cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Place for Eribulin in the Treatment of Metastatic Breast Cancer

Treatment of metastatic breast cancer (MBC) remains one of the major challenges in cancer care. Chemotherapeutic agents currently approved for the treatment of invasive disease may exhibit initial efficacy; however, the development of resistance to therapy and concerns over tolerability are common and generally limit treatment options available to physicians and patients. Novel chemotherapeutic agents are, therefore, necessary to increase survival, delay disease progression, and improve tolerability. Eribulin mesylate (E7389) is a novel microtubule dynamics inhibitor with a unique mechanism of action that has shown antitumor efficacy and a manageable tolerability profile in clinical trials. Importantly, eribulin is the only single agent to date that has been shown to prolong overall survival in patients with heavily pretreated MBC. This review will discuss eribulin, with focus on the potential it has to address the specific treatment needs of patients with MBC who are refractory to conventional chemotherapies.
Combined free and forced laminar non-Newtonian convection in a vertical tube with constant wall temperature

Abstract A theoretical and experimental investigation of combined free and forced, laminar, non-Newtonian convection has been carried out. The problem studied was heat transfer to a power law fluid with an initially fully developed velocity profile flowing upward through a constant wall temperature vertical, circular tube. Except for a linear variation of density with temperature in the body force term, all properties were assumed to be constants. The coupled system of governing equations was solved numerically. Typical developing velocity and temperature profiles are presented. Mean Nusselt numbers and dimensionless pressure drop as a function of dimensionless axial distance are presented for a range of the parameters: flow behavior index n , Prandtl number Pr , and Grashof over Reynolds number ratio Gr/Re . Results show that distortion of the velocity profile due to free convection can increase both the heat transfer and pressure drop significantly. Near the point of maximum velocity profile distortion, for sufficiently large values of Gr/Re , the local Nusselt number shows the unusual behavior of increasing with increasing axial distance. Experimental mean Nusselt numbers were obtained using 0·5 and 1·0 per cent aqueous solutions of Carbopol. With all properties evaluated at the wall temperature, the theoretical and experimental results agreed within ±15 per cent.
Dynamic Distraction of the Cervical Facet Joint Produces Higher Mechanical Allodynia than Quasistatic Distraction: Implications of Displacement Thresholds for Pain in Whiplash Loading

Chronic neck pain due to whiplash injury results in 10.2 million visits to ambulatory care settings annually in the United States [1]. During the whiplash kinematic, the cervical facet joint undergoes tensile loading at a strain rate of 500–1000%/s [2,3]. In addition, distraction of the facet joint and its capsule in animal models produces both firing of pain fibers in the capsule and persistent behavioral hypersensitivity (measured by mechanical allodynia) [4,5]. In vivo studies have demonstrated a dependence of pain symptoms on the magnitude of applied joint distraction, with some distraction magnitudes not producing any changes in physiologic outcomes or pain [5]. However, in those studies, joint loading was applied quasistatically, despite the dynamic nature of whiplash. While such work provides insight into mechanisms of facet-mediated neck pain and suggests that the magnitude of joint distraction may affect pain symptoms, those studies did not incorporate the dynamic effects necessary for modeling whiplash. It remains unclear whether dynamic loading of the cervical facet joint can induce behavioral hypersensitivity, and if so, whether the degree of behavioral sensitivity depends on the distraction magnitude. This pilot study compared the effects of dynamically and quasistatically applied facet joint loading on ligament kinematics and corresponding pain symptoms.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Component sizes in networks with arbitrary degree distributions.

We give an exact solution for the complete distribution of component sizes in random networks with arbitrary degree distributions. The solution tells us the probability that a randomly chosen node belongs to a component of size $s$ for any $s$. We apply our results to networks with the three most commonly studied degree distributions---Poisson, exponential, and power-law---as well as to the calculation of cluster sizes for bond percolation on networks, which correspond to the sizes of outbreaks of epidemic processes on the same networks. For the particular case of the power-law degree distribution, we show that the component size distribution itself follows a power law everywhere below the phase transition at which a giant component forms, but takes an exponential form when a giant component is present.
Gelation and degradation characteristics of in situ photo-crosslinked poly(l-lactide-co-ethylene oxide-co-fumarate) hydrogels

Abstract The objective of this work was to determine the gelation kinetics, extent of swelling, sol fraction, and degradation kinetics of photo-crosslinked poly( l -lactide-co-ethylene oxide-co-fumarate) (PLEOF) hydrogels, with N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone (NVP) crosslinker, as a function of composition as well as the time and intensity of UV radiation. The gelation process was monitored by in situ rheometry. The crosslinking was shown to be facilitated by increasing NVP concentration up to a certain value above which the hydrogel shear modulus did not increase with additional amount of NVP. Increasing the hydrophobicity of PLEOF macromer resulted in a decrease in the hydrogel swelling ratio and increase in sol fraction which was due to a reduction in the apparent reactivity of the PLEOF fumarate units. The degradation characteristics of PLEOF hydrogels depended on the ratio of PLA to PEG with PLEOF 30/70 (30% lactide) having the highest degradation rate.
Leading Minds: An Anatomy Of Leadership

