cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
E‐profile: Z as in Zillman

Provides a profile of Marcus Zillman, an innovative leader in the field of information access, organization and use. Zillman, a prolific author, keynote speaker and consultant, created BotSpot, a meta‐resource for robot and intelligent agent software sites and information, in 1996, and has continued to produce other innovative resources to help readers and web users.
The American Historical Association

The 101 annual meeting of the American Historical Association offered a number of good panels in labor history. Several sessions featured papers on working people in the early modern and modern eras, in the Third World as well as in Europe and the United States. Nearly all presentations bore the in fluence of the New Labor History, which suggests that the genre no longer confines itself to the familiar industrial worker in modernizing settings. A session on "Language, Labor, and Ritual: Changes in French Artisan Culture in the Old Regime" heard three papers. John Martin (Trinity Univer sity), in a paper titled "Northern Protestants and Popular Heresy in Sixteenth Century Venice" explained why lay and ecclesiastical elites in Venice tolerated Protestants in the middle of the Inquisition. He observed that the city's highly cultivated cosmopolitanism, coupled with fears of disrupting ties with Protes tant trading partners, helped stay the hand of repression, but so did the very presence of large communities of French and German Protestants who en gaged in craft production. Such artificers not only supplied vital goods and services (printed materials and food being the most obvious) but also devel oped means of "passing" as Catholics, feigning devotion to the Church while furtively observing their faith. French masters also figured prominently in a paper by James Farr (University of Tennessee, Knoxville) "Artisans and the New Morality: Sexual Propriety in Dijon during the Catholic Reform (1550-1650)." Much like Martin, he drew attention to the interior of the arti san community in support of the thesis that the "new sexual morality" was less an imposition from above than a reflection of personal need in the context of increasingly competitive commodity and marriage markets. Farr detected both a heightened proclivity to hurl "sexual slanders" at spouses and daughters and a complementary tendency to defend reputations of female offspring and condemn sexual promiscuity in the name of preserving the order and name of neighborhoods. In " 'Rather than Submit': The Language of Opposition and Honor among Journeyman in Old Regime France," Cynthia Truant (Newber ry Library) reviewed the language of some forty letters written by compagnons to one another and later confiscated by the police. Truant argued that while the documents proved somewhat formulaic and dealt primarily with mundane trade matters, they still shed some light on artisan culture in the transition from an oral culture to a written one. They disclose more concern for honor and disgrace than the ribaldry and opposition to authority that historians
Peak pressures during manual ventilation.

INTRODUCTION: Manual (bag) ventilation sometimes achieves better oxygenation than does a mechanical ventilator. We speculated that clinicians might generate very high airway pressure during manual ventilation (much higher than the pressure delivered by a mechanical ventilator), and that the high airway pressure causes alveolar recruitment and thus improves oxygenation. Such high pressure might injure alveoli in some patients. METHODS: We tested the hypothesis that manual ventilation may involve substantially higher pressure than is delivered by a mechanical ventilator. We asked experienced respiratory therapists to manually ventilate a lung model that was set to represent several typical clinical scenarios. RESULTS: We found that the peak airway pressure generated by the therapists was sometimes in excess of 100 cm H2O. CONCLUSIONS: The high airway pressure during manual ventilation would be considered extreme in the context of conventional mechanical ventilation, which raises questions about whether manual ventilation causes barotrauma.
The Job of Department Chair at America's Chrie Member Hospitality and Tourism Programs: The Nature of the Person and the Position

Self-report data were analyzed from 175 department chairs running Council on Hotel, Restaurant and Institutional Education member hospitality and tourism programs in America to understand the nature of their job, perceptions of future trends in hospitality and tourism education, and demographics. Respondents spent greater percentages of their workweeks in teaching-related and departmental administrative roles than in research-related roles by a ratio of 7:1. Technology, distance learning, and senior living turned up as the three factors that would most likely have an impact on hospitality and tourism education in the future. A majority of respondents were Caucasian, middle-aged men with industry experience who had earned master's degrees. Most had been chairs for over 7 years at public, non-land grant, 4-year programs.
Modeling classification systems in SKOS: some challenges and best-practice recommendations

Representing classification systems on the web for publication and exchange continues to be a challenge within the SKOS framework. This paper focuses on the differences between classification schemes and other families of KOS (knowledge organization systems) that make it difficult to express classifications without sacrificing a large amount of their semantic richness. Issues resulting from the specific set of relationships between classes and topics that defines the basic nature of any classification system are discussed. Where possible, different solutions within the frameworks of SKOS and OWL are proposed and examined.
Clustering techniques for object-oriented database systems

The authors conduct an analysis to compare three clustering strategies, Cactis, ORION, and CK, in terms of space and time overhead. They also examine the level, page, or segment at which clustering should take place. The dynamic clustering technique CK is found to be best in exploiting the structural relationships between objects and inheritance semantics to identify an efficient storage scheme. However, it creates high overhead and is best suited for applications in which the read/write ratio is high. To remove this limitation, the authors show how segment clustering, instead of page clustering, could reduce the number of cases where a page split is necessary. >
A very tangled knot: Official state socialist women’s organizations, women’s agency and feminism in Eastern European state socialism

