cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Marshallian Macroeconomic Model: A Progress Report

Abstract In this progress report, we first indicate the origins and early development of the Marshallian macroeconomic model (MMM) and briefly review some of our past empirical forecasting experiments with the model. Then we present recently developed one-sector, two-sector and n -sector models of an economy that can be employed to explain past experience, predict future outcomes and analyze policy problems. The results of simulation experiments with various versions of the model are provided to illustrate some of its dynamic properties that include “chaotic” features. Last, we present comments on planned future work with the model.
Ultrastructural changes during zoospore formation in phytophthora parasitica.

A B S T R A C T Cleavage of the multinucleate sporangial cytoplasm begiins by a rearrangement and subsequent fusion of randomly dispersed cleavage vesicles. The vesicles line up in planes equidistant from neighboring nuclei and along the sporangial wall. In addition, they contribute to the enlargement of the central vacuole. Fusion of these vesicles with themselves and with the central vacuole cleaves the cytoplasm into uninucleate zoospores, each with two flagella. The sporangial wall consists of two layers, an outer thin one which is continuous over the plug of the discharge pore and an inner thick one which tapers off near the plug. The plug consists of fibrillar material and is ejected upon release of the zoospores. A plug-like structure separating the forming sporangium from the hypha has a homogeneous matrix pervaded with an anastomosing network of fine electron-dense chaiiiels. In additioni, glycogen-like granules occur within mitochondria and paired structures are interpreted as procentrioles. ZOOSPORE PRODUCTION inl the asexual sporaingia of the fungus Phytophthora parasitica Dast. from papaya deserves attention for at least two reasonis. First, it provides a model for the cleavage of a multinucleate cytoplasm into uninucleate portions, a process which is accompanied by formation of a new cell membrane around each resultant zoospore. Secoind, zoospore production represents a stage in the life cycle which is vulnerable to enviroinmental influences and might provide a key for future control of this inotorious plant pathogen (Waterhouse, 1962).
Age effects on chronic tolerance to ethanol hypnosis and hypothermia

Abstract Male Fischer 344 rats of three different ages (young, 4 months; middle, 13 months; and old, 25 months) were tested for their hypnotic and hypothermic response to a 3.5 g/kg dose of ethanol on day 1 and after an 8-day exposure to 4.0 g/kg of ethanol administered via intragastric intubation. All three age groups displayed, to a similar extent, an increased rate of blood ethanol disapperance (metabolic tolerance) on day 10 and day 16, as compared to day 1. Both young and middle-age rats demonstrated tolerance to ethanol hypothermia, but older rats did not. The same test dose of ethanol (3.5 g/kg, IP) administered on day 16, after a 5-day interval with no ethanol, produced a hypnosis response similar to that observed on day 1 (no tolerance), but the response to ethanol hypothermia was still significantly reduced over the day 1 and day 10 value in young and middle-age rats, suggesting a persistence and intensification of tolerance to hypothermia over the 5-day rest interval. However, tolerance to ethanol hypothermia was not observed in old rats. Thus, the effects of age on the development of chronic functional tolerance were complex and depended upon the test measure used.
Rearrangement of a pyranone to a benzothiazole

The conversion of 2-chloromethyl-5-methoxy-4H-pyran-4-one to 2-amino-5-hydroxy-6-methoxybenzothiazole hydrochloride under mild reaction conditions has been observed. The synthesis of the identical benzothiazole by an alternate unequivocal method is also reported.
A real-time multiresolution algorithm for correcting distortions produced by thermal printers

As printing proceeds in a thermal printer, heat from previously printed lines of image data accumulates in the print head and alters the thermal state of the heating elements. This fluctuating state of the heating elements manifests itself as a distortion in the printed image. We have modeled the heat diffusion within the thermal printer and the density response of the receiver medium to derive a computationally efficient inverse thermal printer model. In this model, the heat diffusion problem for the moving receiver is simplified by showing that it is equivalent to a stationary medium with lower conductivity. The thermal print head is modeled as having a finite number of discrete layers with differing time constants. The layer temperature updates can be decoupled and are time recursive if expressed in relative rather than absolute temperatures, and this decoupling allows the layers to be updated at multiple spatial and temporal resolutions. The inverse printer model then reduces to an elegant algorithm that comprises three interleaved recursions; namely, absolute temperature propagation from coarse-to-fine scale, energy propagation from fine-to-coarse scale and relative temperature update in time. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm successfully corrects the distortion produced by thermal printers.
Pericardiectomy: current indications, concepts, and results in a university center.

