cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conditional Truth and Future Reference

This paper proposes a compositional model-theoretic account of the way the interpretation of indicative conditionals is determined and constrained by the temporal and modal expressions in their constituents. The main claim is that the tenses in both the antecedent and the consequent of an indicative conditional are interpreted in the same way as in isolation. This is controversial for the antecedents of predictive conditionals like ‘If he arrives tomorrow, she will leave’, whose Present tense is often claimed to differ semantically from that in their stand-alone counterparts, such as ‘He arrives tomorrow’. Under the unified analysis developed in this paper, the differences observed in pairs like these are explained by interactions between the temporal and modal dimensions of interpretation. This perspective also sheds new light on the relationship between ‘non-predictive’ and ‘epistemic’ readings of indicative conditionals.
Implementation of Preconditioned Dual-Time Procedures in OVERFLOW

Preconditioning methods have become the method of choice for the solution of flowfields involving the simultaneous presence of low Mach and transonic regions. It is well known that these methods are important for insuring accurate numerical discretization as well as convergence efficiency over various operating conditions such as low Mach number, low Reynolds number and high Strouhal numbers. For unsteady problems, the preconditioning is introduced within a dual-time framework wherein the physical time-derivatives are used to march the unsteady equations and the preconditioned time-derivatives are used for purposes of numerical discretization and iterative solution. In this paper, we describe the implementation of the preconditioned dual-time methodology in the OVERFLOW code. To demonstrate the performance of the method, we employ both simple and practical unsteady flowfields, including vortex propagation in a low Mach number flow, flowfield of an impulsively started plate (Stokes' first problem) arid a cylindrical jet in a low Mach number crossflow with ground effect. All the results demonstrate that the preconditioning algorithm is responsible for improvements to both numerical accuracy and convergence efficiency and, thereby, enables low Mach number unsteady computations to be performed at a fraction of the cost of traditional time-marching methods.
On the Broadcast Packet Reception Rates in One-Dimensional MANETs

In this paper, we investigate saturation performance of broadcast service in IEEE 802.11 based one-dimensional mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) under multi-hop environment. Having analyzed the features of the multi-hop broadcast MANETs, for the first time we derive a closed form expression of broadcast packet reception rates, which is one of the important reliability metrics for broadcast communications. The analytic model takes IEEE 802.11 backoff counter process and hidden terminal problem into account. The proposed analytic model is validated by extensive simulations. From the obtained numerical results under various network parameters, new observations and potential enhancement suggestions are given.
The effect of calcium chloride in treating hyperkalemia due to acute digoxin toxicity in a porcine model.

Background. The administration of intravenous (IV) calcium to treat hyperkalemia resulting from digoxin poisoning is considered potentially dangerous, based on a body of older literature which, in sum, reported increased cardiac glycoside toxicity with calcium administration (increased arrhythmias, higher rate of death). Objective. This pilot study sought to determine if the administration of calcium chloride when compared to normal saline would affect time to death when given to hyperkalemic, digoxin toxic swine. Methods. Digoxin IV at 0.25 mg/kg was determined to be appropriately toxic for this study. When arrhythmias consistent with hyperkalemia developed, animals were given either IV calcium chloride (CaCl) bolus (10 mg/kg, Group 1, n = 6) or normal saline volume equivalent (Group 2, n = 6). Three intervals were observed: Interval 1: time interval from digoxin administration (T0) to when ECG changes consistent with hyperkalemia developed (at which point calcium chloride or normal saline was administer...
Multi-modal Clustering for Multimedia Collections

Most of the online multimedia collections, such as picture galleries or video archives, are categorized in a fully manual process, which is very expensive and may soon be infeasible with the rapid growth of multimedia repositories. In this paper, we present an effective method for automating this process within the unsupervised learning framework. We exploit the truly multi-modal nature of multimedia collections - they have multiple views, or modalities, each of which contributes its own perspective to the collection's organization. For example, in picture galleries, image captions are often provided that form a separate view on the collection. Color histograms (or any other set of global features) form another view. Additional views are blobs, interest points and other sets of local features. Our model, called Comraf* (pronounced Comraf-Star), efficiently incorporates various views in multi-modal clustering, by which it allows great modeling flexibility. Comraf* is a light-weight version of the recently introduced combinatorial Markov random field (Comraf). We show how to translate an arbitrary Comraf into a series of Comraf* models, and give an empirical evidence for comparable effectiveness of the two. Comraf* demonstrates excellent results on two real-world image galleries: it obtains 2.5-3 times higher accuracy compared with a uni-modal k-means.
Trileaflet aortic valve commissural fusion: a rare cause of aortic valve disease and systolic ejection sounds

