cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Lack, Need, and Opportunities for Decision-Making and Informational Tools to Educate Primary-Care Physicians and Women about Breast Cancer Chemoprevention

This perspective on Vogel et al. (beginning on page 696 in this issue of the journal) examines tamoxifen and raloxifene prescription patterns and why these agents are little used for breast cancer prevention despite their effectiveness in definitive trials, Food and Drug Administration approval, and American Society of Clinical Oncology Guidelines Committee endorsement for this purpose. The complexity of weighing the positive and negative aspects of the drugs and estimating net benefit is discussed, as is the need for informational resources such as interactive Internet-based tools to allow better individualized decisions about the options for chemoprevention. Cancer Prev Res; 3(6); 686–8. ©2010 AACR.
Medical Causes of Pneumomediastinum in Children

The purpose of this study was to determine the possible causes, clinical findings, and associated complications of pneumomediastinum in children. Medical records from January 1985 to December 1994 were retrospectively reviewed at Children's Hospital Medical Center of Akron using International Classification of Diseases, ninth revision, codes to identify cases of pneumomediastinum. The medical causes, nontraumatic and noniatrogenic, of pneumomediastinum were studied; intubated or trauma patients and patients having undergone procedures were excluded. Neonates were also excluded. Twenty-nine cases of pneumomediastinum were identified. Two patients (7%) had recurrent pneumomediastinum. Only the first episode of pneumomediastinum was included in the data analysis. Twenty males (69%) and nine females (31%) were affected. The most common medical causes of pneumomediastinum were asthma exacerbations (17/59%) and infections (8/28%). Over the 10-year period, the prevalence of pneumomediastinum in children with asthma exacerbations was 0.2% (21/10,472); 1% (1/126) in children with airway foreign bodies and 0.2% (1/351) in children with esophageal foreign bodies. The most common signs and symptoms were subcutaneous emphysema (22/76%), sore throat or neck pain (11/38%), and Hamman's crunch (3/10%). The most common complication was pneumothorax with small pneumothoraces in 2 patients (7%) and a tension pneumothorax in 1 asthmatic with recurrent pneumomediastinum. Patients without sore throat or neck pain and patients admitted to the intensive care unit had greater hospital lengths of stay. Pneumomediastinum appears to be uncommon in children. The most common medical causes were asthma and infections. The most common signs and symptoms were subcutaneous emphysema, sore throat or neck pain, and Hamman's crunch. The most common complication was pneumothorax. The clinical significance of pneumomediastinum is its cause and association with significant complications.
Pain and Physical Function Are Similar Following Axillary, Muscle-Sparing vs Posterolateral Thoracotomy

Study objectives We set out to determine whether there is a difference in postoperative pain and recovery after the patient undergoes the axillary muscle-sparing incision ( ie , muscle-sparing thoracotomy [MT]) vs the modified posterolateral incision ( ie , posterolateral thoracotomy [PT]). Design Analysis of a database originally collected to determine the effect of the timing of epidural analgesia on long-term outcome after thoracotomy Setting The Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania. Patients Patients presenting for lobectomy, segmentectomy, or bilobectomy. Measurements Pain, physical activity, and the extent that pain interfered with activities following major thoracotomy were prospectively assessed with standard questionnaires ( ie , the brief pain inventory and the Medical Outcomes Study 36-item short form) on postoperative days 1 to 5, and at postoperative weeks 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, and 48 by a blinded research assistant. Perioperative care was standardized and included patient-controlled thoracic epidural analgesia until thoracostomy tube removal. Results Eighty-two subjects underwent MT and 38 subjects underwent PT during the 16-month accrual period. There were no significant differences in demographics. Pain reported during hospitalization and after hospital discharge did not differ with respect to incision type (p ≥ 0.17). Postoperative physical activity levels were significantly less than those reported preoperatively, with a trend toward better functioning in the MT groups after 8 weeks. Incision type did not predict complications, morbidity, or mortality. Conclusions When comparing patients who had undergone vertical, axillary, wholly MT to those who had undergone modified serratus muscle-sparing PT, postoperative differences in pain were not apparent. One should not anticipate reduced pain or more rapid overall recovery following MT, at least when epidural analgesia is used aggressively for perioperative pain control.
Nitrogen metabolism in the reticule-rumen of steers on diets containing extracted soya-bean meal and infrared-toasted soya beans

