cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heterogeneous nuclei and graphite chemistry in flake and nodular cast irons

Nodular and flake graphite have been extracted from commercial cast irons and studied by a variety of techniques, including high voltage transmission electron microscopy. For nodular graphite the nuclei are (in these cast irons at least) 2 to 5 μm diam spherical particles of primarily CeCO2, MgO, and Fe2C3. In addition the nuclei contain variously Ca, Al, P, S, and Si. The composition of the nuclei is highly variable, presumably dueto the highly nonequilibrium conditions under which they are formed. For flake graphite the nuclei are apparently sulfide particles, again of variable composition. They are spherical and approximately the same diameter as the nodular nuclei. Moreover, chemical analysis of flake and nodular graphites shows that there is a relatively high concentration of oxygen in solution in flake graphite but not in nodular graphite, which suggests oxygen is a growth modifier.
Geometry of Crumpled Paper

We measure the geometry of a crumpled sheet of paper with laser-aided topography and discuss its statistical properties. The curvature of an elastoplastic fold scales linearly with applied force. The curvature distribution follows an exponential form with regions of high curvature localized along ridges. The measured ridge length distribution is consistent with a hierarchical model for ridge breaking during crumpling. A large fraction of the ridges are observed to terminate without bifurcating, and the ridge network connectedness is not as complete as anticipated. The self-affinity of the surface is characterized by a Hurst exponent of $0.71\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01$ in contrast with previous results.
pH-Dependent Equilibrium Swelling Properties of Hydrophobic Polyelectrolyte Copolymer Gels

Etude a 25°C de polymeres reticules a base de methacrylates de n-alkyle et de (dimethyl-amino) ethylmethacrylate. Gonflement dans l'eau. Transition de l'etat hydrophobe a l'etat hydrophile. Influence de la composition du comonomere
Increasing antimicrobial resistance patterns of community and nosocomial uropathogens

ISSUE: Cutaneous organisms are the most common pathogens found among the estimated 500,000 surgical site infections that occur annually in the United States. A pre-surgical wash with a chlorhexidine gluconate–containing product and avoiding skin shaving are two widely recognized methods of reducing cutaneous flora. Teaching patients these methods is an important, yet challenging, endeavor for a facility that performs approximately 32,200 surgical procedures annually. PROJECT: Infection control proposed that patients receive two packets of a chlorhexidine gluconate product ($0.64 per patient) provided by the hospital for pre-operative use per Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidelines. A group was formed to rewrite the existing pre-operative education sheet. Education instructions were revised to instruct patients to avoid shaving their surgical site and to wash their surgical site on the evening prior to and the morning of surgery. A Spanish-language version was also written. A simple showering instruction card was printed to allow for various levels of education, utilizing both pictures and words. All outpatient pre-operative assessment areas were given updated information on the preoperative education form, showering instruction cards, and packets of chlorhexidine gluconate product. The inpatient nurse educators were also educated to accommodate the inpatient pre-surgical population. RESULTS: Patient education began in June. In the 6 months following, approximately 8273 patients have received chlorhexidine gluconate wash and “do not shave” instructions. This accounts for 100% of all applicable surgical patients (excludes non-incisional surgery) admitted on an outpatient basis in this period. LESSONS LEARNED: Successful patient education strategies must be simple, cost-effective, and incorporated into existing processes. Administrative support is crucial when a new cost is involved. Interdisciplinary collaboration is also an important component of launching a new patient education campaign. Involvement of physicians, pre-assessment nurses, and nurse educators is the key to success.
Effects of hemodialysis on hearing threshold.

71 chronic renal failure patients undergoing long-term hemodialysis were evaluated for the effects of a dialysis event on hearing function. Osmotically active serum constituents were examined for rela
Use of handheld sonar to locate a missing diver.

Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate whether a handheld sonar device significantly reduces the mean time needed to locate a missing diver. Methods This institutional review board approved, prospective, crossover study used a voluntary convenience sample of 10 scuba divers. Participants conducted both a standard and modified search to locate a simulated missing diver. The standard search utilized a conventional search pattern starting at the point where the missing diver (simulated) was last seen. The modified search used a sonar beacon to augment the search. For each search method, successful completion of the search was defined as locating the missing diver within 40 minutes. Results Twenty total dives were completed. Using a standard search pattern, the missing diver was found by only 1 diver (10%), taking 18 minutes and 45 seconds. In the sonar-assisted search group, the missing diver was found by all 10 participants (100%), taking an average of 2 minutes and 47 seconds (SD 1 minute, 20 seconds). Using the nonparametric related samples Wilcoxon signed rank test, actual times between the sonar group and the standard group were significant ( P t tests, the sonar group's self-assessed confidence increased significantly after using the sonar ( P P = .111). Conclusions Handheld sonar significantly reduces the mean duration to locate a missing diver as well as increasing users' confidence in their ability to find a missing diver when compared with standard search techniques.
Near-death veridicality research in the hospital setting: Problems and promise

