cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Leadership and Collaborative Governance in Managing Emergencies and Crises

Leadership and governance are two concepts very central to disaster management. This chapter analyzes disaster and crisis management in two mega-disasters of 2010: the Haiti Earthquake and Pakistan Floods. These two cases are compared and contrasted from collaborative governance, international coordination, and multi-layered leadership perspectives. Findings indicate that leadership is a multi-layered and multi-dimensional phenomenon and concept in disasters and collaborative settings. Leadership layers comprise presidential and political leadership, civilian government leadership, military leadership, international humanitarian leadership which is primarily UN centric, and also community leadership. Comparative governance and leadership structures in the two countries show that the Pakistan military response and their leadership stand out because of their commendable efforts in the flood response and relief phases. On the other hand, Haiti has no military forces and had to rely heavily on the US military. Overall political leadership seems to be very weak in the two countries. The issue of competitive elections in Haiti, the deaths of many government officials and the destruction of government offices in the capital city contributed to worsening Haiti’s government response. Findings also indicate that the International humanitarian leadership which is UN centric, and follows a UN cluster approach, has ample shortcomings and needs to be revamped and improved.
Calcium phosphate cement and locked plate augmentation of distal femoral defects: A biomechanical analysis

Abstract Purpose Bone tumors are common in the distal femur and often treated with intralesional curettage. The optimal method of stabilization of large distal femoral defects after curettage remains unclear. The goal of this study is to compare stabilization techniques for large distal femoral defects. Methods Large defects (60 cm3) were milled in the distal lateral metaphysis of 45 adult composite sawbone femurs. The defect was either (1) left untreated or reconstructed with (2) locked plate fixation, (3) calcium phosphate cement packing, or (4) locked plate fixation with calcium phosphate cement packing, or (5) polymethylmethacrylate packing. Each specimen then underwent axial and torsional stiffness testing followed by torsional loading to failure. The data were analyzed using ANOVA with Tukey–Kramer post-hoc analysis. Results The calcium phosphate cement filled defect with a locked plate was the stiffest construct in axial and torsional loading as well as the strongest in torque to failure. However, this difference only reached significance with respect to all other groups in torque to failure testing. The calcium phosphate cement filled defect with a locked plate was significantly stiffer than three of the four other groups in both axial and torsional stiffness testing. Conclusions These results indicate that calcium phosphate cement, with or without the addition of locked plate fixation, may provide improved construct stability under time zero testing conditions. This result warrants further testing under cyclic loading condition and consideration for fixation of large femoral metaphyseal defects in future clincal trails.
Techniques for optimizing lead placement during sacral neuromodulation.

We present a video describing technical considerations for optimizing lead placement for sacral neuromodulation. A 56-year-old female presented with urinary urgency incontinence refractory to behavioral modification, physical therapy, and oral pharmacotherapy. An Interstim device had been placed 3 years prior by another provider, but the patient did not find it beneficial and had uncomfortable stimulation despite reprogramming. After counseling, she opted for device revision. The S3 foramen is identified using fluoroscopy in anterior-posterior and lateral views; a needle is advanced through the cephalad and medial aspect of the foramen and tested for bellows and toe responses. After the directional guide is placed, the introducer is advanced until it is midway through the bony table. The lead, with a curved stylet, is advanced for repeat testing prior to deployment. It should have a cephalad-to-caudad appearance and curve laterally. Motor responses are tested and optimally should be < 2 V with all electrodes. The lead is then advanced fully, deployed, and retested. The patient’s daytime frequency improved to 6 per day from 11 per day at baseline; her urgency incontinence and the uncomfortable stimulation resolved. Optimization of lead placement for sacral neuromodulation is crucial for improving clinical results.
Chapter 4.5 – Construction Materials

Publisher Summary The gas load in a vacuum system critically depends on the materials used to build the system and how they are prepared and maintained. Materials add to gas load in two ways—evaporation, sorption, and outgassing, and diffusion and permeation. Solubility, diffusion, and permeation relate to a material's chemical properties, lattice spacing, and microstructure. Gases and certain other high vapor pressure species readily dissolve in many solids. If these materials are used in a vacuum system, dissolved high vapor pressure species can diffuse to the surface and add to the gas load. If these materials are used to build a vacuum chamber, soluble gasses can permeate through the walls and add to the gas load. Glass, quartz, sapphire, stainless steel, and aluminum are commonly used for high, ultrahigh, and extra-ultrahigh vacuum system chambers. Certain organic materials are potentially useful vacuum materials. Brass and lead–tin solder are acceptable materials at foreline pressures, and brass is a good choice for foreline and roughing manifolds and fixturing.
Neural Mechanisms Underlying the Dynamic Updating of Native Language

Language users encounter different sentence structures from different people in different contexts. Although syntactic variability and adults’ ability to adapt to it are both widely acknowledged, t...
The Effects of Corporate Governance on Firms' Credit Ratings