In any society, only very few human beings can become leaders; yet without effective leaders, a society cannot long remain viable. How can we understand leadership from a psychological point of view? Who becomes leaders and who does not? Why do they become leaders, and what does it mean for a leader to be effective? This book provides a psychological study of leadership, offering a better understanding of the problems that surround the development of leadership and insights into how best to nurture and sustain it effectively. It uses as examples leaders ranging from Einstein to Thatcher.
Considerations in the Use of Active and Passive Parental Consent Procedures

Abstract Issues associated with the use of active and passive parental consent procedures are reviewed. Active consent procedures satisfy legal and ethical requirements but include problems such as low response rates, nonrepresentative samples, and costly implementation. Passive consent, however, has been questioned regarding its ability to adequately inform parents. Factors associated with developing appropriate consent mechanisms are examined, and proposals for improving research in this area are made.
Metal segregation in bimetallic clusters and its possible role in synergism and bifunctional catalysis

Abstract Aspects of the reactivity of segregated bimetallic compounds and their unusual catalytic properties are reviewed with an emphasis on the author's own studies of platinum—ruthenium mixed-metal cluster complexes and their ability to produce hydrogenation and hydrosilylation of alkynes, catalytically.
Efficient Decision Procedure for Bounded Integer Non-linear Operations Using SMT($\mathcal{LIA}$)

For the verification of complex designs, one often needs to solve decision problems containing integer non-linear constraints. Due to the undecidability of the problem, one usually considers bounded integers and then either linearizes the problem into a SMT($\mathcal{LIA}$) problem (i.e., the theory of linear integer arithmetic with Boolean constraints) or bit-blasts into a SAT problem. We present a novel way of linearizing those constraints, and then show how the proposed encoding to a SMT($\mathcal{LIA}$) problem can be integrated into an incremental lazy bounding and refinement procedure ( LBR ) that leverages on the success of the state-of-the-art SMT($\mathcal{LIA}$) solvers. The most important feature of our LBR procedure is that the formula need not be re-encoded at every step of the procedure but rather, only bounds on variables need to be asserted/retracted, which are very efficiently supported by the recent SMT($\mathcal{LIA}$) solvers. In a series of controlled experiments, we show the effectiveness of our linearization encoding and LBR procedure in reducing the SMT solve time. We observe similar effectiveness of LBR procedure when used in a software verification framework applied on industry benchmarks.
The log-log LMS algorithm

This paper describes a new variant of the least-mean-squares (LMS) algorithm, with low computational complexity, for updating an adaptive filter. The reduction in complexity is obtained by using values of the input data and the output error, quantized to the nearest power of two, to compute the gradient. This eliminates the need for multipliers or shifters in the algorithm's update section. The quantization itself is efficiently realizable in hardware. The filtering section is unchanged. Thus, this algorithm is similar to the sign based variants of the LMS algorithm. However, the complexity of the proposed algorithm is lower than that of the sign-error LMS algorithm, while its performance is superior to this algorithm. In particular, it is close to that of the regular LMS algorithm. The new algorithm also requires much lower area for ASIC implementation.
Models for optimal charging scheduling for electric vehicles in smart grid

Electric vehicles have experienced high demand in the market, which will introduce a substantial new load to the current electricity grid. Furthermore, uncontrolled electric vehicle charging from residential users will exacerbate the existing peak load during evening hours. In this paper, we propose optimisation models to alleviate the impact of extra load from electric vehicles on the power grid. Particularly, two centralised models allow the controller to minimise the total electricity costs for all users. Consequently, load levelling of the entire power grid is achieved. On the other hand, a decentralised model allows each user to minimise his/her own electricity cost and studies the resulting system-wide load levelling. Our numerical results indicate significant improvements in the total cost and peak-to-average ratio by both the centralised and decentralised optimal charging scheduling models, when compared to the uncontrolled charging scenarios.
Reading Contemporary Female Body Modification as a Site of Cixous' L'ecriture Feminine

AbstractWith the exception of a few women working as carnival sideshow attractions, historically, women have been an invisible part of the body modification industry. An industry that is typically seen as male-dominated, women's contributions have only recently begun to be taken seriously. This article provides a phenomenological exploration of women's experiences with contemporary tattooing and body piercing practices. Framed by Cixous’ notion of L'ecriture Feminine, or female writing, these experiences are interpreted as significant acts of both self-expression and consumption. Situating their experiences as both modified and modifiers and their modifications as deliberate and creative acts of dressing the body within personal, professional, and social realms of perception, tattooing and body piercing are seen as female writing and a medium through which lived experience can be interpreted.
Active layout engine: Algorithms and applications in variable data printing

