cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Three Kinds of Artificial Respirators on the Pulmonary Ventilation and Arterial Blood of Patients with Chronic Respiratory Insufficiency

(1) Three different kinds of respirators were used in nine patients with respiratory muscle paralysis due to chronic poliomyelitis. The frequency and pressure settings of the respirators were those that the patients felt were more comfortable and helpful to them. (2) The tank respirator improved alveolar ventilation and oxygenation of the blood. The abdominal binder improved the oxygenation of the blood without significant changes in the alveolar ventilation; a possible interpretation of these facts is that the irrigation of areas of the lung which were adequately ventilated was improved. The cuirass did not produce any significant change. (3) The characteristics of the abdominal binder should be emphasized, for this respirator improves the oxygenation of the blood, allows the sitting position and is less binding than the tank or the cuirass.
Probing the complete folding trajectory of a DNA hairpin using dual beam fluorescence fluctuation spectroscopy.

The conformational fluctuations of dye-quencher labeled DNA hairpin molecules in aqueous solution were investigated using dual probe beam fluorescence fluctuation spectroscopy. The measurements revealed the flow and diffusion times of the DNA molecules through two spatially offset optical probe regions, the absolute and relative concentrations of each conformational substate of the DNA, and the kinetics of the DNA hairpin folding and unfolding reactions in the 1 μs to 10 ms time range. A DNA hairpin containing a 21-nucleotide polythymine loop and a 4-base pair stem exhibited double exponential relaxation kinetics, with time constants of 84 and 393 μs. This confirms that folding and melting of the DNA hairpin structure is not a two state process but proceeds by way of metastable intermediate states. The fast time constant corresponds to formation and unfolding of an intermediate, and the slow time constant is due to formation and disruption of the fully base-paired stem. This is consistent with a previous ...
Growth of Ni-doped MgF2 crystals in self-sealing graphite crucibles☆

Abstract Large Ni-doped MgF2 single crystals of excellent optical quality have been grown in self-sealing graphite crucibles by a vertical gradient freeze technique. This relatively simple technique always yields single crystals having excellent optical quality and should be applicable to the melt growth of other crystals that are too volatile to permit the use of open systems.
ENSEMBLE ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS FOR PREDICTION OF DEW POINT TEMPERATURE

Dew point temperature is needed as an input to calculate various meteorological variables. In general, it contributes to human and animal comfort levels. The goal of this study was to develop artificial neural network (ANN) models for dew point temperature prediction to improve upon previous research. These improvements included optimizing the stopping criteria, comparing seasonal models to year-round models, and developing ensemble ANNs to blend the output of seasonal models. For an ANN trained with 100,000 patterns per epoch, the error was reduced using a 2000-pattern stopping dataset at an interval of 20 learning events to decide when to stop training. Seasonal ANN models were blended in an ensemble ANN with the weight of the member networks determined using a fuzzy membership-type function based on the day of year. These ensemble models were shown to produce lower errors than year-round, nonensemble models. The mean absolute errors (MAEs) of the final models evaluated with an independent evaluation dataset included 0.795°C for a 2-hour prediction, 1.485°C for a 6-hour prediction, and 2.146°C for a 12-hour prediction. The final model MAEs, when compared to the previous research, were reduced by 0.008°C, 0.081°C, and 0.135°C, respectively. It can be concluded that the methods used in this research were effective in more accurately predicting year-round dew point temperature. The ANN models for different prediction periods were sequenced to provide a 12-hour dew point temperature prediction system for implementation on the Georgia Automated Environmental Monitoring Network website (www.georgiaweather.net).
Characterization of copper voids in damascene processes

The introduction of copper Damascene processing into integrated circuits has brought about a host of new defectivity issues, especially those related to pitting and voiding. These defects must be understood and eliminated to achieve competitive manufacturing yields and assure device reliability. This paper reviews various defect inspection methodologies that are useful for characterizing copper voids and their electrical effects.
Effects of context on communicatory exchanges in mice: a syntactic analysis.

The role of sociosexual context on communicatory exchanges between house mice was examined in groups of animals maintained in seminatural enclosures. Communicatory sequences were broken down into two-act transitions and were analyzed according to the sex and social status of sender and receiver. A binomial analysis of significant transitions indicated the sociosexual context significantly altered the directive and/or inhibitive properties of a given initial behavior. The results of this study reemphasize the importance of context in communicatory processes of animals and stress the need for further investigation in this area.
The fine structure of the encysting salt marsh heterotrich ciliate Fabrea salina.