This article discusses some current research claims on gender and state socialism in Eastern Europe from 1945 to 1989. It raises questions about claims by Revisionist Feminist Scholars that official state socialist women’s organizations were ‘agents’ on behalf of women, or women’s movements, perhaps feminist, and not ‘transmission belts’ of communist parties. State socialist policies are described as ‘friendly towards women’ and ‘pro-women’. In contrast, the author claims that these organizations both were and were not agents on behalf of women, and also prevented women’s agency. Meaningful women’s agency is not actually shown to occur intermittently throughout their history, but in two contexts – before 1955 or in moments of political rupture. Scholars do not distinguish the who, when, and what – Who could be agents? When could they be agents? And what kind of agents could they be? State policies, the author claims, were also at one and the same time ‘friendly’ and ‘unfriendly’ towards women, sometimes h...
Study of sunspot motion and flow fields associated with solar flares

Evolution of sunspot structure and photospheric magnetic fields are important to understand how the flare energy is built up and released. With high-resolution optical data, it is possible to examine in details the optical flows of the photosphere and their relationship to the flaring process. Using G-band and Stokes-V data obtained with Hinode Solar Optical Telescope (SOT), we study the sunspot motion and flow fields associated with the 2006 December 13 X3.4 flare in NOAA AR 10930. We calculate the centroids of the delta spot umbrae lying in opposite magnetic polarities, and use two different methods to derive the photospheric flow fields of the AR. We find that the shearing motion before the flare changes to unshearing motion associated with the eruption. A decrease of average velocity of shear flow is found to be associated with the flare, with a magnitude of 0.2 km s. As a related study, we also test implementing the recently developed differential affine velocity estimator for vector magnetograms (DAVE4VM; Schuck 2008) technique for the magnetic field observations obtained by the Big Bear Solar Observatory (BBSO) and Helioseismic Magnetic Imager (HMI) on board the Solar Dynamic Observatory (SDO). Using this method to analyze changes of active region magnetic fields associated with flares may shed new light on the cause and effect of flaring process.
Dynamic coercivity effects in thin film media

A non-destructive technique to measure the time dependence of remanent coercivity in thin film disks is suggested. It is found that typical thin film recording media show an increase in coercivity of about 25% when the length of the field pulse is decreased from /spl sim/50 ms down to 10 ns. Very thin magnetic films are found to have considerably larger changes in coercivity than thicker ones.
Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of Ultrathin Oxynitrides

Microscopic properties of thin oxynitrides are investigated using a combination of the infrared ATR and ab-initio electronic structure methods. We use a theoretical structural model based on the Si-SiO2 interface with the oxide thickness of 0.8 nm. The interfacial region amounts to about 0.4 nm (the total thickness of the oxygen containing layer is 1.2 nm). The Quantum Molecular Dynamics simulations suggest that Ν accumulates at the interface. We have generated samples with the nitrogen concentrations from 1.69 × 1014 cm−2 to 6.78 × 1014 cm−2. The structural analysis of nitrogen containing cells indicates a significant improvement of the oxide layer and the strain reduction at the interface. We have performed a calculation of the vibrational density of states. A N-localized mode at 809 cm-1 has been identified. The experimental ifnrared ATR data is in qualitative agreement with the calculation. The valence band offset calculations reveal a 0.3 eV increase of the offset due to nitrogen at the highest nitrogen concentration considered. The valence band offset increase comes mainly from the structural change in the oxide layer. The interfacial dipole contributes 0.12 eV to the increase, while the structural change in the oxide layer gives additional 0.2 eV.
Use of the King LT for emergency airway management.

Objective To discuss the role of the King LT reusable supraglottic airway in emergency airway management. Design Retrospective case series review. Setting Tertiary academic medical facility. Patients We studied patients who presented to the emergency trauma center having undergone intubation at an outside facility or at the scene of the incident. The otolaryngology service was consulted for definitive management of the airway. Main Outcome Measure Airway evaluation and management once the King LT has been placed. Results Six patients with known prehospitalization use of the King LT presented to the emergency trauma center and subsequently required emergency tracheostomy for establishment of a secure airway. Fiberoptic and/or direct laryngoscopic evaluation performed with the tube in place failed to reveal whether safe oral endotracheal intubation could be performed because of visualization problems. Examination after tracheostomy and removal of the King LT revealed that in 2 patients, orotracheal intubation would have been difficult or impossible, whereas another 4 patients could have been intubated. One patient had prehospitalization placement of a King LT, which resulted in subcutaneous emphysema because of placement within the mediastinum. The patient was able to be successfully intubated and did not require tracheostomy. Conclusions The King LT offers benefits in emergency situations, but evaluation of the airway is challenging and often necessitates tracheostomy for establishment of a safe and secure airway. Even if tracheostomy is not required, serious complications may occur.
A comparison of laparoscopic and open cholecystectomy in patients with compensated cirrhosis and symptomatic gallstone disease.

