cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lipocortin (Annexin) I heterotetramer binds to purine RNA and pyrimidine DNA.

Abstract Lipocortin I-like protein with a molecular weight of 94,000 Da as judged by Western analysis was found to bind to ssDNA rather than to dsDNA in a Ca2+-dependent manner. This protein was also bound to [32P]poly(rA) and [32P]poly(rG) as measured by EMSA. Poly(rG), poly(rA), poly(dC), and poly(dT) were competitive against binding of either [32P]poly(rA) or [32P]poly(rG), while poly(rC), poly(rU), and poly(dA) were less effective binding competitors. The binding of this protein to poly(rA) or poly(rG) was inhibited by immunoprecipitable anti-lipocortin I (calpactin II) and anti-S100 protein antibodies, but not by an anti-Ig antibody. Phospholipids such as phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositol enhanced the binding of lipocortin I to poly(rA). Taken together, our present observations suggest that the lipocortin I-S100 protein heterotetramer binds to either purine RNAs or pyrimidine ssDNAs in a Ca2+- and phospholipid-dependent manner.
Modeling the dispersion of atmospheric pollution using cubic splines and chapeau functions

Abstract A quasi-Lagrangian cubic-spline and chapeau-function (Galerkin) methods are investigated and numerical results are compared in advecting a passive scalar. The methods are simple to use, are computationally fast, and give reasonably accurate results. Little numerical dissipation is manifested by the schemes. In simple advection tests with equal mesh spacing, chapeau functions maintain slightly more accurate peak values than the cubic spline method. In tests with unequal mesh spacing, the cubic spline method has less noise, but slightly more damping than the standard chapeau method. However, undesired noise can be reduced without significant distortion of the true concentration field by filtering or selective dissipation terms imbedded within the chapeau scheme. Both cubic splines and chapeau functions can be used to solve the dispersion of gaseous emissions in three dimension without excessive programming complexity or storage requirements.
Focus of Attention and Aesthetic Response

In the present study, focus of attention to musical elements was investigated in an attempt to ascertain which elements are perceived as most prominent in relation to aesthetic response as demonstr...
Symmetry Reductions inModel Checking

The use of symmetry to alleviate state-explosion problems during model-checking has become a important research topic. This paper investigates several problems which are important to techniques exploiting symmetry. The most important of these problems is the orbit problem. We prove that the orbit problem is equivalent to an important problem in computational group theory which is at least as hard as the graph isomorphism but not known to be NP-complete. This paper also shows classes of commonly occurring groups for which the orbit problem is easy. Some methods of deriving symmetry for a shared variable model of concurrent programs are also investigated. Experimental results providing evidence of reduction in state space by using symmetry are also provided.
Cultured astrocytes express mRNA for peptidylglycine-α-amidating monooxygenase, a neuropeptide processing enzyme

Abstract Cultured astrocytes have been previously found to express several neuropeptides, as well as the neuropeptide processing enzyme carboxypeptidase E (CPE). To investigate whether cultured astrocytes contain additional peptide-processing enzymes, Northern blots were screened for peptidylglycine-α-amidating monooxygenase (PAM) mRNA. PAM is involved with the formation of amide groups on the C-terminus of numerous peptide hormones and neurotransmitters. Primary cultures of astrocytes contain moderate levels of PAM mRNA, as determined by Northern blot analysis. The level of PAM mRNA is cultured hypothalamic astrocytes is similar to the level expressed in cultured hypothalamic neurons. The relative abundance of PAM mRNA differs up to 6-fold between astrocytes cultured from various brain regions. Astrocytes cultured from hypothalamus have high levels of PAM mRNA, those cultured from striatum, frontal cortex, and hippocampus have moderate levels, and those cultured from cerebellum have low levels. To investigate whether all cultured astrocytes express PAM mRNA, in situ hybridization analysis of cultured astrocytes was performed. Interestingly, virtually all of the astrocytes cultured from either hypothalamus or cerebellum express PAM mRNA, in contrast to a previous finding that only 20–40% of similarly cultured astrocytes express CPE. The presence of PAM mRNA in cultured astrocytes suggests that these cells have the capacity to produce amidated neuropeptides.
Triggering N 2 uptake via redox-induced expulsion of coordinated NH 3 and N 2 silylation at trigonal bipyramidal iron

The biological reduction of N_2 to give NH_3 may occur by one of two predominant pathways in which nitrogenous N_xH_y intermediates, including hydrazine (N_2H_4), diazene (N_2H_2), nitride (N^(3-)) and imide (NH^(2-)), may be involved. To test the validity of hypotheses on iron’s direct role in the stepwise reduction of N_2, model systems for iron are needed. Such systems can test the chemical compatibility of iron with various proposed N_xH_y intermediates and the reactivity patterns of such species. Here we describe a trigonal bipyramidal Si(o-C_6H_4PR_2)_3Fe–L scaffold (R=Ph or i-Pr) in which the apical site is occupied by nitrogenous ligands such as N_2, N_2H_4, NH_3 and N_2R. The system accommodates terminally bound N_2 in the three formal oxidation states (iron(0), +1 and +2). N_2 uptake is demonstrated by the displacement of its reduction partners NH_3 and N_2H_4, and N_2 functionalizaton is illustrated by electrophilic silylation.
Maternal smoking during pregnancy and child overweight: systematic review and meta-analysis

