cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Working memory and aging: A cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis using a self-ordered pointing task

Age-related declines in working memory performance have been associated with deficits in inhibition, strategy use, processing speed, and monitoring. In the current study, cross-sectional and longitudinal methodologies were used to investigate the relative contribution of these components to age-related changes in working memory. In Experiment 1, a sample of 140 younger and 140 older adults completed an abstract design version of the Self-Ordered Pointing Task modeled after Shimamura and Jurica (1994). Experiment 1 revealed that only processing speed and monitoring explained age differences in SOPT performance. Participants in Experiment 2 were 53 older adults who returned 4 years after the initial testing and 53 young adults. A task that assessed the ability to generate and monitor an internal series of responses as compared to an externally imposed series of responses was also administered. Experiment 2 replicated the key findings from Experiment 1 and provided some further evidence for age-related internal monitoring difficulties. Furthermore, the exploratory longitudinal analysis revealed that older age and lower intellectual abilities tended to be associated with poorer performance on the SOPT at Time 2.
Slab scan diffusion imaging.

For maximum robustness of a diffusion-weighted MR imaging sequence, it is desirable to use a single-shot imaging method. This article introduces a new single-shot imaging approach that combines the advantages of multiple spin-echoes with the technique of line scan diffusion imaging. A slab volume, which can be spatially encoded with fewer phase encodes than a regular field of view, is selected with 2D selective pulses. With the shorter echo train, the sensitivity to field inhomogeneities and chemical shift is thus greatly diminished. Further reduction is achieved by interleaving short gradient echo trains with refocusing spin-echo pulses. Optimized slice-selective RF pulses that produce flip angles close to 180° are used to minimize the stimulated echo component. Motion-related phase shifts, which change polarity with each spin-echo excitation, will give rise to artifacts that are avoidable by processing even and odd spin-echoes separately. As with line scan diffusion imaging, the complete field of view is acquired by sequential scanning. Since with each shot several lines of data are collected, a considerable improvement over line scan diffusion imaging in terms of scanning speed is achieved. Diffusion data obtained in phantoms and normal subjects demonstrate the feasibility of this novel approach. Magn Reson Med 46:1136–1143, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Postoperative localized opacification of the new MemoryLens design: Analyses of an explant

We describe a different form of opacification of the new MemoryLens intraocular lens model CV232, leading to a decrease in visual acuity and requiring explantation. A well-circumscribed, centrally/paracentrally located opacification of the optic was observed, with the aspect of a small "lens inside the lens." Histochemical and surface analyses revealed the presence of calcified deposits within a void in the optic substance. This void was seen as a linear optic breach in analysis of an optic cylindrical block cut through the area of opacification, from a sagittal view. The origins of the optic void are unclear.
Bronchiectasis and Progressive Respiratory Failure following Smoke Inhalation

A 49-year-old man who sustained inhalational injury in a fire 23 years ago developed bronchiectasis 12 years later and hypercapnic respiratory failure with cor pulmonale 20 years following the injury. Delayed onset of chronic respiratory failure should be considered among the long-term complications of inhalational injury.
Support for Home Economics Education in the Smith-Hughes Act

The purpose of this study was to examine the interests that supported the inclu sion of home economics education in early vocational legislation. Primary and secondary sources were used to record the emergence of support for vocational education in the early 1900s, to identify the interests that supported the inclusion of home economics in the federal legislation, and to identify the issues faced by the supporting interests. It was a major achievement that home economics was included in the Smith-Hughes Act three years before women were granted the right to vote. Many interests such as the National Society for the Promotion of Industrial Education, National Education Association, American Federation of La bor, National Association of Manufacturers, and American Home Economics As sociation all supported inclusion of home economics education. The Smith- Hughes Act mentioned home economics 18 times and included funding for the total program and for teacher training. The article concludes with implications for today's program, such as the importance of maintaining coalitions, retaining ser vice area identity, using a common name, and meeting society's needs.
The heritability of alcohol use disorders: a meta-analysis of twin and adoption studies.

Background. To clarify the role of genetic and environmental risk factors in alcohol use disorders (AUDs), we performed a meta-analysis of twin and adoption studies and explored the impact of sex, assessment method (interview v. hospital/population records), and study design (twin v. adoption study) on heritability estimates. Method. The literature was searched for all unique twin and adoption studies of AUD and identified 12 twin and five adoption studies. The data were then reconstructed and analyzed using ordinal data full information maximum likelihood in the OpenMx program. Heterogeneity was tested with likelihood ratio tests by equating the parameters across studies. Results. There was no evidence for heterogeneity by study design, sex or assessment method. The best-fit estimate of the heritability of AUD was 0.49 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.43–0.53], and the proportion of shared environmental variance was 0.10 (95% CI 0.03–0.16). Estimates of unique environmental proportions of variance differed significantly across studies. Conclusions. AUD is approximately 50% heritable. The multiple genetically informative studies of this syndrome have produced consistent results that support the validity of this heritability estimate, especially given the different potential methodological weaknesses of twin and adoption designs, and of assessments of AUD based on personal interviews v. official records. We also found evidence for modest shared environmental effects suggesting that environmental factors also contribute to the familial aggregation of AUDs.
De novo Stage IV breast cancer: Breast conserving resection of the primary tumor?

