cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Textbooks and tensions that shaped physical organic chemistry in its formative years

By the 1930s, physical organic chemistry had become sufficiently established in American and British universities to produce a market for textbooks in the field. Between 1937 and 1949, five textbooks appeared from UK and US authors; these set the framework for their successors for some years after. A close examination of these five reveals dissension about some major issues that often arise when a new subdiscipline is seeking a place in the sun: the nature of the audience; the basic theoretical framework; the standard nomenclature and formats for representation; and the identity of the ‘founding fathers.’ Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Language and Modern Human Origins

The evolution of anatomically modern humans is fre- quently linked to the development of complex, symbolically based language. Language, functioning as a system of cognition and communication, is sug- gested to be the key behavior in later human evolution that isolated modern humans from their ancestors. Alternatively, other researchers view com- plex language as a much earlier hominid capacity, unrelated to the origin of anatomically modern Homo sapiens. The validity of either perspective is contingent upon how language is defined and how it can be identified in the paleoanthropological record. In this analysis, language is defined as a sys- tem with external aspects relating to speech production and internal as- pects involving cognition and symbolism. The hypothesis that complex lan- guage was instrumental in modern human origins is then tested using data from the paleontological and archaeological records on brain volume and structure, vocal tract form, faunal assemblage composition, intra-site diver- sification, burial treatment, ornamentation and art. No data are found to support linking the origin of modern humans with the origin of complex language. Specifically, there are no data suggesting any major qualitative changes in language abilities corresponding with the 200,000-100,000 BP dates for modern Homo sapiens origins proposed by single origin models or the 40,000-30,000 BP period proposed as the time for the appearance of modern Homo sapiens in Western Europe. Instead, there appears to be archaeological and paleontological evidence for complex language capabil- ities beginning much earlier, with the evolution of the genus Homo. 0 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Advances in software engineering

Software is the key technology in applications as diverse as accounting, hospital management, aviation, and nuclear power. Application advances in different domains such as these-each with different requirements-have propelled software development from small batch programs to large, real-time programs with multimedia capabilities. To cope, software's enabling technologies have undergone tremendous improvement in hardware, communications, operating systems, compilers, databases, programming languages, and user interfaces, among others. In turn, those improvements have fueled even more advanced applications. Improvements in VLSI technology and multimedia, for example, have resulted in faster, more compact computers that significantly widened the range of software applications. Database and user interface enhancements, on the other hand, have spawned more interactive and collaborative development environments. Such changes have a ripple effect on software development processes as well as on software techniques and tools. In this article, we highlight software development's crucial methods and techniques of the past 30 years.
Disability Rhetoric, by Jay Dolmage

In Disability Rhetoric, Jay Dolmage draws together disability studies and rhetorical history and theory to make a compelling case for both the “central role of the body in rhetoric” (3) and disabil...
The Use of the Blackboard Architecture for a Decision Making System for the Control of Craft with Various Actuator and Movement Capabilities

This paper provides an overview of an approach to the control of multiple craft with heterogeneous movement and actuation characteristics that is based on the Blackboard software architecture. An overview of the Blackboard architecture is provided. Then, the operational and mission requirements that dictate the need for autonomous control are characterized and the utility of the Blackboard architecture is for meeting these requirements is discussed. The performance of a best-path solver and naive solver are compared. The results demonstrate that the best-path solver outperforms the naive solver in the amount of time taken to generate a solution, however, the number of solver-runs to be executed against the Blackboard must be sufficient to allow the lower individual-run times to offset the time required to propagate the data utilized by the best-path solver for solution generation through the database. The existence of other justifications for this approach (even if the number of runs for each data propagation cycle is not sufficient) is also discussed.
Sex Differences in Cancellous and Cortical Bone Strength, Bone Mineral Content and Bone Density

The purpose of this study was to examine sex differences in cancellous and cortical bone strength, bone mineral content (BMC) and bone density of excised cadaver vertebral and phalangeal bones. The samples were age-matched. Bone strength was measured as the mechanical force required to crush or break the bones. Two parameters of bone strength were used on the vertebrae; the force at the first deviation from linearity and the mean force during the consolidation before final failure. The force at first deviation from linearity was not significantly different between the sexes, but there was a significant difference in the consolidation force. The mean men's phalangeal strength was twice that of the women's. BMC and BMC/BW of both types of bone were statistically different between the sexes. Radiographic photodensity measures on the vertebrae showed no sex differences. Cortical diameters of the finger bones were significantly greater in males.
Remacemide hydrochloride and ARL 15896AR lack abuse potential: additional differences from other uncompetitive NMDA antagonists.