1. Diets containing cottonseed hulls and flaked infrared-toasted soya beans, cottonseed hulls and soya-bean meal or cottonseed hulls alone were fed to three fistulated steers. 2. The diet containing toasted soya-bean flakes was associated with the highest concentrations of total nitrogen, protein N, and ammonia N in the rumen liquor; the diet of cottonseed hulls was associated with the lowest concentrations; and soya-bean meal was associated with intermediate concentrations. 3. Concentrations of residual N were highest in rumen liquor during the first 3 h after feeding when soya-bean meal was given and highest with the other diets between 10 and 12 h after feeding; concentrations of non-protein N were highest with the toasted soya-bean flakes at all times except approximately 2 h after feeding when they were highest with soya-bean meal. 4. The rumen liquor was more acid with soya-bean flakes than with the other diets. 5. The total concentration of volatile fatty acids (m-moles/100 ml) was highest with the diet containing toasted soya-bean flakes, followed by that with soya-bean meal and cottonseed hulls and lowest with the cottonseed-hull diet. The molar percentage of acetic acid was highest with soya-bean meal, whereas its concentration (m-moles/100 ml) was highest with soya-bean flakes. Propionic acid concentrations were highest with the toasted soya-bean flakes. 6. These results indicate that the metabolism in the reticulo- rumen of infrared-toasted whole soya beans given as flakes differs from that of soya-bean meal.
Automatic synthesis of clock gating logic with controlled netlist perturbation

Clock gating is the insertion of combinational logic along the clock path to prevent the unnecessary switching of registers and reduce dynamic power consumption. The conditions under which the transition of a register may be safely blocked can either be explicitly specified by the designer or detected automatically. We introduce a new method for automatically synthesizing these conditions in a way that minimizes netlist perturbation and is both timing- and physical-aware. Our automatic method is also scalable, utilizing simulation and satisfiability tests and necessitating no symbolic representation. On a set of benchmarks, our technique successfully reduces the dynamic clock power by 14.5% on average. Furthermore, we demonstrate how to apply a straightforward logic simplification to utilize resulting don't cares and reduce the logic by 7.0% on average.
Distributed, Play-Based Coordination for Robot Teams in Dynamic Environments

We present refinements to our previous work on team communication and multi-robot world modeling in the RoboCup legged league. These refinements put high priority on the communication of task-relevant data. We also build upon past results within the simulation and the small-size leagues and contribute a distributed, play-based role assignment algorithm. This algorithm allows the robots to autonomously adapt their strategy based on the current state of the environment, the game, and the behavior of opponents. The improvements discussed in this paper were used by CMDash in the RoboCup 2005 international competition.
Long-range forces extending from polymer-gel surfaces.

Aqueous suspensions of microspheres were infused around gels of varying composition. The solutes were excluded from zones on the order of 100 \ensuremath{\mu}m from the gel surface. We present evidence that this finding is not an artifact, and that solute-repulsion forces exist at distances far greater than conventional theory predicts. The observations imply that solutes may interact over an unexpectedly long range.
Luna B. Leopold Symposium

The Erosion and Sedimentation Committee sponsored a special session at the 1986 AGU Fall Meeting (San Francisco, Calif.) to honor Luna B. Leopold on the occasion of his retirement from teaching at the University of California, Berkeley. This researcher has played an important role in the development of geomorphology as a quantitative science. William Bull (University of Arizona, Tucson) recently summarized Leopold's importance to the field (Eos, November 4, 1986, p. 947): His leadership set the pace by asking fundamental questions, emphasizing careful, quantitative field investigations, administering the Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey, active participation in the international scientific community, teaching all levels of students at the University of California, and by placing the long-term prosperity of conservation and aesthetics ahead of short-term monetary profits.
Fast Variational Mode-Seeking

Mode-seeking algorithms (e.g., mean-shift) constitute a class of powerful non-parametric clustering methods, but they are slow. We present VMS, a dual-tree based variational EM framework for mode-seeking that greatly accelerates performance. VMS has a number of pleasing properties: it generalizes across dierent mode-seeking algorithms, it does not have typical homoscedasticity constraints on kernel bandwidths, and it is the first truly sub-quadratic acceleration method that maintains provable convergence for a welldefined objective function. Experimental results demonstrate acceleration benefits over competing methods and show that VMS is particularly desirable for data sets of massive size, where a coarser approximation is needed to improve the computational eciency.
Simple tests implied by a genetic X-linked model.

Suppose performance on a task is facilitated by the recessive form of an X-linked gene in two alleles. Let the gene action be modelled by a random variable B. Let other sources of influence be modelled by a random variable N at least uncorrelated with B. Assume observations are made on a random variable W = B + N. A variety of implications of models of this form suggest many simple tests in data, several of which are apparently unfamiliar. Bivariate, univariate, discrete and continuous versions of the model are considered.
Simulation of the image generation process for CRISM spectrometer data

Hyperspectral near-infrared scenes have been simulated to analyze the contributions of surface minerals, atmosphere and sensor noise on images of Mars. Modeling the remote sensing process creates a means for independent analysis of the influence of the environment and instruments on detection accuracy of the surface composition. The system models surface reflectance based on laboratory sample spectra, creates atmospheric effects using DISORT, simulates the instrument response function using CRISM data files and adds instrument noise from thermal and other sources. The purpose of this work is understanding the hyperspectral remote sensing process to eventually enable elevated detection accuracy of minerals on the surface of Mars.
Design and control of sensorless current mode DC-DC converters