Wall and internal organelles of the encysting salt marsh heterotrich ciliate Fabrea salina were examined by bright field and Nomarski interference contrast microscopy and by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. A mucoid sheath believed to be derived from bacteria covers the ectocyst. The possible bacterial origin of this sheath has been demonstrated experimentally by its removal and reappearence after 24 hours. Control ectocyst maintained in sterile seawater did not replace the sheath. The ectocyst has a crinkled appearance. The endocyst is composed of two layers. The inner endocyst material is continuous with that of the plug located at one end of the cyst. The two membranes are separated from one another by an interwall space filled with fibrous material. The cytoplasm, covered by an outer double membrane pellicle, contains mucocysts, pigment granules, microtubules, non-ciliated kinetosomes, Golgi complexes, ribosome-studded endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria. The endoplasm contains numerous autophagosomes, mitochondria, and food reserve materials. The macronucleus is centrally located in the cytoplasm of the encysting organism.
QTLs associated with chlorimuron ethyl sensitivity in soybean: Effects on seed yield and related traits

Soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr., genotypes are known to differ in chlorimuron ethyl sensitivity (CS). Earlier we have reported two putatively independent marker loci linked to two quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling CS in a soybean population derived from a cross of PI97100 (sensitive to chlorimuron ethyl) and ‘Coker 237’ (tolerant to chlorimuron ethyl). The objective of the present study was to quantify the association of the two marker loci with seed yield and related traits in this soybean population following application of chlorimuron ethyl. Phenotypic data were collected for 111 F2-derived lines of the cross grown in replicated plots at Athens, G.A., in 1994 and 1995, and at Blackville, S.C., in 1995. The two CS marker loci explained as much as 50% of the genetic variation in seed yield and seed number m-2, but had no association with seed weight, plant height, lodging, seed protein, and seed oil. There were no epistatic interactions between the two marker loci for any of the traits. The marker locus (cr168-1 on USDA linkage group E) linked to the major CS QTL explained between 13 and 23% of the variation in seed yield. The Coker 237 allele at this locus was associated with decreased CS and increased seed yield. The marker locus (Blt015-2 on an unknown linkage group) linked to the minor CS QTL accounted for a maximum of 11% of the variation in seed yield. The Coker 237 allele at this locus was associated with an increase in CS and a decrease in seed yield. The association of the two marker loci with seed number m-2 strongly resembled their association with seed yield. Seed yield had a strong positive correlation (r=0.74 – 0.94) with seed number m-2, and the effect of chlorimuron ethyl on seed yield was due mainly to its effect on seed number m-2 rather than seed weight.
A reduce and replace strategy for suppressing vector-borne diseases: insights from a deterministic model.

Genetic approaches for controlling disease vectors have aimed either to reduce wild-type populations or to replace wild-type populations with insects that cannot transmit pathogens. Here, we propose a Reduce and Replace (RR however, continued releases are needed to maintain low density of competent vectors long-term. We discuss the results of the model as motivation for more detailed studies of R&R strategies.
The use of freeze-preserved treponemes in the Treponema pallidum immobilization test.

Treponema pallidum extracted from rabbit testes and quick frozen in liquid nitrogen were vigorously motile upon thawing, when cryoprotected with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). However, this chemical was toxic to unfrozen treponemes unless normal serum, 10–20% final concentration, was added to suspensions before freezing, or immediately after thawing. Such organisms survived the in vitro incubation of the T. pallidum immobilization (TPI) test, but DMSO partially inhibited immune immobilization. This inhibition was concentration dependent and was not observed in treponeme preparations diluted fourfold with fresh medium after 10% DMSO storage. Frozen treponeme suspensions used in this fashion yielded TPI test results comparable to those of fresh suspensions, and were still satisfactory after 12 months storage.
Placental Transport of Iron in X-linked Anaemia of Mice

Summary X-linked anaemia (sla) has been studied in the foetus of the mutant mice of Falconer & Isaacson (1962). The affected male is anaemic by the 19th–20th day of gestation. At this time there is no indication of a defect in the transport of iron to the foetus as indicated by the transfer of 59Fe and by the content of elementary iron in the total carcass. This suggests that a mechanism other than, or in addition to, intestinal malabsorption is operative in the production of sla.
Regulation of phosphate-activated glutaminase (PAG) by glutamate analogues

