cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Teaching the "Soft Skills": A Professional Development Curriculum to Enhance the Employability Skills of Business Graduates.

Todays business climate requires that management recruits not only know the technical aspects of their jobs, but also possess communication, teambuilding and leadership skills. Most business school curricula, however, focus only on technical skills, and do not address the soft skills in a formal setting or on a consistent basis. As graduates compete for fewer jobs, business schools must develop creative and innovative ways to give their graduates a competitive edge. Thus, the purpose of this article is to present a curriculum that has been implemented in the business program at South Carolina State University to enhance and balance students soft skills with their intellectual development.
Explicit Density Approximations for Local Volatility Models Using Heat Kernel Expansions

Heat kernel perturbation theory is a tool for constructing explicit approximation formulas for the solutions of linear parabolic equations. We review the crux of this perturbative formalism and then apply it to differential equations which govern the transition densities of several local volatility processes. In particular, we compute all the heat kernel coefficients for the CEV and quadratic local volatility models; in the later case, we are able to use these to construct an exact explicit formula for the processes' transition density. We then derive low order approximation formulas for the cubic local volatility model, an affine-affine short rate model, and a generalized mean reverting CEV model. We finally demonstrate that the approximation formulas are accurate in certain model parameter regimes via comparison to Monte Carlo simulations.
Dietary fat for infants with enterostomies.

Abstract Background/Purpose Infants with enterostomies frequently have signs of short bowel syndrome. Our goal was to assess the effect of dietary lipids on ostomy output and weight gain in infants with enterostomies. Methods We reviewed the medical records of 10 neonates with necrotizing enterocolitis or isolated intestinal perforations requiring temporary enterostomies. Infants had high stoma outputs and poor weight gain. All infants received a commercially available soluble dietary fat supplement added to their enteral feedings. Ostomy output as a percentage of enteral intake and daily weight gain were compared over 5-day intervals before and after adding the dietary fat. Results We observed a decrease in ostomy output after the addition of dietary lipids to enteral feedings, from an average of 29.3% to 19.8% of dietary intake, a relative decrease of 32% ( P P 20% of dietary intake) benefited the most by adding the dietary fat. Conclusions Dietary lipids appear to decrease ostomy output and improve weight gain in infants with enterostomies and short bowel syndrome. The use of dietary lipids may be helpful in infants with enterostomies to limit the morbidity of this condition.
With Malice toward Some: How People Make Civil Liberties Judgments

Preface: Political tolerance and democratic life Part I. Theoretical Background and Overview: 1. Political tolerance and democratic practice 2. Antecedent considerations and contemporary information 3. Thinking and mood Part II. Contemporary Information and Political Tolerance Judgments: 4. Tolerance judgments and contemporary information - the basic studies Appendix 4A. The basic experiments - manipulation checks Part III. Refining the Model - The Role of Antecedent Conserations as Individual Differences: 5. Threat and political tolerance 6. Democratic values as standing decisions and contemporary information 7. Source credibility, political knowledge and animus in making tolerance judgments - the Texas experiment 8. Individual differences: The influence of personality Part IV. Implications and Conclusions: 9. Intensity, motivations, and behavioral intentions 10. Human nature and political tolerance Appendices Bibliography.
Spectroscopy and Dynamics of Phosphonate-Derivatized Ruthenium Complexes on TiO2

Knowledge of electronic structures and transport mechanisms in dye-sensitized semiconductors is motivated by their ubiquity in photoelectrochemical cells. In this work, optical spectroscopies are used to uncover the elementary dynamics initiated by light absorption at such molecule–semiconductor interfaces (e.g., electron transfer and nuclear relaxation). These processes are explored in a family of ruthenium bipyridyl complexes in aqueous solutions, wherein phosphonate groups are used to bind the molecules to TiO2 nanocrystalline films. The complexes differ in (i) the number of phosphonate groups and (ii) the presence (or absence) of a methylene bridge between the molecule and the TiO2 surface. A resonance Raman intensity analysis suggests that the electronic excitations possess very little charge transfer character for all complexes. That is, the electronic orbitals involved in light absorption are essentially localized to the molecules. Because the electronic resonances are molecular in character, the p...
Coherent Themes: Individuals’ Relationships with God, Their Early Childhood Experiences, Their Bonds with Significant Others, and Their Relational Delusions During Psychotic Episodes All Have Similar Holistic, Existential, and Relational Themes

