cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Kinetics of externally stimulated interstitial release followed by vacancy-interstitial annihilation

The radiation-damage annealing kinetics are described for the case of interstitial release from impurity-defect complexes followed by interstitial-vacancy annihilation. Several externally induced annealing experiments in Ge and Si are discussed in which retrapping of interstitials at the complexes is unlikely. The solutions presented are fit to these experimental data. It is shown that a surprising number of optical, subthreshold-electron-irradiation, ion-irradiation, or minority-carrier injection-stimulated annealing situations exist in Si, Ge, GaAs, and GaP and can perhaps be described by the rather simple annealing-kinetics model presented here. It is also possible that certain chemical reactions in the field of radiation and catalytic chemistry could follow these same kinetics equations.
Stability criteria for breached pair superfluidity

We present simple, concrete, two-fermion models that exhibit thermodynamically stable isotropic translationally invariant gapless superfluid states (breached-pair superfluidity). The mass ratio between the components and the momentum structure of the interaction are crucial for determining the stability of such states: Idealized, momentum-independent (``contact'') interactions are insufficient.
Clot life span model analysis of clot growth and fibrinolysis in normal subjects: Role of thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor

Hypofibrinolysis plays a role in thrombophilic states, and a thrombelastography-based method incorporating tissue-type plasminogen activator to determine vulnerability to fibrinolytic stress has recently been developed. This study proposed to kinetically define fibrinolytic vulnerability and the contribution of thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor to fibrinolytic defenses in normal subjects. Plasma from 30 normal subjects was exposed to tissue factor/kaolin and tissue-type plasminogen activator (100 IU/ml). Prior to activation of coagulation, samples were either not exposed or exposed to potato carboxypeptidase inhibitor (25 microg/ml, a thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor). Data were collected until clot lysis time was observed. In plasma, time to onset of maximum rate of fibrinolysis was 200-1125 s (95% confidence interval), maximum rate of lysis was -2.0--0.8 dynes/cm2 per s, and clot lysis time was 555-1595 s. Thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor's inhibition decreased the time to onset of maximum fibrinolysis by 45%, increased the rate of maximum lysis by 50%, and decreased clot lysis time by 45%. The study established a range of fibrinolytic kinetic values and the contribution of thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor in normal subjects. Study of disease states involving potential hypofibrinolysis (e.g., in-situ ventricular assist device, cancer) could be conducted using this system to link fibrinolytic vulnerability and thrombophilia.
Evaluating correlative and mechanistic niche models for assessing the risk of pest establishment

Insect pests pose a great threat to global food security. Improved methods for assessment of the risk of pest establishment are needed to enhance informed decision-making, to develop cost-effective pest management strategies, and to design quarantine policies for preventing the spread of pests. We evaluated the capabilities of a correlative and a process-based mechanistic niche model, and their combination, to assess the risk of pest establishment. The correlative model MaxEnt and the process-based mechanistic model CLIMEX were used to assess the risk of establishment of western cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferens Curran (Diptera: Tephritidae) in California. We integrated R. indifferens occurrence records and spatial environmental variables using MaxEnt to assess the potential risk of establishment of this pest. The CLIMEX model was developed using eco-physiological tolerances of R. indifferens. The predictive performance of the MaxEnt model improved by including the host species' distribution and Ecoclimatic Index generated using the CLIMEX model. The best model predicted no risk for R. indifferens establishment in the Central Valley around the areas where sweet cherries are produced in California. Most of the high to very high risk areas for R. indifferens were predicted in northern parts of California and the Sierra Nevada Mountains, where the fly exists on its native host, bitter cherry [Prunus emarginata (Douglas) Eaton]. Precipitation of driest quarter, degree days with average temperatures ≥8.3°C, degree days with average temperatures ≤5°C, and mean diurnal range in temperature were the strongest predictors of R. indifferens distribution in western North America. We showed that the predictive power of correlative niche models can be improved by including outputs from the process-based mechanistic niche models. Overall results suggest that R. indifferens is unlikely to establish in the commercial cherry-growing areas in the Central Valley of California, largely because heat stress is too high and chilling requirement in those areas is not met.
Tunnel Orientation by Workers of Coptotermes formosanus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) Subjected to Unilateral Antennal Ablation

