cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Understanding pore-level phenomena of n-alkanes at high pressures

Abstract Adsorption of shale related n-alkane fluids in graphite nano-channels is studied. Pure component canonical (NVT) ensemble simulations are performed over a range of isotherms and pore widths. Results for n-hexane are used to validate our approach by comparing them with experimental data in the open literature. The impact of pore throat diameter on adsorption and internal energies of departure is also reported and further demonstrate that there is a carbon chain length dependence on adsorption. All pure component results reported in this work are fit to a Langmuir adsorption model, which provides easy re-use in future studies. Numerical adsorption results for pure component methane adsorption are compared to experimental reservoir conditions. Finally, Ideal Adsorbed Solution Theory (IAST) is applied to the resulting Langmuir isotherms in order to provide some insight into the phase equilibria for applicable shale gas mixtures.
Strategic thinking in public goods games with teams

Abstract We experimentally investigate team behavior in repeated public goods games and use team chat logs to study motives for contribution. Subjects are matched into two-person teams, and each team makes a joint decision in each period. We compare teams with individuals and find similar overall contributions. However, initial contribution is higher and endgame effects are more pronounced for teams. We examine strategic discussions within teams and find strong evidence of concern for repeated game effects and limited backward induction. We also find evidence of confusion and explore its potential sources.
FDA Approved, Non-waived Laboratory Tests: Method Validation, Performance Standards & Biological Variations

Laboratory Medicine is described as the use of clinical laboratory tests to make diagnostic decisions. Laboratory tests are used to diagnose or confirm a specific patient condition or disease, monitor a patient’s condition or response to treatment, and to aid in the early detection and determine the prognosis of disease. During the earliest years of laboratory medicine, clinical pathologists manually performed, interpreted, and communicated test results to physicians. However, the continuous advancement of medicine has demanded advanced methodologies and laboratory testing to be researched, developed, clinically evaluated, and ultimately performed by laboratory professionals. This article describes the process and guidelines for implementing new laboratory tests into clinical laboratories.
Influence of Color on Audiences Rated Perception of Reality in Film

The hypothesis that color is superior to black and white in eliciting an audience’s rated perception of reality in film scenes is not clearly supported by the evidence. A slight trend, on the contrary, is evinced favoring black and white. Results of the fourth item not only reversed the mild trend in favor of blackand-white, but also showed a significant drop in number of “real” responses, for both black and white and color, as compared with the three other items. The difference in favor of color in this case, as pointed out, was significant at the 5 percent level of confidence.
Transforming data into information

In spite of a long history of automated instruments being deployed in the water industry, only recently has the difficulty of extracting timely insights from high-grade, high-volume data sets become an important problem. Put simply, it is now relatively easy to be “data-rich”, much less easy to become “information-rich". Whether the availability of so many data arises from “technological push” or the “demand pull” of practical problem solving is not the subject of discussion. The paper focuses instead on two issues: first, an outline of a methodological framework, based largely on the algorithms of (on-line) recursive estimation and involving a sequence of transformations to which the data can be subjected; and second, presentation and discussion of the results of applying these transformations in a case study of a biological system of wastewater treatment. The principal conclusion is that the difficulty of transforming data into information may lie not so much in coping with the high sampling intensity enabled by automated monitoring networks, but in coming to terms with the complexity of the higher-order, multi-variable character of the data sets, i.e., in interpreting the interactions among many contemporaneously measured quantities.
Letters of Recommendation: What Information Captures HR Professionals' Attention?

HR professionals evaluated the credentials of job candidates based upon actual letters of recommendation (LORs). The LORs contained both relevant and irrelevant information about the job candidate. Policy capturing revealed that professionals differed in both their consistency in evaluating candidates and in the relative weights they gave various forms of information. Some sex differences in decision policies also were discovered. Results are discussed in terms of how to strengthen the LOR as a selection tool.
HoloNeedle: Augmented Reality Guidance System for Needle Placement Investigating the Advantages of Three-Dimensional Needle Shape Reconstruction

Augmented reality (AR) systems have been proposed for medical needle procedures as alternatives to restore the physician's natural perspective and head motion parallax that are lost when using standard imaging methods. AR systems have assumed a rigid needle, but in practice, a needle can experience large deflections that can lead to significant errors. We combine an instrumented needle that measures bending deflections with optical tracking of the needle base for precision and an AR system to provide users with precise three-dimensional rendering of needle motion and deflection inside a body. In controlled tests, users guided a needle through 7 cm of tissue phantom to reach a 2-mm diameter target. We found that displaying needle shape allows users significantly reduce placement errors when compared to the rigid needle assumption. In addition, a new display technique called tip tangent extrapolation, based on the sensed needle endpoint and direction, allowed users to further reduce errors resulting in 26% less error when compared to a rigid needle assumption.
Mobile Mammography Participation Among Medically Underserved Women: A Systematic Review