Summary: This study was designed to determine the possible abuse liability and phencyclidine-like effects of the low-affinity uncompetitive N-methyla-aspartate (NMDA) antagonists remacemide hydrochloride [(+min)-2–amino-N-(1 -methyl-1,2–diphenylethyl)-acetamine hydrochloride] and ARL 15896AR [(+)-a-phenyl-2–pyridine-ethanamine dihydrochloride]. For the abuse-liability studies, in rats trained to self-administer cocaine intravenously (0.1 mg/kg/injection), doses of remacemide HCI, ARL 15896AR, phencyclidine, and saline were made available, and the number of injections self-administered was recorded. In different sets of rats, we assessed the ability of these drugs to induce phencyclidine-like stereotyped behavior. Doses of the compounds were expressed as multiples of the 50% effective dose (ED,), as determined from the maximal electroshock (MES) test by using either oral or intravenous administration. None of the remacemide hydrochloride or ARL 15896AR doses was self-administered at a level higher than that of the saline vehicle, unlike cocaine and phencyclidine, which were self-administered at high and moderate levels, respectively. Unlike that with remacemide hydrochloride and ARL 15896AR, oral administration of the high-affinity uncompetitive NMDA receptor-antagonists phencyclidine, ARL 16247 [N-(3–ethylphenyl)-N-methyl-N'-naph-thylguanidine] and MK-801 engendered phencyclidine-like stereotypy at doses near their MES ED50, values. These data confirm the unusual safety of remacemide hydrochloride and ARL 15896AR and demonstrate that they do not possess reinforcing properties. As such, they are unlikely to present a drug-abuse problem in human beings.
Aggregate risk sharing and equivalent financial mechanisms in an endowment economy of incomplete participation

A pure endowment overlapping generations economy can be inefficient because of insufficient risk sharing. The introduction of an outside asset by a government or the existence of a clearing house can remedy the inefficiency by allowing some intergenerational risk sharing. While the typical outside asset is fiat money, many alternative financial mechanisms, such as social security, risk-free government bonds, “mispriced” deposit insurance, and income insurance can serve the same function as fiat money. Hence there are many equivalent financial mechanisms that provide intergenerational insurance. In the presence of uncertainty, there are several concepts of Pareto optimality that can be appropriately applied in an overlapping generations setting. I examine the risk-sharing arrangements associated with two different concepts of optimality, including how these arrangements are financed. The results are related to, and in some instances an extension of, the equivalence results obtained by Chamley and Polemarcharkis (1984), Weiss (1977), and Wallace (1981).
Water transport through reconstituted collagen hollow‐fiber membranes

The hydraulic permeability κ of reconstituted collagen hollow-fiber membranes has been determined from measurements of the volumetric flow rate of aqueous solutions through the membrane for various pressure differences across the membrane. Increasing the ultraviolet crosslinking time during manufacture of the membrane markedly decreases κ, whereas decreasing the pH of the aqueous solution increases κ. Applying a tensile strain of only 10% along the fiber axis decreases κ approximately fivefold. These results are in good agreement with those expected from a recent model of the membrane structure in which collagen fibrils, oriented preferentially along the hollow-fiber axis, bend between crosslinks to accept water in a pore structure. If the average fibril volume fraction and diameters are known, estimates can be made of κ. These estimates, based on direct small-angle x-ray scattering measurements of fibril diameters, are in good agreement with the measured κ values.
THE STRUCTURE AND ROLE OF RIVER AUTHORITIES IN TEXAS

: Texas river authorities are a type of large, regional water district that must be financially self-sufficient. An institutional and historical study of Texas river authorities reveals the broad power of these organizations and their influence in water management. River authorities now control 25 percent of surface water deliveries in Texas. Over two-thirds of authority water was developed by river authorities; nearly one-third was purchased from private or public ventures. While river authority activities have been effective where these services are marketable, the provision of public good services is limited. Increased visibility of these organizations is paralleled by challenges to their traditional autonomy.
Molecular and Structural Basis of Cytokine Receptor Pleiotropy in the Interleukin-4/13 System

Interleukin-4 and Interleukin-13 are cytokines critical to the development of T cell-mediated humoral immune responses, which are associated with allergy and asthma, and exert their actions through three different combinations of shared receptors. Here we present the crystal structures of the complete set of type I (IL-4R alpha/gamma(c)/IL-4) and type II (IL-4R alpha/IL-13R alpha1/IL-4, IL-4R alpha/IL-13R alpha1/IL-13) ternary signaling complexes. The type I complex reveals a structural basis for gamma(c)'s ability to recognize six different gamma(c)-cytokines. The two type II complexes utilize an unusual top-mounted Ig-like domain on IL-13R alpha1 for a novel mode of cytokine engagement that contributes to a reversal in the IL-4 versus IL-13 ternary complex assembly sequences, which are mediated through substantially different recognition chemistries. We also show that the type II receptor heterodimer signals with different potencies in response to IL-4 versus IL-13 and suggest that the extracellular cytokine-receptor interactions are modulating intracellular membrane-proximal signaling events.
Inositol signaling and plant growth

