cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Estrogens and progestins: background and history, trends in use, and guidelines and regimens approved by the US Food and Drug Administration

The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved marketing of diethylstilbestrol in 1941 and conjugated equine estrogens (CEE) in 1942 for treatment of menopausal symptoms. Estrogen sales doubled and tripled in the mid-1960s to mid-1970s, until 1975, when reports of increased endometrial cancer in estrogen users resulted in a dramatic decline. Estrogen use increased again, with evidence of protective effects of progestins on estrogen-induced endometrial changes, combined with a 1982 report that Premarin (conjugated estrogen tablets; Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, Philadelphia, PA) retained bone mass and a 1984 National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference on Osteoporosis statement that estrogens were the most effective means for preventing bone loss. Despite conflicting reports in 1985 regarding the relation between estrogens and coronary heart disease (CHD), many published observations of reduced CHD risk in estrogen users—reinforced by clinical trial findings in 1995 of favorable lipoprotein changes in women assigned to CEE with or without a progestin—promoted increased use through the 1990s. By 2001, approximately 15 million US women were using estrogen therapy, with or without progestins. The 2002 Women's Health Initiative (WHI) report of greater harm than benefit of combined CEE plus a progestin resulted in a precipitous decrease in estrogen and progestin use and a serious reevaluation of menopausal hormone therapy, as well as increased interest in alternative approaches to managing menopausal symptoms, including use of "bioidentical" hormones. FDA guidelines regarding treatment indications for vasomotor symptoms, vaginal atrophy, and osteoporosis prevention have resulted in approval of several estrogen (and progestin) formulations, doses, and routes of administration, thereby providing many options for women who seek conventional therapy.
Incorporation of 3 H-uridine into bovine cells doubly infected with the virus of bovine viral diarrhea and a bovine enterovirus.

Tritiated uridine was selectively incorporated into the cytoplasm but not the nucleus of BEK cells infected with bovine enterovirus. This was accompanied by complete shutdown of cellular RNA synthesis. Bovine embryonic spleen cells infected with the BVD virus incorporated3H-uridine into the nucleus and cytoplasm, while uninfected cells showed only nuclear and nucleolar incorporation. Bovine embryonic spleen cells that were preinfected with BVD virus for 20 hours and then superinfected with bovine enterovirus showed complete absence of nuclear and nucleolar labelling in the early stages of superinfection with the bovine enterovirus, but nuclear labelling returned in reduced amounts 8 to 10 hours after superinfection and persisted throughout the remainder of the double infection ending in cell death.
The Phosphorus Mass Balance of Lake Okeechobee, Florida: Implications for Eutrophication Management

Abstract A phosphorus (P) mass balance was developed for Lake Okeechobee, Florida (USA) for the period 1973 to 2002. During those 30 years, yearly P inputs averaged 499 metric tons, outputs averaged 174 metric tons, and there was a 297 metric ton ·y−1 net sink, attributed to sediment accrual. Yearly P loads were highly variable, ranging from 900 metric tons, and there was a strong positive relationship between yearly load and inflow volume (r2 = 0.73). There was no long-term trend in P loading to the lake, but the total P concentration of inflow water displayed a historic trend that was independent of inflow volume, perhaps related to P control programs in the watershed. Inflow total P increased from 150 to >200 μg·L−1 in the 1970s when land use was intensified but management programs generally were absent, but declined in the 1980s and 1990s (to ~150 μg·L−1), coincident with various P control programs. Inflow total P concentrations displayed no trend after the early 1990s, although there was con...
Contributions to Psychohistory: XVI. A Response about Courtly Love

Summary.-The authors surveyed the importance of Andrew's rules of courtly courtesy to evaluate a potential lover. The authors chose to capture what they interpreted as the tone of Andrew's items. Their scale should be seen as adaptation rather than as literal translation. Despite differences between the authors' adaptarion and Parry's literal translation, scale scores for the two versions correlated significantly. Tables report amount of agreement in the direction of courtly love; notes in the tables show which items were reverse scored. Because this was a pilot survey, consistency of agreement to individual items was perceived as essential. Across several administrations of the questionnaire, at least 758 agreement with eight of Andrew's 11 courtesy commandments was found. Factor analysis yielded three Factos: social discretion, social chivalry, and personal generosity. To develop an instrument for experimental purposes, however, each of the factors would need to be measured by multiple items. Such an effort would appear worthwhile given the relative lack of available measures of courtesy and the importance subjects placed on courtesy to evaluate potential lovers. Finally, additional research directions were suggested.
Development of Ozone Reactivity Scales for Volatile Organic Compounds

Abstract This paper discusses methods for ranking photochemical ozone formation reactivities of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Photochemical mechanisms for the atmospheric reactions of 118 VOCs were used to calculate their effects on ozone formation under various NOx conditions in model scenarios representing 39 different urban areas. Their effects on ozone were used to derive 18 different ozone reactivity scales, one of which is the Maximum Incremental Reactivity (MIR) scale used in the new California Low Emission Vehicle and Clean Fuel Regulations. These scales are based on three different methods for quantifying ozone impacts and on six different approaches for dealing with the dependencies of reactivity on NOx. The predictions of the scales are compared, the reasons for their similarities and differences are discussed, and the sensitivities of the scales to NOx and other scenario conditions are examined. Scales based on peak ozone levels were highly dependent on NOx, but those based on integrated ...
The role of greenhouse gases in orbital‐scale climatic changes

