cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Infra: structure all the way down: structured data as a visual programming language

We present Infra, a new baseline medium for representing data. With Infra, arbitrarily-complex structured data can be encoded, viewed, edited, and processed, all while remaining in an efficient non-textual form. It is suitable for the full range of information modalities, from free-form input, to compact schema-conforming structures. With its own equivalent of a text editor and text-field widget, Infra is designed to target the domain currently dominated by flat character strings while simultaneously enabling the expression of sub-structure, inter-reference, dynamic dependencies, abstraction, computation, and context (metadata). Existing metaformats fit neatly into two categories. They are either textual for human readability (such as XML and JSON) or binary for compact serialization (such as Thrift and Protocol Buffers). In contrast, Infra unifies those two paradigms. In order to have the desirable properties of binary formats, Infra has no textual representation. And yet, it is designed to be easily read and authored by end-users. We show how the organization Infra brings to data makes a new non-textual programming paradigm viable. Programs that modify data can now be embedded into the data itself. Furthermore, these programs can often be authored by demonstration. We argue that Infra can be used to improve existing software projects and that bringing direct authoring and human readability to a binary data paradigm could have rippling ramifications on the computing landscape.
Academic Achievement and Social Identity Among Bilingual Students in the U.S.

This chapter discusses academic achievement and social identity development among bilingual students with respect to changing demographics of increased linguistic diversity and poverty for school-aged children in the United States. Institutional policies and practices are described that lead to blaming the victims of institutional inequity for low test scores and high dropout rates. Contrasting paradigms in literacy research are also discussed in relation to how perspectives of monolingual meritocracy lead to language loss and perpetuation of deficit discourses that negatively affect social identity formation for bilingual students. The authors argue that educators can play an important role in transforming inequities in the politics and practices of schooling, and they provide a model for the successful academic achievement of English language learning (ELL) and bilingual students. The model includes three essential components for literacy development and academic achievement: (a) human resources, including ELL students, their families and communities, and ESL and bilingual education professionals; (b) dialogic pedagogy; and (c) a curriculum for democratic citizenship, and economic and community development.
Continuous double volume exchange transfusion is a safe treatment for ECMO-induced hemolysis

Abstract Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)-related hemolysis is a recognized complication and remains a source of significant morbidity and mortality in the neonatal population. This is the first description of continuous double-volume exchange transfusion (ET) performed for profound hemolysis that developed in a neonate with congenital heart disease on VA ECMO for sepsis. The aim of this report is to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of performing ET on a physiologically frail patient on ECMO support.
Effects of Surface Modifications on the Fatigue Life of Unconstrained Ni-Mn-Ga Single Crystals in a Rotating Magnetic Field

Abstract Long-term fatigue life during high-cycle magnetic-mechanical actuation is crucial to the application of Ni-Mn-Ga ferromagnetic shape memory alloys (FSMAs). It has been reported that long fatigue life can be achieved by both reducing surface damage and constraining Ni-Mn-Ga single crystals to exhibit much lower strain than the theoretical limit. In the present study, the fatigue life of Ni-Mn-Ga single crystal samples treated with various surface modifications was investigated in a rotary fatigue testing instrument. The apparatus minimally constrained the samples and allowed for magnetic-field-induced strain (MFIS) close to the theoretical limit. We first treated the samples with electropolishing, which we found created more surface defects than those of the mechanically polished sample. These defects acted as dispersed pinning sites for twin boundaries and nucleated cracks easily due to the localized stress concentration, resulting in reduced fatigue life. We then studied the introduction of residual compressive stresses imparted by micropeening. Although micropeening increased surface roughness, it produced a uniform surface morphology and a finely twinned structure. We argue that the large groups of dislocations did not pile up and the stress distribution was more homogeneous due to the fine twin structure, lowering the crack nucleation rate. Consequently, the fatigue life of unconstrained Ni-Mn-Ga single crystals with large MFIS was significantly improved by the micropeening treatment.
Transabdominal Preperitoneal (TAPP) Repair

Successful completion of a transabdominal preperitoneal (TAPP) repair of hernias of the myopectineal orifice requires advanced laparoscopic skills. This chapter describes the anatomic, technical, and ergonomic considerations of performing a laparoscopic TAPP repair. Methods to both avoid and manage complications will also be addressed.
Acute Alcoholic Hepatitis

Alcoholic hepatitis is a unique type of alcohol-associated liver disease characterized by acute liver inflammation caused by prolonged heavy alcohol use. Treatment is mostly supportive. The short-term prognosis of acute alcoholic hepatitis depends on liver recovery, and ranges widely from rapid improvement to grim multiorgan failure despite treatment. Refinement of scoring systems have enhanced prognostication to guide clinical decision making in alcoholic hepatitis. Recent advances in the treatment of alcoholic hepatitis have solidified corticosteroids as the cornerstone of treatment to enhance short-term survival, but not intermediate or long-term survival.
Hierarchical distance sampling to estimate population sizes of common lizards across a desert ecoregion.

