cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In vivo properties of neurons of the precruciate cortex of cats.

Abstract The electrical properties of 409 cells of the precruciate cortex of cats were measured intracellularly, in vivo. Resting potentials (RP) averaged −54 ± 11 mV (SD), and action potentials (AP) of up to 80 mV were found. The magnitude of RP was correlated with the size of AP recorded. Input resistance averaged 8.4 ± 8.0 megohms (n = 180 cells) and was uncorrelated with AP or RP. There were no significant differences in the above electrical properties between HRP-identified layer V pyramidal cells (n = 56) and unidentified cells (n = 353). However, within layer V pyramidal cells, the size of the soma was relatable to input resistance. Comparisons of present in vivo data with in vitro data obtained by other investigators from cells of the same region, type and species indicate that resting potentials are more positive in vivo than in vitro, but that critical firing thresholds are the same. Injections of ramp depolarizing currents in 118 unidentified cells disclosed 82% simple (no or minimal accommodation) responses, 18% ceiling (small accomodation) responses, and no minimal gradient (large accommodation or injury) responses. This finding was similar to that found in layer V pyramidal cells in vitro.
Designing a robustly metallic noncenstrosymmetric ruthenate oxide with large thermopower anisotropy

Metals with noncentrosymmetric crystal structures are rare, but this class of compounds may have desirable properties for applications. Here, the authors develop a design framework for noncentrosymmetric compounds and predict a new polar ruthenate with robust metallicity and thermopower anisotropy.
Explanted multifocal intraocular lenses

We report 2 cases in which single-piece multifocal acrylic intraocular lenses (IOLs) were explanted because of complications related to the presence of glistenings in the bulk of the IOL optic. In both cases, the patients complained about blurry or hazy vision. In vivo slitlamp examinations prior to IOL explantation confirmed the presence of severe glistenings in the IOL optic in 1 case and moderate glistenings in the second case. In the first case, the symptoms resolved and both corrected and uncorrected distance visual acuities improved by 4 lines following IOL exchange with a monofocal IOL. In the second case, the visual symptoms persisted with a hard contact lens. Symptoms resolved following an exchange with a monofocal IOL that was free of glistenings. These findings indicate that straylight caused by IOLs with glistenings may be clinically significant in cases in which multifocal IOLs are implanted and patients require optimized retinal sensitivity. Financial Disclosure Mr. van der Mooren, Ms. Langeslag, and Dr. Piers are employees of Abbott Medical Optics, Inc. Drs. Steinert and Tyson are consultants to Abbott Medical Optics Inc.
Diblock Copolymers Based on Dihydroxyacetone and Ethylene Glycol: Synthesis, Characterization, and Nanoparticle Formulation

Polymeric biomaterials have played an integral role in tissue engineering, biomedical devices, and targeted drug delivery. Block copolymers are especially important because their physical and chemical properties can be controlled by adjusting the ratio, size, and type of constituting blocks. Herein, the synthesis and characterization of diblock copolymers composed of poly(ethylene glycol) and a polycarbonate based on the metabolic intermediate, dihydroxyacetone, are reported. The length of the dihydroxyacetone-based block was controlled by adjusting the reactant feed ratios and initiator injection conditions. Intermediates and final products were characterized via 1H NMR, GPC, DSC, TGA, and diffusion-ordered NMR spectroscopy. The dihydroxyacetone-based hompolymer is insoluble in water and most organic solvents, but is hydrophilic in nature. This, coupled with poly(ethylene glycol)'s solubility characteristics, allows the block copolymer to form nanoparticles in aqueous and organic anti-solvents. Dynamic l...
On the CSL grain boundary distributions in polycrystals

CSL (Coincidence Site Lattice) grain boundaries are considered to be special for polycrystals. Compared to non-special, random grain boundaries, they are believed to be low-energy, and they are observed to be resistant to intergranular fracture, creep cavitation, etc. Thus the frequencies of CSL distribution are important in Grain Boundary Characteristics Design (GBCD). In a previous paper, the influence of crystallographic texture on the frequencies of CSL grain boundary distributions in polycrystals was discussed. The authors draw the conclusion that the frequency of CSL-boundaries depends upon texture, but that this frequency is weak for textures which are not sharp. However, the potential for spatial correlations between neighboring grain orientations was not considered in this earlier work, and some recent experimental measurements in real polycrystals are in contradiction with this conclusion. Recent experimental advances make it possible to determine the crystallographic characteristics of a large number of grain boundaries in a short time. This paper illustrates two examples for fcc cubic materials: Inconel 600 alloy with a weak rolling texture, and a highly fiber-textured aluminum thin film. It is demonstrated that the occurrence of CSL boundaries is very strong in the weakly textured Inconel 600 alloy, in disagreement with theoretical estimates. Formore » the aluminum thin film, it is shown that experimental measurements and theoretical predictions are in reasonable agreement. In the next section the numerical results of theoretical and computer simulated CSL grain boundary distributions are described. Section 3 details the OIM experimental measurements. Section 4 provides a more complete discussion of the comparison between theoretical predictions and experimental measurements.« less
Leadership Development—An Essential Piece of Leading Change at Community Colleges

