cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Psychiatric disorders in youth in juvenile detention.

Background Given the growth of juvenile detainee populations, epidemiologic data on their psychiatric disorders are increasingly important. Yet, there are few empirical studies. Until we have better epidemiologic data, we cannot know how best to use the system's scarce mental health resources. Methods Using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children version 2.3, interviewers assessed a randomly selected, stratified sample of 1829 African American, non-Hispanic white, and Hispanic youth (1172 males, 657 females, ages 10-18 years) who were arrested and detained in Cook County, Illinois (which includes Chicago and surrounding suburbs). We present 6-month prevalence estimates by demographic subgroups (sex, race/ethnicity, and age) for the following disorders: affective disorders (major depressive episode, dysthymia, manic episode), anxiety (panic, separation anxiety, overanxious, generalized anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive disorders), psychosis, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, disruptive behavior disorders (oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder), and substance use disorders (alcohol and other drugs). Results Nearly two thirds of males and nearly three quarters of females met diagnostic criteria for one or more psychiatric disorders. Excluding conduct disorder (common among detained youth), nearly 60% of males and more than two thirds of females met diagnostic criteria and had diagnosis-specific impairment for one or more psychiatric disorders. Half of males and almost half of females had a substance use disorder, and more than 40% of males and females met criteria for disruptive behavior disorders. Affective disorders were also prevalent, especially among females; more than 20% of females met criteria for a major depressive episode. Rates of many disorders were higher among females, non-Hispanic whites, and older adolescents. Conclusions These results suggest substantial psychiatric morbidity among juvenile detainees. Youth with psychiatric disorders pose a challenge for the juvenile justice system and, after their release, for the larger mental health system.
HETEROCHRONY, MATERNAL EFFECTS, AND PHENOTYPIC VARIATION AMONG SYMPATRIC PUPFISHES

Variation in ontogeny can produce phenotypic variation both within and among species. I investigated whether changes in timing and rate of growth were a source of phenotypic variation in a putative incipient species group of pupfish (Cyprinodon spp.). On San Salvador Island, Bahamas, sympatric forms of pupfish differ in morphology but show only partial reproductive isolation in the laboratory. Offspring from two forms and two geographical areas and their hybrids were bred in the laboratory, and ontogenetic trajectories of their feeding morphology were followed until maturity. In the Bahamian pupfish the two forms grow along similar size but not shape trajectories. Two heterochronic parameters, onset and rate of growth, alter shape trajectories in the Bahamian pupfish. Similar forms from different geographical areas (Florida and the Bahamas) grow along parallel shape trajectories, differing only in one heterochronic parameter, the onset shape. Hybrids within and between the pupfish forms produced intermediate feeding morphologies that were influenced by their maternal phenotype, suggesting that maternal effects may be a source of phenotypic variation in shape that can persist to maturity. In Cyprinodon, small changes in multiple heterochronic parameters translate into large phenotypic differences in feeding morphology.
A priori knowledge of the way the world works

Science is last place one might expect to find thought experiments. Thought experiments happen entirely in our minds, but science is supposed to tell us about how the world works. So how can something that happens entirely in our minds give us reason to believe anything about the nature of the world? This is the philosophical puzzle at the heart of James Robert Brown’s classic, The Laboratory of the Mind, now in its second edition. With two new chapters and extensive additions to two others, the single best introduction to the philosophical issues raised by thought experiments in science has just gotten better. Brown’s book can be usefully divided into three parts. Chapters 1–3 set forth the raw evidence that any theory of thought experiments must explain. These chapters introduce many examples of thought experiments and attempt to organize them in terms of how they work in science. Chapters 4 and 5 make the case for scientific Platonism. For Brown, thought experiments in science are successful because we are capable of acquiring a priori knowledge of the way the world works. Laws of nature are abstract objects that we have some sort of cognitive access to. The last three chapters, 6–8, display the power of Brown’s Platonism by applying it to scientific practice. This review will focus primarily on the first two parts of the book. The opening chapter offers a clear, patient and extremely valuable introduction to over a dozen important thought experiments. Chapters 2 and 3 set forth a perspicacious framework that taxonomizes thought experiments in terms of how they work epistemically in science. To understand the core of this taxonomy, it will be useful to begin with Brown’s favorite thought experiment. Galileo on Free Fall: Suppose, we attach a heavy cannon ball to a light musket ball and release them from a tower. If heavier bodies fall faster than lighter bodies, then the musket ball should
Submodules in racket: you want it when, again?

In an extensible programming language, programmers write code that must run at different times - in particular, at compile time versus run time. The module system of the Racket programming language enables a programmer to reason about programs in the face of such extensibility, because the distinction between run-time and compile-time phases is built into the language model. Submodules extend Racket's module system to make the phase-separation facet of the language extensible. That is, submodules give programmers the capability to define new phases, such as "test time" or "documentation time," with the same reasoning and code-management benefits as the built-in distinction between run time and compile time.
UROS and ALAS-2: erstwhile partners in crime.