The ability of structural analogues of glutamate (GLU) to modulate phosphate activated glutaminase (PAG) was assessed in the present series of studies. A number of GLU receptor agonists and antagonists were tested for their ability to inhibit synaptosomal PAG activity. PAG activity was determined by measuring GLU formation from 0.5mM glutamine (GLN) in the presence of 10 mM phosphate. GLU analogues at 5–10 mM were found to significantly inhibit PAG activity. It was determined that PAG inhibition occurred regardless of whether the GLU analogues were receptor agonists or antagonists, however, PAG inhibition was influenced by analogue chain length, isomeric form and substituent substitution. The glutamate uptake blockers, dihydrokainic acid and DL-threo-β-hydroxyaspartic acid were relatively weak inhibitors of PAG (<25% inhibition) as were the receptor agonists, ibotenic acid and (±)cis-2,3-piperidine-dicarboxylic acid. Other GLU analogues produced inhibition of PAG in the range of 40–70%. PAG inhibition by GLU analogues did not appear to differ substantially among the brain regions evaluated (cortex, striatum and hippocampus). The endogenous amino acids, glycine, taurine and N-acetylaspartic acid, also significantly inhibited PAG activity in the 5–10 mM range. The noncompetitive NMDA antagonists, (+)MK801 and ketamine, at a concentration of 5 mM, significantly stimulated PAG activity 1.5–2 fold over control values. The activation of PAG by (+)MK801 was dose-related, stereoselective and appeared to result from a synergistic interaction with phosphate to enhance substrate (GLN) binding to PAG. The results of these studies suggest that GLU analogues could potentially alter neurotransmitter GLU synthesis if sufficient concentrations of these drugs are used in in vitro or in vivo studies. Furthermore, preliminary evidence suggests that other endogenous amino acids (glycine, taurine, N-acetylaspartic acid) may modulate PAG activity. These studies have further characterized the structural requirements for the allosteric regulation of PAG by glutamate and its analogues.
A Magneto-Hydrodynamic Micro Fluidic Network

The magneto hydrodynamic fluidic network’s basic building blocks are conduits equipped with two electrodes positioned on opposing walls. The entire device is either subjected to an external uniform magnetic field or fabricated within a magnetic material. When a prescribed potential difference is applied across each electrode pair, it induces current in the liquid (assumed to be a weakly conductive). The current interacts with the magnetic field to produce a Lorentz force that is perpendicular to both the directions of the current and the magnetic field. Analogously with electric circuits, by judicious application of the potential differences at various branches, one can direct liquid flow in any desired way and rate without a need for mechanical pumps or valves. By equipping the network branches with additional, interior electrodes, the branches double as stirrers capable of generating chaotic advection. The paper describes the basic building blocks for such a network, the operation of these branches as stirrers, a general theory for the analysis and control of fluidic magneto-hydrodynamic networks, and an example of a network fabricated with low temperature, co-fired ceramic tapes.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Long-Range Electron Transfer through Monolayers and Bilayers of Alkanethiols in Electrochemically Controlled Hg−Hg Tunneling Junctions

The rates of electron tunneling through monolayers and bilayers of alkanethiols self-assembled in a potentiostatically controlled Hg−Hg junction are reported. An alkanethiolate monolayer is formed in situ on one or both Hg drops via oxidative adsorption at the controlled potential. Subsequently, the Hg drops are brought into contact using micromanipulators. The junction formation is instantly followed by the flow of a steady-state tunneling current between the two electrodes. A plot of the logarithm of the tunneling current density vs the total number of carbon atoms in each junction yields identical tunneling coefficients, β = 1.06 ± 0.04/−CH2− and β = 1.02 ± 0.07/−CH2−, for monolayers and bilayers of alkanethiols, respectively. Careful examination of the tunneling data indicates that the solvent and ions are ejected from the junction area. The tunneling current recorded for a bilayer of 1-octanethiol or 1-nonanethiol is ca. 2-fold larger than a corresponding tunneling current recorded for monolayers of ...
In search of markers for the stem cells of the corneal epithelium

The anterior one-fifth of the human eye is called the cornea. It consists of several specialized cell types that work together to give the cornea its unique optical properties. As a result of its smooth surface and clarity, light entering the cornea focuses on the neural retina allowing images to come into focus in the optical centres of the brain. When the cornea is not smooth or clear, vision is impaired. The surface of the cornea consists of a stratified squamous epithelium that must be continuously renewed. The cells that make up this outer covering come from an adult stem cell population located at the corneal periphery at a site called the corneal limbus. While engaging in the search for surface markers for corneal epithelial stem cells, vision scientists have obtained a better understanding of the healthy ocular surface. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge of the ocular surface and its adult stem cells, and analyse data as they now exist regarding putative corneal epithelial stem cell markers.
Effects of H2 and formate on growth yield and regulation of methanogenesis in Methanococcus maripaludis

Hydrogenotrophic methanogenic Archaea are defined by an H2 requirement for growth. Despite this requirement, many hydrogenotrophs are also capable of growth with formate as an electron donor for methanogenesis. While certain responses of these organisms to hydrogen availability have been characterized, responses to formate starvation have not been reported. Here we report that during continuous culture of Methanococcus maripaludis under defined nutrient conditions, growth yields relative to methane production decreased markedly with either H2 excess or formate excess. Analysis of the growth yields of several mutants suggests that this phenomenon occurs independently of the storage of intracellular carbon or a transcriptional response to methanogenesis. Using microarray analysis, we found that the expression of genes encoding coenzyme F420-dependent steps of methanogenesis, including one of two formate dehydrogenases, increased with H2 starvation but with formate occurred at high levels regardless of limitation or excess. One gene, encoding H2-dependent methylene-tetrahydromethanopterin dehydrogenase, decreased in expression with either H2 limitation or formate limitation. Expression of genes for the second formate dehydrogenase, molybdenum-dependent formylmethanofuran dehydrogenase, and molybdenum transport increased specifically with formate limitation. Of the two formate dehydrogenases, only the first could support growth on formate in batch culture where formate was in excess.
Monzonites of the White-Inyo Range, California, and their relation to the calc-alkalic Sierra Nevada batholith

