cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prevention Is Better Than a Cure: Electric Shock Injuries from Static Electricity Discharges

Most people are aware of electrostatic discharges at two extremes: 1) the annoying shock from static accumulation from sliding across an automobile seat or shuffling across a carpet and 2) the highly dangerous and destructive energy discharge in lightning strikes. Between these two extremes are the static discharges from manufacturing operations that can cause shock injuries. Hazards of static electricity in industrial and manufacturing operations are generally viewed as a potential ignition source in flammable and explosive environments, or destructive to semiconductor electronic devices, but not as a source for shock injury, Measures to control the static electricity shock hazard and safeguard people are not addressed in the most visible and applied standards addressing electrical safety in the workplace. This article describes manufacturing and other industrial scenarios in which the potential for injury from static electricity discharges exist and discusses methods to prevent, control, and protect personnel from injury.
EXPERIENCES AND VIEWPOINTS OF SELECTED WOMEN GEOMORPHOLOGISTS FROM THE MID-20TH CENTURY

In 1980, as a geomorphology graduate student, I wrote to five senior women geomorphologists in North America and Great Britain requesting information regarding their careers and career experiences. At that time, the number of professionally estab- lished women in geomorphology in those countries was very small. The sample consisted of three professors (Borowiecki, King, and Morisawa), one associate professor (Macpherson), and one research scholar (Mammerickx), who had received their doctoral degrees in geomorphology between 1949 and 1966. Each responded to the request for information with a letter and a curriculum vitae. The extent to which they discussed their views regarding, and their personal experiences as, women in geomorphology in the mid-20th century varied widely, as did the amount of biographical information that each provided. Nevertheless this archive reveals some commonalities in their backgrounds, experiences, and views about women in geomorphology. Three of the respondents reported experiencing discrimination early in their careers, while two made career adjustments because of family commitments. Overall the women generally credited their success as professional geomorphologists to a deep appreciation of nature or landscape and to considering themselves as geomorphologists who happened to be women. (Key words: geomorphology, women geomorphologists, history of geomorphology.)
Crossing the Aegean: An Appraisal of the 1923 Compulsory Population Exchange Between Greece and Turkey

Crossing the Aegean: An Appraisal of the 1923 Compulsory Population Exchange Between Greece and Turkey. Edited by Renee Hirschon. Berghahn Books, New York, Oxford. Studies in Forced Migration—Volume 12. 298 pp.
Weibull analysis of component failure data from accelerated testing

Abstract The Weibull distribution is commonly used to describe the failure rate parameters of electronic components and has the advantage of presenting an ‘easy-to-understand’ picture of component failure modes with respect to time. This allows conclusions to be drawn on whether an increasing, decreasing or constant failure rate is present which is undoubtedly a key factor in making any reliability statements. This paper describes in detail how a transistor problem on a colour video display unit (VDU) was screened out and the time-to-fail data plotted on Weibull paper to allow conclusions to be drawn. Two different transistors were evaluated in the same application to determine from their respective Weibull plots, the reliability characteristics of each type. As the product under discussion was in its early production stage, the Weibull plots were not used to predict field fallout from the test data, but to understand the failure mechanism. The paper also describes the way in which weak component failure distributions can be isolated in Weibull plots by using a form of the Bayesian statistical approach. Isolating the weak distribution in this manner allows a more exact calculation of the required burn-in duration which may often have a marked effect on improving product reliability.
Functionalization of CdSe Semiconductor Nanocrystals with Organic Charge-Transporting Ligands

[1,1′-Biphenyl]-4,4′-diamine-N,N′-bis(3-methylphenyl)-N,N′-diphenyl (TPD), a well-studied hole transporting material, has been sulfonated using acetyl sulfate and subsequently used as a passivating ligand in the synthesis of CdSe quantum dots (QDs). It is further demonstrated that QDs synthesized through this approach are able to serve as efficient photosensitizers in photoconductive (PC) inorganic–organic hybrid composites. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy confirms that the sulfonate group has been bonded to the TPD molecule. UV/visible absorption and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy of the sulfonated TPD (STPD) indicate that sulfonation does not significantly alter the electronic properties of TPD. Furthermore, mass spectrometry shows STPD is primarily mono-sulfonated. The STPD capped CdSe QDs (STPD-QCdSe) clearly exhibit the effect of quantum confinement in their UV/visible absorption spectra. The PL spectra of STPD-QCdSe suggest the STPD is attached to the surface of QCdSe. The morphology of STPD-QCdSe has been studied using transmission electron microscopy. The results indicate the STPD-QCdSe are approximately spherical with diameters of [3.1, 3.9] nm and highly crystalline. To demonstrate the enhancement in charge-transfer efficiency associated with STPD-QCdSe, two types of PC composites were fabricated. The first was photosensitized through the inclusion of STPD-QCdSe, and the other included CdSe QDs capped with trioctylphosphine (TOPO-QCdSe), with molecular TPD serving as the charge transport matrix in both cases. The PC was measured as a function of the external electric field, E, with the PC of the composite sensitized with STPD-QCdSe exceeding that of the composite sensitized with TOPO-QCdSe by a factor of ∼15 with E = 10 V μm−1.
Improving the efficiency of high-power semiconductor optical amplifiers