We attempted to conduct near-death veridicality research in the hospital setting, the rationale for which (we presented previously (Holden, 1988).) This paper describes problems, both anticipated and unanticipated, that we encountered. Based on the successes and failures of this undertaking, we present recommendations for future research of this type.
Bilateral parotid sialolithiasis in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and immunoglobulin G multiple myeloma

Bilateral multiple parotid calculi, which are uncommonly diagnosed in the normal population, have never been reported in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Herein we report a case of bilateral parotid sialolithiasis in a patient who had acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and was affected by multiple myeloma. The possible etiopathogenesis in view of the alterations of immunity, oral pH, and salivary composition that are observed in multiple myeloma and in human immunodeficiency virus infection are discussed.
Mapping intracellular biochemistry with fluorescence anisotropy imaging microscopy

Fluorescence polarization anisotropy can be used to determine the rotational mobility of a fluorescent analog, detect anisotropic orientation distributions, or measure the fluorescence lifetime of a fluorophore. Steady state fluorescence anisotropy can be simply measured in a standard fluorescence microscope equipped with excitation and emission polarizers and therefore, two dimensional maps of fluorescence anisotropy can be easily acquired. We are using steady state fluorescence anisotropy imaging microscopy to study the biochemistry of cell motility. The optimum fluorophore for fluorescence polarization measurements has a fluorescence lifetime that is comparable to the rotational correlation time of the molecule of interest. In order to make imaging measurements with high sensitivity and reasonable time resolution, however, this general rule has to be adjusted, and we have found that FITC-calmodulin has a useful combination of the above features. Calmodulin is a key regulatory protein, that is proposed to be involved in the regulation of the actin-myosin II based force generation in non-muscle cells. The rotational mobility of macromolecules is very sensitive to molecular interactions, yet is relatively insensitive to any surrounding gel matrix. We have taken advantage of this feature to map FITC-calmodulin interactions in the complex cytomatrix in living cells by steady state Fluorescence Anisotropy Imaging Microscopy (FAIM). In addition, we are investigating the use of FAIM for mapping variations in molecular orientation distributions, and fluorescence lifetime distributions.
On and off-axis tension behavior of fiber reinforced polymer composites incorporating multi-walled carbon nanotubes

This investigation experimentally examines the role of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on the tension (on-axis tension test) and in-plane shear (off-axis tension test) behaviors of carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites. Both pristine and chemically functionalized MWCNTs were utilized with four different loadings: 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 wt% of epoxy. Our investigation showed that with 1.5 wt% functionalized MWCNTs, failure strain, ultimate strength, and toughness of the off-axis tension test are improved by 39%, 51%, and 121%, respectively. On the contrary, limited improvements were observed for the on-axis tested samples with functionalized or pristine MWCNTs.
Why it Never Really was About Authenticity

Critics of the concept fail to note that staged authenticity is not authenticity but its opposite or negation. This error is illustrated referencing Ed Bruner’s reading of The Tourist in his recent book Culture on Tour.
Elementary examples of baryon number generation

Abstract Elementary examples are provided of reaction rate matrices satisfying the constraints of unitarity and CPT invariance, which can lead a system with baryon number initially zero to evolve toward non-zero baryon number. The importance of the unitarity constraint is emphasized.
Phenylketonuria (PKU) and the single gene: an old story retold.

Scientific and clinical folklore holds that a single, autosomal, recessive gene is responsible for phenylketonuria (PKU). The older studies upon which the dictum is based do not meet modern probative standards for methodological and logical rigor. More recent investigations show that the disorder is very complex and heterogeneous. A provisional locus for the hypothetical PKU gene has been assigned, but there is evidence sufficient to entertain alternative interpretations. Although a simplistic concept of PKU genetics was heuristically useful in the past, the belief may now have outlived its value.
Numerical Simulations of Gas-Liquid Flow Dynamics in Bubble Columns

There is great potential for using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) as a tool in scale-up and design of bubble columns. Full-scale experimentation in bubble columns is expensive and CFD is an alternative approach to study bubble column hydrodynamics. However, CFD can be computationally intensive as a predictive tool for a full three-dimensional geometry. In this paper, a 0.2 m diameter semi-batch bubble column is numerically simulated and the results are compared to experimental measurements performed by Rampure et al. [1]. The objectives are to examine and determine an appropriate set of numerical parameters and to determine if two-dimensional simulations are able to accurately predict observed bubble phenomena so that the computational cost can be reduced. A two-fluid Eulerian-Eulerian model is employed to represent each phase as interpenetrating continua and the conservation equations for mass and momentum for each phase are ensemble-averaged. Time-averaged gas holdup is mainly examined due to its significant role in gas-liquid mass transfer and to compare to available data. Numerical predictions are presented for gas holdup at various axial heights as a function of radial position for a superficial gas velocity of 0.1 m/s. The numerical predictions exhibit the axial development of the gas holdup profile phenomena; that is, the gas holdup at the center of the column increases with increasing axial height. The effects of grid resolution and convergence criteria on the numerical predictions are also demonstrated.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
MODELING OF ENVIRONMENTAL ADAPTATION: AMENITY VERSUS PRODUCTIVITY AND MODERNIZATION