We report two cases of patients who were referred for echocardiographic evaluation of systolic crescendo–decrescendo murmur and systolic ejection click sound over the aortic area 1 and were diagnosed with partial commissural fusion of trileaflet aortic valve by the use of 3D transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) (Fig. 1). Both cases occurred in relatively young patients, with some degree of aortic stenosis, without evidence of bicuspid aortic valve or rheumatic valvular disease, in whom the transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) was not diagnostic for the underlying condition. Therefore, 3D TEE examination allows accurate evaluation and prompt identification of TAVCF presenting usually as mild to moderate AS, sclerotic leaflets with systolic doming and accompanied by systolic ejection sounds (Videos 1 and 2).
Evaluating assumptions of mark-recapture studies for estimating angling exploitation of walleyes in northern wisconsin lakes

Abstract To test for violations of the assumptions of mark–recapture studies used to estimate angling exploitation rates of walleye Sander vitreus in northern Wisconsin lakes, we estimated the recapture rate (R/C) of walleyes previously marked for each month of the angling year for five length categories: all lengths combined, less than 12 in, 12–15 in, 15–20 in, and 20 in or larger. The recapture rate declined significantly during the year for all walleye length-classes combined and for all length-classes except walleyes 12–15 in long. The R/C ratio in May increased with length. We conclude that fin regeneration, which contributed to lack of mark recognition, or higher mortality due to marking, may have reduced the number of marks in the R/C ratio and therefore may have biased estimates of walleye angling exploitation rates.
Design of a susceptibility index for fire risk monitoring

In this letter, we present a new remote sensing fire susceptibility index (FSI) based on the physical concept of heat energy of preignition. This physical basis allows computations of ignition probabilities and comparisons of fire risk across ecoregions. The index has the flexibility to be localized to a vegetation type or ecoregion for improved performance. The computation of the index requires inputs of fuel temperature and fuel moisture content, both of which can be estimated using remote sensing techniques. While Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer data for surface temperature are used as a proxy for fuel temperature, live fuel moisture is estimated by a linear regression technique utilizing the correlation between model-based live fuel moisture measurements at automated ground stations and the ratio of normalized difference vegetation index and surface temperature. FSIs are computed for the Georgia region during the spring and summer months of 2004 and validated with the well-tested fire potential index (FPI). Results show a good agreement between FSI and FPI. It suggests that FSI can be a good estimator of fire risk.
Haploid loss of bax leads to accelerated mammary tumor development in C3(1)/SV40-TAg transgenic mice: reduction in protective apoptotic response at the preneoplastic stage.

The dramatic increase in apoptosis observed during the development of preneoplastic mammary lesions is associated with a significant elevation in Bax expression in C3(1)/SV40 large T antigen (TAg) transgenic mice. The significance of Bax expression during tumor progression in vivo was studied by generating double‐transgenic mice carrying the C3(1)/TAg transgene and mutant alleles for bax . C3(1)/TAg transgenic mice carrying mutant bax alleles exhibited accelerated rates of tumor growth, increased tumor numbers, larger tumor mass and decreased survival rates compared with mice carrying wild‐type bax . Accelerated tumorigenesis associated with the bax +/− genotype did not require the loss of function of the second bax allele. Thus, haploid insufficiency of bax is enough to accelerate tumor progression, suggesting that the protective effect of Bax is dose‐dependent. While levels of apoptosis in the preneoplastic lesions, but not carcinomas, were reduced in bax +/− or bax −/− mice compared with bax +/+ mice, rates of cellular proliferation in mammary lesions were similar among all bax genotypes. These data demonstrate that bax is a critical suppressor of mammary tumor progression at the stage of preneoplastic mammary lesion development through the upregulation of apoptosis, but that this protective effect is lost during the transition from preneoplasia to invasive carcinoma.
Understanding the Market for Holstein Steers

A semi-structured interview process was combined with an econometric analysis to document the newly changed structure of the Holstein sector, to evaluate existing quality perceptions, and to assess the impact that recent changes in production practices have had on prices of Holstein steers. Results suggest that finished Holstein steer prices are driven by many of the same market factors as native steers, overturning some common quality misconceptions. The shift towards the calf-fed production model appears to have greatly affected the market for backgrounded Holstein steers, but had little impact on the prices for light Holstein feeder steers.
Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors: Entering a New Era