An adult seems to articulate surprisingly similar meaning themes and similar processes about relationships in several widely disparate domains of behavior, domains of both non-pathological and pathological types. Whether the person is consciously describing early relationships with parental figures, unconsciously acting them out in current relationships, experiencing relationships with God or the Transcendent, or acting on the basis of relational delusions during psychotic episodes, his or his experienced relational reality seems to be filtered through a single, coherent, personally unique spiritual, existential, and epistemological relational lens. Conflicts may involve other relational meanings, but may be conflicts because of the existence of that dominant lens. Two parts of that dominant lens system, specifically the part relating the person’s concept of God to the other parts of the system and the part relating the specifics of psychotic breaks and spiritual emergence to other parts of the system, are seldom discussed. Both understanding the person’s dominant relational lens and the implications of that person’s using the lens to see reality, and sharing that knowledge with the individual (if he or he has stabilized to some degree) can help the troubled or disoriented individual. That person can gradually give a more adaptive meaning to consistent distortions in the many areas of meaning and behavior attached to relationships, and even to very skewed behavior such as hallucinations and delusions during psychotic breaks. Distortions during experiences of spiritual emergence also can be made clearer to the disturbed client if the therapist has a better understanding of the person’s overall coherent relational meaning system and its implications, and can translate the language of that system into spiritually transformative terms. A case is summarized and discussed as an example of these ideas. Then, two theories are described. A useful theory of human-felt connection and a cognitive developmental theory of Postformal Complex Thought have been developed by the author and described in earlier publications. These two theories help make sense of the multiple but coherent themes, cognitive dimensions of theme genesis and change, and the nature of the relational lenses used. Suggestions about interventions in the person’s system of coherently distorted relational themes, suggestions based on the two theories, are discussed. The recommendation is made that all therapists become fluent in the languages of, and especially the connections among, all of the relational areas named in the title of this paper that are part of the coherent relational theme.
Incorporation of patient preferences in the treatment of upper urinary tract calculi: a decision analytical view.

Purpose:: Patient preferences, or utilities, may be crucial to select an appropriate treatment plan for stone disease. We used decision modeling to understand better patient choices and decision making in the overall management of recurrent nephrolithiasis.Materials and Methods:: We interviewed 180 consecutive patients with active stone disease. Demographic data and historical experiences with calculi were recorded. Patients were presented with 6 hypothetical clinical scenarios and various treatment options. The standard gamble method was used to obtain utility values for each option.Results:: Nephrectomy had the lowest mean utility value of 0.883. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy for severe, moderate and mild pain had utilities of 0.924, 0.932 and 0.947, respectively. Shock wave lithotripsy for the management of mild pain was the most attractive option (mean utility 0.968). The utility for long-term medical therapy was 0.949, which was between that of percutaneous nephrolithotomy and shock wave lithotripsy f...
Competitive displacement of cofilin can promote actin filament severing

Cofilin is an essential actin filament severing protein that functions in the dynamic remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton. Filament severing activity is most efficient at sub-stoichiometric cofilin binding densities (i.e. 50%). Even in the presence of competitive ligands, maximum severing activity occurs when cofilin-decorated boundary density is highest, consistent with preferential fragmentation at boundaries. We propose a general “severodyne” framework for the modulation of cofilin-mediated actin filament severing by small molecule or actin-binding protein ligands that compete with cofilin for actin filament binding.
Animal model for the study of methanol toxicity: Comparison of folate-reduced rat responses with published monkey data

We attempted to develop a rodent model that exhibits characteristics of human methanol toxicities such as acidosis and visual dysfunction, which are correlated with an accumulation of formate, a toxic metabolite of methanol. Initially three groups of Long‐Evans rats with different levels of liver folate were prepared and examined for formate accumulation after methanol administration (3.5 g/kg). The folate‐reduced (FR) rats prepared by feeding a folate‐deficient diet with 1% succinylsulfathiazole yielded blood formate levels equivalent to those found in methanol‐intoxicated humans and developed signs of the visual system toxicity (a manuscript on the latter aspect is in preparation). Responses of FR rats to a variety of methanol exposure scenarios were then investigated, and the results were compared with those reported in the literature for monkeys. Formate accumulation and/or lethality were used as toxic parameters for this comparative evaluation. In FR rats dosed orally with 3 g/kg, the blood formate c...
Contarination Layers on EUV Reflectors

We have utilized a visible in situ ellipsometer to investigate the growth of oxide surface layers on aluminum and silicon films deposited in an ultra high vacuum (UHV system. A single molecular layer of oxide f%rms on the aluminum film surface in 1 hour when exposed to a partial pressure of 2 x 10-8 Torr of either oxygen or water vapor. The single molecular oxide layer that forms in 4 hours on silicon when exposed to 2.5 x 10-8 Torr of oxygen is Si or, if the vacuum ion gauges are operating, but it appears to be SiO if these gauges are turned off during the layer formation. The time of formation of these layers is inversely proportional to pressure. The growth rate of the oxide surface layer drops dramatically after formation of this first morolayer on both aluminum and silicon. Other gases, such as methane and carbon monoxide were found to be essentially urreactive with the aluminum film.© (1986) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Calorimetry based on energy absorbed from time-dependent fields

Abstract The energy that a supercooled liquid absorbs from a time dependent field is used to determine the time scales involved in the dynamic heat capacities of the slow degrees of freedom. The time resolved changes in fictive temperatures are obtained from dielectric relaxation data derived from the same field that provides the energy input. For a generic molecular glass-former, it is found that dielectric and thermal time scales are locally correlated and agree within 15%. For a monohydroxy alcohol and an ionic liquid, however, such an identity between dielectric and calorimetric time scales is not observed. It is demonstrated that only the field induced change of the fundamental susceptibility, χ(ω), can be exploited for this dynamic calorimetry, whereas χ3(ω) is not sensitive to these effects.
Ovarian fibromas and cystadenofibromas: MRI features of the fibrous component