Objective Perform a systematic review of studies reporting on the association between maternal prenatal cigarette smoking and child overweight. Design Meta-analysis of observational studies. Data sources Medline search and review of reference lists among studies published through June 2006. Review methods Included studies reported an association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and risk of overweight among children at least 2 years of age. We did not include in the meta-analysis studies that provided only a continuous measure of adiposity, although those studies are discussed separately. Results Based on results of 84 563 children reported in 14 observational studies, children whose mothers smoked during pregnancy were at elevated risk for overweight (pooled adjusted odds ratio (OR) 1.50, 95% CI: 1.36, 1.65) at ages 3-33 years, compared with children whose mothers did not smoke during pregnancy. The pooled estimate from unadjusted odds ratios (OR 1.52, 95% CI: 1.36, 1.69) was similar to the adjusted estimate, suggesting that sociodemographic and behavioral differences between smokers and nonsmokers did not explain the observed association. Although we observed evidence for publication bias, simulating a symmetric set of studies yielded a similar estimate (OR 1.40, 95% CI: 1.26, 1.55). Conclusions Prenatal smoking exposure appears to increase rates of overweight in childhood. In parts of the world undergoing the epidemiologic transition, the continuing increase in smoking among young women could contribute to spiraling increases in rates of obesity-related health outcomes in the 21st century.
Managing Your Security Future

ABSTRACT Information technology organizations within most corporations are spending significant time and resources securing IT infrastructure. This increased need for security is driven by a number of factors. These factors include increased dependency on the Internet, financial and legal liability, protection of personal identity information and sensitive corporate data, increased numbers and age of legacy systems with limited vendor support, deploying complex systems, and new regulations governing corporate transactions. There a number of technologies on the market today that can mitigate most of these security factors. However, managers in IT organizations need to identify potential future threats and security technologies to assess and potentially mitigate risk through the deployment of those technologies. This article investigates three areas critical to the successful deployment and securing of information technology.
Lymphoreticular Neoplasia and Immunity in Amphibia

SYNOPSIS. This report deals with observations which suggest new insights and speculations with regard to the unique developmental cycle of lymphoreticular neoplasia in adult Xenopus laevis and the systemic controls which may be imposed upon it. Evidence is presented which suggests that: (1) Organismally imposed necrosis of visceral tumor foci was effectively suppressed by subsequent implantation of allo-tumor foci but not by normal tissue allo-grafts; (2) Recovery of the healthy state of neoplastic foci following necrosis appears to depend on the acquisition of new tumor cells rather than on cloning by survivors of necrosis in primary foci; (3) Diseased organisms eventually develop controls which suppress the growth of implanted allotumor foci (tumor growth suppression was also demonstrated with splenic but not liver fragments froma toad which survived a prior challenge with a homogenate of neoplastic tissue); (4) Animals with this lympho-proliferative disorder appear to have an immunologic deficiency for cell-mediated responses; (5) Normal young adult Xenopus hosts generate a chronic rather than acute allograft response. This information may be of interest in considering the phylogeny of both the cell-mediated response and the type of surveillance mechanism utilized as a defense against neoplasia
Real-Time Hybrid Test Validation of a MR Damper Controlled Building with Shake Table Tests

Real-time hybrid testing (RTHTing) is a relatively new form of experimental testing where only the critical components of the system are physically tested while the rest of the structure is simulated. A RTHT can provide a cost-effective means for testing semiactive controlled civil structures. This paper describes the experimental validation of the RTHT facility at the University of Connecticut through comparison of RTHT results with corresponding shake table responses of a Magneto-Rheological (MR) fluid damper controlled test structure. The two-story structure has an MR damper connected between the ground and first story and is excited by ground accelerations. For the shake table tests the fully physical building model and MR damper are tested on a medium-scale shake table. In the RTHT the MR damper alone will be tested physically while the rest of the test structure and ground excitation is simulated in the RTHT control computer. The performance of the RTHT is validated by comparing the building respons...
Mapping Circulation in the Kuroshio Extension with an Array of Current and Pressure Recording Inverted Echo Sounders

