cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electrophysiological and Neuroimaging Techniques in Neuropsychology

There are technological advances in all areas of medicine, and the techniques to diagnose neuropsychological problems are no exception. These advances have moved neuropsychology from a practice emphasizing assessment to determine focal and diffuse lesions to one of developing interventions to compensate for brain damage or neurodevelopmental differences. Historically, neuropsychology has concentrated on the ability to diagnose cerebral lesions on the basis of behavioral data. This emphasis was necessary because technology was unable to provide the evidence for such diagnoses. With the advent of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), lesions, brain tumors, and brain conditions that previously could be seen only with surgery or at autopsy can now be observed in the living patient. Because the neuropsychologist will consult on cases that utilize neuroradiological and electrophysiological techniques, it is important to understand what these basic techniques involve and what they reveal to the clinician. This chapter will provide information about common neuroradiological and electrophysiological techniques with an emphasis on the information neuropsychologists and psychologists need for their practice.
Aging with a Spinal Cord Injury

When superimposed on physical disability, normal changes of aging may lead to functional changes at an earlier age than that encountered in a nondisabled population. A new study of 282 spinal cord-injured individuals more than 20 years past injury shows remarkably active and meaningful lives despite the injury disability and aging. Spinal cord injury programs are now identifying problems specific to the aging process and developing new treatments that are different from those in acute rehabilitation. A conceptual model of aging with physical disability in spinal cord injury is presented.
Female Student-Athletes’ Transition out of Collegiate Competition

AbstractResearch in the area of athletic identity has grown immensely since it was first brought forward in academic work nearly 20 years ago. The ideas of athletic identity have expanded into the areas of relating to injury and rehabilitation, transitioning into collegiate athletics, transitioning out of collegiate athletics, professional careers in sport, and even identity formation through sport. This research explored the experiences of 10 women who had completed their collegiate eligibility and had transitioned out of collegiate competition. Three themes emerged from the semi-structured interviews: (a) Sense of Loss, (b) Bewilderment, and (c) Enjoy the Experience. All the respondents agreed that transition was inevitable, but there were mixed results on whether the transition out of sport was positive or negative. The findings also revealed the struggle of creating an identity outside of sport. The participants indicated establishing new social circles, new routines with fitness, and separating from their sport were challenging. The respondents also believed it was their responsibility to offer advice to future transitioning student-athletes so they could be better prepared for their upcoming and inevitable transition out of sport.
Sidorenkite (Na3MnPO4CO3): A New Intercalation Cathode Material for Na-Ion Batteries.

Na3MnPO4CO3 is synthesized from aqueous solutions of Mn(NO3)2, (NH4)2HPO4, and Na2CO3 (Ar, 120 °C, 4—72 h) and characterized by powder XRD, SEM, 23Na MAS NMR spectroscopy, XANES, electrochemical measurements, and DFT calculations.
Identification of Binge Eating Disorder Criteria: Results of a National Survey of Healthcare Providers.

Purpose To determine whether general healthcare providers and adult psychiatrists recognized binge eating disorder (BED) symptoms and features. The aims were to examine how they delineated the core criteria of BED-eating a large amount of food and sense of loss of control over eating-and how their evaluations compared to ratings by BED experts. Design This is a cross-sectional study of a nationwide U.S. sample of healthcare providers and a convenience sample of BED experts. Methods Providers were mailed surveys that asked respondents about their perceptions of a large amount of food and whether they thought case vignettes met thresholds for loss of control. Participants were also asked to select BED diagnostic criteria from a symptom list. Results were analyzed using one-way analyses of variance with post-hoc comparisons and chi-squared tests. Findings The survey was completed by 405 healthcare providers (response rate of 28.4%). Ratings of a large amount of food did not differ between BED experts and general healthcare providers (p = .10) or psychiatrists (p = .90). Provider groups did not differ significantly on whether five of the six vignettes met thresholds for loss of control (p > .05). Of the respondents, 93.0% of general healthcare providers and 88.6% of psychiatrists could not correctly identify the diagnostic criteria for BED. Conclusions Across provider groups, demarcation of a large amount of food and loss of control over eating were relatively consistent. However, general healthcare providers and psychiatrists were not able to correctly identify BED symptoms. Clinical relevance Training and education are greatly needed to improve knowledge of the diagnostic criteria for BED.
Visual damage at flexural response milestones for blast-resistant precast concrete panels with varying reinforcement