Variable Data Printing (VDP) refers to the process of generating and printing dynamic or personalized contents. A core technology required by highly customized VDP applications is the automatic document layout design engine, whose task is to adjust the original design or generate a new layout to present variable contents. This paper presents a novel document layout design engine, called Active Layout Engine (ALE). 'Active' reflects several unique features of the engine: first, through linear text block modeling and two-pass constraint solving algorithm, it supports a rich set of layout operations, such as simultaneous optimization of text block width and height, integrated image cropping, and non-rectangular text wrapping. Second, it does not rely on a particular layout description language and thus can actively pursue emerging formats and standards. This paper describes the various technical aspects of ALE: linearization of the text block modeling, two-pass constraint solving algorithm, format-neutral Active Layout Template (ALT), system optimization, and typical VDP applications around the core engine.
Rhythmic sampling within and between objects despite sustained attention at a cued location.

The brain directs its limited processing resources through various selection mechanisms, broadly referred to as attention. The present study investigated the temporal dynamics of two such selection mechanisms: space- and object-based selection. Previous evidence has demonstrated that preferential processing resulting from a spatial cue (i.e., space-based selection) spreads to uncued locations if those locations are part of the same object (i.e., resulting in object-based selection), but little is known about the relationship between these fundamental selection mechanisms. Here, we used human behavioral data to determine how space- and object-based selection simultaneously evolve under conditions that promote sustained attention at a cued location, varying the cue-to-target interval from 300 to 1100 ms. We tracked visual-target detection at a cued location (i.e., space-based selection), at an uncued location that was part of the same object (i.e., object-based selection), and at an uncued location that was part of a different object (i.e., in the absence of space- and object-based selection). The data demonstrate that even under static conditions, there is a moment-to-moment reweighting of attentional priorities based on object properties. This reweighting is revealed through rhythmic patterns of visual-target detection both within (at 8 Hz) and between (at 4 Hz) objects.
Multivariate stochastic approximation using a simultaneous perturbation gradient approximation

The problem of finding a root of the multivariate gradient equation that arises in function minimization is considered. When only noisy measurements of the function are available, a stochastic approximation (SA) algorithm for the general Kiefer-Wolfowitz type is appropriate for estimating the root. The paper presents an SA algorithm that is based on a simultaneous perturbation gradient approximation instead of the standard finite-difference approximation of Keifer-Wolfowitz type procedures. Theory and numerical experience indicate that the algorithm can be significantly more efficient than the standard algorithms in large-dimensional problems. >
Mechanisms in the pathogenesis of malignant tumours in neurofibromatosis type 1

Summary Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a familial tumour syndrome. Malignant tumours can arise in the nervous and non-nervous system in either childhood or adulthood, with malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumours being most common. Rhabdomyosarcoma and neuroblastoma are paediatric neoplasms that are more common in children with NF1 than in those without the syndrome. Gastrointestinal stromal tumours, somatostatinomas, breast cancer, and phaeochromocytomas are seen in adults with NF1. Several pathways are thought to be involved in the development of tumours associated with NF1: rat sarcoma viral oncogene homologue (RAS)–mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and P21 protein (Cdc42/Rac)–activated kinase 1 (PAK1). New insights into the pathogenesis of these tumours will lead to a better understanding of tumour origin and development and will hopefully allow the discovery of new and specific treatments.
Neuroinflammatory mechanisms in Parkinson's disease: Potential environmental triggers, pathways, and targets for early therapeutic intervention

Most acute and chronic neurodegenerative conditions are accompanied by neuroinflammation; yet the exact nature of the inflammatory processes and whether they modify disease progression is not well understood. In this review, we discuss the key epidemiological, clinical, and experimental evidence implicating inflammatory processes in the progressive degeneration of the dopaminergic (DA) nigrostriatal pathway and their potential contribution to the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease (PD). Given that interplay between genetics and environment are likely to contribute to risk for development of idiopathic PD, recent data showing interactions between products of genes linked to heritable PD that function to protect DA neurons against oxidative or proteolytic stress and inflammation pathways will be discussed. Cellular mechanisms activated or enhanced by inflammatory processes that may contribute to mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, or apoptosis of dopaminergic (DA) neurons will be reviewed, with special emphasis on tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-1-beta (IL-1beta) signaling pathways. Epigenetic factors which have the potential to trigger neuroinflammation, including environmental exposures and age-associated chronic inflammatory conditions, will be discussed as possible 'second-hit' triggers that may affect disease onset or progression of idiopathic PD. If inflammatory processes have an active role in nigrostriatal pathway degeneration, then evidence should exist to indicate that such processes begin in the early stages of disease and that they contribute to neuronal dysfunction and/or hasten neurodegeneration of the nigrostriatal pathway. Therapeutically, if anti-inflammatory interventions can be shown to rescue nigral DA neurons from degeneration and lower PD risk, then timely use of anti-inflammatory therapies should be investigated further in well-designed clinical trials for their ability to prevent or delay the progressive loss of nigral DA neurons in genetically susceptible populations.
An assessment of subsolidus re-equilibration on REE distribution among mantle minerals olivine, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, and garnet in peridotites

