cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lattice-matched GaSb/AlGaAsSb double-heterostructure diode lasers grown by MOVPE

Double-heterostructure (DH) diode lasers consisting of a GaSb active layer and lattice-matched Al/sub 0.3/Ga/sub 0.7/As/sub 0.22/Sb/sub 0.98/ cladding layers have been grown by metal organic vapour phase epitaxy (MOVPE). The devices operate at room temperature (/spl lambda//spl sime/1.75 /spl mu/m) with a pulsed threshold current density of 2.1 kA/cm/sup 2/ for a 1000 /spl mu/m long laser. This result is a significant improvement over the 7.5 kA/cm/sup 2/ obtained for lattice-mismatched GaSb/AlGaSb DH lasers, the only other reported lasers containing AlSb-based alloys grown by MOVPE.
Japanese and American reports of randomized trials: differences in the reporting of adverse effects

Abstract We sought to identify differences in the description of adverse drug experiences in reports of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) from the United States and Japan, using diclofenac and simvastatin as test drugs. Reports were identified in Medline (Index Medicus 1966–1990), EMBASE (Excerpta Medica 1974–1990), JAPICDOC (1979–1990), and JOIS-III (JMEDICINE 1980–1990). In each search keywords describing study design were paired with the drugs' generic names, chemical names, and development numbers. Twenty-seven U.S. reports (18 for diclofenac and 9 for simvastatin) and 22 Japanese reports (17 for diclofenac and 5 for simvastatin) identified in these four databases were selected for review. For each paper we identified the relation of the article to the data (preliminary, primary, and secondary reports, reviews), the means of identifying adverse reactions, the principal outcomes of the trials, and a variety of descriptive measures relating to study design, authorship, and elements of presentation. With few exceptions, Japanese reports were not indexed in English-language databases, and studies from the United States were not carried out in the Japanese databases. The Japanese literature consisted exclusively of primary reports of clinical trials, whereas the U.S. literature was dominated by review articles and secondary reports of data from trials not fully published elsewhere. Japanese reports contained more detail on adverse experiences but reported principally those attributed to the drugs by attending clinicians. U.S. reports by contrast offered little detail but tended to include all adverse experiences, whether or not clinically attributed to drugs. A preponderance of U.S. articles reported significant differences between drugs in safety or treatment efficacy, whereas only one third of the Japanese articles did so for the same agents. Reports from both countries offered few details of the methods used to gather information on adverse drug experiences, and as a result the reported absolute frequencies of such events are difficult to compare between trials or to generalize to other settings. In conclusion, the reporting of adverse reactions in clinical trials is inadequate in both the United States and Japanese literature. The shortcomings are complementary in that reports of U.S. trials contain insufficient detail and Japanese reports do not interpret or synthesize experience. Clinical research into drug safety in both countries could be improved through the adoption of simple standards of clarity and consistency in the monitoring and reporting of drug adverse effects.
Guild management: an evaluation of avian guilds as a predictive tool

The use and applicability of the guild concept to management is evaluated and questioned. Ecological problems are never as simple as implied in using one or two guild axes. A close examination of bird communities in a ponderosa pine forest reveals little relationship between guilds or guild blocks and the responses exhibited by individual bird species or bird species groups. Response guilds changed from year to year without any obvious changes in vegetation. A three-year composite analysis shows a clearer picture of the responses of ponderosa pine forest birds to the overall interactions between structure, weather, competition, and so on. The six response groups in the composite analysis are species that (1) were absent in 1973 on most or all study plots and showed no preference for any forested site; (2) had their highest densities on the medium cut and light cut plots; (3) were absent in 1973 on most or all study plots and had their highest densities on the medium cut and light cut plots; (4) had their highest densities on the untreated, light cut, and medium cut plots; (5) had their highest densities on the untreated and light cut plots and were either absent or had greatly reduced densities on all other plots; and (6) were present only on the clearcut, except for the Rock Wren which was also on the medium cut and heavy cut plots. The overall correlation between species density and guild density was significantly higher for response guilds (α <0.05) than for any of the structural or functional guilds. The whole concept of guild management needs much more research and development before it can be recommended as a management tool.
Gaining from a Giving Relationship: A Model to Examine Cause-Related Marketing's Effect on Salespeople

ABSTRACT Relationships between business firms and not-for-profit organizations already represent $6.5 to $8.5 billion annually (Deutsch 1997) and are growing. However, there is a dearth of research dealing with the effect on internal stakeholders even though research is needed. This research contributes to the marketing literature as cause-related marketing relationships between firms and not-for-profit organizations, a form of corporate social responsibility, are examined as a recruitment, motivation, and retention tool available to marketing managers. Specifically, we examine the current literature and propose a model to examine the direct effect that a cause-related marketing partner's evaluation exerts on a marketing representative's corporate evaluation and possibly more importantly, the conditions under which this effect is moderated.
Identification and measurement of scaling-dependent parasitic capacitances of small-geometry MOSFET's

