cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Direct measurement of selective evaporation of binary mixture droplets by dissolving materials

We investigate experimentally and theoretically how a droplet of a binary mixture evaporates when placed on a solid substrate. Our focus is the limit at which the two liquid components have different vapour pressures. Using physicochemical effects, we directly visualize the selective evaporation of the more volatile component and so document the space and time dependence of the chemical distribution in the droplet. In particular, we observe that a mixture consisting of an organic solvent and deionized water dissolves suspended fluorescent polystyrene particles if the lower volatility organic solvent reaches a critical concentration. Consequently, we show that for a small contact angle ( $\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}<\unicode[STIX]{x03C0}/2$ ) the suspended polystyrene particles begin to disappear from near the contact line, which indicates that the volatile component, here water, evaporates rapidly compared to the other component(s). Finally, we show that a diffusion-dominated model for evaporation of a binary mixture can predict well the experimental results where convective and diffusive mixing effects are negligible, in which case there is significant chemical segregation in the drop.
INHIBITION OF FLUID REABSORPTION AND SODIUM EFFLUX BY LOW PERITUBULAR Na AND BY A23187 OR QUINIDINE IN ISOLATED PERFUSED PROXIMAL TUBULES OF THE RABBIT

Publisher Summary Evidence suggests the level of cytosolic calcium ion activity ([Ca 2+ ] cyt ) modulates trans epithelial Na transport in several epithelia. In tight epithelia, maneuvers which raise [Ca 2+ ] cyt , such as removal of serosal Na or addition of either quinidine or the calcium ionophore A21387 to the serosal side, lead to a calcium-dependent inhibition of short-circuit current and hence of the transepithelial Na transport rate. The chapter reviews whether these experimental maneuvers affect water and Na reabsorption by the proximal tubule, a leaky epithelium which transports large quantities of iso-osmotic fluid. Results are consistent with the view that low peritubular [Na] decreases the Na-Ca exchange at peritubular cell membranes and consequently increases [Ca 2+ ] cyt . This chapter highlights that maneuvers thought to raise cytosolic calcium ion activity decrease trans epithelial sodium efflux and net fluid reabsorption in isolated perfused proximal convoluted tubules of the rabbit kidney. The results are consistent with the view that changes in [Ca 2+ ] cyt regulate the transport of sodium and water across the proximal tubular epithelium.
Managing Change — Evolving the EIS Vision

The visions and models of the future of the enterprise information system and the other models that effect it are important because such tools are used to commit the resources in our world of very rapidly change. The details of specific models at a MICRO (microtime or microspace) level may not be determinable, while those of the MACRO set (system boundry conditions?) may be very clear. The position argued here is that this is true for the EIS space. It is possible to say what will happen, but it is very diificult to asy when. Reasons for this conclusion are presented beginning with the drivers of change for Information Technology, and the drivers of change for human industry.
Oxygen dependent quenching of phosphorescence: a perspective.

Oxygen quenches phosphorescence by energy transfer from the phosphor when oxygen molecules collide with molecules of the phosphor in the excited triplet state. Thus increasing oxygen pressure causes an increase in the rate of decay of phosphorescence (shorter lifetimes) and a decrease in total phosphorescence intensity. Phosphors have been selected which decay with a single exponential and for which the relationship between phosphorescence lifetime and oxygen pressure is quantitatively described by the Stern-Volmer equation. The use of phosphorescence lifetime as the measure of oxygen pressure makes the method insensitive to the absorbance changes of other chromophores in the system. This method has permitted quantitative, rapid (less than 10 msec) and sensitive (to less than 10−8 Torr) measurements of oxygen pressure in suspensions of cells or subcellular organells.
Cost-Effective Paint Formulation

TiO2 is among the costliest ingredients in many paints and as such its efficient use is critical for the commercial success of a given formulation. Many formulators are unsure of the optimal level of TiO2 in a paint from a cost standpoint. Determining this optimal pigment volume concentration (PVC) is not straightforward, as it depends not only on the cost of TiO2 but also on the cost of other ingredients such as resin and extender, and on the relationship between TiO2 scattering power and paint composition. While it seems sensible that the most cost-effective paint would have the least amount TiO2, it is in fact the case that too little TiO2 can result in a higher cost of coverage, just as too much TiO2 can. In this chapter, we detail methods for determining the most cost-effective TiO2 concentration in various types of paints.
Endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair in patients with Marfan syndrome

ObjectivesMarfan syndrome patients are at risk for aortic degeneration. Repair is traditionally performed with open surgery as this is deemed more durable. Endovascular aneurysm repair remains cont...
Retropharyngeal Internal Carotid Artery Management in TORS Using Microvascular Reconstruction.