Subterranean termites excavate tunnel networks to find resources (King & Spink 1969; Su et al. 2004). Tunnels are created by a rotation of individual excavators that travel towards the tip at the end of the tunnel to remove soil with their mouthparts, then reverse course and drop it along tunnel walls or into opened spaces (Bardunias & Su 2009a). Bardunias & Su (2009b) showed that the excavators are orienting the direction of tunnels by generating a vector through path integration that heads directly away from the origin of a tunnel. They follow a vector that intercepts both the tunnel’s origin and their present location, termed a Global Away Vector (GAV) (Bardunias & Su 2009b), which is the opposite of a “global” or “homing” vector, leading directly back to a path’s point of origin (Collett et al. 1998). Because bites of soil removed by the rotation of excavators in turn produce the tunnel heading, if successive termites at the tunnel tip excavate to the left and right in a haphazard fashion, the tunnel will tend to remain on course, with any change due to chance drift (Bardunias & Su 2009b). In order to turn a tunnel, the direction in which successive workers remove soil at the tip of a tunnel must coincide (Bardunias & Su 2009b). In this study, groups of termites were subjected to unilateral antennal ablation prior to tunneling to investigate the role of antennae in determining where a termite removes soil from tunnel walls. If excavation was biased towards the intact antenna, then altered termites, forced to move through a right angle bend that places the GAV in the direction of the lost antennae, should have produced tunnels that failed to turn to match the GAV. Individuals from 2 Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki colonies were collected in Broward County, FL, following Su & Scheffrahn (1986). Horizontal arenas consisted of 2 sheets of transparent Plexiglas (9 by 7.5 cm) (Fig. 1A, a), with a 0.2-cm inner Plexiglas spacer (Fig. 1A, b) surrounding an elongated hexagonal sand-filled space (6.5 cm width, 7.5 cm height). Sifted sand (Fig. 1A, c, 150-500-μm sieves, Play Sand Bonsal, Miami, FL) was moistened with deionized water
Are there really any gay male athletes? An empirical survey∗

Abstract After a pilot study of two male teams at two different universities suggested that some athletes apparently had participated in homosexual activities which they would reliable answer questions about, the researchers surveyed three additional teams at three other universities. The data indicated that a fairly substantial minority of collegiate male athletes had engaged in gay actions. The results did not appear to be due to sample bias, ambiguity in defining what is “gay,” deception, or other artifacts.
Spontaneous recovery but not reinstatement of the extinguished conditioned eyeblink response in the rat.

Reinstatement, the return of an extinguished conditioned response (CR) after reexposure to the unconditioned stimulus (US), and spontaneous recovery, the return of an extinguished CR with the passage of time, are two of four well-established phenomena which demonstrate that extinction does not erase the conditioned stimulus (CS)-US association. However, reinstatement of extinguished eyeblink CRs has never been demonstrated and spontaneous recovery of extinguished eyeblink CRs has not been systematically demonstrated in rodent eyeblink conditioning. In Experiment 1, US reexposure was administered 24 hours prior to a reinstatement test. In Experiment 2, US reexposure was administered 5 min prior to a reinstatement test. In Experiment 3, a long, discrete cue (a houselight), present in all phases of training and testing, served as a context within which each trial occurred to maximize context processing, which in other preparations has been shown to be required for reinstatement. In Experiment 4, an additional group was included that received footshock exposure, rather than US reexposure, between extinction and test, and contextual freezing was measured prior to test. Spontaneous recovery was robust in Experiments 3 and 4. In Experiment 4, context freezing was strong in a group given footshock exposure but not in a group given eyeshock US reexposure. There was no reinstatement observed in any experiment. With stimulus conditions that produce eyeblink conditioning and research designs that produce reinstatement in other forms of classical conditioning, we observed spontaneous recovery but not reinstatement of extinguished eyeblink CRs. This suggests that reinstatement, but not spontaneous recovery, is a preparation- or substrate-dependent phenomenon.
Angular distribution of light scattered from critically quenched liquid mixtures

Light scattering was used to determine the structure factor $S(k,\ensuremath{\tau})$ of two binary mixtures which were quenched through the critical point. The experiments, which were carried out in isobutyric acid-water and 2,6-lutidine-water, show that the normalized structure factor has the scaling form $\overline{S}(k,\ensuremath{\tau})={K}^{\ensuremath{-}3}F(\frac{k}{K})$ where ${K}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ is the size of a growing domain and $F(x)$ is time independent. Our findings are in approximate agreement with those of Marro et al., who obtained $\overline{S}(k,\ensuremath{\tau})$ from a computer simulation of a quenched $A\ensuremath{-}B$ Ising lattice. The computer experiments yield an initial time dependence in $F(x)$, whereas the light-scattering measurements reveal no evidence of this transient effect over the (dimensionless) time interval $6\ensuremath{\lesssim}\ensuremath{\tau}\ensuremath{\lesssim}1000$. The experiments spanned the temperature range $3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}\ensuremath{\le}\ensuremath{\epsilon}\ensuremath{\le}2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$, where $\ensuremath{\epsilon}\ensuremath{\equiv}|\frac{{T}_{f}}{{T}_{c}}\ensuremath{-}1|$. In this interval the integrated scattering cross section at every instant of time is proportional to ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}^{2\ensuremath{\lambda}}$ with $0.22\ensuremath{\le}\ensuremath{\lambda}\ensuremath{\le}0.33$.
Chyluria secondary to lymphorenal fistula.

