cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enhancing brand equity of branded mobile apps via motivations: A service-dominant logic perspective

Abstract Mobile devices have become a dominant feature of modern life, and increasingly organizations are employing dedicated mobile phone applications to maintain communication with consumers. Despite the increasing adoption of these branded apps among firms, however, a comprehensive framework explaining how these branded apps create value for both consumers and firms has yet to emerge in the marketing literature. Drawing from motivational and service-dominant logic theories, this paper develops a model of the effects of motivational sources on value in use, which translates into higher brand equity. Analysis results from 323 branded app users show that five hypotheses capturing the main effects are supported. However, four hypotheses pertaining to moderation effects are not supported. Specifically, utilitarian motivation and hedonic motivation have an impact on value in use, which in turn leads to enhanced perceived quality, brand loyalty, and brand awareness and associations–the three components of brand equity.
hC9ORF78 localizes to kinetochores and is required for proper chromosome segregation.

C9ORF78 is a poorly characterized protein found in diverse eukaryotes. Previous work indicated overexpression of hC9ORF78 (aka HCA59) in malignant tissues indicating a possible involvement in growth regulatory pathways. Additional studies in fission yeast and humans uncover a potential function in regulating the spliceosome. In studies of GFP-tagged hC9ORF78 we observed a dramatic reduction in protein abundance in cells grown to confluence and/or deprived of serum growth factors. Serum stimulation induced synchronous re-expression of the protein in HeLa cells. This effect was also observed with the endogenous protein. Overexpressing either E2F1 or N-Myc resulted in elevated hC9ORF78 expression potentially explaining the serum-dependent upregulation of the protein. Immunofluorescence analysis indicates that hC9ORF78 localizes to nuclei in interphase but does not appear to concentrate in speckles as would be expected for a splicing protein. Surprisingly, a subpopulation of hC9ORF78 co-localizes with ACA, Mad1 and Hec1 in mitotic cells suggesting that this protein may associate with kinetochores or centromeres. Furthermore, knocking-down hC9ORF78 caused mis-alignment of chromosomes in mitosis. These studies uncover novel mitotic function and subcellular localization of cancer antigen hC9ORF78.
Introduction to concepts of genetics and genomics

Abstract Several thousands of rare diseases have now been characterized. Development and advances of genomic sequencing platforms have accelerated the pace of new diseases discovery and their molecular underpinnings, with continuous additions to this burgeoning catalog of rare diseases. Connecting all of them are shared principles inherent to human genetics and genomics. This chapter will serve as a primer of those basic concepts with applications throughout this book and in rare disease research and treatment. An exhaustive survey of this topic would take a book in and of itself; this merely provides an overview of these concepts and serves as an accessible resource geared for the nongeneticist, beginning with cell biology and extending to classes of disorders and modes of inheritance. Woven throughout are aspects and concepts of genetics and genomics with broad application for most clinicians and scientists interested in the genomics of human diseases.
Learning from BISCAY: The future of biomarker-based trial design in bladder cancer

A recent article in Nature Medicine explored the combination of immunotherapy with multiple distinct targeted therapies in patients with metastatic urothelial cancer, employing a biomarker-driven approach. Herein, we discuss the merits of this ambitious study and highlight the need for larger biomarker-based randomized trials to arrive at definitive clinical conclusions.
Air Pollution and Mediation Effects in Stock Market, Longitudinal Evidence from China

By obtaining a novel proprietary city-level panel dataset of stock returns and trading volume in China, this article investigates the effect of air pollution on the stock market while avoiding the possible confounding factors reported in previous similar studies. The analysis finds evidence showing that there are significant negative effects generated by air pollution on stock returns and trading volume, and these effects manifest themselves on successive days. Air pollution affects stock returns on the same day, which then mediates the effect of air pollution on trading volume on the next day. Similar negative effects are also found in several different pollutants.
Abstract P6-09-06: Balancing the harms and benefits of radiation therapy for DCIS: A decision analysis examining the risk of radiation-associated sarcoma