Objectives Guidelines for transoral robotic surgery (TORS) have generally regarded patients with retropharyngeal carotid arteries as contraindicated for surgery due to a theoretical risk of intraoperative vascular injury and/or perioperative cerebrovascular accident. We aimed to demonstrate that careful TORS-assisted resection and free flap coverage could not only avoid intraoperative injury and provide a physical barrier for vessel coverage but also achieve adequate margin control. Study design Retrospective cohort analysis. Methods Retrospective review of patients with oropharyngeal malignancies and radiologically confirmed retropharyngeal carotid arteries who underwent TORS, concurrent neck dissection, and free flap reconstruction between 2015 and 2019. Results Twenty patients were included, 19 (95.0%) with tonsillar tumors and one (5.0%) with a tongue base tumor with significant tonsillar extension. Eighteen patients (90.0%) received a radial artery forearm flap, one (5.0%) an ulnar artery forearm flap, and one (5.0%) an anteromedial thigh flap. All 20 (100%) flaps were inset through combined transcervical and transoral approaches without mandibulotomy. There were no perioperative mortalities, carotid injuries, oropharyngeal bleeds, cervical hematomas, or cerebrovascular accidents. One patient (5.0%) had a free flap failure requiring explant. All patients underwent decannulation and resumed a full oral diet. The mean length of hospitalization was 6.8 (standard deviation 1.2) days. One (5.0%) patient had a positive margin. Conclusion In this analysis, 20 patients with oropharyngeal malignancy and retropharyngeal carotid arteries underwent TORS, neck dissection, and microvascular reconstruction without serious complication (perioperative mortality, vascular injury, or neurologic sequalae) with an acceptable negative margin rate. These results may lead to a reconsideration of a commonly held contraindication to TORS. Level of evidence 3 Laryngoscope, 131:E821-E827, 2021.
HuR expression in adipose tissue mediates energy expenditure and acute thermogenesis independent of UCP1 expression

The goal of this study was to define the functional role of adipocyte-specific expression of the RNA binding protein Human antigen R (HuR). Mice with an adipocyte-specific deletion of HuR (Adipo-HuR-/- ) were generated by crossing HuR floxed (HuRfl/fl ) mice with mice expressing adiponectin-driven cre-recombinase (Adipoq-cre). Our results show that Adipo-HuR-/- mice display a lean phenotype compared to wild-type littermate controls. HuR deletion results in a diet-independent reduction in percent body fat composition along with an increase in energy expenditure. Functionally, Adipo-HuR-/- mice show a significant impairment in acute adaptive thermogenesis (six hours at 4°C), but uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) protein expression in brown adipose tissue (BAT) is unchanged compared to control. Pharmacological inhibition of HuR also results in a marked decline in core body temperature following acute cold challenge independent of UCP1 protein expression. Among the 588 HuR-dependent genes in BAT identified by RNA-seq analysis, gene ontology analysis shows a significant enrichment in mediators of calcium transport and signalling, almost all of which are decreased in Adipo-HuR-/- mice compared to control. In conclusion, adipocyte expression of HuR plays a central role in metabolic homoeostasis and mediates UCP1-independent thermogenesis in BAT, potentially through post-transcriptional control of intracellular calcium transport.Abbreviations: Adipo-HuR-/-: Adipocyte-specific HuR deletion mice; BAT: Brown adipose tissue; HuR: Human antigen R; UCP1: Uncoupling protein 1.
Leveraging Loyalty Programs Using Competitor Based Targeting

Loyalty programs are widely used by firms but not well understood. These programs provide discounts and perks to loyal customers and are costly to administer, but produce uncertain changes in spending patterns. We use a large and detailed dataset on customer shopping behavior at one of the largest U.S. retailers before and after joining a loyalty program to evaluate how behavior changes. We combine this with detailed spatial data on customer and store locations, including the locations of competing firms. We find significant changes in behavior associated with joining the LP with a large amount of heterogeneity across customers. We find that location relative to competitors is the factor most strongly associated with increases in spending following joining the LP, suggesting that the LP's quantity discounts work primarily through business stealing and not through other demand expansion. We next estimate a set of predictive models to test what variables best predict how spending will change after joining the LP. We use high-dimensional data on spatial relationships between customers, the focal firm's stores, and competing stores as well as customers' historical spending patterns. These models are used to test whether past sales data reflecting customer's vertical value to the firm or spatial data reflecting customer's horizontal vulnerability are more predictive of post-LP spending increases. We show how LASSO regularization estimated on complex spatial relationships are more predictive than are models using past sales data or other spatial models including gravity models. Finally, we show how firms can use this type of model to leverage customer and competitor location data to substantially increase the performance of their LP through spatially driven segmentation rules.
Optical emission intensity overshoot and electron heating mechanisms during the re-ignition of pulsed capacitively coupled Ar plasmas

Phase resolved optical emission spectroscopy (PROES) measurements were combined with measurements of the optical emission intensity (OEI) and electrical characteristics (RF current and voltage, power, and DC bias voltage) as a function of time during the re-ignition of Ar plasmas pulsed at 100 Hz and 10 kHz. The OEI exhibits a large overshoot at the 100 Hz pulsing rate even though no such overshoot is present in any of the electrical characteristics. The OEI overshoot occurs at a point in time when the RF power, voltage, DC bias voltage, and electron density are all smaller than they become later in the glow. PROES measurements in combination with the time resolved electrical characteristics indicate that the heating mechanism for the electrons changes during the time of the overshoot in the OEI from stochastic heating to a combination of stochastic and ohmic heating. This combination appears to enable a more efficient transfer of the electrical energy into the electrons.
The Effect of Aberrant Rotation on Radiographic Patellar Height Measurement Using Canton-Deschamps Index: A Cadaveric Analysis.