Living organisms have evolved to contain a wide variety of receptors and signaling pathways that are essential for their survival in a changing environment. Of these, the phosphoinositide pathway is one of the best conserved. The ability of the phosphoinositides to permeate both hydrophobic and hydrophilic environments, and their diverse functions within cells have contributed to their persistence in nature. In eukaryotes, phosphoinositides are essential metabolites as well as labile messengers that regulate cellular physiology while traveling within and between cells. The stereospecificity of the six hydroxyls on the inositol ring provides the basis for the functional diversity of the phosphorylated isomers that, in turn, generate a selective means of intracellular and intercellular communication for coordinating cell growth. Although such complexity presents a difficult challenge for bench scientists, it is ideal for the regulation of cellular functions in living organisms.
Plasma estrogens in the periparturient cow

Abstract Six pregnant multiparous beef cows were fitted with indwelling jugular cannulae. On day 277 of pregnancy, blood samples were collected at 4-hr intervals through 46 hr postpartum. Plasma estrogens increased linearly (P
Mining phenotypes and informative genes from gene expression data

Mining microarray gene expression data is an important research topic in bioinformatics with broad applications. While most of the previous studies focus on clustering either genes or samples, it is interesting to ask whether we can partition the complete set of samples into exclusive groups (called phenotypes) and find a set of informative genes that can manifest the phenotype structure. In this paper, we propose a new problem of simultaneously mining phenotypes and informative genes from gene expression data. Some statistics-based metrics are proposed to measure the quality of the mining results. Two interesting algorithms are developed: the heuristic search and the mutual reinforcing adjustment method. We present an extensive performance study on both real-world data sets and synthetic data sets. The mining results from the two proposed methods are clearly better than those from the previous methods. They are ready for the real-world applications. Between the two methods, the mutual reinforcing adjustment method is in general more scalable, more effective and with better quality of the mining results.
Central muscarinic effects of physostigmine on mood, cardiovascular function, pituitary and adrenal neuroendocrine release

The mechanism by which physostigmine exerts its behavioral, neuroendocrine and cardiovascular effects was explored in two separate experiments. In the first, the centrally-acting cholinesterase inhibitor physostigmine was compared with the non-centrally-acting agent neostigmine. In contrast to physostigmine, neostigmine caused no effects. In the second experiment, pretreatment with scopolamine, in contrast to methscopolamine, attenuated physostigmine's effects. The results suggest that physostigmine exerts its effects via a central muscarinic mechanism.
Long-Term Consequences of Methamphetamine Exposure in Young Adults Are Exacerbated in Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Heterozygous Mice

Methamphetamine abuse in young adults has long-term deleterious effects on brain function that are associated with damage to monoaminergic neurons. Administration of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) protects dopamine neurons from the toxic effects of methamphetamine in animal models. Therefore, we hypothesized that a partial GDNF gene deletion would increase the susceptibility of mice to methamphetamine neurotoxicity during young adulthood and possibly increase age-related deterioration of behavior and dopamine function. Two weeks after a methamphetamine binge (4 x 10 mg/kg, i.p., at 2 h intervals), GDNF(+/-) mice had a significantly greater reduction of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in the medial striatum, a proportionally greater depletion of dopamine and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) levels in the striatum, and a greater increase in activated microglia in the substantia nigra than wild-type mice. At 12 months of age, methamphetamine-treated GDNF(+/-) mice exhibited less motor activity and lower levels of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactivity, dopamine, DOPAC, and serotonin than wild-type mice. Greater striatal dopamine transporter activity in GDNF(+/-) mice may underlie their differential response to methamphetamine. These data suggest the possibility that methamphetamine use in young adults, when combined with lower levels of GDNF throughout life, may precipitate the appearance of parkinsonian-like behaviors during aging.
Comparative performance measurement in decentralised systems: the case of the Florida Benchmarking Consortium

Performance measurement has become an established means by which local governments worldwide strive to improve public services. In the United States of America (USA), performance measurement is frequently combined with benchmarking. Benchmarking presupposes comparability of services and performance metrics. When each local government is free to create its own performance measurement system and select its own performance metrics, the result can be a 'Tower of Babel' that precludes valid benchmarking. This article presents a case study of the Florida Benchmarking Consortium (FBC), a group of some 48 local governments that have come together in an attempt to develop common service definitions and metrics in order to facilitate benchmarking.
Pediatric anesthesia - Potential risks and their assessment: Part II