Congenital erythropoietic porphyria is caused by a deficiency in uroporphrynogen III synthase, the fourth enzyme in the heme biosynthetic pathway. In this issue of Blood , To-Figueras and colleagues present convincing genetic and biochemical evidence that the clinical phenotype of the rare disorder
The work culture of anesthesia - how fatigue in anesthesia care practitioners may affect patient care: a systematic review protocol

Review question/objective The objectives are to identify the effect of fatigue in anesthesia care providers on patient safety. This review aims to answer the following specific questions: Does fatigue in anesthesia care providers impact patient safety? Considering validity and reliability, are anesthesia care providers accurate in their assessment of their fatigue? Does the current work culture of anesthesia precipitate practitioner fatigue? Inclusion criteria Types of participants This review will consider studies that include nurse anesthetists, anesthesiologists, student nurse anesthetists, anesthesiology residents, and anesthesia assistants regardless of gender, race, age or nationality. Types of intervention(s)/phenomena of interest This review will consider studies that evaluate fatigue among the participant groups of interest. Types of outcomes This review will consider studies that include the following outcome measures: the incidence of error and potential error attributable to fatigue such as medication errors, procedural errors (such as, unintended dural puncture in epidural patients), or omission of pertinent patient history, the incidence of impaired vigilance in an anesthesia provider related to fatigue as measured by vigilance tests, self reports, and neurocognitive tests following a night of call or intentional sleep deprivation for simulated studies. This review will consider studies that also include the following outcome measures: the number of hours worked by anesthesia care professionals, the number of full time, part time and locums employers anesthesia care professionals have.
Mechanisms of Immunopathology in Murine Models of Central Nervous System Demyelinating Disease

Many disorders of the CNS, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), are characterized by the loss of the myelin sheath surrounding nerve axons. MS is associated with infiltration of inflammatory cells into the brain and spinal cord, which may be the primary cause of demyelination or which may be induced secondary to axonal damage. Both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system have been reported to play important roles in myelin destruction. Numerous murine demyelinating models, both virus-induced and/or autoimmune, are available, which reflect the clinical and pathological variability seen in human disease. This review will discuss the immunopathologic mechanisms involved in these demyelinating disease models.
A Phase II and Pharmacokinetic Study of Weekly 72-h Topotecan Infusion in Patients with Platinum-Resistant and Paclitaxel-Resistant Ovarian Carcinoma

Abstract Background. As suggested by preclinical trials, prolonged administration of topotecan, a reversible inhibitor of topoisomerase-I, may have a therapeutic advantage. Following a phase I trial of weekly 72-h topotecan infusion, we performed a phase II trial utilizing this schedule in ovarian carcinoma. Methods. Eligibility included platinum-/paclitaxel-resistant ovarian carcinoma, measurable disease, and adequate hematologic, renal, and hepatic function. A dose of 2.0 mg/m 2 of topotecan was administered as a 72-h infusion weekly via an ambulatory pump. Plasma topotecan concentrations were determined prior to and at the completion of each weekly course. Results. Twenty-four patients were entered and 23 patients were evaluable for toxicity and response. Two hundred eighteen weekly courses of therapy were administered (median 7 weeks, range 4–46 weeks). Toxicity was mild with grade 3 leukopenia, neutropenia, and anemia occurring in 13, 13, and 17% of patients, respectively. Two of 23 patients (9.1%) (CI 1–28%) had partial responses of 2 and 3 months' duration and 6 had stable disease. Steady state plasma topotecan lactone concentrations were a median of 1.2 ng/ml (range 0.4–8.00 ng/ml) following the first week of infusion. Steady state topotecan lactone concentrations after the first week of infusion were highest in 2 patients with partial responses. Mean steady state plasma topotecan lactone concentrations after the first week of infusion were 4.6, 2.0, and 1.3 ng/ml for partial response, stable disease, and progressive disease, respectively. An analysis of variance of steady state plasma topotecan concentrations after the first week of infusion over all administered cycles demonstrated a significant difference in steady state plasma topotecan lactone concentrations between patients with partial response and stable disease and between partial response and no response (significant at the 0.05 level after adjustment for multiple comparisons). Controlling for cycle number, steady state topotecan lactone concentrations are significantly greater for patients with responding or stable disease than those with progressive disease ( P = 0.0003) and have a lower bound of ≥1.9 ng/ml (95% confidence level). Conclusion. Steady state topotecan lactone concentrations are associated with responding or stable disease in platinum- and paclitaxel-resistant ovarian cancer. Steady state topotecan concentrations could potentially be utilized to modify tumor exposure and response.
Glycemic Control in Medical Inpatients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Receiving Sliding Scale Insulin Regimens versus Routine Diabetes Medications: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial

PURPOSE Hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus traditionally receive insulin on a sliding-scale regimen, but the benefits of this approach are unclear. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of the sliding scale insulin regimen with those of routine diabetes medications on hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia and length of hospitalization in diabetic patients hospitalized for other conditions. METHODS This was a multicenter, randomized controlled trial conducted in family medicine inpatient services. One hundred fifty-three patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus hospitalized for other conditions were randomized to receive routine diabetes medications (control) or the combination of a standard sliding-scale insulin regimen and routine diabetes medications (intervention). The outcome measures included frequency of hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia (glycemic events), and length of hospitalization. RESULTS No differences were identified between treatment groups in the frequency of glycemic events. In the intervention group, 33.3% of patients developed hyperglycemia compared to 34.6% in the control group (P = .87). Six patients developed hypoglycemia in the intervention group, compared with 7 in the control group (P = .83). There was no difference in length of hospitalization (P = .86). Regardless of treatment assignment, patients receiving intermediate-acting insulin (OR, 2.8; 95% CI, 1.2–6.5), those with blood glucose values greater than 250 mg/dL at baseline (OR, 6.3; 95% CI, 2.3 – 17.2) and those receiving corticosteroids (OR, 9.1; 95% CI, 3.1 – 27.0) were more likely to have glycemic events. CONCLUSIONS The use of the sliding scale insulin regimen in combination with routine diabetes medications does not affect the rate of hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia or length of hospitalization in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus hospitalized for other conditions.
Calculation of epicardial potentials from a heart surface source model

The authors present the development of a solution to the forward problem of calculating epicardial potentials from the underlying cardiac sources. A surface model based on a biodomain model of cardiac activity was developed and shown to be valid. The model predicted that the electric sources in the heart could be represented by a double layer with strength proportional to the transmembrane potential of cells on the surface of the heart. This double layer was spread over the epicardial and endocardial surfaces of the heart. The geometry of the surface model was a close approximation to a realistic human heart. The model was shown to predict the major features of in vivo epicardial potentials, as reported in the literature. >
Web-Scale Workflow: Integrating Distributed Services

Modular applications, components, and services are all ways of describing the product of an organization's efforts to embody its capabilities in autonomous software modules. In fact, the integration of services using well-established workflow paradigms could amplify an organization's capabilities with the creation of a full-blown, inter-organizational system of systems. This is the essence of Web-scale workflows. Considering the recent popularity and acceptance of service-oriented technologies, the application of such distributed systems is only limited by imagination, but it's also important to understand existing research challenges and their implications to various Web-scale workflow domains.
High Density Metal–Metal Interconnect Bonding for 3-D Integration

3-D integration provides a pathway to achieve high performance microsystems through bonding and interconnection of best-of-breed materials and devices. Bonding of device layers can be accomplished by dielectric bonding and/or metal-metal interconnect bonding with a number of metal-metal systems currently under development. RTI has been investigating Cu-Cu and Cu/Sn-Cu interconnect processes for high density area array applications. The interconnect pad fabrication processes and the interconnect bonding conditions (pressure and temperature) required for the formation of low resistance (10's of mΩ), high yielding (≥99.98% bond yield), and reliable interconnects are described. The effects of thermal reliability testing (aging) on electrical connectivity and mechanical strength are presented. Results from the two metal-metal interconnect bonding systems are compared in terms of ease of assembly and small pitch (sub-15 μm ) scaling. Methods for obtaining high bond yield at smaller pitches are discussed.
Genetic complementation in female (BXSB x NZW)F2 mice.

F 1 hybrids among New Zealand Black (NZB), New Zealand White (NZW), and BXSB lupus-prone strains develop accelerated autoimmunity in both sexes regardless of the specific combination. To identify BXSB susceptibility loci in the absence of the Y chromosome accelerator of autoimmunity ( Yaa ) and to study the genetics of this complementation, genome-wide quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping was performed on female (BXSB × NZW)F 2 mice. Six QTL were identified on chromosomes 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 17. Survival mapped to chromosomes 5 and 17, anti-chromatin Ab to chromosomes 4 and 17, glomerulonephritis to chromosomes 6 and 17, and splenomegaly to chromosomes 1, 7, and 17. QTL on chromosomes 4 and 6 were new and designated as Lxw1 and - 2 , respectively. Two non-MHC QTL (chromosomes 1 and 4) were inherited from the BXSB and the rest were NZW-derived, including two similar to previously defined loci. Only two of 11 previously defined non-MHC BXSB QTL using male ( Yaa + ) crosses were implicated, suggesting that some male-defined BXSB QTL may require coexpression of the Yaa . Findings from this and other studies indicate that BXSB and NZB backgrounds contribute completely different sets of genes to complement NZW mice. Identification of susceptibility genes and complementing genes in several lupus-prone strain combinations will be important for defining the epistatic effects and background influences on the heterogeneous genetic factors responsible for lupus induction.
Comparison between nMOS pass transistor logic style vs. CMOS complementary cells

