cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The free volume interpretation of the dependence of viscosities and viscoelastic relaxation times on concentration, pressure, and tensile strain

The free volume interpretation of the dependence of relaxation times and viscosities on temperature can be extended to their dependence on concentration, pressure, and tensile strain. The coefficient which in theWilliams/Landel/Ferry equation represents the thermal expansion of the relative free volume has the following analogs, respectively: for concentration dependence, a constant closely related to the fractional free volume of the diluent liquid; for pressure dependence, the part of the compressibility attributable to collapse of free volume; for tensile strain, a constant proportional to 1–2μ, whereμ isPoisson's ratio. The treatment is probably limited to conditions where the fractional free volume is not greater than 0.08. In the case of pressure dependence, some viscosity data on hydrocarbon and silicone liquids at high pressures are found to agree closely with the predicted form with reasonable values of the associated parameters.
Complete thermodynamic analysis of static electric fields and excess charge in metals

Eventually thermodynamics can predict the flow of electrons in electronic devices, but a prerequisite for such an analysis is information on the corresponding equilibrium condition. A suitable thermodynamic procedure for determining the equilibrium distribution of charge in a static electric field is developed from the electrochemical potential of the conduction electrons. The resulting equation is suitable for application to a metal or a semiconductor. The case of a metal is simpler and therefore has been chosen for this initial treatment. If the thickness of a sheet of a typical metal is greater than about 8 nm (about 20 atomic layers) the mathematical solution is relatively simple and leads to the well-known Debye layer of accumulated electrons. For thinner sheets, down to atomic dimensions, the solution is more difficult and leads to novel predictions, including a pronounced decrease in the maximum accumulation at the surface. These results are obtained on the assumption that the material is homogeneous. In particular, the surface layers are assumed to be basically the same material as the bulk of the specimen. The contrast with present mechanistic views is discussed.
Rotational diffusion in aprotic and protic solvents

Abstract We present the orientational relaxation times in protic and aprotic solvents for rose bengal in its lowest excited singlet state. The method uses a mode locked dye laser for polarized excitation, and time correlated single photon counting for determination of the time resolved polarized fluorescence. The observed orientational decay for the dipolar aprotic solvents and the alcohols are in agreement with the values predicted by the Stokes-Einstein diffusion equation. In the latter solvents, volume and shape corrections must be made for attachment of the alcohol to the two anion sites of the dye molecule. The solvent N-methylformamide, however, shows rose bengal reorienting much faster than the alcohols. Our interpretation of this data suggests that agreement with the Stokes-Einstein equation (stick boundary conditions) is coincidental. We propose a solvent torque model in which the solvent interaction at each anion site of rose bengal controls the deviations from an expected slip boundary condition. This qualitative model is used to correlate our data as well as relevant data in the literature. The values in picoseconds for the observed orientational relaxation times are given in parenthesis; acetone (70), DMF (160), DMSO (420), MeOH (190), EtOH (450), isopropanol (840), NMF (500).
Methyl bromide fumigation of packed table grapes: Effect of shipping box on gas concentrations and phytotoxicity

Current methyl bromide (MB) schedules for table grapes to control pests of quarantine significance are approved for fruit packed in Toyon Kraft Veneer (TKV) boxes. The question arose concerning equivalence of exposure to MB if an expanded polystyrene (EPS) box was used in lieu of the TKV box for table grapes being shipped to foreign countries. Fumigations of ‘Crimson Seedless’ table grapes packed in either EPS or TKV boxes were conducted for comparison of MB gas concentrations and fruit quality using Australian (AQIS) MB treatment schedules. Methyl bromide exposure expressed as the concentration × time (C × T) product (g h m−3) was the same or higher for the EPS box compared to the TKV box. Methyl bromide gas concentrations were higher for EPS boxes at the start of the fumigation, but lower than TKV boxes at the end of the exposure period (2 h) due to a higher sorption rate of MB into the EPS Styrofoam® material. Evaluation of fruit quality showed internal browning, a typical characteristic of MB phytotoxicity, was absent or very low (<1.7% of the berries) in table grapes packed in both box types. No other injury attributable to exposure to MB was observed. Since C × T product exposure to MB was equivalent or even higher when EPS boxes were used, EPS boxes should be suitable for shipping table grapes to export markets. However, if the practice of determining exposure to MB continues to be based on readings of gas concentrations at the end of the 2-h exposure period, then data show that an increase in MB dose of 4 g/m3 is suggested when the EPS box is used in lieu of TKV boxes for shipping table grapes to export markets.
Biomarkers associated with breast cancer are associated with obesity.