Multiple retrospective reviews completed over the past decade suggest a survival advantage with resection of the intact primary tumor in women with metastatic breast cancer. However, these reviews are not without bias, and recently completed randomized trials do not support a significant survival benefit, although local control benefits may exist. Completion of ongoing trials is needed to reach a definitive conclusion regarding the merit of primary tumor resection for local control and survival.
Identification of products formed during the heterogeneous nitration and ozonation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Abstract The 3- and 4-ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are the most abundant of PAHs in air particulate matter (PM). Thus we have investigated heterogeneous oxidation of 3- and 4-ring PAHs in a small-scale flow reactor using quartz filter as a support. Four representative PAHs, anthracene, phenanthrene, pyrene, and fluoranthene, were exposed to either NO2, O3 or NO2+O3 (NO3/N2O5) with a goal to identify and attempt quantification of major product distribution. A combination of gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC–MS) with/without derivatization and liquid chromatography with high resolution MS (LC-HRMS) was used for identification. For the first time, a comprehensive characterization of a broad range of products enabled identifying ketone/diketone, aldehyde, hydroxyl, and carboxylic acid PAH derivatives. Exposure to NO3/N2O5 (formed by reacting NO2 with O3, a more powerful reactant than either O3 or NO2) produced additional compounds not observed with either oxidant alone. Multiple isomers of nitrofluoranthene and, for the first time, nitrophenanthrene were identified. In addition hydroxy-nitro-PAH derivatives were observed for the reaction of anthracene with NO3/N2O5. Monitoring of specific common ions such as those of 176 and 205 m/z attributed to carbonyl phenanthrene and deprotonated phenanthrene ions respectively was shown to be a useful tool for identification of multiple pyrene oxidation products.
How Practitioners Can Use Evidence-Based Findings: Reply to Commentaries

The commentaries reinforce my belief that research evidence alone is not sufficient for organizations to consider new methods. I suggest procedures to facilitate the implementation of evidence-based findings.
Solution of Quadratic Equations and Triangles by Machine

(1951). Solution of Quadratic Equations and Triangles by Machine. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 58, No. 2, pp. 92-98.
Passive heat therapy improves endothelial function, arterial stiffness and blood pressure in sedentary humans.

Key points A recent 30 year prospective study showed that lifelong sauna use reduces cardiovascular-related and all-cause mortality; however, the specific cardiovascular adaptations that cause this chronic protection are currently unknown. We investigated the effects of 8 weeks of repeated hot water immersion (‘heat therapy’) on various biomarkers of cardiovascular health in young, sedentary humans. We showed that, relative to a sham group which participated in thermoneutral water immersion, heat therapy increased flow-mediated dilatation, reduced arterial stiffness, reduced mean arterial and diastolic blood pressure, and reduced carotid intima media thickness, with changes all on par or greater than what is typically observed in sedentary subjects with exercise training. Our results show for the first time that heat therapy has widespread and robust effects on vascular function, and as such, could be a viable treatment option for improving cardiovascular health in a variety of patient populations, particularly those with limited exercise tolerance and/or capabilities. Abstract The majority of cardiovascular diseases are characterized by disorders of the arteries, predominantly caused by endothelial dysfunction and arterial stiffening. Intermittent hot water immersion (‘heat therapy’) results in elevations in core temperature and changes in cardiovascular haemodynamics, such as cardiac output and vascular shear stress, that are similar to exercise, and thus may provide an alternative means of improving health which could be utilized by patients with low exercise tolerance and/or capabilities. We sought to comprehensively assess the effects of 8 weeks of heat therapy on biomarkers of vascular function in young, sedentary subjects. Twenty young, sedentary subjects were assigned to participate in 8 weeks (4–5 times per week) of heat therapy (n = 10; immersion in a 40.5°C bath sufficient to maintain rectal temperature ≥ 38.5°C for 60 min per session) or thermoneutral water immersion (n = 10; sham). Eight weeks of heat therapy increased flow-mediated dilatation from 5.6 ± 0.3 to 10.9 ± 1.0% (P < 0.01) and superficial femoral dynamic arterial compliance from 0.06 ± 0.01 to 0.09 ±0.01 mm2 mmHg−1 (P = 0.03), and reduced (i.e. improved) aortic pulse wave velocity from 7.1 ± 0.3 to 6.1 ± 0.3 m s−1 (P = 0.03), carotid intima media thickness from 0.43 ± 0.01 to 0.37 ± 0.01 mm (P < 0.001), and mean arterial blood pressure from 83 ± 1 to 78 ± 2 mmHg (P = 0.02). No changes were observed in the sham group or for carotid arterial compliance, superficial femoral intima media thickness or endothelium-independent dilatation. Heat therapy improved endothelium-dependent dilatation, arterial stiffness, intima media thickness and blood pressure, indicating improved cardiovascular health. These data suggest heat therapy may provide a simple and effective tool for improving cardiovascular health in various populations.
Rectifiers, Regulators and Voltage References