Ovarian fibromas and cystadenofibromas are neoplasms that share a similar distinctive tissue component of dense fibrous tissue. We sought to describe the MRI features of these neoplasms and to determine if the fibrous component shows distinctive characteristics. Fourteen patients in whom MR images performed with multicoil and fast-spin-echo images and who subsequently underwent surgery for resection of ovarian fibromas or cystadenofibromas were identified from two institutions. Five patients had ovarian fibromas, and nine patients had fourteen cystadenofibromas. 1.5-T MR studies used T1-weighted spin echo and multiplanar T2-weighted fast-spin-echo images, with fat saturation gadolinium-enhanced fast multiplanar gradient-echo images in seven patients. Studies were reviewed for findings of low (approximately equal to skeletal muscle) signal intensity solid components on T2-weighted images, characteristics of gadolinium enhancement, and associated endometrial findings. Images were obtained ex vivo from three adnexal surgical specimens with an 8-cm field of view and correlated with histology. All five of the fibromas showed predominantly very low signal intensity, similar to skeletal muscle, on T2-weighted images. Two of five fibromas were in patients with endometrial polyps and increased amounts of fluid in the pelvis. Thirteen cystadenofibromas were multicystic masses with bands of very low signal intensity ranging from 2 to 20 mm in the wall of the mass, and one was predominantly solid fibrous tissue. Pathologic correlation with specimen images showed that the low signal intensity material was the subepithelial fibrous component of the cystadenofibromas. Fibrous components of ovarian fibromas and cystadenofibromas are demonstrable by MR as solid components representing fibrous tissue of very low signal intensity on T2-weighted images.
ALTERNATIVES IN AURAL REHABILITATION: PROVIDER TRAINING OF NONAUDIOLOGISTS IN THE DELIVERY OF HEARING‐AID SUPPORTIVE SERVICES TO OLDER PERSONS WITH HEARING LOSS

Recently, Patterson and Dancer (1987) suggested a model wherein persons who normally come in contact with older hearing‐impaired persons can be trained to assist the older hearing‐aid user in adjustment to amplification. Their four‐phase educational model offers an alternative to traditional aural rehabilitation programs by using personnel from senior centers, nursing homes, and state and local agencies as program providers. The present article elaborates more fully on the training that protocol providers will receive from audiologists certified by the American Speech‐Language‐Hearing Association. Providers will be carried through five stages: empathy, effective communication skills, knowledge of the interaction of aging and hearing loss, the phases outlined in the Patterson and Dancer model, and guidelines for referrals. Objective‐based provider and client response criteria are outlined for moving the client from the initial receipt of the hearing aid to its ultimate acceptance and use on a doily basis.
“I Don't Want to Burst Your Bubble”: Affiliation and Disaffiliation in a Joint Accounting by Affiliated Pair Partners

This paper examines an excerpt from a larger (televised) interview, wherein various married couples are asked to characterize their living situations in the aftermath of job loss and on the work of description and assessment by interview parties. It thus focuses on features of affiliation and disaffiliation and analyzes how both procedures work, particularly within an environment in which affiliated parties are engaged in attempting to figure out an "unpredictable" outcome of some (mutually experienced or experienceable) situation. In the excerpt, there are instances of both affiliation and disaffiliation. Using such conversation analytic structures as topic organization, story organization, preference structures, and distinguishing between content and structural affiliations, the interview excerpt is shown to contain a series of story stages, each of which is an element of the overall work of collaborative assessment. Within this assessment, parties make use of "content affiliations," wherein they reference their lived affiliation with one another, while at the same time, structuring their talk so as to disagree and disaffiliate with one another's stance. In contrast to such classical theorists as Durkheim, Simmel, Toennies and Cooley, who viewed affiliation as resulting from internal, emotive sources, or as Durkheim put it, saw this as being a non-directly measurable condition of "primary group" relationships, this report argues for the possibility of seeing affiliation as a performed, or achieved, activity. In this latter conception, one made evident through ethnomethodology and conversation analysis, affiliation - along with its counterpart, disaffiliation, are indeed external and measurable actions.
NMR spectra of ruthenium nitrosyls

Abstract Concentrated H2SO4 has been demonstrated to be a suitable solvent for obtaining the proton NMR spectra of a large vareity of ruthenium nitrosyl complexes. The NMR spectra obtained in concentrated H2SO4 confirm the earlier assignments of the geometrical isomers of cis- and trans-nitrosyl tetra-ammines of ruthenium(II). Further, the protons on the trans-ammine of Ru(NH3)5NO3+ demonstrate markedly enhanced proton exchange when compared to the ammines of the isoelectronic Ru(NH3)5CO2+.
Group Estimates of the Divorce Rate for the Years 1935–1975