Abstract Background : Obesity is linked to the development of postmenopausal breast cancer, and some studies indicate obesity predicts a worse prognosis for premenopausal women who develop the disease. It was our hypothesis that proteins associated with breast cancer would be associated with body mass index (BMI). Methods : We searched our database of women enrolled in breast health translational research trials for information on BMI and markers predictive of breast cancer (basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), prostate-specific antigen (PSA), human kallikrein (hK)2, and urinary plasminogen activator (uPA). Information on BMI and one or more nipple aspirate fluid (NAF) or serum biomarkers was available from 382 women. Results : In this data set, NAF and serum levels of PSA (nPSA and sPSA), and NAF levels hK2, bFGF and uPA were each associated with pre- and/or postmenopausal breast cancer. sPSA was inversely associated with BMI in both pre- ( r =−.56, p =.001) and postmenopausal women ( r =−.62, p =.0035) without breast cancer. This association was lost when controlling for plasma volume. In women without breast cancer, NAF bFGF ( p =.07, premenopausal subjects) and NAF hK2 ( p =.09, postmenopausal subjects) were borderline associated with BMI. In women with breast cancer, nPSA was inversely ( r =−.53, p =.049) associated with BMI in premenopausal women and directly associated with BMI in postmenopausal women ( r =.37, p =.017). nPSA trended higher in hormone sensitive cancers, especially those that expressed progesterone receptor ( p =.059). Conclusions : sPSA was inversely associated with BMI in all pre- and postmenopausal women and specifically in pre- and postmenopausal women without breast cancer. NAF PSA was associated with BMI in pre- and postmenopausal women with breast cancer. Evaluating the change in PSA with changes in weight may provide clues regarding a subject's breast cancer risk.
Politics, management, and the allocation of arts funding: evidence from public support for the arts in the UK

Studies of distributive public policy claim that electoral incentives shape the geographic distribution of government grants to individuals and organizations, such as those in arts and culture. Public management scholarship suggests that managers bring value to their communities and stakeholders within them through their capacity and skill. This study combines these literatures in a quantitative study of the geographic distribution of Grants for the Arts (GFA) in the UK between 2003 and 2006. Employing statistical regression techniques for count data, we find that GFA program in this period had a nonignorable distributive political character. Local authorities with swing voters for the governing party in Westminster received more GFA grants than did local authorities with its core supporters. We also find significant evidence that, at the same time, well-managed local authorities, as measured by performance assessment ratings, act as a magnet for GFA grants. Our conceptual discussion, quantitative modelin...
MORAL APES, HUMAN UNIQUENESS, AND THE IMAGE OF GOD

. Recent advances in evolutionary biology and ethology suggest that humans are not the only species capable of empathy and possibly morality. These findings are of no little consequence for theology, given that a nonhuman animal as a free moral agent would beg the question if human beings are indeed uniquely created in God's image. I argue that apes and some other mammals have moral agency and that a traditional interpretation of the imago Dei is incorrectly equating specialness with exclusivity. By framing the problem in terms of metaphor, following the work of Paul Ricoeur and Sallie McFague, I propose that the concept of the imago Dei could be extended to accommodate moral species other than our own.
Serial and within-stage independent parallel model equivalence on the minimum completion time ☆

Abstract A set of functional equations is investigated that, when satisfied, yields equivalence on the minimum completion time between serial models and parallel models having the property of within-stage independence. Within these classes of models, it is shown that any parallel model is equivalent to a serial model, but not any serial model is equivalent to a parallel model. The necessary and sufficient conditions for a serial model to have an equivalent parallel counterpart are observed and then two sufficient conditions on the survivor functions that produce this result are exhibited. A number of examples satisfying the various theorems are discussed and a special case leading to an extension of a property of exponential distributions is derived.
Saturation of global field aligned currents observed during storms by the Iridium satellite constellation

Abstract We use Iridium constellation magnetometer data to characterize the global-scale storm-time Birkeland currents. For 11–12 August 2000 we find a strong storm main phase dawn–dusk asymmetry in the latitudes of the region 1–2 current systems and that the total current is not linearly related to the interplanetary electric field, E y . Examination of 23 storms occurring for 1999–2003 shows clear evidence for a non-linear, saturation behavior in total current with E y , with the total Birkeland current constrained to be below 20 MA.
CodeAware: sensor-based fine-grained monitoring and management of software artifacts

Current continuous integration (CI) tools, although extensible, can be limiting in terms of flexibility. In particular, artifact analysis capabilities available through plug in mechanisms are both coarse-grained and centralized. To address this limitation, this paper introduces a new paradigm, Code Aware, for distributed and fine-grained artifact analysis. Code Aware is an ecosystem inspired by sensor networks, consisting of monitors and actuators, aimed at improving code quality and team productivity. Code ware's vision entails (a) the ability to probe software artifacts of any granularity and localization, from variables to classes or files to entire systems, (b) the ability to perform both static and dynamic analyses on these artifacts, and (c) the ability to describe targeted remediation actions, for example to notify interested developers, through automated actuators. We provide motivational examples for the use of Code Aware that leverage current CI solutions, sketch the architecture of its underlying ecosystem, and outline research challenges.
An improved method for the microbiological assay of growth factors on paper chromatograms.

