cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Myocardial infarction complicated by left bundle branch block: Studies on the Mechanism of Ventricular Activity. XI.☆

Abstract Despite the absence of the coronary Q wave, there appear to be instances when myocardial infarction can be diagnosed in the presence of left bundle branch block. The experimental evidence showed that with a transmural infarction or patchy infarction with extensive surface damage there occurs a marked reduction in the size of the R wave recorded in the direct lead from that region. In some instances, the reduction in the R wave may be reflected in the corresponding precordial lead. Changes in the magnitude of the R wave in the left precordial leads in left bundle branch block will frequently be detected only if control tracings are available for comparison or if multiple precordial leads are taken. Acute myocardial injury results in elevation of the S-T segment despite the presence of left bundle branch block. Thus, the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction can be made from the finding of significant S-T segment elevation following the large, broad, positive complex of left bundle branch block. Other changes in the coronary circulation may also be reflected by alterations in the RS-T segment despite the presence of left bundle branch block. In our experience, coronary insufficiency as well as a positive two-step exercise test has resulted in changes in the S-T segment. It would appear that the popular opinion that coronary artery disease cannot be diagnosed in the presence of left bundle branch block should be modified. It is true that there is absence of the coronary Q wave in myocardial infarction, but the previously discussed changes should aid in making more conclusive the diagnosis of coronary artery disease in the presence of left bundle branch block.
Psychological Abuse in Family Studies: A Psychoeducational and Preventive Approach

Abstract One of the first documented psychoeducational programs to educate college students about the perils of psychological abuse is described. The intervention was designed to help students examine their personal experiences of psychological abuse and consider how the information could be used in their careers. The process of creating the intervention and publicizing it to the campus community is discussed. The content of the intervention, participants, implementation, and evaluation processes are described. Operational definitions and dramatic skits of psychological abuse are described along with historical context and current research findings. Ways of working through psychological abuse, and services available to recover from it, are presented. Evaluation data, immediately after workshop completion and one week later, indicated that participants positively evaluated this intervention and reported both positive attitudinal and behavioral outcomes. Limitations and implications of this psychoeducationa...
Catalysis of Gas- Phase Reactions in Steam Gasification of Biomass

Catalysts play a major role in conventional hydrocarbon processing but only recently have they been applied to conversion of biomass materials. Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) is studying catalytic steam gasification of biomass for producing specific gas products. These studies are sponsored by the Biomass Energy Systems Division of the US Department of Energy.
Codependency and pathological altruism.

Pathological altruism is a construct describing the willingness of an individual to place the needs of others above him- or herself to the point of causing harm, whether physical, psychological, or both, to the purported altruist. Codependency can be viewed as a form of pathological altruism. The study of codependency has been hampered by limited agreement as to what it is, whether it even exists, and a lack of validated psychometric instruments to study it. This chapter suggests codependency is best viewed as a behavior and not a diagnosis, facilitated by the inability to tolerate negative affect. This chapter will review the concept of codependency, comment on its roots in empathy and altruism, explore its potential neurobiological, genetic and evolutionary basis, and make suggestions for future research.
The prevalence and predictors of herbal medicine use in surgical patients.

Abstract Background Despite the rapid rise in herbal medicine consumption, explicitly eliciting and documenting herbal medicine usage among surgical patients is poor. Study design A survey by means of a self-administered questionnaire was conducted among patients undergoing elective surgery inquiring into the self-health perceptions, herbal medicine use, and communication of such usage to surgical health-care staff. Results Sixty-five percent (n =2,186) of all the patients undergoing elective surgery completed the survey during a 10-week period. Fifty-seven percent of respondents admitted to using herbal medicine at some point in their life, 38% in the past 2 years (eg, echinacea [48%], aloe vera [30%], ginseng [28%], garlic [27%], and ginkgo biloba [22%] were the most common). One in six respondents continued the use of herbal medicine during the month of surgery. Herbal medicine usage was significantly higher among patients undergoing a gynecologic procedure (odds ratio [OR] 1.68; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.29 to 2.18) and patients with a self-perception of good health (OR 1.32; 95% CI 1.04 to 1.69); it was lower among patients with a history of pulmonary symptoms (OR 0.77; 95% CI 0.62 to 0.94), African Americans (OR 0.69; 95% CI 0.51 to 0.95), in patients having a primary care physician (OR 0.71; 95% CI 0.52 to 0.98), in patients with a history of diabetes mellitus (OR 0.46; 95% CI 0.32 to 0.68), and in patients undergoing vascular surgery (OR 0.19; 95% CI 0.07 to 0.48). Conclusions Herbal medicine use is common among surgical patients and is consistent with the substantial increase in the use of alternative medical therapies. Awareness of this rising herbal medicine usage and documentation of the use of herbal medicines by surgical health-care staff is important to prevent, recognize, and treat potential problems that may arise from herbal medications taken alone or in conjunction with conventional medications during the perioperative period.
Implementation of the TOMS contamination control requirements in the former USSR