Abstract The distribution of rare earth elements (REEs) in mantle minerals depends on temperature, pressure, and mineral composition. We developed parameterized lattice strain models for rare earth element partitioning among mantle minerals (olivine, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, and garnet) using mineral–melt partitioning models that were calibrated against experimentally determined high quality mineral–melt REE partition coefficients. The validity of the mineral–mineral REE partitioning models were independently tested using measured REE abundances in minerals from well-equilibrated mantle peridotites and eclogites reported in the literature. Using the new partitioning models, we critically assessed the extent of subsolidus re-equilibration on REE distribution among major rock-forming minerals in spinel and garnet peridotites. During subsolidus re-equilibration, REEs are preferentially partitioned into clinopyroxene in peridotites. The extent of REE redistribution in clinopyroxene depends on the modal abundance of clinopyroxene in the peridotite. Subsolidus exchange with orthopyroxene and olivine can increase heavy REE abundances in clinopyroxene from spinel harzburgite and middle REE abundances in clinopyroxene from garnet harzburgite by a factor of three. The higher than expected heavy REE abundances in clinopyroxene from spinel harzburgite may give rise to a false garnet signature in residual peridotites. The extents of melting for abyssal peridotites based on REE abundances in clinopyroxene can be significantly over-estimated without proper correction for subsolidus re-equilibration. REE abundances in both clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene are needed to assess the melting processes from residual peridotites.
Direct Stresses in Cylindrical Shells

A cylinder is generated by moving a straight line along a curve while maintaining it parallel to its original direction. It follows from this definition that through every point of the cylinder one may pass a straight line which lies entirely on this surface. These lines are called the generators. For convenience of language we shall assume here that the generators are horizontal. All planes which are normal to the generators intersect the cylinder in identical curves which are called profiles. The cylinder is named after the shape of the profile, e. g. a circular or a parabolic cylinder.
Size matters: virtual scale and bodily imagination in architectural drawing

The rich, long history of scale as the imaginative inhabitation of a drawing provides a critique of the seductive but illusory exactness of ‘full scale’ representations in CAD.
ROLES OF μ-OPIOID RECEPTORS IN DEVELOPMENT OF TOLERANCE TO DIISOPROPYLFLUOROPHOSPHATE (DFP)

- Anatomical evidence indicates that cholinergic and opioidergic systems are co-localized and acting on the same neuron. However, the regulatory mechanisms between cholinergic and opioidergic system have not been well characterized. In the present study, the potential involvement of μ-opioid receptors in mediating the changes of toxic signs and muscarinic receptor binding after administration of irreversible anti-acetylcholinesterase diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) was investigated. DFP (1 mg/kg/day, subcutaneous injection, s.c.)-induced tremors and chewing movements were monitored during the 28-day treatment period in μ-opioid receptor knockout and wild type mice. Autoradiographic studies of total, M1, and M2 muscarinic receptors were conducted using [3H]-quinuclidinyl benzilate, [3H]-pirenzepine, and [3H]-AF-DX384 as ligands, respectively. DFP-induced tremors in both μ-opioid receptor knockout and wild type mice showed tolerance development. However, DFP-induced tremors in μ-opioid receptor knockout mice showed delayed tolerance development than that of DFP-treated wild type controls. DFP-induced chewing movements in both μ-opioid receptor knockout and wild type mice failed to show development of tolerance after four weeks of treatment. M2 muscarinic receptor binding of DFP-treated μ-opioid receptor knockout mice was significantly decreased than that of the DFP-treated wild type controls in the striatum, but not in the cortex and hippocampus. However, there were no significant differences in total and M1 muscarinic receptor binding between DFP-treated μ-opioid receptor knockout and wild type mice in the cortex, striatum and hippocampus. These studies indicate that μ-opioid receptors play an important role through the striatal M2 muscarinic receptors to regulate the development of tolerance to DFP-induced tremors.
Generalized impedance boundary condition

In this paper, we propose a rigorous frequency domain surface integral formulation to efficiently model arbitrarily shaped conductors. It includes the skin effect via the lossy Green's function. It can also be extended to the low frequency regime to ensure the necessary wide-band coverage. In the high frequency limit, as skin depth approaches zero, our formulation resembles the impedance boundary condition (IBC), which is why it is named generalized impedance boundary condition (GIBC).
Stability of the Solutions to 3D Inverse Scattering Problems with Fixed-Energy Data