A decade ago, the Spectral Analysis, Mapping and Prediction Project (SPECMAP) analyzed the relationship between changes in Earth's orbit produced by variations in obliquity precession, and eccentricity and all available long-term responses observed within the climate system [Imbrie et al., 1992, 1993]. In the intervening decade, improvements to the gas time scale for the Vostok ice core from Antarctica have provided age constraints on greenhouse gas changes that are comparable to those for climatic responses based on marine δ18O signals; these prompted a new investigation of the orbital-scale climatic changes. Milutin Milankovitch proposed that variations in northern hemisphere summer radiation at the 22,000-yr precession cycle and 41,000-yr obliquity cycle drive northern ice sheets by summer ablation control of ice mass balance, and he inferred that ice sheet responses should lag 5000 years behind summer radiation forcing. In confirmation of Milankovitch's hypothesis, Hays et al. [1976] found that coherent changes in δ18O lag several thousand years behind the forcing at those two orbital cycles. Imbrie et al. [1984] determined that δ18O lags of 5000 years behind precession and 8000 years behind obliquity simultaneously satisfied a 17,000-yr time constant of ice response (Figure 1a). These studies also detected a dominant δ18O response at 100,000 years that Milankovitch had not anticipated because direct solar forcing at that period is negligible. Because the 100,000-yr δ18O signal is phased with orbital eccentricity, Hays et al. [1976] called it a “paced” response but left its origin unresolved.
The relationship of object relations and reality testing deficits to outcome status of methadone maintenance patients

Impairments in the ability to form and maintain meaningful interpersonal relationships and in the ability to distinguish between internal and external stimuli are related to an individual's psychological health. The Bell Object Relations and Reality Testing Inventory (BORRTI) scores of 146 methadone patients were used to evaluate whether transitory (TI) or chronic impairments (CIs) in object relations and reality testing were related to more severe drug use, family and social problems, psychological distress, as well as more time in treatment, seeking additional treatments, or taking psychiatric medication. The results showed no significant relationship between BORRTI scores and family or social problems, time in treatment, or the months of heroin use between follow-up evaluations. However, severity of drug use was related to an impairment in a specific dimension of object relations-egocentricity. There was a significant relationship between TIs and CIs in object relations and reality testing with levels of psychological distress and the likelihood of taking psychiatric medication.
Evaluation of a near-infrared reflectance spectrometer as a granulation sensor for first-break ground wheat: studies with hard red winter wheats.

ABSTRACT A single wheat class or blended wheats from two wheat classes are usually milled in a flour mill. A near-infrared (NIR) reflectance spectrometer, previously evaluated as granulation sensor for first-break ground wheat from six wheat classes, was evaluated for a single wheat class, hard red winter (HRW) wheat, using offline methods. The HRW wheats represented seven cultivars ground by an experimental roller mill at five roll gap settings (0.38, 0.51, 0.63, 0.75, and 0.88 mm) which yielded 35 ground wheat samples each for the calibration and validation sets. Granulation models based on partial least squares regression were developed with cumulative mass of size fractions as a reference value. Combinations of four data pretreatments (log 1/R, baseline correction, unit area normalization, and derivatives) and subregions of the 400–1,700 nm wavelength range were evaluated. Models that used pathlength correction (unit area normalization) predicted well each of the four size fractions of first-break gro...
Starting in the cold cathode distributed emission crossed field amplifier

The role of back bombarding electrons in the "starting" process of distributed emission crossed-field amplifiers is examined in this paper. Simple closed-form expressions are derived which show how the various parameters of the crossed-field amplifier affect the back bombardment potential and phase shift of the electrons in the initial (space-charge-free) current build-up region. A comparison of the results of this paper with a more accurate computer analysis is made for a specific case. The agreement between the two methods is shown to be excellent. Several curves are plotted which make it possible to easily find the back bombardment potentials and phase shifts for a wide range of tube parameters.
This engineering which is not one: Encountering Irigaray in heat and mass transfer

In a Heat and Mass Transfer class, seven female junior and senior engineering students were engaged with a rare, contentious, but potentially empowering feminist critique of fluid mechanics. French thinker Luce Irigaray's “The ‘Mechanics’ of Fluids” was taught as part of an NSF-funded project implementing liberative pedagogies in engineering education. The goals of engaging students with Irigaray's argument were to encourage them (1) to think critically about fluid mechanics, heat and mass transfer, and gender in engineering; (2) to learn to situate themselves within what is traditionally a male-oriented discourse, and take some ownership over it as a form of liberation; and (3) to re-imagine feminist engineering approaches to heat and mass transfer as a form of reflective action. We first motivate our approach of teaching engineering methods and their critiques in dialogue. We then introduce the work's theoretical positions in the context of later feminist critiques and describe how it can be in dialogue with engineering and that in spite surface readings to the contrary.
Relationship of race and severity of neonatal illness.