Obesity Childhood obesity is increasing rapidly and affects up to one third of the pediatric population (1,2). In order to assess the degree of obesity, body mass index (BMI) is assessed using age and sex-related reference curves as BMI changes substantially with age. Obese children have nearly a twofold increase in perioperative adverse events compared with normal-weight children (2). BHR, asthma, and respiratory tract infections are more common in obese than normal children (3–5) Additionally, functional residual capacity and forced vital capacity are reduced in obese children and the prevalence of OSAS is higher (2,6). Hypertension, noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, gastroesophageal reflux and potentially delayed gastric emptying times are also more frequent (2). Appropriate dosing regimes for obese children rarely exist and most drugs should be given according to lean body weight, which might be difficult to determine. In the perioperative period, an increased risk of respiratory depression and higher prevalence of OSAS should be taken into account and great care taken to avoid hypoxemia in this high-risk population.
African-American women have equivalent outcomes following autologous free flap breast reconstruction despite greater preoperative risk factors

Abstract Background Disparities along racial and ethnic lines exist in breast cancer treatment and reconstruction. This study compares preoperative characteristics among female breast cancer patients who received autologous breast reconstruction to determine if race affects clinical outcomes. Methods Women receiving autologous breast reconstruction at a single institution from 2005 to 2011 were identified within a prospectively maintained database. Preoperative risk factors and rates of postoperative morbidity and mortality were assessed with respect to race. Results African-American patients had significantly higher rates of preoperative comorbidities than Caucasian patients. Despite the heightened preoperative risk factors, postoperative complications did not significantly differ between racial categories. Conclusion As the alleviation of healthcare disparities remains a focus of healthcare reform, these findings are beneficial in further educating African-American breast cancer patients and their providers of the safe and viable option of autologous tissue transfer for breast reconstruction.
Poly(ß-amino ester)s for DNA delivery

Nucleotide-based therapeutics have the potential to treat many inherited and acquired diseases. However, for this form of therapy to become clinically successful, safe and efficient delivery vehicles need to be developed. In this article, we review the synthesis, properties, and use of poly(s-amino ester)s as vectors for gene delivery. High-throughput synthesis and screening studies have identified poly(s-amino ester)s that can complex DNA and mediate transfection with efficiencies that are superior to the best commercially available polymer- and lipid-based transfection reagents. Structure-function studies show that high-molecular-weight (>10 kDa) amine-terminated polymers with primary alcohol side chains are the most efficient vectors to date. In vivo, the most effective polymer, C32, delivers plasmid DNA at high levels following intra-tumor injection, with excellent biocompatibility. Interestingly, C32 inhibits transfection to surrounding muscle tissue, making it a good candidate for local gene therapy. In addition to simple polymer/DNA complexes insoluble microparticles can be formed using poly(s-amino ester)s to physically encapsulate DNA and with sizes appropriate for phagocytosis by antigen-presenting cells. Uptake of these particles by macrophages results in protein expression levels up to 5 orders of magnitude higher than traditional poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) microparticles containing DNA and can be potent stimulators of antigen presenting cells. Furthermore, in vivo delivery of poly(s-amino ester) microparticle genetic vaccines leads to an antigen-specific, immune-mediated rejection of a lethal tumor dosage. Taken together, these results show that poly(s-amino ester)s have broad potential as delivery systems for drug and gene therapies.
Investigation of sulfur poisoning of CNx oxygen reduction catalysts for PEM fuel cells

Abstract The role of the transition metal used during the growth of non-noble metal electrochemical oxygen reduction CN x catalysts was investigated through sulfur treatment, a well-known poison for transition metal-based catalysts. The intent of sulfur poisoning was to show the existence of an electrocatalytic active site in CN x that did not depend on iron. The sulfur treatment was shown to be effective on a platinum catalyst, as seen by the decreasing onset potential. The same treatment, however, not only showed no negative effect on the CN x catalyst, but enhanced its performance, as seen by the increase in the onset potential. This suggests that, if there are iron-based active sites in these catalysts, they are either sulfur tolerant or they do not participate in the electrocatalytic oxygen reduction. The deposition of sulfur onto CN x catalyst was verified by temperature-programmed oxidation and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Iron K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structural analysis of the CN x catalyst suggested that the iron phase, which was primarily composed of nanometer-sized metallic particles, was unchanged by sulfur poisoning, suggesting that the residual iron left in these materials is not catalytically accessible.
Asymmetries in the angular distributions in the t\bar t system

We review the status of the forward–backward asymmetry measurements in the pair production of top and antitop in proton–antiproton collisions. We also comment on the charge asymmetry in the production of the $t\bar t$ system in the proton–proton collisions.
Surgical treatment of Hirschsprung's disease: Comparison of modifications of the duhamel and soave operations