A 39-year-old female born in Haiti presented with a 2-month history of fatigue and malaise, and passing of milky urine. She reported a similar episode 6 months earlier, which was self-limited. Serum examination for filariasis was negative. The urine microalbumin/creatinine ratio was consistent with significant proteinuria (3588 mg per g creatinine). Abdominal computed tomography showed dilated retroperitoneal lymph nodes and dilated lymphatic vessels in the left para-aortic region. On cystoscopy, milky white urine was seen effluxing from the left ureteral orifice (Figure 1). Retrograde pyelogram showed left lymphorenal fistula (Figure 2). She has undergone laparoscopic renal pedicle lymphatic disconnection with resolution of her chyluria, proteinuria, and symptoms.
Improving the validity of global ratings

To examine the effects of behavior sampling on global ratings, four groups of 10 teachers each received varying amounts of observation training, practice, and feedback. Teachers viewed a series of seven videotapes depicting two boys whose percentage of distractible behavior was systematically manipulated. Ratings of distractibility were obtained for each taped vignette. Results showed that teachers who received observation training and who routinely collected data in their own classroom submitted ratings which corresponded to actual levels of distractible behavior. Teachers who received no training, or who were trained but did not practice, submitted ratings that were significantly less accurate.
Specific coagulation factor adsorption to insoluble heparin

Abstract An insoluble derivative of heparin has been prepared by coupling to agarose beads, and its adsorption of certain blood clotting factors has been investigated. Factors IX * XI, and heparin cofactor (He-Co) ** are selectively adsorbed, and can be recovered by elution of the heparin-agarose (H-Ag) with an NaCl gradient. Fibrinogen (FI) adsorption is negligible. The affinity for F IX appears to be lower than for F XI and He-Co. Thrombin, F XI, and He-Co seem to be equally tightly bound to the insoluble H.
The Arabian Leopard Trust, Sharjah

In 1993 a volunteer organization was formed to pro mote the conservation of indigenous wildlife in the United Arab Emirates, particularly the Arabian leopard Panthera pardus nimr. The Arabian Leoparc Trust has been successful in increasing awareness of threatened wildlife and in bringing together single animals, already in captivity, for breeding purposes In 1995 the Trust funded a wildlife and habitat survey which confirmed the existence of a number of species previously unrecorded or believed to be extinct in the area. In October 1995 the Leopard Group of Arabia was established comprising a working committee which aims to promote cooperation between participating countries in captive breeding, research, legislation and the creation of national nature reserves.
Comparison of Hospitalwide Surveillance and Targeted Intensive Care Unit Surveillance of Healthcare-Associated Infections

Objectives.To assess the surveillance coverage obtained with Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)-recommended surveillance of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs), which is focused on intensive care units (ICUs) and emphasizes device-related infections (ie, those associated with central venous catheters, ventilators, and/or urinary catheters), compared with the surveillance coverage achieved by comprehensive hospitalwide surveillance. In addition, we assessed whether the infection rates in step-down units more resemble those in wards or ICUs.Methods.Review of prospectively obtained, comprehensive hospitalwide surveillance data from 2004 through 2005 for an acute care tertiary care hospital with approximately 700 beds. Surveillance data was obtained by trained infection control professionals using standard CDC criteria for HAIs.Results.CDC-recommended ICU surveillance for catheter-related bloodstream infection (BSI) and ventilator-associated pneumonia would have detected only 87 (21.4%) of 407 catheter-related BSIs and only 66 (37.9%) of 174 respiratory tract infections that occurred in the medical and surgical services. Only 31 (34.8%) of 89 infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and 7 (31.8%) of 22 infections caused by vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus occurred in our adult ICUs.Conclusions.Rates of HAIs were highest in the ICUs, intermediate in step-down units, and lowest in the wards. The rates of infections in the step-down units were more similar to those in the wards than to those in the ICUs. To prevent HAIs, more comprehensive surveillance may be indicated.
New agents for treatment of children with acute myelogenous leukemia

Over the past 15 years, daunorubicin, cytosine arabinoside and, to a lesser extent, 6-thioguanine and etoposide have become the standard agents used to treat patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). These agents have been used in various combinations and schedules with only small improvements in overall outcome because few other agents with promise were available. This situation has changed over the past few years so that today there are a number of new agents that have the potential to supplement or replace the standard drugs. Idarubicin, mitoxantrone, amsacrine, homoharringtonine, 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine, fludarabine, carboplatin, retinoids, colony stimulating factors, and interleukin-2 are discussed.
Reticuloendotheliosis Virus Sequences within the Genomes of Field Strains of Fowlpox Virus Display Variability

Nine field strains of fowlpox virus (FPV) isolated during a 24-year span from geographically diverse outbreaks of fowlpox in the United States were screened for the presence of reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) sequences in their genomes by PCR. Each isolate appeared to be heterogeneous in that either a nearly intact provirus or just a 248- or 508-nucleotide fusion of portions of the integrated REV 5′ and 3′ long terminal repeats (LTRs) was exclusively present at the same genomic site. In contrast, four fowlpox vaccines of FPV origin and three originating from pigeonpox virus were genetically homogeneous in having retained only the 248-bp LTR fusion, whereas two other FPV-based vaccines had only the larger one. These remnants of integrated REV presumably arose during homologous recombination at one of the two regions common to both LTRs or during retroviral excision from the FPV genome. Loss of the provirus appeared to be a natural event because the tripartite population could be detected in a field sample (tracheal lesion). Moreover, the provirus was also readily deleted during propagation of FPV in cultured cells, as evidenced by the detection of truncated LTRs after one passage of a plaque-purified FPV recombinant having a “genetically marked” provirus. However, the deletion mutants did not appear to have a substantial replicative advantage in vitro because even after 55 serial passages the original recombinant FPV was still prevalent. As to the in vivo environment, retention of the REV provirus may confer some benefit to FPV for infection of poultry previously vaccinated against fowlpox.
Doppler angle and flow velocity mapping by combined Doppler shift and Doppler bandwidth measurements in optical Doppler tomography

