cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cell dynamics during cocoon secretion in the aquatic leech, Theromyzon tessulatum (Annelida: Clitellata: Glossiphoniidae).

One distinguishing feature of clitellate annelids is the presence of specialized segments comprising the clitellum, whose primary function is to secrete a cocoon. Using histological analyses, we have documented cell types (I–V) and cellular processes associated with cocoon secretion in the aquatic leech, Theromyzon tessulatum. Our data indicate that the bulk of the cocoon's biomass arises from precursor cells of a single type that hypertrophy and proliferate ∼1 week prior to egg laying, and then differentiate into either of two cell types (i.e., Type II or Type III) depending on their position within the clitellum. Type II cells are concentrated along the lateral edges and venter of the clitellum and secrete alcian blue-staining granules that form opercula (i.e., glue-like material that seals both cocoon ends), while Type III cells populate the dorsal midline and secrete azocarmine-staining granules that build the cocoon wall. Both cell types occupy spaces between deep muscle layers and extend long-neck tubules to the surface epithelium as they fill with granules a few days prior to egg laying. Other cell types appear to make minor contributions to the cocoon (e.g., Type I, Type IV) or have supporting or signaling roles (e.g., Type V). Our observations suggest that post-translational modification (i.e., glycosylation) of the same core protein(s) distinguishes the granules of Type II/III cells, and that the default state of the Type II/III precursor may be evolutionarily linked to secretory cells in basal polychaetes.
Biochemical studies of the actions of ethanol on acetylcholinesterase activity: Ethnol-enzyme-solvent interaction

1. Biochemical studies of the actions of ethanol on the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), isolated from electric eel (Electrophorus electricus) and purified by affinity chromatography, were performed to elucidate ethanol-enzyme-solvent interactions. 2. Ethanol at a low concentration [( EtOH] = 2.7-200 mM) was found to enhance AChE activity slightly and systematically. 3. This observation was consistent with the result from enzyme-kinetic studies that ethanol might noncompetitively activate AChE activity at this lower concentration range. 4. If ethanol alters the hydrophobic site interaction on the enzyme and subsequently induces a favorable conformation for the active center of the enzyme, then a slight increase in the AChE activity in the presence of a low concentration of ethanol will be observed. 5. This speculation was supported by the finding of ethanol's ability to perturb the inhibition of AChE activity by tetrabutylammonium bromide and to affect hydrophobic interaction between this salt and AChE, as investigated by enzyme activity and microcalorimetric measurements. 6. The ethanol effect on the activity of this soluble AChE was found to be distinguishable from that on a membrane-bound AChE. 7. Furthermore, to elucidate the effect of ethanol-solvent interaction on AChE activity, enzyme activity in the presence of much higher concentrations of ethanol was also examined. 8. At [EtOH] greater than 800 mM, ethanol can perturb the structure of water around hydrophobic areas of AChE, causing an instability in the enzyme conformation and subsequently decreasing AChE activity.
Tumour cell-derived extracellular vesicles interact with mesenchymal stem cells to modulate the microenvironment and enhance cholangiocarcinoma growth.

The contributions of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to tumour growth and stroma formation are poorly understood. Tumour cells can transfer genetic information and modulate cell signalling in other cells through the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs). We examined the contribution of EV-mediated inter-cellular signalling between bone marrow MSCs and tumour cells in human cholangiocarcinoma, highly desmoplastic cancers that are characterized by tumour cells closely intertwined within a dense fibrous stroma. Exposure of MSCs to tumour cell–derived EVs enhanced MSC migratory capability and expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin mRNA, in addition to mRNA expression and release of CXCL-1, CCL2 and IL-6. Conditioned media from MSCs exposed to tumour cell–derived EVs increased STAT-3 phosphorylation and proliferation in tumour cells. These effects were completely blocked by anti-IL-6R antibody. In conclusion, tumour cell–derived EVs can contribute to the generation of tumour stroma through fibroblastic differentiation of MSCs, and can also selectively modulate the cellular release of soluble factors such as IL-6 by MSCs that can, in turn, alter tumour cell proliferation. Thus, malignant cells can “educate” MSCs to induce local microenvironmental changes that enhance tumour cell growth. Keywords: biliary tract cancer; stem cells; exosomes; gene expression; RNA genes; paracrine signalling (Published: 2 January 2015) Citation: Journal of Extracellular Vesicles 2015, 4 : 24900 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/jev.v4.24900
What's Your News? Portraits of a Rich Language and Literacy Activity for English-Language Learners

In this article the author draws on two years of research in English immersion classes to present a detailed portrait of a rich language and literacy activity for young English-language learners (ELLs). The activity, daily news, fostered ELL students' enthusiastic participation and created an excellent context for the teachers to scaffold the students' oral language development, bring the students' primary language and cultural experiences into the classroom, and offer explicit instruction and meaningful practice in spelling patterns and writing skills. Through excerpts of transcripts and field notes that capture a number of actual classroom interactions, the author provides concrete examples of powerful teaching principles for ELL students.
School co-ethnicity and Hispanic parental involvement