Abstract The Kuroshio Extension System Study (KESS) aimed to quantify processes governing the variability of and the interaction between the Kuroshio Extension and the recirculation gyre. To meet this goal, a suite of instrumentation, including 43 inverted echo sounders equipped with bottom pressure gauges and current meters [current and pressure recording inverted echo sounders (CPIES)], was deployed. The array was centered on the first quasi-stationary meander crest and trough east of Japan, which is also the region of highest eddy kinetic energy. KESS was the first experiment to deploy a large quantity of these new CPIES instruments, and it was unique in that the instruments were deployed in water depths (5300–6400 m) close to their limit of operation. A comprehensive narrative of the methodology to produce mesoscale-resolving four-dimensional circulation fields of temperature, specific volume anomaly, and velocity from the KESS CPIES array is provided. In addition, an improved technique for removing p...
Novel Anatomic Concepts in Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Rotator Cuff Tendons and the Footprint

Abstract The anatomic and histologic descriptions of the rotator cuff tendons and footprints are continuously evolving, and new discoveries have led to novel concepts in our understanding of rotator cuff tendon pathology. These concepts may be translated into the analysis of these footprints with imaging methods, particularly magnetic resonance imaging.
A method of measuring quality costs

Improving product quality is now at the top of a manufacturer's priority list. Yet quality cost does not appear in accounting records because it is relatively new and unstructured, making it difficult to measure objectively, and because traditional accounting is too outdated to accommodate it. This paper illustrates a method of deriving a function of quality cost, which requires cooperation among departments such as accounting, quality control, and manufacturing.
The gatekeepers of mitochondrial calcium influx: MICU1 and MICU2

The receptor-evoked Ca2+ signal is sensed and translated by mitochondria. Physiological cytoplasmic Ca2+ ([Ca2+]c) oscillations result in mitochondrial Ca2+ ([Ca2+]m) oscillations, while large and sustained [Ca2+]c increase results in a pathologic increase in basal [Ca2+]m and in Ca2+ accumulation. The physiological [Ca2+]m signal regulates [Ca2+]c and stimulates oxidative metabolism, while excess Ca2+ accumulation causes cell stress leading to cell death. [Ca2+]m is determined by Ca2+ uptake mediated by the mitochondria Ca2+ uniporter (MCU) channel and by Na+- and H+-coupled Ca2+ extrusion [1].
IMPLICATIONS OF HERBERT MARCUSE'S THEORY OF FREEDOM FOR FREEDOM OF SPEECH

(1977). IMPLICATIONS OF HERBERT MARCUSE'S THEORY OF FREEDOM FOR FREEDOM OF SPEECH. Free Speech Yearbook: Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 55-64.
The logic of a relational data manipulation language

A logic for a relational data manipulation language is defined by augmenting a known logic of programs with rules for two new statements: the relational assignment, which assign a relational expression to a relation, and the random tuple selection, which extracts an arbitrary tuple from a relation. The usual operations on relations-retrieve, insert, delete, update-are then defined as special cases of the relational assignment, and the for-each construct scanning a relation tuple by tuple is introduced with the help of the random tuple selection.
Cue-response contiguity in primate discrimination learning.

Abstract In the present study, two cue-response arrangements were used—panel 1 with substantial separation of cue and response and an observing response that prevented the monkey from seeing the response levers and panel 2 with a small cue-response separation. In a stereoacuity task and a pattern discrimination task, the rate of acquisition with the two panels was not significantly different. Very high levels of terminal performance were obtained with panel 1. The possibility is considered that differences in the apparatus may produce different functional brain systems mediating performance.
Skeletal muscle glycogen synthase activity in subjects with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus after glyburide therapy

Sulfonylureas are used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) largely because of their ability to enhance insulin secretion and possibly to potentiate insulin action. In this study, we investigated the effects of chronic glyburide treatment on glycogen synthase activity determined in skeletal muscle biopsies taken during euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamps in nine Pima Indians with NIDDM. Insulin was infused at the rate of 40 mU/m2/min (low dose) followed by 400 mU/m2/min (high dose). Compared with the fasting value, the mean glycogen synthase activity assayed at low glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) concentration (active glycogen synthase) showed no significant changes during insulin infusion before glyburide treatment. After glyburide treatment, the mean active glycogen synthase increased by 39% (P less than .05) above the fasting value during the high-dose insulin infusion. Total glycogen synthase activity assayed at high G6P concentration did not change after glyburide treatment. Changes of insulin-stimulated active glycogen synthase associated with glyburide treatment correlated with changes in total body glucose disposal rates (r = .70, P less than .05) during euglycemic clamps. We conclude that glyburide treatment of subjects with NIDDM is associated with an increase in insulin action in vivo and concomitantly with improved insulin action on skeletal muscle glycogen synthase.
An experimental study of steady state multiplicity in a loop reactor