SummaryA simple, quantitative method for the microbiological assay of filter paper chromatograms has been described. Some possible applications have also been pointed out.
Lack of cross-tolerance between U69,593 and bremazocine suggest κ-opioid receptor multiplicity in mice

Abstract The development of tolerance, and the possibility of cross-tolerance, to the κ-opioid receptor-mediated antinociceptive effects of U69,593 and bremazocine was studied in mice. U69,593 and bremazocine elicited dose-related and κ-receptor-mediated antinociception following i.c.v. administration to mice. After a 3 day treatment regimen (twice daily injections) with an approximate antinociceptive A90 dose (90 nmol, i.c.v.) of U69,593, tolerance developed as demonstrated by a 5.6-fold righrward shift of the U69,593 dose-response line. The i.c.v. dose-response line for bremazocine was unaltered in U69,593-tolerant mice. Pretreatment with an approximate antinociceptive A90 dose of bremazocine (30 nmol, i.c.v.) for 3 days also produced tolerance as shown by a greater than 15-fold rightward shift in the bremazocine antinociceptive dose-response line. The i.c.v. dose-response line for U69,593 was unaltered in bremazocine-tolerant mice. These data demonstrate that while tolerance develops to the antinociceptive effects of both U69,593 and bremazocine, a two-way lack of cross-tolerance can be demonstrated between these κ-agonists in this endpoint. These data suggest mechanistic differences in the antinociceptive effects of these κ-agonists. Such suggestions are consistent with antinociceptive action of these agonists at subtypes of κ-receptors.
Reactive wetting in metal/metal systems : Dissolutive versus compound-forming systems

Abstract Reactive wetting in metal–metal systems involves complex interactions between the molten phase and the solid substrate. The simplest interaction involves only the dissolution of the substrate into the molten phase. The more complex interaction involves both dissolution of the substrate and compound formation at the solid–liquid boundary. The fundamental differences between these two types of reactive wetting are identified by studying the purely dissolutive system Bi–Sn and the compound-forming system Au–Sn. Experiments employ the traditional sessile drop technique as well as a novel two-dimensional drop transfer technique that enables real-time visualization of the solid–liquid interface evolution. Recent results from wetting of pure Sn on Au-coated Cu substrates are also presented and reveal a much richer wetting behavior than either Sn on Au or Sn on Cu binary systems.
Fine-needle aspiration cytology of low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma of the renal capsule (capsuloma)

We report on the fine-needle aspiration (FNA) findings of a low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma arising from the renal capsule in a 70-yr-old male. Cytologic examination revealed a spindle-cell and myxoid lesion characterized by microtissue fragments of delicate spindle-shaped cells and thin-walled capillary-type channels enmeshed in metachromatically staining myxoid material, best appreciated in Diff-Quik-stained smears. The spindle cells had slightly elongated, bland, oval to tapered nuclei. Based on the FNA diagnosis, the renal mass was resected, which revealed a hypocellular to moderately cellular, spindle-shaped neoplasm showing alternating hypercellular fibrous foci with hypocellular myxoid areas arranged in a swirling growth pattern, characteristic of low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma. We believe that this is the first report of a low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma arising in the renal capsule (capsuloma), as well as the first capsuloma diagnosed by FNA biopsy. Differential diagnoses of other sarcomas arising from the kidney and nearby retroperitoneal region are discussed, as well as other entities that might enter into the differential diagnosis of this low-grade sarcoma.
Alcohol dehydrogenase isozymes in the clawed frog, Xenopus laevis

Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH; EC 1.1.1.1) activity in Xenopus laevis was highest in liver tissue, with decreasing activities in kidney, heart, and gut tissues, respectively. Essentially no activity was found among other tissues screened, including lung, ovary, eye, and testes. Also, there was no apparent sexual dimorphism of ADH activity in either liver or kidney tissue. All ADH isozymes were inhibited by 10mm pyrazole, and no eye-specific retinol dehydrogenase activity was detected on starch gel electropherograms. Isozyme patterns from 418 offspring from 11 different crosses could be explained genetically assuming the presence of two structural genes coding for ADH production: one carrying two electrophoretically separable variants and the other showing quantitative variation in its expression. The ADH system in X. laevis should be useful for studies concerning the molecular mechanisms governing the expression of ADH activity in vertebrate development.
An Ecological Succession Model Applied to Environmental Management

A model is presented which applies current ecological succession theory to land‐use management. A brief history of succession theory is followed by a more detailed summary of the recently developed facilitation, tolerance and inhibition succession models. The five steps of the management model, designed disturbance, selective colonization, inhibitory persistence, removal, and regeneration, are described. Application of the model for land‐use planning is given through specific examples of techniques that manipulate successional processes. It is concluded that successional sequences and rates of replacement can be regulated to develop biotic communities that meet conservation needs.
MODIS onboard calibrator blackbody performance