Introduction Although breast cancer deaths have declined, the mortality rate among women from medically underserved communities is disproportionally high. Screening mammography is the most effective tool for detecting breast cancer in its early stages, yet many women from medically underserved communities do not have adequate access to screening mammograms. Mobile mammography may be able to bridge this gap by providing screening mammograms at no cost or low cost and delivering services to women in their own neighborhoods, thus eliminating cost and transportation barriers. The objective of this systematic review was to describe the scope and impact of mobile mammography programs in promoting mammographic screening participation among medically underserved women. Methods We searched electronic databases for English-language articles published in the United States from January 2010 through March 2018 by using the terms "mobile health unit," "mammogram," "mammography," and "breast cancer screening." Of the 93 articles initially identified, we screened 55; 16 were eligible to be assessed and 10 qualified for full text review and data extraction. Each study was coded for study purpose, research design, data collection, population targeted, location, sample size, outcomes, predictors, analytical methods, and findings. Results Of the 10 studies that qualified for review, 4 compared mobile mammography users with users of fixed units, and the other 6 characterized mobile mammography users only. All the mobile mammography units included reached underserved women. Most of the women screened in mobile units were African American or Latina, low income, and/or uninsured. Mobile mammography users reported low adherence to 1-year (12%-34%) and 2-year (40%-48%) screening guidelines. Some difficulties faced by mobile clinics were patient retention, patient follow-up of abnormal or inconclusive findings, and women inaccurately perceiving their breast cancer risk. Conclusion Mobile mammography clinics may be effective at reaching medically underserved women. Adding patient navigation to mobile mammography programs may promote attendance at mobile sites and increase follow-up adherence. Efforts to promote mammographic screening should target women from racial/ethnic minority groups, women from low-income households, and uninsured women. Future research is needed to understand how to best improve visits to mobile mammography clinics.
Comparison of Weight-for-Height Z-score and Mid-Upper Arm Circumference to Diagnose Moderate and Severe Acute Malnutrition in children aged 6-59 months.

Objective: To compare weight for height (WHZ) and mid upper arm circumference (MUAC) to diagnose malnutrition in children aged 6–59 months and to determine the association of various risk factors with the nutritional status of the children. Methods: Descriptive study conducted at the Department of Paediatric Medicine of The Children’s Hospital Lahore from May 2017 to April 2018. A total of 257 children 6 to 59 months of age having MUAC of <125mm were included. WHZ scoring was done and compared with MUAC. Results: There was slight male predominance 135 (52.5%). Mean age of children was 13.43 + 8.81 months (95% CI: 12.34-14.51). Mean MUAC was 103±13.5 mm (95%CI: 101-105mm). Exclusive breast feeding was present in 82 (32%). Maternal illiteracy was common in SAM (p = was 0.001). More children (73.2%) were identified as SAM by MUAC of <115 mm as compared to WHZ of <-3SD (70%). The ROC curve analysis for MUAC (cut-off value:103, 95%CI; AUC: 101-107 mm) showed it as an excellent predictor (p=<0.001) for children having SAM and WHZ <-3SD, with (AUC= 0.786 [95%CI; 0.725-0.848]). Conclusion: Both MUAC and WHZ showed fair degree of agreement to diagnose moderate and severe acute malnutrition among children aged 6–59 months. At the community level of resource limited countries, MUAC can be used as an appropriate rapid diagnostic method to identify malnourished children to be managed in nutritional rehabilitation programs. How to cite this:Bari A, Nazar M, Iftikhar A, Mehreen S. Comparison of Weight-for-Height Z-score and mid-upper arm circumference to diagnose moderate and severe acute malnutrition in children aged 6-59 months. Pak J Med Sci. 2019;35(2):337-341. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.35.2.45 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Selection versus Socialization? Interrogating the Sources of Secularity in Global Science:

Science and secularization have been linked in scholarship and the public imagination. Some suggest that scientific training leads to loss of religion. Yet there is only speculation about the proce...
Unlearning ourselves: the incarnational asceticism of John Henry Newman’s Anglican sermons:

This essay explores how John Henry Newman’s preaching on asceticism can speak to the ostensible tension in contemporary Christianity between “spiritual” and “earthly” concerns. Newman contends, par...
Learning styles in counseling: a scoping review of the empirical evidence

The concept of learning styles is popular among educators and the general public; however, many have highlighted the lack of empirical evidence supporting its relevance. We conducted a systematic l...
The relationship between ipsilateral cochlear gain reduction and speech-in-noise recognition at positive and negative signal-to-noise ratios.