We investigate whether firms with strong corporate governance benefit from higher credit ratings relative to firms with weaker governance. We document, after controlling for firm-specific risk characteristics, that credit ratings are negatively associated with the number of blockholders and CEO power, and positively related to takeover defenses, accrual quality, earnings timeliness, board independence, board stock ownership, and board expertise. We also provide evidence that CEOs of firms with speculative-grade credit ratings are overcompensated to a greater degree than their counterparts at firms with investment-grade ratings, thus providing one explanation for why some firms operate with weak governance.
Using Genetic Marginal Effects to Study Gene-Environment Interactions with GWAS Data

Gene-environment interactions (GxE) play a central role in the theoretical relationship between genetic factors and complex traits. While genome wide GxE studies of human behaviors remain underutilized, in part due to methodological limitations, existing GxE research in model organisms emphasizes the importance of interpreting genetic associations within environmental contexts. In this paper, we present a framework for conducting an analysis of GxE using raw data from genome wide association studies (GWAS) and applying the techniques to analyze gene-by-age interactions for alcohol use frequency. To illustrate the effectiveness of this procedure, we calculate genetic marginal effects from a GxE GWAS analysis for an ordinal measure of alcohol use frequency from the UK Biobank dataset, treating the respondent's age as the continuous moderating environment. The genetic marginal effects clarify the interpretation of the GxE associations and provide a direct and clear understanding of how the genetic associations vary across age (the environment). To highlight the advantages of our proposed methods for presenting GxE GWAS results, we compare the interpretation of marginal genetic effects with an interpretation that focuses narrowly on the significance of the interaction coefficients. The results imply that the genetic associations with alcohol use frequency vary considerably across ages, a conclusion that may not be obvious from the raw regression or interaction coefficients. GxE GWAS is less powerful than the standard "main effect" GWAS approach, and therefore require larger samples to detect significant moderated associations. Fortunately, the necessary sample sizes for a successful application of GxE GWAS can rely on the existing and on-going development of consortia and large-scale population-based studies.
Private Control Benefits and Earnings Management: Evidence from Insider Controlled Firms: private control benefits and earnings management

We examine earnings management practices of insider controlled firms across 22 countries to shed light on the link between consumption of private benefits and earnings management. Insider controlled firms are associated with more earnings management than noninsider controlled firms in weak investor protection countries. Consistent with the private benefits motive, insider controlled firms with greater divergence between cash-flow rights and control rights are associated with more earnings management in these countries. Growth opportunities attenuate the association between insider control and earnings management even in weak investor protection countries. We also find some weak evidence that insider controlled firms are associated with less earnings management in strong investor protection countries. Overall, our results highlight a strong link between private benefits consumption and earnings management.
Added Benefits: Reduced Depressive Symptom Levels Among African-American Female Adolescents Participating in an HIV Prevention Intervention

Adolescents experience elevated depressive symptoms which health promotion interventions may reduce. This study investigated whether HIV prevention trial participation decreased depressive symptoms among African-American female adolescents. Adolescents (N = 701; M age = 17.6) first received a group-delivered HIV prevention intervention and then either 12 sexual health (intervention condition) or 12 general health (comparison condition) phone counseling contacts over 24 months. ACASI assessments were conducted at baseline, and at 6-, 12-, 18-, and 24-months post-baseline. Linear generalized estimating equations were used to detect percent relative change in depressive symptoms. Participants reported a 2.7 % decrease in depressive symptoms (p = 0.001) at each assessment. Intervention participants endorsed an additional 3.6 % decrease in depressive symptoms (p = 0.058). Trial participation was associated with reduced depressive symptomatology, particularly among those receiving personalized sexual health counseling. HIV prevention interventions may benefit from incorporating additional content to address adolescents’ mental health needs.
At the Intersection of African Studies and Genocide Studies: A Study of William Kentridge's 'Black Box'

William Kentridge, a white, Jewish South African, created an art installation entitled Black Box which first went on display in Germany in 2005. Black Box incorporates early 20th century German film clips, mechanized figures, music, photographs, newspaper clippings, and animation-like movements. The performance lasts 22 minutes and is encompassed within the frame of a small stage with curtains. Thus, visually, Black Box embodies the theme of Mobility, Migration, and Flows. Segments of this performance can be viewed on YouTube. The subject matter of Black Box is the 1905 genocide of the Herero people by German colonizers in Namibia. Kentridge gestures in several directions: the work interrogates German guilt, the silence surrounding this genocide, and trauerarbeit, Freuds term for working through grief. Kentridge draws symbolic links between this first genocide of the 20th century and the Holocaust, initiated less than thirty years later. Kentridge (b. 1955) is also gesturing toward apartheid; both of his parents were attorneys in the anti-apartheid movement. Hendrik Verwoerd, the architect of apartheid, studied in Germany in the 1920s where he met some of the early fascists. So Black Box represents mobility, migration and flow not only in form but also in contentthe mobility of colonizers, the migration of ideologies, and the flow of time. This presentation is drawn from a book in progress entitled: Africans Looking at Germans, Germans Looking at Africans.
Citizenship and settler colonialism in Brazil: The toré ritual as a decolonial indigenous practice in the Northeast Region