We demonstrate a 71% increase in electrical-to-optical conversion efficiency in a slab-coupled optical waveguide amplifier (SCOWA) by employing multiple contacts. At a saturated output power of 26.4 dBm, the amplifier has an efficiency of 11.5% and a gain of 15 dB.
Comparison of In Vitro and In Vivo Testing of Fluid Diodes as a Pulmonary Heart Valve Replacement

The operating pressures in the right heart are significantly lower than those of the left heart and with marked differences in the circulation impedances. The pulmonary circulation shows a tolerance for mild regurgitation and pressure gradient [1]. Pulmonary regurgitation fractions on the order of 20% and transvalvular pressure gradients of less than 25mm Hg are considered mild [2]. Given this tolerance, we examine the concept of using a motionless valve to regulate flow in the pulmonary position. In a previous study, the use of fluid diodes was shown to be a promising concept for use as a pulmonary valve [3]. In this study, we test a fluid diode both in a bench top circulatory system [4] and in a swine model and compare the pressure gradients and regurgitant fractions.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Radioactive Cesium Isotope Ratios as a Tool for determining Dispersal and Re-dispersal Mechanisms Downwind from the Nevada Nuclear Security Site

Fractionation of the two longer-lived radioactive cesium isotopes ((135)Cs and (137)Cs) produced by above ground nuclear tests have been measured and used to clarify the dispersal mechanisms of cesium deposited in the area between the Nevada Nuclear Security Site and Lake Mead in the southwestern United States. Fractionation of these isotopes is due to the 135-decay chain requiring several days to completely decay to (135)Cs, and the 137-decay chain less than one hour decay to (137)Cs. Since the Cs precursors are gases, iodine and xenon, the (135)Cs plume was deposited farther downwind than the (137)Cs plume. Sediment core samples were obtained from the Las Vegas arm of Lake Mead, sub-sampled and analyzed for (135)Cs/(137)Cs ratios by thermal ionization mass spectrometry. The layers proved to have nearly identical highly fractionated isotope ratios. This information is consistent with a model where the cesium was initially deposited onto the land area draining into Lake Mead and the composite from all of the above ground shots subsequently washed onto Lake Mead by high intensity rain and wind storms producing a layering of Cs activity, where each layer is a portion of the composite.
Lattice Dynamics of Lithium Hydride

Crystalline lithium hydride, with four electrons per primitive unit cell, has the simplest electronic configuration of all ionic crystals with the sodium-chloride-type structure, and thus represents an excellent test case for existing theories of lattice dynamics of these substances. Lattice vibrations in this system have been studied by measuring the phonon dispersion curves along the three high-symmetry directions in a single crystal of $^{7}\mathrm{LiD}$, using the techniques of coherent inelastic scattering of thermal neutrons. The isotopes $^{7}\mathrm{Li}$ and D were chosen over normal Li and H because of their more favorable neutron cross sections. All measurements were taken at room temperature, using a triple-axis neutron spectrometer operating in the constant-Q mode. Uncertainties in the measured frequencies are estimated to be no greater than 3-5%. The transverse zone center frequency is in excellent agreement with infrared absorption data. The experimental dispersion curves have been least-squares-fitted to several versions of the rigid-ion and shell models of lattice dynamics. A seven-parameter shell model fits the data to within the experimental accuracy. In this model, the ionic charge was variable and only the hydride ions were polarizable. Short-range forces were assumed between nearest neighbors (${\mathrm{Li}}^{+}$ and ${\mathrm{H}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$) and between negative second neighbors (${\mathrm{H}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ and ${\mathrm{H}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$). The ionic charge obtained from the fit indicates that the bonding in $^{7}\mathrm{LiD}$ is about 88% ionic, in good agreement with estimates obtained from electronegativity considerations. The second-neighbor bond-stretching force constant was found to be about 7% of that obtained for the nearest neighbors. The model parameters obtained for $^{7}\mathrm{LiD}$ were used to calculate dispersion curves for $^{7}\mathrm{LiH}$, and frequency distribution functions for both substances. The frequency distribution for $^{7}\mathrm{LiH}$ has a gap between the acoustic and optic modes, whereas that for $^{7}\mathrm{LiD}$ does not.
Regulatory Protein BBD18 of the Lyme Disease Spirochete: Essential Role During Tick Acquisition?