Monzonitic rocks are found in two plutons in the Deep Springs Valley area of the White-Inyo Range, California. These intrusive rocks, among the oldest in the Sierra Nevada region (170 m.y.), are characterized mineralogically by their abundance of potassium feldspar and paucity of quartz, and chemically by exceptionally high concentrations of alkalis (K 2 O + Na 2 O generally greater than 8% by weight) and strontium (greater than 1,000 ppm) and low silica (generally less than 60%). Both quartz-bearing and feldspathoidal varieties are present. Modal and chemical data clearly show that these alkalic intrusive rocks are not petrogenetically compatible with the far more abundant quartz-rich, calc-alkalic rocks that characterize the Sierra Nevada batholith. Instead, the monzonitic rocks constitute part of a discrete petrogenetic unit that is in part contemporaneous but certainly not comagmatic with the Sierra Nevada batholith. The available data are compatible with an origin for the Inyo monzonites during an early Mesozoic magmatic episode related to an arc-trench–subduction system that tapped an upper-mantle source beneath the western edge of the North American plate.
A simulation of the hydrothermal response to the Chesapeake Bay bolide impact

Groundwater more saline than seawater has been discovered in the tsunami breccia of the Chesapeake Bay Impact Crater. One hypothesis for the origin of this brine is that it may be a liquid residual following steam separation in a hydrothermal system that evolved following the impact. Initial scoping calculations have demonstrated that it is feasible such a residual brine could have remained in the crater for the 35 million years since impact. Numerical simulations have been conducted using the code HYDROTHERM to test whether or not conditions were suitable in the millennia following the impact for the development of a steam phase in the hydrothermal system. Hydraulic and thermal parameters were estimated for the bedrock underlying the crater and the tsunami breccia that fills the crater. Simulations at three different breccia permeabilities suggest that the type of hydrothermal system that might have developed would have been very sensitive to the permeability. A relatively low breccia permeability (1 × 10−16 m2) results in a system partitioned into a shallow water phase and a deeper superheated steam phase. A moderate breccia permeability (1 × 10−15 m2) results in a system with regionally extensive multiphase conditions. A relatively high breccia permeability (1 × 10−14 m2) results in a system dominated by warm-water convection cells. The permeability of the crater breccia could have had any of these values at given depths and times during the hydrothermal system evolution as the sediments compacted. The simulations were not able to take into account transient permeability conditions, or equations of state that account for the salt content of seawater. Results suggest, however, that it is likely that steam conditions existed at some time in the system following impact, providing additional evidence that is consistent with a hydrothermal origin for the crater brine.
Crystal Structure and Thermodynamic Stability of Ba/Ti-Substituted Pollucites for Radioactive Cs/Ba Immobilization

As an analogue of the mineral pollucite (CsAlSi2O6), CsTiSi2O6.5 is a potential host phase for radioactive Cs. However, as 137Cs and 135Cs transmute to 137Ba and 135Ba, respectively, through the beta decay, it is essential to study the structure and stability of this phase upon Cs → Ba substitution. In this work, two series of Ba/Ti-substituted samples, CsxBa(1−x)/2TiSi2O6.5 and CsxBa1−xTiSi2O7−0.5x, (x = 0.9 and 0.7), were synthesized by high-temperature crystallization from their respective precursors. Synchrotron X-ray diffraction and Rietveld analysis reveal that while CsxBa(1−x)/2TiSi2O6.5 samples are phase-pure, CsxBa1−xTiSi2O7−0.5x samples contain Cs3x/(2+x)Ba(1−x)/(2+x)TiSi2O6.5 pollucites (i.e., also two-Cs-to-one-Ba substitution) and a secondary phase, fresnoite (Ba2TiSi2O8). Thus, the CsxBa1−xTiSi2O7−0.5x series is energetically less favorable than CsxBa(1−x)/2TiSi2O6.5. To study the stability systematics of CsxBa(1−x)/2TiSi2O6.5 pollucites, high-temperature calorimetric experiments were performed at 973 K with or without the lead borate solvent. Enthalpies of formation from the constituent oxides (and elements) have thus been derived. The results show that with increasing Ba/(Cs + Ba) ratio, the thermodynamic stability of these phases decreases with respect to their component oxides. Hence, from the energetic viewpoint, continued Cs → Ba transmutation tends to destabilize the parent silicotitanate pollucite structure. However, the Ba-substituted pollucite co-forms with fresnoite (which incorporates the excess Ba), thereby providing viable ceramic waste forms for all the Ba decay products.
Effects of series authority control for acquisitions