Multispecies wildlife monitoring across large geographical regions is important for effective conservation planning in response to expected impacts from climate change and land use. Unlike many species of birds, mammals, and amphibians which can be efficiently sampled using automated sensors including cameras and sound recorders, reptiles are often much more challenging to detect, in part because of their typically cryptic behavior and generally small body sizes. Although many lizard species are more active during the day which makes them easier to detect using visual encounter surveys, they may be unavailable for sampling during certain periods of the day or year due to their sensitivity to temperature. In recognition of these sampling challenges, we demonstrate application of a recent innovation in distance sampling that adjusts for temporary emigration between repeat survey visits. We used transect surveys to survey lizards at 229 sites throughout the Mojave Desert in California, USA, 2016. We estimated a total population size of 82 million (90% CI: 65-99 million) for the three most common species of lizards across this 66,830 km2 ecoregion. We mapped how density at the 1-km2 scale was predicted to vary with vegetation cover and human development. We validated these results against independent surveys from the southern portion of our study area. Our methods and results demonstrate how multispecies monitoring programs spanning arid ecoregions can better incorporate information about reptiles.
Over Current Relay Modeling using Modelica with Cross-Verification against a Validated Model

Relays are one of the most important elements for power systems protection. In this paper, an over current relay model is implemented in the Modelica language. Once all of the different modules were tested individually, the modules would be integrated to the relay model which then would be subjected to different fault simulations. Thereafter, the different types of relays were implemented and the Modelica model results are compared to a Simulink model previously implemented. Finally, a sample power system was implemented in order to evaluate the relays performance in a system. The results show how effective the relay model is and lays a foundation for further fault simulation, real-time simulation and model exchange.
Abstract 10: Outcomes of Drip-and-Stay Telestroke Patients at Spoke Sites With Rehabilitation Units

Background and Purpose: In spite of the increase of thrombolysis treatment rates at remote hospitals (spoke) due to implementation of telestroke systems, only 25% of telestroke patients who receive...
Sperm cytology: Kernechtrot–picroindigocarmine stain and dog semen

Animal sexual abuse cases present as an unusual scenario for forensic investigators. In this study, the kernechtrot–picroindigocarmine (KPIC, aka Christmas tree stain) staining properties of semen from 8 domestic dogs was compared to two samples of human sperm. In the head of the dog sperm, the acrosomal region stained pale red and the postacrosomal region stained dark red. There was a colorless band with a mean length of 0.59 μm within the sperm head between the acrosomal and postacrosomal regions. The colorless band was not identified within the human control samples nor reported in the literature. This data supports the use of KPIC stain for the examination of dog semen and further characterizes a unique staining pattern found in dog sperm that is not present in human sperm.
Metrics with unit discs of arbitrary shape

In high school, unit discs were all circular. Squares and diamonds were added to the list of shapes in a Real Analysis course and although more bizarre shapes appeared in graduate school, the list ...
“I don’t like to be told that I view a student with a deficit mindset”: Why it Matters that Disability Studies in Education Continues to Grow

In this article I use personal narrative to provide a commentary on the value of Disability Studies in Education (DSE). Through a mixture of recollections, observations, and descriptions, along with engagement with scholarship in the fields of both special education and DSE, I highlight ways in which I and other scholars have utilized the latter in our daily professional practices. First, I describe the point in my educational career when I came into contact with Disability Studies (DS). Second, I share the beginnings of how DSE came into existence through the work of a coalition of critical special educators. Third, I provide instances of DSE in action, highlighting a recent in-service presentation and other examples. Fourth, I explain why DSE is needed to protect and develop conceptualizations of disability outside of the traditional special education realm. Fifth, I illustrate the benefits of DSE’s interdisciplinary nature. Finally, I assert that DSE provides a visionary lens for improving educational practices for students with disabilities. In closing, I advocate for DSE’s continued growth in helping change deficit-based understandings of disability that continue to pervade education and society.
Molecular detection of a non-native hybrid eelgrass, Vallisneria spiralis Linnaeus (1753) × V. denseserrulata Makino (1921), in the southeastern United States