Resume C'est une etude des attitudes envers le divorce et de certains traits des predictions collectives des evenements future. Trois differents groupes de sujets ont estime le nombre de divorces pour cent manages aux Etats-Unis pour chaque periode de cinq ans de 1935 a 1975. Dans une experience, on a donne les proportions de divorces de 1890 a 1929 aux sujets; et dans une autre experience, on ne leur a donne que la proportion de 1929. Selon les estimations moyennes des groupes, la proportion de divorces pendant 1935–1975 deviendra toujours plus grande avec un accroissement constamment plus petit. Les estimations sont devenues plus variables avec une futurite accroissante. Elles ont indique, en general, ou un accroissement continu, un decroissement continu, ou d'abord un accroissement et puis un decroissement. Selon les introspections, plusieurs ont cru qu'il faut que la proportion de divorces devienne de plus en plus grande. Le manage d'essai (“companionate marriage') a ete cite comme facteur de leurs es...
Failures, re-operations, and complications after autologous chondrocyte implantation – a systematic review

Summary Objective To determine and compare failure, re-operation, and complication rates of all generations and techniques of autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI). Methods A systematic review of multiple medical databases was performed according to PRISMA guidelines. Levels I–IV evidence were included. Generations of ACI and complications after ACI were explicitly defined. All subject and defect demographic data were analyzed. Modified Coleman Methodology Scores (MCMSs) were calculated for all studies. Results 82 studies were identified for inclusion (5276 subjects were analyzed; 6080 defects). Ninety percent of the studies in this review were rated poor according to the MCMS. There were 305 failures overall (5.8% subjects; mean time to failure 22 months). Failure rate was highest with periosteal ACI (PACI). Failure rates after PACI, collagen-membrane cover ACI (CACI), second generation, and all-arthroscopic, second-generation ACI were 7.7%, 1.5%, 3.3%, and 0.83%, respectively. The failure rate of arthrotomy-based ACI was 6.1% vs 0.83% for all-arthroscopic ACI. Overall rate of re-operation was 33%. Re-operation rate after PACI, CACI, and second-generation ACI was 36%, 40%, and 18%, respectively. However, upon exclusion of planned second-look arthroscopy, re-operation rate was highest after PACI. Unplanned re-operation rates after PACI, CACI, second-generation, and all-arthroscopic second-generation ACI were 27%, 5%, 5%, and 1.4%, respectively. Low numbers of patients undergoing third-generation ACI precluded comparative analysis of this group. Conclusions Failure rate after all ACI generations is low (1.5–7.7%). Failure rate is highest with PACI, and lower with CACI and second-generation techniques. One out of three ACI patients underwent a re-operation. Unplanned re-operations are seen most often following PACI. Hypertrophy and delamination is most commonly seen after PACI. Arthrofibrosis is most commonly seen after arthrotomy-based ACI. Use of a collagen-membrane cover, second-generation techniques, and all-arthroscopic, second-generation approaches have reduced the failure, complication, and re-operation rate after ACI.
Sexual Concerns of Male Spouses of Female Alzheimer's Disease Patients

Little is known about the impact of dementia on sexuality. The attendant cognitive changes that occur in the Alzheimer's patient present the caregiver with many, often conflicting, challenges to a couple's sexual functioning. This case study highlights these issues by describing a man who reported an erectile dysfunction directly stemming from stressful changes that had occurred in his relationship to his wife who had Alzheimer's disease. General themes and relevant hypotheses are derived and clinical practice implications are explored.
Response to dynamic exercise of the orthotopically transplanted human heart in men immunosuppressed with cyclosporine

Abstract Experimental and human studies of the orthotopically transplanted human heart have shown that, at rest, the denervated heart is characterized by a high resting heart rate and a diminished chronotropic reserve. 1−5 Human studies have been carried out in relatively small numbers of patients before the more recent advances in immunosuppressive therapy and the increasingly sophisticated management of the patient who has had transplantation. We quantified the hemodynamic response to graded treadmill exercise in stable patients who continue their contemporary immunosuppressive therapy including cyclosporine, and undergo stress testing within 12 months of their successful orthotopic cardiac transplantation.
A Description of Laboratory-Reared Larvae of the Yellow Crab, Cancer Anthonyi Rathbun (Decapoda, Brachyura), and Comparisons With Larvae of Cancer Magister Dana and Cancer Productus Randall1)

[Larven der ,,yellow crab" Cancer anthonyi Rathbun wurden im Laboratorium uber funf Zoea-Stadien und ein Megalopa-Stadium aufgezogen. Fur die mit Artemia Nauplien gefutterten Larven betrug die Gesamtentwicklungszeit bis zum ersten Krabben-Stadium 36 bzw. 45 Tage bei 22° bzw. 18° C. Die Larven von C. anthonyi werden detalliert beschrieben und mit den Larven von C. productus und C. magister verglichen. Es ergaben sich kleine Unterschiede zwischen den Larven dieser drei Arten., Larven der ,,yellow crab" Cancer anthonyi Rathbun wurden im Laboratorium uber funf Zoea-Stadien und ein Megalopa-Stadium aufgezogen. Fur die mit Artemia Nauplien gefutterten Larven betrug die Gesamtentwicklungszeit bis zum ersten Krabben-Stadium 36 bzw. 45 Tage bei 22° bzw. 18° C. Die Larven von C. anthonyi werden detalliert beschrieben und mit den Larven von C. productus und C. magister verglichen. Es ergaben sich kleine Unterschiede zwischen den Larven dieser drei Arten.]
Carbohydrate or Protein Based Fat Mimicker Effects on Ice Milk Properties