A rectifier is a nonlinear circuit which converts a periodic input into a dc output. In effect, it is an ac-to-dc converter. The dc output is proportional to the peak magnitude of the input’ signal.’ In its simplest form, a rectifier is a diode peak detector with the time constant of the filter chosen as large as economically feasible. The schematic diagram of a typical rectifier which may serve as the power supply for small electronic applications, such as desktop calculators, radios, etc., is shown in Figure 15.1a. A small transformer reduces the input voltage of V i , which in this country is usually a 117V(rms) = (117)(1.41) = 165V zero-to-peak, 60-cycle line source to a peak voltage V in ≅ 10 volts. The effective turns ratio of the transformer is then approximately 165/10 = 16.5. The diode may have a peak forward current rating of about 1 mA and a peak inverse voltage rating of 50V. A capacitor, small in physical size, but large in capacitance (typically 2200µF with a peak voltage rating of 10V), is the remaining internal circuit element in the power supply. A load resistance supplied by the application is necessary to achieve the proper operation of the rectifier.
Molecular markers in breast cancer: current practice and future possibilities.

What are we actually speaking of when we use the term “marker”? Practicing pathologists and oncologists have applied the concept for many years without necessarily giving deep thought to what they were doing. Markers are features (of tumors, in the context we are using) that predict future behavior. In fact, the whole exercise of histopathology could arguably be thought of as interpretation of “markers.” Traditionally, the features that proved most useful were tumor stage and grade. As useful as these have been there was always an element of stock market disclaimer to them: “Past performance does not necessarily predict future results.” The effort to identify important features of tumors has moved inexorably to attempts to identify molecular features of tumors or biomarkers. Ideally, biomarkers would impact oncology in five main areas: cancer screening, diagnosis, tumor classification, prognosis, and predicting therapeutic response.
Big vehicular traffic Data mining: Towards accident and congestion prevention

In 2013, 32,719 people died in traffic crashes in the USA. Almost 90 people on average lose their lives every day and more than 250 are injured every hour. Road safety could be enhanced by decreasing the traffic crashes. Traffic crashes cause traffic congestion as well, which has become unbearable, especially in mega-cities In addition, direct and indirect loss from traffic congestion only is over $124 billion. The existence of the Big Data of traffic crashes, as well as the availability of Big Data analytics tools can help us gain useful insights to enhance road safety and decrease traffic crashes. In this paper we use H2O and WEKA mining tools. We apply the feature selection techniques to find the most important predictors. In addition, we tackle the problem of class imbalance by employing bagging and using different quality measures. Furthermore, we evaluate the performance of five classifiers to: (1) Conduct Big Data analysis on a big traffic accidents dataset of 146322 examples, find useful insight and patterns from the data, and forecast possible accidents in advance (2) Conduct Big Data analysis on a big vehicular casualties dataset of 194477 examples, to study the driver's behavior on the road. From the driver's behavior mining we can predict the driver age, sex as well as the accident severity. The aforementioned analyses, can be used by decision makers and practitioners to develop new traffic rules and policies, in order to prevent accidents, and increase roadway safety.
High-Dose Proton Beam–Based Radiation Therapy in the Management of Extracranial Chondrosarcomas

Abstract Purpose: Radiation therapy (RT) improves local tumor control in axial chondrosarcomas (CS). It is, however, often difficult to safely deliver the high doses (range, 70.2-77.4 Gy) required for achieving a high likelihood of local control, especially in the spine, using photons. This, however, can be achieved with proton beam therapy (PBT) due to its unique physical characteristics. The main goal of our study is to evaluate the outcomes of CS patients treated with passive scattered PBT. Materials and Methods: Forty-four patients (N = 44) were identified who received PBT as part of their treatment from 1990 to 2012. A retrospective review of their medical and RT treatment records was conducted. Multivariate analyses were performed to identify patient- and tumor-related factors predicting for improved local control and overall survival. Results: Median age was 45.5 years and 55% were female. Median tumor size was 13 cm. Most common anatomical location was the spine (80%). Median follow-up was 29.1 mo...
An Agrarian Republic: Farming, Antislavery Politics, and Nature Parks in the Civil War Era

Review of: An Agrarian Republic: Farming, Antislavery Politics, and Nature Parks in the Civil War Era, by Adam Wesley Dean
Rate of hepatitis C viral clearance by human livers in human patients: Liver transplantation modeling primary infection and implications for studying entry inhibition.