The MODIS will be one of the primary instruments observing the earth on the EOS scheduled for launch in 1999. The on orbit radiometric calibration requirement for 3.5 micrometers to 14.3 micrometers spectral region is 1 percent with the sea surface bands at 0.5 percent. The on board calibrator blackbody (OBC BB) has a V groove cavity construction with polished low reflectance surfaces which provides an effective cavity emittance of 0.997 which has been characterized with a ground calibration blackbody system having an emittance > 0.999. The OBC BB provides an on orbit end to end system level radiometric calibration. Normally it operates at MODIS ambient temperature with a secondary mode of being heated to 315 K and then transitioning to ambient. Its temperature is monitored with 12 glass encapsulated thermistors whose initial temperature calibration is within 0.013 K traceable to NIST standards. The standard deviation of the 12 sensors during the cool down transition varies between 0.08 to 0.03 K with a weighted effective standard deviation of 0.042 K. The temperature profile will be graphically illustrated temporally and spatially. The relationship of MODIS viewing geometry related to BB is illustrated.
Geriatric nutrition II: Dehydration in the elderly

Water balance in the elderly is critical in preventing tissue dehydration. Negative water balance, occurring when more water is lost than is retained, results in a severe decrease in all secretions. This "drying out" of tissues and organs, including muscles and joints, may lead to premature aging. Xerostomia is a major cause of denture discomfort and failure. The prosthodontist is advised to inspect and, if possible, correct dehydration of the oral tissues prior to constructing the denture. Denture failures may often result more from tissue deficiencies in the aged than from technical inadequacies. Water balance is efficiently achieved in the elderly through ingestion of soups containing many of the solubilized nutrients essential to tissue health. This is more beneficial than merely increasing the intake of plain water or beverages.
Tutor choice and imitation accuracy during song learning in a wild population of the Puget Sound white-crowned sparrow

Songbirds learn to sing by modeling their songs on the songs of other males through a process of social learning. Models of social learning predict that animals should be selective in what and when they learn. In this study, we asked whether young males in a wild population of the Puget Sound white-crowned sparrow, Zonotrichia leucophrys pugetensis, were selective in their choice of tutor models and what factors influenced how accurately they imitated tutors’ songs. We first examined two strategies for tutor choice: whether pupils have a conformity bias and/or a preference for high-quality tutors. In keeping with a conformity bias, tutors that sang song types that were relatively common within a radius of about 500 m of their territory were more likely to be imitated than were tutors that sang rarer song types. Most potential tutors were not imitated by pupils. Aspects of tutor quality, such as age, pairing status, and survival to the next year had no effect on whether a tutor’s song was imitated. Secondly, we tested whether pupil repertoire size, pupil quality, and local abundance of tutor models affected the accuracy of song imitations. We found a trade-off between repertoire size and tutor imitation accuracy with males that sang two or more song types developing significantly poorer imitations than males that sang one type. We discuss possible functions of a conformity learning strategy and factors that could produce a trade-off between imitation accuracy and repertoire size.
Considerations in evaluating emissions from consumer products

Abstract While several indoor air quality studies suggest consumer products (e.g. aerosol sprays, paint removers, etc.) can be significant sources of volatile organic compounds, until recently characterizing emissions from consumer products has received relatively little attention. Many considerations that must be addressed in designing studies of consumer product emissions are similar to those addressed in studies of the emissions from building materials and combustion appliances. These similarities are discussed and, in addition, the considerations unique to studies of consumer product emissions are discussed with reference to an ongoing study of consumer products that contain methylene chloride. These unique considerations include bulk chemical analysis, the form of the product (e.g. liquid, aerosol or paste) and the related consumer usage pattern. The issue of personal exposure of the product user vs the average area concentration resulting from product use must be considered, as well as the challenge of incorporating results into predictive models that adequately treat the effect of different usage patterns. Finally, post-study considerations, such as exploring new issues discovered in the study, studying similar products, and validating predictive models through extension into field studies are summarized.
Kinetic modeling for the channel gating process from single channel patch clamp data.

Allosteric interactions play a crucial role in the regulation of protein-ligand binding. The single-channel recordings of Na+ channels revealed deviations from the Hodgkin-Huxley mechanism, that may be explained in the context of protein co-operativity. In this paper, we present a Na+ channel gating model based on the allosteric nature of the channel proteins. The model contains a co-operative parameter c and a subunit interaction parameter s, in addition to four Hodgkin-Huxley kinetic parameters. Thus, in our model a deviation from the Hodgkin-Huxley mechanism is measured by these two parameters (i.e., whether they are different from unity). We then discuss how to estimate the kinetic parameters in the model from the single channel recordings. Our method of estimating the parameters is tested with Monte Carlo runs with very good results.
Memory of chirality in the transannular cyclization of cyclodecenyl radicals.

The transannular cyclization of an enantioenriched cyclodecenyl radical proceeds in a 5-exo fashion to produce scalemic bicyclo[5.3.0]decanes. This cyclization is notable because it demonstrates chirality transfer through conformational memory of an unstabilized secondary radical.
Restoring patency of thrombosed catheters with cryopreserved urokinase.