Sensorless current-mode (SCM) control of DC-DC converters is a feedforward open loop scheme, which is compared to peak current-mode (PCM) control. Small signal model simulations of each controller are validated by experimental results. SCM offers improvements over the line disturbance rejection of current-mode control without feedback or current sensing. SCM is demonstrated to be useful in both open loop and closed loop configurations, by exploiting its inherent reference tracking and line disturbance rejection. In contrast, PCM requires a high gain two-loop control for voltage regulation.
Relationship Between Frequency and Intensity of Physical Activity and Health Behaviors of Adolescents

BACKGROUND: While studies have determined the importance of physical activity in advancing health outcomes, relatively few have explored the relationship between exercise and various health behaviors of adolescents. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between frequency and intensity of physical activity and both health risk and health promoting behaviors of adolescents. METHODS: Data were collected from 8 22 students attending a large, diverse suburban high school in northeast Florida using a self-administered survey. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests examined differences on mean health behavior measures on 3 exercise frequency levels (low, medium, and high) and 2 intensity levels (vigorous physical activity [VPA] and moderate physical activity [MPA]). RESULTS: Results showed adolescents engaged in high levels ofVPA used marijuana less frequently (p = . 05 ) and reported heavy use of marijuana less frequently (p = . 03 ); consumed greater numbers of healthy carbohydrates (p < .001) and healthy fats in their diets (p < .001); used stress management techniques more frequently (p < .001); and reported a higher quality of sleep (p = .01) than those engaged in low levels of VPA. Fewer differences were found on frequency of MPA and health behaviors of adolescents. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that adolescents who frequently participate in VPA may be less likely to engage in drug use, and more likely to participate in a number of health promoting behaviors. Longitudinal and experimental studies are needed to determine what role frequent VPA may play in the onset and maintenance of health enhancing and protecting behaviors among adolescent populations.
Rent, Vacancy and Equilibrium in Real Estate Markets

Executive Summary. An equilibrium model of a commercial real estate market is proposed for pedagogical and research purposes. A long-run equilibrium vacancy rate (“natural” vacancy rate) is determi...
Abstract 322: Balanced, pH-Buffered Preservation Solutions Improved Physiologic Response in Human Saphenous Vein Graft

Introduction: Human saphenous vein (HSV) autografting into the coronary or peripheral arterial system is a widely practiced surgical approach. The primary mechanism of early graft failure is neointimal hyperplasia. Unfortunately, standard practice entails vein preservation in harmful solutions, notably, normal saline (NS). We hypothesized a balanced, euosmolar, pH-buffered solution would promote enhanced vasoreactivity, cellular viability and ultimately, improved patency. Methods: Unmanipulated samples of HSV tissue were obtained from patients undergoing CABG. Rings were cut and placed into University of Wisconsin (UW) solution, low-potassium UW, Celsior, PlasmaLyte (HP) and NS (all heparinized) for one hour, and hung on a muscle bath with unmanipulated control (UM). KCl-dependent contractility, as well as endothelial dependent (EDR) and independent (EIR) relaxation were assessed. Results: One-way ANOVA demonstrated KCl-induced contractility was reduced in NS-preserved HSV; significantly so relative to UW (n=9, p Conclusions: Using physiologic function to reflect graft viability, NS is toxic to HSV. KCl and PE-induced contractility, and EDR were all impaired. Thus, a buffered, balanced solution such as HP or UW is advocated for graft preservation.
Inhibition of selected hypocrealean fungi by lichen secondary metabolites

Isolates of four hypocrealean fungi were used in laboratory experiments designed to determine their ability to degrade lichen tissues and the extent to which lichen secondary metabolites inhibit this deg? radation. Two fungi {Nectria parmeliae and Pronectria oligospora) were originally isolated from lichens and two (Nectriopsis squamulosa and Nectria zonata) were isolated from nonlichen substrates. A series of growth experiments was done on five test lichens: Flavopar- melia baltimorensis, Xanthoparmelia conspersa, Punctelia rudecta, Myelochroa aurulenta, and Lasallia papulosa. These lichen species were chosen based on previous experiments with the lichenicolous hyphomycete Hob-
The Behavior of Telia of Puccinia Graminis in the South