The American Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) was integrated with the Russian Meteor-3 spacecraft and launched on August 15, 1991. Although the TOMS instrument was sensitive to both particulate and molecular contamination, the program for Meteor-3 had not formerly addressed contamination control in ground operations. In order to accommodate the TOMS cleanliness requirements, a contamination control program was successfully established from inception at both the Meteor-3 spacecraft plant near Moscow and at the launch site in Plesetsk.
Some Aspects of Gas Exchange in Tuna

1. Some aspects of gas exchange in restrained skipjack tuna were analysed. 2. The average rate at which water flowed over the gills was 2.81/min. kg. 3. The concentration of oxygen in water entering and leaving the gills was measured and used to calculate oxygen uptake (692 mg/h.kg) and utilization (0.71). 4. The drop in hydrostatic pressure as water flowed over the gills was 1.9 cm water and agrees favourably with theoretical predictions. 5. The partial pressure of oxygen was measured in blood afferent and efferent to the gills and used to calculate effectiveness of oxygen removal from the water (90%) and the transfer factor for oxygen (0.12 ml/min.kg.mmHg). 6. The average utilization measured in free-swimming tuna was 0.56. 7. The extraordinary ability of tuna to efficiently extract oxygen from the water at high gill water flow rates is discussed.
Neuromuscular Ultrasound Findings in Eosinophilic Fasciitis (P6.087)

OBJECTIVE: To describe the ultrasonographic features of eosinophilic fasciitis (EF), assess the efficacy of neuromuscular ultrasound in the diagnosis and management of EF, and propose standardized parameters for ultrasound in this condition. BACKGROUND: EF is a rare disorder characterized by stiffness, skin thickening, and decreased joint mobility. The use of imaging to aid in diagnosis, select biopsy sites, and monitor therapeutic response has primarily focused on MRI, but there has been recent interest in the utility of ultrasound. DESIGN/METHODS: Four cases of EF were identified at Wake Forest and Duke University in which neuromuscular ultrasound was used. Basic demographics were collected and ultrasound methods were compiled. Ultrasound findings were compared to MRI findings when present. Five additional cases documenting the use of ultrasound in EF were identified in a review of the literature and the results for all 9 cases were combined to determine the advantages and potential limitations of ultrasound. RESULTS: Ultrasound demonstrated thickening of skin, subcutaneous tissue, and fascia. Muscle echogenicity is abnormal in some cases though not diffusely. When the forearms are affected, the median nerve may be enlarged and a hypoechoic area can be seen surrounding the flexor tendons at the wrist. Ultrasound and MRI correlated in all cases in which both modalities were used for diagnosis. Only 1 case used both ultrasound and MRI for follow-up after treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasound can assist in the diagnosis and management of EF and has comparable accuracy to MRI. Ultrasound parameters should include thickness of skin, subcutaneous tissue, and fascial planes at specific osseous landmarks. Muscle echogenicity and anisotropy should be noted. Cross-sectional area of the median nerve and flexor tendons of the forearm with and without surrounding edema should also be included when the wrists are affected. Study Supported by: NIH/NINDS 1K23NS062892 Disclosure: Dr. Stone has nothing to disclose. Dr. Hobson-Webb has nothing to disclose. Dr. Mhoon has nothing to disclose. Dr. Guidon has nothing to disclose. Dr. De Jesus-Acosta has nothing to disclose. Dr. Cartwright has received research support from the National Institutes of Health.
Mexican-heritage children's attention and learning from interactions directed to others.

The study builds on ethnographic research noting an emphasis in many Indigenous communities of the Americas on learning through keen observation of and participation in ongoing community activities. Forty-four U.S. Mexican-heritage 5- to 11-year-old children whose families likely have experience with Indigenous ways more frequently attended to and learned from a toy construction activity that was directed to another child, compared to 36 U.S. Mexican-heritage children whose mothers had extensive experience with Western school (and related European American practices). The results support the idea that children whose family history emanates from Indigenous communities of Mexico may be especially oriented to learning by observing ongoing events, and that this method of learning may be less commonly used by children whose families have extensive experience with schooling (and related Western practices).
Inhibition of Malonaldehyde Formation in Oxidized Calf Thymus DNA with Synthetic and Natural Antioxidants