AbstractThis study examines the effect of eliminating series authority control on the receipt of unintended duplicates, specifically in the context of approval plans. Random samples were drawn from two large plans at the Ohio State University Libraries (OSUL). Data were gathered from the approval plan vendors’ records, bibliographic records, Library of Congress series authority records (for items with series), and the physical items of OSUL-owned titles in each series. Data were also gathered from approval plan vendors regarding their reliance on national-level authority work for purposes of identifying items with series. The data from records were used to determine the degree of variance among multiple sources of series information. The results show that 5,838 series items received by OSUL through these two approval plans in FY1993/94 would not be under series control if national-level efforts of control were not in place. Approximately 1200 of these have series statements that do not match with one or m...
Numerical integration of nonlinear wave equations for general relativity

A second-order numerical implementation is given for recently derived nonlinear wave equations for general relativity. The Gowdy T$^3$ cosmology is used as a test bed for studying the accuracy and convergence of simulations of one-dimensional nonlinear waves. The complete freedom in space-time slicing in the present formulation is exploited to compute in the Gowdy line-element. Second-order convergence is found by direct comparison of the results with either analytical solutions for polarized waves, or solutions obtained from Gowdy's reduced wave equations for the more general unpolarized waves. Some directions for extensions are discussed.
Comparative gender biases in models of personality disorder

The potential of gender bias within the DSM personality disorders has long been a concern of scholars and clinicians. Over the past three decades, research findings utilizing the case vignette methodology have repeatedly indicated a gender bias within the histrionic diagnosis. The current study replicates these findings using a novel case vignette, but extends them to investigate the potential for gender biases within an alternative dimensional model of personality—the Five-Factor Model (FFM). One hundred and forty-one practicing clinicians rated either a male or a female version of a case vignette in terms of either the FFM or the personality disorders from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR). The results supported the concern of gender bias, with the female case less likely to be diagnosed as antisocial and the male case less likely to be diagnosed as histrionic. However, when the FFM conceptualizations of these two disorders were compared, no significant differences were noted. The results indicate that the FFM may be less prone to gender bias than the current DSM nomenclature. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of exercise on knee joints with osteoarthritis: a pilot study of biologic markers.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of low intensity weight-bearing exercise on osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee. METHODS: Synovial fluid keratan sulfate (KS) and hydroxyproline were measured as markers of cartilage degradation. The Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales (AIMS) were used to measure health status, and a visual analog scale for pain assessment was used before and after intervention. An exercise (EX) group (n = 15) received a thrice-weekly 12-week low intensity exercise program and a weekly educational program, and a minimal treatment (Min RX) group (n = 15) received only the education program. RESULTS: Pain levels declined in the EX group, and the Min RX group showed improvement on the AIMS. Synovial fluid was obtained in 11 subjects before and after the intervention. Levels of KS and hydroxyproline did not change. CONCLUSION: Further study of exercise effects should include both clinical and biologic parameters to examine the outcome of exercise as a therapeutic intervention in OA of the knee.
Disaggregating the Effects of Marital Trajectories on Health

Recent studies linking marital status and health increasingly focus on marital trajectories to examine the relationship from a life course perspective. However, research has been slow to bridge the theoretical concept of a marital trajectory with its measurement. This study uses retrospective and prospective data to model the age-dependent effects of marital sequences, timing, transitions, and durations on physical health. Results indicate that marriage duration is associated with lower rates of disease for men and women; however, the effect is time dependent and contingent on other trajectory components. For females, marriage timing and the cumulative number of divorce transitions are also important for health. For males, divorce duration and widowhood transitions play an integral role in this process. The authors also find that marital typologies have no effect when the number of transitions is taken into account.
Teaching the manufacturing design cycle in a project course

One of problems associated with project courses is the short time available to complete the course. This typically limits the project to a segment of the total manufacturing design cycle. For a manufacturing project such as that to produce a plastic part, this translates to doing the product design or the tooling design, but not both. This paper describes an innovative approach to the problem using the injection molding process as an example of a manufacturing process. Students use commercial solid modeling software to do the product design of a fairly simple part, for example a golf divot tool. The product design is then used to develop tooling (molds), to simulate structural performance and molding characteristics, and generate the NC code to machine the tooling. Once the tooling is finished it is placed on a lab injection molder and the process is tested and optimized. The entire lab experience is completed in approximately 30 hours of laboratory time, The equipment and software used to complete the project are typical of that available in undergraduate engineering facilities.
Leader-Induced Phosphorylation of Nucleoporins Correlates with Nuclear Trafficking Inhibition by Cardioviruses