In order to eliminate wasting vials of urokinase, 5000 U/ml aliquots were reconstituted and frozen. The urokinase remained effective for clearing thrombosed catheters for as long as 9 months. When catheters become occluded, patency can be restored by previously frozen urokinase. (Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition8:298-299, 1984)
Efficacy of a Pharmacist‐Led Cardiovascular Risk Reduction Clinic for Diabetic Patients With and Without Mental Health Conditions

Coexisting mental health conditions (MHCs) attenuate treatment effects in diabetes. A retrospective analysis was performed of a pharmacist-led cardiovascular risk reduction clinic (CRRC) targeting hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and tobacco use in patients with at least one CRRC visit between January 2001 and January 2002. The United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) risk change (after/before CRRC) for those with and without MHCs was compared. Of the 297 with diabetes and complete UKPDS data, 40.7% had at least 1 MHC (22.3% had a severe MHC). Patients with MHCs had a similar number of CRRC visits (4.7±2.6 vs 4.4±2.6) but had a lower baseline UKPDS score (0.31±0.18 vs 0.40±0.20; P=.001) compared with non-MHC patients. The risk change after CRRC was similar for those with and without MHCs (0.10±0.13 vs 0.10±0.14; P=.82), but patients with MHCs had a longer CRRC enrollment (245±152 vs 205±161 days; P<.03). The efficacy of the CRRC model to reduce cardiovascular risk is not attenuated by a concomitant MHC.
Photoinitiated polymerization of styrene from self-assembled monolayers on gold

We report the synthesis of grafted polystyrene (PS) films on gold via a surface-initiated polymerization strategy. The polymerization proceeded by a “grafted-from” strategy in which the polystyrene grew by free-radical polymerization from a surface-bound photoinitiator. These experiments exploited the spontaneous formation of alkanethiolate monolayers on gold to immobilize the alkylthiol photoinitiator to the gold substrate. The polymerization was initiated by irradiation with UV light (λ = 300 nm) and resulted in the formation of a PS film. This film was found to be 25−30 nm thick by contact-mode AFM and ellipsometry. Water contact angles, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and reflection−absorption infrared spectroscopy confirmed the monolayer formation and the presence of polystyrene, and all data was consistent with a grafted polymer film.
Trends in Alcohol, Illicit Drug, and Cigarette Use among U.S. Military Personnel: 1980-1992

This paper examines trends in alcohol use, illicit drug use, and cigarette use in the U.S. military. Data are drawn from five worldwide surveys (conducted in 1980, 1982, 1985, 1988, and 1992) of active-duty personnel. All surveys used similar methods and common measures of alcohol, illicit drug, and cigarette use. Findings indicate steady and notable reductions in overall alcohol consumption, illicit drug use, and cigarette use. They show less decrease in heavy alcohol use, however, and the apparent decline from 1980 to 1992 is largely a function of demographic changes in the military. In 1992, during the 30 days before the survey, about 1 in 3 personnel smoked, about 1 in 7 were heavy drinkers, and about 3 in 100 used illicit drugs; rates were higher among certain demographic subgroups. Further reductions in smoking and heavy drinking remain the major substance use challenges for the U.S. military in the 1990s.
Antidepressants in Older Adults: Complexities, Confounds and Clinical Effects

lder adults with depression are often treated with antidepressant medications, but there is only limited evidence from controlled trials to sup- port their efficacy. The high frequency and severity of concurrent illness and medications in older adults with depression often makes the risk-benefit ratio difficult to calculate. Several reports in this issue are relevant to this ongoing dialectic, both in depressed patients without significant cognitive impairment and in patients with dementing illnesses who mani- fest depressive symptomatology. heimer disease (AD) and dementia with Lewy bodies, depression was associated with cortical thinning in prefrontal and temporal areas, and antidepressant use was associated with thinning in the parahippocampal region. The cross-sectional study design makes it difficult to infer cause and effect, and it remains unclear if cortical thinning preceded the onset of depression in dementia or whether the use of antide- pressants contributed to parahippocampal thinning. Theauthorssuggestthatdepressivesymptomsinmild dementiacandevelopduetoneurodegenerationinthe same neural circuits that are compromised in late life depression more broadly. In late-life depression without dementia, antidepressant treatment response has been shown to be lower in patients with smaller hippocampal volumes and impaired cognitive func- tioning, 2 consistent with the view that neurodegener- ative processes underlie depression in many elderly patients and that antidepressant treatment is less effective in these patients. Further, frontal-striatal- limbic circuits have been postulated to be involved in the pathogenesis of late life depression, and cere- brovascular causes have been implicated. 3 Although thereisextensivedegenerationofcatecholaminenergic neurons in the brain in AD, 4 selective serotonin reup- take inhibitors (SSRIs) have shown limited efficacy for depression in AD as discussed in a meta-analysis of antidepressant treatment for depression in dementia. 5
Selective Sterol-Phospholipid Associations in Fluid Bilayers