The Mississippi Gulf Coast community College (MGCCC) Leadership Development Program focuses on developing well-prepared community college leaders. This program is designed to give participants key pieces of leadership and show how they are an essential piece of the college. The curriculum is based on American Association of Community Colleges (AACC) competencies—organizational strategy, resource management, communication, collaboration, advocacy, and professionalism.
The instability of rhabdophane and its unimportance in monazite paragenesis

Abstract The high retentivity of monazite for Pb, its high U and Th concentrations, and its emergence in staurolite-zone metapelites suggests its use as a prograde thermochronometer. However, the monazite-producing reactions in pelites are as yet incompletely understood. We have investigated by experiment the suggestion that rhabdophane (LREEPO 4 · n H 2 O) should be considered as an important reactant in monazite-producing reactions in pelitic compositions. Results of our combined hydrothermal and 1-bar heating experiments preclude rhabdophane from being the immediate precursor to neoformed monazite in lower amphibolite-facies metamorphic sequences and restrict rhabdophane occurrence to the uppermost portion of the crust. Dehydration of rhabdophane to form monazite appears to occur in a manner that may be analogous to the dehydration equilibria of zeolite minerals. Dry, 1-bar heating experiments indicate that La-rhabdophane persists (metastably?) to temperatures approaching 500°C. XRD and visible-near-infrared spectroscopy examination of La-rhabdophane heated isothermally in air at temperatures ranging from 200°C to 700°C indicate that structural water is largely retained up to 500°C over heating intervals of up to 24 hr. Structural modifications involving H 2 O appear to take place between 300° and 500°C. Partial decomposition of La-rhabdophane to La-monazite is observed at 600°C while rapid and complete reaction to La-monazite occurs at 700°C. Experiments conducted under elevated water pressure (0.5–2 kbar) at temperatures between 200° and 600°C have not encountered conditions under which rhabdophane is stable relative to La-monazite + H 2 O. The low rhabdophane dehydration temperatures relative to the temperatures inferred for monazite formation in metapelites indicate that rhabdophane does not convert directly to monazite during pelite metamorphism. Rather, the “monazite LREE component” produced by rhabdophane breakdown must be incorporated in intermediate phases such as allanite and, perhaps more likely, LREE-oxides prior to monazite formation.
430 FAT DIGESTION IN THE STOMACH OF PREMATURE INFANTS: ORIGIN OF THE LIPOLYTIC ACTIVITY

Digestion of dietary fat in the adult is intitiated in the stomach by a lipase similar to that present in lingual serous glands (Hamosh et al. J. Clin. Invest. 55: 908, 1975; Lab. Invest. 37, 1977). Recently, we have reported similar activity in gastric aspirates of premature infants (Hamosh et al. Physiologist 20: 40, 1977). In order to determine the origin of the lipase, we have tested esophageal and gastric aspirates obtained from four infants with congenital esophageal atresia. Lipolytic activity (tested with doubly labeled 3H-glyceryl-14C-tripalmitin) was present in both esophageal (14.24 ± 10.6 n mol/ml/hr) and gastric (6.97 ± 2.31 n mol/ml/hr) aspirates; the reaction products were partial glycerides, glycerol and free fatty acids; pH optimum was 5.4. The data support previous observations that lipolytic activity in the stomach is due to enzymes secreted from the oro-pharynx (tongue). However, lipolytic activity in the stomach of these children strongly suggests the presence of a gastric lipase. (Supported by Grant NIH HD10823).
Research Report: Correlates of learning styles and counsellor trainees' age and gender

Counselling relationships are important indices of therapeutic efficacy. In the Fall 2001, 71 counsellor trainees in a Counsellor Education programme at a Mid-western university participated in the current investigation. The purpose of the study was to examine relationships of learning styles in terms of counsellor trainees' age and gender (using a recently developed Preferred Learning Style Inventory, namely KPLSI). Results of the present study suggest that counsellor trainees' learning styles are varied, except that there are statistically strong groupings in analytic, global and particularistic learning styles domains among this particular body of students. Additionally, the age of trainees tend to relate to superficial and sensational learning styles, whereas gender is, participatory.
Evolving Model for Studying Driver-Vehicle System Performance in Longitudinal Control of Headway

A model for studying and evaluating the performance of drivers in controlling headway situations is currently being used to better understand how a driver's perception of headway range and its rate of change in time (range rate) influence the performance of the driver-vehicle system in freeway driving situations. The model is based upon ideas derived from vehicle dynamics, control theory, and human factors research. It is an interpretive model in the sense that results obtained during real driving are processed to evaluate the parameter values and functional relationships used in the model. In this way, the model evolves as new data and information become available and as calculated results are interpreted and understood.
Activated astrocytes and TAT transduction after in vitro traumatic mechanical injury