Calf thymus DNA was oxidized by Fenton's reagent with or without synthetic antioxidants (Trolox and DMPO) and natural antioxidantsquercetin, apigenin, 2‘ ‘-O-glycosylisovitexin (2‘ ‘-O-GIV), (+)-catechin, cyanidin, pelargonidin, keracyanin, and callistephin. Malonaldehyde (MA) formed in oxidized DNA was analyzed using gas chromatography. MA formed from oxidized DNA without antioxidants was 4.0 ± 0.53 nmol/mg of DNA in buffer solution, 3.7 ± 0.34 nmol/mg of DNA in NaOH solution, and 4.6 ± 0.19 nmol/mg of DNA in HCl solution. MA formed from DNA with antioxidants (at the level of 0.1 μmol/mL) ranged from 1.90 ± 0.18 (catechin) to 4.10 ± 0.18 nmol/mg of DNA (cyanidin). Trolox and DMPO inhibited MA formation from DNA by 41.2% and 18.6%, respectively, at the level of 0.1 μmol/mL. Trolox (water-soluble vitamin E) exhibited dose-dependent inhibition. The decreasing order of inhibitory effect by flavonoids at the level of 0.1 μmol/mL was catechin (48.5%) > quercetin (47.1%) > 2‘ ‘-O-GIV (40.5%) > apigenin (29.9%) ...
A Profile of police human relations instructors in state-mandated minimum basic recruit programs: An exploratory survey

A profile of human relations instructors in state-mandated minimum basic recruit programs: an exploratory survey.
Ambiguities of Interpretation: Translating the Late Celan

Celan's later poems are seen as increasingly problematic because of their inherent tension between speaking and not speaking, because of their formalization (semantic and syntactic) of this tension, and also because of Celan's poetic intentionality. The latter, described as a poetics of ambiguity, is the focus of this article. Particular attention is given to the implications such a poetics has for the task of the (English) translator. To illustrate in the concrete this poetics, and to show how its intentional integration of thematic and etymological ambiguity must be taken into account by the translator, two late lyrics ("Einkanter: Rembrandt" and "Wenn ich nicht weiss") are translated and examined in detail. This article is available in Studies in 20th Century Literature: http://newprairiepress.org/sttcl/vol8/iss1/3 AMBIGUITIES OF INTERPRETATION: TRANSLATING THE LATE CELAN NICHOLAS J. MEYERHOFER Saint Mary's College The name of Paul Celan is today, little more than a decade after his death, known the world over. Everywhere this anagram (his original surname was Antschel) has come to signify a unique and captivating poetic voice, one seeking, in Celan's own words, orientation and direction in language, yet at the same time hovering between speech and silence. This paradox is constituent even of Celan's earliest poems, for example his much anthologized "Todesfuge" (E. "Fugue of Death"), which describes a situation wherein speech is lethal and silence is laden with terror. Beyond the thematization of the tension between speaking and not speaking, however, Celan's poems themselves gradually and progressively come to formalize this "double-bind," since they begin rather consistently to attest to the fact that experience and reality elude facile comprehensibility, that they are ultimately not quite translatable into language. This growing conviction has, of course, certain consequences for Celan's German, which becomes in the later volumes not only more clipped and elliptical, but also more intense in its privacy. His poetic idiom is here characterized by syllablized words, hermetic combinations and neologisms, all expressed in a (frequently) broken syntax. For the reader, these poems signify heightened demands, a magnified difficulty even for one well acquainted with Celan's earlier work. George Steiner, in discussing Celan's unresolved and selfdestructive relationship to the German language, has suggested that every Celan poem is translated into German, and that in this process the receptor-language becomes unhoused and fractured, idiosyncratic almost to the point of noncommunication.' Nowhere is this theory of a Celanesque meta-German more applicable than in the poet's final volumes.
EMOTIONAL AWARENESS AS A MEDIATOR OF COMMUNITY COLLEGE STUDENT SATISFACTION RATINGS

The use of student satisfaction measures remains an almost universal practice in higher education despite controversy regarding their usefulness and validity. Even with their prevalent use, and the importance placed on them for outcomes assessment and faculty evaluation, little research has examined personality factors that influence students while completing satisfaction measures. The role that emotional awareness plays in the evaluative judgments students make was the focus of the current study. Results indicate that community college student satisfaction ratings are influenced by the interaction of gender, emotional awareness, and awareness of physiological states.
Oral enoximone therapy in chronic heart failure: A placebo-controlled randomized trial

Abstract In a parallel study design, 164 patients with New York Heart Association Functional class II or III heart failure were randomized to receive either enoximone given as 50 mg three times a day, or 100 mg three times a day, or a matching placebo. All patients were receiving digitalis and/or diuretics and had left ventricular ejection fractions ≤ 45. Exercise tests were performed after 1, 4, 8, and 12 weeks of treatment. Enoximone produced significantly greater increases in exercise time than placebo treatment at weeks 4 and 8 ( p = 0.012, p = 0.029, respectively) but not after 12 weeks. Left ventricular ejection fraction increased significantly after the first dose of enoximone but not after 12 weeks of long-term therapy. Heart failure symptoms and the physicians' evaluations of cardiac status were significantly improved in both enoximone therapy groups during the first 4 weeks of evaluation when compared with evaluations of cardiac status in the placebo group. Diuretic doses were increased more frequently for patients who were receiving a placebo. Adverse events were reported with similar frequency in the placebo and 50 mg enoximone treatment groups; 100 mg enoximone resulted in a significantly greater incidence of adverse events. Mean heart rate and ventricular ectopic activity were not sgnificantly different among the three treatment limbs. Enoximone appears to improve exercise tolerance, ventricular function, and symptoms of heart failure for 4 to 8 weeks. Heart rate, ventricular ectopic activity, and mortality rate were not increased. Enoximone, in a dosage of 50 mg three times a day was well tolerated and may be a useful short-term therapy for patients with chronic heart failure.
Characterizing N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and N-acetylcysteine Amide (NACA) Binding For Lead Poisoning Treatment