Abstract Current blast design practices correlate the flexural performance of reinforced concrete facade panels to empirically developed component response milestones. These milestones were correlated with observed progressions of visual damage from experimental tests. Selection of these performance metrics is based on the component classification and construction type but are not sensitive to variations in cross-section design parameters. This study examines the flexural performance of singly-reinforced solid precast concrete panels (i.e. single wythe, non-insulated) with varying reinforcement indices to evaluate the correlation of mechanical response with the progression of visual damage. Experimental tests are performed using a set of panels designed to similar flexural strengths and the results show that visually graded damage at each flexural milestone is not reliably consistent with visual damage guidelines from previously published design standards. Rather, the experimental results show that the progression of visual damage and component plasticity are dependent on net tensile strain and reinforcement index. The results of experimental testing are used as the basis for a parametric study which highlights the deviations in performance from current state of practice approaches when incorporating realistic material response of the panels.
Facile Synthesis of α, β, and/or γ-Alkyl-Substituted γ-Butyrolactones Using Readily Prepared Olefinic Esters

Abstract Starting with easily prepared olefinic esters, efficient and versatile routes for the synthesis of γ-butyrolactones possessing a variety of alkyl-groups and alkyl-substitution patterns are reported.
Z.1, Substantial Forms or Individual Composites as Basic Constituents

Z.1 gives rise to three interpretations. One takes substantial forms to constitute substantial being and individual composites to be the basic constituents that have this being. The other two take universal substantial forms, or particular substantial forms, to be basic constituents. Support can be found in Z.1 for each of them, but questions also arise for each of them. Z.1 doesn’t seem to contain enough to decide between them. So, one should accept the interpretation that best fits the rest of Z. But until the rest of Z has been investigated, individual composites and substantial forms should each be regarded as candidates for basic constituents.
A FRESH Take on Resolution in 3D Bioprinting

Recent innovations in the materials used for bioprinting have enabled transformative gains in the resolution and architecture of 3D-printed engineered tissues. We focus here on one of these innovations, reported by Lee et al., which lowers the resolution limit for printing soft biomaterials.
A Scalable High Fidelity Decoy Framework against Sophisticated Cyber Attacks

Recent years have witnessed a surging trend of leveraging deception technique to detect and defeat sophisticated cyber attacks such as the advanced persistent threat. Deception typically employs a decoy network to entrap the attackers and divert the firepower away from the real protected assets. Unfortunately, existing decoy systems failed to achieve a balanced tradeoff between the decoy fidelity and scalability, which potentially undermines the effectiveness of attacker deception. In this paper, we propose a hybrid decoy architecture that separates lightweight front-end decoys from high-fidelity back-end decoy servers. To enhance the deception effectiveness, we introduce dynamics into the decoy system design to make the decoy a moving target, where the front-end decoys constrain attackers by transparently intercepting and forwarding the malicious commands to the heterogeneous back-end decoys for real execution. We implement two prototypes of the hybrid decoy architecture based on Linux Bash shell and Windows PowerShell. The experimental results demonstrate that our system can effectively misdirect and disinform attackers with small network and system overhead.
Insights into the Application of Metal-Organic Frameworks for Molecular Photovoltaics

Within the area of state-of-the-art photovoltaics, organic photovoltaics, and, more specifically, polymer-based photovoltaics have gained significant interest as novel molecular photovoltaic materials. As a subset of traditional polymers, multi-dimensional metal coordination polymers, known as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), have shown promise as sensitizers for molecular photovoltaics. These state-of-the-art devices have been termed metal-organic framework solar cells (MOFSCs) and represent an emerging alternative to traditional photovoltaic materials. In this chapter, an overview of the application of MOFs as a sensitizer for MOFSCs is explored including their advantages and limitations when compared to molecular dyes, the origin of electronic transport in MOF materials, and a selection of the proof-of-concept studies illustrating the feasibility of MOFSCs in bulk applications.
Social Isolation and Loneliness Among San Francisco Bay Area Older Adults During the COVID-19 Shelter-in-Place Orders.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Physical distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic may have unintended, detrimental effects on social isolation and loneliness among older adults. Our objectives were to investigate (1) experiences of social isolation and loneliness during shelter-in-place orders, and (2) unmet health needs related to changes in social interactions. DESIGN: Mixed-methods longitudinal phone-based survey administered every 2 weeks. SETTING: Two community sites and an academic geriatrics outpatient clinical practice. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 151 community-dwelling older adults. MEASUREMENTS: We measured social isolation using a six-item modified Duke Social Support Index, social interaction subscale, that included assessments of video-based and Internet-based socializing. Measures of loneliness included self-reported worsened loneliness due to the COVID-19 pandemic and loneliness severity based on the three-item University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Loneliness Scale. Participants were invited to share open-ended comments about their social experiences. RESULTS: Participants were on average aged 75 years (standard deviation = 10), 50% had hearing or vision impairment, 64% lived alone, and 26% had difficulty bathing. Participants reported social isolation in 40% of interviews, 76% reported minimal video-based socializing, and 42% minimal Internet-based socializing. Socially isolated participants reported difficulty finding help with functional needs including bathing (20% vs 55%; P = .04). More than half (54%) of the participants reported worsened loneliness due to COVID-19 that was associated with worsened depression (62% vs 9%; P < .001) and anxiety (57% vs 9%; P < .001). Rates of loneliness improved on average by time since shelter-in-place orders (4-6 weeks: 46% vs 13-15 weeks: 27%; P = .009), however, loneliness persisted or worsened for a subgroup of participants. Open-ended responses revealed challenges faced by the subgroup experiencing persistent loneliness including poor emotional coping and discomfort with new technologies. CONCLUSION: Many older adults are adjusting to COVID-19 restrictions since the start of shelter-in-place orders. Additional steps are critically needed to address the psychological suffering and unmet medical needs of those with persistent loneliness or barriers to technology-based social interaction.
Building models of strongly minimal theories