Abstract Background: The purpose of this study was to compare the risks and benefits of performing open cholecystectomy (OC) and laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) in patients with compensated cirrhosis. Methods: Data on 50 patients who underwent cholecystectomy for the treatment of symptomatic gallstone disease between 1990 and 1997 were collected retrospectively. These patients were divided into 2 groups: Group I included 24 patients who underwent OC, and Group II included 26 patients who underwent LC. The cohorts were well-matched for age, sex, race, clinical presentation, and Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) class. Twelve patients in Group I had a concomitant surgical procedure in contrast to only 2 patients in Group II. No patient in this study had CTP Class C cirrhosis. Results: There was no operative mortality. Conversion to OC was necessary in 3 patients (12%) during LC because of uncontrollable liver bed bleeding in 2 of the patients and insufficient visualization of the anatomy in 1 of the patients. Mean surgical times were significantly longer in Group I when comparing patients from both groups without concomitant surgical procedures (mean ± SD, 177 ± 91.3 minutes vs 116.8 ± 42.3 minutes, P = .037). No patient in Group II required any blood component replacement in contrast to 9 patients (38%) in Group I. Intraoperative bleeding remained significantly higher in Group I when comparing patients without concomitant surgical procedures ( P = .043). No patients in Group II had a wound complication, compared with 2 patients (8%) in Group I. The 12 patients without concomitant surgical procedures in Group I had significantly longer hospital stays when compared with 24 patients without concomitant surgical procedures in Group II (mean ± SD, 6.9 days ± 3.3 [median 6] vs 2.4 days ± 1.8 [median 2.0]); P = .001. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that laparoscopic cholecystectomy can be performed safely in patients with CTP Class A and B cirrhosis. It offers several advantages over open cholecystectomy, including lower morbidity, shorter operative time, and reduced hospital stay with less need for transfusions. (Surgery 2000;127:405-11.)
Differences in nuclear magnetic resonance images between chilled and non-chilled zucchini squash

WAN(; C. Y. and WANG P. C. Differences in nuclear magnetic resonance images between chilled and nonchilled zucchini squash. ENVIRONMENTAL AND EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 32, 213- 219, 1992. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging techniques provide a non-destructive method for detecting changes in the internal structure of zucchini squash (Cucurbita pepo L., Ambassador) during exposure to chilling temperatures. Whole, freshly harvested zucchini squash were stored at either 2.5 (chilling) or 12.5°C (non-chilling). A 4.7 Tesla, 33 cm bore size, NMR imaging system was used to generate transverse images of the squash. Chilled squash produced an image with high signal intensity in the epidermal region. The T1 (spin-lattice relaxation time) weighted images, obtained by the inversion recovery technique, showed that cortex tissue of the chilled squash also had higher signal intensity than that of the non-chilled squash, indicating a shorter T1 relaxation time and a greater mobility of water in the chilled tissue. The T2 (spin spin relaxation time) weighted images, obtained by the spin echo technique, also showed higher intensity in the chilled squash than in the non-chilled samples, implying a longer T2 relaxation time for the chilled tissue. These results suggest that differences between chilled and non-chilled squash can be discerned non-destructively by the intensity of the NMR images or the T1 and T2 relaxation times.
Associations Between Physical Activity and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors Assessed in a Southern California Health Care System, 2010–2012

Introduction Risk factors associated with many chronic diseases can be improved through regular physical activity. This study investigated whether cross-sectional associations between physical activity, assessed by the Exercise Vital Sign (EVS), and cardiometabolic risk factors can be detected in clinical settings.
Smooth muscle cells from guinea pig stomach possess high-affinity galanin receptors that mediate relaxation

Galanin-like immunoactivity occurs in nerves and plexi in muscle layers throughout gastrointestinal tract including the stomach. Galanin can affect gastric emptying and contraction or relaxation of gastric muscle in different species. The aim of this study was to investigate the direct effect of galanin on dispersed gastric smooth muscle cells and to characterize any galanin receptors that mediated any effect. Dispersed gastric smooth muscle cells were prepared from guinea pig stomach by collagenase digestion. Porcine galanin (p-galanin; 1 microM) did not stimulate contraction when present alone; however, p-galanin (1 microM) inhibited carbachol-induced contraction with a half-maximal effect at 7 nM. p-Galanin (1 microM) increased cellular adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) content by 10 s and caused a maximal increase of 80% over basal. 125I-galanin (porcine) bound to dispersed cells in a time- and temperature-dependent manner. Binding was saturable, reversible, and specific. Binding of 125I-galanin was inhibited almost equally by porcine and rat galanin (Ki = 6-8 nM) but was not inhibited by the galanin-associated peptide [preprogalanin-(108-123)]. The fragment galanin-(1-16) was equally potent to rat galanin; however, the fragment galanin-(9-29) was 56-fold less potent (Ki = 370 nM). Computer analysis demonstrated there were two binding sites for p-galanin on gastric smooth muscle cells, a high-affinity site (Kd = 2.6 nM) with low capacity (Bmax = 175 fmol/mg protein) and a low-affinity site (Kd = 150 nM) with large capacity (Bmax = 3,611 fmol/mg protein).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Automated Method for Measuring Contrast-to-Noise- Ratio (CNR) and Signal-to-Noise-Ratio (SNR) on a Full Field Digital Mammography System (FFDMS)