Using antioxidants is an important means of treating lead poisoning. Prior in vivo studies showed marked differences between various chelator antioxidants in their ability to decrease both blood Pb(II) levels and oxidative stress resulting from lead poisoning. The comparative abilities of NAC and NACA to Pb(II) were studied in vitro, for the first time, to examine the role of the -OH/-NH(2) functional group in antioxidant binding behavior. To assay the antioxidant-divalent metal interaction, the antioxidants were probed as solid surfaces, adsorbing Pb(II) onto them. Surface characterization was carried out using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis to quantify Pb(II) in the resulting adducts. XPS of the Pb 4f orbitals showed that more Pb(II) was chemically bound to NACA than NAC. In addition, the antioxidant surfaces probed via point-of-zero charge (PZC) measurements of NAC and NACA were obtained to gain further insight into the Pb-NAC and Pb-NACA binding, showing that Coulombic interactions played a partial role in facilitating complex formation. The data correlated well with solution analysis of metal-ligand complexation. UV-vis spectroscopy was used to probe complexation behavior. NACA was found to have the higher binding affinity as shown by free Pb(II) available in the solution after complexation from HPLC data. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) was applied to delineate the structures of Pb-antioxidant complexes. Experimental results were further supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculations of supermolecular interaction energies (E(inter)) showing a greater interaction of Pb(II) with NACA than NAC.
Applying Statics to Community Examples

Most statics courses begin with a considerable amount of abstract discussion of forces and vectors. Since the mechanical engineering technology department's goal is to focus on practical, concrete instruction methods, the faculty has been working to expose students to more exercises that involve the practical application of statics to daily life. For the statics curriculum, a laboratory was developed that investigates the use of trusses in the surrounding community. Each truss is examined to determine its primary purpose, its type and any unique design features. Small groups discuss each example qualitatively (quantitative analysis of the forces in the truss is not performed) and then the whole class meets to compare the results. The trusses include the following: • Sherman Minton Bridge - Double arch truss. • K&I Railroad Bridge - Parker and Warren through trusses with a swing section and a cantilevered road deck parallel with the tracks. • Pedestrian Bridge - Pratt truss. • Pennsylvania Railroad Bridge - Combination of Parker through trusses over shipping lanes with Warren deck trusses. • Clark Memorial Bridge - Cantilever truss. Since each truss serves a similar transportation purpose, each truss is compared to the others to determine why its particular design was chosen. This paper describes each example and the effects the exercise had on student learning. This includes discussion of: increased interest by relating statics to daily experiences, experience with reverse engineering, practice identifying members in tension and compression, comparison of a standard truss with a cantilever truss bridge and recognition of changing design practices as technology changes over the years. Lastly is a description of the assessment, evaluation and planned improvements to the truss laboratory.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Biomechanical modeling and sensitivity analysis of bipedal running ability. II. Extinct taxa

I used a simple mathematical model of the inverse dynamics of locomotion to estimate the minimum muscle masses required to maintain quasi-static equilibrium about the four main limb joints at mid-stance of fast running. Models of 10 extant taxa (a human, a kangaroo, two lizards, an alligator, and five birds) were analyzed in various bipedal poses to examine how anatomy, size, limb orientation, and other model parameters influence running ability. I examined how the muscle masses required for fast running compare to the muscle masses that are actually able to exert moments about the hip, knee, ankle, and toe joints, to see how support ability varies across the limb. I discuss the assumptions and limitations of the models, using sensitivity analysis to see how widely the results differed with feasible parameter input values. Even with a wide range of input values, the models validated the analysis procedure. Animals that are known to run bipedally were calculated as able to preserve quasi-static equilibrium about their hindlimb joints at mid-stance, whereas non-bipedal runners (iguanas and alligators) were recognized as having too little muscle mass to run quickly in bipedal poses. Thus, this modeling approach should be reliable for reconstructing running ability in extinct bipeds such as nonavian dinosaurs. The models also elucidated how key features are important for bipedal running capacity, such as limb orientation, muscle moment arms, muscle fascicle lengths, and body size. None of the animals modeled had extensor muscle masses acting about any one joint that were 7% or more of their body mass, which provides a reasonable limit for how much muscle mass is normally apportioned within a limb to act about a particular joint. The models consistently showed that a key biomechanical limit on running ability is the capacity of ankle extensors to generate sufficiently large joint moments. Additionally, the analysis reveals how large ratite birds remain excellent runners despite their larger size; they have apomorphically large extensor muscles with relatively high effective mechanical advantage. Finally, I reconstructed the evolution of running ability in the clade Reptilia, showing that the ancestors of extant birds likely were quite capable runners, even though they had already reduced key hip extensors such as M. caudofemoralis longus.
Estimation of spatial autoregressive panel data models with fixed effects