INTRODUCTION: More than 60,000 women are diagnosed with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) annually and offered the option of breast conserving surgery (BCS), often including radiation (RT) to reduce local recurrence. Although the incidence of radiation-associated sarcoma (RAS) is low (0.05-0.25% at 10 years), the low mortality associated with DCIS and large number of DCIS diagnoses means that an increasingly large number of women are at risk of RAS. This study sought to weigh the risk of RAS with the benefits of BCS+RT for DCIS. METHODS: A second-order Monte Carlo micro-simulation model of women ages 35 and older with DCIS was constructed. The decision analysis compared harm-benefit ratios of sarcoma-related deaths per breast cancer deaths averted within 20 years of treatment with BCS+RT versus BCS alone. Stratified analyses were performed by age group to account for differential life expectancy. To generate parameter estimates for model inputs, Bayesian network meta-analysis was used to synthesize rates of DCIS and invasive recurrence from clinical trials of BCS+RT and BCS alone using a Weibull specification. Sarcoma incidence was estimated non-parametrically using SEER. Constant hazard rates for breast cancer mortality after invasive recurrence and RAS mortality were estimated from clinical trials. To account for uncertainty, probabilistic sensitivity analysis was conducted using 10,000 Monte Carlo samples and 95% credible intervals (CrI) were constructed for event rates and harm-benefit ratios. RESULTS: The micro-simulation model of an age-distributed cohort demonstrated that 1 in 840 women with DCIS (95%CrI 1:648 to 1:3522) would develop RAS within 20 years after treatment with BCS+RT. Overall, there would be 1 RAS-related death for every 12 breast cancer deaths averted (95%CrI 1:7 to 1:19) by the addition of RT to BCS. Stratified analysis demonstrated that the harm-benefit ratio was higher in women CONCLUSIONS: The risk of developing a RAS following BCS+RT for DCIS should not be overlooked. This may be especially true for women at low risk of recurrence and younger women ( Citation Format: Marquita R Decker, Joseph F Levy, Lee G Wilke, David J Vanness, Heather B Neuman. Balancing the harms and benefits of radiation therapy for DCIS: A decision analysis examining the risk of radiation-associated sarcoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Seventh Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2014 Dec 9-13; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(9 Suppl):Abstract nr P6-09-06.
An Introduction to Statistical Learning: with Applications in R

An Introduction to Statistical Learning provides an accessible overview of the field of statistical learning, an essential toolset for making sense of the vast and complex data sets that have emerged in fields ranging from biology to finance to marketing to astrophysics in the past twenty years. This book presents some of the most important modeling and prediction techniques, along with relevant applications. Topics include linear regression, classification, resampling methods, shrinkage approaches, tree-based methods, support vector machines, clustering, and more. Color graphics and real-world examples are used to illustrate the methods presented. Since the goal of this textbook is to facilitate the use of these statistical learning techniques by practitioners in science, industry, and other fields, each chapter contains a tutorial on implementing the analyses and methods presented in R, an extremely popular open source statistical software platform. Two of the authors co-wrote The Elements of Statistical Learning (Hastie, Tibshirani and Friedman, 2nd edition 2009), a popular reference book for statistics and machine learning researchers. An Introduction to Statistical Learning covers many of the same topics, but at a level accessible to a much broader audience. This book is targeted at statisticians and non-statisticians alike who wish to use cutting-edge statistical learning techniques to analyze their data. The text assumes only a previous course in linear regression and no knowledge of matrix algebra.
Survey of unmanned air vehicles

Unmanned air vehicle (UAV) systems encompass platforms, control stations, payloads and sensors. Advanced flight controls are required to provide the level of autonomy necessary to meet mission requirements and to maintain around-the-clock reliability. A review of current systems is given, with particular attention given to airframes. The designation of specific mission requirements and aircraft performance characteristics may provide helpful information to allow control system designers to tailor their control systems to the unique applications needed.
Stability Theory: Including Saturation Effects

The sections in this article are 1 Lyapunov Stability Criterion 2 Quadratic Forms 3 Linearization (Jacobian Matrix) (3-5, 7, 10) 4 Second Method of Lyapunov 5 Location of Poles and Stability 6 Design Using the Root Locus 7 Frequency Response 8 Closed-Loop Frequency Response 9 Nonlinear Stability and Control 10 Control Concept 11 Linear Quadratic Tracking (LQT) 12 Maximal Output Admissible Sets 13 Discrete-Time Reference Governor 14 Static Admissibility and Invariance 15 Suboptimal Approach 16 Conclusion
A Tool Kit to Generate 3D Animated CAESAR Bodies

The Civilian American and European Surface Anthropometry Resource (CAESAR) database provides a comprehensive source for body measurement in numerous industries such as apparel, aerospace, and automobile. Generating animated CAESAR body sequences from still surface and landmark data will stimulate research and design in these areas. A tool kit has been developed to convert CAESAR bodies to models compliant with the Humanoid Animation specification (H-Anim). It will be helpful to set up a realistic motion capable humanoid library for application environment that can be reused in a wide variety of ergonomic applications. The process consists of preprocessing the mesh, building a skeleton structure, creating segments of the body, assigning weights for vertices, and integrating motion capture data. Publicly available software is adopted for mesh compression and hole filling. C programs were developed to implement the translation from CAESAR body data to H-Anim. The technical issues involved in the process are discussed, and experimental results are shown in the paper.
Maiolica in colonial Spanish America

Five complexes of maiolica are suggested as having been present in colonial Spanish America. One represents direct export from Spain to the New World and is found around the Caribbean basin in late 15th through 16th century horizons. The white ground wares of this Caribbean complex are believed to have originated in Sevilla; the blue ground wares probably are of Genoese origin, with Spanish copies.
Configurable computing: concepts and issues