A newly developed automated procedure for contrast-to-noise-ratio (CNR) and signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) calculations is proposed. Essential precision improvements are achieved with the new procedure. The impact of the variations in the CNR and SNR test procedures is discussed. Possible application of the procedure to different mammography systems is demonstrated.
Strength of Elastomers. A Perspective

Abstract The strength and extensibility of an elastomer depend on its overall viscoelastic properties, as reflected in the time and temperature dependence of stress-strain curves, and also on those discrete processes, including crack formation and growth, that culminate in high-speed crack propagation. The discrete processes determine the lifetime of a specimen; the viscoelastic characteristics affect the dependence of stress on deformation. The interplay between these effects causes strength and extensibility to depend strongly on test conditions. An elastomeric network composed solely of highly mobile chains is very weak indeed and fractures at a low elongation. This characteristic differs diametrically from that expected of an idealized network of mobile chains. If such a network were stretched, stress concentrations and unbalanced forces at the molecular level, which can result from short chains, entanglements, and network imperfections, would be vitiated rapidly by stress-biased segmental diffusion, ...
Turning Legal Classrooms Upside Down: The Pragmatic and Moral Power of Cooperation to Foster Ethical Professional Identity in Legal Education

This review of group learning in legal education draws upon empirical research from the social psychology of education and constructive-developmental theories of moral behavior to provide law school instructors with an approach to using small groups of four to five students in order to foster professional formation (also called professionalism or an ethical professional identity). Based on the idea of positive social interdependence or cooperation theory, this review states the case for viewing group learning as a pedagogy of fostering the cognitive, emotional, and social capacities involved with recognizing, facing, and resolving moral problems in small groups. An emphasis is made on how to foster self-authorship and individual accountability in teamwork. A model of assessment based on group learning that involves ongoing peer assessment and coaching is discussed. It draws upon relevant research from higher education, business, medicine and health sciences education, and provides practical suggestions for law school instructors and administrators who are interested in implementing group learning in the curriculum, including suggestions for how schools can assess their school's climate for cooperation and competition. An emphasis is made on how to foster self-authorship, reflection, and individual accountability in the context of small group learning. A model for dynamic assessment through ongoing peer assessment and coaching is discussed.
Acoustic timescale analysis of a model hot spot

Hot spots have been shown to be the autoignition center in reactive mixtures. Linear temperature gradients and thermal stratification are used to characterize their behavior. Here we consider a model that demonstrates the effect of a localized plateau region of finite size in the center of hot spots with linear temperature gradients. A one-step Arrhenius reaction for H2-Air is used to model the reactive mixture. Plateaus of three different initial sizes spanning two orders of magnitude are simulated. Each length corresponds to a different ratio of excitation time to acoustic time. It is shown that ratios less than unity react at nearly isochoric conditions while ratios greater than unity react at nearly isobaric conditions. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the gasdynamic response is characterized by the a priori prescribed hot spot acoustic timescale ratio. Based upon the prescribed timescale ratio, it is shown that the plateau can have either a substantial or negligible impact on the reaction of a surrounding temperature gradient.
Enzymatic Synthesis of Growth Hormone Releasing Factor (GH-RF) by Rat Incubates and by Extracts of Rat and Porcine Hypothalamic Tissue

SummaryIncubations of rat hypothalamic fragments and of extracts of rat and porcine hypothalamic tissue found previously to synthesize thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH), luteinizing hormone releasing factor (LRF) and prolactin releasing factor (PRF) have been used to study the biosynthesis of growth hormone releasing factor (GH-RF). To demonstrate synthesis, GH-RF was measured by the elevation of radioimmunoassayable growth hormone in the estrogen-progesterone-reserpinized male rat. GH-RF is synthesized by rat hypothalamic fragments incubated in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer under an atmosphere of 95% oxygen and 5% carbon dioxide and by extracts of rat and porcine hypothalamic tissue in the presence of amino acids, ATP and Mg2+. This synthesis is not blocked by puromycin, indicating that the synthesizing system may not be ribosomal dependent. Further proof of a nonribosomal mechanism comes from the fact that a ribosomal-free extract also synthesizes GH-RF. From these observations, it may be concluded ...
Overstretching DNA at 65 pN Does Not Require Peeling from Free Ends or Nicks

DNA exhibits a remarkable mechanical transition where its extension increases by 70% at 65 pN. Notwithstanding more than a decade of experimental and theoretical studies, there remains a significant debate on the nature of overstretched DNA. We developed a topologically closed but rotationally unconstrained DNA assay, which contains no nicks or free ends. DNA in this assay exhibited the canonical overstretching transition at 65 pN but without hysteresis upon retraction (vstage = 5 μm/s). Introduction of a controlled nick led to hysteresis in the force-extension curve. Moreover, the degree of hysteresis increased with the number of nicks. Hence, the generation of single-stranded DNA from free ends or nicks is not an obligatory step in overstretching DNA, but rather a consequence.
Micromachining techniques for silicon carbide MEMS