This paper establishes asymptotic properties of quasi-maximum likelihood estimators for SAR panel data models with fixed effects and SAR disturbances. A direct approach is to estimate all the parameters including the fixed effects. Because of the incidental parameter problem, some parameter estimators may be inconsistent or their distributions are not properly centered. We propose an alternative estimation method based on transformation which yields consistent estimators with properly centered distributions. For the model with individual effects only, the direct approach does not yield a consistent estimator of the variance parameter unless T is large, but the estimators for other common parameters are the same as those of the transformation approach. We also consider the estimation of the model with both individual and time effects.
On the relation of complex cobordism to connective K-theory

The objective of this note is to complete in one essential way the study undertaken in (2) of the relation between complex bordism and the connective k-homology theory. Specifically, let us denote by MU*( ) the generalized homology theory associated to the Thorn spectrum MU(6), and by k*( ) the generalized homology theory associated to the connective bu spectrum (2, 4). Recall that
Preliminary Near Wall Hemodynamic Evaluation of a Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Model With a Flow Streamlining Implant

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of death in the world today. According to the American Heart Association 529,659 people in 1999 died as a result of CAD [1]. Starting in the 1960’s, surgeons have used Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG) techniques in order to reestablish blood flow to the heart. Today, the procedure remains the same, using autologous grafts, such as the mammary artery and the saphenous vein. An unresolved problem, is that a significant number of CABGs reocclude months to years postoperatively. In the case of Saphenous Vein Grafts (SVGs) typically 50% of these bypasses are totally occluded months to years after the procedure, the remaining half being more than 50% occluded [2]. The re-occlusion of CABGs is due to a process labeled intimal hyperplasia (IH). Investigators have shown that IH, believed by some to be a remodeling process, occurs at branch sites, regions of curvature, and anastomotic junctions [3,4]. At these sites there are low residence times, slow secondary structures, disturbed flow, and areas of recirculation, therefore the onset of IH is believed to be hemodynamically linked. Most recently, floor IH has been attributed to four variables: time averaged wall shear stress (WSS), oscillating shear index (OSI), spatial wall shear stress gradients (WSSG), and temporal WSSG [5]. Adverse values of these parameters, in the case of SVGs, are believed to be caused by impedance mismatch at the anastomosis site. Over time this characteristic causes a bulge at the sinus. Such a morphology additionally contributes to disturbed flows which tend to propagate down the CABG and are believed to play a major role in the development of IH and the eventual failure of the graft.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Developmental Changes in Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Polypeptide Expression during the Perinatal Period: Possible Role in Fetal Gonadotroph Regulation

Normal reproductive functioning may require secretion of LH independently of FSH. Variation in GnRH pulse frequency and inhibin negative feedback are mechanisms for differential gonadotropin regulation; however, the first instance of differential regulation in rats is during fetal development, prior to the establishment of GnRH connections, when LH accumulates appreciably 2-4 d prior to FSH. Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) can differentially regulate the gonadotropins in vitro by stimulating alpha-subunit transcription, lengthening LHbeta transcripts and decreasing FSHbeta mRNA levels, probably through stimulation of follistatin transcription. These experiments are the first to examine whether PACAP influences gonadotroph function in perinatal pituitaries. In vivo, pituitary PACAP mRNA and peptide levels were high at embryonic d 19 and declined by 94 and 85%, respectively, after parturition. This was accompanied by a decrease of 65 and 96% in total follistatin and follistatin-288 mRNAs. These changes were temporally associated with a 20- and 6.5-fold rise in FSHbeta and GnRH receptor mRNAs, respectively, with no significant increase in LHbeta mRNA. In pituitary cell cultures from fetal and postnatal male rats, PACAP mRNA levels were likewise highest in fetal cultures in which the PACAP 6-38 antagonist decreased alpha-subunit and increased FSHbeta mRNA. PACAP 6-38 also reduced basal and GnRH-stimulated LH secretion with little effect on FSH. These data support the hypothesis that PACAP expressed at high levels in the fetal pituitary stimulates alpha-subunit expression and LH secretion and restrains FSH synthesis relative to LH and that a decline in PACAP allows for the neonatal rise in FSH and GnRH receptor because follistatin is decreased.
Cellular model of proximal tubule NaCl and NaHCO3 absorption

The mammalian proximal tubule absorbs 80% of bicarbonate, 50% of NaCl, and most of the organic solutes filtered at the glomerulus. The Na-K-ATPase located on the basolateral membrane generates a low intracellular [Na] and a high intracellular [K], which in conjunction with a basolateral K conductance leads to an interior negative cell voltage. These intracellular conditions provide driving forces necessary for a number of secondary active transporters on the apical and basolateral membranes which effect transcellular transport. Due to the high permeability of the tight junction in the proximal tubule, there also exist paracellular pathways for solute movement that contribute significantly to net proximal tubular transport.
Components and compounds in discrimination learning of retarded children