This article argues that settler colonialism structures Indigenous rights in Brazil and shows how Indigenous peoples have also engaged Indigenous rights to interrupt settler colonialism. To this en...
Face-trait inferences show robust child–adult agreement: Evidence from three types of faces

Abstract Humans rapidly and automatically use facial appearance to attribute personality traits (“trustworthy,” “competent”). To what extent is this face-to-trait attribution learned gradually across development versus early in childhood? Here, we demonstrate that child–adult concordance occurs even when faces should minimize agreement: natural (not computer-generated) adult faces; less developed children's faces; and perceptually unfamiliar monkey faces. In Study 1, 3- to 12-year-olds and adults selected “nice/mean” faces among pairs with a priori “nice-mean” ratings. Significant cross-age consensus emerged for all three face types. Study 2 replicated this result using an improved procedure in which 44–48 faces appeared in randomized pairs. This converging evidence supports the idea that complex forms of social cognition – allowing perceivers to believe they can derive personality from faces – emerge early in childhood, a finding that calls for new procedures to detect this central facet of cognition earlier in life.
Persons Versus Brains: Biological Intelligence in Human Organisms

I go deep into the biology of the human organism to argue that the psychological features and functions of persons are realized by cellular and molecular parallel distributed processing networks dispersed throughout the whole body. Persons supervene on the computational processes of nervous, endocrine, immune, and genetic networks. Persons do not go with brains.
Electronic evaluation of the fetal and maternal heart rate during hypothermia in a pregnant woman

I N D u c E D hypothermia has been employed with increasing frequency in recent years as an adjunct to surgery and in the treatment of a variety of medical conditions. Due to decrease in oxygen utilization, anesthesia requirements, and circulatory stress it is believed that hypothermia is of value particularly when renal, hepatic, or pulmonary disease complicates the necessity for operative interventi0n.l It is inevitable that instances requiring this accessory procedure may occur when the patient is concomitantly pregnant. Numerous observations have been made of the profound effects upon physiologic processes intimately related to the cardiovascular and metabolic systems which may accompany surface cooling methods that lower the total body temperature. The potential influence of the maternal hypothermic state on the fetus is less well documented. Only a few reports concerning results of the employment of this technique for patients during the period of gestation have appeared in the literature.
A Noisy 10GB Provenance Database

Provenance of scientific data is a key piece of the metadata record for the data’s ongoing discovery and reuse. Provenance collection systems capture provenance on the fly, however, the protocol between application and provenance tool may not be reliable. Consequently, the provenance record can be partial, partitioned, and simply inaccurate. We use a workflow emulator that models faults to construct a large 10GB database of provenance that we know is noisy (that is, has errors). We discuss the process of generating the provenance database, and show early results on the kinds of provenance analysis enabled by the large provenance.
Seguridad y migración en las fronteras de México: diagnóstico y recomendaciones de política y cooperación regional

El presente documento presenta un diagnostico de las dos fronteras de Mexico —la frontera Mexico-Estados Unidos y la frontera sur (Mexico-Centroamerica)— en relacion con el trafico de drogas, la violencia vinculada al crimen organizado, la migracion indocumentada y el trafico de migrantes. Tambien hace un recuento y breve evaluacion de las politicas que se han implementado recientemente para hacer frente a dichos problemas, asi como de los resultados de estas implementaciones. Este analisis comparativo sirve de base para elaborar recomendaciones de politica que Estados Unidos, Mexico y los gobiernos de Centroamerica deberian impulsar para fortalecer la seguridad humana y la cooperacion regional en estos temas. Se concluye que los principales problemas en materia de seguridad fronteriza en estas dos regiones del hemisferio solamente podran abordarse a traves de la cooperacion de los paises involucrados y el diseno de verdaderas politicas de desarrollo humano
WebViz: A Web-Based Collaborative Interactive Visualization System for Large-Scale Data Sets

We have created a web-based system for multi-user collaborative interactive visualization of large data sets (on the order of terabytes) that allows users in different locations to simultaneously and collectively perform visualizations over the Internet. By leveraging an asynchronous java and XML (AJAX) web development pattern via the Google Web Toolkit (http://code.google.com/webtoolkit/), we are able to provide remote users a web portal to the University of Minnesota’s Laboratory for Computational Sciences and Engineering’s large-scale interactive visualization system that provides high resolution visualizations to the order of 15 million pixels. Our web application, known as WebViz (for Web-based Visualization System), provides visualization services “in the cloud” and is accessible via a range of devices including netbooks, smartphones, and other web-and JavaScript-enabled mobile devices. This paper will detail the history of the project as well as the current version of WebViz including a discussion of its implementation and system architecture. We will also discuss features, future goals, and our plans for increasing scalability of the system, which includes a discussion of the benefits potentially, afforded us by a migration of server-side components to the Google Application Engine (http://code.google.com/appengine/).
A risk-driven approach for subsurface site characterization