Abstract Objective: Our goal was to determine whether there are racial differences in the severity of illness on admission for premature newborn infants independent of gestational age. Study Design: The study population consisted of all African American and Caucasian singleton infants with gestational ages t tests, χ 2 analysis, and Fisher exact tests were used to assess statistical significance. Linear and logistic regression analyses were used to examine associations while confounding factors were controlled for. Results: There were 129 (79%) Caucasian and 36 (22%) African American newborns included in the analysis. Caucasian newborns had significantly higher mean SNAP scores than African American newborns (8.8 vs 6.3; P 10 (33% vs 14%; P P =.005). In a logistic regression in which we controlled for the above-mentioned confounders, African American newborns were only 14% as likely to have a SNAP score >10 when compared with Caucasian newborns (odds ratio, 0.14; 95% confidence interval, 0.04-0.51). Conclusions: Over a broad range of prematurity, Caucasian newborns were more ill than African American newborns on admission to the neonatal intensive care unit. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;184:668-72.)
Recent Developments in Polymer MEMS

Polymer materials, including elastomers, plastics and fibers, are being actively used for MEMS sensors and actuators. Polymer materials provide many advantages in terms of cost, mechanical properties, and ease of processing. In addition, polymers are being investigated for displays, memory, and circuitry. However, the incorporation of polymers for structural or functional purposes in MEMS systems raises new issues and challenges. This article provides a comprehensive review of the recent state of the art of polymer based MEMS-including materials, fabrication processes, and representative devices, including microfluidic valves and tactile sensors. Frequently used materials are reviewed, including polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), parylene, nanocomposite elastomers, and SU-8 epoxy.
Fish locomotion : kinematics and hydrodynamics of flexible foil-like fins

The fins of fishes are remarkable propulsive devices that appear at the origin of fishes about 500 million years ago and have been a key feature of fish evolutionary diversification. Most fish species possess both median (midline) dorsal, anal, and caudal fins as well as paired pectoral and pelvic fins. Fish fins are supported by jointed skeletal elements, fin rays, that in turn support a thin collagenous membrane. Muscles at the base of the fin attach to and actuate each fin ray, and fish fins thus generate their own hydrodynamic wake during locomotion, in addition to fluid motion induced by undulation of the body. In bony fishes, the jointed fin rays can be actively deformed and the fin surface can thus actively resist hydrodynamic loading. Fish fins are highly flexible, exhibit considerable deformation during locomotion, and can interact hydrodynamically during both propulsion and maneuvering. For example, the dorsal and anal fins shed a vortex wake that greatly modifies the flow environment experienced by the tail fin. New experimental kinematic and hydrodynamic data are presented for pectoral fin function in bluegill sunfish. The highly flexible sunfish pectoral fin moves in a complex manner with two leading edges, a spanwise wave of bending, and substantial changes in area through the fin beat cycle. Data from scanning particle image velocimetry (PIV) and time-resolved stereo PIV show that the pectoral fin generates thrust throughout the fin beat cycle, and that there is no time of net drag. Continuous thrust production is due to fin flexibility which enables some part of the fin to generate thrust at all times and to smooth out oscillations that might arise at the transition from outstroke to instroke during the movement cycle. Computational fluid dynamic analyses of sunfish pectoral fin function corroborate this conclusion. Future research on fish fin function will benefit considerably from close integration with studies of robotic model fins.
Efficiency, Equity and Cost Recovery Implications of Water Pricing and Allocation Schemes in Developing Countries

Six alternative methods of allocating and pricing irrigation water used in developing countries are compared and ranked on the bases of allocative efficiency in production, equity in the distribution of income, and cost recovery to the provisioning authority. Several pricing and nonpricing allocation methods are compared, both between and among these categories. Comparisons and rankings are based on measures of efficiency, equity and cost recovery derived within the framework of a Cobb-Douglas production system. It is found that nearly unique rankings prevail, but that the rankings depend crucially on the relative capital intensities between small and large producers. Rankings presented here should provide significant information to people choosing among alternative resource allocation methods. Nous avons compare et classe six methodes differentes de distribution et de tarification de ľeau ďirrigation utilisees dans les pays en developpement, a partir de lew efficacite quant a la production, a ľequite dans la repartition du revenu et au recouvrement des couts par le fournisseur. Plusieurs methodes de distribution avec ou sans tarification sont comparees entre ces categories ainsi qu'au sein de chacun ďelles. Les comparaisons et le classement sont fondes sur des mesures de ľefficacite, de ľequite et du recouvrement des couts deivees dans le cadre ďun systeme de production Cobb-Douglas. On constate que le classement est presque toujours le meme mais qu'il depend avant tout de la predominance relative de capital entre les petits et les gros producteurs. Les classements presentes ici devraient s'averer utiles pour ceux qui doivent choisir entre plusieurs methodes de distribution des ressources.
Elevated Levels of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α in the Nephrotic Syndrome in Humans