Accurate estimation of flow velocity requires measurement of Doppler angle, which is not available in general clinical applications. We describe a novel method of direct Doppler angle and flow velocity mapping that uses a conventional single-beam optical Doppler tomography system. The Doppler angle is estimated by combination of Doppler shift and Doppler bandwidth measurements, and flow velocity is calculated from the Doppler shift and the estimated Doppler angle. In vivo study of lip microvascularization demonstrates that this method is capable of providing both flow speed and flow direction information.
Autonomous categories of bimodules

Linear logic, a logical system developed by Girard [13] is a logic of resources which has elicited much interest from theoretical computer scientists because of its numerous potential applications. (See [36] for a brief overview and also [38].) It has also drawn the interest of logicians and category theorists. The connection with category theory comes about from the fact that the notion of *-autonomous category, due to Barr [2], provides a categorical model for a significant portion of linear logic. (See also his more recent exposition [3], as well as the work of Seely [37] and Blute [6,7]). Thus, attempts to find mathematical models for various aspects of linear logic center around *-autonomous categories and there have been interesting recent developments concerning connections with the theory of Petri nets [24,25]. Also, the notion of weakly distributive categories [l l] has been developed to model aspects of linear logic. The partially ordered (complete) models are called Girard quantales and they were first extensively studied by Yetter [40] and then by Rosenthal [31] (also see Chapter 6 in [30]). There are several interesting non-commutative Girard quantales, such as Rel(X), the relations on a set X, and Ord(P), the order ideals on a preordered set P. Until now, there has not been much in the way of examples of non-symmetric *-autonomous categories (other than partially ordered ones) as potential models for non-commutative linear logic. Recently, Barr [4] developed a non-symmetric version of the Chu construction for *-autonomous categories [2], and Blute has obtained non-symmetric *-autonomous categories by considering quantum groups (quasitriangular Hopf algebras) [S]. In this paper, we describe a-general way of constructing a special class of nonsymmetric *-autonomous categories, which we call cyclic, from a given *-autonomous category 9, by using enriched category theory and the calculus of 5?-bimodules. If Y is an autonomous category, we make the observation, following Lawvere [23], that
Thermodynamic Bounds on Constant-Volume Heat Capacities and Adiabatic Compressibilities

A rigorous upper bound for the heat capacity at constant volume ${C}_{V}$ is used to provide an alternative derivation of a result due to Rice: A locus of points of infinite ${C}_{V}$ is in general incompatible with thermodynamic stability. An analogous upper bound is obtained for the adiabatic compressibility. The bounds are extended to multicomponent stystems, where they suggest that ${C}_{V}$ should not diverge along a continuous line of critical points or plait points. They make plausible the absence of an infinite heat capacity in a certain class of "decorated" Ising models (including Syozi's model for a dilute ferromagnet) and in the spherical model. Possible implications for fluids or ferromagnets containing impurities are briefly discussed.
Observational research in air/sea interaction

Abstract Winds over the oceans are crucial to the understanding of global climate, air/sea interaction, and weather prediction. A key tool for oceanic wind measurement in the 1990's and beyond will be spaceborne radar scatterometry, a proven technique for all‐weather observation of vector winds. While wind scatterometry is a well developed technique, further research into the geophysical model function relating radar backscatter and the near‐surface wind vector is needed. To support this research we are developing an innovative tower‐based radar scatterometer system capable of directly measuring both the ocean radar back‐scatter and the short and long wave field simultaneously. The development heavily involves a number of graduate and undergraduate students. The completed instrument will be used in extended field experiments to study air/sea interaction. We expect data from the instrument to lead to better understanding air/sea interaction and to advancements in radar scatterometry.
How to misbehave as a behaviourist (if you're Wyndham Lewis)

Wyndham Lewis’ short story ‘Cantleman's Spring-Mate’ (1917) remains one of the minor side-attractions of modernist obscenity, seldom discussed in terms other than those that would present it as a negligible rehearsal for the more consequential trials and ordeals of Ulysses (1922). This article responds to this oversight by comparing representations of animality in Lewis’ story with the early popular essays of John B. Watson (the ‘father’ of behaviourism). ‘Cantleman's Spring-Mate’ not only thematically links behaviourist assumptions with obscenity considered as a reading practice, but also provides a number of important cues for Lewis’ subsequent critical and satirical engagements with behaviourism in the 1920s and 1930s.
Effect of Grain Size on the Superplastic Behavior of a 7475 Aluminum Alloy