[1] We present a probabilistic framework to addressing adverse human health effects due to groundwater contamination. One of the main challenges in health risk assessment is in relating it to subsurface data acquisition and to improvement in our understanding of human physiological responses to contamination. In this paper we propose to investigate this problem through an approach that integrates flow, transport and human health risk models with hydrogeological characterization. A human health risk cumulative distribution function is analytically developed to account for both uncertainty and variability in hydrogeological as well as human physiological parameters. With our proposed approach, we investigate under which conditions the reduction of uncertainties from flow physics, human physiology and exposure related parameters might contribute to a better understanding of human health risk assessment. Results indicate that the human health risk cumulative distribution function becomes less sensitive to uncertainty in physiological parameters at lower risk values associated with longer traveltimes. We also present a graphical tool that allows to investigate the relative impact of hydrogeological and physiological parameters in human health risk. A metric α that relates hydrogeological uncertainty to physiological uncertainty was developed to help decision makers set priorities in data acquisition. Other results show that the worth of hydrogeological characterization in human health risk depends on the time the contaminant plume takes to cross the control plane and on the exposure duration of the population to certain chemicals.
Implicit theories of creativity are differentially categorized by perspective and exemplar domain

Abstract We propose that thoughts about one's own creativity are related to implicit views about the similarity of one’s traits to those of creative exemplars. In this study, 298 undergraduates were instructed either to imagine an example of an innovative product or to imagine themselves creating a product in one of three domains (art, music, or gadgetry). Following the manipulation, participants rated the fitness of a list of creative traits relative to their first or third person creative exemplar. Fitness ratings were generally higher for third person exemplars than for first person exemplars. Though ratings also varied by domain, there was a significant interaction between perspective and domain, such that first-person ratings (i.e., self ratings) did not vary by exemplar domain, while third-person ratings (i.e., an external exemplar) did vary by domain. Implications and future directions for the study of implicit theories and creative performance and achievement are discussed.
The TCu-380a (Ag), MLCu375, and Nova-T LUDs and the IUD daily releasing 20 μg levonorgestrel-four pillars of IUD contraception for the nineties and beyond?

With recent studies repeatedly showing results clearing the IUDs from their formerly suspected role in causing pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), very likely IUD use will further increase worldwide. While most previous IUDs have been withdrawn from the US market during the 1980s, newer and more effective IUDs have subsequently been developed; and some, marketed. Four of these devices will probably become the pillars for future IUD contraception worldwide. This review evaluates the relative performance and safety of these four devices. Consistent findings have proven the Copper-T 380A (Ag) and the Multiload-375 (MLCu375) IUDs to be safe with high and long-lasting efficacy. The Nova-T IUD showed favorable results in some studies, but showed deteriorated efficacy after three years of use in others; more studies are needed. Studies show that the IUD that daily releases 20 micrograms levonorgestrel (LNG-20) is associated with the highest efficacy in preventing accidental pregnancy among the four devices, but it has a uniquely high medical removal rate because of amenorrhea. This steroid-releasing device could be a high-performance IUD if this type of medical removal can be reduced through patient counseling devised according to local cultural background.
Silent Rage and the Politics of Resistance: Countering Seductions of Whiteness and the Road to Politicization and Empowerment

Feminist theorists of color (Lorde, hooks, Collins) have provided a framework for addressing how rage can serve as a tool of empowerment. These authors focus explicitly on expressed rage. Instead, in this article, I ask, what happens to that silent rage—rage that remains unspoken? I define silent rage as a space . . . that inside space in which women of color define the self . . . a place in which we make ourselves subject, determining who we are spiritually, emotionally . . . a space in which rage can work to decolonize ourselves . . . a space in which we refuse to concede to White dominance. By addressing the use of how silent rage serves as a path to empowerment for women of color, I envision this work to be an intervention in much of the educational discourse that valorizes speech as the primary means of empowerment. It is my goal to reinscribe the potential of silence as a strategy of resistance, particularly for women of color in the academy. Through narrative, I complicate rage in a modest way, by ...
Randomized Trial of a Novel ACLS Teaching Tool: Does it Improve Student Performance?