ABSTRACT The Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi senses and responds to environmental cues as it transits between the tick vector and vertebrate host. Failure to properly adapt can block transmission of the spirochete and persistence in either vector or host. We previously identified BBD18, a novel plasmid-encoded protein of B. burgdorferi, as a putative repressor of the host-essential factor OspC. In this study, we investigate the in vivo role of BBD18 as a regulatory protein, using an experimental mouse-tick model system that closely resembles the natural infectious cycle of B. burgdorferi. We show that spirochetes that have been engineered to constitutively produce BBD18 can colonize and persist in ticks but do not infect mice when introduced by either tick bite or needle inoculation. Conversely, spirochetes lacking BBD18 can persistently infect mice but are not acquired by feeding ticks. Through site-directed mutagenesis, we have demonstrated that abrogation of spirochete infection in mice by overexpression of BBD18 occurs only with bbd18 alleles that can suppress OspC synthesis. Finally, we demonstrate that BBD18-mediated regulation does not utilize a previously described ospC operator sequence required by B. burgdorferi for persistence in immunocompetent mice. These data lead us to conclude that BBD18 does not represent the putative repressor utilized by B. burgdorferi for the specific downregulation of OspC in the mammalian host. Rather, we suggest that BBD18 exhibits features more consistent with those of a global regulatory protein whose critical role occurs during spirochete acquisition by feeding ticks. IMPORTANCE Lyme disease, caused by Borrelia burgdorferi, is the most common arthropod-borne disease in North America. B. burgdorferi is transmitted to humans and other vertebrate hosts by ticks as they take a blood meal. Transmission between vectors and hosts requires the bacterium to sense changes in the environment and adapt. However, the mechanisms involved in this process are not well understood. By determining how B. burgdorferi cycles between two very different environments, we can potentially establish novel ways to interfere with transmission and limit infection of this vector-borne pathogen. We are studying a regulatory protein called BBD18 that we recently described. We found that too much BBD18 interferes with the spirochete’s ability to establish infection in mice, whereas too little BBD18 appears to prevent colonization in ticks. Our study provides new insight into key elements of the infectious cycle of the Lyme disease spirochete.
Building structures with damping systems: From research to design practice

Research and studies on seismic damping devices and systems started in earnest in the United States in the 1980s. In less than 15 years, damping devices moved from the university laboratory into mainstream design practice. Damping devices, damping systems, analytical tools, design procedures and codes and guidelines have been developed and deployed in building structures. The paper summarizes briefly the research work and describes in some detail the guidelines and codes of practice now available for implementing damping devices in buildings.
CpG Island Hypermethylation Changes during Prostate Cancer Progression and Metastasis

Recent studies have implicated the dysregulation or maladaptation of epigenetic mechanisms to be a central feature of prostate carcinogenesis. Hypermethylation of CpG islands (CGI), clusters of CpG dinucleotides frequently found at gene regulatory regions, has been demonstrated to be one of the most frequent somatic genome alterations associated with prostate carcinogenesis. A few recent studies have explored the role of CGI hypermethylation during prostate cancer progression from the early precursor lesions to distant metastases. This chapter will focus on the time course of CGI hypermethylation changes that occur at each step during the development and progression of prostate cancer in an effort to understand how these epigenetic changes contribute to the formation of prostate cancer metastases. We will begin by giving an overview of the epidemiology, natural progression, and pathogenesis of prostate cancer, then detail the CGI hypermethylation changes that occur at each step along the progression, then postulate the molecular mechanisms that may be involved in generating and propagating these changes, and finally, use the pattern and timing of DNA methylation changes during the natural progression of prostate cancer to derive models that describe how prostate cancer metastases may form.
Relationships between a new type IV secretion system and the icm/dot virulence system of Legionella pneumophila.

Summary We describe here a Legionella pneumophila type IV secretion system that is distinct from the previously described icm/dot system. This type IV secretion system contains 11 genes (lvh ) homologous to genes of other type IV secretion systems, arranged in a similar manner. The lvh genes were found to be located on a DNA island with a GC content higher than the L. pneumophila chromosome. In contrast to the icm/dot system that was shown to be required for intracellular growth in HL-60-derived human macrophages and Acanthamoeba castellanii ,t helvh system was found to be dispensable for intracellular growth in these two hosts. The lvh system was found to be partially required for RSF1010 conjugation, a process that was previously shown to be completely dependent on several icm/dot genes. However, results obtained from analysis of double mutants in the icm/dot genes and the lvh genes revealed that lvh genes can substitute for some components of the icm/dot system for RSF1010 conjugation, but not for intracellular growth. These results indicate that components of the icm/dot system and components of the lvh type IV secretion system are able to interact with one another.
Instagram Unfiltered: Exploring Associations of Body Image Satisfaction, Instagram #Selfie Posting, and Negative Romantic Relationship Outcomes