This paper compares three different logic styles for implementing arbitrary Boolean functions of up to three inputs in terms of their layout area, delay and power dissipation. The three styles are nMOS pass transistor based design, NAND gate based design, and CMOS complementary logic design. Results of the comparison show that pass transistor based design is superior to NAND based design, but loses to CMOS complementary logic design.
Recent advances in developing small molecules targeting RNA

RNAs are underexploited targets for small molecule drugs or chemical probes of function. This may be due, in part, to a fundamental lack of understanding of the types of small molecules that bind RNA specifically and the types of RNA motifs that specifically bind small molecules. In this review, we describe recent advances in the development and design of small molecules that bind to RNA and modulate function that aim to fill this void.
Rotavirus-induced IFN-β promotes anti-viral signaling and apoptosis that modulate viral replication in intestinal epithelial cells:

Rotavirus (RV), a leading cause of diarrhea, primarily infects intestinal epithelial cells (IEC). Rotavirus-infected IEC produce IFN-β and express hundreds of IFN-dependent genes. We thus hypothesi...
Energy savings for data caches: ELRU-SEQ replacement policy

This paper proposes an enhanced LRU-SEQ (ELRU-SEQ) replacement policy to save energies for data caches. We develop an integrated power model for the skewed-associative cache with ELRU-SEQ. Spectre simulations and Cacti model are used to model our new cache to generate the experimental results. Our results show that ELRU-SEQ saves 23.5% more energy than LRU for SPEC2000 benchmark programs.
Nitric oxide as a surgical adjuvant

Advances in surgical technology have allowed for previously unconsidered therapeutic interventions. However, the complexity and invasiveness of surgical procedures are not without adverse consequences. Nitric oxide's fundamental role in a host of physiological processes, including angiogenesis, wound and bone healing, thromboresistance, smooth muscle relaxation and inflammation makes it a significant player in accelerating wound healing and mitigating the inflammation of ischemia reperfusion injury common to surgical procedures. In addition, the therapeutic properties of NO have been harnessed for the prophylactic treatment of implant infection and graft failure. In this article, we will discuss the mechanism by which NO mediates these processes, and its perioperative translational applications.
Antitrusting the Federal Trade Commission: Why Courts Should Defer to Federal Trade Commission Antitrust Decision Making

In recent years a number of authors have approached antitrust differently, looking not to parse the economics that inform antitrust outcomes, but to the role that institutions play in antitrust decisionmaking. My paper further contributes to this institutional discourse by arguing that Congress founded the FTC to be the primary antitrust decision maker, yet courts have failed to yield to Congressional desires and the FTC's antitrust expertise. Paradoxically, the judiciary has recognized their institutional foibles as antitrust has grown more complex, while at the same time neglecting to yield to FTC decisionmaking. I argue that the FTC should assert, and courts should grant, Chevron deference to protect FTC expert decisions from judicial meddling and to ultimately establish the technocratic institutional structure that Congress sought in 1914. * Christian Carlson (Vanderbilt University, J.D.; University of Oxford, M.Sc. (forthcoming); Colorado College, B.A.) has served in various governmental offices, including with the Federal Trade Commission, the Washington State Attorney General's Office, the Tennessee Attorney General's Office, the Seattle City Attorney's Office, and the chambers of Federal District Judge John T. Nixon. The author would like to thank Vanderbilt University Law Professor Rebecca Haw for her suggestions and continuing guidance. The views expressed herein are the author's
Planning and Conducting an Effective Meeting

A considerable amount of our working lives is spent in meetings. However, as most managers will attest, meetings are often inefficient and tedious and fail to accomplish their intended objectives. Fortunately, these problems can often be avoided by carefully considering several important issues when planning and conducting a meeting. This note summarizes these issues.
PIGS and Inflation Nutters: Combined and Uneven Development in Europe's Monetary Union

This article examines three theories of monetary policy institutional design – orthodox central bank independence (CBI) theory, a “varieties of capitalism” approach centered on institutional complementarities between CBI and wage-setting institutions, and “optimal currency area” (OCA) theory – in light of their contribution to understanding the ongoing crisis of the Eurozone. The inadequacy of the first two theories in this regard is demonstrated and their failings in this context are connected to broader limitations of the theories. OCA theory mostly explains the crisis, but only when supplemented with one additional factor – a central bank marked by precisely the independence and conservatism advocated by orthodox CBI theory.
Heat shock-induced protection and enhancement of Na+-glucose cotransport by LLC-PK1 monolayers

Monolayers of the porcine-derived renal epithelial cell line, LLC-PK1, were used to characterize the effects of heat stress on Na+-glucose cotransport. Transepithelial current dependent on 5 mM glu...
Anagram solving and locus of control.