Abstract What information does one need to know in order to build the models of a strongly minimal theory? To answer this question, we first formalize it in two ways. Note that if a theory T has a computable model, then T ∩ ∃ n is uniformly Σ n 0 . We call such theories Solovay theories. A degree is strongly minimal computing if it computes a copy of every countable model of every strongly minimal Solovay theory. A second notion, introduced by Lempp in the mid-1990's, is that of a strongly minimal relatively computing degree. A degree d is strongly minimal relatively computing if whenever T is a strongly minimal theory with one computable model, d computes a copy of every countable model of T. We characterize both classes of degrees as exactly the degrees which are high over 0 ″ , i.e., d ≥ 0 ″ and d ′ ≥ 0 ( 4 ) .
Starbucks coffee corporation’s marketing response to the COVID-19 pandemic

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has a significant influence on businesses and marketing strategies across the globe, including Starbucks Coffee. The COVID-19 pandemic has been completely novel in its unprecedented impact on the modern globalized economy. This in-depth analysis of this coffeehouse provides recommendations that were carefully considered within the context of the current public health crisis. The objective of this study was to systematically analyze the strategic marketing approach of Starbucks Coffee to generate recommendations that can not only be applied to Starbucks but marketing endeavors more broadly. A comprehensive review approach was adopted beginning with a thorough situational analysis. Problems and opportunities related to the marketing of Starbucks Coffee were investigated and recommendations were generated. All stages of the study were robustly supported with relevant citations. Starbucks has matrixed a complex corporate structure that supports not only its survival but its continued development even in an increasingly dense and competitive marketplace. While Starbucks must continue to intermittently reevaluate its key problems and key opportunities, especially in the approaching few financial years, the company is operating with impressive effectiveness through the adversities of 2020 thus far. After a careful analysis, Starbucks Coffee should increase the distribution of products that are more likely to succeed during the COVID-19 pandemic, expand pick-up and delivery services, implement additional store locations in underdeveloped geographic market segments, and utilize its vast array of promotional mediums to optimize brand positioning as they approach a reopening world. © Conner V. Lombardi, Neejad T. Chidiac, Benjamin C. Record, 2021
Scope, Uniqueness, and Importance of Our Coastal Atmosphere

This chapter provides an overview of the scope, uniqueness, and importance of the coastal atmosphere. The distinction between meteorology and climatology is stressed, along with the basic functions of the atmosphere and its interactions with the other components of the surface–ocean–atmosphere system. Then, the structural features and the functional processes occurring in the layer of the atmosphere immediately adjacent to the surface, in which energy, matter, and momentum are exchanged vigorously with the surface, are described. Scale in coastal meteorology and the importance of coastal meteorology in our everyday lives are emphasized.
Trajectories of fear of cancer recurrence in young breast cancer survivors.

Background Fear of cancer recurrence (FCR) is more intense in younger women. Because FCR is a powerful determinant of quality of life, identifying those at risk for persistently elevated FCR can inform timing of interventions. Methods A total of 965 women with stage 0 to stage III breast cancer enrolled in the Young Women's Breast Cancer Study, a prospective cohort of women diagnosed with breast cancer at age ≤40 years, completed the 3-item Lasry Fear of Recurrence Index. Group-based trajectory modeling was used to classify distinct FCR patterns from baseline through 5 years post-diagnosis. Multinomial logistic regression was used to identify patient, disease, and treatment characteristics associated with each trajectory. Results Five FCR trajectories were identified with the majority of participants having moderate (33.1%) or high FCR (27.6%) that improved over time. A total of 6.9% participants had moderate FCR that worsened, whereas 21.7% had high FCR at baseline that remained high throughout. In the fully adjusted multinomial model, stages II and III (vs stage I) were associated with higher odds of being in the high/stable trajectory, whereas stage 0 (vs stage I), being financially comfortable (vs. not comfortable), and White (vs non-White) were associated with higher odds of being in a trajectory that improved over time. Conclusions Although FCR improves over time for many young women with breast cancer, approximately one-third had FCR that was severe and did not improve or worsened over 5 years after diagnosis. Ongoing monitoring is warranted, with early referral to mental health professionals indicated for those at highest risk for unresolved FCR. Lay summary Fear of recurrence is common among young women with breast cancer. The authors followed a large cohort of young women diagnosed with breast cancer when they were 40 years of age and younger, and found 5 distinct trajectories that show moderate and severe fears do not always improve over time and may require targeted mental health intervention.
A DISCRETE EVENT SIMULATION (DES) BASED APPROACH TO MAXIMIZE THE PATIENT THROUGHPUT IN OUTPATIENT CLINIC