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the predictors and consequences associated with Instagram selfie posting. Thus, this study explored whether body image satisfaction predicts Instagram selfie posting and whether Instagram selfie posting is then associated with Instagram-related conflict and negative romantic relationship outcomes. A total of 420 Instagram users aged 18 to 62 years (M = 29.3, SD = 8.12) completed an online survey questionnaire. Analysis of a serial multiple mediator model using bootstrapping methods indicated that body image satisfaction was sequentially associated with increased Instagram selfie posting and Instagram-related conflict, which related to increased negative romantic relationship outcomes. These findings suggest that when Instagram users promote their body image satisfaction in the form of Instagram selfie posts, risk of Instagram-related conflict and negative romantic relationship outcomes might ensue. Findings from the current study provide a baseline underst...
How to know when physicians are ready for genomic medicine

Despite perceptions to the contrary, physicians are as prepared for genomic medicine as they are for other medical innovations; educational initiatives and support from genetics specialists can enhance clinical practice.
Abstract 2401: Loss of Nkx3.1 cooperates with Myc overexpression to promote prostate tumorigenesis

Nkx3.1 is a homeodomain-containing transcription factor essential for prostate development and differentiation while loss mediates prostate tumor initiation. In mice, conditional loss of Nkx3.1 results in prostatic epithelial hyperplasia and prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) formation. This increases the susceptibility of mice with compound mutations to the development of invasive adenocarcinoma. Human clinical data suggests that loss of Nkx3.1 and Myc overexpression are strongly correlated with increased tumor stage. Furthermore, Myc overexpressing transgenic mice lose Nkx3.1 in the PIN to carcinoma transition suggesting that Nkx3.1 loss is distinct and may provide a selective growth advantage. To further evaluate the cooperation between Nkx3.1 and Myc, we generated transgenic mice with prostate specific loss of Nkx3.1 and Myc overexpression. These mice contain a latent, Cre-activatable Myc allele and Nkx3.1 floxed alleles. Prostate specific Cre results in concurrent deletion of Nkx3.1 and activation of Myc. We have found that the young trigenic mice show advanced lesions compared to controls. High grade prostate intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) was evident as early as 15 weeks of age. By 35 weeks of age, these mice show multi-focal HGPIN lesions with micro-invasive cancer. An increase in proliferation and a modest increase in apoptosis are also seen. Complementary prostate regeneration studies further support this progressive phenotype. We hypothesize that Nkx3.1 and Myc are cooperating to promote prostate tumorigenesis by regulating important cancer genes. Future studies are being conducted to identify the mechanism of cooperation between Nkx3.1 and Myc. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2401. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-2401
Hemolytic-uremic syndrome in a six-year-old girl after a urinary tract infection with Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli O103:H2.

In the United States, the hemolytic–uremic syndrome of childhood typically follows gastrointestinal infection with Escherichia coli O157:H7.1–3 It is presumed that the absorption from the gastrointestinal tract of Shiga toxins 1, 2, or both (formerly called Shiga-like toxins4) produced by E. coli O157:H7 causes microangiopathic hemolytic anemia as a result of endothelial-cell injury.5 Shiga-toxin–producing E. coli belonging to serotypes other than O157:H7 can also cause the hemolytic–uremic syndrome.5,6 However, even though such organisms have been implicated as causes of sporadic cases7 or outbreaks8 of gastroenteritis, they are not believed to be important causes of the hemolytic–uremic syndrome . . .
Free entropy dimension and regularity of non-commutative polynomials☆

Abstract We show that the spectral measure of any non-constant non-commutative polynomial evaluated at a non-commutative n -tuple cannot have atoms if the free entropy dimension of that n -tuple is n (see also work of Mai, Speicher, and Weber). Under stronger assumptions on the n -tuple, we prove that the spectral measure of any non-constant non-commutative polynomial function is not singular, and measures of intervals surrounding any point may not decay slower than polynomially as a function of the interval's length.
Study on the Implementing Life Safety Education in Chinese School Physical Education

The aim of this paper is to guide the students to foster safety awareness,learn the skills of protecting life in the school phyisical education course.Thus,it will promote the process of the implementing of Life Safety Education in Chinese school.
Electromagnetic Environment of 500 kV Double-Circuit Vertical Arrangement Compact Power Transmission Line

500 kV double-circuit vertical arrangement compact transmission line was introduced firstly,which was mainly used in double-circuit transmission line construction with the limit of width and height. Aimed to the unknown electromagnetic environment of this compact transmission line with phases distance compressed,and its higher requirement of electromagnetic environment in densely populated area, the power frequency electric field, audible noise and radio interference were calculated and analyzed,compared with other regular types of towers. Conclusion has been drawn that the electromagnetic environment of this new compact line could better meet the design requirement. Finally,the factors that influence electromagnetic environment were also studied to provide the basis for the optimization of tower design scheme.
Utility of equilibrium radionuclide angiogram derived measures of dyssynchrony to predict outcomes in heart failure patients undergoing cardiac resynchronization therapy