Active mechanisms that regulate cochlear gain are hypothesized to influence speech-in-noise perception. However, evidence of a relationship between the amount of cochlear gain reduction and speech-in-noise recognition is mixed. Findings may conflict across studies because different signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) were used to evaluate speech-in-noise recognition. Also, there is evidence that ipsilateral elicitation of cochlear gain reduction may be stronger than contralateral elicitation, yet, most studies have investigated the contralateral descending pathway. The hypothesis that the relationship between ipsilateral cochlear gain reduction and speech-in-noise recognition depends on the SNR was tested. A forward masking technique was used to quantify the ipsilateral cochlear gain reduction in 24 young adult listeners with normal hearing. Speech-in-noise recognition was measured with the PRESTO-R sentence test using speech-shaped noise presented at −3, 0, and +3 dB SNR. Interestingly, greater cochlear gain reduction was associated with lower speech-in-noise recognition, and the strength of this correlation increased as the SNR became more adverse. These findings support the hypothesis that the SNR influences the relationship between ipsilateral cochlear gain reduction and speech-in-noise recognition. Future studies investigating the relationship between cochlear gain reduction and speech-in-noise recognition should consider the SNR and both descending pathways.
If a 6 Turned Out to Be 9, I Don't Mind (But 3? or 2!): The Uneven Implementation of Mandatory Experiential Credits

Legal education took almost 100 years before requiring that all J.D. students receive instruction in professional skills. Even then, the American Bar Association acted modestly by adopting a six-credit experiential coursework requirement beginning with students graduating in 2019. This essay shares the results of a survey of how law schools are implementing the new requirement. It finds that approximately 90% of schools reacted to the new ABA requirement by simply increasing their experiential requirements from “a course” (the prior ABA requirement of as few as one professional skills credit) to the minimum six credits. But 22 (of approximately 200 law schools) have seized the opportunity to examine their curriculum and impose additional experiential requirements, while a few simply relabeled an existing spring first-year legal practice course as “experiential” to avoid requiring additional training for their students.
A Method for the Analysis of Physical Human-Robot Interaction

Physical human-robot interaction (pHRI) interfaces are responsible for ensuring safe, comfortable, and effective force transfer between wearable devices and their users. However, analysis is often oversimplified by treating the human-robot attachment as a rigid connection and using gross load measurements. As a result, information about the distribution of forces across the human-robot contact surface is lost. In this paper, we present an analysis method to predict distributed loading across a pHRI interface based on a model with discretized elastic elements that account for compliance from human soft tissue and the robot attachment. Stiffness properties of a proxy upper arm are measured with an indenter and used in the pHRI interface model. The analysis is performed assuming a rigid arm model, consistent with the underlying assumption in literature, and repeated using the proposed compliant arm model with measured elastic properties. The distributed loading predicted by the pHRI interface model is validated with measurements from a sensorized upper arm cuff on the Harmony exoskeleton. Our results reveal that a model incorporating compliance at the human-robot attachment is necessary to improve prediction of distributed interface loads. This motivates the need for human-centered analysis which can enable finer control of interaction forces and help design more ergonomic attachment interfaces.
Subterranean termite colony elimination can be achieved even when only a small proportion of foragers feed upon a CSI bait

Termite bait products that contain chitin synthesis inhibitors (CSIs) protect structures from subterranean termites via colony elimination. A hallmark of CSI baits is their dose-independent lethal time, as workers exposed to a CSI do not die until they initiate the molting process. Due to this mode of action and termite behaviors such as trophallaxis and cannibalism, a relatively small quantity of ingested CSI can spread throughout an entire colony before secondary repellency or avoidance behaviors occur, ultimately resulting in total colony elimination. In the field, only a portion of a subterranean termite colony actively forages upon a CSI bait at any given time, suggesting that only a relatively small proportion of workers may need to feed upon a CSI bait for a colony to be eliminated. In the present study, we used varying proportions of workers from whole four-year-old laboratory-reared Coptotermes gestroi (Wasmann) colonies (~ 62,500 termites/colony on average) to determine what proportion of workers need to feed upon a CSI bait in order to achieve colony elimination. A range of 0% (control), 0.5%, 1%, 2.5%, and 5% of the total worker population of colonies was allowed to feed on a formulated 0.5% noviflumuron bait for five days before being returned to their colonies. Colony elimination was observed for all 5%-fed and four out of six 2.5%-fed colonies by 107 days after CSI exposure. Our results confirm that only a small subset of the worker population of a colony must feed upon a CSI bait to achieve subterranean termite colony elimination.
Measuring Expert and Novice Performance Within Computer Security Incident Response Teams

There is a great need for creating cohesive, expert cybersecurity incident response teams and training them effectively. This paper discusses new methodologies for measuring and understanding expert and novice differences within a cybersecurity environment to bolster training, selection, and teaming. This methodology for baselining and characterizing individuals and teams relies on relating eye tracking gaze patterns to psychological assessments, human-machine transaction monitoring, and electroencephalography data that are collected during participation in the game-based training platform Tracer FIRE. We discuss preliminary findings from two pilot studies using novice and professional teams.
Three-Dimensional Stability of Prestressed Arches