Steady state multiplicity in an adiabatic loop reactor was studied in experiments employing the reaction between sodium thiosulfate and hydrogen peroxide in aqueous solution. The steady state characteristics of the loop reactor were predicted by a method which utilized batch reactor data of temperature vs. time directly. The method was based on the assumption of plug flow with negligible axial dispersion and on a single-step chemical kinetic model. Experimental results verify the existence of multiple steady states on ranges of feed flow rates and recycle ratios and demonstrate the capability of the simple model for predicting the qualitative and quantitative features of the reactor steady state. Some observations were made of the effect of large disturbances on the stability of the reactor while operating in a multiple state region. Results for such cases illustrate reactor instability in the sense that a transition to a new steady state takes place provided the disturbance is sufficiently large.
Food restriction and streptozotocin differentially modify sensitivity to the hypothermic effects of direct- and indirect-acting serotonin receptor agonists in rats

Food restriction and experimentally-induced diabetes (streptozotocin) can modify serotonin (5-HT) neurotransmission and sensitivity to drugs acting on 5-HT systems. This study examined the effects of food restriction and streptozotocin on the hypothermic effects of the 5-HT(1A) receptor agonist (+)-8-hydroxy-2-(dipropylamino)tetralin hydrobromide (8-OH-DPAT), the 5-HT(2) receptor agonist (+/-)-2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine hydrochloride (DOM), the 5-HT releaser fenfluramine, and the selective 5-HT reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) fluoxetine. All four drugs significantly decreased body temperature in free feeding rats. Limiting rats to 10 g/day of food for 7 days decreased body weight and sensitivity to 8-OH-DPAT induced hypothermia, without affecting sensitivity to DOM, fenfluramine, or fluoxetine induced hypothermia. Subsequently, 7 days of free feeding restored body weight and sensitivity to 8-OH-DPAT. Sensitivity to all drugs was significantly decreased 7 days after 50 mg/kg streptozotocin; subsequently, 10 days of insulin replacement restored sensitivity to all drugs. These results extend to body temperature the observation that food restriction and experimentally-induced diabetes differentially modify sensitivity to drugs acting on 5-HT systems and they further suggest that the clinical response to therapeutic drugs acting on 5-HT systems might be impacted by nutritional and insulin status.
The role of intention and convention in interpreting artworks

L'A. presente quelques theses sur le role de l'intention dans l'interpretation des oeuvres d'art, identifie celles qui sont defendables et analyse les critiques de l'interpretation intentionnelle
Follow-up Actions on Electronic Referral Communication in a Multispecialty Outpatient Setting

OBJECTIVES Electronic health records (EHR) enable transmission and tracking of referrals between primary-care practitioners (PCPs) and subspecialists. We used an EHR to examine follow-up actions on electronic referral communication in a large multispecialty VA facility.
Meta-cognitive Experiences: Response to Commentaries

The stimulating commentaries by Huber (2004), Lee (2004) and Pham (2004) raise important questions. This response elaborates on some of their themes by addressing the assessment of naive theories, the role of expectations, the influence of meta-cognitive experiences on consumer choice, as well as parallels between different meta-cognitive experiences and moods.
Feasibility of smoking cessation counseling by phone with alcohol treatment center graduates

Several studies have tested the effectiveness of telephone counseling as a smoking cessation intervention, but few have addressed its application with the special population of smokers who are also problem drinkers or recovering alcoholics. Two hundred and eighty-eight male and female subjects were recruited from six residential alcohol treatment programs in Nebraska, Iowa, and Kansas to receive three postreatment telephone calls based on the stages of change model. Most subjects (71%) participated in at least one telephone counseling session, but only 38% participated in all three. Those who completed a session were significantly (p < .01) more likely to have advanced one stage of change in their readiness to quit smoking and to report having quit smoking for at least 24 hours since leaving treatment (p < .01). Stage-based telephne counseling appears to be a feasible approach to addressing smoking cessation among recovering alcoholics, with a modest positive effect on subsequent tobacco use.
Isoelectric focusing and two-dimensional analysis of purified nitrate reductase from Aspergillus nidulans

The assimilatory NADPH-nitrate oxidoreductase (EC 1.6.6.3) from Aspergillus nidulans was purified by means of affinity chromatography and analyzed by agarose isoelectric focusing and two-dimensional electrophoresis. NADPH-nitrate reductase activity was not activated by oxidation with potassium ferricyanide and was irreversibly inhibited by acrylamide. Electrophoresis of nitrate reductase in 7% polyacrylamide gels resulted in rapid loss of enzyme activity. Isoelectric focusing of purified enzyme in agarose gels resulted in the homogeneous band that exhibited NADPH-nitrate reductase, NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and reduced methyl viologen-nitrate reductase activities, which corresponded to an isoelectric point of 6.12 +/- 0.05 at 22 degrees C. Two-dimensional electrophoresis of focused nitrate reductase on SDS-polyacrylanide gel slabs yielded a single subunit of 54000 molecular weight. Acid treatment of the enzyme and subsequent isoelectric focusing resulted in a protein with a strongly acidic isoelectric point and reduced methyl viologen-nitrate reductase activity. It released another protein with a strongly basic isoelectric point which was inactive. It is postulated that the overall association of flavoprotein protomers with both heme and cytochrome b1 components confers a small net negative charge upon the native heteromultimer and accounts for its slightly acidic isoelectric point.
Acetylcholine promotes the proliferation and collagen gene expression of myofibroblastic hepatic stellate cells.