The advent of novel processing technologies for high temperature materials has rekindled interest in harsh environment instrumentation. The last decade has witnessed the development of a broad spectrum of sensors capable of operating at high temperatures, extreme mechanical loads (pressure and vibration), and corrosive ambients. This paper will examine the current state of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) for harsh environment applications, with an emphasis on the processes that have fueled its growth. The need and application areas for harsh environment MEMS are discussed, as well as the state of the technology for sensor development applicable to the aerospace industry. Special emphasis is placed on silicon carbide (Sic) growth and processing, due to its compatibility with the existing silicon IC fabrication infrastructure. The future direction for harsh environment MEMS is also discussed.
Genetic parameters in aKy 14 xKy Ex 42 burley population ofNicotiana tabacum L.

In the F2 generation of the cross between burley varieties,Ky 14 andKy Ex 42, estimates of additive genetic variance were significant for yield, days to flower, and number of leaves. All estimates of dominance variance, additive X additive variance, and interactions between genetic variances and years were smaller than twice their standard errors. The gain expected from selecting and recombining the best 10% of theF2 plants ranged from 4% for number of leaves to 8.6% for yield. Additive genetic correlations between pairs of agronomic characters were positive. Yield and number of leaves were negatively correlated with total alkaloids.
Integrated accretion disc angular momentum removal and astrophysical jet acceleration mechanism

Ions and neutrals in the weakly ionized plasma of an accretion disc are tightly bound because of the high ion–neutral collision frequency. A cluster of a statistically large number of ions and neutrals behaves as a fluid element having the charge of the ions and the mass of the neutrals. This fluid element is effectively a metaparticle having such an extremely small charge-to-mass ratio that its cyclotron frequency can be of the order of the Kepler angular frequency. In this case, metaparticles with a critical charge-to-mass ratio can have zero canonical angular momentum. Zero canonical angular momentum metaparticles experience no centrifugal force and spiral inwards towards the central body. Accumulation of these inward spiralling metaparticles near the central body produces radially and axially outward electric fields. The axially outward electric field drives an out-of-plane poloidal electric current along arched poloidal flux surfaces in the highly ionized volume outside the disc. This out-of-plane current and its associated magnetic field produce forces that drive bidirectional astrophysical jets flowing normal to and away from the disc. The poloidal electric current circuit removes angular momentum from the accreting mass and deposits this removed angular momentum at near infinite radius in the disc plane. The disc region is an electric power source (E⋅J 0).
Control Effect Analysis of Occupational Hazards in A furniture Manufacturing Enterprise

[Objective]To evaluate the control effect of occupational hazards in a furniture manufacturing project, to identify the main occupational hazards and perform scene detecting, and evaluate the protective effect of these measures.[Methods]Evaluation was based on scene detecting results and the relevant national occupational health standards.[Results]Occupational hazards such as productive toxicant, dust and noise existed in this project, the qualified rates of them were 100%, 88.5%, 100% respectively. Occupational health management measures were incomplete.[Conclusion]The evaluation of occupational hazards control of this project is basically qualified.
Research and development of tower crane remote lock and control system

In order to improve the safety of tower crane in the construction process and to meet the needs of equipment leasing, this paper designed a set of systemthat can remotely lock and control the tower crane. The system ran on PC and sent over theinstructions by network, a single chip of 89 C52 on the far side receivedand recognized the PC instructionsthrough GPRS module.89 C52remotely locked and controlledtower cranethrough the relay modules. Weused VB to finish the PC software, whose function modules included user authentication, tower crane control interface, and etc.to ensure the safety of the operation. Experiments verified the effectiveness of this control system.
Transmembrane gradients of free Na+ in isolated heart mitochondria estimated using a fluorescent probe

The concentration of free Na+ in the matrix of isolated pig heart mitochondria has been monitored using the fluorescent probe sodium-binding benzofuran isophthalate (SBFI) developed by Minta and Tsien (J. Biol. Chem. 264: 19449-19457, 1989). SBFI was sequestered in the matrix by hydrolysis of the permeant acetoxymethyl ester. The sequestered probe showed altered quantum efficiency and excitation spectra in the presence and absence of Na+ when compared with SBFI free acid in solution. Fluorescence was calibrated in situ by using ionophores to equilibrate matrix [Na+] with external [Na+]. SBFI fluorescence showed that matrix [Na+] increased linearly as external [Na+] was increased to 95 mM in the presence or absence of respiration. Respiring mitochondria maintained a Na+ gradient (Na+ out greater than Na+in) of approximately 8.0. The corresponding gradient in nonrespiring mitochondria was approximately 2.0. The Na+ gradient was nearly equivalent to the H+ gradient in the presence or absence of respiration. The uptake of Pi by respiring mitochondria decreased matrix pH and increased matrix [Na+]. It is concluded that isolated mitochondria maintain a Na+ gradient across the inner membrane as a result of the activity of the endogenous Na(+)-H+ antiport.
Defining Two-Dimensional Abstract Art