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) describe a heterogeneous group of tumors with a wide range of morphologic, functional, and behavioral characteristics. These tumors are generally slow growing and behave in an indolent fashion. However, they have the potential to spread, primarily to the liver and when they do, they can be life threatening and difficult to treat with current modalities. A subset of NETs, the pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNET) represent a small percentage of all pancreatic tumors (1.3%) but their incidence is rising. Prior to 2011, the only approved agent for unresectable pNETs was streptozocin (often used in combination with doxorubicin) but the efficacy of this drug was questionable. In 2011, the landscape of treatment for pNET was changed with the approval of the first new agents in 20 years, sunitinib and everolimus, that demonstrated improvement in time to progression in patients with progressive pNET. Sunitinib is a multikinase inhibitor and everolimus is an inhibitor of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. These drugs were approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on the basis of separate large randomized placebo-controlled trials. Data from these two trials and an additional phase III trial looking at everolimus in other neuroendocrine tumors has generated intense interest in this challenging disease. At the 2012 American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) Gastrointestinal Cancers Symposium, several researchers presented updated data regarding the risk stratification, treatment, and outcome for patients with pNET in the new era of targeted therapy. Choti et al. (Abstract #187) reviewed demographic data from a large set of patients who presented to National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) sites with neuroendocrine tumors. Casciano et al. (Abstract #226) and Signorovitch et al. (Abstract #237) presented post-approval analysis of the relative role of everolimus and sunitinib in the treatment of pNET. Alistar et al. (Abstract #166) explored predictive biomarkers in pNET, and Yao et al. (Abstract #157) conducted multivariate analysis of patients treated with everolimus in the phase III, RADIANT-2 trial which included the identification of relevant biomarkers. Hobday et al. (Abstract #260) and Bergsland et al. (Abstract #285) reported phase II data from two clinical trials looking at novel targeted combinations for the treatment of pNET. Finally the role of treatment for poorly differentiated NETs (including pNETs) remains ill-defined and Yamaguchi et al. (Abstract #274) presented a report reviewing the experience at 23 centers in Japan in treating this population. The authors review and summarize these abstracts in this article.
Ethical Issues in Social Work: Toward a Grounded Theory of Professional Ethics

SOCIAL WORK exists because society is concerned about the vulnerable, the disenfranchised, the isolated, and the suffering. Most social services are carried out through orga nizations that structure and focus the actions of staff and that represent socie ty's concern for the needy (Jansson, 1988). The community entrusts power to social workers and others in such programs to use its resources and to implement delivery of services with caring and integrity (Leiby, 1978). Social workers are responsible for weighing the activities that should and should not be performed, deciding on the best uses of a community's limited resources, and discerning just and unjust procedures and policies to guide daily decisions (Reamer, 1982). Issues faced by social workers often involve questions of "what ought to be" in addition to "what is the case." Thus, ethical criteria and value judgments are core components of staff decision making, even if not often made ex plicit. Although facts and skills are im portant, ethical judgments cannot be dealt with on the grounds of factual in formation or professional skill alone, regardless of their scope or refinement (Rhodes, 1986). In an effort to properly handle ethical dilemmas, social workers should not ignore their own or the clients' present circumstances or worker alternatives and resources for action. However, such issues as the fair allocation of scarce resources, limitations on disclosing in formation about clients or consumers, just resolution of conflicting claims, or the appropriate role of the professional in guiding and limiting client choices are problems that are primarily ethical. Information and skill are not sufficient to solve them. These issues require thoughtful analysis in the context of participants' values and commitments. Thomas P. Holland Allie C. Kilpatrick
Aberrant Glycosylation and its Correlation with Expression of GNTV and Matriptase in Malignant Melanoma

Acetylglucosoaminyltransferase V (GNTV), an enzyme responsible for branching of asparagine-linked oligosaccharides is associated with tumor invasion and metastasis. Beta1–6 branched oligosaccharides, detected with the lectin, LPHA, are associated with tumor progression in human breast and colon cancer. They were found to be common to 22 types of human cancers, and were particularly expressed in metastases. Matriptase is a proteolytic inducer of both the HGF/cmet and plasminogen activator pathways, highly associated with metastasis. A potential prometastatic effect of GNTV was found to be due to modification of active matriptase by adding beta1–6 GlcNAc branching. We investigated expression of LPHA, matriptase and GNTV in pathology specimens of primary invasive and metastatic malignant melanomas. Sequential sections were stained with anti-GnT-V, anti-matriptase, or biotinylated LPHA. Our results showed variable staining patterns, from involving only small regions, to encompassing the entire tumor. The expression of all three markers was closely associated, suggesting that metastatic pathways might have been activated in the staining areas of these tumors. To our knowledge, this is the first report of matriptase expression in malignant melanoma, as well as the first demonstration of an association between matriptase, GNTV and beta 1,6-branched oligosaccharides in vivo.
Glutamate Receptor Interacting Protein 1 Regulates CD4(+) CTLA-4 Expression and Transplant Rejection.