An analytical study of the nonlinear three-dimensional finite deformation, buckling, and postbuckling behavior of prestressed arches is conducted by formulating the problem as a two-point nonlinear boundary-value problem. The prestressed arches studied are different from traditional arches in that they are made by first buckling shallow straight members and then attaching them to their supports. An algorithm based on a shooting method is successfully administered to the system of governing nonlinear differential equations of the prestressed arches. The three-dimensional stability analysis of the prestressed arches led to a boundary-value problem with four missing initial conditions, so that the numerical work was found to be a formidable task.
Evaluation of analytical methods for measuring plasma antioxidant capacity by comparing with urinary 8-isoprostane concentration

Although several analytical methods for measuring the total antioxidant capacities (TAC) of foods have been applied to biological samples, different methods often yield dissimilar results due to th...
A multi-chip system optimized for insect-scale flapping-wing robots

We demonstrate a battery-powered multi-chip system optimized for insect-scale flapping wing robots that meets the tight weight limit and real-time performance demands of autonomous flight. Measured results show open-loop wing flapping driven by a power electronics unit and energy efficiency improvements via hardware acceleration.
Hecke Algebras, SVD, and Other Computational Examples with {\sc CLIFFORD}

{\sc CLIFFORD} is a Maple package for computations in Clifford algebras $\cl (B)$ of an arbitrary symbolic or numeric bilinear form B. In particular, B may have a non-trivial antisymmetric part. It is well known that the symmetric part g of B determines a unique (up to an isomorphism) Clifford structure on $\cl(B)$ while the antisymmetric part of B changes the multilinear structure of $\cl(B).$ As an example, we verify Helmstetter's formula which relates Clifford product in $\cl(g)$ to the Clifford product in $\cl(B).$ Experimentation with Clifford algebras $\cl(B)$ of a general form~B is highly desirable for physical reasons and can be easily done with {\sc CLIFFORD}. One such application includes a derivation of a representation of Hecke algebras in ideals generated by q-Young operators. Any element (multivector) of $\cl(B)$ is represented in Maple as a multivariate Clifford polynomial in the Grassmann basis monomials although other bases, such as the Clifford basis, may also be used. Using the well-known isomorphism between simple Clifford algebras $\cl(Q)$ of a quadratic form Q and matrix algebras through a faithful spinor representation, one can translate standard matrix algebra problems into the Clifford algebra language. We show how the Singular Value Decomposition of a matrix can be performed in a Clifford algebra. Clifford algebras of a degenerate quadratic form provide a convenient tool with which to study groups of rigid motions in robotics. With the help from {\sc CLIFFORD} we can actually describe all elements of $\Pin(3)$ and $\Spin(3).$ Rotations in $\BR^3$ can then be generated by unit quaternions realized as even elements in $\cl^{+}_{0,3}.$ Throughout this work all symbolic computations are performed with {\sc CLIFFORD} and its extensions.
Community Ecology: An Introduction

Communities are assemblages of individuals of different species living and interacting together in a contiguous environment. Community ecology studies how communities are structured and how their structure changes in time and space, spontaneously or as a result of natural and human-induced events. Keywords: community; diversity; emergent properties; biocomplexity
Racial Innocence: Performing American Childhood from Slavery to Civil Rights. Robin Bernstein. New York: New York University Press, 2011.

Racial Innocence: Performing American Childhood from Slavery to Civil Rights. Robin Bernstein. New York: New York University Press, 2011.In discussions about controversial social and political issues - ranging from public entitlement programs to gay adoption to abortion - the potential impact on "innocent children" frequently comes up. Why are children invoked in such discourse, and what is the historical and cultural significance of this tendency? In Racial Innocence, Robin Bernstein sheds light on these questions by examining how the notion of childhood innocence has shaped - and been shaped by - conceptions of race. Trans-disciplinary in subject and transhistorical in scope, this fascinating book engages an impressive array of evidence, including graphic arts, ephemera, oral history, and material artifacts. Historiographically, it constitutes an important contribution to the scholarship on childhood (by Patricia Crain, Karen Sanchez-Eppler, and others) and the portrayal of race in literary, visual, and theatrical culture (by Daphne Brooks, Jo- Ann Morgan, and Harvey Young, for example). Theoretically and methodologically, Bernstein provides a new paradigm for understanding objects. Although the social significance of "things" has long been a topic of interest for Americanists working in material culture studies (e.g., David Jaffee, Jules David Prown, and Laurel Ulrich), Bernstein offers a new perspective by exploring not only what artifacts reveal but also what they demand. In other words, she contends that objects are fundamentally performative: they incite - or script - us to use them in highly specific ways.In the first chapter, Bernstein investigates formulations of childhood in American popular culture during the second half of the 1800s. She shows how representations of "innocent" white children, particularly Little Eva in Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852), came to symbolize innocence itself; how "insensate" black children, especially Topsy (another figure in Stowe's novel), stood in stark contrast to such images; and how activists and cultural producers mobilized these stock characters to deny and affirm the basic humanity of African Americans. Depictions of white children highlighted their vulnerability and goodness, whereas black children were imagined as comically impervious to pain. Bernstein follows this chapter with a development of her theory of "scriptive things," arguing that objects generate practices in everyday life by inviting people to perform, in both the theatrical and functional sense. The scripts associated with dolls, such as the half-white/half-black "topsy-turvy doll," are of special interest to her. …
All the World's Reward: Folktales Told by Five Scandinavian Storytellers