A review of the author's results is given. Inversion formulas and stability results for the solutions to 3D inverse scattering problems with fixed energy data are obtained. Inversion of exact and noisy data is considered. The inverse potential scattering problem with fixed-energy scattering data is discussed in detail, inversion formulas for the exact and for noisy data are derived, error estimates for the inversion formu- las are obtained. The inverse obstacle scattering problem is considered for non-smooth obstacles. Stability estimates are derived for inverse ob- stacle scattering problem in the class of smooth obstacles. Global esti- mates for the scattering amplitude are given when the potential grows to infinity in a bounded domain. Inverse geophysical scattering prob- lem is discussed briefly. An algorithm for constructing the Dirichlet-to- Neumann map from the scattering amplitude and vice versa is obtained. An analytical example of non-uniqueness of the solution to a 3D inverse problem of geophysics and a uniqueness theorem for an inverse problem for parabolic equations are given.
Monthly Mean Island Surface Winds in the Central Tropical Pacific and El Niño Events

Abstract The monthly mean surface wind changes during recent ENSO events, as observed from 11 islands in the tropical Pacific, are described. Two different composite ENSO wind fields are evaluated and compared. The month-to-month wind changes during each event are also discussed. The wind changes for each event between 1953 and 1980 except 1969 show several common features: (i) Westerly anomalies appear first west of the date line and then at the date line sometime in summer (0) to fall (0), then intensify over the following several months. The anomalies are confined to within ±3° of the equator during this stage. (ii) In either November (0), December (0), or January (+1) there is an abrupt southward shift of the narrow band of westerly anomalies, so that the maximum anomaly is then at ∼5°S latitude at the date line, and nearly normal conditions prevail north of the equator. (iii) Westerly anomalies are gone or greatly reduced one to two months after the southward shift. The event-to-event variations are ...
Physiology and Biochemistry of Phagocytic Cells

I would like to review with you some of the properties of phagocytic cells. I’ll focus on two of the most important, the polymorphonuclear leucocytes of man and the system of mononuclear phagocytes including the tissue macrophage. These cells are of critical importance to our survival and are involved in all forms of defense against infection. They are involved in both acute and chronic forms of inflammation, in tissue remodeling and wound repair, in the turnover of normal body constituents and therefore in a variety of both physiological and pathological processes. I’ll begin by defining the scope of our review with Table I which delineates the various steps necessary for these cells to carry out their roles. First, we will be comparing the similarities and differences between the two major phagocytes in terms of the production phase - the formation of sufficient numbers of cells to be reactive in the tissues. Next, we will consider the delivery of these cells to the periphery and finally, the effector event characterized in this case by the process of endocytosis, the post-endocytic events of intralysosomal digestion and the more recently recognized properties of the macrophages - the secretion of macro-molecules.
Renal epithelial cells show nonselective cation channel activity and express a gene related to the cGMP-gated photoreceptor channel

Nonselective cation channels have been found in various parts of the nephron and represent a heterogeneous group of channels. We briefly review their putative physiological function. Renal epithelial nonselective cation channels may play a role in volume regulation, calcium entry, cell proliferation, and sodium reabsorption.
Transport of manure-borne testosterone in soils affected by artificial rainfall events.

Abstract Information is very limited on fate and transport of steroidal hormones in soils. In this study, the rainfall simulation tests were conducted with a soil slab reactor to investigate the transport of manure-borne testosterone in a silty-clay loam soil under six controllable operation conditions (i.e., three rainfall intensities and two tillage practices). The properties [e.g., rainwater volume, particle size distribution (PSD)] of the slurry samples collected in runoff and leachate at different time intervals were measured; their correlation with the distribution of testosterone among runoff, leachate and soil matrix was analyzed. The results indicated that more than 88% of the testosterone was held by the applied manure and/or soil matrix even under the rainfall intensity of 100-year return frequency. The runoff facilitated testosterone transport through both dissolved and particle-associated phases, with the corresponding mass ratio being ∼7 to 3. Soil particles collected through runoff were mainly silt-sized aggregates (STA) and clays, indicating the necessity of using partially-dispersed soil particles as testing materials to conduct batch tests (e.g., sorption/desorption). No testosterone was detected at the soil depth >20 cm or in the leachate samples, indicating that transport of testosterone through the soil is very slow when there is no preferential flow. Tillage practice could impede the transport of testosterone in runoff. For the first time, results and the methodologies of this study allow one to quantify the hormone distribution among runoff, leachate and soil matrix at the same time and to obtain a comprehensive picture of the F/T of manure-borne testosterone in soil-water environments.
Ultrastructure of the flagellar apparatus of the slime mold Semimorula liquescens

The ultrastructure of the flagellar apparatus of Semimorula liquescens was determined using serial section analysis to assess the taxonomic position of this species within the Eumycetozoa. There is not a close association between the flagellar apparatus and nucleus. One of the flagellar components is the anterior, posterior and procentriolar complex. The anterior centriole gives rise to the single, anterior whiplash flagellum. A para-kinetosomal structure associated with the posterior centriole is attached to a non-striated connective that wraps around the anterior centriole. Each flagellar apparatus contains microtubule arrays 1-5. A convoluted, shelf-like MTOC is attached to the anterior centriole. Because the flagellar apparatus of S. liquescens is basically identical to that of the Myxomycetes, an affinity with this group of Eumycetozoa is evidenced.
Life Cycle of the Chalk Brood Fungus, Ascosphaera Aggregata, in the Alfalfa Leafcutting Bee, Megachile Rotundata, and Its Associated Symptomatology