To investigate the possible role of cytokines in the mediation of glomerular injury in the nephrotic syndrome, the levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, interferon (IFN)-α, IFN-γ, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were measured in patients with primary nephrotic syndrome. These patients had minimal change nephropathy (MCN), focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), or membranous nephropathy (MN) on biopsy. Cytokine levels were assessed by immunoradiometric assays, and specimens consisted of plasma, urine, and the culture supernate of mitogen-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Only TNF-α was found to be significantly elevated, in the plasma and urine of patients with FSGS and MN, above that found in healthy control subjects and patients with MCN. The elevation of TNF-a could not be shown to correlate with the length or severity of the nephrotic syndrome or with loss of body mass. IL-1β, IL-2, IFN-α, and IFN-γ levels were not elevated. In culture, mitogen-stimulated PBMC from all three groups of nephrotic subjects released an excess of TNF-α compared with controls, a response not consistently observed for the other cytokines measured. The findings of this survey of cytokine levels in nephrotic patients support the possibility that TNF-α may play a pathogenic role in the induction or maintenance of glomerular barrier dysfunction in humans.
POST-MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION RISK STRATIFICATION OF PATIENTS AT RISK FOR SUDDEN CARDIAC ARREST BY CONTRAST-ENHANCED MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING SCAR QUANTIFICATION

To study the predictive value of scar quantification by contrast-enhanced MRI (CMR) in risk stratification after MI. We reviewed 332 patients who presented with acute MI and underwent CMR at discharge. Patients who had ICD implanted post-MI were compared with those who did not have ICD (Table 1).
A physiological dose of triiodothyronine normalizes cardiac myosin adenosine triphosphatase activity and changes myosin isoenzyme distribution in semistarved rats.

The possibility that the lowering of thyroid hormone levels which occurs in the nonthyroidal illness syndrome results in a hypothyroid state at the cardiac tissue level was examined in semistarved rats. Rats were fed 50% of their normal food intake in the form of a regular diet (R. diet) or low carbohydrate diet (L.C. diet) for 8 weeks. Animals semistarved for 8 weeks on the R. diet lost 42% of their body weight, while plasma T3 and T4 levels decreased by 45–50%. Semistarvation on the L.C. diet resulted in a 19% weight loss and a similar 46– 49% decrease in plasma T3 and T4 levels. Ca++-activated myosin ATPase activity declined by 28% and 48% with the R. and L.C. diets, respectively [normal rats myosin ATPase, 1.30 ± 0.18 μmol Pi/(mg protein min) (mean ± SD); semistarvation R diet, 0.93 ± 0.15; semistarvation L.C. diet, 0.67 ± 0.15]. The administration of physiological amounts of T3 (0.3 μg T3 /100 g BW daily) restored the cardiac myosin ATPase activity in both groups. To confirm that the T3 effect was du...
Unitarity of closed superstring perturbation theory

The scattering amplitudes for the covariant formulation of closed Type II and heterotic superstrings are shown to be equivalent, order-by-order in string perturbation theory, to those of the light-cone interacting string picture. This establishes the unitarity of covariant superstring perturbation theory and the Lorentz invariance of the light-cone superstring.
Cytomegalic inclusion disease presenting acute intrahepatic cholestasis.

An 83-year-old man suffering from pulmonary emphysema was admitted to our hospital because of jaundice. He was diagnosed as acute intrahepatic cholestasis but the etiology could not be determined during the treatment period. In spite of treatment, the jaundice worsened progressively without any elevation in serum transaminase, and he died of respiratory failure 58 days later. An autopsy revealed a generalized cytomegalic inclusion disease, predominantly in the biliary tracts, liver and lungs. This is a rare case of cytomegalic inclusion disease presenting acute intrahepatic cholestasis without any elevation of transaminase during the clinical course.(Internal Medicine 31 : 1376-1380, 1992)
Data evaluation in combined gas chromatography—infrared spectroscopy—mass spectrometry

Abstract The technique of gas chromatography—infrared spectroscopy—mass spectrometry (g.c./i.r./m.s.) has great potential m qualitative and quantitative analysis. The utility of g.c./i.r./m.s. is presently limited by the lack of methods for reduction of the large amounts of data produced from complex mixtures. Approaches to qualitative and quantitative data evaluation which take into account differences in instrumental configuration are presented.
HER-2/neu Is Rate-limiting for Ovarian Cancer Growth CONDITIONAL DEPLETION OF HER-2/neu BY RIBOZYME TARGETING