Abstract Two operations used in the definitive surgical control of congenital aganglionosis coli were compared. Sixteen patients with biopsy-proven Hirschsprung's disease were treated by a modification of the Duhamel operation, and 13 patients were treated consecutively by a modification of the Soave endorectal procedure. The patients in the two treatment groups were found to be reasonably comparable. The anesthesia time and average length of postoperative stay in hospital were similar for the two operations. There was greater operative blood loss with the modified Soave operation in patients over 2 yr of age. Two patients in each group had anastomotic problems postoperatively, one patient requiring surgical revision of the anastomosis 1 yr following the modified Duhamel procedure. All of the late postoperative complications occurred after the modified Duhamel operation, the most common of which was recurrent enterocolitis. Since we altered this operation to include primary internal anal sphincterectomy, postoperative enterocolitis has not been a problem. Twenty-eight of the 29 patients in the two treatment groups were available for current evaluation. On the basis of ten criteria, 80% of patients were judged to have an excellent or good result following the modified Duhamel operation, compared with 92% following the modified Soave operation. In our experience, both of these operations are rather simple to perform technically and can be undertaken with little morbidity and no mortality, with a high expectation of control of the symptoms of Hirschsprung's disease.
Control Channel Design for Many-Antenna MU-MIMO

Many-antenna MU-MIMO faces a critical, previously unaddressed challenge: it lacks a practical control channel. At the heart of this challenge is that the potential range of MU-MIMO beamforming systems scales with up to the square of the number of base-station antennas once they have channel state information (CSI), whereas the range of traditional control channel operations remains constant since they take place before or during CSI acquisition. This range gap between no-CSI and CSI modes presents a critical challenge to the efficiency and feasibility of many-antenna base stations, as their operational range is limited to the no-CSI mode. We present a novel control channel design for many-antenna MU-MIMO, Faros, that allows the number of base-station antennas to scale up to 100s in practice. Faros leverages a combination of open-loop beamforming and coding gains to bridge the range gap between the CSI and no-CSI modes. Not only does Faros provide an elegant and efficient control channel for many-antenna MU-MIMO, but on a more fundamental level it exposes flexible, fine-grained, control over space, time, and code resources, which enables previously impossible optimizations. We implement our design on the Argos many-antenna base station and evaluate its performance in bridging the range gap, synchronization, and paging. With 108 antennas, Faros can provide over 40 dB of gain, which enables it to function reliably at over 250 meters outdoors with less than 100 μW of transmit power per antenna, 10 mW total, at 2.4 GHz.
Midsagittal pontomedullary brain stem section: effects on ocular adduction and nystagmus.

Abstract Oculomotor function was studied after midsagittal section of the brain stem in rhesus monkeys. After lesions that involved both the medulla and pons, there was permanent paralysis of adduction during conjugate eye movements and divergent strabismus. Analysis of the lesions indicated that activity responsible for ocular adduction had crossed the brain stem in a localized region at the level of the abducens nuclei. The adductive paralysis was probably due to interruption of axons of abducens internuclear neurons that ascend in the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF). In view of the functional relationship of this region to ocular adduction and its close anatomic relationship to the MLF, we propose that it be called the MLF decussation. Because the eyes beat synchronously after deep interruption of vestibular commissural fibers, the latter are not essential for the production of quick phases of nystagmus. After medullary lesions, animals had spontaneous downward nystagmus and perverted caloric nystagmus. Optokinetic after-nystagmus was lost. The perverted nystagmus appears due to unmasking of anterior canal responses, secondary to a loss of inhibitory activity that normally crosses the brain stem in the vestibular commissural system.
Trapping Distinct Structural States of a Protein/DNA Interaction through Disulfide Crosslinking

The N-terminal domain of the Escherichia coli Ada protein (N-Ada) repairs methyl phosphotriesters in DNA through a zinc-mediated transfer to Cys38 of the protein. Methylation of Cys38 enhances the sequence-specific DNA affinity of N-Ada by approximately 1000-fold, thereby enabling the protein to activate the genes of a methylation-resistance regulon. It is of interest to understand the structural basis for metalloactivated methyl transfer and methylation-dependent enhancement of DNA binding activity. Although recent progress has been made on the structural front, efforts to develop a complete picture of N-Ada structure/function have been hampered by the inability to prepare homogeneous protein/DNA complexes representing different states of the unmethylated protein. Here, we describe the development of an approach to trap both sequence-specific and nonsequence-specific DNA recognition complexes of N-Ada through formation of an intermolecular disulfide crosslink between the protein and DNA.
Absolute Specular Reflectance Measurements In The Infrared