PDZ domains are common 80- to 90-amino-acid regions named after the first three proteins discovered to share these domains: postsynaptic density 95, discs large, and zonula occludens. PDZ domain-containing proteins typically interact with the C-terminus of membrane receptors. Glutamate receptor interacting protein 1 (GRIP1), a seven-PDZ domain protein scaffold, regulates glutamate receptor surface expression and trafficking in neurons. We have found that human and mouse T cells also express GRIP1. T cell-specific GRIP1(-/-) mice >11 weeks old had prolonged cardiac allograft survival. Compared with wild-type T cells, in vitro stimulated GRIP1(-/-) T cells had decreased expression of activation markers and increased apoptotic surface marker expression. Surface expression of the strong T cell inhibitory molecule cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) was increased on GRIP1(-/-) T cells from mice >11 weeks old. CTLA-4 increases with T cell stimulation and its surface expression on GRIP1(-/-) T cells remained high after stimulation was removed, indicating a possible internalization defect in GRIP1-deficient T cells. CTLA-4-blocking antibody treatment following heart transplantation led to complete rejection in T cell GRIP1(-/-) mice, indicating that increased CTLA-4 surface expression contributed to the extended graft survival. Our data indicate that GRIP1 regulates T cell activation by regulating CTLA-4 surface expression.
A GEANT-based model for single event upsets in SRAM FPGAs for use in on-detector electronics

A model is developed to calculate expected Single Event Upset rates in Xilinx's line of radiation-hardened field programmable gate array (FPGA) offerings for the radiation environment at the PHENIX experiment on the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider at Brookhaven National Laboratory. The results of this model are compared to an experiment carried out at PHENIX, where actual upset data was obtained. Specific attention is given to unique features of the model, including major sources of "secondary" radiation flux
The Murder of Navroze Mody: Race, Violence, and the Search for Order

(1996). The Murder of Navroze Mody: Race, Violence, and the Search for Order. Amerasia Journal: Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 55-76.
Predicting Excess Returns with Public and Insider Information: The Case of Thrift Conversions

We hypothesize that mutual thrifts often converted to stock ownership when the returns to conversion were predicted to be high. We show that excess returns on the initial public offerings (IPOs) of thrift conversions during the 1990s were predictable with publicly available data. The same conditions that predicted higher excess returns on thrift conversions also predicted that conversion was more likely. Higher predicted excess returns significantly raised the amounts of the IPOs that insiders at converting thrifts purchased. Data for insider purchases, which were publicly available before the first day of trading, further helped the public predict excess returns.
Sensor system reliability modeling and analysis for fault diagnosis in multistage manufacturing processes

This paper investigates the reliability of coordinate sensor systems used for process fault diagnosis in multistage manufacturing processes. When considering catastrophic sensor failure, the reliability of a coordinate sensor system is defined based on its diagnosability performance. A mathematical tool called matroid theory is applied to study the reliability of the coordinate sensor system; properties of the minimal paths and minimal cuts are derived; efficient methods are developed to evaluate the exact system reliability for two special types of systems; and an efficient algorithm to evaluate the min–max lower bound of system reliability is provided that does not require assuming that all minimal paths must be known in advance. The proposed models and the developed methods are illustrated and applied in two case studies for fault diagnosis of a multistage panel assembly process.
Role of habitat complexity in predator-prey dynamics between an introduced fish and larval Long-toed Salamanders (Ambystoma macrodactylum)

Predation by nonnative fishes has reduced abundance and increased extinction risk for amphibian populations worldwide. Although rare, fish and palatable amphibians have been observed to coexist where aquatic vegetation and structural complexity provide suitable refugia. We examined whether larval Long-toed Salamanders (Ambystoma macrodactylum Baird, 1850) increased use of vegetation cover in lakes with trout and whether adding vegetation structure could reduce predation risk and nonconsumptive effects (NCEs), such as reductions in body size and delayed metamorphosis. We compared use of vegetation cover by larval salamanders in lakes with and without trout and conducted a field experiment to investigate the influence of added vegetation structure on salamander body morphology and life history. The probability of catching salamanders in traps in lakes with trout was positively correlated with the proportion of submerged vegetation and surface cover. Growth rates of salamanders in enclosures with trout cues decreased as much as 85% and the probability of metamorphosis decreased by 56%. We did not find evidence that adding vegetation reduced NCEs in experimental enclosures, but salamanders in lakes with trout used more highly vegetated areas, which suggests that adding vegetation structure at the scale of the whole lake may facilitate coexistence between salamanders and introduced trout.
Handedness and Its Influence upon Static Neuromuscular Control

Abstract After hand laterality had been determined, a hand steadiness test which incorporated static neuromuscular control was given to 30 boys aged seven to ten. Each subject was given five 1-min. trials. The hypothesis that there would be a significant difference between the contact times of the preferred and non-preferred hands was substantiated; however, the prediction that there would be a difference between the contact scores did not eventuate.
The effects of major error sources on planetary spacecraft navigation accuracies

Preflight error statistics of earth based Doppler tracking for Mariner navigation concerning Mars 1971 and Venus-Mercury 1973 missions
Biochemical Systematics of the Peromyscus aztecus Assemblage