Abstract Amplification and overexpression of theHER-2/neu proto-oncogene frequently coincide with an aggressive clinical course of certain human adenocarcinomas. To assess whether HER-2/neu plays a rate-limiting role in ovarian cancer, we used human SK-OV-3 ovarian cancer cells as a model. We applied a conditional mRNA depletion strategy of HER-2/neu with anti-HER-2/neu-targeted hammerhead ribozymes expressed under the control of a tetracycline-regulated promoter system. In these ovarian cancer cells, we reduced HER-2/neu mRNA, protein expression, and tumor growth in nude mice by transfection with HER-2/neu-targeted ribozymes and generated cell lines expressing different levels of HER-2/neu. Expression of the most effective ribozyme (Rz3) quenched HER-2/neu mRNA levels by >90%. Concomitantly, fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis revealed that expression of the HER-2/neu-encoded surface glycoprotein was almost completely abrogated. In nude mice, tumor growth was dramatically inhibited in the HER-2/neu-depleted Rz3-expressing SK-OV-3 cells. Furthermore, already established tumors started to regress when Rz3 expression was activated midstream by withdrawal of the tetracycline treatment. This study supports the thesis that HER-2/neu can be rate-limiting for the malignant phenotype of ovarian cancer in a gene dose-dependent manner.
DIETARY FLAVONOIDS INTERACT WITH TRACE METALS AND AFFECT METALLOTHIONEIN LEVEL IN HUMAN INTESTINAL CELLS

Flavonoids are natural compounds found in food items of plant origin. The study examined systematically the interaction of structurally diverse dietary flavonoids with trace metal ions and the potential impact of dietary flavonoids on the function of intestinal cells. Spectrum analysis was first performed to determine flavonoid-metal interaction in the buffer. Among the flavonoids tested, genistein, biochanin-A, naringin, and naringenin did not interact with any metal ions tested. Members of the flavonol family, quercetin, rutin, kaempferol, flavanol, and catechin, were found to interact with Cu(II) and Fe(III). On prolonged exposure, quercetin also interacted with Mn(II). Quercetin at 1:1 ratio to Cu(II) completely blocked the Cu-dependent color formation from hematoxylin. When quercetin was added to the growth medium of cultured human intestinal cells, Caco-2, the level of metal binding antioxidant protein, metallothionein, decreased. The effect of quercetin on metallothionein was dose- and time-dependent. Genistein and biochanin A, on the contrary, increased the level of metallothionein. The interaction between dietary flavonoids and trace minerals and the effect of flavonoids on metallothionein level imply that flavonoids may affect metal homeostasis and cellular oxidative status in a structure-specific fashion.
Hypophagia-Induced Weight Loss in Mice, Rats, and Guinea Pigs Treated with 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin

C57BL/6 mice treated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD; 360 micrograms/kg) displayed a significant reduction in feed intake and body weight until just before death, when they developed ascites and subcutaneous edema. This caused body weight of the mice that died to suddenly increase during the terminal stage of toxicity. TCDD-treated mice that survived did not develop ascites or edema, and maintained a body weight that was slightly less than that of pair-fed mice. Cumulative lethality in TCDD-treated mice (69%) was greater than that of pair-fed controls (14%). In guinea pigs treated with TCDD (2 micrograms/kg) both the time course and magnitude of hypophagia were closely associated with weight loss. Pair-fed guinea pigs did not lose quite as much weight as TCDD-treated animals because their total body water content was higher. Water intake in pair-fed guinea pigs was greater than that of TCDD-treated animals. The time course and magnitude of lethality tended to be similar in TCDD-treated guinea pigs (81%) and pair-fed controls (64%). In Fischer F-344 rats treated with TCDD (100 micrograms/kg) body weight loss was associated with a reduction in both feed and water intake. The time course and magnitude of weight loss in TCDD-treated and pair-fed rats was essentially identical. Lethality was higher in TCDD-treated rats (95%) than pair-fed control animals (48%). Taken together, these findings suggest that hypophagia is responsible for the loss of adipose and lean tissue in mice, guinea pigs, and rats treated with a LD70-95 dose of TCDD. Under these dosage conditions, weight loss contributes more to the lethality of guinea pigs than to that of Fischer F-344 rats or C57BL/6 mice.
Integration of Molecular and Biological Abnormalities in Quest for Selective Treatment of Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)

CML is an excellent target for development of selective treatment because of its highly consistent genetic abnormality t(9;22) and unique fusion gene product, p210bcr/abl, although it is not yet clear what form of specific therapy might be effective. Several components of p210bcr/abl are thought to be essential for its transforming activity: These include the constitutive tyrosine kinase activity of abl and the ability of the first exon for bcr both to specifically bind to abl's SH2 binding domain and possibly also to function as a novel type of serine kinase. Relatively little is yet known about what specific abnormalities in the regulatory pathways are caused by the altered tyrosine kinase activity of p210bcr/abl and other bcr/abl oncoproteins, but whatever its precise mode of action proves to be, p210bcr/abl presumably somehow changes the normal pattern of phosphorylation of key regulatory proteins in the signaling pathways so that the genes which normally direct the orderly sequence of proliferation a...
Disseminated blastomycosis in hamsters. II. Effect of sex on susceptibility.

