–1966

New York-based disc jockey Alan Freed nicknamed Jackie Wilson “Mr. Excitement” in 1957. Thirty years later, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inducted him as a member, along with Bo Diddley, Aretha Fr...
Coliform Pollution in the Public Tableware (Drinkware) and the Classification Results in Haikou 2009

Objective To understand the pollution situation of all type of coliform group in the public tableware (drinkware) to provide scientific basis for taking effective measures to prevent the pollution in tableware (drinkware).Method The pollution situation of coliform in public tableware (drinkware) in 2009 were analyzed,and 200 strains of coliform were identified by genotyping.Results Total of 4 091,public tableware (drinkware) in 2009,detected a qualified 3 498,with a qualification rate of 85.5%.In 200 strains of coliform,107 strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae were detected,accounted for 53.5%;E.cloacae 46,23.0%;Frau Dietrich Citrobacter 29,14.5%;Escherichia coli 18,9.0%.Conclusion Klebsiella pneumoniae is the main cause of public tableware (drinkware) contamination.
Study on High Current Experiments of Measurement Box Located on Platform of Series Capacitor Compensation for UHV Power Transmission Project

The measurement box for seried compensation equipment is located on capacitor platform to measure currents of the compensator,so it is near to the tubular bus and connecting branch in which tens of kiloampere current may flow,so it is necessary to check the electric performance index of the measument box located on the platform under strong electric field strength.Firstly,the formula to calculate the electromagnetic shielding effect of the case body is given and by which the power frequency electromagnetic shielding performance of the case body of the meadurement box is evaluated;then the high current test of the case body to simulate the strong power frequency electromagnetic environment under actual operation condition should be performed and under such a condition the power frequency electromagnetic shielding effect of the case body as well as the performance of the measurement box are tested;It has to be pointed out that the proposed high current test cannot fully verify the electromagnetic compatibility of the measurement box under the frequencies different from power frequency.However,in view of the consistency of high current test results with calculation results of case body's electromagnetic shielding performance by the given formula,thus according to the given formula it is possible to reasonably evaluate the anti-interference effect of the measurement box to electromagnetic disturbances with various frequencies.
To Reach—Or Not to Reach—for a Star

Abstract Mr. Willis G. Hazard was selected as the recipient of the Cummings Memorial Award for 1968. This award is presented annually by the American Industrial Hygiene Association in recognition of outstanding achievement and service in the field of industrial hygiene. Bill Hazard is a past-president of AIHA. He has served in other elective offices and committees too numerous to list within the AIHA and other professional organizations. His name is familiar to all who are experienced in industrial hygiene and his selection for the honor of this award is most timely and appropriate. We present here the thought-provoking and rather philosophical address which he gave at the 1968 Annual meeting on the occasion of his receiving the award.
Nutrition: An integral component in the health care of children. The interdisciplinary team in action

The purpose of this paper is not to disseminate new findings or to review past research, but simply to state a progressive clinical philosophy in practical terms. Current emphasis on specialization and the simultaneous need for comprehensive health care seriously challenge the health professional's ability to provide adequate services without a well integrated interdisciplinary approach. In addition, clinical experience strongly points toward the need for individualization of treatment within this broad spectrum of interdisciplinary management. The problems of childhood allergies, epilepsy, and feeding problems are used to illustrate this concept, and the interplay between psychic and somatic factors has been highlighted as rationale for integration of nutrition in an interdisciplinary health care program for children.
Algal glycerol accumulation and release as a sink for photosynthetic electron transport

Abstract Responses of freshwater and marine species of Chlamydomonas to salinity and light intensity were compared in the context of potential biomaterial and bioenergy production. While the freshwater species C. reinhardtii arrested growth at a salinity of 0.2 M NaCl, the marine species C. euryale showed vigorous growth and high levels of internal glycerol accumulation between 0.2 and 2 M NaCl. The freshwater species exhibited no downregulation of photosynthesis between 0 and 0.2 M NaCl; the marine species exhibited significant upregulation of photosynthesis between 0.2 and 2.0 M NaCl, indicating that internal glycerol, unlike sugars, does not induce photosynthetic downregulation. The freshwater species released considerably more glycerol than the marine species at the common salinity of 0.2 M NaCl, suggesting either possible limitations in the freshwater species to internal retention of glycerol as an osmoregulant, or formation and active release of high glycerol levels as a sink for photosynthetic electron transport when growth is not available as a sink. Continuous release of glycerol into the medium, or internal glycerol accumulation followed by periodic glycerol release via hypo-osmotic shock, are attractive potential options for continuous production of biomaterials and bioenergy from renewable sources in algae with high rates of solar energy conversion to photosynthetically produced energy carriers.
Rural versus urban-African-American adolescents : Competence scores and environment