Since July, I918, the writer has had under observation the behavior of telia of Puccinia graminis Pers. on various grasses and the relationship of this spore stage to the overwintering and dissemination of the rust. It is well known that barberries, both native and introduced, are present in the southern states, and yet infections on this alternate host are apparently rare. Stakman (Separate from Yearbook of the United States Dept. of Agric. No. 796, I918, p. 25) says, "There can be no question whatever that the barberry is the most important factor in the spread of rust in the northern half of the Mississippi basin. In the South it is less important." In a previous paper Rosen and Kirby (Phytopathology 9: 569-573. I919, p. 57I) record the absence in the Arthur Herbarium of aecial collections of P. graminis from the southern states. It was with the thought that a study of the behavior of telia might shed some light on the lack of barberry infections that these observations were undertaken at Fayetteville, Arkansas, latitude 36°. While the average temperatures prevailing at Fayetteville are lower than those in a major part of the state, the observations made in other sections indicate a close similarity in the behavior of stem rust. As a rule black stem rust is not nearly as widespread or as destructive as the various leaf rusts. Occasionally, as in I919, the wheat leaf rust, Puccinia triticinia Erikss., is so destructive that fields are abandoned and left unharvested, while the stem rust is only rarely observed. However, the stem rust of red top, Agrostis palustris Huds. (A. alba of authors) of timothy, Phleum pratense L., and of Elymus australis Scrib. and Ball is often prevalent. Perhaps it will be worth while to point out that the main difference between the urediniospores of the stem and leaf rusts is in the arrangement of the pores, being always equatorially disposed in the stem rust and always scattered in the leaf rusts. Such characters as color, shape, and size of the spores vary with
β-Hydroxyacyl-acyl Carrier Protein Dehydratase (FabZ) from Francisella tularensis and Yersinia pestis: Structure Determination, Enzymatic Characterization, and Cross-Inhibition Studies.

The bacterial system for fatty acid biosynthesis (FAS) contains several enzymes whose sequence and structure are highly conserved across a vast array of pathogens. This, coupled with their low homology and difference in organization compared to the equivalent system in humans, makes the FAS pathway an excellent target for antimicrobial drug development. To this end, we have cloned, expressed, and purified the β-hydroxyacyl-acyl carrier protein dehydratase (FabZ) from both Francisella tularensis (FtFabZ) and Yersinia pestis (YpFabZ). We also solved the crystal structures and performed an enzymatic characterization of both enzymes and several mutant forms of YpFabZ. Additionally, we have discovered two novel inhibitors of FabZ, mangostin and stictic acid, which show similar potencies against both YpFabZ and FtFabZ. Lastly, we selected several compounds from the literature that have been shown to be active against single homologues of FabZ and tested them against both YpFabZ and FtFabZ. These results have re...
Grouping search-engine returned citations for person-name queries

We present a technique to group search-engine returned citations for person-name queries, such that the search-engine returned citations in each group belong to the same person. To group the returned citations, we use a multi-faceted approach that considers evidence from three facets: (1) attributes, (2) links, and (3) page similarity. Based on the three facets, we construct a relatedness confidence matrix for pairs of citations. We then merge pairs whose matching confidence value is above an empirically determined threshold. Experimental results from the implementation of our multi-faceted approach are promising.
Justifying Capital Investments in the Emerging Electric Utility: Accounting for an Uncertain and Changing Industry Structure

The electric utility industry faces fundamental and strategic changes in the way electric power is generated, distributed, and sold. Capital budgeting and capital allocation processes in traditional utilities have to be re-organized and changed to move away from an emphasis on asset additions driven by regulatory requirements to reflect opportunities and costs in the uncertain and unstable strategic structure of the new electric utility industry. This paper examines the limitations of traditional capital budgeting practices in justifying capital investments in the emerging electric utility where many of the benefits are strategic, intangible, generally difficult or impossible to assess in terms of cash flows. While there does not seem to be any one best universal procedure, this study develops and recommends the use of an augmented adjusted net present value (ANPV) procedure for capital budgeting in the emerging electric utility.
Eine philosophische Revolution

In diesem Kapitel wird zuerst kurz die Entstehungsgeschichte der analytischen Richtung skizziert, sodann am wichtigen Beispiel der Analyse der Beziehungssachverhalte bzw. der Relationsaussagen das Neue und Besondere des philosophischen Vorgehens, wie es Russell eigen ist, dargelegt und gezeigt, wie dieser zur mathematischen Logik gefuhrt wurde.
Improving Peer Mentorship: A Novel Fellow “House” Program

The hierarchy of post-graduate medical training is predictably seasonal: every summer new trainees arrive, junior physicians advance, and the most weathered house staff graduate. Progress within medical training systems, however, is often accompanied by apprehension. To ease the anxiety of
Advances in the field of single-particle cryo-electron microscopy over the last decade.

In single-particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), molecules suspended in a thin aqueous layer are rapidly frozen and imaged at cryogenic temperature in the transmission electron microscope. From the random projection views, a three-dimensional image is reconstructed, enabling the structure of the molecule to be obtained. In this article I discuss technological progress over the past decade, which has, in my own field of study, culminated in the determination of ribosome structure at 2.5-A resolution. I also discuss likely future improvements in methodology.
Utilizing Geometric Mean in Proportional Fair Scheduling: Enhanced Throughput and Fairness in LTE DL