The nearest-neighbor preferences of three exchangeable lipid monomers (two phospholipids that differ in length, A and B, and a derivative of cholesterol, C) have been quantified in the fluid bilayer state by use of the nearest-neighbor recognition method (Davidson, S. K. M.; Regen, S. L. Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 1269). Thus, an analysis of the equilibrium dimer distributions has shown that (i) the sterol favors both phospholipids as nearest neighbors relative to other sterol molecules, (ii) that this recognition is selective (i.e., the sterol favors the longer phospholipid as a nearest neighbor over the shorter one, especially when the sterol concentrations in the bilayer is high (e.g., 40 mol %), and (iii) the phospholipids, themselves, are unable to recognize each other. Taken together, these findings indicate that the probable mechanism by which cholesterol induces homoassociation of A and B in analogous bilayers is one in which the sterol "pulls" two or more of the longer phospholipid monomers (B) out of a "sea" of randomly mixed A and B. These findings also lend support for the notion of cholesterol-phospholipid complexation in fluid bilayers. The biological implications of these findings are briefly discussed.
Effects of angiotensin, vasopressin and atrial natriuretic peptide on intraocular pressure in anesthetized rats

The effects of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), vasopressin (AVP) and angiotensin (ANG) on blood and intraocular pressures of pentobarbital anesthetized rats were evaluated following intravenous, intracerebroventricular or anterior chamber routes of administration. Central injections did not affect intraocular pressure. Equipressor intravenous infusions of ANG raised, whereas AVP decreased, intraocular pressure. Direct infusions of a balanced salt solution (0.175 microliter/min) raised intraocular pressure between 30 and 60 min. Adding ANG or ANP slightly reduced this solvent effect but AVP was markedly inhibitory. An AVP-V1 receptor antagonist reversed the blunting of the solvent-induced rise by the peptide, indicating receptor specificity. Acetazolamide pretreatment lowered intraocular pressure, but the solvent-induced rise in intraocular pressure and inhibition by AVP still occurred without altering the temporal pattern. Thus, these effects appear unrelated to aqueous humor synthesis rate. The data support the possibility of intraocular pressure regulation by peptides acting from the blood and aqueous humor.
BL-S 640, a Cephalosporin with a Broad Spectrum of Antibacterial Activity: Properties In Vitro

BL-S 640 was evaluated in vitro by comparison with cephalothin, cephaloridine, cefazolin, and cephalexin. The new compound was more active than the control cephalosporins against most major gram-negative and some gram-positive species. Moreover, its antibacterial spectrum included strains of Enterobacter, Proteus morganii, P. rettgeri, and Providencia stuartii, species generally resistant to the other cephalosporins. BL-S 640 was an effective bactericidal agent for strains of various species of Enterobacteriaceae. In human plasma, the compound was 58% protein bound.
The automatic gain-matching in the PIBETA CsI calorimeter

Abstract Segmented electromagnetic calorimeters are used to determine both the total energy and direction (momentum components) of charged particles and photons. A trade-off is involved in selecting the degree of segmentation of the calorimeter as the spatial and energy resolutions are affected differently. Increased number of individual detectors reduces accidental particle pile-up per detector but introduces complications related to ADC pedestals and pedestal variations, exacerbates the effects of electronic noise and ground loops, and requires summing and discrimination of multiple analog signals. Moreover, electromagnetic showers initiated by individual ionizing particles spread over several detectors. This complicates the precise gain-matching of the detector elements which requires an iterative procedure. The PIBETA calorimeter is a 240-module pure CsI non-magnetic detector optimized for detection of photons and electrons in the energy range 5–100 MeV. We present the computer-controlled, automatic, in situ gain-matching procedure that we developed and used routinely in several rare pion and muon decay experiments with the PIBETA detector.
Recent Trends in Mortality from Unintentional Injury in the United States

Abstract Introduction: Recent observations suggest that the unintentional injury mortality rate may be increasing in the United States for the first time since 1979. Method: This study examined trends in unintentional injury mortality by sex, race, mechanism, and age group to better understand these increases. Results: From 1992 to 2002, mortality increased 11.0% (6.5% for males, 18.5% for females). The mortality rate increased 16.5% among whites, but declined among African Americans and other races. Rates among whites exceeded rates among African Americans for the first time since 1998. Fall rates increased 39.5% from 1992 to 2002, and poisoning rates increased 121.5%. Motor-vehicle rates did not increase overall. Rates in age groups from 40–64 years of age increased for falls, poisoning, and motor-vehicle crashes. Only fall rates increased for the 65+ age group. Conclusions: These results raise the issue of whether these increases have one or more risk factors in common, such as recent increases in the use of alcohol and prescription drugs.
Ecological and genetic correlates of range expansion in Coenonympha tullia

Range expansion by the North American butterfly species Coenonympha tullia is associated with dramatic changes in life history and in genetic and morphological variation. Eight of ten independent, variable loci exhibit step-clines in allele frequency; step-clines also occur in four wing pattern characters. Populations from the old part of the range are univoltine, and have significantly less genetic and morphological variation than populations from the recently colonized ranger, which arc bivoltine. The concordance of life history with genetic and morphological variation suggests that differences between univoltine and bivoltine populations are maintained by selection. Increased electrophoretic variation in the recently colonized range may have arisen by selection on rare variants within the old part of the range.
Kinetic and thermodynamic characterization of the cobalt and manganese oxyhydroxide cores formed in horse spleen ferritin.