To better understand the dynamics of early hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, we determined how rapidly non-cirrhotic HCV-uninfected liver allografts clear HCV from the circulation of cirrhotic HCV-infected patients at the time of transplantation but before administration of immunosuppression. Specifically, we characterized serum HCV kinetics during the first 90 min of reperfusion for 19 chronically HCV-infected patients transplanted with an HCV-uninfected liver by measuring serum viral load immediately prior to reperfusion (t = 0) and then every 15 min for a total of 90 min (t = 90). Immunosuppression was withheld until all samples were taken to better model primary infection. During this period, rates of viral clearance varied more than 20-fold with a median rate constant of 0.0357 1/min, range 0.0089-0.2169; half-life (minutes) median 19.4, range 3.2-77.8. The majority of viral clearance occurred within the first 60 min. The amount of blood transfused during this 90-min period (a potential confounding variable of this human liver transplant model of primary infection) accounted for 53% and 59% of k (r = 0.53, p = 0.05) and half-life (r = 0.59, p = 0.03) variability, respectively. No other clinical variables tested (age, allograft weight, and degree of reperfusion injury as assessed by peak postoperative ALT or AST) accounted for the remaining variability (p>0.05). CONCLUSION In a human liver transplant model of primary infection, HCV rapidly clears the bloodstream. With approximately 90% of clearance occurring in the first 90 minutes of reperfusion, studies of HCV entry inhibition could utilize rate of clearance during this early period as an outcome measure.
A Bureaucracy -- If You Can Keep it

In this Harvard Law Review Forum response to Professor Gillian E. Metzger’s Foreword, Professor Sohoni argues that the dangers to the administrative state are likely greater than Professor Metzger admits. Professor Sohoni draws parallels between the Lochner-era dissenters and the modern dissenters challenging the administrative state, and she argues that the similar dogged persistence of these two groups may signal challenges for the administrative state in the future. She goes on to express her uncertainty about whether Professor Metzger’s proposal that the administrative state is constitutionally obligatory can sufficiently guard the administrative state against its critics. Professor Metzger’s account would, according to Professor Sohoni, sharply depart from historical and constitutional precedent and require the shaky assumption that delegation is both constitutional and mandatory in practice. Professor Sohoni concludes that while Professor Metzger’s account is intriguing, sizeable obstacles and difficult line-drawing problems beleaguer such an ambitious project.
Brain circuits and neurochemical systems in essential tremor: insights into current and future pharmacotherapeutic approaches

ABSTRACTIntroduction: There are few medications that are available for the treatment of essential tremor (ET) and they are only moderately effective.Areas covered: Data were obtained from a PubMed search. Original articles, review articles, and clinical guidelines were included. Two disease models for ET have been proposed: 1) the olivary model, which attributes ET to a pathological pacemaker in the inferior olivary nucleus, and 2) the cerebellar degeneration model, which postulates that ET originates in the cerebellum and could be related to deficient or abnormal Purkinje cell (PC) output. Underlying biochemical dysfunction in T-type calcium channels (T-tCaC) may loosely be linked to the first model and deficiency/abnormality in γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmission, to the second.Expert commentary: Human data points robustly to the role of GABA in ET. Numerous medications that target the GABA system have been tried, with variable success. Given the many different types of GABA-ergic neurons, and ...
Parents' adherence to pediatric health and safety guidelines: Importance of patient-provider relationships.

Abstract Objective To examine 1) parent-provider communication about pediatric health/safety guidelines, 2) trust in child’s provider, 3) comfort discussing guidelines, 4) agreement with guideline advice, 5) self-efficacy following guidelines, and their impact on guideline adherence. Method 256 parents of children ages 0–6 completed an online survey about sunscreen use, newborn Vitamin K injections, influenza vaccination, routine vaccination, car seats, infant safe sleep, furniture anchoring, large trampoline use, and firearm safety. Multivariable models regressed: 1) communication about each guideline on parents’ corresponding guideline adherence; 2) trust, comfort discussing guidelines, agreement with guideline advice, self-efficacy, on parents’ total guideline adherence. Results Communication about furniture anchoring (OR = 2.26), sunscreen (OR = 5.28), Vitamin K injections (OR = 3.20), influenza vaccination (OR = 13.71), routine vaccination (OR = 6.43), car seats (OR = 6.15), and infant safe sleep (OR = 3.40) related to corresponding guideline adherence (ps Conclusion Findings underscore the importance of provider communication about health/safety guidelines. Practice implications Providers should respectfully engage and build relationships with parents to support health/safety guideline adherence.
Optimal Stopping Times for Estimating Bernoulli Parameters with Applications to Active Imaging

We address the problem of estimating the parameter of a Bernoulli process. This arises in many applications, including photon-efficient active imaging where each illumination period is regarded as a single Bernoulli trial. We introduce a framework within which to minimize the mean-squared error (MSE) subject to an upper bound on the mean number of trials. This optimization has several simple and intuitive properties when the Bernoulli parameter has a beta prior. In addition, by exploiting typical spatial correlation using total variation regularization, we extend the developed framework to a rectangular array of Bernoulli processes representing the pixels in a natural scene. In simulations inspired by realistic active imaging scenarios, we demonstrate a 4.26 dB reduction in MSE due to the adaptive acquisition, as an average over many independent experiments and invariant to a factor of 3.4 variation in trial budget.
Embodying disillusionment: Poussin's blinded giants.