Abstract During a 7½-year period, 102 patients underwent pericardiectomy in the Emory University Affiliated Hospitals for a wide variety of pericardial disease. Seventy-six patients had predominantly effusive pericardial disease, and 26 patients had constrictive pericarditis. Nineteen cases of constrictive pericarditis developed in patients who had undergone previous open-heart operations. Hospital mortality at six weeks was 8.8%. The surgical approach was a left anterior thoracotomy in 72 patients; median sternotomy in 26 patients; and a subxiphoid approach in 4 patients. Only 2 patients required cardiopulmonary bypass. A detailed discussion of each subgroup of patients with pericardial disease requiring pericardiectomy is given.
Free energy formulation of fatigue crack initiation along persistent slip bands: calculation of SN curves and crack depths

Abstract A theory of fatigue crack initiation along PSBs based on free energy considerations has been developed. The PSB is modelled as an accumulation of vacancy dipoles. The total free energy of the system increases with fatigue cycle number due to the increase in elastic strain energy. It is shown that there exists a critical fatigue cycle number above which the initial state of dislocation accumulation along the slip band becomes energetically unstable, leading to the initiation of a microcrack within the PSB. SN curves for initiation can be calculated and the resulting crack depths determined. The theory correctly predicts several observed phenomena of fatigue crack initiation: (i) crack initiation is easier in air than in vacuum; (ii) crack initiation is easier at room temperature than at cryogenic temperatures; (iii) just-initiated cracks are shallow.
Transfer of training following discrimination learning with two reinforced responses

Abstract Pigeons were given errorless discrimination training between chromatic stimuli with a specific reinforced response associated with each discriminative stimulus. These S s subsequently acquired a successive go/no-go auditory discrimination (utilizing one response class) faster than S s given single stimulus training. These results are more compatible with an explanation of transfer of training in successive operant discrimination learning based on general attention than one based on withholding responses.
Absorption of cosmic radiation in matter

Abstract The paper describes absorption and shower producing effects of cosmic radiation in water, coal, copper sulphate, iron sulphide, sand, and barium sulphate. The measurements were made with triple coincidence Geiger counters, near sea level. The coefficient of absorption was not found to be strictly proportional to density, substances of higher atomic number showing departures. The coefficients per bound electron was found to be constant, within the precision of the observations. Showers were found to follow the direction of the primaries, and to show maxima with increasing thicknesses of shower-producing matter in the region of 50–100 gms./cm.2 of material.
Heat transfer mechanisms and their effects on microstructure during spray atomization and codeposition of metal matrix composites

Abstract In the present study, the thermal mechanisms affecting the evolution of microstructure during spray atomization and codeposition of metal matrix composites were investigated, with particular emphasis on the effect of the ceramic phase on the resulting microstructure. The present results suggest that the grain size refinement that is commonly observed when a distribution of ceramic particulates is coinjected into a metallic spray during spray atomization and deposition processin may be rationalized by considering heat transfer effects and solid state cooling effects. In order to provide insight into the heat transfer effects, a heat transfer model was formulated on the basis fundamental heat transfer considerations. In this model, the transfer of thermal energy from the atomized metal to the ceramic phase was computed for two separate stages: (a) atomization and (b) deposition. The numerical results obtained using SiC particulates in an aluminum matrix show that 9% of the nethalpy of the atomized spray is transferred to the ceramic particulates during atomization, whereas 8% of the thermal energy available after deposition will be consumed in the process of equilibrating the temperature of the SiC particulates to that the matrix. Regarding solid state cooling effects, preliminary results suggest that the presence of a dispersion of ceramic particulates in the aluminum matrix will drastically reduce the rate of grain growth. This observation was corroborated through an experimental investigation of the changes in grain size after isochronal thermal anneals.
Flare energy transport by conduction and radiation

As energy is released in coronal flare loops, strong temperature gradients may appear and large-scale flows can be set up. In the absence of, or in addition to, energetic particle beams, thermal conduction and mass motions are major processes that distribute energy throughout the flare atmosphere. We review basic physical concepts of the energy transport processes, and their observational evidence. We then turn to radiative energy transport, an often ignored processes that may constitute a major transfer mechanism, particularly into and throughout the dense, optically thick, chromospheric and photospheric layers. The basic physics of radiative energy transport is reviewed, and some specific examples discussed in detail, particularly in connection with upper photosphere heating and white light flare events.
VAGINAL REPLACEMENT IN CHILDREN AND YOUNG ADULTS

AbstractPurpose: Absence of the vagina in the pediatric population most commonly results from congenital abnormalities, such as the Mayer-Rokitansky syndrome but it may also be seen after treatment for pelvic tumors, such as rhabdomyosarcoma, and in patients who have had previous gender reassignment. We review our experience using bowel for vaginal replacement in a group of children and young adults to assess outcome and satisfaction.Materials and Methods: From 1980 to 1996 we evaluated 31 patients 1 to 20 years old who required vaginal replacement. Presenting diagnoses included mullerian failure (the Mayer-Rokitansky syndrome) in 20 patients, androgen insensitivity syndrome in 5, rhabdomyosarcoma in 3, penile agenesis in 1, cloacal exstrophy in 1 and 1 previously separated conjoint twin. A questionnaire was given to 26 of the 31 patients to assess postoperative sexual function and satisfaction.Results: A total of 33 bowel segments in 31 patients were used for vaginal reconstruction, including sigmoid col...
Resistance to Friend Virus-Induced Erythroleukemia in W/Wv Mice Is Caused by a Spleen-Specific Defect Which Results in a Severe Reduction in Target Cells and a Lack of Sf-Stk Expression