Reviewed Medium: book Year: 1999 Pages: xiv. + 323 Publisher: University of Washington Press
Abstract W P220: Suppression of Interleukin 33 Limits Ischemic Brain Injury and Improves Functional Outcome in Murine Stroke Model

Background and purpose: Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide, and the treatment options are limited. Interleukin-33 (IL-33) is a newly recognized IL-1 family cytokine which signals via its ST2 receptor, and acts as a key regulator of inflammation. However, the expression of IL-33 in the brain was not well studied and its expression in ischemic stroke remains to be elucidated. In the present study, we measured IL-33 and ST2 levels and examine the correlation of IL-33 expression with brain damage and functional outcome following ischemic stroke. Methods: IL-33 expression was examined in ischemic brain hemisphere. Mice were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 1 hr using a filament model, followed by 23 hrs reperfusion. Briefly, mice were anesthetized with 1-1.5% isoflurane mixed with medical oxygen. Body temperature was maintained at 37°C ± 1.0 using a heating pad. At 23 hours after ischemia/reperfusion, mice were tested for neurological scores and were sa...
Graduate Training, Current Affiliation and Publishing Books in Political Science

Scores of studies have measured the quality of political science departments. Generally speaking, these studies have taken two forms. Many have relied on scholars' survey responses to construct rankings of the major departments. For example, almost 50 years ago Keniston (1957) interviewed 25 department chairpersons and asked them to assess the quality of various programs, and, much more recently, the National Research Council ( NRC 1995 ) asked 100 political scientists to rate the “scholarly quality of program faculty” in the nation's political science doctoral departments. In response to these opinion-based rankings, a number of researchers have developed what they claim to be more objective measures of department quality based on the research productivity of the faculty ( Ballard and Mitchell 1998 ; Miller, Tien, and Peebler 1996 ; Robey 1979 ). While department rankings using these two methods are often similar, there are always noteworthy differences and these have generated an additional literature that explores the relationship between the rating systems ( Garand and Graddy 1999 ; Jackman and Siverson 1996 ; Katz and Eagles 1996 ; Miller, Tien, and Peebler 1996 ).
Systematics, Numerical Methods

An introduction to biological systematics is provided with description of basic principles in systematics and tree topologies. Tree search strategies for methods based on optimality criteria are discussed, and common modern software is briefly introduced. The article is complemented with a list of general recommended readings.
Is Aortic Valve Leaflet Morphology Predictive of Outcome in Pediatric Aortic Valve Stenosis

Background Initial palliative treatment of congenital aortic valve stenosis consists of either surgical commissurotomy or transcatheter balloon valvuloplasty. The basis for selection of primary approach usually is ill defined. It was hypothesized that aortic valve characteristics may be helpful in directing choice of intervention. This study assesses the impact of valve morphology on time to reintervention after catheter- or surgical-based therapy. Methods A retrospective review of preprocedural echocardiographic aortic outflow characteristics was compared with outcomes of primary surgical or balloon valve interventions. Characteristics studied included (1) annular dimension; (2) leaflet number; (3) leaflet excursion; and (4) degree of leaflet coaptation. Patients included those <20 years with a primary diagnosis of aortic stenosis (AS) and no other hemodynamically significant lesions at our institutions from 2000 to 2011. A total of 102 patients were included, 31 classified as having critical and 71 as having noncritical aortic stenosis. Of the patients, 79 were male, and 50 underwent primary catheter intervention. Echo parameters were compared with procedural outcome as defined by death or need for reintervention. Receiver operator curves were utilized to determine the point within each morphologic feature where the greatest difference occurred. This was utilized as the distinguishing point within each the morphologic group. Analysis was conducted separately for critical and noncritical aortic stenosis. Results Kaplan–Meier analysis demonstrated no significant difference in time to reintervention or death whether initial palliation consisted of surgical commissurotomy or balloon valvuloplasty with respect to any of the morphologic characteristics studied. Conclusion Patients with AS do equally well with surgical commissurotomy or balloon valvuloplasty as initial palliation. This holds true for those with either critical or noncritical aortic stenosis. Valve morphology did not help in selection of initial palliative strategy. Current technologies should enable an improved selection of initial palliative approach through thoughtful, randomized trials.
The School Health Education Study + 50 Years: Scholars' Reflections on Its Impact and Legacy