Specimens of a superplastic 7475 aluminum alloy with grain sizes ranging between 9 and 35 {micro}m were tensile tested at a strain rate of 1 {times} 10{sup {minus}4}/s at 457 and 517 C. At 517 C, the ductility was found to decrease with an increase in grain size. At 457 C, on the other hand, the ductility was found to increase initially and then decrease for grain sizes larger than 14 {micro}m. The latter decrease in ductility is attributed to the lowered ability for grain-boundary sliding with decreasing grain-boundary area. In the as-received material (grain size of 9 {micro}m), the observed low ductility is attributed to an inhomogeneous microstructure.
Step Effects on the Dissociation of NO on Close-Packed Rhodium Surfaces

The dissociation paths and thermochemistry of nitric oxide (NO) on flat, close-packed Rh(111) and on stepped Rh(211) surfaces have been investigated. Self-consistent, periodic, density functional theory (DFT-GGA) calculations, using both PW91 and RPBE exchange-correlation functionals, have been employed to determine binding geometries and binding energies for the initial, intermediate, and final states, and for the transition states along each reaction pathway studied. The order of the calculated chemisorption energies for the atomic and molecular species, with the most stable listed first, is N211 > N111 > O211 > O111 > NO211 > NO111. The effective activation energy barriers and the reaction energies for NO dissociation were also obtained for both Rh(111) and Rh(211). The presence of steps leads to an increase in the reaction exothermicity and to a decrease in the effective activation energy. A comparison between experimental data and these results suggests that NO dissociation at defect sites may domina...
A vector set for systematic metabolic engineering in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

A set of shuttle vectors was constructed to facilitate expression of genes for metabolic engineering in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Selectable markers include the URA3, TRP1, MET15, LEU2-d8, HIS3 and CAN1 genes. Differential expression of genes can be achieved as each marker is available on both CEN/ARS- and 2 µ-containing plasmids. Unique restriction sites downstream of TEF1, PGK1 or HXT7-391 promoters and upstream of the CYC1 terminator allow insertion of open-reading frame cassettes for expression. Furthermore, a fragment appropriate for integration into the genome via homologous recombination can be readily generated in a polymerase chain reaction. Vector marker genes are flanked by loxP recognition sites for the CreA recombinase to allow efficient site-specific marker deletion and recycling. Expression and copy number were characterized for representative high- and low-copy vectors carrying the different marker and promoter sequences. Metabolic engineering typically requires the stable introduction of multiple genes and genomic integration is often preferred. This requires an expanded number of stable expression sites relative to standard gene expression studies. This study demonstrated the practicality of polymerase chain reaction amplification of an expression cassette and genetic marker, and subsequent replacement of endogenous retrotransposons by homologous recombination with flanking sequences. Such reporters were expressed comparably to those inserted at standard integration loci. This expands the number of available characterized integration sites and demonstrates that such sites provide a virtually inexhaustible pool of integration targets for stable expression of multiple genes. Together these vectors and expression loci will facilitate combinatorial gene expression for metabolic engineering.
Sound matters: Notes toward the analysis and design of sound in multimodal webtexts

In this essay, I draw from approaches in voice, music, theater, and film studies to examine four elements of sound: vocal delivery, music, special effects, and silence. Within this four-part schema, I discuss a variety of frameworks that I hope may serve as resources for those seeking to engage in both the analysis and production of sound in multimodal webtexts. Throughout the essay, I analyze several poetic Flash texts, and I consider the relationship of part-to-whole and whole-to-part when seeking to analyze and compose with multiple modes. © 2006 Published by Elsevier Inc.
Constructing Diverse Sports Opportunities for People With Disabilities

This article examines what the concept of sport without disability might mean in the structuring of sports and sports settings to accommodate the participation of people with disabilities as serious competitors. Two of its main purposes are (a) to provide a lens for thinking about sports opportunities for people with disabilities that are strongly filtered by considerations of structure, choice, and fairness and (b) to suggest a set of sports models that reflect these considerations in a variety of sports opportunities that are appropriate for different types of people with disabilities. A broader purpose is to present concepts, facts, findings, and a rationale to help sports policy makers, organizers, and administrators to formulate more responsive and appropriate sports policies, rules, and organizations to accommodate people with disabilities.
Limitations of Digital Electronics

In the last two to three decades the evolution of Digital Electronics was absolutely spectacular. During this period, most of the significant properties of this technology were improved several orders of magnitude. This holds especially for the integration density, the power dissipation, the performance, the reliability, and — last not least — the cost per function.
COENZYME Q AND MITOCHONDRIAL DISEASE