The Caton-Deschamps Index (CDI) is a measurement used to evaluate patella alta based on true lateral radiographs; however, no prior study has investigated how altering the degree of radiograph aberrancy affects CDI measurement. The primary and secondary purpose of this study was to evaluate effects of rotational radiographic changes on patella height measurements and compare these findings to MRI measurements, respectively. Five cadaver knees (n = 5) were utilized in this study. True lateral radiographs were obtained for each specimen by using a fluoroscopic C-arm machine. The C-arm was then altered in two planes (axial and coronal) in both the clockwise and counterclockwise direction and radiographs were taken at 5, 10, and 15 degrees of error from the true lateral position. A CDI measurement of each specimen was performed based on sagittal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) slices and compared with radiographic CDI measurements. Three orthopedic surgeons measured the CDI for each radiograph and MRI performed. Interrater reliability and changes in CDI were analyzed. Clinically significant difference in CDI was set to 0.1. Mean intraclass correlation coefficient was high (≥0.7) at true lateral and at all varying degrees of error. When performing a pairwise comparison of mean CDI from the true lateral position to increasing degrees of error, statistically significant differences were observed in the axial plane. The largest change in CDI measurements was seen with rotational malposition in the axial plane and counterclockwise direction. No statistically significant differences in mean CDI were observed in the coronal plane. The change in CDI from the true lateral position reached an absolute maximum of at least 0.1 in all four scenarios at each tested degree of error. This study found that aberrant radiographic rotation in the axial plane resulted in a significantly different mean CDI measurement when compared with true lateral radiographs. All degrees of error in both directions and in both planes could have a clinically significant effect on CDI (≥0.1). Our findings confirm the importance of a perfect true lateral radiograph when measuring patella height.
Evaluation of a photo-initiated copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition polymer network with improved water stability and high mechanical performance as an ester-free dental restorative.

Abstract Objective The objective is to develop and characterize an ester-free ether-based photo-CuAAC resin with high mechanical performance, low polymerization-induced stress compared with common BisGMA/TEGDMA (70/30) resins, and improved water stability in comparison to previously developed urethane-based photo-CuAAC resins. Methods Triphenyl-ethane-centered ether-linked tri-azide monomers were synthesized and co-photopolymerized with ether-linked tri-alkyne monomers under visible light irradiation using a copper(II) pre-catalyst and CQ/EDAB as the initiator. The ether-based CuAAC formulation was investigated for thermo-mechanical properties, polymerization kinetics and shrinkage stress, and flexural properties with respect to a conventional BisGMA/TEGDMA (70/30) dental resin. In addition, both the ether-based CuAAC resin and the urethane-based CuAAC resin were examined for their water stability using the BisGMA/TEGDMA (70/30) resin as a control. Results The ether-based CuAAC network (AK/AZ-1) exhibited a slightly lower glass-transition temperature compared with the BisGMA/TEGDMA network (108 °C vs 128 °C), but because of its much sharper glass transition, the AK/AZ-1 CuAAC-network maintained storage modulus higher than 1 GPa up to 100 °C. In addition, the ether-based AK/AZ-1 network exhibited reduced shrinkage stress (0.56 MPa vs 1.0 MPa) and much higher flexural toughness (7.6 MJ/m3 vs 1.6 MJ/m3) while showing slightly lower flexural modulus and slightly higher flexural strength compared with the BisGMA/TEGDMA network. Moreover, the ether-based AK/AZ-1 CuAAC network displayed comparable water stability in comparison to the BisGMA/TEGDMA network with slightly higher water sorption (46 μg/mm3 vs 38 μg/mm3) and much lower water solubility (2.3 μg/mm3 vs 4.4 μg/mm3). Significance Employing the ether-based hydrophobic CuAAC formulation significantly improved the water stability of the CuAAC network compared with previously developed urethane-based CuAAC networks. Furthermore, compared with the conventionally used BisGMA/TEGDMA formulation, the reduced shrinkage stress, comparable flexural strength/flexural modulus, and the superior flexural toughness of the ether-based CuAAC network make it a promising ester-free alternative to the currently widely-used methacrylate-based dental restoratives.
Constant pressure Gibbs ensemble Monte Carlo simulations for the prediction of structure I gas hydrate occupancy

In this work, constant pressure Gibbs ensemble Monte Carlo (GEMC) simulations were applied as an alternative to grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulations to calculate gas hydrate occupancy as function of temperature and pressure. Both rigid and flexible hydrate lattice models were investigated. GEMC structure I methane hydrate occupancy results using the flexible lattice model agree with experimentally measured values and van der Waals-Platteeuw (vdW-P) theory with AAD of 3.67% and 2.68% respectively whereas occupancy results using a rigid lattice model agree with the vdW-P model and literature data with an AAD of 1.02% and 2.78% respectively. The models are validated using occupancy results to predict methane hydrate dissociation pressures. The results compare favorably to previous results and experimental data. An AAD of 0.35% and 0.47% in predicted dissociation temperatures was obtained for the rigid and flexible hydrate lattice models, respectively.
Mortuary Variability and Community Reorganization in the Early-To-Late Natufian Transition