Abstract Background: Launched 50 years ago, the School Health Education Study (SHES) examined the health education offerings in 135 public school systems, in 38 states, and over 1100 elementary schools and 350 secondary schools. In its second year, knowledge surveys were administered to students in grades 6, 9 and 12 at many of these schools. Analysis of the results in year three led to a one-word description of the state of health education in public schools-“appalling.” Subsequent years saw the SHES writing team engage in development of a conceptual approach to health education (through physical, mental and social dimensions) applied at four levels (K-3, 4-6, 7-9, 10-12) and in three learner domains (cognitive, affective and psychomotor). The SHES has been identified time and again for its pioneering effort to bring prominence to school health education. Purpose: We attempted to identify ways that the SHES has influenced health education practice in schools as told by school health education scholars. M...
Erosion and Degradation of EUV Lithography Collector Mirrors under Particle Bombardment

In extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) environments both laser produced plasma (LPP) and gas discharge produced plasma (GDPP) configurations face serious issues regarding components lifetime and performance under particle bombardment, in particular collector mirrors. For both configurations debris, fast ions, fast neutrals, and condensable EUV radiator fuels (Li, Sn) can affect collector mirrors. In addition, collector mirrors are exposed to impurities (H,C,O,N), off-band radiation (depositing heat) and highly-charged ions leading to their degradation and consequently limiting 13.5 nm light reflection intensity. The IMPACT (Interaction of Materials with charged Particles and Components Testing) experiment at Argonne studies radiation-induced, thermodynamic and kinetic mechanisms that affect the performance of optical mirror surfaces. Results of optical component interaction with singly-charged inert gases (Xe) and alternate radiators (e.g. Sn) are presented for glancing incidence mirrors (i.e., Ru, Pd) at bombarding energies between 100-1000 eV at room temperature. Measurements conducted include: In-situ surface analysis: Auger electron spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, direct recoil spectroscopy and low-energy ion scattering spectroscopy; Ex-situ surface analysis: X-ray reflectivity, X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy and at-wavelength EUV reflectivity (NIST-SURF).
Mood-based rash action and its components: Positive and negative urgency

Abstract In two studies, the authors further validated measures of the construct of positive urgency (the tendency to act rashly while in a positive mood), tested its distinctness from negative urgency, and placed the two constructs in an overall framework for understanding multiple dispositions to rash action. Using a multitrait, multimethod design, they documented convergent validity for positive urgency across two methods of assessment and discriminant validity between positive urgency and each of four other impulsivity-like traits. Using confirmatory factor analysis, they provided support for a 3-factor understanding of disposition to rash action: a mood-based disposition, of which positive and negative urgency are facets; a deficits-in-conscientiousness disposition, of which lack of planning and lack of perseverance are facets; and sensation seeking. They demonstrated that positive and negative urgency differentially predicted, respectively, positive mood-based rash action and negative mood-based rash action.
QoS and security aware allocation of Directed Acyclic Graph on heterogeneous distributed real-time systems

Heterogeneous distributed real-time systems are continuously evolving to realize many emerging mission critical applications, e.g., battle field vision systems. In such systems, there often exists a tradeoff between quality of results and security of task execution while satisfying real-time constraints. In this paper we consider a set of dependent real-time tasks, modeled as Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG), with security and QoS requirements for assignment and scheduling on a set of heterogeneous sites with the objective of maximizing Total Quality Value (TQV) of the system. This problem is NP-hard since the basic problem of scheduling a DAG on multiple processors is NP-hard. We make the following contributions; (i) define new metric, TQV, which captures QoS aspects of the DAG and helps in choosing a task in the task graph, DAG, to increase its QoS level so as to raise system TQV to the best value, (ii) based on the defined metric, we propose a polynomial time heuristic algorithm to maximize TQV, and (iii) we evaluate the algorithm through simulation studies by comparing it to baseline algorithms for variations of synthetic workloads. The proposed algorithm outperforms the baseline algorithms in all the simulated conditions for fully-connected and shared bus network topologies.
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE MAINTENANCE AND GROWTH OF APHANIZOMENON FLOS-AQUAE IN CULTURE1,2

SUMMARY Aphanizomenon flos-aquae has been introduced into unialgal culture in a completely defined medium and maintained for more than 3 years in the colonial flake form found in nature. The color and size of the flake and general appearance of the cells are substantially improved over those found in the original material at the time of collection from Upper Klamath Lake, Klamath County, Oregon. The alga readily forms both akinetes and heterocysts in culture Bacteria-free cultures have not been obtained. A precipitate-free medium designated ASM No. 8a has been developed from the ASM of McLachlan and Gorham. Their medium was altered by modifying the concentration of certain elements and by the addition of sodium bicarbonate, a 1/25 dilution of Arnon's trace element solutions B7 and C13, hydrogen ferric ethylenediamine di-o-hydroxyphenylacetate (EDDHA), and disodium ethylene dinitrilotetra-acetate (Na2EDTA).
Life-cycle net energy assessment of large-scale hydrogen production via photoelectrochemical water splitting