ABSTRACTExtending the traditional view of the giant of ancient myth as the personification of the father, the giant also affords the metaphorical elaboration of infantile fantasies of grandiosity derived from identification with the omnipotent parent. Conversely, the fallen and typically blinded giant embodies disillusionment: with the idealised parental imago, and also with one’s own illusions of omnipotence. Nicolas Poussin’s successive aesthetic interpretations of the giants of Greek legend highlight the symbolic dialectics of size, and offer a window onto the illusions and disillusionments that are intrinsic to generational succession, and accompany the confrontation of various realities—of dependency, vulnerability, maturation, achievement, aging, loss and death.
How Do Institutions Address Collective-Action Problems? Bridging and Bonding in Institutional Design:

Collective-action problems affect the structure of stakeholder networks differently in policy settings (Berardo and Scholz 2010). However, interactions in policy settings do not usually occur in an...
In Consequence of Speaking

When one gazes into his crystal ball and attempts to foresee the future course of transformational research into meaning and the use of language, the view is somewhat clouded by the scarcity of substantial past achievements and the lack of well-established approaches to research problems. There is, unfortunately, just no denying that the remarkable successes of transformational grammar in the area of syntax have not been paralleled by commensurate achievements in the realm of meaning. The regrettable dearth of inspiring research successes on which to model future efforts does not result from a lack of enterprise; for a dozen or more years now, a number of capable linguists have devoted considerable energy to supplementing transformational syntax with a semantic system. The literature on meaning is possibly more voluminous than that on syntax. All this toil has not yielded the solid results that were hoped for, however, and at a forward-looking moment such as the present symposium it may be in order to cast our view briefly backwards and inquire into the causes of this failure.
Vitamin D Transport: Gc Globulins

After absorption, vitamin D is converted to 25-hydroxy-vitamin D in the liver (see Volume 1, pp. 149–154). From there it is transported in the plasma to the kidney and other organs for further metabolism (Figure 13.1).
The History of Salivary Diagnostics

Within the last two-and-a-half decades, the area of salivary diagnostics continues to record significant and substantial activities on the radars of biomedical research and clinical diagnostics. Along with chronicling the highlight moments in the development and subsequent emergence of the field of salivary diagnostics to date, this chapter will discuss the concept of biomarkers and provide an overview of the advantages and disadvantages of saliva and serum as diagnostic media. Finally, the section on the Legal Issues Related to Salivary Diagnostics will provide ample speculations on potential legal scrutiny, pitfalls, and other legal tests anticipated along the path of development of salivary diagnostics.
Psychoactive drugs used with adults and elderly adults who have mental retardation

During 12 months, the charts of 369 subjects were reviewed. A significantly increased prevalence of use of psychoactives occurred in those subjects 55 years and older compared to those 20- to 39-years of age. The 40- to 54-year group also had increased prevalence rates compared to the younger group, suggesting a trend for increasing psychoactive use by middle age adults. The increased psychoactive use by the elderly adults was associated with independent living and psychiatric diagnosis. Neuroleptics were also significantly increased for elderly individuals living under family supervision. Antiparkinsonian drugs had significantly greater prevalence in elderly adults than in the 20- to 39-year group and was associated with psychiatric diagnosis. Limitations of the study were discussed.
Regulatory Framework for Radiation Protection

Use of byproduct materials requires authorization by appropriate authorities. The NRC and the Agreement States are the essential authorities to control the use of byproduct materials. Conditions of different licenses for use of different radioactive materials are presented in this chapter. General domestic license, specific license of limited scope, and specific license of broad scope are discussed, and procedure to apply for each type of license is described. The chapter includes a section on accreditation requirements of nuclear facilities by the American College of Radiology (ACR) and the Intersocietal Commission for Accreditation of Nuclear Medicine Laboratories (ICANL).
In Support of the Exceptional Voice

Purpose The human voice is an exceptionally versatile instrument that is capable of complex communicative and emotive behaviors. Typically, these behaviors are sufficient for daily communication ac...
Assessment of Cold Extrusion Effect on Stress–Strain Curves of Pure Copper Arc Parts Based on the Cosine Velocity Model

Cold extrusion provides manufacturing precision of pure copper arc parts, which requires a reduction in the forming force and elastic deformation. The functional models of constant strain rate and cosine velocity upsetting of pure copper were constructed using its thermomechanical simulation data. They were well verified by FEM, proven to be consistent with experimental stress-strain relations. The potentials of cold extrusion based on the cosine velocity and its application in the manufacturing of pure copper arc parts were presented. The equivalent stress of cold extrusion based on a cosine velocity is reduced as compared to the conventional constantvelocity one. Adequate extrusion conditions were chosen to form a pure copper arc part that fulfilled the design requirements verified by the cold extrusion test, thereby achieving a near-net shape of interior and exterior surfaces.
On Marcinkiewicz-Zygmund Inequalities at Hermite Zeros and Their Airy Function Cousins