This chapter is concerned with defining and describing the substantive content of this book, namely two-dimensional abstract art from the last 115 years. This chapter also sets the scene for the philosophical and psychological research I present later in this book. In defining abstract painting and drawing, I draw upon my own experiences of viewing this art form and then review the writing of several scholars and critics. I also consider abstraction as the contrast of representationalist painting and I introduce the writing of philosopher Paul Crowther and his eight characteristics of an artwork that typify a piece of art as being an abstract artwork. As well as abstraction, other forms of art and art in general are considered in my attempt to clearly delineate the focus of this research.
FPGA based IR code recognizer

The advent of FPGA technology made it easy for the engineers worldwide to design, implement, and test giant digital systems. In this research we try to come up with a system that recognizes the infra-red digital signal that is emitted from the SONY 15-2113 infra-red remote control unit. A synchronous state machine system (ASM) is designed to read the IR signals and analyze the data stream and come up with identification to the key pressed. Data conversion and analysis tasks are all assigned to the ASM unit. The ASM unit is not a standalone system, there are other supportive unties like timers and counters attached to it to organize and synchronize its actions and operations.
Atomic scale imaging of competing polar states in a Ruddlesden-Popper layered oxide.

Layered complex oxides offer an unusually rich materials platform for emergent phenomena through many built-in design knobs such as varied topologies, chemical ordering schemes and geometric tuning of the structure. A multitude of polar phases are predicted to compete in Ruddlesden-Popper (RP), An+1BnO3n+1, thin films by tuning layer dimension (n) and strain; however, direct atomic-scale evidence for such competing states is currently absent. Using aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy with sub-Angstrom resolution in Srn+1TinO3n+1 thin films, we demonstrate the coexistence of antiferroelectric, ferroelectric and new ordered and low-symmetry phases. We also directly image the atomic rumpling of the rock salt layer, a critical feature in RP structures that is responsible for the competing phases; exceptional quantitative agreement between electron microscopy and density functional theory is demonstrated. The study shows that layered topologies can enable multifunctionality through highly competitive phases exhibiting diverse phenomena in a single structure.
M-100907 (Aventis).

M-100907 is a highly selective 5-HT2A antagonist that is being developed by Aventis Pharmaceuticals, formerly Hoechst Marion Roussel (HMR), for the potential treatment of schizophrenia. M-100907 is in phase III trials for chronic schizophrenia [307936], [307942], [307940]. In August 1999, development was discontinued for acute schizophrenia (schizoaffective disorder) on the basis of poor results [335083]. M-100907 is a potent antagonist in every putative animal behavioral model of schizophrenia that involves activation of 5-HT2A receptors [181713]. Interestingly, M-100907 is also active in animal models involving blockade of NMDA glutamatergic channel receptors, an effect known to resemble some behavioral symptoms of schizophrenia in man [390328]. M-100907 belongs to a series of piperidine derivatives, which were originally disclosed in the associated patent, EP-00208235. M-100907 is specifically claimed in a later patent, EP-00531410. This patent describes superior in vivo potency for M-100907 and its claims include the use of M-100907 for the treatment of thromboembolic disorders. The use of M-100907 for the treatment of various developmental neurological disorders such as autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is disclosed in WO-09956750. In 1996, this product was designated one of HMR's nine top priority products, serving an unmet medical need and addressing a potential market in excess of US $500 million per year [221118]. In January 1999, BT Alex Brown predicted sales of US $30 million in 2000 rising to US $220 million in 2002 [318220]. In April 1999, ABN Amro predicted annual sales of DM 50 million in 2000, rising to DM 150 million in 2002 [328676].
Radiometric error and re-calibration of the MGS TES spectra

Abstract Several sources of systematic error were identified in the spectra of the Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) onboard the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) spacecraft during its mission. Some of these errors were corrected, some still remain and contaminate spectra. One of the most significant remaining errors is a time-variable systematic radiometric error. This error significantly affects nighttime and polar spectra, and spectra of the Mars’ limb. The existence of this error hampered analysis of roughly half of the data collected by TES spectrometer. The error arises due to a periodic sampling error of TES interferograms, which is a common problem in Fourier-transform interferometers. The error negatively affects calibrated TES spectra in two ways: it introduces an error into estimates of the Instrument Response Functions (IRF) and instrument’s radiances that are used to calibrate TES spectra, and it introduces an error into TES spectra themselves. This paper presents a new approach to calibrating TES spectra that enables removing the error from the calibration functions. The new approach utilizes long-term averages of uncalibrated TES spectra of deep space to estimate the true shape of the TES IRF and its dependence on instrument temperature. This, and parameterization of the radiometric error spectral shape, enables removing the error from calibration. Examples of re-calibrated spectra are presented. The largest improvement in the quality of the spectra is observed for nighttime and polar spectra, and spectra of the Mars’ limb. Re-calibration would significantly improve retrievals of aerosol abundances and surface temperatures from these spectra.
Determination of cryothermal injury thresholds in tissues impacted by cardiac cryoablation.