The characteristic progression and specificity of Friend virus for the erythroid lineage have allowed for the identification of a number of host-encoded loci that are required for disease progression. Several of these loci, including the Friend virus susceptibility gene 2 (Fv2), dominant white spotting gene (W), and Steel gene (Sl), regulate the initial polyclonal expansion of infected erythroid progenitor cells. W and Sl encode the Kit receptor tyrosine kinase and its ligand, stem cell factor, respectively. W mutant mice are severely anemic, and earlier work suggested that this defect in erythroid differentiation is the cause for the resistance to Friend virus-induced erythroleukemia. Here we show that in bone marrow, W/Wv mice have near normal numbers of target cells and the initial infection of bone marrow occurs normally in vivo. In contrast, spleen cells from W/Wv mice infected both in vitro and in vivo with Friend virus failed to give rise to erythropoietin-independent colonies at any time following Friend virus infection, suggesting that mutation of the Kit receptor specifically affects target cells in the spleen, rendering the mutant mice resistant to the development of Friend virus-induced erythroleukemia. In addition, we show that the Kit+ pathogenic targets of Friend virus in the spleen are distinct from the pathogenic targets in bone marrow and this population of spleen target cells is markedly decreased in W/Wv mice and these cells fail to express Sf-Stk. These results also underscore the unique nature of the spleen microenvironment in its role in supporting the progression of acute leukemia in Friend virus-infected mice.
Mercury binding sites in thiol-functionalized mesostructured silica.

Thiol-functionalized mesostructured silica with anhydrous compositions of (SiO2)1-x(LSiO1.5)x, where L is a mercaptopropyl group and x is the fraction of functionalized framework silicon centers, are effective trapping agents for the removal of mercuric(II) ions from water. In the present work, we investigate the mercury-binding mechanism for representative thiol-functionalized mesostructures by atomic pair distribution function (PDF) analysis of synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction data and by Raman spectroscopy. The mesostructures with wormhole framework structures and compositions corresponding to x = 0.30 and 0.50 were prepared by direct assembly methods in the presence of a structure-directing amine porogen. PDF analyses of five mercury-loaded compositions with Hg/S ratios of 0.50−1.30 provided evidence for the bridging of thiolate sulfur atoms to two metal ion centers and the formation of chain structures on the pore surfaces. We find no evidence for Hg−O bonds and can rule out oxygen coordination o...
A method for solving boundary value problems and two-dimensional theories without ad hoc assumptions

A method is proposed with which certain three-dimensional problems may be solved and also approximate two-dimensional theories can be deduced from three-dimensional equations of the theory of elasticity without ad hoc assumptions. To illustrate the method, the axially symmetric problem of hollow cylinders of any length is treated herein. The method, however, can be applied to nonaxisymmetric deformation of cylinders, spheres, plates, and other problems.
The partial adjustment valuation approach with dynamic and variable speeds of adjustment to evaluating and measuring the business value of information technology

Abstract In this paper we develop the partial adjustment valuation approach in which the speeds of (partial) adjustment are assumed to be dynamic and variable, rather than fixed or constant, to assessing the value of information technology (IT). The speeds of adjustment are a function of a set of macroeconomic and/or microeconomic variables, observed and unobserved and, hence, become time-varying or dynamic and variable over time. The approach is illustrated by a practical application. The results imply that the constant speeds of adjustment may overestimate or underestimate the actual speeds of adjustment and, accordingly, may miscalculate the values of performance metrics. Thus, the partial adjustment valuation approach with dynamic and variable speeds of adjustment is more realistic and, more importantly, captures the changing patterns and trends of the adjustment speeds and the performance measures as well. As such, the partial adjustment valuation approach with constant speeds of adjustment fails to adequately explain the dynamic production process of a decision making unit. The empirical evidence also conflicts with the lopsided view that the productivity paradox does not exist in developed countries.
Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency: outcomes after liver transplantation

Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency (AAT) is the most common inherited metabolic disease leading to liver transplantation (LT) in children and adults. The aim of the study was to determine transplantation trends and survival of LT recipients with AAT. Using the UNOS (United Network for Organ Sharing) database, we identified 567 patients who underwent LT and 3 who received lung and LT from 1995 to 2004. AAT accounted for 1.06% of all adult LTs and 3.51% for pediatric LT. The 1-, 3-, and 5-year patient survival was 89%, 85%, and 83%, respectively, for adults versus 92%, 90%, and 90% for pediatric patients (P = .04), and graft survival was 83%, 79%, and 77% for adults versus 84%, 81%, and 78% for pediatric patients (P = .51). By regression analysis, age was the only predictor for patient survival (P = .04). In conclusion, adult and pediatric LT recipients with AAT are predominantly of Caucasian ethnicity and have an excellent post-LT survival.
Locations of Landau Singularities