This paper examines community reorganization in the Late Natufian period with reference to a general ecological model that links changes in resource scarcity with social reorganization. This model explains why community reorganization should occur in times of subsistence stress, and provides a basis for generating multiple competing hypotheses to explain the nature of that transformation. One hypothesis, that Natufian communities responded to subsistence stress by centralizing land tenure, intensifying subsistence production, and redistributing subsistence goods, is not supported. An alternative hypothesis, that an unequal distribution of land within Natufian communities allowed some segments of the population to endure subsistence stress while forcing others to migrate to more marginal areas, explains more variability in the archaeological record, and withstands preliminary testing with multiple lines of archaeological evidence.
Evaluation and Treatment Urosepsis

Urosepsis is a severe, and sometimes fatal, infection starting in the urinary tract leading to systemic infection and complicated by patient immune and inflammatory responses. The practicing urologist should recognize the multiple risk factors that may increase the risk of urosepsis and follow early goal-directed therapy. In many cases, the urologist is involved to alleviate the source of infection and in a team-based approach, can alter patient outcome. Urosepsis after common urological procedures is often preventable with the use of antimicrobial prophylaxis.
Exploring the Foundations of Dworkin's Empire: The Discover of an Underground Positivist

This review essay examines the jurisprudence of Ronald Dworkin as presented in the anthology: Exploring Law's Empire: The Jurisprudence of Ronald Dworkin, edited by Scott Hershovitz. Notwithstanding the influence Dworkin's jurisprudence has had on the reconsideration of moral reasoning within legal reasoning, the essay concludes that at its foundation Dworkin's jurisprudence is based upon Legal Positivist principles. The essay first summarizes the jurisprudence of Dworkin and then contrasts his jurisprudence with traditional Natural Law Legal Theory and finally exposes the Positivist foundations of Dworkin's Legal Empire.
Abstract 169: Maintenance of breast cancer stem cells in an inert matrix is mediated by mesenchymal stem cells in the tumor stroma

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Introduction: Cancer stem cells (CSCs) hypothesis relates cancer recurrence to a small population of tumor cells with the ability to self-renew to maintain the tumor mass. Recent studies demonstrate that conventional therapies eliminate the differentiated cells that form bulk of the tumor, while leaving CSCs unharmed. There is increasing evidence that the maintenance of CSCs in the tumor tissue is regulated by microenvironment. In particular, human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and associated soluble factors as part of the tumor stroma play a significant role in self-renewal and maintenance of CSCs (1). Our laboratory has developed an inert 3D synthetic matrix with defined properties that maintains and enriches the CSC sub-population of tumor cells within a certain range of stiffness (2). The objective of this work was to investigate the effect of co-encapsulation of MDA-MB-231 (MDA) human breast cancer cells with human hMSCs in the engineered patterned matrix on tumorsphere formation and CSC maintenance. Methods: Thee effect of MSCs on MDA cells was investigated in a patterned matrix with defined stiffness to control tumorsphere size. To separate the patterned cellular matrix from the glass substrate, a layer of the gel without cells was first crosslinked on the glass substrate by UV radiation. Next, a mixture of MDA and hMSCs (5x105 cells/mL each) in the hydrogel precursor solution was patterned by UV radiation on the gel covered glass slide with a UV mask. The stiffness of the matrix was controlled by the concentration of macromer in the hydrogel precursor solution. Tumorsphere size and density, and expression of CSC markers were determined with incubation time in tumor CSC culture medium. Results and Conclusion: The micro-patterned 3D synthetic hydrogel matrix with defined modulus supported tumorsphere formation and expression of CSC markers. Specifically, co-culture of MDA cells with hMSCs increased the expression of CD44 and ABCG2 markers of stemness by three-fold after 6 days of encapsulation in the engineered matrix from 25 to 58 for CD44 and 14 to 42 for ABCG2. Likewise, tumorsphere density more than doubled and average tumorsphere diameter increased from 25 to 47 µm after 6 days of incubation when MDA cells were co-encapsulated with hMSCs. The model inert matrix can be used to understand the effect of individual cell types in the tumor stroma on CSC maintenance and tumorigenesis. Citation Format: Samaneh K. Sarvestani, Danial Barati, Esmaiel Jabbari. Maintenance of breast cancer stem cells in an inert matrix is mediated by mesenchymal stem cells in the tumor stroma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 169. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-169
Discussion by Leon Jay Gleser

My first impression of Dr. Taff’s paper was that he had decided to take an extreme anti-statistical position so as to enliven this conference with a little controversy. His paper, however, repeats opinions he has published previously. Thus, his assertions require a serious response.
Narratives of Illness, Difference, and Personhood