Blastomyces dermatitidis, a dimorphic fungus, can infect man and cause chronic, suppurative, and granulomatous lesions in any part of the body. AlthoughSalfelder (1965) andDiSalvo &Denton (1963) commented on differences in virulence observed between isolates of this fungus, host factors pertaining to susceptibility have not been elucidated.
Environmental Impact of Construction and Repair Materials on Surface Water and Groundwater: Screening and Evaluation Methodology

The 6-year NCHRP Project 25-9, titled Environmental Impact of Construction and Repair Materials on Surface and Ground Waters, concluded in March 2000. The main purpose of the study was to develop and demonstrate a methodology for identification of the possible impact of highway construction and repair (C&R) materials on the quality of surface water and groundwater in the immediate highway environment. The evaluation methodology consisted of an initial screening of a raw (unamended) C&R material leachate for aquatic toxicity by using bioassay tests and of further detailed testing and evaluation of those materials identified as potentially toxic. In the detailed evaluation, leaching source term tests were conducted to determine leachate composition under varying environmental conditions. Environmental tests were then conducted on the leachate to determine the effects of removal, reduction, and retardation (RRR) processes in the highway environment. The environmental processes included photolysis, volatiliza...
A demand-driven set-based analysis

In this paper we present an analysis technique for isolating dead code in higher-order functional programs. First, we formalize what it means for a program fragment to contribute to the value returned by the program. Next, we provide a purely declarative specification of a subset of terms which constitute dead code. This is done by a refinement of the set-based semantics technique, developed by Nevin Heintze, by the introduction of a concept of demand. We then develop a demand-driven set-based analysis to compute dead code specified by the declarative specification. The demand-driven set-based analysis developed in this paper is polynomial time, in the size of the input program.
A Boundary-Layer Theory for Transient Viscous Losses in Turbulent Flow

A laminar boundary-layer model is proposed to account for viscous losses during the transient turbulent flow of a liquid in a tube. In this model, inviscid slug flow is assumed for the core and all viscous effects are assumed to occur in the boundary layer. The transient boundary-layer velocity distribution is determined as a function of a prescribed variation in core velocity and the associated pressure gradient. Both analytical and numerical solutions are presented. This transient flow information is used to calculate local and integrated energy dissipation rates which are then combined, with one-dimensional energy analyses. The result is a prediction of the decrease in pressure-wave magnitude due to viscous dissipation, and a comparison is made with experimental data for rapid flow extinction. Good agreement between the observed and predicted results is obtained.
Structural Organization of α-Synuclein Fibrils Studied by Site-directed Spin Labeling

Despite its importance in Parkinson's disease, a detailed understanding of the structure and mechanism of α-synuclein fibril formation remains elusive. In this study, we used site-directed spin labeling and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy to study the structural features of monomeric and fibrillar α-synuclein. Our results indicate that monomeric α-synuclein, in solution, has a highly dynamic structure, in agreement with the notion that α-synuclein is a natively unfolded protein. In contrast, fibrillar aggregates of α-synuclein exhibit a distinct domain organization. Our data identify a highly ordered and specifically folded central core region of ∼70 amino acids, whereas the N terminus is structurally more heterogeneous and the C terminus (∼40 amino acids) is completely unfolded. Interestingly, the central core region of α-synuclein exhibits several features reminiscent of those observed in the core region of fibrillar Alzheimer's amyloid β peptide, including an in-register parallel structure. Although the lengths of the respective core regions differ, fibrils from different amyloid proteins nevertheless appear to be able to take up highly similar, and possibly conserved, structures.
EVALUATION AND APPLICABILITY OF A NEW EXPLICIT TIME INTEGRAL METHODOLOGY FOR TRANSIENT THERMAL PROBLEMS– FINITE-VOLUME FORMULATIONS

Abstract The present article describes finite-volume formulations involving a new Virtual-Pulse (VIP) explicit time integral methodology, developed based on a weighted residual process with time-weighting Junctions uniquely selected in the time discretization process, for applicability to general transient linear/nonlinear thermal problems. For transient analysis of thermal problems based on finite-volume space discretization, implicit first-order-accurate direct time integration techniques have been mostly used, although second-order-accurate trapezoidal methods are also suitable. Unlike past work in this area for thermal problems with finite-volume discretization, the present formulations provide an explicit, unconditionally stable, second-order-accurate approach with improved stability characteristics and computational attributes. The present article explores the applicability and evaluation of this new time integral methodology for application to general thermal problems involving linear /nonlinear si...
Ultrastructural alterations of liver and spleen following acute lead administration in rats.

Abstract Liver and spleen ultrastructures were studied at varying intervals after lead acetate administration in rats to ascertain the possible morphological basis of lead acetate-induced endotoxin hypersensitivity and to obtain information on the cellular changes produced by acute lead poisoning. After the intravenous administration of lead acetate, a significant number of Kupffer cells presented alterations in mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and lysosomes and revealed the presence of a finely granular electron-dense material (protein-bound lead?) in autophagosomes. To a lesser degree, liver parenchymal cells also manifested abnormalities in mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum and smooth membrane vesicles which contained the finely granular electron-dense material. Splenic macrophages were also, on occasion, altered and contained electron-dense material in their lysosomes. The hepatic ultrastructural changes did not correlate with the time response of lead-induced hypersensitivity to endotoxins. The morphological alterations appear to be late manifestations of an earlier functional impairment in Kupffer and parenchymal cells, which are more closely related to susceptibility to endotoxins. Acute lead administration, at a level which does not induce overt lead intoxication or mortality, clearly induces significant pathology in both hepatic cell types. These studies accent a new dimension of the biological effects of lead, namely its ability to induce significant liver parenchymal and macrophage cell alterations.
Positive Transfer: How an Elementary Perspective Can Transform the Secondary Foreign Language Classroom