It is shown for the third-order triangle and the fourth-order box Feynman diagrams that singularities exist on the physical boundaries of the amplitudes if, and only if, the external momenta are such as to allow the reactions to actually proceed with real intermediate particles. If, furthermore, the information concerning the locations and appropriate branches of singularities implied by this principle is combined with the requirement that discontinuities be given by Cutkosky's rules, the amplitudes are uniquely determined.
Characterization of the ability of polymeric chemiresistor arrays to quantitate trichloroethylene using partial least squares (PLS): effects of experimental design, humidity, and temperature

Polymeric chemiresistors are a class of chemical sensor that have promise for being practical in situ sensors of volatile organic compounds (VOC) in various environmental monitoring applications. However, these devices may undergo changes in response due to changes in temperature or humidity that must be taken into consideration when developing calibration models. The devices can also display significant hysteresis effects after exposure to VOC vapor. These effects are complicated by the fact that each sensor within an array is coated with a different polymer, each with a different response to temperature, humidity, and VOC exposure. It is shown that partial least squares (PLS) can provide quantitative predictions of trichloroethylene (TCE) using an array of chemiresistors through appropriate experimental design. Effects of humidity and temperature on the response of chemiresistor arrays and predictive ability of PLS are also discussed. It is also shown that to truly assess the quality of a calibration model it must be first tested through prediction of a test set at a time separated from the acquisition of the calibration data. Using only leave-one-out cross-validation results from the calibration can lead to unwarranted confidence in a model that is not stable with respect to changing environmental conditions and device drift.
The thought of Gregory the Great

(1987). The thought of Gregory the Great. History of European Ideas: Vol. 8, No. 6, pp. 774-775.
Gentamycin resistance in Nicotiana conferred by AAC(3)-I, a narrow substrate specificity acetyltransferase.

Acetylation of the amino group in position 3 of the 2-desoxystreptamine moiety [AAC(3)] of gentamycin is a potent and wide-spread resistance mechanism in bacteria. Several marker genes coding for AAC(3) enzymes with varying substrate ranges or differing molecular properties have been identified. The enzymes AAC(3)-I and AAC(3)-II have a narrow substrate range and confer resistance to gentamycin and its close structural derivatives only, whereas genes encoding AAC(3)-III and AAC(3)-IV enzymes have a broad substrate range, modifying kanamycins, tobramycin, neomycin and paromomycin [1, 2]. Genes encoding AAC(3)-III and AAC(3)-IV enzymes were expressed in plants and shown to confer resistance to gentamicin, kanamycin (one of the genes), and possibly to other antibiotics [3]. Resistance to more than one antibiotic limits the use of the chimeric marker gene. We report that the narrow substrate range AAC(3)-I enzyme from the transposable element Tn21 [2] also provides a useful gentamycin resistance marker in plants. Materials and methods
THz absorption spectroscopy to detect biological and chemical molecules in the environment

Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy has been used to detect biological and chemical molecules such as bacteria, spores, dipicolimic acid, tryptophan and CS2 in the frequency range 0.2 to 2.4 THz. Different absorption peaks were found for these samples which can be used to distinguish biological and chemical molecules in the environment.
School Psychologists' Assessment Practices with Bilingual and Limited-English-Proficient Students:

This study, a survey of 859 National Association of School Psychologist (NASP) members from eight states, identified school psychologists' assessment practices with bilingual and limited-English-proficient (LEP) students and compared test usage frequencies between English-only and bilingual psychoeducational assessment. Cognitive, achievement, and adaptive behavior domains were examined. In the area of cognitive assessment, the WISC-R or WISC-III administered in English only was the measure most frequently used. Moreover, the use of nonverbal intelligence tests appeared to be a common practice. With respect to achievement testing in English and Spanish, the Woodcock instruments were used by approximately three-fourths of the respondents. Curriculum-based assessment was employed significantly more often in bilingual psychoeducational assessment than in traditional English-only assessment. For assessing adaptive behavior, 90% of the sample used at least one of the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Survey Scales. A...
Superconductive tunneling into Nb 3 Sn with barriers formed by RF oxidation

Thin film tunnel junctions were fabricated using rf oxidation of sputtered Nb 3 Sn films and subsequent evaporation of Pb. Very little control of junction impedance could be obtained from variation of the rf voltage or the partial pressure of oxygen. Small Josephson currents and high leakage in the quasi-particle characteristics were observed. Using an approximate proximity effect density-of-states model it appears that a damaged surface layer causes a reduced energy gap with a value somewhat dependent on the oxidation process. Two types of characteristics were observed and can be explained by the existence of two metallic phases in some of the films.
Identification of Rodent Filth Exhibits