Abstract The mechanisms that initiate and perpetuate the fibrogenic response, during liver injury, are unclear. Animal studies, however, strongly support a role for the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in wound healing. Therefore, the ANS may also mediate the development of cirrhosis. Hepatic stellate cells (HSC), the liver’s major matrix-producing cells, are activated by injury to become proliferative, fibrogenic myofibroblasts. HSC respond to sympathetic neurotransmitters by changing phenotype, suggesting that HSC may be the cellular effectors of ANS signals that modulate hepatic fibrogenesis during recovery from liver damage. We show here that the parasympathetic neurotransmitter acetylcholine markedly stimulates the proliferation of myofibroblastic HSC and induces HSC collagen gene expression in these cells. By extending evidence that HSC are direct targets of the ANS, these results support the proposed neuroglial role of HSC in the liver and suggest that interrupting ANS signalling may be useful in constraining the fibrogenic response to liver injury.
Post-War Vietnam

(1973). Post-War Vietnam. Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development: Vol. 15, No. 9, pp. 29-33.
Enhancing context awareness with activity recognition and radio fingerprinting

Within context-aware computing, there is a growing interest in linking localization technologies with activity recognition in a cooperative way. Existing research works in this field face two main difficulties: lack of accuracy in their solutions and/or sophisticated hardware requirements. To avoid these issues, we present a light-weight, low-cost and high-accuracy system for localization and activity recognition, based on a smart phone and a single off-the-shelf wireless accelerometer attached to the waist. We process the accelerometer signal with the wavelet transform to precisely recognize different activities and obtain the velocity of the gait in real time. Additionally, we leverage the capabilities of the smart phone to accurately estimate locations making use of a multimode approach for radio fingerprinting. Eventually, we combine location information with activity recognition, observing a 9% improvement in the accuracy with which some activities are recognized.
Asthma characteristics among older adults: Using the California health interview survey to examine asthma incidence, morbidity and ethnic differences

AbstractObjective: The purpose of this study was to examine the incidence, characteristics of asthma morbidity and care, and ethnic differences that exist in older adults with asthma in California. Methods: Data were from the 2009 California Health Interview Survey (CHIS). Characteristics of older adults (≥65 years) with and without asthma were compared using population-weighted estimates. Asthma-specific variables were compared among different ethnic groups. Multivariate analyses were preformed to determine factors associated with asthma status, asthma episodes/attacks, asthma symptom frequency and emergency department (ED) visits due to asthma. Results: Asthma was present in 8.1% of older adults, among which, 67.3% reported taking medication daily for asthma. Asthma symptoms were experienced every day by almost 20%, with over 34% of seniors with asthma having symptoms at least once per week. Despite having a lower frequency of asthma symptoms, Hispanics were 5.31 times more likely to visit the ED due to...
Repetitive nerve stimulation decreases the acetylcholine content of quanta at the frog neuromuscular junction

We investigated how elevated quantal release produced by motor nerve stimulation affects the size of the quanta. The motor nerve was stimulated at 10 Hz in preparations in which excitation-contraction coupling was disrupted. Two hundred stimuli reduced the size of the time integrals of the miniature endplate currents ([integral]MEPCs), measured at the same junction immediately after stimulation, by 16 %. Three thousand stimuli reduced size by 23 %. When the solution contained 10 microM neostigmine (NEO) 3000 stimuli reduced [integral]MEPCs by 60 %, because with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibited, [integral]MEPC size is more sensitive to changes in acetylcholine (ACh) content. Similar decreases in miniature endplate potential size ([integral]MEPP) followed repetitive stimulation of contracting preparations. The depolarization produced by iontophoretic pulses of ACh was scarcely changed by 3000 nerve stimuli at 10 Hz, suggesting that the decreases in miniature sizes are largely due to less ACh released per quantum. Following 3000 stimuli at 10 Hz the sizes of the [integral]MEPCs increased back to pre-stimulus values with a half-time of 8-10 min. Recovery was blocked by (-)-vesamicol (VES), by hemicholinium-3 (HC3) and by nicotinic cholinergic agonists - all of which inhibit ACh loading into synaptic vesicles. The number of quanta in the total store was estimated by releasing them with carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP). CCCP releases fewer quanta after stimulation than from unstimulated controls. After resting for hours following stimulation, the releasable number increased, even when ACh loading inhibitors were present. We conclude that the inhibitors do not block a significant fraction of the ACh loading into reformed reserve vesicles and propose that ACh can be loaded in a series of steps.
The nucleotide sequence and genome organization of the polyoma early region: Extensive nucleotide and amino acid homology with SV40