1880 Objectives Accurate assessment of diagnostic and therapeutic concentrations of radiopharmaceuticals is one of the most important goals of quantitative single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography (SPECT/CT). Although planar acquisition with a point-like source in a petri dish is the simplest way to measure the system sensitivity required for absolute activity quantification in SPECT, this method requires an iterative reconstruction with highly accurate corrections, especially for high-energy emitters. Recent technical advances in SPECT/CT systems allow more accurate physical corrections than before; thus, it is necessary to review the feasibility of planar sensitivity measurement using a point-like source for quantitative SPECT/CT calibration. In this study, we focused on the most widely used therapeutic high-energy emitter, 131I. Methods The system sensitivity of a GE Discovery NM/CT 670 scanner equipped with an high-energy general-purpose collimator was measured using a petri dish filled with 131I solution and placed between two detector heads spaced 10 cm apart. Considering the large scatter fraction of 131I, we measured both the photopeak and scatter counts with energy windows of 364 keV ± 10% (photopeak) and 297 keV ± 10% (scatter). The planar system sensitivity (cpm/μCi) was determined by dividing the true counts of the planar scan (photopeak minus scatter counts) by the known activity and acquisition time. Uniform phantom experiments were also performed to calculate the volume-based system sensitivity and to validate the accuracy of absolute quantification. SPECT data were reconstructed with the preparation for Q.Metrix (GE Healthcare), which includes the ordered subset expectation maximization iterative reconstruction with attenuation correction, scatter correction, and resolution recovery. We assessed the quantitative accuracy of activity measurement by comparing the administrated (calculated) and reconstructed (measured) activities of three uniform phantoms of different sizes. Results The proportion of scatter counts in the 131I planar scan was remarkably high. The measured system planar sensitivities with and without considering scatter counts were 55.1 and 100.4 cpm/μCi, respectively. The measured system sensitivity based on reconstructed volume image counts using a uniform phantom was 52.7 cpm/μCi. The percent differences between the calculated activity and measured activities based on planar and volume sensitivities and proper physical correction were −4.68% (±7.48%) and −0.28% (±7.48%), respectively. The measured activities based on planar and volume sensitivities both showed good linear correlation with the calculated activity (y = 0.99x ± 0.12 and y = 1.03x ± 0.13, respectively). Conclusions The results of this study indicate that SPECT calibration using a petri dish and quantitative iterative reconstruction allows reliable absolute quantification of the 131I concentration.
Hemostasis Casebook: Lab Diagnosis and Management

George M. Rodgers MD, PhD, FASCP and Angela E. Alday MD 132 Pages. ASCP Press, 2012. 64 Cases, $69.00. ISBN: 9780891896173 This compilation of case studies in hemostasis and thrombosis is comprehensive in its discussion and representation of disorders. After a succinct and thorough overview of hemostasis and thrombosis, 64 case studies, including platelet, vascular, coagulation, and thrombotic disorders, are presented. The patient vignettes represent relatively common and infrequently encountered disorders. Also included are examples of preoperative evaluation. An overview of hemostasis and thrombosis serves as a useful introduction to the reader. The text systematically addresses all areas of hemostasis and thrombosis and clarifies concepts with informative figures, tables, images, and algorithms. These visual …
Digital media and political opposition in authoritarian systems: Russia’s 2011 and 2016 Duma elections

ABSTRACTThe ability of authoritarian regimes to maintain power hinges, in part, on how well they are able to manipulate the flow of information to the masses. While authoritarian states have had success controlling traditional media, the growth of social media over the last decade has created new challenges for such regimes. The Russian experience offers an example of how an authoritarian regime responds to this potential threat. Because of the massive demonstrations surrounding the 2011–2012 Duma elections, the ruling Russian government suspected that social media provided a significant impetus for the demonstrations. Social media, through its dissemination of opposition blogs, could have helped drive negative attitudes about the governing party. As such, the government responded by employing strategies to tighten their grip on the digital flow of information. We use survey data to demonstrate that exposure to blogs via social media at the time of the demonstrations led many to believe that the elections...
Modified Subspace Identification Method for Building a Long-Range Prediction Model for Inferential Control