Configurable computing is an area of active research that has sprung up over the last few years. By combining aspects of traditional computing, such as high performance microprocessor and commodity memory devices, with programmable hardware devices, configurable computing attempts to gain the benefits of both adaptive software and optimized hardware. Because the field is young it remains ill defined and often either misunderstood or misrepresented. Fortunately there currently exists a small number of applications which show significant improvement through the use of configurable computing technology, and have sparked much of the interest in the field. The article touches on some of the different types of configurable computing systems that have been either proposed or developed and consider applications that seem to be well suited to this approach, and discuss the open issues in tool design.
Performance of the hybrid density functionals in the determination of the geometric structure, vibrational frequency and singlet–triplet energy separation of CH2, CHF, CF2, CCl2 and CBr2

Abstract The geometric structure, vibrational frequency, dipole moment and singlet–triplet energy separation of CH2, CHF, CF2, CCl2 and CBr2 has been investigated using B3LYP, B3P86 and B3PW91 hybrid density functionals. For CH2, the density functionals predict the equilibrium C–H bond length, H–C–H bond angle and vibrational frequency to an accuracy comparable to high level ab initio methods. However, only B3LYP functional produces reasonable singlet–triplet energy separation. Also estimates of the singlet–triplet energy separation of CHF and CF2 indicate B3LYP produces a better agreement with experiment than B3P86 or B3PW91.
Narcotic antagonists attenuate drinking induced by water deprivation in a primate

Abstract Pure narcotic antagonists such as naloxone and naltrexone have consistently been shown to attenuate drinking in the rat after periods of water deprivation. One objective of this study was to extend observations to a primate species, the squirrel monkey. Whereas naloxone and naltrexone have a greater relative affinity for opiate receptors preferentially binding morphine and other opiate alkaloids than for those with high affinity for the endogenous opioid peptides, diprenorphine, another pure opiate antagonist, binds with equally high affinity to both receptor subtypes. Therefore, a second objective was to determine the actions of diprenorphine on drinking in water-deprived rats and squirrel monkeys and to compare the effects of this drug to those of naloxone and naltrexone. All three narcotic antagonists suppressed water consumption of monkeys and rats deprived of water for 18 and 24 hr, respectively. Diprenorphine was the most potent compound tested in both species, producing significant reductions in water consumption of monkeys and rats at systemic doses as low as 0.01 and 0.1 mg/kg respectively. Moreover, diprenorphine was the longest acting of the three drugs in the monkey. These results demonstrate that the narcotic antagonists attenuate drinking in primates as well as in rodents and support the hypothesis that these drugs reduce water intake by interrupting the activity of endogenous opioid pathways mediating drinking behavior.
A systematic approach to using music for mitigating affective effects on driving performance and safety

Research has shown that affective effects on driving performance and safety are as dangerous as (or even more dangerous than) effects of the secondary tasks [11]. There has been some research on the use of speech-based systems for the intervention, but little research on the use of music has attempted to mitigate a driver's affective states while driving. The current paper identifies various taxonomies of the effects of music and explores plausible research variables, considerations, and practical application directions.
Endoscopic peritoneal access and insufflation: natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery.

Background Diagnostic transgastric endoscopic peritoneoscopy is a safe model for exploration of the peritoneum. Endoscopic insufflation of the peritoneal cavity has not been validated in humans. We report here our experience with pneumoperitoneum established endoscopically with a laparoscopic insufflator. Design Pneumoperitoneum was established with a laparoscopic insufflator through the biopsy channel of the gastroscope. Intra-abdominal pressure was measured with a transfascial Veress needle and compared with endoscopic values. The gastrotomy was used in the creation of the gastric pouch. Patients Twenty patients undergoing laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass participated in the study. Ten had undergone no previous surgery, whereas the other 10 patients had a history of abdominal procedures. Interventions Diagnostic transgastric endoscopic peritoneoscopy was performed through a gastrotomy created endoscopically without laparoscopic visualization. Main Outcome Measurements Diagnostic findings, operating times, and clinical course were recorded. Results The average time for transgastric access was 9.6 minutes. This did not vary in patients with previous surgery ( P = .3). Endoscopic insufflation was successful in all patients. The mean endoscopic and laparoscopic pressures were 9.80 and 9.75 mm Hg, respectively ( P = .9). In no patients were there limitations to visualization of the abdomen. Adhesions were noted in 80% and 10% of patients with and without a history of surgery, respectively ( P = .005). There were no complications related to transgastric passage of the endoscope or exploration of the peritoneal cavity. Conclusions Although limited by the small sample size in this study, we believe that transgastric access may be considered as an alternative approach to peritoneal insufflation and provides a safe alternative for exploration of the abdomen. Endoscopic insufflation through the biopsy channel by using a laparoscopic insufflator seems to be an effective and safe method for establishing pneumoperitoneum.
Structural and Property Evolution of Aqueous-Based Lead Zirconate Titanate Tape-Cast Layers