We develop an aggregated model to study rational environmental adaptation policies that compensate negative consequences of climate change. The model distinguishes three categories of adaptation measures that (a) compensate the decrease of environmental amenity value, (b) compensate the decrease of total productivity, (c) develop and introduce new hazard-protected capital and technology. We analyze the optimal balance among consumption, capital investment, and different categories of adaptation investments under exogenous climate change. It appears that the climate change damage and subsequent adaptation do not lead to a higher level of capital modernization in the long run as compared to the benchmark case with no climate change. A synergism between productivity-related and amenity-related adaptation activities arises because the productivity-related adaptation positively impacts the economy and creates better possibilities for the amenity adaptation.
Glomerular Lesions in a Strain of Genetically Diabetic Mice

SummaryIn a strain of genetically determined, spontaneously diabetic mice (KK mice) lesions similar to those seen in human diabetic nephropathy were found in the glomeruli. These lesions increased with age and consisted of diffuse and nodular mesangial changes, exudative lesions, and alterations of the basement membranes.
Measuring the peptides in individual organelles with mass spectrometry

New sampling protocols combined with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) allow the assay of single dense core vesicles. Understanding the packaging of vesicles is important as vesicles are the quanta of information for intercellular communication. Using vesicles from the exocrine atrial gland of Aplysia californica as the model, a wide range of bioactive peptides are detected within each vesicle. Although the expression of the egg-laying hormone gene family of type 1 atrial gland cells has been previously examined, chemical characterization of individual 1-2 microm diameter vesicles demonstrates that products from several genes are colocalized. The mass sensitivity of MALDI MS can be further improved to enable the analysis of even smaller subcellular organelles.
Self-Enhancing in Perceptions of Behaving Unethically.

Abstract Students' perceptions of their own and other students' ethics were compared. Eighty-seven business majors (43 in accounting and 44 in marketing) returned responses to a questionnaire asking for their perceptions of the likelihood that they and others would engage in unethical behavior, given varying probabilities of their being caught and penalized. Respondents perceived themselves as less likely to engage in unethical behavior than the average person across all scenarios. Results indicated significantly higher levels of self-enhancement bias (SEB) for marketing majors; this difference was moderated by risk. As risk increased, group differences of SEB diminished. These results suggest that SEB may serve as an indicator of engagement in unethical behavior.
The LAM cell: what is it, where does it come from, and why does it grow?

lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a rare disease that affects females of reproductive age ([38][1]). Pathologically, it is characterized by the abnormal proliferation of immature smooth muscle-like cells that grow aberrantly in the lung. The relentless growth of LAM cells in the pulmonary airway,
Dynamical threshold exponents and amplitudes in a driven single-mode laser

As a continuation of a previous paper (J.-M. Liu, Z. Phys. B 57, 85 (1984)), the present paper is about the dynamical threshold phenomena in the system of a single-mode one-photon laser driven by an external coherent field. The values for the dynamical threshold exponents and amplitudes near the various thresholds are theoretically predicted. As shown, the characteristic time goes to infinity as the control parameters of the system approach each of these thresholds, and the influence of the existence of the absorbing atoms in the laser cavity on the dynamical threshold phenomena in the system is definite.
Nearshore Flow Velocity of Southwest Hokkaido Earthquake Tsunami

The nearshore flow velocity of the tsunami caused by the Southwest Hokkaido earthquake on July 12, 1993 (MJMA = 7.8), was estimated at Aonae on the southern end of Okushiri Island, Japan, by estimating the forces exerted on damaged structures constructed along the coast of the island through in situ strength tests. The velocity of the tsunami flow was calculated from the estimated tsunami forces using Morison's equation. The in situ strength tests yielded a maximum velocity of 10–18 m/s for a tsunami arriving at Aonae from a northeast direction. A direct estimate of the flow velocity of a tsunami on land is very rare, and the presented results will provide fundamental data for designing coastal structures to prevent subsequent tsunami disasters. If the flow velocity, together with the advancing direction and the true height of a tsunami could be predicted quantitatively, this analysis would be a powerful tool for the future assessment of tsunami disasters in other areas.
Ovarian steroid cell tumors: An immunohistochemical study including a comparison of calretinin with inhibin

Ovarian steroid cell tumors, not otherwise specified (SCTs, NOS) are uncommon sex cord-stromal tumors that may be difficult to distinguish from other oxyphilic or clear-cell neoplasms. Immunohistochemical staining for inhibin, although generally useful in the diagnosis of SCTs, NOS, is not positive in every case and not all laboratories have this marker available. Recently, it has been reported that calretinin is expressed by sex cord-stromal tumors. We studied six SCTs, NOS for both calretinin and inhibin expression to evaluate the sensitivity of calretinin in comparison to inhibin. We also tested for CD99, Melan-A (A103), and S-100, other markers reported to be positive in these tumors. HMB-45 and MART-1 (Ab3) completed our panel of markers. All six tumors were positive for both calretinin and inhibin. Calretinin positivity was present in 60% to >90% of tumor cells, whereas inhibin reactivity ranged from 90% of tumor cells. Membranous staining for CD99 was present in one tumor. S-100-positive cells were seen in two tumors, whereas four tumors were immunoreactive for HMB-45. All six tumors were positive for Melan-A (A103), but in general the staining was less diffuse than with calretinin. All of the tumors were essentially negative for MART-1 (Ab3). The consistent diffuse staining of the tumors in this study for calretinin, in comparison to inhibin and Melan-A (A103), suggests that it is a sensitive marker for SCTs, NOS. MART-1 (Ab3) immunostaining may be useful for cases in which melanoma is considered in the differential diagnosis.
Tissue and species specificity of BCP 54, the major soluble protein of bovine cornea.