Activated astrocytes have been implicated in the deleterious cascade of events immediately following traumatic brain injury (TBI). In this study, primary astrocytes were activated by a well-characterized stretch injury model of TBI. Nitrite production, an outcome measure for activation in astrocytes, increased significantly after injury. Using the cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) TAT, delivery of a mock-therapeutic, green fluorescent protein (GFP), was enhanced after mechanical injury of primary astrocytes. GAG production also increased in injured astrocytes, suggesting a mechanism for enhanced delivery, confirming findings published in an earlier study. These results highlight the ability of TAT to target activated astrocytes via increased GAG content, which could lead to potential TAT-based targeted therapeutics for TBI.
Science, philosophy, and politics in the work of J. B. S. Haldane, 1922-1937

This paper analyzes the interaction between science, philosophy and politics (including ideology) in the early work of J. B. S. Haldane (from 1922 to 1937). This period is particularly important, not only because it is the period of Haldane's most significant biological work (both in biochemistry and genetics), but also because it is during this period that his philosophical and political views underwent their most significant transformation. His philosophical stance first changed from a radical organicism to a position far more compatible with mechanical materialism. The primary intellectual influence that was responsible for this shift was that of F. G. Hopkins. Later, Haldane came to accept Marxism and its official metaphysics, dialectical materialism, a move that let him accept the materialist conception of the world while still maintaining a resolute distance from mechanism. Throughout all these changes, what is most obvious is the influence of science on Haldane's philosophical views. An influence in the opposite direction is far less apparent.
Weak Information Work and “Doable” Problems in Interdisciplinary Science

Drawing on results from two studies of information use in interdisciplinary science, this paper develops the concept of weak information work (WIW). WIW is examined in relation to a model of how different levels of research work are coordinated and a second framework that delineates dimensions of research problems. Scenarios from neuroinformatics case studies are presented to show how WIW is impacting interdisciplinary projects in brain research. Based on the integration of our results with existing frameworks for understanding scientific research problems and processes, we assert that contemporary interdisciplinary research could benefit from information systems and services devoted to supporting some lines of WIW and by transforming others into strong information work.
Increasing security and usability of computer systems with graphical passwords

To gain access to computer systems, users are required to be authenticated. This is usually accomplished by having the user enter an alphanumeric username and password. Users are usually required to remember multiple passwords for different systems and this poses such problems as usability, memorabilty and secuurity. Passwords are usually difficult to remember and users have developed their own methods some of which are not secure of selecting passwords which are easy to remember.In this research we developed a secure and usable password system which addresses the memorability problem. In our system users are required to remember three cartoon images which we demonstrate is easier to recall than a typical secure text password. This system is shown to be secure based on the probability of guessing a password and on the likelihood of an observer "shoulder surfing" the password and on the difficulty of launching a brute force attack against a graphical image system.Our work demonstrates that security and usability can be achieved simultaneously. It lays the foundation for developing a class of similar password systems, differing only in the degree of security required. Our password system with its low memory requirements can be used in a wide array of applications.
Tensile strength and visible ultrasonic cavitation of superfluid4He

Motion picture photographs of cavitation in He II revealed new characteristics pertinent to the liquid's tensile strength and bubble dynamics. A cylindrical acoustic standing wave with a frequency of 50.58 kHz induced the cavitation in He II at a temperature of 2.09 K. Analysis of light diffracted by the sound gave measurements of the acoustic pressure amplitude which were used both for selecting the best drive frequency and for obtaining the tensile strength. Bubbles appeared to originate on pressure antinodes, expanded to a diameter of 0.5–1.0 mm in about 0.3 msec, and eventually fragmented into smaller bubbles. They originated where the negative pressure extremum was as small as −0.6 bar (+0, −50%), a tensile strength much smaller than the predictions of theories developed for the homogeneous nucleation of bubbles in classical liquids. The bubble fragments were frequently nonspherical and had widths of 0.1–0.2 mm. Small bubbles also displayed an unexpected preference to originate on the surface of a stainless steel tube inserted in the sound field. Subsequent to nucleation, bubbles were frequently attracted to acoustic pressure nodes in agreement with a theory of vibrations and forces originally developed for bubbles in normal liquids. Attempts to detect first and second sound radiated by cavitation are described.
A Product Realization Approach to Creativity in Engineering Education

Product realization, which is the goal of any product development process from concept to production, usually means bringing a product to physical reality. Problem solving and design are two of the engineering activities for achieving the product development process goal. For this reason engineering education efforts are usually focused on problem solving as a building block for any educational course or program activities. In addition, some courses and curriculum threads are usually dedicated to design education and practices. The common restriction of realization to mean physical reality, however, limits the full understanding and potential of better problem solving and design education in engineering. In this paper, the realization process is expanded to include the virtual and perceptual realities as valid domains of the product realization process. These domains of realization and their interactions with the physical reality are studied. Also, the relationships between research, problem solving, and design are examined in the context of engineering product realization. Focus, in this study, is directed to the understanding of research, engineering problem solving, and design activities as a result of the expanded realization concept. This understanding aims at improving engineering education by focusing on the key issue of creativity in program and course design, delivery, and assessment. To illustrate the concepts, presented in the paper, several examples are included.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Selection and evaluation of single domain antibodies toward MS2 phage and coat protein.