Protein electrophoresis was used to examine genetic variation at 39 loci in 16 populations representing all Mexican species and subspecies of the Peromyscus aztecus assemblage. Variation was detected at 19 loci and values of genetic identity ranged from 0.774 to 0.995. Phenetic analysis produced a phenogram indicating a stepwise association of the subspecies of P. aztecus and indicating affinities between these taxa and P. spidlegus. P. winkelmanni was the most differentiated. The presence of a fixed difference involving a derived allele between two populations of P. spicilegus suggested that these populations may not be conspecific. Cladistic analysis produced 36 equally parsimonious cladograms. The extent of genetic differentiation of P. a. hylocetes from the other subspecies of P. aztecus , in addition to morphological and chromosomal differentiation, indicated that P. hylocetes should be reinstated as a species.
Chapter 2 – The People Behind the Curtain—Understanding the Review Process

The process by which NIH applications are reviewed is probably one of the most confusing, unclear, and frustrating aspects of the federal granting system. Even though there are distinct guidelines directing how each and every grant is to be reviewed, human nature exists and as such natural bias, and sometimes even downright prejudice, will be introduced into the review process. This chapter describes the review process for Ruth L. Kirschstein NRSA training grants, discusses the responsibilities of each reviewer and conditions under which the review may occur, and discusses some of the biases that can affect this process. These biases include the “big-named” sponsor, “high-powered” institutes, applicant productivity, sponsor training history, laboratory environment, and what constitutes a negligible/minor/major weakness.
Advancing Patient Safety through the Creation of a Mobile Usability Lab

The demand for usability testing is becoming increasingly important as healthcare moves toward a commitment to zero patient harm and higher value of care provided. Usability testing and simulation, techniques used in user-centered interaction design to evaluate healthcare systems, promote safe, high-quality care for patients. We propose the concept of a “Mobile Usability Lab”, a novel way to conduct usability testing system-wide. The Mobile Usability Lab describes a unique opportunity to step away from the standard state-of-the-art usability lab and take a creative approach to usability testing. To demonstrate the utility of this concept, we present a case study detailing a hospital-wide comparative device evaluation of new defibrillators. We recommend that research and clinical teams explore the concept of a mobile usability lab to evaluate products in the clinical environment. This work can reduce preventable harm through the optimization of health care delivery.
Giant cell‐rich osteosarcoma of the parotid gland: An exceptionally rare entity at an unusual site

Giant cell-rich osteosarcoma is a rare histologic variant of conventional osteosarcoma that affects mainly the extremities. Extraskeletal giant cell-rich osteosarcoma is therefore exceedingly rare. Here, we report the first case of this uncommon tumor involving the parotid gland in a 62-year-old male who presented with initial right jaw swelling. Radiologic work-up revealed a 6.2 cm mass involving the right parotid gland. Fine-needle aspiration cytology showed numerous multinucleated giant cells in a background of dyshesive epithelioid cells and rare clusters of spindle stromal cells, suspicious for malignancy. The subsequent excisional biopsy showed histopathologic features diagnostic for giant cell-rich osteosarcoma. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Renovating Body and Space

In this article, the author has renamed the complicated conglomeration of the lived experience of the body-space as an “embody.” An embody includes a body schema, extensions to that body schema, peripersonal space, space, and more—a sort of working map of self and world. An embody continually changes definition in interaction with culture, (architectural) habitats, clothes, tools, vehicles, others, and so forth. Multiple embodies are often simultaneously deployed. Through vignettes and poetic prose, this project explores how the embody of daily experiences is composed. What is this embody of embodied experience? What forms of bodies and spaces does it take up? How are they constructed? What can they do?
Reconstruction of MRI Data Using Sparse Matrix Inverses

In this paper, we propose a method for reconstruction of MR images from k-space data sampled on non-Cartesian trajectories. We approach the problem approximating the full matrix pseudoinverse by a sparse matrix. We find the optimal sparsity pattern by minimizing the approximation error using an efficient recursive algorithm. The new method is demonstrated with simulated radial data. The optimized method outperforms a non-optimized sparse matrix inverse approach both in terms of reconstruction speed and storage requirements (by a factor of 2-5) while providing a similar level of reconstruction error. The new method also performs significantly better than a standard regridding approach in terms of computational speed, accuracy and storage.
Silence Locations And Durations In Dialog Management

This discussion addresses the use of silence (pauses) in discourse as a mechanism to provide turn-taking cues to the user of a voice-activated service. The location and duration of silence are defined and tested for a typical application, voice controlled voice mail. Usability studies were performed in numerous European countries, as well as in the United States to validate the dialog model. Target values for silence locations and durations were found to be consistent across numerous languages and cultures.
Using the Expectancy-Value Theory of Motivation to Predict Behavioral and Emotional Risk among High School Students.