We have developed aqueous suspensions of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) and an acrylic latex emulsion binder for tape casting. Rheological measurements were conducted to optimize their flow behavior at high solids volume fraction (solids). Concentrated suspensions (solids > 0.45) were tape cast onto a silicone-coated mylar carrier film, and the effect of cellulose (a viscosifier) and surfactant additions on wetting behavior was studied. Drying stress measurements were performed on tape-cast layers using a substrate deflection technique. The initial period of stress rise was analogous to that observed for binder-free ceramic films, whereas the stress decay was influenced by latex coalescence. Tape-cast layers exhibited a constant PZT volume fraction of 0.49 and uniform binder distribution independent of the PZT/latex volume ratio. The dielectric and piezoelectric properties of sintered multilayer samples were comparable to those obtained for bulk, isopressed samples. Our work provides guidelines for developing aqueous formulations for tape casting complex electroceramic oxide layers.
Synthesis of a stereochemically defined 1,2-diazetine N,N'-dioxide and a study of its thermal decomposition.

Diazetine dioxide 1a has been synthesized in a single step via oxidation of meso-2,3-diphenyl-1,2-ethanediamine with dimethyldioxirane, albeit in low yield (7%). Thermal decomposition of 1a afforded predominantly either trans-stilbene or diphenyl glyoxime depending on solvent, temperature, and the presence of an amine catalyst. Reaction in chloroform at 69 °C favored elimination of NO and formation of trans-stilbene. The stereospecific formation of trans-stilbene suggests a mechanism of decomposition in which C−N bond cleavage leads to a diradical intermediate stabilized by the phenyl group. Bond rotation followed by cleavage of the second C−N bond accounts for the trans-stilbene. At 25 °C in chloroform, while trans-stilbene was still the major product, some diphenyl glyoxime was also observed (4% yield). However, 1a as a solution in chloroform in the presence of Et3N, or 1a as a solution in DMSO-d6, afforded predominantly diphenyl glyoxime. These results are interpreted in terms of two closely competing ...
‘Venez, ordure!’ Perspectives kleiniennes sur la souillure de Pauline Quenu dans Le ventre de Paris

AbstractCet essai s’appuie sur les theories du psychisme mises en avant par Melanie Klein pour proposer une interpretation de la scene de l’avilissement de la jeune Pauline Quenu dans Le Ventre de Paris (episode du Square des Innocents). A travers les interactions successives de la fillette avec le petit Muche et la vieille Melle Saget sont actualises de nombreux traits caracteristiques de la position paranoide-schizoide (projections, clivage) au cours de laquell­e le nourrisson, durant les tout premiers mois de la vie, est en proie a une serie de fantasmes visant le sein maternel. A partir de cette analyse, il nous sera possible de jeter les bases d’une interpretation kleinienne du Ventre de Paris, ainsi que de l’ensemble de la serie des Rougon-Macquart.
Global Modeling of Cloud Radiative Effects Using ISCCP Cloud Data

Abstract Cloud radiative effects are represented in simulations with the general circulation model of the Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System (NOCAPS) using ingested cloud field data from the ISCCP dataset rather than model-diagnosed cloud fields. The primary objective is to investigate the extent to which the high temporal resolution ISCCP data can be used to improve the simulation of cloud radiative effects on the general circulation in GCM simulations much as observed sea surface temperatures (SSTs) have been used to avoid simulation errors resulting from inaccurately modeled SSTs. Experiments are described that examine the degree to which uncertainties in cloud field vertical structure impair the utility of the observed cloud data in this regard, as well as the extent to which unrealistic combinations of cloud radiative forcing and other physical processes may affect GCM simulations. The potential for such unrealistic combinations stems from the lack of feedback to the cloud fields i...
New inhibitors of bacterial protein synthesis from a combinatorial library of macrocycles.

A mixture-based combinatorial library of 14-membered macrocycles was synthesized to target ribosomal RNA and uncover a new class of antibacterial agents. High-throughput screening identified a macrocyclic mixture that inhibited cell-free-coupled transcription/translation in Escherichia coli-derived extracts, with an IC50 value in the 25−50 μM range. In a follow-up library of 64 single macrocycles, 8 gave IC50 values ranging from 12 to 50 μM in the cell-free protein synthesis inhibition assay. Some of the macrocycles were screened in a translation inhibition assay, and IC50 values generally paralleled those obtained in the uncoupled transcription/translation assay. Additional analogues were prepared in a preliminary structure−activity relationship study, and more potent macrocycles were identified with low micromolar activity (IC50 values = 2−3 μM). Some of these macrocycles displayed antibacterial activity against lipopolysaccharide mutant E. coli bacterial cells (IC50 values = 12−50 μM).
Transition state resonances in collinear O(3P) + HCl →OH + Cl

We study the collinear quantum reaction dynamics of O + HCl using a coupled channel hyperspherical method. An extensive spectrum of resonances has been observed, many of which occur near the effective vibrational thresholds for reaction between initial HCl(v) and final OH(′). The resonance energies are in excellent agreement with the predictions of the DIVAH (diagonally corrected vibrationally adiabatic hyperspherical) model. Estimates of 3-dimensional resonance energies are also given based on the DIVAH model with an adiabatic treatment of bend motion. Implications of these results for the observation of resonances in state resolved experiments are discussed.
Reflections on "Confirmational Response Bias Among Social Work Journals":