Picornaviruses disrupt nucleocytoplasmic trafficking pathways during infection. Poliovirus and rhinovirus inhibit nuclear protein import/export through a series of 2A protease-dependent cleavages within nuclear pore proteins (nucleoporins [Nups]), including Nup62, Nup98, and Nup153. Cardioviruses lack the same protease and instead affect trafficking inhibition through an activity mapped to their leader (L) protein, a 67- to 76-amino acid (aa) polypeptide with no known enzymatic activity. We have shown that L from encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) binds and inhibits the activity of Ran-GTPase, a key regulator of nucleocytoplasmic transport. We now report that recombinant EMCV L triggers the unregulated efflux of protein cargo from preloaded HeLa cell nuclei in cell-free reactions dependent upon Xenopus egg cytosol or HeLa cell-derived cytosol. Recombinant L was the only viral protein necessary for this activity or for nuclear protein import inhibition. Mutational disruption of the L protein zinc finger domain (C19A) abrogated the inhibitory activity for both import and efflux in cell extracts, but mutations in the C-terminal acidic domain of L (aa 37 to 61) did not. Notably, HeLa cell nuclei treated with L, or those from EMCV-infected cells, showed reproducibly altered patterns of nucleoporin phosphorylation. Nup62, Nup153, and Nup214 each became hyperphosphorylated in an L-dependent manner. Staurosporine, a broad-spectrum kinase inhibitor, blocked this phosphorylation and rescued nuclear import/export activity from L-dependent inhibition. Therefore, cardioviruses target the same group of nucleoporins as enteroviruses, but the effector mechanism triggered by L (or L-Ran complexes) involves a unique cytosol-dependent phosphorylation cascade rather than proteolysis. Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) are massive proteinaceous structures spanning the nuclear envelope and enabling the regulated trafficking of protein and RNA between the cytoplasm and nucleus (31). The NPCs of higher eukaryotes are assembled from about 30 different integral proteins, called nucleoporins (Nups), arranged with eightfold radial symmetry (33). The specificity of protein movement into or out of a nucleus depends on a cargo’s display of a nuclear localization
An appraisal of Rumex pollen as an aerollergen

Abstract Particle concentrations derived from operation of a rotobar sampler at a midwestern location during 1965 to 1968 have confirmed the regular and substantial occurrence of Rumex pollen; field studies have implicated Rumex acetosella (sheep sorrel) as the primary source. Comparisons of rotobar and gravity slide data suggest that purely aerodynamic factors may decrease the recovery of Rumex pollen by the Durham sampler by as much as 50 per cent relative to grass pollen. A high frequency of positive skin reactivity to Rumex pollen extract was noted among 367 persons demonstrating some wheal and flare reactions on skin testing with extracts of common inhalant allergens. More than half of a group of positive skin reactors to Rumex extract also demonstrated positive nasal provocative tests with this material. Most, but not all, positive nasal reactors to Rumex had experienced pollinosis during the common period of Rumex and grass pollen prevalence, and at least some of these manifested negative responses on mucosal testing with grass pollen extracts. The combined aerobiological and clinical data suggest that specific sensitivity to Rumex pollen may contribute significantly to the severity of pollinosis in selected patients.
Reduction of platelet serotonin and the response to pulmonary emboli

At is believed that vasoactive amines released by thrombin from the platelet coating of emboli play an important role in determining the magnitude of the vascular response to pulmonary emboli.gv 21n z3 As early as 1953, it was suggested that serotonin (5hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) might be the agent responsible for the reflex and direct cardiopulmonary changes associated with pulmonary emboli.lp I2 A wide variety of experimental approaches utilizing synthetic emboli were undertaken but conflicting data and conclusions resulted. Gradually, and in a variety of species, subsequent investigators have demonstrated, with the use of fresh thromboemboli, the importance of humoral factors derived from platelets in pulmonary embolism.*> 11~ I7 It has been shown that they are responsible for vascular and airway constriction and contribute to the mortality rate caused by pulmonary embolism.7v Is, x These animal models demonstrate a pathophysiological sequence similar to that which is often encountered clinically. More recently, during the course of some of this work, we observed that rabbits obtained from two different sources responded to pulmonary emboli in dissimilar fashion.lG Inquiry revealed that animals showing relatively little vascular response to the embolus
Endothelial cell transfusion ameliorates endothelial dysfunction in 5/6 nephrectomized rats