The research generated by Rotter's Scale (1966), designed to measure locus of control, describes the internally controlled individual as autonomous in behavior, active in dealing with the environment, and resistant to external influence where not appropriate. It appears, therefore, that internally controlled individuals, as defined by this scale, are more apt to find the external stimulus arrangement of anagram letters less cohesive and easier to rearrange than externally controlled individuals. This suggests that internal control should facilitate anagram solving and that a negative relationship should exist between the number of solutions on an anagram test and an individual's score on the Rotter Internal-External Control Inventory (where low scores are associated with internal control). Thirty-four men and eighty women enrolled in psychology courses were tested in a group both on an anagram test and on Rorter's Internal-External Control Inventory (I-E). A list of GO single-solution (three had two solutions), five-lettet anagrams was administered in a manner described in an earlier study (Gavurin, 1967). Following the anagram test, Rotter's (1966) inventory was administered and scored in the usual way. A signif~cant negative Pearson correlation of -.22 ( p < .025) was obtained between performance on the anagram test and the I-E score for women. For men, however, the correlation of --.16, alchough in the predicted direction, was not statistically significant. The latter result may be attributed to the fact that the mean for men on the I-E was significantly lower than that for women ( t = 2.90, p < .O l , d f = 112) and that relatively few high externally controlled individuals were men. Consequently, the men did not appear to provide the range of I-E values necessary for a significant r . The results indicate there is a significant relationship between anagram solving and internal locus of control for women, but the small correlation indicates a tendency for some Ss to be better anagram solvers. Similar conclusions regarding men cannot be made until a suitable number with a wide range of I-E scores can be tested.
An interview method for obtaining personal histories.

IN MEDICAL practice, knowledge of the patient's personality and social history is often essential for diagnosis and treatment. There is great need both in practice and teaching for well organized methods of obtaining this information. The interview is a powerful instrument if properly employed, yet most students and physicians have received little training in the art of interviewing. In recent years I have had personal experience with a short-interview method for the selection of officer candidates. This method, prepared by Woods1 and designed to reveal pertinent facts regarding the man's capacities, interests, personality traits, weaknesses and strengths, does not employ . . .
A Systematic Review of Financial Exploitation Measures in Prevalence Studies

The financial exploitation of older adults has garnered the attention of society as well as state and federal governments in a way that elder abuse has never been able to achieve. It is frequently asserted that financial exploitation deserves this attention in part because it is the most prevalent form of elder abuse. This article systematically reviews the measurement of financial exploitation in comparison with other forms of elder abuse and concludes that its measurement is considerably more variable than other forms of abuse. Consequently, improvements in the measurement of financial exploitation are warranted.
Primary Baerveldt Shunt Implantation: Outcomes and Complications

This study is a retrospective case series to evaluate the outcomes and complications of Baerveldt glaucoma implant surgery (BGI) in patients without prior cataract or incisional glaucoma surgery. Patients who underwent 350-mm2 BGI through the Glaucoma Service of the University of Illinois at Chicago between 2010 and 2015 were included in this study. Outcome measures included age, sex, ethnicity, operated eye, preoperative diagnosis, preoperative, and sequential postoperative intraocular pressure (IOP), visual acuity, glaucoma medications, and postoperative complication and interventions. Statistical analyses were performed using the two-sided Student t test for continuous variables. Thirty-seven patients were studied. IOP was consistently and statistically significantly lower at 3 months (17.4 ± 6.4, p = 3 × 10−7), 6 months (13.9 ± 5.1, p = 2 × 10−11), 1 year (12.2 ± 4.0, p = 9 × 10−10), and 2 years (14.6 ± 3.3, p = 0.0004) postoperatively compared to IOP at baseline (27.5 ± 8.1). Fewer glaucoma medications were used at 3 months (2.8 ± 1.3, p = 0.04), 6 months (2.6 ± 1.2, p = 0.02), 1 year (2.7 ± 1.7, p = 0.04), and 2 years (2.0 ± 1.2, p = 0.03) postoperatively compared to baseline (3.4 ± 1.1). A total of six cases (16%) had failure. A total of five patients (15%) had postoperative complications. Mean Snellen visual acuity was not statistically different at 6 months (0.5 ± 0.6, p = 0.88) or 1 year (0.4 ± 0.4, p = 0.57) postoperatively from baseline (0.5 ± 0.6). Primary BGI is effective at reducing IOP and the medication burden in patients suffering glaucomatous optic neuropathy. Further randomized prospective studies are needed to compare various procedures in the primary surgical management of patients with uncontrolled glaucoma. This study was funded by an unrestricted grant from Research to Prevent Blindness.
Power Tools for Gold: Doing or Not Doing Business with North Korea?