Scholars of immigration disagree about the role ethnic communities play in immigrant families’ engagement in educational institutions. While some researchers argue that the concentration of disadvantaged ethnic groups may prevent meaningful engagement with schools, others argue that ethnic communities can possess resources that help immigrant families be involved in their children’s schooling. In this study we use a nationally representative dataset of Hispanic children from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Cohort (ECLS-K) to determine if the relative size of the Hispanic population in the school affects levels of their parents’ involvement in their education, as well as parents’ perceptions of barriers to their involvement. Our results suggest that a large Hispanic presence in a child’s school can help increase immigrant Hispanic parents’ involvement in their children’s schooling, but there are no benefits for US-born Hispanic parents, indicating that ethnic communities help immigrant families acculturate to American institutions.
Lowest Left Ventricular Mass (LVM) confers survival benefit in Patients (PTS) with severe isolated Aortic Stenosis (AS) and normal LV Ejection Fraction (EF)

2 . Patients with ≥2+ valvular regurgitation or more than mild mitral stenosis were excluded. The dobutamine infusion protocol was be- gun at 5 μg/kg/min body weight up to 20 μg/kg/min, titrated upwards at steps of 5 μg/kg/min every 3 min. The composite outcome endpoint (MACE) was de- fined as cardiac death, aortic valve replacement and hospitalization caused by AS symptoms according to patient's medical record. Results: No patient experienced a serious adverse event during or after DT. A to- tal of 70 patients had MACE (55.55%), of which 9 patients (7.14%) have died dur- ing follow-up. Out of 70 patients, 56 patients (80%) had an Aortic Valve Replace- ment (RAV). Patients who had an increase in AVA during DT ≤0.2 cm2 and/or final AVA ≤ 1c m 2 had more often RAV (hi=9.5311; df=1; p=0.002). The lasso penal- ized Cox regression, conducted solely on the variables at rest, showed that the greatest predictive capacity has the aortic valve resistance (AVR). At the same time, the AUC for the all analyzed pre-dobutamine variables combined, evaluated Abstract P4721 -T able 1 Quartile LV mass index:
Role of hepatocyte nuclear factor 1alpha and 1beta in the transcriptional regulation of human dipeptidyl peptidase IV during differentiation of Caco-2 cells.

Abstract Caco-2 cells undergo differentiation to an enterocytic-like cell when maintained in a post-confluent state for 1–2 weeks. During this period Caco-2 cells begin to express high levels brush border membrane associated enzymes such as dipeptidyl peptidase IV. Using the dipeptidyl peptidase IV gene promoter in electrophoretic mobility shift assays, we have shown for the first time that levels of hepatocyte nuclear factor 1α increase three- to fourfold during Caco-2 cell differentiation. Transient cotransfection experiments with 3T3 cells using dipeptidyl peptidase IV promoter constructs and expression vectors containing hepatocyte nuclear factor 1α and β show that the ratio of α and β modulates reporter gene expression. These results suggest that the increase in levels of hepatocyte nuclear factor 1α that occur during intestinal cell differentiation, are important for expression of dipeptidyl peptidase IV and other intestinal proteins.
Spatial refractive index measurement of porcine artery using differential phase OCT

We describe a methodology to record spatial variation of refractive index of porcine renal artery using differential phase optical coherence tomography (DP-OCT). DP-OCT provides a quantitative measure of thin specimen phase retardation and refractive index with phase resolution of 5 nm and lateral resolution of 3 mm. DP-OCT instrumentation is an all-fiber, dual channel Michelson interferometer constructed using polarization maintaining fiber. Two orthogonal polarization modes of light are spatially separated using a Wollaston prism and directed into separate photoreceivers. Because phase noise in the environment is equally present in both channels, computation of phase difference between the two signal channels is attributed exclusively to variation in the specimen's composite refractive index. Porcine renal artery is freshly harvested from a local slaughter house. The lumen is cut open and sliced at 5 mm thickness. Microscopic slide for the tissue section is processed by standard histology method with mounting media. Two dimensional en face dual-channel phase images are taken over 150 mm x 200 mm region on the microscopic slide and the images are reconstructed by plotting relative phase variation as the OCT beam is moved across the artery cross section.
Effect of temperature on kainic acid-induced seizures.

Abstract The effects of body temperature on kainic acid-induced seizures and seizure-related brain damage were examined in rats. In rats with status epilepticus induced by intraperitoneal injection of 12 mg/kg of kainic acid (KA), ictal discharges were decreased by 50% when body temperature was lowered to 28°C and nearly abolished when body temperature was lowered to 23°C. In rats with mild hypothermia (28°C), the duration of ictal discharges following KA injection was significantly lower than in rats with normal body temperature. No detectable hippocampal cell loss was observed in rats with hypothermia to 28°C whereas gross cell loss in the hippocampus was observed in all rats with KA injection at normal body temperature. In contract to hypothermia, hyperthermia markedly aggravated the seizures and hippocampal damage induced by KA. Following elevation of body temperature to 42°C KA (12 mg/kg) resulted in severe seizures and all rats died of tonic seizures within 2 h. Furthermore, 6 mg/kg of KA administered to rats with a body temperature of 41–42°C, resulted in up to 4 h of continuous ictal discharges whereas no continuous ictal discharges were observed after the same injections in rats with normal body temperature. Histological examination in rats receiving 6 mg/kg of KA revealed severe cell loss in the hippocampus in rats with hyperthermia but not in rats with normal temperature. These results demonstrate that body temperature plays an important role in the control of epileptic seizures and seizure-related brain damage. These data suggest that hypothermia may be useful in reducing seizures and associated brain damage and that hyperthermia should be avoided in status epilepticus.
Real data results of Kirchhoff elastic wave migration