Batches of ice milks (2–5% milk fat) made with a carbohydrate- or a protein-based fat mimicker were compared to conventional ice milk (4.8% milk fat). Rheological, freezing, and melting properties were evaluated. The carbohydrate-based fat mimicker changed rheological properties, resulting in higher viscosities, greater deviations from Newtonian flow, and higher consistency indices. Less air was incorporated in the mix containing the carbohydrate-based fat mimicker than in the control or the mix with protein-based fat mimicker, The protein-based fat mimicker mix had rheological and melting properties similar to those of the control but achieved higher air incorporation than did the control.
Bringing pharmacogenetics to the bedside.

Dear Editor, The study ‘Genetic polymorphisms of CYP2C19 influences the response to clopidogrel in ischemic heart disease patients in the South Indian Tamilian population’ by K. Subraja and colleagues [1] brings to attention the effect of genetic polymorphisms on the antiplatelet effect of clopidogrel. The authors suggest that further studies on genome-based personalized antiplatelet therapy are required. However, a major barrier to conducting such a study and the integration of antiplatelet therapy pharmacogenetics into clinical care has been the lack of a point of care (POC) genetic test. Recently, a prospective, randomized, proof of concept trial published in The Lancet demonstrated that a POC genetic test after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) could be effectively performed at the bedside [2]. The bedside POC test used in the study analyzed buccal swab DNA samples and provided results within 60 min. Most importantly, all tests were performed by clinical trial nurses who received a 30-min training session but had no prior laboratory training. It is often argued that platelet function testing could be used alone instead of genetic testing. Although platelet function testing has the advantage of covering other non-genetic variables affecting response to antiplatelet therapy, its utility in the acute setting is limited. Patients presenting to the hospital with acute coronary syndrome can have wide fluctuations in platelet reactivity. Factors affecting the results of the platelet function assay test include timing of when the test is performed, loading dose and type of antiplatelet medications administered. The platelet function assay should also not be performed in patients who have been administered Aggrastat® or Integrilin® within 2 days or ReoPro® within 2 weeks. Early platelet function testing in the acute phase frequently results in the incorrect labeling of patients as “non-responders” to clopidogrel. In the GRAVITAS trial [3], 38 % of poor-responder patients randomized to a standard clopidogrel regimen became responders at 1 month compared to platelet reactivity measured 12– 24 h after PCI. Therefore, platelet function testing-based antiplatelet therapy is not optimal for use in the hospital setting before discharge. In contrast, genotype test results are not affected by either the dose of clopidogrel or timing of genotype testing. The best approach for guiding antiplatelet therapy may be a hybrid one where patients found to be nonresponders undergo genetic testing to confirm the presence of loss of functional alleles. Patients confirmed to have non-functional alleles could then be switched to prasugrel or ticagrelor. This would result in more costeffective care and prevent the unnecessary exposure of patients to stronger antiplatelet medications and subsequent adverse events.
Effects of narcotic abstinence on schedule-controlled behavior in dependent rats

Female Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to lever press for food on a variable interval one minute schedule of reinforcement. Four of these rats were then made tolerant to and physically dependent on morphine by a series of automatic IV injections. Four other rats were made tolerant to and physically dependent on LAAM. During the dependence state behavioral tolerance was exhibited to the suppressant effect of morphine on lever pressing, but not to the suppressant effect of LAAM. Abstinence was induced by discontinuation of injections. During both the morphine and LAAM abstinence states from the fourth through twelfth days mean lever presses per session were significantly higher than pre-drug control values. However, there were quantitative differences. Mean lever presses per session were significantly higher during morphine abstinence than during LAAM abstinence. This difference in degree of increased lever pressing observed during morphine and LAAM abstinence in this study extends our previous reports which demonstrated that in the rat morphine abstinence was associated with more severe behavioral disruptions than LAAM abstinence.
The role of asymmetric cell division in pteridophyte cell differentiation. I. Localized metal accumulation and differentiation inVittaria gemmae andOnoclea prothallia

In gemmae ofVittaria graminifolia and prothallia ofOnoclea sensibilis, cell differentiation is initiated by nuclear migration and geometrically asymmetric cell division. The small daughter cells inVittaria develop into antheridia in the presence of gibberellic acid or into rhizoids or new prothallia in its absence. Antheridial differentiation from asymmetric division is induced inOnoclea byPteridium antheridiogen, whereas rhizoid or vegetative cell formation occurs in its absence. Although asymmetric cytokinesis initiates differentiation, it does not in itself determine the developmental fate of the smaller cell. Several histochemical techniques demonstrate that prior to nuclear migration and cell division, Ca2+ accumulates in the cytoplasm and wall of the cell at the site where asymmetric division will occur, regardless of the developmental fate of the small cell. The cytoplasmic localization of Ca2+ appears to reflect a mobilization of Ca2+ from within the cell that eventually moves into the cell wall. We propose that this internal accumulation of Ca2+ leads to a localized decrease in cytosolic [Ca2+] which in turn may regulate developmental events such as nuclear migration.
Systematic manipulation of CS-US pairings in negative CS-US correlation procedures in rats