The absolute reflectance of specular surfaces can be measured with a "V-W" optical system invented by Strong. The most difficult systematic error to eliminate in a V-W measurement is drift of the beam spot on the detector surface with small angular shifts of the beam between the sample-in (W) and sample-out(V) positions. In the infrared, this problem is exacerbated by the nonuniformity and small size of available detectors. Previous researchers have minimized this error with integrating spheres (in the visible) and/or auxiliary optics which desensitize the system to sample tilt errors. In order to verify this sensitivity to beam drift, a set of angular response measurements were performed on a commercial, variable angle V-W accessory and then modelled with a CODE V raytrace. The absolute accuracy of the instrument was estimated by measuring the specular reflectance of silver from 2-20 microns and comparing it to a Hagens-Rubens model. Finally, a nonimaging concentrator and a gold integrating sphere are considered as ways to increase the effective area of the detector and thus further desensitize the optics to misalignment errors.
DEGRADATION OF PROTEOGLYCANS IN THE SKELETAL MUSCLE OF PACIFIC ROCKFISH (SEBASTES SP.) DURING ICE STORAGE

Soluble collagen, proteoglycans and two lysosomal enzymes known to degrade proteoglycans were studied during ice storage of skeletal muscle from Pacific rockfish. The solubility of muscle collagen progressively increased during storage in ice for 7 days. Proteoglycans isolated from prerigor muscle by extraction with guanidine HCl and density gradient ultracentrifugation contained only 43 μg hexuronic acid/100 g of wet tissue. The sulfated glycosaminoglycans portion of proteoglycans were isolated by trypsin digestion of an extract from muscle acetone powder and contained 58 μg hexuronic acid/20 g of acetone-dried muscle tissue. Sulfated glycosaminoglycans had several components which separated by sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Electrophoresis of sulfated glycosaminoglycans from stored rockfish revealed disappearance/decrease of specific zones after 5 days at 0C. The degradation of proteoglycans occurs in postmortem fish muscle and this may contribute to the destabilization of the extracellular matrix and texture softening during postharvest storage of fish.
Intimate Partner Violence Among Hispanic Females

Intimate partner violence poses a major public health and social problem with serious criminal justice, health and social-related consequences. However, little is known about the etiology of intimate partner violence among young people, especially minority youth. Using the Hispanic Stress Inventory, we examine intimate partner violence among Hispanics, particularly Mexican American adolescent females. Understanding and identifying issues related to intimate partner violence is crucial for developing and implementing effective policies and programs encompassing both public health and criminal justice approaches specific to this rapidly growing population of young people.
Costs and Benefits of Dollarization: Evidence from North, Central, and South America

This paper examines the macroeconomic costs and benefits of dollarization. Economic theory suggests that the main benefit is enhanced price stability, while the main cost is higher business-cycle volatility if the dollarizing country’s output is not sufficiently correlated with that of the U.S. Data from 1950-1997 are used to estimate various cost and benefit measures for nineteen North, Central, and South American countries. The paper finds that these cost and benefit factors exhibit substantial variability across the countries considered. Furthermore, they are strongly positively correlated: countries (such as Peru) that have a lot to gain from dollarization, also have a lot to lose from it; while countries (such as Canada) that have little to lose by dollarizing, have also little to gain by it. The empirical results can be also used to compare net benefits for individual countries, showing, for example, that Chile is a better dollarization candidate than Mexico.
Basic attributes of trade and environment: What do the numbers tell us?

Abstract This paper analyzes 79 categorical case studies in trade and the environment to determine basic attributes of the field. It intends to describe these attributes, organized into four intellectual clusters, in order to set some basic standards for measuring trends and making initial quantitative generalizations about policy in the trade and environment field. This general review and categorization is a necessary step in the development of any field of study and absolutely critical to building a basis for cumulative research and advancement of knowledge. The findings suggest that the data mirror general beliefs about trade and environment with respect to the types of problems, actors involved, remedies, industries and other key attributes. Notably, the findings highlight the difference between process and product in environmental cases and the relation between rich and poor countries in trade and environment issues.
Studies on the proteolytic enzyme system of the pancreas.

Abstract Evidence is presented that the protaminase activity occurring in pig pancreas is not associated with any of the proteolytic enzymes of this gland. Protaminase hydrolyzed all the protamines investigated and had no activity or only a very slight activity toward the more complex proteins. The action of protaminase is confined to the liberation of free arginine from the C-terminal end of protamines. Protaminase preparations undergo activation upon addition of traces of trypsin. The observed increase in activity was shown to be due to a “heat-resistant” enzyme which, in its inactive form, accompanies protaminase. The “heat-resistant” enzyme, similarly to protaminase, is relatively specific for protamines but is not accompanied by the liberation of free arginine.
Cellular Localization and Regulation of Expression of Testicular Estrogen Sulfotransferase