We establish forward and converse Marcinkiewicz-Zygmund Inequalities at the zeros \(\left \{ a_{j}\right \} _{j\geq 1}\) of the Airy function \(Ai\left ( x\right ) \), such as $$\displaystyle A\frac {\pi ^{2}}{6}\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }\frac {\left \vert f\left ( a_{k}\right ) \right \vert ^{p}}{Ai^{\prime }\left ( a_{k}\right ) ^{2}}\leq \int _{-\infty }^{\infty }\left \vert f\left ( t\right ) \right \vert ^{p}dt\leq B\frac {\pi ^{2} }{6}\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }\frac {\left \vert f\left ( a_{k}\right ) \right \vert ^{p}}{Ai^{\prime }\left ( a_{k}\right ) ^{2}} $$ under appropriate conditions on the entire function f and p. The constants A and B are those appearing in Marcinkiewicz-Zygmund inequalities at zeros of Hermite polynomials. Scaling limits are used to pass from the latter to the former.
The Fit Family Challenge: A County-wide, Web-based Physical Activity Initiative

The Fit Family Challenge, a web-based healthy lifestyle program, was developed to motivate families to participate in more physical activity by tracking their behaviors and by providing them with e...
Identifying Barriers to Organizational Identification among Low-Status, Remote Healthcare Workers

When employees have strong identification with an organization, they are more likely to remain working there and to make decisions that are in the best interest of the organization. This can be imp...
Molecular Mechanisms of Nrf2 in Inflammation: Interactions Between Nrf2 and Inflammatory Mediators

Inflammation is a common feature of chronic age-related diseases. Therefore, controlling inflammation by manipulation in the molecular mechanisms that cause the inflammatory process becomes critical to improve human health by preventing various diseases such as cancer, metabolic syndrome, neurodegenerative diseases, and many others. The transcription factor Nrf2 is essential for protection against oxidative/xenobiotic stress. However, Nrf2 also decreases inflammation through a cross talk with the NFκB signaling pathway. Although the mechanism by which Nrf2 mediates anti-inflammatory response is not fully elucidated, new insights have identified that in addition to regulating the expression of cytoprotective genes that have an established and well-known “antioxidant response element, ARE,”, Nrf2 can also regulate over six hundred additional genes that do not have an ARE sequence, including genes coding for proinflammatory cytokines. In this chapter, we summarize and discuss the direct and indirect role of Nrf2 in the regulation of inflammatory response and the development of therapeutic targets by identifying new molecular mechanisms.
Infection as a Cardiovascular Trigger: Associations Between Different Organ System Infections and Cardiovascular Events

Abstract Background Infection may be an acute precipitant of cardiovascular events. However, the relationships between different types of infection and cardiovascular events are less known. Our objective was to determine if exposure to infections of different organ systems in different time periods increases risk of myocardial infarction or venous thromboembolism. Method We used case-crossover analysis with conditional logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (OR) for the association for each infection type during 3 case periods (30, 60, and 90 days prior to index event) compared with control periods (exactly 1 year before). Results This study had a total number of index admissions of 338,021 individuals, of which 82,986 were female; the mean age for individuals with myocardial infarction and venous thromboembolism was 68.48 years and 62.33 years, respectively. With every infection type, there was an increased likelihood of venous thromboembolism. The greatest association was for skin infections, with an OR of 5.39 (95% confidence interval, 4.08- 7.12) within the 7-day window. The association between myocardial infarction and skin infections was of lesser magnitude, with an OR of 2.89 (confidence interval, 1.97-4.24) in the 7-day exposure period. Conclusion We found a gradient of decreasing magnitudes of association with longer time periods, across the majority of infection types and cardiovascular events. This warrants potential interventions to prevent infection or cardiovascular disease prophylaxis in individuals with infection.
Harmful Algal Bloom-Forming Organism Responds to Nutrient Stress Distinctly From Model Phytoplankton

O_LIResources such as nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) play an important role in primary production and constraining phytoplankton bloom dynamics. Models to predict bloom dynamics require mechanistic knowledge of algal metabolic shifts in response to resource limitation. For well-studied model phytoplankton like diatoms, this information is plentiful. However, for less-studied groups such as the raphidophytes, there remain significant gaps in understanding metabolic changes associated with nutrient limitation. C_LIO_LIUsing a novel combination of metabolomics and transcriptomics, we examined how the harmful algal bloom-forming raphidophyte Heterosigma akashiwo shifts its metabolism under N- and P-stress. We chose H. akashiwo because of its ubiquity within estuarine environments worldwide, where bloom dynamics are influenced by N and P availability. C_LIO_LIOur results show that each stress phenotype is distinct in both the allocation of carbon and the recycling of macromolecules. Further, we identified biomarkers of N- and P-stress that may be applied in situ to help modelers and stakeholders manage, predict, and prevent future blooms. C_LIO_LIThese findings provide a mechanistic foundation to model the metabolic traits and trade-offs associated with N- and P-stress in H. akashiwo, and evaluate the extent to which these metabolic responses can be inferred in other phytoplankton groups. C_LI
Pauli Murray: a personal and political life: by Troy R. Saxby, Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 2020, 376 pp., US$34.95 (cloth), ISBN 9781469654928