The healthcare system is a complex system which exhibits conditions of uncertainty, ambiguity emergence that incurs incoming patient congestion. Discrete event simulation (FlexSim) is considered as a viable decision support tool in analyzing a system for improvement. Using a data-driven discrete event simulation approach, this paper portrays a comprehensive analysis to maximize the number of patients in an on-campus clinic, located at Mississippi State University. The outcome of the analysis of current system exhibits that deploying a few nurse practitioners results in bottlenecks which decreases the systems’ throughput substantially due to the overall longer patients’ waiting time. Access to the laboratory is characterized through multi-server queuing network, arrival process is followed discrete distributions, and batch sizes and arrival times are stochastic in nature. In an effort to plummet inpatient congestion at the outpatient clinic, by using empirically calibrated simulation model, we will figure out the best balance between the number of the lab technician and incoming patient during working hour. An analysis of optimal solutions is demonstrated, which is followed by recommendation and avenues for future research.
Photoregulation of Polymer Conformation

The flow of energy from the Sun out into the universe, absorbed by day and radiated out at night, has brought about on Earth the molecular ordering from which life originated [1]. The same flow has since supplied the necessary energy for the continuation of life. The way in which living organisms utilize solar energy can be roughly divided in two classes. It is either trapped and subsequently stored in chemical bonds, to be used as source of energy, or it triggers a physiological response for information purposes. It is this second class of phenomena that provided the inspiration for the investigations reported in this article. To place this research in its proper context we will briefly discuss three systems of the type we are interested in that have been reported in the literature. These are the process of vision, the photoregulation of enzyme inhibition and the photoregulation of the viscosity of a polymer solution. Of these three the first one is purely biological, the last one completely artificial, while the second system is more or less in between.
Trace element concentrations in liver of 16 species of cetaceans stranded on Pacific Islands from 1997 through 2013

The impacts of anthropogenic contaminants on marine ecosystems are a concern worldwide. Anthropogenic activities can enrich trace elements in marine biota to concentrations that may negatively impact organism health. Exposure to elevated concentrations of trace elements is considered a contributing factor in marine mammal population declines. Hawai'i is an increasingly important geographic location for global monitoring, yet trace element concentrations have not been quantified in Hawaiian cetaceans, and there is little trace element data for Pacific cetaceans. This study measured trace elements (Cr, Mn, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Sr, Cd, Sn, Hg, and Pb) in liver of 16 species of cetaceans that stranded on U.S. Pacific Islands from 1997 to 2013, using high resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HR-ICP-MS) (n = 31), and direct mercury analysis atomic absorption spectrometry (DMA-AAS) (n = 43). Concentration ranges (μg/g wet mass fraction) for non-essential trace elements, such as Cd (0.0031-58.93) and Hg (0.0062-1571.75) were much greater than essential trace elements, such as Mn (0.590-17.31) and Zn (14.72-245.38). Differences were found among age classes in Cu, Zn, Hg, and Se concentrations. The highest concentrations of Se, Cd, Sn, Hg, and Pb were found in one adult female false killer whale (Pseudorca crassidens) at concentrations that are known to affect health in marine mammals. The results of this study establish initial trace element concentration ranges for Pacific cetaceans in the Hawaiian Islands region, provide insights into contaminant exposure of these marine mammals, and contribute to a greater understanding of anthropogenic impacts in the Pacific Ocean.
Theories of schizophrenia: a genetic-inflammatory-vascular synthesis