Narratives help us weave the tale of who we are and of how we fit (or don’t) into the world around us. Thus, a search for meaning—an enduring “root metaphor” for one’s identity and existence, and a way of coping with challenges to that metaphor—is central to the narrative perspective. The question for a clinician is not simply: “Is this client mentally ill” or “With which mental illness should the client be diagnosed.” Rather, it is: “What is this person’s understanding of the nature of his or her experience, and the meaning of that experience for identity and sense of self? What does it mean, for this person, to be mentally ill? To think of oneself, or be thought of by others, as mentally ill?” Using narrative theory, the chapter examines how ideas and attitudes about mental disorder are shaped by cultural values and stereotypes, and how the experience of trauma can shatter the narrative of self and world. Placing the question of illness, differentness, and personhood within a social justice perspective, it challenges clinicians to consider how the vocabulary of illness is used to frame experience and, in many cases, to minimize, marginalize, or discount the individual’s own lived experience.
Chronic kidney disease care delivered by US family medicine and internal medicine trainees: results from an online survey

Background Complications of chronic kidney disease (CKD) contribute to morbidity and mortality. Consequently, treatment guidelines have been developed to facilitate early detection and treatment. However, given the high prevalence of CKD, many patients with early CKD are seen by non-nephrologists, who need to be aware of CKD complications, screening methods and treatment goals in order to initiate timely therapy and referral.
Diagnosis of Human Cytomegalovirus Infection: Laboratory Approaches

The association of cytomegalovirus (CMV) with a plethora of diseases and the recent development of potent anti-CMV compounds warrants the need for accurate verification of prior exposure to CMV as well as the identification of infectious virus in clinical specimens. This chapter initially reviews many of the traditional procedures used to detect CMV infections, including direct virus isolation and indirect immunological assays, for evidence of CMV infection. In so doing, procedures are outlined and the advantages and disadvantages of each method are discussed. Later, more detailed presentations of newer and, often, more sensitive procedures for CMV identification are given. Several of these approaches are designed to identify the presence of viral nucleic acid sequences in specimens by hybridization of probes to purified nucleic acids (Southern blotting) or directly to nucleic acids embedded in tissue sections (in situ hybridization). Also included here are significant discussion and instruction in the use of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and its application in identifying HCMV nucleic acid sequences in fresh and fixed specimens. Analysis of many of the advantages and disadvantages of using various reagents and samples is included. Finally, a brief description of virally associated cytomegalic cells in exfoliated and histological specimens is included in the hope that clinicians and laboratory scientists will be aware of a potential role for CMV in their diagnosis and prognosis of individual patients.
Power electronics technologies for the new millennium

Reviews the requirements of power electronics applications in electric utilities, transportation, aerospace, heavy industry and commercial electrical appliances for the new millennium. In particular, material and device technologies on silicon and wide band-gap semiconductors are discussed, along with switching circuits and topologies. Component- and system-level simulation, modeling and CAD requirements are evaluated. System-level optimization is essential in order to develop robust power systems at affordable cost.
Regulation of central muscarinic receptors after cholinesterase inhibition: effect of clonidine.

Abstract In rats, the injection of soman (70 μg/kg, SC) resulted in a 90% inhibition of the cholinesterase (ChE) activities in three brain regions. The density ( B max ) for muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) following a single injection of soman was significantly reduced at 2 h after injection in the cortex and hindbrain. B max values, however, returned to baseline within 24 h. Subacute (repeated injection every 15 min) treatment with a sublethal dose of soman over 2 h also decreased the density of mAChRs. In both cases the density of mAChRs was reduced by about 15% for the cortex and 17% for the hindbrain (the midbrain was also reduced by 18% for subacute injections). Chronic administration (once daily for 7 days) of soman (20 μg/kg, SC) produced maximal inhibition of ChE activity but did not significantly downregulate mAChRs. Clonidine pretreatment reversed the soman-induced mAChR downregulation in cortex and hindbrain produced by acute soman administration. Thus, marked reduction in the levels of brain ChE is not the only factor involved in the production of mAChR downregulation to cholinesterase inhibitors.
Short-pulse population inversion and transmittance.

The maximal population transfer in a two-level system induced by an ultrashort, linearly polarized laser pulse and the optimal pulse shape for maximal population transfer depend critically on the pulse duration and phase. In the case of temporally symmetric pulses, half-cycle pulses are optimal and are capable of inverting the population completely. For antisymmetric pulses, bimodal pulses are optimal but cannot invert the population completely. Deviations from the Rabi formula for the pulse parameters do not occur until the pulses become shorter than a few optical cycles.
Multigrid solution of inviscid transonic flow through rotating blade passages

A fast Euler solver for three dimensional inviscid transonic flow in rotating domains is described. The time dependent Euler equations are discretized spatially with finite volumes, and are advanced temporally with a multiple stage time stepping scheme. A dramatic increase in the rate of convergence for steady solutions is achieved with a multigrid algorithm that employs the multistage scheme as its smoothing procedure. The effectiveness of the multistage scheme as a multigrid driver is enhanced by the utilization of analytically determined combinations of the governing parameters.
Transition‐metal compatibilization of poly(4‐bromostyrene) and polybutadiene via palladium(0) catalyzed reactions