This case serves to trigger a basic discussion on the ethics and risk involved in doing business with totalitarian regimes, exemplified by the case of North Korea. Discussion participants are exposed to a possible real-world business case scenario in which they are urged to carefully weigh ethical and risk-related concerns while coming to a decision on whether or not to do business with North Korea.
Preliminary Report on the Chemistry of Hydrothermal Solutions at 21° North, East Pacific Rise

A preliminary report is presented, of the information available to date on the chemistry of the 350° C hot springs on the EPR at 21° N. Three distinct fields were sampled by ALVIN in November 1979. The end-member solutions are completely depleted in magnesium and sulphate and are markedly acidic. The alkalies and alkaline earths are similar in their behavior to what was observed at Galapagos; however, there are significant differences. The waters are sulphide dominated with the H2S:Fe ratio being 3.5. The Fe:Mn ratio is 1.8. The vents are enriched in Zn relative to Cu with Zn:Cu equal to about 7. The strontium concentration in the end member is only a few percent above the normal sea water value. However, the isotopic composition is very similar to basalts. The large resulting flux of non-radiogenic strontium is necessary to the overall isotopic balance of the element in the oceans. The close compositional agreement between the 21°N and Galapagos solutions provides further evidence for the validity of the general calculations developed using the Galapagos data.
Load Balancing in WSNs using a Novel Markov Decision Process Based Routing Algorithm

The Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) consist of many sensor nodes which are vital to various applications in our daily lives. Load-balancing is a key challenge for WSNs. Improving load-balancing can help with controlling traffic, saving energy and eventually, resulting in a better lifetime. In this paper, a modification of the Energy Efficient Credit-Based (EECB) routing algorithm is proposed, which selects optimal routes based on priority of relay nodes using Markov Decision Process (MDP). Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm achieves better load-balancing, better lifetime, and lower energy consumption, at the expense of slightly higher packet loss and lower data delivery rate. The results are presented in comparison with the commonly used Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) algorithm.
Formation and assessment of a novel surgical video atlas for thyroidectomy.

Within surgery, interactive media have previously been used to educate medical students and residents. Here, we develop and assess the efficacy of a novel surgical video atlas in teaching surgically relevant head and neck anatomy to medical students. A total thyroidectomy was recorded intraoperatively and subsequently narrated to develop a video atlas. Medical students were recruited and randomly assigned to one of the two interventions. One group was assigned to the video atlas, while the other was supplied with a traditional textbook atlas. Both groups underwent pre- and post- tests to evaluate anatomical knowledge and satisfaction. Thirty-seven students completed the study, with 18 students in the experimental group and 19 students as control. In the video atlas arm, mean pre and post-test scores were 57.2% and 84.5%, respectively. In the traditional textbook arm, the mean pre- and post-test scores were 55.3% and 76.51%, respectively. Students with the video atlas had a mean post-test score 8.07% points higher than those without (p = .035). Overall, students were significantly more satisfied with the surgical video atlas than with the standard traditional textbook. A surgical video atlas was shown to more effectively teach head and neck anatomy to medical students compared to standard textbook atlases.
Beyond the Metropolis: Reproduction and Remittances in the Probinsya

Collantes looks at three small families in the province of Cavite, who negotiate their intimacies and reproductive decisions because of remittance arrangements with overseas relatives. Specific gendered discourses also prevail and accompany the influx of financial support from abroad—the women are expected to either be ideal mothers and wives, or to also send back remittances as overseas migrants. The men, on the other hand, grapple with uncertain labor opportunities even with this steady inflow of remittances. Through ethnographic storytelling and detail, Collantes shows how marital relations and reproductive predicaments (for example, women’s decisions to have tubal ligations or postpone motherhood) are affected by both global economic trends and expectations of gender and sexual labor in the transitioning terrains of Cavite.
Estimation of Source-Filter Interaction Regions Based on Electroglottography

Summary Source-filter interaction is a phenomenon in which acoustic airway pressures influence the glottal airflow at the source (level 1) and the vibration pattern of the vocal folds (level 2). This interaction is most significant when dominant source harmonics are near airway resonances. The influence of acoustic airway pressures on vocal fold vibration (level 2) was studied systematically by changing the supraglottal vocal tract length in human subjects with tube extensions. The subjects were asked to perform fundamental frequency (fo) glides while phonating through tubes of various lengths. An algorithm was developed using the quasi-open quotient extracted from the electroglottograph. Regions of sudden vocal fold vibration pattern change due to source-filter interaction were inferred from contact area changes. The algorithm correctly identified 89% of male and 84.8% of female quantal changes in contact pattern associated with interactions between source harmonics and formants during ascending glides. During the descending glides, the algorithm correctly identified 84% of male and 81.1% of female quantal changes in contact pattern. These results are in comparison with those obtained from the fo-based algorithm (Maxfield et al).
A Review of Male Sexual Health and Dysfunction Following Surgical Treatment for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms

Review how the various surgical treatments for benign prostatic hyperplasia and lower urinary tract symptoms impact on male sexual health and function. The interplay between benign prostatic hyperplasia and erectile function is complex, and the conditions seem linked. Most cavitating procedures to improve male voiding will degrade ejaculatory and possibly erectile function. Many of the newer minimally invasive therapies appear to preserve sexual function in the short term while sacrificing some of the voiding improvements realized with more complete removal of the prostate adenoma. Benign prostatic hyperplasia will affect the majority of men at some point in life, and surgical treatment remains an integral option for managing the associated urinary symptoms. These treatments are associated with variable rates of sexual side effects, including ejaculatory, erectile, and orgasmic dysfunction. As the impact of these treatment modalities on sexual dysfunction has become more widely acknowledged, there has been a rise in interest in modalities that minimize adverse sexual side effects. Recent studies have sought to further elucidate the relationship between surgical treatment of benign prostate hyperplasia and sexual outcomes, and a number of studies have demonstrated that treatment of benign prostate hyperplasia can actually result in improved sexual function for some patients. This work intends to review the proposed pathophysiology behind the sexual side effects resulting from the surgical treatment of benign prostate hyperplasia and review the literature regarding both established and emerging surgical techniques.
Risk Management: Capturing the Right Situation with Prudent Case Use in Scenario-based Modeling

Develops a case about a fictitious home health care company to illustrate how statistics generated modeling and scenario-based planning are used in risk assessment and how virtue-imbued casuistry can advance moral prescience and prudential business strategizing.
Una sátira deudora del poder: Las letrillas políticas de Manuel Bretón de los Herreros en la prensa liberal moderada

Although Manuel Breton de los Herreros is one of the most important dramatists in Spain for the first half of the nineteenth century, his poetry has received marginal attention from scholars. This essay aims to analyze the connections between literary and political discourses in the poems of Breton de los Herreros. The main object of study will be a corpus of satirical letrillas written and regularly published by the author in newspapers in Madrid between 1834 and 1836. Through this series of poems, Breton took part in the intense social and political debate that confronted the terms of legality and legitimacy during the early years of the definitive establishment of liberalism in Spain. Contrary to the well-known contribution of intellectuals like Mariano Jose de Larra, whose political articles are often perceived as subversive or even revolutionary, Breton de los Herreros’ poems were structured around a strong defense of the ideas fostered by conservative governments. Therefore, these satirical and law-abiding letrillas are of relevance for understanding the implications of politics in the production of literary discourses and in the shaping of public opinion in Spain at that time.
Interpretivism and norms

This article reconsiders the relationship between interpretivism about belief and normative standards. Interpretivists have traditionally taken beliefs (and thus veridicality conditions for belief attribution) to be fixed in relation to norms of interpretation. However, recent work by philosophers and psychologists reveals that human belief attribution practices are governed by a rich diversity of normative standards. Interpretivists thus face a dilemma: either give up on the idea that belief is constitutively normative or countenance a context-sensitive disjunction of norms that constitute belief. Either way, interpretivists should embrace the intersubjective indeterminacy of belief.
An Oracle Hierarchy for Small One-Way Finite Automata

We introduce a polynomial-size oracle hierarchy for one-way finite automata. In it, a problem is in level k (resp., level 0) if itself or its complement is solved by a polynomial-size nondeterministic finite automaton with access to an oracle for a problem in level \(k - 1\) (resp., by a polynomial-size deterministic finite automaton with no oracle access). This is a generalization of the polynomial-size alternating hierarchy for one-way finite automata, as previously defined using polynomial-size alternating finite automata with a bounded number of alternations; and relies on an original definition of what it means for a nondeterministic finite automaton to access an oracle, which we carefully justify. We prove that our hierarchy is strict; that every problem in level k is solved by a deterministic finite automaton of 2k-fold exponential size; and that level 1 already contains problems beyond the entire alternating hierarchy. We then identify five restrictions to our oracle-automaton, under which the oracle hierarchy is proved to coincide with the alternating one, thus providing an oracle-based characterization for it. We also show that, given all others, each of these restrictions is necessary for this characterization.
Advances in Neuroscience: Implications for Stress

In Chap. 2, we argued that the study of stress is the inextricable intertwining of psychology and physiology. More specifically, we suggested that a firm foundation in biological substrates is requisite to understanding and treating excessive stress. In this chapter, we shall continue that theme by extending our discussion of biological foundations to recent advances in neuroscience that can inform more effective and efficient intervention. We shall take an applied approach. In doing so, we shall review seven revelations from neuroscience on how the brain works with their implications for the cause, management, and/or treatment of human stress. We shall review, (1) the phenomenon of neuroplasticity, (2) the negativity bias, (3) the energy-conserving bifurcation of cognitive styles, (4) the tendency for reiterative ideation (worry), (5) the importance of expectation, (6) the adversity of isolation, and (7) the tendency for cognitive oversimplification. The years 1990–2000 were declared by the Congress of the United States as the Decade of the Brain. It was a decade of renewed interest in understanding how the brain contributes to the human experience. The 19 years that have passed since the end of that decade has been an era of verification, reformulation, and discovery. According to Nora Volkow, director of the National Institute on Drug Abuse.
Electrophilic .gamma.-lactone .kappa.-opioid receptor probes. Analogs of 2'-hydroxy-2-(tetrahydrofurfuryl)-5,9-dimethyl-6,7-benzomorphan diastereomers