The isolation and biochemical characterization of the most abundant intrinsic soluble protein of bovine cornea, BCP 54 (Bovine Corneal Protein, mol. wt 54000 daltons), have recently been described. We now report results of immunochemical experiments on the distribution of BCP 54 in bovine tissues. Antisera directed against BCP 54 were raised in rabbits and used in immunodiffusion analyses of soluble extracts of bovine tissues. BCP 54 was a significant constituent of all three corneal layers-epithelium, stroma and endothelium. This protein was also present in lens epithelium but it was absent from other bovine ocular tissues. Furthermore, BCP 54 was absent from all bovine non-ocular tissues tested. Proteins immunologically related to BCP 54 were present in human cornea and the corneas of the other mammalian species tested, swine and guinea pig. However, proteins analogous to BCP 54 were not detected in the three non-mammalian corneas tested: chicken, toad and fish. The absence of BCP 54 from bovine non-ocular tissues, in addition to the finding that similar proteins exist in the corneas of other mammalian species, suggests an important, although unknown, function for BCP 54 in the cornea.
Mariner limit cycles and self-disturbance torques

Mariner attitude control system limit cycle operation during cruise, noting variation from ideal case to single side operation
A database supporting evolutionary product model development for design

This paper presents the facilities in the EDM-2 product modeling and database language that support model evolution. It reviews the need for model evolution as a system and/or language requirement to support product modeling. Four types of model evolution are considered: (1) translation between distinct models, (2) deriving views from a central model, (3) modification of an existing model, and (4) model evolution based on writable views associated with each application. While the facilities described support all for types of evolution, the last type is emphasized. The language based modeling capabilities described in EDM-2 include: (a) mapping facilities for defining derivations and views within a single model or between different models; (b) procedural language capabilities supporting model addition, deletion and modification; (c) support for object instance migration so as to partition the set of class instances into multiple classes; (d) support for managing practical deletion of portions of a model; (e) explicit specification and automatic management of integrity between a building model and various views. The rationale and language features, and in some cases, the implementation strategy for the features, are presented.
Regulation of oxidase enzyme systems in trypanosomes

Abstract 1. 1. QO2, succinoxidase and glycerophosphate oxidase (GPO) levels (0·533, 0·367 and 0·334 μmoles O2 hr−1 mg protein−1) were determined for Trypanosoma conorhini. 2. 2. Kinetoplastic and dyskinetoplastic T. equiperdum had higher QO2 (2·51 and 1·87) and GPO (2·38 and 1·15) levels but lacked measurable succinoxidase. 3. 3. Reduced O2 availability during growth of T. conorhini gave reduced succinoxidase and increased GPO activities. 4. 4. Acriflavin and chloramphenicol added at initiation of cultures of T. conorhini gave decreased growth and QO2 while only acriflavin decreased succinate ferricyanide reductase activity. 5. 5. Acriflavin added to exponentially growing T. conorhini reduced only succinate ferricyanide reductase activity and increased cyanide-insensitive QO2 and GPO levels.
Catabolism of premercapturic acid pathway metabolites of naphthalene to naphthols and methylthio-containing metabolites in rats

Abstract [14C]Naphthalene was given orally to rats with cannulated bile ducts and to germ-free rats. Bile and urine from the cannulated rats and urine from the germ-free rats contained no radioactive 1,2-dihydro-1-hydroxy-2-methylthionaphthalene and only trace amounts of radioactive naphthols or naphthol conjugates. Urine of control rats contained 4.6% of the 14C dose as naphthols and/or naphthol glucuronides. Appreciable quantities of 1- and 2-naphthol (7-20% of dose) and 1,2-dihydro-1-hydroxy-2-methylthionaphthalene (1-35% of dose) were in urine from rats dosed orally or intracecally with 1,2-dihydro-1-hydroxy-2-S-cysteinylnaphthalene and 1,2-dihydro-1-hydroxy-2-S-(N-acetyl)cysteinylnaphthalene. Apparently, in vivo, naphthols and methylthio-containing metabolites of naphthalene are formed during enterohepatic circulation of 1,2-dihydro-1-hydroxy-2-S-cysteinylnaphthalene and 1,2-dihydro-1-hydroxy-2-S-(N-acetyl)cysteinylnaphthalene in a process dependent upon intestinal microflora. A possible pathway for the formation of naphthols is aromatization of the precursor compounds by elimination of the appropriate substituent group from these metabolites. This discovery of the essential role of the intestinal microflora in the formation of naphthols from naphthalene indicates the existence of a novel pathway for hydroxylation of aromatic systems and challenges the current concept of the in vivo relevance of the in vitro production of naphthols from naphthalene 1,2-oxide.
EXPANDING THE NOSOLOGY OF HYPERMYELINATING NEUROPATHIES: DESCRIPTION OF TWO NEW ENTITIES