Schizophrenia, a relatively common psychiatric syndrome, affects virtually all brain functions yet has eluded explanation for more than 100 years. Whether by developmental and/or degenerative processes, abnormalities of neurons and their synaptic connections have been the recent focus of attention. However, our inability to fathom the pathophysiology of schizophrenia forces us to challenge our theoretical models and beliefs. A search for a more satisfying model to explain aspects of schizophrenia uncovers clues pointing to genetically mediated CNS microvascular inflammatory disease. A vascular component to a theory of schizophrenia posits that the physiologic abnormalities leading to illness involve disruption of the exquisitely precise regulation of the delivery of energy and oxygen required for normal brain function. The theory further proposes that abnormalities of CNS metabolism arise because genetically modulated inflammatory reactions damage the microvascular system of the brain in reaction to environmental agents, including infections, hypoxia, and physical trauma. Damage may accumulate with repeated exposure to triggering agents resulting in exacerbation and deterioration, or healing with their removal. There are clear examples of genetic polymorphisms in inflammatory regulators leading to exaggerated inflammatory responses. There is also ample evidence that inflammatory vascular disease of the brain can lead to psychosis, often waxing and waning, and exhibiting a fluctuating course, as seen in schizophrenia. Disturbances of CNS blood flow have repeatedly been observed in people with schizophrenia using old and new technologies. To account for the myriad of behavioral and other curious findings in schizophrenia such as minor physical anomalies, or reported decreased rates of rheumatoid arthritis and highly visible nail fold capillaries, we would have to evoke a process that is systemic such as the vascular and immune/inflammatory systems. A vascular-inflammatory theory of schizophrenia brings together environmental and genetic factors in a way that can explain the diversity of symptoms and outcomes observed. If these ideas are confirmed, they would lead in new directions for treatments or preventions by avoiding inducers of inflammation or by way of inflammatory modulating agents, thus preventing exaggerated inflammation and consequent triggering of a psychotic episode in genetically predisposed persons.
Background and Motivation

This chapter describes the Von-Neumann bottleneck and its effect in limiting the energy-efficiency of traditional compute hardware for processing data-intensive applications. For these applications, traditional approach of bringing data from off-chip memory to on-chip compute engines has been demonstrated to be ineffective in terms of energy-efficiency. In the era of big data, on-chip computing is restricted by both off-chip bandwidth and access energy. In such a scenario, an off-chip compute framework realized by instrumenting non-volatile memory can prove to be an effective solution in mitigating the Von-Neumann bottleneck. This chapter also discusses the nature of such an off-chip compute hardware and the applications which can benefit from it.
Use of Vaporizing Foil Actuator for Impact Welding of Aluminum Alloy Sheets with Steel and Magnesium Alloys

The vaporizing foil actuator (VFA) is a novel tool for impulse-based metal working operations. In this work, it has been used for impact welding of aluminum flyer sheets to high-strength steel and magnesium plates. Aluminum alloy 6061 sheets of 0.81 mm thickness were launched to velocities in excess of 800m/s and found to weld to both the target materials investigated: HSLA A588 steel and AM60B magnesium alloy. Grooved as well as flat target plates were utilized. Welding with grooved target plates was found to be not very robust as the weld samples came apart during sectioning. However, the flat targets welded successfully, and during mechanical testing, failure was found to occur outside the joint. The weld interface morphology for each material system and configuration has been shown. Some improvements to the grooved-target experimental configuration are also demonstrated.
A surplus of positive trials: weighing biases and reconsidering equipoise

In this issue, Fries and Krishnan raise provocative new ideas to explain the surfeit of positive industry sponsored trials evaluating new drugs. They suggest that these trials were designed after so much preliminary work that they were bound to be positive (design bias) and that this violates clinical equipoise, which they characterize as an antiquated concept that should be replaced by a focus on subject autonomy in decision making and expected value for all treatments in a trial. We contend that publication bias, more than design bias, could account for the remarkably high prevalence of positive presented trials. Furthermore, even if all new drugs were efficacious, given the likelihood of type 2 errors, not all trials would be positive. We also suggest that clinical equipoise is a nuanced concept dependent on the existence of controversy about the relative value of two treatments being compared. If there were no controversy, then trials would be both unnecessary and unethical. The proposed idea of positive expected value is intriguing, but in the real world such clearly determinable values do not exist. Neither is it clear how investigators and sponsors, who are invested in the success of a proposed therapy, would (or whether they should) develop such a formula.
Time to first cigarette predicts 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) in adolescent regular and intermittent smokers, National Health and Nutrition and Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007-10.

Background and Aims The time to first cigarette (TTFC) of the day is an indicator of nicotine intake in adults and adolescents. However, the relation between TTFC and biological markers of nicotine addiction and health risk in youths has not been well described. The current study examined whether an earlier TTFC predicts higher levels of a tobacco-specific carcinogen, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridal)-1 (NNAL), in regular and intermittent adolescent smokers and if this relation is mediated by nicotine intake (measured by cotinine) or cigarettes per day (CPD). Design A cross-sectional analysis of a nationally representative subsample of adolescents. Setting A general community sample from the 2007–08 and 2009–10 National Health and Nutrition and Examination Survey. Participants A total of 215 adolescents in the United States between the ages of 12 and 19 years who reported smoking at least once in the 5 days prior to data collection. Measurements The primary outcome measure was urinary levels of NNAL. Findings In both regular and intermittent smokers, earlier TTFC was associated dose-dependently with higher levels of NNAL (P < 0.03 in both cases). TTFC had an indirect effect on NNAL, mediated by nicotine intake (cotinine) in both regular [β = −0.08, standard error (SE) = 0.03, 95% confidence interval (CI) = −0.15, −0.03] and intermittent (β = −0.02, SE = 0.01, 95% CI = −0.05, −0.002) smokers. CPD was not found to be an important mediator of the relation between TTFC and NNAL. Conclusions Time between waking and the first cigarette of the day is correlated in daily and non-daily adolescent smokers with overall nicotine and therefore carcinogen intake.
Compensated pulsed alternators to power electromagnetic railguns