Abstract In a chemical plant involving a series of processing units, it is beneficial to have a model that can accurately forecast the behavior of downstream variables based on upstream measurements. Such a model can be useful in feedforward and inferential control of the downstream variables to compensate for various upstream disturbances. However, creating such a dynamic model can be very difficult. The conventional multi variable identification approach based on minimizing single-step-ahead prediction error, can result in models leading to poor prediction and control in the described context. To alleviate this difficulty, we propose a modification to the conventional subspace identification method geared towards accurate k-step-ahead prediction. where k is a number chosen according to the estimated dead time. It is shown that the modified subspace identification method can be used in conjunction with the k-step prediction error minimization (PEM). Using an illustrative examples involving six mixing units with a recycle loop. we demonstrate the improvement that is possible from adopting the suggested modification.
Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Although commonly arising from poorly controlled hypertension, spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage may occur secondary to several other etiologies. Clinical presentation to the emergency department ranges from headache with vomiting to coma. In addition to managing the ABCs, the crux of emergency management lies in stopping hematoma expansion and other complications to prevent clinical deterioration. This may be achieved primarily through anticoagulation reversal, blood pressure, empiric management of intracranial pressure, and early neurosurgical consultation for posterior fossa hemorrhage. Patients must be admitted to intensive care. The effects of intracerebral hemorrhage are potentially devastating with very poor prognoses for functional outcome and mortality.
Risk Factors and Predictors of Significant Chondral Surface Change From Primary to Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A MOON and MARS Cohort Study:

Background:Articular cartilage health is an important issue following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury and primary ACL reconstruction. Factors present at the time of primary ACL reconstruction may influence the subsequent progression of articular cartilage damage.Hypothesis:Larger meniscus resection at primary ACL reconstruction, increased patient age, and increased body mass index (BMI) are associated with increased odds of worsened articular cartilage damage at the time of revision ACL reconstruction.Study Design:Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3.Methods:Subjects who had primary and revision data in the databases of the Multicenter Orthopaedics Outcomes Network (MOON) and Multicenter ACL Revision Study (MARS) were included. Reviewed data included chondral surface status at the time of primary and revision surgery, meniscus status at the time of primary reconstruction, primary reconstruction graft type, time from primary to revision ACL surgery, as well as demographics and Marx activity sco...
A 150V monolithic synchronous gate driver with built-in ZVS detection for half-bridge converters

This paper presents a fully-integrated high-voltage (HV) synchronous gate driver for driving power switches in zero-voltage switching (ZVS) converters. The proposed gate driver monitors the drain-source voltage of both high-side and low-side power FETs and determines proper dead time to turn on the FETs under ZVS conditions. Compared with traditional off-chip ZVS detection scheme which typically requires an additional transformer winding, the proposed design incorporates ZVS detector into the monolithic gate driver to minimize the volume of magnetics and other external components, and reduce the detection delay from more than 60ns to 15ns. Implemented in a 0.7pm HV BCD process, the proposed 150V synchronous gate driver enables 2MHz ZVS operations in a 60W two-phase half-bridge converter with eGaN power FETs and offers at least 840mW saving in the full-load conditions compared with the traditional off-chip ZVS detection scheme.
Noise level prediction in a bakery using panel contribution analysis combined with scale modeling

Panel contribution analysis combined with scale modeling was utilized to determine the sound pressure level at different positions in a bakery. The primary sources of noise were three heating and air conditioning units. Each of the units was discretized into several patches and the volume velocity for each patch was measured. Transfer functions were measured between the patches and two different customer locations for the full-scale baseline case and using a 1/10 scale model. Transfer functions for the scale model were adjusted to account for air attenuation in the full-scale case. Panel contribution analysis was used to predict noise levels assuming both correlated and uncorrelated sources. Predicted results compared well with measurement. The suggested method can be used to assess the sound pressure levels in large interior spaces before they are constructed so long as the source positions are known. In addition, contributions from the individual sources can be assessed and ranked.
Family Communication Patterns as Predictors of Organizational Dissent: A Replication Study

This study replicated a previous research project addressing connections between family-of-origin communication and organizational dissent expression. We predicted that family communication pattern...
Horizons in Starvation Research

All the chapters in this volume draw attention to the remarkable recent progress that has been made in documenting how different animals respond to voluntary or involuntary starvation. Here, I outline how this progress has led to a new horizon of research prospects and provide some examples of promising new areas of investigation. We generally acknowledge that starvation has shaped the evolutionary history of animals, but we know much less about how variation in starvation tolerance may have favored some lineages over others and to what different extent modern animals are suited to tolerate natural environment-induced anthropogenic changes in food resources. Moreover, it is clear that our progress in identifying the behavioral and physiological adaptations that animals have evolved to tolerate prolonged starvation has not kept pace with our understanding of the potential tradeoffs associated with such adaptations. We take it for granted that food limitation is an important circumstance in regulating the populations of many wild animals, yet we need more studies that quantitatively document this factor in the wild. Such studies will lend themselves to opportunities to improve and expand the techniques we use to monitor nutritional stress among wild animals. For most animals, lipids are the most important fuel source during prolonged fasting and starvation; however, we have only begun to consider how starvation influences the composition of fatty acids in the body, and how this fatty acid composition affects starvation tolerance. A growing number of recent studies have documented starvation-induced hypometabolic responses in a variety of species. Unfortunately, to date, we have little insight into the specific regulatory mechanisms that enable these adaptive responses. Many types of animals host enormous populations of intestinal symbionts that rival the number of cells in their own bodies; however, we know little about how starvation alters the communities of gut microflora, and more importantly the repercussions that these microecological disturbances may have on the host organism. Overall, I believe that the future of starvation research is promising as long as we recognize that significant progress requires an integrative approach and the expertise of researchers in many subfields of biology.
A Comparison of Algorithms for Dimensionality Analysis