Abstract During a genetic survey of Vallisneria americana in the southeastern United States, a non-native hybrid between V. spiralis Linnaeus and V. denseserrulata Makino was detected in eight locations across Florida and Alabama. Although previously reported in Japan, Hungary, and Australia, this is the first documented occurrence of the hybrid in North America. Because natural ranges of both parent species are not sympatric in the wild, it is thought that the hybridization event occurred in aquaria. The presence of both species in the aquarium pet trade also makes the industry a potential source of the introduction in the United States. More extensive sampling will be necessary to determine the full distribution of the hybrid, as well as to evaluate its potential impact on native Vallisneria populations and the aquatic ecosystems they support.
Making Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing Interpretable for Clinicians

Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) is a dynamic clinical tool for determining the cause for a person's exercise limitation. CPET provides clinicians with fundamental knowledge of the coupling of external to internal respiration (oxygen and carbon dioxide) during exercise. Subtle perturbations in CPET parameters can differentiate exercise responses among individual patients and disease states. However, perhaps because of the challenges in interpretation given the amount and complexity of data obtained, CPET is underused. In this article, we review fundamental concepts in CPET data interpretation and visualization. We also discuss future directions for how to best use CPET results to guide clinical care. Finally, we share a novel three-dimensional graphical platform for CPET data that simplifies conceptualization of organ system-specific (cardiac, pulmonary, and skeletal muscle) exercise limitations. Our goal is to make CPET testing more accessible to the general medical provider and make the test of greater use in the medical toolbox.
Flexible Component Retrieval

Top-down library-based co-design methodologies have a primary goal of transforming high-level system specifications to implemented or ready-to-implement hardware/software systems. In particular, two phases of this co-design process are data intensive: very high-level synthesis and partitioning. Very high-level (or architecture) synthesis consists of matching component descriptions to specifications. Partitioning consists of identifying subcomponents and assigning those subcomponents to either hardware or software such that design constraints are satisfied. Both phases rely on design space exploration and require a large database of design components to produce satisfactory results. Flexible query processing is required to retrieve and manipulate components that satisfy design criteria and allow tradeoffs between different solutions to be evaluated. In this chapter, we describe the component modeling and retrieval capabilities of a VHDL-based database that supports co-design. Examples of queries issued by both a partitioning tool and an architecture synthesis tool are included.
Twelve Definitions of a Stable Model

This is a review of some of the definitions of the concept of a stable model that have been proposed in the literature. These definitions are equivalent to each other, at least when applied to traditional Prolog-style programs, but there are reasons why each of them is valuable and interesting. A new characterization of stable models can suggest an alternative picture of the intuitive meaning of logic programs; or it can lead to new algorithms for generating stable models; or it can work better than others when we turn to generalizations of the traditional syntax that are important from the perspective of answer set programming; or it can be more convenient for use in proofs; or it can be interesting simply because it demonstrates a relationship between seemingly unrelated ideas.
Helicase-deficient cysteine to glycine substitution mutants of Escherichia coli replication protein PriA retain single-stranded DNA-dependent ATPase activity. Zn2+ stimulation of mutant PriA helicase and primosome assembly activities.

Abstract The PriA replication protein of Escherichia coli guides the ordered assembly of the primosome, the mobile, multiprotein, bidirectional, DNA replication priming/helicase complex of which it is an integral part. Although the PriA protein is not essential for viability, primosome assembly via a PriA-dependent pathway is required for normal cellular replication and growth. The PriA protein itself is multifunctional. In addition to its role in directing primosome assembly, PriA is a site-specific, single-stranded DNA-dependent ATPase (dATPase) and a 3'-->5' DNA translocase and helicase. In an attempt to assess how each individual PriA activity is related to the others (i.e. can one activity function independently of the others or are they intrinsically coupled?), a series of site-directed mutations within priA have been created. priA encodes a cysteine-rich motif, the sequence of which suggests that this region of the protein may be involved in metal binding. Biochemical characterization of three purified cysteine to glycine substitution mutant PriA proteins revealed that these mutant proteins retained their site-specific single-stranded DNA-dependent ATPase activity. However, two of the three mutant proteins were completely incapable of any helicase activity. Residual helicase activity of the third mutant PriA protein could be stimulated 3-fold by the presence of low concentrations of Zn2+ ions. Primosomes assembled with the mutant PriA proteins were also defective in both their ability to act as bidirectional helicase complexes, as well as their ability to synthesize primers for extension by the DNA polymerase III holoenzyme. The results presented here suggest that the cysteine-rich region of PriA is indeed involved in metal binding and that single cysteine to glycine substitutions within this region result in the uncoupling of the ATPase activity of PriA from both its helicase activity and its ability to interact correctly with the DNA template and the six other primosomal proteins.
Creating a New Tort for Wrongful Mispresentation of Character