Abstract Both compound and component stimuli were used by retarded children in the learning of simultaneous visual discriminations which are solvable by components alone. Each S was given a series of 192 three-trial problems, composed of six problem types differing in the manner in which the stimuli were manipulated from Trial 1 to Trial 3. Four of these problems had both color, form, and the color-form compounds relevant on Trial 1. On Trial 2 only one component cue, color or form, and one compound cue, positive or negative, were available for solution. The remaining two problem types had one component and both compound cues available on all three trials. Comparison of performance on Trial 2 of the first four problems with that of the last two showed that both positive and negative compounds were learned, and the differences attributable to the positive compound were greater than those of the negative compound. However, compounds were not the sole basis for solution, as evidence from Trial 3 performance was found for the acquisition of components. Retarded children would thus appear to be able to utilize a considerable amount of the stimulus information provided. Attempts to predict the obtained performance by two distinct models, Attention Theory and a Single-Link Model, resulted in roughly equivalent and rather close approximations of the obtained values.
Cholesterol and coronary heart disease. The attributable risk reduction of diet and drugs.

• The efficacy of treating hypercholesterolemia is often expressed in relative terms as the ratio of risk in treated vs untreated populations. However, the clinical impact of treatment is best measured by the difference in risk, which is called the attributable risk reduction. Attributable risk reduction is most useful clinically if it is reported for specific subgroups of patients according to age, sex, and other risk factors. To illustrate this concept, its applications and limitations, we review the literature on the primary and secondary treatment of hypercholesterolemia, present the attributable risk reduction, and describe its implications for clinical practice. ( Arch Intern Med. 1989;149:1981-1985)
Solidification cells at low velocity: The moving symmetric model.

This paper is the first in a series of theoretical studies of singular cells in the small solute Peclet number limit (P\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0) of two-dimensional models of directional solidification. In this limit solute diffusion in the frame of the moving front is nearly Laplacian in which case solidification cells and Saffman-Taylor fingers are closely related. Here Langer's moving symmetric model in the absence of temperature gradient (which also describes solidification in a channel of width \ensuremath{\lambda} at unit undercooling) is considered. A boundary integral equation describing steady-state cells is derived and it is shown that in the P\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0 limit this equation can be expressed in terms of a single dimensionless parameter \ensuremath{\sigma}\ensuremath{\propto}${d}_{0}$l/${\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{2}$. The endpoint singularity is studied analytically and physically admissible solutions are found numerically to only exist for a discrete set of values of \ensuremath{\sigma}. The small P dependence of \ensuremath{\sigma} is also examined.
Staff helping behaviors: Alzheimer day care

Helping behaviors of staff members at an Alzheimer day care center were examined through participant observation and ethnographic interviewing. Analysis of the field notes and interview data revealed a primary theme of prevention of harm in the helping patterns and secondary themes of enhancing client function and providing social connectedness. Comparisons with relational and dependency models of helping are made and implications for dementia care are discussed.
Mechanisms of femoral fracture

Abstract Mechanisms of femoral fracture of the condyles and shaft were experimentally investigated through controlled knee impact of denuded femurs in six human cadavers. High-speed movies recorded knee joint compression, femoral displacements and deformation, and fracture initiation. Fracture initiated at 10.6 ± 2.7 kN knee load after 1.3 ± 0.1 cm of knee joint compression for a 10.1 kg rigid impact at 13.2 ± 1.4 m/s. Interestingly, fracture occurred 0.5 ms–1.5 ms after the peak in applied knee load of 18.3 ± 6.9 kN, probably because a significant portion of the load is developed by inertial accelerations displacing the femur and coupled masses. Axial strain measurements at the femoral midshaft showed increasing anteroposterior bending and compressional deformations until the initiation of observed fracture. The kinematics of the observed fracture and the midshaft deformational strains indicate that fracture is predominantly due to tensile strain from anteroposterior bending of the femoral shaft or patellar wedging of the condyles.
An experimental parallel microprocessor system

Abstract The Computing Division at the Los Alamos National Laboratory has designed and is building a parallel microprocessor system (PμPS) to serve as a research tool for evaluating parallel processing of large-scale scientific codes. The PμPS is an experimental architecture consisting of an orthogonal array of 20 processing elements by 32 memory elements, establishing a tightly coupled shared memory (16-Mbyte) machine. The hardware incorporates very-large-scale integration components, such as 16-bit microprocessors, floating-point co-processors and dynamic random access memories. The design replaces the conventional medium-scale integration or small-scale integration circuitry with programmable array logic, logic sequencers and logic arrays. This experimental system, which is only one element of the parallel processing research being done by the Laboratory's Computing Division, will enable direct comparisons of speed-ups of algorithms for a variety of multiprocessor architectures.
Ballistic magnetoresistance in nickel single-atom conductors without magnetostriction