Rev. Dr. “Pauli” Murray, born Anna Pauline Murray in 1910, was a remarkable person.11. There is considerable disagreement about what pronouns to use in reference to Pauli Murray. I have followed th...
Instagram Data Donation: A Case for Partnering with Social Media Platforms to Protect Adolescents Online

Social Media platforms collect data about their users, including basic demographic information (name, age, gender) as well as their interactions with other users. This rich multi-modal data could potentially be leveraged to identify trends that can be used to support the safety and well-being of adolescents. However, researchers who try to access such data are faced with a number of challenges getting access to such social media data. In this paper we present some the challenges we faced when creating a data set for our NSF funded project to improve adolescents’ online safety by developing human-centered algorithms for online risk detection, which led us to our position: Social media platforms should work alongside researchers to promote ethical and responsible research that benefits youth and works to prevent the risks they encounter online. Our goal in attending this workshop is to co-create best practices for facilitating ways for academics to work with social media companies to reduce the barriers posed when using social media as a research site
Monetary Policy in Unified Currency Areas : The Cases of the Cama and Ecca During 1976-90

The paper compares the performance of monetary policy in the Central African Monetary Area (CAMA) and the Eastern Caribbean Currency Area (ECCA) during 1976-90. Their institutional setup and mechanism for monetary control are examined to explain the opposite trends in the net external position of their banking system during this period. It concludes that monetary policy in the ECCA succeeded by relying on active interest rate management aimed at stemming capital outflows and adhering to stringent rules aimed at limiting credit expansion. The passive policy stance in the CAMA contributed to a significant redistribution of the area’s money stock.
Comparison of coenzyme Q10 or fish oil for prevention of intermittent hypoxia-induced oxidative injury in neonatal rat lungs

Neonatal intermittent hypoxia (IH) results in oxidative distress in preterm infants with immature antioxidant systems, contributing to lung injury. Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) and fish oil protect against oxidative injury. We tested the hypothesis that CoQ10 is more effective than fish oil for prevention of IH-induced lung injury in neonatal rats. Newborn rats were exposed to two clinically relevant IH paradigms at birth (P0): (1) 50% O2 with brief hypoxia (12% O2); or (2) room air (RA) with brief hypoxia (12% O2), until P14 during which they were supplemented with daily oral CoQ10, fish oil, or olive oil from P0 to P14. Pups were studied at P14 or placed in RA until P21 with no further treatment. Lungs were assessed for histopathology and morphometry; biomarkers of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation; and antioxidants. Of the two neonatal IH paradigms 21%/12% O2 IH resulted in the most severe outcomes, evidenced by histopathology and morphometry. CoQ10 was effective for preserving lung architecture and reduction of IH-induced oxidative stress biomarkers. In contrast, fish oil resulted in significant adverse outcomes including oversimplified alveoli, hemorrhage, reduced secondary crest formation and thickened septae. This was associated with elevated oxidants and antioxidants activities. Data suggest that higher FiO2 may be needed between IH episodes to curtail the damaging effects of IH, and to provide the lungs with necessary respite. The negative outcomes with fish oil supplementation suggest oxidative stress-induced lipid peroxidation.
OADN Virtual Simulation Reviews: team collaboration to develop an online resource to assist nurse educators

Abstract Providing a systematic, unbiased approach to examining virtual simulation products was the impetus behind the OADN Virtual Simulation Reviews site. A team of professionals met to develop an online resource that succinctly identifies key features of open source and paid virtual simulation products within the context of best practices in simulation. This article discusses the journey, from development to implementation, and the collaboration between OADN and Unbound Medicine.
Clock Time of First Eating Episode and Prospective Risk of All-Cause Mortality in US Adults.

BACKGROUND There is increasing recognition that a morning or evening preference is associated with time of eating, metabolic health, and morbidity. However, few studies have examined the association of time of eating with mortality. OBJECTIVES To examine the association of time of first recalled ingestive episode with the prospective risk of all-cause mortality. METHODS We used mortality-linked data from the NHANES conducted in 1988-1994 and 1999-2014 (n = 34,609; age ≥ 40 years). The exposure was quartiles (Q1-Q4) of clock time of first eating episode self-reported in the baseline 24-hour dietary recall. The outcome was follow-up time from the date of NHANES examination to the date of death or end of the follow-up period (31 December 2015). We used proportional hazards regression methods to determine the independent association of time of first eating episode with relative hazard of all-cause mortality, with adjustments for multiple covariates and the complex survey design. Multiple linear regression methods were used to examine the associations of time of first eating episode with baseline cardiometabolic biomarkers and dietary attributes. RESULTS In this national cohort, with a median age of ∼55 years (95% CI: 54.6-55.4 years) at baseline and a median follow-up of 8.3 years (IQR, 8.75 years), there were 10,303 deaths. The median times of first eating episodes in Q1-Q4 were 05:45, 07:00, 08:00, and 10:00, respectively. Covariate-adjusted relative hazards of mortality in Q1 to Q3 of the time of the first eating episode were 0.88 (95% CI: 0.81-0.96), 0.88 (95% CI: 0.81-0.95), 0.94 (95% CI: 0.87-1.02), with Q4 as the referent (P = 0.0008). Qualitative dietary attributes were inversely related with the time of the first eating episode; however, BMI and serum concentrations of glycemic biomarkers increased with later times of first eating episode (P ≤ 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Recall of an earlier time of the first eating episode by ≥40-year-old US participants was suggestive of a small relative survival advantage in this observational study.
Chinese Foreign Real Estate Investment and Voting in U.S. Presidential Elections