The life cycle of Ascosphaera aggregata in Megachile rotundata and the symptomatology of the resultant disease are described. The formation of the ascogonium, and the process by which the asci are ...
Incubation period and survival-hazard tendency after exposure to human rabies by Cox regression analysis

The data of 468 human rabies cases from 2004 to 2009 in Henan Province were investigated and analyzed with SPSS15.0 in order to explore and analyze the incubation period and survival-hazard tendency after exposure of human rabies.The results showed that the data of rabies incubation period was positively skew distribution,and the median was sixty-day.The results of Cox model analysis were as follows: the tendency of hazard after exposure of female human rabies cases was higher than male cases within sixty-day,and the accumulated survival rate after exposure in 40th day was 50% and 35% in 60th day,10% in 80th day,and about zero in 120th day.The results of survey on 468 cases were as follows:the cumulative survival rate of male cases was higher than female cases within fifty-day after exposure,and was significant within thirty-day(P0.05).However,the rate was lower than female after 50th day,and was significant after 70th day(P0.05).In conclusion,the incidence hazard of female rabies after exposure is higher than male cases within sixty-day.Cox regression model is the best method for the analysis on variables of "survival time".
APACHE II score and platelet level in estimation and prediction critical illness

Objective To investigate the significance of acute physiology, age, chronic health evaluation prognostic system Ⅱ (APACHE Ⅱ ) scores and the levels of platelet in estimation and prediction the critical illness. Methods The APACHEⅡ and the platelet were detected in 96 patients admitted at ICU at the first day. The patients were allocated to group A ( 15 scores), group B (15-20 scores) and group C ( 20 scores) according to APACHE Ⅱ scores. The platelet levels and prognosis were analysed. And then all the patients were divided into a survival group and a death group according to the disease conversion condition and compared to the APACHE scores and the platelet levels between these two groups. Results The platelet levels in group A were significantly higher than those in groups B and C ( both P 0.001), and that in group C was markedly lower than that in group B ( P 0. 001). The death rate in group A was significantly lower than those in groups B and C ( P 0.01). The scores of A-PACHEⅡ in the survival group was obviously lower than those in the death group ( P 0.001), and the platelet count in the survival group was significantly higher than that in the death group ( P 0.001). Conclusion The APACHE Ⅱ scores and the platelet levels can make accurate diagnosis for the critical illness and predict the prognosis.
The Psychology of Social Networking Site Usage: An Empirical Examination of Antecedents to Intention and Behavior

Although a long stream of research has been devoted over the last two decades to the definition and the measurement of the brand equity (Leuthesser 1988; Farquhar 1989; Aaker 1991, 1996; Keller 1993), little attention has been paid to the equity of the retailer as a brand. However, retailers are predominant actors in our current society since they build the bridge between manufacturers and consumers (Baldauf et al. 2009). On the one hand, they are crucial for manufacturers insofar as retailers can choose to remove a brand or to provide it more shelf space, depending on the impact the brand has on the retailer’s performance. On the other hand, they gather in the same outlets various brands and products at competitive prices, making shopping more convenient and pleasant for customers. The main objective of this work is to offer a proper definition and conceptualization of retailer brand equity from the consumer’s perspective that can serve for both researchers and practitioners since we emphasize that former measures badly reflect the concrete “added value” of some retailers (Ailawadi and Keller 2004).
Uniformly Universal Inputs

Summary. A result is presented showing the existence of inputs universal for observability, uniformly with respect to the class of all continuous-time analytic systems. This represents an ultimate generalization of a 1977 theorem, for bilinear systems, due to Alberto Isidori and Osvaldo Grasselli.
Regulation of hepatic Na+-HCO3/- cotransport and pH by membrane potential difference

Hepatocytes possess several mechanisms for membrane acid-base transport, which work in concert to maintain intracellular pH (pHi) in a narrow physiological range, despite metabolic processes that produce and consume substantial quantities of H+ and HCO3-.Na(+)-H+ and Cl(-)-HCO3- exchangers contribute to recovery from intracellular acidosis and alkalosis, respectively, but are largely inoperative at physiological values of pHi. Recent studies indicate that hepatocytes also possess a mechanism for coupled transport of Na+ and HCO3- across the basolateral membrane. This appears to be the dominant pathway for membrane acid-base transport operative under basal conditions, mediates influx of Na+ and HCO3-, and is an important contributor to recovery from intracellular acidosis. In this review, the properties of hepatic Na(+)-HCO3- cotransport are described with emphasis on its effects on pHi and Na+ homeostasis and on the possible role of membrane potential difference as a signal modulating the rate of HCO3- influx and pHi of hepatocytes through effects on this transporter.
Pre-Adult MRI of Brain Cancer and Neurological Injury: Multivariate Analyses