We describe two patients affected by encephalo-neuro-myopathy with partial deficiency of merosin and one patient with familial spastic paraparesis and sensory neuropathy of uncertain nosology, whose sural nerve biopsy disclosed quite unusual hypermyelination features. Both patients with merosin deficiency showed mental retardation, epilepsy, myopathy and peripheral neuropathy. Brain MRI demonstrated diffuse white matter involvement and nerve conduction studies disclosed reduction of conduction velocities, consistent with a “demyelinating” neuropathy. However nerve biopsy failed to reveal segmental demyelination. The most striking feature, in both of them, was a peculiar hypermyelination, characterized by “globular” thickening of the myelin sheath only at the paranodal regions. The third patient was affected by spastic paraparesis since early infancy; a brother was affected by similar disease and both parents were normal. In view of the above, an autosomal recessive trasmission seems likely. MRI of the brain and spinal cord was normal. Electrophysiological examination disclosed a “demyelinating” motor and sensory neuropathy. Sural nerve biopsy disclosed a normal density of myelinated fibers. At teased fibers analysis we didn't find any focal hypermyelination nor segmental demyelination. On transverse sections several fibers showed a marked thickening of the myelin sheath. Abnormal myelin proliferation is a distinctive pathological feature in HNPP and CMT4B, two hereditary neuropathies in which sausage-shaped thickenings of the myelin sheath (tomacula) and very irregular focal outfoldings, respectively, are always associated with segmental demyelination. Our patients showed morphological changes very different from these conditions. The two patients with partial merosin deficiency showed a focal, “globular” myelin overgrowth confined to paranodal regions, while the patient with spastic paraparesis disclosed a diffuse thickening of the myelin sheath. Furthermore, no demyelination neither hypomyelination were observed in our three patients. Based on these findings it may be inferred that hypermyelination may per se be responsible for the slowing of conduction velocities.
The adsorption of methyl, acetylide, chlorine and phosphorus trifluoride on zinc oxide: A quantum-chemical study

The chemisorptions of methyl (CH3), acetylide (H-CC), chlorine (Cl) and phosphorus trifluoride (PF3) on ZnO(0001) and of Cl on ZnO(1010) have been examined employing semi-em- pirical quantum-chemical calculations (INDO/S) and neutral clusters of limited size (Zn13O13). CH3, H-CC and Cl appear as strong electron acceptors when adsorbed on Zn sites of ZnO. The chemisorption bonds of these molecules are almost pure σ-bonds and are largely localized on the adsorption site. An increase in the work function of ZnO surfaces upon adsorption of CH3, H-CC and Cl is predicted. The PF3 molecule is a very weak acceptor of electrons when adsorbed on a-top sites of ZnO(0001). The bonding mechanism of CH3, H-CC, Cl and PF3 on the ZnO(0001) surface involves primarily the HOMO and LUMO of the adsorbate and the Zn(4s,4p) orbitals of the substrate. The effects of chemisorption on the C-H bonds of CH3 and H-CC, the C-C bond of H-CC, and the P-F bonds of PF3 are examined. On the basis of these INDO/S results, the possible UPS spectra for CH3, H-CC and PF3 adsorbed on ZnO(0001) are discussed and compared with results for adsorption on transition-metal surfaces. A general picture of the chemisorption bond of alkyls, acetylides, alkoxides, carboxylates and halogens on a-top sites of ZnO(0001) is obtained by comparing our results for adsorption of CH3, H-CC and Cl with those previously reported for adsorption of methoxy, OH and formate.
A National Crisis or Localized Problems? Getting Perspective on the Scope and Scale of the Teacher Shortage

Despite the considerable attention the popular press has devoted to the question of teacher shortages, there have been surprisingly few attempts to systematically measure the size and nature of the problem. This article attempts to estimate the size and nature of the celebrated teacher shortage of the late 1990s by using data from the U.S. Department of Education’s 1999-00 School and Staffing Survey. While limitations of the SASS data do not allow us to directly estimate the absolute size of the shortage, they do allow us investigate its relative impact. An examination of the data shows that the problem was distributed unevenly: urban schools and those with relatively high populations of minority and low-income students bore the brunt of the shortage; southern and western states had more problems filling teaching slots than other regions did. These findings suggest that state and local officials should keep distributional concerns in mind when they design policies to improve teacher recruitment and retention.
Permeation of hairless mouse skin II: Membrane sectioning techniques and influence on alkanol permeabilities