Abstract Obviously middle grades education must look to both elementary and secondary education for best models, but seldom do elementary and secondary educators look to each other. This third article points out how such a practice can be helpful. This article gives an overview of a summer program that enabled secondary foreign language teachers in Michigan to extend their certification to the elementary level. The main components of the program are described, then examined in the light of certain conditions believed to facilitate second language acquisition. Conclusions reached by program participants reflect the positive impact of foreign language in the elementary school methods on secondary teaching, where they foster proficiency through a content-based, student-centered, communicative approach to language teaching. The program can be used as a foreign language model in other states and even adapted to other subject areas. It is a concrete example of successful articulation between elementary, seconda...
Oligopolistic Competition and Intra‐industry Trade: Evidence From the OECD

This paper develops a general reciprocal-markets model of intra-industry trade in oligopolistic industries. It shows that the effects of industry characteristics on the extent of bilateral intra-industry trade, as measured by the Grubel-Lloyd index, are invariant to whether firms compete over homogeneous or differentiated products. Based on this model, we investigate industry determinants of bilateral intra-industry trade, using internationally comparable industry data for 22 manufacturing industries in 12 OECD countries during 1970–1985. Our estimates indicate that, even after controlling for idiosyncratic industry and country-pair effects, our measures of the industry determinants explain variations in the intensity of bilateral intra-industry trade, for the most part, in accord with what the theory predicts.
Observation of Narrow-Band Terahertz Coherent Cherenkov Radiation from a Cylindrical Dielectric-Lined Waveguide

We report experimental observation of narrow-band coherent Cherenkov radiation driven by a subpicosecond electron bunch traveling along the axis of a hollow cylindrical dielectric-lined waveguide. For an appropriate choice of dielectric wall thickness, a short-pulse beam current profile excites only the fundamental mode of the structure, producing energetic pulses in the terahertz range. We present detailed measurements showing a narrow emission spectrum peaked at 367+-3 GHz from a 1 cm long fused silica capillary tube with submillimeter transverse dimensions, closely matching predictions. We demonstrate a 100 GHz shift in the emitted central frequency when the tube wall thickness is changed by 50 mum. Calibrated measurements of the radiated energy indicate up to 10 muJ per 60 ps pulse for an incident beam charge of 200 pC, corresponding to a peak power of approximately 150 kW.
A statistical analysis of the effects of urease pre-treatment on the measurement of the urinary metabolome by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

Urease pre-treatment of urine has been utilized since the early 1960s to remove high levels of urea from samples prior to further processing and analysis by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Aside from the obvious depletion or elimination of urea, the effect, if any, of urease pre-treatment on the urinary metabolome has not been studied in detail. Here, we report the results of three separate but related experiments that were designed to assess possible indirect effects of urease pre-treatment on the urinary metabolome as measured by GC–MS. In total, 235 GC–MS analyses were performed and over 106 identified and 200 unidentified metabolites were quantified across the three experiments. The results showed that data from urease pre-treated samples (1) had the same or lower coefficients of variance among reproducibly detected metabolites, (2) more accurately reflected quantitative differences and the expected ratios among different urine volumes, and (3) increased the number of metabolite identifications. Overall, we observed no negative consequences of urease pre-treatment. In contrast, urease pre-treatment enhanced the ability to distinguish between volume-based and biological sample types compared to no treatment. Taken together, these results show that urease pre-treatment of urine offers multiple beneficial effects that outweigh any artifacts that may be introduced to the data in urinary metabolomics analyses.
Sertraline attenuates hyperphagia in rats following nicotine withdrawal.

Abstract Chronic nicotine administration can decrease food consumption and body weight. Abrupt withdrawal from nicotine can cause the reverse effect, hyperphagia and rapid weight gain. In the current study, the efficacy of sertraline, a serotonin reuptake inhibitor, on nicotine withdrawal-induced hyperphagia and rapid weight gain was assessed in rats. Sertraline was found to be effective in reversing the increase in feeding that occurred after withdrawal from chronic nicotine administration. Sertraline caused a dose-related decrease in food consumption in control rats not given nicotine. Doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg/day caused significant decreases while 2.5 mg/kg/day caused a slight though nonsignificant decrease in food consumption. Rats in which nicotine was abruptly withdrawn after 3 weeks of administration showed a significant increase in food consumption relative to controls. This increase was eliminated by the high dose of sertraline (10 mg/kg/day), but not by the lower two doses (2.5 and 5 mg/kg/day). Water consumption was affected in a similar fashion. Body weight gain was also affected by sertraline. During the first week after nicotine withdrawal, rats rapidly gained weight, but sertraline attenuated this. The 10-mg/kg dose of sertraline significantly attenuated the nicotine withdrawal-induced weight gain. These results suggest that sertaline can counteract the hyperphagia and rapid weight gain associated with nicotine withdrawal, and might therefore be a useful adjunct to smoking cessation.
LaSe2-x compounds: Vibrational and electrical properties