Benzomorphans with an electrophilic group in the nitrogen substituent were prepared as potentially irreversible ligands for the kappa-opioid receptor. These were synthesized from products of the reaction of normetazocine with the enantiomers of 5-(iodomethyl)-gamma-butyrolactone (11). alpha-Methylene gamma-lactones 5 and 7 and endocyclic alpha,beta-unsaturated gamma-lactones 8 and 9 were prepared from the corresponding saturated gamma-lactones 13 and 23 possessing the "active" (1R,5R,9R)-benzomorphan stereochemistry. Only gamma-lactones 8, 9, 13, and 23, lacking the exocyclic methylene group, retain significant affinities for opioid receptor binding sites when compared with the reference compounds (2"S)-3 and (2"R)-3. As observed with these references compounds, greater binding affinity is also seen with gamma-lactone diastereomers having the 2"S stereochemistry in the nitrogen substituent. Although the gamma-lactones do not bind irreversibly in opioid receptor preparations, they do show kappa-receptor selectivities comparable to those observed for the reference compounds.
Effect of Suction on the Drained Seismic Compression of Unsaturated Sand

Backfill soils in many geotechnical applications are compacted and are likely to be in an unsaturated state during operation. In earthquake-prone areas, seismic compression of unsaturated backfill soils should be understood as small settlements may have significant impacts on the performance of overlying infrastructure like bridge decks, roadways, or railways. Accordingly, the goal of this paper is to describe the results from a series of constant suction, drained, cyclic simple shear tests on unsaturated sands subjected to a range of shear strain amplitudes. A new cyclic simple shear apparatus was developed that involves control of the matric suction and monitoring of changes in degree of saturation using the hanging column approach along with monitoring of the matric suction using an embedded tensiometer.
Acyclic Branched α-Fluoro Ketones for the Direct Asymmetric Mannich Reaction Leading to the Synthesis of β-Tetrasubstituted β-Fluoro Amines.

The preparation of acyclic β-fluoro amines bearing tetrasubstituted fluorine stereocenters is described via a direct Zn/ProPhenol-catalyzed Mannich reaction. The reaction utilizes branched vinyl or alkynyl α-fluoro ketones that can be coupled with a range of aryl, heteroaryl, vinyl, or cyclopropyl aldimines in high yield and with excellent diastereo- (up to >20:1) and enantioselectivity (up to 99 %). The use of readily cleaved tert-butoxycarbonyl (Boc) or carboxybenzyl (Cbz) imine protecting groups adds utility to the reaction by allowing for easy access to the free amine products under mild and chemoselective reaction conditions.
Leisure, international retirement migration, and retirement adjustment: insights from the best exotic marigold hotel movies

International retirement migration (IRM) is a growing phenomenon linked to increased longevity, early retirement, and improved financial status. Encompassing both travel and leisure experiences, IR...
Admission D-dimer levels, D-dimer trends, and outcomes in COVID-19.

Abstract Observational data suggest an acquired prothrombotic state may contribute to the pathophysiology of COVID-19. These data include elevated D-dimers observed among many COVID-19 patients. We present a retrospective analysis of admission D-dimer, and D-dimer trends, among 1065 adult hospitalized COVID-19 patients, across 6 New York Hospitals. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality. Secondary outcomes were intubation and venous thromboembolism (VTE). Three-hundred-thirteen patients (29.4%) died, 319 (30.0%) required intubation, and 30 (2.8%) had diagnosed VTE. Using Cox proportional-hazard modeling, each 1 μg/ml increase in admission D-dimer level was associated with a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.06 (95%CI 1.04–1.08, p
Learning and Intelligence in Human-Cyber-Physical Systems: Framework and Perspective

Industry 4.0 or smart manufacturing is often regarded as cyber-physical systems exclude humans. However, humans are still the designers of these so-called human-out-the-loop systems. Humans are very important elements of Industry 4.0, especially with regard to learning and intelligence, even though the human’s role and full integration in these systems is often overlooked. This paper proposes a unified framework to further the understanding of learning and intelligence in human-cyber-physical systems (HCPS) and to provide a more realistic and holistic understanding of Industry 4.0. The elements and sub-systems of HCPS learning and intelligence are introduced, and the applications and challenges for implementation of human-centered Industry 4.0 are discussed.