Male albino rats were exposed to negative correlations of tone CSs and shock USs. When the number of CSs and unpaired USs was held constant, the ability of the CS to resist subsequent excitatory conditioning declined as a function of the number or proportion of CSs paired with USs; so, too, did the ability of the CS to disrupt excitation to a second CS. In one treatment, in which the rate of USs in CS presence approached that in CS absence, the CS significantly enhanced excitation to a second CS. It is concluded that the rate of USs in CS presence need not be zero for a negative correlation to produce inhibitory effects. Also discussed is the possibility that positive and negative correlation procedures may have asymmetrical effects, at least preasymptotically.
Demonstration of a shell-core structure in layered CdSe-ZnSe small particles by X-ray photoelectron and Auger spectroscopies

The potential positioning or different cations near the surface or at the center or small layered CdZnSe particles believed to have a shell-core structure has been demonstrated by the relative attenuation or the primary photoelectron and X-ray excited Auger signals from each cation. The preparation of the layered particles is described, and their absorption spectra are compared with those observed in «unstructured» particles or like composition
Interlist and retention intervals in list discrimination

List-discrimination performance was tested under six conditions, varying the ILI, or interlist interval (immediate vs 15 min), and the TI, or test interval (immediate vs 15 min or 1 day). Performance increased with the length of the ILI and decreased with the length of the TI. This outcome lends support to the notion that one factor underlying forgetting is a loss of discrimination of list membership of items in storage, and that this discrimination is based partly on the apparent-recency dimension.
Mechanical Behavior of Oats: The Groat Effect

ABSTRACT To evaluate the mechanical behavior of groats with constant mass and moisture content, individual groats were compressed along the major axis between parallel flat plates. Compression versus tension testing was adapted easily to groats, which are weaker along the major axis. Regression of maximum apparent stress on moisture content suggested that the proportionality constant was a function of an undefined biological difference (UBD) among tested samples and the y-intercept depended on groat mass and UBD. No brittle-ductile transition in the range of 9–30% moisture was observed regardless of genotype. Groats in general tended to fail by plastic compression at low moisture content (9–10%). Groats at high moisture content (>12%) generally buckled and burst near the midpoint of the crease, suggesting higher stress around the crease regardless of genotype. Apparent maximum stress should be considered as an average for a genotype. Knowledge of specific groat characteristics (including but likely not li...
A diminutive temnospondyl amphibian from the Pennsylvanian of Illinois

A siderite concretion from the Middle Pennsylvanian, Francis Creek Shale (Carbondale Formation, Desmoinesian Series, Westphalian C), in the Mazon Creek area, Will–Kankakee counties, Illinois, U.S.A., preserves a hitherto unknown temnospondyl amphibian. The natural mold of the dorsoventrally compressed skeleton (total preserved length of the larva is 38.5 mm (∼1.5 inches)), includes a proportionately large skull, hyobranchial denticles, ossified portions of the axial skeleton, elements of both the pectoral and pelvic limbs, and endocasts of segments of the digestive system. Differential staining of the entombing matrix outlines gill filaments, portions of the body wall, and apparently most of the length of the tail. Although this single specimen probably represents a new taxon, too few diagnostic characters are displayed by the larva to name a new species. Large interpterygoid vacuities support its inclusion in the Temnospondyli. Vomers contributing to the formation of the anterior margin of these vacuities place this taxon above the edopoid grade of organization. Furthermore, a very wide cultriform process of the parasphenoid places this taxon above dendrerpetontids. Specific characters that would ally this taxon with any known family have not been identified.
Experimental factors that may affect toxicity of aqueous and sediment-bound copper to freshwater organisms

Because of recent concerns regarding the ability of acute (48–96 h) sediment toxicity tests to accurately assess the potency of sediment-bound contaminants, effects of exposure duration, test organism selection, and test endpoint on the observed toxicity of aqueous phase copper and a copper-contaminated freshwater sediment were evaluated. Toxicity of sediment-bound copper was assessed by monitoring survival and reproduction of Ceriodaphnia dubia Richard, survival of Daphnia magna Straus and Hyalella azteca Saussure, and survival and growth of Chironomus tentans Fabricius and Pimephales promelas Rafinesque. Organisms were exposed in static systems for 48 h, 96 h, 7 d, 10 d, and 14 d, which enabled measurement of acute and chronic toxicity. Relative sensitivities of test organisms exposed to copper in water and copper-contaminated sediment varied with test duration and test endpoint. In general, C. dubia was the most sensitive organism tested, followed in decreasing sensitivity by D. magna, P. promelas, H. azteca, and C. tentans. A temporal mortality threshold was demonstrated by C. dubia and D. magna when exposed to copper, with little mortality occurring after 96 h of exposure. Effects of test duration on copper toxicity were most pronounced for H. azteca and C. tentans, with mortality and growth effects becoming increasingly sensitive with increasing test duration. Formulated sediment served as a suitable control and reference sediment in this study, and matched a variety of field-collected test sediment characteristics. In tests utilizing copper-contaminated sediments, observed responses (mortality, growth, reproduction) corresponded with overlying water concentration of copper rather than concentration of copper in bulk sediment or pore water.
Survey of Microorganisms for Calcification in a Synthetic Medium