The scaling dependence of the gate-to-source capacitance in strong accumulation C/sub gs//sup acc/ is investigated for the first time to study the parasitic capacitances for MOSFETs with different gate-lengths. Results show a gate-length L/sub gate/ dependent characteristic for C/sub gs//sup acc/ and is consistent with the results from numerical device simulation. The result is found to be different from the widely used assumption in the literature, and is believed to be reported for the first time. The gate-length dependent C/sub gs//sup acc/ characteristic is due to the top side capacitance, and is verified through careful device characterization and numerical device simulation. A measurement technique is further developed to determine C/sub top/ for small geometry MOSFETs. The technique is demonstrated on actual transistors with no special test devices required. Based on the technique, a sub-linear dependent relationship is found for the dependence of C/sub top/ on L/sub gate/, and is in close agreement with the results predicted by theory. Results also indicate that C/sub top/ is about 8-13% of the measured total C/sub gs//sup acc/, which corresponds to a nonnegligible portion of the total capacitance, and needs to be considered for future device design, characterization and modeling. The impact of C/sub top/ on CMOS inverter gate delay is also investigated. Results indicate C/sub top/ adversely impact the gate delay by as much as 5.5% as supply voltage is scaled down to 1 V.
Understanding osteoblast responses to stiff nanotopographies through experiments and computational simulations

An increasing number of studies have demonstrated the positive role nanotopographies can have toward promoting various cell functions. However, the relevant mechanism(s) behind this improvement in biological interactions at the cell–material interface is not well understood. For this reason, here, osteoblast (bone forming cell) functions (including adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation) on two carefully-fabricated diamond films with dramatically-different topographies were tested and modeled. The results over all the time periods tested revealed greater cell responses on nanocrystalline diamond (NCD, grain sizes <100 nm) compared to submicron crystalline diamond (SMCD, grain sizes 200–1000 nm). To understand this positive impact of cell responses per stiff nanotopographies, cell filopodia extension and cell spreading were studied through computational simulations and the results suggested that increasing the lateral dimensions or height of nanometer surface features could inhibit cell filopodia extension and, ultimately, decrease cell spreading. The computational simulation results were further verified by live cell imaging (LCI) experiments. This study, thus, describes a possible new approach to investigate (through experiments and computational simulation) the mechanisms behind nanotopography-enhanced cell functions. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A:, 2011.
An effective and scalable connectivity restoration heuristic for Mobile Sensor/Actor Networks

Due to inhospitable environments, the actors/sensors in Mobile Sensor/Actor Networks are subject to various damages which can disrupt the data delivery and cooperation. Typically, the damages affect the existing routes and may even cause network partitioning. In such a case, the set of actors/sensors disconnected from the rest of the network, namely a partition, can be re-connected with the network through topology adjustment by exploiting node mobility. However, movement of the nodes consumes significant energy which needs to be minimized. In this paper, we propose an effective yet scalable heuristic approach for restoring network connectivity while minimizing the total movement distance of the nodes. Given that the nodes can move to infinitely many locations in the damaged area, the basic motivation of the heuristic is to reduce the number of locations where the nodes can move. For this purpose, a minimum set of relay points is identified first by running a relay node placement heuristic that can ensure connectivity. Existing nodes in the partitions are then used to fill the relay points based on a greedy heuristic. When selecting nodes from the partitions, the nodes that do not cause further disconnectivity in the partition are picked. This is done by determining the connected dominating set of the partition and identifying the dominatee nodes. The experiment results show that the proposed approach not only performs very close to a near-optimal solution but also scales well when the number of nodes or partitions are increased.
Sorption-desorption kinetics of alachlor in surface soil from two soybean tillage systems

Alachor [2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-N-methoxymethyl)-acetamide] sorption patterns were evaluated in surface (0-5 cm) Dundee silt loam (fine-silty, mixed, thermic Aeric Ochraqualf) soil collected from long-term conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT) soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] plots. Three concentrations of [ 14 C] alachlor (0.58, 2.44, and 18.1 μmol L -1 ) in 0.01 M CaCl 2 were added to soil (3 g/18 mL) and samples were shaken for time periods ranging from 1 min to 96 h []
Guava: a dialect of Java without data races

We introduce Guava, a dialect of Java whose rules statically guarantee that parallel threads access shared data only through synchronized methods. Our dialect distinguishes three categories of classes: (1) monitors, which may be referenced from multiple threads, but whose methods are accessed serially; (2) values, which cannot be referenced and therefore are never shared; and (3) objects, which can have multiple references but only from within one thread, and therefore do not need to be synchronized. Guava circumvents the problems associated with today's Java memory model, which must define behavior when concurrent threads access shared memory without synchronization.We present an overview of the syntax and the semantic rules of Guava. We discuss how implementations of Guava can exploit these rules to re-enable compiler optimizations inhibited by standard Java. We discuss how compilers for certain multiprocessor architectures can automatically generate certain programming idioms, such as double-check reads, as optimizations of serialized monitors.
Leak behavior of steam generator tube-to-tubesheet joints under creep condition: Experimental study