Electric armaments of coilgun or railgun types require repeated bursts of extremely high power (gigawatts), considerable amounts of energy (tens of megajoules), delivered in several milliseconds. Compensated pulsed alternators, due to their high power and energy densities, have emerged as leading candidates for power supplies for railguns of the future. This paper examines test results of completed compulsator-based systems such as the "Cannon Caliber Electromagnetic Launcher", with the objective of formulating estimates of upper bounds to the delivered energy density achievable by rotating electrical machines designed to meet the power requirements of electromagnetic guns. The effects of increasing rotational speeds (for increased energy storage and higher voltage) and of increasing allowable composite material strength and temperature levels on armature-excitation mutual inductances is considered in scaling up machines for application to tank main armament requirements.
The International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences

On first glancing through the new International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences' I gained the impression that it was markedly less historical in both character and content than the old Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. Further investigation and analysis substantiated the impression. Nevertheless, the new encyclopedia is not necessarily, for that reason, less useful to economic historians. The slight difference in the wording of the titles is not the key to the difference in the tone of the two encyclopedias. If anything, the new encyclopedia is slightly less international (as measured by nationality of editors, editorial advisors, and contributors) than the old. The difference in that respect is negligible, however. David Sills, the editor, states in his introduction (1, p. xix) that the new encyclopedia is "designed to complement, not to supplant, its predecessor." In that respect it is quite successful. The old encyclopedia, prepared between 1927 and 1933 and published in fifteen volumes between 1930 and 1935, appeared at a time when the social sciences were self-consciously seeking their own identity. Psychology, for example, was then labeled as a "semisocial science," and geography was included among the sciences "with social implications." The emphasis in the older work was strongly substantive, i.e., historical. In contrast, the emphasis in the new is methodological, exemplified most notably by the inclusion of statistics, further elaborated as "theoretical statistics, the design of experiments, nonsampling errors, sample surveys, government statistics, and the use of statistical methods in social science research" (1, p. xxii) as one of the constituent social science disciplines. (The fact that W. Allen Wallis was chairman of the editorial advisory board is probably not coincidental with that emphasis.) Concretely, there are two, possibly three ways in which the new encyclopedia is less historical than the old. In the first place, the old began with two lengthy introductions, occupying almost the entirety of the first volume, devoted to "The Development of Social Thought and Institutions" from ancient times to the 1930's and "The Social Sciences as Disciplines," another country-by-country historical survey. In contrast, the International Encyclopedia has only a Foreword by Alvin Johnson, the honorary editor (who was associate-that is, executive-editor of the older work); a Preface by Wallis; and an introduction by Sills, occupying altogether only twenty pages. Secondly, the older encyclopedia included more than 4000 biographical articles devoted to historical actors as well as to notable social scientists.
MEASUREMENT OF CROSS SECTIONS WITH NEUTRONS AS TARGETS

The purpose of the experiment described in this report was to test the use of the Chew-Low extrapolation technique for the measurement of cross sections with unstable particles as targets. The test was performed by using the Chew-Low method to measure proton-neutron total cross sections ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{pn}}$ with protons of 161-MeV energy incident on deuterium, and comparing the results thus obtained with values of the neutron-proton cross section previously determined from the scattering of projectile neutrons on hydrogen targets. At two values of the effective incident energy, 125 and 168 MeV, the values found were ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{pn}}=42.9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5.6$ mb and ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{pn}}=40.9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5.9$ mb, respectively. These values are in sufficiently good agreement with the corresponding values of ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{np}}$, particularly at the higher energy where the extrapolation distance is shorter, to give confidence in the Chew-Low method for the determination of unknown cross sections.
Modeling and exploration of an active helmet design

Thousands of mild traumatic brain injuries (mBTI's) occur in US football each year. In some instances, injuries are very serious. New NFL rules are an attempt to address this problem. Of interest is whether an active helmet design, employing feedback, can also reduce the indicidence of mBTI's in football. Medical evidence and research suggests that peak center of gravity (CG) head acceleration is well correlated with onset and severity of mBTI. In this paper, an active helmet design is introduced, modeled, and explored from the perspective of using control to reduce maximum CG head acceleration during a typical football impact.
Acute toxicity of methanol in the folate-deficient acatalasemic mouse