Fourteen microorganisms, oral isolates from man or marmoset, were examined for calcification in a synthetic medium. The medium was essentially identical to that in which Bacterionema matruchotii acquires intracellular apatite. Four of the microorganisms, Escherichia coli, Alcaligenes marshalli, Aerobacter cloacae, and Proteus mirabilis, developed intracellular calcifications.
Dimensionalities for the harmonic and ballistic measures of fractal aggregates.

The fractal dimensionalities have been determined for a variety of random fractals in which the masses of occupied lattice sites or particles are weighted by their probabilities of being contacted by random walkers (harmonic measure) or by particles following linear trajectories (ballistic measure) which are absorbed after their first contact. Using the harmonic measure, fractal dimensionalities (${D}_{h}$) of 0.925\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05 are found for a variety of two-dimensional random structures with different fractal dimensionalities [percolation clusters (D\ensuremath{\simeq}1.89), Witten-Sander clusters (D\ensuremath{\simeq}1.70), cluster-cluster aggregates (D\ensuremath{\simeq}1.43), and screened-growth clusters (D=1.25, 1.50, and 1.75)]. Using the ballistic measure, fractal dimensionalities of 1.26\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02 were obtained for Witten-Sander aggregates and 1.17\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02 for percolation clusters. For screened-growth clusters with fractal dimensionalities of 1.25, 1.5, and 1.75, the fractal dimensionality with ballistic measure was found to be 1.25\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05, 1.31\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03, and 1.28\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03, respectively. Consequently, it seems that the fractal dimensionality associated with the harmonic measures is the same for all two-dimensional objects and has a value consistent with that predicted by the theoretical work of Grassberger.
Structural and electron transfer properties of cytochrome c adsorbed on graphite electrode studied by in situ tapping mode AFM

Abstract We have investigated the adsorption of redox protein, cytochrome c , on graphite electrode from phosphate buffer by in situ tapping mode AFM. The protein adsorbs spontaneously onto the electrode that is covered with an adsorbed phosphate layer and forms a uniform monolayer. The adsorbed protein exhibits a reversible electron transfer at 0.17 V (Ag/AgCl) once the electrode has been increased to 0.75 V. We suggest that the adsorbed protein retains the folded conformation, and increasing the potential induces the protein to reorient its positively charged lysine residues towards the phosphate layer which promotes the electron transfer.
The effects of oxygen and chloroform on microbial activities in a high-solids, high-productivity anaerobic biomass reactor

Abstract The effects of oxygen and chloroform addition on microbial metabolic activities were measured on a unique thermophilic high-solids high-productivity methanogenic reactor using a combination of radiotracer, lipid analysis, and microcosm techniques. Methane production and the incorporation of 14C-2-acetate into methane were decreased by both oxygen and chloroform treatment. Oxygen increased and chloroform decreased total CO2 production and CO2 production from labeled acetate. Introduction of oxygen decreased methanogenesis by facultative anaerobes competing for reducing equivalents. Chloroform was directly toxic to methanogens at the low application level, and inhibited all metabolic activities at the high application level. Increased diether lipid synthesis by methanogens was observed with oxygen addition, and methanogen lipid synthesis continued at a low level in the absence of detectable methanogenesis with chloroform addition. These responses may be due to previously unknown adaptations to toxic compounds by methanogens.
Secessionism, Institutions, and Change

Abstract This rejoinder to the contributions from Matthew Hoddie, Caroline Hartzell, Bethany Lacina and Andreas Mehler returns to the original question posed in Where Nation-states Come From and puts the questions and evidence raised by these colleagues in this context.
Evaluation of 10 year AQUA/MODIS land surface temperature with SURFRAD observations

As the 10 year Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer Land Surface Temperature MODIS LST becomes available, it is significant to perform a comprehensive evaluation on the long-term product before downstream users use it for climate studies and atmospheric models. In this study, a validation is carried out using observations from the US Surface Radiation budget SURFRAD network. Strict quality control removes cloud-contaminated samples from MODIS LST collection and decreases noise information from SURFRAD measurements, thereby making the validation more persuasive. With analysis on 19,735 valid samples, Aqua/MODIS LST from a split-window algorithm shows retrieval errors from –14 K to 17 K with a bias of –0.93 K, an RMSE of 2.65 K, and a standard deviation of 2.48 K. The errors also show strong seasonal signals. With correlation tests between LST errors and several other factors, it is disclosed that LST retrieval errors mainly come from atmospheric effects and surface emissivity uncertainties, which are closely related to relative air humidity, absolute air humidity, sensor zenith angle, wind speed, normalized difference vegetation index NDVI, and soil moisture. In addition, the impacts from these factors may not be independent. These impact factors suggest a deficiency of the split-window algorithm in dealing with atmospheric and surface complexity and variety.
Structure, magnetism, and conductivity in epitaxial Ti -doped α − Fe 2 O 3 hematite: Experiment and density functional theory calculations