Few economic issues affect people as personally and universally as housing. Yet despite the increasing globalization of housing markets, little is known about its political implications. This study investigates whether rising Chinese investments in U.S. homes influenced local voting in recent U.S. presidential elections. Building on theories of self-interests, sociotropic politics, and nativism, I develop hypotheses on the electoral effects of foreign real estate investment through greater home equity, improved local economies, and increased immigration. Using a series of difference-in-differences designs that combine a unique exogenous shock to Chinese capital outflows in 2013 with original measures of local attractiveness to Chinese investments, I find that greater exposure helped local home prices recover but reduced 2012–2016 presidential vote for the incumbent Democratic Party. Larger white populations exacerbated this negative effect while stronger local economies attenuated it. Contradicting predictions of self-interests, the negative effect exacerbated in areas with high shares of homeowners. Together, the results suggest competing effects driven more by nativist and sociotropic concerns.
MULTISTAGE OPTIMIZATION OF STRUCTURES

The design optimization problem is formulated as a multistage decision system by decomposing the structure into a series of substructures. The adoption of indeterminate forces as the state variables in a dynamic programming formulation is shown to be an effective means to describe truss and frame structural systems. A set of decomposition principles are presented which relate static indeterminacy, the number and position of the external reactions, and the stability of the structures corresponding to each stage. Design constraints on the individual members are considered by the concept of constrained policy space for the force state variables. A discrete programming technique is developed for elastic frame optimization problems in which member sizes are restricted to standard structural shapes.
Saccharin-induced Hyperplasia of the Rat Urinary Bladder

Dietary administration of sodium saccharin to male Fischer rats increased the rate of DNA synthesis of the urinary bladder epithelium as measured by tritiated thymidine uptake. A multifocal mild epithelial hyperplasia was induced, which was most readily detected by scanning electron microscopy, with pleomorphic microvilli present on many of the hyperplastic cells.
Scenario-driven dynamic analysis of distributed architectures

Software architecture constitutes a promising approach to the development of large-scale distributed systems, but architecture description languages (ADLs) and their associated architectural analysis techniques suffer from several important shortcomings. This paper presents a novel approach that reconceptualizes ADLs within the model-driven engineering (MDE) paradigm to address their shortcomings. Our approach combines extensible modeling languages based on architectural constructs with a model interpreter framework that enables rapid implementation of customized dynamic analyses at the architectural level. Our approach is demonstrated in XTEAM, a suite of ADL extensions and model transformation engines targeted specifically for highly distributed, resource-constrained, and mobile computing environments. XTEAM model transformations generate system simulations that provide a dynamic, scenario- and risk-driven view of the executing system. This information allows an architect to compare architectural alternatives and weigh trade-offs between multiple design goals, such as system performance, reliability, and resource consumption. XTEAM provides the extensibility to easily accommodate both new modeling language features and new architectural analyses.
Pricing and Replenishment Decisions

This article reviews recent work addressing the joint determination of prices and inventory replenishment strategies. The article discusses papers that analyze pricing and replenishment decisions in settings with a single firm and in settings that consider the interaction of multiple firms. Keywords: pricing decisions; inventory replenishment decisions; single firm; two-echelon supply chain; competing retailers
Lever of Empire: The International Gold Standard and the Crisis of Liberalism in Prewar Japan

List of Illustrations List of Tables Preface Acknowledgments Notes on Terms Part One: Global Money and Empire Prologue: London, 1898 1. Japan and the British Gold Standard, ca. 1715--1885 2. Gold and Empire, 1885--1903 3. The Sinews of War, 1904--1914 4. The "Positive" and "Negative" Policies 5. "Divine Providence," 1914--1918 Part Two: Global Money and the Doctrine of Induced Depression 6. The Great Divide, 1918--1921 7. "The Contractionary Tide," 1921--1926 8. The Theory and Practice of Induced Depression 9. "The Two-Party Principle," 1927--1929 Part Three: The Crisis of Liberalism 10. The Liberal Triumph, 1929--1930 11. Opening the Door to a Hurricane, 1930--1931 12. Capitalist Recovery in One Country, 1932--1936 Epilogue: Money and Hegemony Appendix: Reference Information Notes Bibliography Index
Induction of TNBS Colitis in Mice

The animal model described in this unit is one of several that have been used to study the immunopathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. The model employs the use of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS), which induces severe colonic inflammation when administered intrarectally in SJL/J mice. The colitis which results from this procedure presents clinical and histopathological findings that resemble those seen in Crohn's disease. The unit describes the critical parameters needed for successful induction of TNBS-colitis as well methods for monitoring and grading disease levels. A support protocol for isolating lamina propria mononuclear cells from mouse colons is also included.