Both defamation law and the tort of false light invasion of privacy have been widely criticized as confusing in theory and arbitrary in result. A significant source of dissatisfaction, this Article contends, is that the prevailing system fails to account adequately for the existence of genuinely close cases under both torts. Such cases inevitably arise under doctrines that, like defamation and false light, contain major elements of indeterminacy. Yet, defamation and false light rules are generally based on a winner-take-all approach that departs from modern notions of apportionment. This Article proposes a new tort, wrongful mispresentation of character, as a device to enable jurors in appropriate cases to register their sense that both parties in a defamation or false light suit have staked out substantial positions. Rather than supplanting existing causes of action, the wrongful mispresentation would offer an additional option to juries legitimately torn between compelling arguments for both the plaintiff and defendant. Moreover, by conferring legal status on this compromise, the tort might stimulate settlements along this line between parties who would otherwise contest their suit to the bitter end. Part I provides an overview of salient developments in defamation and false light doctrines, and of criticisms and reforms that have been advanced. Part II describes the nature of the proposed tort of wrongful mispresentation and the circumstances under which it would be available; in addition, this Part discusses arguments that might be raised for and against the proposal. Part III identifies several areas in which the difficulty of principled resolution is a recurring phenomenon, and analyzes how wrongful mispresentation might provide a useful outlet in each area.
OVERVIEW OF THE OKLAHOMA LEGISLATURE

The Oklahoma Constitution intentionally restricts the executive branch, making the Oklahoma Governor a weak participant in the policymaking process. Collectively the members of the Oklahoma Legislature hold most of the policymaking authority in the state. When the legislature is controlled by strong leadership, these leaders become very powerful figures in Oklahoma politics. The legislature is perhaps the most important branch of Oklahoma government. The 1997-981egislature is the 46th Oklahoma Legislature. Sessions in odd numbered years are referred to as the First Session and those in even numbered years are described as the Second Session. The Constitution limits regular legislative sessions to 90 working days which must occur between the first Monday in February and the last Friday in May. The governor has the power to call special sessions if necessary. Members of the House serve two year terms and are elected in November of even numbered years. Members of the Senate serve four year terms. These terms are staggered such that one half of the Senate is elected in each statewide general election. Current senators in even numbered districts were elected in 1994, and those in odd numbered districts were elected in 1996.
What's in a Name? Law's Identity Under the Tort of Appropriation

This article is divided into three parts. In Part I, the article explores the notion that under the tort of appropriation, a person’s name is understood to implicate critical aspects of her identity. This notion is explored in relation to specific historical cases raising the issues of whether a woman who adopts her husband’s name has a property right in that name and whether a person who adopts a professional or stage name has separate rights in that name apart from his legal name. Second, Part II focuses on a person’s right to maintain the integrity of his physical image. Finally, Part III examines one interest in his or her “aural image.” The paper concludes with the observation that the courts are capable of accommodating society’s flexible notions of identity, albeit in an occasionally non-democratic fashion.
Alternatives to blood as a source of DNA for large-scale scanning studies of canine genome linkages.

Participation and compliance are critical to the success of any large-scale study of canine disease using DNA markers. Most canine genetic studies rely upon DNA extracted from peripheral blood samples. We assessed the utility of buccal swab epithelial cells and toe nails as a source of DNA for use in genomic screening studies. Using eight multiplexed canine microsatellite markers, amplified DNA obtained from peripheral blood, and from freshly extracted buccal epithelial cells, and buccal swab DNA extracted and stored at –20°C for 27 months or extracted from toe nails were compared for three dogs. The accuracy of the genotyping at each locus was identical for each preparation. Buccal swab DNA samples were readily and uniformly amplified and could be stored for years without loss of integrity. Each buccal swab provided sufficient DNA for more than 200 individual PCR reactions. Toe nails provided ample DNA for thousands of PCR reactions and had the added advantage of ease of storage of the original tissues. These studies demonstrate the potential utility of DNA derived from buccal swabs or nails in large-scale genomic scanning and marker linkage studies.
Large Deviations and Applications

Large Deviations Cramer's Theorem Multidimensional Version of Cramer's Theorem An Infinite Dimensional Example: Brownian Motion The Ventcel-Freidlin Theory The Exit Problem Empirical Distributions The Large Deviation Problem for Empirical Distributions of Markov Processes Some Properties of Entropy Upper Bounds Lower Bounds Contraction Principle Application to the Problem of the Wiener Sausage The Polaron Problem.
An Alternative Representation for Green's Functions Used in Rectangular Waveguide Slot Analysis

The representation of the Green's functions normally used in rectangular waveguide analysis is based on Fourier series analyses in the two transverse directions. This paper presents an alternative form particularly suited for broad wall slot analysis. It is based on a Fourier transform in the direction along the guide and a Fourier series in one of the transverse directions. It is superior to the conventional form because it simplifies the z-dependence of the Green's functions, thus simplifying the convolution of these functions with method of moments basis and testing functions. This paper also shows how to use the alternative representation to find the conventional series representation of the convolutions. For many slot geometries this approach is actually easier than the conventional method. The alternative form also has educational benefit because the boundary conditions, relating magnetic current and the tangential electric field in any plane parallel to the broad wall, are more readily seen.
The Presence of Fathers in Attenuating Young Male Violence: Dad as a Social Palliative