The barrier properties of hairless mouse skin were examined by separating the skin into its component epidermal and dermal strata, using both mechanical and thermal techniques, and then assessing the permeability of each stratum to the homologous alkanols. The permeability data, when compared to those obtained previously for full-thickness hairless mouse skin and to new data for the permeability of the alcohols through a perfect lipid membrane, allow assignment of diffusional resistances to the respective, anatomically distinguishable membrane strata. It was found that the principal barrier for the lower alkanols is the epidermis, which contains the stratum corneum. The effective aqueous tissue resistances of the cellular and aqueous strata of full skin, the epidermis, and the dermis were estimated using sectioned skins. This resistance was much greater than that of an equivalent thickness of water. These data and methods represent a novel approach in the permeation analysis of a biological tissue and offer a means of estimating the effects of skin damage on percutaneous absorption.
Gender Comparisons within Reenactment Costume: Theoretical Interpretations

The purpose of the study was to explore why individuals dress in costume. From a symbolic interactionist perspective, the study extends Stone's theory of adultfantastic socialization and Eicher's framework of dress and the public, private, and secret self. The study also introduces the concept of afantasy-prone personality within the study of dress. The Dressingfor Fun and Fantasy Questionnaire was developed and administered to 216 individuals who dress in costume. Data were analyzed using qualitative, quantitative, and critical analyses approaches. Data analyzedfor this study include reasonsfor interest in costuming (via checklistformat) and respondents' written comments to an open-ended question. Results indicate thatfemales dress in costume primarily to assume another persona, whereas males dress in costume primarily because oftheir love of history. Theoretical explanations are given, an expansion of Eicher's model is proposed, and recommendations are madeforfuture study.
A thematic guide to optimality theory. John J. McCarthy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002, Pp. 324.

The timing of this book is perfect. Optimality theory (OT; Prince & Smolensky, 1993) has been a popular framework for phonological exploration since its conception. This is not to say that it has been embraced by everyone working in the field. Rather, it has generated a great deal of intellectual debate and research, creating a sense of revitalization in the field of phonology.
Model systems for the study of kidney development: Use of the pronephros in the analysis of organ induction and patterning

Abstract Most vertebrate organs, once formed, continue to perform the function for which they were generated until the death of the organism. The kidney is a notable exception to this rule. Vertebrates, even those that do not undergo metamorphosis, utilize a progression of more complex kidneys as they grow and develop. This is presumably due to the changing conditions to which the organism must respond to retain what Homer Smith referred to as our physiological freedom. To quote, “Recognizing that we have the kind of blood we have because we have the kind of kidneys we have, we must acknowledge that our kidneys constitute the major foundation of our physiological freedom. Only because they work the way they do has it become possible for us to have bones, muscles, glands, and brains. Superficially, it might be said that the function of the kidneys is to make urine; but in a more considered view one can say that the kidneys make the stuff of philosophy itself” (“From Fish to Philosopher,” Little, Brown and Co., Boston, 1953). Different kidneys are used to make the stuff of philosophy at different stages of development depending on the age and needs of the organism, rather than the usual approach of simply making embryonic organs larger as the animal grows. Although evolution has provided the higher vertebrates with complex adult kidneys, they continue to utilize simple kidneys in embryogenesis. In lower vertebrates with simple adult kidneys, even more simple versions are used during early developmental stages. In this review the anatomy, development, and gene expression patterns of the embryonic kidney, the pronephros, will be described and compared to the more complex kidney forms. Despite some differences in anatomy, similar developmental pathways seem to be responsible for the induction and the response to induction in both evanescent and permanent kidney forms. Gene expression patterns can, therefore, be added to the morphological and functional data indicating that all forms of the kidney are closely related structures. Given the similarities between the development of simple and complex kidneys, the embryonic kidneys may be an ideal model system in which to investigate the genesis of multicomponent organ systems.
CD4+ Cell Count, Viral Load, and Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy Use Are Independent Predictors of Body Composition Alterations in HIV-Infected Adults: A Longitudinal Study

fat (mean increase per year, 2.3% per 100 cells/mm 3 ; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.7%–3.9%]) and, in men, with increased extremity fat (mean increase per year, 1.8% per 100 cells/mm 3 ; 95% CI, 0.6%–3.0%). Increase in CD4 + cell count predicted increased extremity lean mass (mean increase per year, 0.6% per 100 cells/mm 3 ; 95% CI, 0.05%– 1.1%). Higher baseline viral load predicted fat loss (trunk fat loss per year, �5.0% per log10 copies/mL; 95% CI, �9.4% to �0.7%; extremity fat loss per year, �3.4% per log10 copies/mL; 95% CI, �6.1% to �0.6%), as did zidovudine use (trunk fat loss per year, �10.8%; 95% CI, �20.4% to �1.4%; extremity fat loss per year, �4.9%; 95% CI, �9.8% to �0.01%). HAART use independently predicted decreased bone mineral content (extremity bone mineral content loss per year, �1.6%; 95% CI, �3.1% to �0.08%) but did not predict changes in fat or lean mass. Receipt of protease inhibitor–based HAART predicted a �1.9% decrease in extremity bone mineral content per year (95% CI, �3.6% to �0.2%), and zidovudine use predicted a �2.6% decrease in trunk bone mineral content per year (95% CI, �4.4% to �0.8%). Conclusions. Baseline viral load, CD4 + cell count, and change in CD4 + cell count predicted alterations in trunk fat, extremity fat, and lean mass. HAART use and zidovudine use were associated with bone loss, and zidovudine use was associated with fat loss, but HAART use was not associated with fat mass changes.
The Search for Chinese Christianity in the Republican Period (1912–1949)