Introduction: Mounting evidence suggests that high-fidelity mannequin-based (HFMBS) and computer-based simulation are useful adjunctive educational tools for advanced cardiac life support (ACLS) instruction. We sought to determine whether access to a supplemental, online computer-based ACLS simulator would improve students’ performance on a standardized Mega Code using high-fidelity mannequin based simulation (HFMBS). Methods: Sixty-five third-year medical students were randomized. Intervention group subjects (n = 29) each received a two-week access code to the online ACLS simulator, whereas the control group subjects (n = 36) did not. Primary outcome measures included students’ time to initiate chest compressions, defibrillate ventricular fibrillation, and pace symptomatic bradycardia. Secondary outcome measures included students’ subjective self-assessment of ACLS knowledge and confidence. Results: Students with access to the online simulator on average defibrillated ventricular fibrillation in 112 seconds, whereas those without defibrillated in 149.9 seconds, an average of 38 seconds faster [p<.05]. Similarly, those with access to the simulator paced symptomatic bradycardia on average in 95.14 seconds whereas those without access paced on average 154.9 seconds a difference of 59.81 seconds [p<.05]. On a subjective 5-point scale, there was no difference in self-assessment of ACLS knowledge between the control (mean 3.3) versus intervention (mean 3.1) [p-value =.21]. Despite having outperformed the control group subjects in the standardized Mega Code test scenario, the intervention group felt less confident on a 5-point scale (mean 2.5) than the control group. (mean 3.2) [p<.05] Conclusion: The reduction in time to defibrillate ventricular fibrillation and to pace symptomatic bradycardia among the intervention group subjects suggests that the online computer-based ACLS simulator is an effective adjunctive ACLS instructional tool. [West J Emerg Med. 2014;15(7):–0.]
Validation of radioimmunoassays for LH and FSH in the sooty mangabey (Cercocebus atys): Characterization of LH and the response to GnRH.

Heterologous radioimmunoassays (RIA) for macaque LH and FSH were validated for the measurement of these hormones in the sooty mangabey and mangabey pituitary LH was characterized relative to rhesus monkey LH. Dilutions of a pituitary mangabey extract and a partially purified preparation of mangabey LH ran parallel to a rhesus monkey standard (LER 1909-2) in the ovine-ovine (o-o) LH assay but showed some deviation from parallelism in the rhesus monkey FSH assay. The LH potency of the mangabey extract and standard were six and 190 times more potent, respectively, than LER 1909-2 in the LH RIA. Mangabey LH was estimated to have a molecular weight of 40,000–42,000 daltons vs 35,000–38,000 daltons for rhesus LH on Sephadex G-100 chromatography. Plasma levels of radioimmunoreactive LH, FSH, and testosterone were assayed before and after a bolus administration of 25, 50, or 100 μg synthetic go-nadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) to adult male mangabeys. A significant increase in serum levels of LH was seen within 30 min with levels more than fourfold higher than the basal level of LH after administration of 100 μg GnRH. However, no consistent increases in plasma FSH values were detected. The integrated mean LH response above preinjection levels following 25, 50, or 100 μg GnRH was dose related. Serum levels of testosterone were also elevated after administration of GnRH, but peak concentrations of testosterone lagged behind peak levels of LH by approximately 30 min. These studies indicate that the heterologous RIAs may be used for measuring gonadotropins in the mangabey and that the male mangabey is apparently more sensitive to GnRH than the rhesus monkey.
Electrodynamics of the magnetosphere - Geomagnetic storms

Geomagnetic and auroral storms provide a great deal of detailed information on the interaction between the solar plasma flows and the magnetosphere. Vast numbers of observations have been accumulated, and many theories have been developed to explain them. However, many of the most vital features of the interaction remain unsolved. The purpose of this paper is to provide the background for future work by summarizing fundamental morphological data and by reviewing critically the proposed theories.
How the Victorians Un-Invented Themselves: Architecture, the Battle of the Styles, and the History of the Term Victorian

Contemporary scholars offer contradictory accounts of when and why the term Victorian first came into use: some credit its introduction to the Edwardians; others insist that the Victorians ‘invented themselves’ on or about either 1851 (thanks to their newfound ‘self-consciousness’) or 1875 (thanks to Edmund C. Stedman's anthology on Victorian poets (A Victorian Anthology, 1837–1895 (Boston, MA: Houghton, Mifflin, 1895)). Though the adjective was in fact introduced as early as 1838, architecture and debates about it played a major role in its popularization, beginning in the 1860s – paradoxically, the very decade in which the grieving queen from whose name the term derived infamously absented herself from the public stage. The so-called ‘battle of the styles’ that raged especially fiercely in those years continued well beyond them and involved at least four separate conflicts – (1) that between defenders of Classic and Gothic styles; (2) that among defenders of various forms of, or approaches to, Gothic; (...
Probing the validity of average Hamiltonian theory for spin I=1, 3/2 and 5/2 nuclei by analyzing a simple two-pulse sequence.