Estrogen sulfotransferase (EST) is a cytosolic enzyme that catalyzes the specific sulfonation of estrogens at the 3-hydroxyl position using 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate as an activated sulfate donor. Sulfated estrogens no longer bind to the estrogen receptor and are, therefore, hormonally inactive. Although liver has been considered a primary site for steroid sulfotransferase activities, we previously have cloned the mouse EST complementary DNA and found the enzyme to be expressed abundantly in the testis of normal mice. In this study we show by reverse transcription-PCR that EST is also expressed in the testes of rat and man, suggesting that testicular expression of EST may be a common phenomenon among different species. Using a purified polyclonal antibody raised against the bacterially expressed mouse EST protein, we demonstrate by immunohistochemistry that EST is localized selectively to the androgen-producing Leydig cells within the mouse testis. Additionally, we show that Leydig cell expression of EST is under the control of the pituitary hormone LH and is regulated differentially during development. In contrast to the high level of expression in mature intact animals, EST is not present in Leydig cells of hypophysectomized mice or in Leydig cells of fetal and prepubertal (day 5 or 17) mouse testes. Administration of hCG to hypophysectomized mice restored the testicular expression of EST. Together, these results suggest that testicular expression of EST may play an important role in male reproduction, conceivably by modulating the activity of locally synthesized estrogen in the testis of a sexually mature animal.
Risk-informed inservice inspection program

Abstract The Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) has developed draft guidance for power reactor licenses on acceptable methods for using probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) information and insights in support of plant-specific applications to change the current licensing basis (CLB) for inservice inspection (ISI) of piping. This process is also known as risk-informed inservice inspection programs (RI-ISI). The risk-informed inservice inspection process for operating nuclear power plants provides an alternative method for selecting and categorizing piping components that are inspected for the purposes of meeting the requirements of ASME Section XI. A RI-ISI approach will incorporate probabilistic techniques to help define the scope, type and frequency of inservice inspection. The risk-informed process may support a decrease in the number of inspection and inspection intervals but will also identify areas where increased resources should be allocated to enhance safety. The approach discussed in this paper follows the method developed by NRC staff.
Transposon Mutagenesis in a Marine Synechococcus Strain: Isolation of Swimming Motility Mutants

Certain marine unicellular cyanobacteria of the genus Synechococcus exhibit a unique type of swimming motility characterized by the absence of flagella or any other obvious organelles of motility. While the abundant cell surface-associated 130-kDa glycoprotein SwmA is known to be required for the generation of thrust, identification of other components of the motility apparatus has, until recently, been unsuccessful. Here we report on the development of a transposon mutagenesis system for use with marine Synechococcus sp. strain WH8102, a model organism for which the genome has been sequenced. Utilizing this mutagenesis technique, we have isolated 17 independent mutants impaired in swimming motility. These 17 transposon insertions are located in nine open reading frames, which cluster in three separate regions of the genome. Included within these clusters are several multicomponent transport systems as well as a number of glycosyltransferases.
Photoluminescence spectroscopy measurement of elastic strain in heteroepitaxial GaAs films

GaAs films have been grown on silicon and various insulating substrates. These include silicon-on-sapphire, silicon with a buried implanted oxide, and single crystal sapphire. Quantitative comparison of the respective measured shifts in the dominant photoluminescence peaks (7 K) indicates that the GaAs layers deposited on silicon-on-sapphire substrates that have been microstructurally upgraded by the double solid-phase epitaxy process are strain-free.
DBToaster: a SQL compiler for high-performance delta processing in main-memory databases

We present DBToaster, a novel query compilation framework for producing high performance compiled query executors that incrementally and continuously answer standing aggregate queries using in-memory views. DBToaster targets applications that require efficient main-memory processing of standing queries (views) fed by high-volume data streams, recursively compiling view maintenance (VM) queries into simple C++ functions for evaluating database updates (deltas). While today's VM algorithms consider the impact of single deltas on view queries to produce maintenance queries, we recursively consider deltas of maintenance queries and compile to thoroughly transform queries into code. Recursive compilation successively elides certain scans and joins, and eliminates significant query plan interpreter overheads.In this demonstration, we walk through our compilation algorithm, and show the significant performance advantages of our compiled executors over other query processors. We are able to demonstrate 1--3 orders of magnitude improvements in processing times for a financial application and a data warehouse loading application, both implemented across a wide range of database systems, including PostgreSQL, HSQLDB, a commercial DBMS 'A', the Stanford STREAM engine, and a commercial stream processor 'B'.
Accuracy of gap analysis habitat models in predicting physical features for wildlife-habitat associations in the southwest U.S.