Abstract To address concerns regarding excessive leakage from throughwall cracks in steam generator tube-to-tubesheet joints under severe accident conditions, leak rate testing was conducted using tube-to-collar joint specimens. The tube interior and the interface between tube and collar (crevice) were pressurized independently using nitrogen gas. The leak rate through the crevice was almost zero when the specimens were pressurized at ∼500 °C; this low leak rate is attributed to thermal mismatch effects preventing much leakage. The near zero leak rate was maintained until the onset of large leakage at higher temperatures. The leak rate behavior after the onset of the large leakage was not much affected by the crevice length or heat-to-heat variation of Alloy 600 tubes. This suggests that once the crevice gap opens, the creep rate of the low alloy steel collar becomes dominant. Specimens with different tube diameters behaved essentially the same way. To simulate a flawed steam generator tube in the tubesheet, the crevice region was pressurized through a hole in the tube. This simulation resulted in essentially the same behavior as those specimens whose tubes and crevices were pressurized independently. Oxidation of low alloy steel collars in air tests can increase the flow resistance, and thus tests using nitrogen gas would provide more conservative leak rate data.
Copper and angiogenesis: unravelling a relationship key to cancer progression.

Angiogenesis, the formation of new capillaries from existing vasculature, is a critical process in normal physiology as well as several physiopathologies. A desire to curb the supportive role angiogenesis plays in the development and metastasis of cancers has driven exploration into anti-angiogenic strategies as cancer therapeutics. Key to this, angiogenesis additionally displays an exquisite sensitivity to bioavailable copper. Depletion of copper has been shown to inhibit angiogenesis in a wide variety of cancer cell and xenograft systems. Several clinical trials using copper chelation as either an adjuvant or primary therapy have been conducted. Yet, the biological basis for the sensitivity of angiogenesis remains unclear. Numerous molecules important to angiogenesis regulation have been shown to be either directly or indirectly influenced by copper, yet a clear probative answer to the connection remains elusive. Measurements of copper in biological systems have historically relied on techniques that, although demonstrably powerful, provide little or no information as to the spatial distribution of metals in a cellular context. Therefore, several new approaches have been developed to image copper in a biological context. One such approach relies on synchrotron-derived X-rays from third-generation synchrotrons and the technique of high resolution X-ray fluorescence microprobe (XFM) analysis. Recent applicationsmore » of XFM approaches to the role of copper in regulating angiogenesis have provided unique insight into the connection between copper and cellular behaviour. Using XFM, copper has been shown to be highly spatially regulated, as it is translocated from perinuclear areas of the cell towards the tips of extending filopodia and across the cell membrane into the extracellular space during angiogenic processes. Such findings may explain the heightened sensitivity of this cellular process to this transition metal and set a new paradigm for the kinds of regulatory roles that the spatial dynamics of cellular transition metals may play.« less
Static coating of capillary columns using mixed solvents

Mixed solvents in coating solutions were employed to facilitate (lower temperatures and shorter times) the static coating of capillary columns. Different volume ratios of mixed solvents used in the coating solutions do not affect the quality of capillary columns coated with stationary phases of different polarity. Small diameter (<100 μm i.d.) capillaries of up to 50 m long were successfully coated with a methylphenylpolysiloxane (50% phenyl) for use in supercritical-fluid chromatography. In addition, an 80 m×0.31 mm i.d. capillary was statically coated with Superox 20 M (0.25 μm film thickness) in a 1∶1n-pentane/methylene chloride mixture at 55 °C. The coating time was only 7 hrs, and the resultant column exhibited a total of 170,000 theoretical plates (k′=5.5).
Shopping Time and Purchasing Behavior as a Result of In-Store Tactile Stimulation:

286 shoppers were greeted by one of 6 student-experimenters while entering a bookstore Half the shoppers were touched, and the other half were not. A light touch on the upper arm increased the subj...
YM2:Continuum expectations, lattice convergence, and lassos

The two dimensional Yang-Mills theory (YM2) is analyzed in both the continuum and the lattice. In the complete axial gauge the continuum theory may be defined in terms of a Lie algebra valued white noise, and parallel translation may be defined by stochastic differential equations. This machinery is used to compute the expectations of gauge invariant functions of the parallel translation operators along a collection of curvesC. The expectation values are expressed as finite dimensional integrals with densities that are products of the heat kernel on the structure group. The time parameters of the heat kernels are determined by the areas enclosed by the collectionC, and the arguments are determined by the crossing topologies of the curves inC. The expectations for the Wilson lattice models have a similar structure, and from this it follows that in the limit of small lattice spacing the lattice expectations converge to the continuum expectations. It is also shown that the lasso variables advocated by L. Gross [36] exist and are sufficient to generate all the measurable functions on the YM2-measure space.
Functional and immunological characterization of the stimulation of human lymphocytes with a mitogen from group A streptococci (SM).