The preponderance of heat over light generated in and about the Epstein exchanges to date should not be allowed to obscure the underlying issues vital to the intellectual integrity of the profession and its journals. As the journalistic history of the bias "exploration" is covered elsewhere in these pages,1 this review will focus on implications for editorial policies and the referee process, as well as touch on the range of scholarly canons-and suspicions of them-that strain the self-identity of any service-oriented profession. The motivation for pursuit of "Confirmational Response Bias Among Social Work Journals" (this issue) was cited by the author as primarily
High-end server low-temperature cooling

The IBM S/390Â® G4 CMOS system, first shipped in 1997, was the first high-end system to use refrigeration. The decision to employ refrigeration cooling instead of other cooling options such as high-flow air cooling or various water-cooling schemes focused on the potential system performance improvement obtainable by lowering coolant temperatures using a refrigeration system. This paper reviews the historical background of refrigeration from its use in the early 1800s to its implementation in computer systems in the early 1990s. The advantages and disadvantages of using refrigeration in the cooling of computer systems are examined. The advantages have outweighed the disadvantages, leading to the first use by IBM of refrigeration in cooling the S/390 G4 server. The design of the refrigeration system for the S/390 G4 system is described in detail, and some of the key parametric studies that contributed to the final design are described.
ARGUMENTS FROM NOTHING: GOD AND QUANTUM COSMOLOGY

. This essay explores a simple argument for a Ground of Being, objections to it, and limitations on it. It is nonsensical to refer to Nothing in the sense of utter absence, hence nothing can be claimed to come from Nothing. If, as it seems, the universe, or any physical ensemble containing it, is past-finite, it must be caused by an uncaused Ground. Speculative many-worlds, pocket universes and multiverses do not affect this argument, but the quantum cosmologies of Alex Vilenkin, and J. B. Hartle and Stephen Hawking, which claim that the universe came from literally nothing, would. I argue that their novel project cannot work for reasons both physical (their “nothing” is actually a vacuum state governed by eternal physical laws) and methodological (physical theory cannot explain the emergence of the physical per se). Thus my argument stands. However, as David Hume showed, a posteriori arguments like mine infer a creation, and Creator, of a certain character, namely, a stochastic concept of creation and a panentheistic, partly physical Creator lacking omniscience and omnipotence. Rather than undermining the cosmological argument, as Hume intended, these limitations liberate the concept of the Ground from unnecessary problems, as Hartshorne suggested.
Effect of temperature and ration on blood clotting time of heat-tolerant and cold-tolerant cattle

Abstract 1. 1. Effect of ambient temperature, type of ration and blood clotting temperature on blood clotting times of heat-tolerant (Zebu) and cold-tolerant (Scotch Highland) cattle was investigated. 2. 2. An increase in ambient temperature from 18 to 31°C decreased blood clotting time from 11·9 to 9·5 min. 3. 3. Type of ration had no effect on blood clotting time of either breed. 4. 4. Scotch Highland blood clotted more slowly than Zebu blood when clotted at 37°C. 5. 5. At low clotting temperatures Scotch Highland blood clotted more quickly than Zebu blood. 6. 6. At high clotting temperatures Zebu blood clotted more quickly than Scotch Highland blood. 7. 7. Holstein-Friesian blood clotting time was similar to that of Scotch Highland.
The Optimal Consumption of Depletable Natural Resources: An Elaboration, Correction, and Extension

The Weinstein-Zeckhauser analysis (Quar. J. Econ., 89; Aug. 1975) of the effects of increasing marginal costs of production on competition in an extractive industry is broadened to include impacts on extraction companies with a range of technological capabilities as well as on the amount that is extracted. The use of the Weinstein-Zeckhauser model can produce unrealistic expectations of market efficiency under certain conditions. Efficiency is not shown to follow unless the companies have a variety of competitive markets. Policy planners involved in trade and technology transfer need to keep this in mind as more natural resouce development shifts to Third World owners.
EFFECT OF GAMMA IRRADIATION ON ISOMERIZATION OF β‐CAROTENE IN SWEET POTATO1

Cured Georgia Reds, sweet potato roots, were irradiated using 60 Co source for 500 Krad dose. HPLC analyses of tissue extracts indicated that irradiation did not lead to isomerization of all-trans-β-carotene. Greater than 97% of the total β-carotene was in the all-trans form. Cis isomers of β-carotene have lower provitamin A activities than all-trans-β-carotene. Since they were not produced with γ-irradiation, this process did not decrease provitamin A due to isomerization. Thus, irradiation of sweet potatoes can be used without significant changes in the provitamin A content
Serotonin 1B autoreceptors originating in the caudal dorsal raphe nucleus reduce expression of fear and depression-like behavior.