Despite widespread and long-standing efforts to model wildlife-habitat associations using remotely sensed and other spatially explicit data, there are relatively few evaluations of the performance of variables included in predictive models relative to actual features on the landscape. As part of the National Gap Analysis Program, we specifically examined physical site features at randomly selected sample locations in the Southwestern U.S. to assess degree of concordance with predicted features used in modeling vertebrate habitat distribution. Our analysis considered hypotheses about relative accuracy with respect to 30 vertebrate species selected to represent the spectrum of habitat generalist to specialist and categorization of site by relative degree of conservation emphasis accorded to the site. Overall comparison of 19 variables observed at 382 sample sites indicated ≥60% concordance for 12 variables. Directly measured or observed variables (slope, soil composition, rock outcrop) generally displayed high concordance, while variables that required judgments regarding descriptive categories (aspect, ecological system, landform) were less concordant. There were no differences detected in concordance among taxa groups, degree of specialization or generalization of selected taxa, or land conservation categorization of sample sites with respect to all sites. We found no support for the hypothesis that accuracy of habitat models is inversely related to degree of taxa specialization when model features for a habitat specialist could be more difficult to represent spatially. Likewise, we did not find support for the hypothesis that physical features will be predicted with higher accuracy on lands with greater dedication to biodiversity conservation than on other lands because of relative differences regarding available information. Accuracy generally was similar (>60%) to that observed for land cover mapping at the ecological system level. These patterns demonstrate resilience of gap analysis deductive model processes to the type of remotely sensed or interpreted data used in habitat feature predictions.
AS/400 software quality management

This paper describes the software quality management system for the Application System/400® (AS/400®) computer system. Key elements of the quality management system such as customer satisfaction, product quality, continuous process improvement, and people are discussed. Based on empirical data, recent progress in several quality parameters of the AS/400 software system are examined. The quality action road map that describes the various quality actions that were deployed is presented, as are the other elements that enabled the implementation of the quality management system.
Power and temperature control on a 90-nm Itanium family processor

This paper describes the embedded feedback and control system on a 90-nm Itanium family processor, code-named Montecito, that maximizes performance while staying within a target power and temperature (PT) envelope. This system, referred to as Foxton Technology (FT), utilizes on-chip sensors and an embedded microcontroller to measure PT and modulate both voltage and frequency (VF) to optimize performance while meeting PT constraints. Changing both VF takes advantage of the cubic relationship of P/spl prop/CV/sup 2/F. We present measured results that show a 31% reduction in power for only a 10% drop in frequency. Montecito is able to implement FT using only 0.5% of the die area and 0.5% of the die power.
The Spontaneous Thoughts of the Night: How Future Tasks Breed Intrusive Cognitions

Everyone has had the experience of trying to clear one's mind before going to sleep, only to have intrusive cognitions about future tasks (e.g., giving a speech, solving a financial conundrum) perturb consciousness. Similar cognitions can interfere with other goals (e.g., to concentrate while driving). We propose that intrusive cognitions are far from indeterminate and reflect the ‘prospective’ nature of the brain. We hypothesize that they are triggered automatically by future tasks that may benefit from forethought. Accordingly, during a meditation-like exercise requiring one to clear the mind of excess thought and focus on just one thing (breathing), participants reported more intrusive cognitions about a future task that could benefit from forethought than when they anticipated no future task or anticipated a task that, though of comparable difficulty and content, could not benefit from forethought. This finding illuminates conditions such as rumination and the prospective nature of the brain.
Specimen shrinkage in Cinnamon Teal

Abstract Body size measurements from freshly collected birds and dried museum specimens were used to evaluate specimen shrinkage in Cinnamon Teal (Anas cyanoptera). Six of seven body measurements of female Cinnamon Teal differed significantly after specimen drying, whereas five of seven male body measurements differed. The largest amount of shrinkage was in bill height, bill width, and tarsus length. Bill length at nares showed no significant shrinkage suggesting it is a more conservative measurement than exposed culmen and, therefore, a more reliable method for accurately measuring bill length. Correction values for body size measurements are reported for future waterfowl studies combining measurements of both live birds and museum specimens.
Characterization and Surface Analysis of Commercially Available Biochars for Geoenvironmental Applications

Biochar is a solid byproduct generated during anaerobic biomass pyrolysis or gasification that has recently gained interest for both agricultural and environmental uses owing to its unique physical and chemical properties. These properties include high surface area and porosity, and ability to adsorb a variety of compounds, including nutrients, organic contaminants, and some gases. Physical and chemical properties of biochar are dictated by the feedstock and production conditions (i.e. pyrolysis temperature and conversion technology), which vary widely across commercial biochar producers. In this study, several commercially available biochars are characterized for key physical and chemical properties relevant to the common uses of biochars in environmental applications, specifically as an amendment to soil landfill covers for enhanced methane oxidation. SEM images of each biochar type were analyzed using Pore Crack Analysis Software (PCAS) © in order to quantify differences in surface porosity and structure. Trends in these properties are related to feedstock and production method to aid in the proper selection of biochar for geoenvironmental applications. A high variability in chemical composition, surface properties, and pore structure among commercially available biochars was observed, highlighting the importance of pre-screening biochars prior to use in applications such as a landfill cover or soil amendment.