MS2 phage (MS2 O) is a coli phage, non-pathogenic to eukaryotic cells, which has been used as a simulant for viral biothreats, such as those causing smallpox and hemorrhagic fever. MS2 O consists of an icosahedral capsid, 28nm in diameter, and a single stranded RNA genome; the viral capsid is composed of 180 copies of coat protein (CP). In this study, we isolated anti-MS2 O single domain antibodies (sdAbs) for the sensitive detection of the MS2 O. To achieve this, a first immune sdAb library was prepared from llamas immunized with purified coat protein and a second from animals immunized with MS2 O. By panning the two libraries against CP, MS2 O, or alternating between the two targets, anti-MS2 O and anti-CP sdAbs were selected, sequenced, and characterized for their binding affinity. Both direct binding assays and capture sandwich assays were performed on the MAGPIX platform. One of the best anti-MS2 O sdAb, Lib2CP12H, could detect MS2 O concentrations as low as 1.45ng/mL (∼5.0E+6pfu/mL), providing equivalent detection to conventional antibodies. This sdAb is thermally stable with a melting temperature around 60°C and recovered 80% of its secondary structure after heat denaturation.
Auditory mood detection for social and educational robots

Social robots face the fundamental challenge of detecting and adapting their behavior to the current social mood. For example, robots that assist teachers in early education must choose different behaviors depending on whether the children are crying, laughing, sleeping, or singing songs. Interactive robotic applications require perceptual algorithms that both run in real time and are adaptable to the challenging conditions of daily life. This paper explores a novel approach to auditory mood detection which was born out of our experience immersing social robots in classroom environments. We propose a new set of low-level spectral contrast features that extends a class of features which have proven very successful for object recognition in the modern computer vision literature. Features are selected and combined using machine learning approaches so as to make decisions about the ongoing auditory mood. We demonstrate excellent performance on two standard emotional speech databases (the Berlin Emotional Speech [W. Burkhardt et al., 2005], and the ORATOR dataset [H. Quast, 2001]). In addition we establish strong baseline performance for mood detection on a database collected from a social robot immersed in a classroom of 18-24 months old children [J. Movellan er al., 2007]. This approach operates in real time at little computational cost. It has the potential to greatly enhance the effectiveness of social robots in daily life environments.
A future for family care and dementia intervention research? Challenges and strategies

Despite widespread interest in the challenges facing family caregivers of people with dementia, the literature on empirically-validated treatments has grown slowly. One issue that has limited its growth has been that many of the existing treatment trials show weak or only modest benefits on caregiver outcomes. An examination of the literature suggests that the research strategies used for testing the effectiveness of interventions have not been optimal and the limitations in their approaches may have contributed to their limited findings of improvement. We identify some of the methodological issues that may have affected previous trials and suggest strategies for addressing these issues.
Tandem repetition of the origin of DNA replication in defective polyoma virus DNA's.

The sequences derived from the polyoma virus genome which are tandemly repeated in a class of noninfectious covalently closed circular DNA’s (Folk, W. R., and Wang, H. E., Virology 61, 140-155 (1974) have been identified. Specific fragments of polyoma DNA produced by cleavage with the HpaII endonuclease have been purified, and the homology between each fragment and the noninfectious DNA’s containing tandem repeats has been measured by DNA reassociation kinetics. The majority of the repeated sequences in the noninfectious DNA’s are derived from the region of the genome containing the origin of DNA replication. We have previously characterized a population of noninfectious covalently closed circular DNA’s derived from polyoma virus (Folk and Wang, 1974). The predominant DNA in the population was shown to contain three to four tandem repeats of a sequence comprising approximately 20% of the polyoma genome. Although the noninfectious DNA’s are only lo-15% smaller than infectious polyoma DNA, major portions of the polyoma genome (including the site cleaved by the EcoR, endonuclease) have been deleted in the defective DNA’s. A model indicating how DNA’s containing tandem repetitions of a unique sequence might arise as a result of abortive replication of the polyoma genome was suggested; the model predicted that the repeated sequence would contain the site for the initiation of DNA replication. In this report we extend the characterization of the sequences in the noninfectious DNA’s by demonstrating that the predominant repeated sequence is derived from the region of the genome that includes the origin of DNA replication.
The invention of radical reactions. Part XXIX. Radical mono- and dideoxygenations with silanes

Abstract Thionocarbonates and xanthates of primary and secondary alcohols, as well as bis-xanthates of vic-diols are readily deoxygenated to the corresponding hydrocarbons or olefins with phenylsilane, triphenylsilane, and triethylsilane in good yield.
High coercivities in Sm(FeT)/sub 12/ type magnets

The magnetic properties and microstructure of melt-spun iron-rich ternary alloys with the ThMn/sub 12/-type structure are reported. Rapidly quenched samples were prepared with composition Sm/sub x/Fe/sub y/T/sub z/, where T=Ti, V, Mo, Cu, Al, Si or a mixture of these, and 8 6.5 kOe. >
Efficiency Analysis of Marketing Organizations with Interconnected Departments