Here we report a prospective life-cycle net energy assessment of a hypothetical large-scale photoelectrochemical (PEC) hydrogen production facility with energy output equivalent to 1 GW continuous annual average (1 GW HHV = 610 metric tons of H2 per day). We determine essential mass and energy flows based on fundamental principles, and use heuristic methods to conduct a preliminary engineering design of the facility. We then develop and apply a parametric model describing system-wide energy flows associated with the production, utilization, and decommissioning of the facility. Based on these flows, we calculate and interpret life-cycle net energy metrics for the facility. We find that under base-case conditions the energy payback time is 8.1 years, the energy return on energy invested (EROEI) is 1.7, and the life-cycle primary energy balance over the 40 years projected service life of the facility is +500 PJ. The most important model parameters affecting the net energy metrics are the solar-to-hydrogen (STH) conversion efficiency and the life span of the PEC cells; parameters associated with the balance of systems (BOS), including construction and operation of the liquid and gas handling infrastructure, play a much smaller role.
The Racialized Impact of Study Abroad on US Students’ Subsequent Interracial Interactions

Using an online survey of American undergraduate students, this paper serves as a case study of a liberal arts college located in the Southern United States (US) to explore the effects of studying abroad on students’ attitudes and behavior related to diversity upon their return to campus. We find that white students and students of color report significantly different study abroad experiences and distinct patterns related to their likelihood to engage with racial, but not other forms of, diversity when they return to their home university. Specifically, students of color are more likely than white students to report that their study abroad experiences have increased the likelihood that they interact more frequently with individuals from different racial backgrounds in a number of campus contexts. Utilizing existing literature and our qualitative data, we address possible reasons for these racialized patterns.
The end of sustainability

The concept of sustainability is in danger of being used to serve the ends of a mass consumer society, if it promises to allow us to continue our consumerist way of life but without the usual environmental damage. I argue that even if we achieve what many supporters of sustainable development envision, namely, modes of production, distribution and consumption that minimise environmental degradation, as a culture we will be no better off than we are now. Rather than being a mere technological fix that permits us to live more or less as we do now, an enlightened form of sustainable development presupposes a more sophisticated account of the ends that it is intended to serve. Moreover, to the extent that sustainable development ignores past environmental and social harms caused by distorted consumer desires, it fails to acknowledge the demands of justice.
WE-G-134-01: A Novel Method to Correct Scatter and Metal Artifacts in Kilovoltage CBCT Using Megavoltage Projections

Purpose: To improve quantitative accuracy of CT numbers in kV‐CBCT, we developed a method to correct kV projections using MV images acquired during CBCT acquisition. This method exploits inherent characteristics of MV image signal, such as relatively lower scatter fraction and lower sensitivity to elemental composition, to both correct for scatter and suppress metal artifacts in kV‐CBCT. Methods: To correct for scatter in kV‐CBCT, two water‐based mapping functions were developed to correct beam hardening in MV projections, and to transform them to kV‐equivalent MV projections in Radon space. At a given gantry angle, the difference in log‐attenuation values between kV‐equivalent MV and raw kV projections served as the estimate of scatter distribution. Smoothed scatter distributions were subtracted from the raw kV projections to obtain corrected kV projections. In addition, the difference between kV‐equivalent MV and scatter‐corrected kV projections were used to identify image pixels that exhibited nonlinearities due to metal objects in raw KV projections. Such pixels were replaced by the corresponding pixel values in the kV‐equivalent MV projections. Standard filter‐backprojection algorithm was utilized to reconstruct the CBCT image from corrected KV projections. Results: Varian TrueBeam linac operated in research mode was utilized to acquire kV‐MV projections. In a torso phantom image, shading artifacts due to scatter was reduced from 300 HU to less than 100 HU after corrections. Two steel rods placed on the surface of the phantom lead to more than 600 HU image streaks in the uncorrected kV‐CBCT image. After metal artifact corrections, variation in CT numbers was reduced below 100 HU. Conclusion: Scatter and metal artifacts can be significantly reduced in kV‐CBCT using our approach. Improved quantitative accuracy of CT numbers may enable CBCT image based dose calculations in radiation therapy, and be particularly useful to reduce range uncertainties in particle therapy for patients with metallic implants.
Fluorescence monitor of hydrazine in vivo by selective deprotection of flavonoid