The purpose of this pilot study was to determine the differences between rural versus urban African-American adolescents on several scores of perceived competence in important areas of an adolescent's development. The sample included only African-American adolescents either living in urban public housing developments or a rural area approximately 40 miles away in the mid-south region. The Harter scale was utilized and the areas of competence included: scholastic competence, physical appearance, athletic competence, behavioral conduct, close friendships, social acceptance, and global self-worth. All scores were analyzed between environments and within gender. The urban sample scored significantly higher on several normed mean scores of self-competence with the exception of athletic ability, and social acceptance. In addition, the sample was contrasted with the original population norms developed by the authors of Harter's Self-Perception Profile for Children (SPPC) scale and participants scored lower on several competencies including: scholastic abilities, athletic ability, social acceptance, close friendships, and behavioral conduct. The differences found may be influenced by parenting skills, environment, or the interaction between them. Implications for practice would suggest these youth have lower competency scores in important developmental areas, and should benefit from interventions designed to increase mastery in critical competency areas.
BRCA locus-specific loss of heterozygosity in germline BRCA1 and BRCA2 carriers

Complete loss of BRCA1 or BRCA2 function is associated with sensitivity to DNA damaging agents. However, not all BRCA1 and BRCA2 germline mutation-associated tumors respond. Herein we report analyses of 160 BRCA1 and BRCA2 germline mutation-associated breast and ovarian tumors. Retention of the normal BRCA1 or BRCA2 allele (absence of locus-specific loss of heterozygosity (LOH)) is observed in 7% of BRCA1 ovarian, 16% of BRCA2 ovarian, 10% of BRCA1 breast, and 46% of BRCA2 breast tumors. These tumors have equivalent homologous recombination deficiency scores to sporadic tumors, significantly lower than scores in tumors with locus-specific LOH (ovarian, P = 0.0004; breast P < 0.0001, two-tailed Student’s t-test). Absence of locus-specific LOH is associated with decreased overall survival in ovarian cancer patients treated with platinum chemotherapy (P = 0.01, log-rank test). Locus-specific LOH may be a clinically useful biomarker to predict primary resistance to DNA damaging agents in patients with germline BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations. Most tumours associated with germline BRCA1/BRCA2 loss of function mutations respond to DNA damaging agents, however, some do not. Herein, the authors identify that a subset of breast/ovarian tumors retain a normal allele, which is associated with decreased overall survival after DNA damage-inducing platinum chemotherapy.
Th17 cells are more protective than Th1 cells against the intracellular parasite Trypanosoma cruzi.

Th1 cells are considered the major CD4 + T helper subset responsible for the control of intracellular pathogens, including Trypanosoma cruzi, the protozoan parasite of Chagas disease. Th17 cells are known for their involvement in autoimmunity and the defense against some extracellular organisms, but are generally not believed to have a significant function during intracellular infections. In contrast, we show that Th17 cells are highly protective against the intracellular pathogen T. cruzi . We reconstituted RAG KO mice lacking endogenous T cells with polyclonal CD8 + T cells and parasite-specific Th1 or Th17 cells, generated from novel T cell receptor transgenic mice recently developed by us. After adoptive cell transfer, recipients were infected with a normally lethal dose of T. cruzi . Th17 cells impressively protected 100% of mice from mortality long-term, while Th1 cells protected only 38%. Transfer of Th17 cells alone failed to protect, implicating helper effects on CD8 + T cells as the basic mechanism of Th17-mediated intracellular immunity. We confirmed this using in vitro assays, and discovered that Th17 cells help activate CD8 + T cells through IL-21 secretion, indicating a protective mechanism surprisingly independent of the main Th17 cytokine IL-17A. In vivo, co-transfer of IL-21R knock-out CD8 + T cells with Th17 cells failed to protect mice, confirming the importance of IL-21 signaling. In summary, our data define an important new role for Th17 cells in the defense against a major intracellular human pathogen and define novel mechanisms of Th17 cell effects. This work increases our understanding of the protective immune interactions in T. cruzi infection, and more broadly, illuminates the growing diversity of Th17 cell roles.
Novel alternate hemostatic agents for patients with inhibitors: beyond bypass therapy