Immiscible blends of 1,2-polybutadiene and poly(4-bromostyrene) can be compatibilized by rather low concentrations of Pd (0) [P(C 6 H 5 ) 3 ] 4 at ambient temperature and 60 °C under argon. Two distinct glass-transition temperatures merge into a single glass-transition temperature at high enough concentrations of Pd (0) (i.e., 2 or 3 mol %). Compatibilization does not occur if Pd (0) is absent, triphenylphosphine is added without Pd (0) or polystyrene is not functionalized. The methodology described herein is also useful for inducing melting-point depression of 2,7-dibromofluorene in ternary complexes with 1,2-polybutadiene and Pd (0) A 72/28 complex of poly(4-bromostyrene) and 1,2-polybutadiene with 5.5 mol % Pd (0) exhibits a reinforced rubbery response with a modulus of 1.2 × 10 7 N/m 2 , a fracture strain of 235%, and a single glass-transition temperature. Mechanical properties of these compatibilized ternary systems compare well with those of styrene-butadiene block copolymers, particularly above 100% strain. A five-step mechanism that includes oxidative addition, olefin coordination, migratory insertion, β-hydride elimination, and reductive elimination in the coordination sphere of the transition metal is proposed to illustrate how either poly(4-bromostyrene) or 2,7-dibromofluorene is linked covalently to alkene side groups in the diene polymer via the Heck reaction.
Quality of Dying and Death in Two Medical ICUs : Perceptions of Family and Clinicians

Objective We compared perceptions of the quality of dying and death in the ICU across nurses, resident physicians, attending physicians, and family members. The aim was to obtain a surrogate assessment of the quality of the dying process and examine differences in the perceptions of different types of raters. Design Cross-sectional survey of family members and ICU clinicians conducted following the death of enrolled patients. Setting Two medical ICUs at academic tertiary care medical centers. Patients Patients dying in the ICU (n = 68). Measurements and results The previously validated Quality of Dying and Death (QODD) instrument was modified for use in the ICU. Within 48 h of the time of death, the nurse, resident, and attending physician caring for the patient were asked to complete the QODD. One month following the death, a designated family member was contacted and the QODD was administered on the telephone. Family members and attending physicians gave the most favorable ratings of death, while nurses and residents provided less favorable ratings. Significant differences between these groups were notable (p Conclusions The perception of dying and death in the ICU varies considerably between nurses, attending physicians, resident physicians, and family members. Further studies are needed to explain these differences and determine the utility of the ICU QODD instrument for assessing and improving the quality of end-of-life care in the ICU.
Energy Consumption and Emission Rates of Highway Mowing Activities

Mowing the highway right-of-way (ROW) is important for the safety of roadway users and for maintaining highway infrastructure. This paper reports fuel usage and exhaust emission rates from on-board measurements of 12 diesel tractors operated in real-world mowing conditions by the New York State Department of Transportation. The operating conditions and the mower type were the dominant variables determining area-based fuel consumption requirements. Fuel consumption rates were consistent across the different conventional tractor mowing equipment (sickle bar, flail, and rotary mowers), with an average fuel-consumption ± standard deviation of 5.1 ± 2.3 kg-fuel/ha roadside area mowed. Mowing over the guiderails, using a large tractor and a small cutting head, demanded an average fuel-consumption ± standard deviation of 44 ± 15 kg-fuel/ha, which is almost ten times as much fuel per unit area than other conventional mowing activities. Fuel-based emission factors (g-emission/kg-fuel) better reflect the difference across tractor technologies in terms of emission rates of criteria pollutants [e.g., carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), nitrogen oxide (NO), and particulate matter (PM)]. Fuel-based emission factors measured from the in-use tractors compared quite well with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) NONROAD emission factors and confirmed the effectiveness of the U.S. EPA nonroad standards to lower emissions from agricultural tractors. The analysis presents methods for estimating fuel usage and emissions from mowing activities and makes observations about mitigating the environmental impact of mowing activities. Study results can assist in better procurement of appropriate size tractors to yield both fuel savings and emissions benefits.
Unifying Kinetic and Thermodynamic Analysis of 2 e– and 4 e– Reduction of Oxygen on Metal Surfaces

Oxygen electrochemistry has played a key role in developing the foundational understanding of surface electrocatalysis. In this work, we develop a detailed microkinetic model for the oxygen reduction reaction based on density functional theory calculations and molucular dynamics simulations. The developed microkinetic model has a reaction order of 1 in O2 and a 59 mV/dec Tafel slope in the potential range where the Pt(111) surface is dominated by OH adsorption. Using calculated scaling and Bronsted–Evans–Polanyi relations, we extend this analysis to calculate the activity on materials with a varying OH binding energy. We demonstrate the existence of a kinetic activity volcano which is in close agreement with the thermodynamic activity volcano derived earlier. Both of these analyses identify an activity optimum around 0.1 eV weaker binding of OH relative to Pt(111). The predictions of the kinetic activity volcano are in close agreement with several RDE experiments on metals and Pt alloys. On the basis of r...
Estimation and inference concerning ordered means in analysis of covariance models with interactions.