Background Serotonin 1B (5-HT 1B ) autoreceptors regulate release of serotonin from terminals of dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) projections. Expression of 5-HT 1B in the DRN inversely correlates with behavioral measures of emotion, and viral-mediated overexpression of 5-HT 1B receptors in the middle DRN inversely reduces measures of fear and anxiety in unstressed rats. Because the caudal subregion of the DRN is important in translating stress into emotional dysregulation, we explored behavioral functions of 5-HT 1B autoreceptors in the caudal DRN. Methods We manipulated 5-HT 1B autoreceptor function in rats using either viral-mediated gene transfer into the caudal DRN or systemic injections of the 5-HT 1B agonist 3-(1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-4-pyridyl)-5-propoxypyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine (CP-94253). Rats were tested in forced swim test, open field test, and contextual fear conditioning. Results Overexpression of 5-HT 1B in the caudal DRN increased swimming in the forced swim test. It did not alter locomotion or thigmotaxis in the open field test but did reduce conditioned freezing. Freezing was reduced when 5-HT 1B overexpression was present only during testing but not training. The CP-94253 exerted an inverted U-shaped dose response curve on conditioned freezing, with most pronounced effects seen at 1 mg/kg. At this dose, CP-94253 administered before a fear retention test reduced freezing both during that session and in subsequent drug-free testing, but only when drug was paired with re-exposure to the fear context. Conclusions The 5-HT 1B autoreceptors originating in the caudal DRN regulate behavioral expression of helplessness and fear. Because systemic pharmacologic treatment with a 5-HT 1B agonist facilitates reductions in fear, 5-HT 1B receptors may be a target for the treatment of certain anxiety disorders.
Enantioselective radical reactions. Evaluation of nitrogen protecting groups in the synthesis of β2-amino acids

We have investigated the effect of nitrogen protecting groups in radical addition trapping experiments leading to beta(2)-amino acids. Of the three N-protecting groups examined, the phthalimido group was optimal with respect to both yields and enantioselectivity. Additionally, radical additions to more complex acrylates were also investigated, which provided access to functionalized beta(2)-amino acids in modest selectivity.
Quantitative changes of bone collagen crosslinks and precursors in vitamin D deficiency

Abstract The crosslinks from NaB3H4-reduced bone collagen of 4-week-old rachitic and normal chicks were compared. The ratio of the reduced crosslink δ,δ′-dihydroxylysinonorleucine (DHLNL) to δ-hydroxylysinonorleucine (HLNL) was significantly increased in vitamin D deficiency. The ratio of ϵ-hydroxynorleucine (HNL) (reduced crosslink precursor of HLNL) to the reduced unknown peak 1 was decreased while that of HLNL to HNL was unaffected. The data indicate that vitamin D affects the quantitative relationships between crosslinks and aldehydic precursors that are present in mineralizing macromolecular matrices.
Stress-induced layer-by-layer growth of Ge on Si(100)

Several experiments have found that Ge initially grows layer by layer on the Si(100)2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1 surface, up to a thickness of 3 atomic layers. Further growth occurs via islands. Here, model calculations show that layer-by-layer growth is stabilized for up to 3 layers because it reduces the strain energy associated with the surface dimerization.
Overhauser boundary elements solution for periodic water waves in the physical plane

Abstract An Overhauser boundary element method (BEM) for the modeling of nonlinear periodic waves in the physical plane is described. The Overhauser element, used to eliminate discontinuities of the slope on the free surface of the wave, is described in detail. Examples for non-linear steady and breaking waves are shown. The Overhauser element is compared to Lagrangian linear and cubic elements. It is noted that the Overhauser element system is very stable. Neither ‘smoothing’ nor any other manipulation of the BEM results are necessary within the time-stepping algorithm to achieve a stable solution.
Heat transfer from a rigid sphere in a nonuniform flow and temperature field

Abstract The energy equation of a rigid sphere in a viscous fluid subject to an unsteady flow and temperature field is developed. A perturbation method is used to derive the heat transfer from a rigid sphere at low Peclet numbers. Thus, the temperature field is decomposed into the undisturbed field and the disturbance due to the presence of the sphere. A symmetry relationship is used to yield the rate of heat transfer due to the disturbance in the Laplace domain. The transformation of the rate of heat transfer in the time domain yields a history integral, which combines the effects of all past temperature changes of the sphere. This history integral in the energy equation is analogous to the history force (or Basset force) in the equation of motion of the sphere. By the heat-momentum transfer analogy, it is anticipated that the history term will play an important role in liquid-solid heat or mass transfer and that, depending on the frequency of the fluid temperature domain, it may account for up to 25% of the instantaneous heat transfer.
Cavitation Erosion in Nonaqueous Liquids