Abstract The nucleotide sequence of the early region of the polyoma genome has been determined by the chemical method of Maxam and Gilbert (1977) and the primed synthesis method of Sanger, Nicklen and Coulson (1978). The sequence consists of 3013 nucleotide pairs and contains the regions encoding the three related forms of the tumor antigens, as well as the regions encoding the origin of DNA replication and sequences regulating messenger RNA transcription and splicing. The extent of the open reading frames, together with estimated mRNA splice positions, defines potential coding regions and approximate sizes for the three forms of the tumor (T) antigens. There are uninterrupted open frames corresponding to the probable small t coding region, the 5′ ends of the large T and medium T coding regions, the maximum length for the 3′ end of the large T coding region, and a region potentially available for the 3′ end of the medium T antigen. The 5′ untranslated region contains sequences that are capable of interacting in several different ways with the 3′ end of the 18S ribosomal RNA, thereby representing a possible ribosomal binding site. There are two other 5′ untranslated sequences similar to sequences found at the 5′ ends of other eucaryotic genes that might represent capping signals and/or promoter signals. The 3′ untranslated region contains the sequence 5′-AA-TAAA-3′ just 3′ to the TGA termination triplet, a sequence that may constitute an eucaryotic polyadenylation signal. Codon utilization in the polyoma early region shows deviation from random, especially in its deficiency of triplets ending in TC and in its paucity of CG. There is extensive nucleotide, and deduced amino acid, homology with the early region of SV40 (Fiers et al., 1978; Reddy et al., 1978) throughout regions thought to encode the respective small t and large T antigens. Furthermore, a portion of the possible medium T antigen coding region shows homology with the 3′ end of the SV40 large T antigen coding region, suggesting that the function of the polyoma medium T antigen is performed by the SV40 large T antigen.
Isolation and partial characterization of a hydroxyproline-rich cell wall glycoprotein and its cytoplasmic precursor.

Abstract The plant cell wall contains a protein component called extensin which is rich in hydroxyproline and covalently attached to the wall matrix. An intact precursor of extensin has been isolated from carrot disks using its transient association with membranous organelles of the cytoplasm and its extractibility from the wall by salt solutions before it is actually incorporated into the wall matrix. The precursor accounts for one-third of the total hydroxyproline secreted into the wall. Physicochemical characteristics include: exclusion from Sephadex G-200; sedimentation coefficient of 4.5 S; density by isopyenic centrifugation of 1.436 g/cm 3 , suggesting a composition of 60% protein and 40% carbohydrate; isoelectric point of pH 9.1; carbohydrate component primarily arabinose; principal amino acids: serine, hydroxyproline, lysine and glycine.
Topographical patterning of chemically sensitive biological materials using a polymer-based dry lift off

Precise placement of biochemicals on device structures and controlling of the cell culture environment are important for tissue engineering, sensors and fundamental studies of cell behavior. In this article, we describe a dry lift-off method that allows patterning of chemically sensitive biological materials on a variety of surfaces. Using a combination of projection lithography and reactive ion etching, a Parylene coated surface is patterned and subsequently coated with a biochemical layer. The Parylene is peeled from the substrate and the desired chemical pattern or cell pattern is formed. We have patterned antibodies, poly-L-lysine and aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTS) self assembled monolayers. These surfaces were respectively used to pattern Escherichia coli serotype O157:H7 bacteria cells, rat basophilic leukemia (RBL) cells and 20 nm diameter aldehyde-sulfate coated fluorescent polystyrene beads. Typical patterns consisted of arrays of 5 mm long parallel lines of bacteria confined to stripes with widths varying from 2 μm to 20 μm. Such pattern can be made over large areas, and we have done this on areas up to 3 cm2.
The Patrimonial Thesis and Pre‐Modern Japanese Herrschaft

This view of pre-industrial Japanese Herrschaft essentially is one that considers Japanese society as similar to the societies which arose in continental East Asia, with minor concessions granted to the uniqueness of all individual societies. I wish to dissent. I hasten to add immediately that I firmly believe that the patrimonial concept is useful, even essential, for an understanding of continental Asian societies, especially Chinese society, and hence, by developing the concept, Weber made a valuable contribution both to sociology and to the field of Asian studies. But, in converse to the specific Weberian thesis cited here, I would suggest that Japanese society, rather than being considered as patrimonial-prebendary, is better interpreted as feudal with the same essential structure as that of other feudal (especially western European) societies. One of the paramount assumptions of Weber's two major works on Asian religion 2 is that the religious systems of China and India must be treated as integral elements in respective social systems which are conceptualized as ideal-typical. The only variations over time which are significant are those which violate the logical limits of tolerance established by the range of concern of the ideal-typical system. The range of concern in the present discussion, of course, are those influences which pertain to patrimonialism versus feudalism. For example, in Chinese society, Weber would maintain that
Two Approaches to Drug Discovery in SOD1-Mediated ALS

Familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) accounts for 10% of all ALS cases; approximately 25% of these cases are due to mutations in the Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase gene (SOD1). To date, 105 different mutations spanning all 5 exons have been identified in the SOD1 gene. Mutant SOD1-associated ALS is caused by a toxic gain of function of the mutated protein. Therefore, regardless of the specific mechanism whereby mutant SOD1 initiates motor neuron death, the authors hypothesize that measures that decrease levels of mutant SOD1 protein should ameliorate the phenotype in transgenic mice and potentially in patients with SOD1-mediated disease. They have designed 2 cell-based screening assays to identify small, brain-permeant molecules that inactivate expression of the SOD1 gene or increase the degradation of the SOD1 protein. Here they describe the development and optimization of these assays and the results of high-throughput screening using a variety of compound libraries, including a total of more than 116,000 compounds. The majority of the hit compounds identified that down-regulated SOD1 were shown to be toxic in a cell-based viability assay or were nonselective transcription inhibitors, but work is continuing on a number of nonspecific inhibitors of SOD1 expression. Ultimately, the authors believe that these 2 cell-based assays will provide powerful strategies to identify novel therapies for the treatment of inherited SOD1-associated forms of ALS.
Karl Marx on Secular and Social Development: A Study in the Sociology of Nineteenth Century Social Science*

The purpose of this paper is to present briefly the theories of secular social and economic development which can be found in the work of Karl Marx and to place them within the context of general thought and theorizing on these matters during the nineteenth century. I shall not present in this paper any new interpretations of Marx's theories, but shall merely try to show that Marx's views are related at many points to other theories on social and economic development proposed during his life and that in many ways he must be regarded as a typical thinker of that period of European social thought.
An approximate timing analysis method for datapath circuits

We present a novel timing analysis method ACD that computes an approximate value for the delay of datapath circuits. Based on the conditional delay matrix (CDM) formalism we introduced earlier, the ACD method exploits the fact that most datapath signals are directed by a small set of control inputs. The signal propagation conditions are restricted to a set of predefined control inputs, which results in significant reductions in the size of the conditions as well as computation time. We have implemented ACD and experimented with reverse-engineered high-level versions of the ISCAS-85 benchmarks. Our results demonstrate up to three orders of magnitude speedup in computation time over exact methods, with little or no loss in accuracy.
Interfacial instability and spontaneous formation of microemulsions

Microemulsions, which are optically transparent oil-water dispersions, were spontaneously produced upon mixing hexadecane, hexanol, potassium oleate, and water in specific proportions. The drop-volume measurements of hexadecane-water interface in the presence of hexanol or potassium oleate revealed that these surfactants decrease the interracial tension of the hexadecane/water interface. It is proposed that the interaction between these two emulsifiers at the oil-water interface causes spontaneous negative interfaical tension resulting in interfacial instability and the formation of microemulsions. As the amount of water is increased, the microemulsion exhibits a clear to turbid to clear transition. Unlike the clear regions, the turbid region possesses birefringence. The development of birefringence is also accompanied by a sharp decrease in electrical resistance. High-resolution (220 Mc) nuclear magnetic resonance data suggest that water exists in two distinct environments or structures in the birefringent region. The electrical, birefringence, and nuclear magnetic resonance data agree with the proposed mechanism of phase-inversion of microemulsions, which can be described as water spheres to water cylinders to water lamellae to a continuous water phase. The spontaneous formation of such structures (for example, water cylinders and lamellae) presumably depends upon the phase-volume ratio and the interfacial tension at the oil-water interface.
On the generalized self-consistent model for elastic wave propagation in composite materials

The generalized self-consistent model (GSCM) for the analysis of elastic wave propagation in composite materials is recast. Following the idea of the GSCM in the static problem, elastic wave energy in the model is evaluated by applying the energy theorem for the elastic wave scattering in an absorbing medium. The conditions for dynamic effective medium are then obtained in a self-consistent way as those under which the extinguished wave energy in the model vanishes, thus without relying on the multiple scattering formalism. It is shown that the present dynamic GSCM is equivalent to the models of Yang and Mal [J. Mech. Phys. Solids 42 (1994) 1945] and Yang [J. Appl. Mech. 70 (2003) 575] that have been obtained through the use of the multiple scattering formalism of Waterman and Truell. Numerical results for both fiber-reinforced and particulate composites are presented. Physical realizability of the dynamic GSCM in the low frequency limit is discussed briefly.
Simulation of Sub-Micron GaAs MESFETs for Microwave Control

Studying the scaling of microwave control MESFETs in the submicron regime cannot be done accurately using simplified models of electron transport such as drift-diffusion. Non-stationary effects need to be incorporated into the model, and this is most conveniently done by solving the semi-classical BTE. The use of the conventional Monte Carlo technique to solve the BTE suffers from a drawback in that the simulation needs to be run afresh for any change in the device geometry or bias conditions. Using such a technique to study device scaling may therefore be computationally demanding.
Multicultural Teaching Concerns: New Dimensions in the Area of Teacher Concerns Research?