When interactions are identified in analysis of covariance models, it becomes important to identify values of the covariates for which there are significant differences or, more generally, significant contrasts among the group mean responses. Inferential procedures that incorporate a priori order restrictions among the group mean responses would be expected to be superior to those that ignore this information. In this article, we focus on analysis of covariance models with prespecified order restrictions on the mean response across the levels of a grouping variable when the grouping variable may interact with model covariates. In order for the restrictions to hold in the presence of interactions, it is necessary to impose the requirement that the restrictions hold over all levels of interacting categorical covariates and across prespecified ranges of interacting continuous covariates. The parameter estimation procedure involves solving a quadratic programming minimization problem with a carefully specifie...
A theory of electron transfer at superconducting electrodes

Abstract A theory of the elementary act of electrochemical electron-transfer reactions at superconducting electrodes is suggested. It is shown that the transition from normal to superconducting state suppresses the one-electron current. The possibility of the appearance of a two-electron current due to the tunnelling of superfluid electron pairs is considered. The effect of a magnetic field on this current is discussed. Short-time measurements using fast pulse heating of the electrolyte by a laser beam are proposed.
Teaching with a Peer: A Follow-Up Study of the 1st Year of Teaching

Abstract The study examined the influence of learning to teach in pairs on eight 1st-year teachers. Each participated In an experimental program during student teaching, a peer-teaching model, where two student teachers worked with one mentor. Some worried that the peer-teaching model would not prepare them adequately for the realities of classroom teaching. The findings of this follow-up study revealed that, with one exception, student teaching in teams prepared these novices well for the roles, responsibilities, and relationships of teaching as beginning teachers. Abundant feedback increased instructional effectiveness, peer collaboration, sensitivity to children, and openness to ideas.
Photometry of 433 Eros from 0.65 to 2.2 μm

Abstract Lightcurves of 433 Eros are reported for 11 bandpasses ranging from 0.65 to 2.2 μm in wavelength. The relative spectral reflectance, R ( λ ), was not seen to vary during our observations. Eros has R (1.6 μ m) = 1.5 ± 0.1 and R (2.2 μ m) = 1.7 ± 0.1, where R ( λ ) is the spectral reflectance scaled to unity at λ = 0.56 μ m. This spectral reflectance is suggestive of a mixture of silicates and material with high infrared reflectance, perhaps a metallic phase such as meteoritic “iron”.
Correspondence between environmental gradients and summer littoral fish assemblages in low salinity reaches of the Chesapeake Bay, USA

Patterns in the assemblage structure of littoral fishes occupying the gradient between riverine and estuarine ecosystems were revealed through multivariate analysis of 5 annual summer seine surveys in 4 tributary systems of the lower Chesapeake Bay. Catch per unit effort of fishes was quantified and environmental variables measured to characterize assemblage structure and population responses along large-scale (km) environmental gradients. Results of two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN), detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) and detrended canonical correspondence analysis (DCCA) suggested the presence of 4 intergrading assemblages of littoral beach fishes: permanent tidal freshwater, lower tidal freshwater, oligohaline estuary and mesohaline estuary. Littoral fish assemblages were ordered along a large-scale spatial gradient between tidal freshwater and mesohaline river reaches during summer, when relatively stable hydrological conditions create a well-defined salinity gradient. Large-scale distribution of these fishes along the river axis corresponded with salinity (and its correlates) up to the interface, and with structural attributes of the habitat (nearshore sediment grain size, presence of submerged aquatic vegetation, woody debris) in the permanent tidal freshwater river reaches. The permanent tidal freshwater reaches were more riverine in character, and were typified by speciose and relatively stable assemblages dominated by resident secondary division freshwater fishes and the juveniles of several diadromous species. Although the resident fauna is certainly derivative of more upland, non-tidal streams, patterns of association suggest distinct ecological relationships may exist for species co-occurring in tidal freshwater habitats.
Studies on distribution and binding of endogenous glutathione in wheat dough and gluten. I. Distribution of glutathione in Osborne fractions

Glutathion (GS) present in wheat flour or added to wheat flour has a large effect on the rheological properties of dough and gluten. To study the distribution of endogenous glutathione (GS) in Osborne fractions of dough and gluten, 35S-labelled reduced glutathione (GSH) was added as a tracer (about 0.1% of endogenous GSH) to the flours of three wheat cultivars (Canadian Western Red Spring, Dark Northern Spring, Maris Huntsman). After mixing of flours with water, the doughs obtained were fractionated into water-solubles, globulins, gliadins and glutenins. The radioactivity of the freeze-dried fractions was determined with a scintillation counter. The distribution of radioactivity was similar for the different cultivars and about 65% in the water-soluble fraction (mainly non-protein bound GS), 6–7 % in each of the globulin and gliadin fractions and 21% in the glutenin fraction. RP-HPLC of water-solubles, globulins and gliadins using simultaneous UV and radioactivity detection demonstrated that protein-bound labelled GS was distributed over the whole area of eluted protein. A dough resting time of 35 min did not influence distribution and 35S-labelled oxidized glutathione (GSSG) was distributed in the same proportions as GSH. In gluten washed from dough, radioactivity was increased in the gliadin (11%) and glutenin fractions (35%) and decreased in the water-soluble fraction. The addition of GSH to flour (100 nmol/g) led to an increase of radioactivity in the water-soluble fraction of dough and to a decrease in the other dough fractions; the effect of GSSG (50 nmol/g) was less pronounced. The influence of ascorbic acid (170 nmol/g) was dependent on the content of endogenous GSH in flour; at high levels of endogenous GSH, a strong shift of radioactivity from the water-soluble fraction to the glutenin fraction was observed. Amongst oxidants studied, CuSO4 (315 nmol/g) had only small effects. KBrO3 (300 nmol/g) increased radioactivity of the water-soluble fraction and decreased that of the glutenin fraction, whereas the effect of KIO3 (117 nmol/g) was dependent on the wheat cultivar.
Quantification of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in soils using an inhibitor-resistant NanoGene assay