Inhibitor formation is among the most severe complications of hemophilia treatment. With a cumulative incidence of ∼30% in those with severe hemophilia A and ∼3% in those with severe hemophilia B, inhibitors are caused by a T-cell response directed against infused coagulation factor; these inhibitors neutralize factor VIII or IX activity and disrupt normal hemostasis. Inhibitor patients become unresponsive to standard factor treatment and, as an alternative, use bypass treatment (eg, recombinant factor VIIa or factor VIII inhibitor bypass activity). However, response to bypass agents is poorer and the burden of disease is higher, with greater morbidity, hospitalization, cost, and mortality, than in noninhibitor patients. Furthermore, inhibitor formation interferes with prophylaxis to prevent bleeding episodes and is a contraindication to gene therapy. Thus, more effective therapies for inhibitor patients are greatly needed. In the last several years, there has been an explosion of novel alternative hemostatic agents for hemophilia patients with and without inhibitors. These agents take advantage of technologic manipulation of coagulation factors and natural anticoagulants to promote hemostasis. The approaches include the following: (1) mutants or mimics of coagulation factors, rendering them resistant to natural anticoagulants; or (2) knock-down or disruption of natural anticoagulants, preventing degradation of coagulation factors. The purpose of this article was to review these novel alternative hemostatic agents and their mechanisms of action, as well as the preliminary pharmacokinetic, safety, and efficacy data available from early-phase clinical trials.
Isoform-selective Hsp90 inhibition rescues model of hereditary open-angle glaucoma

The heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) family of molecular chaperones regulates protein homeostasis, folding, and degradation. The ER-resident Hsp90 isoform, glucose-regulated protein 94 (Grp94), promotes the aggregation of mutant forms of myocilin, a protein associated with primary open-angle glaucoma. While inhibition of Grp94 promotes the degradation of mutant myocilin in vitro, to date no Grp94-selective inhibitors have been investigated in vivo. Here, a Grp94-selective inhibitor facilitated mutant myocilin degradation and rescued phenotypes in a transgenic mouse model of hereditary primary open-angle glaucoma. Ocular toxicities previously associated with pan-Hsp90 inhibitors were not evident with our Grp94-selective inhibitor, 4-Br-BnIm. Our study suggests that selective inhibition of a distinct Hsp90 family member holds translational promise for ocular and other diseases associated with cell stress and protein misfolding.
Empiricism in Herbert Simon: “Administrative Behavior” within the evolution of the Models of Bounded and Procedural Rationality

This paper contextualizes Simon’s book, Administrative Behavior, within the evolution of his ideas arguing, contrary to what some have posited, that the common element that unites this book with the rest of Simon’s work is not the criticism of the classical approach, but an epistemological frame, based on an empirical methodology. This empiricism is the element that remained constant during his career and led him to introduce psychological factors when explaining the behavior of economic agents under his models of bounded and procedural rationality. JEL Classification: A11; D01; B52; B31; D21.
Age distributions of rare lineages reveal recent demographic history and selection

The age of an allele of a given frequency offers insight into both its function and origin, and the distribution of ages of alleles in a population conveys significant information about its history. The rarer the allele the more likely it is to reveal functional biological insight and the more recent the historical revelation. By measuring the length of the haplotype shared between an individual carrying a rare variant and its closest relative not carrying the variant we are able to approximate the age of the variant and can apply this method even when only a single copy of a variant has been sampled in a population. Applying this technique to rare variants in a large population sample from the United Kingdom, we identify historical migration from West Africa approximately 400 years ago, evidence of direct selection against novel protein-altering rare variants in individual biological pathways, continued negative frequency dependent selection on protein-altering variants in olfactory transducers and the innate immune system, and map the impact of background selection on the most recent portions of the sample genealogy.
Diversity and tectonics: predictions from neutral theory