Abstract Within the expectancy-value framework, much work has been done linking expectancies and task values to academic outcomes such as performance, persistence, and choice. Research on the associations between student motivation (including efficacy and task values) and behavioral and emotional problems, however, is nascent. The present study examined a structural equation model using efficacy, utility value, attainment value, and cost to predict internalizing risk and hyperactivity–distractibility risk within a sample of 5,126 high school students (76.5% African American) in a high-needs school district. The results indicated that efficacy negatively predicted both domains of risk, attainment value negatively predicted hyperactivity–distractibility risk only, and cost positively predicted both domains of risk. Implications for both theory and practice are discussed, including the relative importance of cost in the prediction of behavioral and emotional risk.
Balancing Mechanical Properties and Sustainability in the Search for Superhard Materials

The development of superhard materials is focused on two very different classes of compounds. The first contains only light, inexpensive main group elements and requires high pressures and temperatures for preparation whereas the second class combines a transition metal with light main group elements and in general tends to only need high reaction temperatures. Although the preparation conditions are simpler, the second class of compounds suffers from the transition metals used being expensive and exceedingly scarce. Thus, in the search for novel superhard compounds, synthetic accessibility, resource considerations, and material response must be balanced. The research presented here develops high-information density plots drawn from high-throughput first-principle calculations and data mining to reveal the optimal composition space to synthesize new materials. This contribution includes analysis of the experimentally known Vickers hardness for materials as well as screening over 1100 compounds from first-principle calculations to predict their intrinsic hardness. Both data sets are analyzed not only for their mechanical performance but also the compositional scarcity, and Herfindahl-Hirschman index is calculated. Following this methodology, it is possible to ensure targeted materials are not only sustainable and accessible but that they will also have superb mechanical response.
Some Applications of ESR Spectroscopy to the Study of Substituent Effects

ESR Spectroscopy has been applied to help answer the following questions: What makes a good phenolic antioxidant? What controls the inversion rates of non-planar radicals? How “large” is the CH°2 group and does the unpaired electron confer a unique “substituent character” upon this group?
Certain Certiorari: The Digital Privacy Rights of Probationers

In a recent oral argument, a judge on the California Court of Appeal told me they had “at least 50” pending cases on the constitutionality of probation conditions authorizing suspicionless searches of digital devices. As counsel of record in three of the cases, I feel positioned to comment on this hot topic within criminal law. My intention here is less to reconcile California’s cases on suspicionless searches of probationers’ digital devices than to locate them within the precedents of the United States Supreme Court, which is bound before long to pick up a case for the same purpose. Specifically, the Court is bound to hear whether Riley v. California—its 2014 ruling excluding content found on digital devices in warrantless searches of arrestees’ grab-area—applies to probationers. David Riley’s case arose out of his 2009 arrest by San Diego police, who had lawfully found firearms under the hood of his car. Incident to Riley’s arrest, police found evidence of his gang membership in a search of his cell phone, which placed itself at an unsolved shooting. Riley’s subsequent convictions were based on that evidence, which he sought without success to exclude until the Supreme Court reversed in Chief Justice Roberts’s hommage to cell phones—life-altering instruments which a “visitor from Mars might conclude were an important feature of human anatomy.” Riley has since been cited over 3,000 times as a Fourth Amendment tract that privileges the “privacies of life” over the “often competitive enterprise of ferreting out crime.” But what, exactly, are Riley’s implications? Is it just a technical ruling on the privacy interests only of arrestees, with no specific applicability to post-conviction phases of criminal cases? Because the Court’s most on-point precedents—one involving a probationer (United States v. Knights), the other a parolee (Samson v. California)—indicate no stance on Riley’s applicability beyond the arrest context, California courts improvidently consider those precedents legal non-events. One way or another, the Court will inevitably settle the matter itself, almost certainly within one of the seven electronics-conditions cases now on review in the California Supreme Court. This Essay details why and how.
Asteroid impacts on terrestrial planets: the effects of super-Earths and the role of the ν6 resonance

With N-body simulations of a planetary system with an asteroid belt we investigate how the asteroid impact rate on the Earth is affected by the architecture of the planetary system. We find that the $\nu_6$ secular resonance plays an important role in the asteroid collision rate with the Earth. Compared to exoplanetary systems, the solar system is somewhat special in its lack of a super-Earth mass planet in the inner solar system. We therefore first consider the effects of the presence of a super-Earth in the terrestrial planet region. We find a significant effect for super-Earths with a mass of around $10\,\rm M_\oplus$ and a separation greater than about $0.7\,\rm AU$. For a super-Earth that is interior to the Earth's orbit, the number of asteroids colliding with Earth increases the closer the super-Earth is to the Earth's orbit. This is the result of multiple secular resonance locations causing more asteroids to be perturbed onto Earth-crossing orbits. When the super-Earth is placed exterior to Earth's orbit, the collision rate decreases substantially because the $\nu_6$ resonance no longer exists in the asteroid belt region. We also find that changing the semi-major axis of Saturn leads to a significant decrease in the asteroid collision rate, while increasing its mass increases the collision rate. These results may have implications for the habitability of exoplanetary systems.
Adolescence and Commercial Sexual Exploitation: Prostituted Girls in the US