ABSTRACT Although violent crime is typically viewed as a public safety problem, the sequelae of violent crime can also be viewed as a public health problem, with at least part of its roots aligned with the family. Murder, rape, and assault result in substantial societal costs as well as individual costs. It is suggested here that the prior presence of a residential and biological father inhibits violent behavior in their sons who have grown to adulthood. Data analyzed across the U.S. indicate that father absence, rather than poverty, was a strong predictor of young men's violent behavior. Predictions of violent crime rates based on the level of out-of-wedlock births from the prior generation were superior to predictions that were based on adult violent crime rates and levels of out-of-wedlock births from the same time frame. A consonant pattern was found in cross-national surveys. Accordingly, public health policies which are designed to prevent or to reduce the numbers of violent sons and the incidence o...
Stability of manoeuvre regulation using arbitrary transverse foliations

In previous work (Hauser and Hindman, 1995, and Hindman and Hauser, 1996), we have shown that a trajectory tracking control law could be converted to a manoeuvre regulation control law by using a manoeuvre projection derived from a valid Lyapunov function. The given sufficient condition provided a safe way to construct a manoeuvre regulation control law (providing essentially orbital stability). In this paper, we explore the converse of this problem. The specific question of study is: given a trajectory tracking control law and a manoeuvre projection, can we find a compatible Lyapunov function? We show that this question is equivalent to an (infinite dimensional) convex feasibility problem. Using this result, we develop and implement an algorithm for constructing such a Lyapunov function (if feasible). An example is given that illustrates the nature of the problem, providing key new insights.
Context Sensitive Modeling of Cancer Drug Sensitivity

Recent screening of drug sensitivity in large panels of cancer cell lines provides a valuable resource towards developing algorithms that predict drug response. Since more samples provide increased statistical power, most approaches to prediction of drug sensitivity pool multiple cancer types together without distinction. However, pan-cancer results can be misleading due to the confounding effects of tissues or cancer subtypes. On the other hand, independent analysis for each cancer-type is hampered by small sample size. To balance this trade-off, we present CHER (Contextual Heterogeneity Enabled Regression), an algorithm that builds predictive models for drug sensitivity by selecting predictive genomic features and deciding which ones should—and should not—be shared across different cancers, tissues and drugs. CHER provides significantly more accurate models of drug sensitivity than comparable elastic-net-based models. Moreover, CHER provides better insight into the underlying biological processes by finding a sparse set of shared and type-specific genomic features.
Can the Law Imply More Than It Says? -- On Some Pragmatic Aspects of Strategic Speech

A great deal of the law (even if not all) in any given jurisdiction consists of directives issued by various legal authorities, such as legislatures, judges, administrative agencies, and others. In a fairly clear sense, therefore, the content of the law is determined by what legal authorities communicate. Both lawyers and philosophers of language know very well, however, that the full content of communication in a natural language often goes beyond the meaning of the words and sentences uttered by the speaker. Semantics and syntax are essential vehicles for conveying communicative content, but the content conveyed on particular occasions of speech is often pragmatically enriched by various factors. My purpose in this essay is to explore some of the pragmatic aspects of legal speech. Some of these aspects are unique. The standard model in the pragmatics literature focuses on ordinary conversations, in which the parties are presumed to engage in a cooperative exchange of information. Unlike ordinary cases of conversation, however, the legal context offers an example of conversation that is strategic in nature. Part of my purpose here is to show that the pragmatics of strategic conversation has certain features that deviate from the standard model. The essay proceeds as follows: the first section aims to clarify the conceptual framework, focusing on two main instances of implied communicative content, namely, implicatures and utterance presuppositions. I will argue that in both of these cases, there is an important distinction between implied content that is semantically encoded in the utterance ‐ and therefore forms part of what the law communicatively determines -- and implied content that is essentially contextual and thus much more problematic in the legal case. In the second section I focus on the idea of pragmatic commitments and their normative foundations. My main concern here is to explore the normative framework of strategic speech and ways in which it differs from ordinary conversations. Finally, I will try to explain in what sense legal speech is strategic, and demonstrate how the pragmatic aspects of strategic speech actually work in the legal context.
On stratified autoepistemic theories