Horse spleen ferritin (HoSF) containing 800-1500 cobalt or 250-1200 manganese atoms as Co(O)OH and Mn(O)OH mineral cores within the HoSF interior (Co-HoSF and Mn-HoSF) was synthesized, and the chemical reactivity, kinetics of reduction, and the reduction potentials were measured. Microcoulometric and chemical reduction of HoSF containing the M(O)OH mineral core (M = Co or Mn) was rapid and quantitative with a reduction stoichiometry of 1.05+/-0.10 e/M forming a stable M(OH)2 mineral core. At pH 9.0, ascorbic acid (AH2), a two-electron reductant, effectively reduced the mineral cores; however, the reaction was incomplete and rapidly reached equilibrium. The addition of excess AH2 shifted the reaction to completion with a M(3+)/AH2 stoichiometry of 1.9-2.1, consistent with a single electron per metal atom reduction. The rate of reaction between M(0)OH and excess AH2 was measured by monitoring the decrease in mineral core absorbance with time. The reaction was first order in each reactant with second-order rate constants of 0.53 and 4.74/M/min, respectively, for Co- and Mn-HoSF at pH 9.0. From the variation of absorbance with increasing AH2 concentration, equilibrium constants at pH 9.0 of 5.0+/-1.9 for Co-HoSF and 2.9+/-0.9 for Mn-HoSF were calculated for 2M(O)OH + AH2 = 2M(OH)2 f D, where AH2 and D are ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid, respectively. Consistent with these equilibrium constants, the standard potential for the reduction of Co(III)-HoSF is 42 mV more positive than that of the ascorbic acid reaction, while the standard potential of Mn(III)-HoSF is 27 mV positive relative to AH2. Fe(2+) in solution with Co- and Mn-HoSF under anaerobic conditions was oxidized to form Fe(O)OH within the HoSF interior, resulting in partial displacement of the Co or Mn by iron.
The function of the octamer-binding site in the DRA promoter

The octamer binding site, which is located immediately upstream of the poorly conserved DRA TATA sequence, is important fof high levels of expression of this human major histocompatibility class II gene in B cells. In this study, we demonstrate that the substitution of the DRA TATA sequence with the TATA box from the adenovirus E1b promoter revomes the requirements for the octamer binding site for high levels of expression from DRA promoter. Since only the TATA box from the E1b but bot the DRA promoters binds the TATA binding protein, we conclude that the octamer binding site helps to recruit TBP to the DRA promoter.
The effect of particle size of whole-grain flour on plasma glucose, insulin, glucagon and thyroid-stimulating hormone in humans.

Objective: Although it is well known that consumption of whole-grain foods with higher fiber content results in beneficial health effects, most Americans usually prefer bread made with white flour. Changes in bread texture and undesirable intestinal responses have been reported as reasons for avoiding consumption of whole-grain foods or high-fiber menus. The purpose of this study was to determine whether consumption of bread made with ultra-fine-ground whole-grain wheat flour retained beneficial effects while reducing undesirable effects.Methods: Twenty-six men and women, 31 to 55 years of age, consumed glucose solutions or bread made with traditional white, conventional whole-grain wheat (WWF), or ultra-fine whole-grain wheat (UFWF) flour (1 g carbohydrate/kg body weight) in a Latin square design after two days of controlled diet. The effect on glycemic response was determined by comparing blood variables, after a tolerance test with white bread, WWF bread, and UFWF bread, with those after a glucose tole...
Interference of Regge ϱ Exchange with Direct Channel Fermion Resonances

Using a Reggeized $\ensuremath{\rho}$-meson-exchange background amplitude, information on $Y=+1$ fermion resonances is obtained from a calculation of the energy dependence of (i) the difference of the ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}p$ and ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}p$ total cross sections and (ii) the ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}n$ differential cross section at zero degrees. Some evidence is found for a new $I=\frac{1}{2}$ resonance at 3350 MeV that might be a further Regge recurrence of the ${N}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$ trajectory. Study of the charge-exchange data confirms the validity of the Regge prediction for the phase of the background amplitude.
Glycosylation Modulates Melanoma Cell α2β1 and α3β1 Integrin Interactions with Type IV Collagen

Although type IV collagen is heavily glycosylated, the influence of this post-translational modification on integrin binding has not been investigated. In the present study, galactosylated and nongalactosylated triple-helical peptides have been constructed containing the α1(IV)382–393 and α1(IV)531–543 sequences, which are binding sites for the α2β1 and α3β1 integrins, respectively. All peptides had triple-helical stabilities of 37 °C or greater. The galactosylation of Hyl393 in α1(IV)382–393 and Hyl540 and Hyl543 in α1(IV)531–543 had a dose-dependent influence on melanoma cell adhesion that was much more pronounced in the case of α3β1 integrin binding. Molecular modeling indicated that galactosylation occurred on the periphery of α2β1 integrin interaction with α1(IV)382–393 but right in the middle of α3β1 integrin interaction with α1(IV)531–543. The possibility of extracellular deglycosylation of type IV collagen was investigated, but no β-galactosidase-like activity capable of collagen modification was found. Thus, glycosylation of collagen can modulate integrin binding, and levels of glycosylation could be altered by reduction in expression of glycosylation enzymes but most likely not by extracellular deglycosylation activity.
Investigation of electrically active defects of silicon carbide using atomistic scale modeling and simulation