Item response theory (IRT) models have been widely used for various educational and psychological testing purposes such as detecting differential item functioning (DIF), test construction, ability estimation, equating, and computer adaptive testing. The main assumption underlying these models is that local independence holds with respect to the latent ability being modeled (Lord and Novick 1968).
Broadening the Impact of Immunotherapy to Pancreatic Cancer: Challenges and Opportunities

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is projected to become the second deadliest cancer in the United States by 2025, with 5-year survival at less than 10%. In other recalcitrant cancers, immunotherapy has shown unprecedented response rates, including durable remissions after drug discontinuation. However, responses to immunotherapy in PDAC are rare. Accumulating evidence in mice and humans suggests that this remarkable resistance is linked to the complex, dueling role of the immune system in simultaneously promoting and restraining PDAC. In this review, we highlight the rationale that supports pursuing immunotherapy in PDAC, outline the key barriers that limit immunotherapy efficacy, and summarize the primary preclinical and clinical efforts to sensitize PDAC to immunotherapy.
Even a low dose of tamoxifen profoundly induces adipose tissue browning in female mice

Tamoxifen-inducible Cre/lox site-specific recombination technology has been widely used to generate conditional transgenic mice. As an estrogen receptor ligand, tamoxifen itself potentially affects energy metabolism, which may confound interpretation of data especially in metabolic studies. Considering sexual dimorphism, in this study, the effects of low-dose tamoxifen administration on energy metabolism, and browning of adipose tissues in female and male mice were investigated. Female and male C57/BL6 mice were injected with tamoxifen oil solution (i.p.) and then housed at both room temperature (23 ± 2 °C) and cold environment (6 ± 1 °C). Serum, brown and white adipose tissues were obtained, and the effects of tamoxifen administration on energy metabolism and the browning of adipose tissues were evaluated. At 25 mg/kg body weight (BDW), tamoxifen administration for 3 alternative days decreased the percentage of inguinal and gonadal white adipose tissue weights in female mice accompanied by the up-regulation of thermogenesis in adipose tissues. In contrast, this dosage of tamoxifen did not induce noticeable changes in the energy metabolism and thermogenesis of adipose tissue in male mice under room temperature. Consistently, under cold stimulus, substantial browning of adipose tissues was observed in female mice injected with tamoxifen (50 mg/kg BDW, single injection) but not in male mice. Two-way ANOVA tests also demonstrated significant interactions between tamoxifen treatment and gender on the expression of thermogenic markers in adipose tissues. Tamoxifen, even at a low dose, remarkably increases thermogenesis in adipose tissues of female mice; meanwhile, such a low dose could be used in male mice for inducing gene recombination without confounding the interpretation of data related to metabolism and thermogenesis of adipose tissues.
2430: Leading diverse and emerging scientists to success (LEADS)

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: To diversify the biomedical research workforce by training postdoctoral scholars and junior faculty from 6 Minority Serving Institutions (MSIs) on practical research skills such as Critical and Creative Thinking, Formulating the Problem, Asking the Right Question, Grant Writing, and Team Science METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: In collaboration with our partners, we identified 11 topics where trainees lack research funding. Next, we identified instructors for these topics. We converted the topics to online module with modules ranging from 2 to 8 weeks. In working with an online education expert, we developed innovative online training using Moodle as the content management system. Scholars complete readings, videos, self-assessments and participate in discussion board each week. In addition, we have weekly synchronous sessions for each module. All scholars are required to take the grant writing module and 8 other modules. After each module, trainees complete a brief survey to evaluate the module. The leaders at the MSI participated in an intensive face-to-face training session on how to be a career coach so that they could be career coaches for the LEADS Scholars at their home institutions. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: In the first year, we selected 13 LEADS Scholars. All but 3 scholars elected to take every module. The 3 scholars did not enroll in the Peer Reviewing module. Results of the brief survey at the end of each module indicate that the scholars value each of the modules and rate them very highly. When 1 scholar wanted to leave the program, we decided to have a conference call with all of the LEADS Scholars to determine what was working and what was not working with the program. All scholars recognized the value of LEADS. Some scholars felt that the weekly synchronous session was too demanding as they have competing demands on their time. We consulted with the leadership at the MSI and decided to modify the requirements of the program such that every synchronous call was not required for successful completion of the module and to earn a badge. Scholars need to have at least 9 badges to earn a certificate. In addition to the training, we decided that scholars would also benefit from mock reviews of their grants. This will help them submit successful grants. We learned that the best way to serve the needs of the scholars is to work iteratively with the scholars and leadership to develop a successful program that most effectively meets their needs of the scholars and helps them launch a successful career. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Postdoctoral scholars and junior faculty from MSI need practical research training to help launch their research career. We suspect that this is true of many institutions and plan to develop these modules so that they can be widely disseminated to other institutions.
Payback without bookkeeping: The origins of revenge and retaliation