In this paper we address the challenge of multiuser scheduling in the downlink of Long Term Evolution (LTE) by bringing innovation in the concept of proportional fairness. We plug geometric average into the selection criterion of User Equipments (UEs) as opposed to widely used arithmetic average. We prove that the geometric average throughput converges to the solution of an ordinary differential equation, a similar result shown in the convergence of arithmetic average based Proportional Fair Scheduling (PFS). Extensive simulation results show that geometric average of UEs throughputs converge faster than arithmetic mean. This feature enables throughput increase in the cell while guaranteeing better fairness and Quality of Service (QoS) and imposing low Block Error Ratio (BLER). The superiority of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated by comparing the performance of the proposed scheduler with well- known standard schedulers under different simulation environments.
Sleep disruption in chronic rhinosinusitis

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a common disease of the upper airways and paranasal sinuses with a marked decline in quality of life (QOL). CRS patients suffer from sleep disruption at a significantly higher proportion (60 to 75%) than in the general population (8–18 %). Sleep disruption in CRS causes decreased QOL and is linked to poor functional outcomes such as impaired cognitive function and depression.Areas covered: A systematic PubMed/Medline search was done to assess the results of studies that have investigated sleep and sleep disturbances in CRS.Expert commentary: These studies reported sleep disruption in most CRS patients. The main risk factors for sleep disruption in CRS include allergic rhinitis, smoking, and high SNOT-22 total scores. The literature is inconsistent with regard to the prevalence of sleep-related disordered breathing (e.g. obstructive sleep apnea) in CRS patients. Although nasal obstruction is linked to sleep disruption, the extent of sleep disruption in ...
Weaknesses in Lexical-Semantic Knowledge among College Students with Specific Learning Disabilities: Evidence from a Semantic Fluency Task.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to determine whether deficits in executive function and lexical-semantic memory compromise the linguistic performance of young adults with specific learning dis...
Human Resource Development, Identity, and Career Development

This chapter presents the typology of career development related or impacted dimensions of identity. The chapter builds upon Chapters 1–7 by synthesizing the information about identity, career success, demographics, and life events, into a model that can be used when thinking about and designing career development programs. The model presents the response to each aspect of identity (life events, demographics, and other dimensions), of both human resource management, as well as human resource development, practitioners. This chapter necessarily draws certain aspects of employment law into the discussion, because the response of human resource management to aspects of identity is customarily through a compliance-based lens. Because the intention and focus of the book is to comprehensively examine identity and its various manifestations, the book examines both human resource management and proposes human resource development responses. For example, when an employee has a close relative who is experiencing a serious illness, the employer is bound by the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) to, for a qualified employee, provide time off to care for the relative. This is an example of a compliance-based response to an aspect of identity. The chapter highlights the gaps in the literature about human resource development’s response to these different types of (in sometimes, very commonly experienced) types of identity, and it closes those gaps by proposing ways for human resource development practitioners to respond.
Browser Update Practices in Households: Insights from Protection Motivation Theory and Customer Satisfaction

Web Browser is the most common tool used for surfing the Internet. With personal computer users growing by leaps and bounds, the use of browsers is also increasing at a similar rate. Outdated versions of browsers have security flaws and hence represent a significant threat to the cyber infrastructure. Yet many users do not keep their browsers updated. Given the fact that voluntariness of action characterizes personal computer users' security behavior, we argue that satisfaction derived from using the browser along with perceptions of threat severity and vulnerability play an important role in browser update intention. However, considering the inconsistency of household computer users' behavior, we posit that urgency plays a role in the browser update behavior. Using a combined model of Customer Satisfaction and Protection Motivation Theory along with positive and negative urgency as direct antecedents’ to behavior, we evaluate the important antecedents to browser update intentions.
Barriers and facilitators to dispensing of intranasal naloxone by pharmacists

ABSTRACTBackground: Although misuse of prescription opioids has reached epidemic proportions, pharmacy-based preventive services to combat this epidemic are limited. The aims of this study were to identify barriers and facilitators to the dispensing of intranasal naloxone (INN) by pharmacists in New Mexico. Methods: For this mixed-methods study, a qualitative component (focus group) informed the development of a quantitative component (electronic survey) distributed to all pharmacists registered with the New Mexico Board of Pharmacy and practicing in the state. A 46-item survey included questions about pharmacists' concerns regarding dispensing INN, barriers and facilitators to dispensing INN, efforts needed to increase availability and utilization of pharmacist-dispensed INN, and characteristics of respondents and their pharmacies. Results: Pharmacists from all geographical regions and all types of pharmacy settings were represented in the sample (final N = 390, participation rate 23.5%, including a subs...
Influences of polarity and hydration cycles on imbibition hysteresis in silica nanochannels.