Coenzyme Q(10) (CoQ(10)) is an essential electron carrier in the mitochondrial respiratory chain and an important antioxidant. Deficiency of CoQ(10) is a clinically and molecularly heterogeneous syndrome, which, to date, has been found to be autosomal recessive in inheritance and generally responsive to CoQ(10) supplementation. CoQ(10) deficiency has been associated with five major clinical phenotypes: (1) encephalomyopathy, (2) severe infantile multisystemic disease, (3) cerebellar ataxia, (4) isolated myopathy, and (5) nephrotic syndrome. In a few patients, pathogenic mutations have been identified in genes involved in the biosynthesis of CoQ(10) (primary CoQ(10) deficiencies) or in genes not directly related to CoQ(10) biosynthesis (secondary CoQ(10) deficiencies). Respiratory chain defects, ROS production, and apoptosis contribute to the pathogenesis of primary CoQ(10) deficiencies. In vitro and in vivo studies are necessary to further understand the pathogenesis of the disease and to develop more effective therapies.
Detecting deception via eyeblink frequency modulation

To assess the efficacy of using eyeblink frequency modulation to detect deception about a third party, 32 participants were sent on a mission to deliver a package to an interviewer. 17 of the participants lied to the interviewer about the details of their mock mission and 15 responded truthfully. During the interview, eyeblink frequency data were collected via electromyography and recorded video. Liars displayed eyeblink frequency suppression while lying, while truth tellers exhibited an increase in eyeblink frequency during the mission relevant questioning period. The compensatory flurry of eyeblinks following deception observed in previous studies was absent in the present study. A discriminant function using eyeblink suppression to predict lying correctly classified 81.3% of cases, with a sensitivity of 88.2% and a specificity of 73.3%. This technique, yielding a reasonable sensitivity, shows promise for future testing as, unlike polygraph, it is compatible with distance technology.
Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: report of ten cases and comparison with viral encephalitis.

The California Encephalitis Project (CEP), established in 1998 to explore encephalitic etiologies, has identified patients with N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antibodies, the likely etiology of their encephalitis. This study compares the presentation of such patients to those with viral encephalitis, so that infectious disease clinicians may identify individuals with this treatable disorder. Patients were physician-referred, and standardized forms were used to gather demographic, clinical, and laboratory data. Features of anti-NMDAR+ patients were compared with the viral encephalitides of enteroviral (EV), rabies, and herpes simplex-1 (HSV-1) origins. Sixteen cases with confirmed viral etiologies were all negative on NMDAR antibody testing. Ten anti-NMDAR+ patients were profiled with a median age of 18.5 years (range 11–31 years). None were Caucasian. They had a characteristic progression with prominent psychiatric symptoms, autonomic instability, significant neurologic abnormalities, and seizures. Two had a teratoma, and, of the remaining eight, four had serologic evidence of acute Mycoplasma infection. The clinical and imaging features of anti-NMDAR+ patients served to differentiate this autoimmune disorder from HSV-1, EV, and rabies. Unlike classic paraneoplastic encephalitis, anti-NMDAR encephalitis affects younger patients and is often treatable. The association of NMDAR antibodies in patients with possible Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection warrants further study.
Outcomes of Past Grassland Reconstructions in Eastern North Dakota and Northwestern Minnesota: Analysis of Practices

A common complaint of ecological restoration is there have been few systematic analyses of past restorations which has led to a lack of evidence informing future restorations. An analysis was done on 123 past native grassland reconstructions, spanning the last 40 years, in eastern North Dakota and northwestern Minnesota. A cluster analysis and indicator species analysis were used to place the 123 surveyed reconstructions into five significantly different groups. The five groups were separated into a Native group with the sub-groups, Big Bluestem Dominated (BBD) and Native Grass Mix (NGM) having native species as indicators, and an Exotic group with two exotic grasses, smooth brome ( Bromus inermis ) and Kentucky bluegrass ( Poa pratensis ), being indicators. Thirty-eight percent of the reconstructions were classified as Exotic. A logistic regression was used to assign membership probability to the Native group based on: 1) seed mix species richness; 2) number of grass species in the seed mix; 3) percent of grasses in seed mix; 4) time of year when seeded; and 5) seeding method. The probability of membership to the Native group for dormant season seeding, broadcast seeding, and 20+ species natives seed mix was 100%, 74%, and 81%, respectively. The probabilities of the different practices in relation to the reconstruction outcomes will provide evidence for managers on how to plan for future reconstructions.
Time-dependent dynamics in networked sensing and control

A networked sensing and control system (NSCS) combines networked sensors with control and actuation units so as to control a physical environment An NSCS can effectively use sensing and control signals only if those signals are delivered on time. The paper analyzes the behavior of an NSCS as a function of network real-time service. In particular, we consider the range of effective sampling periods and network delays that lead to stability for the controlled physical plant. A high-level conclusion is that the actual stability region is affected by the time-dependent behavior of packet delays and losses and can differ from an idealized stability region derived from an aggregate view of the loss and delay processes.
Play, Flow, and the Online Search Experience

This study examines the conditions necessary to transform online information search into “play,” a highly positive experience capable of delivering intrinsic value in the form of escapism and enjoyment. On the basis of the four‐channel model of flow, perceived play is investigated as the consequence of flow versus various nonflow states. Moderated by product involvement, play serves as a link between flow theory and the online consumer attitude formation process.
ApoE genotype and abnormal auditory cortical potentials in healthy older females

Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) status and gender are risk factors for the development of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's disease is more prevalent in female relative to male carriers of the ApoE epsilon 4 gene. We examined cortical sensory (P50, N100) and cognitive (P300) potentials in an auditory target detection task in females as a function of ApoE genotype (ApoE epsilon 4 carriers, ApoE epsilon 4 non-carriers) to define the incidence of abnormalities prior to the clinical expression of cognitive impairments. Both neuropsychological test scores and sensory cortical potentials did not differ between the two ApoE groups. In contrast, cognitive P300 potentials were significantly decreased in amplitude and delayed in latency for ApoE epsilon 4 carriers compared to non-carriers. Four out of the 10 ApoE epsilon 4 carriers had abnormally (>2S.D.) delayed P300 latency compared to one out of 20 non-carriers. Abnormal cognitive processes reflected by P300 latency delays are expressed at significantly higher incidence in normal older females who are carriers of the epsilon 4 allele than in non-carriers of this allele.
Sensitivity of fetal rat testicular steroidogenesis to maternal prochloraz exposure and the underlying mechanism of inhibition.

The fungicide prochloraz (PCZ) induces malformations in androgen-dependent tissues in male rats when administered during sex differentiation. The sensitivity of fetal testicular steroidogenesis to PCZ was investigated to test the hypothesis that the reported morphological effects from maternal exposure were associated with reduced testosterone synthesis. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were dosed by gavage with 0, 7.8, 15.6, 31.3, 62.5, and 125 mg PCZ/kg/day (n ¼ 8) from gestational day (GD) 14 to 18. On GD 18, the effects of PCZ on fetal steroidogenesis were assessed by measuring hormone production from ex vivo fetal testes after a 3-h incubation. Lastly, PCZ levels in amniotic fluid and maternal serum were measured using liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy and correlated to the inhibition of steroidogenesis. Fetal progesterone and 17a-hydroxyprogesterone production levels were increased significantly at every PCZ dose, whereas testosterone levels were significantly decreased only at the two high doses. These results suggest that PCZ inhibits the conversion of progesterone to testosterone through the inhibition of CYP17. To test this hypothesis, PCZ effects on CYP17 gene expression and in vitro CYP17 hydroxylase activity were evaluated. PCZ had no effect on testicular CYP17 mRNA levels as measured by quantitative real-time polymersase chain reaction. However, microsomal CYP17 hydroxylase activity was significantly inhibited by the fungicide (Ki ¼ 865nM). Amniotic fluid PCZ concentrations ranged from 78 to 1512 ppb (207‐4014nM) and testosterone production was reduced when PCZ reached ~500 ppb, which compares favorably with the determined CYP17 hydroxylase Ki (326 ppb). These results demonstrate that PCZ lowers testicular testosterone synthesis by inhibiting CYP17 activity which likely contributes to the induced malformations in androgen-dependent tissues of male offspring.
Any-order propagation of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation.

We derive an exact propagation scheme for nonlinear Schrodinger equations. This scheme is entirely analogous to the propagation of linear Schrodinger equations. We accomplish this by defining a special operator whose algebraic properties ensure the correct propagation. As applications, we provide a simple proof of a recent conjecture regarding higher-order integrators for the Gross-Pitaevskii equation, extend it to multicomponent equations, and to a new class of integrators.
Constructing Perceptions of Vulnerability: Personal Relevance and the Use of Experiential Information in Health Judgments

The perceived self-relevance of a health issue determined whether participants relied on recalled content or experienced ease of recall in assessing risk. Participants recalled either three or eight behaviors that increase or decrease risk of heart disease. Although recalling three risk factors was relatively easy, people had difficulty recalling eight risk factors. When heart disease was not considered self-relevant, participants used a heuristic judgment strategy and relied on their ease of recall. They reported greater vulnerability after having recalled three rather than eight risk-increasing behaviors and lower vulnerability after having recalled three rather than eight risk-decreasing behaviors. When heart disease was considered self-relevant, people used a systematic processing strategy and relied on the content of the information recalled. They reported greater (lower) vulnerability after having recalled eight rather than three risk-increasing (decreasing) behaviors. Theoretical implications conce...
Proactive Topology Reinforcement of Wireless Networks

Traditional ad hoc wireless networks designed for best effort performance lack provisions to maintain network connectivity, particularly if nodes are mobile. For applications that require continual and timely service, current commercial grade ad hoc wireless networks cannot satisfy these demands. We study several architecture options that proactively deploy additional fixed or mobile infrastructure nodes (we call helper nodes) to help maintain user network connectivity. Our goal is to answer the questions of when and how helper nodes should be used. Using random line networks as a point of departure, we compare random and strategic helper node deployment schemes and show that at a nominal normalized user node density of N ~ 1, the number of helper nodes needed under random helper deployment can be more than 10 times the number needed under strategic deployment. At lower TV, this factor increases significantly without bound. Based on the expected number of helper nodes needed for different values of N, we delineate scenarios where each scheme is a sensible architecture choice.
Bioassay of thyrotropin.