Despite widespread clinical use of cryoablation, there remain questions regarding dosing and treatment times which may affect efficacy and collateral injury. Dosing and treatment times are directly related to the degree of cooling necessary for effective lesion formation. Human and swine atrial, ventricular, and lung tissues were ablated using two cryoablation systems with concurrent infrared thermography. Post freeze-thaw samples were cultured and stained to differentiate viable and non-viable tissue. Matlab code correlated viability staining to applied freeze-thaw thermal cycles, to determine injury thresholds. Tissue regions were classified as live, injured, or dead based upon staining intensity at the lesion margin. Injury begins at rates of ∼10 °C/min to 0 °C, with non-viable tissue requiring cooling rates close to 100 °C/min to ∼ -22 °C for swine and significantly greater cooling to -26 °C for human tissue (p = 0.041). At similar rates, lung tissue injury began at 0 °C, with human tissue requiring significantly less cooling, to ∼ -15 °C for complete necrosis and -26 °C for swine (p = 0.024). Data suggest that there are no significant differences between swine and human myocardial response, but there may be differences between swine and human lung cryothermal tolerance.
Whole genome sequencing identifies etiology of recurrent male intrauterine fetal death.

Objective To identify the underlying genetic cause for recurrent intrauterine fetal death (IUFD) of males. Methods Whole genome sequencing (WGS) was performed on DNA from 5 healthy obligatory carrier females and an unaffected male offspring of a multigenerational pedigree with recurrent second trimester IUFD of males (n=19). When documented, all deaths occurred at ≤ 20 weeks gestation. Hydrops fetalis was diagnosed at death in the most recent case. Results Following variant filtering based on a recessive X-linked inheritance pattern, a rare FOXP3 frame-shift mutation (p.D303fs*87) that results in a premature truncation of the protein was discovered. Sanger sequencing confirmed the mutation in the affected fetus. The FOXP3 gene encodes for a transcriptional regulator critical to the function of regulatory T-cells. FOXP3 mutations are associated with immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X linked (IPEX) syndrome which exclusively affects males and may present with a potentially life-threating complex autoimmune disorder in early childhood. Conclusions Here, we demonstrate the utility of WGS-based pedigree analysis to identify the genetic cause for recurrent IUFD when chromosome studies, including microarray analysis, are normal. Further studies are needed to determine the prevalence of FOXP3-mediated IUFD in males.
Rescatando a las Poetas Hondureñas: Locura y Lucidez en Juana Pavón, Sara Salazar Meléndez, Aída Ondina Sabonge Gutiérrez y María Eugenia Ramos

En ninguna otra literatura es tan obvio el olvido, pernicioso o involuntario, de las mujeres poetas como en la literatura hondurena. Con excepcion de la valiosa obra de Ada Luz Pineda de Galvez, titulada: Honduras: mujer y poesia. Antologia de la poesia escrita por mujeres 1885-1998 (1998) y de algunos estudios recientes sobre Clementina Suarez es inutil rebuscar bibliografia organica sobre el tema [1]. Podriamos aceptar, como afirma Cardenas Amador, que la literatura hondurena ha tenido un “lento y quieto discurrir” (p. 9), pero esto no significa que no haya mumerosas mujeres poetas en Honduras [2].
Some Comments on the Burzyk-Paley-Wiener Theorem for Regular Operators

The proof of the Paley-Wiener type theorem of Burzyk was outlined by J. Burzyk in his talk during this conference. A full proof is to appear in print soon. The following are some comments concerning his theorem. The theorem can be posed as pertaining to regular operators or as pertaining to regular quotients on the whole line (the Boehmian’s of P. and J. Mikusinski) since those with compact support coincide.
Modulating influence of dietary lipid intake on the prostaglandin system in adult men.

We evaluated the effect of moderate dietary changes on the prostaglandin system by measuring the urinary excretion of 7α-hydroxy-5,11-dioxo-tetranorprostane-1,16-dioic acid (PGE-M). In a crossover design, twenty-four free-living male subjects in good health (24 to 54 years of age) were fed two diets: (i) Regular (R) diet, 41% energy (en%) from fat, P/S 0.59, M/S 0.96; (ii) Experimental (E) diet, 19 en% from fat, P/S 1.31, M/S 1.48. Diet R contained 13.9 g/day of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and about 600 mg/day of cholesterol per 3200 kcal; Diet E contained 35.5 g/day NDF and about 280 mg/day cholesterol. Each controlled-diet period lasted ten weeks. The menu cycle was 7 days, and all diets were calculated to provide adequate amounts of essential nutrients. The PGE-M excretion rates were determined in 24-hr urine by stable-isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in the selected ion-monitoring mode. Low-fat Diet E, with an intake of 6.6 en% from polyunsaturates, was associated with an average 14.2% reduction in PGE-M daily output, compared to high-fat Diet R with a 9.3 en% from polyunsaturates (P=0.046). These results support the view that dietary lipid changes can significantly alter thein vivo production of E-series prostaglandins. We cannot conclude, however, if this apparent diet effect was brought about by the change in linoleate intake alone or was the result of complex biochemical interactions among individual fatty acids, both saturated and unsaturated.
The Composition of Founder Team Human Capital and Economic Success in New Ventures