This chapter provides a discussion of the commercial sexual exploitation (CSE) of adolescent girls in the United States, the dynamics of sexual exploitation, the harms to youth and the challenges for formulating appropriate and useful social and legal responses. CSE occurs when an adolescent is engaged, solicited or forced to engage in sexual conduct or performance of sexual acts in return for a fee, food, drugs, shelter, clothing, gifts or other goods. Domestically trafficked youth comprise the majority of CSE victims in the U.S. To date it has been difficult to get national estimates and descriptions of the breadth, scope, and nature of CSE. Studies of its incidence and prevalence are underway. The best evidence we have is that where CSE is most common is among youth living in extreme poverty, often without significant family support and who find themselves living “life on the streets” as a homeless, runaway, or thrown away youth. It is in these situations that vulnerability to CSE increases. Recovery from CSE is multifaceted and complicated, and as such must include more than one service provider. However, there are significant challenges in responding to adolescents who have begun to more clearly form their own identities and desires and who also have a greater level of integration into the community. Societal responses are complex and require the involvement and coordination of individuals, community groups, and institutions. Seldom has the child sexual abuse literature addressed these special issues of interventions with adolescents.
Pedagogy of Empowerment: Student Perspectives on Critical Multicultural Education at a High-Performing African American School.

Despite decades of education reform, the US school curricula remain virtually unchanged. Multi-billion dollar initiatives such as No Child Left Behind, Common Core State Standards, Race to the Top,...
Ecumenism in a Time of Transition

To assess the present state and future possibilities of personal and ecclesial ecumenism between Protestant and Catholic Christians is a difficult task. On the one hand, the diversity among Protestants is so great few generalities hold for all of them. The challenges involved in Catholic relations with the Church of England are quite different than those involved in relations with the Southern Baptist Convention, and different in yet other ways from those involved in relations with a Pentecostal church in South Africa. In a broad sense, one can think of a spectrum of Protestant churches, some with whom Catholic relations might be close, and then a series of churches at a greater distance from Catholicism with whom relations would be more limited. That picture is only partially true, however. On many social issues, Catholics can work more closely with Evangelicals, with whom there are deep differences over sacraments and ecclesiology, than they can with more socially liberal representatives of, say, the Lutheran or Anglican traditions. In this brief reflection, I will be concerned with the Protestant communities with whom the greatest possibilities of a wide spectrum of closer relations seem to exist, such as the Anglican, Lutheran, and Reformed churches.
3-D Wire Bondless Switching Cell Using Flip-Chip-Bonded Silicon Carbide Power Devices

This paper presents a three-dimensional (3-D) wire bondless power module using silicon carbide (SiC) power devices. Commercially available SiC power devices are designed for wire bonding. Wire bonds have an inherent parasitic inductance that limits high-frequency switching. This results in an underutilization of the full potential of SiC power devices, which have very low switching losses at high frequencies. Wire-bonded power modules run into a performance ceiling when it comes to ultrafast switching. This paper strives to provide a solution to this issue, which involves reconfiguring a commercially available bare die SiC power device into a flip-chip-capable device. A wire bondless SiC Schottky diode package was demonstrated and its performance was contrasted with a conventional wire-bonded package. A 24% reduction in the ON-state resistance was observed in the wire bondless package. As a next step, wire bondless SiC MOSFET packages were developed and tested in a half-bridge configuration in a highly integrated 3-D arrangement. This approach departs from the conventional concept of a power module—demonstrating a direct-bonded-copper-less and baseplate-less half-bridge switching cell. Double-pulse tests conducted on the cell showed >3× reduction in the parasitic inductance of the 3-D cell as compared with a conventional wire-bonded module.
Evaluation of non-thermal hurdle technology for ultraviolet-light to inactivate Escherichia coli K12 on goat meat surfaces