Although Kirchhoff integral migration has attracted considerable attention for seismic data processing since the early 1970s, it, like all other seismic migration methods, is only applicable to compressional (P) waves. Because of a recent surge of interest in shear (S) waves, Kuo and Dai (1984) developed the Kirchhoff elastic (P and S) wave migration (KEWM) formulation and migration principle for the case of source and receiver noncoincidence. They obtained encouraging results using two‐dimensional (2-D) synthetic surface data from various geometric elastic models, including a dipping layer, a composite dipping and horizontal layer, and two layers over a half‐space.
The evolution of buyer‐supplier relationships: an historical industry approach

Purpose – This paper aims to evaluate the evolution of buyer‐supplier relationships from adversarial toward relational, or service‐centered, emphasis for large‐scale organizations.Design/methodology/approach – This paper uses the historical method to review historical changes through synthesized qualitative (i.e. field notes and industry interviews) and quantitative (i.e. company reports, Compustat queries, trade reports, and survey) research.Findings – Technology and information sharing in B2B relationships engender integrated value chains. Within these value chains, service‐centered view of B2C relationships have been adopted in B2B relationships, resulting in changes in supplier roles and how they are measured.Research limitations/implications – By focusing on large scale buyer‐supplier relationships within supply chains (e.g. Wal‐Mart, Royal Phillips, ElecSound, China Minmetals, The People's Republic of China), which may affect the generalizability to small‐business applications, this paper provides s...
Nonlinear Changes of Transmembrane Potential During Electrical Shocks: Role of Membrane Electroporation

Defibrillation shocks induce nonlinear changes of transmembrane potential (ΔV m ) that determine the outcome of defibrillation. As shown earlier, strong shocks applied during action potential plateau cause nonmonotonic negative ΔV m , where an initial hyperpolarization is followed by V m shift to a more positive level. The biphasic negative ΔV m can be attributable to (1) an inward ionic current or (2) membrane electroporation. These hypotheses were tested in cell cultures by measuring the effects of ionic channel blockers on ΔV m and measuring uptake of membrane-impermeable dye. Experiments were performed in cell strands (width ≈0.8 mm) produced using a technique of patterned cell growth. Uniform-field shocks were applied during the action potential plateau, and ΔV m was measured by optical mapping. Shock-induced negative ΔV m exhibited a biphasic shape starting at a shock strength of ≈15 V/cm when estimated peak ΔV − m was ≈−180 mV; positive ΔV m remained monophasic. Application of a series of shocks with a strength of 23±1 V/cm resulted in uptake of membrane-impermeable dye propidium iodide. Dye uptake was restricted to the anodal side of strands with the largest negative ΔV m , indicating the occurrence of membrane electroporation at these locations. The occurrence of biphasic negative ΔV m was also paralleled with after-shock elevation of diastolic V m . Inhibition of I f and I K1 currents that are active at large negative potentials by CsCl and BaCl 2 , respectively, did not affect ΔV m , indicating that these currents were not responsible for biphasic ΔV m . These results provide evidence that the biphasic shape of ΔV m at sites of shock-induced hyperpolarization is caused by membrane electroporation.
53.3: Invited Paper: Creating a Compelling Touch Experience

Touchscreen car infotainment systems now offer a larger variety and a more complex set of use cases than ever. Haptics have the potential to improve safety, utility, and user experience of these touch-based systems. This paper will cover some haptic design considerations and discuss how to create compelling haptic experiences in a touchscreen infotainment system.
The Mammalian β-Adrenergic Receptor: Structural and Functional Characterization of the Carbohydrate Moiety

AbstractMammalian β-adrenergic receptors are glycoproteins consisting of a single polypeptide chain of Mr ∼64,000. Treatment of purified [125I]-labeled hamster lung β-adrenergic receptor with α-mannosi-dase reveals two discrete populations of receptor consistent with previous studies using membrane bound photoaffinity-labeled receptor. Treatment of the [125I]-labeled receptor with endo-glycosidase F results initially in the formation of a Mr ∼57,000 peptide which is further converted to Mr ∼49,000 suggesting that there are two N-linked carbohydrate chains per receptor polypeptide. Exoglycosidase treatments and lectin chromatography of the [125I]-labeled receptor reveals the presence of two complex type carbohydrate chains (∼10% of which are fucosylated) on ∼45% of the receptors. The remaining ∼55% of the receptors appear to contain a mixture of carbohydrate chains (possibly high mannose, hybrid and complex type chains). Deglycosylation of the receptor by endoglycosidase F does not appear to alter the bind...
VLSI Implementation of a Lattice Reduction Algorithm for Low-Complexity Equalization