: Three main types of rodent filth (rodent excreta pellets, gnawing, and nesting material) are described and identification procedures are listed. Suspect excreta pellets that may be encountered in foods from various animals are described in detail and presented in a dichotomous key for comparison and identification. The physical features associated with the excreta pellets (color, shape, size, weight, surface, and matrix composition) are listed for the insects and animals found in the key. Rodent gnawing and rodent nesting materials are defined and the importance of the paired incisor marks, scalloping along edges and the appearance of the building materials are described. The importance of urine, rodent excreta, hairs and/or parasites when defining nesting material, are discussed, along with the key elements used to recognize the gnawing direction by the rodents. Historical data on rodents and health/safety concerns when handling rodent filth exhibits are addressed.
Robust nonnested hypothesis testing

This article presents robust J and encompassing tests for testing nonnested hypotheses in the presence of outliers in the data. The proposed tests are based on least absolute deviations (LAD) and M-estimators unlike the conventional J and encompassing tests, which are based on least squares or maximum likelihood estimators. These tests can lead to more reliable inference in the presence of outliers than tests based on nonrobust estimators. The tests are illustrated with applications to two economic data sets and an artificially generated data set and compared with their nonrobust counterparts.
Photoactivated 8‐methoxypsoralen treatment causes a peptide‐dependent increase in antigen display by transformed lymphocytes

Ex vivo exposure of malignant human T cells to photoactivated 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOPa), followed by their i.v. return, appears to vaccinate patients against tumor-associated antigens of cutaneous T cell lymphoma in a procedure termed photopheresis. The molecular basis of this Food and Drug Administration-approved therapy, administered in 100 centers worldwide, is unclear. Most of the attention to the mechanism of action of the drug has focused on its capacity to form covalent cross-links with pyrimidine bases of DNA, thereby inhibiting cellular proliferation. Because immunologic factors appear to be important in the clinical response and could potentially serve as a model for immunotherapy of other malignancies, we explored the possibility that 8-MOP-treated cells display increased quantities of antigenic peptides at their cell surface. In this work, human B-lymphoblastoid tissue culture lines were exposed to 8-MOPa and expression of cell surface class I major histocompatibility complex proteins assessed, since CD8 T cells recognize antigenic moieties in the context of class I molecules. A peak 200-300% increase in MHC class I expression in 8-MOPa-treated cells occurred at 20 hr. 8-MOPa was far more effective in inducing this increase in class I MHC than other modalities, including mitomycin C, gamma-irradiation, ultraviolet B or heat or cold shock. This increase in surface class I MHC molecules appears to be driven by the degradation of cytoplasmic proteins into small peptides, followed by the transport of these peptides to MHC class I molecules in the endoplasmic reticulum. The data suggest that 8-MOPa treatment may augment the immunogenicity of tumor and/or antigen-presenting cells by enhancing processing and transport of class I MHC antigenic peptides.
Experimental determination of storage ring optics using orbit response measurements

Abstract The measured response matrix giving the change in orbit at beam position monitors (BPMs) with changes in steering magnet excitation can be used to accurately calibrate the linear optics in an electron storage ring [1–8]. A computer code called LOCO (Linear Optics from Closed Orbits) was developed to analyze the NSLS X-Ray Ring measured response matrix to determine: the gradients in all 56 quadrupole magnets; the calibration of the steering magnets and BPMs; the roll of the quadrupoles, steering magnets, and BPMs about the electron beam direction; the longitudinal magnetic centers of the orbit steering magnets; the horizontal dispersion at the orbit steering magnets; and the transverse mis-alignment of the electron orbit in each of the sextupoles. Random orbit measurement error from the BPMs propagated to give only 0.04% rms error in the determination of individual quadrupole gradients and 0.4 mrad rms error in the determination of individual quadrupole rolls. Small variations of a few parts in a thousand in the quadrupole gradients within an individual family were resolved. The optics derived by LOCO gave accurate predictions of the horizontal dispersion, the beta functions, and the horizontal and vertical emittances, and it gave good qualitative agreement with the measured vertical dispersion. The improved understanding of the X-Ray Ring has enabled us to increase the synchrotron radiation brightness. The LOCO code can also be used to find the quadrupole family gradients that best correct for gradient errors in quadrupoles, in sextupoles, and from synchrotron radiation insertion devices. In this way the design periodicity of a storage ring's optics can be restored. An example of periodicity restoration will be presented for the NSLS VUV Ring. LOCO has also produced useful results when applied to the ALS storage ring [8].
The Hypnotic Simulation Index: Successful Discrimination of Real Versus Simulating Participants

Researchers have attempted to find a method that accurately and reliably discriminates hypnotized individuals from those who are simulating hypnosis. Although an extensive literature exists in this area, researchers have failed to identify a discriminator that is consistently successful with a majority of the individuals who are tested. In the current study, 43 hypnotized and 37 simulating participants were categorized on the basis of their scores on the newly created Hypnotic Simulation Index (HSI). Using all 31 items of the HSI as predictors, 94% of the participants were correctly classified. In addition, a reduced set of only 15 items correctly classified 96% of the participants. These results suggest that the HSI is effective in discriminating hypnotized and simulating participants.
Hydrogen passivation of germanium (100) surface using wet chemical preparation