Cavitation erosion rates in the organic liquids formamide, ethanol,acetone and glycerol are compared with the rate in distilled water. As is to be expected,these non-ionizing liquids, which are chemically less reactive with metals than water, show lower damage rates. The cavitation damage rates have also been measured for solutions of these organic liquids in water and all these solutions show a monotonic decrease in going from pure water to the pure organic liquid except glycerol. The water-glycerol solutions go through a minimum damage rate for a solution with molecular ratio of glycerol to water of approximately 1 to 1. Solutions of ethanol in glycerol show a maximum in damage rate for a solution with molecular ratio, glycerol/ ethanol, of about 2 to 1. Qualitative differences in the cavitation bubble cloud in the various liquids studied are indicated by short exposure photographs.
Artificial intelligence and expert systems in ecology and natural resource management

Abstract Ecologists have a variety of tools for collecting and analyzing data, but relatively few tools that facilitate ecological reasoning. Up to this time, simulation models have been the basic means of organizing ecological knowledge in a way that can be rapidly processed by computer. Technologies for computer-based manipulation of knowledge have been developed in artificial intelligence. The areas of ecological science in which this technology is likely to prove important include: modelling and simulation, integration of qualitative and quantitative knowledge, theoretical development, and, natural resource management. Researchers and managers in both basic and applied ecology will be affected by these developments as AI-derived technologies are added to the ecological toolkit.
The Language of Addiction

The language associated with addiction has become antiquated as the field has evolved. Terms like alcoholic and addict have negative connotations that can become self-fulfilling prophecies. The trend in treatment is to take the Rogerian approach of person-centered therapy where clients have more control over their treatment and are active participants instead of passive spectators. Being person-centered means that clients are treated as people and are not defined by their addiction.
Natural amenities and their effects on migration along the urban–rural continuum

The importance of natural amenities in promoting development and population change has been addressed in a large body of literature with recent studies identifying rather obvious spatial heterogeneity in the effects of natural amenities on migration. This said, the potential variation along the urban–rural continuum has not been addressed empirically. In this study, we examine and compare the migration effects of natural amenities in five specific urban–rural continuum types at the minor civil division level in the US state of Wisconsin. Results of spatial analysis suggest that natural amenities do indeed have differing effects on migration along this urban–rural continuum. Overall, natural amenities have the largest effect on in-migration into rural areas adjacent to metro areas and no effect on in-migration into urban areas. The effects of natural amenities on in-migration into remote rural areas rely more on growth trends within these regions. These findings have important implications for rural development, land use policy, and natural resource management.
SU-FF-T-310: Monte Carlo Study of X-Ray Beams Produced by An On-Board Imager for Image-Guided Radiation Therapy

Purpose: The purpose of this investigation is to characterize the kilovoltage x‐ray beams produced by an on‐board imager integrated into a linear accelerator for image‐guidedradiation therapy.Method and Materials: The Monte Carlo codes BEAMnrc/EGSnrc were used to study the characteristics of kV beams and the properties of photonsscattered by the imaged target. The x‐ray tube is capable of generating photon spectra with kVp values between 40 and 125 kV. The Monte Carlo results were benchmarked against measurements and excellent agreements were obtained. The investigation includes the effect of including the electron impact ionization (EII) and the simulation showed that the characteristicradiation is increased significantly in the energy spectra when EII is included. Results: The study found that the total spectrum of all photons including primary and scattered after passing through the phantom is not much different from that of original x‐ray beams due to the competing factors of beam hardening and scattering. However there is a significant difference in the spectra and angular distributions between scattered and primary photons. Results show both the magnitude and the characteristics of scattered x‐rays. The study also presents the photon fluence distributions and spectra of x‐ray beams with open and two types of Bow‐Tie filters used for acquiring cone‐beam CT images.Conclusion: The results indicate that the combination of large cone‐beam field size and large imaged target significantly increases scatter‐to‐primary ratios for photons that reach the detector panel. For 10 cm, 20 cm and 30 cm thick water phantoms placed at the isocenter, the scatter‐to‐primary ratios are 0.94, 3.0 and 7.6 respectively for an open 125 kVp CBCT beam. The Monte Carlo simulation has provided quantitative data showing that the amount of scatter increases with the imaged volume and this also applies to scatter‐to‐primary ratios.
The interplay of global and polar regimes

The growing salience of interactions between the functionally broad but geographically narrow regimes for the polar regions and the geographically broad but functionally specific regimes emerging to deal with global environmental changes directs attention to the issue of institutional interplay. Interplay among regimes can cause mutual interference or foster synergy. Adopting a pragmatic stance that assumes no fundamental changes in international society, this essay suggests ways to: (1) adapt global regimes dealing with ozone depletion, climate change and biodiversity to the conditions prevailing in the polar regions; and (2) ensure that concerns arising in the polar regions receive serious consideration in global forums. Specific suggestions range from modest initiatives involving monitoring and assessment to more ambitious initiatives, such as the establishment of a chamber of regions in global regimes.
Animal Abuse Issues in Therapy: A Survey of Therapists' Attitudes