In this paper, we have identified the electrically active point defects of silicon carbide, characterized their defect energetics which provide a qualitative understanding about defect formation probability, and suggested passivation techniques for the highly probable electrically active defects. The perturbation of electronic properties due to typical defects and the probabilities of generation of the defects have been explored using atomistic scale modeling and simulations. It is observed that the native (or intrinsic) point defects of SiC are electrically active and have energy levels within the band gap of 4H-SiC. While it is possible to passivate Si vacancies using atomic hydrogen, C vacancies cannot be passivated in a similar way. Our computational observation and explanation of significant reduction in trap density by diffusing in atomic hydrogen can elucidate similar experimental observations.
Meeting Upper-Level Students' Advising Needs: A Departmental Study of Student and Faculty Opinion

Research shows divergent student and faculty expectations of academic advising. However, few studies directly compare the two groups' opinions. Student majors and faculty members in the Sociology Department of The University of Akron were asked to rate academic advisors' level of responsibility for 42 advising tasks. MANOVA of student and faculty opinions showed that the groups differed significantly on two of four identified dimensions: advising students on campus resources and planning for the future. Suggestions for offering students a broader range of help and assisting nonadvising faculty members with advising awareness are included.
Field Measurements of Ice Hockey Stick Performance and Player Motion

Abstract Hockey sticks have undergone a dramatic transformation from wood to aluminum to composite in just over 10 years. Other than reduced weight, it is not clear what advantage composite materials provide. This study examined the effects of stick stiffness and swing motion on puck speed. Stick evaluation involved a six player field study, quasi-static stiffness measurement, and video motion analysis. The difference in average puck speed between players was greater (32%) than the difference between sticks (14%). No effect of inertia or swing speed was observed on slap shot puck speeds. Prior to puck impact, the stick-ice contact had a large effect on generating puck speed. Swings where the blade bounced on the ice, released energy stored in the stick, resulting in lower puck speeds. Puck speed was sensitive to stick stiffness and depended on the shot motion. Shots employing large player force, such has a slap shot, tended to follow a constant player force model. Shots employing a small player force, such as a wrist shot, tended to follow a constant player motion model.
The manipulation of images to handle indeterminacy in spatial reasoning

In this article, we propose a novel method for using images to do spatial reasoning. The task we consider is to answer questions about descriptions involving spatial prepositional phrases. Psychological experiments suggest that imagery is an appropriate cognitive model of how people solve such problems when descriptions are determinate. However, natural language discourse often contains indeterminate descriptions, and imagery has been criticized for its apparent inability to represent incomplete information necessary for making inferences in such situations. We propose a new image-based method of reasoning, called ISR for indeterminacy in spatial reasoning, which dynamically constructs and inspects multiple images to reason about spatial prepositional phrases. The consideration of more than one consistent image, as a model of the description, increases the accuracy of reasoning. However, because it is intractable to consider every possible consistent image, ISR uses several heuristics to generate only the most relevant images, admitting some inaccuracy. Thus, ISR exploits the computational trade-off between efficiency and accuracy, and we show empirically in a representative domain that this trade-off is effective. The ISR method demonstrates that, with the help of specialized procedures, imagery can be more accurate for reasoning about spatially indeterminate descriptions. However, as we observe in attempting to extend ISR to a scaled-up domain, the procedural encoding of knowledge hinders the maintenance of an effective computational trade-off. We conclude that imagery is distinct from axiomatic/deductive approaches only in having heuristic knowledge about space for making approximations.
Low equivalent weight Friedel-Crafts cross-linked sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone)

Abstract Poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) was sulfonated by electrophillic aromatic substitution to produce a highly water soluble polymer. With an equivalent weight (EW) of 381 g/eq, the polymer is capable of a proton conductivity of 0.2 S/cm at 80 °C and 100% relative humidity (RH). High proton conductivity in polymer electrolyte membranes is a key factor for optimum hydrogen fuel cell performance. Under testing at saturating RHs, the highly sulfonated polymer absorbs water while simultaneously becoming swollen and mechanically weak. To maintain mechanical stability, a ZnCl2 catalyst was used to catalyze a Friedel-Crafts-type cross-linking using benzenedimethanol(BDM) as cross-linking agent. Although membrane thermal properties did not improve substantially, solubility was decreased and mechanical strength increased. Membranes cross-linked with 12 and 24 wt.% BDM yielded polymers with equivalent weights of 395 and 416 g/eq and conductivities of 0.15 and 0.14 S/cm at 80 °C and 100% RH, respectively, without excessive water uptake shown by the pure 96% sulfonated PEEK. Characterization of the pure and cross-linked membranes were also studied using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, water uptake, thermogravimetric coupled mass spectrometry and differential scanning calorimetry. Membranes were covered with platinum on carbon catalyst ink, and further characterized using linear sweep voltammetry. Behavior comparable to perfluoroalkyl sulfonate ionomers was demonstrated.