Large ballistic magnetoresistance (BMR) has been measured in Ni single-atom conductors electrodeposited between microfabricated thin films. These measurements eliminate magnetostriction related artifacts. By making measurements on single atom conductors, the benchmark for the incontrovertible evidence against magnetostriction is set at the unyielding condition of the known quantum mechanical principles, namely, $1{G}_{o}=2{e}^{2}}{h=1}∕12\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}900{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ (for ferromagnetic contacts the unit of conductance being $\frac{1}{2}{G}_{o}=1∕25\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}800{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$) is the universal threshold ballistic conductance of an unbroken single atom contact below which even an angstrom separation of the contact due to magnetostriction is immediately signaled by an abrupt and large increase in tunneling resistance of several hundred thousand ohms across the gap. The present approach to electrodeposited point contacts between microfabricated thin films also provides an independent confirmation of Garcia's original BMR experiments on atomic point contacts that were made by a mechanical method [N. Garcia, M. Mu\~noz, and Y.-W. Zhao, Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 2923 (1999)]. There are many intricacies and subtleties to be resolved and understood in the highly interesting BMR phenomenon. Conclusive elimination of magnetostriction related artifacts, which is most easily invoked as a primary alternative explanation to the electronic origin of BMR, is one step towards a better understanding of these atomic scale entities. In addition, several explanations of null effects in some of the reported literature are given.
The State of Official Marxism in China Today

During November 13-14, 2006, I participated in an "International Conference on Ownership and Property Rights: Theory and Practice," in Beijing. This was not just an academic conference, it was related to a sharp debate taking place in China at that time over a proposed new law on property rights.1 Although none of the presentations at the conference made any direct reference to the proposed new law, everyone knew that it was the subtext of the conference debateThis article can also be found at the Monthly Review website, where most recent articles are published in full.Click here to purchase a PDF version of this article at the Monthly Review website.
Structural asymmetry in the Thermus thermophilus RuvC dimer suggests a basis for sequential strand cleavages during Holliday junction resolution.

Holliday junction (HJ) resolvases are structure-specific endonucleases that cleave four-way DNA junctions (HJs) generated during DNA recombination and repair. Bacterial RuvC, a prototypical HJ resolvase, functions as homodimer and nicks DNA strands precisely across the junction point. To gain insights into the mechanisms underlying symmetrical strand cleavages by RuvC, we performed crystallographic and biochemical analyses of RuvC from Thermus thermophilus (T.th. RuvC). The crystal structure of T.th. RuvC shows an overall protein fold similar to that of Escherichia coli RuvC, but T.th. RuvC has a more tightly associated dimer interface possibly reflecting its thermostability. The binding mode of a HJ-DNA substrate can be inferred from the shape/charge complementarity between the T.th. RuvC dimer and HJ-DNA, as well as positions of sulfate ions bound on the protein surface. Unexpectedly, the structure of T.th. RuvC homodimer refined at 1.28 A resolution shows distinct asymmetry near the dimer interface, in the region harboring catalytically important aromatic residues. The observation suggests that the T.th. RuvC homodimer interconverts between two asymmetric conformations, with alternating subunits switched on for DNA strand cleavage. This model provides a structural basis for the ‘nick-counter-nick’ mechanism in HJ resolution, a mode of HJ processing shared by prokaryotic and eukaryotic HJ resolvases.
A finite element procedure for the large deformation dynamic response of axisymmetric solids

Abstract A computational procedure for the large deformation dynamic response of solids is presented. The underlying mechanics, the constitutive theories of interest, the spatial discretization, and the time integration scheme are each discussed. The mechanics is carried out in the current configuration described by a fixed spatial coordinate system and using the Cauchy stress. Elastic, elastoplastic, viscoelastic and curshable foam constitutive theories are examined. A bilinear isoparametric quadrilateral finite element is employed for the spatial discretization. An explicit central difference time integration scheme and artificial viscosity are used to compute the response. The results of five computations are presented and compared with either experimental results or exact answers.
Increase in delta, but not mu, receptors in MSG-treated rats.

Abstract Neonatal treatment of rats with Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) has been demonstrated to destroy cell bodies of neurons in the arcuate nucleus including the brain beta-endorphin (B-END) system. The effects on opiate receptors of the loss of B-END is unknown. Seven to nine month old rats treated with MSG on the first two postnatal days and litter matched untreated control rats were decapitated and their brains dissected into several regions Opiate receptor assays were carried out with [ 3 H] morphine (mu receptor ligand) and [ 3 H] DADL (delta receptor ligand) for each brain region for both MSG-treated and control rats simultaneously. Scatchard plot analyses showed a selective increase in delta receptors in the thalamus only. No corresponding change in mu receptors in the thalamus was found. The cross-competition IC 50 data supported this conclusion, showing a loss in the potency of morphine in displacing [ 3 H] DADL in the thalamus of MSG treated rats.
A possible mechanism for the increased oxidation of choline after chronic ethanol ingestion.