In this work, we investigate the accuracy of controlling spin I = 1, 3/2 and 5/2 spin systems by average Hamiltonian theory. By way of example, we consider a simple two-pulse echo sequence and compare this perturbation scheme to a numerical solution of the Von Neumann equation. For the different values of I, we examine this precision as a function of the quadrupolar coupling as well as various experimental parameters such as the pulse spacing and pulse width. Experiments and simulations on I = 3/2 and I = 5/2 spin systems are presented that highlight a spectral artifact introduced due to finite pulse widths as predicted by average Hamiltonian theory. The control of these spin systems by this perturbation scheme is considered by investigating a phase cycling scheme that suppresses these artifacts to zeroth-order of the Magnus expansion.
Photoeffects in chromophore phospholipid Langmuir films

Abstract Optical effects in stable Langmuir-Blodgett preparations have been studied. These structures consist primarily of built-up layers of N -(4-nitrobenzo)-2-oxa-1,3- diazole phosphatidylethanolamine: the molecular arrangements are then placed between aluminum electrodes. The films generate a dark internal potential having an upper limit of 1.37 V; under monochromatic illumination a photo-e.m.f. of a few volts above the dark potential is observed. An excellent computer fit is obtained for the typical logarithmic dependence of photovoltage on illumination intensity. Samples with a resistance as low as 6 Ω have been prepared with rhodamine B added to the basic chromophore structure. A physical model involving the potential profile across the structure under steady state illumination is presented. The charge separation capability appears to limit sample power output; however, the results indicate that engineering on the molecular level is feasible and can be utilized to some extent to enhance performance characteristics that are desirable for potential applications.
Concentration profiles of neutron-induced radioactivities in UO2 fuel specimens

Abstract A chemical etching technique has been developed to measure concentration profiles of neutron-induced activities in specimens of UO2 fuel. Tests on material with an average grain diameter of about 20 μm indicate that the etchant removes planar layers with relatively minor selective attack at grain boundaries. The maximum deviation of peaks and troughs from the average specimen surface varied in the range 10–40 μm with removal of layers 85–420 μm in thickness. Deviations from planarity of the etched surface were generally hidden within the surface roughness. The quality of concentration profiles afforded by the overall procedure was demonstrated by near-quantitative agreement between experimental and calculated 239 Np 95 Zr activity ratios which exhibit marked peaking near a specimen surface from intense resonance absorption in 238U. Use of the method for measurement of fission product distributions after high-temperature annealing of irradiated UO2 is discussed.
Too sick for school? Parent influences on school functioning among children with chronic pain

Abstract Parental responses to children with chronic pain have been shown to influence the extent of the child’s functional disability, but these associations have not been well studied in relation to children’s pain-related school functioning. The current study tests the hypothesis that parental pain catastrophizing and parental protective responses to child pain influence the extent of school impairment in children with chronic pain. A mediational model was tested to determine whether parental protective behaviors serve a mediating role between parental pain catastrophizing and child school impairment. Study participants were a clinical sample of 350 children ages 8–17 years with chronic pain and their parents. Measures of pain characteristics, demographic characteristics, child depressive symptoms, school attendance rates, overall school functioning, parental pain catastrophizing, and parental protective responses to pain were collected. Results show that, controlling for the known influences of pain intensity and child depressive symptoms, parental pain catastrophizing and parental protective responses to child pain each independently predict child school attendance rates and reports of overall school impairment. Parental protectiveness was found to mediate the association between parental cognitions (i.e., parent pain catastrophizing) and child school functioning outcomes. These findings underscore the importance of intervening with parents to foster parental responses to child pain that help children engage and succeed in the school environment despite pain.
Reaction to time-out and favorability of response alternatives

Children’s preference for one of two tasks was studied under three different conditions. In one condition, S received equal reinforcement (3:3) for responding on either task. In the remaining two conditions, responses on one task produced reinforcement more frequently than did responses on the other at ratios of 3:2 and 3:1, respectively. Half of the Ss assigned to these three conditions received TOs on the more frequently reinforced task, with the remaining Ss serving as no-TO controls. Results revealed a significant tendency to avoid TO when the alternative task was equally reinforcing. This tendency to avoid TO was reversed when the reinforcement ratio favored the task on which TO was administered. The results were interpreted as supporting the hypothesis that TO’s “aversiveness” is largely determined by the favorability of available response alternatives.
HUMAN CAPITAL INVESTMENT IN HEALTH: A MEASUREMENT FRAMEWORK AND ESTIMATES FOR THE UNITED STATES, 1952–78

Lack of a conceptual basis for measuring human capital investment in health has hampered efforts to expand national accounting systems to include human capital investment. This paper presents a conceptual basis for developing estimates of this health investment, an estimation methodology consistent with the conceptual basis, and preliminary estimates for the United States for 1952-78. While much work remains to be done before comprehensive estimates of investment in health are achieved, it is clear that previous estimates based on answers to the question, “What improves health?” have included some inappropriate expenditures while excluding others that should be included. The conceptual basis presented here leads to a methodology for separating health care costs (not the costs of illness) into maintenance and gross investment. Gross investment can be further separated into net investment and the sum of damages and depreciation but empirical implementation of this step is not attempted here.
Pseudorandom encoding of fully complex modulation to biamplitude phase modulators