Abstract Streptococcal mitogen (SM), an extracellular product of group A streptococci, is non specifically mitogenic for both B and T lymphocytes. The mitogenic activity of SM is resistant to digestion with trypsin, to heating at 100 °C for 5 min, and to treatment with dithiothreitol. The proliferative response of lymphocytes from patients with a history of rheumatic fever is similar to that of lymphocytes from healthy donors when stimulated with optimal concentrations of SM, but is significantly reduced when low doses of SM are used. T lymphocytes stimulated with SM acquire Ia antigens and the ability to stimulate allogeneic and autologous lymphocytes in mixed lymphocyte reactions. An involvement of Ia antigens in these reactions is indicated by the specific block by monoclonal antibodies to human Ia antigens.
Acute exercise protects against doxorubicin cardiotoxicity.

Numerous methods have been used to minimize the cardiotoxic effects of the chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin (DOX), and most have had limited success. Chronic endurance exercise has been shown to protect against DOX cardiotoxicity, but little is known regarding the effects of acute exercise on DOX-induced cardiac dysfunction. Purpose. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a single bout of acute endurance exercise on the cardiac dysfunction associated with DOX treatment. Methods. Male Sprague-Dawley rats either performed an acute exercise bout on a motorized treadmill for 60 minutes at a maximal speed of 25 m/min with a 5% grade (EX) or remained sedentary (SED) 24 hours before receiving either a 15-mg/kg DOX bolus dose or saline (SAL). Cardiac function was then analyzed 5 days post injection using a Langendorff isolated perfused heart model. In addition, myocardial lipid peroxidation was analyzed as an indicator of oxidative stress. Results. Doxorubicin treatment alone (SED+DOX) promoted a significant decline in end-systolic pressure (–35%), left ventricular developed pressure (–59%), and the maximal rate of left ventricular pressure development (–43%) as well as a 45% increase in lipid peroxidation products when compared with SED+SAL (P < .05). Acute exercise 24 hours before DOX treatment, however, had a cardioprotective effect, as end-systolic pressure, left ventricular developed pressure, and the maximal rate of left ventricular pressure development were significantly higher in EX+DOX compared with SED+DOX (P < .05) and EX+DOX had similar levels of lipid peroxidation products as SED+SAL Conclusions. An acute exercise bout performed 24 hours before DOX treatment protected against cardiac dysfunction, and this exercise-induced cardioprotection may partly be explained by a reduction in the generation of reactive oxygen species.
Effect of various compounds related to emetine on hepatic protein synthesis in the rat.

Abstract The intraperitoneal administration of emetine, 2,3-dehydroemetine, or cephaeline to rats has a stimulating effect on the labeled l -amino acid incorporation into protein in an incubation system in vitro using miorosomal fractions prepared from the livers of animals 24 hr after pretreatment. When these same compounds are added directly to the system in vitro , amino acid incorporation can be inhibited almost completely even in incubations using stimulated liver microsomal preparations from pretreated animals. The incorporation of labeled l -amino acid into liver protein in vivo is inhibited at 2 hr after pretreatment of rats with emetine, 2,3-dehydroemetine, or cephaeline. None of these effects are observed in corresponding experiments at equimolar levels with isoemetine or with O -methylpsychotrine, both of which are also structurally related to emetine, without however possessing the same stereochemical configuration as the parent compound at C-1′.
Theoretical study of the structure and vibrational spectrum of 1,3-dithiole-2-thione

Abstract Ab initio Hartree-Fock and density functional theory calculations were carried out to investigate the structure and vibrational spectrum of 1,3-dithiole-2-thione. All the calculations predicted a planar structure with C2v symmetry. Harmonic force field and vibrational mode calculations provided convincing theoretical evidence for reassignments of some fundamental vibrational modes. The reassignments are in line with the observed polarization data of Dyer et al. This study shows that the density functional theory is a powerful tool for understanding the vibrational spectra of organic molecules.
PHOTOPHYSICAL DEACTIVATION DYNAMICS OF EXCITED PORPHYRIN MOLECULES ADSORBED ONTO DIHEXADECYL PHOSPHATE VESICLES

Deactivation of triplet-excited meso-tetra(N-methyl-4-pyridyl)porphine on the surface of dihexadecyl phosphate vesicles was measured by pulsed-laser transient spectrophotometry. Both unimolecular and triplet−triplet annihilation pathways were identified from the concentration dependence of the decay profiles. The data were analyzed using the Monte Carlo method to obtain a surface diffusion coefficient for the adsorbed porphyrin of D ≈ 8 × 10-9 cm2/s at ambient temperatures. The diffusion coefficient underwent a discontinuous change at the major phase-transition temperature of the vesicles, exhibiting an Arrhenius activation energy of Ea = 31 kJ/mol below 62 °C and 7.9 kJ/mol above 62 °C. Comparisons of Monte Carlo simulations to approximate kinetic equations for diffusion-controlled bimolecular reactions confined to spherical surfaces indicate that the latter can be used to estimate diffusion coefficients for reactions on particles that are the dimensions of small unilamellar vesicles.
A Framework for Parallel Unstructured Grid Generation for Complex Aerodynamic Simulations