Spontaneous liquid imbibition is a dominant mechanism for moving fluids in confinements with extremely high hydrodynamic resistance; i.e. nanopores. We demonstrate the impact of hydrophilicity and liquid polarity on nanoscale imbibition with dynamic measurements of the uptake of water–isopropanol (polar) and heptane (nonpolar) within 2D glass–silica nanochannels exposed to varied drying conditions and rehydration (rehydroxylation) cycles. The Lucas–Washburn equation, which does not consider interfacial fluidity effects, predicts that water–IPA and heptane should imbibe at similar speeds. However, we observed stymied and hysteretic water–IPA imbibition trends explained by extremely large contact line friction and increased effective viscosity, both surface chemistry-dependent, whereupon the results match a modified version of the Lucas–Washburn equation that accounts for dynamic wetting. In contrast, heptane imbibition, though still slower than the Lucas–Washburn equation prediction, was fairly insensitive to drying history and an order of magnitude faster than the polar mixture. The imbibition of aqueous solutions in analogous siliceous nanoporous materials and structures, ubiquitous in earth science and nanotechnology, may also be subject to hysteretic and large energy dissipation at contact lines and interfaces on account of hydrophilicity.
Catching Power: Problems with Possession, Sovereignty, and African Religions in Trinidad

In 2010 and 2011, female students at my field site in southern Trinidad experienced ‘mass possessions’ that closed down the secondary school. While Pentecostal-charismatic Christians figured Africa...
Paul's Entry (εισοδος) and the Thessalonians' Faith (1 Thessalonians 1–3)

In 1 Thess 1–3, five times Paul directly connects the success of the gospel/the faith of the Thessalonians with his eισοδος. This new observation along with an appreciation of the close parallelism between 1 Thess 1–3 and 2 Cor 1–7 in occasion, tone, style, and content (especially the demonstrations of the integrity of his apostolic ministry in 1 Thess 2.1–12 and 2 Cor 1–7) helps us discern in 1 Thess 2.1–12 Paul's comprehensive apologetic purpose rather than a mere paraenetic purpose.
Mindset: Entrepreneurship and the Arts

What is entrepreneurial learning, and how did a playwright come to lead a major university’s initiative to embed the concept into its curriculum? How does arts education develop the coveted “soft skills” necessary for a successful career, regardless of discipline? By weaving personal testimony from arts faculty and students with the latest research on high-impact, project-based learning, this chapter will advocate for arts education as a foundation for developing entrepreneurial ideals, offering examples from student-driven experiences designed to teach all learners how to adapt; how to integrate knowledge, ethical responsibility, and practice; and how to become highly effective creators, communicators, and collaborators.
Deep learning for better variant calling for cancer diagnosis and treatment

High-throughput techniques have revolutionized the study of genomics and molecular biology in recent years. These methods provide a large quantity of sequence data, and have applications in different areas of bioinformatics. One can sequence parts or whole of an organism's DNA to determine genetic information about an individual or a population, measure expression levels of different genes under different conditions, and determine binding affinity of proteins to DNA segments revealing details regarding gene regulation, at a higher resolution than before. However, different high-throughput methods that target even a single application have different underlying error models. Robust analytic pipelines are necessary to extract necessary information from the raw data. In this paper, we discuss future research directions for developing such analytics using techniques from Machine Learning and Deep Neural Networks. We focus on two applications that will affect the diagnosis and treatment of cancer.
A NIR-responsive azobenzene-based supramolecular hydrogel using upconverting nanoparticles

To circumvent the need for direct UV excitation in a supramolecular hydrogel composed of an azobenzene-modified poly(acrylic acid) copolymer and deoxycholate-β-cyclodextrin as a crosslinker, we modified this system for use with LiYF4:Tm3+/Yb3+ upconverting nanoparticles, which emit UV light upon NIR excitation. A complete gel–sol transition was observed in 60 minutes upon 980 nm irradiation. No change was observed under similar conditions of a control sample over the same period of time.
Asymptotic Scaling of Gradient Theory of Micro-scale Plasticity of Metals

The paper deals with the question of asymptotic behavior of Gao, Huang, Hutchinson and Nix’s dislocation-based theory of strain-gradient plasticity on the micrometer scale, which is currently of keen interest for micro-mechanics. Certain peculiar features of the nano-scale extension of the existing theory are identified and possible remedies pointed out.
Supernatural beliefs and “functional psychosis”

An important theme running throughout Flannelly’s (2017) Religious Beliefs, Evolutionary Psychiatry, and Mental Health in America is that psychotic symptoms can serve an adaptive function. They for...
Speaking up because it’s my brand: Examining employee brand psychological ownership and voice behavior in hospitality organizations

Abstract Employee voice has been regarded as an important organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Within the hospitality industry, employee - customer interactions present opportunities to identify issues and propose change-oriented suggestions (i.e., voice) that can improve performance. Because of the risky nature of voice and potential loss for the voicing individual, employees need to be strongly motivated to overcome such barriers to speak up. Given the central role that the hospitality brand plays in guiding employees’ attitudes and behavior, we consider employees’ brand psychological ownership as a strong motivator for voice. Results from this research suggest that employees are more likely to initiate voice when they develop a sense of ownership toward the brand, invest ideas, time and effort into building the brand, as well as possess sufficient knowledge and skills to deliver brand-aligned performance.
The Polar Region of the HIV-1 Envelope Protein Determines Viral Fusion and Infectivity by Stabilizing the gp120-gp41 Association