Brain cancer and neurological injuries such as stroke are life threatening conditions for which further research is needed to overcome the many challenges associated with providing optimal patient care. Multivariate analysis (MVA) is a class of pattern recognition technique involving the processing of data that contains multiple measurements per sample. MVA can be used to address a wide variety of neuroimaging challenges including identifying variables associated with patient outcomes, understanding an injury's etiology, development and progression, creating diagnostic tests, assisting in treatment monitoring and more. Compared to adults, imaging of the developing brain has attracted less attention from MVA researchers, however, remarkable MVA growth has occurred in recent years. This paper presents the results of a systematic review of the literature focusing on MVA technologies applied to brain injury and cancer in neurological fetal, neonatal and pediatric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). With a wide variety of MRI modalities providing physiologically meaningful biomarkers and new biomarker measurements constantly under development, MVA techniques hold enormous potential towards combining available measurements towards improving basic research and the creation of technologies that contribute to improving patient care.
Electrical Machines for Variable-Speed Drives

This chapter elucidates the different types of electrical machines generally utilized for variable-speed applications. An electrical machine is the workhorse in a variable-speed drive system. The selection of a particular machine for a drive system depends on the trade-off considerations of many factors, including cost, efficiency, power factor, and reliability, ruggedness, rotor inertia, quietness of operation, and maintainability. The function of an electrical machine is to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy in various industrial applications. A machine can also operate as a generator for the conversion of mechanical energy into electrical energy. Any machine can be operated as a generator or motor, and the regenerative braking mode of operation of a drive helps in energy conservation. In general, machines can be classified as dc and ac machines. The chapter primarily focuses on ac machines, particularly induction and synchronous motors with radial geometry, although axial and linear machines are important in many applications. The dynamic model of ac machines is complex; however, it is important when the machine is controlled in a feedback loop.
Auxiliary Proliferative Zones in the Developing and Adult Central Nervous System: Lessons from Studies on the Effects of Ethanol

The differential effects of ethanol on the proliferative zones support the thesis that both neocortical proliferative zones generate neurons. Proliferative activity in the VZ is depressed by ethanol regardless of the location along the neuraxis and regardless of the ethanol concentration. In contrast, proliferation within derived zones (at least the SZ and IHZ) is bimodally affected by ethanol in a concentration-dependent manner. Indeed, the unique responses of the VZ and SZ may reflect an interaction between the two zones. For example, the increased proliferative activity in the SZ or IHZ at low concentrations results from a recruitment of new cells into the cycling population (increased GF). This may be an compensatory response to offset the depressed proliferation of VZ cells. After all, the derived zones are seeded by the VZ.
Reaction Mechanisms for the Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 to CO and Formate on the Cu(100) Surface at 298 K from Quantum Mechanics Free Energy Calculations with Explicit Water.

Copper is the only elemental metal that reduces a significant fraction of CO2 to hydrocarbons and alcohols, but the atomistic reaction mechanism that controls the product distributions is not known because it has not been possible to detect the reaction intermediates on the electrode surface experimentally, or to carry out Quantum Mechanics (QM) calculations with a realistic description of the electrolyte (water). Here, we carry out QM calculations with an explicit description of water on the Cu(100) surface (experimentally shown to be stable under CO2 reduction reaction conditions) to examine the initial reaction pathways to form CO and formate (HCOO–) from CO2 through free energy calculations at 298 K and pH 7. We find that CO formation proceeds from physisorbed CO2 to chemisorbed CO2 (*CO2δ−), with a free energy barrier of ΔG⧧ = 0.43 eV, the rate-determining step (RDS). The subsequent barriers of protonating *CO2δ− to form COOH* and then dissociating COOH* to form *CO are 0.37 and 0.30 eV, respectively...
Abstract 4342: Differential expression of novel PKD1 related biomarker panel in African American men with prostate cancer