Pseudorandom encoding is a statstica11ybased, pixel-by-pixel mapping of complex valued modulations Auto modul6tors that do not produce a!! comp1e values.' The resulting far-field 1iffraction pattern closely approximates that from the desired, but unimplementabic, complex modulation. Since the methed is point-oriented, the desired complex modulation can be synthesized and encoded without resorting to time consuming constrained global optimizations e.g. simulated anneding,4 genetic,3 and Gerchberg Saxton4 algorithms. In addition to reducing design time, the resulting diffraction patterns can have reasonably high diffraction efficiencies and low levels of background noise.
Suicide screening in schools, primary care and emergency departments

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Every year, suicide claims the lives of tens of thousands of young people worldwide. Despite its high prevalence and known risk factors, suicidality is often undetected. Early identification of suicide risk may be an important method of mitigating this public health crisis. Screening youth for suicide may be a critical step in suicide prevention. This paper reviews suicide screening in three different settings: schools, primary care clinics and emergency departments (EDs). RECENT FINDINGS: Unrecognized and thus untreated suicidality leads to substantial morbidity and mortality. With the onus of detection falling on nonmental health professionals, brief screening tools can be used to initiate more in-depth evaluations. Nonetheless, there are serious complexities and implications of screening all children and adolescents for suicide. Recent studies show that managing positive screens is a monumental challenge, including the problem of false positives and the burden subsequently posed on systems of care. Furthermore, nearly 60% of youth in need of mental health services do not receive the care they need, even after suicide attempt. Schools, primary care clinics and EDs are logical settings where screening that leads to intervention can be initiated. SUMMARY: Valid, brief and easy-to-administer screening tools can be utilized to detect risk of suicide in children and adolescents. Targeted suicide screening in schools, and universal suicide screening in primary care clinics and EDs may be the most effective way to recognize and prevent self-harm. These settings must be equipped to manage youth who screen positive with effective and timely interventions. Most importantly, the impact of suicide screening in various settings needs to be further assessed. Language: en
Accumulation of Pseudomonas-derived 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol on wheat seedling roots is influenced by host cultivar

Abstract Production of antifungal metabolites, including the polyketide 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (2,4-DAPG), is one mechanism by which biocontrol strains of Pseudomonas fluorescens suppress soilborne fungal pathogens. P. fluorescens strains vary in ability to produce 2,4-DAPG, but the role of the host in modulating metabolite accumulation in the rhizosphere is not well defined. To examine 2,4-DAPG production and accumulation during early stages of rhizoplane interactions, we compared metabolite production by two P. fluorescens strains in culture and on seedling roots of three Triticum aestivum L. (wheat) cultivars, Buchanan, Finley, and Tara, in a soil-free system. P. fluorescens strain Q8r1-96, an aggressive colonizer of the wheat rhizosphere, produced 1850 μg mL−1 2,4-DAPG after 48 h of growth in King’s Medium B, significantly (P > 0.05) more than 19.4 μg mL−1 metabolite produced by the moderately aggressive strain Q2-87V1 under the same conditions. Rhizoplane levels of 2,4-DAPG after 4 d of Q8r1-96 colonization were 1946, 1650, and 2767 ng g−1 for Buchanan, Finley, and Tara, respectively. Metabolite levels obtained for Q2-87V1 colonization were 1468, 366, and 80 ng g−1 on the respective cultivars. Strain Q8r1-96 deposited significantly (P 0.05) amounts of the metabolite on Buchanan roots. In greenhouse experiments, take-all damage was reduced only on Tara roots inoculated with Q8r1-96. To our knowledge, this is the first report to compare 2,4-DAPG accumulation in the rhizoplanes of different cultivars, and to demonstrate that rhizoplane 2,4-DAPG accumulation depends on a cultivar–bacterial strain interaction.
Initial experiences with a pattern-oriented parallel debugger

Highly parallel programs are often best understood in terms of logical patterns of inter process communication. In order to debug such programs, the user must determine the extent to which the intended patterns occur during execution. To facilitate this, we have designed and implemented a pattern-oriented debugger in which abstract, user-defined communication events can be described and animated. We report here on our initial experiences with its use.
Political argumentation and violations of audience expectations: An analysis of the bush‐rather encounter

This research analyzed the 1988 encounter between George Bush and Dan Rather on the CBS Evening News as an attack‐rebuttal sequence. The experimental study considered reactions to the 5½‐minute mini‐documentary (attack) preceding the actual interview and to the live interview (rebuttal) itself. Respondents seeing the mini‐documentary only had more negative views of Bush; exposure to the mini‐documentary and interview together enhanced Bush's image while Rather's evaluations decreased. Violations of audience expectations about television news structure and conversational norms may have accounted for strong viewer reactions.
The influence of environmental conditions on aspects of the time budgests of breeding ospreys.