MIMO transmissions (e.g., V-BLAST) have been widely adopted for high-rate high-performance communication systems. When the maximum likelihood (ML) or near-ML detector is employed, full receiver diversity is collected for V-BLAST systems at the cost of high complexity. Conversely, linear equalizers and successive interference cancellation equalizers have much lower complexity, but these equalizers degrade performance due to the loss of diversity. Lattice reduction (LR) techniques have been introduced to restore the diversity of low- complexity equalizers. In this paper we describe the architecture and results of the first VLSI implementation of the CLLL LR algorithm.
An existence of inequality on a fine focus

It is shown that if in a polynomial vector field of degree n on the plane the critical point at the origin is a fine focus of order k, and if the Hopf bifurcation does not appear, then there exists an inequality between three consecutive derivatives of the Poincare maps. >
On Hanging Loose and Loving: The Dilemma of Present Youth

A polemic in which it is argued that the use of drugs among contemporary American youth is but one of many different behaviors and mystiques pervading their life. Thus, a fascination with the encounter, with ethnicity, with expressive politics, with nomadism, with sexuality, as well as with drugs, suggests that youth are engaged in a frustrating dialectic between freedom and commitment. The search for freedom is not political but rather a groping for sensate and affectual liberation. The dilemma posed by the inevitable constraints of commitment generates an awesome paradox which accounts for the anguish of the generation.
An analysis of the dynamic behavior and acceleration sensitivity of a SAW resonator supported by flexible beams

A numerical analysis is performed of the normal acceleration sensitivity and the low frequency dynamic vibration response of a SAW resonator supported by flexible beams of various geometries. The acceleration sensitivity problem is solved using Tiersten's perturbation theory for small fields superposed on a static bias in combination with a very accurate solution to the general two dimensional surface wave equations of Sinha and Tiersten. The static biasing states under normal acceleration are obtained using three dimensional finite element models which are generated and solved using recently developed FEA software. The frequency shift under normal acceleration is computed using a rigorous and precise integration algorithm which allows an analytical surface wave mode shape to be combined with a discrete finite element solution to obtain the first perturbation of the eigen-value. A modal analysis of the SAW substrate and support beam assembly is also performed using the FEA software.
Human and organizational error in large scale systems

We are rarely interested in organizations that can do catastrophic harm until something happens in them to attract public attention. Yet when that event occurs we usually find the cause is not simply human error. More often, human error is embedded in organizational and societal processes that ultimately result in the error. The thesis of this essay is that we cannot fully understand the complex social processes that underlie either the reliable or unreliable operations of complex social and technical systems without examining such systems in their totality. The purpose of this paper is to identify some determinants of behavior most important in understanding the operation of large scale systems in highly turbulent environments, and to suggest research that needs to be done to reduce error in these systems. We consider both active and latent failures. We propose that by effectively managing these determinants, potentially unsafe organizations can view and navigate the "safety space" more effectively, moving along the safety continuum toward more safe, rather than less safe, systems.
Chemical Dynamics at Metal Surfaces

Theoretical aspects of dynamical processes at metal surfaces are reviewed. Experimental challenges to theory are presented and progress toward meeting these challenges is appraised. Topics include adsorbate vibrational energy flow, inelastic molecule-surface scattering, adsorption, transient mobility, dissociation, desorption, photochemistry, and electron-induced chemistry at metal surfaces. Experimental examples cited illustrate the richness of dynamical phenomena to be understood and the necessity of developing multidimensional, beyond Born-Oppenheimer, formulations of adsorbate dynamics. Classical mechanical and quantum mechanical treatments of dynamics are contrasted. The importance of including phonon and electron-hole pair dissipation in theories of adsorbate dynamics is emphasized, and strategies for doing this in classical and quantum treatments are presented.
Blind detection of synchronous CDMA in non-Gaussian channels

Most blind source separation algorithms assume the channel noise to be Gaussian. This paper considers the problem of noncooperative blind detection of synchronous direct-sequence code-division multiple-access communications (no knowledge of the spreading sequences or training data) in non-Gaussian channels. Three iterative algorithms with different performance and complexity tradeoffs are proposed. Simulation results show that they significantly outperform Gaussian-optimal blind source separation algorithms in non-Gaussian channels. The Cramer-Rao lower bound for this problem is computed, and the performance of the proposed algorithms is shown to approach this bound for moderate signal-to-noise ratios.
Fortune-Telling Discourse