Formate acidosis is the chief measurable biochemical characteristic of acute methanol toxicity in man. Its marked elevation in the blood stream of primates has been proposed to account for their much greater susceptibility versus rodents to methanol poisoning. Therefore, a study was undertaken to assess whether folic acid deficient (FAD) mice which accumulate formate are much more sensitive to the lethal effects of this alcohol than folic acid sufficient (FAS) mice. Moreover, because some formate is oxidized by catalase-H2O2 in rodents, but not in primates, we also compared the urinary excretion and blood plasma accumulation of formate and the methanol sensitivity of acatalasemic mice. Methanol-dosed C57BL/6Csb (acatalasemic) mice exhibit slightly lower LD50S than CSa (normal catalase) mice, irrespective of their folate state. CSb-FAD mice excreted much more formate and developed higher plasma formate concentrations (11-17 mM) than identically dosed CSa-FAD animals (6 mM). However, in no instance did a folate deficiency produce a large reciprocal decrease in the oral or i.p. LD50 that would be expected from a huge increase (greater than 10-fold) in the 24-h blood plasma formate level. A low methionine (0.2%) intake did not decrease the oral methanol LD50 of CSb-FAD mice, although excess dietary methionine (1.8%) did lower it from 7.1 to 6.4 g/kg. Methanol treated (4 g/kg) Csb-FAD mice excreted 30.8-48.2% of the oral dose as urinary formate, depending on the level of dietary methionine. Csb-FAS and -FAD mice which were given 2 g/kg sodium formate orally (LD50 = 4.7 and 3.7 g/kg) cleared this dose from the blood within 24 h and excreted 58% and 76% of it, respectively, in the urine. Our results indicate that the plasma formate concentration does not correlate well with methanol lethality in Csb-FAS vs. -FAD mice. In addition, urinary excretion, not oxidation, is the primary means by which mice, and probably rats, eliminate high levels of blood formate. Since the Csb-FAD mouse attains high plasma formate levels and low blood pH-values similar to those which have been reported for methanol poisoned monkeys, it appears to be of value as an inexpensive small animal model for further studies of lethal methanol toxicity and the contribution of formate to this process.
Reply to Comment on “AGU Statement Regarding the Conviction of Italian Seismologists”

AGU issued its 23 October 2012 statement because we believe that scientists have an important role to play in advising governments and in communicating the results of their research to the public. The L'Aquila verdict could have a chilling effect on the willingness of scientists to offer guidance about how to prepare for and respond to natural hazards that affect society.
Relaxation oscillations in distributed feedback lasers

Abstract Using approximate solutions for over-coupled ( KL > 1) distributed feedback lasers above threshold and a small-signal perturbation analysis, the frequency and damping of DFL relaxation oscillations are calculated.
Tectonic evolution of the easternmost Piedmont, North Carolina

The northeastern North Carolina Piedmont is made up of a basement sequence of unknown age (possibly a southern extension of the Grenville-age Goochland terrane of eastern Virginia), structurally overlain by a volcanogenic sequence of probable late Precambrian to early Paleozoic age (an eastward continuation of lithologies occurring in the Carolina slate belt). A model is proposed in which the basement and volcanogenic sequences are separated by a pre-Alleghanian [Taconic(?)] decollement. Northwestward and westward vergence of associated folds of the upper plate suggests that the volcanogenic sequence was thrust from the southeast or east over the basement terrane. This deformation occurred during a greenschist-grade (M 1 ) metamorphic event. Alleghanian granites (313 to 285 Ma) intrude both the basement and volcanogenic sequences, clearly cutting the inferred decollement in some areas. This Alleghanian plutonism was accompanied by regional heating to produce the upper greenschist- to amphibolite-grade (M 2 ) assemblages of the Raleigh belt. The Raleigh belt remained hot until late Alleghanian compression produced regional-scale (F 3 ) folds and D 3 mylonite zones with the resultant uplift and cooling of this belt by 250–240 Ma.
Early experiements in British scientific management: the Health of Munitions Workers′ Committee, 1915‐1920

Investigages some of the ways in which scientific management ideas and practices were implemented in Britain during the First World War. Concentrates on the combination of Taylorism, scientific management and industrial psychology in the work of the British public agency, the Health of Munitions Workers′ Committee (HMWC), in the years 1915‐1920. Analyses the memoranda and reports of the HMWC in order to demonstrate that: Taylorism and scientific management are not synonymous; the British government was interested in scientific management; and that British scientific management led in directions similar to developments in the United States. Asks historians to move beyond the Taylor paradigm in order to grasp fully the differential acceptance of scientific management, especially in regard to implementation outside the USA.
Tribute to Dewi Z. Phillips