Numerical simulations of neutral metacommunities are used here to predict the effects of growth and shrinkage of metacommunities, as well as their separation and merging caused by continental collision and rifting and their secondary eustatic effects. Although growth and shrinkage of metacommunities predictably change diversity, separating and merging metacommunities have counterintuitive effects. Separating and merging metacommunities change diversity within the individual areas, especially so for smaller areas, but they cause no change in total diversity of the system, contrary to previous predictions. The response times of metacommunities are likely to be geologically undetectable except for enormously large systems. These models can be used to predict the plate-tectonic effects on the diversity of terrestrial, coastal-marine, deep-marine, and oceanic-island systems. Of these, global and regional coastal-marine systems are the most acutely sensitive to the changes in area and fragmentation caused by plate tectonics. Oceanic-island systems also experience global and regional changes in diversity during supercontinent breakup and assembly, with the global effects driven by the changing length of volcanic arcs, and the regional effects also driven by secondary eustatic changes in shallow-marine area. Although individual terrestrial provinces or continents may experience substantial changes in diversity from rifting and collision, global terrestrial diversity should be unchanged except for the relatively modest contributions caused by the secondary eustatic effects on land area. These changes in diversity may be reinforced or counteracted by the changing latitudinal position of metacommunities.
Evidence for Generalized Verbal Periphrasis in English

It is commonly assumed that the two simple tenses of English (We love/loved the wine) do not involve verbal periphrasis. Instead, I consider evidence which supports an analysis of the English simple present and past tenses as compound tenses. For non-vernacular Englishes, the auxiliary is covert; however, there are numerous cases of variably overt auxiliaries in different vernacular English constructions yielding simple present and simple past interpretations which support the proposal. The conclusion that all English tenses (present, past, perfect) are compound entails two concomitant hypotheses: (i) English verb forms traditionally characterized as present and past tense verbs are non-finite (reviving an idea put forward by Sola 1996), and (ii) meaning differences between simple past and the perfect tenses does not derive from the absence vs. presence of an auxiliary. Thus, the difference in interpretation between we loved that wine (past) and we’ve always loved that wine (present perfect) cannot find its source in the absence versus presence of have, which itself does not contribute to the meaning difference. Rather, a la Iatridou et al. (2001), I develop the idea that interpretive differences must be found in the different functional/adverbial projections of the matrix and embedded clauses.
Truly heterogeneous modeling with systemC

Among the many factors contributing to the industrial "productivity gap", the use of inappropriate abstraction levels for design entry, nonexistence of a standard high-level design methodology, modeling frameworks & tools, and insufficient methodologies and tools for hardware & software co-design are often blamed by industry experts. In our effort to address these specific issues, our research focuses on designing an appropriate framework that allows designers to express their specification of a complex hardware-software system in appropriate abstraction level by supporting multiple models of computations (MOC) and seamless simulation of the models comprising such heterogeneity. In this short chapter, we motivate the need for such frameworks, and discuss briefly how we have been extending SystemC's simulation kernel to support easier heterogeneous modeling and efficient simulation of such models. We illustrate this in particular through our implementation of a Synchronous Data Flow model of computation within SystemC kernel, and by showing the resulting efficiency gains in simulation.
Mode of Action of Insecticides: Insights Gained from Neurophysiological Preparations of Intact or Dissected Insects

The method used for bioassay of insecticidal activity is a vital cog in the wheel of structure-activity studies. An assay preparation which consists of recording muscle potentials from the dorsolongitudinal flight muscles of house fly gives sophisticated information on neural coordination in the thoracic ganglion with a relatively simple recording procedure. Quantitative responses are measured as the time from treatment until a disruption appears in neural coordination. The type of disruption in neural coordination gives a qualitative measure of poisoning. By applying compounds directly on the exposed thoracic ganglion, or the exposed and desheathed ganglion, some measure of intrinsic activity may be obtained. Using this approach, evidence for the mechanism of resistance to insecticides has been obtained for house fly strains resistant to organophosphates or pyrethroids, and intrinsic activity has been obtained for carbamates, organophosphates, pyrethroids and other chemicals with insecticidal activity.
Gradual Acclimation of Inland Gambusia affinis To Increased Salinity

Abstract Previous studies have shown the mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) to be euryhaline, but it is not known whether inland freshwater populations show this attribute, and no studies have examined whether sexes or sizes respond differently to increasingly salty environments. Allowing fishes to gradually acclimate to increasing salinity, I found no effects of sex or size, that most mosquitofish from an inland population can tolerate salinities equal to seawater, and that most individuals can survive much saltier conditions. Tolerance to salinity may be a residual attribute of ancestors that dispersed through marine environments from Central America.
The Impact of Behavioral and Economic Drivers on Gig Economy Workers