Utilizing the ethnography of communication and social psychology as theoretical foundations, this article explores the sociocultural underpinnings of fortune-telling and its relationship with language and social interaction. It illustrates the extent to which fortune-telling in various cultures exemplifies a fundamental human quest for answers amid difficult or challenging circumstances. Going beyond the Eurocentric assumption that fortune-telling is linked to pseudoscience and mysticism, the article considers the roots of fortune-telling in various cultures and expands on its connection to the notion of speech community, spiritual healing, and social praxis. Finally, fortune-telling as discourse demonstrates how symbols, signs, and rituals are used in situated speech communities. Keywords: communication theory; cultural diversity; intercultural communication; language and social interaction; religion; cultural communication; divination; ritual; spirituality; symbolism
Nonshadowing Echogenic Foci in Thyroid Nodules Are Certain Appearances Enough to Avoid Thyroid Biopsy

Objectives The purpose of this study was to further classify nonshadowing echogenic foci and examine the association with malignancy. Methods This study received Institutional Review Board approval and was Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act compliant. A total of 371 consecutive thyroid nodules were evaluated in 189 patients (177 female and 12 male; mean age, 59 years; range, 21-92 years). Eighty-six nodules (23%) measured 5 mm or larger and contained nonshadowing echogenic foci with a mean nodule diameter of 16 mm (5-66 mm). Blinded review of these nodules 12 months later was performed. Echogenic foci were classified as follows: showing a comet tail artifact (type 1), linear and brightly echogenic (type 2), round and indeterminate (type 3), and microcalcifications (type 4). All available thyroid sonograms and pathologic data were then reviewed. Results Nineteen nodules (22%) showed a classic comet tail artifact, with malignancy in 0 of 19. Six (32%) had negative pathologic results, and 9 (47%) had stable imaging follow-up (mean, 37 months). Twenty-nine nodules (34%) showed linear and brightly echogenic foci, with malignancy in 0 of 29. Fifteen (52%) had negative pathologic results, and 11 (38%) had stable imaging follow-up (mean, 34 months). Twenty-four nodules (28%) showed round and indeterminate echogenic foci, with 1 of 24 (4%) containing papillary carcinoma. Thirteen (54%) had negative pathologic results, and 8 (33%) had stable imaging follow-up (mean, 24 months). Fourteen nodules (16%) contained microcalcifications, with 4 of 14 (29%) containing papillary thyroid cancer. Nine (64%) had negative pathologic results, and 1 (7%) had stable imaging follow-up (63 months). Conclusions Nonshadowing brightly echogenic linear foci with or without a comet tail artifact may be a benign finding. Confirmatory studies are needed for this result to be applied clinically.
A mixed-signal VLSI neuroprocessor for image restoration

An analog systolic architecture that uses multiple neuroprocessors for image restoration is presented. For a two-dimensional image, parallel processing is performed for different rows of pixel data and pipelined processing is performed on each row of pixel data. For the image restoration neuroprocessor, local data computation is executed by analog circuitry to achieve full parallelism and to minimize power dissipation. Interprocessor communication is carried out in the digital format to maintain strong signal strength across the chip boundary and to allow multichip operation for high-speed image processing. >
Bronchial epithelial cells produce IL-5: implications for local immune responses in the airways.

IL-5 is a pleiotropic cytokine that promotes eosinophil differentiation and survival. While naive bronchial epithelial cells (BEC) produce low levels of IL-5, the role of BEC-derived IL-5 in allergic airway inflammation is unknown. We now show that BEC, isolated from mice with OVA-induced allergic airway disease (AAD), produced elevated levels of IL-5 mRNA and protein as compared to BEC from naive mice. To determine the contribution of BEC-derived IL-5 to effector responses in the airways, IL-5 deficient bone marrow chimeric mice were generated in which IL-5 expression was restricted to stromal (e.g. BEC) or hematopoietic cells. When subjected to AAD, IL-5 produced by BECs contributed to mucous metaplasia, airway eosinophilia, and OVA-specific IgA levels. Thus, IL-5 production by BEC can impact the microenvironment of the lung, modifying pathologic and protective immune responses in the airways.
The Archaeology of Ethnogenesis

Over more than a century, a growing body of books, articles, and dissertations has emerged that can now be recognized as part of the archaeology of ethnogenesis. Regardless of whether this work concerns people in the far reaches of antiquity or the more recent past, archaeologists are grappling with a variety of social forces, historical processes, contexts, and dimensions of social identity making. As with much contemporary anthropological social theory, prevalent themes include politics and economics as well as specific topics such as colonialism, frontiers, ethnonymy, persistence, nativism, migration, instrumentalism, slavery, and religion. There are few major regions of the world where archaeologists have not applied ethnicity or ethnogenesis theories. Although many archaeologists' attitudes toward investigating these forms of social identity involve skepticism or ambivalence, there is growing support. For similar and different reasons, native and descendent communities share this range of opinions ab...
Glyphosate and shade effects on glyphosate-resistant soybean defense response to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