A framework for parallel unstructured grid generation targeting both shared memory multi-processors and distributed memory architectures is presented. The two fundamental building-blocks of the framework consist of: (1) the Advancing-Partition (AP) method used for domain decomposition and (2) the Advancing Front (AF) method used for mesh generation. Starting from the surface mesh of the computational domain, the AP method is applied recursively to generate a set of sub-domains. Next, the sub-domains are meshed in parallel using the AF method. The recursive nature of domain decomposition naturally maps to a divide-and-conquer algorithm which exhibits inherent parallelism. For the parallel implementation, the Master/Worker pattern is employed to dynamically balance the varying workloads of each task on the set of available CPUs. Performance results by this approach are presented and discussed in detail as well as future work and improvements.
Histidine increases the frequency of chromosomal aberrations induced by the xanthine oxidasehypoxanthine system in V79 cells

Abstract The combined effects of the xanthine oxidase (XO)—hypoxanthine (HX) system and the various kinds of amino acids in Eagle's minimum essential medium on chromosomal aberrations were studied in Chinese hamster V79 cells. Among 13 amino acids tested, only histidine significantly increased the number of aberrant chromosomes and cytotoxicity in combination with the XO-HX system. This enhancing effect of histidine on chromosomal aberrations was dose-dependent at 0.063%–0.25%; it was not affected by Superoxide dismutase, but was strongly inhibited by catalase.
An inexpensive fathead minnow egg incubation and toxicant exposure system

We report on an inexpensive, easily constructed system for hatching fathead minnow eggs and maintaining hatched larvae for growth and survivorship studies. Data are presented to illustrate the use of the system for toxicant exposures. This system has applications for both field and laboratory studies.
Improved linear crosstalk tolerance in an un-amplified ring PON

There is increased interest in ring-based passive optical network (PON) architectures due to their local area network (LAN) capability among end users and inherent protection and restoration schemes. The ring architecture includes optical filters and switches with non-ideal channel isolation, leading to the generation of linear crosstalk, which can significantly degrade the system performance if it is not sufficiently suppressed. We use simulation to analyze the effects of linear crosstalk in an un-amplified TDM optical ring and show how we can improve the tolerance of the crosstalk in our architecture that employs optimized tap split ratios as a means of increasing the number of ONUs served. Our approach is based on simulation of the entire network using a combination of wavelength-domain and time-domain techniques. Typically, PON networks use two or three wavelengths that are separated by more than 50 nm to maintain the cost of components low and as such, it is logical that any crosstalk will be negligible. However, the subpar performance of such components motivated our study into the impact of crosstalk. We show that the tap ratio optimization which increases the number ONUs that can be served in the ring can also exacerbate the effects of linear interchannel crosstalk at the ONU's downstream signal receivers. We also show that surplus power at the last ONU can be utilized to counter this degraded crosstalk performance by careful tap ratio selection, thereby improving the overall tolerance to linear crosstalk in the system.
Synaptic NMDA Receptor-Dependent Ca2+ Entry Drives Membrane Potential and Ca2+ Oscillations in Spinal Ventral Horn Neurons

During vertebrate locomotion, spinal neurons act as oscillators when initiated by glutamate release from descending systems. Activation of NMDA receptors initiates Ca2+-mediated intrinsic membrane potential oscillations in central pattern generator (CPG) neurons. NMDA receptor-dependent intrinsic oscillations require Ca2+-dependent K+ (KCa2) channels for burst termination. However, the location of Ca2+ entry mediating KCa2 channel activation, and type of Ca2+ channel – which includes NMDA receptors and voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (VGCCs) – remains elusive. NMDA receptor-dependent Ca2+ entry necessitates presynaptic release of glutamate, implying a location at active synapses within dendrites, whereas VGCC-dependent Ca2+ entry is not similarly constrained. Where Ca2+ enters relative to KCa2 channels is crucial to information processing of synaptic inputs necessary to coordinate locomotion. We demonstrate that Ca2+ permeating NMDA receptors is the dominant source of Ca2+ during NMDA-dependent oscillations in lamprey spinal neurons. This Ca2+ entry is synaptically located, NMDA receptor-dependent, and sufficient to activate KCa2 channels at excitatory interneuron synapses onto other CPG neurons. Selective blockade of VGCCs reduces whole-cell Ca2+ entry but leaves membrane potential and Ca2+ oscillations unaffected. Furthermore, repetitive oscillations are prevented by fast, but not slow, Ca2+ chelation. Taken together, these results demonstrate that KCa2 channels are closely located to NMDA receptor-dependent Ca2+ entry. The close spatial relationship between NMDA receptors and KCa2 channels provides an intrinsic mechanism whereby synaptic excitation both excites and subsequently inhibits ventral horn neurons of the spinal motor system. This places the components necessary for oscillation generation, and hence locomotion, at glutamatergic synapses.
Monte Carlo simulation of effective elastic constants of polycrystalline thin films