Efficiency analysis is commonly used to assess and compare the productivity of similar decision-making units (DMUs). In this research, we broaden the applicability of efficiency analysis to situations where each DMU comprises interconnected sub-DMUs (e.g., departments). Extant research espouses that embracing the connectedness between sub-DMUs (e.g., marketing–sales interface, marketing–RD all of which is not provided by extant methods. Accordingly, we propose a new method that combines the intuition of the existing methods to address the problem. In addition, based on syndicated data from over 300 newspapers with interconnected sub-DMU, we present empirical evidence that the proposed method outperforms traditional approaches that do not consider sub-DMU interconnectedness. Finally, the proposed method yields substantive insights. For example, the newsroom department was the most efficient; yet newsrooms appear to have been the major focus of cutbacks during the last decade.
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma causing fundus picture simulating fundus flavimaculatus.

Abstract:Two apparently healthy patients experienced visual loss and had a peculiar flecked retina simulating funds flavimaculatus in one eye some months before developing signs and symptoms of the systemic form of non-Hodgkin’s lare-cell lymphoma. Both experienced spontaneous improvement in visual
The influence of schematic knowledge on contradictory versus additive misinformation: false memory for typical and atypical items

In the current study, we examined the influence of schema consistency on contradictory and additive misinformation. Sixty-four participants were shown a series of still photographs of common scenes (e.g., a kitchen), were later exposed to narratives containing misinformation, and were then tested on their memory of the photographic scenes. In addition, participants were asked to reflect on their phenomenological experience of remembering by giving remember/know responses. Participants reported greater false memory for schema-inconsistent items than schema-consistent items. The findings failed to replicate Roediger, Meade, and Bergman (2001). Explanations for the discrepant findings are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multifunctional G Proteins: Searching for Functions in the Heart

Regulation of cell signaling pathways in pathophysiological conditions, such as ischemia or congestive heart failure, has been studied intensively for many decades. Much has been learned concerning how various receptors, guanine nucleotide–binding proteins (G proteins), and effector molecules, such as adenylyl cyclase or phospholipase C (PLC), are modulated in disease states.1 We have learned that receptors can be upregulated and downregulated, receptor–G protein coupling can be perturbed, the quantity of G proteins can be influenced, and the ability to generate second messengers can be enhanced or reduced.1 At one level, the accompanying article is simply another in a long line of studies showing how a particular receptor system, namely, the α1-adrenergic receptor (AR), can be quantitatively modulated in some forms of congestive heart failure, such as ischemic cardiomyopathy, whereas the α1-AR in dilated cardiomyopathy is not quantitatively controlled. In addition, the activity of the G protein to which the α1-AR couples appears to be regulated in a significant manner but by different mechanisms in ischemic versus dilated cardiomyopathy. If this were the whole story, I would not have much else to say and probably would not even suggest that you read the accompanying article. However, this is not the entire story; the G protein (Gαh) being studied in this case is a fascinating molecule, and the …
Synthesis of S‐5‐pyrrolo[2,3‐b]pyridinemethyl and S‐5‐ and S‐6‐pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyridinemethyl derivatives of 5′‐deoxy‐5′‐thioadenosine

Reaction of 5-dimethylaminomethylpyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine methiodide or 5-dimethylaminomethylpyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-one methiodide with 5′-deoxy-5′-S-thioacetyl-N6-formyl-2′,3′-O-isopropylideneadenosine in ethanolic sodium hydroxide solution, followed by deprotection of the resulting thioether in 80% formic acid, afforded 5′-deoxy-5′-(5-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridinemethylthio)adenosine or 5′-deoxy-5′-[5-(pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-one)methylthio]adenosine, respectively. Similarly, the metiodide salt of the iso-gramine analog, 2-amino-6-dimethylaminomethylpyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-one afforded 5′-deoxy-5′-[6-(2-aminopyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-one)methylthio]adenosine.
RNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS REQUIRED FOR BACTERIAL SPORE FORMATION.

Abstract 1. 1. The base analogues, 5-fluorouracil and 8-azaguanine and a potent inhibitor of RNA synthesis, actinomycin D, prevent spore formation in Bacillus cereus T when added to young cells. As the culture stops growing and begins the processes leading to spores, there is a very rapid increase in resistance of the capacity to sporulate to the effect of all 3 compounds. In these older cells, 8-azaguanine is still effectively incorporated into RNA, and the addition of actinomycin D results in extensive inhibition of RNA synthesis. 2. 2. The addition of chloramphenicol to cultures insensitive to the base analogues or actinomycin D results in inhibition of spore formation. There is a gradually increasing resistance to chloramphenicol in very old cultures, presumably as a result of the cells becoming more impermeable to the antibiotic. Actinomycin D, which inhibits amino acid incorporation in young cells, does not markedly alter incorporation in older cells. 3. 3. The data is consistent with the concept that the process of spore formation is dependent upon the synthesis of stable messenger RNA capable of functioning over an extended period.
Permeating innovative technologies throughout the institution