Dewi Z. Phillips held the Danforth Chair in Philosophy of Religion at the School of Religion at Claremont Graduate University. He lived and worked in Claremont, California, every spring from 1992 through 2006. For 15 consecutive years, he traveled to California in January and returned to Wales in May. Just before returning to Wales he would often say, "When I step off the plane my whole world changes." Dewi thus lived the last years of his life in two different worlds: Swansea and Claremont. Those of us in Claremont know that he treasured his Swansea world and that the world of Claremont would never replace it. We saw this in the way he lovingly spoke of how his wife Monica looked after him. We saw it in the pride he displayed when telling stories about his three sons and their families. We saw it in his undying devotion to the Department of Philosophy in Swansea. I want to say a bit about his life in Claremont, and his lasting influence on those of us who lived and worked with him there. The world of Claremont for Dewi was filled with graduate students who adored him or vehemently argued against him or sought his advice or admired him from another field outside of philosophy or avoided him altogether because of his reputation as a tough professor. He once overhead a student say to another student, "You can go out for a drink with Phillips and still get a Bin his class." He liked that. People energized Dewi and nothing energized him quite like students. I think it is fair to say that for him a student's genuine questions are the philosopher's most precious commodity. He once said in a class to a student who openly complained about "juvenile questions" being asked by other students, "There are no juvenile questions in my class; there are only questions." Dewi was deeply admired and respected by hundreds of students and former students because he attended to their questions with the same serious attention that he gave to the most prominent philosophers in the field. Claremont also included his colleagues and co-workers. His fellow faculty members admired him for his extraordinary work ethic but were always a bit worried that the university administration would expect all of us to work as hard as he did. Claremont invigorated him
Transdisciplinary teaching and research: what is possible in higher education?

Framed in Michele Foucault's theories of discipline and technologies of the self, this paper explores the possibilities for teaching and researching across disciplinary boundaries within the academy. In Foucault's studies of systems of thought, he conceptualized practices – like sexuality – to be instances of what is possible to be, think, and do within a historical moment. In the ethnographic study reported on in this paper, we examined perceptions and practices of discipline-based academics seeking to work across traditional scholarly boundaries as instances of what was possible to be, think, and do in transdisciplinary teaching and research in higher education. Connecting transdisciplinary knowledge production with possibilities for critically engaging with sustainability as a social movement and imperative, we identify questions about and the promise of higher education as a place where this work can be done.
Experimental investigations on a multi-stage water desalination prototype

AbstractThe present work proposes a new multi-stage distillation system that was designed in UDES with the objective of increasing its productivity and improving its efficiency. The aim was to develop a simple and economic multi-stage solar still to produce freshwater for domestic and socioeconomic sector uses from seawater and brackish waters that are abundant in many remote areas of the Algerian Sahara. We study the effect of cooling water temperature and collected experimental data in order to optimize their influence on the yield of the multi-stage distillation process for the first four-tray device. The preliminary results showed a significant improvement of the overall productivity. The effect of the boiler temperature Tb is presented for different values. Indeed, the total productivity of the still is affected by the increase of the cooling water flow rate on top of the tray. The experimental results show that the first tray of the system produces about 35 l of freshwater per day and the temperatur...
COLOR REPRESENTATION IN VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENTS

Techniques are suggested for improved color treatment in real-time rendering of synthetic environments. These include the use of emissive textures within a radiosity-based, global illumination model, the addition of dynamic specular highlights to a radiosity-based model, and an alternative approach to full spectral representation that uses a radiosity solution engine in the complex domain. The target application, dynamic rendering of theatrical settings for lighting design, demands both color accuracy and correct treatment of subtle reflections, translucency, and specular highlights. The new techniques appear to provide an appropriate solution. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Properties of particulate and detergent-solubilized adenylate cyclase of rat testis

Abstract Basal, fluoride and follitropin-stimulated activities of adenylate cyclase have been studied in the testes of immature rats. The enzyme was maximally activate (about twice the basal activity) by low concentrations of follitropin, with an apparent K m of about 9 · 10 −10 M. Both Mg 2+ and Mn 2+ activated the enzyme but the apparent K a for Mg 2+ is about 10 times that for Mn 2+ . However, the apparent K m values for MgATP 2− and MnATP 2− are nearly the same ( 1.4 · 10 −4 M and the cation activation of the enzyme is mainly through an increase in V . Ca 2+ inhibited all expression of testicular adenylate cyclase activity. Follitropin and fluoride stimulated adenylate cyclase activity at all Mg 2+ concentrations but did not significantly affect the apparent K a for Mg 2+ of the K m for the substrate (MgATP 2− ). The stimulatory effect of the hormone or fluoride is mainly through an increase in V . Testicular adenylate cyclase could be solubilized with Triton X-100 or Lubrol-PX. The detergent-solubilized enzyme exhibited K m for substrate and K a values for divalent cations similar to those of the membrane-bound enzyme and remained responsive to stimulation by fluoride. The stimulatory effect of follitropin, however, was lost. Responsiveness to follitropin was also lost by membrane-bound adenylate cyclase after treatment with phospholipase, although the fluoride effect was unchaged. These results reflect the essential role of lipids in the regulation of the follitropin-specific response.