Abstract Application of glyphosate in combination with planting soybeans in narrow rows is an effective practice for management of weeds in glyphosate-resistant soybean. Farmers in Michigan reported higher levels of Sclerotinia stem rot (caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) in fields of glyphosate-resistant soybean. Studies were conducted to determine if glyphosate or shading reduced the defense response of glyphosate-resistant soybean to S. sclerotiorum. Glyphosate caused shikimate accumulation in glyphosate-susceptible cultivar GL2415 but not in glyphosate-resistant cultivar GL2600RR. Ethylacetate extracts containing the plant defense compound glyceollin inhibited S. sclerotiorum hyphae in a rate-dependent manner. Glyphosate had no effect on either baseline or induced levels of glyceollin in glyphosate-resistant soybean, indicating that glyphosate did not impair plant defense responses to S. sclerotiorum. Shade levels of 60 and 90% in the greenhouse did not inhibit the induction of glyceollin synthesis. ...
Laparoscopic Placement of Oreopoulos–Zellerman Catheters in CAPD Patients:

BackgroundContinuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) is widely accepted for the management of end-stage renal disease. Various techniques have been described for the insertion of peritoneal d...
An analysis of lag time and variability of fetal heart rate measurements

Abstract Lag time measurements and variability of fetal heart rate (FHR) decelerations in relation to maternal intrauterine pressure (IUP) have been regarded as important parameters in the diagnosis of fetal distress. However, each author uses different measures in his studies, thus leading to a variety of opinions. This paper compares three methods of lag-time measurements and establishes a definition of variability with the use of the product of spectral means × the standard deviation. Data were obtained from 20 patient files. A total number of 1,063 contractions were evaluated. It was shown that considerable variation exists between lag-time measurements defined by onset time, extremal lag time, and the lag time at the minima of the inner products of FHR and IUP. It was also shown that the product of spectral means × standard deviation may be used to distinguish uniform patterns from variable patterns with 85 per cent consistency.
State Surveillance and the Right to Privacy in India: A Constitutional Biography

Ever since the explosive Snowden disclosures in May 2013, state surveillance and citizens’ right to privacy have been at the forefront of international debate. Even as the Snowden documents were revealing, detail by detail, the American and British intelligence agencies’ extensive surveillance systems (PRISM and TEMPORA, among others) used to spy both on their own citizens, and upon communications elsewhere, reports about Indian bulk surveillance began to trickle in. It is now known that there are at least two surveillance regimes in India, in uncertain stages of preparation: the Central Monitoring System (CMS), which provides for the collection of telephony metadata by tapping into the telecommunications’ companies records; and Netra, a dragnet surveillance system that detects and sweeps up electronic communication that uses certain keywords such as “attack”, “bomb”, “blast” or “kill”. These programs, wide in their reach and scope, have dubious statutory backing. They also, very clearly, impinge upon basic fundamental rights. A discussion of the legal and constitutional implications, therefore, is long overdue.This essay presents an analytical and chronological history of the Indian Supreme Court’s engagement with the right to privacy. While discussions for a privacy statute have stagnated and are presently in limbo, the Court has been active for nigh on fifty years. This essay aims to achieve a comprehensive, doctrinal understanding of the constitutional right to privacy, as evolved, understood and implemented by the judiciary. Such an understanding, indeed, is an essential prerequisite to embarking upon a legal and constitutional critique of mass State surveillance in India.
Patenting Tax Strategies

The United States Patent and Trademark Office has undertaken a practice of granting patents on so-called "tax strategies," legal plans for avoiding taxes. The issuance of those patents has been severely criticized by many, including the Section of Taxation of the American Bar Association. Concerns over the effect that patents on tax shelter planning would have on the practice of tax law, and on the availability of legal positions to taxpayers generally, have stimulated efforts to prohibit their issuance and to invalidate those already granted. None of these efforts has yet succeeded, but several show promise.
The role of respiratory viruses in the etiology of bacterial pneumonia An ecological perspective

Pneumonia is the leading cause of death among children less than 5 years old worldwide. A wide range of viral, bacterial and fungal agents can cause pneumonia: although viruses are the most common etiologic agent, the severity of clinical symptoms associated with bacterial pneumonia and increasing antibiotic resistance makes bacterial pneumonia a major public health concern. Bacterial pneumonia can follow upper respiratory viral infection and complicate lower respiratory viral infection. Secondary bacterial pneumonia is a major cause of influenza-related deaths. In this review, we evaluate the following hypotheses: (i) respiratory viruses influence the etiology of pneumonia by altering bacterial community structure in the upper respiratory tract (URT) and (ii) respiratory viruses promote or inhibit colonization of the lower respiratory tract (LRT) by certain bacterial species residing in the URT. We conducted a systematic review of the literature to examine temporal associations between respiratory viruses and bacteria and a targeted review to identify potential mechanisms of interactions. We conclude that viruses both alter the bacterial community in the URT and promote bacterial colonization of the LRT. However, it is uncertain whether changes in the URT bacterial community play a substantial role in pneumonia etiology. The exception is Streptococcus pneumoniae where a strong link between viral co-infection, increased carriage and pneumococcal pneumonia has been established.
RM-05CASE OF GLIOBLASTOMA PATIENT TREATED WITH NovoTTF THERAPY AT RECURRENCE DEGENERATING TO SARCOMA