For more than a century after its introduction into China in 1807, Protestant Christianity remained an alien religion preached and presided over by Western missionaries. In fact the Christian enterprise, both Protestant and Roman Catholic, was given protection as Western interests by the Qing court after China's defeat in the Opium War of 1839–42. According to the treaty signed with the United States in 1858, for instance, the Qing government was to shield from molestation ‘any persons, whether citizen of the United States or Chinese convert, [who] peaceably teach and practise the principles of Christianity.’ In the Convention of 1860 signed with France, the imperial court promised that in addition to the toleration of Roman Catholicism throughout China, all Catholic properties previously seized should be ‘handed over to the French representative at Beijing’ to be forwarded to the Catholics in the localities concerned. By the time of the Boxer Uprising of 1900, Protestant converts numbered about 80,000 and the Catholic Church (whose modern missions to China had begun in the late sixteenth century) claimed a membership of some 720,000—a following that was perhaps disappointing to the Western missions yet aggravating to those who saw both the Confucian tradition and Chinese sovereignty eroded by the coming of the West. As a perceived foreign menace the Christian community became the target of the bloody rampage by famished North China peasants known as the Boxers. Before the revolt was quelled in August by the eight-power expedition forces, it had visited death on more than 200 Westerners and untold thousands of native converts.
Generational Perceptions: Workers And Consumers

Today’s workers and consumers consist of four generations of individuals raised with very different technologies and lifestyles. How does this affect attracting and retaining individuals as workers or consumers? Generational differences of Traditionalists, Baby Boomers, Generation X and Generation Y may influence their values and preferences. Why will understanding these dissimilar perceptions be important? According to Murphy (2007), “different perspectives on issues like work ethic, leadership, and authority can cause conflict, frustration, and misunderstanding if not managed well” (p.18). In a recent “World of Work Survey” (2008), the older and younger generations noted l ittle or no interaction with the other. This is not conducive to a cooperative environment where working with and learning from one another can be vital. Understanding what appeals to the generations as consumers is also critical for organizations. T argeting specific generations for their preferences and reaching them through media that is suitable to their style is an important marketing trend (Marconi, 2001). Customizing for these dissimilar cohorts will require knowledge of their particular attitudes and inclinations. Understanding these different perceptions will enable improved communications for the workforce and the consumer. This paper seeks to clarify some of these differences.
Variable ventilation induces endogenous surfactant release in normal guinea pigs.

Variable or noisy ventilation, which includes random breath-to-breath variations in tidal volume (Vt) and frequency, has been shown to consistently improve blood oxygenation during mechanical venti...
Aztec Knotted and Netted Capes

The past two decades of research and debate in anthropology have shown how ethnocentric perspectives in methodology and interpretation have led to misinterpretations in ethnography and archaeology. This article contrasts Western and indigenous perceptions of ritual attire that marked the role and status of Aztec rulers and deities. Stimulated by inconsistent Spanish colonial descriptions of the emperors' xiuhtlalpilli “blue-knotted” cloaks, the study compares all of the relevant Nahuatl terms, contexts, and native-drawn images and analyzes these in the light of linguistic, technological, social, archaeological, pictorial, iconographic, textual, and ethnographic evidence. This contextual analysis of the primary data reveals the nature of Spanish misperceptions and the true structure of the indigenous clothing-symbol system. While Spanish chronicles are easily accessible and thus more heavily utilized, this study makes the point that only systematic assessment of Nahuatl terms, indigenous images, and contexts are fully dependable. Reliance on the native perspective and evidence allows new insights into pre-Hispanic categories and worldviews.
Perturbance Analysis of Nuclear Determination in Tetrahymena

To test a 3-switch binary element model of mating type determination all possible assignments of the seven mating types of Tetrahymena thermophila to compound switch states have been examined, using a set of 77 experimentally obtained frequency patterns as a base. None of the assignments gives a satisfactory agreement with all the data. The result is similar whether the eighth switch state is considered forbidden or redundant. Moreover, further explorations of models in which the switches are not independent (as originally proposed), but coupled also fail to reveal a satisfactory agreement Finally some 4-switch models are examined, again without discovering a satisfactory fit, though some evidence of structural relationship among the mating types is provided. The system is more complex than was assumed by the original models. To carry out this analysis certain statistical problems of a more general interest required solution. These include the management of samples from multinomial populations and the provision of efficient estimators for models of this sort.
Reflecting (Upon) Feminism: Barbara Alberti's Rewriting of Scripture in Vangelo Secondo Maria