Current evolutionary models of revenge focus on its complex deterrent functions. Nevertheless, there are some retaliatory behaviors in nonhuman animals that do not appear to have a deterrent functi...
Effects of crop rotation systems on microbial structure under low N application in rice field

AbstractCrop rotation has been used worldwide for thousands of years. It is well documented that the crop rotation system benefits soil improvement and crop yields. Based on this complexity, the me...
Interaction of alpha-crystallin with four major phospholipids of eye lens membranes.

Abstract It is well-studied that the significant factor in cataract formation is the association of α-crystallin, a major eye lens protein, with the fiber cell plasma membrane of the eye lens. The fiber cell plasma membrane of the eye lens consists of four major phospholipids (PLs), i.e., phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylserine (PS), and sphingomyelin (SM). Despite several attempts to study the interaction of α-crystallin with PLs of the eye lens membrane, the role of individual PL for the binding with α-crystallin is still unclear. We recently developed the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spin-labeling method to study the binding of α-crystallin to the PC membrane (Mainali et al., 2020a). Here, we use the recently developed EPR method to explicitly measure the binding affinity (Ka) of α-crystallin to the individual (PE*, PS, and SM) and two-component mixtures (SM/PE, SM/PS, and SM/PC in 70:30 and 50:50 mol%) of PL membranes as well as the physical properties (mobility parameter and maximum splitting) of these membranes upon binding with α-crystallin. One of the key findings of this study was that the Ka of α-crystallin binding to individual PL membranes followed the trends: Ka(PC) > Ka(SM) > Ka(PS) > Ka(PE*), indicating PE* inhibits binding the most whereas PC inhibits binding the least. Also, the Ka of α-crystallin binding to two-component mixtures of PL membranes followed the trends: Ka(SM/PE) > Ka(SM/PS) > Ka(SM/PC), indicating SM/PC inhibits binding the most whereas SM/PE inhibits binding the least. Except for the PE* membrane, for which there was no binding of α-crystallin, the mobility parameter for all other membranes decreased with an increase in α-crystallin concentration. It represents that the membranes become more immobilized near the headgroup regions of the PLs when more and more α-crystallin binds to them. The maximum splitting increased only for the SM and the SM/PE (70:30 mol%) membranes, with an increase in the binding of α-crystallin. It represents that the PL headgroup regions of these membranes become more ordered after binding of α-crystallin to these membranes. Our results showed that α-crystallin binds to PL membranes in a saturable manner. Also, our data suggest that the binding of α-crystallin to PL membranes likely occurs through hydrophobic interaction between α-crystallin and the hydrophobic fatty acid core of the membranes, and such interaction is modulated by the PL headgroup's size and charge, hydrogen bonding between headgroups, and PL curvature. Thus, this study provides an in-depth understanding of α-crystallin interaction with the PL membranes made of individual and two-component mixtures of the four major PLs of the eye lens membranes.
Optimizing Fetal Aneuploidy Screening in an Austere Military Clinical Environment: A Prenatal Cost Comparison.

Introduction Austere clinical settings, including remote military installations, face unique challenges in screening pregnant women for aneuploidy. The objective of this study was to compare the direct and indirect prenatal costs of traditional 2-part serum-based screening to cell-free DNA (cfDNA) for detection of trisomies 18 and 21 for a military treatment facility with limited in-house perinatal resources. Materials and methods We identified Naval Hospital Guantanamo Bay as a surrogate for an austere clinical environment. A prenatal cost of care analysis incorporating direct and indirect expenses was performed to compare the 2 aneuploidy screening strategies for a theoretical cohort of 100 patients for detection of trisomies 18 and 21. The baseline aneuploidy uptake rate was determined using a historical cohort. Test performance characteristics were obtained from the contracting laboratory. Aneuploidy rates and costs were calculated using previously published data. Results Assuming a baseline screen uptake rate of 87%, initial screening using the traditional approach would directly cost $8,285.01 versus $44,140.32 with cfDNA. Considering indirect costs such as travel, consultative services, evaluation and follow-up testing of an abnormal screen result, and lost productivity, the cost difference narrows to $14,458.25 over a 5- to 6-year period. Cost equivalence is achieved when cfDNA is priced at $341.17 per test. Conclusion Cell-free DNA as an initial screening strategy offers enhanced detection rates for trisomies 18 and 21 but remains more costly than traditional screening when incorporating direct and indirect expenses. In a low volume setting with limited resources, the added cost may be justified given the implications of unrecognized aneuploidy.