A wet chemical preparation involving de-ionized water, hydrogen peroxide, and hydrofluoric acid is used to passivate germanium (Ge) (100) surfaces. Infrared absorption spectroscopy and x-ray photoemission spectroscopy studies show that oxide free and hydrogen-terminated Ge (100) surfaces can be obtained. As in the case for silicon (100) surfaces etched in hydrofluoric acid, hydrogen-terminated Ge (100) surfaces are atomically rough, with primarily mono- and dihydride terminations.
Low Temperature Si Direct Bonding by Plasma Activation

Chemical and physical effects of plasma exposed Si wafer pairs were investigated on Si wafer bonding. Oxygen plasma treated Si wafer pairs bonded more strongly at room temperature compared to chemically cleaned, hydrophilic and hydrophobic Si. After 50 hours of annealing at 105°C, the surface energy of the bonded Si pair reached the surface energy of bulk Si (100). X- ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) measurements indicated that the exposure of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic Si to oxygen plasma increased a SiO2 like state in the surface layer to a depth of 1.5 nm. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) study showed that plasma irradiation at 300 watts up to 30 seconds did not change surface roughness below 0.5 nm. Exposure to He plasma or N2 did result in enhanced bonding after annealing at 165°C, however, over smaller areas.
Long range physical map of the Wilms' tumor-aniridia region on human chromosome 11

The relationship between genetic alterations at chromosomal band 11p13 and the WAGR (Wilms' tumor, aniridia, genitourinary anomalies, and mental retardation) syndrome is not clearly understood. To aid our understanding of this relationship, we have constructed a physical map of this region of the genome using pulsed field gel electrophoresis. Fifteen newly identified 11p13-specific probes and four previously reported probes were used to subdivide 11p13 into five intervals defined by overlapping constitutional deletions from several WAGR patients. This new repertoire of DNA probes was used to construct a physical map of this region using the infrequently cutting restriction enzymes MIuI and NotI. This map spans approximately 13 Mb and encompasses deletion and translocation breakpoints associated with genitourinary abnormalities, aniridia, and Wilms' tumor. The map also makes it possible to localize the genes for Wilms' tumor (WT) and aniridia (AN2) to a small number of specific NotI restriction fragments.
Advances in ultralow-power highly integrated active pixel sensor CMOS imagers for space and radiation environments

To develop more cost-effective future satellites and spacecraft systems, instruments and avionics are evolving into smaller/lighter-weight and more power efficient modules. NASA's future missions will require that these lighter weight systems have smaller shielding mass margins and operate at cryogenics temperatures in stressing radiation. JPL has been exploring several approaches to improving the radiation performance of CMOS Active Pixel Sensor (APS) imagers for ultra-low power,© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Is the United States Really Underinvesting in Agricultural Research?: Comment

The tax system may bias upward estimates of the rate of return to public agricultural research. Fox gives an example to illustrate the effect of failure to acknowledge the deadweight loss (DWL) of taxation by assuming a uniform stream of benefits. The purpose of this note is (a) to show that Fox's example overestimates the effect of DWL on the rate of return, and (b) to use a more realistic stream of benefits to assess the effect of DWL.
The neuropathogenesis of AIDS

HIV-associated dementia (HAD) is an important complication of the central nervous system in patients who are infected with HIV-1. Although the incidence of HAD has markedly decreased since it has become possible to effectively control viral replication in the blood by administering highly active antiretroviral therapy, a less severe form of HAD, comprising a milder cognitive and motor disorder, is now potentially a serious problem. Brain macrophages and microglia are the key cell types that are infected by HIV-1 in the central nervous system, and they are likely to mediate the neurodegeneration seen in patients with HAD; however, the precise pathogenesis of this neurodegeneration is still unclear. Here, we discuss the studies that are being carried out to determine the respective contributions of infection, and monocyte and macrophage activation, to disease progression.
Double line scan diffusion imaging

A new double line scan diffusion imaging sequence (DLSDI) is presented. In DLSDI, two lines from two separate slices are acquired in each shot. As its predecessor, LSDI, DLSDI is insensitive to motion artifacts and it can be used on conventional MR scanners. In addition, DLSDI is almost twice as fast as LSDI. Preliminary results from phantom and patient studies show excellent agreement between ADC trace maps obtained with DLSDI and LSDI. The technical and the theoretical aspects of DLSDI are studied, and it is shown how the conditional random walk model can be used as an analytical tool to derive the diffusion sensitivity in the DLSDI sequence.
The systems engineering tools analysis project

If a system is to be actually built, then the system must ultimately be described as a collection of state machines. Systems engineers usually do not continue down to this level of detail. They use a tool that helps them generate a high level abstraction of the desired system. Then they turn this design over to the specialty engineers who actually reduce it to state machines. Early in the design process, a tool must be selected for designing the needed system. The tool to be used is usually dictated by what tools the designer has previously used, not by an open selection process. In this paper we provide descriptions of available design tools and examples of their use. The top level question we wish to answer is-for which type of problem is each tool best? This paper presents the beginning of a long project. We intend to enlarge the study by including dozens more tools and a few more problems.
Compressive Sensing [Lecture Notes]