MOST of the procedures for the biosassy of thyrotropin involve subcutaneous or intraperitoneal administration of a series of test doses of the hormone over a period of 3 to 5 days (cf., Albert, 1949; Turner, 1950). Ghosh et al. (1951) developed an assay based on the uptake of I131 by the thyroid of the hypophysectomized rat following a series of 5 subcutaneous injections of thyrotropin. Subsequently, Overbeek et al. (1953) substituted rats prefed with iodocasein for hypophysectomized animals, and administered thyrotropin in 2 intraperitoneal doses. A ten-fold increase in sensitivity was achieved over the method of Ghosh et al. (1951). Recently, Kriss and Greenspan (1954) described a bioassay based on the enhanced uptake of P32 by the chick thyroid following a single intracardiac injection of thyrotropin. The sensitivity of this method was about 10 times that observed after a single intraperitoneal injection of thyrotropin (Crooke and Matthews, 1953).
Tax Competition Among Municipal Governments Exit Versus Voice

This research examines the incidence of property and sales tax competition among municipal governments in the Chicago metropolitan region and investigates whether the underlying mechanism is exit or voice. First, the research estimates a model with a spatial lag component that relates each municipality's tax or revenue burden to that of its neighbors, controlling for other factors. The results show that tax competition exists for property taxes, which suggests that the competition is based on voice rather than exit. Second, assessment of preferences and attitudes toward sales and property taxes and competition also demonstrates the importance of voice in establishing tax rates and levies.
Premature Adrenarche Clinical and Diagnostic Features

Premature adrenarche (PA) or isolated growth of sexual hair in young children, is a benign condition that may initially be confused with true precocious puberty or pathologic virilizing disorders. The clinical findings, family history, and serum concentrations of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) were compared in 24 children with PA (79% black females) seen in a 2-year period and in an age-matched control group of 17 black females. Twenty three of 24 patients, but none of the controls, had an adult-type axillary odor. There was a positive family history of PA in only three of 24 children with PA, and in one of 17 controls. The mean serum DHEA-S was significantly higher in the PA children than in the controls, but there was a broad range of concentrations (10-143 micrograms/dl), with values in 10 of 24 cases falling within the control range for age. We conclude that: (1) PA is a relatively common finding in black females between ages 3 and 8, (2) an axillary odor is almost always present in children with PA, and (3) determination of serum DHEA-S may be of some help in confirming the clinical impression of a modest increase in adrenal androgen secretion and in ruling out a more serious disorder. In most cases, however, the diagnosis of PA can be made on the basis of the history, physical examination, and lack of rapid progression over time; the use of laboratory tests to rule out a pathologic virilizing process may best be reserved for those children with very early onset, increased linear growth, or other signs of virilization.
Restoration of gallstone susceptibility by leptin in C57BL/6J ob/ob mice

The absence of leptin due to the ob mutation leads to obesity and confers resistance to diet-induced cholesterol gallstone formation in otherwise susceptible C57BL/6J mice. To investigate contributions of obesity and leptin to gallstone susceptibility, C57BL/6J ob/ob mice were treated daily with i.p. saline or recombinant murine leptin at low (1 microgram/g bw) or high (10 microgram/g bw) doses and were pair-fed a lithogenic diet (15% dairy fat, 1.25% cholesterol, 0.5% cholic acid). Weight loss in ob/ob mice increased in proportion to leptin dose, indicating that the lithogenic diet did not impair leptin sensitivity. In a dose-dependent manner, leptin promoted cholesterol crystallization and gallstone formation, which did not occur in saline-treated mice. Notwithstanding, leptin decreased biliary lipid secretion rates without enriching cholesterol in bile. Leptin did not affect bile salt hydrophobicity, but did increase the biliary content of the most abundant molecular species of phosphatidylcholine, 16:0-18:2. Treatment with leptin down-regulated 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase and prevented cholesterol from accumulating in liver. Consistent with increased hepatic clearance, leptin decreased plasma HDL cholesterol concentrations. This was accommodated in liver without up-regulation of cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase or Acat. These data suggest that despite the lithogenic diet, endogenous sources constitute a significant proportion of biliary cholesterol during leptin-induced weight loss. Kinetic factors related to cholesterol nucleation, gallbladder contractility, or mucin secretion may have accounted for leptin-induced gallstone formation.
GIS and educational and instructional challenges

. This paper discusses the educational and instructional challenges posed by the rapid development and acceptance of GIS as a tool for applied spatial analysis. Many commentators have noted the mismatch between the sophisticated capabilities of Spatial Analysis/GIS and the techniques that are actually employed in practice. It must be recognized that there is a challenge to educators to overcome this gap. This mismatch is especially apparent in the case of social science applications. This paper (a) discusses implications for training both future users and developers of GIS tools; (b) includes some observations on the tensions between the demand for skills (to satisfy certain applications) and the potential diversion of effort and talent from fundamental research; and (c) offers some thoughts for ways in which progress might be made.