NovoTTF treatment is an FDA approved treatment strategy for recurrent Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) management which employs alternating electric fields to the region of the malignant tumor through probes on the patient's head which is thought to improve time to disease progression of GBM via cell cycle mitosis disruption. A patient is described with recurrent GBM who had disease progression following initial standard surgical treatment and concomitant chemo-radiotherapy and was found to have sarcomatous transformation after initiation of NovoTTF-100A electrical device therapy with bevacizumab. Upon tumor progression, less than two years after initial diagnosis, the patient underwent surgical resection which revealed transformation from a GFAP-positive WHO grade IV astrocytoma into a GFAP-negative, reticulin-positive sarcoma with rhabdomyoid features following histopathological evaluation. The possibility of a causal connection between the NovoTTF therapy and sarcomatous transformation needs to be further evaluated. No such case of sarcoma progression in the CNS following chemo-radiotherapy and/or electrical current treatment for Glioblastoma multiforme has been reported in the literature.
Identification of a Scramjet Isolator Model from Computational Fluid Dynamics Data

Due to renewed interest in scramjet propulsion, much effort has been concentrated on constructing an accurate model of the scramjet engine flow path that can be used for designing a model-based engine controller that, in particular, acts to prevent unstart. Since unstart is an undesirable transient phenomenon, the engine model should capture transient flow dynamics to a desired level of accuracy and be amenable to control design. In this paper, the modeling process is simplified by considering the engine system as the cascade of an inlet/isolator subsystem and a combustor subsystem. Emphasis is placed on constructing a model of the isolator subsystem, using system identification techniques with computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulation results. Several isolator models, varying in order and input delay, are constructed and compared through simulation, using several sets of simulation data to evaluate the accuracy of each model in predicting the motion of the shock wave due to changes in the backpressure imposed on the isolator. In some cases, a model is reduced in size using balanced truncation, and these reduced-order models are again validated against CFD simulations. A set of five models is found that will be considered further for control design.
Molecular species of lecithins in human gallbladder bile

Using a precise high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique, we identified the molecular species of lecithins in gallbladder biles from patients with cholesterol gallstones (n = 29), pigment gallstones (n = 9), morbid obesity (n = 5), and "controls" (n = 10). The major lecithin species identified in all groups, in descending rank order as represented by the fatty acids in the sn-1 and sn-2 positions, were 16:0-18:2, 16:0-18:1, 16:0-20:4, 18:0-18:2, and 18:1-18:2. Lecithin species were found to be more numerous and in substantially different proportions than reported by previous investigators. No significant differences were found between any biliary lecithin species in the cholesterol and pigment stone groups. However, compared with controls, both cholesterol and pigment stone patients had smaller proportions of 16:0-20:4, the principal arachidonyl lecithin species. Using the HPLC elution sequence for quantifying the hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance, we developed a Hydrophobic Index for lecithin species in each bile based upon the principles proposed by D. M. Heuman for bile salt species. Hydrophobic indices of bile salts and lecithin were positively correlated (r = 0.48, R2 = 0.23, P = 0.0002) suggesting that more hydrophobic bile salts were associated with biliary secretion of more hydrophobic lecithins. The most hydrophobic major lecithin species, 18:0-18:2, was present in greater proportions in biles with cholesterol monohydrate crystals in their sediments and in those with cholesterol saturation indices greater than one. This work provides rigorous separation, identification, and quantitation of the lecithin species in human gallbladder bile from a large cohort of patients but, apart from a more hydrophobic bile salt pattern coupling more hydrophobic lecithins, we fail to identify any relationships of biomedical importance between lecithin species and other major biliary constituents.
Chronic T-cell lymphocytosis with neutropenia: report of a case studied with monoclonal antibody

A 55-yr-old man presented with an 8-yr history of lymphocytosis, neutropenia, and infection. There was moderate splenomegaly without lymphadenopathy, and lymphocytosis of the blood (15.000–41,200/cu mm) and bone marrow (30%): the latter also revealed no granulocytes more mature than the myelocyte. A diagnosis of leukemia could not be made from microscopic examination of the liver, spleen, or bone marrow. The circulating lymphocytes were T cells of the cytotoxic-suppressor subset with characteristic surface markers. They formed rosettes with unsensitized sheep erythrocytes (E rosettes), reacted with an antithymocyte heteroantiserum, were positive for the receptor for the Fc portion of IgG, and were devoid of surface immunoglobin. When examined with a panel of monoclonal antibodies, these cells reacted with OKT3, a monoclonal that identifies peripheral T cells, OKT11, which identifies the sheep cell receptor, and OKT5 and OKT8, which identify the cytotoxic suppressor subset of T cells, but not with OKT4, which identifies the inducer/helper subset. These lymphocytes also displayed a high level of antibody-dependent cytotoxicity, but natural killer activity could not be demonstrated. This indolent disorder closely resembles that of 7 patients with lymphocytosis and neutropenia described in the recent medical literature, but sharply contrasts with the more frequently reported cases of T-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Since it is unclear that the present case represents a neoplastic proliferation, the noncommittal term “chronic T-cell lymphocytosis with neutropenia” is proposed for the condition. In view of the neutropenia and the benign course, cytotoxic treatment appropriate for B- and T-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia should be undertaken only with circumspection. The new condition can be suspected from the clinical picture and can be diagnosed with conventional lymphocyte surface marker techniques and commercially available monoclonal antibodies.
Your story is our story: Collective memory in obituaries of US military veterans:

Newspaper obituaries are carriers of collective memory, and researchers have found them to be a valuable source for discerning a society’s values. But obituaries are also about individuals, whose l...
Ventricular preload alters intravascular and extravascular resistances of coronary collaterals.