Endothelial dysfunction is prevalent in chronic kidney disease. This study tested the hypothesis that transfusion of rat aortic endothelial cells (ECs) ameliorates endothelial dysfunction in a rat model of chronic kidney disease. Male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent sham surgery or 5/6 nephrectomy (Nx). Five weeks after Nx, EC (1.5 × 10(6) cells/rat) or vehicle were transfused intravenously. One week later, vascular reactivity of mesenteric artery was assessed on a wire myograph. Sensitivity of endothelium-dependent relaxation to acetylcholine and maximum vasodilation were impaired by Nx and improved by EC transfusion. Using selective pharmacological nitric oxide synthase isoform inhibitors, we demonstrated that the negative effect of Nx on endothelial function and rescue by EC transfusion are, at least in part, endothelial nitric oxide synthase mediated. Plasma asymmetric dimethylarginine was increased by Nx and decreased by EC transfusion, whereas mRNA expression of dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolases 1 (DDAH1) was decreased by Nx and restored by EC transfusion. Immunohistochemical staining confirmed that local expression of DDAH1 is decreased by Nx and increased by EC transfusion. In conclusion, EC transfusion attenuates Nx-induced endothelium-dependent vascular dysfunction by regulating DDAH1 expression and enhancing endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity. These results suggest that EC-based therapy could provide a novel therapeutic strategy to improve vascular function in chronic kidney disease.
Deciphering the face

We argue that to make robust computer vision algorithms for face analysis and recognition, these should be based on configural and shape features. In this model, the most important task to be solved by computer vision researchers is that of accurate detection of facial features, rather than recognition. We base our arguments on recent results in cognitive science and neuroscience. In particular, we show that different facial expressions of emotion have diverse uses in human behavior/cognition and that a facial expression may be associated to multiple emotional categories. These two results are in contradiction with the continuous models in cognitive science, the limbic assumption in neuroscience and the multidimensional approaches typically employed in computer vision. Thus, we propose an alternative hybrid continuous-categorical approach to the perception of facial expressions and show that configural and shape features are most important for the recognition of emotional constructs by humans. We illustrate how these image cues can be successfully exploited by computer vision algorithms. Throughout the paper, we discuss the implications of these results in applications in face recognition and human-computer interaction.
Peripheral intravenous catheter infiltration: anesthesia providers do not adhere to their own ideas of best practice

Study Objective To survey anesthesia providers for their opinion on “best practice” in perioperative peripheral intravenous catheter (PIV) management, and to determine if they follow those opinions.
Slow and ultrarapid cryopreservation of biopsied mouse blastocysts and its effect on DNA integrity index

Purpose To evaluate the effect of slow and ultra-rapid freezing on biopsied blastocysts’ DNA integrity.
Contracts and the Division of Labor

We present a tractable framework for the analysis of the relationship between contract incompleteness, technological complementarities and the division of labor. In the model economy, a firm decides the division of labor and contracts with its worker-suppliers on a subset of activities they have to perform. Worker-suppliers choose their investment levels in the remaining activities anticipating the ex post bargaining equilibrium. We show that greater contract incompleteness reduces both the division of labor and the equilibrium level of productivity given the division of labor. The impact of contract incompleteness is greater when the tasks performed by different workers are more complementary. We also discuss the effects of imperfect credit markets on the division of labor and productivity, and study the choice between the employment relationship versus an organizational form relying on outside contracting. Finally, we derive the implications of our framework for productivity differences and comparative advantage across countries.
Microresonator frequency comb optical clock

Optical frequency combs serve as the clockwork of optical clocks, which are now the best time-keeping systems in existence. The use of precise optical time and frequency technology in various applications beyond the research lab remains a significant challenge, but one that integrated microresonator technology is poised to address. Here, we report a silicon-chip-based microresonator comb optical clock that converts an optical frequency reference to a microwave signal. A comb spectrum with a 25 THz span is generated with a 2 mm diameter silica disk and broadening in nonlinear fiber. This spectrum is stabilized to rubidium frequency references separated by 3.5 THz by controlling two teeth 108 modes apart. The optical clock’s output is the electronically countable 33 GHz microcomb line spacing, which features stability better than the rubidium transitions by the expected factor of 108. Our work demonstrates the comprehensive set of tools needed for interfacing microcombs to state-of-the-art optical clocks.
Optics of CdS/CdTe thin film photovoltaics

Optical probes based on multichannel spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) have been applied at all stages of the development of CdS/CdTe thin film photovoltaics (PV). Real time SE during materials fabrication has provided insights into nucleation, coalescence, and structural evolution of CdS and CdTe films. The deduced optical properties have provided insights into material density, strain, and defect density. The optical properties have also served as a database for analyzing complete PV stacks. Applications of this database include depth profiling of materials and devices before and after CdCl 2 treatment, as well as off-line mapping and on-line monitoring of large area PV plates and modules.
Comparative Evaluation of Weather Forecasting Systems: Sufficiency, Quality, and Accuracy