We explore the feasibility of growing epitaxial $\mathrm{Ti}$-doped $\ensuremath{\alpha}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ hematite in which $\mathrm{Ti}(\mathrm{IV})$ substitutes for $\mathrm{Fe}(\mathrm{III})$ preferentially in one magnetic sublattice but not the other. Such a structure has been predicted by first-principles theory to be energetically favorable, and is expected to yield interesting and useful magnetic and electronic properties. However, we find experimentally that a majority of $\mathrm{Ti}$ dopants disperse and occupy random cation sites in both magnetic sublattices. Density functional theory predicts that the magnetically ordered and magnetically random structures are nearly isoenergetic.
Evaluation of Cytokines for Expansion of the Megakaryocyte and Granulocyte Lineages

The goal of our study was to identify cytokine combinations that would result in simultaneous ex vivo expansion of both the megakaryocyte (Mk) and granulocyte lineages, since these cell types have the potential to reduce the periods of thrombocytopenia and neutropenia following chemotherapy. We investigated the effects of cytokine combinations on expansion of the Mk (CD41a+ cells and colony forming unit [CFU]-Mk) and granulocyte (CD15+ cells and CFU-granulocyte/monocyte [GM]) lineages. Peripheral blood CD34+ cells were cultured in serum-free medium with interleukin 3 (IL-3), stem cell factor (SCF), and various combinations of thrombopoietin (TPO), IL-6, GM-CSF, and/or G-CSF. The Mk lineage was primarily influenced by TPO in our cultures, although Mk and CFU-Mk numbers were increased when TPO was combined with IL-6. The primary stimulator of the granulocyte lineage was G-CSF, although many synergistic and additive effects were observed with addition of other factors. Expansion of CFU-GM increased upon addition of more cytokines. The cytokine combination of IL-3, SCF, TPO, IL-6, GM-CSF and G-CSF produced the greatest number of granulocytes and CFU-GM. The minimum cytokines necessary for expansion of both the Mk and granulocyte lineages included TPO and G-CSF, since no other factors examined could increase Mk and granulocyte numbers to the same extent. The number of hematopoietic progenitors produced in our culture system should be sufficient for successful engraftment following myelosuppressive therapy if produced on a scale of about one liter.
Investigation of Corannulene for Molecular Hydrogen Storage via Computational Chemistry and Experimentation

Molecular simulations for hydrogen physisorption with corannulene molecules arranged according to their crystal structure result in good agreement with the weight-percent hydrogen stored as determined experimentally employing a 3-g sample of highly crystalline corannulene at ambient temperatures and 72 bar of pressure. Calculated enthalpies of adsorption for corannulene/hydrogen molecular systems obtained from ab initio calculations which take into account electron correlation via second-order Moller-Plesset perturbation theory are in good agreement with literature experimental enthalpies of adsorption for activated carbons interacting with molecular hydrogen. Ab initio results also show that corannulene molecules arranged in a sandwich structure are important for approximately doubling the binding energy of corannulene interacting with molecular hydrogen through a cooperative interaction. To test the effects of finite temperatures and pressures, stack arrays were used as input for molecular dynamics simulations and indicate that physisorption mechanisms including van der Waals forces and dipole-induced dipole interactions may yield enhanced adsorption capacity in relation to other carbon-based materials. These results will be instrumental in identifying interlayer separations of an array of corannulene or related molecules that may provide a high weight percent of physisorbed hydrogen.
Air-to-fuel ratio control with adaptive estimation of biofuel content for diesel engine LNT regeneration

This paper presents a method of controlling the air-to-fuel ratio (AFR) based upon an adaptively estimated biodiesel fuel content for a diesel engine equipped with the lean NOx trap (LNT) aftertreatment system. The fuel content (or percentage of biodiesel fuel) is estimated by an adaptive estimation scheme based upon the exhaust oxygen sensor signal during the normal engine operations and during the LNT regeneration when the AFR is controlled in a closed loop. The engine system was modeled by a third order linear system in this study. A Linear Quadratic optimal tracking controller was used to regulate the engine AFR to the desired level during the LNT regeneration period. The closed loop system robustness with respect to the air flow measurement error and the fuel content estimation error is also analyzed. Three adaptive control schemes were studied through simulations, and the best performance was obtained for the dual-gain scheme, where the low adaptive estimation gain is used during normal engine operations and high gain is used during the LNT regeneration.
Effects of videotape and instructional feedback on nonverbal marital interaction: An analog study

The separate and combined effects of videotape feedback and focused instructions were examined in an analog study consisting of four experimental single case designs. The results indicate that videotape feedback in the absence of instructions effected a slight increase in nonverbal interactions of married couples. Focused instructions led to marked changes in the target behavior of looking. A combination of videotape feedback and focused instructions was not significantly more potent than instructions alone. However, the combined design led to an increase in the related behavior of smiling.