In this paper we investigate some properties of "autoepistemic logic" approach to the formalization of common sense reasoning suggested by R. Moore in [Moore, 1985]. In particular we present a class of autoepistemic theories (called stratified autoepistemic theories) and prove that theories from this class have unique stable autoepistemic expansions and hence a clear notion of "theoremhood". These results are used to establish the relationship of Autoepistemic Logic with other formalizations of non-monotonic reasoning, such as negation as failure rule and circumscription. It is also shown that "classical" SLDNF resolution of Prolog can be used as a deductive mechanism for a rather broad class of autoepistemic theories. Key words and phrases: common sense reasoning, autoepistemic logic, negation as failure rule, non-monotonic reasoning. (Science section).
Vires/Robur/Opes and Ferocia in Livy's Account of Romulus and Tullus Hostilius

In a recent article I observed that Livy sees a dialectic at work in Roman history over the course of the reigns of the first four kings. The first king, Romulus, is associated with physical (i.e. military) strength and is devoted to war. His successor Numa is devoted to peace and to the advance of religion, law and the civilizing virtues. The Romulean thesis, having been answered by the Numan antithesis, reasserts itself in the reign of the third king, Tullus Hostilius. This time, devotion to war is even more intense: Tullus is ferocior (1.22.2) than Romulus. Excessive devotion to war, however, entailed the neglect of other things: towards the end of his reign, during a plague to which he himself eventually fell victim, Tullus turned to religion, hoping that the gods would end the pestilence if he could balance his Romulean devotion to war with a Numan concern for sacra. But his efforts were too late and inept. It was not until the reign of the fourth king, Ancus Marcius, that a synthesis was achieved. Ancus had a medium ingenium that fused the Romulean and Numan tendencies. The adoption of the ius fetiale by the Livian Ancus symbolizes this synthesis: the ius fetiale was a martial (i.e. Romulean) ritual, but it also acknowledged the Numan claims of religion and right.
Individual differences as a crucible in theory construction.

My proposal is that we should formulate our nomothetic theories in a way that will allow an immediate individual-differences test. I am proposing this because, among other benefits, I believe this approach will make individual differences a crucible in theory construction. The argument I advance is applicable to theory construction in all areas of experimental psychology, but my illustrations come largely from the areas of learning and memory. I feel impelled initially to reconstruct as best I can the reasons that led me to compose an article dealing with theory construction. It has resulted from a professional uneasiness that has grown over the past few years. These pinpricks of uneasiness seemed to say that our profession needed to open a discussion of theory construction in psychology, a discussion led by psychologists, for psychologists. When the uneasy feelings were articulated in this manner, I was able to identify three developments that had been responsible for the pinpricks. And then a fourth development took place which led me to presume I might have something to say that could just possibly initiate the discussion. The first source of uneasiness was quite an unlikely one, namely, the undergraduate student. On occasion, a perceptive one will ask me, "How do you get a theory?" How does one answer this question? I found myself answering with a few pieces of trivia of the kind that any experienced teacher has ready for such mpments. My lack of
Cyclic voltammetry of some quinoxaline di-N-oxides and quinoxalines in dimethylformamide

Abstract The first cathodic reductions of two series of substituted quinoxaline di- N -oxides and quinoxalines in dimethylformamide were measured. The effect of substituent on these reductions is reported and reversibility is discussed.
STUDENTS’ PREDICTIVE QUESTIONS AND TEACHERS’ PREQUESTIONS ABOUT EXPOSITORY TEXT IN GRADES K‐5

Abstract This study was conducted to determine the cognitive levels of students’ predictive questions and teachers’ prequestions about expository text in kindergarten through fifth grade. Questions about a common expository selection were collected from 12 teachers and 60 students in a southwestern Wyoming community. The questions were then analyzed and categorized using Herber's Levels of Comprehension (1978) by a panel of three teachers. The findings indicate that students ask more interpretive predictive questions than literal or applied predictive questions. Their teachers ask more literal‐level prequestions than interpretive or applied prequestions about the same expository selection.
Establishing identity and pose of objects from a library using reciprocal basis set and direction of arrival techniques

In many object recognition problems, the object to be identified is one of a fixed set (library) of objects. The problem of identifying which object is present then shares characteristics of the signal detection and parameter estimation problem: which signal is present and what are its parameters? The Reciprocal Basis Set/Direction of Arrival (RBS/DOA) technique is a recently developed technique for object pose determination. It uses a single, comprehensive analytic object model representing a suite of views of an object. Object orientation can be directly established from single 2-D views of the object, without a costly search of the pose parameter space, and without need for the views to be related by a geometric image transformation. This paper describes how one can construct reciprocal basis sets to simultaneously determine object identity and pose from a single 2-D image. Results are presented which demonstrate this ability for a single unknown pose parameter using synthetic and camera-acquired images.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Probabilistic scaling analyses of sensory profile, instrumental and hedonic data