Abstract Humic acids are ubiquitous and abundant in terrestrial environments; therefore, they are often co-extracted with nucleic acids and interfere with quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays. In this study a recently developed NanoGene assay that is resistant to interference by humic acids was evaluated for gene detection in soil samples. The NanoGene assay utilizes a combination of magnetic beads, dual quantum dots labels, and DNA hybridization in solution. Seven soil samples containing different amounts of organic matter were tested to compare NanoGene and qPCR assays for their respective ability to detect a bacterial pathogen. We spiked the soils with Escherichia coli O157:H7, extracted genomic DNA, and conducted NanoGene and qPCR assays targeting the E. coli O157:H7-specific eaeA gene. To prevent the inhibition of PCR that is common when using DNA extracted from soils, we used a range of template DNA concentrations and BSA addition in the qPCR assay. Compared to the qPCR assay the NanoGene assay was significantly more resistant to the inhibitory effect of humic acids, successfully quantifying the eaeA gene within a linear ( R 2 = 0.99) range of 10 5 through 10 8 CFU/g soil for all seven soil samples tested. In contrast, the qPCR assay was significantly inhibited using the same template DNA isolated from soils containing a range of organic content (2.0%–12%). Interestingly, the qPCR assay was still inhibited despite additional purification steps, suggesting that humic acids were still associated with DNA at a level that was inhibitory to qPCR. This study demonstrated that the NanoGene assay is suitable for quantitative gene detection in diverse soil types and is not susceptible to inhibition by humic acids and other organic compounds that commonly lead to false negative results in qPCR assays.
LOX: inferring Level Of eXpression from diverse methods of census sequencing

Summary: We present LOX (Level Of eXpression) that estimates the Level Of gene eXpression from high-throughput-expressed sequence datasets with multiple treatments or samples. Unlike most analyses, LOX incorporates a gene bias model that facilitates integration of diverse transcriptomic sequencing data that arises when transcriptomic data have been produced using diverse experimental methodologies. LOX integrates overall sequence count tallies normalized by total expressed sequence count to provide expression levels for each gene relative to all treatments as well as Bayesian credible intervals. Availability: http://www.yale.edu/townsend/software.html Contact: ude.elay@dnesnwot.yerffej
Economic determinants of fertility: results from cross-sectional aggregate data.

Census data for areal units, SMSA’s in 1960 and cities in 1940, are used to test hypotheses and estimate parameters concerning the influence of a variety of socioeconomic variables on fertility rates of ever married white and nonwhite women aged 25–29, 30–34, 35–44, and 45–49. An economic model of the demand for children is adopted as the theoretical framework. The principal findings are that the market earnings opportunities for wives have an important negative effect on the fertility rate and that male income, representing the income of husbands, has a small but positive effect on fertility. The implication of these results is that changes in economic variables, for example, improvements in the employment opportunities and wages for wives or the establishment of a children’s allowance program, may be expected to affect fertility.
Looking Behind the Curtain: What Do L2 Composition Ratings Really Mean?

Barritt, L., Stock, P. L., & Clark, F. (1986) Researching practice: Evaluating assessment essays. College Composition and Communication, 37, 315-327. Black, L., Daiker, D. A., Sommers,J., & Stygall, G. (1994). New directions in portfolio assessment. Portsmouth, NH: Boynton/Cook Heinemann. Cumming, A., & Riazi, A. (1994, October). Learning variables and achievement in ESL written composition. Paper presented at the Second Language Research Forum, McGill and Concordia Universities, Montreal, Canada. Hamp-Lyons, L. (1991). Scoring procedures for ESL contexts. In L. Hamp-Lyons (Ed.), Assessing second language writing in academic contexts (pp. 241-276). Norwood, NJ: Ablex. Jacobs, H.L., Zinkgraf, S.A., Wormuth, D.R., Hartfiel, V.F., & Hughey,J.B. (1981). Testing ESL composition: A practical approach. Rowley, MA: Newbury House. Lloyd-Jones, R. (1977). Primary trait scoring. In C. R. Cooper & L. Odell, (Eds.), Evaluating writing: Describing, measuring, judging (pp. 33-68). Urbana, IL: National Council of Teachers of English. MELAB Technical Manual. (1994). Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan,Testing and Certification Division, English Language Institute.
Corporate ethics initiatives as change management: lessons from complexity/chaos theory

This article uses concepts from quantum mechanics and chaos/complexity theory to examine the dynamics of organisational attempts to infuse ethical conduct 'all the way through' organisations. The goal of this article is to consider these efforts from a non-linear systemic perspective rather than the more simplistic linear approaches traditionally used by organisations.