Gig economy firms benefit from labor flexibility by hiring independent self-scheduling workers. This labor flexibility poses a great challenge in planning and committing to a service capacity. In c...
Regulating quack medicine

Quack medicines were prepackaged, commercially marketed medicinal concoctions brewed from “secret recipes” that often contained powerful drugs. Governmental regulation of them in late nineteenth-century England is heralded as a landmark of public health policy. We argue that it’s instead a landmark of medicinal rent-seeking. We develop a theory of quack medicine regulation in Victorian England according to which health professionals faced growing competition from close substitutes: quack medicine vendors. To protect their rents, health professionals organized, lobbied, and won laws granting them a monopoly over the sale of “poisonous” medicaments, most notably, quack medicines.
Neuregulin receptors, erbB3 and erbB4, are localized at neuromuscular synapses.

Abstract Neuregulin (NRG) is concentrated at synaptic sites and stimulates expression of acetylcholine receptor (AChR) genes in muscle cells grown in cell culture. These results raise the possibility that NRG is a synaptic signal that activates AChR gene expression in synaptic nuclei. Stimulation of NRG receptors, erbB3 and erbB4 initiates oligomerization between these receptors or between these receptors and other members of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor family, resulting in stimulation of their associated tyrosine kinase activities. To determine which erbBs might mediate synapse-specific gene expression, we used antibodies against each erbB to study their expression in rodent skeletal muscle by immunohistochemistry. We show that erbB2, erbB3 and erbB4 are concentrated at synaptic sites in adult skeletal muscle. ErbB3 and erbB4 remain concentrated at synaptic sites following denervation, indicating that erbB3 and erbB4 are expressed in the postsynaptic membrane. In addition, we show that expression of NRG and erbBs, like AChR gene expression, increases at synaptic sites during postnatal development. The localization of erbB3 and erbB4 at synaptic sites is consistent with the idea that a NRG-stimulated signaling pathway is important for synapse-specific gene expression.
Tracing Home Address Exemptions in State FOI Laws

Privacy concerns have prompted many states to close off once-public information from release through the freedom of information process. This study looks at the personal privacy exemptions for home addresses in 50 states and Washington, D.C., in both 2011 and 2019. There were 16 instances of a change in state law during that time – only three toward more transparency. Voter registration records were the most open of the three categories reviewed, with more than half the states requiring disclosure of home addresses in 2019. This study can help guide journalists, policy makers and records holders as they navigate proposed changes to FOI laws.
Providing open forest structural characteristics for high conservation priority wildlife species in southeastern U.S. pine plantations

Abstract The decline of early successional and open forests and their wildlife inhabitants has resulted in increased efforts to understand and conserve these communities. Natural and anthropogenic disturbances that historically created and maintained open forest conditions have been disrupted, necessitating wildlife use of alternative habitat sources (e.g., pine plantations, utility rights-of way, abandoned agricultural fields) to carry out their life history. We reviewed available literature to estimate the range of structural conditions suitable for four open forest species in regional decline and compared these ranges to available structure in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) forests managed for economic return. Species included Bachman’s sparrow (Aimophila aestivalis), northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus), prairie warbler (Dendroica discolor), and eastern diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus adamanteus). We estimated habitat availability and connectivity for each of these four species during a 60-year simulation on an economically- and operationally-feasible pine landscape (>22,000 ha) managed for sawtimber production in the West Gulf Coastal Plain. Habitat requirements, including minimum patch size and dispersal constraints, of Bachman’s sparrow, northern bobwhite, prairie warbler, and eastern diamondback rattlesnake are generally met by pine stands in stand establishment and thinned, mid-rotation stages. However, habitat availability in pine plantations may be highly ephemeral, tends to occupy the upper end of basal area and canopy closure tolerance, and may be more suitable for open woodland species (e.g., Bachman’s sparrow) than grassland species (e.g., northern bobwhite). The range of habitat associations in this literature review highlights the need to refine targets of structural metrics identified by open pine restoration initiatives to encompass the full range of conditions occupied by open forest species. Current literature is strongly biased to avian habitat associations. Few papers explore habitat associations of herpetofauna of conservation concern in the southeastern U.S., and these species tend to be less mobile and therefore, more vulnerable to landscape changes and the ephemeral nature of open vegetative structure in pine plantations.