Institutions of higher education are regarded as breeding grounds for innovation. Oftentimes, though, continuous innovation leaves little time for the innovation or technology to permeate through the institution. Furthermore, continuous research and development of new systems, services, and technologies without regard for implementation can cost the institution much in terms of frustration, effort, and money.Rogers' Diffusion of Innovations model holds that there is a normal curve of adopters of technologies that can be divided into five groups: innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority, and laggards. Information technology units can benefit immensely by reviewing the diffusion of innovations model and adopting practices that contribute to the diffusion or permeation of an innovation through the university community, particularly the academic community. An extension of Rogers' model holds that an instructor must teach a course at least four times before a technology becomes permanently embedded in the curriculum. Therefore, a major variable affecting the adoption rate is time.Technology units can use certain techniques to hasten the adoption of technology. Those techniques include: focused faculty development workshops, brown bag luncheons, disseminating information to academic department heads and chairs, continuous and repeated communication using multiple formats, and, of course, offering incentives to faculty to use and adopt innovative technologies.
Research Policy and Review 11. New Tools for a Planner's Toolkit:

After a flirtation with pure science and the liberal arts, professional education in all fields is once again tool-and-craft oriented. Still, the main tools come from high-status science and humanities. But the sciences now advocate design, holism, purpose, choice, emergentism, anima, history, and discontinuity; whereas the humanities stress ambiguity, incommensurability, impurity, and perversion. What is in prospect is a richer, less reductionistic, view of human nature, social organization, and history. And this in turn will alter the culture and practice of planning and design.
Hierarchical model-based tracking of cervical vertebrae from dynamic biplane radiographs

We present a novel approach for automatically, accurately and reliably determining the 3D motion of the cervical spine from a series of stereo or biplane radiographic images. These images could be acquired through a variety of different imaging hardware configurations. We follow a hierarchical, anatomically-aware, multi-bone approach that takes into account the complex structure of cervical vertebrae and inter-vertebrae overlapping, as well as the temporal coherence in the imaging series. These significant innovations improve the speed, accuracy, reliability and flexibility of the tracking process. Evaluation on cervical data shows that the approach is as accurate (average precision 0.3 mm and 1°) as the expert human-operator driven method that was previously state of the art. However, unlike the previously used method, the hierarchical approach is automatic and robust; even in the presence of implanted hardware. Therefore, the method has solid potential for clinical use to evaluate the effectiveness of surgical interventions.
Characterization of adsorption trends of NO2, nitrite, and nitrate on MgO terraces

Abstract MgO and other alkaline earth oxides are currently studied as potential adsorbents for NO x ( x =1, 2) molecules. This paper provides a first-principles understanding of the expected adsorption conformations of NO 2 , NO 2 − and NO 3 on MgO(0 0 1) with the use of terrace cluster models and density functional theory (DFT). The ability to form chemisorbed nitrite (NO 2 − ) and nitrate (NO 3 − ) depends both on adsorbate electron affinity, an indicator of surface-oxidizing strength, and the local adsorption orientation on the surface, a predictor of electrostatic or acid/base coordination between the surface and adsorbate. NO 2 − more effectively binds to the surface to form adsorbed nitrite compared to NO 2 . NO 3 is an effective surface-oxidizing agent, enabling the extraction of a monovalent charge from the surface to form adsorbed nitrate. In addition to effective electrostatic interactions, local adsorbate orientation also determines binding strength. Geometries that facilitate [Adsorbate Oxygen–Mg 2+ ] and/or [N–Mg 2+ ] coordination display strong binding and substantial charge transfer between the surface and adsorbate. In contrast, bidentate [Adsorbate Oxygen–Surface Oxygen] coordination results in weak binding and physisorption. This site-specific characterization of NO x adsorption on oxide surfaces will lead to a better understanding of acid–base chemistry between amphiphilic molecules and oxide surfaces as well as lead to a clearer path for practical NO x abatement strategies.
The fear hypothesis revisited: other variables affecting duration of the immobility reflex (animal hypnosis).

Much of the published literature on the immobility reflex (IR) of birds has been interpreted to indicate that the IR is an innate fear response that results from aversive environmental conditions. We chose to test the fear hypothesis in rabbits using two usual approaches: testing the effects of chlorpromazine, a presumed fear-reducing drug, and repeated handling. Chlorpromazine, even in large mildly toxic doses did not interfere with IR duration but, rather, enhanced it markedly. The influence of repeated trials was a function of intertrial interval; long intervals produced short-duration trials and short intervals produced long durations. Little habituation occurred with short intervals, even after as many as 774 trials in one of the rabbits. All rabbits in the long intertrial interval group developed shorter durations but not to the point of extinction; these durations could be made somewhat longer by nociceptive electric shock to the ear. Retest of IR after a 4-week lapse revealed that IR durations had returned to the initial level. Analysis of the test contingencies and data lead to the conclusion that, in the rabbit, fear is not the sole or necessary cause of IR and that there are other important variables, including, perhaps, instrumentally conditioned control over the IR duration by the animal.
Reconstitution of lymphoid tissues under the influence of a subclinical level of graft versus host reaction induced by bone marrow T cells or splenic T cell subsets.