Abstract Hydrazine has been widely used as an important industrial product, however, is highly toxic to organisms and hazardous environmental pollutants. Detection of hydrazine in environment and in vivo is of great significance for environmental protection and biotoxic evaluation. To address this critical need, we have developed a novel flavonoid-based sensor 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-4H-chromen-3-yl acetate (MOCA) for hydrazine monitor with detection limits of 0.32 ppm. Upon addition of hydrazine, the fluorescence intensity of MOCA greatly enhanced and showed linear response to the concentration of hydrazine. Other amine-containing species or commonly encountered ions barely interfered with the detection of hydrazine. Furthermore, this sensor could visualize the hydrazine in stem cells and zebrafish, thus providing a powerful fluorescent imaging tool for tracking hydrazine in vivo .
Learning Experiences in Developing Electronic Portfolios

This case study investigates the learning experiences and learning processes that occur during studentsâ€™ development of culminating electronic portfolios for a Master of Education in Computer Education and Technology. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, participant observations, and document analyses from seven M.Ed. students before, during, and after developing electronic portfolios. Findings indicate that creating electronic portfolios supports studentsâ€™ mastery of technology-related knowledge and promotes critical thinking and problem-solving skills. Developing electronic portfolios created active, independent, and motivated learners. Students reported that they â€œlearned by doing,â€ as they viewed samples, collaborated with peers, and reflected on final products.
REVENUE SHARING: PRIORITIES AND POLICY INSTRUMENTS

IN THIS PAPER REVENUE SHARING is interpreted in the broad sense to include federal unconditional, or block, grants to the states, source-oriented sharing of the federal individual income tax, and fractional federal individual income tax credits of the type recently advocated by the Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations.' The main focus will be on block grants, but all three policy instruments are evaluated in relation to three others-federal functional grants-in-aid, a negative federal income tax, and federal individual income tax reduction-with respect to their abilities to achieve certain basic national goals. The most important of these is the development of human resources and the elimination of chronic poverty. No defense of this choice will be attempted, except to say that surely the United States is today too highly developed a country to countenance the continued existence of grossly underdeveloped human resources. Yet clearly they exist, and federal block grants represent one way of attempting to deal with the problem. Four other goals are included in the discussion primarily because they have received considerable attention in the public debate over the block plan of Walter W. Heller and Joseph A. Pechman. These are the stimulation of high-priority local public spending programs, a goal that clearly overlaps with the first one given above; the abatement of destructive intergovernmental tax competition; the optimization of state-local spending programs that have significant benefit spillovers; and the maintenance, or even the strengthening, of state-local fiscal independence. Table 3 at the end of the paper summarizes the evaluations that emerge from the discussion, giving high, medium, or low ratings to each of the six policy instruments, or variants of them, as means of achieving the five national goals just cited. It is important at the outset to be clear about the specific characteristics of the Heller-Pechman block grant plan that is to be discussed. Under it, or at least under the version of it that I want to concentrate on, 2 per cent of the federal individual income tax base (i.e. taxable income) would be transferred each year into a trust fund for subsequent distribution to the fifty states and the District of Columbia. Since taxable income in 1967 is estimated to be close to $300 billion, the current cost of the program would be $6 billion, or approximately $30 per capita. Moreover, the grants would be subject to an automatic growth factor, Pechman having estimated that by 1972 the federal income tax base will be $425 billion, which is enough to support block grants of $8.5 billion in that year. While the grants would not be completely unconditional, they would have relatively few strings attached to them. It has
Electron Depletion Layer Effects on Antenna Response

This paper discusses the response of antennas immersed in media in which the environment is much more severe; air conductivities up to a maximum of about 1.0 mho/meter were considered. Experimental techniques and results which can be used to investigate and understand electron-depletion layers and ionized air conductivity will also be presented.
Providing Intergenerational Goods: Implementation of National Park System Plans in Canada and the United States

The provision of inter generational goods is a challenging task for democratic governments in that benefits arrive in the future but costs are borne in the present. Public agencies usually are assigned responsibility for providing such goods, but implementation of their long-term plans often is constrained by the short-term focus of other political actors. This argument is illustrated through a comparison of Canadian and American efforts to expand national park systems according to scientific criteria. Efforts in both nations have been constrained, albeit by different sets of institutional actors. The strong federal structure in Canada has enabled subnational actors to slow and compromise agency expansion plans. American agency efforts have been constrained by the acts of individual politicians at the federal level, particularly members of Congress
Quantized rotation of atoms from photons with orbital angular momentum.

We demonstrate the coherent transfer of the orbital angular momentum of a photon to an atom in quantized units of , using a 2-photon stimulated Raman process with Laguerre-Gaussian beams to generate an atomic vortex state in a Bose-Einstein condensate of sodium atoms. We show that the process is coherent by creating superpositions of different vortex states, where the relative phase between the states is determined by the relative phases of the optical fields. Furthermore, we create vortices of charge 2 by transferring to each atom the orbital angular momentum of two photons.