Abstract Non-thermal processes are in demand in the meat industry due to their ability to inactivate foodborne pathogens, such as Escherichia coli O157:H7, at room temperatures. Although ultraviolet-light (UV-C) is a potential process for eliminating pathogens while preserving the quality of foods, its inefficiency in penetrating solid foods might result in a lower log reduction of pathogens in meat. Thus, it is necessary to look at hurdle technologies. Lemongrass oil (LG), with its antimicrobial, antifungal and antioxidant properties, can be an ideal alternative. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of UV-C, LG, and their combination on E. coli K12 inoculated goat meat. Lemongrass oil at 0.25%, 0.5%, and 1% concentrations (w/v) with intensities of 100 and 200 μW cm−2, which provided an energy dose of 0.2–2.4 mJ cm−2 of UV-C, was used to treat goat meat for 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 min. The top surfaces of LG treated goat meat samples were treated with UV-C by these combinations of treatments. The combination of 1% LG + UV-C with 200 μW cm−2 treatment for 2 min resulted in a synergistic microbial reduction of 6.66 log10 CFU mL−1 (below detection levels) of E. coli K12 compared to the control, the level of which was significantly higher than individual and other hurdle treatments (P ≤ 0.05). No significant effect on the texture, whereas, changes in color and oxidative stability of goat meat was observed with LG + UV-C treatments. Although this combination seems to be a better option, treatment conditions need to be optimized and further studies are required to validate hurdle mechanisms for commercial applications.
HYPOGLYCEMIA IN THE ELDERLY WITH DIABETES: A GROWING PROBLEM WITH EMERGING SOLUTIONS.

ABSTRACT Hypoglycemia is the major side effect of insulin therapy. The elderly are especially vulnerable to episodes of hypoglycemia, and with greater risks of complications such as falls. Two new long-acting basal insulins, glargine-300 (Gla-300) and degludec, are associated with lower incidences of hypoglycemia than previously available basal insulins. One of them, Gla-300, was studied in the elderly and has a lower incidence of hypoglycemia in patients over 65 years old. These new data should be incorporated into decision making when treating the elderly patient with insulin, whether they have type 1 or 2 diabetes. Abbreviations: A1c = glycated hemoglobin A1c Gla-100 = glargine 100 U/mL Gla-300 = glargine 300 U/mL GLP-1 RA = glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor analogue
Incompatibility of Compatible

Remember the question of “DICOM 2003 support” from Chap. 4? Another question, which I heard even more frequently, was “Does your software support Siemens (GE, Agfa, Philips, and so on) DICOM?” First of all, there is nothing but DICOM 3.0, which any manufacturer is supposed to support. Manufacturers are only allowed to add their private attributes for something they do not find in the standard DICOM Data Dictionary. However, this question brings us back to the main challenge of DICOM: making digital medicine provider-independent. Has this goal been achieved?
Analysis of Linguistic Features Associated with Point of View for Generating Stylistically Appropriate Text

We describe a qualitative analysis of a corpus of clinical genetics patient letters. In this genre, a single letter is intended to serve multiple functions and is designed for multiple audiences. The goal of the analysis was to identify stylistically-related features for a natural language generation system. We found that, perhaps because of the multiple intended functions and audiences, within a single letter more than one writing style (set of realization choices) can be observed, and the sets of features are associated with different perspectives. Thus, an NLG system must take perspective into account to generate stylistically appropriate text in this application. The paper outlines the perspectives and the features associated with each that were identified in the corpus.
2 – Techno-economic analysis and modeling of carbon dioxide (CO2) capture and storage (CCS) technologies

Abstract: This chapter presents an overview of the estimated costs of implementing carbon dioxide (CO2) capture and sequestration (CCS) for fossil energy systems. Cost models for the components of a CCS system are reviewed and developed, including CO2 capture, transport via pipeline and ship, and injection into various reservoirs for storage and/or enhanced fossil fuel recovery. The chapter closes with a discussion of CCS system models and future trends.
Marketing and the Development of Innovative New Products

Abstract: This chapter examines innovation from the perspective of marketing concerns and challenges. The role of marketing in the development of highly innovative products is discussed as are a number of the relevant key questions and concerns inherent in this type of product development. As part of this discussion, a framework consisting of three dimensions useful in conceptualizing innovation is presented. This is extended to include a number of influencers of product adoption that are important to consider during the design and development process (and also later on with respect to product launch) for innovative products.
Tendon Transfers—How Do They Work?: Planning and Implementation

The purpose of this article is to update the orthopedic community on the planning and implementation of tendon transfers in the foot and ankle. This information will serve to reinforce those principles and factors that are inherent in successful performance of tendon transfer. In addition, the authors highlight recent updates that impact decision-making for these procedures.
Studies on the Accuracy of Electron Backscatter Diffraction Measurements

Automated orientation measurement on a local basis is now widely accepted for characterization of materials. The technique relies upon indexing of electron backscatter diffraction patterns in a scanning electron microscope. In order to exploit the available information, it is important to understand the limitations with respect to accuracy. Experiments were carried out to measure orientation fields from a silicon single crystal. The orientation dispersion was 1°. Disorientation correlation maps revealed anisotropy in the spatial variation in measured orientation.