Abstract The concept of sufficiency, originally introduced in the context of the comparison of statistical experiments, has recently been shown to provide a coherent basis for comparative evaluation of forecasting systems. Specifically, forecasting system A is said to be sufficient for forecasting system B if B's forecasts can be obtained from A's forecasts by a stochastic transformation. The sufficiency of A's forecasts for B's forecasts implies that the former are of higher quality than the latter and that all users will find A's forecasts of greater value than B's forecasts. However, it is not always possible to establish that system A is sufficient for system B or vice versa. This paper examines the concept of sufficiency in the context of comparative evaluation of simple probabilistic weather forecasting systems and investigates its interpretations and implications from perspectives provided by a recently developed general framework for forecast verification. It is shown here that if system A is suff...
The cardinality of the value sets modulo $n$ of $x^2+x^{-2}$ and $x^2+y^2$

Consider the modular circle C a , n = { ( x , y ) : x 2 + y 2 ≡ a ( mod n ) , 0 ≤ x , y ≤ n − 1 } and the modular hyperbola ℋ n = { ( x , y ) : x y ≡ 1 ( mod n ) , 0 ≤ x , y ≤ n − 1 } . We provide explicit formulas for the cardinality of the sets { a mod n : C a , n ∩ ℋ n ≠ ∅ } a n d { a mod n : C a , n ≠ ∅ } .
The Bergman Kernel and a Theorem of Tian

Given a domain Ω in ℂn, the Bergman kernel is the kernel of the projection operator from L 2 (Ω) to the Hardy space A 2 (Ω). When the boundary of Ω is strictly pseudoconvex and smooth, Fefferman [2] gave a complete description of the asymptotic behavior of K(z, z) as z approaches the boundary. This work was then extended by Boutet de Monvel and Sjostrand [1] who showed that, for the same domains, a similar asymptotic expansion for K(z, w) holds off the diagonal. Moreover, they showed that the Bergman kernel is a Fourier integral operator with a complex phase function.
Using noise statistics for effective noise filtering

In this paper we show that the knowledge of noise statistics contaminating a signal leads to a better choice of filter to remove the noise. Very specifically, we show theoretically that the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) contaminating a signal can be filtered best by using a Gaussian filter mask which has some relation with the noise statistic of the AWGN. The main contribution of the paper is (a) the derivation of the relationship between the Gaussian mask and the noise statistics and (b) demonstration of its effective use in speech recognition.
Antitrust Vertical Myopia: The Allure of High Prices

Low prices are one of antitrust law's traditional promises to society. Resale price maintenance (RPM), the practice whereby a manufacturer sets pricing rules for retailers, artificially inflates prices and, thus, allegedly runs afoul of antitrust laws. The practice emerged in the last quarter of the nineteenth century with the rise of advertising and has been one of the most controversial antitrust topics ever since. At the heart of the controversy lies the question of why would manufacturers ever be interested in high retail prices that seem to protect retailers' profits and hurt manufacturers. One of the oldest answers that manufacturers provide is that, for certain branded goods, high prices improve sales, while discounts harm the appeal of brands and adversely affect sales. Courts and scholars have always been aware of this argument, yet kept focusing on other explanations for the practice. This Article examines popular RPM theories, explains why manufacturers frequently use RPM to protect the appeal of their products as status goods, and argues that no per-se rule for RPM is warranted.
Multiple Mechanisms in Pd(II)-Catalyzed SN2′ Reactions of Allylic Alcohols

Density functional calculations and experiments were used to examine mechanisms of Pd(II) catalyzed intramolecular cyclization and dehydration in acyclic and bicyclic monoallylic diols, a formal SN2′ reaction. In contrast to the previously proposed syn-oxypalladation mechanism for acyclic monoallylic diols, calculations and experiments strongly suggest that hydrogen bonding templates a hydroxyl group and Pd addition across the alkene and provides a low energy pathway via anti-addition (anti-oxypalladation) followed by intramolecular proton transfer and anti-elimination of water. This anti-addition, anti-elimination pathway also provides a simple rationale for the observed stereospecificity. For bicyclic monoallylic diol compounds, Pd(II) is capable of promoting either anti- or syn-addition. In addition, palladium chloride ligands can mediate proton transfer to promote dehydration when direct intramolecular proton transfer between diol groups is impossible.
Incarcerated Sex Offenders’ Expectations for Reentry:

Returning to the community after incarceration can be a difficult challenge. These issues are exacerbated for sex offenders, who reenter society carrying strong stigmas and who are subject to a variety of both legal and extralegal restrictions. Drawing on in-depth interviews with 24 incarcerated, soon-to-be released sex offenders, this study examines their perceptions and expectations of reentry challenges and opportunities. Analysis shows that sex offenders have very limited understandings of reentry legal restrictions. In addition, offender accounts revealed sex offenders generally held positive expectations for community reentry. They reflect the belief that they will be able to draw upon personal, familial, and social resources to avoid the consequences of stigmatization.
Historia social y cultural del Río de la Plata, 1536-1810. El trasplante cultural: ciencia

Contenido: Cronistas y exploradores — Paleontologos coloniales — El mundo conocido — Filosofia — El arte de curar — Los naturalistas de antano — Las ciencias exactas.