HIV-1 enters cells through binding between viral envelope glycoprotein (Env) and cellular receptors to initiate virus and cell fusion. HIV-1 Env precursor (gp160) is cleaved into two units noncovalently bound to form a trimer on virions, including a surface unit (gp120) and a transmembrane unit (gp41) responsible for virus binding and membrane fusion, respectively. The polar region (PR) at the N terminus of gp41 comprises 17 residues, including 7 polar amino acids. Previous studies suggested that the PR contributes to HIV-1 membrane fusion and infectivity; however, the precise role of the PR in Env-mediated viral entry and the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we show that the PR is critical for HIV-1 fusion and infectivity by stabilizing Env trimers. Through analyzing the PR sequences of 57,645 HIV-1 isolates, we performed targeted mutagenesis and functional studies of three highly conserved polar residues in the PR (S532P, T534A, and T536A) which have not been characterized previously. We found that single or combined mutations of these three residues abolished or significantly decreased HIV-1 infectivity without affecting viral production. These PR mutations abolished or significantly reduced HIV-1 fusion with target cells and also Env-mediated cell-cell fusion. Three PR mutations containing S532P substantially reduced gp120 and gp41 association, Env trimer stability, and increased gp120 shedding. Furthermore, S532A mutation significantly reduced HIV-1 infectivity and fusogenicity but not Env expression and cleavage. Our findings suggest that the PR of gp41, particularly the key residue S532, is structurally essential for maintaining HIV-1 Env trimer, viral fusogenicity, and infectivity.IMPORTANCE Although extensive studies of the transmembrane unit (gp41) of HIV-1 Env have led to a fusion inhibitor clinically used to block viral entry, the functions of different domains of gp41 in HIV-1 fusion and infectivity are not fully elucidated. The polar region (PR) of gp41 has been proposed to participate in HIV-1 membrane fusion in biochemical analyses, but its role in viral entry and infectivity remain unclear. In our effort to characterize three nucleotide mutations of an HIV-1 RNA element that partially overlaps the PR coding sequence, we identified a novel function of the PR that determines viral fusion and infectivity. We further demonstrated the structural and functional impact of six PR mutations on HIV-1 Env stability, viral fusion, and infectivity. Our findings reveal the previously unappreciated function of the PR and the underlying mechanisms, highlighting the important role of the PR in regulating HIV-1 fusion and infectivity.
Impact of HIV and AIDS on rural elderly caregivers in Chiang Mai Province, Thailand

ABSTRACTThe UN General Special Assembly on HIV/AIDS reported that Thailand’s elderly are living on the edge of poverty. Those who become caregivers for the children who have been orphaned by AIDS i...
PREPARATION OF NOVEL (FLUOROARYL)SILANES AND THEIR APPLICATIONS IN THE ORGANOYTTRIUM-CATALYZED HYDROSILYLATION OF ALKENES AND OXIDATION TO ALCOHOLS

The synthesis of novel (fluoroaryl)silanes from the respective aryl Grignard reagents and silyl triflates is reported. The new silanes were used in the hydrosilylation of alkenes catalyzed by the organoyttrium complex Cp*2YMe·THF (THF = tetrahydrofuran). (Fluoroaryl)silanes were found to react faster than phenylsilane and in good to near quantitative yields. The resulting [(fluoroaryl)silyl]alkane products were found to be labile under very mild oxidative conditions, with both disubstituted alkenes and silyl-protected alcohol functionalities tolerating the oxidation.
Is There an Association Between Insurance Status and Survival and Treatment of Primary Bone and Extremity Soft-Tissue Sarcomas? A SEER Database Study.

AbstractBackground:Several recently published population-based studies have highlighted the association between insurance status and survival in patients with various cancers such as breast, head and neck, testicular, and lymphoma [22, 24, 38, 41]. Generally, these studies demonstrate that uninsured
Tinjauan Etis atas Fenomena Relativisme Hukum dalam Kasus Pabrik Semen di Rembang

Kebijakan hukum yang berubah-ubah tentunya menimbulkan ketidakpastian hukum. Dalam tingkat tertentu, pertanyaan mengenai keadilan akan menjadi relevan ketika perubahan tersebut bertentangan dengan aturan yang seharusnya menjadi pedoman menjalankan pemerintahan. Apalagi jika hukum digunakan hanya untuk melegitimasi kebijakan yang dibentuk. Situasi ini disebut sebagai relativisme moral yang berimplikasi terhadap munculnya relativisme hukum. Dalam beberapa tahun terakhir, relativisme hukum dalam kebijakan perlindungan dan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup sangat sering terjadi. Salah satunya dalam kasus pembangunan pabrik Semen di Rembang. Dari kasus tersebut dapat terlihat, relativisme hokum yang menimbulkan masalah setidaknya dalam perspektif etika lingkungan dalam pelaksanaan tugas perlindungan dan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup. Oleh karena itu, artikel ini bertujuan memaparkan kondisi relativisme hukum dalam kebijakan perlindungan dan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup yang dipilih, dengan ditinjau dari pendekatan etika lingkungan.
How Can I Become More Secure?: A Grounded Theory of Earning Secure Attachment