This study examines the human capital composition of the individual members of new venture founder teams and its importance for new venture performance. Using a model of team production we analyze key human capital elements of these individuals in measuring composition, as well as team monitoring efforts, in contrast to prior efforts measuring team-level heterogeneity as an enabler of organizational performance. Using a sample of 159 technology-driven, German founder teams, we show that under certain conditions team members’ prior human capital, and team monitoring efforts, are significantly related to new venture performance.
Understanding student comics: using comic books as a data collection tool to investigate learning on field trips

This poster presents findings from analyses of student comic books that documented a field trip to an art, science, and technology museum. Findings include that comics allowed students to demonstrate via words and images more than acquired content knowledge, including understanding about diverse aspects of the trip like affect and social situations (average alpha = .86) and testify to the reliability of the comic as a promising tool for researchers interested in learning across contexts.
Application of ICC LPV control to a blended-wing-body airplane with guaranteed H∞ performance

Abstract This paper addresses the Input Covariance Constraint (ICC) control problem with guaranteed H ∞ performance for continuous-time Linear Parameter-Varying (LPV) systems. The upper bound of the output covariance is minimized subject to the constraints on input covariance and H ∞ output performance. This problem is an extension of the mixed H 2 / H ∞ LPV control problem, in that the resulting gain-scheduling controllers guarantee not only closed-loop system robustness in terms of H ∞ norm bound but also output covariance performance over the entire scheduling parameter space. It can be shown that this problem can be efficiently solved by utilizing the convex optimization of Parameterized Linear Matrix Inequalities (PLMIs). The main contributions of this paper are to characterize the mixed ICC / H ∞ LPV control problem using PLMIs and to develop the optimal state-feedback gain-scheduling controllers, while satisfying both input covariance and H ∞ constraints. The effectiveness of the proposed control scheme is demonstrated through vibration suppression of a blended-wing-body airplane model.
Effective Legislative Advocacy: Policy Experts’ Advice for Educators

AbstractEducators and policy makers often lack the ability to work together to address issues facing schools. For this multiple case study, three educators who advocate regularly at the local, state, and national levels were asked by the researcher to offer advice for influencing legislative change. The findings suggest that educators interested in advocacy should use personal strengths and interests to advocate, focus on one issue and one level of government, and build professional relationships with policy makers and constituents.
Low Energy Precipitating Electrons in the Diffuse Aurorae

Auroral electron precipitation is often classified into three categories: diffuse, monoenergetic,and broadband. However, some precipitating electrons do not fit any of the three categories, which areassumed to be "diffuse" electrons for convenience. Many of these nonconforming electrons exhibit highfluxes at low energies. Most studies assume that the precipitating electrons originate from themagnetosphere. However, this primary precipitation is only the first step in the formation of the electronprecipitation. The primary precipitation creates secondary electrons and both electron populations bouncemany times between the conjugate points. Thus, the full electron precipitation consists of not only theprimary but the Multiply Reflected Primary and Secondary (MRPS) electrons. The MRPS electrons aremodeled with Superthermal Electron Transport model. The modeldata comparisons suggest that the lowenergy electrons in the nonconforming precipitating electrons can be attributed to MRPS electrons.
Let Us Get You Into College: Community College Librarians, Barnes & Noble, and OER

Clackamas Community College (CCC) became the first Oregon community college to contract with Barnes & Noble Education (BNED) for bookstore services in July 2018. The college-run bookstore’s contribution to the general fund was shrinking with each budget cycle, whereas BNED guaranteed a minimum annual commission of $200,000. This article describes the steps CCC librarians took to influence the contract after discovering objectionable language including, but not limited to, faculty use of Open Educational Resources (OER) and linking to OER in the learning management system (LMS). The librarians' advocacy has shed light on the need to ask fundamental questions about the purpose of a college bookstore, especially at a community college with an equity- and access-driven mission. Is a bookstore a core student service or a profit-generating enterprise? After a deep read of BNED’s service proposal and sample contract, librarians identified campus partners, raised specific questions at meetings, met with administration, and sought guidance from the OER community to inform an advocacy strategy. Beyond the contract, this exploratory process uncovered a long list of questions worth asking, as well as details about BNED’s OER products and services. BNED offers OER-based products on a proprietary courseware platform that comes at a cost to students. In the absence of a faculty-driven OER program, BNED is now the primary OER mouthpiece and infrastructure on campus. What might that mean for the future of OER at an institution? This article intends to support colleagues who find themselves in a similar situation; a likely scenario, given that the contract includes language indicating other Oregon colleges may re-use it without a request for proposals.