Abstract Reconstitution of lymphoid tissues under the influence of subclinical graff versus host reaction (GVHR) has been investigated. Lethally irradiated AKR mice were reconstituted with B10 bone marrow (BM) cells which had been treated with anti-Thy-1 antibody alone without complement (GVHR chimera). Their immunological reconstitution was analyzed and compared with that of AKR recipients which had been reconstituted with B10 BM cells treated with anti-Thy-1 antibody plus complement (control chimera). One hundred percent of both chimeras survived move than 100 days without showing clinical signs of GVHR. However, full donor chimerism was accomplished at an early stage after reconstitution in the former GVHR chimeras, whereas a substantial number of recipient T cells persisted in control chimeras for the entire observation period. When reconstitution of various lymphoid tissues was compared between control and GVHR chimeras, no difference in the reconstitution of the thymus and spleen was noted. By contrast, the cellularity of peripheral lymph nodes in GVHR chimeras was regularly considerably lower than that of the control chimeras. The apparent insufficiency of lymph node reconstitution appeared to be attributable to the impairment of lymph node structure itself which may be involved in lymphocyte homing. Furthermore, clonal deletion of Vβ6+ T cells which are reactive to recipient (Mls-1a) antigens was abrogated in the GVHR chimeras but was normally induced in the more completely T cell-depleted control chimeras. This abrogation of clonal deletion of Vβ6+ T cells appeared to result from the early disappearance of recipient T cells in these chimeras. Thus, it appeared that donor T cells in the BM that survive anti-Thy-1 treatment in vitro plus subsequent BM transplantation induced a subclinical level GVHR which contributed to the full donor chimerism as well as abrogation of clonal elimination of Vβ6+ donor T cells. Indeed, inoculation of CD8+ T cells along with the transplantation of the T cell-depleted BM cells (anti-Thy-1 plus C-treated cells) from donor mice into the AKR recipients was also shown to induce a similar state in the recipients.
Quantum-state-resolved 2-level femtosecond rotational coherence spectroscopy: Determination of rotational constants at medium and high J in Li2, a simple diatomic system

Abstract A series of rotational wave packet recurrences originating from single 2-level coherent rotational superpositions are observed in the E ( 1 Σ g + ) state of Li 2 . The rotational wave packet is created by ultrafast laser excitation from a specific ro-vibrational level in the A ( 1 Σ u + ) state selected by cw laser excitation. Using this technique the rotational constant and the centrifugal distortion constant are determined for high J levels of the ν = 9 vibrational level in the E ( 1 Σ g + ) state. This technique is discussed vis-a-vis traditional forms of ultrafast rotational coherence spectroscopy where information primarily at low J is obtained.
The distribution of receptors for the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 in the developing human fetus.

Abstract Interleukin-6 receptor α (IL-6R) and interleukin-8 receptor (IL-8RB) are widely expressed in adult human and murine tissues. Little is known about the expression of these receptors and the function of their ligands in the developing human fetus. Objectives: To determine the tissue distribution and cellular expression of IL-6R and IL-8RB in the developing human fetus. Methods: Reverse transcription-PCR and immunohistochemical staining were performed on brain, spinal cord, eye, heart, lung, liver, spleen, adrenal, kidney, intestine, and placenta from fetuses of 8 and 16±2 weeks post-conception. Results: IL-6R and IL-8RB mRNA were detected in all tissues tested at both time points. Immunoreactivity to anti-IL-6R antibody was present on neurons, and in neuropil of the brain, as well as in bone marrow, bronchi, hepatocytes, zona glomerulosa of the adrenal, glomerular cells in kidney, spleen, and placental trophoblasts. Cell-specific expression for IL-8RB in the central nervous system was localized to specific groups of neurons and astrocytes in the brain and spinal cord, including the neural retina. In somatic organs IL-8RB was detected in bone marrow, myocardiocytes, bronchiolar epithelial cells, hepatocytes, cells of the zona glomerulosa and the zona fasciculata of the adrenal, the collecting system of the kidney, enterocytes of the bowel and in placental cells. Conclusion: The widespread expression of these cytokine receptors suggests a nonhematopoietic role for their ligand in the developing fetus.
Fluorocarbons Dissolved in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. NMR Evidence for Specific Solute−Solvent Interactions

The proton and fluorine chemical shifts of n-hexane, perfluoro-n-hexane, and 1,1-dihydroperfluorooctylpropionate dissolved in supercritical carbon dioxide have been studied using high-pressure, high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance. The CO2 density differentially influences 1H and 19F chemical shifts, which, in turn, suggest specific solute−solvent interactions between CO2 and fluorinated compounds. The density-dependent proton chemical shifts are exclusively governed by changes in the bulk susceptibility of CO2; these shifts exhibit only a slight temperature dependence. By contrast, the 19F signals show that an additional mechanisma van der Waals termcontributes to the magnetic shielding, and this has to be taken into account to explain the experimental shifts as a function of CO2 density and temperature. Furthermore, the 19F NMR data also show a distinct site specificity which is qualitatively explained in terms of the surface accessibility of fluorine atoms in the various CF2(CF3) units in fluoroc...
Long-Term Evaluation of Treatment for Myofascial Pain-Dysfunction Syndrome: A Comparative Analysis