Proceedings: AACR 106th Annual Meeting 2015; April 18-22, 2015; Philadelphia, PA Background: Prostate Cancer (PCa) exhibits striking racial disparity and is presented more aggressively in African Americans (AAs) than Caucasians (CAs). We have previously reported that the dysregulation of PKD1-centered signaling in primary AA prostate cancer cell line E006AA is akin to more aggressive Caucasian cell line C4-2. As PKD1 plays a central role in several cellular mechanisms that contribute in aggressive malignant phenotype, we defined a PKD1 related biomarker panel consisting of 11 biomarkers and explored whether PKD1 centered signaling would be differentially regulated in AA compared to CA PCa. Methods: PKD1 related biomarker panel consisted of PKD1, AR, HSP27, N-Cadherin, Snail, Vimentin, MMP-2, MMP-9, MT-1, E-cadherin, beta-Catenin. The validity of the PKD1 related biomarker panel in PCa was evaluated on available microarray databases (cbioportal.org). The differential expression of the biomarker panel was quantified on PCa tissue samples from15 AA and 15 CA men with matching Gleason score obtained from tumor tissue bank of Comprehensive Cancer Center of Wake Forest University. Results: The cbioportal consisted of six different PCa databases with approximately 662 human PCa samples in total. In average, PKD1 related biomarker panel was altered 47.7% in available cases. Quantification of the PKD1 related biomarker panel regarding gene expression demonstrated a trend toward higher expression of majority of biomarkers in AA samples in compare to CAs. However, only variances in expression of MMP2 (P<0.0001) and MT1A (P = 0.03) were significantly different between AAs and CAs. The results obtained from human PCa samples showed a moderate correlation with previously reported cell line data which showed significantly higher expression of EMT markers N-Cadherin, Vimentin and Snail in AA cell line in compare to CA cell lines. Conclusion: The differential expression of PKD1 related biomarker panel in AAs in compare to CAs suggests a biological basis for disparity in PCa. Besides, relatively high altered PKD1 related biomarker panel in available microarray databases suggests the potential of the panel as a tool in diagnosis of aggressive phenotype in PCa. Citation Format: Bita Nickkholgh, Xiaolan Fang, Shira M. Winters, Nora Fino, KC. Balaji. Differential expression of novel PKD1 related biomarker panel in African American men with prostate cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 4342. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-4342
Future projections of extreme precipitation intensity-duration-frequency curves for climate adaptation planning in New York State

Abstract A set of future extreme precipitation probabilities are developed for New York State based on different downscaling approaches and climate model projections. Based on nearly 50 downscaling method-climate model combinations, percent differences are computed between simulated extreme precipitation amounts for one historical (1970–1999) and three future (2010–2039, 2040–2069, and 2070–2099) time periods. These percent change factors are then applied to the observed extremes to estimate future precipitation extremes. The results are presented to users via an interactive website ( http://ny-idf-projections.nrcc.cornell.edu ). As the engineering community is the primary user, the website displays intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) graphs depicting the: 1) mean projected extreme precipitation intensity, 2) range of future model projections, 3) distribution of observed extreme precipitation intensities, 4) confidence intervals about the observed values. One-hundred-year recurrence interval precipitation amounts exhibit a median increase of between 5 and 10% across the state in the 2010–2039 period regardless of greenhouse gas concentration. By the 2040–2069 period, the median increase is on the order of 10–20% for the high concentration case (RCP 8.5), but remains below 10% if concentrations are lower (RCP 4.5). At the end of the century, all downscaling method climate model combinations indicate increases, with a median change of between 20 and 30% in the case of high concentrations.
iCSI: A Cloud Garbage VM Collector for Addressing Inactive VMs with Machine Learning

According to a recent study, 30% of VMs in private cloud data centers are "comatose", in part because there is generally no strong incentive for their human owners to delete them at an appropriate time. These inactive VMs are still scheduled and executed on physical cloud resources, taking valuable access away from productive VMs. In an extreme, cloud infrastructure may deny legitimate requests for new VMs because capacity limits have been hit. It is not sufficient for cloud infrastructure to identify such inactive VMs by monitoring resource utilization (e.g., CPU utilization) – e.g., management processes (e.g. virus-scan, software update) on inactive VMs often consume high CPU and memory resources, and active VMs with lightweight jobs (e.g. text editing) show almost zero resource utilization. To properly detect and address such inactive VMs, we present iCSI: a cloud garbage VM collector to improve resource utilization and cost efficiency of enterprise data centers. iCSI includes three main components, a lightweight data collector, a VM identification model and a recommendation engine. The data collector periodically gathers primitive information from VMs. The identification model infers the purpose of a VM from the data collection and extracts the most relevant features associated with the purpose. The recommendation engine offers proper actions to end users i.e., suspending or resizing VMs. In this prototype phase, iCSI is deployed into multiple data centers in IBM and manages more than 750 production VMs. iCSI achieves 20% better accuracy (90%) in identifying active/inactive VMs compared with state-of-the-art methods. With recommendations to end users, our estimation results show that iCSI can improve internal cost efficiency with 23% and resource utilization more than 45%.
Cr3+ chemical diffusivity in aliovalent doped aluminas

Abstract Average lattice diffusivities of Cr3+ in undoped, MgO-doped, and SiO2-doped Al2O3 have been measured between 1100 and 1300 °C using scanning transmission electron microscopy based x-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy. It has been demonstrated that both MgO and SiO2 dopants have negligible effect on lattice Cr3+ chemical diffusion. The experimentally determined Arrhenius equations for undoped, MgO-doped, and SiO2-doped samples are D undoped = 1.9 × 10 − 10 exp ( − 298 k J / mol R T ) m 2 / s , D Mg O = 2.0 × 10 − 13 exp ( − 217 kJ / mol R T ) m 2 / s , and D Si O 2 = 6.2 × 10 − 11 exp ( − 273 kJ / mol R T ) m 2 / s , respectively. The weak dopant effect is discussed in the context of the contributions from both extrinsic point defect concentrations and their cluster binding energies.