AbstractThis paper discusses Barbara Alberti's appropriation and adaptation of the biblical narrative in her controversial Vangelo secondo Maria (1979) in light of feminist theology and feminist critical theory, and against the context of the male-centred Christian tradition and the primarily 'male' practice of rewriting Scripture in twentieth-century Italian culture. Echoing the debate on women's rights, divorce, and abortion in post-1968 Italy, Alberti's tale of Mary's youth, pregnancy, and abortion aims at drawing a parallel between Mary's final choice to leave for Alexandria and the Christian history of salvation originating from Jesus. It problematically stages the birth of a 'new' female identity, while also questioning women's historical agency as advocated in Italy in the 1970s.
Inhibitory Effects of Pseudomonas on Selected Salmonella and Bacteria Isolated from Poultry

SUMMARY: The inhibitory effects of Pseudomonas on selected Salmonella and poultry isolates were investigated. Two methods of demonstration of the inhibitory effects were used. A perpendicular streak technique was used as a preliminary screening procedure to determine relative degrees of inhibition exhibited by known strains of Pseudomonas against sensitive Salmonella and known organisms isolated from poultry. Spectropho- tometric analysis was also used to measure inhibitory activity produced by different concentrations of filtrates from Pseudomonas cultures against sensitive organisms. Inhibition of sensitive organisms was more pronounced with agar plates than with cell density methods which employed broth. The production of pigment appeared to be related to the ability of different Pseudomonas cultures to produce inhibition. Concentration of sensitive cells did not appear to be a limiting factor, since inhibition was demonstrable at both high and low levels of inocula. Pseudomonas strains were inhibitory to strains of Salmonella, Staphylococcus, Escherichia and Streptococcus. None of the inhibitory strains of Pseudomonas isolated from poultry were mutually repressive. However, one strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa not isolated from poultry did cause inhibition of growth of all of the Pseudomonas isolated from poultry. The public health significance of this work in relation to potential pathogens on processed poultry is discussed.
Decentralized supervisory control with communicating controllers

The decentralized control problem for discrete-event systems addressed in this paper is that of several communicating supervisory controllers, each with different information, working in concert to exactly achieve a given legal sublanguage of the uncontrolled system's language model. A novel information structure model is presented for dealing with this class of problems. Existence results are given for the cases of when controllers do and do not anticipate future communications, and a synthesis procedure is given for the case when controllers do not anticipate communications. Several conditions for optimality of communication policies are presented, and it is shown that the synthesis procedure yields solutions, when they exist for this class of controllers, that are optimal with respect to one of these conditions.
Surface Acoustic Wave Applications

The sections in this article are 1 Saw TVIF Filter 2 Typical Wireless Communication System 3 Signal Processing Applications 4 Saw Remote Signaling and Sensors
Approaching the Information Theoretical Bound of Multi-Level NAND Flash Memory Storage Efficiency

This paper applies information theory to formulate and estimate the NAND flash memory storage efficiency bound, and shows a big gap between the theoretical bound and what is achievable today. We further present two techniques to reduce the gap and demonstrate their promising potential using 2 bits/cell NAND flash memories as a test vehicle.
Zipfian frequency distributions facilitate word segmentation in context.

Abstract Word frequencies in natural language follow a highly skewed Zipfian distribution, but the consequences of this distribution for language acquisition are only beginning to be understood. Typically, learning experiments that are meant to simulate language acquisition use uniform word frequency distributions. We examine the effects of Zipfian distributions using two artificial language paradigms—a standard forced-choice task and a new orthographic segmentation task in which participants click on the boundaries between words in contexts. Our data show that learners can identify word forms robustly across widely varying frequency distributions. In addition, although performance in recognizing individual words is predicted best by their frequency, a Zipfian distribution facilitates word segmentation in context: The presence of high-frequency words creates more chances for learners to apply their knowledge in processing new sentences. We find that computational models that implement “chunking” are more effective than “transition finding” models at reproducing this pattern of performance.
Are you sure this is Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia

Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia (WM) is a rare lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by the presence of lymphoplasmacytic cells in the BM and IgM monoclonal protein in the serum. The origin of the malignant clone is thought to be a B cell arrested after somatic hypermutation in the germinal center and before terminal differentiation to plasma cells. In this review, recent advances in the genetic and epigenetic regulators of tumor progression are discussed. Risk factors include IgM-monoclonal gammopathy of undermined significance, familial disease, and immunological factors. The clinical manifestations of the disease include those related to clonal infiltration of the BM, lymph nodes, and, rarely, other sites such as pulmonary or CNS infiltration (Bing-Neel syndrome). Other manifestations are related to the IgM monoclonal protein, including hyperviscosity, cryoglobulinemia, protein-protein interactions, Ab-mediated disorders such as neuropathy, hemolytic anemia, and Schnitzler syndrome. IgM deposition in organs can lead to amyloidogenic manifestations in WM. The diagnostic workup for a patient with WM and rare presentations of WM are described herein. Prognosis of WM depends on 5 major factors in the International Staging System, including age, anemia, thrombocytopenia, β-2 microglobulin, and IgM level. The differential diagnosis of WM includes IgM-multiple myeloma, marginal zone lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, and follicular lymphoma.