There appears to be no significant difference in the outcomes of various treatment approaches for MPD syndrome. What are the implications of this finding?
Hydrolytic Condensation of Tin(IV) Alkoxide Compounds to Form Particles with Well-Defined Morphology

The sol-gel-type condensation of tin(IV) ethoxide [Sn(OEt)4]n (where OEt is ethoxide) under basic conditions produced spherical, submicrometer-sized tin(IV) oxide (cassiterite) particles. Transmission electron microscopy and powder X-ray diffraction data indicated that the grain size was approximately 20 to 30 A (2 to 3 nm). The mixed-metal alkoxide compound [ZnSn(OEt)6] was hydrolyzed under analogous conditions to give either spherical or octahedral submicrometer-sized crystalline particles of ZnSn(OH)6 depending on the solvents used. These data demonstrated that the stoichiometry of the mixed-metal alkoxide precursor was retained during condensation. Thermal treatment of ZnSn(OH)6 resulted in crystallization of ZnSnO3 at approximately 676°C. At neutral pH, hydrolysis of [ZnSn(OEt)6] resulted in formation of a high surface area (261 m2/g) amorphous powder.
‘Doing collaboration’: the process of constructing an educational community in an urban elementary school

Collaboration has been considered one of the key features of a successful school. However, the literature does not provide many examples of schools becoming more collaborative. This study focuses on the construction of a collaborative community among elementary school teachers in a large, public, urban school over several years. The researchers followed a group of students and teachers as they learned together through looping in kindergarten and first grade. The data suggest that collaboration requires time and conversations and that there are a number of challenges that must be overcome. The data also suggest that specific school structures result in opportunities for collaboration and that uncertainty plays a role in creating a collaborative learning community.
Emerging Data on IMiDs in the Treatment of Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS)

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) encompass a spectrum of clinically diverse hematopoietic stem cell malignancies for which there are few treatment options. These disorders display remarkable heterogeneity in their hematologic and pathologic features, with a wide-ranging natural history. Complex interactions between the affected clone and the bone marrow microenvironment drive the pathogenesis and progression of MDS, resulting in ineffective hematopoiesis, blast accumulation, and a variable predisposition for progression to acute leukemia. For early stage, lower-risk patients with MDS, the mainstay of therapy is supportive care, especially red blood cell transfusions, to alleviate the symptoms of anemia. However, these interventions do not target the underlying pathobiology of disease and have questionable impact on the natural disease course. Dysregulated inflammatory, apoptotic, and angiogenic cytokines play major roles in the pathobiology of MDS and represent attractive therapeutic targets. Lenalidomide is an orally bioavailable analogue of thalidomide with more potent immunomodulatory, antiangiogenic, and antitumor activities than the parent compound and with a better safety profile. In nonclinical studies, the effects of lenalidomide include potentiation of clonogenic response to erythropoietin, activation of integrin-mediated adhesion, cell cycle arrest, sensitization to apoptotic signals, and abrogation of cellular response to receptor-initiated trophic signals. These effects have the potential to impact survival and apoptosis of erythropoietic progenitor cells and their progeny. Data from clinical trials of lenalidomide in MDS have shown erythropoietic- and cytogenetic-remitting activities that frequently result in transfusion independence, particularly in patients with 5q- deletion and lower-risk MDS. Decreases in microvessel density in bone marrow specimens from responding patients provide supportive evidence of an antiangiogenic effect in MDS. Adverse effects, most commonly myelosuppression, are generally manageable with dose reduction and growth factor support. Multicenter phase II and III studies are under way to further assess the erythroid and cytogenetic response rates in distinct subtypes of MDS, including 5q- deletion, and to optimize its clinical application.
Myocardial Function in Severe Hypothermia

The functional status of the myocardium in hypothermia was investigated by means of pulse contours. No evidence for myocardial failure was uncovered on the basis of established criteria. Artificial cardiac acceleration proved to be a dangerous procedure in the hypothermic heart.
On Boundary Layer Separation in the Lee of Mesoscale Topography

Abstract The onset of boundary layer separation (BLS) forced by gravity waves in the lee of mesoscale topography is investigated based on a series of numerical simulations and analytical formulations. It is demonstrated that BLS forced by trapped waves is governed by a normalized ratio of the vertical velocity maximum to the surface wind speed; other factors such as the mountain height, mountain slope, or the leeside speedup factor are less relevant. The onset of BLS is sensitive to the surface sensible heat flux—a positive heat flux tends to increase the surface wind speed through enhancing the vertical momentum mixing and accordingly inhibits the occurrence of BLS, and a negative heat flux does the opposite. The wave forcing required to cause BLS decreases with an increase of the aerodynamical roughness zo; a larger zo generates larger surface stress and weaker surface winds and therefore promotes BLS. In addition, BLS shows some sensitivity to the terrain geometry, which modulates the wave characterist...