A Monte Carlo finite element model is developed for predicting the scatter in the nominal elastic constants of a thin film aggregate of cubic crystals. Universal results for the nominal plane strain Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio are presented as functions of the number of grains within a unit volume, and two parameters that quantify the level of the crystalline anisotropy. The predictions are compared with formulae that are derived for plane strain Voigt and Reuss bounds.
Oocyte Numbers in the Mouse Increase after Treatment with 5-Aminoisoquinolinone: A Potent Inhibitor of Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation

Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is a posttranslational protein modification carried out by a family of enzymes referred to as poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs). It has been proposed that the broad nuclear distribution of PARPs may allow them to modulate gene expression in addition to their more accepted role as DNA repair mediators. The role of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation during oogenesis and folliculogenesis is unknown. Here we found that when 3- to 4-wk-old mice were injected with 5-amninoisoquinolinone, a water soluble inhibitor of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation, it leads to considerably increased oocyte numbers and a dramatic increase in primordial follicle numbers. Furthermore, we show that inhibition of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation leads to an increased expression of specific genes and pathways in mouse ovaries, in particular, transforming growth factor superfamily members. Our results demonstrate that poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation, is important in oogenesis and folliculogenesis, and it may have a differential role in regulating gene expression, DNA repair, and apoptosis. The novel function of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation in oogenesis and folliculogenesis sheds light on the alternative role that DNA repair mediators may play in cellular development and differentiation.
Dominant role of grain boundary scattering in the resistivity of nanometric Cu films

The dominant role of grain boundary scattering in the low-temperature resistivity of both ${\text{SiO}}_{2}$ and $\text{Ta}/{\text{SiO}}_{2}$ encapsulated Cu thin films is demonstrated by the experimental variation and quantification of film thickness, roughness, and grain size. The independent variation in film thickness (28--158 nm) and grain size (35--466 nm) is achieved through subambient temperature film deposition followed by annealing. Experimentally measured film resistivities are compared with both surface scattering and grain boundary scattering models for the classical size effect, showing the dominance of the latter.
Managing Armageddon: The Truman Administration, Atomic War, and the National Security Resources Board

“How shall we be governed in an atomic war? Who will make the decisions for defense and survival, and what compulsions will support their peremptory execution? What will be the measure of our cherished liberties?” Clinton L. Rossiter, the distinguished authority on the Constitution, asked these questions at the height of the cold war, a time when relations with the Soviet Union had become very troubled and, at home, red-baiting political campaigns, intolerance, fear, and repression had destroyed much of the liberalism of the New Deal.
Boltzmann-grad limit for a particle system in continuum

Abstract We examine a system of one-dimensional particles in which the particles travel deterministically in between stochastic collisions. The collision rates are chosen so that finitely many collisions occur in a unit interval of time. We prove the kinetic limit and subsequently derive the discrete Boltzmann equation.
Increased thromboxane production in recalcified challenged whole blood from copper-deficient rats

Abstract The influence of dietary copper deficiency on thrombin and collagen challenged whole blood thromboxane (TXA 2 ) production was examined in rats. Citrated blood was collected from the abdominal aorta, recalcified to 5 mM Ca 2+ and challenged with collagen or thrombin at 37° for 4 minutes. TX production was stopped with aspirin and TX measured by RIA. In two separate experiments dietary copper deficiency significantly increased TX production by 34% and 35% in collagen-challenged whole blood in comparison to Cu adequate control animals. TX production in response to a thrombin challenge also increased by 18% and 47%, but was significant in only one experiment. Platelet numbers were normal and unaffected by copper deficiency. We conclude that dietary copper deficiency enhances TX production in recalcified challenged whole blood and discuss the several possible mechanisms.
Educational outcomes in children with disabilities: Linking hospitals and schools.

Children with disabilities are at increased risk of poor educational outcomes. Although most participate regularly in educational programs, they are less likely to be functionally independent, socially integrated, psychologically adjusted, and engaged in productive activity following school completion. Improved collaboration between rehabilita­ tion specialists and educators has the potential to prevent these secondary complications of disability. Professionals need to specify important outcome domains to track in both settings, consider using a prevention model to guide interventions, and increase awareness of common underlying beliefs about the need for inclusive environments and interdependence.
1.4 GHz radar penetration and evidence of drainage structures in temperate ice : Black Rapids Glacier, Alaska, U.S.A.