This lecture note presents a new method to capture and represent compressible signals at a rate significantly below the Nyquist rate. This method, called compressive sensing, employs nonadaptive linear projections that preserve the structure of the signal; the signal is then reconstructed from these projections using an optimization process.
A performance analysis of timed synchronous communication primitives

The performance of two algorithms for timed synchronous communication between a single sender and a single receiver is analyzed. Each weakens the definition of correct timed synchronous communication in a different way, and exhibits a different undesirable behavior. Their sensitivity to various parameters is discussed. These parameters include how long the processes are willing to wait for communication to be successful, how well synchronized the processes are, the assumed upper bound on message delay, and the actual end-to-end message delay distribution. The fault tolerance of the algorithms is discussed and a mixed strategy is proposed that avoids some of the performance problems. >
A radar suite for ice sheet accumulation measurements and near-surface internal layer mapping

Many satellite, airborne, and in situ observations have been made to better understand the mass balance of the ice sheets. Satellite missions such as GRACE, ICESat, and Cryosat provide broad coverage, but are only capable of collecting data at relatively coarse temporal and spatial resolutions [7] [8]. Satellite observations alone are not sufficient to fully understand all mechanisms responsible for changes in the overall ice sheet mass balance. While these are sufficient over much of the interior of the ice sheet, to understand and model the dynamics of fast flowing glaciers and the margins of the ice sheet, finer resolution data are required. Airborne platforms, especially autonomous platforms, allow for key regions of the ice sheets to be measured with fine-resolution remote sensing instruments. These platforms provide more accurate ice thickness estimates, internal layer mapping, and ice-bedrock interface imaging [2]. To address this gap in the observations, we are designing and developing an instrumentation suite to be deployed on crewed and uncrewed aircrafts. Here we will focus on two radars in the instrumentation suite: an accumulation radar and a radar altimeter. The altimeter will be capable of measuring surface elevation and near-surface internal layers to a depth of about 10 m. The accumulation radar will be capable of measuring internal layers to a depth of about 100 m. A previously developed 150 MHz radar depth sounder/imager will be used to map layers below 100 m, as well as the ice-bedrock interface. This radar is beyond the scope of this paper. Field data collection using these systems will be performed simultaneously, providing a fine-resolution characterization of the ice sheet from surface to bedrock. The altimeter provides annual and short-term information on the accumulation, while the accumulation radar provides information on the decadal scale variability. The depth sounder provides information on the century scale variability. Initial data collection occurred during the early spring 2009 Greenland field season; additional data collection will continue during future campaigns both in Greenland and Antarctica. System refinements will allow for this suite to be deployed on uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs), also being developed at the Center for Remote Sensing (CReSIS) at the University of Kansas.
Reduction of non-specific adsorption of drugs to plastic containers used in bioassays or analyses.

Abstract Introduction Non-specific adsorption (NSA) of drugs to plastic or glass containers used in clinical use is well known, but methods for reducing NSA have been rarely reported. We assessed the NSA to various containers and then investigated methods to reduce NSA. Methods Probe drugs (methotrexate, warfarin, chloroquine, propranolol, verapamil, digoxin and paclitaxel) dissolved in water were incubated in conventional or low-adsorption containers for 4 h at 4 °C and the NSA was determined by HPLC. They were also dissolved in aqueous methanol or acetonitrile and the NSA to a conventional polypropylene microplate was determined. Finally, tissue culture microplates were coated with silane coupling agents and the effects of the coatings were evaluated. Results Hydrophobic drugs (paclitaxel, verapamil and digoxin) were highly adsorbed to conventional plastic microplates, but in addition to hydrophobic drugs, positively charged drugs were well adsorbed to the tissue culture microplate. Low-adsorption microplates could reduce NSA below 15%, but positively charged or neutral hydrophobic drugs showed relatively higher adsorption. Acetonitrile showed stronger NSA inhibition than that of methanol, but the peak shapes of methotrexate and chloroquine were broadened and split. Among the silane coupling agents, GPTMS suppressed the NSA below 10%. Also, AATMS resembled the NSA pattern of GPTMS, but it increased the adsorption of methotrexate to 29%. Discussion On conventional plastic microplates, NSA is mainly driven by hydrophobic interactions, but on tissue culture microplates and low-adsorption microplates, in addition to hydrophobic interactions, ionic interactions play a role in the NSA. Therefore, to reduce the NSA to plastic containers, both hydrophobic and ionic interactions should be reduced using amphiphilic organic solvents or neutral and hydrophilic coatings.
Broadband ESD protection circuits in CMOS technology