Ospreys (Pandion haliaetus) were observed for 350 h in 1975 in southeastern Virginia. Other studies have demonstrated that weather can have an effect on aspects of osprey foraging behavior (e.g., frequency of diving), but for the environmental conditions observed in this study, weather and other variables did not appear to limit the ability of ospreys to feed their young. Male ospreys, which procure essentially all of the food for the family unit before the chicks fledge, spend an average of 43% of the daylight hours perched near the nest when they have unfledged young. About 1/3 of the daylight hours are utilized for hunting. Weather conditions have no effect on the time the male his perched near the nest, or on the rate of fish delivery by the male. Wind speed variability regressed positively with the time it took males to return with a fish (mean time=0.64 h/fish), but accounted for only 16% of the variation in the length of hunting trips. Size of fish delivered and rate of fish delivery were unrelated to either brood size or age of young. As the chicks age, the male spends increasing amounts of time away from the nest; this is not related to changes in weather, and appears to be due to decreasing attentiveness at the nest site by the male. Females with unfledged young spent over 95% of the daylight hours at the nest. Adults with fledged but dependent young spend an average of 1/3 of the day perched near the nest. Both adults deliver fish at this time, but together they bring no more than the male alone brought before fledging. For both adults neither the percentage of time perched near the nest nor the rate of fish delivery are related to weather conditions.
Comprehension of nonverbal communication: A reexamination of the social competencies of learning-disabled children

This study was designed to determine whether learning-disabled (LD) children differed from nondisabled (NLD) children in their ability to comprehend nonverbal communication when potential attentional differences between the groups were controlled. In addition, the relationship between nonverbal comprehension and social competence was assessed. Thirty LD and 30 NLD boys between 9 and 12 years of age were administered a short form of the Profile of Nonverbal Sensitivity (PONS) to assess nonverbal comprehension; social competence measures included teachers' ratings of aggressive and withdrawn behaviors using the Behavior Problem Checklist, and “blind” judges' ratings of performance on a role-play of friendshipmaking skills. Under attention-incentive conditions, no performance differences between LD and NLD children were found on the PONS; however, LD children were judged to be more withdrawn and less socially skilled. While PONS scores were not related to other social competence measures, hey were associated with academic achievement and IQ. Results emphasize the importance of considering the presence of attentional problems in LD children that may interfere with an accurate assessment of their skills.
β2-Microglobulin and calnexin can independently promote folding and disulfide bond formation in class I histocompatibility proteins

Class I histocompatibility proteins fold and assemble with beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2m) into heterodimers before binding short peptides in the endoplasmic reticulum. Here, we show that class I proteins rapidly form disulfide bonds, and that the process is highly reversible in Daudi cells lacking beta 2m. Three distinct class I protein conformations are present in equal amounts in these cells, each associated with the molecular chaperone calnexin. When binding of calnexin is inhibited by the glucosidase inhibitor castanospermine, fully oxidized class I proteins are no longer detected, suggesting that calnexin is required for completion of folding. However, in Daudi cells transfected to express beta 2m, castanospermine decreases only slightly the levels of fully oxidized class I proteins, indicating that folding is much less dependent on calnexin in the presence of beta 2m. Furthermore, calreticulin, a chaperone with functional similarities to calnexin, associates with class I molecules in beta 2m-positive cells. but not in Daudi cells, consistent with completion of folding and disulfide bond formation of class I heavy chains before binding to calreticulin occurs. This study demonstrates that calnexin and beta 2m can function independently to promote folding of class I heavy chains prior to formation of stable class I dimers.
Acquired pulmonic stenosis. Report of a case caused by mediastinal neoplasm.

Acquired pulmonic stenosis is rare. A well-documented case of pulmonary infundibular stenosis due to mediastinal lymphoma has been described. Complete disappearance of the heart murmur followed therapy with nitrogen mustard. Other causes of acquired pulmonic stenosis have been discussed.
Single Track Location Viscosity Estimation by maximum likelihood estimation

Single Track Location (STL) Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse (ARFI) imaging has been demonstrated in the setting of linear elastic materials. However, biological tissues are viscoelastic causing shearwave dispersion. As a result, the use of cross-correlation to estimate shearwave speed is not optimal. Specifically, the assumption of shift-invariance is violated. Single Track Location Viscosity Estimation (STL-VE) is an alternative reconstruction that overcomes this limitation by applying a viscoelastic model to the reconstruction. Constraints on the problem such as a limited range and number of tracking locations, and a limited number of time samples make naive frequency domain reconstructions challenging. Instead, we introduce an time domain reconstruction based on the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE). Improved accuracy compared to fitting directly to the signal phase data is demonstrated. The effect of geometry assumptions on the estimation results are explored. Error introduced by spectrum based estimation is demonstrated for trunctated data. Finally, the importance of using a single tracking location is demonstrated.