We have tested the ability of a 1.12-1.76 GHz bandwidth airborne Frequency Modulation-Continuous Wave (FM-CW) radar with an effective pulse duration of 3 ns to penetrate temperate ice of the ablation zone of Black Rapids Glacier, central Alaska, U.S.A. We used high-gain horn antennas to suppress clutter, and tested over cold and nearly ideal surface conditions. Englacial horizons dipping to at least 60 m depth were found along three sections of one axial profile. More narrow-band (1.21-1.29 GHz), low-resolution (24 ns pulse duration) profiles from a fourth section detected events at about 100-150 m depth. Comparative profiles recorded with a 100 MHz short-pulse-type radar reproduce the horizons of two of the sections, and verify the penetration in all cases. All horizons are composed of diffractions. We interpret voids from the phase of the 100 MHz diffractions within one of the horizons. The diffraction nature of the horizons, the void interpretation and the proximity to a nearby and up-glacier pothole field lead us to conclude that the horizons within two of the sections are meandering drainage channels. A more complex, branching structure with near-surface horizons profiled within the third section much farther down-glacier may also be a complex drainage system fed by near-surface melting. The FM-CW signal-to-clutter-noise ratios of some of the targets predict that they could be detected at 200 m depth in the 1-2 GHz range. Significant performance improvements at maximum vertical resolution could be achieved with higher-gain antennas.
What makes a video go viral? An analysis of emotional contagion and Internet memes

What qualities lead some Internet videos to reach millions of viewers while others languish in obscurity? This question has been largely unexamined empirically. We addressed this issue by examining the role of emotional response and video source on the likelihood of spreading an Internet video by validating the emotional response to an Internet video and investigating the underlying mechanisms. Results indicated that individuals reporting strong affective responses to a video reported greater intent to spread the video. In terms of the role of the source, anger-producing videos were more likely to be forwarded but only when the source of the video was an out-group member. These results have implications for emotional contagion, social influence, and online behavior.
Worker dose analysis based on real time dosimetry

Real time dosimetry was used to analyze nuclear medicine technologist dose from performing positron emission tomography clinical imaging procedures. The purpose was to identify which tasks in the procedure were the greatest contributors to dose. Results identified the patient positioning task as the single largest source of technologist dose, followed by measurement and administration of the radioactive drug. The dosimetry method appears suitable for any work situation where it is not clear whether task modification or installation of shielding will better reduce worker dose.
Dopamine D1 receptor mutant mice are deficient in striatal expression of dynorphin and in dopamine-mediated behavioral responses

The brain dopaminergic system is a critical modulator of basal ganglia function and plasticity. To investigate the contribution of the dopamine D1 receptor to this modulation, we have used gene targeting technology to generate D1 receptor mutant mice. Histological analyses suggested that there are no major changes in general anatomy of the mutant mouse brains, but indicated that the expression of dynorphin is greatly reduced in the striatum and related regions of the basal ganglia. The mutant mice do not respond to the stimulant and suppressive effects of D1 receptor agonists and antagonists, respectively, and they exhibit locomotor hyperactivity. These results suggest that the D1 receptor regulates the neurochemical architecture of the striatum and is critical for the normal expression of motor activity.
Distribution of carbon after intravenous injection in the normal rabbit. Leakage into the synovium but not other non-reticuloendothelial tissues.

Le charbon noir, administre par injection intraveineuse, s'echappe des venules synoviales normales, mais pas des venules de tissus non-reticuloendotheliaux. Cette conclusion vient a l'appui d'autres etudes qui revelerent un plus haut degre de permeabilite des vaisseaux synoviaux, qualite peut-etre importante pour la localisation, dans l'articulation, de l'agent (ou des agents) qui causent l'arthrite rhumatoide ou d'autres arthrites inflammatoires.
The Small Molecule 2-Furylacrylic Acid Inhibits Auxin-Mediated Responses in Arabidopsis thaliana

Auxins, typified by IAA, are a class of plant hormones involved in a wide array of processes including cell division, cell elongation, tissue patterning, phototropism, gravitropism and root development. Despite recent descriptions of the machinery involved in auxin transport and perception, additional regulatory mechanisms and components remain to be identified and characterized. Chemical genetics has proven to be a valuable means by which to investigate the auxin response pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana. A screen for small molecules that block auxin signaling was performed previously, leading to the characterization of four compounds with this inhibitory activity. Here, we have synthesized various analogs of one of these molecules, compound A, a furyl acrylate ester of a thiadiazole heterocycle. The biological activity of these derivatives was initially assessed based on their ability to inhibit the auxin-inducible expression of the BA3-GUS reporter gene and indicated that the active portion of the molecule was 2-furylacrylic acid (2-FAA). In the micromolar range, 2-FAA attenuates the auxin-inducible expression of IAA5, fails to alter the interaction of IAA7/AXR2 with the SCF TIR1 complex and inhibits both root and hypocotyl elongation of wild-type seedlings. Based on our structure-function analysis of compound A, we conclude that 2-furylacrylic acid is liberated by hydrolysis of an ester linkage. Identification of the cellular target of this molecule will add to our understanding of auxin-mediated events.
Interactions between the Parasite's Previous and Current Environment Mediate the Outcome of Parasite Infection

Abstract: The study of parasite virulence has generally focused on the conditions under which virulence is expected to increase or decrease over time and how the interactions between hosts and their environments may mediate the outcome of infection. Recently, parasite traits such as transmission, offspring production, and development have also been shown to be influenced by environmental variation. What is unclear is how variation in the parasite’s environment may impact virulence. Recent theory demonstrates that plasticity can promote the evolution of decreased virulence; thus, understanding whether the parasite’s environment can mediate virulence can improve predictions regarding the outcome of parasite infection. Here, an obligate mosquito parasite was reared in hosts fed high or low levels of food. Parasite oocysts (offspring) produced in these two host environments were subsequently fed to uninfected hosts. Parasites originating from well‐fed hosts were found to be more virulent to these subsequent h...
Bilateral cavernous sinus thromboses and intraorbital abscesses secondary to Streptococcus milleri.