A broadband technique using monolithic T-coils is applied to electrostatic discharge (ESD) structures for both input and output pads. Fabricated in 0.18-/spl mu/m CMOS technology, the prototypes achieve operation at 10 Gb/s while providing a return loss of -20 dB at 10 GHz. The human-body model tolerance is 1000 V for the input structure and 800-900 V for the output structure.
Interactive multimedia presentation management in distributed multimedia systems

Multimedia presentations are difficult to handle in the existence of user interactions and complex synchronization requirements. We present a synchronization model which can handle both time-based and event-based actions. The model can cope with the VCR-type user interactions. We also give a simple rule-based synchronization specification language which does not complicate as user interactions are allowed.
Piping-system solutions using Mathcad

Mathcad procedures, in the form of worksheets, are presented and discussed for problems associated with piping systems. Examples include series piping systems, parallel piping systems, and piping networks. The Mathcad solution approaches differ significantly from conventional techniques and are more congruent with problem formulations. The use of Mathcad permits the students to be more concerned with problem formulations and results interpretations than with arithmetic, programming, and debugging issues. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 10: 59–78, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com.); DOI 10.1002/cae.10010
Devonian Stratigraphy of Sulphur Springs and Pinyon Ranges, Nevada

Four widespread and distinctive lithologic subdivisions of the autochthonous Devonian strata, the "Nevada limestone" of Hague, are recognized in an area 25-70 miles north of Eureka, Nevada. The three lower units, (1) the McColley Canyon member of limestone and dolomitic limestone, (2) the Union Mountain member of quartzite, quartzitic dolomite, and dolomite, and (3) the Telegraph Canyon member of light- and dark-banded mottled dolomite with a minor limestone tongue, are placed within the Nevada formation as redefined by Nolan, Merriam, and Williams. The uppermost unit, consisting of limestone truncated above by the Roberts Mountains overthrust, is assigned to the Devils Gate limestone, similarly redefined. The Nevada formation contains faunas ranging from those of the Trematospira (Oriskany) zone to Stringocephalus and Stromatoporoid-Cladopora (Middle Devonian). The Devils Gate limestone faunas range in age from Middle Devonian to early Late Devonian. The Nevada formation is regarded as a lithic correlative of the Simonson and the major part, if not all, of the Sevy dolomites of western Utah and possibly of parts of the Hidden Valley and Lost Burro formations of the Panamint Range, California. The Devils Gate limestone is considered an equivalent of the Guilmette formation of western Utah.
Descriptive study of the role of household type and household composition on women’s reproductive health outcomes in urban Uttar Pradesh, India

Background More needs to be known about the role intra-familial power dynamics play in women’s reproductive health outcomes, particularly in societies like Northern India characterized by patriarchy and extended families. The key research question we explore is: how important are living arrangements (e.g., presence of the mother-in-law, presence of an elder sister-in-law, and living in the husband’s natal home) on contraceptive use behaviors and decision to deliver at an institution?
Transformational Learning: Renewing Your Company Through Knowledge and Skills

The article reviews the book “Transformational Learning: Renewing Your Company Through Knowledge and Skills,” by Daniel R. Tobin.
"Girl power" and participation in macho recreation: the case of female Harley riders.

This study examines females' participation in the male-dominated sport of motorcycling. Group interviews with female motorcyclists explore the meaning of this leisure activity in their lives and various factors that facilitate their participation. A grounded-theory approach reveals five sources of empowerment that women gain by participating in motorcycling. This study demonstrates the role facilitators play in creating and cultivating sources of empowerment. It also exposes how feelings of guilt, vulnerability, and concern about societal images can undermine women's feelings of empowerment. “Girl power” represents women's attempts to redefine femininity in a way that embraces the positive aspects of both femininity and masculinity and resists negative stereotypes that restrict women's choices of leisure pursuits.
The Amplatzer Duct Occluder II: a new device for percutaneous ductus arteriosus closure

Objective: Study the new Amplatzer Duct Occluder II (ADO II). Limitations were encountered with the preexisting devices in nonconical ducts, large ducts, or in small infants. These include failure, residual shunts, protrusion, migration, and vascular damage. Methods: Between June 2008 and March 2009, 20 consecutive patients were enrolled. In cases where different devices were applicable, we favored the use of the ADO II to maximize our experience with this device and prove its superiority. No coils were required in these 20 patients. Results: There were 15 females and 5 males (median age 2 years). ADO II group (n = 16): Immediate complete closure in 75% of the patients, rising to 93.7% at 24 hours. A residual shunt persisted at 3 months in one child. Aortic narrowing from device protrusion was noted in two type E ducts, without any significant gradient, however. ADO I group (n = 4): In two adolescents and in one adult patient, the duct was successfully closed. In a 2-year-old patient with a 6.6 mm type B duct, the ADO I totally obstructed the aortic flow and was retrieved before releasing. The child was sent for surgery. Conclusion: Even though we did not compare the ADO II to other devices, we feel that it has the capacity to substitute most of the coils, and some of the original ADO I indications. Arterial access was sufficient in most patients, but venous delivery is advised in small infants with large or long ducts, to avoid aortic protrusion and residual shunts.