The purpose of this study was to develop a grounded theory of earning secure attachment. This study included 15 women and 5 men who met the criteria of having a self-reported history of attachment insecurity and demonstrated evidence of earned security. The grand tour research question, How do adults with a history of insecure attachment earn security?, was explored using constructivist grounded theory and semi-structured interviews emphasizing processes of positive attachment change. The results describe a process model of change hinging on three interrelated categories: meta-conditions of positive attachment change, making intrapsychic changes, and making interpersonal changes. Clinical implications include the importance of clients committing to the process, clients working with a clinician trained in trauma-focused therapy, and clinicians being surrogate attachment figures for clients.
T cells instruct myeloid cells to produce inflammasome-independent IL-1β and cause autoimmunity

The cytokine interleukin (IL)-1β is a key mediator of antimicrobial immunity as well as autoimmune inflammation. Production of IL-1β requires transcription by innate immune receptor signaling and maturational cleavage by inflammasomes. Whether this mechanism applies to IL-1β production seen in T cell-driven autoimmune diseases remains unclear. Here, we describe an inflammasome-independent pathway of IL-1β production that was triggered upon cognate interactions between effector CD4+ T cells and mononuclear phagocytes (MPs). The cytokine TNF produced by activated CD4+ T cells engaged its receptor TNFR on MPs, leading to pro-IL-1β synthesis. Membrane-bound FasL, expressed by CD4+ T cells, activated death receptor Fas signaling in MPs, resulting in caspase-8-dependent pro-IL-1β cleavage. The T cell-instructed IL-1β resulted in systemic inflammation, whereas absence of TNFR or Fas signaling protected mice from CD4+ T cell-driven autoimmunity. The TNFR-Fas-caspase-8-dependent pathway provides a mechanistic explanation for IL-1β production and its consequences in CD4+ T cell-driven autoimmune pathology.
Perspectives on Development

In the euphoria and optimism that characterized the immediate post-World War II period, confidence in the inevitability of progress had a critical influence on views about how development of the Third World ought to proceed. In this situation, the idea of “modernization” emerged as the model to which development efforts should be oriented, a model that in the 1950s and 1960s dominated conceptualizations of the development process not only in economics, but also in sociology, anthropology, psychology, and political science, to the extent that these latter disciplines paid attention to the development field (no easy task, it may be added, in view of the primacy given to economic development and thus to economists).1 The concept’s origins were diffuse, deriving from the ideas of Durkheim, Weber, Marx, and Parsons, among others, about social, cultural, and economic change. The model yielded a particular view of change that is essentially dualistic, namely, tradition and modernity seen as opposing forces, the latter increasing at the expense of the former. The content of modernity is given (with some differences depending on particular disciplinary formulations) by the experience of those societies that have achieved it, namely, the societies of Western Europe and North America, which combine industrial economies with representative democracy (Bernstein, 1979). In the words of Eisenstadt (1966:1), “... modernization is the process of change towards those types of social, economic and political systems that have developed in Western Europe and North America ... and then have spread to other European countries and ... to the South American, Asian and African continents.”
Scanning acoustic microscopy

Abstract Acoustic microscopy is a well-established and useful technique for imaging and investigating the properties of materials such as metals, ceramics and composites, as well as integrated circuits and biological samples. This article covers the scanning acoustic microscope (SAM), explains its operating principle and the various system configurations available. Various applications are covered, including biological applications, integrated circuits, composite materials and metrology.
The distribution of crossovers, and the measure of total recombination

Comparisons of genetic recombination, whether across species, the sexes, individuals, or different chromosomes, require a measure of total recombination. Traditional measures, such as map length, crossover frequency, and the recombination index, are not influenced by the positions of crossovers along chromosomes. Intuitively, though, a crossover in the middle of a chromosome causes more recombination than a crossover at the tip. Similarly, two crossovers very close to each other cause less recombination than if they were evenly spaced. Here, we study a measure of total recombination that does account for crossover position: average r , the probability that a random pair of loci recombines in the production of a gamete. Consistent with intuition, average r is larger when crossovers are more evenly spaced. We show that average r can be decomposed into distinct components deriving from intra-chromosomal recombination (crossing over) and inter-chromosomal recombination (independent assortment of chromosomes), allowing separate analysis of these components. Average r can be calculated given knowledge of crossover positions either at meiosis I or in gametes/offspring. Technological advances in cytology and sequencing over the past two decades make calculation of average r possible, and we demonstrate its calculation for male and female humans using both kinds of data.