Coronary collateral blood flow is determined by both the collateral vessel resistance and a waterfall mechanism. The aim of this study was to determine which of these two mechanisms predominates during alteration of ventricular preload. The left anterior descending coronary artery of 12 anesthetized dogs was cannulated, and the distal vasculature was completely embolized with 25-micron diameter microspheres. Retrograde blood flow (RBF) was collected when the cannula was opened to the atmosphere, and the outflow tubing height was adjusted to provide a variable back pressure. RBF is back pressure-dependent at higher back pressures, and the slope in this region of the constructed pressure-flow relationship determines the collateral conductance. The transition point between the back pressure-dependent and a back pressure-independent region indicates a waterfall pressure impinging on the collateral vessels. At a left ventricular diastolic pressure of 9.3 mmHg, mean RBF, collateral conductance, and the collateral waterfall pressure were 7.3 ml/min, 0.175 ml.min-1.mmHg-1, and 30.1 mmHg, respectively. Corresponding values when preload was reduced to 3.5 mmHg were 9.3 ml/min, 0.186 ml.min-1.mmHg-1, and 23.7 mmHg, all changes being significant. Mean contribution to the overall increase in RBF was 0.5 ml/min for the conductance and 1.2 ml/min for the waterfall mechanism (P less than 0.05), or 29 and 71%, respectively. The results indicate that the extravascular resistance mechanism mediates the collateral flow response to a greater degree than the intravascular resistance during variations in preload. The increase in slope of the conductance portion of the relationship was not accompanied by a concomitant increase in slope of the back pressure-independent region. These data further support a collateral waterfall, and not collateral vessel compliance, as the basis for the back pressure-independent portion of the pressure-flow relationship.
Thermodynamic Restrictions on Materials with Memory

It is easily shown that under appropriate assumptions of regularity for the dependence of and θ upon and t, it follows from the balance laws (2.1) and (2.2) that the Clausius-Duhem inequality (2.11) can be written in the local form4 (4.1)
Two Kinds of Error

Logical analysis shows that the reasonable hypothesis that some errors spring from events and states within the central nervous system—endogenous errors, and others from the events and states of the perceptual and motor environment—exogenous errors, cannot be correct. Errors are simultaneously the product of both internal and external events and states.
People Before the Park: The Kootenai and Blackfeet Before Glacier National Park. By Sally Thompson, Kootenai Culture Committee, and Pikunni Traditional Association.

People Before the Park: The Kootenai and Blackfeet Before Glacier National Park . By Sally Thompson, Kootenai Culture Committee, and Pikunni Traditional Association. (Helena: Montana Historical Society Press, 2015. xvi + 248 pp. Illustrations, maps, appendix, notes, bibliography, index. $24.95, paper.) People Before the Park was written under a contract from Glacier National Park to provide park visitors with insights into the histories and cultures of the two tribes who have called its mountains home for centuries—the Kootenai on the west and the Pikunni, or Blackfeet, on the east. The authors hope to overturn long-standing stereotypes regarding the relationship of Indians to the park. The book consists of four brief overview chapters by Sally Thompson, two lengthy chapters by the Kootenai Culture Committee and the … Dave.beck{at}mso.umt.edu
Culturally Responsive Pedagogy in Early Childhood Classrooms

One of the biggest concerns often mentioned by pre-service early childhood teachers is how to find ways to meaningfully connect and address the needs of students and families from diverse cultures and life-experiences. Creating a classroom environment that naturally embraces and encourages individualized-culturally responsive practices is not always an easy task, especially when teachers express concerns about being uneasy and not completely sure about their own effectiveness on ways to make it happen meaningfully.
Community-Based Equity Audits: A Practical Approach for Educational Leaders to Support Equitable Community-School Improvements

Purpose: To equitably transform urban schools of color and the neighborhoods where they are nested requires approaches that promote community equity and foster solidarity among a range of stakeholders. However, most school–community approaches solely focus on improving school-based outcomes and leave educational leaders with little guidance for how to critically understand their school’s community context and act in solidarity with neighborhood stakeholders on community issues. The purpose of this conceptual article is to introduce what I call community-based equity audits and explain how educational leaders can use this process to work toward equitable school-community outcomes. Method and Approach: This process builds on equity audits in educational leadership, community audits, and community-based research practices and is theoretically grounded in Freirean dialogue. To demonstrate its impacts, this article draws on reflections of aspiring principals who conducted community-based equity audits in a lea...