Animal abuse issues can have implications for therapy as a possible predictor of future violence toward humans, as a diagnostic indicator, and sometimes as a feature of a client's abuse history. The authors used a survey to examine the experiences and attitudes of 174 therapists dealing with animal abuse issues in therapy. The authors found that 28% encountered animal abuse issues in the past 5 years and 87% viewed animal abuse as a mental health issue. Attitudes about changing mandated abuse reporting laws to include animal abuse were assessed. Dilemmas therapists face are discussed and suggestions for addressing animal abuse issues are offered.
Matrix Photochemistry of Gallium and Indium Atoms (M) in the Presence of Methane: Formation and Characterization of the Divalent Species CH3MH and Univalent Species CH3M

IR and UV/vis spectroscopic measurements have been used to chart the reactions set in train by irradiating methane-doped argon matrices containing gallium or indium atoms, first with light having λ...
Effects of Interstate Migration on the Geographic Distribution of Stroke Mortality in the United States

Background and Purpose This study examines the effects of lifetime net interstate migration on the geographic distribution of stroke mortality in the United States. Methods National Center for Health Statistics and Bureau of the Census data were used to map the geographic distribution of age-adjusted, race-, and race/sex-specific stroke mortality rates by interstate migration status for natives, outmigrants, nonmigrants, inmigrants, and residents in the United States for 1979 to 1981. Results High age-adjusted stroke mortality rates were significantly clustered in the southeastern United States for both whites and blacks; in addition, for whites, low-rate states were concentrated in some Mountain and northeastern states. Migrant status did not change this large-scale pattern, but individual states showed significant migration effects, which varied in magnitude and direction. Among whites, states that benefited from migration, with markedly lower stroke mortality rates among residents than natives, include...
A factor from pancreatic and colonic cancer cells stimulates glucose uptake and lactate production in myoblasts

Patients with cancer cachexia exhibit increased glucose flux and lactate production in skeletal muscle. The aim of this study was to examine the direct effect of cancer cell-conditioned media on glucose metabolism in L6 myoblasts. Media from PANC-1 and Colo 320 cells caused a marked time-dependent and concentration-dependent increase of 2-deoxyglucose uptake in GLUT-4 transfected L6 myoblasts. This effect was greater than maximal acute stimulation by insulin and the effect of insulin was additive. Glucose utilization and lactate production increased in parallel to glucose uptake. The effect was inhibited by the protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide and the glucose transport inhibitor, cytochalasin B. The bioactive factor had a molecular weight of approximately 5,000 and the biological activity was destroyed by proteinase K digestion. Radioimmunoassay and immunoneutralization studies indicated the major factor involved is not TNFalpha, IL-1beta, insulin, IGF-I or IGF-II. Further purification and characterization are needed to reveal the identity of this novel factor or factors which may have other metabolic effects that contribute to the cancer cachexia and insulin resistance.
Quantification and confocal imaging of protein specific molecularly imprinted polymers.

We have employed FITC-albumin as the protein template molecule in an aqueous phase molecular imprinted polymer (HydroMIP) strategy. For the first time, the use of a fluorescently labelled template is reported, with subsequent characterisation of the smart material to show that the HydroMIP possess a significant molecular memory in comparison to that of the nonimprinted control polymer (HydroNIP). The imaging of the FITC-albumin imprinted HydroMIP using confocal microscopy is described, with the in situ removal of imprinted protein displayed in terms of observed changes in the fluorescence of the imprinted polymer, both before and after template elution (using a 10% SDS/10% AcOH (w/v) solution). We also report the imaging of a bovine haemoglobin (BHb) imprinted HydroMIP using two-photon confocal microscopy, and describe the effects of template elution upon protein autofluorescence. The findings further contribute to the understanding of aqueous phase molecular imprinting protocols, and document the use of fluorescence as a useful tool in template labelling/detection and novel imaging strategies.
Hallucinations in children.

This paper reports the results of a retrospective study comparing child psychiatry inpatients, who reported hallucinations, with a control group. The study shows that nonpsychotic children who report hallucinations have significantly more relatives with a history of psychosis, often with an affective component, than controls. They did not differ from controls for family history of depression, suicide, or substance abuse. While the diagnostic profile of the groups differed, they did not differ for age, sex, IQ, or history of abuse or neglect. The significance of the results are discussed and areas for future research are presented.
Application of NMR SHAPES screening to an RNA target.

Several NMR screening techniques have been developed in recent years to aid in the identification of lead drug compounds. These NMR methods have traditionally been used for protein targets, and here we examine their applicability for an RNA target. We used the SHAPES compound library to test three different NMR screening methodologies: the saturation transfer difference (STD), the 2D trNOESY, and the WaterLOGSY experiments. We found that the WaterLOGSY experiment was the most sensitive method for our RNA target, the P4P6 domain of the Tetrahymena thermophila Group I intron. Using the WaterLOGSY experiment, we found that 23 of the 112 SHAPES compounds interact with P4P6. To identify which of these 23 hits bind through nonspecific interactions, we counterscreened with a linear duplex RNA control and identified one of the SHAPES compounds as interacting with P4P6 specifically. We thus demonstrated that the WaterLOGSY experiment in combination with the SHAPES compound library can be used to efficiently find ...