An attempt has been made to determine the location of the site at which the metabolism of ethanol interacts with that of choline to produce an increase in the oxidation of choline. The first enzyme in the oxidation pathway for choline, choline dehydrogenase, was assayed using a newly developed spectro-photometric assay and freshly isolated intact rat liver mitochondria. No changes were observed in either the ‘apparent’ V or the ‘apparent’ Km values of choline dehydrogenase for choline after ethanol ingestion. However, when the choline oxidase system was assayed, a 28% decrease in ‘apparent’ Km for choline and a 53% increase in ‘apparent’ V was observed. The effects of ATP on choline oxidase were studied further, and a 29.4% decrease was observed in mitochondrial ATP levels from freshly isolated mitochondria from the ethanoltreated rats. In vitro aging of mitochondria further decreased the level of ATP, and the rate of decrease was considerably faster during the first hour in the mitochondria from the ethanol-treated animals. The decreases in ATP from both control and experimental mitochondria were accompanied by increases in choline oxidase activity. The initial decrease in ATP was correlated with an increase in mitochondrial ATPase activity which may be related to an increase in mitochondrial Mg2+. Because chronic ethanol ingestion has resulted in decreased oxidation rates of succinate and β-hydroxybutyrate while at the same time increasing the oxidation rates of choline, the studies reported here suggest that the effect of chronic ethanol ingestion is primarily on a step that is unique to choline and which probably exists prior to the electron transport chain.
Automated System for Direct Measurement and Feedback of Total Respiratory Resistance by the Forced Oscillation Technique

An automated system for obtaining a direct measurement of total respiratory resistance (RT) is presented. A polygraph and digital computer are used to filter and quantify the pressure and flow outputs of a forced oscillatory device to determine RT. Functional descriptions of the complete hardware system and of the computer software are included. The measurement of RT is viewed as providing a sensitive and relatively unobtrusive means for investigation of psychophysiological precipitants of subclinical variations in bronchial tone in normal Ss and in Ss suffering from obstructive bronchial disorders such as bronchial asthma. In addition, augmented sensory feedback of RT can be utilized in investigations of S's ability to attain voluntary control of RT.
Organic Agricultural Production in the United States: Debates and Directions

The beginnings of modern organic agriculture are generally attributed to the writings in the 1940s of Sir Albert Howard and Lady Eve Balfour, which espoused that the health of plants, soil, livestock, and people are interrelated. It followed that farming practices should work in harmony with nature using inputs produced on farm. Organic agriculture was popularized in the United States by J.I. Rodale through the magazine Organic Farming and Gardening. Rodale advocated an approach to farming based on understanding and working with natural systems rather than attempting to control them. In the late 1940s and into the 1950s, chemical intensive agriculture successfully boosted agricultural productivity at relatively low cost, thus diverting attention away from the organic movement. However, the publication in 1962 of Rachel Carlson's Silent Spring gave rise to environmental consciousness and a renewed focus on
Effects of the organophosphorus compound, O-ethyl-N-dimethyl-phosphoramidocyanidate (tabun), on flavor aversions, locomotor activity, and rotarod performance in rats.

Abstract An assessment of the behavioral effects of acutely administered anti-cholinesterase compound O-ethyl-N-dimethyl phosphoramidocyanidate (tabun), to male rats was performed in three studies across five dose levels (100–198 μg/kg, sc). Doses of 122 μg/kg or greater produced conditioned flavor aversions. Spontaneous locomotor activity was significantly decreased at doses of 122 μg/kg or greater when compared to vehicle control levels. When administered doses of 168 μg/kg or greater, rats exhibited significant decrements in rotarod performance. In addition, the LD50 of tabun was determined to be 240 μg/kg. Signs of cholinergic intoxication were not apparent until 144 μg/kg tabun or more were given. Behavioral effects were thus obtained at doses that were between 54 and 71% of the LD50.
MicroRNA-mediated regulation of the angiogenic switch.

Purpose of reviewIt has been known for decades that in order to grow, tumors need to activate quiescent endothelial cells to form a functional vascular network, a process termed ‘angiogenesis’. However, the molecular determinants that reverse this endothelial quiescence to facilitate pathological an
ENERGY CHANGES OF COSMIC RAYS IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM.

Energy changes between solar wind and cosmic rays, discussing particle motion description by Fokker- Planck differential equation
Effects of glucocorticoids and catecholamines on maturing rat heart.

Abstract 1. 1. The negative force-frequency response of normal rat heart was accentuated when the animals were adrenalectomized. Treatment of adrenalectomized animals with dexamethasone restored the normal force-frequency response. 2. 2. Total adrenalectomy increased the sensitivity of rat heart to calcium. 3. 3. Adrenalectomized-dexamethasone-treated hearts were more responsive to epinephrine and ouabain. 4. 4. Total adrenalectomy caused independent myocardial disturbances in calcium handling elements (glucocorticoid effect) and beta receptors (catecholamine effect).