Abstract The development of the Multicultural Teaching Concerns Survey (MTCS), a 64-item self-report scale designed to assess the intensity of teachers' concerns about working with diverse student populations, is described in this study. Preservice education majors and inservice teachers (N = 146) served as participants. A factor analysis revealed 4 multicultural teaching concern factors, 2 of which roughly support extant research regarding the nature of teachers' concerns. However, the 2 remaining factors suggest that the self/task/impact conceptualization may be insufficient to describe the nature of teachers' concerns vis-a-vis their work with students of color. Implications for multicultural teacher education are discussed, and suggestions for future research using the MTCS are provided.
Density and phase dependence of edge erase band in MR/thin film head recording

The erase band resulting from edge overwrite has been studied using magnetic force microscopy. Utilizing image processing techniques, we developed a method to accurately measure the width of the edge erase band. In this paper, we focus on the study of MR/thin film head recording. Our experimental results show the erase band width is strongly dependent on the relative phase of the transitions in the old and new tracks at low bit densities. As the recording density is increased, the erase band width increases and becomes independent of the phase change. The erase band width observed ranges from 0 to 0.7 /spl mu/m for a typical MR/thin film head with 4 /spl mu/m wide trailing pole.
The rheumatoid arthritis shared epitope triggers innate immune signaling via cell surface calreticulin

The shared epitope (SE), carried by the vast majority of rheumatoid arthritis patients, is a 5-aa sequence motif in the third allelic hypervariable region of the HLA-DRbeta chain. We have recently demonstrated that the SE acts as an allele-specific ligand that triggers NO-mediated pro-oxidative signaling in opposite cells. The identity of the cell surface molecule that interacts with the SE is unknown. Using affinity chromatography purification, cell-binding assays, surface plasmon resonance, and time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer techniques, we have identified cell surface calreticulin (CRT) as the SE-binding molecule. SE-triggered signaling could be blocked by anti-CRT Abs or Abs against CD91 and by CRT-specific antisense or small-interfering RNA oligonucleotides. Embryonic fibroblasts from crt(-/-) or CD91-deficient mice failed to transduce SE-triggered signals. Exogenously added soluble CRT attached to the cell surface and restored SE-triggered signaling responsiveness in crt(-/-) cells. These data indicate that cell surface CRT, a known innate immunity receptor, which has been previously proposed as a culprit in autoimmunity, plays a critical role in SE-triggered signal transduction.
The effect of the overall treatment time of fractionated irradiation on the tumor control probability of a human soft tissue sarcoma xenograft in nude mice

Abstract Purpose: To study the impact of the overall treatment time of fractionated irradiation on the tumor control probability (TCP) of a human soft tissue sarcoma xenograft growing in nude mice, as well as to compare the pretreatment potential doubling time (T pot ) of this tumor to the effective doubling time (T eff ) derived from three different schedules of irradiation using the same total number of fractions with different overall treatment times. Methods and Materials: The TCP was assessed using the TCD 50 value (the 50% tumor control dose) as an end pont. A total of 240 male nude mice, 7–8 weeks old were used in three experimental groups that received the same total number of fractions (30 fractions) with different overall treatment times. In group 1, the animals received three equal fractions/day for 10 consecutive days, in group 2 they received two equal fractions/day for 15 consecutive days, and in group 3 one fraction/day for 30 consecutive days. All irradiations were given under normal blood flow conditions to air breathing animals. The mean tumor diameter at the start of irradiation was 7–8 mm. The mean interfraction intervals were from 8–24 h. The T pot was measured using Iododeoxyuridine (IudR) labeling and flow cytometry adn was compared to T eff . Results: The TCD 50 values of the three different treatment schedules were 58.8 Gy, 63.2 Gy, and 75.6 Gy for groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. This difference in TCD 50 values was significant ( p pot (2.4 days) was longer than the calculated T eff in groups 2 and 3 (1.35 days). Conclusion: Our data show a significant loss in TCP with prolongation of the overall treatment time. This is most probably due to an accelerated repopulation of tumor clongens. The pretreatment T pot of this tumor model does not reflect the actual dougling of the clonogens in a protracted regimen.
The acute toxicity of copper to Gammarus fasciatus say, a freshwater amphipod

Gammarus fasclatus could, and possible should, be used as the experimental organism in conjunction with other organisms being used in laboratory bioassays.
STERILIZATION OF THE MALE ALFALFA WEEVIL (HYPERA POSTICA: CURCULIONIDAE) BY X RADIATION

A study of the effects of X-radiation, with an intent to sterilize the male alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gyllenhal), was conducted. Normal females mated to radiated males produced eggs, but most of the eggs from weevils mated with males given 2000R thru 10,000R failed to hatch. Only 0.8% of the eggs from females mated with males radiated at the 2000R level hatched. This same percentage of eclosion occurred using males radiated at the 4000R level. However, there was no hatching using males radiated at the higher levels.