Abstract The phase diagram in the system La Se was investigated around the LaSe 2 composition. X-ray and microprobe analyses reveal the existence of only two phases, LaSe 2 and LaSe 1.9 , with no solid solution behavior between them. Infrared and Raman spectra of the non-stoichiometric phase suggest that the vacancies in the basal plane of the low-dimensional lattice are disordered. Polarized single crystal Raman spectra and a modified valence force field calculation for LaSe 2 indicate that the assumption of isolated (Se Se) 2− pairs in the anti-Fe 2 As structure is not justified. In accord with this, the observed resistivity for LaSe 2 as a function of temperature is typical of a semimetallic compound. A transition to a semiconductor may occur below 110K. The measured resistivity as a function of temperature for the non-stoichiometric LaSe 1.9 phase is indicative of a semiconductor. The infrared data together with the electrical measurements suggest that this phase can be considered as n-type semiconductor with the holes in the anionic sp valence bands.
The Stability Properties of Astrophysical Jets

The basic theoretical stability properties and normal mode structures of astrophysical jets are reviewed. Simulations designed to examine the nonlinear development of instability and some results from comparison between simulations and theory are presented. The potential use of observed normal mode structures in jets is discussed.
The United States and Decolonization: Power and Freedom

Acknowledgements Notes on the Contributors Foreword W.Kimball By Way of Introduction: The United States, Decolonization and the World System D.Ryan The American View of Decolonization, 1776 to 1920: an Ironic Legacy W.LaFeber The Road to Our America: The United States in Latin America and the Caribbean L.Johnston Adjusting to a New Period in World History: Franklin Roosevelt and European Colonialism P.Orders The United States and the International Trusteeship System V.Pungong The Ironies of History: The United States and the Decolonization of India D.Merrill How We 'Lost' Vietnam, 1940-1954 L.Gardner The Limits of Ideology: US Foreign Policy and Arab Nationalism in the Early Cold War S.Lucas The United States and the Decolonization of Black Africa, 1945-1963 J.Kent The United States and Britain's Decolonization of Malaya, 1942-57 A.J.Stockwell The Decolonization Puzzle in US Policy: Promise versus Performance M.Hunt Afterword C.Fraser Selected Bibliography Index
Long-term lathyrogen administration to rats, with special reference to aging☆

Abstract The lathyrogen, beta aminopropionitrile, was given to pathogen-free rats over most of their lifespans in an attempt to inhibit aging. No increase in longevity was attained. High doses for the first year of life caused an irreversible stunting of growth. High doses for a shorter period had a delayed effect, manifested by weight loss late in life. Lathyrogen-treated male rats had a decreased incidence of benign tumors.
MINOR AND TRACE ELEMENT ANALYSES ON GYPSUM : AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY

Abstract Minor and trace element (Na, Cl, Mg, K, Sr) abundances in gypsum and anhydrite can be used to help elucidate paleosalinity and depositional environments. However, sulfates may contain abundant fluid and solid inclusions which can contribute considerable amounts of elements to bulk-analyses. Previously published element data in gypsum and anhydrite show highly variable values, which may have been significantly influenced by inclusions. This study developed procedures for grinding, heating, and rinsing with alcohol, HNO 3 , and deionized water to fracture and remove fluid and solid inclusions from gypsum and anhydrite. Samples used for this study are petrographically unaltered Miocene and Holocene marine gypsum crystals ranging from > 10 cm to gypsum Na . The previously published K gypsum Na may need to be revised. Moreover, the methods used in this study can be applied in other evaporative minerals (e.g., halite and dolomite) for minor and trace analyses.
High-resolution microwave-optical double-resonance spectroscopy of hyperfine splitting of trapped Cd+113 ions

We performed double resonance spectroscopy on the ground-state hyperfine splitting of $^{113}\mathrm{Cd}^{+}$ ions trapped in a rf linear trap. The ions were optically pumped by UV light from the $^{106}\mathrm{Cd}$ lamp and cooled by He buffer gas. The ground-state hyperfine splitting was measured to be $15\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}199\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}862\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}855\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{Hz}$ with the precision of $1.3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}11}$. The uncertainty stems from the error in extrapolation to zero magnetic field and from the resonance linewidth. This value is $3\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{Hz}$ lower than the previous high-precision measurements by [Tanaka et al., Phys. Rev. A 53, 3982 (1996)], in which the laser light was used for optical excitation. The potential for a new microwave frequency standard based on the $15.2\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{GHz}$ ground-state hyperfine splitting of $^{113}\mathrm{Cd}^{+}$ ions is also discussed. Stability of the hyperfine frequency of $^{113}\mathrm{Cd}^{+}$ ion, with microwaves locked to the hydrogen maser, is $\ensuremath{\sim}2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}13}{\ensuremath{\tau}}^{\ensuremath{-}1∕2}$.