Sensory and hedonic variability are fundamental psychological characteristics that must be explicitly modeled if one is to develop meaningful statistical models of sensory phenomena. Sensory objects are perceived with differential uncertainty. Subjects also differ; some are very certain about what they desire and others are not. When variability is not modeled, the variability becomes confounded with dissimilarity or disutility and the estimates lose their meaning. Probabilistic scaling models are proposed that explicitly measure sensory and hedonic variability. The resulting estimates are shown to be free of the systematic bias that characterizes traditional deterministic models. Applications of the proposed models are presented and extensions of the models that can help bridge the gap between sensory science, marketing and product development are illustrated. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
AFM Tip Manipulation of Single Atomic Layer Growth and Dissolution of Inorganic Single Crystals

We show that single atomic layer growth can be induced, controlled, and characterized using atomic force microscopy (AFM). The controlling parameters include contact force, solution chemistry, and scanning direction relative to the crystal axes. We present new evidence for the role of AFM tip motion across terraces in inducing localized deposition in pre-existing pits on otherwise atomically smooth surfaces. Low contact force scanning also hinders major roughening mechanisms, including 3D nucleation and growth, by tribochemically dissolving these deposits. Consequently, atomically flat surfaces can be generated. Finally, we show a new method of “scribing” <40 nm wide lines a single atomic layer deep on inorganic substrates. The materials under study are model biominerals: calcite (CaCO3 ) and brushite (CaHPO4 2H2 O). Thus this work relates to the production of smooth surfaces on bone-like materials..Copyright © 2005 by ASME
The Pedagogy of Event Planning: Facilitating First-year College Students' Reflective Learning

First-year college students are at an important juncture in their psycho-social and cognitive development. The goal of the EXPLORE! retreat is to provide a space where students can begin to grapple with questions about the vocation of a student, understood not as a search for a career so much as the search for a meaningful, purpose-driven life commiserate with the Lutheran tradition of higher education. During a 28-hour retreat triads of faculty, staff, and student leaders facilitated first-year students through guided instruction. Immediate assessment at the conclusion of the retreat affirmed that students left with a deepened understanding of vocation and the concept of "big enough questions." Results are discussed in the context of student development and the pedagogy of event planning.
Severity of neuropsychological dysfunction rather than etiology determines the severity of interictal behavior disorder

Analysis of data from 210 epileptic subjects revealed: (1) no significant differences between patients with idiopathic (IE) and symptomatic (SE) etiology with regards to the severity of interictal behavior disorder (IBD); and (2) a high correlation between the severity of IBD and neuropsychological impairment ratings, suggesting that the severity of neuropsychological dysfunction, rather than etiology, play a role in IBD.
WEEKLY TRAVEL-ACTIVITY BEHAVIOR

This paper describes a methodology for the analysis of multiday travel-activity patterns in which each multiday travel-activity pattern is characterized as a set of daily travel-activity pattern types. This approach facilitates identification of general weekly travel-activity pattern types as well as examination of the relationships between weekly travel-activity behavior and the hypothesized determinants of that behavior. This methodology is an extension of one developed previously by the author for analysis of daily travel-activity patterns. The methodology is applied to a sample of 112 weekly travel-activity patterns of employed people.
Iterative generalized functional method of nonimaging optical design

In a previous paper we derived a generalized functional method of nonimaging optical design, applicable in the case of axisymmetric or translationally symmetric geometries utilizing extended sources and multiple reflective and/or refractive optical surfaces. Variations of this method were described for generation of either a prescribed intensity distribution as a function of angle or a prescribed irradiance distribution as a function of position along the shape profile of an aspheric target surface. A dual-surface functional (DSF) method was described for generation of two successive optical surfaces that transform a given source distribution into either two prescribed irradiance distributions on successive target surfaces or a prescribed irradiance distribution and a prescribed intensity distribution. The RMS difference between the intensity or irradiance distribution produced by a given generalized-functional design and the corresponding prescribed distribution approaches zero in the limit as the optical characteristics of the actual source approach those of the zero-etendue extended source model used in generating the design. In the current contribution, we present an iterative algorithm that can significantly improve the beam-shaping performance of generalized functional designs for sources having non-zero etendue. Three examples are provided, including an iterative DSF design that provides both high irradiance uniformity and etendue-matched flux-transfer efficiency greater than 97%.
A look at the segment reporting practices of some Fortune 500 companies

The authors examined the segment reporting practices of 120 Fortune 500 companies. Most of these comapnies applied FAS 131 reporting requirements early. The authors reveal what industry and geographic segments were reported, what segment information items were disclosed, and what transfer pricing methods were used to account for intersegment sales. This information can help other public companies select reportable operating segments and improve segment reporting practices. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Effects of selected polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants on lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) thymocyte viability, apoptosis, and necrosis

Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame-retardants have been identified as an emergent contaminants issue in many parts of the world. In vitro analyses were conducted to test the hypothesis that selected PBDEs congeners affect viability, apoptosis, and necrosis of thymocytes from laboratory-reared lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush). At current environmental levels (<1 mg/L), effects of the tested PBDEs on thymocytes were negligible. However, at 100 mg/L, major effects were seen for congener brominated diphenyl ether 47 (BDE-47) and minor effects were seen for congener BDE-99.
Channeling of a subangstrom electron beam in a crystal mapped to two-dimensional molecular orbitals

The propagation of high-energy electrons in crystals is in general a complicated multiple-scattering problem. However, along high-symmetry zone axes the problem can be mapped to the time evolution of a two-dimensional (2D) molecular system. Each projected atomic column can be approximated by the potential of a 2D screened hydrogenic atom. When two columns are in close proximity, their bound states overlap and form analogs to molecular orbitals. For subangstrom electron beams, excitation of antisymmetric orbitals can result in the failure of the simple incoherent imaging approximation. As a result, the standard resolution test and the one-to-one correspondence of atomic positions of a crystal imaged along a zone axis with closely spaced projected columns (``dumbbells'') can fail dramatically at finite and realistic sample thicknesses. This is demonstrated experimentally in high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscope (HAADF STEM) images of [211]-oriented Si showing an apparent intercolumn spacing of 1.28(\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.09) \AA{}, over 64$%$ larger than the actual 0.78 \AA{} spacing. Furthermore, the apparent spacing can be tuned with sample thickness and probe size to produce a larger, smaller, or even the actual spacing under conditions when the peaks of two adjacent Si columns should not even have been resolved given the electron probe size.
Alcohol and Very Low Density Lipoprotein Synthesis and Secretion by Isolated Hepatocytes

Labeled leucine can be used to measure accurately the rate of both total and secretory protein synthesis by isolated hepatocytes if at least 1 mM leucine is added to the incubation medium, even in the presence of 50 mM ethanol. Using this technique it was found that ethanol caused a significant inhibition of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) as well as total protein synthetic rates in hepatocytes from both fed and fasted rats. In contrast, a single acute oral dose of ethanol to fasted rats caused within 4 hr a threefold stimulation in the rate of VLDL synthesis without affecting the total protein synthetic rate in the hepatocyte system.
The Making of A Politician: Shakespeare's Prince Hal at Work and Play

Abstract This paper explores Prince Hal's relationships with his great friend Falstaff and his great enemy Hotspur, who dominate the young prince's life as he prepares to rule England and conquer France. Hotspur and Falstaff could not be more different, and seem deliberately drawn by Shakespeare to represent distinctive and opposing points of view: Hotspur is an honor-loving and courageous warrior who covets danger and fame, Falstaff a selfish and dishonorable rationalist who has no regard for danger or fame. I will argue that the lessons Hal learns from Hotspur and Falstaff, especially concerning honor, are the key to his stunning political success. While Hal seems to stand somewhere between these two extremes, and so might be characterized as moderately attached to honor, I will question this conclusion and suggest another.
Clues from Fluid Inclusions

The reconstruction of past conditions on Earth involves a multitude of disciplines and techniques. In his Perspective, Goldstein highlights the potential of fluid inclusions in small halite or calcite crystals, formed, for example, when marine waters evaporate. Such inclusions can provide information, for example, about seawater composition, paleoclimatic conditions, and paleobiology. For example, Lowenstein et al. have used inclusions in halite crystals to show that the chemical composition of ancient seawater was different from that of modern seawater and that plate tectonics probably controlled much of this variation.
Influence Of Extension Agents’ And Farmers’ Communications Factors On The Effectiveness Poultry Technology Messages

This study was conducted in Delta State to determine the influence of extension agents’ and farmers’ communication factors on effectiveness of production technology messages. One hundred and eighty (180) poultry farmers and forty six (46) extension agents were selected for this study. The poultry production technology messages communicated to farmers included climate change adaptation methods, waste management, health management, predator control and improved breeds. The extension agents and poultry farmers were rated as being generally good in human relations, communication skills and role performances. The test of hypothesis showed positive significant influence of the communication skills of extension agents and poultry farmers on level of adoption of the poultry technologies hence poultry production technology messages. It was recommended among others that extension agents should provide follow up appointment for farmers, more extension agents should be trained and employed, farmers should be encouraged to allow their spouses share information with other farmers and the communication skills of the extension agents and fairness should be sustained. Tropical Agricultural Research and Extension 15(1): 2012: page 14-23 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/tare.v15i1.5238