Abstract Purpose To report the first case of bilateral cavernous sinus thromboses and bilateral intraorbital abscesses secondary to Streptococcus milleri . Study design Single interventional case report. Intervention and testing The findings of the ophthalmic evaluation, radiographic imaging, medical and surgical intervention, specimen cultures, and clinical course were analyzed. Results A 17-year-old female had bilateral proptosis, decreased vision in the left eye, and altered mental status at presentation. An orbital compartment syndrome developed in the left eye and purulent material was present after lateral canthotomy, suggestive of an intraorbital abscess. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans revealed bilateral cavernous sinus thromboses, and subsequent computed tomographic (CT) scans revealed bilateral intraorbital abscesses in the setting of acute ethmoid and sphenoid sinusitis. Antibiotic treatment and surgical drainage of the orbital abscess and sinuses was performed, and specimen cultures revealed S. milleri . After surgery, the patient experienced hearing loss and a right internal capsule infarct, in addition to complete vision loss in the left eye. A second intraorbital abscess developed in the right eye and was drained surgically. The vision remained 20/20. Conclusions Streptococcus milleri is a virulent organism with a propensity to form abscesses in multiple areas of the body and should be considered as a possible etiologic agent in abscess formation of the orbit and cavernous sinus thrombosis.
Interferon Regulatory Factor 4 (IRF4) Interacts with NFATc2 to Modulate Interleukin 4 Gene Expression

Proteins of the nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) family of transcription factors are critical for lymphocyte activation in the immune system. In particular, NFATs are important regulators of inducible IL-4 gene expression. Interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) is an immune system–restricted interferon regulatory factor that is required for lymphocyte activation, but its molecular functions in the T lineage remain to be elucidated. We demonstrate that IRF4 potently synergizes with NFATc2 to specifically enhance NFATc2-driven transcriptional activation of the IL-4 promoter. This function is dependent on the physical interaction of IRF4 with NFATc2. IRF4 synergizes with NFATc2 and the IL-4–inducing transcription factor, c-maf, to augment IL-4 promoter activity as well as to elicit significant levels of endogenous IL-4 production. Furthermore, naive T helper cells from mice lacking IRF4 are compromised severely for the production of IL-4 and other Th2 cytokines. The identification of IRF4 as a partner for NFATc2 in IL-4 gene regulation provides an important molecular function for IRF4 in T helper cell differentiation.
Ultimate trainer: instructional feedback for ultimate frisbee players

Ultimate frisbee is a rapidly growing sport that is played in more than 42 countries. Although it is often seen as a lighthearted pastime, significant training and practice are necessary to achieve an average level of throwing proficiency, and it is difficult for new players to map the flight of the frisbee to their throwing action. In this paper, we present Ultimate Trainer, a frisbee augmented with electronics that gives a player visual and haptic cues based on grip strength and angle of release, along with flight information such as rotation speed and time of flight. We give a brief account of our design and implementation with results of preliminary testing.
THE SOLUBLE SPECIFIC SUBSTANCE OF PNEUMOCOCCUS

1. A method is given for the concentration and purification of the soluble specific substance of the pneumococcus. 2. The material obtained by this method is shown to consist mainly of a carbohydrate which appears to be a polysaccharide built up of glucose molecules. 3. Whether the soluble specific substance is actually the polysaccharide, or occurs merely associated with it, is still undecided, although the evidence points in the direction of the former possibility.
The management of retained bullets in the limbs

High energy gunshot wounds are considered contaminated. Wound exploration and aggressive debridement are mandatory, and retained bullets should be removed during this procedure. The majority of civilian gunshot wounds are of low energy, however, and the management of retained bullets in these injuries depends primarily on the location of the missile. In general, bullets retained in soft tissue or muscle can be observed, and if problematic, removed electively when the acute soft tissue swelling has subsided. Bullets that are retained in bone may be followed closely provided that joint violation has been excluded. The current authors recommend prophylactic removal, arthroscopically if possible, of all intra-articular and intra-bursal bullets in order to prevent the devastating complications of lead arthropathy and, less commonly, plumbism. If significant lead deposition already exists within the joint, thorough synovectomy and debridement are necessary. Any joint which has been penetrated by a bullet should be considered for exploration, regardless of the bullet's final position, in order to retrieve bone, cartilage, skin, clothing, and other debris which may remain in the joint. Removal of bullets in patients exhibiting acute lead intoxication should await reduction of serum lead levels. Chelation therapy must continue postoperatively in these patients until total body lead stores have been depleted.